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4/:
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i
DICTIONARY OF
HARD WORDS
Dictionary
of
Hard Words
By
Robert Morris Pierce
Editor of International French-English and
English-French Dictionary ; Ideofonic Texts
for Acquiring Languages ; author of Problems
of Number and Mesure; Dictionary of Aviation
lore m^ ^eiks"' ^^.^^**'* ': ^ *'
ithe Vc^eral cpiJbiic< mu^
New YO&t^'.6itKe booi-' Breper
Dodd, Mead & Company
1910
■■«>.
\
/
\
THt. >'
PUBL
\r \
astc
\>
N t
^^'t^W
Copyright, 1910
by Robert Morns Pierce
Pubhsht October. 1910
PREFACE
Soope. This book contains an alfabetic list of about
nineteen thousand words which present special difficulties or
variations of pronunciation or spelling. Many of the words
in the list are difficult or variable in both pronunciation and
spelling.
The statement is often made that many English words*
especially monosyllables, are alredy spelt f onetically and
therefore present no difficulties of either spelling or pro-
nunciation; but this statement is really not true, unless the
fonetic alfabet in mind be one • which in its structure is
especially confermd to the existing erthegrafy of the En-
fllish language only, and unless those who Use it are supposed
to be alredy familiar with the English language. From a
cwmopelitan point of view there is hardly a word in the
language, excepting a few weak or unstrest forms, which is
spelt fonetically. Every present-day English dictionary
^ may thus be said to be a dictionary of hard words, and it
becomes evident that the book ^t^ef ore ni^ .being' liiftii^^d^irii
\ Its scope, and made for the use; of ithe '^eheral tpiiUic? iniist
necessarily be restricted to a compar^csvly swirjiiil vg>c«bulary.
Among the words treated are many ir|B€ygtj!ar, ivlo^als and
other derivativs; but no attempt has beesuHiade^-tojaud^e the
inclusion of such forms a special feq;turfc^6t the i?dofe.V Breper
nouns have been excluded. I am preparing a separate list of
these, with definitions, which I hope to publish before long
under the title of Dictionary of Proper Names.
The present volume combines in one vocabulary ptaclicaWv
alJ the words treated in similar lists hitherto publisbl m die-
!
2 PREFACE
tionarics and manuals, and contains, besides, many words
never before treated in such lists. Especial reliance has been
placed upon data containd in the English-French part of my
International French-English and English-French Dictionary,
in Murray's New English Dictionary en Historical Princi-
ples so far as available {A to sauce), and in Whitney's Cen-
tury Dictionary (1889-1891).
I have been fortunate in securing certain very valuable
suggestions, and also certain specific criticisms, especially
in the letter A^ and in this Preface, from George Hempl,
professor of Germanic filelogy in Stanford University,
California, whom I consider one of the most accurate of
foneticians.
Spellxngs. The word-forms or spellings given in title-
place are in the main those which are most likely to be lookt
for by the general reader. Under each title- word are given
in brackets the other current spellings of the word. In some
cases mention is also made of spellings no longer in current
use. These are confined mainly to obsolescent forms and
forms valuable because more nearly fonetic than those in
current use.
Cegnate forms having the same meaning as the title-
word but differing from it in pronunciation, are classified
as 'synonymous cognates.' Among the variant spellings no
at tr nipt has been made to give all the apestrofized or
sprcially accented forms. A few of the more common ones
IwivC' l»Q^T\Te< b'feefl i7ieh]()e<: as. 'bus, tho\ zoology, helovbd.
PialfOrc 'Spelling;^ Vre.^ijj* ;pccasionally given.
Whrjv.a* tit4evWQrdij& of two or more parts of speech, ar
when twp^or ShoiSgC t^I^lwords are spelt just alike but are of
diffu'ojit.j^att vf.^^gch,, or of different origin, or ore for
any tvh^^rjrfji^oNjicijtJ'd separately, the oldest part of speech,
or the oldest Iftlo-wdr'J.'ls placed first, the others following
sonirwhat in the order of their first known appearance in the
Entjlish lanijuage.
I>mfxnxtionM, To enable the reader easily to identify the
wonl whose sprUzng or pronuncialion \ve is seekitv^, sVi^tt dcf-
/
PREFACE 3
initions have been inserted immediately after most of the
title-words. In many cases the definitions have been reduced
to a mere synonym or classificatory word. When several
definitions are given, their order is in the main historical,
the oldest sense being placed first, with the more recent
senses following in the sequence of their temporal develop-
ment. Fortunately this sequence is often closely identical
with the sequence of their logical development.
Prommciation. The pronunciation is in every case in-
dicated by a foil re-spclling. Under each title-word are
given, in somewhat normalized or universalized form, its
most acceptable or proper natural pronunciation or pronuncia-
tions current to-day in the English-speaking world at large.
Where several pronunciations are given without classifi-
cation, the forms following the first form are usually to be
considerd as individual or local variants in good usage. Little
heed is taken of the modifications which words undergo
when used in types of discourse different from the normal
type. On the other hand,, much attention has been given to
functional variants concomitant with changes of meaning or
stress, variants which each individual uses according as he
uses a word with this or that meaning, in this or that manner
or position, or with this or that degree or position of stress.
An important class of variants is that of words such as
abstrcict which, when used posteriorly (that is, after a
word or syllable having chief stress), are normally strest on
the last syllable, as in the sentence : the science of logic is
,aeb'stjaekt, but when used anteriorly (that is, before a
word or syllable having chief stress, are normally strest on
the first syllable, as m the sentence : logic is an 'aeb^stjaekt
science. By no means all variants of this class have been
included. Those oftenest given are adjectivs, whose pred-
icativ forms differ in this way from their assumptiv (or,
IS they are often cald, attributiv) forms. Compound words,
such as well-bred, which are characterized by this same mode
of variation, are given here and there merely as exampVes oi
ffrcfepg of cases of like kind, many of which are omiluA.
4 PREFACE
The cases of words with the prefix un- are so very numerous
that It has seemd worth while to include a considerable num-
ber of the more common or more interesting of them. The
purpose of including these and other derivativs and com-
pounds has usually been to call attention to this special
variation or to some other special feature. In treating the
derivativs, therefore, I have avoided repeating minor varia-
tions which are alredy given under the original words else-
where in the vocabularj-.
The recognition and careful treatment of these fenemena
I believe to be, as I said in my French-English and English-
French Dictionary (Preface, page 5), an important innova-
tion in Icxicegrafy. Speech, as actually utterd, is far richer
in such variants than the conventionalities and limitations of
the current erthografy would lead most people to believe.
This fact I hope to make still clearer in a book which I in-
tend soon to publish; namely, a Fonetic Dictionary of the
English Language.
There is certainly abundant opportunity for antagonizing
the intolerable practises of the old-school lexicografers in
this field. The word-books in common use are weighted
down with antiquated fonetic notations, and fild with ertho-
grafic, fictitious, and systematically erroneous pronuncia-
tions. These books are in large mesure the creatures of a
cominercialism whose policy is to conserv and perpetuate
fonetic error and iniquity. This policy has been adhered to
for so long a period, and is still being applied en so vast a
scale, that the peculiar species of pseudofonetic word-forms
characterizing these books have taken on a sacredness com-
parable with that of the current spelling itself. The anti-
(luated notation used, the fanciful qualities and quantities as-
siKiH'd the sounds represented, and the avowedly false syllabi-
cation and stress depicted arc preservd with such an ignorant,
obstinate, and sanctimonious spirit, as to appear truly ridic-
ulous to modern foneticians.
A'o :ittriupt has been made to ring all the changes en
normul vowel quality and lengt\i, sUtss, ^ti^ ^-^^TJ^svai&iQi^
I
iC
I
«.i»'
a:t
PREFACE 5
which consistency would require; much less to fellow up ab-
normal forms of speech, such as those found in oratory, dic-
tation, singing, dialect, or child-speech, or in the blunders
of foreigners learning English, or to consider in detail the
assimilation and elision of sounds in contiguous words.
The pronunciation given of semi-fereign words is their
pronunciation in the sound-system of the English language,
net their pronunciation in the sound-system of the language
whence they were adopted into English. For example, menu
IS given as ^e'njou, or 'mee^nju, and net as ms'ny (as it is
pronounced in French). Probably no case is known of a
new elementary (foreign) sound being directly adopted into
a language. Sounds such as [y], represented by the (u) of
the French word menu, or as [x], represented by the (ch) of
the Scotch word loch and the German word ach, or as [0]
represented by the (oe) of the German word Goethe and by
the (eu) of the French word peu, which are often said to oc-
cur in these words as adopted and used in the English lan-
guage, do net, in reality, so occur. These sounds do net form
a part of the sound-system of the English language. Simi-
larly, but to a less degree, is this true of certain combinations
of sounds, as initial [ks], [ts], [ps]. Tho it is perhaps pos-
sible for most English-speaking persons, without training, to
utter these sequences of sounds initially, and tho these se-
quences are sometimes actually so used, as in certain rare or
bookish words, their adoption is in most cases resisted.
Note the rebellion against the use of initial [ts] in tsar, czar
(«i:e, tsaiz) in spite of the fact that [ts] often occurs in En-
glish both medial and final.
Among the many classes of words in the pronunciation of
which there zs a distinct difference in usage, there are some
classes of vast extent. Of some of these extensiv classes
many examples are given in this dictionary; but of others
only an occasional example is given. Of still other of these
classes no mention at all is made. Words ending in [t^s?] or
[tea;], for example, as nature, culture, and words like bass,
launch, etc, are often noted as having two or more disUticX
6 PREFACE
pn?auxicuicion& So with words having [iou, jou, ^ou], etc.,
or [uuj. etc.. as rcoimtion, endure, news, Tuesday. But xn
oth«r cases, as of words ending xn [San] or [Sn], like nation,
mssccuiti^*n. or in [izam. szam], etc., or [izm, xzm], etc., like
frism. s*striKism. sf^um, etc.. or having [ak, ag] or [ik, xg],
as c4«jru*:t^T. tfi'stiicU,, Alexandrine, little or no prominence xs
)ftv«n to ih« matter.
In classifvin^ the prontmciations of a word as British,
Irish. Sct»tch. American. less proper, improper, vulgar, etc,
It IS nti't meet that the reader should interpret these terms
m t\V ttarrv^w or exact a manner. As a general rule, Amerx-
CJiit usA^ IS s^iven the preference and is placed first, without
Vcin^ ttMrkt. Usage morkt as British may be common or
«4kr^v.Jll aIs«> itt New England or m other ports of the English-
SfK^Wicvn: wv^rid. Vsage morkt as dialectal, vulgar, or xm-
rr^p<r wiy sometimes be heard in the speech of a cultured
isrr^^tt M^ny sarcv^ndary f^rros which are left unclassified or
>fchwh Anc c!jk»it:<xi as *less proper." etc., might upon further
%ttw»ti^A:u^it AS to the prv^prietT and extent of their past and
r^vsv-tr: xHsXjjX pro\X' k» he either o^ equally proper, but less
tx\\;wv'rt, v-^ r»0Te pr^r^r. tho less frequent. (3) both more
V*^iv« At^xl •.roTf tWN;«cr,t. v4^ dialectal variants, or (5) func-
xtOf'sA'. \At%Ar:s. v^t trisyllables like beautiful, duplicate,
,v*^* ^ ^•\* /v# f^'^ty^ etc.. It may be said to be probable
»X*{ tV *ec\*^.xl r?v*r.ur.ciation given (namely, that with a
xS^\-, XN^xfcv: ^r»:?rxl of a d:tth^ng in the first syllable) repre-
'i^i-.x A !",Mv tr.xxwrt ar.d a better usage than the first pro-
-. vs. *•-,-» v>*>w>, \s tbe only ferm met with in existing
V-o:*4i ■.^o ?\^v.^'-as icd shades of sound which in this dic-
u,N>*ti\ ,uv o\;Vi r*; •.'.virkt at «H. or but rarely markt, may
N* ■ ' ■ . ■• t o js\ ; >.o •, ^*. 'o w I ni: :
*'*'>' />iJA' 5rx*r i"1 t^ «;Ti::e common in English. It
v^'n' xnv;^«.x \:':t:A' >srtor<' jtrrst \owcl$. and sometimes oc-
X -x • ..*: ^- xV^^Av.' ?>r:r5 x"*: the word yes. It is rarely
- t >,• %v »M* t* ?s{x^?' ;0. ** xvv \>,e word gig (gig) is a some-
PREFACE 7
In this book, however, the fonetxc letter (g) is net used, the
letter (g) being empleyd for the central stop [g] as well as
for the back step [gj. (See the Universal Gammakap, page
9, below.)
3. The sibilant represented by the letter (s), etc., in words
like question, exchange, etc., fellowd by the sound [tj], may
be considerd to be a sound intermediate betiueen [s] and [$].
As no special symbol is used in this book for this interme-
diate vowel, such words are often markt as being pronounced
with [s] only, or with either [s] or [$], two re-spellings being
given in the latter case.
4. In the words act (sekt), attacked (a'txkt), and the like,
we have the first half of a [k] and the second half of a [t],
the tongue flapping from the [k]-position to the [t]-position
without a [k]-explosion. This [t], theoretically, is syllabic.
(See page 14.) No special symbols are used in this book to
distinguish these sounds from ordinary [k] and [t].
5. The aspirate [h] after strest voiceless stops, tho the
rule in English, and especially strong in Ireland (where it
often develops into a fricativ cognate with the step), as in
the word cake (kge:kQ, insted of kheekh or keekh), is net
markt at all in this book. A detaild treatment of this fe-
nemenen would be interesting.
6. The initial sound of the word humph is identified in
this book with the voiceless nasal [ic]. The sound might
as well, or perhaps better, have been identified with the va-
riety of nasal-[h] sound in the production of which the oral
passage is closed by the tip of the tongue.
7. The resonants may be voiceless as well as voiced
(vowels). In some languages voiceless resonants occur
nennally with great frequency. In English they occur some-
times in unstrest syllables, as in the word practically, as often
pronounced, in which we have a voiceless [i] and possibly,
sometimes, a voiceless [a]. These voiceless resonants have
net been markt in this book.
8. The high-central vowel [i], as in the word axis ('aeksis),
IS quite a different sound from the front vowel [i] in the
word pin (pin). This central vowel is a very important
sound in English fonelogy, and I was desirous of using this
special representation of it thruout this dictionary; but I was
tmable to procure the type at the time of beginning the com-
position of the vocabulary. I have been able, however, to
mark the sound properly in this Preface, except in the bold-
face paragraf-hedings. Thruout the body of the book iV^c
letter (i) xs empleyd for the central vowel [i] as well as io^
lAc froat vowel [ij.
8 PREFACE
9. The several varieties of mid-central vowel sounds, as in
the words govern ('gAvarn), lengthen (IcqGan), tackle ('takal),
Anna ('aena), obey (a'bee), are net definitly differentiated in
English, and perhaps never will be. They are, therefore, all
represented with sufficient accuracy for the purposes of this
book by the single letter (a).
10. Half-leng vowels. The vowel [a] before M fellowd by
a voiceless step, as [k], and a weak syllable, as in the word
market ('ma^kit, 'ma:?-kit), may be said to be nermally half-
leng. Similarly with the vowel [b] before [r] fellowd by a
voiceless step, or by [n], [1], or [ds], and a weak syllabic, as
in the words curtain ('kertn), learned ('iBrnid), early ('sell),
clergy ('ki-B^dsi), respectivly. As no symbol is used in this
book for half-length, the vowels [a] and [b], when really half-
leng, are often markt as short only, or as either short or long;
two re-spellings being given in the latter case.
11. Weak voiceless consonants have for convenience been
clast as voiced or voiceless according as the preceding sound
IS voiced or voiceless, as in his (hiz, rather than his), edged
(edsd, rather than edjt), but scratched (slnaetSt). Such sounds
are susceptible of a more accurate treatment.
Fonetzo Notation. The sounds of speech are noted in
this dictionary by means of a system of letters which, for con-
venience, are arranged in the order g, k, etc. This system
of letters, so arranged, I have named gammakap (from gam-
ma and kappa), by analogy to the word alfahet, which
denotes a system of letters arranged in the order a, b (or
alfa, beta), etc. The system is essentially identical with
the international alfabet assembled about the year •1886 by
Paul Passy of Pans (partly from elements containd in the
previous fonetic alfabets of Henry Sujeet and others), and
fosterd since that time by the International Fonetic As-
sociation (20 rue de la Madeleine, Bour-la-Reine, Seine,
France). In this dictionary and in previous publications I
have further amplified and modified this system of fonetic
notation, molding it into a still more delicate and useful in-
strument of precision.
Below are two tables. The first table shows the more nn-
pertani letters of the universal gammakap, arranged so as to
ffTvt^ some idea of the place and manner oi articulation of the
aound or group of sounds whicli eac\i S7rft\io\ r^^t.%<&TLW "^
PREFACE 9
udes the synibok (IcU™) for mdicauas the basic sound-
Tersal srstem mctndes. of coane, otba- irmbots (modifiers).
for ladtcatms TOicelessiieas, nasaln;, and whisper, and the
Tarioos degreca of Icaftli, nrcss, and pitch. The second table
shows the lEtlns of the Eogluh oanimakap, with ezamplea of
words contaimiig the aoaada which the letters represent. In
a few cases, examples from foreign langnages have been
added, to ifaaw ite occoireiice of practically the wme sounds
r
~
^
"SiS
....-.■. ■
?.-.....
.=
).
Rm,*.l™
--""--
■Tw-;-:-"
r.'--.fS
t.(--l l^->
0< I..
,.
n.
"Ti-;,;--;'
.;ui;h
Hi..
=_
. <
"-
U. .
n*.lr»ilrt"
t«
B.'udij'
o^
i..;,;d«
I..
cv«
,-^;--
^
*
^
10 PREFACE
ENGLISH GAMMAKAP
Stridenis
Shut
g ^ood (god), linger (liijga?), wri^^le ('nga!), gig (gig).
k cook (kok), kick (kik), bunib (bAijk), tickle i'tikal), keep
(klip).
d deed (diid), wind (wind), widen ('wai-dn), meddle
Cmcdl), bold (boold).
t ^aughf (tc:t), hint (hint), whiten ('loai-tn), beU (belt),
whiWle CiDiti).
b bib (bib), thimble ('eimbal).
P peep (piip), limp (hmp).
Fricativ
who (hcra), Aouse (haos), hit (hit).
th
ye (jii), you (jou), dew (djou); German /ung (jot}).
cure (kgo:?), pure (pqoiz); German ich (ig).
i dry (drai), laundry (1c:n-dn).
try (tXQi), pastry ('pee-stji).
0*
tj
( this (dis), hesithen Chii-ddn), with (wid); Spanish todos
CtDdos).
/ thin (6in), myth (miO), wid^li (widO); Spanish graciaa
CgcaBias).
S asure ('aesar), judge (dsxds) ; French je (33) ; Italian
gid (dsa).
J shoe (Sou), chew (tjou); French cAic (Sik); German
Schuh ($u:); Italian cinque ('tSii):-kwe) ; Spanish mu-
cho CmutSD).
R jvcal (iiin. rose (rooz), his (hiz).
M sister ('sxstdr).
V fifltl Cvtvid), 0/ (ev).
f f\h (f«if).
*v rein (wiu), c/wlndlr ('dwindlV
'** W'^r/j (wtn), (|Mick (ku>ik), twne (^oitC^-
PREFACE II
Sonoraais
Nasal
Q long (}e:g), longer (teiQ-gaz), bank (baegk).
n nun (nAn), gardener (^gaiz-da-^e), cardtnal Ckaiz-dnA),
hint (hint).
N snare (snc:;).
m maim (meem), triumph ('tiai-dmf), limp (hmp).
ic AMmph (Mm), smear (suiiz).
Oral
I lull (1a1), cardino/ Ckaij-dn-l), tatt/e ('taetl).
L p/ay (pz.ce), s/ow (si-oo).
? red (zzd), ear (i:«), earth (b:76), very ('vc^i).
5 free (f^ii), throw (Osoo).
High-close
u whoever (^hu'cvsr), shoe (Sou), unit ('jou-nit), cower
(Tcou-ar); French toKt (tu), to«r (tuiR); German Zu-
fall ('tsu:,fal).
i react (ei'aekt), eat (lit), sconW ('sko:-?i,i:), buoyant ('bei-
snt); French ni (ni), ptre (pi:^); German hied (li:t).
High-open
0 full (fol), poor (po:?), shoe (Sou), unite (jo'nait) ; Ger-
man Muff (mof).
1 pity Cpiti), hated ('hee-tid), axts ('aeksis), foret^n
('feein), carrtage ('kae^ids), senote ('senit).
I It (it), ear (i:r), eat (lit), high (hai), why (looi), boy
(boi) ; German btn (bin).
Mid-close
0 poetic (po'etik), note (noot); French pot (po), cote
(ko:t) ; German So/tn ('2o:n), Italian leone (le'o:-ne).
' over ('oo-v3?), sofo ('soo-fa), again (a'gcn), truism ('tjou-
^izam), taken ('tee-kan), chocolate ('tjeka-lat), chest-
nut ('tSesN3t), tackle ('taekaO-
e aereal (e'li-ri-sJ)/ gate (geet); French M (e'te)*, Qtx-
man lUA (te:) ; Italian pere ('pe;-re).
PREFACE
Mid-open
but (bAt), tender ('Aiidar).
doot (d3:7), obey (o'bee), note (noot); French note
(not), tort (t3:K); German Gott (got).
hed (bed), b^or (be:r), gate (geet), example (eg'za:m-
pal) ; French fatt (fc), t^e (tc:t) ; Orman Bar (be:^),
Bett (bet); Italian tempo ('tem:-p3), bene Cbei-ne).
Low^lose
autumnal (c'tAmnl), low (tc:); Italian poco ('pc:-k3).
iur (fe:?), turtle (tB^tl), hurry Chsn).
e cat (kaet).
Low-opeH
a far (fa:r), barter (Ixirta?), cow (kao), why (idqi),
French pas (pa), pate (pa:t); Cierman Mai (ma:l), ab
(ap), bei (bai); Italian amare (a'ma:-re).
e hot (hot), horn (he:rn), bay (bei).
a ask (a:sk), high (hai); French patte (pat), part (para).
Names and Sorzpt Forms of the Xetters. English
names for the letters and other s3rmbols of the universal
gammakap, together with their script forms, and examples of
printed and written texts in English and other languages, a;
well as a short exposition and bibliegrafy of the system, ma:
be found in a booklet (of about 32 pages), entitled Reforma
tion of Spelling, which I am preparing.
Oompound Sound*. Among the consonants attentic
may be cald to the affricate ds, as in judg^ (dsAds), and i
vexceless mate tS, as in chvLtch (tSB:?t$).
Among the vowels may be noted eight normal risi
difthongi, as fellows : ou, as xn faal (foul), li, as in
(mi); DO, as xn note (noot); ce, as in gate (gcet); go, as
l\0W (nao); ai, as xn wtse (waiz); 01, as in bay (boi);
AH in kite (kait). The last four difthongs (ao, oi, 01,
whon Mlowd by a syllable beginning with a vowel, usi
bi»eon)t> «w, «J, t»i, oi, as xn tairer ('tau-ar), qutet (Tcuja
tmo,vant Clml-ont). buyer Cbai-ar).
Th(*rp nrp Aho four normal falling difthongs, after [1]
A/, f/J, M Mhwi itw as xn purlieu Cp^iVm), diffl
PREFACE 13
Cdifziu-dns), feveriew ('f li-va^^f iu) ; io, as in emolument
(i^melio-msnt) ; io:, as xn lure (Ho:;); is, as in behavior
(biTiee-visr).
Besides these sixteen normal difthengs, there is the one
normal triftheng, iou, after [I], [v], and [f], as xn Ueu (Hou),
view (viou), and few (fiou).
Besides the sixteen normal difthengs and the normal tnf-
theng mentiond above, there also occur, either in wide-spred
usage or xn well-known local usage, the difthengs ci, as in hoy
(bci); ed, as xn care (kea); Od, as xn mom (mean); os, as in
door (dod); id, as xn here (hia); o9, as in poor (pod), etc.;
and the trifthengs lia, as xn queerest ('kwiia-rist) ; oud, as
in flour ('fz.au37); aid, as in inqutring (in^kwaid-rxi]), and
aid, as in destring (dx'zaid-irxg).
Duration. Extra length, or duration, of elementary
sounds, especially xn the case of vowel sounds, is indicated
by the length-mark (:) placed just after the letter represent-
ing the sound xn question, as xn palm (pa:m), laud (lc:d), air
(cz), zygospore {'zig9,spo:z), and in the interjection sh ($:).
Syllabzcation and Stress* The various elementary
sounds of speech, when utterd xn any series or sequence,
without increase or diminution xn the strength of the breth-
nnpulse, possess various degrees of (inherent) relativ so-
nerity. The voiced sounds are more sonorous than the voice-
less sounds; the sonorants are more sonorous than the stri-
dents; the resonants are more sonorous than the sonorants.
And just as this xs true among the larger classes of sounds,
80 also xs xt true among the smaller groups of sounds and
among the individual sounds. (See the Universal Gamma-
bp, page 9, above.)
A syllable xs a prominence of sonorousness or loudness :
a wave, as xt were, of sonority, rising above the general level
of speech.
Any elementary speech-sound utterd by itself, in a single
breth-impulse of uniform or only gradually changing strength,
CBustrtutes a single syllable, A group consisting oi tN»0 Ot
14 PREFACE
more elementary sounds utterd zn sequence constitutes either
one syllable, or more than one syllable, according as it con-
tains one wave of sonority, or more than one wave of
sonority, rising above the general level of sonority.
If a syllable or soneric wave contains more than one sound.
Its crest or point of maximum sonority lies, of course, within
Its most sonorous sound. For example, in the monosyllable
bet (bet), which contains the three sounds [b], [e], and [t],
the syllabic crest lies within the sound [e], the most sonorous
sound in the syllable. If one syllable or sononc wave follows
another, in the same breth-impulse, the intersyllabic trough,
or point of minimum sonority, lies within the least sonorous
sound between the two wave-crests. For example, in the di-
syllabic better Cbetd?) the two syllables are utterd in a single
breth-impulse, and the trough lies within the sound [t], the
least sonorous sound between the two crests [e] and [a].
A sound forms the crest, of a sononc wave (that is, is syl-
labic) if separated from adjacent sonorous sounds by sounds
less sonorous than it or the adjacent sonorous sounds. Net
resonants only, but also consonants (stridents and sonorants)
may be syllabic. In English we have an example of a syllabic
strident in the [t] of practically, as sometimes pronounced;
of syllabic sonorants in the [1] of kettle ('ketl), the [n] of
sudden ('sxdn), the [$:] of psht (pS:t). The sononc undula-
tions due to the presence of the [s] in star (star?) or cats
(kaets), the [$] in catch (kaetS). or the [6] in wealth (when
pronounced weltO), and the like, are comparable to mere
ripples, rather than waves of sonority, and to most ears are
not perceptible as syllables. (Compare paragraf 4, page 7.)
Syllables are the result of the independent or conjoint ac-
tion of two factors: (i) the above-mentiond relativ inherent
sonorities of the elementary sounds, and (2) the changes
wrought among the relationships of these inherent sonen-
ties by sudden changes in the force of breth-impulse or stress.
If a new brcth-impulse is introduced into any utterance, a
fjew sonenc wave or syllable begins just where this new
breth'impuhe begins.
PREFACE 15
A syllable may be cald static when at its inception the
force of the breth-impulse remains the same as it was just be-
fore, or changes only at the same rate at which it was before
changing. Static syllables exist solely (or primarily) in vir-
tue of the relativ inherent sonorities of the eleme|^tary
sounds.
A syllable may be cald dynamic when at its inception the
force of the breth-impulse is suddenly increast. The first or
initial syllable of any utterance is of course a dyanmic syl-
lable.
Between a dynamic syllable and a static syllable, as in the
word better Cbetsz), mentiond above, or between two con-
tiguous static syllables, as in the word logically (lodsikd-li),
there is no point of division lying between two sounds of
different quality. In so far as there exists any definit point
of syllabic division in such cases, it must always be located
within the* limits of a sound of minimum sonority. In the
word better, this sound zs the [t] ; in logically, the [d] or the
[k]. These sounds belong to neither syllable more than to the
other, but each one of them constitutes a nexus in which the
two syllables meet.
These nexuses joining static syllables with preceding sylla-
bles ore, in English, normally consonants (stridents or so-
norants), but in abnormal utterances, and in certain types of
normal utteraces, in English and in other languages, they
niay be resonants. Furthermore, in certain Swiss dialects, a
long strest syllable may be foUowd by a static syllable, the
two syllables joining in an intervening voiced resonant
(vowel), or voiceless resonant, common to both syllables.
Every dynamic syllable, on the other hand, must always
have a definit starting-point, located either (i) at the begin-
ning of the word or utterance, as, in the word better ('betar),
at the beginning of the [b]; (2) between two medial sounds
of different quality, as, in the word baker ('bee-kar), at the
beginning of the [k], and, in the word coolie Ckou-li), at the
beginning of the [I] ; or (3) within the limits of some medial
sound which, were there no new breth-impulse, would \ic ^
16 PREFACE
single sound, as, zn the word rat-trap ('zxt^tsxp), at the be-
ginning of the second [t], and, in the word coolly (Tcoul-li),
at the beginning of the second [!]. When a (second) new dy-
namic syllable or breth-impulse thus begins within a sound,
the sound is cald double or geminated, and is, thruout this
dictionary, represented (as here) by two separate letters.
When, as is always the case at the inception of a static
syllable, the intersyllabic trough lies within the limits of a
single sound (of minimum sonenty), as, in the word better
Cbetaz), within the [t], the letter representing this sound of
minimum sonority sufficiently indicates the position of the
intersyllabic trough. It is neither necessary nor beneficial
further to indicate its position, for unless in uttering the
word a new breth-impulse is gratuitously introduced, or
some error made zn the sounds themselvs, the correct pro-
nunciation will necessarily result.
When, en the other hand, as is always the case at the in-
ception of a dynamzc syllable, the intersyllabic trough lies just
before a certain sound, as before the [b] zn better or before
the [b] or the [k] in baker, it is often most necessary and
beneficial to indicate its position.
Stress, or dynamic accent, is the relativ emfasis with
which a sound, syllable, or sequence of syllables is utterd. It
IS the intensity or degree of energy characterizing a breth-
impulse used in speech. It is the force or vigor imparted to
any given utterance by the breth.
In the body of this dictionary, accordingly, the startzng-
peint of every syllable having chief stress (that is, having the
primary degree of force of a new or reinforced breth-impulse)
IS always indicated by means of a special symbol, the chief
stress-mark ('), placed just before the strest syllable; and the
starting-peint of every syllable having subordinate stress (that
IS, having the secondary, tertiary, or quarternary degree of
force of a new or reinforced breth-impulse) is always (except
initially, where it is left unmarkt) indicated by means of a
general symhoi, the hyfen (-), placed just before the strest
syllable.
PREFACE 17
In this Preface, however, a special symbol for secondary
stress, the secondary stress-mark (,)» l^^s also been tised (me-
dially xnsted of the hyfen, and also initially), whenever the
syllable actually has secondary stress. This secondary stress-
mark (,) will probably be used thruout the dictionary if a
second edition is publisht. It is alredy empleyd thruout my
Dictionary of Aviation which is about to appear.
In normal English any syllable immediately following a
syllable containing a long strest vowel, a rising diftheng or
triftheng, or a syllabic consonant or a vowel, is a dynamic
syllable; and any weakly strest syllable immediately follow-
ing a syllable containing a short strest vowel plus one or
more consonants is only a static syllable. Dynamic syllables
are often found, however, in compounds, adopted words, as
bivouac Cbiv^waek), etc., even after syllables containing short
strest vowels. A given disyllabic word or combination, as
ego ('ego, 'e,go, etc.) may consist either (i) of a dynamic
plus a static syllable, or (2) of two dynamic syllables.
Whether or not a new breth-impulse occurs in a given com-
bination of sounds depends on various factors: (i) the char-
acter of the consonants intervening between the syllabic
crests; (2) their number; (3) the independence of the word;
(4) Its freedom from the influence of related more familiar
words; and (5) the commonness of the word itself.
Until recent years, the nature of syllabication was not clear-
ly understood. Some division of a word was, however, often
necessary in writing and printing and some oral division was
desirable in dictating. So the thing took shape in spelling-
books and dictionaries. But the distinction between grafic
word-dzvision and fonetic syllabication only gradually became
clear in the minds of men. Up to the present hour, altho the
distinction between dynamic and static syllables has now for
some years been quite well understood, and altho it is of the
greatest importance in correctly indicating pronunciation, no
dictionary has ever introduced it into its vocabulary. One
reason for this may lie in the customary but fontticaAVv
\mous practis of placing the stress-mark at the end (,ot svxv
18 PREFACE
posed end), rather than at the beginning, of syllables. This
practis has nothing but custom to recommend it. The stress-
mark IS commonly used thus by dictionary-makers and others,
and this usage is often defended by misguided or unthinking
persons, in apparent disregard or ignorance of the good to be
derived from the use of a more scientific method. In reading.
It IS more convenient to have the stress-mark placed before,
rather than after, the strest syllable, for, altho the reader
doutless sees words and syllables for the most part as wholes,
his eye nevertheless usually approaches them from the left,
rather than from the right, and it is better that he should be
apprised of the facts as to where a syllable begins, and how
It IS strest, during the incipient, rather thian during the
final stage of his visual or vocal action upon it. One prefers
to see a guidepost before he gets to his destination or has
past It.
Furthermore, in mjrriads of cases, it is impossible correctly
to place a stress-mark after a strest syllable; for, whenever a
a dynamic syllable is fellowd by a static syllable, the dynamic
syllable, ending as it does within the limits of some (rela-
txvly unsonorous) sound within which also the static syllable
begins, cannot accurately be represented as ending after that
sound. For example, the word sister is pronounced neither
'si-star, nor 'sis-tdr, nor 'sist-ar, but 'sistar. The boundary
between its two syllables lies neither before nor after the [s],
nor after the [t], but within the [t]. The first (dimamic)
syllable merges into the second (static) syllable thru the sound
of minimum sonority [t], which is common to both syllables.
The use of stress-marks in posterior position, just alluded
to, confounds the whole subject of grafic word-divisions of
curreat or fonetic orthegrafy (to be used at the ends of lines
by writers and printers) with the quite different subject
of real fonetic syllabication. This, together with the com-
mon practxs of trying to show current spelling and etymology
M wpll AS pronunciation, all in one respelling of a word, re^
0tf/f9 rn the multitudinous fonetic errors with which the
ordinary dtcthnaricB and text-booVs %tc ^<^ Itwsv <^qm«c \ft
PREFACE 19
cover. The merest tyro in fonetzcs, every child, indeed, who
uses these books, zs apt to be clearly or dimly conscious of
many of these errors and systematic perversions of pronun-
ciation. The troubles caused by the practis of using the
stress-mark after the strest syllable cannot be overcome by
placing the stress-mark above or below the vowel or con-
sonant of maximum sonority which forms the crest of the
strest syllable; for such a procedure net only multiplies enor-
mously the number and complication of the symbols and types
required, but fails to indicate either the beginning or end of
the strest syllable.
In this dictionary, the stress indicated is, in general, the
stress which the word has when isolated. Certain systematic
shiftings of stress are indicated, notably in the case of words
whose stress shifts according as these words are used poste-
riorly or anteriorly in a sentence, the posterior form being
given first. (See page 3 of this Preface, under Pronuncia-
tion.)
Word-dxTxsion. In dividing words at the ends of lines,
we have (i) the case of current spellings, and (2) the case of
fonetic spellings. In this dictionary the current spellings
have been divided in an ordinary conventional manner which
requires no special description. The fonetic spellings have
been divided, wherever practicable, at the beginning of a
dynamic syllable, that is, where there would alredy be a hyfen
or a stress-mark in any event. Where it has been necessary
or convenient to divide a fonetic spelling arbitrarily, where
no new breth-impulse really begins, it is divided in a man-
ner similar to the manner in which it would be divided were
there really a new breth-impulse introduced (that is, were
a new dynamic syllable begun there). For example, if the fo-
netic spelling C'pae^ant] of the word parent is divided at the
end of a line, it is divided ['px-rsnt] in the same manner as
the fonetic spelling ['pe:-?3nt], a variant of the same word,
would be divided : that is, just before the letter (z), the hyfen
being used as the mark of division at the end of the \me.
This ase of the by fen, now for real syllabic division, no^
20
PREFACE
for mere arbitrary word-divisioii, and again for joining the
elements of compound words, renders it often an ambiguous
symboL (See page 29 of this Preface, tmder Clarified Spell-
ing.)
AMbattrwiaMamm
Abbreviations are used only
for the names of the ports of speech.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
adj.
adjectiv
Pl-
ploral
adj.'pron.
adjectiv-pronoun
pron.
pronoun
adv.
adverb
n.
noun
conj.
conjunction
noun-^on.
noun-pronoun
interj.
interjection
V.
verb
In illustrativ frases, as under the title-word aged^ the title-
word» where it occurs in the sense illustrated, is markt by
means of a star or asterisk {*) just preceding the word, in
order to aid the reader in seeing it or in identifying it.
Spellms Beform. The reformation of spelling presents
Itself under three modes : simplified spelling, clarified spell-
ing, and fonetic spelling. Simplified spelling and clarified
spelling are alike in being but amendments of the current
ertbegrafy, while fonetic spelling is a relativly independent
lyitem of erthegrafy based upon pronunciation. All three of
theie model of refermd spelling are used to a certain extent
sn this dictionary.
Szmplsfied Spcllziic* The current spelling may be
•smplified to some extent by omission of silent letters, by the
amendment of certain glaring irregularities, and so en. This
IS the method used by the Simplified Spelling Board (i Mad-
ison Avenue, New York) and the Simplified Spelling Society
(44 Great Runsell Street, London, W. C, England).
Theits erganijations have, up to the present time, devoted
theslr energies net to fonetic spelling but only to minor simpli-
fiOf^tions of certain words and classes of words. While using
araumfintB based mainly upon the advantages of fonetic spell-
^^S ^/»*»/ /»«ve praoti^lly ignortd tKc ^oiW, ^ xJaiti c^ttainly
PREFACE 21
are neglecting to employ the methods, of those who have al-
redy successfully constructed and introduced the most perfect
fonetic alfabets and forms of fonetic spelling as yet devised.
While simplified spelling has a certain value, directly in
rectifying certain minor defects in the ctirrent erthografy, and
indirectly in calling attention to the advantages of fonetic
spelling, It IS entirely inadequate to the task of bringing into
existence (in no matter how long a time) the fonetic spelling
upon whose virtues are based the common run of arguments
for simplified spelling.
Regarding the indirect value of simplified spelling, it may,
however, be argued that it is perhaps more than offset by the
implied misdirection of energy and the diverting of public
attention from the main issue. Herbert Spencer, for example,
held the opinion that simplified spelling retards the progress
of fonetic spelling, insted of accelerating its paogress as it
purports to do.
To try to simplify, clarify, or fonetize any radically bad
system of spelling, such as the English, in any interesting or
useful degree, and in any reasonable period of time, without
using some thorogoing, popular fonetic alfabet, is vain. It
IS like trying to cifer without figures, print without types,
or typewrite without keys.
While real international fonetic spelling of English, French,
German, and other languages is thus alredy an accemplisht
fact, and hundreds of thousands of copies of text-books and
dictionaries containing it are in actual use in the leading
schools and universities thruout the world (includtng the
United States), the Simplified Spelling Board labors under
the impression that the public, tho now being operated upon
by the Board, is as yet mentally too weak, fonetically speak-
ing, to bear any official mention of fonetic spelling being
made by the surgeon. To many persons it would seem to be
the operator, rather than the patient, who is in need of treat-
ment for fonofobia.
The fallacy of the simplified spellers « lies in their assutw?-
tioa that the oaly method, or at least the best mc^od, iot
22 PREFACE
bringing into use a new instrumentality, such as a new system
of erthegrafy for the English language, is the proselyting
method of arguing the public into a plastic or receptiv con-
dition, so as to create widespred agreement or tendency si-
multaneously to begin believing in, or using, the new instru-
mentality. The fact is that the Board is composed of some
men who know a great deal, and some others who know
next to nothing, about fonetics, fonetic notation, and spell-
ing reform. Being constituted en the maximum-pepular-in-
fluence idea, and working en the dubious proselyting theory
mentiond above, the recommendations of the Board need net
be, and actually are net, taken very seriously by the public,
who in vast numbers are receiving information from reliable
independent sources. Moreover, the decisions of the Board
as a whole do net necessarily reflect credit upon those of its
more filolegically enlightend members, some of whom, dout-
less, disapprove of the action of the Board as a whole. Sim-
plified spelling may be regarded as a form of amusement,
possibly more or less harmless, if indulged in with modera-
tion. It takes en a more sinister aspect only when it pre-
tends to be what it is net : when, for example, it pretends
to be especially useful in itself, which it is net; or when it
pretends to be a means, or the means, to a system of real
fonetic spelling, which it is net.
Real inventions are made in the workshops of genius. In
these mints where golden thoughts are ceind, executiv boards
are unknown. Boards and committees and congresses are
compromisers, net originators. They make agreements, net
inventions. If a suitable device has been invented alredy, it
IS wiser for them to use it than to try to invent it over again.
Great inventions, whether they be mechanical, like the print-
ing-press, the tclegraf , the fonograf, the typewriter, or the
telefone; or grafic, like the alfabet, the Hindu system of no-
tation of numbers, or fonegrafy (fonetic shorthand), are, in
reality, introduced largely by other methods. Each real fb-
vention is devehpt, to be sure, and often developt gradually;
Aue developt, nevertheless, on its own accoMD\., axv^ -ltl ^ Vss^e
PREFACE 23
mesure independently, both of its applications or products,
and of Its competitors.
Handwriting was net in itself developt into print or into
typewriting. The important thing was the conception and de-
velopment of an entirely separate instrumentality, the print-
ing-press or the typewriter, by which to create the printed
page or the typewritten sheet. Printing-presses and type-
writers were simply invented outright and placed en the mar-
ket in open competition with pen and ink, instruments for
producing similar products. Demonstrations were given of
their relatrv value for this specific purpose, and, with direct
profit as prime mover, the new inventions and the new prod-
ucts won their way.
And so It IS apt to be, too, with systems of erthegrafy.
A good useful erthegrafy may be considerd to be a product,
for the making of which an invention was required. This re-
quired invention was a good fonetic alfabet. Half a century
ago Isaac Pitman invented a fonografic alfabet and a system
of fonetic shorthand. The alfabet was demonstrated to be of
greater value than the ordinary alfabet for certain specific
purposes, and this invention (the fonografic alfabet) and its
product (the system of shorthand writing) came into common
use for reportorial purposes.
I A quarter of a century ago Paul Passy invented a universal
fonetic alfabet and a universal system of fonetypy and fo-
netic handwriting. This alfabet has been demonstrated to
be of greater value than any of the alfabets of the world for
general purposes, and this invention (the universal alfabet)
and Its products (the new systems of erthegrafy for all lan-
guages) have been widely adopted.
Simplified spellings are used in the definitions of this dic-
tionary largely en their merits as media thru which to htlp
the reader easily to grasp the pronunciation of the words.
Where their use would, on account of the conciseness of the
definitions, or on any other account, fail of this object and
render the text more obscure, their use has eiteu been
24 PREFACE
In the vocabulary of this book are given all the main words
(except some zn -ive) and many of the derrvativs, of which
more simple forms are advocated by the Simplified Spelling
Board. The rules of the Board are also applied to some words
which do not happen to be included in the list publisht by the
Board, as Alexandrin, carlin, carmin, deprivativ, desiccativ,
partil, passerin, etc.
I insert the simpler fqrms among the variant spellings in
this dictionary net solely because they are advocated by the
Board and others, but because many of them either have long
existed er do now exist to a considerable extent in current
use in literature; and also because almost all of them are
either in accord with what I consider to be a scientifically
practicable system of standardized fonetic erthegrafy, such as
IS used in the re-spellings given in this book to indicate pro-
nunciations and IS, in my opinion, destind eventually to
supersede the current English cacegrafy.
The following are the rules governing the simplifications
containd in the list of about 3300 words publisht by the Sim-
plified Spelling Board on March 6, 1909 (Circular No. 23).
Aside from a few slight changes in the wording, some minor
ndjuHtments necessitated by a more accurate marking of the
pronunciations, etc., and one additional example under Rules
17 and 18, the rules and examples are given exactly as pub-
Unht by the Board.
To facilitate acceptance zt was deemd expedient by the
Hoard in some cases to restrict the rule to a limited number
of t\\v words in a given class. In these cases the expression
*Ut*iitrictcd Rule* has been used. Any one who chooses to ex-
it* lul thr rule at once to all the words of a given class zs of
luiurHt* free to do to. After each rule zs given a list, either of
all \\u^ wonli affrctcd (if they are not many), or of a few
tiMMinplni of the lufKc number of words coverd by the rule.
Ill \\\%' lattrr casr 'Examples' is prefixt, and 'etc' zs added.
// fhei UimnVn official rrcommendation applies to all words
ffttntfthmiM tht* IrtttTt sequence oi Itttets, or suffix, affected,
/// //ir jirniminittthti indicated* tVie cxpitssvon 'Q^ifts;T^ "^^^^
PREFACE 25
Z8 used. For some small classes and for isolated amendments
no rule xs given.
BUIiES OF SIMPLIFIED SPELUHG
1. ae* SB or •» net final. General Rule : Choose e. Exam-
ples : anesthetic, chimera, era, esthetic, ether, medieval, paleon-
tology, etc.
2. -bt, with b silent. General Rule : Omit b* det, dettor,
dout, indetted, redout, redout ed, redoutable,
3. ea, pronounced [e]. General Rule : Drep a« Exam-
ples: hed, spredt sted, tred, thret, helth, welth, dremt, meni,
plesant, etc.
4. ea, pronounced [a], before r* General Rule : Drep e.
karken, hart, harth.
5. -ed or 'df pronounced [d]. ""General Rule : Use simple d
in all cases (reducing a double consonant). Examples : aimd,
armd, bumd, deemd, dimd, feld, fild, hangd, raind, stird,
veUd, etc.
6. -ed or -t, pronounced [t], the preceding single conso-
nant being doubled before -ed (-pped, -ssed) and left single
before -t (-pt, -st). General Rule : Choose -t in all cases.
Examples : dipt, dript, dropt, slept, slept, blest, prest, mist,
blusht, zvasht, wisht, lockt, packt, etc.
7. *enee or -ense (Latin -ensd). Restricted Rule : Choose
"•use* defense, offense, pretense", also license (Latin -entia).
8. *ette or -et* General Rule : Choose -et. Examples :
coquet, epaulet, etiquet, omelet, quartet, quintet, septet, sextet,
etc
9. gb or f» pronounced [f]. Restricted Rule : Choose f.
draft, net draught.
10. -sby silent: (i) -ongb or -oir, pronounced [au, au].
Restricted Rule: Choose -oir. plow. (2) -ougb or -o,
pronoimced [oo, o, o]. Restricted Rule : Choose -o. altho,
tho, thoro, boro, -boro (in place-names), furlo. (3) -ougb
or -o, pronounced [ou, u, o]. through, thro*, thro. Restricted
Rule : Choose tbroy but advance it now to tbru.
11. -ioe, unstrest, pronounced [is]. General Rule: Spell
-i«. Examples : artifis, coppis, cornis, crevis, edifis, justis,
notis, servis, etc.
12. -ile, unstrest, pronounced [il, 1]. General Rule : Omit
e. Examples : agil, futil, servil, juvenil, etc. When other-
wise pronounced, as [ail, il], retain -lie.
13. -ine, unstrest, pronounced Tin J. General Rule*. Omit
eu Examples: deUrmin, doctrin, engin, examin, genuitVi
26 PREFACE
imagin, pristi», etc. When otherwise pronounced, as [am,
in], retain -ine.
14. -ise, unstrest, pronounced [is]. General Rule : Omit e.
ants, mortis, practis, premis, promts, treatis.
15. -ise or -ise (from Greek), pronounced [aiz], suffix of
verbs. General Rule : Choose -ise. Examples : civilise,
criticise, exorcise, legalise, organise, etc.
16. -ite* unstrest; pronounced [it]. General Rule: Omit e.
Examples : apposit, definit, infinit, preterit, requisit, etc.
When otherwise pronounced, as [ait, it], retain -lie*
17. -iTOy unstrest or with only subordinate stress, pro-
nounced [iv, iv]. General Rule : Omit e. Examples : activ,
adjectiv, detectiv, executiv, motiv, nativ, progressiv, adjec-
tivly, etc.
18. -U or -1 (-ill or -11). General Rule: Choose -L
distil, fulfil, instil; like until, compel, impel, etc.
19. *11* or -1- (-ill- or -il-y -nil- or -iil-)^ before
*fiil or -nesB. General Rule : Choose -L skilful, wilful,
dulness, fulness.
ao. -mb) with b silent. Restricted Rule : Omit b. crum,
dum, lam, lim, num, thum,
21, -am, with n silent. Restricted Rule : Omit n* Au-
tum, colum, solem,
22. oe, CB, or e, net final. General Rule : Choose e«
Examples : ecumenical, esophagus, phenix, subpena, etc. ; like
economy, solecism, etc
33. -onr or -or. General Rule : Choose -or. Examples :
ardor, candor, clamor, color, favor, flavor, honor, humor,
labor, rumor, tumor, valor, vigor, etc.; also, arbor, harbor,
neighbor, etc.
24. pb or ft pronounced [f]. Restricted Rule : Choose f.
fantasm, fantasy, fantom, sulfate, sulfur; like fancy, frantic,
frensy, coffer, coffin, etc.. which originally had ph.
2$, pbt pronounced [f]. General Rule : Use f. camfor,
cif^: atfabet, diafram, pamflet; autograf, bibliografy, biog-
rafy, fonograf, fotograf, paragraf, telegraf, telefone.
a6. -rr or -r. General Rule : Choose -r. bur, pur; like
cur, fur, blur, slur, spur, car, far, fir, stir, etc.
j>7. -ro or -er, pronounced [dr]. General Rule : Choose
••r. Kxnmples : accouter, center, fiber, meter, miter, niter,
saltpi^t^, scepter, sepulcher, somber, specter, theater, etc.;
likr diameter, number, etc.
jfi. B or m (m the root). Restricted Rule : Choose s* ap-
^rt>*^, ff,fjtff4?, com^ruft, tnttrprizt, roie, surprise, teasel. (See
«/io Ruh ISO
PREFACE 27
29. ■ medial, silent. Restricted Rule : Drop ■• aile, ile^
ilet. Hand.
30. ue, silent, after -g* Restricted Rule : Omit ne« cata-
log, decalog, demagog, pedagog, prolog, colleag, leag, harang,
tung.
31. Te^ after -1 or -r, pronounced [v]. General Rule:
Omit e* Examples : delv, shelv, twelv, selvi, carv, curv, nerv,
serv, deserv, reserv, starv, etc.
Clarzfied Spelling* The current spelling may be clari-
fied or made considerably clearer by the substitution of cer-
tain letters of definit fonetic value for the ordinary letters
closely resembling • them or associated with them in the
popular mind, wherever these ordinary letters, in the partic-
ular context in which they occur, have the exact value of the
fonetic letters. This mode of spelling reform has been in
vogue for thousands of years. It has recently been used m
English in the works of Dr. Francis A. March and others,
but in a crude and inaccurate manner and to a very limited
extent. It has been used in Italian with considerable accu-
racy thruout the dictionaries and grammars of P. Petrocchi.
In English *(g) may thus be substituted for (g), (gh) for
(gh); (S) for (s), (Sh) for (sh); (5) for (z); (z) for (s); ♦(u))
for (w), (ujh) for (wh); (q) for (n) ; (n) for (n); (m) for
(m); (1), (z.) for (1); (r), (e), {z\ (3) for (r); ♦(o) for (u);
♦d). (i), for (i); (3), ♦(e) for (e); (o), (c), ♦(©) for (o);
(au), (go) for (ou), (ow) for (ow); (ae), *(a), *(a), (a)
for (a), etc.
In the present volume only the letters here nicrkt with a
star (♦) have been used in this way. Further clarification
or at least simplification, has been effected, thruout this
book, by always using (ff) for (ff). (ffi) for (ffi). (fi) for (fi),
(ffl) for (ffl), (fl) for (fi), (oe) for (oe), except in certain
words adopted from French, and (ae) for (ae).
To this extent clarified spelling has also been used thru-
out this Preface, except in the table of the English gammakap
and in certain other places where the exact current spellings
of certain words have to be given for lUustrativ pMt^os^ss.
Qanfied spelling is thus used net only becaase o£ xts xnltit^^-
28 PREFACE
8ZC merits but also zn order to familiarise die reader with the
f onetic value of certain letters. It has also been used thruout
the book m certain explanatory words and frases such as
synonymous cognate, singular, ploral, expressing. In the
definitions clarified spelling has been used occasionally to
differentiate words which are spelt alike but pronounced dif-
ferently, as desert (adjectiv and noun) and desert {verb and
noun); present (noun and adjectiv) and present (verb) tzi-
tise (noun) and refuse (verb).
In Italic type, (g) has been used in this Preface for (g)
when net having the sound Eg], Eg]. Various other modifica-
tions or clarifications are desirable in connection with the
Italic letters a, <b, e, i, I, m, n, o, r, s, u, v, w, and y. They
admit of being confermd to and differentiated along with the
corresponding roman letters.
The length-mark (:), the chief stress-mark ('), and the
secondary stress-mark (,) may also sometimes be introduced
with advantage into the current erthegrafy.
The use of the hyfen (-) might well be restricted to what,
in this dictionary, is its chief function : namely, the mark-
ing of new breth-impulses, or new dynamic syllables. It is
now used for other purposes, (i) as a link between the frag-
ments of words due to arbitrary word-division often found
necessary or convenient by writers and printers at the ends of
lines, especially in narrow mesures (short lines), or (2) as a
link joining the elements of compound words. A special
symbol, to be used as a dividing-mark in other cases, or as a
connecting-mark or link, is therefore cald for. An inferior
breve O, such as is often used in text-books of French to
■how liaison, would serv the purpose and might still be used
also to mark liaison between words in the midst of a line.
Liaiien occurs net only in French, but also in English,
Italian, etc.
Some ferm of double hyfen, as (?) may conveniently be
uted aa a aubatitute for the ordinary hyfen for joining the
eJemeata of cempommd words, etc.
PREFACE 29
Net only is each sound which was previously represented
by an ordinary letter (for which a new fonetxc letter zs thus
substituted), made clear, but the very clanfyzng of this one
sound often makes clearer (i) the value of other letters in
the same word and in neighboring words, and (2) the posi-
tion of the stress. This is due to the fact that the establish-
ment of a definit value for one letter is apt (i), negatrvly,
to eliminate one or more probabilities or vague conjectures
regarding the value of neighboring letters; or (2), pesitzvly,
to establish definitly, or at least create a strong probability
regarding, the value of neighboring letters; or (3), en account
of the relationships which exist between sound-quality and
stress, to create probability or certainty as to the position of
the stress.
Some idea of the value of clarified spelling as contrasted
with the value of simplified spelling may be fermd by re-
flecting upon the fact that in this Preface, for example,
where both modes of spelling are used (and the two never
conflict with each other), the changes due to clarified spell-
ing number about 4326 while the changes due to simplified
spelling number only about 375. That is, in a text chosen at
random, clarified spelling produces about 12 times as many
direct changes as simplified spelling does; and if, as hinted
at above, these directly markt clarifications themselvs give
rise to a large number of additional clarifications (under-
stood, tho unmarkt) among the neighboring sounds, and in
the matter of stress, the numerical contrast becomes greater
still.
Thus clarified spelling, besides clearing up a very much
larger number of dubious points in spelling and pronuncia-
tion than does simplified spelling, all without changing the
general form of the words as ordinarily spelt, or altering a
single spelling in any conspicuous, distracting, or shocking
manner, has the merit of being, so far as it goes, pesitiv and
exact. It always helps, and never hinders, the reader and tVie
student. It clothes many words in an exact f onetic ott\iOQ-
ra^r, and is, therefore, of very great cultural and pcdagogx^
so PREFACE
value. It IS capable of prodocing considerable results for
everybody. Any given mdjrvidnal is apt to Hnd it of great
value, both direct and indirect, to himself and to others.
Clarification, as here described, consists of a scientifically
simple set of universal rules applicable net only to English
but to a multitude of other languages and dialects. Simpli-
fied spelling, on the other hand, as usually carried en, con-
sists of a complicated congeries of special rules applicable to
one language only. In so for as it operates merely by omit-
ting useless letters, or choosing the lesser of two or more
cacografic evils, it is negativ in method. It often changes
the general form of words. On this account, and because tl\e
simplified ferms are but rarely encounterd, and then only in
conventional surroundings, they are apt to be conspicuous, and
the reader xs often subjected to hindrances, distractions, and
shocks. It almost always leaves the few words which zt af-
fects at all in an inexact, pseudo-erthografic condition. It
therefore teaches little or nothing. This fact is clear to
many filelogzsts. Something of the sort is also dimly felt to
be true by the public. Simplified spelling seems relativly
superficial, and hardly capable of producing great results for
anybody. No given individual is apt to consider it of any
immediate value, en the whole, to himself or to others.
Plionctio Spellzng. The current spelling may, as im-
plied m the above paragrafs, be replaced by one or more
systems of fonetic spelling, each system being adapted to cer-
tain specific purposes. As remarkt, fonetic shorthand or
fotiogrnfy has alrcdy replaced or supplemented the current
gptlling for reportorial and other purposes. Various syste'his
of foman-lctter fonetic spelling have alredy supplemented the
current spelling m the respellings given in dictionaries.
The fonetic alf abets of the recent past have certainly been
ttittkenhift affairs. They are usually devised for temporary or
nprcUl purposes, for use in one particular book, or in only
title tntiguage. The men who devise alfabets often seem to
take a fitttuff gattafaction in doing nothing more than what
^a nhficfftitcty twccBBary, Alfabets such as l\iost oi N^t\i^\«,
PREFACE 31
Lepsius, Ellis, Pitman, Bell, and March are manifestly de-
fectiv, clumsy, and incapable of development, and thus in-
adequate for general use.
The amplified form of the roman alfabet used in the re-
spellings of the title-words thruout this dictionary has been
undergoing a most remarkable development during the last
quarter of a century. It is by far the most diversely used
and highly perfected means as yet developt for indicating,
simply and accurately, the pronunciation of all languages in
any popular world-wide system. It will doutless undergo
further modification of detail as time goes on, but the prin-
ciples which have guided the selection of its letters from the
alfabets of the world, its flexibility, and the extent and man-
ner of Its present use, bespeak its capacity for development
and foretell its universality. It has alredy been applied to
several hundred languages and dialects and is now in activ
competition with local and old-fashiond systems of fonetic
spelling, net only in dictionaries and grammars, and text-
books en fonetics, but also in general literature.
Behind the scenes of every-day life, in the laboratories of
filelogists, the vocabularies and literatures of the languages
are being costumed anew. Thus freshly appareld in true
cesmofenic style, they are issuing forth upon the world arena.
The triple curtain of conservatism, ignorance, and patriotism,
which hides them, is lifting. "Thru the perspectiv of clear
wits they are looming both great and near." Their unmatcht
power to reecho articulate speech, and thus to facilitate the
communication of emotions and ideas, is becoming more and
more apparent to the multitudes who arc alredy using them.
In due time, I fancy, their votaries will include all the peoples
en the globe.
Robert Morris Pierce
1019 Flatiron Bilding
New York, September 20, igio
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
a «. letter [ploral a*s, as, aes] ee.
a adj. 9, (when more strest) e, ee.
aaroa's-beard n. (shrub) 'e:-z9nz-bi:zd, 'asz^nz-hiizd,
abaoa n. plant [also spelt abaka} 'aeba-ks.
abaci n. (ploral of abacus) 'asbd-sai.
abaotinal adj, (aboral) x'bxkti-nl, aebsek'tai-nl.
abaens n, [ploral abaci'] 'sbs-kds; (improperly) d'bekds.
abaft adv., prep. 9'ba:ft, (rapidly) 9l>eft.
abandon v. leave [past participle and preterit abandoned,
abandondj d'baenddn.
abandon »• (ease) s'bsnddn, xbdn'dei).
abasbed adj. disconcerted [also spelt abashtl d'baeSt.
abater n» one who or that which abates [also spelt abator']
d'bee-td?.
abatis »• barricade [also spelt abattis, abbatis] 'xbs-tis, aebd-
'tii.
abatjonr n^ (skylight, etc.) d'bai-so;.
abator n. [also, sometimes, spelt abater] ^'bee-tse, (also,
especially in law) s'bee-tee.
abattoir n. (slaughter-house) sbd'tweiz, 'xbs-twez.
abat-Tont n. (wind-regulating device) a'bar-veg.
abbasi n. coin [also spelt abassi, abassis] s'baesi.
abbatial adj, (of an abbot or abbey) d'bee-Sat.
abb6 n, (abbot) ae'bee.
abbey n, monastery [ploral abbeys] 'ashi.
abdomen n. (belly) aeb'doo-msn, 'sbdd-msn.
abdacens n, nerve [ploral abducentes] sb'djou-senz.
abdnoentee n. (ploral of abducens) aebdjo'sen-tiz.
abele n. (abel-tree) a'biil, 'ee-bal.
jye, 5 cure; bthe, 9 //tin; saxrure, d$joy; ^shoe, tjc/iew;
vowhen; q sin^; u whoever, i react, o full, ou fool, i it, lis^^;
0 poetic; a over, e aerial. Abut, o: door, oo no, e bed, eegote*,
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, aiVilt\
IcD^tb-jOTorXr (:) indicates that the preceding sound la \«>ti%;
stre99-mark P indiQMe9 Qhi^f ^fr^^^ Qn the fallowing syWaU^,
2 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
Abelian n. (Abelite) a'beli-an; (less properly) a'bii-ti-sn.
abel-tree n. 'ee-bsi-tsii.
aberrant adj. (straying; abnormal) s'be^dnt.
abetter n. one who abets or aids [also spelt abettor'] s'betdz.
abettor n. [also, sometimes, spelt abetter} s'betd?, (also,
especially in law) s'be-teie.
abeyance n. (expebtation) d'bee-dns; (improperly) d'bii-dns.
Abies n. (the fir-tree) 'aebi-i:z.
abietin n. [also spelt a&f>/m^] /a^bi-i-tin, s'bai-i-tin.
Abietineae n. pi. (suborder of Coniferae) xbi-i'tini-i: .
abiogeneeie n. (genesis of living matter from non-living
matter) abi-a'dseni-sis.
abject adj. (cast down, low) aeb'dsekt, (assumptivly) 'xb-
dsekt.
abjection n. xb'dsekSdn.
abjectly adv. 'xb-dsektz.!, sb'dsektz.!.
abjeotneee n. 'xb-dsektNis, xb'dsektNis.
ablative adj., n. [also spelt ablativl 'xbld-tiv, (anteriorly)
'aeblativ; (vulgarly) 'abal-tiv.
ablant n. (vowel-change) 'ar-Moot; (less properly) 'a-Mc:t.
able-bodied adj. ee-bdl'bedid, (assumptivly) 'ee-bsl-bedid.
aborigin n. [also spelt aborigen; ploral aborigines! ae'beei-
dsin. same meaning as aborigine,
aborigine n. [synonymous cognate aborigin; ploral abort-
gines} aeba'zridsi-ni.
aboriginee n,pl, [singular aborigine, aborigin, aboriginaf}
aebd'ridsi-niz.
abracadabra n, (cabalistic word) sbzdks'dxbsd.
abrasive adj. [also spelt abrasiv] aljeee-siv, a'bzee-ziv.
abreast adj, side by side [also spelt abrestl 9l)zest.
abrenToir n. watering-trough; joint [also spelt abbreuvoirl
'oihro-xoiz, aebza'vweiz.
abridgment n, [also spelt abridgement'] d'bzidsmdnt.
abecese n. (boil, etc.) 'aebsis, 'xb-ses.
abeciee n. something cut off; abscissa [also spelt abscisse;
ploral abscisses] 'xbsis.
abeoisea n. [plural abscissas, abscissae] xb'siss.
abeoieeae n. (plural of abscissa) xb'si-si.
absoiseion n. (a cutting off or away) xb'sissn.
absent adj, (not present) 'aebsant.
absent t*. (keep away) aeb'sent.
absintb n. liqueur [also spelt absinthe] 'ab-sin9.
absolutely adv, (separately; completely) 'aebsa-liutLi ; (often,
J ye. ccurt: dMe, O/Ziin; saxnire, ds/oy; S j/ioe, tjc^iew;
wrt'fyfn; t)sing\ u whoever, i react, oiuW, dmIooV, \\\., \\sec;
QpovUQ; oowtfTt c aerial, Abut, o; door, ;)Oiio, ^\ie^, «.t^o\ft\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 3
when more strest) «bs9liou-tz.i ; (also, dialectally) 'aebso-
lutLi, xbsd'lou-tLi.
ab8olntis]i& n. 'aebs9-}iu-tizdm ; (erroneously) sb'setio-tizsm.
absolntist n., adj, 'aebsd-liutist.
absolutory adj. (absolving) aeb'seHo-ton ; (improperly) ^xh-
seVw'tozi, (vulgarly) aebsdliuu-td-zi.
abaoWe v, set free [also spelt ahsolv; past participle and
preterit absolved, absolvdl ab'selv; (less properly) aeb'zelv.
abstemicaa adj. £b'stii-mi-ds ; (less properly) »b'stemi-9s.
abstersion n. (a wiping clean) aeb'ste^Sdny xh'stBiz-S^n,
abstinence n. (forbearance) 'aebsti-nsns.
abstract n. (compendium, epitome) 'aeb-stsaekt.
abstract adj. (opposed to concrete; also, ideal) xb'stsxkt,
(assumptivly) 'ab-stjaekt.
abstract v. (take away; abridge) dsh'stjsx^kt,
abstracted adj. xb'stsaektid.
abstraction n. seb'stsskSsn.
abstractly adv. xb'stsaektLi, 'xb-st]Eaektz.i.
abtbainry n. abbacy [also spelt abthanrie'] 'aebOdn-^i.
abnse v, (misuse; maltreat) s'bjouz.
abnse n. (wrong use ; abusiv language) s'bjaus.
abnsiTe adj. [also spelt abusivl d'bjou-siv; (less properly)
a'bjou-ziv.
abntilon n. (plant) dH^jou-ti-len.
abysm n. (gulf; abyss) b'bizam, s'bizm.
abysmal adj. sHbizmd); (less properly) d'biSMd}.
acacia n. (shrub; gum arabic) s'kee-Sa; (sometimes, as
finally, or when isolated) aTcee-Si-a.
aoaoin n. pure gum arabic [also spelt acacinel 'xkd-sin.
academe n. (academy) 'sekd-dim, aekd'diim.
academian n. aekd'dii-mi-sn ; (improperly) aekd'demi-3n.
academic adj., n. sekd'demik.
academician n. s-kaedi'miSsn ; (improperly) d'ksedi-miSdn.
aeajon n. (fruit; gum) 'sekd-5U.
acalepb n. sea-nettle [synonymous cognate acalephe"} 'aeks-
Icf.
acalepbe n. 'xk9-}if. same meaning as acaleph.
acalycine adj. having no calyx [also, sometimes, spelt acaly-
cm] d'kaeli-sin, d'kaeli-sain.
aoalycinons adj. »k9lisi-n3s.
acanlose adj. aekd'loos, (assumptivly) 9'kc:-los.
accede v, (attain; yield) aek'siid.
accent n. (prominence of a speech-sound due to higher pitch
c: law, b: fur, a cot, » hot, ei boy; a: for, ao now, a: osk, ai Vi\.e\
hngtb-tnark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \©tv%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the following syWaJoV^.
4 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
or greater stress; diacritic mark; pectiliarity o£ pronuncia-
tion) 'aek-sent, 'aekssnt.
aeeent v. 'xk-sent, xk'sent
aeoented adj. 'xk-sentid, xk'sentid.
aeoepter n. (one who accepts) xk'septs?.
aeeeptor n. (in law, one who accepts a bill of exchange,
etc.) scWseptdz, xk'sep-te?.
aeeess n. (approach; accession) 'xk-ses; (improperly) xk'ses.
aoeessary adj., n, xWsts^zi, 'xksi-se^i. same meaning as
accessory,
aeeessible adj. (easy of access) xk'sesd-bdl.
aooessory adj.,n. extra [synonymous cognate accessaryl xk-
'ses3-zi, 'xksi-sosi.
aoolimate v. (habituate to a new climate; acclimatize)
3'kLai-m3t, 'xkL9-met.
aoolimatisation n. [also spelt acclimatisationl d-kLai-ms-
ti'zee-San, s-kLai-ms-tai'zee-San.
aoolimatise v, [also spelt acclimatisel e'kLai-md-taiz.
aeolinate adj. (sloping upward) 'xkLi-net.
aoelivons adj, (rising : the epposit of declivous) 9'kz.ai-v3S.
aooolade n. (embrace; brace) xkaleed.
aoeompaniment n. s'kAmpdni-msnt ; {rapidly) slcAmpNi-
msnt, d'kAMNi-msnt.
aooompanist n. one who or that which accompanies [syn-
onymous cognate accompanyist'\ s'kAmps-nist.
aooomplioe n. [also spelt accomplish sicempz^is.
aooomplisl&ed adj. [also spelt accomplishf[ dHcempz^iSt
aooomptant n. (an archaic spelling of accountant some-
times still used in law) d'kaon-tsnt.
aooonohe v. (assist women in child-birth) dHcouS; {illiterate-
ly) aTcaotJ.
aooonol&eiir n. (man midwife) xko'Ss:?. .
aooonohinent n. (delivery in child-bed) xkuj'meq, sHcouS-
inot), a'kouS-mant ; {illiterately) sHcautS-mdnt.
aooonter r. [also spelt accoutre ; present participle accouter-
ing, accoutring', past participle and preterit accoutered,
accoutcrd, accoutred} s'kou-tsz; {improperly) dHcao-tds.
aooontermeAt n. [also spelt accoutrement"! dlcou-td^-mant.
aoonrate adj. 'xkqo-z^t; {vulgarly) 'xks-^dt, 'xk-^at, 'xksdt.
aoonrsed v, past participle of accurse [also spelt accurst}
9'ko:rst.
aoonned adj, [also, sometimes, spelt accurstl slcBirst,
a'kurstd. a'koir-sid.
jj'r. ccure: b the, 0 thin; 5 arure, ds/oy; I shoe, t^cltew;
lifrcAcn; fj^inff; u whoever, i react, ofull, outool, i »t, lisee;
o poetic; 9 over, edcrial, Abut, D;doot, ^ouo, tVje^, ^.^%qNa\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 5
Acemeti n. pi. [also spelt Acoetneti; feminin synonymous
cognates Acemetae, Acoemetae} a'semi-tai.
aceplialoiui adj, (headless) s'sefd-lds.
acerate n, (salt of aceric acid) 'sess-zet.
acerb adj, (sour; bitter) 9'sB:?b.
acerbate adj. (embitterd, severe) 9'sB:z-bet, 'sesss-bet.
acerbate v. (make sour; embitter) 3'sB:z-bet, 'xsd?-bet.
acere n. (mollusk of the genus Acera) 'xssz.
acerio adj. (of the maple) s'sezik.
acerose adj. (chaffy; needle-shaped) xsq*zoos, {assumptivlyi)
'aesd-?os.
acerrate v. (heap up) 'as3r-vet, a'sBie-vet.
acerrate adj. (heapt) 9'sB:z-vet.
acetable n. (acetabulum) 'aesitd-bdJ.
acetabulum n. [ploral acetahula'\ sesi'txbjo-}dm.
acetal n. (liquid) 'aesi-ts), 'xsi-tsel, d'sii-t}.
acetamide n. [also, sometimes, spelt acetamidl d'setd-mid,
d'seta-maid, 'xsits-maid, xsi'taemid.
acetary n. (pulp) 'sesi-tezi, 'xsits-si.
acetate n. (salt of acetic acid) 'xsi-tet.
acetenyl n. (chemic group) 'xsiti-ni).
acetio adj. (like vinegar; sour) a'setik, d'sii-tik,
aeetificatioA n. d-setifi'kee-Ssn.
acetify v, (convert into vinegar; become sour) a'seti-fai.
acetin n. 'asi-tin; (less properly) a'sii-tin.
aceto-gelatin adj. aesi-to'dsels-tn.
acetonamine n. [also, sometimes, spejt acetonamini 'atsi-
tond-min, 'xsi-tona-main.
acetonate n, 'aesitd-net.
acetone n. (dimethyl ketone) 'aesi-ton.
acetose adj, sesi'toos, (assumptivly) 'xsi-tos.
acetone adj» (sour; vinegary) s'sii-tss, 'sesi-tds.
acetnm n. (vinegar) s'sii-tsm.
acetnrio adj. (acetyl-glycocin) aesi'tQo:-zik.
acetyl n. (radical) 'xsi-ti). '
acetylene n. (ethine) s'seti-Hn, 'sesiti-Hn.
aoetylio adj. (of acetyl) xsi'tihk.
acetylisatlon n. sesi-tih'zee-Ssn.
acb n. (plant of the genus Morinda; Indian mulberry) setj.
acbaene n. dHciin. see achene.
aobaenocarp n. dlcii-na-kcrp.
acbate n. (agate) 'xkat.
acbe n. pain [also spelt ake"] eek.
c: low, b: iur, ae cat, ebot, 01 boy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, aikite;
]Bogth-mark(:) indicates that the preceding sound is leti^;
stress-mark () indicates chief stress on the f ellomng syWable.
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
aol&e V. be in pain [also spelt ake'\ eek.
ache n. (parsley) eetS.
Aobean adj,, n. [also spelt Achaean ; synonymous cognate
Achaiani a'kii-an.
acl&ene n. [also spelt achaene, akene\ slciin.
aolieniniii n. [also spelt achaenium, akenium; ploral ache-
nio] a'kii-ni-am.
aoUeve v. finish; attain, gain [past participle and preterit
achieved J achievdl a'tjiiv.
Achillea^ adj. (of Achilles) aekilii-sn.
aoMng adj,, n. [also spelt aking'\ 'ee-kig.
adiromatic adj, (without color) aelcsd'mxtik.
aohromatin n. d'ksoo-md-tin.
aoiole n. (spine, prickle) 'xsi-kal.
aoionla n. [ploral aciculae^ s'sikgo-ld*
aoionliform a(/y. d'sikguh-feizm.
acidie adj, (acid) s'sidik.
aoinaoes n. (dagger) s'sins-siz.
aoinaciform adj, (simitar-shaped) aesi'naesi-fe:7m, a'sinssi-
fe:rm.
aoinetiform adj, xsi'neti-fo:?m.
aoini n. (plural of acinus) 'xsi-nai.
aoiniform adj, se'sini-fer^m, 'xsini-fe:7m.
aoinoie adj, aesi'noos, (assumptivly) 'xsi-nos.
aoinni n. berry; lobule [ploral acini] 'xsi-nas. •
aoknomrledsment n. [also spelt acknowledgement^ aek'ne-
hds-mant, (also, in Britain) sek'noo-hds-msnt.
aome n. (top; crisis) 'aekMi.
aomite n, [also spelt akmite, achmitel 'xk-mait.
aoneitii n. [ploral acnestidesi sek'nestis.
aooelomatoni adj. (without body-cavity) aesi'lemd-tds.
aoolyte n. (attendant) 'sekd-tait.
aoonitine n. [also, sometimes, spelt aconitin"! dnceni-tm,
a'keni-tain.
aoora n. (fruit of the oak) 'ee-k)9:?n, (older) 'ce-karn.
aootyledon n. [ploral acotyledones, acotyledonsi a-ketilii-dn.
aootyledonei n. (ploral of acotyledon) a-ketilii-dn-iz.
aoonoliy n. rodent [also spelt acouchi, acucht] alcou-Si.
aoonitio adj. (of hearing) a'koo-stik, dlcou-stik; (improper"
ly) a'kguu-stik.
aoqnieioe t'. (agree; submit) akwi'es,
aore n. (field ; measure of land) 'ee-ka?.
aorlmony n. (sharpness) 'ak^i-moni, 'aek^ims-ni.
/.Vf, gcurc: 0 Me. 0(fiin; sasute, d^/oy; ^shoe, tjc/iew;
wrt'At'p: ijsinpi u whoever, i react, Qiu\\, omIooV 'vxV T\^ee\
opovtic; oover, e oerial. Abut, o;dooT, oouo, ^\>c^» t^%o!vfc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 7
aoroan&a n. declamation [ploral acroamata} xk3o'ee-md.
aoroan&ata n. (ploral o£ acroama) xkso'xmd-td.
aoroan&atic adj. (abstruse) xkso-d'mxtik.
acroaais n. [ploral acroases'\ xk^o'ee-sis.
aorobatiam n. 'xk^d-bxt-izsm, 'xlcss-bae-tizdm.
acronyolial adj. (occurring at sunset) d^k^eni-ks).
acropolia n. (citadel) slcseps-hs.
aoroaa prep, [synonymous cognate cross; vulgar synonymous
cognates acrossed, acrost^ 9'k^e:s; {dialectally) slc^cis.
acroter n. [also spelt acroterej d'k^oo-tdz, 'xkss-tdz.
actiiLiform adj. (radiate) xk'tini-fo:zm, 'xktini-fexm.
active adj. characterized by action [also spelt activ'\ 'xktiv.
aetor n. (one who acts) 'xktsz; (rarely, in law) xWteiz.
actual adj, 'sektSu-al, (rapidly) 'xktSal; (also) 'aekt^u-dl.
actualixe v» [also spelt actualise"} 'xktSu-9-laiz.
actually adv. '^xktSu-^-ti, (rapidly) 'xktSd-li.
aenmLen. n. (acuteness) d'kgou-msn; (illiterately) 'sekgo-mdn.
acyclic adj. (not cyclic) 3'sikz.ik.
adage n. (pithy saying; brief proverb) 'xdids.
adagial adj. d'dee-dsi-dl.
adagio adv„adj. (slow) s'dai-dso, 9'da:-d3i-o; (less properly)
3'dee-50.
adamant n. (hard mineral) 'xda-maent, 'aeds-mant.
adamantean. adj. xda-mxn'tii-sn.
adamantine n. [also spelt adamantin'\ xda'mxntin; (less
often) aedd'mxn-tain, (rarely) xds'mxn-tin.
Adamic adj. (of Adam) s'dxmik.
adaptative adj. adaptiv [also spelt adaptativ"] s'dxptd-tiv.
Adar n. (Hebrew month) 'ee-dss.
addable adj. [also spelt addible} 'xdd-bdl.
additament n. (something added) d'dits-msnt, 'xdita-msnt.
addreis n. d'dres, 'x-dres.
address v. s'dres.
addressed adj. [also spelt addresti d'drest.
adduce v. (bring forward) a'djous; (improperly) s'dsous.
addnceable adj. [also spelt adducible} d'djou-sd-bsl.
adelopod n. [synonymous cognate adelopode} a'dels-ped,
d'dii-ld-ped.
adeniform. adj. 9'deni-fe:zm, 'xdini-fe:zm.
adenitis n. xdi'nai-tis; (less properly) xdi'nii-tis.
adenose adj. (full of glands) xdi'noos, (assumptivly) 'xdi-
nos.
adeps n. (animal fat; lard) 'x-deps.
- c:l«i^ b: iuT, xcat, ebot, 01 boy; a: far, aa now, a: ask, aikiVe*,
' hngtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \ong\
f stress-marlr () indicates chief stress on the f ellowing syWabU,
8 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
adept adj. (skild; verst) s'dept.
adept n. (one who is proficient) d'dept, 'x-dept.
adequate adj, (sufficient, fitting) 'aedi-kwat.
adlieiion n. (sticking, union) xdliii-ssn.
adlLeiive adj,, n. [also spelt adhesivl xd'hii-siv, aed'hii-ziv.
adiapl&orons adj. (neutral) aedi'xfd-rds.
adien n. (good-by, farewell) a'djou.
ad infinitum adv. (to infinity) aed-inf I'nai-tam ; {improi
erly) ad-in'fini-tam.
adipooere n. [also spelt adipocirel 'aedip9-si:7.
adipose adj, (of adeps, fatty) aedi'poos, (assutnptivly) 'xd:
pos.
adjectival adj. (of the adjectiv) aedsak'tai-val, 'xdsdkti-vs
adjectiTally adv. aedssk'tai-vs-li.
adjeetive adj,, n. [also spelt adjectivl 'xdssk-tiv.
adjeotively adv, [also spelt adjecHvlyl 'aedsak-tivl
'adsaktiv-li.
adjutage n. [also spelt ajuiagel d'dsou-tids, 'xdsjo-tids.
adjutant n. (assistant) 'xdso-tnt, 'xdsjo-tnt.
adjntor n. (helper) d'dsou-tsz, d'dsjou-tds.
adjuvant n.,adj, 'aedso-vant, 'aedsjo-vdnt, (rarely) a'dsoi
vant.
adn&easnre v, measure out to; apportion [also spelt ai
mesurel aed'mesar.
adn&iniitrator n, d'dmini-stsetd?, xdmini'stsee-ts?.
adminiitratriz n. (female administrator) aedmini'stset
tsiks.
admirable adj. 'aedmdsd-bdl ; (improperly) s'dmai-sd-bd}.
admiralty n, 'aedms^dl-ti ; (improperly) xdms'^xlti.
admirative adj. [also spelt admirativli 'xdmd-zetiv, s'dma
ca-tiv.
admiringly adv, 9Mmai-7ii]-h ; (dialectally) d'dmaid-^ii]-}
admisiible adj. (allowable; also, admittable) d'dmisd-bd).
admit v. (let in; allow; concede) d'dmit, (occasionally
ae'dmit, ad'mit.
admittable adj. [also spelt admittible'} d'dmitd-bsl.
admixtion n. [also spelt admixion"} xd'mikstSsn, xd'mik;
tjan, aed'miksti-an.
ado n. (action ; bustle) dMotu
adobe n. [also spelt adobi, adobie"] d'doo-bi; (sometimes, ei
roneously, when spelt adobe) a'doob, 'ae-dob.
adoleioenoe n. (state of growing up; growing-age) ad;
'lesans.
/V^/ gcure; d the, Q thm\ 5 asure, d^jov, ^sfioe, tS c/iew
wzt//ten; t)sing; u whoever, i react, o iu\\, omIooV, \\\., \\?>e
o poetic; o over, e aerial. Abut, o: doot, ooxlo, t,\icd, te^^o:
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 9
Adonic adj, (of Adonis) d'denik.
adoral adj. (toward the mouth) ae^doi-zal.
adorned adj, back-to-back [also spelt addorsed, adorst; syn-
onymous cognates adossed, adosse, adossee} s'deizst.
adois6e adj, ae-de'see, d'desi. same meanmg as adorsed.
adulation, n. (flattery) xdjolee-Sdn, aedsolee-S^n.
adult n,, adj, 9'dAlt, (sometimes) 'x-dAlt.
adulteress n. [synonymous cognate adultressi a'dAhs-^is.
adulterine adj., n. [also, sometimes, spelt adulterin] a'dx}-
ta-2in, a'dAha-rain.
adultress n. a'dxltsis. same meaning as adulteress.
ad Talorem adv. (in proportion to the value) sdva'bi-zam ;
{improperly) aed'vaela-ram.
advance n., v, 9d'va:ns, 9d'va:ns, dd'vaems.
advantage n. xd'va:n-tid3, 9d'va:n-tid3, xdVaentids.
adverse adj.^n. xdWsizs, (assumptivly) 'xd-vB:zs.
adversely adv, aed'vBzsz.i, xd'vB:zs-h, xd'vB:7-SLi, (by con-
trast) 'ad-VBZsi-i.
adverseness n. xd'vBzsNis, xdVB:?s-nis.
advertise v. [also spelt advertise"! 'xdv3?-taiz, xdvsz'taiz.
advertisement n. sd'vBztis-mdnt, dd'vBztiz-msnt, xdvs^'taiz-
mant.
advertiser n. 'xdvdz-tai-zdz, sedvsz'tai-zdz.
advice n. (counsel; notice; news) sdVais.
advise v, (give counsel or advice; give notice) dd'vaiz.
advocate n. (counsel, pleader) 'xdv9-ket, 'aedva-kat.
advocate v. (plead for; defend) 'xdv9-ket.
advcwson n. (ecclesiastical patronage) xdVao-zsn, xd'vao-
zn.
adynaniio adj. (without force) sedi'nsemik.
adytum, n. sanctuary [plural adytal 'sedi-tsm.
ads n. cutting-tool [also spelt adsel sedz.
aedes n. edifis; chapel [plural aedesi 'li-diz.
aedile n. 'li-daiL see edile,
Aegean adj. I'dsii-sn. see Egean.
aegilops ft. see egilops.
aegis n. 'xi-dsis. see egis.
Aeneid tt, (epic poem about Aeneas) I'nii-id, 'li-ni-id.
aeolian adj. i'oo-H-sn. see eolian.
Aeolidae n. pi. i'eh-di. see Eolidae.
Aeolididae n.pl. i-s'hdi-di. see Eolididae.
aeolipile n. see eolipile.
aeon «. see eon,
c: law, b: iur, 3ecat, 0 hot, ei boy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, aiVi^^\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \©tv%\
stress-mark () indicates chief stress on the f ellowing syWaVAe.
10 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
Aepyoimls fi. ipi'ox-nis. sec Epyomis.
aerate v. expose to air; charge with carbon dioxide, formerly
called fixt air [also spelt aeratej 'ze-^-zet; {improperly)
'c:-2et; {erroneously) 'c:-ri-et.
aerial adj. of air'; atmospheric [also spelt aerial} e'li-zi-oi,
(rarely) c'ei-ri-rf; (improperly) 'e:-o-9L
aerie adj, see aery.
aerie n. see aery,
aerifieatiom n. [also spelt aerification} ee-d-nfi^ee-San.
aeriform adj. having the form of air; gaseous; unreal [also
spelt aeriform} 'ce-ari-f o:rm ; (improperly) 'ei-zi-feizm.
aerify v. make aeriform ; aerate [also spelt aerify} 'ee-37i-f ai ;
(improperly) 'ei-zi-fsi.
aerog^aphy n. [also spelt aerography} ee-d'^egr^-fi.
aerolite n. meteorite [also spelt aerolite} 'ee-3;9-lait ; (im-
properly) 'c:-23-lait.
aeronaut n. air-sailor; balloonist [also spelt aeronaut} 'ee-
9Z9-nc:t; (improperly) 'e:-?3-nc:t; (erroneously) 'e:-2i-3-nc:t.
aeroplane n. [also spelt aeroplane} 'ee-979-pz.een ; (improp-
erly) 'e:-r3-pLcen ; (erroneously) 'e:-ri-3-pi.een.
aeroatat n. balloon, etc. [also spelt aerostat} 'ee-979-staet ;
(improperly) 'e:-?a-staet.
aemg^ons adj. [synonymous cognate eruginous} e'zou-d^i-
nDs, i'eou-dsi-nas.
adj, airy, etherial [also spelt aerie} 'ee-a-ei, 'c:-ri.
n, lofty nest [also spelt aerie; synonymous cognates
airy, eyry, eyrie \ ploral aeries} 'z:-zi, *i>zi.
aei n. (copper or bronze; money; bronzes) lis.
Aeiir n. (ploral of As) ^et-z^z.
aeitl&ete n, see esthete,
aeithietic adj. see esthetic,
aeitival adj, see estival.
aestivation n. see estivation.
aethLeogam n. [also spelt aetheogam} e'li-Oi-d-gaem.
aetiology n. see etiology,
af eard adj. afraid [also spelt af eared} d'fiisd.
affective adj. of the affections; emotional [also spelt affec-
tiv} a'frktiv.
afferent adj, (conveying inward: correlativ of efferent)
affix n. (nomething added; prefix or suffix) 'xfiks.
affix t'. fix, fasten; attach [past participle and preterit af-
fixfui, affixt] a'fiks.
y t'r, i;rurr: d thv, 0//iin; 5 asute, djjov, ^sfioe, tjc/iew;
III ft'/Hii: t)n\ft0', II whoever, i react, oiuu, ouiooV, i\\., \\^ce%
opfirtlc; aov^r, cacrial. Abut, o:doot, ;>ono, e\>c^, t^^a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 11
afflatus n. (inspiration) a'fixe-tds.
affluent adj. (abundant) 'xfLiu-snt, 'xfLU-ant.
' af f rajLcliiae v. (set free) 9'f3a:n-tSaiz, 9'f3a:n-tSiz; 3'f3xn-
tSaiz, d'f^aentSiz.
afgluuDL ft. (blanket) 'xf-gaen; {erroneously) 'xf-ksen.
aforesaid adj, a'foir-sed; ^improperly) 'xfse-sed.
a fortiori adv. (all the more) ce-fe^Si'oi-eai, ee-fe^ti'oi-^ai.
after prep. 'a:i-t^z, (when less strest) 'aftae.
aftennatli n. 'a:f-t3?-ma:0.
aftermost (ui/. 'a:f-t3z-most, (rapidly) 'a: f -tar-mast.
afternoon n. a:f-t3?'noun.
afternoon adj. 'a:f-t9?-noun.
aftenrards adv. 'a:f-t3?-w3edz; (less properly) aii-t^z-
'wBirdz.
again adv. [also, sometimes, spelt agen"] s'gen, s'geen.
against prep, a'genst, a'geenst.
agama n. (lizard) 'xga-ms.
n. (bird) 'xg»-mi.
Lc a(/y. (asexual) a'gxmik.
agan&ogenesis n. (non-sexual genesis; asexual reproduction)
xgams'dse n i-sis.
agamy n. (non-marriage) 'xgs-mi.
agape adv. (on the gape; with open mouth) 3'ga:p, 3'ga:p,
a'geep.
agape n. love-feast [ploral agapae, agapesl 'xga-pi, 'xga-pi.
agaric n., adj. s'gxrik, 'xgs-zik.
agariciform adj. (mushroom-shaped) a'gxrisi-feizm, xgs-
'^isi-fe:em.
agate n. (quartz; size of type) 'xgit.
agate adv. (on the move, a-going) s'geet.
agave n. (century-plant) a'gee-vi, (older) a'gee-vi ; 3'ga:-vi.
aged adj. (of advanced age, old : as, the *aged, an *aged
man ; characteristic of old age : as, *aged wrinkles) 'ee-
dsid ; (erroneously) eedsd ; (of or at the age of : as, middle
♦aged, suits for boys *aged twelve years) eedsd; (errone-
ously) 'ee-dsid.
aged V. (past participle and preterit of age) eedsd.
agenesic adj. (of agenesis) xdsi'nesik, aedsi'nezik.
.agenesis n. [also spelt agennesisl s'dseni-sis, xdsi'nii-sis.
ager n. (field) 'ce-dsar.
ageratum n. (plant) a'dse^a-tam, xdss'^ee-tsm.
agger n. (an earthworm; Roman road) 'xdsa?.
aggrandisement n. [also spelt aggrandizementi d'g^xndis-
c: law, b: iur, aecat, 0 hot, ei boy; a: far, qo now, a: osk, aikite;
)engtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \otvg\
stress-marJc () indicates chief stress on the f ellowing sy\\a\Ae.
12 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
msnt, d'grxndiz-mdnt, 'aegrdn-daiz-msnt ; (improperly)
d'gzaen-daiz-mdnt.
aggrandise v, [also spelt aggrandise^ 'sgssn-daiz; {less*
properly) d'gzxn-daiz.
agg^eve v. grieve, distress, afflict, oppress [past participle
and preterit aggrievedl a'geiiv.
aghast adj. [also spelt agast^ 9'ga:st.
ag^ile adj. [also, sometimes, spelt agil] 'xdsil, 'ae-dsaiL
ag^ilely adv, 'aedsi-h, 'adsil-h, 'a-dsaiWi.
aging M. [also spelt ageingi 'ee-dsii].
agio n. (rate of exchange, etc.) 'aedso, 'adsi-o, 'ce-dsi-o, {some-
times) 'a:-d3i-o.
agiotage n. (spectilation ; stock- jobbing) 'xdsi-d-tids, 'ee-
d3i-3-tid3.
agister n. [also spelt agistor"} a'dsists;.
aglet n. metal tag of a lace [synonymous cognates aigulet,
aiglet} 'aeglat, 'ee-glat.
agnise v, (acknowledge; own) seg'naiz.
Agnoetae n.pl. [also spelt Agnoetael xgno'ii-ti.
agnoetes n. pL 'xgno-its. same meaning as agnoites.
agnoites n,pl. [synonymous cognate agnoetes} 'aegno-aits.
agnomen n. additional name [ploral agnomina} aeg'noo-mdn.
agnomina n. (ploral of agnomen) aeg'nemi-ns.
agnosticism n. xg'nesti-sizsm ; {erroneously) xg'nesti-ki-
zdm.
Agnus Dei n. (Lamb of God; Christ) segnds'dii-ai.
agonize v, [also spelt agonise} 'aegd-naiz.
agonta n. (insectivorous mammal, Solenodon paradoxus)
a'gou-ta.
agonti n. rodent [also spelt aguti, agouty} d'gou-ti.
agrarianize v. [also spelt agrarianise} 9'gre:-zi-9-naiz.
ag^ricnltnralist n. xg?i'kAhS979-hst. same meaning as agri-
culturist.
ag^rionltnrist n. xgzi'kAltSd-^ist.
agnie n. 'ee-gjo; {vulgarly) 'ee-gJ9.
all inter j, a: .
aha inter j, o'ha: , {less deliberately) 9'ha: •
ahead adv. [also spelt ahed} s'hed.
ahyn «. (the one-year fish, of Japan) 'a:-ju.
ai n. (three-toed sloth) 'a:-i.
ai n. (ahyu) ai.
aiaia n. the roseate spoonbill [also spelt ayaya, ajaia, ajaja;
synonymous cognate aiaiai} ai'ai-3.
/jre, gcure; d the, Q thin\ 5 asure, d^joy; ^shoe, tJcAew;
wze/Aen; 13 sing; u wh^jever, i react, oiuVV, Q\iioo\, \\\., \\^ee\
o poetic; & over, e aerial. Abut, o:doot, 00 no, t,\>c^, t^VLcXfc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 13
-de-oamp n. [also spelt aid-de-camp'i 'ee-di-kaemp, 'eed-
keq.
Dt ft. 'ee-glat, 'aeglst. same meaning as aglet.
et ft. egret; tuft of feathers [also spelt aigrette'^ ee-g^it,
zzt,
ille ft. (needle; drill) e'gwiil, 'ce-gwil.
., n. trouble [past participle and preterit ailed, aildl ee}.
nthiu ft. [erroneous form of ailantus'\ e'lxnOdS.
ntiui ft. tree [erroneous synonymous cognate ailanthusl
;nt9s, ailaentas.
I adj,, ft. 'ai-no.
V. dialectal (am not) eent; (formerly, and in Ireland
I) 'amnt, a:nt, e:nt.
V. dialectal (have not) eent; (formerly) 'he:-vnt.
;. (gaseous substance of the atmosphere, etc.) e:z.
/. [past participle and preterit aired, atVd] e:z.
'Aght adj, eiz'tait, (assumptivly) 'e:r-tait.
bight ft. (stove) 'e:z-tait.
ft. 'ei'Zi. same meaning as aery,
) ft. division of a church [also spelt ailel ail.
i. islet [synonymous cognate eyoti eet.
ii ft. letter [also, formerly, spelt achel eetj, (when less
est) etS; (dialectally) heetj.
age ft. see adjutage,
ibo adv,, adj, [also spelt akimhowl a'kim-bo.
». wing; flap [ploral alae'\ 'ee-la.
aster ft., adj, 'ads-bat-std?, ae}9'ba:-st3?.
carte adv, (by a bill of fare) Q-.-WVa'.zt.
kaday interj, a-laeka'dee, a'laeka-dee.
-greoqne ft. Greek fret [also spelt d-la-grec; synony-
us cognate aligreek'\ a:-}^'g^ek.
lode adj, [also spelt d-la-model aela'mood, (assumptivly:
♦alamode beef) 'ala-mod.
m n. call to arms; warning; state of surprise with fear
nenymous cognates alarum, larum'\ s'laizm.
m V, arouse to a sense of danger, etc. [past participle and
:terit alarmed, alarmdl ^'}a;^m.
am n. d'la:-z3m, dlaezsm, ^'lei-z^m. same meaning as
rm.
interj. 9la:s, a'lois, alaers.
e adj. (winged) 'ee-let, (rarely, in poetry) elect.
it conj. c:rbii-it.
no ft. [ploral albinos'! ael'bai-no, ael'bii-no.
u, b: fur, aecat, 0 hot, 01 boy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai\cite;
i-mar/r OJ indicates that the preceding sound is \©tig\
uarlc () indicates chief stress on the fellbwing syUable,
14 DICTIONARY OF .HARD WORDS
K. (.white-of-egg, etc.) ae}l>jou-m9n ; {less proj
'aetbjo-mdn.
H. (chemic snb^ance) ad^jou-min.
adj. aet'bjoa-mi-iios, aet-bjomi'noos.
SI. ad-bjomi'ii3os.
Alealde n. ollcail-de. a^Hcaddi.
■IcayJg H. officer [also, formerly, spelt alcaidl adlcee
•leaiT It. (fortress; palace) cUtai-zaZt adks'za:?.
alc'fcttwiy k. 'dki-mi.
Aleoram ». [also spelt Aikorani adka'^arn, 'xik^-zxn;
properly) T^lnoi-r^ik.
•!••▼• !•• (covered recess) 'ael-k30v, sencoov.
alder n. (shrub) 'cil-dae; {erroneously) 'aeidaz.
Alderauuiie a</y. d-dag^fnarnik.
Aldime adj. 'cil-dni, 'cil-dain; 'addin, 'ad-dain; {improi
'c:l-diii, 'sd-din.
n. (sour ale) 'arfi-gar, 'adi-goz; 'ee-li-ga?, 'ce-li-c
adj. [also, sometimes, spelt Alexandrin]
'xa:n-dnii, adig'za:n-drain, dig'zaendcin ; {improperly)
'saendrni, dik'iauidnii, adik'saen-drixu
SI. seaweed [ploral algael 'dgs.
SI. (ploral of alga) 'd-dsL
SI. 'addsi-bra; {improperly) 'aeldsi-bre.
als^l^n^tBt M. 'add5i-b?e-ist, addsi'teee-ist.
Alc^aldm adj. [also spelt AlgonquinJ ad'gen-kin.
alluuitVr«sq«e adj. d-haem'b^esk.
alias M. assumed name [ploral aliiuesl 'ee-li-ss, 'ee-lias,
ds, 'xtids.
aliU M. (plea or fact of having been elsewhere) 'xh-bai
rom^^omsly) 'ali-bi.
alidad m« 'di-daed. same meaning as alidade.
alidade si. [also spelt alhidade; synenymous cognate al
'«ti-ded.
aliem adj., n. 'ee-ti-on, 'ee-lidn.
alien r. make averse or indifferent; alienate; estrange
porticiple and preterit aliened, aliend"} 'ee-lisn.
aUeme r. transfer or convey, as a title or property
sometimes, spelt alienl 'ee-lidn, sliin.
aliemee m. ee-lid'nii.
aliforaA adj. (wing>shaped; pterygoid) 'asii-feizm.
aliipt r. diain. see aline.
alicreek m. adi'griik. same meaning as d-la-grecque.
alimemt m. 'adi-mdnt: {erroneously) 'ee-li-msnt.
y tT. ccure; d/Ae. Othin; jarure, ds/oy; S-^^oe, t^ c
wwMcn: ^ sing; u whoever, \Teact» oiuu, \iMiool, itt, i
o poetic: dov#r, e aerial, xbut, o'.doot, ^ono, «.\icd, «.«
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 15
aline v. adjust to a line; line up [also spelt align, allineli
diain.
alineatlon n. [also spelt allineation'\ d-lini'ee-Ssn.
alinement n. [also spelt alignment, alignement, allinementi
dlain-msnt.
aliquot adj., n. 'aAi-kw^t, 'aeh-kwet.
alkahest n. solvent [also spelt alchahest, alcahestl 'alka-
hest.
alkalamide n. [synonymous cognate alkalimideli ael'kaeld-mid,
xrkaeld-maid ; 'xlksld-maid.
alkali n. [also spelt aJcali; ploral alkalis, alkalies] 'aelks-lai,
'aelka-li.
alkalify t^. 'selk^li-fai, ael'kseli-fai.
alkaline adj. [also, sometimes, spelt alkalin"] 'a^ka-lain, 'dA-
kd-hn.
alkalization n. [also spelt alkalisation, alcalisationJi a^kd«
lai'zee-Ssn, arfkali'zee-San.
alkalizs tr. [also spelt alkalise"! 'aelks-laiz.
all adj. c:}, (when unstrest) cl.
all-absorbing adj. c:}-9b'se:z-bii], (assumptivly) 'c:I-db-se:7-
birj.
allantoic adj, (of the allantois) aelsn'too-ik.
allantois adj. (fetal appendage) disento-is.
allay v. put down ; repress ; quell [past participle and preterit
allayed, allaydl slee.
alles^iance n, dlii-dsans, s'lii-dsi-dns.
allesoric adj, aeh'gezik.
allegorist n. 'seh-gosist, (tn Britain) 'aehgo-sist, 'sdiga-rist;
(improperly) alega-eist.
allegoxiiEe t/. [also spelt allegorise'] 'xhgd-zaiz.
allegretto adj., n. aeh'g^eto.
allegro adj. (brisk, lively) a'lee-geo.
alleluia inter j, seh1uu-J9. see halleluja,
allenarly adv. (only, solely; merely) slena^-h.
allioe n. fish [also spelt allis] 'aehs.
allied adj. alaid, {less properly) 'ae-laid.
alliteratiTe adj. [also spelt alliterativ] s'htd-retiv, 9*lit9Z9-
tiv.
allogamy n, (cross-fertilization) dlegs-mi.
allopath n. 'sela-paeO.
allopathic adj, aels'paedik.
allopathist n. sleps-Oist; (less properly) 'aeld-pseOist.
allopathy n. 9lop3-9i; (less properly) 'aela-paeOi.
•c low, b: f«r, ae cot, © i^f, ©j boy; a: far, ao now, a: osk, ai\^i.X.t\
Itngth'inark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \oti%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the f ellowing syWabU.
16 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
allophanie adj. (of changeable appearance) sld'faenik.
allotrope n. (another mode) 'a^9-t£op.
allotropic adj. xWtiepik»
allotropioity n. xlstsa'pisi-ti.
allotropiim n. 3'}et£9-piz9m.
allotropy n. dletxs-pi.
alloy ff. [ploral alloys! alei; (/^« properly) 'a-lei.
alloy V. mix with a baser metal; debase [former synonymous
cognate allay; past participle and preterit alloyed, alloy d}
a'loi.
ally V, (conibine, unite, join) slai.
ally n. one united or associated with another by treaty or
league [ploral allies'] 3'lai, 'a-lai.
ally n. playing-marble [also spelt alley, alay; ploral allies}
'aeh.
allyl n. (hydrocarbon radical) 'aelil.
allylamijie n. [also, sometimes, spelt allylaminl slild-min,
'aehld-main.
alma mater n. (fostering mother) slma'mee-tsz.
almanac n. 'c:l-m3-n»k.
almandine n. precious garnet, almandite [also, sometimes,
spelt almandin'\ 'aelmsn-din, 'slman-dain.
almner n. 'a:m-n92:. same meaning as almoner,
almond n. (nut) 'a:-m9nd, 'xmsnd, 'xlmsnd.
almoner n. dispenser of alms [synonymous cognate almnerl
'a;Jmo-n3?.
almost adv, 'c:}-moost, {when less strest) 'c:l-most, 'cl-most,
'clmss.
alms n. [pbral alms'] a:mz; (dialectally) ae:mz.
aloe n. [ploral aloesl 'x-b, 'aelo.
aloes n, (ploral of aloe; also used as a singular) '£-loz,/aetoz.
aloetio adj. of the aloe [also spelt aloctic] xlo'etik.
aloin n. (aloetin) 'selo-in.
alone adj. d'loon; (dialectally) slon.
along /)r<?/>. o'lorq, (when less strest) d'lor) ; {dialectally) s'lcirj.
alonatte n. monkey [also spelt alouatel aelu'aet, 'aelu-at,
alow adv, (afire ; in a flame) sloo.
alow adv, (in or to a low place : opposed to aloft) aloo.
alpaoa n. serpaekd; (erroneously) aela'paeka.
alphabet n. [also spelt alfabetl 'aelfa-bat, 'aelfa-bet.
alphabetic adj, of an alfabet [also spelt alfabeticl aelfd-
'!)rtik.
alphabetical adj, [also spelt alfabetical] aelfanDcti-kal.
/ r^, cciin'.- (^//lo. O/Ziin; 5 azrure, ds/oy; S •^'^oe, tjc/iew;
wft'/trp; tjswff; u whoever, i react, oiuW, ouiool, lit, lisee;
opovtic; oover, c aerial. Abut, o:doot, 00 no, e\>c^, «.^VLa\A\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 17
alpltabetise v. 'aelfsbd-taiz.
alpine adj, [also, sometimes, spelt alpin'Ji 'xlpin, 'xl-pain;
{less properly) 'a^-pin.
already adv, [also spelt alredyli ciVzedi.
also adv, 'c:2-s3; (jdialectally) 'eXso, 'eltso.
alterative adj. [also spelt alterative 'c:l-t9-7etiv, 'c:2-t9ed-tiv.
altercate v. (dispute) 'c:i-t3z-ket, 'xhsz-ket.
altercation n. cil-tsz^kee-Sdn, a^tST'kee-Sdn.
alter ego n. (second self; double) xhse'ii-go.
altern adj. (alternate) 'xhazn, 'c:}-t9?n; xl'tB:zn, cVX3:zr\.
alternate adj.,n. cirteznit, ael'ts^nit; 'c:l-t3r-nit, 'selt3z-nit.
alternate v. ''c:2-td7-net, 'sltdsr-net.
alternately adv, c:}'tB?nd-tz.i, xl'teznd-tLi.
alternation n. ciUtsz^nee-l^n, xltdz^nee-Ssn.
alternative adj.,n, [also spelt alternativ'\ c:}'tBzn9-tiv, ael-
'tB?na-tiv.
althougli conj, [also spelt althol cii'doo, {anteriorly, often)
'c:l-do.
altogetlier adv. c:l-to'geda3, {anteriorly) 'cil-to-gcdae.
alto-relievo n. high relief [also spelt alto-rilievo ; plural
alto-relievosi aelto-eilii-vo, alto-eilii-vo.
alto-rilievo n. a:l-to-3il'jee-vo, a:l-to-eirjee-vo; alto-ei'hi-vo.
arfto-eilii-vo. same meaning as alto-relievo.
altmistie adj. aeltsu'istik.
alndel n. (glass vessel; pot; tube) 'aelio-deL
alumina n. sliou-mi-nd, {dialectally) sluu-mi-ns.
alun&ininm n. xHo'mini-sm. same meaning as aluminum,
almninnm. n. [synonymous cognate aluminium"] sliou-mi-
n9m, {dialectally) dlou-mi-nam.
alnnina n. a woman or girl pupil or graduate [ploral alum-
nael slAmna.
alumnae n. (ploral of alumna) dlAm-ni.
alnmni n. (ploral of alumnus) slAm-nai.
alnmnns n. pupil; graduate [ploral alumni"] alAmnss.
alnnogen n. (nativ aluminum sulfate) d'Hou-ns-dsin.
alveolar adj. 'advi-s-ld?, xl'vii-d-lsz.
alveolns n. little cell or cavity [ploral alveoli] 'aelvi-a-bs,
arf'vii-9-l3s.
alvens n. tube or duct [ploral alvei] 'xlvi-9s.
almrays adv. 'c:l-wez, {when less strest) 'c:l-wiz.
am V, (first person singular present indicativ of be) xm,
{when unstrest) sm, nu
amadon n, (Carman tinder) 'xms-du.
c: law, b: fwr, se cat, ebot, ei boy; a: far, ao now, a: osk, aiVi\.e^\
leBg^-mark 0) indicates that the preceding sound is \otv%\
stress-mark () xndicates chief stress on the f ellowmg avWaVAe.
18 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
amaldar n. governor [synonymous cognate amildarl 'xmsl-
daz,
amalgam n. (alloy; mixture) d'mxlgsm.
amandin n. [also spelt amandinel 'aemdn-din, s'maendin.
amanitine n. [also, sometimes, spelt atnanitin'] d'maeni-tin,
sms'nai-tain.
amannenses n. (ploral of amanuensis) 9-maenju'en-siz.
amannensii n. [ploral amanuenses'! 9-mxnju'ensis.
amaranthine adj, [also spelt amaranthin; synonymous cog-
nates amarantine, amarantin'] xmd'^xnOin; (improperly)
aems'zxn-Oain.
amarine n. [also, sometimes, spelt amarin^ aems-srin, s'me:-
;ain.
amaryllii n. (plant) aemd'rihs.
amass v. gather; accumulate [past participle and preterit
amassed, amast'] 9'ma:s, 3'ma:s, 9'mae:s.
amateur adj, aema'te:;, (assumptivly) 'aema-tB*.?; (also) xmo-
'tgo:r, 'amg-tgor; (less properly) 'aema-tSoz, aema'tSoir.
amatenr n. (one who loves or has a taste for anything; a
non-professional) xma'teiz, 'aema-te:?; aema'tgo:?, 'sma-tgos.
amatenrisli a(/y. aemd'tB:-7iS) xm9'tgo:-?iS.
ambage n. [ploral ambages'] 'xmbids.
ambages n. ploral of ambage (roundabout mode of speech)
'ecmbi-dsiz; (circuitous path; delaying practises) xml>ee-
dsiz.
ambassador n. [synonymous cognate embassadorl xm'baesd-
ddr*
ambergris n. [also spelt ambergrise, ambergreasel 'xmbas-
griis; (less properly) 'aembds-gris.
amblyopy n. (dim-sightedness) 'xmbli-epi, 'xmbli-opi, xm-
'blni-3-pi.
ambrosia n. (food or drink of the gods) xm^bzoo-ss, xm-
'bcoo-5i-3, «m'broo-xi-3.
ambry n. storeroom; cupboard [ploral ambries; synonymous
cognate aumbry] 'ambei, 'a:m-b?i.
ambs-aoe n. [also spelt ames-ace] 'xmz-ees.
ambnlaoral adj. sembjolee-kssl, xmbjolxksdL
ambnsoade n.,v, smbsslceed.
ameer n, prince; lord; chief [also spelt amir] s'mi:;.
amelia n. (absence of limbs) s'meti-d.
ameliorate r. (make better; improve) s'mii-lid-ret.
auielns n. limbless monster [ploral ameli] 'xmi-lss.
auien n. re'men, (also, especially in singing) a/men.
/rr, ^cure: d the, B thin\ jasure, d^/oy; jshoc, tS c/iew;
wwAcn; tj ainff; u whoever, ir^act, olim, wiiooV, "i^>-V "dsee;
o poetic; Qover, e aerial, xbiit, o:doot, ;>ono, t\ie^, t^^«ivfc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 19
amenability n. d-mind'bih-ti.
amenable adj. s'lmi-ns-bdl ; (less properly) d'mens-bdi.
amend v, (correct; improve; reform) s'mend.
amende n. (fine; reparation) 9'mend, s'mend.
amends n.pl. (compensation) d'mendz.
amenity n. (pleasantness) d'meni-ti; {less properly) s'mii-
ni-ti.
ament n. (inflorescence) 'ae-ment, s'ment.
American adj,, n. d'mesi-ksn ; (dialectally) d'mezs-ksn, d'me:-
z9-k9n.
ametbystine adj. [also spelt amethystini aemi'Oistin; {im-
properly) aemi'Ois-tain.
amiable adj, (kindly; pleasing) 'ee-mi-s-bdl.
amiant n. flexible asbestos [synonymous cognates amianth,
amiantusj amianthusl 'semi-aent.
amio adj» (of ammonia) 'aemik.
amioe n. cloth wrap; amict [also spelt amis'} 'semis.
amioe n. fur cap or hood [also spelt amisl 'xmis.
amid prep, (amidst) d'mid.
amide n. [also, sometimes, spelt amid} 'aemid, 'ae-maid, (some-
times) d'maid.
amidic adj. (of an amide) o'midik, 9'mai-dik.
amidide n. 'xmi-daid.
amidin n. [also spelt amidinel 'aemi-din.
amidogen n. s'midd-dsin, d'mai-ds-dsin.
amine n. [also, sometimes,* spelt aminl 'aemin, 'ae-main,
(sometimes) a'mam.
amir n. s'mi:?. see ameer,
ammoniac adj,, n. d'moo-ni-aek.
ammoniaoal adj. (of ammonia; ammoniac) aems'nai-d-kdl.
ammonic adj. (of ammonia) d'menik.
amoeba n. [also spelt ameba; ploral amoebas, amoebae}
d'mii-bd.
amortisement n. [also spelt amortizement} 9'me:z-tis-m9nt,
3'me:2-tiz-mant.
amortise v. make dead; alienate in mortmain; wipe out
[also spelt amortise} 9'me:?-tiz.
amonr n. (love-affair) d'mo:?.
smpere n. (unit of electric current) aem'pe:z, 'sem-pe:z; (also,
less properly) aem'pi:e, 'aem-piie.
sinpersand n. (short and) 'aempsz-saend.
ampbiaster n. (two-stard body, or spindle, in an ovum)
'jemfi-aestar.
c:latt', b: f«r, ae cat ehi?t, 01 boy; a: far, aa now, a: ask, aikiXe*,
hngth-mark 0) indicates that the preceding sound is \oti%\
stress-mark () indicates chief stress on the following sv\\ab\e.
20 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
Amphibola n, (genus of gastropods) aem'fibs-ld.
amphibole n. (hornblende) 'aemfi-boi; (erroneously) xm-
'fib3-li.
amphibole n. (casting-net) sem'fibd-h.
amphictyon adj. (deputy) aem'fikti-dn.
amplilgean adj, (around the earth) aem'fidsi-sn, aemf I'dsii-dn.
amphigory n, (rigmarole) ^xmii-gozi.
amphiscian n. (one of the amphiscii) aem'fiSdn, aem^fi^i^dn.
ampliiscli n,pl, (inhabitants of the intertropic regions) xm-
'fiSi-ai.
ampliltlieater n, [also spelt amphitheatre^ 'aemfi-6ii-3-tdz,
3emfi'8ii-3-t3e.
amphitrion n. (host; entertainer) xm'fitp-sn.
amphora n. two-handled vessel [ploral amphorae'} 'xmfd-z9.
amnsiTe adj, [also spelt amusivj s'mjou-ziv; s'mjou-siv.
amyl n. (radical) 'xmil.
amylin n. [also spelt amyline"} 'aemi-hn.
an conj, aen.
an adj.-pron, xn, (when unstrest) 9n, n.
ana n. (collection of sayings) 'ee-ns, 'a:-n9.
Anabaptist n. xns'bseptist.
anabasis n. [ploral anabasesl d'nxba-sis; (erroneously) xnd-
'bee-sis.
anachronism n. (error in time or date) g'naekrsd-nizdm.
anaoolnthon n. [also spelt anakoluthon, anakolouthon ; plo-
ral anacolutha'} xnakd^iou-Oent
Anaoreontio adj., n, d-nxksi'entik.
anaemia n. d'nii-mi-s. see anemia.
anaesthesia n. see anesthesia,
anaesthetic adj., n, see anesthetic,
anaesthetise v, see anesthetise,
anagoge n. a bringing up; mystic interpretation [synony-
mous cognate anagogyl aena'goo-dsi.
anagoge n, 'xns-godsi. same meaning as anagoge.
analoime n. analcite [also, sometimes, spelt analcim} d'na^- •
sim, 9'nxl-saim.
analgesia n. (incapacity to feel pain) xn^rdsii-ss, aensl'dsii-
si-9.
analogous adj. d'nxld-gss; (erroneously) d'nxls-dsds.
analogue n, [also spelt analog"] 'sens-leg; (erroneously) 'sens-
log.
analyses n. (ploral of analysis) 9'nseli-siz.
analysis n. [ploral analyses'! s'nxh-sis.
/,v(^, gcurc; d the, 0 thin] sasure, ds/oy; ^shoe, tSc/tew;
wwAen; ijsing; u whoever, i react, oiu\\, omIgoV \\\., -dsec;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o;doot, oono, ^\ie^, ^t^a\ft\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 21
analyse v. [also spelt analyse! 'xn^aiz; {in Scotland) aens-
Ibiz.
anamorphosis ft. aend'me:z-f9-sis, aend-mez'foo-sis.
ananas n. (pineapple) d'naenss, d'nee-nss, 9'na:-n3s.
anapest n. [also spelt anapaest"! 'xns-pest, 'xns-pist.
anaphora n. [ploral anaphorae} d'naefd-^s.
anarch n. (anarchist) 'xn9zk.
anarchic at//, (of anarchy) d'no^kik, 9'na:7-kik.
anarchist n. 'aendz-kist.
anarchy n. (absence of rule or authority) 'sensz-ki.
anastomosis n. intercommunication; interlacing [ploral
anastomoses'] d-nxsts'moo-sis.
anastrophe n. (inversion of word-order) 9'nsest£9-fi.
anathema n. curse [ploral anathemas, anathemata] d'nseOi-
md.
anathematise v, [also spelt anathematise'} d'naeOims-taiz.
anatomise v, [also spelt anatomise} s'nsetd-maiz.
ancestor n. 'sen-sestsz; (/^j^ properly) 'xnsi-sts;.
ancestral adj. sen'sestsa), (rarely) 'sen-sestssl.
anchor v. secure with an anchor; cast anchor [past parti-
ciple and preterit anchored, anchord} 'aegks?.
anchoret ft. hermit [synonymous cognate anchorite} 'xqkd-
zit.
anchorite ft. 'xgkd-zait. same meaning as anchoret.
anchovy ft. [ploral anchovies} aen'tSoo-vi, 'aentSa-vi.
anchylosis ft. seqki'loo-sis. see' ankylosis.
ancient adj. 'een-Jant, 'een-tjant; {improperly) 'cen-Si-atlt.
ancile ft. (sacred shield) aen'sai-li.
ancillary adj. (auxiliary) 'xnsi-lezi.
ancon ft. bend; elbow [ploral ancones} 'aegkan, 'aeg-ken.
ancones ft. (ploral of ancon) seq'koo-niz.
and conj, aend, {when unstrest) and, dn, n.
andante adj. (moderate, even) aen'daenti, an'da:n-ti.
andantino adj., ft. aendaen'tii-no.
andesin ft. feldspar [also spelt andesine} 'aendi-zm.
androecinm ft. (stamens, collectivly) aen'drii-$3m, aen'dni-Si-
am, aen'drii-si-3m.
androgyne ft. (hermaphrodite) 'aendrd-dsin.
androsynons adj. aen'dredsi-nss.
aaecdotase ft. (anecdotes collectivly; old age) 'aenak-dotids.
anecdotal adj. (of anecdote) 'aenak-dotl.
anecdote ft. (short narrativ; true story) 'aenak-dot, 'aenik-dot.
anecdotic adj. (of anecdote) aensk'detik.
c: low, b: f«r, x cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, aiki\.e\
. ]so£tb-tnarIc (:J indicates that the preceding sound is \&Ci%\
f stress-mark () indicates chief stress on the f ellowmg syWaVAe.
22 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
anecdotiit n. 'xnsk-dotist, d'nekdd-tist.
anelytroiui a4j. (without eljrtra) 9'neh-t£3s.
anemia n. lack of blood [also spelt anaemial d'nii-mi-d.
anemic adj. [also spelt anaemic} d'nemik, 9'nii-mik.
anemometer n. (wind-gage) aeni'memi-tdz.
anemone n. plant [also, sometimes, spelt anetnonyl d'nems-
ni, {when used as a genus-name and spelt anemone) seni-
'nioo-ni.
anestliesia n. [also spelt anaesthesia'} xnis'Oii-39, xnis'Oii-
si-9.
anestlietio adj.,n. [also spelt anaesthetic} aenis'Oetik, xnis-
'Gii-tik.
anestlietiie v» [also spelt anesthetise, anaesthetise, anaes-
thetise} d'nesOi-taiz, d'niis-Oi-taiz.
anet n. (the herb dill) 'sen it.
anenrism n. dilatation [also spelt aneurysm} 'senjo-zizsm.
angel n. (spiritual being) 'een-dssL
angelology n. (doctrin as to angels) een-dsdl'eld-dsi.
angelns n. (devotion; bell) 'aendsi-lds.
angina n. (quinsy, etc.) aen'dsai-ns, 'aendsi-ns.
angiolog^y n. (science of blood-vessels, etc.) sendsi'eld-dsi.
angiosperm n. (plant having a seed-vessel : correlativ of
gymnosperm) 'aendsi-d-speizm.
angle n. (corner, etc.) 'xtigoi.
anglicise v. make English [also spelt Anglicise, anglicise.
Anglicise} 'aeqgh-saiz.
angora adj,, n, xn'goi-z^, xt^'goi-rz^.
anhydride n. [also, sometimes, spelt anhydrid} xn'hai-drid,
aen'hai-draid.
anil n. (indigo shrub or dye) 'aenil.
anile adj. old-womanish [also, sometimes, spelt anil2 'xnil,
'ae-nail.
aniline adj., n. [also, sometimes, spelt anilin} 'aeni-lin, 'aeni-
lain, 'aeni-Hn.
animadTersion n. (criticism; reproof) aeni-maed'vBsSdn.
animadvert v. (criticize) seni-maed'vBirt.
animalcnla n. (ploral of animalculum) seni'maelkgo-ls.
animalcnlae n.pl. [an incorrect substitute for animalcula,
used on the supposition that animalcula is a singular noun
having this ferm as its ploral] aeni'maelkgo-H.
animalcule n. (little animal) seni'msel-kgul.
animalculum n. an animalcule [ploral animalcula} aeni-
'maelkgo-lam.
/\vo, gcure; d the, 6 /A in; 5 asure, ds/oy; S <^^oe, tj cAew;
wwAen; i§ sinff; u wh<9ever, i react, oiu\\, \iMioo\, liX, \lsee;
o poetic; o over, eflferial. Abut, o: door, 00 no, t\ie^, ^t%aXv,
I
' DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 23
animalisation n. [also spelt animalisationl xni-msh'zee-
$9n, aenimd-lai'zee-Sdn.
animalixe v. [also spelt animalisel 'xnims-laiz.
anion, n. (electronegativ ingredient : distinguisht from
cation) 'aeni-an, 'aen-ai-an.
anise-seed n. [also spelt anisseed; synonymous cognate
aniseed} 'aenis-siid.
ankle n. joint [also spelt ancle"} 'aegkd).
ankylosis n. [also spelt anchylosis! aegkiloo-sis.
annalistic adj, aens'hstik, 'sena-listik.
annate n. year's revenue, etc. [former synonymous cognate
annat} 'aenat, 'ae-net.
annatto n. a'naeta. same meaning as arnotto.
annelid ft. worm [also spelt annelidel 'aeni-hd.
Annelida n,pL (annelids) s'neh-dd.
: ft. [also spelt annexe"] 'ae-neks, 'aeneks; a'neks.
: V. add; subjoin [past participle and preterit annexed,
annext] a'neks.
annexation ft. aenek'see-Ssn.
annihilate v. a'nai-i-let, a'nai-hi-let.
annotative adj. [also spelt annotativ] 'aens-tetiv.
annnity ft. [ploral annuities'! s'njou-i-ti; (dialectally) a'nou-
i-ti.
annnlose adj, aenjoloos, (assumptivly) 'aenjo-los.
annnnoiate v. [also, formerly, spelt annuntiatel d'nAn$i-et,
a'nAnsi-et.
annnnoiation ft. d-nAn^i'ee-Sdn, 9-nAnsi'ee-$9n.
anode ft. (positiv pole) 'ae-nod.
anodyne adj,, ft. 'aena-dain.
anonym ft. (assumed name) 'aens-nim.
ansated adj, (having an ansa or handle) 'aen-setid.
anserine adj, [also, sometimes, spelt anserin! 'senss-zin,
'aenss-?ain.
answer ft., v, [as verb, past participle and preterit answered,
answerd] 'ain-sar, 'a:n-s3e, 'aern-sae, 'aensar, 'aentsa?.
ant ft. (emmet, an insect) a:nt, a:nt, ae:nt.
aa't V. dialectal (aint, are n*t, are not, am not) a:nt, a:nt, ae:nt.
antacid ft. [synonymous cognate anti-acid! aent'aesid.
aatasonise v, [also spelt antagonise! aen'tsega-naiz.
antarotio adj. aent'aektik, aen'ta^ktik; (popularly) aen'tortik.
anteoluunber ft. [also, formerly, spelt antichamher! 'aenti-
t$eem-b37.
anteeian adj,, ft. [also spelt antoecian! aen'tii-^3n.
c low, b: iuT, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, aikite*,
, Xtngth-mark 0) indicates that the preceding sound is \^\sSL\
t stress-mark () indicates chief stress on the following syWaUe.
24 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
antedate v., n. 'aenti-det.
antemetio adj, allaying vomiting [synonymous cognate anti-
emeticl aenti'metik.
antenna n. feeler, horn [ploral antennae'} acn'tend.
antepennlt n. (syllable before the next-to-last syllable; last
syllable but two) anti'pii-nAlt, aentipi'nAlt.
anthelion n. [ploral anthelial aen'Oii-H-sn, xnt'hii-li-dn, aent-
'hii-lian.
anthxopopliagl n,pl, man-eaters [singular anthropophagusl
aenGsa'pefd-dsai.
anti-acid n. senti'aesid. same meaning as antacid,
antio adj. (grotesque; bizarre) 'sentik.
antic n, (grotesque ornament; caper) 'aentik.
anti-emetic adj, xnti-i'metik. same meaning as antemetic.
antifebrile adj. [also spelt antifehrWl aenti'fii-bzil, acnti-
'febzril.
antimonide n, [also, sometimes, spelt antimonid'l aenti'moo-
nid, aenti'moo-naid, 'aentima-naid.
antimoninreted adj. [also spelt antimoniurettedl aenti-
'moo-njo-retid, {rarely) aentimd'nai-jo-zetid.
antimony n. (metal) 'senti-moni, 'sentimd-ni.
antinomy n, (contradiction in law; a paradox) aen'tins-mi;
{less properly) 'senti-nomi.
antipatMze v. [also spelt antipathisel sen'tips^aiz.
antipodal adj. aen'tips-dl.
antipode n. [ploral antipodes'! 'aenti-pod.
antipodean adj. sentips'dii-dn.
antipodes n. (ploral of antipode) xn'tip9-diz, 'aenti-podz.
antipyrin n. antifebril [also spelt antipyrinel aenti'pai-nn.
antiqne adj. (ancient, olden; aged; old-fashiond, antique)
aen'tiik, {also, in poetry, in the senses of olden and aged)
'aentik.
antiqne n. (relic; ancient style) aen'tiik.
antistroplie n. (turning about; choral response) sen'tist£d-fi.
Antitactes n. [ploral Antitactael aenti'tsek-tiz.
antitheism n. 'aenti-Oi-izsm ; {improperly) sen'tiOi-izsm.
antitheses n. (ploral of antithesis) aen'tiOi-siz.
antithesis n, [ploral antitheses! sen'tiOi-sis.
antitoxin n. [also spelt antitoxine! aenti'teksin.
antonomasia n. sent3n9'mee-39, aentsnd'mee-zi-s.
anvil V. fashion on an anvil; work at an anvil [present par-
ticiple anviling, anvilling; past participle and preterit an-
7'ihd. anvilled, anvild! 'aenvil.
J.ve, gcure; dthe, 6 thin; 5 azure, d^/oy; jshoe, t^chew;
wwhen; tj sing; u whoever, i react, oiuW, ^u\ooV '^xV lis^^;
o poetic; 9 over ^ e aerial, a but, O'.doox, t>oxio^ ^>ac^, ^^%a\.v>
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 25
anxiety n. seg'zcii-i-ti.
aiudoiis adj. 'aegkSds, 'xriS^s.
any adj, 'em, {sometimes, deliberately) 'en-ni.
anybody noun-pron. 'cni-bedi, (when less strest) 'eni-bsdi.
anywhere adv. 'eni-ujc:?, {when less strest) 'eni-u)c?.
aorist n. (tense) 'ee-o-eist, 'ee-3-2ist; {erroneously) e'a:-zrist.
aorta n. arterial trunk [ploral aortaej e'e:z-t3.
apasoge n. (a leading away; indirect proof) seps'goo-dsi.
apanage n. provision [also spelt appanage} 'xps-nids.
aparitlunesis n. xpsnO'mii-sis, aepd'riOMi-sis.
apatite n. (mineral) 'aeps-tait.
aperient adj.,n, (laxativ) d'pi:-7i-9nt.
aperitive adj„ n. [also spelt aperitivl d'peri-tiv.
apetalons adj, (without petals) d'petl-ds.
apex n. tip [ploral apices, apexes} 'ee-peks; {erroneously)
'ae-peks.
apliaeresis n. see apheresis.
aphasia n. (loss of speech, etc.; o'fee-sd, d'fee-zi-s; {less
properly) a'fee-si-s, a'fee-si-3.
aphelion n. [ploral aphelia} d'fii-ti-dn.
apheresis n. [also spelt aphaeresis} d'fe^i-sis, 9'fi:-zi-sis.
aphesis n. 'sefi-sis.
aphides n. (ploral of aphis) 'aefi-diz.
aphis n. plant-louse [ploral aphides} 'xfis
Aphrodisia n. (festival) xf39Mizi-d, aefss'disi-d, aef^sa'diSi-s.
aphrodisiac adj. (venereal, erotic) sef^sMizi-xk, sef^^'disi-aek.
aphrodisiacal adj. sfsd-di'zai-d-ksl, sefssdi'zai-d-kal.
aphrodite n. (sea-mouse; meerschaum) xfss'dai-ti.
aphrodite n. (mineral) 'xfsd-dait.
aphthong n. 'sef-6e:r) ; {older) 'xp-Qeiij.
aphyllous adj. (leafless) d'filss.
apiary n. bee-house [ploral apiaries} 'ee-pi-e?i.
apical adj. (of the apex) 'aepi-ksl.
apices n. (ploral of apex) 'aepi-siz, 'ee-pi-siz.
apicnltnre n. (bee-culture) 'aepi-kAltSa?, 'ee-pi-kAltSa?.
apiolog^y n. (science of bees) ee-pi'ela-dsi.
aplomb n. (self-possession; perpendicularity) a'pz-em, a-
'pi-eq.
apobates n. chariot-warrior [ploral apobatae} s'peba-tiz.
apocalypse n. (revelation) g'peks-hps.
apocope n. (cutting off of a final sound) d'peka-pi.
apocrypha n. (writing of doubtful authenticity) a'pek^i-fa.
apod n. footless animal [synonymous cegnate apode} 'ae-ped.
claw, b: f«r, secat, 0 hot, 01 boy; a: far, ao now, a: osk, ai\^iVe\
)engtb-mark (:) indjcates that the preceding sound is \etv%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the following syWaUe,
26 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
apodal adj. (footless, apodous) 'seps-d!.
apode n. 'se-pod. same meaning as apod.
apodeictio adj. demonstrativ [synonymous cognate apodic-
ticl aeps'daik-tik.
apodiotic adj. aeps'diktik. same meaning as apodeictic,
apodosis n. (conclusion) d'peds-sis.
apogee n. (greatest distance from the earth) 'aeps-dsii.
apolog^ize v. [also spelt apologise'^ a'pels-dsaiz.
apoloKne n. moral fable [also spelt apologi 'xpd-leg; {erro-
neously) 'aepa-log.
apophtlies;]!! n. 'xp9-6em. see apothegm.
apophyge n. (scape of a column) s'pefi-dsi.
apophysis n. process [ploral apophyses'! s'pefi-sis.
aposiopesis n. (sudden silence) aep9-sai-9'pii-sis, s-pesi-d'pii-
sis, 3-pezi-9'pii-sis.
apostasy n. abandonment ; renunciation [also spelt apostacy ;
plural apostasies'! d'pest9-si.
apostatise v. [also spelt apostatise"] s'pestd-taiz.
apostem n, {obsolete) abscess [synonymous cognate apo-
stetnel 'aeps-stem.
a posteriori adv. (from the latter; from effect to cause;
from fact to law ; from experience : the epposit of a prio-
ri) ee-pestizi'oi-rai.
apostil n. comment [also spelt apostillel a'pestil.
apostil V. [present participle apostiling, apostilling, past
participle and preterit apostiled, apostilled, apostildl a'po-
stil.
• apostle n. (person sent) a'pessl.
apostrophe n. digressiv address [also, formerly, spelt apos-
trophyl 9'pest£3-fi.
apostrophe n. (omission-sign) d'pest£9-fi.
apostrophic adj. aeps'stsefik.
apostrophise v. address by apostrophe [also spelt apostro-
phise! 9'pestj3-faiz.
apostrophise v. mark with an omission-sign [also spelt
apostrophise! a'pestja-faiz.
apothesfin n. terse saying, pithy maxim [also spelt apo-
phthcgm, apothcm! 'aep9-8em.
apotheKmatio adj. [also spelt apophthegmatic! seps-Oeg-
'mxtik.
apothem n. perpendicular line ; deposit [synonymous cog-
nate apothevu! 'apa-Oem, 'aepa-Gam.
apotheme n. 'lepd-Oim. same meaning as apothem.
•
JVC, gcurc; d the, 6^/iin; sarure, dj/oy; $shoe, tSc/tew;
w ?('/fcn : tj sitif;; u whoever, i react, oiu\\, ouiooV, \\t, \isee\
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o:doot, ;>otlo, t\>e^ ^ft^a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 27
apotlieosis n. (deification) s-peOi'oo-sis, aeps'Oii-d-sis ; {less
properly) aep3-9i'oo-sis, sepsOi'dO-sis.
apotlieosise v, s'peOi-d-saiz, xpd'Oii-d-saiz, aepsOi'ao-sau*
apotome n. [also spelt apotomy'} a'petd-mi.
appal V. [also spelt appall; present participle appalling,
past participle and preterit appalled, appcUdl a'pc:!.
Appalaoltian adj, acpslee-tSi-sn, xpdixtSi-sn, (/^j^ often)
aepd1a:-tSi-9n ; {erroneously) apalee-ki-an.
appanage n. 'xpd-nids. see apanage.
apparatus n. [ploral apparatus, apparatuses'} xps'^ee-tss,
xp9'7a:-tds, aepd'rai-tds.
apparel v, [present participle appareling, apparelling; past
participle appareled, apparelled, appareld} d'pae^a).
apparent adj. (visible) d'pae^snt, 9'pe:-z9nt.
appellant n. (one who appeals) s'peldnt.
appellate adj, (of appeals) 9'peht.
appellate v. (call, name) 'spi>let.
appellative adj,, n. [also spelt appellativ} d'pela-tiv.
appellee n. xpelii, d-pel'ii.
appellor n. xptleiz, ^-ptVeiz,
appendant adj., n. [also spelt appendent} d'pendsnt.
appendices n, (ploral of appendix) s'pendi-siz.
appendicitis n. 9-pendi'sai-tis, d-pendi'sii-tis.
appendix n. [ploral appendixes, appendices} s'pendiks.
appetence n. (desire) 'aepi-tns.
appetible adj, (exciting appetite) 'xpits-bsl.
appetite n. (desire for food) 'sepi-tait.
appetitive adj. [also spelt appetitiv} a'peti-tiv, 'api-tai-tiv.
applicable adj, 'aepLiks-bal ; {improperly) a'pLiks-bdl.
applicative adj. [also spelt applicativ} 'xpz.i-ketiv.
applique adj, (applied, put on) sepz.i'kee.
APPOgsiatnra n. grace-note, etc. [also spelt apogiatura}
3-ped33'to:-ra.
appointee n. (person appointed) 9-pein'tii.
appointer n. (one who appoints or settles) d'pein-td?.
appointor n. (in law, one who exercises the power of ap-
pointment) 9'pein-tar, a-pein'te:r.
apposite adj. placed near [also spelt apposit} 'aep3-zit.
appraise v, (assign a money value to) s'p^eez.
appreciate v. a'psii-Si-et ; {less properly) a'p^ii-si-et.
appreciative adj, [also spelt appreciative a'p3ii-Si-etiv,
3'pTsii-Si-3-tiv.
apprehensible adj. aepsi'hensa-bal.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, 0 hot, 01 boy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai V\te\
\zjigth-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \©tiS'»
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the fellowing sy\\ab\e
28 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
apprentioe n.,v, [also spelt apprentis; as verb, past parti-
ciple and preterit apprenticed, apprentisti d'psentis.
apprentioeship n. a'psentiS-SiP*
apprise v. impart knowledge to; inform [also spelt apprise"]
a'psaiz.
apprise v. appraise, value [also spelt apprise! s'psaiz.
approbative adj, [also spelt approbativ} 'aepsd-betiv ; (er-
roneously) a'p3oo-b9-tiv,
approbatory adj. (sanctioning) 'xp39-bet3-7i.
appni V, support [also spelt appuyl d'pwii.
appnlse n. (approach) s'pAls, 'x-pAls.
appnrtenanoe n. belonging; apparatus [also, formerly, spelt
appertenance"] a'peztn-ans, a'perti-nans.
appnrtenant adj., n. [also, formerly, spelt appertinenfl
9'pB?tn-3nt, a'pB?ti-n9nt.
apricot n. 'ee-psi-ket, 'ee-psi-kat; 'ap3i-ket, 'apsi-kat.
a priori adv, (from the former; from cause to effect; from
law to fact : the epposit of a posteriori) ee-p3ai'o:-?ai, ce-
pTsi'or-rai, a:-p3i'o:-ri.
apron n. 'ee-psan, 'ee-p3?n.
apropos adv. (to the purpose; opportunely) xpss'poo, {an-
teriorly) 'aepTSD-po.
aps n. (white-poplar wood) aps.
apse n. recess [also spelt aps\ ploral apses'] xps.
aqua n. (water) 'akiua, 'ee-kiua.
aquafortis n. (nitric acid) xkw9'fe:7-tis, ee-kiu9'fe:z-tfs.
aqnamarine n. (sea-green beryl) xkiuams'ziin, ee-kwdma-
'riin. ,
aqnapnnctnre n. 'xkws-pAqktSd?, 'ee-ku73-pAr)ktSd7.
aqua regia n. sekws'zii-dsd, ee-kws'zii-dsd.
aqnarelle n. (water-color painting) xkiud'rel.
aqnarinm n. [ploral aquariums, aguarial 3'kwe:-7i-9m.
aqnatint n. 'sekwd-tint, 'ee-ku)3-tint.
aqnednct n. (water-condit) 'aekuji-dAkt ; (improperly) 'aekiDi-
dAk.
aqneons adj. (watery) 'ee-kiui-as.
aqniform adj. 'akuji-fer^m, 'ee-ku)i-fo:?m.
aquiline adj, of an eagle; hookt [also, sometimes, spelt aqui-
linl 'aku)i-hn, 'aku)i-lain.
Arab «. 'aerab; (less properly) 'e:-?aeb, 'ee-rab.
arabesque adj,, n, ae^a'besk, (anteriorly) 'aera-besk.
Arabic adj.,n, 'ara-bik; (erroneously) a'raebik.
arabin n. [also spelt arabinel 'sera-bin.
/\ve, gcure: d the, 0//iin; 5 axrure, ds/oy; ^ shot, tScfiew;
ww/ten; 13 sing; u wh<9ever, i react, oiuVV, iJuioo\, xxt, lisee;
o poetic; a over, e flferial, a b«t, o: door, :iOivo» tY>e^» t,^^oX^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 29
araolinida n,, pi. (spiders, etc.) a'zaekNi-dd.
araeostyle adj, 9'?ii-d-staiL see areostyle,
arbalist n. crossbow [also spelt arbalest} 'aiz-h^Aist,
arbitraMe adj. 'aiz-hits^hsl,
arbitrament n. decision [s3menymous cognate arhittement'\
a^'bitja-mant.
arbitrarily adv, 'a:?-bi-tjc?i^i ; (m America, less properly)
Qzhi'tgzziAi.
arbitrement n. ar^itsi-msnt. same meaning as arbitrament,
arbor n. (support, beam; axle; tree) 'a:z-h9z.
arbor n. bower [also spelt arbour} 'aiz-h^,
arboretum n. [ploral arboretums, arboreta} a^bd'rii-tsm.
arboricnltnre n. (tree-culture) 'aiz-h^zi-kAltl^z.
arborise v, [also spelt arborise} 'aiz-h^-zsiz.
arbor-vitae n. (tree; arborescent part of the cerebellum)
a:r-ba?'vai-ti, aie-ba^'vai-ti.
arbntns n, (plant) osr^jou-tds, 'a:7-bjo-t3s.
arcanum n. [ploral arcana} o^lcee-ndm; (improperly) az-
Icaensm.
arc-boutant n. aiz-hu'tet},
arch n. (curvd structure, etc.) aiztl.
arcb adj, (chief, prime; clever, crafty) a:rtS.
arcbaio adj, (old-fashiond) arlcee-ik.
archaism n. 'azke-izsm, 'a:7-ke-iz9m.
archangel n. 'a:?k-een-d33l, a:zWeen-d$^l ; (erroneously)
'a:?tS-een-d33l.
archangelio adj, a:?k-sen'd3ehk.
archbishop n. aiztl^il^p, (anteriorly, especially as a title)
'aiztl-hil^p,
archdeacon n. a:7t$'dii-k3n.
archduchy n. arztS'dAtSi.
archduke n. ai^tS'djouk, (anteriorly, especially as a title)
'arrtS-djouk.
arched adj, [also, sometimes, spelt archt} arrtjt, (also, in
poetry) 'artSid, 'a:?-tSid.
archegonium n. [ploral archegonia} a?ki'g30-ni-3m.
archeologry n. science of antiquities [also spelt archaeology}
orki'ela-dsi.
archetypal adj, 'arki-tai-psl, a^'keti-pal.
archetype n. 'aeki-taip; (erroneously) 'a^tSi-taip.
archeus n. vital force [also spelt archaeus; ploral archei} az-
Icii-as.
archidiaoonal n. orki-di'xkd-nl, a^ki-dai'seks-nl.
c: law, b: f «r, ae cat e h£?t, ei boy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
Itngth-marlr (:J indicates that the preceding sound is \©ng;
^ sirsss-mark () indicates chief stress on the fallowing syllable.
. DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 31
n, (clay) 'a:z-d^il.
n. crude tartar [synenymous cognate argal} 'a:z-gel.
n, merchant-vessel [plural argosies'^ 'a:?-g3-si.
n. (slang of thieves; cant) 'a:2-go, 'aie-gat.
V, (reason ; debate ; dispute) 'a:r-gjo.
arsnte adj. (shrill; keen) az'gjout.
n. (in music, air, etc.) 'a:-ei-9, 'e:-ei-a.
orf;. (of Anus) 'e:-ri-9n.
n. (adherent of Arius) 'c:-?i-an.
ad/., n. 'a:^-jan. see Aryan,
Arianism n. (doctrin of the Arians or adherents of Arius)
'c:-ei-9n-izam, 'ei-ei-a-nizam.
arid ad/, (dry; dull) 'aeeid; (/^« properly) 'e:-rid.
Aries n. (ram; constellation) 'z'.-zi-\:z.
arietation n. (butting) ae?i-i'tee-San, ori-i'tee-Jan.
aril n. (seed-coat) 'seeil.
arista n. awn [ploral aristael 9'zist9.
aristarcli n. (severe critic) 'aeri-sta:rk.
aristate ad/, (awnd) s'zistet.
aristocrat n. s'^ista-ksxt, 'sezistd-k^aet.
aristocratic adj. sezists'ksaetik.
Aristotelian ad/., n. sezistd'tii-li-sn.
aritlunetic n. a'nOMi-tik; (m the obsolete sense arithmeti'
cian) ae^iG'metik.
aritliiiietic adj. ae^iO'metik.
aritlunetician n. se^iOMi'tiSsn, g-^iOMi'ti^sn.
arkose n. (feldspathic sandstone) az'koos.
armada n. (squadron) a^'mee-ds, az'ma:-d3.
armed adj. furnisht with arms or armor [also spelt armd'\
a:zmd, {also, in poetry) 'a:?-mid.
armer n. (one who arms or equips) 'aiz-msz.
armillary adj. (of rings or circles) ^a:z-miAezi; {also) az-
'mil3-ri.
armistice n. truce [also spelt armistis} 'a:?-mi-stis; (improp-
erly) ar'mistis.
armor n. defensiv covering; mail [also spelt armourl 'a'.z-
ms?.
armor v, cover with armor or armor-plate [also spelt armourl
'aiz-Tti^z.
armored adj. [also spelt armoured, armord'j 'aiz-mszd.
armiorer n. [also spelt armourerl ^aiz-m^-z^z.
armory n. [also spelt armoury} 'aiz-ma-ei.
amatto n. a^'naeto. see arnotto.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, e h^t, ei boy; a: far, ao noWf a: ask, aiV,\\.e\
\tjigth-niark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \oti%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the following syW^^Ae.
22 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
anecdotist n. 'aensk-dotist, d'nekds-tist.
anelytroiu adj. (without elytra) 9'neh-t£9S.
anemia n. lack of blood [also spelt anaemial 9'nii-mi-9.
anemic adj. [also spelt anaemicl d'nemik, d'nii-mik.
anemometer n. (wind-gage) xni'memi-ts?.
anemone n. plant [also, sometimes, spelt anemonyl s'nemd-
ni, (when used as a genus-name and spelt anemone) xni-
'moo-ni.
anestliesia n. [also spelt anaesthesia! xnis'Oii-sd, senis'Oii-
si-d.
aneBthetio adj,, n. [also spelt anaesthetic"] snis'Oetik, xnis-
'8ii-tik.
anestlietixe v. [also spelt anesthetise, anaesthetise, anaes-
thetise] a'nesGi-taiz, s'niis-Oi-taiz.
anet n. (the herb dill) 'snit.
aneurism n. dilatation [also spelt aneurysm] 'xnjo-^izsm.
angel n. (spiritual being) 'een-dssl.
angelology n. (doctrin as to angels) een-dssreld-dsi.
angelns n. (devotion; bell) 'sendsi-lss.
angina n. (quinsy, etc.) sen'dsai-ns, 'sendsi-ns.
angiolog^y n. (science of blood-vessels, etc.) sendsi'eld-dsi.
angiosperm n. (plant having a seed-vessel : correlativ of
gymnosperm) 'aendsi-a-sperzrm.
angle n. (corner, etc.) 'seggsl.
anglicise v. make English [also spelt Anglicise, anglicise.
Anglicise] 'aeqgh-saiz.
angora adj„ n. sen'g3:-z3, ast)*go:-z9.
anhydride n. [also, sometimes, spelt anhydrid] sn'hai-drid,
aen'hai-draid.
anil n. (indigo shrub or dye) 'aenil.
anile adj. old-womanish [also, sometimes, spelt anil], 'aenil,
'ae-nail.
aniline adj., n, [also, sometimes, spelt anilin] 'seni-lin, 'aeni-
lain, 'aeni-Hn.
animadversion n. (criticism; reproof) xni-maed'vBzS^n.
animadvert v. (criticize) seni-maed'vB:rt.
animalcnla n. (ploral of animalculum) seni'mslkgo-ld.
animalcnlae n,pl, [an incorrect substitute for animalcula,
used on the supposition that animalcula is a singular noun
having this ferm as its ploral] aeni'malkgo-H.
animalcule n. (little animal) aeni'mxl-kgu}.
animalculum n. an animalcule [ploral animalcula] xni-
'mselkgo-lam.
/\ve, gcure; d the, Q thin\ sasure, ds/oy; S ^^oe, t$rfcew;
wwhen; igsin^; u whoever, i react, oiu\\, \5\xiooV lit, lise^;
o poetic; o over, eflferial. Abut, o; door, oono, t\ie^, ^t^Q^fc\
^ DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 23
animalisation n. [also spelt animalisation} xni-msh'zee-
$9n, aenimd-lai'zee-Sdn.
animalise v. [also spelt animalisel 'aenimd-laiz.
anion, n. (electronegativ ingredient : distinguisht from
cation) 'aeni-an, 'an-ai-an.
anise-seed n. [also spelt anis-seed; synonymous cognate
aniseed} 'aenis-siid.
ankle n. joint [also spelt anclel 'sgkd).
ankylosis n. [also spelt anchylosis! xgkiloo-sis.
annalistic adj, aens'hstik, 'aens-listik.
annate n. year's revenue, etc. [former synonymous cognate
annaf] 'aenat, 'ae-net.
annatto n. d'naeto. same meaning as arnotto.
annelid n. worm [also spelt annelidel 'seni-hd.
Annelida n.pl, (annelids) a'neh-dd.
n. [also spelt annexe! 'ae-neks, 'aneks; a'neks.
V. add; subjoin [past participle and preterit annexed,
annext] a'neks.
annexation n. aenek'see-Sdn.
annihilate v. d'nai-i-let, d'nai-hi-let.
annotative adj. [also spelt annotativl 'sens-tetiv.
annnity n. [ploral annuitiesl d'njou-i-ti; (dialectally) s'nou-
i-ti.
annnlose adj, senjolaos, (assumptivly) 'senjo-los.
annnnoiate v. [also, formerly, spelt annuntiatel d'nAnJi-et,
3'nAnsi-et.
annunciation n. g-nAnSi'ee-Ssn, 3-nAnsi'ee-$dn.
anode n. (positiv pole) 'ae-nod.
anodyne adj,,n. 'aens-dain.
anonym n. (assumed name) 'aens-nim.
ansated adj. (having an ansa or handle) 'aen-setid.
anserine adj. [also, sometimes, spelt anserini 'aenss-rin,
'xns9-7ain.
ansxrer n.,v, [as verb, past participle and preterit answered,
answerdl 'a:n-s3?, 'a:n-s3?, 'ae:n-s3e, 'aensa?, 'aentsazr.
ant n. (emmet, an insect) a:nt, a:nt, aemt.
an't V. dialectal (aint, are n't, are not, am not) a:nt, a:nt, aeint.
I antacid n. [synonymous cognate anti-acid! aent'aesid.
J antasonixe v. [also spelt antagonise! aen'taegs-naiz.
antarctic adj. aent'a^ktik, aen'tarktik; (popularly) jen'tortik.
anted&amber n. [also, formerly, spelt antichamber! 'aenti-
tjcem-bas.
antecian adj., n. [also spelt antoecian! aen'tii-San.
CI
/
claw, b: iuT, xcat, ehot, 01 boy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, aik\te\
kngtb-marlr f'J indicates that the preceding sound is \©tvg\
stress-mark () indicates chief stress on the following syWaUe,
24 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
antedate v., n. 'aenti-det.
antemetio adj, allaying vomiting [synonymous cognate anti-
emetic'] senti'metik.
antenna n. feeler, horn [ploral antennae] aen'tend.
antepennlt n. (syllable before the next-to-last syllable; last
syllable but two) aenti'pii-UAlt, aentipi'nAlt.
anthelion n. [ploral anthelia] aen'Oii-H-sn, aent'hii-H-dn, aent-
'hii-Han.
anthropopliagl n,pl, man-eaters [singular anthropophagus]
aenGsa'pefa-dsai.
anti-acid n. senti'aesid. same meaning as antacid,
antic adj. (grotesque; bizarre) 'aentik.
antic n. (grotesque ornament; caper) 'aentik.
anti-emetic adj, senti-i'metik. same meaning as antemetic.
antifebrile adj. [also spelt antifebril] aenti'fii-b?il, aenti-
'febzril.
antimonide n. [also, sometimes, spelt antimonid] aenti'moo-
nid, aenti'moo-naid, 'aentima-naid.
antimoninreted adj. [also spelt antimoniuretted] aenti-
'moo-njo-?etid, {rarely) aentima'nai-jo-retid.
antimony n. (metal) 'aenti-moni, 'sentims-ni.
antinomy n. (contradiction in law; a paradox) aen'tind-mi;
(Jess properly) 'aenti-nomi.
antipathize v. [also spelt antipathise] aen'tips^Oaiz.
antipodal adj. aen'tip9-dl.
antipode n. [ploral antipodes] 'aenti-pod.
antipodean adj, sentip9'dii-9n.
antipodes n. (ploral of antipode) sen'tip3-diz, 'senti-podz.
antipyrin n. antifebril [also spelt antipyrine] aenti'pai-sin.
antique adj. (ancient, olden ; aged ; old-fashiond, antique)
aen'tiik, {aiso, in poetry, in the senses of olden and aged)
'aentik.
antique n. (relic; ancient style) aen'tiik.
antistrophe n. (turning about; choral response) aen'tistsd-fi.
Antitactes n, [ploral Antitactae] aenti'taek-tiz.
antitheism n. 'aenti-Oi-izam ; {improperly) aen'tiGi-izam.
antitheses n. (ploral of antithesis) aen'ti9i-siz.
antithesis n. [ploral antitheses] aen'tiOi-sis.
antitoxin n. [also spelt antitoxine] aenti'teksin.
antonomasia n. aentand'mee-sd, aentsnd'mee-zi-d.
anvil V. fashion on an anvil; work at an anvil [present par-
ticiple anviling, anvilling; past participle and preterit an-
7'iled, anvilled, anvild] 'aenvil.
/.ve, gcure; d the, Q thin', 5 asure, d^joy; \shoe, tScAew;
wzv/ten; ijsing; u whoever, i react, oiuW, oMtooV \\\, \\^ee;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o: door, ootvo, t>ac^, t^^a\.v>
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 25
anxiety n. xg'zai-i-ti.
anzioiis adj. 'aegk^ss, 'aeg^ds.
any orf/. 'em, {sometimes, deliberately) 'en-ni.
anybody noun-pron. 'eni-bedi, {when less strest) 'cni-badi.
anywliere adv. 'eni-wtiz, (when less strest) 'eni-u)er.
aorist n. (tense) 'ee-o-3ist, 'ee-9-zist; {erroneously) e'o:-zist*
aorta n. arterial trunk [ploral aortae\ e'e:z-t3.
apagoge n. (a leading away; indirect proof) aeps'goo-dsi.
apanage n. provision [also spelt appanage"] 'aepa-nids.
aparitliniesis n. aepdziO'mii-sis, xps'^iOmi-sis.
apatite n. (mineral) 'aeps-tait.
aperient adj., n, (laxativ) 9'pi:-7i-9nt.
aperitive adj., n. [also spelt aperitiv'i d'pezi-tiv.
apetalons adj, (without petals) d'petl-ds.
apex n. tip [ploral apices, apexesl 'ee-peks; {erroneously)
'ae-peks.
apl&aeresis n. see apheresis.
apliasia n. (loss of speech, etc.; 9'fee-39, a'fee-zi-s; {less
properly) d'fee-3i-9, a'fee-si-9.
aphelion n. [ploral aphelia} d'fii-li-dn.
apheresis n. [also spelt aphaeresis"] d'feri-sis, 9'fi:-7i-sis.
aphesifl n. 'aef i-sis.
aphides n. (ploral of aphis) 'aefi-diz.
aphis n. plant-louse [ploral aphides'] 'aefis
Aphrodisia n. (festival) aefss'dizi-d, aef^s'disi-s, aef^a'di^i-s.
aphrodisiac adj. (venereal, erotic) sef^a'dizi-aek, aefsa'disi-sek.
aphrodisiaoal adj, aefsd-di'zai-d-ksl, sefsddi'zai-d-kdl.
aphrodite n. (sea-mouse; meerschaum) aef^a'dai-ti.
aphrodite n. (mineral) 'sef^s-dait.
aphthong n, 'aef-6e:r) ; {older) 'aep-6e:i].
aphyllons adj. (leafless) d'filds.
apiary n. bee-house [ploral apiaries] 'ce-pi-e^i.
apical adj. (of the apex) 'aepi-kdl.
apices n. (ploral of apex) 'sepi-siz, 'ee-pi-siz.
apionltnre n. (bee-culture) 'aepi-kAltS9r, 'ee-pi-kAltSa?.
apiolog^ n. (science of bees) ee-pi'eld-dsi.
aplomb n. (self-possession; perpendicularity) a'pi-em, a-
'pteg.
apobates «. chariot-warrior [ploral apobatae] a'peba-tiz.
apocalypse n. (revelation) ypek9-hps.
apocope n. (cutting off of a final sound) a'peka-pi.
apocrypha n. (writing of doubtful authenticity) a'pek^i-fa.
apod n. footless animal [synonymous cognate apode] 'ae-ped.
c: \aw, b: /«c £ecat, e hot, ei boy; a: for, ao now, a: ask, aiV.i'^.^"*
length-mark (:) indjcates that the preceding sound is \otv%\
stress-mark (0 indicates chief stress on the f ellONvmg syWaXAe
26 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
apodal adj» (footless, apodous) 'xps-dl.
apode n. 'se-pod. same meaning as apod,
apodeiotic adj. demonstrativ [synonymous cognate apodic-
tic'i aep9'daik-tik.
apodictio adj. aeps'diktik. same meaning as apodeictic,
apodosis n. (conclusion) d'pedd-sis.
apogee n. (greatest distance from the earth) 'aepd-dsii.
apologue V. [also spelt apologise'\ s'peta-dsaiz.
apologne n. moral fable [also spelt apologi 'aepd-leg; {erro-
neously) 'aep3-log.
apophthes:!!! n. 'aepa-Oem. see apothegm,
apophyge n. (scape of a column) s'pefi-dsi.
apopbysis n. process [ploral apophyses! d'pefi-sis.
aposiopesis n. (sudden silence) aep9-sai-d'pii-sis, s-pesi-d'pii-
sis, a-pezi-a'pii-sis.
apostasy n, abandonment ; renunciation [also spelt apostacy ;
ploral apostasies'! a'pesta-si.
apostatize v. [also spelt apostatise! a'pests-taiz.
apostem n. {obsolete) abscess [synonymous cognate apo-
steme! 'aeps-stem.
a posteriori adv, (from the latter; from effect to cause;
from fact to law ; from experience : the epposit of a prio-
ri) ee-posti^i'o:-^ai.
apostil n. comment [also spelt apostille! s'pestil.
apostil V. [present participle apostiling, apostilling, past
participle and preterit apostiled, apostilled, apostild! a'pe-
stil.
• apostle n. (person sent) a'pessl.
apostropbe n. digressiv address [also, formerly, spelt apos-
trophy! 3'pest£3-fi.
apostrophe n. (omission-sign) 3'pest£3-fi.
apostrophio adj. aeps'stsefik.
apostrophize v. address by apostrophe [also spelt apostro-
phise! 3'p0St£3-faiZ.
apostrophize v, mark with an omission-sign [also spelt
apostrophise! o'postja-faiz.
apothes^m n. terse saying, pithy maxim [also spelt apo-
phthegm, apothem! 'aep3-9em.
apothegmatic adj, [also spelt apophthegmatic! aep9-6eg-
'maetik.
apothem n, perpendicular line ; deposit [synonymous cog-
nate apotheme! 'aep3-9em, 'aepa-Gam.
apotheme n. 'aepa-Oim. same meaning as apothem,.
J ye, gcure; d the, Q thin\ 3 asure, djjoy; \shoe, tScAew;
W7c'/icn; jjsing; u wh£>ever, i react, o iu\\» uMiooV \\\., \\^ce;
o poetic; 9 over, e serial, Abwt, o: door, ootvo, fcXie^, ^^%oX^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 27
apotlieosis n. (deification) d-peOi'oo-sis, aepd'Oii-s-sis ; {less
properly) aepa-Gi'oo-sis, aepsOi'oo-sis.
apotheosize v, a'peOi-d-saiz, xpd'Oii-d-saiz, aepsOi'do-sa^z.
apotome n. [also spelt apotomyl d'petd-mi.
appal V. [also spelt appall \ present participle appalling,
past participle and preterit appalled, appald} d'pc:!.
Appalacliian adj, aeps'lee-tSi-an, aepslaetSi-dn, {less often)
ap3la:-tSi-9n ; {erroneously) apalee-ki-an.
appanage n. 'aepa-nids. see apanage.
apparatus n. [ploral apparatus, apparatuses! aeps'^ee-tss,
xp9'?a:-t9s, £pd'7a:-t9S.
apparel v. [present participle appareling, apparelling; past
participle appareled, apparelled, appareldl 9^pxz^.
apparent adj. (visible) a'paezsnt, 9'pe:-z9nt.
appellant n. (one who appeals) s'pelsnt.
appellate adj. (of appeals) d'peht.
appellate v. (call, name) 'aepi-let.
appellative adj., n. [also spelt appellativl s'pela-tiv.
appellee n. xpe'hi, d-pel'ii.
appellor n. xpe'le:z, ^-pzYe-.z,
appendant adj., n. [also spelt appendent"] d'pendsnt.
appendices n, (ploral of appendix) d'pendi-siz.
appendicitis n. s-pendi'sai-tis, s-pendi'sii-tis.
appendix n. [ploral appendixes, appendices'! a'pendiks.
appetence n. (desire) 'xpi-tns.
appetible adj. (exciting appetite) 'aepits-bdl.
appetite n. (desire for food) 'xpi-tait.
appetitive adj. [also spelt appetitiv} a'peti-tiv, 'spi-tai-tiv.
applicable adj. 'aepLiks-bdl; {improperly) s'pMkd-bdl.
applicative adj. [also spelt applicative 'xpM-ketiv.
appliqne adj. (applied, put on) xpM'kee.
appoggiatura n. grace-note, etc. [also spelt apogiatura"]
3-ped33'to:-?9.
appointee n. (person appointed) s-pein'tii.
appointer n. (one who appoints or settles) a'pein-tar.
appointor n, (in law, one who exercises the power of ap-
pointment) s'pein-tae, a-pein'te:?.
apposite adj. placed near [also spelt appositi 'aepa-zit.
appraise v. (assign a money value to) d'p^cez.
appreciate v. 9'psii-Si-et ; {less properly) a'p^ii-si-et.
appreciative adj, [also spelt appreciative 3'p3ii-Si-etiv,
3'psii-Si-3-tiv.
apprehensible adj. aep^i'hensa-bgl. ^^_
claw, b: iuT, xcat, 0 hot, 01 boy; a: far, ao now, a: osk, aiVtit.e\
}engtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \©tvg\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the following syUaUe,
28 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
apprentice n.,v, [also spelt apprentis; as verb, past parti-
ciple and preterit apprenticed, apprentist'\ a'p^entis.
apprenticeship n. 9'psentiS-Sip.
apprise v, impart knowledge to; inform [also spelt apprize}
a'p^aiz.
apprize v. appraise, value [also spelt apprise"} d'psaiz.
approbative adj, [also spelt approbativ} 'xp39-betiv; {er-
roneously) 3'p300-b9-tlV.
approbatory adj. (sanctioning) 'xp33-bet3-?i.
appni V. support [also spelt appuy] d'pwii.
appnise n. (approach) d'pxls, 'ae-pAls.
appurtenance n. belonging; apparatus [also, formerly, spelt
appertenancel d'pBztn-dns, s'pBzti-nsns.
appurtenant adj.,n. [also, formerly, spelt appertinent}
a'pB^tn-ant, a'ps^ti-nant.
apricot n, 'ee-psi-ket, 'ee-psi-kat; 'ap3i-ket, 'ap^i-kat.
a priori adv. (from the former; from cause to effect; from
law to fact : the epposit of a posteriori) ce-p3ai'o:-3ai, ce-
p3i'o:-?ai, a:-p3i'o:-?i.
apron n, 'ee-psdn, 'ee-ps^n.
apropos adv. (to the purpose; opportunely) aepss'poo, (an-
teriorly) 'aep30-po.
aps n. (white-poplar wood) aeps.
apse n. recess [also spelt aps; ploral apses} £ps.
aqna n. (water) 'aekiua, 'ee-kiua.
aqnafortis n. (nitric acid) £kiju3'fe:7-tis, ee-kw3'fe:?-tfs.
aqnamarine n. (sea-green beryl) xkiuamd'riin, ee-kwams-
'eiin.
aqnapnnctnre n. 'seku;3-pAr)ktSd?, 'ee-kuud-pA^ktSs?.
aqna regia n. xkuus'zii-dsd, ee-kws'zii-dsa.
aqnarelle n. (water-color painting) xkiDd'^el.
aqnarinm n. [ploral aquariums, aquaria} 3'kwe:-d-9m.
aqnatint n. 'aekuus-tint, 'ee-kws-tint.
aqnednct n. (water-condit) 'aekiui-dAkt ; (improperly) 'sekvoi-
dAk.
aqneons adj. (watery) 'ee-kiui-as.
aqniform adj. 'aeku)i-fe:?m, 'ee-ktDi-fe:?m.
aqniline adj, of an eagle; hookt [also, sometimes, spelt aqui-
lin} 'aeku)i-hn, 'aekiui-lain.
Arab n. 'aergb; (less properly) 'e:-rsb, 'ee-^aeb.
arabesqne adj,, n. ae^a'besk, (anteriorly) 'ae^a-besk.
Arabic adj., n. 'ae^s-bik ; (erroneously) aVaebik.
arabin n. [also spelt arabine} 'se^d-bin.
J ye, gcure; d the, Q thin; 3 axrure, ds/oy; I shot, tScAew;
wwAen; ijsing; u wh<?ever, i r^act, d iu\\» OMioo\, \\t., lis^^;
o poetic; 9 over, e serial, Ab«t, o: door, ^jotvo, e\ie^, ^t%oX^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 29
araolinida n., pi. (spiders, etc.) s'raekNi-dd.
araeostyle adj, 9'zii-9-staiL see areostyle.
arbaliflt n. crossbow [also spelt arbalest} 'aiz-h^Aist,
arbitraMe adj. ^aiz-hiti^-hdl.
arbitrament n. decision [synonymous cognate arbityementi
ae'bitja-mant.
arbitrarily adv, 'Qiz-hi-tj^eziAi; (in America, less properly)
ozbi'tT^eziAi.
arbitrement n. arl)it£i-ni9nt. same meaning as arbitrament.
arbor n. (support, beam; axle; tree) 'ar^-bar.
arbor n. bower [also spelt arbour} 'aiz-h^z.
arboretum n. [ploral arboretums, arboreta} arbs'^ii-tsm.
arboriculture n. (tree-culture) 'arr-ba^i-kAltSar.
arborise v. [also spelt arborise} 'a:z-b9-7aiz.
arbor-vitae n. (tree; arborescent part of the cerebellum)
a:r-b9r'vai-ti, ai^-ba^'vai-ti.
arbutus n. (plant) oz'bjou-tds, 'a:7-bjo-t9s.
arcanum n. [ploral arcana} oz'kee-ndm; {improperly) oz-
Icaendm.
arc-boutant n. a:7-bu'tei].
arob n. (curvd structure, etc.) a:rtS.
arcb adj, (chief, prime; clever, crafty) a'.zt\.
arobaic adj, (old-fashiond) a^'kee-ik.
arobaism n. 'o^ke-izsm, 'a:r-ke-iz3m.
arobangel n. 'airk-een-dsal, ai^k'cen-dsal ; {erroneously)
'a:?tS-een-d33l.
arobangelio adj. or^k-aen'dsehk.
arobbisbop n. ai^tS'biSdp, {anteriorly, especially as a title)
'a:etS-biS3p.
arobdeaoon n. a:?tS'dii-k3n.
arcbducby n. a:?tS'dAtSi.
arcbduke n. a:?tS'djouk, {anteriorly, especially as a title)
'airtS-djouk.
arcbed adj. [also, sometimes, spelt archt} a:?tSt, {also, in
poetry) 'artjid, 'a:?-tSid.
arcbegonium n. [ploral archegonia} a^ki'goo-ni-dm.
arcbeologry n. science of antiquities [also spelt archaeology}
ozki'ela-dsi.
arcbetypal adj, 'a^ki-tai-pal, a^'keti-pal.
arcbetype n. 'a^ki-taip; {erroneously) 'artji-taip.
arcbeua n. vital force [also spelt archaeus; ploral archei} qz-
Tcii-3s.
arcbidiaoonal n. a^ki-di'seks-nl, a^ki-dai'seks-nl.
crlaw, b: fwr, aecot, eh^t, 01 boy; a: for, ao now, a: ask, aiVit^\
kngth-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \ens*i
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the fellowing syWab\e,
30 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
arohiepiscopal adj. azki-i'piskd-psl ; (erroneously) aztSi-i-
'piska-pal.
archil n. (dye; orchil) 'artSii, 'azkil.
Arohimedean adj. a^ki'mii-di-dn, azkimi'dii-sn.
archipelago n. [ploral archipelagos, archipelagoes'^ o^ki'peld-
go; {erroneously) artSi'pela-go.
arohitect n. 'a^ki-tckt; {vulgarly) 'artSi-tekt.
architrave n. (epistyle, etc.) 'arki-tjeev; {erroneously) 'artji-
tjeev.
archival adj, (of archives) 'aeki-val, ar'kai-val.
archive n. 'a:?-kaiv, 'a:r-kiv; {erroneously) 'a:3-tSaiv.
archivist n. 'arki-vist, 'a:3-kai-vist.
archivolt n. (inner contour of an arch; arch-molding) 'oz-
ki-voh, 'a^ki-velt.
arctic adj. 'a^ktik; {popularly) 'ortik.
arctiid adj., n. 'azkti-id.
ardor n. heat ; zeal [also spelt ardour"] ^aiz-d^z,
ardnons adj, 'a:?-d3U-3s, 'a:7-dju-3s.
are v. (ploral present indicativ of be) a:^, {when unstrest)
9Zf z; {formerly normally, but now vulgarly) e:z.
are n. (metric unit) a:z, e:z.
area n. [ploral areas and also, in its anatomic senses, areae]
'e:-?i-3 ; {vulgarly) a'^ii-a.
arear adv. (in the rear) 9'zi:z. compare arrear.
areca n. (tree; betel-nut) 'aezi-ka.
areola n. small area [ploral areolae] aVii-g-la; {improperly)
eri'oo-ls.
areolate adj. a'^ii-3-let, 'e:-?i-3-let.
Areopagite n. ae^i'epa-dsait ; {erroneously) aen'epa-gait.
areopagitio adj. aeei-eps'dsitik.
Areopagns n. (tribunal) sezi'epd-gss.
areostyle adj. [also spelt araeostyle] d'^ii-s-stail.
argal adv. (ergo, therefore) 'arr-gal.
argala n. adjutant-bird [synonymous cognate argeelah] 'aiz-
g3-l3.
argand adj. 'a:7-gaend.
argel n. leaves of the plant Solenostemma argel [also spelt
argheli arguel] 'a:z-gel.
argent n., adj. (silver) 'ci^-dsant.
argentine adj. of silver [also, sometimes, spelt argentin]
'a:r-d3in-tain, 'oi^-dsin-tin.
Argentine adj. (of the Rio de la Plata ; of Argentina) 'o:?-
dsin-tain, 'oi^-dsin-tin.
jve, gcure; d the, 9f/iin; 3 arure, ds/oy; \ shoe, tSc/tew;
wwJhen; ij sing; u wh<?ever, i react, o iim, uMioo\, \\1, \\^ee\
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o: door, ootvo, t,\ie^, te^%,o.\fc\
. DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 31
argil n. (clay) 'ai^-dsil.
argol n. crude tartar [synonymous cognate argall 'a:?-gol.
argosy n. merchant-vessel [ploral argosies'] 'aiz-g^-su
argot n. (slang of thieves; cant) 'a:e-gD, 'a:e-g9t.
argne v, (reason; debate; dispute) 'a:z-gjo.
argnte adj. (shrill; keen) az'gjuut.
aria n, (in music, air, etc.) 'a:-ei-9, 'e:-ei-3.
adj. (of Arius) 'e:-ei-9n.
n. (adherent of Arius) 'e:-?i-3n.
adj. J n. 'a:r-J3n. see Aryan.
Arianism n. (doctrin of the Arians or adherents of Arius)
'e:-ei-9n-iz9m, 'ei-ei-a-nizam.
arid adj. (dry; dull) 'ae«id; (/^w properly) 'c:-?id.
Aries n. (ram; constellation) 'e:-zi-i:z.
arietation ». (butting) aeji-i'tce-Jan, ei-ri-i'tee-Jan.
aril n. (seed-coat) 'aeziL
arista n. awn [ploral aristae] a'zistd.
aristarcli n. (severe critic) '£?i-sta:zk.
aristate adj. (awnd) d'^istet.
aristocrat n. d'zistd-ksaet, 'ae^istd-ksaet.
aristocratic ad/, sezistd'kzxtik.
Aristotelian adj., n. aezistd'tii-li-dn.
arithjnetic n. d'riOMi-tik; (tn ^/»f obsolete sense arithmeti'
cian) aeziO'metik.
aritlunetic adj. aeziO'metik.
aritbnietician n. seziOMi'tiSsn, a-ziOMi'tiSsn.
arkose n. (feldspathic sandstone) a^'koos.
armada n. (squadron) or'mee-dd, az'ma:-d3.
armed adj. furnisht with arms or armor [also spelt armd]
a:zmd, (also, in poetry) 'a:r-mid.
armer n. (one who arms or equips) ^a:z-m^z.
armillary adj. (of rings or circles) *a:z-mi-lezi ', (also) az-
'mila-ei.
armistice n. truce [also spelt armistis] 'a:?-mi-stis ; (improp-
erly) ar'mistis.
armor n. defensiv covering; mail [also spelt armour] 'a:z-
m^z.
armor v. cover with armor or armor-plate [also spelt armour]
'aij-mae.
armored adj. [also spelt armoured, armord] 'a.r-mo^d.
armorer n. [also spelt armourer] 'oiz-va^'Z^z.
armory n. [also spelt armoury] 'a-.z-m^-zi.
amatto n. OT'naetD. see arnotto.
c: law, b: fi#r, secat, e hot, 01 boy; a: far, ao now, a: osk, aiVi\.^\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \6ti%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the following sy\\a\Ae.
32 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
arnotto n. tree; dye [synonymous cognates anatta, anatto,
annatto, annotta, annotto, anota, anotta, anotto, amatto}
a^'noto.
amnt n. {obsolete) earthnut [also spelt arnot, arnott} 'oxz-
nst.
aroma «. a'eoo-ma; {improperly) 'ae^a-ma.
aromatize v, [also spelt aromatisel d'TOO-ms-taiz ; {lest
properly) 'x?3m9-taiz, a-roma'taiz.
arpeggio n. broken chord [synonymous cognate harpeggiol
ae'pedso.
arpent n. (land-measure) ar'pei}, 'a:z-p9nt.
arqnebns n. 'a?ku}i-bds. same meaning as harquebus.
tLTTAch n, liquor [also spelt arackl 'aezdk, d'rxk.
arras n. (tapestry) 'x?3S.
arrear n. state of being behindhand; overdue debt [used
mostly in the ploral] a'riie.
arrester n, one 'who or that which arrests [also spelt arrest-
orl a'resta?.
arrester n. (in law) sVestdz. same meaning as arrester,
arret n. decision [also spelt arret"] ae'ree, ae'^et, a'eet.
arrliizoiis adj, [also spelt arhizous] d'rai-zss.
arris n. sharp edge [also spelt arts] 'x?is.
arrondi adj, rounded off [also spelt arrondee, arrondiel
areq'dii; (less properly) aVen-di.
arrondissement n. (rounding off; administrativ subdivision
of a French department) a-^og-dis'meq ; (less properly)
3e?©r)'diis-mer).
arroDV n. (pointed missil) 'ae?o ; (dialectally) 'aera.
arse n. (buttocks; behind) a:rs, a:s; (erroneously) a:s, ae:s.
arseniate n. [synonymous cognate arsenate] a^'sii-ni-et.
arsenio n. (chemic element) 'a^SNik, 'aesi-nik.
arsenio adj. (of arsenic) ar'senik.
arsenide n. [also, sometimes, spelt arsenid] 'a^si-nid, 'qz-
si-naid.
arsenions adj, a^'sii-ni-ds.
arseninret n. [synonymous cognate arsenuret] a^'sen jo-rat,
arsi'nai-jo-?3t.
arseninreted adj. [also, sometimes, spelt arseniuretted] az-
'senjo-^etid, a^si'nai-jo-retid.
arsennret n. ar'senju-^at. same meaning as arseniuret.
arsbeen n. measure [also spelt arshine, arshin, archine] az-
'Siin.
artesian adj. ar'tii-san; (less properly) a^'tii-zi-an.
JJ'^, gcure; d the, Q thin', 5 asure, d^ jov, ^ sfioe, tSc/tew;
wzv/ten; ij sing; u wh£>ever, i react, o iu\\, \iMioo\> ^\\., T\^ce\
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abwt, o: door, ;)Otvo, tXie^, ^e^^a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 33
arthritis n. (inflammation of a joint) az'6sai-tis; {less prop-
erly) ar'83ii-tis.
arthropoda n,pl. az'O^epd-dd.
artiad n. 'azti-xd, 'azti-sd.
artifice n. [also spelt artifisi 'a?ti-fis.
artificer n. [also spelt artifiser'\ ar'tifi-sar, 'azti-fisar.
artisan, n. [also spelt artisan} 'azti-zgn, 'ozti-zaen, ozti'zstn.
artiste n. (esthetic or artistic performer or artizan) az'tiist.
n. (plant) 'e:-?3m.
ody., n. Indo-european [also spelt Arianl 'air-jan, 'c:-
zi-sn, 'aezi-an.
aryballns n. vase [ploral arybalWi aezi'bxlss.
arTtenoid ad/, (funnel-shaped) a'ziti-neid, aezi'tii-neid.
As n. one of the gods inhabiting Asgard [plural Aesir"} xs.
conj., adv., pron, xz, (when unstrest) az, z, s.
n. Roman copper coin [also, formerly, spelt asse, aas ; plor-
al asses'] aes.
aiafetida n. [also spelt asafoetida, assafoetidal sesd'f eti-da ;
{vulgarly) aesi'feti.
aiarabacca n. plant [also spelt asarahacal sesazd'baekd.
aibestos n. fibrous hornblend, etc.; amiant [synonymous
cognate asbestus] aes'bestss, aes'bes-tes.
aibestns n. xs'bestas. same meaning as asbestos.
ascendance n. [also spelt ascendencel s'sendans.
ascendancy n. [also spelt ascendency"] s'senddn-si.
ascendant adj., n. [also spelt ascendent] d'senddnt.
ascertain v. make certain ; find out [past participle and pret-
erit ascertained, ascertaind] aesaz'teen.
aicetery n. dwelling-place of ascetics [ploral asceteries]
3'set3-zi.
ascetic adj. (abstinent; strict) a'setik.
ascetic n. (one who practises self-disciplin by celibacy, fast-
ing, or toil) d'setik.
asci n. (ploral of ascus) 'se-sai.
aician n. (shadowless person : that is, an inhabitant of the
tropics) 'aejan.
ascigerovs adj. (bearing asci) s'sidss-zds.
ascitan adj, (heretic of tl|e second century) a'sai-tan, 'aesi-
tdn.
ascites n. (dropsy of the belly) a'sai-tiz.
ascitic adj. (of ascites, dropsical) d'sitik.
Asclepiad n. (verse) aes'ktii-pi-aed, aes'ktii-pi-ad.
ascns n. spore-case [ploral asci] 'aeskas. ^^^^
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, ehot, ei hoy; a: far, au now, a: ask, aikitt\
hns^-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \©ns*i
ftregs-mark () indicates chief stress on the following s^WaUe.
34 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
aseity n, (self-existence) ae'sii-i-ti, e'sii-i-ti.
asexual adj, (not sexual; neuter) d'sek^u-dl, d'seksgu-al.
asli n. residue of burning [ploral ashes'] aeS-
ashamedly adv. 9'See-mi-dli.
asbamedness n. s'Seem-dnis, a'See-mi-dnis.
asl&ler n. hewn stone [also spelt ashlarl 'xlt.9z.
Asian adj, (of Asia) 'ee-Jan, 'ee-son ; {less properly) 'ee-Ji-on,
'ee-3i-3n, 'ee-si-an.
Asiatio adj., n, ee-Si'xtik, ee-si'aetik.
asiniflie adj. (of an ass) 'aesi-nain, 'aesi-nin.
ask V. a:sk, a:sk, £:sk.
ask n. (newt) a:sk, a:sk, ae:sk.
askanoe adv, (sidewise) a'skarns, 9'ska:ns, s'skaems; (also)
d'skaints, etc.
asked v, [past participle and preterit of ask ; also spelt asktl
a:skt, (popularly, rapidly) a:st.
asp n. (serpent) a:sp, a:sp, x:sp.
asparasns n. plant [vulgar synonymous cognate sparrow-
grass"] a'spaeea-gas.
aspect n. (look; appearance) 'ae-spekt.
aspeot V. (obsolete) s'spekt.
aspen adj., n. 'aespan, 'a: -span.
asperges n. (antiphon) s'spsz-dsiz, a'spsir-dsiz.
asperse v. bespatter; slander [past participle and preterit
aspersed, asperst] ^'spsizs.
asphalt n. Vs-faelt, aes'faelt, 'aes-fclt; (vulgarly) 'aej-fclt.
aspkalt V. aes'faelt, 'aes-fae!t.
aspkaltnm n. aes'faehdm.
asphodel n. (plant) 'aesfd-del.
asphyxia n. (absence of pulse, etc.) aes'f iksi-9.
aspirant n. (one who aspires) 9'spai-7dnt, 'aespd-zsnt; (also,
often) a'spai9-73nt.
aspirate v. (give the h-sound to) 'aesps-zet.
aspirate adj., n. 'xsps-rat, (rapidly) 'aespsst.
ass n. (quadruped; fool) a:s, a:s, ae:s.
assagai n. spear [synonymous cognate assegai^ 'aes9-gai, xsd-
'gai; (improperly) 'aesa-ge, a'see-gi.
assai adv. (very) s'sai.
assay n., v. attempt [as verb, past participle and preterit as-
sayed, assaydl a'see.
assertion n. d'ss^^dn, d'sB'.^-Ssn.
assess v. fix the amount of; tax; fine [past participle and
preterit assessed, assestl s'ses.
/,ve, g cure; d Me, 0 thin ; 5 arure, ds foy ; S shoe, tj c/»ew ;
ivzi//ien; tjsing; u whoever, i r^act, oiu\\, ouioo\ \\V Tv^ce\
o poetic; a over, e aerial, Abut, d: door, 00 no, t.\ie^, t^^a\.^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 35
aiset n. (resource) 'ae-sct, 'aesit; {erroneously) a'set.
Ajwidean. n. Chasidean [also spelt Assidaean, Asidaean,
Assidianl aesi'dii-9n.
assiduity n. diligence [ploral assiduities! aesi'djou-i-ti.
assidvous adj. (attentiv) a'sidsu-ds.
assign, v. allot, appoint; point out; ascribe [past participle
and preterit assigned, assigndl 9'sain.
assignalile adj, d'sai-ns-bsl.
assig^nat n. (note) 'aesig-naet, asin'ja: .
assig^nation n. (apportionment, etc.) sesig'nee-Ssn.
assignee n. (one to whom a right is assigned; assign) xsi-
'nii; {improperly) a'sai-ni.
assigner n. (one who assigns or apportions) d'sai-ns?.
assignor n. (one who assigns, or formally transfers, to an-
other, a right or property) aesi'ne:?; (improperly) a'sai-ner.
assiser n. juryman [also spelt assizor, assisor, assiserl s'sai-
associate n., adj, d'soo-Si-st ; (less properly) s'soo-si-dt.
associate jv. d'soo-Si-et ; (less properly) 9's30-si-et.
assooiation n. a-soSi'ee-Ssn, d-sosi'ee-Ssn.
assonant adj. (corresponding in vowel-sound) 'aess-nant.
assumption adj. a'sAmpSsn, d'sAmSsn.
asterisk n. (star) 'aests-risk; (improperly) 'xst^zik,
It asthenia n. (debility) aes'6ii-ni-9, sesOi'nai-s.
asthma n. (labored breathing, etc.) 'aezma, 'xsms, 'aestMd,
'£s6m9.
asthmatic adj. aez'maetik, ses'maetik, aest'maetik, xsO'mxtik.
astig:matism n. (defect of the eye) d'stigms-tizdm.
astrakhan n. (fur) 'aests^-ksn, 'sest£3-ksen, sest^d^kaen.
astnte adj. (crafty) a'stgout; (dialectally) a'stout.
asylnm n. [ploral asylums; also, in the sense of a sanctuary
or refuge, asylal s'sai-lsm.
asymptote n. (line which approaches a curve indefinitly)
'aesim-tot.
at prep, aet, (when unsfrest) at.
atavio adj. (of atavism) d'taevik.
atavism n. (reversion to ancestral form) 'aetd-vizdm.
ataxia n. (lack of coordination of bodily movements) d'taek-
si-3.
ataxy n. (ataxia) d'taeksi, 'aetsk-si.
ate V, preterit of eat [dialectal synonymous cognate eat"]
cet, (when unstrest) et; (also, normally in Britain, except-
ing Ireland, hut in America vulgarly or locally) et, (in
•
/
cloti;, b: fur, xcat, e hot, 01 boy; a: far, ao now, a: osk, aikite;
)engtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceding? sound is \ong\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the following syWabU,
36 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
Ireland) lit, (when unstrest) it; (formerly) a:t, c:t, e:t,
i:t.
Athanasian adj» xOd'nee-Ssn, sOs'ne 6-3311.
athanagy n. (deathlessness, immortality) d'Oaend-si.
Athenemn n. [also spelt Athenaeum} xOi'nii-9m; (errone-
ously) a'Gii-ni-am,
Athenian adj. (of Athens) 9'6ii-ni-9n.
atblete n. 'a9-Kt; (improperly) 'aGa-lit.
athletio adj.,n. aeOletik; (improperly) aeOd^etik.
Atlantean ad/, of Atlas; of Atlantis [also, sometimes, spelt
Atlantianl xtlaenti-sn, xtLsen'tii-dn.
atoll n. (ring-shaped coral island) d'tel, 'x-tel; (less prop-
erly) 'ee-teL
atom n. (indivisible particle) 'aetsm.
atomic adj. (of atoms; atom-like) d'temik.
atrinm n. court; hall [ploral atria"] 'ee-tsi-sm.
atropine n. [also, sometimes, spelt atropin] 'aetss-pin, 'aetsa-
pain.
attaoli^ n. (one attacht) xts'See, aetae'S^e.
attacked v. [also spelt attackt] s'taekt; (vulgarly) s'taektid.
attar n. perfume [also spelt atar; synonymous cognate ottar,
otto] 'aetar.
attention n. a'tenSan.
attitndinize v. pose [also spelt attitudinise"] aeti'tgou-dn-aiz.
attorney n, a'tarni; (dialectally or vulgarly) a'teir-ni.
attracter n. [also spelt attract or] d'tsaektQ?.
attribute n. (characteristic) 'aet£i-bjut.
attribute v. (assign; refer) a'tjibjot.
anbergist n. innkeeper [also spelt aubergiste] 'c:-bd7-d3ist.
anotion n. 'crk-Jan; (dialectally) 'ekSan.
andaoions adj. (bold) c'dee-Jas; (improperly) c'daeSds.
andible adj. (capable of being heard) 'c:-d9-b9}.
andienoe n. 'c:-di-3ns; (vulgarly) 'ci-dsans.
an fait adj. (up to the mark ; expert) o'f ee.
Angean adj. (of Augeus) c'dsii-an; (erroneously) 'ci-dsi-an.
anger n. (boring-tool) 'c:-g3?.
angbt n. anything [also spelt ought] c:t.
ang^ment v. (increase) cg'ment.
ans^ment n. (prefixt vowel) 'crg-mant.
ans^mentative adj., n. [also spelt augmentativ] cg'ments-tnr.
angnr n. (interpreter of auspises or signs) 'c:-gar.
angnr v. divine, forbode, anticipate; betoken [past participle
and preterit augured] 'c-gsz.
J ye, gcure; d the, Qthin] jaxfure, dj/oy; jshotf tlcheyr*,
tvwhen; tjsing; u wh<7ever, i react, oiuu, timIooV, i%V, "».%€«•>
o poetic; 9 over, e oerial, Abut, o: doot, ;>otio, t\ic^, t^\L*fc\
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 37
;t
f
adj, 'c:-gjo-e3l.
avsnst adj, (majestic) c'gASt.
August n. (month) 'c:-g9st.
Augustan adj. (of Augustus; of Augsburg) c'gAstsn.
Aug^ustin n., adj. [also spelt Augustinel c'gAstin, 'c:-g9-stin.
aumbry n. 'c:m-bzi. - same meaning as ambry,
auut n. (sister of one's father or mother) a:nt, a:nt, x:nt;
{anteriorly, as a title) ant, ant, aent.
auuty n. [also spelt auntie^ 'a:n-ti, 'a:n-ti, 'x:n-ti.
aureola n, (celestial crown ; aureole) c'^xi-d-ls ; (erroneously)
(zi'DO-la.
aureole n. (celestial crown; aureola; gold disk; halo) 'c:-7i-
6i.
au revoir inter j. (until we meet again !) ora'vw©:?, oraVwc:?,
o?a'vwa:r.
auriat n. (ear-specialist) 'c:-7ist
anroelis n. (wild ox) 'c:-7eks, 'ao-7eks.
aurora borealis n. (northern lights) &zo:-z9-hozi'teAis,
c'zo'.'Z^-hszi'ai-lis.
auspice n. omen [also spelt auspisl 'c:-spis.
Australasian adj. c:-st£a'}ee-S9n> c:-st£3'lee-33n.
author n. [also, formerly, spelt authourl 'c-Q^z.
authoress n. [also, formerly, spelt authouress"] 'c-B^-zis.
authorise v. [also spelt authorise] 'c-Qs-zaiz.
antobiographer n. [also spelt autobiograferl c:-td-bai'eg?9-
hz; {less properly) ci-tabi'egra-fa^.
autobiography n. [also spelt autobiografyl c:-t9-bai'eg73-f i ;
{less properly) ci-tabi'egra-fi.
autochthon n. aboriginal [ploral autochthons, autochthones]
c'tekOan, a'tek-Oon.
autochthones n. (ploral of autochthon) c'tekOa-niz.
autocracy n. self-rule [ploral autocracies] c'tek^a-si.
anto-da-f 6 n. act of faith : judicial act or sentence of the
Inquisition [also spelt auto da fe, auto da fe, auto-de-fe,
auto de fe; ploral autos-da-fi] ci-to-da'fee, ao-to-da'fee.
autograph n. [also spelt autograf] 'c:-t3-g?a:f.
automaton n. self -mover [ploral automata, automatons]
c'tema-ten, c'tema-tan.
automobile n. c:-t9-mo'biil, cta'moo-bil, cta'moo-bil, 'c:-t3-
mo-bil.
autopsy n. (a seeing for one's self; post-mortem) 'c:-topsi,
C'tepsi.
autnmn n. fall [also spelt autum] 'otam.
c: law, a: fwr, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy; a; for, oa now, a: osk, aikite\
XzngCtk-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \6tv%\
stresB^mark O indicates chief stress on the following syWaXAe.
38 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS ^
auxiliary adj., n. (assistant) cg^zili-^-zi, cg'ziH-ezi. ^
avalanclie n. (descent or slide of snow; land-slide) 'aev^^ ^
la:ntS, 'aeva-la:ntS, 'aev9-te;ntS, 'aeva-lantj; (also, especially ■
in Britain) 'ava-lainS, 'aev3-la:nS, 'aeva-lamj, 'aevd-laenS; '
(rarely) aevalamS. ^
avant-gnarde n. (vangard) a-veq'gar^d, a'veg-gaied.
avarioe n. cupidity [also spelt orarw] 'aeva-^is. ^
avatar n. (descent of a deity to earth ; manifestation as a
power) ava'ta:?, 'aeva-toe. ."
avannt inter j. (move on! be off!) a'vcint, a'vamt, a'varnt. '/
avellan adj. of the filbert [synonymous cognate avellanel ^
a'velan, 'aeva-lan. .'?
Ave Maria n. Hail Mary, a prayer [synonymous cognate- ,^i
/iv^ Maryl ee-vi-ma'jii-a, ar-vi-ma'rii-a. \i
aventail n. flap of a helmet [also spelt aventayle, aventaUei. \
'3ev9n-tel. ' *.^
aveninrin n. glass; quartz [also spelt aventurinel yveiN-'r'j
tSd-^in.
avenue n. (way) 'sevi-njo; (vugarly) 'aevi-nja, 'aeva-no.
^j^yer n. obsolete (possession; beast of burden) 'ee-va?.
a^er v. justify a plea; assert as a fact [past participle and
preterit averred, averdi a've:?.
aversion n. (turning away; antipathy) a'vs^Jan, a'veie-san.
Ave* n.pl. (birds) 'ee-viz. ■
aviary n. bird-house [ploral aviaries'] 'ee-vi-eri, 'ee-vi-a-ei.
avionltnre n, (rearing of birds) 'aevi-kAltSsr, 'ee-vi-kAltgar. ■
aviform adj. (bird-shaped) 'ee-vi-fe:?m.
aviso n. advice [ploral avisosl d'vai-zo. ■
avoirdnpois n. (system of weight) aeva^da'poiz ; (improper- .'
ly) aevarda'pei.
avoset n. bird [also spelt avocetl 'aeva-set.
aivakening n. d'week-nii].
aive V. inspire with dread; daunt [past participle and prete-
rit awed, awdl c: .
awful adj, [also, rarely, spelt aweful] 'ci-fal.
awfnl adv. 'cr-fsl, (when less strest) 'cfgl.
awfully adv. 'ct-fa-h, (also, rapidly, in the sense of dread-
fully, very much, very) 'c:-fM, (when less strest) 'cfti.
aivry adv., adj. (askew) a'eai.
az n. cutting-tool [also spelt axe; ploral axes'] aeks.
n. (ploral of ax) 'aksiz.
n. (ploral of axis) 'aek-siz.
axial adj. (forming an axis; of an axis) 'aeksi-al.
/>e, gcure; bthe, Qthin; 3 a^rure, ds/oy; ^ shoe, tS cAew;
wze/Aen; xjsing; u wli<?ever, i r^act, oiuW, oMiooV iKt, lise^j
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, a but, o: door, 00 no, e\jc^v ^^«»<A&\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 39
«. (in botany f angle) 'aeksii.
B adj. of the axis [also, sometimes, spelt axil\ 'aeksil,
-«uL
A n. armpit [ploral (ixillael sek'sil9.
jury adj. (of the axilla or armpit ; of the axil) ^xksiAezi ;
\properly) aek'silo-zi.
m n. (conceded proposition; maxim) 'xksi-sm; {less
perly) 'sks^sm, 'aekSsm.
BLatic adj, aeksi-d'maetik.
II. straight line about which a body rotates ; axle ; cen-
l line; stem [ploral axesl 'aeksis.
oil n. (amphibian) 'xkss-letl.
iv, ever, always [also spelt ayel ee.
\terj. ah ! O ! alas I [also, formerly, spelt aye, eighl ee.
adv., inter]., ». yes, yea [also spelt oy] ai.
ajre n. (sloth) 'ai-ai.
Mb fi. [ploral asaleasi s'zee-H-d, s'zee-Hd.
mill. n. (arc, etc.) 'xzi-maO.
LutluUl ad/. 'aezi-mjuOal ; (a/^o, /^w properly) 'azima-Oa!,
xteriorly) 'aezi-maOal.
lenxol n. szo'ben-zol.
e n. (nitrogen) a'zoot, 'ae-zot; (/^w properly) 'ee-zot.
Ime z'. [also spelt azotise'\ 'xza-taiz.
•e adj., n. (sky-blue ; sky) 'aesa?, 'ee-33^.
a n. unleavend bread [synenymous cognate azymel
:im.
ae n. 'aezim, ^se-zaim. same meaning as azym.
V, (cry or bleat as a sheep) ba: .
lism n. (worship of Baal) 'bee-s-hzsm.
Iroussa n. hornd hog [also spelt babirussa, babyroussa,
byrussal baebi'rou-S3, babi'^ou-sa.
salanreate adj. (of a bachelor) baek3'!c:-7i-3t.
sara n. card-game [also spelt baccarat} baeka'^a: .
sarat n. baeka'^o: ; (erroneously) 'baeka-^aet. same mean-
^ as baccara.
sbanaliaiL adj. (of Bacchus; riotous; bacchanal) baeks-
je-li-3n.
sl&ant adj., n. Ibaekdnt.
Bhante n. priestess of Bacchus; female bacchant [plo?-
bacchantesl ba'kaint, 'baekant, ba'kaenti.
V, s: iur, ae cat, e hot, 01 hoy; a: far, ao now, a: osk, aikite\
^-mark C:) indicates that the preceding sound is \oti^*»
-mark C) indicates chief stress on the following syWaUe,
40 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
bacchantes n. (ploral of bacchante) bs'kaen-tiz, 'bsekdr
baocifonu adj. (berry-shaped) 'baeksi-fe:zm.
bachelor n. 'baetSi-lsr; (erroneously) 'baetSal-dsz.
bacillary adj, (of bacilli; rodlike) 'baesi-lezi.
bacilli n. (ploral of bacillus) bs'si-tai, bs'siiai.
bacillus n. [ploral bacillil bs'silds; (erroneously) 'baes
backbone n. baek'boon, 'baek-boon.
backgammon n., v. 'bsek-gaemdn, baek'gaemdn.
backhouse n. (privy) 'baek-haos, 'baek-aos.
backsheesh n. see bakshish,
backslide v, 'baek-sLaid, baek'sLaid.
backslider n. 'baek-sLai-dsr, baek'sLai-dd?.
backstairs adj. (intriguing) 'baek-ste:zz.
backstairs n. baek'ste:?z, 'baek-ste:zz.
bacteria n. (ploral of bacterium) hstWti:-zi-9,
bacterium n. [ploral bacteria^ back'ti:-7i-3m.
bad adj., n. (evil) baed, (often, when more strest) bae:d.
bad V. [preterit of bid ; also spelt badel baed.
bade v, baed; (erroneously) beed. see bad,
badinase n. (banter) ^baedn-ids, 'baedi-nids, baedi'na:3.
bagatelle n. (trifle) baega'tel; (less properly) 'baega-tel.
baggage n. (bags, trunks, etc.; luggage) 'baegids.
bag^o n. (bath, etc.) 'baenj3; (erroneously) 'baegni-o.
bagn^et n. molding [also spelt baguettel bae'get.
bah inter j, (expressing contempt, etc.) ba: •
baignoire n. box in a theater [also spelt baignoirl ba'n^
'bee-nwe:r.
baiP n. hoop, ring, basket-handle [sometimes impre]
spelt balel beel.
bail' n. outer fortification or wall [also spelt bayle'\ bee
bail' V. remove (water) ; free (a boat) from water wi
bucket or basin [also, less properly, spelt bale; past pai
pie and preterit bailed, baildl beel.
bailer^ n. one who delivers goods to another in bail
[also, sometimes, spelt bailor"] 'bee-laz.
bailer' n. one who bails out water; vessel used for ba
[also spelt baler] 'bee-la?.
bailiery n. bailie's jurisdiction [also spelt bailiary and,
merly, bailliery, bailliary, baillerie] 'bee-li-e?i, 'bee-li-
'bee-h-31.
bailiff n. (officer ; overseer) Hbee-lif.
bailixdlck n. (precinct of a bailiff) 'bee-h-wik.
bailor n. (law) heeVeiz. same meaning as bailer}
J ye, gcure; d the, G*Hin; sasure, dj/oy; K shoe, tS c
wzt/hen; tjsing; uwhoevtr, i react, uiuu, TiuiooV, lit, li
o poetic; oover, e aerial, Abut, o;doot, ;>0'ao« ^\ie^ ^^
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 41
Baivmm ft. festival [also spelt Beirami baiVa:m, 'bai-zam.
teise fK. (woolen fabric) beez.
bajoeoo n. coin [also spelt haiocco\ ploral hajocchi] bd'jeko.
tafcrtlali n. tip, fee [also spelt bakhshish, baksheesh, back'
sheesh, backshish^ ^baek-SiS.
balAaee-slieet n. 'ba^dn^-Siit.
WQas n. ruby [also spelt balassi 'bselss, baelaes.
balcony n. ^ba^kd-ni; (formerly) bael'koo-ni.
Wldaehln n. canopy [also spelt baldaquini 'baelds-kin.
balderdiuilL n. (senseless prate) 'bcil-daz-dxS.
bftld-lLeAded adj. [also spelt bald-heded^ bc:ld'hedid, {as-
sumptivly) Hbcld-hedid.
Wle^ n. see bail}
bale* V. see &a»/.'
ballster n. (obsolete) crossbowman [synonymous cognate
balesierl baelista;, liaeli-stdz.
balistor n. (obsolete) arbalist, crossbow [also spelt ballister']
bxlist97, ^h-st3?.
luJise ft. beacon [also spelt balisel bs'hiz.
Kalk n. ridge ; blunder ; beam [also spelt baulk} bc:k.
balk V. hinder; stop short [also spelt baulk; past participle
and preterit balked, balktl bc:k.
ImII fi. (sphere, globe, etc.) bc:l.
hall ad n. (song; poem) 'baelad.
liallade n. (poem in stanzas, etc.) baela:d.
Vallast n. (weight, etc. : road-metal) ^sebst.
iMllet n. (dance) 'bae-le, niaele, baelee, 'baeht.
ballet n. obsolete (little ball) 'baeht.
balHata n. military engin [also spelt balista ; ploral ballis-
toe, ballistasl bslists.
Iiallister n. obsolete [also spelt balister"] 'baeh-sts?. same
meaning as baluster,
balloon fi. (inflated ball, etc.) ba'loun.
Iiallot n. (voting-ball; voting-paper) 'baelat.
ballotade n. leap of a horse [also spelt ballottade, balotade"]
hadd'teed, baela'ta'.d.
baln& fi. (aromatic substance) ba:m; (dialectally, vulgarly)
bae:m.
Balmoral n. (cap; boot) bael'me^sl; (less properly) bael'mo:-
balsam n. (balm, etc. ; plant) 'bcil-sam.
balaaniio adj., n, bcrssemik, bacl'saemik ; (improperly) 'bc:l-
sd-mik.
c: law, b: fi*r, ae cat, e hot, ei boy; a: far, au now, a: ask, eLik\\.e,\
Itngib-znark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \otvs\
Btress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the f ellowmg syWaVAe,
42 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
baluster n. small column; bolster [also spelt balluster; for-
mer synenymous cognates ballister, balisterl 'baela-stae.
balustrade n. baeb'stseed.
bambino n. baby; Child Jesus [ploral batnbinil baem'bii-no.
bamboo n. (grass; cane) baem'bou, (anteriorly, often) 'baem-
bu.
ban n. [ploral bans and, in the sense of a proclamation of
an intended marriage in a church, often also bannsi baen.
banal adj. of a ban; commonplace [also, formerly, spelt
bannall 'baenal, 'bee-nal.
banality n. bs'nasli-ti.
banana n. (tree; fruit) bd'nsend, ba'nar-na; (rarely) ba'nee-
na.
bandana n. handkerchief [also spelt bandannal baen'daend.
bandbox n. 'baend-beks, 'baen-beks.
banderillero n. (bull-fighter) hatnd^ziVje'.-zo.
banderol n. 'baendi-??!. same meaning as banderole,
banderole n. small flag; band [synenymous cognates bande-
rol, bandrol, banneroll 'baendi-zol.
bandit n. brigand [ploral bandits, bandittil 'baendit.
banditti n* (ploral of bandit) bacn'diti.
bandoleer n. belt; powder-case [also spelt bandolier and,
formerly, bandolier; former synenymous cognates bandileer,
bandelier} baenda'h:^.
bandoline n. substance [also spelt bandolin} 'baenda-hn.
bandrol n. 'baendrsl. same meaning as banderole.
bandy-legged adj. 'baendi-legid, 'baendi-legd.
banian n. 'baenjsn. same meaning as banyan.
banister n. small column; baluster [also spelt bannisterl
'baeni-sta?.
bankruptcy n. 'baeq-ksApsi, 'baeqksap-si.
banned adj. curst; prohibited [also spelt bandl baend.
banneret n. little banner, banderole [also spelt bannerette!
baena'zet.
banneret n. (bannerd knight) 'baend-rat.
bannerol n. banderole, especially in the sense of a sculp-
tured band adapted to receive an inscription, and also in
the sense of a small banner or flag used in England over
tombs [sometimes erroneously spelt banner-roll, banneraH
'baena-rol, 'baena-ral.
bannister n. see banister.
banns n. pi, see under ban.
banquet n. (feast) lixtjUwit; (less properly) 'baen-kujit.
jve, gcure; d the, 9 ///in; 3 axrure, ds/oy; \ shot, tScliew;
wzi/Aen; tj sing; u whoever, i r^act, oitt\\, uwiool, itt, lis^^;
o poetic; a over, e aerial, a b«t, o: door, ooivo, t>ae^, t,t%oXfc\
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 43
bft&qwette n. (raised way, bank, bench, sidewalk) baeg'ket,
beii'ket.
lMUiBli.ee n. (female fairy) bsen'Sii, 'baen-Sii.
bft&yan n. tree [also spelt banian^ 'baenjsn; {less properly)
l>aeni-9n, baen'jaen.
kaobab n. (tree) 'bee-s-bsb.
baptinn. n. 'bxp-tizam, 'baep-tizm.
baptism al adj, baep'tizmsl; {less properly) 'bsep-tizmsl.
baptistery n. 'bxptists-si. same meaning as baptistry.
baptistry n. [synenymous cegnate baptistery'\ 'baepti-stji.
baptise n. [also spelt baptise'\ bsep'taiz, 'bsep-taiz.
barbarisation n. [also spelt barbarisation} hazb^zi^ zee-Ian,
bo^ba-^ai'zee-Ssn.
barbarise v. [also spelt barbarisel 'bair-ba-zaiz.
barbarous adj. (foreign; rude) 'haiz-ba-zas, 'ba:7-bz3s.
Barbary adj, (barbarian, of the northern coast of Africa)
'ba:z-h9'Zi, {often, assumptivly) 'ba:^-bz:i.
barbecue n. gridiron [synenymous cegnate barbacuel 'ba:z-
bi-kgtu
barberry n. shrub; fruit [synenymous cegnate berberry'^
'ba:?-be?i, 'ha'.z-ha-zi, 'baie^bazi, 'ba:2-b^i.
barbery n. rare (the barber's art; shaving) 'ha-.z-ha-zi,
barcarole n. boatman; song [also spelt barcarolle'^ 'ba^ks-
zcH,
barefacedness n. 'beiz-feest-nis.
barege n. (gause-like fabric) ba'^ees.
baregin n. gelatinous substance [also spelt bareginel ba'^ee-
5in.
bargain n.,v. [as verb, past participle and preterit bargain-
ed, bargaindl 'ba:r-gin; {dialectally) 'baiz-ggn.
bargbest n. goblin [also spelt barguest, bargesti 'ba:?-gest.
baric adj. (of barium) 'baezik, 'be:-^ik.
baric adj, (of weight; barometric) 'baezik.
baring n. (action of laying bare; surface detritus) 'bei-eiq.
barite n. (nativ barium sulfate; barytes) 'be:-2ait.
baritone n. see barytone.
barium, n. (metallic element) 'he:-zi-am.
barb n. vessel [also spelt barquel haizk,
barkantine n. [also spelt barkentine, barquantine, barquen-
tinel 'bazkan-tin.
barley n. (grain) "ba'.z-h.
baroco n. [also spelt baroccol ha^zoo-ko. same meaning as
baroque.
c: law, b: f wr, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-morlf {:) indicates that the preceding sound is \©tv^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the fellowing sy\\a\A^.
44 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
baroko n. mood of syllogism [also spelt harocol bs'^oo-ko.
barometer n. (instrument for measuring atmospheric pres-
sure) ba'semi-ta?.
baron n. (nobleman) 'baezdn.
baroque adj» odd [synonymous cognate haroco'\ bs'rook.
barouobe n. (carriage) bd'zouS.
barozyton n. (musical instrument) bx'?eksi-ten.
barrator n. fraudulent barterer, etc. [also spelt harrater
and, in the sense of an encourager of litigation, harretor\
'baez3-t32.
barrel n. (cask, etc.) 'hatz^X.
barrel v. [present participle barreling, barrelling; past par-
ticiple and preterit barreled, barrelled, barreldl 'hxz^l.
barren adj. (steril) 'hxz^n.
barretor n. 'baezi-ta?. see under barrator,
barricade n., v. bx^i^keed.
barring prep, (excepting) 'bar-riq.
barro'W n. (stretcher; wheelbarrow) 'baero; (dialectally)
'baera.
barml^e adj. baezolee; (improperly) bae^jolee. same mean-
ing as barruly.
barmlet n. little bar [also spelt barrulettel 'baero-lat; {im-
properly) 'baezjo-lat.
barriily adj. in heraldry, divided into little bars [synony-
mous cognate barrulSe} 'bae^o-h, (improperly) laae^jo-h.
bars-gemel n.pl, (in heraldry, two bars near together)
'barez-dsemal.
bartizan n. (turret) 'barti-zan, bazti'zaen.
baryeooia n. (deafness) baezi-i'koi-s.
baryta n. (barium oxide) bs'zai-ts.
barytes n. (barite ; heavy-spar) ba'rai-tiz.
barytone adj., n. [also spelt baritone"] 'baezi-ton.
basal adj. (of the base ; fundamental) 'bee-sa!.
basale n. basal part [ploral basalial bs'see-h.
basalt n. (volcanic rock) ba'scilt, nbae-scU; (improperly) ba-
'zc:lt, 'bee-sc:h.
basan n. sheepskin [also spelt bazan\ synonymous cognate
basanel 'baezan.
basane n. ba'zeen. same meaning as basan.
bas-bleu n. (bluestocking) ba'bls: .
base n., adj. [also, in music, spelt bass] bees, see under bass.
bases n. (ploral of basis) 'bee-siz.
bases n. (ploral of base) 'bee-siz.
J ye, Qcure; d the, 6/Mn; sarure, d.-^/oy; S shoe, tjc/iew;
ww/ten; ijsing', u whd7ever, i r^act, o iuVV, owiool, itt, lis^^;
o poetic; 9 over, e serial, Abut, o: door, 00 no, t>ac^, «,^%a\fc\
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 45
vw fi. (pasha; grandee) bd'Sc: .
Iiaioiik n. (Turkish soldier) bseji-bd'zouk.
adj, (of a kiss) 'bee-zi-at
iNude adjm (of a base; basal) 'bee-sik.
basil n. (plant) 'baezil.
basil n. ^eepskin [also spelt baeill 'baezi}.
basilar adj, (of the base of the skull, etc.) 'bssi-ld?, (as'
sumpHvly) Inesildz; (Jess properly) 'baezi-ls?.
bssilary tidj, (basilar) 'hstsiAzzi; (less properly) "hxziAtzi.
basilica n. royal palace ; oblong church [ploral basilicas and,
rarely, basilicae'\ bd'sih-ka; {less properly) ba'zih-ka.
baslHsk n. (fabulous reptil) 'bxsi-tisk, 'bxzi-hsk.
basin a. [also, formerly, sometimes spelt bason'\ 'bee-ssn,
nbee-sn; {dialectally) 'bee-sin.
basinet w. steel headpiece or cap [synonymous cognate bos-
netl TiMesi-nit.
basion n. (middle point of the anterior margin of the fora-
men magnum of the cranium) 'bee-si-sn.
basipital adj. (directed toward the base) be'sipi-tl.
basis n. base; foundation [ploral bases'] 'bee-sis.
bask V. bathe, etc. [past participle and preterit basked, baskt\
ba:sk, ba:sk, bx:sk.
basket n. 'ba:-skit, 'bai-skit, 'baei-skit, 'baeskit.
basnet n. 'baesNit. same meaning as basinet.
Basque n. nativ of Biscay; language [also spelt Bask\ ba:sk,
ba:sk, bae:sk.
basqne n. (skirt; jacket) ba:sk, ba:sk, bae:sk.
bas-relief n. low relief [synonymous cognate bass-relief]
ba:-zi1iif, ba:s-ziliif; {less properly) 'ba:-^i-hif.
bass n. fish [also spelt basse] ba:s, ba:s, baeis.
bass 91. (linden, lime-tree) ba:s, ba:s, b£:s.
bass adj, in music, low, deep, grave [originally and quite as
properly, but now rarely, spelt base] bees.
bass n. low part ; base voice ; base clef [more rarely, but
quite as properly, spelt base] bees.
basset n. (card-game) 'baesit, bae'set.
basset n.,adj.,v, (outcrop) 'baesit.
basset n. (dog) 'baesit. *
bassinet n. (plant) 'baesi-net.
bassinet n. hooded basket used as a cradle [also spelt bassi-
nette] baesi'net, 'baesi-net.
basso adj., n. (in music^ base) 'ba:-so.
bassoon n. (musical instrument) bae'soun, bd'soun.
c: law, b: f f*r, ae cat, o hot, oi hoy ; a: far, go now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
Itngtb'tnark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \«^tv%\
stress^mark C) indicates chief stress on the following s^Ws^Ae.
46 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
^ ^ 1
baaso-relieTo n. ba:-s3-7ilii-v3. same meaning as- bas-relief .
baMO-rillevo n. hai-so-ziU'ee-vo, same meaning as bas-
relief.
baM-relief n. ba:s-7iliif. same meaning as bas-relief,
bass-Tiol n. bees'vai-a}.
baM'wood n. 'ba:s-wod.
bastard n.,adj, 'baestdrd, 'ba:-st3zd.
bastardize z/. [also spelt bastardise"} 'bxstdr-daiz.
baste V, in card-playing [also spelt &a5^ ; a variant of beoj^
beest.
bastile n. fortress [also spelt bastille'\ bae'stiil, baes'tiil; ba-
'stiil, bas'tiil, ba'stiil, bas'tiil; (also) 'bae-stil, 'ba:-stil.
bastinado n. (beating) b£sti'nee-d3.
bastion, n. (projecting earthwork) 'baestSan, 'bx^tSdn, HbaestCdn.
basyl n. electropositiv constituent [also spelt basylel ^e-
sil, 'bassil.
bat n. (pack-saddle) baet, be: , ba: , ba:t.
batata n. (sweet potato) b3'ta:-t3, ba'tee-ta.
batea n. (wooden vessel) 'bati-3.
batean n. boat [also, less correctly, spelt batteau; ploral
bateaux, batteauxl bae'too, ba'too.
bateanz n. (plural of bateau) bx'tooz, ba'tooz.
bath n. washing, etc. [plural bathsl ba:0, ba:0, bae:0.
bathe v. (wash, etc.) beed.
bathorse n. pack-horse [synonymous cognate bawhorsel 'bset-
he:?s, 'ba:-he:zs.
bathos n. (depth; descent from the sublime to the ridiculous;
anticlimax) 'bee-9es.
baths n. (ploral of bath) ba:dz.
batiste n. (cambric) bs'tiist.
batman n. man in charge of a bathorse [ploral batmen]
HDaet-man, 'bar-man.
baton n. (staff; wand; truncheon) bae'ten, 'baetan, ba'teq, 'bae-
ten.
baton V, strike with a baton ; cudgel [past participle and pret-
erit batoned, batond"] 'baetan, bae'ten, ba'teq, 'bae-ten.
batrachia n. (frog-like animals) bd'tsee-ki-d.
battalia n. (battle array; army) bs'tar-lis.
battalion n. (division of an army) bd'taelian.
battel n. {usually in the plural) college account or allowance
[plural battel, also battles, battellsl 'baetl.
battle adj, of grass, pasture, soil, or land [also spelt battell
'baetl.
/j^e, gcure; d the, 8 //tin; 3 a2ure, ds/oy; S j/toe, tj c/iew;
wze^Aen; ij sing; u whoever, i react, o iu\\, uwiooV, liX, \\^ee;
o poetic; 9 over, e^jerial, Abwt, o: door, ootvo, e.\ie^, «,^%a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 47
battle n. fight [also, archaically, spelt battel'\ 'bstl.
Iiattledore n. bat; racket; game [also spelt hattledoorl 'bse-
battue n. (beating of bushes, etc., to drive out game) bae-
'tgou.
battnre n. (elevated river-bed, etc.) bae'tgo:;.
bauble n. trinket, etc. [also spelt bawblel 'bobdl.
baudekin n. fabric [also spelt baudekyn; synonymous cog-
nates baudkin, bawdkin] 'bci-di-kin.
banlk v, see balk.
bawbee n. Scotch billon coin; cash [also spelt baubee'\ bc:-
iDii.
h&vrl v., n. cry [as verb, past participle and preterit bawled,
bawldl bc:i.
bay n. of various origin and sense : as, berry ; laurel ; re-
cess in a shore; structural division of a building; bay-win-
dow ; barking ; position of a hunted animal ; dam ; second
branch of a stag's horn; baize; color [ploral baysl bee.
bayadere n. Hindu dancing-girl [also spelt bayadeer; syn-
onymous cognate bayadere"! bce-a'di:?, bee-ja'di:?.
bayamo n. (wind in southern 'Cuba) ba'ja:-nu>.
bayonet «. (dagger) 'bee-a-nat; (vulgarly) iDee-nat.
bayou n. (outlet of a lake, etc.) 'bai-o, 'bai-u.
bazaar n. market [also spelt bazar"] bs'za:?.
baziqne n. bs'ziik. same meaning as bezique,
bdelUniii n. (gum-resin) 'delism, 'deli-sm.
be V. bii, (when less sir est) bi, bi.
beacb n. (shingle ; seashore ; strand) biitS.
beadsman, n. man employed in praying, etc. [also spelt
bedesman; former synonymous cognate bedeman; ploral
beadsmen] 'biidz-man.
bear «. (dialectal) barley [also, formerly, spelt beare, beer,
berel bi:r.
bear n. (quadruped; speculator for a fall) hz:z.
bear v. carry, sustain ; push, press ; bring forth ; give birth to
[past participle borne and, in the sense of give birth to,
born; preterit bore] ht:z.
beard n. (hair on the chin, etc.) bi:zd.
beat n. (stroke; round, course) biit.
.beatifio adj. (making blessed; blissful) bi-d'tifik.
beatify v. bi'aeti-fai.
beatitude w. (blessedness; felicity) bi'aeti-tgud.
beau n. dandy; lover [ploral beaus, beaux] boo. _^___
c: low, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei boy; a: far, ao now, a*. asV, eiiVV^^N
)engtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound la \^n?,\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the f eWoN^inft svW^^i^^
48 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
'beau-ideal n. (model of excellence) boo-ai'dii-at.
bean monde ». (the fashionable world) boo'mend.
beauteous adj. 'bjou-ti-as, 'bjou-tgas; (improperly) 'bjou-tjas.
beautiful adj. 'bjou-ti-fal, (often) Tsjuti-fal; (also, occasion-
ally) 'bjou-ti-fol; (dialectally) 'bjou-ta-f^l.
beauty n. [ploral beauties'! 'bjou-ti.
beaux n. (ploral of beau) booz.
because conj, bi'ke:z, (when less strest) bdlcez, balcsz, kdz.
becoafioo n. bird [also spelt becafico"] bekd'fii-ko.
bedolotlies n. 'bed-kL3odz, 'bed-kLooz.
bedel n. (archaic) beadle, in the sense of a subaltern official
or servant in a university [synonymous cognate bedelll
'bii-dl.
bedell n. (archaic) bi'del. same meaning as bedel.
bedizen v, deck out [also spelt bedizsen; past participle and
preterit bedizened, bedizendl bi'dizan, bi'dizn, bi'dai-zan.
Bedouin n. (Arab of the desert) 'bedu-in, 'bedu-in.
bedstead n. [also spelt bedstedl 'bed-sted, 'bedstid.
beech n. (tree) biitS.
bee-line n. (direct or straight line) 'bii-lain.
been v» (past participle of be) bin; (also) biin, (when un-
strest) bin; (formerly) be:n; (dialectally) ben.
beer n. (drink) hv.z,
beet n. (plant) biit.
befall V. [also spelt befall bi'fc:!.
beg n. beg. same meaning as bey.
beg V. ask alms, etc. [past participle and preterit begged,
begdl beg; (dialectally) beeg.
begonia n. (plant) bi'g30-ni-3.
beg^rimed adj. bi'g^aimd; (improperly) bi'grimd.
beg^iile v. bi'gail; (dialectally) bi'gjail.
begnini n. (queen, Hindu lady of rank) 'bii-gdm.
behalf n. bi'haif, bilia:f, bi'haerf.
behavior n. [also spelt behaviour"] biTiee-viaz.
behead v. [also spelt behedl bi'hed.
behemoth n. (large animal) bi'hii-maG, bi'hii-me9, Hbii-hi-
meG.
behoove v. [also spelt behovel bi'houv, bi'hoov.
behove v. bi'houv, bi'hoov. see behoove.
belabor v. [also spelt belabour; past participle and preterit.
belabored, belabordi bilee-bar.
belch V. eject; eructate [past participle and preterit belched,
belchtl belts, (also, and in Britain normally) belj.
Jjfe, Qcure; bthe, 0 //tin; 3 arure, ds/oy; I shoe, t^chew;
ww^en; ij sinff; tt whoever, i r^act, o f mU, oufool, itt, lis^^;
o poetic; a over, e aerial. Abut, o: door, 00 no, tbed, t,^%aVt\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 49
lieldani n. granny; hag [also spelt beldame"] 'beldam.
beieasver v. (besiege) bilii-gd?.
belemi&ite n. (dart-shaped fossil) 'bebm-nait, bi'lem-nait.
bei esprit n. [ploral beaux esprits] bele'spsii.
belief n. (reliance; faith, etc.) bi'hif.
believe v« have faith, etc. [past participle and preterit be*
lieved, believdl biliiv, {often) Wiiv, bliv.
belladonna n. (plant) bels'dens.
bell-boy n, (boy who answers a bell) 'bel-bei.
bell-bnoy n. (buoy surmounted by a bell) l>el-bou-i.
belle n. (fair lady) bel.
bellerio n. fruit [also spelt beleric'\ bilezik.
belles-lettres n. hsVXzi^z, beriet£.
belletrist n. [also spelt bellelettrist, belles-lettreist] belet£ist,
bel1et£ist.
bellicose adj, (warlike) beh'k30s, (assumptivly) 'beh-kos.
belliserent adj, (waging war) balidss-zsnt, be'hdsd-zsnt.
belloiTS n. [ploral bellows! 'beloz, 'belas.
bellnine adj, of beasts; of the Belluae [also, sometimes,
spelt belluiii] 'beliu-in, 'beliu-ain.
beU-vetber n. (a leading wether or sheep on whose neck
a bell is hung) 'bel-weds?.
beloved adj.,n. bilAvid.
beloved Vm [past participle of belovel bi'lAvd.
belvedere n. open upper story; summerhouse [also spelt
belviderel belvi'di:?, 'belvi-di:?.
bema n. platform, etc. [plural bemata'] 'bii-ma.
bemata n. (plural of bema) 'bema-ts.
benob n. (long seat, etc.) bentS, {also, and in Britain nor-
mally) benS.
beneatb adv., prep, bi'niiO, bi'niid.
benedick n. 'beni-dik. same meaning as benedict.
benedict n. newly married man [synonymous cognate bene-
dickl Ijeni-dikt.
Benedictine adj.,n. beni'dik-tin, beni'diktin.
benefice n. [also spelt benefisi 'beni-fis.
beneficence n. bi'nefi-sans.
beneficial adj, (of benefit; helpful) beni'fiSsl.
beneficiary n. beni'fi^i-ezi.
Bengali ajy.,n. [also spelt Bengalee} ben'gc:-li, ben'ga:-U.
benign adj, (kind; gracious) bi'nain.
benignant adj. (kind; beneficial) bi'mgnsnt.
benison n. (blessing) 'beni-zan, 'beni-sdn.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy; a: for, ao now, a: osk, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \€>tv%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the fello'wing s^WaXAt.
52 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
biblical adj. (of the Bible) 'biUi-kd!.
Biblioist n. 'bibli-sist.
bibliognost n. (one verst in books) 'biUi-dg-nest, 'bibli-sg'*
nost.
bibliographer n. [also spelt bibliograferl bibli'egsa-fd^.
bibliosrapbio adj. [also spelt bibliografici bibli-d'gzaefik.
bibliog^apby n. description of books [also spelt bibliografyl
bibli'egza-fi,
bibliomaniaeal adj. bibli-a-md'nai-d-kd}.
bibliopbile n. [also, sometimes, spelt bibliophil'] 'biUi-d-fai},
'bibli-3-fil.
bibliothecal ». (of a library) biUi-a'Oii-ksl ; (/ejj properly)
biWi'eGi-kal.
bibulous adj. (spongy; bibacious) 'bibjo-lss.
bioarbonate n. bai'ka:?-b3-net.
biceps n. (two-headed muscle) 'bai-seps.
bicUoride n. [also, sometimes, spelt bichloridi bai'kz.o^raid,
(before of) bai'kLo:-eid.
bioolored adj. [also spelt bicoloured, bicolordi 'bai-kxldzd.
bicycle n. 'bai-si-kal, (anteriorly) 'bai-sikal; (a/jo, less prop-
erly) 'bai-sai-kdl.
bidet n. (small horse; bathing-vessel) bi'det, bi'dee, 'bidet,
nbidi.
bidon n. (army-kettle ; canteen) 'bidsn.
bidri n. metal-work [also spelt bidry, bidreel 'bidri, 'bidri.
biennial adj. (occurring once in two years) bai'eni-dl.
bier n. (litter) hv.z.
bifarious adj, (twofold; two-rowed) bai'fe:-d-3s.
bif erous adj. (bearing twice a year) 'bifa-79s.
bifid adj. (two-cleft; forkt) Ijifid, 'bai-fid.
bifurcate v. (divide into two forks) bai'feir-ket.
bigbt n. (loop ; bay) bait.
bigot n, (intolerant dogmatist) 'bigat.
bijou n. jewel [ploral bijoux'] bi'sou, 'bii-3u.
bijouterie n. [also, sometimes, spelt bijouiry'] bi'sou-tsi, bi-
'3ou-t3-ri.
1>iJiiSAte adj. (bearing two overlapping profile heads; two-
paird) bai'dsqu-get, 'bai-dso-get.
bijugous adj. (two-paird) bai'dsou-gas, 'bai-dsou-gas, Hbi-
dso-gss.
bilabiate adj. bailee-bi-et ; (erroneously) bailaebi-et.
bilander n. vessel [also spelt bylanderl 'bilsn-ds;, 1!)ai-
}an-d3?.
J ye, gcure; d the, Qth'in; 5 a^ure, d$joy; S shoe, tS cAew;
wze//ien; ijsing; u whoever, i react, a iu\V, owiool, i it, lis^e;
o poetic; pQver, e aerialf ^h^\.f o;dooT, 00 no, t\ic^ t.fe\y*fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 53
Ulberry «. [also spelt billberry} 'bil-be^i.
billet n. (note; order) 'biht.
billet fi. (stick; bar; molding) 'biht.
billet»doiiJC n. love-note [ploral billets-douxl bile'dou, bi}i>
Moil.
bUlets-doiuc n. (ploral of billet-doux) bile'douz, bih'douz.
Binuu&a n,pL (two-handed mammals) 'bims-ns, 'bai-ma-ns.
binutnons adj. (two-handed) 'bims-nas, 'bai-ma-nas.
bimontlily adj. (occurring once in two months) bai'mAnOz.!,
(by contrast, etc) bai'mAnO-li; (assumptivly) 'bai-mAnBz.i.
Unarj' adj.,n, (twofold; double; twin) 'bai-na-ei.
bindery n. 'bain-da-zi, 'bain-dri.
binnacle n. compass-box [also, formerly, spelt binacle'\ 131-
nd-kd}.
binoole n. (field-glass or opera-glass having tubes for both
eyes) tmd-kdl.
binoenlar adj, hi'nekqoAsz, bai'nekgu-ld?.
binomial adj, (two-named; two-termd) bai'noo-mi-dl.
binonide n. [also spelt binoxyde and, sometimes, binoxidi
bai'nek-said, (before of) bai'neksid.
biogenesii n. (genesis of life from life) bai-s'dseni-sis.
biog^aplier n. [also spelt biografer'\ hai'egz^-isz.
biog^rapliio adj. [also spelt biograficl bai-s'gzaefik.
biog^apby n. [also spelt biografy] bai'egzs-fi.
biologio adj, bai-sledsik.
biolog:y n. (science of life) bai'els-dsi.
biometry n. (measurement of life) bai'emi-t£i.
bionomics n. bai-d'nemiks.
biparoiM adj. (bringing forth two) 'bipa-^as; {less properly)
bai'pe:-?3s, 'bai-pa-?3s.
bipartite adj, (in two parts) bai'paz-tait ; {less properly)
'bip33-tait, fcai'paetit.
biped n„ adj, 'bai-ped.
bipedal adj. (of two feet) 'bai-pi-dl, 'bipi-dl; (less properly)
'bai-pedl, bai'pii-dl, 'bai-pii-dl.
biplicate adj. (twice folded) 'bipz.i-ket, nbai-pti-ket; (im-
properly) bai'ptiket.
bird n, bB:zd, (locally) hsid; (dialectally) bsid.
biretta «. cap [also spelt birretta, berretta} bi'^eta.
birtb n. (the fact of being born; nativity) hs:zQ,
birtbday n. (anniversary of one's birth) 'bi:^9-de, (assump-
tivly) 'be^G-di.
birtbday n. (day on which one was born) 'batsO-dee.
c: law, b: fur, x cat, e hot, ei boy; a; far, ao now, a*, osk, aiV\t^\
\engtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound la \«>tv%\
stress-mark () indi^t^§ qbi^f §tre§s op the ioUowiti^ s^\U>c\^^
54 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
bisonit n. (cracker; cake) 'biskit.
hink. n. odds at tennis [also spelt bisquel bisk.
bismutli n. (metal) 'bizmsO, 'bisMsO.
bismutliiii n. [also spelt bismuthinel 'bizma-Oin.
bison n. (aurochs; buffalo) 'bai-san, 'bai-zsn, Hbisan, 'bizsn.
bisque n. soup [also spelt bisk'\ bisk.
bisque n. (variety of porcelain) bisk.
bissextile adj, containing the bissextus or intercallary day :
said of leap-year [also spelt bissextill bi'sekstil.
bister n. brown pigment [also spelt bistrel 'bistaz.
bisnlpbide n. [also, sometimes, spelt bisulphid, bisulfidi
bai'sAl-faid, {before of) bai'sAlfid.
bit n. boring-piece; mouthpiece, etc. [also, in some senses,
sometimes spelt bitf] bit.
bitt n. post on a ship's deck, for fastening cables [also, less
often, spelt &«0 bit.
bitumen, n. (asphaltum, etc.) bi'tgou-msn, Hbitgo-mdn.
bituminous adj. bi'tgou-mi-nas.
bivalent adj. 'biva-lant, 'bai-vce-lant.
bivalve n. [also spelt bivalv'\ 'bai-valv.
bivious adj. (having two ways) 'bivi-as, 'bai-vi-3s.
bivouac n. [also spelt bivouackl 'bivu-ak, 'biv-waek; {less
properly) 'bai-vu-ak, nDii-vu-aek.
bivouac v. encamp [also spelt bivouack; present participle
bivouacking, past participle and preterit bivouacked, bivou-
ackt'\ 'bivu-aek, 'biv-waek.
bivouacked v. 'bivu-aekt, 'biv-wakt. see bivouac,
bizarre adj. (odd, fanciful) bi'za:?.
blackamoor n. (negro) 'blaeka-mo:?, 'blaekd-mo:?.
blackg^iard n. (rough; scoundrel) 'blx-ga^d; {erroneously)
'hiask-gaizd.
blamable adj, [also spelt blameable'\ 'blee-ms-bd!.
blanc n. (silver coin) blaeqk.
blanch v. [past participle and preterit blanched, blanchtl
blarntS, blaintS, blaintS; {also, and in Britain normally)
bla:nS, blatnS, blainj.
blancmange n. (white food; white jelly) bb'mends, bla-
'mens.
blas6 adj. (tired of enjoyment) bla'zee, 'bla:-ze.
blaspheme v. blas'fiim, blaes'fiim; {less properly) 'blae-sfim.
blasphemer n. blas'f li-ms^ ; {less properly) 'blae-sfimar.
blasphemous adj. (uttering blasphemy, etc.) 'bla:-sf i-mas ;
{less properly) blas'fii-mas.
JJ^e, gcure; d the, 0f/tin; 5 asure, ds/oy; S ^Aoe, tSrAew;
wwAcn; tj sing; u whoever, i react, oiu\\, oMiodV, \\\., \lace;
o poetic; 9 over, e serial. Abut, o: door, 00 no, t\ic^, «.t^a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 55
Uasphemy n. (profanity) 'b}a:-sf i-mi ; (dialectally) 'bis-
sfi-mi.
Iilast n.,v, (blow, puff, etc.) b}a:st, b}a:st, b}se:st.
1ilasteiii.a n. [ploral blastetnata'\ blaes'tii-ma.
Iilasteinata n. (ploral of blastema) blaes'tema-td, blaes'tii-md-
td.
Maatide n. (the clear space on each segment of a fecundated
ovum) 'bla&stid, 'Us-staid.
Iilastocoele n. (germ-cavity) 'blaesta-siil.
Iilastiila n. [plural blastulael 'blaest^u-la, 'blxstSu-ld.
blatant adj. noisy [also, formerly, spelt blattant} 'blee-tnt;
formerly, probably) 'blaetnt.
blay n. the bleak, a fish [also spelt bleyl blee.
blazon, v, depict; boast of [past participle and preterit bla-
zoned, blasond'l 'Wee-zan, 'blee-zn.
bleat V. (cry as a sheep, etc.) bhit.
blend v, mix [past participle blended, blent; preterit blend-
ed} blend.
blende n. (zink-ore) blend.
Uesbok n. antelope [also spelt blessbokl l>les-bek.
blessed adj, holy, adorable; happy; pleasurable; endowd with
healing virtues; cursed [also, in poetry, sometimes spelt
blest} nWesid, {also, in poetry, as in * Blest Three in One
and One in Three) blest.
blessed v. past participle and preterit of bless [also spelt
blest'l blest.
ble^ir V, (preterit of blow) blou.
bUssful adj. 'blisfal.
blithe adj., adv. blaid, blaiO.
bUthefnl adj. (joyous) 'blai5-fol, 'blaid-fal, 'blaiG-fal.
blitbeness n. 'blaid-nis, 'blaiO-nis.
blithesome n. 'blaid-sam, 'blaiO-ssm.
blohe n. fellow [also spelt bloak} blook.
Uond adj. [also, with reference to a woman, often spelt
blonde} blend.
blond n. (man or boy with blond hair) blend.
blond n. lace [also spelt blonde} blend.
blonde n. (a woman or girl with blond hair) blend.
blotch n. (skin-eruption ; spot) bletS.
blonse n. garment [also spelt blowse} blaoz; (less properly)
Uaos, blouz.
bloirze n. (a ruddy, fat-faced wench) blaoz.
bloirzy adj. fat and ruddy [also spelt blowsy} 'blao-zi.
c: law, b: fur, xcat, ebot, 01 boy; a: far, go now, a: ask, aiVite*,
lengtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \Qtvs\
9tre99-mark () indicates chief ^tre^? pu the fQUowing sy\\a\)U'
56 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
bludgeon n. (heavy stick) 'blAdssn.
blue n. (color, etc.) biou; (dialectally) bHou.
blnnderbuBB n. [also, formerly, spelt blunderbusl 'blAndd?-
bAS.
boa n. (serpent) 'boo-3.
boar n. (wild hog) ho:z,
boats'wain n. [synonymous cognate boson"} lx>ot-su}een,
(colloquially and nautically) 'boo-s9n, 'boo-sn.
bobbin n. reel [also, formerly, spelt bobini 'bobin.
bodice n. [also spelt boddice, bodis"} 'bodis.
Bodleian adj. (of T. Bodley) 'bedli-an, bodlii-3n.
Boeotian adj., n. bi'oo-San, bi'DO-Ji-sn
Boer n. [also, formerly, spelt Boor"} bo:?; {less properly) bo:?.
bogey n. [ploral bogeys'] 'boo-gi. same meaning as bogy.
boggle n. wagon; truck [also spelt bogy, bogey, ploral bogies']
'boo-gi.
bog^y n. devil, hobgoblin, bugbear [also spelt bogie, bogey \
ploral bogies'] 'boo-gi.
bohea n. (tea) bo'hii.
boil n. furuncle [dialectal synonymous cognate bile} bei!;
{dialectally) bcil, bail.
boil V, reach the boiling point; bubble, seethe [dialectal syn-
onymous cognate bile; past participle and preterit boiled,
boild] boil; {dialectally) bcil, bail.
boisterous adj. [also, formerly, sometimes spelt boistroiis}
'boi-stj3s, 'b0I-St3-?3S.
boisterously adv. 'boi-stjas-h, 'boi-st3?3S-h.
bole n. opening in a wall [also spelt boat] bool.
bolero n. (Spanish dance) bo'le:-zo.
bolide n. (meteor) 'boo-hd, 'boo-laid, 'be-laid.
boll n. (rounded pod ; knob) bool.
boll n. (capacity-measure) boot.
boll-'wonn n. 'boo}-WB:?m.
bolster n. 'bool-sta?; {dialectally) 'bolstd?.
bomb n. (explosiv shell) bom, bxm.
bombard v, bem'barzd, bAm'ba:?d.
bombard n. (cannon ; bomb-ketch) 'bom-bard, ^bAm-baed.
bombardier n. (soldier, etc.) bomba^'di:?, bAmba?'di:r.
bombardment n. bem'ba:?d-m3nt, bAm'ba:?d-m3nt.
bombast n. (big talk) 'bom-ba:st, 'bAm-ba:st.
bombastic adj, bem'ba:-stik, bAm'bar-stik, bom'bastik.
bombazine n. fabric [also spelt bombasine, bombasin"] bom-
ba'ziin, bAmba'ziin; {less properly) 'bemba-zin.
J ye, gcure; d the, 0 thin; 5 a^ure, dj/oy; I shoe, tScfcew;
wzvAen; ijsing; u whoever, i react, o iu\V, oM.ioo\, \\t, Vi%ee\
o poetic; o over, e flferial, Abut, o: doot, ootvo, t.\ie^, tt^a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 57
bombshell n. 1)0111-$ e}, 'bAm-Seh
bona-fide adj. b30-nd'fai-di, (assutnptivly) 'boo-nd-fai-di;
(erroneously) 'boo-na-faid.
bonanza n. (mine of wealth) bs'nsenzd.
bonbon n. (sugar-plum, candy) 'ben-ben.
bonbomie n. [also spelt bonhotnmie'] bend'mii.
Bonifaoe n. (landlord) l>eni-fees.
bon mot n. witticism [ploral bans motsl beg'moo.
bonne n« (nursemaid) ben.
bonnet n. 'benit; {dialectally) 'bAnit.
bonnet-ronge n. (liberty-cap, etc.) be-nce'rous.
bonny adj. (beautitul; gay) 'beni.
bonnyolabber n. (clotted sour milk) 'beni-kz.xba?.
bon-ton n. (high tone; good breeding; polite society) beg'
'teg.
bon-vivant n. (good liver; jovial chap) beQ-vi'veg.
bony adj. (of bones) 'boo-ni.
bonze n. (Buddhist monk) benz, (rarely) 'benzi.
bookkeeper n. 'bok-kii-ps? ; (less properly) 'bo-kip97.
boor n. (countryman) bo:?.
booth n. (tent, stall, etc.) bouO, boud.
booie V. drink deeply [also spelt boose, house, house; synon-
ymous cegnate bowse; past participle and preterit boosed,
boosdl bouz.
booiy adj. [also spelt boosyl 'bou-zi.
boraoio adj. (of borax) bo'^sesik.
borage n. [also, formerly, spelt borrage, burr age, burridge"]
'bATids ; (less properly) 'bo^ids, 'boi-^ids.
borax n. ^o:-z9ks, 'ho:-zxka.
bore n, (one who, or that which, causes ennui) ho:z.
boreal adj. (of the north) 'bo:-?i-3l.
boride n. 'bo:-?aid, (before of) 'bo:-rid.
bom adj. (possessing a given quality from birth; innate)
be:7n.
bom V. (past participle of bear in the sense of give birth to,
as young) heizn.
borne v. (past participle of bear in all senses except give
birth to, as young) hoizn.
borongk n. [also spelt borol bo^o, (also, in England and
eastern New England) liAzo; (dialectally) 'bora, ^az9.
borro'W v, take on pledge [past participle and preterit bor-
rowed, borrowdl 'boro; (dialectally) 'hez^.
boscage n. woods [also spelt boskage"] 'boskids.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, ehot, ei boy; a: far, go now, a: osk, aiV^ite;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \otv%\
gtress-mark () indicates chief stress on the tellowing s^WaXAe.
58 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
bosl&bok n. antelope [also spelt boschbokl 'be$-bek. com-
pare bushbok, bushbuck,
bosket n. groove [also spelt bosquet; synonymous cognate
buskef] 'beskit.
bosom n. (breast) 'bozdm, 'buu-zdm.
boson n. 'boo-ssn, 'boo-sn. same meaning as boatswain.
bot n. worm, maggot [also spelt bott} bet.
botanio adj. bs'taenik.
botaniie v. [also spelt botanisel 'betn-aiz.
botany n. (science of plants) 'betn-i, 'beta-ni.
botcb n., V. bungle [as verb, past participle and preterit
botched, botcht} betj.
botby n. hut [also spelt bothiel 'beOi.
bondoir n. (lady's private room) 'bou-dwe:?, bu'dwo:?; (al-
so) 'bou-dwc:^, 'bou-dwa:?, etc.
bonf f e n. (comic opera) bouf.
bongb ft, (branch of a tree) bao.
bongie n. (waxlight) 'bou-si, 'bou-51.
bonilli n. (boild meat) 'bou-ji, 'boul-ji, bu'jii, boul'jii.
bonillon n. (clear soup) 'buu-jei], 'boul-jei] ; bu'jei], bul'joQ ;
{erroneously) 'bolign.
bonl n. bend, ring [also spelt booll bouh
bonlder n. loose rock [also spelt bowlderl 'bool-dd?.
bonle n. (Greek legislativ council) 'buu-h.
bonle n. boul. same meaning as buhl,
boulevard n. (broad street) 'bou-la-vorrd ; (less often) 'boul-
\azd, 'boul-vQ?.
bonlevardier n. (one who frequents a boulevard) bul-va?-
di'ee, 'bou-la-var-de:?.
bouleTersement n. (a turning upside down) burvB:7s-m3nt,
bula'vBirs-mant, bul-vers'meq.
bonndary n. [ploral boundaries! 'baoun-ds-ri, 'boon-dn.
bonnteons adj, 'baon-ti-3s; (erroneously) 'baon-tSas.
bonqnet n. (nosegay ; odor of wine) bo'kee ; (less properly)
'bou-ke, bo'kee.
bonqnetin n. (ibex) buka'taeq, buk'taeq, 'bou-ka-tin.
Bonrbon n, ^hoiz-hsn.
bonrdon n. organ>stop [also spelt burdoun'i 'bo:7-den, ^hoiz-
dan.
bonrgeois n. [also spelt burgeoisl ber'dseis.
bourgeois n, (citizen) 'bo:?-3wa, bur'swe.
bonrgeoisie n. (middle class) bD?3wa'zii, bo^swe'zii.
bourn n. bound, goal [also spelt bourne"] botrn, hoizn.
J ye, gcure; bike, 8 */tin; 3 arure, d3/oy; S j/ioe, tjc/iew;
wzc'/ien; Qsing; u whoever, i react, oiu\\, oMiool, itt, lis^e;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, 0: door, ootvo, t\ie^, ^^^a\.t\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 59
bonm. n. stream, brook [also spelt bournel hoizn,
bonmons n. boz'nous. same meaning as bumoose.
bourse n. (stock-exchange) hoizs.
bovse z/. baoz, bouz. same meaning as boose.
bouse V, haul with tackle [also spelt bowsel baos.
bonse n. (ore mixt with veinstone) baos, bous.
bonstropliedoii. n. (a turning back and forth as of an ox
in plowing: a mode of Greek writing) bustja'fii-dn.
boTii&e adj. (ox-like) 'boo-vain, 'boo-vin; 'boo-vin.
bo'W n. (inclination of the head) bao.
boir V, bend, as the body or neck; make a bow [past partici-
ple and preterit bowed, bowd"] bao.
bo'W n. (weapon) b30.
boir V, make into the form of a bow ; curve : as, *bow a rib-
bon; perform by means of a bow upon a stringd instru-
ment : as, '^bow a passage well [past participle and prete-
rit bowed, bowdl boo.
bo'W n. (forward part of a ship) bao.
hovr n. (local) herd of cattle [also spelt bu\ bou.
bowle-luiifo n. 'boo-i-naif; (dialectally) 'bou-i-naif.
bo'W-knot n. 'boo-net.
bowl n. (large concave dish) boot.
bowl n. (ball used in playing bowls or skittles) bool; (dia-
lectally) baol, boul.
bourl V, play at bowls; move horizontally, as a ball [past par-
ticiple and preterit bowled, bowld} boot
bo^rlder n. see boulder,
bow-legs®d adj, 'boo-legid, 'boo-legd.
bowline n. rope [also, sometimes, spelt bowlinl 'boo-hn, 'boo-
lain; (less properly) Tjao-hn, 'bao-lain.
bourse n. baoz. same meaning as boose.
boursprit n. spar projecting from a ship's stem [synony-
mous cognate boltsprW] 'boo-spsit, 'bao-spsit.
bow-'window n. boo'windo.
boy ». male child ; youth [ploral boysl bei ; (dialectally) bci.
boyar n. title [synonymous cognate bayard^ bei'a:?, 'boi-ar.
boyard n. 'bei-ard, 'bei-ar. same meaning as boyar.
boycott n,, v. 'bei-ket.
bracoiale n. (torch-bracket, etc.) b?aeksi'ee-h.
braoli n, (hound ; bitch-hound) brsetS, hzxk.
braol&ial adj. (of the arm) 'b^aeki-^l, 'b^aekgal, 'bree-ki-al.
braoliiale n. brachial; reliquary in the shape of a hand or
forearm [ploral brachialial b^3eki'ee-h.
c: law, b: iur, secat, o hot, ei hoy; a: far, go now, a: osk, aiV.tX.e*,
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \otv%\
atress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the f ellowmc svWaXAe
60 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
braoUate adj. 'b?ee-ki-et, 'bree-ki-3t, lizee-kq^t; 1)23610-61,
'b?aeki-3t, 'braekgat.
Brachiata n„pl, (order of crinoids) b^seki'ee-td.
brachiopod n. [ploral hrachiopods, brachiopoda; synony-
mous cognate brachiopodel 'bzaeki-d-ped.
Brachiopoda n. pL bzaeki'eps-dd.
bracbiopode n. 'braeki-d-pod. same meaning as hrachiopod,
bracbimn n. [ploral brachial 'beree-ki-dm, 'brxki-am.
bracbyural adj, (short-taild) b?xki'jo:-?d}.
braoteifomi adj, (bract-shaped) 'bzxkti-i-fe:?m.
braoteolate adj. 1>zaekti-d-}et, brxk'tii-d-let.
braggadocio n. (braggart; boasting) brxgd'doo-So-
braggart n. [former synonymous cognate braggardi 'bzaegdzt.
brabma n. (hen) 'b^oma.
Brabman n. [synonymous cognate Brahmin} 1>;a:-m3n.
Brabmanee n. [synonymous cognate Brahmineel 'b;a:-m9-
ni.
brabminy adj. (devoted to Siva by the Brahmans) ^bza:-
mi-ni.
braize v, stew in gravy [also spelt braise; past participle and
preterit braized, braisdl breez.
brake n. (motion-arrester; large fern) breek.
Bramab adj, (in *Bramah lock, *Bramah press) 'b^aema,
'bra:-ma.
brancb n. (bough, etc.) b?a:ntS, b;a:ntS, b?£:ntS ; {also, and in
Britain normally) brarnj, beainj, b^aeinj.
brancbia n. gill [rarely used in the singular; ploral bran-
chiael 'beaegki-a.
branobiae n. (ploral of branchia) 'b?aei]ki-i: .
brand-ne'W adj, [also, sometimes, spelt bran-new} b?sen-
'njou, (assumptivly) 'braen-njou; (also, less often) bzaend-
'njou, (assumptivly) 'braend-njou.
brass n. (metal) b?a:s, b?a:s, hzxis.
brass n. (European measure of length) hzxa.
brassage n. (tax for coining) 'bra.'-sids, 'b?aesid3.
brassard n. arm-cover [synonymous cognate brassart} lazst-
S9?d, b?3'sa:?d.
brassart v» ^zxs^zt, hz^'saizt. same meaning as brassard.
brasse n. (European bass, a fish) braes.
brassio adj, (of Brassica) 'braesik.
brassy adj, (of brass ; brazen) 'b?a:-si.
brattice n. partition, etc. [also spelt brattis; synonymous
cognates brettice, brettisl Is^aetis.
/j/e, gcure; d the, 0 /Ain; saxrure, ds/oy; S jAoe, tjc/iew;
wwAen; tjsing; u whoever, ir^act, o iu\\, ouiooV, i\\., \\see;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Ab«t, o: door, oono, t\ied, ^^\^a\fc\
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 61
liratticiiLg n. openwork cresting, etc. [also spelt brattising;
synonymous cognate brattishingi 'brxti-sii].
Iiravado n. (boastful menace) hzs'vai-do, brs'vee-do.
bravo n. bandit [ploral bravos, bravoes} 'bzai-vo, 'beee-vo.
bravo inter j. (well done! good!) 'b^a:-vo; (rarely) 'bree-vo.
bravnra n. (dash; florid or brilliant air) hz9\o:-z9,
braze v, (cover or ornament with brass; solder) bzeez.
bramen adj, of brass; strong; impudent [also spelt brasen\
nbeee-zdn, 'bece-zn.
brazier n. pan [also spelt brasier"] 'hzee-zi-sz, (older) 'b?ee-
S9z; (erroneously) Tjree-zar.
brazil In n. red coloring-matter of Brazil-wood [also spelt
braeiline, brasilin, brasiline; synonymous cognate brezilinel
txTsezi-lin.
breaoh n. (break ; rupture) briitS.
bread n. food [also spelt br^d] hzed,
breadth n. width ; broadness [also spelt bredthl hzedQ ; (less
properly) beetG.
break v.,n, (fracture) b^eek, (when unstrest) hzek.
breakfast n. first meal [also spelt brek fasti 'b^ek-fsst,
'b^ekfsst.
breast n. mamma, etc. [also spelt brestl b^est.
breatk n. exhalation, etc. [also spelt brethi hzeQ.
breatke v. respire [past participle and preterit breathed,
breathd} hziid.
breccia h. (conglomerate with angular fragments) 'hzetl^.
breecH n. (hinder part) bziit$.
breeck v. (put into breeches, etc.) b^iitS, hzit^.
breeckes n,pl. (garment) 'bntjiz, (rarely) 'brii-tjiz.
breeckins n. (in all senses) 'bntjii], 'bni-tSiq.
breeks n.pl. (breeches, trousers) briiks.
brere n. bzv.z. same meaning as brier,
bretesse n. (tower; projecting structure) bre'tes.
bretkren n. (ploral of brother) 'b^ed^an; (improperly) 'bre-
b9zn.
bretzel n. 'bretsal. same meaning as pretzel.
breve n. (letter; note; short-mark) briiv.
brevet n. (letter; license) b^i'vet, 'b^evit.
breviary n. (brief statement; church book) 'b^Ii-vi-e^I, 'b^ii-
vi-3-ri, 'hzii'Vi^-zi, 'b^evi-e^i.
brevier n. (type) b^i'vi:?.
breir v, prepare from malt; mix [past participle and preterit
brewed, breivd} hzou.
c: law, b: ft*r, a^cat, 0 hot, 01 boy; a: far, go now;, a: osk, ai\^\t.e\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \otv%\
stress-mark () indicates chief stress on the f ellowing s^WaUt.
62 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
brewer n. (one who brews) 'hzau-^z.
briar n. 'beai-3z. see brier,
brio-a-brao n. [also spelt bric-d-bracl ^hzik^-bzxk.
brioole n. (catapult; side-stroke; harness) bziHoo}, 'hzik9\
bridal adj. (of a bride) 'b?ai-dl, Tjeai-dal.
bridle n. (head-gear of a harness) 'bzai-dl.
bridoon n. snaffle, bit [synonymous cognate bradooni hzi
'doun.
brief adj. (short, etc.) beiif.
brier n. bush [also spelt briar \ synonymous cognate brere
'b?ai-3?.
brigadier n. (commander of a brigade) bnga'di:?.
brigand n. (freebooter) 'brigand, laei-gaend.
. brigandine n. coat of fence [synonymous cognate brigan
tinel 'bzigan-din, 'bzigan-din.
brigantine n. 'bzigsn-tin, 'b?igdn-tin. same meaning a
brigandine.
brigantine n. (two-masted vessel) 'bzigan-tin, 'b^igsn-tii
'beigan-tain.
brillante adv, (in music, brilliant, dashing) bri'la:n-ti, b?i]
la:n-te.
brilliant adj., n. 'hziii^nt.
brilliantine n. (cosmetic) 'bziHan-tin.
brilliolette n. b^ilis'let. same meaning as brillolette.
brillolette n. bzilslet. same meaning as briolette.
brimfnl adj. [also, sometimes, spelt brimfulll bnm'ful, (aj
sumptivly) 'beim-fol.
brimmed adj. [also, sometimes, spelt britndl b?imd, (also, i
poetry) 'brimid.
brinjal n. eggplant [also spelt brinjaul, brinjall, brinjaal
'bein-dsc:!.
brinjarree n. pedler of grain and salt [also spelt brinjaret
brinjarryl hzm^dyezi, b^in'dso:-?!.
briolette n. diamond [also spelt briolet; synonymous cog
nates brilliolette, brillolette'! bei-alet.
briqnet n. (a steel for striking a light on flint) bn'ket.
briqnet n. a small brick; a brick-like cake or ball of coal
dust, for fuel [also spelt briquette'] bri'ket, 'b^ikit.
bristle n., v. 'b?isdl, brisl.
britska n. carriage [also spelt britzskal 'britsks.
broacli n. awl; spindle; spire; ornamental pin or clasp [i
the last sense spelt also brooch] bsrootS.
brocade n. (fabric) b^o'keed.
JJ^G, gcure; d the, Q thin; 3 ajjure, d^/oy; ^ shoe, tl chevr
wwhen; tjsing; u whoever, i react, oiu\\, \5Mioo\, \\t, li s^^
o poetic; 9 over, e oerial. Abut, o*. dooi, ooivo, «.\ic^, ^t^aV
I
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 63
brocMitel n. imitation brocade; also, brocatello, a marble
[also spelt brocatellel 'broo-ks-tel, 'teeko-td, bzekd'teL
broocoli n. cabbage [also spelt brocoU} lK;ek9-h.
brocliet n. (fish) bso'See.
brocliiire n. (pamphlet) hzo'^oiz.
brogan n. (shoe; boat) 'broo-gdn, bzo'gaen; (less properly)
^hzeg^n.
broken-liearted adj, bsroo-kanliartid, {assumptivly) "hzoo-
kdn-hoztid.
broinio adj. (of bromine) 'b^oo-mik; (less properly) 'b^emik.
bromide n. [also, sometimes, spelt brotnid] 'broo-maid, {be-
fore of) lieoo-mid.
broniine n. element [also, sometimes, spelt bromin'} 'bzoo-
min, Ij^oo-main, 'beoo-min.
bromiUe v, [also spelt bromisel 'broo-maiz.
bronolii n. (ploral of bronchus) 'bseg-kai.
broncliia n.pl. (the bronchial tubes) 'bzeg-ki-g.
bronoliitis n. b^enHcai-tis, bseg'kai-tis, {also) b^en'kii-tis.
bronol&ocele n. (goiter) 'bregka-sil, bzei]kd'sii-h.
bronolras n. [ploral bronchi} 'bzegkas.
bronco n. [sometimes, incorrectly, spelt broncho"] 'hzet}ko,
bronse n, (alloy) beenz, (rarely) b^oonz.
broocli n. pin, clasp [also, sometimes, spelt broach] b^ootS,
bzoutS.
brook n. (stream) brok.
brook V. bear, endure, put up with [past participle and pret-
erit brooked, brookt] bzok; (less properly) b^ouk.
broom n, (shrub; sweeping-implement) bruum; (dialectally)
b^om.
brotk n. (liquid) hzeiQ; (dialectally) hzcQ.
brothel n. (bawdy-house) 'b^ei-Gal, 'b^e:-Ol, 'bredal.
brother n. [ploral brothers, brethren] 'hzAd^z.
bronsk »• [also spelt brugh, brogh, broch ; synenymous cog-
nates burg, burrow] hzek.
brongkam n. (carriage) 'broo-am, b?oum, 'b^uu-^m ; (rarely)
broom.
brongkt v, [past participle and preterit of bring] hzc.X.
broiDTse n., v. feed [also spelt browse] brouz.
bmcine n. alkaloid [also, sometimes, spelt brucin] 'brou-
sin, 'b^ou-sain. '
bmin n. (bear) 'bzou-in.
bmise n,, v, (hurt) bzouz.
bmit n., V. (noise, report, rumor) brout.
c: low, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: f^r, ao now, a: osk, aikite*,
Izngth-marlr (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \©ti%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the f ellowing sv^V^bU.
64 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
brumal adj. (of winter) 'brou-m^h
brunette n. woman with dark bair, etc. [also spelt brunetl
bro'net.
brusk adj, (in heraldry, tawny) brosk.
brusk adj. abrupt; rude [also spelt brusquel b^Ask, brosk.
bruskness n. [also spelt brusquenessl 'bzAskNis, 'bzoskNis.
brusque adj. see brusk,
brut n. (chronicle) bsout.
brut V, (browse) b^At.
brut n. obsolete (bret, a fish) be At.
brutalize v. [also spelt brutalisel 'beou-tl-siz.
bryouiu n. glucoside [also spelt bryonine, brionine, brionin]
'b?ai-3-nin.
bubal n. antelope [also spelt bubalel 'bjou-bsl.
bubaliue adj. of the buffalo [also spelt bubalini 'bjou-ba-im.
bubo n. swelling [ploral buboesl 'bjou-b3.
buccal adj. (of the bucca or cheek) 'bAkdl.
buccau n. meat-roasting frame [also spelt bucan; ssmeny-
mous cognates boucan, bocani ^bAkan.
buccaneer n. hunter; pirate [also spelt bucaneer, bucanier,
buccanierl bAka'ni:?.
buccinator n. muscle [ploral buccinator, buccinatoresl 'bAk-
si-netae. \ ^
buccinatores n. (ploral of buccinator) bAksi-ne'to:-?iz. t^
bucentaur n. bull-like centaur ; barge [in the sense of barge, I^
spelt Bucentaur] bjo'sen-tc:?, 'bjou-sen-tc:r.
bucku n. plant [also spelt bucku, bouchuel 'bjou-kgu, HbAku. >^
bucolic n., adj. (pastoral ; rural) bjo'kehk. ^^
Buddhism n. [also spelt Budhism, Boudhism, Booddhism, ^^
Boodhismi 'bo-dizam, ^bou-dizam, IjA-dizam.
buffalo n. wild ox; bison [ploral buffaloes, buffalos] 'bAfa-Io. , ;
buffet n. (blow, cuff) 'bAfit. '
buffet V. strike, cuff; beat back; struggle [present participle ^^
buffeting; past participle and preterit buffeted} 'bAfit.
buffet n. dialectal (buffet-stool, footstool, hassock) TjAfit. ^
buffet n. sideboard; cupboard; refreshment-bar [former syn-
enymous cognates beaufet, beauffet} bo'fee, 'bAfit. .***
buffoon n. (clown ; jester) bA'foun. ^J^
bukl n. inlaid cabinet-work [synonymous cognate BoiUel r'J_
boul, bjoul. y^
build V. frame, construct [also spelt bild; past participle and '-^
preterit built, bilt and, sometimes, builded, bilded} brfd. ^^^
builder n. [also spelt bilder} 'bilda?. ^^^
j'jfe, gcure; d the, 9*Mn; 3 asrure, d$ joy; j shoe, tl chew; """^
wwAen; ijsing; u whoever, i react, oiuu, ^Miool, itt, li s^^; <g -
o poetic; o over, e aerial. Abut, o:doot, 00 no, «.\ie^, «.^%,qJ«.\ «=
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 65
.dins n. [also spelt bilding} 'bildii].
■l&i n. paymaster [also spelt bukshee, buckshee} 'bAk-Si*
Bill n. (nightingale) 'bol-bol.
a n. locket; seal; vesicle; gastropod [ploral bullael 'bAld,
dose V, [also spelt bulldosel 'bo}-d30z.
etin n. (report) 'boh-tn, 'boh-tin, Injh-tin.
ion n. (gold or silver in mass) 'boHsn.
mmh n. plant [also spelt bull-rush"] 'bo}-zA$.
rark n. (barrier) 'bulwark, 'bol-work.
ikin. n. boom, beam, outrigger [also spelt bumpkin; syn-
nnous cognate boomkini IjAmkin.
.pkin n. (clumsy rustic) 'bAmp-kin.
ipkin n. I^Amkin. see bumkin.
.ptions adj. (self-assertiv) 'bAmpJas, 'bAmJas.
n. roll, biscuit [also spelt bunn] bAU.
eh n., V. [as verb, past participle and preterit bunched,
yicht] bAntS, i^also, and in Britain normally) bAnJ.
DO n., V, see bunko.
Dombe n. 'bAtjkam. see bunkum,
desrat n. German senate [also spelt Bundesrath"} 'bon-
S'ZQ'.t.
galoiDr n. (cottage) 'bAi]g3-}3.
Ion n. swelling [also spelt bunyon] 'bAnjan.
ko n., V. swindle [also spelt bunco! 'bAqko.
knm n. empty talk [also spelt buncombe] HbAijkdm.
sen adj. 'bunsan, 'bAnssn.
yon n. see bunion.
f n, float [plural buoys] 'bou-i, box, bwei.
fancy n. 'bei-an-si, 'bwei-an-si, 'bou-i-an-si,
fant adj. (floating; hopeful) 'bei-ant, 'bou-i-ant, 'bwei-
t.
n, prickly seed-vessel ; knob, etc, [also spelt burr] beic.
n. rhotacism ; whirr [also spelt burr] hw.z.
V, speak with a bur [also spelt burr; present participle
rring ; past participle and preterit burred, burd] be:?.
Ban n. chest of drawers; office [ploral bureaus, bureaux]
o:-?o; {rarely) bju'^^o, 'bo:-?o.
Bancracy n. (rule of bureaus; officialism) bjo'zek^s-si,
3'?00-k33-SI.
eanz n. (ploral of bureau) 'bjo:-eoz.
^ n, (medieval fortress or walled town) be:7g, bo:7g.
g^eois n. (type) bB^'d3eIS. see bourgeois,
V, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei boy; a: far, go now, a: osk, ai Vi\.^\
b-mark 0) indicates that the preceding sound is \oti%\
'jnarlr () indicates chief stress on the following syWaUe,
66 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
bnrgeon v. bud [synonymous cognate bourgeon; past parti-
ciple and preterit burgeoned, burgeond"] 'bezdsdn.
bnrgess n. (citizen; magistrate) 'berdsis.
bnrgh n. (corporate town or boro) hsizg, liAzo, (also, in
Scotland) 'bx^a.
bnrgher n. (inhabitant of a burgh) 'hBiz-g^z.
bnrglar n. (housebreaker) ^Biz-gUz,
bnrglarioiu adj, hnz^glei-zi-^s.
bnrglary n. [ploral burglaries} ^Biz-gl^-zi.
burgomaster n. chief magistrate of a town; mayor; bor-
oughmaster; gull [synonymous cognate burghermasterl 'bsiz-
g3-ma:-st3? ; (erroneously) 'bo:?-g3-ma:-st3r.
bnrgrave n. governor [also spelt burggravel 'bei^-g^eev.
bnrial n. (tomb; sepulture) 'bed-s).
bnrin n, (engraver's tool) 'bjo:-2in.
bnriti n. (palm-tree) bjoei'tii.
bnrlesqne adj., n, (ludicrous) berlesk ; (less properly) liBZ-
lesk.
bnrlesqne v, (caricature) ber^esk.
Bnmiese adj. bez'miiz, (assumptivly) 'bB:;-miz; (also) hBZ-
'miis, (assumptivly) 'beir-mis.
bnm V, be on fire, etc. [past participle and preterit burned,
burnd, burnt} bB'.en, (when unstrest) been.
bnmoose n. garment [also spelt burnous, burnos, bemouse,
burnouse; synonymous cognate bournous} ber'nous, hsz-
'nouz, 'boe-nus.
bnrro n. (donkey; alga) 'boro, ItAzo,
bnrronr n. (rabbit-hole, etc.) 'bero.
bnrsar n. (student; purser) 'bszsdz.
bnrst V, (explode; rush) hsizst, (when unstrest) bB?st; (vul-
garly) bASt.
bnrthen n. archaic (burden) 'beir-dn, 'bor^-dan, 'boi^-dn.
bnry v, entomb [present participle burying; past participle
and preterit buried} 'beei.
bns n. omnibus [also spelt 'bus, buss} bAS.
bnsbbok n. (bushbuck) 'boS-bek.
bnshel n. (dry measure) 'boSsl.
bnsiness n. (occupation) 'bizniz, nbiznis.
bnss n. (vessel) bAS.
bnss n.,v. smack, kiss [as verb, past participle and preterit
bussed, bust} bAs.
bnstle n. (tumult; dress-pad) 'bAsal, IdasI.
bnstling adj. (stirring) 'bAsz.iq.
/jye, Qcure; d the, B thin; sajerure, ds/oy; I shoe, t^chevr;
wze/Aen; t)sing; u whoever, i react, oiuVV, Qwiool, itt, lis^^;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o*. door, ^otio, t\ic^, t^^a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 67
busy adj. (activ, etc.) 'bizi.
but conj., adv. bAt, (when unstrest) bdt.
but prep. bAt.
bntol&er n., v, [as verb, past participle and preterit butch-
ered, butcherd'] 'botja?; (dialectally) 'bou-tjae.
^ butt n., V. [also, in all senses, spelt but'\ bAt.
bntte n. (hill) bjout.
bntterine n. [also, sometimes, spelt butterin} 'bAts-^in, 'bAts-
zin.
button n., v. [as verb, past participle and preterit buttoned,
buttond"] 'bAtn.
bntyric adj, (of butter) bjo'tirik.
bntyriiL n. [also spelt butyrine} 'bjou-ti-zin.
budne n. alkaloid [also, sometimes, spelt buxin} 'bAk-sain,
'bAksin.
bny V. purchase [present participle buying; past participle
and preterit bought} bai.
buz n,,v, hum [as verb, past participle and preterit bussed,
busd^ bAz.
by prep, (as in *by the way, *by the by, *by rail, two *by two)
bai, (when unstrest) bs.
by adv, (as in near *by, *by and *by, he just went *by) bai.
by n. as in by the *by, steal a *by [also spelt byel bai.
by-by interj. good-by [also spelt bye-byel bai'bai.
by-by n. sleep, bed [also spelt bye-bye"] 'bai-bai.
bygone adj., n. [also spelt by-gone} 'bai-ge:n,
by-la'W n. [also spelt bye-law] 'bai-lc: .
bynni n. (fish) 'bini.
bypatb n. [also spelt by-path and, formerly, bye-path] 'bai-
pa:6.
by-prodnct n. [also spelt bye-product] 'bai-p^edakt.
by-road n. [also, formerly, spelt bye-road] 'bai-^ood.
byitander n. [also, formerly, spelt bye-stander] 'bai-staen-
dd?.
by-street n. [also spelt bye-street] 'bai-stEiif.
byway n, [also spelt by-way, bye-way] 'bai-wee.
byword n. [also, formerly, spelt by-word, bye-word] Ibai-
\vrB:?d.
byzant n. (gold coin) 'bizdnt, bi'zaent. same meaning as
bezant.
Byzantian adj. bi'zsen^sn. same meaning as Byzantine.
Byzantine n. [also, sometimes, spelt Byzantin] bi'zaentin,
'bizan-tin, bi'zan-tain, 'bizan-tain, bai'zaen-tain.
c: law, b: f«r, ae'cot, eh{?t, ei hoy; a: far, go now, a: osk, aiV.x\.t\
length-mar/r (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \otv%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the following s^WaU^.
68 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
cabaged adj. ka'beedsd. same meaning as caboshed,
cabal n. (conjoint intrigue; junto) ks'bx}.
cabal V, [present participle caballing; past participle and
preterit caballed, cabaldl kd'bsel.
cabala n. Hebrew tradition [also spelt cabbala, kabala, kab-
bala"] Icxbd-Jd.
cabalism n. doctrin of the cabala [also spelt cabbalisml
'kaebd-hzsm.
cabalism n. (tendency to form cabals) kd'bx-hzsm.
cabalist n. one verst in the cabala [also spelt cabbalisti
'kaeba-hst.
caballer n. (one who cabals) ks'bsldz.
caballine adj. (of a horse) 'kxba-hn, 'ksebd-lain.
cabaret n. (drinking-house) 'kaebd-zet, Hcsebs-^e, ksebd'ree.
cabob n. [also spelt kabob, cobob ; synonymous cognate ka-
babj ka'beb.
cabosbed adj, [also spelt caboched, cabocht; synonymous
cognates cabossed, cabost, cabaged] kd'be^t.
cabriolet n. (carriage) kaeb?i-3'let, kaeb^i-^'lee.
cacao n. the seed of the chocolate-tree, from which cocoa is
made; also, the tree itself [synonymous substitute cocoa} k3-
'kee-o, k3'ka:-o, 'kce-ko.
cacao-nnt n. (the fruit of the cacao or chocolate-tree) kd-
'kee-o-nxt, k3'ka:-o-nAt.
cacbalot n. sperm-whale [also spelt cacholot; synonymous
cognate cachelot"] 'kaeja-lot, 'katSa-lot, 'kaeja-lo.
cacbe n. (hiding-place, etc.) ka:$, kx$.
cacbet n. (seal, stamp) kx'lee.
cacbezy n. (morbid condition) kd'keksi.
cacbinnation n. (loud laughter) kseki'nee-Ssn.
cacbinnatory adj. kd'kind-ton, kd'kins-tsri, 'ksekind-tszi.
cacbon n. sweetmeat for the breath [also spelt cashew"} kd-
'Sou.
caciqne n. prince [also, formerly, spelt cassique ; synony-
mous cognate casique} ka'^iik.
cacodemon n. evil spirit; nightmare [also spelt cacodae-
mon} kaeka'dii-man.
cacodyle n. dimethyl arsine [also spelt kakodyle and, some-
times, cacodyl, kakodyH 'kaeka-dil, 'kaeka-dail.
cacoepy n. mispronunciation [also spelt cacoepy} ksHoo-i-
pi, 'kaeko-epi.
cacoetbes n. bad habit [also spelt cacoethesl kseko'ii-6iz,
kaeko'ii-Ois.
/.re, gcure; d the, 0*Mn; 3 ajerure, ds/oy; I shot, tScAew;
wwhen; t) sing; u whoever, i react, oiu\\, QMiool, itt, lis^^;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o:doot, ;iono, t\ic^, ^^%a\fc\
i
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 69
eacolet n. (pannier) 'kaekd-}e.
eaeopliony n. (the epposit of euphony) ka'kefd-ni.
cadaster n. register [also spelt cadastre} ks'dxstsz, ks'ds:-
stdr.
eadaver n, (dead body) ka'dee-va?, ka'daeva^.
caddie n. golf-player's lad [also spelt cadie, caddy"} Icxdi.
caddis n. ribbon [also spelt caddicel 'kxdis.
caddy n. (tea-box; can) Icaedi.
cadenza n. (cadence) kd'dentss, ks'denza.
cadet n. (younger son; military student) ka'det.
cadi n. judge [also spelt kadi, kadyl 'kee-di, 'ka:-di.
Cadmean adj. of Cadmus [also spelt Cadmaean} ksed'mii-an.
cadnoens n. wand [ploral caduceil ke^jou-si-as, ka'djuu-^ds.
eadnoons adj, (falling off) kd'djou-kds.
eaecnin n. blind-gut [also spelt cecum; plural caeca} 'sii-
ksm.
Caenoioic adj, [also spelt Cenozoicl sina'zoo-ik. same mean-
ing as Cainozoic,
Caesarean adj. of Julius Caesar [also spelt Caesarian, Ce-
sarean, Cesarian} si'zcr-^i-an.*
caesimn n. (metal) 'sii-zi-am.
caesura n. see cesura.
caf6 n. (coffee-house; restaurant) kae'fee, {anteriorly) 'kaefe,
caffeic adj. (of coffee) ka'fii-ik, 'kaefi-ik.
caffeine n. [also, sometimes, spelt caffein} ka'fii-in, 'kaefi-in,
'kaefi-ain.
oaffre n. see kafir.
caftan n. garment [also spelt kaftan} 'kaeftan, kaf'ta:n.
cahier n. (a section or gathering of book-leaves) kae'jce, ka-
'jee, 'ka:-je, ka'hi:^,
Cainozoic adj, of recent life; Tertiary [also spelt Katnocoic;
synonymous cognates Caenozoic, Cenozoic} kai-na'zoo-ik,
kena'zoo-ik.
caiqne n. boat [also spelt caique, kaic and, formerly, caic}
ka'iik ; {less properly) 'kee-ik.
caiqne n. (parrot) 'kai-ke.
eaim n. stone-heap [also spelt cam} ke:s^n.
caisson n. chest; water-tight case [also, formerly, spelt cats-
soon} 'kee-san, 'kce-sen, 'kee-seq, ke'soun.
cajolery n. (act of cajoling) k^'d3^o-l^-^I.
calabarin n. alkaloid [also spelt calaharine} ksel3'ba:-?in.
calaber n. fur [also spelt calabar} 'kaeb-ba?.
calaboose n. (jail) kaeb'bous, kaela'buuz.
c: law, b: iur, ae cat, ehot, ei boy; a: far, ao now, a: osk, aik\U\
\tngtb-mark 0) indicates that the preceding sound is \©tv%'>
stress-mark () indicates chief stress on the following s^WaUt*
70 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
oalade n. (slope) ks'teed, ks'laid, ks'lxd.
calamine n. [also, sometimes, spelt calamine 'kxta-min,
'kaeld-main.
oalash n. (carriage) kglseS.
oalcar n. spur [ploral calcarial 'ksel-koz.
oalcar<)ons adj. of lime; chalky [also spelt calcariousi kxl-
'ke:-2i-3S.
oalcar ia n. (ploral of calcar) kael'ke'.-ri-d.
calcimine n,, v, [synenymoii^ cognate kalsominel 'kselsi-
main, 'kxlsi-min.
calcinable adj. kxl'sai-nd-bsl, 'kselsina-bQl.
calcinatory n. 'kxlsins-tozi, kx}'sind-t3zi.
calcine v, (reduce to calx) 'kael-sain, kxl'sain, 'kaelsin.
calcinm n. (metal) 'kaelsi-am; (less properly) 'kaelSi-3m, 'kael-
Sam.
caldron n. big kettle [also spelt cauldroni 'kc:}-dr9n.
caledonite n. (mineral) 'kaelids-nait, kaledd-nait.
calendar n. almanac; table of days [also spelt kalendarl
Tcaelan-dar.
calendar v. enter on a calendar or list; register [past par-
ticiple and preterit calendared, calendardl 'kalan-da?.
calender n. (rolling-machine) 'kselsn-dd?.
calender v. pass thru a calender; press between rollers [past
participle and preterit calendered, calenderd'\ 'kaelan-dae.
Calender n. dervish [also spelt Kalender^ 'kselan-ds?.
calends n. the first day *of the month ; also, any one of the
days preceding the first day of the month and following
the ides of the preceding month [also spelt kalends^ 'kx-
Isndz.
calf n. [ploral calves'] ka:f, ka:f, kx:{,
calfs-foot n. (a plant. Arum maculatum) 'ka:fs-fot.
caliber n. diameter [also spelt calibre] 'kaeh-ba?.
calico n. cotton cloth [ploral calicoes, calicos] 'kaeh-ko.
calif n. [also spelt caliph, kalif, kaliph, khalif] 'kee-hf.
calif ate n. [also spelt caliphate, kalif ate, khalif ate; synony-
mous cognate caliphat] 'kaeh-fet, Tcee-h-fet.
calipash n. the part of a turtle next to the upper shield [also
spelt callipash] 'kaeh-paej, kaeh'paeS.
calipee n. the part of a turtle next to the lower shield [also
spelt callipee] Hcaeh-pi, kaeh'pii.
caliper n. instrument for measuring diameter or caliber [al-
so spelt calliper] 'kaeh-par.
caliz n. [ploral calices] see calyx.
J ye, gcure; d the, Q thm\ 3 arure, ds/oy; S j/ioe, tjc/iew;
wze/Aen; ijsing; u wh<7ever, i react, o itt\\, oMiool, itt, lisee;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o: door, ;)Otvo, t\ie^, ^t^oX^N
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 71
ealk V. drive oakum into the seams of [also spelt caulk \ past
participle and preterit calked, calkt} kc:k.
ealk V, cover with chalk [also spelt caique; past participle
and preterit calked, calkt} kxlk, kc:k.
ealk n. spur on a horseshoe [also spelt caulk, cauk; synony-
mous cognate cork} kc:k.
ealkin. n. (horseshoe-calk) 'kokin, Hcxlkin.
eall V. cry; hail [past participle and preterit called, cald}
kc:!, {when unstrest) kcl.
ealligrapky n. penmanship [also spelt caligraphy, kalligra-
phy} ka'hg^d-fi.
ealliope n. (humming-bird) kdlai-s-pi.
eallistkenios n,pL light gymnastics [also spelt calisthenics}
kadis'Oeniks.
eallose adj. (having callosities) kae'bos, (assumptivly) 'kae-los.
callor adj. (hard; unfeeling) 'kaelss.
calloir adj. (without feathers; unfledged; inexperienced,
raw) Icaelo.
eallns n. callosity [ploral calli} 'kselss.
calm n.,adj, (quiet) ka:m; (dialectally, vulgarly) k£:m.
calomel n. (mercurous chloride) 'kxld-msl.
ealorio adj. (of heat) k^'lezik; (less properly) k^'loi-zik,
ealorifio adj. (producing heat) kxWziiik.
calory n. heat-unit [also spelt calorie} 'kaela-^i.
ealoyer n. (monk) Icaela-jae, ka'lei-a^.
caltrop n. spiked ball [also, sometimes, spelt caltrop ; syn-
onymous cognate calthrop} 'kseltjap, 'kael-tjep.
ealumet n. (pipe) 'kselio-mat.
ealve v. bring forth a calf [past participle and preterit
calved, calvd} ka:v, ka:v, kae:v.
calver n. (a cow that calves) 'ka:-v3r.
calver adj, (newly caught : said of fish) 'kaelvar.
calves-foot adj. [synonymous cognate calfs-foot} 'ka:vz-fot.
calx ft. lime; chalk [plural calxes, calces} kseiks.
calyces n. (ploral of calyx) 'kaeh-siz, 'kee-h-siz.
calycifonu adj. (formd like a calyx) 'kaehsI-fo:^m, ka'hsi-
fo:zm.
calyoine adj, of a calyx [also, sometimes, spelt calycin} 'kae-
h-sin, 'kaeh-sain.
calyole n, little calyx; calice [also spelt calicle} 'kaeh-kal.
calyx n, flower-cup; the outer envelop of the perianth; the
sepals collectivly [also, formerly, spelt calix; ploral ca-
lyxes, calyces} 'kee-hks, 'kaehks.
c: law, b: fur, xcat, ehot, ei boy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, aikite;
\togth-jnar/c (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \eng\
stress-mark () indicates chief stress on the following syUabU.
72 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
camas n. plant [also spelt catnass, cammas, katnasl kd'maes,
kae'mses. same meaning as quamash.
camellia n. (flower) ka'meli-d, ks'mii-Hd.
camelopard n. (giraffe) k9'me}9-pa:?d» 'kxmi}9-pa:?d ; {rare-
ly) kaemil9'pa:?d.
camel's hair n. [synenymous cognate camel-hair'\ 'kaemslz-
he:e.
Camembert adj, Icxmdm-be:?.
camenes n. (mood of the fourth figure of syllogism) 'kae-
mi-niz.
camera n. vaulted roof; chamber; photographic apparatus
[plural cameras, camerael 'kaema-?^, (anteriorly) 'kaems^s;
(rapidly) 'kaem^a.
camlet n. fabric [also spelt cantblet and, formerly, camelotl
'kaemlat.
camomile n. plant [also spelt chamomilel 'ksms-mail.
campag^a n. (obsolete) plain [also spelt campagnial kam-
'pa:-nJ9. compare champaign,
campidg^ n. sustained military or other aggressiv opera-
tions [also spelt campaini kxm'peen.
campanile n. [ploral campaniles, campanili} kxmps'nii-h;
(less properly) 'kampa-nil, 'kaempa-nail, kampa'niil.
camphene n, terpene [also spelt camphine} 'ksem-fin, ksem-
'fiin.
camphine n. turpentine-oil [also, sometimes, spelt cam-
phene} 'kaem-fain, 'kaem-fin, kaem'fiin.
camphor n. aromatic substance [also spelt camfor; former
synenymous cognate camphire} 'kaemfa?.
can V. [past participle and preterit canned, candl ksen, (when
unstrest) kan, kg.
Canaanite n. 'kee-ns-nait.
canaille n. (the vile populace; the rabble) kd'nee}, ka'nai,
ka'nail, ka'nar-js.
canaille n. feed; finisht middlings [also spelt canail; syn-
enymous cognates canal, canelll ks'neel.
canal v, [present participle canalling; past participle and
preterit canalled, canaldl ka'nael.
canalize v. furnish with canals, etc. [also spelt canalise}
'kaenl-aiz, (rarely) ko'nael-aiz.
canard «. (hoax) ka'naizrd, ka'nair.
canary n. (bird) ka'ner-^i.
cancan n. (dance) ncaen-kaen.
cancel v. strike out, obliterate [present participle canceling,
J ye, gcure; d the, Q th\n\ sasute, ds/oy; \shoQ, tjc/rew;
ww/ten; 13 sing; u wh^jever, i react, o iu\\, \3m(oo\, \\X, \\^ec;
o poetic; 3 over, e aerial, Abwt, o: door, ootvo, «.>oe^, tfi^a\t\
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 73
cancelling; past participle and preterit canceled, cancelled,
canceldl 'kaenssi, Icaens!.
eaaeelatioA n. [also spelt cancellation^ kaensd^ee-Ssn.
caneeler n. one who or that which cancels [also spelt cancel-
ler'} Icsnsd-ld?.
eai&cer n. (tumor, carcinoma) Icaensa?.
caaerine adj. crab-like [also, sometimes, spelt cancrin} 'kxi)-
k3in, 'kaeg-k^ain.
eaadelabnun n. [ploral candelabra} kxnda^ee-brdm.
caadld culj. (honest, frank) Icaendid.
eandled adj, (preservd with sugar) 'kxndid.
eandlestick n. 'kaendt-stik.
eandor n. whiteness; fairness; frankness [also spelt candour}
Icxndd?.
eame n. (woody stem; walking-stick) keen.
cansrne n. (Chinese kia or portable pillory) kxr).
eaaine culj. (of a dog) 'kee-nain, ks'nain, {rarely) 'kae-nain,
Tcce-nin.
eanker n. (cancerous sore or disease; grief) 'kseriks?.
caanel-coal n. [also spelt canel-coal; synonymous cognates
kennel-coal, candle-coal} /kxnl-kool.
eannoA n. big gun [ploral cannons, cannon} 'kaensn.
' eani&on v, in billiards [past participle and preterit cannoned,
cannond} 'kxnan.
eam&oneer n, artilleryman [also spelt cannonier} kxn^'niiz.
cannot v. (can not) 'kae-net, 'kaenet, (when less strest)
Icaenat, {also, sometimes, finally) kae'net.
cannula n. surgical tube; cruet [also spelt canula^ 'ksenju-ld.
canny adj. knowing; artful [also spelt cannie} 'kaeni.
canoe n. (light boat) ks'nuu.
canoeist n, [also spelt canoist} ks'nuu-ist.
canon n, (rule, law) 'kxnsn.
canon n. 'kxnjsn. see canyon.
canonisation [also spelt canonisation} ksenani'zec-Sdn,
kxn9-nai'zee-$9n.
canonise v. [also spelt canonise} 'kaena-naiz.
oanoTons adj. (singing, ringing) k^'noi-z^s.
cant n. (mode of speech ; jargon) ksent.
can't V. (can not) ka:nt, ka:nt, kaeint.
cantabile adj. kan'ta:-bi-h ; {less properly) kaen'tee-bi-h,
kaen'taebi-li.
cantaliver n., adj. 'ksent3-hv9?. same meaning as canti-
lever.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, 0 hot, ei boy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ciiVit^*,
\eng^h-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound IS \QT\g,*,
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the fellowing syWaUt.
74 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
cantaloup n. melon [also, sometimes, spelt cantaloupe,
cantalupe, cantaleup; synonymous cognates canteloup, can-
teloupe, cantelupe, canteleup, cantelopel 'ksentd-lup, 'kaentd-
lop; (also) Icaentl-up, 'kaentl-op.
cantata n. (choral composition) kxn'ta:-t9, (rarely) kxn-
'tee-t9.
Cantate n. (ninety-eighth psalm) kaen'tee-ti.
eantatrice n. 'ksents-tps, kaents'tsii-tSi.
canteen n. subtler's shop; provision-box [also spelt cantinel
kaen'tiin.
cantharides n. pi. (dried Spanish flies) Uxn'Qxzi-diz,
cantharidin n. [also spelt cantharidine'\ kaen'6x?i-din.
cantilever n., adj, [synonymous cognates cantaliver, can-
tiliver, cantalever, canteliver'l 'kaenti-lii-var, Icaenti-levar.
cantillate v. chant [also spelt cantilatel 'kxnti-let.
eanto n. division of a poem; voice-part [ploral cantosi 'kaen-
to.
cantonment n. military quarters [synonymous cognate can-
toonmentl 'kaentan-mant, kaen'tenmant.
cantrip n. spell, charm [synonymous cognates cantrap, can-
trip el 'kaentjip.
canvas n. heavy cloth [also spelt ranvassl Icsenvds.
canvas v, cover with canvas [also spelt canvass; past parti-
ciple and preterit canvased, canvast'\ 'kaenvas.
canvass v, examin ; solicit votes [also, formerly, spelt can-
vas; past participle and preterit canvassed, canvast'\ 'kaen-
V3S.
canyon n. deep gorge or ravine thru which a stream runs
[also spelt canon, cannon, canoni 'kxnjsn.
caonane n. turtle [also spelt caouannel ka'wa:n.
caontcUn n. volatil oil [also spelt caoutchine; synonymous
cognate caoutchoucM 'kou-tSin.
caontchonc n. 'kou-tSuk, 'kou-tSok, 'kao-tSok.
caontchoncin n. [also spelt caoutchoucinel 'kou-tSo-siu,
'kao-tSo-sin. same meaning as caoutchin,
cap-a-pie adv. [also spelt cap-i-piel kaepa'pii.
capelin n, (the caplin, a Newfoundland bait-fish) 'kaepi-hn.
capeline n. skull-cap [also spelt capelline, cappeline; syn-
onymous cognate chapelinel 'kaepi-hn.
capercailye «. wood-grouse [also spelt capercailzie, caper-
cailliel kaepa^'kee-Ha.
capibara n, rodent [also spelt capyhard] kaepi'ber-ra, kaepi-
J ye, gcure; d the, Q th'm\ 5 arure, dsjoy; \shoe, tSc/rew;
wm/ien; ijsing] u whoever, i r^act, o iu\\, iimIgoV, \\\., \\^ec*,
opoeUc; 9 oyer, e aerial. Abut, o: door, 00 no, t\ie^, te:^o.\^%
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 75
capillary adj, (of hair) laepiAzzi, ka'pils-ri.
capital adj. (chief, principal; excellent) 'kaepi-tl, {anteriorly)
loepiti.
capital n. (the city or town in which is the seat of govern-
ment of a country, state, or province ; also, a capital letter)
loepi-ti.
capital n. (wealth, productiv resources) Icaepi-tl.
capitalisation n. [also spelt capitalisationi kaepitt-i'zee-
San, kaepitl-ai'zce-San.
capitalise v. [also spelt capitalisel Icaepitl-aiz.
Capitol n. (citadel on the top of a hill, as in a Roman city;
edifis occupied by Congress; state-house) 'kaepi-tl.
Capitoline adj. (of a Roman Capitol) 'kaepiti-ain, ks'piti-
ain.
capitulate v, (surrender) ks'pitgo-let, k9'pit$9-let.
cap&oiaor n. oily liquid [also spelt kapnomor} 'kxpNS-me?.
capoA n. (fowl) ncce-pen, 'kee-pan, (rarely) 'kae-pen.
caponixe v. [also spelt caponise'\ 'kee-ps-naiz.
caponeli »• (obsolete) monk's hood or cowl [synonymous
cognates capoch, capuchel ka'pouS, kd'puut^.
caprieeio n. (whim; musical caprice) kd^psit^D.
caprieeioao adv, (in musict in a free, fantastic style) kapsi-
'tSoo-so.
caprioe n. (freak, whim) ka'psiis.
caprieions adj. (full of caprice; whimsical) ks'p^i^ds.
caprine n. substance in butter [also, sometimes, spelt cap-
rini 'kaepsin, Tcae-psain, 'kee-p^ain.
capriole n. (caper; leap) loepsi-o}, (less often) kaepsi'ool,
(rarely) 'kee-psi-ol.
capaicin n. [also spelt capstcinel Icxpsi-sin.
capsize v, kxp'saiz, (sometimes, anteriorly) 'ksep-saiz.
capstan, n. (winding-device) 'kaepstn.
capsnle n. (small case; sac) 'kaep-sgut.
captain n. (head, chief) 'kaeptin; (popularly) 'kaepm.
captive adj., n., v, [also spelt captiv ; as verb, past participle
and preterit captived, captivdl 'kaeptiv.
GapnoUn n. (Franciscan monk) kaep^o'Siin, 'kaepQo-tSin,
Icaepgo-Sin, kaepgo'tSiin, 'kaepgo-Sin.
capnt n. head [ploral capita and, rarely, caputs'} 'ksepat,
Tcae-pAt.
car n. ka:z, ka: ; (dialectally) kga:?.
carabin n. (obsolete) musketeer, carabineer [synonymous
cognate carbine"] 'kaera-bin.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, o hot, ei boy; a: far, ao now, a: osk, aiV\\.fc\
\zT}gth'mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \©tv%N
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the f ellowmg syVUbYe.
76 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
oaraoal n. (quadruped) 'kaeza-kset.
oaracara n. hawk, carrancha [synonymous cognate carcaral
ksez^'kssz^, ka^d'ka:-?^.
oarack n. ship [also spelt carrackl 'kseesk.
caracole n. spiral staircase; half -turn [synonymous cognate
caracoll 'kaez9-kol.
carafe «. water-bottle [also spelt caraffel kaVaif.
caramel n. burnt sugar [also spelt caromell 'kserd-m?}, 'ksers-
mel.
carat n. a twenty-fourth part [also spelt karatl 'kx^at.
caravan n. (company of travelers on the desert; cart) 'kse-
?3-van, kaesd'vxn.
caravansary n. inn for caravans [also spelt caravansery ;
synonymous cognates caravanserai, caravanserai kae^a'vaen-
S9-?I.
caravanserai n, kae^a'vsnsd-zai. same meaning as cara-
vansary.
carbide n. 'ka:7-baid, (before of) 'ka:?-bid.
carbine n. firearm [former synonymous cognates carabine,
carrabine, carabin} 'ka:z-bain; (less properly) 'ka:r-bin, ka^-
'bain, 'ka:?-bin.
carbon n. (element) 'kaiz-hen^ 'kaiz-h^n.
carbnreted v. [also spelt carburetted'\ Tcai^-bjo-zretid.
carbnreter n. [also spelt carburetter, carburetor, carburet-
tori 'ka:r-bjo-zet9e.
carbnrization n. [also spelt carburisation} ka:7-bju?i'zee-
San, ka:z-bjo-?ai'zee-S9n.
carbnrize v, [also spelt carburisel 'ka:7-bjo-?aiz.
caroanet n. (necklace) 'karka-nst, 'kaerks-net.
carcass n. dead body; corpse [also spelt carcasel 'ka^kss.
card n. karrd, ka:d ; (dialectally) kqaizd.
cardamine n. (herb) kar'dxmi-ni, 'karsr-dd-main.
cardamon n. (seed-capsules; spice) 'ka:2:-d3-m3n.
cardinal adj., n. (chief) 'ka:?-dn-l, 'kaizr-di-nal.
caret n. (insertion-mark) 'ka?3t, 'ker-zrat.
cargo n. lading [ploral cargoes, cargosl 'karzr-go.
Caribbean adj. of the Caribs or Caribbees [also spelt Car-
ribbean"} kaeri'bii-an.
Caribbee n. Carib [also spelt Caribee, Carribbeel 'kaeri-bi,
kae^i'bii.
caribe n. (fish) 'kae^i-bi.
caribon n. reindeer [also spelt cariboo, carribool 'kae^i-bu,
kazrinbou.
JJ^^f Qcure; d the, O/Mn; sa^ure, ds/oy; S shot, tSc/iew:
wzvAen; rjsing; u wh<?ever, i react, o iuVV, QMioo\, i-il, usee
o poetic; 3 over, e aerial. Abut, o: door, ootvo, t>oc^, t,e:%o.\s
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 77
earioatnre n. (ridiculous representation) Icxzrikd-tSu?, Icae-
^ikd-tgoz; {less properly) kaezika'tSo:?, kaeziks'tgo-.z.
earies n. (disease) 'ke:-?i-i:z.
earilloA n. (set of tuned bells; air) 'kxziA^n.
earlin n. old woman [also spelt car line} 'ka:7-iin.
earline n. carlino, a coin [also spelt carlini 'kaizAin,
earline n. plant [also spelt carlin'} 'ka:?-lin.
earline n. timber [also spelt carlin ; synonymous cognate car-
lingl 'ka:;-}in.
carling n. (the peas eaten on Carling, Carlin Sunday, or Pas-
sion Sunday) 'kaizAit).
carmagnole n. (song and dance; soldier; style) kazms'tijooh
eamLinatiTe adj, expelling [also spelt carminativl ka?'mi-
n9-tiv; (less properly) 'ka:r-mi-netiv.
eamLine n. cochineal red [also, sometimes, spelt carmini
'ka:r-min, 'ka:2:-main; (less properly) kor'main, 'ka:r-min.
eamelian n. red chalcedony [synonymous cognate corne-
lian'} koT'nii-lian.
eamivorona adj, (eating flesh) koz^niv^-rss.
carol V. sing [present participle caroling, carolling; past
participle and preterit caroled, carolled, carold} 'kae^al.
earoler n. one who carols [also spelt caroller} 'kaera-b^.
earolin n. one of several gold coins; earline [also spelt Caro-
line} 'kaee9-hn.
Caroline adj. (of Carolus or Charles) 'kae^a-lain, 'kae^o-hn.
Carolinian adj. (of Charles the Great; of North or South
Carolina) kae^d'hni-sn.
carom n.. v. in billiards [also spelt carrom ; as verb, past par-
ticiple and preterit caromed, caromd} 'kae^am.
carotid «. (artery of the neck) kaVetid.
oaronaal n. (feast, noisy revel) ks'zao-zdl.
caronael «. formerly, a tilting-match [also, in this sense,
sometimes spelt carousal}; merry-go-round [also spelt, in
this sense, carrousel} kaero'zel, ^kxzo-zdl.
carrageen n. alga [also spelt carragheen} kse^a'giin, 'ksers-
gin.
carrageenin n. [also spelt carrageenine} kse^d'gii-nin.
carriage n. (conveyance) 'kaerids.
•carriole n. single-seated open carriage; light coverd cart;
kind of sledge [also spelt cariole} 'kaeei-ol, compare carry-
all.
carrot n. (vegetable) 'kaerat.
.% carte blanche n. (blank paper; full power) ka^t'blarnS, ka^t-
c: low, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, au now, a: osk, aiVLiX.^*,
lenffth-mar/r (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \qtvv;*,
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the f ellowmg syWaUe.
78 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
'blenS, kazrt'blaernS ; (also) ka?t'bla:ntS, ka^t'blentS, kazt-
'blae:ntS.
oarte-de-Tisite n. small-sized photograph [plural cartes-
de-visite'] kai^t-davi'ziit.
cartel n. (written challenge or agreement; tablet) 'ka?-tcl,
ka^'tel.
Cartesian adj. (of Rene Descartes) ka^^tii-sdn, ka?'tii-zi-9n.
Carthnsian n. (monk) kar'O^ou-sdn, ka?'6gou-zi-3n.
cartilage «. (gristle) 'karti-hds, 'ka^tl-ids, 'ka^tii-ids.
cartilaginons adj, (gristly) kazti'lsedsi-nds.
cartonche n. cartridge, etc. [also spelt cartouch] ka?'tuu$ ;
{less properly) ka^'toutS.
cartridge n. (explosiv case) 'ka^tjids; {vulgarly) 'kaetjids.
camcage n. plowing-tax [also spelt carrucage'\ 'kseru-kids;
{less properly) 'kaejjo-kids.
oamcate n. land-measure; a plow-land [also spelt carrucate'\
'kae^o-ket, {rarely) 'kae?jo-ket.
eamncle n. fleshy excrescence [synonymous cognate ca-
runcula, caruncule"] 'kae-^Aqksl, kae'jAqkal, 'kai-rAqkal, ka-
carve v, cut [also spelt carv; past participle and preterit
carved, carvdl kaizv.
caryatid n. female human figure used as a column [ploral
caryatids, caryatides'] kae^i'aetid.
caryatides n. (ploral of caryatid) kx?i'xti-diz.
caryocinesis n. kae^io-si'nii-sis. same meaning as karyo-
kinesis.
casein n. milk albuminoid [also spelt caseine} 'kee-si-in.
casement n. (molding; window-sash) 'kees-msnt, 'keez-msnt.
caseons adj. (of cheese) 'kee-si-as, 'kee-zi-as, 'kee-Jas.
cashex^ n, nut; tree; also, cachu [also spelt cashoel ka'^ou.
cashier n. (cash-keeper) kx*li:z,
casliier v. dismiss; discard [past participle and preterit
cashiered, cashier d] kae'Si:^, ka'Si:?.
cashmere n. fine woolen fabric used for dress-goods [also
spelt cashmeer, cachemire, cachemere, kashmir} 'kaej-mii^,
kaeS'mi:?.
eashoo n. ks'^ou. same meaning as catechu.
casino n. club-house; card-game [also, in the sense of card-
game, spelt cassinol ka'sii-no.
cask n. (butt, barrel) ka:sk, ka:sk, kae:sk.
casket «. chest, coffin, etc. [also, formerly, spelt casquetl
'ka:-skit.
j\ve, gcure; d the, G^/iin; 3 arure, d^/oy; \ shoe, tS c/rew;
wze/hen; ijsing; u wh<9ever, i react, oiu\\, Quioo\, \tt, \\^ee\
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abwt, o: door, ootvo, t.>oe^, t^?,a\fc\
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 79
casqite ». (helmet; galea) ka:sk, ka:sk, kx:sk.
cassaxeep n. sauce [also spelt cassaripe; synonymous cog-
nate cassireepel '\acs9-zip.
eaisava ». plant; flour [also, formerly, spelt ccuava; synon-
ymous cognate casscuid} kd'sai-vd; (/e^j properly) 'kaesa-vd,
kd'see-vd, 'kaesa-ve.
easserole ». (stew-pan) Icaesd-^o}, kaess'^ool.
cassia »• (bark; tree; herb) tcxS?* 'kaeSi-9, Icxsi-d, 'kaeSJ^-
eassin&ere n. twild woolen cloth used for trousers [also
spelt caiimire; synonymous cognate kerseymerel 'kaesi-mi:?.
eassoivarjr ». (bird) 'kaesd-weri, 'kxs9-w9?i.
east V. (throw, etc.) ka:st, {when unstrest) kast; {also) ka:st,
kae:st.
Castanet n. (shell used in music) 'ka:-st9-net, 'ka:-st9-nit,
ka:-st3'net.
caste n. division of society [also, formerly, spelt cast"] ka:st,
ka:st, kx:st.
castellan n. officer of a castle [synonymous cognate castel-
lain"} Icsstd-lan, 'kai-std-ldn.
caster n. cruet; small wheel [also spelt castor'\ 'ka:-st9?.
Castile adj. (in *Castile soap) ka'stiii, ks'stiil, {sometimes,
assumptivly) 'kae-stil.
castle n. (fortress) 'ka:-s3l, 'kaessl.
cast-off adj. ka:st'o:f, {assumptivly) 'kaist-orf.
castor n. (beaver; castoreum; castorite) 'kai-st^z.
castorin n. substance [also spelt castorinel 'ksests-nn.
castorine n. cotton-velvet fabric [also spelt castorini 'kx-
st3-?in.
castrate v, (geld; emasculate) 'kse-st£et.
castrate n. singer [ploral castrati} kaes't£a:-t3, kas't£a:-t3.
casual adj. (chance; fortuitous) 'kaesu-al, 'kaesju-al, 'kaezi-u-al.
casualty n. (chance; accident) 'kaesu-al-ti, 'kaezi-u-al-ti.
oasnist n. (one verst in casuistry) 'kx3U-ist, 'ksesju-ist.
casns belli n. (occasion of war; excuse for war) kee-S9s-
'beli.
catabasis n. descent [plural catabases} kd'tssbs-sis.
oatabolie adj. [also spelt katabolici kstd'behk.
catabolism n. disintegration : the epposit of anabolism [al-
so spelt katabolism^ kd'taebd-hzsm.
cataobresis n. misuse of words [plural catachreses^ ksets-
'ksii-sis.
oatacbrestio adj, kstd'ksestik, kaets'k^ii-stik.
cataolasm «. (break, disruption) ^kaeta-kii^aezam.
c: law J b: f«r, ae cat, ehot, 01 boy; a: far, ao now, a*, ask, b,iV\\.^*,
Ungtb'tnark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \©tv%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the f ellowing s^WaYA^.
80 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
oataolysm n. (deluge, flood) 'kaet3-ki:.izam.
catacomb n. (subterranean burial-place) 'kxta-koom.
catafalqne n. coffin-stage [also spelt catafalc, catafalk]
'kaeta-faelk.
catalepsy n. (seizure, trance) 'kxtd-lepsi.
catalog n», v. [also spelt catalogue'^ 'kseta-leg, 'kxtl-eg.
cataloged adj. [also spelt catalogued, catalogdl 'kxta-legd.
cataloger n. [also spelt cataloguer'\ 'kaetd-legs?.
cataloging n. [also spelt cataloguing^ 'kaets-legii).
catalpa n. (tree) ka'taelps.
catalysis n. decomposition [plural catalysesi ks'tsti-sis.
catamaran n. (raft; craft with twin hulls) ksetsmd'rxn,
'kaet3m9-raen, ka'taema-^an.
catapan n. (Byzantin official) kseta'paen, 'kxtd-psen.
cataphora n. (lethargy) ks'tsefd-ra.
cataract n, (waterfall; opacity of eye-lens) 'kxts-raekt.
catarrli n, (inflammation of mucous membrane) ks'ta:?.
catarrhal adj. (of catarrh) ks'ta:-??}.
catarrhine adj, of the apes called Catarrhina [also spelt ca-
tarhinel 'kaeta-rain, 'kaet9-zin.
catastasis n. a setting forth ; narrativ [ploral catastases]
k9'taest9-sis.
catastrophe n. (conclusion; disaster) k9'txstS9-fi.
Catax^ba n. (grape) k9'tc:-b9.
catch v., n, kaetS ; {vulgarly or dialectally) ketj.
catchnp n. 'kxtjdp. same meaning as ketchup.
catechetic adj, (of catechism) kxti'ketik.
catechise n. dialectal (catechesis, catechism) Icxti-kiz.
catechism n. (religious textbook; book or course of questions
and answers) 'kaeti-kiz9m.
catechization n. [also spelt catechisation"] kaetiki'zee-Ssn,
kaeti-kai'zee-S9n.
catechize v. instruct by questions [also spelt catechisel 'kse-
ti-kaiz.
catechn n. extract [synonymous cognate cashool 'kaeti-tSu,
'kaeti-Su.
catechnmen n. (neophyte) kaeti'tSou-m9n, kaeti'kgou-m9n.
categorem «, (predicate, etc.) 'kaetiga-^em, kg'tega-zrem.
categorical adj. (of categories; precise) kaeti'ge^i-kgl.
categorization n. [also spelt categorisation^ kxti-go^i'zee-
San, kaeti-go-rai'zee-S9n.
categorize v. (classify) 'kaeti-go-zraiz.
category n. (notion, class) 'kaeti-gorr.
j\ve, Qcure; d the, Q thin; 5 a.mre, d$joy; ^ shoe, tlchew,
wzt'Aen; ijsing; u whoever, i react, o iu\\, QMiool, itt, \\^ee\
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abwt, o: door, 00 no, t.\ic^, t^^oX^N
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 81
oateaia n. chain [plural catenae} ks'tii-na.
catenary adj.,n, 'kaetn-cri, 'kaeti-neei, ka'tii-na-ji.
oateran n. (Highland marauder; freebooter) 'kxta-zdn.
cater-eomered adj. diagonal [also spelt cater-cornerd"]
'ke e-t3?-ke :?-n9?d, 'kaetaj-ke : z-n^zd.
caterpillar n. larva [also spelt caterpiller'\ 'kaetsr-piid?.
caterx^anl v. (cry as a cat) 'kaetdr-wc:!.
oatkarixe v, (purify) 'kxOa-raiz.
oathartio adj,, n. (purgativ) kd'Oartik, k3'6a:?-tik.
catkedra n. (bishop's chair; episcopal see) ks'Oii-drd, Icae-
6i-dr9; (less properly) kd'Oedra.
oatbedraled adj. [also spelt cathedralled, cathedraldl kd'Oii-
drsid.
catheter n. (tube) IcxOi-td?.
oatlietiiB n. line [plural catheti] 'kxQi-t^s.
cathodal adj. of the cathode; lower [also spelt kathodall
'kaeGa-dl.
cathode n. negativ pole [also spelt kathodel 'kx-6od.
cathodic adj, going down [also spelt kathodic} ka'Oedik.
Catholicism n. kd'Oeh-sizsm, 'kaeOsh-sizam.
Catholicise v. [also spelt Catholicise'} ks'Oeh-saiz, 'kaeOah-
saiz.
cation n. ion at the cathode ; electropositiv ingredient [also
spelt kationi 'kaeti-sn, 'kaet-ai-an.
catoptric adj. (of a mirror; of optic reflection) ka'tep-
tsik.
catsnp n. 'kxtssp. same meaning as ketchup.
Caucasian adj, (of the Caucasus; Indo-european) kc^ks^dn,
kc'kee-San, kc'kee-Si-an, kc'kee-san, kcTcee-zi-an.
candad adj, (toward the tail) 'kc.-dxd. '^"
candal adj. (of the tail) 'kc:-d}, 'kodsl.
candez n. stem, trunk [ploral caudices, caudexesi 'kc:-deks.
candle n. (warm drink) 'kodh
canght V. [past participle and preterit of catchi kc:t, {when
unstrest) kct.
cank n. (spur on a horseshoe) see calk.*
canl n. net; membrane [also spelt cawl} kc:!.
canldron n. see caldron.
canlifloTver n. (vegetable) 'kc:-h-fLau-3r.
canline adj. of a stem [also, sometimes, spelt caulini 'ko
hn, 'kc:-lain.
canlis n. stalk, stem [ploral caules} 'kc:-hs.
eanlk v. see calk.^
c: law, b: f«r, ae cot, eh6?t, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, a\V\\.^N
Xzngth-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \©tv%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the f eUowing sv\\a>a\^.
82 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
oansexvay n. [synonymous cognate causeyl Icciz-wee.
oansey n. 'kozi, 'kc:-ze. same meaning as causeway.
oanterisation n. [also spelt cauterisationi kotd^i'zee-S^n,
kc:-t9-zai'zee-S3n.
canterixe v, [also spelt cauterisel 'kc:-t9-;aiz.
canzee n. 'kc:-zi. same meaning as kasi.
cavalcade n. (company on horseback) ksevdi'keed; (less
properly) Icaeval-ked.
caTalero n. cavalier [also spelt cayalierol kxv9li:-?3.
cavalier n. (horseman; beau) ksevsli:?.
cavally n. fish [also spelt cavalli; plural cavallies, cavallisi
ka'vaeh.
cavasB n. see kavass,
cavatina n. (simple melody, air) kava'tii-no, kxvd'tii-na.
cavea n. cage; auditorium [plural caveae'i 'kee-vi-9.
caveat n. (notice; warning) 'kee-vi-9t; {less properly) 'kae-
vi-aet.
eavel n. a lot that is cast ; an allotment [synonymous cognate
cavil, kevel, kevill 'kaevsl.
caTesson n. Qose-band [also, formerly, spelt caveson; for-
mer synonymous cognates cavason, caveson, causson} 'kae-
visdn.
caviar n. fish-roe [also spelt caviar el kavi'a:^, kav'ja:?, kaevi-
'a:z, 'kaevi-ar, kavi'e:?:, kaev'je:?, ka'vi:?.
cavil V. find fault; carp [present participle caviling, cavil-
ling; past participle and preterit caviled, cavilled, cavildl
'kaeviL
caviler n. one who cavils [also spelt caviller^ 'kxvi-id?.
cavort v, (prance about) kd'voizrt.
cavnm n. hollow; cavity [ploral caval 'kee-vsm.
cay n. kee, kii. same meaning as key,
Cayenne adj, ke'en, kai'en, (sometimes, assumptivly) 'kee-en,
Hcai-en.
cayman n, alligator [also spelt caiman, kayman, kaiman;
ploral caymansi 'kee-msn.
caziqne n. ks'ziik. same meaning as cacique.
cease v. stop, end [past participle and preterit ceased, ceasti
siis.
cecils n. pi, (hasht meat) 'sesilz, 'sii-silz.
cecity n. blindness [also spelt coecityl 'sii-si-ti, 'sesi-ti.
cecnm n. see caecum.
cedar n. (tree ; wood) 'sii-dae.
cede V. (yield) siid.
J ye, gcure; bthe, 0 ^Mn ; 5 a^ure, dsjoy; ^shoe, tSchew;
wwAen; ijsing; u wh<7ever, i react, ofuu, QMiool, itt, i\^ee\
o poetic; 9 over, e serial, Abut, o: door, ;>otio, t\ie^, tt^a\fe\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS . 83
eeder n, (one who cedes) 'sii-da?.
eedilla n. (little z : a mark placed under the letter c to in-
dicate that the c has the sound of s) si'dila.
cedrin n. extract from cedron-seeds [also spelt cedrine'] 'sii-
drin.
cedrine adj, of the cedar [also, sometimes, spelt cedrin} 'sii-
dnn, 'sn-dcain; {less properly) 'sedrin.
ceil V, overlay, as with plaster or wood [also spelt del; past
participle and preterit ceiled, ceildl siil.
eeilins n. plastering at the top of a room, etc. [also spelt
cielingi 'sii-Jiq.
celandine n. plant [former synonymous cognates celendinc,
celadine, salandine, saladine} 'selan-dain.
eelantes n. (mood of the first figure of syllogism) si'lxn-tiz.
celarent n. (mood of the first figure of syllogism) si'ie:-
^nt.
eelebrator n. [also spelt celebraterl ^sth-hzet9z.
oeleres n,pl. (patrician knights) ^seh-ziz.
celery n. plant [also, formerly, spelt selleril 'sels-zi, (rapidly)
celestial adj, (of the sky; heavenly) silestSsl, si'leJtSdl,
silesti-a).
Celestine n. follower of Caelestius [also, sometimes, spelt
Celestin} 'sela-stin, 'sela-stain, si'lestin.
celestite n. (mineral) 'sels-stait, si'le-stait.
celiac adj, of the belly ; also, coelian [also spelt coeliac} 'sii-
li-aek.
celibacy n. (single life; unmarried state) 'sehbs-si; (less
properly) si^iba-si.
cell n. (small apartment; religious house; structural element
of organisms; battery-jar) sel.
cella »• central room of a temple; cell [plural cellael 'scls.
cellar n. (room under a house) 'sel^z.
cello n. violoncello [also spelt 'cello} 'tjeb.
cellular n. (of cells) 'seliu-ld?.
celluloid n. (imitation ivory, etc.) 'seliu-leid.
cellulose n. (substance of cell-walls) 'selio-los, seHu'}3os.
Celt n. [synonymous cognate Kelt} selt, (rarely) kelt.
celt n. (implement) selt.
Celtic adj, [synonymous cognate Keltic"] 'seltik.
cembalo n. (dulcimer) 'sembd-lo.
cement n. (binding-substance; adhesiv) si'ment, 'semant.
cement v. (unite by cement; cohere) si'ment.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, o hot, 01 boy; a: far, ao now, a: osk, ai\t\\.e:\
length-xnorJr (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \©tv%\
streas-mark C) indicates chief stress on the fellgy/xng sv\U\i\e.
a4 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
cemetery n. [ploral cemeteriesi 'scmi-tc^i; (also) 'semit9-2i,
{anteriorly) 'scmi-tazi; (rapidly) 'semi-tji, 'semitji.
oenobite n. [also spelt coenobite^ 'sena-bait, 'sii-ns-bait.
cenotaph n. (empty tomb) '8en9-ta:f.
Cenozoio adj, sind'zoo-ik. same meaning as Caenozoic.
oense v, (perfume with incense) sents, (in Britain) sens.
censer n. (vessel in which incense is burnt) 'sentsd?, 'senss?.
censor n. (magistrate) 'sentsa?, 'sensd?.
censure n. (hostil criticism) 'sent^d?, 'sen$37, 'sens^a?.
cent n. (coin) sent.
centanr n. (mythic monster, half man and half horse) 'sen-
tc:z,
centenary adj. (of a hundred) 'senti-nen; (also) 'sentins-
zit (assumptivly) 'senti-nazi; (also, in Britain) sen'tii-na-ri,
sen'tena-^i.
centenier n. (police-officer) 'senti-ni:?.
centennial adj- (of a hundred years) sen'teni-al.
center n,, v. [also spelt centre ; as verb, past participle and
preterit centered, centred, centerdi 'sentaz.
centering n. [also spelt centreing and, sometimes, centring}
'senta-jiq, 'sentjiq.
centesimal adj., n. (hundredth) sen'tesi-mal.
centesimo n. (hundredth of a lira) sen'tesi-mo, tSen'tesi-mo.
centigrade adj, (graduated into a hundred equal parts) 'sen-
ti-gzreed.
centigram n. hundredth of a gram [also spelt centigramme}
'senti-g^aem.
centiliter n. [also spelt centilitre} 'senti-hi-ta? ; (improper-
ly) sen'tih-ta?.
centime n. (hundredth part of a franc) 'sen-tim, sen'tiim.
centimeter «. [also spelt centimetre} 'senti-mii-ta? ; (im-
properly) sen'timi-tar.
centipede n. many-legged arthropod [synonymous cognate
centiped} 'senti-pid.
centrale n. bone [ploral centralia} sen'tjee-h.
centralization n. [also spelt centralisation} sent£ah'zee-
San, sentja-lai'zee-Jan.
centralize v, [also spelt centralise} 'sent^a-laiz.
centrifugal adj, (fleeing from the center) sen'tjifgo-gaJ.
(assumptivly) sen'tjifgogal.
centripetal adj, (seeking the center) sen'tjipi-tl, (assump-
tivly) sen'tjipitl.
cents n. (plural of cent) scnts.
jjre, g cure; d the, 0 thin ; 5 a-?ure, ds ;oy ; ' S shoe, tS chew ;
wzt/Aen; i] sing; u wh<7ever, i react, aiu\\, \5Miool, \tt, lisee;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o:doot, ootvo, t.\ic^, tt^qXt.\
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 85
oeatnmTir n. one of a body of about a hundred Roman
judges [ploral centumvirs, centumviril sen'tAmva?.
eentnmTirate n. sen'tAmva-zot.
eentnple cuij. (a hundred-fold) 'sentqo-psl,
eentnrion n. (commander of a century) 8en'tQo:-?i-9n.
eenturj n. (a hundred soldiers; a hundred years) 'sentSa-s^i,
{anteriorly) 'sentS^zi; {rapidly) 'sentS^i; {older) 'sentga-ri.
eeorl n. (churl) kge:;!, tSe:?!*
eephalio adj, (of the head) si'fxhk, 'sefs-hk; {erroneously)
ki'fslik.
eepl&alopod n. (head-tentacled animal) 'sefsla-ped, si'fxtd-
ped.
eepl&aloiM adj. (having a head) 'sefa-lss.
cermin. n. (constituent of beeswax) 'si:-ze-in, 'si:-?9-in.
eeramio adj, [synonymous cognate keramici si'rxmik.
ceras ». a horn, or the like [ploral ceratal 'szz^s.
cerate n. (ointment) 'si:-?et, 'si:-?9t.
cerate adj. (having a cere; cered) 'si:-?et.
cerate n. horn-silver [synonymous cognate keratel 'se?et.
eeratin n. horn-substance [also spelt ceratine; synonymous
cognates keratin, keratinel 'se?9-tin.
eerattna n. (horn-plate) si'?xti-n9.
ceratode n. horn-like skeletal substance of sponges [synony-
mous cognate keratodel 'seza-tod.
eeratohyal adj.,n. sesd-to'hai-dl.
eeratoid adj. horn-like [synonymous cognate keratoidi 'sezs-
teid.
ceratome n. cornea-cutter [synonymous cognate keratome}
'sezd-tom.
ceratose adj, horny [synonymous cognate keratosel 'se?9-
tos.
eeroiM n. rear feeler; bristle [ploral cercil 'sezkds.
cere n.,v, (wax) 8i:z.
cereal adj. (of edible grain) 'si:-?i-9l.
cerebellum n. the little brain ; the hind-brain [plural cere-
bellal sezi'beldm.
cerebral adj. (of the brain) 'sezi-bzal; {less properly) si'^ii-
hz9l.
cerebrie adj, (cerebral) 'sczi-bzik, si'zeb^ik, si'^ii-bzik.
cerebrospinal adj. of the brain and spinal cord [also spelt
cerebrospinal^ sczi-bzo'spai-nl.
cerebmm n. brain; prosencephalon [ploral cerebral 'sen-
b?3m; {less properly) si^gii-bggm.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, o h^t, 01 hoy; a: far, a^j now, a: osk, aiV.\t.e\
\znglh-njark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \otvs\
stress-mark C) indicates cbi^f Btress on the following sy\\a\Ae,
86 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
cerement n. (waxt grave-cloth) 'si:7-m9nt.
oeremonial adj,, n. se^i'moo-ni-a}.
ceremony n. [ploral ceremonies'^ 'seri-mom, 'serimd-ni.
cereons adj. (waxen) 'si:-ri-9s.
oerens n. (cactus) 'si:-zri-9S.
cerge n. sB:7d3. see under cierge.
oerio adj. (of cerium) 'si:-?ik.
cerin n. waxy substance from cork ; impure cerotic acid from
beeswax [also spelt cerinel 'si:-rin.
oerine n. ore of cerium [also spelt cerin} 'si:-?in.
ceripli n. see serif.
cerise adj., n, (cherry red) ss'^iiz.
oeroma n. (wax salve; cere) si'?oo-m9.
cerosin n. wax-like substance [also spelt cerosinel 'si:-?9-sin.
certain adj. (fixt; sure) 'sertn, 'se^tm; (dialectally) 'seet-n.
certainly adv. 'sB?tn-h, 'serti-nh; (dialectally) 'sszt-nh.
certiorari n. (writ) suzl^'zBi-zm.
cerulean adj, sky-blue [also spelt caerulean'l si'?ou-H-9n.
cemlein n. blue substance [synonymous cognate cerulini si-
'rou-H-in.
cemlin n. 'si:-?o-hn. same meaning as cerulein.
cemmen n. (ear-wax) si'?ou-man.
cemse n. (white lead) 'si:-?us, si'?ous.
cemsite n. [also spelt cerussitel 'se?9-sait.
cervical adj. (of the cervix or neck) 'sB'.r-vi-kal, sdr'vai-kdt.
cervine adj. (of the deer) 'sBrzr-vin, 'sB:?-vain.
cervix n. neck, etc. [ploral cervicesi 'sB:?-viks.
ceryl «. (radical in beeswax) 'sr.-zil.
cesare n. (mood of the second figure of syllogism) 'sii-z3-ri.
Cesarean adj. see Caesarean,
cespitose adj, turfy; matted [also spelt caespitosel sespi-
'toos, (assumptivly) 'sespi-tos.
cessation n. (a ceasing; stop) se's8e-$9n.
cessavit n. (writ) se'see-vit.
cessible adj. obsolete (yielding) 'sesd-bdL
cession n. (act of ceding) 'seSsn.
cesspool n. (drain-cistern) 'ses-poul.
cestns n. girdle [ploral cesti"] 'sestss.
oestns n. boxing-glove [also spelt caestus; ploral cestusi 'se-
stds.
oesnra n. cut made by the ending of a word within a foot
[also spelt caesura; ploral cesuras, caesurael si'sqo:-?3, si-
'zjo:-?3, si'3o:-r3.
jj^e, gcure; d the, 0 *Mn; saxrure, dj/oy; ^shoe, tjc/iew;
wze/hen; ij sing; u wh<7ever, i react, oiuu, Quiool, itt, lisee;
o poetic; 9 over ^ ea^rial^ Abut, o: door, 00 no, ^Vkc^, ^^^(Afe\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 87
Cetaeea n. pi, (whales) si'tee-si-9, si'tee-$i-9.
eetaoean adj. (of the Cete or whales) si'tee-$9n.
eete n. (whale) siit.
cete n. obsolete (a company of badgers) siit.
Cete n.pl. (whales, dolphins, etc.) 'sii-ti.
eeteraeli n. (scaly fern; miltwaste) 'set9-?£k.
eetie adj. (of the whale) 'sii-tik.
cetine n. [also, sometimes, spelt cetini 'sii-tin, 'sii-tain.
eetrarate n. si'tsee-set.
cetrarie adj. (of citraria or Iceland moss) si't£ae?ik.
eetrarin. n. [also spelt cetrarine^ si'tse:-zin, 'sets9-?in, 'sii-
t£9-3in.
eetyl n. radical [also spelt cetylel 'sii-til.
eeylonite n. [synen3rmous cognates ceylanite, zeylanite'] si-
^en-ait, sile-nait, 'sii-la-nait.
eliabasite n. 'ksbs-zait, 'kxbd-sait. same meaning as chab-
asite.
eliabaiite n. mineral [synonymous cognate chabasitel 'ks-
bd-zait
ChahUmn. (wine) San>}ii, Sx'bhi.
chaff n. (grain-husks) tSa:f, t$a:f, t$ae:f.
diaffincli n. (bird) 'tSaf-fmtS, 'tSaefintS, 'tJai-finS.
chagrin n. (vexation; mortification) l^'gzm, $9'g?iin.
cliair n. (seat) t^eiz,
cludse n. (vehicle) Seez.
chalaza n. tread of an egg, etc. [ploral chalasae^ kslee-zs.
chalcedonic adj. of chalcedony [also spelt calcedonici kx!-
si'denik.
chalcedony n. [also spelt calcedony'] kael'seds-ni, 'kselsids-ni.
Chaldean adj. of Chaldea [also spelt Chaldaean} ksel'dii-sn.
Chaldee adj,, n. (Chaldean) 'kael-di, ksel'dii.
chaldron n. (measure) 'tSc:}-dr3n, 'tSa:l-dr9n, 'tSxldrsn.
chalet n. (cottage) l^leCf S^elee, '$sele.
chalice n. cup [also spelt chalisi 'tSaetis.
chalil n. (ancient Hebrew musical instrument) hslii}.
chalk n. (soft white limestone) tSc:k.
challenge n., v. 't^shnds.
challis n. fabric [also, sometimes, spelt challyl '$aeh, 'tSxhs.
compare shalli.
Chalybean adj. {pi the Chalybes) kd'hbi-sn, kxh'bii-dn.
chalybeate adj, (impregnated with iron) kslibi-et.
chambranle n. (top-piece of a doorway, etc.) Saem'b^aenl.
chanicleon n. reptil [also spelt chamaeleoni kd'mii-H-sn.
c: law, b: iur, ae cat, ehot, ei hoy; a: far, aa now, a: osk, aikxte\
Xzngth-markO) indicates that the preceding sound is Vetv^'i
^reaa-mark () indicates chief stress on the fellowing syWaU^
88 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
cbamfer n.,v. bevel [as verb, past participle and preterit
chamfered, chamferd'] 'tSamfa?.
diamois n. antelope; soft leather [also sometimes spelt, es-
pecially in the sense of leather, shamoy, shammy'^ 'Jaemi,
'Sae-mwe,''Sae-mwa, 'Jae-mei, Jae'mei.
obamomile n. see camomile,
oliainp V, bite, chew [synonymous cognate chomp; past par-
ticiple and preterit champed, champti tjaemp.
obampagne n. wine [also, formerly, spelt champaigne, cham-
paign'] Saem'peen.
oliainpaig:!! n,, adj. (flat open country) ^sm'peen ; (formerly)
tjaem'peen.
ohampak n. tree [also spelt champaci 'tSsm-pxk, 't$xmp9k,
't^Am-pAk.
diampig^pn n. mushroom [also spelt champinion'] ^xm'pi-
njsn, t$3m'pini-9n.
Champlain adj. (part of the Paleozoic series) lxm'pL.een.
chanoe n. (fortune, fortuity, etc.) tSa:ns, tSa:ns, tSs:ns; (also)
tSa:nts, etc.
cbanoel n. (sanctuary) 'tSa:n-S9}, 'tSaenssl.
chancellor n. (officer) 'tSa:n-s9-l9z.
chancery n. 'tSa:n-s9-?i.
chancre n. (venereal ulcer) 'lxt)k9z,
chancroid adj. (like chancre) 'SxQ-kseid.
chandelier n. (pendant cluster of lights) Ixnd^^iiz,
chandler n. (candle-maker; retailer) 'tSam-dldzr, 'tSxndls?.
changeable adj, (variable) 'tSeen-dsd-bs!.
channel v, [present participle channeling, channelling; past
participle and preterit channeled, channelled, channeld}
'tjaenl, 'tSaenal.
chanson n. (song) S^ri'sei], 'Ssenssn.
chant v., n. [synonymous cognate chauntl tSa:nt, tSci:nt,
tSaemt.
chantant adj, Sori'ter), 'tSa:n-t3nt.
chanticleer n. (cock) 'tSsenti-k^i:?, 't$a:n-ti-kz<i:7.
chaos n. (chasm, abyss; disorder) 'kee-es.
chaotie adj. (like chaos) ke'etik.
chap n. (a crack, as in the hand) tSaep.
chap n. jaw [also spelt chop] t^ep.
chaparral n. (thicket) tlxp^zxl.
chapean n, hat [ploral chapeaux] Sse'poo.
chapel n. (subordinate place of worship, etc.) 'tjaepsl.
chaperon n. (hood; protector) 'Jaepa-^on, 'Jaepa-^on.
J ye, gcure; d the, 9 /Mn ; 3 ajsrure, ds/oy; S j/»oe, tSc/iew;
wzt/Aen; tj sing; u whoever, i react, Diu\\, ouiool, itt, \\s6e;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial. Abut, o: door, ;)ono, t,\ic^, ^.^\iAWn
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 89
elutpfalloA ad$, 'tSep-fc:^9n, 'tSaep-fc:-l9n. same meaning
as chopfallen,
elutplain n. (priest, etc.) 't$xpz<in.
elutplet n. (head-dress, wreath) 'tSsprst.
elutppy n. chap, fellow [also spelt chappiel 'tSxpi.
eliar it., v. tlaiz. same meaning as chare.
ehar it. (fish) t$a:?.
cliar tr. reduce to charcoal by burning; scorch [as verb, past
participle and preterit charred, chard} tSaiz.
ckaraetefr it. (mark; trait; person) laez^k-t^z, {anteriorly)
'ksizsktsz; (also, often) laszik-t^z; (vulgarly) ks'zxkt^z.
eliaraoteriiatloA n. [also spelt characterisationi ksezdk-
t9zi'zee-$9n, (rapidly) kae?9kt£i'zee-S9n ; (also) kae^akta-eai-
'rce-$3n.
diaraeterise v, [also spelt characterise! ^sez^kts-zaiz,
eltarade n. (word-riddle, often acted) Sd'zreed, S^'zaid,
elaare n.,v. turn, etc. [synonymous cegnate char and, as a
noun, in the sense of job, chorel t^ciz.
cliarlne— n. 't$e:-zi-nis.
charioteer n. (chariot-driver) tSae^i-s'ti:?.
charifliii n. (devine gift; talent) 'kx-ziz^m.
eharivari n. (mock serenade) laszi'vaezi, Sa?i'va:-2ri.
cJiarlatan. n. (quack) 'Sa:r-la-tn, 'Sai^-la-tan, 'Sa:?-l3-taen.
oliarlotte msse n. (whipt cream and sponge-cake) $a:?-l9t-
Vous.
ehaniel n. (repository for dead bodies') %a:z-nl.
cl&art n., t/. (map ; draft) tlaizt.
cluurta n. a paper, a parchment; a charter [ploral chartael
Tcorta, Tcare-ta.
eliarter n. (written instrument) 'tSa^ta?.
eluurtograplier n. map-maker [also spelt cartographer'} kaz-
'togra-far.
ehartrense n. (cordial) Sa^t£B:z.
chartnlary n. a set of charters ; register [also spelt cartula-
ry"} TcartQo-Jen.
el&ary adj, (careful, cautious, wary) 'tSer-jri.
cluuiable adj. [also spelt chaseable} 'tSce-sd-bal.
chase v., n. hunt [also spelt chace} t^ees, (when unstrest)
t$es.
chase n. (frame in which type-forms are lockt) tSees.
chase n. (part of a gun ; groove) tjees.
chasm n. (yawning gulf; cleft; gap) 'kaezsm, 'kaezm.
chass6 V. glide, etc. [also spelt chassez, chassey; vulgar syn-
c: low, b: fur, xcat, 0 hot, ei boy; a: for, ao now, a: osk, BiiV\\e\
lengtb-markO) indicates that the preceding sound is \oti%',
stress-mark () indicates chief stress on the f©lloY/ing syWaU^
90 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
enymous cognates sashy, sashay, sasshay} Jx'see, (some-
times, especially anteriorly) 'Jaese.
oliassepot n. (rifle) '$£s-po, Saes'poo.
chassis n. (frame) '^xsis, Sa'sii.
chaste adj, (pure) tSeest.
chasten v. disciplin; purify [past participle and preterit
chastened, chastend} 'tjce-san, 'tjce-sn; (improperly) 'tjce-
stsn, 'tSxsdn.
chastening; adj. 'tSee-sd-niij. (rapidly) 'tSees-niij.
ehastise v, punish [also spelt chastizel tSxs'taft, tSs'staiz,
'tSae-staiz.
ehastisement n. 't$xstis-mdnt, 'tSxstiz-msnt ; (less properly)
tSss'taiz-mdnt.
chasuble n. (vestment) 'tSasJo-bal, 'tjasgo-bsl, 'tSaeSjo-bal.
ch&tean n. castle; country house [ploral ch&teaux^ S^c'too,
Sa'too.
ehatelaine n. (mistress of a chateau; appendage) 'tSaet}-en,
'Saeti-len; 'Jai-ta-len.
ehattel n. (movable possession) 'tSxtl, 'tSsetdl.
ehanffer n. portable furnace [also spelt chauferl 'tjofd;,
'Sc:-fazr.
chauffeur n, (automobile-driver) Jo'fo:?, 'Joo-far.
ehauvinism n. (devotion) 'S^o-vi-nizsm.
ehay n. chaise [also spelt shay'\ See.
cheap adj. (low in price ; mean) tSiip.
check n., v. [also, as a noun, in the sense of a written order
or draft, spelt cheque \ as verb, past participle and preterit
checked, checktl tjek.
checker n. one of the pieces or men used in the game of
drafts or checkers [also spelt chequer'} 'tjekar.
checkerberry n. [also spelt chequerberry ; synonymous cog-
nate chickaherryl 'tSekar-be^i.
checkered adj. [also spelt chequered, checkerdi 'tSekard.
cheeky adj. checkt, checkerd [also spelt chequee, chequy,
chequey, checquy, checqueyl 'tjeki.
Cheddar adj. [also spelt Chedderl 't$edd;.
cheep V, (peep, chirp, squeak) tSiip.
cheerful adj, *tli:z'f^l.
cheesy adj. (of or like cheese) 'tSii-zi.
chef n. (head; chief cook) lef.
chef-d'ceuvre n. [ploral chefs-d'oeuvre'] Sc'deiv?.
cheiropter n. see chiropter.
chela n. claw [ploral chelae] Hcii-ls.
J ye, gcure; d the, Othin; sasure, d^foy; Jj/»oe, tSrfcew;
wwhen; tj sing; u wh<?ever, i react, oiuu, oMiooV "1%^, 'A.^ec*,
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, otdoot, oono, «.>ac^, «.fe^cJ«.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 91
chela n. pupil, novice [also spelt cheeld] 'tjee-la, 'tjii-la.
cheloid n. tumor [also spelt keloid} 'kii-leid.
clielys n. (ancient Greek lyre; lute; viol) 'kehs.
cheme n. (Roman weight) 'kii-mi.
ehenUe adj. (of chemistry) 'kcmik.
ehemise n. (garment; wall) Ji'miiz; {less properly) Si'miis.
ehemiflette n. (garment) ^emi'zet.
ehemist n. [former synonymous cognate chymist} 'kemist,
{dialectally) 'kimist.
cHemistry n. [former synonymous cognate chymistry} 'ke-
mi-stsi, (dialectally) Tcimi-stii.
ohenllle n. (cord) Jd^niil.
cHenopod n. (plant) 'kii-nd-ped, 'kend-ped.
clieqiie n. see check,
cHeroot n. cigar [synonymous cognate sharoot} l^'zaut, tji-
'zDUt.
eliemb n. angel [ploral cherubs, cherubint"] 'tSceab.
ohembie adj. (of cherubs; angelic) tSi'^uu-bik.
eliembim. n. (ploral of cherub) 'tlez^-bim; (less properly)
'tSeejo-bim.
cliendl n. (plant) %b:z-viI.
Cheshire adj. 'tSeSs?.
chestnut n. nut; tree [also spelt chesnutl 'tSesNst 'tSes-nxt.
ohetah n. leopard [also spelt cheeia, cheetah'} 'tjii-ts.
eheval de frise n. war-appliance, spiked ornament [ploral
chevaux de frise} Sa-vael-da'fsiiz.
chevalet n. (prop) 'Sev9-le.
che-ralier n. (horseman, knight ; bird) Jevali:?.
ehe-ranx n. (ploral of cheval) Ss'voo.
ehevelnre n. (head of hair; coma of a comet) 'lev^-lioz.
ehe-rerel n. (obsolete) kid [also spelt cheveril] 'tjeva-ral.
ohevet n. (eastern end of an apse) Ss'vee.
cheviot n. (woolen cloth) 'tSevi-at, 'tSii-vi-at; 'tjivi-at.
chevron n. beam ; device ; badge [synonymous cognate che-
veron} 'Sevzran.
cheiv V. masticate [past participle and preterit chewed,
chev' '] tSou, (when unstrest) tju.
chcwink n. bird [also spelt cheewink} tli'vritjk.
chianti n. (wine) ki'xnti, ki'a:n-ti.
chiaroscuro n. light and shade, clair-obscure ; a drawing
in black and white [also spelt chiaro-oscuro} ki-a:-^3'sko:-^o.
chiasm n. (two lines crost; decussation) 'kai-aezsm.
chiasma n. chiasm [ploral chiasmatal kai'xzms.
c: law, b: iur, ae cat, o hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, a*, ask, ^iV\\,^\
\zngth-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \^xvv^N
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the f oVVovfing a^\\a\i\e^.
92 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
ohiasmiis n. (word-order) kai'sesMSS.
oliibonk n. long-stemd pipe [also spelt chibouque, chibuk'i
tSi'bouk, tSiTjok.
oliic adj, (stylish; cunning) S^k, $iik.
chicane n. (trickery) Si'keen.
cMeanery n. [plural chicaneries} Si'kce-na-zri ; {less properly)
Si'kaena-ei.
eliick n. (chicken) t$ik.
eliicken n. 'tSikin; {dialectally) 'tSikq.
eliicory n. plant [also spelt chiccory ; synonymous cognate
succory'i 'tjika-ei, {anteriorly) 'tjikaei; {rapidly) 'tSiksi.
eliief adj. (principal) tSiif, {when less strest) tSif.
eliief n. head [ploral chiefs'] t^iif.
chief ery n. office or domain of a chief; tribute [synonymous
cognate chief ry] 'tSii-fa-^i.
chieftain n. (leader) 'tSiif-tin.
chiffon n. (bit of cloth or finery) 'Jifan, 'Sifon.
chiffonier n. case of drawers; rag-picker [also spelt chif-
fonnier; synonymous cognates chiffonniere, chiffonier e,
chiffonidre, chiffonniere, cheffonier] Jifa'ni:?, Si'foo-ni-e,
Si'feni-e, 'Sifa-niizr.
chiffonnidre n. (female ragpicker) li'too-ni-ziz,
chignon n. (a woman's hair done up at the nape of the
neck) 'Sii-njorj.
chilblain n. (blain due to a cold ; erythema) 'tSil-bleen.
child n. [ploral children"] 'tSaild.
childe n. (noble youth; squire; knight) tjaild.
childlike adj. (like a child) 'tSaiM-laik, 'tSail-laik.
children n. (ploral of child) 'tSildrsn.
chiliasm n. (doctrin of final rule by Christ, etc.) 'kiH-aezam.
chilli n. the pod or fruit of the Guinea pepper [also spelt
chili, chilly, chile; ploral chillies] 'tjih.
chilly adj. (cold) 'tjih.
chiloma n. lip [ploral chilomata] kailoo-ms.
chime n. (set of bells; also, their harmonious sound) t^aim.
chime n. rim of a cask [also spelt chimb] tSaim.
chimer n, (one who chimes) 'tjai-ma?.
chimer n. [also spelt chimar, chimmar] 'tjima?. same mean-
ing as chimere.
chimera n. fantastic creature ; vain fancy [also spelt chi-
maera] kai'mi:-?3, ki'mi:-^a.
chimera n. [also spelt chimaera] Si'mi:-79. same meaning as
chimere.
J ye, gcure; b the, 9 *Mn ; 3 arure, dsjoy; I shoe, tjc/iew;
wzaAen; ijsing; u whoever, i react, oiuVV, ouiool, i-it, \\^ee\
o poetic; o over, e aerial. Abut, o: door, 00 no, e\>c^, ^^^a\.^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS «
ehia&ere n. bishop's robe [synonymous cognates chimer, chi-
fnera\ Ji'mi;?, tji'mi:?.
ehia&erieal adj, (fantastic; preposterous) kai'mc^i-kdl, ki-
ehia&eriie v. obsolete [also spelt chimerise} kai'mi:-zaiz,
ki'mi:-7aiz.
ehimAey n. smoke-vent [ploral chimneysl 'tjimni; {dialec-
tally, sometimes with variation of spelling) 'tjimh, 'tSim-
Mi.
ehlatpaniee n. (ape) tSim'pxnzi, tSim'paenzi, tSimpsn^zii,
tSimpxn'zii.
ehinar-tree n. tSi'na:?-t£ii.
ddAoliilla n. (rodent; fur; cloth) tSm'tSils.
diinese adj. (of China) tjai'miz, {assumptivly) 'tSai-niz;
{also) tSai'niis, {assumptivly) 'tjai-nis.
ehinkapin n. dwarf chestnut [also spelt chincapin, chin-
quapini 'tjigka-pin, 'tjinka-pin.
oltinoidine n. by-product obtaind in making quinine [also,
sometimes, spelt chinoidin'] ki'nei-din, ki'noi-dain.
ddAoline n. tertiary amin [also, sometimes, spelt chinolin;
synonymous cognates quinoline, quinolin, quinolein, quino-
leinel 'kina-lain, 'kina-lin.
diinook n. (wind) tSi'nok, t^i'nouk.
c]ii]i.tz n. printed cotton cloth [also spelt chints'\ taints.
diipmunJE n. chipping-squirrel [synonymous cognate chip-
muck, chipmuk} 'tJip-mAqk.
cliirog^rapliy n. (handwriting) kaiVegzd-fi.
ehiromancy n. (palmistry) 'kai-^a-maensi, {rarely) 'ki^a-
maensi.
ehiropod n. mammal with hands [also spelt cheiropodi 'kai-
z9-ped.
chiropodist n. (corn-doctor, etc.) kai'z;epd-dist, ki'^epa-dist ;
{improperly) tji'^epa-dist, Ji'^epa-dist.
chiropter n. wing-handed animal ; bat [also spelt cheiropter}
kai'^opta^.
ohirmp v. chirp [synonymous cognate cherup; past partici-
ple and preterit chirruped, chirrupt'\ 'tji^ap.
ehimrgeon n. (surgeon) kaiVardsan; {improperly) t^i'zBz-
dssn.
chisel n. (tool) 't^izdl.
chisel V. [present participle chiseling, chiselling \ past par-
ticiple and preterit chiseled, chiselled, chiseld} 'tjizal.
chitin n. entomolin [also spelt chitine'\ 'kai-tin.
c: low, b: fwr, ae cat, o hot, ©i hoy; a: far, go now, a: ask, a\k\\.^\
\Bngth-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \^xv%N
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the f oWovfin^ sv\\^\t.
94 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
diitinisation n. [also spelt chitinisation^} kai-tini'zee-Sdn,
kai-ti-nai'zee-San.
chitinised adj. [also spelt chitinised'] Icai-ti-naizd.
cliiton n. (tunic) 'kai-ten.
chi-ralrio adj. (of chivalry) 'Sivsl-^ik, Ji'vakik, 'tjival-rik.
oM-ralrons adj. (knightly; of the Age of Chivalry; gallant)
'Siv3l-?3s, 'tjival-^as.
ehivalry n. (mounted man-at-arms; knighthood; curtesy)
'Sival-^i, {also, especially in Britain) 'tjival-?!.
diive n. plant [synonymous cognate civel tjaiv.
oblamys n. mantle [plural chlamydes'] 'kLee-mis, 'kuemis.
chloral n. (liquid) 'kz.oi-z^l.
oliloraliiiii n. (antiseptic) 'kLD:-?d-l3m, kLo'^xlsm.
oUoranil n. [also spelt chloranilel *kt.o>z9-nil, kz^o'^snil.
chloride n. [also, sometimes, spelt chloridl 'kz.o:-?aid, (be'
fore of) 'ki.o:-?id.
eUoridize r. convert into or cover with a chloride [errone-
ous synonymous cognates chlorodise, chlorodisel 'ktor-ei-
daiz.
chlorine n. [also, sometimes, spelt chlorin'] 'kz.3:-;ain, 'kz.3:-
zin, 'kto:-?in.
chloroform n. (formyl trichloride) 'kt.oi-z^-feizm.
chlorophyl n. green matter of leaves, etc. [also spelt chloro-
phylll 'kto:-^3-fil.
choana n. funnel; infundibulum [ploral choanael 'koo-s-ns.
chock-fnll adj. [synonymous cognate choke-fult] tSek^fol,
(assumptivly) 'tSok-fol; (dialectally) tSAk'fol, (assuntptivly)
'tSAk-fol.
chocolate n. (prepared cacao-kernels) 'tSeks-lst.
choenix n. Greek dry measure [ploral choenicesl 'kii-niks.
choir n. company of singers [also spelt quirel kwaiz.
choired adj. assembled in a choir; utterd in chorus [also,
sometimes, spelt quired"] kwai?d, (also, in poetry) 'kiuai-^id.
ehoirman n. man who sings in a choir [also spelt quireman;
ploral choirmeni 'kiuaij-man,
choke V. (stop the breath, etc.) tSook, (when unstrest) tSok.
oholagog:ne n. medicin for controlling the bile [also spelt
cholagogi 'kola-gog.
choler n. (bile; anger) 'kola?; (erroneously) 'koo-lar.
cholera n. (disease) 'keld-??.
choleric adj. (of choler or bile; angry) 'kela-eik.
cholerine n. diarrhea preceding cholera [also, sometimes,
spelt cholerini 'kela-zrin, 'kela-^ain, 'kola-^in.
Jjy^, gcure; bthe, 9 /Mn ; 3 assure, ds/oy; I shoe, tjc/iew;
ww/ten; zjsing; u whoever, i react, oiull, aufool, lit, \\^ee\
o poetic; o over, e aerial. Abut, 0: doot, 00 uo, t\ic^, t.^^oX&\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 95
c]&olesteri]& n. [also spelt cholesterine ; erroneous synony-
mous substitutes cholestearin, cholestearine} ka'lesta-ein.
cl&ollaii&b n. (variety of iambic trimeter; scazon) 'koo-li-
smb.
oholine n. bile-substance [also, sometimes, spelt cholin; syn-
onymous cognate cholein} 'kolin, 'ke-lain.
ol&oiie n. (cortical dome of a sponge) koon.
olioose V. select [past participle chosen; preterit chosel
tjouz, {when unstrest) tjuz.
obopfallen adj. [synonymous cognate chapfalleni 'tSep-fc:-
}dn.
ol&opin n. liquid measure [also, formerly, spelt choppin, chop-
ine^ 'tjopin.
ol&opine n. clog, shoe [also, sometimes, spelt chopini tSo'piin,
'tSopin, 'tS 0-pin.
olioragie adj, (of a choragus) ko'^xdsik, ko'^ee-dsik.
ol&oragns n. chorus-leader [synonymous cognate choregus',
ploral choragil ko'?ee-gas.
ol&oral adj. (of a chorus or choir) lai-z^h
olioral n. song; tune [also spelt choralel Icoi-z^i, \a'za:h
ol&ord. n. a string; the simultaneous sounding of three or
more tones; a straight line intersecting a curve; a chorda
[also spelt cord"] ke:zd.
chorda n. tendon ; filament [ploral chordae"} 'kerzr-ds.
cl&ore n. small job; char, chare [also spelt choar} t^oiz.
chorea n. (Saint Vitus's dance) ka'^ii-a, ko'zrii-a.
choree n. (trochee) 'ko:-?i, ko'^ii.
ohorio adj. (of a chorus) 'ko^ik, 'ko:-?ik.
chorion n. outer fetal envelop [ploral chorial 'ko:-?i-3n.
chorisis n. (separation) 'k3:-7i-sis.
chorist n. (singer in a choir) 'ke^ist, 'ko:-?ist.
chorister n. (singer in a choir; choir-leader) 'kezri-std?; {im-
properly) Tcor-n-sta?.
choroid adj. (membranous) 'k3:-?eid.
chorus n. band of singers ; song [ploral choruses] 'ko:-?3s.
chose V. (preterit of choose) tjooz, {when unstrest) tSoz.
chose n. (piece of property; thing) Jooz.
chonsh M. (bird) t^Af.
chrestomathy n. (collection of literary extracts) kses'te-
ms-Oi.
chrism n. (sacred ointment; unction) 'ksizam, Ic^izm.
chrisom n. chrisom-cloth, chrisom-robe ; dead child [also
spelt chrysom, chrysomel 'k^izam.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, © hot, ei boy; a: far, ao now, a*. asV., a."i.V.\\.e.\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound la \^n«.N
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the f eUowms sv\\a.V\€:.
% DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
oliristen v. baptize, etc. [past participle and preterit christ-
ened, christend} 'Icsissn, 'ksisn.
oliristening n. 'Icsisd-nii], Ic^isn-ii], 'IcsisNir).
Christianity n. k^is'tSseni-ti, ksiS'tSxni-ti ; ksistSi'xni-ti,
ksiStSi'aeni-ti ; Icsis'tgani-ti, ksisti'aeni-ti.
Christianize v. [also spelt Christianisel 'IcsistSd-naiz,
'IcsiStJa-naiz ; Iraistga-naiz.
Christmas n. 'Icsismss.
ehromatrope n. rotary color-disk [also spelt chromotropel
'lcsoo-ni3-t£op.
clironiolithograpliy n. ksoo-mo-li'Oeg^d-fi.
olironiospliere n. (solar color-sphere; chromatosphere)
'ksoo-ms-sfi:?.
eliromotype n. [also spelt chromatypel 'Icsoo-md-taip.
chronic adj. (of time; long-continued) 'ksenik.
chronograph n. (time-recording device) 'ksen3-g?a:f.
chronologic adj. k^ensledsik.
chronologize v. [also spelt chronologisel ksd'nels-dsaiz.
chronology n. (science of the time-order of events) \cs9-
'nela-dsi.
chronometer n. (time-measuring device) k^a'nemi-ts?.
chrysalides n. (ploral of chrysalis) k^i'saeh-diz.
chrysalis n. pupa [ploral chrysalides, chrysalises'] 'ksisa-hs.
chrysanthemum n. (flower) k^i'ssnOi-msm.
chryselephantine adj. of gold and ivory [also spelt chrys-
elephantifi] ksis-eh'faentin.
chrysoberyl n. (cymophane) 'Icsisa-beeiJ.
chrysolite n. (olivin) 'ksisd-lait.
chrysoprase n. (variety of chalcedony) 'ksisa-psez.
church n. (house of worship; ecclesiastic organization)
tSeretS.
chute n. inclined slide; waterfall; rapid [also, sometimes,
spelt shute, shoot"] Sout.
chutney n. condiment [also spelt chutnee"] 't^AtNi.
chyle n. (liquid in the lacteals) kail.
chylifactive adj, [also spelt chylifactiv, c hi I if active] kai-
h'faektiv, kih'faektiv.
chylification n. kai-hfi'kee-Jan, kilifi'kee-San.
chyme n. (food in process of digestion) kaim.
chymifioation n, kai-mifi'kee-Jan, kimifi'kee-San.
cicada n. locust; cricket [ploral cicadas, cicadae] si'kee-da.
cicatrice n. scar, cicatrix [also spelt cicatris; ploral cica-
trices] 'sika-tEis.
/j^'^/ gcure; d the, Q thin\ saswe, dsjoy; ^shot, tjc/iew;
wze/Aen; ij sing; u whenever, i react, oiuW, oviiooV, \\\., \v^cc\
o poetic; o over, e aerial, a but, o:dooT, oono, t\ic^, «.^^a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 97
eieatrices n. *(ploral of cicatrice) 'sik9t£i-siz.
eieatriees n. (ploral of cicatrix) sikd'tsai-siz.
eieatriole it. (germinal vesicle; hilum) 'sikatsi-ksl, si'kstsi-
kal.
eleatrisc it. scar, hilum [ploral cicatricesi si'kce-t£iks, 'siks-
tiiks.
eleatrisant adj, that cicatrizes [also spelt cicatrisant} 'siks-
tsai-zant.
eleatrisatioii n. [also spelt cicatrisation} sikdtsi'zee-Ssn,
sikd-tsai'zee-Sdn.
eleatriie v, scar over [also spelt cicatrisel 'sika-tsaiz.
eicely n. (plant) 'sisi-li, 'sai-sz.i.
eteerone n. guide [ploral ciceroni, ciceronesl tSitSi'zoo-ni,
sisi'?30-ni.
eteisbeo n. one who dangles about women [ploral cicisbei,
cicisbeosi si'sisbi-o, tSitJiz'bee-o.
eidarite n. (fossil echinoid) 'sids-zait.
eider n. (drink) 'sai-ds?.
elerse n. wax candle or taper [former synonymous cegnates
cerge, serge"} si:7d3, si'c:?5.
cigar n. roll of tobacco for smoking [also spelt segar} si'ga:?.
eisarotte n. [also spelt cigaret} sigsVet; (improperly) 'sigd-
zet, siga'eiit.
eillairy adj. (of cilia; hair-like) 'si}i-e?i.
eilimn n. eyelash; hair-like organ [ploral cilia"] 'sili-dm.
eimeter n. 'simi-ts?. same meaning as simitar,
einel&ona n. (bark) sin'koo-ns.
cincture n. (belt; barrier) 'sigktSd?, (older) ^sir]ktq^z.
cinematograpli n. (motion-picture machine) sini'mxts-
gsraif.
Cingalese adj. (of Ceylon) siggs'hiz, (assumptivly) 'sigga-
liz; (also) siQgs'his, (assumptivly) 'siqga-Hs.
cingle n. obsolete (girth) 'sir) gal.
cinnabar n. (red sulfid of mercury; vermilion) 'sind-ba:?.
cinnamon n. (bark; tree) 'sins-msn.
cinqnefoil n. plant; ornament [also spelt cinqfoil} 'siqk-
feil.
cion n. obsolete (uvula, etc.) 'sai-dn.
oion n. obsolete (shoot, twig, etc.) 'sai-an. see scion.
cipher n. nought, zero; secret writing [also spelt cypher, ci-
fer; past participle and preterit ciphered, ciferdj 'sai-fa?.
Ciroeam adj. of Circe [also spelt Circaeanl so^'sii-dn.
circle n. (ring; coterie) 'sezkal, 'ssr^-kal.
c: law, b: fur, ae cot, e hot, 01 hoy; a: far, ao now, a: osk, ai\^itt\
Itogth-marlr (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \oTi%\
stress-mark () indicates Qhiei 9tres9 pn th^ fallowing s^WaW,
98 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
oircnit n. (boundary-line; area; detour) 'ss^kit.
cironitons adj, (circuit-like; roundabout) sBz'kgou-i-tds.
circularise v, [also spelt circularise'^ 'sB?kQol9-?aiz.
oironmolie v. cut off the foreskin [also spelt circumcise'^
'sBrksm-saiz ; {less properly) SBzkdm'saiz.
oircnmferenoe n. s^z'kAmi^-z^ns.
eironinferenter n. (land-compass; circumventor) ssz-kiun-
fa'eentae, sar'kAmfa-eenta?.
oironnifleotion n. [also spelt circumflexion] sBzk9m'fz.ek-
Sdn.
oironinsoribe v. SBzrkdm'slnaib, {anteriorly) 'sB^ksm-sIcsaib.
circnmspect adj. (cautious) 'sB^ksm-spekt.
cironmspect v, {obsolete) sBzrkdm'spekt.
oironinstance n. (surrounding; detail) 'sBzrkdm-stsns, 'ss?-
kdm-stdns.
oiroiim.stantial adj, SBzrkdm'staenSdl, {assumptivly) 'sb?-
ksm-staenSdl.
oircnin'vol've v. revolv [also spelt circumvolv; past partici-
ple and preterit circumvolved, circumvolvdl SBzrkam'velv.
eirrliosis n. (liver-disease) siVoo-sis.
eirrose adj. having cirri [also spelt cirrhosel siVoos, {as-
sumptivly) 'si?os.
cisalpine adj. on this, the southern, side of the Alps [also,
sometimes, spelt cisalpin^ sis'xlpin, sis'ael-pain.
cist n. case, chest, mystic basket [also, erroneously, spelt
cysfl sist.
cist n. prehistoric place of interment ; sepulchral chest ; stone
coffin [also, erroneously, spelt cyst; synonymous cognate
kistl SI St.
citadel n. (fortress) 'sits-ddl.
cite V, (quote, name) sait.
cithara n. (ancient Greek musical instrument) *siB^z9.
eitliern n. musical instrument with wire strings, played with
a plectrum [synonymous cognates cittern; cither, cithar,
zither"] 'siGazn.
citrate n. (salt of citric acid) 'si-tjet; {erroneously) 'sai-tjet.
citrine adj. of the citron or lemon [also spelt citrini 'sitjin.
eive n. saiv. same meaning as chive.
civil adj. (of the state; curteous) 'sivil, {sometimes) 'sival.
civilization n. [also spelt civilisationi sivih'zee-$9n, sivi-
lai'zee-San.
civilize v. [also spelt civilisel 'sivi-laiz.
eivilizer n. [also spelt civiliser'] 'sivi-lai-zar.
Jj^e, gcure; b the, Qthin; saxrure, ds/oy; I shoe, t^chew;
wwken; zjsing; u wh/7ever, i react, oiuVl, xiMiool, itt, \\^ee\ .
o poetic; q over, e aerial. Abut, o*. doot, ootio, t\ic^, t.^^a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 99
eivilly adv, (in a civil manner) 'sivi-h, (anteriorly) 'sivili.
clair-obsenre n. chiaroscuro [also spelt clare-obscurel
dairroyaAoe n. (mesmeric insight) kz.ez'vei-9ns.
clam ant adj, (crying) 'kz^ee-msnt, 'kLsmant.
elamor n. outcry [also spelt clamourl 'kLxma^.
elamor v. raise an outcry; shout [also spelt clamour; past
participle and preterit clamored, clamord} 'kvxm^z.
elamorons adj, [also, rarely, spelt clamourousl 'kz^ms-
Z9S.
clandestine adj, secret [also, sometimes, spelt clandestine
kz.aen'destin, kLaen'de-stain.
clangor n. clang [also spelt clangourl 'kLsgd?, 'kLSQgdz.
clannish adj. (of a clan) 'kz^aeni^.
clapboard n. (sheathing-board) 'kz^bszd, 'ki^p-ho:zd.
daq^ne n. (paid applauders collectivly) kLsk.
Clarencenx n. title of the second king-at-arms [also spelt
Clarencieuxl 'kz^aersn-SQU.
claret n. (wine) 'k^srst.
clarinet n. wind-instrument [synonymous cognate clarionet}
'kije^i-net, kz-aeei'net.
clarion n. (trumpet) 'k^ae^i-dn.
clasp n., V. catch, embrace [past participle and preterit clasp-
ed, claspt"] kz.a:sp, kz^aisp, kz^isp.
class n. (division; rank) kz.a:s, kz.a:s, k]:<se:s.
classic adj. of the first class; standard; of old Greece or
Rome) 'ki^sik, 'kta:-sik.
classicist n. 'kLxsi-sist, 'k]:<a:-si-sist.
classicize v. [also spelt classicise'\ 'kz.sesi-saiz, 'kLa:-si-saiz.
classify v, (arrange in classes) 'kz.aesi-fai, 'k]:<a:-si-fai.
clavate adj. (club-shaped) 'ktae-vet, 'ki.ee-vet.
claTieliord n. (piano-like instrument) 'kLaevi-ke:7d.
clavier n. (keyboard) 'klee-vi-azr, kJa'vi:?; (clavichord, pia-
no) kta'vi:?.
clayey adj, (of clay) 'ktee-i.
oleading n. clothing; casing [also spelt deeding'} 'kLii-dii).
cleanly adj. clean, neat [also spelt clenly} 'kLenh.
cleanly adv. (in a clean manner; exactly) 'kz.ii-nh.
eleansable adj. [also spelt cleansible, clensable} 'kz^enzd-bdl.
cleanse v. make clean [also spelt dense} kLenz.
clear v. clarify; become bright [past participle and preterit
cleared, cleard] ki.i:z, (when unstrest) ktie.
cleat ff. strip of wood, etc. [also spelt deet} k^iit.
c: low, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: iar^ go now, a*, osk, aiV.\\.t\
Izngth-mark (:) indicates that the preceding soMtvd is \^ti^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the teUo'Wing syWaXAt.
48?447
100 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
cleaver n. (.one who or that which cleaves) Ici-ii-va?.
cleavers n. climbing plant [synonymous cognate clivers}
'k3Lli-V3?Z.
clef n. (key-mark on a musical staff) k^ef.
cleft n. crevis, rift [synonymous cognate cliftl k^eft.
,cleistoganiy adj, same meaning as clistogamy.
clematis ». (plant) 'ktema-tis; (improperly) ki.i'mee-tis.
clemeney n. (leniency) 'kz.emdn-si.
Clementine adj. of Clement [also, sometimes, spelt Clemen-
tin} 'kteman-tin, 'kz^emdn-tain.
clenoli V. fasten [synonymous cognate clinch; past participle
and preterit clenched, clenchtl ktentj, lalso, and in Britain
normally) kz.enS.
clepsydra n. water-clock [plural clepsydras, clepsydrae}
'ki.epsi-dr3, ktep'sai-drs.
cleptomania n. see kleptomania.
clerestory n. upper story or part of the nave, etc. [also
spelt clearstory} 'ki.i:z-sto:-zi.
clergy n. (body of ecclesiastics) 'kto^dsi, 'ktei^-dsi.
clerical adj, (of the clergy; of clerks or writers) 'kteri-kal.
clerk n. (clergyman ; scholar ; recorder ; salesman) kL.B:zk,
(in Britain, oftener) ktaizk, kLa:k.
eleiv n. ball or skein; thread [also spelt clue} k^ou.
clio]i6 n. (printing-plate) k^i'See.
click n. (sound) ki.ik.
clientele n. clients collectivly [also spelt clientelle, clien-
tele} ki.ai-3n'tiil, ki.ai-3n'tel, kti-eq'teel.
climacteric n. (critical period in life) kz.ai'msekt9-7ik, kz.ai-
maek'te^ik, ki.i'maekt3-rik, ktimaek'terik.
climatal adj. (of climate) 'kz.ai-m9-tl, 'k^ai-md-td}.
climate n. (region; prevailing atmospheric condition) 'ktai-
mit.
climatic adj. (of climate) loLai'maetik ; (less properly) ki.i-
'maetik.
climatize v. [also spelt climatise} 'ktai-md-taiz.
climatology n. (science of climate) kLai-ms'tels-dsi.
climb n. (ascent) kz.aim.
climber n. (one who or that which climbs) 'k^ai-md?.
clime n. (region, realm) kz.aim.
clinantkinm n. (receptacle of a composit flower; coenan-
thium) kti'naenGi-am.
clinok V. [past participle and preterit clinched, clincht}
ktintS, ktinj. same meaning as clench,
j ye, gcure; d the, 9 *Mn ; 3 a-sure, ds/oy; S shoe, tSc/tew;
wwAen; ijsinff; u whoever, i react, oiuU, aufool, i it, lis^e;
Q poetic; o QVfr, ^ aerial, Abut, o;^0P^^ o6iio» cV^» ^^^a\&\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 10!
ellnometer n. (dip-measuring device) kLi'nemi-t97, kz«ax-
'nemi-tds:.
eliiiq,iiant adj. (glittering) IcLiijkdnt.
clique n. (party, set) kz.iik.
eliqLni*™ m- [also spelt cliqueism\ 'kLii-kizsm.
eliquy adj, of cliques [also spelt cliquey'] 'kz.ii-ki.
eVkmto^ajMkj n, [also spelt cleistogamyl kLais'tegs-mi.
clitellnm n. saddle of an earthworm; cingulum [ploral cli-
telld] kLi'telsm, kLai'telsm.
elitl&ral adj. wholly rooft over [also spelt cleithral'} 'kLai-
elitoris n. (female erectil organ) 'kLsi-td-zris.
doff n. weight-allowance [also spelt dough] kz.ef.
cloisonne adj. (divided into compartments) kLOi-sd'nee,
kz.wa-z9'nee.
close V. (shut, etc.) ki.ooz, (when unstrest) ktoz.
close n. (enclosed place; yard) kz^oos.
close adj., adv, kz^oos.
close n. (act of closing; end; cadence; union; grapple) ktooz.
cloth n. fabric [ploral cloths and, formerly, clothes] kLe:0,
kz.eO; (dialectally) kz.c:0.
dotl&e V. (dress, attire) kz.3od.
dotl&es n,pl. (garments, vestments; bedclothes) kz^oodz,
kz.30Z.
clothier n. (maker or seller of cloth or clothes) 'kz.oo-di-3?,
IcLood-jae.
dotliiiig n. (dress, apparel) ncLOO-dii].
dotHs n. (ploral of cloth) kt^eibz^ kz.e:Os, kteOs.
dough n. (valley, cleft, gorge; earthenware vessel) k^xf,
dnbable adj. sociable [also spelt clubbable] 'kz^Abs-bsl.
due n. guide, indication, or key [also spelt clew] k^ou.
dunuiy adj. (acting as if benumd; awkward) 'kz^Amzi.
olntch v., n, clasp [as verb, past participle and preterit
clutched, clutcht] kLAtS.
clyster n. (enema) 'k^istd?.
cnemial adj. (of the cnemis or tibia) 'nii-mi-al, (rarely,
pedantically) 'kNii-mi-al.
cnemic n. crus; tibia [ploral cnemides] 'nii-mis.
cnicin n. (bitter principle) 'nai-sin.
cnicxiode n. (node) 'nik-nod.
cnida n. thread-cell [ploral cnidae] 'nai-ds.
Cnossian adj. (of Cnossus or Gnossus) 'nesi-dn.
c: law, b: fur, a cat, e hot, ei boy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, aiVi\.e\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \©n%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the f elloY/mg syWaNAt.
102 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
coadjntant adj.,n. (assistant) ko'aed30-tnt, ko'aedsju-tnt; ko-
3'd30U-tnt, ko-s'dsjou-tnt.
ooadjntor n. (assistant) ko-^'dsou-ts?, ko-d'dsjou-td?.
ooadjnvancy n. ko'aed3ov9n-si, ko'sedsjovsn-si.
ooadjnvant adj., n, (assistant) ko'aedso-vdnt, ko'sedsjo-vsnt.
ooag^nlate v. (curdle) ko'aegjo-let.
ooalesce v, (grow together) ko-sles.
ooalised adj. joind, allied [also spelt coalisedl 'k30-3-}aizd.
ooarse adj. (wanting in fineness; rude) \a:zs,
coat n. (garment; thin outer layer) koot; (dialectally) kot.
ooati n. (quadruped) 'koo-aeti, ko'a:-ti.
coax V. pet; influence by caresses [past participle and pret-
erit coaxed, coaxtl kooks.
co-azal adj. j(having a common axis ; co-axial) ko'seksdt.
cob n. gull [also spelt cobbi keb.
cobalt n. metal [also spelt kobaW] 'k30-bc:lt, 'koo-belt, Hce-
baelt
coble n. boat [also, sometimes, spelt cobblel 'loo-bdt, 'kebal.
coca n. (a shrub, Erythroxylon coca) 'koo-kd.
cocaine n. (alkaloid) ko'keen, 'k30-ke-in, 'koo-ke-ain.
cocainize v, [also spelt cocainisel 'k30-kd-naiz, loo-ke-i-
naiz.
cocci n. (ploral of coccus) 'kek-sai.
coccns n. insect; fruit-carpel; spheric bacterium [ploral
coccil 'kekas.
coccygeal adj, (of the coccyx) kek'sidsi-al.
coccyges n. [ploral coccyges'] kek'sai-dsiz.
'Coccyx n. tail-bones collectivly [ploral coccyges] 'keksiks.
cocbineal n. (crimson dyestuff; insect) 'ketSi-nil, ketSi'niil,
'koo-tSi-nil.
oocblea n. snail-like part of the inner ear [ploral cochleae]
'keki-i-a.
cocblear adj, (of the cochlea) 'kekz.i-d?.
cocblear n. spoon, labis [ploral cochlearia] 'kekz^i-a?.
cocblear adj. (spoon-shaped) 'kekLi-s?.
cockatrice n. (fabulous monster) 'keks-tsis, 'keka-tsais.
cockney n, (townsman; nativ Londoner) 'kekNi.
cockscomb n. comb of a cock; plant; oyster; fop [also spelt
coxcomb] 'keks-koom. compare coxcomb.
cock-snre adj. (certain) kek'So:?, (assumptivly) Hcek-So:?.
cocks'vrain n. helmsman [also spelt coxswain] 'kek-siueen,
'keksan, 'keksn.
cocksy adj, cocky, bumptious [also spelt coxy] 'keksi.
/j^e, gcure; d the, 0^/iin; 3 asure, dj/oy; I shoe, il chew;
wwAen; tj sing; u whoever, i react, oiuVV, oMiooV, lil, lisee;
o poetic; 9 over, eoerial, Abut, 0: doot, oot^o, e\ic^, ^.^^oX^N
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 103
coco «. coconut-tree, coco-palm [also spelt cocoa\ 'koo-ko.
ooooa^ n. 'koo-ko. same meaning as coco,
cocoa' n. (the cacao or chocolate-tree ; also, the ground seeds
of this tree, or the beverage made therefrom) 'koo-ko. see
cacao,
coconnt n. fruit of the coco-palm [also spelt coco-nut, cocoa-
nut} 'koo-k3-nAt, 'koo-k3-nat.
cocoon n. larva-envelop [also spelt coccoon} ka'koun.
coctile adj, made by baking, as a brick [also, sometimes,
spelt coctil} 'kektil, 'kek-tail.
coddle V, (boil gently; seethe) 'kedh
coddle V. nurse overmuch; pamper [also, rarely, spelt codlel
'kedl.
codeine n. alkaloid [also, sometimes, spelt codeini ko'dii-in,
'koo-di-ain.
codez n. code, etc. [ploral codices\ 'koo-deks.
codices n. (ploral of codex) 'kedi-siz, {vulgarly) 'koo-di-siz.
codicil n. (supplement to a will) 'kedi-sih
codicillary adj, kedi'sils-ri.
codification n. kedifi'kee-Ssn, kodifi'kee-$3n.
codify V, (reduce to a code ; epitomize) 'kedi-f ai, 'koo-di-f ai.
co-ed n. (female student in a coeducational college) 'koo-ed,
ko'ed.
coefficient n. (joint factor; constant multiplier) ko-d'fi^dnt.
coelebs n. (bachelor) 'sii-lebz.
coelelmintli n. (cavitary, etc.) 'sii-lel-min9.
Coelentera n,pl, animals with a body-cavity or enterocoele
[synonymous cognate Coelenteratal si'lentd-^a.
coeliac adj, 'sii-li-sek. see celiac.
coelian adj. of the coelia or brain-cavity [also spelt celian}
'sii-H-3n.
coeloma n. body-cavity [synonymous cognates coelome, coe-
lorn, coelum ; plural coelomatal si'loo-ma.
coelomate adj, (having a coeloma) si'bo-met.
coelome n. 'sii-lom. same meaning as coeloma,
coenanthinm n. (clinanthium) si'nsen6i-9m.
coerce v. (constrain by force) ko'si^s.
coercible adj. ko'e^s^-bsl.
coercion n, (compulsion) ko'e^San, ko'eir-Jan.
coeval adj. of the same age [also, formerly, spelt coaevall
ko'ii-val.
coexist V. (exist at the same time) ko-eg'zist, ko-ig'zist.
coffee n. (drink; tree) 'ko:-fi, 'kefi; (dialectally) 'kc:-fi.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, 01 boy; a: for, ao now, a*, ask, aiV\\e^\
]ength-fnark CO indicates that the preceding sound is \on%\
stress-mark () indicates chief stress on the f oUowing sy\\a\i\e.,
104 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
coffer n. (box) 'ke:-far, 'kefar.
coffin n. (burial-chest) 'ke:-fin, 'kefin; {dialectally) 'kc:-
fin.
oog^itate v. (ponder, meditate) 'ked3i-tet.
cognac n. brandy [also spelt coniac, cogniaci 'koo-njaek,
'kenjaek.
cognizable adj. [also spelt cognisablel 'kegnizd-bai, keg'nai-
zd-bal, 'keniz3-bal.
cog^nizably adv. [also spelt cognisablyl 'kegntza-bli, keg-
'nai-z3-bli, 'keg-nai-z3-b}i, 'keniz3-bh.
cognizance n. knowledge; jurisdiction [also spelt cogni-
sancel 'kegni-zans, 'keni-zans.
cog^nizant adj. [also spelt cognisanti 'kegni-zsnt, 'keni-zant.
cog^nize v. perceive; know [also spelt cognise! Iceg-naiz,
keg'naiz.
cognizee n. the party in whose favor a fine of land was lev-
ied [also spelt cognisee'\ kegni'zii, keni'zii.
cognizer n. one who or that which cognizes [also spelt cog-
niserl keg'nai-z3r.
cognizor n. the party who levies a fine of land [also spelt
cognisorl 'kegni-zar, 'keni-zer.
cognomen n. (surname; name) keg'noo-msn; (erroneously)
'keg-noman.
cognomine adv. (by cognomen) keg'nemi-ni.
cognoscible adj, (knowable) keg'nesd-bal.
cobere v. (stick together) ko'hiir.
cobesion n. (act or state of cohering) ko'hii-ssn.
cobesive adj. [also spelt cohesiv"] ko'hii-siv, ko'hii-ziv.
coiffenr n. (hairdresser) kwa^fs:?.
coif f nre n. (head-dress) kiua'f i:?, kwa'f Qo:r.
coign n. corner; coin, quoin [also spelt coignel kein.
coigne n. {obsolete) kein. same meaning as coynie.
coin n. (corner-stone, quoin; wedge, angle; die, stamp; piece
of money) kein. compare quoin.
coincide v. (fall together; agree in position; concur) ko-in-
'said.
coke n. carbonized coal [also spelt coakl kook.
colander n. strainer [also spelt cullender"! 'kAlsn-dd?; {er-
roneously) 'kelan-da?.
colcbicnm n. (plant) 'kelki-kam, 'keltji-kam.
cold-blooded adj. k3old'bLAdid, (assumptivly) loold-btAdid.
cold-cbisel n. (chisel for cutting cold metal, etc.) 'kool-tji-
Z9l, 'koold-tSizal.
/j^e. gcure; b they Gf/iin; 5 azure, dstoy; \sho^, tSc/iew;
wzt/hen; 13 sing; u whoever, i react, oiuVV, qmIooV \\\., \\^ce;
o poetic; saver, e oerial. Abut, 0; do ot, oot^o, e\ic^, t^^^oX^N
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 105
oole n. cabbage [synonymous cognates cale, kale} kool.
ooleopter n. (sheath-wingd insect; beetle) koli'optse, koli-
'optae.
oole-slav n. [also spelt cole-slaugh; erroneous substitute
cold-slaw} 'kool-si-c: .
colic n. pains in the belly; gripes [also spelt cholick, cholic}
Icelik.
colicky adj. [also spelt cholickyl 'koh-ki, (anteriorly) 'kohki.
collapsible adj, [also spelt collapsable} ks'laepsa-bal.
collar n. (neck>band) 'keldz.
collare n. collar; prothorax [ploral collaria} kd'lei-zi.
collaret n. [also spelt collarette} kelaVet, 'kola-ret.
collateral adj. (at the side; accompanying) ka'laetd-rdl, (an-
teriorly) kdlxtd^dl, (.rapidly) ka'lxtsdl.
collation n. (comparison; repast) kalee-San.
colleasuc n. associate [also spelt colleag} 'ko-lig.
colleasue v, cooperate; combine [also spelt colleag} ks'liig.
collect V, (gather, assemble) ka'lekt.
collect n. (prayer; collection) 'ko-lekt.
collectable adj. [also spelt collectible} kalektd-bal.
collegiate adj. (of a college) ka'hi-dsi-dt.
collie n. sheep-dog [also spelt colly, colley} 'koh.
collier n. (coal-miner) 'kolia?.
colliery n. (coal-mine) 'kolia-ri, 'koli-e?i; (also) 'koU-3-ei,
(anteriorly) 'koli-ari.
collimator n. (collimating-telescope) 'koh-metaz.
collision n. (act of colliding) kd'hsan.
collisive adj, of collision [also spelt collisiv} ka'lai-siv.
collocutor n. (interlocutor) 'kela-kguta^, ka'lok^o-tar.
coUodionize t/. [also spelt collodionise} kalao-di-a-naiz.
collog^ne V. (gloze, flatter) ka'bog.
colloid adj. (like glue) 'ko-loid.
colloqnialize v. ka'bb-kwi-d-laiz, (often) ks'lokwi-a-laiz.
colloqnize v. converse [also spelt colloquise} 'kob-kwaiz.
colloquy n. conversation [ploral colloquies} 'kob-ktua.
collum n. in biology, neck, collar [ploral colla} 'kolam.
collusive adj. [also spelt collusiv} ka'liou-siv, kaliou-ziv.
colluvies n. (filth) k3'Hou-vi-i:z.
colocyntb n. (bitter apple) 'kob-sinG.
cologne n. (perfume) kalaon.
Colombian adj. (of Colombia, South America) kalxmbi-an,
ka1ombi-3n.
colon n. part of a sentence or rythmic period ; clause ; punc-
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, au now, a*, ask, a\V\\.e\
^engtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \e>tvg,\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the foUov/ms sv\\ia)a\e.
106 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
tuation-mark [ploral cola but, in the sense of a punctuation-
mark, colonsi 'koo-lan.
colon n. large intestin [ploral colons, colal 'koo-lan.
oolonel n. (commander of a regiment) 'ke^nl, 'kerndl; (for-
merly) kela'nel, 'kela-nel.
ooloneloy n. (office or rank of colonel) 'ksrnl-si.
colonization n. [also spelt colonisation^ keldni'zee-S^n, keld-
nai'zee-Ssn.
colonize v. form a colony [also spelt colonisel 'kels-naiz.
colonnade n. series of columns [also, formerly, spelt colo-
nadel keU'need.
colony n. (body of migrators to a new region) 'kela-ni.
colophon n. (final device or note) 'kela-fen, 'kola-fan.
colophony n. resin [synonymous cognate colophone"] 'kola-
foni, kalofa-ni, 'kola-foni.
color n. hue, etc. [also, especially in Britain, spelt colour"]
'kAlar.
colorable adj. [also spelt colourablel 'kAld^d-bal.
colorant n. 'IcAla-rdnt, lael^-z^nt.
coloration n. [also spelt colourationi kAla'^ee-S^n, keld'^ee-
Ssn.
coloratnre n. 'kAlara-tSa?, 'kebza-tS??.
colored adj, [also spelt coloured, colordi 'kAlard.
colorer n. [also spelt colourerl ^aI^-z^z.
colorific adj. (color-producing, etc.) kAlaVifik, keWzihk.
colorimeter n. (color-measuring device) kAla'^imi-ta^, 'kola-
'rimi-tae.
colorin n. extract of madder [also spelt colorinel 'kAla-zin,
'kel3-rin.
coloring n. [also spelt colouring"] ^aI^-zit).
color ist n. [also spelt colourist] 'kAla-^ist.
colossal adj. (like a colossus; huge) ks'lesa}.
Colossenm n. Flavian amphitheater, etc. [synonymous cog-
nate Coliseum] kela'sii-sm.
colossns n. gigantic statue [ploral colossi] ks'lesss.
colporter n. book-pedler [also spelt colporteur] 'kel-poi^-ta?.
colter n. cutter on a plow-beam [also spelt coulter] 'kool-tar.
colnmbary n. (dove-cote) 'kolam-beri.
columbine orf/. (of the dove; dove-color) 'kelam-bain, 'ko-
lam-bin.
columbine n. (plant) 'koldm-bain.
column n. cylindric shaft; pillar [also spelt colum] 'kolam;
(vulgarly) nco-Hum, 'koHam.
j\ve, gcure; d the, Q th'm\ 5 a^ure, ds/oy; S^/toe, tSc/tew;
wu'hen; t) sing; u whoever, i react, oiuVX, oMioo\, \tt, lisee;
o poetic; o over, e aerial. Abut, o:dooT, 00 tic, e,\ic^, «,^%aXfc\
DICTIONARY OF HAMD WORDS MV
coliuoAed adj^ hariag nnanrm Ii£aft tgm^ cj*,i
oolure n. (circle ai ^tadaaaasa..
colxa n. cole-seed DilsB apcit cajxJ
coma n. (heavy dccy;
coma n. tuft of bans '
'koo-ma.
comatose <uf/. (luvix^ Gfiai&: «c
{assumptivly) loo-vs^^mz ^susi-
eoJMkh n. (tootfat device; canmce kssn.
com1> M. komn, loom, see cttvm^^
combat v. (fi£^> lEHD-krt. Taoxciac; iLtaB-lKt, iLAiobat;
kam'baet.
combat ». (figltt> ^vaa-^xi^ lEsad&fx.z IlasMbei, iLAalnt.
combatable adj» lam\wt>^nL '«sai&x>-lai, luxslno^nL
combatamt «. (fi^pbier; cffinmdfT/ 7ciMi:iv>-tnt, TriTnh>-tiit,
combative adj. pugniwwBt laiK> spcJt C0mbsiii ] lcemb»-tiT,
'kAmb»-tiv; (/«* properly ) kaar'oKTr.
combattvea g— «. (also spch c9«^wfxnKX«] IwmbatiT^iis,
'kAmbativ-nis; (Xet* property) kaaaslnetnr-iixs.
comber n. (one ^b^w cosxas; a Idbs cmAm% vave) loo-mas.
comber n. (gaper; wnamt) loKodbix,
combimatiwe adj. Lalso sf^h comabimaHrl kamliai-nd-tiT,
'kembi-netiv-
combimatozial adj^ k9XD-bai-i»''tx-zi-at, keinbnid't3:-zi-dl.
combimatorj adj. kamljei-i^-tan, kamlMi-n^tan, kdmliai-
n3t^^i.
combine r. (ttmte) k^m'baixL
combine n. (combisatioflj 'kom-bam, kamlMiii.
combinedlj adv. (is a combined manner) kamlmi-ni-dli.
conibvatible adj. (bnraable; inflammable) k3ml)AStd-bdt
combnstiom n. (bnming) kam'bAStSsn, kdm'bAStSdn.
come V. (appTQackL, etc) ItAm, {when mnstrest) kam.
oonielimem n. (qnalitj of being comely) IcAmli-nis.
comer n. (one who comes) IcAma;.
comes n. companion; epistolary; in music, consequent, an-
swer [ploral comitesi loo-miz.
comfit n. (bonbon) IcAmfit.
comfort n.,v. (cheer, solace) lunafazt.
comfortable adj. (giving comfort; easy) TcAmfdrta-l^oJ,
{rapidly) TcAmft^-bal; {vulgarly) k3m'fo:2-t»-b3l.
eomfrejr n. plant [also spelt comfry} TcAmfsi, Tcomfsi.
comie adj. (of comedy; funny) Hcemik.
comites n. (ploral of comes) Hcemi-tiz.
c: law, b: iur, 2t cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao nott\ a\ ask, ^vV\\t\
\Bngth'ia^ 0) indicBtes that the preceding sound \s \«^\^'ft^
streBs-matlc (J indicates chief stress on the io\\o>witva s^\\%>2^<
108 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
oomitial adj. (of comitia or assemblies) ka'miSdl, ka'miSi-al.
oomity n. (curtesy) 'kemi-ti.
oomma n. [ploral commas, but in the sense of a group of
words or feet, or a cesura, commatal 'kema.
oommand v,, n, (order) ks'maind, ka'maind, ka'maeind.
oommandant n. (commander) kemdn'damt, kem3nMa:nt.
oomniandeer v. command; force into service; seize [also
spelt commander; past participle and preterit comman-
deered, commandeerdl kemsn'di:?.
oommandery n. [synonymous cognate commandryl k9'ma:n-
ds-ri.
oommandite n. (partnership) kemon'diit, kemen'diit.
commandment n. (mandate) kd'maind-msnt, ka^msendmant.
oomme il fant adj, (as it should be; genteel) kAmi^foo,
kemil'foo.
commence v. (begin, enter upon; make a start; take a de-
gree) ka'mens, ka'ments.
commendable adj. (laudable) ks'mendd-bdl.
eommendam n. (benefis or living commended or bestowd)
kd'men-daem.
commensurable adj, (having a common measure ; suitable)
ka'menSara-bal, ka'mensgora-bal, ka'mentSora-bal.
commensnrate adj. (of equal size; adequate) kd'men^d-rdt,
ka'mensgo-rat, ka'mentSa-rat.
comment n. (remark) 'ke-ment.
comment v, (make remarks; annotate) 'ke-ment, ka'ment.
commentary n: (memoire; treatise) 'keman-teri, 'keman-
taei, Tcemanta-ri, (rapidly) Tceman-tEi.
commenter n. [also spelt commentorl 'kemsn-td?, ks'mentd?.
commerce n. (trade; intercourse) 'kemsrs.
commerce v, (hold intercourse) k^'msizs.
commiserate v. (pity) ks'mizs-ret.
commissariat n. commissary court; supply-department;
food-supply [also, sometimes, spelt commissarioti kemi'se:-
ji-at, kemi'sc:-ri-3et, kemi'sae^i-at.
commissary n. (commissioner; judge) 'kemi-seri, 'kemi-sari,
'kemiS3-8:i, (rapidly) 'kemi-ssi.
commission n. (charge, etc.) ks'miSdn.
commissural adj, (connectiv) kemi'So:-79}, kemi'sco:-73l, ks-
'miSs-ral, ka'mijjo-^al, ka'misgo-^al, Tcemi-Sor-^a!,
commissure n. (joint) Icemi-So?, Icemi-sgo?.
committable a(f/. [also spelt commitHhle] kd'mitd-bsf,
committal n. (commitment, etc.) ka'mitl, ka'mital.
j\ve, gcure; d the. OfMn; sa^ure, dj^/oy; S jfioe, tjcfcew;
wze/hep; ij sing; u wh<7ever, i react, oiuu, i3Mioo\, \\t, iise«;
o poetic; 9 over, e drerial, Abut, o: door, oono, t,>Dc^, t^^aXfe\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 109
committee n. (a person charged with a trust or function;
commissioner, commissary) kemi'tii; (a body of persons)
kd'miti, (formerly) kemi'tii.
committer n. (one who commits) ka'mita?.
committor n. (judge who commits a person to the custody
of another) ks'mi-te?.
conimlKtion n. (mixture) ka'mikstSdn, kd'mikStSsn, ks-
'miksti-9n.
eommodious adj, (useful; fit; convenient and spacious) ka-
'm30-di-9s; (vulgarly) ka'moo-dsas.
commodity n. (useful thing, etc.) kd'medi-ti.
commonalty n. [former synonymous cognate commonality^
Icemdndl-ti.
commonplace adj. kem9n'p£.ces, (assumptivly) 'keman-pLees.
comntonplace n. 'kemdn-pz.ees.
comntonireal n. kemdn'wiil.
comntonvealtli. n. body politic; republic [also spelt com-
monwelth] 'kemsn-welO, keman'welO.
comntorant adj. (abiding, dwelling) ncemd-^dnt.
communal adj. (of a commune) 'kemju-nl, kd'mjou-nl.
commune v, (hold intercourse) ka'mjoun, 'ke-mjun.
commune n. (communion; intercourse) 'ke-mjun.
commune ». (community, government) 'ke-mjun.
communer n. (one who communes or communicates) kd-
'mjou-n3?.
communer n. (member of a commune) 'kemjo-na?.
communifm n. ncemjo-nizdm.
communist n. (adherent of communism) 'kemjo-nist.
commutative n. of exchange; mutual [also spelt commuta-
tivl ka'mjou-ta-tiv, 'kemjo-tetiv.
oomofe adj. (hairy, comate) ko'moos, (assumptivly) 'koo-mos.
compact adj. (dense) ksm'paekt, (assumptivly) 'kem-paekt.
compact n. (agreement) Hcem-paekt; (formerly) ksm'psekt.
compact V. kam'paekt.
compactly adv. kam'paektz.!.
company n. (society) 'kAmp3-ni, (rapidly) 'kAmpNi.
comparable adj. (capable of being compared) 'kempsza-bdl ;
(erroneously) kam'pei-ra-bal.
comparative adj., n, [also spelt comparativH kdm'paeri-tiv.
comparator n. (comparing-device) 'kemp^-zet^z.
compaff v., n. [as verb, past participle and preterit com-
passed, compasf] 'kAmpas.
compatible adj. (mutually tolerant) kdm'pseta-bdt.
c: law, b: f «r, x cat, o hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-morlf (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \oxv%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the f eUowmg svWeXAt.
112 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
comrade n. (companion) 'kem-^aed, 'kemzdd, 'kem-red; 'kAm-
eaed, HcAm^ad, 'kAm-zred.
Comtian adj, [also spelt Comtean^ 'ker)ti-9n, 'kemti-sn,
'kenti-an.
con V. direct (anyone) how to steer; direct the steering of
(a ship) [also spelt conn, kun; past participle and preterit
conned, cond'\ kAn, ken.
conAtive adj, exertiv [also spelt conativ} 'kens-tiv, 'koo-ns-
tiv.
oonca n. 'kegka. see concha,
concave adj, (incurvd, hollow) ken'keev, (assumptivly) 'ken-
kev ; (also, less properly) 'keq-kev.
conceal v. hide [past participle concealed, conceald} kan-
'§iil.
concede v, (grant; allow) kan'siid.
conceit n. (conception; fancy; vanity) ksn'siit.
conceive v. (become pregnant ; imagin ; think) [past partici-
ple conceived, conceivd'\ kan'siiv.
concenter v, bring to a common center; focus [also spelt
concentre; past participle concentered, concenterd} kan-
'scnt33.
concentrate v. (focus; rectify) 'kensan-tset, kan'sen-tset.
concentrate adj., n. kan'sen-tset, k3n'sent£9t, 'kensan-t£et.
concentrative adj. [also spelt concentratM kan'sentsa-tiv.
conceptible adj, obsolete (conceivable) kan'septa-bal.
concert n. (harmony ; musical performance ; consort) 'ken-
S9Zt.
concert v, (contrive mutually) kan'sBirt.
concerto n. (concert; composition) kan'tSeir-to, k3n'se:?-to.
conch n. (shell) kegk; (erroneously) kentj.
concha n. shell ; domed roof ; apse ; cove ; the outer ear [also,
in the architectural senses, spelt conca; ploral conchae,
concasl 'keqka.
conchiolin n. organic residuum of a shell [also spelt con-
chyolinl kenTcai-a-lin, keq'kai-9-lin.
conchoid n. (curve) 'ken-keid, 'keq-keid.
concholoey n. (science of shells) kenHcela-dsi, keq'kela-dsi.
conchylium n. shell of a mollusk; conch [ploral conchylial
ken'kiH-am, keq'kili-am.
concierge n. (warden; doorkeeper; janitor) keqsi'ei^s.
conoife adj, (brief) kan'sais.
conclave n. (room; assembly) 'ken-ktev, 'keij-ktev.
conolndable adj. [also spelt concludiblel kdn'kLou-dd-bal.
/j^e, gcure; dthe, 9 //tin; ja^rure, ds/oy; S j/toe, tjc/tew;
wzvAen; tj sing; u wli<7ever, i react, oiuVV, dmIooV, \\\, \\^cc\
o poetic; o over, eijerial. Abut, o: door, ootio, t\ic^, te:^oX^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 113
coiLelude v. (enclose; end; infer; settle) kan^kz^oud.
eonelufilile adj. {obsolete) kanncLou-sa-ba).
conelusiTe <ufy. [also spelt conclusive ksn^kz^ou-siv, kan'kz.ou-
ziv.
coneord n. (accord; peace) 'ken-ke:zd, 'kei]-ke:7d.
eoncord v, (agree; concur; harmonize) k9n'ke:zd.
coneordanoe n. (agreement) kdn'ke:z-dns ; {less properly)
keglceiz-dns.
eoncordat n. (agreement; compact) ken'ke:z-dxt, kan'keiz-
ddt.
eoneourme n. (confluence; throng) 'ken-k3:zs, 'ker^-koizs.
conereate adj. obsolete (created together) ncenlni-et.
eoncreate v. (create together) kenlni'eet, ken-ksi'eet;
'kenksi-et.
eoncrete adj. (composit; solid; particular, actual) kenlraiit,
{assumpiivly) 'ken-krsit; {less properly) 'koq-ksit.
eonorete n. (concretion : cemented mass) 'ken-lnit, ken'lniit.
concrete v. (unite) kenlniit.
concretelj adv. ken'lmi-tLi, 'ken-ksitz^i.
concreteness n. ken'lmit-nis, 'ken-lnitNis.
ooucnliinage n. (state of being a concubine) kdn'k^ou-bi-
nids; {improperly) 'keqkgo-bai-nids.
concubine n. (paramour, etc.) 'keqkgo-bain.
concmpiscence n. (eager desire; lust) kegk^o'pisdns, kan-
'kgou-pi-sans.
concupifcible adj. (concupiscent; lustful) ksn'kgou-pisd-bdl.
concur v. run together; agree [past participle and preterit
concurred, concurdl kdn'ks:?.
concnrrence n. kdn'kerans, ksn'kA^ans.
concnfsion n. (shock; agitation) kdn^kA^dn.
cond V. conduct; direct how to steer; balk [synonymous ceg>
nate cundl kxnd, kend.
condemn v. (convict; blame) ksn'dem.
conden&ner n. (one who condemns) kdn'dema?, kdn'demns?.
condemning adj. kdn'demir).
condense v. make more dense; become liquid [past parti-
ciple and preterit condensed, condenstl kon'dens, ksn'dents.
condensedlx adv. kanMensi-dh, kan^enstLi.
conder n. one who conds or cons a ship; also, a man who
signals to fishing-boats; balker [also, formerly, spelt con-
dor; sjrnenymous cognate connerl 'kAndse, 'kendae.
condescend v. (deign) kendi'send.
condescension n. (act of condescending) kendi'senSsn.
c: law, b: fi«r, x cat, e hot, ei hoy; a; far, go now, a: osk» aikitf,
lengtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \on%\
stress-mark () indicates chief stress on the foUowing sv\\a>a\t*
114 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
condign adj. (worthy; merited) ksn'dain, {sometimes, as-
sumptivly) 'ken-dam.
condite v, (obsolete) pickle; embalm; season [also, some-
times, spelt conditl kan'dait, 'kendit.
condite adj. rare (put together) 'ken-dait, 'kendit.
condolence n, (expression of sympathy) k9n'd30-}9ns ; (less
properly) 'kends-lans.
condor n. (bird) 'kends?.
oondnoive adj. promotiv [also spelt conducivl kdn'djou-siv.
conduct V. (lead, guide; manage) kdn'dxkt.
conduct n. (leading; management; behavior) 'ken-dAkt, 'ken-
dokt.
conductive adj. (leading or conducting heat, electricity,
etc.) kan'dAktiv.
conduit n. channel; passage [also spelt conditl 'kendit, 'kxn-
dit ; (less properly) 'kendwit.
condyle n. process [also spelt condyll 'kendil ; (less properly)
'ken-dail.
confectionary adj. (of a confection or sweetmeat) ksn'fek-
Sa-neri, kan'fekja-nari, kan'fekSana-ri, kon'fekSa-n^i.
confectionary n. (confectioner; place where confections
are kept or made ; sweetmeat ; confectioner's art) kan'f ek-
Sa-nen, etc.
confectionery n. confections; confectioner's art; confec-
tionery-shop [also spelt confectionary^ kan'fekSa-neei, etc.
confederacy n. (league; alliance) ksn'feds^d-si.
oonfefsedly adv. kdn'fesi-dh.
confeffor n. (one who confesses; one who hears confes-
sions; a pri'St) kan'fesa^, (rarely) 'ken-fes3^.
confidant n. (confidential friend) 'kenfi-dnt, kenfi'da:nt,
kenfi'daeint, 'kenfi-da:nt.
confidante n. (female confidant) 'kenfi-dnt, kenfi'da:nt,
kenfi'daeint.
confident adj. (assured; bold) 'kenfi-dnt.
confine v. (bound ; restrict) ksn'f am.
confine n. (limit; bound; frontier) 'ken-fain.
confineleff adj. ksn'fai-nlds, 'kenfai-nlas.
confiscate v. (seize) 'kenfi-sket, kan'fi-sket.
confiscator n. 'kenfi-sketd?.
conflagrate v. (burn up) 'kenfta-gret, kan'ftee-geet.
conflict V. (contend; be in opposition) kan'fLikt.
conflict n. (combat; discord) 'kenfz-ikt.
confluence n. (a flowing together) 'kenfi-u-ans.
/j^c, f cure; d the, 9 thin ; 3 a-srure, ds /oy ; S shoe, tS chew;
wwhen; tjsing] u wh<?ever, i react, oiuu, o\xioo\, \\t, ix^ee\
o poetic; 9 oyer, e aerial, Abut, o: doot, ooxko, ^\>e^, ^.^^qX^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 115
confluent n. 'kenfi^u-dtit.
confrere n, coUeag [also spelt confrdre'\ ken'fse:^, 'ken-fte:e.
Confucian adj. (of Confucius) kan'fgou-San.
confusion n. (ruin; disorder; tumult) kdn'f^ou-son.
cong6 n. (leave; apophyge) keq'see, 'kooq-se, kon'dsii, ken-
'dsee.
congee n. leave to depart; leave-taking [synonymous cog-
nate conge} 'kon-d3i, 'kAn-dsi.
congener n. (member of the same genus or class) kan'dsii-
na?, 'kend3i-na^, (rarely) 'kon-dsena^,
congenial adj. (kindred; agreeable) kan'dsii-njdl, ksn'dsii-
ni-aL
congeniality ft. kan-dsini'aeh-ti, k3n-d3in'jsehti.
conger-eel n, 'kondsar-iil, 'keqgar-iil.
congeries n. collection; aggregation [ploral congeries} kan-
'd5i:-2i-i:z.
conglobate v. (collect or form into a globe or ball) 'kengla-
bet, kan'gloo-bet.
conglobate adj, (rounded; globular) 'kengla-bet, kan'gloo-
bet.
oonglutin n. albuminoid [also spelt conglutine} kdn'glou-tin.
congregate v. (assemble) 'keqg^i-get.
oong^reff n. (a coming together; assembly) 'keqg^is, 'koq-
gzes.
eong^eff v, (come together) kan'gzres; (meet in congress)
'keq-gres.
congressional adj. kdn'g^eSo-nl.
congruence n. (accordance) 'keqg?u-3ns.
congrnenoy n. 'keqg^u-an-si ; (less properly) kan'g^ou-an-si.
congruent adj. 'keqg^u-ant.
oongrnity n. (accord; fitness) kan'grou-i-ti.
congruously adv. 'keqg^u-ds-h.
conic adj. (cone-shaped; of a cone) 'kenik; (improperly)
'koo-nik.
conical adj. (cone-shaped; conic) 'koni-kdl.
conifer n. (cone-bearing plant) 'keni-fasr, 'koo-ni-fa?.
ooniine n. 'loo-ni-ain. same meaning as canine.
Conine n. conia, an alkaloid [also, sometimes, spelt conin;
synonymous cognates coniine, coneine} 'koo-nin, 'koo-nain.
conium n. (hemlock) ko'nai-am; (less properly) 'koo-ni-am.
conjee n. rice-water; gruel [also spelt congee} 'ken-dsi.
conjugal adj. (of marriage; matrimonial) 'kendss-gal.
conJug:ial adj. (conjugal) kan'djou-dsi-al,
*
c: lo7«;, b: f«r, ae cat, o hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, a*. asV., «l\V\\.^\
Icngth-morJf (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \?>tv^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on thQ IqIVqwiiv^ s^\\ajQ\^«
116 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
oonjiinotiva n. (outer eye-membrane) ken-d3Aqk'tai-va, ken-
d^Aqk'tii-v3, kan'dsAqkti-va.
conjunctivitis n. ksn-dsArikti'vai-tis, k3n-d3Ai]kti'vii-tis.
conjnrator n. (fellow conspirator) 'kendss-retdz.
conjnre v. (practis the arts of a conjurer; affect or effect
by magic, etc.) 'kendsa?, 'kAnd33r.
conjnre v. (swear together; conspire, plot; solemnly en-
treat, abjure) kdn'dso:?.
conjnrer n. enchanter, magician; juggler [also spelt conju-
rorl 'kend33-z:33, 'kAndsa-ra?.
conjnrer n. one bound by an oath; conjurator, conspirator;
one who enjoins [also spelt conjuror"] k^n'd^oi-z^z,
connate adf, (inborn, congenital; cognate) 'ke-net, ke'neet.
connecter n. [also spelt connector] ks'nektdz.
connection n. a joining together; relation [also spelt con-
nexion] ka'nekjan.
oonneetional adj. [also spelt connexional] kd'nekSd-nt.
connective adj, connecting [also spelt connectiv] ks'nektiv.
connellite n. (mineral) 'kena-iait, ke'ne-lait, ke'nel-ait.
Conner n. (inspector) 'kensz, Icati^z.
Conner n. (one who cons; student) 'kens?.
Conner ». (balker) 'kensz, 'IcAns?. see under conder.
Conner n. (fish) 'kAnaz. same meaning as cunner.
connexive adj, conditional; conjunctiv; connectiv [also
spelt connexiv] ka'neksiv.
connexivnm n. abdominal border in bugs [ploral connexiva]
kenek'sai-vam.
connivence n. act of conniving; winkipg at wrong [also
spelt connivance] ka'nai-vans.
connoiffenr n. (one verst in a subject; critic) kena'se:?,
keni's^o:?, /kona-sgor.
connotative adj, [also spelt connotativ] k3'n30-t9-tiv, 'kend-
tetiv.
conquer v. acquire or overcome by force [past participle and
preterit conquered, conquerd] Tceqkae.
oonqncft n. (acquisition; victory, etc.) 'keq-kiuest, 'keqkujist.
consansninity n. (blood-relationship) kensxn'gwini-ti, ken-
saeq'gwini-ti.
conscience n. (knowledge, especially of right and wrong)
Tconjans, 'kentjans.
conscientionf adj, (scrupulous) kenSi'enSss, kentSi'entSss,
kensi'en^ds, kensi'entSds.
conscionable adj. (conscientious) 'kenSdno-bdl, IcentSsnd-bd}.
/.re, gcure; dthe, Qthin; saarure, d;^;oy; ^ shoe, tlchew;
wwhen; tjsing] u whoever, i react, oiull, dm fool, itt, \\^ee\
o poetic; 9 Qver, e aerial; Abut, o;doot, ;)Oilo, ^.^ic^, ^.^\LaXt\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 117
oonsoionf adj, (knowing; aware) 'ken^ds, 'kent^ds.
conseiunf n. (concord, sympathy; agreement in opinion)
kan'sensds, ksn'sentsds.
consequence n. (result) 'kensi-kwans, 'kentsi-kwdnts.
consequential adj, (resultant; self-important) kensi'kwen-
Jdl, kensi'kwentSdl.
conservatoire n. (conservatory) kan-SB^va'twe:?.
conservator n. (preserver) 'kens97-vet97, kan'sBizr-vd-td?.
conserve v, keep safely; preserve [also spelt conserv; past
participle and preterit conserved, conservd} kan'seiev.
conserve n. preserve [also spelt conservl ksn'sBizv, 'ken-SB7v.
considerable adj., n. kdn'sidd^a-bal, {rapidly) ksn'sidra-bdl ;
{vulgarly) kan'sida-bdl.
consign v, seal; hand over, deliver [past participle and pret-
erit consigned, consignd} kdn'sain.
consignation n. kensig'nee-San.
eonsigne »• (watchword; countersign) 'ken-sain.
consign^ n. (person commanded to keep within bounds) ken-
sin'jee.
consignee n. (person to whom something is con^gned) ken-
sai'nii, 'kensi-ni.
consigner n. (one who consigns; consignor) kan'sai-na?.
consignor n. (one who consigns : correlativ of consignee)
ksn'sai-na?, ken'sai-ne?, ken-sai'ne:?, kensi'ne:?.
consistency n. (constitution; congruity) kan'sistdn-si.
consistory n. (council) ksn'sista-ri, 'kensistd-^i, 'kensi-sta^i.
consol n. consolidated annuity [plural consols'} 'ken-sel, ksn-
'seL
consol n. (bracket, etc.) 'ken-sel. same meaning as console.
consolatory adj. (consoling) k9n'se}d-t37i ; (also) kan'selata-
zi, (assumptivly) kan'sela-tari ; (rapidly) ksn'sel^-tji.
console n. bracket; corbel; part of an organ [synonymous
cognate consol} 'ken-sol.
console v. (comfort; cheer) ksn'sool.
consonun6 n. (clear soup; cheer) kensa'mee, 'kensd-me.
consonantal adj, (of a consonant) kensd'naentl, 'kensd-nant!.
consonantly adv, (harmoniously) 'kensandn-tLi.
consort n, (partner, mate; spouse) 'ken-se:7t.
consort n. (company; musical accord, etc.) 'kon-so:?t.
consort v. (associate; join) ksn'seirt.
conspiracy n. (plot) kan'spirs-si.
conspirator n. (joint plotter) ksn'spird-td?.
constable n. (officer) 'kAnsta-bdl, 'kensta-bdl.
c: law, b: f«r, x cat, 0 hot, ei boy ; a: for, ao now, a; asVi, a\V\\ft\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding souti^ 1^ \©^^\
streg9-mark C) indicates cbki stress on the f ©Wo-wmft s^\\aX>\«.r
118 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
oonftat n. (certificate) 'ken-staet.
oonftate v. (establish; state) ksn'steet.
constellate v. (unite as stars) kan'stetet, 'kensti-)et.
constellation n. (group of fixt stars) kensti'ice-^dn.
constituency n. lon'stitgu-dn-si, ksn'stitju-dn-si.
constituent adj. (component; electiv) ksn'stitS-u-snt, ksn-
'stitQU-ant.
construct adj. (constructed; connected as governing noun
to noun governd) kan'stjxkt, (assumptivly) 'ken-stjAkt.
construct v, (put together ; build) kdn'stSAkt.
construct n. (complex formd in the mind) ncen-stjAkt.
construe v. (combine; interpret) kan'stjou, 'kon-stju.
consuetude n. (custom; use; social intercourse) 'kenstui-
tQud.
consul n. (magistrate ; foreign agent) 'kensol.
consult V. (ask advice of; confer) ksn'sAlt.
consult n. (consultation; cabal; decree) kan'sAlt, 'ken-SAU.
consultative adj, advisory [also spelt consultative kan'sAl-
ta-tiv.
consume v, (make away with ; devour ; spend) ksn'sgoum ;
(dialectally) kan'soum.
consummate v, (complete; perfect) 'kensa-met, kan'sAmet.
consummate adj, (complete) ksn'sAmit, 'kensa-mit.
Gonsummator n. 'kensa-meta?, 'kentsa-meta^ ; (improperly)
kan'sA-meta?.
consumption n. (a wasting away) kan'sAmpJan.
oontag^ion n. (infectious contact, etc.) kan'tee-d3an.
contag:ious adj. (infectious by contact; noxious) kan'tee-
dsas.
contag^ium n. material basis of infection [ploral contagial
kan'tee-dsi-am.
contakion n. hymn [ploral contakial kan'tee-ki-an, kan'tae-
ki-an.
contaminate v. (defile; taint) kan'tsemi-net.
contemn v. (treat as contemptible ; despise) kan'tem.
contemned adj. (despised) kan'temd; (formerly) kan'tem-
nid.
contemner n. despiser [also spelt contemnorl kan'tema?,
kan'temnazr.
contemningly adv. (contemptuously) kan'temiq-h, kan'tem-
niq-li.
contemplate v. (meditate; intend) 'kentam-pz-et, kan'tem-
pLet.
/j'e, gcure; d the, 0 thm; sa^rure, ds/oy; ^ shoe, tSc/iew;
wze/Aen; ij sinff; u whoever, i react, oiuVV, oMiool, i-Ct, lis^^;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o: doot, oorvo, t.'Vic^, ^^^o.\.^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 119
GontemplatiTe adj., n. [also spelt contemplativl kan'tem-
pLdtiv, 'kentara-pi-etiv.
contemplator n. 'kentsm-pLetd?, kan'tem-pLetdz.
GontemporaiLeity n. (contemporariness) kdn-tempd^d'nii-
i-ti.
contempt n. (disdain) kan'tempt.
contemptible adj. (despicable, etc.) kdn'temptd-bdt
contemptuous adj. (scornful) ksn'temptSu-ds, ksn'temp-
t9U-3S.
content adj. (satisfied, contented) ksn'tent.
content n. (one who votes 'content' : the epposit of non-
content) kan'tent.
content v, (satisfy) ksn'tent.
content n. (contented state of mind; contentment) ksn'tent.
content n. (that which is containd : often used in the plur-
al : as, table of *contents) 'ken-tent, kan'tent.
contentions adj. (quarrelsome) kdn'ten^ds, kan'tent^ss.
contest n. (strife; dispute) 'ken-test.
contest V, (strive for; oppose) ksn'test.
context n. (connected text) 'ken-tekst.
context v., adj. (obsolete) ksn'tekst.
contiguity n. (contact; proximity) kenti'gjou-i-ti.
contiguous adj. (touching) ksn'tigju-ds.
continent adj, (holding in; self-restraining; continuous)
'kentn-ant, 'kenti-nant.
continent n. (containing-agent ; continuous land; main-
land) 'kentn-9nt, 'kenti-nant.
continental adj. kentn'entl, kenti'nenth
continuity n. (continuousness) kenti'njou-i-ti.
continuuui n. continuous thing [plural continual kan'tinju-
dm.
contour n. (outline) 'ken-tu:?, ksn'to:?.
contour v. furnish with contours; adapt t^ a contour [past
participle and preterit contoured, contourd'\ kan'tu:^.
contract v. (draw together; agree) kan'tjaekt.
contract adj. (contracted; brief) kan'tsaekt.
contract n, (something contracted or shrunken; a contrac-
tion; an abbreviation) kan'tjaekt.
contract n. (agreement) 'ken-tjaekt.
contractable adj. (liable to be contracted or acquired, as a
disease or habit) kan'tsaekta-bal.
contractible adj. capable of contracting; contractil [also,
formerly, spelt contractable'! kan'tEaekta-bal.
c: law, b: iur, scat, e hot, ei boy; a: far, ao now, a*. asV., B.\V\\.e.\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \Qtv%\
tress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the ioUovjin^ sv^V^>a\^.
120 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
contractile adj. susceptible of contraction [also spelt con-
tracHll kan'tjaektil, kan'tjak-tail.
contralto n. (part or voice next above the alto ; singer) kan-
'tjaeho, kan'tjail-tD.
contrariety n. (opposition) kdntsd'zai-i-ti.
contrary adj. (opposit) 'ken-tje^i, {also) 'kentja-zi, {ante-
riorly) Icentjoei, (rapidly) 'kentji; (occasionally or vulgar-
ly) kan'tje:-?!.
contrary v. (oppose) 'ken-tje?i; (formerly) kan'tjei-ei.
contrast v. (set in opposition) k9n'txa:st, k9n't£a:st, ksn-
'tjaeist.
contrast n. (opposition) 'ken-t£a:st, 'kent£3st.
contretenips n. (untoward event; hitch) 'kentsd-terj.
contribute v. (give with others) kan'tjibjot.
contrite adj. (penitent) 'ken-tjait; (less properly) ksn'tsait.
control V, direct, govern [also spelt controul; present par-
ticiple controlling; past participle and preterit controlled,
controld'\ kan'tjool.
controller n. financial officer; also, one who controls or
restrains [also spelt, in the sense of an officer, comptrol-
ler! kan'tjoo-la?.
controlnient n. (control) ksn'tsool-mdnt.
controversial adj. (of controversy) kentja'vBzS^l ; (less
properly) kentja'vB^si-al.
controversy n. (disputation) Hcentsd-vezsi.
controvert v. (dispute) kentjaVsiet, 'kentja-vB^t.
controvertible adj. kentsdVeztd-bdl.
contnniacy n. (stubbornness) ncentgoma-si ; (improperly)
kan'tgou-ma-si.
contnnielins adj. (insolent) kent;o'mii-H-3s.
contnniely n. (insolence; insult) 'kentgo-mih ; (improperly)
'kentgo-meh, 'ken-tQumh, ken'tou-mi-h.
conusant adj. obsolete (cognizant) 'kenjo-zdnt, 'keni-zdnt.
convalescense n. (gradual recovery) kenvslesans.
convenable adj. (suitable, proper, meet) 'kenvina-bal.
convenable adj. (capable of being convened) kan'vii-na-bal.
convenience n. (fitness; comfort) kan'vii-njans, kan'vii-ni-
9ns.
conventicle n. (assembly) kdn'venti-ksl.
conventionalization n. ksn-venSdnl-i'zee-Sdn, ksn-ven^dnl-
ai'zee-San.
conventionalize v. (render conventional) kan'venSanl-aiz.
conventual adj. (of a convent) kan'ventSu-al, kan'vpntQu-al.
J ye, g cure; d the, 9 thin ; 3 a^ure, d$ joy; S shoe, tj chew;
wwAen; tj sing; u whoever, i react, oiuW, DW.io6V, \\\, \\s€e;
o poetic; 9 oyer, e aerial, Abiit, o: door, 00 no, ^\>c^, t.^^a.\.^%
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 121
eonversable adj, that may be converst with [also spelt con-
versihlel kdn'vBzsd-bdl.
eonversant adj. (acquainted) 'kenvdz-ssnt ; {improperly)
ksn'vBzssnt.
'eonversaiione n. (a meeting for conversation; soiree) ken-
v3?-sa:-tsi'oo-ni.
GonveTse n. (intercourse; communion) 'ken-vB^s.
converse v. hold intercourse ; talk [past participle and prete-
rit conversed, converst"} kan'vo'.^s.
converse adj, (turnd round; opposit; contrary) Tcen-ve^s.
conversely adv. (in the converse manner, etc.) kanVezsLi,
'ken-VB^SLI.
conversible adj, obsolete (capable of being converted) kan-
'v8^S9-b9l. .
conversion n. (transmutation, etc.) V^n'vBzl^n, k3n'vB:z-39n.
convert n. (person converted, etc.) 'ken-vsrt.
convert v, (turn, change) ksn'vBi^t.
convertible adj, (capable of being converted) kdn'vBzrtd-bdl.
convex adj. (curved outward; bulging) ken'veks, (assump-
tivly) 'ken-veks.
convex n. (convex body or surface) Hcen-veks.
convezly adv. kan'veksti, 'ken-veksti.
convexo-concave adj. (bulging on one side and concave or
hollow on the other) ken-veksD-ken'keev, (assutnptivly) ken-
veksoTceq-kev,
convexo-convex adj. (double-convex) ken-vekso-ken'veks,
{assumptivly) ken-vekso'ken-veks.
convict adj. (adjudged guilty) kan'vikt.
convict n. (person adjudged guilty) 'kenvikt.
convict V. (adjudge guilty) kan'vikt.
convincible adj, (capable of being convinced) ksn'vinsd-bdl.
convive v. obsolete (feast) kan'vaiv.
convive n. (boon companion) Tcen-viv, 'ken-vaiv.
convivial adj. (festal; social; jovial) ksn'vivi-al, kan-
'vrvisl.
convocant n. (convoker) 'kenvd-kant.
convolve v. roll together [also spelt convolve past participle
and preterit convolved, convolvdl kan'velv.
convoy n. (escort; protected train or fleet) 'ken-vei.
convoy v. escort [past participle and preterit convoyed, con-
voy d} kan'vei.
cony n. rabbit [also spelt coney \ ploral conies} Tcoo-ni,
TcAni.
c: low, b: f«r, x cat, e hot, ei boy; a: for, aa now, a*. a^V, ^\V\V^\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding soutv\ \s \qtv%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the ieWo'win^ s^Yi^\t
122 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
eoo V. murmur, as a dove [past participle and preterit cooed,
coodi kou.
eooky n. flat cake [also spelt cookey, cookie; ploral cook-
iesl 'koki.
eoolie n. laborer [also spelt cooly"! 'kou-h.
coolly adv. (in a cool manner) 'kou}-h.
eoomb n. valley [also spelt comb, combe, coomi koum, koom.
eoomb n. dry measure [also spelt combl koum, koom.
coop interj. (a call for domestic animals ; a call in the game
of coop and seek) kop; {less properly) koup.
eoop n. (cage, pen ; cask, barrel ; corn-measure ; cart) koup ;
(dialectally) kop.
coop V. put into a coop or cage; shut up [past participle and
preterit cooped, coopti koup; {when unstrest) kup; {dialect-
ally) kop.
cooper n. (one who makes barrels, etc.; also, a beverage)
'kou-pa?; (dialectally) 'kopa^.
cooperate v. work together; operate jointly [also spelt
co-operate, cooperatel ko'epa-^et.
copaiba n. balsam [synonymous cognate copaiva'\ ko'pee-bd,
ko'pai-ba, kD'pii-ba.
copal n. (resin) 'koo-pal, ko'pal.
coparcener n. (coheir, parcener) ko'porsi-nd?.
copeck n. [also spelt kopeck, kopek ; synonymous cognate co-
peek'] TcDO-pek.
copepod n. oar-footed crustacean; copepodan [ploral cope-
pods, copepoda] 'koo-pi-ped.
copepoda n. order of Crustacea ; ploral of copepod [synony-
mous cognate copopodd} ka'pepo-da.
copped adj, pointed, crested [also, sometimes, spelt copt"]
kept, Ocepid.
copperas n. (ferrous sulfate) 'kopd-zss.
coppice n. wood, thicket [also spelt coppis; synonymous cog-
nate copsel 'kopis.
cops n. clevis [also spelt copse"] keps.
copse n. keps. same meaning as coppice,
copy n. transcript; specimen; set; original writing [ploral
copies! Tcepi.
coquet v. flirt ; dally ; trifle [also spelt coquette"] ko'ket.
coqnetry n. 'koo-ka-t^i; {less properly) kD'ketji.
coqnette n. flirt [also spet coquet] ko'ket.
coqnimbite n. (mineral) ko'kim-bait; {less properly) ko-
'kiuim-bait.
/\ve, gcure; d the, Qth'm; 5 a^rure, d^/oy; ^ shoe, tlchew:
wzt/hen; tj sing; u wh<?ever, i react, oiuVl, owfool, i it, lis^^;
o poetic; s over, e serial, AbMt, o*. door, ooxvo, t.\ic^, t,^^a\^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 123
coquina n. (soft white rock) ko'kii-ns.
corah adj. plain ; undyed : said of silk [also spelt cora^ Ho:-
coral n. (polyp-skeleton formation) 'ke^dl.
coraled adj. fiirnisht with coral [also spelt coralled, corald"!
'kezdld.
eorallin n. (dye; paeonin) 'kez^-hn.
coralline n. seaweed ; polyzoan [also, sometimes, spelt co-
rallin'\ 'kez^-hn, 'kezd-lain.
coralline adj. of coral [also, sometimes, spelt corallM 'kezs-
hn, 'kezd-lain.
corbeil n. gabion; basket-like ornament [also spelt cor-
beillej 'keis-bal, 'ke:z-hil, kee'bee-i.
corbel n. supporting-piece projecting from a wall [also spelt
corhell] 'keiz-bal.
corbel v. [present participle corbeling, corbelling; past par-
ticiple and preterit corbeled, corbelled, corbeld} 'keiz-h^l.
corbeling n. [also spelt corbelling} 'keie-ba-hq.
corbie n. raven; carrion crow [also spelt corby'\ 'ke:?-bi.
cord n. string, rope [in certain senses commonly spelt chord :
see chord} 'ke:zd,
cordelle n. (tow-line) 'keiz-ddl, kez'd&l.
cordial adj. (of the heart, cheering) 'kex-dsal, 'kei^-di-a^
'kei^-djal.
cordial n. (stomachic; liqueur) 'keie-dsal, 'keie-di-al.
cordiality n. (heartiness) kezdsi'aeh-ti, ke^di'aeh-ti.
cordialize v. make into a cordial; become cordial [also spelt
cordialisel 'ket^-dsa-laiz, 'keie-di-a-laiz.
Cordillera n. (mountain-range) 'kezdiVjci-z^, kezdilei-z^,
kez'dil^-z9.
cordon n. (course of stones; line of troops) ^keiz-d^n.
corduroy n. [also, sometimes, spelt corderoyl kezd^'zei, (as-
sumptivly) 'ke:z-d^-zQi; {also, sometimes) 'kei^-djo-eei.
cordnvain n. Spanish leather [synonymous cognate cordo'
van} 'ke:^-dween.
core n. (heart; nucleus) ko:z,
Corean adj., n. see Korean.
co-respondent n. (joint respondent) kon'spendsnt.
cornea n. (the transparent front part of the eyeball) 'kerr-
ni73.
cornelian n. ke^'nii-Hdn. same meaning as carnclian.
comet n. wind-instrument; coil [also spelt cornette} 'ke:z-
nit, 'keir-net, ker'net.
c: law, b: f «r, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length -iTJorA- (:) indicates that the preceding soutv^ i^ \^tv^?»\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the ieWoYiitv^ sV>\b}c\^.
124 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
conietist n. [also spelt cornettisfl 'ke:?-ni-tist.
cornice n. [also spelt cornisl 'kei^-nis; (erroneously) 'ke:r-
niS.
conin n. horn; horn-like part [ploral cornud] 'keiz-njo.
conincopia n. [synonymous cognate cornucopiae; ploral cor-
nucopiasl ko-.e-njo'koo-pi-a.
cornnoopiae n. [ploral cornucopiaesi ke:7-njo'koo-pi-i: .
same meaning as cornucopia,
corody n. aliment; pension [also spelt corrodyl 'ke^a-di.
corolla n. inner envelop of the perianth; the petals collec-
tivly [ploral corollas'} kd'zeld.
corollary n. inference [ploral corollaries'! 'kezd-lezi, Hce^d-
l^zi, k^'zel^-zi.
coroUiferons adj. (bearing a corolla) ke^s'hfd-rds.
CoroUiflorae n,pl. (Gamopetalae) k9-zeWii.o:-zi.
corollifloral adj. kd'zeh'{i.o:-zdl.
coroUiflorons adj. k^-zeli^fi.o:-zds, kez^'hfi^-z^s.
coroUine adj, of a corolla [also spelt corollini ks'zehn, kd-
're-lain.
corona n. crown [ploral coronas, coronael ko'^oo-na.
coronacli n. dirge [also spelt coranachl 'kez^-naek.
coronal adj, (of a crown) 'keea-nl, ksVoo-nl.
coronaled adj, [also spelt coronalled, coronaldl 'kez^-nld.
coronet n. (coronal, circlet) 'keea-nat.
corporal adj, (bodily) Hcerr-pa-^al.
corporal n. (corporal -cloth ; corporale) *ke:z-p^-z9l.
corporal n. (officer) 'keir-pa-eal.
corporale n. corporal-cloth, corporal [ploral corporalid] kez-
pa'zee-h.
corporeal adj. (physical, bodily; material) ker'poi-^i-al.
corporeity n. (the being of the nature of body; materiality)
keep3'eii-i-ti.
corposant n. St. Elmo's fire; corpse-light [synonymous cog-
nates composant, comozantl 'ker^-pa-zant, 'ker^-pa-zaent.
corps n. body; society [ploral corps, see corps pi.] 'ko:e.
corps n. (ploral of corps) 'koizz.
corpse n. (body; dead body; cadaver) keizps, keizs.
corpulence n. (bulk of body; obesity) 'koi^-pQo-Ians.
corpuscle n, (particle) 'keizr-pASol, 'keie-pa-sal, ke^'pAsaJ.
corpnscnle n. (corpuscle) ke?'pAs-kcul.
corral n. (pen, enclosure) 'keeal, ka'eaeJ, ko'rael, ke'^ael.
corral v. (drive into a corral; capture) Tcoral, ka'rael, ko-
'ral, ko'^ael.
J,ve, Qcure; bthe, 0 */tin; 3 axrure, ds/oy; I shoe, t^chew;
wzc'/ten; ijsing', u whoever, i react, oiuu, DW.ioo\, i-Ct, ilscc;
o poetic; ^ over, e aerial. Abut, 0: door, 00 no, tV^c^, t,e^?.a\^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 12J
correal adj. (under joint obligation) ka'eii-al, 'keei-ol.
correality n. (quality of being correal) kezi'aeh-ti.
correality n. (equal reality) ke^i'aeh-ti.
eorreet adj, ks'^ekt, {rapidly, sometimes) k^ekt.
corregidor n. (Spanish magistrate) ke'?ed3i-de?.
correspondent n. (one who corresponds, as by letter) kezi-
'spendsnt.
corridor n. (gallery; passage) 'keei-dee, 'keei-dD?, 'kori-da?,
keei'do:?.
corrie n. hollow [also spelt correi, corri, corry; synonymous
cognate currie"] 'ke^i.
corrigible adj. (capable of being corrected) 'keeidsa-bsJ.
corroborate v. (strengthen; confirm) ks'^ebs-^et.
corrody n. aliment; pension [also spelt corody'i 'kez3-di.
corrosible adj, (corrodible) kaVoo-sa-bal, ko'eoo-za-bal.
corrosive adj., n. [also spelt corrosiv'^ ka'zoo-siv, ka'eoo-ziv ;
(formerly) 'kera-siv.
corrugate v, (wrinkle) 'keeo-get.
corruptible adj. ks'^Apts-bsL
corsage n. (bodice) 'ke:z-sid3, kez'sa:3, ke^'saids.
corsair n. (privateer) 'ke:z-se:z.
corse n. (dead body; corpse) ke:?s, koizs.
corslet n. body-armor ; garment ; thorax [also spelt corselet"]
Hcei^-SLat.
cortdge n. (train of attendants ; procession) ke^'tees.
Cortes n. pi. (the senate and chamber of deputies constitut-
ing the legislature of Spain) 'ke:^-tis, 'ke:?-tes.
cortex n. outer part; shell; husk [ploral cortices] Tcei^-teks.
cortices n. (ploral of cortex) 'keie-ti-siz.
comscant adj. (glittering; flashing) ks'^Asksnt.
coruscate v. (sparkle, glitter) 'kesrd-sket, kd'zA-sket.
corvette n. (flush-deckt cruiser) ko^'vet.
corvine adj. (of the crow) 'keie-vin, 'ke:e-vain.
corymb n. (raceme) 'ke^im, Tce^imb.
corjmibose adj. (growing in corymbs) kezim'bDOs, (assump-
tivly) ke'eim-bos.
corypb^e n. (chief ballet-dancer) ke^i'fee.
corypbeus n. leader [also spelt coryphaeus] keri'fii-as.
coryza n. (catarrh) ko'?ai-z9.
cosinage n. blood-relationship; writ [also spelt cosenage]
'kAza-nids, TcAzn-ids.
cosnictic n. (preparation for the skin, etc. ; art of bodily
adornment) kez'metik.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, a*. as\s., BLiV\\.e.\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \Qn%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the toUoY/ms sv^V^^^^^
126 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
cosmogony n. (world-creation) kez'megd-ni ; (erroneously)
kez'medsi-ni.
eosmopolitan adj. (of a cosmopolite; world-wide) Icezmd-
'peh-tn.
cosmopolite n. (citizen of the world) kez'meps-lait.
cosmorama n. (view of the world) kezmd'zar-md.
cosmos n. world; universe; order [also spelt kosmosi 'kez-
mes.
Cossack n. (inhabitant of the lower Don, etc.) 'kessk, 'ke-
ssek.
cost V. (be of the price of, etc.) keist, (when unstrest) kest;
(dialectally) kc:st.
costean v. sink pits, etc. [also spelt costeen"] kes'tiin; (less
properly) 'kosti-an.
costmary n. (plant) ncest-meri, 'kest-mei-ei.
costnme n. (custom; style of dress; gown) 'kestgum, kes-
'tQoum; (dialectally) Ocestum, kes'toum,
costnme v, (provide with a dress) kes'tgoum.
costnnier n. (dealer in costumes) kes'tgou-ma? ; (less proper-
ly) Tces-tQuma?.
cote n. (hut; sheepfold) loot.
coterie n. (circle, set, meeting) 'koo-t3-?i; (less properly)
Tceta-n, kota'ni.
cotlinm n. (boot, buskin, cothurnus) 'koo-Osr^n, ko'Gsirn.
cotillion n. dance [also spelt cotillon"] ko'tilidn.
cotyle n. hollow thing, hip-joint socket [ploral cotylae, coty-
lesl 'keti-h.
cotyledon n. (patch of villi; pennywort; seed-leaf) keti-
lii-dn.
cotyledonons adj. keti1ii-dn-3s, keti1edn-3s.
conchant adj. (lying down) 'kao-tSsnt.
congar n. puma, panther [also spelt couguar, cougouar] Hcou-
congh V, (expel air thru the glottis, etc.) kc:f, (ivhen un-
strest) kef.
conld V. (preterit of can) kod, (when unstrest) kad.
conlomb n. (electric quantity-unit) kulem.
conncil n. (assembly) 'kaon-ssl.
conncilor n. member of a council [also spelt councillor"]
'kaon-S3-l9?.
connsel n. (consultation; advice; plan; body of legal ad-
visers) Tcaon-sal.
connsel v. give or take counsel; advise; consult [present par-
/.ve, gcure; d the, Q thin; 3 a^rure, d5/oy; I shoe, t^ chew;
wwhen; 13 sing; u whoever, i react, oiuVV, ow.ioo\, lit, ilsee;
o poetic; q over, e aerial, a but, o'.doot, 00 no, tV>e^, ^^^oX^N
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 127
i
ticiple counseling, counselling \ past participle and preterit
counseled, counselled, counseldl 'kaon-ssl.
connselor n. adviser; barrister [also spelt counsellor^ 'kaon-
eountenance n. (demeanor; face; support) 'kaon-tn-9ns»
'kaon-ti-nans.
counter n. counting-device ; counterfeit coin ; table ; debtors'
prison [also, in the sense of prison for debtors, spelt comp-
ter'] 'kaon-t32.
counterfeit adj.,n, imitation [also, sometimes, spelt coun-
terfit] 'koon-tae-fit, (also, in Britain) 'koon-tae-fit.
countermarcli v, (march back) kaon-tds'moistS, 'kaon-tdr-
ma:7tS.
countemiarclL n. 'kabn-t9z-ma:7tS.
counterpane n. (bed-quilt) 'kaun-tds-peen, 'kaon-tdzr-pin.
coup n. (prompt blow, sudden stroke) kou.
coup n. cart, wagon [also spelt coopl koup.
coup V, exchange, barter [also spelt cowpl kaop.
coup V, upset [also, formerly, sptlt cowpl kaop.
coup de gr&ce n. (stroke of mercy; quietus) kou-d3'g?a:s.
coup de main n. (stroke with the hand ; sudden attack) kou<
dd'mxi].
coup d'6tat n. (stroke of state; stroke of policy) kou-de-
'ta: .
coup d'oeil n. (glance of the eye; general view) kou'dB:-i.
coupe n. (cup, bowl; Swiss dry measure) kuup.
coup6 n. (carriage) ku'pee.
coupee n. (dance-step; bow) ku'pii.
coup6e adj. (in heraldry, coupt) ku'pee.
couple n. (brace, leash; pair) 'kApsL
coupon n. (detachable certificate; ticket) 'kou-pen; (vul'
garly) 'kgou-pen, 'kao-pen.
courageous adj. (full of courage; bold) kd'ree-dsds.
courant adj. (in heraldry, running) 'ko:-?sent.
courant n. dance [also spelt courante} ko'za:nt, ko'^omt, ku-
courant n. gazette, news-letter [obsolete except as the name
of some particular newspaper] 'koi-rant, ko'zaint, ku'za:nt,
ko'?ae:nt.
courier n. (running messenger; traveler's servant) 'kozi-^z,
(less often) ^ko:-ziz.
couronne n. (crown) ko'?en.
course n. (onward motion ; path) koizs, (when unstrest) kozs.
c: low, b: iur, ae cot, 6 hot, ei hoy; a: for, go now, a*, osk, aiV.\\.e^\
\zngth-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is \qicv?,\
Btresa-mark C) indicates chief stress on the f oUov/itvg sv^V^^^^^*
126 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
eonrteons adj. graciously polite [also, sometimes, spelt cur-
teousl IcB^ti-as, 'ksie-ti-as; 'ksrtQas, 'ksiz-tg^s; 'koiz-tq^s.
eonrtesy n. courtliness or elegance of manners; also, favor, |
indulgence : as, the *courtesy of England [also spelt curte-
sy'\ 'kB?ti-si.
courtesy n. 'ke^tsi, {rarely) 'ks^ti-si. same meaning as curt- '
sy.
courtezan n. court-mistress; prostitute [also spelt courte-
san^ 'ko:e-ti-z3n, 'ko:?-ti-zaen, 'ke^ti-zon, 'kerti-zan, ksrti-
'zaen.
conrtier n. (one who frequents the court of a sovereign)
koiz-tjar, 'koiz-tq^z,
court-martial n. court for the administration of martial
law [ploral courts-martiall koizt^mazl^l.
conrtmartial v. [past participle and preterit courtmar-
tialed, courtmartialdl koizrt'maeSal.
cousin n. (son or daughter of one's uncle or aunt) 'kAzdn,
IcAzn; {erroneously) 'kAzin.
covenant n. (compact, contract) 'kAvi-nsnt.
covenanter n. (one who covenants; adherent of the Scotch
covenant of 1638 or that of 1643) 'kAvi-nanta^.
covenantor n. (one who enters into a legal covenant) 'Icavi-
nsntdz, 'kAVinan-te:?.
coverlet n. (bed-quilt; cover) 'kAva^-lat.
covert adj. (covered, secret, disguised) 'kAvaet; {erroneous-
ly) Icoo-vBrt.
covetous adj, (eagerly desirous; grasping) 'kAvi-tas.
covey n. (brood of partridges; set) icAvi.
coivage n. pod-hairs of Mucuna pruriens [also spelt cow-
hage, couhage; synonymous cognate cowitch] 'kau-ids.
cowardice n. want of courage [also spelt cowardisi 'kau-3?-
dis; {erroneously) ncau-ss-dais.
coTvcnniber n. {dialectal) 'kao-kAmbs?. same meaning as
cucumber.
coTvlierd n. (cattle-tender) Tcao-hst^d.
coivl n. (hood; hooded garment) kao).
coivry n. shell [also spelt cowrie; ploral cowriesl 'kao-ei.
coxcomb n. a fool's cap; fop, vain silly fellow [also spelt
cockscombl Tceks-koom.
cozopodite n. (crustacean) kek'sep9-dait.
coynye n. billeting of soldiers upon private persons; impost
[also spelt coignye and, formerly, coigny, coyne, coynie;
former synonymous cognate coignel Hcoi-nji, 'kei-ni.
J ye, gcure; dthe, 9*Mn; 3 asure, djf'oy; \shot, tSc/tew;
wwJten; 13 sing \ ti wh(7ever, i react, oiuVV ow.ioo\, i-Vt, \\^ce\
o poetic; s over, e aerial. Abut, 0: door, ooxvo, «.V>c^, t^%a\^%
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 129
be n. prairie-wolf [synenymous cegnate cajote, coyote,
ie"} Icei-ot, ko'joo-ti, ko'joot.
L V, cheat; entice [past participle and preterit cozened,
endl 'kAzdn, IcAzn.
adj. snug; social [also spelt cosy, cosey, cozey, cosie, co-
'koo-zi.
bed adj, (perverse, cross, churlish) 'ksabid.
; n. skill; cunning; boat [ploral crafts and, in the sense
jhips coUectivly, craft"] k3a:ft, k^aift, k^aeift.
pon n. grappling-iron [synenymous cegnate crampooni
:mp3n, 'Icsxm-pen.
.poon n. ksaem'poun. same meaning as crampon,
berry n. Ic^aen-besi, 'ksaen-baei, 'ksaembei.
sH V. k3a:nt$, IraamtS, kscmtS; {also, and in Britain nor-
ly) ksamS, lcsa:n$, k^cm^. same meaning as craunch,
Lai adj. (of the cranium or skull) 'ksee-ni-al.
Lum n. skull; brain-box [ploral crania] 'k^ee-ni-sm.
» n. gauze-like fabric [also spelt crepe, crepe] kzeep,
adj. (coarse; gross) k^aes; (less properly) k^aeis, k^ais.
Aoli f. crunch [synenymous cognates cranch, crunch]
ntS, ksaintS, lraa:ntS; (also, and in Britain normally)
nS, k3a:n$, ksomS.
fisli n. crustacean; spiny lobster [synenymous cegnate
ifish] 1rec:-fiS.
IsH n. 'ksee-fiS. same meaning as crawfish,
t V, make a sharp, harsh, or squeaking sound [past par-
pie and preterit creaked, creakt] icsiik.
ine n. organic base [also spelt kreatine and, sometimes,
itin, kreatin] 'Icsii-a-tin, 'ksii-3-tain.
iiiine n. alkaline substance [also spelt kreatinine and,
etimes, creatinin, kreatinin] k^i'aeti-nin, ksi'aeti-nain.
or n. (one who creates) Icsi'ee-ta?.
;ure n. (created thing ; animal ; human being) 'k^ii-
, Tc^ii-tgar; (dialectally) 'Icsii-tae, 'Icsita^.
ince n. (belief, etc.) Tc^ii-dns; (erroneously) 'k^edns.
ble adj. (believable) 'Iraeda-bal.
tor n. (one who gives credit; one to whom a debt is
ig) Ireedi-ta?.
► n. (creed) 'Icsii-do.
ility n. (over-readiness to believe) Irai'djou-h-ti; (less
yerly) Irai'dsou-h-ti.
lions adj. (gullible) 'k^edso-Ias, Tc^edjo-las.
: n. (inlet, bay ; brook, rivulet) Icsiik ; (dialectally) Icsik.
b: fi*r, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite;
-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound la \ftTi.^%
nark C) indicates chief stress on the ieUoNiiin^ s^WaWi^
130 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
eremate v, (burn up ; consume by heat) k^i'meet, 'Icsii-met.
erematorinni n. (crematory) ksims'to^^i-sm, k3em9'to:-n-
9m.
crematory n„ adj. 'k^ii-ma-toei, 'ksema-tazi, Treemata-^i.
erenate adj, (notcht, indented) 'k^ii-net.
erenatnre n. (tooth or notch of a leaf) 'k^ens-t^d?, 'k^sens-
tQ3?, 'ksii-ns-tQae.
erenel n, (tooth of a erenate leaf, crenature; also, crenelle)
'ksenoh
erenelate v, embattle [also spelt crenellate'\ 'k^ena-let.
erenelation n. condition of being crenelated; battlement
[also spelt crenellation\ ksens'lee-Jan.
crenelle n. (opening in a parapet; crenel) k^i'nel.
Creole n. (nativ-born person of European or African des-
cent) 'Iraii-oh
creosote n. oily liquid from wood-tar [also spelt creosote,
kreasote'l 'ksii-a-sot.
crepon n. (crape-like fabric) 'ksepsn.
crescendo n. (gradual increase; swelling) k^i'sendo, k^i'5en-
do.
crescent n. (convexo-concave figure like the growing or
waxing moon) 'ksesant.
cresol n. tar phenol [also, sometimes, spelt cressoll 'k^ii-se},
'kse-sel.
cretaceons adj. (chalky) ksi'tee-Sss.
cretonne n. (cotton cloth) Irai'ten, 'k^e-ten, 'ksii-ten.
crevasse n. (fissure) k33'va:s, k^dVais, lcs3'vx:s.
crcTice n. crack; fissure [also spelt crevisl 'ksevis.
crewel n. (worsted thread) 'Iraou-al.
cricoid adj, (ring-shaped) 'k^ai-keid.
crinoid adj. (lily-like) 'Icsai-neid, 'k^i-neid.
crinoline n. stiff fabric; petticoat; warship-netting [also,
sometimes, spelt crinolini 'Iraina-hn, 'ksina-lin, 'k^ina-lam.
crises n. (plural of crisis) Ic^ai-siz.
crisis n, turning-point [ploral crises and, rarely, crisises'^
Ireai-sis,
criterion n. standard of criticism [ploral criteria"] ksai'ti:-
ei-an.
criticize v, judge accurately [also spelt criticise] 'k^iti-saiz.
critique n, (critical review) Irei'tiik; (obsolete spelling of
critic) Ireitik.
crocliet V, (knit) Ireo'Jce, Ireoo-Si.
crocodile n. (reptil; sophism) 'Ireeka-dail, 'k^eka-dil.
jyc, gcure; dthe, Q thin; 5 a^ure, ds/oy; I shoe, tJcAew;
wze/Aen; rf sinff; ti whoever, i react, oiuu, viwlooV, \\\., \\^cc%
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abt*t, o:dooT, 00 no, t\ie^, «,e^^a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 131
cromlech n. (ancient stone structure) 'k^emisk, 'ksem-lek.
crony n. [also spelt cronie, croney; ploral croniesl 'k3D0-ni.
! crooked adj. (bent; not straight) 'ksukid.
crooked v. past participle and preterit of crook [also spelt
I crookt} ksokt.
I croquet n. (game) kso'kee, 'k^oo-ke, 'ksoo-ki.
croquette n. (food) kso'ket.
croquiz n. (sketch; study) k^o'kii.
cross V. make a cross; cancel; pass over, etc. [past partici-
ple and preterit crossed, crost"! k^eis, {when unstrest) kses;
(dialectally) k3c:s.
crosslet n. small cross [also spelt croslet"] 'lcse:-SL3t.
crotcket n. (hook; musical symbol; whim) 'ksetjit.
cronck v. (stoop; cringe) k^aot^; (^erroneously) k^outj.
croup n. rump, buttocks [also spelt croupe, croop"] k^oup.
croup n. (disease) k^oup.
croupier n. (money-raker at a gambling-table; assistant
host) 'k30U-pi-9?, kzvi'piiz.
crosier n. cross-bearer; pastoral staff [also spelt crosierl
'ksoo-saz:.
crucial adj. (cross-shaped; decisiv) 'k^ou-Ssl.
crucian n. fish [also spelt crusian\ 'k^ou-Ssn.
crucible n. (melting-pot) 'Icsou-sa-bal ; {less properly) 'Ireou-
zd-bdl.
crucifix n. (image of Christ on the cross) 'ksou-si-fiks.
crucifixion n. k^usi'fik^sn.
cruel adj. (disposed to inflict suffering) 'ksou-ah
cruelly adv. (in a cruel manner) 'k^ou-a-h, 'ksou-al-h.
cruise v,, n. voyage [also spelt cruize'^ ksouz.
cruuib n. particle; scrap [also spelt crutnl k^Am.
crunck v. crush with the teeth, etc. [synonymous cognates
craunch, cranchi k^AntS, (in Britain) k^AnS.
cruorin n. hemoglobin [also spelt cruorinel 'k^ou-a-nn.
crupper n. (saddle-strap passing under a horse's tail; rump;
croup) 'k^opaz, 'ksApae.
cms n. the lower leg; pillar [ploral crural ksAS.
crusado n. Portuguese coin [also, sometimes, spelt crusadol
k3o'see-do, kso'zee-do.
cruse n. jar, bottle [also spelt cruised k^ous, k^ouz.
crustaceous n. (of or like a crust; crustacean) k^As'tee-Sss.
crux n. cross; vexatious difficulty [ploral cruxes, crucesi
k3Aks; (erroneously) k^oks.
crjrptogaui «. (flowerless plant) 'ksipta-gaem.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, 0 hot, ei hoy; a: far, go now, a*, ask, ^\k\\.«.\
len^tb-mark (:) indicates that the preceding soMtv^ \^ \^t^%%
stress-mark (') indicates chief stress on tbe ioWoYim^ «^\\?iX^^*
132 DTCTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
crjrptogram n. (secret writing) 'ksipta-graem.
crystalline adj. of crystal [also, sometimes, spelt crystallini
'ksistl-in, 'ksistl-ain, 'k3ist9-hn, 'ksista-lain.
crystallization n. [also spelt crystallisation] ksistl-i'zee-
San, k^istl-ai'zee-San.
crystallize v. [also spelt crystallise} 'Icsistl-aiz, 'ksista-laiz.
cnbic adj. (cube-like ; solid ; of the third degree) 'kgou-bik.
cnckoo n. (bird) 'ko-ku, (anteriorly) • 'koku.
cncnniber n. [dialectal equivalent cowcumber, formerly in
regular literary use] 'kgou-kAmba?.
cndgel n. (club) 'kAdssh
cne n. concluding word; hint; proper course; frame of mind
[also, formerly, spelt kew, ku, quew, q, quue, que, qu, kuel
kgou.
cne n. stick used in billiards [also spelt queue"} k^ou.
cnirass n. (armor) kiwi'^aes, ku)i'^ae:s; {less properly) kiui'^ars;
'ku)i:-29s; kgoVais, kgo'zaers.
cnirassier n. (mounted soldier armd with a cuirass) kwi^s-
'si:r, kgozo'si:?,
cnir-bonilli n. boild leather [also spelt cuir-bouilly} kwv.z-
'bou-ji, ku)i:r'boul-ji.
cnish n. thigh-piece [synonymous cognate cuisse} kwiS.
cnisine n. (kitchen; style of cooking) kiui'ziin.
cnl-de-sac n. blind alley [ploral culs-de-sac} k^oul-dd'saek.
cnlin^ry adj, (of the kitchen or cooking) 'k(jou-!i-ne2i ; {er-
roneously) TcAh-neri.
cnller n. (one who culls or selects) 'VtA^z.
cnltnre n. (cultivation) 'kAltJar, {older) 'kAltga?.
cnlverin n. gun; cannon [also spelt culverine} 'kAlvd-zin.
cnmic adj. (of cumin) 'kAmik, 'kgou-mik.
cnmin n. plant [also spelt cummin} 'kAmin.
cnmqnat n. small orange [also spelt kumquat, cumquot}
'kAm-ku30t.
cnmnlative adj. increasing by addition [also spelt cumula-
tiv} 'kgou-mjo-4etiv, 'k^ou-mjola-tiv.
cnneal adj, (wedge-shaped) 'kQou-ni-dl.
cnneifomi n. wedge-shaped [synonymous cognate cuniform}
kQo'nii-i-forzrm, TcQou-ni-i-foijm, 'kgou-ni-foirm.
cnnicnlns n. small underground passage [plural cuniculi}
kgo'nikgo-fes.
cnnner n. fish [also spelt Conner, connor} 'kAna^.
cnnning n. (skill; craftiness) TcAniq; {dialectally, vulgarly,
and familiarly) TcAnin.
j\ve, gcure; d the, Q thin] sa^ure, ds/oy; S ^''oe, tlchew,
wwhen; i)8ing\ u whoever, i react, dIuVY, viMiooV, \\t, \\^cc\
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o'.doot, oono» ^\ie^, t^^a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 133
Clipboard n. (sideboard for cups; provision-closet) 'kAbdzrd.
onpel n. (bone-earth vessel) 'kguu-pdl, 'kApsl.
fsnpel V. present participle cupeling, cupelling; past parti-
ciple and preterit cupeled, cupelled and sometimes cupeldl
Tcgou-pal.
cupful n. as much as fills a cup [ploral cupfulsl IcAp-fo).
cupola n. dome-like roof, etc. [dialectal synonymous cog-
nate cupolo"} 'kgou-p3-l3.
curable adj. (capable of being cured) 'kqai-z^-h^l.
Curasao n. [also spelt curagoa'\ kgo^s'soo.
curari n. poison [also spelt curare; synonymous cognate cu-
raral kgo'ear-^i, ko'za:-zi.
curariue n. (alkaloid from curari) 'kgoi-z^-zain, ko'za:-?in.
curariaEC v, (treat with curari) ^kqoi-z^-zaiz, ko^zai-zaiz.
curassow n. (bird) kgo'raeso, 'kgoi-ro-so.
curate n. (curer of souls; pastor; assistant of a rector or
vicar) 'kQo:-?it.
curator n. (guardian; manager) kq&zte-t^z, 'kqo:-z^-tsz.
curb n. mouth-strap; check; swelling; frame; edging; curb-
stone [also, formerly, spelt kerb, kirbl ksr^b.
curculio n. (fruit-weevil) kB^'k^ou-H-o,
curcumin n. coloring-matter of tumeric [also spelt curcu-
m%ne'\ 'ks^kgo-min.
cur§ n. (parish priest) kgo'^ee.
curfcvr n. (evening bell; fire-plate, blower) 'kezfiu, 'ker^-fiu.
curio n. (curiosity; piece of bric-a-brac) 'kgoi-ei-o.
curled adj. ksirfd, {also, in poetry) 'kBie-hd.
cunnudLgeon n. (miser, niggard) kd^'mAdssn.
currant n. (fruit) 'keeant, 'kA^ant.
currency «. (flow; course of time; state of being current;
circulation; money in actual use; vogue) 'koran-si.
current n. (flow, stream) 'ks^ant, 'kA^ant.
current adj, (passing, common, prevalent) 'ksrant, 'kA^ant.
curriculuni n. course [ploral curricula"! kaVik^o-lam.
currier n. (one who dresses leather) 'k^zi-^z, 'kAzi-9Z.
cursed adj. (under a curse; damnable) 'ks^sid, 'kB:?-sid.
cursed v, (past participle and preterit of curse) kBi^st.
curser n. (one who curses) 'kszs^z, ^siz-s^z.
cursor n. (runner; slide) ^kiszs^z, 'kB:^-s3c.
ciursory adj. (running; hasty) ^bzs^-zi, 'kszszi.
curtail v. cut short [past participle and preterit curtailed,
curt ail d"] kszr'teel.
Ciurtain n. (hanging; screen) 'kB^tn, 'kB?tin.
c: law, b: fi*r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, a*. QsV, a\V\\fc\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding soun^ \^ \^t^V%
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the ioWovJin^ s^WaJo\^.
134 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
curtsy n. obeisance [also spelt curtsey; synonymous cognates
curtesy, courtesyl IcBetsi.
curtsy V, [present participle curtsying; past participle and
preterit curtsiedl Tcertsi.
curule adj. (of a chariot) 'kqai-zuh
curve n. curvd line [also spelt curvl ksizv.
curvet n„ v. leap [also spelt curvettel 'keie-vit, ke^'vet.
cushion n. (stuft bag) 'koSsn.
cuspidor n. spittoon [synonymous cognate cuspidore'] 'kAspi-
dez,
cuspidore n. 'kAspi-do?. same meaning as cuspidor,
cutlas n. cutting-sword; big knife [also spelt cutlass"] HcAtLss.
cyanide n. (compound of cyanogen and a metal) 'sai-9-naid,
'sai-3-nid.
cyanine n. blue coloring-matter [also, sometimes, spelt cya-
ninl 'sai-a-nain, 'sai-a-nin.
cyanogen n. (radical) sai'aens-dsin, sai'sens-dsen.
cyanurate n. (salt of cyanuric acid) sai-9'njo:-?et.
cyanuret n. (cyanide) sai'aenju-rst.
cyanuric adj. sai-3'nju:-7ik.
cycad n. (plant) 'sai-ksed, 'sai-ksd.,
cyclamen n. (plant) 'sik^d-msn.
cyclamin n. (principle found in cyclamen-root) 'sikta-min.
cycle n. (circle; round of events) 'sai-kal.
cyclic adj, (of a cycle) 'siktik.
cyclide «. envelop of a sphere [also, sometimes, spelt eyelid}
'sai-ktid, 'si-ktaid.
cycloid adj. (like a circle) 'sai-k^eid, 'si-k^eid.
cycloidal adj, (of a cycloid) sai'kLoi-dl, si'kLoi-dl.
cyclone n. (rotatory storm) 'sai-kz^oon.
cyclope adj. (having or using one' eye) 'sai-k^op.
Cyclopean adj. (of the Cyclopes) sai-kLd'pii-dn.
cyclopedia n. encyclopedia [also spelt cyclopaedia'] sai-k^d-
. 'pii-di-3.
cyclopedic adj, [also spelt cyclopaedic] sai-k^a'pii-dik, sai-
ki-a'pedik.
Cylopes n. (ploral of Cyclops) sai'ki-DO-piz.
Cyclops n. one of a mythic race of one-eyed giants [ploral
Cyclopes, Cyclops, Cyclopses] 'sai-ktops.
cyclorama n. (circular panorama) sai-kL3'7a:-md.
cygnet n. young swan [also, formerly, spelt signet] 'signit.
cylinder n. (solid figure; tube) 'sihn-dar.
cylindric adj. Oike a cylinder) silindrik.
Jjye, gcure; dike, Qthin; saxrure, ds/oy; S-^^oe, tjc/iew;
wzvhen; 13 sing; u whoever, i react, Diuu, \3Mioo\, lit, lisee;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abwt, o;dooT, ooxio» t\ic^, ^^%oX^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 135
'.r
If. robe [also spelt fimarre, simar, symarl si'maiz.
cymbal n. metal plate [alio spelt sytnball 'simbsl.
eymbiformL adj, boat-shaped [also spelt cymbaeformi 'simbi-
ieizm.
eyme n. (centrifugal inflorescence) saim.
cyniose adj, (bearing a cyme) sai'maos, (assumptivly) 'sai-
mos; (also) 'sai-moz.
Cyntric adj. of the Cymry; Welsh [also, sometimes, spelt
Kymric^ 'aimzik, Icimsik.
Cya&ry n. pi, the Welsh [also spelt Cymri, Cwmry and, some-
times, Kymry, Kimry, Kitnril 'simzi, (^less often) 'kimzi.
cynamolie n. (throat-disease) si'nxgki.
Cynic n. (one of a sect of Greek philosophers) 'sinik.
cynic n. (sneering faultfinder) 'sinik.
cynical adj. (captious; sarcastic) 'sini-kdl.
cynicism n. 'sini-sizsm.
cynosure n. (center of attraction) 'sai-ns-Suz, sins-Su?; 'sai-
ns-sgor, 'sins-sgo?; (less often) 'sai-n3-302, 'sina-so?; 'sai-
nd-zjor, 'sins-zju?.
cypress n. (tree) 'sai-psis.
cyprinoid adj, (carp-like) 'sipsi-neid, si'psai-neid.
cyst n. sac, vesicle, cell [also spelt cist'] sist.
cytoplasm n. (cell protoplasm) 'sai-ts-pz^zsm.
cyrar n. (Welsh land-measure) 'kii-va?.
oiar n. emperor, king; especially, the emperor of Russia [also,
spelt tsar, tsar'] zaiz, {rarely) tsaiz.
osarcTitcli. n. Russian prince [also, sometimes, spelt tsare-
vitch, csarewitch, tsarewitch, czarowitch, csarowitz\ synen-
ymous cognates cesarevitch, cesarewitch] 'za:r-3-vitS, 'tsa:^-
3-vitS.
oiarina n. empress of Russia [also, sometimes, spelt tsarina ;
synonymous cognates czaritza, tsaritsa, tzaritsa] za'^ii-na,
tsa'7ii-n3.
Ciech adj, [also spelt Csech, Tsech, TschecW] tjek.
daehshnnd n. badger-dog [synonymous cognate dachshound]
'da:ks-hont; {less properly) 'daeks-hunt.
dactyl n. metrical foot [also spelt dactyle] 'daektil.
daddy n. dad, father [also spelt daddie] 'dsedi.
dado n. die of a pedestal, etc. [ploral dados] 'dee-do, {less
often) 'do: -do.
c: law, b: f«r, a cat, e hot, ei hoy\ a: for, ao now, a*, ask, a\k\le.\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding somti^ \s \^^?»\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the feWo-witv^ s^W?iJc^fc«
136 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
daedal adj. see dedal.
daffadoiiTndilly n. daffodil [synonymous cognates daffy-
downdilly, daffedowndillyl daefa-daon'dih.
daffodil n. (narcissus; pale yellow) 'dsefs-dil.
daft adj. (crazy; madly gay) da:ft, da:ft, daerft.
daguerreotype n. (fotograf) da'ge^a-taip, da'gen-a-taip.
dahabeeyah n. boat used on the Nile [also spelt dahabeiah,
dahabiyeh; synonymous cognates dihabiah, dahabeeah, da-
habiehl da-ha'bii-ja, da-ha'bii-a.
dahlia n. (plant) 'da:-H3, 'dee-lid, 'dselis.
dairy «. milk-room [ploral dairiesi 'de:-ei; (dialectally) 'dee-
zi.
dais n. (platform) 'dee-is, dees.
daisy n. flower [ploral daisiesl Mee-zi.
dam n. (bank or wall to obstruct water) daem.
damage n. (loss; harm) 'dsemids.
Damascene adj, (of Damascus; of damask) dsems'siin, (as-
sumptivly) 'daema-sin.
damascene v. inlay, damask [synonymous cognate damas-
keenl daema'siin, 'daema-sin.
dammar n. resin [also spelt damar, dammer\ 'daems?.
damme interj. (damn me) Maemi.
dammed adj. obstructed by means of a dam [also spelt
damdl dsemd.
damn v. (condemn to hell) dsem, (often) dse:m.
damned adj, (consigned to hell) dsemd, (often) dse:md;
(sometimes, in poetry) 'daemnid.
damning adj. (that damns) Maemnir), 'dsemir).
damning n. (damnation) Maemii].
damsel n. young unmarried lady; girl, lass [archaic synon-
ymous cognates damosel, damozel, damozeW] 'daemzal.
damson n. (plum) Maemzsn.
dance n.,v. da:nts, darnts, dae:nts; (also, and in Britain nor-
mally) dams, da:ns, daeins.
dandelion n. (plant) 'daendi-lai-sn, daendilai-dn ; (vulgarly)
'daendi-lain, 'daendl-ain.
dandi n. Saiva mendicant [ploral dandisl 'daendi.
dandruff n. scurf [synonymous cognate dandriffi 'daendraf.
dandy n. boatman on the Ganges [also spelt dandi, dandee;
plural dandiesl 'daendi.
dandy n. beau, fop; sloop; foul; jug; grate; cart [ploral
dandies'] Msendi.
dandy n. (dandy-fever, dengue) 'daendi.
J ye, gcure; dthe, 6*Mn; sarure, dsf'oy; I shoe, t^ chew ;
wwhen; tjsing] u whoever, i react, oiuu, ^Mioo\, \\\., \\^c«;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, 0: door, :iOt^o, ^\ic^, «,^^a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 137
Dai&esold n. tax [synonymous cognate Danegeltl 'deen-geld.
Danish adj, (of the Danes; of Denmark) 'dee-niS; (errone-
ously) 'daeni$.
daiiseiise n. (female dancer; ballet-dancer) dei)'sB:z.
daric n. (ancient Persian coin) 'dx7ik.
darky n. night ; dark lantern ; negro [also spelt darkey ; plu-
ral darkiesi 'da^ki, 'da:?-ki, 'da:-ki,
data n. (ploral of datum) 'dee-ts, 'da:-t9.
datum n. [ploral datal 'dee-tsm.
daub v., n. smear, etc. [past participle and preterit daubed,
daubdl dc:b; (dialectally) deb.
danshter n. (female child) 'dci-t^z.
dannt v. (discourage; abash) dc:nt, da:nt, da:nt.
danntless adj. (bold) 'dc:n-tL3s, 'da:n-tL3s, 'da:n-tL3s.
dannton n. daunt; tame [also spelt dantoni 'dc:n-tdn, 'dam-
tan, 'da:n-t3n.
danpliin n. eldest son of the king of France [former syn-
onymous cognate dolphini 'dc:-fin.
danpliine n. (the wife of a dauphin) 'dc:-fin.
davit n. crane [also spelt davitt'] 'dee-vit, 'daevit.
day n. time of sunlight, etc. [ploral days\ dee, {when un-
strest) de.
dead adj. lifeless, etc. [also spelt dedl ded.
deaden v. make dead [also spelt deden; past participle and
preterit deadened, dedendl 'dedn.
deadhead n. [also spelt dedhed"] 'ded-hed.
deadly adj. mortal, fatal, destructiv [also spelt dedlyl 'dedh.
• deaf adj. defectiv in hearing [also spelt defl def ; (dialectal-
ly or vulgarly) diif.
deafen v. make def [also spelt def en; past participle and
preterit deafened, defendl 'defan.
deal V. divide, distribute; have to do; handle [past participle
and preterit dealt, delf] diil.
dean n. (head, chief, president) diin.
Dean n, (title) diin, (anteriorly, as a title) din.
dean n. vale [also spelt denel diin.
dear adj. (beloved, precious, costly) di:?.
deary n. little dear; darling [also spelt dearie'] 'di:-?i.
death n. cessation of life [also spelt dcth] deO.
deathly adj., adv. [also spelt dethlyl McOli.
debatable adj, (admitting of debate) di'bee-ta-bal.
debaneh v. (bout of excess ; debauchery) di'bc:tS ; (errone-
ously) diliaotS.
c: law, b: fwr, ae cat, e h^t, ei hoy; a: far, qo now, bi*. asVi, ^\V\\.^\
]engtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceding soMtv^ "v^ \^tv^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on t\ie ioWovJin^ s^W^^^t.
138 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
debauchee n. (one addicted to debauch) debc'Sii-
debenture n. (certificate of indebtedness) di'bentSs?.
debile adj, archaic (weak, feeble) 'debil.
debonair adj. pleasant, affable [also spelt debonnaire, de-
bonnairl debd'ne:?.
debouch v. (emerge) di'bouS.
debris n. fragmental remains; rubbish [also spelt dSbris;
plural debris! dilDni, 'dee-bd, 'debn.
debt n. that which is owed, etc. [also spelt detl det.
debtor n. one who owes [also spelt dettor! 'detar.
d6but «. (entry into society; first appearance) di'bjou, de-
'bjou, 'dee-bju.
debutant n. (male performer making his first appearance
in public) debjo'teq.
debutante n. a female appearing for the first time in so-
ciety or before the public) debjo'ta:nt, 'dee-bjo-ta:nt.
decad n. 'deksd. same meaning as decade,
decade «. group of ten years, etc. [synonymous cognate
decadi 'deked, 'deksd; {erroneously) diTceed.
decadence n. (decline; deterioration) di'kee-dns, 'dekd-dns.
decadent adj. diHcee-dnt, 'deks-dnt.
decag^ram n. a weight of ten grams [also spelt decagramme,
dekagram"! 'deka-graem.
decalcomania n. (picture-transfer process) di-kaelka'mee-
ni-3.
decaliter n. a capacity-measure of ten liters [also spelt de-
calitre, dekaliter! 'deka-hi-tar.
decalogue n. the ten commandments said to have been given
to Moses [also spelt decalog! 'deka-leg.
decameter n. a measure of ten meters [also spelt decametre,
dekameter! 'deka-mii-ta?.
decanal adj, (of a dean) 'deka-nl, di'kee-nl; (rarely) 'dii-
ka-nl.
decantation n. (a pouring off) dikaen'tee-^an, (rarely) de-
kan'tee-San.
decapod n. 'deka-ped.
Decapoda n. pi, (ten-footed crustaceans ; ten-armd cephalo-
pods) di'kaepa-da.
decarbonize v, [also spelt decarbonise! dilcat^-ba-naiz.
decastich n. (poem of ten lines) 'deka-stik.
decease n. (death) di'siis.
deceased adj, dead [also spelt deceast! di'siist.
deceit «. (deception; fraud; wile) di'siit.
fye, gcure; dthe, Q thin; sasMte, d^joy; ^shoCy t^chew;
wwhen; losing; u whoever, i react, oiuu, xsMiodV, t\\., \\^cc\
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abttt, o'.doot, 00 no, t\ied, t^^oX^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 139
deceive v, mislead; take in [past participle and preterit de-
ceived, deceivdl di'siiv.
deceniTir n. one of a body or council of ten men [plural
decemvirs, decemviril di'semva?.
deceniTirate n. (body of decemvirs; office or rule of de-
cemvirs), di'scmva-^at.
deeeniTiri n. (plural of decemvir) di'semv9-?ai.
decenary n. decena, tithing [also spelt decennary'} di'sen9-?i.
decency n. (propriety, etc.) 'dii-ssn-si.
decennary adj, (of ten years; decennial) di'sens-ri.
decent adj. (fit, proper, decorous) 'dii-ssnt.
decern v, (in Scottish law, decide; decree) di'sB:?n. com-
pare discern.
decliristianise v. [also spelt dechristianise'\ di'lcsistSd-naiz.
declare n. (a tenth of an are) 'desi-e:?.
decidence n. (a falling off) 'desi-dns.
decidnons adj. (falling off; shedding the leaves every year)
di'sidsu-ds, di'sidju-3s.
decig^ram n. a tenth of a gram [also spelt decigramme^
'desi-g?sem.
deciliter n. a tenth of a liter [also spelt decilitre^ 'desi-hi-
ta?; (improperly) di'sih-tae.
decimal n. (of tenth parts; of ten) 'desi-msl.
decimalisation n. [also spelt decimalisation'] desi-msh'zee-
San, desima-lai'zee-Jan.
decimalize n. [also spelt decimalise'} 'desims-laiz.
decimator n. one who decimates or destroys [also spelt deci-
mater] 'desi-meta?.
decimeter n. a tenth of a meter [also spelt decimetre]
'desi-mii-ta?.
decipher v, interpret [also spelt decypher, decifer; past par-
ticiple and preterit deciphered, deciferd] di'sai-fazr.
decisive adj. conclusiv [also spelt decisiv] di'sai-siv, di'sai-
ziv; {erroneously) di'sisiv.
deoistdre n. (a tenth of a stere) 'desi-ste:z.
decivilisation n. [also spelt de civilisation] di-sivih'zee-Ssn,
di-sivi-lai'zee-San.
decivilise v. [also spelt decivilise] di'sivi-laiz.
deckle n. paper-pulp confining device; raw edge made by
this device [also spelt deckel, dekle] 'dekal.
declamatory adj. (of declamation) di^kz^ms-to?!.
declarative adj. characterized by declaration [also spelt de-
clarativ] di'kweza-tiv.
c: law, b: f wr, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, au now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding souiv^ \^ \^tv.%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on tile ieWo^iti^ s^>\?i5^^.
140 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
declension n. (a declining) di^kLen^sn.
declinatory adj. (of declination) di'kz.ai-na-t37i, di'kz.in3-
tozi.
deooctible adj. (capable of being decocted) di'kekts-bd!.
decollate v. (behead) di'kelet, 'deks-let.
decollation n. (act of beheadng) dikd'ke-Ssn, dekd'lee-Ssn.
d^coUet^ adj. (low-neckt: said of a dress) de-kela'tee, de-
'kela-te.
d6eollet6e adj. (wearing a low-neckt dress: said of a wo-
man) de-kela'tee, de'keJa-te.
decolor v. deprive of color [also spelt decolour^ di'kAlar.
decolorize v, [also spelt decolorise, decolourize, decolourisel
di'kAla-raiz.
deooloriiation n. [also spelt decolorisation, decolourisa-
tion, decolourisation] di-kAlan'zee-San, di-kAla-rai'zee-San.
decorative adj. ornamental [also spelt decorativl 'deka-eetiv,
'dekara-tiv ; {less properly) diTceea-tiv.
decorons adj. (proper; decent) di'kor-eas, 'deka-^as.
deeomm n. (seemliness; propriety) dinca:-7am.
decrease v. grow less; diminish [past participle and preterit
decreased, decreasf] dilcsiis.
decrease n. (diminution; abatement) dilc^iis, 'dii-k3is.
decrement n. (decrease; waste; loss) 'dek3i-mant.
decrepid adj. di'k^epid. same meaning as decrepit.
decrepit adj. worn out; old and feeble [synonymous cog-
nate decrepidi diTc^epit.
decretal adj. (of a decree) di'k^ii-tl.
decretory adj. (of a decree or final judgment) 'dek^i-tozri,
di1c5ii-ta-3i,
decnbation n. obsolete (act of lying down) dikgu'bee-San,
dekgo'bee-San.
decussate adj. (crost) di'kAset, di'kAsat.
decussate v. (intersect, cross) di'kAset, 'deko-set.
decussation n. (crossing) dikA'see-$an, dekA'see-^an.
dedal adj. skilful; maze-like [also spelt daedal"] Mii-dal.
dedalian adj. like Daedalus; skilful [also spelt daedalian,
daedaleani di'dee-H-an.
dedalous adj. of Daedalus, skilful [also spelt daedalousi
'deda-las, 'dii-da-las.
dedicatory n. (of dedication) 'dedika-to?i, 'dedi-keta-?i.
deduce v. (derive; infer) di'djous; (dialectally) di'dous.
deducible adj. (that may be deduced) di'djou-sa-bal.
deepening adj., n. 'dii-pa-niq, 'diip-niq, 'dii-pm-iq.
/^^/ gcure; d the, 0 f Mn ; 3 axrure, ds/oy; ^ shoe, tjc/iew;
wze/hen; tjsing; u whoever, i react, oiuW, ^uiool, lit, \\^ee\
o poetic; 9 over, e serial, Abut, o:doot, ootvo, ^\ic^, t^^aX«:\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 14!
deer n. solid-homd ruminant [ploral deerl dr.z.
defalcate v, (deduct; misappropriate property in one's
charge) di'fal-ket; {less properly) di'£c:l-ket.
defalcation n. (deduction; fraudulent deficiency) difaei'kee-
Ssn; {less properly) difd'kee-$9n, defal'kee-Sdn.
defalcator n. 'defdl-ketse, 'dii-faei-kets?.
defamation n. (act of defaming, etc.) defd'mee-Ssn, difd-
'mee-S^n.
defamatory adj, (calumnious) di'f£m9-t3?i.
default n. (want; defect; failure to perform) di'fciit.
defeasance n. (undoing; ruin) di'fii-zdns.
defeasible adj, capable of being defeated or undone; sub-
ject to forfeiture [also spelt defeasablel di'fii-zs-bdl.
defendable adj, capable of being defended from assault or
injury; also, defensible [also, formerly, spelt defendihle"]
di'fendd-bdl.
defendant n. (the person sued) di'fendant.
defense n. prohibition; resistance against attack [also spelt
defence^ di'fents, {also, and in Britain normally) di'fens.
defensible adj. justifiable; also, defendable [also, formerly,
spelt defenciblel di'fensd-bdl.
deferenee n. (submission or curtesy to superiors) 'defa-
73ns.
defervescence n. (cooling down) difa^'vessns, defszr've- *
ssns.
deficit n. (a falling short; deficiency) 'defi-sit, 'dii-fisit;
{less properly) di'fisit.
def ier n. one who defies [also, formerly, spelt defyer} di'fai-
defile n. (narrow pass) di^fai), 'dii-faiL
defile v, (render foul; pollute) di'fail.
definite adj. clearly defined; exact [also spelt definif}
'defi-nit, {anteriorly) 'definit.
definitive adj. decisiv; determinate [also spelt definitivl
di'fini-tiv.
deflag^rable adj. (combustible) 'defLsgzd-bdl, di'fLee-g^s-bdl.
deflag^rate v. (cause to burn; burst into flame) 'defta-g^et.
deflection n. a bending down; curve; turning [also spelt de-
flexion"] di'ftekjan.
defloration n. (act of deflowering) defLs'^ee-^sn.
deflonr v. di'ftao?. same meaning as deflower.
defloiver v. deprive of virginity; ravish [synonymous cog-
nate deflour"] di'fi-au-azr, di'ftaozr.
c: low, b: f wr, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: for, ao now, a: osk, ai kite ;
length-mork- (:) indicates that the preceding soutv^ \^ \^viV>
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the io\\oN«iitv% «^^?^j^^»
142 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
degag6 adj, (easy; unconstraind) dega'see.
deglutition n. (swallowing) deglu'tiSsn, diglo'tiSsn.
deg:radation n. (deposition; lowering; debasement) deg?3-
'dee-San.
degradation n. (lowering of color ; gradation of tint ; toning
down) dig^a'dee-San, degea'dee-Jan.
dehisce v. (gape ; burst open) di'his.
deicide n. (killing of a god) 'dii-i-said.
deifio adj, (deifying; godlike) di'ifik.
deify v, (make a god of) 'dii-i-fai.
deig^n v. think fit; condescend [past participle and preterit
deigned, deignd"] deen.
deinosanr n. see dinosaur,
deism n. (doctrin concerning God) 'dii-izam.
deist n, (believer in God, etc.) 'dii-ist.
deistio adj. (of deists or deism) di'istik.
deity n. (godhood; (jodhead) Mii-i-ti.
dekadraclmi n. silver coin [also spelt decadrachm] 'deka-
draem.
delaine n. (light fabric) di'leen.
delator n. informer; spy [also, formerly, spelt delater"] di-
1ee-ta?.
dele V, (in proofreading, take out; remove) 'dii-h.
* deleble adj. see delihle.
delectation n. (action of delighting; pleasure) dilek'tee-$an.
delegate n, (deputy; representativ) 'deh-get.
delete v. (destroy ; blot out) di'hit.
deleterions adj, (hurtful; noxious) deh'ti:-n-as.
deletive adj. erasiv [also spelt deletiv'i dilii-tiv; (less of-
ten) 'dch-tiv.
delf n, ware [also spelt delph; synonymous cognate delft"}
delf.
delible aef/. erasable [also spelt deleble"] 'dela-bal, (less of-
ten) 'dii-la-bal.
delicacy n. fineness; daintiness [ploral delicacies] 'dehka-si.
delicatessen n. pi. (food-delicacies ; in singular, shop where
such articles are sold) dehka'tesan.
deliqnesee v. (melt away; liquefy) deh'kwes.
delirions adj, (wandering in mind; crazed) di'hri-as.
delirinm n. disorderd mental state [ploral deliriums, deliria]
dilin-am.
delivery n. (a handing over; release; childbirth) di'hva-^i,
(rapidly) dilivzi.
jye, g cure; d the, 6 thin ; ^ 3 a^ure, d^joy ; S shoe, tS chew ;
wzt'Aen; 13 sing; u whoever, i react, oiiiu, xsMiooX, \\\, ilscc;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, 0: door, ;>otvo, ^>oc^, ^,^^a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 143
delude v. (deceive; beguile; cheat) dilioud; {dialectally) di-
loud.
delusive adj, deceptiv [also spelt delusivl di'Hou-siv.
delusory adj. (deceptiv, delusiv) di'liou-sa-zi.
delve V. dig; search [also spelt delv; past participle and
preterit delved, delvdl delv.
demaenetize v. [also spelt demagnetise} di'mxgni-taiz.
demasosie adj. (of or like a demagog) dems'gegik, dema-
'gedsik.
deiiiasosi*^^ n. [also spelt demagoguisfril 'dems-ge-gizdm,
'dem9-geg-iz9m.
demasosne n. leader of the people; factious orator [also
spelt demagogi 'dcma-geg.
demasosnery n. (demagogic practises; demagogism) 'de-
ma-gega-^i, 'dems-geg^i.
demasosy w* (action, quality, or rule of demagogs; body of
demagogs) 'dema-gegi, 'dema-gedsi.
demain »• di'meen. same meaning as demesne.
demand n,, v, (request) di'ma:nd, di'ma:nd, di'mae:nd.
demareation n. delimitation [also spelt demarkaXion'\ di-
moe'kee-San.
demean v. debase, lower, bemean [past participle and pret-
erit demeaned, demeand"] di'miin.
demean v. behave, carry, conduct (oneself) di'miin.
demean n. (mean, demeanor, behavior, conduct) di'miin.
demeanor n. behavior [also spelt demeanour"} di'mii-ns?.
dementia n. (insanity) di'men^s, di'ment^s.
demesne n. landed estate [also, sometimes, spelt demaini
di'meen, di'miin.
demijohn «. (big bottle) 'demi-dsen; {vulgarly) 'dimi-dsen.
demi-monde n. (class of women of doubtful repute) demi-
'mend, 'demi-mend.
demise n. (transfer by will; death) di'maiz; {erroneously)
di'miiz.
demit v. (send down; lower) di'mit.
demobilise v. disband [also spelt demohilisel di'moo-bi-laiz.
demoiselle n. (young lady; crane; dragon-fly) demwe'zel.
demolition n. (a demolishing) demd'h^an, dimd'h^sn.
demon n. being between gods and men [also spelt daemon}
'dii-man, 'dii-men.
demonetise v. divest of monetary value [also spelt demone-
tise} di'meni-taiz, di'mAni-taiz.
demoniac adj. (possest by a demon; devilish) di'moo-ni-sek.
c: law, b: f «r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: for, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding so>m^ \^ V>tv^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on t\ie foWoTiiTi^ «^Y«iJj^fc.
144 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
demoniacal adj. (demon-like; fiendish) dimd'nai-a-ks}, (less
often) dema'nai-a-kal.
demonixe v, [also spelt demonisel 'dii-md-naiz.
demonolog^ n. (treatis on demons; study of demons) dimd-
'nela-dsi, (less often) dema'nela-dsi.
demonstrable adj. di'menstss-bsl, 'demsnstsd-bdl.
demonstrate v, (point out; prove) 'dcmsn-stset, di'men-
stjet.
demonstrative adj. [also spelt demonstrative di'menst£9-
tiv.
demonstrator n. 'demsn-stseta?, (rarely) di'men-st^etd?.
demoralization n. [also spelt demoralisation'^ di-mersh^zce-
San, di-me^a-lai'zee-San.
demoralise v. corrupt the morals of ; confuse [also spelt de-
moralise'i di'mezra-laiz.
Demostlienio adj, (of Demosthenes) dimes'Ocnik, demes'9e-
nik.
demy n. size of paper [plural demies'^ di'mai.
demy n. foundation scholar at Magdalin College, Oxford
[also spelt demi'y ploral demiesl di'mai.
denal adj, (of ten; denary) 'denl.
denarius n. silver coin; weight; penny [plural denarii} di-
'ne:-2ri-3s.
denationalisation n. [also spelt denationalisation] di-
• naeSanl-i'zee-San, di-naeSanl-ai'zee-San.
denationalise v, [also spelt denationalise^ di'naeSsnl-aiz.
denaturalise v. [also spelt denaturalisel di'naet$a?3-}aiz,
(rapidly) di'naetjsa-laiz.
dengue n. fever [synonymous cognate dengal 'deq-ge.
denier n. (one who denies) di'nai-37.
denier n. (French coin) di'ni:?, 'deni-a^, 'deni-e, don^jec.
denim n. (cloth) 'denim.
denouement n. (unraveling; solution of a mystery; event)
de'nuu-meq.
dentifrice n. tooth-cleaning preparation [also spelt denti-
frisl 'denti-f3is.
dentUated adj, having teeth [also spelt dentillated, dente-
lated'i 'denti-letid.
dentin n, hard tissue of teeth [also spelt dentine^} 'dentin.
dentise v. teethe [also spelt dentisel 'den-taiz.
denudation n. (a laying bare; divesting) dinjo'dee-Snn,
denjo'dee-San.
denudate adj. (denuded; bare) di'njou-det, 'denjo-dct.
JJ^^, 9 cure; d the, 9 *^in ; ^ 3 arure, d3 /oy ; 5 shoe, tj chew ;
wwhen; ij sing; u whoever, i react, oiuVV, ouioo\, \\\., \\^cc%
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial. Abut, o: door, :iOTio, t.\ic^, ^^^a\.^%
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 145
denndAte v. (strip naked or bare; denude) 'denju-det, di-
'njou-det.
deniinciate v. (denounce) di'nAuSi-et, di'nAnsi-et.
deniineiatioii. n. (proclamation ; act of denouncing) di-nxn-
Si'ee-Jan, di-nAnsi'ee-Jan.
deodorization. n. [also spelt deodorisationi di-od^zo'zec-
San, di-od3-2ai'zee-S3n.
deodorise v, [also spelt deodorisel di'oo-ds-raiz.
departmental adj, (of a department or district) dipozt-
'mentl, (rarely) dep3?fmentl.
dependable adj. trustworthy [also spelt dependible'\ di'pen-
dd-bdl.
dependence n. fact of depending; subordination [also spelt
dependancel di'pendsns.
dependency n. [also spelt dependancyl di'penddn-si.
dependent n. person who depends; subordinate [also spelt
dependant'^ di'pendsnt.
dependent n. hanging; subordinate; subject [also spelt de-
pendantl di'pendsnt.
depilate v. (remove the hair from) 'depi-let.
depilatory adj. (that removes hair) di'pila-toei,
depilons adj. (without hair) 'depi-lss, di'pai-los.
deplanate adj, (flattend; explanate) 'dep^d-net, 'dii-pLS-
net, di'pLce-net.
deplete v. (empty) di'pi-iit.
depletive adj. characterized by depletion [also spelt depletivl
di'ptii-tiv.
deplorable adj, (lamentable) di'pL3:-z:3-bdl.
deplnmation n. (loss of plumes or feathers) dipz.u'mee-
San, depi-o'mee-San.
depolarize v. [also spelt depolarise'\ di'poo-ld-^aiz.
deponent n. (deponent verb; a person who deposes) di'poo-
nsnt.
deportation n. (forcible removal) dipor'tee-Jan, (rarely)
depa^'tee-S^n.
deposit n., v, [also, formerly, spelt deposited di'pezit.
depositary adj, (of deposit) di'pezi-tez:i, di'pezi-ta^i, di-
'pezita-zri.
depositary n. (trustee ; also, depository) di'pezi-te^i, di'pezi-
tazri, di'pezita-zri.
deposition n. (a putting down; degradation; deposit) dips-
'zijan, depa'zijan.
depository n. place in which things are deposited; store-
c: law, b: f wr, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the precedmc soutv^ \% \^^V>
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the io\\oN«i\t^% «^\VaJc5^^.
146 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
house, repository [also spz:lt depositary^ di'pezi-to?i, di'pezi-
t3?i, di'pezit3-ri.
depot n. storage-place; headquarters; railway-station [also
spelt depot and, sometimes, depSf] 'dii-po, 'depo, 'dee-po,
di'poo.
deprecatory adj. (disparaging) 'depsiks-tori.
depreciate v. lower the value of [also, formerly, spelt de-
prefiateli di'p3ii-Si-et ; (improperly) di'psii-si-et.
deprivation n. (act of depriving; dispossession) depsi'vee-
Ssn.
deprivative adj. of deprivation [also spelt deprivativl 'de-
p3i-vetiv, dl'p5IV3-tlV.
depth n. (deepness, etc.) dep9; (less properly) debG.
depths n. (plural of depth) depOs, (sometimes) deps.
depnrant adj. (purifying) 'depgo-eant, di'pqo'.-z^nt,
depurate v, (purify; dense) 'depQo-^et, di'pgo:-eet.
deputize v. [also spelt deputise'! 'depgu-taiz.
deputy n. (substitute) 'depgo-ti, (anteriorly) 'depgoti.
Derby n. (horse-race) 'deir-bi, 'da:?-bi.
derby «. (stiff hat; mason's float) 'deie-bi, 'da:z:-bi.
derelict adj. (forsaken; unfaithful) 'deei-hkt.
derelict v. (abandon; fail to keep; fall short of) den'hkt.
derisive adj, scoffing; mocking [also spelt derisiv"} di'?ai-
siv, di'eai-ziv.
derivative adj. of derived nature, etc. [also spelt derivativ]
dl'?IV3-tlV.
dernier adj. (last, final) 'derni-a?, 'de^ni-e, de^'njee.
derogate v. (repeal; take away) 'deea-get.
derogative adj. belittling [also spelt derogativ"} di'^ega-tiv.
derogator n. one who derogates [also, formerly, spelt dero-
gatour, derogaierl 'deea-getae.
derrick n. hoisting-device [also, formerly, spelt derick, der-
icl 'denk.
dervish n. friar [former synonymous cognates dervis, der-
vise, dirvish] 'deie-viS.
descant n. counterpoint, etc. ; comment [synonymous cog-
nate discant"] 'de-skaent, di'skaent.
descant v. play or sing an air in harmony with a fixt theme
[also spelt discant"] di'skxnt.
descendance n. descent, lineage [also spelt descendencel di-
'sendans.
descendant n. one who is descended from an ancestor; off-
spring [also, formerly, spelt descendent'] di'sendant.
jye, gcure; d the, O^Mn; 3 axrure, ds/oy; I shoe, t^chew;
wze/hen; ijsing; u whoever, i react, oiuVV, \3uioo\, \\t, lisee;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o:dooT, 00 no, t\ic^, «,^%,a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 147
descendent adj. descending ; coming down ; also, origina-
ting from an ancestor [also spelt descendant} di'sendant.
descendible adj. that may descend to an heir ; also, capa-
ble of being descended, as a hill [also spelt descendable} di-
'sendd-bdl.
descensioii. n. (descent, fall) di'sen^an, di'sentjan.
descent n. (act of descending; fall; hereditary transmission)
di'sent.
descry v. (catch sight of; espy; perceive) di'slcsai.
desert v. (abandon, forsake) di'zB:?t.
desert adj. (deserted; barren) 'deza^t.
desert n. (desert place, wilderness) 'dezs^t.
desert n. (that which is deservd) di'zBizt.
desert n. (course of sweetmeats, etc.) di'zBizt. see dessert.
deserve v. merit [also spelt deserv; past participle and pret-
erit deserved, deservd} di'zeiz^v.
deshabille n. dezs'bii}, desa'bii}, 'dezs-bil. same meaning
as dishabille.
desicoant adj. (serving to dry) di'siksnt, 'desi-ksnt.
desiccate v, (dry up) 'desi-ket, di'siket.
desiccation n. (action of making dry; dried up condition)
desi'kee-Ssn.
desiccative adj. [also spelt desiccativ} 'desi-ketiv, di'si-
ka-tiv.
desiccator n. 'desi-ketd?.
desideratiuii n. something desired [ploral desiderata} di-
sida'eee-tam.
design n., v. (plan) di'zain, di'sain.
designable adj. (that can be markt out, distinguishable)
'dezignd-bdl, 'designa-bal ; (capable of being designed) di-
'zai-ns-bal, di'sai-na-bal.
designate v. (point out; name) 'dezig-fiet, 'desig-net.
designation n. dezig'nee-$9n, desig'nee-^sn.
designative adj. [also spelt designativ} Mezig-netiv, 'de-
sig-netiv.
designator n. 'dezig-netd?, 'desig-nets?.
designatory n. 'dezig-neta-^i, 'desig-neta-^i, {rarely) di-
'signa-tori.
designed adj. pland; formd [also spelt designd} di'zaind.
designedly adv. (on purpose) di'zai-ni-dh, di'sai-ni-dh.
designer n. (one who designs; schemer) di'zai-ns?, di'sai-
n^z,
desirable adj. (to be desired; delectable) di'zai-^s-bdl.
c: law, b: f «r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, go now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark- (:) indicates that the preceding somh^ \% \^TiSL\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the w\0N«iin% s^^\si^^^.
148 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
desist V, (cease, stop) di'zist, di'sist.
desistance n. cessation [also spelt desistence'\ di'zistns, di-
'sistns.
desition n. (end, conclusion) di'si^dn.
desmid n. (alga) 'desMid.
desmodont n. (mollusk) 'desMS-dent.
desmoid adj. (like a bundle; tendinous) 'des-meid.
desolate adj, (left alone; deserted) 'dess-bt; (less properly)
'deza-lat.
desolator n. [also spelt desolaterl 'dess-lets?.
desolation n. desd'lee-^dn ; (less properly) dezd'lee-Ssn.
despatch n. di'spxtj. see dispatch.
desperado n. desperate or reckless man [ploral desperados,
desperadoesl despa'zree-do, despD'^a:-do, despa'zai-do.
despicable adj, (to be despised; base) Mespikd-bsl ; (vulgar-
ly) di'spika-bal.
despise v. (look down on; scorn) di'spaiz.
despite n. (scorn, etc.) di'spait.
despite prep, (in spite of) di'spait.
despiteous adj. (archaic) full of despite [also spelt dispit-
eousl di'spiti-3s.
despondent adj,, n. di'spendsnt.
despumate v. (skim) di'spgou-met, 'despgo-met.
despumation n. despQu'mee-$3n.
desquamate v. (scale; peel) 'desku)3-met, di'skiuee-met.
desquamation tt. deskw3'mee-$3n, (rarely) diskwd'mee-^dn.
desquamative adj, [also spelt desquamativl di'sktuaems-
tiv.
dessert n. course of sweetmeats, etc. [also spelt desert] di-
'zBi^t, di'sB:rt; (improperly) 'dezaet. compare desert.
destine v. appoint ; j)redetermin [also spelt destin ; past par-
ticiple and preterit destined, destindl 'destin.
destructible adj. (capable of being destroyd) di'stjAkta-
bal.
desuetude n. (disuse) 'deswi-tQud.
desultory adj. (skipping about; unmethodical) 'desal-to^i;
(less properly) 'dezal-ton.
detail n, (attention to particulars; item) di'teel, 'dii-tel.
detail v. deal minutely with; appoint to a particular duty
[past participle and preterit detailed, detaild] di'teel.
detant n, (detent in a gun-lock) di'tsent.
detectable adj. [also spelt detectiblel di'tekta-bal.
detector n. [also spelt detecterl di'tekta?.
/ye, gcure; d the, Q thin] sasrure, ds/oy; S shoe, tjc/iew;
vjzt/hen; rising; u whoever, i react, oiuVV «Mioo\, "t-Ct, lisee;
o poetic; ^ over, e aerial, Abut, o:doot, :iOTio, t\ic^, ^^^a\s:%
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 149
detemt ft. (stop, catch) di'tent; (less properly) 'dii-tent.
deter v. discourage by fear [present participle deterring;
past participle and preterit deterred, deterd'\ di'te:?.
determiiie v, [also spelt deiermin ; past participle and prete-
rit determined, determindl di'tB:?-min.
deterrent adj. (tending to deter) di'tezsnt, di'tezant.
detestable adj. di'testa-bd}.
detestation, n. (hatred; loathing) dites'tee-Ssn, deta'stee-San.
detinne n. (act of detaining) 'deti-nju, {rarely) di'tinjo.
detonate v. (explode with a loud noise) 'deta-net, 'dii-ta-net.
detonation n. detd'nee-Ssn, ditd'nee-^dn.
detonr n. a turning; roundabout way [synonymous cognate
ditourl di'to:r.
d6tonr n. de'to:?, 'dee-to:?. same meaning as detour,
detractor n. [also spelt detracterl di'tsaektd?.
detriment n. (loss, damage, etc.) 'det^i-mant.
detritus n. (disintegrated material ; debris) di'tsai-tss.
detnr n. (prize of books) 'dii-t^z.
dence n. two; two-spot [also spelt duce} djous; (dialect ally)
dous.
dence n. bad luck; mischief [also spelt duce; dialectal syn-
onymous cognate doose"} djous ; (dialectally) dous.
deneed adj. [also spelt deused; dialectal synenymous cog-
nates doosed, 4oosid'\ 'djou-sid, djoust; (dialectally) 'dou-
sid.
dencedly adj. plaguily; confoundedly [also spelt deusedly]
'djou-si-dh.
dentzia n. (shrub) 'djout-si-a, 'djout-zi-a, 'deit-si-a, 'deit-
zi-9.
devastate v. (lay waste) 'dev3-stet, (rarely) di'vae-stet.
devastation n. (wide-spred destruction) devd'stee-^sn.
develop v. unfold; unroll [also spelt develope; past partici-
ple and preterit developed, developti di'velap.
development n. [also spelt developement} di'velap-mant.
devest v. (strip; alienate; annul; convey away) di'vest. com-
pare divest.
device ». (ingenuity; contrivance; plot) di'vais.
devil n. fiend, demon ; wretch, etc. [also, in sense of the
Devil of the Bible, etc., spelt Devil"] 'deval, 'devil.
devilisli adj. (diabolical) 'deva-hj, (rapidly) 'devhS.
devisable adj. [also spelt deviseahlel di'vai-za-bal.
devise v. (give by will ; contrive) di'vaiz.
devise n. (the act of assigning by will) di'vaiz.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy, a: far, ao now, bl*. ask, at kite;
)engtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sOMii^ \s \e>ti^L\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on t\x^ leWo^"Ltv^ s^^-aJcJifc*
150 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
deTisee », (the person to whom property is devised by will)
devi'zii, di-vai'zii.
deviser n. (inventor, contriver) di'vai-z3?.
devisor n. (one who gives by will) di'vai-za?, di'vai-ze:?.
devoir n. (duty, business; dutiful act of civility or respect)
da'vwe:?, de'vwe:?, 'de-vwe:?.
devolve v. roll down ; fall as a duty [also spelt devolv ; past
participle and preterit devolved, devolvd'\ di'velv.
dew n. (small drops of water formed, as on the grass, from
the condensation of vapor) djou, {dialec tally) dou.
dextrin n. starch-gum [also spelt dextrinel Mekst£in.
dextrous adj. deft of hand [synonymous cognate dexterous"}
'dekst£9S.
dey n. (former title of the governor of Algiers) dee.
dlioney n. sailing-vessel of southern India [also spelt doney\
'doo-ni.
diabetes n. (glucosuria; also, polyuria) dai-s'bii-tis, dai-s-
Tjii-tiz.
diablerie n. mischief; sorcery [also spelt diablery} di'a:-
bl3-?i.
diabolic adj. (devilish) dai-s'behk.
diabolism n. witchcraft; deviltry; doctrin of devils; nature
of a devil) dai'aeba-hzam.
diabolize v. [also spelt diabolisel dai'aebs-laiz.
diaeetin. n. dai'aesi-tin, dai-d'sii-tin.
diaeresis n. see dieresis.
diag^nose v. (ascertain from symptoms) dai-sg'noos, dai-sg-
'nooz.
diagnosis n. identification of a disease from symptoms
^ [plural diagnoses'} dai-ag'noo-sis.
dial v, measure with a dial [present participle dialing, dial-
ling; past participle and preterit dialed, dialled, diald] 'dai-
diallage n, (figure of speech) dai'aeld-dsi.
diallage n. (green pyroxene) 'dai-a-hds, dai'aela-dsi.
dialogic adj. (of dialog) dai-sledsik.
dialogism n. (discussion in dialog form) dai'aela-dsizdm.
dialogist n. dai'aeld-dsist.
dialogize v. discourse in dialog [also spelt dialogise} dai-
'ael3-d3aiz.
dialogne n. colloquy [also spelt dialog} 'dai-a-leg.
dialyze v. separate crystalloid from colloid thru a membrane
[also spelt dialyse} 'dai-3-laiz.
J ye, gcure; d the, Qth\n\ saxrure, ds/oy; I shoe, t^ chew;
wzahen; zjsing; u whoever, i react, oiuVV, \3M.ioo\, \\\., \vscc;
o poetic; a over, e aerial, Abut, o*. dooT, ootvo, t,\>c^, ^^%.oX^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 151
diameter n. (chord thru the center of a circle, etc.) dai-
diamine n. chemic compound [also, sometimes, spelt dia-
min} 'dai-3-min, 'dai-a-main, dai'xmin.
diamond n, (hard carbon crystal; lozenge) 'dai-a-mand,
'dai-mand.
dianoetic adj. (of thought) dai-3-no'etik.
diapason n. (concord; melody; tuning-fork) dai-a'pee-zsn,
dai-a'pee-san.
diaper n, (fabric; clout) 'dai-9-p37.
diaplianons adj, (transparent, pellucid) dai'sefs-nas.
diaplLoresis n. (perspiration) dai-sfa'^ii-sis.
diapliragm n. midrif; thin partition or septum [also spelt
diaframl 'dai-9-f3xm.
diapliragmatic adj, of the diafram [also spelt diafragmatic}
dai-9-f3xg'msetik.
diarrliea n. too frequent evacuation of the bowels [also
spelt diarrhoeal dai-a'rii-a.
diarrlieie adj. diarrhetic [also spelt diarrhoeic'\ dai-aVii-ik.
diarrlietie adj. of diarrhea [also spelt diarrhoetic} dai-3-
'eetik, dai-3'eii-tik.
diary n. daily record, journal [ploral diaries'] 'dai-a-ri.
diastase n. (ferment) 'dai-9-stes.
diastema n. interval between teeth [ploral diastematal dai-
d'stii-ms.
diastole n. (dilatation; also, mark of separation) dai'aests-h.
diastyle adj. (of a colonnade) 'dai-d-stail.
diathesis n. predisposition [plural diatheses'! dai'seOi-sis.
diatom n. (alga) 'dai-3-tom, 'dai-9-tem.
diatribe n. (discourse; invectiv) 'dai-9-t£aib.
dice n. (ploral of die ; also, a game with dice) dais.
dieliotomize v, [also spelt dichotomise] di'kets-maiz, dai-
'ket3-maiz.
dieliotomy n. (division into two) di'ketd-mi, dai'kets-mi.
dicliroism n. (the property of showing two colors) 'dai-k^o-
izsm.
diekens n. deuce, devil [also, formerly, spelt dickins; synon-
ymous cognates dickons, dickings] 'dikinz.
dieky n. he ass; bird; collar; bib [also spelt dickey, dickie;
ploral dickies'] 'diki.
diolinons adj. (having the two sexes separated : said of
plants with unisexual flowers) 'dai-ki-i-nas, 'diki-i-nas, di-
'ki-ai-nas, dai'ki.ai-nas.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding somti^ \^ \ei^V>
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the ioWoviiti^ «^W?;^^«
152 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
dictate v. (put into words to be written down ; give orders ;
lay down the law) 'dik-tet, dik'teet.
dietate n. (authoritativ order) 'dik-tet.
dictati've adj. [also spelt dictativ'\ dik'tee-tiv, 'dikta-tiv.
dictator n. (a ruler who dictates; one who dictates letters.
etc.) dik'tee-t3?, 'dik-teta?.
dictatory adj. (dictatorial) 'dikt3-t03i, 'dikt3-t33i.
dictionary n. (word-book; lexicon) MikSa-neri, 'dikSd-ns^i,
{rapidly) 'dik-jNen, 'dik-jNa^i, 'dik^Nsi.
dictum n. saying; pronouncement; maxim [plural dicta, dic-
tumsl 'diktam.
Didacliist n. (writer of the Didache) 'didd-kist.
didactic adj. (instructiv) dai'daektik, di'daektik.
didactyl adj. having two fingers [also spelt didactyle'} dai-
'daektil.
didraclun n. (silver coin worth two drachmae) 'dai-draem.
didyminm n. (metal) di'dimi-dm, dai'dimi-dm.
die n. [ploral, in the sense of a small cube markt with spots,
used in gaming, dice, in all other senses diesi dai.
die V. cease to live [present participle dying; past participle
and preterit diedl dai.
diecions adj. see dioecious.
dier n. one who dies [also, formerly, spelt dyer"} 'dai-33.
dieresis n. division into two separate syllables; two-dot sign
over a vowel [also spelt diaeresis; ploral diereses'\ dai'e^i-
sis, dai'i:-?i-sis; {improperly) dai-a'^ii-sis.
dies n. (day) 'dai-iz.
diesis n. semitone, etc.; double dagger [also spelt diesis;
ploral dieses'] 'dai-i-sis.
dietary ». (course of diet) 'dai-i-teei.
dietine n. (subordinate diet) 'dai-i-tin, 'dai-i-tin.
dietist n. (one who diets, etc.) 'dai-i-tist.
difference n. (diversity, etc.; quarrel) 'difa-^ans, {rapidly)
'difsans.
different adj. 'difa-eant, {rapidly) 'difsant.
differentiate v. (make different; specialize) difa'^enji-et.
difficil adj. difficult; unaccommodating [also spelt difficile]
di'fisil, 'difi-sil. •
diffidence n. (mistrust; shyness) 'difi-dns.
difflnenoe ». (a flowing apart; deliquescence) 'difi-iu-ans.
diffuse adj. (spread out; wordy) di'fious.
diffuse V. (pour forth; intermingle) di'fiuuz.
diffusive adj. [also spelt diffusiv] di'fiou-siv, di'fiou-ziv.
J yc, gcure; d the, 6*liin; 5 azure, dj/oy; I shoe, tlcheyv;
ww/ten; tjsing; u whoever, i react, oiuVV, \3\v.loo\, \\t, usee;
o poetic; 9 over, e oerial, Abut, o*. doot, ;)Otvo, t\ie^, ^t^oX^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 153
digamy n. (second marriage) 'diga-mi.
digest n. (summary; abstract) 'dai-dsest.
digest V. (classify; consider; also, of food, prepare in the
stomach) di'dsest, dai'dsest.
digestible adj, [also spelt digestablel di'dsesta-bdl.
digestion n. di'dsestSsn, di'dse^tSsn; dai'dsestSsn, dai-
'dseJtSan.
digitaUn. ft. activ principle of foxglove ; digitalia [also spelt
digitalinel Midsitd-lin.
digitalis n. (foxglove, etc. ; medicin) didsi'tee-hs ; {less prop-
erly) did3i'ta:-hs.
digitig^ade adj. (walking on the toes, as the lion : opposed
to plantigrade) 'didsiti-gzed.
diglot adj. bilingual [also spelt diglotti 'dai-glet.
digxdtary n. (a person of high rank) 'digni-teri.
digonons adj. (having two angles) 'digs-nss, 'dai-gs-nss,
(rarely) dai'goo-nas.
digression, n. (swerving; going astray) di'greSsn, dai'greSdn.
dike n.,v. ditch; dam [also spelt dyke] daik.
dilapidate v. (bring to decay or ruin) dilaepi-det, dailae-
pi-det.
dilatation n. (expansion) dai-ls'tee-Ssn, dils'tee-Ssn.
dilate v. (widen, expand) dai'leet, dileet.
dilation n. (dilatation) dai'lee-^dn, di'lee-^an.
dilatory adj. (causing delay; of delay) 'dila-to^i; (also)
'dil3t3-?i, (assumptivly) 'dila-ta^i, (rapidly) 'dilatji.
dilemma n. (choice between two equally unfavorable alter-
nativs; fix) dilema, dai'lema.
dilettante n. lover of the fine arts [ploral dilettanti, rarely
dilettantes'} dih'taenti, dih'ta:n-ti.
dilettanti n. (plural of dilettante) dih'taenti.
diligence n. (industry; assiduity) 'dih-d39ns.
dilogy n. (ambiguity; repetition) 'dil3-d3i, 'dai-la-dsi.
dilute v., adj. (thin, etc.) di'liout, dai'liout, (sometimes, an-
teriorly) 'dai-liut; (dialectally) di'lout, etc.
dilution n. diliou-Jan, dai'Hou-San.
dilnvial adj. (of a deliige or flood) di'liou-vi-al, dai'Hou-
vi-3l. »
dilnvian adj. (diluvial) di'liou-vi-an, dailiou-vi-an.
dimension n. (measurement) di'menjan, di'ment^dn.
dimeter n. (a verse of two measures) 'dimi-ta?.
dimissory adj. (dismissory) 'dimi-soei, di'miS3-?i.
dimity n. (stout cotton fabric) 'dimi-ti.
c: law, b: fur, x cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: for, qo now, %*. a^V, ^\V\\r,%
Jengtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceditvR soMtv^ \^ \^tvv>
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on t\ie ieWovjm?, ^^W^XJi^,
154 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
dingliy n. row-boat [also spelt dingey, dingy'\ 'diQgi.
dingy adj. (tamisht, dusky) 'dindji.
dinosanr n. extinct reptil [also spelt deinosaurl 'dai-nd-sc:r.
diocesan adj. (of a diocese) dai'esi-ssn, 'dai-s-sisan, dai-9-
'sii-san.
diocese n. (district; bishop's sphere of jurisdiction) 'dai-9-
sis, 'dai-3-sis.
dioecions adj. having the unisexual flowers on separate
plants; having the sexes distinct [also spelt dieciousi dai-
'li-Sas.
Dionysian adj. (of Dionysius, Bacchus, etc.) dai-a'nisi-sn.
dioptric adj. (assisting vision; of refraction) dai'eptsik.
diorama n. ^scenic representation) dai-dVai-ms, dai-s'ree-
ma; {improperly) dai-sVsmd.
dioxide n. [also, sometimes, spelt dioxidl dai'ek-said, (be-
fore of) dai'eksid.
diplienyl n. (hydrocarbon) dai'fenil.
diplienylamine p. (crystallin substance) difi'nila-min.
diphtlieria n. (diphtheritis) dif'9i:-ri-3, dip'Gii-^i-a.
diphtheritic adj. difOi'ritik, dipOi'ritik.
diphtlions n. (double sound; group of two consecutiv
vowel sounds in one syllable) 'dif-Gerrj, (older) 'dip-Geirj.
diphthongal adj. dif'6e:r|-g9}, dip'6e:r)-g9}.
diphthong^e v. [also spelt diphthongise^ 'dif6ei}-aiz, 'dif-
Geq-gaiz, 'dipGeq-aiz.
diphycercal adj. (having a bipartite tail) difi'se^kdl.
diploe n. spongy structure [also spelt diploel Mipz.o-i.
diploidion n. garment [also spelt diplaidion; ploral diplo'
idial dipto'idi-an.
diploma n. state paper; certificate of a college degree
[ploral diplomas, diplomatal di'ptoo-raa; (improperly) dai-
'pioo-raa.
diplomacy n. di'ptoo-ma-si, (rarely) di'pz.em3-si.
diplomat n. diplomatist [synonymous cognate diplomatel
'dipi-3-maet.
diplomate n. (one who holds a diploma) 'dipL9-met.
diplomatic adj. (of diplomas or diplomacy) dipLd'maetik.
diplomatist n. (one engaged in diplomacy; crafty person)
di'pi-oo-m3-tist.
diplomatise v. [also spelt diplomatisel di'pLOO-md-taiz.
diptych n. two-leaved tablet [also spelt diptycl 'diptik.
dire adj. (dreadful) dai?.
direct v. (address; aim; guide; order) di'rekt, dai'jekt.
j\ve, Qcure; d the, Of/iin; jasuTe, 61^101 \ ^ sKoe, tS cfcew ;
wzr^en; tj sing; u whoever, 1 react, xji«Ift., wiiooV \\V 'ft.^eeN
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, xbut, o-.do<it, ootlo, t\ie^> ^^^<i^fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 155
direct adj, (straight, etc.) di'^ekt, daiVekt, {sometimes, by
contrast, as in ^direct as well as indirect) 'dai-^ekt.
direct n. (musical sign) di'zekt.
directable adj, capable of being directed [also spelt direc-
tiblel di'^ekta-bdh
direction, n. di'zek^dn, dai'zek^dn.
directive adj. [also spelt directive di'rektiv, dai'rektiv.
directly adv, di'zektz,i, (occasionally) dai'^ektz^i.
director n. one who or that which directs [also spelt direc-
ter'\ di'zekt^z,
directorial adj, dizzWtoi-zi-^l, dai-ztk^toi-zi'^h
directory adj.,n. di'eekt3-?i, (rapidly) di'rektji.
dirigible adj, capable of being directed ; steerable [also spelt
dirigeable] 'dieidsa-ba! ; {less properly) di'jidsa-bal.
disable v, (render unable; cripple) dis'ee-bal; {less properly)
di'zee-bdt,
disappoint v, (frustrate the expectation of; foil) disa'peint.
disarnL v, deprive of arms; divest of armor [past partici-
ple and preterit disarmed, disarmdl dis'a:em; {less proper-
ly) di'za:7m.
disaster n. (calamity) di'zaestsz, di'zai-std? ; {less properly)
dis'aestd?.
disband v, (break the band or company of; disperse) dis-
'baend; {less properly) diz'baend.
disburden v. remove a burden from; unload [synonymous
cognate disburthenj dis'bei^-dn.
disbnrse v. pay out [past participle and preterit disbursed,
disburst"! dis'beizs; {less properly) diz'bei^s.
disburtben v, dis'bB:z-dn, dis'bB:z-d9n, dis'bB:z-dn. same
meaning as disburden.
disc n. disk, see disk.
disoant n. 'di-skaent. same meaning as descant.
discard v, (throw out from the hand; reject; discharge) di-
'sko'.zd, dis'ka:7d.
discern v. distinguish [past participle and preterit discerned,
discernd'\ di'zBirn ; {less properly) di'sBi^n.
discernible adj, (perceptible) di'zBrnd-bdl.
discerptible adj. (capable of being pluckt asunder; divisi-
ble) di'sBepta-bal.
discbarge v.,n. dis't^ai^ds, diS'tSa:7d3.
disci n. (ploral of discus) 'di-sai.
disciple n. (follower; pupil) di'sai-pal.
discipline n.,v. drill, etc. [also spelt disciplin; as verb, past
c: law, b: fur, x cat, e hot, ex hoy\ a: for, qo now, ^"'. a?kV, ^\V\\fc\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding so>m^ \^ \^xv^\
tress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the io\\o^\n^ s^>^2iJc\^'
156 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
participle and preterit disciplined, disciplindj 'disi-pLin.
disolosnre n. (discovery; exposure) dis'kz.30-39?.
disooboliis n. discus-thrower [plural discoboW] di'skebd-lss.
discolor v. [also spelt discolour; past participle and preterit
discolored, discoloured, discolordi dis'kAld?.
diseontinner n. (one who discontinues) diskon'tinju-d?.
disoontinnor n. (the tenant in tail whose alienation of an
estate has caused a discontinuance) diskdn'tinju-a^.
diBconnt n. (deduction) 'dis-kaunt.
diseonnt v. (deduct; pay or cash beforehand with a deduc-
tion) 'di-skaont, dis'kaont.
.disoourse n. (talk; conversation) di'skorzs; (less properly)
'dis-koizs.
disoonrse v, talk; converse; harangue [past participle and
preterit discoursed, discoursfl di'sko:?s.
difleonrteons adj, lacking in curtesy; rude [also spelt dis-
curteousi dis'keeti-as, dis'ko:?-tQ3s, dis'ke^tgas.
disoonrtesy n. [also spelt discurtesy"] dis^kezti-si, dis'ko:?-
ti-si.
disooiM adj. (disk-shaped) 'diskds.
diseovery n. (disclosure; making known) di'skAV3-?i, {rap-
idly) di'skAVjri.
disereet adj. (judicious; cautious) di'sk^iit.
disorepanee n. (discrepancy) di'sk^epans, 'disk^i-psns.
diserepaney n. (disagreement; inconsistency) di'sk^epsn-
si, 'disk^ipan-si.
discrepant adj. (disagreeing) di'sk^epsnt, 'disk^i-psnt.
discrete adj. (separate ; individual ; not coalescent : opposed
to continuous) di'sksiit, disTc^iit.
discretion n. (separation; power of deciding; prudence)
di'sIraeSdn.
' dis<mrsiTe adj. rambling; ratiocinativ [also spelt discursivl
di'ske^siv, di'skerr-siv.
discns n. disk, used for throwing [plural disci"] 'diskss.
discnss v, debate [past participle and preterit discussed, dis-
custl di'skAS.
disdain n., v. [as verb, past participle and preterit disdained,
disdaind"] dis'deen; {less properly) diz'deen.
disease n. (ailment, malady, disorder) di'ziiz.
disembo^vel v. eviscerate, etc. [present participle disembow-
eling, disembowelling; past participle and preterit disem-
boweled, disembowelled, disemboweldl disam'bau-al.
disenamor v. [also spelt disenamourl disa'naema?. •
J ye, gcure; dthe, Q thin; 5 axrure, dj/oy; ^ shoe, tjr^ew;
wwhen; Tjsing; u whoever, i react, oiuVV, uMiooX, \\\, \\scc;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial. Abut, o: dooi, oot^o, t\bc^, ^^^oNan
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 157
•
disenfranoMse v, (disfranchise) dissn'fsam-tSaiz, disan-
f3a:n-tSiz; disdn'f^sn-tSaiz, dissn^f^sent^iz.
disenfraiLohiseiiLent n. obsolete (disfranchisment) dissn-
'f^am-tSis-mant, diSdn'fsam-tSiz-mdnt.
diseiLroll V. [also spelt disenroll dis9nV3o}.
disentlirall v. set free from enthralment or bondage [also
spelt disenthral', former synonymous cognates disinthrall,
disinthrall disdn'Osc:!.
disfavor n.,v, [also spelt disfavour; as verb, past participle
and preterit disfavored, disfavord} dis'fee-va^.
dlsfranoliise v, (deprive of citizen's rights; deprive of the
franchise or voting-power) dis'fsain-tjaiz, dis'f3a:n-tSiz.
disfranoliifliiLeiLt n, dis'f^am-tSis-mant, dis'fsain-tSiz-mdnt.
dissorge v. (throw out from the gorge or throat ; vomit or
empty forth) dis'ge:7d3; (less properly) diz'gei^ds.
dissraoe ft. (disfavor; ignominy) disagrees; (less properly)
diz'gzees.
disg^nise n. (deceptiv garb) dis'gaiz; (less properly) diz'gaiz;
(dialectally) dis'gjaiz.
disgust n. (distaste; aversion) dis'gAst; (less properly) diz-
'gAst.
dishabille n. undress; negligee garment [synonymous cog-
nate deshabillel disalDiil, disa'bil, 'dis3-bil.
dishearte v. [also spelt disharten; past participle and
preterit disheartened, dishartendl dis'ha^tn, dis'ha:?-tn.
dishevel v. loosen and throw about ; disorder [present par-
ticiple disheveling, dishevelling-, past participle and pret-
erit disheveled, dishevelled, disheveld'\ di'Seval.
dishonest adj. (lacking honesty; fraudulent) dis'onist; (less
properly) di'zonist.
dishonor n.,v. [also spelt dishonour; as verb, past participle
and preterit dishonored, dishonord} dis'cna^; (less proper-
ly) di'zons?.
disinfectant n. (disinfecting-agent) disin'fektdnt.
disinfeetor n. he who or that which disinfects [also spelt
disinfecter} disin'fekta?.
disinteg^rate v. (separate into component parts) dis'inti-
gret.
disinterested adj. (unbiast by personal interest; free from
self-seeking) dis'inta-^estid, dis'intji-stid; di'zinta-^estid;
(also, in America, less properly) dis-inta'^estid.
disinvolve v, unroll; disentangle [also spelt disinvolv"! disin-
'velv.
c: law, b: fwr, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, aa now, a*, ask, a\k\i<i.\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sovltv^ i^ X^x^V'.
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on tVie ioWo-witi^ s^>\?W^e..
158 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
disjoin v. disunite [past participle and preterit disjoined,
disjoind"] dis'dsein; {less properly) diz'dsein.
disk n. discus; thin circular plate [also spelt disci disk.
dislike v, (not to like) dislaik ; {less properly) diz'laik.
dislimb v. cut off the limbs of; dismember [also spelt dis-
/*m] dislim.
dislimn v. obliterate the outlines of anything limned; ef-
face; blot out; vanish [also spelt disliml dis'lim.
dislodgment n. displacement [also spelt dislodgetnent] dis-
'ledsmant.
disloyal adj. (unfaithful) dislei-al; {less properly) dizlei-al.
dismantle v. (strip) dis'maentl; {less properly) diz'maentl.
dismast v, (deprive of masts) dis'ma:st; (less properly) diz-
'nia:st.
dismay v. appal ; daunt [past participle and preterit dis-
mayed, distnaydl dis'mee ; {less properly) diz'mee.
dismiss v. send away; discharge [past participle and pret-
erit dismissed, dismist"} dis'mis, {often) di'sMis; {improper-
ly) diz'mis.
disorder n. (confusion; misdemeanor; riot; ailment) dis'e:?-
dar; {less properly) di'zer^-dar.
disorganize v. [also, rarely, spelt disorganisel dis'e:?-g3-
naiz.
disomm v. renounce, etc. [past participle and preterit dis-
owned, disowndl dis'oon; {less properly) di'zoon.
disparage v. (discredit; vilify) di'spae^ids.
disparate adj. (separate in kind; unlike) 'disp9-?et, 'dispd-
?3t; {erroneously) dis'par-eat.
disparity n. (want of parity; unlikeness) dis'paejri-ti, di-
'spae^i-ti.
dispatek n. a sending on an errand; killing; speed [also
spelt despatch; past participle and preterit dispatched, dis-
patchtl di'spaetS.
dispel V. disperse; dissipate [past participle and preterit dis-
pelled, dispeldl di'spel.
dispensable adj, (unessential; also, capable of being dis-
penst) di'spens9-b3t, di'spentsa-bat.
dispensary n, (place where medicins are dispenst, etc.) di-
'spens3-?i, di'spents3-?i.
disperse v. scatter [past participle and preterit dispersed,
dispersti di'sperjrs.
dispersion n. (scattering) di'sperjan, di'spB:zr-33n.
displeasure n. dis'pLess?; {dialectally) dis'pz.ee-39?.
/j/e, gcure; dthe, dth\n\ 5 a^rure, ds/oy; ^ shoe, tSc/rew;
wwhen; rjsing; u wh<?ever, i react, oiuVV, timIooV, \\\, \\sec;
o poetic; o ov^r, . e aerial, Abut, o: door, ootvo, t.V^, ^,^^a\.^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 159
disposable adj. that may be got rid of; at disposal [also, for-
merly, spelt disposeabWl di'spoo-za-bal.
dispossess v. oust; rid of evil spirits [past participle and
preterit dispossessed, dispossesf] dispa'zes.
dispossession n. (ouster; exorcism) dispd'zeSon.
dispread v, {archaic) spread abroad or out; expand; extend
[also spelt disspread, dispredl di'spsed.
disprovable adj. [also, formerly, spelt disproveablel dis-
'p50U-V3-b3l.
dlsproval adj. (disproof) dis'psou-val.
disprove v, (prove false; refute) dis'psouv.
disputable adj, (that may be disputed; controvertible) di-
'spgou-ta-bal, 'disp^ota-bal.
dispntant n. (one who disputes; debater) 'dispgo-tnt.
dispntative adj. disputatious; controversial [also spelt dis-
putativl di'sp9ou-t3-tiv.
disqualify v. (render or pronounce unqualified) dis'kwe-
li-fai.
disrepntable adj, (discreditable; in bad repute) dis'zepgota-
bal.
dismption n. (bursting asunder) dis'zApSsn; (less properly)
diz'zApSsn.
disseizin v, dispossess wrongfully [also spelt disseise; past
participle and preterit disseized, disseizd} di'siiz, dis'siiz.
disseizin n. privation of seisin [also spelt disseisini di'sii-
zin, dis'sii-zin.
disseizor ft. [also spelt disseisor'\ di'sii-zs?, dis'sii-ze:?.
dissemble v. (disguise; assume a false seeming) di'sembdl;
{improperly) di'zembdl.
disseminate v. (scatter abroad; spred about) di'semi-net.
dissension n. discord; strife [also, formerly, spelt disscn-
tion\ di'sen^sn, di'sentjan.
dissent v. (withhold approval) di'sent.
dissent n. (disagreement) dissent.
disserve v, (serve badly, injure) di'ssrrv, dis'serrv.
disservice n. [also spelt disservis} di'sBiz-vis, dis'ss'.jr-vis.
dissidenee n. (disagreement; dissent) 'disi-dns.
dissipate v. (scatter; squander; engage in dissolute plea-
sures) 'disi-pet.
dissociable adj. (not companionable; unsociable) di'soo-Ss-
ba! ; (capable of being dissociated ; separable) di'soo-Si-a-bal.
dissociate v. (disunite; withdraw from association) di'soo-
$i-et.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, oa tvow^ ^\ a^, ^\V\\fc\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceditvft sOMtv^ \^ \«vi%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on tkie ioWovim^ ^j^WaXiV
(60 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
dissoluble adj, (capable -of being dissolve! or disunited) di-
'selio-bal, 'disdlio-bdl.
dissolute adj. (loose; licentious) 'disd-liut; (dialectally)
'dis3-lut.
dissolvable adj, capable of being dissolvd [also spelt dis^
sohiblel di'zelva-bal.
dissolve v. diffuse in liquid; cause to vanish [past participle
and preterit dissolved, dissolvdl di'zelv.
dissonant adj. (discordant in sound) 'diss-nsnt.
dissyllable n. di'sild-bsl, 'disils-bdl, dis'sild-bsl. same mean-
ing as disyllable.
disssrmmetry n. (lack of symmetry; also, mirror-image sym-
metry) di'simi-tji, dis'simi-tji.
distensible adj. (capable of being distended) di'stensd-bsl.
distiob n. couplet [also spelt distic; plural distichsl 'distik.
distiobio adj. (of or like a distich; distichal) di'stikik.
distiobons adj, (disposed in two opposit rows; two-rankt)
'disti-kas.
distil V. exude; pass gently; vaporize by heat and then con-
dense [also spelt distill; past participle and preterit di-
stilled, distildl di'stil.
distingn^ adj. (distinguisht) dis-taeq'gee, dis'taeq-ge.
distingnisbed adj, possessing distinction; eminent [also
spelt distinguisht'\ di'stiqgwiSt.
distrainor n. one who distrains or levies a distress [also,
sometimes, spelt distrainer! di'stjee-na?, (also, especially
in law, as the correlativ of distrainee) di'stjee-ne:?.
distrait adj, (abstracted; absent-minded) di'stjee.
distrangbt adj, (distracted; bewilderd) di'st£c:t.
. district n. (division, province, region) 'distjikt; {dialectal-
ly or vulgarly) 'dii-stjikt.
distyle n, (porch with two styles or columns) 'di-stail, 'dai-
stail.
disuse n, (discontinuance of use) dis'jous, dij'jous.
disuse V. (cease to use) dis'jouz, diS'jouz.
disyllabic adj. containing two syllables [synonymous cog-
nate dissyllabic"} disilaebik, dai-silaebik.
disyllable n. word or foot of two syllables [synonymous cog-
nate dissyllable"} di'sila-bal, dai'sila-bal, 'disila-bal.
dital n. (thum-key on a guitar or lute) 'dital, 'dai-tal.
ditbeism n. (doctrin of the existence of two supreme gods)
'dai-0i-iz3m.
ditber v.,n. (tremble) 'didar, 'di03?.
/j^e, gcure; dthe, Qth\n\ 5 assure, ds/oy; \shot, tjc/jew;
wwAen; tjsing; u wh<7ever, i react, oiuu, omIooV, i\^, \\?»e€;
o poetic; o oyer, e aerial, Abi*t, o: door, 00 no, e\ic^, ^«^^a\^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 161
ditMonio adj. (having two sulfur atoms) diOi'enik, dax-
Oai'enik.
ditlLyrainb n. (choric song, etc.) 'diOi-zaem.
dittany n. (plant) 'dits-ni.
ditto n. (aforesaid; same) 'dito.
ditty n, song, lay [ploral dittiesi 'diti.
dinresis n. (excessiv uresis; too much urination) dai-jo'sii-
sis.
div n. in Persian myth, an evil spirit; demon; devil [also
spelt dive, deev, dev, dewl diiv.
diva n. (prima donna) 'dii-v3.
divagation n. (a wandering about; digression) dai-va'gee-
San.
divalent adj. (bivalent) 'diva-lant, 'dai-vee-lant ; 'dai-va-lant.
divan n. (council; council-chamber; long seat) di'vaen, dai-
'vaen, 'dai-vaen.
divaricate v, (stretch apart) di'vaeei-ket, dai'vae^i-ket.
dive V. (plunge; sink deeply) daiv.
diverge v. (branch off: the epposit of converge) di'veieds,
dai'vareds.
divergence n. di'vBs:d39ns, dai'vB2:d39ns.
divers adj. (different, several, sundry) 'dai-v3?z.
diverse adj. (different in kind; essentially different) di-
'vb:?s, dai'vB:?s, 'dai-v3?s.
diversely adv. di've^sLi, dai'vaesti, 'dai-vae-SLi.
diversify v, (make diverse) di'vBzrsi-fai, daiVsesi-fai.
diversion n. (a turning aside; pastime) di'vB^S^n, daiWsz-
San; di'vB:?-33n, dai'vB:z:-39n.
diversity n. (difference; variety) di'vB^si-ti, dai'vs^si-ti.
divert v. (turn aside; amuse) di'vBirt, dai'vsi^t.
divertible n. di'vBzta-bal.
divertisement n. (recreation) di'vB^tis-mant, di'vB?tiz-mant.
divertissement n. (divertisement; ballet) di-VB^tis'meq, di-
vce'tis-mer).
Dives n. rich man [ploral Divesesl 'dai-viz.
divest n. (unclothe ; strip ; deprive) di'vest, dai'vest.
divinize v, make divine; deify [also spelt divinise'] 'divi-
naiz.
divisible adj. (capable of being divided) di'viza-bal.
divisive adj. (dividing; analytic; causing discord) di'vai-siv.
divisor n. (quantity by which another quantity is divided;
factor) di'vai-z3?.
divorce n. (dissolution of marriage, etc.) di'vo:?s.
c: law, b: fwr, ae cat, © h^t, ei hoy\ a: for, qo now, ^\ a^, ^\V\\fc%
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding soMtvd. \^ \^^V^
stress-mark (') indicates chief stress on the ioWovjitvg, vj>^»^*
162 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
divoreeable adj, capable of being divorced [also, formerly,
spelt divorcibW] di'vo:?-s3-b3l.
divoreee n. (divorced person) di-vo2:'sii.
divulse V. (disclose; reveal) di'v^ds, dai'vAlds.
dizen. v. dress, deck out, bedizen [also spelt dissen; past
participle and preterit disened, disend'l 'dizdn, 'dizn, 'dai-
zsn, 'dai-zn.
diny adj. (giddy) 'dizi.
do V, (impart to; perform, etc.) dou, {when less strest) du, du.
do n. (in music) d30.
dobby n. sprite; brownie; loom-attachment [also spelt dob-
bie; plural dobbies'\ 'debi.
dooent n. (teacher) ^doo-sdnt.
dooible adj. (teachable; docil; tractable) 'dess-bdl.
docile adj. teachable, tractable [also, sometimes, spelt docWl
'desil, 'doo-sil, 'doo-sail.
dootoress n. female doctor [synonymous cognate doctressl
'dokta-ris, (rapidly) 'doktjis.
doctrinaire n. (political theorist) dokt^i'ne:?.
doctrinal adj, 'dekt£i-n}, (also, in Britain) dok'tsai-nl.
doctrine n. teaching; dogma; theory [also spelt doctrini
'dektsin.
doe n. female deer [ploral does'] doo.
does V. [indicativ present third person singular of do] dxz;
(dialectally) doz.
doff V. take off, as the hat; strip [past participle and pret-
erit doffed, doft] dorf, def.
dog n. (canine quadruped) de:g, dog; (dialectally) dc:g.
dosal adj. (of a doge) 'doo-gdl.
dogate n. dogeship [synonymous cognate dogeate] 'doo-get.
dog-obeap adj. doig'tSiip, (assumptivly) 'deig-tSiip.
doge n. (chief magistrate of the old republics of Venice and
(jenoa) doods.
dogeate n. 'doo-dset. same meaning as dogate.
dogged V. past participle and preterit of dog [also spelt
dogd] do:gd, degd.
dogged adj. (obstinate, unyielding) 'do:-gid, 'dogid.
dogged adv. (very) Moi-gid, 'dogid.
doggedly adv. 'de:-gi-dh, Megi-dh.
doggerel adj. of trivial, irregular or mean nature : said of .
verse [synonymous cognates doggrel, dogrcll] 'degs-^al.
doggy n. little dog [also spelt doggie ; ploral doggies'] 'dei-gi,
'dogi.
/ye, gcure; dthe, Qthin; saxrure, ds/oy; I shoe, t^chew;
wwAen; tjsing; u whoever, i r^act, oiuu, oMfool, itt, lis^e;
o poetic; oovfT, enerial, Abut, o;doot, ootio, t\ic^, t^%a\fc\
DICTIONARX, OF HARD WORDS 163
dosS7 odJ» (dog-like; conversant with dogs) 'de:-gi, 'degi.
dogma ft. belief; tenet, etc. [ploral dogmas, dogmata] 'dog-
ma; (jdialectally) 'dcig-ms.
dogmatise v, [also spelt dogmatise] 'degms-taiz.
doloe adj, (sweet; soft-toned) 'dool-tji; {less properly) 'de!-
tSi.
doldmm n. dullard; in plural, dulness; becalmd state [ploz-
al doldrums] 'deldrsm.
dolman n. robe [plural dolmans] 'delmsn.
dolmen, n. stone structure [synonymous cognate tolmen;
plural dolmens] 'dolman.
dolor n. pain, sorrow [also spelt dolour] 'dooA^z, 'dels?.
doloroso adj, (in music, soft, pathetic) dola'soo-sa; {less
properly) dels'zoo-so.
dolorons adj, (painful; dismal; sad) 'dao-ls-zras, 'dols-^ss
dolt n. (blockhead, numskull) doolt; {dialectally) dolt.
donudn n. (lordship ; lands) do'meen ; {improperly) 'doo-men.
domestioize v. [also spelt domesticise] da'mesti-saiz.
domical adj. (dome-like; vaulted) 'doo-mi-kal, 'demi-ksl.
domicile n. abode; house; home [also, sometimes, spelt
domicil] 'demi-sil, 'demi-sail.
Dominican adj, (of St. Dominic, etc.) da'mini-kdn.
dominie n. schoolmaster, etc. [also spelt domine] 'demi-ni,
'doo-mi-ni.
domino n. cloak; oblong piece used in game [ploral domi-
noes, dominos] 'demi-no.
dona n. lady [synonymous cognate dona] 'doo-njs.
donate v. (give) 'doo-net, {in Britain) do'neet.
donative n. gift [also spelt donativ] 'dena-tiv, 'doo-na-tiv.
donator n. (giver) 'd30-net93, do'nee-taz.
done V. (past participle of do) dxn.
donee ft. (one to whom anything is given; one to whom
land is conveyed in fee tail; an appointee) do'nii.
donjon n. 'dAudsan, 'dendsan. see under dungeon,
donkey n. ass [also spelt donky; ploral donkeys, donkies]
'deqki, 'dAqki.
donor n. (giver) 'dao-na;, 'doo-ne:?.
don't V. (do not) daont, {when less strest) dont, dant, dan.
dook n. (wooden plug in a masonry wall, to hold a nail)
duuk.
doomsday n. day of the last judgment [synonymous cognate
domesday] 'doumz-dee.
door n. do:z; {locally) daa.
c: law, b: fur, x cat, e hot^ ei hoy ; a: far, ao now^ a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the precedma sovitv^ \^ \^x^SL\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the iQWoyiitv^ s^W-aJaX^.
164 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
dor-bns n. [also spelt dorr-hugl 'de:?-bAg; {erroneously or
dialectally) 'doir-bAg.
dorla n. striped Indian muslin [also spelt doreal 'd3:-n-9.
Dorian adj. (of Doris or Doria, a district of ancient Greece ;
Doric) 'dD:-zi-9n.
Doric adj. (Dorian; of dialects, rustic) 'derik.
Dorioize v, render Doric [also spelt Doricisel 'de?i-saiz.
Dorize v. imitate Doric manners etc. ; render Doric [also
spelt Dorise'\ 'do:-zBiz,
dormer-'window n. (vertical window projecting from a
slanting roof) de:?-m3^'windo, 'deiz-ma^-windo.
dormitory n, (sleeping-chamber; college building divided
into sleeping-rooms) 'de:r-mi-tD^i, 'de:^-mi-tji.
dormonse n. rodent [ploral dortnicel 'de:?-maos; {errone-
ously or dialectally) 'do:?-maos.
dorsad adj. (toward the dorsum or back) 'de:7-sxd.
dory n. John-dory, a fish [also spelt doree; ploral doriesi
'do:-zi.
dory n. boat [also spelt dorey; ploral dories'] 'do:-zu
dosage n. giving medicin in doses; the dosing of wine [also
spelt doseagel 'doo-sids.
dossal n. chair-back cover; hanging at the back of an altar
[also spelt dosset] 'desal.
dossil n. spigot; roll of lint or cloth [also spelt dossel]
'desil.
dost V, (indicatrv present second person singular of do)
dASt.
dotage ». (second childhood; senility) 'doo-tids; {improper-
ly) 'detids.
dotard n. (imbecil ; one who is in his dotage) 'doo-t3?d ; {im-
properly) 'det3?d.
dote V. be silly from age; bestow excessiv fondness [also
spelt doatl doot.
doth V, [indicativ present third person singular of dol dxd,
doo6.
donane n. (custom-house) du'a:n.
donble-barreled adj. having two barrels, as a gun [also
spelt double-barreldl dAb3}'bae?3}d, {assumptivly) 'dAba?-
bae^ald.
donbloon n. (Spanish gold coin) dA^bloun.
donbt «. uncertainty [also spelt doutl daot.
doubtful adj, [also spelt doutful} 'daot-fal.
doubtless adv., adj. [also spelt doutlessl 'dao-tL3S.
/.ve, gcure; d the, Q thin; 3 a^rure, ds/oy; ^ shoe, t^chew;
wwhen; xjsing^ u whoever, i react, oiuU, Ksuiool, itt, \\%ee\
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial. Abut, 0: doot, ;)0\io, ^V^, ^,^%o.\&%
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 165
domee adj. quiet, sober [also spelt douse"] dous.
domcenr n. (conciliatory gift; bribe) du'se:?.
domche n. (jet of water applied to some part of the body)
douS.
dovsl^ M* (paste of bread) doo.
dousl&ty adj. (strong, valiant) 'dao-ti.
donm n. palm [synenymous cognates doom, dome, dom\
doom, doum.
donr adj. (hard, stubborn) do:?.
doiise V. strike ; lower [also spelt dowse'] daos.
douse n. blow, stroke [also spelt dowse] daos.
doiuie V. extinguish [also spelt dowse] daos.
domsepers n.pl, the twelve peers or paladins of Charle-
magne [also spelt douse peers; synenymous cognate douce-
peresi 'douz-pe:rz.
dove n. (pigeon) dAv.
dove V. (preterit of dive) doov.
doTe«cot n. pigeon-house [synenymous cognate dove-cote]
'dAv-ket.
dove-cote n. 'dAv-koot, 'dAv-ket. same meaning as dove-cot,
dovetail n. (tenon or joint resembling a dove's tail spread)
'dAV-teeJ.
dowel n, headless pin, peg or bolt; dook [also spelt dowell]
'dau-9l.
do'wn-l&earted adj, dejected [also spelt down-harted] daon-
'haetid, (assumptivly) 'daon-haetid.
domnry n. money or property the wife brings her husband in
marriage; dower, tocher; dot [synenymous cegnate dowery;
ploral dowries] 'don-zi.
dozolosi>e v. address a doxology to [also spelt doxologise\
deks'eld-dsaiz.
doifj n. beggar's trull or wench [also spelt doxie; ploral
doxies] 'deksi.
doyen n. (dean) dwe'jei].
drabler n. sail [also spelt drabbler] 'drxbld?.
draolun. n. draem. same meaning as drachma, dram,
draclmia n. coin; unit of weight [ploral drachmae, drach-
mas] 'dtaekMd.
draff n. (refuse, dregs, lees; swill; brewer's grains) dra:f.
draft n. capacity of being drawn ; act of taking away a part ;
levy; conscription; team of horses in a cart; the depth a
ship sinks in water; written order; a current of air [also
spelt draught] draift, dra:ft, drae:ft. compare draught,
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e h^t, ex hoy; a: far, qo now, «l*. a^V, ^\V\\fc\
Itngth-mark (:) indicates that the preceding somtvA. i^ \^ti%%
fftreg^-mark (') jadicat^s chief stress on the loWo-wixv^ s^WaX^t^.
166 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
draft v» draw off; draw up [also, rarely, in the sense of
draw up, spelt draught'] draift, draift, drae:ft.
draftsmaii ». [also spelt draughtsman; ploral draftsmen'}
Mrarfts-man.
drafty adj. exposed to drafts of air [also spelt draughty"}
'dra:f-ti.
drafty adj, (like draff; rubbishy; vile) 'dra:f-ti.
drasomaii n. interpreter [ploral dragomans} 'draegd-msn.
dragonade n. persecution [also spelt dragonnade, dragoo-
nade} draega'need.
drasoon n. (cavalry soldier) drd'goun.
dram ». unit of weight [also spelt drachm} drxm.
drama n. (a play; dramatic art, etc.) 'dra:-md, 'dra:-md; (less
properly) 'dree-mo, Mcaemd.
dramatis personae n,pl. 'drxms-tis-psT'soo-ni.
dramatist n. (writer of dramas; playwright) 'draema-tist ;
Xless properly) 'dree-ma-tist*
dramatize v. convert into drama [also spelt dramatise}
Mraema-taiz.
drapery n. (textil fabrics, etc.) 'dree-p9-?i, 'dree-p3i.
draught n. act of drawing ; haul ; load ; the act of drinking ;
quantity drunk at one time; bow-shot [also spelt draft}
4dca:ft, dra:ft, dxstih.
dranglits n. checkers [also spelt drafts} dra:fts.
draw V, pull, etc. [past participle drawn ; preterit drew} drc: ,
{when unstrest) drc.
drawers n. (undergarment) 'drc:-9?z, drc:?z,
dread v., n. fear [also spelt dred} dred.
dreadfnl adj. [also spelt dredful} 'dredfal; {dialectally)
Mrefal.
dream v, [past participle and preterit dreamed, dreamd;
dreamt, dremt} driim.
dreamt v, past participle and preterit of dream [also spelt
dremt} dremt.
dreary adj. 'dri:-?i; {dialectally) 'drii-?i.
dreg ». sediment, residue, [used mostly in the ploral, dregs}
dregz ; {dialectally) dreegz.
drenoli v. make to drink; soak [past participle and preterit
drenched, drencht} drentj, {in Britain) drenj.
drengage n. (tenure or service of a dreng) 'dreqids, 'dreq-
gids.
driblet ». small sum; petty portion [also spelt dribblet} Mri-
blat, 'dribht.
/ye, gcure; dthe, Q thin; 3 a£rure, dj/oy; S jfioe, tlchew;
wwhen; ijsing; u whoever, i react, oiuU, K5uioo\, itt, lis^^;
o poetic; 9 over, e oerial. Abut, o: doot, ^iotio, t.\ic^, ^^%a\.^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 167
drier n. one who or that which dries; dessicator [also spelt
dryerl 'drai-a?.
drivel v. slaver [present participle driveling, drivelling; past
participle and preterit driveled, drivelled, driveldl 'drival.
driveler n. [also spelt driveller} 'drivd-ls?.
drivelins adj, [also spelt drivelling} 'driva-hq, 'drivhq.
droll adj, (comical, funny) dtiool.
drollery n. action of a droll; fun [ploral drolleries} 'droo-
}9-?I.
dromedary n. light and fleet camel [ploral dromedaries}
'dremi-deei, 'dremida-^i, 'drAmida-^i.
droatie adj, (of a dromos or race-course) 'dremik.
dromond n, (ship) 'dremdnd, 'dtAmand.
drosliky n. vehicle [synonymous cognate drosky} 'dreSki.
drosky n. 'dreski. same meaning as droshky.
dross n. (scum; recrement; dreg) dr0:s, {rarely) dees; {dia-
lectally) drc:s.
drought n. (dry weather; thirst) draot.
drouth n. dcaoG. same meaning as drought.
dro'BViL V, suffocate by submersion in water [former synon-
ymous cognate drownd; past participle and preterit drown-
ed, drownd} draon; (dialectally and vulgarly) draond.
dro'wned adj\ [also, sometimes, spelt drownd} dcaund; (dia-
lectally and vulgarly) 'draon-did.
dro'omiiig n., adj. 'drao-niri ; (dialectally and vulgarly)
'draon-dig.
drowse v. be drowsy or half asleep [also spelt drowse} dxaoz.
drowsy adj. half asleep [also, formerly, spelt drousy, droii-
zy, drowsy} 'drao-zi.
dmdgery ». (occupation of a drudge; mean, dull work)
'drAdsa-^i, (rapidly) 'dtAds^i.
dryad «. wood-nymph [ploral dryads, dryades} 'drai-aed, 'dvai-
dd.
dryades n. (ploral of dryad) 'drai-s-diz.
dryly adv, in a dry manner [also spelt drily} 'drai-h.
dryness ». [also, rarely, spelt driness} 'drai-nis.
dual adj. (of two) 'djou-al ; (dialectally) 'dou-al.
dnbiety n. (dubiousness, doubtfulness) dju'bai-i-ti.
dnbions adj. (doubtful; hesitating) 'djou-bi-as; (dialectally)
'dou-bi-as.
dnoal adj'. (of a duke or dukedom; of a doge) 'djou-kal; (dia-
lectally) 'dou-kal.
duoat n. (gold coin) 'dAkat.
c: law, s: iur, x cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: for, qo now, a*. a^\s., «l\V.\\.^\
]engtb-mark (:) indjcates that the preceding sovmd \^ \«icv^\
stress-mark (') indicates chief stress on the ioWovJiTi^ s^WaJt^^.
168 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
dvoliess n. wife of a duke, etc. [also, formerly, spelt dut-
chessl 'dAtSis.
dnohy n. dukedom [ploral duchies'i 'dxtSi.
dnot n. (tube, ductus) dAkt.
dnotible adj, (ductil) 'dAktd-bsL
dnotile adj. pliable; that may be drawn; tractable [also,
sometimes, spelt ductin 'dAktil, 'dAk-tail.
dudgeon n. (anger; ill humor) 'dAdssn.
dne adj. (owed; suitable; to be expected) djou; {dialectally)
dou.
dnel n. (single combat) 'djou-al; {dialectally) 'dou-al.
dnel V. fight a duel [present participle dueling, duelling ;
past participle and preterit dueled, duelled^ 'djou-al.
dneler n. duelist [also spelt dueller"] 'djou-a-ld?.
dnellst n. [also spelt duellisf] 'djou-d-list.
duello n. (dueling; duelists' code) dju'elo.
duenna n. (chief lady in waiting on the Queen of Spain ; el-
derly chaperon, etc.) dju'ena.
duet n. musical composition for two performers [also spelt
duetti dju'et; (dialectally) du'et.
duffel n. coarse woolen cloth; personal effects [also spelt
duffle; synonymous cognate duff ill 'dAfal.
duke n. (prince; ruler of a duchy) djouk; (dialectally) duuk.
dulcamara n. (bittersweet) dA}kd'me:-2:d.
dulce adj, (sweet) dAls.
dulcet adj. (sweet, pleasing, as a tone) 'dAlsit.
dulblana n. (organ-stop) dAlsi'aens, dAlsi'a:-n3.
dulcimer n. (stringd instrument) 'dAlsi-ma?, 'dAltsi-mae.
duldnea n. (mistress, sweetheart) dAl'sini-d, dAlsi'nii-3.
dulla n. servitude ; service ; inferior worship : the epposit
of latria [also, sometimes, spelt douleia"} djo^ai-a, du'lai-d,
'djou-H-a.
dullard n. (dull person; dolt) 'dAls^d.
dully adj. (in poetry, dreary; faint; indistinct) 'dAli.
dully adv, (in a dull manner) 'd^l-h.
dully n. (dull or stupid person) 'dAlt.
dulness n. [also spelt dullness"] 'dAlnis.
dulse n. (edible seaweed) dA^s.
dulTvilly n. (ring-plover) dAl'wih, MaI-wiIi.
duly adv. (in due manner; fitly) 'djou-h.
dumb adj., n. mute [also spelt dum] dAm.
dumfound v. strike dumb; nonplus [also spelt dumbfound]
dAm'faond.
/j^e, gcure; d the, Qthin; jasute, d^ioy, ishoe, tJcAew;
wzvhen; tjsing; u whoever, i react, oiuVV, ouiooV, \\\., \\%ce%
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o: doot, :)Otlo, t\ie^, «.^%o\ft\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 169
dnmniy n. dumb person; imaginary player; man of straw;
counterfeit [also, rarely, spelt dumbyl 'dAmi.
dnmose adj, (bushy) dju'moos, {assuntptivly) 'djou-mos.
duneeon n. great tower or keep of a castle; strong cell;
deep dark vault [also, especially in the sense of the great or
inner tower or keep of a castle, somewhat archaically spelt
donjon"] 'dxndsdn.
duo n. (duet) 'djou-o, 'djou-o.
duodeeimo n. book-size [ploral duodecimos] dju-o'desi-mo.
duodeeyl n. (hydrocarbon radical) dju'edi-sil.
duodenal adj, (of the duodenum) dju-o'dii-nl.
duodenal adj, (composed of twelve numbers) dju-o'dii-nl.
duodenary adj. (of twelve) dju-o'dena-ei, dju-o'dii-na-ri.
dnodennm n. first part of the small intestin [plural duode-
nal djuo'dii-ndm.
dnologne n. dialog [also spelt duolog] 'djou-a-}eg.
dnplez adj, (twofold) 'djou-pz.eks.
dnplieate adj. (double; twofold) 'djou-pz^i-kst, {often)
'djupz.i-k3t ; {less properly) 'djou-bh-kat; (dialectally) 'dou-
pz.i-kdt.
dnplioity n. (doubleness) djo'pz.isi-ti.
dnroM n. restraint, compulsion [also spelt duresse] 'djo:-7is,
djo'zes.
durst V. (preterit of dare) dsi^st.
dnst n. (mass of fine particles) dxst.
duteons adj. (dutiful) 'djou-ti-as, {dialectally) 'dou-ti-as.
duty n. (conduct due to a superior moral obligation; tax)
'djou-ti; {dialectally) 'dou-ti.
dnnoiTir n. one of a pair of co-equal magistrates [ploral du-
umvirs, duumviri] dju'Amvae.
d'warf n. pygmy [ploral dwarfs] dwczi.
dwell V. abide, live [past participle and preterit dwelled,
dweld, dwelt] dweL
dyad n. (two ; couple ; substance whose atom has a combin-
ing-power equal to two atoms of hydrogen) 'dai-aed, 'dai-sd.
Dyak n. nativ of Borneo [also spelt Dayak] 'dai-aek.
Dyas n. (Permian) 'dai-as, 'dai-aes.
dyaster n. double star in cell-division [also spelt diaster]
dai'aestd?.
dyee adv. {sea-term) thus [also spelt dice] dais.
dye n. color ; coloring-matter [also spelt die ; ploral dyes] dai.
dyeing v. the process of impregnating with color [also spelt
dying] 'dai-iq.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: for, aa now, a\ a^V., «aV.\\^\
}ength-mark (:) indicates that the preceding soutvd \^ \Qtv%\
stress-mark (y indicates chief stress on the toWovjiti^ s^>\aX^s^»
170 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
dyer n. (one whose occupation is to dye cloth, etc.) 'dai-az:.
dying n. (death) 'dai-iq.
dying adj. (approaching or pertaining to death) 'dai-iq.
dynamic adj. (of force) dai'naemik, di'naemik.
djmamism n, (doctrin of force) 'dai-na-mizam, 'dina-mizam.
dynamitard n. (dynamiter) 'dai-n3mi-ta:?d.
dsmamite n. (explosiv) 'dai-na-mait, 'dina-mait.
dynamize n. strengthen [also spelt dynamise'] 'dai-nd-maiz,
'dina-maiz.
dynamo n. electric generator [ploral dynamosl 'dai-na-mo.
dynast n. (ruler) 'dai-naest, 'dai-nast, 'dinast.
dynastic adj. (of a dynasty) dai'nsestik, di'nxstik.
dynasty n. (lordship; royal line) 'dai-na-sti, 'dina-sti.
dyne n. (unit of force) dam.
dyscrasia n. (dyscrasy; distemper) di'sksee-sa, di'sksee-si-a.
dyscrasy n. (morbid diathesis; distemper) 'disksa-si.
dysentery n. (inflammation of the large intestin) 'disan-
teei, (rapidly) 'disan-tji; (also) 'di-senta-^i.
dysodile n. greenish or yellowish coal which burns with a
fetid odor [also spelt dysodyle"} 'disa-dil, 'dis3-dail.
dyspepsia n. (indigestion) di'spepSa, di'spepsi-9, di'spepji-a.
dyspepsy n, di'spepsi. same meaning as dyspepsia.
dyspeptic adj., n. di'speptik.
dysphagia n. (difficulty in swallowing) dis'fee-dsi-a.
dyspnoea n. (difficulty in breathing) disp'nii-9.
dysnry n. (dysuria) 'disQo-?i.
dyvour n. bankrupt [also, sometimes, spelt divorl 'dai-va^,
'dai-vaz.
dseren n. antelope [also, sometimes, spelt dseron, dserin}
'zi:-?9n, (pedantically) 'dzi:-?3n, 'dzi:-^en.
dziggetai n. wild ass of Asia [synonymous cognate dzhig-
getai] 'zigi-tai, (pedantically) 'dzigi-tai.
eacli pron. (every, etc.) litj, (when unstrest) itj.
n. surging of the tide [also spelt eagre, eygrel li-gae.
'ce-g3?.
eager adj» (keen) 'li-ga?.
earing n. (the process of coming into ear, as of wheat)
'it-nq.
earing n. rope on the cringle of a sail [also spelt earring]
'i:-zit).
fye, gcure; dthe, Q thm\ sasure, d^^ioy, \ shoe, t^ chew;
wzvhen; ijsinff; u whoever, i react, oiu\\, iiuiooV, \"\\., \\^cc\
o poetic; oover, e aerial, Abut, o*. door, ootvo, t\ic^, ^t^a\^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 171
earl n. (count) b:zI.
earldom n. (rank of an earl) 'sziddni, ^Bizl-dsm.
V. (gain by labor; obtain by service; acquire) Birn.
n. (action of gaining by labor or service ; amount
acquired; income on capital) 'B?nii3, 'ei^-nir).
earring n. ring for the ear ; also, fuchsia [also spelt ear-ringi
'i:-?iq.
easterner n, (dweller in the eastern or New England states)
'li-sta-na?.
east'ward adj. (toward the east) 'list-wdzd, 'lis-tiud^d, 'li-
stwdsrd.
easy-soing adj, li-zi'goo-iq, (assumptivly) 'li-zi-goo-iq.
eat V. (consume as food; devour) lit, (when unstrest) it.
eav n. water [ploral eaux"] do.
eaiuc n. (ploral of eau) ooz.
eaves n,pl. (lower edge of a roof) livz,
ebb n, (reflux or falling of the tide ; decline) eb.
Eblonite n. (one of a sect of Judaizing Christians of about
the fourth century) 'li-bi-a-nait.
ebony n. (hard black wood) 'eba-ni, (rapidly) 'ebni.
ebnlllenee n. (a boiling or bursting forth; overflow)
iTjAlians.
ebullition n, (boiling; bubbling; agitation) ebd'h^sn.
ebnrin n. imitation ivory [also spelt eburine} 'ebjo-^in,
'li-bjo-^in.
ebnmation «. (a becoming like ivory) ebae'nee-San, i-be?-
'nee-San.
ebnmine ». of ivory [also, sometimes, spelt ehurnini 'eba^-
nin, 'eba^-nain, I'be^-nain.
6oart6 n. (card-game) eka^'tee.
eobole n. (digression; also, raising of a tone) 'ekba-h.
eooe bomo inter j, (behold, the man!) eksi'hoo-m3, eki'hoo-
mo.
eooentrio adj, (not concentric ; out of center ; not circular)
ek'sent£ik.
eooentrioity n. (eccentric quality; oddity) ek-sen'tjisi-ti.
eeebymosed adj. (affected with ecchymosis or blotches
caused by extravasated blood) 'eki-most, eki'moost, eki-
'moozd.
eeelesiastio adj, (of the church) e-kz^izi'sestik.
eodysis n. (sloughing off; molt) 'ekdi-sis.
eobelon n. step-like formation of troops [also spelt echelloit}
'eSa-len.
c: law, b: fur, x cat, e hot, ei boy; a: far, qd now, a*. a^V, «l\V\,\s.\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sovitv^ \s» \«xv^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the io\\ovj\tv^ snjWvnJc^^*
172 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
eol&lnodenii n. (spiny-skind animal, as a sea-urchin) I'kai-
n3-d8:?m, 'ekina-dei^m.
eoliinlte n, (fossil sea-urchin) I'kni-nait, 'eki-nait.
eolilnns n. sea-urchin ; ovolo molding [plural echini} I'kai-
nss, i'kai-nss.
eolio n. repetition of sounds, etc. [ploral echoes, rarely echos]
'eko.
^lair n. (oblong cream-cake) e'kz.c:^, (sometimes) 'ee-kz.e:?.
eolalrolssement n. (explanation) e-kz.ez'siis-mer|.
eolalrolze v. clear up [also spelt eclaircise} i'kz.e:z-saiz.
6olat n. (dazzling effect ; sensation) e'kz.a: , (rarely) 'ee-kLo,
eoleotlo adj. (selecting; choosing, etc.) ek'lektik.
eclogue n. short poem; bucolic [also spelt eclogl 'ek-leg.
eeloslon n, (an emerging, as of an insect from the pupa-case)
i'ki.DO-33n.
eolysls n. (lowering of a tone) 'ekz.i-sis.
ecology n. science of animal and vegetable economy, life-
history, etc. [also spelt oecologyl i'kela-dsi.
economic adj. (of economy) li-ka'nemik, ikd'nemik, eka-
'nemik.
economical adj. (saving, thrifty; of political economy) li-
ka'nemi-kal, eka'nomi-kal.
economize v. [also spelt economise! I'kend-maiz.
economy n. household management ; administration ; frugal-
ity [also, but rarely now, spelt oeconomy} I'kena-mi.
6cm adj. (unbleacht) e'k^ou, (sometimes) 'ee-ksu.
ecstasy n. the state of being beside one's self; rapture [also
spelt extasie, extacy; ploral ecstasies'! 'eksta-si.
ectlilipsis n. (omission or suppression of a letter or sound)
ek'6z.ipsis.
ecthorenm n, the thread of a thread-cell ; cnidocil [also
^pelt ecthoraeum; ploral ecthorea! ekOaVii-am.
ectogenons adj, (produced outside the host) ek'tedsi-nas.
6cn n. (shield ; coin) e'k^ou, 'ee-kgu.
ecumenical adj. of the whole Christian church; catholic;
world-wide; general [also spelt oecumenical! ekgo'meni-kal.
eczema n. (skin-eruption) 'eksi-m9, 'ekzi-ma; (less properly)
'egzi-ma; eg'zii-ma.
eozematons adj. (of eczema) eg'zema-tas.
Edam adj, (in *Edafn cheese) 'li-daem, i'da:m.
eddy n. small whirlpool; vortex [ploral eddies! 'edi.
edelweiss n. (white flower of the Alps and Pyrenees) 'ee-dl-
vais, 'ee-dal-vais, 'edal-vais.
/.re, gcure; b the, O^Mn; jasure, ds/oy; S sho^, \\cht^',
wzt/'hen; rjsing; u whoever, i react, oiuW, iiuiooV, \*\\., \\%ec;
o poetic; o over, e aerial, xbiit, o: door, ;)otvo, t\icei. tt%oXt\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 173
edema n. swelling [also spelt oedema; ploral edemata} I'dii-
edematoiui adj, of edema [also spelt oedematousi I'dems-
t98.
edged adj, (having an edge; sharp; borderd) edsd, {occa-
sionally) 'edsid.
edible adj, (eatable; esculent) 'edd-bsl.
ediet n, (decree; proclamation; ordinance) 'li-dikt.
edifice n, building [also spelt edifisi 'edi-fis.
edile n. Roman magistrate [also spelt aedilel 'li-dail.
edncate v. (rear; bring up; instruct; train) 'edss-ket, {older)
'edjo-ket.
education n. edsdlcee-^an, edjolcee-San.
e'en adv» (even) lin.
e'er adv. (ever) c:r.
eerie adj, fearful, timid; weird [also spelt eery, eirie, eiry
and, dialectally, airyl 'v.-zi.
eerinesfl n. undefined fear; superstitious dread [also spelt
earinessl 'i:-ri-ni8.
eery adj. fearful, timid; fear-inspiring; weird [also spelt
eeriel 'i:-?i.
effect n. (result, consequence; appearance; in plural, goods
and chattels) e'fekt, {rapidly) I'fekt.
effecter n. he who or that which brings about an effect or
result [also spelt effector'} e'fekta^, {rapidly) I'fekta^.
effectible adj. (capable of being effected) e'fekta-bal, {rap-
idly) I'fekta-bal.
effective adj. productiv of results [also spelt effective e'fek-
tiv, {rapidly) I'fektiv.
efferent adj. (conveying outward; correlativ of afferent)
'ef3-?ant.
effervesce v. (bubble) cfae'ves.
efferrescence n. (bubbling; ebullition) efs^'vessns.
effete adj, (past bearing; worn out) e'fiit, {rapidly) I'fiit.
efficiency n. (fitness to accomplish; efficacy) e'fiSan-si,
{rapidly) I'fiSan-si.
effigies n. (an effigy) i'fid3i-i:z.
efflorescence n. .(blossoming out) efLsVesdns.
,efflnTinm n. outflow, etc. [ploral effluvia and, formerly, ef-
4 fluviums] c'fLou-vi-am.
effort n. (voluntary exertion) 'efart, 'e-fo^t.
effrontery n, (shameless audacity; unblushing insolence)
e'fsAnt3-?i, c'fsAntjr.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao now, a*, a^k, ^\Vi\\s.\
\zngth-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sowtv^ \^ \qxv^\
atreas-mark C) indicates chief stress on tVve io\\o'W\Ti% s^^^iX^^.
174 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
effuse adj, (pourd out freely; spreding loosely) e'fious,
(rapidly) I'fious.
effuse v, (pour forth ; shed) e'f iouz, (rapidly) I'f iuuz.
effnslve adj. overflowing [also spelt effusiv} e'fiou-siv,
(rapidly) I'fiou-siv; (also) e'fiou-ziv, I'fiou-ziv.
egad inter j. i'gaed.
Egean adj. of the Atchipelago [also spelt Aegeani I'dsii-an.
egg n. ovum [also spelt eg'\ eg; (dialectally) eeg.
egg V. incite ; provoke [also spelt eg ; past participle and pret-
erit egged, egd} eg.
egg-nog n. drink [also spelt egg-nogg, eg-nog'\ eg'neg.
egllops n. goat-eye; grass; oak [also spelt aegilops} 'edsi-
leps, 'li-dsi-leps.
eg^s n. shield [also spelt aegisi 'li-dsis.
eglantine n. (sweetbrier; hip-tree) 'eglon-tain, 'eglan-tm,
(rarely) 'eglan-tin.
ego n. (I, self) 'li-go, 'li-gD ; 'ego, 'e-go ; 'ego, 'e-go.
egoism n. (doctrin of the self, or of self-interest : the cor-
relativ of altruism) 'li-go-izam, 'ego-izam.
egoist n. (adherent of egoism) 'li-go-ist, 'ego-ist.
egotism n. (the practis of putting one's self forward; exces-
siv self-esteem) 'li-ga-tizam, 'ega-tizam.
egotlze V, talk or write egotistically [also spelt egotise"] 'li-ga-
taiz.
eg^reg^ons adj. (distinguisht : gross) I'g^ii-dsas; (less prop-
erly) i'g?ii-d3i-9s.
eg^ress n. (going out ; exit) 'li-gres ; (formerly) I'g^es.
egress v, (go out; depart) i'g?es.
eg^ret n. (heron ; seed-poppus ; plumicorn ; mpnkey) 'ii-g?it.
compare aigret, aigrette.
ell interj. [also spelt eighl ee, (also, occasionally) e.
elder-do'wn n. (down of the eider-duck) 'ai-dar-daon.
eighteen adj., n. ee'tiin ; (sometimes, emphatically) eet'tiin ;
(anteriorly; by contrast) 'ee-tin, 'eet-tin.
eighth adj., n. eetO.
either adj.-pron., noun-pron., adv,, conj. 'li-da^, 'ai-da?.
eject V. (throw put ; expel) I'dsekt.
eject n. (something ejected : a conscigusness inferred to
exist in the non-ego : correlativ of object, etc.) 'li-dsekt,
I'dsekt.
elaborate adj. (produced by labor; workt out in detail;
highly finisht; painstaking) i'laeb.-)-^3t, (rapidly) I'laebrot.
elaeodlc adj. ricinoleic [also spelt elaiodicl eli'edik.
J y^f Qcure; dthe, 0f/iin; 3 axrure, d^/oy; ^ shoe, tSc/jew:
wwhen; ij sing; u wh<7ever, i react, oiu\\, iiuiool, i it, 11 see:
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o: door, -DOtvo, «.\ic^, ^^^aN.vi\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 175
^laeodoehon n, rump-gland of a bird ; uropygial gland [plur-
al elaeodochal eli'edd-ken.
elaidio adj, (of elain) ele'idik.
elaidin n. chemic substance [also spelt elaidine] I'lee-i-din.
elain n. olein [also spelt elainej I'lee-in; {improperly) I'leen.
61an n. (impetuous rush; ardor; dash) e'leg.
eland n. (Cape elk) 'li-ldnd.
elastic adj, (resuming the normal form after being distorted)
ilaestik, i1a:-stik.
elasticity n. ilxs'tisi-ti, eld'stisi-ti.
elate adj, (exalted, lofty) ileet.
elate v. (lift on high; inspirit) I'leet.
elater n. (spring, elasticity ; skip-jack, a beetle ; spore-dis-
persing filament) 'ela-tdz.
elater n. one who or that which elates [also spelt elatorl
i'lee-t3e.
Elean adj, (Eliac) 'li-li-sn.
elecampane n. (plant; sweetmeat) eh-kaem'peen.
elector n. (one who elects) ilekta?.
electrician n. (one verst in electricity; one who makes or
repairs electric apparatus) ilek'tjiSan, elek'tjijan.
electricity ». ilek'tjisi-ti, elek'tjisi-ti ; {vulgarly) ilek'tsisti,
lek'tjisti, ilek'tjizi-ti.
electrize v. electrify [also spelt electnsel I'lcK-tjaiz.
electrolier n. (cluster of electric lamps) i-lektjo'h:^.
electrolyse v, decompose by electricity [also spelt electro-
lyse} i'lektE3-laiz.
electrotypy n. (the making of electrotypes) i'}ekt£3-tai-pi.
eleemosynary adj, (of alms; charitable) eh'mosi-ne^i ; (al-
so) eh'mesi-naei, eh'mesina-^i, eh'mesin-^i; {also) eh-
'mezi-nezri, etc.; {also) eli-i'mesina-^i.
elegant adj. (dainty; graceful; refined) 'eh-gant.
elegiac n. (of an elegy) I'hi-dsi-aek, eh'dsai-aek,
eleg^acal adj. (elegiac) eh'dsai-d-kdl.
eleg^ambns n. a verse consisting of a dactylic penthemim
and an iambic dimeter [ploral elegiambi} eh-dsai'aembas.
elegiast n. (elegist) I'hi-dsi-aest, eh'dsai-aest.
eleg^st n. (writer of an elegy) 'eh-dsist.
elegise v. write an elegy; write an elegy on [also spelt ele-
gise} 'eh-dsaiz.
elegy n. (song of lamentation, etc.) 'eh-dsi.
elementary adj, (of elements; rudimentary) eh'menta-^i,
{rapidly) eh'mentEi.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao noxu, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceditig soMtv^ \?» \^^?»\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the ioWov^itig, s.^\\2i^^^«
176 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
elenoh n. (a refutation; sophism; elenchus) I'iegk.
elenoliie adj. (elenctic) ilegkik.
elenotio adj, (of refutation) I'iegktik.
elephantiasis n. (skin-disease) eh-fxn'tai-9-sis.
elephantine adj. (of elephants; clumsy) eh'faen-tin, eh-
'fantin, eh'fan-tain.
elephantoid adj. (elephant-like) eh'faen-teid, 'eh-fsen-teid.
Elensinian adj. (of Eleusis) eliu'sini-an.
61dve n. (pupil) e^ev.
eleven adj., n. I'levan ; (dialectally, colloquially, vulgarly)
I'lebm, levan, 'Icbm.
elf n. sprite ; fairy ; goblin [ploral elvesl elf.
Eliao adj, (of Elis; Elean) 'li-li-sek.
elicit V, (draw out; gain) I'hsit.
eligible adj. (fit to be chosen; suitable) 'ehdsd-bdl; (assump-
tivly) 'eh-dsabal, (rapidly) 'ehdsbal.
elision n. (a cutting off; the suppression of a vowel sound
or of a syllable) ilisan.
elisor n, (one of two persons who select a jury) 'eh-zsz,
61ite n. (a choice or select body; best part) e'hit.
elixir n. (preparation for changing metals into gold, or for
prolonging life; sovereign remedy) I'hksa?.
Elizabethan adj. (of Elizabeth) i-lizs'bii-Oan, i-hzd'beOsn,
i1iz3-be0an.
ell n. (measure) el.
ellipse n. regular oval [ploral ellipses'] ilips.
ellipses n. (ploral of ellipsis) I'hp-siz.
ellipsis n. rarely, an ellipse; usually, an ommission; a sign
of ommission, as a dash, or a series of stars or periods
[ploral ellipses'] ilipsis.
elm n. (tree) elm; (dialectally) 'elam.
eloention n. (art of speaking, etc.) eld'kQou-Sdn.
eloontive adj. of elocution [also spelt elocutiv] ilek^o-tiv,
'ela-k^utiv.
61og;e n. (panegyric) eloos. '
elog^nm n, elogy ; funeral oration ; eloge, [ploral elogia]
i1oo-d5i-9m.
elogy n. obsolete (explanatory inscription; characterization;
elogium; eulogy) 'ela-dsi.
Elohist n. (writer of the parts of the Pentateuch in which
"Elohim" is used instead of "Yahveh") elDO-hist, 'elo-hist,
'elo-ist.
jyc, gcure; bthe, 0 f/iin ; 3 a^rure, ds/oy; \ shoe, tSc/iew;
wzvhen; tjsing; u wh<7ever, i react, oiuVV, iiuiooV, \\t, lisee;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o: door, ootvo, t\ic^, t^^oX^N
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 177
eloin. V, abscond; convey out of the jurisdiction of the court
or sheriff [also spelt eloign, eloitie, eloigne} I'lein,
elongate v. (prolong; lengthen) i'ie:i]-get, 'ii-ler|-get.
elongate culj, (long, slender) ileig-get.
elimnenee ». (fine speaking) 'eU-kiudns.
else adj. els, elts.
elsewhere adv, (somewhere else) 'els-we:?, els'we:;.
elnde v, (escape or avoid by artifice; evade) I'Houd.
eludlble adj. (capable of being eluded) I'Hou-da-bal.
elnsive adj, [also spelt elusivl I'liou-siv, iliou-ziv.
elnsory o^^j- (tending to elude; hard to get hold of) iliou-
S9-ZI, (rapidly) i1iou-S3i; {also) i'liou-z3-?i.
Elysian adj. (of Elysium; beatific; glorious) ilisan, ilizi-sn,
i1i3i-3n, (rarely) ilisjan.
elytron n. sheath; wing-cover, elytrum [ploral elytral '^li-
tjan, 'ch-tjen, ilai-ts^n,
elytmm n. wing-cover; elytron [ploral elytra"] 'ch-tjam.
n, tjrpe [also spelt Elziver] 'elzi-va?, 'elzi-vi:?.
n. (unit of tjrpe-measurement) em.
pron, them [also spelt em] sm.
emaciate adj, (make lean; deprive of flesh) I'mee-^i-et.
emasenlate v. (castrate; enfeeble) I'maeskgo-let.
embalm v. (preserve from decay by means of spices, etc.)
em'baim.
embarkation n. action of embarking [also spelt emharca-
tion] em-boz^ee-Ssn.
embarrass v, (hamper; disconcert; complicate [pest parti-
ciple and preterit embarrassed, embarrast] em'baezas.
embassador n. em'baess-dd?. same meaning as ambassador,
embassy n. (function of ambassador; residence of an am-
bassador, etc.) 'embd-si.
embed v. [synonymous cognate imbed] cm'bed.
embellisb v. beautify; ornament [past participle and prete-
rit embellished, embellisht] em'behS.
embezzle v. (divert fraudulently to one's own use) em'bezsl.
embitter v, [synonymous cognate imbitter] em'hitdz.
emblazon v, (portray conspicuously) em'blee-zdn.
emblema n. inlaid emblem; mosaic ornament [ploral emble-
mata] em'blii-md.
emblematist n. (one who invents emblems; emblem-writer)
'embhma-tist, em'Wema-tist.
emblematize v. represent by an emblem [also spelt emble-
matise] 'cmMima-taiz, em'blema-taiz.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy\ a: far, qo noiw, ^^ a^V., «L\VA\fc\
}ength-mark (:) indicates that the preceditvR somtv^ \% \«tv.%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the ioWo^iTi^ «fC«W^^
178 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
embonpoint n. (fleshiness) er)-ber)'pu)aer).
embosom v. [synonymous cognate imbosom'] em'bozdm.
emboss v. cause to bulge; adorn with bosses [past participle
and preterit embossed, embosti em'bois, (rarely) em'bes.
embonobure ». (mouth of a river; mouthpiece) oqbu'So:?.
embowel v, remove the viscera from; disembowel [present
participle emboweling, embowelling ; past participle and
preterit emboweled, embowelled, emboweldl em'bau-al.
embrace v. (clasp in the arms; accept gladly) em'b^ees.
embracer n. one who attempts to corrupt a jury [also spelt
embraceor, embrasor"] em^zze-ssz.
embrasnre n. bevel at the sides of an opening ; beveld open-
. ing [also, formerly, spelt embrasure'^ em'b^ee-33^, em'b^ee-
zJ9?, {rarely) embea'zjo:?, cmbra'sorr; {sometimes, in mili-
tary use) 'emb?3-53?.
embroglio n. em'bzooH^) em^broo-li-o. same meaning as
imbroglio,
embryo n. (fetus; germ) 'cmb?i-o.
embryonal adj. (of an embryo) 'embzri-a-nl.
emend v. (remove errors from; correct) I'mend.
emendate v. (remove errors from; correct) 'li-men-det.
emendation n. (correction) imen'dee-$3n, emsn'dee-Sdn.
emendator n. (corrector) 'emsn-deta?, 'li-man-detar.
emeritus adj, (honorably discharged from service) I'me^i-
t9S.
emersion n. (coming out; emergence) I'me^S^n; {improperly)
i'mB:?-33n. compare immersion.
entery n, (impure corundum used for grinding and polishing)
'em3-?i; {anteriorly) 'emari, {rapidly) 'em^i.
emetieise v. cause to vomit [also spelt emeticisel I'meti-
saiz.
emetine n. alkaloid [also, sometimes, spelt emetini 'emi-tin,
'emi-tain.
6mente n. (riot, outbreak) e'matt.
emigrant n. (one who quits one country to settle in an-
other: distinguisht from immigrant) 'emi-g^ant.
emigrate v. 'emi-gzet.
eminent adj. (high in rank, conspicuous) 'emi-nant; {as-
sumptivly) 'eminant, {rapidly) 'emnant.
emir n. [also spelt emeer ; synonymous cognates ameer, amirl
I'mi:?, e'mi:?, 'li-ma?.
emissary n, (person sent; also, outlet; duct) 'emi-se^i.
emission «. (an emitting or sending out; discharge) I'mijan.
J ye, gcure; dthe, O^Mn; sasure, d^/oy; I shoe, tl chew;
wwhen; tjsing', u whoever, i react, oiuVV, oulooV, \Vl, \\^ee;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, 0: door, -aotvo, «.\ic^, t^^oX.^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 179
emit V. (send foitli; Tcnt; discharge) x'mit.
emmeaagocme u. xnedicixi ial&o spelt cmmcnagog\ I'mcnd-
geg, I'mii-n^-gog.
e]ii.<illia.te r. (.soften; render feminin) I'meti-et.
emolliemt adj. softening lalso spelt cmolicnt\ i'nio)i.>nt.
emolvaaemt «• (profit from office; salar>') I'motiu-nidnt.
empanel n. em'paeid. same meaning as impanel.
emperor n. (ruler of an empire) 'cmp^rdz:.
empliasis fi. vigor of statement; stress [plural cmphascs\
'emfd-sis.
emphasise v. stress [also spelt emphasise'^ "cnifa-saiz.
empjbrie n. (one who relies on experience; quack) cm'picik.
empirieisBt n. (empiric method) cm'pin-sizdin.
employ^ s. eq-pLiDo'jee, em^tei'ee. same mcaninj; as cm-
ployee. •
employee n. one who is employed or works for waf^cs or
salary [also spelt employe; synonymous cognates cmplnyu^,
employee'^ em-pz^i'n.
employee n. (a female employee) eg-pLu^o'jec, cin-pi.oiVo.
employer n. (one who employs or uses; one who employs
servants or working-people) em'pLoi-dz.
empress n, (consort of an emperor; woman who rules an
empire) 'emp3is; {dialectally) 'emp-p-sis.
empressemeat s. (eagerness; cordiality) oq'psrs-moi].
emprise n. undertaking; enterprise; mariial pruwcss [also
spelt emprise} em'p\aiz.
empty adj. (void; vacant; meaningless) 'cmpti.
empty-l&eaded adj. [also spelt cmpty-hcdcd] cmpti'hrdid,
{assumptivly) 'empti-hedid.
empyema n, (pyothorax) empi'ii-ma; {less properly) rm-
pai'ii-ma.
empyreal adj. (of the empsrrean; celestial; sublime) cm-
'pi3i-3l, empiVii-9}, em-pai'rii-al.
empyrean n. (the highest heaven; the firmament; cosmic
space) empi'gii-an, em'piei-an, em-pai'ni-on.
empyrenma n. the burnt-smell of heated animal or vege-
table matter [plural empyreumata} empi'rDu-mo.
emn n. three-toed ratite bird [also spelt emeu, emew] 'li-mju.
emulsion n. (milky liquid) I'mAl^on.
emnlsive adj. [also spelt eniulsiv] I'mxlsiv.
enallase n. (substitution of one grammatical form for an
other) I'nxta-dsi, e'naela-dsi.
enamel v. [present participle enameling, enamelling; past
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei boy; a: far, qo nou\ a*. a^k> ^\k\\ft\
Izngtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceding soutv<i \% \^tvV>
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the toWoN«iti^ «^\VaXi^^.
180 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
■
participle and preterit enameled, enamelled, enameldl
I'naemdI.
eiLameler n. [also spelt enameller} I'naemd-ld?.
enamor v, inspire with love [also spelt enamour; past par-
ticiple and preterit enamored, enamord} e'naemaz.
enarthrosis n. (ball-and-socket joint) en-az'Osoo-sis.
encage v, confine in a cage [synonymous cognate incagej en-
'keed3.
encase v. en'kees. same meaning as incase.
enceinte n. (enclosure) eg'seent, er)'sxr)t.
enceinte adj. (pregnant) eg'seent, eg'saegt.
encenia n. dedication-festival [also spelt encaenia; ploral
encenial en'sii-ni-a,
enceplialic adj. (of the encephalon) ensi'faehk, en'^sefs-hk.
enceplialon n. contents of the skull; brain [ploral encepha-
/a] en'sefd-lsn.
encbant v, (bewitch) en'tSa:nt, en'tSaint, en'tSaemt.
encbiridion n, handbook; manual [ploral enchiridions, en-
chiridia} enki'zidi-sn, en-kai'zidi-sn.
enclasp v. [former synonymous cognate inclasp} en'kLa:sp.
enclave n. (shut-in territory) en'kteev, ei)'ki^:v.
enclave v. have a dove-tail border : said of an ordinary
[synonymous cognate inclave} en'kteev, oi]'ki.a:v.
enclisis n. (pronunciation as an enclitic; inclination) 'cnkz.i-
sis.
enclose v. surround, envelop; insert in an envelop [synon-
ymous cognate inclose} en'kLOoz.
enclosure n. [synonymous cognate inclosure} en'kL30-337.
enconiinm n. eulogy; panegyric [ploral encomiums, encomia}
en'koo-mi-sm.
encompass v, surround [past participle and preterit encom-
passed, encompastl en'kAmpss.
encore n. (call for a repetition; repeated performance) 'erj-
ko:z, eq'ko:?.
enoonrage v, (inspire; incite; countenance) en'kszids, en-
'kA^ids.
encrinite n. (fossil crinoid) 'enlcsi-nait.
encumber v. hamper; burden; block up [former synony-
mous cognate incumber} enlcAmbd?.
encnmbrance n. [synonymous cognate incumbrance} en-
'kAmbrsns.
encyclical adj. (intended for extensiv circulation) en'sikz.1-
kal, en'sai-kti-kal.
JJ^c, gcure; dthe, Bthin; 5 asure, d^/oy; ^ shoe, tlchew;
wwAen; t)sing; u whoever, i react, oiu\\> \iuiool, itt, lis^^;
o poetic; d Qver, eaerialy A but, o*. doot, -ao-n-o, t.\ic^, ^.^^oX^N
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 181
enoyelopedia n. circle of learning; book [also spelt ency-
clopaedidl en-sai-kLa'pii-di-a, (anteriorly) en-sai-ki^a'pii-dja.
enoyolopedio adj. [also spelt encyclopaedic^ en-sai-kz.3'pii-
dik, en-sai-kLd'pedik.
enoyolopedist n. [also spelt encyclopaedist} en-sai-kLs'pii-
dist.
enoyst v. (enclose in a cyst, capsule, or bag) en'sist,
endeaTor n. effort ; try [also spelt endeavour, endevor ; past
participle and preterit endeavored, endevord"} en'devae.
endeictic adj. (serving to show; probativ) en'daik-tik.
endive n. (succory, etc.) 'en-daiv, 'endiv.
endogen. n. (inside-growing plant, as a palm) 'ends-dsin.
eadogenoiis culj. (growing from within; internal) en'ded3i-
nss.
endopodite n. (inner division of a crustacean's limb) en-
'dep9-dait.
endorse v, write on the back of [synonymous cognate in-
dorse; past participle and preterit endorsed, endorsf} en-
'deizs.
endorsement n. [synonymous cognate indorsement} en-
'dei^s-mant.
endorser n, [synonymous cognate indorser} en'de:z:-s97.
endosmose n. (transmission of a fluid inward thru a sep-
tum; endosmosis) 'endss-mos, 'en-dez-mos.
endne v. bring in; assume; clothe; invest [synonymous cog-
nate indue} en'djou.
enema n. clyster; injection [ploral enemas, enemata} I'nii-
m9, 'eni-ma.
enemata n. (ploral of enema) I'nems-td.
enemy n. hostil person; opponent [plural enemies} 'eni-mi.
energize v. [also spelt energise} 'enszr-dsaiz.
energ^men n. (demoniac; one possest) endz'gjuu-mdn.
enervate v, (weaken) 'ena^-vet, I'nerzr-vet.
enfeoff v, invest with a fief; hand over as a fief; sur-
render; enfief [former synonymous cognate infeoff} en'fef.
enfief v. en'fiif. same meaning as enfeoff,
enfilade n. (suite; raking fire) enfi'leed, 'enfi-leed.
enfold V. en'foold. same meaning as infold.
enforceable adj. capable of being enforced [also spelt enfor-
cible} en'foiz-sa-bal.
enf rancldse v. (free, release ; confer citizen's rights or vot-
ing-power upon) en'f3a:n-tSaiz, en'fsain-tjiz, en'fsaen-tSaiz,
en'f^aentSiz.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, oi boy; a: far, ao noTW, Bl*. a?k, «aV.\\.^%
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding souiv^ \s \^xvv,
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the io\\o^Mlti% ^^WsiJ^^..
182 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
enfrancMsement n. en'f3a:n-tSis-m9nt, en'f3a:n-tSiz-m9nt,
en'fsaentSiz-mant.
engine n. contrivance, machine [also spelt engin} 'endsin;
{dialectally or vulgarly) 'in-dsain, 'indsin.
engineer n. znd^i'nv.z.
enginery n. engins collectivly, etc. [also, sometimes, spelt en-
ginry'} 'end3in-ei, 'endsina-zi.
English adj.,n.,v. 'iqglish; (in Ireland) 'eqghS; {improper-
ly, among German- Americans, etc.) 'iqhS.
engraft v. en'g^aift. same meaning as ingraft.
engrain v. en'g^een. same meaning as ingrain.
engrave v. (carve on a surface ; incise) en'g^eev.
engross z>. write in large letters; absorb; monopolize [past
participle and preterit engrossed, engrost} en'gz^oos.
engnlf v, plunge into a gulf or abyss [synonymous cognate
ingulf; past participle and preterit engulfed, engulf t} en-
'gAlf.
enhance v. (raise; intensify; increase) en'hams.
enigma n. riddle [also, formerly, spelt aenigma} i^nigma.
enig^matic adj. (of an enigma) enig'msetik, inig'maetik.
enisle v. [synonymous cognate inisle] e'nail.
enlighten 7/. (throw light on ; instruct) en'lai-tn.
en masse adv, in mass; bodily; all together [also spelt en
mass} oq'ma:s, orj'mats, eq'mais.
enneagon n. (nine-angled polygon) 'eni-3-gen.
ennoble v. (give the rank of nobility to ; make noble) en'noo-
bsl, e'nDo-bal.
ennni n. (mental weariness ; boredness ; tedium) orj'nwii, '013-
nwi.
ennny6 adj. (affected with ennui; bored) ©qnwi'jee.
enough adj. (sufficient) I'nAf.
enquire v. zn'kwajz. same meaning as inquire.
enquiry n. en'kiuai-^i. same meaning as inquiry,
en rapport adv. (in relation or connection) eq-zrae'po:?.
enrol v. write on a roll or list; register; enter among" the
rolls; form into a roll [also spelt enroll] past participle and
preterit enroled, enrolled, enrold} en'zool.
enrolment n. [also spelt enrollment} en'rool-mant.
en route adv. (on the way; upon the road) orj'rout.
ensconce v. (establish in a place, as for concealment or com-
fort) en'skonts, (in Britain) en'skens.
ensemble n. (all the parts taken together ; general effect)
©ij'sombg}, erj'sembi..
JJ^^f gcure; d the, 0 f/iin; sarure, ds/oy; ^ shoe, tjc/rew;
wzt/hen; ijsing; u whoever, i react, o iu\\, viMioo\, \\t, ixsec,
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abtit, o: door, ;)otvo, «,\ie^, ^^^(3l\.^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 183
ensign, n. (sign; emblem; badge; banner; flag; standard-
bearer) 'en-sain.
ensign v. (distingtiish by a sign such as a cross, coronet, or
miter) en'sain, 'en-sain.
ensigncy n, (rank of an ensign) 'en-sain-si.
ensilage n. (preserving of fodder in a silo or pit) 'ensi-lids.
ensile v, (put into a silo) en'sail, 'en-sail.
ensnare v, en'sNe:z:. same meaning as insnare.
ensue v. (be subsequent; follow; result) en's^ou.
en snite adv, (in a set; forming a series) eg'siuiit.
ensnre v, en'^o:?. same meaning as insure,
entasis n. (swelling of the shaft of a column) 'ent9-sis.
enteleoliy n. (realization; soul) en'teh-ki.
enter v. go or come in, etc. [past participle and preterit
entered, enter dl 'entaz.
enteric adj. (intestinal) en'tezrik.
enteritis n. (inflammation of the intestins) enti'^ai-tis.
enteron n, intestin [plural enteral 'enti-^en.
enterprise n. undertaking [also spelt enterprize"] 'entsr-psaiz.
enterprising adj. [also spelt enterprising^ 'ent37-p3ai-.zir|.
enthrall v. make a thrall of ; hold in thrall ; enslave [also
spelt enthral', synonymous cognates inthrall, inthral; past
participle and preterit enthralled, enthraldl en'93c:l.
enthrallment n. [also spelt enthralment ; synonymous cog-
nate inthralment'i en'93c:l-m9nt.
enthnsiasm n. (possession by a god; rapture) en'Ogou-zi-
aezdm.
enthymeme n. (argument based on probability; syllogism in
which one premis is supprest) 'en0i-mim.
entirety n. completeness; whole [synonymous cognate cn-
tiertyl en'taiz:-ti, (often) en'taia?-ti.
entitative adj. of mere existence; real [also spelt entitativ}
'enti-tetiv, 'entita-tiv.
enton&olog:y n. (science of insects) entd'mols-dsi.
entourage n. (surroundings; environment; attendants of a
superior) erjtu^za:^.
entozoon n. internal parasite; entozoan [also spelt entozo-
on; plural entozoal enta'zoo-an.
entr'acte ». (interval between two acts of a play) eq'tjakt.
entrail n. (internal organ; bowel; intestin; gut) 'en-t£el.
entrance ». (a coming or going in ; door, etc.) 'entjans.
entrance v. (throw into a trance-like state) en'tja:ns, cn-
't£a:ns, en'tjaems.
c: low, b: f«r, as cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, qd noiu, a*. asV, ^\V\\^%
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding souxv^ -l^ X^^-^'
stress-mark (') indicates chief stress on the ioWoYJins s^\\;)X>\'
184 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
entrant n, (one who or that which enters; beginner) 'en-
tfisnt.
entree n. action of entering ; admission ; made dish servd be-
tween courses [also spelt entri'\ eg'tjee, 'en-tje.
entremets n,pL (side-dishes, etc.) er)t£9'mee.
entreneh v. cn't£ent$, en'tsenS. same meaning as intrench.
entre nons adv. (between ourselves) er)t£9'nou.
entrepdt n. (deposit of goods; storehouse; distributing-cen-
ter) 'eqtj3-po.
entresol n. mezzanine story [synonymous cognate entersole,
intersolel 'entaz-sel, 'oi]t£3-seh
entrust v. en't£Ast« same meaning as intrust.
entTvlne v* [synonymous cognate intwinej en'twain.
enunciate v, (express definitly; proclaim; pronounce) I'uAn-
Ji-et, I'nAnsi-et.
enunciation n. i-nAnSi'ee-San, i-nAnsi'ee-Sdn.
enurny adj. charged with beasts: said of a bordure [also
spelt enurneyl en'seni.
envelop n. wrapper; covering [also spelt envelope} 'enva-
lop, 'env3-lop, en'velsp, 'eqva-lop; (rapidly) 'envlap, etc.
envelop v, wrap; cover [also spelt envelope; past participle
and preterit enveloped, envelopt} en'velap.
envious adj. (full of envy) 'envi^ss, 'envjas.
environment n. (that which environs; surrounding condi-
tions collectivly) en'vai-^an-mant.
environs n.pl, (outskirts; surrounding districts) en'vai-i:9nz,
'env9-?anz.
envoy n. (messenger) 'en-vei; (less properly) 'en-vei.
envoy ». (postscript, ending) 'en-vei, en'vei,
enivall v. en'w'c:!. same meaning as inwall.
enx^rap v. en'zaep. same meaning as inwrap.
enzym n. ferment; levend bread [also spelt ensymel 'cnzim.
Eocene n, (division of the Tertiary) 'li-a-sin.
Eolian adj. of Aeolis or Aeolia; eolic; also, of Aeolus, the
wind-god [also spelt Aeoliani i'oo-li-9n, i'oo-lian.
Eolidae n. pi, i'eh-di. same meaning as Eolididae.
Eolididae n.pl. family of mollusks [also spelt Aeolididae;
synonymous cognates Eolidae, Aeolidae} i-alidi-di.
eoUpile n. rotary steam toy [also spelt aeolipile, aeolipyle,
eolipylel 'li-ah-pail, i'eh-pail.
eon n. age, era, cycle; eternity [also spelt aeoni 'li-en, 'li-an.
eonian adj. everlasting [also spelt aeonian"] i'oo-ni-sn.
eonic adj. cyclic; eternal [also spelt aeonic} i'enik.
/jfe, g cure; d the, 0 thin ; 5 asrure, ds joy ; S ^^oe, tS cheyr ;
wze/hen; tj sing; u wh<7ever, i react, oiuVV, \5Mioo\, \\l, \\^ee\
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o: door, oQt^o, t.\)c^, \i,e^^a\&\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 185
eosin n. red dye [also spelt eosine} 'li-d-sin.
Eozoio adj. (of early animal life) i-9'z3o-ik.
epact n. (intercalated day or days) 'li-paekt, 'e-pxkt.
epanlet n. shoulder-piece [also spelt epaulette"} 'ep9-49t, ^epd-
let.
epanlment n. earthwork [also spelt epaulement} e'pcil-mdnt.
epenceplialic adj, e-pensi'faehk, epen'sefs-lik, ep-en'sefs-hk,
epencephalon n. hind-brain; metencephalon [plural epen-
cephalal epen'sefa-lan.
epenthesis n. insertion of a letter or syllable; transference
of a semi-vowel to the preceding syllable [ploral epentheses}
i'pen0i-sis, i'pent9i-sis.
epergne n. (center-dish for a table) i'pB:?n.
ephah n. Hebrew dry measure [also, formerly, spelt ephal
'ii-f9.
ephebe n. (young man; ephebos) I'fiib, 'e-fib.
ephemera n. day-fly; ephemerid; something transitory [plor-
- al ephemerae, ephemeras} I'fema-es.
ephemeral adj, I'fems-rdl, {rapidly) I'izraz^X,
ephemerie adj, (ephemeral) I'fems-rik, efi'mezik.
epbemeris n. astronomic almanac [ploral ephemeridesl
I'fems-^is.
ephod n. (priestly vestment) 'e-fed, {rarely) 'c-fod.
ephor n. (magistrate) 'efs?.
epibole n. figure of speech [also spelt epiboly} i^pibd-li.
epiboly n. gastrulation [also spelt epibole} I'piba-li.
epielesis n. invocation : a part of the prayer of consecration
[also spelt epiklesis} epi'kLii-sis.
epionre n. (one who is choice and dainty in regard to food)
'epi-k^o:?.
epienrean adj.,n. epi-kgo'zii-sn.
Epienrean n. (disciple of Epicurus) epi-k^o^^ii-dn ; {less
properly) epilkgor-ri-an.
epieyemate adj, (having the embryo on a large yolk: said
of certain fishes and batrachians) epi-sai'ii-met.
epideieiio adj. epi'daik-tik. same meaning as epidictic,
epidentle adj, (temporarily prevalent among a people) epi-
'demik.
epidermis n. (outer skin; cuticle; scarf-skin) epi'dei^-mis.
epidieiio adj, demenstrativ [synonymous cognate epideictic,
epideiktic} epi'diktik.
epigeal adj. epigeous ; living near the ground [also spelt epi-
gaeal} epi'dsii-al.
c: low, b: f «r, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao now, a*. a^V, ^\V\\.^\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceditvg soutv^ \^ V>x\^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the lo\\o\«\n^ s>jW;jX:\
186 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
epigeons adj. just above ground; epigean [also spelt epigae-
ous\ epi'd3ii-9S.
epiglottis n. leaf-like cartilage forming the lid of the glot-
tis [ploral epiglottidesi cpi'glotis.
epigram n. (short poem; pithy saying) 'epi-g^aem.
epigraphy n. (inscriptions collectivly; study of epigraphs)
I'pig^a-fi.
epig3rxLoii9 adj, (on the top of the ovary) I'pidsi-nss.
epilepsy n. (falling-sickness) 'epi-lepsi.
epilogize v. (use epilogs) 'epil3-d3aiz, I'pils-dsaiz.
epilog^ne n. concluding part of a literary work; appendix
[also spelt epilogj 'epi-leg.
epilog^nize v, {obsolete) deliver an epilog; put an epilog to
[also spelt epiloguise'\ 'epi-leg-aiz.
Epiphany n. (festival commemorating the manifestation of
Christ to the Gentiles in the persons of the Magi) I'pifs-ni.
epiphany n. (manifestation or appearance of a divine or
supernatural being) I'pifa-ni.
epiphysis n. a portion of bone which has grown from a dis-
tinct center : distinguisht from apophysis [ploral epiphyses}
I'pifi-sis.
epiploce n. (interweaving of clauses; climax) i'pipL3-si.
episode n. (incidental narrativ or part) 'epi-sod; (less prop-
erly) 'epi-zod.
episodic adj. (of episode; incidental) epi'sedik.
epistle n. (letter) I'pisal, I'pisl; (erroneously) I'pisth
epistler n. letter-writer; one who reads the epistle in the
communion service [synonymous cognates epistoler, epis-
toller} i'pisi.3?, i'pistL3^.
epistolize v. [also spelt epistolise} I'pists-laiz.
epistolizer n. letter-writer [also spelt epistoliser"] I'pista-lai-
za?.
epistoma n. a part on or in front of the mouth ; epistome ;
epistom [ploral epistomata'l I'pista-ma.
epistrophe n. (a figure of speech in which each clause ends
with the same word; cyclic composition) i'pist£3-fi.
epistrophy n. (reversion to a normal form) I'pistja-fi.
epitaph «, (inscription on a tombstone) 'epi-ta:f, 'epi-ta:f
'epi-tae:f.
epithalaminm n. nuptial song [plural epithalamiums, epi-
thalamia'] epiGa'lee-mi-ara.
epithelium n. (superficial layer of cells of mucous mem-
branes, etc.) epi'Gii-H-am, (anteriorly) epi'Gii-Ham.
J ye, gcure; d the, 9 f ^in ; 3 a^ure, ds/oy; ^ shoe, tjc/iew;
wzt/hen; ij sing; u wh<7ever, i react, oiuVV, ouiool, lit, lis^^;
o poetic; o over, e serial, Abtit, o;dooT, ootvo, t\ie^, «.^^a\.^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 187
epitome n. (abridgment; summary) I'pita-mi; {erroneously)
'epi-tom.
epitomize v. [also spelt epitomise'} I'pits-maiz.
epizootic n. a disease temporarily prevalent among animals;
plague among animals [also spelt epizootic'} epi-zo'etik;
{erroneously) epi'zou-tik.
epizooty n. epizootic [also spelt epizooty} epi'z30-9-ti.
epocli n. (point of time; period) 'e-pek, 'epak, 'li-pek.
epode n. (a kind of lyric poem; part of a lyric ode) 'e-pod.
eponym n. (one who gives his name to a people, place, or
institution; eponymus) 'epa-nim.
eponymie adj. (of an eponym) epa'nimik.
eponsrmons adj. (that gives his name) i'peni-m9s.
epopee n. (epic poem; epic poetry) 'epo-pi, epo'pii.
epos n. (an epic poem; an epopee) 'e-pes.
epsilon n. (Greek letter) 'epsi-lan, ep'sai-len.
epnral adj. on the tail [synonymous cognate epiural} I'pQo:-
Epyomis n. gigantic fossil bird [also spelt Aepyornis, Epior-
nis} ipi'e:?-nis.
eqnable adj. (uniform; tranquil; equally proportiond) 'ekwa-
bal, 'li-kiua-bal.
eqnal v. [present participle equaling, equalling; past parti-
ciple and preterit equaled, equalled, equald} 'li-kujal.
equality n. (condition of being equal, etc.) i'kiuoh-ti.
equalization n. [also spelt equalisation} ikiudh'zee-Sdn.
equalize v, [also spelt equalise} 'li-kwd-laiz, (often) 'ikws-
laiz.
equally adv. 'li-kiua-h, (often) 'ikioa-h.
equanimity n. (evenness of mind or temper; unruffledness)
iku)9'nimi-ti.
equate v. (make equal) I'kujeet.
equate adj. (smooth) 'li-kiuet.
equation n. (action of making equal; statement or formula
of equality) I'kiuee-San, I'kioee-san.
equatorial adj. (of the equator) ikw^'toi-zi-^l,
equery n. [also spelt equerry; ploral equeries} 'eku)3-ei,
I'kwezi.
eques n. Roman knight [plural equites} 'li-kiuiz.
equestrian n. (of horse-riding; mounted) I'kiuestEi-an.
equestrienne n. (horsewoman; female equestrian) i-kiuestEi-
'en.
equiangular adj. (having all its angles equal ; having its
c: law, b: fur, a cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, qo no-u), Bl*. a^V, ^\V\\.^\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sovin^ \^ V>x\^*.
tress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the io\\0N«\xi?» s^N^aSc^^
188 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
angles equal respectivly to the angles of another figure)
ikwi'aeggju-ldz.
eqniform adj, (identical in form; shaped alike) 'li-kwi-
fei^m.
eqnilibrant n. (system of forces which would equilibrate an-
other system) I'kioih-teant, ikujilai-teant.
equilibrate v. (balance) ikiuilai-b^et.
equilibration n. iku)ih'b?ee-S9n, ikwi-lail)?ee-S3n.
equilibrist n. (rope-walker; acrobat) I'kwih-bzrist, ikwi'lai-
brist, {rarely) ikujilibeist.
equilibrium n. (balance) ikwilibn-dm.
equilibrize v. [also spelt equilibrise'} I'kiuih-b^air.
equine adj. (of a horse; horse-like) 'li-kiuain.
equinoctial adj. (of the equinox) iktui^nek^dl, ekiui'nekSd}.
equinox n. (the point or the time at which the sun's path
crosses the equator) 'li-kiui-neks, 'ikuji-neks, 'ekuji-neks.
equipage n. (equipment; appurtenances; horse and car-
riage) 'ckuji-pids; (erroneously) I'kiripids.
equipoise n. (perfect balance; counterpoise) 'ekwi-peiz,
'li-kioi-peiz, 'ikuji-peiz.
equipollent adj. (equal in power; identical in effect) ekiui-
'pelant, ikioi'pelant.
equitable adj. (fair; just) 'ckiuita-bal ; (improperly) I'kujita-
bal.
equites n. (ploral of eques) 'ekwi-tiz.
equivalent adj. (equal in value; tantamount) I'kiuiva-lant.
equivoke n. pun ; word-play ; ambiguity [also spelt equi-
voque'} 'eku)i-vok, 'ii-ku)i-vok.
era n. period, age ; date [also spelt aera ; ploral erasi 'r.-z^ ;
(dialectally) 'li-zrs.
erasable adj. that can be erased [also spelt erasible} I'zee-
sa-bdl.
erased adj. [also, sometimes, spelt erased! I'reest, I'reezd.
erasion n. (erasure) I'^ee-ssn.
Erasn&ian adj. (of Erasmus) I'zrsezmi-dn, I'^aesMi-sn.
erasure n. (action of erasing) I'zee-sar, I'ree-zja?, I'zee-^dz.
ere adv., prep., conj. (before) e:z.
erecter n. one who or that which erects [also spelt erector'}
I'^ektar.
erectile adj. capable of being erected or set upright [also
spelt erectill I'^ektil, (rarely) I'^ek-tail.
erector n. a muscle which erects; erecting-glass [ploral erect-
ors, erectores} i^ztkt^z,
J ye, gcure; d the, 0^/iin; 5 asure, dj^/oy; Wioe, tjc/iew;
wzt/Aen; xjsing; u whoever, i react, oiuVV, \5Mioo\, \\V, \\^ec%
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abwt, o*. door, ooivo, t\ic^, ^^^oX^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 189
ereloas (^^v, (before long; soon) eizleit), (when less strest)
ce'leii).
eremaeansis n. (slow combustion) ezima'kci-sis.
eremite n. (recluse; hermit) 'ezi-mait.
erethism n. excitement; over-activity [also spelt erythisml.
'esri-Gizsm.
ergo conj. (therefore) 'B:?-go, 'siz-go.
ergot n. (stub; morbid growth) 'eie-get, 'sir-gst
ermine n. the stroat or its fur [also spelt ermin\ 'B:?-min.
erne n. eagle [also spelt earn] Birn.
err v. go astray [past participle and preterit erred, erdi b:z,
errand n. (mission) 'ez^nd.
erratum n. error [ploral errata] e'i:ee-t3m, e'i:a:-t3m.
errhine n. (nose-medicin) 'czin, 'e-^ain.
erroneous adj. (containing error; incorrect) eVoo-ni-as.
error n. (action of erring; mistake; wrong-doing) 'e?3?.
emea n. (larva; caterpiller) i'?ou-k3.
erndite n. (learned; scholarly) 'ezro-dait.
erudition n. (learning; scholarship) ero'di^dn.
eruginous adj. I'rou-dsi-nss. same meaning as aeruginous.
eruption n. (a bursting forth; outbreak; breaking out)
I'rApSan.
erysipelas n. (febril disease; the rose) eri'sipi-las, {rapidly)
ezi'sipz.3s; {less properly) i^i'sips-las.
escalade n. (a scaling of walls) esksleed.
escallop n. [also spelt escalop; former synonymous cognate
escollopi e'skadsp, e'skeldp. same meaning as scallop.
esoalloped adj. having the edge cut in scallops or segments
of circles; also, of oysters, scallopt [also spelt escaloped,
escalop tl e'skxlspt, c'skelapt.
escapade n. (act of escaping; caper) esks'peed.
escape v, (gain one's liberty by flight ; issue ; find egress)
e'skeep, {rapidly) I'skeep.
escliatology n. (doctrin of final things : namely, death, judg-
ment, heaven, hell) cska'tela-dsi,
esobeat n. (lapsing of land to ruler or state) es'tjiit, {rapid-
ly) is'tSiit.
eschenv v. avoid; shun [past participle and preterit es-
chewed, eschewdi cs'tSou, {rapidly) is'tSou.
escort n. (armd accompaniment; gard) 'e-ske^t.
escort V. (accompany, etc.) e'skorrt, {rapidly) i'ske:?t.
escritoire n. writing-desk [also spelt escritoir"] esk^i'tiuorr,
eslrai'tujc:?, esk^i'tiua:^ ; 'esksi-tiue?.
c: law, b: fur, x cat, e h^t, ei hoy; a: far, ao noiu, bl*. q^V.> ^\V.\\.^%
\cngth-mark (:) indicates that the preceding souxv^ \^ V>xvv*
tress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the ioWovjitv^ «^WaiX\e:.
190 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
escntclieon n. (shield with armorial bearings) e'skAtS^n,
(rapidly) I'skAtSan.
eserine n. alkaloid [also, sometimes, spelt eserini 'ess-rin,
'es3-?ain.
esker n. post-glacial gravel-ridge [also spelt eskar, escarl
'eskazr.
Esldmo n. one of an arctic race [also spelt Esquimau', plo?-
al Eskimos, Eskimo, Esquimaux'] 'eski-mo.
esnecy n. inheritance-right of first-born daughter [also spelt
aesnecyl 'esNi-si.
esophageal adj. of the esophagus [also spelt oesophageal"]
isD'faedsi-al.
esophagus n. gullet [also spelt oesophagus] I'sefs-gas.
esoteric adj. (inner; for the select few; secret; profound)
css'te^ik.
espalier n. (trelliswork; lattice) e'spxl'idz.
especial adj, (special; preeminent) e'spejal, (rapidly) I'spe-
S3l.
espial n. (action of espying; fact of being espied) e'spai-sl,
(rapidly) I'spai-al. .
espionage n. spying; employing spies [also spelt espionnage'\
'espi-3-nid3, espi-a'nars, 'espi-9-na:3.
esplanade n. (level space) espz.9'need.
esprit n. (spirit, wit, aptitude) e'spsii.
esqnamate adj. (not squamate; without scales) i'skiuee-met.
Esqnin&an n. [ploral Esquimaux] 'eski-mo. same meaning as
Eskimo.
Esquimanx n. (ploral of Esquimau) 'cski-mo.
esquire n. (gentleman of rank) e'skwaiz, (rapidly) I'sktuoi?,
(anteriorly, especially as a title) skiuai?; (also, vulgarly)
'e-skiuai?.
ess n. letter [also spelt es, S; ploral esses] rs.
essay n. trial; test; attempt; dissertation [ploral essays]
'e-se.
essay v, (try; test; undertake) 'e-se, e'see.
essayist n. (one who essays: essay-writer) 'e-se-ist.
essence n. (entity; substance; extract") 'rsans.
Essene n. (one of a Jewish sect in Palestine in the second
century before Christ) e'siin.
essential adj. (that is such by essence ; necessary ; of the na-
ture of an extract) e'senSal, e'sentSal.
essoin n. excuse for non-appearance [also spelt essoign]
p/sein.
/ ve, Q cure : d the. 9 ^^in ; 3 a^ure, d^ joy ; 5 shoe, \\ chew;
wwAen; tjsinff; u wh<?ever, i react, d^uVl, owiool, itt, lis^e;
o poetic; a over, e aerial, Abut» o*. doot, ;iOtvo, ^>Qe^, tt^oX.t\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 191
estaf et n. mounted courier [also spelt estafette"} estd'fet.
estate n. (state; condition; status; rank; interest; class;
property) e'steet, (rapidly) I'steet; (vulgarly) 'e-stet.
estkete n. one who appreciates beauty; person of artistic
sense [also spelt aesthete'} 'es-6iit, 'lis-Oiit.
estbetio adj. of appreciation of beauty; tasteful [also spelt
aesthetic} es'Getik, (rapidly) I'sGetik; (also, in Britain)
li'sOetik, (and, less often) es'0ii-tik, li'sGii-tik.
estival adj. of summer [also spelt aestivall 'csti-vsl, e'stai-
vsl, i'stai-v3l.
estivate v, pass the summer [also spelt aestivatel 'esti-vet,
'li-sti-vet.
estiTation. n. [also spelt aestivation} esti'vee-S^n, li-sti'vee-
$9n.
estuary n. (tidal inlet, creek, or river-mouth) 'est^u-ezi,
'est5u-3-ri.
eta n. (Greek letter) 'li-ts, 'ee-ts.
etacism n. (the Erasmian pronunciation of Greek eta as ee
instead of li) 'ee-ts-sizam.
^tagdre n. (piece of furniture with shelves) Qt^'iz'.z.
et cetera phrase, n. and the rest ; and so forth ; and so on
[also spelt et caetera, etcetera ; plural, when used as a noun,
etceteras} et'seta-^a, (rapidly) it'setja.
etcli V. engrave by corroding [past participle and preterit
etched, etcht} etj.
eternize v. make eternal ; perpetuate ; immortalize [also spelt
eternise} i'tB?-nai2, 'li-tazr-naiz.
ethene n. (hydrocarbon) 'e-6in, 'ii-9in.
ether n. sky; air; spatial medium; volatil liquid [also spelt
aether} 'li-Ga?.
ethereal adj. of ether; airy; celestial [also spelt etherial and,
formerly, aethereal} i'Qv.-z\-^\.
etherealize v, [also spelt etherialise and, formerly, aetherea-
lize, aetherealise, aetherialize, aetherialise} i'6i:-z:i-a-}aiz.
etherean adj. ethereal [also spelt etherian, aetherean, aethe-
rian} i'0i:-d-3n.
etherene n. ethylene [also spelt etherine} 'li-Qs-zin.
ethereons adj. [also spelt etherious} i'9i:-ri-3s.
etherization n. [also spelt etherisation, aetherisation} li-
63ri'zee-S3n, li-Ga-jrai'zee-S^n.
ethide n. [also, sometimes, spelt ethid} 'eOid, 'e-8aid, 'ii-6aid.
etliine n. [also, sometimes, spelt ethin} 'e6in, 'e-6ain, 'ii-9in,
'ii-6ain, 'e-6in, 'ii-6in.
c: low, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, qo tvcwj, bl*. a^, ^\V\\.^\
\Bngth-mark (:) indicates that the preceding somw^ \^ \^xvsk\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the io\\ovi\tv^ s^^^iJ^^'
192 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
Etliiopio adj. (of Ethiopia; Ethiopian) ii-9i'epik.
etlinoKrapliy n. (description of the races of mankind) eO-
'neg?3-fi.
ethyl n. radical [also, formerly, spelt ethyle"] 'c9il.
etiolate v, (render pale; blanch) 'li-ti-s-let.
etiology n. study of causes [also spelt aeHology} li-ti'ets-dsi,
cti'ela-dsi.
etiqnette n. (polite behavior, etc.) 'cti-ket, eti'ket.
Etnean adj. of Mount Etna [also spelt Aetnean} et'nii-an.
^tnde n. (study, lesson) e'tgoud.
^tni n. 3mall case [also spelt etweel e'tu^ii.
etsrmologry n. (word-study; word-history) eti'mela-dsi.
encalsrptiis n. (tree; shrub) jukaliptas.
encharist n. (communion; thanksgiving) 'jou-k9-?ist.
enchre n. card-game [also, formerly, spelt eucre'\ 'jou-kae.
linelidean adj, of the Greek mathematician Euclid [also,
sometimes, spelt Euclidian} jo'kMdi-an, jukti'dii-an.
Enelidean adj. of Euclid or Eukleides, Archon Eponsrmos of
Athens [synonymous cognate Eukleideani jo'kLidi-an,
eudemonism n. doctrin of happiness [also spelt eudaemo-
nisml jo'dii-ma-nizam.
enhen&erism n. doctrin that the Greek gods were deified
heroes [synonymous cognate euemerisml jo'hii-ma-rizam.
enlogia n. (eucharist, etc.) jo'loo-dsi-d.
enloginm n. eulogy [ploral eulogiumsl jolDO-dsi-am.
enlogize v. extel, praise [also spelt eulogise! 'jou-la-dsaiz.
enlogy n. (commendatory speech; praise) 'jou-la-dsi.
ennncli n. (castrated person of the male sex; harem-atten-
dant; singer) 'jou-nak.
enpheiiiism n. (fair speech; pleasant expression) 'jou-fi-
mizsm.
enplionic adj. (sounding well; of euphony) jo'fonik.
enphony n. (pleasantness of sound ; ease of pronunciation)
'jou-fa-ni.
enphrasy n. (eyebright, a plant) 'jou-f^a-si.
enphroe n. crowfoot deadeye [also spelt uphroel 'jou-fso.
enplmism n. (highflown language) 'jou-fiu-izsm.
enpliiiistic adj. (like euphuism; highflown) jufiu'istik.
enpione n. oily liquid [also, sometimes, spelt eupioni jo'pai-
an, 'jou-pi-3n, jo'pii-3n, jo'pai-on, 'jou-pi-on.
Enrasian adj. (of Eurasia, or Europe and Asia taken to^
gether) jo'^ee-Jan, jo'zee-$^n.
enreka interj. (I have found it !) joVii-ka.
/.ve, Qcure; d the, Q thin-, jasure, ds/oy; ^ shoe, t^chew;
wwhen; rfsittff; u whoever, i react, oiuVV, vjMiooV, \\\, \\^€€;
o poetic; 3 over, e aerial, Abut, o*. doot, t^oivo, t\ic^, ^^^a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 193
enripiM n. strait or sea-channel in which the currents are
violent [plural euripi"} jo'?ai-p3s.
Enroelydon. n. (levanter; northeaster) jo'zekz.i-d9n.
European adj, (of Europe) jojs'pii-sn; (improperly) jo'roo-
pi-an.
Eostacliiaai adj, (of the Italian anatomist Eustachio) jo-
'stfce-ki-an; (erroneously) jo'staetSi-an.
entazy n. obsolete (good order) 'jou-taeksi.
enthanaaia n. (gentle and easy death, etc.) ju63^nee-S3)
ju93'nce-53, juGs'nee-si-s, juOs'nee-zi-a, juOs'nee-Ji-a, juOa-
'nee-si-a; (rarely) ju03'na:-si-3, juOs'nxsi-d.
entbanasy n. (euthanasia) jo'Saens-si, 'juu-63-nezi.
evanesoe v, (fade away; disappear) evs'nes.
eTansel m. gospel [also spelt evangilel I'vaendsil.
evangelio adj. (of the gospel) ivccn'dsehk, evdnMsehk.
evangelisation n. [also spelt evangelisationi i-vaendsih'zee-
Ssn, i-vandsi-lai'zee-Ssn.
evangelise v, [also spelt evangelisel I'vxndsi-laiz.
evaporate v, (turn into vapor) i'vaep9-?et.
evasion n. (escape ; subterfuge) I'vee-ssn.
evasive adj. [also spelt evasivl I'vee-siv, I'vee-ziv.
eve n. (evening; time just preceding an event) liv.
even adj, (flat, plain, smooth, uniform) 'ii-v9n.
evening n. (close of the day) 'liv-niq ; (improperly) 'li-va-
niq.
evening n., adj. (making even) 'li-va-niq, 'liv-niq.
evenness n. (quality of being even ; smoothness) 'li-vsn-nis.
eventual adj. (like an evetit; that will arise or take place in
a particular contingency) I'ventju-al, i'ventgu-9l.
everlasting adj. (lasting forever; eternal; incessant) evss:-
laz-stiq, (assumptivly) 'evazr-lai-stiq.
evermore adv, (for all future time) evs^'mo:?, (sometimes,
anteriorly) 'eva^-mo:?.
eversion n. (a turning outward, or inside out) i'vB7$9n.
every adj. (each, etc.) 'ev^i, (less often) 'ev3-?i.
everybody n. 'ev?i-bedi, (when less strest) 'ev^i-badi; (also,
rarely) 'cvari-bedi.
every-day adj. evzi'dee, (assumptivly) 'evei-dce, (rarely)
'evari-dee, (when less strest) 'ev?i-de,
everyvrbere adv, (in every place) 'evzi-wtiz, (rarely) 'eva^i-
voziz.
evident adj. (obvious; clear; plain) 'cvi-dnt, 'evi-dant,
evil fi. (bad, wicked, etc.) 'li-val, (less properly) 'li-vil.
c: low, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, 01 hoy ; a: far, ao now, b:. ask, ^\V.\\fc\
\Bngth-mark (:) indicates that the precedmv^ souiv^ \s \^xv%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress On ^^ ioWovJiti^ s^>\;s5s^e.'
194 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
evilly adv. (in an evil manner) 'li-val-h.
evil-ininded adj. li-varmain-did, 'li-vdl-main-did.
evilneM n. 'li-val-nis, 'ii-vi}-nis.
evincible adj. that may be evinced; demonstrable Ealso, for-
merly, spelt evinceablel I'vinsa-bal.
eviscerate v. (remove the viscera from; disembowel) I'vi-
sO'zet.
evolntion. n. (unrolling* unfolding; development) evaliou-
San; {dialectally) cvalou-San.
evolve V, unfold; open out; extract; develop [also ispelt
evolv; past participle and preterit evolved, evotvdl I'velv.
emre n. (female sheep) jou.
emrer n. (water-pitcher) 'jou-sr.
exacerbate v, (embitter; aggravate; provoke) eg'zaesa^-bet,
ek'saesar-bet.
exact v„ adj. eg'zaekt ; {less properly) ek'saekt.
ezacter n. one who enforces or exacts pay ; extortioner [also
spelt exactor^ eg'zaektar.
exactor n. (one who exacts, tax-collector, extortioner; exac-
ter) eg'zaekta?.
exaggerate v. (magnify; stretch, overcolor) eg'zaedsa-eet.
exalt V. (raise high; elevate; extel) eg'zcrlt.
exaltation n. egzcl'tee-^sn.
examen n. (examination ; investigation) eg'zee-man.
examination n. eg-zaemi'nee-$3n.
examine v, test, investigate, question [also spelt examin\
past participle and preterit examined, examindl eg'zaemin.
example n. (typical instance ; specimen ; warning) eg'zarm-
pal, eg'za:m-p3l, eg'zaempal.
exantbema n. skin-affection; exanthem [ploral exanthetna-
tal eks3n'0ii-m3.
exarcb n. (ruler of a distant province; prelate, legate) 'eks-
a:^k, 'ek-sa:rk.
exarcbate n. (office or province of an exarch) 'eksa?-ket,
eg'zaizr-ket, ek'sa:r-ket.
exarillate adj, (having no aril) eks'aeri-let ; (less properly)
eksa'nlet.
exasperate v, (embitter; intensify; enrage) eg'za:-sp3-ret,
eg'z3esp3-ret.
exasperation n. cg-zar-spa'ree-Han, eg-zjespa'^p.e-^an.
excarnificate v. (obsolete) eks'kaizr-nifi-ket, ekskar'nifi-ket.
exceed v, proceed beyond ; be greater than, surpass, outdo
[also spelt excedel ek'siid.
) ve, ccure; bthe. 0 fftin; s asure, dxioy: S shoe, t^chew;
ww^en; rising: u wh<?ever, i react. oii*\\, vjMiool, \\t, it see;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial. Abut, oidoor, •:iOTvo, t>ac^, ^e^^o.\.^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 195
excel V, surpass others; outdo [present participle excelling',
past participle and preterit excelled, exceld} ek'seL
excellent adj, (that excels; extremely good) 'ekss-lsnt.
excelsior adj, (higher, loftier) ek'selsi-ez, ek'se}si-3z.
excelsior n. (shredded-wood packing-material) ek'selsi-9?,
ek'selsi-e^, ek'selsi-oe.
except V. (leave out; exclude; object) ek'sept, (rapidly,
often) ik'sept, ksep, sep.
excepter n. (obsolete) one who excepts or takes exception
to [also spelt exceptor} ek'septs?.
exceptor n. obsolete (an excepter; also, shorthand-writer;
Roman officer) ek'sept^?, ek'sept^^.
excerpt n. (extract; selection) ek'sei^pt, 'ek-SB3pt.
excerpt v, (cull out; extract; quote) ek'sB:?pt, 'ek-sorpt.
excess n. (outrage; intemperance; preponderance; surplus)
ek'ses, (sometimes, assumptivly) 'ek-ses.
exchange n. (interchange ; barter, etc.) ' eks't^eends, ek^^
'tjeends; (vulgarly) 'eks-tjends, 'ekJ-tSends.
exchangeable adj, eks'tSeen-dsd-bs).
exchequer n. (department and court of revenues; finances)
eks'tjekar.
excisable adj. dutiable [also spelt exciseablel ek'sai-zs-bdl.
excisable adj. (fit to be excised or expunged) ek'sai-zd-bdl.
excise n. (toll, tax, duty) ek'saiz ; (less properly) ek'sais, 'ek-
saiz, 'ek-sais.
excise v. (cut out, expunge) ck'saiz.
exciseman n. [plural excisemen} ek'saiz-man.
excitant adj, (that excites; stimulating) ek'sai-tnt, ^ 'eksi-tnt.
excitation n. ek-sai'tee-Jan, eksi'tee-Jan.
excitative adj. [also spelt excitativ} ek'sai-ta-tiv.
exclamation n. (act of exclaiming, etc.) ekskL9'mee-$9n.
exclaniatory adj, (that exclaims; noisy, etc.) ek'sktaema-
t^^I, ek'sktaemata-^i, ek'skn-aema-tji.
exclusive adj, [also spelt exclusivl ek'sktou-siv, ek'sktou-
ziv.
excrement n. (excreted substance; feces) 'eksk^i-mant.
excrescence n. (outgrowth; superfluity) ek'slreesans.
excretal adj. (excremental) ek'sksii-tl, 'ek-slreitJ.
excrete v. (sift out; throw off; eliminate) ek'sksiit.
excretin n. [also spelt excretine} ek'sksii-tin, 'eksksi-tin,
'ek-sk^itin.
excretive adj. [also spelt excretiv} ek'sksii-tiv, 'eksk^i-tiv,
(rarely) 'ek-sk^itiv.
c: law, b: fur, ae cot, © hot, ei hoy; a: for, qo ivotu, a.*. a^V, ^A.V\\fe%
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding somtv^ a.^ \^tw^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the i©\\o>«iTi% t;^\\^\^.
1% DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
excretory adj, 'cksk:si-t03i, ek'sksii-ta-ri.
ezomoiate v. (torture mentally) ek'sksou-Ji-et.
exculpate v. (free from blame) ek'skA}-pet» 'eksksl-pet.
ezcnrsion n. (a running out; expedition; deviation) ek'sksz-
San, ek'skoi^-San, ek'skoir-san.
ezonsable adj. ek'skguu-zd-bs}.
ezcnse v. (apologize for; justify; pardon) ek'sk^ouz.
execute v. (carry out; perform; put to death) 'eksi-kgut.
ezecnter n. one who performs or carries into effect; a doer
[also spelt executor'[ 'eksi-kQutae.
ezecntion n. eksi'kQou-Ssn.
ezecntive adj, [also spelt execuHv'\ eg'zekQo-tiv, {anteriorly)
eg'zekgotiv.
executor n. rarely, an executer or doer; usually, a person
appointed to execute a will) eg'zekQo-tae, ek'sekQo-ta?.
ezecntriz n. female executor [plural executricesi eg'zekgo-
tjiks.
ezedent adj, (eating out; consuming) 'eksi-dnt.
ezedra n. portico; outdoor platform with steps [also spelt
exhedra; ploral exedrael 'eksi-dra, ek'sii-dra.
exegesis n. (explanation, interpretation, especially of Scrip-
ture) eksi'dsii-sis.
ezegete n. (expounder, interpreter) 'eksi-dsit.
ezegetic adj. (of exegesis) eksi'dsetik.
exemplar n. (example, model, type) eg'zempi-a?.
exemplary adj, (typical; model) eg'zempL3-?i, (anteriorly)
eg'zempta^i; (also) 'eksam-pi-eri, 'eg-zempL^-^I.
exemplify v. (serve as an example of) eg'zempLi-fai.
exempt adj. (free, clear, dispenst) eg'zempt.
exemption n. (freeing; freedom) eg'zemp^sn.
exequatur n. (recognition or authorization of an agent)
eksi'ktuee-ta?.
exeqny n. in the plural, funeral rights, obsequies; in the sin-
gular, funeral hymn [ploral exequies'] 'eksi-ktui.
exercisable adj. [also spelt exercisedble and, formerly, ex-
ercisiblel 'eksae-sai-za-bal.
exercise v. (put in action; employ, etc.) 'eks3?-saiz.
exergue n. (small space or inscription outside the main work
on a coin or medal) eg'zerrg, 'ek-serg.
exert v. (put forth, bring into action) eg'zBirt.
exertion n. (action of exerting or exercising; effort) eg-
'zB^San, eg'zBir-Jan.
'exeunt v. (they go out) 'eksi-Ant.
j ye, Q cure ; 5 the, 9 thin ; 3 axrure, 6$ joy ; S shoe, tj cheyv ;
wwAen; 13 sing; u wh<?ever, i react, o full, ouf<?ol, i it, \\^ee\
o poetic; 9 over ^ e aerial, Abut, o: doot^ :)oxvo, t\ie^, ^^^a\.^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 197
ex facie adv. (from the face; on the face; so far as appears
from the document itself) eks'fee-Ji-i: .
exhalation n. (action of exhaling; effluvium) eks-hs'lee-Ssn,
eksa'lee-San, egza'lee-San.
exkale v, (give forth in vapor; breath out) eks'heel; Qess
properly) egz'heel, eg'zcel.
exbalent adj„ n. eks'hee-tsnt.
exliaast v. (draw out ; use up ; empty) eg'zc:st.
exhaustible adj. eg'zc:-st9-b3}.
exhanstion n. eg'zc:s-t$9n, eg'zc:S-tS3n, eg'zc:s-tg3n.
exhaustive adj, [also spelt exhaustivl eg'zc:-stiv.
exhibit v., n. (show, display) eg'zibit.
exhibition n. (show, display, exposition) eksi'biSdn.
exhibitive adj, [also spelt exhibitivl eg'zibi-tiv.
exhibitor n. [also spelt exhibiterl eg'zibi-ta?.
exhibitory adj. eg'zIbI-t^^I ; (also) eg'zibita-ei, (assump-
tivly) eg'zibi-tari ; (rapidly) eg'zibi-tji.
exhilarate v, (cheer; enliven) eg'zi}9-?et.
exhort v. (urge, admonish) eg'zeiet, egz'herrt.
exhortation n. (act of exhorting; incitement) ekse^^tee-^an,
egzer'tee-San.
exhortative adj. [also spelt exhortativ"] eg'zeir-ta-tiv.
exhorter n. (one who exhorts) eg'ze:7-t37.
exhnme v. (dig out of the ground; unearth) eks'hgoum, eg-
'zjoum.
exigeant adj. (exacting) egzi'sei], eksi'ser).
exigence n. exigency [plural exigences'^ 'eksi-dsans.
exigency n. pressing need [ploral exigencies^ 'eksidssn-si.
exigible adj. (that may be exacted) 'eksidss-bsl.
exigvity n. (scantiness, littleness) eksi'gjou-i-ti.
exiguous adj. (scanty; small) eg'zigju-as, ek'sigju-as.
exile n. (banishment) 'ek-sail, 'eg-zail ; (formerly) eg'zai!.
exile n. (banisht person) 'ek-sail, 'eg-zail.
exile V. (banish) 'ek-sail, 'eg-zail ; (formerly) eg'zail.
exilian adj. (exilic) eg'ziH-sn, ek'sili-sn.
exilic adj, (of exile) cg'zihk, ek'sihk.
exility n. (shrunken condition; thinness; refinement) eg-
'zih-ti, ek'sili-ti.
exin&ious adj, (excellent; eminent) eg'zimi-ds.
exinanition n. (an emptying ; exhausted condition ; humili-
ation) egzina'niSan. eksina'nijan.
exist V. (having being; be; live) eg'zist; (improperly) ek-
'sist.
c: low, b: fur, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, qo now^ a*, a^, ^\VA,\.^\
lcngtb-in<jr/r (:) indicates that the preceding somu^ \s \e>xv^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the ioWo-w^x^^ s^>\?iJc\^«
198 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
ezistenoe n. (being, etc.) eg'zistns, eg'zistdns.
existential adj, (of existence) eksi'stent$9}, egzi'stent^s};
{in Britain) eksi'sten^d}, egzi'stenS?}.
ezistible adj. (that can exist) eg'zista-bd}.
exit n. (a going out) 'eksit; (improperly) 'egzit.
ezitial adj, obsolete (fatal; dangerous) eg'ziSs}.
ex libris n. from the books of [also spelt ex-librisl ekslai-
bris.
exogamy n. (marriage outside the clan) eks'egd-mi, ek'segs-
mi.
exogen n. (plant whose stem grows on the outside, in succes-
siv concentric layers) 'eksa-dsin.
exogenous adj, (growing on the outside; having the nature
of an exogen) eks'edsi-nss, ek'sedsi-nss.
exomis n. (tunic, chiton) ek'soo-mis.
exonerate v, (relieve; free from blame; exculpate) eg'zens-
zet.
exonerator n. (one who exonerates) eg'zen^-zttsz.
exoneretnr n. [in law, an order discharging the bail from
liability [synonymous cognate exoneraturl eg-zena'rii-tar.
exorable adj, (capable of being moved by entreaty) 'ekssrs-
bal.
exorbitant adj, (abnormal; grossly excessiv) eg'zeie-bi-tnt.
exorcism n. (action of exorcizing or expelling evil spirits by
conjurations, etc.) 'ekse^-sizam, eg'zoir-sizam.
exorcist n. 'eksoe-sist, eg'zeie-sist.
exorcize v. [also spelt exorcisel 'ekso^-saiz, eg'ze:r-saiz.
exordium n. beginning, proem, prelude, preface [ploral ex-
ordiums, exordial eg'z©:^-di-^m.
exoscnlate v. (kiss) eg'zeskgo-let.
ezosmose n. (exosmosis) 'ekses-mos, 'eksoz-mos.
exosmosis n. (passage of a fluid outward thru a membrane)
ekses'moo-sis, eksez'moo-sis.
exoteric n. (external; open; popular) ekss'te^ik.
exotic adj. (foreign) cgfzetik; (Jess properly) ek'setik.
expansible adj, (that can be expanded) ek'spxnsd-bdl.
expansile adj. that can be expanded; dilatable [also, some-
times, spelt expansill ek'spaensil, ek'spaen-sail.
expatiate v, (roam at large; speak at length; enlarge) ek-
'spee-Si-et.
expatriate v. (banish; leave one's nativ country) eks'pee-
tji-et, eks'paetji-et.
expede v. (send out) ek'spiid.
JJ^e, gcure; d the, Qthin; sasure, ds/oy; I shoe, t^ chew;
wwAen; tjsing; u whoever, i react, uiuu, \iMioo\, \\V ^v^ec;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o:doot, ootio, t\ic^, ^^^a\s.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 199
expedient adj, (advantageous; advisable) ek'spii-di-dnt.
expel V. drive or thrust out [present participle expelitng;
past participle and preterit expelled, expeld} ek'spel.
expense n. (money spent or paid out; disbursement; cost)
ek'spents, ek'spens.
experiment n. (tentativ procedure; test) ek'spe^i-nidnt.
experimentalise v. [also spelt experimentalise} ek-spezri-
'mentl-aiz.
expert adj, (experienced; skilful) ek'spoi^t, (assumptivly)
'ek-spB3t.
expert n. (skilful person; specialist) 'ek-spsrt, ek'spB:zt.
expirant n. (supposed breathing-organ in plants) ek'spai-
zrsnt.
expiration n. (breathing out; end, close) ekspd'ree-Ssn.
expiratory adj, of expiration [in phonetics, spelt also ex-
spiratory} ek'spai-?9-t3zi.
expiry n. (death; end) 'ckspa-ei, ek'spai-?i.
expli^n V, make plain ; interpret [past participle and preter-
it explained, explaind} ek'spLeen.
explanate adj. (spread out flat) 'ekspLS-net.
explanation n. ekspLd'nee-Ssn.
explanatory adj. (serving to explain) ek'sp^xna-tozi ; (also)
ek'spLxnstd-^i, (assumptivly) ek'spi^aena-tari.
expletive adj, serving to fill out; redundant [also spelt ex-
pletivl 'ekspti-tiv, ek'spi-ii-tiv.
explicable adj. (explainable) 'ekspLiks-bdl ; {improperly) ek-
'spz^ikd-bdl.
explicative adj, serving to explicate, unfold, or explain
[also spelt explicativl 'ekspti-ketiv.
explicatory adj. (explicativ) 'ekspi^ik^-tozi.
explicit V, (it is unrolled; finis) 'ek-spLisit.
explicit adj, (developt; definit; clear; express) ek'spLisit.
exploit V, (work; make capital out of) ek'spz.eit.
exploit n. (achievement; feat) 'ek-spz^eit, ek'spLeit.
explorative adj. of exploration; inclined to explore [also
spelt explorative ek'spLD:-23-tiv.
exploratory adj. (of exploration or searching) ek'spz^o:-??-
to^I, (assumptivly) ek'spLO-.-ra-tan ; {also) ek'spte^ata-ei.
explorator n. (explorer) 'ekspi.o-zet9z.
explosive adj. tending to explode, etc. [also spelt explosivl
ek'spi-oo-siv, ek'spLoo-ziv.
exponent n, (one who or that which explains; index) ek-
'spoo-nant; {improperly) 'ek-sponant, 'ekspa-nant.
c: low, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, go noiu, a,*. asV, ^\V.\\.^\
length-mark. (:) indicates that the preceding soun^ \^ \ati%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on th^ CoWo^itx^ s^\\a\>\e.*
200 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
ezponible adj. (that admits or requires explanation) ek'sp30-
ns-ba}.
export V, (send out or ship from one country to another)
eks'pDirt, ek'spo:^t; (less properly) 'ek-spoet.
export n. (exported article; exportation) 'ek-sport.
exporter n. ^ek-spozt^z, eks'po:r-t3r, ek'spoiz-tsz.
ezpos^ n. (recital of facts; exposure) ekspo'zee.
expository adj. (of exposition; explanatory) ek'spezi-toei.
expressible adj. capable of being exprest [also, formerly,
spelt expressablel ek'spsesa-bal.
exprobrate v. (obsolete) reproach, blame, condemn [syn-
onymous cognate exprobatel eks'psoo-beet, 'ekspsa-bzet.
expngnable adj. obsolete (that may be taken by force) ck-
'spgou-na-bal, ek'spAgna-bal,
expunge v. (strike out, erase, efface) ek'spAnds.
expurgate v, (purify; purge; expunge) 'eksp3?-get, ek'spe:?-
get.
expnrgator n. 'ekspar-getd?, ek'spB:7-get3?.
expnrgatory adj. (of expurgation) ek'spBir-ga-tori.
exquisite adj. choice, elaborate, intense [also spelt exquisitl
'ekskuji-zit, (assumptivly) 'ek-sktuizit ; (occasionally) ek-
'skiuizit.
exsert v. thrust forth; protrude [former synonymous cognate
e.rertl ek'sBi^t, eks'sext.
exsert adj. [former synonymous cognate exert} ek'sB:^t, eks-
'sB:^t. same meaning as exserted.
exserted adj. stretcht lorth; protruded; exsert [synonymous
cognate exerted"] ek'sBre-tid, eks'sBisr-tid.
exsiccant adj. (drying) ek'sikant.
exsiccate v. (dry) ek'siket, 'eksi-ket.
exsiooative adj. [also spelt exsiccativl ek'siks-tiv, eks'siks-
tiv, 'eksi-ketiv.
extant adj. (standing out; protruding; now being; still ex-:
isting) ek'stsent, 'ek-staent.
extemporization n. [also spelt extemporisation'] ek-stem-
pan'zee-Jan, ek-stempa-^ai'zee-San.
extemporize v. [also spelt extemporise] ek'stempa-^aiz.
extempore adv. (on the spur of the moment; offhand) ek-
'stempa-^i, eks'tempa-ri ; (improperly) ek'stempo?.
extendible adj, (capable of being extended ; extensible ; also,
subject to seizure under a writ of extent) ek'stenda-baJ.
extensible adj. (capable of being extended; extensil, pro-
trusil) ek'stensa-bal.
j\ve. gcure; dthe, Qthin; sa^ure, ds/oy; ^ shot, tjc/jew;
wwhen; ijsing; u whoever, i react, Diu\\, \iMioo\, \\t, it see;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial. Abut, o: door, ootio, «.>oc^, «.^^a\s.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 201
extension n. (action of extending; range) ek'sten^dn.
extent n. (valuation; seizure; size; scope) ek'stent.
extern adj, (outer, external) ek'stsi^n.
extinct adj. (put out; extinguisht; that has died out) ek-
'stiqkt, (sometimes, assumptivly) 'ek-stiqkt.
extirpate v. (root out, eradicate) 'ekstar-pet, ck'starpet.
extirpator n. 'ekst9?-pet37, ek'stsr-pets?.
extol V. raise aloft; praise; eulogize [present participle ex-
tolling ; past participle and preterit extolled, extoldl ek'stel,
ek'staoi.
extra adj., n,, adv. 'ekstja ; (dialectally) 'ckstji.
extract n. (essence, tincture; excerpt) 'ek-stsaekt
extract v. (draw out; pick out) ek'stsaekt.
extraditable adj. ekstssMai-td-bdl.
extradite v. (give up; deliver up) 'ekstja-dait.
extrados n. (outer or upper curve of an arch) ek'stgee-des.
extraordinary adj. (out of the ordinary; unusual, excep-
tional) ek'st jeir-dn-eei ; (less properly) eksti^'eiz-dn-ezi.
extravaganza n. (extravagant or fantastic composition; bur-
lesque) ek-st£aev3'gaenz3, ek-stjaeva'gaendza.
extravasate v. (let out; escape) ek'stsaeva-set.
extrorse adj. (turned outward) ek'stjei^s.
extmde v. (thrust out ; ex^el ; protrude) ek'stjoud.
exnberant adj, (prolific, overflowing, diffuse) eg'zjou-ba-
33nt, ek'sQou-b3-23nt, eg'sou-ba-^ant.
exndate n. (exude) 'eksgo-det, ek'sgou-det; (less properly)
'egzjo-det.
exudation n. an exuding [also, formerly, spelt exsudation"]
eksgo'dee-San.
exnde v. (ooze out) eg'zjoud, ek'sgoud.
exnlcerate v, (ulcerate; aggravate) eg'zAlsa-zret.
exnlt V, (rejoice; triumph) cg'zxlt; (improperly) ek'sAlt.
exultant adj. (exulting) eg'zAltnt.
exultation n. eksAl'tee-Ssn, egzAl'tee-$9n.
exultingly adv. cg'zAltir)-h.
exuviae n. pL (cast skins, etc.) eg'zjou-vi-i: , ek'scou-yi-i: .
exuviate v. (shed exuviae; mold) eg'zjou-vi-et, ek'sgou-vi-et.
eyas n. (young hawk; nias) 'ai-9s.
eye n. (organ of vision) ax.
eye v. fix the eye on ; view [present participle eying, eyeing ;
past participle and preterit eyed"] ai.
eyelet n. (small hole ; loophole ; small eye) 'ai-lat.
eye-'witness n. [also spelt eyewitness"] 'ai-witNis, ai'witNis.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, au now, a*, osk, %\V\\fc\
]engtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceding soutvd \^ \e>Tv^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the foWovjitis s^W^X^e*
202 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
eyot n. 'ee-9t. same meaning as ait.
eyra n. (wild cat, Felis eyra) 'ai-^a.
eyre n. (journey, circuit) e:z.
eyry n. [also spelt eyrie} 'ei-zi, 'ii-zi, 'ai-zi. same meaning
as aery.
f abif orm adj, (bean-shaped) 'fee-bi-fe:;m.
fabulist n. (one who relates fables) 'fsebjo-hst.
fabnlize v, invent fables, etc [also spelt fabulisel 'faebjo-
laiz.
facade n. (face ; principal front) f a'said, fae'sa:d, f se'seed.
facet n. little face [also spelt facette'\ 'fsesit.
facet V, cut facets on [present participle faceting, facetting;
past participle and preterit faceted, facetted"] 'faesit.
facetiae n. pi, (humorous sasrings ; witticisms) fs'sii-Si-i: •
facetious adj. (jocular; waggish) fa'sii-S^s.
facial adj. (of the face) 'fee-Sal, 'fee-Si-al.
facient n, (one who does anything; doer) 'fee-Jant, 'fee-Ji-
ant, 'feeS-jant.
facies n. aspect, appearance [ploral facies] 'fee-Si-i:z.
facile adj. easy; yielding; dextrous [also spelt facill 'faesil.
facility n. (ease; opportunity; dexterity) fa'sih-ti.
facsimile n. copy; counterpart [ploral facsimiles'] faek'simi-
h, (older) faek'simi-H.
factions adj. (given to faction; seditious) 'faekSds.
factitious adj. (got up; artificial) fxk'tiSds.
factory n. (trading-station; manufactory) 'faekta-n, (anteri-
orly) 'faektari, (rapidly) 'faektji.
f acnla n, bright spot on the sun [ploral faculael 'faek^o-la.
faeces n, pi. 'f li-siz. see feces.
faecnla n. 'fekgo-ld. see fecula.
faerie n. archaic [also spelt faery"} 'fee-a-ri, 'fe:-?i. same
meaning as fairy.
fagot n. bundle of sticks or twigs [also spelt faggot} 'faegat
Fabrenbeit adj. 'faeran-hait, 'fa:-?3n-hait.
faience n. pottery [also spelt fayence} fa'jeqs,
faikes n. rock [also spelt fakes} feeks.
faille n. (ribd silk) feeJ, 'fa:-i.
fain adj, (glad) feen.
faineancy n. (quality of being faineant; sloth) 'fee-ni-an-si.
faineant n. idler, loafer [also spelt faineant} fene'eq.
fj'e, gcure; d the, Q thin] jastLte, d-sjo^; ^sKo^, t^c^ew;
wwhen; T)sing\ u whoever, 1 react, \3iu\V ^m^ooV \'\V \\^ec\ *
o poetic; 9oveT, e aerial. Abut, o;dooT, ;>otio, t\icd, ^«i^o!«:\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 203
faint adj, (feeble, inclined to swoon) feent.
fair adj. (beautiful, favorable, honest) fe:?.
fair M. (market, sale, exhibition) ie:z,
fairy n,, adj. [also, sometimes, archaically spelt faerie, faeryi
'fc:-3i; {dialectally) ^itt-zi; (formerly) 'ice-^-zi.
faker n. (one who fakes; surf man who fakes the shot-lines
in a faking-box) 'fee-kar.
faker n. (thief; one who deals in fakes; street-vender;
theatrical hanger-on) 'fee-ka?.
fakir n. Mohammedan mendicant ; Hindu ascetic ; yogi [also
spelt fakeer, faquirl 'fee-ka?, fa'ki:?, ix'kiiz.
falcate adj, (like a sickle; hookt) 'fsel-ket.
falckion n. (sword) 'fc:}-tS3n, 'fc:l-$9n.
falcon n. (hawk, etc.) 'foksn, 'fcil-ksn, 'fa^ksn.
falconer n. (one who hunts with or trains falcons) 'fc:-k9-
n^z.
falconet n. (piece of ordnance; shrike) 'fc:-k3-n3t, 'fxlks-
nat, 'fc:l-k3-n3t.
faloonine adj, (like a falcon or hawk) 'faelks-nain, 'fselks-
nin.
falconry n. (hawking) 'fc:-k<3n-zri.
fall V. (drop, descend, etc.) fc:l, (when unstrest) fcl.
fallaoions adj. (containing a fallacy) fs'lee-^as.
fallacy n. (deceptivness ; error) 'faela-si.
fallal n. piece of finery ; trifling ornament ; affectation [also
spelt fal-lal] ixTlxl, falal.
fallen adj. (that has dropt; mind) 'fc:-lan, 'fc:-ln.
fallible adj, (liable to err; unreliable) 'faeld-bsl, (anteriorly)
'faelabal.
fallomr n. (uncropt ground, etc.) 'faelo.
false adj, (erroneous; deceitful; spurious) fcrls, fcilts; fels.
falsetto n. (forced voice; head voice) fcl'seto.
familiar adj. (of one's family; intimate; well-known; free)
fa'miHar.
familiarity n. fa-mirjaeri-ti, fa-miU'a^i-ti.
familiarization n. [also spelt familiarisation'] fs-milid^i-
'zee-Jan, fa-miHa-rai'zee-San.
familiarize v. [also spelt familiarise] fa'miHd-^aiz.
family n. (household-group; kindred) 'faemi-li, (anteriorly)
'faemih, (rapidly) 'faemh.
famine n. scarcity of food; hunger; starvation [also spelt
famin] 'faemin.
fanatic n. (unreasoning enthusiast; visionary) fa'naetik.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao now, ^^ ask, ^^V.\\fc%
lengtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceditv^ somtv^ \^ \^xv^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress oti t\ie io\\o^\x^^ «^3>\?;!^^
204 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
f anatioize v. render fanatic ; act as a fanatic [also spelt fa-
naticise'i fa'naeti-saiz.
fanaticism n. (excessiv enthusiasm) fs'nseti-sizdm.
fancy n. (imagination; notion; liking) 'faensi, 'faentsi.
fandango n. dance, tune, ball [ploral fandangos'^ faen'dxi]-
go, faen'daeq-go.
fane n. (temple) feen.
fanfare n. (flourish, call, tune) 'faen-fe:?, faen'ferzr.
fanfaronade n. brag; ostentation [also spelt fanfaronnadel
faenfara'need, faenfae^a'need.
fantasia n. (fanciful composition) faentd'zii-s, fxn'ta:-zi-3.
fantasied adj. fanciful [also spelt phantasied] 'fxntd-sid.
fantassin n. (heavy-armd foot-soldier) 'faenta-sin.
fantast n. visionary [also spelt phantast"} 'faen-taest.
fantastic adj. fanciful; capricious [also spelt phantastici
faen'taestik.
fantasy n. imagination ; whimsical notion ; caprice [also
spelt phantasy; ploral fantasies'] 'faenta-si.
fantoccini n,pL (puppets) faente'tSii-ni.
f aqnir n. 'f ee-ka?. see fakir,
far adv. at or to a great distance ; largely ; widely [compara-
tiv farther, further; superlativ farthest, furthest] ia:z,
(when unstrest) far; {dialectally) fe:?.
farad n. (electric capacity-unit) 'fae-zraed, 'fae^ad.
Faradaic adj, (of the English physicist Michael Faraday)
fae?3'dee-ik.
faradic adj. (of inductiv electricity) fa'^aedik.
fare n. (price of passage) fe:?.
faremrell adj. (of a farewell; good-by) fei^'wel, (assumptiv-
ly) 'fe:?-weJ.
far-fetched adj. brought from afar; straind [also spelt far-
fetcht] fair'fetSt, (assumptivly) 'fa:r-fetSt.
farina n. (starch, fecula; pollen) fsVai-ns.
farina n. (a granular preparation of white maize, finer than
hominy) fa'^ii-na.
farinaceons adj. (of flour; starchy; mealy) fae^i'nee-Sos.
farinose adj. (yielding farina; starchy; floury) fae^i'noos,
(assumptivly) 'fae^i-nos.
farmstead n. [also spelt farmstedl 'for^m-sted.
faro n. card-game [also spelt pharaoh, pharoah, pharo] 'izi-
zOy 'fe:-?o.
f ar-of f a(f/. fa:^'e:f, (assumptivly) 'fa:?-e:f.
farrago n. (medley; hodgepodge) fa'^ee-go, fa'^ee-go.
J ye, pcure; bthe, Q thin; $ azure, d^/oy; ^ shoe, tSr/tew;
wze/Aen; 13 sing; u wh<7ever, i react, oiuU, oMiool, itt, lis^^;
o poetic; oover, e aerial. Abut, o: door, 00 no, t,>ac^, t.e^^a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 205
farrier n. (one who shoes horses) 'ixzi-sz.
farther adv, (comparativ of far) 'iaiz-d^z; {dialectally) 'fa:-
da^. see far.
fartltingale n. (hoopt petticoat) 'fa:7-din-gee}, 'fa:7-dio-gceL
fasces n. (ploral of fascis) 'fx-siz.
fasoet n. (rod used in glass-making; also, faucet) 'fxsit.
fascia n. band [ploral fasciae and, in architectural senses,
also fascias] 'faeja, 'faeji-a, 'faeSja.
fasciflil adj. (of the Roman fasces) 'faeSal, 'faeSi-al.
fasciation n. (binding with fasciae; fascia) fae$i'ee-$3n.
fascicle n. (bunch, bundle, cluster) 'fsesi-kal.
fasoinatioii n. (enchantment) fsesi'nee-^an.
fascine n. (fagot) fa'siin.
fascis n. bundle [plural fascesl 'fsesis.
fasldonable adj. (conformable to fashion; stylish) 'fae^dnd-
bal, (assumptivly) 'faeSa-nabal ; (rapidly) 'faeSNa-bal, {assump-
tivly) 'faeSNsbaJ.
fast adj. (firm; rapid) fa:st, fa:st, f£:st.
fasten v. make fast; fix [past participle and preterit fas-
tened, fastendl 'fa:-s3n, 'fa:-san, 'fae:-s3n.
fastener n. (one who or that which fastens) 'fa:-s9-n97, 'fa:-
SN3?.
fastening n. 'fa:-s3-nir), 'fa:-sNii].
fastidious adj. (squeamish; over-nice) faes'tidi-as.
fata Morgana n. (mirage) fa:-t9-me?'ga:-n9.
fatal adj. (like fate ; fateful ; deadly) 'fee-tl, 'fee-tal.
fate n. (destiny) feet.
father n. (male parent) 'fa-.-dar; (dialectally) 'fai-dar.
fatig^ne n. (weariness) fa'tiig.
fatnity n. (folly) fa'tgou-i-ti.
fatnons adj, (foolish; idiotic) 'faetju-as, 'faetQu-as.
fanbonrg n. (suburb) 'foo-bo^g, 'foo-bo?.
f ances n. pi. (throat, gullet) 'fc:-siz. compare faux.
faucet n. barrel-tap; stop-cock; spigot [dialectal synony-
mous cognates fascet, fossetl 'fc:-sit; (dialectally) 'faesit,
'fesit.
fangh inter j. (expressing disgust) fc: .
fanlt n. (defect; error; culpability; break) fc:lt; (dialectal-
ly) felt.
fann n. (rural deity) fc:n.
fanna n. the total of the animal life of a region or period
[ploral faunae, faunas'^ 'fc:-na.
fanx n. (singular of fauces) fc:ks. same meaning as fauces.
c: law, b: f wr, ae cat, o hot, oi hoy ; a: far, ao now, a. osk, ^\V\\.^^
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound \^ \^W\
stress-mark () indicates chief stress on the foWovjiiis s^\\^\iVv^
206 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
f anx pas n. (false step, mistake) fo'po: .
favor n. good will ; etc. [also spelt favourl 'fce-v^r.
favorable adj, [also spelt favourable] 'fee-vssa-b^, (rapidly)
'fee-vra-bal.
favorite n., adj. [also spelt favourite, favorit] 'f ce-va-eit,
(anteriorly) 'fee-varit, (rapidly) 'fce-v?it.
faDTn t/. show fondness; cringe [past participle and preterit
fawned, fawndl fc:n.
faDTn n, (young deer) fc:n.
fay n. (fairy, elf) fee.
fay n. (faith, religious belief) fee.
fay n. surface-cleanings from soil; dross [also spelt feigh,
feagh, fee, feyl fee.
fay v. (fit; fill up; suit) fee.
fay V, (local) clean out, as a ditch ; clean ; winnow [also spelt
f^y* feigh and, formerly, feel fee.
fayalite n. (mineral) 'fee-a-lait, 'fai-3-lait, fai'a:-lait.
faze V. disturb [also spelt phase] feez.
fealty n. (fidelity to a lord; loyalty) 'fii-al-ti.
fear n. (alarm, etc.) fi:?, fia.
feasible adj. (practicable) 'fii-za-bal.
feat n. (exploit) fiit.
featber n. plume, etc. [also spelt f ether] 'fcda?.
febrifugal adj. fi'b^ifio-gal, 'febri-fiugal, febri'fioti-gd!.
febrifuge n. (medicin that reduces fever) 'feb^i-fiuds.
febrile adj. of fever [also spelt febril] 'fii-b?il, 'febril.
February n. (month) '{ehzu-tzi; (also) 'febru-a-ri, (anterior-
ly) 'ichzu-^zi; (also, erroneously) 'febju-e?i, 'febu-8?i.
f eoal adj. of feces [also spelt faecal] 'fii-kal.
feces «. pi. sediment ; excrement [also spelt faeces] 'f li-siz.
fecit V, ( . . . made it : an expression used after the artist's
signature on works of art) 'fii-sit.
fecnla n. starch [also spelt faecula; ploral feculae] 'fekgo-la.
feonlenoe n. foulness [also, formerly, spelt feculance] 'fe-
kgo-lans.
fecnnd adj. (prolific; fertil) 'fe-kxnd, 'fii-kAnd, fi'kAnd.
fecundate v. (render fruitful; impregnate) 'fekan-det, 'fii-
kan-det, fi'kAndet.
f ecnndation n. fekan'dee-Ssn, fikdn'dee-Jdn.
federalization n. [also spelt federalisation] fedd-rsli'zee-
San, (rapidly) fedrah'zee-San ; (also) fedazra-lai'zee-San.
f ederiUize v. [also spelt federalise] 'feddrs-laiz.
feet n. (ploral of foot) fiit.
} ye, pcure; d f/»e, 8 */iin;^ 3 axrure, dsf'oy; ^ sho^, tScfcew;
wwhen; rising', u whoever, i react, xiiuu, \iMioo\, T\t, lisee;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, ;>: doot, 00 no, «.\ie^, tt^oJ«:\
#
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 207
reign. V, invent, simulate [past participle and preterit feigned,
feigndl feen.
feignedly adv, 'fee-ni-dh.
feint adj, counterfeit, feigned [also, but rarely now, spelt
fainf] feent.
feldspar n. mineral [also, sometimes, spelt felspar] 'fe!-
spa:?, 'feld-spa:?.
felicity n. (happiness, bliss) fi'hsi-ti.
feline adj. (of cats; cat-like) 'fii-lain, {rarely) 'fii-hn.
fellah n. peasant [plural fellahs, fellaheen! 'fela.
feller n, (one who or that which fells) 'felae. *
felloe n, [ploral felloes] 'feb. same meaning as felly,
fellomr n. (comrade; person) 'fclo; (dialectally and vulgarly)
'fela.
felly n. the rim of a wheel [synonymous cognate felloe ; plor-
al fellies'! 'feh.
female adj, (of the sex which bears offspring; of women)
'fii-meel, {when less strest) 'f li-mel.
femerel n. lantern, louvre, or dome over a kitchen [also
spelt femerell; synonymous cognate fumerelll 'fema-^al.
femineity n. (female nature; feminality) fcmi'nii-i-ti.
feminine adj. female, etc.; womanly [also, sometimes, spelt
feminin} 'femi-nin; {less properly) 'femi-nain.
femoral adj, (of the femur or thigh) 'fema-ral; {improperly)
'fii-m3-?3l.
femnr n, thigh-bone [ploral femurs, femoral 'fii-ma?.
fence n. fents, fens.
f enoible adj, capable of making defense ; strong ; belonging
to the corps called fencibles [also, formerly, spelt fensible,
fensablej 'fensa-bal.
Fenian n. one of the warriors or champions of Ireland in
the time of Finn [also, sometimes, spelt Fennian ; synony-
mous cognate Finniani 'fii-ni-an, 'feni-an; (member of the
brotherhood founded in New York in 1857) 'fii-ni-an.
fennec n, African fox [also spelt fennels'] 'fenik.
fennel n. (plant) 'fenl.
fenugreek n. plant [also spelt foenugreek ; synonymous cog-
nate fenugreek] 'fenjo-g^iik.
feod n, fgoud. see feud.
feoff V. invest with a fief, fee, or feud; enfeoff; present [al-
so, formerly, spelt feff] fef, fiif. compare fief, n.
feoffee n. (person who is enfeoft) fe'fii.
feoffer n. one who enfeoffs [also spelt feoffor] 'fefa?.
c: law, b: iur, x cat, &hot, ei hoy ; a: far, qo now, a,*, a^, «l\\?a\s.\
lengtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceding somtv^ \^ \^xv^*.
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the io\\o^\T^^ s^>\iJ^'
208 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
feoffment n. (action of feoffing or enfeoffing) 'fefMant.
ferine adj, (of wild animals; beast-like) 'fi:-rain, 'fi:-rin.
ferison ». (mood of the third figure of syllogism) fs'^ai-sen,
fa'eai-san.
ferment n. (leaven, yeast) 'feir-ment, 'ferr-mant.
ferment v. (undergo fermentation; foment) fee'ment.
fermentative adj. [also spelt fermentativl fee'menta-tiv.
ferocity n. (fierceness) fi'resi-ti.
ferret n. (polecat) 'ferit.
ferret n. (stout tape) 'ferit.
ferriage n. action of ferrying; conveyance over a ferry [al-
so spelt ferry age'i 'feei-ids; (improperly) 'fe^ids.
ferrier n. ferryman [also spelt ferryerl 'fe^i-ar.
ferrooyanide n. salt [also, sometimes, spelt ferrocyanidi fe-
ro'sai-3-naid, feeo'sai-a-nid.
fermle n. ring or cap of metal [also spelt ferule and. for-
merly, ferrel, ferril} 'fe^al, 'fe^il, 'fe-^ul, 'fer-jul.
fertile adj\ fruitful, prolific [also, sometimes, spelt fertill
'faetil, (assumpHvly) 'fertl; (also, in Britain) 'fs^-tail.
fertileness n. [also, sometimes, spelt fertilnessl 'feertl-nis,
'fsetil-nis, 'fee-tail-nis.
fertility n. (fertilness) foe'tih-ti.
fertilization n. [also spelt fertilisation'^ fa^tl-i'zee-Jan, fe?-
tih'zee-San, fazrti-lai'zee-San.
fertilize v. [also spelt fertilised 'fortl-aiz, 'fe^ti-laiz.
fertilizer n. [also spelt fertiliserl 'fe^tl-ai-zar, 'fs^ti-lai-zazr,
femle n. cane, rod, ruler [also, formerly, spelt ferrule"}
'feeul, 'feril, 'fer-jul.
fervor n. intense heat ; warmth ; glow ; zeal [also spelt fer-
vourl 'fsi^-var.
/ fesone n. pointer [also spelt fesque and, formerly, feskue,
fescul 'fe-skgu.
fesse n. banded ordinary, a bearing [also spelt fess"] fes.
fetal adj, of a fetus [also spelt foetal"] 'fii-tl.
fetch V. bring; go and bring [past participle and preterit
fetched, fetchtl fetj.
fdte n. (feast, holiday) feet.
fetial adj, of the fetiales; heraldric ambassadorial [also
spelt fecial"] 'fii-Jal.
fetiales n,pl, (college of priests in ancient Rome) fiSi'ee-Hz.
feticide n. the action of destroying a fetus or causing
abortion [also spelt foeticide] 'fii-ti-said, 'feti-said.
fetid adj. stinking [also spelt foetid] 'fii-tid, 'fetid.
/j^e, ^cure; dthe, 0 thin; 3 asure, d^ioy; ^ shoe, t^cheyr;
wzc'/ien; x)sing; u wh<7ever, i react, ^siuu, \3Mioo\, \\\., t\scc\
o poetic; ^ over, e aerial. Abut, o: door, ootvo, t\ic^> ^t^oX^*,
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 209
teHmh n. object of awe or blind devotion [also spelt fetich,
fetiche} 'fii-tij, 'fetij.
f etisl&eer n. sorcerer [synonymous cognate fetisher, fetisseri
fiti'Si:?, feti'Ji:?.
fetishism n. [also spelt fetichistn\ 'fii-ti-$izam, 'feti-Sizsni.
fetisUst n. [also spelt fetichist} 'fii-ti-Sist, 'feti-Sist.
fetisliistic adj, (of fetishism) fiti'Jistik, feti'$istik.
fetor n. stench [also spelt foetor} 'fii-tae, 'fii-tDZ.
fetns n. young animal in the womb; embryo [also spelt foe-
tus; ploral fetuses'} 'fii-tds.
fen n. feudal land-tenure; holding; fief [also, formerly,
spelt few\ fiou.
f euar n. one who holds land upon feu [also spelt feur, fewar
and, formerly, feuer} 'fiou-ae.
fend n. (bitter and lasting mutual hostility) fioud.
fend n. fee, fief [also spelt feod} fioud.
f endalism n. 'fiou-dl-izam, 'fiou-da-lizdm.
fendalisation n. [also spelt feudalisationi fiudl-i'zee-Jan,
fiudl-ai'z^-Jsn.
fendalixe v. [also spelt feudalise! 'fiou-dl-aiz.
f endary n. feudal tenant ; vassal ; servant [also spelt feo-
daryl 'fiou-da-ri.
f enilleton n. (the bottom part of a newspaper, ruled off and
devoted to serial stories, criticisms, etc.) fei-i'toq, fBl'toq,
'fei-lia-toq.
f everf eur n. plant [also spelt feverfuel 'f ii-vD2-fiu,
f enr adj, (not many) fiou, {when unstrest) fiu.
f eivmet n. see futnet.
fey adj. fated to die ; doomd ; dying [also spelt fay\ fee.
fez n. Turkish skull-cap [ploral fezzes} fez.
fianc6 n. (man or youth who is betrotht) fi-ei]'see.
fiancee n. (woman or girl who is betrotht) fi-eq'see.
fiasco n. (flask; ignominious failure) fi'a:-sk3, fi'sesk3.
fiat n. (command ; order) 'f ai-at, 'f ai-aet.
fiber n. filament [also spelt fibre} 'fai-ba?.
fibriform adj, (formd like a fiber; thread-like) 'fai-bzi-
fo:rm.
fibril n. (small fiber) 'fai-b^il; {improperly) 'fibnl.
fibrilla n. fibril [ploral fibrillaej fai'b^ila.
fibrillar adj. (of the nature of a fibrilla) 'fai-bnlajr.
fibrillary adj, (fibrillar) 'f ai-b^i-leri ; {less properly) 'fibri-
lezi.
fibrillate v, (having fibrillae) 'fai-bri-let.
c: law, b: fur, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a; ask, ^\\sa\s.\
length-mart (:) indicates that the preceding soMxvd. \^ \^^^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the ieWo-wixi^ «fCv?i5^^«
210 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
fibrillose adj, coverd with or composed of fibrils [also spelt
fibrilosel fai-bei'loos, (assutnptivly) 'fai-bei-los.
fibrilloufl adj. (full of fibrils) 'f ai-b^i-las ; (less properly)
fai'bnlds, fi'brilas, 'fibzi-las.
fibrin n. (nitrogenous substance) 'fai-b?in.
fibrine adj, fiber-like [also, sometimes, spelt fibrini 'fai-
brin, 'fai-b^ain.
fibrinosen n. (proteid) 'f ai-beina-dsen ; (improperly) fai-
'b^ina-dsen.
fibrinous adj. (full of fibrin) 'fai-bzi-nas, (less often) 'fi-
bri-nas.
fichn n. (triangular piece of fabric worn by women on the
neck, throat, and shoulders) 'fi-Ju, fi'Jou.
fico n. (fig) 'fii-ko.
fictile adj. plastic [also, sometimes, spelt ficHl\ 'fiktil, {as-
sumptivly) 'fiktl.
fiddler n. (one who plays on the fiddle) 'fidla?, 'fidl-oe.
fidelity n. (faithfulness, loyalty) fai'deh-ti, fi'deh-ti.
fidget n. (condition of spasmodic movement) 'fidjit.
fidncial adj. (of trust) fi'djou-Sal, fai'djou-Si-al.
fiduciary adj. (in trust; of trusteeship) fi'djou-Si-C2i, fai-
'djou-Si-a-ri, fi'djou-Ja-ri.
fie inter j. [also spelt fy, fyel fai.
fief n. (feoff, fee, feud) fiif. compare feoff, v.
fieldfare n. (bird) 'fiild-fe:r.
fiery adj. (of fire) 'fai-a-zi, 'iai-zi; (also, often) 'faia-^i.
fife n. flute-like instrument [ploral fifes} faif.
fifteen adj.,n. fif'tiin, (anteriorly; by contrast) 'fif-tin.
fig^nline adj. made by a potter; plastic [also, sometimes,
spelt figulini 'figjo-hn, 'figjo-lain.
fig^nre n. (form; image; numeral) 'figja^; (in Britain, often-
er) 'figs?.
fig^nre v. (depict; imagin; use figures) 'figj'a?, 'figar.
fig^nrine n. (small figure or image) figjo'riin.
Fijian adj. of Fiji [also spelt Feejeeani 'fii-dsi-an, fi'dsii-an.
filacer n. officer [synonymous cognates fyliser, filaserl
'fila-sa?.
filament n, (thread-like body; fiber) 'fila-mant.
filander n, wallaby, a short-taild kangaroo [also spelt phi-
landerl filaendar. compare philander.
filander n. membrane scraped from gut in making catgut
[also spelt filandrel fi'laenda?.
filander v. filaenda?. see philander.
J ye, gcure; d the, GMin; samre, d$joy; I shoe, tlchew;
wwhen; i)sing; u wh^^ever, i react, oiu\\, uMiool, itt, lisee;
o poetic; d over, e aerial. Abut, o; door, ;>oivo, t>Qc^» ^^^cJ«,\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 211
filanders n. worms; disease [former synonymous cognate
felandersl fi'isenddrz.
filch V. steal; pilfer; rob [past participle and preterit filched,
filcht'i filtj, (also, and in Britain normally) filj.
filet n. (thread-like part or thin line in a design; fillet) fi-
'lee.
filial adj. (of a son or daughter) 'fili-dl, 'filidt
filibeg n. kilt [also spelt fillibeg, philibeg, phillibegl 'fili-
beg.
filigree n. tracery-work in metal [also spelt filligree ; synon-
ymous cognate fillagreel 'fih-g^i.
Filipino n. nativ of the Philippine Islands [ploral Filipinos^
fih'pii-no.
fillet n. (head-band; strip; roll, as of meat; molding) 'fiht.
fillip n. finger-jerk; stroke; stimulus [also, formerly, spelt
/i7i>] 'fihp.
fillip V. to strike as by a fillip [also, formerly, spelt filip\
past participle and preterit filliped, fillipi\ 'fihp.
fillipeen n. fih'piin. see philopena.
film n. (thin skin; fine thread) film; {vulgarly) 'filam.
filoplnnie n. (thread-feather) 'fai-19-pz.oum.
filose adj, (ending in a thread) fai'bos, (assumptivly) 'fai-
los.
f iloielle n. ferret or floss-silk ; grogam yarn [also spelt filo-
sel, filoselll fila'zel, 'fila-sel, fai-la'zel.
filter n. liquid-purifying device [also spelt filtrel 'filtae.
filum n. thread, filament [ploral filal 'fai-ldm.
fin n. (swimming-organ) fin.
finable adj. [also spelt fineablel 'fai-nd-bdl.
final adj. (ultimate; conclusiv) 'fai-nal, 'fai-nl.
finale n. (last part or scene) fi'na:-li.
finance n. (management of money, etc.) fi'naens, 'fai-naens,
fai'naens; (also) fi'naents, etc.
finance v. (conduct financial operations; furnish capital for)
fi'naens, fai'naens; (also) fi'naents, etc.
financial adj. (of finance) fi'nsen^al, fai'naenSsl.
financier n. (one skild in finance) fai-nsn'si:?, finsn'si:?,
(in Britain, oftener) fi'naensi-ar.
financier v. act as a financier; furnish capital for [also
spelt f inane eer'i finan'si:?, fai-nan'si:?.
finch n. (bird) fintS, (in Britain) fin J.
fineiie n. (delicacy; skill; artifis; trick) fi'nes, fi'nes.
fing^go n. (climbing shrub) 'fiqg^i-go, fiq'g^igo.
c: law, b: f«r, a; cat, e h^t, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, a*, ask, a\V.\\^e.\
\BTjgth-mark (:) indicates that the preceding soun\ \s \©ti%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the ioUoviintS s^\\«^A.!ei
212 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
finicking adj. fastidious; mincing; also, paltry [also spelt
finnicking; synonymous cognates finikin, finnikini 'fini-kii].
finii n. (the end ; conclusion) 'fai-nis.
finite adj, (bounded; limitec^ 'fai-nait.
Finn n. Finlander [also spelt Fin} fin.
finnan n. finnan-haddock [also spelt finnon ; synonymous
cognates findhorn, findram, fintrum, findoni 'finan.
finooliio n. (fennel) fi'nok-i-o, fi'nDo-ki-o; (improperly) fi-
'noo-tji-o.
fiorin n. (white or marsh bentgrass) 'fai-a-zin.
fiorite n. (sinter) 'fgoi-rait, 'fai-3-rait.
fir n. (tree) fa:?.
f irk V. drive, force [also spelt ferki {s'.zk.
firkin n. (small cask) 'farkin.
firmament n. (vault of heaven; the heavens) 'fair-md-mdnt.
fimian n. decree, edict [ploral firmans} 'fair-man.
fiic «. treasiiry [also, in Scottish law, spelt fisk} fisk.
fiscal adj. (of the fisc or treasury) 'fiskdh
fish n. [ploral fishes] collectivly, fish] fij.
fissile adj. cleavable [also spelt fissil} 'iisiX.
fissle V. russle; whistle; fidget [also spelt fistle} 'fisal.
f issura n. fissure ; cleft ; sulcus [ploral fissurae} f I'sgoi-^a.
fissural adj. (of a fissure) 'fiSjo-eah
fissure n. (cleft, rift) 'fija?.
fistula n. (pipe-like ulcer; pipe; wine-tube) 'fistSo-la, 'fiStJo-
la, 'fistgo-la.
fixed adj. placed firmly; fast; firm; stable [also spelt fixt}
fikst.
fixedly adv. (in a fixt manner) 'fiksi-dh.
fixedness n. (state of being fixt) 'fiksi-dnis.
fizgig n. frivolous woman; squib; gimcrack [also spelt fis2-
gig, fisgigl 'fizgig.
fizz V. hiss; splutter [also spelt fijs; past participle and pret- ^
erit fizzed, fizd} fiz.
fjord n. arm of the sea between cliffs [also spelt fiord, fyord}
iqeizd, {qo'.zd, fi'eizd.
flaccid adj. (limp; flabby; drooping) 'fLaeksid; (erroneously)
'fLaesid.
flagellant n. (one who whips or scourges himself for re-
ligious disciplin) 'fLaedsi-lant, fLa'dselant.
flagellate v. (scourge, whip) 'ftaedsi-let.
flageolet n. wind-instrument [also spelt flagelet} 'fLsedsa-
let, ftaedsa'let; (improperly) 'ftaedsi-a-let.
jjfe, g cure; d the, 9 th\n\^ 3 axrure, ds /oy ; S shoe, tj c/tew;
wze/Aen; ijsinff; u whoever, i react, Diu\\, \jMiool, itt, lisee;
o poetic; 9 oyer , e aerial^ Abut, o;doot, 00 no, ^>ae^^ ^^^a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 213
flagitioas adj, (criminal; wicked) fz^a'dsiSss.
flagon n. large bottle or vessel [also, formerly, spelt fl<ig-
gon\ 'fz^gdn.
flae^rant adj, (blazing; raging) 'fz.ee-gz9nt.
flagitaff n. (flagpole) 'fLxg-sta:f.
flambean n. torch [ploral flambeauxl 'fz^m-bo.
flamboyant adj. (flaming; wavy; showy) fz^m'bei-9nt.
flamingo n. bird [ploral flamingos, flamingoes} ii^'mit)go.
flanoh n. flange [synonymous cognates f launch, flanquel
fLaintS, fLQintS, fz^:ntS; (in Britain) it.B'.nl, fLa:n$, iu^-.n^,
flannel n. (woolen stuff) 'f ^aendl, 'f ^aenh
flask n. (powder-flask; bottle; frame) f^aisk, fz.a:sk, fz^:sk.
flasque n. (flanch-like bearing) fz.a:sk.
flat-iron n. (sad-iron, iron) 'fz.aet-ai-97n.
flatulent adj. (windy; puft up; vain) 'ftaetSo-tent, 'fi^tQo-
Idnt.
flannt v. wave smartly; display [former synonymous cog-
nate flantl fLc:nt, fz^amt, fz.a:nt.
flavor n. smell, fragrance; quality of taste; savor [also spelt
flavour"] 'fiee-vae.
flay V. skin ; excoriate ; strip ; plunder [past participle and
preterit flayed, flaydl fLee.
flay V. put to flight ; frighten [also spelt fley ; past participle
and preterit flayed, flaid, flaydl fi^e.
flea n. (insect) fz^ii.
fledgling n. young bird just fledged -[also spelt fledgeling"]
'ftedshq,
flee V. (run away) fui.
fleeceable adj. (that may be fleeced; cheatable) 'fLii-sd-bdl.
flench V, cut up the fat of ; skin [synonymous cognates flinch,
flense, flence, flinse] fz^entS, (in Britain) fz.enS.
fleur-de-lis n. iris [also, formerly, spelt fleur-de-lys; syn-
onymous Qognate flower-de-luce; ploral fleurs-de-lis] {i.b:z-
di'hi, (often, especially anteriorly) 'ftei^-di-li, 'iL.B:z-dl-i.
fleur V. (preterit of fly) fz^ou.
flexible adj. (pliable; pliant) 'fz^eksa-bdl.
flexile adj, flexible, pliant; mobile [also spelt flexil] 'fz.ek-
siX.
flexion n. bending, curvature [also, except in the physiolog-
ic sense, spelt flection] 'fz.ekS3n.
flexuose adj» (flexuous, winding) fz.ekSu'3os, (assumptivly)
'fz.ekSu-os; (also) fz-eksQu'oos, (assumptivly) 'fz.eksgu-os.
flibbertigibbet n. (imp; flighty person) 'fz,ib97ti-d3ibit.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, o hot, oi hoy; a: for, aa now, a\ asVi, ^\V.\\s.\
length-niorlr (:) indicates that the precedinc sound \^ \«knVt
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress qix the foWoviixi^ «^>\aXJ^t^
214 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
flier n. see flyer.
flight n. (action of flying; series of stairs) fz^ait.
flight n. (action of fleeing; hasty departure) f^ait.
flimiy adj, (frail; paltry) 'fz^imzi; (dialectally) 'fi.imsi,
'ftimpsi.
flinch V. (give way; shrink; wince) ftintS, (also, and in
Britain normally) ftinj.
flippant adj, (talkativ and forward) 'fz^ipsnt.
flitch n. (side of bacon; halibut steak; plank, slab) fz.itS.
floatage n. action of floating ; flotsam ; floating vessels col-
lectivly; buoyancy; that part of a ship above the water-line
[also spelt flotage) 'ftoo-tids.
flocci n. (ploral of floccus) 'fz.ek-sai.
floocose adj. fte'koos, (assumptivly) 'fte-kos.
floccnlose adj, ftekgoloos, (assumptivly) 'ftokgo-los.
floccuB n. flock, tuft [ploral flocci"] 'fz.ek9s.
floe n. (sheet of floating ice ; ice-floe) f ldo.
flookan n. cross-course of clay [also spelt flucan; synony-
mous cognate flooking"] 'ftou-kan.
floor n. fiLo:?, fz.39.
flora n. the total of the plant life of a region or period [plor-
al florae, floras'! 'fiLo:-?3.
floral adj. (of a flower or flowers ; of a flora) 'fi-o:-ral ; (in^-
properly) 'ftezal.
Florentine adj. (of Florence, Italy) 'fteran-tin, 'fi-e^Dn-tin,
'fte^an-tain.
floreicence n. (flowering; flowers collectivly) fz^d'^esdns,
fto'eesans.
floret n. (little flower; floweret) 'fLo:-rit.
floriated adj. decorated with floral ornament [also spelt
floreated} 'fto:-?i-etid.
floriculture n. 'fte^i-kAltSar, 'f to-.-^i-kAltSa^ ; {i.ezi^Alti;9z,
florid adj. (flowery; rosy; blooming) 'fte^id; (improperly)
'ftDi-^id.
floridity n. (floridness) fta'ridi-ti, fte'^idi-ti, ftD'ridi-ti.
florin n. (gold coin) 'fLo^in; (improperly) 'fto:-?in.
floriit n. (flower-grower, flower-dealer) 'ftezist, 'fiLD:-?ist.
floM n. (floss-silk; stuff) fteis, (rarely) ftes.
flotation n. action of floating [also spelt floatation"! flo'tee-
San.
flotsam n. floating wreckage [also, formerly, ispelt flotsam,
flotsom, flotsome, flotsum; synonymous cognate flotson!
'fiLotsam.
/yc, gcure; d Me, 0 Min ; 3 ajsrure, dj/oy; ^shoe, tjc/iew;
wwlien; tjsing; u whoever, i react, iiiuu, \jMioo\, iit, lis^^;
o poetic; o ov^r, e aerial^ Abut, o;doot, ;iotio, ^\>e^, ^.^w,cJ«.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 215
flour n. (fine meal ; powder) flaoz,
flo'W n« (streaming; current) fi^o.
flourer n, (blossom) 'fLOU-dz, (often) 'fz.ao7.
flue n. fishing-net, flue-net [also spelt flewl fz^ou.
flue n. flocculent substance, as down; fluff [also spelt flew}
flue n. (a duct, as in a chimney) fz.ou.
flue n. (the fluke of an anchor or harpoon) fz^ou.
fluency n. (easy flow ; readiness of utterance) 'fz.ou-9n-si.
fluid adj, (flowing; liquid or gaseous) 'fz^ou-id.
fluke n. flatfish ; worm [also spelt flook} fz.uuk.
fluke n. (triangular plate on the arm of an anchor; barbd
head) fz.ouk.
flume n. (artificial water-channel; ravine with a stream in
it) ftoum.
flunky n. male servant in livery [also spelt flunkey; plural
flunkies, flunkeysl 'fi.Ai]ki.
fluoreicenie n. (self-luminosity under the direct action of
luminous and ultraviolet rays) ftu-a'^csans.
fluoric adj, (of fluor or fluor-spar) ftu'erik.
fluoride n. compound [also, sometimes, spelt fluoridl 'fz.ou-
9-zaid, 'f tou-a-rid. *
fluorine n. element [also, sometimes, spelt fluorinl 'ftou-3-
zin 'ftou-a-?ain, 'ii.ou-3-zin.
fluor-ipar n. (fluorite, fluor) 'fz.ou-37-spa:?.
flute n. (wind-instrument) fz^out.
fluviatile adj. of a river or rivers [also spelt fluviatill
'flLOU-vi-3-tll.
fluxible adj. (fluid; fusible; fluctuating) 'fLAkss-bsl.
fly n. winged insect [ploral flies'} fi-ai.
fly n. act of flying ; flight ; light carriage [ploral flies but, in
the sense of carriage, flys} ftai.
flyer n. bird, insect, or man that flies; flying-machine [also
spelt flier} 'ftai-ae.
foal n. (colt, filly) fool.
focalize v. focus [also spelt focalise} 'foo-kd-laiz.
foci n. (ploral of focus) 'fDO-sai.
focuB n. point of convergence; center of activity [ploral foci,
focuses, focusses} 'foo-kas.
focuB V, converge [present participle focusing, focussing;
past participle and preterit focused, focussed, focust} 'foo-
kds.
foetus n. 'fii-tds. see fetus.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: for, go noTW, ^•. a^, ^-vVW^N
^Bngtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceding soMtvd \s \^xv\?»\
fitress-mork (') indicate^ chhi atress OU tU^ l^Wo^^ti^ s^W^aJoV
216 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
fogy n. old-fashiond person; out-of-dater [also spelt fogey;
plural fogiesl 'foo-gi.
f ohn n. warm dry south wind in the valleys of the northern
Alps [also spelt foehn, fdn\ fern.
foliaceouB adj, (leaf-like) foH'ee-Sss.
foliage n. (leafage) 'foo-li-ids; (rarely) 'fool-jids.
folio n. leaf of paper, etc.; book-leaf; page-number [ploral
folios'] 'foo-li-o, 'fool-jo.
foment n. (warm lotion ; fomentation) 'foo-ment.
foment v. (bathe with warm lotions; cherish; instigate) fo-
'ment.
fomentation n. fom^n'tee-Ssn.
font n. (basin for baptismal water; fount, fountain) font.
font n. (the act or process of casting; founding; also, a
fount, or complete assortment of type of any one face) font.
fontanel n. a space between bones or muscles ; an outlet for
the discharge of pus [also spelt fontanelle ; synonymous cog-
nate fontinell fenta'nel.
fontinel n. (little fount or fountain; also, fontanel) 'fenti-
nel.
food n. (aliment; victuals) foud.
foot n. pedal extremity; base; measurfe; group of syllables
[ploral feet, and, m the sense of bottoms, dregs, foots} fot.
foppery n. (coxcombry, dandyism) 'fepa-^i.
for prep, (representing; in favor of; with a view to, etc.)
fe:^, (when less strest) iez, fae, iz.
for conj. (for the reason that, because, since) feiz, (when less
strest) fez, far.
forage n. (fodder, provender) 'fe^ids.
foramen n. orifice, hole [ploral foratninal fd'zee-man.
foramina n. (ploral of foramen) fa'^aemi-na.
foraminiferoni adj. (having foramina) fd-zraemi'nifd-zds.
foray n. (act of foraging; a raid) 'ie-ze, fo'zee.
forbad v, (preterit of forbid) far'baed, far'baeid.
forbade v. far'baed, fae'beed. same meaning as forbad.
forbear n. forefather, ancestor [synonymous cognate fore-
bear] foz'be:?, 'foiz-beiz; iez^eiz,
forbear v, refrain [past participle forborne; preterit for-
bore] iez'hziz, i^z'he'.z.
forbid V. bid not to do; prohibit [past participle forbidden,
forbid; preterit forbad, forbade] fa^'bid.
forby prep, hard by, near; past; besides [also spelt forbye;
synonymous cognate foreby] fa^'bai.
fye, gcure; dthe, 6 *fiin ; 5 asure, ds/oy; S shoe, tlchew;
ww^en; T)sing; u whoever, i react, \3iu\\> vsm.1oo\, \\V \\aee;
o poetic; sover, e aerial, a. but, o: doot, ^otio, ^\>c^, ^^^cSw.-^
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 217
forby adj, along, past; besides [also spelt forbye; synony-
mous cognate forebyl f^z^hai.
forceable adj. (that may be forced) 'toiz-s^-hsl,
forcedly adv. (in a forced manner) 'f3:7-si-dli.
forcible adj. done by force; strong; telling [also, formerly,
spelt forceablel 'fore-ss-bal.
fordo V. kill; do away with [synonymous cognate foredd\
foe'dou.
fore adj„rt, (front) foiz,
fore prep., adv. (before) io:z.
forearm n. (antebrachium) 'foiz-aizm.
forearm v. (arm beforehand for attack) foz'a'.zm.
forebear n. 'fo:z-he:z, fo^lbe:?. same meaning as forbear,
f oreby prep., adv. fozr'bai. same meaning as forby.
forecast n. (foresight ; prudence ; predetermination ; prophe-
cy) 'fD:?-ka:st.
forecast v. cast or contrive beforehand; predetermin [past
participle and preterit forecast, forecasted^ fo2'ka:st.
forecastle n. front deck; fore part of a ship [dialectal syn-
onymous cognate fo*c*sle1 'foie-kai-sal, fo'.z^kscsdl; {dialec-
tally) 'fook-s9l, 'fook-sl.
f oredo v. {oz'dau. same meaning as fordo.
forefatber n. (forbear, ancestor) ^ioiz-iai-d^z.
forego Vm (go before ; precede) fo^'goo.
forego V, for'goo. same meaning as forgo,
foregoing adj. (going before, preceding; antecedent) ioz-
'goo-iq, (sometimes, assumptivly) 'foi^-goo-iq.
foregone adj. (that has gone before, past; former; prede-
termind) fo^'gein, (assumptivly) 'fo:r-gen.
f orebead n. fore part of the head ; brow [also spelt forehed}
'iezid; (rarely) 'fo:?-hed.
foreign adj. not one's own; alien [also spelt foreni 'fe^in,
(assumptivly) 'feean.
foreigner n. alien [also spelt forenerl 'fezi-nx.
foreignness n. [also spelt forenness} 'fe?in-nis, 'iez^n-nis.
forejudge^ v. (judge beforehand) for'dsAds.
forejudge' v. foz'd$Ad$. same meaning as forjudge,
forel n. parchment [also spelt forrell 'feral.
foreman n. leader; overseer [ploral foremen] 'forr-man.
foremost adj., adv. (first) 'fo:^-most, 'for^-mast.
forenoon n. (morning) foi^'noun, (assumptivly) 'fo:?-nun.
forensic adj, (of law-courts) fa'rensik; (improperly) fa-
'eenzik.
c: low, b: fur, ae cat, e hoi, ei hoy ; a: for, qo tvotw, «:. a^, ^\V\V^\
length-mark (:) indicates that the precediivg aoMtv^ ^^ \^xv^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on tVie ie\\0N«\tv^ s^^^iX^s
218 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
foremnner n. (one who runs before; sign) ioz'zAu^z, 'fair-
ZATi^Z.
foreiaid adj. (aforsaid) 'ioiz-szd.
foreihadour v, (prefigure, forecast) ioz'ld^do.
foreil&ado'ar n. (shadow cast before; antetype) 'ioiz^lxdo.
foreit n. (wood; woodland district) 'fezist; (dialectally)
'ferast.
forever adv. (for ever; always) {^z'zv^z, iez^ev^z; {some-
times) fa'eevar, (rapidly, often) 'fsevaz.
foreuroman n. head woman, as in a shop [ploral forewomen]
'fo:r- woman.
foreurord n. (preface) 'io:z-yiB'.zd.
forfeit n. fine, penalty [also spelt forfit"] 'ferfit.
forfend v. forbid; avert; secure [synonymous cegnate fore-
fendl iez'iznd,
forgather v. encounter; meet; assemble [synonymous ceg-
nate foregatherl fez'ga^^z.
forge n.fV. (smithy; hearth) ioizd^.
forgeable adj. (capable of being forged) 'fai^-dss-bd}.
forger n. (maker ; one who forges metal ; counterfeiter) 'ioiz-
ds^z.
forgery n. forged document ; forging [ploral forgeries'] 'io:z-
dsa-ri, {rapidly) 'foi^-dsn; {improperly) 'ie-.z-di^-zu
forget V. (lose remembrance of, etc.) fa^'get.
forgo V. go by without claiming ; renounce ; quit [synony-
mous cegnate forego] fez'goo.
forgone v. (past participle of forgo) fe^'gein.
forjudge v, exclude, oust, or dispossess by a judgment; for-
merly, prohibit, condemn judicially [synonymous cegnate
forejudge] fer'dsAds.
forked adj. [also, sometimes, spelt forkt] fet^kt, 'fe:3-kid.
forlorn adj. (hopeless, desolate, wretched) i^z'W.zn.
form n. (shape, etc.) fe:zrm ; {dialectally) fc:m.
formalize v. make formal [also spelt formalise] 'fe:sr-m3-}aiz.
formally adv. (in a formal manner) 'feir-ma-h.
format n. (shape and size of a book) fo^'ma: .
formate n. (salt of formic acid) 'fe:r-met, 'feir-mat.
formerly adv, (at a former time ; in time past ; of old ; here-
tofore) 'fe:zr-m3?-h.
formica «. (the ant) fe^'mai-ka.
formioan adj. (of the ant) 'fe:?-mi-k3n, fe^'mai-kan.
formidable adj. (hard to deal with, etc.) 'feiz-mida-bal,
{rapidly) 'fermda-bal; {vulgarly) fe^'mida-bal.
J ye, Qcure; bthe, 0 ^/lin ; 3 arure, d.^/oy; I shoe, tjc/jew;
wwhen; i)sing\ u whoever, i react, oiuVV, KiMioo\, \%t, liaee;
o poetic; 9 over, e serial. Abut, o*. doot, ooxvo, «.\ic^, ^^^a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 219
formula n. set form of words; rule; recipe [ploral formulae,
formulas! 'fe:2-m jo-la.
fommlise v. (also, formerly, spelt formul%se\ 'fe:;-mjo-laiz.
forprise v. take out; except, reserv [synonymous cognate
foreprizel fez'p^aiz.
fonootli adv, (in truth; truly) fsz'souO; (improperly) i^z-
'soud.
forspend v, spend completely; exhaust [synonymous cog-
nate forespendl fer'spend.
forsurear v. (reject with an oath; abjure) fez'swe:?.
fort n. (fortress, stronghold) io:zX..
f ortalice n. small fort or outwork [also spelt fortalisi 'foiz-
t3-lis.
forte n. that in which one excels; the strong point of a per-
son; also, the strongest part of a sword-blade, as opposed
to the foible [also, formerly, spelt forti foizt.
forte adj, (with force, loud) 'foie-ti.
forthcoming adj. (about to come forth) io:zQ*kAmit), (as-
sumptivly) 'fDi^G-kAmiq.
forthright adv. (directly forward; straightway) 'io:zQ-zait,
io'.zQ'zait.
forthright adj. (proceeding directly forward; straightfor-
ward) ^io:zQ-zBit.
forthright n. (straight course) 'foreO-^ait.
forthxrith adv, (immediately; at once) iozQ'wib, forG'wiG,
(anteriorly) 'foieG-wid, 'fo:?G-wiG.
fortieth adj, 'fezti-sG.
fortissimo adj. (very loud) for'tisi-mo.
fortnight n. (fourteen nights; two weeks) 'fert-nait, 'fort-
nit, 'fertNit.
fortress n. (fortified place; stronghold) 'fe^tjis.
fortuitous adj, (chance, accidental, casual) fezr'tQou-i-tds.
fortune n. (chance, hap, luck; wealth) 'feetjan, (older)
'fertgan.
forty adj, (four times ten) 'feeti.
forum n. (market-place; court, tribunal) 'fat-eam.
f onvard adj., adv., n. 'fei^-wa^d.
f orurard v. (help forward ; assist ; send forward ; ship) 'f e:e-
wazd; (less properly) for'wot^d.
foss n. canal, ditch; pit, fossa [also spelt fosse! fo:s, (rarely)
fos.
fossa n. pit, cavity, foss [ploral fossae! 'fesa.
fossil adj. (dug up; antiquated) 'fesi).
c: law, b: fwr, ae cat, e hot, oi hoy ; a: far, au tvoiu, ^^ Q?k, ^\Va\s.\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding soMtv^ \^ X^tv^N
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on t\ie io\\o^\tv^ s^X^^iXJ^^.
220 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
f OBiilise V, [also spelt fossilise^ 'fesi-laiz.
foiter V, (nurse; cherish; promote) 'fei-star, 'festsr.
fougl&t V. (past participle and preterit of fight) fcit,
foul adj. (offensiv; unfair) fool.
foully adv, (in a foul manner) 'faoMi.
foundry n. [synonymous cognate founderyl 'faon-dci.
fount n. (fountain; source) foont.
fount n. (a font or complete assortment of type of any one
face) fount.
fountain n. (spring, etc.) 'foon-tin, 'faon-tn.
four adj„ n. (numeral) fo:?.
fourcliette n. (fork, etc.) foz'S^t.
fouricore adj. (four times twenty) fo:r'sko:r, (assumpHvly)
fourteen adj.,n. for'tiin, {anteriorly; by contrast) 'fD:?-tin.
fovea n, depression, pit [ploral foveael 'foo-vi-D.
f oveola n, small fovea [plural foveolael fo'vii-a-la.
foveolate adj. (having foveolae; pitted) 'foo-vi-3-let, {less
often) fo'vii-9-let.
fourl n. (bird) faol.
foyer n. (retiring-room or lobby in a theater) fuja'jce, fuj©-
'jee, {less properly) 'foo-jar.
f racai n, (disturbance ; row) 'fsee-kas, {less often) fsae'ka: ,
fso'ka: .
fractious adj. (unruly) 'fssek^ss.
fraenulum n. see frenulum.
frag^e adj. liable to break [also, sometimes, spelt fragill
'fsaedsil, {rarely) 'fsae-dsail.
frag^mental adj. (fragmentary) fsaeg'mentl, 'fsaegman-tl.
fragmentary adj. (composed of fragments) 'f^sgman-tezi ;
{less properly) fsag'menta-n.
frag^rant adj. (sweet-smelling) 'fsee-grant.
framable adj. capable of being framed [also spelt frameablel
'fsee-ms-bal.
frano n. coin [also, formerly, spelt frank] fsaerik.
francliise n. (freedom; privilege; citizenship) 'f^am-tSaiz,
'fsaen-tjaiz ; 'fsain-tjiz, 'fsaentSiz.
francliisnient n. (enfranchisement) 'fsa:n-t$is-m3nt, 'fsam-
tjiz-msnt, 'fsain-tSaiz-mant, 'fsaentjis-mant, 'fsaentSiz-msnt,
'fsaen-tjaiz-mant.
francolin n. (partridge) 'f^aei]k3-hn.
frangible adj. (breakable) 'fssendsd-bal.
frang^ipane n. (perfume etc.) 'fsaendsi-pen.
J y^f ? cure; d the, 9 thm\^ 3 axrure, ds /oy ; S shot, t\ chevr;
wwhen; tjsing] u whoever, i react, Diu\V i3Mioo\, ^\l, \\^ec;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, a. but, o: door, optio, t\>e^, ^^^a\&\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS Hi
frangipani n. perfume [synonymous cognate frangipanni]
f3send3i'pa:-ni.
fransipanni n. fsxndsi'pseni. same meaning as frangi-
pani.
Frank n. (a member of a certain body of Germanic tribes)
f^aegk.
frank n. (the signature of a person privileged to send mail-
matter free) f^aeqk.
frankalmoin n. free almoin [also spelt frankalmoign, frank-
almoignel 'f3aer|kael-mein.
frankincenie n. (aromatic gum-resin; tree) 'f^aegkin-sens.
frapp6 adj. (iced; coold; frozen) fsae'pee.
f rate n. friar [ploral fratx] 'f3a:-ti.
frater n. (refectory) 'f^ee-tar.
frater n. (brother, comrade) 'fsce-ta?.
fraternal adj. (of a brother; brotherly) fsa'ternJ, fsa'terr-nJ.
fraternise v. associate as a brother or brothers [also spelt
fraternise'^ 'f^aeta^-naiz, 'fsee-taz-naiz, {rarely) fsa'tar-naiz.
fratricidal adj, (that kills his brother; of fratricide)
'fsaetji-sai-dJ, 'fsee-tji-sai-dl.
fl^audnlent adj. (guilty of fraud; dishonest) 'f^odso-ldnt,
'f3c:-djo-l3nt.
fraught udj. (freighted, laden, replete) fscit.
fri&nlein n. (young lady; miss) 'fsei-lain.
freak n. (whim ; vagary ; caper) fsiik.
jteeemaion n. (member of the fraternity called Free and Ac-
cepted Masons) 'fsii-mee-san, fsii'mee-san.
free-ipoken adj. (free of speech; outspoken) fsii'spoo-kan,
(assumptivly) 'fsii-spoo-kan.
freexHU adj. (voluntary) fsii'wil, (assumptivly) 'fsii-wiJ.
free 'will n. (will that is free ; voluntary action) fsii'wil.
freeze v. congeal [past participle frozen; preterit frosel
iziiz.
freight n. (vessel-hire; transport-price; cargo; lading)
fseet.
freighter n. (shipper; freight-ship) 'fsee-ta?.
French adj., n. fsentj, (in Britain) fsenS.
frenetic adj. frantic; fanatic [also spelt phrenetic'^ izi-
'netik; (formerly) 'fseni-tik.
frennlnm n. frenum, frenula [also spelt fraenulum; ploral
frenulal 'fsenjo-lam, 'f^ii-njo-lam.
frennni n. restraining-ligament [also spelt fraenum; ploral
frenal 'fsii-nam.
c: low, b: fwr, ae cat, o hot, ei hoy: a: far, ao noiu, ^x a^, ^\Vv\s:\
length-work 0) indicates that the preceditvc soMtvd "ls \wv%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the ioWo^witi^ s^>\?i>c\«-«
222 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
frensy n. distraction; craziness [also, formerly, spelt frensy,
phrenzy, phrensyl 'fsenzi.
frequent adj. (full ; numerous ; usual ; addicted to) 'fsii-
kioant.
frequent v. (visit often ; resort to) fsi'kwent.
frequentage n. (practis of frequenting) 'f^ii-kwsn-tids, izi-
'kiuentids.
frequentative adj. expressiv of frequent repetition of ac-
tion [also spelt frequentative fsi'kiuenta-tiv.
frequenter n. (one who frequents) f^i'kuuentd^.
frequently adv. (at frequent intervals; often) 'fsii-kiuan-tLi.
freico n. water-color painting on a fresh or wet wall, etc.
[ploral frescos, frescoes! 'fsesko, 'fses-ko.
freico V. (paint in fresco) 'fsesko.
freiiion n. fifth mood of the fourth figure of syllogism
[synonymous cognate frensisoni fsi'sai-san, f^i'sai-sen.
fret n. interlaced work; net [also, formerly, spelt frettel
fset.
fretful adj. (apt to fret; peevish; troubled; gusty) 'fsetfsl.
frette n. (a ring or band around a cannon) fset.
friar n. brother of a religious order; bird [also, formerly,
spelt frier} 'fsai-az, fzaiz.
frioandeau n. fricassee of veal; collop [ploral fricandeauxl
f^ikan'dDO.
frioasiee n. (meat dish) fsika'sii, (anteriorly) 'fsiks-si.
Friday n. (day of the week) 'fsai-di.
friend n. (intimate ; ally) fsend.
Frieiian n. 'fsii-san, 'fsii-zi-an. same meaning as Frisian,
frieze n. (that part of an entablature which is between the
architrave and cornis [also, formerly, spelt frise, frijsel
fsiiz.
fright n. (sudden fear; grotesque person or thing) fsait.
frijolei n. pi. (Mexican kidney-beans) fsi'hoo-Hz.
friieur n. hairdresser [also spelt friseurl izi^zBiz.
Frisian n. nativ of Friesland ; Friese [synonymous cognate
Friesian"! 'fsisan, 'fsizi-an.
frivolity «. (levity) f^i'veh-ti.
frivolize v. render frivolous [also spelt frivolise'\ 'fsiva-
}aiz.
f rizette n. small friz ; curly bang [also spelt frisette, frisett]
fsi'zet.
frizz v, curl, crisp, etc. [also spelt fris; past participle and
preterit frizzed, frizd} fsiz.
} ye, 9 cure; d the, 9 thin;^ 3 a^rure, d$ joy; S shoe, tj c^ew;
wwJ^en; tjsing; u whoever, i react, oiuVV, KiMiool, \<t, lis^^;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o;dooT, ;>otio, t\>e^, «.^^a\.«^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 223
frolio V. [present participle frolicking \ past participle and
preterit frolicked, frolict} 'fselik.
f rolicBome adj, full of frolic ; gay [also, formerly, spelt frol-
icksome} 'fsohk-sam.
from prep» fssm, (when unstrest) fssm.
frondoie adj. (covered with fronds; frond-like) f^en'doos,
(assumptivly) 'fsen-dos.
from n. forehead, front [ploral frontes} f^enz.
frontal adj, (of the forehead; of the front) 'fsAntl, 'f^entl;
'fsAntaJ, 'fsental.
frontate adj. (growing broader and broader, as a leaf; hav-
ing a prominent frons or forehead) 'fsAn-tet, 'fsen-tet.
frontier n., v. (border, etc.) 'fsAn-ti:?, 'fsen-ti:r, fsan'ti:?,
f^en'ti:?, 'f3©n-tgi:r.
f rontieriman n. [ploral frontiersmen} 'fsAn-ti:zz-m3n, 'fsen-
ti:zz-m9n, fz3n'ti:?z-m9n.
frontispiece n. (fagade; print in front of the title of a
book) 'f^Antis-piis, 'fsentis-piis.
frontlet n. (something worn on the forehead) 'f^Antldt.
fronton n. (pediment) 'fsAntati, 'f^en-ten.
frontonasal adj. (nasofrontal) f^ento'nee-zdL
frost n. (freezing; hoar-frost) f3e:st, f^est; (dialectally)
fsc:st.
f rotb n. (foam, spume) fseiG, fseO ; (dialectally) izciQ.
frour n. Dutchwoman; woman; wife [also, formerly, some-
times, spelt fro, froe} fsao, izoo,
frourard adj. (perverse) 'f^oo-azd, 'f^oo-waed.
froivzy adj. ill-smelling; unkempt, blowzy [also spelt frowsy,
frousy, frousyl 'f?ao-zi.
fmctiferons adj. (bearing fruit) fsAk'tifa-ras.
fmit n. (vegetable products collectivly; seed, etc.; offspring;
issue; result) fsout.
fmition n. (enjoyment; a coming into fruit) fsu'ijan.
fmmenty n. huld- wheat dish [synonymous cognates fru-
mety, furmenty, furmety'] 'fsou-man-ti.
fmstnm n. part of a solid left after cutting off the top;
fragment [erroneous synonymous cognate frustrum; plural
frusta, frustums! 'fsAstam.
fmticose adj. (of the nature of a frutex or shrub; shrubby)
fsutiTcoos, (assumptivly) 'fsou-ti-kos.
fuolisia n. (shrub) 'fiou-Ja, 'fiou-Ji-a, 'fouk-si-a.
fuclisin n. anilin dye [also spelt fuchsine} 'fuuk-sih.
fnens n. seaweed [ploral fuci] 'fiou-kas.
c: \a7v, b: f«r, ae cat, © h^t, ei hoy; a: far, ao noiu, a*. asV, ^\V\\fc\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding souti^ i.^ \^tlv-i
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the io\\oYi\n^ s^>^a^i^^
224 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
«■
fudge inter j. (bosh !) iAd$.
fudge V, (patch up; fake) iAd$.
fuel V. furnish with fuel [past participle and preterit fue^
led, fueled, fueldl 'fiou-al.
fugato n. piece in fugue style [ploral fugati] fu'ga:-t3.
fugleman n. model or leading soldier [also spelt fugelman;
synonymous cognates flugleman, flugelman; ploral fugle-
tnenl 'fiou-gal-man.
fugue n. (polyphonic composition) fioug.
fulcrum n. prop, support [plural fulcra, fulcrumsl 'fAllcsam.
fulfil V. fill full ; complete [also spelt fulfill ; present parti-
ciple fulfilling; past participle and preterit fulfilled, fuU
fildl ioViil.
fulfilment n. fol'filmdnt.
fulgent adj. (shining, dazzling; having rays) 'fAldssnt.
fulgid adj. (flashing; fiery red) 'fxldsid.
fulgor n. a flashing light; dazzling brightness; splendor [al-
so spelt fulgour"} 'f Alga^.
full-blooded adj, foi'blAdid, (assumptivly) 'fol-blAdid.
fulmar n. (sea-bird) 'fohns^, 'fxlmd?.
fulminate v. (lighten; thunder forth) 'fxlmi-net.
fulmine v. fulminate [also spelt fulntin; past participle ftU-
mined, fulmindli 'fAlmin.
fulness n. state of being full ; completeness [also spelt full-
nessl 'folnis.
fulsome adj. (offensiv, gross, coarse) 'fAlsam.
fnniaric adj. (of fumitory) fio'mxzik.
fumarole n. smoke-hole [also spelt futnarol, fumerolel 'fioti-
tnd-zol.
fumet n. dung of a deer [also, formerly, spelt fewmetl 'fiou-
met.
fumette n, (obsolete) smell of game when high; game-fla-
vor [also spelt fumef} fio'met,
fumigate v. (apply fumes to; disinfect; perfume) 'fiou-mi-
get.
fumose adj, (full of fumes) fiu'moos, (assumptivly) 'fiou-
mos.
funebral adj. (obsolete) 'fiou-ni-brdl, fiu'nii-bzd}. same
meaning as funebrial.
funebrial adj. of funerals; sad [former synonymous cog-
nate funebrall fio'nii-bri-al.
funeral n. (burial ceremony; obsequies) 'fiou-na-ral.
funereal adj. (of a funeral; mournful) fio'ni:-?i-3l.
j\ve, gcure; bthe, Qthin; 3 axrure, ds/oy; S jAoe, tjcfcew;
WTf'hen; ijsing; u whoever, i react, oiu\V ^m^ooV i^^^, 11 see;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial. Abut, o: doot, ^oxvo, «.\ie^, %^%q^ft\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 225
f nnest adj, (boding death) fiu'nest.
fungal adj. (of a fungus) 'fAogal.
fnngi n, (ploral of fungus) 'fAn-dsai.
fungible adj. (replaceable, etc.) 'fAndsa-bdl.
fungiform adj, (having the form of a fungus) 'fAudsi-
fe:?m.
fungin n. fungus-cellulose [also spelt fungine'} 'fAndsin.
fungoid adj. (like a fungus) 'fArj-geid. ^
fungous adj. (of fungi; spongy) 'fAijgds.
fungus n. mushroom; spongy growth [ploral fungij 'fAg-
gas.
funide n, (small cord; funiculus) 'fiou-ni-kdl.
funis n. (umbilical cord) 'fiou-nis.
funnel n. (filler) 'f Anal, f auI.
funneled adj, [also spelt funnelled, funneldl 'fAUdld, 'fAuld.
fur n. pelage [ploral furs'} isiz.
furbelow n. (flounce) 'fB:z-bi-lo.
furfur n. dandruff, scurf [ploral furfures'] 'iiazi^z,
furfuraeeous adj, (bran-like; scurfy) fs^fio'^ee-Sas.
furfures n. (ploral of furfur) 'iBzi^-ziz.
furibund adj. (furious, raging, mad) 'fio:-?i-bAnd.
furlough n. leave of absence [also spelt furlol 'fBiz-lo.
furloughed adj, having a furlo ; inactiv [also spelt furloed"]
'iB'.zAod,
furnace n, (heating-apparatus) 'fe^nis, 'fB:?-nis.
furniture «. (equipment; movables) 'fszni-tl^Zf (older)
^iszni-tq^z.
furor n. (fury; craze) ^iio:-zez,
furore n. iu^zei-zi. same meaning as furor.
furrier n. (fur-dealer; fur-dresser) ^fszi-sz, *i\zi-^z,
furroir n. (narrow trench) 'faro, 'fAro; (dialectally) 'fA^a.
furry adj. (of fur; furred) 'fe^i, 'fei-^i.
furs n. (ploral of fur) iBizz.
further adv. (comparativ of far) 'fe^da^, 'isiz-d^z.
furuncle n. (boil) 'fio:-?Ar)k3l.
fury n, wild anger; rage [ploral furies'] 'fio:-3i.
furze n. (a shrub, Ulex europaeus ; gorse, whin) {b:zz.
fuscous adj, (dusky; brown) 'fAskas.
fuse n, tube or cord of ignition [also spelt fuze] fiouz.
fuse V. furnish with a fuse of ignition [also spelt fuse] fiouz.
fuse V. (melt) fiouz.
fusee n. pulley; match [also spelt fusee] fio'zii.
fusel-oil n. (grain-oil) 'fiou-zal-eil, 'fiou-sal-eil.
c: low, b: f«r, a cat, o hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, a*, aa^s., «L\V\\fc\
lenfirth-mor/r (:) indicates that the preceding sound la \^TiV»
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on th^ iQUoyiin^ s^WaXJi^,
226 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
fusible adj, capable of being fused or melted [also, former-
ly, spelt fusabWl 'fiou-za-bal.
fusiforni adj. (spindle-shaped) 'fiou-zi-fe:7m, 'fiou-si-fe:rm.
fusil n. (heraldic bearing) 'fiou-zil.
fusil n. flint-lock musket [also, formerly, spelt fusil} 'iion-
zil.
fusile adj. fusible; cast [also, sometimes, spelt fusill 'fiou-
zii, 'fiou-zaii.
fusileer n. soldier [also spelt fusilier"} fiuzi'h:;.
fusillade n. simultaneous discharge of firearms [also spelt
fusilade} fiuzi'leed.
fusion n. (melting) 'fiou-39n.
fusoid adj. (fusiform; spindle-shaped) 'fiou-zeid, 'fiou-seid.
fustion. n. (cotton cloth) 'fAstJan, 'f AJtJan, 'fAstgsn.
futhork n. the Runic alfabet [also spelt futhorc ; synonymous
cognate futharkli 'fou-Ge^k.
futile adj. useless, vain [also, sometimes, spelt futill 'fiou-
til, (m Britain, often) 'fiou-tail.
future adj. (that is to be; hereafter) 'fiou-tjae, {older) 'fiou-
tgar.
fuzz n, (downy or fluffy matter) f az.
fuzzball n. puffball [synonymous cognate fussball} 'fAz-bcit
fylfot n. cross cramponnee; gammadion [also spelt filfotl
'fil-fot.
fyrd n. (entire Anglo-saxon land forces) isizd, fr.zd.
gabbronite n. fuscite [also spelt gahronite"} 'gaebrs-nait.
gabel V. obsolete (mark on the ear, as sheep) 'gee-bdl.
gabelle n. tax [also, formerly, spelt gabel, gabell"] gs'beh
gaberdine n. garment [also, formerly, spelt gabardine}
gaeb3z:'diin, 'gaeba^-din.
gabionade n. a work formd of gabions [also spelt gabion-
nadel gcbi-a'need, 'gee-bi-a-ned.
Gadbelic adj, Gaelic [synonymous cognate Gaedhlic} ga-
'dehk, 'gaedi-hk.
gadoid adj, (like gadus or cod) 'gee-deid.
Gaelic adj, (of the Gaels, a Celtic race of the highlands of
Scotland) 'gee-lik, (less often) 'gee-3-hk; (improperly) 'ga:-
hk.
gage «., V. (pledge) geeds.
gage v.,n. measure [also spelt gauge! geeds.
} ye, 9 cure; bthe, Q thin; 3 a^ure, ds/oy; I shoe, tlchew;
wwhen; tjsinff; u whoever, i react, \ji%i\\» \iM.iool, itt, lis^e;
o poetic; 9 over , e aerial, Abut, o\ doot, ^otlo» tX^e^, ^^^oX^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 227
n, (plum) geeds.
gageable adj, measurable [also spelt gaugeablel 'gce-dsd-bdh
gaged adj. adjusted [also spelt gaugedl geedsd.
gager n. one who gages; exciseman [also spelt ganger'} 'gee-
d39z.
gaging ». measuring [also spelt gauging'} 'gee-dsig.
gaiety «. mirth, festivity [also spelt gayety} 'gee-i-ti.
gaillardia n. (plant) gelaiz-di-a, gxV)a:z-di-3,
gaily adv. in a gay manner [also spelt gayly} 'gee-h.
gainsaid v. (past participle and preterit of gainsay) 'geen-
sed, geen'sed, 'geen-seed, geen'seed.
gainsay v. deny; oppose [past participle and preterit gain-
said and, rarely, gainsayed} 'geen-see, geen'see.
gainsay n. (contradiction) 'geen-see.
gainsayer n. (one who gainsays) 'geen-see-3?, geen'see-9z:.
gainsaying n. (contradiction) 'geen-see-ii], geen'see-ig.
gainst prep, against [also spelt *gainst} genst, geenst.
gairish adj. 'ge:-7i$. see garish,
gait n. (manner of walking or stepping) geet.
gala n. (festivity) 'gee-la.
gala n. (textil fabric) 'gxld, 'ga:-ld.
galangal n. gs'laerigdl, 'gaelan-gdh same meaning as galin-
gale.
galaxy n. the Milky Way [ploral galaxies} 'gaeldk-si.
galea n. helmet-like part [ploral galeae} 'gec-li-a.
galeate adj. (helmet-like; furnisht with a galea) 'gee-H-et,
'gaeli-et.
Galilean adj, (of Galilee; also, of Galileo Galilei) gsehlii-sn.
galingale n. aromatic root ; sedge [synonymous cognates ga-
langal, galanga} 'gaehn-gel, 'gaehq-gel.
galipot n. resin [also spelt gallipot} 'gaeh-pet.
gallant adj. (gay, showy; brave, heroic; chivalrous) 'gaelant;
(courtly; amorous) ga'laent, ga'lamt, ga'la:nt; 'gaelant.
gallant n. (brave man; doughty knight) 'gselsnt; (man who
is particularly attentiv to women ; ladies' man ; rake, liber-
tin) galant, 'gaelant.
gallant v, (play the dandy ; cut a dash ; make fine ; deck
out) 'gaelant; (play the flirt; dally or flirt with) ga'laent.
gallantixe v, play the gallant; play the gallant to [also spelt
gallantise} 'gxlan-taiz.
gallantly adv. (gaily, showily; bravely, with spirit, heroi-
cally) 'gaelan-tLi ; (curteously, politely, attentivly) ga'laenti-i,
'galan-ti-i.
c: law, b: f «r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, qo now, e*. a^V, ^\V\\fc\
"iengtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceding soutv^ \^ \^^^\
tress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the io\\ov«\ti^ ^^>\?Wvr..
228 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
Sallamtry m. bravery; a curtesy [plural gallantriesl 'gadan-
tsi.
galleon n, war-ship [also, formerly, spelt gaieon; former
synonymous cognate galloon} 'gaeli-dn.
gallery n. pisLZza; balcony; passage [ploral galleries'] 'gadd-
zi, (rapidly) 'gael^i.
galley n. vessel, barge ; type-tray [ploral galleys and, former-
lyt gal'iesi 'gaeh.
galleywonn n. iulus [also spelt gallyworm"} 'gxh-wsiznu
galliardise n. gaiety [also spelt galliardisel 'gaeliaz-daiz.
galliass n. low-built vessel [also spelt galleassl 'gaeli-aes.
Gallic adj. (of Gaul or France) 'gxhk.
gallic adj. (of oak-galls, etc.) 'gxhk, 'gc:-lik.
Gallicism n. (French idiom) 'gaeh-sizam.
Gallicixe v, become Gallic; Frenchify [also spelt Gallicisel
'gxh-saiz.
galligaskin n, breeches; hose [often used in the ploral;
also spelt gallygaskin, galigaskin] gxh'gaeskin.
gallimanfry n. hodgepodge, ragout [also spelt gallimaufrey,
gallimatufry ; plural gallimaufries'] gxh'mc:-fsi.
galliot n. small galley [also spelt galiot"} 'gxH-9t.
gallipot n. pot or vessel used by druggists [also, formerly,
spelt gallypot, galipot, galliepot] 'gaeh-pet.
galliTamt v, gad about ; flirt [also spelt galivant ; synony-
mous cognates gallavant, galavant] gaehVaent, 'gaeh-vaent.
gallize V. treat (grape-juice) with water and sugar after the
method of L. (jall [synonymous cognate gallisise} 'gae-laiz.
gallon n. (measure) 'gael9n.
galloon n. (braid, lace) gdloun.
gallop n. (leaping gait of a horse) 'gaebp.
gallowv M. (hanging-apparatus) 'gasloz, 'gxbs.
gallowv adj. fit for the gallows; wicked [also, sometimes,
spelt gallusli 'gaeloz, 'gael9S.
gallows adv. extremely, very, jolly, mighty [also, sometimes,
spelt gallusl 'gaeloz, 'gaelas.
galop «. (dance) 'gael9p, 'gaeb; (improperly) gaelop.
galore adv, (in abundance ; in plenty) ga'b:?.
galosh n. wooden shoe or sandal ; overshoe [also spelt gO'
loche, golosh; ploral galoshes'] galoS.
gait n. clay; division of Upper Cretaceous series [synony-
mous cognates gault, golt\ gc:h.
galvanize v, apply a galvanic current to ; electroplate [also
spelt galvanisel 'gaelva-naiz.
) ye, 5 cure; bthe, Q thin; saxrure, ds/oy; ^ shoe, tSc^ew;
wzt/hen; xjsing; u whoever, i react, oiull, oufool, itt, lis^e;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o;doot, ^ono, ^.\>e^, ^^\y*A\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 229
lie V. (play at a game of chance for a stake) 'gxmbsL
ioge n. gum-resin; plant [also, sometimes, spelt gam-
jel gaemljoods, gaemlaouds.
lol V. skip about, caper [present participle gamboling;
boiling; past participle and preterit gamboled, gambol^
gamboldl 'gsembal.
tte n. (conjugation-cell) 'gae-mit, ga'miit.
n n. (street Arab) 'gaemin.
Hon n. (humbug, rubbish) 'gxmsn.
it n. (note; scale; key) 'gaemat.
' adj. (having the flavor of game ; plucky) 'gee-mi.
lion n. nerve-knot, nerve-center [ploral ganglia, gangli-
I 'gaerigli-an.
rene n. (necrosis, etc.) 'gaeg-g^in; {less properly) 'gaen-
1.
renous adj. (affected with gangrene; mortified) 'gaer)-
nss.
ae n. veinstone [also spelt gang"] gaerj.
let n. 'ga:n-tt3t, 'ga:n-ti.at, 'gc:n-ti.3t. see gauntlet,
lope n. [also, formerly, spelt gantelopl 'gaent-}op. same
ning as gauntlet.'
ry n. barrel-stand ; crane-platform [synonymous ceg-
is gantree, gauntry, gauntree, gawntreel 'gaentji.
n, dseel. same meaning as jail.
I, (breach, opening, vacant space) gaep.
'. notch ; jog [present participle gapping ; past participle
preterit gapped, gapti gaep.
V. yawn [present participle gaping \ past participle and
erit gapedl ga:p, ga:p, gae:p, (rarely) geep.
^e n. (housing-place for automobiles, etc.) ga'^aids,
0:3, 'gai-^ids; (also, and in Britain usually) 'gae^ids.
n. sheaf, bundle [also spelt garbe"} gai^b.
in. n. (boy, waiter) gazr'seq.
sn n. (flower-garden ; vegetable-patch) 'ga:^-dn ; (dialec-
;) 'ga:3-din.
3ner n. (one ho tends a garden) 'ga:z:-dn-a^, (some*
?s) 'ga:z-dn9z,
3nia n. (tree, shrub) ga^'dii-ni-a.
it n. (disease in cattle and pigs) 'gai^-git.
1 n. (dialectal) disease in cattle, pigs, and geese [syneny-
is cognate garglel 'ga:^-gil.
le V, (wash or rinse the throat with a liquid kept sus-
ied by expiration of air) 'gai^-gal.
b: f«r, X cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ^\Vi.\\fc%
-mark (:) indicates that the preceding soMnd \s \^xv%\
mark C) indicates chief stress on the foWoviin^ «^WaX^^<
230 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
gtkTgojle n. grotesque spout, etc. [synonymous cognate gur-
goylel 'ga:?-goil.
Savibftldi »• (blouse;, hat) gaeei'bxldi, gazilxiil-di, gsezT^bcii-
di.
Sarish adj, showy, gaudy; glaring [also spelt gairisk} 'ge:-
Sarlic n. plant [also, formerly, spelt garlick'] 'gaizAik.
Sarlicky adj, (savoring of garlic) 'ga:?-h-ki.
Sarrot n. sea-duck [also spelt garrotQ 'gx?9t.
garrot n. (lever; surgical instrument) 'gaeedt.
Sarrote n,, v. [also spelt garote"} gs'zpot, gs'^et. same mean-
ing as garrotte,
garrotte n. mode of capital punishment; highway robbery
performed by throttling the victim [also spelt garotte; syn-
onymous cognates garret e, garotel ga'^et.
garrotte v. put to death ; strangle ; cheat at cards [also spelt
garotte; synonymous cognates garrote, garote"} gs'^et.
garmlity n. (loquaciousness) g9'?ou-h-ti.
garrulous adj. (loquacious, talkativ) 'gsz^-l^s.
gas n. aeriform fluid [ploral gasesi gaes, gse:s, (rarely) ga:z.
gas V. supply, light, or treat with gas; indulge in empty talk
[present participle gassing; past participle and pretent
gassed, gast"} gaes, gae:s.
gasconade n. (vaunt; bravado) greskd'need.
gaselier n. cluster of gas-burners; gas chandelier [also spelt
gasalierl gaesali:?.
gaseous adj. (having the nature of gas) 'gaesi-ds, 'gee-si-9S,
'gaezi-3s, 'gee-zi-3s.
gasogene n. 'gaesd-dsin. same meaning as gazogene.
gasoline n. volatil liquid from petroleum [also, sometimes,
spelt gasolene, gasoleine, gasoline'^ 'gaes9-Hn, 'gaes9-}in,
'gaez3-Hn, 'gaez3-hn.
gasometer n. gas-holder; gas-tank [former synonymous cog-
nate gasometerl gaes'omi-ta?, gae'somi-ta? ; (less properly)
gae'zomi-ta?.
gasp V. catch the breath with open mouth [past participle
and preterit gasped, gasptl ga:sp, ga:sp, gae:sp.
gastraea n. gastrula; sac-like animal [ploral gastraeael gaes-
'tsii-3.
gastritis w. (inflammation of the stomach) gaes'tsai-tis.
gastropod n. ventral-footed animal [synonymous cognate
gasteropodl 'gaestja-pod.
gastrula n. metazoic germ-cup [ploral gastrulael 'gaestjjs-la.
j^e, 5 cure; d *lte, 0 f Mn ; 3 ajsrure, dsjoy; ^ shoe, tS c^ew;
wwhen; 13 sing; u whoever, i react, oiuU, cufool, iit, lise^;
o poetic; 9 oyer, e aerial, a. but, o'.doot, ooiio, «.\ic^ ^^^oNfcN
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 231
gate ». (gateway; openwork door) gttt.
gancherie n. (awkwardness) goS^'ni, ^930-|>-ct.
Gancho n. (nativ of the pamfias of Soatli America, of Spaa-
ish descent) 'gao-tSo, 'gc-tSa.
gauge v.^ m. geeds. see gage.
gannt adj. (lean, haggard) gcuit, ga:st« goint.
ganntlet^ »• glove [also, somcdmes, spelt gamtUil 'qfCt^-Vta^
'ga:n-ti-3t, 'ga:n-ti^t.
ganntlef n. military pnnishment, the nmning of the gaont^
let [also spelt gantlet \ former synonjrmoos osig&ate gof^t-
lope, gantelope} 'gc:n't2.9t, 'ga:n-tL9t, 'ga:sHi^9t.
ganntleted odj. [also spelt gauntletted\ 'gcn-tL^-tid, 'g*:!^
tL3-tld.
ganntry ». 'gc:n-txi. same meaning as gantry.
gavel w. (mallet used hf a presiding officer/ 'ganr^f ; iimfrt^f-
erly) 'gee-vaL
gaTelkind n. (land-tenure) 'gaev^f-kaind.
gavelock n. (spear, dart; crowbar) 'gaevi-fok, '(fMrvi-ttk; dm'
properly) 'geev-lok.
gavlal n. nakoo, a saurian; Cangctic crocodile itywm/mMi*
cognates garrhial, gharriai, gkyryal\ 'gee'Vi-si,
gavot n. dance [also spelt gavottel 'gan'9t, g^^v^^,
gawk ». stupid, awkward person [also spelt gauk} gc:k.
gawky adj, (of the nature of a gawk ; un^^rAy/ '*y^:-ks.
gayal ». ox [also spelt gyaJ, gayail} 'gee-^t, 'g«i'^, *yi'yi'\,
gayety ». see gaiety.
gasel n. antelope [also spelt gazelle^ ga'zeL
gasel n. 'gaez^ same meaning as gkazal,
gasetteer ». (one who writes in a gazette; jounuilist; geo*
graphic dictionary) gaezi'ti:?.
gasogene ». gas-producing apparatus LsynonynKms c^^n^^te
gasogene'\ 'gxza-dsin.
gecko n. house-lizard [also, formerly, spelt ^4rc<7^ gecco, gek-
ko; ploral geckos, geckoes} 'geko,
gee V. agree, fit [also spelt ge, jeej d$iu
gee V. turn to the right [also spelt jee} djii.
Gees ». language of ancient Ethiopia [also spelt Ceez; syn-
onymous cognate Gisl gi'ez,
geiska n. Japanese dancing-girl [ploral geishas, geisha] ^ge*:-
gelada ». (babboon) 'geU-ds.
gelatlmate r. (gelatinize) dsi'tetn-et, dsi'laeti-nct, Mjf^bt/-
net.
c: law, b: ftir, ae cut, o h<7t, oi boy; a: far, ao ttou), a*. a%V, h\ Vvvc \
length-mark /:^ indicates that the preceding •omvvA. \% Vaw^N
stresm-mark (0 indicates chief stress on th« C^WoYim^ %^\W^^'
232 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
gelatine n. base of jellies [also, sometimes, spelt gelatin]
'dsela-tn, 'dseld-tin, 'dsela-tin; (rarely) 'dseld-tain, dscb-
'tiin.
gelatinise v, (become jelly; render jelly-like; coat with
gelatin) dsi'laetn-aiz, 'dselati-naiz,
gelatinoid adj. (jelly-like) dsi'lxtn-eid, 'dseldti-neid.
gelatinous adj, (jelly-like; of gelatin) dsilxtn-ss.
geld V, (emasculate) geld.
gelid adj. (cold; icy) 'dsehd.
gelose n. (agar-agar) dsi'bos, (assumptivly) Msii-los.
gemel n. in ploral, twin barrulets; in singular, finger-ring
[also spelt gentmel; synonymous cognate gimmall Msemsl.
.gemellus n, one of a pair of muscles [plural gemellij dsi-
'melas.
gemma n, bud; shoot [ploral gemmae'} 'dsema.
gendarme n. (man-at-arms; soldier; policeman) $et)'da:zm,
dsen'dai^m.
genealogical adj. dsini-dledsi-ksl, dseni-d'ledsi-ks}.
genealogize v, [also spelt genealogise] dsini'xls-dsaiz, dseni-
'aela-dsaiz.
genealog^y n. pedigree [ploral genealogies] dsini'xld-dsi,
dseni'aela-dsi.
geneat n. (vassal) gi'niit.
genera n. (ploral of genus) 'dsena-^a; {vulgarly) 'dsii-na-ra.
general n. 'dsena-^al, {rapidly, anteriorly, as a title) 'dseneal.
general v. act as a general to; marshal [present participle
generating, generalling; past participle and preterit gener-
ated, generalled, generald] 'dsena-^gl.
generalization n. [also spelt generalisation] dsend-^dh'zee-
San, {rapidly) dsen^ah'zee-Jan ; {also) dsena^a-lai'zee-Jan.
generalize z/. [also spelt generalise] 'dsens^a-laiz.
generatrix n. (female parent; generant; dynamo) dsena-
Vee-tjiks, 'dsena-^etgiks.
generic adj. (of a genus or class : opposed to specific, spe-
cial) dsi'nerik.
genesis n. [plural geneses] 'dseni-sis.
genet n. (civet-cat) 'dsenit, dsi'net.
genial adj. (nuptial; cordial, kindly) 'dsii-njal, 'dsii-ni-al.
genial adj. (of the chin) dsi'nai-dl.
geniality n, (genial nature; kindliness) dsini'aeh-ti.
genialize v, render genial [also spelt genialise] 'dsii-nja-laiz,
'dsii-ni-a-laiz.
genie n. jinnee, goblin [also spelt gent', ploral genii"] 'dsii-ni.
J ye, Qcure; bthe, 9 *fiin; ja^rure, ds/oy; I shoe, tlchtw;
wwhen; tjsinff; u whoever, i react, oitt\\, ^mIooV t^^V -dse^;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, a. but, o'. doot, t>oxio, ^\ie^, ^.^^oX^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 233
genii n. (ploral of genius, genie) 'dsii-ni-ai.
genioslossal adj, dsi-naio'glesdl.
genius n. ruling spirit; disembodied spirit; bent; person of
great innate creativ power [ploral genii but, in the sense of
a person of great creativ power, geniusesl 'dsii-njss; (tn the
sense of a spirit, perhaps oftener) 'dsii-ni-as.
Genoese <idj, (of Genoa, Italy) dseno'iiz, (assumptivly)
'dseno-iz; {also) dseno'iis, (assumptivly) 'dseno-is.
genre n. (kind, sort; a style of painting) 30:1}?, 3e:n;.
gens n. clan, sept [ploral gentesi dsenz.
gentes n, (ploral of gens) 'dscn-tiz.
gentian n. (plant) 'dsent^dn, (in Britain) 'dsen^dn.
gentile adj. (non-Jewish; non-Mormon) 'dsen-tail, 'dscnti!.
gentilism n, (heathenism) 'dsen-tail-izam, 'dsenti-hzdm.
gentilixe v, make gentle [also, formerly, spelt gentilise'i
'dsenti-laiz.
gentilixe v, live like a gentile ; make gentile ; paganize [also
spelt gentilise'i 'dsenti-laiz, 'dsen-tail-aiz.
gentleman n. man of gentle birth, etc. [ploral gentlemen"}
'dsenti-man, {dialectally, vulgarly) 'dsenl-mgn.
gentlemen n. (plural of gentleman) 'dsentl-mgn.
genuflection n. bending of the knee ; kneeling [also spelt
genuflexion"] dsenjo'fLekJgn.
gennfleot v. (bend the knee) dsenjo'fi-ekt, 'dsenjo-fLckt.
genuine adj, [also, sometimes, spelt genuin} 'dsenju-in;
{dialectally, vulgarly) 'dsenju-ain.
genns n. class, kind [ploral genera and, rarely now, genusesi
'dsii-nss.
geode n. (hollow concretionary stone) 'dsii-od.
geography n. (description of the earth's surface) dsi'eg^a-fi ;
(vulgarly) 'dseg^a-fi, 'dsega-fsi.
geologize v. [also spelt geologise"] dsi'els-dsaiz.
geomancy n. (divination by signs related to the earth) 'dsii-
9-mxnsi.
geometrician n. (one skild in geometry) dsi-emi'tjiSan.
geometrize v, [also, formerly, spelt geometrise] dsi'emi-
tsaiz.
geometry n. science of space-relations [plural geometries]
dsi'emi-tji; (vulgarly) 'dsemi-tsi, 'dsemtji.
Georgic adj, (of agriculture) 'dsei^-dsik.
geraninm n. (plant) d3i'?ee-ni-9m.
gerbe n. something resembling a wheat-sheaf ; firework [also
spelt gerb and, formerly, jerh] d3B:?b.
c: low, s: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy, a: far, go now, a: ask, at kite;
length-mark (;) indicates that the preceding somxv^ \s \^^^N
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the io\\oN«\Tv% s^V^^sX^fc.
234 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
gerbille n. animal [also spelt gerhil] 'd3B:?-bi}.
gerfalcon, n. large falcon [also spelt gyrfalcon and, former-
ly* jerfalconi dser'fokan, dse^'fcl-kan.
german. adj. having the same parents : as, a brother *ger-
man; that is the child of a brother or sister german of ei-
ther of one's parents : used only in cousin *german [synon-
ymous cognate germane'} 'dsor^-man.
German adj. (of Germany) 'dsBie-mgn.
germane adj, (german ; also, relevant, pertinent) dsBz'meen.
Germanise v. [also spelt Germanise'] 'd3e:?-m3-naiz.
germen n. germ; ovary [synonymous cognate germinl 'd^siz-
men.
gerrymander n. (arrangement of the political divisions of
a State for party purposes in elections) dse^i'mandar, gezi-
'mxnd9z, 'ge^i-maendae.
gemnd n. (verbal noun) 'dserand, 'dsc-^xnd.
gest V. act, deed, achievement [also spelt geste] dsest.
gestation n. (carrying, bearing; pregnancy) dses'tee-Ssa.
gestion «. (conduct) 'dsesti-an, 'dsestjgn, 'dseStJan.
gesture «. (bearing; bodily movement) 'dsestjar, 'dseJtSa?,
'dsestga?.
gewgaw n. gaudy trifle ; bauble ; toy [also spelt gew-gawl
'gjou-gc: , 'dsou-gc: .
geyser n. spouting hot spring [also spelt geysir] 'gai-za?, 'gai-
S3?, 'gee-s3?.
ghastful adj. dreadful ; fearful [also spelt gastfull 'ga:st-f3}.
ghastly adj. horrible ; death-Hke ; lurid [also spelt gastlyl
'ga:-stti, 'ga:-stti, 'gae:-stLi.
ghaut fi. mountain-pass [also spelt ghat, gaut'\ get.
ghazal n. poetry; music [synonymous cognates ghasel, gha-
sel, gazel"] 'gae-zael.
gherkin «. small cucumber [also, formerly, spelt gerkin, gir-
kin, gurkini 'gorkin, 'ger^-kin.
Ghetto n. (Jewish quarter of a city) 'geto.
Ghibelline n, one of the emperor's faction in the Italian
states [also, sometimes, spelt Ghibellinl 'gibi-hn, 'gibi-lain.
ghost fi. soul, spirit, specter, etc. [also spelt gostl goost.
ghostly adj, spiritual; spectral [also spelt gostly"] 'goo-stti.
ghoul n. evil spirit [also, formerly, spelt goul, ghooll goul.
giaour n. (non-Mussulman ; Christian) dsaor.
gib n, clasp; wedge; gibbet [also spelt jibi dsib.
gib n. hookt gristle of male salmon [also spelt gibb"] gib.
gibber v, (speak incoherently) 'giba?, 'dsibo?.
jye, 5 cure; bthe, 0*/iin; 3 a^rure, dsjoy; I shoe, t^chew;
wwhen; jjsing; u whoever, i react, oiuu, xi>a.ioo\, \\t, lis^e;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, a. but, o: doot, ^oxvo, «.>oc^, ^^^ae«.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 235
gibber ». (gibbosity) 'gibd?.
gibber n. large stone, boulder [also spelt ghibber"} 'gibs;.
gibberish, n. (unintelligible speech; jargon) 'gibd-?i$.
gibbet ». (gallows; post on which executed criminals were
hung) 'dsibit.
gibbon ». (long-armd ape) 'gibdn.
gibbose adj, (convex, gibbous) gi'boos, (assumptivly) 'gibos.
gibbosity n. (state of being gibbose or gibbous; swelling)
gi'besi-ti.
gibbons adj, (convex, gibbose; humpbackt) 'gibas.
gibbsite w. (natlv aluminum hydrate) 'gib-zait.
gibe v.,n, taunt, jeer [also spelt jibe, gybel dsaib.
giber w. one who utters gibes [also spelt jiberl 'dsai-bd?.
giblet n. (trimming from a fowl, as the heart, gizzard, neck,
etc.) 'dsiWat.
giddea n. acacia [synonymous cognates gidya, gydya, gidgee,
gidjeej 'gidi-3.
gig n. (something that whirls; vehicle; boat; fun) gig.
gigantean adj, (gigantic) dsai-gan'tii-dn ; (improperly) dsai-
'gxnti-sn.
gigantie ctdj, (giant-like; huge) dsai'gxntik; (less properly)
dsi'gaentik.
gigerinm. n, gizzard [ploral gigeria] d3iM3i:-?i-3m.
giglet fi. giddy, laughing, romping girl [synonymous cognate
gigloti 'gight.
gigot n. (leg of mutton, etc.) 'dsigat.
gig-saw n. (veneer-saw ; sawing-tool) 'gig-sc: , 'dsig-sc: •
compare jig-saw.
gigne n. (in music, jig) siig.
Gila monster n. (large lizard) ^li-ld-menstsz.
Gilbertine adj. of Gilbert of Sempringham [also, sometimes,
spelt Gilbertinl 'gilba^-tin, 'giibazr-tain.
gild V. overlay with gold [past participle and preterit gilded,
gilt'\ gild,
gild n. mutual-aid association [also spelt guild"] gild.
gildball n. [also spelt guildhall] 'giid-hc:!.
gill n. (breathing-organ) gil.
gill ». cleft, ravine [also spelt ghyll] gi!.
gill n. measure [also spelt jill] dsii.
gill n. girl; sweetheart [also spelt jill] dsil.
gill », (flax-comb) gil.
gillie n. man-servant [also spelt ghillie, gilly] 'gih.
gillyfloirer n. clove-scented pink, etc. [also spelt gillif lower;
c: law, b: fur, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: osk, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding soutv^ \^ Vi^^N
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the io\\oN«i.n^ s^^^aJcJ^^
236 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
synonymous cognates gilliver, jilliver, July-flowerl 'dsih-
fz.au-97.
giit-edged adj. giit'edsd, (assumptivly) 'giU-edsd.
glmbal n. in ploral, steadying-device [also spelt gimbaU,
gintble, gymball 'dsimbal.
Simcrack n. contrivance; trumpery article; knickknack [al-
so spelt jimcrack} 'dsim-ksaek.
Sfimlet V, use a gimlet on [present participle gimleting, gim-
letting; past participle and preterit gimleted, gimletted]
'gimldt.
gimp n. thread; trimming [also spelt gymp, guimpi gimp.
g^mp V, (jag, denticulate, scallop) dsimp, gimp.
g^n n. (machine, engin; snare) dsin.
gin. n. (drink) dsin.
Singall n. musket; gun [also spelt jingall, gingal, jingafl
'dsiq-gcil.
S^ingham n. (cloth; umbrella) 'gigsm.
glngili n. plant; oil [also spelt gingeley, gingely, gingelly,
gingilie, jinjilil 'dsindsi-h.
g:ing:iTal adj. (of the gums) 'dsindsi-val, dsin'dsai-val.
glngko n. Japanese tree [also spelt ginko; synonymous cog-
nate gingo'] 'giqko.
ginglsnnus n. hinge- joint [ploral ginglymili 'gitjgh-mas,
'dsiqgh-mas.
ginseng n. (plant; root) Msin-set].
gipser n. purse, pouch, wallet [also spelt gipsirel 'dsipsa?.
Gipsy n. one of a wandering race [also spelt Gypsy, Gipsey;
ploral Gipsies] 'dsipsi.
giraffe n. (camelopard) dsi'raif, dsi'eaif, dsi'^aeif.
girandole n. (firework; fountain-jet ; girandola; candlestick;
pendant) 'dsiran-dol, 'd3i:-^3n-dol.
girasol n. fire-opal [synonymous cognate girasole] 'dsira-sol.
gird n. (spurt of action; jerk) gB:?d.
g^rd V. formerly, strike, smite; later, rush, start, spring; jest,
gibe [past participle and preterit girded"] gm^d.
gird V, surround with a belt or girdle ; secure by means of a
girdle [past participle and preterit girt, girded] goi^d.
girl n. (female child; maid-servant) ge:?}, gsQl; (dialectally)
goif, gJBirf.
CMrondist n., adj. (moderate republican) dsi'^ondist.
girth n. (band, girdle, perimeter) gsizB.
gist n. (real point, substance, pith) dsist.
gives n. dsaivz. see gyve.
j yCf 9 cure; bthe, Q thin; sajsrure, ds/oy; I shoe, t^chew;
wwhen; ijsing; u whoever, i react, duW, T5>3iioo\, \\t, lis^^;
^poetic; 9 over, e aerial, a. but, o: door, -aotvo, rXic^^, v,«l^oXs:\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 237
n. (gigerium) 'gizs^d.
Slac6 adj. (iced; lustrous) giae'see.
glacial adj. (ice-like; icy; cold) 'glee-Ss^ 'glee-Si-d), 'glee-si-
9i, 'gissi-d}.
glacier n. (river of ice) 'glce-Jae, 'gJee-Ji-ae, 'glaesi-ae.
glacis w. (sloping bank; slope) 'glee-sis, glx'sii, 'gla:-si.
glad adj, (joyous; fain) glxd, {often) glaeid.
gladiator n. (public fighter; swordsman) 'glxdi-ets?.
gladiole n. (gladiolus) 'glxdi-ol.
gladiolus n. sword-lily [ploral gladioli, gladioluses] gla'dai-
d-lds, glxdi'oo-lds.
gladsome adj. (cheering; glad, cheerful) 'giaedsam.
Gladstone n. (wine; bag; carriage) 'glaedstan, 'glaed-ston.
glair n. white of an egg [also spelt glare"] gXz'.z.
glaive n. sword [also, formerly, spelt glavel gleev.
glamour n. [also spelt glamor and, formerly, glamer, glam-
mar] 'glxm^z, (less often) 'glee-ma?.
glance v, (glide off or over; dart, flash, gleam; look quick-
ly) gla:ns, glains, glsems; (also) gia:nts, etc.
glandes n. (ploral of glans) 'glaen-diz.
glans n. acorn; acorn-like part [ploral glandes"] glaenz.
glare v. (shine) gle:?.
glare n. (dazzling light) gle:?.
glass n. (substance; drinking-vessel ; pane; mirror) gla:s,
gla:s, glse:s.
glanberite w. (nativ calcium sulfate) 'glc:-b3-7ait, 'glao-bs-
zrait.
glancoma n. (eye-disease, glaucosis) glc'koo-ma.
glaucous adj. (sea-green) 'glokds.
glaucus n. (gull) 'glokss.
glazier n. (one who glazes windows) 'glee-sar, 'glee-zi-ar.
glede n. kite ; buzzard ; marsh-hawk [also spelt gleed ; synen«
ymous cognate gled] ghid.
glene n. (eyeball; eye-socket; socket) 'ghi-ni.
glenoid adj. (like a joint-socket ; cupt) 'ghi-noid.
glisten V, shine, sparkle [past participle and preterit glis-
tened, glistend] 'ghsan, 'ghsn.
glitter V. gleam, sparkle [past participle and preterit glit-
tered, glitterd] 'ghtae.
globical adj. (circular) 'glebi-kal, 'gloo-bi-kal.
globigerina n. deep-sea rhizopod [ploral globigerinae]
globidsa'^ai-na, glebidsa'^ai-na.
globose adj. (spherical) glo'boos, (assumptivly) 'gloo-bos.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: for, au now, a*, ask, «aVa\s.\
length-marJf (:) indicates* that the preceding; sovitv^ \% \^tv^%
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the ioWo'wxxi^ s^>\^iJc}^^<
238 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
globular adj, (spherical; compound of globules) 'glebjo-ldz.
globule n. (little globe; blood-corpuscle; pill) 'gle-bjtd.
globulin n. proteid [also spelt globulinel 'glebjo-lin.
gloss n. (marginal definition, etc.) gie:s, (rarely) gles.
gloss n. (luster) glers, (rarely) gJes.
glossary n. (collection of glosses; vocabulary) 'g}e:-89-7i,
'gles3-?i, (rapidly) 'gleffsi.
glottis n. mouth of the windpipe [ploral glottides\ 'gletis.
glove n. (hand-covering) glAv.
gloirer V, frown [synonymous cognate glour; past participle
and preterit glowered, glowerdi 'glau-o?.
gloze n. gloss, marginal note; flattery, deceit, pretense [also,
formerly, spelt glosel glooz,
glucinum n. (beryllium) glo'sai-nsm.
glucose n. (grape-sugar, desctrose; fruit-sugar, levulose)
'glou-kos.
glue n. adhesiv [also, formerly, spelt glew} glou.
gluey adj. like glue [also spelt gluy and, formerly, glewy,
gleweyl 'glou-i.
gluteal adj, of the glutei [also spelt glutaeal} 'g!ou-ti-9l, glo-
'tii-3l.
gluten n. (gum, glue ; nitrogenous part of wheat, etc.) 'glou-
tn, 'glou-tan, 'glou-ten.
gluteus n. one of the three buttock-muscles [also spelt glu-
taeus; ploral glutei^ glo'tii-ss.
glutinous adj. (gluey, sticky) 'glou-tn-3s, 'glou-ti-nas.
gluttonize v. [also, rarely, spelt gluttonise"] 'glxtn-aiz.
gluttony w. excessiv eating [ploral gluttonies'} 'glAtn-i,
'glAt3-ni.
glycerin n. glycerol [also spelt glycerinel 'ghs3-?in, 'ghssin.
glycocoU n. (amido-acetic acid) 'glai-ks-kel, 'ghkd-kel.
glycogen n. (animal starch) 'glai-ks-dsm, 'ghka-dsin; (also)
'glai-ka-dsen, etc.
glycol n. (ethylene alcohol, etc.) 'glai-kel, 'gh-kol.
glycollie adj. of glycol [also spelt glycolic"! glai'kehk, gh-
'kehk.
Glyconio adj. (of the Greek poet Glycon) glailcenik.
glypb n. (groove) ghf.
glyptic adj. (of carving or engraving) 'ghptik.
gmelinite n. (mineral) 'meh-nait, (rarely) 'gmeh-nait.
gnapbalium n. (herb) nd'fee-li-sm.
gnarled adj. knotty, twisted [also spelt gnarld and, f -rmerly,
knarled] narzrl.
} ye, 5 cure; bthe, 0 ^Ain ; 5 axrure, ds/oy; S^^oe, tjcfcew;
wwhen; jj sing; u whoever, i react, \3iu\\, \iM.iool, itt, lis^^;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, A.buX, o*. door, -aoTvo, «.>ocd, ^^%,aj«:\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 239
V. strike together, grind, bite upon [past participle and
preterit gnashed, gnashfl nae^.
n. (two-wingd fly) nat.
gnatliio adj, (of the jaws) 'naeOik, 'nee-Oik.
gnathite n. (mouth-appendage) 'nx-6ait, 'nee-Oait.
gnanv V, bite off little by little; bite; fret, waste [past par-
ticiple and preterit gnawed, gnawd} nc: .
gneiss n. (rock) nais, (rarely) gnais.
n. (aphorism; saw) noom, 'noo-mi.
n. (dwarf, goblin) noom.
gnomio adj. (of gnomes or maxims) 'noo-mik, 'nemik.
gnomon n. (shadow-casting piece on a sun-dial) 'noo-men.
gnosiology n. science of cognition [also spelt gnoseologyl
nosi'eid-dsi, nozi'ela-dsi.
gnostio n. (of knowledge) 'ne'stik.
gnn n. wildebeest [also, formerly, spelt gnoo"} nou, njou.
SO V. walk, move, etc. [past participle gone; preterit wenti
goo, (when unstrest) go.
go n. action of going; turn of affairs [ploral goes'} goo.
goaf n. in a coal-mine, a space from which coal has been
workt away [synonymous cognates goave, goff, gove; ploral
goaves, goafs} gSof.
go-ahead adj. (energetic, pushing) goo-s'hed, 'goo-a-hed.
goatee n. (chin-whiskers) go'tii.
gob n. (dab; lump; attle) geb.
gobang n. game [also spelt go-bang} goolsaer).
gobbe n. (plant) geb.
gobelin adj. (of Gobelins, the state factory of tapestry in
Paris) gobalaeq, 'geba-hn.
goblet n. (drinking-cup ; wine-cup) 'geWat.
goblin n. (surly elf; sprite; gnome; demon) 'gebhn.
go-by n. (action of going by ; a passing by without notice ;
slip) 'goo-bai.
goby n. gobiid, a fish [ploral gobies} 'goo-bi.
god n. (deity) ged, (sometimes) ge:d ; (dialectally) gc:d, ga:d.
Goetbian adj, of the German poet Goethe [also spelt Goe-
thean} 'gei-ti-an,
goety n. (black magic) 'goo-i-ti.
goffer V. flute, crimp [synonymous cognate gauffer; past
participle and preterit goffered, gofferd} 'gei-fae, 'gefa?.
Goidelio adj. (of the Goidels) gei'dehk.
goiter n. bronchocele [also spelt goitre} 'gei-ta?,
goldenrod n. (plant) 'gool-dn-^ed.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ©i hoy ; a: far, ao now» a: ask, ^\ VAtf,
length -marif (:) indicates that the preceding soMtv^ -va Awslv-.
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on t\ie ie\\oN«\Tv^ ^-^V^-aJ^e^,
240 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
soldilookfl n. buttercup, etc. [also spelt goldylocksl 'gool-di-
leks.
golf n. game [former synonymous cognate goff\ golf, ge:f,
gof.
gondola n. (boat) 'gonds-ld; {improperly) gon'doo-^s.
gondolier n. (one who rows a gondola) gondsli:?.
gone adj. (undone; departed) go:n, gen; (dialectally) gc:n.
gonfalon n. (banner, ensign) 'genfs-lon.
gonfalonier n. (standard-bearer) geni^Wniiz.
gonidial adj. (of a gonidium) go'nidi-di.
goniometer n. (angle-measuring device) goni'omi-ts?.
gonoph n. pickpocket [also spelt gonnof'\ 'gonsf, 'go-nof.
gonopliore n, (part bearing the reproductiv elements) 'gona-
fo:?.
gonorrliea n. disease [also spelt gonorrhoea! gons'^ii-d,
gonydeal adj. (of the gonys; gonal) go'nidi-sl.
good-by interj. farewell [also spelt good-byel god'bai, go-
'bai.
good-for-notliing adj, godfdz'nAOii], (assumptivly) 'godfs?-
tlAQlT}.
Goorkl&a n. nativ of Nepal [also spelt Ghoorkal 'goiz-ks,
goose n. bird [ploral geesel gous.
gooseberry n. 'gouz-be^i, 'gouz-ban, 'gouz-b3i; 'gous-be?i.
gopber n. poucht rat ; ground squirrel ; land-tortoise ; snake
[also spelt gophirl 'goo-fa?.
gorgeons adj. (magnificent) 'ge:z-dz^s.
gorget n. (throat-armor; wimple; necklace) 'go:?-d3it.
gorgon n. (female monster) 'goi^-gan.
gorgonian adj. (of a gorgon; gorgon-like) goe'gDO-ni-an.
gorgonize v. petrify or gaze at in the manner of a gorgon
[also spelt gorgonisel 'go:?-g3-naiz.
gorilla n. (large anthropoid ape) gs'^ils.
gormand n. glutton [synonymous cognate gourmandl 'ge:z-
msnd.
gormandise v. eat like a gormand [also spelt gormandise;
synonymous cognates gourmandize, gourmandise"} 'go:?-n»n-
daiz.
gorse n. (furze, whin) geizs.
gosban^k n. (large short-wingd hawk) 'gos-hc:k.
gosling n, (young goose) 'gozhr).
gospel n. (good tidings) 'gospsl.
gospeller n. evangelist; reader; book; adherent [also spelt
gospellarl 'gospa-lar.
} ye, 5 cure; hthe, Qthin-, 3 a-sure, ds/oy; I shoe, tScAew;
wtcfhen; ijsing; u whoever, iTcact, oiuW, ^wiool, lit, lisee;
o poetic; 9 over, e oerial, Abwt, o*. doot, t>otvo, t.\ic^, ^^^cXfe\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 241
gossamer n. (filmy cobweb; gauze; hat; waterproof) 'ges9-
msz; (improperly) 'gezd-maz.
gossan n. decomposed rock [also spelt gossan^ 'gezsn.
Gotluuaite n. (denizen of Qotham, England, or of New
York city) 'goo-Ga-mait, 'geOs-mait, 'gota-mait.
Gothioism n. (barbarism; conformity to Gothic style in ar-
chitecture; study of the Gothic language; Gothic idiom)
'geOi-sizsm.
Gothioise v, [also spelt Gothicisel 'geOi-saiz.
gonaolie n. (mode of painting) gwa:S.
gonge n. (concave chisel; a scooping out; swindle) goods,
gouds.
gonge V. (cut with a gouge; scoop out; cheat) goods, gouds.
gourd n. (fruit; plant; gourd-shell) goizd, goizd.
gourde n. (dollar) goizd.
gourmand n. 'gu:z-m9nd. same meaning as gormand,
gourmet n. (epicure) go3'mee, 'go:3-met.
gout n. (disease; drop) gaot.
gont n. sluice, drain [also spelt gowtl gaot.
gont n. taste [also spelt gouf} guu.
govemante n. (obsolete) 'gAV3z-nant.
governess n. (female ruler; instructress) 'gAV37-nis.
government n. (rule; province, etc.) 'gAvarn-mant; (im~
properly) 'gAvar-mant, 'gAva-mant, 'gAvmant, 'gAbmant.
governor n. ruler; regulator [also spelt governourl 'gAva-
na?, (rapidly; familiarly; anteriorly, as a title) 'gAvna^;
(also, rarely) 'gAva^-nar.
goivn n. (garment) goon ; (vulgarly) goond.
graoile adj. slender, thin, lean [also spelt gracil^ 'g^aesil.
graoioso n. (buffoon) g^esi'oo-so, greSi'oo-sD.
graoions adj. (pleasing; dispensing grace) 'gree-^as.
gradate v. (shade off, etc.) gre'deet, g^a'deet, 'g^ee-det.
gradation n. gze'dee-San, gra'dee-^an.
gradatory adj. (proceeding by grades or steps) 'g^ee-da-to^i,
'g^ee-data-^i ; 'gzaeda-to^i.
gradin n. one of a series of steps ; altar-ledge [synonymous
cognate gredinel 'gree-din.
gradine n. gra'diin. same meaning as gradin.
gradine n. (tootht chisel) g^a'diin.
gradual adj. (of degree; proceeding step by step) 'graedsu-al,
'g3adju-al.
gradnand n. (student about to graduate) graedju'snd.
graduate n. (one who holds a degree ; measuring-glass)
c: law, b: f «r, a cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, go nozv, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-inork (:) indicates that the preceding soMtv^ \^ \wv.v^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on tTie ioWo-sNiti^ «^\\aJo\«.,
242 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
'g^adsu-et, 'gradsu-it, 'gzsudsU'^t; 'g?aedju-et, 'gcaedjn-it,
'gzxdju-9t.
graduate adj. (graduated; holding a degree; arranged by
degrees) 'geadsu-et, (assumptivly) 'g^aedsu-it; ialso) 'gzxd-
ju-3t.
graduate v, 'gzxdsu-et, 'grxdju-et.
graffito n. drawing or writing scratcht on a wall [ploral
graffiti^ gra'fii-to.
graft n. (shoot inserted in another stock; transplanted tis-
sue) g^aift, gra:ft, gzxift,
grail n. cup [also spelt great, graal] g^eel.
grail n. comb-maker's file [also spelt graillel gzeel,
n. (seed ; wheat ; granule ; weight ; dye ; texture) gsreen.
n. unit of weight [also spelt gramtnel g^xm.
gramercy interj. (thank you; mercy on us!) 'geraemsz-si,
g^a'me^si.
graminivorous adj. (grass-eating) gzxmi'niv9-z93.
grammar n. (knowledge of parts of speech, inflections, syn-
tax, etc.) 'gzxm^z.
grammaticise v. render grammatical [also spelt grammaii-
cise'^ g?:)'mati-saiz.
gran ad ill a n. passion flower [synonymous cognate grena-
dillal grsensMild.
granary n, storehouse for grain [ploral granaries'] 'graens-ei;
(less properly) 'g^ee-na-^i.
grand adj, (chief, main; great; lofty) g^send, (often) g^aeind,
(in England, sometimes) gra:nd.
grandam n. grandmother ; ancestress ; gossip [synonymous
cognates grandame, grand-dame] 'g^aendam.
grandame n. 'grxn-dem. same meaning as grandam.
grandannt n. great-aunt [also spelt grand-aunt] 'gzaend-amt.
grandcliild n. child of one's son or daughter [ploral grand-
children] 'graend-tSaild, 'g^aen-tJaiM.
granddad n. grandfather [also, sometimes, spelt grandad]
'g^and-daed, 'g?aen-daed.
granddaughter n. (daughter of one's son or daughter)
'graend-dc:-t3^, 'g?aen-dc:-t3?.
grandenr n. 'gzaendss?, 'graendjd?.
grandfather n. (father of one's father or mother; fore-
father) 'g?aBnd-fa:-d9^, 'g?an-fa:-d3r ; (sometimes, anteriorly,
as a title) 'gzdtni^^z.
grandiose adj. (imposing; pompous) grxndi'oos, (assump-
tivly) 'grandi-os.
j ye, Qcure; bthe, Q thin; 3 arrure, d^/oy; I shoe, tlchew;
wwAen; tjsing; u whoever, i react, vjiu\V ^Miool, itt, lis^^;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial. Abut, o: doot, ;>otio, t>Qe^, ^«i%ja6ut\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 243
n. (grandmother) 'graend-ma: , 'geaen-ma: , 'g^aem-
ma: , (sometimes, anteriorly, as a title) 'g3aenm3, 'g^am-ma.
grandmamma n. (grandmother) 'gzaend-ms-ma: , 'gzaenms-
ma: .
grandmotlier n. (mother of one's father or mother) 'g^aend-
mAddz, 'g?aen-mAd97.
grandpa n. (grandfather) 'gzaend-pa: , 'g?aen-pa: , (sometimes,
anteriorly, as a title) 'g^aenpg, 'g^aempg.
grandsire n. (grandfather; forefather) 'gzaend-saiz, 'graen-
saiz.
grandson n. (son of one's son or daughter) 'g^aend-sAn,
'graen-SAn,
granite n. rock [also spelt granit} 'gzaenit.
granivorons adj, (grain-eating) g^ae'nivs-zss, gz9'niv3-79s ;
(rapidly) gzs'nivzds.
grannom n. fly [also spelt granami 'g^aensm.
granny n. grandmother [also spelt grannie \ ploral granniesl
'g^aeni.
granose adj. gre'noos, (assumptivly) 'grce-nos.
grant n., v. (consent, etc.) gza:nt, g7a:nt, g^aernt.
granter n. (one who grants) 'gram-tar.
grantor n. (in law, one who makes a grant or conveyance)
grain'te:^.
grannlose adj, (granular) g^aenjo'loos, (assumptivly) 'g^aenjo-
los.
grapery n. (vinery) 'g^ee-pa-ri.
graplilc adj, (of drawing, writing, etc.; vivid) 'graefik.
grapnel n. grappling-device ; anchor [also spelt grapnallj
'g^aepNl, 'g^aepNal.
grasp V, clutch, seize; comprehend [past participle and pret-
erit grasped, graspti graisp, g^aisp, grae:sp.
grass n. (herbage, etc.) g7a:s, g?a:s, gzx:s.
grate v. (rub harshly; pulverize by rubbing on an indented
surface) g^eet.
grate n. (framework of bars) g^eet.
grater n. (utensil) 'g^ee-ta^.
gratis adv., adj. (free) 'g^ee-tis ; (improperly) 'graetis.
gratitnde n. (gratefulness) 'g^aeti-tgud ; (dialectally) 'g^aeti-
tud.
gratuitous adj. (free ; uncalled-for) gra'tgou-i-tas.
gratuity n. gift, present; tip [ploral gratuities'! g^a'tgou-i-ti.
gratulatory adj, (congratulatory) 'gzxtl^ld-tozi, 'graetgola-
to^r.
c: law, b: fur, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy ; a: for, ao now, a: osk, ax kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding souti^ \^ Vkxi-V^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the iQ\\o"Witi% s^>\?iXJi&,
244 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
gravamen n. grievance [ploral gravamina'] grd'vee-mon.
gravamina n. (ploral of gravamen) gza'vsmi-nd, gz9\zt-
mi-na.
grave n. (burial-place) g?eev.
grave adj, (weighty ; serious ; low) g?eev.
g^ave adj. (in music, slow, solemn) 'gra:-vi, g?a:v.
V. (dig; incise; carve) g^eev.
V. (clean) g3eev.
graveled adj. covered with gravel [also spelt gravelled, grarh
eld} 'graevald.
graveling n. (the action of the verb gravel ; graveld surface)
'graeva-hq, (rapidly) ^gzxwht).
graveling n. parr or young salmon [also spelt gravelling;
synonymous cognate gravelinj 'gzaeva-hq.
gravelliness n. [also spelt gravelinessi 'g^aevsh-nis.
gravelly adj, abounding in gravel [also spelt gravely"] 'gzxv9-
h, (rapidly) 'g^aevli.
<3raves n. (wine) g?a:v, g^a:v, g^aerv.
gravid adj, (pregnant) 'gravid.
gray adj. ash-colored, etc. [also spelt grey] gree.
grazier n. (one who grazes cattle) 'g?ee-397.
grease n. (animal fat) griis.
grease v. smear or lubricate with grease [past participle and
preterit greased and, sometimes, greast] g^iis, g^iiz.
greaser n. (one who applies grease; nativ Mexican or South
American) 'gzii-s^z, 'gzii-z^z,
greasy adj. (smeard with grease, etc.) 'g^ii-si, 'g^ii-zi.
great adj. (big; distinguish) g^eet, (when unstrest) gzet.
greatcoat n. heavy overcoat ; top-coat [also spelt great-coat]
'geeet-koot, (finally, often) g^eet'koot.
greave n. (armor) g^iiv.
greaves n,pL scraps in cakes; cracklings [former synony-
mous cognate graves] gziivz.
grebe n. (bird) griib.
Grecize v. give Greek form to ; become Greek-like [also spelt
Grecise, Graecize, Graecise] 'g^ii-saiz.
Gregorian adj, (of Pope Gregory ist, etc.) g?i'go:-rf-3n.
grenade n. (explosiv shell, etc.) gzi'need.
grenadier n. (soldier; weaver-bird) grens'di:?.
grenadin n. (coal-tar color) 'g^ens-din.
grenadine n, (silk fabric) 'grens-din, g^ens'diin.
grey adj, gzzt. see gray.
greylionnd n. dog [also spelt grayhound] 'gree-haond.
} ye, 5 cure ; * d the, 9 thin ; 3 axrure, ds ;oy ; J shoe, ^ tj chew;
wze/Aen; tj sing; u whoever, i react, oiuU, aufool, itt, lis^^;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial; A.bift, o;doot, ^ioiio, «.\ie^, ^^%,o!«.%
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 245
w. pig [also, formerly, spelt grisel gzais.
Sridiron n. (cooking-utensil) 'g?id-ai-9zn.
n. (sorrow) gziif.
n, governor; overseer [also spelt greevel gziiv.
Love V. afflict; feel grief [past participle and preterit
grieved, grievd] griiv.
adj. (afflictiv ; full of grief) 'g^ii-vas.
n. (meat broild on a gridiron; grild dish),gziL
n. (gridiron) qzil,
V, broil on a gridiron [past participle and preterit
grilled, grildl gzil,
n. grating; grated opening [also spelt grill'} gzil.
n. (wry face) gei'mees.
n. (cat; she cat; old woman) gzi'maelkin, gzi-
'mc:l-kin.
g^rimly adv. (in a grim manner) 'geimli.
S^rimy adj, (begrimed, dirty) 'g^ai-mi.
grindstone n, (stone disk for grinding) 'g3aind-stoon, 'geain-
ston; (dialectally) 'g2rin-ston.
grip n.,v. (grasp) g^ip.
gripe n. (fast hold; cramp-colic; clutch) gzaip.
g^ripe V, (clutch; produce pain in as by constriction) gzaip.
g^rippe n. influenza [also spelt gripl grip.
grisette n. (French working-girl) g^i'zet.
grisly adj. horrible; gruesome [also, rarely, spelt grizlyl
'grizh. compare grizzly.
gristle n. (cartilage) 'g^isal, 'gnsl; (improperly) 'geizal,
'g^izl; (erroneously) 'g^istl.
gristly adj. (of or like gristle; cartilaginous) 'gjisti.
adj., n, (gray) 'gziz^l, *gziz\.
adj. grayish : as, *grizzly bear [also spelt grizlyl 'gzi-
zh. compare grisly,
groan n. (sound of pain or grief) gzoon,
groat n. (coin) geoot, (archaically) gzcit,
groats n. p . (huld oats or wheat) groots, (archaically) g7c:ts.
grooery n. [ploral groceries} 'gzoo-ss-zi, (rapidly) 'g3DO-S3i.
gronunet n. [also spelt gromet} 'g^emit, 'grxmit. same
meaning as grummet.
grosbeak n. (bird) 'gz30s-biik.
grosohen n. (silver coin) 'g^oo-Jan; (less properly) 'g^ejan.
grotesque adj. (fantastic ; bizarre) gro'tesk.
grotto n. cavern ; cave-like retreat [ploral grottoes, grottos}
'gzeto.
c: law, b: fur, aecat, e h<?t, ei hoy; a: iar^ ao now, a*, ask, a\V\V^\
\znglh-mork (:) indicates that the preceding soutvd \^ \^tv^\
Hress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the ioWo'Witift sv\\^\^.
246 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
groundsel n. (weed) '(jzaund-ssl.
groundsill n. ground-plate; sill [also spelt ground-sill; syn-
enymous cognate groundseil 'graond-sil.
gronse n. bird [ploral grousel g::aus.
grovel V. lie prone ; crawl [present participle groveling, grov-
elling; past participle and preterit groveled, grovelled, grov-
cld} 'gze\9l.
groveler n. one who grovels [also spelt groveller"} 'gzev^-ix,
(rapidly) 'gze\\9z.
gruel n. (liquid food) 'grou-al.
gruesome adj. fearful, grisly [also spelt grcwsome'] 'qzm-
som.
grummet n. ring of rope; metal eyelet [also spelt grommet,
grometl 'g^Amit.
grysbok n. antelope [also spelt greisbokl 'g^ais-bok.
g^aiac n. wood ; tree ; guaiacum [also spelt guiac"] 'gwoi-ak,
'gwee-jaek.
g^anaco n. (mammal) gwyna:-k3.
g^anin n. [also spelt guanine} 'gwa:-nin.
g^ano n. (sea-fowl manure) 'gwa:-no, gju'aenD.
guarantee n. (person who makes a guaranty : correlatir of
guarantor; also, the act of guaranteeing; security, guaran-
ty) gaeran'tii, (anteriorly, often) 'gaeran-ti.
guarantee v. (be a guarantee, warrant, or surety for; sectire,
guaranty) gae^on'tii, (anteriorly, sometimes) 'gaeran-ti.
guarantor n. (one who makes a guaranty or gives a seen*
rity) gxz^n'teiz.
guaranty n., v. 'gae^an-ti. same meaning as guarantee.
g^ard n. protection ; watch ; protector [also spelt gardi ga:rd;
(dialect ally) gja:?d.
g^uardian n. protector; keeper [also spelt gardiani 'ga:r-di-
3n, (less often) 'ga:^-dJ3n ; (dialect ally) gae'diin.
g^ava n. (tree; fruit) 'gwa:-v3; (improperly) 'gwc:-v3.
gubernatorial adj. (of a governor) guba^ns'toi-ei-at, gju-
hdzns'toi-zi-ol.
gudgeon n. (fish; bait; gullible person) 'gAdssn.
Gueber n. Zoroastrian, Parsee [also spelt Guehre, Gheber,
Ghebrey Ghebirl 'gii-bar, 'gee-bar.
guelder-rose n. [also, formerly, spelt gelder-rosel 'gcldw-
zooz.
Guelpb n. papist [also spelt Guelfl gwelf.
g^epard n. leopard [also spelt gefyard} 'gepard.
guerdon n.. 7^ (reward) 'go:r-dan, 'gB:?-den.
j ye, gcure; d ffie, Qtfiin; sarure, d^/oy; ^shoe, tj cAew;
wzvhen; tjsing; u whoever, iteaict, oiuW, ^wiool, it't, lis*^;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, a. but, o*. doot, t>otvo, ^\ic^, ^^^i6.^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 247
^ — . — ■,
reza n. monkey [synenymous cegnate guersa} 'ge?i-z3.
nuiey n. (vest) 'geenz*, 'gei^n-zi.
rrilla n. irregular warfare [also spelt guerillal g^'zil^.
BU V. (estimate; fancy; be pretty sure) ges.
■t n. (one who is entertaind ; boarder) gest.
faiv n. (loud coarse laughter ; horse-laugh) gA'fc: .
lance n. (guiding; leadership) 'gai-dns, 'gai-ddns; {dia-
Ttally) 'gjai-dns.
le V. (lead, conduct) gaid; (dialectally) gjaid.
Ion n. (flag) 'gai-d9n.
Se n. shield-strap [also spelt gigel giis, giids.
Id n. giid. see gild.
Lder n. coin [also, formerly, spelt gilder"] 'gilda?.
le n. (cunning) gait; (dialectally) gjail.
ilanme n. (rebate-plane) gil'jdom.
ilemot n. (sea-bird) 'gih-mat, 'gih-met.
loclie n., V. gilooS.
lotine n. (beheading-device) 'gila-tin, gila'tiin, (rarely)
la-tin.
.t n. (an offense; wickedness) gilt.
ica n. (former gold coin; twenty-one shillings) 'gini.
mre n. (lace) gi'pgorr.
;e n. (behavior ; garb ; aspect) gaiz ; (dialectally) gjaiz;
;ar n. (musical instrument) gi'ta:?.
IT orfy. (of the throat or gula) 'gjou-la^.
ksli n. (meat dish) 'gou-lse^.
ill n. (ravine, gorge) gAltJ, (in Britain) gAlJ.
Len n. (gold coin; silver coin) 'goul-dan, 'goldgn.
IS n. (red) gjoulz.
ible adj, (capable of being guld or duped) 'gAlg-bal.
. arable n. (gum acacia) ga'mse^d-bik.
matons adj. (like a gumma) 'gAmd-t9s.
ales n. in mining, breadth [also spelt gunnis'\ 'gAnis,
niz.
nrale n. [also, sometimes, spelt gunnell 'gAn-weel, 'gAnal,
nl.
Imitation n. (surging) gerdsi'tee-^dn.
atory adj. (of taste) 'gAsta-tDn, 'gAst9-t3?i.
a-perclia n. (dried juice of Dichopsis gutta, etc.) gAta-
rtja, gAta'pBi^-tSa.
ated adj. (having drop-like spots or masses) 'gA-tetid,
tee-tid.
n. rope [ploral guysl gai.
\ b: iur, a: cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a*. asV, ^\V\\.^%
i-mark (:) indicates that the preceding souti^ t^ \€>Ti^\
mark C) indicates chief stress on the foWovJxti^ s^>\^X^fc«
243 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
guy n. grotesque person ; fright [ploral guys'] gai.
g^ny V. (treat as a guy; ridicule) gai.
gxHniad n. fish [also spelt gwyniad, guiniad} 'gwini-ad.
gybe V, put about; sail round [also spelt jibe] dsaib.
gynmasiiiiii n. place for gymnastics; school [ploral gymna-
sia, gymnasiumsl dsim'nee-sam, dsim'nee-zi-dm, dsim'nee-
si-am.
gymnast n. 'd3im-na:st, 'dsim-nxst.
gymnastio adj. (of athletic exercises) dsim'naestik.
gymnospemi n. (plant having naked seeds or ovules : cor-
relativ of angiosperm) 'dsimna-speirm.
gynaecenm n. women's apartments [plural gynaeceal dsini-
'sii-3m, dsai-ni'sii-am.
gynecologist n. specialist in diseases of women [also spelt
gynaecologist] dsmi'kela-dsist, dsai-ni'kela-dsist.
gynoecinm n. pistil or pistils collectivly [also spelt gynaeci-
um, gynaeceum ; ploral gynoecia] dsi'nii-si-am.
gynophore n. (stalk bearing the gynoecium, etc.) 'dsind-
io:z, 'dsai-na-fo:?.
gypsnin n. (nativ calcium sulfate) 'd^ipssm.
gypsy n. see gipsy.
gyra n. border, hem [ploral gyrae] 'd3ai-33,
gyrate v. (rotate, whirl) 'dsai-^et.
gyrate adj. (circinate ; meandrin) 'dsai-zet, 'dsai-s^t.
gyration n. (wheeling; whirling) dsai'^ee-San.
gyratory adjo (whirling) 'd^ai-zs-tozi, 'dsai-ra-ta^i.
g^ri n. (ploral of gyrus) 'dsai-rai.
gyronny adj. (having gyrons) 'dsai-^a-ni, dsai'zreni.
g^yroscope n. (fly-wheel with freely-turning axis, etc.) 'djai-
^3-skop.
gyrovaji n,pl. (vagrant monks) dsaiVeva-dsai.
gyms n. convolution; gyre [ploral gyri] 'dsai-^ds.
gytrasli n. (specter, ghost) 'gai-tjaej.
gyve n., v. fetter, shackle [also spelt give] dsaiv.
lia inter], [also spelt hah] ha: , {when less strest) ha.
habeas corpns phrase, n. (have the body : a writ requiring
the body of a person to be brought before the judge or into
court) hebi-as'ker^-pas, (less often) baebi-3s'ke:?-p3s.
habergeon n. sleeveless coat of mail, etc. [synonymous ceg- «
nate haubergeon] 'haebar-dsan, ha'bn^dsan, ha'beedsi-an.
J ye, gcure; d ffie, 0 thin-, ^aisute, ds/oy; S^Aoe, tlchevr;
wwhen; i) sing; u whoever, iteact, \3iu\\, ^m\ooV -i.\V i\««e;
O poetic; 3 ov^r, e aerial, a. but, o*. doot, ^oiio, ^\ie^, ^^%<iStv>
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 249
liablliii&eiit n. (outfit, etc.) hs'bih-mdnt.
habitat n. (locality; habitation) lixbi-txt.
habitnal <idj. (of habit; customary) hd'bitSu-dl, ha^bitQU-al.
Habitn^ n. (frequenter) hae-bit^u'ee, ha-bitSu'ee.
baoienda n. (estate) aesi'cnds.
badji n. pilgrim to the tomb of Mohammed at Mecca [also
spelt hajjil liaedsi, liae-dsi.
baeoceity n. (thisness) hek'sii-i-ti, hik'sii-i-ti.
baemorrbage n, 'hems-zids. see hemorrhage,
baft n. (handle) ha: ft, ha: ft, hse:ft.
basgadab n. legend in the Talmud [also spelt hagadah ; syn-
onymous cognate agadah; ploral haggadoth} hs'gar-dQ.
bagiograpber n. (sacred writer; writer of saints' lives)
haegi'eg^3-f3?, hed^i'egz^-f^z.
ba-ba interj, [also spelt hah-hahl ha'hd: .
ba-ba n. fence [synonymous cognate haw-hawl ha'ha: .
baint v, (have not) hcent; (formerly) 'he:-vnt.
bair n. (filamentous outgrowth, etc.) he:?, hea.
bairif n. goose-grass [also spelt hayrifl 'hc:-rif.
bakeem n. physician [also spelt hakimi hslciim.
bablm n. (judge, ruler, governor) 'ha:-kim.
balaobab n. law [also spelt halakah; ploral halachothi hs-
1a:-k3, hd'laekd.
balberd n. weapon [synonymous cognate halberti 'hselbsrd;
(less properly) 'hc:l-ba?d.
baJoyon n. (kingfisher) 'haelsi-sn, 'hae}$i-3n.
balf n. (one of two equal parts, etc.) ha:f, ha:f, haerf.
balfpenny n. (coin) 'hee-pa-ni, (anteriorly) 'hee-pani, 'hee-
pNi; (also) 'ha:f-peni, 'ha:f-p3-ni, 'ha:-p3-ni, (anteriorly)
'ha-pNi, 'hapNi; 'hae:f-peni, 'haepa-ni.
balibnt n. fish [synonymous cognate holibut} 'haeh-b^t, 'hoh-
bat.
ballelnjab inter j, praise the Lord [also spelt halleluiah ; syn-
onymous cognate alleluia'] haeh'lou-ja.
ballmote n. court-baron; [also spelt halmotel 'hc:l-mot.
ballo interj. calling attention, expressing surprise, etc. [also
spelt halloa, hello, hullol hd'loo.
balloo V, shout halloo; urge on with shouts; also, hallo [past
participle and preterit hallooed, halloodl ha'lou.
balloo interj. (inciting dogs to the chase, calling attention,
etc.) halou.
balloiv v» make holy, etc. [past participle and preterit hal-
lowed and, sometimes, hallowd} 'haelo.
c: law, b: f «r, ae cot, © hot, oi hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: osk, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceditvc so\rcvd \^ \^^V>
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the ieWo^iti^ ^^>\3j^e..
250 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
lialloived adj, [also, sometimes, spelt hallowd"} luet^d, {some-
times) 'haelo-id.
lialm n. ha:m, hc:m. same meaning as haulm.
"halo n. circle of light, etc. [ploral kalos, haloes, halones}
'hee-lo.
haloid n. (salt-like) 'hae-leid, 'hee-leid, 'haelo-id.
halter^ n. (rope with headstall) ^10:1-19?.
halter' n. poiser of an insect [ploral halteresl 'has^tsz.
lialteres n. (ploral of halter^) hsrti:-?iz.
halve v» divide into two equal parts, etc. [past participle and
preterit halved, halvdl ha:v, ha:v, hae:v.
halyard n. rope or tackle for raising or lowering a sail,
etc. [also spelt halliard; synonymous cognate haulyard]
'hxHd^d.
hamadryad n. wood-nymph ; serpent [ploral hamadryads,
hamadryadesl hama'drai-ad, 'hama-drai-ad.
hamadryas n. (baboon) hd'maedri-ds, ha'mee-dri-ds, hxmd-
'drai-3S, 'haema-drai-as.
hamate adj» (hookt) 'hee-met, 'hee-mat.
Hamite n. (descendant of Ham) 'hx-mait.
hammer n. (pounding-tool, etc.) 'hxma?.
hammock n. (hanging bed) 'hxmak. .
handbook n, (manual) liaend-bok, ^sen-bok.
handcuff n. manacle [dialectal synonymous cognate handy-
cuff} 'hand-kxf, Tiaen-kAf, 'haenkaf.
handful n. as much as would fill the hand [ploral handfuls
and, less properly, handsfull 'haend-fol, 'haen-fol, 'haenfa}.
handicap n. (race or competition in which the chances of the
competitors are equalized; extra encumbrance) liaendi-kaep.
handix^ork n. (work of the hands) 'hsendi-WB:zk.
handkerchief n. a cloth for wiping the face, nose, etc. [dia-
lectal synonymous cognates handkercher, hankercher; ploral
handkerchiefs} 'haeqkar-tSif.
handsome adj. (handy; apt; fair; seemly; beautiful) 'haen-
sam.
hansom n. (cab) 'haenssm.
happen v, occur; befall; chance to be [past participle and
preterit happened, happend} 'haepan, (often) 'haepm.
happiness n. (pleasurable content; felicity) 'haepi-nis.
hara-kiri n. (suicide by disembowelment) hai-z^'kv-zi, haesrs-
'ki:-?r.
harangue v. declaim [also spelt harang; past participle and
preterit hanmgued, harangd] ha'raeq.
] ye, Qcure; df/ie, O^ftin: 3 axrure, d^/oy; S^/ioe, tSrfcew;
wjvhen; tj sing; u whoever, i react, of«U, oufool, itt, lise^;
o poetic; 9 over ^ e aerial, A.b«t, o*. Aoot, ^oxvo, t\ie^, ^^^cl^;
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 251
liarass v. trouble, worry [past participle and preterit ha-
rassed, harasti 'hae^ss; {improperly) hd'zaes, ha'^aeis.
liarbinger n. (harborer; forerunner) 'ha:7-bin-d397.
liarbor n. shelter; haven [also spelt harbour} 'haiz-h^z.
liarborage n. [also spelt harbourage} ^haiz-h^-zids.
barborer n. [also spelt harbourer} ^haiz-b^-z^z.
bard-pressed adj. [also spelt hard-prest} ha:?d'p3est, {as-
sumptivly) 'ha:3d-p3est.
barebell n. wild hyacinth ; bluebell lalso spelt hairbell} 'he:z-
bel.
barebrained adj, having no more brain than a hare; rash
[also spelt harebraind, hairbrainedl 'he:^-b3eend.
bareem n. [also spelt harim} hs'ziim. same meaning as ha-
rem,
barelip n. (cleft upper lip) 'heizAip.
barem n. the part of a Mohammedan dwelling occupied by
the women ; the wives and concubines collectivly of a Turk,
Persian, or Indian Mussulman [also spelt haram; synony-
mous cognates hareem, harimi 'he:-z3m, (less often) 'ha:-
73m.
barioot n. (ragout; kidney-bean) 'haeei-ko, 'hae?i-ket.
barken v, listen [also spelt hearken; past participle and
preterit harkened, harkend} 'ha^kan, 'hai^-kan.
Harleian adj. (of Robert Harley) 'hai^-li-sn, ha!:1ii-9n.
barleqnin n. (buffoon, clown) 'ha:?-h-ku)in, 'ha:7-h-kin.
barmonlo adj, (musical; harmonious; of harmony) ha?-
'menik.
barmonlca n. (musical glasses; harmonicon) ha?'meni-k9.
barmonlcoii n, (small musical reed-instrument ; orchestrion ;
acoustic-flame apparatus) ha^'meni-kan.
barmonize v. [also spelt harmonisel 'ha:?-m9-naiz.
barpsiobord n. (piano-like instrument) 'ha7psi-ke:rd.
barqnebns n. gun [also spelt harquebuse, harquebuss; syn-
onymous cognate arquebus} 'ha^kuji-bas ; (erroneously)
'harkwi-bjus.
barqnebnsier n. soldier [also spelt harquebussier and, some-
times, arquebusier} ha^kujiba'siir, harkiba'si:?, a^kujiba'si:?,
Q^kibd'si:?.
barridan n. vixen [also spelt haridan} 'hsen-dn.
barrier n. (one who harries; falcon) 'h3szi-9z.
bart n. (male deer) haizU
bartbeest n. antelope [synonymous cognate hartebeest}
'ha:?t-biist.
c: law, b: f «r, a cat, e hot, oi hoy ; a: for, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the precedit\ft souxv^ \^ Vrci'SkN
stress-mark ( ) indicates chief stress on tltt.e lo\\o>«\ti^ s^'^'siXivfc.
252 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
liartebeest n. [ploral harteheests, harfebeest"] ^ort^-biist,
ha:?-t3-biist, 'ha:zt-biist. same meaning as hartbeest,
Hartleian adj. (of David Hartley) 'ha^tz.i-an, haztln-^n,
Jtartsliom n. (formerly, •horn of a hart; latterly, smelling-
salts) 'ha:?ts-he:zn.
hamm-scanmi adj. (heedless) 'he:-73m-8ke:-;9m, 'haez^m-
skse^dm.
liaruspez n. Roman soothsayer of Etruscan origin [synon-
ymous cognate haruspice; ploral haruspicesl hs'^A-speks.
liaslieesli n. 'hae-SiS* ha'SiiS. same meaning as hashish.
JkaMhimh n, Indian-hemp preparation [synonymous cognate
hasheesh} 'hajij.
liaslet n. roast meat; pig's fry [synonymous cognate harslet]
'haestat, 'hee-stat, 'hai-zlat.
liasp n. (door-clasp, etc.) ha:sp, ha:sp, hae:sp.
liassock n. (tussock; cricket) 'hsessk.
hasten v. hurry [past participle and preterit hastened, has-
tendl 'hee-s3n, 'hee-sn, {in parts of the north of England
and Scotland, and the north of Ireland, whence also by some
in America) 'hee-stan, 'hee-stn.
Jiastiness n. (hurriedness ; quickness of temper) liee-sti-nis.
liatcliel V. hackle, heckle [present participle hatcheling,
hatchelling; past participle and preterit hatcheled, hatch-
elled, hatcheldl 'haetSal.
liatcliet n. (light short-handled ax) 'haet^it.
liatclix^ay n. (opening in a deck or floor) 'hatS-wee.
hatred n. 'hee-tjid; {dialectally) 'hcet-tjid.
lianglity adj (proud, arrogant) 'hc:-ti.
hanlm n. stems and stalks ; straw [synonymous cognate
halm"] hc:m.
lianiieli n. (part between ribs and thigh; leg and loin)
hc:ntS, haintS, haintj, (also, and in Britain normally) hc:n$,
ha:nS, ha:nS.
lianiit V. (frequent, etc.) hc:nt, ha:nt, ha:nt.
hautboy n. wind-instrument; strawberry [also, in the sense
of strawberry, spelt hautbois; also, formerly, in the sense
of wind-instrument, spelt hoboyl 'hoo-boi.
hantenr n, (loftiness, haughtiness) ho'te:?.
have V. haev, (when less strest) hav, av, v.
havoo n. devastation [also spelt havoc k} 'haevak.
Hawaiian adj. (of Hawaii) ha'wai-jan.
haxvse n. (the part of a ship's bow where the hawse-holes are,
etc.) hc:z.
i ye, g cure; b the, G thin;^ 3 arure, ds joy; J shoe, tj chew;
tuwhen; tjsing; u whoever, iteact, oiuVV, ^iwiool, i^t, lisee;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, xbttt, o*. doot, ooiio, «.\ic^, ^^\LQ^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 253
JkSLWuer n, (cable; warping-rope) 'hc:-s33, 'hc:-zaf.
Hasrtian adj, (of Hayti) 'hee-ti-an.
harinegs n. (mistiness; fogginess) 'hee-zi-nis.
hasy adj, (misty) 'hee-zi.
lie noun-pron. hii, (when less sir est) hi, i, i.
head n. upper or anterior division of the body [also spelt
hedl hed.
heal V, cure, repair [past participle and preterit healed,
healdl hiil.
healtli n. soundness of body [also spelt helthi heiO.
healtliy adj. [also spelt helthyl 'helOi, 'heltOi.
hear v, hi:?, his.
heard v, (past participle and preterit of hear) hsr^d.
hearken v. see harken.
hearse n. (bier; carriage for the dead) hsizs.
heart n, organ of circulation [also spelt hart] ha'.zt.
hearten v, encourage [also spelt harten ; past participle and
preterit heartened, hartendl 'ha^tn, 'haiz-tn.
hearth n. fireplace floor; fireside [also, sometimes, spelt
harthi ha:?6, hsizB.
hearty adj. courageous; cordial; kindly [also spelt hartyl
Tia^ti, 'ha:z-ti,
heath n. (open uncultivated land; plant) hiiO.
heathen n. pagan, Gentile, etc. [ploral heathen, heathens'!
'hii-dan, 'hii-dn.
heathenize v. [also spelt heathenise] 'hii-dd-naiz.
heather n. ling, heath [also spelt hether} 'heboz.
heanme n. (helmet) hoom.
heaven n. sky ; firmament ; celestial abode [also spelt hevenj
lievan, 'hevn, (dialectally, vulgarly) 'hebm.
heavy adj. ponderous [also spelt hevyl 'hevi.
heavy adj, (having the disease called heaves) 'hii-vi.
hebdomad n. (seven days; a week; group of seven superhu-
man beings) 'hebda-mad, 'hebda-maed.
hebdomadal adj. (weekly) heb'demd-dl.
Hebraism n. (Hebrew idiom or quality) 'hii-bre-izam.
Hebraize v. [also spelt Hebraisel 'hii-b^e-aiz.
Hecate n. (hag, witch) 'heks-ti.
hecatomb n. (great sacrifice) 'heks-toum, 'heks-tem.
hectogram n, one hundred grams [also spelt hectogramme']
'hekta-g^aem.
hectoliter n. a capacity-measure of one hundred liters [also
spelt hectolitre] 'hekta-hi-ta^.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: osk^ ai ktte\
length-mark (;) indicates that the preceding somti^ as \wvsk\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on tltt.e ie\\o^\Tv^ ^>f\^^^^^'
254 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
heotometer n. a measure of one hundred meters [also spelt
hectometre'^ 'hekta-mii-tar.
hedsehos n. (urchin, etc.; plant) Hieds-heg.
hedonism n. (happiness-theory) 'hii-dd-nizam, liedd-nizam.
heel n. (hinder part of the foot) hiil.
Hegelian adj, (of Hegel) hi'gii-H-dn, hi'gee-li-sn.
hesemonio adj, (ruling; supreme) hedsi'menik, hidsi'menik,
higi'menik.
hegemony n. (leadership) hi'dsema-ni, hi'gema-ni, liedsi-
moni, liegi-moni, 'hii-d3i-moni, 'hii-gi-moni, liii-dsi-meni,
'hedsi-meni.
hegira n. flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina; exo-
dus [also spelt hejiral hi'dsai-ra, 'hedsi-za.
hegumen n. (head of a religious community; hegumenos)
hi'gjou-man.
heh inter], (expressing sorrow, surprise, etc., or calling at-
tention) hee.
heifer n. (young cow) 'hefs?.
heigh inter j, calling attention, etc. [also spelt hey and, some-
times, At] hai, hee.
heigh-ho interj, expressing surprise, languor, yawning, etc.
[also spelt heigho, hey hoi hai'oo, 'hai-ho, liee-ho.
height n. altitude, etc. [also spelt hight; synonymous cognate
highth} hait; (improperly) haitO. compare highth.
heighten v, raise; intensify [also spelt highten; past parti-
ciple and preterit heightened, height end"] 'hai-tn.
heinons adj, (hateful; atrocious) 'hee-nas; (improperly) 'hii-
nss.
heir n. (one who inherits; offspring; possessor) z:z.
heirloom n, (chattle that follows the devolution of real es-
tate ; article or characteristic handed down from generation
to generation) 'e:r-loum.
heirship n. (state of an heir; inheritance) 'e:z-Sip.
heliacal adj. (near the sun) hi'lai-s-ksl.
helices n. (ploral of helix) 'heh-siz.
helicin n. (glycoside of salicylic acid ; also, an oily substance
from snails) 'heh-sin.
helicine adj, spiral, coild; of the helix of the ear [also,
sometimes, spelt helicini 'heh-sin, Tieh-sain.
helicoid adj, (like a helix; screw-shaped; spiral) 'heh-keid.
heliocentric adj, (referred to the sun as a center) hii-li-o-
'sentjik.
heliotrope n. (plant; bloodstone; sun-dial) 'hii-H-a-tjop.
j ye, gcure; bfhe, 0 f/»in ; 3 asure, ds/oy; I shoe, tjc/iew;
w when: t) sing; u whoever, i react, u full, ou fool, i tt, 11 see;
o poetic; 9 over, e oerial, Abut, o*. Aoot, ^o-ao, ^\ic^, ^^%a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 255
helix n. spiral, coil; volute [ploral helices, heHxes'\ 'hii-hks,
'hehks.
hellebore n. (plant) 'heh-bo:?.
Hellene n. (Greek) 'he-Hn, he'hin.
Hellenio adj, (of the Hellenes; Grecian) he'lenik, he'hi-nik.
Hellenise v. use Greek ; adopt Hellenistic ways ; make Greek
[also spelt Hellenisel 'heh-uaiz.
Hellespontine adj. of the Hellespont [also, sometimes, spelt
Hellespontin'] 'heh-spentin, heli'spentin, heh'spen-tain.
hello inter], hslioo. same meaning as hallo,
helm n. (tiller; steering-wheel) helm; (dialectally) 'helam.
helot n. (Spartan serf) 'heist, ^hii-lst.
helotry n. (helots coUectivly) 'hela-tji, 'hii-la-tji.
helter-skelter adj. (in disorderd haste) helts^'skelts?, {as-
sumptivly) 'heltar-skelta?.
helve n. handle; helv-hammer [also spelt heM helv.
helve V. [also spelt helv\ past participle and preterit helved,
helvd'\ helv.
hemal adj. of the blood [also spelt haemal} 'hii-msl.
hemapophysis n. second element of the hemal arch of a
vertebra [also spelt haemapophysis] hema'pefi-sis, hims-
'pefi-sis.
hematic adj. of blood [also spelt haematic} hi'maetik.
hematin n. constituent of hemaglobin [also spelt haematin,
hemaiine, haemaiine} 'hema-tin, 'hii-ma-tin.
hematite n. bloodstone [also spelt haematite} 'hema-tait,
'hii-ma-tait.
hemiopia n. (eye-defect : hemiopy, hemiopsy, hemiopsia,
hemianopsia) hemi'oo-pi-a.
hemiplegia n. (paralysis of ' one side of the body) hemi-
'pi-ii-dsi-a.
hemistich n. (half a line of verse; short line) liemi-stik.
hemoglobin n. coloring-matter of the red blood-corpuscles
[also spelt haemoglobin ; synonymous cognate hematoglo-
hin, haematoglobin} hema'gloo-bin, hima'gbo-bin.
hemorrhage n. exccssiv bleeding [also spelt haemorrhage}
'hema-zrids.
hemorrhoid n. pile [also spelt haemorrhoid} liemd-reid.
hence adv. (from here; away; henceforth; from this; there-
fore) hents, (when unstrest) hens; (also, and in Britain
normally) hens.
henceforth adv. (from this time forth) hents'fo:z6, hens-
'io'.zQ; (anteriorly) 'hents-fo:r0, 'hens-fo:r0.
m
c: law, b: f «ri ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (;) indicates that the preceding somiv^ \^ \wvsl\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on t\ie io\\oN»i\Tv^ «^>\?iXi^^*
256 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
hendiadys n. (the use of two words joind by a conjunction
to express a single complex idea) hen'dai-d-dxs.
hepatic adj, (of the liver) hi'paetik.
hepatite n. (liver-stone) 'hepd-tait; (less Properly) 'hri-pa-
tait.
hepatisation n. [also spelt hepafisation] hepati^xec-Jdn,
hepa-tai'zee-San.
hepatise v, render liver-like [also spelt hepafisel Hiepa-taiz;
(less properly) 'hii-p3-taiz.
Heptatench n. (the first seven books of the Old Testament)
'hepta-tguk.
heptavalent adj. (having a valency of seven) hep'taev9-}ant
her noun-pron,, adj.-pron. he:?, (when unstrest) hoz, »;.
Heraclean adj. of Heracles or Hercules [also spelt Heraclei-
an, Herakleani hezd^kz^ii-dn.
Heraolidan adj, of the Heracleidae or descendants of Her-
cules [also spelt H eracleidan'l hersHcLai-dn.
Heraolitean adj. (of Heraclitus of Ephesus) herd-lcLai'txi-
3n.
heraldic adj. (of heraldry) hi'raeldik; (improperly) 'hecsl-
dik.
herb n. (plant with a non-woody stem) B:zb, he:7b.
herbaceons adj. (herb-like) a^^ee-SdS, har^ee-Sas.
herbage n. (herbs collectivly; pasture of land) 'B:7-bids,
TiBrr-bids.
herbal n. (book on herbs) 'arr-bal, 'hair-bal.
herbal adj. (of herbs) 'ar^-bal, 'hei^-bal.
herbarium n. collection of dried plants [ploral herbariums,
herbaria'] hB?'be:-?i-3m.
herbesoent adj. (growing like an herb) hBz'besant.
herbiTorons adj. (herb-eating) har'biva-^as.
herborise v. botanize [also spelt herborise, herbartsel 'b:z-
ba-^aiz, 'hB:?-b3-?aiz.
herborizer n. [also spelt herboriserl 'arr-ba-rai-zar, Iibiz-
herby adj. (full of herbs ; grassy ; herb-like) 'B:?-bi, TiBtr-bi.
heronlean adj, (of or like Hercules ; strong ; immense) hBZ-
'kgou-li-an; (improperly) hB?kgo'hi-9n.
herd n. (drove, fjock) hs'.zd.
hereafter adv. (in the sequel ; in future ; in the life to come)
hi:r'a:f-t3?, (when less strest) hir'a:f-t3?.
hereby adv, (by this means) hiir'bai, (when less strest) his-
Hbai; (anteriorly) 'hii^-bai. ,
j ye, Qcure: hthe, Q thin; 3 airure, dfijoy; j shoe, t^chew;
ww/ten; rjsing; u whoever, I react, uiuu, xsMtool, itt, lise^;
o poetic; 9 over, eaerial, aWI, ^\doot» ^ono, ^\ie^, ^^^«a^fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 257
liereditament n. (heritable property; heirship) he^i'ditd-
mant, hi'rcdita-mant.
liereditajry adj. (descending by inheritance) hi'zedi-tezi, hi-
'redi-ta^i, (in Britain, often) hi'eedi-tji.
berein adv. (in this place; in this particular) hi:?'in, (when
less strest) hir'in, hi'ein; (often, anteriorly) 'hi:?-in.
lieresiaroli n. (leader or founder of a heresy) hi'^ii-si-airk,
lie7isi-a:zk, hi'rii-zi-a:?k.
heresy n. unorthodox doctrin [plural heresies'! 'he?i-si.
heretio n. (one who rejects an accepted doctrin) 'hezi-tik.
hereto adv. (to this document) hi:?'tou, (when less strest)
hir'tou; (anteriorly) hi:r-to.
hereunto adv. (unto this place; to this thing; hereto) hv.z-
An'tou, (anteriorly) hi:r'An-tu.
hereupon adv. (immediately following upon this) hi:?-3'pen,
(anteriorly) 'hi:?-3-pen.
here'with adv. (with this; hereby) hi:?Vid; (anteriorly)
'hi:z-wid.
heritriz n. heiress [also spelt heretrixl 'hezi-t£iks.
hermaphrodite n. (an individual that is both male and fe-
male) hdz'maefsd-dait.
hermenentios n. (interpretation, as of Scripture) hszmi-
'njou-tiks.
hero n. man of superior qualities, favord by the gods; chief
male personage [plural heroes! 'hi:-?o, 'hv.-zo.
heroine n. female hero [also spelt heroin! 'he?o-in; (improp-
erly) 'hi:-?o-in.
heroism n. (action and qualities of a hero) 'hezo-izsm.
heron n. bird [synenymous cegnate hern! 'heean.
herpes n. (skin-disease) 'hsz-piz, 'hB:z-piz.
herring n. (fish) 'he?ir|.
herself noun-pron. hsz'self, (when less strest) haz'self, ^z-
'self.
hesitate v, (hold back; falter) 'hezi-tet, 'hesi-tet.
Hessian adj. (of Hesse, a grand duchy of Germany) 'heSsn,
'hesi-sn.
hetaera n. mistress ; paramour ; harlot [plural hetaerae ; syn-
onymous cognate hetaira! hi'ti:-Z3.
hetaira n. [plural hetairai! hi'tai-srs. same meaning as he-
taera,
heteroohromons adj. (of different colors) hetdzs^^DO-mas ;
(less properly) heta'rek^a-nias.
heterodox adj. (unorthodox) 'hetszo-deks, 'het£9-deks.
c: low, b: f«r, ae cat, 0 hot, ei boy ; a*, far, au tioou, ^*. a^, ^\V.\\r.\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding somxv^ a& \^^V^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on \ii^ i©\\o'«N\Tv^ ^^^^iJOis.
258 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
heterogamy n. (indirect fertilization, etc.) hetd'eegs-mi.
heteroseneity n. (state of being heterogeneous) hetass-
dsi'nii-i-ti, (rapidly) hctjadsi'mi-i-ti.
heteroseneons adj. (diverse ; composed of parts of different •
kinds : opposed to homogeneous) het979'd3ii-ni-9s.
heterophemy n. (the saying of one thing when another is
meant) hetaza'fii-mi, 'hetaza-fimi, hcta'eofi-mi.
heteropliyllons adj. (having several different kinds of
leaves : said of a plant) hetssrd'f ilds ; (less properly) hetd-
'eefi-las.
heterosoian n. person having a different shadow : ^a name
applied to inhabitants of one temperate zone as contrasted
with those of the other [plural heteroscians, heteroscii]
heta'reSan.
he'W V. strike, chop, cut, etc. [past participle hewn, hewed,
hewd; preterit hewed, hewdl hgou, qovu
hexagonal adj. (six-angled; six-sided) heks'aega-n!, hek-
'saega-nl.
hezastioh n. (a group of six lines of verse) lieksd-stik.
Hezatenoh n. (first six books of the Old Testament) liek-
s9-tguk.
hey inter j, (calling attention) hee.
heyday inter j. (denoting gaiety, wonder, etc.) 'hce-dce.
hiatns n. break; opening [plural hiatuses, hiatus'l hai'ee-tss.
hibernate v. (winter) 'hai-bae-net ; (less properly) hai'bsz-
net, hai'bBie-net.
Hibemioiie v. make Irish [also spelt Hibernicise'] hai'bBZ-
ni-saiz.
hibemization n. a making Irish [also spelt hibernisation}
hai-ba^ni'zee-San, hai-bar-nai'zee-San.
hiconp n. spasm of the breathing-organs [also spelt hiccough!
'hikap.
hickory n. (tree; wood) 'hika-ri, (anteriorly) 'hilrsi.
hidalgo n. (gentleman) hi'dselgo.
hideons adj, (horrible; ugly) 'hidi-as; (improperly) 'hidsss.
hie V, hasten ; go quickly [present participle hying ; past par-
ticiple and preterit hiedl hai.
hierarchy n. (one of three divisions of angels; priestly
rule; class) Tiai-a-^arkT.
hieroglyphic n. (of the nature of Eg3'^ptian writing) hai-
ara'ghfik. •
hieroglyphist n. (writer of hieroglyphs, etc.) hai-a'rogh-
fist, 'hai-3^3-ghfist.
J ye, g cure ; d the, 8 thin ; 5 azure, d^ joy ; ^ shoe, tj chew;
wwhen; rising; u whoever, i react, xjiuW, ^mIooV, i.\\., Tk.^ee\
o poetic; 0 over, e aerial, a. but, o*. Aoot, Miotic, ^\ic^, ^^\L<]^ft\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 259
l&ieropliant n.. (expounder of sacred mysteries) 'hai-9Z9-
faent, hai'e^s-fsnt.
liigli-ininded adj, hai'main-did, (assutnptivly) 'hai-main-
did.
liigli-priest n. hai'p^iist, 'hai-psiist.
liiglitli ». [also, formerly, spelt heighth'\ hai6. same mean-
ing as height,
liigli'wayiiian n. highway robber [plural highwaymen} 'hai-
wemsn.
liilarions adj, (cheerful; rollicking) hai'}e:-zi-9s, hi'}e:-?i-9S ;
(improperly) hi'lae^i-ss.
liilarity n. (cheerfulness; merriment) hai'lae?i-ti, hi'laeei-ti.
liillo inter j. hailing a distant or occupied person ; expressing
surprise at an unexpected meeting [also spelt hilloa} 'hi-lo,
hiloo.
biUook n. (small hill) 'hilak.
hllnm n. eye of a bean; hilus; small aperature [ploral hila]
'hai-lsm.
Itini noun-pron, (objectiv of he) him, {when unstrest) im.
Himalayan adj. (of the Himalayas) hima'tee-jsn, hims'lee-
sn, hi'ma:-l3-J3n, hi'ma:-li-3n, hima'lai-an.
Itimation n. Greek garment [plural himatia'l hi'maeti-sn.
Itimself noun-pron, him'self, (ivhen less strest) im'self.
Mnder adj. (situated behind ; posterior) 'hain-dd?.
liinder v. (keep back; impede) 'hinds?.
liindranoe n. obstruction [synonymous cognate hinderancel
'hindrsns.
Hindu n. Aryan of Hindustan [also spelt Hindool 'hin-du,
hin'duu.
Hindnise v. render Hindu [also spelt Hindooise, Hindooisel
'hindu-aiz.
Hindustani adj. of Hindustan [also spelt Hindoostaneel
hindo'sta:-ni, hindo'sta:-m.
hinnible adj. (able to neigh or whinny) 'hind-bal.
liip n. fruit of rose [synonymous cognate hep"} hip,
Itippodrome n. (race-course, circus) 'hipa-drom.
Mppog^ff n. fabulous creature like a griffin but with hind-
quarters like those of a horse [also spelt hippogryph}
'hipa-grif.
liippopotamns n. African river-horse [ploral hippopotamus-
es, hippopotami"] hipa'peta-mss.
liippnrate n. (salt of hippuric acid) 'hipgo-^et, hi'pgor-rat.
liippnrio adj, (of urine) hi'pQo:-?ik.
c: law, b: f«r, a cot, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now), ^\ asV, «l\V\\&n
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound \^ \«n%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the ioWo^m^ ^^VaSs^ft^
260 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
Mroine adj. of a goat ; goat-like ; lustful [also, sometimei,
spelt liircin"] 'hersin, 'hsz-sain; liB:z-sin, 'hB:?-sain.
liirsnte adj, (shaggy; hairy; of hair) hez'sgout, 'hBZ-sqiA.
Ills adj.-pron, hiz, (when less strest) iz, his.
liiss V, make a sharp spirant sound, as that of 8 [past parti-
ciple and preterit hissed, hist} his.
liist inter j. (enjoining silence; urging a dog) hst, 8:t, {also)
hist.
liistoriosraplier n. (historian) histozi'egzs-fss.
history n. (narrativ of past events) 'hista-zi, {anteriorly,
rapidly) 'histji.
histrionio adj. (theatrical, dramatic) histsi'enik.
hitherto adv, (until now; as yet; thus far) hidaz'tou, {an-
teriorly) 'hidaz-tu.
h'm inter j, also spelt hm (hem! hum!) Mm, (murmuring as-
sent) m.
ho interj, expressing surprise, admiration, triumph, taunting,
etc. [also spelt hoa"] hoo, ho.'
hoaotxin n. bird [synonymous cognates hoaczin, hoatsin, ho-
asin} ho'aektsin, ho'aektzin.
hoar adj. (white, gray) ho:z.
hoard n., v, (treasure) h3:?d.
hoarhonnd n. see horehound,
hoarse adj. (raucous) ho:zs,
hoax n., v. (humbug) hooks.
hobbledehoy n. stripling; clumsy youth; top [synenymous
cognates hobbadehoy, hobbedehoyi 'hebaldi-hoi.
hobbler n. retainer bound to maintain a hobby; light horse-
man [also spelt hobler} 'heblar.
hobbler n. (one who hobbles in his gait) 'hebls?.
hobgoblin n. (tricksy imp; bogy) 'heb-gebhn, heb'geUin.
hobo n. tramp [plural hobos, hoboesl 'hoo-bo.
hoo n. old card-game [also, formerly, spelt hockl hok.
hook n. joint [also spelt houghl hek.
hookey n. feast at harvest-home [also spelt hockay; synon-
ymous cognates hawkey, hawkie, horkeyl lioki.
hockey n. hookt stick; the game of shinny, shinty, bandy
[synonymous cognates hawky, hawkey, hookey} 'hoki.
hoenfl-poeiui n. (jugglery; deception) hoo-kss'poo-kds.
kodcapodco M. (haricot; medley) 'hods-pods.
M. (implement) hoo.
_ M. laxge cask [also spelt hogshedl liogz-hed ; {dia-
Ihetally) Txagsid.
; bike, Bthin; sa^rure, dj/oy; SjAoe, tJcAew;
; n whoever, i react, Diuu, ^>3LiooV "^<t, lis^*;
fl«crial, Abut, 0-. dooT, ;>oti.o, t.\ic^, ^^vxv.
DICTIONARY. OF HARD WORDS 261
lioiden n. boisterous girl; romp [also spelt hoyden} 'hei-dn.
lioist V, (raise) heist; (vulgarly) haist.
lioity-toity adj. (frolicsome; huffy) hoi-ti'tei-ti, (assump-
tivly) 'hei-ti-tei-ti.
lioky-poky n. hocus-pocus; cheap ice-cream [also spelt ho-
key-pokey} hoo-ki'poo-ki.
hold V. (grasp, etc.) hoold, (when less sir est) hold.
holey adj. (full of holes) 'hoo-li.
holiday n. (consecrated day; day of festivity; festival; va-
cation) 'heh-dee, (anteriorly) 'heli-de.
holla^ inter j. calling attention or expressing exultation; ho
there I [akin to hollo, hallo} 'held, (formerly, but now rarely)
he'la: .
holla^ V. 'held, 'he-la, he'la: . same meaning as hollo}
holler V, (vulgar) 'held?, same meaning as hollo}
hollo^ interj, hallo ! [also, formerly, spelt hollow ; syneny-
mous cognate holloa} 'helo.
hollo^ V. shout; vociferate; halloo [also spelt holloa, hol-
low; synonymous cegnates holla, holler} 'helo, 'held.
holloa interj. helDO. same meaning as hollo}
hollo'W n. (concavity ; void space) 'helo ; (dialectally) 'held.
hollyhock n. (plant) 'heli-hek; (less properly) 'heh-hc:k.
holm n. islet; river-meadow [also spelt holme} hoom, hoolm.
holm n. holly [also spelt holmei hdolm, hdom; (improperly)
helm.
holooanst n. (sacrifice wholly consumed by fire; massacre)
'held-kc:st.
holster n. (pistol-case) 'hool-std?.
holy adj, (sacred) 'hoo-li.
holy-day n. (holy day ; religious festival) 'hoo-h-dee.
homage n. (acknowledgment of allegiance; obeisance)
'hemids, 'emids.
homager n. (one who owes homage) 'hemi-dsd?, 'emi-dsd?.
home n. (abode, etc.) hoom ; (dialectally) horn.
homeliness n. (homely quality; plainness) 'hdo-mli-nis.
homely adj, (of home; everyday; plain-looking) 'hoo-mh;
(dialectally) 'homli.
homelyn n. spotted ray, a fish [synen3rmous cegnates homme-
lin, hamhn, homerling} 'hoo-mlin.
homemade adj, hdom'meed, (assumptivly) 'hdom-meed; (dia-
lectally) ho'meed, 'homed.
homeopathic adj, of homeopathy [also spelt homoeopathic}
homi-d'paeGik, hemi-d'paeOik.
c: law, b: ff«r, se cot, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, qo now, v. a^, ^\\a\&\
l&ngtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceding somti^ -is \^xvsk\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the toWo^xti^ ^^^-aJ^^*
262 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
homeopatliist n. [also spelt homoeopathist'] homi'ep9«0ist,
hemi'epa-Gist.
homeopathy n. medical system [also spelt homoeopathy}
homi'epa-Oi, hemi'epa-6i.
Homerio adj. (of Homer) ho'merik; (improperly) lioo-ma-
zik.
homestead n. home ; farmsted [also spelt homested} Iboom-
stid, 'hoom-stcd.
hon&ioidal adj, (of homicide; man-slaying; murderous)
'hemi-sai-dl, homi'sai-dl.
homiletio adj, (of the nature of a homily) hemiletik.
homish adj. homelike [also spelt homeishl 'hoo-mi$.
homochromons adj, (of the same color) homalc^oo-mds,
(less properly) ho'mek39-m9s, hemalcsoo-mss.
homogeneity n. (state of being homogeneous) homsdsi'nii-
i-ti, hemadsi'nii-i-ti.
homogeneons adj, (alike; composed of like parts; uniform:
the epposit of heterogeneous) home'dsii-ni-as, hems'dsii-
ni-9S.
homograph n. (a word of the same spelling as another but
of different origin and meaning) 'hoo-m3-g?a:f, 'hem9-gsa:f.
homologue n. that which is homologous; corresponding part
[also spelt homologl Tiema-leg, 'hDO-ma-log.
homologons adj. (corresponding) ho'metd-gss.
homonym n. a word having the same pronunciation as an-
other but a different meaning ; a homophone [also spelt ho-
monyme'] 'hema-nim, 'hD0-m9-nim.
homoonsian n. one who holds the persons of the Trinity to
be of the same essence [synonymous cognate homousianl
homo'ou-si-an, hemo'ou-si-an, homo'ao-si-dn, hemo'ao-si-sn ;
(less properly) homo'ou-zi-9n, homo'ao-zi-an, hemo'ao-zi-9n.
homophonons adj. (having the same sound) ho'mefs-nss.
homoplasy n. (homoplastic condition) ho'mepLd-si, 'hoo-ms-
pLsesi.
honest adj. (upright, fair, etc.) 'enist.
honey n. (sweet viscid fluid; darling) TiAni,
honor n. reverential respect [also spelt honour"} 'ena?.
honor v, [also spelt honour; past participle and preterit hon-
ored, honordl 'enar.
honorable adj, [also spelt honourable! 'enszd-bsl, (rapidly)
'enra-bal, (assumptivly) 'enrabal.
honorarinm n, honorary reward [ploral honorariums, hono-
raria} en9'?e:-ri-3m, hen9're:-?i-9m.
J ye, gcure; 5*fre, OtKin; 5 azure, ds/oy; S^^oe, tjc/iew;
wwhen; ijsing; u whoever, i react, uiuu, xsmIooV, txV ix^e\
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, xbut, ;>\doot, -aono, ^\ie^, «.^^fljw:\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 263
lionorary adj, of honor; titulary [also, formerly, spelt hon-
ourary} 'ena-zeri, (also) 'enaza-zi; (assumptivly) 'ona-rari,
(rapidly) 'enz^zi, 'en^i.
lioodium n. (rowdy, rough) 'hodlsm, 'hou-dlam.
lioodoo n. (voodoo; also, cause of bad luck) 'hou-du.
lioof n. horny digit-sheath or foot [plural hoofs and, rarely,
hooves} houf ; (^dialectally) hof,
liook n. (angular piece of metal, etc.) hole; (improperly)
houk.
liooked adj. hook-shaped, hamate; furnisht with hooks [also,
sometimes, spelt hookt} hokt, 'hukid.
lioop n. (ring, band) houp; (dialectally) hop.
liooping-oousli n. see whooping-cough.
lioopoe n, bird [former synonymous cognate hoopool 'hou-po,
'hou-pu.
Hoosier n. (inhabitant of Indiana) 'hou-337.
lioove n. disease [synonymous cognates hoven, hove} huuv.
liope v., n, hoop, (when unstrest) hop ; (dialectally) hop.
liorary adj, (of an hour) 'ho:-79-?i.
liorde n. (tribe, troop) ho:zd.
Jiordeolum n. sty, eyelid-tumor [plural hordeola} he?Mii-9-
Ism.
liorelionnd n. herb [also spelt hoarhound} 'ho:?-haund.
horizon n. (line at which the earth and sky appear to meet)
hd'zai-zsn, ha'eai-zn; (improperly) 'hori-zan.
liorisontalise v. [also spelt horisontalise} he^i'zentl-aiz.
liomblende n. mineral [also spelt hornblend} 'ho:7n-blend.
horologe n. (timepiece, etc.) 'hera-lods, 'hora-leds.
horologinm n. horologe ; constellation ; canonical-hour book
[plural horologia} hera'bo-dsi-am, hora'ledsi-am.
horology n. (timepiece; art of measuring time; making of
horologes) ha'rela-dsi.
horoscope n. (observation of the heavens at the time of a
birth, etc.) 'hora-skop; (improperly) 'hoi-zra-skop.
horrible adj. (exciting horror; dreadful) 'he^a-bal.
horrid adj. (causing horror; revolting; detestable) 'ho^id.
hors d'cenvre n. (extra dish ; relish) oie'dorvr, hoz'dB'.vz.
horse n. (quadruped) he:?s; (dialectally) hc:s, ho:s, hos.
horseradish n. (plant; rootstock) 'he:zs-zxdil.
horseshoe n. (shoe for a horse) 'hoirJ-Suu.
hosanna inter j. (save now! save, pray!) ho'zsena.
hose n. leg-garment ; stocking [plural hose^ archaically or dia-
lectally hosen, obsoletely hoses} hooz.
c: law, b: fwr, a cot, o hot, oi hoy; a: far, qo now, bl*. a^V, ^\V\\s.\
Icngth-jnarA- (:) indicates that the preceding sown^ \^ \qtv^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on Oie ioWovjm^ «^>\?^^&%
264 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
hosier n. (one who makes or deals in hose) 'hoo-sd?, 'hoo-zi-
hosiery n. (hose coUectivly) 'hoo-s^-zi, 'hoo-zi-a-zi.
hospitable adj. (offering welcome; cordial) liespitd'bd},
(assumptivly) 'hespi-tsbsl, 'hesptdbd}; (improperly) hes'pits-
b9l.
hospitably adv. 'hespitd-bli ; {improperly) hes'pits-bli.
hospital n. (hospice; asylum, etc.) 'hespi-t), liespi-td}; {im-
properly) 'hos-pitl, 'hc:s-pitJ.
hospitaler n. hosteler ; one who tends the sick in a hospital
[also spelt hospitaller^ 'hespitl-ar, 'hespitd-Js;.
hospitinm n. (hospice; hall, hostel) hes'piSsm, hes'piSi-9in.
hospodar n. (lord) 'hespo-dar.
hostage n. (person given as a pledge) 'hestids; (improperly)
'hoo-stids.
hostel n. (inn, hotel) 'hestl, liests).
hosteler n. (innkeeper) liestl-dr, 'hests-lsz.
hostelry n. (inn, hostel) 'hestl-ei, 'hestal-ri.
hostile adj. of an enemy ; unfriendly [also, sometimes, spelt
hosiil} 'hestil, (assumptivly) 'hestl; (also) 'hes-tai).
hostler n. stableman; groom [also, sometimes, spelt osUerl
'hesz.9?, 'esz.9?.
hot-blooded adj, het'bUdid, (assumptivly) liet-blAdid.
hotel n. (inn, etc.) ho'tet, o'teL
honsh n», v. hek. see hock.
houghite n. (mineral) 'hA-fait, 'hAf-ait.
honnd n. (dog) haond.
honr n. (time) aaz.
honri n. (nymph of the Mohammedan Paradise) 'hao-2ri, Hio:-
zi.
honse n. (dwelling, etc.) haos.
honse v. (receive or put into a house, etc.) haoz.
household n. (inmates of a house collectivly) 'haos-hold,
(sometimes) 'haos-old, 'hao-sold.
honsemrife n. a woman who manages her household; also,
a case for needles, etc. ; a workbox [also spelt hussif, hus-
sif and, in the sense of a workbox, huswife, hussive; plaz-
al housewives'] 'hoos-waif, 'hAzwif, (also, especially in the
sense of workbox) 'hAzif.
honse'wifery n. 'haos-wai-f^i, TiAzwi-f^i, TiAzi-f^i, 'haos-
wai-f3-?i.
honse-wives n. (ploral of housewife) 'haos-waivz, Tiazwivz,
'hAZIVZ.
jyCf 9 cure; bihe, OtKin; jazure, ds/oy; ^shoe, tScfcew;
wwhen; i)sing\ u whoever, ire^ict, ^iuu, x5m\ooV i.\V -dsee;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, xbut, ;>*. doot, ^iono, ^\ie^, ^^^^^i«.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 265
IftoiuiiiC n. (shelter of a house ; house-property ; house) 'hao-
zig.
HonyTmhiMin n. (one of a fancied race of horses described
by Swift in "Gullivers Travels") 'hau-inm, 'hou-inm, lomm.
hoTel n. (open shed; wretched cabin) 'heva^, 'hAvsl.
liOTel V, form like an open hovel or shed, as a chimney [pres-
ent participle hoveling, hovelling; past participle and pret-
erit hoveled, hovelled, hoveldl 'heval, 'hAval.
liOTel V. pursue the occupation of a hoveler; bring into har-
bor, moor, and unload . [present participle hoveling, hovel-
ling \ past participle and preterit hoveled, hovelled, hoveld}
'hoval, liAval.
boTeler n. unlicensed pilot or boatman ; craft [also spelt ho-
veller} Tiova-lar, liAva-lar.
Hover V, hang in air ; float ; linger [past participle and pret-
erit hovered, hoverdi 'hAva?, 'hevae.
bo'wadji n. (gentleman) hou'aedsi.
bo^vbeit adv. (however it may be; nevertheless) haolaii-it.
hcwdah n. (seat) 'hao-dd.
lio^rdy-do n. how-do-you-do [also spelt how-d'y-do, how-de-
do; synonymous cognate how-d'ye-do} hoo-di'dou, haod'dou.
bo^txer n. (piece of ordnance) 'hau-it-sa?.
hoyden n. Hiei-dn. see hoiden.
hnokleberry n. (hurtleberry, whortleberry, bilberry) 'hAkal-
bezi.
hue n. (color, tint) h^ou, qou.
hue n. (cry, shout) hguu, cou.
huge adj. (very large ; enormous) hgouds, Qouds.
Hnguenot n. (member of the Calvinistic or Reformd com-
munion of France in the i6th and 17th centuries; French
Protestant) liQou-ga-net, 'gou-ga-net.
hullabaloo n. uproar [also spelt hullaballoo} hAldbs'lou,
'hAldbd-lu.
hullo interj, [also spelt hulloal haloo. same meaning as
hallo,
human n. (of man) 'hguu-msn, 'gou-man.
humane adj. (kind, benevolent; tending to refine; elegant,
polite) hgo'mcen, go'meen.
humanixation n. [also spelt hutnanisation'] hQumsni'zee-
Ssn, hgums-nai'zee-San.
humanise v. [also spelt humanise} 'hgou-md-naiz.
humble adj. (not self-assertiv ; lowly; modest) 'hAmbal,
'Ambal.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, go now, a: ask,' at kite;
length-mark (:) indicates that the precedmc %owtv^ \^ \«>^^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the io\\o'w\tv% ^^Vi^Wvfc,
258 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
heterosamy n. (indirect fertilization, etc.) hetd'zega-mi.
heterogeneity n. (state of being heterogeneous) hetsza-
dsi'nii-i-ti, (rapidly) hetjadsi'nii-i-ti.
heterogeneons adj. (diverse ; composed of parts of different •
kinds : opposed to homogeneous) hetdza'dsii-ni-ss.
heterophemy n. (the saying of one thing when another is
meant) hetaza'fii-mi, 'hetazs-fimi, hcta'refi-mi.
heteropliyllons adj. (having several different kinds of
leaves : said of a plant) hetazs'f ilss ; (less properly) hets-
'eefi-las.
heterosoian n. person having a different shadow : a name
applied to inhabitants of one temperate zone as contrasted
with those of the other [plural heteroscians, heteroscii]
hcta'reSan.
he'W V. strike, chop, cut, etc. [past participle hewn, hewed,
hewd; preterit hewed, hewdl hgou, gou.
hexagonal adj. (six-angled; six-sided) heks'aegd-nl, hek-
'saega-nl.
hezastich n. (a group of six lines of verse) liekss-stik.
Hezatenoh n. (first six books of the Old Testament) liek-
s9-tguk.
hey interj. (calling attention) hce.
heyday interj. (denoting gaiety, wonder, etc.) 'hce-dee.
hiatns n. break; opening [plural hiatuses, hiatus! hai'ee-tds.
hibernate v. (winter) 'hai-bae-net ; (less properly) hafh^z-
net, hai'be'.^-net.
HibemioiJie v. make Irish [also spelt Hibernicisel hai^bsr-
ni-saiz.
hibemization n. a making Irish [also spelt hibernisation"]
hai-barni'zee-Jan, hai-ba^-nai'zee-Jan.
hioonp n. spasm of the breathing-organs [also spelt hiccoughl
'hikap.
hickory n. (tree; wood) 'hika-zi, (anteriorly) 'hiksi.
hidalgo n. (gentleman) hi'dselgo.
hideons adj. (horrible; ugly) 'hidi-3s; (improperly) 'hidsas.
hie V, hasten ; go quickly [present participle hying ; past par-
ticiple and preterit hiedl hai.
hierarchy n. (one of three divisions of angels; priestly
rule; class) liai-o-zazki.
hieroglyphic n. (of the nature of Eg>'ptian writing) hai-
ara'ghfik.
hieroglyphist n, (writer of hieroglyphs, etc.) hai-a'rogh-
fist, 'hai-32:3-ghfist.
/ye, gcure; d the, Gthin; jasMte, dT^joy; \shoe, tjcfcew;
wwhen; rising; u whoever, i react, xjiuW, ^mIooV, iVt, Tk.%ee\
o poetic; o over, e aerial, a. but, o*. doot, Miotic, ^\ic^, ^^\y*fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 259
liieropl&aiit n.. (expounder of sacred mysteries) 'hai-9Z9-
faent, hai'eza-fdnt.
Itigh-minded adj. hai'main-did, (assumptivly) 'hai-main-
did.
liigli-piiest n. hai'psiist, 'hai-p3iist.
liiglitli n. [also, fermerly, spelt heightli] hai6. same mean-
ing as height,
liigli'wayinan n. highway robber [plural highwaymen] 'hai-
wemsn.
hilarious adj. (cheerful; rollicking) haile:-zi-9s, hi'le:-d-9s ;
{improperly) hi'laezi-ss.
hilarity n. (cheerfulness; merriment) hai1ae?i-ti, hi'laezi-ti.
hillo inter j. hailing a distant or occupied person; expressing
surprise at an unexpected meeting [also spelt hilloal 'hi-lo,
hiloo.
hillook n. (small hill) 'hibk.
hllnm n. eye of a bean; hilus; small aperature [plural hila]
'hai-lsm.
him noun-pron. (objectiv of he) him, (when unstrest) im.
Himalayan adj. (of the Himalayas) hima'lee-jdn, hima'lee-
sn, hi'ma:-l3-J3n, hi'ma:-H-3n, hims'lai-sn.
himation n. Greek garment [plural himatia] hi'maeti-sn.
himself noun-pron, him'self, {ivhen less strest) im'self.
hinder adj. (situated behind ; posterior) 'hain-dsz.
hinder v, (keep back; impede) 'hinda?.
hindrance n. obstruction [synonymous cognate hinderance]
'hindrdns.
Hindu n. Aryan of Hindustan [also spelt Hindoo] 'hin-du,
hin'dou.
Hindnise v. render Hindu [also spelt Hindooise, Hindooise]
'hindu-aiz.
Hindnstani adj. of Hindustan [also spelt Hindoostaneel
hindo'sta:-ni, hindu'sta:-ni.
hinnible adj. (able to neigh or whinny) 'hind-bdl.
hip n. fruit of rose [synonymous cognate hep] hip.
hippodrome n. (race-course, circus) 'hipd-drom.
hippog^ff n. fabulous creature like a griffin but with hind-
quarters like those of a horse [also spelt hippogryph]
'hipa-geif.
hippopotamns n. African river-horse [plural hippopotamus-
es, hippopotami] hipd'petd-mds.
' hippurate n. (salt of hippuric acid) 'hipgo-zet, hi'p9u:-z9t.
hippuric adj, (of urine) hi'pgu:-zik.
c: law, b: f «r, ae cat, e hot, oi hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceditv?, somtv^ \^ \ws.tN
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress oti lYie i^^o^va^ ^rj^X-si^^.
260 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
liircine adj, of a goat ; goat-like ; lustful [also, sometimes,
spelt hircini 'hezsin, 'hsz-sain; liB:z-sin, 'hsir-sain.
liirsnte adj, (shaggy; hairy; of hair) hez's^out, ^Br-s^ut
Ills adj.-pron. hiz, (when less strest) iz, his.
liiss V, make a sharp spirant sound, as that of s [pest parti-
ciple and preterit hissed, histi his.
l&ist inter j. (enjoining silence; urging a dog) hst, 8:t, {also)
hist.
historiosraplier n. (historian) histozi'ogzs-fdz.
liistory n. (narrativ of past events) 'hista-zi, (anteriorly;
rapidly) 'histji.
histrionic adj. (theatrical, dramatic) histsi'enik.
liitlierto adv, (until now; as yet; thus far) hidaz'tou, (an-
teriorly) 'hidaz-tu.
h'm inter j, also spelt hm (hem! hum!) Mm, (murmuring as-
sent) m.
ho interj. expressing surprise, admiration, triumph, taunting,
etc. [also spelt hoa'\ hoo, ho.'
hoaotxin n. bird [synonymous cognates hoaczin, hoatsin, ho-
azini ho'aektsin, ho'aektzin.
hoar adj. (white, gray) hoiz,
hoard n., v, (treasure) hoizd.
hoarhonnd n. see horehound,
hoarse adj. (raucous) hoizs.
hoax n., v, (humbug) hooks.
hobbledehoy n. stripling; clumsy youth; top [synonymous
cognates hobbadehoy, hobbedehoyi 'hobaldi-hoi.
hobbler n. retainer bound to maintain a hobby; light horse-
man [also spelt hobler'\ Tieblaz.
hobbler n. (one who hobbles in his gait) 'heblsz.
hobgoblin n. (tricksy imp; bogy) 'heb-gobhn, hob'geUin.
hobo n. tramp [plural hobos, hoboes'! 'hoo-bo.
hoc n. old card-game [also, formerly, spelt hockl hek.
hock n. joint [also spelt hough} hok.
hockey n. feast at harvest-home [also spelt hockay; synon-
ymous cognates hawkey, hawkie, horkeyl lioki.
hookey n. hookt stick; the game of shinny, shinty, bandy
[synonymous cognates hawky, hawkey, hookey"] 'hoki.
hocns-pocns n. (jugglery; deception) hoo-kss'poo-kds.
hodsepodse n. (haricot; medley) 'hods-pods.
hoe n. (implement) hoo.
hogshead n. large cask [also spelt hogshedl liogz-hed; (dia-
lectally) 'hogzid.
} ye, Qcure; dthe, 8*Ain; sasure, ds/oy; $ shoe, t^chew;
ww/ten; tjsinff; u whoever, i react, ^iu\\, xsmIooV "^-^t, -dnee;
o poetic; a ov^r, e aerial, a but, o*. doot, •a^'ao, ^\ie^, ^^Ula^ft.^
DICTIONARY. OF HARD WORDS 261
lioiden n. boisterous girl; romp [also spelt hoyden} 'hei-dn.
hoist V. (raise) heist; (vulgarly) haist
hoity-toity adj. (frolicsome; huffy) hei-ti'tei-ti, (assump-
tivly) lioi-ti-tei-ti.
lioky-poky n. hocus-pocus; cheap ice-cream [also spelt hO'
key-pokey"} hDO-ki'pDO-ki.
liold V. (grasp, etc.) hoold, {when less strest) hold.
holey adj. (full of holes) 'hoo^i.
holiday n. (consecrated day; day of festivity; festival; va-
cation) 'heh-dce, (anteriorly) 'heh-de.
holla^ inter j. calling attention or expressing exultation; ho
there ! [akin to hollo, hallo} 'held, (formerly, but now rarely)
he'la: .
holla' V. 'held, 'he-la, he'la: . same meaning as hollo.*
holler V, (vulgar) 'held?, same meaning as hollo.*
hollo^ inter j, hallo I [also, formerly, spelt hollow ; synony-
mous cegnate holloa} 'helo.
hollo* V. shout; vociferate; halloo [also spelt holloa, hol-
low; synonymous cognates holla, holler} 'helo, 'held.
holloa interj, heldo. same meaning as hollo}
hollo'W n. (concavity; void space) 'held; (dialectally) 'held.
hollyhock n. (plant) 'heh-hek; (less properly) 'heli-hc:k.
holm n. islet; river-meadow [also spelt holme} hdom, hdolm.
holm n. holly [also spelt holme} hdolm, hdom; (improperly)
helm.
holocaust n. (sacrifice wholly consumed by fire; massacre)
'held-kc:st.
holster n. (pistol-case) 'hdol-std?.
holy adj, (sacred) 'hdo-li.
holy-day n. (holy day ; religious festival) 'hdo-li-dee.
homage n. (acknowledgment of allegiance; obeisance)
'hemids, 'emids.
homager n. (one who owes homage) 'hemi-d3d7, 'emi-dsd?.
home n. (abode, etc.) hdom; (dialectally) hdm.
homeliness n. (homely quality; plainness) 'hdo-mh-nis.
homely adj, (of home; everyday; plain-looking) 'hoo-mli;
(dialectally) 'homh.
homelyn n. spotted ray, a fish [synonymous cognates homme-
lin, hamhn, homerling} 'hoo-mhn.
homemade adj, hdom'meed, (assumptivly) 'hdom-meed; (dia-
lectally) ho'meed, 'homed.
homeopathic adj, of homeopathy [also spelt homoeopathic}
homi-d'paeOik, hemi-d'paeOik.
c: law, b: fur, se cot, e hot, ei hoy ; a: for, QO ikow, ^\ a^, ^\V\\fc\
length-inarlf (:) indicates that the precedititt «OMti^ ia VkXtSLN
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on tiie ieWo^xii^L %?iVaJj^R.*
262 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
lioiiieopatl&ist n. [also spelt homoeopathist'] homi'epa-Oist,
hemi'epa-Gist.
hoiiieopatliy n. medical system [also spelt homoeopathy]
homi'ep3-8i, hemi'epa-Gi.
Homerio adj. (of Homer) ho'merik; (improperly) liao-ma-
zik.
homestead n. home; farmsted [also spelt homested} lioom-
stid, 'hoom-sted.
homioidal adj, (of homicide; man-slaying; murderous)
'hemi-sai-dl, hemi'sai-dl.
homiletic adj. (of the nature of a homily) hemi^etik.
lioiiiisli adj. homelike [also spelt homeish] 'hoo-miS.
Itomooliroiiioiis adj. (of the same color) homslc^oo-mas,
(less properly) ho'mek^d-mss, hems'k^oo-mas.
homogeneity n. (state of being homogeneous) homddsi'nii-
i-ti, hemadsi'nii-i-ti.
homogeneous adj, (alike ; composed of like parts ; uniform :
the epposit of heterogeneous) home'dsii-ni-ss, hema'dsn-
ni-9s.
homograpli n. (a word of the same spelling as another but
of different origin and meaning) 'hoo-ms-gsazf, 'hem9-gza:f.
homologne n. that which is homologous; corresponding part
[also spelt hotnologl 'hema-leg, 'hoo-ma-leg.
homologous adj. (corresponding) ho'meld-gss.
homonym n. a word having the same pronunciation as an-
other but a different meaning ; a homophone [also spelt ho-
monymel 'hema-nim, 'hoo-ma-nim.
homoousian n. one who holds the persons of the Trinity to
be of the same essence [synonymous cognate homoiisianl
homo'uu-si-3n, hemo'ou-si-an, homo'ao-si-sn, hemo'co-si-sn;
(less properly) homo'uu-zi-an, homo'oo-zi-an, hemo'ao-zi-dn.
homophonous adj. (having the same sound) ho'mefo-nos.
homoplasy n. (homoplastic condition) ho'mepz^-si, 'hoo-ma-
ptaesi.
honest adj. (upright, fair, etc.) 'enist.
honey n. (sweet viscid fluid; darling) liAni.
honor n. reverential respect [also spelt honour"] 'ensz.
honor v. [also spelt honour ; past participle and preterit hon-
ored, honord] 'enae.
honorable adj. [also spelt honourable] 'en^z^-h^i, (rapidly)
'en^a-bal, (assumptivly) 'enrabal.
honorarium n. honorary reward [ploral honorariums, hono-
raria] en3'ee:-?i-3m, hena'rei-^i-am.
J ye, gcure; bthe, Gtkin; ^azMte, d^ioy; J^fcoe, tSchew;
wwAen; tjsinff; u whoever, i react, \3iu\V xiMiooV "«.\V -d^e*;
o poetic; saver, e aerial, a. but, o*. doot, -aotio, «.\ic^, ^"t^yft^N
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 263
Honorary adj, of honor; titulary [also, formerly, spelt hon-
ouraryl 'ona-ecei, {also) 'onaea-ei; {assumptivly) 'ena-^ari,
{rapidly) 'onrari, 'enzi.
boodlum n. (rowdy, rough) 'hodtsm, 'hou-dlsm.
boodoo n. (voodoo ; also, cause of bad luck) 'hou-du.
lioof n. horny digit-sheath or foot [ploral hoofs and, rarely,
hooves'! huuf ; {dialectally) hof.
liook n. (angular piece of metal, etc.) hok; {improperly)
houk.
liooked adj. hook-shaped, hamate; furnisht with hooks [also,
sometimes, spelt hookt'\ hokt, 'hokid.
lioop n. (ring, band) houp; {dialectally) hop.
liooping-congli n. see whooping-cough.
lioopoe n. bird [former synonymous cognate hoopool 'hou-po,
'hou-pu.
Hoosier n. (inhabitant of Indiana) 'huu-39r.
lioove n. disease [synonymous cognates hoven, hove} huuv.
liope v., n, hoop, {when unstrest) hop ; {dialectally) hop.
liorary adj. (of an hour) 'ho:-z9-zi.
horde n. (tribe, troop) hoizd.
Itordeolnin n. sty, eyelid-tumor [plural hordeola'} ho^'dii-a-
Ism.
liorelionnd n. herb [also spelt hoarhound"] 'hoier-haond.
liorixon n, (line at which the earth and sky appear to meet)
hs'^ai-zan, ha'eai-zn; {improperly) 'ho^i-zan.
Horisontalize v, [also spelt horisontalisel hori'zontl-aiz.
Hornblende n. mineral [also spelt hornblendl 'he:7n-b!end.
Horologe n. (timepiece, etc.) 'hez^-lod^, 'hez^-led^.
Horologinm n. horologe ; constellation ; canonical-hour book
[ploral horologia} he^a'bo-dsi-am, hera'lodsi-am.
Horology n. (timepiece; art of measuring time; making of
horologes) ha'^eb-dsi.
Horoscope n. (observation of the heavens at the time of a
birth, etc.) 'hoza-skop; {improperly) 'hD:-?3-skop.
Horrible adj. (exciting horror; dreadful) 'hera-bal.
Horrid adj. (causing horror; revolting; detestable) 'horid.
Hors d'oBuvre ». (extra dish; relish) eiz'dsivz, hoz^dsivz.
Horse n. (quadruped) he:zs; {dialectally) hc:s, ho:s, hos.
HorseradisH n. (plant; rootstock) 'he:zs-zxdil.
HorsesHoe n. (shoe for a horse) 'he:?S-$ou.
Hosanna inter j. (save now ! save, pray !) ho'zaena.
Hose n. leg-garment ; stocking [ploral hose, archaically or dia-
lectally hosen, ebsoletely hoses} hooz.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, o hot, oi boy ; a: far, ao tvoTU, ^*. a^V, ^\Va\s.%
length-mark (:) indicates that the precedixv^ ^owtv^ \^ \wvv%
stress-mark C) wdicates chief stress oti t\i^ i©\\o>N\Tv^ ^>j>\;!X5v^»
264 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
hosier n. (one who makes or deals in hose) ^30-397, 'hoo-d-
hosiery n. (hose coUectivly) ^30-39-21, 'hoo-a-9-zi,
hospitable adj. (offering welcome; cordial) Iiespit9>b9l,
(assutnptivly) 'hespi-tsbdl, 'hesptabdt; (improperly) hes'pita-
bal.
hospitably adv. 'hespita-bli ; (improperly) hes'pita^bli.
hospital n. (hospice; asylum, etc.) 'hespi-tl, 'hespi-t^; (im-
properly) 'hes-pitl, 'hc:s-pitl.
hospitaler n. hosteler ; one who tends the sick in a hospital
[also spelt hospitaller^ 'hespitl-sr, 'hespits-lds.
hospitinm n. (hospice; hall, hostel) hes'piS^m, hes'piSi-9ni.
hospodar n, (lord) 'hespo-dar.
hostage n. (person given as a pledge) 'hestid3; (improperly)
'hoo-stids.
hostel n. (inn, hotel) 'hestl, 'hestsl.
hosteler n. (innkeeper) liestl-d;, ^ests-ldz.
hostelry n. (inn, hostel) 'hestl-71, 'hestal-?!.
hostile adj. of an enemy; unfriendly [also, sometimes, spelt
hostill 'hestil, (assumptivly) 'hestl; (also) 'hes-tai}.
hostler n. stableman; groom [also, sometimes, spelt osiierl
'bests?, 'estar.
hot-blooded adj. het'bUdid, (assumptivly) liet-blxdid.
hotel n. (inn, etc.) ha'tel, o'tel.
hongh n,,v. hek. see hock.
honghite n, (mineral) 'hA-fait, 'hAf-ait.
honnd n, (dog) haond.
honr n. (time) 007.
honri n. (nymph of the Mohammedan Paradise) 'hao-n, Hio:-
zi.
honse n. (dwelling, etc.) haus.
honse v. (receive or put into a house, etc.) haoz.
honsehold n. (inmates of a house collectivly) 'haos-hold,
(sometimes) liaos-old, 'hao-sold.
honsemrife n. a woman who manages her household; also,
a case for needles, etc. ; a workbox [also spelt huszif, hus-
sif and, in the sense of a workbox, huswife, hussive; ploz-
al housewives'] 'haus-waif, 'hAzwif, (also, especially in the
sense of workbox) 'hAzif.
honsexHLfery n. 'haos-woi-fsi, liAzwi-fsi, TiAzi-f^i, 'haos-
wai-fa-zi.
honsexHtves n. (ploral of housewife) 'haos-waivz, TiAzwrvz,
'hAZIVZ.
J yc, gcure; bthe, Gtkin; ^azute, d^t'oy; S^^oe, tSrfcew;
wwhen; ijsing; u whoever, 1 react, \iiuu, ^>3Lioc\, "«.\\., T\««e;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o: Aoot, -aotio, ^.\ie^, ^^%5ft.v.
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 265
housins m- (shelter of a house ; house-property ; house) 'hao-
zig.
Honylmliiiin n. (one of a fancied race of horses described
by Swift in "Gullivers Travels") 'hau-inm, 'hou-inm, ujinm.
hovel n. (open shed; wretched cabin) 'hevat, 'hAVdI.
hovel V. form like an open hovel or shed, as a chimney [pres-
ent participle hoveling, hovelling; past participle and pret-
erit hoveled, hovelled, hoveld'\ 'hoval, 'hAvsl.
hovel V, pursue the occupation of a hoveler; bring into har-
bor, moor, and unload . [present participle hoveling, hovel-
ling'* past participle and preterit hoveled, hovelled, hoveldl
'hoval, 'hAval.
hoveler n. unlicensed pilot or boatman; craft [also spelt ho-
vellerl Tieva-lar, 'hxva-lar.
hover v, hang in air ; float ; linger [past participle and pret-
erit hovered, hoverd"} 'liAvae, 'hevar.
ho'wadji n. (gentleman) hau'aedsi.
ho'wbeit adv. (however it may be; nevertheless) hao'bii-it.
ho'wdah n. (seat) 'hao-ds.
ho'wdy-do n. how-do-you-do [also spelt how-d*y-do, how-de-
do; synonymous cognate how-d'ye-do} hao-di'dou, haod'dou.
howitzer n. (piece of ordnance) 'hau-it-sar.
hoyden n. 'hei-dn. see hoiden.
hnokleberry n. (hurtleberry, whortleberry, bilberry) 'hAkal-
hezi.
hne n. (color, tint) hgou, cou.
hne n. (cry, shout) hguu, qou.
hnge adj. (very large ; enormous) hgouds, gauds.
Hng^nenot n. (member of the Calvinistic or Reformd com-
munion of France in the i6th and 17th centuries; French
Protestant) 'hgou-ga-net, 'gou-ga-net.
hullabaloo n. uproar [also spelt hullahallool hAldbd'lou,
'hAlaba-lu.
hnllo interj, [also spelt hulloal hsloo. same meaning as
hallo,
hnman n. (of man) 'hguu-msn, 'gou-msn.
hnmane adj. (kind, benevolent; tending to refine; elegant,
polite) hgo'meen, go'meen.
hnm an \ «ation n. [also spelt humanisation} hgumani'zee-
San, hguma-nai'zee-Jan.
hnmanixe v. [also spelt humanise} 'hguu-ms-naiz.
hnmble adj. (not self-assertiv ; lowly; modest) 'hAmbal,
'Ambal.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei boy; a: far, ao noiu, «:. a?k> ^\Va\s:\
izngth-mark (:) indicates that the preceding ^o>\tv^ \^ ^^"^^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on tVift ie>\\ov«\xv^ «»f\^2Cav^,
266 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
lininenii n. bone [ploral humeri"] Hicou-md-sas, 'cmi-xndOB.
Iminor n. organic fluid or juice; temperament, fancy; comi-
cality [also spelt humour] 'hcou-mos, '^ou-ma?, 'jou-mar.
Hnmorist n. [also spelt humourist] li^fm-m^-zist, \w1-m9-
rist, 'jou-ma-rist.
Hnmoroni adj. [also, formerly, spelt humourous] liqourm^-
79s, 'cuu-m9-73s, 'juu-m3-;3s.
lininpli interj, expressing doubt or dissatisfaction [also,
sometimes, spelt h*mf] iim, hAmf.
Hmnpty-dninptj n. (dumpy, hump-shoulderd person) hxmp-
ti'dAmpti.
Hnnolibaok n. (a huncht back) hxntS'baek, (tn Britain) hAnS-
'baek.
hnnolibaok n. (a person with a huncht back; a humpback)
'hAntJ-baek, {in Britain) 'hAnJ-baek.
Hnndred n,,adj. (five score) 'hAndtdd; (dialectally) HiAn-
ddrd.
Hnndredtli adj., n. 'hAudrsdO, 'hAndrstO.
linng^Ty adj. (feeling hunger, etc.) 'hAqgri.
linrrali interj. expressing approbation, exultation, etc. [also
spelt hurra ; synonymous cognate hurray] ha'ra: , ho';a: , hA-
'ra: ; (dialectally) ha'ec: .
Hnrray interj. [also, sometimes, spelt hooray] ha'^ee, ho'^ee.
same meaning as hurrah.
Hurricane n. (wind-storm) 'he^i-ken, 'hAri-ken, 'hAri-ksn.
Hurry v.. n. 'hon, {also, in England and eastern New Eng-
land) '\iKZl.
Hurtleberry n. (whortleberry, bilberry, huckleberry) 'hs^tl-
hzzi.
Husband n. (a man joind to a woman by marriage) 'hAz-
band*
Hussar n. (horse-soldier) hA'zo:?.
Hussy n. housewife ; pert girl ; wench [also spelt huzzy, hus-
scy; ploral hussies] 'hAzi; {improperly) 'hASi.
Hussy n. workbox, hussif [also spelt huzzy; ploral hussies]
'hAZI.
Hustle V. (push about roughly; bustle; get a move on)
'hASdl, 'hAst.
Husu^ife n. 'hAzif, 'hAzwif, 'hAz-waif. see under housewife.
Huzza interj. expressing exultation or applause; hurrah [also
spelt huzsah and, sometimes, huzsay] ha'za: , hA'zo: , ho'zo: ,
hA'zee.
HyacintH n. (precious stone ; flower, plant) 'hai-a-sinG.
J yCf Q cure; 5 Me, 0 th\vi\^ 5 asure, dj /oy ; S jftoe, tS chew;
wwJhen; xjsing; u whoever, i react, oiu\\, ^Mioo\, \\\., \\«e«;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o*. dooi, t>oTvo, ^\ic^, tt%,c^ft\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 267
Iiyaointliine adj. [also spelt hy(icinthin'\ hai-s'sinOin, hai-
a'sin-Oain.
byalin n. (glass-like or translucent substance) 'hai-a^in.
Hyaline adj. glass-like, glassy, vitreous [also, sometimes,
spelt hyalin} 'hai-a4in, 'hai-d^ain.
hybrid n. (half-breed; mongrel) 'hai-b^id, 'hibzid.
hybridiim n. 'hai-bzi-dizsm, 'hib^i-dizsm.
hybridise v. [also spelt hybridise'! 'hai-b?i-daiz, 'hib^i-daiz.
Hydatid n. (cyst) liai-dd-tid, 'hids-tid.
Hydra n. water-snake; polyp, etc. [plural hydras, hydrae"!
'hai-dr9.
Hydrangea n. (shrub) hai'dcaends?, haiMraendsi-^, hai'dreen-
dsa.
Hydraulic adj. (of water, etc.) hai'drc:-}ik ; (dialectally) hai-
'drehk.
Hydrid n. (hydra, a polyp) liai-drid.
Hydride n. hydrogen compound [also, sometimes, spelt hy-
dridi 'hai-draid, 'hai-drid.
Hydriodic adj. (of hydrogen and iodine) hai-dri'edik, hai-
drai'edik. .
Hydrogen n. (element) 'hai-dra-dsin.
Hydrogenise v, [also spelt hydrogen%se'\ 'hai-drsdsi-naiz.
Hydromel n, (honey and water) 'hai-dra-mal, 'hai-dra-mel.
Hydrometer n, (a device for measuring the specific gravity
of water, etc.; current-gage) hai'dremi-tar.
HydropatHio adj, (of hydropathy) hai-dra'paeGik.
Hydropathy n. (water-cure) hai'drep3-0i.
hydrophobia n. (aversion to water, etc. ; rabies) hai-dra'fDO-
bi-3.
hydrophobic adj. (of hydrophobia) hai-dc^'febik, hai-dr^-
'boo-bik.
Hyena n. quadruped [also spelt hyaena] hai'ii-ns.
Hygiene n. (sanitary science) 'hai-dsin, 'hai-dsi-in, 'hidsi-in.
Hygienic adj. (of hygiene; sanitary) hai-dsi'enik, hai-dsi'ii-
nik, hidsi'enik, hidsi'ii-nik.
Hygienist n. (one verst in hygiene) 'hai-dsi-enist, 'hidsi-
enist.
hylotheism n. (doctrin that God and matter are identical;
hulotheism) 'hai-la-Gi-izam, hai-la'0ii-izam, (rarely) hai-
leOi-izam.
hymeneal adj. (of marriage) hai-mi'nii-dl.
hymenial adj. (of the hymenium) hai'mii-ni-sl.
hymn n. (religious poem) him.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, go now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sovm^ \^ \^tv^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on tlie i6\\o>Nin% ^i^W^iJc^e.,
268 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
hjnnnal n. (hymn-book) 'himnsl.
hjnnned v. (past participle and preterit of hymn) himd,
'himnid.
liSrinning v. (present participle of hymn) 'himiQ, 'himnii).
hjnnnody n. (the singing or composition of hymns; hymns
collectivly) 'himns-di.
hjnnnolosT m- (study of hymns, etc.) him'nels-dsi.
liypallage n. (inversion of syntactic relation between two
words) hai'paela-dsi, hi'paela-dsi.
hyperbaton n. transposition ; bold inversion [ploral hyperha-
td\ hai'pB:?-b3-ten.
hyperbola n. (curve) hai'pB:7-b3-}3.
Hyperbole n. (exaggeration) hai'pB:7-b3-h, {older) hai'pB:?-
bs-li.
Hyperborean adj. (of the extreme north) hai-pd^'boi-n-sn.
byperoritioal adj. (excessivly critical) hai-pa^^iti-ksl.
byperemia n. local excess of blood [also spelt hyperckemia'\
hai-paz'ii-mi-a.
byperionm n, (plant) hai'pen-ksm, hai-pd'rai-ksm.
bypermeter n. (dolichurus; hypermetron) hai'p6:7-mi-t9?.
bypertbesis n. (transposition, metathesis) hai'pBrOi-sis.
bypertropby n. (excessiv growth of a part) hai'pBrtja-fi.
bypetbral adj. (open to the sky; open-air) hai'pii-Gsd}, hi-
'pii-033l.
bypben n. (short dash) 'hai-fan, 'hai-fin.
bypbenise v. [also spelt hyphenisel 'hai-fi-naiz.
bypnosis n. (hypnotic state) hip'noo-sis.
bypnotio adj. (soporific; of hypnotism) hip'netik.
bypnotism n. (braidism) 'hipNS-tizdm.
bypnotisation n. [also spelt hypnotisationi hipNdti'zee-S^n,
hipN3-tai'zee-San.
bypnotize v. [also spelt hypnotisel 'hipNs-taiz.
bypoblast n. (endoblast) 'hai-p3-bla:st, 'hips-blaest.
bypobole n. (figure of speech in which adverse suggestions
are made and refuted) hai'peba-h, {older) hai'pebs-li.
bypoobondrla n. (low spirits) hai-p9'kendri-3, hipslcen-
dri-3.
bypoobondriac adj. (of hypochondria) hai-pd'kendri-sek,
hipa'kendri-aek.
bypoobondriaoal adj. (hypochondriac) hai-pd-ken'drai-d-
kal, hip3-ken'drai-3-kal.
bypoobondriasii n, (hypochondria) hai-p3-ken'drai-9-sis,
hip3-ken'drai-3-sis.
; ye, g cure ; 5 the, 8 thin ; 3 axrure, ds joy ; S shoe, tj chew ;
w Ziehen; Tjsing; u whoever, i react, oiu\\, ^mIooV, \\t, tis^^;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o*. doot, ootid, t\icd, "c^^a^^N
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 269
Hypocrisy n. (pretense, sham) hi'pek^i-si; {less properly)
hai'pek^i-si.
Hypocrite n. false pretender [also spelt hypocriO 'hips-ksit.
hypooritieal adj. (of h3rpocrisy, feignd) hipd'ksiti-ksl.
liypodermio adj, (subcutaneous) hai-pa'deis-mik, hipa'da:;-
mik.
hypogastrio adj. (of the hypogastrium or lowest region of
the abdomen) hip3'g£st£ik, hai-p3'gxst£ik.
hypogeal adj. subterranean [also spelt hypogaeatl hai-ps-
'dsii-al, hipa'dsii-al.
Hypogene adj. (formd under the surface) 'hai-pa-dsin, 'hips-
dsin.
liypopliyse n. (apophyge, scotia) hai'pefi-dsi, hai'pefi-dsi.
hypophysis n. pituitary body, etc. [ploral hypophysesl hai-
'pofi-sis, hi'pofi-sis.
liypostasise n. embody; impersonate; hypostatize [also spelt
hypostasisel hai'pests-saiz, hi'pests-saiz.
hypostasis n. sediment; underlying substance; essence
[ploral hypostases'! hai'pest^-sis, hi'pests-sis.
hypostatise v. [also spelt hypostatise} hai'pests-taiz, hi-
'pests-taiz. same meaning as hypostasize.
hypotennse n. the side of a right-angled triangle opposit the
right angle [synonymous cognate hypothenusel hai'petn-jus,
hai'peti-njus, hi'poti-njus.
hypothec n. (lien, security, etc.) hai'peOik, hi'peOik.
hypothecate v, (pledge, pawn, mortgage) hai'peOi-ket, hi-
'pe8i-ket.
hypothennse n. hai'peOi-njus. same meaning as hypote-
nuse,
hypothesis n. supposition [ploral hypotheses'] hai'peOi-sis,
hi'peOi-sis.
hypothesise v. frame a hypothesis ; assume [also spelt hypo-
thesise] hai'poGi-saiz, hi'peGi-saiz.
hypothetic adj, (conjectural) hai-ps'Getik, hips'Oetik.
hypozanthine n. sarcine [also, sometimes, spelt hypoxan-
thin] hai-pek'sxnOin, hai-pek'saen-9ain, hipek'saen-Gain, hai-
pd'zaenGin.
hypsiloid adj. (upsilon-shaped) hip'sai-leid, 'hipsi-leid.
hypnral adj. (beneath the tail) hai'pgu:-??}, hi'pgu:-?9l.
hyson ft. (green tea) 'hai-ssn, 'hai-sn.
hyssop ft. (plant) 'hisap, 'hi-sep.
hysteria ft. (hysterics) hi'sti:-?i-3, his'ti:-H-3.
hysteric adj. (of hysteria; fitful, frantic) hi'ste^ik, his'te^ik.
c: law, s: fur, se cat, e hot, ei hoy\ a: far, ao now, ^^ a^V ^\Va\s.\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding somw^ \^ \^xv%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the io\\ovj\tv^ «^>\2X^^.
270 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
I noun-pron, ai, {also, when unstrest) 9; (also, dialectally) a.
iambic adj. (of iambuses) ai'aembik.
ibex n. wild goat [ploral ibexes, rarely, ibices'] 'ai-beks.
ibidem adv. (in the same place) I'bai-dem.
ibis n. bird [plural ibises, rarely ibides, ibes] 'ai-bis.
ibyoter n. bird [also spelt ibicter"] ai'bikta?.
loarian adj, of Icarus [also spelt Icarean] ailiei-zi-^n,
loarian adj. (of Icaria, the ideal republic of E. Cabet) ailce:-
d-3n.
ice-cream n. aislc^iim, 'ais-lmim.
idmeninoii n. (Pharaoh's rat) ik'njou-mdn.
icbor n. (blood of the gods; watery discharge) 'ai-ka?, 'ik^z.
iobtbyolos»y ti. (science of fishes) ikGi'ets-dsi.
iobtbyosanms n. fish-like reptil [ploral ichthyosauri'] ikOi-
a'sci-ras.
icicle n. (pendent rod of ice) 'ai-si-k»l.
iciest adj. (superlativ of icy) 'ai-si-ist.
icily adv, (in an icy manner; coldly) 'ai-si-li.
icing n. (frosting; cooling by means of ice) 'ai-siQ.
icon n. image, portrait [also spelt ikon, eikon; ploral icones,
icons'] 'ai-ken, 'ai-kan.
iconoclast n. (image-breaker) ai'kens-kLaest.
icosabedron n. a solid bounded by twenty planes [synony-
mous cognates icosaedron, icosihedron] ai-kesd'hii-drsn,
ai-kesa'hedran.
icteric adj. (jaundiced) ik'terik.
ide n. (fish) aid.
idea n. architype ; likeness ; mental image [former, but now
vulgar, synonymous cognate idee ; ploral ideas and, former-
ly, sometimes ideae] ai'dii-a, {often) 'ai-di-a; {vulgarly)
ai'dii; {vulgarly, before a vowel) ai'dii-ar, ai'di:?.
ideal adj. ai'dii-al; {less properly) 'ai-di-sl; {vulgarly) ai-
'diil.
idealism n. ai'dii-a-hzsm.
idealize v, render ideal; form ideals [also spelt idealise] ai-
'dii-3-laiz.
ideog^rapb n. (graphic symbol which directly represents an
idea) ai'dii-a-g^atf, 'ai-di-a-g^arf, 'idi-3-gra:f.
ides n. (the eigth day after the nones; also, any one of the
days of the month which precede the ides and follow the
nones; an ide) aidz.
idiocy n. (state of being an idiot) 'idi-a-si.
idiom n. (own language; dialect; mode of speech) 'idi-sm.
} ye, gcure; d*fte, G*/tin; sarure, d^/oy; S jftoe, tSc/rew;
wwhen; tjsing; u whoever, itcacV, oiuW, \i>\iool, iit, 11 s^^;
o poetic; dover, e oerial, a. but, o*. Aoot, *aoTv.o, ^.X^e^, ^^^oX^n
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 271
lyncrasy n. (physical or mental peculiarity; bent) idi-3-
]k3d-si.
b n. (imbecil; fool) 'idi-at; (vulgarly) 'idsat.
biiiii n. (an idiom; also, idiocy, folly) 'idi-3>tiz9m.
fcize V. befool [also spelt idioHse} 'idi-a-taiz.
adj. (not occupied; lazy) 'ai-dl.
rase n. (vesuvianite) 'ai-ds-k^es, 'ids-k^es, 'ai-dd-lcsez.
n. (effigy) 'ai-dl, 'ai-dal.
ater n. (idol- worshipper) ai'dels-tsz.
Lse V. make an idol of ; adore ; practis idolatry [also spelt
'lisel 'ai-da-laiz.
Lsatioii n. [also spelt idolisation'\ ai-dsh'zee-Ssn, ai-da-
'zee-S^n.
n. short rural poem; episode; pastoral composition [also
At idylll 'ai-dil; (less properly) 'idil.
lit n. writer of idyls [also spelt idyllisti 'ai-di-hst.
Ho adj, (of an idyl; full of rustic charm) ai'dilik.
Use V. make into an idyl [also spelt idyllise'\ 'ai-di-laiz.
•ny. (on condition that, etc.) if, {also, when unstrest) f.
s-fatni n. (plural of ignis-fatuus) ignis'faetSu-ai, igniz-
tSu-ai.
s-fatnus n. will-o'-the-wisp [ploral ignes-fatui'\ ignis-
tSu-3s, ignis'faetgu-3s.
table adj. capable of being ignited [also, spelt ignitiblel
nai-ta-bal.
minioiui adj. (shameful; infamous) ignd'mini-ss.
•raniiis n. ignorant person [ploral ignoramuses} igns-
2-m3s; (improperly) igna'^ai-mas, ignaVaemas.
irantin adj. ignorant : applied to the Brethren of the
ristian Schools [also spelt Ignorantine} igna'^antin.
na ». (large arboreal lizard) i'gwa:-na.
Jiodon n. (iguana-like fossil lizard) I'gwsens-den,
^a:-n3-den.
J adj, (of the ileum) 'iH-aek.
n n. (lowest part of the small intestin) 'iH-am, 'ai-H-am.
adj. (of ileus ; of the ileum ; ileac, iliacal ; also, of the
m) 'iH-aek, 'iH-ak.
al adj. obsolete (of ileus; of the ileum; also, of the ili-
; iliac) I'lai-a-kal.
ni n. iliac muscle ; thrush [ploral iliaci} I'lai-a-kas.
a. n. hip-bone, flank-bone [ploral ilial 'ili-am.
ive adj. of illation or inference [also spelt illativ'] 'ila-
i^ce-tiv. .
; b: fi#r, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy ; a: for, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
i-mark (:) indicates that the preceditVR aoMti^ \^ \wi^\
mark C) indicates chief stress on the io\\oy»\ti% «^Wa5s^«^.
272 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
ill-bred adj. iVbzed, (assumptivly) 'it-bred.
ill-deierred adj. [also spelt ill-deservdl i}-di'zs:7vd,
(assumptivly) 'il-di-zstrvd.
illegal adj. (unlawful, illicit) ilii-gsl.
illegalize v. make illegal [also spelt illegalise'] I'tii-ga-laiz.
illegible adj. (undecipherable) iledss-bal.
illicit adj. (unlawful) I'hsit, iHisit.
illision n. (a striking against something) ilissn, iHissn.
illiterate adj. (unletterd, unlearned) I'lita-rst, i'ht£3t.
ill-timed adj. il'taimd, {assumptivly) 'il-taimd.
illmninati n. pi. people who affect to be especially enlight-
end, etc. [singular illuminatol i-Humi'nee-tai, i-}umi'na:-ti.
illnminato n. (singular of illuminati) i-}umi'na:-t3.
illnmine v. light up [also spelt illumin; past participle and
preterit illumined, illumind] iliou-min.
illniion n. (deception, delusion; also, apparition, fantom)
i'liou-39n.
illnsive adj. deceptiv, illusory [also spelt illusiv"] iliuu-siv,
I'Hou-ziv.
iUnsory adj. iliou-sa-zi; (less properly) iliou-zs-zi.
iUnstrate v. (illuminate; elucidate; exemplify) 'ils-stset,
I'lA-stjet.
illustrated adj. (having pictorial illustrations) 'ils-stsetid,
i'lA-st£etid.
illnstration n. (elucidation; cut) ils'stsee-S^n.
illnstrative adj. serving to illustrate [also spelt illustrativl
ilAstj3-tiv; (less properly) 'ila-stjetiv.
iUnstrator n. (one who or that which illustrates) 'ila-stse-
tar, ilA-st£et3r.
illy adv. (in an ill manner; badly) 'ih, 'iMi.
image n. (likeness) 'imids.
imageable adj. capable of being imaged [also, formerly,
spelt imagible} 'imidsa-bal.
imagery n. (images collectivly; image-work) 'imi-dszi,
'imid33-zi.
imaginary adj. (not real; fancied; feignd) I'maedsi-nen,
(also) I'maedsina-^i, (assumptivly) I'maedsi-nsri.
imaginatiTe adj. [also spelt imaginativ'] I'maedsind-tiv,
(assumptivly) I'miedsi-nativ ; (also) I'maedsi-netiv.
imagine v. form a mental image of ; suppose ; fancy ; think,
guess [also spelt imagin; past participle and preterit imag-
ined, imagind"] I'maedsin.
imagines n. (ploral of imago) I'maedsi-niz, I'mee-dsi-niz.
Jyc, fcure; dthe, 0 *fiin ; 5 a^ure, ds/oy; S jftoe, tjcfcew;
wa/Aen; tjsing; u whoever, 1 react, ^iuW, ^>3Lioo\, \<t, lis^e;
o poetic; 9 over, e oerial, Abut, ;>•. dooi, •^iot^o, ^\ic^, ^^^oXv,
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 273
imaso n. the perfect insect [ploral imagos, imaginesi I'mee-
imam n. priest; chief [synonymous cognates imaum, imawm,
iman] i'ma:m.
imbeeile adj. weak; insane [also spelt imbecil'} 'imbi-sil,
imbi'sn}, 'imbi-sil; (formerly) im'bcsil.
imbed v. im'becL same meaning as embed.
imbxioei n. (ploral of imbrex) 'imb^i-siz.
imbroslio n. (confused heap; entanglement; embroilment)
im'bffoo-gli-o, im'brool-jo, im'broo-li-o.
imbme v. (stain, dye) im'brou.
imbne v» (saturate, dye, imbru; impregnate, permeate, per-
vade, inspire) im'bjou.
imide n. (ammonia derivativ) 'i-maid, I'maid, 'ai-mid, 'ai-
maid.
imidosen n. (radical) I'mai-ds-dsin.
immediate adj. (in direct relation ; not mediate ; not remote ;
instant) i'mii-di-3t; (improperly) I'mii-dsat.
immemorial adj. (beyond memory; out of mind; very old)
im9'mo:-n-9l, imi'mor-d-al.
immeiuie adj, (unmeasured; vast) I'ments, I'mens.
immerge v. (immerse; sink) fmBizds, im'msi^ds.
immemion n. (dipping, plunging) I'mez^sn, I'msiz-l^n; (less
properly) i'm8:r-39n.
immigrant n. (one who migrates into a country, or comes
into a new habitat : distinguisht from emigrant) 'imi-gssnt.
immigrate v, 'imi-gset.
imminent adj. (about to occur; impending) 'imi-nsnt.
inimisoible adj, (that cannot be mixt) I'miss-bal.
immit V. (send in ; inject) I'mit, im'mit.
immobile adj. immovable, fixt [also spelt immobill I'moo-
bil.
immobilise v. [also spelt immobilise'\ I'mpo-bi-laiz.
inimolate v, (sacrifice; kill as a victim) 'im^-let.
immortality n. (endless life; eternity) i-me?'tseh-ti, imez-
'taeh-ti.
immortalize v. [also spelt immortalise"} i'me:7-tl-aiz.
immortelle n. (flower) i-mer'tel, imer'tel.
immovable adj. (that cannot be moved) I'mou-vd-bsl.
inipaot n. (blow, stroke) 'im-pxkt.
impact V. (pack in) im'pxkt.
inipale v. enclose with pales or stakes; fence in [synony-
mous cognate empale} im'peel.
c: law, s: fur, se cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, aiktte;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceditiR ^omw^ \s NaxviskN
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on ibe foWoNi\tiiL «^\Sa5s^R.'.
274 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
impanate adj, (containd in bread) im'pee-net, im'pee-nat,
'impa-nat.
impanation n. (presence of Christ in consecrated bread)
impa'nee-San.
impanel v, enter on a panel or list; enrol [also spelt impan-
nel; synonymous cognates empanel, empannell; present par-
ticiple impaneling, impanelling; past participle and prete-
rit impaneled, impanelled, impaneld] ira'paenl.
impanelment n. [also spelt impannelment ; synonymous cog-
nates empanelment, empannelment} im'panl-mant:
impartiality n. (freedom from bias; fairness) im-paz$i'adi-
ti, impaz'Sah-ti.
impasiable adj, (that cannot be past) im'pa:-S9-b3l.
impasse n, (a way having no outlet; a fix) im'pa:s, im'pais,
or)'pa:s.
impassibility n. (quality of being impassible) im-paes9-
'bih-ti.
impassible adj, (incapable of suffering; incapable of feeling
emotion ; impassiv ; insensible ; unimpressible) im'pa:-s9-bdlr
im'p2S3-b9l.
impastation n. (formation of d, paste) impss'tee-^an,
impa'stee-San, impaes'tee-Jan.
impeaoli v. challenge, attack, disparage ; accuse of treason
[past participle and preterit impeached, impeacht'\ im'piitj.
impeccable adj. (not capable of sin; unerring) im'pekd-bal.
impede v, (hinder) im'piid.
impedible adj, obsolete (capable of being impeded) im'peddr
b3l.
impediment n, (hindrance, obstruction) im'pedi-msnt.
impellent adj, (that impels) im'pelsnt.
imperator n. (commander; emperor) impa'^ee-ta?, 'imp»-
imperceptible adj. (incapable of being perceivd) impaz-
'septa-bal.
imperialize v, [also spelt imperialise'] im'pi:-7i-3-laiz.
imperil v. [present participle imperiling, imperilling; past
participle and preterit imperiled, imperilled, imperild; for-
mer synonymous cognate emperil} im'pezil.
impertnrbable adj. (serene, calm) imp^z'tQiz-hs-hsl.
impetigo n. skin-disease [plural impetiginesl impi'tai-go.
impetnons adj. (having impetus; violent; rash) im'pet^u-ss,
im'petSu-3S.
impetus n, (energy of motion; impulse) 'impi-tas.
Jyc, Qcure; bthQ, GtKin; sasure, ds/oy; I shoe, tjc/iew;
wwhen; losing; u whoever, itcacX., vjiu\V v>m\.ooV 'i-'vt, iis^^;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, a. but, o;^oot, ^ioi^o, ^\ic^» ^^^o!«.\
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 275
impiety n. (want of piety) im'pai-i-ti.
impioni adj. (not pious; wicked) 'impi-ds.
impionily adv. 'impi-3s-)i.
impioniiieM n. 'impi-ss-nis.
implacable adj, (that cannot be appeased; inexorable) im-
'pLee-kd-bd!, im'pLAkd-bdI.
import V. (bring in) im'poizt.
import n. (signification; importance; commodity brought
in from abroad) 'im-poi^t; {formerly) im'pD-.et.
importunate adj. (pressing; persistent) im'pe:?-tgo-n3t, im-
'po:?-tj9-n9t.
importnne adj. (troublesome, importunate) impez'tgoun,
im'pe:r-tgun.
importnne v. impe^'tgoun, im'pe:7-tcun.
impotable adj. (that may be imposed or laid on ; also, that
may be imposed upon ; gullible) im'pDO-za-bal.
impoisible adj, (not possible) im'pesd-bdl.
inipoiter n. (one who imposts or classifies according to tar-
iffs and duties) 'im-postar.
impostor n. cheat [also spelt imposterl im'pests?.
inipoitnme n. abscess, etc. [also spelt intposthume'l im'pes-
tgum. im'pes-tSum.
impotence n. (want of strength; weakness) 'imps-tns; (im-
properly) im'poo-tns.
impotent adj. (weak) 'impo-tnt, 'impa-tant.
impracticable adj. (not practicable ; practically impossible :
unserviceable ; unmanageable) im'psaektika-bal.
impractical adj. (not practical; unpractical) im'p^aekti-kdl.
imprecate v, (pray for; invoke; curse) 'impsi-ket.
imprecatory adj. (maledictory) 'impsika-toei, 'impsika-ta^i,
'imp3i-ket3-2ri, impsi'kee-t3-?i.
impregn v. (impregnate) im'p^iin.
impresa n. (emblem, device, motto) im'p^ee-sa.
impresario n. (operatic manager, etc.) imp3i'se:-n-o, impsi-
'za:-zi-o.
imprese n. (obsolete) im'p^iis. same meaning as impresa.
impress v, imprint, stamp [past participle and preterit im-
pressed, impresf] im'pses.
impress v. enlist [past participle and preterit impressed, im-
prestl im'pses.
impress n. (stamping, stamp, imprint) 'im-pses.
impress n. (enforced service in the army or navy; impress-
ment) 'im-pses.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei boy; a: far, ao now, w. a?k, ^\\r\\s.%
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceditwt aoMtv^ \^ \^tv\s,%
stress-mark (') indicates chief stress OH tih^ i©WQv^vcv% «f^aJ^^.
276 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
impress n. (emblem, device, impresa) 'im-p3es.
impressed adj, stampt in; having impressions [also spelt
impresil im'pscst.
impressible adj. (capable of being imprest) im'p3es9-b^
imprest v, obsolete (advance on loan) im'p^est.
imprest n. (money advanced; loan) 'im-p3est.
imprimatur n. (an order 'let it be printed' ; sanction) zmpsi-
'mee-ta?.
imprint v, (impress; stamp) im'p3int.
imprint n. (impression, stamp; printer's or publisher's name
on a title-page, etc.) 'im-psint.
improbative adj, liable to improbation or disproof; tending
to disprove; improbatory [also spelt improbativl im'pseba-
tiv, 'imp33-betiv.
improbatory adj. (disproving, etc.) im'p^ebd-tori, im'p^O'
ba-tozi, 'imp53-bet3-?i.
improbity n. (lack of probity) im'psoo-bi-ti, im'p3ebi-ti.
impromptu adv. (off-hand; extempore) im'p^emp-tgu.
improvable adj. (capable of being improved) im'p3ou-v9-
bal.
improvisation n. (action or product of improvising) im-
. psevi'zee-Jan.
improvisator n. (improviser) im'psevi-zetd;.
improvisatore n. improvisator [also spelt itnprovvisatore ;
plural improvisatori, improvisatores'] impsa-viza'tDiei.
improvisatorize v. play the improvisator; improvise [also
spelt ifftprovisatorisel im-p50vi'zee-t3-?aiz.
improvisatrioe n. woman who improvises [also spelt im-
provvisatrice ; plural improvisatricil impsa-viza'tjii-tSi; (less
properly) impsa'vii-za-tjis.
improvise v. (compose off-hand, etc.) 'imp33-vaiz, impsd-
'vaiz, impsa'viiz.
improviser n. 'imp33-vai-z3?, impsd'vai-zdzr, impsd'vii-zdz.
impug^n V. (contradict; assail) im'p^oun.
impug^nable adj. obsolete (that cannot be assaild or over-
come) im'pxgna-bal.
impugnable adj, (liable to be impugned) im'pgou-na-b^.
impulse n. (thrust, push) 'im-pAls; (formerly) im'pAls.'
impulse v, impel; instigate [past participle and preterit tm-
pulsed, impulst'] im'pAls.
impunible adj. (unpunishable) im'pQou-nd-bsL
in prep, (within; at, etc.) in, (also, when unstrest) n.
inadvertence n. (inattention) insd'vB^tns.
Jyc, gcure; bthe, Qthin\ sa^ure, ds/oy; I shoe, tl chew;
wwhen; tjsinff; u whoever, i react, \3iuW, ^mIooV 's^it, lis^^;
p pontic; govett eaeriitl; a. but, o; doot, -^i^t^o, t,\ie^, ^^^o!«.\
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 277
inamorata n. (female lover; mistress) i-nxm^'zai-t^.
inaugurate v, (consecrate; install; initiate) I'nogjo-set ;
(vulgarly) i'nc:-g3-?et.
inbeins n. (the fact of being in; inherence; indwelling; im-
manence; essential nature) 'in-bii-iq.
inborn adj. (innate) in^e:;n, (assumptivly) 'in-be:7n.
in-bread n. bread thrown in; extra loaves [also spelt in-
bredl 'in-beed.
inbred adj. (bred within; innate) in'bred, (assumptivly) 'm-
b;ed.
inoa n. (emperor or king of ancient Peru) 'igks.
inoandesoenoe n. (state of glowing from heat) in-kaen-
Mesans, inksn'desdns.
incarnadine adj. flesh-colord, carnation [also, sometimes,
spelt incarnadini in'ka:?-n9-din, in'ka:7-na-dain.
incase v, enclose in a case [synonymous cognate encasel in-
'kees.
incense n. (aromatic gum for burning, or its smoke or per-
fume) 'in-sens.
incense v. (perfume with incense; scent; offer incense) 'in-
sents, 'in-sens; (less properly) in'sents, in'sens.
incense v. inflame ; enrage [past participle and preterit in-
censed, incenstl in'sents, in'sens.
incensory n. (censer) 'in-sensa-zi ; (less properly) in'sensa-ri,
incboate adj. (just begun; incipient, immature) in'koo-dt,
in'koo-et, 'in-ko-at.
incboate v. (begin; originate) in'koo-et, 'in-ko-et.
incboative adj. initial; inceptiv [also spelt inchoativl inlsoo-
3-tiv, 'in-ko-etiv.
incidence n. (a falling upon) 'insi-dns, 'intsi-dns.
incipient adj. (beginning) in'sipi-snt.
incise v. (cut into ; carve ; engrave) in'saiz.
incisive adj. cutting [also spelt incisiv'l in'sai-siv.
incisor n. cutting-tooth [ploral incisors, incisoresl in'sai-S97,
in'sai-z3r.
incisory adj. (cutting, incisiv) in'sai-s3-7i.
incisure n. (cut; notch; slit; cleft) in'sis?;.
incitation n. (incitement) insi'tee-$3n.
incivism n. disloyalty to civic principles, originally to those
of the French Revolution [also spelt incivisme'l 'insi-vizam,
in'si-vizam, in'sai-vizam.
inclemient adj. (not mild; severe) in'kz.emsnt.
incline v. (bend down ; lean ; slope ; tend) in'kLain.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao now, ^•. a^V., ^-vNgAxs-N
length-mark (:) indicates that tlie preceditJitt ^o>rci^ i.^ Vra-V^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on th^ l^WiHi'Wi^^ ^-f^aiwft*
278 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
incline n, (slope) inlcLain, 'in-kz.ain.
inclose v, inlcLooz. same meaning as enclose,
inclosure n. in'kuoo-ssz. same meaning as enclosure*
inclusive adj, enclosing, comprehending, etc. [also spelt in-
clusivl in'ktou-siv, in'kz.ou-ziv.
incognito adj., adv,, n. unknown, etc. [as noun, ploral incog-
nitQ inTcegni-to; (improperly) in-keg'nii-to.
incognizable adj. not cognizable [also spelt incognisid)le]
in'kegnizd-bdl, in-keg'nai-za-bal, in'keniza-bal.
incognisant adj, [also spelt* incognisantl in'kegni-zdnt, m-
'keni-z3nt«
incomparable adj. (matchless, etc) inlcempdsd-bd}, (rap-
idly) in'kempsa-bal.
incondite adj. ill put together; crude [also spelt incondit]
in'kendit, 'inkan-dait.
incongruent adj, (not congruent) in^keggTU-ant.
incongruity n. inksn'g^ou-i-ti.
incongruous adj, in'kei]g?u-3s.
inconnu n. (fish) inkd'njuu.
incorporeal adj, (not bodily; immaterial) m-kez'poi-zi-^l,
incorrigible adj. (depraved) in'keeidsa-bal.
incorruptible adj. inkd'^Aptd-bsl.
increasable adj. [also spelt increaseablel in'k^ii-sd-bdt.
increase n. (augmentation) 'in-k^is; (formerly) in'k^iis.
increase v, wax, grow, augment, etc. [past participle and
preterit increased, increast"] in'ksiis.
incredible adj. (not credible, beyond belief) in'ksedd-bdl.
incredulity n. (disbelief) inksi'djou-h-ti.
incredulous adj. (unbelieving) in'ksedjo-las, in'k^edsa-tds.
incremable adj, obsolete (incombustible) in'ksema-ba},
'inksima-bal.
incremate v. (cremate) 'ink^i-met, in'k^ii-met.
increment n. (increase) 'igk^i-msnt, 'ink^i-msnt.
incrust v, [synenymous cognate encrustl in'lcsAst.
incubate v. (hatch; brood) 'inkgo-bet, 'iqkgo-bet.
incubator n. (sitting bird; hatching-apparatus) 'inkQu-bet97.
incubus n. demon of sleep ; nightmare [ploral incubuses, in-
cubil 'inkgo-bas, 'iqkgo-bas.
inculcate v. (stamp oi* force on the mind of another) in-
'kxl-ket, 'inkal-ket.
incurable adj, (that cannot be cured) in'kgo:-?3-b3l.
incursion n. (a running in; inroad) in'kB:?-33n, inlcer^dn.
incus n. anvil-bone of the ear [ploral incudes'] 'iqkas.
J ye, g cure; d the, 9 thin; ^ 5 asure, ds joy; S shoe, tS chew;
wwhen; tjsing; u whoever, ireac^^, oiu\\, vi\3Lioo\, \\t, lis^^;
o poetic; 9 over, e oerial, a. but, o*. ^oot, ^owo, ^.\ie^, ^^^<3^s.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 279
indebted adj, owing [also spelt indetted} in'detid.
indecent adj, (not decent) inMii-ssnt.
indecisive adj, not decisiv [also spelt indecisivl in-di'sai-
siv.
indecorous adj. (not decorous; unseemly) in-di'k3:-?9s, in-
'dek9-;3s.
indeoomm n. (lack of decorum) in-di'ko:-z^m.
indefinable adj. (not definable) in-di'fai-nd-bdl.
indefinite adj. [also spelt indefinite in'defi-nit.
indelibility n. [also, formerly, spelt indelebilityl in-dels-
'bih-ti.
indelible adj. not delible; ineffaceable [also, lermerly, spelt
indelebWl in'dels-bdl.
indelibly adv. [also, formerly, spelt indelebly'] in'deld-bh.
indent v, (dent, dint, etc.) in'dent.
indent n. (indention in the edge of a thing; deep recess; in-
dentation ; paragraf-indention) in'dent, 'in-dent.
indent n. (dint, hollow, or furrow in the surface of anything ;
indentation) 'in-dent.
indentilly adj. having long indents [also spelt indentilley ;
synonymous cognate indentelly'\ in'denti-h, in-den'tih.
independence n. indi'pendsns.
index n. fore-finger; pointer; alfabetic guide [ploral indexes,
indices'] 'in-deks.
India-ink n. indi-s'irjk, indjd'igk; (dialectally) indsi'igk.
Indian adj. (of India; Amerindian) 'indi-sn, 'indjsn; (dia-
lectally) 'indsan, 'indsin,
Indianize v, make Indian [also spelt Indianise] 'indi-9-naiz.
india-rubber n. (caoutchouc) indi-^'zAhsz, indjd'^Abdz:;
(dialectally) inds^'zAhsz.
indicative adj, that points out or indicates; showing [also
spelt indicativ'] m'dika-tiv.
indicatory adj, (serving to indicate) in'dika-to^i, in'dika-
t3?i; 'indik3-t9?i ; (also) 'indi-ket3-zi, (assumptivly) 'indi-
ketdzi.
indicatriz n. (curve; surface) indi'kee-tsiks.
indices n. (ploral of index) 'indi-siz.
indicial adj, (of the nature of an indicium; indicativ; in-
dex-like; of the index-finger) in'diSal.
indicium n. indication; sign; token [plural indicia} in'dijdm,
in'diSi-am.
indict V. (bring a charge against ; accuse) in'dait.
indictable adj. (liable to be indicted, etc.) in'dai-td-bs!.
c: low, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: for, qo tvo*U3, a*, a^, ^\V\Vt\
\BBgth-mark (:) indicates that the preceding souxvd \^ V>t^^\
tress-mark (y indicates chief stress on tVi^ io\\Q^\t^^ s^VvaJ^^'
280 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
indictee n. (person indicted) in-dai'tii.
indioter n. one who indicts; formal accuser [also, fermerlyt
spelt indictorl in'dai-td^.
indiotion n. (decree; period; year) in'dikSdn.
indiotment n. (accusation) lu'dait-mant.
indifferent adj. (neutral, etc.) in'difd-^ant, (rapidly) in-
'difsant.
indigenoiu adj. (nativ) in'didsi-nss, (assumptivly) in-
'didsinss.
indigent adj, (wanting, deficient; poor, needy) 'indi-dsant
indirect adj. (not direct) in-di'?ekt, (often, assumptivly)
'indi-^ekt.
indiscernible adj, (imperceptible) indi'zB^nd-bdl.
indiscretion n. (fact of being indiscreet) indi'skseSan.
indispensable adj. (that cannot be dispenst with) indi-
'spensa-bal,
indisputability n. indi-spgutd'bih-ti, in-disp^otanbili-ti.
indisputable adj, (unquestionable) indi'sp^ou-td-bat, zn-
'dispgota-bal.
indisputableness n. indi'spgou-tdbdl-nis, in'dispco-tdbdl-
nis.
indisputably adv. indi'spgou-td-bh, in'dispQotd-bli.
indissociable adj. (incapable of being dissociated; insepa-
rable) indi'soo-Si-a-bal.
indissolubility n. indi-selio'bih-ti, in-disdlio'bih-ti.
indissoluble adj. (undecomposable) indi'selio-bdt, in'disa-
liu-bal.
indissolubly adv. indi'selio-bh, in'disdlio-bti.
indite v. (put into verbal form; write) in'dait.
inditement n. (the action of the verb indite; composition)
in'dait-mant.
inditer n. i, writer; scribbler) in'dai-ta?.
individual adj. (existing as a separate indivisible entity;
single; particular) indi'vidsu-al, indi'vidju-al.
individualize v. [also spelt individualise^ indi'vidsu-a-laxz.
indocile adj. (intractable) in'desil, in'doo-sil, in'doo-sait
indocility n. (indecil character) indd'sih-ti.
indoles n. (innate character) 'inds-liz.
indomitable adj. (stubbornly persistent) in'demitd-baL
indoor adj. situated or carried on within doors [also spelt
in-door"! 'in-do:r.
indoors adv. (in the house; under cover) in'doizz.
indorse v. in'der^s. same meaning as endorse.
Jyc, gcure; dthty Othin; jacure, dj/oy; jshoe, tS cftew;
wwJten; ijsing; u whoever, \ react, Qiu>\, ^>a.\oo\, -vxl, lis^^;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, a. but, o*. doot, -^ioiio^ ^>ae\, ^^^<fi«.\ '
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 281
indraft n. a drawing in; influx; inrush [also spelt in-
draughtl 'in-dta:ft.
Indra'wn adj. (drawn in) in'dtc:n, (assumptivly) 'in-drc:n.
indubitable adj, (that cannot be doubted) in'djou-bitd-bdl.
induce v, (prevail upon; incite; cause; derive as an induc-
tion) in'djous.
inducible adj. (capable of being induced, caused, or brought
about) in'dJDU-sd-bd!.
induct V. (introduce; initiate) in'dAkt.
induline n. any one of a series of coal-tar colors [also,
sometimes, spelt indulM 'mdjo-lin, 'indjo-lain.
indusial adj. (of indusia or larva-cases) in'djou-zi-dl, in-
'djou-33l.
indusium n. amnion; sorus-cup; larva-case [plural indusial
in'djou-zi-3m, in'djou-si-am, m'djou-Si-am, in'djou-si-am.
industry n. (systematic work; productiv labor) 'ind3-st£i.
inebriate adj, (drunken, intoxicated) i'nii-b?i-9t.
inebriety n. (drunkenness; inebriation) ini'brai-i-ti.
ineligible adj, (not eligible) in'ehdsd-bdl.
inequitable adj. (not equitable; unjust) in'ekwitd-bd}.
inerrable adj, (not errable; unerring, infallible) in'e^a-bd},
in'oi-ea-bal.
inertia n. (passivness, etc.) i^uBz^d, I'nBiz-l^.
inezbanstible adj. (exhaustless) indg'zcr-std-bdl.
inexorable adj. (unyielding) in'eksd^d-bsl, in'eks^s-bdt
inexpert adj, (not expert; unskild) insWspBizt.
inexpiable adj. (not to be expiated or atoned for; also, im-
placable) in'ekspi-d-bdl.
inexplicable adj. (that cannot be explaind) in'ekspLikd-bsl,
(assumptivly) in'ekspti-kabal ; (vulgarly) inak'sptika-bal.
inexpressible adj, (that cannot be exprest in words) insk-
'spsesd-bdl.
inexpugnable adj. (not expugnable; impregnable) insk-
'sp^ou-na-bal, inak'spAgna-bal.
inextricable adj. (from which one cannot extricate him-
self; involvd) m'ekstjika-bal, (assumptivly) in'ekstsi-kabal.
infallible adj. (inerrable, unerring) in'faeld-bd).
infamous adj. (of ill fame or repute; wicked) 'infa-mas, (as-
sumptivly) 'infamas.
infamously adv. 'infama-SLi.
infante n. (son of the king and queen of Spain or Portu-
gal other than the principe or heir to the throne ; the sec-
ond son) in'fxnti.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei boy : a: far, go now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding somtv^ \^ V>xv^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on t\ie io\\o^\t^% ^-^^X^iJ^^*
282 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
infanticide n. (killing of infants; child-murder) in'fxnti-
said.
infantile adj. of an infant; of infancy [also, sometimes,
spelt infantil'] 'infan-til, 'infan-tail.
infantine adj. (infantil) 'infdn-tain, 'infan-tin.
infatuate v, (make fatuous or foolish) in'fsetSu-et, in'fxtQU-
et.
infeonnd adj. (not fecund; barren) in'fe-kAnd, in'fii-kAnd;
(formerly) in-fi'kAnd.
inferable adj. that may be inferred; deducible [also, former-
ly, spelt inferible; synonymous cognates inferrible , infer-
rablel in'f oi-ra-bal ; 'infa^a-bal; 'infa-rabal, 'infsdbal.
inference n. 'infd-rsns, (rapidly) 'inf^sns.
inferrible adj. [also spelt inferrable'\ in'fB:-;9-b9}. same
meaning as inferable,
infidel n, (unbeliever) 'infi-dl, 'infi-dal.
infidelity n. (unbelief; disloyalty) infi'deh-ti, in-fi'dch-ti.
infiltrate v, (introduce by filtration ; percolate) in'f il-tset
infinite adj. boundless [also spelt infiniti 'infi-nit.
infinitesimal adj. (infinitly small) infini'tesi-mdl; (less
properly) infini'tezi-mal,
infinitival adj. (of the infinitiv) infini'tai-val, in'fini-tival.
inflammation n. [also, formerly, spelt inflamation"] infi.a-
'mee-San.
inflammatory adj. in'fuemd-to^i, in^fz^sema-ts^i, (rapidly)
in'ftaema-tji.
inflection n. bending; angle; change [also spelt inflexion}
in'fLekSan.
inflectional adj, [also spelt inflexional} in'fi.ek$3-n}.'
inflexible adj. (unbearable) in'fLeksd-bd).
inflorescence «. (flowering-system; blossom) infL^'sesans,
xn-fz-o'^esans.
influencive adj. tending to influence [also spelt influensive,
influensivl infLu'ensiv, 'inftu-an-siv.
influent adj. (flowing in) 'inftu-ant.
infold V. wrap up; enclose; embrace [synonymous cognate
enfold} in'fooM.
infolded adj. (folded in ; having the margin turnd in with a
fold) in'fool-did, (assumptivly) 'in-fool-did.
informed adj. instructed [also, sometimes, spelt informd} m-
'fe:^md, (also, in poetry) in'ferr-mid.
infrangible adj. (unbreakable) in'f^aendsa-bal.
infra-ocular adj, (below the eyes) inf^a'ekgo-la?.
J yc, g cure ; 5 the, 0 thin ; ^ 3 asure, dj joy ; 5 shoe, tj chew;
wzc'Aen; rising; u whoever, itcaLCt, iiiuW, \i>3Lioo\, \<t, usee;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, a. but, o*. ^oot, •:iOivo, ^,\ic\, ^^^a\&\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 283
n. woolen fillet or band worn by priests [ploral infu-
lael 'infio-ld.
infuadiliiiliim »• (funnel-like part) infdn'dibjo-ldin, in-fAn-
'dibjo-ldm.
infuidlile adj, (not fusible) in'fiou-zd-ba}.
infiuiori|iiii ». animalcule [ploral infusoria] infio'z3:-7i-9m,
infio'8o:-sd-9m.
insonious adj, (apt, clever, skilful; well contrived) in'dsii-
nJ9s, in'dsii-ni-ds.
ingenue n. (ingenuous or artless girl or woman) srjse'njou.
insennity n. (inventivness) indsi'njou-i-ti.
insenuoiu adj, (free-born; generous; noble; frank) in-
'd3enju-3S.
Insot n. (mass of metal cast in a mold) 'iggst.
ingraft v. insert for propagation; imbed [synonymous cog-
nate engraft] in'gza:ft.
ingrain v. dye with grain or scarlet dye; dye in the fiber
or raw material; imbue; impregnate [synonymous cognate
engrain; past participle and preterit ingrained, ingraind]
in'gzeen,
ingrain adj. (dyed in grain; dyed in the fiber) in'g;een,
(assumptivly) 'in-grcen.
ingrain n. (yam or fabric dyed in the fiber) 'in-green.
ingrate adj, (ungrateful) in'g?eet, (^assumptivly) 'in-g?et.
ingrate n, (ungrateful person) 'in-g?et, in'g?eet.
ingratiate v. (bring into favor; make agreeable) in'gzee-$i-
et.
ingredient n. (constituent, element) in'g7ii-di-9nt ; Qess
properly) in'grii-dsant.
ingress n. (action or fact of going in; entrance; beginning)
'm-gees.
ingninal adj. (of the groin) 'ii]gwi-n}.
ingnlf V. in'gAlf. same meaning as engulf.
inlialant adj, inhaling [also spelt inhalent] in'hee-ldnt.
inl&alation n. (breathing in) in-hdlee-S^n.
inlieritor n. (heir, e'tc.) in'hezi-tsz.
inliiliit V, (forbid, prohibit; restrain) in'hibit.
inl&ibiter n. [also spelt inhihitorl in'hibi-td?.
inliibition n. in-hi^biSdn, ini'biSdn.
inliospitable adj. (not hospitable) in'hespitd-bdl, (assump-
tivly) in'hespi-tabal ; (improperly) in-hes'pita-bal.
inliunie v, (inter, bury) inTigoum.
inimical adj. (hostil) I'mmi-ksl.
c: law, b: fi«r, a cot, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceAiivw, ^Ci>ycv^ \^ Vircv'^kN
stress-mark () indicates chi''* stress on tYie Iq^Xq^vcv.^ vj^'aJ^^*
284 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
inimitable adj. (incapable of being imitated; peerless)
I'nimitd-bd}, (assumptivly) I'niini-tabal.
inion n. ridge of the occiput [ploral inial 'ini-sn.
initial v. mark or sign with initials [present participle tfii-
tialing, initialling; past participle and preterit initialed, ini-
tialled, initiald} I'mSsl.
initialize n. use an initial, etc. [also spelt initialise} i'ni$9-
laiz.
initiate v. (begin; introduce; start) I'niSi-et.
iniay v. (lay or embed in another piece; insert) inlee.
inlay n. (inlaying; inlaid work) 'in-lee, inlee.
inmost adj. (farthest within) 'in-most, 'inmast.
inn n. (hostelry, small hotel) in.
innate adj, (inborn) I'neet, (assumptivly) 'i-net; (also) in-
'ncet, (assumptivly) 'in-net.
innately adv. I'nee-tLi, 'i-netz.i.
inning n. (taking in; reclaimd lands; being in, or at the
bat) 'iniq.
innocent adj, (doing no evil, etc.) 'ind-sdnt, (assumptivly)
'inssdnt.
innocuous adj. (harmless) I'nekgu-ss.
innuendo n. parenthetical explanation ; oblique hint [also
spelt inuendo; ploral innuendoes, innuendosl inju'enda.
inoculate v. (bud into another plant; ingraft) I'nekgo-let.
inopportune adj. (not opportune) in-epsr'tgoun.
inquire v. ask about; ask; search, seek [synonymous cog-
nate enquire'^ in'kiuai?.
inquiry n. search ; query [synonymous cognate enquiryl in-
'kiuai-ei, (often) in'kiuaia-^i ; (also) 'inku)i-?i, 'iqkiua-ei.
insatiable adj, (not satiable ; greedy) in'see-Si-d-bal ; (less
properly) in'see-Sa-bal.
insatiate adj. (insatiable) in'see-$i-9t.
inscience n. (nescience) 'in$9ns, 'in$i-3ns, 'insi-sns.
inscrutable adj, (impenetrable to inquiry) in'sksou-td-bdl.
insectile adj. of insects [also, sometimes, spelt insectill in-
'sektil, in'sek-tail; (also) 'in-sektil.
insectivorous adj. (insect-eating) insek'tiv3-73s.
insensible adj. in'sensa-bdl.
inseparable adj. (not separable) in'seps^s-bdl, (rapidly) in-
'sep53-b3l.
insert v. (set in; introduce; include) in'sB:zt.
insert n. (something inserted) 'in-soirt.
insertion n. in'sB?$3n, in'sB:7-$3n.
jyc, gcure; bthe, 9 fftin ; 5 asure, ds/oy; 5 ^/loe, tl chew:
wzvhen; i)sing\ u whoever, \ react, wiu\\, \i>3Lioo\, \\\, \ise^;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, a but, o*. doot, -aowo, ^,\ie^, ^^^ysX^N
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 285
inset n. (inflow; insert) 'in-set.
inset V. (set in; insert; fix an inset in) in'set.
inshore adj. (near the shore) in'S^*^* (assumptivly) *in-lo:z.
inshore adv, (toward the shore) in'loiz, ^in-loiz.
inside n. (the inner side; interior) in'said, 'in-said.
inside adj, (interior, internal) in'said, (assumptivly) 'in-sazd.
inside adv, (on or in the inside) in'said, 'in-said.
inside prep, (inside of; within) in'said, 'in-said.
insidious adj, (sly; underhand; wily) in'sidi-3s.
insight n. (a seeing into things; penetration) 'in-sait.
insig^ne n. badge; emblem [mostly used in the ploral, insig-
nial in'signi.
insition n. (ingraftment) in'sijan; (less properly) in'sisan.
in situ adv. (in its place ; in place) in'sai-tgu.
insnare v. entrap [synonymous cognate ensnare"] in'sNe:?.
insolate v. (expose to the sun's rays) 'ins9-)et.
insoluble adj. (that cannot be dissolvd; also, inexplicable)
in'selio-bal.
insolvable adj, (incapable of being solvd or explaind) in-
'solv3-b9l.
insontucli adv, (to such an extent) inss'mAtS.
insouciant adj. (careless) in'sou-si-snt.
inspiratory adj. (of inspiration) in'spai-79-t37i, 'inspi^a-
tari, 'inspi-^eta-ei,
inspissate v. (thicken, condense) in'spiset, 'inspi-set.
install V, place in a stall or official seat ; instate [also spelt
install past participle and preterit installed, instald"] in-
'stc:!.
instalment n. [also spelt installmentl in'stc:)-m9nt.
instanter adv. (immediately; at once) in'staentar.
in statu quo adv, (in the condition in which it was before)
in'stee-tgo-ku)DO, in-stee-tSo'kujoo.
instead adv, in the sted, in place [also spelt insted"] in's^ed;
(dialectally) in'stid.
iiistil V. put in by drops; inject; insinuate [also spelt instill;
past participle and preterit instilled, instild] in'stil.
instinct n. (innate impulse) 'in-stii]kt.
instinct adj. (imbued, charged) in'stiqkt.
institute n. (institution; society) 'insti-tgut; (dialectally)
'insti-tut.
institution n. insti'tguu-S^n ; (dialectally) insti'tou-$3n.
institutive adj, instituting [also spelt institutivl 'insti-
tgutiv. •
c: law, b: fi«r, a cat, e hot, ei boy; a: far, ao now, a: osk, aiktte;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceditv^ somt^^ is ViWk\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on tYie i©\\o^\tv% s^'C^Jc^s..
286 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
initmment n. (means; tool; document) 'insts^-mdnt.
inatminent v. (arrange or score for instruments or for an
orchestra) 'instja-mant, instjo'ment.
insulax n. (of an island, etc.) 'insQo-137, 'inSo-tae.
insulate v, (isolate, etc.) 'insgo-}et, 'inSo-}et, 'insa-let.
insult n. (attack; affront, outrage) 'in-SAlt.
insnlt V, (affront, outrage) in'sAtt.
insure v, secure against loss ; guarantee, assure [synenymous
cognate ensurel in'So:?.
intaglio n. incised design [ploral intaglios, intagli} in'ta^-jo,
in'taeljo; in'ta:l-jo.
integer n. (whole number; unit quantity) 'inti-dsd?.
integ^able adj. (capable of being integrated) 'intig^a-bd}.
integral adj., n. (whole, etc.) 'inti-gzr9l ; (improperly) in-
'teg^al, in'tii-gral.
integrity n, (wholeness; soundness; honesty) in'tegri-ti.
intellect n. (understanding) 'inta-lekt, 'inti-lekt.
intelleotible adj, (intelligible) intdlektd-bdl.
intelleotualize v. [also spelt intellectualisel intalektSn-o-
}aiz.
intelligible adj. (comprehensible) in'tehdsd-bdt.
intendant n. superintendent, manager [also, formerly, spelt
intendentl in'tendant.
intention n. in'ten^dn.
inter v. inhume, bury [past participle and preterit interred,
inter dl in'te:?.
inter prep, (between, among) 'intar.
intercalary adj. (intercalated, interpolated) in'tBzk^Atzi;
(less properly) inta^'kaela-?!. ,
intercalation n. in-tB^kstee-Sdn.
intercede v. (interpose) intar'siid.
intercbange n. (exchange) intar'tSeends, 'intar-tSeends.
int^rcbange v. intd^'t^eends.
intercbangeable adj, ints^'tSeen-dsd-bdl.
interdict v. (prohibit, forbid) inta^'dikt.
interdict n, (prohibition) 'int3?-dikt.
interest n. 'int3-?ist, (rapidly) 'intjist; (dialectally or vul-
garly) 'int-tj3st.
interest v. 'inta-rist, (rapidly) 'intjist; (also, in America,
less properly) inta'^est.
interested adj. 'inta^i-stid, (assumptivly) 'inta-ristid ; (rap-
idly) 'intji-stid, (assumptivly) 'intjistid; (also) 'inta-rcstid ;
(also, in America, less properly) inta'^estid.
J yCf 9 cure ; 5 the, G thin ; ^ 3 a^ure, ds joy ; S * /toe, tS cAew;
wwhen; ijsing; u whoever, iteaiet, oiu\\, vi\3LiooV "ttt, lise^;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, xbut, t)\^oot, •:iOTvo, «.\ic^, ^^^a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 287
interesting adj, 'intari-stig, {assumptivly) 'intd-ristii] ; (rap-
idly) 'intji-stiq, (assumptivly) 'intjistiq; (also) 'inta-ecstiq ;
(also, in America, less properly) intd'^estiq.
interfluent adj, (flowing between; flowing into each other)
in'tB?fi.u-3nt.
interleaf n. extra leaf between others [ploral interleaves'!
intae'hif, 'inta?-hif.
interlocutor n. (one who takes part in a conversation;
judgment) int^zlekqo-tsz ; (less properly) intarla'k^ou-ta?.
interlocutory adj, (of or occurring in dialog, conversation,
or action) inta^'lekgo-ton, inta^'lekgo-taei.
interloper n. (unauthorized trader; one who interferes) in-
t3?lD0-p3r, 'int3e-lop3?.
intermeuo n. (dramatic or musical piece between acts, etc.)
intdz'medzo.
interminable adj. (endless) in'tB:7-min9-b3l.
intermittent adj. (ceasing at intervals) intd^'mitnt.
intern adj. internal [also spelt interne'] in'tB:zn.
intern n. inmate ; assistant resident physician [also spelt in-
ternel in'tor^n.
internationalize v. [also spelt internationalise'] int^z-
'nxl^nl-aiz.
internecine adj, destructiv, deadly [also, sometimes, spelt
internecin] int3;'nii-sin, inta^'nii-sain ; (improperly) intar-
'nesin.
intemecion n. (destruction; slaughter) int97'nii-$3n.
intemuncial adj. (conveying messages; communicating)
intae'nAnSal, int3?'nAntS9l.
internuncio n. (papal representativ sent between nuncios,
etc.) inta^'nAnJi-o.
interpellate v. (address with a question, in interruption of
the order of the day) int3?'pelet.
interpellation n. (interruption) in-tB?p3'lee-$9n, int3?-pc-
lee-San.
interpolate v, (insert, as in a writing; introduce surrepti-
tiously; intercalate) in'te^pa-let.
interpolation n. (action of interpolating; insertion) in-
tB?p3lee-S9n.
interposition n, (intervention) intd^pd'zi^dn.
interrogate n. (question) in'terd-get.
interrogatiTC adj., n. [also spelt interrogativ] mta'zega-tiv.
intersperse v. (scatter between other things) intar'speirs.
interstate adj. intar'steet, (assumptivly) 'int3?-steet.
c: low, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao noiM, a*. q?»V., ^\N2i\\s.%
Icngth-morJf (:) indicates that the preceditvv^ sovm^ \^ X^^V-.
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on tVie ieWo^ixi^ ^^>\«X^e.,
288 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
interstice n. intervening space; chink; interval [also qielt
interstis'i in'te^stis, in'tB:7-stis ; 'int3?-stis.
interstitial adj. (of interstices) intdz'stiSdl.
intervene v, (come between) intds'viin.
intestacy n. (condition of dying intestate or without Iuit-
ing made a will) in'testd-si.
intestine n. gut, bowel [also, sometimes, spelt intestin] m-
'testin; (improperly) in'te-stain.
inthrall v. (obsolete) in'O^c:!. same meaning as enthraU,
intine n. inner membrane of a pollen-grain [also spelt iniin]
'intin.
intitule v. (furnish with a heading; entitle) in'ti-tctit.
into prep, 'into, (when less strest) 'inta, inta.
intonate v, (intone, etc.) 'intd-net.
intrados n. (inner or lower curve of an arch) m'tiee-des.
intransigent adj. uncompromising, irreconcilable [also spelt
intransigeanti in'tjaensi-dsant, in't£a:n-si-d53nt.
intrencli v, surround with a trench ; fortify with walls [syn-
onymous cognate entrench] in'tsentS, (in Britain) in'tsenS.
intricacy n. (state of being intricate; complexity) 'intsika-si.
intrigant n. intriguer [also spelt intriguant] 'intsi-gant.
intrigante n. female intriguer [also spelt intriguante] n-
tsi'goint, 'intji-gant.
intrigne n. (underhand plotting; liaison) in'tsiig, 'in-tpg.
intrigue v. (trick, entangle, plot) in't£iig.
introit n. (antiphon at the introit; entrance-psalm) in'tpo-
it.
intromission n. (admission; intermeddling) ints9'mi$9n.
introsusception n. (action of taking up or receiving with-
in; intussusception) intjasa'sepjan.
intrusion n. (action of intruding or pushing in) m'tsou-san.
intrusive adj. [also spelt intrusiv] in'tjou-siv.
intrust v, confide [synonymous cognate entrust] m'tjAst.
intuit V. know by intuition [also spelt intuite] 'in-tQu-it.
intuition n. (immediate knowledge or apprehension; direct
insight) intQu'iSan.
intuitive adj. of intuition [also spelt intuitiv] in'tgou-i-trv.
intumescence n. (swelling) intQo'mesdns.
intussusception n, (a taking in; ingestion; invagination;
introsusception) intasa'sepSan.
inundate v. (overflow; flood; swamp) I'nAn-det, 'inan-det.
inure v. accustom, habituate [synonymous cognate enure]
j ye, g cure ; 5 the, 0 thin \ ^ 5 a£:ure, dj /oy ; S shoe, tS chew;
wwhen; i)sing\ u whoever, \ react, xiivXV, ^\3Lioo\, \\V \\«««;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, xbut, o*. doox, ^0x10, ^\ie^, ^^%5fi^&\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 289
^^■"■^■^-"^^■■^■^^ ■
Ld adj. (not valid) in'vahd.
Id adj. (infirm, sick) 'inva-hd, (assumptivly) 'invalid,
idly) 'invhd; (also) invaliid, 'inva-lid.
Ld n. (sick person) 'inva-hd, (anteriorly) 'invalid;
idly) 'invlid; (also) inva'hid, 'inva-lid.
Id V, (affect with sickness; lay up) 'inva-lid, invaliid,
»-lid.
Ion n. (hostil inroad or incursion) in'vee-san.
^h. V. rail [past participle and preterit inveighed, in-
hdl in'vee.
jle V. (entice, allure, seduce) in'vii-gal.
tible adj. (capable of being invented) in'venta-bal.
.top n. one who invents [also, but now rarely, spelt in-
erl in'ventar.
.tory n. (detaild list; catalog) 'invan-toei, 'invan-ta^i,
)n-t£i.
se adj, (inverted) in'vB:?s, (often, assumptivly) 'in-
«
se n. (inverted state; that which is inverted) in'vB:?s,
TBZS.
sion n. (a turning upside down; reversal) in'vB^S^n,
arr-San, in'vB:?-3an.
oible adj. (unconquerable) in'vinsa-bal.
Ible adj. (that cannot be seen) in'viza-bal.
Atory adj. (that invites) in'vai-ta-to?i.
atory adj. (of invocation) in'veka-tori, in'veka-ta^i,
a-keta-^i.
ncel n. (partial or secondary involucre) in'velio-sal, in-
o-sel; (improperly) 'inva-liu-sel.
noellate adj. in-velio'selet ; (less properly) inva'liou-se-
uoral adj. (of an involucre) invaliou-ksal, 'inva-liu-
•
uorate adj. (having an involucre) inva'liou-kset, inva-
i-lreat.
nore n, (envelop; whorl of bracts; involucrum) 'inva-
ar, 'inva-luka?; (less properly) inva'liou-kajr.
aomm n. envelop, involucre [ploral involucra"] inva-
i-lcsam.
ve V, infold, entangle, etc. [also spelt involv; past par-
pie and preterit involved, involvdl in'velv.
11 V. wall in [synenymous cognate enwalt] in'wcil.
11 n. (inner or inside wall) 'in-wc:l.
, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao now, a*, a^k., ^\VA\ft\
-mark (:) indicates that the preceditv?f ^omtv^ a& \^^^%
Tiark C) indicates chief stress on t\v^ ioWQ^tTv^ s-^^-b^Jw^^
1
290 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
in^irrap v» infold [synonymous cognate enwrap; past parti-
ciple and preterit inwrapped, inwrapf] in'srxp.
in'WToaglit adj. having something workt in; worlct into
something [former synonymous cognate enwroughtl in'rc:t,
(assumptivly) 'in-?c:t.
iodic adj, (of iodin) ai'odik.
iodide n. compound of iodin [also, sometimes, spelt iodid]
'ai-3-daid, (before of) 'ai-a-did.
iodine n. element [also spelt iodini 'ai-9-din, 'ai-a-dam, 'ai-9-
din.
iodoform n. (compound) 'ai-3d3-fe:7m, ai'30-d3-fe:7m.
ion n. (anion or cation) 'ai-sn.
Ionic adj, (of Ionia, etc.) ai'enik.
ionic adj, (of ions) ai'onik.
Ionise v. lonicize [also spelt Ionise"] 'ai-3-naiz.
ionise v. (convert into an ion or ions) 'ai-9-naiz.
iota n. (Greek letter; least particle; atom) ai'oo-td.
ipecac n. (ipecacuanha) 'ipi-kaek.
ipecacuaiUia n. root; plant [synonymous cognates ipecacuan,
ipecac] ipi-kaekgu'ana.
irascibility n, ai-^aesa'bih-ti, i-raesanbih-ti.
irascible adj. (prone to anger; hot-temperd) aiVaes^-bdl,
I'^aesa-bal,
irate adj. (excited to ire ; angry) ai'^eet, 'ai-?et.
irenical adj. (pacific; non-polemic) ai'reni-kol, ai'ni-ni-kal.
irenicon n. message of peace [also spelt eirenicon; ploral
irenica] aiVii-ni-kan, aiVeni-kan.
iresine n. (plant) ai-?i'sai-ni, ai-?i'sai-ni.
iridal adj. (of the rainbow) 'ai-?i-dl, {rarely) 'iri-dl.
irides n, (ploral of iris) 'i^i-diz, 'ai-?i-diz.
iridescence n. (play of changing colors) i^i'dessns; {less
properly) ai-?i'des3ns.
iridicolor adj. iridescent [also spelt iridicolour] ^izidi-kktsz.
iridium n. (metal) ai'^idi-sm, I'^idi-sm.
iridodesis n. (binding of the iris; iridesis) ai-7i'dedi-sis,
i3i'dodi-sis.
iris n, rainbow; colord eye-membrane [ploral irises, irides]
'ai-^is.
Irisbise v, make Irish [also spelt Irishise] 'ai-^i-Jaiz.
iritis n, (inflammation of the iris) ai'?ai-tis, ai'rii-tis.
irksome adj, (wearisome, tedious, tiresome; annoying)
'orksam, 'ar^k-sam.
iron n. (metal) 'ai-a^n; {dialectally) 'ai-on, 'ai-^an.
J ye, g cure ; d the, 0 ffiin ; ^ 5 asure, d; joy ; S shoe, tS c/iew;
wzi'hen; ijsing; u whoever, 1 react, oiu\\, \3>a.ioo\, ^\\., -ix-^ee;
o poetic; o over, e oerial, ^but, o*. ^oot, •:iOTs.o, ^\ie^, ^^%ySc^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 291
iromaoikger n. (hardware-merchant) 'ai-dzn-mAqga;.
irony n. (dissimulation; covert sarcasm) 'ai-z9-ni.
irony adj, (of iron) 'ai-3?-ni, 'ai-ea-ni.
irrational adj. (not rational) I'zaeSd-nl.
irreeognisable adj. [also spelt irrecognisahlel I'zekdg-nai-
zd-bdi, izilcegnizd-bdl, i-reksg'nai-zd-bdl.
irreeosniiant adji [also spelt irrecognisanti iri'kegni-zdnt.
irreeoneilable adj, i-^ekdn'sai-ld-bdl, (assumptivly) I'zeksn-
sai-ld-bdt
irreeoneilably ttdv. i-zeksn'sai-ld-bli, (anteriorly) I'^eksn-
sai-ld-bti.
irrefleetion n. want of reflection; unreflecting conduct
[also spelt irreflexion] lei'ftekSan.
irrefrasAble adj. (incontrovertible) i^i'fsxdsd-bdl, I'refsa-
d39-b9}.
irrefutable adj. (irrefragable) izi'fgou-ta-bal, I'^efgota-bal.
irrelevant adj. (not relevant; not pertinent) I'^eh-vant.
irremeable adj. (admitting of no return) I'zemi-s-bdl, I'zii-
mi-d-bdl; {less properly) i^i'mii-a-bal.
irremediable adj. (incurable) i^i'mii-di-d-bsl, i^i'medi-s-bsl.
irreniissible adj. (unpardonable; unalterably obligatory) izi-
'misd-bd).
irreparable adj. (incapable of being repaird or rectified)
I'repaea-bal ; {improperly) in'per-ra-bal.
irresoluble adj. (not resoluble) I'rezdHo-bsl.
irresolnte adj. (unresolvd; vacillating) i'?ez9-Hut.
irrespirable adj. (that cannot be breathd) I'^espdzrd-bdl, izi-
'spai-ra-bal, iri'spaia-^a-bal.
irretrievable adj. (irrecoverable; irreparable) i^i'tjii-v3-
bdl.
irrevoeable adj. I'^evaka-bal ; {improperly) i^i'voo-ka-bal.
irruption n. (a bursting in ; inroad) I'^Ap^an.
is V, (third person singular present indicativ of he) iz, {when
less strest) z, s.
Isabel n. color [also spelt isabellel 'izs-bel.
isagoge n. introduction [also spelt isagoguel ai-ss'goo-dsi,
ai-sa'goo-gi.
isatie adj. (of isatin) ai'saetik.
isatin n. compound [also spelt isatine'i 'ai-ss-tin.
isatis n. (white fox) 'ai-sa-tis ; {improperly) 'isa-tis, ai'see-
tis.
iseliiatie adj. of the ischium or hip; sciatic [synonymous
cognate ischiadic^ iski'aetik.
c: law, b: f i«r, a cot, o hot, oi boy ; a: for, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) jndjcates that the preceding so>r^^ \^ Vrc^^N
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the ioWo^^x^SL «^^^2^^»
292 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
isoliiorrhos^o adj. (limping: said of a variety- of iambic
trimeter) iski-a'^edsik, iski-a'zao-dsik.
Islunaelite n. (descendant of Ishmael) 'ilui-^Aait, 'iS-me-^-
}ait.
Isiao adj. (of Isis) /ai-si-xk, 'isi-xk.
Isiaoal adj, ai'sai-d-ks). same meaning as Isiac.
isidium n. coral-like excrescence on lichens [ploral isidia]
ai'sidi-3m.
isinglass. n. (gelatin; mica) 'ai-zii)-gla:s; (less properly) 'ai-
zn-gla:s.
Islam w. (Mohammedanism; the Mohammedan world) 'iSLOm,
'izlsm, is1a:m.
Islan&io adj. (of Islam) islxmik, is1a:-mik.
Islamite n. (Mohammedan) 'isLd-mait, 'izld-mait.
island n. tract of land surrounded by water [also spelt Hand}
'ai-lsnd.
isle n. island [also spelt ile'\ ail.
islet n. little isle ; small island ; spot [also spelt ilet"] 'ai-lit
ism n. (doctrin, theory) 'izam, 'izm.
Ismaelian n. one of a sect of the Shiite branch of Islam
[synonymous cognate Ismailian} isiii'ii-li-dn, isMi'eU-9n,
iSMe'ii-li-an.
isobar n. (isobarometric line) 'ai-s3-ba:e.
isooheim n. line of equal mean winter temperature [also
spelt isochimel 'ai-sa-kaim.
isoohronons adj. (of equal time) ai'sekss-nas.
isolable adj. (that can be isolated) 'ai-sdls-bal, 'isald-bdl,
'izdld-bdl.
isolate v. (place alone; insulate) 'ai-sa-let, 'is9-let, 'iza-let.
isolation n. ai-sd'lee-Jdn, iss'lee-Jdn, izslee-Ssn.
isomere n. (homologous limb-segment) 'ai-ss-mi:?.
isomeric adj. (having elements the same in kind but diffe-
rent in arrangement; also, homologous) ai-s3'me?ik.
isomerism n. (fact or state of being isomeric) ai'semd-zizdm.
isopsephio adj. (numerically equal) ai-sa'sefik, ai-so'sii-fik;
(rarely) ai-so'psefik, ai-so'psii-fik.
isosceles adj. (having two of its sides equal) ai'sesd-liz.
isotherm n, (line of uniform mean temperature) 'ai-s9-
Geizrm.
isotropic adj. (having the same properties in all directions)
ai-s3'tjepik.
isotropy n. (having like physical properties in all directions)
ai'setja-pi, 'ai-sa-tjopi.
/ J'e, g cure ; bthe, 8 thin ; ^ 5 arure, ds /oy ; S shoe, ^ tS chew ;
wzvhen; tjsing; u whoever, iteact, \3iu\V ^Miool, itt, lis^^;
o poetic; 9 over , e aerial, Abut, ;>; doot, ^i^tio, ^\ic^> ^^%oX^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 293
Israelite n. (descendant of Israel; Hebrew; Jew) 'izzi-9-lait,
'iz-^e-d-lait.
iwiiiable adj, 'iju-d-bd}, 'isgu-d-bdL
issnanee n. (act of issuing; issue) 'iSu-sns, 'isQu-sns.
issue n, (outgoing; outlet; offspring; outcome; moot point)
'ijo, 'is?o, 'iSJo.
isthiaiaii adj. (of an isthmus) 'isici-an, 'izmi-sn, 'istici-sn,
'isOici-dn.
istlm&ns n, neck of land [ploral isthmuses, isthtnQ 'isicds,
'izmds, 'istMds, 'isOmss.
isUe n. fiber [also spelt ystle; synonymous cognates ixtle,
ixtW} 'istLi, 'istl.
it noun-pron, it, (when unstrest) t.
itaoism n. 'li-ts-sizam.
itaka-irood n. 'itaka-wod.
Italian adj.,n, I'taelidn; {less properly) ai'taelian.
Italianize v, [also spelt Italianise'] I'tsHd-naiz.
Italie adj, (of Italy) I'taehk; (less properly) ai'taehk.
italie adj., n, (in printing) i'taehk ; {less properly) ai'taehk.
italioisation n. [also spelt italicisation] i-tsehsi'zee-Sdn,
i-taeh-sai'zee-^dn.
italioise v. print in italics [also spelt italicise] I'tseh-saiz ;
{less properly) ai'taeh-saiz.
Italiot n. Italian Greek [synonymous cognate Italiote] I'taeli-
et.
ita-palm n, 'it9-pa:m.
iteli n. (skin-sensation) itS.
item adv, (likewise ; also) 'ai-tdm.
item n. (intimation, hint ; article ; entry) 'ai-tam.
itemise v. [also, rarely, spelt itemise] 'ai-ti-maiz.
iter n. circuit, eyre ; Roman road ; way, passage [plural iters,
itinera] 'ai-ta?, 'ita?.
iterant adj. (that iterates; repeating) 'ita-eant.
iterate n. (repeat) 'ita-^et.
iterative adj. [also spelt iterativ] 'it3?3-tiv.
itinerant adj. (journeying; traveling) ai'tina-rant, I'tina-
79nt.
itinerary adj., n. (route) ai'tina-een, ai'tma-rari, I'tin^-z^zi.
Inlns w, millepod [synonymous cognate yulus] ai'jou-las.
iTied adj. overgrown with ivy [also spelt ivyed] 'ai-vid.
ivory n. (hard dentin) 'ai-va-^i, {rapidly) 'ai-vri.
ivy n. plant [ploral ivies] 'ai-vi.
ivy-mantled adj. ai-vi'mantld, {assumptivly) 'ai-vi-mantld.
c: low, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, oi hoy\ a: for, ao now, a: osk, aikite;
length-mark (;) indicates that the precedmtt ^omti^ -i.^ VmskN
fifre^s-mark 0 indicates chief stress ou \>i^ w\Q^\xi^ «f\?iXJA-
294 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
isard n. antelope [also spelt isard, izzardl 'iz37d.
iuard n. the letter zee; zed [former synenymotxs cegnates
izzet, izzart, uzzardi 'izszd.
Jacana n. (bird) 'dsaekd-nd, dsdlcee-nd.
Jaokal n. (wild dog resembling a fox) Mssk-c:!.
jaoky n. gin [also spelt jackeyl 'dsaeki.
Jaoobean a(fy. of James the First [also spelt Jacobaean}
dsaeka'bii-an ; (improperly) dsa'koo-bi-an.
Jaoobian adj, (of Jacobi) dss'Ioo-bi-sn.
Jaoobin n. (Dominican, etc.) 'dsaeks-bin.
jaoobin n. p'geon [also spelt jacohinel 'dsaekd-bin.
Jaoobitism n. (principles of the Jacobites or adherents of
James the Second) 'dsaeka-bai-tizam, 'dsaeksbi-tizsm.
Jas^r n. bird [also spelt jaeger, jager, yagerli 'jee-gar.
jashir n. assignment [also spelt jaghire, jagheer, jageer,
jagir'\ dsa'gi:?, dsae'gi:?; {less properly) 'dsaegiz, 'dscu-gi?,
dsseg'he:?.
Jasnar n. (carnivorous mammal) 'dsae-gwo?, dsae'gwa:^,
'dsaegju-a?.
Jail n. prison [also spelt gaoll dseel.
jailer ». [also spelt jailor, gaoler^ 'dsee-lae.
Jain n. one of a non-Brahminical East Indian sect [synony-
mous cognate Jainal dseen, dsain.
jalap n. (drug; plant) 'dsaeldp, 'dselsp.
jalousie n. (blind, shutter) dsselu'zii, salu'zii.
jam n. (conserve) dssm.
jam V. crush, crowd [past participle and preterit jammed,
jamd'\ dsaem.
jamb n. leg-piece; side-piece of a door or window; cheek of
a fire-place [also spelt jam"} dsaem.
jamesonite ». (mineral) 'dseem-sa-nait ; (improperly) 'dsee-
misd-nait.
January n. (month) 'dsaenju-e^i, 'dsaenju-a-ri ; (anteriorly)
'dsaenju-a^i, 'dsaenja-^i, (rapidly) 'dsanjari.
japan v, varnish [past participle and preterit japanned, jo-
pandl dsa'paen, dsae'paen.
Japanese adj. (of Japan) dsaepa'niiz, (assumptivly) 'dsaepa-
niz; (also) dsxpd'niis, (assumptivly) 'dsaepa-nis.
Japanese n. (person; language) dssepd'niiz, dsseps'niis.
Japanize v, [also spelt Japanisel dsa'pae-naiz, dsx'ps-naiz.
jyc, 9 cure; bthe, 6 thin*, ^asure, dj/oy; S^^oe, tS c/iew;
wu'hen; jjsing; u whoever, i react, oiu>X, \3\xioo\, -v-vv, ils^e;
o poetic; oover, e aerial, a. but, o*. ^oot, ^ioxio, ^.>ae^, il^^oXv,
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 295
Inidre n. (flower-stand; cache-pot) $azdVnjB:z.
',oiL n, (gibberish ; babble) 'd3a:?-gen, 'd^aiz-g^n.
ion. n. mineral [synonymous cognate jargooni 'd$a:z-g9n.
n. (nobleman) jaizl, d^aizl.
mite n, (mineral) 'dsaees-sait, d^^'zoo-sait, 'd3a:-;9-sait,
'roo-sait.
line n. plant [also spelt jasmin ; synonymous cognates
samine, jessatninl 'dsxsMin, Mssezmin.
ler n. (chalcedony; quartz) 'dsaespar, 'dsar-spar.
ice V. archaic (make prance ; prance) dsc.ns, dsains,
i:ns; (also) dscmts, etc.
idioe n. icterus [also spelt jaundisl 'dscin-dis, 'dsarn-dis,
;a:n-dis.
idioed adj affected with jaundis [also spelt jaundist'\
c:n-dist, 'dsain-dist, 'dsain-dist.
it V. (take a trip ; journey) d3c:nt, dsaint, dsamt.
&t n. journey, trip [also, formerly, spelt jant'^ dscint,
i:nt, d3a:nt.
ity adj. well-bred, sprightly, lively [also, sometimes,
;lt jantyH 'dscrn-ti, 'dsain-ti, 'dsain-ti.
mese adj, (of Java) dsava'niiz, (assumptivly) 'dsaeva-niz;
so) dsaeva'niis, (assumptivly) 'dsaeva-nis.
tlin n. (spear) 'dsaeva-lin, 'dsaevhn.
ous adj. zealous; envious [also spelt jelousl 'dselas.
onsy n. [also spelt jelousyl 'dseb-si.
I n, cloth [synonymous cognate jane"} dsiin, dseen.
K n. (fast driver; coachman) 'dsii-hQu.
ne adj, (scanty, meager, barren) d3i'd3oun.
huhl n. second division of the small intestin [ploral jeju-
] dsi'dsou-ngm.
.ed adj. (turnd into jelly; congeald) 'dsehd.
Ify V. convert into jelly; turn into a jelly [also spelt
lyfyl 'dseh-fai.
r n. gelatinous substance [ploral jellies'] 'dseh.
te n. 'jc-nait. same meaning as yenite.
ieting n. (apple) 'd3eni-tii].
tard V. (risk, hazard) 'dscpa^d.
»ardise v, risk, jeopard [also spelt jeopardise^ 'dsepar-
iz.
•oa n. (rodent) dsa^'boo-a, 'dsBizr-bo-a.
miad n. lamentation [also, sometimes, spelt jeremiade']
>?i'mai-3d, dse^i'mai-aed.
aleon n. see gyrfalcon.
V, b: fwr, ae cat, o hot, oi hoy ; a: far, qo tio-u), ^\ a^, «vV\\s.%
h-mark (:) indicates that the preceding somtv^ i& \«ti\L%
f-mark C) indicates chief stress on the i^Wo^iT^U «5"V«3c5Vfc*
296 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
jerid n. javelin [also spelt jerrid, jereed, jerreed, djereed,
djerrid, djeridj dsi'riid.
jenn n. trading-vessel, etc. [also spelt djerml dsBizm,
jerque v. search (a vessel) for unenterd goods [also spelt
jirk"] d^B'.zk.
jerquer n. searcher [also spelt jerkerl 'dsesksz, 'dsBis-kse.
jersey n. (worsted; close-fitting tunic) 'd3B:7-zi.
jessamine n. [also spelt jessamini ^sesd-min. same mean-
ing as jasmine »
Jesuit n. (member of the Society of Jesus) 'dscsu-it, 'djcsfu-
it, 'd3ezju-it.
Jesuitism n. 'dsesu-i-tizam, 'dsesju-i-tizsm, 'dsezju-i-tizam.
jetsam n. goods thrown overboard from a ship in distress
[also spelt jetsom, jetsome; synonymous cognate jetson]
'dsctsam.
jettison n. (action of throwing goods overboard) 'dseti-sdn.
jetton n. counter [also spelt jeton\ Msetsn.
jeurel n. (gem) 'dsou-al.
jeurel v. furnish with jewels [present participle jeweling, jew-
elling] past participle and preterit jeweled, jewelled, jew-
eldl 'dsou-al.
jeureler n. [also spelt jeweller} 'dsou-a-la?.
jeurellery n. [also spelt jewelry"} 'dsou-al-ri, 'dsou-ala-n.
same meaning as jewelry.
jeurelry n. [synonymous cognate jewellery} 'dsou-al-ri.
{sometimes, assumptivly) 'dsoul-ei; {vulgarly) 'dsou-la-^i.
jeurely adj. like a jewel [also spelt jewelly} 'dsou-a-h.
jeur's-liarp ». (musical instrument; Jew's trump) 'dsoiw-
haizp.
jheel ». pool [also spelt jhil, jeil, jeet] dsiil.
jibe V. (put about; sail round) dsaib. see gybe.
jibe V. be in accord ; agree [also spelt gibe} dsaib.
jigamaree ». (thingumbob, contraption) dsigama'zii, 'dsiga-
ma-rii.
jig-saw n. (reciprocating saw; sciuH-saw) 'dsig-sc: . com-
pare gig-saw,
jill n. dsil. see gill* gill*
jingo ». blatant patriot ; Chauvinist [ploral jingoes'] 'dsiqgo.
jinn n. pi. an order of spirits [also used as a singular, mean-
ing one of the spirits of this order; singular jinnee; fcmi-
nin synonymous cognate jinneeyeh; also spelt ginn, dschin,
djin, jin} dsin.
jinnee n. spirit [also, sometimes, spelt genie; synonymous
J ye, c cure ; d the, 6 thin; 5 azure, dj ioy ; S shoe, tS rfcew;
wwhen; tj sing; u whoever, \ react, iiiuu, ^>\\oo\, \\\., vinee;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, a. but, o\^oot, ;iOTio, t\ie\, ^^^<:ft.^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 297
cognates jinn, djinn, ginn; feminin cognate jinneeyeh\ dsi-
'nii, 'dsii-ni, 'dsii-ni.
jinrikslia n. [also spelt jinricksha ; synonymous cognate jin-
rikishd] dsin'^ikSd.
Jiu-jitsu n. (Japanese mode of wrestling) dsu'dsit-stu
Jobbemoirl n. pate ; blockhead [synonymous cognate jobber-
Joekey n. [also spelt jockie, jocky; ploral jockeys, jockiesi
'dsoki.
Joeose adj, (full of jokes; waggish) dsolcoos.
Joeosity n. (mirthf ulness ; mirth) dso'kesi-ti.
Jcieular adj, (disposed to joking; merry) 'dsok^o-ls?.
Joeund adj. (merry, blithe) 'dsekdnd, 'd330-k9nd.
Jod n. (Hebrew letter) dsod, JDod.
Joluumes n, gold coin [also, sometimes, spelt jonannes, jo-
anesel dso'ae-niz, dso'hae-niz.
Join V. unite, link [past participle and preterit joined, joindl
dsein; {vulgarly) dsain.
Joist n. (timber) dseist ; (dialectally or vulgarly) dseis, dsaist.
Jonquil n. daffodil [also spelt jonquille and, formerly, jun-
quitl 'dson-kujil, 'dsegkiuil; 'dsAqkit'il.
Jostle V, push and shove; elbow; hustle [synonymous cog-
nate jusiW] 'dsosal.
Jostling n. pushing about [synonymous cognate justling'\
MsosLiq; (improperly) 'dsosttiq.
Jougs n. (instrument of punishment) dsougz, dsAgz.
Joule n. (elecric unit) d^aol,
Jounoe v., n. (bump, bounce, jolt) dsaunts, dsaons.
Journal v. record in a journal ; provide with a journal -bear-
ing [present participle journaling, journalling; past partici-
ple and preterit journaled, journalled, journald'\ 'dsernl,
'dsBir-na!.
Journalize v, [also spelt journalise'] 'd^Eznl-aiz.
Journey n. round of travel; day's work [ploral journeysl
MsB^ni, 'd58:z-ni.
Joust n,, V, dsAst, dsoust. same meaning as just.
Joviality n. (quality of being jovial; also, jollity) dsovi'aeli-
ti.
Jo^rl n. jawbone ; cheek ; external throat ; dewlap ; crop ;
wattle; head of a fish [also, sometimes, spelt jolel dsoo!,
dsGot.
Jo^rl v., n. (dialectal) bump ; knock ; knell [also, sometimes,
spelt join d^ool.
c: law, b: fwr, a cat, o hot, oi boy; a: far, ao tiotj), ^•. a^, «vV\\s.%
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sovlt^^ ia \«Wk\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on t\ie ioWQN«\xv^ ^-'f^sJwfc*
I
298 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
joy n. delight [ploral joysl dsei.
joyous adj. (full of joy) 'dsei-as.
jnbe n. (rood-loft) 'dsou-bi, 'dsou-bi.
jnbilate v, (rejoice, exult) 'dsou-bi-let.
jubilate n. (psalm) dsubi'lee-ti, dsubilce-ti, jubila:-ti.
juok V. make a sound resembling this word, as a partridge
[synonymous cognate jukel dsAk.
Judaic adj. (Jewish) dso'dee-ik.
Judaism n. (Jewish religion, etc.) Msou-di-izsm, 'dsou-de-
izam.
Judaise v, [also spelt Judaisel 'dsou-di-aiz, 'dsou-de-aiz.
judgfinent n. decision ; opinion ; discretion [also spelt judge-
ment) 'dsAdsmant.
judioative adj. judicial [also spelt judicative 'dsou-diks-tiv.
judicatory adj. 'dsou-dika-to^i, 'dsou-dika-ta^i, dso'dikata-ri.
judicature n. 'dsou-dika-tjo?, 'dsou-dika-tgoz, 'dsou-di-
ket^a?.
judicial adj, (of judgment) d3oMiS9l.
judiciary adj. (judicial) dso'diji-ezi, dso'diSa-^i, dso'dij^i.
judicious adj. (discreet; wise; prudent) dsu'diSdS.
juger n. (Roman unit of land-measure) 'dsou-dsa?.
jugger n. falcon of India [also spelt juggarl 'dsAga?.
Juggernaut n. (object of worship) 'dsAgae-ncit.
jugular adj,, n. 'd3Agjo-l3?, 'd3ou-gjo-l3^.
jujube n. (fruit ; plant ; lozenge) 'dsou-dsub.
juke tf. d5uuk. same meaning as juck.
julep n, (drink) 'dsou-lap, 'dsou-lep.
junior adj, (younger) 'dsou-njaz.
junker n. (young German noble, etc.) 'jogkaz.
junta n. (deliberativ or administrativ council or committee;
legislativ assembly) 'dsAnta.
junto n. (private council or assembly ; clique ; faction ; cabal ;
club; coterie; ring) 'dsAnto.
jupon n, (jacket; surcoat) 'dsou-pan, dsu'pen.
Jurisconsult n. (jurist) dsur-zis'ken-sAlt, dsui-ziskan'sAlt.
juror n. (juryman) 'dsoi-za?.
jus n. (law) dsAS.
just n. combat; knightly tilt [also spelt jousti d3ASt, dsoust.
Just adv, (exactly ; verily ; simply) dsAst ; (sometimes, when
unstrest) dsast; (dialectally) dsest, dses.
justice n. equity; judge [also spelt justisi 'dsAstis.
justiciable adj, (subject to jurisdiction) dsAs'tiSi-a-bal ;
(rarely) dsAs'tiSa-bal.
Jyc, gcure; bthe, 6 thin; ^asMte, d^foy; ^ shoe, tl chevr',
wwhen; tj sing; u whoever, \Teac\^, ii^uW, \i>\\oo\, ^.\\., -ds«e;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, a. but, o\Aoot» -^ioxvo, ^.X^e^, "c^^^fcfcN
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 299
jnatioiary n. (justiciar; justice; justicer) d3As'ti$i-e?i.
justifiable adj. (defensible) 'dsAsti-fai-d-bsl, {occasionally)
dsASti'fai-d-bdt.
jnatifieatiTe adj. [also spelt justificativ'\ dsAs'tifi-ketiv,
'dsAstifx-ketiv; ijalso) dsAs'tifika-tiv, {assumptivly) dsAs'tifi-
kdtiv.
jnatificatory adj. d3As'tTfik9-t37i^ dsAs'tif ikd-ts^i ; {also)
'd3AStifi-ket9-3i, {assumptivly) 'dsAstifi-ketazi.
Jnating n. tilt, just, tournament [also spelt jousting'\ 'dsAStir).
Justinianiaii adj. (of Justinian) dsAS-tini'ee-ni-sn.
juvenile adj, young, youthful; for youth [also spelt juvenil}
'dsou-vx-n!, 'dsou-vi-niJ, 'dsou-vi-nail.
»• Giaour ; Bantu ; nativ of Kaf iristan ; in ploral, Afri-
can mining-stock [also spelt Kaffir, Kaffer, Kaffre and, ex-
cept in the sense of mining-stock, Cafer, Coffer, Caff re;
synonymous cognate Caffree} 'kaefaz, 'kai-fa?.
;o n. palanquin [synonymous cognate cangol 'ka:-go,
'kaego,
kag^ n. bird [synonymous cognate kagon\ 'ka:-gu.
kairine n. chinolin compound [also, sometimes, spelt kairin\
'kai-rin, Tcai-zram.
kaiser n. (emperor) 'kai-zs?.
kale n. cabbage [also spelt kaill keeL
kaleege n. pheasant [also spelt kalij, calidge, kallege'\ kaliids,
Tcar-lids,
kaleidoscope n. (tube containing fragments of colord glass
and mirrors for producing symmetrical figures) ka'lai-da-
skop.
kali n. (prickly saltwort; potash) 'ka:-h, 'kaeh, 'kee-h, 'kce-H.
Kalmnok n. member of a branch of the Mongolian family
of peoples ; language [also spelt Calmuck, Calmuc'\ 'kal-mAk.
kalsomine n.,v. 'ks^sa-main, 'kaelss-Qiin. same meaning as
calcimine.
kamala n. (dyestuff ; vermifuge) 'ksemd-ls.
kamila n. [also spelt kamela, kameelal ka'mii-ld. same mean^
ing as kamala.
Kanaka n. (Hawaiian) 'kaens-kd, ks'nxkd.
kangaroo n. (marsupial mammal) kaerigs'^ou.
Kantian adj. (of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant)
Icaenti-sn.
c: law, s: fur, ae cot, e hot, oi hoy ; a: for, ao now, a: osk, ai kite ;
Icngth-iuork (:) indicates that the preceditv^ ^c»\t^^ \^ \ww>
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on \b.e ie>Wo^vcv% ^^>X^S^fe.
300 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
kajiticoy n, Amerindian dance [also spelt canticoy"] Icaeiiti-
kei.
kaolin n. (fine white clay) lcee-9-tin, 'ka:-3-}in.
kapellmeliter n. leader or conductor of a kapelle or musical
establishment [also spelt capellmeister} ka'pel-mai-stds.
karoo n. barren table-land [also spelt karroo} k^'zavL
karyokinesia n. nucUus-movement in indirect cell-division;
mitosis [synonymous cognate caryocinesis'\ kaeri-o-kz'nii-sis,
kaezi-o-kai'nii-sis.
katydid n. (insect) Hcee-ti-did.
kavass n. constable ; armd servant or courier [also spelt ca-
vass, cawass, kawassl ka'vais.
kayak n. canoe [also spelt kajac, kayack, cayac and, some-
times, kyackl 'kai-9k, 'kai-xk, 'kee-jaek, 'kx-jxk.
kaii n. cadi, judge [also, formerly, spelt kasi, cast, cazee,
easy; synonymous cognates cauzee, cauzyl Icar-zi, lcc:-zi.
keen adj. (sharp; clear; eager) kiin, {when unstrest) kin.
keen-eyed adj. kiin'aid, (assumptivly) 'kiin-aid.
keep V, (observe ; maintain ; retain ; preserv) kiip, {when un-
strest) kip.
kes n, small cask [dialectal synonymous cognate ca^].keg.
keitloa n. rhinoceros [synonymous cognate ketloa'l Hciit-to-a,
Tceet-lo-d.
kekrypkalos n. (head-dress) ki'k^ifd-les.
kelson n. line of timbers or combination of plates over the
keel of a ship [also spelt keelson} 'kelssn.
Kelt n. keh. see Celt.
kennel v, lie in a kennel; put in a kennel [present partici-
ple kenneling, kennelling] past participle and preterit ken-
neled, kennelled, kenneld} ^enl, 'kenal.
kept V, (past participle and preterit of keep) kept ; (vulgarly)
kep.
kerb n. ksizh. see curb.
kerokief n. (head-dress; neckerchief; handkerchief) 'kss-
tSif.
kermes n. (dyestuff) 'keir-miz, 'keir-miz.
kermis n. annual fair [also spelt kermess, kirmess} 'ksiz-
mis.
kern n. foot-soldier [also spelt kernel ksizn.
kernel n. (seed ; inner body of a seed ; grain, as of wheat)
'kernl, 'karr-nl, 'kaizr-nal.
kemeled adj. having a kernel [also spelt kernelled, kerneldl
'karnld.
J yc, fcure; d^fie, OtHin; 5 azure, ds/oy; S j/toe, tSr^ew;
wzt/Jten; ijsing; u whoever, iTcact., iiiuW, xi>\\©oV \\v, \v«e<;
o poetic; 9 over, e oerial, a. but, o*. ^oot, •aoia.o, ^\ie^, ^^%aEt.v^
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 301
adj. kernel-like [also spelt kernellyl liBznl-i.
iLerosene n. (mineral oil; lamp-oil) 'kezs-sin, kers'siin.
kerfley n,, adj, (coarse woolen cloth) 'kB:7-zi.
keteli n. (vessel) ketS.
iLetelmp n. [synonymous cognates catchup, catsup, katsup
and, formerly, kitchup'\ 'kctjap.
kettle n. (pot, cauldron) 'ketl; (dialectally or vulgarly) 'kiti.
key n. lock-fastening device [ploral keysl kii.
key n. (obsolete) kii. see quay.
key n. low island near a coast [synonymous cognates cay,
kay; ploral keysl kii.
n. (dust-colord fabric) 'ka:-ki.
n. (Tartar prince) ka:n, ksn, kc:n.
kkan n. (caravanserai) kxn, ka:n.
kkedive n. (prince, sovereign : title of the viceroy or ruler
of Egypt) ki'diiv; (less properly) 'kii-div, ki'daiv, 'kii-daiv.
kidnap v, steal, carry off [past participle and preterit kid-
napped, kidnaptj Tcid-naep.
kidnapper n. (one who kidnaps children, etc.) 'kid-nxps?.
kidney n. organ, gland [ploral kidneysl 'kidni.
kier n. vat [also spelt keir'\ kr.z.
kilerg ». (work-measure of one thousand ergs) 'kilarg.
kiln n, oven, as for baking bricks [also, sometimes, spelt kill
and, formerly, kii"] kil, kiln.
kilosram n. one thousand grams [also spelt kilogrammel
'kil3-g?aem.
kilosramnieter n. work-measure [also spelt kilogramme-
trel kila'gzrami-ta?, kila-g^aem'mii-tazr.
kiloliter n. capacity-measure of one thousand liters [also
spelt kilolitre'] 'kila-hi-ta?.
kilometer n. measure of one thousand meters [also spelt
kilometre] 'kila-mii-tazr,
kilter n. good condition; order [synonymous cognate kelter]
Tcihas:.
kimono n. (Japanese robe) ki'moo-no, ki'moo-no.
kind adj., n. kaind ; (dialectally) kgaind.
kindergarten n. (school for young children) 'kind97-ga:?-tn.
kind-kearted adj. [also spelt kind-harted] kaind'hartid,
(assumptivly) 'kaind-hartid.
kind-keartedness n. [also spelt kind-hartedness] kaind'ha?-
ti-dnis, 'kaind-horti-dnis.
kindness n. (quality of being kind, etc.) 'kain-dnis, 'kain-
nis.
c: law, b: fi«r, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, a*, ask, «Ak\\^%
Icngth-marlf (:) indicates that the preceding somxv^ t^ \^xv^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the ioWo^-Ltv^ s^\\aX^fc,
302 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
kinematio adj, (of pure motion) kini'mxtik, kai-nx'maetik.
kinematograph n. moving-picture device [synenjonous cog-
nate cinematographl kini'msto-gza:!, kai-ni'maet9-gza:£, kai-
'nii-mata-gzarf.
kinesthesli n. the muscular sense [also spelt kimiesthesis]
kines'Oii-sis, kai-nes'Oii-sis.
kinetie adj, (causing motion; of motion; due to motion) ki-
'netik, kai'netik.
kinetosoope n. (moving-picture device, etc.) ki'netd-skop,
kai'nii-t9-skop.
kinnikinio n. Amerindian smoking-mixture [also speli iirtn-
nikinick'l kiniki'nik.
kino n. (catechu-like substance; gum kino) ^li-no.
kiosk n. open pavilion [also spelt kiosque^ ki'esk, Icii-esk.
kirsokiraiser n. (wild cherry liquor) 'kizS-wes^z.
kirtle n. (man's tunic or coat; woman's gown; skirt) HcBTt}.
kismet n. destiny, fate [synonymous cognates kismat, kisntut]
'kis-met.
kitchen n. (cooking-room; cooking-device; food) Hatpin.
kleptomania n. theft-mania [also spelt cleptomania} loep-
t9'mee-ni-3.
knack n. (trick; dodge; art) nxk.
knaggy adj. (full of knots; cross) 'naegi.
knapsack n. (bag or case worn by soldiers) 'nsp>saek.
knave n, (rogue; jack) neev.
knead v. (mix or work up, as dough; mold) mid.
knebelite n. (mineral) 'neba-lait, (rarely) 'kNcba-lait.
knee-deep ». nii'diip, (assumptivly) 'nii-diip.
knee-kigk adj, nii'hai, (assutnptivly) 'nii-hai.
kneel n, (fall on the knees or a knee) mil.
knell n. (sound, as of a bell) nel.
knew V. (preterit of know) njou; (dialectally) nou.
knickerbockers n. pi. (loose knee-breeches) 'nikssr-bekdzz.
knickknaok n. trinket, gimcrack [also spelt knicknack, niclt-
nack, nicnacl 'nik-naek.
knife n, cutting-tool [ploral knivesl naif.
knight n. (man-at-arms; warrior, etc.) nait.
knit V, (tie, knot, weave) nit.
knob n. rounded projection; knop [also spelt nohl neb.
knobbed adj. having a knob [also spelt nobbed'} nebd, 'nebid.
knock-kneed adj, nek'niid, (assumptivly) 'nek-niid.
knoll n. (top of a hill; hillock, mound) nool.
knot n. (intertwining, as of a cord) net.
J ye, 9 cure; bthe, Bthin; 3 arure, ds/oy; S^^oe, tS c/tew;
wwhen; x}s{ng\ u whoever, itcaict, \3iu\\» \i\3Liool, itt, lis^^;
o poetic; dov^r, eoerial, a. but, t>*. dooT, -^i^xio, ^\ke^^ ^^%,(b^».\
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 303
knovt n.,v» (whip, scourge) naot, nout.
kno'W V, (perceive; recognize) noo.
know^ledse n. (fact of knowing, etc) 'nelids; (also, in
Britain) 'noo-lids.
knuekle n. (bone at a finger-joint; joint) 'nAksl.
knur n» knar, knot; ball [also spelt nur, nurrli ns'.z,
knnrl n. knot, knob, boss, nodule [also spelt nurl'\ nsizl.
koala n. ko'aMd, 'kou-ld. same meaning as koolah.
kobold n. (spirit) Icoo-beld, 'koo-bdld.
koodoo n. antelope [also spelt kudu, coodoo, koudou} 'kuu-du.
koolak n. marsupial [also spelt koola, coolah, coola; synon-
ymous cognates koala, coala^ 'kou-U.
kopje n. small hill [also spelt koppie, kopjie, koppje] 'kepi.
Koran n. sacred book of the Mohammedans [also spelt
Coran; synonymous cognate Kuran'\ ka'za:n, 'kor-ean, ko-
'zxn,
koran n. (bustard) ka'zam.
Koranie adj, (of the Koran) ko'rsenik, Io'z:a:-nik.
Korean adj, of Korea [also spelt Corean'\ ko'rii-sn.
kotow n. a touching of the forehead on the ground while
prostrating one's self in reverence or worship [also spelt
kowtow, kotou and, sometimes, kotoo, kootoo'i ko'tao, ko'too.
kraal n. African village [also spelt crall and, sometimes,
kraul, krawll kzail, kzcil.
kraken n, (mythic sea-monster) 'k^ar-kan, 'ksee-kan.
krentzer n, coin [also spelt kreuzer"} 'kseit-saz; (less prop-
erly) Treout-sa?.
knmiss n. beverage [also spelt kutnyss, koumiss, kumis, ku-
mys, koumys, koumis, koomissi 'ko'u-mis.
kiimmel n. cordial [also spelt kummei'] 'kimal, 'kgomal.
Knrd n. inhabitant of Kurdistan [also spelt Koord, Curd"!
ko'.zd.
kyang n. wild horse of Tibet [also spelt kiangl kgaer).
kyanize v, impregnate with corrosiv sublimate [also spelt
kyanise'l 'kai-a-naiz.
Kyrie n. (the petition 'Kyrie eleison,' Lord, have mercy) 'kar-
ri, 'kai-ei-i:, lai-ri-e.
laager n,,v, camp [also spelt lager'\ lai-gs?.
label n. (band, strip, marking-slip) lee-bal.
label V, [also, rarely, spelt lable; present participle labeling,
c: Iflw, b: fi«r, ae cat, e hot, oi boy ; a: far, go now, a: ask^ ai ktte ;
]ength-mark (:) indicates that the ptecediw?, ^o>3».t^^ ^^ Vsto^V^
stress-mark (0 indicates chief stress on \he iek>\o^\T^?» ^^>\^i^«..
304 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
labelling; past participle and preterit labeled, labelled, la-
beld'\ Izt'h^L
labeler n. one who labels [also spelt Idbeller] lee-bs-laz.
labial adj. (of the lips) lee-bi-al.
labialise v. [also spelt labialisel lee-bi-9-laiz.
labile adj, unstable [also spelt labil} '^ee-bil, Isbi).
labiodental adj, (formd with the lips and teeth) )ee-bi-3-
'dentl.
labor n.,v, work [also spelt labour'} Ite-hsz.
labor age n. payment for labor [also spelt labouragel lee-ba-
sridj.
laboratory n. (room or building for chemical, physical or
other work) laeba^a-to^i, laebaea-tari ; (rapidly) laebzo-tost,
'laeb?9-t3?i, labea-tji,
labored adj, [also spelt laboured, labord"} 'lee-bard.
laborer n. one who labors; workman [also spelt labourer]
'Iee-b3-r9r, (rapidly) lee-bz^z.
laborsome ». laborious [also spelt laboursomel lee-b^z-sam.
labrnm n. lip [ploral labral lee-hzom,
labyrinth n. (maze) Ixhi-zinO.
labsrrintbine adj. maze-like, intricate [also, sometimes, spelt
labyrinthin} labi'rinGin, laebi'ein-Gain.
lao n. gum-lac [also, formerly, spelt lacque, laque] laek.
lao n. one hundred thousand [also spelt lakh, lack and, for-
merly, lak] laek.
laoertian adj, (lizard-like, saurian) Id'sB^S^Qt Id'sntr-Ssn.
laoertine adj. lacertian ; consisting of lizard-like figures [al-
so, sometimes, spelt lacertin] la'se^trn, Id'sa^-tain.
laoiniate adj. (jagged, slasht) Is'sini-st.
laokadaisioal adj. (like one crying 'lackaday!' languishing)
laeka'dee-zi-kal.
laokaday inter j, (alackaday!) laeks'dee, laek^-dee.
laokage n. shortage [also spelt laccagel 'Isekids.
laokey n. footman; valet; hanger-on [also spelt lacquey',
ploral lackeys] ^aeki.
laoonioism n. (laconic expression; a laconism) ta'keni-
sizam.
laoonism n, (brevity of speech; a laconic sentence) laka-
nizam.
laoonize v, favor or imitate the Lacedaemonians [also spelt
laconise] laeka-naiz.
laoqner n, varnish, polish [also spelt lacker] laeks?.
lacrosse n. (game) Id'k^eis.
J ye, gcure; dthe, 9 thin*, 5as>3iTe, d^foy; ^ shoe, tS chew;
wwhen; tjsing; u whoever, i react, tiiuW, ^>3l\ooV "^Vt, \\«e«;
o poetic; ^ov^r, e aerial, a. but, o*. Aoot, -aoTvo, «.>Qe^, ^^v^fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 305
lacsrymal tidj, of tears [also spelt lachrymal, lacrimall 'laeksi-
laerymose adj. given to tears; suffused with tears; mourn-
ful [also spelt lachrymose, lacrimosel Iselcsi'moos, (assump-
tivly) Islcsi-mos.
laetein. n. solidified milk [also spelt lacteine'\ ^xkti-in.
lactometer n. (milk-gage) laek'temi-tdz.
laeuna n. hiatus, gap [ploral lacunae, lacunasl Id'kgou-nd.
laoustrine adj. of lakes [also spelt lacustrinl Is'kAstsin.
lady n. woman of superior position, etc. [ploral ladies'] 'lee-
di; (dialectally) ^edi, lai-di.
lafayette n. (fish) lofe'jet, lafe'jet; lafi'et, lafi'et.
las^i^ w, (beer) la: -gar ; {less properly) 'lc:-g3?.
lasoon n. pool-like or lake-like stretch of water [also spelt
lagune] la'goun.
laie adj, (lay, secular) ^ee-ik.
laiciflation n, [also spelt laicisation] lee-isi'zee-$9n, lee-i-
sai'zee-Sdn.
laicise v. render lay [also spelt laicise] lee-i-saiz.
lair n. (place of rest; bed, couch) Iziz.
laisses-faire n. the let-alone principle or policy [synony-
mous cognate, with same pronunciation, laisser-faire] lese-
'feiz,
laity n, (state of a layman; laymen collectivly) lee-i-ti.
lam V* beat soundly; thrash; whack [past participle and
preterit lammed, lamd] Isem.
lama n. (priest) la^md.
lamb n. young sheep [also spelt lam] Isem, (often) Is'.m.
lambda n. (Greek letter) 'Isemds.
lambkin n. (little lamb) ^xmkin.
lambrequin n. (helmet-cover; cornice; scallop) 'lsemb?i-kin.
lamellar adj. (disposed in lamellae) Is'mela?, Istmo-l^z.
lamellate adj. (lamellar) Isems-lst.
lamellibranob n. (mollusk with lamellate gills) Is'meh-
hz2a}k.
lamentable adj. (to be lamented; doleful; deplorable)
Isemdntd-bdl ; (improperly) la'menta-bal.
lameter n. lame person [also spelt lamiter] 'lee-mi-ts?.
lammergeier n. bird [also spelt lammergeyer] 'lsem9?-gai-9?.
lanceolate adj. (shaped like a lance-head) 'la:n-si-9-l9t, 'laen-
si-3-let.
landan n. (carriage) ^aen-dao, laen-dc: ; (less properly) Ian-
do, ten'doo.
c: law, b: iut, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: osk, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the precedmv^ ^omtA \^ V»^n.V*
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on \3tte i€>>\ovj\Tv% ^>f\^J^^.
306 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
landgraTiate n. (office or province of a landgrave) brad-
'gree-vi-et, laend'gree-vi-at.
landlord n. {lord or owner of land, etc.; innkeeper) laend-
leizd; (vulgarly) IxnAeizd.
land'v^ebr n. (reservs, militia) 1and-ve:;, lant-ve:?, Ixnt-
ve:z.
lane n. (path; byway) leen.
langsyne adv, (long ago) lanj'sain; (less properly) laeg'zaiiL
lang^nage n. (tongue; mode of expression) laeggwids.
lang^net n. tongue-shaped part [synonymous cognate laih
guettel laerigwit, laeqgit.
lang^nette n. Ixg'get. same meaning as languet.
lang^nid adj. (faint; weak; spiritless; dull) laeggwid.
lang^nisli v, grow weak; pine [past participle and preterit
languished, languishtl laerjgwiS.
languor n. (faintness; lassitude) Ixijgd?, 1xi)gw9z.
lang^norons adj, (full of languor) 1xr|g9-79S, laeggwa-^os.
laniary adj. (of teeth) laeni-en, lee-ni-en.
lansqnenet n. (one of a class of mercenary soldiers; card-
game) Ixnskd-nst, 'lain-ska-net.
lantern n. (lamp with a protectiv case) Ixntszn,
lannginons adj, (downy) Id'njou-dsi-nss.
lanyard n. short rope [also spelt laniardl 1xnJ9?d.
Laodicean adj, (of Laodicea; lukewarm) lee-ddi'sii-an, le-
edi'sii-an.
lapel n. that part of the front of a coat which is folded over
toward either shoulder [also spelt lappel, lapelle"] Is'pel, la-
'pel.
lapelled adj, having a lapel [also spelt lapeld"} Ix'peld.
lapidary n, (gem-cutter) laepi-de^i, laepi-dan.
lapides n. (ploral of lapis) 'Ixpi-diz, 'lee-pi-diz.
lapis n, stone [ploral lapidesl 'lee-pis, Ixpis.
lapis-laznli n, (blue stone) Ixpis'lxzjo-lai, Ixpislaesd-li,
lepis'laezjo-lai; (improperly) laepis-la'zou-h.
larboard n. (left) 'laiz-hoizd, 1a:?-ba?d; (dialectally) lae-
bsrd.
larseM n. liberality, gift [also spelt largessel 1a:7-d3is, Icz-
dscs.
lariat n. picketing-rope ; lasso [also spelt larriet, lariettel
1ae?i-3t.
larin n. (Persian nd Arabic money) laenn.
larine adj, of the larina or gulls [also, sometimes, spelt larinl
lawrin, lae-rain.
J yc, gcure; bthe, 0 *ftin ; 3 axrure, ds/oy; I shoe, tSchem;
wwhen; 13 sing; u whoever, 1 react, \jiuW, ^^wiooV, \\t^ lisee;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, Abut, o*. doot, ^otio, ^\ie^, ^^^0!^^%
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 307
n. (call to arms; uproar) 'lei-eam, 'laeram, 'lai-ram.
n. ghost; insect in the grub state [plural larvae'] 'laiz-
laryngeal adj, (of the larynx) IsVindsi-dl, te^in'dsii-dl.
laryngitis n. inflammation of the larynx) Ix^in'dsai-tis,
■ }aezin'd3ii-tis.
laryngoscope n. (device for inspecting the larynx) la'zirjgd-
skop.
laryngotomy n. (a cutting into the larynx) laeeig'geta-mi.
larsmx n. organ of fonation [ploral larynges, rarely larynx-
es] 'lae^iqks; {rarely) 'le:-?ii3ks.
lascar n. (sailor; tent-pitcher; artilleryman) lae'skax, 'Ixskdz.
lasciTions adj, (lewd, wanton) Id'sivi-ds.
lass n. (girl) la:s, la:s, }ae:s.
lasso n. rope with a noose [ploral lassos, lassoes] 'Iscso; (im-
properly) te'soo.
last n., adj,, adv., v. la:st, }a:st, l3e:st.
lateen n. sail [also spelt latine, lattine, latteen] Is'tiin.
latent adj, (hidden) 'lee-tnt, lee-tant; (improperly) 'leet-nt,
'tet-nt.
later adv, (afterward; hereafter; subsequently) 'lee-ta?.
laterad adj. (toward the side) 'Ixts-zaed.
lateral adj, 'laeta-ral, (anteriorly) 'laeta^al; (rapidly) 'laetjol.
lath n. strip of wood [ploral laths] }a:6, }a:6, lae:6.
lath v, (cover with laths) la: 6, }a:d.
lathe n. (turning-machine) leed.
laths n. (ploral of lath) la:dz, la:6s.
Latin adj, (of Latium) 'laetin, (assumptivly) 'laetn.
Latin n. (language) 'laetin, 'laetn ; (improperly) laet-n.
Latinise v. [also spelt Latinise] 'laetn-aiz, 'laeti-naiz.
latria n. (the supreme worship due to God alone : distxn-
guisht from dulia, hyperdulia) la'tjai-a, 'lee-tji-a.
latrine n. (privy) la'tjiin.
latten n. (metal) laetn, 'laetsn.
latter adj. (later ; more recent ; being the second of two :
opposed to former) laeta?.
lattice n. openwork made of laths, etc. [also spelt lattis]
'laetis.
latns ft. side [ploral latera] lee-tss.
landable adj. (praiseworthy) 'Ici-ds-bdl.
landannm n. (tincture of opium) '}c:-dn-9m, ^ods-nsm;
(rapidly) 1c:d-n3m; (less properly) 'leda-nam, Ic'dee-nam.
langh v. (express mirth, joy, etc.) la:f, la:f, lae:f.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy\ a: for, ao now, a: ask, «Lik\l<t%
length-mark (:) indicates that the precedmc soMtv^ \^ \^Ti%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on tlie wVo^vci^ «^'^'aX^fe%
306 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
lanslutble adj, (that may be laughed at) ^ai-fa-bat.
launch v, hurl; send off; set afloat [former synonymous
cognate lanch; past participle and preterit launched,
launchtl }c:nt$, }a:ntS, }a:ntS ; {also, and in Britain normally)
lc:nS, ia:n$, }a:n$.
launder v. wash; do up [former synonymous cognate lander;
past participle and preterit laundered, launderdj 1c:n-dK,
1a:n-dar, lain-dar.
laundress n. [former synonymous cognate landres^^ Ian-
dris, 'la:n-dris, la:n-dris.
laundry n. [former synonymous cognate landryl Icm-dn,
'la:n-dri, 1a:n-dri.
laureate adj. (crownd with laurel) 1c:-n-9t.
laurel n. (bay-tree, etc.; wreath or crown of glory) 1c:-s^.
1e:-z^l, 'lezdl.
laureled adj, crownd with laurel [also spelt laurelled, lau-
reld} 'Ici-rald.
lava n. (volcanic rock) ^a:-v3, ^a:-v3; (improperly) Ice-va,
'laev3,
laver n. (basin, bowl) 1ee-v9?.
lavic adj, (of lava) 'la:-vik; (improperly) ^ee-vik, laevik.
la'v^leMneM n. 'lolas-nis.
lauryer n. (one verst in law; attorney) 1c:-J32.
lay V. (cause to lie) lee, (when unstrest) le.
layette n. (outfit for new-born child) le'jet.
laxar n. (leper) lee-zsz,
laxineM n. (slothfulness) 'lee-zi-nis.
laxzarone n. Neapolitan lounger [also spelt lasarone; ploral
lazzaronil laeza'eoo-ni, }aetsa'?D0-ni.
lea n. field, meadow [also, formerly, spelt lee, ley} hi.
leach n. cause to percolate; lixiviate; wash out by percola-
tion [also spelt leech; synonymous cognates letch, latch;
past participle and preterit leached, leachtl hitj.
lead V, conduct [past participle and preterit led'\ hid, (when
unstrest) lid.
lead n. metal [also spelt led'\ led.
leaden adj, made of led; heavy, dull [also spelt ledenl ledn.
leaf n. plant-organ [ploral leavesl hif.
leafed adj. having a leaf or leaves [also spelt leaftl hift
leaene v. form into a league or alliance; join a league [also
spelt leag; past participle and preterit leagued, leagd} hig.
leaguer n. camp; besieging force [also spelt leager, legerl
'hi-ga?.
J yc, g cure ; 5 the, 0 thin ; 3 axrure, ds ;oy ; S j^oe, tS c^w;
wwhen; ijsing; u whoever, itcaitX., \jiu\V ^>aiiool, itt, liwe;
o poetic; 3 pv^r, eawal, /vWt, ;>*. doox, *:>ox^o» ^\ie^» ^^^<to.\
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 309
. V, pass out thru a crevis or hole [past participle and
^terit leaked, leakt} hik.
. V. incline [past participle and preterit leaned, hand,
nt, lent"} hin, {when unstrest) lin.
t V. past participle and preterit of lean [also spelt lent^
t.
V. jump, spring; throb [past participle and preterit
ped, leapt, lept} hip.
ed V. past participle and preterit of leap [also spelt leapt
1, sometimes, leptl hipt, lept.
t V, past participle and preterit of leap [also, sometimes,
It lept} lept, hipt.
a V. acquire knowledge of; vulgarly, teach [past parti-
le and preterit learned, learnd, learnt'[ iB'.zti.
Aed adj. (erudite) 'lernid, 'lB:?-nid; {erroneously) iB'.znd.
i&ed V. past participle and preterit of learn [also, some-
es, spelt learnd, learntl Isiznd, lei^nt, Isznt,
i&edly adv. 'leeni-dh, 'l8:?-ni-dh.
5 n, (contract, etc.) his.
) n. (crossing of warp-threads [also spelt leas; syneny-
us cognate lays'] his.
) V. dialectal (glean; pick) hiz.
i n. (thong; string; cord; set of three) hij.
ler n. drest skin [also spelt lether] 'ledar.
lem adj. of leather [also spelt lethernl ledaen.
9 V. cause to remain ; commit ; allow, let ; quit [past par-
pie and preterit left] hiv, {when unstrest) liv.
Bd adj. having leaves or foliage; in leaf [also spelt
vd] liivd.
»n V. ferment, raise, etc. ; imbue [also spelt leven ; past
ticiple and preterit leavened, levend] levan.
lomancy n. obsolete (divination by means of water in
•asin) 'lekana-maensi, h'kaena-maensi.
sr n. (libertin) 'letja?.
im n. reading-desk [also, but rarely now, spelt lectum]
:t97n.
'. (past participle and preterit of lead) led,
Br n. book; timber; stone; agent [also spelt leger]
Br adj, laid, fixt; resident; also, in *ledger line, *ledger
ce [also spelt leger] 'ledsae.
ment n. string-course of moldings [also spelt ledgement]
Ismant.
, b: fttr, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao now, ^\ a?J«., ^\V>xs.\
i-mark (:) indicates that the preceding ^omtv^ "v.^ Vixv"tN
mark C) indicates chief stress on tVie i^Wo-^ix^^ ^^^X-sJ^^'
310 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
lee n. protection, shelter [also, rarely, spelt lea; dialectal syn-
onymous cognate lewl hi.
lee n. (sediment of wine, etc.) hi.
leech n. (aquatic worm) hit^.
leech n. sloping side of a sail [also spelt leach'l hitS*
leech n. physician [also spelt leach} hitS.
leek n. (plant) hik.
leeward adj., adv. (away from the wind) lii-ward, ^iou-STd.
leeway n. (drift to leeward; retrogression) lii-wee.
left-handed adj. teft'hxndid, (assumptivly) left-hsendid.
les n. (limb; ^upport) leg; (dialectally) leeg.
legacy n. (bequest) lega-si.
legalisation n. [also spelt legalisationl tigdli'zee-Son, liga-
lai'zee-San.
legalise v. make legal [also spelt legalise} lii-gs-laiz.
legate n. (deputy, etc.) 'legit, 'leget; {improperly) 'hi-get
legatine adj. of a legate [also spelt legatin} legs-tin.
legato adj. (connected, smooth : opposed to staccato) le'go:-
to ; (less properly) h'gee-to.
legator n. (testator) lega'te:?, h'gee-t3?.
legend n. (story of a saint's life; lesson-book; story; inscrip-
tion) ledsand, lii-dsand.
legendary adj. ledsan-de^i, ledsan-dari ; lii-dsan-de^i.
legerdemain n. (sleight of hand) ledss^-di'meen.
legged adj. [also, sometimes, spelt legd} legid, legd.
leggi'Mis n. leg-covering [synonymous cognate leggin} legiQ.
legible adj. (readable) ledss-bsl.
legislative adj., n. [also spelt legislativ} ledsis-letiv, ledsi-
stetiv; {also) ledsista-tiv, {assumptivly) ledsis-lativ.
legislator n. (lawmaker, lawgiver) ledsis-letae, ledsi-SLetar.
legislature n. 'ledsis-let^s?, 'ledsi-sLetSs? ; 'ledsis-let^d?,
led3i-SLetQ3? ; {vulgarly) ledsislee-tSar.
legitimatise z'. render legitimate [also spelt legititnatise} br
'dsitima-taiz.
legitimise v. legitimatize [also spelt legitimise} h'dsiti-maix.
leg^nme «. (pulse ; edible vegetable) le-gjum, h'gjoum.
legnminons adj. (of pulse) h'gjou-mi-nss.
leisnrable adj. (leisurely) lii-sa^a-bal, lesa^s-bal.
leisure n. (spare time) 1ii-33?, lesa?.
leman n. (sweetheart, lover; mistress) leman, lii-man.
lemma n. proposition; theme [plural lemmas, lemmata]
lema. ,
lemma n. husk : outer layer [ploral lemmata} 'lema.
J yc, ccure; 5 ffie, 0 thin; ^sismt^, A-sioY; W/ioe, tSchtw]
wwhen; r} sing\ u whoever, itcaitX., ^iuW, \i>\\oc\, ^\v vi%ee]
o poetic; a ov^r, e aerial, a. but, o*. ^oot, ':i^wo, ^\ie^, ^.^^yfe^N
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 311
lemon, n. (fruit) 'teman.
lemur n. in ploral, spirits of the departed; in singular, mon-
key-like animal [ploral lemurs, lemuresl 'hi-mae.
lemnres n. (ploral of lemur) 'lemjo-dz.
lend V, grant temporarily; give, bestow [past participle and
preterit lent} lend.
lensth, adj. (quality of being long, etc.) lerjO; (dialectally)
leeqO.
leniency n. (quality of being lenient) 'hi-ni-sn-si, 'hi-njdn-
si; (less properly) leni-an-si, 'lenjan-si.
lenient adj, (softening; mild) 'hi-ni-3nt, lii-njsnt; (less
properly) 'leni-ant, 'lenjant.
lenitive adj. of medicins; soothing, etc. [also spelt lenitiv']
leni-tiv.
lenten adj. of Lent [also spelt Lenten"} 'lentn, 'lentan.
leonine adj. (lion-like; of a lion) 1ii-9-nain, lii-9-nin.
leopard n. (panther, pard) lepszd.
leper n. (leprous person) 'lepd?.
lepidolite n. (mica) lepi-dd-lait, h'pids-lait.
leporine adj. (of a hare; lagomorphic) 'leps-zain, lep3-7in.
leprecliann n. pigmy sprite [also spelt leprechawn, lepre-
caivn; synonymous cognates leprehaun, lepreehawn, lepra-
chawn, luprachaun} 'lep3i-kc:n.
leprosy n. (disease) lep^s-si.
leprons adj. (afflicted with leprosy) lepras.
Lesbian adj. (of Lesbos) 'lezbi-sn, lesbi-sn.
lese-majesty n. (treason) hiz'mxdsi-sti.
lesion n. damage, hurt [also, rarely, spelt laesion} 1ii-39n.
lessen v. become less; make less [past participle and pret-
erit lessened, lessend} 'lesan, lesn.
lessening n. (diminution) 'less-nii], 'lesn-ig, lesNig.
lesser adj. (less; small; minor) less?.
lesson n. (reading; task; reproof) 'lessn, lesn.
lessor n. (one who grants a lease) le'se:?, 'less?.
lethal adj. (causing death; deadly; mortal) 'hi-Osl.
lethargic adj. (dull, sleepy, sluggish) )i'6a:7-d3ik ; (less
properly) leQsz-d^ik.
lethargiie v. [also spelt lethargise} leOsr-dsaiz.
lethargy n. (morbid drowsiness; torpor) leOdz-dsi.
IfCthean adj. (of the river Lethe) h'Oii-sn.
lettnce n. plant [also spelt lettis} 'letis.
lencin n. aposepidin [also spelt leucine} liou-sin.
lencorrhea n. whites [also spelt leucorrhoea} Hukd'ni-d.
c: law, b: fi*r, ae cat, e h^t, .01 hoy ; a: for, qo now, ^•'. a^, ^\VA\fc\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceditvR so>axv^ \^ Vtmln
stress-mark (') indicates chief stress Oti the foWo^-ni^ %>jWsCw«..
312 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
Levant n, (the East; Asia Minor, etc.) h'vaent.
levant n. (leather) h'vxnt.
levant adj, (in law, in * levant and couchant) Levant; (Jess
properly) lii-vant.
levant n. (bet made with the intention of absconding if it is
lost) li'vant.
levant v, (steal away; bolt; abscond) ti'vxnt.
levantine adj. of the Levant ; eastern [also spelt levantin]
h'vaentin, 'le van-tin, h'vaen-tain, levdn-tain.
levator n. (muscle) h'vee-ta?.
levee n. embankment [also, sometimes, spelt levyj le'vii,
h'vii, le-vi.
levee n. reception [synonymous cognate leviel leVii, h'vii,
le-vi.
level n. (instrument; position, etc.) levat
level V. [present participle leveling, levelling', past pcutici-
ple and preterit leveled, levelled, leveldl leval.
leveler n. one who or that which levels [also spelt leveller"!
'}ev3-l3?.
lever n. (prizing-bar ; crowbar, etc.) Iii-V3?, leva?.
leverage n. (action of a lever, etc.) 1ii-ya-?id3, 1ey9-zid$,
levog^yrate adj. causing to turn toward the left ''Uso spelt
laevogyratel hi-vo'dsai-^at.
levy V. (raise; impose) 'levi.
lewd adj. (lascivious; unchaste) Huud; (dtalectally) loud.
lewis n. contrivance for raising blocks of strne [also spelt
lewiss, louisl 'Hou-is; (dtalectally) 'Jou-is.
Leyden adj. (of Leyden, Holland) lai-dn, ^ai-dan; (less
properly) 'lee-dn.
liaison n. (thickening for sauces; illicit intimacy; linking)
li-e'zeq, li'ee-zen.
liana n. plant [synonymous cognate liane"] ti'ee-na, li'ona,
H'aena.-
liar n. (one who lies or utters falsehood) 1ai-9z.
lias n. blue limestone, etc. [also spelt Liasl lai-9s.
liassic adj. of the lias [also spelt liasicl lai'xsik.
libel n. (writing; defamatory statement) lai-bal.
libel V. [present participle libeling, libelling; past partici-
ple and preterit libeled, libelled, libeldl 'lai-bal.
libelant n. one who institutes a suit in an ecclesiastical or
admiralty court; also, libeler [also spelt libellant"! lai-ba-
lant.
libeler n. one who libels [also spelt libeller'^ lai-bd-ld?.
J ye, 5 cure; 5f/ie, OtKin; ^sizure, dj/oy; Sshoe, tScAew;
wwhen; i} sing; u whoever, ireaitX., xviuW, ^m\ooV -s-it, lisee;
Q poetic; a ov^r, e aeml, xbut, :>*. dQot, •aoxio^ ^.'^e^^ ^.^^<fc.v>
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 313
Ubelons adj. [also spelt libellous'} lai-bs-las.
Uber n. (inner bark; bast) lai-ba?.
liberal adj., n. 'hba-rol, (rapidly) libral.
liberalise v. [also spelt liberalise'} 'Xih^z^Amz.
libertine n. [also, sometimes, spelt libertin} 'hbsz-tin, libd?-
tain.
library n. (place for books) lai-bra-ei, (anteriorly) lai-
bz^zi; (also) 'lai-been, 'lai-bee^i; (often, less properly) lai-
ba-n; (rapidly) 'Jai-b?i.
libretto n. booklet containing the words of an opera, etc.
[ploral libretti, librettos} h^b^eto.
license n. liberty, leave ; permit ; libertinism [also spelt li-
cence} 'lai-sans, 'lai-sants.
license v. [also spelt licence; past participle and preterit li-
censed, licenst} 'lai-sdns, 'lai-sants.
licentiate n. (graduate, etc.; probationer) lai'senjit, lai'sen-
Si-3t, lai'senji-et.
licentions adj. (using license; immoral) lai'sen^ds.
licben n. (plant; skin-disease) 'lai-kin; (less properly) litjin.
licorice n. rhizome, etc.; plant [also spelt liquorice, Hcoris;
dialectal synonymous cognate lickerish} 'hka-eis; (rapidly)
^ik^is; (dialectally) 'hka-jij, 'hk^ij.
lie V. rest recumbent ; have place [present participle lying^
past participle lain, preterit lay} lai.
lie V, speak falsely [present participle lying, past participle
and preterit lied} lai.
lie n. (falsehood) lai.
lief adj. beloved, dear; agreeable, acceptable [also spelt leaf
and, formerly, leef; synonymous cognates leave, leve} hif.
lief adj. dearly, gladly, willingly : as, / 'd as *lief, etc. [syn-
onymous cognate lieve ; comparativ liefer, liever} hif.
liege adj. (entitled to feudal service ; bound to render feudal
service) hids.
lien n. (claim) lii-an, hin, lai-an.
Her n, (one who lies down ; one who rests or remains) 1ai-3z.
lien n. (place, sted) Huu, lou.
lientenancy n. lio'tenan-si, laf'tenan-si, lef'tenan-si, lav-
'tenan-si.
lientenant n. (substitute; officer's title) lio'tendnt, Isf-
'tenant, lef'tenant, lav'tenant.
life-bnoy n. 'laif-bou-i, laif-boi.
lifelong adj. (lasting thru life) laif-lorq.
lightening n. (the rendering light ; alleviation) lai-tn-iq.
c: \aw, b: iuv, ae cat, o hot, ox hoy ; a: far, ao tvoiu, ^\ a^V:, ^^.VA.\s.\
\ength-mark (:) indicates that the precedititt ^o>axv^ \% VkWSkN
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on ^e iQ\\o^\T^Sk ^-^^^2^^'
314 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
liehteninK n. the shedding of light; enlightenment [also*
sometimes, spelt lightning'] 'lai-tn-iq, lait-niij.
lightening mdj, (that lights, shines, flashes) lai-tn-ig.
lightning n. (flash of light due to atmosferic electricity)
'lait-niq.
lignaloes n. the bitter drug aloes; aloes-wood; aloe [also
spelt lign-aloes] lain'aeloz, hg'nxloz.
lignin n. xylogen [also spelt ligninel lignin.
lignnm-Titae n. (tree; wood; resin; guaiacum) hgnam-
'vai-ti.
likable adj. that can be liked; pleasing [also spelt likeable]
lai-ka-bal.
like adj, (similar to) laik, (often, anteriorly, when unstrest)
Idk.
lilao n. shrub; color [dialectal synonymous cognates lay-
lock, layloc, lalock] 'lai-lak.
Lillipntian n. inhabitant of Lilliput [also spelt Liliputian]
hh'pgou-San.
lily n. plant; flower [ploral lilies] lih.
Lima adj, (in *Lima bean, etc.) lai-ma, ^li-ma.
limail n. metal filings [also spelt lemel] lii-mal, h'mee}.
limb n. bodily organ, member; arm, wing, leg; branch [also
spelt lim] hm.
limbec n. alembic [also spelt limbeck] lim-bek.
limn V. (paint; depict) hm.
limner n. (illuminator; painter) 'hmna?.
limning n. (illuminating; painting) 'hmig, limniQ.
limonite n. (brown hematite) 'lai-md-nait.
limonsine n. (carriage) Hmu'ziin.
lin n. waterfall ; pool ; precipice [also spelt linn, lynn] hn.
Unable adj, ranged in a straight line [also spelt lineable]
lai-na-bal.
lineament n. (outline, contour; feature) 'hni-a-mant.
linear adj. (of a line; line-like) 'hni-o?.
linen adj. (made of flax) 'hnin.
lingel «. shoemaker's waxt thread [also spelt lingle] ligga!.
lingel n. thong, latchet [also spelt lingle] 'hqgal.
lingerie n. (linen collectivly) laendsa'^ii, laerjsa'rii.
lingo n. language [also, formerly, spelt linguo] liggo.
lingo n. tree [also spelt lingoa] 'hi]go.
lingot n. ingot [also, formerly, spelt linget] liggst.
lingnal adj. (of the tongue) 'hi]gw3}.
liniment n. (liquid preparation) lini-mant.
J ye, ccure; 5 f/ie, 0 thin-, ^sisMie, d^foy; S j/ioe, tScAew;
w when; ij sing; u whoever, iTcatX., \3iu\\, ^wiooV ^\v \iaee;
o poetic; 3 ov^r, e aerial, Abut, :>•. doot, -a^xio, ^.X^e^, ^^5ysft*.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 3l5
IdinneaiL adj. of the Swedish naturalist C. Linnaeus [also
spelt Linnaean\ h'nii-3n.
Unolenni n. (floor-cloth) h'noo-li-dm.
linotype n. (composing-machine) 'lai-na-taip ; {less proper-
ly) 'hna-taip; {erroneously) 'hni-3-taip.
linsey-xv'oolsey n. (fabric, garment) hnzi'wolzi.
lintel n. (horizontal piece over a door or window) lint},
'hntal.
lionize v. visit, see, or show the lions or sights of a place;
also, make a lion or hero of [also spelt lionise'} 1ai-9-naiz.
lipogram n. (a writing from which all words containing a
particular letter are omitted) 'hpa-graem, 'lai-pa-geaem.
liqnate v, (liquify; melt) lai-kwet.
liqnefy v. reduce to liquid [also, formerly, spelt liquify}
likiui-fai.
liqnenr n. (cordial) h'ke:?, li'ke:? ; {less properly) h'kgo:?.
liqnidixe v. make liquid [also spelt liquidise} 'hkiui-daiz.
liqnor n. (liquid; alcoholic drink) 'hkdz.
lira n. Italian silver coin [plural lire, liras} 'h:-z3.
lis n. controversy; litigation [plural lites} hs.
lis n. in heraldry, fleur-de-lis [plural lis, lisses} his.
lis n. circular enclosure ; fort [also spelt liss} hs.
lissoni adj. supple, lithe [also spelt lissome} 'hssm.
listen V, give ear [past participle and preterit listened. Its-
tend} 'hsan, 'hsn.
listerine n. antiseptic [also, sometimes, spelt listerin} 'hstd-
rin, 'hst3-?in.
litany n. (prayer) 'htn-i, 'hta-ni.
litchi n. tree [also spelt lichi, lichee, leechee} H'tjii, li-tji.
liter «. capacity-measure [also spelt litre} lii-t^z.
literal adj. (of letters; exact) 'hta-^al, {rapidly) 'htial.
literalise v. render literal, etc. [also spelt literalise} 'htsrd-
laiz.
literary adj. (of letters) lit3-?e?i; {also) 'htara-n, {anterior-
ly) 1it3-r3?i, {rapidly) litjaei; {also, and in Britain nor-
mally) 'htj3-?i.
literati n, (plural of literatus) hta'?ee-tai.
literatim adv. (letter for letter; literally) hta'^ee-tim.
literature «. (literary culture; realm of letters; writings or
books collectivly) 'hta^a-tjur, 'hta^a-tja?, {rapidly) litsa-
tjar; {also, older) 'htara-tgu?, 'hta^a-tgo?, 'ht£a-tg3?.
litharge «. (protoxid of led) 'h-9a:?d3, 'hOards.
lithe adj. (mild, pleasant; flexible, supple) laid, laiG.
c: low, b: f «r, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, au now, a: osk, ai k»te ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the precediti^ %omti^ "v.^ X^^SkN
stress-mark ( ) indicates chief stress on tilt A©>\QHiva.\|, ^^'^•2^^
316 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
lithiasis n. (formation of stones in the bladder, etc.) h'6ai-9-
SIS.
lithograplier n. h'Oegz^-i^z; (less properly) liOd-gzai-far.
litliog^rapliy n. (stone engraving) li'6eg73-fi.
lithotomy n. (cutting for stone in the bladder) h'Oeta-mi.
lithotrity n. (crushing a stone in the bladder) h'Oet{i-ti,
'hOa-tjai-ti.
litigious adj. (contentious; fond of going to law; dispu-
table; of litigation) h'tidsds.
litoral n. of the shore [also spelt littorall lita-??}.
litterateur n. literary man [also spelt littSrateurl htard-
'tB'.Z,
little adj, (small ; short ; trivial ; mean) 'htl ; . (dialectcUly)
'hi-tl, {sometimes, as in singing) lital; (dialectally) liW.
litnrgic adj. (of public worship, liturgy, etc.) li'tBzdsik.
litnrgist n. (one who uses or makes a liturgy; minister)
litar-dsist.
litnrgy n. (service, etc.) Iita^-dsi.
live V. continue in being; remain alive [also spelt liv; past
participle and preterit lived, livdl hv.
live adj. (being in life ; lively ; fresh) laiv.
livelong adj. (that livs long ; lasting ; tedious) livAeiT} ; (im-
properly) 'laiv-lerq.
iivery n. (provision ; distinctiv clothing ; delivery of proper-
ty; livery-stable) 'hv3-?i, (rapidly) livei.
lives n. (ploral of life) laivz.
lives V. (third person singular present indicativ of live; al-
so spelt livsl hvz.
livre «. (old French coin) lii-va?, hivr.
lixiviate v. (subject to lixiviation) hk'sivi-et.
llama n. quadruped [also spelt lantal 1a:-m9, Ijai-ms; (less
properly) lee-ma,
llano n. (plain) 1a:-no, 1ja:-nD.
load n, (burden) lood.
loaf n. bread, etc. [ploral loaves'] loof.
loaf V. spend time idly [also spelt loafe; past participle and
preterit loafed, haft] iDof.
loam n. soil [former synonymous cognate loom] loom; (dia-
lectally) loum.
loan V. lend [past participle and preterit loaned, loand] loon.
loath adj. averse, unwilling [also spelt loth] }3o6.
loathe V, feel aversion for; dislike [past participle and pret-
erit loathed, loathd] lood.
j ye, gcure; bthe, G*fiin; sasure, ds/oy; ^ shoe, tS cAew;
wwhen; tjsing; u whoever, itcatt, v>iu\\, v^m^ooV 'i-xl, ilsee;
o poetic; o ov^r, eoerial, Abut, o-.dooT, oo^xio, «.\ic^> ^^^q!(&\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 317
loatluioiiie adj. (disgusting, odious) lood-ssm.
lobelia n. (plant) lo^bii-Hd.
local adj. (of place; belonging to a particular region) 'loo-kdh
locale n. (place, locality) blca:}.
localisation n. [also spelt localisation'i loksh'zee-San, lokd-
lai'zee-San.
localiBe v. [also spelt localise'\ loo-k^Aaiz.
locate V. (place; settle) loo-ket, (also, especially in Britain,
sometimes) loTceet.
locative adj. of place or location [also spelt locativl leks-
tiv, (less often) loo-ka-tiv.
loch n. (lake) lek.
lochia n.pl. (evacuations following childbirth) 'loo-ki-s,
'leki-3; (less properly) lo'kai-a, lo'tSai-a.
locliiis n. Greek army-division [plural lochil 'lekds.
locomotiTe adj, of movement from place to place [also
spelt locomotivl loka'moo-tiv.
locns n. [ploral loci^ loo-kds.
locatory n. (parlor of a monastery; parlor) ^ekqo-tozi,
'lekgo-tan.
lode n. (vein of ore) bod.
lodestar n. guiding star; pole-star [also spelt loadstarl 'bod-
StQ'.Z.
lodestone n. magnetic oxid of iron [also spelt loadstone!
iDod-stoon.
lodge n. (cottage; meeting-place) leds.
lodgement n. [also spelt lodgement} ledsmant.
loeM n. (loam) }b:s, loo-es.
loft n. (attic; gallery; story) le:ft; (dialectally) Xc.it.
logaoedic adj. (prose-poetic) lega'ii-dik; (less properly)
legs'edik.
logarithni n. (the exponent of the power to which a basal
number must be raised to equal a given number) 'lega-
^idam, lega-^idm, lega-riOam, 'lega-^iOm.
logarithmic adj. legsVidmik, legs'^iOMik.
loggia n. open gallery or arcade [ploral loggias, loggiel
1ed39, ledsi-a.
logician n. (one verst in logic) b'dsiSsn.
logomachy n. contention about words; game [ploral logomc^
cities'} b'gema-ki.
Logos n. (Word; Divine Reason) 'leges.
logy adj. (heavy, slow, stupid) loo-gi.
lollipop n, sweetmeat [also spelt lollypop} leh-pep.
c: law, b: fwr, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: for, oo now, a: osk, aik-Cte-^
length-mark (:) indicates that the preoedm^ ^omtv^ "v.^ \«tvM»%
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the ieiWoHiva^ ^-^Vvai^^*
318 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
Iiombard n. (one of a Germanic people; nativ of Lombardy)
lem-bard, 'lembard, lAmbard.
Londonize v. [also spelt Londonise\ lAndd-naxz.
lone adj. (solitary) loon; (dialectally) Ion.
lonely adj, loo-nlx; (dialectally) lonli.
lonesome adj. (lonely, solitary) loon-sam; ^dialectally) lon-
ssm.
Ions a(//., adv„ v,, n. [as verb, past participle and preterit
longed, longdl le:t}, leg ; . (dialectally) lc:t},
longe n. (lake-trout) lends, see lunge,
longevity «. (long life) len'dsevi-ti.
long-headed adj. [also spelt long-hededl leig'hedid, (or-
sumptivly) leiq-hcdid.
loose V, make free; release; relax [past participle and pret-
erit loosed, loostl lous.
loot V. (plunder) lout.
loqnaoions adj, (talkativ) b'ktuee-Sss ; (improperly) b*
'kwaeSds.
loqnaoity n. (talkativness) lolcwssi-ti.
lord n. (master, ruler, prince; owner) leizd, lesd, }c:d.
lore n. (learning) lo:z.
lorgnette n, (long-handled glasses) loT'njet, lesn'jet.
lorica n. cuirass ; paste ; sheath [ploral loricae) Id'^ai-ka.
losable adj, capable of being lost [also spelt loseable'\ lou-
zd-bdl.
lose V. (fail to keep; miss) louz, (when unstrest) luz.
losel n. good-for-nothing [also spelt lozeH loo-zsl.
lotto n. game [synonymous cegnate loto'\ leto.
lotns n. plant, tree, lily, clover [also spelt lotos; ploral loiui'
es"] loo-t3s.
lonnge v., n. loonds, (in Britain, often) loons.
lonr V, lao7. same meaning as lower.
lonse n. insect [ploral lice'\ loos.
lonse V. (clear of lice) laoz.
lonsy adj. (full of lice ; filthy) 1ao-zi.
lonver n, turret [also spelt louvre and, formerly, looverl Ion-
V3?.
lovable adj. deserving to be loved, amiable [also spelt love-
ablel 'lAV3-b3l.
loveliness n. (quality of being lovely) 'Uvh-nis.
low adj. (not tall or high; humble) bo, (when unstrest) lo.
low V. bellow softly ; moo [past participle and preterit lowed,
lowdl loo.
J yc, ?cure; 5*fce, 0«fiin; saxrure, dj/oy; S<rAoe, tlchem:
wzvhen; t)sing\ u whoever, itcslcV, \il\CCi, w\lool, itt, lis^e;
o poetic; oov^, e aerial, xbut, v.doot, -r^c^Tvo, ^\ic\^ ^^^*r.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 319
Icorer v» cause to descend; humble [past participle and pret-
erit lowered, lowerd} 'loo-a^.
lo'orer v. frown; be clouded [synonymous cognate lour; past
participle and preterit lowered, lowerd'\ 'lau-a^.
lo'wery adj, [synonymous cognate loury'\ 'lau-3-zi.
loyal adj, (faithful, true) 'loi-al.
losense n. (rhomb, diamond; tablet) 'lezinds.
luoem ft. plant [also spelt lucerne} Iw'ssizn.
lucid adj, (bright, shining; clear) 'liou-sid; (d'alectally) lou-
sid.
lucrative adj, profitable [also spelt lucrative 'Hou-lci9-tiv ;
(dialectally) 'lou-lcsa-tiv.
lucre ft. (gain; profit; greed) liou-kar; {dialectally) 'lou-kae.
IdUcnllean adj. liukslii-sn. same meaning as Lucullian,
Lucullian adj, of the rich Roman Lucullus [synonymous
cognate Lucullean} Ho'kAli-an.
ludicrous adj. (laughably absurd) liou-di-k^ss ; {dialectally)
1ou-dT-ks3s.
lues n. (plague) liou-iz.
lusrnbrions adj, (doleful, mournful) }u'gjou-b?i-as.
lukewarm adj, (tepid; indifferent) '}iouk-wc:?m ; {dialectal-
ly) ^ouk-wciem.
lullaby n. (song sung to children to soothe them to rest)
lAla-bai.
lumachelle n, fire-marble [also spelt lumachel; synonymous
cognates lumachella, lumachelle} liou-ma-kel.
lumbar adj. (of the loins) 'lAmbo?.
lumber n. (things; sawed timber) 'Xkmb^z,
luminary n. (light-giving body) 'Hou-mi-nezi ; {dialectally)
1ou-mi-ne?i.
lunatic adj. (insane; mad; idiotic; crazy) liou-ns-tik; {dia-
lectally) lou-na-tik.
luncb n., v. UntJ, {in Britain) IauS.
luncbeon n. (lunch) 'lAntSdn, {also, and in Britain normally)
lAnSsn.
lunge n. rope; training-ground [also spelt longe} Unds, {in
Britain, often) lAns.
lunge n. thrust; plunge [also, formerly, spelt longe, lounge}
lAnds, }An3.
lunge n, lake-trout [also spelt 'lunge \ synonymous cognates
longe, 'longe} Unds, Uns.
Lupercal n. (festival in honor of Lupercus) liou-par-kael,
liou-pa^-kal, Ho'po^-kael.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: osk, ai ktte ;
length-morli- (;) indicates that the precedinv^ somtv^ \^ \«v\^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on tVie i^WoHiwi^ %^>\'2Mv&,
320 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
lupin n. plant [also spelt lupinel liou-pin.
lupine adj. (of a wolf) 'hou-pain, liou-pin.
lure v. (recall to the lure; allurd; tempt) lioiz; (jiialecUiily)
)o:7.
Inrid adj. (wan; ghastly) 1io:-?id; (dialectally) loi-zid,
luscious adj. (highly pleasant to the taste, etc.) ^a$98.
Inster n. period of five years [also spelt lustre'\ ^AStae.
luster v, [also spelt lustre"] IasX^z.
luster n. sheen; gloss [also spelt lustrel 'lAstar.
luster n. (one who lusts) lAstsz.
Instered adj. [also spelt lustred, lusterdl lAstdzd.
Insterins n. the action of the verb luster; polish [also spelt
lustring] lASta-nrj, 'lAStjiq.
Instring n. (glossy silk fabric) lAstsig.
lustring n. lAstd-?ii], lAstsii]. see lustering,
Inte n. (stringd instrument) Hout; (dialectally) lout.
luxuriance n. (state of being luxuriant ; exuberance) lag'so-'
ri-9ns, lAg'3o:-?i-3ns, lAk'sQo:-?i-3ns.
luxuriant adj. (exuberant in growth; abundant) }9g'3o:-n-
ant, lag'zjor-ei-ant, lAk'sgor-^i-ant.
luxuriate v. (grow rank; indulge in luxury) l9g'3o:-ri-et,
l3g'zjo:-ri-et, lAk'sQo:-ri-et.
luxurious adj. (of luxury, etc.) l9g'3o:-7i-9s, l9g'zjo:-ri-9S,
lAk'sgo:-ri-3s.
luxury n. (indulgence in refined abundance, etc.) lAkSa-?i,
lAksgo-ri, '}Ag33-?i; (also, rapidly) lAkJ^i.
lycanthrope n. (were-wolf) 'lai-kan-Gsop, lailcaen-Gsop.
lyeantliropy n. (insanity in which the patient imagins him-
self a wolf; power to change into a wolf) lai'kaenOsa-pi.
Iyc6e n. (secondary state school in France) li'see.
lyceum n. (place of instruction) lai'sii-sm; (sometimes) lai-
si-3m.
lye n. alkalized water [also, formerly, spelt lie, ley] lai.
lympli n. (water ; sap ; bodily fluid) hmf .
lynch V. punish by lynch-law [past participle and preterit
lynched, lyncht] lintS, (also, and in Britain normally) hnj.
lynx n. (wild cat) hr)ks.
lyonnaise adj. (of Lyons, France; Lyonnese) H-d'neez.
lyric adj, (of the lyre, etc.) 'h?ik.
lyricisni n. (lyric style) 'h^i-sizam.
lyrism n. (lyricism) li-^izam, 'lai-^izam.
lyrist n. (player on the lyre; lyric poet) lizist; (rarely) lai-
zist.
j ve, g cure ; btht, 0 tKitv; ^ -j asure, dj /oy ; S j^oe, tj c^ew;
w wJien; 13 sin^; u whoever, itcaitX., \3iu\V ^>aiioo\, i.\V \V8«^;
o poetic; a ov^r, e oerial, xbuV, ;>*. doot, •;>otvo, «.\ic^> ^.^%qSs.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 321
n. (mama, mother) ma: .
b'ajn n. [also spelt mam; vulgar synonymous cognates
marm, mum} maem, ma:m; {often) mae:m; {when unstrest)
mdm, m.
maead am tie v, [also spelt macadamisel md'kaedd-maiz.
ataoaqne it. monkey [also spelt macac} md'kaek, m^'kaik.
maoaroni ft. dried wheat paste in the form of tubes, etc.
[ploral macaronies} maekd'zoo-ni.
maoaw n. parrot [also, formerly, spelt macao, maccaw,
mackaw} ms'kc: .
ataoooboy n. snuff [also spelt maccahoy; synonymous cog-
nates maccouba, macouba, maccubau} 'mxks-bei.
ataomeolation n. (opening between the corbels of a pro-
jecting parapet, etc.) makiks'lee-Jan, ma-tSikalee-San.
machinal adf» obsolete (of machines) 'maeki-nl; (less prop-
erly) ma'Jii-nl.
ataoldnation n. (contrivance, intrigue; scheme) mxki'nee-
San.
2iiAokerel n. fish [also, formerly, spelt mackerell, mackarel\
former synonymous cognate mackrell 'mxkd-^dl, 'mxkd-^el,
'maeks^}.
ataokintofli ft. waterproof [also spelt macintosh} 'maekin-
te$.
maokle ft. in printing, blur [also spelt made} 'mxksl.
ataole ft. (twin crystal; also chiastolite) 'maeksl.
ataoroeoim ft. (universe, cosmos : opposit of microcosm)
'mxk39-kez3m ; (less properly) 'mee-ksa-kozam.
maeron ft. (length-mark) 'mee-kssn, 'mee-k^on, 'mae-kson.
mad adj. (insane; unwise; angry) mxd, (familiarly) mae:d.
madam ft. lady, etc. [also spelt madame} 'mxdsm.
madame ft. madam, my lady [plural mesdames} ms'dacm,
mx'da:m, 'mxdsm.
maddening adj. (that makes mad; that enrages) 'mxdn-ii],
'maednii].
maddins adj. (becoming mad; frenzied) 'maedii]; (errone-
ously) 'maednii].
Madeira ft. (wine) m9'di:-?9, md'dei-^d.
inademoiaelle ft. miss [plural mesdemoiselles} maeddm^'zel,
mxdd-mwo'zel, (anteriorly) 'maedama-zel, (rarely) 'maem-zel.
madraa ft. (fabric) mo'dra-.s, 'msedrss.
madrier ft. (timber) 'maedri-ar; (less properly) ma'dri:?.
maelstrom ft. (whirlpool ; resistless movement) 'meel-st£9m.
maestoso adv. (in music ^ majestically) ma-es'too-so.
c: law, b: fur, ae cot, o hot, oi hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-morlr (:) indicates that the preceding so\m^ \^ \^tiv>
jstrcffs-mark (") indicate^ chief stress on X\l^ ioWovniv^ ^^Vi^Ns.,
322 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
maeitro n. (master in music) ma'estso, ma'ee-stsa.
masaiine n. (warehouse; storage-chamber; periodical)
mxgd'ziin, {sometimes) 'maega-zin.
magdalen n. reformd prostitute [synonymous cognate maif-
dalenel 'maegda-lsn.
Magellanio adj, (of Magellan) maedsi'taenik, mjegilKnik.
mas^nta n. (anilin red; fuchsin) ma'dsenta.
massot n. (worm, grub; crotchet) 'mxgst.
Magi n. (ploral of Magus, wise man) 'mee-dsai.
masna el&arta n. (Great Charter of English liberty) nueg-
ndlcQ^td, maegnslcarr-td.
maKneiia n. (hydrated magnesium carborate; magnesitiin
oxide) mag'nii-Ss, msg'nii-sa; maeg'nii-Si-s, maeg'nii-si-d,
mag'nii-zi-3.
magnetisation n. [also spelt magnetisation^ maegniti'zee-
Sdn, maegni-tai'zee-$3n.
magnetise v, render magnetic ; also, attract [also spelt mag*
netisel 'mxgni-taiz.
magneto n. (magneto-electric machine) maeg'nii-to, 'meg'
ni-to.
magneto-eleetrio adj. mxg-nii-to-ilektsik, maegni-to-i-
Icktjik.
magnificent adj. (grand, splendid) mxg'nif i-sant ; {less
properly) maeg'nivi-sant.
magnolia n. (tree ; bark) mseg'noo-H-d.
maguey n. (American aloe) 'maegwe, mae'gwce.
Magyar n. (Mongoloid Hungarian) 'maeg-ja?, 'ma:d-j<ir, mst-
malilftiok ft. hand-supporting stick used by painters [also,
sometimes, spelt maulstick, malstickl 'mc:l-stik, 'ma:)-8tik.
mahogany n. (wood; tree; table) md'hegd-ni.
maieutie adj, (of intellectual midwif ry ; clarifying the mind)
me'jou-tik.
mail n. (armor) meel.
mail n*. (payment; tax; tribute) mcel.
mail n. (bag; post) meel.
mailable adj. (capable of being mailed) 'mee-ta-bd}.
main n. (strength ; main part ; open ocean) meen.
main adj. (principal, chief) meen.
main n. (throw of dice ; match) meen.
mainmait n. (principal mast) 'meen-ma:st, 'meen-mast.
mainprise v., n, obsolete [also sprit mainprisci 'meen-p^aiz.
mainsail «. 'mren-seel, 'mpen-sol, 'meen-sl.
} ye, ccure: bthe, Of/iin; 5 a^ure, d^foy: ^ shoe, t^cheyr;
wwhen; tjsinfj; u whoever, iTcacl, q\u\\, vk>\\oo\, \\\., ^\«e€;
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, xbut, ;>*. dooi, -^ot^o, ^,\i«^, ^^%q^^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 323
V. carry on; keep up; support [past participle and
preterit maintained, maintaindl menHeen, msn'teen, men-
'teen.
maintainer ft. [also, in law, spelt maintainorl men'tee-ns?,
men'tee-na?, man'tee-n9?.
maiiLtenanoe n. (action of maintaining) 'meen-tn-ans,
'meen-ti-nans.
maixe n. (Indian corn) meez.
majolioa n. pottery [also, sometimes, spelt tnaiolical ms-
'dseh-ka, ma'jeh-ks.
majnioiile adj. (large : said of capital or uncial letters ; al-
so, written in majuscules) ma'dsA-skgtd.
make v. (produce, fashion, etc.) meek, (when unstrest) mek.
malacliite n. (green carbonate of copper) 'maels-kait.
maladroit adj. (not adroit; clumsy) mxls'dreit.
malaise n. (uneasiness) mse'leez.
malapropos adv, (inappropriately) mael-aep39'p30 ; (less prop-
erly) maeraep33-po.
malar adj. (of a cheek) 'mee-lsr.
malaria n. (bad air; fever) m3'le:-n-3.
Malay n, (Malayan) 'mee-le, ms'lee.
mal de mer n. (seasickness) mxl-ds'me:?.
male adj., n. (the epposit of female) meel.
malefactor n. (felon, criminal; evil-doer) mxh'fxktsz,
'maeh-faekta?.
maleficent adj. (harmful) mslefi-sdnt.
malevolent adj. (malicious; hostil) ms'levd-ldnt.
malfeaiance n. evil-doing [also, formerly, spelt malfesance;
former synonymous cognate malfaisancel maerfii-zans.
malic adj. (of apples) 'mee-hk; (less properly) 'maehk.
malice n. ill-will [also spelt malis'l 'maehs.
malign v. speak ill of; slander [past participle and preterit
maligned, maligndl ma'lain.
maligner n. (one who maligns; traducer) ms'lai-ns?.
malinger v, (pretend illness, etc.) ms'lindsa?, md'hrigsr.
malkin n. untidy female ; slut ; slattern [also, sometimes,
spelt mawkinl 'mcrl-kin, 'mc:-kin.
mall n. (promenade, walk) mael, mc:l, mel. see maul for
other senses.
mallard n. (wild drake or duck) 'maelard.
malleable adj, (that may be hammerd out) 'mxH-d-bdl.
malleclio n. (evil-doings) 'maeh-tSo.
malleolar adj. (of the malleolus) ma'hi-a-la?, 'maeli-a-lar.
c: law, b: f Mr, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao no7v^ a: ask, ai kite ;
]enffth-njork (:) indicates that the pteceditvvt, so\xtv^ \^ X^tvsj^N
stress-mark C) indicates chief Stress on t'he ioWo'^vci^ ^>3^^.•a^c^R.,
324 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
malleolns n. bony protuberance on either side of the ankle
[ploral malleoli} malii-d-lds.
mallet n. (wooden hammer) 'maeht.
malm n. soft brick [also, formerly, spelt malme; former syn*
enymous cognate maum'] ma:m.
malmsey n. (grape; wine) 'ma:m-zi.
malodor n. bad odor; stench [also spelt malodourl ma^oo-
dd?.
malodorous adj. mad'oo-dd-rds.
malpractice n. improper treatment; illegal action [also
spelt malpracHsl mxl'psxktis.
Malteie adj. of Malta [vulgar synonymous cognate Maltee]
mcl'tiis, {assumptivly) 'mc:l-tis.
maltster n. (one who makes malt) 'mc:}t-std;; (.improperly)
'mc:l-st9?.
mama n. mother [synonymous cognate mammal 'ma:-nu;
ms'ma: ; (dialectally) 'mAma, 'moma.
mameluke n. member of a military body originally com-
posed of Caucasian slaves but which became the ruling class
of Egypt; fighting slave; slave [also spelt mamaluke]
'maems-liuk.
mamilla n. nipple [also spelt mammilla; ploral mamillae]
mae'mila.
mamillar adj. [also spelt mammillarl 'maemi-ls?.
mamillary adj. [also spelt mammillaryl 'mxmi-le?i.
mamillated adj. [also spelt mammillatedl 'maemi-letid.
mamilliform adj. [also spelt mammilliformi mae'mih-fe:zi.L
mamma n. ms'ma: . same meaning as mama.
mamma n. milk-gland [plural mammae'] 'msems.
mammal n. (one of the mammalia or animals having mam-
mae) 'maemal.
mammalian adj. (of the mammalia) md'mee-li-dn.
mammary adj. (of the mamma or breast; mamma-like)
•'maema-ri.
mammon n. riches [also, when personified, spelt Mammon]
'maeman.
mammoth n. (large extinct elephant) 'maemsO.
man n. human being; adult male, etc. [ploral men"] msn,
(often) mae:n.
manacle n. (fetter for the hand; handcuff) 'maens-ks}.
manageable adj. (that can be managed) 'maenidss-bdl.
managerial adj. (of a manager) maeni'd3i:-7i-9}.
manakin n. bird [synonymous cognate manikin] 'maena-kin.
J ye, c cure ; bthe, 0 th'm ; 3 amre, ds /oy ; S shoe, tS cfcew;
wzt'hen; i)sing\ uwVioever, iteaict, xjiu\V ^m^ooI, itt, lisee;
o poetic; 3 over, e aerial, a. bait, -d*. ^oox, -^iCkxio, ^\ic^, ^^\ytoi\
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 325
manolie n. sleeve [also, fermerly, spelt nianch; synonymous
cognates maunche and, formerly, maunch] ma:ntS, ma:ntS>
maemtS; {in Britain) ma:nS, marnj, maeinj.
MandLn n. one of a Ural-altaic race which conquerd China
in the seventeenth century; language [also spelt Manchoo,
Mantchoo; synonymous cognate Manchow} mxn'tSou, 'mxn-
tSu.
Mandaean n. member of a Gnostic sect ; language [also spelt
Mandean; synonymous cognate Mendaeani 'maendi-sn, mxn-
'dii-9n.
mandamiui n. (writ) msn'dee-mas; (Jess properly) mxn-
'dxmds.
mandarin n. official [also, formerly, spelt mandarinel
'maendd-sin, maendd'riin.
mandarin n. fruit [also spelt mandarine'] 'mxndd-rin,
mxnd^'ziin.
mandat n. (grant of power ; note) moij'da: .
mandatary ». (one to whom a mandate is given) 'maends-
tezi, 'maendd-tdri.
mandate n. (command; contract) 'maen-det, 'msendst.
mandate v, (command) 'maen-det, (m Britain) maen'deet.
mandator it. (one who gives a mandate) maenMee-ts?.
mandatory adj. (of the nature of a mandate) 'maends-tori,
'maendd-tsri ; (improperly) maen'dee-ta-n.
mandatory it. (mandatary; also, mandate) 'maenda-tori,
'maend9-t97i.
mandible n. (jaw; jaw-bone) 'maenda-bdl.
mandolin n. lute-like instrument [also spelt mandoline]
'maendd-lin.
mandragora ft. (mandrake, a plant) msen'draegd-^s.
mandrel n. pick; rod; core [synonymous cognate mandril]
'maendtdl.
mandrill n. baboon [also spelt mandril] 'maendril.
n. (hair on the neck of a horse or lion) meen.
n. riding-school, horsemanship, etc. [also spelt ma-
nage] ma'nees, mae'nees.
manei n,pl. (deified souls) 'mee-niz.
manganese n. (black mineral; metal) maengs'niis, (anterior-
ly) 'maenga-nis; (also) maenga'niiz, 'maeng3-niz.
mange n. (skin-disease) meends.
mangel-wnrsel n. large coarse beet [synonymous cognate
mangold-wurzel] 'maerigal-wB^zal.
n. (feed-trough for horses or cattle) 'mcen-dsar.
c: law, b: f «r, ae cat, o hot, oi hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is long;
Stress-mark (9 indicates chief stress on t3ie ie\\o^\xi^ ^^XSa^^,
326 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
I
Lneis n. (state of being mangy) 'meen-dsi-nis.
nuu&so n. fruit ; tree ; pickle ; bird ; fish [ploral mangos, man-
goes} 'maeqgD.
n. (tree) 'maen-g^Dov, 'maao-gzoov.
n. (viverrin quadruped) maegg.
adj. (having the mange) 'meen-dsi.
mania n. (a form of insanity; craze) 'mee-ni-9; (less prop-
erly) 'mce-nJ9.
maniac adj, (affected with mania; of mania; raving; fran-
tic) 'mee-ni-aek.
maniacal ad/, (affected with mania; of mania or maniacs)
ms'nai-d-kdh
Manichean adj, of the Manichees [also spelt Mantchaean]
maeni'kii-3n.
Bfanicheixm n. doctrin of the Manichees [also spelt Mani-
chaeism; synonymous cognate Manicheanistn'] 'maeniki-izsin.
manikin n. little man, dwarf; artist's lay figure [also spelt
mannikin; synonymous cognates manakin, mannakinl 'nueni-
kin.
manila n. hemp; paper [also spelt manillal md'nila.
manilla n. (bracelet) m^'nils.
manioc n. (cassava-plant) 'maeni-ek, 'mee-ni-ok.
maniton n. Amerindian spirit; fetish [also spelt tnanitu;
synonymous cognates manito, maneto'] 'maeni-tu.
mankind n. (the human race) maen'kaind; (the male sex)
'maen-kaind.
manna n. (food) 'maena.
manner n. (way; demeanor) 'maens?.
manoeuver n. strategic movement of troops or ships; in-
trigue [also spelt manoeuvre, maneuver, maneuvre} ma-
'njou-var, ma'nou-va?.
manoeuver v. [also spelt manoeuvre, maneuver, maneuvre;
present participle manoeuvering, manoeuvring \ past parti-
ciple and preterit manoeuvered, manoeuvred, maneuverd}
ma'njou-var.
manoeuverer n. [also spelt maneuverer; synon3rmous cog-
nates manoeuvrer, maneuvrerl ma'njou-va-rd?.
manoeuvrer n. ms'njou-vrd?. same meaning as manoeu-
verer,
manor n. (dwelling; landed estate) 'maens?.
mansard n. (a form of curb-roof) 'maen-sa?d
mansuete adj. (gentle ; mild ; tame) maen'siuiit, 'maen-swit.
mansuetude n. (gentleness, meekness) 'maenswi-tQud.
jye, Qcure; d //te, G^Ain; 3 a^ure, ds/oy; \shoQ, tScliew;
wwhen; tjsing; u whoever, i react, o f uli, oufool, itt, lisee;
o poetic; a ov^r, e aerial, a. but, ;i;doot, ;iQxio, ^.bed, eegote;
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 327
mantel ». the work round a fireplace [also, formerly, spelt
mantlel 'masntL
mantelet n. cloak; shelter [also, sometimes, spelt ntanHefl
'mxntl-et, 'maenttat, 'maenttit, 'maenta-let, maenta'let.
mantelpiece n. mantel; mantelshelf [also spelt mantlepiecel
'maentl-piis.
mantelslielf n. (shelf of a mantelpiece) 'mxntl-S^lf*
mantissa n. (decimal-part of a logarithm) maen'tisa.
mantle n. (garment; cover) 'maentl.
mantna n. (gown, manteau) 'mxntgu-s, 'mxnt$u-3, 'maentu-s.
mannf aetory n. formerly, manufacture ; now, factory [ploral
manufactories} maenjo'faektSa-ri, manjo'faekta-^i.
manufacture n.,v. maenjo'faektSs?, msnjo'fsektgs?, (also,
sometimes) 'maenjo-faektSa?; (vulgarly) maena'faektSazr.
manwmise v, (obsolete) manumit [also spelt manumise ; syn-
onymous cognate manumiss} maenjo'maiz.
mannmit v. (release from slavery; set free) maenjo'mit.
' manure v. (formerly, hold, manage ; now, enrich with dung)
md'njo:?; (dialectally) ma'no:^.
many adj, (numerous; plural) 'mem.
marabou n. bird; plume [also spelt marabout'^ 'maer-s-bu.
nuuranatl&a n. (terrible curse) maers'naeOd, mae?9'na:-G9.
maraimuf n. (wasting away) ma'zsezmss.
marbleise v. give the appearance of marble [also spelt mar-
bleisel 'marr-ba-laiz.
marc n. (refuse of prest grapes, etc. ; murk) ma:rk.
marcli v, walk in step [past participle and preterit marched,
marcht} maiztS, (when unstrcst) martS.
marcl&ioneM n. (wife of a marquis, etc.) 'ma^Jd-nis.
mare n. (female horse) me:?.
margarie adj. (pearly : said of an acid) ma^'gae^ik.
marsarin n. glycerid of margaric acid [also spelt marga-
rine] 'ma:r-g9-3in.
margarine n. (oleomargarine) ^maiz-g^-zin.
marguerite n. (daisy) ma^ga'^iit, 'rtiaiz-gs-zit.
marigold n. plant [also, formerly, spelt marygold] 'maszi-
gold, (rarely) 'me:-ri-gold.
Mariolatry n. (idolatrous worship of the Virgin Mary) me:-
zi'ola-tji.
marital adj. (of a husband; matrimonial) 'mae^i-tl, 'maen-tal.
maritime adj, (living near the sea; of the sea) 'mae?i-taim,
'maezi-tim.
marjoraui n. (plant) 'maiz-d^^-z^m,
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, © hot, oi hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is long;
stress-mark (') indicates chief stress on l\ie lQ\\o^ixi% ^^j^-s^^r,^
328 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
mark n. unit of weight; coin [also spelt marcl tnaizk,
market n. (meeting for trade ; trading-place ; sale ; demand)
'ma^kit, 'ma:3-kit.
marline n. two-strand line [also spelt marlini 'maizAitL
marmalade n. (preserve; fruit) 'ma:z-m3-led.
marmoreal n. (of marble) maz'moi-zi-dl.
marmoiet n. monkey [also, formerly, spelt fnarmosetl 'maiz-
md-zet, ma^ms'zet.
marmot n. (rodent) 'ma:7-m9t.
marmot n. bathing-cap [also spelt martnotte'] 'ma:7-mat
marque n. (seizure) ma:?k.
marquee n, tent [also spelt markeel ma?^ii.
marquetry n. inlaid work [also spelt marqueteriel 'marki-
tli.
marquif n. nobleman [also spelt marquessl 'mcurkwis.
marquisate n. (status or domain of a marquis) 'morkioi'
zet, 'mazkuji-set, 'ma?kuji-S3t.
marriage n. (wedlock, spousehood) 'maezids.
marriageable adj. 'mxridss-bsl.
Marseillaiie n. (song of the French Republic) mozsileez.
marseillei n. (cotton fabric) mar'seelz.
marshal n. (officer) 'marjal, 'maiz-Jal.
xuarskal v. dispose in order; array [past participle and pret-
erit marshaled, marshalled, marshaldl 'marjal, 'mar^-Jal.
marskaler n. one who marshals or disposes in due order
[also spelt marshallerl 'ma^Ja-la?.
marskmallow n. (plant; candy) mazYmasiOf 'maizl-msdo;
(improperly) ma^S'melo.
marten n. quadruped [also, formerly, spelt martini 'mosrtin,
'ma:?-tin.
martial adj. (of war; military; warlike) 'maz^a), 'maiz-S^h
martin n. (bird) 'martin, 'ma:r-tin.
martinet n. (rigid disciplinarian) mazti'net.
martinet n. (bird) mazti'net, 'mazti-net.
martingale n. (strap; rope; dolphin-striker; gambling-sys-
tem) 'moztn-gel.
Martinmai n. (feast of St. Martin) 'maztn-ma:s, 'marr-tn-
ma:s, 'maztin-mas.
martyr n. (one who undergoes death for creed, etc.) 'maZ'
t3?.
martyrdom n. 'mazt^z-d^m.
martsrrixe v, [also spelt martyrise"! 'mart3-?aiz.
marvel v, wonder [present participle marveling, fnarveUing^
i yCf 9 cure; bthe, Qthin; 3 axrure, ds/oy; S<r^oe, tlchewl
to when; r}s\ng\ u whoever, ireaicX., \siu\\, ^jufool, itt, lisee;
o poetic; sov^r, eoerial, ^but, o-.doot, ^qtio, ^.\ie^, ^^^q^;
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 329
past participle and preterit marveled, marvelled, marveld"]
'mazz-vsL
marrelonf adj. wonderful [also spelt marvellous! 'ma:;-
v3-t3s, (rapidly) 'marr-vlas, 'maizv^as.
masculine adj, male, etc. [also, sometimes, spelt masculini
'rnxskgo-hn, 'maeskgo-lain.
mask n. cover for the face; masquerade [also, in the sense
of masquerade, etc., spelt masque} ma:sk, ma:sk, mae:sk.
masked adj. [also spelt maskt} ma:skt.
masker n. [also spelt masquer} 'ma:-sk97.
maskinonse n. pike [synonymous cognate maskalonge}
mxski'nonds, 'maeski-nonds, maeski'nondsi.
Masorete n. one of the Jewish scholars who contributed to
the formation of the Masora [also spelt Massorete} 'maesa-
zit.
masquerade n. (maskt ball; disguise; travesty) mxsks'^eed.
mass n,,v, (in all senses) ma:s, ma:s, mx:s.
massacre v. kill indiscriminately [present . participle massa-
cring; past participle and preterit massacred} 'maesa-ka?;
(less properly) 'ma:-s9-k3?.
massacred v, (past participle and preterit of massacre)
'maesd-kdrd.
massacring v. (present participle of massacre) 'msesd-k^ir).
massage n. (treatment by kneading, etc.) ma'sais, mae'sa:3,
ma'saids; 'maesids, 'mai-sids.
massed adj. gatherd into a mass [also spelt mast} ma:st,
ma:st, mae:st.
masseter n. (muscle) mae'sii-ta?; (less properly) 'maesi-tar.
massive adj, having mass; solid [also spelt massiv} 'ma:-siv,
'ma:-siv, 'mae:-siv, 'maesiv.
mast n. (tall pole or spar rising from a ship) ma:st, ma:st,
mae:st.
master n. 'ma:-st3?, 'mar-star, 'maei-sta?; (anteriorly, as a ti-
tle) 'mastar, 'masta?, 'maesta?.
mastic n. [also spelt mastich} 'maestik, 'ma:-stik.
masticatory adj. (of mastication) 'maestiks-tan.
mastiff n. dog [plural mastiffs} 'ma:-stif, 'ma:-stif, 'mae:-stif.
mastodon n. (extinct elephant-like mammal) 'maests-dan,
'maesta-don, 'mai-sta-dan.
matador n. man appointed to kill the bull in a bull-fight [al-
so spelt matadore} 'maeta-doz:, maeta'do:?.
mat6 n. cup; tea; shrub [also spelt mate} 'ma:-te, 'mae-te.
materialise v. [also spelt materialise} m3'ti:-7i-9-laiz.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: for, ao now, ^\ a^, ^-vVaX^n
Jength-mark (:) indicates that the precediM somti^ \% ^^"S*'
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on l\ie fe\\o^\XL^ ^-^f^ai^^
330 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
mathematician n. (one skild in mathematics) nueOmid-
'tijan, (rapidly) msOma'tiSdn, mxOMd'tiSdn. •
malin n. morning service, etc. [ploral matinsl 'maetxn.
matinee n. (afternoon performance) maeti'nee; {anteriorly)
'mati-ne; (also, less properly) mactn'ee, 'nwetn-e; nuetn'n.
matrass n. (glass vessel used by chemists) 'mxtsas.
matrioal adj. (of the matrix) 'mxtsi-kst, md'tsai-kdi.
matrice n. [also spelt matris} 'mee-t£is, 'maetsis. same
meaning as matrix.
matrices n. ploral of matrix [also spelt tnatrisesl 'maetsi-
siz, (sometimes, especially iH senses other than molds) ma-
'tjai-siz.
matricide ft. (action of killing one's own mother) 'nuetxi-
said, 'mee-tji-said.
matrimony n. (marriage) 'mxt£i-moni, (also) 'maetximd-ni,
(anteriorly) 'maetji-mani.
matrix n. womb ; f ormativ part ; enclosing mass ; mold [plor-
al matrices, matrixes'] 'mee-tjiks, 'maetjiks.
matron n. (married woman) 'mee-tssn, 'mxtsdn; (dialectaUy)
'meet-tjan.
matronal adj. (of a matron; matron-like) 'maets9-n), 'mee-
t£3-n}.
matronize v. [also spelt matronisel 'maetsd-naiz, 'mee-tja-
naiz.
matronly n. (like a matron, etc.) 'maetj3-n!i, 'mce-tja-nh.
mattock n. (pickax) 'maetsk.
mattress n. (bed) 'maet^ss.
mature adj, (full-grown, ripe) ma'tQo:?; (improperly) ma-
'tSo:r; (dialectaUy) ma'toir.
matutinal adj, (of the morning; early) md'tgou-ti-n), maet^
'tai-nl.
matutine adj. matutinal [also, sometimes, spelt matutin]
'maetQo-tin, 'maetgo-tain.
maudlin adj. (tearful, mawkishly emotional) 'mc:-dhn.
maugre prep, in spite of [also spelt mauger, magrel 'mc:-g3r.
maul n. (mallet, game, alley) [also spelt malll mc:t
maunder v. whine ; talk incoherently [former synonymous
cognate mander; past participle and preterit maundered,
maunderd'] 'mcin-dar, 'ma:n-do?, 'marn-dar.
mausoleum n. stately tomb [ploral mausolea, mausoleums]
mcsalii-am.
mauve n. (reddish-purple dye or color) moov, mc:v.
mavis n. (song-thrush) 'maevis, 'mee-vis.
J ye, gcure; 5 the, 0 tKitv; ^slsmt^, ^\Ja^\ \s.W, t^c^w;
w when ; n sing: u whoever, itcslcX., xsiuXN., xi\\.\oo\, ^V^ ^^v> s
o poetic; 9 ov^r, e aerial, /.but, o\^oot, ^otio, ^\.c^ ^«:^«fefc.
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 331
n. (stomach ; crop) mc: .
mawkish adj. (sickly) 'moki^.
maxilla n. jaw; jaw-bone; one of a pair of gnathites [plor-
al maxillael maek'siU.
maxillary adj. (of the jaw; of the maxillae) 'maeksi-lezri,
'mseksi-l^zi, mak'sila-zi.
maximiini n. greatest value; highest amount; superior lim-
it [ploral maxima, rarely maximums'] 'macksi-msm.
may v. mee, (when less stresi) me, ms.
maybe adv. 'mee-bi, {when less stresi) 'mebi; (dialectally)
'mebi.
mayliem n. (in law, maim) 'mee-sm, 'mee-hem.
mayonnaise n. (egg sauce) me-s'neez.
mayor n. (chief magistrate of a city or boro) 'mee-9?, me:?.
mayoral n. (conductor of beasts) majo'zail.
mayoral adj, (of a mayor) 'mce-a-ral, 'mcr-ral.
mayoralty n. (office of a mayor or the period of his ser-
vice) 'mee-aral-ti, 'me:-?3l-ti.
mazarine n., adj. (blue) mxza'^iin, (anteriorly) 'mxz^-zin.
maie n. (labyrinth) meez.
mazurka n. Polish dance [also, sometimes, spelt mazourka]
ms'zB^kd, m3'zo:3-k9.
mead n. (liquor) miid.
mead n. (meadow) miid.
meadonv n. low grass-land [also spelt medow] 'medo; (dia-
lectally) 'meda.
meager adj. lean, thin ; scanty [also spelt meagrel 'mii-gar.
mean n., adj. (medium) mzin.
mean adj. (common ; humble ; stingy) miin.
mean v, (intend) miin, (when unstrest) min.
meander n. winding course ; deviation [also, formerly, spelt
maeander"] mi'aenda^.
meandrine adj. characterized by windings : said of certain
corals [also, sometimes, spelt maeandrine, meandrin] mi-
'aen-drain, mi'aendnn.
meanness n. (condition of being mean) 'miin-nis.
measles n. (disease) 'mii-zslz.
measly adj. (of measles; contemptible) 'miiz-li, 'mii-zh.
measure n. size ; tape, rod, etc. ; unit [also spelt mesurel
'Tm$9z; (dialectally) 'mee-33?.
meat n. (food; flesh) miit.
meatus n. passage [ploral meatus, meatuses] mi'ee-tss.
meatus n. (ploral of meatus) mi'ee-tgus.
c: law, b: f«r, a? cat, e hot, er hoy, a: far, ao now, «•, a^, ^-vVVv&n
Jengtb-mark (:) indicates that the preceding soaxti^ a& \^x\^%
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on l\ie ie\\o^\n% «^f^sMvt.
\
332 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
meol&aiiioian n. (mechanic, artisan; one verst in machine-
ry) mekd'nijdn.
meeliaiiist n. (machinist; mechanician) 'meko-nist.
mecl&anize v. [also spelt mechanise'\ 'meka-naiz.
meohlin n. (lace) 'mekLin.
medal n. (metal disk) 'medl, 'medsl.
medal v, [present participle medaling, medalling\ pCMt par-
ticiple and preterit meddled, medalled, medaldl 'medt,
'medal.
medalist n. one verst in medals; medal-maker; recipient of
a medal [also spelt medallisf] 'medt-ist, 'medd-tist.
medallion n. (large medal, etc.) ihi'daetian.
meddle v, (interfere) 'medl.
meddler n. (one who meddles) 'medlar.
Median adj. (of the Medes) mi'dii-sn.
mediastinum n. median septum [ploral mediastinal midi-
aes'tai-nsm.
mediatise v. reduce to the position of a mediate vassal;
mediate [also spelt mediatisel 'mii-di-9-taiz.
mediatrices n. (ploral of mediatrix) midi-a'tsai-siz.
mediatrix n. female mediator [ploral mediatrices} midi'ee-
t£iks.
medic adj. (medical) 'medik.
medic n. plant [also spelt medick"} 'mii-dik.
medicament n. (curativ substance) 'medi-ks-mant, mi'dikd-
mant.
Medicean adj. (of the Medici) medi'sii-sn.
medicinable adj. (medicinal) mi'disina-bdl, 'medsina-bs!.
medicinal adj. (curativ; remedial) mi'disi-nl, (assumptivly)
mi'disinl; (formerly) 'medisi-nl.
medicine n. art of curing disease, etc.; remedy; cure [also
spelt medicin\ 'medi-san, 'medi-sn, 'medi-sin, 'medsan,
'medsn.
mediciner n. mi'disi-nsr, 'medisi-na?, 'medsi-nsz:.
mediety n. (moiety) mi'dai-i-ti.
medieval adj. of the Middle Ages [also spelt mediaeval\ mi-
di'ii-v9l, medi'ii-val.
medievalixe v. [also spelt mediaevalize, mediaevalisel mi-
di'ii-v3-}aiz, medi'ii-va-laiz.
mediocre n. (middling quality) midi'oo-ksz, 'mii-di-oks;;
(less properly) 'mii-di-eka?.
mediocrity n. (mean state; mediety; mediocre condition)
midi'ek^i-ti.
J ye, gcure; 5f/ie, 0 thin-, ^asMte, ^-bi^^N ^sKoe, t^cfcew;
wwhen; rising', u whoever, \ react, xiiuW, xiM\ooV^\\., <\^e\
o poetic; oov^r, e oeria\, ^bwt, o-.^oox, -^i^xio, ^\iee^, ^.^%<frfcN
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 333
meditative adj, of meditation [also spelt tneditativl 'medi-
tetiv, 'medita-tiv.
medium n. middle quality; intervening substance; instru-
mentality; clairvoyant, etc. [ploral media and, especially in
the sense of clairvoyant, etc., tnediunisl 'mii-di-am,
medlar n. tree [also, formerly, spelt medler'] 'medldz.
medulla n. (marrow, etc.) mi'dAls.
medullar adj, (medullary) mi'dAlsr.
medullary adj. (of marrow, etc.) mi'dxld-ri, 'meds-lezi.
meed n. (reward ; gift) miid.
meerscl&aum n. (sepiolite) 'miiz-l^m, 'mi:3-Scm, ^mr.z-lem,
'mc:z-Saom, 'mi:?-Saom.
meet adj. (fit; adapted) miit.
megrim n. (headache) 'mii-gnm.
meistersinger n. mastersinger : member of an old German
musical gild [synonymous cognate meisters'dngerl 'mai-st93-
sir^^z.
melancholy n. (melancholia; sadness) 'melsn-keh; (also)
'melsnkd-li, (assumpHvly) 'melan-kah.
melange n. (mixture) me'lens, me'lends.
mS16e n. (confused conflict ; mixup) melee.
meliorate v. (improve) 'mii-lia-ret, 'mii-H-a-ret.
melloiv adj, (soft with ripeness; rich and soft) 'melo; (dia-
lectally or vulgarly) 'mela.
melodeon n. reed-organ, harmonium, melodium; also, accor-
dion [also spelt melodioni milDO-di-an.
melodic adj. (of melody) mi'ledik.
melodious adj, (full of melody) miloo-di-as; {vulgarly) mi-
1oo-d33s.
melodrama n. (drama with music; opera, etc.) meb'dra:-m9,
'melo-dra:-m3 ; (also) mela'drai-ma, 'mela-drai-ma.
melody n. sweet music; tune [ploral melodies'] 'mels-di.
melon n. (gourd) 'melan.
membraneous adj, mem'bzee-ni-ds. same meaning as mem-
hranous.
membranous adj. (consisting of membranes; membrana-
ceous) 'memb?3-n3s.
memento n. prayer; reminder; souvenir [ploral mementos,
mementoes] mi'mento.
memoir n. (record; biography) 'mem-we:?, 'mii-mo:?, 'me-
mei-ar, mim'we:?, 'mii-mwo:?.
memorandum n. note [ploral memoranda, memorandums]
mema'zraendam.
c: low, b: fur, ae cot, e h<9t, ei hoy\ a: fat, qd tvow, «•. a"^, ^-vVKxr-n
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptecediM ao>\Ti^ ts^ \«^n%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on t\ift ?©\\o^m«» ^i^X-sJo^i
334 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
memorialize v. address a memorial to, etc [also spelt me-
morialisel mi'moi-zi-a-laiz.
memorise v. [also spelt memorisel 'mema-zaiz.
memory n. (mental retention; recollection) 'mema-n, {rap-
idly) 'mem?i.
menace n. (threat) 'menis.
menad n. bacchante [also spelt maenadl 'mii-naed.
mtease n. housekeeping; domestic establishment [also spelt
menagel me'nais.
menagerie n. (collection of wild animals; animal-house)
mi'naed33-;i, {rapidly) mi'mtd^zi; mi'nac33-?i, mi'na:-59-ei.
menaion n. volume of the Greek breviary [ploral menaid]
mi'nai-en.
menhaden n. fish [synonymous cognate manhadenl man- '
'hee-dn, men'hee-ddn.
menl&ir n. (upright monumental stone) 'men-hizr.
menial adj. (of service; degrading) 'mii-ni-dl, 'mxi-njdt.
meninges n. (ploral of meninx) mi'nin-dsiz.
meningitis n. (inflammation of the membranes of the brain
or spinal cord) menin'dsai-tis, menin'dsii-tis.
menses n,pl. (monthly discharges; catamenia) 'men-siz.
mensual adj. (of a month) 'menju-dl, 'mensQU-sl.
mensural adj, (of measure) 'men$9-?3l, 'mensgo-rs).
mensuration n. (measuring) men$9'zee-$3n, mensQo'zee-Ssn.
menthol n. (peppermint-camfor) 'men-6o!, 'men-Oel, 'men-
Gal.
mentor n. (intimate counselor) 'mentor, 'men-te?.
menu n. (bill of fare) me'njou, 'mee-nju.
mercantile adj, of merchants [also, sometimes, spelt mer-
cantill 'merkan-til, 'mBrkan-tail, 'merkdn-til.
mercenary adj. (actuated by gain; hired; sordid) 'msrsi-
neri; {also) 'mersina-ri, {assumpHvly) 'mersi-nan.
mercerise v. prepare for dyeing by treating with caustic pot-
ash, etc. [also spelt mercerise! 'mersa-zraiz.
merchandise n. trade ; commodities of commerce [also spelt
merchandize'! 'msztSan-daiz.
merchandise v. trade [also spelt merchandise! 'martSdn-
daiz.
merciful adj, (having mercy) 'mersi-fal, 'mB^si-fol.
mercurial aJj. (like Mercury; sprightly; of quicksilver)
mB^'k^or-zri-al.
mercurialise v. [also spelt mercurialise! mer'kQo^ri-d-taxz.
mercury n. (quicksilver) 'mB^kgo-^i.
} y^, Q cure ; 5 the, 0 tkin; j azMte, ^-^ ici>j \ \ sK^^, t^ cfcew ;
tvwhen; tj sing; u whoever, \Te3tC\., xsiuW, vsm\oo\, -s.xx., <\^ee\
o poetic; s ov^r, e aerial, xbut, ^-.doot, ^oxvo, ^X^e^, ^^^a\.^N
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 335
mere n. (pool, pond) mi:;.
mere adj. (pure; only) mi:;.
meretrieious adj, (of or like a harlot; showily attractiv)
mezi'tsiSds.
meringne n. (confection) mi'^aeq, mi'zxtig.
merismatie adj. (of cells or tissues; dividing into parts)
mezizfmastikf me?is'mxtik.
mermaid n. (fabled creature having the form of a woman
above the waist and that of a fish below) 'm8:?-meed.
merriment n. (merry-making, mirth) 'mesi-msnt.
merry adj. pleasant [also, occasionally, spelt merriel *mezT.
m^ialliance n. (misalliance) mezxli'eriks, mezaerjer)ks.
mesdames ft. (ploral of madame; substitutiv ploral of Mrs,)
me'da:m.
mesdemoiselles ft. (ploral of mademoiselle) medsms^zel,
medd-mwe'zel.
meieneeplialio adj. (of the mesencephalon) mes-en-si'fxlik,
mesan'sefd-lik.
mesentery ft. (fold of the peritoneum investing the intes-
tin, etc.) 'mes9n-te;i, 'mezan-teri.
mesial adj. (of the middle line) 'mii-zi-sl, 'mesi-dl, 'mii-sdl,
'mczi-al.
mesmerise v, hypnotize [also spelt mesmerised 'mezm9-?aiz.
mesne adj, (in law^ mean, middle) miin.
mesoderm ft. (middle tissue; mesoblast) 'mes9-dB:7m,^^mez9-
d8:;m.
Mesoxoie adj. (of middle animal life) mess'zoo-ik.
mesquite ft. tree [synonymous cognates mesquit, mezquitel
mis'kii-ti, 'me-skit, mes'kiit.
Messrs. ft. ^/. Messieurs (substitutrv ploral of Mr,) 'mes^zz,
'mesQd^z, 'mejarz, 'meSjarz.
messuage ft. (dwelling-house) 'mcswids.
mestee ft. mestizo [synonymous cognate mustee"] mis'tii, mes-
'tii.
metabolic adj. (of metabolism) mets'belik.
metabolism ft. (change, transformation) mi'taebs-lizdm.
metacenter ft. center of cavity [also spelt metacentre'] meta-
'senta?, 'meta-sentazr.
metal ft. (substance; ballast) 'met), 'metal.
metaled adj. coverd with metal [also spelt metalled, metaldl
'metld, 'metald.
metaling ft. road-metal; metal-work [also spelt meiallingi
'metl-iq, 'meta-hq. ^^^
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei boy; a: fat, ao ivoiw, ^•. a^, ^^V\\r.\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceditvtt %o>3iTv^ \s ^x'^''
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on. t\ie \e\\o>N\Tv% ««jV^?2w^*
336 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
metalist n. [also spelt metallistl 'mett-ist, 'mets-list.
metallize v. [also spelt metallise and, formerly, metalise]
'metl-aiz, 'mets-laiz.
metallograplLio adj. mi-tseld'gzsefik, meti-d'grxfik.
metallog^rapliy n. (descriptiv study of metals) meU'egrd-fi,
meta'logra-fi.
metallnrgio adj, metl'Bzdsik, mets'lezdsik.
metallnrgist n. 'metl-szdsist, 'mets-lBzdsist.
metallnrg^ n. (art of working metals, smelting, refining,
etc.) 'metl-B^dsi, 'mets-lBzdsi.
metamerio adj, (having metamerism; of metameres) meta*
'merik.
metamerism n. (a form of isomerism) mi'tsma-nzdm,
'metdms-zizdm.
metamerized v. [also spelt metatnerisedj mi'txms-raizd,
'metdms-raizd.
metamorphize v. {obsolete) metamorphose [also spelt meta-
morphisel met9'me:z-faiz.
metamorphose v. (change in form) met9'me:7-fos, metd-
'mo:e-foz.
metamorphosis n. changing in form, etc. [plural metamor-
phosesl met3'me:e-f3-sis.
metaphor n. (implied comparison by transference of terms)
'meta-fae.
metastasis n. transference, transformation [ploral metasta-
ses'] mi'taest3-sis.
metatarsal adj. (of the metatarsus or group of bones be-
tween the tarsus and the toes) 'meta-ta^sal, metd'tazsal.
metathesis n. interchange [ploral metathesesl mi'taeOi-sis.
mete v., n, (measure) miit.
metempsychosis n. (transmigration of the soul) mi-temsi-
'koo-sis, mi-tempsi'koo-sis.
meteor n. (atmospheric phenomenon ; fireball ; shooting star)
'mii-ti-3?.
meteorolite n. (meteorite) 'mii-ti-aza-lait, miti'ers-lait.
meter n. (one who measures) 'mii-ta^.
meter n. measuring-device [also, rarely, spelt metrel 'mii-
ta?.
meter n. form of poetic rhythm; form of verse [also spelt
metrel 'mii-tazr.
meter n. metric unit [also spelt metrel 'mii-ta?.
methodize v. [also spelt methodisel 'meOs-daiz.
methol n. (liquid) 'me-0ol, 'me-Gel.
J ye, gcure; dthe, 6 thin; ^asMxe, d-siov, ^sfioe, tS r/»ew;
wwhen; ijsing; u whoever, ireaeV, oiuW, \i>\\oo\, \^\., <\%ee\
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial. Abut, o-.doot, ;>otvo, t>ac^, ^.^%53^^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 337
metl&yl n. (radical) 'meOil.
metl&ylio adj. (of methyl) mi'Oihk.
metlo n. (resident alien) 'metik, 'mii-tik.
metionlons adj. (over-careful) mi'tikgu-lds.
metonymy n. (change of name, etc.) mi'teni-mi.
metope n. (slab between the triglyphs in the Doric frieze)
'meta-pi, (older) 'mets-pi.
metric adj, (metrical, etc.) 'metjik; {impropei^ly) 'mii-tjik.
metropolis n. (chief town, seat, or center; capital) mi't^epa-
hs.
metropolitan n.,adj. metsd'peli-tn, metsd'peh-tsn ; {less
properly) mitja'peh-tn,
mettle n. (temperament; courage) 'me^.
mense n.' (dialectal) gap in a fence or hedge thru which
hares, etc., pass; muset; loophole; form of a hare [also spelt
muse, muese; synonymous cognate meeshl mjous, mjouz.
mexr n. (gull, sea-mew) mjou.
niew n. (cage for molting hawks) mjotL
meir v. cry as a cat [past participle and preterit mewed,
mewdj mjotu
me'wl V. cry feebly, as an infant; mew [also spelt mule'}
mjou}.
mezzanine n. (low story between two higher ones; secon-
dary floor; window) 'mezd-nain, 'meza-nin, 'mezs-nin.
mezzo adj, (in music, middle; half) 'medzo.
mezzo-rilievo n. middle relief [ploral mezso-rilievosl
mcdzo-?il'jee-vo.
niezzo-zoprano adj. (voice or part between soprano and al-
to) mcdzD-sd'p3a:-no.
mezzotint ft. (method of engraving) 'mezd-tint, 'medzs-tint,
'metsa-tint.
ml&orr n. gazelle [also spelt m'horr, mohr; synonymous cog-
nate mohor} me:?.
miaoxr n. cry of a cat Calso spelt miaw, mieaou, meaow, mi-
auw, miow, mi-owe, meeowl mjao, mi'aio.
miasma n. aerial poison ; malaria [ploral miasmata, mias-
mas'] mai'xzms, mi'xzmd, mi'sesMd.
Mioliaelmas n. (feast of St Michael) 'mai-ksl-mss, 'miksl-
mds.
miorobe n« (minute organism) 'mai-lnob, {less often) 'mi-
k30b.
microcosm n. (the little world of human nature ; the cosmos
in miniature : opposit of macrocosm) 'mai-lrea-kezam.
c: lew, b: f «r, ae cot, e hot, ei boy ; a: for, ao now, a: ask, fii k.\\fc\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding aoMtvd. \^ \w!i^%
Btress-mcu-k (0 indicates chief stress on t)ie ioWo^^ixx^ %V^^a^^<
340 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
minuend n. (the number from which another number is sub-
tracted) 'minju-end.
minnet n. (slow, stately dance; music) 'minju-et, minju'et
minus adj, (less) 'mai-nss.
minuscule adj. (small ; lower-case : said of letters) mi'nA-
skgul.
minute n. (unit of time ; sixtieth of a degree ; note) 'minit
minute adj. (very small) mi'njuut, mai'njout.
minutely adj, (happening every minute) 'mini-tz.i.
minutely adv, (exactly; very finely) mi'njou-tLi, {anterior-
ly) mi'njutr.1.
minuteness n. (smallness; exactness) mi'njout-nis.
minutia n. precise detail; trivial matter [plural minutiae]
mi'njou-Ja, mi'njou-Si-a.
minutiae n. (ploral of minutia) mi'njou-Si-i: .
Miocene adj, new, recent [also spelt Meiocenel 'mai-9-sin.
miraculize v, make miraculous [also spelt miraculise2 nu-
'raekgo-laiz.
miraculous adj. (of the nature of a miracle; wonder-work-
ing) mi'raekgo-las.
mirage n. (optical illusion) mi'za:3.
mirror n. (looking-glass) 'mirsz.
misalliance n. (improper alliance or union) misdlai-9ns.
misanthrope n. (hater of mankind; man-hater) 'missn-
Osop.
misanthropic adj, missn'O^epik.
misantliropist n. (misanthrope) mis'xnOss-pist.
misantliropise v. be or cause to be, a misanthrope [also
spelt misanthropisel mis'aen033-paiz.
misanthropy n. (hatred of mankind) mis'aenOss-pi.
misbehavior n. [also spelt misbehaviour^ mis-bi'hee-visz.
miscegenation n. (race-mixture) misidsi'nee-Ssn.
miscellaneous adj. (mixt) misi'lee-ni-ds, mis'lee-ni-ss.
miscellanist n. (writer of miscellanies) 'misi-lenist, mi-
'sela-nist.
miscellany n. (mixture, medley) 'misi-leni, 'misi-lsni, mi-
'sela-ni.
mischief n. (harm, etc.) 'mistjif, 'miJtSif.
mischieve v. archaic (suffer harm; afflict with misfortune)
mis'tjiiv.
mischievous adj. (full of mischief) 'mist$i-v3s, 'mi$tSi-v3s;
{formerly, and now dialectally and vulgarly) mis'tjii-vas.
mischievously adv. 'mistSiv3s-h; {vulgarly) mis'tjii-vas-h.
j ye, 5 cure ; 5 the, 9 thin; 3 asure, ds joy ; I shoe, tS chew;
wwhen; T)sing] u whoever, i react, o f«ll, uufool, i tt, lis^e;
o poetic; 9 ov^r, e aerial, xbuV, o'.^oot, -li^icvo, ^.bedL, eegote;
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 341
ii&isoliieTOiU]i.eM n. 'mistSiv3s-nis ; (vulgarly) mis'tSii-v3s-
nis.
miscible adj. (capable of being mixt) 'miss-bol.
misooiuiirae v. (construe wrongly; misinterpret) mis-ksn-
'st£ou, mislcen-stsu.
misdemeanor n. ill behavior; misdeed [also spelt misdemea-
nourl mis-di'mii-nae.
mise n. (outlay ; tribute ; issue in a writ of right ; arbitration)
miiz, maiz.
miser n. (wretch; avaricious person) 'mai-zs?.
miser n. boring-tool [also spelt miserl 'mai-zs?.
miserable adj, (full of misery; wretched) 'mizdzs-bsl, (rap-
idly) 'miz^a-bal.
miserere n. (psalm) miz9'zi:-zi, mizo^zii-zi.
misericord n. mercy ; room ; shelf ; dagger [also spelt mise-
ricordel 'mizazi-kerrd, mi'zezi-ke:?d, miza^i'kei^d.
misfeasance n. transgression, trespass [also spelt misfea-
sancel mis'fii-zans.
misfeasor n. one who commits a misfeasance [also spelt
misfeazorl mis'fii-zae.
misfortune n. (bad fortune; ill-luck) mis'fe:7-tS9n.
misjndgment n. [also spelt misjudgement'^ mis'dsAdsmsnt.
mislay v. (misplace; lay or put in a place afterward forgot-
ten) mislee.
misnomer n. (misnaming; wrong name) mis'noo-maz.
misogamist ft. (hater of marriage) mi'segs-mist, mai'segs-
mist.
misogynist n. (woman-hater) mi'sedsi-nist, mai'sedsi-nist ;
{erroneously) mi'segi-nist.
misprision n. (wrong action; mistake) mis'psisdn.
misprision n. (contempt, scorn; failure to appreciate) mis-
'p^isan.
misprize v,, n. scorn [also spelt misprise'^ mis'psaiz.
missal n. (mass-book) 'missl.
misseltlimsli n. [also spelt mistlethrushi 'missl-OsAS, 'misl-
e^Aj.
missile adj, capable of being thrown [also, sometimes, spelt
missitl 'misil, 'mi-sail.
missile n. missil object; anything thrown [also, sometimes,
spelt missill 'misil, 'mi-sail.
missionary adj., n. 'miSd-ne^i, 'miSs-na?!.
missis n. {vulgar or dialectal) Mrs. [synonymous cognate
missus'i 'misTz, 'misis.
c: \aw, b: f «r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, a^ now, a: ask, ai kite ;
"iength-mark (:) indicates that the preceditv^ ^omw^ a.^ \«tw^C%
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on VVie ieWo'vvci^ ^>\"aid«..
342 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
misspell v, [also spelt miS'Spelll mis'spel.
misspend v. [also spelt mis-spendl mis'spend.
misstate v. [also spelt mis-state'^ mis'steet.
misstep v, [also spelt mis-step'\ mis'step.
missy n. little miss; girl [also spelt missey, missie\ 'misi.
mistake n. (error, fault) mi'steek.
mistake v, (do wrong; make a mistake; err) mi'steek; (take
for something else) mis'teek, mi'steek. compare mistook.
mistletoe n. plant [also, formerly, spelt misseltoe, miseltoe,
misletoe, misteltol 'misal-to, 'misl-to, 'mizl-to.
mistook V. (preterit of mistake^ in the sense of take for
something else) mis'tok, mi'stok.
mistral n. (wind) 'mistsdl, mis'tso:!.
mistress n. (woman who rules, etc. ; instructress ; sweetheart)
'mistjis.
mistrial n. (inconclusiv trial) mis'tsai-dl.
misuse v. (use wrongly) mis'jouz, miS'jouz.
mite n. (acarid) mait.
mite n. (coin) mait.
miter n., v, in all senses [also spelt mitre ; as verb, past par-
ticiple and preterit mitered, miterdl 'mai-ta?.
mitosis ti. splitting of nuclear threads in indirect cell-divi-
sion [ploral mitoses'] mai'too-sis, mi'too-sis.
mitriform adj. (miter-shaped) 'mai-tji-fe.^m, 'mitji-feiem.
mitt n. (short-fingerd glove) mit.
mitten n. (hand-covering) 'mitn, 'mitan; (dialectally) 'mitiiu
mixture n. (mixing; medley) 'mikstja^, 'mikStJa?.
mnemonic adj. (aiding the memory; of memory) ni'menik.
mo adv,, adj. more, longer, again [also spelt moel moo.
moa n. (extinct bird) 'moo-a.
moat n. (ditch) moot.
mobile adj. (movable, free ; moving easily ; versatil) 'moo-
bil, 'moo-bil, 'mebil, mo'hiil, (rarely) 'moo-bail.
mobile n. (populace, rabble, mob) 'moo-bi-h, 'mebi-h.
mobilization n. [also spelt mobilisation'] mobih'zee-Ssn,
mobi-lai'zee-San, mebih'zee-Jan.
mobilize v, [also spelt mobilise] 'moo-bi-laiz, 'mebi-laiz.
moble V, (archaic) muffle (the face) ; mob [also spelt mobble]
'mebal; (improperly) 'moo-bal.
moccasin n. shoe ; snake [also, sometimes, spelt moccason]
'meka-sin, 'meka-san, 'meka-sn.
mocka n. (coffee) 'moo-ka.
mockery n. (derision; mimicry; futil action) 'meka-?i.
J ye, gcure; 5 ffie, 0 thin-, -ssiSMTe, d^sfoy; \shoe, tSchew;
wwhen; ij sing\ u whoever, \TcaLC\^, v>W\\, vi>3iiooV ^%V ^\^«;
o poetic; 3 ov^r, e aerial, A-buV, ;)\doot, -ao^^o, ^\ie^^ ^.^^ffiv^N
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 343
modal adj. (of a mode or manner) 'm3o-d}, 'moo-ddt.
mode n. (musical scale; way; method; form; manner; va-
riety; mood) mood.
model V, fashion in clay, etc.; form {present participle mo-
deling, modelling', past participle and preterit modeled, mo-
delled, modeldj 'modi, 'meddl.
modeler n. [also spelt modeller^ 'medl-3?, 'meds-ld?.
moderate adj, 'medd-rst, {assumptivly) 'medsrst; {rapidly)
'medcdt.
moderato adv, (moderately) meds'^ai-to.
moderator n. (ruler; arbiter; chairman; regulator) 'meda-
modemization n. [also spelt modernisation'^ medsrni'zee-
Sdn, meddr-nai'zee-S^n.
modernize v. [also spelt modernise^ 'medsz-naiz.
modest adj, (unassuming; decorous, etc.) 'medist.
modionnt n. (small quantity) 'medi-ksm.
modillion n. bracket [also spelt modilloni mo'diHsn.
modiolar adj, (of the modiolus of the ear) mo^ai-d-ldz;
(less properly) 'moo-di-»-l3?.
modiste n. (milliner; dressmaker) mo'diist.
modulate n. (adjust, regulate) 'medsa-let, 'mod jo-let.
module n. (unit or standard of measure) 'me-djul.
modus operandi n. (mode or plan for working) moo-dss-
epaVaen-dai.
modus Tiveudi n. (mode or way of living) moo-das-vi'ven-
dai.
moellou n. (rubble) 'moo-i-lan, mwe'loi].
Moesogotli n. a Goth of Moesia [also spelt Maesogothl 'mii-
so-ge9.
mof ette n. gaseous exhalation ; fissure [also spelt moffettel
mo'fet.
moff n. special pair of compasses [also spelt mophi me:f,
mef.
mofussil n. (country) mo'fAsi).
Mog^nl n. (Mongol; Great Mogul, etc.) mo'gAl.
Moham m edan adj., n, [synonymous cognates Mahomedan,
Mohammadan, Muhammadan, Mahomet an"] mo'haemi-dn, mo-
'haemi-dan.
Mohican n. [synonymous cognate Mohegani mD'hii-kan.
moider v, confuse; toil [synonymous cognate moitherl 'moi-
dd?.
n?oidore n. (coin) 'moi-do:?.
c: law, b: f «r, ae cat, o hot, ©i hoy ; a: for, go now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceditv^ soMtv^ \^ V»tvv%
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on ^^ ie\\oHi\Ti\^ «f5ka5«J«^
344 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
I
moiety n. (half) 'mei-i-ti ; (improperly) 'moo-i-ti.
moire ft. (waterd or clouded silk) mv/e:z, mo:z.
inoir^ adj. (waterd; clouded) mwe'eee, mo'eee.
moisten v, make moist ; dampen [past participle and pret-
erit moistened, moistendl 'mei-san, 'moi-sn.
molar adj. (grinding, of the grinders) 'mooA^z.
molar adj. (of mass; in bulk) 'moo-ldz.
molasses n. (syrup draind from raw sugar) malaz-siz, ma-
Issiz.
mold n. soft earth [also spelt mouldl m3o}d.
mold V. grow musty [also spelt mould"] moold.
mold n. fungus ; mucor [also spelt mould] mootd.
mold n. form ; cast ; matrix [also spelt mould] moold.
molder n. one who molds or casts [also spelt moulder^ 'mod-
ddz.
molder v, turn to dust ; decay [also spelt moulder ; past par-
ticiple and preterit moldered, molderd] 'mDol-da?.
moldlness n. [also spelt mouldiness] 'mool-di-nis.
molding n. [also spelt moulding] 'm3o}-dii].
moldy adj. musty [also spelt mouldy] 'mool-di.
moleonlar adj. (of molecules) mslekgo-tdz, mo^ekqoA^z,
moleonle n. (particle; group of atoms) 'meh-k^u), /m3o4i- |
kquU
molest V. (vex, annoy ; meddle with) malest, mo'lest.
molestation n. mehs'tee-Ssn, mohs'tee-San.
moline adj. of a mill [also, sometimes, spelt molin] 'tnoo-tin,
mo'lain. '
molinism n. (doctrin of Molinos; quietism) 'm3o-}i-niz9m,
'meh-nizam.
mollient adj. (softening) 'metisnt, 'meli-snt.
mollnsk n. soft-bodied animal, as an oyster [also spelt mol- '
lusc] 'melask.
molt V. shed, cast [also spelt moult] moolt.
molybdenum n. (metal) ms'libdi-nam, mehb'dii-nsm.
moment n. (portion or point of time; instant) 'moo-mant,
{when less strest) 'momant.
momentary adj. 'moo-man-teri ; (also) 'moo-mantd-ri, (as-
sumptivly) 'moo-man-tazi, (rapidly) 'moo-mantji,
monaclial adj, of a monk [also spelt monacal] 'mend-kd}.
monad n. (one; unity; simple organism) 'moo-naed, 'me-
naed, 'menad.
monadic adj. (of monads or units) ms'naedik, me'nxdik.
monarohie adj. (of a government or monarchy) ms'na^kik.
Jy^t Ccure; 5*/ie, 9/^in; 3 a^ure, d^joy; S shoe, tlchew,
WTi'hen; xjsing; u whoever, itcaict, \iiu\V 'a>xiooV "s-tt^ "dseel
o poetic; 9 ov^r, e aerial, a. but, ;i*. doot, ^otio, «.\ie\, «.^\ytKXi\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 345
monastery n. (house for monks) 'meni-steri, (also) 'me-
n9Std-7i, {anteriorly) 'mens-stdri ; {rapidly) 'mena-stji.
Monday ft. (day of the week) 'mAndi, 'mAn-de.
moneron n. moner [plural monera'] mo'tiii-zen.
monetary adj. (of money) 'meni-te^i, (also) 'menita-ri; (as-
sumptivly) 'meni-tazi; {also) 'mAni-teri, 'mAnita-ri, {as-
sumptivly) 'mAni-tazi; {rapidly) 'meni-tji, 'mAni-tji.
monetliyl n. (compound in which one atom of hydrogen is
replaced by one molecule of ethyl) men'cGil.
monetization n. meniti'zee-Sdn, mAniti'zee-$3n, meni-tai-
'zce-Jan, niAni-tai'zee-San.
monetise p, give the character of money to [also spelt mo-
netisel 'meni-taiz, 'mAni-taiz.
money n. current coin, etc. [ploral moneys, rarely monies']
'mAni.
moneyed adj. having money; consisting of or derived from
money [also spelt monied, moneyd] 'mAnid.
monger n. (dealer) 'mAt}g^z.
Mongol n. one of an Asiatic race [also spelt Monghol; syn-
onymous cognate Mongole] 'meq-gel, 'mon-gel.
Mongolian adj. of the Mongols [also spelt Mongholiani
men'goo-li-an, meq'goo-H-an.
Mongolize v. [also spelt Mongolise] 'mei]g3-}aiz.
mongoose n. ichneumon ; lemur, maki [also spelt mongoos ;
synonymous cognate mungoose, mungoos; ploral mongooses]
'mon-gous, 'meq-gous; 'mAq-guus.
mongrel n. (dog of mixt breed; cross) 'mAqg^al.
monism n. (doctrin of the oneness of all things) 'moo-nizam,
'me-niz3m.
monist n. (adherent of monism) 'moo-nist, 'menist.
monitor n. (admonisher) 'meni-ts?.
monitory adj. (admonitory) 'raeni-toz:!; (also) 'menita-ri,
{assumptivly) 'meni-ta^i; {rapidly) 'meni-tji.
monlc n. (religious hermit) mAi]k.
monkey n. ape, etc. [ploral monkeys, monkies] 'mAqki.
monoole n. (single eye-glass) 'mens-kdl.
monoolinal n. (sloping in the same direction) men3'kz.ai-n},
'men3-ktai-nl.
monoeotyledonons adj. (having one seed-leaf) mena-ketl-
'ii-dn-3s, mona-ketl'ii-dn-as.
monocular adj. (having one eye; of one eye) ma'nekgo-la^,
monody n. (one-voice ode, etc.) 'mena-di.
monoecious adj. having the unisexual flowers on the same
c: law, b: f««r, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (;) indicates that the preceding soutv^ \^ Vi^^N
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on t\ie ie\\o^\.xv^ s^^^^iiJ^^'
346 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
plant ; having the sexes together [also spelt moneciousl m»-
'nii-Sas, me'nii-Sas.
monogamy n. (the practis of marrying only once : opposed
to digamy ; also, the practis of marrying only one person at
a time : opposed to bigamy and polygamy) md'nega-mi.
monogeny n. (descent from a single pair) md'nedsi-ni.
monogony n. (asexual reproduction, agamogenesis) md'negd-
ni.
monos^am n. (written character composed of two or more
letters combined) 'mena-graem; (less properly) 'moo-ns-
gzxm,
monos^apli n. (separate treatis on a single subject) 'mens-
gzBif; (less properly) 'moo-na-graif.
monologue n. something spoken by one person alone; dra-
matic soliloquy [also spelt monolog} 'mena-leg ; (less prop-
erly) 'moo-na-leg.
monomania n. (mania for one thing; craziness on one sub-
ject) mena'mee-ni-a, mona'mee-ni-a.
monomaniac n. (one having monomania) mend'mee-ni-flck,
mona'mee-ni-aek.
monoplitliong n. (single vowel sound) 'mendf-Oeii} ; (less
properly) ma'nef-Oe:!], ma'nep-Oeig.
monopolize v. [also spelt monopoliser md'neps-laiz.
monopoly n. (exclusiv possession or privilege) ma'nepd-lit
(rapidly) ma'nepr.!.
monoptote n. (noun occurring in a single oblique case)
'menap-tot; (less properly) ma'nep-tot.
monorhine adj. having a single nasal passage only [abo
spelt monorrhine^ 'mena-^ain.
monosyllabic adj. (consisting of one syllable ; consisting of
words of one syllable) mena-silaebik, mendsilaebik.
monotheism n. (doctrin that there is but one (jod)
'men3-0i-iz3m, 'menaGi-izam.
monotonize v. [also spelt monotonisel ms'netn-aiz.
monotony n. (sameness of tone or pitch; want of pleasing
variety) ma'netn-i, ma'neta-ni.
monoxide n. md'nek-said, (before of) ms'neksid.
monseig^nenr n. (title of French princes, bishops, etc.) men-
sen'JB'.z, mense'nJBiz:.
monsienr n. (sir; mister; gentleman) men'si:?, ms'siiz.
monsig^nor n. title of Catholic prelates, etc. [synonymous
cognate monsignore"] men'sii-njoe, mensin'jo:?.
monsoon n. (seasonal wind) men'suun.
J yc, Q cure ; 5 the, 0 thin ; 5 axrure, dj ;oy ; J shoe, t$ chevr;
wwhen; j)sing; u whoever, V-tcaiCt, viluVi, \i>3i^oo\, xtt^ li s^^;
o poetic; 9 ov^r, e aerial, a. but, o\^oot» •:iQTvo, ^X^e^^ ^^^^^r.\
J
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS U1
monteitli. n. punch-bowl [also spelt montethi men'tiiO.
montli n. lUAxitO, {also, and in Britain normally) niAnO.
montlui n: (ploral of month) xnAnts, xnAntOs; {in Britain)
mAns, niAnOs.
moo n. (cry as a cow; low) mou.
mood n. (mode : one of the classes into which each of the
four figures of syllogism is divided; functional group of
verbal forms) moud.
moor n. (tract of land) mo:?, mo'.z.
Moor n. (dark-skind nativ of Morocco, etc.) mo:?, xno'.z,
moor V. secure, as a ship, by ropes or chains [past partici-
ple and preterit moored, moordi mo:?, mo:?.
moorage n. (action of mooring; mooring-place ; money paid
for mooring) 'mo:-?id5, 'mo:-?id3.
mopsy n. pretty child, etc. [also spelt mopseyl 'mepsi.
moraine n. (mass of detritus) ms'reen, mo'^een.
moral adj. (ethical) 'mez^l.
morale n. (morality; behavior, conduct) msVa:!, mo'zQ'A.
moralization n. [also spelt moralisationj merdh'zee-SdQf
me?9-lai'zee-S9n«
moralize v. [also spelt moralise"] 'me?9-}aiz.
morass n. (swamp, bog, marsh) m9'?a:s, mo'rxs.
moroeau n. bit, morsel; excerpt [plural morceauxl moz'soo,
more adi.,adv, moiz, (when unstrest) moz.
moreen n. (fabric) ms'ziin, ma'riin.
morel n. (mushroom) 'mez^l, mo'zeL
Moresque adj. Moorish [also spelt Mauresque"] mo'zesk.
morganatic adj. (characterized by a man of high rank tak-
ing a woman of lower station : said of marriage) mezgs-
'naetik.
morgne n. (hautiness) meizg.
morgne n. (dead-house) me:?g.
moribund n. (dying) 'men-bAnd.
morion n. (helmet) 'moi-zi-sn ; (less properly) 'me?i-3n.
n. (morning) m0:?n, mean.
n. (early part of the day-time) 'me:z-nii], 'me:-niq.
morocco n. (leather) md'zeko.
morphine n. (narcotic principle of opium) 'm0:?-fin, 'mo:?-
f in ; (rarely) 'me:?-f am.
morroir n. (the day after) 'me?o; (dialectally) 'meza.
morsel n. (bite; titbit; snack) 'me:?-s3}.
mortalise v, make or consider mortal [also spelt mortalisel
'me!?-tl-aiz.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy\ a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound is long;
Stress-mark () indicates chief stress on l\ie ieWo^vci^ ^^^^'a&^!^
348 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
mortar n. (vessel, bowl ; short cannon) 'ine:z-t9z, ■**
mortar n. (binding-material) 'me:r-t33. I*^
mortgage n. (conveyance, etc.) 'me:s:-gid3. I ^
mortgagee n. (person to whom property is mortgaged; om 1^
who lends money on a mortgage) me?gi'd5ii. ■*•'
mortgager n. one who mortgages his property [also spelt | (^
mortgagor, mortgageorl 'meiz-gi-di^z.
mortgagor n. in law, epposit of mortgagee [also spelt mtrtr
gageor} mezgi'd^eiz.
mortise n. hole cut to receive a tenon [also spelt mortici,
mortisi 'me:r-tis.
mortise v. [also spelt mortice, mortis; past participle and
preterit mortised, mortist'] 'mo:r-tis.
mortuary adj. (of burial or death) 'meiz-tlu-ezi; {also)
'mere-tgu-s-^i, (assumptivly) 'me:2-tgu-3ei.
morula n. mulberry-like body [plural morulael 'mez9^
'mo:-2d-l3.
mosaic adj, (of the production of patterns by small inlaid
pieces of glass, stone, etc.) mo'zee-ik.
Mosaic adj. (of Moses) mo'zee-ik.
Moslem n. Mohammedan [synensrmous cognate- Muslim]
'mezlam, 'mesLsm.
mosque n. Mohammedan temple [also spelt moski mesk.
mosquito n. insect [also spelt musquito; ploral ntosquitos,
mosquitoes'! mo'skii-to, (popularly) ma'skii-ta.
moss n. (bog; plant) me:s, (rarely) mes; (dialectally) mc:s.
most adj. (greatest, etc.) mDOst, (when unstrest) most.
most adv. (in the greatest degree, etc.) moost, (when unstrest)
most, most; (also, dialectally) most.
mostly adv. 'moo-stti, (when less strest) 'mostti.
mot n. (obsolete) motto ; word [also spelt mott, motte ; syn-
onymous cognate motel met.
mot n. (witty saying; bon-mot) moo.
mot n. (dialectal) mark for players at quoits [also spelt
motte] met.
mote n. (particle; speck) moot.
motet n. vocal composition in harmony [also spelt motett,
motette, mottett] mo'tet.
motli n. insect [ploral moths] me:0, meO ; (dialectally) mc:6.
mother n. (female parent, etc.) 'mAboz.
moths n. (ploral of moth) me:dz, me:Os.
motile adj. capable of, or characterized by, motion [also,
sometimes, spelt motil] 'moo-til, (rarely) 'moo-tail.
J ye, Qcure; bthe, B thin; 5 a-jure, ds/oy; I shot, tjc/iew;
wwhen; i}sing; u whoever, i r^act, o full, aufool, i tt, lis^^;
o poetic I 9 over, e aerial, a. but, o*. doot, -aotio, «.\ic^^ ^.^%a\ft.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 349
ley adj, (diversified) 'metr.i.
to n. significant word or phrase [ploral mottos, mottoesl
3tD.
Id moold. see mold.
JLtain n. (great elevation of land) 'maon-tin, 'maon-tn;
dgarly) 'maon-tiq.
intainoiu adj. 'maon-ti-nss ; {erroneously) maon'tee-
9S.
ntebaiik n. (itinerant quack; charlatan) 'maon-ti-baer)k.
j?n V. grieve, lament [past participle and preterit mourn-
, mourndl moizn.
me V, hunt mice ; prowl ; put a mouse on (a stay) mooz.
ise n. small rodent [ploral micel maos.
Lsqnetaire n. (foot-soldier armd with a musket; one of
; king's household troops; cloak, glove, etc.) muska'tc:?.
Ltli n. oral opening or cavity; os [plural mouthsl maoO.
Ltk V. pronounce, utter ; train the mouth to the bit ; grim-
2 rpast participle and preterit mouthed, mouthdl maod.
itlied adj. (having a mouth) maodd, maoOt.
itHfiil n as much as would fill the mouth [ploral mouth-
■s} 'mao0-ful, 'maoG-fal.
itlis n. (plural of mouth) maodz.
able adj., n. [also spelt moveable^ 'mou-va-bal.
e V. (change position; put in motion, etc.) mouv, (when
strest) muv.
7 n.,v, pile Tas verb, past participle and preterit mowed,
)wrf] mao.
7 n. (grimace) mao, moo.
r Vm cut down [past participle mowed, mowd, mown ; pret-
rt: mowed, mowd] moo, {when unstrest) mo.
n. Mister [substitutiv plural Messrs,! 'misto?.
. n. Mistress, Missis [substitutiv ploral Mesdamesl 'misiz,
ISIS.
ill adj.-pron., adv. mAtS, {when unstrest) motj.
tilaginons adj, (like mucilage) mjusi'laedsi-nos.
tkiy adj. {local) mucky, dirty, slushy [also spelt muxyl
Aksi.
tons adj. (of mucus; slimy) 'mjou-kos.
m.u n. (vicid fluid; slime) 'mjou-kos.
lar n. shrub [also spelt madar, mudhar, mudarrh, muddar;
lenymous cognates mudir, madorl ma'da:?.
)zzin n. (crier) mju'ezin.
ffin n. (round spongy cake) 'mAfin.
V, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
th-mark (:) indicates that the preceditvv^ somtA -i.^ Xsjtm^N
9-mark C) indicates chief stress on t\i^ ie>\\o^\xv^ ««3^"ai^^
350 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
mulatto n. (offspring of a white and a negro) mjolaeto.
miilberry n. (fruit; plant; tree; color) 'mAl-htzi, 'mAlbs-zi,
'mAltei.
miileli. V, half-rotten straw [synonymous cognate mulsh]
nuAtl, {also, and in Britain normally) mAl$.
miiloli. V. cover with mulch or half-rotten straw [synony-
mous cognate mulsh; past participle and preterit mulched,
mulchtl mxhS, (in Britain) mxlj.
mulct V. punish; deprive [past participle and preterit
mulcted, mulct} mAlkt.
muleteer n. (mule-driver) mjuh'ti:?.
mnley-eoxr n. hornless cow; cow [also, sometimes, spelt
mulley-cow, mooley-cow"} 'moh-kao, 'mjou-h-kao.
mnley-sair n. 'moh-sc: , 'mjou-h-sc: .
miilleiL n. wooly-leaft plant [also spelt mulleinl 'mAhn.
mnlligata'wiiy n. soup [synonymous cognate mullagataw-
ny] midiga'toni.
mnllion n. (division between lights or panels) 'mAlidn.
mnltiflorons adj. (many-flowerd) mAlti'iL.o:-z9s,
mnltijngons adj. (having many pairs of leaflets) mxlti-
'dsou-gas; (less properly) mAl'tidso-gas.
mnltiparons adj. (many-bearing) mA)'tip3-z:3s.
mnltipartite adj. (having many parts or divisions) mAlti-
'pa^-tait; (less properly) mAl'tipar-tait.
mnltiplioand n. (quantity to be multiplied) mAltipLilcsend,
'mAltipti-kaend.
mnltiplioate adj. (multifold; multiplex) 'mAltipLi-ket, mAl-
'tipti-ket.
mnltiplioation n. mAltipLi^ee-Ssn.
mnltitnde n. (numerousness ; great number; host) 'mAlti-
tgud; (dialectally) 'mAlti-tud.
mum adj. silent [also, formerly, spelt mumml mAm.
mum n. beer [also spelt mumm} mAm.
mnmmy n. (embalmd body) 'mAmi.
mnnoli. v» chew, champ [past participle and preterit munched,
munchtl mAntJ, (also, and in Britain normally) mAnJ.
mnndane adj. (of this world; worldly; earthly; cosmic)
'mAn-deiu
mnngo n. cloth [also spelt mungoel 'mArigo.
mnnicipal adj, (internal, domestic; local, city) mjo'nisi-pdl.
mnnifioenoe n. (generosity, liberality; bounty) mjo'nifi-
ssns.
mnniment n. (defense) 'mjou-ni-mant.
J ye, QCUTe; 5*fie, 9tftin; 3 a^ure, ds/oy; jshoe, tj c/iew;
wwhen; i)s\ng\ u whoever, itcslcX., ^lu^, wxiool, itt, lis^^;
opoeHc; aov^r, e oerial, Kbul, ;i\^oot, -^i^tu), t.\ie\^ ^.^%y*.Vx
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 351
mnnnioiL n. in ship-building, mullion [also spelt munionl
'niAnjdn.
mural adj, (of a wall; wall-like) 'mjo:-z9h
murderer n. (one who murders) 'mw.z-d^-z^z,
murez n. shell-fish [ploral murices, murexes'l 'mjo:-?eks.
muriatic adj. (of salt) mjori'aetik.
murine adj. (mouse-like) 'mjo:-^in, 'mjo:-eain.
n. darkness ; thick air or vapor [also spelt mirki meizk.
od/. obscure, dark [also spelt mirk} msizk.
n. marc [also spelt mure, mirk and, formerly, murckl
mB:3k.
murkiuesB n. state of being murky; darkness [also spelt
mirkinessi 'merki-nis, 'meir-ki-nis.
murkness n. darkness [also spelt mirknessi 'mszkNis.
murky adj, dark, gloomy, thick [also spelt mirky} 'merki.
murmur v., n. hum, etc. [as verb, past participle and pret-
erit murmured, murmur d"] 'mBie-mae.
murrain adj. (disease) 'ms^in, 'mAzrin.
murre n. guillemot [synonymous cognate marre"] ms:?.
murrkine adj. of murra, an ornamental stone [also spelt
murrine; synonymous cognate myrrhinej 'msrin, 'mAzin,
'mB-?ain, 'mA-rain.
muscadine n. (wine; grape) 'mAsks-dain, 'mAsks-din.
muscat n. (grape; wine) 'niA-skset.
muscatel n. wine; grape; raisin [synonymous cognate mus-
cadell 'mAska-tel, mAska'tel.
muscle n. (contractil tissue) 'mAssl, 'mAsl; (erroneously)
'mAskal.
muscoid adj. (moss-like) 'mA-skoid.
muscovado n. (unrefined cane sugar) mAsk3'va:-d3, mAsko-
'vee-do.
muscovy n. (musk-duck) 'mAska-vi.
muscular adj. (of muscle) 'mAskgo-lsz.
muset n. (obsolete) gap in a fence ; meuse ; also, a hare's
*form' [also spelt musit, musettl 'mjou-zit, 'mjou-sit.
musette n. (bagpipe ; air ; dance ; reed-stop) mju'zet.
museum n. (building or repository for the preservation and
display of objects of art, curiosities, etc.) mjo'zii-am; (less
properly) 'mjou-zi-am.
muskroom n. (fungus) 'mA^-zum.
music n. (fine art; melody or harmony) 'mjou-zik.
musical adj. (of music, like music; fond of or skild in mu-
sic) 'mjou-zi-kal.
c: law, b: f «r, ae cat, o hot, oi bay ; a: far, go naw, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptecedixi^ ^Q>axA as^ \wv%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress oti \3cl^ i^^X'a^va."^ %-j^k:ii^^«
352 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
mnsioale n. (musical party; private concert) mjuziTca:!.
mnsioian n. (one skild in music) mjo'zi^dn.
mnsiTe adj. mosaic [also spelt musiv'i 'mjou-siv, 'mjou-ziv.
nmskmeloiL n. [synonymous cognate mushmeloni 'mAsk-
melsn; {vulgarly) 'mAj-melan.
miuk-oz n. arctic ruminant [ploral musk-oxen and, coUectiv-
ly, musk'Oxl 'mAsk-eks.
mnslin n. (cotton fabric) 'mAzlin.
mnsTol n. {local or obsolete) nose-band of a bridle [also
spelt musrole and, formerly, musrolll 'mAz-rol.
muMel n. mollusk [also spelt musclel 'mAssl, 'mAsl.
Mnssiiliiian n. Mohammedan [also spelt Musulman, Musal-
man; ploral Mussulmans and, catachrestically, Mussulmen^
'mAsal-man.
mnst V, (be obliged) mAst, {when unstrest) mds.
mnstaolie n. the hair on the upper lip [also spelt moustache ;
synonymous cognate mustachioj ma'staiS, mos'taij ; {vulgar-
ly) 'mA-sta:S.
mnstaoliio n. [ploral mustachios'l m9'sta:-$3, m9'sta:-S>-o.
mnstaoliioed adj. (mustached) m9'sta:-$3d, m9'sta:-Si-od.
mustard n. (seed-flour ; plant) 'mAstard.
mnstee n. ms'stii, mAs'tii. same meaning as mestee.
mutineer n. (one guilty of mutiny) mjuti'niiz.
mutiny n. (revolt) 'mjou-ti-ni ; {less properly) 'mjou-tn-i.
mutton n. (flesh of sheep ; sheep) 'mAtn.
mutual adj, (reciprocal; respectiv; common) 'mjou-tju-a!,
'mjou-tQu-al.
mutule n. (modillion of a Doric cornice) 'mjou-tSul, 'mjou-
tQul.
muzhik n. Russian peasant [also spelt moujik, mujikl 'mou-
31k, mu'sik.
muzzle n. jaws and nose; snout; cage for the jaws; nose-
cover; discharging-end of a gun) 'mAzal, 'mAzl.
my adj.-pron. (of or belonging to me) mai, {when unstrest)
ma; {also, formerly) mi: ; {and still, when unstrest, on the
stage) mi.
mycelium n. (vegetativ part of the thallus of fungi) mai'sii-
H-3m.
myope n. (short-sighted person) 'mai-op.
myopia n. (short-sightedness) mai'oo-pi-a.
myopic adj. (of myopia; short- or near-sighted) mai'opik.
myopy n. (myopia) 'mai-3-pi.
myosin n. globulin [also spelt myosin el 'mai-a-sin.
I yc, gcure; dtht, G tKin; ^azute, d^foy; ^ shoe, tl chew;
wwAen; Qsing; u whoever, ircacV, xiiuW, x5>x\oo\, i.\\., i\^ee\
o poetic; a ov^r, e oerial, a but, o*. doot, -aox^o, t\ic^, ^.«:^a\SL\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 353
myosotis n. (forget-me-not) mai-a'soo-tis.
myriad n. (ten thousand; great number; host) 'mid-ad.
myrianieter n. measure of one myriad or ten thousand me-
ters [also spelt tnyriametrel mizi'aemi-taz, 'mizi-a-mii-ta?.
myrloin n. that part of beeswax which is insoluble in boiling
alcohol [also spelt myricinel miVai-sin, 'mi?i-sin, 'mai-zi-
sin.
myrioyl n. (melissyl) mi'eai-sil, 'mi?i-sil.
myrmeoophyte n. (myrmecophilous plant) ms^'mii-ko-fait,
'mei^-mika-fait.
myrmidon n. (faithful follower) 'mei^-mi-den, 'meiz-mi-dan.
myrrh n. (perfume) msiz.
myrrl&io adj, (of myrrh) 'mer-nk, 'mink.
myrrl&ine n. that part of myrrh which is soluble in alcohol
[also, sometimes, spelt myrrhin\ 'm8:-rin, 'mizin, {less
often) 'mer-rain, 'mi-zain.
myrtle n. (plant) 'meetl, 'ms-.r-tl.
myself noun-pron, mai'self, (when less strest) ms'self (and,
dialectally) mi'self.
my«tasogn&e n. one who initiated candidates into the Eleu-
sinian or other mysteries; teacher of mystic doctrins [also
, ' spelt mystagog'\ 'mista-gog.
mystery n. (secret, riddle, enigma; rite) 'mista-n, (rapidly)
'mistji.
mysticism n. (doctrin or habits of mystics) 'misti-sizsm.
mysticize v, render mystical [also spelt mysticise} 'misti-
saiz.
mytacism n. (too frequent repetition of the sound of m)
'mai-t3-siz3m.
myth n. fictitious narrativ [also, formerly, spelt mythe'] mi0.
mythicise v, render mythic [also spelt mythicise} 'mi9i-
saiz.
mythohistorio adj. (of myth and history) miOa-his'tezik,
mai-9o-his'terik; (also) miOo-i'stenk, mai-Oo-i'steeik.
mythological adj. (of mythology) miOa'lodsi-kal.
mytholog^e v. [also spelt mythologisel mi'Oeld-dsaiz.
mythology n. (mythical story; body of myths; knowledge
of myths) mi'Oela-dsi.
mythopeio adj. myth-making [also spelt mythopoeic; syn-
onymous cognate mythopoetic} miOa'pii-ik.
mytiloid adj, (mussel-like) 'miti-leid.
myxomyoetes n. pL (slime-fungi, slime-molds) miksa-mai-
'sii-tiz.
c: low, b: fwr, ae cot, e h^t, ei boy ; a*, iar, ao ivoim, ^*. a^, ^-vVws.*,
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceditv^ so>axv^ as \«tv%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on t\ie ieWo^vcv^ ^-^j^^aJ^^
354 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
nabob n. (Mohammedan official ; governor) 'nee-bob.
nacre n. sea-pen ; mother-of-pearl [also, formerly, spelt nd-
kerl 'nee-ka?.
nacroons adj. (like nacre; nacrous) 'nee-ksi-ss.
nadir n. (the point opposit the zenith) 'nee-dar, (rarely) 'na:-
diz.
Naiad n. river-nymph [ploral Naiadsl 'nee-ad, 'nai-dd, 'nce-
jdd.
Naiades n. pi, (the Naiads ; river-nymphs) 'nee-9-diz, 'nai-a-
diz, 'nee-J3-diz.
naiant adj. (in heraldry, swimming) 'nee-ant.
naif adj. naive [also spelt naifl na:'iif.
naik n. (Indian prince ; governor ; officer) 'na:-ik, 'nee-ik.
nail V. fix with nails; spike [past participle and preterit
nailed, naild"] nee), (when vnstrest) nel.
. nairfsant adj, (in heraldry , nascent) 'nee-sant.
naive adj. natural, artless [also spelt naivel na:'iiv, (assump-
tivly) 'na:-iv; (less properly) ne'iiv; (erroneously) neev.
naively adv. [also spelt natvelyl na:'iiv-h, 'na:-iv-li, ne'iiv-li.
naivete n. an artless action or remark; quality of being na-
ive; artlessness [also spelt natveti'\ na:-iv'tee.
naked adj. (nude) 'nee-kid; (dialectally) 'nekid.
namable adj, [also spelt nameablcl 'nee-ma-bal.
namby-pamby adj. (weakly sentimental; vapid) nxmbi-
'paembi, (assumptivly) 'naembi-paembi.
nankeen n. cloth [also spelt nankini naen'kiin, (assumptivly)
'naen-kin.
nape n. (the back of the neck) neep; (less properly) naep.
napery n. (table-linen, etc.) 'nee-pa-n.
naphtha n. volatil liquid [also, sometimes, spelt napthal
'naepOa, 'naefOa.
naphthalene n. (naphthalin) 'nsepOa-lin, 'nsefOa-Hn.
naphthalin n. benzene hydrocarbon [also spelt naphthaline}
'naepGa-hn, 'naefOa-hn.
naphthalixe v. [also spelt naphthalisel 'nsepGa-laiz, 'naefOa-
laiz.
napiform adj. (turnip-shaped) 'nee-pi-fe:rm ; (less proper-
ly) 'naepi-fe:?m.
narcissus n. (plant) na^'sisas.
narcotize v. [also spelt narcotise"] 'na?ka-taiz, 'na:?-ka-taiz.
narghile n. Oriental tobacco-pipe ; hookah [also spelt nargi-
leh, narghileh, narghyle, narghille, nargile, narguiU; syn-
onymous cognates narghilly, nargillyl 'na:r-gi-le.
J ye, gcure; b the, 0 thin; ^asMte, ^-sio^j*, S^skoe, t^r^ew;
w w/ten; i) sing; u whoever, ireacX., oiuW, \i>\\ooV -s.xX., Ti.^ee\
o poetic; a ov^r, e oerial, Abut, ^i-.doot, -aoicio, ^\ie^, ^R.%a\&\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 355
nargliilly n. naz'gih. same meaning as narghile.
narrate v. (relate, tell, rehearse) nae'reet, na'eeet, 'naeret.
narro'W adj,, n., adv., v. [as verb, past participle and preterit
narrowed, narrowd} 'naezo; (dialectally) 'na?a.
nar'wl&al n. sea-unicorn [also spelt narwhale; synonymous
cognate narwall 'nare-iual.
nary adj. not [dialectal variant of ne'er a, never a; synony-
mous cognate narryl 'ne:-zi, 'neei.
nasal adj. (of the nose) 'nee-zsl.
nasalize v, speak nasally; render nasal [also spelt nasalisel
'nee-za-laiz.
nascent adj. (being born; incipient) 'nxssnt; (improperly)
'nee-sant.
nastnrtinm n. (plant) naes'tsrSdm* nxs'teir-Sam, naes'te^Ji-
9m, nd'stB^Ssm.
nasty adj. (foul; offensiv; bad; ill-natured) 'na:-sti, 'na:-sti,
'naei-sti ; {assumpHvly, when less strest) 'nasti, 'nasti, 'naesti.
nasnte adj, (formerly, keen-scented, sagacious; latterly, snou-
ty, etc.) 'nee-sgut, {less often) ne'sgout.
natal adj. (nativ; of one's birth) 'nee-tl, 'nee-tal.
natatory adj. (of swimming) 'nee-ta-tD^i.
natheless adv, nevertheless [synonymous cognate nathless'i
'neeO-las, 'nee-Gi-as, 'nee-da-les.
natliless adv. 'nseO^as, 'naed-les. same meaning as natheless.
national adj. (of a nation) 'naeja-nl, 'nx^d-ndl; {rapidly)
'naeSNal ; {less properly) 'nee-Ja-nl.
nationality n. nse$3'naeh-ti.
nationalize v. [also spelt nationalise"] 'naeSd-nl-aiz, 'nxS^i^d-
laiz.
natrolite n« (soda-mesotype, needle-zeolite) 'nxtsd-^ait, 'nee-
tja-lait
natron n. (mineral) 'nee-tjon, 'nee-tjan, 'naetjan.
natnral adj. (of law; just; of nature; normal) 'naetSa-rsl,
{rapidly) 'naetSsal; {also, older) 'naetgo-ral, 'naetga-ral.
naturalization n. [also spelt naturalisation] nxtSa-zdh'zee-
San, natJara-lai'zee-San.
naturalize v. [also spelt naturalise] 'nxtSsrd-laiz, (rapidly)
'naetS33-laiz.
natnre n. (essential character; inherent power or principle;
universe) 'nee-tjar, {older) 'nee-tgar.
naught n. nothing; zero, cipher [also spelt nought; synon-
ymous cognate, in the sense of a cipher, ought] nc:t.
naught adj. worthless [also spelt nought] nc:t.
c: law, s: fwr, ae cat, o hot, oi boy ; a: far, clo tvotm, «:. a"sJ«., ^-vVn\r.\
Jcn/^b-mark (:) indicates that the precedinv^ ^o>rcv^ "^"^ Vi.xN.'SkN
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on \h^ ieWo^\Ti% vj^''^^'
356 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
nanshty adj. (wayward; bad) 'nc:-ti, {when less strest) 'nc-
ti.
nausea n. (seasickness, etc.; loathing) 'ncr-Ja, 'ncr-Ji-a, 'nc:-
si-a.
nauseate v, (reject with nausea; loathe; affect with nausea;
feel sick) 'nc:-Si-et, 'nc:-si-et.
nauseous adj, (causing nausea) 'nci-Sas, 'nc:-$i-9s, 'nc:-si-3s.
nautilus n. argonaut, a cephalopod [plaral nautili^ nauHlttsesI
'nc:-ti-l3s ; (less properly) 'nc:-tl-3S.
naval adj. (of ships; of the navy) 'nee-vsl.
nave n. (main body or middle part of a church) neev.
navel n, (umbilicus) 'nee-val.
naveled adj, [also spelt navelled, naveldl 'nee-vsld.
navicular adj. (boat-shaped, scaphoid, cymbiform) nd'vxkco-
nay adv. (no; not only so, but) nee.
Nazarene adj., n. nsezaViin.
Nazaritisnt n. 'nseza-zai-tizsm, 'naezszi-tizdm, 'naezs-rait-
izam,
neap adj. (low; ebb) niip.
nearsisl&ted adj, ni:r'sai-tid, (assumpHvly) 'ni:7-sai-tid.
neatherd n. (cowherd) 'niit-hB:?d.
nebula n. cloudy film or speck in the eye; misty appear-
ance; cloud-like cluster of stars [ploral nebulae} 'nebjo-la.
nebulae n. (ploral of nebula) 'nebjo-li.
nebul6 adj. cloud-like, wavy, nebuly [also spelt nebulSel
'nebjo-le, nebjo'lee.
nebulize v, atomize; become nebulous [also, rarely, spelt neb-
ulise"] 'nebjo-laiz.
nebulous adj. (cloudy; of nebulae) 'nebjo-las.
necessarily adv. (of necessity) 'nesi-sen-h ; (also) 'ncsi-
sari-h, (anteriorly) 'nesi-sazih ; (occasionally) nesi'seei-h.
necessary adj. (needful) 'nesi-seci; (also) 'nesis3-ri, (as-
sumptivly) 'nesi-san; (rapidly) 'nesi-S3i, 'nes-s^i, 'nes5i.
necked adj. having a neck [also spelt neckt"] nekt.
necklace n. (ornamental chain or band worn around the
neck) 'nekz^is.
necrology n. (register of the dead) ni'k^els-dsi.
necromancy n. (magic, etc.) 'neksa-mxnsi.
necropolis n. cemetery [also spelt nekropolisi ni'ksepa-hs.
nectarine n. peach [also, sometimes, spelt nectarini 'nekts-
nn, 'nekta-rin.
nectarine adj. nectar-like [also spelt nectarini 'nekta-?in.
/ yCf 5 cure ; 5 */ie, 0 thin; ^ aiZMte, d-j, ioy ; \ shoe, tS chew ;
wwhen; i}sing\ u whoever, itcaicX, ^siuW, \i>\\ooV -^Vt, x\%e€;
o poetic; oov^r, e oerial, xbut, ^-.^oot, -aoicio, ^x^e^, ^ti%q!«.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 357
nee adj. (born) nee.
ne'er adv, (never) ne:z.
negation n. (denying; denial; nonentity) ni'gee-Ssn.
negative n., adj., v, [also spelt negativ ; as verb, past partici-
ple and preterit negatived, negativdl 'nega-tiv, (assumpHvly)
'negativ; (dialectally) 'nee-ga-tiv.
neglig^ n. informal attire [also spelt niglige'[ negh'see.
neglig^ adj. informal, careless [also spelt negligee'^ negh'see.
negligee n. (loose gown of the i8th century; necklace) negh-
'dsii.
negligee n,,adj. negh'3ee. same meaning as neglige.
negligible adj. (that may be disregarded; neglectable)
'neghdsa-bal. \
negotiable adj, ni'gDO-Sd-ba}, ni'g30-$i-3-b3}.
negotiate v, (confer; manage; obtain; transfer; dispose ofj
ni'goo-Si-et.
negotiation n. ni-goSi'ee-Ssn.
Negrito n. (one of a diminutiv Malayo-polynesian negroid
race) ni'g?ii-to.
negro n. black man [plural negroes^ and, formerly, negrosi
'nii-g?o; {dialectally) 'niqzo,
neigh v.^n, whinny [as verb, past participle and preterit
neighed, neighd"] nee.
neighbor n.,adj,,v, [also spelt neighbour; as verb, past par-
ticiple and preterit neighbored, neighbordi 'nee-bar.
neighborhood n. [also spelt neighbourhood! 'nee-bar-hod.
neighboring adj. [also spelt neighbouring! 'nee-bs-eii], {as-
sumptivly) 'nee-baeiq; (rapidly) 'nee-briq.
neither adv., conj., adj.-pron,, noun-pron. 'nii-dar, 'nai-dar.
nematocyst n. (lasso-cell, thread-cell) 'nemata-sist.
Nemean adj, of Nemea [also spelt Nemaean"] ni'mii-sn, 'nii-
mi-sn.
nemertine adj. of the ribbon-worms [also, sometimes, spelt
nemertin! ni'meztin, ni'mez-tain.
nennphar n. (water-lily) 'nen jo-far, 'nenjo-far.
neo-Latin n. (New Latin) ni-a'laetin, ni-a'laetn.
neologisni n. (use of new words; new expression; tendency
toward new doctrins) ni'ela-dsizam.
neologize v. [also spelt neologise! ni'eta-dsaiz.
neophyte n. (new convert; tyro) 'nii-a-fait.
nepenthe n. (magic potion) ni'pentOi, ni'penGi, (older) ni-
'pen-6i.
nepenthes n. (magic potion; nepenthe) ni'pen-Oiz.
c: low, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: osk, ai ktte ;
length-mark (;) indicates that t\ie ptece^ixv^ ^a>aaA y^ \«\NSk\
stres9-mark C) indicates chief stress on )3^^ i^VkaHJTa.% ^^^-si^^*
358 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
nephenv n. brother's or sister's son [dialectal synonymous
cognates nevey, n^//i] 'nefiu, 'neviu.
nepliritis n. (inflammation of the kidneys) ni'fsai-tis, ni-
'fsii-tis.
nepotisni n. (papal favoritism to nephews, etc.) 'nii-ps-tizdm,
'ncpa-tizam.
nepotist n. 'nii-ps-tist, 'neps-tist.
Nereid n\ (sea-nymph) 'nii-ei-id.
nereid n. - (sea-centipede ; nereis) 'ni:-zi-id.
Nereides n. pL (nereids) ni'ni-i-diz, 'ni:-zi-i-diz.
nerite n. nerita, a gastropod [synonymous cognate nerW] 'ni:-
rait, 'ne-?ait.
nerve n. sinew, tendon; strength; impulse-conveying fiber;
courage; coolness [also spelt nervl nsizv.
nerved adj. having a nerve; ribd [also spelt nervd"] UBizyd,
nervine adj, (acting on the nerves) 'nB:?-vin, 'nei^-vain,
'ne.T-vin.
nervose adj. (of the nerves; nervd) nsr'voos, (assumpHvly)
'nsiz-vos,
nervons adj, (sinewy; vigorous; of nerves, etc.; excitable)
'neie-vas.
nervy adj. (vigorous; sinewy; cool; jerky; requiring nerve)
'nsiz-Yi.
nescience n. (lack of knj)wledge; ignorance) 'nejans, 'neji-
9ns, 'nii-Jans, 'nii-Ji-ans; {less properly) 'nesgans, 'nesi-ans.
nescient adj. (ignorant; agnostic) 'ne^snt, 'ne^i-ant, 'mi-^ant,
'nii-Si-ant.
nestle v, (make a nest; settle snugly) 'nesal, 'nesl; (errone-
ously) 'nestl.
nestling n. (bird) 'nestz^iri, 'nesLir).
nestling n. (action of the verb nestle) 'nesz^ir).
net adj. clear; lowest [also spelt nett"] net.
netl&er adj. (lower, under) 'nedar.
nenralgia n. (pain in a nerve) njo'^aeldsa, njo'zaldsi-a.
nenritis n. (inflammation of a nerve) njoVai-tis, njo'zrii-tis.
neurology n. (science of nerves) njo'^ela-dsi.
nenrosis n. nerve-disease; nerve-change [plural neuroses!
njo'roo-sis.
nenter adj, (neither masculin nor feminin; neither activ
nor passiv; intransitiv; neutral) 'njou-tar; (dialectally)
'nou-tar.
neutral adj. (not activ either way; indifferent) 'njou-tjal;
(dialectally) 'nou-tjal.
J ye, 9 cure; bthe^ 6 <Mn ; 5 asure, ds/oy; I shot, tlchew;
w when; tj sing; u whoever, IreacX., \3iu\\, vvmCooV 's.Vt, -a^cc;
o poetic; 9 ov^r, e aerial, Khut, o*. Cloot, -aoivo, ^\ic^, ^^%ox&\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 359
neutralisation n« [also spelt neutralisationi njutssh'zee-
S^n, njutja-lai'zce-San.
nentralixe v. [also spelt neutralise'^ 'njou-t£3-}aiz.
nentrally adv, 'njou<ts9-li.
ne'W adj, (not existing before; novel) njou, {when unstrest)
nju; (also, dialectally) nou, nu.
ne-wel n. (pillar) 'njou-dl.
ne'wfansled adj, njou'fxij-gdld, (assumptivly) 'njou-faeg-
gsld.
Ne'wfonndland n. (dog) njo'faon-dlsnd, 'njou-fsn-dldnd,
njufdndlaend.
nenvspaper n. (news-sheet) 'njouz-pee-par, 'njous-pee-pa?;
(dialectally) 'nouz-pee-p3?, 'nous-pee-por.
nenvsy adj. (full of news) 'njou-zi.
n. bond, tie, link [ploral nexus] 'neksss.
n. free-born person bound by a nexum [ploral nexi"]
'neksds.
niaiserie n. (simplicity; foolishness) ni'ee-zs-zi.
Nioaraguan a(/y., n. nikd'zoi-gwdn, niks'^segju-sn.
nioe-looking a(/;. nais'tokig, {assumptivly) 'nais-lokir).
Nioene a^f/. (of Nicaea) 'nai-sin, nai'siin.
nicety n. formerly, folly; shyness; latterly, scrupulosity;
fastidiousness; nice point; detail [ploral nicetiesi 'nai-si-ti.
niche n. (recess) nitS.
nickel n. (metal) 'niksl, 'nikl, 'nikil.
nicknack n. 'nik-nxk. see knickknack.
nicotian adj, {pi tobacco) ni'koo-Jan, ni'koo-Si-an.
nicotine n. alkaloid in tobacco [also, sometimes, spelt nipo-
tinl 'nika-tin, 'nika-tin.
nictitating adj. (winking) 'nikti-tetiq.
niece n. (daughter of one's brother or sister) mis.
nigh adv,, adj, (near) nai.
night n. (dark half of the day) nait.
nihilisni n. (negativ doctrin; nothingness; doctrin of the
Russian nihilists) 'nai-i-hzsm, 'nai-hi-hzdm.
nihilist n. 'nai-i-list, 'nai-hi-hst.
nihilistic adj. (of nihilism) nai-i'hstik, nai-hi'hstik.
nihility n. (nullity) nai'hih-ti.
nilghan n. 'nil-gc: . same meaning as nylghau.
nimbose adj. (cloudy) 'nim-bos, nim'boos.
nincompoop n. (blockhead, simpleton, ninny) 'nii]kam-pup.
nineteen n. (numeral) nain'tiin, {anteriorly; by contrast)
'nain-tin.
c: law, b: fi«r, ae cot, e hot, oi boy ; a: f ar, ao tvoim, ^*. a^, ^\^V\\s.\
]ength-mark (:) indicates that the preceditv^ ^omxv^ \s Vtcv^n
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on tVie ie»Wo^vcv^ ^-f^-sJ^^
360 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
nineteen adj. nain'tiin, (assumptiviy) 'naiiirtin.
nineteenth adj. nain'tiinO, (assumptiviy) 'nain-tinO.
nisi conj. (in law, unless) 'nai-sai.
nisns n. (effort) 'nai-s9s.
nit n. (egg of a louse) nit.
niter n. potassium nitrate; saltpeter [also spelt nitrel 'nai-
tar.
nitrify v, (convert into niter; become niter) 'nai-tji-fai.
nitrile n. cyanogen compound [also spelt nitril, nitrylel 'nai-
tjil.
nitrobenzene n. (nitrobenzol) nai-t£3-ben'ziin, nai-taplien-
zin.
nitrogen n, (element) 'nai-tsd-dsin.
nitrogenize v» combine with nitrogen [also spelt nitrogenise]
nai'tjedsi-naiz, 'nai-tjadsi-naiz.
nitroglycerin n. explosiv [also spelt nitroglycerine} nai-tp-
'ghs3-?in.
nitry adj. obsolete (nitrous) 'nai-tji.
nitryl n. (nitric peroxide, a radical) 'nai-t£i}.
Nizam n. (ruler of Hyberabad; Turkish army; soldier) ni-
'za:m, ni'zam.
no n. denial; negativ vote [plural noes, no'sl noo.
no adj. not any, etc. [dialectal synonymous cognates : na,
naa, nae, nea, neah, nee, neea, ney, neye, nel noo, (when
unstrest) no, no.
no adv. expressing dissent, etc. [dialectal synonymous cog-
nate na"] noo, (when unstrest) no, no; (occasionally) noop,
nop ; (vulgarly ; offensivly) nc: , ua ; (dialectally) no: .
nob n. person of wealth or social distinction; swell [former
synonymous cognate nah'\ nob.
nob n. head, knob ; in cribbage, knave of the same suit as the
turn-up card [also, formerly, spelt nohh} nob.
nobbed adj. having nobs ; knobbed [also spelt nobd} nebd.
noblesse n. noble birth; nobility [also, formerly, spelt no-
bless, noblesi no'bles.
nocturn n. (in the Roman Catholic Church, one of the divi-
sions of the office of matins) 'nok-tarn.
nocturn adj. obsolete (nocturnal) 'nok-tarn..
nocturnal adj. (of the night) nok'ta^nl, nok'taie-nl.
nocturne n. in painting, night-piece; in music, notturno
[also spelt nocturni 'nok-tarn.
nodal adj. (of a node) 'noo-dl, 'noo-dal.
noddle n. (head) 'nedl.
/ ye, q cure ; 5 t!ie, 0 tKltv, ^ 5 atSMte, d^ foy ; \ shoe, tS che-w ;
w when; i) sing; u whoever, itcact, vjiu\\, v^mIooV, \\V "vV^ee;
o poetic; a ov^r, e aerial, A.\iut, :i\doot, -^iOTvo, «.\ie^. "^^^a}«.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 361
nodose adj, (having knots or nodes; knotty) no'doos, (as-
sumptivly) 'noo-dos.
nodule n. (rounded lump; small node or knot) 'ne-djul, 'ne-
dsul.
nodulose adj. (knotty, nodulous) nedjoloos, {assumpHvly)
'nedjo^os.
noetic adj. (of the mind) no'etik.
nos n. peg, block; knag, snag, stump [also spelt nogg'[ neg.
nog n. beer ; egg-nog [also spelt nogg'i neg.
nosgln n. (vessel; mug) 'negin.
nogglng n. (brick filling) 'negir).
noisome adj. (harmful; offensiv) 'nei-ssm.
noisy adj. (making a noise; full of noise) 'nei-zi. ,
nomad n. wanderer, roamer, rover [synonymous cognate no-
model 'noo-maed, 'ne-mad, 'neniad.
nomadlo adj, (wandering; of nomads) no'maedik.
nomadize v. live as nomads; roam [also spelt nomadisel
'nemd-daiz.
nom de plnme n. (pen-name) 'nendi-pz^oum.
nome n. (province) noom.
nome n. rule of musical composition [synonymous cognate
nomosi nDom.
nomen n. name [ploral nominal 'nDO-man.
nomenclature n. (name; list; system of names; terminolo-
gy) 'noo-man-ktetSa?, nD'menkL9-tSo?.
nominative adj, noting the subject; nominated [also spelt
nominativl 'nemina-tiv, (assumptivly) 'nemi-nativ, 'nemna-
tiv.
nomocanon n. (collection of canons, etc.) no'meka-nen, 'noo-
ma-kaenan.
nonage n. (minority; immaturity) 'nenids, 'noo-nids.
nonage n. (ninth part) 'nao-nids.
nonce n. (one occasion; once) nents, nens.
nonchalance n. (state of being nonchalant) 'nen^a-lans,
'nentSa-lans.
nonchalant adj. (lacking warmth of feeling, indifferent,
unconcernd) 'nenja-lant, 'nentja-lant.
non-combatant n. nen'kembi-tnt.
non-commlssloned adj. [also spelt non-commissiondl non-
ka'mijand, (assumptivly) 'nen-ka-miSand.
none n. (daily office said at the ninth hour or 3 p.m.; nones)
naon.
none noun-pron., adj.-pron., adv. nAn ; (dialectally) nan.
c: law, b: f wr, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: for, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
]ength-mark (:) indicates that t\ie ptecedixv^ %a>\w^ V5» VsrwstN
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on X\ift i^>\^H<vcvsL «f^s5w«.*
362 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
nonentity n. (non-existence; figment; nothing) nen'enti-ti.
nones n. (the eighth day before the ides; also, a daily office
said at the ninth hour, or 3 p.m.) noonz.
nonjnror n. (one who refused to swear allegiance to the
sovereign) nen'dso:-?^?, *nen-d$o:-z9z.
nonpareil adj. (having no equal; peerless) nenpa'^el, nempd-
'zel; (improperly) nenpa'niL
nonplns n,, adj, 'nen-p^AS.
nonplns v, (bring to a nonplus or standstill; perplex) nen-
'pLAS, 'nen-pLAs.
nonplnssed adj. [also spelt nonplusfl nen'pLASt, (assumptiv-
ly) 'nen-pLAst.
nonsensical adj. (that is nonsense; absurd) nen'sensi-kdl,
(assumptivly) 'nen-sensikal, nen'sensiksl.
nook n. (corner; recess) nok; (dialectally) nouk.
noose n. (running knot; loop) nous; (less properly) nouz.
noose V, knot [past participle and preterit noosed, noost}
nuuz, nous.
nop conj. (and not; than) ne:z, (when less strest) nez, na^, nz.
normalize v. [also spelt normalisel 'nerr-ms-laiz.
northeast adj. ne:rG'iist, (assumptivly) 'ne:r9-iist, (or, when
less strest) 'ne:?G-ist.
northerner n. (nativ or resident of the north) 'ne:?-6a-n3?.
northiB^ard adj. (toward the north) 'nei^O-ward.
nortli'west adj. ne:?0'west, (assumptivly) 'ne:^G-west.
nosology n. (classification or science of diseases) no'sels-
dsi.
nostalgia n. (severe homesickness) nes'taeldsa, nes'taldsi-a.
nostmm n. (quack medicin; pet Scheme) 'nestjam; (improp-
erly) 'noo-stjam.
not adv. (expressing negation) net, (when unstrest) nat, nt.
nota bene phrase (note well, mark carefully) noo-ta'bii-ni,
noo-talDii-ni.
notable adj. (noteworthy; noticeable) 'noo-ta-bal; (capable,
bustling : said of women) 'noo-ta-bal, 'neta-bal.
notate adj. (markt with spots or lines) 'noo-tet.
nota tor ». (noter, recorder; one skild in musical notation)
no'tee-ta?.
noteiB^ortby adji (worthy of notice) 'noot-WBr5i.
nothing noun-pron., adv. 'nA0ii] ; (dialectally) 'nA0ra, 'nAGn ;
'neGiq, 'neGin.
notice n. intimation, warning; heed, note [also spelt notisi
'noo-tis.
J ye, g cure; d the, 6 th\n\ ^ 5 asMte, d-s joy ; ^ shoe, tS chew ;
wwAen; ijsing', u whoever, 1 react, wiu\V vvw\oo\, \\\., <\^cc%
o poetic; o over, e aerial, Abut, o\ doot, ootvo, t>ac^, ^^%.a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 363
te V. notify; remark upon; observe; recognize [also spelt
Is; past participle and preterit noticed, notisti 'nDO-tis.
ieable adj, 'noo-tisa-bal, (assumptivly) 'noo-tisabal,
d, sometimes, rapidly) 'notsabal.
chord n, (chorda dorsalis; primitiv backbone) 'noo-ta-
:d,
;lit n., adj, nc:t. see naught.
&enal adj. (of a noumenon) 'noo-mi-nl, 'nou-mi-nl.
aenon n. object of purely intellectual intuition; thing
tself [plural noumena} 'nao-mi-nen ; (less properly) 'nou-
nen.
n. rnind; gumption [also spelt nouse, nowsel naos, nous.
'ean riclie n. [ploral nouveaux riches} nuvo'zii^.
1 adj. (new) 'neval.
lize V. make novel; produce a novelty; convert into a
el [also spelt novelise} 'neva-laiz.
Ity n. something new [ploral novelties} 'neval-ti.
real adj, (of a stepmother) no'vszkal, no'verr-kal.
ce n. probationer; tyro [also spelt novis} 'nevis.
tiate n, probationary period; notice; tyro; 'noviceship
50 spelt noviciate! no'viji-et, no'viji-at.
adays adv. in these days; in the present age [also spelt
v-a-days} 'nau-3-deez.
ay adv. not at all; by no means [synonymous cognate
vays} 'noo-wee.
el n. Christmas [also spelt Nowell, Noel} no'el, 'noo-el.
b1 n. (the inner part or core of a mold for casting hollow
inders, etc.) no'el, 'noo-al, 'nou-at.
Ise adv. (in no way; in no respect) 'noo-woiz.
ons adj. (injurious, hurtful) 'nekjas.
kde ». (putting to death by drowning) nwe'jard.
e n. socket; spout; nose [also spelt nozzle} 'nozal.
ace n. (slight variation; shade of color; delicate grada-
n) nju'eqs.
He adj. marriageable [also, sometimes, spelt nuhil} 'njou-
; (dialectallv) 'nou-bil; (also, rarely) 'njou-bail, 'nou-
:l.
ei n. (ploral of nucleus) 'njou-kti-ai.
leolns n. small nucleus; paranucleus [ploral nucleoli}
)'kl-li-3-l3S.
lens n. kernel; central mass [ploral nuclei} 'njou-kti-as.
B adj, (not formally attested or recorded; naked, bare)
jud; (dialectally) noud.
V, 8! f Mr, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, oo now, a: osk, ai ktte ;
h-mark (:) indicates that tlie pteeeCLixv^ ^Cixsxv^ \^ Vi.xv%\
t-mor/r C) indicates chief stress on \Vifc i?>>\o^vci% ^nj^-s^^^
364 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
nndse v. (touch, push, or poke with the elbow, to call atten-
tion) nxds.
nudity n. (state or fact of being nude; nude figure) 'njou-
di-ti; (dialectally) 'nou-di-ti.
nugatory adj. (trifling; futil) 'njuu-gd-to^i, 'njou-gd-tszi.
nnsset n. (rough lump of nativ gold; lump) 'nxgit.
nni«anoe n. (hurt; annoyance, plague) 'njou-ssns; (dialec-
tally) 'nou-s9ns.
nnmb ad}\ deprived of feeling [also spelt numl nAm.
nnmbed adj. deprived of feeling [also spelt numdl nAmd.
nnmbered adj, repkond by number; markt with a number
[also spelt numberdi 'nAmbszd.
nnmerio adj, obsolete (identical) nju'merik.
nnmerons adj. (plentiful; many) 'njuu-ms-^ss, 'njum^ss.
nnmiamatio n. (of coins) njumis'maetik ; (less properly)
njumiz'maetik.
nnmmnlite n. (fossil cephalopod) 'uAmjo-lait.
nnmsknll n. (blockhead; dolt) 'uAm-skAl.
nnn n. (woman devoted to a religious life under vows) nAU.
nnnoheon n. luncheon [also spelt nunchioni 'uAntJan, (in
Britain) 'uAnJan.
nnnciatnre n. (office of nuncio; period of office of a pa-
pal nuncio) 'uAnSi-a-tSo?, 'nAnSi-a-tgo?.
nnncio n. messenger; papal agent [also spelt nuntio; ploral
nunciosl 'nAnJi-o.
nnnonpative adj. oral; rarely, designativ [also spelt nun-
cupativ'l 'nAqkgo-petiv, 'nAnkgo-petiv, nAn'kgou-pa-tiv.
nnndinal adj., n. (of a fair) 'uAndi-nl, 'nAndi-nsl.
nnnnery n. convent [ploral nunneriesi 'nAna-n.
nnptial adj. (of marriage; of a wedding) 'nApJal.
nnrsery n. (room for children; tree-garden, etc.) 'tibzs^-zi,
'nsiz-s^-zi, 'ne^ssi, 'nsir-s^i.
nnrslins n. object of a nurse's care [also spelt nurselingi
'nezTSi-ii], 'nBirs-hq.
nnrtnre n. (breeding, food, care) 'nertSar, 'narr-tSaz, 'nsztq^z.
nntant adj. (drooping; pendent) 'njou-tant.
nntrient adj. (serving as food; nutrimental) 'njou-tEi-ant.
nntriment n. (food) 'njou-tji-mant; (dialectally) 'nou-tji-
mdnt.
nntrition n. (action of nourishing; nutriment, food) nju-
'tEiSan; (dialectally) nu'tjijan.
nntritions adj. nju'tsijas; (dialectally) nu'tjijas.
nntritive adj. [also spelt nutriliv} 'njou-tji-tiv.
J ye, ?cure; 5 ffie, 0 thin-, ^aiSMte, d^jioy; \shoe, tS c/»ew;
w when; ij sing; u whoever, itcacX., vjiuW, v^uiooX, -i.^x, vL%ce\
o poetic; o ov^r, e oerial, A.\ittt, o-.doot, ^otvo, t>Qcei., ^^^cX&\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 365
nylshan n. antelope [also spelt nilgau, nilghau and, formerly,
nylgau; synonymous cognates neelghau, nilgai, nilghye, nyl-
ghai, neelgyel 'nil-gc: .
nymph n. (maiden deity; dryad, naiad, etc.) nimf.
nymphean adj, (of a nymph;'* nymph-like) 'nimfi-sn, nim-
'fii-3n.
nymphenBi n. grotto or shrine of the nymphs [also spelt
nymphaeum; ploral nymphed\ nim'fii-am.
o prep, on [also spelt <?'] o, {when less strest) o, 9.
O interj. expressing appeal, entreaty, invocation, surprise,
pain, lament, gladness, etc, [also, especially when detacht
from what follows, or when used as a cry of pain or terror,
or when expressing shame, derisiv astonishment, or dis-
approbation, spelt ohl 30, (when less strest) o, o.
o prep, of [also spelt o'] o, (when less strest) o, d.
o n. zero, cipher; mere nothing; also, anything round, as a
circle, round spot, orb [ploral, in the sense of anything
round, oes and, formerly, oaes, oosl oo.
O n. the interjection O [ploral O'sl do.
oaf n. elf's child; fool [obsolescent synonymous cognates
ouph, auf; ploral oafs, oaves'] oof.
oaknin n. old-rope fiber [also, formerly, spelt okurn] 'oo-ksm.
oar ». (boat-oar) o:?.
oasis n. fertil spot in a desert [ploral oasesi o'ee-sis, 'oo-a-sis.
oath n. solemn appeal to deity, etc. ; curse [ploral oathsY 3oO.
oaths ». (ploral of oath) oodz; (less properly) oo9s.
oatmeal n. (meal made from oats, etc.) 'oot-miil, oot'miil.
obang n. (coin) 'oo-baq, o'baeq.
obbligato adj. indispensable [also spelt obligatoj ebli'goto.
obdnraoy n. (stubbornness; relentlessness) 'obdjors-si, eb-
'djo:-?3-si; (dialectally) 'obdara-si.
obdnrate adj. (hardend in sin; inexorable) 'obdjo-rst, eb-
'djo:-r3t.
obdnrate v, (make obdurate) 'obdjo-ret; eb'djo:-ret.
obea n. sorcery [also spelt obeah, obeeyah; synonymous cog-
nates obi, obyl 'oo-bi-a.
obedience n. (action of obeying) o'bii-di-ans, (when less
strest) a^Dii-di-ans.
obeisance n. (formerly, obedience; now, bow, curtsy; defe-
rence) oliee-sans, o'bii-sans.
c: law, b: f wr, ae cat, o hot, oi hoy ; a: for, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceAitiv, ^wrcv^ \% Vi.TCi»\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on the i©>\oNivcv^t «^'^'!i^«^'
366 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
obelisk n. (tapering rectangular shaft or column; also, obe-
lus) 'ebi-lisk.
obelize v, mark with an obelus; condemn as spurious [also
spelt obelise; former erroneous synonymous cognate obo-
Ujsel 'ebi-laiz. •
obelns n. spit-like dash or obelisk formerly used in manu-
scripts to mark spurious passages; in modern use, a dagger
indicating a foot-note, etc. [plural obelil 'obi-l3s.
obese adj. (very fat; exceedingly corpulent) o'biis.
obesity n. (state or quality of being obese) o'besi-ti.
obey V, comply with the bidding of ; mind [past participle and
preterit obeyed, obeydl o'bee, (when less strest) a'bee.
obfnscate v. darken; bewilder [synonymous cognate offus-
cate"] eb'fAsket, 'ob-fAsket, 'ebfAS-ket.
obi^ n. 'oo-bi. same meaning as obea.
obi* n. Japanese sash [ploral obisl 'oo-bi.
obit w. death; obituary notice; memorial service [synony-
mous cognate obiiti 'oo-bit, 'obit.
obiter adv, (by the way) 'obi-ta?.
obitnary n. (register of obit-days or deaths; death-notice)
o'bitSu-ezi; (also) D'bitQU-3-ri, (anteriorly) D'bit^u-ari.
object n, (thing, etc.) 'obdsikt.
object V, (expose to* oppose, etc.) ab'dsekt.
objnrgate v. (rebuke severely; chide, scold) ob'd3o:r-get, ab-
'd3B:?-get, 'ob-dser-get.
objnrgatory adj, eb'dsorr-ga-to^i ; (also) sb'dsBir-gata-n,
(assumpHvly) ab'dsBi^-ga-tan.
oblate adj. (flattend at the poles : opposed to prolate) eb-
leet, (assumpHvly) 'o-blet.
oblate V, (offer as an oblation) ebleet.
oblate ». (person devoted to a monastery or to religious
work) ©bleet, 'o-blet.
obligatory adj. (imposing obligation) 'obhga-to^i; (also)
'obh-gata-ri, (assumptivly) 'obhga-ta^i ; (also) 'obh-geta-ri,
(assumpHvly) 'obh-getan ; (improperly) o'bhga-to^i.
oblige v» (engage; bind; constrain; compel) o'blaids, (when
less strest) aljlaids; (also, formerly) o'bhids.
lobligee n. (one to whom another is bound by contract; also,
one who is under obligation) ebh'dsii.
obliger n. (one who obliges; one who binds or imposes an
obligation upon another by contract; one who confers an
obligation or favor) o'blai-dsa?.
obligor n. (one who binds himself to another by contract;
J ye, gcure; b t/ie, 0 thin*, ■sasMte, d-^ioy; ishoe, t^chew;
wwhen; i)sing\ u whoever, iTcacl, \5W\\, xiuiooV, \\\, <\%ee\
o poetic; oov^r, e oerial, xbut, o*. ^oot, -aQtvo, ^£.\ie^, ^^^oX5t\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 367
person who gives a bond or obligation : correlativ of
gee) 'eWi-ge:z, ebli'ge:?,
tne adj,,n.,v, o'hliik, (when less strest) 9l>liik; (also,
often) o'Uaik.
Lnity n. (quality of being oblique; slant) o'UiktDi-ti.
tuns n. muscle [ploral obliquil e^lai-kwas.
erate v. (blot out; efface; destroy) e'biits-ret, d'blitset.
iny n. (evil-speaking; abuse) 'ebld-kwi.
xions adj. (exposed to harm; odious) eb'nek$3s, ^h-
cjds.
n. (hautboy; reed-stop) 'oo-bei, 'oo-bo-i, 'DO-bo-i.
it n. (performer on the oboe) 'oo-bo-ist.
n. silver coin of ancient Greece [also, formerly, spelt
lei 'ebal.
5 n. (French coin) 'e-bol.
KB n. obol; also, obole [ploral oboHl 'ebs-lss.
ate adj, (inversely ovate; egg-shaped with the broader
. upmost or forward) eb'oo-vet.
ptlon n. (obtaining .by craft) o'b?epS3n, ebVepJan.
Bne adj\ (disgusting; filthy; lewd) eb'siin, ab'siin.
dnity n. (obscene quality; foulness) eb'seni-ti, sb'seni-ti.
are adj. sb'skgo:?; (sometimes, anteriorly) 'ebskgor.
inions adj, (obedient; cringing) eb'sii-ku)i-as, ab'sii-kioi-
5|ny n. funeral rite ; funeral [ploral obsequiesi 'ebsi-ku)i.
pve V. keep ; perceive ; watch [also spelt observ ; past par-
pie and preterit observed, observd^ ab'zerrv.
lete adj. (no longer used; out of date) 'ebsa^it, (some-
es predicativly or finally) ebsa'hit.
Btrio ». (of a midwife or accoucheur) eb'stetjik, sb-
tjik.
nde V. (thrust forth; thrust; intrude) ab'tjoud.
naive adj. [also spelt obtrusivl 3b'tjou-siv; ab'tjou-ziv.
rator n. (something that stops up) 'ebtgo-retaz.
•e adj. (blunt; dull) eb'tgous, ab'tgous; (dialec tally) eb-
is.
me n. (side of a coin with the head, etc. : correlativ of
erse; face, front) 'eb-vB?s.
rse adj. (opposit; of leaves, narrower at the base than
the top; answering to a counterpart) eb'vB'.rs, (assump-
ly) 'eb-v8rs.
ina n. (musical instrument) ekd'rii-ns.
■ion n. (opportunity; cause; juncture; event) sTcee-san.
', b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao tvotm, «:. a-aV.^ ^-vVVvs-n
b-mark (:) indicates that the preceditv^ ^o>a.Tv^ a.^ ViraskN
■mark C) indicates chief stress on t\ie ie»Wo^\Tv^ ^-fC^^^^.
368 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
oooasioniJly adv, slcee-sd-nl-i, (rapidly) alcee-sd-nh, {an-
teriorly) ykee-sdnh.
oooident n,, adj. (west) 'eksi-dnt, 'eksi-dant.
oooipital adj. (of the occiput) ek'sipi-t!, ek'sipi-ts!.
oooipnt n. (back of the head) 'eksi-pat, 'eksi-pxt.
oeonlt adj. (hidden; recondite) s'kAlt, oIcaU, 'e-kxlt.
ooonltism n. dHcAl-tizam ; (less properly) 'e-kAl-tizam.
oocnrreaioe n. (fact of occurring; event) dlcB^ans, slcAzdns.
oeean n. (main sea) 'oo-San.
Oceanian adj. (of the Pacific ocean; of Oceania) oSi'ee-ni-
9n, oSi'xni-sn.
oeeanio adj. (of the ocean; ocean-like) oSi'aenik.
ooellate adj. (having ocelli; like an eye) 'esi-let, 'esi-ldt, .
o'seldt.
ooellns n. little eye; eyelet [ploral ocellil o'selds.
ooelot n, (leopard-cat, tiger-cat) 'esi-lat, 'oo-si-let.
ooher n. [also spelt ochre, okerl 'oo-k^z.
ooherons adj. of the nature of or containing ocher; ocher-
colord [synonymous cognates ochreous, ochrousi 'oo-ka-ras.
oohery adj. ocher-colord ; of the nature of ocher [synony-
mous cognates ochry, ochreyl 'oo-k^-zi.
oohreons adj. 'ao-k^i-as. same meaning as ocherous.
oorea n. sheath of a stem or seta; bird's boot [also spelt och-
rea; ploral ocreael /eksi-a, 'oo-ksi-a.
ootagon n. (eight-angled figure) 'ekta-gen.
ootasonal adj. (eight-angled; eight-sided) ek^taegd-nl, ek-
'taega-nal.
octahedron n. eight-sided solid [also spelt octahedron; syn-
onymous cognates octaedron, octoedron; ploral octahedrons,
octahedral ektd'hii-dran.
ootastyle adj. having eight columns in front or at the end
[also spelt octostylel 'ekta-stail.
octave n. (period of eight days; group of eight lines; note;
tone-group) 'ek-tev.
octavo n. book-size [ploral octavos! ©k'tee-vo, ek'ta:-vo.
octet n. composition for eight voices, etc.; group of eight
lines [also spelt octette, octetti ek'tet.
octogenarian adj. (of the age of eighty years) ektd-dsi-
'ne:-ri-an.
octogenary adj. (octogenarian) ek'tedsi-ne^i, ek'tedsi-nazri,
'ektadsi-ne^i ; (improperly) ekta'dsii-na-zri.
octogynons adj, having eight pistils [synonymous cognate
octagynousi ek'tedsi-nas.
j ye, ccure; 5 *fie, 0 thin; ^^lsmt^, ^"si^^N ^ sKoe, t^ c/»ew ;
wzc'hen; ry s\ng\ u "whoevet, \Tca.c\., viiuW, vy>\\oo\, -s.Kv ^\^ee*
o poetic; a ov^r, e oeria\, xbut, o*. doox, ^ot».o, vi,>ac^, %.^^aX&\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 369
ootoped n. eight-footed animal or thing [synonymous cog-
nate octopede'] 'okta-ped.
ootopns n. eight-armd cephalopod [plural octopuses, octopi,
octopodes"} 'okta-pas, ok'too-pas.
octoroon n. (person having one-eighth negro blood) ekts-
'^oun.
octroi n. (tax) ek'tjuje, 'ek-tjei.
octnple adj, (eightfold) 'ektQo-pd}.
ocnlar adj. (of the eye; visual; visible) 'ekqoA^z.
od n. (a supposed force) ed, ood.
odal n. (shrub) 'oo-dsl, 'edsl.
odalisk n. female slave or concubine [also spelt odalisque,
odalisc"] 'oo-da-hsk.
odd adj, (not even; single; peculiar) ed.
ode n. (poem) ood.
odeon n. 'oo-di-an, oMii-sn, o'4ii-6n. same meaning as ode-
um,
odenm n. music-hall [synonymous cognate odeon; plural
odeal o'dii-3m.
odic adj. (of the supposed force od) 'odik, 'oo-dik.
odio adj. (of an ode) 'oo-dik.
odions adj. (hateful; exciting odium) 'oo-di-ss, (rarely) 'oo-
djas; (vulgarly) 'oo-dsas.
odinm n. (hatred; opprobrium) 'oo-di-dm.
odize V, charge with odic force [also, rarely, spelt odisel 'ed-
aiz, 'e-daiz, 'oo-daiz.
odontalgia n (toothache) o-den't^ldsa, o-den'taeldsi-d.
odor n. scent, smell [also spelt odourl 'oo-dae.
odoriferons adj, (bearing an odor; odorous) odd'nfs-^as.
odorless adj, [also spelt odourless} 'oo-ds^-lss.
odorons adj, (emitting an odor; fragrant) 'oo-da-rss.
oecolosy n. i'keld-dsi. see ecology.
oedema n. I'dii-ms. see edema,
o'er adv. (over) o:z.
oesophagns n. I'sefs-gss. see esophagus.
oestms n. (gadfly; sting; stimulus; oestrum) 'ii-st£9s, 'est£3s.
of prep, ev, (when unstrest) av (and, dialectally) 9.
off adv., prep. e:f, (when unstrest) of.
offal n, (refuse, waste) 'e:-fal, 'ofal.
offense n. stumbling-block; attack; act of offending; mis-
demeanor [also spelt offence} s'fents, a'fens.
offensible adj, formerly, offensiv; later, liable to take of-
fense [also, formerly, spelt offencible"] d'fensa-bdl.
c: law, b: f Mr, ae cat, e hot, oi hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
Ungth-mark (:) indicates that the ptecedixiv^ ^QiMtA \^ V»TkJ%.\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on >i3ii^ i«kWsyw\XL% ««j^^aM«^
370 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
offensive adj. aggressiv; displeasing [also spelt offensiv
and, fermerly, offencive} 9'fentsiv, s'fensiv.
offer V. present; give [past participle and preterit offered,
offerdi 'or-fa?, {when less strest) 'ef^z.
office n. service; position; business-place [also spelt off is]
'o*— ITS
official n. (officer) a'fijal.
officialise v, [also spelt officialisel d'fiSs-laiz.
officiate v, (discharge an office) s'fiSi-et.
officinal adj, (of an herb, plant, drug) s'fisi-n!, efi'sai-nl.
officious* adj. (attentiv ; meddlesome) a'f iSss.
offspring n. (progeny, issue) 'e:f-sp3ii).
oft adv, (often) e:ft.
often adv. (many times; frequently) 'oi-fan, (when less
strest) 'ofan; (tn parts of the north of. England and Scot-
land, and the north of Ireland, whence also by some in
America) 'oif-tan, 'e:f-tn.
oftentimes adv, (many times; often) e:-f3n'taimz, (when
less strest) efan'taimz; (anteriorly) 'oi-fan-taimz.
ogee n. (double curve) o'dsii, 'oo-dsi.
ogham n. old British and Irish alfabet [also spelt ogam,
ogum, oghumi 'egam.
ogive n. (pointed arch) 'Do-dsaiv, o'dsaiv, 'oo-dsiv.
ogle V. (cast amorous glances; make eyes at; eye) 'oo-gal.
ogre n. (man-eating monster) 'oo-gsz.
ogreish adj, ogre-like [synonymous cognate ogrishi 'oo-ga-
ogress n. (in heraldry, roundel sable; pellet) 'oo-gzis.
ogress n. (female ogre) 'oo-gzis.
oil interj. see O.
oliin n. (unit of electric resistance) oom.
olio interj, expressing surprise, taunting, exultation, etc. [also
spelt O'ho, O ho, oh hoi o'hDO.
oiliness n. (oily quality, etc.) 'ei-h-nis.
oillet n. eyelet; loophole [also spelt oylet, oeilette and, for-
merly, oilet, oeillet] 'ei-ht.
okapi n. (African quadruped) dlca^pi.
okra n. plant [synonymous cognate okrol 'oo-k^a, 'oksa.
old adj. (that has livd long; ancient, etc.) aold, (when Mit-
strest) old, ol.
olden adj. (of a bygone age; ancient) 'ool-dn, 'ool-dan.
old-fasUoned adj. ooWfaeJand, (assumptivly) 'oold-fajand.
oleag^inons adj. (oily, fatty) oli'aedsi-nas.
f yCf gcure; 5*/ie, 0 thin*, ^a-SMxe, d-sio^; S^shoe, tS chew;
wwhen; losing', u whoever, ixe^LCl, ^iuW, vy>\iooV \\x, \\^ee\
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, /.but. ;>*.Aoot. -aoitio, ^\ic^. ^^%a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 371
oleander n. (shrub) oU'sends?; {less properly) 'oo-H-aends?.
oleaster n. (wild olive) oli'aestd?.
olef iant adj, (oil-making) o1ii-fi-9nt, 'oo-h-fai-ant, o'lefi-snt,
(rarely) 'oh-fai-ant.
oleic adj. (of oil; fatty) o'hi-ik, 'oo-li-ik, {rarely) 'eli-ik.
olein n. (principle of oils and fats; elain) 'oo-h-in.
oleo n. (oleomargarine) '30-H-o.
oleomargarine n. artificial butter [also, sometimes, spelt
oleomargarin} oli-o'mair-gs-ein, oli-D'ma:?-ga-^in ; (less prop-
erly) oli-o'ma:^-d33-^in.
olfactory adj. (of smell) orfaekta-^i, (assutnptivly) el'faektaei,
(rapidly) erfaektji.
olibanum n. (gum-resin) o'hbd-nsm.
oligarchy n. (government by the few; small body of exclu-
siv rulers) 'eh-ga^ki.
oligemia n. deficiency of blood [also spelt oligaemial eh-
'd5ii-mi-9.
olio n. hodgepodge, farrago, medley [also spelt ogliol 'oo-h-o.
olive n, tree; fruit; color [also spelt olivl 'ohv,
olivet n. (olive-grove) 'oh-vit.
olivet n. olive, an oval button; false pearl [synonymous cog-
nate olivettel 'eh-vet.
olivil n. substance from olive-tree gum [also spelt olivile}
'eh-vil.
olivine n. olive-green chrysolite [also, sometimes, spelt oli-
vini 'eh-vin, 'eh-vain.
ollahm n. learned man [also, sometimes, spelt ollav, ollave,
ollatnl 'elav, 'elam.
oUa podrida n. (Spanish meat-dish; hodgepodge, olio) eld-
po'drii-da.
olympiad n. (period of four years between successiv Olym-
pian games) o'hmpi-aed, o'hmpi-ad,
ombre n. card-game [also, sometimes, spelt otnber; synony-
mous cognate hombre} 'emba?, 'oom-bza.
omega n. (Greek letter; last word) o'mii-ga, o'mega, 'oo-mi-
ga.
omelet n. dish made of eggs, etc. [also spelt omelettel 'emd-
lat, 'emlat.
omen n. (presage, augury) 'oo-man.
omicron n. (Greek letter) 'emi-ksen, o'mai-k^an.
ominons adj. (of omen; of evil omen) 'emi-nss, (assutnp-
tivly) 'ominas.
omissible adj. (capable of being omitted) o'misd-bsh
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, © hot, ei hoy ; a: for, go now, a: osk, ai ktte;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceAiTv^. ^Ci>rcv^ \s Vs.TL"se%
stress-mark () indicates chief stress on t\i^ ieJ^or^vcv^ ^"^"^tJc^r.*
372 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
omit V. (leave out) o'mit, {when less strest) d'mit.
onmeity n, allness [synonymous cognate omnietyl om'nii-X'
ti.
onuiiety n. em'nai-i-ti. same meaning as omneity.
omnipoteiiLt adj. (almighty, all-powerful) em'nipa-tnt, eoH
'nips-tdnt; (assumptivly) om'nipdtnt, orn'mpstdnt.
omnisoieiiLoe n. (infinit knowledge) om'niSsns, em'niSi-ans;
(less properly) om'nisQdns, em'nisi-9ns.
omoplate n. shoulder-blade, scapula [synonymous cognate
omoplat'] 'oo-ma-pz-eet.
on prep, (upon, at, etc.) en, (when unstrest) an, n.
onaser n. (wild ass) 'ena-d33?.
onaAism n. (masturbation) 'oo-nd-nizdni.
onoe adv, (one time) wAnts, (also, and in Britain normally)
WAns, (also, sometimes, when unstrest) wans.
one noun-pron. (individual, somebody, something) wau, (when
unstrest) wan.
one-horse adj. wAn'he:7s, (assumptivly) 'wAii-he:7s.
oner n. (slang) one who is unique [also spelt one-er} 'wAnar.
onera n. (plural of onus) 'ena-za.
onerons adj, (burdensome) 'ena-^as; (assumptivly) 'enasas;
(less properly) 'oo-na-^as.
oneself noun-pron. (one's, self) wAn'seif, (with less stress)
wan'self.
one-sided adj. wAn'sai-did, (assumptivly) 'wAU-sai-did.
onion n. (plant) 'Anjan.
only adj., adv., conj. 'oo-nh ; (dialectally) 'anh.
onomatopoeia n. echoism [synonymous cognate onomato-
poesis"} ona-maeta'pii-a, ena-maeta'pii-ja, a-nomata'pii-ja.
onomatopoeic adj, ena-mxta'pii-ik, a-nemata'pii-ik.
onomatopoesis n. (onomatopoeia) ona-mxta-po'ii-sis,
o-nemata-po'ii-sis.
onto prep, [also spelt on to} 'onto, (when less strest) 'enta.
onns n. burden [plural onera} 'ao-nas.
onyx n. agate-like quartz [also, formerly, spelt onix} 'eniks,
'oo-niks.
oolite n. roe-stone [also spelt oolite} 'oo-a-lait.
oology n. study of birds'eggs; egg-collecting [also spelt oo/o-
gy} o'©b-d3i.
oolong n. tea [also spelt oulong} 'uu-lei].
ooze V, exude [past participle and preterit oozed, ooed} ouz.
opacity n. (darkness; opaqueness; lack of transparency)
o'paesi-ti.
J yCf ccure; d *He, QtKin; jarure, ds/oy; \shoe, tScfcew;
wwhen; rjsin^; u whoever, iteacl, viluW., viAaiiooV vit^ xis^^;
o poetic; a ov^r, e oerial, a. but, ;)-.^oot» ^qtio, t\ie^^ ^^^««.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 373
opal »• (quartz-like hydrous silica; geili) 'oo-pol; (improperly)
opAlMloanoe n. (opaline or milky iridescence) opalesdns.
opaline adj. (of opal) 'oo-ps-lin, 'oo-pd-hn, 'oo-pd-lain.
opalize v. [also spelt opalise'\ '30-p3-}aiz.
opaqne adj. (dark; not transparent) o'peek.
open adj., n., v. [as verb, past participle and preterit opened,
opendl 'oo-pan, (when unstrest) 'oo-pm.
open-handed adj, 30-p3n'h£ndid, (assumptivly) 'oo-psn-
hsendid.
opening n. (action of the verb open; vacant space, etc.) 'oo-
ps-niq, 'oop-nir), 'oo-pNiq, (sometimes) 'oo-pm-iq.
opera n. (musical drama) 'epa-ra, (anteriorly) 'epa^a, 'ep33.
operative adj.,n. [also spelt operativ"} 'epa-zetiv; (also)
'opa?a-tiv, (anteriorly) 'epa-rativ, 'epsativ. •
opliite n. (serpentine marble) 'e-fait, 'oo-fait.
ophthalniio adj. ef'Oselmik; (less properly) ep'Gaelmik.
opiate n, (medicin containing opium; narcotic) 'oo-pi-et, 'do-
pi-3t.
opinable adj. (capable of being opined or thought) o'pai-na-
bal; (formerly) 'epina-bal.
opine V. (express an opinion; think; suppose) 3'pain.
opinion n. (what one thinks; belief, notion) a'pinjan.
opodeldoc n, (liniment) eps'del-dek.
opossnm n. marsupial [synonymous cognate possumi d'pesam.
opponent n. (antagonist, adversary) s'pao-nant; (improper^
ly) 'opa-nant.
opportune adj. (fit; timely) eps^'tQoun, (sometimes, assump-
tivly) 'epaz-tgun.
opportunity n. (opportuneness; chance) epa^'tQou-ni-ti.
opposite adj, placed over against; contrary; reverst [also
spelt opposit"] ^epa-zit, (assumptivly) 'epazit, 'epsit.
oppositifplions adj, (situated opposit a leaf) a-peziti'fao-
H-as.
opprobrinm n. (disgrace, infamy, reproach) a'psoo-bn-am.
oppngn V. (fight against; assail) a'p^oun.
oppngnant adj, (opposing; repugnant) a'pxgnant.
oppngner n. (one who oppugns; opponent) a'pQou-nae.
optimise v, act as an optimist; make the best of [also spelt
optimise^ 'epti-maiz.
opnlent adj. (rich, wealthy; splendid) 'ep^o-lant.
opnsole n. (opuscule) 3'pAsal, o'pAsl.
opnscnle n. (a small work) 3'pA-skQui.
c: low, b: f «r, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao now, a: osk, ax kite ;
length-mark (;) indicates that the pteceduift ^^omtA -ia \wv.%\
fitress-mark () indicates chief stress on X)^^ iel^o^vci^ ^f^ai^^R-x
374 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
or conj. e:z, {when less strest) e?, az.
oral adj, (spoken, verbal; of the mouth) 'oi-z^,
orangeade n. (beverage) ezmd^'ced.
OraiLgeism n. principle of the Orange Association, or of
Protestant ascendancy in Ireland [also spelt Orangism]
'erin-dsizam.
oraiLgery n. (place for rearing orange-trees) 'ezindsa-si,
'ezindyzi.
orans-outang n. anthropoid ape [also spelt orang-utang,
ourang-outang; synonymous cognate orang-utanj o'zaeqo-taei],
o-zaeqo'taer).
orate v. (hold forth, speechify) 'o:-zet, o'zeet.
oratorize v, play the orator; speechify [also spelt oratorise]
'ezata-zraiz.
ore n. cetacean [also, formerly, spelt orki e:zk.
oroein n. (red coloring-matter from orcin) 'o:z-si-in.
orchestra n. (part of a theater; company of musicians, etc.)
'oizr-ki-stja ; (less properly) ez'kestja.
orchestral adj. (of an orchestra) cz'kest^dl.
orchid n. (a plant of the Orchideae or orchis order; an or-
chidaceous plant) '©:z-kid.
orchil n. dye [synonymous cognate archW} '©:z-tSi}, 'eiz-kih
orchilla n. orchil; also, orchilla-weed [synonymous cognate
orchellal ez'tjila.
orchis n. (plant of the genus Orchis or of the order Orchi-
deae; typical orchid) 'e:r-kis.
orcin n. colorless substance from orchilla-weed; orcinol [also
spelt or cine'] 'e:z-sin.
ordeal n. (trial; trying experience) 'o:r-di-al, 'e:z-dil; (less
. properly) oz'dii-al.
ordinal adj. (marking position in an order or series; of an
order) 'oiz-dn-al, 'e:?-di-n}, 'oiz-di-nal.
ordinal n, (rule-book; service-book) 'eiz-dn-^l, 'o:z-di-nl, 'e:z-
di-nal.
ordinance n. (regulation; decree) 'oir-dn-ans, 'oir-di-nsns.
ordinarily adv. (usually, commonly) 'e:z-dn-ezi-h, 'o:r-di-
nezi-h; (occasionally or vulgarly) ©zdn'ezi-h, ezdi'neziAi.
ordinate adj. (orderly, regular) 'e:z-dn-3t.
ordinate v. (order, regulate; ordain; <:oordinate) 'e:z:-dn-et,
'©:z-di-net.
ordnance n. (artillery) '©:rd-n3ns.
ordnre n. (dung) 'eiz-d^^z, 'o:z-dJ3z.
ore n. (metalliferous mineral) o:z.
J yc, 5 cure; 5 the, Q thin*, -^^lsmt^, dT^foy; S j/toe, tScfcew;
w when; ij s\ng\ u whoever, iicsicX., xiiuW, vs>\\oo\, -s.Vx, ^\%€€;
o poetic; 3 ov^r, e oerial, a. but, ^-.^oot, -a^Tvo^ ^.\ic^, ^^%<i!«;\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 375
organizatioai n. [also, spelt organisation! ezrgdni'zee-Ssn,
ergs-nai'zee-.Jan.
organize v. [also spelt organise'} 'e:z-g3-naiz.
organzine n. best silk thread [also, sometimes, spelt organ-
sin} 'ei^-gan-zin, 'e:r-g3n-zin.
orgeat n. (syrup) 'e:?-3aet, 'oie-dsi-at, ez^^a: .
org^nette n. (mechanical musical instrument) e^gi'nct.
orgy n. rite; debauchery [also spelt orgie; ploral orgies} 'e:z-
dsi; (erroneously) *e:z-gi.
oribi n. antelope [also spelt orebi; synonymous cognates
ordbie, ourebi, oribe} 'o?i-bi.
oriolialo n. (some yellow ore or alloy of copper prized by
the ancients) 'o^i-kaelk.
oriel n. (portico, recess) 'oi-d-al.
orient n,, adj. (east) 'oi-ri-ant.
orient v, (place so as to face the east; find the bearings of)
'o:-^i-ent, o:-^i'ent.
orientalise v. [also spelt orientalise} o?i'entl-aiz.
orientate v. (orient) 'oi-^i-an-tet, od'en-tet.
orifice n. opening, aperture [also spelt orifis} 'ezi-iis.
oriflamme n. [also spelt oriflamb and, formerly, oriflam}
'e^i-ftaem.
original adj, {pi the origin ; first) o'zridsi-nl, o'^idsi-nal ; {as-
sumptivly) o'ridsinl, o'^idsinal; (sometimes, rapidly)
D'zridsnl, o'zid^n^,
orillion n. part of the defense of a bastion [synonymous cog-
nates orillon, oreillon} o'zili^n,
oriole n. (bird) 'o:-?i-ol.
orison n, (prayer) 'o^i-zan, 'o^i-son.
ormoln n. (gold-leaf; gilded bronze, etc.) 'oi^-ma-lu, 'o:?-m3-
Iju, o:^-ma'lou.
ornament n. (accessory; decoration) 'e:?-n3-m3nt.
ornament v. (adorn) 'e.'^-na-mant, e^nd'ment.
ornate adj, (ornamented; flowery) e^'neet, 'o:r-net.
omithiclinite n. (fossil footmark) o?ni'6ik-nait ; (less prop-
erly) o^'niOik-nait.
Omithogean adj. (of the Ornithogaea or New Zealand re-
gion) o^niOa'dsii-an, o^-nai-Oo'dsii-an, e^-nai-Go'gii-sn.
ornitliology n. (science of birds) o?ni'6el3-d3i.
ornitliomancy n. (divination by means of birds; augury)
'oi^-niOa-maensi, e^'niGa-maensi, ©^'nai-6o-maensi.
omithorliynclins n. (duckbill) e^niOa'^irikds, ez-nai-6o-
'^iqkas.
c: law, b: fwr, ae cat, e hot, oi boy ; a: far, ao noiu, ^\ a^^ ^^V\\s:%
length-mark (:) indicates that the pteceditvtt ^ovrcv^ ^a ^^^^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on )3cie io^o^va% «r^^^^^'
376 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
oroide n. gold-colord alloy of copper and zink [also, some-
times, spelt oroid'] 'o:-zeid, 'o:-zo-id, 'oi-zo-aid.
orotund adj. (full ; rich : said of the voice) 'o:-79-tAnd, (less
often) 'ez9-tAnd; {also sometimes, finally) o:-z9'XAnd, ez9-
'tAnd.
Orphean adj, (of Orpheus) 'e:?-fi-3n, ez'fii-dn.
orplurey n. gold embroidery; border; band [also spelt or-
fray"] 'or^-fsi, 'e:z-izc.
orpin n» plant [also spelt orpine"] 'e:7>pin.
orrery n. (device to show the motions of the planets) *ez9'
zt.
orthoolase n. (potash feldspar; orthose) 'e:2:-03-kz,es, 'e:z-
Gd-kLez.
orthodromy n. (sailing on a great circle) e^'Oedrs-mi, 'e:z-
Ga-dromi, 'eir-Oa-dremi.
orthoepio adj, of orthoepy [also spelt orthoepici e:7-0o'epik.
orthoepist n. one verst in orthoepy [also spelt orthoepisf]
e^'6oo-i-pist, 'o:?-Go-epist, 'e:?-Go-ipist.
orthoepy n. phonology; correct pronunciation [also spelt
orthoepy"} es'Goo-i-pi, 'e:?-Go-epi, 'e:^-Go-ipi.
orthognathons adj. (straight-jawd) er^Gegns-Gss, esOag'nee-
Gas, (rarely) erGag'naeGas.
orthogonal adj. (right-angled) ez'Qegs-ni.
orthographize v, follow or apply the rules of orthography;
spell (a word) correctly [also spelt orthographise"] ez'Qegz^-
faiz.
orthography n. (correct or conventional spelling; spelling;
also, orthographic projection) e^'6eg?3-fi.
orthopaedia n. (orthopedy) e:2r-G9pi'dai-3.
orthopedic adj, [also spelt orthopaedic"} ezGd'pii-dik, erGa-
'pedik.
orthopedist n. [also spelt orthopaedist} ee'Gepi-dist, ezrGd-
'pii-dist, 'e:r-Ga-pidist.
orthopedy n. correction of deformities in children; orthope-
dic surgery [also spelt orthopaedy} 'eie-Ga-pidi.
orthopterons adj. (straight-wingd) ez'Geptd-ras.
orthotropons adj. (growing vertically or straight) ez'Getss-
p9S.
OS n. bone [ploral ossa} es.
OS n. mouth [ploral ora} os.
OS n. [ploral osar} es. same meaning as osar.
osar n. kame, eskar, os; also, ploral of os [when used as sin-
gular, ploral osars} 'oo-sc?.
/ ye, g cure ; 5 the, 0 thin •, -s slsmt^, d-s joy ; \ shoe, tS c/iew ;
zi/hen
o poetic
w when ;' t) sing ; u whoever, i tcsicl, xs iu\V vk>\iooV ^\\.; ^^«;
!c; 9 0v^r, e aerial, Kbul, ^-.doot. ^qt».o, t\ie^^ ^^^^fiyt\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 377
osoillate v. (swing back and forth; vibrate; fluctuate) 'esi-
let.
oscine adu oscinine [also spelt osc\n'\ 'esin.
Oscines n,pU (the song-birds) 'esi-niz.
osoinine adj. (of the oscins or song-birds; oscin, oscinian)
'esi-nain, 'esi-nin.
osier n. willow [also spelt ozierl '00-33?, 'oo-zi-a?.
Osmanli adj.,n. Ottoman [also spelt Osmanliel es'maenh.
osmic adj. (of osmium) 'ezmik, 'esMik.
osmimn n. (metal) 'ezmi-am, 'esMi-am.
osmose n. (diffusion thru a septum) 'ez-mos, 'es-mos.
osmosis n. (osmose) ez'moo-sis, es'm30-sis.
osmotio adj, (of osmose) ez'metik, es'metik.
osprey n. (fish-hawk) 'esp^i.
ossean n. (osseous fish) 'esi-dn.
ossein n. bone-cartilage [also spelt osseinel 'esi-in.
Ossene n. one of a sect living east of the Dead Sea who
adopted a form of Christianity from the Essenes [synony-
mous cognates Ossaean, Ossen] 'e-sin.
osseous adj. (bony; ossified; bone-like) 'esi-3s, 'es-si-3s.
Ossianio adj, (of Ossian) e^i'senik, esi'aenik.
ossnary n. (bone-vault; bone-urn) 'esgu-ezri.
osteine n bony tissue [also spelt ostein'\ 'esti-in.
osteitis n. inflammation in a bone [synonymous cognate os-
titisi esti'ai-tis.
ostensible adj. (formerly, presentable; conspicuous; now,
pretended, profest) os'tensa-bal.
ostent n. (sign, portent, wonder, prodigy) es'tent.
ostent v,,n, (display) es'tent.
ostentation n. (show; parade) estn'tee-Jan, estan'tee-San.
osteologry n. (science of bones; skeletal system) ©sti'ola-dsi.
osteopathy n. (bone-disease ; bone-cure) esti'op3-0i.
ostler n. 'esta?. see hostler.
ostracism n. (temporary banishment; exclusion) 'est£3-siz3m.
ostracize v. banish; exclude from favor, etc. [also spelt
ostracisel 'estsa-saiz.
ostrich n. (large ratite bird) 'ostjitS.
otalgia n. (earache) o'taeldsa, o'taeldsi-a.
otic adj. (of the ear) 'oo-tik, 'etik.
otiose adj. (at rest; idle; lazy; steril; futil) 'oo-Si-os.
otinm n. (ease; leisure) 'oo-Ji-am.
otolith n. (ear-stone, otolite) 'DO-ta-hO.
ottar n. 'etar. same meaning as attar.
c: law, b: iur, ae cat, e hot, ei boy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte;
Isngtb-mark (:) indicates that t\\e preee^ixvtt ^cwitA ^^ ^^J"^*^
stress-mark C) indicates chief streaa on \!iti^ \??^o^vcv% %ri\Sa2cJifc'
378 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
otter n. (aquatic mammal) 'et^z,
otto n. 'eto. same meaning as attar.
>iicl& interj. (expressing pain or annoyance) aot$.
ouch n. (clasp, buckle, fibula, brooch; setting) aot$.
ouf interj. expressing a sense of stifling [also spelt ouff\ aof
ought n. (cipher, zero) c:t. see naught,
ought n. (anything) c:t. see aught,
ought V. (preterit of owe\ be bound in duty; be fit; be-
hoove) c:t, {when unstrcst) ct, c.
ought n. dialectal (possession) c:t. see aught,
ounoe n. (unit of weight) aonts, aons.
ounce n. (lynx) aonts, aons.
ouph «, [also spelt ouphe and, formerly, owf, ouf\ aof, ouf.
same meaning as oaf,
our adj,'pron, (of us) ao?, (when unstrest) az,
ourself noun-pron. [ploral ourselves, ourselvsl ao^'sclf.
ourselves noun-pron, (ploral of ourself) aoe'sclvz, (jvhen
less strest) a^'selvz.
oust V. (eject) aost; (improperly) oust.
ont-and-ont adv. (thoroly; downright) ao-tn'aot.
out-and-out adj, (complete; thorogoing) 'ao-tn-aot.
out-bound adj, aot'baond, (assumptivly) 'aot-baond.
outdoor adj\ aot'do:?, (assumptivly) 'aat-do:2.
outdoors adv. aut'd3:7z, (when less strest) ao'd3:zz.
outflonv n, (efflux) 'aot-ftoo.
outf lomr V. (flow out) aot'ftoo.
outgeneral v, [past participle and preterit outgeneraled,
out gener ailed, outgenerald} aot'dsena-ral.
outlier n. (one who lies, sleeps, or lodges out; outsider; out-
lying deer; boulder; outlying part; set-line) 'aot-lai-a?.
outlook V. (outstare; look out or forth) aut'lok.
outlook n. (watch; prospect) 'aot-luk.
out-of-the-'way adj. (remote, secluded; odd; devious) ao-
tada'wee, (assumptivly) 'ao-tada-wee.
outrageous adj, (excessiv; violent; atrocious) aot'ree-dsss.
outrd adj. (eccentric; exaggerated) u'tjee.
outright adj. (straight on; direct; out-and-out; complete)
aotVait, (assumptivly) 'aot-^ait.
outside n. aot'said, (anteriorly) 'aot-said.
outside adj. aot'said, (assumptivly) 'aot-said.
outside adv. aot'said.
outspoken adj, (candid, frank; distinct; spoken out) aot-
'spoo-kan, (assumptivly) 'aot-spoo-kan.
j ye, g cure ; btht, 6 thin ; 3 a<srure, ds ;oy ; S shoe, t$ chcvf ;
wzvhen; iis\ng\ u whoever, iTcsicl, viiuW, vy>3i^ooV ■5.<t, lis^^;
o poetic; a ov^r, e aerial, a. but, :>*.Aoot, -^qtvo, «.\ie^, ^.^%cXsl\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 37$
ousel n. blackbird, merle [also spelt ousell 'ou-zdl.
ovaxy n. (organ in which ova, eggs, or ovules are produced;
germen) 'oo-va-^i, (rapidly) 'oo-v^i.
over prep, (above, etc.) 'oo-v9^, (when less strest) 'ov92.
OTorall n. (covering; outer garment, as a cloak, ulster, water-
proof; tunic, blouse; in ploral, outside trousers, etc.) 'oo-
va?-c:l; {catachrestically, in the plural sense of outside trou-
sers) 'oo-va^-hc:lz.
over-all adj. (including everything between extreme points)
oo-vae'c:!, (sometimes, assumptivly) 'oo-v3^-c:l.
overcast adj. (cast away; clouded over; sewn by overcasting)
0V33'ka:st, {assumptivly) 'oo-v9^-ka:st.
overdraft n. [also spelt overdraught^ 'oo-v32-dra:ft. com-
pare draft,
overhaul v. (slacken, etc.; pull asunder in order to examin,
etc.; overtake) ova^'hc:!.
OTerhanl n. (action of overhauling) 'oo-vae-hc:!.
OTerhead adv. [also spelt overhedl ova^'hed.
OTerhead adj. [also spelt overhedl ovd^'hed, (assumptivly)
'oo-v3?-hed.
overpass v. pass over; cross [past participle and preterit
overpassed, overpasti ov3^'pa:s.
overreach v, (reach over; overtake; strike the hind foot
against the fore foot; outdo) ova'^iitj.
oversea adj, (transmarine; foreign) 'oo-vazr-sii.
oversea adv, (across the sea; abroad; overseas) oo-vaz'sii.
oversee v. (survey; inspect; supervise; catch sight of; for-
get) ova^'sii.
overseer n. (supervisor) ov3?'sii-9?, (anteriorly) 'oo-v3?-8ii-
9z; (also) ovsz'sv.z, 'oo-va^-siizr.
overslaugh v, (pass over, skip ; ignore ; hinder) '30-v37-slc: ,
0V3?'SLC: .
overt adj. (open, patent, plain) o'ver^t, 'oo-vB?t.
overture n. (formal proposal) 'oo-var-tjo^, 'oo-var-tQo?.
overnrrought adj. (workt up; over-excited; over-labord)
oy^z'zct.
ovine adj. (of sheep; sheep-like) 'oo-vain, 'oo-vin.
oviparous adj, (producing ova or eggs) o'vipa-^as.
ovoviviparous adj, producing eggs which are hatcht within
the body of the parent [also spelt ovo-viviparous ; synony-
mous cognate ovi-viviparousl ovo-vai'vipa-zras.
oive V, have to pay [past participle and preterit owed, owd"]
00.
c: law, b: f Mr, a cat, e hot, ex hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (;) indicates that the prccedixv^^ ^qmtA \^ \w\."Sk\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on \\i^ i^>\Q^va^ ««3^'!&5vs.-
380 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
own V. have as one's own, etc. [past participle and preterit
owned, owndl oon.
oz n. bovine [ploral oxen"} eks.
ozalio adj, ek'ssehk, (assumptivly) 'ek-saetik.
ozalis n. (plant) 'eksa-hs.
oxide n. [also, sometimes, spelt oxid and, formerly, oxyde,
oxydl 'ek-said, (before of) 'eksid.
oxidize v. [also spelt oxidisel 'eksi-daiz.
ozysen n. (element) 'eksi-dsin.
oxygenate v. 'eksidsi-net, ek'sidsi-net.
ozygenise v, [also, rarely, spelt oxygenisel 'eksidsi-naiz, ek-
'sidsi-naiz.
oyer n. (criminal trial; hearing) 'oo-ja?.
oyee inter j. hear! [also spelt oyess; synonymous cognate
oyesi 'oo-jes, o'jes; (less properly) 'oo-jez.
oyster n. (bivalv mollusk) 'ei-sts?.
osooerite n. mineral wax [synonymous cognate ozokeritel
o'zes3-?ait, oz3'si:-7ait.
ozokerite n. o'zoo-k3-?ait, ozalci^^ait. same meaning as
ozocerite.
ozone n. 'oo-zon ; (less properly) o'zoon.
«izonio adj. (of or like ozone) o'zenik, o'zoo-nik.
ozonize v, convert into ozone; treat with ozone [also spelt
ozonise! 'oo-z3-naiz.
paoa n. (spotted cavy) 'pa:-k3, 'pseka.
pacha n. see pasha.
pacliisi n. game [synonymous cognate parcheesil pa'tjii-zi,
pa'tjii-si.
paohyderni n. (thick-skind quadruped) 'paeki-dB:7m.
pacific adj. (peace-making; calm) pa'sifik.
pacification n. (action or fact of pacifying; treaty of peace)
paesifi'kee-San, pa-sifi'kee-Jan.
pacificator n. (peace-maker) ps'sifi-kets?.
pacificatory adj. pa'sifika-to^i, pa'sifika-ta^i.
package n. (packing of goods; packet, parcel) 'paekids.
packed adj, [also spelt packtl paekt.
padelion n. obsolete (lady's-mantle, a plant) 'paedi-lai-an,
paedi'lai-9n, (rarely) pa'dii-li-an.
padre n. (father) 'pa:-dci.
padrone n. master [plural padroni} pd'dr30-ni.
J ye, 5 cure; 5 *he, 0 tH\n-, ^sicuTe, ^-si^^N \sKoe, tlchtyr;
wwhen; T)sing\ u whoever, itcslcX., xiiuW, \5>xiooV t.\x, vs^^ee-,
o poetic; oov^r, e oerial, Kbut, ;>-.dooT, ^ot».o, tt\ic^> ^^^oxsl-.
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 381
paean n. (hymn; joyous song) 'pii-an.
paedology n. pi'deld-dsi. see pedology,
paeon n. (foot of four syllables) 'pii-an.
paganize v, [also spelt paganise"] 'pee-ga-naiz.
pageant n. (show) 'pxdssnt, 'pee-dsant.
pageantry n. 'pxd33n-tj;i, 'pee-d33n-t£i.
pagination n. (paging) pxdsi'nee-Ssn.
PaUavi n. Old Persian, etc. [also spelt Pahlavi; synonymous
cognates Pehlevi, Pehlevi, Pehlvil 'pa:-la-vi.
paidolog^y n. pai'deld-dsi. see pedology,
pail n. (vessel, water-pail) peel.
paillasse n. mattress [also spelt palliasse} psel'jaes, 'pxH-ss.
pain n. (suffering) peen.
pained ad;, affected with pain; hurt; grievd [also, sometimes,
spelt paindl peend, (also, in poetry) 'pee-nid.
pair n. (two of a kind; couple; brace) pe:z.
pajamas n.pl. [also spelt pa jamahs; synonymous cognates
pyjamahs, paijamas, pcijammahs, piejamahsl pa'dsai-m.az.
palace n. (royal or official residence) 'paehs.
paladin n. (knight; champion) 'paeld-din.
palaestra n. pd'iestsd, ps'hi-stsd. same meaning as palestra.
palankeen n. litter, palki [also spelt palanquin} paelsn'kiin.
palas n. dhak-tree [synonymous cognates pulas, palash, pit-
lashl p3la:s, 'paebs.
palatable adj. (savory) 'pselstd-bdl, (assumptivly) 'paels-tdbsl.
palatal adj. (of the palate) 'paeb-tl.
palate n. (roof of the mouth) 'paeht.
palatial adj. (of a palace) palee-Ssl.
palatinate n. (district of a palatine) palaetn-dt, pdlaeti-nat,
'paelati-net.
palatine n. (of the palace of the Caesars; palatial) 'paels-
tain, 'paela-tin.
palatine adj., n. [also, sometimes, spelt palatini 'pseld-tain,
'pael9-tin.
pidaver n. (talk; jaw; soft soap) pa1a:-v33, pa'lai-va?; (vul-
garly) palaeva?.
palazzo n. (palace) pa'}a:t-s3.
pale adj, (pallid, wan; light) peel.
palea n. bract; palet [plural paleael 'pee-li-a.
paleobotany n. science of extinct or fossil plants [also
spelt palaeobotany'] peli-oTDOtn-i, paeli-o'betn-i.
paleography n. ancient writing [also spelt palaeography}
peli'egra-fi, prcH'oora-fi.
c: laiv, b: fMr, le cat, e hot, oi boy ; a: far, qo tvoiu, ^\ a^V., \i.A.V.\\s.\
)cngth-mark (:) indicates that the precedixva ^a>rci^ -» ^?'^"*
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on Wie \€\\oH<vtv^ vjv^'^w^"^'
382 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
paleolithio adj, of oldest stone implements [also spelt pa-
laeolithicl peli-a'hOik, paeii-d'hOik.
paleontology n. science of extinct life [also spelt palaeon-
tologyl peli-en'tel3-d3i, paeli-en'tela-dsi.
paleozoic adj. of ancient life [also spelt Paleosoic, palaeo-
soic. Palaeozoic'^ peli-a'zoo-ik, paeli-a'zoo-ik.
palestra n. wrestling-school; gymnasium [also spelt palaes-
tral p9lest£9.
palet n. (bract; palea) 'pee-ht.
paletot n. (garment) 'paeh-to.
palette n. painter's tablet [also spelt palletl 'paeht.
palfrey n. (saddle-horse) 'pcil-fsi, 'paelfsi.
pall n. (cloth; vestment) pc:l.
palladium n. safegard [ploral palladia'} pdlee-di-sm.
pallah n. antelope, impalla [also spelt palla; synonymous
cognates paala, pala, phalla, phaalal 'pala.
palled adj. flat, stale; satiated, cloyd [also spelt paid! pcild.
pallet n. (mattress) 'paeht.
pallet n. (tool; valve; lip on a pawl) 'paeht.
palliate v, (excuse; mitigate) 'paeli-et.
palliative adj. [also spelt palliativ'} 'paeii-etiv, 'paeli-3-trv.
pall-mall n. (game) pel'mel.
pallor n. (paleness) 'paels?.
palm V. touch with the palm; conceal in the palm; pass off
by trickery; bribe [past participle and preterit palmed,
palmd"] pa:nu
palmar adj. (of the palm of the hand) 'paelma?.
palmate adj, (like the open palm of the hand) 'pael-met, 'psel-
mat.
palmer n. (pilgrim; worm) 'pa:-m3?.
palmetto n. (dwarf fan-palm etc.) pael'meto.
palmist n. (palmister) 'pa:-mist, 'paelmist.
palmister n. (one who practises palmistry; chiromancer)
'pa:-mi-st3?, 'paelmi-sta?.
palmistry n. (chiromancy) 'pa:-mi-st£i, 'paelmi-stji.
palmy adj. (palm-like) 'pa:-mi.
palpable adj. (tangible; manifest) 'paelpa-bal.
palpebral adj. (of the eyelids) 'paelpi-b^al.
palsgrave n. (count palatine) 'pcilz-g^ev, 'pae}z-g?ev.
palsied adj. (affected with palsy; tottering) 'pc:l-zid.
palsy n. (paralysis) 'pc:}-zi.
palter v. trifle; shift; equivocate [past participle and pret*
erit paltered, palterdi 'pcl-tsz.
J yc, ccure; b tfie, 0 thin; ^sasure, ds/oy; ^ shoe, tS c/iew;
wzvAen; i)s{ng; u "whoever, itcstcl, xiiuW, x5>\ioo\, -s.xv \l8«^;
o poetic; a ov^r, e aerial, KV>ut, o\ ^oot, •a^xio, ^\ie^, ^^%5^fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 383
paltriness n. (quality of being paltry) 'pcil-tji-nis.
paltry adj. (rubbishy; worthless) 'pc:l-tji.
pallidal adj. (of a marsh or fen; palustral) 'paelio-dl, pa'liou-
dl.
palndine adj. of a marsh; paludinous; paludal [also, some-
times, spelt paludini 'paelio-din, 'pjelio-dain.
palnstral adj. (of marshes; paludal) pd'Ustsdl.
palnstrine adj. palustral, paludal [also spelt palustrM p9-
'lAstjin.
pampas n. (ploral of pampa) 'paempsz, 'paempas.
pampean adj, of the pampas [also spelt pampaeani pxm'pii-
9n 'paempi-an.
pamper v. cram with food; overindulge [past participle and
preterit pampered, pamperdl 'paempa?.
pampero n. (wind) pxm'pe:-zo.
pampUet n. small treatis; fascicle [also spelt pamflet}
'paemfi.3t.
panace n. fabulous herb [also, formerly, spelt panaceel
'paena-si.
panacea n. (cure-all, catholicon) paens'sii-s.
panache n. (plume; tuft) pd'na:^, ps'naeS.
panada n. bread-pudding [synonymous cognates panado, pa-
nadel pa'nar-ds.
Panama adj. paena'ma: , (assumptivly) 'paena-ma.
panoli «. paints, pa:ntS, pcrntS; (also, and in Britain normal-
ly) pa:nS, pa:nS, pcinS. same meaning as paunch.
panoheon n. bowl; pan [also spelt panchion; synonymous
cognates panchin, panshin, panshoni 'paentjan, 'paenjan.
panoliiiiray «. boat [synonymous cognate panswayl 'paentS-we.
pancreas n. (sweetbread) 'paenk^i-ds, 'paegk^i-as, 'paegksi-aes.
pancreatic adj. paenk^i'aetik, paeijk^i'aetik.
pancreatin «. 'paenksi-a-tin, 'paeijlrei-a-tin.
Pandean adj, of Pan [also spelt Pandaeanl paen'dii-dn, 'paen-
di-3n.
pandemoninm n. hell, etc. [also spelt pandaemoniumi paen-
di'moo-ni-am.
pandonr n. guard, etc. [also spelt pandoor, pandurl 'paen-
do:z.
pandox^dy n. apple pudding [synonymous cognate pandoul-
del paen'dao-di.
pane n. (piece; side; window-light; panel) peen.
panegyric n. (eulogy) paeni'dsi^ik.
panegyris n. (festal assembly) pa'nii-dsi-ris, pa'nedsi-ris.
c: low, b: f «r, ae cat, o hot, ox boy ; a: for, ao now, a: osk, ax ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the pteceAitv^^ ^omxv^ -v^ Vircw%\
stress-mark (') indicates chief stress on tVie ?€>>\cr«VR\L «1^^^^'
384 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
panegyrist n. (encomiast, eulogist) paeni'dsi^ist, 'paeni-
dsi^ist.
panegyrize v. [also spelt panegyrisel 'pxnidsi-raiz.
panegyry n. (panegyris; religious festival) 'paeni-dsin, pa-
'nii-dsi-jTi, pa'nedsi-^i.
panel v. [present participle paneling, panelling; past parti-
ciple and preterit paneled, panelled, paneldl 'pxnl, 'paena!.
pangene n. germ-cell unit [synonymous cognate pangen]
'paen-dsin.
pangolin n. (ant-eater) 'pxqgs-hn, pxg'goo-hn.
panicky adj. (of panic; subject to panic) 'pxni-ki.
panicle n. mode of inflorescence [also, formerly, spelt pan-
nicle'l 'paeni-kal.
pannier n. (basket) 'paeni-s?, 'paenjs?.
panorama n. (complete or entire view; cyclorama) paena-
'?a:-m3, paena'rai-ma ; (less properly) pxns'raemd, paena'^ee-
ma.
panoramic adj, (of or like a panorama) paend'raemik. (
pansy n. heartsease [ploral pansiesi 'paenzi.
pant V, (breathe hard) pa:nt; (dialectally) paent, paernt.
pantaleon n. large dulcimer [synonymous cognates panto-
Ion, pant alone, pantaloon] paen'taeli-an. i
pantalets n. frild drawers; bloomers [also spelt pantalettes}
paentl'ets, paenta'lets. '
pantaloons n. (trousers, etc.) psentrounz, paentalounz.
pantheism n. (doctrin of the identity of God with all things;
also, worship of all the gods) 'paen-Oi-izam, 'paen9i-iz3ra.
pantheon n. (temple of all the gods, etc.) 'paenOi-an, paen-
'Oii-an.
pantile «. curvd tile (erroneous synonymous cognate pen-
tilel 'paen-tail.
pantisocraoy «. (equal rule of all) paenti'sokja-si, paen-tai-
'sek33-si.
pantisoorat n. (advocate of pantisocracy) paen'tai-ss-k^aet.
pantofle n. slipper [also spelt pantoffle; synonymous cog-
nate pantoufle, pantooflel 'paenta-fal, paen'tofal.
pantograph n. drawing-instrument [also erroneously spelt
pantograph; erroneous synonymous cognates pantigraph,
pentagraph, pentograph, pentegraphi 'paent3-g?a:f.
pantomime n. (mimic actor; dumb show) 'paents-maim.
pantomimic adj. (of a pantomime) paenta'mimik.
pantomimist n. 'psent3-mai-mis\.
papa n. (pope ; priest) 'pa:-p3.
j ye, ccure; hthe, ^i\\\n\ '«,^n>vc^, ^'sw'> %shoe, tS cAew;
w when; n sing; u whoever, itesi^iX., vi\u\\, xi>\\ooV ^\\., v^^ee;
o poetic; a over, e oeriaV x\iul, o-.^oot, ^ot^o, ^\.c\. ^t.^yfi«.N
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 385
papa n. father [also, formerly, spelt pappal pa'po; , 'pa:-p9 ;
{dialectally) 'popa, 'pApa.
papa n. (baboon; bird) 'pee-p9.
papacy n. (office of pope; papal system) 'pee-ps-si.
papain n. ferment [synonymous cognate papayin} pa'pee-in,
'pee-p3-in, 'pa:-p3-in, pa'pci-in.
papal adj. (of a pope) 'pee-psh
papaliie r. become papal or popish; romanize [also spelt
papalisel 'pee-p3-laiz.
papas n. (priest, papa) 'pee-pss, 'pxpas.
papanv n. fruit ; tree [synonymous cognate pawpawl pa'pc: ,
pc'pc: , pae'pc: .
papier-m&olie n. paper-pulp [also spelt papier mache, pa-
pier-mache'^ paepge-ma'See, p3Epi-e-ma'See.
papilionaoeons adj, (like the butterfly) pd-pili-a'nee-Sds.
papilla ft. nipple, pap [plural papillael pa'pila.
papillar adj, (papillary) 'psepi-lar, p^'pil^z.
papillary adj. (like papillae, etc.) 'paepi-le^i, ps'pila-^i.
papillose adj. (full of or beset with papillae) 'paepi-los, paepi-
'Idos; {less properly) pa'pilos.
papistry n. (popery) 'pce-pi-stji.
papoose n. North Amerindian baby [also spelt pappoosel pae-
'pous, pa'pous.
pappose adj, (papous, downy) pae'pDos, (assutnptivly) 'pae-pos.
Papnan adj, (of Papua or New Guinea) 'paepgu-sn.
papnla n. papule [plural papulael 'paepgo-ld.
papyri n. (plural of papyrus) p9'pai-z:ai.
papyrin «. parchment paper [also spelt papyrinel 'paepi-nn.
papyrine n. of papyrus [also spelt papyrin] pa'pai-^in.
papyrus n. plant; writing-sheets [plural papyril pa'pai-ras.
para adj, (Turkish coin) 'pa:-?3, pae'^a: .
Par& adj. of Para, Brazil [also spelt Paral pa'^a: .
parabasis n. choral digression in a Greek drama [plural pa-
rabasesl p9'?aeb9-sis.
parabema n. in a Byzantin church, a division on either side
of the bema [plural parabematal pae^a'bii-ma.
parabola n. (curve) paVaeba-ld.
parabole n. (comparison) pa'raeba-h, {older) pa'raeba-H.
parabolic adj. (of a parable; of parabole; of or like a para-
bola) paera'bohk.
paracbute n. (aerial descending-device) 'pae73-$ut.
Paraclete n. (Comforter : a title of the Holy Spirit) 'paera-
ktit.
c: low, b: f «r, ae cat, e hot, oi boy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the precetev^^ ^qmtA a.^ Vitmln
str^l^mqrk (') indicates phi^f 8tr^^§ oiv \\v^ i^>\oH«Ya.\5» ^-f^si^^-
386 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
paraome n. (point or period beyond the culmination)
pa'raekMi, (older) p^'zxkMu
paradigm n. (example, model) 'pae?9-dim, 'pae^d-daim.
paradigmatic adj, (like a paradigm; exemplary) pae^adig-
'maetik.
paradisaic adj, paersdi'see-ik. same meaning as paradisiac.
paradisaical adj. pse^ddi'see-i-ksl. same meaning as para-
disiacal,
paradisean adj. (of paradise; of the paradisea or birds of
paradise) paezd'disi-sn.
paradisiac adj. (of paradise) paers'disi-aek, pae?9'dizi-xk.
paradisiacal adj. (paradisiac) pse^ddi'sai-o-kal, paezsdi'zai-
a-kal.
paradisial adj, (of paradise; paradisiac) pserd'disi-dl, pasz^
'dizi-al.
paradox n. (statement or tenet contrary to receivd opinion;
something apparently or really self-contradictory) 'paezd-
deks.
paraenesis n. exhortation, advice [also spelt parenesisl p9-
'zii-ni-sis, p3'zeni-sis.
paraffin n. wax-like substance, etc. [also spelt paraffinel
'pae^a-fin.
paragoge n. (addition of a letter or syllable to a word)
p3eE:3'goo-d3i.
parag^rapli v. [also spelt paragraf; past participle and pret-
erit paragraphed, paragraf t"} 'paeza-gzarf.
paragrapher n. paragraphist [also spelt paragraf eri 'paszs-
gza:-f3z.
parakeet n. parrot; small parrot [also spelt parrakeet, para-
keet', synonymous cognates paroquet, parroquet, perroquet;
former synonymous cognate parakitel 'paeza-kit.
parakite n. (kite resembling a parachute) 'paezs-kait.
paralipsis n. pretended or suggested omission [synonymous
cognates paraleipsis, paralepsis, paralepsyl paezalipsis.
parallax n. (apparent displacement of an object due to ac-
tual change of the point of observation) 'paeza-laeks.
parallel adj. (continuously equidistant) 'paez9-lel, 'paezd-lsl,
(assumptivly) 'paezalal, (rapidly, often) 'paezlal.
parallel v. [present participle paralleling, parallelling; past
participle and preterit paralleled, parallelled, paralleldl
'p3ez3-lel.
parallelepiped n. paez9-leh'pai-ped, pseza-leh'piped, paezs-
Id'epi-ped. same meaning as parallelopiped.
j ye, Qcure; btHe, Q thm-, ^^isute^, ^"sio^N ^ sKoe, tS c/tew ;
W7vhen; rjsin^; uwlioevet, ite^icX., xsiuW, \i>\iooV 'vxv 'Cx^eeN
o poetic; 9 0v^r, e aerial, ^but, ;>*.^oot, ti^x^o, ^\ic^, ^^\y3X^\
)
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 387
parallelogram, n. (four-sided figure whose opposit sides
are parallel) paezdlels-gzaem.
parallelopiped n. prism whose bases are parallelograms
[synonymous cognates parallelepiped, parallelopipedon, par-
allelepipedonl paers-leld'pai-ped, paees-lela'piped.
paralogize v, commit a paralogism; reason falsely [also spelt
paralogisel pa'zraela-dsaiz.
paralysis n. (palsy) ps'^aeh-sis.
paralytic adj, (palsied) paerolitik.
paralyse v, [also spelt paralyse, paralisel 'paezd-laiz.
paramese n. (music) ps'^xmi-si, pa'^semi-si.
paramonntoy n. status of being paramount [synonymous
cognate paramo uncy] 'paera-maont-si.
paramonr n. (lover; mistress) 'paezs-mo:;.
paranoea n. px?a'nii-9. same meaning as paranoia.
paranoia n. mental derangement characterized by delusions,
etc. [synonymous cognate paranoea} pse?9'nei-9.
paraphernalia n. pi. (a wife's own property ; paraphema ;
trappings) pae^afa'nee-li-a, paerafa'nee-lia.
paraphrase n. (free rendering; paraphrasis; hymn) 'paezs-
fzez,
paraphrasis n. (free rendering) pa'raefsa-sis.
paraphysis n. steril filament [synonymous cognate para-
physe; ploral paraphysesi ps'^aefi-sis.
paraplegia n. (paralysis of the legs and trunk) paera'pz^ii-
dso, paera'ptii-dsi-a.
parasoeve n. (eve of the Jewish sabbath; Good Friday)
'pa»3-siv, pae?3'sii-vi.
paraselene n. mock moon [ploral paraselenael pxrasilii-ni.
parasite n. (hanger-on; sponger; toady; an organism which
livs in or on or at the expense of another) 'pae?3-sait.
parasitic adj. (of parasites) pse^s'sitik.
parasitism n. (parasitic mode of life) 'psezd-sai-tizsm.
parasol n. (sunshade) 'paera-sel, paezs'sel, {rarely) 'pxzrd-sol,
paera'sool.
parcel r. divide into small portions, etc. [present participle
parceling, parcelling; past participle and preterit parceled,
parcelled, parceldl 'pozsal, 'pai^-sal; 'pazrsi, 'pa:?-8l.
parcener n. (coparcener, coheir) 'parsi-ns;, 'paiz-si-n^z.
parched adj. dried by heat [also, sometimes, spelt parchtl
parrtSt, (also, in poetry) 'pa2tSid, 'pa:z:-tSid.
parclose n. screen; railing [synonymous cognate perclosel
'pa3-ki.oz, 'pa:r-kz.oz.
c: law, b: fwr, ae cat, e hot, ei boy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, aiktte;
lenfirth-mark (:) indicates that the ptece^itv^ ^orcA "v^ Viitw%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on X\i^ Iq^QiHivr.^ ^^'^-s^svr.^
388 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
pardao n. coin [synonymous cognate pardo} paz'da:-o.
pardie inter j, {archaic) by God! verily [also spelt pardi,
pardy; synonymous cognate perdie] paz'dii.
pardon v, remit the penalty of; forgive [past participle and
preterit pardoned, pardondl 'pa:3-dn, 'paiz-dan.
pare v, (trim; cut down) pt:z.
pareable adj. (that may be pared) 'pei-z^-hol.
paresorio adj. (soothing) paees'gezik.
parenolijm n. parenchyma [synonymous cognate paren-
chyme} ps'zegkim.
parenohyma n. tissue [ploral parenchymata'\ ps'zeQki-ms.
parenolijmatoiui adj, (of parenchyma) px^sn'kima-tds.
parenolijme n. pd'zegkim, ps'^eg-kaim. same meaning as
parenchym.
parent n. (father or mother; source) 'pei-eant, 'paezant; {dia-
lectally) 'pee-^ant.
parentaso m. 'paeesn-tids, 'pe:-73n-tid3.
parentheses n. (plural of parenthesis) ps'^enOi-siz.
parenthesis n. an aside; round bracket [ploral parentheses^
pd'zenGi-sis, ps'^entOi-sis.
paresis n. (partial paralysis; also, word-negleCt) 'paezi-sis;
{improperly) ps'^ii-sis.
paretic adj. (of paresis) pa'^etik.
parhelion n. mock sun [ploral parhelial pa^'hii-li-sn, pa;-
'hii-lisn.
pariah n. (one of low Hindu caste; outcast, vagabond) 'pe:-
'^i-3, 'pa:-3i-9, 'pae^i-a.
Parian adj, (of Paros) 'pe:-d-9n.
paries n, wall [ploral parietesi 'pe:-?i-i:z.
parietal adj. (of a wall) pa'^ai-i-tl.
pari passn adv. (with equal pace; side by side; pro rata)
pe:-^ai'paesQu.
Parisian adj. (of Paris, France) pa'^issn, pa'eisi-an, pa'^izi-
dn.
parity n. (equality) 'p3e2i-ti.
park n. pa:?k, pa:k; (locally) pa:k, pe:k.
parlecue n. 'pa:?-h-kQu. same meaning as purlecue.
parlance n. (speech, debate, parley) 'paiz-ldns.
parley v. talk; discourse; argument [also, formerly, spelt
parly; past participle and preterit parleyed, parley d'\ 'pa:z-
\i.
parliament «. (council; legislativ body) 'parr-la-mant ; {er-
roneously) 'poir-li-a-mant, 'paizr-Ha-mant.
J .ve, 5 cure ; 5 ffie, Q tHin ; ^ 3 arrure, ds /oy ; S ^Aoe, tS c/iew;
wzv'hen; r)sing\ u whoever, \tc3lC\., wiuW, \i>\ioo\, \it, i\see\
o poetic; 9 ov^r, c aeria\, A.WX., ;>; ^oot, ^q\\o, ^\ie^x ^^%oxv>
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 389
parliamentary adj, (of parliament) pazWmcnt^-zi, (aj-
sutnptivly) pada'menta^i ; (rapidly) paela'tncntji.
parlor n. sitting-room, drawing-room, etc. [also spelt par-
lour"} 'paizA^z.
Parmesan adj. (of Parma, Italy) pazrmi'zaen, (assumptivly)
'pa:?-mi-zaen ; (improperly) pa^'mii-zan.
parooUal adj. (of a parish) pa'^oo-ki-al ; (improperly) pa-
'zeki-oh
parooliialize v. [also spelt parochialisel p9'730-ki-3-}aiz.
parodio adj. (of parody) ps'zedik.
parody n. (burlesque imitation; travesty) 'pae?3-di.
parol n. (in by *parol, by word of mouth) 'pae^sl.
parole n. (word; word of honor; password) p9'73o}.
paronomasia n. (word-play; pun) paezsns'mee-sd, pserans-
'mee-zi-9, pae^ana'mee-si-a.
paronym n. derivativ or cognate word [also spelt paronyme}
'pae?o-nim.
parotid adj. (near the ear) ps'zetid.
paroxysm n. (fit) 'psersk-sizdm.
parpen n. bond-stone [also, formerly, spelt parpan; synony-
mous cognates parpend, parpent and, formerly, perpend, par-
pin, parpoint, perpen, perpin, perpent, perpeynl 'pazp^n.
parqnet n. flooring; part of a theater; branch of government
[also, sometimes, in the sense of a part of a theater, spelt
parquettel pa2'ket, pa^'kee.
parr n. young salmon [also spelt pari pa:?.
parrel n. band or collar by which a yard is fastend to a
mast [also spelt parrall 'paerah
parricidal n. (of parricide) pae?i'sai-dl, 'paeri-sai-dl.
pars n. part [ploral partes} pa:?z.
parse v. describe grammatically [past participle and preterit
parsed, parst} pQizs, pQ'.zz.
Parsee n. Guebre; language [also spelt Parsi} 'par-si, 'pa:r-
si; par'sii.
parsley «. (garden-herb) 'pa?si.i, 'pa:zs-h, 'pa:?-sti.
parsley-piert n. breakstone, an herb [synonymous cognate
parsley-pert} 'parsti-piirt.
parsnip n. (plant; root) 'pa?sN-p, 'pa:rs-nip, 'pa:r-sNip.
partake v. (take part in; share in) pdr'teek.
parterre «. (level space with flower-beds; pit of a theater)
l>az'te:z.
parthenogenesis n. (virginal reproduction) parOdnd'dsenz-
sis.
c: law, b: f f«r, ae cat, o hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao now, a*. a«k, ^\VA\ft,\
length-mork (:) indicates that the preceAitvtt ^c^mtv^ a.^ V>wv%
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress oti tVi^ i^>\o^\xi^ vf^-s^^R"
390 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
partiality n. (quality of being partial; predilection) poz*
'Jaeli-ti, pazSi'aeh-ti.
partialise v. [also spelt partialise} 'pazja-laiz.
partible adj, (divisible) 'po^ts-bdl, 'pa:r-t9-b3t.
participate v, (partake, share) paz'tisi-pet.
participial adj. (of the nature of a participle) poTti'sipi-sl.
participle n. (verbal adjectiv) 'poztisi-pdl, (rapidly) 'poztsi-
pdh
parti-colored adj. variegated [also spelt parti-coloured, par-
ty-colored, parti-color d1 'pa^ti-kAla^d.
partionlar adj. (special) ps^'tikgo-ldz ; {dialec tally) ps'tiks-
\^z, (vulgarly) p97'tikz.9z, ps'tikz.??.
particnlarize v. [also spelt particularise'^ pdz'tikgota-zaiz;
{in Scotland) pdz-tikgols'raiz.
particnlarly adv. pa^'tikgo-lar-h, (anteriorly) psr'tik^o-
}9?h; (rapidly, sometimes) p3?'tikgol:-h.
partile adj. exact: opposed to platic [also, sometimes, spelt
partill 'poT-tail, 'pastil.
partition v. divide [past participle and preterit partitioned,
partitiondl ps^'tiSsn.
partisan n. one who takes part or sides with another; zeal-
ous supporter; guerilla [also spelt partisan} 'por-ti-zan, poe-
ti'zaen.
partisan n. long-handled spear; soldier or gard armd with
a partizan [also spelt partisanl 'parti-zan, 'pa:?-ti-z3n.
partner n. partaker, sharer; associate [vulgar synonymous
cognate pardnerl 'paetNa^, 'pa:?t-n3r, 'pa:?-tN3r; (dialectal-
ly or vulgarly) 'pa:z:-dn3r.
partridge n. (bird) 'pa^tjids, 'pa:z:-tjid3 ; (dialectally or vul-
garly) 'paetEids.
pamre n. (set of jewels, etc.) pa'?o:r.
parvenu ft. upstart [feminin synonymous cognate parvenue}
'pa:r-vi-nju.
pasch n. Passover [also spelt pasque and, formerly, pask]
pa:sk, pa:sk, pse:sk.
paschal adj. (of Passover or Easter) 'psesksl.
pasha n. sovereign, prince : a Turkish title [also spelt pa-
cha; synonymous cognate pashaw} pa'Sa: , (sometimes) 'pa:-
$3 ; (also) 'pae-Sc, 'paeja, pa'Sc: .
pashalic n. jurisdiction of a pasha [also spelt pachalicl 'pa>
Sa-hk, 'pa:-Sa-hk, 'paeSc-hk, p3'Sa:-hk.
pasqnilant n. writer of a pasquil ; lampooner [also spelt pas-
quillantl 'paeskuji-lant.
J y^t C cure ; 5 */ie, 0 th\n ; ^ 3 arure, ds /oy ; \ shoe, tS chew;
w when; ijsin^; uwlioevet, \tca.c\., \ilu\V ^MfooU i tt, lis^^;
o poetic; 3 over, eoeriaV, a.\>uX, :*•. ^oot, •;iQxio, ^,\ie\, ^^^a\s.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 391
pasquiler n. pasquilant, lampooner [also spelt pasquiller}
pasquinade n. (lampoon, pasquin) paeskwi'need.
pass V, go, etc. [past participle and preterit passed, pastl
pa:s, pa:s, p£:s; {when unstrest) pas, pas, pses.
passable adj. (capable of being past; tolerable) 'pa:-s3-b3l.
passage n. (passing, transit; way) 'paesids.
pass6 adj, past; faded; out of date [feminin synonymous cog-
nate passeel pae'see.
passed v. past participle and preterit of pass [also, some-
times, spelt pasti pa:st, pa:st, pxist; (when unstrest) past,
past, paest; {also, in poetry) 'pa:-sid, etc.
passenger n. (traveler) 'paesin-dsa?, (anteriorly) 'paesindsar.
passerine adj, of the passeres or perchers [also, sometimes,
spelt passerini 'paess-^ain, 'paesa-jrin.
passibility n. (quality of being passible; capability of suf-
fering) pas3'bih-ti, p3es3'bih-ti.
passible adj, (capable of feeling or suffering) 'pa:-s9-b3?,
'paesa-bal.
passim adv, (here and there) 'psesim.
passion n. (suffering; affection of body or mind; emotion;
anger) 'paejan.
passive adj., n. [also spelt passivl 'paesiv, 'pa:-siv.
past adj. (gone by; done with; bygone, over, ended, spent;
preterit; retired; proficient) pa:st, pa:st, paeist.
past prep, (beyond ; after ; further on than ; beyond the scope
of) pa:st, pa:st, pae:st; (when unstrest) past, past, paest.
past n. (bygone time; past life; past tense) pa:st, pa:st, pae:st.
past adv. (so as to pass or go by; by; on one side; aside)
pa:st, pa:st, pae:st.
pastel n. (crayon; drawing; fabric) 'pae-stel, 'paestal.
pastelist n. artist who uses pastels [also spelt pastellistl
'pae-stehst, 'paesta-list.
pasteurization n. [also spelt pasteurisationi paestd^i'zee-Ssn,
paesta-^ai'zee-San.
pasteurize v. sterilize by Pasteur's method [also spelt pas-
teurise! 'p3est8-?aiz.
pastiooio n. (hodgepodge; olio) paes'titji-o, pas'tii-tSo.
pastil n. roll of aromatic paste; lozenge [also spelt pastillel
'paestil, paes'tiil, pae'stiil.
pastor «. (shepherd; minister) 'pa:-st3?, (anteriorly, as a
title) 'pasta?.
pastoraJ adj. (of shepherds; of flocks) 'pai-sta-^al.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indjcates that the preceAiivs, scj>rcv^ \^ Vsrcv'SLN
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on xYve IqWo-^axv^ sf^-sM^^
392 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
pastorale n. piece of pastoral or rustic music [ploral pasto-
rali, pastorales} pasta'zai-h; (less properly) paests'^eeAi.
pastnre n. (action of feeding; herbage; grass-land) 'pa:8-t$9z,
'pa:s-t93?; {dialectally) 'paestSae, 'pais-tjar.
patasium n. wing-membrane, parachute [ploral paifigia[
paeta'dsai-am.
Patarin. n. follower of Arialdi [also spelt Paierin\ synony-
mous cognates Patarene, Paterinel 'paet3-?in.
patas n. (red monkey) pa'ta: .
patolied adj. mended or markt with patches [also, sometimes,
spelt patcht} paetSt, {also, in poetry) 'paetjid.
patohonli n. plant ; perfume [also spelt patchouly2 pd'tjou-li,
pae'tjou-li, 'paetSo-h.
pate n. (head, skull, noddle) peet.
patenn. (plate; bowl) 'paetn.
patent n. (monopolistic privilege; invention) 'paetnt, 'paetsnt,
'pee-tant, 'pee-tnt.
patent adj. (open; evident; manifest) 'pee-tant, 'pee-tnt, i
'paetant, 'paetnt.
patentee n. (one to whom letters patent have been granted;
one who takes out a patent) paetn'tii, pee-tn'tii.
patenter n. (one who grants a patent : the correlativ of
patentee) paetn'te:?, pee-tn'te:^.
patenter n. (one who takes out a patent) 'paetn-ta?, 'pec-tn-
ta?.
paterfamilias n. (head of a family) pee-tar-fd'miH-ds,
paet32-f3'mili-3S.
paternoster n. (Lord's Prayer, etc.) peta^'nestar, paetsz-
'nest9z. j
path n. beaten track; footway [ploral pathsl pa:0, pa;9, pae:0. J
pathos n. (quality which excites pity, etc.) 'pee-9es. I
paths n. (ploral of path) pa:dz, pa:5z, paeibz. i
patience n. (quality of being patient; dock; card-game) 'pee-
Sans. J
patient adj., n. 'pee-Jant. 1
patina n. (bowl; incrustation on bronze) 'paeti-na.
patio n. (inner court ; ore-yard) 'pa:-ti-o, 'paeti-o.
patois n. (dialect) 'pae-ttue, 'paetiue; 'pae-tu)c, 'paetu)c; pae'twe. i
patriarch «. (father and ruler of a family or tribe, etc.)
'pee-tji-ar^k.
patriarchal adj, petEi'a^k^l, 'pee-tEi-orkal.
patrimony «. (heritage) 'paetji-moni, 'paetjima-ni, {anterior-
ly) 'paetji-mani.
j ye, 5 cure; 5 the, Qthin-, ^acure, ds/oy; I shoe, tl chew;
w when; i) sing; u whoever, itcsicX., \3iu\\ \i>\\ooV ^^t^ lis^^;
o poetic; sov^r, e aerial, xbuY, o.^oot, -aQx^o, ^\ie\, ^^^y38«.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 393
patriot ft. (one who loves or zealously supports his country)
'pce-tji-3t, 'paetji-at.
patriotic adj. petp'etik, paetsi'etik.
patriotism n. 'pee-tji-a-tizam, 'paetji-a-tizam.
Patripassian. n. (one who held that God the Father sufferd
with or in the Son) petji'paesi-an, petji'paS^n, paetji'paesi-an,
paetsi'pae$9n.
patrol V. go the rounds [past participle and preterit pa-
' trolled, patrold) pa'tjDol; (improperly) 'pae-tjol.
patron. «. (protector; supporter; customer) 'pee-tjan, 'paetjan.
patronage n. 'pee-t£3-nid3, 'paetss-nids.
patroness n. (female patron) 'pee-tj3-nis, 'paetja-nis.
patronize v. [also spelt patronise'^ 'pee-tj3-naiz, 'paetja-naiz.
patronjmio n. (family name) psetsd'nimik.
patten n. (shoe) 'psetn.
panoity n. (smallness; fewness; scantiness) 'pc:-si-ti.
pang^ie n. 'pc:-gi. same meaning as porgy.
Panline adj. of Paul [also, sometimes, spelt Paulini 'po
hn, 'pc:-lain.
pannoh n. rope mat; wooden shield [synonymous cognate
panchi pcintS, pa:ntS, paintS; (also, and in Britain normally)
pc:nS, pa:nS, pa:nS.
pauperise v. [also spelt pauperisel 'pci-ps-^aiz.
paver n. one who paves; paving-stone; bed-stone [synony-
mous cognate paviorl 'pee-va?.
pavilioned adj, furnisht with pavilions or tents [also spelt
paviliond] pa'viHand.
pavilion n. (bell-shaped mouth of a trumpet, etc.) paevirjeq.
pavior n. paver; rammer; paving-stone [also spelt paviour,
pavierl 'pee-vi-az:. see paver.
pavis n. shield; pavisade [also spelt pavise"] 'paevis.
paviser n. man armd with a pavis [also spelt pavisorl 'paevi-
pavonine adj, (of a peacock) 'paeva-nain, 'paev3-nin.
paivnbroker n. (lender on pledged articles) 'pcm-bzoo-ks?.
pay V, (give what is due, etc.) pee, (when unstrest) pe.
payer n. one who pays [also spelt payor"} 'pee-a^.
paynint n. pagan, heathen [also, formerly, spelt paynym,
painimi 'pee-nim. *
pea n. seed ; vine [ploral peas'] pii. compare pease.
peaceable adj. (disposed to peace; peaceful) 'pii-sd-bsl. .
peacock n. (bird) 'pii-kek.
peaked adj, having a peak; pointed; also, sharp-featured or
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei boy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceAitv^ somxv^ a.^ \^w.V>
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on t\ie i€>\\o^\^% ?j«3>\iaX5v^.
394 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
thin from illness or want [also, sometimes, spelt peakt}
'piikt, 'pii-kid.
peakins adj. sneaking; emaciated, peaky [also spelt peek-
ing} 'pii-kiq.
peaky adj, (having peaks; peaked, pointed, peak-like) 'pii-ki.
poaky adj. sickly; puny [also spelt peeky} 'pii-ki.
peal n. (loud sound) piil.
peal n. grilse; salmon [also spelt peell piil.
pear n. (fruit; tree) pe:r.
pearl n. (gem, etc.) pBizh compare purL*
pearmain. n. (apple) 'pe.T-men.
peasant n. small farmer; rustic; countryman [also spelt
pesanti 'pezant.
peasood n. pea-pod [also spelt peasecod"] 'piiz-ked.
pease n. {archaic) pea-plant; pea; peas collectivly [ploral
pease and, formerly, peasen, peason] piiz.
pecan «. (nut) pi'kaen, pi'kaen.
peccable adj. (liable to sin) 'peks-bsl.
peccadillo n. (petty sin) peka'dib.
peccant adj, (sinning, morbid) 'pekant.
peccary n. swine-like quadruped [also, formerly, spelt pec-
ary, peccari, pecari; synonymous cegnate picaree^ 'pcka-n.
peccavi V. (I have sind; it is my fault) pe'kee-vai, pekTca:-
vi.
pecky adj, showing first symptoms of decay : said of timber
and trees [synonymous cognates peeky, peaky'\ 'peki.
pecky adj. (pitching; apt to stumble; peck-like) 'peki.
pecten n. the pubes; comb-like part; scallop [ploral pecti-
nes, pectensi 'pektan, 'pek-ten.
pectin n. substance from pectose [also, rarely, spelt pectinel
'pektin.
pectinens n. muscle [also spelt pectinaeus; ploral pectineil
pekti'nii-3s.
pectinons adj. (of pectin) 'pekti-nas.
pectize v. congeal [also spelt pectisel 'pek-taiz.
pectons adj. (congeald; of pectin) 'pektas,
pectus n. breast; thoracic region [ploral pectoral 'pektas.
peculiar adj. (particular, special; queer) pi'kQou-Har.
peculiarity n. (quality of being peculiar; oddity) pi-kgul-
'jae^i-ti, pi-kguH'aezri-ti.
pcculiarize v. [also spelt peculiarisel pi'kgou-lia-^aiz.
pecuniary adj. (of money) pi'kQou-ni-e?i, (also) pi'kgou-ni-a-
?i, (assumpiivly) pi'kQou-ni-3?i, (rapidly) pi'kgou-nja-ri.
/ ye, q cure ; (i th^, B thin*, ^ ■«, 3in\vceL, ^-i^ ^o^ \ ^ sKoe, t\ chew ;
w when; r) sin^; u whoever, iiesLcX, vi\u\\, vs>x\oo\, ^\V ^x%ee\
o poetic; 3 ov^r, e oer\a\, xV>uV, o*.^oot, ^oxvo, ^\ic^, iE.^^cX't\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS '395
pedasogio n. (of a pedagog; of pedagogy) pedd'gedsik;
(vulgarly) peds'gDO-dsik.
pedagog^ism n. [also spelt pedagoguism} 'pedd-geg-izam,
'pedd-ge-gizam, 'peda-geds-izam.
pedagogist n. (one verst in pedagogics) 'pedd-gedsist.
pedagogue n. teacher [also spelt pedagogi 'peds-geg.
pedagoguery n. (pedagogic establishment; occupation of a
pedagog) 'peda-gegzi.
pedagoguing n. (the acting as a pedagog) 'peds-gegii].
pedagog^sh adj. (characteristic of a pedagog) 'peda-gegiS.
pedagogy n. (function of a pedagog; instruction) 'peda-
godsi, 'peda-gedsi, 'peda-gegi, (rarely) 'peda-gogi.
pedal n. (foot-lever; treadle; note; curve) 'pedl, 'pedal.
pedal adj. (of the foot) 'pedl, 'pedal, 'pii-dal; (of a pedal)
'pedl, 'pedal.
pedal V. work the pedals of [present participle pedaling, ped-
alling; past participle and preterit pedaled, pedalled, ped-
aid} 'pedl, 'pedal.
pedale n. foot-cloth; collection of creeds [ploral pedalia}
pi'dee-h, (older) pi'dee-li.
pedale w. (pedal; pedal keyboard) pi'da:-h.
pedaler n. one who pedals [also spelt pedallerl 'pedl-az,
'peda-la?.
pedant «. (formerly, teacher, pedagog; now, one who over-
rates book-learning, etc.) 'pcdnt, 'pedant.
pedantic adj. (like a pedant; absurdly learned) pi'dxntik.
pedantism n. 'pedn-tizam, 'pedan-tizam.
pedate adj. (like a foot) 'pedet, 'pedat.
peddle v. hawk; retail from house to house [present parti-
ciple peddling} 'pedl.
peddling n. (action of the verb peddle; occupation of a ped-
ler; hawking; also, trifling; piddling) 'pedliq.
pedestal n. (base for a statue) 'peda-stl, 'peda-stal; (im-
properly) pi'destl.
pedestal v. [present participle pedestaling, pedestalling; past
participle and preterit pedestaled, pedestalled, pedestald}
'peda-stl, 'peda-stal.
pedestrianize v. act the pedestrian; walk [also spelt pedes-
trianise} pi'destji-a-naiz.
pediatric adj, of the diseases of children [also spelt paedi-
atric} pidi'setj^k.
pedicel n. (footstalk, pedicle) 'pedi-sal.
pedicle «. (footstalk, pedicel, peduncle) 'pedi-kal.
c: law, b: fMr, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai.kite.\
]ength-mark (:) indicates that the ptece^itv^ ^oivrcA -l-^ VkWSkN
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on X\it i€\\QV4Ycv^ ^^^-si^^^*
396 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
pedigree n. (lineage, etc.) 'pedi-gn.
pedler n. one who peddles; hawker [also spelt pedlar, ped-
dler} 'pedlar.
pedleress n. female pedler [also spelt pedlaress, peddleress]
'pedld-zis.
pedlery n. business of a pedler; pedler's wares; tra«h [also
spelt pedlary, peddler yl 'pedla-ri.
pedling adj. busying one's self with trifles; trifling; trashy;
piddling [also spelt peddling} 'pedlii].
pedobaptist n. advocate of the baptism of infants [also spelt
paedobaptist} peda'baeptist, pids'bseptist.
pedology n. science of children [also 'spelt paedology, pai-
dology} pi'dela-dsi.
pedometer n. (step-recording device) pi'demi-tar.
pednncle n. (flower-stalk; pedicel) pi'dArjkdl; {improperly)
'pii-dAijkal.
pee V, (urinate) pii.
peek V. (peep) piik.
peel n. (stronghold) piil.
peel ft. (wooden shovel or pole) pii).
peel n. (skin, rind) piil.
peel V. rob; strip; pare [past participle and preterit peeled,
peeld} piil.
peer n. (equal; duke, etc.) pi:r.
peer v. look narrowly [past participle and preterit peered,
peerd} pi:?.
peignoir n. (dressing-sack) pe'nwe:?.
pejorative adj, tending to make worse; depreciatory [also
spelt pejorativ} pi'd^ez^-tiv, 'pii-dsa-eetiv.
pekan. n. (fisher, a weasel-like beast; Pennant's marten)
'pekan.
pekea n. tree [also spelt pikia; synonymous cognate piqui]
pi'kii-3.
pekin n. (silk fabric) pilcin, pi'kii].
pekoe n. (tea) 'pii-ko, 'pe-ko.
pelage n. (the fur) 'pehds.
pelagic adj. (of the open sea, oceanic; of the surface of the
ocean) pilaedsik.
pelamyd n. fish [also spelt pelamid; synonymous cognates
pelamys, pelamis} 'pela-mid.
Pelaagian adj. (of the Pelasgi) pi'laezdsi-an, pi^aesdsi-an.
pelerine n. cape; tippet [also, sometimes, spelt pelerin} 'peb-
zin, 'pela-rin, pela'^iin.
J ye, gcure; 6 the, QtKitv^^^^sMte, d^ioy; I shoe, tJcAew;
wzvhen; t) sing; u whoever, iTea.c\., ^sl-iC^., waL\oo\, -vVn., v^^ee;
o poetic; a over, eoeriaV, a. but, o*.^oot, -aoxvo, ^\ie\, t^^yj!«:\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 397
pelican n. (bird) 'peh-kdn.
pelisse n. (garment) piliis.
pell-mell adv, (in disorder; headlong) pel'me).
pell-mell adj. (disorderly and violent; confused) 'pcl-mel.
pellucid adj. (translucent; transparent) piliou-sid.
pemmican n. meat food [also spelt pemican'l 'pemi-kan.
penalise r. [also spelt penalisel 'pii-n}-aiz, 'pii-ns-laiz.
penance n. (act of penitence) 'pensns.
pen-and-ink adj. (using pen and ink; clerkly; written; also,
done with a pen and ink) penan'iqk, 'pen-n-iqk.
penates ft. pi. (household gods) pi'nee-tiz.
pence n. (ploral of prenny) pents, {also, and in Britain nor-
mally) pens.
pencel n. small pennon; streamer [also spelt pensel, pensil,
pencil, pensair\ 'penssl.
penchant n. (bias; bent) 'pentSsnt.
pencil V. paint with a pencil or fine brush; draw or treat
with a lead-pencil [present participle penciling, pencilling;
past participle and preterit penciled, pencilled, pencild]
'pentsil, {also, especially in Britain) 'pensil.
penoiler n. [also spelt pencillerl 'pentsi-lar, 'pensi-la?.
pendant n. something that hangs [also spelt pendente
'pendant.
pendent adj, hanging [also spelt pendant! 'pendant.
pendnlnm n. freely swinging body [ploral pendulums and,
formerly, rarely, pendulal 'pendso-lam, 'pendjo-lam.
penguin n. (bird) 'pengwin, 'peqgwin.
penible adj. obsolete (painstaking) 'pcna-bal, pe'nii-ba!.
peninsula n. a piece of land which is almost an island [plor-
al peninsulas and, formerly, peninsulael pi'mnjo-la, pi-
'ninsgo-la, pi'nintSo-la.
penis n. male copulatory organ [ploral penes'! 'pii-nis.
penitentiary adj. (of penance or penitence) peni'tenja-ri,
peni'tentSa-n ; {erroneously) peni'tenSi-en.
penknife n. [plural penknives'] 'pen-naif; {less properly)
'pe-naif.
penned adj. written (with a pen) [also spelt pendl pend.
pennill n. a form of verse [plural pennillioni 'penil.
pennoncel n. small pennon; pencel [also spelt pennoncelle,
penoncell, penoncel, penouncel] 'penan-sel.
penny n. coin [ploral pennies^ collectivly pence] 'peni.
penny-XTise adj, (wise or prudent in regard to pence) peni-
'waiz, {assumptivly) 'peni-waiz.
c: law, b: fur, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy\ a: far, qo noiu, ^•. a^, ^"vV\\r.\
Ungth-mark (:) indicates that the pteceAitv^ ^wycA -«» ^«^^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress ou Vhe i«>>\o^«vR:?» %^'^^2««.,
ft
398 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS '
penology n. study of punishment [also spelt poenology] pi-
'neld-dsi.
peniile ad}, hanging, pendent [also, sometimes, spelt pen-
sill 'pensi}, 'pen-sail.
pension n. (payment) 'penSsn, 'pent^sn.
pension n. (boarding-house) 'pei}si-ei).
pensioned adj, in receipt of a pension; retired on a pension
[also spelt pensiondl 'penjand.
pentadaotyl adj. having five digits; quinquedigitate [also
spelt pentadactyle] pentd'dxktil.
pentamarise v. [also spelt pentamarise] pen'taems-zraiz.
pentastioh n. (group of five lines of *verse) 'penta-stik.
Pentateuoh n. (first five books of the Old Testament)
'pent3-tguk^
penthouse n. lean-to building; shed with a sloping roof
[synonymous cognates appentice, pentice, pentisj 'pent-haos.
pentstemon n. herb [synonymous cognate penstemoni pent-
'stii-man.
penuokle n. card-game [also spelt penuchle; synensrmous
cognates pinocle, pinochle, binoclel 'pii-nAkal.
penult ad}, (next to last; last but one) 'pii-nxlt, pi'nAlt.
penumbra n. (partially shaded region around a shadow) pi-
'nAmb^a.
peon n. (soldier; constable; day-laborer) 'pii-an.
peony n. plant [also spelt paeony; former synonymous cog-
nate, now dialectal, piony; ploral peonies} 'pii-a-ni,
people n. [ploral peoples, and collectivly, in the sense of
persons of a particular place or class, people} 'pii-pal.
pepperidge n. pipperage, barberry; tupelo, black-gum [also
spelt pepperage} 'pepa-^ids.
pepsin n. ferment [also spelt pepsine} 'pepsin.
peptonize v. [also* spelt peptonise} 'pepts-naiz.
pep prep, (by, by means of; thru) pa:?, (when unstrest) psz,
p3?.
peradirenture adv* (by chance; haply; belike) psrdd'ven-
tSa?.
perai n. fish [also spelt pirai, peri; synonymous cognates pi-
raya, piranha} pi'^ai.
perambulation n. (a walking thru; journey on foot; tour)
pezrambjo'lee-San, pa-raembjo'lee-Jan.
percale n. (fabric) pa^'keel.
perceive v, take in; apprehend [past participle and preterit
perceived, perceivd} per'siiv.
J ye, gcure; 5 f/ie, 0 thin*, ^stsvLte, ^T^io^\ ^skoe, tScfcew;
wwhen; n sing; u whoever, \Tcac\, oluW, viMiooV ^Vc, ^"^^^X
o poetic; a ov^r, e aerial, xbut, o-doox, :iot.o, ^.\^c«l, %.^^^.
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 399
perceptible adj. (formerly, percipient; now, capable of be-
ing perceivd) paz'septa-bal, {assutnptivly) pae'septabah
peroloie n. 'ps^-kLOz, pez'kLooz. same meaning as par close,
perdicine adj, (of a partridge or quail) 'pB'.s-di-sain, 'ps:?-
di-sin.
perdu adj. lost; sent on a desperate enterprise; [also spelt
perdue'\ pa^'djou, (assumptivly) 'psiz-djvu
perdnrable adj. (lasting) par'djoi-^a-bal, 'pBi^-djo^a-bal.
pereg^ne adj, foreign, etc. [also, sometimes, spelt peregrini
'pe^i-grin, {rarely) 'pe^i-g^ain.
peremptorily adv. pae'empta^i-h, pa'^emptan-h, (rapidly)
pa'^emptji-h, (anteriorly) paVemptjih; (also) 'pe?amp-ta?i-
h.
peremptory adj, (that precludes debate; decisiv; final) pa?-
'cmpta-ri, pa'z:empta-z:i, (assumptivly) pa'zemptaei; (rapidly)
paVemptji; (also) 'pe^amp-ta^i,
perennial adj. (lasting thruout the year) pa'^eni-al.
perfect adj.,n. (complete, etc.) 'perfikt, 'perr-fikt.
perfect v, (complete, finish) pazr'fekt, 'p83fikt, 'peizr-fikt.
perfected adj. par'fektid, 'pB?fik-tid.
perfecter n. (one who perfects) paz'fekta?, 'p8?fik-ta?.
perfectible adj, [also spelt perfectablel paz'fekta-bal,
'p8z:fikta-bal.
perf idiom adj, (characterized by perfidy; faithless) pa?-
'fidi-as, (rarely) pazr'fidjas.
perfnme n. (odorous fumes; sweet scent) 'peefium, 'ps:?-
fium, par'fioum.
perfnme v. (impart sweet odor to) par'fioum.
perfnniy adj. (fragrant) 'pezrfiu-mi, pa3'fiou-mi.
perfunctory adj. (done without zeal; formal) par'fAijkta-ffi,
(rapidly) paz:'fAr)kt£i.
perhapi adv, (may be, perchance) pa^'hseps, (when less
strest) pa'haeps, psaeps, paeps.
peri n. (elf, fairy) 'pi:-?i.
perianth n. (floral envelop) 'peri-aenG.
pericarditii n. (inflammation of the pericardium) pezri-ka?-
'dai-tis, pezri-ka3'dii-tis.
peridot n. (olivin) 'pe^i-det,
perigee n. (point nearest the earth : epposit of apogee)
'pe3i-d3i.
perihelion n. position nearest the sun : epposit of aphelion
[plural perihelia; synonymous cognate perheliuin\ pezri'hii-
H-an, pe^i'hii-Han.
c: low, b: iur, ae cat, o hot, oi boy; a: iot, QknuoiM, ^\ a^, vi.-vV\\R.\
length-mark (:) indicates that t\ie i^teee^in^ ^o^axA. "v^ ^x"^^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on vVt l^Yvo^vcv^ «<3vvsi«^^.
400 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
peril V, hazard, risk [present participle periling, perilling]
past participle and preterit periled, perilled, perildl 'pezil.
periloni adj. (full of peril; dangerous) 'pezi-lss.
perimeter n. (circumference, periphery, outline; vision-
measuring device) pa'eimi-taz:.
perinenm n. region between the anus and the scrotum or vul-
va [also spelt perinaeum} pezi'mi-sm
periodic adj. (of periods) pizri'edik.
periodic adj, containing more oxygen than iodic acid [also
spelt per-iodici psiz-ai'edik.
perioititii n. (inflammation of the periosteum) pezi-es'tai-
tis, peei-es'tii-tis.
peripetia n. sudden change of fortune or reversal of circum-
stances; denouement [also spelt peripeteia; synonymous
cognate peripetyl peripi'tai-3, peeipi'tii-a.
periphery n. (boundary-line; circumference; perimeter) pa-
'rifa-n, 'penfa-zi.
periplirasii n. circumlocution [ploral periphrases'^ pd'zifsd-
sis.
periiiad n. (an element or radical of odd valency) ps'zisaed,
pd'zisdd; {less properly) 'peri-sad.
periityle n. (colonnade surrounding a temple, court, etc)
'pezri-stail.
peritonenm n. membrane -which lines the abdominal cavi-
ty [also spelt peritonaeum} pezrita'nii-am.
peritonitii n. (inflammation of the peritoneum) pezrits'nai-
tis, perit3'nii-tis.
peritropal adj. (of an embryo or ovule; amphitropal;
hemitropous) p3'z:itj3-p3l, (rarely) pezri'tjoo-pal.
perjnry n. (wilful falsehood under oath; breach of oath)
'p8rd33-ri, 'pB'.z-d^^-zi, {rapidly) ^pBzd^zu
permeate v. (pass thru, penetrate, pervade) 'perz-mi-et.
permisiible adj, (that can be permitted; allowable) psz-
'mis3-b3l,
permiiiory adj, (permitted; allowd) psz'misd-zi.
permit v, (allow, suffer) par'mit.
permit n. (written permission; leave) 'p8:r-mit, paz'mit.
permit n. (fish) psz'mit.
permittable adj. (obsolete) permissible [also spelt permit-
tible} pa3'mit9-bal.
pernicioni adj. (destructiv, fatal; wicked) pa^'nijas.
perorate v, (deliver an oration; declaim; utter the perora-
tion) 'pezro-zret.
J ye, 9 cure; d */ie, Otitinv ^a2>iTe, d^iov; ^ ^/loe, tS cAew ;
wzvhen; i)sing\ u whoever, iteatct., xiiu\\, \i>3k.ioo\, -lxV <v^*e\
o poetic; 9 over, e aerial, a. but, y.^oot, -a^xvo, ^>ac^, %.^^a\fc\
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 401
peroration n. (conclusion of an oration; discourse) pzzo-
'eee-San.
peroxide n. oxide containing the maximum of oxygen [also,
sometimes, spelt peroxid'l pBzr'ek-said, (before of) pee-
'eksid.
perpend v. archaic (ponder) ps^'pend.
perpend n. 'psir-pend. same meaning as parpen.
perpetual adj, (unceasing) p3?'petSu-al, pazr'petQU-al.
perpetnity n. (state of being perpetual) perpi'tgou-i-ti.
perplexedly adv. (in a perplext manner) p9?'pz<eksi-dh.
perqniiite n. casual profit [also spelt perquisitl 'po^kiuj-zit.
piermquier n. (wig-maker) p3-?uki'ee, p^'zoki-sz^ ps-zv'kqee.
Persian adj. (of Persia) 'pBzrSan, 'pBie-jan, 'pei^-son.
persioot n. cordial [also spelt persico, persecoti 'persi-ko,
'pB?si-ket.
persiflage n. (light banter, etc.) pBzrsi'f 2.0:3, pezsi'fz.a:3.
peninimon n. date-plum [also spelt persimon, persiman,
persimmeti] paj'siman.
persist v. (continue firmly; be insistent; last) pdzr'sist; {less
properly) pd^'zist.
persistent adj. paj'sistnt, pazr'sistant ; {less properly) p3?-
'zistnt.
personality n. (personal character or being) psrsa'naeh-ti.
personalize v. [also spelt personalise'^ 'pBzrssnl-aiz, 'pBzrsNd-
laiz.
personalty n. (personal property) 'psrsanl-ti, 'pB?sN3l-ti.
personnel n. (body of persons employd; human equipment)
pB^sd'nel.
perspicacity adj. (clearness of insight; penetration) pBZ-
spi'kaesi-ti.
perspicuity n. (clearness of statement; lucidity) pBzspi'
IcQOU-I-tl.
perspirate v, (perspire, sweat) 'psrspi-ret.
perspiration n. (sweat) pBrspi'^ee-Jan, pazr'sp^ee-Jan.
perspirative adj. perspiratory [also spelt perspirativl par-
'spai-^9-tiv, p33'spai3-?3-tiv, 'pB3spi-z:etiv.
persuasible adj. (persuadable) p3z:'swee-S9-bd}.
persuasive adj. tending to persuade; winning [also spelt
persuasivl pazr'stree-siv, par'stree-ziv.
pertinacious adj. (persistent; stubborn) pa^ti'nee-Sds. *
pertinent adj. (relevant; apposit) 'pBrtn-ant, 'parti-nant.
perturb v. disturb greatly [past participle and preterit per-
turbed, perturbdl p^z'ts'.zh.
c: law, b: f wr, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, go now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the pteeeAiti^ ^<i>\TA. as* Vstsns^n
stress-mark C) indicates chief slresa on l^vt i^^X^^va."^ ^^a^-sia^..
402 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
- _!■—■-■ '
pemke n. periwig, wig [also spelt peruquel fto'zovk, 'pe-suk.
pemse v. (go thru; survey; read) ps'zouz.
perverse adj. (perverted; wrong; wayward) p^z^Biza.
perrenion n. (act of perverting) p9z'v87$3n, psz^Biz-l^tu
pervert v. (lead astray; corrupt) p^z'vBizt.
pervert n. (one who has been perverted; apostate) 'ps:?-
VBZt.
pervertible adj. (capable of being perverted) pds'vBTtd-bdt
pelade n. (rearing) pi'seed, pi'zeed, pi'sa:d.
peseta n. (Spanish coin) pi'see-ts.
pesky adj, (plaguy; hateful) 'peski.
peso n. (Spanish dollar) 'pee-so.
PestaloBsian. adj, (of Pestalozzi) pestdletsi-sn ; (less prop-
erly) pestalezi-an.
pestle n. (bruising- or pounding-tool) 'pesdl, 'pes), 'pestl.
petal n. (corolla-leaf) 'petl, 'petal, (rarely) 'pii-tl.
petaled adj. [also spelt petalled, petald} 'petld.
petaline adj, of a petal ; petaloid [also, sometimes, spelt pet-
a/tn] 'peti-in, 'petl-ain.
petard n. (door-battering device; cracker) pi'ta:?d, pi'ta:?.
petardeer n. soldier who fires a petard [also spelt petardierl
petar'dire.
petiole n. (leaf -stalk) 'peti-ol.
petit adj, (small, minor, trifling, petty) 'peti, (formerly)
'petit.
petit-banme n. liquor [also spelt petit baumel 'peti-b3om.
petite adj. (little, tiny; minor) pa'tiit.
petitio n. (asking, begging) pi'tiSi-o, pi'tii-ti-o.
petition n. (begging; entreaty; request) pi'tijan.
petrel n. (sea-bird) 'petjal, (rarely) 'pii-tgal.
petrol n. (petroleum; gasoline) 'petjal, (rarely) pi'tjool.
petroleum n. (rock-oil) pi't£oo-H-3m.
petrolin n. paraffin; also, an oil from petroleum [also spelt
petrolinel 'petja-hn.
petrous adj. (stony; rocky) 'pii-tgas, 'petgas.
petticoat n. (coat; skirt; underskirt) 'peti-kot.
pettifogger n. (low-down attorney; rascally lawyer) 'peti-
fegar.
pettitoes n. pi. (pigs* feet) 'peti-tooz.
petty adj. (small; little; minor) 'peti.
petulance n. (sauciness; peevishness) 'petSo-lsns, 'petQo-
lans.
petunia n, (plant) pi'tgou-ni-a ; (dialectally) pi'tou-ni-a.
i y^f 5 cure; 5 the, G thm\^ 3 a^rure, d3 ;oy ; J shot, tj cAew;
wzvhen; i)sing; u whoever, itcact, vviull, ovifool, i it, lis^^;
o poetic; a ov^r, e aerial, a.\)u\., o*. ^oot, -a^t^o, ^.\ic^» ^^^q.\r.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 403
pe'W n. (seated place or enclosure in a church) pgou.
pe'wee n. (flycatcher) 'pii-wi.
pe'wit n. lapwing; tyrant flycatcher [also, sometimes, spelt
peewit, puit} 'pii-wit, 'pgou-it.
pe'wter n. (gray alloy of tin and led) 'pqou-tsz.
pfennis n. coin [synonymous cognate pfenning"] 'fenig,
(rarely) 'pfcnig, 'pfeniq,
pluiooohoere n. wart-hog [also spelt phacochere} 'faek3-ki:r.
phaeton n. carriage [also spelt phaetoni 'fee-i-tn, 'fee-i-tdn,
'fee-tan.
phagedenio adj. of phagedaena or spreading ulcer [also
spelt phagedaenicl faedsi'denik, f xd3i'dii-nik ; fagi'denik,
faegi'dii-nik.
phagooyte n. (leucocjrte) 'fxgs-sait.
phalange n. phalanx of a digit; joint of an insect's tarsus;
bundle of stamens joind by their filaments [plural phal-
anges'! 'fa-laends, fdlxnds, fa^eqs.
phalangeal adj, fd^xndsi-sl.
phalanger n. (quadruped) fslaendsdzr.
phalange! n. (ploral of phalanx and phalange) fslaen-dsiz.
phalanstery n. (building occupied by a phalanx; socialist-
ic community) 'faelan-steei.
phalanx n. battle array; compact body of troops [ploral pha-
lanxes, but in biologic senses usually phalanges] 'fee-laeqks,
'fae-laeqks.
phallns n. symbolic penis; also, stinkhorn, a fungus [plor-
al phalli] 'fxlds.
phanerogam n. (flowering plant) 'fxns^d-gxm.
phanerogamons adj. (flowering) fsnaVegs-mss.
phantasm, n. illusion; figment; fantom [also spelt fantasm]
'faen-taezam.
phantasma n. fantasm [also spelt fantasma; ploral phantas-
mas, phantasmata] fxn'tszmd.
phantasmal adj. [also spelt fantasmal] fxn'txzmdl.
phantasy n. same meaning as fantasy.
phantom n. specter, spirit, ghost [also spelt fantom] 'fxn-
tam.
pharaoh n. (beer) 'fe:-70.
Pharisaic adj. (of the Pharisees; self-righteous) facri'see-ik.
Pharisaism n. (doctrin of the Pharisees, etc.) 'faen-se-izsm.
pharisean adj. pharisaic [also spelt pharisaean] fae;i'sii-an.
pharmaoentio adj, (of pharmacy) fozrmd'scou-tik, fa?m3-
TcQou-tik.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy, a: far, go now, a: ask, at kite;
length-mnrk (:) indicates that the pTecedm^ ?iQ\rcv\ \^ \^tvn^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress otv \h^ ie>>\Q^VR.^ ^f^-sSw^
404 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
phamLaoeatist n. (pharmacist) formd'sQou-tist, fasmalcgott-
tist.
pluurmaoist n. (druggist) 'fa:7-m9-sist.
pharmaoopoeia n. (drug-book; stock of drugs) fa^msks-
'pii-3.
pharo n. (obsolete) 'iti-zo, same meaning as faro.
pharoi n. (lighthouse) 'fei-zes.
pharyngeal adj. (of the pharynx) fd'rindsi-d}, fae^in'dsii-^
pharyngei n. (ploral of pharynx) fs'zin-dsiz.
pharyngeni n. muscle [ploral pharyngeil isezin'dsii-^s.
pliarynsitii n. (inflammation of the pharynx) faesin'dsai-
tis, fae3in'd3ii-tis.
pharyngotomy n. (a cutting into the pharynx) faerin'geta-
mi, faejiq'geta-mi.
pharynx n. throat-cavity [ploral pharynges, pharynxes]
'faeeiqks.
phaie n, (aspect; value) feez.
phaiii n. phase, aspect [ploral phases'] 'fee-zis, ^fee-sis.
pheasant n. bird [also spelt fesant] 'fezsnt, 'f eznt.
phenaoetin n. (acetyl derivativ) f I'naesi-tin.
Phenioian n. nativ of Phenicia [also spelt Phoenician] fi«
'nijan.
phenicine n. indigo carmin [also, sometimes, spelt phenicin,
phoenicin] 'feni-sin, 'feni-sain.
pheniz w. mythic bird [also spelt phoenix and, formerly, fe-
nix] 'fii-niks.
phenol n. (carbolic acid) 'fii-nel, 'fii-nol.
phenolog^y n. study of recurring biologic phenomena [also
spelt phaenology] fi'nela-dsi.
phenomena n. (ploral of phenomenon) fi'nemi-ns.
phenomenal adj. of phenomena; exceptional [also spelt
phaenomenal] fi'nemi-nJ.
phenomenalize v. [also spelt phenomenalise] fi'neminl-aiz.
phenomenon n. appearance, event, occurrence; prodigy
[also, formerly, spelt phaenomenon; ploral phenomena] fi-
'nemi-nen.
phenyl n. radical [also spelt phenyle] 'fii-nil, 'fenil.
phe'W interj. expressing impatience, disgust, discomfort,
weariness [also spelt phugh and, formerly, phu] fiou: •
phial n. 'fai-sl. same meaning as vial.
phiale n. patera, a vase; cantharus [ploral phialae] 'fai-a-h.
phialine adj. phial-like [also, sometimes, spelt phialin] 'fai-
a-hn, 'fai-3-lain.
J yc, 9 cure; 5 tfie, 8(Mn; jaxrure, ds/oy; I shoe, t^chew;
wwhen; i)sing\ u whoever, iteaicX., \jluu, \i>3k.iooV, i.\t, iis^^;
o poetic; ©over, e aerial, \bu^, o*.^oot, -^i^xvo, ^>ac^, ^.^^<^fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 405
Plildiao adj, of the Greek sculptor Phidias [also spelt Phei-
diac} 'fidi-aek, 'fai-di-aek.
Plildian adj. Phidiac [also spelt Pheidian'i 'fidi-dn, 'fai-di-
dn.
philander n. (lover; wallaby, filander; opossum; bandicoot)
fi'laenda?. compare filander.
philander v, make love; flirt [also spelt filander} fi'laendd?.
philanthropic adj. (humane) filsn'Osepik.
philanthropy n. (love of mankind, benevolence toward
one's fellow men) fi'laent9s3-pi, fi'lanGsa-pi.
philately n. (stamp-collecting) filaeti-h.
philharmonio adj, (loving harmony) fila?'menik, iil-haz-
'menik.
philippic n. (denunciatory discourse) filipik.
Philippin n. (member of a Russian denomination founded
by Philip Pustoviat) 'fih-pin.
Philippine n. 'fih-pin. same meaning as philopena.
Philippine adj. (of the Philippine Islands) fih'piin, (as-
sumptivly) 'fih-pin.
Philippiit n. follower of Philip Melanchthon [also spelt
Philipist} 'fih-pist.
Philiitine n. one of a warlike people of ancient Philistia
on the Palestine coast; enemy; philister; matter-of-fact per-
son [also, sometimes, spelt Philistin'] filistin, 'fih-stain,
'fih-stin, (rarely) fili-stain.
Philiitiniim. n. (opinions, aims, and habits of social Philis-
tins) fi'hsti-nizam, 'fihsti-nizam.
philiitinize v, [also spelt philistinisel filisti-naiz, 'fihsti-
naiz.
Phillii n. (poetic) comely rustic maiden; sweetheart [also
spelt Phyllis! 'fihs.
phillyrea n. (jasmin box, mock privet) fi1rei-3, fih'zrii-a.
philologne n. philologist [also spelt philolog} 'fils-leg.
philology n. (love of learning and literature; science of lan-
guage) filela-dsi; (less properly) failela-dsi.
philopena n. game of forfeit^ [also spelt philopoena, filope-
na; synonymous cognates philipena, phtlippina, phillipina,
phillipena, philopena, Philippine, philopoene, philopene, phil-
lipine, filipeen, fillipeen} fila'pii-na.
philoprQgenitiTcncM adj. love of offspring [also spelt
philoprogenitivnessl filap^a'dsenitiv-nis.
philoioph n. philosopher [also spelt philosopher 'fild-sef,
fila'zef.
c: law, b: fwr, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a*. a«k, ^-vVaXr-n
length-mark (:) indicates that tVie precediTii^ ^o^axi^ -v.-^ "^^"^^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress otv Vh^ i«»VL^^i.Tk% ^-^jv^^jC^R-
406 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
pliiloioplilo adj, (of philosophers or philosophy) fiis'sefik,
fild'zefik.
pMloiopliise V. [also spelt philosophise^ filesd-faiz.
philter n. love-potion [also spelt philtre'i 'iilt^z,
pMs n. (face) fiz.
phlebotomise v. practis phlebotomy; bleed; undergo phle-
botomy; be bled [-also spelt phlehotomise'\ fz^i'betd-maiz.
phlegethontic adj. (of Phlegethon; fiery) fz.egi'8entxk,
ftedsi'Gentik.
phlegm n. mucus; phlegmatic character; dulness [also, for-
merly, spelt flegtftf etc.] Hem.
phiegmatio adj, (of the nature of or abounding in phlegm;
sluggish, dull) fteg'maetik, 'fi-egma-tik.
phlogiiton n. (supposed principle of inflammability) iv>
'd3istn, f to'dsi-sten ; fto'gistan, fto'gi-sten.
phlox n. (plant) f z^eks.
phocaenine adj, porpoise-like; of the Phocaenina [also,
sometimes, spelt phocaeninl fo'sii-nin, fo'sii-nain.
phonetic adj. representing vocal sounds; of articulate
sounds; phonic [also spelt fonetic} fa'netik, fo'netik.
phonetization n. (representation of vocal sounds by fo-
, netic characters) foniti'zee-San, foni-tai'zee-San, fa-neti-
'zee-San.
phonic adj, acoustic; fonetic [also spelt fonici 'fenik, 'fao-
nik.
phonograph n. fonetic letter or symbol; fonautograf; in-
strument for recording and reproducing sounds [also spelt
fonograf} 'foo-n3-gz:a:f.
phonographer n. fonetist; shorthand-writer [also spelt fo-
nografer} fa'negra-fa?.
phonogpraphic adj. [also spelt fonografici fona'gzraefik.
phonogpraphy n. writing fonetically; fonetic shorthand, use
of the fonograf [also spelt fonografyl fa'negzra-fi.
phonotsrpy n. fonetic printing [also spelt fonotypyl 'foo-na-
tai-pi, fa'neti-pi.
phosgene n. carbon oxychlorid [synonymous cognate phos-
gen\ 'fes-dsin.
phosphate n. (salt of phosphoric acid) 'fe-sfet.
phosphorescence n. (the quality of shining in the dark
without sensible heat) fesfa'^esans.
phosphorize v. [also spelt phosphorisel 'fesfd-zraiz.
phosphorons adj. (phosphorescent; full of phosphorus)
'fesfa-ras.
J yc, 9 cure; 5tKe, Q th\tv,^^aL2\ire, dj/oy; ^ shoe, tl chew;
wwhen; x)sing; uwhoevet, \tc^c\., xiiu\V v^'^^ooV \xt, lis^^;
o poetic; dov^r, eoerial, A.^iut, ;i*.^oot, -^iCi^o, ^\ie^, ^^^<fts:\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 407
phoiphomi n. (element) 'fesfd-zrss.
phoiphnreted adj, [also spelt phosphuretted} 'fesfio-^etid.
photooliToiiiy n. (coloring fotografs; color-fotografy) 'ioo-
t3-ksomi, fd'tek^d-mi.
photograph v, [also spelt fotograf; past participle and pret-
erit photographed, fotograft'\ 'foo-ta-gzaif.
photographer n. [also spelt fotograf er'\ fa'tegea-fa?.
photographio adj. [also spelt fotografici fots'g^xfik.
photography n. [also spelt fotograf y'i fa'teg^s-fi.
photogravure n. fDO-ta'geee-vjae, foo-tag^a'vjo:?.
photometer n. (light-measuring device) fa'temi-ts?.
phraie n. (written expression) fseez.
phraseolog^y n. (diction, style) f3ezi'el3-d3i.
phrenetic adj. fsi'netik. see frenetic.
phrenitio adj. (affected with phrenitis) fsi'nitik.
phrenitii n. (brain fever) fsi'nai-tis.
phrenologio adj. (of phrenology) f3en9led3ik; {less proper-
ly) fsinsledsik.
phrenology n. (study of mental faculties, etc.) f^i'neld-dsi.
phthizio n. consumption [also spelt tisic'\ 'tizik.
phthliis n. consumption [also, ,«ometimes, spelt tisis'\ '6ai>
SIS, 'f9ai-sis, 'tai-sis, 'tisis, 'tii-sis, 'f9isis.
phyle n. clan; political unit; brigade [ploral phylae^ 'fai-h.
phylloxera n. (plant-louse) fibk'si:-79.
phylogeny n. (genesis of a tribe) fi'led3i-ni.
phylum n. tribe, race [ploral phyla] 'fai-lam.
phyialite n. (variety of topaz) 'fisa-lait, (less properly)
'fiz9-}ait, 'fai-S3-}ait.
phyiio V. dose with physic, etc. [present participle physick-
ing, past participle and pi'etent physicked, physict} 'fizik.
phyiician n. (medical man; doctor) fi'ziSan.
phyiiciit n. (one verst in physics; believer in physicism)
'fizi-sist.
phyiicky adj, (of or like physic or drugs) 'fizi-ki.
phyiiognomic adj. (of physiognomy; characteristic) fizi-eg-
'nemik, fizi-a'nemik.
phyiiognomist n. (one skild in physiognomy) fizi'egnd-
mist, fizi'ena-mist,
phyiiognomy n. (art of judging character from facial or
bodily features; face; countenance) fizi'egna-mi, fizi'ena-mi.
phyiiology n. (science of organic functions) fizi'ela-dsi.
phyiiqne n. (physical or bodily structure) fi'ziik.
phytology n. (botany) fai'tela-dsi, fi'tela-dsi.
c: low, b: f «r, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy ; a: for, ao now, a*. a?k, -ax V\\.^\
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptecediw^ ^o\ycv\ a."?* V»x\sk\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on \5cl^ i^^XoHavcv^ ^-f^^S^^-
408 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
pi n., V. in printing^ disorderd type [also spelt pie, pyel pai.
piaffe V. move somewhat as in trotting [past participle and
preterit piaffed, piqffi pi'aef.
pia mater n, (inmost membrane investing the brain and
spinal cord) pai-d'mee-ts?.
pianisiimo adj. (very soft) pi-d'nisi-mo.
piaiiiit n. (player on the piano) pi'senist, 'pii-9-nist.
pianiito n. (a pianist, especially a female pianist) pi-a'niist.
piano adj. (soft) pi'a:-n3.
piano n. (a soft or gentle passage or tone) pi'a:-iK>.
piano n. (pianoforte) pi'aenD, pi'a:-n3.
pianoforte n. (musical instrument; piano) pi-dtno'io'.z-tit pi-
'aeno-f o:3-ti ; pi'aeno-f o:3t ; pi-a:-no'fo:3-ti, pi'a:-no-fo:r-ti.
piaiiaba n. -woody fiber [synonymous cognates piassava, pia-
cabal pi-3'sa:-b3, pi'aes3-b3.
piaster n. Spanish dollar; Turkish coin [also spelt piastre}
pi'aestazr,
piazza n. (public square; plaza; veranda) pi'aezd.
pibroch n. (Scotch music) 'pii-bz:ek; (less properly) 'pai-
hzek,
pie n. Turkish measure [also spelt pike, pik and, formerly,
peek, pick"] piik, pik.
pica n. (in all senses) 'pai-kd.
picador n. (mounted man who pricks the bull at the opening
of a bull-fight) pika'do:?.
picareiqne adj, of picaroons or roques [also spelt pickares-
quel pika'resk.
picayune n. (half real; five-cent piece; petty coin) pika-
'juun.
piccadill n. (obsolete) border, ruff, collar [also spelt picka-
dill; synonymous cognates peccadillo, pickydilly^ etc.] 'pika-
dil.
piccaninny n. little one; child; baby, especially of any ne-
groid race [also spelt pickaninny, picaninny"] 'pika-nini.
piccolo n. (flute) 'pika-lo.
pice n. coin of India [also sfteh pyse; ploral picel pais.
piceoni adj. (of or like pitch; pitch-black) 'pisi-as, 'piji-as,
'pijas, (rarely) 'pai-si-3s.
pichiciago n. (truncate armadillo) pitSisi'ee-go, pitSisi'a:-go.
piciform adj. (pitch-like) 'pisi-fo:rm.
piciform. adj, (formd like a woodpecker) 'pai-si-fe:em, 'pisi-
feizm,
picine adj. (of woodpeckers) 'pai-sain, 'pai-sin.
J yCf ccure; 5 the, Q thitv-, ^asure, ds/oy; I shoe, tl chew;
wwhen; t) s\ng\ uwVioever, iTesitV, \iiu\V vi>a.iooV -i^t, lis^^;
o poetic; oov^r, eoerial, xWl, ^-.dooT, ^i^x^o, ^.>ae^, ^.^%a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 409
piokabaok adj. on the shoulders or back like a pack [syn>
enymous cognates pickback, pickapack, pickpack, pighack,
piggyback'^ 'piks-bsek.
piokase n. toll [also spelt piccage} 'pikids.
piokax n. tool [also spelt pickaxe; ploral pickaxesi 'pik-xks.
pioked adj. (pointed, peaked; prickly) 'pikid.
picked adj. selected; choice [also spelt picktl pikt.
pickerel n. (young pike, etc.) 'pika-ral, 'pik^sl.
picnic n. party, etc [also spelt pic-nic and, formerly; pick-
nick, pique-nique} 'pik-nik, 'pikNik.
picnic V* [present participle picnicking^ past participle and
preterit picnicked, picnict} 'pik-nik.
picnicker n. 'pik-niks?.
picra n. (bitter cathartic) 'piksa, 'pai-k^a.
picric adj. (carbazotic) 'piksik, {rarely) 'pai-k^ik.
picture n. (painting, portrait, etc.) 'pikt$9z:, 'pikt^sz:.
pictnreiqne adj. (picture-like) piktjd'^esk, pikt^d'resk.
picnl n. oriental measure [also spelt picol, pekul, pikul}
'pi-kxl, 'pikAl.
pie n. pastry dish [also, formerly, spelt pyel pai.
pie n, set of rules; index [also spelt pye} pai.
pie n. coin of India [also spelt pai, pi; ploral pie, piesi pai.
piebald adj. (having patches of different colors; parti-col-
ord) 'pai-bc:ld.
piece n. (portion; fragment; thing) piis.
pied adj. (parti-colord) paid.
piepo'wder n. wayfarer [also spelt piepoudre^ 'pai-pao-dd?.
pier n. (support of a bridge or arch; mole; jetty) pi:?.
pierce v, (thrust thru; penetrate) pi:zs.
pieroins n,, adj. 'pi:2r-sii}.
piet n. magpie; water-ouzel [also spelt pyct, pyoO 'pai-at.
Pieiisni. n. (principles of the German Pietists) 'pai-i-tizdm.
pietiit n. (pious person) 'pai-i-tist.
piety n. (quality of being pious) 'pai-i-ti.
pigeon n. dove [also, formerly, spelt pidgeoni 'pidsan.
pigeon-Englisk n. lingua franca of ports of the Far East
[synonymous cognate pidgin-EnglishI pidsan'iqghj, (assump-
iivly) 'pid33n-ir)ghS.
pisgy n. little pig [also spelt piggiel 'pigi.
pigheaded adj. obstinate, stupid, perverse [also spelt pig-
heded] pigTiedid, (assumptivly) 'pig-hedid.
piked adj. (having a pike; sharp-pointed) 'pai-kid, paikt.
pilaiter n. (rectangular pillar; anta) pilxsts?.
c: law, b: f«r, x cat, o hot, ©i hoy ; a: far, ao ncou, ^\ a-^V., ^-vVaXs-n
\Bngth-mark (:) indicates that t\ie pteee^itv?^ ^<i>\xv\ a.% "^^'^*"»
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on ^iiit i^Vvo^vcv^ ^^a^-^w^^.
410 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
pilau n. oriental dish [also spelt pillau, pilaw, pillow, pelaiw;
synonymous cognates pilao, pilaff} pile: , piloo, pilao.
pileate adj. (capt; crested) 'pili-et, 'pai-)i-9t.
pilgarlic n. (poor creature; wretch) pirga:z-4ik.
pilg^mase n. (journey of a pilgrim) 'pilgzi-mids.
pilgrimize v. play the pilgrim [also spelt pilgrimisel 'pitgn-
maiz.
pillar n. (column) 'pildz.
pillo'w n. (head-rest; cushion) 'pdo; {vulgarly) 'pild.
piloie adj. (hairy) pailoos, {assumptivly) 'pai-los; (also,
rarely) piloos.
pilui n. hair-like body [ploral pilil 'pai-Jss.
pimento n. dried berries; tree [synonymous cognate pitnen-
tal pi'mento.
pinacoid adj. slab-like [also spelt pinakoid} 'pins-keid.
pinaootheoa n. (pinacothek) pinskd'Oii-ks.
pinacothek n. art museum [also spelt pinacotheckl 'pind-
kd-Oek.
pinafore n. (child's apron) 'pind-foz.
pinaster n. (cluster-pine) pi'nxstsz, pai'naestdr.
pinaz n. tablet; register; catalog; platter [ploral pinaces,
pinakesl 'pi-naeks, 'pinaeks, 'pai-nxks.
pince-nes n. (eyeglasses) 'p£i]s-ne.
pincers n. nippers [dialectal synonymous substitute pinchers}
'pinsa^z.
pinch V. nip, squeeze [past participle and preterit pinched,
pincht} pints, (also, in Britain, often) pinj.
pinchbeck n. (alloy) 'pintj-bek.
pinchers n. 'pint^drz. same meaning as pincers,
Pindaric adj. (of Pindar) pin'daezik.
pineal adj. (shaped like a pine-cone) 'pai-ni-dl, 'pini-si,
(rarely) pai'nii-3l.
pinic adj. (of pine) 'pai-nik.
pinioned adj. winged [also spelt piniondl 'pinjvind.
pinite n. (saccharin substance from pine-tree sap) 'pi-nait,
'pai-nait.
pinnacle n. (turret) ^pins-ksl.
pinnatifid adj. pinnately cleft at least half-way to the mid-
dle; pinnisected [synonymous cognate pennatifid} pi'naeti-
fid, (rarely) 'pinati-fid.
pinnatipartite adj. pi-neti'paz-tait, pi-naeti'pa?-tait.
pinocle n. 'pina-kal. same meaning as penuckle.
pinon n. (nut-pine) 'pinjan, pi'njei].
} yc, gcure; 5 the, 0 tkiiv, ^aisute, ^-sio^*, ^sKoe, tjr/iew;
wwhen; r) sing; uwVioevet, itcacV, viiuW, vk>\\ooV -lVx, \\%.ee%
o poetic; a ov^r, e aerial, xbut, o\^oot, ^^txo, ^\ic^, ^^^a\sL\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 411
piny adj, of pine [also spelt piney} 'pai-ni.
pipa n. (toad) 'pai-ps, pi'pa: .
pipage n. [also, formerly, spelt pipeage} 'pai-pids.
pipiitrel n. bat [also spelt pipistrelWi pipi'stset
piqnanoy n. (appetizing flavor; tartness; quality of being
piquant) 'pii-kan-si, 'pikan-si.
piquant adj, (sharp; keen; lively) 'pii-kdnt, 'piksnt, 'pii-
kant, 'pii-kaent, 'pi-kant, 'pi-kaent, piTcaent, 'pii-kcnt, 'pii-
keq.
piquante adj, (piquant : used especially as a f eminin ; live-
ly; taking) pi'kamt.
pique n. (ill-feeling; offense taken) piik.
piquet n. (card-game) pi'ket, 'pikit, {rarely) piTcee.
piqn^-'work n. decorativ needlework; tortoise-shell work
[also spelt piquet-work, picqui-work^ pi'kee-WB:z:k.
piracy n. (robbery at sea, etc.) 'pai-zra-si.
pirag^ua n. canoe [synonymous cognates periagua, pirogue"}
pi'raegwa.
pixatical adj. (pirate-like; pirated) pai'zrxti-kdl.
pirl V, twist, wind, spin, purl; revolv; curl, ripple [past par-
ticiple and preterit pirled, pirld} pBizh compare purlj
pirouette n. (whirling toe-dance) piru'et.
pirr n. tern, pirr-mau; black-heded gull [also spelt pirre,
purrel pBiz. compare purr^
piscatory adj, (of fishers or fishing) 'piskd-to^i.
pisciculture n. (fish-culture) 'pisi-kAltSa?.
piscina n. fishpond [plural piscinae, piscinas] pi'sii-ns, pi-
'sai-na.
piscine n. pool, pond [also, sometimes, spelt piscin] 'pisin,
pi'siin.
piscine adj, (of fish) 'pi-sain, 'pisin.
pismire n. (ant) 'pis-mai?, 'piz-mai?.
pistacliio n. (nut; tree; color) pis'ta:-So, pi'star-Jo; pis'ta:-
Si-o, pis'tee-Si-o, pis'tee-Jo, pis'taejo, pis'taeSi-o.
pistil n. (seed-bearing organ) 'pistil.
pistol V, shoot with a pistol [present participle pistoling, pis-
tolling', past participle and preterit pistoled, pistolled, pis-
told] 'pistl, 'pistal.
pistol n. (firearm) 'pistl, 'pistal.
pistole n. (Spanish gold coin) pi'stool.
pistoleer n. one who uses a pistol [former synonymous cog-
nate pistolier] pistali:?.
piston n. (plunger) 'pistn, 'pistan.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, o hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao note;, a: ask, ai k«te ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptectd\T\^ ^Q.>a?cv\ ^s. "^^"^^N
stress-marir C) indicates chief stress oti ^Dcit i^>\ci^vcv%» ^>jvc^vfc.
412 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
pitapat adv. patteringly; flutteringly ; with light step [also
spelt pit-a-pat; synonymous cognates pitpat, pittypat, pitty-
pattyl 'pit3-paet.
piteoni adj. (full of pity) 'piti-ss.
pith n. (spongy tissue; marrow; essence; vigor) piO.
pithecoid adj. (ape-like, simian) pi'Oii-koid, 'piOi-keid.
pitiable adj. (exciting pity; pityful) 'piti-a-bal.
pitiful adj. (full of pity; pitiable) 'piti-fal.
pitileii adj. (without pity; merciless) 'piti-Jds.
pittance n. (pious donation; dole; small amount) ^pitns,
'pitans,
pitticite n, pit-chy iron-ore [synonymous cognate pittisite]
'piti-sait.
pituita n. (phlegm; mucus) pitgu'ai-td.
pituitary adj. (of pituita; mucous) pi'tgou-i-tC3i, 'pitgu-i-
tczri.
pixy n. fairy [also spelt pixie; ploral pixiesi 'piksi.
pizzicato adj. (pluckt) pitsi'ka:-t3.
placable adj. (appeasable) 'p^ee-kd-bdl, 'pz^ks-bdh
placard n. (notice, bill, poster) 'pz^-ka^d, 'pz^kd^d; pz^
'karzrd, ptae'kaird.
placard v. (set up placards on or in ; post as a placard) 'pLse-
ka^d, 'ptaeka^d; pta'kaizrd, ptae'karrd.
placate v. (pacify) 'ptee-ket, 'ptaeket; pta'keet.
placatory adj. (propitiatory) 'ptee-ka-tozi, 'pi-aeka-tozri.
placcate n. (armor) 'ptae-kct, 'pz-aeket.
place n. (space; locality; residence) ptees. |
placeable adj. (capable of being placed) 'pz^ee-sd-bsl.
placebo n. pacifying medicin [plural placebos, placeboes}
pz.3'sii-bD.
placoid adj. (plate-like) 'ptae-koid.
plagiarisiu n. (literary theft, etc.) 'ptee-dsi-a-rizam, 'ptee-
d33-?iz3m ; (less properly) 'ptaedsi-a-rizam.
plagiarist n. (one guilty of plagiarism) 'pz-ee-dsi-a-zrist,
'pLee-d33-rist.
plagiarize v. [also spelt plagiarise} 'pz-ee-dsi-a-^aiz, 'ptce-
d33-7aiz.
plagiary n. (formerly, kidnapper; now, plagiarist; plagia-
rism) 'pz-ee-dsi-e^i, 'ptee-dsa-^i.
plag^ne n. (affliction, scourge, pestilence) pteeg.
plag^nily adv. (in a plaguy manner) 'pz.ee-gi-h.
plaguy adj. pestiferous; that is a plague; vexatious [also,
formerly, spelt plaguey} 'pz-ee-gi, (often) 'ptegi.
j yCf ccure; 5 tfie, 6(fiin; sa^ure, ds/oy; I shoe, tjcliew;
wwhen; t]sing; u whoever, itcslcX., xiiuW, \i>\\oo\, ^\t, lis^^,
o poetic; 3 ov^r, e aerial, ^but, o*. ^oot, ^qt^o, ^.\ic^, ^^%a\&\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 413
plaice n. flatfish [also, fermerly, spelt plaise} pLees.
plaid n. (garment; fabric) pLxd, pLeed.
plaided adj. (drest in a plaid; made of plaid) 'ptaedid, 'ptee-
did.
plain n. (tract of flat land; level country region; prairie)
pLeen.
plain adj. (flat, level, smooth, even; open; easy; frank;
clear, manifest; simple) pLeen.
plainness n. (evenness; candor; clearness) 'pteen-nis.
plaintiff n. (person who begins a suit : correlativ of de-
fendant 'pi.een-tif.
plaintive adj. mournful [also spelt plaintivl 'pteen-tiv.
plait V, (fold flat ; gather in pleats ; pleat) pteet, pii-iit ; (braid
or intertwine so as to form a plait, band or rope; plat)
piLeet, pLset.
plait n. (fold of cloth; pleat) pteet, ptiit; (fold, crease,
wrinkle, sinuosity in a natural structure; quirk, trick) pz^eet;
(contexture of interlaced strands; braid, cord, plat) pteet,
ptaet.
planar adj. (of a plane; flat) 'pi:.ee-n9?.
planchet n. (coin-blank) 'pi:.xnt$it.
planchette n. (board for automatic writing) pz^n'Set, pteq-
'$et.
plane n. (smoothing-tool) pteen.
plane n. (flat, even, or level surface) pteen.
planeshear n. covering-board [synonymous cognate plank-
sheerl 'pteen-Si:r.
planish v. level; flatten; polish [past participle and preterit
planished, planishtl 'ptaeniS.
planoTblast n. (wandering germ; free-swimming hydrozoan
bud) 'ptaena-bfa:st, 'pi:.ee-n3-bla:st.
plant n. (tree, herb, vegetal organism; fixtures, machinery,
etc.) pLa:nt, pi-aent.
plantain n. (herb of the genus Plantago, etc.) 'ptaentin,
'ptaen-ten.
plantain n. plane-tree, platan, plane [former synonymous
cognate platani 'ptaentin, 'ptaen-ten.
plantar adj. (of the sole of the foot) 'ptaentar.
plaqne n. (ornamental plate; eruption; blood-plate) pLa:k,
pta:k, pz.aek.
plasma n. (shape; quartz; liquid; plasm) 'ptaezma, 'pLsesMs.
plaster v, overlay; bedaub [past participle and preterit plas-
tered, plasterdi 'pLa:-st3?.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, © hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: osk, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceditv^ ^omxv^ \^ VkTk."st\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on tVi^ i^Wo^vci^j, «^^^a5c^&»
414 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
■ — m
plaatio adj, (capable of being molded; formativ, etc)
'pz.ae8tik.
plat n. flat part; foot-bridge; flat country [also, formerly,
spelt platt} pLaet.
plat n. (plot) pLxt.
plat n. (a contexture of interlaced straw, hair, etc.; braid;
plait) pLSt.
plat V, (intertwine, plait) pz^t.
platan n. oriental plane-tree [synonymous cognate platane]
'pLStsn.
plate n. (flat sheet of metal; shallow dish; silver or gold
ware) pz.eet.
plate v» (overlay or coat with metal) pteet.
plateau n. table-land; tray for the table [ploral plateaux,
plateaus! pta'too, ptae'too.
plateaux n. (ploral of plateau) pz^s'tDoz.
platen n. impression-plate of a printing-press [also spelt
platten; synonymous cognates platin, plattin\ 'pz^tn, <
'ptaetan.
platina n. archaic (platinum) 'pi:.aetn-3, 'pz^aeti-ns, pz^s'tii-nd.
platinize v, [also spelt platinisel 'pz^tn-aiz.
platinotype n. (fotografy in platinum-black) 'pz^tn-9-taip.
platinnm n. (metal) 'pLsetn-sm, 'pLXti-ndm, (rarely) pz^'tii-
nam.
Platonist n. (follower of Plato) 'ptee-ta-nist ; (less properly)
'pz.aet3-nist.
platyrliine adj. broad-nosed [also spelt platyrrhine and,
sometimes, platyrhin} 'ptaeti-^in, 'ptaeti-^ain.
plansible adj. formerly, praiseworthy; now, fair-seeming,
specious) 'pi:.c:-z3-bal.
plansive adj. applausiv [also spelt plausivl 'ptc:-siv, 'pi.c:-
ziv.
play V. exercise, etc [past participle and preterit played,
playd"] ptee, (when unstrest) pte.
plaza n. (market-place, square) 'pLa:-z3, 'pi.a:-z3.
pleasance n. pleasure, joy; pleasantry; pleasure-ground [al-
so, sometimes, spelt plaisance, plesance"] 'ptezons, 'pLii-zsns,
pLe'zeqs.
pleasant adj. pleasing, agreeable [also spelt plesantl
'ptezant, 'pLeznt.
pleasantry n. fun; jest [also spelt plesantry; plural pleas-
antries'! 'ptezan-tEi, 'pLezn-tji.
please v, (gratify; be pleased) pz.iiz, (when unstrest) piAz.
J y^t ccure; 5 the, Q(fiin; 5 arure, ds/oy; I shot, t^ chew,
wwhen; 13 sin^; u whoever, iTea,c\., vi\u\\, v»>\iool, \it, lis^^;
o poetic; 3 ov^r, e oerial, xWt, ;i*.^oot, ^aouo, ^\iee^, ^^^cxv.
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 415
pleasure n. enjoyment, gratification [also spelt plesurel
'pz.e33?; (dialectally) 'pLee-33?.
pleat V, (fold into pleats; plait) pLiit.
plebeian n. (one of the plebs; commoner) pLi'bii-sn, pLi-
'bii-3n, pti'bii-jan.
plebeianize v. make plebeian; vulgarize [also spelt plebei-
anisel pti'bii-a-naiz.
plebiscite n. plebiscitum; direct vote of all the electors [also,
sometimes, spelt plebicit'] 'ptebi-sait, 'ptebi-sit, 'ptebi-sit;
(improperly) pi-i'bisit.
pledge V. (pawn; bind; assure the performance of) pteds.
pledgeable adj. 'pLedss-bs}.
pledgee n. (one with whom a pledge is deposited; pawnee)
pLcds'ii, pte'dsii.
pledger n. (one who deposits a pledge, pawner; one who
pledges himself) 'ptedsa?.
pledgor n. in law, correlativ of pledgee [also spelt pledgeor'i
pz-eds'e:?.
pleiad w. (brilliant cluster of persons or things) 'pz.ai-aed,
'ptai-3d.
plein-air adj, open-air : said of schools of painting, etc.
[also spelt plain-airl 'pi:.een-e:?.
Pleistocene adj. (Newer Pliocene; Post-Pliocene) 'pi:.ai-st3-
sin.
plenary n, (complete) 'pi^ii-n^-zi ; (less properly) 'ptena-^i.
plenipotentiary adj. (invested with full power; absolute)
ptenipa'tenSa-zi, pi-enipo'tenSi-eri, ptenipa'tcnSi-a-?!.
plenitnde n. (fulness) 'pi:.eni-tcud.
plenteous adj. (plentiful, copious; fertil) 'ptenti-ds.
pleonasm n. (redundancy) 'pLii-s-nsezdm.
plethora n. (over-fulness, etc.) 'pteGa-za, pi.i'Qo:-z9.
plethoric adj. (of full habit of body; swollen) pLi'Oe^ik,
'pteOa-jik.
pleurisy n. (inflammation of the pleura) 'pto:-?i-si.
plicate adj, (folded, pleated) 'pi:.ai-ket.
plicate V. (fold, pleat) 'ptai-ket, pti'keet.
pliers n. pi, (pincers) 'ptai-a^z.
plight n. (pledge, engagement) ptait.
plight n. (condition, state) pLait.
Pliocene adj» Upper Tertiary [also spelt Pleiocenel 'p^ai-a-
sin.
plot n. piece of ground; plan, map, scheme [synonymous
cognate platl ptet.
c: law, b: fwr, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite;
length-marlf (:) indicates that the ptece^itv^ ^ciwxv^ a% Vjrok.V'.
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on Wve i^Wo^va% ^-"f^a^;^^^
I
416 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
plover n. (bird) 'ptAvar; (erroneously) 'ptoo-var.
ploxr n.,v. [also spelt plough; as verb, past participle and
preterit plowed, plowd\ pz.ao.
ploiTman n. [also spelt ploughman; ploral plowmenl 'pLQo-
man.
ploxrshare n. [also spelt ploughshare^ 'pLao-Se:?-
plnm n. (fruit; tree) pLAm.
plnmage n. (feathers collectivly) 'pLou-mids.
plumb n. ball of led; plummet; the vertical [also spelt
pluml pLAm.
plumb adj, vertical; downright [also spelt plum"} pz^Am.
plumb adv. vertically; exactly; quite [also spelt plumj pujn.
plumber n. (artizan who works in led, etc.) 'pLAmssr.
plumose adj, (featherd) pLu'moos, (assumptivly) 'pz.ou-mos.
plumule n. (rudimentary shoot; little feather; plume-like
part) 'pz.ou-mjul.
pluperfect adj, completed prior to some past time [synony-
mous cognate plusperfectl 'ptou-pozfikt, ptu'pB?fikt.
plnralixe v. make plural; become plural [also spelt pluraiise]
'pLo:-r3-laiz.
plutocracy n. rule of wealth [also spelt ploutocracyl pLQ-
'tek33-si.
pneumatic n. (of, or acting by means of, wind or air; of
gases) nju'matik.
pnenmatize v. pass air thru; render pneumatic [also spelt
pneumatisel 'njou-ma-taiz, (rarely) 'pNJou-ma-taiz.
pneumonia n. (inflammation of the lungs) nju'moo-ni-s,
njo'moo-nja.
podagra n, (gout) 'pedd-g??, po'daeg^s.
podag^c adj. (of podagra; gouty) po'daeg^ik.
poe-bird n. parson-bird, tui [also spelt poe-birdi 'poo-i-bsr^d.
poem n, (work in verse) 'poo-im; (improperly) 'poo-am, paom.
poesy n. (poetry; poet's art) 'poo-i-si; (less properly) 'poo-
i-zi.
poet n. (writer of poems) 'poo-it; (improperly) 'pDo-at, poot
poetaster n. (rimester) 'poo-i-tasta^, po-i'taestaz.
poetess n. (female poet) 'poo-i-tis.
poetic adj. (of or like poetry) po'etik.
poetize v. [also spelt poetise'^ 'poo-i-taiz.
poetry n. (art or work of a poet; verse) 'poo-i-tji; (improp-
erly) 'poo-a-tji, 'poo-tji.
pogge n. (fish) peg.
poignancy n. (quality of being poignant) 'pei-nan-si.
j ye, ccure; "^Xh^y QtKrn; -s^satc^, ^"SW; ^shoe, tj cAew;
wwhtn: nsina; uv/Vioevet, Vte^LCt, vi\u\\, vi>\\ooV ^Vx, <x^t,.\
opoc^ci oov^r, eaena\, kWX., ^'.^oot, ^^.tvo, ^\.e$., ^^^^^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 417
poisiuuLt adj, (piercing, keen, sharp, pungent, piquant) 'pei-
nsnt; {improperly) 'piuei-nant, 'pei-njant.
poison V, administer poison to; corrupt [past participle and
preterit poisoned, poisondl 'pei-zan, 'pei-zn.
polaore n. vessel [synonymous cognate polaccal pslar-kd?.
polarixatioiL n. [also spelt polarisation\ poldzi'zee-^dn, pold-
rai'zee-San.
polarize v. cause to exhibit polar or axial differences; give
polarity to [also spelt polarise'^ 'poo-la-raiz.
poldavy n. sailcloth [synonymous cognate poldavisl pol'dee-
VI.
poleaz n. battle-ax; halbert; butcher's ax [also spelt pole-ax,
poleaxe, pole-axe, pollax; plural poleaxesl 'pool-aeks.
police n. (public order; police force) pa'his, po'his; (vul-
garly) 'poo-lis.
polish v., n. (shine, gloss) 'peh$.
Polish adj. (of Poland) 'poo-hS.
polished adj. [also spelt polisM 'pehSt.
politician n. (one skild in politics) peh'tiSsn.
politicise V. act the politician; render political [also spelt
politicise'^ pa'hti-saiz.
poll n. (head, vote, etc.) pool.
poll V. crop; pollard; bring to the poll as voters; vote at a
poll [past participle and preterit polled, poldl pool.
pollack n. fish [also spelt pollockl 'pel^k.
poUan n. (fish) 'pebn.
pollen n. (flower-dust) 'pelsn.
pollixvog n. tadpole [also spelt pollywog; synonymous cog-
nates polliwig, pollywigl 'poh-wog.
polonaise n. (garment; dance) peld'neez, pol9'neez.
polverin n. ashes [also spelt polverinel 'polva-^in.
polygamic adj. (of polygamy; polygamous) pefi'gaemik.
polygamy n. (marriage with several at once) po'liga-mi.
polyglot adj. speaking several languages; of or in many lan-
guages [also spelt polyglotti 'peh-glet.
polygon n. (many-angled figure) 'poh-gen, 'peh-gan.
polyhedron n. many-sided solid [synonymous cognate poly-
edron; ploral polyhedra, polyhedronsi poh'hii-dran, poh-
'hedran.
Polynesian adj. (of Polynesia) poh'nii-San, poh'nii-san;
peh'nii-Si-an, poh'nii-si-an, poli'nii-si-on.
polyp n. many-footed animal; hydra; polypide; isopod [also
spelt polype"] 'pohp.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, o hot, ©i boy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (;) indicates that the pteced\T\?> ?,o\\xv^ \% \wv5l\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on t\ie 1q>\q^v^% «f\";^^^
418 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
polypliony n. (multiplicity of sounds; counterpoiiit; poly-
fonic writing) pslifs-ni, 'peh-foni.
polyphyllons adj. (many-leaft) peli'fitss; (less properly)
pdlifd-las.
polypidnm n. (supporting-structure of a polyp-colony; poly-
pary) pa'hpi-dam, 'pehpi-dam.
polypier n. (polypary) 'peh-pi:?.
polypody n. (fern) 'peh-podi, 'peh-pedi.
polyporons adj. (having many pores) pslips-rds.
polypus n. (cuttle-fish; polyp; tumor) 'pe!i-p9s.
polysyllabic adj, (of many syllables; characterized by poly-
syllables) peh-silaebik, pehsi'laebik.
polysyllable n. (word of many syllables) peh'sitd-bd!, 'peli-
sild-bdl.
polytheism n. (belief in many gods) 'peh-6i-iz9m, 'peliOi-
izdm.
pomace n. crusht apples; pulp; fish-scrap; cake [also spelt
pomice, pommice, pummice, pummace} 'pAmis; (improperly)
'pemis.
pomade n. (scented ointment; pomatum) ps'meed, po'meed,
po'mard, pe'ma:d.
pomatum n. (pomade) ps'mee-tdm.
pomegranate n. (tree) 'pem-g^aenit, pem'g?aenit, 'pAm-
g^aenit, pAm'gzaenit.
pomelo n. grapefruit [synonymous cognates pomello, pom-
melo, pomolo, putnelo, pummelo'i 'pemi-lo, 'pAmi-lo.
pommel n. knob, ball; saddle-bow [also spelt pummel]
'pAmal.
pommel v, beat; bruise [also spelt pummel; present parti-
ciple pommeling, pommelling; past participle and preterit
pommeled, pommelled, pommeldl 'pAmal.
pomLmielled adj. having a pommel of a specified tincture :
said of a sword [also spelt pomelled, pommeld, pomeld]
'pAmald.
pompadour n. (mode of hair-dressing; color; fabric; pat-
tern; bird) 'pemp3-do?, 'pempai-do^.
pomipaiio n. fish [also, sometimes, spelt pomponol 'pemps-
no, pem'pa:-no.
Pompeian adj, (of Pompeii) pem'pii-an, pem'pii-jan, pem-
'pee-an.
pomipelmLOOse n. shaddock [synonymous cognate pampel-
mousel 'pempal-mus.
pomLpion. n. pumpkin [also spelt pumpionl 'pAmpi-an.
j .re, g cure ; 5 the, 8 *ftin ; 3 axrure. ds /oy ; 5 shoe, tS chey/ ;
wwhen; rising; u whoever, VtcacI, wiuW., 'o>\ioo\, \\i, \\%ee\
o poetic, 3 over, eoeriaV xWt, ti-.^oot, -ao^o, ^\ie\, ^.^^yj^^N
P
P
P
I
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 419
pomposity n. (pompous conduct; ostentation) pem'pesi-ti.
pompons adj, (full of pomp; lofty; boastful) 'pemp^s.
poiLcho n. (cloak) 'pent^o, 'penlo.
ponderous adj, (heavy; clumsy; dull) 'pends-rss, (rapidly)
'pendrss.
pone n. (in /aw, writ) 'poo-ni.
pone n. (in vingt-et-un, the player to the left of the dealer;
eldest hand) 'poo-ni.
pone n. (cornbread) poon.
pongee n. (silk) pen'dsii, {assumptivly) 'pendsi; {also) pxn-
'dsii.
poniard n. (dagger) 'penjd^d.
pontifez n. high priest; pontiff; pope; bridge-builder [plor-
al pontificesl 'penti-feks.
pontiff n. (chief priest, high priest; bishop; pope) 'pentif.
pontifical adj. (of a pontiff; high-priestly) pen'tifi-ksl.
pontifioes n. (plural of pontifex) pen'tifi-siz.
pontoon n. (flat-bottomd boat) pen'toun, (assumptivly) 'pen-
tun.
pony n, small horse [also spelt poney; plural ponies, poneysl
'poo-ni.
pooh interj. expressing impatience, disdain, disregard [for-
mer synonymous cognates pugh, puh\ pou, {sometimes) po.
pooh-pooh V. (express disdain for; make light of) pu'pou.
pook n. puk. same meaning as puck}
poor adj, (destitute, needy; bad) po:?, {when less strest) poz;
{also) pu3.
poorhonse n. 'pu:?-hGus, 'po:?-aus.
pope-joan n. card-game [also spelt pope-Joan, Pope Joan"]
poop'dsoon.
popinjay n. (parrot ; woodpecker) 'pepin-dsee.
poplar n. (tree) 'peptae.
poplin n. (fabric) 'pepi-in.
popliteal adj. (of the ham or hollow at the back of the knee)
pe'pi:.iti-3l, pepti'tii-af.
poppy n. plant; flower [plural poppies! 'pepi.
popnlaoe n. (the common people; the multitude) 'pep?o-les,
'pepgo-hs.
popnlarization n. [also spelt popularisationi pepgo-lsri'zee-
San, pepQula-^ai'zee-San.
popularize v. make popular [also spelt popularise"! 'pepQo-
l3-?aiz.
porcelain n. (fine earthenware; china; piece of china-ware)
c: \aw, b: f «r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, au now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptece^iiv?, ?»ci\rcv\ -«. \«^%%
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on \Ji^ i^k^Xo'vvcv^, ^s'^-aJ^^-
420 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
'pe:2s-lin, 'pe:?-sLin; 'po:rs-hn, 'po:?-si-in; 'p3:r-sx4en,
'pe:rs-len, 'pe:?-si-hn, 'po:?-si-lon, 'pe:?-si-len.
poroelainize v, convert into porcelain [also spelt porcelaUt-
ise, porcellanise} 'poizs-h-naiz, 'po:rs-li-naiz,
poroellaiLeons adj. of the nature of or like porcelain [syn-
enymous cognates porcellanous, porcelanousi pessilee-ni-ds,
po?si'Jee-ni-3S.
porcellanio adj. like porcelain [also spelt porcelanici pessi-
'laenik, po^si'laenik.
porcellanite n. porcelain jasper [also spelt parceloHtte]
'pe:?-sih-nait, por'seli-nait.
porcellanous adj, 'pe:7-si-}en9s, p3z'seh-n9s. same mean-
ing as porcellaneous.
porcine adj. (of swine) 'per^-sain, 'pe:2-sin, 'poiz-sBin,
pore V, (gaze; ponder) po:z.
pore n. (hole, orifis) poiz.
porgy n. fish [also spelt porgee, porghee and, fermerly, por-
gie; synonymous cognates paugic, paughie; ploral porgies]
'pe:?-gi.
porose adj. (full of pores; porous) po'^oos, (assumptivly)
'po:-ros.
porous adj. (full of pores) 'poi-zss. )
porphyry n. (hard rock) 'pe:^-fi-ri.
porpoise n. (cetacean) 'peiz-pas, 'peiz-peis.
porridge n. (pottage, soup; oatmeal food) ^pezids*
porringer n. (porridge-dish) 'pe^in-dsd?.
port n. (harbor; haven; seaport) poizt.
port n. (gate; porthole; aperture) poizt.
port n. (deportment; mean; style of life) poizt.
port n. (left; larboard) poizt.
port n. (Oporto wine) poizt.
port V. (carry or hold, as a rifle) poizt.
portaled adj. having a portal [also spelt portalledl 'po:r-tald.
portas n. breviary; roll [synonymous cognates porteous, par-
tes, portess, porthos} 'poiz-tos.
portonllis n. (vertically-sliding gate-grating) pozt'kAhs.
Porte n. (Ottoman court) poizt.
porte-cochdre n. (carriage-entrance) poizt-ko'lziz,
porte-monnaie n. (purse) 'poizt-mo-ne.
portent n. (omen, sign, token) 'po:?-tent, poz'tent; (less prop-
erly) 'po:r-tent, pez'tent.
porteress n. 'poiz-to-zis, (rapidly) 'po:r-tjis. same meaning
as portress.
) ye, ? cure; 5 the, 6 thin;^ 3 axrure, ds joy; S shoe, tS cheyr;
IV when; ijsing', u whoever, itc^lcV, wiulv, QMfooU i tt, lis^^;
o poetic; oov^r, e oeiiaV, A.\iu\., ;**, ^oox, ';iQXio, ^\ie\, ^.^^cfiyt\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 421
portfolio n. portable receptacle for sheets of paper; min*
ister's office [plural portfolios} port'foo-li-o.
portico n. porch-like ambulatory; colonnade [plural porticos,
porticoes} 'po:?-ti-ko.
portidre n. (doorway curtain) 'po:z-tqez, 'po:?-ti-e:?, poj't^c:?.
portmanteau n. traveling-case [plural portmanteaus, port-
manteaux'} p37t'maent3.
portrait n. (drawing; likeness) 'p3:?-t£it.
portray v. represent, depict [past participle and preterit por-
trayed, porirayd} po^'tjee.
portress n. female porter or doorkeeper [synonymous cog-
nate porteress} 'po:r-tjis.
Portuguese adj. (of Portugal) 'po:?-tSo-giz, 'po:?-tSu-gis.
portnlaca n. (plant) po^tSu'laekd, po^tQolaekd, portQu'lee-kd.
posanne n. trombone; reed-stop [synonymous cognate po-
saun} ps'zQu-nd, pd'sao-nd.
positively adv. in a positiv manner; downright [also spelt
positivly} 'pezitiv-h, {rapidly) 'peztiv-h; {occasionally or
vulgarly) pezi'tivh.
posse n. (sheriff's armd squad; possibility) 'pesi.
possess V. (have; own) pa'zes; {less properly) pa'ses.
possessed adj. controlled by a demon; crazy [also spelt pos-
sest} pa'zest.
possession n. (fact of possessing, etc.) ps'zeSdn.
possessive adj. denoting possession; of possession [also spelt
possessiv} pa'zesiv.
possessor n. (one who possesses; owner) ps'zesd?.
possible adj. (that may be; that can be done) 'pesd-bdl, {as-
sumptivly) 'pessb^l; {also, often) 'pesi-bal.
postage n. (amount charged for transmission by post or
mail) 'poo-stids-
postal adj. (of the post or mail) 'poo-stl, 'poo-stal.
posterior adj. (later ; hinder) p©s'ti:-d-a? ; ^ {less properly)
pos'ti:-^i-3zr.
posthnmons adj. born after the death of its father; publisht
after the death of the author; occurring after death [also,
formerly, spelt postumous} 'pestSu-mas, 'peStJo-mas, 'pestgo-
mas; {less properly) 'pest-hgo-mas, 'pest-ha-mas.
postiche adj. (counterfeit, artificial, superadded) pes'tiij,
pos'tiiS.
posticnm n. (back door; back porch) pos'tai-kam.
postil n. marginal note; commentary [also, formerly, spelt
postill, postille; synonymous cognate postle} 'postil.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, © hot, ©i hoy ; a: far, au now, a: ask, ai kite;
length-mark (:) indicates that the prece^itvtt ^c^mt^^ a^ \^TiV>
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on Xiv^ \q>\q^v5v^ «f^3J«^^.
422 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
postil V, annotate [also spelt postel; past participle and pret-
erit postilled, postild] 'pestil.
postiler n. one who makes a postil; expositor [also spelt
postillerl 'pesti-la?.
postilion n. forerunner; post-boy; rider of the near leader,
etc. [also spelt postillion} po'stilisn.
post-obit adj. (taking effect after the death of some one;
also, post-mortem) poost'oo-bit, poost'ebit.
post-paid adj, paost'peed, {assumptivly) 'p30St-peed.
postpone V. (put off; also, subordinate) pos'poon, post'paon.
postscript n. (paragraph after the signature of a letter)
'poos-sksipt, 'poost-sk3ipt.
posy n. bouquet; flower [also, formerly, spelt posey, posie;
ploral posiesl 'poo-zi.
potable adj. (drinkable) 'poo-ts-bdl.
potassium n. (metal) pd'taesi-sm; (less properly) ps'txl^va.
potato n. tuber; batata, the plant [ploral potatoes'} ps'tee-ta;
(improperly) ba'tee-to; (dialectally, vulgarly) pa'tee-ta, 1»-
'tee-t3.
potentate n. (prince, ruler; power) 'poo-tn-tet, 'pDO-tan-teL
potentiality n. (quality of having power; possibility of ac-
tion) p3-tenSi'aeh-ti.
pother V. (fluster; trouble) 'po53?, 'pAdar.
potpourri n. (stew; medley) po-pu'rii, pet'po:-ri.
potsherd n. (fragment of earthenware) 'petSa^d, 'pet-Jazd.
ponldron n. shoulder-plate [synonymous cognate pauldron]
'pool-dran.
poultice V, apply a poultice or cataplasm to [also spelt pod-
tis; past participle and preterit poulticed, poultisti 'pool-tis.
ponr V, cause to flow [past participle and preterit poured,
pourd} po:z, (when unstrest) pozr.
ponrboire n. (drink-money, douceur, tip, fee) 'paiz-hweiz,
'po:^-bwc:?, 'po:?-bwa:?.
ponter v. poke, stir, rummage [also spelt powterl 'pao-tar.
power n. 'pau-a?, paoz; (also, in Britain) 'pau-ar, pao7.
powwow n. priest, medicin-man; meeting; medicin [also
spelt pow-wow\ synonymous cognate pawawl 'pao-wao.
powwow V. (practis sorcery; hold a powwow; discuss) 'pao-
wao, pao'wao.
pozzolana n. volcanic ash [synonymous cognates possuola-
na, puzzolano, puszuolana, puozzolanal petsa'lo'.-na.
practicable adj. (feasible; usable) 'p^aektikd-bdl.
practical adj. (of practis or action; useful) 'psaekti-kal.
i y^, 5 cure ; 5 (He, Q tfiin ; 3 axrure, ds joy ; S sho^, tS ckcyr',
wwhen; rising] uv/Vvoever, \tc2lcX, wiuW., \5>3LiooV itt, lise^;
o poetic; oover, e aenaV, kVjuV, ti\^oot, -zi^uo, t.\ie^, ^^^<afi«.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 423
practically adv. 'psaektika-h, {often) 'pssekik^-h; {anterior-
ly) 'psaekti-kali, 'psaektikti.
practice n. performance, conduct; mode of acting; exercise,
etc. [also spelt practise, practis} 'psaektis.
practise v. perform, do, exercise, etc, [also spelt practice,
practis; past participle and preterit practised, practist"]
'psaektis.
practised adj. skild, expert [also spelt practiced, practist}
'psaektist.
practiser n. [also spelt practicerl 'p3aekti-S37.
praecipe n. writ; note [also spelt precipe} 'p3ii-si-pi, 'psii-
si-pi; 'psesi-pi, 'psesi-pi.
praemnmire n. writ [also, formerly, spelt premumire} psi-
mjo'mai-?!, psimjo'mai-^i.
prairie n. (grassy plain; savanna; steppe) ^psei-zi; {dialec-
tally) 'p3ee-2i.
praline n. confection [also spelt praleen; synonymous cog-
nate prawlini 'p3a:-Hn.
pram. n. flat-bottomd boat [also spelt praam, prahmej p3a:m.
prance v. (spring and bound) p3a:ns, plains, p3ae:ns; {also)
p3a:nts, etc.
pratique n. license of a ship to hold intercourse with a port
[also spelt pratici 'psaetik, 'psae-tik, psa'tiik.
pray v. supplicate; beg [past participle and preterit prayed,
praydl psee.
prayer n. (supplication) pse:?; {less properly) 'psee-a?.
prayer n. (one who prays) 'psee-az.
preallable adj. {rare) preceding, previous, preliminary [also
spelt praeallable] psi'aela-bal.
preamble n. (preface, prolog) 'psii-aembal, psi'aembal.
prebend n. (portion of revenue granted to a canon, etc.;
prebendary) 'pse-bend, 'pseband.
prebendal adj. (of a prebend) psi'bendl, 'pseban-dl.
prebendary n. (holder of a prebend) p3i'benda-?i, 'pseban-
de^i.
precative adj. supplicatory [also spelt precativ} 'pseka-tiv.
precede v, (go before; occur earlier than) psi'siid.
precedence n. (priority; preeminence) p^i'sii-dns; {improp-
erly) 'psesi-dns.
precedency n. (precedence) p3i'sii-dn-si ; {improperly) 'psesi-
dn-si.
precedent adj. (preceding; antecedent) psi'sii-dnt.
precedent n. (previous action, example, or usage) 'psesi-dnt.
c: law, b: f «r, ae cot, o hot, ©i hoy ; a: far, go notw, «:. a%Vv, ^\\8a\s.\
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceditv^ ^o>3ca^ 'w* Vira.'SkN
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on \3ie l^\Vo^\xi% «fC«^^«
424 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
preoedented adj, (having a precedent) 'psesi-dentid.
preoedently adv. (previously, beforehand) p3i'sxi-dn-tz.i.
preceding adj. p^i'sii-dii], (assumptivly) 'psii-sidig.
precentor n. leader of singing; choir-leader [also, formerly,
spelt precenterl psi'senta?.
preoeptory n. (subordinate community of the Knights Tem-
plars, etc.) psi'sEpta-?! ; (less properly) 'p5ii-scp-to?i ; (im-
properly) 'psesap-toei.
precinct n. (space in or round a building; environs; bound;
compass, limit) 'psii-siqkt.
preoions adj. (of great price; costly; dear; fastidious; ar-
rant) 'pseSas.
precipice n. cliff [also spelt precipisi 'psesi-pis.
precis n. (summary, abstract) pse'sii, 'psee-si.
precise adj. (exact) p3i'sais; (improperly) psi'saiz.
precisely adv. psi'sais-h, p3i'sai-sLi; (improperly) psi'saiz-
h.
precocial adj, of the Praecoces [also spelt praecociall psi-
Icoo-Sal, psi'koo-Sal.
precocions adj. (ripening early; forward, premature) p3i-
'koo-Sas.
precocity n. (quality of being precocious) p^iTcesi-ti.
precnnens n. the quadrate lobule of the brain, situated in
front of the cuneate lobule [also spelt praecuneus; ploral
precuneil psi'kguu-ni-as.
precursor n. (forerunner) p^il-o^sa?, pzi'kBiz-s^z.
predatory adj, (plundering; of prey) 'p^eda-tDji, (also)
'psedata-^i, (assumptivly) 'pseda-ta^i; (rapidly) 'pseda-tji.
predecessor n. (one who has preceded in a position; ances-
tor) p^edi'sesa?, p^idi'sesar, (sometimes) 'p3edi-ses33.
predestine v. destin beforehand [also spelt predestin; past
participle and preterit predestined, predestindl psi'destin.
predetemiine v. fix, decide, or determin beforehand [also
spelt predetermine past participle and preterit predeter-
mined, predetcrmindi p3ii-di'tB:^-min.
predial adj. of land; real [also spelt praediall 'psii-di-al.
predicable adj. (capable of being predicated) 'psedika-bal.
predicament n. (that which is predicated; fix) psi'dika-
mant.
predicative adj, predicting [also spelt predicativl 'psedi-
ketiv.
predilection n. (preference) p^idi'lekjan ; (less properly)
psedi'lekSan.
3 y^t Qcure; d *he, Q th\n-, -s^sASit^, d^t'oy; S j/»oe, tS cAew;
wwhtn; r) s\ng\ uwVvoeveT, iTcsiCt, viiu>X, \i>\iooV i.vn., 'ixsc^;
o poetic; a over, e aeriaV, kYjuX., -^i-. ^oot, -^^ciTio, ^Xic^i., it^^cfi«.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 425
preeminence n. superiority [also spelt pre-eminence, preem-'
inencel psi'emi-nans.
preemption n. previous purchase [also spelt pre-emption,
preemption} psi'empSan.
preengage v. [also spelt pre-engage, preengagel p3ii-in-
'geeds.
preesophageal adj. in front of the esophagus, etc. [also
spelt pre-esophageal, preesophageal, praeesophageal, pre-
oesophageal, praeoesophageal\ psii-iso'fadsi-al.
preestablish v, establish beforehand [also spelt pre-estab-
lish, preestablish} psii-i'staeWiS.
preexist v. exist before [also spelt pre-exist, preexist} psii-
sg'zist, p3ri-eg'zist.
preface n. (introduction) 'p^efis.
prefatory adj, (of the nature of a preface) 'psefa-tD^i.
prefect n. chief officer; magistrate; governor; prepositer
[also spelt praefect} 'p3ii-fekt.
prefecture n. office of prefect; presidency [also spelt prae-
fecturel 'p3ii-fektSa?.
preferable adj. worthy to be preferred [former synonymous
cognate preferrablel 'psefoza-bal; (improperly) psi'fer-ra-bal.
preference n. (action of preferring; priority; favoring)
'psefa-^ans, (sometimes) 'psef^ans.
preferment n. (advancement; priority) psi'fsir-mant.
preferrable adj. obsolete [also spelt preferriblel pzi'isi-z^-
bal. same meaning as preferable.
preferred adj. promoted; approved; privileged [also spelt
preferdl psi'fBi^d.
prefix V. past participle and preterit prefixed, prefixt (fix
beforehand) psii'fiks, psi'fiks, (place before or at the be-
ginning; fasten in front) psi'fiks, p^i'fiks.
prefix n. (verbal element placed before and joind to a word
or stem; act of prefixing) 'p3ii-fiks.
pregnancy n. (gestation) 'psegnan-si, (dialectally) 'pseeg-
nan-si.
prdicnsiTble adj, (capable of being graspt) p^i'hensd-bal.
prehensile adj, capable of prehension or grasping [also,
sometimes, spelt prehensill psi'hensil, psi'hen-sail.
prehistoric adj. (of the period antecedent to history) psi-
I'ste^ik, psi-is'terik, p3ii-his'te?ik.
pre judgement n. judgment beforehand [also spelt prejudge-
ment} p^ii'dsAdsmant.
prejudice n., ?\ damage; bias [also spelt prejudis; as verb,
c: law, b: fwr, a cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: for, ao now, a: osk, aikttev
length-mark (:) indicates that tVve ptece^itv?. sa>axv\ ^^ ^^"^^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on \\i^ i??\oN^vcv^ ^-i^^5«v^»
426 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
past participle and preterit prejudiced, prejud%sf\ 'psedsa-
dis, 'psedso-dis; {less properly) 'psedsjo-dis, 'psedsjo-dais.
prejudicial adj. (causing prejudice; damaging) p^edso-
'diSal.
pre-jndioial adj. (previous to a trial ; before judgment) p3ii-
dso'diSal.
prelacy n. office of a prelate; body of prelates; rank or
rule of prelates [ploral prelaciesi 'p^ela-si.
prelate n. (ecclesiastical dignitary; bishop, archdeacon, etc.)
'pseht; (improperly) 'p3ii-let.
prelatio adj, (of a prelate) psilaetik.
prelatixe v. [also spelt prelatiseli 'p^eld-taiz.
prelude n. (preliminary performance, etc.; introduction,
preface) 'psii-liud, 'pse-Hud.
prelude v. (precede as a prelude; introduce) psilioud, (also,
especially in music) 'pse-Hud.
prelndize v. [also spelt preludise'\ 'p^elio-daiz.
prelusive adj. serving as a prelude [also spelt prelusivl psi-
liou-siv.
prelnsory adj. (prelusiv) p3i1iou-S3-ri.
premature adj. (too early; over-hasty) psima'tgorr, (as-
sumptivly) 'pzii-m^-tqaz ; (also, less properly) 'p^ema-tgor,
p^ima'tSo:?.
prematurity n. p3im3'tgo:»^i-ti, psema'tgot-ri-ti.
premazillary adj. in front of the maxilla or upper jaw [also
spelt praemaxiilary} p^i'maeksi-le^i, p^i-mak'sila-^i.
premier adj. (chief, leading, foremost; earliest) 'psii-mi-a^,
'psem-i-azr, 'p3iim-J3^, 'psem-ja?; (improperly) psi'mr.z. '
premidre adj. (first; chief: said of women) psem'jerr, pse-
'mje:?.
premise n. in law and in general, thing previously mentiond;
aforesaid, foregoing; preliminary; subject of conveyance or
bequest; house with its grounds, etc. [also spelt premis;
ploral premisesl 'p^emis.
premise v. state before something else; prefit; state in the
premisses; perform or administer beforehand; introduce [al-
so, formerly, spelt premise"] psi'maiz.
premiss n. in logic, previous statement or proposition from
which another is inferred; one of the two propositions from
which the conclusion is derived in a syllogism [also spelt
premise, premis; ploral premisses'] 'psemis.
premiiiimL n. reward, prize [ploral premiums and, formerly,
premia] 'p:sii-mJ3m, 'p^ii-mi-am.
;re, ccure; 5 the, Q tK\tv, '5aLS>\Te:, d-jviov; \shoe, t^chew;
wu'hen; t) sing; u whoever, Vtc^lcX, ^iuW, Ki>\\oo\, \\\., A%w\
o poetic; sever, eoeriaV, xWX, ^-.doox, -aox^o, ^\ie^, ^.^^ci«i\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 427
preiLomen n. first name; personal name; forename; gener-
ic name [also spelt praenomeni p^i'noo-man.
prentice n,,v. [also spelt prentis; as verb, past participle
and preterit prenticed, prentisti 'psentis.
prepaid adj, (paid in advance) psii'peed, (assumptivly) 'psii-
peed.
preparative adj. [also spelt preparativl p3i'paez:3-tiv.
preparator n. (preparer) p3i'pae^3-t3?, 'pscpa-zetar.
prepared adj, (made ready) p^i'pei^d, (also, in poetry) psi-
'pe:-rid.
preparedly adv. (in a prepared manner; in a state of readi-
ness) p3i'pe:-ri-dh.
preparedness n. (readiness) psi'pe:^-dnis, p5i'pe:-?i-dnis.
prepositor n. senior schoolboy in charge of other schoolboys
outside the classroom [also spelt praepositor; synonymous
cognates prepostor, praepostor, preposterl psi'pezi-ta?.
preposterous adj, (inverted in position; irrational; absurd)
p5l'p0St3-?3S.
prepostor n. p^i'pestd?. same meaning as prepositor.
prepuce n. (foreskin) 'p3ii-pgus.
preputial adj. (of the prepuce) psi'pgou-Sal.
prerequisite n. that which is required beforehand [also
spelt prerequisite p^i'^ekiui-zit.
presage n. (omen, sign, portent, prognostication; foreboding)
'p^ii-seds, 'p^esids; (also, formerly) p^i'seeds.
presage v. (portend; auger; predict, etc.) p^i'seeds.
presageful adj, psi'sceds-fsl, 'psesids-fdl.
presager n. p^i'see-dss?.
presbyopia n. (presbyopy) psezbi'oo-pi-a, p^esbi'oo-pi-a.
presbyter n. (church elder) 'psezbi-tar, 'p^esbi-tar; (less
properly) 'p^espi-ta?.
presbyterian adj. (of presbyters, etc.) p^ezbi'tii-^i-an, pses-
bi'ti:-d-3n ; (less properly) p^espi'tii-ri-an.
prescience n. (foreknowledge) 'psii-Jans, 'psii-^i-ans ; (less
properly) 'p^ejans, 'p^e^i-ans.
prescient adj, (foreknowing) 'psii-Sant, 'psii-Si-ant.
prescribe v. (define; designate; advise) psi'sksaib.
prescript n. (rule; prescription) 'psii-skiipt ; (also, former-
ly) psi'sk^ipt.
prescript adj. . (prescribed ; f ixt) p3i'sk3ipt, 'psii-sk^ipt.
prescription n. (direction; physician's formula) psi'sk^ip-
San.
present n. (thing presented; gift) 'psezant, 'pseznt.
c: law, b: fwr, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, «:. ask, ^■vVxX.^n
length-morlf (:) indicates that the pteceAiiv^ %wxtv\ \^ Vjtcv^n
stress-mark (') indicates chief stress on Wi^ ie>>\^HiVcv^ ««a^Ti«^«
428 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
present v. p^i'zent.
present n. (thing present; affairs in hand; words present;
present time) 'psezant, 'p^eznt.
present adj. (that is here; occurring now) 'psezant, 'p^eznt
presentation n. (act of presenting; gift; show; statement;
cognition) psizen'tee-Jsn, psezdn'tee-Ssn, psezn'tee-^an.
presentative adj, [also spelt presentativ} psi'zentd-tiv.
presentee n. (person presented; person nominated; recipient)
psezsn'tii, psezn'tii, psizen'tii.
presenter n. one who presents [also, rarely, in the sense of
one who presents to a benefice, spelt presentorl p^i'zenta?.
presentiment n. (perception of a future event; foreboding)
psi'zenti-mdnt, psi'senti-msnt. I
presentment n. (presentation; appearance) psi'zentMd^it. '
preserve v, keep safe or alive; put up, can, as fruit [also
spelt preserv; past participle and preterit preserved, pre-
servdJi psi'zeirv.
presidency n. 'psezidn-si, 'psezidan-si, 'p^esidan-si.
president n. (presiding officer; governor) 'psezi-dnt, 'psczi-
dsnt, 'psesi-ddnt.
president adj. (presiding) 'psezi-dnt, 'p^ezi-dsnt, 'p^esi-dsnt
presidio n. (fort; penitentiary) psi'sidi-o, pse'sii-di-o.
pressed adj, [also spelt presO psest.
prestidigitator n. (juggler) psesti'didsi-tets?.
prestige n. (illusion; glamor; influence, reputation) 'psestids,
p^es'tiis, pses'tiids, 'p^e-stis, 'p^e-stids.
presume v, (take upon one's self; presuppose) p^i'zjoum.
presumption n. (arrogance; assumption) p^i'zAmpSsn.
presumptive adj, presumptuous; warranting inferences;
presumed, inferd [also spelt presumptive p^i'zAmptiv, pzi-
'zAmtiv.
presumptuous adj. (arrogant, presuming) p3i'zAmptSu-3S,
p3i'zAmptgu-3S ; (improperly) psi'zAmpJas, p^i'zAmJas.
pretendant n., adj. [also spelt pretendenti psi'tendont.
pretensed adj, alleged, pretended [also spelt pretenced, pre-
tetisfl p^i'tenst, p^i'tentst.
pretense n, claim; display; sham; pretext [also spelt pre-
tence! p^i'tens, p^i'tents; (less properly) 'p^ii-tens.
pretension n. pretext, pretense; demand; title; claim; pre-
tentiousness [also, formerly, but rarely now, spelt preten-
tioni psi'ten^dn.
pretentions adj, (full of pretension; showy) p3i'ten$9s, psi-
'tentSas.
jyc, Ccure; hth^, Bthin; jasure, dj/oy; S ^''oe, tS cAew;
wwhen; gsin^;; uwlioevet, itcaiCX, xii>0^, vs\\.\oo\, \\\., \i%ee; ,
o poetic; aov^r, eoerial, k\iu\., ;>\dooic, ^oxvo, ^\ic^, ^^^a\v> >^
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 429
preterit adj.,n, past [also spelt preterite, praeterite} 'pseta-
zit; (less properly) 'p5ii-t3-rit, 'psetjit.
preterition n. passing over; omission [also spelt praeteri-
tion\ psitd'ziSan, p^eta'^i^dn.
preteritive adj. of preterition or non-election; used only
m the preterit [also spelt preteritiv'] psi'teei-tiv.
preteritness n. padtness [also spelt preteritenessi 'psetd-
3it-nis.
pretermit v. omit; neglect; interrupt [also, rarely, spelt
praetermiti p^itaz'mit.
pretext n. (ostensible reason; excuse) 'psii-tekst; (former-
ly, but rarely now) psi'tekst.
pretext v. use as a pretext; pretend [past participle and
preterit pretexted! psi'tekst.
pretor n. Roman Consul as leader of the army; magistrate
[also spelt praetor! 'p5ii-t33.
pretorial adj. pretorian [also spelt praetoriall psi'toi-zi-sl,
pretorian adj. of a pretor [also spelt praetorian] p^i'to:-
zi-9n.
pretorinm n. tent of a pretor; palace, etc. [also spelt prae-
torium; ploral pretorial psi'toi-^i-sm.
prettify v. make pretty; depict prettily [also spelt pretty fyl
'p3iti-fai.
prettily adv. (in a pretty manner) 'psiti-li, (anteriorly)
'p^itih, 'p^itti.
pretty adj. fine; nice; comely; bonny [dialectal synonymous
cognates perty, pirty, purty, pooty, putty! 'psiti, (sometimes,
assumptivly, unstrest) p5ti; (dialectally) 'pseti, 'p^oti, 'perti,
'poti.
pretzel n. crisp biscuit [synonymous cognate bretsell 'p^etsdl.
preventive adj. that prevents; prophylactic [also spelt pre-
ventiv; synonymous cognate preventative! p^i'ventiv.
prey n.,v, plunder [as verb, past participle and preterit
preyed, preyd! psee.
Priapean adj. Priapic [also, formerly, spelt Priapaean! psai-
a'pii-an.
Priapio adj. (of Priapus, phallic) psai'aepik.
priapism n. (erection, etc.; licentiousness) 'p^ai-d-pizam.
priapus n. (phallus; cup) p^ai'ee-pas.
prier n. one who pries [also spelt pryer! 'p^ai-a?.
prillion n. tin from slag [also spelt prillon! 'p^iHsn.
primacy n. (state of being prime; preeminence; superiority)
'psai-ma-si; (improperly) 'p^ims-si.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, o hot, oi boy; a: far, ao tvoiw, «:. a^, ^-vVaXs-n
length-mark (;) indicates that the prece^ixv?, ^o>\tv^ ^^9. \wcv^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on \iie ieWo^vcv^ ^-j^-aM^R..
430 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
prima donna n. (first lady; principle female singer) psinB-
'dena, psai-md'dend.
prima faoie adv, (at first sight) p;ai-my£ee-$i-i: .
primary adj. (earliest; chief) 'psai-mesi, {also) 'p3ai-iiB«,
{assumptivly) 'psai-man; {rapidly) 'p^ai-msi.
primate n. (chief; archbishop; a mammal of the order Pn-
mates) 'p^ai-mit, 'psai-met. «
Primates n. pU (highest mammals) psai'mee-tiz.
primer n. (first or elementary book) 'psima?, {also, »
Britain) 'psai-maz.
primer n. (priming-device; one who primes) 'psai-mac.
primer adj, (in * primer fine, etc., first) 'psimar, 'psai-mae.
primeval adf, primitiv [also spelt primaevall p^ai'mxi-vaL
primigenal adj. (of primitiv life) psai'midsi-nl.
primigenlal adj. earliest formd; primitiv [erroneous syn*
enymous cognates primogenial, primogeneall p^ai-mi'dsn-
ni-dl.
primitive adj, [also spelt primitivl 'psimi-tiv.
primogeniture n. (fact of being the first-born child; riglit
of succession or inheritance) psai-ma'dseni-tSa^.
prinoeps n. chief [ploral principes} 'p3in-seps.
princess n. (female ruler; wife of a prince, etc.) 'psinsis,
'psintsis; 'p3in-ses; {improperly) p^in'ses.
prinoesse adj. (continuous, without drapery, and fitting
closely : said of a gown) p^in'ses, 'p^insis.
principal adj. (first; foremost; main; primary; original)
'psinsi-pDl, {assumptivly) 'psinsipdl.
principal n. (head man or woman; chief; sum lent; capital)
'p3insi-p3l.
principally adv, (chiefly, mainly) 'psinsi-pti, {also)
'p3insip3-h, {anteriorly) 'psinsi-pah.
principle n. (origin, source, cause, tendency; primary truth,
tenet or assumption; general law, rule, or mode) 'p^insi-pal,
'psinsi-pl.
prior n. (superior officer) 'psai-ar.
prior adj. (preceding, earlier, former) 'psai-ar.
prisage n. (prizing, rating; levy) 'psai-zids.
prise n. obsolete (seizure) psaiz, p^iiz.
prism n. (solid whose ends are equal parallel plane polygons)
'psizam, 'psizm.
prison n. (jail) 'psizan, 'p^izn.
pristine adj. original, primitiv [also, sometimes, spelt pris-
fin'\ 'p^istin; {less properly) 'p^i-stain, 'p3i-stin.
} y^t 9 cure; 5 /Ae, Qthin\ 3 arure, ds/oy; I shoe, tS chew]
wztfhen; qsinp; uwVioevet, ircaicx., vsiu\\, vj\sl\oo\, i.\v ii«€«; , ^
o poetic; dov^, eoeria\, kWX., ;>*.^oot, ^oxvo, «.\ie^, ^^^«!«t\ s^
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 431
pritliee interj. I pray thee [also, fermerly, spelt prytheel
'P310I, 'psiOi; 'psidi, 'psidL
.priTacy n. seclusion [ploral privacies] 'psai-va-si, 'psiva-si.
priTat-doeeat n. private teacher or lecturer [also, some-
times, spelt privat'dozentl p3i'va:t-<k>-tseiit, p3iVa:t-d30-
sdnt.
priTate adj,, n., v. 'psai-vit.
privateer n. (private armd vessel) psai-vs'ti:?.
privatiTe adj, depriving [also spelt privativl 'p3rv3-tiv.
privet n. (shrub) 'psivit.
privileso n. (special advantage; prerogativ) 'psrv'i-lids.
privily adv, (in a privy manner; secretly) 'p3ivi-li.
privity n. (fact of being privy to something; private know-
ledge) 'p5ivi-ti.
prizable adj, valuable [also spelt prizeahle] 'psai-zs-bdl.
prize It. (reward; trophy) psaiz.
prise V, force with a lever; pry open [also spelt prise] psaiz.
prize n. prizing-tool ; leverage [also spelt prise] psaiz.
prize V, (value highly) psaiz.
probably adv. (plausibly; most likely) 'pTsebo-bli, {rapidly)
'psebli.
probative adj. serving to test or prove; evidential [also
spelt probativ] 'p^oo-ba-tiv.
probatory adj, (probativ) 'p^DO-ba-tori.
probity n. (integrity; sincerity) 'p^oo-bi-ti, 'psebi-ti.
proboscidean adj. of the Proboscidea; having a proboscis;
of or like a proboscis [also spelt proboscidian] pseba'sidi-an.
proboscis n. trunk; sucking-mouth [ploral proboscides, pro-
boscises] pso'besis.
procedure n. (fact or mode of proceeding; conduct; legal
action) p^o'sii-dsa?, pso'sii-djar.
proceed v. go forward [also spelt procede] pso'siid.
proceed n. that which proceeds or results; produce; out-
come ; profit [usually in ploral ; also spelt procede] 'psoo-sid,
{rarely) p^o'siid.
process n. (fact of going on; progress; course) 'psesis,
'pse-ses, 'p300-ses.
procds verbal n. [ploral proems verbaux] p^o-se-vertwel, p^o-
se-veeTxi:!.
proconsul n. (governor of a Roman province) p^o'kensal.
procurator n. (agent, attorney) 'pzekqo-zetdz.
procurer n. (pimp; pander) p^aTcgor-raz.
procuress n. (bawd) p^alcgor-^is ; (improperly) 'psekgo-ris,
c: low, b: fiir, a cot, e hot, ei boy ; a: for, go now, a: osk, ai ktte ;
^engib'taark (:) indicates that the preceditv^i. ^qvxtv^ \^ Vix\5ik%
stress-mark (0 indicates chief stress on tVie i^Wo^va% vjV^sMvfc.
432 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
proonrenr n. (procurator) pzokqa'zBiz.
prodigious adj, (like a prodigy; monstrous) pso'didsdi.
prodigy n. omen; marvel [plural prodigUsl 'psadi-dsx.
prodroma n. prodrome; prodromus [ploral prodromaU]
'psedra-md.
prodrome n. (introductory treatise; prodromus; prodromal
or premonitory symptom) 'p^edram, 'p330-drom.
produce n. (proceeds, yield) 'psoo-djus, 'p3e-djus; (tfto/fdof*
ly or improperly) 'pse-dus, 'psDO-dsus, 'pse-dsus.
produce v. (bring forward; extend; bring forth; yield) ps»-
'djuus; (dialectally) p^d'duus; (vulgarly) psd'dsous.
producible adj, (capable of being produced) p33'djou-8»4>aL
product It. (quantity obtaind by multiplying; fruit; result)
'p^edakt.
product V. (produce; extend) p^o'dxkt.
proem n. preface, preamble [also spelt prooem2 'pS30-xm;
(less properly) 'psDO-em.
proemial adj. of a proem; prefatory [also spelt prooemiol]
p3o'emi-3l, pso'ii-mi-al.
profanation n. (action of profaning; desecration) psef9-
'np.e-San.
professed adj, that has taken the vows; alleged [also, some-
times, spelt prof est"] pso'fest, {also, in poetry) pso'fcsid.
professionalise v. [also spelt professionalise'^ p^a'feSanl-
aiz.
professor n. (one who professes; teacher) p^a'fesss, p3>
'fesae.
professorial adj, (of a professor; dogmatic) p3ofi's3:-d-9},
p3ofe'so:-2i-3l, psefi'sor-d-al.
proficient adj. (skild; adept, expert) psd'fiSsnt.
profile n., v, (outline) 'psoo-fail, 'p300-fil, 'p300-fil.
profilist n, 'psDO-fai-list, 'psoo-fi-hst, 'psDO-fihst.
profit n,,v. (benefit; gain) 'psefit.
profligacy n. (state of being profligate; dissipation; waste-
fulness) 'p5efz.ig3-si.
profluent adj. (flowing forth) 'psoo-fi-u-ant, 'pseftu-ant.
profuse adj, (lavish; excessiv) p^o'fgous.
profuse V. obsolete (pour forth) pso'fgouz.
progenitor n. (ancestor) p^d'dseni-td?.
progeny n. (offspring, issue) 'psedsi-ni.
prognathous adj, (having projecting jaws) 'p^egna-Ods.
program n. notice; scheme [also spelt programmel 'p330-
gram; {dialectally, vulgarly) 'psDO-g^am.
;\ve, gcure; d ffie, 8 «Mn ; 5 arure, dsf'oy; S jlioe, tS r^ew;
wzi'/ten; q sing\ uwYioevet, \tc?lc\., xiiuW, vi>a.ioo\, \\n., vL%ee\
o poetic; a ov«r, eoeriaV, kYmaI, ;>\dooT, ^oxio, «.\ie^, «.«.^<».^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 433
profi^amma n. written notice; preface [ploral profframmata']
pso'gzxma.
progreM n. (onward march; journey; advance) 'psegzis,
'p300-g^is, 'p330-g2cs,
progress v. journey; advance; improve [past participle and
preterit progressed, progrestj pso'gees; (formerly) 'psoo-
g?is, 'p3eg7is.
prohibition, n. (edict, interdiction) p^o-i'bxSdn, p30-hil)iS3n.
prohibitory adj. (prohibitiv) p33'hibi-t37i, (also) p^o'hibits-
zi, (assumpHvly) p3o'hibi-t32i ; (rapidly) psoTiibi-tji.
project n. (formerly, draft, design; now, something thrown
out; plan, scheme, proposal) 'psedsikt, 'p^e-dsekt, 'p3DO-
dsekt.
project V. (plan; hurl) p^a'dsekt, pso'dsekt,
projectile n., adj. missile, etc. [also, sometimes, spelt pro-
jectill pso'dsektil, pso'dsek-tail.
prolate v, obsolete (utter; drawl) psoleet.
prolate adj. (lengthend, extended) 'p^o-let.
proles n. (false leg of a caterpillar; prop-leg) 'p^oo-leg.
prolepsis n. anticipation; anachronism; procatalepsis [plur-
al prolepsesi prolepsis, psoliip-sis.
proletariat n.,adj, [synonymous cognate proletariate^ p^o-
h'te:-ri-at.
proletary adj,, n. (proletarian) 'p500-li-te?i, (also) 'p^ehta-n,
(anteriorly) 'pseh-tasi.
prolix adj. (lengthy; long-winded) p^oliks, 'psoo-hks.
proloontion n. (preliminary remark; a speaking on behalf
of others) psola'kQou-San, psela'kgou-San.
prolocutor n. (spokesman; chairman) psolekgo-ts?, 'p330-
la-k^uta?, 'p3el3-kgut33.
prolog:i8t n. (writer or speaker of a prolog) 'p^oo-la-dsist,
'psela-dsist.
prolog;ize v. compose or speak a prolog [synonymous cog-
nate prologuise'\ 'p^oo-la-dsaiz, 'psela-dsaiz, 'p^oo-la-gaiz,
'p^ela-gaiz.
prologrme n, preface [also spelt prolog"} 'psoo-leg, (rarely)
'pso-leg.
prolog;uer n, 'psoo-fe-gar, 'psela-gar.
prolog;uise v. 'p^oo-la-gaiz, 'p^ola-gaiz. same meaning as
prologise,
prolonge n. (gun-carriage rope) p^olendj.
promenade n.,v, (walk) psemi'naid, p3emi'na:d, psomi'need,
(rarely) 'p^emi-nad.
c: low, b: f«r, ae cot, e hot, oi boy ; a: for, ao now, a: osk, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the precediTv^c, ^a>a7cv^ ^^ \Ri\sj;L\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress otv ^^ i^>\o^vR% ^-"j^*^^^'
434 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
promerops n. bird [plural promeropesi 'psema-reps.
prominence n. (fact of being prominent; projection; noto-
riety) 'psemi-nans.
promiscnity n. (confusion; promiscuousness) p3Onu'ik;0D-i-
ti, psemi'skgou-i-ti.
promiscuous adj. (mixt; indiscriminate) p33'misk^-98.
promise n,,v. [also spelt pro mis; as verb, past participle and
preterit promised, promist'\ 'psemis.
promisee n. person to whom a promis is made [also ipdt
promisseel psomi'sii.
promiser n. (one who promises) 'p^emi-sas.
promisor n. (in law, the person who makes a promis: cor-
relativ to promisee) 'psemi-sae, 'psemi-sez.
promissive adj. promissory [also spelt promissivl pso'mniv.
promissor n. (formerly, in astrology, promittor; in Rom»
law, promisor) pso'misa?.
promiiBsory adj, (conveying a promis; of a promis) 'piami-
sozi, {also) 'p3emis3-3i, {assumptivly) 'psemi-s^ri; {rapidlj)
'psemi-ssi.
promontory n. (headland) 'p3emdn-t3?i, 'psemdn-taei.
prompt adj, (ready; acting with alacrity) prompt, psemt
promulgate v. (publish; disseminate; proclaim) p^o'mi^-get,
'p300-in9l-get, 'psemal-get.
promulgation n. (publication) psom^'gee-Ssn, p^emafgee-
Ssn.
promulgator n. p^o'mAl-getsz, 'psemal-getd? ; {improperly)
p^emargee-tar.
pronaos n. (vestibule, narthex) p3o'nee-es.
pronged adj, having prongs [also spelt prongdj pseigd,
p^eqd; (dialectally) psciqd.
pronounceable adj. p^d'naun-sd-bdl.
pronouncedly adv, (in a pronounced manner; decidedly)
p33'naon-si-dh.
pronunciamento n. pronouncement, manifesto [synony-
mous cognate pronunciamientoli p^o-nAnsi-a'mento.
pronunciation n. (action of pronouncing) p^d-nAnSi^ee-S^Oi
p33-nAnsi'ee-S3n.
proof n. test; convincing effect of evidence; trial impression
[ploral proofs'] psouf.
propagandize v. [also spelt propagandisel psepd'gxn-daiz.
propagate v. (cause to breed; breed) 'p3op3-get.
propel V, drive forward [present participle propelling i past
participle and preterit propelled, propeldl pso'pei.
j ye, 9 cure ; 5 the, 0 thin;^ 3 arure, ds joy ; S shoe, t$ c^cw;
wu'hcn; i)sing] u whoever, i react, xsli^, ^>aiioo\, ^<t^ lis^^;
o poetic; aov^r, eoerial, A-but, o-.^oot, -^joxvo, ^.\ie^, ^<^\l^v>
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 435
propellent adj,, n. psD^ebnt.
propelment n. (propulsion; escapement) pso'peimdnt.
propense adj, (inclined, prone; willing) pso'pens, psa'pents.
prophecy n. action or faculty of a prophet; prediction [also,
formerly, spelt prophesyl 'p^efi-si.
prophesier n. (one who or that which prophesies; prophet;
prognostic) 'psefi-sai-ar.
prophesy v. (predict, foretell) 'psefi-sax.
prophet n. (foreteller) 'profit.
propine v. archaic (give to drink; present, propose; endow;
drink a health to) p^'pain.
propine n. archaic (present, gift) p^o'pain.
propine n. (allylene, propincnc) 'psoo-pain.
propinquity n. (nearness) p3o'pir)ku)i-ti.
propitiate v. (conciliate) p^a'piji-et.
propitiator n. (one who propitiates) p^o'piSi-eta;.
proponent adj, (proposing) pso'poo-nsnt.
propretor n. magistrate with pretorial authority but without
the title of pretor [also spelt propraetor'] p^Do'psii-tar.
proprietary n. owner; grantee; body of proprietors; pro-
prietorship; possession [synonymous cognate, in the senses
of owner, grantee, and body of proprietors, proprietory]
pzo'pzBi-i-tezi.
proprietary adj, (of a proprietor) p^o'psai-i-te^i.
proprietor n, (grantee; owner) p^a'psai-ita?.
proprietory n,, adj, ps3'p3ai-i-t3zi. same meaning as pro-
prietary.
propriety n. (ownership; fitness) psa'psai-i-ti.
propylon n. monumental gateway; propylaeum [ploral propy-
Ions, Propyla] 'p^epi-len.
pro rata n. (in proportion) psDo'^ee-ta, p30o'ea:-ta; {vulgar-
ly) psoo'^aeta.
prorosAte v. (prorogue) 'psDo-ra-get.
prorosAtion n. p^oro'cjee-San, p^ezs'gee-Sdn.
prorogue v, (defer; discontinue) pso'zoog; {improperly)
pso'^og.
prosaic adj, (prosy; dull) p3o'zee-ik; {less properly) p^o'see-
ik.
prosaist n, (writer of prose; prosaic person) pso'zee-ist,
'p3D0-ze-ist.
proscenium n. stage; front part of the stage [plural pro-
scenia] p3o'sii-ni-3m ; {less properly) p^o'seni-am.
proscribe v, (outlaw; prohibit) p^a'sk^aib.
c: \aw, b: f«r, ae cat, © hot, ©i boy; a: far, go now, a: ask, aiktte;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceditvtt ^omtA as» Wv%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on ^ii^ iqV^ohivcviss, ^f^vi?^*.^
436 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
proscription, n. (outlawry; prohibition) psa'ikszpSan.
proselyte n. (convert) 'psesi-lait.
proselTtism n. 'psosih-tizdin, 'p3esi-48i-tix9m.
proselytist n. 'p3osih-tist, 'p^esi-lBi-tzst.
proselytise v. convert [also spelt proselyiisej ']notili<4m
'psesi-lai-taiz.
prosify v, turn into prose; make prosaic; write prose [|lN
spelt prosefyl 'psoo-zi-fai.
prosodio adj, (of prosody) p^o'sedik, pse'sedzk.
prosody n. (science of versification; metrics) 'pses^-di.
prosopopeia n. [also spelt prosopopoeia} psesapo'pii-d, piQ-
S9p9^pli-J3.
prospect V. (look forward, face) pso'spekt; (seaxch; txfUan
for ore) 'p^e-spekt.
prospect n. (view, sight, survey) 'pse-spekt.
prospective adj. looking forward; expected [also spelt pn-
spectii'l pso'spektiv.
prospector n. one who prospects or hunts for minerals [ain
spelt prospecter'i p^o'spektaz, 'p^e-spckta?.
prosperous adj. (that prospers; thriving) 'psespd-eas, (n^
idly) 'p30sp33s.
prosphysis n. an adhesion [ploral prosphysesi 'psesfi-sii.
prostate adj, (located in front of something; prostatic)
'p^estct.
prosthesis n. (addition) 'p3es6i-sis.
prostrate adj. (lying flat; procumbent) 'p3e-stset, 'pzostjisL
prostrate v, (become prostrate; lay flat) 'p30-stjet.
prostrator n. 'p3e-st£etd7, p^es'tsec-tsz.
prosy adj, (like prose; prosaic; tiresome) 'p^oo-zi.
protasis n. (maxim; first clause or part) 'psetd-sis.
Protean adj, (of Proteus; variable) p3o'tii-3n, 'p3Do-ti-diL
prot^g6 n. (one who is under the care of another) p^oti'see,
'p3Do-ti-3e.
prot6g;6e n. (girl or woman who is under the care of another
person) p^oti'see, 'p300-ti-3e.
proteid n. albuminoid, protein [also, formerly, spelt proteide]
'p3D0-ti-id.
protein n. supposed principle of foods [also, formerly, spelt
proteinel 'p^DO-ti-m.
pro tempore adj, (for the time being) pso'tempa-^i.
protest n. 'psoo-test, {also, formerly, but rarely now) ps>
'test.
protest V. (assert, asseverate, declare) potest.
j J'e. 9 cure ; d th^, 9 *liin ; 3 arure, ds joy ; j jAoc, t$ cAew;
wzvJien; qsin^r; uwVioevet, \Tea,c\., xiiuW, vsm\ooV, i<t, ds^f;
opoeHc; oover^ cocna\, k\>uX, x>\^ooic, ^qtio, ^\ie\, ^<^^<to.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 437,
protestant adj, (protesting; making a protest) 'p^eti-stnt,
'pseti-stant, pso'testnt.
protestant n. (one who protests) 'p3eti-stnt, 'p^eti-stant,
pso'tcstnt. j
Protestant adj,,n, 'p^eti-stnt, 'p^eti-stant ; {less properly)^
'psedi-stnt.
protestation, n. (asseveration; protest) pseti'stee-San ; {less
properly) psotes'tee-^dn.
protens n. (amoeba) 'p330-ti-ds, {often) 'p30ti-9s; {also)
'p30o-ti-us, 'p300-tgus.
prothalaminm n. piece written to celebrate a marriage;
epithalamium [synonymous cognate prothalamion] psoOd-
1ee-mi-3m,
protlionotary n. p3o'0en3-te?i, psoOa'noo-td-ri. same mean-
ing as protonotary,
protocol n. (original; rough draft of a treaty) 'p330-t9-ke}.
protomartyr n. (first martyr) 'p^oo-ta-martaz, psot^'maztsz.
protonotary n. chief notary or clerk; prelate [synonymous
cognate prothonotaryl pso'tona-te^i, p^ota'noo-ta-ei.
protoplasm n. (sarcode, bioplasm) 'p^oo-t^-pz^zdm.
protoxide n. [also, sometimes, spelt protoxidi p33'tek-said,
{before of) psa'toksid.
protozoan n. (primitiv animal; protozoon) psotd'zoo-an.
protraoter n. one who protracts or lengthens in time [also
spelt protractor'\ p^o'tjaekta?.
protractile adj. capable of being lengthend [also, sometimes,
spelt protractill pso'tjaektil, pso'tsaek-tail.
protractor n. (instrument for drawing or measuring angles;
muscle; pattern) pso'tjaektar.
protrnsile adj, [also, somtimes, spelt protrusill p^o'tsou-si},
p5o'tjou-sail.
protrusion n. (action of protruding; something which pro-
trudes) pso'tjou-san.
protrusive adj. protruding [also spelt protrusiv'] p33't£uu-
siv, p3o'tjou-ziv.
protuberant adj. (that protrudes; swelling) p3o'tgou-b9-?3nt.
protyle n. primal organic matter [synonymous cognates pro-
thyle, prothyll 'p^oo-tail, 'p^oo-til, p3D/tai-li.
provable adj. capable of being proved [also spelt proveablel
'p30U-V3-b3l.
proTably adv. [also spelt proveablyl 'psou-vs-bh.
provand n. (food, provender) 'psovand.
provant n. (provand, provender) 'p^evant.
c: law, b: fur, ae cot, o hot, oi boy ; a: for, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceditv^ %omtv^ -v-^ \«t\%\
stress-mark (') indicates chief stte^^ qu X^^ i^^Xo'^vcv^ vf^aJ^^,
438 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
prove V. test; render certain [past participle proved; pretc
proved, less properly proven} psouv.
provedor n. purveyor; proveditor [synonymous cognate t
vedore'i 'psevi-dez.
proven, adj. (proved) 'psou-van, 'psoo-van.
provenanoe n. 'p^evi-nans. same meaning as proveniem
Provencal adj. (of Provence, France) p30veg'sa:l, p50\
'sa:l, psoveq'sael.
Provence adj, (of Provence, a former province of southc
ern France) p^o'veqs, 'p^ovsns.
provenience n. [synonymous cognate provenance"] pn'
ni-sns.
proviant n. provision; food-supply; commissariat; provi
provant [synonymous cognate proviandj 'p3ovi-ant.
providence n. (foresight; frugality; divine superviai
'p30vi-dns, 'psovi-dans.
provincial adj. (of a province; rustic; local; narrow) ;
'vinjal, p^a'vintSal.
provincialise v. [also spelt provincialise] psd'vinSd-tai
proviso n. provisional clause; condition [plural protnn
pso'vai-zo.
provocable adj. (rare) 'psovskd-bdl. same meaning as i
vokable,
provocation n. (action of provoking; incitement) p3<
'kec-San.
provocative adj. that provokes; exciting [also spelt provt
tiv] psa'voka-tiv, {assumptivly) p^a'vokativ; (also) psa'i
ka-tiv, (assumptivly) p^a'voo-kativ ; (rarely) 'psova-ketr
provokable adj. (capable of being provoked) p^a'voo-ka-b
, provoke v. (excite; vex) p^a'vook, (dialectally) psa'vak.
provost n. (chief, head; college-principal; church dignita
Scotch mayor; chief jailer; prison) 'psoo-vast, 'psevj
(also, in the sense of jailer or marshal) pso'voo, (anterio\
'psoo-vo, 'p30-V0.
prcw n. (fore part or bow of a ship; beak) p3ao.
prcwess n. (virtue; bravery, valor) 'p^au-is.
proximity n. (nearness) psok'simiti; (less properly) p5
'zimi-ti.
pmdence n. (quality of being prudent; sagacity; knowled
'psou-dns; (formerly) 'p^iou-dns.
pmdery n. (pnidishness ; primness) 'p^ou-da-^i, 'psou-dn
prnned adj. (trimd) p^ound, (also, in poetry) 'p3ou-nid.
pmnell n. (milled cashmere) p^u'nel.
j ve, 9 cure ; 5 the, G */iin ;^ 3 axrure, dj joy ; $ j/ioe, tS cht
wwhtn'y i)Sin£r; uwVvoevet, VrcaicV., ^iull, oufool, i »t, lis
o poetic; a over, eaetia\, K\iu\., •a-.^oox, -^owo, ^,\ie^^ ^.^^
B DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 439
T* prunella n. everlasting, a cloth [synonymous cognate pru-
nellOj prunelle'\ pso'neld.
% prnnella n. plant of the genus Brunella; self-heal [synony-
mous cognate prunellol p^u'neb.
prunella n. (obsolete) camp-fever; sore throat; thrush; an-
n gina pectoris; sal prunella; prunella salt [synonymous ceg-
i nate prunelle^ pso'nels.
Pmnella n. (Accentor, a genus of birds) pso'nela.
ii pmnello n. fine prune [also spelt prunelloe; former synony-
mous cognate prunellal pso'nelo.
i prurigo n. (itching) 'p3o:-3i-go, p3o'rai-go.
Prassian adj. (of Prussia) 'p3A$9n, 'p3ou-$9n.
•jL Pmssianise v. [also spelt Prussianise'^ 'p3A$d-naiz.
t prassiate n. (ferrocyanide or ferricyanide) 'p3Asi-et, 'psAsi-
3f at, 'p3ASi-et; (Jess properly) 'psou-si-et.
prassic adj, (of Prussian blue) 'p^ASik; {less properly) 'p3ou-
•a^ sik.
prytanenm n. public hall [also spelt prytaneiutn; plural pry-
i^. taneal psita'nii-am,
K prytanis n. chief magistrate or priest [plpral prytanes^
'psita-nis.
Ii psalloid adj. (lyriform) 'sae-leid.
psalm n. (sacred poem or song) sa:m; {dialectally, vulgarly)
i; sx:m.
psalmio adj, (of psalms; psalm-likc) 'sselmik, 'sa:-mik.
•f psalmist n. (writer of psalms) 'sa:-mist, 'saelmist, {rarely)
i 'sa:l-mist.
'■ psalmistry n. (singing psalms; psalmody) 'sa:-mi-st£i,
'saelmi-stii.
psalmodist n. (one skild in psalmody ; singer of psalms) 'so:-
md-dist, 'saelma-dist.
psalmodize v. practis psalmody [also spelt psalmodisel 'sa:-
ma-daiz, 'saelms-daiz.
psalmody n. (singing psalms; psalms collectivly) 'soi-ma-di,
'saelm3-di.
psaloid adj, (like an arch) 'see-leid.
psalter n. (Book of Psalms, etc.) 'sc:l-t33.
psalterinm n. psalter; also, omasum, manyplies [ploral psai-
ierial scl'tii-^i-am, sael'tii-ri-am.
psaltery n, (stringd instrument; psalter) 'sc:l-ta-3i.
psohent n, (Egyptian crown) Sent, (rarely) pjent.
psettine adj. of the subfamily Psettinae of flat-fishes [also,
sometimes, spelt psettin'\ 'se-tain, 'setin.
c: law, b: fi*r, ae cat, e hot, oi hoy ; a: for, ao now, a*, ask, ^xV!a\r.\
length-mark (:) indicates that X\\& prece^itv?, somtv^ -v^ Xwcvsln
stress-mark (') indicates chief stress on iVie ioWovavcv^ «si^\•ais^R^
440 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
psendo adj, (false) '89ou-d3, (rarely) 'psgou-do; {dialectaUj)
'sou-do.
psendonjiii n. false name [also spelt pseudonymel 's^oii-d^-
nim; {dialectally) 'sou-da-nim.
psendonjinoiis adj. (bearing a pseudonym) s^u'deni-mas.
pshaxv inter j. expressing contempt, disdain, impatience,
sense of absurdity [also spelt p*shaw and, formerly, psha,
pshah, ^pshaw} Sc: , pjc: .
pshem n. head-dress [also spelt pschemj $em, (rarely) pSem.
psht inter j. enjoining caution or expressing impatience [for-
mer synonymous cognate pshut'i pSt.
pshnt interj. (obsolete) p^At. same meaning as psht,
psi n. (Greek letter) sai, psii
psilomelane n. (ore of manganese) sailemi^en.
psoas n. (muscle) 'soo-ss.
psora n. (scabies) 'soi-zd, (rarely, pedantically) 'paoi-z^.
psyohagosue n. necromancer [also spelt psychagog"} 'sax-ira-
geg.
psyche n. (human soul, spirit, mind; cerebrospinal nervous
system; mirror) 'sai-ki, (rarely, pedantically) 'psai-ki.
psyoliiatrio adj. (of psychiatry) sai-ki'xtsik.
psychiatry n. (treatment of mental diseases) sazlcai-a-tsi.
psychic adj, (mental, spiritual) 'sai-kik.
psychical adj. (psychic) 'sai-ki-kdl.
psychologic adj, (of psychology; psychological) sai-kale-
d3ik.
psychology n. (science of mind) saiHceld-dsi.
psyohomachy n. (conflict of the soul with the body) sai-
'kema-ki.
psychomancy n. (occult intercommunication between souls
or with spirits) 'sai-ka-maensi, sailcemaen-si.
psychopathy n. (mental disease; treatment of disease by
psychic influence) sai'kepa-Gi.
psychosis n. mental constitution; psychic change [ploral
psychoses'! saiTcoo-sis.
psycter n. wine-cooler [also spelt psykterl 'siktde, (rarely)
'psiktar.
ptarmigan n. (grouse) 'ta:?-mi-g9n.
ptere n. (an alate or wing-like part) tr.z,
ptema n. heel-pad of a bird [ploral pternael 'taena, 'terr-na.
pterodactyl n. pterosaurian, an extinct reptil; flying-dragon
[also spelt pterodactylel tC23'daktil.
pteroid n. (bone) 'te-?eid, 'ti:-?oid.
J ye, Qcure; biht^, Otfiin; ja-arure, ds/oy; I shoe, tJcAew;
wwhen; t)sing\ uwhocNet, \tc?icX, xiiuYi, vmlIooI, itt, lis^^;
o poetic; 9 over, eoeriaV, K\iuX, •a\^oot, "^jqxxo, ^.\ie^^ ^.^\l<o^^%
\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 441
pteroid adj, (fern-like) 'tc-eeid, 'ti:-eeid.
pterygoid adj. (wing-like, aliform) 'ten-geid.
ptisan, n. mild drink [also spelt tisane^ 'tizsn, 'tai-san ; {rare-
ly) 'tisan.
Ptolemaio adj. (of Ptolemy) teh'mee-ik.
ptomaine n. alkaloid [also spelt tomaine and, sometimes, to-
maxft] 'tDO-men, to'meen, 'too-me-ain, 'too-me-in.
ptosis n. (drooping of the upper eyelid; blepharoptosis) 'too-
sis.'
ptyalasogrme n. medicin for increasing the flow of saliva
[also spelt ptyalagogl 'tai-ala-geg, tai'aela-geg.
ptyalin n. principle of saliva [also spelt ptyaHnel 'tai-3-lin.
ptjrxis n. (folding of a single part in a biid) 'tiksis.
pnbic adj. (of the pubes or pubis) 'p^ou-bik.
pnbis n. pubic bone [plural pubesl 'pQou-bis.
public adj. (of the people, etc.) 'pAbhk.
publicist n. (writer on law ; one verst in politics) 'pAbh-sist.
publicity n. (state of being public; notoriety) pA'bhsi-ti.
publish V, make public; issue [past participle and preterit
published, publishtl 'pAbliJ.
puck^ n. evil spirit [synenymous cognates pook, pouki pAk.
puck' ft. (puck-bird, nightjar; disease) pAk.
puck* n. (hockey-disk) pAk.
puddening n. (rope pad) 'podn-ir), 'podnig.
pudding n. dish [dialectal synenymous cognates puddin, pud-
den"] 'podiq; {dialectally or vulgarly) 'podin, 'podn, 'pAdn.
puddling n. (working puddle or plastic clay; mode of iron-
working) 'pAdliq.
pudg^ adj, fat and short [synenymous cegnate podgy] 'pAdsi.
pudic adj. (pudendal) 'pgou-dik.
pueblo n. (town, village) 'pireblo, pu'ebio.
puerile adj, boyish; juvenil; trivial [also, sometimes, spelt
pueril] 'pgou-3-ril, 'pQou-3-?ail.
puerility n. (quality of being pueril; childishness; silly act)
PQU-3'3lh-tl.
puerperal adj, (of childbirth) pgu's^pa-^dl.
puggree n. turban; scarf [also spelt pugree, puggri, puggry,
pagri; synenymous cognates puggaree, pugaree, puggery]
'pA-gri.
pugh interj, obsolete [also spelt puh] pgou, pou, puh, po.
same meaning as pooh.
pugilist n. (boxer) 'pgou-dsi-list.
pu8:nacious adj. (disposed to fight) pAg'nee-S^s.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao now, a*, ask, ^^ Va\s:\
length-mark (:) indicates that the pteee^itia, ^o>\tv^ a.^ ^n'^''
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress oti V!l[i^ i«>>\a^va.SL ^^vcs^w^^
442 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
pnisne adj. (younger or inferior in rank, as a judge; more
recent; later) 'p^'ou-ni.
pnissanoe n. (power) 'p^uu-i-sdns, pQu'zsans, 'pwii-sans.
puissant adj, (powerful, mighty) 'pgou-i-S9nt, pgn'isdnt,
'ptcii-sant.
pnlohritnde n, (beauty) 'pAlk^i-tgud.
pnlka n. sledge [also spelt pulkha; synonymous cognate pulk]
'pjJk^, 'polka.
pullastrine adj. of the Pullastrae, a group of birds [also,
sometimes, spelt pullastrin\ pulx-stsain, pAlaestsm.
pulley ft. groovd wheel in a block; trochlea [ploral pulleys]
'poll.
pullicate n. checkt handkerchief [also, formerly, spelt piMi-
cat, puHcatI 'pAli-kat.
pullulate V, (germinate; bud) 'pAlio-let.
pulmonAry adj. (of the lungs; having lungs) 'pjdm^-nezi,
pulque n. (drink) 'polki, 'pol-ke.
pulsate V. (beat, throb) 'pAl-set, 'pAlset.
pulsatile adj, tending to pulsate [also, sometimes, spelt pul-
satilli 'pAls3-til, 'pAlsa-tail.
pulsator n. (jigging-machine, etc.) pA}'see-t37, 'pAlsa-tas.
pnlverine n. ashes of barilla [also spelt pulverin} 'pAiv9-€in.
pulverisable adj. [also spelt pulverisable'\ 'pitivs-^ai-za-baL
pulverisation n. [also spelt pulverisation^ pAlv97i'zee-Sa&t
pAlva-^ai'zee-San.
pulverize v, reduce to powder [also spelt pulverisej 'pjdv9-
ZBIZ,
pulverizer n. [also spelt pulveriser'] 'pAlva-eai-zar.
pulverulence n. (state of being pulverulent, dusty, or pow^
dery) pAl'veza-lans, pAl'verjo-lons.
pulvinar n, (of a pulvinus or cushion-like swelling of a
stem or petiole) pAl'vai-nar.
puma n. (cougar) 'pgou-ma, {rarely) 'pou-ma.
pumice n. spongy lava [also spelt pumis] 'pAmis, 'pgou-mis.
pumiceous adj. (of pumice) pQu'mi^as.
pumice-stone n. [also spelt pumis-stone] 'pAmis-stoon, 'pA-
mi-ston.
pumpernickle n. (whole-meal rye bread) 'pompdr-nikal,
'pAmpa^-nikal.
pumpkin n, fruit of Cucurbita pepo; gourd; squash; plant;
person [also spelt punkin and, formerly, pompkin, putnkin;
former synonymous cognates pompioh, pumpion\ 'pAqkin,
'pAmpkin.
J yc, gcure; 5 the, Q thin*, ^^icute, d^ioy; \shot, tS cAew;
wwhen; rising; u "wliioever, ireaieX., v»iu\V ^>\\ooV -s.xx., -c^^ee;
poetic; 9 0v^r, e oerial, a. but, o-.doot, -a^^o, ^.>>c^ ^^%*i«.\ ^y
o
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 443
pimaise n. bedbug [also spelt punese; former synonymous
cognate punie, etc.] pgo'neez.
pnndi V, in all senses [past participle and preterit punched,
punchtl pAntS, (also, and in Britain normally) pAnJ.
pnnolieoii n. (perf orating-tool ; punch) 'pAnt^an, {also, and
in Britain normally) 'pAnJan.
pimotilions adj. (attentiv to punctilios; nice) pAgk'tili-ds,
pAgk'tilids.
pmig^y n. (small boat; schooner) 'pAi}i.
pnnisli V. inflict a penalty on; castigate [past participle and
preterit punished, punishtl 'pAni$.
pnnitive adj, of punishment [also spelt punitivl 'pgou-ni-tiv.
pnnky n. fly, midge [also spelt punkie'\ 'pATjki.
pnniLet n. basket [also spelt punnitj 'pAnit.
puny adj, (small and weak) 'pgou-ni.
pnpa n. stage between larva and imago [ploral pupael 'pQon-
p9.
pupilage n. state of being a minor or ward ; minority ; pupil-
ship [also spelt pupillagel 'pgou-pi-hds.
pnpilarity n. state of being below the age of puberty; child-
hood [also spelt pupillarityl pgupilae^i-ti.
pnpilary adj, of a child or pupil [also spelt pupillary^ 'pgou-
piAezi,
pupilary adj\ of the pupil of the eye [also spelt pupillary"}
'pqovL'piAtzi.
pnpilate adj, pupild [also spelt pupillatel 'pgou-pi-let.
pnpiled adj. having a pupil-like central spot; pupilate [also
spelt pupilled, pupild"} 'pgou-pild.
pnpilize v. take pupils; teach [also spelt pupillise, pupiilise']
'pgou-pi-laiz.
pnppet-valve n. [also spelt puppet-valv; synonymous cog-
nate poppet-valve} 'pApit-vaelv,
pnppy n. young dog; fop [ploral puppies'] 'pApi.
pnrbliiid adj, (nearly blind) 'pB:2r-biaind.
pnroliase v. gain, acquire, buy [past participle and pretetit
purchased, purchast} 'pe^tjis, 'pBi^-tJis.
pnroliasable adj. [also spelt purchaseablel 'pBsrtSisd-bdl.
pnr^e n. (thick, straind soup, such as pea-soup) pgo'^ee.
pnrgatory adj. (cleansing; expiatory; purgativ) 'pei^-ga-
tozij 'pB:r-g3t3-2ri, 'pBi^-ga-ta^i.
pnrgery n. draining-place in a sugar-house [ploral purgeriesl
'pBzrdsa-zri, 'pBizr-dsa-zri.
pnrifioative adj. purifying; cleansing [also spelt purifica-
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, o hot, oi hoy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kitex
length-mark (:) indicates that Oie v^ett^\iatt %w«v\ a& Vrcv^tN
stress-mark C) indicates cHef stress oil ^^ i^o^vc^.^ «a^^^w^^
444 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
tivl 'pgo:-rifi-ketiv, (often) 'pgorifi-ketiv; (also) pv^txb-
ketiv; (also) pgo'?ifik»-tiv, (assumptivly) p^o'rifi-kstiv.
pnrifioatory adj. (purificativ) p^o'rifikd-tori, p^&ziiHia-
ten, 'pQo:-rifika-tari, 'pQo:-rifi-keta?i.
pnrifier n. (one who or that which purifies; cleanser) 'p^.-
71-fai-d;.
Purim n. (Jewish festival) 'pqoi-zim, puViim.
parity n. 'p<jo:-ri-ti, (often) 'pgon-ti.
Pnrkinjean. adj, of the Bohemian physiologist Purkinje [al-
so, erroneously, spelt Purkingian^ pez'kindsi-dn.
pnrP V. edge with purls; invert the stitches so as produce a
seam [past participle and preterit purled, pHrldJ psizL
pnrP n. cord ; edging ; frill ; inversion of stitches producing a
ribd appearance of surface [also, formerly, spelt purle and,
in the sense of edging and inversion of stitches, peart\
Pb:?1.
pnrl* n. (formerly, rill; action or sound of purling as a rill)
pB:rL
pnrl* V. flow with a whirling motion or murmuring sound, as
a rill [past participle and preterit purled, purldl ps:?!.
pnrP n. liquor; mixture of hot beer with gin [also, formerly,
spelt purlel ps:?!.
pnrl* n. (dialectal) nodule of dung [also spelt purlel pe:?!.
pnrF V, revolv as a wheel; wheel as a horse; capsize [also,
in the sense of revolv as a wheel, spelt pirl'\ pe:?!.
pnrl' n. slang (header; spill; upset) pe:?!.
pnrl* n. local (tern, a bird) psxl.
pnrlione n. (dialectal) final flourish; peroration; space be-
tween thumb and forefinger [also spelt perlecue, perleque,
perlikew, pirlicue, pirliecue, purleycue; synonymous cognates
parlicue, parlecue, parleycue, perliqueyl 'pBzrh-kQu.
pnrllen n. (tract of land bordering a forest; haunt; outlying
district) 'perliu, 'psr^-Hu.
pnrliiL n. side timber; side waver [also spelt purlinel 'pBzhn,
'pBiZ'Un.
pnrloin v, remove; steal [past participle and preterit pur-
loined, purloind'l pBj'lein.
pnrplely adv. (in a purple manner: with purple) 'perpal-h.
pnrply adj. (characterized by a purple color; purplish) 'pe?-
pM.
pnrport v, (imply, mean) 'ps^-pn^l, pB^'porrt.
purport n. (meaning; tenor; import) 'pB^-po^t, (also, for-
merly) pB^'porrt.
J y^, ?cure; 5 the, 0 tKvtv; ^siCMTe, dT^joy; \shoQ, tSr/iew;
wwhen; nsina; uwYioevet, itc^tx., ^\u\\, \i>\ioo\, \\x, ^x^ee\
o poetic; ©ov^r, e aetiaV, kW^, ;>-.^oox, ^ot.o, ^>aee^, ^^%QX"t\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 445
purpose n., v, design, etc. [as verb, past participle and pret-
erit purposed, purposti 'poppas, 'pei^-pas.
purposive adj. purposeful; functional [also spelt purposivl
'peepasiv, 'psjpaziv.
pnrpnriii. n. madder-purple [also spelt purpurinel 'pB^pQO-
zin.
pnrr^ n. dunlin, a sandpiper [also spelt purrel ps:?. compare
pirr.
pnrr* inter j, used in calling to pigs, and to turkeys [also, dia-
lectally, spelt purl ps:?.
piirr* n. act of purring; murmuring sound made by a cat [al-
so spelt purl pe:?.
pnrr* v, make a murmuring sound like a cat [also spelt pur\
past participle and preterit purred, purdi pBiz.
pnrp* n. obsolete' (pullet, a bivalv) pB:^.
pnrp* n. (wild pig) pe:?.
pnrree n. yellow coloring-matter [also spelt purrhee; synon-
ymous cognate piureel 'pA-?i.
pnraer n. (pasrmaster; cashier) 'pesrsasr, 'pBisr-ss?.
pnrslaiLe n. plant [also spelt purslaini 'pers-len, 'pB?-SLen.
pnrsiie v. (chase; seek) ps^'sgou; {^dialect ally) pa^'sou.
pnrsnit n. (act of pursuing) ps^sgout; (dialectally) pa^'sout.
pnrsiiivaiit n. (heraldic officer; royal messenger; follower;
attendant) 'pB^suji-vant.
pnrsy adj. short-winded, puffy, pursiv; fat [also spelt purseyl
'PB3SI, 'pb:?-si.
pnrsy adj. (puckerd; also, rich) 'pB^si, 'pB:?-si.
pnnileiLt adj. (of pus; suppurating) 'pgoi-srs-ldnt.
purvey v, provide [past participle and preterit purveyed,
purveyd"] pB^'vee,
pnrvey n. (formerly, purview; provision; latterly, sum pro-
vided to meet expenses) 'psi^-ve.
pnrvie^v n. (body of a statute ; provision of a bill ; scope ; in-
tent; outlook) 'pb:3-vjou.
pns n. (matter) pAs.
pnsillaniinity n. (timidity) pQusi-lx'nimi-ti.
pnM n. (cat ; rabbit) pos.
pnssly n. purslane [also spelt pusley, pussleyl 'pAsz.i.
pnstnle n. (small tumor or pimple containing pus; papule)
'pAS-tJul, 'pAS-tSul, 'pAS-tQUl.
pnt V, (thrust, push; place; bring; propound) pot.
pntamen n. hard endocarp, fruit-stone; shell, etc. [ploral
putaminal pgo'tee-man.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao now, fi*. a^V., ^^VA.\r.\
length-marlf (;) incijcates that the preceditvtt ^o>3it^^ -w^ \«w^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on t^ie ieJWo^T^SL ^^"^'a^^'
446 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
pntative adj. supposed; reputed; commonly deemd [also
spelt putativl 'pgou-ta-tiv.
putolink n. costus-root [also spelt putchuck and, sometimes,
putchock; synonymous cognates putchick, patchuk, pachak]
'pAtSak, pd'tSAk.
pnteli n. (boat used on the Ganges) 'poti-li, 'pAti-ti.
pntlos f^' floor-timber of a scaffold [synonymous cognate
putlockl 'pAt-log, 'pot-log.
pntt v., n. in golf [also spelt put} pAt.
pyemia n. febril disease [also spelt pyaemia; synenymoos
cognate pyohaemia\ pai'ii-mi-a.
pyg^idinin. n. (pygal segment) pai'dsidi-sm, pai'gidi-am.
pysmean. adj. of a pygmy [also spelt pygmaean, pigmetm]
pig'mii-3n, {rarely) 'pigmi-an.
pysmy n. dwarf [also spelt pigmy ; ploral pygmiesi 'pigmi.
pyjamas n. pi. pai'd3a:-m3z. same meaning as pajamas.
pylanginm n. undivided portion of the arterial trunk [plor-
al pylangial pai-lan'dsai-am.
pyloric adj. (of the pylorus) pilo^ik, pailezik.
pyloms n. opening from the stomach into the duodenum, etc
[ploral pylori"] pi'lor-^as, pai'lo:-?3s.
pyramid n. (structure or solid with polygonal base and slop-
ing sides meeting in an apex) 'pi?9-mid.
pyramidal adj. (of or like a pyramid; pyramidical)
pi'?ami-dl, pi'^aemi-dal.
pyramidical adj. (pyramidal, pyramidic). pizd'midi-kdl.
pyramidize v. form a pyramid; converge toward an apex
[also spelt pyramidisel 'pijrami-daiz.
pyre n. (funeral pile) paiz.
Pyrenean adj. of the Pyrenees [also spelt Pyrenaean] pin-
'nii-3n.
pyrethmm n. (plant) pai'zreGsam, paiVii-Gsam, 'pizri-Gsam.
pyretic adj. (of fever) pai'retik, pi'^etik.
pyretosenesis n. (production of fever) pai-zi-tD'dseni-sis,
pi^i-to'dseni-sis.
pyridine n. alkaloid [also, sometimes, spelt pyridinl 'pizi-
din, 'pi^i-dain, 'pai-?i-dain.
pyriform adj. pear-shaped, obconic [also spelt piriform]
'pizi-ie:zm, 'pai-jri-foirm.
pyrite n. (pyrites, fire-stone) 'pai-rait.
pyrites n. (pyrite; marcasite; chalcopyrite) pai'jrai-tiz, pi'rai-
tiz; (improperly) 'pi-^aits, 'pai-^aits.
pyritio adj. (of pyrites) pai'ntik, piVitik.
j ye, Qcure; 5 the, Q tKm; js assure, dj/oy; I shoe, tl chew;
wwhen; q sing; u"w\ioe\eT, Vtc^cX, \iiu\\, \i>a.iooV a.\\, xi^ee;
o poetic; sever, e oetiaV, K>auV, -a.^ooT, -^i^^o, ^X^ees., ^^^^v.
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 447
pyromancy n. (divination by fire) 'pai-^a-maensi, 'pi^a-maen-
si, (rarely) pai-ra'maensi.
pyrometer n. (heat-measuring device) pai'^emi-ta?, piVemi-
t37.
pyroteolmic adj. (of fireworks) pai-?3'tekNik, piza'tckNik.
pyroteoliny n. (art of using fire; making fireworks) pai-?3-
'tekNi, 'pai-33-tekNi, pi^d'tekNi, 'pi^a-tekNi.
pyroxene n. (mineral) pai'eek-sin, 'pai-^ek-sin.
pyrozyle n. pyroxylin [also spelt pyroxile'\ pai'?eksil.
pyroxylin n. guncotton, etc.; pyroxyle [also spelt pyroxy-
linel pai'7eksi-hn, pi'?eksi-hn.
pyrrldc n. (foot of two short syllables) 'pi?ik.
pyrrol n. pyrroline, a liquid [also spelt pyrrhol; synony-
mous cognate pyrrolel 'pijal.
Pytliagorean adj. (of the Greek philosopher and mathema-
tician Pythagoras) pi-9agaVii-3n, pai-Gaega'^ii-an.
Pytldan adj. (of Delphi, etc.) 'pi6i-3n, 'pai-6i-3n.
pytlion n. (large serpent) 'pai-Gen.
python n. (familiar spirit ; one possest by such a spirit) 'pai-
00n, 'pi-0en.
pythoness n. (witch) 'pai-Os-nis, 'piOd-nis.
pythonold adj. (like the serpent python) 'pai-Oa-neid, pai-
'000-neid.
pyx n. (box; vase; chest for specimen coins) piks.
pyx V. (test by weight -and assay, as coins) piks.
n. pyx; bone-socket; pyxidium; land-tortoise; insect
[ploral pyxides} 'piksis.
qna adv, in so far as; in the capacity of [also spelt qud, qua}
kujee, ku)a: .
quad n. (in printing, quadrat) kwed.
qnadrangled adj. (quadrangular; furnisht with a quadran-
gle) 'kiuedraqgald, kiue'draeqgald.
qnadrennlal adj. (occurring every four years; lasting four
years) kiue'dreni-al.
quadrlcolor adj. (of four colors) 'kujedri-kAla^ ; (improperly)
'ku)0-drai-kAl3^.
qnadrlga n. four-horse chariot [plural quadrigae} kwe'drai-
ga.
qnadrljngate adj. (having four pairs of leaflets; quadriju-
gous : said of a leaf) kiuedri'dsou-get, kuje'dridsa-get.
c: low, b: fur, a; cot, e hot, ei hoy; a: for, ao now, a: ask, «L\k.\le%
length-mark (:) indicates that the precediia% so\rcv^ a.^ \«tvv%
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on t\ie ieWo'wvci^ ^^^-sJaw^-
448 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
quadrille n. (one of four groups of horses in a tonnuunent;
square dance) kwd'dcil, ka'dcil.
qnadrille v. dance quadrilles [past participle and preterit
quadrilled, quadrildl kwa'dri), kwe'dril, ka'drit.
quadripartite adj. (divided into four parts) kioedn'paz-
tait; {less properly) kioe'dtipae-tait.
quadrivalent adj. kwe'drivs-ldnt.
qnadroon n. (offspring of a white and a mulatto) kiod'dnnin.
qnadmmane n. four-handed mammal [synenymous cegnate
quadrumani 'ku)edro-men.
quadmmanons adj. (four-handed) kwd'drou-mi-nds.
qnadmped n. (four-footed animal) 'kwedro-ped.
quadmpedal adj. (four-footed) kwa'druu-pi-dt ; {less prop-
erly) 'kwedco-peddl, 'kiuedro-pidl, kuiedro'pii-dl.
qnadmple v., adj., n,, adv. 'kwedro-pd!, ianteriorly)
'kwedrupsl; (improperly) kiDd'drou-pdl.
quaere v. imperativly, ask, inquire; hence, one may ask; it
is a question [also, formerly, spelt quere, query"} loDK-n.
compare query.
qnaesta n. medieval indulgence [ploral quaestael 'kwesta.
qnaestor n. Roman financial officer; public prosecutor [also,
sometimes, spelt questorl 'kwest^z, 'kwii-sta?. compare
quest or.
quaff V. drink deeply ; drink ; drain [past participle and pret-
erit quaffed, quaft\ kujaif, ku)a:f, ki«ae:f.
quagga n. (horse) 'kwsegs.
quaggy adj, (boggy) 'kiuagi; {improperly) 'kiuegi.
qnag^mire n. (marsh; bog) 'kujaeg-mai^ ; {improperly) Tcujeg-
mair.
qnahans n. round clam [also, sometimes, spelt quahogl
'ku)c:-heg, kioa'heg, kiua'hcig.
qnai n. kiuee. same meaning as quay.
quality n. character; property [ploral qualitiesi 'ku)eh-ti.
qualm n. (feeling of faintness or sickness; scruple) ku)a:int
kiuGim.
qualmisli adj. (affected with a qualm; qualm-like, etc.)
'ku)a:-miS, 'kiucr-miS.
quamasli n. plant [synenymous cognates camash, camas, ca-
mass, commas, kamasi kiua'maeS, 'ktuc:-maeS.
quandary n. (perplexity) 'kiuenda-^i, 'kiuendn, kwen'dei-n,
{rarely) kwendai-zi.
quandong n. (tree) 'kwsen-dei], 'kiuen-der).
quantity n. (size; amount) 'kiuenti-ti.
j yCf 9 cure; btKe, Qthviv; ^^smt^, d^l'oy; {shoe, tSchewl
w when; 13 sinfii; uwVvoe^et, Vxc^LeV, xiiuV^, wv^ocJV, -v\\., x^.^tt;
o poetic; a over, e oetia\, k\>u\., :i*.^ooT, ^^tvo, ^.\ic^, ^.^%tfc*.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 449
^uaiitivaleiLoe n. (valence ; atomicity ; also, mechanical equi-
valence) ku)en'tiv3-l9ns.
q^nantmn. n. quantity; share [ploral quanta'] 'kwentdm.
quarantine n. (period of forty days, etc.; period or place
of detention or seclusion) 'kire^an-tin.
quarantine v. put in quarantine, etc. [also spelt quaranteen']
IciDezran-tin, kiuezran'tiin.
qnarl n. large brick or tile [also spelt quarlel kwcizl, kwaizl.
quarrel n., v, squabble, etc. [as verb, present participle quar-
reling, quarrelling; past participle and preterit quarreled,
quarrelled, quarreldl 'kuje^al; (dialectally) 'ku)c:-^3l.
quarreler n. [also spelt quarreller"] 'kwesra-ls?.
quarrelsome adj, (inclined to quarrel) 'kwe^al-ssm.
quartet n. four-part piece or movement; conipany of four
singers or players [also spelt quartette, quart etti kwcz'tzt.
quartile adj. of bodies which are ninety degrees apart [also
spelt quartil} 'ku)c:r-til.
quartzose adj. (full of quartz; quartz-like) kiuci^ts'oos, (aj-
sumptivly) 'ku)c:^t-sos.
quash v. (annul; crush) kiueS; (erroneously) kwse$.
quasi adv. (as it were, almost, virtually; simulating) 'kiuec-
sai.
quassia n. (wood; bark; root; decoction) 'kweS?, 'ku)e$i-3;
'kicaSa, 'kiDaeSi-3 ; 'kmaesi-^ ; /ku)a:-si-9 ; 'kiuesi-a.
quaternary adj. (of four parts; fourth) 'kiuci-ta-ne^i.
quatemate adj. (of four; in fours) kiuc'tBrnet.
quaternion n. (group of four; quotient of two vectors, etc.)
kiDc'tB^ni-an.
quatorzain n. fourteen-line sonnet-like poem [also spelt
quatuorzaini 'kata^-zen, ka'ter^-zen.
quatrain n. (four-line stanza) 'kwe-t^en.
quatrefoil n. leaf or flower with four leaflets or petals ra-
diating from a common center [also spelt quaterfoil; synon-
ymous cognate quadrefoil; erroneous synonymous cognate
quarterfoill Icaeta^-foil.
quay n. wharf [also, formerly, spelt keye, key, kay; synony-
mous cognate quai; plural quay si kii.
quay v, (provide with a quay) kii.
quean n. (woman, female) kwiin.
queasy adj. (unsettling; easily upset) 'kujii-zi.
queen n. (king's wife) kiuiin.
queerest adj. (most queer) ^wv.-zist.
quenoli v, put out; extinguish; cool; suppress; slake [past
c: law, b: fur, a cat, o hot, oi hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceditv^ ^o\xs\d. \^ \wcv'V%
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on t\it i?JWo\«\xv% ^^"^^Si^^*
450 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
participle and preterit quenched, quencht'} kwent$, (also, and
in Britain normally) kiuenS.
queroine adj, [also, sometimes, spelt quercini IcioKSin,
'kiuB^-sain.
qneroitron n. (black oak) 'ku)B:r-sits3n, kwa^'sxtssn.
qnerimonions adj. (complaining, querulous) kuesi'moo-
ni-9S.
qnerist n. (one who inquires; questioner) Icwii-sist; {often)
'kujiia-^ist.
quemlons adj. (complaining, peevish) 'kwez^A^s, {also, in
Britain) 'ka^e^jo-las, 'ka^eei-o-las.
query n. question; interrogation-mark [also spelt quaere and,
formerly, quere, quaery; ploral queries'! 'kwr.-zi. compare
quaere, .
quesited adj. (in astrology, the thing or person inquired
about) ku)i'sai-tid.
qnesitive adj. interrogatory [also spelt quesitivl TciDCsi-tiv.
qnestor n. in the Roman Catholic Church, a pardoner; also,
one of the treasurers of the French National Assembly [al-
so spelt quaestor"} 'kiuestaz. compare quaestor,
quetzal n. bird [also spelt quesell 'kwetsdi.
queue n. (tail; pigtail; line of people or carriages; tail-
piece [also spelt queu, cue} kgou.
quick-witted adj. kiuik'witid, {assumptivly) 'ku)ik-witid.
quiesoenoe n. (state of being quiescent; quietness) kwai-
'eSDHS.
quietude n. (quietness; rest; calm) 'ku?ai-i-tQud.
quietus n. (receipt; discharge; death) kiuai'ii-tas.
quillai n. (soap-bark tree of Chili) ki'lai, kilai.
quillaia n. quillai-tree, etc. [also spelt quillaja} ku)itee-J3.
quilled adj, quill-like; gofferd; tubular [also spelt quHd]
kiuild.
quillet n. verbal nicety; quirk, quibble [also spelt quillit]
'kiuiht.
quina n. (bark; quinia, quinine) 'kiuai-na, 'kii-na.
quinary adj, (of five) 'kiuai-na-^i.
quince n. (fruit; tree) kiuins, kwints.
quinia n. (quinine) 'kwini-a.
quinible adj. obsolete (fivefold, quintuple) Tciuina-bal.
quinio adj. of quina [synonymous cognate kinic} 'kiuinik.
quinicine n. alkaloid [also, sometimes, spelt quinicin} Hcwi-
ni-sin, 'kujini-sain.
quinine n. alkaloid [also, sometimes, spelt quinin} Icirai-
j ye, 9 cure; d */ie, Qthm; 3 axrure, dj; joy; j shoe, tS cAew;
wwhen; 13 sin^; uwTioevet, itc^eV, ^iull, <j\xt«ol, iit, lis*^;
opoetic; a over, eaenaV K\iu\., •a\^ooT, ^^xio, ^.X^e^ ^.^^y^&N
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 451
nam; ki'niin; kwi'niin, Iciui-nin; kiDi'nain, 'kwi-nain;
'kujinin.
qninone n. benzene derivativ [synonymous cognate kinone"]
'ku)i-non, kiui'noon.
quinoyl n. quinone; radical [also spelt quinoil; synonymous
cognate kinoyle'\ 'kujino-il.
quinsy n. tonsillitis [also, formerly, spelt quinsey; former
synonymous cognate quincy; ploral quinsies] 'kiuinzi; iim-
properly) 'kiuinsi.
qnintain n. (post to be tilted at; tilting) 'kwintin.
quintal n. hundredweight; one hundred kilograms [synony-
mous cognates kintal, kentle'\ 'kiuintl, 'kiuintal.
quiutessenoe n. (fifth essence; essential; perfect embodi-
ment) kiuin'tesans, {also, formerly) 'kiuinti-sans.
quintet n. five-part piece; set of five singers, players, riders,
etc. [also spelt quintette, quintett'\ kujin'tet.
quintuple adj. (fivefold) 'kwintgo-pdl.
quinze n. card-game [synonymous cognate quince} kwinz,
kaerjz.
quipu n. device for recording events by means of knotted
cords [also spelt quippu; synonymous cognates quipo, quip-
pol Tcii-pu, 'ku)i-pu.
quire n. (twenty-four sheets of paper) kwaiz,
quitter n. sore on the coronet of a horse's hoof [also spelt
quittorl 'kiDitar.
quitter n. (one who quits ; shirk) 'kiuita?.
qui vive phrase (in on the *qui vive, on the alert) ki'viiv.
Quixote n. (obsolete) enthusiastic visionary like Don Quix-
ote [also, formerly, spelt Quixottel 'kiuiksat.
Quixote adj, obsolete (quixotic) 'kwiksst.
quizote v. obsolete (play the Quixote) 'kiuiksat.
quixotic adj, (like Don Quixote; visionary) kiuik'sotik.
quixotism n. (quixotic character, etc.) 'kiuiksd-tizam.
quiz n. eccentric person; jest; act of quizzing [also, former-
ly, spelt quis; ploral quizzes} kiuiz.
quiz n. (oral examination) ktuiz.
quizzical adj. (like a quiz or oddity; comical) 'kwizi-ks}.
quod n. slang (prison) Ictbod.
quoin n. cornerstone; wedge; arch-stone [also, sometimes,
spelt coini koin, ktuoin.
quoit n. (disk; ring; in ploral, game) kwoit, koit.
quorum n. (justices whose presence was necessary to consti-
tute a bench; select company; number of members of a body
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, o hot, oi hoy, a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding; sowtvd \?» V^vw^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on \5it i^)\cs>w\Ti% V3^^5<^^'
452 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
whose presence is necessary for the valid transacdon of
business) 1iwo:-z9m.
qnoth V. (preterit of quethe, say; said) kwooO.
qnotidian. adj. (daily) kiua'tidi-dn.
qnotient n. (result of dividing; number of times one num-
ber 18 containd in another) Icwoo-S^nt.
rabbet n.,v, groove; slot [also, formerly, spelt rabhit'\ 'nebit
rabbi n. my master : a title of respect ; Jewish doctor of the
law; Jewish minister [ploral rabbis] 'ra-bai, '?aebi.
rabbin n. Jewish doctor of the laws; rabbi [ploral rabhiiu,
rabbini 'eaebin.
rabbit n. (hare; Welsh rabbit) 'raebit.
rabboni n. (my great master : a title of honor among the
Jews) 33'bDO-ni.
RabelaisiaiL adj, (of Rabelais) ?aebilee-39n, raebitee-zi-as.
rabid adj, (furious; mad) 'zxbid.
rabies n. (canine madness; hydrophobia) Vee-bi-i:z, 'nehi'
i:z ; (Jess properly) 'zxhiz,
raoa adj, (worthless; naught) 'srai-ks, 'sree-ks.
raceme n. (a form of inflorescence in which the flowers &re
arranged like grapes in a cluster) ja'siim, zae'siim, '?ae-siivi.
raoemio adj. (of grapes) ^a'semik, ra'sii-mik.
racemose adj. (arranged in a raceme; raceme-like; race-
mous) 'eaesi-mos.
racemons adj. (racemose) 'zxsi-m^s, rs'sii-mss, rae'sii-mds.
racbe n. hunting-dog which pursues its prey by scent [also
spelt ratchi zxt^,
racbe n. (dialectal) streak down a horse's face [also spelt
ratchi zeetS, zxtS.
raobides n. (ploral of rachis) 'sree-ki-diz.
racbilla n. little rachis [also spelt rhachillal rd'kils.
racbis n. axis, etc. [also spelt rhachis; ploral rachides'\ 'ztt-
kis.
racbitis n. (rickets) erdicai-tis.
racial adj. (of race or lineage) '^ee-Jal, 'ree-Ji-al, 'zree-si-al.
racket n. bat; game; snow-shoe [also spelt raquet, racquel]
'zxkit.
racket n. noise [also, formerly, spelt racquet} 'raekit.
raconteur n. (story-teller) ^aeken'ter^.
racoon n. quadruped [also spelt raccoon} srs'koun, rae'koun.
) ye, 9 cure; bthe, Qthin; 3 a;?ure, ds/oy; S shoe, tlcheyr;
wwhen't gsin^; uwYioevet, Itc^ct, oftiU, aufool, i it, 11 se^;
opc?etic; a over, eoena\, k\)u\., ';>\^oot, •^iQx^.o, ^\ie\^ ^^^ote;
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 453
radiale n. bone [ploral radialid} rcdPee-f i.
radical adj, (of a root) 'zaedi-ksl, iastmmptiviy) 'zaediksL
radioal n* (root; basis; root-word; element; radicle) '?aedx-
radices n. (ploral of radix) 'zaedi-siz, 'zee-di-siz, rydsi-siz.
radicle ». (mdimentarj root; rootlet; radical) 'zstdiAa^.
radii n. (ploral of radius) Vce-di-fli.
radisli »• root; plant [dialectal sjuoujmons cognate redisk\
'raediS; (jiialectally) 'zzdi^
radins ». bone of the forearm; straight fine from center to
circumference; wheel-qwke; ray [ploral radii} 'zz^-d\-:^s.
radix ». root; basis; origin [i^oral radices, radixet\ 'zzt-
diks.
raff n. (large number, lot, raft; person of the lowest class;
ZBT.i, ZQlit zxzi,
raffia n. palm-tree of the genus Raphia; soft fiber from the
leaves of Raphia ruffia or Raphia taedigera [also spelt ra-
fia, raphial 'zacfi-a. compare rofia, roffia.
Rafflesia n. (genus of plants) ryfLii-si-d, zy{LU-z'i-:i,
raft n. (beam, spar, rafter; float) rarft, ro:ft, zxAu
rasamiiffi>> m* (ragged, dirty, disreputable man or boy;
'^aegd-mAfin.
rasont n. (stew; spicy mixture) ra^gou.
ragnly adj. having stumpy projections, etc; raguled [^ynen-
ymous cognates ragule, raguleel 'raegjo-li,
raillery n. (banter) 'zzcA^-zi; (less properly) 'z7tX>-^i.
railroad n. (railway) 'zeei-zood, (assumptivly) 'reel-rod.
raiment n. (dothing) 'ree-mant.
raisable adj, [also spelt raiseablel 'zt^-z^-bA,
raise v. (lift) reez, {when unstrest) ztz.
raiser ». (one who raises; muscle; leaven; riser; 'ree-z-T?,
raisim «. (dried grape) 'zcc-zan, 'zcc-zn ; {less properly) 'ree-
zin.
raisoa. d'etre n. (reason or excuse for being; ree-z^Mee-
t£9, ree-zeg'deeti.
raja n. king, prince [also spelt rajahl 'wK-ds?, 'za:-d5'i, 'ztt-
d3cu
Rajpnt n. member of a Hindu tribe or class claiming descent
from Kshatriyas [also spelt Rajpoot} 'ra:d5-put, ^aeds'pout,
rad^'pout.
raki n. drink [also spelt rakee} z^lcii, 'zatAd,
rakisla adj. (like a rake; lewd) 'zee-kiS.
ralline adj, (in ornithology, of the rail) 'zatAain,
c: law, b: fur, x cot, o luTt, ei b<7y ; a: far, ao n^m/, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptecediw^^ w^mtv^. \^ \v^w'*»^
stress-mark O wdieates chief streftt ou ^ l^\\oHi\\i\i» vi^ii^«.»
454 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
Ramadan n. ninth month of the Mohammedan year [qyn-
enymous cognate Ramasani saems'dam, saems'daen.
rambntaiL n. fruit [also spelt rambootani zaemlxitt-tan.
ramekin n. Welsh rabbit [also spelt ramequini synenymons
cognates ramakin, ramaquin] '?aemi-kin.
rament n. (scraping ; ramentum) '^ee-msnt, sa'ment, 'saemant.
Ramessid n. member of the Egyptian royal family, during
the nineteenth and twentieth dynasties [synonymous cog-
nates Ramesside, Ramesidel '^aema-sid.
Ramesside n. '^aemi-sid, 'sxmi-said. same meaning as Ra-
messid,
ramie n. grass [also spelt ratnee'] 'zx-mi, 'raemL
ramose adj, (branching) ra'maos, re'moos, {assumpHvly) 'ree-
mos.
rampage v. (rage wildly; storm) raem'peeds, 'eaem-peds.
rampage n. (state of excitement; rushing about in a reckless
and violent manner) '^aem-peds, zaem'peeds.
rampallion n. {obsolete) ruffian, villain, scoundrel [also
spelt rampalliani ^xm'paelidn.
rampire n. rampart [also spelt rampier] 'zzsm-pojz,
ranch n. hut; stock-farm [also spelt ranchel zxntl, ra:nt^
{in Britain, sometimes) zam^.
ranchero n. (ranchman) zxn't^ei-zo, zan'tle:-zo.
ranclio n. (hut; village; ranch) 'zxntlo, 'ra:n-tSD.
ranoor n. grudge, animosity [also spelt rancour"} 'zaa^k^z.
ranoorons adj, (full of rancor) '?xr)k3-?3S.
randan n. (riotous behavior) ?aen'dxn, '^sendsn.
randan n. (boat) zxn'dxn, '^aendsn.
ranine adj. of the under side of the tip of the tongue; also,
of frogs [also, sometimes, spelt ranini Vee-nin, 'zree-nain.
ransack v., n. (search, etc.) '7sen-saek ; (erroneously) 'zxn'
ssekt, jraen'saekt, 'zraem-saek.
ransacked adj. searcht into; plunderd [also spelt ransacki\
'raen-saekt; {erroneously) Vaen-saektid, sraen'sxktid.
ransom v, redeem, etc. [past participle and preterit ran-
somed, ransomdl 'raensam.
ranstead n. toad-flax [also spelt ranstedl 'zaen-sted.
rapacious adj. (grasping; greedy; raptorial) za'pee-Sss.
rapke n. seam, suture [plural raphael '?ee-fi, '^ee-fi.
rapkis n. crystal [ploral raphides"} 'ree-fis.
rapier n. (sword) 'ree-pi-ae, '^ee-pga?.
rapine n. pillage [also, sometimes, spelt raping 'zstptn, 'zx-
pain.
j ye, 9 cure; 5 f/ie, Qthin; sarure, ds/oy; jshoo, t$cAew;
w when; 13 sinfii; uw\ioe\et, Vtc^cX, ^i>^, vk>aL\ooV "s^it, ris^^;
o poetic; 9 over, eoerial, a.\>uX, ^*.^oot, •;i^xvo, ^\ie\, ^^^<:i^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 455
rapport n. (accord) z^'poiz, zac'porr; (less properly) ra'poict.
rapproeHeatemt n. (a coining or bringing together) ra-
'psooS-mei).
rarebit n. 'zz:z-hit, same meaning as rabbit (in the sense of
Welsh rabbit).
rarefaction, n. (action of rarefying; process of being rari-
fied) zxzi'iaekl^n, zei-zi'ixkl^n.
rarefy v. (make rare or thin) 'rae?i-fai, '^ci-n-fai.
rarity n. (thinness; fewness; rare thing) 'raezi-ti, 'rei-n-ti.
rascal n. (rogue, scamp) 'zxsk^, 'zai-sksl.
rase v. (slash; scrape off; shave; erase) zcez. compare race,
rasorial adj. (scratching the ground for food) rd'soi-ri-ol ;
(less properly) z^'zoi-zi-olL
rasp V. scrape, abrade; irritate [past participle and preterit
rasped, rcupt} ?a:sp, 7a:sp, srx'.sp.
raspberry n, (fruit; plant) 'eaz-be^i, Vaz-bari, '?a:z-b3ri,
(often) 'zxzbzi; (also) 'ras-ben, 'rais-bcei.
rasse n. (civet-cat) 'zxsi, zxs.
ratable adj, capable of being rated; proportional; liable to
payment of rates [also spelt rateable^ 'zee-to-b^l.
ratably adj. in a ratable manner; proportionally [also spcU
rateablyl 'zee-t^lAi.
ratafia n. (cordial; cake; cherry) srseta'fii-d.
ratanbia n. sra'taeni-d. same meaning as ratany.
ratany n. shrub; root [also spelt rhatany, rattany, ratanhy;
synonymous cognate ratanhia] '^ata-ni.
rataplan, n. (tattoo, rub-a-dub) zxto'pt.xn, rxts'pLer).
ratcb n. (ratchet; ratchet-wheel) zxtl.
ratb adj. zaiQ, za:h. same meaning as rathe
ratb n. (hill-fort) ?a:0, ?a:0, zxiQ.
ratbe adj, early [synonymous cognate rath"] reed.
ratber adv. (earlier; more readily; somewhat; sooner;
preferably) '^ar-da?, (when less strest) 'zob^z^ zod^z; (also,
often) 'z3sd9Zt 'zrar-da?; (dialectally) 'za^^z.
ratio n. (quantitativ relation) '^ee-So, '^ee-Ji-o.
ratiocinate v. (reason) TX^i'osi-net.
ration n. (allowance, share, portion) '^ee-San, 'raeS^m.
rational adj. (endowd with reason; sane; of reason) 'r.xSo-
nl.
rationale n. (reasond explanation of principles; rational
basis) raeja'nce-li ; (less properly) ^aeSi-a'nce-h.
rationalization n. [also spelt rationalisation} zxl^nl-i'zvc-
San, raeSanl-ai'zee-San.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, o hot, oi hoy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite
length-mark (;) indicates that tlie ptecediiv^ ^o>\tv^ -^s X^tvsi^n
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on t\i^ leJ^o'wvc^^ ^^^-aJc^R..
456 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
rationalise v, [also spelt raiionalisel '^seSdnl-aiz, (rapidly)
'^aeSNd-laiz.
ratite adj, (raft-breasted) 'rce-tait, '«e-tait.
ratlin n. [also spelt ratlinel Vaetz^in.
rattan n. palm ; switch [also spelt ratani rae'taen.
ratteen n. fabric [also spelt rateeni zx'tiin.
ratton n. rat [also spelt ratten, rattani 'zsetn.
rancons adj, (hoarse; harsh) 'zcAn^s.
ravel v, fray out; unwind; entangle, confuse; also, disentan-
gle, unravel [present participle raveling, ravelling; past par-
ticiple and preterit raveled, ravelled, rctveldl 'raev^, 'raevl.
ravelin n. (outwork) '?aevhn.
raveling n. action of the verb ravel; thread which is frayd
out or unraveld [also spelt ravelling'} 'raeva-lig, 'zxvl-jxi',
(rapidly often) '^aevhq.
raven n. (bird) '^ee-van, 'ree-vn.
raven v. plunder; have a ravenous appetite for; prowl rave-
nously [synonymous cognate ravin; past participle and pret-
erit ravened, ravend"] Vaevan, 'raevn.
ravening adj. (that ravens; rapacious; voracious) 'raevs-nii],
'eraevn-io; (rapidly, sometimes) '^aevniq.
ravenous adj, (very hungry) 'jaeva-nas, 'zraevn-as; (rapidly,
sometimes) 'eraevnas.
ravin n. robbery; rapin [also spelt ravine; synonymous cog-
nate raven} 'zxvin.
ravine n. (gorge) ra'viin.
raya n. non-Mohammedan subject of the Sultan of Turkey
[also spelt rayah, raiah} 'rai-3, 'jra:-j3.
rayat n. '^ai-at. same meaning as ryot,
raze v. sweep away; destroy [also spelt rase} zzez,
razor n. (sharp-edged instrument) 'zee-z^z,
re n. (note) zree.
re n. (matter, affair) ziu
reaoli v. stretch out; extend, etc. [past participle and prete-
rit reached, reacht} ziit^, (when unstrest) zitl.
react v. (act in return; undergo change; act in opposition;
reverse, return) jri'aekt.
react v, act a second time; perform again [also spelt re-act]
ri'aekt, ni'aekt.
read v, (discover the meaning; scan) zriid, (when unstrest)
zid.
read v» past participle and preterit of read [also spelt red]
red.
■ _ _ _ a
j ye, ^cure; btKe, ^ tK\tv,^^^2Mte:, d^foy; ^shoe, tScfcew;
w when; q sinfii; -awVioevet, \tc«l,c\., ^\^^, xi>\\.ooV 's.nV -vv^ee;
opoeUc; Dover, eoet\a\, xbuX, v.^oot, -a^tvo, ^.\Mi\^ ^^vfrs.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 457
ready adj, prepared, willing [also spelt redy"! 'zedi.
ready-made adj. [also spelt redy-made'} ^edi'meed, (assump-
tivly) '^edi-meed.
real adj.,n, (actual; genuin) 'zii-9l; (dialectally) ziil.
real adv» local (really; genuinly; extremely) eiil, (when un-
strest) zil; (also) 'zii-^l.
real n. coin [also spelt rial; ploral realesl 'zii-^l.
realization n. [also spelt realisation^ sri-dh'zee-Jdn, ?i-9-lai-
'zee-San.
realize v. make real; grasp; make [also spelt realise"! 'srii-d-
laiz; (in Scotland) zi-s'laiz.
really adv, (in reality, actually; indeed) '^li-a-li; (dialectally)
'ni-li.
realm n. kingdom; sphere; region; domain [also spelt relm'\
zelm.
ream v. enlarge a hole or bore; clear from led; remove by
reaming [also, rarely, spelt reemi ziim,
reamer n, (tool for reaming; rimer) 'zil-m^z,
reaming; n. (action of the verb ream) '?ii-miQ. compare
reeming-iron,
rearmonse n. 'ri:r-maas. see reremouse.
reasonable adj. (of reason; sensible; sane; moderate) 'zii-
zdns-bdl, (assumptivly) 'ni-za-nabol ; (rapidly) '^liz-na-bol,
'^liz-nabal.
Reanmnr n. thermometer invented by the French physicist
Reaumur [also spelt Reaumur^ ^e-3'mjo:r.
reave v. plunder, despoil; take or carry away [past participle
and preterit reared, reftl riiv.
reaver n, robber; marauder [also spelt reiver, rieverl 'zi\-\^z.
rebate v. (deduct; reduce) ^I'beet; (less properly) '^li-bet.
rebate n, (deduction; drawback) Vii-bet, ^I'beet.
rebate n. (rabbet) ^I'beet, 'raebit. •■ m '
rebeo n. old-style fiddle [also spelt rebeck"] 'ni-bek.
rebel n. (one who resists, etc.) 'rebal.
rebel v. rise up in war; revolt [past participle and preterit
rebelled, rebeldl n'beh
rebuff V, repel bluntly; snub [past participle and preterit
rebuffed, rebufti n'bxf.
rebuttal n. (refutation, contradiction) jri'bxtl, ^I'bxtal.
recall v. call or summon back [past participle and preterit
recalled, recalled, recaldl ^I'kciL
recede v. (go back, depart, retire) ri'siid.
recedent adj. (retrocedent) n'sii-dnt.
c: law, b: f «r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte\
length-mark (:) indicates that tlie pteceAiiv^ ^c>>xtv^ v3» \wnsl%
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on iiVieAc>ViCk^vcv^«^v^^S«^s
458 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
receipt n. (formula; recipe; sum receivd, etc; act of re-
ceiving) ei'siit.
receive v. take in one's hand or into one's possession; ad-
mit; meet [past participle and preterit received, receivdl
ei'siiv,
recension n. (enumeration; critical revision) ri'senjan.
recent adj. (lately done or made; fresh) 'sii-sdnt.
receptacle n. (repository) ^I'septs-ka}.
receptible adj. (receivable) n'septd-bdl.
receptivity n. (quality of being receptiv) riscp'txvi-ti.
recess n. (act of retiring; period of cessation; retired place;
niche) zri'scs; {less properly) '?ii-ses.
rechercli^ adj. (choice, rare, dainty) ea'Scx-Je.
recidive n. recidivist [also spelt recidiv'\ 'zesi-div.
recidivist n. (one who relapses, especially into crime) zi-
'sidi-vist.
recipe n. (formula; receipt) 'eesi-pi.
reciprocity n. (state of being reciprocal; mutual concession,
etc.) zresi'psesi-ti.
recital n. (rehearsal, narrativ; musical performance by one
person) ?i'sai-tl, ei'sai-tal.
recitation n. resi'tce-Jan, {posteriorly, rapidly) res'tee-Jan.
recitative n. (declamatory song, intermediate between sing-
ing and ordinary speech) resita'tiiv.
recitative v. (declaim in recitative) rcsita'tiiv.
recitative adj. of recital or repetition [also spelt recitativ]
'?esi-tetiv; {also) ?i'sit3-tiv, {assumptivly) zri'sitativ.
reck V, take heed; mind; care [past participle and preterit
recked, recM ^ek.
reckon v, count; calculate [past participle and preterit reck-
oned, reckondli 'zrekan, '?ekn, zreki].
reckoning n. 'ecka-nii], Vekn-iq, '^ekNiq.
reclamation n. (protest; reformation; reclaiming; claim)
2ekL3'mee-S3n.
reclinate adj, (bending downward) 'rekti-net.
reclnse n. (one who remains shut up from the world; monk)
ri'ktous.
recognizable cuij. capable of being recognized [also spelt re-
cognisablel 'zrckag-nai-za-bal, {assumptivly) 'rekdg-nai-zsbdl;
{also) n'kegniza-bal, {assumptivly) zri'kogni-zabal ; {also)
2ek3g'nai-z3-b3l.
recognizance n. bond; recognition; token [also spelt recog-
nisance'l n'kegni-zans, ^I'keni-zans.
j ye, <; cure ; 5 tKe, Q tKitv*, ^ asure, dj /oy ; S shoe, tj chew ;
wwhen; ijsin^; uwlaoevet, \Tca.cX., xii-vCiS., \5\x\oo\, ^\\, \\^ei
o poetic; oov^r, eoeriaV, KViu\., ti*.^oot, ':i^xvo, ^.>aee^, ^^^tti^^N
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 459
reoog^nise v. acknowledge; know again [also spelt recognise"]
'eekag-naiz; (improperly) 'reka-naiz.
reoog^nise v. cognize again [also spelt re-cognize] zi'keg-
naiz, 7i-keg'naiz.
reoog^nizer n. (one who recognizes) 'zreksg-nai-za?.
recognizor n. obsolete (one who enterjs into a recognizance
or bond) ei'kegni-za?, zri'keni-zd?.
reooUeot v, collect again; summon up; rally talso spelt
re-collect] ei-ka'lekt, rika'lekt.
recollect v, (remember, recall) eeko'lekt.
Recollect n. (member of the Observantin branch of the
Franciscan order) '?eka-lekt.
rec6lor v, [also spelt recolour] zW^i^z.
recompense v. reward; compensate [also, formerly, spelt re-
compence; past participle and preterit recompensed, recom-
penst] 'zrekam-pens.
reconcilable adj. capable of being reconciled [also spelt re-
concileable] 'rekon-sai-la-bal, (sometimes, predicativly)
seksn'sai-ld-bdl.
reconciliable adj. (reconcilable) ^eksn'siU-o-bdl.
recondite adj. (hidden: profound, obscure) 'rekan-dait, zi-
'kendit, n'ken-dait.
reconnaissance n. examination, survey [synonymous cog-
nate reconnaissance] zri'keni-sans.
reconnoissance n. ^I'keni-ssns, ^ekd'nei-sons. same mean-
ing as reconnaissance.
reconnoiter v. inspect, examin, survey [also spelt reconnoi-
tre] past participle and preterit reconnoitered, reconnoi-
terd] reka'nei-tar ; (less properly) nkd'nei-td?.
record n. (fact of being written down or preservd as know-
ledge; testimony; witness; register) Vekdsd, (also, former-
ly) zi^keizd.
re-cord v. (cord again) zi^eizd.
record v, (practis a song; relate in writing; register; note)
zriTcer^d.
recount v. (relate, narrate, tell) jri'kaont.
re-connt v, (count over again) ri'kaont.
reconp v. (deduct; recompense; make good to) ?i'koup.
recourse n. (resort for help, etc.; right to demand compen-
sation) zi'ko'.zs; (less properly) 'z:ii-ko:?s.
recover v. (get back; regain) ri'kAva?.
recover v. cover anew [also spelt re-cover] zri'kAvae.
recoverable adj. ?i'kAV3?3-bal, (rapidly) n'kAvro-bal.
c: law, b: f «r, a cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: osk, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the precedixi^ ^oaxv^ a.^ Vstm^n
stress-mark (') indicates chief stress oti t\it i^>\a^\Tv^ «>3^^s5sJvfc»
460 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
recovery n. (act of recovering or regaining, etc.) silcAVd-CT,
(rapidly) zilsjivzi,
recreant adj. (surrendering; cowardly; false) Vek3i-9nt.
recreate v» (revive; amuse; divert) 'seksi-et.
re-create v. create anew [also spelt recreatel n-ksi'eet
recreatioai n. (diversion) zeksi'te-l^n,
re«creatioai n. (creation anew) n-ksi'ee-S^n.
recreative adj. tending to recreate ; amusing [also spelt rec-
reativ"] '2ck5i-etiv.
re-creative adj. (that creates anew) n-ksi'ee-tiv.
recriminatory adj, (involving recrimination) rilcsimina-
tozi.
recruit v. (reinforce; replenish; restore) rilcsout.
rectilinear adj, (straight-lined; straight) zektilini-^z.
rectitude n. (straightness ; virtue) '^ekti-tQud; (dialectally)
'rckti-tud.
rector n. (ruler; parson; head) '?ekt9?.
rectrices n. (ploral of rectrix) ?ek't£ai-siz.
rectrix n. tail-feather [ploral rectrices'\ '?ektsxks.
recuperate v, (recover; restore) ei'kgou-pa-ret.
recurrent adj, (extending backward; reappearing) zi'kBrant,
^ilcAzsnt.
recusancy n. '?ek^oz3n-si, 7i'kgou-zon-si.
recusant n.,adj. (dissentient) 'rekgo-zsnt, zi^gou-zant,
'2ekgo-s3nt.
red n. (color) zred.
redan n. (fortified field-work) ^I'dsn.
redargue v. (confute; refute) ei'da:3-gjo.
redemption n. (act of redeeming; deliverance; ransom) 71-
'dempSan; {less properly) ei'demSan.
red-hot adj, eedliet, (assumptivly) 'ecd-het.
redingote n. (coat) '?edii]-got.
redinteg^rate v, (restore to wholeness; renew) ?i'dxnti-gzet
redivive adj, (revived) 'eedi-vaiv.
redivivuB adj. (alive again; revived) ecdi'vai-vas.
redolent adj, (fragrant; odorous) 'sreds-lsnt.
redoubt v, dread; fear [also spelt redouti zi'daot.
redoubtable adj, to be feared; formidable [also spelt redou-
tabW} ei'dao-ta-bal.
redoubted adj. feared; reverenced; distinguisht [also spelt
redoutedl ei'dao-tid.
redout n. fortification [also spelt redoubtl 71'daot.
redowa n. (waltz) 'zreda-va, 'eedo-a.
J yc, QCure; btKe, Q tVv\tv, -saLZUxe, d-sioy; I shoe, tSchevr;
wwhen; i} sing; uwlaoever, VtcaLtX., viiiC^, \i>a.\oo\, ^>x, ^\^««;
o poetic; oover^ e oeriaV, kWV, ti\^oot, ^^wo, ^.\ie^. ^^^^v.
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 461
poll n. bird [also spelt redpolel ^ztd-pool,
reM v» amend [past participle and preterit redressed, re-
esi\ ri'dces.
aoible adj, (that may be reduced) ?i'djou-s3-b3l.
not n. (piece taken out; quirk) si'dxkt.
nit n. (keep; stronghold) ^e'dwii.
V. {dialectal) sift by whirling in a sieve [synonymous ceg-
ite ryel zii.
inter j, (used in calling horses) zii.
n. (female ruff) zii,
adj. dialectal (excited with drink; crazy) zii.
n. dialectal (walled enclosure for sheep, cattle, or swine;
al-yard) zii,
sho v., n. [also spelt reecho, re-echo] 2i'eko.
1 n. (stem; plant; tube) jriid.
? n. part of a sail folded up [ploral reefs, formerly reevesi
if.
P n. ridge of rock or sand; vein; sponge [plural reefs']
if. ^
Ped adj. having a reef taken in [also spelt reefti ziiit.
k V. smoke, steam, stink [past participle and preterit
eked, reektl ziik.
I n. (rotary winding-device) ziil.
L V. whirl; stagger; sway [past participle and preterit
eled, reeldl ziil.
ming-iron n. seam-opening tool made of iron [also spelt
aming-ironi 'zrii-miq-ai-o^n.
aforce v,, n. ri-in'foi^s. see reinforce,
led adj. rancid [also spelt reezedl Viizd.
itablisli V. [also spelt reestablish, re-establishj zi-i-
:aebh$.
sctory n. (refreshment-room) zri'fekta-^i.
9r V. assign; commit [present participle referring; past
irticiple and preterit referred, referdi zi'iniz.
arable adj. capable of being referred [synonymous ceg- *
ite referriblel Vefa^a-bal, {rapidly) '^efsa-bal; {also) zi-
jr-zra-bat
Drence n. (act of referring; allusion; direction) 'zefd-
ns, {rapidly) 're f sans.
srrible adj, [also, formerly, spelt referrablel ri'fer-ra-bal.
me meaning as referable.
lection n. [also, especially in scientific senses, spelt re-
?xion'\ ri'fLekSan.
w, b: f «r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
th-mark (:) indicates that the precediiv^ ^o>axv^ -l^ V>xs.%\
s-mark C) indicates chief stress oti tVie i«>\\o^vtv^ ^^>\8i<^«^.
462 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
reflex n. (reflection of light; reflected light; image; involun-
tary muscle-action) 'rii-fteks; si'fLeks.
reflex adj, (bend back; recurvd; reflected) ^zri-fLeks, zi-
'fz.eks.
reflex v, bend or fold back; recurve [past participle and
preterit reflexed, reflexil ri'fLeks.
reflexible adj, (capable of being reflext) zi'fz^ksd-bdl.
refluent adj. (flowing back; ebbing) '7efz,u-9nt; {improp-
erly) ei'fz.ou-3nt.
reform v. amend; improve [past participle and preterit re-
formed, reformdl zi^ieizm.
re-form v. form anew; remake [past participle and pretent
re-formed, re-formdl zi'ieizm.
refragable adj. obsolete (refutable) Vef^aga-bd).
refrang;ible adj. (capable of being refracted) zri'fsaendsa-bal.
refuge n. (shelter) '2efiod3, 'ee-fiuds.
refuse adj., n. 'eef ios, '?e-f ius ; {less properly) 'rc-f iuz.
refuse v. (decline; reject) zri'fiouz.
re-fuse v, (fuse again) d'fiouz.
refutable adj, (that may be refuted) n^fiou-td-bdl, ''zefiota-
bal.
regale n, right of a French king to enjoy the revenues of va-
cant bishoprics, etc. [ploral regalia"] ri'gee-li.
regale v., n. (feast) n'geel.
regalia n. (royal powers; insignia of royalty) ri'gee-Ha, zi-
'gee-li-3.
regatta n. (boat-race) ri'gaetd.
regelate v. (freeze together again) zidsilcet.
res;icide n. (king-killer) 'eedsi-said.
r6g;ime n. mode; system; style [also spelt regime^ ^e'siim.
reg;imen n. government; regime; course of diet [ploral regi-
mens, regiminal 'redsi-man.
reg;iminal adj. (of regimen) ^I'dsimi-nl.
reg;inal adj. (of a queen; queenly) ri'dsai-nl.
reg^ister n. (record-book; indicator; hot-air regulator; also,
registrar) 'zed^i-st^z.
TegiMtrax n. official recorder [synonymous cognate register]
'zredsi-stEo:?.
regrater n. one who regrates victuals, etc.; retailer; middle-
man [also spelt regrator] zi^gzee-ioz,
regress n. (return; withdrawal; reentry) '?ii-gzres.
reg^ress v. recede; return [past participle and preterit re-
gressed, regrest] ^I'cjres.
i y^f Q cure ; b the, ^ t\utv\ •«, ^suxe^, d?, {oy ; \ shoe, tS chew;
w when; t] sing; uwlaoevet, \te^c\., vsi>^, \svx\oo\, ^\v ^\^€;
o poetic; 3 over, eaer\a\» K\iu\^, ^\^oot, •:iCixvo, ^\ie^, t-t'syfr&N
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 463
regular adj. (subject to rule; orderly; symmetrical) '?egjo-
\^z\ {dialectally) 'eee-gjo-la^; (vulgarly) 'eeglae.
regularize v. [also spelt regularise! 'rcgjola-raiz.
regulate v. 'regjo-let; (dialectally) 'eee-gjo-let; (vulgarly)
'^ega-let.
rei n. Portuguese money [ploral reisi zee,
reig^ n. (royal power; period of rule) zten.
reig^ V, rule as king, etc. [past participle and preterit
reigned, reigndl zeen,
rein n. (bridle-strap) zeen,
rein v. control by a rein or by reins [past participle and pret-
erit reined, reindl zeen,
reindeer n. (deer, caribou) 'eeen-dix.
reinforce v. strengthen, etc. [also spelt reenforce, reenforcel
zi-in^io:zs,
rei« n. (ploral of ret) zees.
relater n. one who relates; narrator; historian [also spelt
relator"! zi^ee-t^z,
relative n., adj. [also spelt relativl 'rel»-tiv, (anteriorly)
'relativ; (sometimes, rapidly) 'reltiv.
relator n. (in /aw, informer) zi*\ee-tdz,
relaxation n. (act of relaxing; release; unbending; recrea-
tion) ^ilaek'see-San, relaek'see-San.
relegate v. banish; consign; refer [also, formerly,, spelt reli-
gate! 'zreh-get.
relict w. (relic; widow) Vehkt.
relief n. (mitigation of pain; projection of a design) riliif.
relieve v. rescue, succor, ease; render prominent [past par-
ticiple and preterit relieved, relievd! ri'hiv.
relievo n. relief [synonymous cognate rilievo! rilii-vo.
relig^ionize v. [also spelt religionisel zilids^-naiz.
religioso adj. (in music, expressing religious sentiment; in a
devotional manner) relidsi'oo-so.
religious adj. (imbued with religion; pious) zilids^s.
reliquary n. (relic-box) 'zeh-kwezi.
reliquiae n. pi. (remains, relics ; induviae ; artifacts) zi-
'hkiui-i: .
remain v. be left over; stay [past participle and preterit re-
mained, remaind! ri'meen.
remede n. remedy, redress [also spelt remeid, remeed and,
formerly, remead! ri'miid.
remediable adj. (capable of being remedied or redrest) 71-
'mii-di-a-bal; (less properly) zri'medi-a-bol.
c: law, b: fur, a cat, e hot, ei boy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, at ktte;
length-mark (;) indicates that tKe pteceAitvtt ^cwxv^ a& ^^"^'^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress oti Wke \©>\<y«v£v^ ^jVcsJ^^.*
464 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
remedial adj, (affording a remedy) n'mii-di-a}.
remedilesB adj. (destitute of remedy; not admitting of rem-
edy) 'remidi-lds, zi'mzdiA^s,
remedilessly adv, 'semidi-tss-h, si'meditds-}!.
rememberinK n,, adj. si'membd-ni], ^I'memb^ig.
remex n. flight-feather [ploral remigesl 'sii-meks.
remigation n. (action of remigating; rowing) remi'gee-San.
remiKes n. (ploral of remej;) '^emi-dsiz.
remigrate v. (migrate again) 'zemi-gzet, ri'mai-gzret.
remig^ation n. (action of remigrating; return) zemi'gzee-
San, zri-mai'gzree-San.
reminiscence n. (remembering; recalling of the past; re-
collecting) zremi'nisdns.
remise n. obsolete (transfer; remittance) n'maiz.
remise n. (coach-horse; carriage; second foil-thrust; at
cards, stake) ra'miiz, ri'maiz.
remise v, (put back again; surrender) n'maiz.
remissible adj, (capable of remission; that may be remitted)
ri'misa-bal.
remission n. (forgivness of sins; act of remitting) zi'miSan.
remittance n. (sum of money sent) ei'mitns, ^I'mitans. *
remold v, mold again [also spelt remould^ zi'mooM.
remonetize v. make again standard money [also spelt re-
monetise'] ^i'meni-taiz, zri'mAni-taiz.
remonstrate v. (protest; expostulate) ^I'men-stset.
remora n. (sucking-fish) '^ema-zra.
Renaissance n. (revival of art and letters which began in
Italy in the 14th century) ^ena'sens, zreno'seqs, ri'nee-sans.
renaissance n. (any revival or period of markt improve-
ment) rena'sens, zrena'seqs, ^I'nee-sans.
renascence n. (state of being renascent) ri'nee-sans, 71-
'naesans.
renascent adj. (that is being born again) ^I'nee-sant, 71-
'naesant.
rencontre n. ^enTcenta?. same meaning as rencounter,
rencounter n. encounter; fight; meeting [synonymous ceg-
nate rencontre"] ren'kaon-ta?.
rencounter v. (encounter; fight; meet) ren'kaon-tazr.
rendezvous n. (appointed meeting-place) Veqdi-vu, 'zendi-
vu, '^endi-vuz,
rendezvous v. (assemble at a place previously appointed)
'reqdi-vu, '^endi-vu, '^endi-vu, 'zrendi-vuz.
renege v. ^I'niig, zri'niids. same meaning as renegue,
} yc, Qcure; bthe, Q tK\Tv*, 's^lswc^, 'liim; W«oe, tjcfcew;
w when: n sino; u whoever, \tca.c\, ^i^^, x3>^\ooV ^\V A^%\
o poetic; a over, eoetiaV. K\iu\^, v.^oqt, ^^x^o, ^.X^e^i., -^.^^^^stN
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS ¥A
renegne Vm deny; abandon; refuse to follow suit [synony-
mous cognate renege\ sx'niig.
renemr v, (make new; restore; reestablish) sx'njou; {dialec-
tally) ei'nou.
reniform adj, (kidney-shaped) 'reni-foirm, '7ii-ni-fo:?m.
renitent adj. (resistant) Veni-tnt, ?i'nai-tnt.
renovator n. one who renovates [also, rarely, spelt renova-
terl '?cn3-vet3e.
reaio'wiied adj. famous [also spelt renowndl ?i'naond.
rentes n. (bonds, stocks) ^egts.
rennnoiation n. (act of renouncing) ^inAnJi'ee-Son, ^lUAnsi-
'ee-Jan.
reorganize v, [also spelt reorganise^ 7i'e:7-g3-naiz.
repair v. go; betake one's self [past participle and preterit
repaired, repair dl ri'pe:?.
repair v. mend; renew [past participle and preterit repaired,
repairdi zi'ptiz,
reparable adj. (capable of being repaird or mended) 'eepa-
zd-h^ii; (improperly) z:i'pe:-?3-b3l.
reparation n. (act of restoring; act of repairing or mend-
ing) zepo'zee-lsn.
reparative adj, of repair or amends [also spelt reparative
ei'paeea-tiv.
repartee n. (ready reply; clever retort) ztp^z'tii,
repast n. (meal; feast) ?i'pa:st, ei'pa:st, ?i'pa:st.
repeat v. (say or do again) n'piit.
repel v, drive back; repulse; reject [past participle and pret-
erit repelled, repeldl ei'pel.
repellent adj., n. [also spelt repellanti ri'pelsnt.
repertoire n. (stock of pieces which an actor, musician, or
company is prepared to perform) 'repar-tiue:?, '?ep3-.tiuc:r,
'eepae-tujarzr.
repertory n. (storehouse; also, repertoire) ^zepQz-tozi,
repetend n. (recurring figure or group; circulate; also, re-
frain) 'eepi-tcnd, repi'tend.
rejjietitions adj, (full of repetition; tiresomely iterativ) eepi-
't^Sas.
repetitive adj. repetitious [also spelt repetitivl ei'pcti-tiv.
repe^nt n. (tutor, repetitor) eepi'tent.
repetitor n. (private tutor; repetent) ei'pcti-t32, 'repi-taitae,
repi'tai-t3?.
repiqne n. (in picket, the winning of thirty points on cards
alone, etc.) ei'piik.
c: law, b: f i*r, a cat, e hot, oi boy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (;) indicates that tVve precedixv^ ^^>3itA -v^ \wNSi»\
stress-mark (') indicates chief stress oti l^t i©>\Q^vci'si, ^^'^tj^^^*
466 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
replaceable adj, (that may be replaced) si'pLee-sd-bdL
repleviai v. bail ; recover by replevin ; replevy [past participle
and preterit replevined, replevindl ri'pLcvin.
replica n. (copy or duplicate of a work of art, especially
one made by the original artist; facsimile) VepLi-ka.
replnm n. frame-like placenta [ploral repla\ '?epz.9m, 'zii-
pLsm.
reportorial adj. (of reporters) ?ep3^t3:-zi-9}.
repository n. (receptacle; museum; warehouse) ^I'pezi-ton.
repoiiss6 adj. (raised in relief by hammering from the back)
eepo'see, zi'pou-se.
reprehensible adj, (deserving of reprehension; blamewor-
thy) repsiliensd-bdl.
repressed adj. restraind, checkt [also spelt represtl ^I'psest.
repressible adj. (capable of being represt) zi'psess-ba}.
repressor n. one who or that which represses [also, for-
merly, spelt represser"} zi'pzes^z.
reprieve v. rescue from punishment; respit [past participle
and preterit reprieved, reprievdl ri'psiiv.
reprizaand n. (sharp rebuke) 'repsi-maend, '?ep3i-ma:nd.
reprimand v. 'zep^i-maend, zep3i'ma:nd, 'zepsi-ma:nd.
reprise n. yearly deduction ; resumption ; repetition [also, for-
merly, spelt repri/sel zi'pzaiz.
reprise v. (archaic) take back; retake; compensate [also, for-
merly, spelt reprise"} n'psaiz.
reproval n. (reproof) zi'psou-val.
reptile n. creeping animal; mean, groveling person [also,
sometimes, spelt reptill 'zreptil, 'rep-tail.
repnblicanize v. [also spelt republicanisel n'pAbhkd-naiz.
repng^ v. (resist; fight) zri'pgoun.
repnlse v. repel; rebuff [past participle and preterit re-
pulsed, repulst} n'pAls, zi'pAlts.
reputable adj. (of good repute) 'eepgota-bal.
reqniem n. (mass, dirge, or chant for the repose of the dead)
'?ii-ku)i-am, 'rektui-am.
requisite w. required, necessary [also spelt requisite '^ekiri-
zit.
requital n. (recompense) ei'kiuai-tl, n'kiDQi-tsl. #>
reredos n. (altarpiece; choir-screen) *zi:z-des. y
reremouse n. bat [also spelt rearmouse, reermo use;' ploral
reremicel '^i:zr-maos.
rescind v. (remove; revoke) zri'sind.
rescission n. (act of rescinding; abrogation) zi'si^^n,
JVC, 5 cure; "bih^, Q tVvm-, -saLZMte, dj/oy; S j/ioe, tS c/iew;
w when; i} sing\ uw\ioe\et, \tca.cX., xiiiC»\, vi\x\ooV ^\v -iis^e;
o poetic; 9 over, eoerVaV kWV, v.^oo«, •:i^x^o, ^\ic\^ ^^%^v^
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 467
rescue v, (save; recover) 'reskgo.
researcli n. (act of searching; investigation) z\'s^\z\.\\ (less
properly) 'zii-SQ'.ztl,
research v, (search into; make researches) zi'sQiztl.
reserve v.,n, store, etc. [also spelt reserv; past participle
and preterit reserved, reservdl zi'zsizv.
reserver n. one who reserves [also spelt reservorl zi'zQiz-y^z,
reservoir n. (receptacle) '?ez32-vor, 'ztz^z-\WQ:z, 'zzz^z-
vwc:3, '?ez3E:-vwa:?, ceza^'vwe:?.
reset n. (reception; harboring of criminals) ei'set.
reset v. (receive; shelter) zi'set.
reset v. (set again) 2i'set.
reset n. (in printing^ matter set anew) '?ii-set, ri'set.
residence n. (fact of residing; abode) 'zezi-dns, 'rezi-dans.
residentiary n. (ecclesiastic bound to official residence;
canon; resident) ^ezi'denji-e^i, (also) eezi'denSa-ei, (as-
sumptivly) zezi^denl^zi; (rapidly) zezi'denlzi; (also) zezi-
'dentSa-^i.
residue n. (remainder; rest; residuum) 'rezi-dju; (dialectal-
ly) '?ezi-du.
residnnm n. residue; sediment [ploral residual 7i'zid3U-9m,
?i'zidju-3m.
resign v, give up; relinquish [past participle and preterit
resigned, resigndl 2i'zain.
resign v. sign anew [past participle and preterit resigned,
rcsignd"] ^i'sain.
resignation n. (act of resigning; acquiescence) rezig'nee-
San; (less properly) eesig'nee-Son.
resignee n. (one to whom anything is resigned) ?ezi'nii, zi-
zai'nii, n-zain'ii, zre-zai'nii.
resile v. (draw back; retract; recoil; turn back) ?i'zaih
resilience n. (act of resiling; recoil; revolt; elasticity) zi-
'ziHans, ri'ziH-ans.
resin n. substance which exudes from fir-trees, etc. [synon-
ymous cognate rosini 'zezin,
resipiscence n. (repentance) 7isi'pis9ns, resi'pissns.
resistible adj, capable of being resisted [also, formerly, spelt
resistable'l zi'zista-bal.
rceolnble adj. (resolvable) 'ztz^lio-hol.
re-solnble adj. (capable of being dissolvd again) n'soHo-ba}.
resolntion n. (reduction into component parts; dissolution;
resolving) zrezaliou-Jan ; (dialectally) rez^lou-San.
re-solntion n. (renewed solution) zi-s^liovL-l^n,
c: law, b: f«r, a cat, e hot, oi hoy; a: far, ao now, a: osk, ai ktte;
Irngth-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound \^ \»xv.%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief str^99 on \5ti^ fc>\vw\TL% «^\«&5«-
468 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
resolvable adj. [also spelt resolviblel ri'zetva-ba}.
resolve v. melt; disintegrate; solve; determin on [also spelt
resolv; past participle and preterit resolved, resolvdl zi-
resolve n. determination [also spelt resolvl zi'zetv,
resolvent n. (discutient; solvent) ^I'zelvsnt.
resonance n. (reinforcement of sound by reflection, etc)
'rezd-nans.
resort n. (recourse; habitual repair; haunt) zi'zeizt,
resort v. (have recourse to; go; repair habitually) zi'zeizt
re-sort v. (sort anew) zVseizt.
resonnd v, (ring; reecho) si'zaond.
re-sonnd v. (sound again) zi'saond.
resource n. (means of supply; shift) ri'sdizs; (less properly)
'?ii-so:zs, zi'zoizs, '^
respirable adj. (capable of being respired; capable of re-
spiring) ?i'spai-z3-bal, (often) zi'spaid-^s-bst, 'zespiz^-hsi.
respirator n, (respiring-device) 'respi-reta?.
respiratory adj, (of respiration) zi'spai-z^-tozi, (also) zi-
'spai-?3t3-ri, (assumptivly) zi'spai-?3-t3?i ; (rapidly) zri'spai-
r3-tji; (also) 'rcspira-ton, 'respi-eeta-zi.
respite n. delay; reprieve; rest [also spelt respit'} 'eespit
respite v, grant delay or respit; delay; postpone [also spelt '
respiti Vcspit.
resplendent adj. (shining; splendid) ^I'spLcndsnt.
respondent n. (one who responds or answers) zri'spendsnt.
responsible adj. (accountable; of good credit) n'spensd-bdl.
restaurant n. (eating-house) '^esta-eant, 'zesi^-zant, 'zesta-
zei], (rapidly) 'zestjant.
restanratenr n. (restaurant-keeper) zesta-za'tBiz, zes'to:-za-
tdz. A
restive adj. inclined to rest; inert; intractable Calso spelt
restivl 'zestiv.
restorative adj. of restoration; capable of restoring [also
spelt restorativl zi'sto:-zo-tiv, zi'steza-tiv.
resnmable adj. (capable of being resumed) zi'zjau-md-bdl.
resume v, (assume anew; take up again) zi'zjoum.
resume n. (summary, epitome) zezo'mee, 'zee-zo-me.
resumption n. (action of reassuming possession of lands,
etc.; act of resuming) zi'zAmpJan, zi'zAmJan.
resupinate adj. (bent upward; inverted) zi'sQou-pi-net.
resupine adj. (lying on the back; supine) zi-sgo'pain.
resurrection n. (a rising again) zczd'zekSsn.
; yCy ? cure ; 5 tHe, 0 thin ; 3 a^rure, ds ;oy ; \ shoe, tS chew ; ,
wwhen; T)s\ng\ uwVioever, ite^cX, ^iuW, \xMfool, i »t, usee;
o poetic; 3 over^ caemV ^^^v-^-, ^-.^oot, •:iQTio, ^.\ie^ ^^^fl!«..^ \
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 469
resuscitate v. (revive; renew) zri'sASi-tet.
retable n. (structure above an altar) zri'tee-bol
retail n. (sale in small quantities) 'ni-tel.
retail v. sell in small quantities; relate in detail [past par-
ticiple and preterit retailed, retaild] ei'teel, '^li-tel.
retailer n. (retail dealer; one who relates in detail) '?ii-te-
l9?, ^I'tee-lar.
retardation n. (action of retarding or delaying) jrita^'dee-
San, {rarely) reta^'dee-San.
retch V, (try to vomit) retS, riitS.
rete n. network, plexus [ploral retial '?ii-ti.
retia n. (ploral of rete) 'zrii-Si-a, 'rii-ti-a.
retiary adj, (of a net) *zn-\\-zzi.
reticence n. (reserve) '^eti-sons. •
reticle «. (set of cross-wires, threads, or ruled lines in the
object-glass of a telescope) '?eti-kal.
reticule n. (reticle; also small bag) 'zreti-kgul.
retiform adj. (net-shaped) Veti-fe:?m, '?ii-ti-fe:z:m.
retina «. layer of sensitiv tissue in the back part of the eye
[ploral retinas, retinae'] '^etn-a, 'zrcti-na.
retinue n. (train, suite) 'retn-ju, 'jcti-nju; (formerly) zi-
'tin-ju.
retiredly adv, (in a retired manner; privatfely) ei'tai-ri-d!i,
zi'tQiz-dh.
retiredness n. 7i'tai-?i-dniS; n'tair-dnis.
retractile v. admitting of retraction, etc. [also, sometimes,
spelt retractill ri'tjaektil.
retrench v, reduce; curtail; economize [past partciple and
preterit retrenched, retrenchtl ri'tjcntj, ri'tjenS.
retribute v. (give back) ri'tjibjut, '?etji-bjut.
retributive adj. [also spelt retributivl sn'tjibjo-tiv.
retrieve v. find again; recover; recall [past participle and
preterit retrieved, retrievdl zri'tjiiv.
retroact v. (react; operate backward) retjo'akt, eitjo'aekt,
'^etjo-aekt.
retrocede v. (go back; recede; strike in) 'eetj3-sid, 'rii-tja-
sid, ritja'siid.
retrocede v, (cede back) ritja'siid.
retrocession n. ^etsd'se^sn, dtss'se^dn.
retrof lection n. fact of being turnd back; retroversion [al-
so spelt retroflexion"] retja'ftekSan, ritja'ftckSan.
retrograde adj. (moving backward) 'retja-g^ed, 'rii-tjo-
(j^ed.
c: law, b: fwr, ae cat, e hot, ex boy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite;
length-mark (:) indicates that the prece^itv^ ^o>3lxA -v* '^^'^'''
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on lih^ l^'^o^va.'^ ^fX-sSovfe*
470 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
retrogreMion n. (retrogradation ; a moving backward;
change toward a more degraded type) retsa'greSan, ritp-
'greSan.
retrospeot n. (regard to some precedent; backward look or
survey) 'retja-spckt, 'eii-tj3-spckt.
retrospeotion n. retsd'spekSan, zitSd'spekSan.
retroversion n. retSd'vB^Ssn, ritsd'vBzS^n*
retrovert v. (turn back; revert) 'rctja-vert, 'eii-txa-vs^t,
ritjo'vBizt.
reveille n. (morning signSl) ?i'vcel-ji; (/tf« properly) ee vi-
lli, ei'veel.
revel r, make merry [present participle reveling, revelling;
past participle and preterit reveled, revelled, reveldl 'eeval.
reveler n. [also spelt %eveller'\ 'zevd-lss.
revelry n. (merrymaking) 'reval-n.
revenue w. '?evi-nju; {formerly, but now rarely) zri'venju.
reverable adj, (worthy to be revered) ?i'vi:-r9-bal.
reverence n. (deep respect; deference; veneration) 'reva-
rons, {rapidly) 'reveans.
reverend od/. (worthy to be revered) '^cva-wnd, (rapidly)
'eeveand.
reverent arf/. (reverend; also, deeply respectful) 'ieev3-?3nt,
{rapidly) 'zreveant.
reverie n. [also, sometimes, spelt reveryl 'eevo-ei; {rapidly)
'zevzi; {less properly) Veva-?i, jevaVii.
revers n. (reverst edge of a coat, vest, or bodice) z^Wbiz.
reversal w. (act of reversing; annulment) ri'vB^sal, si'vb:?-
sal; {less properly) zjfvBiz-zsl.
reversed ad/, turnd backward; inverted [also spelt reverst]
zi\B:zst,
reversi n. (old card-game; reversis; also, a game playd on
a checkerboard with counters whose reverse sides are of a
distinctiv color) ri'vo^si, ?i'v8:^-si.
reversible adj. (admitting of being reverst; capable of re-
versing) ^I'vB^sa-bal.
reversie adj. (in heraldry, reverst) ?i'vb?si, zi\b:z-si,
reversion n. (a reverting; return) ei'vBrSan, ri'vaiz-Jon; {less
properly) zri'varr-san.
revertible adj. (capable of reverting) zi'-vBzt^h^l.
revetment n. retaining-wall ; facing [synonymous cognates
revetement, revetementJi ^I'vetMant.
revictual v, (victual again) d'vitl.
revisal n. (revision) n'vai-zal.
j ye, q cure; 5 the, 9 f/iin; 3 a^ure, ds joy, S shoe, tS chew;
wwhen; T)s\ng\ uwYioevei, \Tea.^V ^^^tl, oufool. i tt, lis^^;
o poetic; 9 over, e aenaV, xWx., 'i'.^oox, ';i^Tv.o, ^\ie^, ^^^ote;
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 471
revise v, (look over; re-examin) ri'vaiz.
reviser n. [also spelt revisorl jri'vai-za?.
revision n. (act of revising; revised version) ei'visan.
reviver n. one who or that which revives [also, rarely, spelt
revivor"] ei'vai-va?.
revivor n. revival of a lawsuit [also, formerly, spelt reviver]
2i'vai-v3?, ^
revocable adj. capable of being revoked [also, formerly,
spelt revokable, revokeable] n'voo-ka-bal, 'zevaka-bal.
revocation n, eivo'kee-Jan, eeva'kee-San.
revocatory od/. (of revocation) 'eevaka-toei, 'revaka-ta^i.
revolt n, (insurrection, rebellion) ei'voolt, ri'velt.
revolt v, (cast off allegiance; rebel) Ji'voolt, ei'velt.
revolting adj, 2i'vool-tii], zri'veltiq.
revolutionize v, [also spelt revolutionise] ^evdliuu-Ss-naiz.
revolve v, turn over; ponder; rotate [also spelt revolv; past
participle and preterit revolved, revolvd] ei'velv.
reynard n. fox [also, sometimes, spelt renard] 'ztnozd, 'zee-
n^zd.
rhabarbarin n, chrysophanic acid [synonymous cognates
rhuharbarin, rhubarberin, rhubarberine] z^^Qiz-ho-zin.
rhabdomancy n. divination by means of a rod or wand
[also spelt rabdomancy] Va^bda-mansi.
Rhaetian adj, [also spelt Rhetian] 'ni-Ssn, 'zii-li-^n.
Rhaetic adj, of the Rhaetian Alps [also spelt Rhetic] '?ii-tik.
rhamn n. (buckthorn) zxm,
rhamnetin n. yellow substance from rhamnin [also spelt
rhamnetine] '?aenini-tin.
rhamnin n. glucoside from buckthorn-berries [also spelt
rhamnine] 'raemnin.
rhapsodize v, recite in rhapsodies; utter rhapsody [also spelt
rhapsodise] '^apsa-daiz.
rhatany n. 'zraeta-ni. see ratany,
rhea n. (three-toed ostrich) 'rii-9.
rhea n. ramie [also spelt rheea] 'rii-3.
rhein n. rheic acid [also spelt rheine] 'rii-in.
Rhemish adj, of Rheims, France) '?ii-miS.
rheostat n. (electric-current regulating-device) 'eii-a-staet.
rhetor n, (teacher of rhetoric; orator) 'zii-t^z.
rhetoric n. (art of discourse) 'eet9-?ik, {rapidly) 'eetjik.
rhenm n. (mucous discharge) soum.
rhenm n. (rhubarb) '^li-am.
rheumatic adj,, n. zro'maetik ; {formerly) 'eou-mo-tik.
c: law, b: fi*r, ae cat, e hot, ex hoy ; a: far, aa now, ^\ a^, ^-vVVv^n
length-mark (:) indicates that tbe pTete^\t\% ^Q>axv^ ^."^ ^x"^^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress otx \ii^ l^J^Q^va.'sg, «f^^>X3^«-
472 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
n. (painful inflammatimi of the joiiits) 'ma-m^
Uz9m; {dialec tally) 'zom^-^izsm.
yk— atJg n. {dialectal, vulgar) rheimiadsm [also spelt rk£i&-
matize, rheumatisel ';cra-ni»-tiz, 'Tom^-txz.
yk— att»a v. make rhenmatic [also spelt rheumtaiisej 'zou-
m^taiz,
rhenaiie adj, (of rhubarb) 'zoo-mik.
rkenmj adj. (of rheum; rheumatic; damp) 'rou-mi.
rHine n. Russian hemp [also spelt rhyme, rimej rain,
rhinoceros n. nose-homd quadruped [ploral rhinoceroses,
rhinoceri, rhinoceros'^ rai'nes^-zds, rai'nesd-ses.
rUzonui n, rhizome [ploral rhizomata, rhisomasi zai^zoo-md.
rUzome n. (rhizoma) ''rai-zom; (/^x^ properly) zBi^zoom.
rUzopod n. (animalcule having processes of sarcode, as if
root-footed) 'rai-z^pod, '^iza-ped.
rliodeoretin n. (convolvulin) zodi'on-tin, zodi-aVetin, zodi-
d'rii-tin.
rhododendron n. akin to azalea shrub [ploral rhododen-
drons, rhododendral zods'dendtdn.
rhomb n. (oblique-angled equilateral parallelogram; lozenge;
rhombohedron) zemb, zem, {rarely) ZAmb.
rhubarb n. (rootstock; plant) 'zou-bozb.
rhnbarbarin n. zolxiiz-bd-zin. same meaning as rhabarba-
rin,
rhnmb n. loxodromic curve; angular distance between two
successiv points of the compass [also spelt rutnb'i zxm, '
ZAmb.
rhyme n. zaim. see rime,
rhythm n. (flow; meter; flux and reflux) 'zidom, 'zidm,
'ziOom, 'zi6m.
rhythmic adj, rhythmical [also, formerly, spelt rythmic'^
'ndmik, 'ri9Mik.
rhythmical adj. having rhythm [also, formerly, spelt ryth-
mical} 'zidmi-kal, 'ziOMi-kal.
rhytina n. arctic sea-cow [also spelt rytinal zi'tai-na.
rhyton «. drinking-cup [ploral rhytal 'zai-ton, 'zi-ten.
rial n. English coin ; also, Spanish coin ; real [also spelt ryal]
'rai-sl.
riant adj, (smiling; gay) 'zai-snt.
ribald adj. (scurrilous) 'zibald; {improperly) 'zai-bald.
riband n., v. archaic [also spelt ribbandl 'ziband. same mean-
ing as ribbon,
ribband n. in shipbuilding, a long narrow flexible timber
j ye, gcure; btke, Q tKitv*, ^asure, dsioy; Sshoe, tSr/iew;
wufhvn; i)sing\ uwVioeveT, ite^^V, \jiu>^, \x>\lool, itt, lise^;
o poetic; a ov^r, cactiaX, k\)u1, ^\^QOt» ^qt^q^ ^\>^^x ^^^'3^fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 473
naild to the outside of the ribs of a ship to keep them tem-
porarily in place; square timber; scantling; spar [also, for-
merly, spelt rib-band, riband} 'zriband.
ribbed adj, having ribs [also spelt ribd} zribd.
ribbon, n. [also, formerly, spelt riban; archaic synonymous
cognate riband; former synonymous cognate ribbond} 'eiban.
rice n, (archaic) twigs, brushwood; also, a single twig or
branch [also spelt ryss, rise, ryse, reis, reiss, reise, reyce}
zais.
rice n, (seed or grain of Oryza sativa; rice-plant) zais.
ricochet n. (skipping of a shot along a surface) 'rikd-^et,
^ika'Set, 'eika-Je, rika'See.
rid V, clear, free [past participle and preterit rid and also,
formerly, ridded; dialectal synonymous cognate red} zid;
(dialectally) zed.
ridable adj, capable of being ridden [also spelt rideable"! *zbi-
d3-b3l.
ridiculous adj, (exciting ridicule; laughable) zri'dikQo-lds ;
{improperly) ei'dika-las, ^I'dikz^ds.
riem n. rawhide strap [also spelt reim, rheim, rimj ziim.
rifacimento n. remaking, remodeling [plural rifacimentil
zi-iatli'mento.
riffraff n. rabble; trash, rubbish [also spelt riff -raff} 'zif-
z^iy 'zii-z^:i,
rigged adj, equipt with rigging; drest [also spelt n>rf] ngd.
righteous adj, (just; virtuous) 'eai-tSas, 'eai-tgas.
right-handed adj, zait'haendid, (assumptivly) 'zait-haendid.
rig^marole n. (rambling discourse) 'zigms-zol.
rigor n. severity, harshness; excess of cold weather [also
spelt rigourl 'ciggr.
rigor n. sudden bodily chill [also spelt rigourl 'eigae, 'zi-gez,
'^ai-gor.
rigorism n. [also spelt rigourisml 'nga-eizam.
rigorist n, person of strict principles [also spelt rigourist}
'zig^-zist,
rigorous adj, characterized by rigor; strict [also, formerly,
spelt rigourousi '^iga-ras.
rile V. make turbid; disturb; vex [also, formerly, spelt ryle;
synonymous cognate rot"/] rail.
rilievo n. rirjee-vo. same meaning as relievo,
rime n. poetry or verse in which consonance of terminal or
other sounds is observd [also spelt rhyme, rhimel raim.
rime n. (hoar-frost) raim.
c: law, b: f «r, ae cat, o hot, oi hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptettdiM ^wwx^ -vs» Vtcvsln
stress-mark ( ) indicates chief stress oi\. VK^ i^>\oN«vcL"fe ^j^'siw^'^'
474 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
rimer n. one who makes rimes; rimester; minstrel [also spelt
rhymer and, formerly, rymerj 'zai-m^z,
rimer n. (tool for riming; reamer [also spelt rymer'} '^az-msz.
rimer v. (ream, rimmer) 'eai-mazr.
rimester n. maker of rimes; rimer; poetaster [also spelt
rhymester, rhymster, rhimester} 'raim-sta?.
rimmed adj. having a rim [also spelt rimd} ^imd.
rimose adj, (full of chinks) ^ai'moos, {assumptivly) 'rai-mos;
(also) yi'moos.
rind n. bark; skin [synonymous cognate rinel zaind; {less
properly) earn.
rinderpest n. (cattle-plague) 'zrinddz-pest.
ringed adj. made of rings; having or wearing a ring; markt
with rings [also spelt ringd"] zriqd.
rinse v. wash lightly; cleanse with water [former dialectal
synonymous cognate rense; past participle and preterit
rinsed, rinsf] zrints, zms; (dialectally) rents, eens.
riot n. (debauchery; disturbance of the peace; brawl) 'rai-at.
rip V. cut, pull, or tear away or apart [present participle
ripping; past participle and preterit ripped, ripti zip.
ripe V. (grow ripe; make ripe; ripen) eaip.
ripe V, grope, search; cleanse [also spelt rypel zaip.
ripieno adj. (in music, supplementary) zri'pgee-no.
riping adj. (ripening) 'eai-piq.
rise V, get up; arise; ascend [past participle risen; preterit
rose"} raiz.
rise n. (ascent; elevation) raiz; (less properly) zais,
risible adj. (of laughter; comical) 'riza-bal.
risk n., v, hazard [also, formerly, spelt risque ; as verb, past
participle and preterit risked, riskt"] zisV.
risque adj, (risky, broad, off-color) risTcee, eis'kee.
ritual adj. (of rites) 'ntju-al, 'ntgu-al.
ritualize v, [also spelt ritualisel 'z:itSu-9-laiz, 'zritgu-a-laiz.
rivage n. (coast, shore, bank) Vai-vids, 'rivids.
rival V. vie with; compete [present participle rivaling, rival-
ling; past participle and preterit rivaled, rivalled, rivaldl
'z:ai-v9l.
rivel v, wrinkle; pucker; shrivel [present participle riveling,
rivelling; past participle and preterit riveled, rivelled, ri-
veld"] 'zrival.
river n. (stream) 'ziv^z,
river n. (one who rives or cleaves) Vai-vd?.
riverain adj. (riverine, riparian) 'nva-ren.
/ yc, C cure ; 5 the, 0 tfiin ; ^ ^ azure, dj /oy ; \ shoe, tS chew ;
wwhen; rising; u whoever, iteact, xsiuW, waiiooV i.\v -ix^cc;
o poetic; sov^r, e aerial, K^auV, o\^oot, ^c>tvo, ^\ie^, tL^^QX&\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 47$
riverine adj, riparian; of a river [also, sometimes, spelt riv-
erinl 'nva-rain, 'ziv^-zin.
rivet V. fasten with a rivet; clench [present participle rivet-
ing, rivetting; past participle and preterit riveted, rivetted}
'zivit.
rividre n. (necklace) z\'v]z\z.
rivose adj. (furrowd) zrai'voos, {assumptivly) 'rai-vos; (also)
^I'voos.
road n. (roadstead; highway; railroad) zrood; (dialectally)
zod.
roam, v, wander, rove, ramble [past participle and preterit
roamed, roamdj zroom.
roar v, utter a loud, deep cry; yell; thunder [past participle
and preterit roared, roardi zo:z.
roborant n., adj. (restorativ) '^oo-ba-^ant, 'zreba-zrant.
robust adj. (sturdy, stout) ro'bAst, (assumptivly) 'roo-bAst.
robustious adj. (robust; massiv; boisterous) ro'bAstSss.
roc n. (mythic bird) zek.
rocambole n. Spanish garlic; sand-leek [also spelt rokam-
bolej '?ek9m-bol.
rochet n. garment; vestment [dialectal synonymous cognate
rocket'\ '^etjit; (dialectally) '^ekit.
rock v, move to and fro [past participle and preterit rocked,
rockt"] rek.
rock n. (stone) zek.
rock n. (distaff) zrek.
rococo adj, old-f ashiond ; ornate [also spelt roccoco'i zraTcoo-
ko.
rode V, (preterit of ride) ?ood; (dialectally) rod.
rodeo n. local (round-up) ro'dii-o.
rodomontade n. brag, boasting [also spelt rhodomontadel
^eda-men'teed.
roe n. deer [ploral roes'] zoo.
roe «. (mass of fish-eggs; spawn; milt) roo.
roffia n. '^efi-a, ro'fii-a. same meaning as rofia,
rofia n. (raffia, a palm-tree) z:o'fii-9, 'eefi-d.
roil v, zeil. same meaning as rile,
r61e n, (part, character) zrool.
roll n, (cylindric mass formd by winding or folding; turn;
deep sound; swell) zool,
roll V. move like a ball or wheel; sway from side to side;
turn; trill [past participle and preterit rolled, roldl rool,
(when unstrest) zol.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far^ aotvoii), ^*. a^, ^-vVVvr-n
]Ength-mark (:) indicates that tVie ptecedixvvE, ^c»rc^^ ^^ ^^^^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on Vht i^Y^^^vcv^ «s(^'!25S^^'
I
476 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
rolley n. truck; also, lorry, rulley [also spelt rollyj 'zeh.
rollick V, (frolic) Velik.
roly-poly n. (game; pudding; coil of hair; dance; plant)
'zooAi'pooAi,
Romaic adj.,n. (modern Greek) ro'mee-ik.
Romance n. (vernacular language of France) ra'maents,
zo'mdtnts; srd'maens, zo'mxns.
romance n. (tale in verse, etc. ; a form of novel ; fiction ; bal-
lad; melody) 79'maents, ro'mxnts; (also, especially in
Britain) ro'maens; (less properly) '^oo-maents, 'roo-maens. '
roniance v. (exaggerate; use romantic language) z^'mxnts,
ZTd'maens; ro'maents, po'maens; (less properly) 'roo-maents.
Roniance adj. (of the languages which arose out of the
provincial Roman or Latin; Romanic) sd'mxnts, z^'mxns;
iro'maents, zro'maens; (less properly) 'zroo-maents, '^oo-maens.
Ronianesqne adj. of Romanized Europe, etc. [also, former-
ly, spelt RomaneskJ zroma'nesk.
Ronianize v. [also spelt Romanisel 'zoo-m^-naiz,
Romansli adj., n. Rhaeto-romanic [also spelt Romansch, Rou-
mansch, Rutnansh, Rumansch; synonymous cognates Ru-
monsh, Rumonsch, Rumontsch, Romonsch, Romanesh,
RomuntcK] zra'maentS, ea'maenS.
Roniany n. Gipsy [also spelt Rommany; ploral Romanies'!
'eema-ni; (improperly) zroo-ma-ni.
Romic adj. (based on the Roman values of letters) 'roo-mik.
±ondean n. (poem; also, rondo) 'ren-do, zen'doo.
rondo n. in music, round; setting of a rondeau; movement
involving repetition; also, a game of hazard [ploral rondos]
'zendOf 'ren-do.
Rontgen adj. [also spelt RoentgenJ 'zrentgan, Ventggn.
rood n. (cross; measure) zoud.
roof n. (upper covering of a building, etc.) zrouf ; (dialectally)
rof.
rook n. (crow; swindler) ^ok.
rook n. (in chess, castle) rok.
rook z/. (cheat; overcharge) zrok.
rooni n. (space; apartment) roum; (dialectally) ^om.
roost n.,v, (perch, etc.) roust; (dialectally) zust.
root V, (fix the root; strike root; plant deeply) ^out; (dia-
lectally) rot.
root V. dig or burrow with the snout; eradicate [synonymous
cognate routi zovlX; (dialectally) zot.
Roquefort n. (cheese) '^ook-fa^t; (less properly) 'rekfart.
jye, ccure; btHe, Btkitv, ^sisut^, ^-si^^*, ^sfioe, t^cAew;
wwhen: n sina; uwVioever, iteaLcx, vsiuW, ^>\\ooV ^Vn., s:v's.ee\
op(?etic; a over, eaeriaV, kW\:, o-.^oqt, •:.oxvo, ^\.c^, -^^'ian.^n
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 477
Toqnelaure n. cloak [synenymous cegnatps rocklay, rocke-
lay, rokelay, rocklow, rocolo, roquelo, rocklier, roclierl 'zeki-
lo:z; (less often) zekiloiz,
roqnet v, 'roo-ke, ^o'kee.
roquet n. (stroke in the game of croquet) 'zoo-ke, sro'kee.
rorqual n. (f inner-whale) ^zeiz-kwdl, *ze:z-kwe\.
rosaceous adj, (rose-like) zo'zee-l^s.
rosary n. garland of roses; chaplet; string of beads; series
of devotions [ploral rosaries} 'zroo-za-ei, ^zooz-zi,
rose V. (preterit of rise) zooz, (when unstrest) zoz,
roseate adj. (full of roses; rose-colord) 'eoo-zi-gt, '^oo-zi-et;
(less properly) '^oo-si-et.
rosemary n. (evergreen shrub) 'z:D0z-me:-z:i, 'zooz-mezi, 'eooz-
mdzi.
roseola n. (rose-rash) eo'zii-a-la; (less properly) zozVooA^.
roset n. (dialectal) rosin, resin [also spelt rosit, roset, rosit,
rozzetl 'eoo-zit.
roset n. ^o'zet. see rosette,
rosette n. rose-like knot, bunch, or form [also, rarely, spelt
roset} sTo'zet.
Rosicrucian n. one of the Brethren or Knights of the Rosy-
cross [also, rarely, spelt Rosicrusian} rezi'k^ou-Jan, ?ozi-
'k3ou-Si-3n.
rosin n. [dialectal synenymous cognates rosum, rosil, roset}
'zrezgn, '^ezn, 'zezm. same meaning as resin.
rosiness n. rosy color, etc. [also spelt rosyness} '?oo-zi-nis.
Rosminian n. ?ez'mini-3n, ?es'mini-3n.
rosolio n. cordial [also spelt rosoglio, rossoglio} ?o'zoo-H-o.
rostrum n. beak; snout [ploral rostra, rostrums} 'rest^am;
(improperly) '^oo-stjam.
rotary adj. (circular, rotativ) 'zroo-ta-zri ; (assumptivly) 'zroo-
t9^i, (rapidly) 'rDO-t£i.
rotate adj, (wheel-shaped) Voo-tet.
rotate v, (revolv, turn) 'roo-tet, (also, and in Britain nor-
mally) ^o'teet.
rotating adj, (turning; rotatory) 'roo-tetiq, ro'tee-tiq.
rotator n, (muscle; rotating part; rotifer) ^o'tee-tar.
rotche n. little auk [also spelt rotch; synenymous cognates
roach, rotchie} zq\.\.
rote n. (routine : as in hy *rote) root.
rotifer n, (wheel-animalcule) '^oo-ti-far.
rotolo n, rotl : an eastern weight [also spelt rottolo ; ploral
rotolos, rotoli, rottolis} '^eta-lo.
c: law, b: iur, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, aa tvow, ^\ a^, ^\.V\\s.\
]Fngth-mark (:) indicates that tVie ptetediTvtt ^Ck>a.Tv^ ^.^ ^?^^
stress-mark (') indicates chief stress on Wift i^>\o^v£v^ ^-3>\^^^«..
478 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
rotonde n. (ruff), zro'tend.
rotund adj, (round; roundish; spheric) zo'tAnd.
rotunda n. round building; circular hall [former synony-
mous cognate rotundoj zo'tAuds.
rouoou n. tree; dye [synonymous cognates rocou, rocu\ zu-
Tcou, 'rou-ku.
rou6 n. (debauchee; rake) zu'ee, 'zou-e.
rouge adj. (red) Z0U3.
rouge n. in football, scrimmage [also spelt rooge, ruge\
zouds-
rongh adj, (not smooth; harsh) zhi,
rough n. rowdy; ruffian [also, formerly, spelt ruff\ zhi,
roughy n. fish [also spelt ruffie, ruffyl 'zaU.
roulade n. (quick succession of musical notes) zu^aid.
rouleau n. roll of coins; coil [ploral rouleaus, rouleaux'} zu-
loo.
roulette n. game; curve; tool [also spelt rouletl Tulet.
Roumeliote n. nativ of Roumelia [also spelt Rumeliotel zo-
'mii-li-ot.
roundabout adj,, n. 'raon-ds-baot.
roundabout adv. about, around; in the vicinity; in the oppo-
sit direction; in different directions [also spelt round about]
zraon-da'baot.
roundaboutly adv. (in a roundabout manner; indirectly)
'zraon-da-bao-tti.
roundelay n. (song, dance) 'raon-dd-le.
roup n. disease of poultry [also spelt roopH zroup.
rout n. (assemblage; pack; disorderly crowd) zaat.
rout v., n. (defeat, etc.) ?aot.
rout V. (root, as a hog; also, cut out, as superfluous metal in
an electrotype plate) zraot.
route n. (way, road, path, course) zrout; (less properly) zaot.
routine n. (customary course of procedure; fixt round of ac-
tion) ^o'tiin; {less properly) 'rou-tin.
routine adj, (habitually practist) '?ou-tin.
rour V. use oars; impel by means of oars [past participle
and preterit rowed, rowd] zoo.
To-w n. (series; rank; file) zoo.
row «. (affray; brawl; hubbub) zaa.
rour V. (assail roughly; scold; unbraid; make a row or dis-
turbance) zao.
rouran-tree n. mountain-ash [synonymous cognates roan-
tree, roun-treel '?D0-9n-tEii, '^au-an-tsii.
j ye, gcure; 5 the, B tK\iv; ^slsvlt?:, ^-bi^^N ^sfeoe, tjc/iew;
w when; n sino; uwVioevet, \Te2ic\., xiiuNS., ^>\VooV ^\v, ^v%ee\
o poetic; ©over, eoeria\, k\>u1, o-.^oot, ^^t^o, ^\icey., ^.^^a\fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 479
rondel n. (spur-wheel, etc.) 'eau-al; {improperly) 'roo-al.
rondel V. use the rowel on; put spurs to, etc. [present parti-
ciple rozveling, rozvelling; past participle and preterit row-
eled, rowelled, roweldl 'zrau-sL
ron^look n. oarlock [synonymous cognates rollock, rullock^
'eoo-Iok, '^Alak.
royalize v, [also spelt royalisel 'zei-dAaiz,
rnb V. apply pressure with motion to the surface of; smooth;
furbish [past participle and preterit rubbed, rubdl zAh.
rubeola n. (measles; German measles; rubella) zo'bii-d-ls;
(improperly) rubi'oo-la.
rnbiacin n. (yellow coloring-matter from madder-root) 'eou-
bi-3-sin, ru'bai-3-sin, (rarely) ^ubi'aesin.
rnbicel n. orange-colord spinel [also spelt rubicellel 'eou-bi-
seL
ruble n, coin [also spelt rouble"} 'rou-bal.
mohe n. trimming; pile of tiles to catch oyster-spawn [also
spelt rouchel eouS.
rude adj, (rough; crude; boorish) zroud.
rudiment n. (elementary principle; beginning) 'eou-di-mant
rueful adj, (full of pity; sorry) 'eou-fal.
ruff n. fish [also spelt ruffe} zsi.
ruff n. (collar; pigeon; bird) z\i.
ruffian, n. (brutal fellow) '^Afi-an, 'zrAfian.
rugate adj, (having rugae; wrinkled) '^ou-get.
rugged adj. (rough; uneven; shaggy; disturbd) 'eAgid.
rugged adj. (furnisht with a rug or rugs) 7Agd.
rugose adj, (rugate) zro'goos, (assumptivly) '?ou-gos.
ruined adj, demolisht; spoild [also spelt ruind} '?ou-ind.
rumen n. first stomach [ploral rumina} '?ou-men.
rummage v, (ransack, explore; stir) 'zAmids.
rumor n.,v. noise; report, etc. [also spelt rumour; as verb,
past participle and preterit rumored, rumord} 'eou-mar.
rundale n. (system of land-holding) 'zAn-del.
rundle n. round; rung [also spelt rundel} 'rAndl.
rung n. (cross-bar, spoke; stave; floor-timber) z\r}.
runlet n. cask [synonymous cognate rundlet} '^Anlat.
runlet n. (little run or stream; runnel) 'rAulat.
runnel n. (rivulet, brook; gutter) 'zau^I.
rupee n. (monetary unit of India; coin) eu'pii.
ruralize v. [also spelt ruralise} 'ro:-?9-laiz.
ruse n. (stratagem) rouz; (less properly) zrous.
rushed adj. hurried [also spelt rttsht} zA^t.
c: law, b: f «r, ae cat, e hot, ex hoy ; a: far, go now^ a*. a«k, ^-vVaXs-n
length-mark (:) indicates that tVie pTeceditv^E, ^^>ax!A \% '^!J'''^*>
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on Vht i^YL^^vcv^ %Y^^iav^
480 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
rushed adj. strewd with rushes [also spelt rusktl zA^t,
ruflhen. adj. (made of rushes, or of a rush) 'zAl^n.
R1188 n.,adj. (Russian) zas, zovls.
rnsset n. (cloth; reddish-brown; apple) 'zAsit.
msseting n. russet apple [also spelt russetting; synonymous
cognate russetini 'zrASi-tiq.
Rnssian n. nativ of Russia [also, occasionally, spelt Roo-
Stan, RooshianJ 'pAjan, 'zrAjjan, 'rou-Jan.
rustle v.,n. [also, formerly, spelt russlej 'zas^I, 'zasI.
rustre n. (armor-scale; pierced lozenge) 'zrAstae.
rutabaga n. (Swedish turnip) mta'bee-ga; {less properly)
rots'bee-gs.
ryal n. rose-noble, an English gold coin [also spelt rial"} 'rai-
rye n. cereal; whisky [ploral ryes} zai.
rye v, {dialectal) zrai. same meaning as ree.
rynd it. burstone mill [also spelt rind} zrind.
ryot n. Indian peasant [also spelt riot, ryat, rayat, raiat,
raiyat, rayet} 'rai-at.
rype n. (ptarmigan) eaip.
rypeck n. (local) pole used to moor a ptint while fishing, etc
[also spelt ryepeck, ripeck} 'sai-pek.
Sabaean ad}. ssHbii-sn. see Sahean,
Sabaism. n. doctrin of the Sabians or Mondaeans; star-wor-
ship, Sabianism [also spelt Sabeism, Sabaeistn, Sabiism;
synonymous cognates Sabisnt, Tsabaism and, formerly, Zaba-
ism} 'see-bi-izam.
Sabaotb n. pi, (armies, hosts) 'saebi-e0, 'sabe-o9, sa'bee-oG.
Sabbatine adj. of the Sabbath (Saturday) [also, sometimes,
spelt Sabbatin} 'saeba-tin, 'saeba-tain.
Sabbatize v. keep the Sabbath, etc. [also spelt Sabbatisel
'saeba-taiz.
Sabean adj. of the ancient population of Yemen, Arabia [al-
so spelt Sabaean} sa'bii-an.
saber v. furnish with a saber; strike or cut with a saber
[also spelt sabre; present participle sabering, sabring; past
participle and preterit sabered, saberd, sabred} 'see-ba?.
saber n. sword [also spelt sabre} 'see-ba?.
Sabian n. one of a sect mentiond in the Koran [also, for-
merly, spelt Sabaean} 'see-bi-an.
•
j ye, 9 cure; btKe, B tK\Tv*,^^^2A3ite, d^ioy; J^Aoe, tS cAcw;
wwhen; i) sing\ uwlaoever, \Tea.c\., \5\\C\, wx-XooV i^n\., ^%iie'
o poetic; a ov^r, e aetiaV, K\ivX, ^'.^oot, ti^x^o, ^\iees., ^r:^^^R.^
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 481
sabicu n. (tree; wood) saebi'kou.
Sabine n. (one of an ancient Italian people) 'sce-bain, 'sx-
bain.
sabot n, (wooden shoe) 831)00, sae'boo, 'sae-bo, 'saebo.
■abretasli n. case worn beside the saber [also spelt sabre-
tache, sabretaschel 'see-ba^-taeS.
■ac n. (in law^ saccage) sxk.
sac n. (in biology, saccus, saccule, sack, cist) sack.
saoohario adj. (of sugar, etc.) sd'kaerik.
saccharide n. sucrate [also, sometimes, spelt saccharid}
'saeka-raid, 'saeka-^id.
saccharify v. (convert into sugar) sa'kaeei-fai, 'saekari-fai.
saccharin n. (bitter anhydrid of saccharic acid) 'saekd-^in;
(sweet benzin derivativ) 'saeka-zrin, (also, popularly) 'saeka-
zin.
saccharine adj. of sugar; sugary [also, sometimes, spelt
saccharin'\ 'saeka-nn, 'saeka-^ain.
sacerdotal adj. (priestly) saesaz'doo-tl.
sachem n. (chief; sagamore) 'see-tSsm; (less properly)
'saetSam,
sachet n. (scent-bag) sae'$ee.
sack n. (bag; measure) saek.
sack n. (wine) saek.
sack n. loose gown; coat [also spelt saque and, formerly, sacj
saek.
sack n.,v. plunder [as verb, past participle and preterit
sacked, sacktl saek,
sacrament n. (Holy Communion; oath) 'saelraa-mant ; (im-
properly) 'see-lcsa-mant.
sacrificable adj. (obsolete) sd'k^ifika-bal.
sacrifice n. (offering; loss; victim) 'saek^i-fais, 'saek^i-f&iz.
sacrifice v. (make an offering of; give up) 'saeksi-fais,
'saek^i-faiz, (rarely) 'saelcsi-fis.
sacrificer n. 'saek^i-fai-sa?, 'saek3i-fai-zD?,
sacrificial adj. (of sacrifice) saek^i'fiSal.
sacrilege n. (violation or desecration of sacred things)
'saeksi-hds, 'saek^i-leds.
sacrilegious adj. (characterized by sacrilege; profane)
saek3i1id33s, saeksilii-dsas.
sacristan n. (sexton; sacrist) 'saek^i-stan.
sacristy n. repository in a church in which are kept the sa-
cred vessels, etc.; vestry [ploral sacristies'] 'saeksi-sti.
sacro-iliac adj. (of the sacrum and the ilium) see-k^o'iH-aek.
c: law, b: iur, ae cat, e hot, ox boy; a: far, ao now, a: osk, ai ktte;
lrnja:th-mark (:) indicates that the ptecedixv?. %c>\\xv^ a^ Vst^si;,
^tre$s-mQrk (') indicates chief str^^^ OXV \\l^ \q>\o^vc^^ ^-f^ai^^.
462 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
saorosanot adj, (very sacred) 'saek^o-sacQkt, 'see-kso-szrikt.
saomm n. os sacrum, or sacred bone, near the base of the
backbone [ploral sacrums, sacral 'see-lcssm.
■ad adj, (sorrowful; bad; dark) saed, {sometimes) sae:d.
saddlery n. (art or wares of a saddler; place where saddles
are kept when not in use) 'saedld-n.
Saddnoean adj, of the Sadducees [also spelt Sadducaean]
saedjo'sii-dn.
■afegnard n.,v, [also spelt safegardi 'seef-gazrd.
■affloiver n. (plant) 'sae-fx.au-9z.
saga n. (legend; tale) 'sar-ga; {improperly) 'see-ga.
sasaoions adj, (shrewd; intelligent) ss'gee-Sds; {improperly)
Sd'gaeSds.
sagacity it. (shrewdness; intelligence) sd'gaesi-ti.
■asene n. (Russian measure) sae'dszin, 'sa:-d3en.
■asene n. (fishing-net) ss'dsiin.
saggar n. protecting case of baked fire-proof clay used in
potteries [synonymous cognate seggar} 'saegs^.
sagitta n. (arrow, etc.) sd'dsits.
sagittal adj. (like an arrow or arrow-head) 'saedsi-tl; {less
properly) sa'dsitl.
sagittary n. (centaur; archer) 'saedsi-tcei.
sagittate adj. (shaped like an arrow-head) 'saedsi-tet.
sahlite n. variety of pyroxene [also spelt salite'} 'sa:-lait.
said V, (preterit of say) sed, (when unstrest) sad.
said adj. (utterd; mentiond, aforesaid) sed.
sail V, travel in a vessel; navigate; etc. [past participle and
preterit sailed, saildl seel.
sailable adj. (that can be saild; navigable) 'see-ls-bal.
sailer n. (one who or that which sails; sailor, seaman; ship)
'see-la?,
sailor n. (seaman, mariner) 'see-la?.
sainfoin n. (herb) 'seen-fein; {less properly) 'saen-fain.
saint n. (holy person) seent, {when unstrest and used ante-
riorly, as a title) sant, san.
Saite n. (inhabitant of Sais) 'see-ait.
saithe n. coal-fish [also spelt seythej seeG.
Saitic adj. (of Sais; Saite) se'itik.
sake n. (in for the *sake of, for my *sake, etc.) seek.
sake n. rice liquor [also, sometimes, spelt sakel 'sa:-ki, 'sae-ke.
saker n, large lanncr falcon [also sprit sacrel 'sce-ka?.
saker n, (cannon) 'see-ka?.
saki n. monkey [also spelt sake} 'see-ki, 'saeki, 'sa:-ki.
j ye, ^cure; bthe, Qthin; 3 a^ure, ds/oy; I shoe, t^ chew;
wwhen; T)sing\ uwlioever, ixe^LcX., vki^^, vi>3.ioo\. \%t, 11 s^^;
opoeHc; 9 over, eoenaV, x\iui» *:i*.^oot, •;>^t^o, ^,\ie^, ^^%jq!«.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 483
sakia n. water-drawing wheel [synenymous cegnate sakieh']
'sa;-ki-3.
salaam n., v. salute [also spelt salam'\ S3la:m.
salable adj. capable of being sold [also spelt saleable} 'see-
la-bal.
salacious adj. (lustful) ss'lee-^ss.
salad n. (cold dish of herbs, etc.) 'sselsd.
salade n. S3la:d. same meaning as sallet.
saladine n. obsolete [also spelt salandini 'saeid-din. same
meaning as celandine.
salary n, fixt periodical payment for continuous services
[ploral salaries'] 'saela-ei, {rapidly) 'sael^i.
salep n. meal [also spelt salopi 'sselsp.
saleratus n. bicarbonate of potassium or sodium used as bak-
ing-powder [also spelt salaeratusi saela'eee-tas.
Salic adj. (in Salic law, a law excluding females from dy-
nastic succession; Salique; also, of the Salian Franks)
'saehk, 'see-hk.
salicin n. bitter principle from willow-bark [also spelt sali-
cine] 'saeh-sin.
salicyl n. radical [also spelt salicyle, salicile; former synen-
ymous cegnate saliculel 'saeh-sil.
salicylate n. (salt of salicylic acid) sdlisi-let, sdlisi-idt;
'saehsi-let, 'saehsil-et.
salicylic adj. (of salicin; of salicylic acid) saeh'sihk.
salicylize v. treat with salicylic acid [also spelt salicylisel
'saeh-si-laiz.
salient adj. (leaping; jetting forth; conspicuous) 'see-li-ant,
'see-Iiant.
salify V. (form a salt) 'saeh-fai.
salina n. (salt lake or marsh; saline; salt-pan, salt-works)
S3'lai-n9.
saline adj, 'see-lain, sa'lain; (less properly) sae'lain, 'sae-lain.
saline n. (salt-spring, salina) 'see-lain, sdlain.
Salique adj. ss'hik. see Salic,
saliva n. (spittle) sa'lai-va.
salival adj. (salivary) sa'lai-val; (improperly) 'saeh-val.
salivant adj. (promoting salivation) 'saeh-vsnt.
salivary adj. (of saliva) 'saeh-veei, 'saeh-vaei; (improperly)
S3'lai-v9-ri.
sallee-man n. salee rover, a pirate-ship [also, sometimes,
spelt sallyman, sally-man] 'saeh-man, 'saeli-maen.
sallet n, helmet [synenymous cegnate salade] 'saeht.
c: lazv, b: f wr, ae cat, e hot, ex boy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ax kite ;
Icngth-mork (:) indicates that the preceding; «,Q>a?wL as* Vstcvsln
stress-mark (') indicates chief stress ou >i3;it iQ>\a^vci.^ ^-a^%i^^
>R..
484 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
■almasiuidi n, dish [also spelt salmagundyl saelms'gAndi.
salmi n. ragout [also spelt salmis} 'sarimi.
■almoif n. (fish; color) 'ssemdn; (improperly) 'saelmdn.
■almonoid adj. (like a salmon) 'saelms-neid ; (less properly)
'saems-neid.
salmon-peal n. young salmon [also spelt salmon-peel]
'saeman-piil.
salon n. (reception-hall; drawing-room, saloon; fashionable
gathering) 'sae-len, 'sae-leq, sse'lei}.
saloon n. (reception-hall; cabin; grog-shop) ssloun.
salp n. salpa, a fish [also spelt salpe} saelp.
salsify n. purple goat's-beard ; oyster-plant [synonymous cog-
nate salsafy} 'saelsi-fi.
saltarello n. dance; jack of a spinet [also spelt salterello}
saelta'reb.
saltire n. in heraldry, an ordinary in the form of a St. An-
drews cross [also spelt saltierl 'sael-ti:^.
saltpeter n. potassium nitrate; niter [also spelt saltpetre]
sc:lt'pii-t3e.
salt-rheum n. (skin-disease) scrft'zoum.
■alnbrions adj. (healthful) ssliou-bzi-ds.
salutary adj. (healthful, beneficial) 'saelio-teei.
salutatory adj. (of salutation; vocativ) sa'liou-ta-tDri, sa-
'}iou-t3-t9ri.
salute V. (greet) sa'Hout; (dialectally) sa'lout.
salvage n. (payment for saving; act of saving; property
salvd or saved) 'saelvids.
salve V. anoint, etc. [past participle and preterit salved,
salvd] sa:v, sa:v; (dialectally, vulgarly) saeiv; (rarely) saelv,
sailv.
salve inter j. (used as a greeting) 'sael-vi.
salve V, save from loss at sea or by fire; make salvage of
[also spelt salv, past participle and preterit salved, salvd]
saelv.
salver n. (tray, waiter) 'saelva?.
salvor n. (one who saves a ship or goods, as from wreck or
fire; salvage- vessel) 'saelvae, 'sael-ve:?.
samara n. (key-fruit) 'saema-ea, S3'me:-e3, sa'maera.
samarra n. (cassock, simar) sd'msera.
sambo n. offspring of a black and a mulatto [synonymous
cognate sambo; plural sambos, samboes] 'saemba.
sambook n. vessel [also spelt sambtik] 'ssem-buk.
samester n. coral [also spelt samestre] sa'mestd?.
} ye, 5 cure; d *fie, Q thin; 3 axrure, d^joy; I shoe, tlchew;
wwhen; T}sing\ uwVioevet, itc^cx, KiiuW, oufool, i it, lis^^;
op<?etic; o over, e oetiaV, A.\iul, ';i*.^oot, •;>^\io^ ^>cke^, ^<5.^qr
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 485
Samian adj. (of Samos) 'see-mi-9n.
■amiel n. (simoom) 'see-mi-dl.
samite n. (silk fabric) 'sae-mait, 'sxmit.
saminen adj. imperfectly burnt : said of bricks ; samel [also
spelt salmon] 'saeman.
Samnite n. (nativ of Samnium) 'ssem-nait*
samovar n. (Russian tea-urn) 'saema-va:?, saema'va:?.
Samoyed n. (one of a Mongolian race of Siberia) 'ssems-jed,
sa'moo-jed.
Samoyedic adj. of the Samoyeds [also spelt Santojedic}
saema'jedik.
samphire n. (herb) 'saem-fai?, 'saemfa?.
sample n. (specimen, example) 'saempa}, 'sa:m-p3l; (dialec-
tally) 'sa:m-p3}.
samnrai n. one of a Japanese military class or caste; army
officer [ploral samurai] 'saemo-^ai.
sanative adj. curativ; of healing [also spelt sanativ] 'ssena-
tiv.
sanatorinm n. establishment for the treatment of invalids;
health-resort; hill-station; hospital [erroneous synonymous
cognates sanatarium, sanitarium; plural sanatoria] saena'to:-
zri-am.
sanatory adj. (conduciv to health) 'saen3-t37i.
sancho n. West African guitar [also spelt sanko] 'saeqko.
sanctimonious adj. (formerly, holy; now, of assumed sanc-
tity or hypocritical piety) saeqkti'moo-ni-as.
sandaled adj, wearing sandals [also spelt sandalled, sandald]
'saendld, 'saendald.
sandaling n. web for sandals [synonymous cognate sand-
ling] 'saendl-iq, 'saenda-hq.
sandarac n. realgar; juniper-resin, gum sandarac; also, for-
merly, bee-bread [also spelt sandarach] 'saenda-eaek.
sandivioh n. (article of food consisting of two slices of bread
with meat or other edible placed between) 'saendwitj.
sane adj. (healthy; sound in mind; not mad) seen.
sang-froid n. (coolness, calmness) sog'fstDO, sog'^swc, seg-
'f^iua.
sangrail n. saint grail, holy grail [synonymous cognates san-
greal, sangreall] saeq'g^eel, seq'g^eel.
sangreal «. 'saeqgri-al, saeq'gzeel, soq'geeel, saeq'eii-al, saeq-
'^ee-al. same meaning as sangrail,
sangrnigenous adj. (producing blood) saen'gwidsi-nas, saeq-
'gwid3i-n9S.
c: \aw, b: iur, ae cat, o hot, ei boy; a: far, ao now^ a: ask, ^-v^gAX^N
Irngth-mark (:) indicates that the pteeedixva ^Q>axA ^.^ ^?'^"'
fftrcss-mark C) indicates chief stress otv Vix^ fc\Vi^va% «f^ci5«^^'
486 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
sangninarin. n. alkaloid from blood-root [also spelt sangui-
narinej 'saeggwina-nn, saeq'gwina-em.
■anguiAary adj. (bloody; bloodthirsty) 'saeggwi-ne^i ; (less
properly) 'saengwi-ncei.
sanguine adj. blood-red; cheerful, hopeful [also spelt san-
guine 'saeqgwin ; (less properly) 'saengwin.
sangnineons adj, (of or like blood; sang^uinary, blood-
thirsty; sanguin, full-blooded) saen'gwini-ss, saeg'gwini-ds.
sanliedrini n. council [synonymous cognate sanhedrin]
'saeni-drim.
sanies n. (thin fetid, pus, etc.) 'see-ni-i:z.
sanitary adj, of health; hygienic [erroneous synonymous
cognate sanitoryj 'saeni-tcpi.
sanjak n. district of an eyalet or vilayet [also spelt sangiac,
sandgiacj 'saen-dsaek.
sans prep, (without) saenz, 8a:nz, seg.
sansculotte n. (poor French republican; ragamuffin) sxnz-
kgolet.
Sanskrit n. ancient language of India [also spelt Sanscritl
'saensksit.
santalin n, coloring-matter of red sanders [also spelt san-
taline} 'saenta-hn.
santonin n. bitter principle from santonica [also spelt san-
toninel 'sajnta-nin.
sapajon n. sajou, sai; spider-monkey [synonymous cognate
sapago'\ 'saepa-dsu.
sapan-ivood n. dye-wood [also spelt sappan-wood'\ 'ssepsn-
wod, sa'paen-wod.
sapkie n. charm [also spelt saffi, safiel 'saefi.
sapience n. (wisdom) 'see-pi-9ns.
sapient adj, (wise) 'see-pi-ant.
sapodilla n. evergreen tree [also, formerly, spelt sapadilla,
sappodilla; former synonymous cognates sapotilla, sapotilla]
saepa'dila,
saponaceous adj. (of soap, soapy) saeps'nee-Sds.
saponin n. glucoside [also spelt saponine'] 'saepd-nin.
saponine n, 'saepa-nain. same meaning as saponin,
saponnl n. 'saepa-UAl. same meaning as saponule,
saponnle n. partial soap [synonymous cognate saponut} 'ssps-
njul.
sapor n. taste, savor [synonymous cognate sapour\ 'see-pde,
'see-po?.
saporific adj. (producing taste) saepa'eifik.
} y^, gcure; btKe, Q tKltv, -sasure, dj/oy; S j/ioe, t$c/»ew;
wtvhen; 13 sing\ uwYvoevet, ixe^ct, \iiu\\., \i>aLiooV "vxt.^ lis^^;
o poetic; obver, eoenaV, K\iul, v.^oot, "a^x^o^ ^.\ie\^ ^^%^v^
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 487
■aponr n. 'see-pa?, same meaning as sapor.
aa.T^'pa.T n, cyanite [synenymous cegnate sapare'\ 'saepa?.
gapper n. (one who saps) 'saepsr.
sapper n. (tool for cutting away sap-wood) 'saepaz:.
sapperment n. (oath) saps^'ment.
Sapphic adj. (of the Greek poetess Sappho) 'saefik.
sapphire n. (precious stone) 'sae-faie, 'saefae.
sapphirine adj, [also, sometimes, spelt sapphirini 'ssefi-nn,
'saefi-^ain.
sapphirine n. mineral [also spelt saphirine; synenymous
cegnate sappharin} 'saefi-?in, 'saefi-eain.
sapsago n. hard Swiss cheese [synenymous cegnate chapsa-
gerl saep'see-go, 'saep-sego.
Sarabaite n. monk [synenymous cegnate Sarabitel sae?d'bee-
ait.
Saracen n., adj. (Arab, Moslem, etc.) 'sae^s-sdn.
saraf n. (oriental banker; shroff) sa'ea:f,
sarcasm, n. (bitter remark; gibe) 'sa^-kaezam, 'saizr-kaezam ;
'sa^-kaezm, 'sa:?-kaezm.
sarcelcd adj. sarcelly [also spelt sarcelled, sarceldl 'sarsdld.
sarcelly adj. having the points curld back; voided and open
at the ends; cut thru the middle [synenymous cegnate cerce-
Ice} 'sa?s3-h.
sarcelle n. obsolete (teal, a duck) saz'sel.
sarcoma n. tumor [ploral sarcomata, sarcomas'] sasr'koo-md.
sarcophag:i n. (ploral of sarcophagus) sa^'kefs-dsai.
sarcophasns n. formerly, sui$posed flesh-consuming stone
used for coffins; latterly, stone coffin; flesh-eater; wine-
cooler [ploral sarcophagi^ SQz'kei^-g^s,
sarcosine n. methyl glycocoll [also spelt sarcosin, sarkosine,
sarkosinl 'sa^ka-sin.
sardell n. sardine-like fish [also spelt sardell so^'del, 'sa:e-
del.
sardine n. sard, a gem [also, sometimes, spelt sardini 'saiz-
dm, 'sa:z-dain.
sardine n. (fish) so^'diin; (less properly) 'sare-din, 'sa:?-din.
sardonic adj. (bitter, scornful, mocking) sa?'denik.
sardonyx n, (variety of onyx or stratified chalcedony) saz-
'deniks, 'sa:?-d3-niks.
sargasso n. gulf -weed, a marine alga of the genus Sargassum
[ploral sargassos! sa^'gaeso.
sari n. Hindu garment; fabric [also spelt sarhi, sary, saree,
sarie, sarrie, sarheel 'sa:-?i, 'sa:-?i.
c: \azv, b: iur, ae cat, e hot, ei boy; a: for, ao now, ^\ a-^^ \».V\\s.\
length-mark (:) indicates that tVie pTece^\tLtt ^Q.>axA ^.% '^^J'^*^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on Vh^ lQ>\Q^vci% ^-^v^Sdv^.
488 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
sarlak n. yak [also spelt sarlac; synonymous cognates sar-
lik, sarlyk} 'saiz-isk.
sarrauin. n. buckwheat [also spelt sarasin, sarrcuin, saras-
sin} 'saer»-zin.
sarsaparilla n. sazs^ps'zil^; (improperly) saespaVila.
sarsenet n. silk fabric; dress [also spelt sarcenet, sarsnet]
'sa^SNit.
sartor n. (tailor) 'sartdz, *saz-tez.
sams n. Indian crane [synonymous cognate sarrusl 'sei-z^s.
sashed adj. furnisht with a sash [also spelt stLshtl saeSt.
sasliy V. (vulgar) 'sx$i. same meaning as chasse,
sasin n. antelope [synonymous cognate saisin} 'saesin.
sasine n. act of giving possession of feudal property; instru-
ment [also spelt sasin\ 'see-sin.
saskatoon n. shrub; service-berry [synonymous cognate sas-
kootoom} sxskd'tuun.
sassaby n. bastard hartbeest [also spelt sasayby, sassayby,
sassaybe, sassaybi; synonymous cognates sassabye, tsessebe,
tsessabi; ploral sassabies'\ 'saes3-bi, ss'see-bi.
sassafras n. (tree; bark) 'sses9-f:s£s.
Sassanian adj. of the family of Sasan [also spelt Sasanian]
S3'see-ni-3n.
Sassenack n. Saxon, Englishman [synonymous cognate Sac-
sanach} 'saesi-naek.
sassliay v. vulgar [also spelt sashayl 'sae-^e, 'SaeSe. same
meaning as chasse,
sassoline n. nativ boracic abid [also, sometimes, spelt sasso-
lin} 'saes9-Hn, 'saesa-hn.
sassy adj, (dialectal) 'saesi. see saucy.
sassy n. African tree [synonymous cognates sass, saucy]
'saesi.
Satan n. (the devil) 'see-tn, 'see-tan.
Satanic adj. (of Satan; devilish) sa'taenik.
satanize v. [also spelt satanise} 'see-tn-aiz, 'see-ta-naiz.
satchel n. (small bag) 'saet^sl.
sate V. (glut, surfeit, satiate) seet.
sate V. archaic (preterit of sit) seet.
sateen n. satin-like fabric [also spelt satteenl sae'tiin.
satellite n. (attendant ; secondary planet) 'saetl-ait, 'saetd-lait.
satiate v. (satisfy, sate; glut) 'see-Ji-et.
satiety n. (state of being satiated) sa'tai-i-ti.
satin n. (glossy silk fabric) 'saetin, 'saetn.
satin adj. (of satin) 'saetn, 'saetin.
} ye, Qcure; ^tKe, Q tK\xv*, 's^sMte, ds/oy; S j/ioe, tScAew;
wwhtn; r\^\ng\ uwYioevet, iteatV, xsi>^, vk\x.\ooV T.\t, \isee\
0 poetic; a over, e oena\, k\>u\., v.^oot, t»^x^o, ^\^e\, ^-ti^^v.
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 439
satinet n. satin-like fabric [also, sometimes, spelt satinette'\
saeti'net, 'saeti-nit.
satiny adj, (satin-like) 'saetn-i, 'saeti-ni.
satire n. (scornful poem or essay; irony, ridicule) 'sa-tair,
'saeta?.
satiric adj, (of satire) sd'ti^ik.
satirist n. (writer of satires) 'saets-rist.
satirize v. [also spelt satirise] 'sstd-zaiz.
satisfactory n. (affording satisfaction) sxtis'fsekt3-7i,
(sometimes) saetis'faektji.
satrap n. (governor; prince) 'see-tjaep, 'sae-tjaep.
satrapy n. 'see-tja-pi, 'see-tjaepi, 'saetj3-pi, 'sae-tjaepi.
Saturday n. (day of the week) 'saetae-di, (anteriorly)
'saeta^di, (often) 'saetdi; (also) 'saet3^-de.
Saturnalia n.pl. (festival of Saturn; noisy revelry) ssetdz-
'nee-li-3.
saturnine adj. (born under Saturn; sluggish; cold; gloomy)
'saeta^-nain, 'saetaz-nin.
satyr n. (sylvan deity) 'see-tae, 'saeta^.
satyrio adj. (of satyrs) sa'tizik.
sauba n. ant [also spelt saiiba] 'sc:-b3, 'sao-bs.
sauce n. appetizing food-preparation [dialectal synonymous
cognates sarse, saase, sass] sc:s.
sauce V, season; make pleasant; speak impertinently to [dia-
lectal synonymous cognate sass] sc:s.
saucily adv. (in a saucy manner; impudently) 'sc:-si-li.
saucisse n. (sausage-like powder-bag) so'siis.
saucy adj. full of sauce; impertinent; pert [dialectal synony-
mous cognate sassy] 'sc:-si.
sauerkraut n. (fermented cabbage) 'sau-dr-lnaot.
sault n. (rapid) soo, sou, sc:lt, selt.
saunter v, wander or walk idly; loiter, lounge, stroll [dialec-
tal synonymous cognate santer; past participle and prete-
rit sauntered, saunterd] 'sc:n-t3?, 'sa:n-t3r, 'soin-tar.
saurel n. (scad, a fish) 'sci-zsl.
sausage n. chopt meat in a skin, etc. [dialectal synonymous
cognate sassage] 'scr-sids; (dialectally) 'sosids, 'saesids, 'sae:-
sid3, 'sa:-sid3.
Sauterne n. (wine) so'tB:rn.
savable adj, [also spelt saveahlel 'see-va-bal.
savage adj, (of the forest; wild) 'saevids.
savagery n. 'saevi-dszri ; (improperly) 'saevidsa-n. **
savanna n. plain [also spelt savannah] sd'vaens.
c: law, b: fwr, ae cat, o hot, oi hoy; a: far, oo now, a: ask, ai kt'tev
Irngth-mark (:) indicates that the ptetediTv?. ^.o^axv^ -v^ ^?^^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on VVit i«>>\Q^vcv^ vsv^-s^w^^-
490 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
savant n. (man of learning) ss'vei), 'sae-verj.
saver n. (one who saves; preserver; savior; econcomizer)
'sce-v93.
savin n. tree or shrub; drug [also spelt savine; synonymous
cognates sabin, sabine'l 'saevin.
savior n. one who saves [also spelt saviour"} 'see-vja?.
savoir-faire n. (tact; address) sae-vwe^'fe:?, ssvwer'fe:^.
savor n.,v. taste, smell, etc [also spelt savour; as verb, past
participle and preterit savored, savord} 'see-var.
savorily adv, [also spelt savourily"] 'see-vd7i-li.
savoriness n. [also spelt savourinessi 'see-vd?i-nis.
savorless adj\ [also spelt savourless"] 'see-vsr-lds.
savorous adj. [also spelt savourous} 'sze-y^-z^s.
savory adj. tasty, etc. [also spelt savoury"} 'see-v^i, 'see-v3-?i.
savory n. plant [also spelt savoury} 'see-va-ri, 'see-v^i.
V, (slang) know [also spelt savvey} 'saevi.
V. sc: ; (vulgarly, before a vowel) sciz.
sawder n. slang (flattery, blarney) 'scr-da?, 'sods?.
SaxTny n. Scotchman [also spelt Saivney} 'sc:-ni.
sazatile adj. rock-inhabiting [also, sometimes, spelt saxatU}
'saeks3-til, (rarely) 'saeksa-tail.
says V. (present indicativ third person singular of say)
sez; (dialectally) seez.
scabbed adj. scabby, mangy, mean [also spelt scabd} sksebd,
'skaebid.
scabies n. (itch) 'sk8e-bi-i:z.
scabions adj. (scabl^; scurfy) 'skee-bi-9s.
scabrous adj. (rough; rugged) 'skee-beas.
scaffold n. (temporary stage) 'skae-fold, 'skaefald.
scaglia n. (limestone) 'skxHd.
soagliola n. process for imitating stone [also spelt scaliola}
skael'joo-la.
scalable adj. [also spelt scaleable} 'skee-ls-bdl.
scalaivag n. scamp, etc. [also spelt scallawag} 'skaeld-waeg.
scald v., n. (burn, etc.) skc:ld.
scald n. poet [also spelt skald} skc:}d, skaeld, skoild.
scaldino n. (brazier) skal'dii-no, skcl'dii-nD.
scalene adj, (having the sides unequal) 'skee-lin, skeliin.
scalled adj. scabby; mean [also spelt scald} skc:}d.
scallop n. mollusk; shell; pan; curve; collar [also, some-
times, spelt scollop} 'skelap, 'skaelap.
scallop V. mark or cut in lobes; cook in a scallop; escallop;
also, sometimes, spelt scollop} 'skelap, 'skaelap.
/.ve, Qcure; hih^, Q tKixv; ^^^iSMte, dj/oy; S j/toe, tScAew;
xv when; 13 sin^; uwYvoever, \Tca.c,\., \5iuV1, \3,w\ooV ^xV \vsee;
o poetic; s ov^r, eoeriaV, kWx., ^-.^oot, ':i^xs.o, ^.X^e^, v:^^^^fc^
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 491
scalloped adj, [also spelt scallop t and, sometimes, scolloped,
scollop t'\ 'skelapt, 'skaelapt.
scalpel n. (knife) 'skaelpsL
scaly adj. (having scales; squamate; mean) 'skee-h.
scamel n. bird [also spelt scammel, scamell'} 'skamal.
scandalize v, [also spelt scandalise'} 'skaendd-laiz.
scansion n. (act of scanning) 'skaenjdn.
scaphoid adj. (boat-shaped) 'ska-feid; (less properly) 'skce-
feid.
soapiform adj. (scape-shaped) 'skee-pi-fe:zm, 'skxpi-fe:7m.
scapnlet n. [also spelt scapulette'\ 'skaep^o-tdt.
scarabaens n. gem, scarab [also spelt scarabeus} skxzd'bii-
98.
scarabee n. (scarab) 'skae?3-bi.
Scaramoncli n. (buffoon) 'skaerd-mootS.
scarce adj. (scant; few; rare) 'ske:zs; (dialectally) skB'.zs.
scarcely adv. (hardly) 'ske:es-h, 'ske:z-SLi, (when less strest)
'skersi.1.
scared adj, (frightend) skerzd; (vulgarly) skt'.zt,
scarf n. cut; groove; joint [plural scarfs} skarrf.
scarf n. band; cravat [plural scarfs and, formerly, scarves}
skdizi.
scarred adj, markt by scars [also spelt scard} ska:zd.
scat n. tax [also spelt scatt, skatt} skaet.
scatbe v.,n. harm [also spelt scaith, scath} skeed; (less prop-
erly) skeeO.
scene n. (view, exhibition, etc.) siin.
scenery n. (scenes of a play collectivly; view) 'sii-na-ri,
(rapidly) 'siin-ei.
scenic adj, (of the stage; of natural scenery) 'sii-nik, 'senik.
scenical adj. (scenic) 'sii-ni-ka}, 'seni-kai.
scent v., n. smell [also spelt sent} sent.
scented adj. perfumed [also spelt sented} 'sentid.
scepter n. royal staff [also spelt sceptre} 'septan.
scepter v. give a scepter to [present participle sceptering,
sceptring; past participle and preterit sceptered, sceptred,
scepterd} 'septa?. *
sceptic n. 'skeptik; (erroneously) 'septik. see skeptic.
sceptral adj, (of a scepter; regal) 'septjal.
scenopbylaz n. sacristan [synonymous cognate skeuophylax}
sgu'efi-laeks.
scbabzieger n. sapsago, a Swiss cheese [also spelt schapzi-
ger} 'Sorp-tsii-ga?.
c: \aw, b: f wr, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now^ a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptecedititt ?iavw\\ va* Vjtcsln
stress-mark ( ) indicates chief stress on \!dt i^'^o^vcv^ %>f^55^«£..
492 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
soliediile n. (list, table, catalog) 'ske-dstd, 'ske-dju}, {also,
especially in Britain) 'Se-djul, 'Sedjal; 'sc-djul.
sohenia n. diagram; scheme; figure; monastic habit [ploral
schematal 'skii-ms.
sclieiiiatixe v. [also spelt schematise} 'skii-md-taiz.
sohenie n.,v, (plan; plot) skiim.
sclierEando adj, (in music, playful, sportiv) sker'tsam-do.
sclierEO n. (in music, a light or playful passage) 'skei^t-so.
sohism n. (separation; offense of promoting division in a
church) 'siz9m, 'sizm.
sohisma n. musical interval [ploral schismatal 'skiSMd,
'skizms.
schisniatio adj., n. (heretic) siz'mxtik ; (improperly) 'sizma-
tik.
scliisiiiatixe v. play the schismatic [also spelt schismatise]
'sizm3-taiz.
schist n. (foliated rock) $ist.
schistose adj. of the nature of schist; schistous [also spelt
shistosel Jis'tDos, (assumptivly) 'Ji-stos.
schistons adj. schistose [also spelt shistous} 'Sistds.
schizopod adj, (having cleft feet) 'skizd-ped; {less properly)
'skai-z3-ped ; (improperly) 'Sizs-ped.
schloss n. (castle) li.e:s.
schinelze n. (glass) '^Meltsd.
schnapps n. gin, etc. [also spelt schnapsl ^Naeps.
scholar n. (pupil; learned man) 'skeld?.
scholiast n. (one who makes scholia; commentator) 'skoo-li-
£St.
scholinm n. note [ploral scholia, scholiums} 'skoo-li-am.
schooner n. (vessel) 'skou-na?.
schottische n. dance [also spelt schottish} 'S^tiS, So'tii^.
sciascopy n. sai'aeskd-pi, 'sai-9-skopi. same meaning as
skiascopy.
sciatica n. (pain in the sciatic nerve) sai'aeti-kd.
scibile n. (something knowable) 'sibi-4i^
science n. (knowledge; skill) 'sai-3ns.
sclent adj. (skilful; knowing) 'sai-9nt.
scienter adv. (in law, knowingly, wilfully) sai'entd?.
sclmiter n. 'simi-ts?. see simitar.
scintilla n. (spark, glimmer, trace, little) sin'tila.
scintillante adj, (in music, brilliant, sparkling) Sinti1a:n-ti.
scintillate v. (sparkle, etc.) 'sinti-let.
sciolist n. (smatterer) 'sai-a-hst.
j ye, Q cure ; ^ the, Q tMtv, ^ ^ asure, dj /oy : S shoe, tj chew;
wzvhen; i]sin£r; U"wV\oeveT, itc^tV, ^i%Ci\, \ya\oo\, -vnv \isee;
o poetic; 3 ov^r, e oetiaV, kWX., t>\ ^oox, t^QTv.o, ^\ie\. ^^^wi«.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 493
scion n. shoot, twig; descendant [also spelt sion and, former-
ly, cton] 'sai-an.
scirrhous adj. of scirrhus [also spelt scirrousi 'sizds, 'skizds.
scirrlins n. (hard tumor) 'sizds, 'skizds.
scissel n. metal-clippings; scrap [synonymous cognates scissil,
scissile, sizelj 'sissl.
scissible adj. (capable of being cut) 'sisd-bsl.
scissile adj. scissible [also spelt scissil} 'sisii.
scission n. (cutting; division) 'sisan, 'sijan.
scissors n. pi. small pair of shears [also spelt sissorsl 'sizdrz.
scissnra n. fissure, cleft [ploral scissurae'} si'sgo:-??.
scissnre n. (cleft, rent, fissure; schism) 'si^d?.
scitamineons adj, (of the Scitamineae) sitd'mini-ds, sai-td-
'mini-3s.
scinrine adj. of the squirrel [also spelt sciurin] 'sai-jo-ein.
sai'jo:-zin; {less properly) 'sai-jo-rain, sai'jo:-rain.
Sclavic adj, 'skz.sevik. same meaning as Slavic.
scleroderm n. (coral; fish) 'skLi:-z9-dB:zm, 'sktesTd-dBizm.
sclerotic adj. (of sclerosis; of ergot; sclerotinic) skti'^etik.
scoff n.,v. taunt, gibe [as verb, past participle and preterit
scoffed, scoftl ske:f, skef.
scoleces n. (ploral of scolex) skolii-siz.
scolecite n. (mineral) 'skeh-sait, 'skoo-)i-sait.
soolez n. larva [ploral scoleces and, erroneously, scolices'i
'skoo-leks.
scolices n. (erroneous ploral of scolex) 'skeh-siz.
scorbutic adj. (of scurvy) sker'bjou-tik.
scoria n. dross, cinder, slag [ploral scoriae} 'sko:-n-9.
scoriae n. (ploral of scoria) 'sko:-?i-i: .
scorodite n. nativ hydrous arseniate of iron [also spelt skor-
oditel 'ske^a-dait.
sootia n. (concave molding) 'skoo-Ji-a, 'skoo-ti-a.
scour V, (cleanse) skaoz.
scourge n,, v. (whip, etc.) skstrds.
sccw n. pram, boat [also spelt skowl skoo.
scrape v. (scratch, rasp, shave; gather) sk^eep, (when un^
strest) sk^ep.
scratch v, scrape, etc. [past participle ani preterit scratched,
scratchtl sk^aetS.
scraunch v. grind with the teeth, with a crackling sound;
craunch [synonymous cognates scranch, scrunch} sk^cmtS,
sk^amtS, sk3a:ntS; (also, and in Britain normally) sksc-.nj,
sk^arnS, sksornS.
c: law, o: fMr, ae cat, © hot, ©i hoy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite;
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptetedvavE. ^Q>axA ^.^ \«w^^^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on >iVit i^^^^G^vcv^ «<3^-55«^'t«
494 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
screecli v, shriek, etc. [past participle and preterit screeched,
screecht} sk^iitS.
sorew V. apply a screw to; twist, etc. [past participle and
preterit screwed, screwd"! slcsou, (when unstrest} sksu.
■eriminagc n. skirmish, row [also spelt skrimmage; synony-
mous cognate scrummagel 'sksimids.
sorimp v, pinch, stint [also spelt skrimp"} sksimp.
scrivener n. (writer; notary; broker) 'sksivd-nas, 'sksrvna?.
scrofula n. (struma; king's evil) 'sksefio-ld.
scroll V. inscribe; draft; roll; curl [past participle and pret-
erit scrolled, scrold} slcsool.
soronge v. squeeze; crowd [synenymotis cognates scrooge,
scrudge} sk3aod3.
scmpnloiis adj, (inclined to scruple; punctilious) 'sksou-p^o-
Ids.
scrutinise v. subject to scrutiny [also spelt scrutinise]
'sk3ou-ti-naiz,
scull n. oar [also spelt skull} skxl.
scnll V. propel with one oar, etc. [past participle und prete-
rit sculled, sculd} skxl.
scnlpin n. fish [also spelt skulpin} 'skxlpin.
scnlptile adj. graven, carvd [also, sometimes, spelt sculptil]
'skAlptil, (rarely) 'skAlp-tail.
sculpture n. (act of graving; carvd work) 'skAlptS^^, (older)
'skAlptgaz.
scurril adj. scurrilous, low [also spelt scurrile} 'skszil,
'skA^il.
scurrilous adj. (low; foul; abusiv) 'skari-las, 'skA^I-l^s.
scurry v. hurry along [also spelt skurryl 'skezi, 'sIca^i.
scutiform adj. (shield-shaped; scutatiform) 'skgou-ti-foiem.
scye n. (opening for a sleeve; arm-scye) sai.
scytale n. (band of parchment; coral-snake) 'sit3>h.
scythe n. mowing-tool [also spelt sithe} said.
sea n. (ocean; salt lake) sii.
seal n. (mammal) siil.
seal n, (imprest device; disk; wafer; pledge) siil.
seal V. stamp; secure [past participle and preterit sealed,
sealdl siil. compare ceil.
seani n., v. line, crack, etc. [as verb, past participle and pret-
erit seamed, seamd'] siim.
seamstress n. sewing-woman [synonymous cognate semp-
stress! 'siim-stjis, 'semst^is.
seance n. (sitting, session) 'see-ens, se'eqs.
] yc, Qcure; bfKe, Qthln; ^asure, ds/oy; I shoe, tl chew;
wzvhen; i)sing\ uv/VYoe^et, \Tca.c\., v^^-vC^, vs>\loo\^ xtt, lis^^;
o poetic; 3 over, e oena\, K>au\., -a-.^ooT, ^^xvo, ^.\ie\, vl^^5S«.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 495
■eannachie n. genealogist; bard [also spelt seannachy, sen-
nachy, sennachiel 'sena-ki.
sear adj., v. dry [also spelt sere; past participle and preterit
seared, seard"] si:r.
seasonable adj. (suitable as to season; timely) 'sii-zdns-bsl,
(rapidly) 'sii-zna-bal, 'siiz-na-bal.
seasoned adj, fitted; renderd palatable [also spelt seasond}
'sii-zand.
sean^an n. wampum [synonymous cognates seawane, sea-
want'[ 'sii-wan.
Sebat n. fifth month of the Jewish civil year [synonymous
cognate Shebat] si'baet, si'baet.
sebnndy n. soldier, etc. [synonymous cognate sehundee} si-
'bAndi.
secede v. (go apart; retire, withdraw) si'siid.
seokel n. pear [synonymous cognate sickle} 'sekah
second adj.,n. 'sekand; (dialectally, vulgarly) 'sekant.
secrecy n. (state of being secret) 'sii-k^i-si.
secret adj., n. 'sii-k3it.
secretary n. (confidant; writing-desk) 'sek^i-ten, (also)
'sek3it3-ri, (anteriorly) 'sek^i-td^i; (rapidly) 'sek^i-tji; (vul-
garly) 'seka-ten.
secrete v, (keep secret; hide; produce) si'lraiit.
secretory adj. (of secretion) si'ksii-ta-^i ; (less properly)
'sii-ksi-tDn ; (improperly) 'sek^i-tD^i.
seotarianize v, [also spelt sectarianise} sek'te:-?i-3-naiz.
sectator n. (follower, disciple) sek'tee-tar.
sectile adj. capable of being cut [also, sometimes, spelt sectill
'sektil, (rarely) 'sek-tail.
sects n, (ploral of sect) sekts, (often) seks.
secular n. (of ages; temporal; profane) 'sek^o-la?.
secularization n. [also spelt secularisation"] sek^o-ldzi'zee-
San, sekgola-^ai'zee-San.
secularize v. [also spelt secularised 'sekgola-^aiz.
secund adj. (unilateral) 'sii-kAnd, 'sekand.
secundine n. (afterbirth) 'sekan-dain, 'sekan-din; 'sii-kan-
dain, si'kAn-dain.
security n. si'k^or-zi-ti, (often) si'k^oei-ti.
sedan n. (chair) si'daen.
sedative adj. soothing [also spelt sedativ] 'seda-tiv.
sedile n. seat [ploral sedilia'} si'dai-h.
sediment n. (settlings, dregs) 'sedi-mant.
seditious adj. (of sedition or civil discord) si'dijas.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, o hot, oi boy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai.k.xte\
Irngth-mark (;) indicates that tVve prece^Tft.^ ^ontcA. ^.^ ^^"^^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on tVit iftVL^^va."SL ^a'^'s^^'^'
496 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
sednoe v. (lead astray) si'djous; {dialecteUly) si'dous.
sednoible adj, (capable of being seduced) si'djou-sd-ba).
sedulity n. (sedulousness) siMjou-li-ti.
■ednlons adj. (diligent) 'sedso^ss, 'sedjo-las.
see V, view, behold, etc. [past participle seen, vulfi^rly saw;
preterit saw, vulgarly seen, see} sii.
see n. (seat of a bishop) sii.
seeing: conj, (because, since, considering) 'sii-ig, (when less
strest) 'si-irj.
seek V. search for; try [past participle and preterit stmght]
siik, (when unstrest) sik.
seem v, appear [past participle and preterit seemed, seemd]
Slim.
seer n. (one who sees) 'sii-97, si:z.
seer n. (prophet) si:?.
segar n. si'ga:?. see cigar.
seg^mental adj. (of segments) 'seg-mentl, seg'ment}.
seiche n. (wave) see^.
seid n. (descendant of Fatima and Ali) siid, 'sii-id, 'see-id.
seed.
Seidliti adj. [also, sometimes, spelt Sedlits} 'sedlits, 'sai-
dhts.
8eig:neiirial adj. sin'jo:-zi-a}. same meaning as seigniorial,
seignior n. lord, gentleman, sir [also spelt seigneur, signior,
signor'l 'sii-njaz.
seigniorage n. (royal claim or share; royalty) 'sii-njd-nds.
seignioralty n. (jurisdiction of a lord) 'sii-nja^al-ti.
seigniorial adj. of a lord; memorial [synonymous cognate
seigneuriall sin'JDi-zri-al.
seigniorize v, lord it over [also spelt signorise"] 'sii-nja-zaiz.
seigniory n. lordship [plural seigniories'] 'sii-njs-zi.
seine n. (fish-net) seen, siin.
seisniic adj. (of an earthquake) 'sais-mik.
seismograpliy n. (study of earthquakes) sais'megrd-fi.
seize v, take; clutch [past participle and preterit seised,
seizd} siiz.
seizer n. (one who or that which seizes) 'sii-za?.
seizin n. possession [also spelt seisin} 'sii-zin.
seizor n. (in la7v, one who seizes or takes possession) 'sii-
Z3?.
sejant adj. sitting [also spelt sejeant} 'sii-dssnt.
sejngons adj, (having six pairs of leaflets) 'sii-dso-gss,
'sedso-gas, si'dsou-gas.
J y^i ?cure; 5 the, Q thltv; manure, dj/oy; I shoe, tj cAew;
o poetic] ©ov^r, e oeriaV, K>aut, ti\^oox, •:>qx».o, ^.\^e\, t^^a\3t\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 497
f
sejnng^ible adj. (capable of being sejoind or sepai^bt«4) s^'
'd3And33-bal.
selacliian adj. (of a shark of the genus Selache) si'lee-ki-dn.
seleninm n. (element) si'leni-am, si1ii-ni-»m.
seleninret n. si'hi-njo-zst, seh'nai-jo-zst.
seleninreted adj. [also spelt seleniuretted} si'hi-nju-zetid,
seh'nai-jo-?etid.
seleiLograpliy n. (study of the moon) seh'neg?3-fi.
self n. person; own individuality; ego [ploral selves, selvsl
self.
self-actiiiLg adj, self'aektiq, (assumptivly) 'self-aektiq.
self-centered adj. [also spelt self-centred, self-c enter d} self-
'senta^d, (assumptivly) 'self-senta^d.
self-made adj. self'meed, (assumptivly) 'self-meed.
sell V, (correlativ of buy) sel.
sellanders n. eczematous eruption in the horse [also spelt
sellenders; synonymous cognate sallenders, solander"} 'sebn-
seltzer n. (mineral water) 'seltsd?.
selvage n. edge of a fabric [also spelt selvedge} 'selvids.
semaphore n. (signaling-device) 'semd-fo:;.
semeiog^apliy n. description of signs or symptoms [also
spelt semiographyl si-mai'ogra-fi, simi'og?»-fi,
semeiolog^ n. knowledge of signs; symptomatology [also
spelt semiology} si-mai'ela-dsi, simi'ola-dsi.
semen n. (seed; generativ fluid) 'sii-msQ.
semester n. (term of six months) si'mestd?.
senkibreve n. half a breve; whole note [synonymous cognate
semibriefl 'semi-bziiv.
semifluid adj. semi'ftou-id, (assumptivly) 'semi-ftou-id.
seminar n. (seminary course) semi'na:?, 'semi-nas:.
seminary n. (nursery; school; priest) 'semi-ne?i.
semipedal adj. (of a half-boot) 'semi-pedl, semi'pii-di, si-
'mipi-dl, 'semi-pidl.
Semite n. descendant of Shem [synonymous cognate Shem-
ite} 'se-mait.
Semitic adj, of the Semites [synonymous cognates Shemitic,
Shemitish} si'mitik.
Semitize v. [also spelt Semitise} 'semi-taiz.
semolina n. wheat-grit; manna-croup [synonymous cognate
semolino} sema'hi-na.
sempstress n. 'sempst£is. same meaning as seamstress.
senate n. (assembly, council) 'senit.
c: \aw, b: fur, £ cat, e hoi, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the pteted\Ti\t. ^ovxw^ ^.^ Vi.\s%\
stress-mark () indicates chief stress on ^^ i^YtfywvcL"^ «C^^i««*
498 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
senator n. (member of a senate) 'send-ts?.
senegin n. (polygalin) 'seni-gin, 'seni-dsin.
senescence n. (growing old) si'nesdns.
seneschal n. (majordomo; steward) 'seni-$9l.
senile adj\ of old age [also, sometimes, spelt senilj 'sii-nail,
'sii-nil.
senior adj.,n. (elder) 'sii-njdz.
senna n. (drug; cassia) 'sens.
sennight n. 'senit. same meaning as sevennighK
sennit n. (braided cordage, plaited straw) 'senit.
sefior n. (gentleman, sir, Mr.) sen'JD:^, se'njo:^, {anteriorly,
as a title) 'sce-nj»r.
senora n. (lady, madam, Mrs.) sen'joi-zd, se^njoi-zs.
senorita n. (young lady; miss; fish) senjd'^ii-ts, senjd'rii-ts,
sinJ9'7ii-t9.
sense n. (feeling, judgment, meaning, etc.) sents, {also, and
in Britain normally) sens.
sensible adj, (perceptible; aware; judicious) 'sensd-bsl,
'sentsa-bdl.
sensile adj, capable of affecting the senses [also, sometimes,
spelt sensill 'sensil, 'sentsil, {rarely) 'sen-sail.
sensitise v. (render sensitiv) 'sensi-taiz, 'sentsi-taiz.
sensualize v, [also spelt sensualisel 'sen$u-94aiz, 'sent$u-9-
laiz.
sent V, (past participle and preterit of send) sent.
sentient adj, (capable of sensation) 'sen^ant, 'sent^dnt, 'senji-
snt.
sentinientalise v, [also spelt sentimentalise! senti'mfintl-
aiz.
sentinel v. watch over as a sentinel or gard [present parti-
ciple sentineling, sentinelling; past participle and preterit
sentineled, sentinelled, sentineld} 'senti-nl, 'senti-nal.
sepaled adj. (provided with sepals) 'sii-psld, 'sepald.
separable adj. (capable of being separated) 'sepdzd-bs} ; {rap-
idly) 'sepTsa-bal.
separate adj. (disjoind; distinct; particular) 'seps-^dt, {as-
sumptivly) 'separat, {rapidly) 'sep^it.
separate v, (sever; divide) 'sepa-zet.
separatist n. (one who favors separation) 'separs-tist.
separator n. (one who separates; separating-device) 'sepa-
zet^z.
separatory adj. (separativ) 'sep3?3-to?i.
septemia n. sepsis, rot [also spelt septaemia"] sep'tii-mi>3.
j ye, Qcure; b the, Qthin; 5 abjure, ds/oy; S-^^oe, tl chew;
wwhen; 13 s\ng\ u'wYvoevet, \Te2.c,\., xvi-vC^, xa,>a.iooV i^vt, xis^^;
o poetic; sever, eaenaV, k\>u\., ^.^oat^ •a^t^.o, ^X^e^, ^^-w^^n
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 499
septemvir n. one of a group of seven co-equal magistrates
[ploral septemvirs, septemviri] sep'temvae.
septemvirate n. (office of septemvir) sep'tcmva-rat, sep-
'temv3-zet.
septenary adj. (of seven) 'septa-neri.
septenate adj. (having seven parts) 'septa-net.
septennate n. (period of seven years) sep'tenet.
septennial adj, (lasting seven years; occurring once in sev-
en years) sep'teni-al.
septet n. seven-part piece; company of seven performers
[also spelt septette"] sep'tet.
septic adj. (of sepsis or rot) 'septik.
septnagenarian n. (person seventy years old) septgu-sdsi-
'ne:-zi-9n, septgu-aedsi'nei-zi-an.
septnni n. partition [ploral septal 'septam.
sepnlcher n. tomb [also spelt sepulchrel 'sepdl-kar.
sepnltnre n. (burial, interment) 'sepal-tja?.
seqnel n. (that which follows; continuation; consequence)
'sii-ku)3l.
sequela n. following; conclusion; consequent [ploral seque-
lae] si'kiuii-la; {erroneously) 'seku)i-la.
sequestrate v, (seclude; sequester) si'ku)e-stjet.
sequestration n. siku)es^t£ee-$dn, sekwd'stsee-San.
sequestrator n. 'sii-kw3-stset9?, 'seku)d-st£et37.
sequin n. Venetian coin [synonymous cognates sechin, che-
quin, secchin, sechino, zecchino] 'sii-ku)in, {formerly) 'sckin.
sequoia n. (tree) si'kirei-3.
seraglio n. (palace; harem) si'eael-jo, si'ra:l-jo.
seraph n. celestial being [ploral seraphs, seraphim] 'seraf.
seraphic adj. (of seraphs; angelic; pure) si'zsefik.
seraphini n. (ploral of seraph) 'se?a-fim.
seraphini n. (moth; crustacean) 'seza-fim.
Serapis n, Egyptian deity [synonymous cognate Sarapis] si-
'^ee-pis, 'se^a-pis.
seraskier n. Turkish general [also spelt serasquier and,
sometimes, siraskier] se^a'skiiz:, si'rxski?.
serenade n. (evening song; nocturne) se^i'need.
serf n. (villein; menial) serrf.
serge n. (fabric) sBizd^.
sergeancy n. sergeantship [also spelt serjeancy; synonymous
cognates sergeantcy, serjeantcy] 'soir-dsan-si ; (less prop-
erly) 'sB^dsan-si, 'soi^-dsan-si.
sergeant n. constable; sheriff; army officer; monastic ser-
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, © hot, ©i boy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte;
Irngth-mark (:) indicates that the precedvutt %Q>>3ixA ^i.^ Vsrtvsi.\
stress-mark ( ) indicates chief stress on 1i)ti^ l^^Xo^va^^ «f^s^5iR*
500 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
vant; fish [also spelt Serjeant'^ 'sa:7-d59nt; {less properly)
'sBrdsdtit, ^SB'.z-ds^nU compare Serjeant,
series n. succession; sequence [ploral series! '8i:-ziz, 'si'.-ziz,
'si:-ei-i:z.
serif n. in typography, cross-line [also spelt ceriph, seriph]
'serif.
Serjeant n. servant, retainer, municipal officer; bailiff;
serjeant-at-arms; lawyer of high rank [also spelt sergeant]
'sa:e-d33nt; (less properly) 'sBzdsdnt, 'sBiz-ds^nt. compare
sergeant,
sermonise v. [also spelt sermonisel 'saiz-m^-naiz.
seroon n. hamper, panier, crate [also spelt ceroon; synony-
mous cognates seron, seronel si'zoun.
serpentine adj. (of or like a serpent) 'sezpan-tain, 'sBzpsn-
tin.
serve v, wait upon; avail, etc [also spelt serv, past partici-
ple and preterit served, servdH 6b:z\.
service n. act of serving; office; use [also spelt servisl 'sb:z-
vis.
serviceable adj, [also spelt servisablel 'sBiz-visd-bd}.
servile adj, of slaves; cringing [also, sometimes, spelt ser-
vill 's8:?-vil, 'sBie-vail.
servitude n. (slavery; bondage; service) 'sBi^-vi-tgud ; (dia-
lectally) 's8:?-vi-tud.
sesame n, (plant) 'ses9-mi.
sesqnioxide n. [also, sometimes, spelt sesquioxidl sesktDi-
'ek-said, (before of) seskuji'eksid.
sesqnipedal adj. (sesquipedalian; excessivly long) 'sesktDi-
pedl, 'sesku)i-pidl, seslciuipi-dl.
sesqniplicate adj. (of as many fold as is the cube of a num-
ber compared with its square) ses'kujipti-ket, ses'kwipz,i-k3t.
sessile adj, seated low [also, sometimes, spelt sessil"] 'sesil,
'se-sail.
session n, (sitting; term) 'seS^n.
sesterce n. (coin) 'se-sts^s.
sestet n. sextet; last six lines of a sonnet [also spelt sestett,
sestettel ses'tet, 'se-stet.
sestine n. (sestina) 'sestin, 'se-stain.
setaceons adj. (bristly) si'tee-Jas, si'tee-Ji-as.
setiforni adj, (bristle-shaped) 'sii-ti-fe:?m.
setireme n. (setose leg) 'sii-ti-^im; (less properly") 'scti-rfm.
setose adj. (bristly) si'toos, (assumptivly) 'sii-tos.
settee n. (bench-like seat) se'tii.
j ye, Qcure; d*fie, Qthin; 3 axrure, dsjoy; jshoe, t$ cAew;
wwhen; i)sing; u-wVioevw, Vte^tv, xsiu\V xi^iool, itt, lis^^;
0 poetic; 9 over, eoetiaV, K\>vXy ;>\^oot, -a^Tio^ ^\ie\^ ^<^^igfi«.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 501
settee n. vessel [also spelt seteel se'tii.
set-to n. (sharp contest) 'set-tou.
seven adj.,n. (numeral) 'sevan, 'sevn; (dialectally, vulgarly)
'sebm.
sevenniglit n. week [synonymous cognate sennight'j 'sevsn-
nait, 'sev9n-nit.
seventeen ar'/. sevan'tiin, (assuntptivly) 'sevan-tin.
seventeen n. sevan'tiin, (anteriorly ; by contrast) 'sevan-tin.
seventeenth adj. sevan'tiinG, (assumptivly) 'sevan-tinO.
seventeenth n. sevan'tiinG, (anteriorly ; by contrast) 'sevan-
tinG.
seventy adj., n. 'sevan-ti, 'sevn-ti ; 'sebm-ti.
several adj.-pron. (separate, particular, diverse, divers) 'scva-
ral, (assumptivly) 'seveal.
se'W V. stitch; take stitches in [past participle and preterit
sewed, sewd} sdo.
sen^age n. matter which passes thru sewers [synonymous cog-
nate sewerage} 'sgou-id3.
seiner n. (one who sews) 'sao-a?.
sender n. obsolete (servant) 'sgou-a?.
sender n. (drain) 'sgou-ae; (dialectally) 'sou-a?.
sen^erage n. 'sQou-a-^ids* same meaning as sewage,
sexagenary adj. (of sixty) seks'aedsi-neei.
sextan adj, (recurring every sixth day) 'sekstn, 'sekstan.
sezter n. measure [also spelt sextar; synonymous cognate
sesterl 'seksta?.
sextet n. six-part piece; company of six performers [also
spelt sextette^ seks'tet.
sexton n. janitor, etc. of a church; sacristan [dialectal syn-
onymous cognate saxton'\ 'sekstn, 'sekstan
sexnal adj. (of sex) 'sekju-al, 'seks^u-al.
sexnalize v. [also spelt sexualise} 'sek^u-a-laiz, 'seksgu-a-
laiz.
sforzando adj. (forced) sfaz'tsa:n-da.
sh inter j. (hush : commanding silence) J: .
shabbiness n. (state of being shabby; meanness) '$aebi-nis.
shabby adj. (scabby; mean; threadbare; seedy) 'Jaebi.
shadow n., v. shade [as verb, past participle and preterit
shadowed, shadowdl 'Jaeda; (dialectally) 'Saeda.
shaft n. in all senses [ploral shafts! Sa:ft, Sd^ft* Sseift.
shag^reen n. (leather) $a'g?iin.
shah «. (Persian ruler) Jo:
shako n. head-dress [also spelt schako} 'lasiko,
c: law, b: fMr, ae cat, e hot, oi hoy; a: far, ao now^ a: ask, «.^k\\fc%
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptectteitt ^o>axA t^ ^?*S:^
stress-mark C) indicate? chief streBB on liK^ i^>\oHn»% «f^aJ»s;
502 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
Sl&aluiperian adj. of William Shakspere [also spelt Shake-
spearian, Shakespearean, Shakesperian, Shakspearian, Shak-
speareanl Sek'spi:-zi-3n.
sliall V. Ssel, {when unstrest) Ssl, SI-
■lialli n. fabric [also spelt challi, chains'] 'Sxh.
sliallop n. (sloop) "Sselsp.
shallot n. vegetable [also spelt schallot] Sdlet.
sl&allo'W adj. (not deep ; superficial) 'Jaelo ; (dialectally) 'Jaeb.
Sliaiiian n. (priest of Shamanism, a religion of the Finns,
Ostiaks, etc.) 'Jaeman, 'Socman, 'See-man.
sliamefacedness n. bashfulness [archaic synonymous cog-
nate shamefastnessl 'Jeem-fee-si-dnis, 'Seem-feest-nis.
sliaiiiefafltness n. 'Jeem-fsst-nis. same meaning as shame-
facedness.
slianiiiiy n. [ploral shammies] 'Jsemi. same meaning as
chamois (in the sense of leather).
sl&aiiioy V, (prepare with oil, as chamois. leather is prepared)
'Sae-mei.
slLampoo V. massage; lather and rub [also spelt shampo,
champoo, champo; past participle and preterit shampooed,
shampood] Jaem'pou.
slLamrock n. (plant) 'latm-zek.
■liangliai n. (hen) Jaeg'hai.
slia'n't V, (shall not) Sa:nt, Sa:nt, Jaernt; (when unstrest)
Sant, San; Jant, San; Sant, San.
■liaroot n. l^'zout. same meaning as cheroot.
sliaster n. Hindu text-book [synonymous cognate shastra,
sastra] 'S^estar.
shaxvl n. (square or oblong wrap or mantle) Sc:I-
slian^ni n. musical instrument of the oboe class [also spelt
shalm] Sc:m.
slie noun-pron. Sii, (when unstrest) I'l, li.
sheaf n. bundle [ploral sheaves'] liii.
shear v. cut; clip [past participle sheared, shear d, shorn]
preterit sheared, sheard, shore] ^v.z.
shears n. pi, (cutting-tool) ^i:zz»
sheat-fish n. (great catfish, etc.) 'Siit-fiS.
sheath n. case, cover [plural sheaths] SiiO-
sheath v. In^. same meaning as sheathe,
sheathe v. put into a sheath; incase; mask [synonymous
substitute sheath; past participle and preterit sheathed,
sheathd] Sii^.
sheaths n. (ploral of sheath) SiiQs; (less properly) ^iidz,
j ye, Qcure; b the, ^ t\uxv*, -b^sux^, ^^ioy; \shoe, t^chew;
w when; i) sing; UNvVvoevet, \Tc^t\., \il>^, xa>a.^ooV -vxv \\^ee; .
o poetic* 9 over, e qctibA^ kV>u\., t>\^oot, t^^xio, ^\ie\, >E.^^yi!«.\ \
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 503
■lieaTe n. pulley-wheel [also spelt sheeve; synonymous cog-
nate sheaf] Siiv.
■lieaTes n. (plural of sheaf) ^livz.
■heer adj. (mere, utter) li:z.
■heer 7^. swerve, deviate [past participle and preterit sheered,
sheerdl Sv.z.
■heer n. (deviation, etc.) luz.
■lieers n. pi. hoisting-device ; shear-legs [also spelt shears']
^v.zz.
sheik n. old man; elder [also spelt scheik, shaik, sheyk,
sheykh, shaykh] Jiik, Seek.
■liekel n. (weight; coin) 'Seksl.
Sliekinali n. symbol of the divine presence [also spelt She-
chinah] Si'kai-na; (improperly) 'Seki-na.
■keldapple n. chaffinch; crossbill [synonymous cognate
sheldafle] 'Sel-daepat
■keif n. narrow flat surface; ledge [ploral shelves, shelvs]
Self.
■kellac n. seed-lac, used for varnish, etc. [also spelt shel-
lack and, sometimes, shell-lac, shell-lack] Si'i^ek, 'S^-laek,
'Sel-laek.
■kellac V. [also spelt shellack; present participle shellacking;
past participle and preterit shellacked, shellact] S^'^^ek,
'Se-laek.
■kelled adj. having a shell [also spelt sheld] Scld.
■kelty n. sheal; cabin, shanty [also spelt sheltie; ploral shel^
ties] 'Selti.
■kelve V. place on a shelf [also spelt shelv; past participle
and preterit shelved, shelvd] lelv.
Skeol n. (Hades) 'Sii-ol.
■kepkerd n. (man who herds sheep; pastor) 'Sepa^d.
■kerbet n. (drink; water-ice) ^SB'.z-hst,
■kerif n. descendant of Mohammed thru his daughter Fati-
ma; ruler [also spelt shereef, sheriff, scherif, sherrife, che-
rif] S^'^iif.
■kerif f n. chief civil officer of justice in a shire or county;
judge [synonymous cognates shire-reeve, shrieve] 'Se^if.
skexv V. $30. see show.
shewn V, S^on. see shown.
Skiak n. one of a Mohammedan sect; Shiite [also, sometimes,
spelt Sheeah, Sheah] '^li-^, 'Sai-^-
skibboletk n. (test-word; watchword) 'S^ba-laG.
■kield n., v. (shelter) \n\6..
c: law, b: fwr, ae cat, 0 hot, ei boy; a: far, ao tvoiM, ^*. a^, ^-vVKxr-n
length-mark (:) indicates that the pteceAiivv. %q»>\tv^ ^s* '^!^'^*^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress oiv \^^ i©\VoN«v[v% ^-f^^^xsv^
504 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
■hillalali n. cudgel [also spelt shillelah; synonymous cog-
nate shillalyl Si'lee-la.
■Hinny n. hockey, bandy [also spelt shinney, shinnie; synon-
ymous cognate shinty'] 'Sini.
mhire n. (district; county; parish) Sai^» (when unstrest) Ji?,
$3?; (also) Iv.z.
■Hirk V. evade meanly; avoid work [past participle and pret-
erit shirked, shirktl Isizk.
■Hirr V. pucker; poach [also spelt shir; past participle and
preterit shirred, shird} Ib:z,
■hoal V. become shallow, etc. [past participle and preterit
shoaled, shoald} Jool.
■hock V. strike; offend; stun [past participle and preterit
shocked, shocktl Jek.
■Hock V. make up (corn, etc.) into shocks or stocks [past par-
ticiple and preterit shocked, shockt} Jok.
■Hock V, dialectal [past participle and preterit shocked,
shocktl Sek. same meaning as shuck,
skoeing n. (act of putting on shoes; foot-covering) 'Suu-ig.
■kone V. (past participle and preterit of shine) S^on, Jon.
■koo inter j. (begone! off! away!) Sou, So.
■koo V, scare away by calling out "Shoo" [past participle and
preterit shooed, shood} Sou.
■koot V, dart forth [past participle and preterit shotl S^ut,
(when unstrest) Sut.
■koot n. (shot; branch; trough; chute) Sout.
skort-liTed adj. So-^t'laivd, (assumptivly) 'So^rt-larvd.
skote n. trout [synonymous cognate shot] S^ot.
skote n. hog [also spelt shoat] S^ot.
■konld V. (preterit of shall) Sod, (when unstrest) S^d, Sd»
■konlder v. push with the shoulder [past participle and pret-
erit shouldered, shoulderd] 'S^ol-d^^.
skonldn't v, (should not) 'Sodnt, (when less strest) 'Son-nt,
'So-nt.
■kove v., n. (push) Sav.
■kovel V. move with a shovel [present participle shoveling,
shovelling; past participle and preterit shoveled, shovelled,
shoveld] 'S^val, 'SavI.
■kovel-board n. game [synonymous cognate shuffle-board]
'SAV3l-bo:?d.
■koveler n. one who shovels [also spelt shoveller] 'Sav3-I3^,
'Sav1-3?, 'SavIs?.
skoiv T'. let be seen ; reveal ; prove [also, archaically, spelt
} ye, Qcure; bthe, ^ tKm*, -s^lsam^, ^-sw; S^Aoe. tSchcvr;
w when ; i) sing; uw^ioevet, vte^icX, \ii\^, xa.>\\ooV a.\v -o.^^;
o poetic; 9 over, e aena\, kXjuX., -a-.^oox, •:iQxvo, ^X^e^, ^'t^yfi«.\
}
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 505
shew; past participle shown, showed, showd; preterit
showed, showd} Joo, {when unstrcst) Jo.
mho'W n, act of showing; appearance; pomp; play; feint;
chance [also, archaically, spelt shew} Soo.
■how^bread n. [also spelt shcwbread} ^loo-hzed.
■ho'wer n., v. rain, etc. [past participle and preterit showered,
showerd} 'Jau-az.
■hoiver n. one who or that which shows [also, archaically,
spelt shewer} 'Joo-az.
■lio'wliig n. appearance; demonstration [also, archaically,
spelt shewing} 'S^o-iq.
slio'wii V. (past participle of show) $3on. compare shewn.
mhxe'w n. (scolding woman) S^ou.
■hriek v., n. cry [as verb, past participle and preterit
shrieked, shriekt} Jsiik.
■hrike n. butcher-bird [synonymous cognate shreek} ^saik.
■hrill adj. (piercing) Jsil; (dialectally, as in Scotch-irish
territory. New Jersey, etc) ssil.
■liriiik V, contract; shrivel; retire [past participle shrunk,
shrunken and, formerly, shrinked; preterit shrank, shrunk}
Ssiqk; (dialectally) S3ir)k.
■hrivel v. contract; wither [present participle shriveling,
shrivelling; past participle and preterit shriveled, shrivelled,
shriveld} 'Jsival, 'S^ivl.
■hrond n,, v. (cover ; veil) S^ood.
■hmb n. (woody plant; bush) JsAb; (dialectally) s3Ab.
■hrng v. shiver; draw up (the shoulders) [past participle and
preterit shrugged, shrugd} S^aq; (dialectally) s^aq.
■hnck v. husk [dialectal synonymous cognate shock; past par-
ticiple and preterit shucked, shuckt} jAk.
■knt v. close [dialectal synonymous cognate shet} ^At.
■liyly adv, (in a shy manner; coyly) 'Sai-h.
■kyness n. (quality of being shy; diffidence) 'S^i-nis.
sliyster n, (tricky lawyer, etc.) 'Jai-star.
sialogograe n. producing a flow of saliva; ptyalogog [also
spelt sialogog, sialagogue} sai'aela-geg.
sibyl n. (sorceress) 'sibil.
sibylline adj. (of sibyls; occult) 'sibi-lain, 'sibi-hn.
sice n. at dice, six [synonymous cognate size} sais.
sice n. hostler [also spelt syce, saice} sais.
sideral adj, (sidereal; also, baleful) 'sida-^al; {less prop-
erly) 'sai-da-^al; {improperly) sai'di:-??}.
sidereal adj, (of the constellations or stars) saiMi:-n-9}.
c: law, o: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now^ a: ask, ai ktte;
length-mark (:) indicates that the ipteee^iTVtt %o>axA ^s» ^■^'"^'»
stress-mark C) indicates cUef stress on ^e \^>Xo^va.^ ^^'^^c^s^r..
506 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
■Iderite n. (lodestone) 'sidd-zait; {less properly) sai'dii-^ait,
si'di:-zait.
slderomancy n. (divination by burning straws on red-hot
iron) 'siddzd-maensi.
slderoscope n. (iron-detecting device) 'sidard-skop, sai'di:-
sTd-skop.
sidle V. (move sidewise) 'sai-d!.
siege n. (seat; beleaguerment) siids.
siesta n. (midday rest or nap) si'ests.
sieve n. separating- or straining-device [also spelt sivl siv.
sieve V. treat with a sieve; sift [past participle and preterit
sieved, sivdl siv.
sigh V. heave a sigh [past participle and preterit sighed,
sighd"] sai.
sign V. mark, etc. [past participle and preterit signed, signd}
sain.
signal V. [present participle signaling, signalling; past parti-
ciple and preterit signaled, signalled, signaldl 'sign!, 'sign^
signaler n. [also spelt signaller"} 'signl-s?, 'signa-tdz.
signalize v. [also spelt signalise} 'signl-aiz, 'signs^aiz.
si£:net n. (seal) 'signit.
signer n. Italian lord; gentleman [also spelt signior; synony-
mous cognate signore} 'sii-njar.
Sig^nor n. (Mr.) 'sii-njar.
Signora n. (Madam; Mrs.) sin'joi-srd.
Signorina n. (Miss) sinjsVii-nd.
silesia n. (cloth) si'lii-Ja, silii-Ji-a.
silliouette n. (profile portrait in black; shadow) silu'et;
{less properly) 'silu-et.
silicic adj. (of silica) si'hsik.
■ilicious adj» containing silica; like silex [also spelt siliceous}
si'hjas, si'hSi-3s.
silicinreted adj. [also spelt siliciuretted} silis^o-sretid.
siliqne n. (pod-like fruit) si'hik; {less properly) 'sihk.
■ilkinesB n. (quality of being silky) 'silki-nis.
silky adj, (like silk; sericeous) 'silki.
■illibnb n. dish [synonymous cognate sillabub, syllabub} 'sili-
bAb.
silvan adj. 'silvsn. see sylvan,
simian adj. (of an ape) 'simi-sn.
similar adj, (like) 'simi-l97.
simile n. (in rhetoric^ comparison) 'simi-li, {older) 'simi-li.
similor n, (alloy) 'simi-le?.
J y^f ?cure; btHe, Q tK\Tv\ ^^sure, dj/oy; I shoe, tS chew;
wwhen; i}sing\ uwVioevet, ixeaicX, vsiuW, \a.\x\ooV '^-Kt, nseei
opoetic; a over, e oetiaV, K.\iu\., -a-.^oox, •:i^xvo, ^\«^ ^.^^
!
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 507
■imitar n. sword [also spelt scimitar, scitniter, cimeter, scy-
mitar} 'simi-t9?.
Simonist adj, (of Simon Magnus; Simonian) 'sai-ms-nist.
■imonist n. (one who upholds or practises simony) 'simd-nist.
■imony n. (trafficking in sacred things) 'sims-ni.
■imoom n. wind [synonymous cognate sitnoon'\ si'moum.
■imple-minded adj, simpsi'main-did, (assutnptivly) 'simpal-
main-did.
■imnltaneity n. (state or fact of being simultaneous)
simalta'nii-i-ti, sai-malta'nii-i-ti.
simultaneous adj. (coexistent, contemporaneous") siriidl'tee-
ni-3S, sai-mal'tee-ni-as.
Sinaitic adj. (of Mount Sinai, etc.) sai-ns'itik.
sinapis n. (mustard) si'nee-pis.
sinapism, n. (mustard-plaster) 'sins-pizsm.
since adv., prep., conj, sints, sins ; {dialectally) sens.
sine n. (line; ratio) sain.
sine conj. after, since [also spelt synel sain.
sinecure n. (benefice with cure of souls; profitable office or
position requiring no work) 'sai-ni-kgo:r, 'sini-kgo:?.
sine die adv, (without day; indefinitly) sai-ni'dai-i, sai-ni-
'dai-i.
sine qua non n. (indispensable condition) 'sai-ni-kwe-nen.
sinexv n. (tendon, cord) 'sin jo.
singeing n. (burning) 'sindsii].
singer n. (one who sings; vocalist) 'siqs?.
singer n. (one who or that which singes; singeing-machine)
'sind39?.
singing n., adj. (chanting) 'siqiq ; (improperly) 'siqin.
single-handed adj, sirigsrhsendid, {assumptivly) 'sitjgd}-
haendid.
singular adj, (single; individual; odd) 'siqgjo-lar; (vulgar-
ly) 'siqga-la?, 'siqglazr.
singularize v. [also spelt singularisel 'siggjols-^aiz.
sinical adj. (of a sine) 'sini-kal, 'sai-ni-kal.
sinister adj. (left; of evil omen) 'sini-stae; (also, formerly,
but now less properly) si'nistar.
sinistra adv, (in music^ with the left hand) si'nist£9.
sinople n. (sinopite, a clay) 'sina-pal.
sinus n. bend; fold; hollow; gulf [ploral sinus, sinuses'] 'sai-
nss.
Sioux n. member of an Amerindian family [ploral Siouxl
sou.
c: law, b: f Mr, se cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai k»te ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound \a \»^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on 1^^ i^^^o^va.'SL ^^'^^Ss^'^'
508 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
Sioux n. (ploral of Sioux) sou, souz.
siphon n. bent pipe, etc. [also spelt syphoni 'sai-fan.
sir n. (gentleman; mister) sb:;, (when unstrest) 8bz, S37.
siren n. (sea-nymph; alluring woman) 'sai-zdn.
Sirian adj. (of Sirius) 'sizi-9n.
sirloin n. (loin or upper part of the loin) 'sB7-lein, 'ss'.zAem,
sirocco n. (wind) si'zeko.
sirrah n. (fellow; sir) 'sisrs.
simp n. 'sizap. see syrup.
sis n. girl [also spelt sissi sis.
sisal n. hemp; grass [synonymous cognate sisalj 'sisst.
siscoTivet n. lake-trout [also spelt siskowet, siskotuit; synon-
ymous cognates siskawet, siskiwiti 'si-sko-it.
sit V. [preterit sat^ archaically sate, and, formerly, and still <
dialectally, set"] sit; {dialectally) set.
site n. (location) sait.
sith adv„ prep., conj. obsolete (since) si9.
sithe n. said, see scythe.
sithe n. (obsolete) way, path, mode, time [also, formerly, spelt
sythe, sith, syth} saiG.
sitnate v. (place) 'sit^u-et.
situate adj. (placed) 'sitju-at, 'sitSu-et.
situation n. (location) sit$u'ee-$9n, sitgu'ee-Jdn.
sitz-bath n. (hip-bath) 'sits-ba:6.
sixteen adj, siks'tiin, (assutnptivly) 'sik-stin.
sixteen n. siks'tiin, (anteriorly ; by contrast) 'sik-stin.
sixteenth adj. siks'tiinG, siks'tiintO, (assutnptivly) 'sik-stin9.
sixteenth n. siks'tiinO, (anteriorly; by contrast) 'sik-stin0.
sixth adj., n. siksG, (sometimes, especially when unstrest)
siks.
sixtieth adj., n. 'siksti-sG.
sizable adj. [also spelt siseablel 'sai-zs-bdl.
sisal n. 'sizsl. same meaning as sisal,
sisar n. student [also spelt siserl 'sai-zazr.
sizy adj. (of or containing size) 'sai-zi.
sizz V. hiss; sizzle [past participle and preterit siszed, sisdl
siz.
skoan n. dagger [also spelt skeen, skene; synonymous cog-
nate skainl skiin.
skedaddle v. (run away; scamper off) ski'daedl.
skee n. runner [also spelt ski; ploral skeesl skii.
skein n. fold of yarn, etc. [also spelt skain; synonymous cog-
nate skeanli skeen.
; .ve, q cure ; b the, Q tKvtv, ^ -s ^sure, d-t, / oy ; S shoe, tS chew ;
wwhen; t] sing\ uwVioevet, \tc2lc\., \5\u\V ^xxlooV t.nv -dsc^;
o poetic; oover, e oetiaV, kWv, -a-.^ooT, -aoxvo, ^.\keey., ^^^^ivfc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORD:^ $W
skeleton n. (the bones coUectivly; supporting-structure)
'skeh-tn, 'skeh-tan.
skeptic n. doubter [also spelt sceptici 'skeptik.
skeptical adj, [also spelt sceptical} 'skepti-ksl.
skepticism n. [also spelt scepticism} 'skepti-sizam.
skexver %>, pin [past participle and preterit skewered, skew-
erdl 'skgou-ar.
ski n. [ploral skil skii; (erroneously) skai. same meaning as
skee.
skiagrapk n. (x-ray photograph) 'skai-3-g^a:f.
skiascopy n. shadow-test, retinoscopy [synonymous cognate
sciascopy"] 'skai-a-skopi.
skilful adj. able; clever [also spelt skillful} 'skilfal.
skilled adj, [also spelt skild} skild.
skim-milk n. (milk from which the cream has been sldmd)
'ski-milk, skim'milk.
skirmish v. fight irregularly [past participle and preterit
skirmished, skirmisht} 'skair-miS.
skiver n. (split leather) 'skai-va?.
skna n. (bird) 'sk(jou-3.
sknlk V. sneak away; lurk [also spelt sculk; past participle
and preterit skulked, skulki} skAtk.
sknll n. cranium [also, formerly, spelt scull} skAl.
sknll n. skua, gull-like bird [also spelt scull} skxl.
sknllcap ». (sinciput; layer; plant; rodent) 'skAl-kaep.
sknll-cap n. (close-fitting cap for the head [also spelt
skullcap} 'skAl-kaep.
sknlled adj, having a skull [also spelt skuld} skAld.
sky n. heavens [ploral skies} skai; (dialectally) skgai.
Skye n. (terrier) skai.
skyey adj. of the sky [also spelt skiey} 'skai-i.
slabber v,, n. 'sz-aebazr. same meaning as slobber.
slack adj. (slow, remiss) stack.
slack n. (loose part; remission) sz.aek.
slack V. slacken ; loosen ; retard ; quench ; slake ; neglect [past
participle and preterit slacked, slackt} stack, compare slake.
slake V. loosen; reduce to powder; quench [synonymous cog-
nate slack} si-eek.
slander v. defame [past participle and preterit slandered,
slanderd} 'staenda?.
slang^y adj. (of slang) 'stacqi.
slant v., adj., n, si-aint, sta:nt, stac:nt.
slaty adj, (of slate) 'stee-ti.
c: \an\ b: f wr, ac cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now^ a: osk, ^^ V.\\r.%
length-mark (:) indicates that tVie pteee^\Tv^ %w«A as» '^^'^*"»
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on )3cke i^>\o^vc^^ «<3VisiSiR.-
510 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
■laughter v. kill; butcher [past participle and preterit
slaughtered, slaughterd} 'stci-tae.
Slav n.,adj. Slavonian [also spelt Slave; synonymous cog-
nates Sclav, Sclavel SLa:v, slqiv, sLae:v, suev.
slave n. (serf) sceev.
slaver v.,n, drivel [as verb, past participle and preterit
slavered, slaverdi 'si-aevar.
slaver n. (slave-ship; slave-dealer) 'sLee-v93«
slavery adj, (slabbery; wet) 'staeva-ei.
slavery n. (bondage) 'stee-v3-?i.
Slavic adj.,n, (Slavonian) 'sLSvik, 'sLa:-vik.
slaiv n. (cabbage salad) slc: .
slay V. kill [present participle slaying; past participle slain;
preterit slew] stee.
slay n. reed of a loom; guideway in a knitting-machine [also
spelt sley'\ sz-ee.
slay V. adjust the threads of, as yarn, in a reed for weav-
ing [also, formerly, spelt slaie'\ stee.
sleave n. tangled silk, etc. [also spelt sleevel S2.iiv.
sleazy adj. flimsy [also, sometimes, spelt sleezy and, dialec-
tally, j/oxry] 'sz-ee-zi, 'si-ii-zi.
sledge n. (hammer) seeds.
sledge n. (sled) seeds.
sleek adj.jV, smooth [synonymous cognate slick; as verb,
past participle and preterit sleeked, sleektl seiik, seik.
sleeved adj, having sleeves [also spelt sleevdl sLiivd.
sleigli n. (vehicle) seee.
sleight n. skill; trick [also spelt slightl seait.
slept V, (past participle and preterit of sleep) seept; (vul-
garly) step.
slenth n. (track, trail; detectiv) sz.iou6, seouO.
sleiv n. (tideway; eddy) seou.
sleiv v. (preterit of slay) seiou, seou.
slick adj. seik. same meaning as sleek,
slick n. (finely divided ore) seik.
slicker n. polishing-tool ; waterproof [synonymous cognate
sleeckerl 'seika?.
slight adj, (slender; unimportant) seait.
slight v., n. (neglect) seait.
slippery adj. (smooth and insecure; uncertain) 'seipa-^i, {as-
sumptivly) 'seip3i.
sliver n., v. splinter [past participle and preterit slivered,
sliverdl 'seiva?, 'seai-va^.
j ye, gcure; btKe, Q(fiin; jarrure, ds/oy; I shoe, tlchew;
wwhen; rising; uwYvoevet, Kxe^icX., ^\>^, Ki>3.lool, n't, lise^;
o poetic; 3 over, eoenaV, k\>u\., :i*.^ooT, ^ox^o, ^.X^eey.^ ^.^%^v.
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 511
slobber v,, n. slaver [synenymous cegnate slabber ; as verb,
past participle and preterit slobbered, slobberd} 'stebae.
sloe n. fruit; blackthorn [plural sloes} sl.oo.
■loid n. sz.eid. see sloyd.
sloke n. ooze [also spelt sloak; synenymous cognates sloken,
sloakenj SL.3ok.
■losli n., V. SL.e$. same meaning as slush.
■lotb n. (slowness; laziness; mammal) slooG; (less properly)
sz.e9.
slothful adj. (sluggish; lazy) 'si-ooG-fal; {less properly)
'si-eGfal.
sloucli V, droop; be loutish [past participle and preterit
slouched, sloucht} sz^aotS.
slough n, (miry hole; quagmire) sz^ao. compare slue.
slough n. (skin; cast; exuvium) SLxf.
slough V. (cast off; shed) sz.Af.
sloven n. (careless person) 'si-Avan, 'sLAvn.
slo XT-going adj. si-oo'goo-iq, {assumpHvly) 'sz-DO-goo-iq.
sloyd n. system of manual training [also spelt sloid} sz^eid.
slubber v. daub; slur over [synonymous cegnate slobber"}
'si-ebar.
slubber n. half-twined thread [synenymous cegnate slobberl
'si^Abar.
slue V, turn [also spelt slewl sz.ou.
slue n. (local) marshy hollow; reedy pond; shallow ravine or
creek [also spelt slew, slool sz.au.
slue n. (slang) large quantity; lot [also spelt slew} sz.au.
sluice n. (stream; flood-gate) sz^uus.
slush n. sludge, etc. [synenymous cegnate slosh} sz^aS.
slyly adv. craftily [also spelt slily} 'sz.ai-h.
smallpox n. (disease) 'sMc:}-peks.
smalt n. (enamel blue) smc:U.
smear v. anoint; daub [past participle and preterit smeared,
stneard} smi:?.
smeath n. smew; duck [also spelt smethe} sMiiO.
smell V. scent, nose [past participle and preterit smelled,
smeld, smelt} SMel,
•mell-less adj. without smell [also spelt smelless} 'sMel-las.
smew^ n. (duck) SMiou.
smoke n,, v. SMOok ; (dialectally) SM3k.
smolder v,,n. [also spelt smoulder; as verb, past participle
and preterit smoldered, smolderd} 'sMOol-dar.
smooth-faced adj. SMoud'feest, (assumptivly) 'sMoud-feest.
c: \aw, b: fwr, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy\ a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceditv^ ?ka>axA a.% ^^'^*"'
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on l^^ i^Vlo^va.^ ^^«a^t^
512 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
smother v, stifle [past participle smothered, smotherd]
smouoh v,,n. siioutS, SMaot$. same meaning as smutch*
smoucli n. (loud kiss; smack; buss) snaotS.
smutcli V. blacken; smudge [synonymous cognate smouch;
past participfe and preterit smutched, smutchtl SMAtS.
siiagged adj, (knotty) SNxgd, 'sNxgid.
Sliaplianco n. (gun; repartee) 'sNxp-hxns.
siiatlL n. sNa:0. same meaning as snathe.
siiatlie n. scythe-handle [synonymous cognate snathi sNeed.
sneak v. slink [past participle and preterit sneaked, sneakt]
SNiik, (when unstrest) SNik.
snicker v. giggle [past participle and preterit snickered,
snicker d\ synonymous cognate snigger'^ 'sNiks?.
snivel V, snuff [present participle sniveling, snivelling', past
participle and preterit sniveled, snivelled, sniveldl 'sNival,
'sNivl.
sniveler n. [also spelt sniveller'] 'sNiva-Jar, (rapidly) 'sNivfo?.
snively adj\ snotty; sniveling [also spelt snivellyl 'snivs-Ii,
(rapidly) 'snivIi.
snout n. (nose; proboscis) sNoot; (less properly) sNout.
so adv. (of that degree; in such manner; by this means) soo,
(when less strest) so, so, (when unstrest) sa.
so conj. (in such manner that; so that; in case that) S30,
(when less strest) so, so.
soak V. steep; drench; booze [past participle and preterit
soaked, soaktl sook.
soakage n. (act of soaking, etc.) 'soo-kids.
sobriety n. (state or habit of being sober) so'b?ai-i-ti.
sobriquet n. (nickname) sob^i'kee, 'soo-bri-ke, sob?i'kee.
socage n. land-tenure [also spelt soccage] 'sokids.
sociability n. (sociableness) soSa'bih-ti, soSi-a'bih-ti.
sociable adj., n. 'soo-Ja-bal, 'soo-Si-a-bal.
social adj. (sociable, etc.) 'soo-^s}.
socialism n. (doctrin) 'soo-$o-hz9m, 'soo-Ss-hzm.
sociality n. (sociability; social impulse) soSi'aeh-ti.
socialization n. [also spelt socialisation'] so$ah'zee-S3n, soS^-
lai'zee-San.
socialize v. [also spelt socialise] 'soo-Ss-laiz.
society n. (fellowship; community; club) so'sai-i-ti.
sociology n. (science of society) soji'ola-dsi ; (less properly)
sosi'ela-dsi.
socius n. associate [ploral socii] 'sDO-Ji-as.
J y^f 5 cure; btKe, ^ tVim\ ^^z>ax«:, d^foy; S J*oe. tlchew;
w when ; n sing ; u 'wYvoevex , \ te^cx., \i i\C\, xi>a.\o<\, ^\V -A ««€ ;
opoeHc; a over, e oenaV, K.>au\., ;>\^oox, ^^tio, ^\»«\, «^vftfc^
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 513
■ockdologor n. [also spelt sockdolager, socdolager; synony-
mous cognate sogdologerl sok'doU-dsd?.
■ocle n. plinth-like support; zoccolo [synonymous cognate
socle} 'soo-kal, (less properly) 'sokdl.
sodio adj. (of sodium) 'soo-dik.
■odomy n. (practis of abnormal sexual relations) 'sodd-mi.
■of a n. (long seat; lounge) 'soo-fa; {vulgarly) 'soo-fi.
■oft adj. (yielding) so: ft, soft.
■often V. become soft; make soft [past participle and prete-
rit softened, softend} 'so'.-fan.
■oft-spoken adj. so:ft'sp30-k3n, {assumptivly) 'se:ft-spoo-
kan.
■oho interj. (used in calling at a distance) so'hoo.
■oiled adjn having soil; dirty [also spelt soildl seild.
■oir^e n. (evening party) swo'^ee.
sojourn v, live for a time; abide [past participle and prete-
rit sojourned, sojournd} so'd^Bizn, S3'd3B:zn, 'sDo-dsBzn;
{less properly) 'sA-dsern, 'so-dse^n.
■ojoum n. (temporary stay; abode) 'soo-dsezn, so'dsBizn.
■ojoumer n. 'soo-d$Bzn9z, (often) ^so-d^szn^z ; so'dsszn^z,
so'd^B'.z-noz ; 'so-d^Bzn^z.
■ol n. (sun; gold) sol.
■ol n. (old French coin) set, sool.
■ol n. Peruvian coin [also spelt sole"] soot.
■ol n. (musical note) sol, sool.
■ola interj. (used in calling at a distance) sola: .
■ola n. (swamp-plant) 'soo-ld.
■olaoe n,, v. (comfort) 'sohs.
■olan n. solan-goose [synonymous cognate soland"] 'soo-lan.
solanaceon^ adj. sold'nee-Jds, sola'nee-Sas.
■older V, join with metalic cement [past participle and pret-
erit soldered, solderd} 'sedazr, 'seld^z, 'sci-dar.
soldier v. serve as a soldier; bully [past participle and pret-
erit soldiered, soldierdi 'sool-dsar.
■oldo n. Italian coin [plural soldi} 'soldo.
■ole n. (under side of the foot, etc.) sool.
■ole n. (fish) sool.
sole adj. (only; alone; single) soot.
solecism n. (gross grammatical error) 'seh-sizdm.
■olocise V. [also spelt solecise} 'soh-saiz.
■olemn adj. sacred; impressiv [also spelt solem} 'seism.
■olemnization n. [also spelt solemnisation} seldmni'zee-Sdn,
solam-nai'zee-San.
c: law, b: fur, x cat, e hat, oi hoy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite;
length-mark (;) indicates that tVie pxeee^ixk^ ^ti>asA -«» \wcvt\
stress-mark C) indicates cMef sUesa on liSit fe'^orwvcL^t «<a^^^»fc*
514 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
solemnize v. [also spelt solemnise^ 'setdm-naiz.
solenoid n. (helix) 'soo-li-neid, solii-neid.
sol-fa v., n,y adj, (in music) saoi'fa: , 's3oi-fa: , sel'fa: •
solfatara n. (volcanic area) seifd'ta:-;?.
solfeg:sio n. solmization, etc. [ploral solfeggii} sdVfzdp,
seViedsi-o.
solicitor n. (one who solicits; advocate) sdlisi-tds.
soliloquize v. [also spelt soliloquise'] sa'tild-kwaiz.
soliloquy n. a talking to one's self [ploral soliloquiesl salild-
kiui.
solitaire n. (recluse; game; bird) soh'te:;.
soUar n. loft [also spelt soller, solar"] 'sel^z.
solleret n. steel shoe [also spelt soleret] ^seta-nt.
solmisation n. sol-faing [also spelt solmisation] selmi'zee'
$an.
so-long interj. good-by [also spelt so long] 'soo-loiij, sole:g.
solstioe^n. time at which the sun is farthest from the equa-
tor; turning-point [also spelt solstis] 'setstis; (Jess prop-
erly) 'sDol-stis.
solstitial adj, (of a solstice) serstiSsl.
solute adj. (free, as a stipule ; soluble) s3liout.
solution n. (state of being dissolvd, etc; method of solving)
saliou-San; {dialectally) salou-Jan.
solve V. loosen; explain; melt [also spelt solv; past partici-
ple and preterit solved, solvd] selv.
solvency n. (state of being solvent; ability to pay just
claims) 'selvan-si.
soma n. body [ploral somatd] 'soo-ms.
somber adj. dark; dismal [also spelt sombre] 'sembs?.
sombrero n. (broad-brimd hat) sem'b?e:-ro.
some adj,-pron., noun-pron, SAm, (jvhen unstrest) sam.
somebody noun-pron. 'sAm-bedi, {when less strest) 'sAmbd-di,
(rapidly, anteriorly) 'sAmbadi, 'sAmdi.
someboiv adv. 'sAm-hao, (when less strest) 'sAm-ao.
somersault n. [also spelt summersault; synonymous cog-
nates summerset, somerset] 'sAmar-scrlt.
somotbing n. (some thing; entity; a little) 'sAmGiij, (vulgar-
ly) 'sAm-Mm, 'sAm-m; 'sAmpm.
sometimes adv. sAm'taimz, (when less strest) sdm'taimz;
(also) 'sAm-taimz.
someivbat adv, sAm'iuet, (when less strest) sam'iuet; (also)
'sAm-iu3t, (when less strest) 'sAmwat.
somexvbat noun-pron. 'sAm-uiet, (when less strest) 'sAmwat.
j yCf 5 cure; bthe, QtKiiv, ^^iSAwe, dT^foy; S J^oe, tlchew;
w when; t] sing; uwYvoevet, itc^cx, Ti\%^, xa\i\o<\, i.\v 'o.^*;
o poetic; oover, e aerial, K)auV, ^\^oot, ^^tio, ^.\ie^ ^^^afi«.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 515
■omexvliore adv. 'sAm-iue:?, (when less strest) 'sAmwaz.
■omite n. (body-segment; somatome) 'soo-mait.
■onuLambulisin. n. (sleep-walking) sem'nsembjo-lizdm.
■omnolent adj. (sleepy) 'semns-lsnt.
■on n. (male child; male descendant, etc.) SAn.
■onny n. (diminutiv of son) 'sAni.
■onata n. (instrumental musical composition) S9'na:-t3.
■ong n. (singing; ballad) se:i] ; (dialectally) sciq.
■on-in-la'w n. husband of one's daughter [ploral sons-in-
law} 'sAn-in-lc: , 'sAnin-lc: , (often) 'sAn-n-lc: .
sonneteer n., v. [also spelt sonnetteerl seni'ti:?.
■onnetist n. [also spelt sonnettist} 'seni-tist.
soon adv. (before long; early; quickly; gladly) soun, (when
unstrest) sun; (also, dialectally) son.
•ooner adv. 'sou-nae, (when less strest) 'suna?; (also, dialec-
tally) 'sonar.
■oot n. (chimney-black, lamp-black) sout; (dialectally) sot.
■ootli n. (truth) sou6.
■ootlie V. cajole; comfort; mitigate [also spelt soothi soud.
■ootlisayer n. (diviner) 'sou9-see-3z.
sophist n. (specialist; paid teacher of virtue; quibbler)
'sefist.
soporific adj. (producing sleep) sopa'rifik, sepa'rifik.
soprano n. (treble; singer; voice-part) so'p3a:-no, s3'p3a:-no.
sorbile adj. that may be suckt or sipt; liquid [also spelt sor-
bin 'se:r-bil, (rarely) 'se:?-bail.
sorbin n. glucose sugar [also spelt sorbinel 'se:7-bin.
sordine n. (sordino, mute) 'so:zr-din, 'se:3-din; (rarely) see-
'diin.
sorgbum n. (plant; grass) 'se:2r-g9m.
sorites n. (chain-syllogism) sa'^ai-tiz.
sororocide n. (one who kills his sister) sd'rezi-said ; (less
properly) S3'rc:-ri-said.
sorrel n. (plant) 'serai.
sorrour n., v. 'sezro ; (dialectally) 'sera.
sortie n. (going forth; sally) 'se:3-ti, 'serr-ti, ser'tii.
sortilege n. (drawing lots; magic) 'se:z-tiAid^.
Sotbic adj, (of Sothis, the dog-star) 'soo-9ik, 'se9ik.
sotto voce adv. (in an undertone) seto'voo-tji.
sou n. (coin) sou.
sonbrotte n. (maid-servant) su'bzret.
sonobong n. (tea) su'Serq, 'sou-Seq.
songb n., v. (murmur ; sigh) SAf , sao.
c: \aw, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now^ a: ask, at.k.'Cte.\
]ength-mork (:) indicates that l"Vve ptece^vc^^ ^ws^xA -is. '^^'"^''
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on >i3K^^ l^Vi<i^va% «f^c!^«SiR
516 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
■onght V. (past participle and preterit of seek) sc:t.
soul n. (spirit; ego; essence; person) s3oi.
soup n. (broth, etc.) soup; {dialectally) sop.
souroe n., v, (rise ; spring) sc:zs.
sourdine n. (mute; stop) so^'diin.
souse n. (pickle, sauce) saos.
souse V. steep in pickle; pltinge; pour [past participle and
preterit soused, soust"] saos.
souse V,, n, swoop, pounce ; dip, plunge [as verb, past parti-
ciple and preterit soused, soustj saos.
soutane n. (cassock) su'teen.
southeast adj, saoO'iist, (assumptivly) 'saoG-iist, (and, when
less strest) 'sao9-ist; (also, dialectally) sau'iist, ^sau-ist.
southeast n. saoG'iist, (anteriorly) 'saoO-iist, (and, when
less strest) 'saoG-ist.
southerly adv. 'sAdar-li.
southern adj. (of the south; southerly) 'sAddsrn.
southerner n. (inhabitant of the south; southron) 'sAds-nsz.
southing n. (motion to the south) 'sao-dig; (less properly)
'sao-Giq.
southiivard adv,, adj,, n. 'saoG-w9?d ; (dialectally) 'sAddzd.
southiivest adj. saoG'west, (assumptivly) 'saoG-west; (also,
dialectally) soo'west, 'sao-west.
southxvest n. saoG'west, (sometimes) 'saoG-wcst.
souvenir n. (keepsake) 'sou-v3-ni:z, su-va'ni:?, 'souv-nir.
sovereign adj, supreme; royal; potent [also spelt soverenl
'sAV3-zin, 'sev3-zin; (rapidly) 'sAvzin, 'sevzin.
sovereign n. ruler; coin [also spelt soverenl 'sAva-zin, 'seva-
nn; (rapidly) 'sAvzin, 'sevzin.
sovereignty n. [also spelt soverenty'} 'sAvazin-ti, 'sevazin-
ti; (rapidly) 'sAvzin-ti, 'sevzin-ti.
soxr V. scatter; plant; disseminate [past participle sown,
sowed, sowd; preterit sowed, sowd"] sdo.
soxr n. (female hog) sao.
soxver n. (one who sows) 'soo-az.
spa n. (mineral spring) spa: ; (less properly) spc: .
spadassin n. (swordsman) 'spaeda-sin.
spaghetti n. (cord-like food made of the same materials as
macaroni and vermicelli) spa'geti.
spahi n. cavalryman [also, sometimes, spelt spaheel 'spa:-hi,
'spa: -hi.
spanoeled adj. hobbled or fetterd to a clog : said of a horse
[also spelt spancelled, spanceldl 'spxnsdld.
j ye, Qcure; btKe, OtKitv; ^ azure, ds/oy; j shot, t^chew;
wwhen; 13 s\ng\ uwYvoevet, \Tc;i.cX., \ii\C\, x^a^IooV -vnv ^««€;
0 poetic; a over, eoenaV, K.>aut, v.^oox, -a^xio^ «.\ie\, ^<^5u6iCx
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 517
spandrel n. triangular space next an arch [synonymous cog-
nate spandril} 'spaendral.
spanemla n. poverty of the blood; spanemy [also spelt spa-
naetnial sp:)'nii-mi-a.
spaniel n. (dog) 'spxnjsl, 'spaena}, 'spaenl.
sparable n. (nail) 'spaezs-bdi.
sparoid adj. (like a sea-bream) 'spe:-7eid, 'spx-?eid.
sparrow^-g^ass n. (vulgar) 'spaszo-gza:s, ^spssz^-gzais. same
meaning as asparagus.
spasm n. (excessiv muscular contraction; convulsiv move-
ment) 'spsezam, 'spsezm.
spatial adj. of space [also spelt spaciall 'spee-l^h
spatiality n. spatial character; extension [also spelt spa-
cialityl speSi'aeh-ti.
speoiality n. (special attribute; specialty) speSi'seh-ti.
specialization n. [also spelt specialisation} speSdh'zee-Jdn,
speSa-lai'zee-San.
specialise v. [also spelt specialise} 'spe^d-laiz.
specialty n. (special quality; speciality; special occupation
or product) 'speSal-ti.
specie n. (coin, metallic money) 'spii-Ji, 'spii-Ji ; 'spii-si-i: ,
'spii-ji-i: .
species n. image; class, kind, sort [ploral species} 'spii-^iz,
spii-Siz, 'spii-Si-i:z.
specious adj. (sightly; plausible) 'spii-Sas.
specked adj. having specks [also spelt speckt} spekt.
spectacle n. (show, etc.) 'spekta-kal.
spectator n. (onlooker) spek'tee-ta? ; i^less properly) 'spek-
teta^.
specter n. ghost [also spelt spectre} 'spektsz.
spectroscopy n. (use of the spectroscope) spek'tseska-pi,
'spekt j3-skopi.
spectrum n. image; band of light [ploral spectra} 'spekt^sm.
speculator n. (one who speculates) 'spekgo-letd?.
speiss n. (compound of arsenic, iron, etc.) spais.
spelled V. past participle and preterit of spell [also spelt
speld, spelt} speld, spelt.
spelt n. (wheat) spelt.
spencer n. (garment) 'spenss?.
Spencerian adj. (of the philosopher Herbert Spencer) spcn-
'si:-zi-3n.
spendthrift n. (prodigal) 'spend-03ift, (often) 'spen-Gsift,
'spen93ift.
c: law, b: f Mr, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai. k.\te.%
length-mark (:) indicates that the pteee^itvv; ^ovrcv^ '^^ ^x'^^^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on \3si^ ie»>\^^vcv^ ^^VksJ^^
fc*
518 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
Spenierlan adj. (of the poet Edmund Spenser) spen'si:-
zi-sn.
ipermaceti n. (fat from the head of the sperm-whale) spez-
ma'scti, spo?ma'sii-ti ; (less properly) spszmd'siti, spezmd-
'sii-tai.
spermatocele n. (sperm-cyst) spBz'mxt3-si), 'spB:3-m9t9-sil.
spermatorrhoea n. (seminal flow) spBzmdtd'zii-d.
spermatosoan adj. (of a spermatozoon) spszmdtd'zoo-do.
spermatozoid n. (spermatozoon) spB^mats'zoo-id.
spermatozooid adj. (like a spermatozoon) spBzm3t9'z30-
eid.
spermatozoon n. one of the motil units of sperm or semen
[also spelt spermatozoon; ploral spertnatosoal spBzmatd'zoo-
9n.
spew V. vomit; puke [past participle and preterit spewed,
spewd} spQou.
sphacela n. hollow chamber or sphacele of an alga [ploral
sphacelael 'sfaesi-la.
sphenoid adj. (wedge-shaped) 'sfii-neid.
sphere n. (globe, ball) sfv.z,
spherical adj. (of or like a sphere; globular) 'sfezi-kal.
spheroid n. solid which approaches a sphere in shape [also
spelt sphaeroidi 'sfi:-reid; (less properly) sfi'zeid, sfe'zeid,
'sfe-^eid.
spherule n. little sphere [also spelt sphaerulel 'sfezul; (less
properly) 'sfee-jul.
sphincter n. (muscle) 'sfiriktd?.
sphinx n. monster with a lion's body and woman's head;
moth; baboon [ploral sphinxes, sphingesl sfiqks.
sphyg^mograph n. (pulse-recording device) 'sf igm9-g?a:f.
spioate adj. (spike-shaped) 'spai-ket.
spioknel n. baldmoney, a plant [synonymous cognate spig-
nell 'spikNal.
spicnliform adj. (formd like a spicule) 'spikQoh-fe:?m, spi-
'kQou-h-fe:2:m.
spiegeleisen n. (pig-iron containing manganese; spiegel-
iron) 'spii-gal-ai-san, 'spii-gal-ai-zan.
spigot n. plug [dialectal synonymous cognate spicketj 'spigat.
spikenard n. (plant) 'spaik-ns^d.
spill V, let flow out or leak [past participle and preterit
spilled, spild, spiltl spil. .
spinach n. 'spin ids. see spinage.
spinage n. plant [also spelt spinacel 'spinids.
j ve, 9 cure ; 5 the, 0 thin ; 3 a^ure, ds joy ; S shoe, tS chew ;
wwhen; 13 sing; u^wVioeNeT, Vxc^cX, viiuVl, vs>a.iool, i tt, lis^^,
0 poetic; a over, eoetVaV, kWV, -^j-.^oot, •:i^xvo, ^x^ee^., ^.^-sy^-^N
!
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS ' 519
spinal adj, (vertebral) 'spai-ni, 'spai-nsi.
■pinate adj, (coverd with spines) 'spai-net.
spinel n. mineral [also spelt spinellel 'spinl, 'spinsl, spi'iiel,
'spai-nl.
spinet n. (coucht harp) 'spinit, spi'net.
spinnemle n. (tubule of a spider's spinneret) 'spins-zul;
{less properly) 'spina^-juL
spinose adj. (full of spines; spinous) spai'noos, {assumptivly)
'spai-nos.
spinster n. (spinner; old maid) 'spinstd?, 'spintsta?.
spiracle n. (aperture) 'spiza-kdl, 'spai-zs-kdl.
spiraled adj, [also spelt spiralled"] 'spai-rald.
spiriole n. (coild thread) 'spai-zi-kdl.
spiritual adj. (of spirit) 'spi?itSu-al, 'spi^itgu-al.
spiritnalization n. [also spelt spirit ualisationl spiritSu-d-li-
'zee-San, spi?itSu-3-lai'zee-San.
spiritualize v. [also spelt spiritualise] 'spizitSu-9-laiz.
spiritnalizer n. [also spelt spiritualiser] 'spi7it$u-9-tai-z37.
spiritnelle adj, (characterized by refined grace or intellec-
tuality) spieitju'el.
spittoon n, (cuspidor) spi'toun.
spitz n. (dog) spits.
splanol&nio adj. (intestinal) 'spz.aer|kNik.
splendor n. brightness; pomp [also spelt splendour] 'spz.en-
splenetic adj, (of the spleen; splenic; peevish) spz.i'netik,
'spLeni-tik.
splenitive adj, that acts on the spleen ; splenetic ; fiery [also
spelt splcnitiv; synonymous cognate splenative] 'spz-eni-tiv.
splenic adj, (of the spleen) 'sp^enik, 'spz.ii-nik.
splenitic adj. (inflamed, as the spleen) spz.i'nitik.
splenization n. [also spelt splenisation] spz.ini'zee-S9n.
spoil V, rob; ruin; mar [past participle and preterit spoiled,
spoild, spoilt] spoil.
spoke V. (preterit of speak) spook, {when unstrest) spok;
{also, dialectally) spok.
spoke n, (bar, rung) spook, {dialectally) spok.
spoliation n. (plundering) spoH'ee-Sdn. .
spondaic adj, (of a sirondee) spen'dee-ik.
spondee n. (foot) 'spen-di.
spondyl n, joint [also spelt spondyle] 'spen-di), 'spendiL
sponge n. aquatic organism, etc.; hanger-on [also, formerly,
spelt spunge] spAnds-
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: aak, «3.Va\s:%
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptece^itv^ %a>xcv^ "v^ ^?^"*
stress-mark C) indicates chief Stress on ^^ fe>\o^va^ «f^ai«^^'
I
520 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
■ponsiform adj. (having the form of a sponge) 'spentlsi-
ie:zm,
•pongoid adj, (sponge-like; spongy) 'spoQ-geid, 'spAQ-geid.
■ponion n. curve of steamboat-timbers near the paddle-boxes
[synonymous cognate sponsing"] 'spenssn.
■ponflor n. (surety) 'spenss;.
spontaneity n. (spontaneous character) spentd'nii-i-ti ; (er-
roneously) spent3'nai-i-ti.
ipoon n. (utensil) spoun; (dialectally) spon.
ipoonfnl n. as much as would fill a spoon [plural spoonfuls]
'spoun-fol, (anteriorly) 'spoun-fal; (dialectally) 'spon-fol,
(anteriorly) 'sponfal.
■pome n. (husband or wife) spaoz.
ipread v., n. [also spelt spred"] spsed.
iprightly adj. (spirited) 'sp3ai-tz.i. »
iprite w. (spirit; ghost; fairy) spsait.
ipryly adv. (in a spry manner) 'spsai-li.
ipnnky adj. (spirited) 'spArjki.
ipnrt v.,n. shoot; gush [also spelt spirt"] spB:zt.
ipnrt n. sudden effort [also spelt spirt] spsi^t.
iqnab n. (young pigeon) skweb.
iqnad n. (set, party) skiued.
iqnadron n. (square formation, etc.) 'skwedtsn.
iqnail n. disk, counter [also spelt squale; synonymous cog-
nate scale] skiueel.
iqnalid adj. (filthy) 'skwehd.
iqnall v. cry out [past participle and preterit squalled,
squald] skwc:l.
iqnalor n. (filthiness) 'skwels?, 'skwee-ld?.
iqnamoie n. (scaly, squamous) skiue'moos, (assumptivly)
'skiuee-mos; (also) skiuae'moos.
squander v. scatter, spend lavishly [past participle and
preterit squandered, squanderd] 'skiuondar.
iqnarroie adj. (scaly) 'skiuae-?os, 'skujo-^os.
sqnasl& v. crush [past participle and preterit squashed,
squasht] sktrej.
sqnash n. (soft thing or mass; impact of a soft body) skweS.
iqnash n. (plant; vegetable) skweS.
iqnat v. (crouch, cower, settle) skioet.
sqnatarole n. plover [also spelt squaterole] 'skujaeta-^ol.
sqnan^ n. (Amerindian woman) skwc: .
sqnaurk v. cry [past participle and preterit squawked,
squawkt] sku)c:k.
j ye, QCure; b the, Q th\TV, -s^sMte, ds/oy; I shoe, tlchew:
XV when; 13 sing; u"w\\oeveT, Vxe^cX., \i\>^, \s>\\o<\, ^\v, \\^ee\
O poetic 9 over, e oet\a\, kV>u\., •:>*.^oot, -^^^tvo, ^.\ic\, 't^^*.^^
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 521
squeak v. cry as a rat, etc. [past participle and preterit
squeaked, squeakt'\ skwiik.
squeal v, utter a shrill cry, as a pig [past participle and
preterit squealed, squeald} sku5ii}.
squeamish adj. (easily nauseated; finical) 'skwii-mi^.
squeeze v. press; force [past participle and preterit squeezed,
squeesd"] sktuiiz.
squelch v. crush down; put down [past participle and pret-
erit squelched, squelcht'\ skiueltj, sktuelj.
sqneteag^ne n. weakfish [synonymous cognates squetee, squi-
tee, squit'[ skioi'tiig.
squirrel n. (rodent) 'sktuB^dl, 'skwA^al, 'skwi^dl.
stabilize v. render stable [also spelt stabilisel 'stsebi-laiz.
staccato adj. (detacht ; abrupt : opposed to legato) sts'ka:-
to.
stadholder n. [also spelt stadtholderl 'staet-hool-dd?.
staff n. [ploral staves, staff s'\ sta:f, sta:f, staeif.
staid adj. sober [also, formerly, spelt stayedl steed.
stair n. (step) ste:?.
stake n. (stick, post) steek.
stake n„ v. (wager) steek.
stalactite n. (icicle-like deposit hanging from the roof of a
cave) sta'laek-tait.
stalagmite n. (spire-like deposit on the floor of a cave) std-
'laeg-mait.
stale n. stem, handle [also spelt staill steel.
stalk V. steal along; pace [past participle and preterit
stalked, stalktl stc:k.
stalk n. (stem) stc:k.
stalnrart adj. (sturdy) 'stc:}-w3^t, 'stelw3?t, 'stalwart.
stamen n. warp, thread; in ploral, support, stay [ploral stami-
nal 'stee-man.
stamen n. male organ of a flower [ploral stamensl 'stee-
man.
stamin n. (obsolete) woolen cloth [also spelt staminel
'staemin.
stamina n. (ploral of stamen; also, as singular, staying
power, vigor) 'staemi-na.
staminate adj. (having stamens) 'stxmi-net.
stampede n. (panic in a drove) stxm'piid.
stanch adj. stamtS, staintS, stcintS; (in Britain) stainj, sta:nS,
stc:n$. same meaning as staunch,
stanch n. (flood-gate) sta:ntS, etc.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, o hot, oi hoy: a: far, ao now, a: ask, at ktte;
length-mark (:) indicates that the pTeted\Tv«. ^wv-tv^ a.% "^^"^^^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on ^^ 15>>\qh«vcv^ ^^f^s^s^R-
522 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
stancliion n. (post, prop; stall-bar) 'stsentSan, 'staenSdn.
stapei n. (stirrup-bone) 'stee-piz.
itarboard n., adj, (right) 'sta:z-ho:zd, 'sta:z-h^zd,
itare v., n. (gaze) ste:z.
starred adj. markt with or influenced by a star or stars [also
spelt stardi staizrd.
itarve v. die of hunger; famish [also spelt starv; past parti-
ciple and preterit starved, starvdl staizy.
static adj. (of weight or rest; statical) 'stsetik.
stationary adj. (not movable; fixt) 'stee-l^-nezi ; (also)
'stee-Sana-ei, (assumptivly) 'stee-Sa-n3?i ; (rapidly) 'stee-Jan-
zi, 'stee-jNi, 'ste^Ni.
stationery n. (writing materials, etc.) 'stee-Sa-neri, etc.
statistician n. (one verst in statistics) stxtis'ti^dn.
statuary n. (sculptor; art of making statues) 'staetSu-en,
'staetSu-331 ; 'staetgu-a-^i, 'staetgu-a^i.
statne w. (sculptured figure) 'staetjo, 'staetgo.
■tatnesqne adj. (like a statue) stxtSu'esk.
stature w. (bodily height; tallness) 'staetja?, (older) 'staetgar.
status n. (standing, etc.) 'stee-tas; (less properly) 'staetas.
citatnte n. (law) 'stae-tjut, (older) 'stae-tgut.
stannch v. check the flow of; quench; allay [synonymous
cognate stanch; past participle and preterit staunched,
staunchtl stc:ntS, sta:ntS, sta:ntS; (also, and in Britain nor-
mally) stc:nS, sta:nS, stainj.
staunch adj. dry; sound; strong; loyal [synonymous cognate
stanch"] stc:ntS, staintS, staintj; (in Britain) stc:n5, stainj,
stainS.'
stave n. (pole, staff; stanza, verse) steev.
staves n. (plural of staff) sta:vz, starvz.
stay V, [past participle and preterit in sense of detain, check,
etc., stayed, stayd; in sense of remain, etc., staid, stayed,
staydl stee.
stead n. place; avail [also spelt sted] sted.
steadfast adj, firm; steady [also spelt sfedfastl 'sted-fast.
steady adj. fixt; firm; constant [also spelt stedyl 'stedi;
(dialectally) 'stidi.
steak n. (slice of meat) steek.
steal V. (take by theft) stiil.
stealth n. secret procedure [also spelt stelthi ste}0.
stealthy adj. sly [also spelt stelthy] 'stelGi.
stearic adj. (of suet, fat, or stearin) sti'ae^ik.
stearin n. (ether; stearic acid) 'stii-a-^in.
j yc, gcure; hth^, Q tVi\Tv*, ^^^smt^, ^"b^^^*, ^sfcoe, tScAew;
w when; rj sing\ uwYvoevet, Vtc^cV, xi\>^, xa,>\\ooV ^>N., xv^^*\
o poetic; 3 over, e oenaV k>dh\, -a-.^ooT, -r^ox^o, ^\ie\, t^^c^fc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 523
steatomatoni adv, (of the nature of a steatoma or lipoma)
sti-3'tem3-tas, sti-a'too-ma-tas.
steel n. (metal) stiiL
steelyard n. (balance) 'stii-Hs^d, 'stiil-jai^d, 'stiiidzd
steen n. stone jar [also spelt stean, stein^ stiin.
steenbok n. (antelope) 'steen-bek, 'stiin-bek.
steer v, guide; control [past participle and preterit steered,
steerdl stiiz.
steer n. (young ox; bullock) stv.z,
stellar adj. (of stars; astral) 'steld?.
stellion n. (lizard) 'stelian; (less properly) 'steli-an.
stench n. (bad smell) stents, (in Britain) stenS.
stencil v, mark or paint by means of a stencil or plate out
of which letters or a design have been cut [present partici-
ple stenciling f steijcilling ; past participle and preterit sten-
ciled, stencilled, stencild} 'stensil, 'stentsit.
stenciler n. [also spelt stenciller'\ 'stensi-l97.
stenography n. (shorthand) sti'negz9-f i.
stent v., n, stent, see stint.
step v., n. pace [as verb, past participle and preterit stepped,
stept'\ step.
stephane n. (head-dress) 'stefs-ni.
steppe n. (treeless plain) step.
stere n. cubic meter [also, sometimes, spelt st^rel stiiz, steiz.
stereochromy n. (mode of painting) 'stezi-d-k^omi, sten-
'ek^a-mi, stii-zi'eksa-mi.
stereopticon n. (magic lantern) ste^i'epti-kan, sti:-7i'epti-
kan.
stereoscope n. (optical device) 'ste?i-3-skop, 'sti:-ei-3-skop.
stereotyper n. 'steH-a-tai-par, 'sti:-?i-3-tai-p3e.
sterile adj. barren; bare [also, sometimes, spelt sterill 'stezi),
'ste-rail.
sterilize v. [also spelt sterilise"} 'steri-laiz.
sternutatory adj. (causing sneezing) stBz'njou-td-to^i.
stertorous adj. (having a snoring sound) 'stBzt^-z^s.
stethoscope n. (auditory device for examining the breast)
'ste03-skop.
stevedore n. (one who loads and unloads vessels) 'stiiv-
do:z, 'stii-vi-do:?.
stew V. boil slowly, simmer [past participle and preterit
stewed, stewdl stgou; (dialectally) stou.
steward n. (majordomo; purveyor, etc.) 'stQou-3?d; (dialec-
tally) 'stou-3?d.
c: law, b: f «r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: osk, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptecedixvtt ^a>rcv^ -v^ VsrccstN
stress-mark () indicates chief stress otv liVi^ \^a^vci% ^'^^^w^^.*
524 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
sthenia n. (strength) sOs'nai-d.
stioliio adj, (of verse or line) 'stikik.
stismatiBation n. [also spelt stigmatisation'} stigmsti'
San, stigma-tai'zee-Sdn.
■tismatixe v, mark with a stigma or brand [also spelt
tnatisel 'stigms-taiz.
■tile n. (series of steps; framing) stail.
stiletto n. (dagger; eyelet-tool) stilctD.
still-bom adj, (born lifeless) stil'beizn, {assumptivly) '
beiziu
stilly adj. (still, quiet) 'stih.
stilly adv. (silently; quietly) 'stiWi.
stint v., n. [dialectal synonymous cognate stenf} stmt.
stipel n. (secondary stipule) 'stai-pdl.
stipellate adj. (having stipels) 'stai-pi-let, stai'pelet,
'pebt.
stipend n. (salary; pay; 'income) 'stai-pend.
stipple V. (shade or grade by means of dots) 'stipdt.
stirmp n. (foot-support) 'stezsp, 'sti^ap.
stiver n. (coin) 'stai-vae.
stodgy adj. rough; heavy [synonymous cognate st
'stodsi.
stogy adj. 'stoo-gi. same meaning as stodgy.
stog^y n. (long coarse cigar) 'stoo-gi.
stoioisni n. (doctrin or practis of the Stoics; calm fortit
'stoo-i-siz3m, 'stoo-i-sizm ; (erroneously) 'stoo-i-kizam.
stolen V. (past participle of steal) 'stoo-lan, 'stoo-ln.
stolid adj. (heavy, dull, stupid) 'stehd.
stolon w. (prostrate branch) 'stoo-lan.
stoloniferons adj. (bearing stolons) stola'nifd-rds; i
properly) steWnii^-zss.
stomach n. (digestiv sac; appetite) 'stAmsk.
stomaol&al adj. (of the stomach; gastric) 'stAms-kal.
stomacher n. (dress-front) 'stAma-kdzr.
stomachic adj. (of the stomach) sts'maekik.
stomapod adj, (stomatopod) 'st30-m3-ped, 'stema-
'stoma-pod.
stone n., adj., v. stDon ; (dialectally) ston.
stook n. (shock of corn) stcjk.
stoop V. bow; descend; pounce [past participle and p
erit stooped, stoopti stoup.
stoop n. drinking- vessel ; basin [also spelt stoup'\ stoup, st
stoop n. (platform before the door of a house) stoup.
j ye, Q cure; b the, ^ tK\tv\ ^^^cute, dj /oy ; S shoe, tS ch
w when; x) sing; uv/VvoeNet, ytc^cX, vii'\^, v^>\\oo\, ^\v \\«
o poetic] 3 over, eoetiaV, kVjuX., -a-.^oox, -^^xio, ^X^e^, ^it^
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 525
stoop n. (dialectal) post; pillar; patron [also spelt stoupl
stoup.
storge n. (parental or filial love) 'ste:?-gi, 'ste:r-gi, 'stei^-dsi,
'ster^-dsi.
stork n. (bird) steizk,
strabismus n. (squint) stsd'bizmds, stidHbiSMas.
straight adj. (not crooked or curvd; right; direct; reliable)
st£eet«
straight adv, (in a straight line; immediately) stseet, (when
unstrest) stjet.
straighten v. make straight [past participle and preterit
straightened, straightend'\ 'stjee-tn.
straightf ornvard adj\ stseet'fe:z-w9?d, (assumptivly) 'st£eet>
ie:z-vf9zd,
straightness n. (state of being straight) 'st£eet-nis.
strait n. (narrow water-passage; also isthmus; difficulty)
stjeet,
strait V. make strait or narrow; straiten; contract; tighten;
perplex [also, formerly, spelt straight"} stseet.
straiten v. make strait or narrow; contract; confine; ham-
per; restrict; distress [past participle and preterit strait-
ened, straitendj 'stjee-tn.
straitlaced adj. st£eetleest, (assumptivly) 'stseet-leest.
straitness n. (narrowness; smallness; strictness; distress)
'stjeet-nis.
strappado n.,v, (torture) stj3'pa:-do, stja'pee-do.
stratagem n. (artifice in war; artifice) 'stsaeta-dssm.
strategetie adj. (strategic) stsaeti'dsetik.
strategic adj, (of strategy) stja'tii-dsik, stsd'tedsik.
strategist n. (one skild in strategy) 'stsxti-dsist.
strateg^y n. (generalship) 'stjaeti-dsi.
stratigraphy n. (study of strata) st£ae'tig2;9-fi.
stratum n. layer [ploral strata} 'stjee-tam, 'stjar-tam.
stranrberry n. 'stjc:-be^i; (also) 'stjc:-b3-?i, (anteriorly)
'stjci-bazi; (rapidly) 'stjob^i.
streng^th n. (force, power) stjeqO; (dialectally) stjeeqO.
stre'W V, scatter [also, archaically, spelt strow; past partici-
ple and preterit strewed, strewd} st£ou, st£00.
stria n. stripe; streak [ploral striae! 'st£ai-9.
striate v. (mark with striae; score; stripe) 'st?ai-et.
striatniUL n. ganglion of the forebrain [ploral striata"] stsai-
'ee-tam.
stridnlate v. (grate; creak; chirr) 'stjid jo-let.
c: law, b: f«r, x cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte\
length-mark (:) indicates that the pteee^ixitt ^qnxcv^ a.% Vstc^jsln
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on Wie \ek>\sy«"wv.% ^-^"^^si^S^^*
526 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
itrinsed adj. having strings [also spelt stringd'\ stsigd.
itrlped adj. (having stripes; streakt) 'st£ai-pid.
striped V, (past participle of stripe) stsaipt.
stripped v. divested ; uncoverd : past participle and pret-
erit of strip [also spelt striptl stsipt.
strobic adj, (appearing to spin) 'stsebik.
strobila n. cone-like stage in the development of a discoph-
oran; segmented tapeworm [ploral strobilael stss'bai-ld.
strobile n. cone, strobilus [also, sometimes, spelt strobill
'stjoo-bil, 'stjebil, 'stjoo-bail, 'stje-bail.
strons adj. (having force or strength) stse:i]; (jdialectally)
stsc:i].
strong^le n. (spicule) 'stsendsih
strontiniUL n. (metal) 'stsen^sm, 'stsenSi-sm.
strop n., V. strap [as verb, past participle and preterit
stropped, stropti st£ep.
strophe n. (form of meter) 'stjoo-fi, (older) 'stapo-fi; (less
properly) 'stjefi, (older) 'stjefi.
stropbio adj. (of strophes) 'stapo-fik, 'stjefik.
stmina n. scrofula; goiter; swelling [ploral strumael 'stjou-
ma.
stnuuLOse adj. (scrofulous) stsu'moos, (assumptivly) 'stsou-
mos.
stmtbions adj. (ostrich-like) 'stsou-9i-9s.
strychnine n. [also, sometimes, spelt strychnini 'stsikNin,
'st£ik-nain, 'stjik-nin.
stuccoed adj. (covered with stucco) 'stAkod.
stubbed adj. [also, sometimes, spelt stubd'l 'stAbid, stAbd.
studded adj. (set with, or as with, studs) 'stAdid.
student n. (one who studies; advanced pupil) 'stgou-dnt,
'st<;ou-d3nt ; (dialectally) 'stou-dnt.
stndied adj. (inf ormd ; deliberate) 'stAdid.
studio n. (room for art-work) 'stgou-di-o, (often) 'stgudi-o;
(dialectally) 'stou-di-o, 'studi-o.
■tnpefy v. (make stupid or torpid) 'stgou-pi-fai, (often)
'stgupi-fai; (dialectally) 'stou-pi-fai, 'stupi-fai.
stupendous adj. (astounding) stQo'pendds; (improperly)
stgo'pendsas.
stnpid adj. (benumbed; slow-witted; inane) 'stgou-pid; (dia-
lectally) 'stou-pid.
stupor n. (dazed state) 'stQou-pa^; (dialectally) 'stou-par.
sturdy adj. (robust; resolute) 'stei^-di.
sty n. pen; pigsty [ploral stiesi stai.
} ye, Qcure; bthe, ^tVim*, "^j^swxe, d^/oy; S ^*oe, tSrAew;
w when; t] sing; u-wYvoevet, \Te^cX, xi\>^, v^>a.\o<\, ^\\, xis^^;
o poetic; a over, eoetiaV K\iuV, ^\^oot, ^^tlo» «.\ie\, ^^-wiytN
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 527
sty n. swelling on the eyelid; hordeolum [also spelt stye;
ploral stiesi stai.
Stygian adj. (of the Styx) 'stidsan, 'stidsi-an.
style n. stylus; mode; manner; fashion [also, formerly, spelt
stile'l stall.
stylographic adj. stai-ld'gzxfik.
ntjTMkie n, (golf) 'stai-mi.
styptic adj. (staunching) 'stiptik.
suable adj, (capable of being sued) 'sQou-s-bs}.
suasion n. (act of persuading) 'swee-sdn.
snasive adj. persuasiv [also spelt suasiv"! 'sujee-siv, 'sujce-ziv.
snave adj, (bland) siuaiv, siuaiv, siueev.
suavity n. (blandness) 'su)a:-vi-ti, 'sujaevi-ti.
subaltern adj., n. S9'bc:l-t97n, (also, in logic) sAb'xltdm.
snbaltemate adj. sAb'c:l-t9z-net, sAb-a^'teznit.
subcontractor n. SAb-ksn'tssekts^, 'sAb-ksn-tpektdz.
subcutaneous adj, (under the skin; hypodermic) sAb-kgo-
'tee-ni-3s.
subdeacon n. SAb'dii-ksn, 'sAb-dii-kan.
subdelegate n. SAb'deh-get, 'sAb-deh-get.
snbdue v. (conquer; tone down) sdb'djou; (dialectally) sdb-
'dou.
subglacial adj, SAb'glee-Ssl. (assutnptivly) 'sAb-glee-Ss).
subject adj. (placed under; liable) 'sAbdsikt.
subject n. (one placed under authority; occasion; theme)
'sAbdsikt.
subject V. (put under; expose) ssb'dsekt.
subjected v. (past participle and preterit of subject) sab-
'dsektid.
subjective adj,, n. [also spelt subjectiv"] ssb'dsektiv.
sublunary n. (beneath the moon; earthly) sAbliou-ns-ri,
'sAMio-nen.
submarine a^j,, n. SAb-m9'?iin ; (sometimes) 'sAb-ms-dn.
suborn v. furnish, adorn; procure wickedly [past participle
and preterit suborned, suborndj SA'beien.
subpoena n. writ commanding attendance in a court of
justice [also spelt subpenal SAb'pii-na; (less properly) S3-
'pii-n3.
subpoenaed v. (past participle and preterit of subpoena)
SAb'pii-nad.
subserve v, serve in subordination; promote [also spelt sub-
serv; past participle and preterit subserved, subservdl sab-
'sb:?v.
c: law, b: f«r, a cat, e hot, ei boy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, aiktte%
length-mark (:) indicates that tVie ptetedixitt ^wa^xA \& ^^'^'^
stress-mark C) indicates chief sttefts on Wvt \5?\Kirwvw^ ^^-s^s^..
528 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
mbierwlent adj\ s9b'sB:z-vi-dnt.
■nbiidenoe n. (act of subsiding) sab'sai-dns, 'sAbsi-dns.
•nbiidise v. furnish with a subsidy; buy over [also spelt sub-
sidisel 'sAbsi-daiz.
■nbiist V. (remain; exist; live; inhere) sab'sist, sdb'zist.
■nbiiitence n. (livelihood; inherence) ssb'sistns, sab'zistns.
■nbitantiate v. (make exist; verify; body forth) sab'staen^i-
et.
■nbitantiTal adj, (of or like a substantiv or noun; inde-
pendent) SAbstsn'tai-vdi, 'sAbstsn-tival, 'sAbstdn-tai-vsl.
■nbitantlTally adv. (in a substantival manner; substantiv-
ly) 8Abst3n'tai-va-h, 'sAbstan-tivd-h.
■nbitaatlTe adj.,n. [also spelt substantivl 'sAbstdn-tiv,
'sAbstn-tiv.
■ubitaatively adv. in a substantiv manner; as a noun [also
spelt substantivlyl 'sAbstan-tivh.
snbstratnmL n. that which is spread under; subsoil; sub-
stance [ploral substratal sAb'stsee-tdm, sAb'stsa:-t9m.
subtenant n. (tenant under a tenant) SAb'tenant, 'sAb-
tensnt.
inbtenie n. (subtending line) SAb'tens.
mbterranean adj. (situated under ground) SAbtd'zee-hi-an,
(often, assumptivly) 'sAb-tjee-ni-an.
■nbtile adj. tenuous; thin; rare; subtle [also, sometimes,
spalt subtill 'sAbtil, 'sAb-tail, 'sAtil, 'sAtl.
snbtileness n. state of being subtil [also spelt subtilness^
'sAbtil-nis, 'sAtil-nis.
■nbtility n. (subtilness; subtleness; nicety) SAb'ti)i-ti, sA'tih-
ti.
■nbtilization n. [also spelt subtilisation'} SAbtl-i'zee-San,
sAbtl-ai'zee-San, sAtih'zee-Jan, SAti-lai'zee-Jan.
mbtilise v. make thin; spin out; refine [also spelt subtilise^
'sAbtl-qiz, 'sAbti-laiz, 'sAti-laiz.
•nbtilty n. (state of being subtil; fineness; tenuity; intri-
cacy; subtleness) 'sAbtil-ti, 'sAtil-ti.
subtle adj, (subtil; artful; penetrating) 'sAtl.
subtlety n. fineness; subtilty; acuteness; subtility [ploral
subtletiesl 'sAtl-ti.
subtly adv. (in a subtle manner) 'sAtz.i.
subtraction n. (taking away; deducting; withdrawing) sab-
'tjaekjan; (erroneously) sab'stjaekSan.
snbtrabend n. (number to be taken from another : distin-
guisht from minuend) 'sAbtja-hend.
i yc, Q cure ; b tKe, Q tK\tv, -s azure, dj joy ; S shoe, tj chew ;
w when; q sing\ u"w\\oeveT, Vxe^cX., xii>^, \s>\\oo\, -vnV xisee;
o poetic; a over, e oenaV, kWV, •a\^ooT, -a^Tvo, «.\ie\, ^.^%J^.^^
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 529
snbnliform adj, (awl-shaped) 's9oubjoh-fe:zm.
mbnngraal adj, under the nail, claw, or hoof [synetiymous
cognate subunguial} SAb'AggwdL
mbnrb n. (outlying part of a city; place on the outskirts of
a town) 'sAbdsb, 'sA-ba^b; (improperly) 'sou-boeb.
inbnrbaii. adj. (of a suburb) s^'hsiz-hsn.
inccedaneons adj, (substitutional) sAksi'dee-ni-ss.
succeed v. follow; become heir [also spelt succedel sdk'siid.
mocentor n. (one who succents or sings a lower part; pre-
centor's deputy; subcantor; subchanter) s^Wstntsz.
sncceiior n. (one who or that which succeeds or follows)
S9k'ses97.
succinct adj. (drawn up; short, concise, terse) ssk'sigkt;
(erroneously) sa'siqkt.
snccor v,, n. help [also spelt succour; as verb, past partici-
ple and preterit succored, succordi 'sAkaj.
snccorable adj, [also spelt succourablel 'sAkara-bal.
snccorer n. [also spelt succourerl 'sAka-za?.
snccorless adj. [also spelt succourlessl 'sAkaz-las.
snccotash n. dish of corn and beans mixt [also spelt succa-
tashi 'sAka-taeS*
snccnlent adj. (juicy; thick and fleshy) 'sAkgo-lant.
snccnmb v, sink down; yield; submit; die [past participle
and preterit succumbed, succumbdl sa'kAm.
such adj,-pron, (of that kind; like) SAtJ, (when unstrest)
satS; (dialectally) sitS.
Sucre n, (silver coin of Ecuador) 'sou-k3i.
sudden adj., n,, adv, 'sAdn ; (dialectally) 'sAdin.
sne V. (follow; woo; prosecute) sgou; (dialectally) sou.
sndde n. (undrest kid) sweed.
suet n. (fat) 'sgou-it; (dialectally) 'sou-it.
suffice v, (satisfy) sa'fais, sa'faiz.
snffiz V. attach at the end [past participle and preterit suf-
fixed, suffixtl sa'fiks.
snffiiE n. (postfix; terminal formativ) 'sAfiks.
suffocative adj. stifling [also spelt suffocativH 'sAfa-ketiv.
suffragan adj., n. (assistant) 'sAfsa-gan.
suffrage w. (vote, etc.) 'sAfsids.
suffragette n. (woman-suffragist) SAfsa'dset.
suffrage n. hock; heel [ploral suffraginesl sa'fsee-go.
suffuse V, (overspread) sa'fiouz.
sufi n. Mohammedan mystic [synonymous cognates soofee,
soft, sophyl 'sou-fi.
c: law, b: f «r, a cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (;) indicates that the pteeedwv^ ^Q!>\tA a.^ \wnsl\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress, otv >i3![i^ i^Ytfy«va% «j^^^^^«
530 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
■ngar n., v, [as verb, past participle and preterit sugared,
sugar dl 'Jogae.
snggeit V. (hint; call up by association) sd'dsest, sag'dsest.
■nggeition n. sd'dsestSan, ssg'dsestSdn ; (also) S9'd3e$t$9n,
sag'dseStSan.
■nggeitive adj. [also spelt suggestiv"} ss'dsestiv, sag'dsestiv.
■nicidal adj. (of suicide) 'sgou-i-sai-di.
suicide n. (act of intentionally killing one's self) 'sgou-i-
said; (dialectally) 'suu-i-said.
•nit n. (petition; legal proceeding; set; suite) sgout; (jdialec-
tally) sout.
mite n. (retinue; set; series) swiit.
■nitor n. (party to a lawsuit; wooer) 's^ou-td^.
snlphate n. salt of sulfuric acid [also spelt sulfate^ 'sid-fet
luipliide n. [also spelt sulfide and, sometimes, sulphid, sul-
fide 'sAl-faid, {before of) 'sidfid.
mlpl&ite n. [also spelt sulfitel 'sxl-fait, (before of) 'sAlfit.
■nlphnr n. element [also spelt sulfur! 'sAlfsz.
inlphnrate adj, mingled with sulfur [also spelt suif urate]
'sAlfio-e3t.
inlphnrate v. [also spelt sulf urate] 'sAlfio-zet.
■nlphnreons adj. [also spelt sulfureous] sA}'fio:-7i-ds.
snlpl&nret n. [also spelt sulfuret] 'sAlfio-^at.
■nlphnreted adj, [also spelt sulphuretted, sulfureted, sulfu-
retted] 'sAlfio-eetid.
mlphnric adj. [also spelt sulfuric] sAl'fio:-?ik.
snlpl&nrixe v. [also spelt sulphurise, sulfurise] 'sAlfio-raiz.
mlpl&nrons adj. [also spelt sulfurous] 'sulio-zos, 'sAlfio-zss.
snlpl&nry adj. [also spelt sulfury] 'sAlfa-zi.
Snlpician n. one of a Roman Catholic order of priests [also
spelt Sulpitian] sAl'piSan.
snltan n. (Mohammedan sovereign; bird; flower) 'sAltn,
'sAltan.
snltana n. (mother, wife, or daughter of a sultan; mistress;
necklace; viol; bird; rasin) sAl'tar-na, SAl'tee-na.
mmac n. shrub, etc. [also spelt sumach] 'sgou-maek, 'sou-
mak, 'Sou-mak.
snmmary adj, (brief, concise; quick) 'sAms-zi, (rapidly)
'sAm^i.
snmmary n. (abstract) 'sAma-ri, (rapidly) 'sAmzri.
snmmery adj. (summer-like) 'sAm3-?i, (sometimes, rapidly)
'sAmei.
summon v. call; send for [colloquial synonymous cognate
i yc, Q cure ; 5 tfie, 0 thin ; 5 a-sure, ds joy ; S shoe, tj chew ;
wwhen; i) sing] u"wVioeveT» ixe^cX., wi>^, v^vlIooV "vit, zisee;
o poetic; 9 over, eoena\, k\>uX, ^\^oox, r:i^xio, ^.\ie^^ ^.^>yiyt\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 531
summons; past participle and preterit summoned summondl
'sAmsn.
nuninoiifl n. call [ploral summonses'! 'sAmanz.
smnptnary adj. (of expense) 'sAmpt^u-ezi.
imnptnons adj. (costly; magnificent) 'sAmpt$u-9s, 'sAmptSss.
sun n. (luminary; sunshine) sAn.
sundae n. (ice-cream with fruit-juice, etc.) 'sAndi.
Sunday n. (day of the week) 'sAndi.
supercilious adj. (lofty with pride; overbearing) sgupsz-
'siH-as, sgupn^'silids ; (dialectally) supsz'sili-ds.
snpererogate v, (do more than duty requires) SQupa^'eza-
get.
supererogation n. SQUp9?-e?d'gee-$dn.
supererogatory adj. s(;up9Z9'zeg^-tozi,
superficial adj. (on the surface; not thoro) s^upa^'fiSal.
superficiality n. sgupd^-fi^i'aeh-ti.
superficies n. (surface) sgupaz'fiSi-iiz, SQupaz'f iSiz ; {rarely)
sgupar'fisiz, sgo'pBzfi-siz.
superfine adj, (very fine) sgupdz'fain, (assumptivly) 'sqou-
p9?-fain, (andf often) 'sgupae-fain,
superfluous adj, (more than sufficient) sgo'pBzfz^u-ds, sqo-
'pB:?-f LU-3S ; (erroneously) , sgupa^'f tou-as.
superintendent n. sgupazin'tendant, S9up3in'tendant.
supersede v, (make void; displace) sgupaz'siid.
superstitious adj, (having irrational fears or beliefs) squ-
p32'stiSas.
supervise v. (oversee) s^upas'vaiz.
supine adj. (lying on the back with the face up : opposed to
prone; leaning backward; sloping; careless) sgo'pain, {as-
sumptivly) 'sQuu-pain.
supine n. (verbal noun) 'sgou-pain.
supinely adv, sgo'pai-nh.
snpplant v. (displace) sa'pz.a:nt, sa'pz.a:nt, sa'pLse:nt.
supplantation n. sApLxn'tee-San.
supple adj. pliant; yielding; fawning [dialectal synonymous
cognate souplel 'sApal.
supplement n. (addition) 'sApz.i-mant ; {improperly) 'sApal-
mant.
supplement v. (add something to) 'sApz.i-ment.
suppletory adj. (supplemental) 'sApz.i-tD?i.
supplial n. (act of supplying; thing supplied) sa'pz.ai-a}.
suppliant adj. (beseeching; petitioning) 'sApz.i-ant.
suppliant adj. obsolete (supplementary) sa'pz.ai-ant.
tress-mark (') indicates chief stress on the following syllable,
c: law, e: f «r, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao ticou, «:. a^V., ^-vV\\s:\
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptec^^iti^ ^ovisA ^.^ Vstcli^ >
532 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
lupposable adj. sd'poo-zd-ba).
inppoie V. sd'pooz, (also, sometimes, when unstrest) spoz.
mpposititioni adj, (counterfeit; spurious) sd-pezi'tiSas.
luppreiior n. [also spelt suppresserl sd'psesdz.
•nra n. chapter of the Koran [also spelt surahl 'so:-z9.
inra n. (liquor) 'so:-79.
surah n. (silk) 'scoc-sa, 'so:-?9.
inrcease v.,n. (stop) sez'siis.
snrcingle n. (girth; girdle) 'sB:z-siQ99t SBZ^siQg^}.
sure ad;, (confident; certain; secure; true) So:z, So^*
surety n. (certainty; security; bondsman) 'So:^-ti«
snrf n. (swell of the sea as it breaks) SB:zf.
■nrf aoe n., adj. (outside, etc.) 'sB^fis, 'sB:z-fis«
snrfeit v. overfeed; cloy [also spelt surfitl 'ssrfit, 'sBiz-fit.
surge V,, n. (roll, swell) sB:zd3.
surgeon n. (one who practises surgery) 'sB^dssn, 'sB:?-d33n.
surgery n. work of a surgeon [ploral surgeries'} 'sBzd$9-zi,
surliness n. (quality of being surly) 'sBzh-nis.
surmise n,, v. (conjecture) sBz'maiz.
surname v, (give a surname to) 'sB:7-neem, SB^'neem.
surpass v. exceed; excell [past participle and preterit sur-
passed, surpast"} S92;'pa:s. ,
surplice n. vestment [also spelt surplis'l 'sB7pz.is, 'sB:zr-pz.is.
surpliced adj. [also spelt surplisti 'sB^pList.
surplus n. (overplus) 'soepi-as, 'sBre-p^as.
surprise n., v. [also spelt surprised sdz'psaiz.
surprising adj. [also spelt surprizing} sdz'psai-zii].
surreptitious adj. (clandestin) sazsp'tiS^s.
surrey n. (phaeton) 'sbsi, 'sa?i.
surrogate n. (substitute; judge) 'sB?3-g3t, 'sB^a-get.
surtout n. (overcoat) sar'tou, ssz'tout.
surveillance n. (supervision) sar'vee-Hans, sa^'vee-jans, ssz-
'vee-lans.
surrey v. view, inspect, etc. [past participle and preterit sur-
veyed, surveyd} sa^'vee.
survey n. (view; inspection; plan) s3?'vee, 'ssr^-ve.
surreyance n. (surveyorship ; survey) S3?'vce-3ns.
surveyor n, (one who surveys) s3?'vee-3?.
survivor n. [also spelt surviver} sae'vai-vae.
susceptible adj. (capable of being affected; impressible) ss-
'septa-bal.
susceptive adj. capable of admitting; susceptible [also spelt
susceptiv} sa'septiv.
j ye, 9 cure; 5 the, 0 thin;^ 3 amre, ds /oy ; S shoe, tS cliew;
wwhen; 13 sing; u'wVvoevtT, Vxe^cx, \s^ulV, aufool, itt, lis^^;
o poetic; a over, ea^u?A, k\>u\., v.^oox, -r^^xwo, ^\ie\. ^.^^«!«.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 533
suslik n, rodent [synonymous cognate souslikl 'sASLik.
suspense n. (state of being suspended; suspension; inde-
cision) sd'spents, ss'spens.
snspensible adj, (capable of being suspended) sd'spenss-bst
suspioion n. (act of suspecting; hint) ss'spiSsn.
susurrant adj. (murmuring) SQo'sB^snt.
sutile adj, done by stitching [also, sometimes, spelt sutW]
'sQou-til, 'sgou-tail,
sntler n. (pedlar) 'sAtL^z,
suttee n. (Hindu widow) SA'tii.
sntnre n. (sewing; seam) 'sgou-tjdz, 'sou-tjdz.
siuerain n. (feudal lord or baron) 'sqau-z^-zin.
swab V,, n. mop, etc. [also spelt swob ; as verb, past partici-
ple and preterit swabbed, swabd2 sweb.
swaddle n., v. (swathe, bandage) 'swedl.
swage n. (tool) sweed3.
swallow V. take into the stomach thru the throat; absorb;
bear [past participle and preterit swallowed, swallowdl
'sujelo; (dialectally) 'swels.
■wallow n. (bird) 'swelo ; (dialectally) 'swels.
swamp n,,v. [as verb, past participle and preterit swamped,
swamp tl siDomp. I
sxran n. (bird) swen.
swanpan n. Chinese reckoning-board; abacus [synensrmous
cognates shwanpan, schwanpan'\ 'su)on-pa:n, 'su)a:n-pan.
swap V. exchange [also spelt swop; past participle and pret-
erit swapped, swaptl swop.
sward n. (grassy land; turf) swc:?d.
swarm n.,v. throng, etc. [as verb, past participle and pret-
erit swarmed, swarmdl swcizm.
swarthy adj. (dark; tawny; swart) 'swc:z-di.
swash v„n. splash [as verb, past participle and preterit
swashed, swashtl sweS.
swath n. (mown path or line) su)c:6, swo9.
swathe n. bandage [synonymous cognate swat hi sweed.
swathe v. (bind; wrap) sweed.
sweat V. perspire [also spelt swet"] swet
sweetbrier n. eglantine [also spelt sweetbriarl swiit'b^ai-d?,
'su)iit-brai-3?.
swept V. (past participle and preterit of sweep) swept; {im-
properly) swep.
swerve v. turn aside [also spelt swerv; past participle and
preterit swerved, swervdl swb:?v.
c: \aw, b: f «r, ae cat, o hot, oi hoy ; a: for, ao now, a: osk, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptet^dm^^ %w«A ^a \«ts%\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on Vh^ l^Yio^ra.^ ^^XSsSi^^-
534 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
8-wingeins adj. great; huge [also spelt swinging'} 'suio-
flwinsel n. (part of a flail; swipple; swingle) 'swiQgdt, 'son-
dsal.
■winging adj. (having swing; sweeping) 'swiqix).
swingle n. (implement for beating flax; also, swipple, swin-
gel; lever) 'siuiijgdl.
■wingletree n. (whiffletree) 'siuirjgdl-tsii.
swinish adj. (hoggish) 'siuai-niS.
swipple n. part of a flail; swingle [also spelt swiple, swipet[
'swipsl.
S'witzer n. (Swiss) 'switss?.
surivel v. turn on a swivel or pivot [present participle
swiveling, swivelling', past participle and preterit swiv-
eled, swivelled, swiveld} 'smival.
swollen adj, sweld [also, sometimes, spelt swolnl ^swoo-lan,
'su)oo-ln.
sword n. (weapon) sorrd; {erroneously) swo'.zd.
Sybarite n. (inhabitant of Sybaris) 'sib3-?ait.
syoamore n. (fig-tree; maple; buttonwood) 'sikd-mo:?.
syoophanoy n. mean tale-bearing; servility [ploral syco-
phanciesl 'sikafan-si.
syenite n. rock [also spelt sienttel 'sai-9-nait.
syllable adj. (of syllables) si'laebik.
syllabication n. si-lsebi'kee-^dn.
syllabification n. (syllabication) si-lxbifiHcee-Sdn.
syllable n. (speech-sound or group of speech-sounds charac-
terized by a prominence of sonority) 'sila-bal.
syllogism n. (logical formula consisting of two premisses
and a conclusion) 'sila-dsizam.
syllogize V. [also spelt syllogise} 'sila-dsaiz.
sylph, n. (spirit of the air) silf.
sylva n. forest-trees of a region collectivly [also spelt
silva} 'silva.
sylvan adj. of the forest [also spelt silvan} 'silvan.
symbol n. (emblem, sign) 'simbal.
symbolization n. [also spelt symbolisation} simbdh'zee-Jdn,
simba-lai'zee-San,
symbolize v. [also spelt symbolise} 'simba-laiz.
symmetrize v. [also spelt symmetrise} 'simi-tjaiz.
symmetry n. (proportionality; balance of parts) 'simi-tji.
sympathize v. [also spelt sympathise} 'simp9-6aiz.
symphonic adj. (of symphony; homophonous) sim'fenik.
j ye, <; cure ; d the, 0 thin;^ 3 aj^ure, d$ joy; S shoe, ^ tS chevr;
wwhen; i]sing; u whoever, i react, o full, ou fool, i«t, ris^^;
o poetic; a over, eoenaV K>au\., -a-, ^oox, -^i^iT^o, «.\ie^, ^.^^<rtft;
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 535
■ymphyseal adj. (of a symphysis) sim'fizi-di.
•Snmplooe n. an interweaving or repetition of certain words
of a text [also spelt simplocel 'simpL3-si.
•Snmposiao adj. (of a symposium, etc.) sim'poo-zi-aek.
ssnmposiniii n. drinking-party ; collection of opinions [ploral
symposia'] sim'poo-zi-am.
■ymptoni n. (casualty or sign of disease) 'simptsm.
synagog^cal adj. (of a synagog) sind'gedsi-ksl.
synagogue n. assembly or building for Jewish worship [also
spelt synagog'l 'sina-geg.
■ynaleplia n. vowel-blending [also spelt synaloepha; synon-
ymous cognates synalephe, synaloephel sina'hi-fa.
■ynaphe n. (state of being conjunct : said of two tetra-
chords) 'sin3-fi, (older) 'sina-fi.
synaphea n. metrical continuity; episynalepha [also spelt
synapheia] sina'fii-a.
■ynohronization n. [also spelt synchronisation'\ sigk^sni-
'zee-San, siqk^a-nai'zee-San.
synchronize n. agree in time; make synchronous [also spelt
synchronise"] 'siqk^a-naiz.
synohronizer n. [also spelt synchroniser! 'sir)k33-nai-z3?.
synclinal adj. (sloping or dipping downward toward one
another) sin'kLai-nl, 'sirj-ktai-nl.
syncope n. (contraction by elision; fainting) 'sir)k3-pi,
(older) 'siqka-pi.
syncretic adj, (of syncretism or doctrinal reconciliation)
sin'ksii-tik.
syncretize v. [also spelt syncretisel 'sir)k3i-taiz.
syndic n. (magis^-'-ate ; trustee) 'sindik.
syneodoclie n. (figure of speech in which the whole is put
for a part) si'nekda-ki, (older) si'nekda-ki.
syneresis n. blending of syllables [also spelt synaeresisi si-
'neei-sis.
synergist n. (adherent of synergism or the doctrin of two
agents in regeneration, the human will and the divine Spir-
it) 'sin32-d3ist, si'nerdsist, si'nei^-dsist.
synizesis n. closure of the pupil of the eye; vowel-blending
[ploral synisesesi sini'zii-sis.
synod n. (meeting) 'sinsd.
synodal adj, (of a synod; synodical) 'sins-dl.
synonym n. word having the same meaning as another word
[also spelt synonymel 'sina-nim.
synonjrmize v. [also spelt synonymiseli si'neni-maiz.
c: low, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei boy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, aik\te\
length-mark (;) indicates that the pteceAiTv^ ?kO>vc^^ a^ VrccskN
streffs-mark (') indicates chief stress Otv \\x^ i^Vio^vcv^ ^-f\^^^.
536 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
synonymy n. quality of being synonymous; synonyms collec*
ti V [ploral synonymiesl si'neni-mi.
synopsis n. summary [ploral synopses'! si'nepsis.
syntax n. (putting together of words; construction of sen-
tences) 'sin-taeks.
synthesize v, [also spelt synthesise'l 'sixTBi-saiz, 'sintOi-saiz,
syphilis n. disease [also spelt siphilisl 'sifi-hs.
syphilize v, [also spelt syphilisel 'sifi-laiz.
Syriaoism n. (Syrian idiom; Syrianism) 'siri-d-sizom.
Syrian adj. (of Syria) 'sin-an.
syringa n. (plant) si'sirigs.
syringe n. (tube-like squirting-device) 'sirinds.
syringeal adj, (of the syrinx) si'^mdsi-al.
syringes n. (ploral of syrinx) si'rin-dsiz.
syringotomy n. (cutting for fistula) si?ir)'get3-mi.
syrinx n. pipe, Eustachian tube; voice-organ of birds; fistula
[plural syringes, syrinxesl 'sieiqks.
syrnp n. [also spelt sirup and, formerly, syrop, syrrup, syrrop,
sirop, sirropl 'si?3p.
system n. (complex; plan) 'sistim.
systematization n. [also spelt systematisation"} sisti-mati-
'zee-San, sistima-tai'zee-San.
systematize v, [also spelt systematise! 'sistims-taiz.
systematizer n. [also spelt systematiser} 'sistima-tai-zdz.
systemic adj. (of system; of the body) sis'temik.
systole n. (vowel-shortening; contraction of the heart) 'sists-
h, (older) 'sista-li.
■y«ygial adj. (of syzygy) si'zidsi-al.
■y*ygy ^- (conjunction; group of two feet) 'sizi-d3i.
szaboite n. (mineral) 'saebo-ait.
tabbinet n. fabric [also spelt tabinet! 'taebi-nit.
tabernacle n. (tent; edifice; receptacle) 'taebdz-naekal,
'taeba^na-kal, 'taebar-nikal.
tableau n. picture; living picture; table, list; showing; state-
ment [ploral tableaux! tae'bbo, 'tae-blo.
tableaux n. (ploral of tableau) tae'blooz, 'tx-bloz.
table d'hdte n. tor-bal'dDOt, (sometimes, assumptivly) 'ta:-
bal-doot.
tablet n. (slab; panel; little table) 'taeblat.
tablier n. (apron) taebli'ce.
j ye, q cure; 5 the, 9 f/iin ;^ 3 axrure, ds joy; S shoe, tS chew;
wwhen; T)sing\ u v/Yvoev ex, \Te^c\., xa lull, ksm fool, 1 «t, lis^^;
o poetic ; 3 over, e aenal, kV^uV, -li*. ^oox, -^i^a^o, ^\ie\^ ^^\yixs.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 537
taboo n. ban, ostracism, etc. [also spelt tabu^ ts'bou.
tabor n.,v. drum [also spelt tabour; as verb, past participle
and preterit tabored, tabord} 'tee-bar.
tabor n. (fortified camp) 'tee-bsz.
taborer n. [also spelt tdbourer] 'tee-b3-?9z.
taboret n. small tabor; seat; embroidery-frame; needle-case
[also spelt tabouretl taeba'ret, 'taba-eet.
taborine n. tabor [also spelt tabourine, taborini 'taebs-rin.
tacet V. (in music, it is silent) 'tce-sit.
taohylyte n. basalt-glass [also spelt tachylitel 'taeki-lait.
tacit adj. (silent) 'taesit.
tacitnrnlty n. (disinclination to talk) taesi'tsmi-ti, taesi'ts:?-
ni-ti.
tactile adj, of touch [also, sometimes, spelt tactW] 'taekti),
'taek-tail.
tael n. (Chinese ounce and monetary unit) teel.
taenia n. ribbon, fillet, band [also spelt tenia; ploral taeniae^
'tii-ni-3.
tafferel n. (upper part of the stern of a vessel; taf frail)
'taefa-ral.
taffeta n. (fabric) 'taefi-ta.
taf frail n. (rail across the stern of a vessel; tafferel) 'taef-
zeel,
taffy n. candy [synonymous cognate toffy, toffee"! 'taefi.
tafia n. rum [also spelt taffia! 'taefi-3, 'ta:-fi-3.
tallage n. tribute, tax [also, formerly, spelt tailiage, tailliage;
synonymous cognate tallage'] 'tee-hd3.
tailor n. (maker of outer garments) 'tee-la?.
talapoin n. Buddhist monk; monkey [also spelt talapoyn;
synonymous cognates telapoin, talapin, tallapoi, tallipoie,
talipoi, tallopin} 'taela-poin.
talario adj. (of the ankles) tslaerik.
tale n. (magnesium silicate) taelk.
taloose adj. (containing talc) tsel'koos, (assumptivly) 'tsl-kos.
Taliocotian adj. of the Italian surgeon Taliacolius or Ta-
gliacozzi [synonymous cognate Tagliacotiani talia'koo-Jan,
ta:-li-3'koo-S i-an.
talipes n. (club-foot) 'taeh-piz.
talipot n. fan-leaft palm [also spelt tallipot, taliput, talipati
'taeh-p3t.
talisman n. charm [ploral talismans, talismani, talismannij
'taehs-man, 'taehz-man.
tally-bo n. (cry; coach) 'taeh-ho, taeh'hoo.
c: law, b: fur, at cat, o hot, oi boy ; a: for, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (;) indicates that tVie ptecedixva, ^waxv^ \s» \^tcsl\
stress-mark ( ) indicates chief stress on liJtLt \«>>\Q^vci.^ ^-S^-ai^^
538 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
tally-ho inter j. (hunting-cry) taeli'hoo.
Talmndic adj, (of the Talmud) taei'mAdik, 'taetma-dik.
talnkdar n. revenue-collector of a taluk or territorial unit in
India [also spelt talookdarl tsluuk-da?.
tains n. ankle; slope [plural talil 'tee-tss.
tamable adj. capable of being tamed [also spelt tameable]
'tce-ma-bal.
tamale n. (dish of corn, meat, and pepper) t^'iaaiAu
tamarin n. (monkey) 'txms-zin.
tamarind n. (fruit) 'txm3-?ind.
tambor n. (fish) 'taembs?.
tambonr n. (drum) 'tsm-boz, 'tsmbs?.
tambonrine n. (hand-drum; tabor; dance) taembd'nin.
tamin n. fabric [also spelt taminel 'tsmin.
tanager n. (bird) 'taens-dss?.
tangential ad;, (of a tangent) txn'dsenSdt, tsenM3ent$9!.
Tangerine ad;, (of Tangiers, Morocco) txndss'ziin, ((u-
sumptivly) 'taendsa-nn.
tangerine n. Tangerine orange [also spelt tangierine"} 'txn-
dsa-rin, taendsa'eiin.
tangible ad;, (capable of being toucht) 'txndsd-bdl.
tannin n. (tannic acid) 'tsnin.
tansy n. (herb) 'taenzi.
tantalization n. [also spelt tantalisationH txntsh'zee-San,
taenta-lai'zee-San.
tantalize v. tease by exciting hope, etc. [also spelt tantalise}
'taenta-laiz, 'taentl-aiz.
tantivy n. (hunting-cry; rush) taen'tivi, 'taen-tivi.
tantmm n. (burst of ill-humor) 'taentjam.
Taoism n. doctrin of the Chinese philosopher Lao-tsze as
laid down by him in the Tao-te-king [synonymous cognate
Taouism} 'ta:-o-iz3m, 'tau-izam.
taper n. (candle) 'tee-par.
tapestry n. fabric [plural tapestries} 'taepi-stji; (improperly)
'tee-pi-stji.
tapir n. (mammal) 'tee-pa?.
tapis n. (tapestry; table-cloth) tae'pii, 'taepis, 'tee-pis, ta'pii,
'tae-pi.
tarantism n. dancing-disease [also spelt tarentism} 'tae^sn-
tizam.
tarantula n. wolf-spider [synonymous cognate tarentulal t3-
'raentSa-b, ta'raentQa-la.
tare n. (vetch) tc:?.
j ve, Q cure; d the, 0 ^/lin ; 3 arure, d^ /oy ; S ^fioe, tS rfiew;
WJ re'/zen ; qsingf; uw^voevet, \tc'A.c\., vsiuW, vkxilool, x.tt, 11 s^^;
o poetic; 3 over, e aenaV, xViut, •:i\^oox, -a^ix^o, ^\ie\, ^^^<jx&\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDl^ 530
tare n. (deduction for weight of package) teiz.
target n, (shield; mark) 'ta:?-git. .
tariff n, (customs-list; duty) 'txzif.
tarlatan n. (thin muslin) 'tada-tn, 'ta:?-l3-tn; 'tadtn, 'taizU
tn.
tarpanlin n. canvas [synonymous cognates tarpauUng, tar-
pazvling^ tae'pc.-hn.
tarragon n. plant [also spelt taragon] 'tae^s-gon.
tartar n. (argol; also, earthy substance from saliva) 'tartae.
tartaric adj. (of tartar) tar'taerik, tae'tar-eik.
tartarize v. [also spelt tarturisel 'ta^ts-^aiz.
Tartnffe n. hypocrit [also, sometimes, spelt Tartufel taz-
'touf, tae'tof, tae'tAf.
task n.,v, tax; labor; toil [as verb, past participle and pret-
erit tasked, taskt'\ ta:sk, ta:sk, taeisk.
tassel n. (pendent ornamental tuft) 'txsdl, 'txs!.
tasseled adj. [also spelt tasselled, tasseldl 'tsssld.
tasset n. in armor, splint of steel; tass; tasse [also spelt tas-
settel 'taesit.
Tatar n. member of one of certain tribes in Manchuria and
Mongolia [synonymous cognate Tartar! 'ta:-t3?.
tatterdemalion n. (ragged fellow) txtszdi'mee-Hdn, taets^di-
'mee-li-an, taetardi'maelian.
tattoo n. (beat of drum) tae'tou.
tattoo V, mark with indelible patterns [also spelt tatool tX'
'tou.
taught V. (past participle and preterit of teach) tc:t.
taunt V, (tease, upbraid) tc:nt, taint, ta:nt.
tanrin n. (product from bile) 'tc:-zin.
taurine adj. of a bull ; bovine [also, sometimes, spelt taurin\
'tc:-rin, 'tc:-rain.
tanrocol n. gluey substance made from a bull's hide; tauro-
colla [also spelt taurocolll 'tc:-z^-kel.
taut adj. (tight, tense; tidy) tc:t.
tantog n. fish [also spelt *aufa«^; synonymous cognate te-
taugl 'to: -tog, tc'tog.
tautologize v. use tautology [also spelt tautologisel tc'tols-
djiaiz.
tazidermal n. (of taxidermy; taxidermic) taeksi'dsi^-ms!,
'tseksi-deie-mal.
taxidermic adj. (of taxidermy or the art of preparing and
preserving the skins of animals) taeksi'deir-mik.
taxidermist n. 'taeksi-dor^-mist.
C: low, b: fwr, ae cat, o hot, oi hoy; a: far, ao now^ a: ask, «k\k\t«.\
length-mafk (:) indicates that tYve pTece^\Tv^ ^<3wtv\ v3» Vi^N.-^,
stress-mark ( ) indicates chief stress on AiV^^ i^V^^navcv^ ^--s^-^av.'
540 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
tazimeter n. (fare-indicating device used on cabs) taek'simi-
tae, 'taksi-mii-tar.
tolilok n. (sound) tSik.
tea n. (plant; beverage) tii.
teal n. (duck) tiii.
teal n. (Welsh dry measure) tiit.
team n. (brood; pair; set) tiim.
team v. make, or work with, a team [past participle teamed^
teatndl tiim.
tear v. (rend; lacerate; wrench) te:?.
tear n. (rent; fissure; spree) te:z,
tear n, (drop of lacrymal fluid) tv.z,
teaspoonful n. as much as would fill a teaspoon [ploral tea'
spoonfuls^ 'tii-spoun-fol, 'tii-spun-fol, 'tii-spsn-fdl ; (dialec-
tally) 'tii-spon-fol.
teat n. tiit. same meaning as ^i^
tea-thinss n. pL (tea-pot, tea-cups, etc.) 'tii-GiQZ.
teasel n. plant; nap-raising machine [also spelt teasel and,
formerly, teasle, teaslel 'tii-zal.
teasel v. dress with a teazel, tease [also spelt teasel; pres-
ent participle teaseling, teaselling; past participle and pret-
erit teaseled, teaselled, teaseldl 'tii-zal.
techily adv, peevishly [also spelt tetchilyl 'tetji-li.
tediiness n. peevishness [also spelt tetchinessl 'tet$i-nis.
technic adj. (technical) 'tekxik.
teclmic n. (technical method or execution; technique; also,
technics) 'tekNik.
technics n. (as singular, doctrin of arts; as ploral, technical
terms, methods, etc.) 'tekNiks.
teclmiqne n. (technic : especially with reference to music
and art) tek'niik.
techy adj, peevish [also spelt tetchyl 'tetji.
tectrices n. pi. (coverts) tek'tjai-siz.
tedions adj. (tiresome) 'tii-di-as, 'tii-dsas; 'tii-dJ3s.
tedium n. (irksomeness ; tiresomeness) 'tii-di-am.
tee n. (mark; raised starting-point) tii.
tee n. (letter; T-shaped object) tii.
tee n. Indo-chinese umbrella-shaped ornament [also spelt
hteel tii.
teem v. bear, produce; be full [past participle and prfeterit
teemed, teemd} tiim.
teeny adj. (very small; tiny) 'tii-ni.
teepee n. wigwam [also spelt tepee, tipil 'tii-pi.
; .ve, g cure; 5 the, Q t Kin; 's azure, dx, /oy; S shoe, tS chevr;
wzvhen; 13 sing; uw^voevet, \Tcac.\.. vi\>^, vk>\\o<^., -i-V-v <v^ee%
opi7etic; a ov^r, e aenaV, kWI, -a-.^oox, -a^axvo, ^.\ie\, ^^^QXfc\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 541
__ — I '■
teeter v. seesaw [past participle and preterit teetered, tee^
terd} 'tii-t^z.
teetli n. (plural of tooth) tiiO.
teethe v. (grow teeth) tiid.
teething n. (growing of teeth ; dentition) 'tii-dirj ; (less prop-
erly) 'tii-6iq.
teetotal adj, (total; of total abstinence) ti'too-tl, 'tii-too-tl.
tehee inter j, (expressing a laugh) ti'hii.
Teian adj. of Teos [also spelt Tean} 'tii-sn.
teil n. (linden, lime-tree; terebinth) tiil.
telary adj, (of a tela or web) 'tela-ri, 'tii-la-ei.
telesram n. (telegrafic despatch) 'teh-gssem, (often) 'teb-
grxm.
telegraph n., v, [also spelt telegraf ; as verb, past participle
and preterit telegraphed, telegraf tl 'teh-gra:f.
telegrapher n. also spelt telegrafer (one who telegrafs or
sends a telegram) 'teh-g?a:-f32r, tilegea-fae; (telegraf-
operator) tilegra-fa?, 'teh-grai-fa^.
telegraphic adj. [also spelt telegrafic'\ teh'graefik.
telegraphist n. [also, spelt telegrafist} tilegrs-fist, 'teh-
g^sfist.
telegraphy n. [also spelt telegraf yl tilegrs-fi.
telemeter n. (distance-measuring device) ti'lemi-ta?.
teleology n. (doctrin of tendency to an end or adaptation to
a purpose) tili'ela-dsi, teli'ela-dsi.
teleost adj. (osseous) 'tii-li-ost, 'teli-ost.
telepathic adj. (of telepathy) teh'paeOik.
telepathy n. (thought-transference) tilepa-Oi, 'teli-paeOi.
telephone n., v. [also spelt telefonel 'teh-fon.
telephonic adj. [also spelt telefonicl teh'fenik.
telephony n. [also spelt telefony'\ ti'lefs-ni, 'teh-foni.
telescopy n. (art of making or using telescopes) 'teh-skopi,
tileska-pi.
telestic adj. (of end or purpose) tilestik.
telestich n. (poem) 'teh-stik; (less properly) tilestik.
tellnreted adj. combined with tellurium [also spelt telluret-
tedl 'telo-eetid, 'telio-retid.
tellnrion n. orrery [also spelt tellurian"] tilo:-ri-an, tilio:-
7i-9n.
tellnrinm n. (element) ti'lo:-ei-3m, ti1io:-d-3m.
telpherage n. (system of transportation) 'telfa-rids.
Telng^n n. language of the Telingas [also spelt Teloogool
'tela-gu.
c: law, b: f «r, ae cat. e hot, oi hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (;) indicates that the preceAiw^ ?,o\rcv\ as. '^^'«^"'»
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on t\vt i^^Xo-wsv^ ^^"^^ia^^.
542 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
temperament n, (constitution, etc.) 'tempazs-mdnt ; (rapid-
ly) 'temp33-m3nt.
temperature n. (state with regard to sensible heat)
'tenip333-tSo2, {rapidly) 'temp^a-tja?.
Templar n. one of the military order called Knights Tem-
plars [also, formerly, spelt Templer^ 'tempi^?.
templar n. student of law; lawyer [also, formerly, spelt
tetnpler'l 'tempLae.
templet n. pattern, model [synonymous cognate template]
'temptat.
temporale n. (part of the breviary) temps'zee-}!.
temporally adv. (in a temporal manner; with reference to
time) 'temp323-h.
temporarily adv. (in a temporary manner; not permanent-
ly) 'temp3-reri-h, {sometimes) tcmpa'ecri-li.
temporization n. [also spelt temporisationi temp97i'zee-$an,
tempa-rai'zee-Jan.
temporize v. comply with the time or occasion; parley; pro-
crastinate [also spelt temporise! 'tempa-eaiz.
tempt V. (test; entice; incite) tempt.
tenable adj. (capable of being held) 'tens-bal.
tenacious adj. (holding fast; stubborn; retentiv; sticky;
tough) ti'nee-Sas; (improperly) ti'naejas.
tenacity n. (tenaciousness) ti'nxsi-ti.
tenail n. outwork, rampart [also spelt tenaillel ti'nee}.
tenant n. (one who holds real property as owner or lessee;
occupant; supporter) 'tenant.
tenderhearted adj. [also spelt tenderhartedl tendaT^OTtid,
(assumptivly) 'tendar-ha^tid.
tendon n. (sinew) 'tendsn.
tendril n. (plant-organ) 'tendril.
tendriled adj. having tendrils [also spelt tendrilled, tendrild}
'tendrild.
tenet n. (opinion; dogma) 'tenit; (less properly) 'tii-nit.
tennis n. (game) 'ten is.
tenon n. (projection at the end of *a timber to fit into the
mortis of another timber) 'tenan.
tenor n. (purport, nature; high male voice) 'tenar.
tense n, (time, etc.) tents, (also, and in Britain normally)
tens.
tense adj. (not lax; rigid) tents, (in Britain) tens.
tensible adj. (capable of tension; ductil) 'tensa-bal, 'tentsa-
bal. I
I
j ye, Qcure; b tH€, ^ tK\iv\ ^^.smx^, 'i'iiW; ishoe, tlchew; '
w when; n sing; nNvYvoe^jet, \Te?icV, ^i>J\, xi>a.\oc^, ^>x, vv-^e^v
o poetic ; a over, e oena\, K\iu\, :i\ ^oot, ^^x^o, ^\ie^. •t^'iji^N >
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 543
tensile adj. of tension; tensible [also, sometimes, spelt ten-
sW] 'tensil, 'ten-sail; (also) 'tentsil.
tension n. (stretching; stress; elastic force) 'tentSsn, 'tenSsn.
tentative adj, based on trial; experimental; empirical [also
spelt tentativl 'tenta-tiv; (less properly) 'ten-tetiv.
tenniroster n. (slender-bild bird) tenju-i'^ests?.
tenuity n. (state of being tenuous; thinness; fineness, rare-
ness) ti'njou-i-ti.
tennre n. (holding) 'tcnjae ; (improperly) 'tii-nja?.
tepid adj. (lukewarm) 'tepid; (improperly) 'tii-pid.
tepor n. (gentle heat) 'tepa?, 'tii-per.
teroe n. (third, etc.; tierce) tsizs.
teroel n. male falcon [also, formerly, spelt tiercell 'tBZSdl.
tergiversate v. (shift) 'tBzdsiv^z-set, 'tsie-dsivae-set.
termagant n. (shrew, scold) 'tBiz-m^-g^nt,
tern n. (sea-swallow) tsizn,
terpsiohorean adj. (of the Muse Terpsichore) ts^psikd'^ii-
9n.
terrace n. (raised level; flat roof) 'teeis.
terraoe n. mortar [synonymous cognates terrass, terrasse,
tarrace, tarris, tarras^ 'teeis.
terraiik n. tract of land; region [also spelt terranel ti'^een,
'te-?en, 'te?en.
terrapin n. (tortoise) 'te^s-pin.
terraqneons adj. (of land and water) td'see-kwi-ds ; (less
properly) td'zxkwi-ds.
terre-plein n. level surface on top of a rampart or around a
fortification [also spelt terre-plain\ 'te:e-pi.een.
terrible adj, (awful, dreadful; great) 'teea-bal.
terrific adj. (causing terror) ts'^ifik.
terrine adj. (of the earth) te'ziin.
terrine n. earthenware vessel; coverd jar; tureen [also spelt
terrene, terreenl te'?iin. compare tureen.
terrorize v. [also spelt terrorise"] 'te?3-?aiz.
terse adj. (concise; neat) tB:7S.
tertian adj. (recurring on the third day, or every forty-eight
hours) 'tB^San.
tertiary adj. (third) 't8?Si-e?i; (also) 'tB^Ji-a-ei, (assumptiv-
ly) 'tBz\i-^zi\ (also) 't-ozl^-zi.
tessellate v. variegate [also spelt tesselatel 'tess-tet. •
testaceous adj. (of shells; dull-red) tes'tee-$3s.
testamur n. (certificate) tes'tee-ms?.
testator n. (one who makes a testament or will) tes'tee-ts?.
c: law, b: fi«r, se cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai.ktte.%
length-mark (:) indicates that tVie ptectAitv^ ?»a\rcA as» \«w;l%
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on Aiht i^^Wo-^vtv^k ^^"^^^s^^^
544 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
testinioiiy n. (evidence) 'testi-moni ; (also) 'testimd-ni, {as-
sumptivly) 'tcsti-mani.
tetanio adj. (of tetanus) ti'taenik.
tetanus n. (lockjaw, etc.) 'tetd-nss.
t6te-&-tdte n. (private interview; close conversation) tee-ta-
'teet.
t6te-&-t6te adj. (private) tee-ta'tcet, (assumptivly) 'tce-t9-
teet,
t6te-&-tdte adv. (face to face; in private) tce-ta'teet.
tetragonal adj, (four-angled) ti't£seg3-nl.
tetragonel adj. (in heraldry, represented as a four-angled
figure shown in perspectiv) ti'tjaga-nal.
tetraroh. n. (ruler of a fourth; subordinate ruler or com-
mander) 'tii-tja:?k, 'te-tja:ek.
tetrarcliate n. (district governd by a tetrarch) 'tii-tscur-ket,
'tii-tja^kat, 'te-tja?-ket, ti'tja?-ket, ti'tjarkst.
tetraroliy n. (tetrarchate) 'tii-tjaeki, 'te-tsorki.
tetrasticli n. group of four lines [also, formerly, spelt tei-
rastici 'tetja-stik.
tetter n. (skin-disease) 'tets?.
Tenton n. (member of a Germanic people) 'tgou-tn, 'tgou-tan.
textile adj,,n. [also, sometimes, spelt textil} 'teksti!, 'tek-
stail.
thaler n. (coin) 'tar-ls?.
than conj. daen, (when unsfrest) dan, n.
thanksgiving n. 6xr)ks'givii], 'Oaer)ks-givir).
that noun-pron., demonstrativ [ploral those\ 5aet.
that adj.-pron., demonstrativ [ploral thosel doet, (when un-
strest) dat.
that noun-pron., relativ [ploral that'\ 5aet.
that conj. (in that, because; in order that; etc.) baet, (when
unstrest) dat.
that adv. (to such a degree) bsct,
thanmatnrgy n. (wonder-working; magic) '0c:-ma-tard5i.
the adj.-pron. dii, (when unstrest) di, 5i, da.
theater n. play-house [also spelt theatrel '0ii-a-ta?; (vulgar-
ly) 6i'ee-ta?.
Theatin adj. of the Theatins [also spelt Theatinel '9ii-a-tin.
theatricalize v. [also spelt theatricalisel 9i'xt£ika-}aiz.
thee noun-pron. (objectiv of thou; you) 5ii, (when unstrest)
di, 5i.
theine n. bitter principle in tea, coffee, etc. [also spelt the-
in] '0ii-in.
j ye, Qcure; dtKe, Q tKitv-, "s^zMxe, d^foy; S^^^oe, t^chew;
w when; i] singf; nv/VvoeveT, \tc^cX, X5\>wi., x5,>a.\oc\^ ^Vc, '^.v^ee;
o poetic; a over, e oena\, KAauV, ^*,^oot, •:>^^o, ^\ie\, ^^^f«yt\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 545
tlieir adj.-pron. (possessiv of they; belonging to them) de:e,
{when unstrest) de?, dar.
theism n. (belief in a God) 'Oii-izsm, 'Oii-izm.
them noun-pron. (objectiv of they) dem, (when unstrest)
dsm, dm.
theme n. (topic ; thesis) Oiim.
themselves noun-pron. [also spelt themselvsl dam'selvz.
then adv. (at that time ; afterward ; at another time) den.
then conj. (in that case; therefore) den, (when unstrest) dan.
thenceforth adv. (from that time forward) btns'ioizQ, 'dens-
£o:zQ.
theooraoy n. (rule of God) 6i'ek33-si.
theocracy n. (blending of the soul with God) Oi'ek^s-si.
theolosize v. [also spelt theologisel Oi'els-dsaiz.
theolog^ne n. theologian; theological student [also spelt theo-
logl '9ii-3-leg.
theorbo n. (double-neckt lute) Oi'e:?-bo.
theorize v. [also spelt theorisel 'Oii-3-?aiz.
theorizer n. [also spelt theoriser'\ '0ii-3-?ai-zor.
theosophy n. (knowledge of things divine) Oi'ess-fi.
therapentio adj. (curativ) 6ez9'pQou-tik.
there adv. (at that point; to that place, thither) be:z, (when
unstrest) btz, dae; (also) dea.
thereafter adv. (after that, afterward; accordingly) be:z-
'a:f-t3e, de:r'a:f-t3?, der^'aeif-ta?, (when less strest) de?'a:f-
tae, de?'a:f-t3e, de?'ae:f-t3?.
thereat adv. (at that place; upon that; on that account) de:?-
'aet, (when less strest) der'aet, da'eaet.
thereby adv. (by that, etc.) dere'bai, (when less strest) bez-
'bai, dae'bai.
therefor adv, (for this ; for that ; for it) de:?'f e:?.
therefore adv., conj. (consequently) 'de:?-fo:?, (when less
strest) *bez-{oz; (also) 7iB:z-io:z, ^Bz-ioz.
therefrom adv, (from that) deie'f^em, (when less strest)
dee'fsem, da^'f^em.
therein adv. (in that place; in that respect) dc:e'in, (when
less strest) de^'in, da'^in; (anteriorly, often) 'de:?-in.
thereinto adv. (into that; into that place) det^'in-to, (when
less strest) de^'into.
thereof adv. (of that ; of it) de:?'ev, (when less strest) dee'ev,
da'^ev; (also) bciz'ei.
thereon adv. (on that) beiz'en, (when less strest) de^'en, da-
'?en.
c: low, b: f «r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: for, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptec^dwi^ ^w«A vs^ \««»j^\
strcffs-mark 0 indi<?at?5 QMef 9^t^^^ qtv ^^ l^^orw^Tk!^ «{^^2«w^^
546 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
thereont adv, (out of that) de:z'aot, (when less strest) dez-
'aot.
thereto adv, (to that; also; to boot) dei^'tou, (when less
strest) de?'tou.
therennto adv, (thereto) dei^^An-to, (when less strest) dez-
'xnto.
therenpon adv, (upon that; by reason of that; without de-
lay) deie-a'pen, (when less strest) ders'pon.
therewith adv. (with that; thereupon) beiz'y/fib, (when less
strest) der'wid; (also) 5c:e'wi0.
there'wlthal adv. (besides, also) d8:z-wid'c:}.
thermodynamics n. (dynamics of heat) 8B:z-m9-dai'naemxk8.
thermometer n. (temperature-measuring device) Od^memi-
t9Z.
thesanrus n. (treasury; lexicon) 8i'sc:-?3s.
these noun-pron. pi., adj.-pron, diiz, (when unstrest) biz,
thesis n. proposition; position; essay, dissertation, theme;
heavy accent [plural thesesl '9ii-sis.
thenrgy n. (divine work; miracle) 'Oii-ds-dsi.
thew n. (muscle; sinew) Ogou.
they noun-pron. pi, bee, (when less strest) de, da.
thickening n. (a making or becoming thick; thickener, etc.)
'GikNiq.
thickheaded adj. [also spelt thickhededl Oikliedid, (as-
' sumptivly) '9ik-hedid.
thick-set adj. Gik'set, (as sumptivly) '6ik-set.
thief n. robber [ploral thievesi 9iif.
thieve v. steal [past participle and preterit thieved, thievd]
eiiv.
thigh n. (femoral region) 9ai.
thine noun-pron., adj.-pron. dam.
thirteen adj, Oe^'tiin, (assumptivly) 'Gee-tin.
thirteen n. Gee'tiin, (anteriorly; by contrast) '08?-tin.
thirteenth adj. Ose'tiinG, Gsr'tiintO, (assumptivly) 'Gs?-
tinG.
thirteenth n. Gee'tiinG, (anteriorly ; by contrast) 'Gee-tinQ.
this adj.-pron., noun-pron. [ploral these'] 5is.
thistle n. (plant) 'Gisal, 'Gisl.
thither adv. (to that place : opposed to hither; to that end)
'Gida?, 'didae.
tho conj., adv. see though.
thole n. pin [also spelt thowl; synonymous cognate thowet]
GdgI.
J .ve, <;cure; b the, Q thin; 3 a^ure, d^/oy; 5 jAoe, t^chew;
wzvhen', x]s{ng\ u'wYvoevet, \tc^c\., X5i>)f\, k^mIooI, \\t, lis^e;
o poetic; a over, eaena\, KAaut, v. ^oox, ■;><ix:LO^ «.\ie^ ^'«;^<£tst.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 547
thole n. (tholus, circular building) 630!.
Thomism n. doctrin of the followers of Thomas Aquinas
[synonymous cognate Thomaism} 'too-mizam, 'Goo-mizam.
Thomist n. (follower of Thomas Aquinas) 'too-mist, 'Ooo-
mist, 'temist.
thong n. (strip of leather; strap) 6e:i]; (dialectally) Oc:r|.
thoraoes n. (plural of thorax) Qo'zee-siz.
thorax n. part between neck and abdomen [plural thoraces}
'0D:-eaeks.
thorinnm n. Os'^ai-nsm. same meaning as thorium.
thorinm n. metal [synonymous cognate thorinuml 'Qo:-zi-9m.
thoro adj., prep., adv. see thorough. '
thoTOTLgh. adj., prep., adv. [also spelt thoro} 'Gb^d, (also, in
England and eastern New England) 'Gajtd; (dialectally)
'08^3, '6a?3.
thoroughbred adj.,n. [also spelt thorobrcdl 'Quzo-hzedt
'QAZ^-hzed.
thoroughfare n. way, passage, street [also spelt thoro far el
'Gs^o-fe:?, 'GAra-fe:^.
thoronghgoing adj. out-and-out, thoro; complete; radical
[also spelt thorogoingl GarD'goo-iq, (assumptivly) 'Geso-goo-
113.
thoroughly adv. in a thoro manner [also spelt thorolyl
'Gara-h, (anteriorly) 'Gerah.
thoronghness n. [also spelt thoroness} 'Gs^d-nis.
those adj.-pron. (ploral of that) daoz, (when unstrest) doz.
those noun-pron, (plural of that) daoz.
thon noun-pron, (you) dao.
thongh conj. notwithstanding that; while; even if; however;
but [also spelt tho*, tho} doo, (when unstrest) do, do.
though adv. notwithstanding this or that; however; for all
that [also spelt tho*, tho} doo.
thought n. (act of thinking; concept, etc.) Gc:t.
thought V. (preterit of think) Gc:t, (when unstrest) Get;
(dialectally) Got.
thousand adj. 'Gau-zsnd; (sometimes) 'Gau-zsn, 'Gou-zn.
thousandth adj. 'Goo-zdndG.
thraldom n. state of being a thrall; bondage; servitude [also
spelt thralldomi 'G^cil-dam.
thrash v, beat out, as wheat; whip [synonymous cognate
thresh; past participle and preterit thrashed, thrashtl G^aeJ.
thread n., v. [also spelt thredl Gsed.
threat n. menace [also spelt thret} G^et.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, o hot, 01 boy ; a: far, au now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding; sound \.^ lftxv?^\
stress-mark C) lodxc^tes chief str^s^ oti >i]^^ i^Wo^vcv^ ^^f^-ai^^.
548 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
threaten v. [also spelt threten; past participle and preterit
threatened, threatendl 'Gsetn.
three-legged adj. [also, sometimes, spelt three-legdl 63ii-
'legid, (assumptivly) 'Osii-legid; (also) G^iilegd, (assump-
tivly) 'esrf-legd.
three-master n. (vessel) 65ii'ma:-st37, '63ii-ma:-st9?.
threepence n. (silver coin) 'Gsipsns, 'O^ii-psns.
threepenny adj, 'Osipa-ni, (assumptivly) 'G^ipsni, 'OsipNi;
(also) 'Gsii-peni.
threnode n. 'Osii-nod. same meaning as threnody.
threnody n. (dirge) 'Osena-di, 'Gsii-nd-di.
thresh v. OseJ. same meaning as thrash,
threshold n. (door-sill; gate) 'G^e-Sotd, 'G^eSoM.
threw V. (preterit of throw) 05ou.
thro' prep., adv, see through.
throat n. (front of the neck; gullet) O^oot.
throe n. (pang, pain, agony) Osoo.
throne n. (chair of state) Osoon.
throng n. 63e:r); (dialectally) 83c:r).
throstle n. (thrush; water- frame) 'Osesa}, 'Osest.
through prep., adv, [also spelt thro', thro, thrul O^ou, (when
unstrest) Gso.
throngh adj. clear; express [also spelt thru} Osou.
thronghont adv., prep, [also spelt thruouti G^cni'aot, (when
less strest) Gsu'aot.
throxv v., n. (cast, fling, etc.) G^oo.
thronim v. (past participle of throw) G^oon.
thug n. (assassin or robber in India; cutthroat; ruffian,
rough) GAg, (rarely) txg.
thuggee n. (assassination by thugs) Gx'gii, 'Gx-gi.
thumb n.,v, [also spelt thum; as verb, past participle and
preterit thumbed, thumd'} Gxm.
thurible n. (censer) 'Ggoi-^a-bal.
Thursday n. (day of the week) 'Qsizz-di.
thy adj.-pron. (possessiv of thou; of thee) dai.
thyme n. (plant) taim.
thymele n. (altar) 'Gimi-h, 'Gimi-li.
thyroid adj. (shield-shaped) 'Gai-?eid.
tiara n. (turban; diadem; coronet) tai'c:-r3, ti'ar-srs.
tibet n. Tibet cloth [also spelt thibetl ti'bet, 'tibit, 'tai-bit.
Tibetan adj., n. [also spelt Thibetani 'tibi-tn, tiH^etn.
tibia n. shin-bone [ploral tibiae, tibiasi 'tibi-3.
tic n. (ox-bird, tic-bird) tik.
j ye, 9 cure; bthe, G ^Mn ; 5 aj^ure, 65 joy; S shoe, t$ cAew;
wwhen; q sing; \i"w\voe\et, Vie^cX, ^iulU aufool, i it, lis^^;
o poetic; aover, eoetia\, ^XiuV, 'a'.^oox, "^^^xio, ^\«^^ '^<^%<sle;
1
i
\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 549
tioal n. weight [also, sometimes, spelt teecal, tecull 'tikrt,
'tii-k3l.
tio-doulonrenx n. (facial neuralgia) tik-duld'zs: .
tick v., n. tap ; sound, etc. [as verb, past partici|^e and pret-
erit ticked, tickt} tik.
tick n. (mite) tik.
tick n. (cover or case of a bed; bedtick) tik.
tioklisk adj, (uncertain) 'tikz.i$.
tier n. (row, rank) U:z.
tierce adj. (third; terce) tv.zs; (less properly) tairs.
tiffin n. in India, lunch [synonymous cognate tiffing! 'tifin.
tiffing n. sipping, drinking [synonymous cognate tiffin}
'tifiq.
tiserisk adj. of a tiger [synonymous cognate tigrish"} 'tai-g9-
zil.
tiskt-fittins adj. tait'fitir), (assumptivly) 'tait-fitiij.
tigprine adj. tiger-like [also, sometimes, spelt tigrin; synony-
mous cognate tigerinel 'tai-g?in, 'tai-g?ain.
tilbury n. (gig) 'tilba-^i, (anteriorly) 'tilbari, (rapidly)
'tilb^i.
tilde n. (diacritic mark; wave) 'tilds.
till prep., conj. til, (when unstrest) tl.
timbal n. kettledrum [also spelt timbul, tymball 'timbdJ.
timbale n. (dish) taeg'bael.
timber n. (beam; lumber) 'timbs?.
timbre n. (sound quality; tone-color) 'timba?, txmbr, 'txm-
hz9.
timbrel n. (tambourine) 'timb^dl.
timbrel v. sing to the sound of the timbrel [present partici-
ple timhreling, timbrelling ; past participle and preterit tim^
breled, timbre lied, timbreld} 'timb^sl.
time n. (duration; period; epoch; leisure; hour) taim.
timist n. musical performer considerd with reference to his
sense of time, etc. [also spelt titneist} 'tai-mist.
tincal n. crude borax [also spelt tinkal} 'tigkal.
tinckel n. circle of sportsmen [synonymous cognate tin-
chilli 'tintSal.
tincture n. (tint, hue; metal; tinge; essence in solution)
'tiqktSa?, 'tiqktga?.
tingeing v, present participle of tinge [also spelt tinging}
'tindsiq.
tinny adj. (of tin) 'tini.
tinsel V. adorn with tinsel [present participle tinseling, tin-
c: law, b: f wr, ae cat, o hot, oi hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, at kCte.\
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptece^it^^ Wii>axA -va \««k%\
stress-mark C) radicates chief stress on ^iht t^>\<ywvft.^ «5\«^3«-
550 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
selling; past participle and preterit tinseled, tinselled, tin-
seldl 'tinsal.
tiny adj. wee; minute [synenymous cognate teenyl 'tai-ni,
'tin I.
tirade n. (long-drawn speech or writing; outpour of censure)
'tai-red, ti'rced, tai'eced; (rarely) ti'^a:d.
TisliTi n. 'tiSsi. same meaning as Tisri,
tisio n. 'tizik. see phthisic,
tisis n. 'tai-sis, 'tisis, 'tii-sis. see phthisis.
Tisri n. first month of the Hebrew civil year [also spelt
Tisri; synenymous cognate Tishril 'tizzi, 'tiz-gai.
tissue n. (fabric; film) 'tiSo.
tit n. nipple [synenymous cognates teat, tetl tit.
tit n. (bird) tit.
titanic adj, (of the Titans; of titanium) tai'txnik.
titbit n. [synonymous cognate tidbiti 'tit-bit.
titHable adj. [also spelt titheahlel 'tai-dd-bdi.
titillate v. (tickle) 'titi-let.
titivate v. dress up [also spelt tittivatel 'titi-vet.
tmesis n. (figure by which the parts of a compound word are
separated by other words; diccope) 'mii-sis, (rarely, pe-
dantically) 'tMli-SIS.
to prep, (as far as; for; upon, against, etc.) tou, (when uih
strest) to, t3.
toad n. (animal) tood; (dialectally) tod.
toady adj. (toad-like; ugly) 'too-di.
toady n. sycophant; toad-eater [ploral toadiesl 'too-di.
toady V, (fawn) 'too-di.
toadyisli adj. 'too-di-iS.
tobacco n. (plant, etc.) td'bxko; (dialectally) ta'baekd.
tocsin n. (signal; alarm-bell) 'teksin.
to-day adv., n. [also spelt todayl to'dee, (when less strest)
ta'dee.
tody n. bird [ploral todiesl 'too-di.
toed adj. (having toes) tood.
toffy n. 'tefi. same meaning as taffy,
togetHer adj. (in company; with each other, etc.) to'gedaz,
(when less strest) ta'geba^.
toggery n. (clothes) 'teg^-zi, 'teg^i.
toilet n. dressing-table; dress, etc. [synenymous cognate toi-
lettel 'tei-lat.
toilette n. teilet, 'tei-lat. same meaning as toilet,
tolerable adj. (endurable; passable) 'teJa^a-bal, (assumptiv-
j ye, Qcure; btKe, QtKlTv; ^acure, ds/oy; K shoe, tS cAew;
w when] 13 sing; MNvVioevet, \ic;v.cX., xa\^WL, xs>a.looV -s-^t; 11 s^^;
o poetic; 9 over, eoetV^V K\iu\., v,^oot, ti^^io, ^.\ie^, ^^^yte.\
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 551
ly) 'tela-rabal; (rapidly) 'tel^a-bal, (assumptivly) 'tekabal;
{dialectally or vulgarly) 'tela-bal.
tolerant adj. 'tela-^ant, {rapidly) 'tel^ant.
toll n., V. tax [as verb, past participle and preterit tolled,
told'\ tool.
toll V. sound [also, formerly, spelt tole; past participle and
preterit tolled, toldl tool.
toll V. draw; tear to pieces; entice [also spelt tolel tool.
toln n. (Tolu balsam) talou, tolou, ta'liou, 'too-liu.
tomaHax^k n. (war-ax) 'tem3-hc:k.
tomato n. vegetable [ploral tomatoes! td'mar-to, ta'moto,
ta'mee-to; (dialectally) ta'mee-ta.
tomb n. (grave, etc.) toum.
to-morroxv adv,, n. [also spelt tomorrow"] to'me^o, (when
less strest) td'me??.
tom-tom n. drum [synonymous cognate tam-tam] 'tom-tom.
ton n. (measure of capacity; weight) txn. compare tun,
ton n. (mode; fashion) ten.
tong V. seize, hold [past participle and preterit tonged,
tongd] teiq.
tongs n,pl. (grasping-tool) te:r)z.
tongue V, chide; utter; tip; join by means of a tongue and
groove [also spelt tung;. present participle tonguing; past
participle and preterit tongued, tungd] tAt).
tong^ey adj, loquacious [also spelt tonguy] 'tAgi.
tonic adj. (of tone) 'tenik.
to-night adv., n. [also spelt tonight] to'nait, (when less
strest) ta'nait.
tonnage n. (weight of cargo, etc. ; carrying-capacity) 'txnids.
tonsil n. (one of two oval bodies at the back of the mouth)
'tonsil, 'tontsil.
tonsillitis n. inflammation of the tonsils [also spelt tonsil-
itis] tonsilai-tis, tonsi'lii-tis.
tonsnre n. (clipping; shaved place on the head of a priest or
monk) 'teti-^oz.
tontine n. (form of annuity) 'ton-tin, ton'tiin.
too adv. (over; exceedingly; also) tou, (when unstrest) tu, to,
t3; (dialectally) tgou.
tooth n. [ploral teeth] touO.
toothache n. [also spelt toothake] 'touO-eek.
toothed adj, having teeth [also, sometimes, spelt tootht]
toudd, touGt.
toparoh n. (governor) 'too-pa?k, 'to-paek.
c: law, b: fur, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, aa now, ^\ a^V^, ^a.Vcvr.\
length -mark (:) indicates that the pteceAitv?, ^o>rcv^ ^^ \«^'^\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on ^i^le iQ>\o^vcv% ^f^*^^^'
I
552 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
topi n. hat, cap [also spelt top eel to'pii.
topknot n. (knot or tuft on the head; flatfish; hen) 'tep-
net.
topograplier n. (one skild in topography; surveyor) th
'p0g^3-f3?.
topograpHio adj. tepd'g^xfik.
topograpliy n. (description or features of a region) to'pegzd-
fi.
topsail n. 'tep-seel, 'tepssl, 'tepsh
toque n. (hat; bonnet) took.
toroHon adj. (dish-cloth) 'ter^-Seq.
toreador n. (bull-fighter) tezi-^'doiz, ten-a'de:?.
torment n. (torture; anguish) 'teir-mant, 'to:3-ment.
torment v. (torture; distress) ter'ment.
tornado n. violent squall or whirlwind [ploral tornadoes]
te^'nee-do.
torpedo n. cramp-fish; explosiv device [ploral torpedoes]
te^'pii-do.
torpor n. (numbness; stupor; apathy) 'te:r-p3?.
tortious adj. (tort-like; wrong) 'teir-Jas.
tortoise n. (turtle) 'te:?-tis, 'te:?-t3s, 'te:?-tois, 'to:^-tiz.
tortoise-shell n. 'te:7-ti$-$el.
tortnons adj, (winding; crooked) 'te:?-tSu-3s, 'te:^-tgu-3S.
toss v., n. fling [as verb, past participle and preterit tossed,
tosti te:s, (rarely) tes.
totalize v. [also spelt totalisel 'too-tl-aiz, (often) 'totl-aiz.
toteni n. (Amerindian emblem) 'too-tem.
tother adj.-pron., noun-pron. (other) 'tAbsz.
tottering adj. (staggering; shaky) 'teta-^iq, (assumptivly)
'totazrio; (rapidly) 'tetjiq.
toucan n. (bird) to'ka:n, 'tou-kan, 'tou-kaen, 'tao-kaen.
tougli adj. (hard to sever; strong; difficult; severe) txf.
toupee n. (curl; periwig; toupet) to'pii.
toupet n. (toupee; also, the toupet tit or tufted titmouse) to-
'pee; (rarely) 'tou-pe.
tour n. (turn; journey) to:?; (improperly) taoz,
tourmalin n. mineral [also spelt tourmaline; synonymous
cognates turmalin, turmaline'] 'to:?-m3-!in, 'tuzm^Am.
tournament n. (tourney; contest of skill) 'tor^-na-mant,
'torna-mant ; 'tB^na-mant.
tourney n. (contest of armd men) 'toiz-ni, 'te^ni, 'tBiz-ni,
tourniquet n. blood-controlling device [synonymous cognate
torniquetl 'to:?-ni-kat, 'torni-kat; (less properly) 'terni-kat.
j ye, Qcure; bthe, ^ tK\Tv\ -s^^wct^, d^joy; W/ioe, t^ chew,
w when] 13 sing; UNvVvoeveT. \ic«.^\., ^\^, \5!>a.\o<\, i.n\, Ta.^«<i;
o poetic; 3 over, e oe-n^A, K\iu\., v.q.oot, •;i^\io^ ^\ie^ ^-t^^c^R-N '
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 553
tonmnre n. (contour; hip-pad) toz'njoiz.
tonsle V. pull about; tease [also spelt touzle} 'tao-zal.
tont n. (touter, solicitor; spy who gives pointers in horse-
races) taot.
tont ensemble n. (entirety constituted of all parts considerd
together; collocation of all the parts viewd as a whole) tut-
eg'sembdl.
tow V. draw; haul [past participle and preterit towed, towdl
too.
tow n. (coarse part of flax) too.
toward adj. (coming; yielding, docil, apt; forward) 'too-a?d.
toward prep., adv. 'too-a^d, (when unstrest) 'to'.^d, to^d ; (al-
so, less properly) to'we:?d.
towards prep, (toward) 'too-3?dz, (when unstrest) to:rdz,
tozrdz; (also, less properly) to'we:^dz.
towel V. rub with a towel; use a towel [present participle
toweling, towelling; past participle and preterit toweled,
towelled, toweldl 'tau-al; (vulgarly) tool.
toweling n. material for towels; whipping [also spelt tow-
ellingi 'tau-a-hq.
tower V. rise like a tower; soar aloft, rise vertically, as a
bird [past participle and preterit towered, towerdi 'tau-sz.
toy n. trinket; plaything [plural toysl tei.
traceable adj. (capable of being traced) 'tjee-sa-bal.
tracHea n. (windpipe) 'tjee-ki-a, tja'kii-a.
tracHeid n. cell [also spelt tracheid} t£3'kii-id.
traelieotoniy n. (cutting into the trachea) tjeki'eta-mi.
tracHoma n. (granular lids) tsd'koo-ms.
tractile adj. ductil [also, sometimes, spelt tracti^ 'tjaektil,
'tjaek-tail.
trade-nnion n. tEeed'jou-njan, 'tjeed-jou-njan.
traffic V. trade [present participle trafficking; past partici-
ple trafficked, trafficti 'tjaefik.
trafficker n. (trader) 'tjaefi-ka^.
tragacantli n. (gum) 'tjaega-kaenG, 't jaga-katntG ; (erroneous-
ly) 'tjaed33-kaen9.
tragedian n. (writer of tragedies; actor of tragedy) tja'dsii-
di-an.
tragedienne n. (tragic actress) t^s'dsii-di-en, t£3-3edi'en.
traipse v. gad or flaunt about [also spelt trapcsl t^eeps.
trait n. (stroke; feature) tjeet, tjee.
traject v. (throw) tja'dsekt.
traject n. (ferry; trajectory; transference) 'tjae-dsekt.
c: low, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: for. ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptecediT^SL. ^wvxv^ -v^ Vixv?^.
stress-mark () indicates chief stress on t^e ie>>\Qr«vcv^ ^ssj^-si^^^.
554 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
trajectory n. (curve) tsaMsekta-zi.
tranunel v. catch as in a net; shackle [present participle
trammeling, trammelling; past participle and preterit tram-
meled, trammelled, trammeldl 'Xysimsii.
trammeler n. [also spelt trammeller} 'ta^aema-ld?.
tramontane adj. (beyond the Alps mountains; foreign)
tsaeman'teen, (assumptivly) 'tjEScmdn-ten ; (also) t£a:-m9n-
'teen, tja'men-ten.
tranee n. (rapture) tsa:nts, tsa:nts, t£ae:nts, (in Britain) t£a:ns,
t£a:ns.
tranqnil adj. (quiet, calm) 'tsaegkwil, 'tsxnkwi}.
tranqnilixe v. [also spelt tranquillize, tranquilise, tranquil-
lisel 'tjaeqkiui-laiz.
tranqnillity n. (tranquilness) tsaen'kwih-ti, tsaeijlcwili-ti.
transact v. (carry thru; do) t£sen'sxkt, t£xn'zxkt.
transalpine adj. beyond the Alps [also, sometimes, spelt
transalpine t£xnts'se^pin, tsaens'xlpin, t£ans'x}pin, tsaenz-
'selpin, t£aen'zae!pin ; t£aens'sel-pain, tsaenz'ael-pain.
transatlantic adj, tssentsst'laentik, tsaensst'laentik, tsansat-
'laentik; t£aenz3tlaentik, tsanzat'lsentik.
transcend v. (go beyond; surpass) t£sen'send, tsan'send.
transcendental adj. (surpassing; supreme; a priori; ob-
scure) tjaensan'dentl, tjansan'dentl.
transept n. (transverse arm of a cross-shaped church) 'tjsen-
sept; (erroneously) 'tjaen-sep.
transfer n. (conveyance, etc.) 'tjaens-fa?, 'tjaents-fe?, 'tja:ns-
transfer v. convey; give [past participle and preterit trans-
ferred, transferdi tjaens'fa:?, tjans'fa:?.
transferability n. [also spelt transf err ability; synonymous
cegnate transf erribilityl tjaens-fa^a'bih-ti.
transferable adj. [also spelt transf err able; synonymous
cegnate transferriblel tjaens'fBi-ea-bal, 'tjaens-fera-bal.
transferal n. transfer [also spelt transf errall tjaens'feeal.
transference n. [also spelt transf err ence} tjaens'ferans,
'tjaens-ferans.
transient adj, (passing across; temporary) 'tjaenjant,
'tjaentjant, 'tjaensi-ant.
transit n. (passage, etc.) 'tjaensit, 'tja:n-sit, 'tjaenzit.
transition n. (change) tjaen'sijan, tjan'siSan, tjaen'sisan,
tjaen'zijan.
transitive adj. making transition; taking a direct object [al-
so spelt transitivl 'tEaensi-tiv, 't£a:n-si-tiv, 'tjaenzi-tiv.
j ye, Qcure; btke, QtK\tv,jF> assure, dj/oy; ^ shoe, tl chew,
in when\ 13 sing; U'w\voe\ei, Vte^^cX, vki-*^, xa^a^ooX, ^\v ri^ee',
o poetic; 3 over, eoeriaX, k\>u\.» -a.^ooT, •:>^\\.o, ^.\ie^, %.^%qnr.\
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 555
translate v. (transfer; transform; render; explain) tjaens-
leet, tjans'leet, tjaenz'leet.
translnoenoe n. (transmitting light without being transpar-
ent; transparent, clear) tjaens'liou-sans, tsans'liuu-sans,
t£xnsluu-S3ns.
transmigrate v. (migrate; metempsychosize) 'tssensMi-gzet,
t£ans'mai-g?et, tjaens'mai-gzet.
transmissible adj. (capable of being transmitted) tjEs^ns-
'misd-bdi, tsans'misd-bdl.
transom n. (timber, etc.; window over a door) 'tssenssm,
'tssentsam.
transparent adj. (diaphanous, pellucid, clear) tsaens'pe:-
rant, tjans'pc.-zant, t£xns'pae?3nt.
transpiration n. (exhalation thru the skin) tsaenspi'zee-San,
t£anspi'?ee-S3n.
transplendent adj, (most resplendent) tssen'spz^endant,
tsan'spz^endsnt.
transport v. (transfer; carry beyond seas; render beside
one's self) tjaens'pDiet, tjans'poizt.
transport n. (carriage; vessel; exile; rapture) 'tjaen-sport,
'tja:n-spozt, 'tjaent-spoirt.
transsliip v, convey from one ship or car to another [also
spelt trans-ship, tranship'^ tjaenJ'Sip, tjaentS'Sip; tjanS'Sip,
tjan'Sip.
trapan n.,v. trap [synonymous cognate trepan\ t£3'paen.
trapeze n. (trapezium; swing) tsd'piiz.
trapezinm n. quadrilateral all of whose sides are unequal
[plural trapezia, trapeziums'^ tja'pii-zi-am, t^lpxi-si^^.
trapezoid n. (quadrilateral having two of^its opposit^des
equal and the other two unequal) 'tja^pf-zeid, tja'pii-zeid,
tjaepi'zeid.
trass n. volcanic rock [synonymous Qdgnate tarrasi tsses.
trauma n. (traumation; wound) 't£0^-m3.
travail n. (labor; parturition) 't£xvtl.
travail v. (labor; be parturient) 'tjpevil.
travail n. conveyance [synonymous cognates travois, travee;
plural travauxl tja'vee. \
travale n. (effect in tambourine-playing) tsa'vael.
travel v. journey; traverse [present participle traveling, trav-
elling; past participle and preterit trai^el^d, travelled, trav-
eldl 'tjaeval.
traveler n. [also spelt travellerl 'tjaeva-lar, 'tjaevla?.
traveling n. [also spelt travellingi 'tjaeva-hq, 'tjaevhq.
c: law, b: f wr, ae cat, e hot, oi hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptecedititt, %a>aLTv\ -v.^ Vr«NSi»%
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on >3cit C^>\a>Nvcv^ ^"^"si^^.
I
556 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
traveling-bas n. [also spelt travelling-bagl 'tsxvhg-bxg,
'tjaevahq-baeg.
traverse adj., n,, v. [as verb, past participle and preterit tra-
versed, traverstl 'tsaevszs; (less properly) tsd'vaiss.
traverse adv, (transversely) 'tsxvszs, t£3'vB:7s.
travertin n. Italian stone used in building [also spelt trover-
tinel 'tjaev3z-tin.
tray n. (shallow vessel; waiter) t£ee.
tray n. third branch of a deer's antler [also spelt treyl tsee.
treacHerons adj. [also spelt trecherous] 'ttzt\^-z^s.
treachery n. perfidy [also spelt trechery; ploral treach-
eriesi 'tjetSa-^i, (rapidly) 'tjetj^i.
treaele n. (remedy; spume of sugar) 'tsii-kal.
tread v„ n. step [also spelt tredl t£ed.
treadle n. foot-lever; chalaza [also spelt tredlel 'tsedl.
treasure n. riches; precious thing [also spelt tresurel 't^^sx;
(dialectally) 'tsee-33?.
treasurer n. [also spelt tresurerj 'tjesa-ra^, (rapidly) 'tjes^a?.
treasury n. [also spelt tresury"] 'tjesa-ri, (rapidly) 'tjeszi.
treatise n. book on a subject [also spelt treatisi 't£ii-tis, 'tsii-
tiz.
treble adj. threefold, triple; high in pitch [dialectal synony-
mous cognate thribble) 'tjebal; (improperly) 'tjibal.
trebuchet n. (missil-engin) 'tjebjo-Jet.
trecento n. (fourteenth century) tje'tSento.
trefoil n. (plant; ornament) 'tjii-feil.
trek V, draw a wagon ; migrate [also spelt treckl t jek.
trellis n. (structure of light cross-bars) 'tjehs.
tremendous adj. (fearful; astounding; huge) t£i'mend3s;
(vulgarly) tji'mendsas.
tremolant n. tremolo [synonymous cognate tremulant]
'tjema-lant.
tremolo n. (tremulous or fluttering effect; tremolant) 'tjema-
lo, 'tjee-ma-lo.
tremor n. (shaking, quivering) 'tjema^, 'tje-me?, 'tjii-ma?,
'tjii-me?.
tremulant n. 't^emjo-ldnt. same meaning as tremolant,
tremulous adj. (trembling; timid) 'tsemju-las.
trenoli v., n. furrow [as verb, past participle and preterit
trenched, trencht"] tjentS, (also, and in Britain normally)
t£enS.
trepan n. (borer; crown-saw) tsi'paen.
trepan v. operate on with a trepan [present participle tre-
iye, Qcure; ^ih^, Q tfiin; ja^rure, ds/oy; ^ shoe, tSchev;
wwhen] 13 sing; u'wYvoevet, Vtc^cv ^i-*^, K5.>a.^ool, \it, li s^^;
o poetic; a over, eaeT\a\, K\iu\., ':>*.^oot, •:i^^o, ^\ie^, ■c^7:J&r.\ L
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 557
panning; past participle and preterit trepanned, trepand]
tji'paen.
trepans n. sea-slug [also spelt tripangi t£i'pxt).
trepMne n., v. (trepan) t£i'f am, t£i'f lin.
trespass v, go unlawfully; sin [past participle and preterit
trespassed, trespast"} 'tjespas.
trestle n. (frame) 'tjesal, 'tjesl.
trevis n. partition; beam; stall [also spelt treviss, trevise;
synonymous cognates trevesse, travise, travessel 'tjevis.
trey n. card or die with three spots [also spelt tray'\ tjce.
triable adj. capable of being tried [also spelt tryahle^ 't£ai-3-
bsL
triad n. (union of three ; trinity ; trivalent element or radical ;
three-tone chord) 'tjai-aed.
triaene n. sponge-spicule [plural triaenel 't£ai-in.
trialog^ae n. discourse by three speakers [also spelt trialogi
'tjai-a-log.
triangle n. (three-angled figure) 'tsai-aeggsl.
tribnnal n. (seat of a magistrate; confessional) tsi'bjou-n);
(less properly) tjai'bjou-nl, (improperly) 'tjibjo-nl.
tribnne n. (platform; seat; dais) 'tji-bjun; (less properly)
'tjai-bjun, tji'bjoun.
tribnnioial adj. of a tribune [also spelt tribunitiall tsibjo-
'niSal.
tribnnioian adj, tribunicial [also spelt tribunitiani t£ibjo-
'niS3n.
tribntary adj, (paying tribute; auxiliary) 'tjibjo-te^i; (also)
'tjibjo-ta^i, (rapidly) 'tjibjo-tji.
triobiasis n. (trichia, etc.) t£i'kai-3-sis.
trichina n. hair-like worm [ploral trichinae"] tji'kai-na; (less
properly) 'tjiki-na.
triobinize v. infest with trichinae [also spelt trichinise"]
'tjiki-naiz.
triobite n. (flesh-spicule of a sponge) 'tjai-kait, 'tji-kait.
triobogfjme n. (hair-like female reproductiv organ of certain
cryptogams) 'tjika-dsin.
tricboma n. (plica) tsiHcoo-ms, tsailcoo-ms.
tricing-line n. (line used for tricing or hauling up) 't£ai-sii]-
lain.
tricksy adj. trickish; playful [also spelt trickseyl 'tjiksi.
tricolor adj., n. [also spelt tricolour] 'tjai-kxla?.
tricot n. (fabric) 'tjii-ko, tji'koo.
tricycle n. (three-wheeld vehicle) 'tjai-si-kal, 'tjai-sai-kal.
c: law, b: fur, je cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: osk, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the precediTv^, ^qmtv^ ^.% Vsj^ns^^n
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress otv >\it i^^^vcv^ ^-f^sS^^.
558 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
tridaotyl adj, having three digits; tridactylous, tridigitate
[also spelt tridactylel tsai'daektit.
triennial adj. (continuing three years ; happening every three
years) tjai'cni-al.
trier n. (one who tries; examiner; test) 'tiai-97.
trifid adj. (three-cleft) 'tjai-fid.
trigamy n. (triple marriage) 'tsiga-mi.
trijusate adj, (three-yoked; having three pairs of leaflets)
tjai'dsou-get, 'tjidsa-get,
trijngonfl adj, (trijugate) 'tsidsd-gas, tiai'dsou-gss, 'tsai-
dsugss.
trilobate adj. (three-lobed) tsailoo-bet, 'tjai-lo-bet.
trilobite n. (fossil) 'tjai-la-bait ; (improperly) 'tjila-bait
trilogy n. (series of three tragedies) 'txils-dsi; {improperly)
'tjai-la-dsi.
trin&ester n. (term of three months) tji'mestd?, tsaz'mestar.
trin&eter n. (verse of three measures) 'tsimi-td?.
trio n. (three-part piece; company or group of three; game)
'tjai-o, 'tjii-o.
triolet n. (poem) 't£ai-9-}9t» 't£ii-3-l3t.
trior n. (in law, examiner of a challenge to a juror) 'tsai-9r.
trioxide n. oxide containing three oxygen atoms [also, some-
times, spelt trioxid; synonymous cognates tritoxide, tritoxid]
tjai'ek-said, (before of) tjai'eksid.
tripartite n. (three-parted) t£ai'pa?-tait, 'tjipa^-tait, (rare-
ly) tji'pQ^-tait.
tripedal adj. (three-footed) 't£ipi-dl, 'tjai-pedl, tjai'pii-dl,
tjai'pedl.
tripHtHong n. (triple sound; group of three consecutiv vow-
el sounds in one syllable) 'tjif-Oeiq, (older) 'txip-0e:i].
triple adj. (threefold; treble) 'tjipal.
tripod n. (three-footed or three-legged seat, kettle, etc.) 'tjai-
ped.
tripos n, (tripod; honor-list) 'tjai-pos, 'tjai-pes, 'tjii-pos.
triptycb n. (triple picture, etc.; writing-tablet) 'tjiptik.
trireme n. (vessel with three banks of oars on each side)
'tjai-dm.
trisyllabic adj. (containing three syllables) t£isi^aebik.
trisyllable n. (word of three syllables) tsi'sild-bal, tsai'sib-
bal, 'tjisila-bal.
trinmpli n. (ceremony of victory, etc.) 'tjai-amf.
trinmpli v. 'tjai-amf; (also, formerly) tjai'Amf.
trinmplial adj. (of triumph) tjai'Amfal.
j ye, Q cure ; 5 the, 0 thin ; 3 a^ure, ds joy ; S shoe, tj chevr;
wwhen; qsing; UY/\voe\eT, \Te2.c.\., ^i-*^, ^>a.lool, itt, li s^e;
o poetic; a over, eaetiaX, k\>u\., -a-.^oox, •:i^Tvo, ^.\ie^, ^^^«fi«.\
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 559
trinniTir n. one of three coequal magistrates [ploral trium-
viri, triumvirsl tjai'Amva?.
trlnniTiri n. (ploral of triumvir) tiai'Amv3-?i, t£ai'Amv3-2ai,
trinne adj, (three in one) 'tjai-jun.
trivalent adj (having a valency of three) 'tjiva-lant, 'tjai-
vee-lant.
trivet n. tripod [synonymous cognate trevetl 'tjivit.
trivet n. knife [former synonymous cognate trevafl 'tjivit.
trivial adj. (common; trifling) 'tjivi-al, 'tjivial.
trocar n. surgical instrument [also spelt trocharl 'tsoo-ka?.
trocHantin n. lesser trochanter, etc. [also spelt trochantinel
tsoTcaentin.
troche n. (tablet) 'tjoo-ki, 'tjoo-ki, tjootj, t£Ook,
trool&ee n. (foot) 'tjpo-ki, /tjoo-ki.
trochlea n. pulley [ploral trochleael 'tsokLi-9.
troglodyte n. (cave-dweller) 'tjogla-dait, 'tjoo-gla-dait.
Troslodjrtes n. (genus of wrens; genus of apes) tsegledi-
tiz, t£eg!9'dai-tiz.
troll V, roll; sing; fish [past participle and preterit trolled,
troldl t£Oo!, tjol.
troll n. (mythic being) tjool.
trolley n. cart, troll; truck; contact-roller; electric car [also
spelt trolly"} 'tjoh.
trombone n. (trumpet) 't£om-bon, tsem'boon.
troop n. company; band; body; flock; herd [also, in the
sense of a company of performers, spelt troupe} t£aup.
trope n. (figure of speech, etc.) tjoop.
trophi n. pi. (mouth-parts of an insect) 'tjoo-f i.
trophy n. memorial; prize [ploral trophies} 'tjoo-fi; (improp-
erly) 'tjofi.
troth n, (truth, verity; faith) tjorO, tjoG, tsoo0; (dialectally)
tjciG.
troth V, (plight, betroth) tjoiG, tjoG, tjooG; (dialectally)
tjciG.
tronbadonr n. (one of a class of poets originally of Pro-
vence, France) 'tjou-ba-do:?, 'tjou-ba-do:?.
tronblons adj. (disturbd; disquieting) 'tSAblas.
trongh n. (receptacle, etc.) tjo:f; (dialectally) ttc:f.
tronpe n. t£oup. see troop.
tronsers n.pl. garment [also, formerly, spelt trowsers, trow-
zers} 'tsao-z3?z.
tronssean n. bundle; outfit of clothes, etc. [ploral trous-
seaux} tjo'soo.
c: \awt b: f «r, se cat, e h<7t, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceding sound \& \ftic»sL,\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on >i3cL^ i^o^vsi^ ^^^si^'t.
V//
rW' IIOS'AKY OF HARD 1KORD5
»«#w //, !#' Jm /' , ♦>#<;•> fj/nn? j/';rtjc;;^lt and j-rtttni trored,
f-ffMf «< 't}|f>iiil , Hijifi' , \,iiu\f ^^,'\n.
fOMfnl T' f'/iiii 'if 'MM'l/ with a trowel [present participle
hni"fhnu, itnitit'lliMu; \tt\n\ |i'irticfple and preterit troweled,
■ iiitiiliiNii« ti Mii'iiiiy; 'tj.Ak<;o }.mH, 'ttou-kQu-lans.
■ uiiulitNl tutt (fi'iii-; 'liAki,-!) I.»nt, "ixnu-kgu-lont.
iiiH III// (mil liiltti , loiircl; real; loyal) t^uu.
ruff III n. (hiiiHiin) 'liAl.tl. 'Unf.»l, 'txou-fo!.
• iilv iii/c (III 11 iMit- lii.iiitirr) 'tr.mi-)i.
iiiiiiiliniMi M (liiiiili. hi. ill) '(xAiitS.ni, {in Britain) 'tSAnJan.
iiiiiiiliMi M (nitjijiiiiliiiM piitjrrlioii on the side of a cannon:
(ilhlin ••It MM il ixllllili'l) 'i£\iij>in.
rii«4iviirlliy •••'r i^oiiliv ot trust) 'tXASt-wurdi.
iiillia •» i|tliiiiil (tl ftiif/() tioiiOs. txouC^z.
• v*4 M \niiiiMiK. ii-ii«l«'>'MUis: niarki't) tsist. tsaist.
rv«llH||*iiliii»«» M ixiNtii.) pi t'^'>**: 't{ni-stiij-pLees.
• Ml' *• »il . »«-«' t «i*
«•»!«•» M iu«»»vt l,»N»» Nprh t.\'t.\\ t^t'fCt\ tct''tsc} *tse:si. '3>
iil»«» - \t^M'' ^ K'*"** v«' .*'.v.',;*.'\'^ '.ou^v
%
\\\
4h< a •
\ «•
■ .s
'\ •
*«\
V v.*
% •.-«.>ii«jv^
:3ty-r^ ■ i_
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 561
tnrakoo n. bird [also «pelt turacou, tourakoo, touracou; syn-
onymous cognates turako, turacOj, touraco'} 'to:-z3-ku.
tnrban n. (head-dress) ^tsiz-hsn.
tnrbine n. water-wheel, etc. [also, sometimes, spelt turbin^
'tB:?-bin, 'tB:?-bain.
tnrbiner n. (turbin steamer) 'tBiz-ben-n^z,
turbot n. (flatfish) 'tei^-bat.
tnrbnlent adj. (disturbd) 'tB:z-bja-)9nt.
tnreen n. (deep dish; soup-tureen) to'^iin. compare terrine,
tnrgid adj. (swollen; tumid) 'te^dsid, ^tsiz-d^id; {erroneous-
ly) 'tB:?-gid.
tnrkey n. bird [ploral turkeysl 'to^ki, 'tB:?-ki.
Tnrkoinan n. member of a central Asian branch of the Tur-
kish race; Turkman [also spelt Turcoman; synonymous cog-
nates Turkman, Toorcomanl 'tB^ka-man.
tnrmalin n. 'tB:?-md-hn. same meaning as tourmalin,
tnmieric n. (plant) 'to:?-m3-rik, 'tsiz-m^-zik.
tnm V* round; divert; change, etc. [past participle and
preterit turned, turndl tsirn, {when unstrest) tBzn.
-tnmip n. (vegetable) 'tBznip, 'tB:z-nip; {vulgarly) 'ts^nap.
-tnnuiole n. plant [synonymous cognate turnsol'\ 'tB^n-sol.
tumTerein n. (association for practising gymnastics accord-
ing to the system of the turners) 'tBjn-fa-^ain, 'toen-fa-
rain.
tnrpentine n. (oily substance) 'tBsrpan-tain, 'tBzpsn-tin.
tnrqnoise n. blue or greenish-blue precious stone [also spelt
turkoise, turkois, turcois and, sometimes, turkis\ tBs'koiz,
'tBsr-koiz, 'tsrz-koiz; 'tBe-ku)OZ, tB?'ku)0iz, 'tB^-kwaz, tselciiz,
tB^'kiis, 'tB^kis.
tnMer n. tusser-silk; silkworm [also spelt tussur, tussore;
synonymous cognates tusseh, tussah, tussa, tasarl 'tASS?.
tiiMook-e:raM n. tall grass; mat-rush [also spelt tussac-
grass"} 'tAsak-g?a:s.
tntelar adj. (guardian; protectiv) 'tgou-ti-la?, 'tguti-lar.
tutor V. have the guardianship of; instruct [past participle
and preterit tutored, tutord] 'tgou-ta?; {dialectally) 'tou-
tar.
tntti-fmtti n. (confection or ice-cream flavord with vari-
ous fruits) 'tgou-ti-fsou-ti, 'tou-ti-f^ou-ti.
tuyere n. twi'e:?, tu'je:?. same meaning as twyer,
twaddle v., n. (gabble, prate) 'tiuodl.
tweeze n. surgeon's case of instruments [also spelt tweesel
twiiz.
; s cat, o hot, oi hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
";) indicates that the -ptttt^xTitt wsvssA ^.^ VirMW'%
indicates chief stress on \5afc i^^'Of^voL'^ «i\c!S«vfc,
552 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
topi n. hat, cap [also spelt topeel to'pii.
topknot n. (knot or tuft on the head; flatfish; hen) 'tep-
net.
topograpHer n. (one skild in topography; surveyor) to-
'peg^a-fa?.
topograpHio adj. teps'g^xfik.
topog^rapliy n. (description or features of a region) to'pegrd-
fi.
topsail n. 'tep-seel, 'tepsa}, 'tepsh
toque n. (hat; bonnet) took.
toroHon adj. (dish-cloth) 'tei^-Seq.
toreador n. (bull-fighter) teri-a'do:?, ten-a'dersr.
torment n. (torture; anguish) 'teir-mant, 'te:^-mcnt.
torment v. (torture; distress) te^'ment.
tornado n. violent squall or whirlwind [plural tornadoes]
te^'nee-do.
torpedo n. cramp-fish; explosiv device [ploral torpedoes]
ter'pii-do.
torpor n. (numbness; stupor; apathy) 'teiz-p^z.
tortious adj. (tort-like; wrong) 'tei^-Jas.
tortoise n. (turtle) 'te:?-tis, 'te:?-t3s, 'tei^-teis, 'te:r-tiz.
tortoise-sHell n. 'teiz-til-lel.
tortnons adj. (winding; crooked) 'tei^-tSu-as, 'te:r-tgu-3S.
toss v., n. fling [as verb, past participle and preterit tossed,
tost] te:s, (rarely) tes.
totalize v. [also spelt totalise] 'too-tl-aiz, (often) 'totl-aiz.
totem n. (Amerindian emblem) 'too-tem.
totHer adj.-pron., noun-pron, (other) 't\b9z.
tottering adj, (staggering; shaky) 'teta-^iq, (assumptivly)
'tetazrii]; (rapidly) 'tetjiq.
toucan n. (bird) toHcarn, 'tou-kan, 'tou-kaen, 'tao-kaen.
tougH adj. (hard to sever; strong; difficult; severe) txf.
toupee n. (curl; periwig; toupet) to'pii.
toupet n. (toupee; also, the toupet tit or tufted titmouse) to-
'pee; (rarely) 'tou-pe.
tour n. (turn; journey) to:^; (improperly) taaz,
tourmalin n. mineral [also spelt tourmaline; synonymous
cegnates turmalin, turmaline] 'to:^-ma-hn, 'toema-lm.
tournament n. (tourney; contest of skill) 'toi^-na-mant,
'torna-mant ; 'te^na-mant.
tourney n. (contest of armd men) 'to:?-ni, 'toeni, 'ter^-ni.
tourniquet n. blood-controlling device [synonymous cognate
forniquetl 'to:r-ni-k3t, 'torni-kat; (less properly) 'tB^ni-kat.
i ve. Qcure; bthe, ^tV\Tv, '«>^2>Mt, ^Vvs'jN \sKq^^ tlchew.
w when ; rj slnp ; u wVvoeveT , \ t cwiX., ji \>«\, w>.\ooV -i^nV -vx-^^^n -
opoetic ; a over, e oena\, kW\> vAoot, -^^^tio, ^\«^ ^'t^y^Jt^^
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 553
tonmnre n. (contour; hip-pad) toz'njoiz.
tonsle V. pull about; tease [also spelt touzle'\ 'tao-zsl.
tont n. (touter, solicitor; spy who gives pointers in horse-
races) taot.
tont ensemble n. (entirety constituted of all parts considerd
together; collocation of all the parts viewd as a whole) tut-
eij'sembdl.
toii7 V. draw; haul [past participle and preterit towed, towd'\
tDO.
toyar n. (coarse part of flax) too.
toD^ard adj. (coming; yielding, docil, apt; forward) 'tDo-a^d.
ton^ard prep., adv. 'too-ard, (when unstrest) 'tD:?d, tord ; {al-
so, less properly) to'weird.
toD^ards prep, (toward) 'too-3?dz, {when unstrest) toi^dz,
iozdiz; {also, less properly) to'wei^dz.
ton^el V. rub with a towel; use a towel [present participle
toweling, towellings past participle and preterit toweled,
towelled, toweld'\ 'tau-al; {vulgarly) tool.
ton^eling n. material for towels; whipping [also spelt tow-
elling'\ 'tau-a-hr).
tourer V. rise like a tower; soar aloft, rise vertically, as a
bird [past participle and preterit towered, towerdi 'tau-a^.
toy n. trinket; plaything [plural toys'\ tei.
traceable adj. (capable of being traced) 'tsee-sd-bsL
trachea n. (windpipe) 'tjee-ki-a, tja'kii-a.
tracbeid n. cell [also spelt tracheidl t£a'kii-id.
tracbeotomy n. (cutting into the trachea) tjeki'eta-mi.
tracboma n. (granular lids) tss'koo-md.
tractile adj. ductil [also, sometimes, spelt tractil} 't£aektil,
'tjaek-tail.
trade-nnion n. tjeed'jou-njan, 'tjeed-jou-njan.
traffic V. trade [present participle trafficking; past partici-
ple trafficked, traffict^ 'tjaefik.
trafficker n. (trader) 'tjaefi-ka?.
tragacantb n. (gum) 't£seg9-ksen9, 't£xg3-k£nt9 ; {erroneous-
ly) 'tjaed33-kaen9.
tragedian n. (writer of tragedies; actor of tragedy) tja'dsii-
di-an.
tragedienne n. (tragic actress) tsd'dsii-di-en, tss-sedi'en.
traipse v. gad or flaunt about [also spelt trapesl tseeps.
trait n. (stroke; feature) tjeet, tjee.
traject v. (throw) tja'dsekt.
traject n. (ferry; trajectory; transference) 'tja-dsekt.
c: law, b: fiir, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao hotu, w. ol^, ^^V\\s:\
)Bni^h-mark (:) indicates that the pteceditiv, soar^^ ^^ ^x"^"
stress-mark C) indicates chief stTesa on Wit i©>\Qi^vcv^ ^-^f^sMv^-
554 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
trajectory n. (curve) tsd'dsektd-zi.
trammel v. catch as in a net; shackle [present participle
trammeling, trammelling', past participle and preterit tram-
meled, trammelled, trammeld} 'tsa&mdl.
trammeler n. [also spelt trammellerl 'tsaems-la?.
tramontane adj. (beyond the Alps mountains; foreign)
tsaemsn'teen, (assumptivly) 'tjaeman-ten ; (also) tsa:-m3n-
'teen, tja'men-ten.
trance n. (rapture) tsa:nts, tsa:nts, t££:nts, (in Britain) tsa:ns,
tja:ns.
tranquil adj. (quiet, calm) 't£Xi]ktuil, 'tsxnkwi}.
tranqnilixe v. [also spelt tranquillize, tranquilise, tranquil-
lise"} 'tjaer)kuji-laiz.
tranqnUlity n. (tranquilness) tj^nlcwih-ti, tssQlcwih-ti.
transact v. (carry thru; do) tssen'saekt, t£xn'zxkt.
transalpine adj. beyond the Alps [also, sometimes, spelt
transalpine t£xnts'sE^pin, t£xns'selpin, tsans'sdpin, tsaenz-
'aelpin, t£xn'zaelpin ; tssens'ael-pain, tsxnz'xl-pain.
transatlantic adj, t£sentS3t'lxntik, tsxnsdt'laentik, tsansst-
'laentik; tjanzatlaentik, t^anzdt'lsentik.
transcend v. (go beyond; surpass) tsaen'send, tsan'send.
transcendental adj. (surpassing; supreme; a priori; ob-
scure) tjaensan'dentl, tjansan'dentl.
transept n. (transverse arm of a cross-shaped church) 'tjaen-
sept; (erroneously) 'tjaen-sep.
transfer n. (conveyance, etc.) 'tjaens-fa?, 'tjaents-fa?, 'tjarns-
fe^.
transfer v. convey; give [past participle and preterit trans-
ferred, transferd"] tjaens'fe:?, tjans'feir.
transferability n. [also spelt transf err ability; synonymous
cegnate transf erribility} tEaens-fB^a'bih-ti.
transferable adj, [also spelt transf err able \ synonymous
cegnate transf errible'\ tjaens'fBi-ea-bal, 'tjaens-fara-bal.
transferal n. transfer [also spelt transf errat] tjaens'fB^al.
transference n. [also spelt transf err ence'\ tssens'ferdns,
't£3ens-fB?3ns.
transient adj, (passing across; temporary) ^tsaen^dnt,
'tjaentSant, 'tsaensi-ant.
transit n. (passage, etc.) 't^aensit, 'tja:n-sit, 'tjaenzit.
transition n. (change) tjaen'sijan, tjan'siSan, tjaen'sisan,
tsaen'ziSan.
transitive adj. making transition; taking a direct object [al-
so spelt transttivl 'tjaensi-tiv, 'tjarn-si-tiv, 'tjaenzi-tiv.
J ve, gcure; btke, ^ tK\tv\ •j»^s>vc^, ^•b^^^% ^sfcoe, tjcfcew;
in when; n sing; uv;\\oevet, \ teasel, wi-y^, xa>a.VooV a.\v <x^ee-,
o poetic; D over, e aetiaV kV>u\., ^'.eLoot, ■:iQxvo, -e-X^e^, ^.^^axv.
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 555
translate v, (transfer; transform; render; explain) tsaens-
'leet, tjans'lcet, tjaenz'leet.
translnoenoe n. (transmitting light without being transpar-
ent; transparent, clear) tjaens'liou-sans, tjans'liou-sans,
tsaens'}ou-s9ns.
transmigrate v. (migrate; metempsychosize) 'tsaensMi-gzet,
tjans'mai-geet, tjaens'mai-geet.
transmissible adj. (capable of being transmitted) t££ns-
'misd-bd}, tsans'misd-bdl.
transom n. (timber, etc.; window over a door) 'tssenssm,
'tsaentssm.
transparent adj, (diaphanous, pellucid, clear) tsxns'pe:-
79nt, t£ans'pe:-79nt, t£aens'pse?9nt.
transpiration n. (exhalation thru the skin) t£aenspi'zee-$9n,
tsanspi'zee-Ssn.
transplendent adj, (most resplendent) tsaen'sp^endant,
tsan'sp^enddnt.
transport v, (transfer; carry beyond seas; render beside
one's self) tjaens'poiet, tjans'poirt.
transport n. (carriage; vessel; exile; rapture) 't£sn-sp3zt,
'tjain-sport, 'tjaent-spD:rt.
transsMp v. convey from one ship or car to another [also
spelt transship, tranship'] tjaenS'Sip, tjaentS'Jip; tjanJ'Sip,
tjan'Sip.
trapan n.,v. trap [synonymous c^^ate trepan"] tsd'psen.
trapeze n. (trapezium; swing) t^'piiz.
trapezium n. quadrilateral all of whose sides are unequal
[ploral trapezia, trapeziumsj tja'pii-zi-am, tga'pii-si-am.
trapezoid n. (quadrilateral having two of its opposit sides
equal and the other two unequal) 't£aepi-zeid, t£3'pii-zeid,
tjaepi'zeid. !
trass n. volcanic rock [syneQvmous cognate tarras] tsss.
tranma n. (traumation; wou^d) 't£c:-m9.
travail n. (labor; parturition) \^£aevil.
travail v. (labor; be parturient)\'t£aevil.
travail n. conveyance [synenymou3->^gnates travois, travee;
ploral travaux] t£3'vee, '^
travale n. (effect in tambourine-playing) t£3'vael.
travel v, journey; traverse [present participle traveling, trav-
elling; past participle and preterit traveled, travelled, trav-
eld] 't£aev9l.
traveler n. [also spelt traveller] 't£aeva-l32r, 't£aevl3?.
traveling n. [also spelt travelling] 't£aev3-hq, 'tjaevliq.
c: law, b: fur, se cat, e hot, ei hoy, a: far, go now, a: ask, at kite;
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptece^itva, ^<i>\Tv^ vs. '^^'^^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on l3[it \«?Aoh^vcv^ ^-j^-sic^fc.
556 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
traTelins-'bas n. [also spelt travelling-hag'\ 't£xvhi)-baeg.
'tjaevahij-baeg.
traverse adj., n,, v, [as verb, past participle and preterit tra-
versed, traverst} 'tj^vs^s; (less properly) tja'vBies.
traverse adv, (transversely) 'tsxvdzs, ti^'vsizs.
travertin, n. Italian stone used in building [also spelt trover-
tine'\ 'tjaevaz-tin.
tray n. (shallow vessel; waiter) tjce.
tray n. third branch of a deer's antler [also spelt trey} tsee.
treaolieroiis adj. [also spelt trecherous} 'tsetSs-zrds.
treacliery n. perfidy [also spelt trechery; ploral treach-
eries} 't£etS3-ei, (rapidly) 'tjetSsi.
treacle n. (remedy; spume of sugar) 't£ii-ka}.
tread v„ n. step [also spelt tred} tsed.
treadle n. foot-lever; chalaza [also spelt tredle} 'tsedt.
treasure n. riches; precious thing [also spelt tresure} 'tjesaz;
{dialectally) 'tjee-sae.
treasurer n. [also spelt tresurer} 'tjesa-ea^, (rapidly) 'tjesrar.
treasury n. [also spelt tresury} 'tjesa-ei, (rapidly) 'tjesri.
treatise n. book on a subject [also spelt treatis} 'tsii-tis, 't£ii-
tiz.
treble adj. threefold, triple; high in pitch [dialectal synony-
mous cognate thribble) 'tjebal; (improperly) 'tjibal.
trebnoliet n. (missil-engin) 'tjebjo-Set.
trecento n. (fourteenth century) tje'tSento.
trefoil n. (plant; ornament) 'tjii-foil.
trek V, draw a wagon ; migrate [also spelt treck} tsek.
trellis n. (structure of light cross-bars) 'tjehs.
tremendons adj. (fearful; astounding; huge) tsi'mendas;
(vulgarly) tji'mendsas.
tremolant n. tremolo [synonymous cognate tremulant]
'tjema-lant.
tremolo n. (tremulous or fluttering effect; tremolant) 'tjema-
!o, 'tjee-m3-lo.
tremor n. (shaking, quivering) 'tgemar, 'tje-mer, 'tjii-ma?,
'tjii-mo?.
tremnlant n. 'tsemjo-ldnt. same meaning as tremolant,
tremnlons adj. (trembling; timid) 'tsemju-lss.
trench v., n. furrow [as verb, past participle and preterit
trenched, trencht} tjentS, (also, and in Britain normally)
tjenS.
trepan n. (borer; crown-saw) tji'paen.
trepan v. operate on with a trepan [present participle tre-
j ye, Qcure; btKe, ^ tK\Tv\ •s^s>\t^, d-t.ioy; J jfcoe, tS chew;
wwhen; q s\ng\ uwVvoevet, \tea.t\., ^ji-v^, vswvooV ^\n., ^%ee\
o poetic 9 over, eoetiaA, K\iu\., •a\^ooT, ■:i^xvo, ^.\ie\, ^^^ti^R.\
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 557
panning; past participle and preterit trepanned, trepandl
tji'paen.
trepang n. sea-slug [also spelt tripangi tsi'paei).
trepMne n., v. (trepan) t£i'f am, tsi'fiin.
trespass v, go unlawfully; sin [past participle and preterit
trespassed, trespastl 'tjespas.
trestle n. (frame) 'tjesal, 'tjes!.
trevis n. partition; beam; stall [also spelt treviss, trevise;
synonymous cognates trevesse, travise, travesse} 'tjevis.
trey n. card or die with three spots [also spelt trayl tjee.
triable adj, capable of being tried [also spelt tryable^ 'tjai-a-
bd!.
triad n. (union of three; trinity; trivalent element or radical;
three-tone chord) 'tjai-aed.
triaene n. sponge-spicule [plural triaenel 't£ai-in.
trialogne n. discourse by three speakers [also spelt trialog"]
'tjai-3-leg.
triangle n. (three-angled figure) 'tjai-aeqga!.
tribiinal n. (seat of a magistrate; confessional) tsi'bjou-nl;
(less properly) tjai'bjou-nl, (improperly) 'tjibjo-nl.
tribiine n. (platform; seat; dais) 'tji-bjun; (less properly)
'tjai-bjun, tji'bjoun.
tribnnicial adj. of a tribune [also spelt tribunitial2 tsibjo-
'niSal.
tribnnieian. adj, tribunicial [also spelt tribunitian^ tsibjo-
'niSan.
tributary adj, (paying tribute; auxiliary) 'tEibjo-te^i; (also)
'tjibjo-t3?i, (rapidly) 'tjibjo-tji.
triebiasis n. (trichia, etc.) t£i'kai-3-sis.
trichina n. hair-like worm [ploral trichinae'] tsi'kai-ns; (less
properly) 'tjiki-n3.
tricbinize v. infest with trichinae [also spelt trichinisel
'tjiki-naiz.
tricbite n. (flesh-spicule of a sponge) 'tjai-kait, 'tji-kait.
tricbogsme n. (hair-like female reproductiv organ of certain
cryptogams) 'tjika-dsin.
tricboma n. (plica) t^i^koo-md, tsailcoo-ms.
tricing-line n. (line used for tricing or hauling up) 'tsai-sig-
}ain.
tricksy adj. trickish; playful [also spelt trickseyl 'tjiksi.
tricolor adj., n. [also spelt tricolour"] 'tjai-kxlar.
tricot n, (fabric) 'tjii-ko, tjiTcoo.
tricycle n. (three-wheeld vehicle) 'tjai-si-kal, 'tsai-sai-ksl.
c: law, b: f Mr, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that tVve ptett^itv^j^ ^a>axv^ v& Xws.'^n
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on \>\t \^>\q^vr^ ^-"f^-si^^
558 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
tridaotyl adj. having three digits; tridactylous, tridigitate
[also spelt tridactyle'l tsai'dxktil.
triennial adj. (continuing three years; happening every three
years) tjai'eni-al.
trier n. (one who tries; examiner; test) 'tsai-97.
trifid adj, (three-cleft) 'tjai-fid.
trigamy n. (triple marriage) 'tsigs-mi.
trijngate adj. (three-yoked; having three pairs of leaflets)
tjai'dsou-get, 'tjidsa-get.
trijnsoiu adj, (trijugate) 'tsidsd-gss, tsai'dsou-gss, 'tsai-
dsugss.
trilobate adj. (three-lobed) tsailoo-bet, 't£ai-lo-bet.
trilobite n. (fossil) 'tjai-la-bait ; {improperly) 'tsita-bait.
trilogy n. (series of three tragedies) 'tjila-dsi; {improperly)
'tjai-la-dsi.
trimester n. (term of three months) tsi'mestd?, tsai'mestss.
trimeter n. (verse of three measures) 't£imi-t9z.
trio n. (three-part piece; company or group of three; game)
'tjai-o, 'tjii-o.
triolet n. (poem) 't£ai-3-l9t, 'tsii-9-l9t.
trior n. (in law^ examiner of a challenge to a juror) 't£ai-3?.
triozide n. oxide containing three oxygen atoms [also, some-
times, spelt trioxid; synonymous cognates tritoxide, tritoxid]
tjai'ek-said, {before of) t£ai'eksid.
tripartite n. (three-parted) tgai'pa^-tait, 'tjipgz-tait, {rare-
ly) tji'pae-tait.
tripedal adj. (three-footed) 'tjipi-dl, 'tjai-pedl, tsai'pii-dl,
tjai'pedl.
triplitliong n. (triple sound; group of three consecutiv vow-
el sounds in one syllable) 'tjif-Gerq, {older) 'tjip-6e:q.
triple adj. (threefold; treble) 'tjipal.
tripod n. (three-footed or three-legged seat, kettle, etc.) 'tjai-
ped.
tripos n, (tripod; honor-list) 'tjai-pos, 'tjai-pes, 't£ii-pos.
triptych n. (triple picture, etc.; writing-tablet) 'tjiptik.
trireme n. (vessel with three banks of oars on each side)
'tjai-^im.
trisyllabic adj. (containing three syllables) tjisi'laebik.
trisyllable n. (word of three syllables) tsi'sils-bsl, tsai'sils-
bal, 'tEisil9-b3l.
trinmpli n. (ceremony of victory, etc.) 'tjai-amf.
trinmpli v. 'tjai-amf ; {also, formerly) tjai'Amf.
trinmplial adj. (of triumph) tsai'Amfsl.
j ye^ Qcure; b the, ^ tK\w, -s^zvcte^, d^foy; 5 ^/toe, tl chew;
w when; 13 sing; uwVioe-vet, \Tca.cX, xii-v^, xa>a.\oc\, a.\v \\^e;
o poetic; a over, eaenaV, kV>u\.» o.^oot, ■:i^xvo, ^\ie^, ^.^^ffiw;\
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 559
triiuiTir n. one of three coequal magistrates [ploral trium-
viri, triumvirs} tjai'Amvse.
triniiiTiTi n, (ploral of triumvir) tjai'Amva-ri, tjai'Amva-eai.
trinne adj, (three in one) 't£ai-jun.
trivalent adj (having a valency of three) 'tjiv3-Unt, 'tjai-
vce-lant.
trivet n. tripod [synonymous cognate trevef] 'tjivit.
trivet n. knife [former synonymous cognate trevat} 'tjivit.
trivial adj. (common; trifling) 'tjivi-al, 'tjivial.
trocar n. surgical instrument [also spelt trochar} 't£00-k9z.
troohaiitiii n. lesser trochanter, etc. [also spelt trochantinel
tjo'kaentin.
troolie n. (tablet) 'tjoo-ki, 'tjoo-ki, tjootS, tjook.
trochee n. (foot) 'tjoo-ki, .'tjoo-ki.
troclilea n. pulley [plural trochleael 'tsek^i-d.
troglodsrte n. (cave-dweller) 'tjogla-dait, 'tjoo-gl3-dait.
Troglodsrtes n. (genus of wrens; genus of apes) tsogledi-
tiz, tsegld'dai-tiz.
troll V. roll; sing; fish [past participle and preterit trolled,
trold} tjool, tjel.
troll n. (mythic being) tapol.
trolley n. cart, troll; truck; contact-roller; electric car [also
spelt trolly} 't£oh.
trombone n. (trumpet) 't£om-bon, tsem'boon.
troop n. company; band; body; flock; herd [also, in the
sense of a company of performers, spelt troupe} tsoup.
trope n. (figure of speech, etc.) t£Oop.
tropM n. pi. (mouth-parts of an insect) 'tjoo-f i.
trophy n. memorial ; prize [ploral trophies} 'tjoo-f i ; {improp-
erly) 'tjefi.
troth n. (truth, verity; faith) tjo:9, tjo9, tgooG; (dialectally)
tsc:9.
troth V, (plight, betroth) tjo:9, tjo9, tjoo9; (dialectally)
t£c:9.
tronbadonr n. (one of a class of poets originally of Pro-
vence, France) 'tjou-ba-do:?, 'tjou-ba-dDi^.
tronblons adj. (disturbd; disquieting) 'tSAblss.
trongh n. (receptacle, etc.) t£o:f; (dialectally) tjcrf.
tronpe n. t£uup. see troop.
tronsers n. />/. garment [also, formerly, spelt trowsers, trow-
zers} 'tjGo-zarz.
tronssean n. bundle; outfit of clothes, etc. [ploral trous-
seaux} tjo'soo.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, o hot, oi hoy ; a: far, go now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptecedvwtt, ^a>axA -v^ X^-^^N
stress-mark (') indicates chief stress on >i5cLt i^Vio^vEL'st ^"^^s^!^^.
560 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
tronvdre n. (poet) tju've:?.
troiv z/. believe; think [past participle and preterit trowed,
trowd'\ tjoo; (less properly) tjao.
troiv n. (spout ; flume ; boat) t£ao.
tron^el V, form or apply with a trowel [present participle
troweling, trowelling; past participle and preterit troweled,
trowelled, troweld"] 'tjau-al.
tmonlenoe n. (ferocity) 't£Akgu-l9ns, 'tsou-k^o-ldns.
tmonlent adj. (fierce) 'tjAkgo-lant, 'tjou-kgo-lant.
true adj. (not false; correct; real; loyal) tjou.
truffle n. (fungus) 'tjAfal, 'tjofal, 'tjou-fal.
truly adv. (in a true manner) 'tjou-h.
tmnolieon. n. (trunk; staff) 'tjAntJan, (in Britain) 'tjAnJan.
tmimioii n. (supporting-projection on the side of a cannon;
gudgeon on a cylinder) 'tjAnjan.
tmstn^ortliy adj. (worthy of trust) 'tjAst-wsedi.
traths n. (ploral of truth) tsouOs, t£oudz.
tryst n. (meeting; rendezvous; market) tjist, tsaist.
trysting-plaoe n. 't£istii)-pz.ees ; 'tsai-stii)-pz.ees.
tsar n. za:z. see czar.
tsetse n. insect [also spelt tsetse, tsetse, tsetsel 'tsetsi, 'tsii-
tsi.
tube n. (pipe) t^oub; (dialectally) toub.
tuberose adj. (tuberous, knotty) 'tgou-ba-^os.
tnberose n. (bulb; fragrant flower) 'tQoub-?ooz, 'tgou-ba-
zoSf 'tgou-b3-?oz.
Tnesday n. (day of the week) 'tgouz-di; {dialectally) 'touz-
di.
tnfa n. (calcareous or volcanic rock) 'tgou-fa, 'tou-fa.
tnff n. (volcanic fragmental rock) tAf.
tnlip n. (plant) 'tgou-hp; (dialectally) 'tou-hp.
tnlle n. (fabric) tuul.
tninor n. swelling [also spelt tumourl 'tgou-mae ; (dialectally)
'toVL'tn^z.
tmnnlt n. (uproar) 'tgou-mAlt; (dialectally) 'tou-mAh.
tnn n. cash; jar; vat; liquid measure; shell [also, formerly,
in the sense of liquid measure, spelt ton"] tAn.
tunable adj, capable of being tuned; rarely, tuneful [also
spelt tuneable} 'tgou-no-bal, 'tguna-ba!.
tune n. (sound; melody; mood) tgoun; (dialectally) toun.
tunnel n,,v. [as verb, present participle tunneling, tunnelling;
past participle and preterit tunneled, tunnelled, tunneld]
'tAnl, 'tAnal.
J y^f 9 cure; bthe, ^ tKm-, ^^s>vc^, d-^ioy; S^Aoe, tSchew;
w when; 13 sing; U"wVioevet, \Tca.t\., ^i-vi^, vs,\v\otJv, x\\., Tx^ee\
o poetic; 9 over, e aetiaV, kV>u\., ^\^oot, •:»^tvo, ^\ie^, ^.^^c^^n
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 561
tnrakoo n. bird [also «pelt turacou, tourakoo, touracou; syn-
enymous cognates turako, turaco,, touraco} 'to:-e3-ku.
tnrban n. (head-dress) ^Biz-hsn.
inrbine n. water-wheel, etc. [also, sometimes, spelt turbin}
'tB'.z-hin, 'tB:e-bain.
tnrbiner n. (turbin steamer) 'tB:z-bai-n9z.
tnrbot n. (flatfish) 'tsiz-h^t.
tnrbnlent adj. (disturbd) ^tsiz-hjoA^nt,
tnreen n. (deep dish; soup-tureen) to'riin. compare terrine,
tnrgid adj. (swollen; tumid) 'tardsid, 'tBie-dsid; {erroneous-
ly) 'tB;3-gid.
turkey n. bird [ploral turkeysl 'tB^ki, 'tB:?-ki.
Tnrkoman n. member of a central Asian branch of the Tur-
kish race; Turkman [also spelt Turcoman', synonymous cog-
nates Turkman, Toorcoman"] 'tB^ka-msn.
tnmialiii n. 'tBiz-ms-hn. same meaning as tourmalin,
tnTmerio n. (plant) 'to:e-m3-3ik, 'tsi^-ma-^ik.
turn v, round; divert; change, etc. [past participle and
preterit turned, turnd"} tsr^n, {when unstrest) tBsn.
turnip n, (vegetable) 'ts^nip, 'tB:r-nip; {vulgarly) 'tsmsp.
tnmsole n. plant [synonymous cognate turnsof] 'tBzn-sol.
tnrnTerein n. (association for practising gymnastics accord-
ing to the system of the turners) 'tBen-fs-eain, 'toen-fa-
rain.
turpentine n. (oily substance) 'tsrpdn-tain, 'tBepsn-tin.
tnrqnoise n. blue or greenish-blue precious stone [also spelt
turkoise, turkois, turcois and, sometimes, turkis'i tBT'keiz,
'tBe-koiz, 'tB:2-koiz; 'tae-kiuoz, tse'kujoiz, 'tB3-ku)az, tB?^iiz,
tB?'kiis, 'tBzkis.
tnsser n. tusser-silk; silkworm [also spelt tussur, tussore;
synonymous cognates tusseh, tussah, tussa, tasar"] 'tAsse.
tnssock-grass n. tall grass; mat-rush [also spelt tussac-
grassi 'tAS3k-g?a:s.
tutelar adj. (guardian; protectiv) 'tgou-ti-la?, 'tQuti-!9?.
tutor V. have the guardianship of; instruct [past participle
and preterit tutored, tutord] 'tgou-tse; {dialectally) 'tou-
tazr.
tutti-frutti n. (confection or ice-cream flavord with vari-
ous fruits) 't^ou-ti-f^ou-ti, 'tou-ti-f^ou-ti.
tuyere n. tuji'e:?, tu'je:?. same meaning as twyer,
txiraddle v., n. (gabble, prate) 'tujodl.
tiveeze n. surgeon's case of instruments [also spelt tweesel
twiiz.
c: law, b: f«r, ae cat, o hot, oi hoy; a: far, ao noWy a: ask, aik.tte.\
length-mark (:) indicates t1iat tVie vtttt^\Ti^ %a>xoA. ^^ ^^"^'"»
stress-mark C) indicates chief attest oil ^^'fc \^^^va.% w^^^*^
562 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
t^Brelf th adj., n. twelf 6.
t^Brelve adj., n. numeral [also spelt twelvl tiuelv.
tiHbil n. double-bladed battle-ax; broadsword; tool; hook
[also spelt twibilll 'twai-bil.
t^BTO adj., n. (numeral) tou, (when unstrest) tu.
t^BTO-edged adj, tou'edsd, (assumptivly) 'tou-edsd.
tivo-legKed adj. [also, sometimes, spelt two-legd'] toulegid,
(assumptivly) 'tou-lcgid; (also) toulegd, (assumptivly) 'tou-
}egd.
tn^openoe n. (silver coin, etc.) 'tApsns, 'txpms; 'tou-psns.
t^BTopenny adj. 'tAp9-ni, (assumptivly) 'txpani, 'tApNi; (also)
'tou-peni.
t'wyer n. blast-furnace pipe [also spelt twier; synonymous
cognates tuyere, tuy^e, tuyer, tweer, iue-iron^ 'ticai-a?.
tycoon n. shogun [also spelt taikun, taicoon'} tailcoun.
tympanio adj, (of a tympan or tympanum) tim'paenik, 'timpd-
nik.
tympaniiiii n. (ancient tambourine; ear-drum) 'timpd-ndOL
type n. (sign; model; printing-device) taip.
typhoid adj. (like typhus) 'tai-feid.
typhoon n. (hurricane) tai'foun.
typhns n. (fever) 'tai-fas.
typic adj. (typical; typal; indicativ) 'tipik.
typographer n. (printer; beetle) tai'pegr9-f3r, ti'pegz9-{9z.
typographic adj. tai-pa'g^aefik, tipa'g^aefik.
typography n. (art of printing with types; type- work, etc.)
tai'peg?3-fi, ti'pegea-fi.
tyrannical adj. (of a tyrant; despotic; oppressiv) tiVsni-
kal, tai'^aeni-kal.
tyrannise v. [also spelt tyrannise"] 'tirs-naiz.
tyranny n. tyrant's rule; despotism [ploral tyrannies! 'tnra-
ni.
tyrant n. (arbitrary ruler; despot) 'tai-?3nt.
tyro n. beginner; novice [ploral tyros'] 'tai-?o.
Tyrolese n. (of Tyrol) ti^aliis, tiraliiz.
tyrolite n. mineral [also spelt tirolite] 'tizs-lait.
tzar n. zq:z. see csar.
nheity n. jo'bii-i-ti. same meaning as ubiety.
nbiety n. whereness [synenymous cognate ubeity] jo'bai-i-ti.
nbiqnitons adj. (omnipresent) jo'bikuji-tas.
j ye, Qcwre; btKe, ^tKm*, ^^sm^, ^'«>\^1N ^sKoe, t^r^ew;
wwhen; n sing; uwVvoevet, \Tca.c\., xi^uY^., xsw^ocX, -vKv ^-^a^n
op<7etic; 3 over, eaetiaV K\iu\., -ax^ooT, •:i^x^o, ^\ie^, ^^%^^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 563
ndal n. right in land preceding the feudal system in Europe
[synenymous cegnate odall 'jou-dl, 'jou-dal.
ndaJer n. one who holds property by udal right; udalman
[also spelt udaller; synenymous cegnate odaller^ 'jou-dl-a?.
ugh inter], (expressing horror) ou, o, a: ; {also, especially
when one is suffering) ouh, oh, A:h.
ngh inter j. (expressing disgust) ou, o, Ah.
nlilaii n. soldier [also spelt ulan"} ulain, 'ou-lsn, 'jou-lsn.
ukase n. (edict) julcees.
ullage n. (wantage) 'Ahds.
nlmin n. humus, humin, gein [also spelt ulminel ^Almin.
nltimatmn. n. final statement [ploral ultimatums, ultimatal
Alti'mee-tam, Alti'ma:-t3m,
nltraism n. (principles of Siltras or extremists) 'Altsd-izsm.
iiItraiii.oiitaii.e adj, (beyond the mountains ; tramontane : op-
posed to cismontane) Altsd'men-ten.
nlnlation n. (howling) AHo'lee-S^n.
ambel n. (sunshade-like inflorescence) 'Ambsl.
mnbilioal adj. (of the umbilicus; omphalic) Am'bih-kdl.
ambilions n. (navel, omphalos; focus) Am'bih-kds, Ambilai-
k9S.
umbrage n. (shade; offense) 'Avabzids,
tunbrageons adj, (shady; suspicious) Am'bzee-dsds.
umbrella n. (portable shade or rain-gard) Am'brels; (dia-
lectally, as in the southern United States; vulgarly) Ambd-
'eela, Am'b^el.
nmbrette n. (umber-bird) 'Ambzdt, Am'bzet.
nmlant n. (mutation; dieresis) 'om-laot, 'oum-laot.
ninpirage n. 'Am-pai-^ids, (often) 'Am-paia-^ids.
ninpire n. (referee) 'Am-pai?.
nnabaslied adj. not abasht [also spelt unabasht2 And'hae^t,
(assumptivly) 'An-3-baeSt, 'Ana-baeSt.
unabated adj, Aua'bee-tid, (assumptivly) 'Ana-bee-tid.
unabridged adj. Ans'b^idsd, (assumptivly) 'Ana-bndsd.
unaccented adj. An'sek-sentid, (assumptivly) 'An-aek-sentid ;
(also) An-aek'scntid, Anak'sentid, (assumptivly) 'Anak-sentid.
unacceptable adj. Ansk'septs-bdl, (assumptivly) 'Anak-septs-
b3l.
unaccompanied adj, An-d'kAmpd-nid, And'kAmpd-nid, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-a-kAmpanid, 'Ana-kAmpanid, 'Ana-kAmpNid.
unaccomplislied adj, [also spelt unaccomplisht'] An-a'kem-
pLiSt, AnaTcemptiSt, (assumptivly) 'An-3-kempz.iSt, 'Ana-
kempi.iSt.
c: law, b: f «r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
len^rth-mark (;) indicates that tTae ptete^Tiitt ^a>axA -v.% \w\si>n
stress-mark C) indicates cldef stress on VH^ i^'^o^vEL'^ «^'^^i^^^
564 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
nnaooonntable adj. An-d'kaon-td-bsi, Ana'kaon-ta-b^l, {as-
sumptivly) 'An-a-kaon-tabal, And'kaon-tdbdl.
unaooiutoiiied adj. [also spelt unaccustomd^ AnslcAstdind,
(assumptivly) 'Ans-kAstsmd.
unadorned adj. [also spelt unadorndl Ana'de:znd, {^assump-
tivly) 'An3-de:?nd.
nnadnlterated adj, Ans'dAltd-eetid, (assumptivly) ^And-dAlts-
eetid.
unaffected adj. Ans'fektid, (assumptivly) 'Ans-fektid.
unaided adj. An'ee-did, (assumptivly) 'An-ee-did.
unallo^Brable adj. Andlau-s-bdl, (assumptivly) 'Ans-iau-dbst.
unalloyed adj. [also spelt unalloyd2 Ans'teid, (assumptivly)
'Ans-leid.
unalterable adj. An'c:l-t9?9-b9}, (assumptivly) 'An-c:}-t939b3l,
(rapidly) 'An-cil-tjabal.
unaltered adj. [also spelt unalterdi An'c:}-t3zd, (assumptivly)
'An-c:l-t3?d.
un-American adj* And'meri-kQn, (assumptivly) 'Ana-merikdo.
unanimity n. (state of being unanimous) jund'nimi-ti.
unans^grerable adj. An'a:n-s9?3-b9}, (assumptivly) 'An-a:n-
sd-zrabdl, 'An-am-ssdbdl.
unappalled adj. [also spelt unappaldl AU^'pcitd, (assump-
tivly) 'An3-pc:ld.
unappeased adj. Ans'piizd, (assumptivly) 'Ans-piizd.
unappreciated adj. Ans'p^ii-Si-etid, (assumptivly) 'Ans-p^ii-
Si-etid.
unapproachable adj. Ana'psoo-tSs-bdl, (assumptivly) 'Ana-
p^DO-tSabal.
unapt adj. (not apt) An'apt, (assumptivly) 'An-aept.
unarmed adj. [also spelt unarmd} An'a:?md, (assumptivly)
\n-a:zmd.
unascertainable adj. An-aessr'tee-nd-bdl, (assumptivly) 'ah-
aesa^-tee-nabal.
unasked adj. [also spelt unaskt"} An'a:skt, (assumptivly) 'An-
a:skt.
unassailable adj. Ana'see-la-bdl, (assumptivly) 'Ans-see-ldbst.
unassisted adj. Ana'sistid, (assumptivly) 'Ans-sistid.
unassuming adj. Ans'sgou-iniri, (assumptivly) 'Ans-sgou-mii].
unassured adj. An^^loizd, (assumptivly) 'And-$o:7d.
unattached adj. [also spelt unattachtl And'txt^t, (assump-
tivly) 'An3-taetSt.
unattainable adj. And'tee-ns-bsl, (assumptivly) 'And-tee*
nabdl.
j ye, Qoure; btVie, ^tVvm\ ■«»^2>m^, A?«j\<\v; ishoe, t^ chew;
w when : n sing ". "^ -wVvoevet , \ xeasix., ji ^-^^^ ^^\ooV x\v ^v-s.^^'^
opc^etic; a over, eaw^V k^>hV, t>\^ooT, ^^xio, ^\.e^ ^^^^^^^n
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 565
mLattempted adj. Ans'temptid, (assumptivly) 'Ans-temptid.
nnAttended adj, And'tendid, (assumptivly) 'Ans-tendid.
unattractive adj. [also spelt unattractiv} Ans'tsaektiv, (as-
sumptivly) 'Ana-tjaektiv.
nnan n. (sloth) 'juu-nc: .
nnautlieiitio adj. An-c'6entik, And'Oentik, (assumptivly)
'An-c-8entik, 'Ana-Gentik.
unauthorised adj, [also spelt unauthorised'] An'c:-69-?aizd,
(assumptivly) 'An-oGa-raizd.
nnavailing adj. An^'vee-ht), (assumptivly) 'An9-vee-}it].
unavenged adj. Ana'vendsd, (assumptivly) 'Ana-vendsd.
nnavoidable adj. Ana'vei-da-bDl, (assumptivly) 'Ana-vei-
ddbd}.
unbalanced adj. An'baetdnst, (assumptivly) 'An-baeldnst.
unbaptixed adj. [also spelt unbaptisedl Ati-baep'taizd, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-baep-taizd.
unbated adj. (unabated; unblunted) Ati'bee-tid.
unbearable adj. An'bei-^a-bal, (assumptivly) 'An-bei-eabal.
unbeaten adj. An'bii-tn, (assumptivly) 'An-bii-tn.
unbecoming adj. An-bi'kAiniq, (assumptivly) 'An-bi-kAmiq.
unbending adj. An'bendii], (assumptivly) 'An-bendit].
unbiased adj. [also spelt unbiassed, unbiast] An'bai-3st, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-bai-3st.
unbidden adj. AnTjidn, (assumptivly) 'An-bidn.
unbleaobed adj. [also spelt unbleachf] An'bhitSt, (assump-
tivly) 'An-bhitSt.
unbleniished adj. [also spelt unblemishtl An'blemiSt, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-blemiSt.
unblessed adj. [also, sometimes, spelt unblesf] An'blesid, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-blesid; (also) AnTjlest, (assumptivly) 'au-
b}est.
unblusbing adj, An'blASir), (assumptivly) 'An-UASir).
unbolted adj. An'bool-tid, (assumptivly) 'An-bool-tid.
unborn adj, An'beirn, (assumptivly) 'An-beizn.
unbosom v. (reveal confidentially) An'bozdm, An'bou-zsm.
unbound adj, An'baond, (assumptivly) 'An-baond.
unbounded adj. An^baon-did, (assumptivly) 'An-baon-did.
unbridled adj, (having no bridle; unrestraind) An'b?ai-did,
(assumptivly) 'An-brai-dld.
unbroken adj. An'b^oo-kan, (assumptivly) 'An-broo-kan.
unbrotherly adj. An'b^Ada^-h, (assumptivly) ^n-hzAdszAi.
unburden v, free from a burden; reveal [synonymous cog-
nate unburthen] An'bei^-dn.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now^ a: ask^ aiktte^
length-mark (;) indicates that the pteceAitv?, ^w«i^^ "is» Vstc^-^n
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on tilfcLe I^'^q^vel'si* vjVksi^^*
566 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
nnbnried adj, Ati'bezid, (assutnptivly) 'Axi-bend.
nnbartben v. An'bBie-dn, An'hBiz-dn, same meaning as un-
burden.
niibiMiii.esslike adj. xn'bizniz-iaik, (assutnptivly) 'xn-bizniz-
laik.
unoalled adj. [also spelt uncald"} An'kc:ld, {assumptivly) 'xn-
kcild.
uncanny adj. (not canny; eery, weird) An'kaeni, (assutnptiv-
ly) 'An-kaeni.
nncared adj. An^keizd, (assumptivly) 'An-ke:?d.
unoauglit adj, An'kc.t, (assumptivly) 'An-kc:t.
nnceasing adj. An'sii-sii], (assumptivly) 'An-sii-sig.
nnceremonions adj. An-seri'moo-ni-ss, (assumptivly) 'ah-
seri-moo-ni-3S.
uncertain adj, An'ssztn, (assumptivly) 'An-sszrtn.
mncliangeable adj. An'tSeen-dss-bsl, (assumptivly) 'An-tScen-
dsdbal.
unchanged adj, An'tSeendsd, (assumptivly) 'An-tSeendsd.
nncbanging adj. An'tSeen-dsig, (assumptivly) 'An-tSeen-dsu}.
nncbaritable adj. An'tSse^itd-bsl, (assumptivly) 'An-tSxzi-
tabdl.
uncbaste adj. An'tSeest, (assumptivly) 'An-tjeest.
nncbecked adj. [also spelt uncheckt"] An'tSekt, (assumptivly)
'An-tSekt.
nncbcwed adj. [also spelt unchewdl An't^oud, (assumptivly)
'AH-tSoud.
unchristian adj. An'lcsist$3n, (assumptivly) 'An-k3ist$9n.
uncial adj. (of a twelfth part, ounce, or inch; inch-high,
etc. : said of a variety of majuscule letters) 'Anjal, 'Anji-al.
uncircumcised adj. An'sB^kam-saizd, (assumptivly) 'ao-
SBzkam-saizd.
uncivil adj. An'sivil, (assumptivly) 'An-sival.
uncivilized adj. [also spelt uncivilised'\ An'sivi-laizd, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-sivi-laizd.
unclaimed adj. An'kz.eemd, (assumptivly) 'An-kz,eemd.
uncle n. (brother of one's father or mother; husband of
one's aunt) 'Aqkal.
unclean adj. An'ktiin, (assumptivly) 'An-kz.iin.
uncleanly adj. [also spelt unclenlyl An'kz.enh, (often) An-
'kz.iin-h; (assumptivly) 'An-kz.enh, 'An-ktiin-h.
unclouded adj. An'kz.ao-did, (assumptivly) 'An-ki.ao-did.
uncombed adj. An'koomd, (assumptivly) 'An-koomd.
uncombined adj. An-kam'baind, (assumptivly) 'An-kam-baind.
j ye, Qcure; btKe, ^ t\vvTV, -s^savc^, <i^ioy; S^fcoe, tS c/rew;
w when; i) sing; MVjYvoeve^x, \tc^^\., vi\>^, xi>a.\o«\, -s.\\., vi^ee;
o poetic * 3 over, e oerva\, kWX, •:i\Q.oox, -i^wo^ ^\ie5s., ^^M.v^.v^
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 567
nnoomfortable adj, Ati'lcAmfdztd-bal, (rapidly) xn^kAmftd-
bel; (jassumptivly) 'An-lcAinfae-tabal, {rapidly) 'An-kAmfubal.
nnoommoii adj An^kemsn, (assumptivly) 'An-keman.
nncomiiiiiiiioatiTe adj. [also spelt uncommunicativ] An-
ka'mjou-ni-ketiv, {assumptivly) 'An-ka-mjou-ni-ketiv.
nnoomplainiiiK adj. An-k9m'pz.ee-nii], (assumptivly) 'An-
kam-pLee-niq.
uncompleted adj. An-ksm'pLii-tid, (assumptivly) 'An-kdm-
pz.ii-tid.
unoomplimentary adj. An-kempz^i'ments-zi, (rapidly) An-
kempLi'ment£i ; (assumptivly) 'An-kempi,i-ment3ri, (rapidly)
'An-kempz.i-mcntji.
nnoompromiyiiig adj. An'kemp39-mai-zir), (assumptivly)
'An-kemp33-mai-ziq. see under compromise.
nnconcealed adj. [also spelt unconceald} An-ksn'siild, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-kan-siild.
nnoonoemed adj. [also spelt unconcernd'\ An-k3n'sB:znd, (a^
sumptivly) 'An-kan-ssirnd.
aiiooiidiiional adj. An-kdn'diSd-nl, (assumptivly) 'An-ksn-
diSa-nl.
unconditioned adj, [also spelt unconditiond} An-ksu'dijand,
(assumptivly) 'An-kdn-dijand.
unoonfessed adj. [also spelt uncontest'] An-ksn'fest, (asr
sumptivly) 'An-kan-fest.
unoonfined adj. An-kdn'faind, (assumptivly) 'An-ksn-faind.
uncongenial adj. An-kan'dsii-njd}, (assumptivly) 'An-kdn-
dsii-njdl.
unconnected adj. An-ks'nektid, (assumptivly) 'An-kd-nektid.
nnconquerable adj. An^keriksza-bdl, (rapidly) An'ker)k33-b9} ;
(assumptivly) 'An-koqka-^abal, (rapidly) 'An-keqksabal.
unconscionable adj, An'ken$3n9-b3l, (assumptivly) 'ah-
kenSd-nsbdl, 'An-kenSaha-bal.
unconscious adj, An'ken^ds, (assumptivly) 'An-ken$as.
uncolisidered adj. [also spelt unconsiderd} An-kan'siddrd,
(assumptivly) 'An-kan-sidard.
unconslitutional adj. An-kensti'tgou-Sd-nl, (assumptivly)
'An-kensti-tQou-San!,
unconstrained adj. [also spelt unconstraind"] xn-kdn-
'stjeend, (assumptivly) 'An-kan-stseend.
unconsumed adj. An-kdn'sguumd, (assumptivly) 'An-ksn-
s^oumd.
uncontaminated adj, An-kan'tsemi-netid, (assumptivly) 'ati-
kan-taemi-netid.
c: law, b: iur, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (;) indicates that the ptece^iws, ^ovaxi^^ V5» \wn%\
^tre99-mark 0 indicate^ chief stress Qxv >Jcl^ \«»Xvss>wvcl'^ «^\^^i^^>
568 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
nnoontested adj, An-ksn'testid, (assumptivly) 'An-kan-testid.
nnoontradioted adj, An-kent£9'diktid, {assumptivly) 'aii*
kent£9-diktid.
anoontrolled adj. [also spelt uncontroldl xn-kdn'tsoold, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-kan-tjoold.
nnoontroTerted adj. An'kent£9-vBztid, {assumptivly) 'An-
kent£3-vB?tid.
nAoonTerted adj. An-ksn'vB^tid, {assumptivly) 'Aii-kan-
VB^tld.
nnoonTinoed adj, An-kstiVinst, {assumptivly) 'An-kan-vinst
unoorreoted adj. An-ks'zektid, {assumptivly) 'An-ka-zektid.
nnoonth adj. (strange) Ati'kuuO, (assumptivly) 'An-kou6.
nnoritioal adj, An'ksiti-ks}, (assumptivly) 'An-ksitiksl.
unoroDviied adj, [also spelt uncrowndl An'ksaond, (assump-
tivly) 'An-ksaond.
nnction n, (anointing; salve; gush) 'AQk^sn.
nnctious adj. 'A^k^ss, 'atiSss. same meaning as unctuous.
unctnous adj. (greasy; suave) 'Ai]ktSu-3s, 'Ai]ktQu-9s.
unonltiTated adj. An'kAlti-vetid, (assumptivly) 'An-kidti*
vetid.
nnonrbed adj, [also spelt uncurbd'\ An'kBizbd, (assumptivly)
\n-kB:zhd.
nncnrtailed adj. [also spelt uncurtaildl An-kBs'teeld, (aS'
sumptivly) 'An-kB3-teeld.
uncnt adj, An'kAt, (assumptivly) 'An-kAt.
nndamaged adj, An'dsemidsd, (assumptivly) 'An-dxmidsd.
undated adj. (not dated; having no date) An'dee-tid, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-dee-tid.
undated adj. (having a waved surface) 'An-detid.
undaunted adj, An'dc:n-tid, (assumptivly) 'An-dc:n-tid.
undecagon n. (eleven-angled polygon) An'dekd-gen.
undecayed adj. [also spelt undecayd} An-di'keed, (assump-
tivly) 'An-di-keed.
undecided adj. An-di'sai-did, (assumptivly) 'An-di-sai-did.
undefined adj. An-di'faind, (assumptivly) 'An-di-faind.
undemonstrable adj. An-di'menstss-bdl, (assumptivly) 'ah-
di-menstjabal.
undeniable adj, An-di'nai-d-bdl, (assumptivly) ^An-di-nai*
dbdl.
under drain v. Andsr'dreen.
underdrain n. 'Andsz-dreen.
underground adj., n, 'Andsz-gzaond, Andd^'gzraond.
underground adv. Andsz/gzaond.
j ye, Qcure; btKe, Q tViVxv, -b^sAvce, d^t'oy; S j/ioe, tSchew;
wwhen; 13 sing; UNvVioeveT, \tc^tv, ^\>^, x»>a.\o<\^ ^\V ^v««<;
opoetic; 3 over, eoeT\^\, k>ou\., ^i.^oox, -a^wo, ^Ve^, ^.-t'^yfi*:.
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 569
underhand adv., adj, 'Anddr-haend, xnddz'hxnd.
underhanded adj. 'xnddz-hxndid, xnddz'hxndid.
nnderhandedly adv, 'Andsz-haendi-dh, Anddz'hxndi-dh.
underneath adv., prep. Anddz'niiO, Anddz'niid.
underrate v. Andd'zeet, {anteriorly) 'Ands-zeet.
underripe adj. Ands'zaip, {assumptivly) 'Ands-^aip.
underset v, (underpin, prop) Ands^'set.
underset n. (undercurrent) 'Andsz-set.
undersigned n. [also spelt undersigndl Anddz'saind; (tm-
properly) Andd^'zaind.
undersized adj. Andsz'saizd, {assumptivly) 'Anddz-saizd.
undeserved adj. [also spelt undeservdl An-di'zB:zvd, {as-
sumptivly) 'An-di-zB:3vd.
undeservedly adv. An-di'zB:e-vi-d}i.
undesigned adj, [also spelt undesigndl An-di'zaind, {as'
sumptivly) 'An-di-zaind.
undesired adj. An-di'zai^d, {assumptivly) 'An-di-zai?d.
undetected adj, An-di'tektid, {assumptivly) 'An-di-tektid.
undetermined adj. [also spelt undetermindl An-di'te:?-
mind, {assumptivly) 'An-di-teir-mind.
undeterred adj, [also spelt undeterdl An-di'tB:zd, {assump-
tivly) 'An-di-tB:rd.
undeveloped adj. [also spelt undevelopti An-diVelspt, {as-
sumptivly) 'An-di-velapt.
undevlatlng adj. An'dii-vi-etiq, {assumptivly) 'An-dii-vi-etiq.
undigested adj. An-di'dsestid, {assumptivly) 'An-di-dsestid.
undignified adj. An'digni-faid, {assumptivly) 'An-digni-faid.
undiminished adj. [also spelt undiminishtl An-di'miniSt,
{assumptivly) 'An-di-minijt.
undlsoemlhle n, An-di'zB^ns-bd}, {assumptivly) 'An-d>
zBrnsbdl.
undisciplined adj. [also spelt undisciplindl An'disi-pz.ind
{assumptivly) 'An-disipi.ind.
undisclosed adj, An-dis'kz.30zd, {assumptivly) 'An-dis-kz.30zd.
undiscovered adj. [also spelt undiscoverdl An-di'skAvszrd,
{assumptivly) 'An-di-skAvard.
undisguised adj. An-dis'gaizd, {assumptivly) 'An-dis-Oaizd.
undismayed adj, [also spelt undismaydl An-dis'meed, {as-
sumptivly) 'An-dis-meed.
undisputed adj, An-di'spQou-tid, {assumptivly) 'An-di-spgor-
tid.
undissolved adj, [also spelt undissolvdl An-di'zelvd, {as-
sumptivly) 'An-di-zelvd.
c: law, b: iur, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy ; a: for, aa now, o.*. a?k^ ^■vVxX&n
length-mark (:) indicates that t\ie preceditv^ ^ca\x\^ ^.^ \«vv"Sk\
stresa-ma^k (') indicates chief stress on Viie ieJ^Ck^vjv^ ««j^^^^
570 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
undisturbed adj. [also spelt undisturbdl An-di'stB:zbd, (a:-
sumptivly) 'An-di-steirbd.
undivided adj. An-di'vai-did, (assutnptivly) 'An-di-vai-did.
undoubted adj. [also spelt undoutedl An'dao-tid, (assump-
tivly) 'An-dao-tid.
undrax^n adj. An'drcrn, {assutnptivly) 'An-drc:n.
undress n. (ordinary dress, as opposed to full dress or uni*
form) 'An-dres, An'dres.
undress adj. (of ordinary attire ; informal) 'An-dces.
undress v. (strip, disrobe) An'dres.
undressed adj, [also spelt undresf] An'drest, (assumptivly)
'An-drest.
undue adj. An'djou, (assutnptivly) 'An-djou.
undulate v. (have a wavy motion) 'And jo-let, 'Andsa-let.
undulatory adj. 'Andjola-tori, 'Andsala-tori, 'Andjo-let3-?i.
undutiful adj. An'djou-ti-fat, An'djuti-fal, {assutnptivly) 'ah-
djou-ti-fal, 'An-djutifal.
undyed adj. An'daid, {assutnptivly) ^An-daid.
undying adj. An'dai-iq, {assutnptivly) 'An-dai-iq.
unearned adj. An'ei^nd, {assutnptivly) 'An-Biznd.
unearthly adj. An'erOM, {assumptivly) 'An-seGti.
uneasy adj. An'ii-zi, {assutnptivly) 'An-ii-zi.
uneaten adj. An'ii-tn, {assumptivly) 'An-ii-tn.
uneducated adj. An'edsa-ketid, {assumptivly) 'An-edsa-ketid.
unemployed adj. [also spelt unemploydl An-dm'pLoid, Anam*
'pLOid, {assumptivly) 'An-am-pteid, 'Anam-pi^eid.
unencumbered adj. [also spelt unencumberd; synonymous
cegnate unincumbered, unincumberd} An-dnlcAmbdzrd, {as-
sumptivly) 'An-an-lcAmba^d.
unendoured adj. [also spelt unendowd\ An-an'daod, {assump*
tivly) 'An-an-daod.
unendurable adj, An-3n'djo:-7d-b9}, {assumptivly) 'An-an-
djot-^abal.
unengaged adj. An-an'geedsd, {assumptivly) 'An-an-geedsd (
un-Englisb adj. An'iQghS, {assumptivly) 'An-iqgh^.
unenligbtened adj. [also spelt unenlightendl An-dnlai-tnd,
(assumptivly) 'An-an-lai-tnd.
unenterprising adj. [also spelt unenterprisingi An'enta?-
p3ai-zii], (assumptivly) 'An-entar-prai-ziq.
unentertaining adj. An-entar'tee-niq, (assumptivly) 'ah-
enta^-tee-niq.
unenviable adj. An'envi-a-bal, (assumptivly) 'An-envi-abal.
unequal adj. An'ii-kiua}, (assumptivly) 'An-ii-kwal.
j ve, Qcure; btHe, ^ tVi\Tv\ -s^swr^, ^^p^N ^sfcoe, tS chew;
w when ; n sino ; u -wVvoe^jet , \ t c^^t, ^ ^>^> xi>a.\o<\, ^\v v^^wv ,
o poetic; 3 over, e oena\, kW\, ^^-.^oox, •;i^x.o, ^.\.e?^, ^.'t^afi^.N \
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 571
unequivocal adj, An-i'ktuiva-kal, {assumptivly) 'ah-i-
kwivskd}.
unerring adj. An'enq, (assumptivly) 'An-eriq.
uneven adj. An'ii-van, (assumptivly) 'An-ii-van.
uneventful adj. An-i'ventfal, (assumptivly) 'An-i-ventfal.
unexoeptionable adj. An-dk'sepSsnd-bd}, (assumptivly) 'An-
sk-sepSa-nabal, (rapidly) 'Anak-sepSNabal.
unexecuted adj. An'eksi-kgutid, (assumptivly) 'Aii-eksi-
kgutid
unexpected adj. An-sk'spektid, Ansk'spektid, (assumptivly)
'An-ak-spektid, 'Anak-spektid,
unexplained adj. [also spelt unexplaindl An-sk'spz.eend,
(assumptivly) 'An-ak-spteend.
unexplored adj. An-3k'spz.3:7d, (assumptivly) 'An-9k-spL3:;d.
unexpressed adj. [also spelt unexprestl An-sk'spsest, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-ak-spsest.
unfading adj. An'fee-dir), (assumptivly) 'An-fee-diQ.
unfailing adj. An'fee-hf), (assumptivly) 'An-fee-hq.
unfair adj. An'feir, (assumptivly) 'An-fe:r.
unfaithful adj. An'feeG-fal, (assumptivly) 'An-feeO-fdl.
unfaltering adj. An'fcil-ta-^iq, (assumptivly) 'An-fc:l-t3?ii).
unfamiliar adj. An-fd'miHdz, (assumptivly) 'An-fd-miHds.
unfatherly adj. An'fa:-d3r-h, (assumptivly) ^n-iai-d^z-h,
unfathomed adj. [also spelt unfathomd} An'fseddtnd, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-faedamd.
unfavorable adj. [also spelt unfavourable'\ An'fee-vdrd-bdl,
(rapidly) An'f ee-v^a-bal ; (assumptivly) 'An-fee-va-rabal,
(rapidly) 'An-fee-v^abal.
unfeared adj. [also spelt unfeardi An'fiizrd, (assumptivly)
'ATi-fllzd.
unfed adj. An'fed, (assumptivly) 'An-fed.
unfeed adj. (not feed) An'fiid, (assumptivly) 'An-fiid.
unfeeling adj. An'fii-hq, (assumptivly) 'An-fii-hq.
unfeig^ned adj. [also spelt unfeigndl An'feend, (assumptivly)
'An-feend.
unfelt adj. An'felt, (assumptivly) 'An-felt.
unfenoed adj. An'fenst, (assumptivly) 'An-fenst.
unfermented adj. An-fez'mentid, (assumptivly) 'An-iBZ-
mentid.
unfettered adj. [also spelt unfetter dl An'fetard, (assump-
tivly) 'An-feta^d.
unfilled adj. [also spelt unfildl An'fild, (assumptivly) 'An-
fitd.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: for, ao now, a: osk, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the ^tec^ditv^ ^ova.'Cw^ vi» \wNSk\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress oti VScLt i^o^vci.^ ^"^-a^^.
572 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
nnfinislied adj. [also spelt unfinishtl An'finiSt, (assump-
tivly) 'An-finiljt.
nnfit adj, An'fit, (assumptivly) 'xn-fit.
nnforgiviiLg adj, An-fs^'givif), (assumptivly) 'An-fdz-givig.
mLformed adj. [also spelt unformd} An'fe:zmd, (assumptiv-
ly) 'An-fe:rmd.
nnfortunato adj, An'ieiz-tl^-n^t, (assumptivly) 'An-fe:z-t$3-
nat, (rapidly) An'fe:?-tSN3t, 'An-fe:e-tSN3t.
nnfounded adj, (not founded; not built; baseless, vain) An-
'faon-did, (assumptivly) 'An-faon-did.
nnfreqnented adj. An-fsi'kwentid, (assumptivly) 'An-fsi-
kwentid.
nnfriendly adj. An'f^endh, (assumptivly) 'An-fsendli.
niLfmitful adj. An'fsout-fal, (assumptivly) 'An-fsout-fal.
unfulfilled adj, [also spelt unfulfildl An-fol'fild, (assump-
tivly) 'An-fol-fild.
nnfiirnished adj. [also spelt unfurnisht'\ An'fB2rni$t, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-fB?niSt.
nnga n. siamang [synonymous cognate ungkal 'Aijgd.
nngainly adj. (awkward, clumsy, uncouth) An'geen-li, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-geen-h.
nngallant adj. An-galaent, (assumptivly) 'An-g9-)»nt.
nngathered adj. [also spelt ungatherdl An'gaedszd, (assump-
tivly) 'An-gaedaed.
nngeneraled adj, made not general; local; particular [also
spelt ungeneralled, ungeneraldl An'dsena-rald.
nngentlemanly adj. An'dsentlmsn-h, (assumptivly) 'ah-
dsentl-manh.
nngirt adj. An'gei^t, (assumptivly) 'An-goirt.
ungodly adj. An'gedh, (assumptivly) 'An-gedh.
ungoTemable adj, An'gAV33n3-b3l, (assumptivly) 'An-gAV3z-
nsbdl, 'An-gAvarna-bal.
ungraceful adj. An'grees-fal, (assumptivly) 'An-gsrees-fal.
ungracious adj, An'gree-Jas, (assumptivly) 'An-g^ee-Jas.
nngrammatical adj. An-gzs'mxti-kdl, (assumptivly) \n-gz9-
maetikal.
ungrateful adj. An'greet-fal, (assumptivly) 'An-greet-faL
ungrounded adj. An'g?aun-did, (assumptivly) ^An-g^aon-
did.
ungrudging adj. An'grAdsiq, (assumptivly) 'An-g^Adsiq.
unguarded adj. [also spelt ungarded} An'ga:7-did, (assump-
tivly) 'An-ga:3-did.
unguent n, (ointment, grease) 'At3gw3nt.
j yCf Qcure; btKe, ^tViVtv*, -s^smx^, d^t'oy; S^/toe, tJcAew;
w when; n sing; u'wVvoevet, Vte^oX, \i\'vi^, xi>a.\oo\, ^Vx, v».%»eev
op<?etic; a over, e aefiaX, kV>u\., ^\^oox, -^^^x^o, ^.X^e^, "e.<t^Q5vfc%
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 573
nngniciilate adj. (clawd) An'gwikgo-}3t.
ungraided adj. An'gai-did, {assumptivly) 'An-gai-did.
ungulate adj. (hoof-like; hooft) 'Aggju-lst.
un.liallo'wed adj. [also spelt unhallowdl An'haebd, (assump-
tivly) 'An-haelod.
unhappy adj. An'haepi, (assumptivly) 'An-hxpi.
unharmed adj. [also spelt unharmdl An'ha:rmd, (assumptiv-
ly) 'An-ha:?md.
unhatched adj, [also spelt unhatcht} An'haetSt, {assumptivly)
'Aii-haetSt.
unhealthfnl adj, [also spelt unhelthfulj An'helOfdl, {assump-
tivly) 'An-heiefal.
unhealthy adj, [also spelt unhelthyl An'helOi, (assumptivly)
'An-hel6i.
unheard adj. AnliB:zd, {assumptivly) 'An-heied.
unheeded adj. An'hii-did, (assumptivly) 'An-hii-did.
unheedful adj. An'hiid-fsl, (assumptivly) 'An-hiid-fsl.
unhesitating adj. An'hezi-tetir), (assumptivly) 'An-hezi-
tetiq.
unheum adj. An'hgoun, (assumptivly) 'An-hgoun.
unholy adj. An'hoo-h, (assumptivly) 'An-hoo-li.
unhonored adj. [also spelt unhonoured, unhonordi An'enszd,
(assumptivly) 'An-enaed.
unhoped adj, An'hoopt, (assumptivly) 'An-h3opt.
unhung adj. An'hAi], (assumptivly) 'An-hAr).
unhurt adj. An'hBirt, (assumptivly) 'An-her^t.
unideal adj. An-ai'dii-sl, (assumptivly) 'An-ai-dii-sl.
uniflorous adj. jo'nifz.3-73s, '}uni^{t.o:-z^s.
unimagined adj. [also spelt unimagind} An-i'mxdsind, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-i-maed3ind.
unimpaired adj. [also spelt unimpaird} An-im'pe:rd, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-im-pe:3d.
unimpeded adj. An-im'pii-did, (assumptivly) 'An-im-pii-did.
unimportant adj. An-im'pe:r-tnt, (assumptivly) 'An-im-pe:r-
tnt.
unimproved adj. An-im'psouvd, (assumptivly) 'An-im-p3ouvd.
unincumbered adj. An-in'kAmbdzd, (assumptivly) 'Aii-in-
kAmbdzd. see unencumbered.
uninflammable adj. An-in'fLsemd-bdl, (assumptivly) 'An-in-
fz^smsbdl.
uninfluenoed adj. An'infz.u-3nst.
uninformed adj. [also spelt uninformdl An-in'fe:rmd, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-in-fe:rmd.
c: law, b: f wr, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: flsk, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that tTae ptece^m^ ^owxA ^.% VirssskN
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on \!dt i€?\c>H4V£vsL «^'^^^av^
574 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
nninJialiited adj. An-in'hxbi-tid, {assumptivly) 'AXi-in-
haebitid.
uninitiated adj. An-i'niSi-etid, {assumptivly) 'An-i-niSi-etid.
nninjured adj. An'ind39?d, {assumptivly) 'An-indsszd.
uninspired adj. Ati-in'spaird, {assumptivly) 'An-in-spaizd.
uninstruoted adj. An-in'st£Aktid, {assumptivly) 'An-in-
St£Aktld.
nnintelleotnal adj. An-inti'lektSu-di, {assumptivly) 'An-inti-
lektSu-al.
unintelligent adj, An-in'teh-d3dnt, {assumptivly) 'ah-iii-
tehdsdnt.
unintelligible adj. An-in'tehdsd-bdL
unintended adj. An-in'tendid, {assumptivly) 'An-in-tendid.
unintentional adj. An-in'ten$3-n}, {assumptivly) 'ah-iii-
tenSsn}.
uninterested adj. An'intdn-stid, {assumptivly) 'An-mt^zi-
stid. see interested.
uninteresting adj. An'mtszi-stii], {assumptivly) 'An-mtszi-
stiq. see interesting.
uninterrupted adj. An-ints'zAptid, {assumptivly) 'An-int3-
ZAptld.
uninvited adj. An-in'vai-tid, {assumptivly) 'An-in-vai-tid.
union n. (junction; combination) 'jou-njdn.
uniparous adj. jo'nipd-rss.
unique adj, (only, single, sole; unusual) jo'niik.
unison n. (perfect prime; interval of the octave; monotone;
harmony, concord) 'jou-ni-san, {rarely) 'jou-ni-zan.
unisonant adj. (being in unison) jo'nisd-ndnt, 'jou-nisd-nsnt,
'juu-ni-sonant.
unisonous adj. (unisonant; also, sounding alone) jo'nisd-nss,
'juu-nis3-n3s, 'jou-ni-sonas.
univalent adj. (having a valence of one) jo'niva-lant.
univalve adj. [also spelt univalv} 'jou-ni-vaelv.
universalize v. [also spelt universalisel juniVazTsa-taiz.
university n. [synonymous cognates varsity, 'varsityl juni-
'vB?si-ti, {rapidly) juni'vB3sti.
univocal adj. (having one meaning only : opposed ta equiv-
ocal; unisonous) jo'niva-kal.
unjust adj. Au'dsAst, {assumptivly) 'AU-dsASt.
unjustifiable adj. An'dsAsti-fai-a-bal, {assumptivly) 'au-
dsASti-f ai-abal ; {also, sometimes) An-dsASti'fai-a-bal.
unkempt adj. (uncombed; disorderly; rough) An'kempt, {as-
sumptivly) 'An-kempt.
} yc, Qcure; btHe, ^ tlutv, •«>^a>\x^, ^^A^v; ^^/ioe, tlchew;
wwhen: nsing\ u-wVvoevet, Vtc^cX, v^VuW, xi>a.\oo\, ^KV -Cx^ee-^
opc?etic; 3 over, eaetiaV k>quX, o\^oot, ^^x^o, ^.X^e^^., 'c.^^^^n
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 575
unkind adj\ xnlcaind, {assumptivly) 'An-kaind.
unkindly adj, An'kain-dh, (assumptivly) 'An-kain-dh.
nnknit v, (untie, undo) An'nit.
nnknonrablo adj. An'noo-d-bd}, (assumptivly) 'An-noo-sbdh
nnknox^n adj. An'noon, (assumptivly) 'An-n3on.
nnlabored adj. [also spelt unlaboured, unlabordi An'lee-
bsed, (assumptivly) 'An-lee-ba^d.
unladylike adj, Anlee-di-taik, (assumptivly) 'An-lee-di-laik.
nnlamented adj. An-ls'mentid, (assumptivly) 'An-}3-mentid.
nnla'wfnl adj. Atilc-fsl, (assumptivly) 'An-ic-fsi.
unlearned adj. forgotten; not yet learnd or acquired [also
spelt unlearndl Anleirnd, (assumptivly) 'An-Jeirnd.
unlearned adj. (not learned, ignorant; illiterate) An'ternid,
An'lB:7-nid, (assumptivly) 'An-leenid.
nnleaTened adj. [also spelt unlevendl Anlevand, (assump-
tivly) 'An-levand.
unless conj, (if it be not that, etc.) Anies, (when less strest)
dnies, n}es.
unlettered adj. [also spelt unletterdi Anietdzd, (assumptiv-
ly) 'An-let97d.
unlicensed adj. [also spelt unlicenst} Anlai-sanst, (assump-
tivly) 'An-lai-sanst.
unligkted adj. Aniai-tid, (assumptivly) 'An-lai-tid.
unlike adj. An'laik, (assumptivly) 'An-)aik.
unlimited adj. Aniimi-tid, (assumptivly) 'AU-hmitid.
unlocked adj. [also spelt unlookt} An'lokt, (assumptivly) 'au-
lokt.
unlcTcd adj. AniAvd, (assumptivly) 'An-lAvd.
unlcTcly adj. AniAvh, (assumptivly) 'An-lAvh,
unlucky adj. An'lAki, (assumptivly) 'An-lAki.
unmade adj, An'meed, (assumptivly) 'An-meed.
unmanageable adj. An'mxnidsd-bd}, (assumptivly) 'An-
mseni-d39bd}.
unmanly adj, An'mxnh, (assumptivly) 'An-maenh.
unmannerly adj. An'maena^-li, (assumptivly) 'An-maenarfi.
unmarked adj. [also spelt unmarkt} An'ma:zkt, (assump-
tivly) 'An-ma:^kt.
unmarried adj. An'mae^id, (assumptivly) 'An-mx?id.
unmatched adj. [also spelt unmatchtl An'mxtSt, (assump-
tivly) 'An-maetSt.
unmeaning adj. An'mii-nii], (assumptivly) 'An-mii-nii].
unmeasured adj. [also spelt unmesurdi An'mesdzd, (assump-
tivly) 'An-mesard.
c: law, b: f wr, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, go now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
lengtb-mark (:) indicates that tVie ^teee^^it^V^ ^ov»A. ^a* Xw^sLn
Stress-mark C) indicates clnef stress on ^^it i^o^-w^'Sk ^f^s^^-^
I
576 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
unmelted adj. An'mehid, (assumptivly) 'An-meUid.
unmentionalile adj. An'menSdns-bd), (rapidly) An'men^Ns-
bal; (assumptivly) 'An-menSa-nabal, 'An-inen$Nab3}.
nnmentioned adj. [also spelt unmentiondl An'men^dnd, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-menSand.
munerolfiil adj. An'mBZSi-fsl, (assumptivly) 'An-msssifd}.
unmerited adj. An'm83i-tid, (assumptivly) 'An-mceitid,
munistaka'ble adj. [also spelt unmistakeablel An-mi'stee-ks-
bal, (assumptivly) 'An-mi-stee-kabal.
unmitigated adj. An'miti-getid, (assumptivly) 'An-miti-
getid.
unmixed adj, [also spelt unmixt^ An'mikst, (assumptivly)
'An-mikst.
nnmoumed adj. [also spelt unmourndl An'mor^nd, (assump-
tivly) 'An-mo:rnd.
nnmoTed adj, An'mouvd, (assumptivly) 'An-mouvd.
unnatural adj. An'nxtl^-zdl, (rapidly) An'tistt^zal; (assump-
tivly) 'An-natSaral, (rapidly) 'An-naetSsal.
unneoessary adj. An'nesi-seei, (assumptivly) 'An-nesi-se7i.
unneiKhborly adj. [also spelt unneighbourly"} An'nee-bdz-li,
(assumptivly) 'An-nee-badi.
unnoticed adj. An'noo-tist, (assumptivly) 'An-noo-tist.
unnumbered adj. [also spelt unnumberdi An'nAmbszrd, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-nAmbard.
unobserTed adj. [also spelt unobservd"} An-db'zBxvd, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-3b-ZB:rvd.
unobtrusiTe adj. [also spelt unobtrusiv"} An-ab'tjou-siv, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-ab-tjou-siv.
unocoupied adj. An'ekgo-paid, (assumptivly) 'An-ek^o-paid.
unopened adj. [also spelt unopendl An'oo-pand, (rssutnp-
tivly) 'An-oo-pand.
unostentatious adj, Aii-estn'tee-Sas, (assumptivly) 'An-estn-
tee-Sas.
unpaid adj, An'peed, (assumptivly) 'An-peed.
unpaired adj. not paird or mated [also spelt unpairdi An-
'pe:?d, (assumptivly) 'An-pe:?d.
unpalatable adj. An'pxhtd-bsl (assumptivly) 'An-pseh-tsbdl.
unparalleled adj. [also spelt unparalleldl An'pseza-lsld, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-paeralald.
unpared adj. (not pared or peeld) An'pe:rd, (assumptivly)
'An-pe:rd. .
unperoeiTed adj. [also spelt unperceivdl An-pa^'siivd, (a^-
sumptirly) 'An-p3?-siivd.
j ye, Qcure; btKe» Q tVvVw*, '«»^swx^, ^•!>\«^% S^skQe, t^chew;
w when: n sino; MwYvoe-vex, Vte^Lcx., ^i>^, Kv>a.\o<\, ^\V vv^ee\
o p(?etic; 3 over. eoetia\, K^iu\., v.^oox, ^^xio, ^.\.e\, ^^^ctwe.
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 577
unperfeoted adj. An-pa^'fcktid, (assumptivly) 'An-par-fektid.
unperformed adj, [also spelt unperformdl An-p9z'fe:zmd,
(assumptivly) ^Au-p^z-feizmd.
nnpioked adj, [also spelt unpicktl An'pikt, (assumptivly) 'aii-
pikt.
unpleasant adj, [also spelt unplesanti An'pLezsnt, (assump-
tivly) 'An-pi.cz3nt.
nnplonred adj, [also spelt unploughed, unplowdl An'pLaod,
{assumptivly) 'An-pi-aod.
nnplnoked adj. [also spelt unplucM Ati'pLAkt, (assumptivly)
'An-pi.Akt.
nnpolished adj. [also spelt unpolisht} Ati'pehSt, (assump-
tivly) 'An-pehSt.
unpopular adj, An'pepgo-ldz, (assumptivly) 'An-pepQols?.
nnpraotised adj, [also spelt unpracticed, unpractist} An-
'psaektist, (assumptivly) 'An-p^aektist.
nnpreoedented adj, Ati'psesi-dentid, (assumptivly) 'aii-
P3esi-dentid.
unprepared adj. An-p3i'pe:rd, (assumptivly) 'An-p3i-pe:rd.
nnpreparedness n. An-p3i'pe:-2:id-nis, An-p3i'pe:-zi-dnis,
(also) An-psi'pe:rd-nis.
unprinoipled adj, An'psinsi-pald, (assumptivly) 'An-
P3insip9ld.
unprodnotiTe adj. [also spelt unproductive An-pss'dAktiv,
(assumptivly) 'An-psa-dAktiv.
unpronounoeable adj. An-psd'naon-sd-bdl, (assumptivly)
'An-psd-naon-sdbdl.
nnpublislied adj. [also spelt unpuhlishtl An'pAbhSt, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-pAbhSt,
nnpunislied adj. [also spelt unpunisht'\ Aii'pAniSt, (assump-
tivly) 'An-pAniSt.
nnquelled adj. [also spelt unqueldl An'kweld, (assumptivly)
^An-kweld.
unquestioned adj. [also spelt unquestiondl An'kwestSdnd,
(assumptivly) 'An-kiuestSand.
unravel v. disentangle; unfold; ravel [present participle un-
raveling, unravelling; past participle and preterit unrav-
eled, unravelled, unraveldl An'raeval.
unraTeler n. [also spelt unravellerl An'^aeva-lar.
unread adj. [also spelt unredl An'red, (assumptivly) 'An-zred,
unready adj, [also spelt unredyl An'redi, (assumptivly) 'ah-
zredi.
unreal adj, An'rii-al, (assumptivly) 'An-rii-al.
c: Iflw, b: f «r, a cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: for, go now, a: ask, ai kite ;
Icn^h-mark (;) indicates that tiae preefc^iTitt ^ov«A a.^ \«c>sL\
stress-mark (') indicates chief stress otv. >^i^ \^QHn?aJit ^"^^J^^
578 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
nnreoog^nixalile adj. [also spelt unrecognisablel An'zzksg-
nai-zd-bdl, (assutnptivly) 'An-rekag-nai-zabal ; (also, some-
times) An-rekag'nai-za-bal.
unredeemed adj. [also spelt unredeemdl An-zi'diimd, {as-
sumptivly) 'An-3i-diimd.
unredressed adj, [also spelt unredr^stl An-?i'dcest, iassump-
tivly) 'An-n-drest.
nnrefreshed adj. [also spelt unrefreshtl An-zi'iselt, {assump-
tivly) 'An-zi'izelt.
unrelieved adj, [also spelt unrelievdl An-ziliivd, (assump-
tivly) 'An-ei-hivd.
unrepealed adj. [also spelt unrepealdl An-ei'piild, (assump-
tivly) 'Aii-ri-piild.
unreprieved adj, [also spelt unreprievdl An-zi'psiivd, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-z:i-p3iivd.
unreserved adj. [also spelt unreservdl An-zi^zBizwd, (^assump-
tivly) 'An-ri-zB:rvd,
unreservedly adv, An-?i'zB:7-vi-dh.
unrestrained adj. [also spelt u:trestraind'\ An-n'stxeend, {as-
sumptivly) 'An-ei-stjeend.
unrestrainedly adv, An-?i'st£ee-ni-dh.
unrevealed adj, [also spelt unrevealdl An-ziViild, {assump-
tivly) 'An-zri-viild.
unrighteous adj. (not righteous; evil) An'zai-tSss, {assump-
tivly) 'Aii-rai-tSas.
unripe adj, An'raip, (assutnptivly) 'An-zraip.
unrivaled adj. [also spelt unrivalled, unrivaldj An'zai-v^d,
(assumptivly) 'An-rai-vald.
unruffled adj, An'^Afsld, (assumptivly) 'An-zAMd.
unruly adj, An'rou-h, (assumptivly) \n-zoviAi.
unsafe adj. An'seef, (assumptivly) 'An-seef.
unsaid adj. An'sed, (assumptivly) 'Aii-sed.
unsalable adj. [also spelt unsaleable"! An'see-ld-bsl, (assump-
tivly) 'An-see-labal.
unsatisfactory adj. An-saetis'fakta-ei, An-satis'faektji, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-saetis-faktan, 'An-saetis-faektji.
unsavory adj. [also spelt unsavouryl An'see-vri, An'see-va-ri,
(assumptivly) 'Ati-see-v^i, 'An-see-van.
unsoanned adj, [also spelt unscandl An'skaend, (assumptivly)
'An-skaend.
unscarred adj, [also spelt unscardi An'ska:zd, (assumptivly)
'An-ska:z:d.
unsoatlied adj. An'skeedd, (assumptivly) 'An-skeedd.
J y^, gcure; btke, ^tK\tv, -s^s^^^^ dsf'oy; S^/toe, t$cAew;
wwhen; 13 sing; MwYvoevet, Vtc^cx, ^^-X^, xi>aL\ooV 'i^^t.^ us^^;
o poetic, 3 over, eoetia\, K\iu\., -^i.^oot, -^i^xio, ^.\ie^,^^^^v>
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 579
uzLSohooled adj. [also spelt unschooldl An'skould, (assump-
tivly) 'An-skould.
nnsoientifio adj. An-sai-sn'tifik.
nnsoratohed adj, [also spelt unscratchf^ Aii'sk^stSt, (assump-
tivly) 'An-sk^aetSt.
unscrupulous adj, An'sk^ou-pQo-lds, {often) An'sksupgo-lds ;
{assumptivly) 'An-sksou-pgo-las, 'An-sI«upgol3s.
unsealed adj. [also spelt unseald} An'siild, {assumptivly) 'ad-
siild.
unseasonable adj. An'sii-zstid-bd}, An'sii-znd-bdl, An'siiz-na-
bal, (assumptivly) 'An-sii-za-nabal, 'An-siiz-nabal.
unseasoned adj, [also spelt unseasondl An'sii-z9nd, (assump-
tivly) 'Aii-sii-zand.
unseoonded adj, Ati'seksn-did, (assumptivly) 'An-seksndid.
unsecured adj. An-si'kgu:zd, (assumptivly) 'An-si-k9o:7d.
unseemly adj. An'sii-mh, An'siim-h, (assumptivly) 'An-sii-
mli, 'An-siim-li.
unseen adj, An'siin, (assumptivly) 'An-siin.
unsent adj. An'sent, (assumptivly) 'An-sent.
unserved adj. [also spelt unservdl An'seirvd, (assumptivly)
. 'An-sB:rvd.
unserriceable adj. [also spelt unservisablel An'sB:?-vis9-b3l,
(assumptivly) 'An-SB:3-vi-s3b3l.
unset adj, An'set, (assumptivly) 'An-set.
unsettled adj. An'setld, (assumptivly) 'An-setld.
unscTered adj. [also spelt unseverdi An'sevs^d, (assump-
tivly) 'An-sev33d.
unsliaded adj. An'See-did, (assumptivly) 'An-Jee-did.
unshakable adj. [also spelt unshakeablel An'^ee-kd-bsl, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-See-kabal.
unshaken adj, Ati'See-ksn, (assumptivly) 'An-See-ksn.
unshapely adj. An'See-pi-i, (assumptivly) 'An-Jee-pi-i.
unshaTed adj, An'Seevd, (assumptivly) 'An-Jeevd.
unshelled adj. [also spelt unsheld] An'Seld, (assumptivly)
'An-Seld.
unsheltered adj, [also spelt unshelterdi An'Seltd^d, (assump-
tivly) 'An-Seh33d.
unshod adj. An'Sed, (assumptivly) 'An-Jed,
unshorn adj. An'Sor^n, (assumptivly) 'An-^oizn.
unsightly adj. An'sai-ti-i, (assumptivly) 'An-sai-tM.
unsized adj. An'saizd, (assumptivly) 'An-saizd.
unskilful adj. [also spelt unskillfull An'skilfsl, (assumptivly)
'An-skilfal.
c: law, b: fur, x cat, o hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (;) indicates that iTie ^teet^\Ti^ ^.owtA -v^ Xwns^n
stress-mark C) indicates chiet 9Xr^§§ qxi >i5^«; i^^Q^vci^ "^-f^.^^^^-
580 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
unskilled adj, [also spelt unskildl xn'skild, {assumptiily)
'Ati-skild.
niuilaoked adj. [also spelt unslacktl An'sL«kt» (assumptivly)
'An-sLxkt.
unslaked adj, Ati'sz^eekt, {assumptivly) 'Ati-si^eekt; (also) An-
'si-aekt, (assumptivly) 'An-si«kt.
unsmircked adj. [also spelt unsmirchtl An'sMB:ztSt, (assump-
tivly) 'An-SMB:?tSt.
unsocial adj. An'sDO-Jal, (assumptivly) 'An-soo-JaL
unsold adj, An'saold, (assumptivly) 'An-soold.
unsolicited adj. Ati-sd'hsi-tid ; (assumptivly) 'xn-sd-lisitid,
(rapidly) 'Anss-hstid.
unsolTcd adj, [also spelt unsolvdl An'selvd, (assumptivly)
'An-selvd.
unsopkisticated adj. An-sd'fisti-ketid, (assumptivly) 'An-sa-
fisti-ketid.
unsougki adj, An'sc:t, (assumptivly) 'An-sc:t.
unsound adj^ Ati'saund, (assumptivly) 'An-saond.
unsoum adj. An'saon, (assumptivly) 'Ati-soon.
unsparing adj. An'spe:-?ir), (assumptivly) 'An-spe:-rii).
unspeakable adj, An'spii-kd-bal, (assumptivly) 'An-spii-kabsL
unspecified adj. An'spesi-faid, (assumptivly) ^An-spesi-faid.
unspent adj, Ati'spent, (assumptivly) 'Ati-spent.
unspilled adj. [synonymous cognate unspilf} An'spild, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-spild.
unspoiled adj, [also spelt unspoildl An'speiM, (assumptivly)
'An-speild.
unspoken adj. An'spao-kan, (assumptivly) ^An-spoo-ksn.
unspotted adj. An'spotid, (assumptivly) 'An-spetid.
unstable adj, An'stee-bsl, (assumptivly) 'An-stee-bdl.
unstained adj. [also spelt unstaindl An'steend, (assumptiv-
ly) 'An-steend.
unstamped adj, [also spelt unstampti An'staempt, (assump-
tivly) 'An-staempt.
unstarcked adj. [also spelt unstarcht} An'staizt^t, (assump-
tivly) 'An-sta:etSt.
unsteadfast adj. [also spelt unstedfasti An'sted-fa:st, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-sted-fa:st.
unsteady adj, [also spelt unstedyl An'stedi, (assumptivly)
'An-stedi.
unstinted adj. An'stintid, (assumptivly) 'An-stintid.
unstooked adj, [also spelt unstocktl An'stekt, (assumptivly)
Vn-stekt.
j ye, Qcure; bthe, ^ tVi\Tv\ -s^LZMte, d^/oy; I shoe, tlchcw;
w when; 13 sing*, UNwYioe-vtr, \tc^t\., ^\>i\, xa,>aL\ooV 'j^nV vinee;
op<7etic; aover, eoei\a.\» k\>u\., ^-.^oot, •a'a^^o, ^\ie^^ ^-^^5^^.% s^
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 581
nnatudied adj, An'stAdid, (assumptwly) 'An-stAdid.
nnsnooessful adj. An-sak'sesfal, {assumptivly) 'An-sak-sesfal.
unsurpassed adj. [also spelt unsurpast] An-S93'pa:st, {as-
sumpHvly) 'An-s3?-pa:st.
nnthouKhtful adj, An'Ocit-fal, (assumptivly) 'An-9c:t-f3l.
until prep, (to; unto; up to: of. time) Aii'til, (when less
strest) an'til, (anteriorly) 'Aiitil, 'Antl. compare till.
until conj. (up to the time that) An'ti!, an'til. compare till.
untilled adj. [also spelt untild} An'tild, (assumptivly) 'An-
tiW.
untimely adj. An'tai-mh, An'taim-h, (assumptivly) 'An-tai-
mli, 'An-taim-li.
untiring adj. An'tai-riq, (assumptivly) 'An-tai-riq.
unto prep, (to) 'Anto, (when less strest) 'Anta, (and, some-
times) An'to.
untold adj. Aii'toold, (assumptivly) 'An-toold.
untouohed adj, [also spelt untouchtl An'tAt^t, (assumptivly)
'An-tAtSt.
untourard adj. Au'too-ard, (assumptivly) 'An-to:?d.
untrained adj. [also spelt untraind} An't£eend, (assump-
tivly) 'An-tjeend.
untrammeled adj. [also spelt untrammelled, untrammeld'\
Ati'tssemsld, (assumptivly) 'An-tjaemald.
untraTeled adj. [also spelt untravelled, untraveld} An-
'tjaevald, (assumptivly) 'An-tjavald.
untried adj, An'tjaid, (assumptivly) 'An-tjaid.
untrodden adj. An't^edn, (assumptivly) 'An-t£edn.
untrue adj. An'tjou, (assumptivly) 'An-tjou.
untrusturortliy adj. An'tjAst-we^di, (assumptivly) 'An-tjASt-
werdi.
untrutliful adj, An'tjouG-fal, (assumptivly) 'An-tjouG-fal.
unturned adj. [also spelt unturndl An'tB:?nd, (assumptivly)
unused adj, (not employd) An'jouzd, (assumptivly) 'An-jouzd,
(unaccustomd ; not habituated : used before to) An'jous.
unusual adj. An'jou-su-al, (assumptivly) 'An-jou-su-al.
unurary adj. An'wei-n, (assumptivly) 'An-we:-ri.
unureiglied adj, [also spelt unweighdl An'weed, (assumptivly)
'An-weed.
unurell adj. An'wel, (assumptivly) 'An-wel.
unirieldy adj. An'wiil-di, (assumptivly) 'An-wiil-di.
unirilling adj. An'wihq, (assumptivly) 'An-wihq.
univlse adj, An'waiz, (assumptivly) 'An-waiz.
c: law, b: fur, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: osk, ai ktte ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the ^tectdi-M, ^kOvxTA -vs* V!fK%,%
Btress-mark C) indicates chief stress oti V5cl^ \^ViaN«vci% tpj^-ai^^
I
582 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
nnivished adj. [also spelt untvisht^ An'wiSt, {assumpHvly)
'All-Wljt.
nn'wltnessed adj, [also spelt unwitnesQ An'witNist, {assumf-
tivly) 'An-witNist.
nnivonted adj. An'wentid, (assumptivly) 'An-wentid.
nnivooed adj. [also spelt unwoodi An'woud, idssumptivly)
'An-woud.
nnivorked adj. [also spelt unworktl An'wBirkt, {assumptivly)
'An-wB:rkt.
nnivorldly adj, An'wsizldAi, (assumptivly) 'An-wB:7}d-li.
unnrom adj. An'w3:zn, (assumptivly) ^n-woirn.
nnivortliy adj, An'wB:?-di, (assumptivly) 'An-WBt^-di.
unnronnd adj, An'waond, (assumptivly) 'Aii-waond.
nnivounded adj. An'woun-did, (assumptivly) 'An-woun-did.
un'writteii. adj. An'ntn, (assumptivly) 'An-zitn.
un^^rought adj. An'?c:t, (assumptivly) 'An-7c:t.
unyielding adj, An'jiil-dii], (assumptivly) 'An-jiil-diQ.
np adv., prep, Ap, (when unstrest) ap.
npas n. (tree; sap) 'jou-pds.
npoast adj, Ap'ka-st, (assumptivly) 'Ap-ka:st.
npher n. (pole) 'jou-fa?; (less properly) 'Ap-hsiz,
nphill adj. 'Ap-hil.
npliill adv. (upward, up) Ap'hil, (by contrast) 'Ap-hil.
upholster v. furnish with hangings; cover with cloth, cush-
ions, etc. [past participle and preterit upholstered, uphol-
sterd"] Ap'hool-st3r ; (less properly) d'pooi-std;; (dialectally)
a'polstar, Ap'holstar.
uphroe n. awning-support [also, sometimes, spelt euphroe,
uvroul 'jou-fso; (less properly) 'jou-vzro, 'A-f30.
uplift V, (lift up; raise) Aplift.
uplift n. (upheaval; raising; exaltation) 'Ap-hft.
upon prep, (up and on; on) s'pen, (when unstrest) pen, span,
pan.
upright adj,, n,, adv, 'Ap-rait, (also, formerly, and still, some-
times) Ap'rait.
uprightly adv. (in an upright manner) 'Ap-7ai-tz.i.
uprightness n. 'Ap-rait-nis.
uprise v. (rise up; get up; ascend) Ap'zraiz.
uprise n. (uprising; rise; advance) 'Ap-raiz, Ap'zraiz.
uprising n, (ascent; rebellion) 'Ap-rai-ziq, Ap'rai-ziq.
uproar n. (tumult) 'Ap-ro:r.
uproar v. (stir up; make an uproar) Ap'zoiz.
upset V. (overturn; overthrow; overcome) Ap'set.
j ye, Qcure; btKe, ^ t\v\tv\ -b^sMte, djioy; js'-ftr*, tScAcw;
U) when ; i) sing ; m \»Vvo^>jeT , \ xc2l<i\., \i \>^, wa^loov^ ^ ^i ^ee ;
O poetic; » over, eoeT\«\\ K\iu\, •:>%^oot, •;i^Two, x.\ift^, %^^<j».\ s
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 583
upset n. (an overturning) 'Ap-set, Ap'set.
apset adj. (set up; fixt; determind) 'Ap-sct.
upsilon n. (Greek letter) 'joup-si-bn, (often) 'jupsi-fon.
HP-stairs adv, Ap'stexz, {sometimes) 9p'ste:zz.
ap-stairs adj., n. 'Ap-ste:?z.
upvpa n. (bird) 'jou-pgo-pa.
aranosi^aphy n. study of the fixt stars [synonymous cog-
nate ouranographyl jo^a'negra-fi.
urban adj, (of a city or town) 'ex-bdn.
urbane adj, (urban ; polite ; suave) B^'been.
nrbanity n. (quality of being urbane) B^'baeni-ti.
nrceolate adj. (pitcher-shaped) 'B^si-a-let, 'B:^-si-3-Jet.
nrea n. (carbamide) 'jor-d-a; {erroneously) jo'zrii-a.
nreide n. compound of urea [also, sometimes, spelt ureidl
'jo:-ri-id, 'joi-ei-aid.
uremia n. retention of urea in the blood [also spelt uraemial
jo'?ii-mi-3.
ureter n. (duct in the kidney) joVii-ta?, 'jo:-?it3?, 'jo:-z:i-t3r.
urethra n. urine-duct [ploral urethrael jo'^ii-033.
urine n. excrementitious fluid [also spelt urin'\ 'jo:-7in.
urn n. (vase) B:?n.
ursine adj. of a bear; arctoid [also, sometimes, spelt ursini
'B^sin, 'B'.zsin, 'B^-sain, 'Bir-sain.
us noun-pron. (objectiv of we) as, {when unstrest) as, s.
usable adj. capable of being used [also spelt useablel 'juu-za-
bd!, 'juzd-bal.
uuAge n. (act or mode of using; treatment; custom; locution)
'jou-sids, 'jou-zids.
usance n. (time allowd by usage or custom for the payment
of bills of exchange drawn on a distant country) 'jou-zans.
use n. (employment; service; need; usage; ritual form) jous.
use V. (employ; treat; inure; frequent; be wont) jouz, {when
unstrest) juz,
used adj. (employd; treated) jouzd, (accustomd, habituated,
inured) jous, jouzd.
used V. (preterit of use) juus, juuzd.
usquebausb n. (liquor) 'Askwi-bc: .
ustion n. (burning) 'Ast^an, 'A$t$an.
usually adv. (in common use; habitual; ordinary) 'jou-3U-a-
h, {when less strest) 'jou-sa-h, 'jusa-h, 'jusli.
usucaption n. (acquisition by possession) juzjoHcaepSan.
usufruct n. (right of using and enjoying the property of
another) 'jou-zjo-f^Akt, 'jou-3Jo-f3Akt, 'jou-za-fsAkt.
c: low, s: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ^\Va\r.\
Icngth-mork (:) indicates that tKe preceditv^E. sQ>axv^ ajs* "^^'^^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on \V^ i«>>\ovq\.Tvsi» vf^si«^^'
5a4 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
usurer n. (money-lender) 'jou-so-ea?, {often) 'juss-^a?.
usurious adj. (practising usury; of usury) jo'3o:-?i-as, jo'zjo:-
z:i-3S, jo'5Jo:-3i-3S.
usurp V. seize and hold; assume [past participle and pret-
erit usurped, usurpt"] jo'seiep, jo'zexp.
usurpatiou n. jusezr'pee-Sdn, juzs^'pee-Sdn.
usury n. (interest; practis of taking an exorbitant price for
the use of money) 'jou-30-ri, (often) 'jusa-^i, 'jujei.
ntas n. (obsolete) octave of a festival; bustle, stir [also spelt
utass; synonymous cognates utis, utasfl 'jou-taes.
utensil n. (implement) jo'tensil, (also, formerly, and still,
sometimes) 'jou-tensil.
uterine adj. [also, sometimes, spelt uterin'] 'jou-t9-?in, 'jou-
t3-7ain.
uterus n. womb [ploral uteri"} 'jou-ta-eas, (often) 'juta-eas.
utile adj. useful [also, sometimes, spelt util'\ 'jou-til, 'jou-tail.
utiliza'tion n. [also spelt utilisation} jutih'zee-$9n, juti-lai-
'zee-Jan.
utilize V. [also spelt utilisel 'jou-ti-laiz, (often) 'juti-aiz.
utopist n. (Utopian, optimist) 'jou-t9-pist, ja't30-pist.
utter V. put forth; pronounce; deliver [past participle and
preterit uttered, utter d"] 'Ata^.
uva n. (fruit resembling a cluster of grapes) 'jou-va.
uvula n. (body pendent from the soft palate at the back of
the mouth) 'jou-vio-la.
uzorial adj, (of a wife; uxorious) ag'zoi-ri-al, ak'soi-ri-al.
uxorious adj. (doting on a wife) ag'zor-ri-as, ak'soi-n-as.
Uzbeg n. member of a central Asian Turkish race [syneny-
mous cognates Usheg, Usbekl 'Az-beg.
vacate v. (make vacant; annul) 'vee-ket, ve'keet, vaTceet.
vaccinate v. (inoculate with vaccin) 'vaeksi-net.
vaccine n. virus of vaccinia or cowpox [also, sometimes,
spelt vaccini 'vseksin, 'vaek-sain, 'vaek-sin.
vacillate v. (waver) 'vaesi-let.
vacuity n. (state of being vacuous; emptiness) vaeTcgou-i-ti.
vacuum n. empty space; void [plural vacuums, vacua] ^
'vaekgu-am.
vade-mecum n. (manual, handbook) vee-di'mii-kam.
vagabondize v. wander like a vagabond [also spelt vagabon- ^
disel 'vaega-ben-daiz.
j ye, Qcure; btHe, ^ iVvvtv, •b^a>3L\^, ^'!>tQy; S jAoe, tS cAew;
w when] n sing; M-wYioeN^t, Vxc^oX., x^^-y^, v^xxVo^Jv, ^\v vi^ee;
o poetic; a over, eaeiiaX. K\iu\, ^-.e^oox, •;i^x.o, ^.\^^, ^'«L^^^^^^
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 585
n. sheath; passage between the vulva and the
uterus [ploral vaginael va'dsai-na, V3'd3ii-n3.
▼asinal adj. (of or like a vagina or sheath) 'vaedsi-nl, va-
'dsai-nl.
vagaTj n. whim, freak [ploral vagariesi va'goei; (improper-
ly) 'vee-g3-?i.
▼as^rant adj. (wandering, roving) 'vce-g^ant, 'veeg-eant; (im-
properly) 'vaeg^ant.
▼agne adj. (uncertain, unclear) veeg.
▼ain adj. (useless; conceited) veen.
▼ainsloriom adj, (boastful) veen'g}3:-zi-3s, (assumptivly)
'veen-gbr-ri-as.
▼alanoe n. damask [also spelt valence; synonymous cognates
valentia, Valencia"] 'vee-lans, 'vaelans.
▼ale n. (valley) veel.
Vale inter j, (farewell; adieu) 'vce-li, 'vee-li.
▼alenoe n. (combining-capacity ; equivalence; valency) 'vce-
Idns.
Valenciennes n. (lace) vdlensinz, v3-lensi'enz, vs-legsi'enz,
va'Icnsi-anz, va'laeqsi-an, vselan'sii-anz.
▼alentia n. [also spelt valencial vd'len^g, vdlen^i-s ; vdlent^d.
same meaning as valance.
▼alerian n. (plant) valii-d-an.
▼alerio adj. (of valerian) va'le^ik, 'vaela-^ik.
▼alet n. (man-servant) 'vaeht, 'vaele, vae'lee; 'vaelat.
valetudinarian n, (invalid) vxh-tQudi'ne:-7i-9n.
Valhalla n. Hall of the Slain; temple of fame [synonymous
cognate Walhallal vx^haeld.
▼alise n. traveling-bag; portmanteau [also spelt vallisel V3-
liis, voliiz.
"valkjT n. one of the handmaidens of Odin [also spelt walkyr;
synon3mious cognates valkyria, walkyria] 'vael-ki^.
▼alkyria n. vselHciH-d. same meaning as valkyr.
▼alley w. depression between hills [ploral valleysl 'vaeh.
▼alor n. bravery [also spelt valour] 'vaelar.
▼alnable adj. (of value; precious; worthy) 'vaefiu-a-bal,
{sometimes) 'vaelio-bal.
▼alue n., v. 'vxlio.
▼alve n. door-leaf; flow-controller [also sjjelt valv] vaelv.
▼alired adj. having a valve [also spelt valvd] vaelvd.
▼amose v. (be off; be gone) va'moos, 'va:-mos.
n. (wethercock; web) veen.
n. [also spelt vangard] 'vaen-ga:rd.
c: law, b: f «r, ae cat, e hot, oi hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
len^h-mark (;) indicates that t\ie ptetei^iTv^?, ^o>axv^ \.^ V^w^kN
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress otv VVt i^^Xo^vev^ ^>5\vsi^^.
I
5a4 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
nsnrer n. (money-lender) 'jou-5o-ra?, {often) 'ju^o-z^z.
asnrions adj. (practising usury; of usury) jo'3o:-2i-as, jo'zjo:-
zri-ds, jo'3Jo:-z:i-3S,
usnrp V. seize and hold; assume [past participle and pret-
erit usurped, usurp t"] jo'sexp, jo'zB:^p.
usnrpation n. jusezr'pee-Sdn, juzBT'pee-Sdn.
usury n. (interest; practis of taking an exorbitant price for
the use of money) 'jou-3o-?i, (often) 'ju33-?i, 'jujei.
ntas n. {obsolete) octave of a festival; bustle, stir [also spelt
utass; synonymous cognates utis, utastl 'jou-taes.
nteiuil n. (implement) jo'tensil, {also, formerly, and still,
sometimes) 'jou-tcnsil.
nterine adj. [also, sometimes, spelt u/ertn] 'jou-to-rin, 'jou-
td-^ain.
ntems n. womb [ploral utert] 'jou-t3-?3s, {often) 'juta-ws.
utile adj. useful [also, sometimes, spelt utiH 'jou-til, 'jou-tail.
utillza'tion n. [also spelt utilisation'\ jutih'zee-$9n, juti-lai-
'zee-Jan.
utilize V. [also spelt utilised 'jou-ti-laiz, {often) 'juti-aiz.
utopist n. (Utopian, optimist) 'jou-ta-pist, jo'tDO-pist.
utter V. put forth; pronounce; deliver [past participle and
preterit uttered, utterdi 'aI^z.
uva n. (fruit resembling a cluster of grapes) 'jou-va.
uvula n. (body pendent from the soft palate at the back of
the mouth) 'jou-vio-la.
nzorial adj. (of a wife; uxorious) ag'zoi-ri-al, ak'soi-d-al
uzorions adj. (doting on a wife) ag'zo:-H-3s, 3k's3:-n-3S.
Uzbeg n. member of a central Asian Turkish race [syneny-
mous cognates Usbeg, Usbekl 'Az-beg.
vacate v, (make vacant; annul) 'vee-ket, ve'keet, vaTceet.
vaccinate v. (inoculate with vaccin) 'vaeksi-net.
vaccine n. virus of vaccinia or cowpox [also, sometimes,
spelt vaccini 'vaeksin, 'vaek-sain, 'vak-sin.
vacillate v. (waver) 'vaesi-let.
vacuity n. (state of being vacuous; emptiness) vae'kQou-i-ti.
vacuum n. empty space; void [ploral vacuums, vacua] ^
'vaekgu-am.
vade-mecnm n. (manual, handbook) vee-di'mii-kam.
vagabondize v. wander like a vagabond [also spelt vag<ibo%
disel 'vaega-ben-daiz.
j ye, (jcure; btHe, ^ lVv\tv\ •b^^^a^'t^^ ^"^ktoY; S jAoe, tScAew;
w when\ n sing; M-wYioe^jw, \Te^t^,^^^^^ v5,>a.\o?Jv, ^\v xl^ee]
o poetic; a over, eaeiiaX, K\iu\, ^-.e^oox. -^^^xwo, ^.\i««^ ^-^.^^^
S
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 585
n. sheath; passage between the vulva and the
uterus [ploral vaginae'} va'dsai-na, va'dsii-na,
▼asinal adj, (of or like a vagina or sheath) 'vaedsi-nl, va-
'dsai-nl.
vagATj n. whim, freak [ploral vagariesl va'gei-^i; (improper-
ly) 'vee-ga-^i.
▼as^rant adj. (wandering, roving) 'vee-g?ant, 'veeg-rant; {im-
properly) 'vagrant.
▼agne adj. (uncertain, unclear) veeg.
▼ain adj. (useless; conceited) veen.
▼aingloriovs adj. (boastful) veen'g}3:-7i-3S, (assumptivly)
'veen-glo:-n-3s.
▼alanoe n. damask [also spelt valence; synonymous cognates
valentia, Valencia"] 'vce-lans, 'vaelans.
▼ale n. (valley) veel.
Vale inter j, (farewell; adieu) 'vee-li, 'vee-h.
▼alenoe n. (combining-capacity ; equivalence; valency) 'vee-
Idns.
Valendennei n. (lace) vslensinz, vs-lensi'enz, vs-legsi'enz,
vd'tensi-dnz, va'larjsi-an, vaelan'sii-anz.
▼alentia n. [also spelt Valencia"] va'lenSa, va'lenSi-a ; va'lentja.
same meaning as valance,
▼alerian n. (plant) V3'h:-?i-3n.
▼alerio adj. (of valerian) va'le^ik, 'vaela-^ik.
▼alet n. (man-servant) 'vaeht, 'vaele, vae'lee; 'vaebt.
▼aletndinarian n. (invalid) vaeh-tQudi'nei-ri-dn.
Vallialla n. Hall of the Slain; temple of fame [synonymous
cognate Walhalla] vael'haela.
▼allse n. traveling-bag; portmanteau [also spelt vallise] va-
liis, voliiz,
yralkyr n, one of the handmaidens of Odin [also spelt walkyr;
synen3mious cognates valkyria, walkyria] 'vael-ki?.
▼alkyria n. vaelTciri-a. same meaning as valkyr.
▼alley w. depression between hills [ploral valleys] 'vaeh.
▼alor n. bravery [also spelt valour] 'vaela?.
valuable adj. (of value; precious; worthy) 'vseHu-d-bdl,
{sometimes) 'vaelio-bal.
▼alve n., v. 'vaelio.
▼alve n, door-leaf; flow-controller [also spelt valv] vaelv.
▼alved adj, having a valve [also spelt valvd] vaelvd.
Tamoie v. (be off; be gone) va'moos, 'va:-mos.
▼ane n. (wethercock; web) veen.
n. [also spelt vangard] 'vaen-ga:?d.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, oi hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: osk, ai ktte ;
len^h-mark (;) indicates that t\ie i^Tete^ixv^ ^ovvxv^ va. \«^5k\
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on VVt i^^Xo^vev^ ^-^^ss^^^*
I
576 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
munelted adj. An'mehid, (assumptivly) 'An-meltid.
nnmentiona'ble adj, Ati'menSand-bd}, {rapidly) An'menjNd-
bal; {assumptivly) 'An-menSa-nabal, 'An-menSNabal.
munentioned adj. [also spelt unmentiondl An'menSdnd, {as-
sumptivly) 'An-menSand.
unmeroifnl adj. An'me^si-fd}, {assumptivly) ^An-mB^sifdl.
unmerited adj. An'meri-tid, {assumptivly) 'An-me2itid.
munistakable adj. [also spelt unmistakeable'] An-mi'stee-ks-
bal, {assumptivly) 'An-mi-stee-kabal.
munitisated adj. An'miti-getid, {assumptivly) 'An-miti-
getid.
nnmized adj, [also spelt unmixt"! An'mikst, {assumptivly)
'An-mikst.
nnmoiimed adj. [also spelt unmournd'\ An'm3:znd, {assump-
tivly) 'An-mor^nd.
nnmoTed adj. An'mouvd, {assumptivly) 'An-mouvd.
unnatural adj. An'naet$3-79), {rapidly) An'nxtSsdl; {assump-
tivly) 'An-natja^al, {rapidly) 'An-naetSsal.
nnneoessary adj, An'nesi-sezri, {assumptivly) 'Aii-nesi-sezi.
nnneisliborly adj. [also spelt unneighbourly'] An'nee-bsz-li,
{assumptivly) 'An-nee-barh.
nnnoticed adj. Ati'noo-tist, {assumptivly) 'An-noo-tist.
nnnnmbered adj, [also spelt unnumberd] An'nAmbd^d, {as-
sumptivly) 'An-nAmb9?d.
unobserved adj, [also spelt unobservdl An-sb'zBizrvd, {as-
sumptivly) 'ATl-Sh-ZB'.ZVd.
nnobtmsive adj. [also spelt unobtrusivl An-ab'tjou-siv, {as-
sumptivly) 'Aii-ab-tjou-siv.
nnoccnpied adj, An'ekQo-paid, {assumptivly) 'An-ekgo-paid.
unopened adj. [also spelt unopendl An'oo-pand, {assump-
tivly) 'An-oo-pand.
unostentatious adj. An-estn'tee-^ds, {assumptivly) 'An-estn-
tee-Sas.
unpaid adj. An'peed, {assumptivly) 'An-peed.
unpaired adj. not paird or mated [also spelt unpaird] ad-
'perz-d, {assumptivly) 'An-pe:rd.
unpalatable adj. An'paehta-ba! {assumptivly) 'An-paeh-talwl.
unparalleled adj. [also spelt unparalleld^ Ati'paezra-ldld, {as-
sumptivly) 'An-pae^alald,
unpared adj. (not pared or peeld) An'pe:^d, (assumptivly)
'An-pe:?d. .
unperceived adj. [also spelt unperceivdl An-pa^'siivd, {as-
sumptivly) 'An-p3r-siivd.
i ve, Qcure; btKe» ^ tKitv*, ■«>^s>r:t, ^"b^^^N S^sKoe, t^cAew;
opc?etic; 4 over. eoetiaV, *.\iu\., ^'.^oox, t^^T^o, 'e.X.e^, ^^^%*s.n
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 577
iinperfected adj. An-pa^'fektid, {assumptivly) 'xn-pa^-fektid.
unperformed adj, [also spelt unperformdl An-pa^'fei^md,
{assumptivly) 'An-p9?-fe:?md.
unpicked adj. [also spelt unpick t1 An'pikt, (assumptivly) 'aii-
pikt.
unpleasant adj, [also spelt unplesantl An'pz.ez3nt, (assump-
tivly) 'An-ptczant.
unploived adj. [also spelt unploughed, unplowdl An'pLaod,
(assumptivly) 'An-ptaod.
unplucked adj. [also spelt unplucktli Ati'pLAkt, (assumptivly)
'An-pLAkt.
unpolished adj. [also spelt unpolishtl An'peh$t, (assump-
tivly) 'An-pehSt.
unpopular adj. An'pepgo-ld?, (assumptivly) 'An-pepguls?.
unpractised adj. [also spelt unpracticed, unpractist} An-
'psaektist, (assumptivly) 'An-p^aektist.
unprecedented adj. An'psesi-dentid, (assumptivly) 'An-
psesi-dentid.
unprepared adj. An-p3i'pe:^d, (assumptivly) 'An-psi-pcr^d.
unpreparedness n. An-p3i'pe:-?id-nis, An-p3i'pe:-?i-dnis,
(also) An-psi'pc:?d-nis.
unprincipled adj. An'p^insi-psld, (assumptivly) 'ati-
psinsipdld.
unproductive adj. [also spelt unproductivl An-p^d'dAktiv*
(assumptivly) 'An-psa-dAktiv.
unpronounceable adj. An-psd'naon-ss-bdl, (assumptivly)
'An-p33-naon-S9b3l.
unpublished adj. [also spelt unpublishtl An'pAbhSt, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-pAbhJt.
unpunished adj. [also spelt unpunishtl An'pAniSt, (assump-
tivly) 'An-pAniSt.
unquelled adj. [also spelt unqueldl Ati'kweld, (assumptivly)
'An-kiueld.
unquestioned adj. [also spelt unquestiond'\ An^kwest^dnd,
(assumptivly) 'An-kiucstSand.
unravel v. disentangle; unfold; ravel [present participle un-
raveling, unravelling; past participle and preterit unrav-
eled, unravelled, unraveldl An'^aeval.
unraveler n. [also spelt unravellerl An'^aeva-la?.
unread adj. [also spelt unredl AnVed, (assumptivly) 'An-?ed,
unready adj. [also spelt unredy'\ An'^edi, (assumptivly) 'ah-
?edi.
unreal adj. An'^ii-al, (assumptivly) 'An-^ii-al.
c: law, b: fur, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy) a: far, ao now, a: ask, «.vVa.tft.\
Icnsrth-mork (:) indicates that the precedxtvtt ^qv>jcA -v^ ^^"^^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on X\i^ feVinrw-KW?* ^"^^^^^
578 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
I
unreeog^niEable adj, [also spelt unrecognisable'^ An'seksg-
nai-zs-bdl, {assumptivly) 'An-rekag-nai-zabal ; (also, some-
times) An-zekdg'nai-zd-bdl.
unredeemed adj, [also spelt unredeemdl Axi-zi'diimd, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-ei-diimd.
unredressed adj, [also spelt unredr^st'^ An-zi'drest, {assump-
tivly) 'An-zi-drest.
unrefreshed adj. [also spelt unrefresht'\ An-zri'fseSt, {assump-
tivly) 'An-zi-izelt.
nnrelieved adj, [also spelt unrelievd'\ An-zriliivd, {assump-
tivly) 'An-?i-hivd.
unrepealed adj. [also spelt unrepealdl An-n'piild, {assump-
tivly) 'An-zi-piild.
nnreprieved adj, [also spelt unreprievdl An-zi'psiivd, {as-
sumptivly) 'An-ei-psiivd.
nnreserved adj. [also spelt unreservdl An-zi'zB:zvd, (^assump-
tivly) 'An-z:i-zB:zvd.
nnreservedly adv, An-?i'z8:z-vi-dh.
nnrestrained adj. [also spelt u:trestraind'\ An-3i'st£eend, {as-
sumptivly) 'An-z:i-stjeend.
nnrestrainedly adv. An-zri'stsee-ni-dh.
nnrevealed adj, [also spelt unrevealdl An-?i'viiM, {assump-
tivly) 'An-n-viild.
nnrighteons adj. (not righteous; evil) Aii'rai-tSds, iassump-
tivly) 'An-zai-tSas.
nnripe adj, An'zaip, (assumptivly) 'An-?aip.
nnrivaled adj. [also spelt unrivalled, unrivald} An'zai-v^d,
{assump tivly) 'An-rai-vald.
nnrnffled adj, An'zAfald, {assump tivly) 'An-?Afald.
nnrnly adj. AtiVou-h, {assump tivly) 'An-rou-h.
nnsafe adj. An'seef, {assumptivly) 'An-seef.
nnsaid adj. An'sed, {assumptivly) 'Ati-sed.
unsalable adj. [also spelt unsaleable^ An'see-ld-ba!, {assump-
tivly) 'An-see-labal.
nnsatisfactory adj. An-saetis'fakta-ei, An-saetis'faektji, {as- \
sumptivly) 'An-saetis-faekt3?i, 'An-saetis-faektji.
nnsavory adj. [also spelt unsavoury"] An'see-v?i, An'see-v3-ri,
{assumptivly) 'An-see-vzi, 'An-see-v3zi.
unscanned adj, [also spelt unscandl An'skxnd, (assumptivly)
'An-skaend.
nnscarred adj, [also spelt unscardi An'ska:?d, (assumptivly)
'An-skarz-d.
nnscatHed adj. An'skeedd, (assumptivly) 'An-skeedd.
i yCf Qcure; btKe, ^tK\ts.*,'s assure, dj/oy; ^shoCy tjc/tew;
wwhen; 13 singf; UY/VioeNex, Vxc^cx, Ki\\^, \jnsl\ooV ^^t^ us^^;
o poetic; 3 over, eoetiaV, K'ViuX., ^'.^oox, ';i^x^o, ^>ae^, ^^^^^^-^
\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 579
unsehooled adj. [also spelt unschoold} An'skould, (assutnp-
tivly) 'Ati-skould.
viiaeientific adj. An-sai-an'tifik.
uiuicratclied adj, [also spelt unscratcht} An'sksaetSt, (assutnp-
tivly) 'An-sksatjt.
imscrnpiilons adj, Ati'sk^ou-pgo-lss, {often) Ati'sksupgo-lds ;
(assumpHvly) 'An-sksou-pQo-las, 'An-sksupgolas.
unsealed adj. [also spelt unseald} An'siild, (assumptivly) 'ati-
siild.
nnseasoiiable adj. An'sii-zdns-bd}, An'sii-znd-bd), Ati'siiz-na-
bal, {assumptivly) 'An-sii-za-nabal, 'An-siiz-nabal.
nnseasoned adj. [also spelt unseasondl An'sii-zand, (assump-
tivly) 'An-sii-zand.
miaeconded adj, An'seksn-did, (assumptivly) 'An-sekdndid.
nnsecnred adj. An-si'kQo:?d, (assumptivly) 'An-'si-kgoird.
miaeeiiily adj. An'sii-mh, Ati'siim-h, (assumptivly) 'An-sii-
mh, 'An-siim-li.
viuieen adj, An'siin, (assumptivly) 'An-siin.
viisent adj. An'sent, (assumptivly) 'An-sent.
nnserved adj. [also spelt unservdl An'sB:?vd, (assumptivly)
'An-sB:z:vd.
unserviceable adj. [also spelt unservisablel An'sB:7-vis9-b9},
(assumptivly) 'An-sBi^-vi-sabal.
unset adj. An'set, (assumptivly) 'An-set.
unsettled adj. An'setld, (assumptivly) 'An-set)d.
unsevered adj. [also spelt unseverd'[ An'sevszd, (assump-
tivly) 'An-sev3?d.
unshaded adj. An'See-did, (assumptivly) 'An-See-did.
unshakable adj. [also spelt unshakeableli Ati'See-kd-bsl, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-See-kabal.
unshaken adj. An'See-kan, (assumptivly) 'An-See-kan.
unshapely adj. An'See-pti, (assumptivly) 'An-See-pLi.
unshaved adj. An'Seevd, (assumptivly) 'An-Jeevd.
unshelled adj. [also spelt unsheldi An'Jeld, (assumptivly)
'An-Seld.
unsheltered adj, [also spelt unshelterd'\ An'Seltdzd, (assump-
tivly) 'An-Seh3?d.
unshod adj. An'Jed, (assumptivly) 'An-Jed.
unshorn adj. An'Soirn, (assumptivly) 'An-So:?n.
unsightly adj. An'sai-ttr, (assumptivly) 'An-sai-tz-i.
unsized adj. Aii'saizd, (assumptivly) 'An-saizd.
unskilful adj. [also spelt unskillful'^ An'skilfsl, (assumptivly)
'An-skilfal.
c: law, s: f wr, a; cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: for, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (;) indicates that the pTece^\Ti^ ^o>axv^ ^"^ ^^"^^
stress-mark (') indicates chief 9tT^^^ qxv >i3l^^ i^>\o^^.Ti% '^^'^^^^^'
580 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
unskilled adj, [also spelt unskild} An'skitd, {assumptiily)
'Aii-skild.
mialacked adj. [also spelt unslacktl An'sLxkt, (assutnptivly)
'An-sz.aekt.
unslaked adj. An'sLeekt, {assumptivly) 'Ati-SLcekt; (also) An-
'si-aekt, (assumptivly) 'Aii-si-aekt.
nnsmircked adj. [also spelt unstnirchtl An'sMBi^tSt, (assump-
tivly) 'An-SMB:rtSt. .
unsocial adj. An'soo-^dl, (assumptivly) 'An-s30-$9}.
nnsold adj. An'soold, (assumptivly) 'An-soold.
unsolicited adj. An-sd'hsi-tid ; (assumptivly) 'An-s^-hsitid,
(rapidly) 'Anss-hstid.
unsolved adj. [also spelt unsolvd'\ An'selvd, (assumptivly)
'An-selvd.
unsopkisticated adj. An-sa'fisti-ketid, (assumptivly) 'An-S9-
fisti-ketid.
unsougkt adj. An'scit, (assumptivly) 'An-sc:t.
unsound adj^ An'saond, (assumptivly) 'An-saond.
unsoum adj. Ati'soon, (assumptivly) 'An-soon.
unsparing adj. An'spei-^irj, (assumptivly) 'An-spei-^iq.
unspeakable adj. An'spii-ka-bal, (assumptivly) 'An-spii-ksbsL
unspecified adj. An'spesi-faid, (assumptivly) 'An-spesi-faid.
unspent adj. An'spent, (assumptivly) 'An-spent.
unspilled adj. [synonymous cognate unspilfl An'spild, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-spild.
unspoiled adj. [also spelt unspoild'\ An'spei}d» (assumptivly)
'An-spoild.
unspoken adj. An'spoo-kan, (assumptivly) 'An-spDO-kan.
unspotted adj. An'spetid, (assumptivly) 'An-spetid.
unstable adj. An'stee-bal, (assumptivly) 'An-stee-bal.
unstained adj. [also spelt unstaindl An'steend, (assumptiv-
ly) 'An-steend.
unstamped adj. [also spelt unstampt'i An'staempt, (assump-
tivly) 'An-staempt.
unstarcked adj. [also spelt unstarchtl An'sta:2;tSt, (assump-
tivly) 'An-sta:rtSt.
nnsteadfast adj. [also spelt unstedfasti An'sted-fa:st, (as-
sumptivly) 'An-sted-fa:st.
unsteady adj. [also spelt unstedyl An'stedi, (assumptivly)
'AH-stedi.
unstinted adj. An'stintid, (assumptivly) 'An-stintid.
unstocked adj. [also spelt unstockt'\ An'stekt, (assumptivly)
'An-stekt.
j ye, Qcure; btKe, ^ tKvn.\ "s^Mte, d^/oy; I shoe, tlchew;
w when; 13 sinfif*, u-wYioevet, Vxc^cX, K^i-y^^, ws.\oo\, v\^^ \i^e;
op<7etic; a over, eoet\a\, k\>u\., "a-.^oox, ';i^^o, ^>ae^^ ^<^%^^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 581
vnstiidied adj, An'stAdid, {assumptivly) 'An-stAdid.
mumccessfnl adj. An-sak'sesfal, {assumptivly) 'Aii-sak-scsfal.
uiuiiirpassed adj. [also spelt unsurpasti An-S9z'pa:st» {as-
sumptivly) 'An-s3?-pa:st.
untlionslitfnl adj, An'0c:t-f3l, {assumptivly) 'An-0c:t-f3l.
until prep, (to ; unto ; up to : o^ time) An'til, {when less
strest) an'til, {anteriorly) 'Antil, 'Antl. compare till.
until conj. (up to the time that) An'til, an'til. compare till.
untilled adj. [also spelt untild} An'tild, {assumptivly) 'An-
tild.
untimely adj. An'tai-mh, An'taim-li, {assumptivly) 'An-tai-
mli, 'An-taim-li.
untiring; adj. An'tai-zriq, {assumptivly) 'An-tai-eiq.
unto prep, (to) 'Anto, {when less strest) 'Anta, {and, some-
times) An'to.
untold adj. An'toold, {assumptivly) 'An-toold.
untouched adj. [also spelt untoucht} An'tAtSt, {assumptivly)
'An-tAtSt.
untoivard adj. An'too-a^d, {assumptivly) 'An-tD:?d.
untrained adj. [also spelt untraindl An'tseend, {assump-
tivly) 'An-tjeend.
untrammeled adj. [also spelt untrammelled, untrammeldl
An'tjaemald, {assumptivly) 'An-tjaemald.
untraveled adj. [also spelt untravelled, untraveld} An-
'tjaevald, {assumptivly) 'An-tjaevald.
untried adj. An'tjaid, {assumptivly) 'An-tjaid.
untrodden adj. An't^edn, {assumptivly) 'An-t£edn.
untrue adj. An'tjou, {assumptivly) 'An-tjou.
untrustivortliy adj. An'tjAst-we^di, {assumptivly) 'An-tjASt-
untrutl&ful adj. An'tjou9-fal, {assumptivly) 'An-tjou9-fal.
unturned adj. [also spelt unturndl An'tB:?nd, {assumptivly)
'An-tB:?nd.
unused adj. (not employd) An'jouzd, {assumptivly) 'An-jouzd,
(unaccustomd ; not habituated: used before to) An'jous.
unusual adj. An'jou-3U-al, {assumptivly) 'An-jou-3U-al.
unitary adj. An'wei-zri, {assumptivly) 'An-we:-^i.
um^eighed adj. [also spelt unweighdl An'weed, {assumptivly)
'AU-weed.
uni^ell adj. An'wel, {assumptivly) 'An-wel.
unurieldy adj. An'wiil-di, {assumptivly) 'An-wiil-di.
unurilling adj. An'wihq, {assumptivly) 'An-wihrj.
unurise adj. An'waiz, {assumptivly) 'au-wqiz.
c: law, b: f «r, ae cat, e hot, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptectdva^ ^a>asA ts* V^xsj^n
Btreas-mark (') indicates chief stress on VIdl^ 5L^>\aHiYCk.^ «5'^^i^'fc-
582 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
un^Hshed adj. [also spelt unwishtl An'wi$t, (dssumpHvly)
'An-wijt.
vn^Htnessed adj, [also spelt unwitnest'\ An'witNist, {assump-
tivly) 'An-witNist.
nnivonted adj. An'wentid, (assumptivly) 'An-wentid.
univooed adj. [also spelt unwoodl AnVoud, (assumptivly)
'An-woud.
vnivorked adj. [also spelt unworkt'] An'wB:zkt, (assumptivly)
'An-wB:?kt.
rorldly adj. An'weteld-li, (assumptivly) 'An-WBizldAi.
adj. An'wDirn, (assumptivly) 'An-wD:rn.
nm^orthy adj. An'waie-di, (assumptivly) 'An-yrsiz-di.
nnivoiind adj. AnVoond, (assumptivly) 'An-waond.
nni^oiiiided adj. An'woun-did, (assumptivly) 'An-woun-did
nnnrritten adj. An';itn, (assumptivly) 'An-zitn.
mLiTronslit adj. An'rcit, (assumptivly) 'An-?c:t.
nnyieldins adj. An'jiil-dig, (assumptivly) 'An-jiiMn).
np adv., prep. Ap, (when unstrest) dp.
upas n. (tree; sap) 'juu-pds.
npcast adj. Ap'ka'st, (assumptivly) 'Ap-ka:st.
npher n. (pole) 'jou-fae; (less properly) 'Ap-hs:?.
nphill adj. 'Ap-hi!.
nphill adv. (upward, up) Ap'hil, (hy contrast) 'Ap-hit.
npliolster v. furnish with hangings; cover with cloth, cush-
ions, etc. [past participle and preterit upholstered, uphol-
sterdl Ap'hDol-star ; (less properly) s'pool-std?; (dialectally)
a'polstar, Ap'holsta?.
nphroe n. awning-support [also, sometimes, spelt euphroe,
uvroul 'jou-fso; (less properly) 'jou-vro, 'A-f^o.
nplift V. (lift up; raise) Aplift.
uplift n. (upheaval; raising; exaltation) 'Ap-lift.
upon prep, (up and on; on) a'pen, (when unstrest) pon, apan,
pan.
nprigHt adj., n,, adv. 'Ap-?ait, (also, formerly, and still, some-
times) ApVait.
nprigHtly adv. (in an upright manner) 'Ap-^ai-tti.
npriglitness n. 'Ap-^ait-nis.
nprise v. (rise up; get up; ascend) Ap'^aiz.
nprise n. (uprising; rise; advance) 'Ap-raiz, Ap'^aiz.
aprising n. (ascent; rebellion) 'Ap-?ai-ziq, Ap'rai-ziq.
nproar n. (tumult) 'ap-?d:?.
nproar v. (stir up; make an uproar) Ap'jorz:.
apset V. (overturn; overthrow; overcome) Ap'set.
j .ve. Qcure; btKe, ^ tUtv; 's^zMte, dj/oy; S *',or, tScAew;
wwhtn\ I) sing; uvjYvoeNtt, Kxc^cx, Ki\>i\, ^ns,\ooV X tis^*;
0 poetic; a over, coenaV, kV>u\., v.^oox, t^^x^o, ^.\ie^^ r.-^^Tt^.N
I
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 583
upset n. (an overturning) 'Ap-set, Ap'set.
upset adj. (set up; fixt; determind) 'Ap-set.
upsilon ». (Greek letter) 'joup-si-lan, (often) 'jupsi-ldn.
up-stairs adv, Ap'stexz, {sometimes) 9p'ste:zz.
up-stairs adj., n. 'Ap-ste:?z.
upupa n. (bird) 'jou-pQu-p9.
uranosraphy n. study of the fixt stars [synonymous cog-
nate ouranographyl joea'neg^a-fi.
urban adj, (of a city or town) 'siz-h^n.
urbane adj. (urban; polite; suave) e^'been.
urbanity n. (quality of being urbane) B?'baeni-ti.
urceolate adj. (pitcher-shaped) ^Bzsi-^Aet, 'B:?-si-9-}et.
urea n. (carbamide) 'jo:-ri-9; (erroneously) jo'^ii-3.
ureide n. compound of urea [also, sometimes, spelt ureidl
'jo:-ri-id, 'jo:-z:i-aid.
uremia n. retention of urea in the blood [also spelt uraemia"]
jo'?ii-mi-3.
ureter n. (duct in the kidney) joVii-ta?, 'jo:-?it3^, 'jo:-z:i-t3?.
urethra n. urine-duct [ploral urethrae"} jo'^ii-Gsa.
urine n. excrementitious fluid [also spelt urin"} 'ju:-?in.
urn n. (vase) 9:zn,
ursine adj. of a bear; arctoid [also, sometimes, spelt ursin"]
'B?sin, 'ars-sm, 'e^-sain, 'ei^-sam.
noun-pron, (objectiv of we) as, (when unstrest) as, s.
usable adj. capable of being used [also spelt useable^ 'jou-zs-
baf, 'juz3-b3l.
usage n. (act or mode of using; treatment; custom; locution)
'jou-sids, 'JDU-zids.
usance n. (time allowd by usage or custom for the payment
of bills of exchange drawn on a distant country) 'jou-zans.
use n. (employment; service; need; usage; ritual form) jous.
use V. (employ; treat; inure; frequent; be wont) jouz, (when
unstrest) juz,
used adj. (employd; treated) jouzd, (accustomd, habituated,
inured) jous, jouzd.
used V. (preterit of use) jous, jouzd.
usquebausb n. (liquor) 'Askwi-bc: .
ustion n. (burning) 'Ast^sn, 'A$t$3n.
usually adv. (in common use; habitual; ordinary) 'jou-3U-3-
h, (when less strest) 'juu-33-h, 'ju33-h, 'jusli.
usucaption n. (acquisition by possession) juzjoHcxpSdn.
usufruct n. (right of using and enjoying the property of
another) 'jou-zjo-f^Akt, 'jou-3Jo-f3Akt, 'jou-za-f^Akt.
c: low, b: fur, ae cot, e hot, ei hoy; a: for, go now, a: ask., c.vk.\\s.\
length-mark (:) indicates that t\ve pret^ditv^E. ^oaxv^. -v^ X^^^ln
Btreas-mark C) indicates chief stress on \\x^ i?k>\o^vcv^ «f^s^^^.
I
5a4 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
usurer n. (money-lender) 'jou-so-ea?, {often) 'ju53-^3r.
usurious adj, (practising usury; of usury) jo'soi-si-ds, jo'zjo:-
z:i-3S, jo'3Jo:-z:i-9s.
usurp V. seize and hold; assume [past participle and pret-
erit usurped, usurpt} jo'serrp, jo'zeiep.
Usurpatiou n. jusBzr'pee-San, juzezr'pee-Sdn.
usury n. (interest; practis of taking an exorbitant price for
the use of money) 'jou-30-?i, (often) 'ju59-ri, 'ju3Zi.
ntas n. (obsolete) octave of a festival; bustle, stir [also spelt
utass; synonymous cognates utis, utast^ 'jou-taes.
utensil n. (implement) jo'tensil, (also, formerly, and stiU,
sometimes) 'jou-tensil.
uterine adj. [also, sometimes, spelt uterin'] 'jou-td-rin, 'jou-
td-zain.
uterus n. womb [ploral utert] 'jou-t»-?3s, (often) 'juta-eas.
utile adj. useful [also, sometimes, spelt m/»7] 'jou-til, 'jou-tad.
utilization n. [also spelt utilisation^ jutih'zee-$3n, juti^ai-
'zee-Jan.
utilize V. [also spelt utilise} 'jou-ti-laiz, (often) 'juti-aiz.
utopist n. (Utopian, optimist) 'jou-ta-pist, jo'tDO-pist.
utter V. put forth; pronounce; deliver [past participle and
preterit uttered, utterdl 'Atar.
uva n. (fruit resembling a cluster of grapes) 'jou-V3.
uvula n. (body pendent from the soft palate at the back of
the mouth) 'jou-viu-la.
uzorial adj, (of a wife; uxorious) ag'zoi-ri-al, ak'so:-zi-3l
uxorious adj. (doting on a wife) 3g'zo:-?i-3s, 9k's3:-7i-9s.
Uzbeg n. member of a central Asian Turkish race [syneny-
mous cognates Usbeg, Usbekl 'Az-beg.
vacate v, (make vacant; annul) 'vee-ket, ve'keet, vaTceet.
vaccinate v. (inoculate with vaccin) 'vaeksi-net.
vaccine n. virus of vaccinia or cowpox [also, sometimes,
spelt vaccin} 'vaeksin, 'vaek-sain, 'vaek-sin.
vacillate v. (waver) 'vaesi-let,
vacuity n. (state of being vacuous; emptiness) vae'kQou-i-ti.
vacuum n. empty space; void [plural vacuums, vacua]
'vaekQu-3m.
vade-mecnm n. (manual, handbook) vee-di'mii-kam.
vagabondize v. wander like a vagabond [also spelt vagabon-
disc} 'vaega-ben-daiz.
j ye, (J cure*, ^tHe, ^ iVvW, "«j;5.a>r:^, ^'!>tQy; ^ shoe, tlcheyi',
u) when: t\ sinfii; u-wYioevtt, Vxc^^iX., ^^^^^ vi>a.\o?K, ^Aj^ VL^e;
0 poetic ; a over, e oerva\, K\iu\., ^•. e^oox, •;itiTio, ^.\^^, 'w.iyfcK.
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 585
n. sheath; passage between the vulva and the
uterus [ploral vaginae'} va'dsai-na, V3'd3ii-n3.
▼asiiial adj. (of or like a vagina or sheath) 'vaedsi-nl, va-
'dsai-nf.
yrtLgarj n. whim, freak [ploral vagariesi V3'ge:-ri; {improper-
ly) 'vee-g3-^i.
▼asrant adj. (wandering, roving) 'vce-g^ant, 'veeg-eant; {im-
properly) 'vaegrant.
▼agne adj. (uncertain, unclear) veeg.
vain adj. (useless; conceited) veen.
▼aingloriom adj, (boastful) veen'g}3:-;i-3s, {assumptivly)
Veen-gbr-ri-as.
▼alanoe n. damask [also spelt valence; synonymous cognates
valentia, Valencia! 'vce-lans, 'vaelans.
▼ale n, (valley) veel.
Vale inter j, (farewell; adieu) 'vee-H, 'vee-li.
▼alenoe n, (combining-capacity ; equivalence; valency) 'vee-
Idns.
Valendennei n. (lace) vs'lensinz, vs-lensi'enz, vd-legsi'enz,
va'lensi-anz, va'laeqsi-an, vaelan'sii-anz.
▼alentia n. [also spelt valencial va'lenjg, valenji-a ; valentja.
same meaning as valance,
▼alerian n. (plant) v^lr.-zi-^n.
▼alerio adj. (of valerian) va'le^ik, 'vaela-^ik.
▼alet n. (man-servant) 'vaeht, 'vaele, vae'lee; 'vaelat.
▼aletudinarian n. (invalid) vseh-tQudi'ne:-7i-3n.
Vallialla n. Hall of the Slain; temple of fame [synonymous
cognate Walhallal vaerhaela.
▼alise n. traveling-bag; portmanteau [also spelt vallise"] va-
liis, voliiz,
▼alkjrr n. one of the handmaidens of Odin [also spelt walkyr;
synonymous cognates valkyria, walkyrial 'vael-ki^.
▼alkyria n. vxl^iri-a. same meaning as valkyr.
▼alley w. depression between hills [ploral valleys'} 'vaeh.
▼alor n. bravery [also spelt valourl \xldz.
valuable adj. (of value; precious; worthy) 'vaefiu-a-bal,
{sometimes) 'vaelio-bal.
valve n,, v. 'vaelio.
valve n. door-leaf; flow-controller [also spelt valvl vaelv.
vaWed adj. having a valve [also spelt valvdl vaelvd.
vamoie v. (be off; be gone) va'moos, 'va:-mos.
n. (wethercock; web) veen.
n. [also spelt vangardi 'vaen-ga:?d.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, oi hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
len^h-mark (;) indicates that t\ie ptetei^iTv^ ^owxv\ \.^ X^^sskN
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress otv VVe iQ\V.o^vc^^ ^-^'^•siw^^*
586 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
▼anqmish v, conquer [past participle and preterit vanqwUk-
ed, vanquishtl 'vaeqkujiS ; {less properly) 'van-lcu)i$.
▼apid adj. (insipid) 'vaepid; {improperly) 'vee-pid.
▼apor n.,v. [also spelt vapour; as verb, vapored, vapordl
'vce-p3?.
▼aporisation n. [also spelt vaporisation'} vepari^zee-Ssn,
vepa-rai'zce-Jan.
vaporise v. [also spelt vaporise! \ee-p9-za1z,
▼apory adj. [also spelt vapoury} 'vce-p»-?i.
▼aquero n. (herdsman) yx'kei-zo.
▼areo n. (kelp) 'vae^sk.
▼aricooele n. (tumor composed of varicosed veins) 'vaenkd-
sil.
▼aricolored adj. of various colors; motley [also spelt vari-
coloured, varicolord} 'vei-ei-kAlaed.
▼aricoie adj. (of varix; varicated) 'vaeei-kos; {less properly)
've:-ri-kos.
▼ariesate v. (impart variety of color to) 've:-ri-3-get.
variety n. (diversity) V3'?ai-i-ti.
▼ariola n. (smallpox) va'eai-a-la; (improperly) vci-rf'oo-la.
▼arioloid ad/, (like variola or smallpox) 'vae;i-3-}eid, 've:-
sri-a-leid, 'va:-ri-a-leid, va'^ai-a-leid.
▼ariornm adj, (with notes of various persons) vei-ri'or-ram.
varioui ad;, (diverse; divers; changeable) 've:-ri-as, (jom^-
times) 've^jas.
variz n. dilated vein [ploral varices} 've:-riks.
▼ariity n. 'va?si-ti, etc. same meaning as university.
▼artabed n. one of an order of priestly teachers in the Ar-
menian Church [synonymous cognates vartabet, vartabad]
'va?ta-bed, 'va:?-t3-bed.
varveled adj. having varvels on [also spelt varvelled, var-
veld; synonymous cognate verveled} 'vare-vald.
▼arveli n,pl. rings for the legs of a hunting-hawk [synony-
mous cognate vervels} 'va:?-v3lz.
▼aie n. (hollow vessel, etc.) vees, va:z, veez.
vaieline n. (petrolatum) 'vaesi-Hn, 'vaesi-hn.
vaie-ihaped adj. veeS-Jeept, 'va:3-Seept, 'vees-Jeept.
▼aiifomi adj. (tubular) 'vaesi-f o:?m ; {less properly) 'vce-si-
forsrm, 'va:-zi-fo:?m, 'vee-zi-fo:?m.
vast adj, (immense; very great) va:st.
vaticinate v, (prophesy) va'tisi-net.
vaudeville n. (light song or drama) 'vood-vil, 'vood-vil;
{less properly) 'voo-da-vil, 'voo-da-vil, 'vc:-d3-vil.
JK» <jcure*, btHe, Q t\\\xv\ -s^sAat^, ^-b^^^N ^sfcoe, tSrAew;
w when: n sing; u-wYvoe^w, \tc^c\., xii-^^, \3>>a.\oc\, ^.kv v^iav,
o poetic; Dover, eaetiaV kV^uX., ^-.^oot, ^^two, ^\.ees., ^^^yfi«.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 587
vaunt v., n. (brag) vc:nt, va:nt, va:nt.
▼avaior n. vassal [synonymous cognates vavasour, vavassor,
valvasorl 'vaeva-sa?.
Veda n. (Hindu scripture) 'vee-da, 'vii-da.
▼esa n. (tract of low ground) 'vee-ga.
▼esetable adj., n. 'vedsita-bal, {rapidly) 'vcdsta-bal ; (assump-
tivly) 'vedsi-tabal, 'vedstabal.
▼esetal adj, (of plants; vegetable) 'vcdsi-tl.
vegetative adj. growing as plants; unprogressiv [also spelt
vegetative 'vedsi-tetiv.
vesetive adj, {obsolete) vegetativ [also spelt vegetiv'\ 'veds-
i-tiv.
vehemence n. (ardor, etc.) Vii-i-mdns, 'vii-hi-mdns.
vehement adj. 'vii-i-msnt, 'vii-hi-msnt.
vehicle n. (conveyance) 'vii-i-kal, 'vii-hi-kal.
vehicular adj. (of a vehicle) vi'hikgo-lae, vi'ikgo-lae.
vehme n. 'fce-ms. same meaning as vehmgericht.
vehmgericht n. former German tribunal; vehme [also, some-
times, spelt fehtngericht; ploral vehmgerichtel 'feem-ga-
zikt.
vehmio adj. of the vehme [also, sometimes, spelt fehmici
'fee-mik, 'vee-mik, 'vii-mik.
veil n. head-dress, etc. [also, formerly, spelt vaill veel.
vein «. (blood-vessel) veen.
veinoui adj. (veiny, venous; veind) 'vee-nas; {erroneously)
'vii-nas.
velar adj. (of the velum or veil) 'vii-la?.
veldt «. grass country [also spelt veldl velt, felt.
velleity n. (weak volition) va'hi-i-ti.
vellum n, (calfskin, etc.) 'velam.
veloce adv. (rapidly; presto) vi'loo-t^i.
velocipede «. (old-style bicycle, etc.) vilesi-pid.
velum n. veil [ploral velal 'vii-lam.
velvet n. silk fabric [synonymous cognates vellet, vellutel
'velvit.
venal adj, (mercenary) 'vii-nl, 'vii-nal.
venary adj. (of hunting) 'vena-zri. compare venery.
vendace n. whitefish [also spelt vendisi 'vendis.
vender n. one who vends or sells [also spelt vendorl 'vendar.
vendible adj. (salable) 'venda-bal.
vendor n, (in law, correlativ of vendee) 'vendae, 'ven-dor,
ven'do:?.
vendue n. (public auction) ven'djou, 'ven-dju.
c: lew, b: f Mr, ae cat, o hot, oi boy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark {:) indicates that tKe pTeced\Tv\!, ^Q>ycA \^ Vjrwv>
Btress-mark (') indicates chief stress on >i3t^^ i^'^^o^vcvsL 's^'^'^w^^
588 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
venerable adj, 'vcnaea-bal, (rapidly) 'vcnra-bal; (assumpiic'
ly) 'vena-eabal, 'veneabal.
▼enery n. (hunting) 'vcna-ri.
▼enery n. (coition) 'vena-zri.
vengeance n. (retaliation) 'vendssns.
venial adj, (pardonable; excusable) 'vii-ni-d}; (less properly)
'vii-njal.
▼enison n. (deer-meat) 'veni-zan, 'vcnzan, 'veni-san.
venoie adj. (veiny) vi'noos, (assumptivly) 'vii-nos; (also, less
properly) 'vii-noz.
▼enom adj. (of veins; veind; venose) 'vii-nas.
ventriloqnial adj. (of ventriloquism) ventsiloo-kiui-al.
ventriloquism n. (art of speaking so that the voice appears
to come from some other source than the speaker) ven'tiila-
kwizdm.
ventriloquize v, [also spelt ventriloquise'} ven'tsild-kioaiz.
venne n. coming; hit, bout [also spelt venew; synonymous
cognates veney, venny, veniel 'venjo, 'vc-nju.
veraoioni adj. (truthful) vs'ree-Sds.
veracity n. (truthfulness) va'?aesi-ti.
veranda n. portico, piazza [also spelt verandah} vd'^snds.
veratrine n. alkaloid [also, sometimes, spelt veratrin} vsVee-
tjin, 'vesra-tjin, 'vera-tjain.
verbalize v, [also spelt verbalise} 'veir-ba-laiz.
verbatim adv, (word-for-word) VB?'bee-tim; (improperly)
VB^'baetim.
verbiage n. (wordiness, verbosity) 'veij-bi-ids.
verboie adj, (wordy; prolix) vB^'boos.
verboiity n. (quality of being verbose) vB^'besi-ti.
verd-antiqne n. (ophicalcite) vB:?d-xn'tiik.
verdigprii n. (green mixture of copper acetates) 'vB:e-di-
gris, 'vBie-di-gzris.
verdure n. (greenness; green vegetation) 'vB^dsar, 'vBir-dsar,
dsa?, 'vB:8r-d33?. J
verein n. (union, society) fa'eain.
verger n, (one who carries a verge, or staff of office) 'vbt-
veriest adj. (most true; truest) 've?i-ist.
verifiable adj. 'veri-fai-a-bal, (sometimes) veri'fai-a-bal.
verisimilitude n. (probability) vensi'mih-tgud.
verjuice n. (acid liquor from crab-apples) 'vBi^-dsous.
vermeil n. (vermilion) 'vsrr-mil. }
vermicelli n. (fine worm-like or thread-like food made of
j yt, <jcure', btKe, ^tK\tv; "s^smt^, d^l'oy; \shoe, tSrfcew;
vo whtn\ r\ sing; u'wVvoevw, Kxe^cX, xii^i^, \3i>\\oo\, ^VV vw%e«\
o poetic- 3 over, e oetiaX, kV^uX, ^-.^oot, ^^t.o, ^X^e^i., ^^^^^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 589
the same materials as macaroni and spaghetti) vB?mx'seh,
VBrmi'tSeh.
▼ermifiise n. (medicin for expelling intestinal worms) Wbiz-
mi-fguds.
▼ermilion n. (worm-dye; cinnabar; red pigment) ve^'mitisn.
▼ermutli n. cordial made of wine, wormwood, etc. [also
spelt vermouthl 'vBiJ-muO, 'vce-muO.
▼ersatile adj. turning easily; many-sided [also, sometimes,
spelt versatile 'vezrsa-tl, 'vB?sa-til, 'vB?sa-tail; (also) \b:z-
S3-t}, etc.; (rapidly, often) 'vBzrstl.
▼eried adj. conversant [also spelt versti vBxst.
▼ersioolor adj. party-colord [also spelt versicolourl 'vBzrsi-
▼ersion n. (change; translation; account; turning, etc.)
'vB^S^n* 'vB:?-San, 'vBX-san.
▼erst n. measure [also spelt werst) vB:?st.
vertebra n. segment of the backbone [ploral vertebrael
'vBrti-b^a.
vertebrae n, (ploral of vertebra) 'vBrti-b?i.
vertebral adj., n. 'vBrti-beal.
vertebrate adj. (having vertebrae) 'vBrti-b?3t, 'vBrti-bzret.
vertex n. apex, top [ploral vertexes, vertices'] 'vBZ-teks.
vertices n. (ploral of vertex) 'verti-siz.
verticil n. whorl [also spelt verticell 'vBrti-sal.
verticillate adj, (whorld) vBs'tisi-let, vs^ti'silet.
vertigo n, (dizziness) 'vB?ti-go, vse'tai-go, vszr'tii-go,
n. enthusiasm [also spelt verv"] v%:zv.
adj» (true, real, etc.) 'vezri.
adv. (truly; exceedingly) 've?i, (when less sir est) 'v3?i.
vesica n. bladder; vesicle [ploral vesicael vi'sai-ks.
vesicatory adjm (vesicant, blistering; epispastic) 'vesiks-tozi,
vi'sik3-t3?i.
vessel n. (holding-utensil; ship; duct) Vessl, 'vesl.
vestal adj, (of Vesta) 'vestl, 'vestal.
vestige n. (footprint; trace) 'vestids.
vestnre n. (garments; envelop) 'vestja?, 've^tSa?, 'vestgasr.
vesmvin n. bismuth brown [also spelt vesuvine"] vi'sgou-vin.
veterinary n. (of domestic animals) 'veta?i-ne^i, 'vetaei-
na^i; (rapidly) 'vetji-neei, 'vetji-nari.
vex V, fret, annoy, etc. [past participle and preterit vexed,
vextj vcks.
via prep, by way of; thru [also spelt viaj 'vai-a, 'vii-a.
vial n. bottle [synonymous cognate phialj 'vai-al.
c: law, b: fur, ae cat, e hot, ei boy ; a: for, ao now, a: osk, ai kite ;
length-mark (;) indicates that tVve ptece^iTv^ ^wvtA. -«» ^^"^^
stress-mark (') indicates chief stress on \\i^ i^J^^n^vsv^, ^f^sS^Sifc-
590 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS '
▼ial V. put or keep in a vial [synonymous cognate phial]
present participle vialing, vialling; past participle and pret-
erit vialed, vialled, vialdl 'vai-sl.
vibratile adj. vibratory [also, sometimes, spelt vibratil} 'vti-
b73-ti}, 'vai-te3-tail.
vibratorj adj, (of vibration; vibrativ) 'vai-bsrs-taei.
▼ioar n. (substitute; assistant bishop) 'vikd?.
vioarial adj, (vicarious; substituted; of a vicar) vailce:-
vioe n. (fault; depravity) vais.
vioe prep, (in place of) 'vai-si.
▼ioe-admiral n. vais^aedrnd-^sl, (anteriorly, as a title) Vais-
aedmd^dl, 'vais-aedm;?!.
vioe-conavl n. vaislcenssl, {anteriorly, as a title) 'vais-
kensdl.
vicegerent n. (deputy; vicar) vais'd5i:-?9nt.
rioenary adj. (of twenty) 'visi-nen, 'vai-si-ne?!.
vicennial adj. (of twenty years) vai'seni-dl.
vice-president n. vais'psezi-dnt, (anteriorly, as a title)
'vais-psezi-dnt, (rapidly) 'vais-psczdnt.
viceroy n. (vice-king) 'vais-rei; (improperly) 'via-zei,
vice versa adv. (the order being changed) vai-si^VBssd; (im-
properly) vais'vB^sa.
Vichy n. (water) 'viji.
vicinage n. (neighborhood) 'visi-nids.
vicinal adj. (near) 'visi-nl, vi'sai-nl.
vicinity n. (proximity; neighborhood) vi'sini-ti.
viciosity n. viciousness [also spelt vitiosityl viji^esi-ti.
vicious adj. (faulty; addicted to vice; bad) 'vijas.
vicissitude n. (alternation; mutation) vi'sisi-tgud.
victimize V. [also spelt victimisel 'vikti-maiz.
victorine n. (tippet) 'vikta-^in, viktaViin.
victory n. (triumph, etc.) 'vikta-n, (rapidly) 'viktji.
victual V. supply with victuals or food [present participle J
victualing, victualling; past participle and preterit victualed,
victualled, victualdl 'vitl.
victnaler n. [also spelt victuallerl 'vitl-az.
vicnfia n. camel-like mammal of South America [also spelt
vicugna; synonymous cognates vigonia, vigunal vi'kgou-nja.
videlicet adv. (to wit; that is; namely; viz.) vi'deh-sdt.
vie V. (strive; rival) vai.
vie'w V. see; regard [past participle and preterit viewed,
vicwdl viou.
j ye, 5 cure; bthe, Q tVv\Tv\ -s^nAax^, ^"bw; W*oe, tScfcew;
w when: n sino; Ai"w\voe>jeT, \tc^cx, ^\>i\, wx\ocX^\.V ^^e; ,
o poetic; a over, e aeiiaX, k\>u\, -:>•. ^oot, t.^T.0, ^\.eei., ^^^* S^
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 591
▼isil M* (wakefulness; watch) 'vidsiL
risnette n. (ornament of vine-leaves; cut; portrait of the
head) vi'njct, vin'jet, 'vi-njet, vi'net.
risor n. strength, etc. [also spelt vigour'} 'vigor.
rikins n. sea-robber; rover [synonymous cognate wiking'\
'vai-kig; (less properly) 'vii-kig, 'vikiq.
▼illfier n. (one who vilifies; defamer) 'vih-fai-ar.
Tllla n. (country-seat) 'vila.
Tillage n. (very small town) 'vihds.
Tillain n. feudal serf; boor; rascal [also, archaically, in le-
gal and historical use, spelt villein'] 'vihn.
▼illainase n. (condition of a villain or peasant) Vih-nids.
compare villenage.
Tillainlse v. [synonymous cognate villanisel 'vili-naiz.
Tillainoiis adj. of a villain; vile [also, archaically, spelt vil-
lenous; synonymous cognate villanous} 'vih-nas.
Tillainy n. depravity; crime [synonymous cognate viUany"}
'vih-ni.
Tillenage n. tenure of lands by menial service [also spelt
villeinage; synonymous cognate villanagel 'vili-nids.
Tinaoeoui adj, (of wine) vai'nee-Jds, vi'nee-Sss.
rinaigrette n. (drug-box; smelling-bottle) vini'gret.
▼indicative adj, tending to vindicate [also spelt vindicativl
'vindi-ketiv, vin'dika-tiv.
▼indioatorj adj. (justificatory; punitory) 'vindika-tori,
'vindika-tari.
▼inflictive adj. revengeful [also spelt vindictivl vin'diktiv.
▼inesa' n, (sourd wine; dilute acetic acid) 'vini-gar.
▼inerj n. (greenhouse for growing grapes; vines collectivly)
'vai-na-ri.
vineyard n. grape-vine plantation [also, formerly, spelt vin-
yardl 'vinjard,
vinst-et-un n. (card-game) vaente'Ag.
vinous adj. (full of wine; winy) 'vai-nas.
vintage n. (grape-harvest; wine) 'vintids.
viol n. (musical instrument) 'vai-sl.
viola n. (viol) 'vai-a-la, vi'oo-la, 'vii-a-la.
violence n. (state of being violent; outrage) 'vai-a-lans.
violet n. (plant; color) 'vai-a-lat.
violin n. (musical instrument) vai-dlin.
violin n. (emetic substance) 'vai-a-lin.
violoncello n. (modem viola da gamba) vi-a-lon'tSelo, vai-3-
len'seb, vai-a-len'tSelo, vi-a-len'selo. ^
c: law, b: f «r, ae cot, o hot, oi hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
Ungth'znark (:) indicates that tVve ptece^itv^ %wxtA v& '^^'^^
streaa-mark (') indicates chief stress otv V\vt i^^^^vw^ ^Svca>c^^
592 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
viperine adj. viper-like [also, sometimes, spelt viperin\ 'vai-
pa-rin, 'vai-p3-?ain.
Tirago n. (mannish woman) vai'zee-go, vi'zee-go.
virelay n. (form of poem) 'vKi-le.
vireo n. (bird) 'vin-o.
vireicence n. (greenness) vai'^essns, vxVessns.
Virgiliaa adj, of Virgil [also spelt Vergiliani vae'dsiH-an.
virgin n. (pure maid, etc.) 'veedsin, 'vB:?-d5in.
virideicence n. (greenishness) vi?i'des9ns.
virile adj. of a man; strong [also, sometimes, spelt vir%l\
'vi^il, 'vai-3il, 'vi-?ail.
virility n. (manhood; vigor) vi'eih-ti, vai'^ih-ti.
virtu n, virtue; value as a rarity, etc. [synonymous cognate
vertui vi^'tou, VBj'tou, 'viizr-tu, 'vee-tu.
virtue n. (goodness; chastity; power) 'vB^tSo, 'vsrr-tjo;
'vB^tQO, 'vB:?-tQo.
virtuoio n. one who excels, as in an art [ploral virtuosos,
virtuostl vB^tSu'oo-so, VB^tgu'oo-so.
virulence n. (quality of being virulent or poisonous; rancor)
'vizra-lans, 'viejo-lans.
visage n. (face) 'vizids.
visa n., v. 'vii-zs. same meaning as visS,
vis-i-vis adv. (face to face) viza'vii, viza'vii, 'vii-za-vii.
viscaclia n. rodent [synonymous cognates vizcacha, biscacha,
hizcacha, vischacha, vishatchal vis'kaetja.
viscera n. (ploral of viscus) 'visa-?3.
viscid adj. (sticky) 'visid.
viscount n. (deputy of a count; noble ranking next below
an earl) Vai-kaont.
vise n. holding-device [also spelt vicel vais.
vis6 n., V, indorsement [synonymous cognate visa"] vi'zee.
visible adj. (capable of being seen) 'vizd-bdl, (assumptivly)
'vizabal.
visie n. scrutinizing look; aim [also spelt vizie, vizy"} 'vizi.
vision n. (sight, etc.) 'visan.
visualize v. [also spelt visualisel 'vi3U-a-laiz, 'vi3Ju-3-laiz.
vitality n. (vital force; life) vai'taeh-ti.
vitalize v, [also spelt vitalisel 'vai-tl-aiz.
vitellary adj. (of the vitellus or yolk; vitellin) 'vita-lcei,
'vai-t3-le?i.
vitellin n. (yolk-substance) vi'tehn, vai'tehn, 'vita-hn.
vitelline adj, of or like vitellus or yolk [also spelt vitellini
vi'tehn, vrfi'tehn.
j ye, gcure; bthe, ^ tViKtv-, ^^s\rc^, ^-b^^^N ^skoe^ t^ chew;
w when : n sina; u-wVvoevet^ \Tc;jLe\, jiiuW, wv.^.ooV ^.vv <x'9.tt%
o poetic; a over, e oetia\, K\>ut, ^-.^oox, t>oT.o, ^\.<A. ^^^^^^n
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 593
▼itiate v. (render vicious) 'viji-et.
ritreoms adj, (glassy) 'vitji-as.
ritriol n. (sulfuric acid, etc.) 'vitji-al; {improperly) 'vitjal.
Tituline adj. of or like a calf [also, sometimes, spelt vittilinl
'vitgo-lin, 'vitgo-lain.
▼itnperate v. (abuse verbally) vai'tgou-pa-zet ; (Jess properly)
vi'tgou-pa-eet.
▼iva inter j. (long live) 'vii-v3.
rivaoe adj, (in music, lively) vi'va:-tSi.
▼ivaoioiui adj. (long-lived; lively) vai'vce-Sas, vi'vce-S»s.
▼ivaoity n. (liveliness) vai'vaesi-ti, vi'vaesi-ti.
▼iTarinm n. zoological park; vivary [ploral vivariums, viva-
rial vai'vc:-3i-3m, vi'ver-ei-am.
▼ivary n. (vivarium) 'viva-ei, 'vai-v3-?i.
riva voee adv. (by word of mouth) vai-vd'voo-si.
vive inter j, (long live) viiv.
rlTenine adj. of the ferrets, etc. [also spelt viverrini vai-
'vcrin,
▼iviparoms adj, (bearing offspring which are alive at birth)
vai'vip3-^3S.
▼im. adv, (videlicet) 'nee-mh, 'neem-h.
▼imier n. vi'zi:?; {less properly) 'vizjae, 'vizi -3?. same mean-
ing as vizir,
▼imir n. title of chief minister of state, etc., in Mohammedan
countries [synonymous cognates visier, visier'\ vi'ziczr.
▼imor If. mask ; front of a helmet or cap [also spelt visorl 'vai-
zsr, Viz97.
▼ooable n. (word, term, name) Voo-ks-b^}.
▼ooalisation n. [also spelt vocaHsation"] vokdli'zee-Ssn, voks-
lai'zee-Sdn.
▼ooalise V. [also spelt vocalise"} 'voo-ks-laiz.
▼ooiile n. (faint voice-sound) 've-kgul, vo'kgotrf.
vodka n. (Russian whisky or brandy) 'vedkd, 'vood-ks.
▼osue n. (fashion, etc.) voog.
▼oivode n. general, etc. [synonymous cognates vaivode, vay-
vode, waiwode, waywode, waivodel 'voi-vod.
▼olaat adj. (flying) 'voo-lant; {less properly) 'volant.
Volapiik adj. vols'piik, {assumptivly) 'vols-pik; {also, less
properly) 'vola-pguk.
VolapillL n. (world-speech) vola'piik; {less properly) 'vola-
P9uk.
volatile adj. flying; evaporating quickly; gay [also, some-
times, spelt volatill 'vela-tl, 'vola-til, 'vola-tail.
c: law, b: f Mr, ae cat, o hot, oi hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark {:) indicates that tVve pxece^xfttt ^wxcA v^ Vi?cw'V'»
Btress-mark C) indicates chief stress on >i!iit l^>\Qwvwst «i^^'^»^
594 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
volatilisation n. [also spelt volatilisation'} veidtl-i'zee-S^B,
velati-lai'zee-Sdn.
volatilise v. cause to evaporate; become volatil [also spelt
volatilisel 'veldtl-aiz, 'velati-laiz.
volcanic adj, (of volcanos) vellcsenik.
voloanism n. (doctrin or phenomena of volcanos; vulcanism)
'velka-nizam.
volcano n. erupting mountain [ploral volcanoes, volcanos]
vel'kee-no.
volitive adj, having the power to will; of the will; express-
ing a wish [also spelt volitivl 'veh-tiv.
volley n. flight of missils; explosiv burst [ploral volleys}
'veh.
volt n. (round tread; leap) voolt.
volt n. (unit of electromotiv force) vDolt; (improperly) velt.
volume n. (roll; book; solid contents) 'veligm, 'veliom, 've-
lium.
volnminons adj. (of great volume or bulk; prolix) vdliou-
mi-nas, (dialectally) va'lou-mi-nas.
voluntarily adv. (freely) 'velan-tesi-h, (anteriorly) 'velan-
tezih; (sometimes) velan'teri-h.
volnte n. (spiral scroll; shell) vsliout.
volute adj, (rolled up) va'liout.
voracious adj. (greedy) va'zee-Jas.
vortex n, whirl of fluid; gyratory motion [ploral vortices,
vortexes} 'ye:?-teks.
vonlge n. (long-handled weapon) VOU3.
vo'wel V. provide with vowels [present participle voweling,
vowelling; past participle and preterit voweled, vowelled,
voweld} 'vau-al.
voyage n,, v, (journey, etc.) 'vei-ids, voids.
vulcanization n. [also spelt vulcanisation} vAlksni'zee-Sdn,
vAlka-nai'zee-San.
vulcanize v. treat with sulfur, etc. [also spelt vulcanise}
'vAlka-naiz.
vulgarization n. [also spelt vulgarisation} vAlgd^i'zee-S^ni
vAlg3-?ai'zee-San.
vulgarize v. [also spelt vulgarise} 'vAlga-^aiz.
vulpine adj, of a fox [also, sometimes, spelt vulpin} 'vaI-
pain, 'vAlpin.
vulturine adj. vulture-like; of a vulture [also, sometimes,
spelt vuUurin} 'vAltSa-?in, 'vAltQD-^in, 'vAltSa-^ain.
vying adj. (competing) 'vai-iq.
} yt, Qcure; btke, QtK\tv\ 's^.sMte, d^foy; S ^^oe, tScAew;
w when: n sing; u^\voevw, ixc^cx, xji^JOi, wv.\qoV x\V ^v«c«;
o poetic; a over. eoena.V K\iut, v.^ot, ^^tio, ^\«^. ^^^*.^n
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 595
grabble v. rock; vacillate [also spelt wobble'\ 'webdl.
"Wtid n. (bundle, bunch) wed.
irad n. bog-manganese [also spelt wadcfl wed.
"waddle v.^ n. (toddle) 'wedl.
iradi n. watercourse [also spelt wadyl 'wedi.
iradset n. mortgage [also spelt wadsett'\ 'wed-set.
"wait V. (bear as thru water or air; float) wa:ft, wa:ft, wx:ft.
'waeon n. four-wheeld vehicle; wain; car; tool [also, espe-
cially in Britain, spelt waggoni 'waegan; (dialectally) 'waegq.
waeonase n. [also spelt waggonagel 'waega-nids.
"wasoner n. [also spelt waggonerl 'waegs-nd?.
wasonette n. [also spelt waggonette, wagonetl wsegs'net.
Wababi n. follower of Abd-el-Wahhab [also spelt fVahabee'}
wa'ha:-bi.
irail v., n. moan [past participle and preterit wailed, waildl
weel.
iFainient v. (obsolete) lament, wail [also spelt wayment}
'wee-mant.
'wainmeot n, (paneling) 'ween-sket, 'ween-skat; (improperly)
'weenz-koot.
-wainscotins n. [also spelt wainscottingi 'ween-sketu),
'ween-ska-tiq.
'viraiit n. (part of the body; garment) weest.
iv^aiitooat n. (garment) 'wees-kot, 'wee-skot; 'weskat; 'weest-
koot; 'wes-kot, 'we-skot.
'viraive v. relinquish [past participle and preterit waived,
waivdl weev.
"Waldeiuies n.pL (followers of Peter Waldo; Waldensians)
wet'den-siz, 'weMsn-siz.
"wale n. (ridge; streak; swelling) weel.
"Walballa n. wal'ha:-t3, wcrhsels, wx}'hx}3, vxl'haeld. same
meaning as Valhalla.
iralk v.,n. step, etc. [past participle and preterit walked,
walktl wc:k.
"Wallaob n. Rumanian [also spelt Wallack, Walachi 'welak.
Wallaobian adj. of Wallachia; Vlach [also spelt Walach-
iani walee-ki-an, wa'laeki-an, walaekgan.
trailed adj. having a wall; fortified [also spelt waldl wc:}d.
iralled adj, having a defect in color : said of an eye [also
spelt waldl world.
i^allet n. (bag; pocketbook) 'welit.
iralleye n. (eye-disease) 'wc:l-ai.
"wall-eyed adj. 'wc:l-aid.
c: \aw^ b: fur, se cat, e h<7t, ei hoy ; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte ;
length-mark (;) indicates that the pteceditv^ ?»q>\tv\ \^ \wv^\
stress-mark () indicates chief stress on V3ki^ i«>>\^^va% 'sf^sS^^,
I
5% DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
wallop V. boil; gallop [past participle and preterit walloppei,
wallopt] Velsp
wallop V, thrash [past participle and preterit walloped, wol-
lopt] 'welap.
walloper n. (slang) one who or that which wallops or drubt
[also spelt wolloper} 'wels-pd?.
wallow V. roll, etc. [past participle and preterit wallawei,
wallowdli 'woId.
walnut n. (nut; tree) 'wc:}-n3t, 'welnst.
iralmi n. (seal-like mammal) 'wc:}-2:9s, 'vrelz^s.
iralts v., n. (dance) wc:}ts ; (dialectally) welts, wels. (
irampum n. (shell beads used by the Amerindians as moiM^i
etc.) 'wempam, 'wc:m-p3m.
wan adj. (dark; pallid; sickly of hue) wen.
i^and n. (rod) wend.
wander v. roam; stray [past participle and preterit wan-
dered, wanderdi 'wendar.
wandering adj., n. (roaming, journeying) Vendd-^ii), {rapU-
ly) 'wendriq.
iranion n. {obsolete) bad luck, etc. [also spelt wannion\ syn-
onymous cegnate wenion\ 'wani-an.
irannish adj. (somewhat wan; pale) 'weni$.
irant v. (lack; need; desire) we:nt, {when less sirest) went,
wen; {also, dialectally) wc:nt, went, wen.
want n. (lack, etc.) we:nt; {dialectally) wc:nt.
wanton adj, (wild, loose, etc.) 'wentan.
wap V, strike, drub [past participle and preterit wapped,
wapti wep.
wap n. bale; shroud-topper; pendant [also spelt wapp, wop]
wep.
iFapensliaiiir n. show of persons under arms [also spelt wap-
penshaw; synonymous cegnates wapinschaw, wappinschaw]
'wep3n-Se: .
irapentake n. (division of a shire) 'wepan-teek; {less Prop-
erly) 'wee-pan-teek, 'waepan-teek.
wapiti n. stag, elk [also spelt wappiti, wapite, wappitel 'wepi-
ti ; {less properly) 'waepi-ti.
wappato n. tuber [synonymous cegnate wapatoo"] 'wepa-to;
{less properly) 'waepa-to.
mrar n., v, fight, etc. [past participle and preterit warred,
wardl weizr; {dialectally) we:e.
warble v, (carol, sing) 'we:e-b3l.
mrard v., n. (guard) weizd.
j ye, gcure; bthe, Qthin; sa^ure, d$joy; S shoe, tj cfcew;
wwhen', ijsing*, u'wVioeve.x, ixc^^x., xilvJi, ^^3LfooK n't, iise^;
o poetic; a over, eoetiaX, k\)uV, t^-.^oox, -^i^ix^o^ ^\ke^, -tfe^ys^stv
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 597
y n. (merchandise; goods) we:z.
ly adj. (in a wary manner) 'vrzi-ziAi ; (erroneously) 'we:-
I.
n V. heat [past participle and preterit warmed, warmdl
zm.
n-blooded adj. we:7m'blAdid, (assumptivly) 'vreizm-
did.
& V, caution [past participle and preterit warned, wamd}
zn.
» V. weave; contort {past participle and preterit warped,
'pfl we:?p.
>aadice n. warranty [also spelt warrandise'\ 'wossn-dis.
*aater n, (one who warrants) 'wesrsn-tdz.
■antee n. (one to whom a warranty is given) werdn'tii.
>antiie n._.v. obsolete [also spelt warrantise^ Ve?9n-tiz.
'aator n. (one who warrants : correlativ of. warrantee)
Z9n-t^z,
■anty n. (authority; warrant) 'we?3n-ti.
rlop n. (soldier, etc.) 'weei-ae, 'vfezJ9z.
; n. (verruca) we:rt.
r ady. (cautious) 'wc:-3i; (erroneously) 'wei-zi, 'wc:-ei.
v. (substitutiv preterit of 6^) wez, (when unstrest) waz;
ro, dialectally) waz.
& V. scrub, cleanse, lave [past participle and preterit
;hed, washtl weS.
I If. (insect) wesp.
tail n.,v. toast, drink, etc. [also spelt wasset\ 'we-sel,
89}, 'wesil.
; V. (second person singular of was', wert) west, (when
irest) wast.
« ad/, (desert; unused) weest.
e n. (desert; loss; refuse) weest.
» r. (destroy; consume; spend) weest.
ih n., V. guard, etc. [past participle and preterit watched,
chtli wets.
IP n,,v, [as verb, past participle and preterit watered,
■erd'\ 'wc:-t3?; (dialectally) 'wetae.
ipy arf/. 'wc:-ta-?i, (rapidly) 'wc:-tji.
1 n. (electric unit) wet.
le n. hurdle; rod; fleshy lobe [dialectal synen3rmous ceg-
e waddle"] 'wetl.
I V. cry as a cat; squall [also spelt wawll wc:l.
I V. (undulate) wcev.
, s: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei bo^f ; a: far, ao nan;, a: ask^ aik'Ctev
i-mark (;) indicates that tlie pTeceA.\tvv; ^Q>asA -» VirMk\
■mark C) indicates chief stress on ^i)a^ iQ^crwva.% «f\"3iw^^'
598 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
V€
wavey n. snow-goose [also spelt wavy; plural waveys, zc^ivietl
'wc:-vi. I ,
wavy adj, (full of waves; waving; waved) 'wee-vi. I ^^
igiray n. (path; mode) wee, {when unstrest) we.
mraylay v. lie in wait for in the way [past participle and pret<
erit waylatdl wee'lee, 'wee-lee.
ire noun-pron, pi. wii, {when unstrest) v/i, wi,
weak adj. (yielding; not strong) wiik.
iv^eal n. (wealth; well-being) wiil.
ireald n. (open country; wold) wiild.
irealth n. riches, opulence [also spelt welthl welO, wehO.
irealtliy adj. having wealth [also spelt welthy'\ 'welBi,
'weltOi.
weaa v. accustom to food other than mother's milk; alienate
[past pacjiciple and preterit weaned, weandl wiin.
weapon n. instrument of offense [also spelt wepon'\ 'wepso;
{vulgarly) 'wepm; {improperly) 'wii-pan.
wear v. have on; use up, etc. [past participle worn; preterit
wore"] we:?.
weary adj. (tired, exhausted) 'wi:-zi; {dialectally) 'wii-n.
weaiand n. windpipe [also spelt weasandl 'wii-zdnd.
weaiel n. (mammal) 'wii-zdl.
weather n. state of the air, etc. [also spelt wetherl 'wedae.
ureasen adj,, v. [as verb, past participle and preterit wea-
sened, weasendl 'wii-zan. same meaning as wizen.
webbed adj. connected by a web, as toes [also spelt webd]
webd.
"Wedneiday n. (day of the week) 'wenzdi; {dialectally)
'wednz-de.
week n. (period of seven days) wiik.
ween n., v. conjecture [as verb, past participle and preterit
weened, wccnd'\ wiin.
weevil n. (snout-beetle) 'wii-val.
weeviled adj. containing weevils, as grain [also spelt wee-
villcd, weez'ild'\ wii-vald.
ireigh V. lift, etc. [past participle and preterit weighed,
weighd'\ wee.
weigkt n. (heaviness) weet.
weir n. dam; fence [also spelt wearl wi:?.
weird adj. uncanny [also spelt wierd'i yri'.zd.
welck V. cheat [also, sometimes, spelt welshi welt$, (i«
Britain) welj.
urelcker n. [also, sometimes, spelt welsherl 'weltSa?, 'wdS^^-
jye, Qcure; ^tKe, Q tKm-, •s^.sMte, ds/oy; K shoe, tS rXiew;
wwhtn; qsing*, uv/YioevGt, \tc^^\., \ai>iC^, \a,>aL\oo\, a.\\, Usee;
o poetic; a over, e aetV^V, K\iu\, -^^-.^oot, •;ioxvo, ^\»e^, ^^^y4«.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 599
^welcome adj., n., v. [as verb, past participle and preterit
welcomed, welcomd'[ 'welkam.
"weld n. dyer*s-weed, yellow-weed, woad [synenymous ceg-
nate woldl weld.
"Welfare n. (state of being well; well-being) 'wel-fe:^.
irelladay inter j. wo is me ! alas ! [archaic synenymous cog-
nate wellawayl 'wela-de.
'vrell-bred adj. wel'b^ed, (assumptivly) 'wel-b?ed.
well-nish adv. (very nearly; almost) wcl'nai, (anteriorly)
'wcl-nai.
irell-to-do adj. (well off; prosperous) wel-to'dou, (assump-
tivly) 'wcl-to-dou, (and, when less strest) 'welta-du,
TXTelih adj. (of Wales) welS, weltS.
wenoh n. (girl; strumpet) wentS, (in Britain) wenj.
•were V. (indicativ plural and subjunctiv singular of was)
wb:?, (when unstrest) war.
'wereirolf n. 'wi:z-wolf. same meaning as werwolf,
"wergild n. fine for manslaughter, etc. [synenymous cognates
weregild, weregeldl 'were-gild.
wert V. (second person singular indicativ and subjunctiv of
was) WB:rt, (when unstrest) wart.
'werirolf n. [synenymous cegnate werewolfl 'wor^-wolf.
TXTeileyan adj. (of Wesley) 'westi-an, 'wezH-an.
westerner n. (inhabitant of the west) 'westa-nsz.
"wetlier n. (castrated ram) 'weds?.
>Brey n, (unit of weight; measure) wee.
"wluiok v., n. thwack [as verb, past participle and preterit
whacked, whackt'\ ujaek; (dialectally) waek.
i^liale n. (cetacean) weel.
"wbarf n. quay, pier [ploral wharves, wharf si u)c:?f.
i^l&at noun-pron., adj.-pron, luet, (when unstrest) ujat, wot;
(also, dialectally) u)At.
"Whatever noun-pron., adj.-pron. tuet'eva?, (when less strest)
ujat'eva?, wat'evazr.
"wliatfloever noun-pron., adj.-pron, wet-so'eva?, (when less
strest) ujat-so'cvae, wat-so'eva?.
"wheal n. (pimple) tuiil.
ivheat n. (grain) wiit.
"Wheel V. turn, rotate [past participle and preterit wheeled,
wheeldl ujiil; (dialectally) wiil.
"wheelivright n. (wheel-ipaker, etc.) 'ujiit-rait.
"wheexe v, breathe hard [past participle and preterit wheezed,
wheesdl wiiz.
c: low, b: f«r, ae cot, e hot, ei boy ; a: far, ao tvoim, ^\ a^Ns., ^-vVVvfeN
length-mark (:) indicates that the preceditv^ ^c»rcv^ a.^ ^x"^^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on \\i^ l^Wo^x^^ %-f«\5^s^^'
600 DICTIO MARY OF HARD WORDS
irhelk n. gastropod [synonymous cognate welk'\ we}k.
irheii adv. (at what time?) icen, {when unstrest) v^tl.
i^hen conj. (as soon as; at which time; whereas) loen, {when
less strest) ujan, wan.
irhence adv. (from what place?) wens, {when unstrest) wans.
iJirheneTer conj. (at whatever time) wen^evd?, {when leu
strest) ican'eva?.
'whenever adv. (every time that) wen'evsz, {when less surest)
ujan'evazr, wsn'evd?.
'orlieiuioeTer adv. (whenever) wen-so'evd?, {when less strest)
luan-so'eva?.
where adv. (at what place? whither? whence?) loe:?, {when
unstrest) luer, W9Z, wazr.
whereabouts adv. (about what? near what place?) 'ue:7-9-
bauts, 'icei-ea-baots.
whereabouts n. (location) 'wers-s-baots, 'wei-z^-haots.
whereas conj. (things being so that; when. in fact) wtiz'xit
(when less strest) wtz'xz, wsVaez.
whereat adv, (at what?) we:7'£t, {when less strest) vatz'tti,
wa'raet. "
igirhereby adv. (by what? why?) tocir'bai, {when less strest)
wez'haj, wae'bai, {anteriorly) 'u)c:e-bai.
v^here'er adv. (wherever) we:z't:z.
wherefore adv. (what for? why?) 'weiz-feiz, {when less
strest) ^vocz-iez; (dialectally) 'wBZ-iez.
wherefore n. (reason; cause) 'wz'.z-fez.
wherein adv. (in what?) luer^'in, {when less strest) wer'ni,
wa'zrin, {anteriorly)' 'wz:z-in,
whereof adv. (of what ? from what ?) u)e:?'ov, {when unstrest)
tuF^'ev, wa'eev, {anteriorly) 'u)c:r-ev; {also) mz'.zfei.
whereon adv. (on what? on whom?) lue.T'en, {when less
strest) wtz'en, war'en, (anteriorly) 'wc:z-en.
wheresoever adv. (in what place soever; wherever) wtizso-
'evar, (when less strest) ujeeso'evazr, we^so'eva?, war-so-
*ev9z; (anteriorly) 'uje:r-so-ev33, (when less strest) 'ujcrso-
evar.
"whereto adv. (to what place or end?) ujeie'tou, {when less
strest) luer'tou, wa^'tou, (anteriorly) 'wt:z-tu.
igirhereupon adv. (upon what place, etc.? whereon?) wt:z-9-
'pen, (when less strest) ujezra'pen; {anteriorly) 'we:z-9-pen,
(when less strest) 'luer^-a-pan.
wherever adv. (at whatever place) wtiz^zv^z, {when less
strest) u'cr'rvar, wa^'eva?.
j .ve, Qcure; btKe, ^ tV\\TV, jb^o\«^, d-^ioy; |^Aoe, tScfccw;
W «'^en; i) sing; MYiWevet, Kxe^^iV, xj^^^a, xj,>a.\o<\, x\\., ^v««<;
opt?etic; 3 over, eaenaX, '-^^'t. v.^oot^ ^qtio, ^\«^, ^^^yte:.
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 601
where^vith adv. (with what? with whom?) weiz'wid^ (when
less strest) luer'wid, war'wid; (anteriorly) 'u)c:r-wid; (also)
weiz'vfiQ.
"where^vithal n. (what is necessary; means; wherewith)
'uje:r-wid-c:l, ujeir-wid'cil, u)c:?-wi'dc:l.
-where'withal adv. (wherewith) w8:7-wid'c:}, wei^-wi'dcL
-whether conj. 'websz^ (when less strest) 'wdds?.
-whey n. (serum of milk) ujee.
-wheyey adj. (having the nature of whey; whey-like) 'loce-i.
-which noun-pron., adj.-pron. ujitj, (when unstrest) witS.
-whiehever noun-pron,, adj.-pron, ujitS'cvar, (when less streit)
witS'evar.
-whiehsoever adj.-pron, (whichever) toitS-so'evd?, (when less
strest) witS-so'ev3^.
-whidah-bird n. [also spelt whydah-bird; synonymous cog-
nate widow-birdl 'luida-beird.
-whiff n., V. puff [as verb, past participle and preterit whiff'
ed, whifti u)if.
-whiffletree n. swingletree [synonymous cognate Whipple^
tree} 'ujifal-tjii, (sometimes) 'luifal-tji.
-while n, (space of time; trouble) woi).
while conj, (as long as; at the same time that; till) wai!,
(when unstrest) W9l, wail, wsl.
while V. (cause to pass; spend; elapse, pass, wile) toaif.
whilom adv. (at times; once, formerly) 'wai43m, 'woi-toni;
(improperly) 'iDilam.
whilst conj. (while) waitst, (when unstrest) wailst.
whimsy n. whim ; freak [also spelt whimsey ; ploral whimsies,
whimseysl 'luimzi.
-whinehat n. (bird) 'wintSaet.
-whinger n. dirk; long knife [also spelt whingar} 'voit)9z,
-whinny n. neigh [ploral whinniesl 'wini.
-whinyard n. (obsolete) sword or hanger [also spelt whiniard,
7vhinneard; synonymous cognate whingardi 'winj^zd,
-whippoorwill n. (bird) 'tDips^-wil.
-whir V. fly, whizz [also spelt whirr; past participle and pret-
erit whirred, whirdl wb:z.
-whir n. buzz [also spelt whirr"] wb:z.
whirl V. rotate [past participle and preterit whirled, whirldl
whirl n. reel; verticil; gyration [also, sometimes, especially
in biology, spelt whorll wb:zI.
-whisky n. gig; chaise [also spelt whiskey} 'wiski.
c: low, b: fi*r, ae cot, o hot, oi hoy\ a: far, ao now, a: ask, hi kite;
length-mark (:) indicates that the pteetditva ^csoa^xv^ 'v^ Xwc^Vx
Mtre89-mark C) indicates chief stresE on Wit i^YLvwvcw^ «f\-5&s«.
602 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
wliisky n. liquor [also spelt whiskeyj 'tuiski; (dialectal^]
'wiski.
whistle fi. (shrill sound, etc.) 'wissl, 'tuisl; (dialectallj)^ i
'wisdl. I \
wliite n. (color, etc.) wait; (dialectally) wait.
-wliite-hot adj. waitliet, {assumptivly) 'luait-hot.
-wliitenins n. (act of making white; whiting^; whitewash)
'ujait-niq, 'iDai-tn-iq.
'whither adv, (to what place) 'wids?.
"whitins n. (powderd chalk; whitening) 'wai-tir).
WUt-Monday n. (Monday following Whitsunday) 'toit-
mAndi.
Whitsunday n. (seventh Sunday after Easter) 'wit-SAndi;
{less properly) iDit'sAndi.
whiz v., n, hum, etc. [also spelt whizz ; past participle and
preterit whizzed, whizd"] u)iz.
who noun-pron. hou, (when unstrest) hu, u, 3.
-whoa inter j. (stop!) ujoo; (dialectally) woo.
-whoever noun-pron. (no matter who) hu'evar.
-whole adj., adj.-pron. (entire, etc.) hool, (in the ♦whole day,
the ♦whole of it, etc., and when unstrest) hoi; (also, dialec-
tally) hoi.
-wholesale n. (sale of goods in quantity) Tiool-ssel, (anterior-
ly) 'hol-sel.
-wholesale adj. (selling goods in quantity) 'hool-scel, (as-
sumptivly) 'hol-sel.
-wholesome adj. (healthy) 'hool-ssm, (when less strest)
'hols9m; (dialectally) 'holsam.
-wholesomely adv. 'h3ol-s9m-h, (sometimes) 'holssm-h.
-wholly adv. (entirely; only) 'hoo-h, (anteriorly) 'hoh; (also,
dialectally) 'hoh.
whom noun-pron. (objectiv of who) houm, (when unstrest)
hum.
whomsoever noun-pron. (objectiv of whosoever) houm-so-
'ev9r, (when less strest) hum-so'evar; (sometimes, by dis-
placement of stress) 'houm-so-eva?.
-whoop v., n, shout [past participle and preterit whooped,
whoop tl houp.
whooping-cough n. [also spelt hooping-coughl 'hou-piq-
kc:f, 'hupiq-kc:f; (dialectally) 'hopiq-kcif.
-whop V, beat; strike; wop [also spelt whapl wep.
-whop n. heavy blow [also spelt whap"] ujep.
mrhopper n. one who whops; lie [also spelt whapperl 'wepsr.
j ye, Qcure; 5 the, QtKln; ^a^rure, d^/oy; I shoe, tS chew;
wwhen; r) sing; u'w\ioevet, Ktc^cx, vi\>^, ^>\\oo\, i.\t., tis^^;
opc?etic; a over, eoetiaX, k>qu\., ^\^oot, •:i^\vo, ^\^e\, ^^^c^s^n
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 603
iLoppins adj. very large; thumping [also spelt whapping"]
'wepit}.
Jkore n. (prostitute) ho:?.
'borl n. verticil; gyre; pixy-wheel [also, sometimes, spelt
tc//itV/] wBizlf we:zl. compare whirl.
l&ortleberry n. (a shrub, especially Vaccinium myrtillus or
its fruit; bilberry; huckleberry; hurtleberry) 'wBztl-hzzi.
virl&OBe adj.-pron, (possessiv of who and what) houz, (when
less strest) huz, uz.
'whosoever noun-pron. (whoever) hou-so'evs?, (when less
strest) hu-so'ev3?, uso'evar; (sometimes, by displacement of
stress) 'hou-so-cv3?.
irhy adv. (for what reason ? wherefore ?) toai, (when unstrest)
wai, wd.
'why inter j. (expressing surprise, etc.) wai, (sometimes) wai,
W3.
vride-a'wahe adj, waid-d'week, (assumptivly) 'waid-d-week.
vride-spread adj. [also spelt wide-spred'\ waid'sp^ed, (as-
sumptivly) 'waid-spsed.
loridgeon n. bird [also spelt wigeon'\ 'widsdn.
viridow n., v. [as verb, past participle and preterit widowed,
widowd} 'wido; (dialectally) 'wida.
"wield V. (rule; manage; use) wiiid.
"wife n. woman; hostess; man's spouse [ploral wivesj waif.
-wight n. (person) wait.
-wisht adj, (valiant; swift) wait.
wis warn n. (Amerindian tent) 'wig-wem, 'wig-wc:m; (less
properly) 'wig-waem, 'wigwam.
wildebeest n. gnu [ploral wildebeests, wildebeest} 'waild-
biist, 'wilda-beest, 'wiil-da-beest.
wile n. (trick, sly artifis) wail.
wile V. (lure; coax; cause to pass; spend, while) wail.
-wilful adj. voluntary; obstinate [also spelt willful} 'wilfsl.
-wilfully adj. [also spelt willfully} 'wilfs-li.
-wilfulness n. [also spelt willfulness} 'wilfsl-nis.
iHlily adj, (in a wily manner) 'wai-h-h.
-will V, (wish, want) wil; (as an auxiliary verb) wil, (un-
strest) al, 1.
•will-o'-the-wisp n. ignis fatuus; Jack o'lantern [synony-
mous cognates wil l-in-t he-wisp, will-with-a-zvisp} 'wilsda-
wisp.
-wily adj. (full of wiles; sly) 'wai-h.
ivinoey n. cloth [also spelt winsey} 'winsi.
c: low, b: f«r, ae cat, e hot, ei boy> a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai kite ;
length-mark (:) indicates that the ptecedixv^ ?iW«A -v^ \.ws!f ^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress qh \\it \^>\oniYCi"Sk ^'^^s^'^"
604 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
n, (crank) wintS, {in Britain) winS.
V,, n. (turn ; bend ; twist ; coil) waind.
wind n. (air in motion; air-current) wind, {also, formerly,
and still, in poetry and singing) waind.
'windliiiill n. (mill moved by the wind; wind-motor) 'wnd-
mil, 'win-miL
window ». (opening in the wall of a building) 'win-d3 ; (wl-
garly) 'winds.
windpipe n. (trachea) 'wind-paip, 'win-paip.
windrow n. long heap or row, as of hay or turf [synony-
mous cognate winrowl 'windro, 'winro.
windward adj., n., adv. 'windwd?d ; (dialectally) 'windard.
vrinsed adj. having wings; alate [also, sometimes, spelt
wingSd, wingdl 'wiqid, wigd.
winnow n. fan; sift out [past participle and preterit tvtii-
nowed, winnowdl 'wino.
vrintry adj. of winter; frosty [synonymous cognate wintery]
'wintji.
"winy adj. wine-like; vinous [also spelt tvineyl 'wai-ni.
wiseacre n. (would-be wise person) 'wai-zee-kdz.
Wistaria n. wi'ste:-zi-d. same meaning as wisteria.
'wisteria n. plant [synonymous cognate tuistarial wi'sti:-d-9.
witoh-elm n. elm-tree [also spelt wich-elm, wych-elm; syn-
onymous cognate weech-elm\ 'witS-elm.
witoh-hasel n. witch-elm; hamamelis [also spelt wich-hasel,
wych-hazell 'witS-hee-zal.
'witenag^n&ot n. council [also spelt witenagamotel 'witi-
naga-mot.
with prep, (expressing association, etc.; having) wid; (less
properly) wiO.
'withal adv. (with all; likewise; also) wid'c:l, wi'dc:!.
'withe n. flexible twig [also spelt wythe and, sometimes, with\
ploral withesl wiO, waid.
'withe V. (bind with withes) wi8, waid.
'withers n.pl. highest part of a horse's back [synenymotis
cognate wittersl 'widarz.
-withes n. (ploral of withe) wiOs, waidz.
-withy n. (withe ; halter) 'wi0i ; (less properly) 'widi, 'wai-di.
-withy adj. (of withes) 'wiGi, 'wai-di, 'widi.
-wittieism n. (witty remark) 'witi-sizsm.
-wiver n. obsolete (serpent; also, wivern) 'wai-var.
-wivem n. in heraldry, dragon-like monster [also spelt wy-
verni 'wai-va^n.
j ye, gcure; 5 ffie, 6 (Kin; sasure, dj/oy; S j/ioe, tSc/tew;
mwhtxi', I) sing*, n-wVoevet, Vxe^tX., v^i-wJ^., xi\x\oo\, -vxn., v».^ee%
opotdc; a over, e aena\» ^Xyux., -a.^oox, -^^oxvo, ^\ie\, ^^^yfivA%
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 605
'wizard n. (enchanter; juggler) 'wizard.
irixen adj.,v, [synonymous cognate weazen i past participle
and preterit wizened, wizend"] 'wizsn, 'wizn.
wo inter j., n., adj. [also spelt woe'i woo.
wobegone adj, [also spelt woehegonel 'w30-bi-ge:n.
wofnl adj. full of wo; sorrowful; wretched [also spelt woeful}
'woo-fal.
-wold fi. (open tract; down; weald) woold.
wolf n. canine quadruped [ploral wolvesl wolf.
wolfram n. (wolframite; tungsten) 'wolfsdm; (less properly)
'welfsam.
woman n. adult human female; human females coUectivIy
plural women'] 'woman.
-womb n. (belly; uterus) woum.
-wombat n. (marsupial) 'wem-baet; {improperly) 'woum-baet.
-women n. (ploral of woman) 'wimin.
-won V. (past participle and preterit of win) wAn; {erroneous-
ly) wen.
-wonder n„ v. marvel [as verb, past participle and preterit
wondered, wonderdi 'wAndar; (erroneously) 'wendasr.
-wondering n. (marveling) 'wAnd9-?ir), (rapidly) 'wAndrn).
-wont V. be accustomed; use [past participle wont, wonted;
preterit wont, occasionally wonted] wAnt, woont.
-wont adj, (accustomed, habituated) wAnt.
-wont n. (custom, habit, way) WAnt.
-won't V, (will not) woont, (when unstrest) wont, want; (also,
dialectally) wAnt.
D^onted adj. (accustomd; familiar; usual) VAntid.
viroo V. court [past participle and preterit wooed, woo'd\ wou.
yarooA n. (forest, etc.) wod.
mroodrnff n. herb [synonymous cognate woodroofl Vod-7Af,
'wo-drAf.
-woolen adj., n. [also spelt woollen] 'wolsn.
-woolenette n. kind of woolen cloth [also spelt woollenette,
woolenet, woollenet] woh'net.
-woolly adj. (of wool) 'woh.
-woorari n. (arrow-poison) 'wo:-?3-ri.
D^ord n., V. (term, etc.) weird.
work V. labor, act, etc. [past participle and preterit worked,
workt, wrought] weirk, (when unstrest) we^k.
world n. (sphere of existence; earth; universe, etc.) ws:?}d.
UTorldly adj. 'wB:?ld-li, (often) 'wB:^l-h.
worriment n. (worry) 'wari-mant, 'wAzi-mant.
c: \aw, b: fur, ae cat, o hot, oi hoy : a: far, ao no«j, ^•. a^, ^■v'NkaNr.n
length-mark (:) indicates that t\ie ptecediivv!. ?»q>\tv.^ v& xx^i
stress-mark (') indicates chief stress on t\it i€>>\Qrwvtv^ «f^^»
I
606 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
worse adj., adv. weirs, {when unstrest) wars.
-worship V. adore, etc. [present participle worshiping, wor-
shipping', past participle and preterit worshiped, worshipped,
worshipt'\ 'wBjjip, 'wB:?-Sip.
-worsliiper n. [also spelt worshipper! ^'wszli-psz.
-worst adj,, adv. wB:rst, (when unstrest) wsrst.
worsted v. (past participle and preterit of worst; defeated,
beaten) 'werstid.
-worsted n. (woolen yarn) 'wostid.
worth adj., n. wb:?0, (when unstrest) wbzO.
worthy adj., n. 'wB^di, 'wB:r-di.
would V. (preterit and past subjunctiv of will) wod, (when
unstrest) wad, 3d, d.
-wound n., v. (hurt ; cut) wound, waond.
-wound v. (past participle and preterit of tuind) waond.
-wraek v. wreck [past participle and preterit wracked,
wrackt'] zstk.
ivraith n. specter [ploral Tvraithsl zeeQ,
ivrasse n. fish [also spelt wrassi za:s, zxs.
wrath n. (rage) ra:8, ea:8, zc:Q; (less properly) zx:B, ze:d.
ivreak v. revenge ; inflict [past participle and preterit wreak-
ed, wreakf] ziik.
nrreath n. garland [ploral wreathsl 7ii9.
wreath v. ziiO. same meaning as wreathe.
vrreathe v. twist; form into a wreath; surround with a
wreath [synonymous cognate wreath; past participle wreath-
ed, wreathd and, sometimes, wreathen; preterit wreathed,
7vreathd'\ ziid.
vrreaths n. (ploral of wreath) ?iidz.
vrreckage n. (act of wrecking; wreckt material) 'rekids.
-wren n. (bird) ren.
nrrenoh n., v. twist, etc. [as verb, past participle and pret-
erit wrenched, wrenchfi rentS, (in Britain) eenj.
nrrest v. (twist; extract) ?est.
wrestle v. (strive) 'resDl; (improperly) 'zatssii,
vrrestler n. 'zzsi^^z-, (erroneously) 'zresti-ar.
vrretched adj. (miserable) 'retold.
wriggle v., n. (wiggle, etc.) 'rigal.
nrring v. (twist; squeeze out) riq.
-wrinkle n., v. (fold, pucker) 'zriqkal.
nrrist n. (carpus) rist.
-wristband n. (band at the wrist; cuff) ';ist-txnd, '^istband,
'^izband, 'zrizban.
j ye, Qcure; btKe, QtK\tv,'s assure, dj/oy; S j/toe, tS r^ew;
10 whtn\ t) sing; -vi'w\voeNeT, ytc^cX., vk\>^, wj.\ooV -vvt, \\^ee\
o poetic; 3 over, e oeT\a\, k>qu\.. -a-.^oox, •:iKiTio, ^N^e^, ^^ '«*«.%
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 607
vrrit n. (writing; formal instrument) zit,
-writ V. archaic (past participle and preterit of write) zit.
ivrite V. trace; inscribe [past participle written and, archai-
cally, writ; preterit wrote, archaically, writ} zait.
vrrithe v. (turn and twist) zaid.
ivTong V. injure, harm; put in the wrong [past participle and
preterit wronge wrongdl zeiq.
ivTonsdoer n. zer)'dou-9r, {sometimes) '?e:i]-dou-d7.
-vrrote v, (preterit of write) zoot; (dialectally) zoU
ivToth adj. (angry) ze:Q,
'vrronght adj. (workt) zc:t.
'wning V. (past participle and preterit of wring) zax^,
mry adj. (distorted) zai.
PiTyollf ite adj. (of John Wyclif [also spelt Wycliffite, Wiclif-
fite, fVickliffite} 'wikz-if-ait, 'wikti-fait.
n. letter, etc. [also spelt yj wai.
zanthein n. (soluble yellow pigment from flowers) 'zaen6i-in.
Xanthian adj. (of Xanthus) 'zsnOi-dn.
zantliiii n. any one of several substances [also spelt xan-
thine, zanthin"} 'zsnOin.
zantliiiiine n. white substance resembling urea [also, some-
times, spelt xanthinin"} 'zaenOi-nin, 'zaenOi-nain.
xanthoma n. (new growth forming yellow patches in the
skin; xanthelasma) zxn'Ooo-md.
zanthophyl n. yellow leaf -pigment ; phylloxanthin [also spelt
xanthophylll 'zaen03-fil.
Xantippe n. (shrew; careful housewife) zaen'tipi.
zebeo n. vessel [also spelt zebek, sebeck; synonymous cog-
nates shebec, shebeck"] 'zii-bek.
xenial adj. (of hospitality) 'zii-ni-sl.
Xenooratean adj. (of Xenocrates) zi-nek^a'tii-dn.
zennrine n. armadillo [also spelt xenurin} zi'njo:-;xii.
nerosis n. (xeransis) zi'roo-sis.
zi n. (Greek letter) sai, zai, ksii. r
zipliiaB n. (swordfish) 'zifi-ds.
xiphoid adj, (sword-like) 'zi-feid, 'zai-feid.
zylidine n. amido-derivativ of xylene [also, sometimes, spelt
xylidinl 'zai-h-din, 'zai-h-dain, 'zih-din.
zylogen n. (lignin; wood-generating tissue) 'zai-td-dsin.
zyloidine n. explosiv [also spelt .vyloidinl zailei-din.
c: law, b: fuT, x cat, e hot, ei hoy; a: far, ao now, a: ask, ai ktte;
length-mark (;) indicates that the pTeeed\T^V; ^o>axA as. ^^^^
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress otv \!!cit i^'^o^'^wt vj^«s«..
606 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
zyloma n. body in fungi [ploral xylomata\ zailoo-md.
zylophoiM n. (gigelira, sticcada, straw-fiddle) 'zai-id-fon.
mjmt n. (portico; court) zist.
T n. wai. same meaning as wye.
yacht n. (vessel) jet.
yager n. (German infantryman, etc.; also jager, a bird) 'jee-
gar; {improperly) 'ja:-gds, 'jci-gse.
n. (wild ox) jack.
n. (New-Englander, etc; nativ of the United States)
'jaeqki.
yapok n. water-opossum [also spelt yapock, yapachl 'jaepsk,
'ja:-pek, 'jce-pek.
yapon n. shrub [also, sometimes, spelt yaupon; synonymous
cognate yupon} 'ja:-p3n, 'japan, 'jce-pan, 'jc:-pan.
yataghan n. sword [synonymous cognate ataghanl 'jaetd-gaen.
yamrl n. boat [also spelt yaul} jc:!.
yawB. n», v. gape [past participle and preterit yawned, yawnd]
jc:n.
yolept V. pest participle and preterit of elepe, call; cry out;
summon; name [also spelt yclepedl I'kz.ept.
ye noun-pron. (you) jii, {when unstrest) ji.
yea adv.,n. (yes, ay; opposed to nay) jce; {improperly) jii.
yean v, (lamb) jiin.
year n. (period of twelv months, etc.) ji:s, {when unstrest)
jiz; {also, in Britain, etc.) JB:r.
yearn v, (long) jia'.zn,
yeast n. (vegetal ferment) jiist.
yelk n. jelk. same meaning as yolk.
yello-w n. (color) 'jeb; {dialectally or vulgarly) 'jela, 'jaela;
{in Irish territory and vulgar American usage) 'jaelsr.
yelp V. bark, etc. [dialectal synonymous cognates yawp, yaup,
yap; past participle and preterit yelped, yelpt"] jelp.
yenite n. ilvaite [also spelt jenitel 'jen-ait, 'je-nait.
yeoman n. retainer; freeholder, etc. [also spelt yoman; plor-
al yeomenl 'joo-man.
yernnt n. earthnut, hawknut [synonymous cognate yarnut}
'JBte-nAt.
yes adv. expressing affirmation, consent, etc. [dialectal syn-
onymous cognates yis, yiss, yus, yas, yahs; ees, eese, eess,
eez, es, ^-mj] jes, {sometimes, when unstrest) jas; {occa-
j ye, Qcure", btKe, Q tK\Tv\ "s^aMte^ d^toy; Jjfeoe, tjcfcew;
w when; 13 sing; u"w\\oe-vet, Vxe^cX., vki>^^ ^>\\ooV x\v v^^eev
o poetic; a over, e oetia\, K^>uV -a-.^oox, ^^^tio, ^\^e\, ^^^yv\^\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 609
sionally) jc:s, jc:h, 'jc:-h; jcs: ; 'je-as, 'jc-has; (fry children
and sportivly by grown people) jep, jap, jxp; JA?, 'jc:-a?;
(dialectally) jis; JAs; jais; lis; 'jce-a, 'ce-a; 'jc:-d, 'c:-9;
'e-hd.
jeflterday n. the day last past [dialectal synonymous cognate
yisterdayl 'jestoz-di; {occasionally, especially in Britain,
and in poetry) 'jcst3?-de; (often, especially anteriorly) 'jcst-
di, 'jes-di, 'jesdi, 'jcsti; (dialectally) 'jistar-di.
yew fi. (tree) jou.
Yesdegerdian adj, (of the Sassanian monarch Yezdegerd
3d) jezdi'd38:7-di-9n, jezdi'gsiz-di-^n.
Teiidi n. devil-worshiper [also spelt Yezideel 'jezi-di.
Tsdrasil n. mythic world-tree; Tree of the Universe [also
spelt Yggdrasil, Jgdrasil, Jggrdrasill'} 'igdr^sil.
yield n,, v. (return, grant, etc.) jiild.
yodel V. sing with alternations of the ordinary voice and
falsetto [also spelt yodle, jodel; present participle yodeling,
yodelling, yodling; past participle and preterit yodeled, yo-
delled, yodledl 'joo-dl.
yodeler n. one who yodels [also spelt yodeller; synonymous
cognate yodler} 'joo-dl-ap, 'jodl-©r.
yodh II. (Hebrew letter) jood.
yog^ fi. (branch of Hindu philosophy) 'j^o-ga.
yogi n. Hindu ascetic [also spelt yogee, jogil 'joo-gi, 'joo-gi.
yojan n. measure [synonymous cognate yojanal 'joo-dsdn.
yoke ft. (fastening-band; cross-piece) jook.
yolk n. yellow of an egg; vitellus [synonymous cognate yelk}
jook, joolk.
yonder adv. at that place [dialectal synonymous cognate yen-
derj 'jenddz; (dialectally) 'JAnddz, 'jends?.
yore adv, (long ago) jo:z.
yon noun-pron, jou, iou, (when unstrest) jo, ja.
your adj.-pron. (belonging to you) jo:?, (when unstrest) jo?,
J97; (also, in England and in parts of IfJew England and
the southern United States) jo:?, jor.
yourself noun-pron, [ploral yourselves, yourselvsl jor'self,
(when less strest) J9?^se}f, ja'self.
yontkfl n. (ploral of youth) jouOs, joudz.
yo'wl V. howl; bawl [also spelt youf\ jao).
ypointins adj. (in poetry, pointing) I'pein-tn).
yttria n. (oxid of yttrium) 'itji-a.
ynooa n. (plant) 'JAkd.
Tnle n. (Christmas) joul.
c: law, b: fwr, se cot, e hot, 01 hoy ; a: far, ao nouj, ^\ a,'^, 5^"vV:\\r.\
length-mark (:) indicates that the pTect^\x\«, ^o^axA v^ ^^'%*
stress-mark C) indicates chief stress on \\it i<?\o^vMt viwC^^
610 DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS
saff er n. cobalt-ore residuum [also spelt saffre, saffir, mi-
far'] 'zxi9z,
n, (Turkish chief) 'za:-im, zaim, zeem.
n. buffoon [ploral jsaniesi 'zee-ni.
n, levantin coffee-cup holder [synenymotis cognate surf]
zaizU
sayat n. (Burmese caravansary) 'za:-jaet, 'zee-jaet.
seal n. (ardor) zii).
sealot n. one who is full of zeal; over-zealous person [also
spelt jselot'] 'zeldt.
zealonfl adj. full of zeal; ardent [also spelt selous} 'zelds.
zebu n. (Indian bull) 'zii-bju.
zeoohiaio n. ze'kii-no, tse'kii-no. same meaning as sequin,
zeoliin n. 'zekin, 'zii-kin. same meaning as sequin, I
zee n. letter [synonymous cognate sed] zii, (when unstrest)
zi.
sein n. proteid [also spelt seine} 'zii-in.
zemindar n. in India, landlord [synonymous cognate samin-
dar} 'zemin-ds?, zi'mindar, zemin'da:?.
zenana n. harem [also spelt jsananal z3'na:-nd.
zeniek n. African surickte [also spelt jseniki 'zii-nik.
zenith n. (point in fhe heavens directly overhead, opposit the
nadir) 'zii-ni0, 'zcniO.
zephyr n. (west wind; solft breeze) 'zei^z,
zero «, (cipher) *zi:-zo.
zengrma n. (yoking of two nouns to a verb or adjectiv)
'zjoug-ma.
zinc n. metal [also spelt zinki zigk.
zine V, coat with zink [present participle sincking; past par-
ticiple and preterit zincked, zinct} ziqk.
zinekie adj. of zink [also spelt zincic} 'zigkik.
zinkif eronz adj. zink-bearing [also spelt zinciferous, zinckif- *
erousi ziq'kif3-e3s.
zinkification n. [also spelt zincificationi ziqkifilcee-Sdn.
zinkite n. nativ oxid of zink [also spelt zincite, zinckite]
'ziq-kait.
zinky adj, of zink [also spelt zinckyi 'zirjki. ^
zircon n. (mineral) 'za^ksn, ^zBiz-k^n,
zither n. (Tyrolese cithern) 'ziGa?.
zoole n. 'zoo-kdl, 'zeksl. same meaning as socle.
zodiac n. (belt of twelv constellations; circuit; zone) 'zoo-di-
xk.
zodiacal adj. (of the zodiac) zo'dai-d-kal.
i y^t Qcure; btKe, QtK\Tv\ -s^aMx^, ^-^m; W^oe, t$c/iew;
w when: n sing; M-wYvoevet, \Tc^t\., vv\>^, x3>\>.\ooV x\v vL'ft.^^^
op<?etic; a over, eaet\a\, kVu\., ^\^oot, ^^xio, ^\.e^ ^r.^,i«.\
DICTIONARY OF HARD WORDS 611
soea n. larva of a decapod [also spelt zoea, zooea, soaea;
ploral zoeae, zoeasi zo'ii-a, 'zoo-i-a.
soetrope n. wheel of life [also spelt soetrope; synonymous
cognate zootropel 'zoo-i-tjop.
Zoo fi. (zoological garden) zuu.
sooseograpliy n. [also spelt zoogeographyl zo-a-dsi'eg^d-fi.
xoolitio adj, having the nature of zoolite [synonymous cog-
nate zoolithic'} zo-alitik.
Boologio adj. of zoology [also spelt zoologicl zo-3'}od5ik.
soology n. science of animals [also spelt zoology"] zo'eid-dsi;
(erroneously) zu'ola-dsi.
soophjrte n. radiate, phytozoan [also spelt zoophytel 'zoo-d-
fait.
soppo adj. (in music, limping) 'tsopo.
sozil n. zorilla [also spelt zorilWi 'zeziX,
Zouave n. (soldier with showy oriental uniform) zu'a:v, zu-
'a:v, zwa:v, 'zou-a:v. .
sounds inter j. (expressing anger or wonder) zaondz.
sufolo n. flute [synonymous cognate zuffolol 'zou-fa-lo.
Zulu n. member of a Kafir race [also spelt Zoolool 'zom-Xvl.
Znni ft. (Pueblo Indian) 'zou-nji.
ZnfiiaA adj, (of the Zunis) 'zou-ni-sn, 'zou-nji-an.
suriebaok n. (biscuit rusk) 'tstuii-bxk, 'tsfii-bak.
sygapopliysis n. articular process on a vertebra [ploral zy-
gapophysesl ziga'pofi-sis, zoi-ga'pofi-sis.
sysoma n. bony arch of the cheek; jugal bone [plural zygo-
matal zi'gD0-m3, zai'goo-ma.
sysomatio adj, (of the zygoma; jugal) zai-gd'msetik, zigs-
'maetik.
syson n. (yoke) 'zai-gon, 'zi-gon.
sysospore n. (zygote) 'ziga-spo:?, 'zai-ga-spo:?.
sysote n. (zygosperm, zygospore) 'zai-got, 'zi-got.
syme n. (ferment) zaim.
symio adj. of leaven [synonymous cognate zutnicl 'zimik,
'zai-mik.
symogen n. enzym-producing substance [synonymous cognate
zymogene"] 'zai-ma-dsm, 'zima-dsin; (also) 'zoi-ma-dsen, etc.
symosis n. (fermentation, zymolysis) zai'moo-sis.
symotio adj, (of fermentation; zymolytic) zai'motik.
c: law, b: f«r, x cat, o hot, oi hoy; a: for, go now^ a: ask, €Lx.kCtft\
IcDfirth-mork (;) indicates that t\ie v^et^^\tvvf» ^a^^^^^ '^"^^'^"'
Stress-mark C) indicates chief stress otv ^^L^ i^^a^va.^t "^f^^ii^*
;
■y