Skip to main content

Full text of "Dictionary of hard words"

See other formats


Google 


This  is  a  digital  copy  of  a  book  that  was  preserved  for  generations  on  Hbrary  shelves  before  it  was  carefully  scanned  by  Google  as  part  of  a  project 

to  make  the  world's  books  discoverable  online. 

It  has  survived  long  enough  for  the  copyright  to  expire  and  the  book  to  enter  the  public  domain.  A  public  domain  book  is  one  that  was  never  subject 

to  copyright  or  whose  legal  copyright  term  has  expired.  Whether  a  book  is  in  the  public  domain  may  vary  country  to  country.  Public  domain  books 

are  our  gateways  to  the  past,  representing  a  wealth  of  history,  culture  and  knowledge  that's  often  difficult  to  discover. 

Marks,  notations  and  other  maiginalia  present  in  the  original  volume  will  appear  in  this  file  -  a  reminder  of  this  book's  long  journey  from  the 

publisher  to  a  library  and  finally  to  you. 

Usage  guidelines 

Google  is  proud  to  partner  with  libraries  to  digitize  public  domain  materials  and  make  them  widely  accessible.  Public  domain  books  belong  to  the 
public  and  we  are  merely  their  custodians.  Nevertheless,  this  work  is  expensive,  so  in  order  to  keep  providing  this  resource,  we  liave  taken  steps  to 
prevent  abuse  by  commercial  parties,  including  placing  technical  restrictions  on  automated  querying. 
We  also  ask  that  you: 

+  Make  non-commercial  use  of  the  files  We  designed  Google  Book  Search  for  use  by  individuals,  and  we  request  that  you  use  these  files  for 
personal,  non-commercial  purposes. 

+  Refrain  fivm  automated  querying  Do  not  send  automated  queries  of  any  sort  to  Google's  system:  If  you  are  conducting  research  on  machine 
translation,  optical  character  recognition  or  other  areas  where  access  to  a  large  amount  of  text  is  helpful,  please  contact  us.  We  encourage  the 
use  of  public  domain  materials  for  these  purposes  and  may  be  able  to  help. 

+  Maintain  attributionTht  GoogXt  "watermark"  you  see  on  each  file  is  essential  for  informing  people  about  this  project  and  helping  them  find 
additional  materials  through  Google  Book  Search.  Please  do  not  remove  it. 

+  Keep  it  legal  Whatever  your  use,  remember  that  you  are  responsible  for  ensuring  that  what  you  are  doing  is  legal.  Do  not  assume  that  just 
because  we  believe  a  book  is  in  the  public  domain  for  users  in  the  United  States,  that  the  work  is  also  in  the  public  domain  for  users  in  other 
countries.  Whether  a  book  is  still  in  copyright  varies  from  country  to  country,  and  we  can't  offer  guidance  on  whether  any  specific  use  of 
any  specific  book  is  allowed.  Please  do  not  assume  that  a  book's  appearance  in  Google  Book  Search  means  it  can  be  used  in  any  manner 
anywhere  in  the  world.  Copyright  infringement  liabili^  can  be  quite  severe. 

About  Google  Book  Search 

Google's  mission  is  to  organize  the  world's  information  and  to  make  it  universally  accessible  and  useful.   Google  Book  Search  helps  readers 
discover  the  world's  books  while  helping  authors  and  publishers  reach  new  audiences.  You  can  search  through  the  full  text  of  this  book  on  the  web 

at|http  :  //books  .  google  .  com/| 


4/: 


w 


•■T 


f    r 


I; 


m 


i 


DICTIONARY  OF 
HARD  WORDS 


Dictionary 


of 


Hard  Words 


By 
Robert  Morris  Pierce 

Editor  of  International  French-English  and 
English-French  Dictionary ;  Ideofonic  Texts 
for  Acquiring  Languages ;  author  of  Problems 
of  Number  and  Mesure;  Dictionary  of  Aviation 


lore  m^  ^eiks"'  ^^.^^**'* ':  ^ *' 
ithe  Vc^eral  cpiJbiic<  mu^ 

New  YO&t^'.6itKe  booi-'  Breper 


Dodd,  Mead  &  Company 


1910 


■■«>. 


\ 


/ 


\ 


THt.  >' 


PUBL 


\r    \ 


astc 


\> 


N  t 


^^'t^W 


Copyright,  1910 

by  Robert  Morns  Pierce 

Pubhsht  October.  1910 


PREFACE 


Soope.  This  book  contains  an  alfabetic  list  of  about 
nineteen  thousand  words  which  present  special  difficulties  or 
variations  of  pronunciation  or  spelling.  Many  of  the  words 
in  the  list  are  difficult  or  variable  in  both  pronunciation  and 
spelling. 

The  statement  is   often   made   that   many   English   words* 
especially    monosyllables,    are    alredy    spelt    f onetically    and 
therefore  present  no   difficulties   of  either  spelling  or  pro- 
nunciation; but  this  statement  is  really  not  true,  unless  the 
fonetic  alfabet   in   mind   be    one  •  which    in   its   structure    is 
especially  confermd   to   the   existing   erthegrafy   of   the   En- 
fllish  language  only,  and  unless  those  who  Use  it  are  supposed 
to  be  alredy  familiar  with  the   English   language.      From   a 
cwmopelitan  point  of  view  there   is  hardly  a   word   in   the 
language,  excepting  a  few  weak  or  unstrest  forms,  which  is 
spelt    fonetically.       Every    present-day     English     dictionary 
^  may  thus  be  said  to  be  a  dictionary  of  hard  words,  and  it 
becomes  evident  that  the  book  ^t^ef ore  ni^  .being' liiftii^^d^irii 
\  Its  scope,  and  made  for  the  use;  of  ithe  '^eheral  tpiiUic?  iniist 
necessarily  be  restricted  to  a  compar^csvly  swirjiiil  vg>c«bulary. 

Among  the  words  treated  are  many  ir|B€ygtj!ar,  ivlo^als  and 
other  derivativs;  but  no  attempt  has  beesuHiade^-tojaud^e  the 
inclusion  of  such  forms  a  special  feq;turfc^6t  the  i?dofe.V  Breper 
nouns  have  been  excluded.  I  am  preparing  a  separate  list  of 
these,  with  definitions,  which  I  hope  to  publish  before  long 
under   the  title   of   Dictionary  of   Proper   Names. 

The  present  volume  combines  in  one  vocabulary  ptaclicaWv 
alJ  the  words  treated  in  similar  lists  hitherto  publisbl  m  die- 


! 


2  PREFACE 

tionarics  and  manuals,  and  contains,  besides,  many  words 
never  before  treated  in  such  lists.  Especial  reliance  has  been 
placed  upon  data  containd  in  the  English-French  part  of  my 
International  French-English  and  English-French  Dictionary, 
in  Murray's  New  English  Dictionary  en  Historical  Princi- 
ples so  far  as  available  {A  to  sauce),  and  in  Whitney's  Cen- 
tury Dictionary  (1889-1891). 

I  have  been  fortunate  in  securing  certain  very  valuable 
suggestions,  and  also  certain  specific  criticisms,  especially 
in  the  letter  A^  and  in  this  Preface,  from  George  Hempl, 
professor  of  Germanic  filelogy  in  Stanford  University, 
California,  whom  I  consider  one  of  the  most  accurate  of 
foneticians. 

Spellxngs.  The  word-forms  or  spellings  given  in  title- 
place  are  in  the  main  those  which  are  most  likely  to  be  lookt 
for  by  the  general  reader.  Under  each  title- word  are  given 
in  brackets  the  other  current  spellings  of  the  word.  In  some 
cases  mention  is  also  made  of  spellings  no  longer  in  current 
use.  These  are  confined  mainly  to  obsolescent  forms  and 
forms  valuable  because  more  nearly  fonetic  than  those  in 
current  use. 

Cegnate  forms  having  the  same  meaning  as  the  title- 
word  but  differing  from  it  in  pronunciation,  are  classified 
as  'synonymous  cognates.'  Among  the  variant  spellings  no 
at tr nipt  has  been  made  to  give  all  the  apestrofized  or 
sprcially  accented  forms.  A  few  of  the  more  common  ones 
IwivC' l»Q^T\Te<  b'feefl  i7ieh]()e<:  as.  'bus,  tho\  zoology,  helovbd. 
PialfOrc 'Spelling;^  Vre.^ijj*  ;pccasionally  given. 

Whrjv.a*  tit4evWQrdij&  of  two  or  more  parts  of  speech,  ar 
when  twp^or  ShoiSgC  t^I^lwords  are  spelt  just  alike  but  are  of 
diffu'ojit.j^att  vf.^^gch,,  or  of  different  origin,  or  ore  for 
any  tvh^^rjrfji^oNjicijtJ'd  separately,  the  oldest  part  of  speech, 
or  the  oldest  Iftlo-wdr'J.'ls  placed  first,  the  others  following 
sonirwhat  in  the  order  of  their  first  known  appearance  in  the 
Entjlish  lanijuage. 
I>mfxnxtionM,  To  enable  the  reader  easily  to  identify  the 
wonl  whose  sprUzng  or  pronuncialion  \ve  is  seekitv^,  sVi^tt  dcf- 


/ 


PREFACE 3 

initions  have  been  inserted  immediately  after  most  of  the 
title-words.  In  many  cases  the  definitions  have  been  reduced 
to  a  mere  synonym  or  classificatory  word.  When  several 
definitions  are  given,  their  order  is  in  the  main  historical, 
the  oldest  sense  being  placed  first,  with  the  more  recent 
senses  following  in  the  sequence  of  their  temporal  develop- 
ment. Fortunately  this  sequence  is  often  closely  identical 
with  the  sequence  of  their  logical  development. 

Prommciation.  The  pronunciation  is  in  every  case  in- 
dicated by  a  foil  re-spclling.  Under  each  title-word  are 
given,  in  somewhat  normalized  or  universalized  form,  its 
most  acceptable  or  proper  natural  pronunciation  or  pronuncia- 
tions current  to-day  in  the  English-speaking  world  at  large. 

Where  several  pronunciations  are   given  without  classifi- 
cation, the  forms  following  the  first  form  are  usually  to  be 
considerd  as  individual  or  local  variants  in  good  usage.    Little 
heed  is  taken   of  the   modifications   which   words   undergo 
when  used  in  types  of  discourse  different  from  the  normal 
type.    On  the  other  hand,,  much  attention  has  been  given  to 
functional  variants  concomitant  with  changes  of  meaning  or 
stress,  variants  which  each  individual  uses  according  as  he 
uses  a  word  with  this  or  that  meaning,  in  this  or  that  manner 
or  position,  or  with  this  or  that  degree  or  position  of  stress. 

An  important  class  of  variants  is  that  of  words  such  as 
abstrcict  which,  when  used  posteriorly  (that  is,  after  a 
word  or  syllable  having  chief  stress),  are  normally  strest  on 
the  last  syllable,  as  in  the  sentence :  the  science  of  logic  is 
,aeb'stjaekt,  but  when  used  anteriorly  (that  is,  before  a 
word  or  syllable  having  chief  stress,  are  normally  strest  on 
the  first  syllable,  as  m  the  sentence  :  logic  is  an  'aeb^stjaekt 
science.  By  no  means  all  variants  of  this  class  have  been 
included.  Those  oftenest  given  are  adjectivs,  whose  pred- 
icativ  forms  differ  in  this  way  from  their  assumptiv  (or, 
IS  they  are  often  cald,  attributiv)  forms.  Compound  words, 
such  as  well-bred,  which  are  characterized  by  this  same  mode 
of  variation,  are  given  here  and  there  merely  as  exampVes  oi 
ffrcfepg  of  cases  of  like  kind,   many  of   which    are    omiluA. 


4  PREFACE 

The  cases  of  words  with  the  prefix  un-  are  so  very  numerous 
that  It  has  seemd  worth  while  to  include  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  the  more  common  or  more  interesting  of  them.  The 
purpose  of  including  these  and  other  derivativs  and  com- 
pounds has  usually  been  to  call  attention  to  this  special 
variation  or  to  some  other  special  feature.  In  treating  the 
derivativs,  therefore,  I  have  avoided  repeating  minor  varia- 
tions which  are  alredy  given  under  the  original  words  else- 
where in  the  vocabularj-. 

The  recognition  and  careful  treatment  of  these  fenemena 
I  believe  to  be,  as  I  said  in  my  French-English  and  English- 
French  Dictionary  (Preface,  page  5),  an  important  innova- 
tion in  Icxicegrafy.  Speech,  as  actually  utterd,  is  far  richer 
in  such  variants  than  the  conventionalities  and  limitations  of 
the  current  erthografy  would  lead  most  people  to  believe. 
This  fact  I  hope  to  make  still  clearer  in  a  book  which  I  in- 
tend soon  to  publish;  namely,  a  Fonetic  Dictionary  of  the 
English  Language. 

There  is  certainly  abundant  opportunity  for  antagonizing 
the  intolerable  practises  of  the  old-school  lexicografers  in 
this  field.  The  word-books  in  common  use  are  weighted 
down  with  antiquated  fonetic  notations,  and  fild  with  ertho- 
grafic,  fictitious,  and  systematically  erroneous  pronuncia- 
tions. These  books  are  in  large  mesure  the  creatures  of  a 
cominercialism  whose  policy  is  to  conserv  and  perpetuate 
fonetic  error  and  iniquity.  This  policy  has  been  adhered  to 
for  so  long  a  period,  and  is  still  being  applied  en  so  vast  a 
scale,  that  the  peculiar  species  of  pseudofonetic  word-forms 
characterizing  these  books  have  taken  on  a  sacredness  com- 
parable with  that  of  the  current  spelling  itself.  The  anti- 
(luated  notation  used,  the  fanciful  qualities  and  quantities  as- 
siKiH'd  the  sounds  represented,  and  the  avowedly  false  syllabi- 
cation and  stress  depicted  arc  preservd  with  such  an  ignorant, 
obstinate,  and  sanctimonious  spirit,  as  to  appear  truly  ridic- 
ulous to  modern  foneticians. 
A'o  :ittriupt  has  been  made  to  ring  all  the  changes  en 
normul    vowel    quality   and   lengt\i,    sUtss,  ^ti^  ^-^^TJ^svai&iQi^ 


I 


iC 


I 


«.i»' 


a:t 


PREFACE  5 

which  consistency  would  require;  much  less  to  fellow  up  ab- 
normal forms  of  speech,  such  as  those  found  in  oratory,  dic- 
tation, singing,  dialect,  or  child-speech,  or  in  the  blunders 
of  foreigners  learning  English,  or  to  consider  in  detail  the 
assimilation  and  elision  of  sounds  in  contiguous  words. 

The   pronunciation   given   of   semi-fereign   words   is   their 
pronunciation  in  the  sound-system  of  the  English  language, 
net  their  pronunciation  in  the  sound-system  of  the  language 
whence  they  were  adopted  into  English.     For  example,  menu 
IS  given  as  ^e'njou,  or  'mee^nju,  and  net  as  ms'ny  (as  it  is 
pronounced   in   French).     Probably  no   case   is  known   of   a 
new  elementary  (foreign)  sound  being  directly  adopted  into 
a  language.     Sounds  such  as  [y],  represented  by  the  (u)  of 
the  French  word  menu,  or  as  [x],  represented  by  the  (ch)  of 
the  Scotch  word  loch  and  the  German  word  ach,  or  as  [0] 
represented  by  the  (oe)  of  the  German  word  Goethe  and  by 
the  (eu)  of  the  French  word  peu,  which  are  often  said  to  oc- 
cur in  these  words  as  adopted  and  used  in  the  English  lan- 
guage, do  net,  in  reality,  so  occur.    These  sounds  do  net  form 
a  part  of  the  sound-system  of  the  English  language.     Simi- 
larly, but  to  a  less  degree,  is  this  true  of  certain  combinations 
of  sounds,  as  initial  [ks],  [ts],  [ps].    Tho  it  is  perhaps  pos- 
sible for  most  English-speaking  persons,  without  training,  to 
utter  these  sequences  of  sounds  initially,  and  tho  these  se- 
quences are  sometimes  actually  so  used,  as  in  certain  rare  or 
bookish    words,    their    adoption    is    in    most    cases    resisted. 
Note  the  rebellion  against  the  use  of  initial  [ts]  in  tsar,  czar 
(«i:e,  tsaiz)  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  [ts]  often  occurs  in  En- 
glish both  medial  and  final. 

Among  the  many  classes  of  words  in  the  pronunciation  of 
which  there  zs  a  distinct  difference  in  usage,  there  are  some 
classes  of  vast  extent.  Of  some  of  these  extensiv  classes 
many  examples  are  given  in  this  dictionary;  but  of  others 
only  an  occasional  example  is  given.  Of  still  other  of  these 
classes  no  mention  at  all  is  made.  Words  ending  in  [t^s?]  or 
[tea;],  for  example,  as  nature,  culture,  and  words  like  bass, 
launch,  etc,  are  often  noted  as  having  two  or  more  disUticX 


6  PREFACE 

pn?auxicuicion&  So  with  words  having  [iou,  jou,  ^ou],  etc., 
or  [uuj.  etc..  as  rcoimtion,  endure,  news,  Tuesday.  But  xn 
oth«r  cases,  as  of  words  ending  xn  [San]  or  [Sn],  like  nation, 
mssccuiti^*n.  or  in  [izam.  szam],  etc.,  or  [izm,  xzm],  etc.,  like 
frism.  s*striKism.  sf^um,  etc..  or  having  [ak,  ag]  or  [ik,  xg], 
as  c4«jru*:t^T.  tfi'stiicU,,  Alexandrine,  little  or  no  prominence  xs 
)ftv«n  to  ih«  matter. 

In  classifvin^  the  prontmciations  of  a  word  as  British, 
Irish.  Sct»tch.  American.  less  proper,  improper,  vulgar,  etc, 
It  IS  nti't  meet  that  the  reader  should  interpret  these  terms 
m  t\V  ttarrv^w  or  exact  a  manner.  As  a  general  rule,  Amerx- 
CJiit  usA^  IS  s^iven  the  preference  and  is  placed  first,  without 
Vcin^  ttMrkt.  Usage  morkt  as  British  may  be  common  or 
«4kr^v.Jll  aIs«>  itt  New  England  or  m  other  ports  of  the  English- 
SfK^Wicvn:  wv^rid.  Vsage  morkt  as  dialectal,  vulgar,  or  xm- 
rr^p<r  wiy  sometimes  be  heard  in  the  speech  of  a  cultured 
isrr^^tt  M^ny  sarcv^ndary  f^rros  which  are  left  unclassified  or 
>fchwh  Anc  c!jk»it:<xi  as  *less  proper."  etc.,  might  upon  further 
%ttw»ti^A:u^it  AS  to  the  prv^prietT  and  extent  of  their  past  and 
r^vsv-tr:  xHsXjjX  pro\X'  k»  he  either  o^  equally  proper,  but  less 
tx\\;wv'rt,  v-^  r»0Te  pr^r^r.  tho  less  frequent.  (3)  both  more 
V*^iv«  At^xl  •.roTf  tWN;«cr,t.  v4^  dialectal  variants,  or  (5)  func- 
xtOf'sA'.  \At%Ar:s.  v^t  trisyllables  like  beautiful,  duplicate, 
,v*^*  ^  ^•\*  /v#  f^'^ty^  etc..  It  may  be  said  to  be  probable 
»X*{  tV  *ec\*^.xl  r?v*r.ur.ciation  given  (namely,  that  with  a 
xS^\-,  XN^xfcv:  ^r»:?rxl  of  a  d:tth^ng  in  the  first  syllable)  repre- 
'i^i-.x  A  !",Mv  tr.xxwrt  ar.d  a  better  usage  than  the  first  pro- 
-. vs. *•-,-»    v>*>w>,   \s  tbe  only  ferm  met  with   in   existing 

V-o:*4i  ■.^o  ?\^v.^'-as  icd  shades  of  sound  which  in  this  dic- 
u,N>*ti\  ,uv  o\;Vi  r*;  •.'.virkt  at  «H.  or  but  rarely  markt,  may 
N*    ■ '  ■ .  ■•  t o js\  ;  >.o  •,  ^*. 'o w I ni: : 

*'*'>'  />iJA'  5rx*r  i"1  t^  «;Ti::e  common  in  English.  It 
v^'n'  xnv;^«.x  \:':t:A'  >srtor<'  jtrrst  \owcl$.  and  sometimes  oc- 
X    -x   •    ..*:    ^-   xV^^Av.'   ?>r:r5  x"*:   the   word  yes.     It  is  rarely 

-    t  >,•  %v  »M*  t*  ?s{x^?'  ;0.  **  xvv  \>,e  word  gig  (gig)  is  a  some- 


PREFACE  7 

In  this  book,  however,  the  fonetxc  letter  (g)  is  net  used,  the 
letter  (g)  being  empleyd  for  the  central  stop  [g]  as  well  as 
for  the  back  step  [gj.  (See  the  Universal  Gammakap,  page 
9,  below.) 

3.  The  sibilant  represented  by  the  letter  (s),  etc.,  in  words 
like  question,  exchange,  etc.,  fellowd  by  the  sound  [tj],  may 
be  considerd  to  be  a  sound  intermediate  betiueen  [s]  and  [$]. 
As  no  special  symbol  is  used  in  this  book  for  this  interme- 
diate vowel,  such  words  are  often  markt  as  being  pronounced 
with  [s]  only,  or  with  either  [s]  or  [$],  two  re-spellings  being 
given  in  the  latter  case. 

4.  In  the  words  act  (sekt),  attacked  (a'txkt),  and  the  like, 
we  have  the  first  half  of  a  [k]  and  the  second  half  of  a  [t], 
the  tongue  flapping  from  the  [k]-position  to  the  [t]-position 
without  a  [k]-explosion.  This  [t],  theoretically,  is  syllabic. 
(See  page  14.)  No  special  symbols  are  used  in  this  book  to 
distinguish  these  sounds  from  ordinary  [k]  and  [t]. 

5.  The  aspirate  [h]  after  strest  voiceless  stops,  tho  the 
rule  in  English,  and  especially  strong  in  Ireland  (where  it 
often  develops  into  a  fricativ  cognate  with  the  step),  as  in 
the  word  cake  (kge:kQ,  insted  of  kheekh  or  keekh),  is  net 
markt  at  all  in  this  book.  A  detaild  treatment  of  this  fe- 
nemenen  would  be  interesting. 

6.  The  initial  sound  of  the  word  humph  is  identified  in 
this  book  with  the  voiceless  nasal  [ic].  The  sound  might 
as  well,  or  perhaps  better,  have  been  identified  with  the  va- 
riety of  nasal-[h]  sound  in  the  production  of  which  the  oral 
passage  is  closed  by  the  tip  of  the  tongue. 

7.  The  resonants  may  be  voiceless  as  well  as  voiced 
(vowels).  In  some  languages  voiceless  resonants  occur 
nennally  with  great  frequency.  In  English  they  occur  some- 
times in  unstrest  syllables,  as  in  the  word  practically,  as  often 
pronounced,  in  which  we  have  a  voiceless  [i]  and  possibly, 
sometimes,  a  voiceless  [a].  These  voiceless  resonants  have 
net  been  markt  in  this  book. 

8.  The  high-central  vowel  [i],  as  in  the  word  axis  ('aeksis), 
IS  quite  a  different  sound  from  the  front  vowel  [i]  in  the 
word  pin  (pin).  This  central  vowel  is  a  very  important 
sound  in  English  fonelogy,  and  I  was  desirous  of  using  this 
special  representation  of  it  thruout  this  dictionary;  but  I  was 
tmable  to  procure  the  type  at  the  time  of  beginning  the  com- 
position of  the  vocabulary.  I  have  been  able,  however,  to 
mark  the  sound  properly  in  this  Preface,  except  in  the  bold- 
face paragraf-hedings.  Thruout  the  body  of  the  book  iV^c 
letter  (i)  xs  empleyd  for  the  central  vowel  [i]  as  well  as  io^ 
lAc  froat  vowel  [ij. 


8  PREFACE 

9.  The  several  varieties  of  mid-central  vowel  sounds,  as  in 
the  words  govern  ('gAvarn),  lengthen  (IcqGan),  tackle  ('takal), 
Anna  ('aena),  obey  (a'bee),  are  net  definitly  differentiated  in 
English,  and  perhaps  never  will  be.  They  are,  therefore,  all 
represented  with  sufficient  accuracy  for  the  purposes  of  this 
book  by  the  single  letter  (a). 

10.  Half-leng  vowels.  The  vowel  [a]  before  M  fellowd  by 
a  voiceless  step,  as  [k],  and  a  weak  syllable,  as  in  the  word 
market  ('ma^kit,  'ma:?-kit),  may  be  said  to  be  nermally  half- 
leng.  Similarly  with  the  vowel  [b]  before  [r]  fellowd  by  a 
voiceless  step,  or  by  [n],  [1],  or  [ds],  and  a  weak  syllabic,  as 
in  the  words  curtain  ('kertn),  learned  ('iBrnid),  early  ('sell), 
clergy  ('ki-B^dsi),  respectivly.  As  no  symbol  is  used  in  this 
book  for  half-length,  the  vowels  [a]  and  [b],  when  really  half- 
leng,  are  often  markt  as  short  only,  or  as  either  short  or  long; 
two  re-spellings  being  given  in  the  latter  case. 

11.  Weak  voiceless  consonants  have  for  convenience  been 
clast  as  voiced  or  voiceless  according  as  the  preceding  sound 
IS  voiced  or  voiceless,  as  in  his  (hiz,  rather  than  his),  edged 
(edsd,  rather  than  edjt),  but  scratched  (slnaetSt).  Such  sounds 
are  susceptible  of  a  more  accurate  treatment. 

Fonetzo  Notation.  The  sounds  of  speech  are  noted  in 
this  dictionary  by  means  of  a  system  of  letters  which,  for  con- 
venience, are  arranged  in  the  order  g,  k,  etc.  This  system 
of  letters,  so  arranged,  I  have  named  gammakap  (from  gam- 
ma and  kappa),  by  analogy  to  the  word  alfahet,  which 
denotes  a  system  of  letters  arranged  in  the  order  a,  b  (or 
alfa,  beta),  etc.  The  system  is  essentially  identical  with 
the  international  alfabet  assembled  about  the  year  •1886  by 
Paul  Passy  of  Pans  (partly  from  elements  containd  in  the 
previous  fonetic  alfabets  of  Henry  Sujeet  and  others),  and 
fosterd  since  that  time  by  the  International  Fonetic  As- 
sociation (20  rue  de  la  Madeleine,  Bour-la-Reine,  Seine, 
France).  In  this  dictionary  and  in  previous  publications  I 
have  further  amplified  and  modified  this  system  of  fonetic 
notation,  molding  it  into  a  still  more  delicate  and  useful  in- 
strument of  precision. 

Below  are  two  tables.    The  first  table  shows  the  more  nn- 

pertani  letters  of  the  universal  gammakap,  arranged  so  as  to 

ffTvt^  some  idea  of  the  place  and  manner  oi  articulation  of  the 

aound  or  group  of  sounds  whicli  eac\i  S7rft\io\  r^^t.%<&TLW  "^ 


PREFACE  9 

udes  the   synibok   (IcU™)    for   mdicauas  the    basic    sound- 

Tersal  srstem  mctndes.  of  coane,  otba-  irmbots  (modifiers). 
for  ladtcatms  TOicelessiieas,  nasaln;,  and  whisper,  and  the 
Tarioos  degreca  of  Icaftli,  nrcss,  and  pitch.  The  second  table 
shows  the  lEtlns  of  the  Eogluh  oanimakap,  with  ezamplea  of 
words  contaimiig  the  aoaada  which  the  letters  represent.  In 
a  few  cases,  examples  from  foreign  langnages  have  been 
added,  to  ifaaw  ite  occoireiice  of  practically  the  wme  sounds 


r 

~ 



^ 

"SiS 

....-.■.     ■ 

?.-..... 

.= 

). 

Rm,*.l™ 

--""-- 

■Tw-;-:-" 

r.'--.fS 

t.(--l    l^-> 

0<                         I.. 

,. 

n. 

"Ti-;,;--;' 

.;ui;h 

Hi.. 

=_ 

.            < 

"- 

U.                . 

n*.lr»ilrt" 

t« 

B.'udij' 

o^ 

i..;,;d« 

I.. 

cv« 

,-^;-- 

^ 

* 

^ 

10  PREFACE 


ENGLISH  GAMMAKAP 

Stridenis 

Shut 

g        ^ood  (god),  linger  (liijga?),  wri^^le  ('nga!),  gig  (gig). 
k        cook  (kok),  kick  (kik),  bunib  (bAijk),  tickle  i'tikal),  keep 
(klip). 

d        deed    (diid),    wind    (wind),    widen    ('wai-dn),    meddle 

Cmcdl),  bold  (boold). 
t        ^aughf   (tc:t),  hint   (hint),   whiten   ('loai-tn),  beU   (belt), 

whiWle  CiDiti). 

b        bib  (bib),  thimble  ('eimbal). 
P        peep  (piip),  limp  (hmp). 

Fricativ 
who  (hcra),  Aouse  (haos),  hit  (hit). 


th 


ye  (jii),  you  (jou),  dew  (djou);  German  /ung  (jot}). 
cure  (kgo:?),  pure  (pqoiz);  German  ich  (ig). 

i     dry  (drai),  laundry  (1c:n-dn). 
try  (tXQi),  pastry  ('pee-stji). 


0* 
tj 
(      this  (dis),  hesithen  Chii-ddn),  with  (wid);  Spanish  todos 

CtDdos). 
/        thin  (6in),  myth  (miO),  wid^li  (widO);  Spanish  graciaa 

CgcaBias). 

S        asure   ('aesar),  judge   (dsxds) ;   French   je   (33) ;   Italian 

gid  (dsa). 
J        shoe    (Sou),   chew    (tjou);    French   cAic    (Sik);    German 

Schuh  ($u:);  Italian  cinque  ('tSii):-kwe) ;  Spanish  mu- 

cho  CmutSD). 

R        jvcal  (iiin.  rose  (rooz),  his  (hiz). 
M        sister  ('sxstdr). 

V        fifltl  Cvtvid),  0/  (ev). 
f        f\h  (f«if). 

*v        rein  (wiu),  c/wlndlr  ('dwindlV 
'**         W'^r/j  (wtn),  (|Mick  (ku>ik),  twne  (^oitC^- 


PREFACE  II 

Sonoraais 

Nasal 

Q        long  (}e:g),  longer  (teiQ-gaz),  bank  (baegk). 

n        nun  (nAn),  gardener  (^gaiz-da-^e),  cardtnal   Ckaiz-dnA), 

hint  (hint). 
N        snare  (snc:;). 

m        maim  (meem),  triumph  ('tiai-dmf),  limp  (hmp). 
ic        AMmph  (Mm),  smear  (suiiz). 

Oral 

I        lull  (1a1),  cardino/  Ckaij-dn-l),  tatt/e  ('taetl). 
L        p/ay  (pz.ce),  s/ow  (si-oo). 

?       red  (zzd),  ear  (i:«),  earth  (b:76),  very  ('vc^i). 
5       free  (f^ii),  throw  (Osoo). 


High-close 

u  whoever  (^hu'cvsr),  shoe  (Sou),  unit  ('jou-nit),  cower 
(Tcou-ar);  French  toKt  (tu),  to«r  (tuiR);  German  Zu- 
fall  ('tsu:,fal). 

i  react  (ei'aekt),  eat  (lit),  sconW  ('sko:-?i,i:),  buoyant  ('bei- 
snt);  French  ni  (ni),  ptre  (pi:^);  German  hied  (li:t). 

High-open 

0  full  (fol),  poor  (po:?),  shoe  (Sou),  unite  (jo'nait) ;  Ger- 

man Muff  (mof). 

1  pity    Cpiti),    hated    ('hee-tid),    axts    ('aeksis),    foret^n 

('feein),  carrtage  ('kae^ids),  senote   ('senit). 
I        It  (it),  ear  (i:r),  eat   (lit),  high   (hai),  why   (looi),  boy 
(boi) ;  German  btn  (bin). 

Mid-close 

0  poetic  (po'etik),  note  (noot);  French  pot  (po),  cote 
(ko:t) ;  German  So/tn  ('2o:n),  Italian  leone  (le'o:-ne). 

'  over  ('oo-v3?),  sofo  ('soo-fa),  again  (a'gcn),  truism  ('tjou- 
^izam),  taken  ('tee-kan),  chocolate  ('tjeka-lat),  chest- 
nut ('tSesN3t),  tackle  ('taekaO- 

e  aereal  (e'li-ri-sJ)/  gate  (geet);  French  M  (e'te)*,  Qtx- 
man  lUA  (te:) ;  Italian  pere  ('pe;-re). 


PREFACE 

Mid-open 

but  (bAt),  tender  ('Aiidar). 

doot  (d3:7),  obey  (o'bee),  note  (noot);  French  note 
(not),  tort  (t3:K);  German  Gott  (got). 

hed  (bed),  b^or  (be:r),  gate  (geet),  example  (eg'za:m- 
pal) ;  French  fatt  (fc),  t^e  (tc:t) ;  Orman  Bar  (be:^), 
Bett  (bet);  Italian  tempo  ('tem:-p3),  bene  Cbei-ne). 

Low^lose 

autumnal  (c'tAmnl),  low  (tc:);  Italian  poco  ('pc:-k3). 
iur  (fe:?),  turtle  (tB^tl),  hurry  Chsn). 
e        cat  (kaet). 

Low-opeH 

a  far  (fa:r),  barter  (Ixirta?),  cow  (kao),  why  (idqi), 
French  pas  (pa),  pate  (pa:t);  Cierman  Mai  (ma:l),  ab 
(ap),  bei  (bai);  Italian  amare  (a'ma:-re). 

e        hot  (hot),  horn  (he:rn),  bay  (bei). 

a        ask  (a:sk),  high  (hai);  French  patte  (pat),  part  (para). 

Names  and  Sorzpt  Forms  of  the  Xetters.  English 
names  for  the  letters  and  other  s3rmbols  of  the  universal 
gammakap,  together  with  their  script  forms,  and  examples  of 
printed  and  written  texts  in  English  and  other  languages,  a; 
well  as  a  short  exposition  and  bibliegrafy  of  the  system,  ma: 
be  found  in  a  booklet  (of  about  32  pages),  entitled  Reforma 
tion  of  Spelling,  which  I  am  preparing. 

Oompound  Sound*.  Among  the  consonants  attentic 
may  be  cald  to  the  affricate  ds,  as  in  judg^  (dsAds),  and  i 
vexceless  mate  tS,  as  in  chvLtch  (tSB:?t$). 

Among    the    vowels    may    be    noted    eight    normal    risi 
difthongi,  as  fellows :    ou,  as  xn  faal   (foul),  li,  as  in 
(mi);  DO,  as  xn  note  (noot);  ce,  as  in  gate  (gcet);  go,  as 
l\0W  (nao);  ai,  as  xn  wtse  (waiz);  01,  as  in  bay  (boi); 
AH  in  kite  (kait).     The  last  four  difthongs  (ao,  oi,  01, 
whon  Mlowd  by  a  syllable  beginning  with  a  vowel,  usi 
bi»eon)t>  «w,  «J,  t»i,  oi,  as  xn  tairer  ('tau-ar),  qutet   (Tcuja 
tmo,vant  Clml-ont).  buyer  Cbai-ar). 

Th(*rp  nrp  Aho  four  normal  falling  difthongs,  after  [1] 
A/,  f/J,  M  Mhwi    itw  as  xn  purlieu  Cp^iVm),  diffl 


PREFACE  13 

Cdifziu-dns),  feveriew  ('f li-va^^f iu) ;  io,  as  in  emolument 
(i^melio-msnt) ;  io:,  as  xn  lure  (Ho:;);  is,  as  in  behavior 
(biTiee-visr). 

Besides  these  sixteen  normal  difthengs,  there  is  the  one 
normal  triftheng,  iou,  after  [I],  [v],  and  [f],  as  xn  Ueu  (Hou), 
view  (viou),  and  few  (fiou). 

Besides  the  sixteen  normal  difthengs  and  the  normal  tnf- 
theng  mentiond  above,  there  also  occur,  either  in  wide-spred 
usage  or  xn  well-known  local  usage,  the  difthengs  ci,  as  in  hoy 
(bci);  ed,  as  xn  care  (kea);  Od,  as  xn  mom  (mean);  os,  as  in 
door  (dod);  id,  as  xn  here  (hia);  o9,  as  in  poor  (pod),  etc.; 
and  the  trifthengs  lia,  as  xn  queerest  ('kwiia-rist) ;  oud,  as 
in  flour  ('fz.au37);  aid,  as  in  inqutring  (in^kwaid-rxi]),  and 
aid,  as  in  destring  (dx'zaid-irxg). 

Duration.  Extra  length,  or  duration,  of  elementary 
sounds,  especially  xn  the  case  of  vowel  sounds,  is  indicated 
by  the  length-mark  (:)  placed  just  after  the  letter  represent- 
ing the  sound  xn  question,  as  xn  palm  (pa:m),  laud  (lc:d),  air 
(cz),  zygospore  {'zig9,spo:z),  and  in  the  interjection  sh  ($:). 

Syllabzcation  and  Stress*  The  various  elementary 
sounds  of  speech,  when  utterd  xn  any  series  or  sequence, 
without  increase  or  diminution  xn  the  strength  of  the  breth- 
nnpulse,  possess  various  degrees  of  (inherent)  relativ  so- 
nerity.  The  voiced  sounds  are  more  sonorous  than  the  voice- 
less sounds;  the  sonorants  are  more  sonorous  than  the  stri- 
dents;  the  resonants  are  more  sonorous  than  the  sonorants. 
And  just  as  this  xs  true  among  the  larger  classes  of  sounds, 
80  also  xs  xt  true  among  the  smaller  groups  of  sounds  and 
among  the  individual  sounds.  (See  the  Universal  Gamma- 
bp,  page  9,  above.) 

A  syllable  xs  a  prominence  of  sonorousness  or  loudness : 
a  wave,  as  xt  were,  of  sonority,  rising  above  the  general  level 
of  speech. 

Any  elementary  speech-sound  utterd  by  itself,  in  a  single 
breth-impulse  of  uniform  or  only  gradually  changing  strength, 
CBustrtutes  a  single  syllable,     A  group  consisting  oi  tN»0  Ot 


14  PREFACE 

more  elementary  sounds  utterd  zn  sequence  constitutes  either 
one  syllable,  or  more  than  one  syllable,  according  as  it  con- 
tains one  wave  of  sonority,  or  more  than  one  wave  of 
sonority,  rising  above  the  general  level  of  sonority. 

If  a  syllable  or  soneric  wave  contains  more  than  one  sound. 
Its  crest  or  point  of  maximum  sonority  lies,  of  course,  within 
Its  most  sonorous  sound.  For  example,  in  the  monosyllable 
bet  (bet),  which  contains  the  three  sounds  [b],  [e],  and  [t], 
the  syllabic  crest  lies  within  the  sound  [e],  the  most  sonorous 
sound  in  the  syllable.  If  one  syllable  or  sononc  wave  follows 
another,  in  the  same  breth-impulse,  the  intersyllabic  trough, 
or  point  of  minimum  sonority,  lies  within  the  least  sonorous 
sound  between  the  two  wave-crests.  For  example,  in  the  di- 
syllabic better  Cbetd?)  the  two  syllables  are  utterd  in  a  single 
breth-impulse,  and  the  trough  lies  within  the  sound  [t],  the 
least  sonorous  sound  between  the  two  crests  [e]  and  [a]. 

A  sound  forms  the  crest, of  a  sononc  wave  (that  is,  is  syl- 
labic) if  separated  from  adjacent  sonorous  sounds  by  sounds 
less  sonorous  than  it  or  the  adjacent  sonorous  sounds.  Net 
resonants  only,  but  also  consonants  (stridents  and  sonorants) 
may  be  syllabic.  In  English  we  have  an  example  of  a  syllabic 
strident  in  the  [t]  of  practically,  as  sometimes  pronounced; 
of  syllabic  sonorants  in  the  [1]  of  kettle  ('ketl),  the  [n]  of 
sudden  ('sxdn),  the  [$:]  of  psht  (pS:t).  The  sononc  undula- 
tions due  to  the  presence  of  the  [s]  in  star  (star?)  or  cats 
(kaets),  the  [$]  in  catch  (kaetS).  or  the  [6]  in  wealth  (when 
pronounced  weltO),  and  the  like,  are  comparable  to  mere 
ripples,  rather  than  waves  of  sonority,  and  to  most  ears  are 
not  perceptible  as  syllables.     (Compare  paragraf  4,  page  7.) 

Syllables  are  the  result  of  the  independent  or  conjoint  ac- 
tion of  two  factors:  (i)  the  above-mentiond  relativ  inherent 
sonorities  of  the  elementary  sounds,  and  (2)  the  changes 
wrought  among  the  relationships  of  these  inherent  sonen- 
ties  by  sudden  changes  in  the  force  of  breth-impulse  or  stress. 
If  a  new  brcth-impulse  is  introduced  into  any  utterance,  a 
fjew  sonenc  wave  or  syllable  begins  just  where  this  new 
breth'impuhe  begins. 


PREFACE  15 

A  syllable  may  be  cald  static  when  at  its  inception  the 
force  of  the  breth-impulse  remains  the  same  as  it  was  just  be- 
fore, or  changes  only  at  the  same  rate  at  which  it  was  before 
changing.  Static  syllables  exist  solely  (or  primarily)  in  vir- 
tue of  the  relativ  inherent  sonorities  of  the  eleme|^tary 
sounds. 

A  syllable  may  be  cald  dynamic  when  at  its  inception  the 
force  of  the  breth-impulse  is  suddenly  increast.  The  first  or 
initial  syllable  of  any  utterance  is  of  course  a  dyanmic  syl- 
lable. 

Between  a  dynamic  syllable  and  a  static  syllable,  as  in  the 
word  better  Cbetsz),  mentiond  above,  or  between  two  con- 
tiguous static  syllables,  as  in  the  word  logically  (lodsikd-li), 
there  is  no  point  of  division  lying  between  two  sounds  of 
different  quality.  In  so  far  as  there  exists  any  definit  point 
of  syllabic  division  in  such  cases,  it  must  always  be  located 
within  the*  limits  of  a  sound  of  minimum  sonority.  In  the 
word  better,  this  sound  zs  the  [t] ;  in  logically,  the  [d]  or  the 
[k].  These  sounds  belong  to  neither  syllable  more  than  to  the 
other,  but  each  one  of  them  constitutes  a  nexus  in  which  the 
two  syllables  meet. 

These  nexuses  joining  static  syllables  with  preceding  sylla- 
bles ore,  in  English,  normally  consonants  (stridents  or  so- 
norants),  but  in  abnormal  utterances,  and  in  certain  types  of 
normal  utteraces,  in  English  and  in  other  languages,  they 
niay  be  resonants.  Furthermore,  in  certain  Swiss  dialects,  a 
long  strest  syllable  may  be  foUowd  by  a  static  syllable,  the 
two  syllables  joining  in  an  intervening  voiced  resonant 
(vowel),  or  voiceless  resonant,  common  to  both  syllables. 

Every  dynamic  syllable,  on  the  other  hand,  must  always 
have  a  definit  starting-point,  located  either  (i)  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  word  or  utterance,  as,  in  the  word  better  ('betar), 
at  the  beginning  of  the  [b];  (2)  between  two  medial  sounds 
of  different  quality,  as,  in  the  word  baker  ('bee-kar),  at  the 
beginning  of  the  [k],  and,  in  the  word  coolie  Ckou-li),  at  the 
beginning  of  the  [I] ;  or  (3)  within  the  limits  of  some  medial 
sound  which,  were  there  no  new  breth-impulse,  would  \ic  ^ 


16  PREFACE 

single  sound,  as,  zn  the  word  rat-trap  ('zxt^tsxp),  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  second  [t],  and,  in  the  word  coolly  (Tcoul-li), 
at  the  beginning  of  the  second  [!].  When  a  (second)  new  dy- 
namic syllable  or  breth-impulse  thus  begins  within  a  sound, 
the  sound  is  cald  double  or  geminated,  and  is,  thruout  this 
dictionary,  represented  (as  here)  by  two  separate  letters. 

When,  as  is  always  the  case  at  the  inception  of  a  static 
syllable,  the  intersyllabic  trough  lies  within  the  limits  of  a 
single  sound  (of  minimum  sonenty),  as,  in  the  word  better 
Cbetaz),  within  the  [t],  the  letter  representing  this  sound  of 
minimum  sonority  sufficiently  indicates  the  position  of  the 
intersyllabic  trough.  It  is  neither  necessary  nor  beneficial 
further  to  indicate  its  position,  for  unless  in  uttering  the 
word  a  new  breth-impulse  is  gratuitously  introduced,  or 
some  error  made  zn  the  sounds  themselvs,  the  correct  pro- 
nunciation will  necessarily  result. 

When,  en  the  other  hand,  as  is  always  the  case  at  the  in- 
ception of  a  dynamzc  syllable,  the  intersyllabic  trough  lies  just 
before  a  certain  sound,  as  before  the  [b]  zn  better  or  before 
the  [b]  or  the  [k]  in  baker,  it  is  often  most  necessary  and 
beneficial  to  indicate  its  position. 

Stress,  or  dynamic  accent,  is  the  relativ  emfasis  with 
which  a  sound,  syllable,  or  sequence  of  syllables  is  utterd.  It 
IS  the  intensity  or  degree  of  energy  characterizing  a  breth- 
impulse  used  in  speech.  It  is  the  force  or  vigor  imparted  to 
any  given  utterance  by  the  breth. 

In  the  body  of  this  dictionary,  accordingly,  the  startzng- 
peint  of  every  syllable  having  chief  stress  (that  is,  having  the 
primary  degree  of  force  of  a  new  or  reinforced  breth-impulse) 
IS  always  indicated  by  means  of  a  special  symbol,  the  chief 
stress-mark  ('),  placed  just  before  the  strest  syllable;  and  the 
starting-peint  of  every  syllable  having  subordinate  stress  (that 
IS,  having  the  secondary,  tertiary,  or  quarternary  degree  of 
force  of  a  new  or  reinforced  breth-impulse)  is  always  (except 
initially,  where  it  is  left  unmarkt)  indicated  by  means  of  a 
general  symhoi,  the  hyfen  (-),  placed  just  before  the  strest 
syllable. 


PREFACE  17 

In  this  Preface,  however,  a  special  symbol  for  secondary 
stress,  the  secondary  stress-mark  (,)»  l^^s  also  been  tised  (me- 
dially xnsted  of  the  hyfen,  and  also  initially),  whenever  the 
syllable  actually  has  secondary  stress.  This  secondary  stress- 
mark  (,)  will  probably  be  used  thruout  the  dictionary  if  a 
second  edition  is  publisht.  It  is  alredy  empleyd  thruout  my 
Dictionary  of  Aviation  which  is  about  to  appear. 

In  normal  English  any  syllable   immediately  following  a 
syllable  containing  a  long  strest  vowel,  a  rising  diftheng  or 
triftheng,  or  a  syllabic  consonant  or  a  vowel,  is  a  dynamic 
syllable;  and  any  weakly  strest  syllable  immediately  follow- 
ing a  syllable  containing  a  short  strest  vowel  plus  one  or 
more  consonants  is  only  a  static  syllable.     Dynamic  syllables 
are  often  found,  however,  in  compounds,  adopted  words,  as 
bivouac  Cbiv^waek),  etc.,  even  after  syllables  containing  short 
strest  vowels.     A  given  disyllabic  word  or  combination,  as 
ego   ('ego,  'e,go,  etc.)   may  consist  either   (i)   of  a  dynamic 
plus    a    static    syllable,    or    (2)    of    two    dynamic    syllables. 
Whether  or  not  a  new  breth-impulse  occurs  in  a  given  com- 
bination of  sounds  depends  on  various  factors:    (i)  the  char- 
acter   of    the    consonants    intervening   between    the    syllabic 
crests;  (2)  their  number;  (3)  the  independence  of  the  word; 
(4)  Its  freedom  from  the  influence  of  related  more  familiar 
words;  and  (5)  the  commonness  of  the  word  itself. 

Until  recent  years,  the  nature  of  syllabication  was  not  clear- 
ly understood.  Some  division  of  a  word  was,  however,  often 
necessary  in  writing  and  printing  and  some  oral  division  was 
desirable  in  dictating.  So  the  thing  took  shape  in  spelling- 
books  and  dictionaries.  But  the  distinction  between  grafic 
word-dzvision  and  fonetic  syllabication  only  gradually  became 
clear  in  the  minds  of  men.  Up  to  the  present  hour,  altho  the 
distinction  between  dynamic  and  static  syllables  has  now  for 
some  years  been  quite  well  understood,  and  altho  it  is  of  the 
greatest  importance  in  correctly  indicating  pronunciation,  no 
dictionary  has  ever  introduced  it  into  its  vocabulary.  One 
reason  for  this  may  lie  in  the  customary  but  fontticaAVv 
\mous  practis  of  placing  the  stress-mark  at  the  end  (,ot  svxv 


18  PREFACE 

posed  end),  rather  than  at  the  beginning,  of  syllables.  This 
practis  has  nothing  but  custom  to  recommend  it.  The  stress- 
mark  IS  commonly  used  thus  by  dictionary-makers  and  others, 
and  this  usage  is  often  defended  by  misguided  or  unthinking 
persons,  in  apparent  disregard  or  ignorance  of  the  good  to  be 
derived  from  the  use  of  a  more  scientific  method.  In  reading. 
It  IS  more  convenient  to  have  the  stress-mark  placed  before, 
rather  than  after,  the  strest  syllable,  for,  altho  the  reader 
doutless  sees  words  and  syllables  for  the  most  part  as  wholes, 
his  eye  nevertheless  usually  approaches  them  from  the  left, 
rather  than  from  the  right,  and  it  is  better  that  he  should  be 
apprised  of  the  facts  as  to  where  a  syllable  begins,  and  how 
It  IS  strest,  during  the  incipient,  rather  thian  during  the 
final  stage  of  his  visual  or  vocal  action  upon  it.  One  prefers 
to  see  a  guidepost  before  he  gets  to  his  destination  or  has 
past  It. 

Furthermore,  in  mjrriads  of  cases,  it  is  impossible  correctly 
to  place  a  stress-mark  after  a  strest  syllable;  for,  whenever  a 
a  dynamic  syllable  is  fellowd  by  a  static  syllable,  the  dynamic 
syllable,  ending  as  it  does  within  the  limits  of  some  (rela- 
txvly  unsonorous)  sound  within  which  also  the  static  syllable 
begins,  cannot  accurately  be  represented  as  ending  after  that 
sound.  For  example,  the  word  sister  is  pronounced  neither 
'si-star,  nor  'sis-tdr,  nor  'sist-ar,  but  'sistar.  The  boundary 
between  its  two  syllables  lies  neither  before  nor  after  the  [s], 
nor  after  the  [t],  but  within  the  [t].  The  first  (dimamic) 
syllable  merges  into  the  second  (static)  syllable  thru  the  sound 
of  minimum  sonority  [t],  which  is  common  to  both  syllables. 

The  use  of  stress-marks  in  posterior  position,  just  alluded 
to,  confounds  the  whole  subject  of  grafic  word-divisions  of 
curreat  or  fonetic  orthegrafy  (to  be  used  at  the  ends  of  lines 
by  writers  and  printers)  with  the  quite  different  subject 
of  real  fonetic  syllabication.  This,  together  with  the  com- 
mon practxs  of  trying  to  show  current  spelling  and  etymology 
M  wpll  AS  pronunciation,  all  in  one  respelling  of  a  word,  re^ 
0tf/f9  rn  the  multitudinous  fonetic  errors  with  which  the 
ordinary  dtcthnaricB  and  text-booVs  %tc  ^<^  Itwsv  <^qm«c  \ft 


PREFACE  19 

cover.  The  merest  tyro  in  fonetzcs,  every  child,  indeed,  who 
uses  these  books,  zs  apt  to  be  clearly  or  dimly  conscious  of 
many  of  these  errors  and  systematic  perversions  of  pronun- 
ciation. The  troubles  caused  by  the  practis  of  using  the 
stress-mark  after  the  strest  syllable  cannot  be  overcome  by 
placing  the  stress-mark  above  or  below  the  vowel  or  con- 
sonant of  maximum  sonority  which  forms  the  crest  of  the 
strest  syllable;  for  such  a  procedure  net  only  multiplies  enor- 
mously the  number  and  complication  of  the  symbols  and  types 
required,  but  fails  to  indicate  either  the  beginning  or  end  of 
the  strest  syllable. 

In  this  dictionary,  the  stress  indicated  is,  in  general,  the 
stress  which  the  word  has  when  isolated.  Certain  systematic 
shiftings  of  stress  are  indicated,  notably  in  the  case  of  words 
whose  stress  shifts  according  as  these  words  are  used  poste- 
riorly or  anteriorly  in  a  sentence,  the  posterior  form  being 
given  first.  (See  page  3  of  this  Preface,  under  Pronuncia- 
tion.) 

Word-dxTxsion.  In  dividing  words  at  the  ends  of  lines, 
we  have  (i)  the  case  of  current  spellings,  and  (2)  the  case  of 
fonetic  spellings.  In  this  dictionary  the  current  spellings 
have  been  divided  in  an  ordinary  conventional  manner  which 
requires  no  special  description.  The  fonetic  spellings  have 
been  divided,  wherever  practicable,  at  the  beginning  of  a 
dynamic  syllable,  that  is,  where  there  would  alredy  be  a  hyfen 
or  a  stress-mark  in  any  event.  Where  it  has  been  necessary 
or  convenient  to  divide  a  fonetic  spelling  arbitrarily,  where 
no  new  breth-impulse  really  begins,  it  is  divided  in  a  man- 
ner similar  to  the  manner  in  which  it  would  be  divided  were 
there  really  a  new  breth-impulse  introduced  (that  is,  were 
a  new  dynamic  syllable  begun  there).  For  example,  if  the  fo- 
netic spelling  C'pae^ant]  of  the  word  parent  is  divided  at  the 
end  of  a  line,  it  is  divided  ['px-rsnt]  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  fonetic  spelling  ['pe:-?3nt],  a  variant  of  the  same  word, 
would  be  divided :  that  is,  just  before  the  letter  (z),  the  hyfen 
being  used  as  the  mark  of  division  at  the  end  of  the  \me. 
This  ase  of  the  by  fen,  now  for  real  syllabic  division,  no^ 


20 


PREFACE 


for  mere  arbitrary  word-divisioii,  and  again  for  joining  the 
elements  of  compound  words,  renders  it  often  an  ambiguous 
symboL  (See  page  29  of  this  Preface,  tmder  Clarified  Spell- 
ing.) 


AMbattrwiaMamm 


Abbreviations  are  used  only 


for  the  names  of  the  ports  of  speech. 

LIST  OF  ABBREVIATIONS 


adj. 

adjectiv 

Pl- 

ploral 

adj.'pron. 

adjectiv-pronoun 

pron. 

pronoun 

adv. 

adverb 

n. 

noun 

conj. 

conjunction 

noun-^on. 

noun-pronoun 

interj. 

interjection 

V. 

verb 

In  illustrativ  frases,  as  under  the  title-word  aged^  the  title- 
word»  where  it  occurs  in  the  sense  illustrated,  is  markt  by 
means  of  a  star  or  asterisk  {*)  just  preceding  the  word,  in 
order  to  aid  the  reader  in  seeing  it  or  in  identifying  it. 

Spellms  Beform.  The  reformation  of  spelling  presents 
Itself  under  three  modes :  simplified  spelling,  clarified  spell- 
ing, and  fonetic  spelling.  Simplified  spelling  and  clarified 
spelling  are  alike  in  being  but  amendments  of  the  current 
ertbegrafy,  while  fonetic  spelling  is  a  relativly  independent 
lyitem  of  erthegrafy  based  upon  pronunciation.  All  three  of 
theie  model  of  refermd  spelling  are  used  to  a  certain  extent 
sn  this  dictionary. 

Szmplsfied  Spcllziic*  The  current  spelling  may  be 
•smplified  to  some  extent  by  omission  of  silent  letters,  by  the 
amendment  of  certain  glaring  irregularities,  and  so  en.  This 
IS  the  method  used  by  the  Simplified  Spelling  Board  (i  Mad- 
ison Avenue,  New  York)  and  the  Simplified  Spelling  Society 
(44  Great  Runsell  Street,  London,  W.  C,  England). 

Theits  erganijations  have,  up  to  the  present  time,  devoted 

theslr  energies  net  to  fonetic  spelling  but  only  to  minor  simpli- 

fiOf^tions  of  certain  words  and  classes  of  words.    While  using 

araumfintB  based  mainly  upon  the  advantages  of  fonetic  spell- 

^^S  ^/»*»/  /»«ve  praoti^lly  ignortd  tKc  ^oiW,  ^  xJaiti  c^ttainly 


PREFACE  21 

are  neglecting  to  employ  the  methods,  of  those  who  have  al- 
redy  successfully  constructed  and  introduced  the  most  perfect 
fonetic  alfabets  and  forms  of  fonetic  spelling  as  yet  devised. 

While  simplified  spelling  has  a  certain  value,  directly  in 
rectifying  certain  minor  defects  in  the  ctirrent  erthografy,  and 
indirectly  in  calling  attention  to  the  advantages  of  fonetic 
spelling,  It  IS  entirely  inadequate  to  the  task  of  bringing  into 
existence  (in  no  matter  how  long  a  time)  the  fonetic  spelling 
upon  whose  virtues  are  based  the  common  run  of  arguments 
for  simplified  spelling. 

Regarding  the  indirect  value  of  simplified  spelling,  it  may, 
however,  be  argued  that  it  is  perhaps  more  than  offset  by  the 
implied  misdirection  of  energy  and  the  diverting  of  public 
attention  from  the  main  issue.  Herbert  Spencer,  for  example, 
held  the  opinion  that  simplified  spelling  retards  the  progress 
of  fonetic  spelling,  insted  of  accelerating  its  paogress  as  it 
purports  to  do. 

To  try  to  simplify,  clarify,  or  fonetize  any  radically  bad 
system  of  spelling,  such  as  the  English,  in  any  interesting  or 
useful  degree,  and  in  any  reasonable  period  of  time,  without 
using  some  thorogoing,  popular  fonetic  alfabet,  is  vain.  It 
IS  like  trying  to  cifer  without  figures,  print  without  types, 
or  typewrite  without  keys. 

While  real  international  fonetic  spelling  of  English,  French, 
German,  and  other  languages  is  thus  alredy  an  accemplisht 
fact,  and  hundreds  of  thousands  of  copies  of  text-books  and 
dictionaries  containing  it  are  in  actual  use  in  the  leading 
schools  and  universities  thruout  the  world  (includtng  the 
United  States),  the  Simplified  Spelling  Board  labors  under 
the  impression  that  the  public,  tho  now  being  operated  upon 
by  the  Board,  is  as  yet  mentally  too  weak,  fonetically  speak- 
ing, to  bear  any  official  mention  of  fonetic  spelling  being 
made  by  the  surgeon.  To  many  persons  it  would  seem  to  be 
the  operator,  rather  than  the  patient,  who  is  in  need  of  treat- 
ment for  fonofobia. 

The  fallacy  of  the  simplified  spellers « lies  in  their  assutw?- 
tioa  that  the  oaly  method,  or  at  least  the  best  mc^od,  iot 


22  PREFACE 

bringing  into  use  a  new  instrumentality,  such  as  a  new  system 
of  erthegrafy  for  the  English  language,  is  the  proselyting 
method  of  arguing  the  public  into  a  plastic  or  receptiv  con- 
dition, so  as  to  create  widespred  agreement  or  tendency  si- 
multaneously to  begin  believing  in,  or  using,  the  new  instru- 
mentality. The  fact  is  that  the  Board  is  composed  of  some 
men  who  know  a  great  deal,  and  some  others  who  know 
next  to  nothing,  about  fonetics,  fonetic  notation,  and  spell- 
ing reform.  Being  constituted  en  the  maximum-pepular-in- 
fluence  idea,  and  working  en  the  dubious  proselyting  theory 
mentiond  above,  the  recommendations  of  the  Board  need  net 
be,  and  actually  are  net,  taken  very  seriously  by  the  public, 
who  in  vast  numbers  are  receiving  information  from  reliable 
independent  sources.  Moreover,  the  decisions  of  the  Board 
as  a  whole  do  net  necessarily  reflect  credit  upon  those  of  its 
more  filolegically  enlightend  members,  some  of  whom,  dout- 
less,  disapprove  of  the  action  of  the  Board  as  a  whole.  Sim- 
plified spelling  may  be  regarded  as  a  form  of  amusement, 
possibly  more  or  less  harmless,  if  indulged  in  with  modera- 
tion. It  takes  en  a  more  sinister  aspect  only  when  it  pre- 
tends to  be  what  it  is  net :  when,  for  example,  it  pretends 
to  be  especially  useful  in  itself,  which  it  is  net;  or  when  it 
pretends  to  be  a  means,  or  the  means,  to  a  system  of  real 
fonetic  spelling,  which  it  is  net. 

Real  inventions  are  made  in  the  workshops  of  genius.  In 
these  mints  where  golden  thoughts  are  ceind,  executiv  boards 
are  unknown.  Boards  and  committees  and  congresses  are 
compromisers,  net  originators.  They  make  agreements,  net 
inventions.  If  a  suitable  device  has  been  invented  alredy,  it 
IS  wiser  for  them  to  use  it  than  to  try  to  invent  it  over  again. 
Great  inventions,  whether  they  be  mechanical,  like  the  print- 
ing-press, the  tclegraf ,  the  fonograf,  the  typewriter,  or  the 
telefone;  or  grafic,  like  the  alfabet,  the  Hindu  system  of  no- 
tation of  numbers,  or  fonegrafy  (fonetic  shorthand),  are,  in 
reality,  introduced  largely  by  other  methods.  Each  real  fb- 
vention  is  devehpt,  to  be  sure,  and  often  developt  gradually; 
Aue  developt,  nevertheless,  on  its  own  accoMD\.,  axv^  -ltl  ^  Vss^e 


PREFACE  23 

mesure   independently,  both  of  its  applications  or  products, 
and  of  Its  competitors. 

Handwriting  was  net  in  itself  developt  into  print  or  into 
typewriting.  The  important  thing  was  the  conception  and  de- 
velopment of  an  entirely  separate  instrumentality,  the  print- 
ing-press or  the  typewriter,  by  which  to  create  the  printed 
page  or  the  typewritten  sheet.  Printing-presses  and  type- 
writers were  simply  invented  outright  and  placed  en  the  mar- 
ket in  open  competition  with  pen  and  ink,  instruments  for 
producing  similar  products.  Demonstrations  were  given  of 
their  relatrv  value  for  this  specific  purpose,  and,  with  direct 
profit  as  prime  mover,  the  new  inventions  and  the  new  prod- 
ucts won  their  way. 

And  so  It  IS  apt  to  be,  too,  with  systems  of  erthegrafy. 
A  good  useful  erthegrafy  may  be  considerd  to  be  a  product, 
for  the  making  of  which  an  invention  was  required.    This  re- 
quired invention  was  a  good  fonetic  alfabet.     Half  a  century 
ago  Isaac  Pitman  invented  a  fonografic  alfabet  and  a  system 
of  fonetic  shorthand.    The  alfabet  was  demonstrated  to  be  of 
greater  value  than  the  ordinary  alfabet   for  certain   specific 
purposes,  and  this  invention  (the  fonografic  alfabet)  and  its 
product  (the  system  of  shorthand  writing)  came  into  common 
use  for  reportorial  purposes. 
I       A  quarter  of  a  century  ago  Paul  Passy  invented  a  universal 
fonetic  alfabet  and  a  universal  system  of  fonetypy  and  fo- 
netic  handwriting.     This  alfabet  has  been  demonstrated   to 
be  of  greater  value  than  any  of  the  alfabets  of  the  world  for 
general  purposes,  and  this  invention   (the  universal  alfabet) 
and  Its  products  (the  new  systems  of  erthegrafy  for  all  lan- 
guages) have  been  widely  adopted. 

Simplified  spellings  are  used  in  the  definitions  of  this  dic- 
tionary largely  en  their  merits  as  media  thru  which  to  htlp 
the  reader  easily  to  grasp  the  pronunciation  of  the  words. 
Where  their  use  would,  on  account  of  the  conciseness  of  the 
definitions,  or  on  any  other  account,  fail  of  this  object  and 
render    the    text  more   obscure,    their    use    has    eiteu   been 


24  PREFACE 

In  the  vocabulary  of  this  book  are  given  all  the  main  words 
(except  some  zn  -ive)  and  many  of  the  derrvativs,  of  which 
more  simple  forms  are  advocated  by  the  Simplified  Spelling 
Board.  The  rules  of  the  Board  are  also  applied  to  some  words 
which  do  not  happen  to  be  included  in  the  list  publisht  by  the 
Board,  as  Alexandrin,  carlin,  carmin,  deprivativ,  desiccativ, 
partil,  passerin,  etc. 

I  insert  the  simpler  fqrms  among  the  variant  spellings  in 
this  dictionary  net  solely  because  they  are  advocated  by  the 
Board  and  others,  but  because  many  of  them  either  have  long 
existed  er  do  now  exist  to  a  considerable  extent  in  current 
use  in  literature;  and  also  because  almost  all  of  them  are 
either  in  accord  with  what  I  consider  to  be  a  scientifically 
practicable  system  of  standardized  fonetic  erthegrafy,  such  as 
IS  used  in  the  re-spellings  given  in  this  book  to  indicate  pro- 
nunciations and  IS,  in  my  opinion,  destind  eventually  to 
supersede  the  current  English  cacegrafy. 

The  following  are  the  rules  governing  the  simplifications 
containd  in  the  list  of  about  3300  words  publisht  by  the  Sim- 
plified Spelling  Board  on  March  6,  1909  (Circular  No.  23). 
Aside  from  a  few  slight  changes  in  the  wording,  some  minor 
ndjuHtments  necessitated  by  a  more  accurate  marking  of  the 
pronunciations,  etc.,  and  one  additional  example  under  Rules 
17  and  18,  the  rules  and  examples  are  given  exactly  as  pub- 
Unht  by  the  Board. 

To  facilitate  acceptance  zt  was  deemd  expedient  by  the 
Hoard  in  some  cases  to  restrict  the  rule  to  a  limited  number 
of  t\\v  words  in  a  given  class.  In  these  cases  the  expression 
*Ut*iitrictcd  Rule*  has  been  used.  Any  one  who  chooses  to  ex- 
it* lul  thr  rule  at  once  to  all  the  words  of  a  given  class  zs  of 
luiurHt*  free  to  do  to.  After  each  rule  zs  given  a  list,  either  of 
all  \\u^  wonli  affrctcd  (if  they  are  not  many),  or  of  a  few 
tiMMinplni  of  the  lufKc  number  of  words  coverd  by  the  rule. 
Ill  \\\%'  lattrr  casr  'Examples'  is  prefixt,  and  'etc'  zs  added. 
//  fhei  UimnVn  official  rrcommendation  applies  to  all  words 
ffttntfthmiM  tht*  IrtttTt  sequence  oi  Itttets,  or  suffix,  affected, 
///  //ir  jirniminittthti  indicated*  tVie  cxpitssvon 'Q^ifts;T^ "^^^^ 


PREFACE  25 

Z8  used.    For  some  small  classes  and  for  isolated  amendments 
no  rule  xs  given. 

BUIiES  OF  SIMPLIFIED  SPELUHG 

1.  ae*  SB  or  •»  net  final.  General  Rule :  Choose  e.  Exam- 
ples :  anesthetic,  chimera,  era,  esthetic,  ether,  medieval,  paleon- 
tology, etc. 

2.  -bt,  with  b  silent.  General  Rule :  Omit  b*  det,  dettor, 
dout,  indetted,  redout,  redout ed,  redoutable, 

3.  ea,  pronounced  [e].  General  Rule :  Drep  a«  Exam- 
ples: hed,  spredt  sted,  tred,  thret,  helth,  welth,  dremt,  meni, 
plesant,  etc. 

4.  ea,  pronounced  [a],  before  r*  General  Rule :  Drep  e. 
karken,  hart,  harth. 

5.  -ed  or  'df  pronounced  [d].  ""General  Rule :  Use  simple  d 
in  all  cases  (reducing  a  double  consonant).  Examples :  aimd, 
armd,  bumd,  deemd,  dimd,  feld,  fild,  hangd,  raind,  stird, 
veUd,  etc. 

6.  -ed  or  -t,  pronounced  [t],  the  preceding  single  conso- 
nant being  doubled  before  -ed  (-pped,  -ssed)  and  left  single 
before  -t  (-pt,  -st).  General  Rule :  Choose  -t  in  all  cases. 
Examples :  dipt,  dript,  dropt,  slept,  slept,  blest,  prest,  mist, 
blusht,  zvasht,  wisht,  lockt,  packt,  etc. 

7.  *enee  or  -ense  (Latin  -ensd).  Restricted  Rule  :  Choose 
"•use*    defense,  offense,  pretense",  also  license  (Latin  -entia). 

8.  *ette  or  -et*  General  Rule :  Choose  -et.  Examples : 
coquet,  epaulet,  etiquet,  omelet,  quartet,  quintet,  septet,  sextet, 
etc 

9.  gb  or  f»  pronounced  [f].  Restricted  Rule :  Choose  f. 
draft,  net  draught. 

10.  -sby  silent:  (i)  -ongb  or  -oir,  pronounced  [au,  au]. 
Restricted  Rule:  Choose  -oir.  plow.  (2)  -ougb  or  -o, 
pronoimced  [oo,  o,  o].  Restricted  Rule  :  Choose  -o.  altho, 
tho,  thoro,  boro,  -boro  (in  place-names),  furlo.  (3)  -ougb 
or  -o,  pronounced  [ou,  u,  o].  through,  thro*,  thro.  Restricted 
Rule :    Choose  tbroy  but  advance  it  now  to   tbru. 

11.  -ioe,  unstrest,  pronounced  [is].  General  Rule:  Spell 
-i«.  Examples :  artifis,  coppis,  cornis,  crevis,  edifis,  justis, 
notis,  servis,  etc. 

12.  -ile,  unstrest,  pronounced  [il,  1].  General  Rule :  Omit 
e.  Examples :  agil,  futil,  servil,  juvenil,  etc.  When  other- 
wise pronounced,  as  [ail,  il],  retain  -lie. 

13.  -ine,  unstrest,  pronounced  Tin  J.  General  Rule*.  Omit 
eu     Examples:    deUrmin,    doctrin,    engin,    examin,    genuitVi 


26  PREFACE 

imagin,  pristi»,  etc.     When   otherwise  pronounced,   as    [am, 
in],  retain  -ine. 

14.  -ise,  unstrest,  pronounced  [is].  General  Rule  :  Omit  e. 
ants,  mortis,  practis,  premis,  promts,  treatis. 

15.  -ise  or  -ise  (from  Greek),  pronounced  [aiz],  suffix  of 
verbs.  General  Rule :  Choose  -ise.  Examples :  civilise, 
criticise,  exorcise,  legalise,  organise,  etc. 

16.  -ite*  unstrest;  pronounced  [it].  General  Rule:  Omit  e. 
Examples :  apposit,  definit,  infinit,  preterit,  requisit,  etc. 
When  otherwise  pronounced,  as  [ait,  it],  retain  -lie* 

17.  -iTOy  unstrest  or  with  only  subordinate  stress,  pro- 
nounced [iv,  iv].  General  Rule :  Omit  e.  Examples :  activ, 
adjectiv,  detectiv,  executiv,  motiv,  nativ,  progressiv,  adjec- 
tivly,  etc. 

18.  -U  or  -1  (-ill  or  -11).  General  Rule:  Choose  -L 
distil,  fulfil,  instil;  like  until,  compel,  impel,  etc. 

19.  *11*  or  -1-  (-ill-  or  -il-y  -nil-  or  -iil-)^  before 
*fiil  or  -nesB.  General  Rule :  Choose  -L  skilful,  wilful, 
dulness,  fulness. 

ao.  -mb)  with  b  silent.  Restricted  Rule :  Omit  b.  crum, 
dum,  lam,  lim,  num,  thum, 

21,  -am,  with  n  silent.  Restricted  Rule :  Omit  n*  Au- 
tum,  colum,  solem, 

22.  oe,  CB,  or  e,  net  final.  General  Rule :  Choose  e« 
Examples :  ecumenical,  esophagus,  phenix,  subpena,  etc. ;  like 
economy,  solecism,  etc 

33.  -onr  or  -or.  General  Rule :  Choose  -or.  Examples : 
ardor,  candor,  clamor,  color,  favor,  flavor,  honor,  humor, 
labor,  rumor,  tumor,  valor,  vigor,  etc.;  also,  arbor,  harbor, 
neighbor,  etc. 

24.  pb  or  ft  pronounced  [f].  Restricted  Rule :  Choose  f. 
fantasm,  fantasy,  fantom,  sulfate,  sulfur;  like  fancy,  frantic, 
frensy,  coffer,  coffin,  etc..  which  originally  had  ph. 

2$,  pbt  pronounced  [f].  General  Rule :  Use  f.  camfor, 
cif^:  atfabet,  diafram,  pamflet;  autograf,  bibliografy,  biog- 
rafy,  fonograf,  fotograf,  paragraf,  telegraf,  telefone. 

a6.  -rr  or  -r.  General  Rule :  Choose  -r.  bur,  pur;  like 
cur,  fur,  blur,  slur,  spur,  car,  far,  fir,  stir,  etc. 

j>7.  -ro  or  -er,  pronounced  [dr].  General  Rule :  Choose 
••r.  Kxnmples :  accouter,  center,  fiber,  meter,  miter,  niter, 
saltpi^t^,  scepter,  sepulcher,  somber,  specter,  theater,  etc.; 
likr  diameter,  number,  etc. 

jfi.  B  or  m  (m  the  root).  Restricted  Rule :  Choose  s*  ap- 
^rt>*^,  ff,fjtff4?,  com^ruft,  tnttrprizt,  roie,  surprise,  teasel.  (See 
«/io  Ruh  ISO 


PREFACE  27 

29.  ■  medial,  silent.  Restricted  Rule :  Drop  ■•  aile,  ile^ 
ilet.  Hand. 

30.  ue,  silent,  after  -g*  Restricted  Rule :  Omit  ne«  cata- 
log, decalog,  demagog,  pedagog,  prolog,  colleag,  leag,  harang, 
tung. 

31.  Te^  after  -1  or  -r,  pronounced  [v].  General  Rule: 
Omit  e*  Examples :  delv,  shelv,  twelv,  selvi,  carv,  curv,  nerv, 
serv,  deserv,  reserv,  starv,  etc. 

Clarzfied  Spelling*  The  current  spelling  may  be  clari- 
fied or  made  considerably  clearer  by  the  substitution  of  cer- 
tain letters  of  definit  fonetic  value  for  the  ordinary  letters 
closely  resembling  •  them  or  associated  with  them  in  the 
popular  mind,  wherever  these  ordinary  letters,  in  the  partic- 
ular context  in  which  they  occur,  have  the  exact  value  of  the 
fonetic  letters.  This  mode  of  spelling  reform  has  been  in 
vogue  for  thousands  of  years.  It  has  recently  been  used  m 
English  in  the  works  of  Dr.  Francis  A.  March  and  others, 
but  in  a  crude  and  inaccurate  manner  and  to  a  very  limited 
extent.  It  has  been  used  in  Italian  with  considerable  accu- 
racy thruout  the  dictionaries  and  grammars  of  P.  Petrocchi. 

In  English  *(g)  may  thus  be  substituted  for  (g),  (gh)  for 
(gh);  (S)  for  (s),  (Sh)  for  (sh);  (5)  for  (z);  (z)  for  (s);  ♦(u)) 
for  (w),  (ujh)  for  (wh);  (q)  for  (n) ;  (n)  for  (n);  (m)  for 
(m);  (1),  (z.)  for  (1);  (r),  (e),  {z\  (3)  for  (r);  ♦(o)  for  (u); 
♦d).  (i),  for  (i);  (3),  ♦(e)  for  (e);  (o),  (c),  ♦(©)  for  (o); 
(au),  (go)  for  (ou),  (ow)  for  (ow);  (ae),  *(a),  *(a),  (a) 
for  (a),  etc. 

In  the  present  volume  only  the  letters  here  nicrkt  with  a 
star  (♦)  have  been  used  in  this  way.  Further  clarification 
or  at  least  simplification,  has  been  effected,  thruout  this 
book,  by  always  using  (ff)  for  (ff).  (ffi)  for  (ffi).  (fi)  for  (fi), 
(ffl)  for  (ffl),  (fl)  for  (fi),  (oe)  for  (oe),  except  in  certain 
words  adopted  from  French,  and  (ae)  for  (ae). 

To  this  extent  clarified  spelling  has  also  been  used  thru- 
out this  Preface,  except  in  the  table  of  the  English  gammakap 
and  in  certain  other  places  where  the  exact  current  spellings 
of  certain  words  have  to  be  given  for  lUustrativ  pMt^os^ss. 
Qanfied  spelling  is  thus  used  net  only  becaase  o£  xts  xnltit^^- 


28  PREFACE 

8ZC  merits  but  also  zn  order  to  familiarise  die  reader  with  the 
f  onetic  value  of  certain  letters.  It  has  also  been  used  thruout 
the  book  m  certain  explanatory  words  and  frases  such  as 
synonymous  cognate,  singular,  ploral,  expressing.  In  the 
definitions  clarified  spelling  has  been  used  occasionally  to 
differentiate  words  which  are  spelt  alike  but  pronounced  dif- 
ferently, as  desert  (adjectiv  and  noun)  and  desert  {verb  and 
noun);  present  (noun  and  adjectiv)  and  present  (verb)  tzi- 
tise  (noun)  and  refuse  (verb). 

In  Italic  type,  (g)  has  been  used  in  this  Preface  for  (g) 
when  net  having  the  sound  Eg],  Eg].  Various  other  modifica- 
tions or  clarifications  are  desirable  in  connection  with  the 
Italic  letters  a,  <b,  e,  i,  I,  m,  n,  o,  r,  s,  u,  v,  w,  and  y.  They 
admit  of  being  confermd  to  and  differentiated  along  with  the 
corresponding  roman  letters. 

The  length-mark  (:),  the  chief  stress-mark  ('),  and  the 
secondary  stress-mark  (,)  may  also  sometimes  be  introduced 
with  advantage  into  the  current  erthegrafy. 

The  use  of  the  hyfen  (-)  might  well  be  restricted  to  what, 
in  this  dictionary,  is  its  chief  function :  namely,  the  mark- 
ing of  new  breth-impulses,  or  new  dynamic  syllables.  It  is 
now  used  for  other  purposes,  (i)  as  a  link  between  the  frag- 
ments of  words  due  to  arbitrary  word-division  often  found 
necessary  or  convenient  by  writers  and  printers  at  the  ends  of 
lines,  especially  in  narrow  mesures  (short  lines),  or  (2)  as  a 
link  joining  the  elements  of  compound  words.  A  special 
symbol,  to  be  used  as  a  dividing-mark  in  other  cases,  or  as  a 
connecting-mark  or  link,  is  therefore  cald  for.  An  inferior 
breve  O,  such  as  is  often  used  in  text-books  of  French  to 
■how  liaison,  would  serv  the  purpose  and  might  still  be  used 
also  to  mark  liaison  between  words  in  the  midst  of  a  line. 
Liaiien  occurs  net  only  in  French,  but  also  in  English, 
Italian,  etc. 

Some  ferm  of  double  hyfen,  as   (?)   may  conveniently  be 
uted  aa  a  aubatitute  for  the  ordinary  hyfen  for  joining  the 
eJemeata  of  cempommd  words,  etc. 


PREFACE  29 

Net  only  is  each  sound  which  was  previously  represented 
by  an  ordinary  letter  (for  which  a  new  fonetxc  letter  zs  thus 
substituted),  made  clear,  but  the  very  clanfyzng  of  this  one 
sound  often  makes  clearer  (i)  the  value  of  other  letters  in 
the  same  word  and  in  neighboring  words,  and  (2)  the  posi- 
tion of  the  stress.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  establish- 
ment of  a  definit  value  for  one  letter  is  apt  (i),  negatrvly, 
to  eliminate  one  or  more  probabilities  or  vague  conjectures 
regarding  the  value  of  neighboring  letters;  or  (2),  pesitzvly, 
to  establish  definitly,  or  at  least  create  a  strong  probability 
regarding,  the  value  of  neighboring  letters;  or  (3),  en  account 
of  the  relationships  which  exist  between  sound-quality  and 
stress,  to  create  probability  or  certainty  as  to  the  position  of 
the  stress. 

Some  idea  of  the  value  of  clarified  spelling  as  contrasted 
with  the  value  of  simplified  spelling  may  be  fermd  by  re- 
flecting upon   the   fact  that   in   this  Preface,   for   example, 
where  both  modes  of  spelling  are  used   (and  the  two  never 
conflict  with  each  other),  the  changes  due  to  clarified  spell- 
ing number  about  4326  while  the  changes  due  to  simplified 
spelling  number  only  about  375.    That  is,  in  a  text  chosen  at 
random,  clarified  spelling  produces  about  12  times  as  many 
direct  changes  as  simplified  spelling  does;  and  if,  as  hinted 
at  above,  these  directly  markt  clarifications  themselvs  give 
rise  to  a  large  number   of  additional   clarifications    (under- 
stood, tho  unmarkt)   among  the  neighboring  sounds,  and  in 
the  matter  of  stress,  the  numerical  contrast  becomes  greater 
still. 

Thus  clarified  spelling,  besides  clearing  up  a  very  much 
larger  number  of  dubious  points  in  spelling  and  pronuncia- 
tion than  does  simplified  spelling,  all  without  changing  the 
general  form  of  the  words  as  ordinarily  spelt,  or  altering  a 
single  spelling  in  any  conspicuous,  distracting,  or  shocking 
manner,  has  the  merit  of  being,  so  far  as  it  goes,  pesitiv  and 
exact.  It  always  helps,  and  never  hinders,  the  reader  and  tVie 
student.  It  clothes  many  words  in  an  exact  f  onetic  ott\iOQ- 
ra^r,  and  is,  therefore,  of  very  great  cultural  and  pcdagogx^ 


so  PREFACE 

value.  It  IS  capable  of  prodocing  considerable  results  for 
everybody.  Any  given  mdjrvidnal  is  apt  to  Hnd  it  of  great 
value,  both  direct  and  indirect,  to  himself  and  to  others. 

Clarification,  as  here  described,  consists  of  a  scientifically 
simple  set  of  universal  rules  applicable  net  only  to  English 
but  to  a  multitude  of  other  languages  and  dialects.  Simpli- 
fied spelling,  on  the  other  hand,  as  usually  carried  en,  con- 
sists of  a  complicated  congeries  of  special  rules  applicable  to 
one  language  only.  In  so  for  as  it  operates  merely  by  omit- 
ting useless  letters,  or  choosing  the  lesser  of  two  or  more 
cacografic  evils,  it  is  negativ  in  method.  It  often  changes 
the  general  form  of  words.  On  this  account,  and  because  tl\e 
simplified  ferms  are  but  rarely  encounterd,  and  then  only  in 
conventional  surroundings,  they  are  apt  to  be  conspicuous,  and 
the  reader  xs  often  subjected  to  hindrances,  distractions,  and 
shocks.  It  almost  always  leaves  the  few  words  which  zt  af- 
fects at  all  in  an  inexact,  pseudo-erthografic  condition.  It 
therefore  teaches  little  or  nothing.  This  fact  is  clear  to 
many  filelogzsts.  Something  of  the  sort  is  also  dimly  felt  to 
be  true  by  the  public.  Simplified  spelling  seems  relativly 
superficial,  and  hardly  capable  of  producing  great  results  for 
anybody.  No  given  individual  is  apt  to  consider  it  of  any 
immediate  value,  en  the  whole,  to  himself  or  to  others. 

Plionctio  Spellzng.  The  current  spelling  may,  as  im- 
plied m  the  above  paragrafs,  be  replaced  by  one  or  more 
systems  of  fonetic  spelling,  each  system  being  adapted  to  cer- 
tain specific  purposes.  As  remarkt,  fonetic  shorthand  or 
fotiogrnfy  has  alrcdy  replaced  or  supplemented  the  current 
gptlling  for  reportorial  and  other  purposes.  Various  syste'his 
of  foman-lctter  fonetic  spelling  have  alredy  supplemented  the 
current  spelling  m  the  respellings  given  in  dictionaries. 

The  fonetic  alf abets  of  the  recent  past  have  certainly  been 

ttittkenhift  affairs.    They  are  usually  devised  for  temporary  or 

nprcUl  purposes,  for  use  in  one  particular  book,  or  in  only 

title  tntiguage.     The  men  who  devise  alfabets  often  seem  to 

take  a  fitttuff  gattafaction  in  doing  nothing  more  than  what 

^a  nhficfftitcty  twccBBary,     Alfabets  such  as  l\iost  oi  N^t\i^\«, 


PREFACE  31 

Lepsius,  Ellis,  Pitman,  Bell,  and  March  are  manifestly  de- 
fectiv,  clumsy,  and  incapable  of  development,  and  thus  in- 
adequate for  general  use. 

The  amplified  form  of  the  roman  alfabet  used  in  the  re- 
spellings  of  the  title-words  thruout  this  dictionary  has  been 
undergoing  a  most  remarkable  development  during  the  last 
quarter  of  a  century.  It  is  by  far  the  most  diversely  used 
and  highly  perfected  means  as  yet  developt  for  indicating, 
simply  and  accurately,  the  pronunciation  of  all  languages  in 
any  popular  world-wide  system.  It  will  doutless  undergo 
further  modification  of  detail  as  time  goes  on,  but  the  prin- 
ciples which  have  guided  the  selection  of  its  letters  from  the 
alfabets  of  the  world,  its  flexibility,  and  the  extent  and  man- 
ner of  Its  present  use,  bespeak  its  capacity  for  development 
and  foretell  its  universality.  It  has  alredy  been  applied  to 
several  hundred  languages  and  dialects  and  is  now  in  activ 
competition  with  local  and  old-fashiond  systems  of  fonetic 
spelling,  net  only  in  dictionaries  and  grammars,  and  text- 
books en  fonetics,  but  also  in  general  literature. 

Behind  the  scenes  of  every-day  life,  in  the  laboratories  of 
filelogists,  the  vocabularies  and  literatures  of  the  languages 
are  being  costumed  anew.  Thus  freshly  appareld  in  true 
cesmofenic  style,  they  are  issuing  forth  upon  the  world  arena. 
The  triple  curtain  of  conservatism,  ignorance,  and  patriotism, 
which  hides  them,  is  lifting.  "Thru  the  perspectiv  of  clear 
wits  they  are  looming  both  great  and  near."  Their  unmatcht 
power  to  reecho  articulate  speech,  and  thus  to  facilitate  the 
communication  of  emotions  and  ideas,  is  becoming  more  and 
more  apparent  to  the  multitudes  who  arc  alredy  using  them. 
In  due  time,  I  fancy,  their  votaries  will  include  all  the  peoples 
en  the  globe. 

Robert  Morris  Pierce 
1019  Flatiron  Bilding 
New  York,  September  20,  igio 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 


a  «.  letter  [ploral  a*s,  as,  aes]  ee. 

a  adj.  9,  (when  more  strest)  e,  ee. 

aaroa's-beard  n.  (shrub)  'e:-z9nz-bi:zd,  'asz^nz-hiizd, 

abaoa  n.  plant  [also  spelt  abaka}  'aeba-ks. 

abaci  n.  (ploral  of  abacus)  'asbd-sai. 

abaotinal  adj,  (aboral)  x'bxkti-nl,  aebsek'tai-nl. 

abaens  n,  [ploral  abaci']  'sbs-kds;  (improperly)  d'bekds. 

abaft  adv.,  prep.  9'ba:ft,  (rapidly)  9l>eft. 

abandon  v.  leave  [past  participle  and  preterit  abandoned, 

abandondj  d'baenddn. 
abandon  »•  (ease)  s'bsnddn,  xbdn'dei). 
abasbed  adj.  disconcerted  [also  spelt  abashtl  d'baeSt. 
abater  n»  one  who  or  that  which  abates  [also  spelt  abator'] 

d'bee-td?. 
abatis  »•  barricade  [also  spelt  abattis,  abbatis]  'xbs-tis,  aebd- 

'tii. 
abatjonr  n^  (skylight,  etc.)  d'bai-so;. 
abator  n.    [also,   sometimes,   spelt   abater]   ^'bee-tse,    (also, 

especially  in  law)  s'bee-tee. 
abattoir  n.  (slaughter-house)  sbd'tweiz,  'xbs-twez. 
abat-Tont  n.  (wind-regulating  device)  a'bar-veg. 

abbasi  n.  coin  [also  spelt  abassi,  abassis]  s'baesi. 

abbatial  adj,  (of  an  abbot  or  abbey)  d'bee-Sat. 

abb6  n,  (abbot)  ae'bee. 

abbey  n,  monastery  [ploral  abbeys]  'ashi. 

abdomen  n.  (belly)  aeb'doo-msn,  'sbdd-msn. 

abdacens  n,  nerve  [ploral  abducentes]  sb'djou-senz. 

abdnoentee  n.  (ploral  of  abducens)  aebdjo'sen-tiz. 

abele  n.  (abel-tree)  a'biil,  'ee-bal. 

jye,  5  cure;   bthe,  9 //tin;   saxrure,  d$joy;   ^shoe,  tjc/iew; 
vowhen;  q  sin^;  u  whoever,  i  react,  o  full,  ou  fool,  i  it,  lis^^; 
0 poetic;  a  over,  e  aerial.  Abut,  o:  door,  oo  no,  e  bed,  eegote*, 
c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  aiVilt\ 
IcD^tb-jOTorXr  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  la  \«>ti%; 
stre99-mark  P  indiQMe9  Qhi^f  ^fr^^^  Qn  the  fallowing  syWaU^, 


2  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

Abelian  n.  (Abelite)  a'beli-an;  (less  properly)  a'bii-ti-sn. 

abel-tree  n.  'ee-bsi-tsii. 

aberrant  adj.  (straying;  abnormal)  s'be^dnt. 

abetter  n.  one  who  abets  or  aids  [also  spelt  abettor']  s'betdz. 

abettor   n.    [also,   sometimes,   spelt   abetter}    s'betd?,    (also, 

especially  in  law)  s'be-teie. 
abeyance  n.  (expebtation)  d'bee-dns;  (improperly)  d'bii-dns. 
Abies  n.  (the  fir-tree)  'aebi-i:z. 

abietin  n.  [also  spelt  a&f>/m^]  /a^bi-i-tin,  s'bai-i-tin. 
Abietineae  n.  pi.  (suborder  of  Coniferae)  xbi-i'tini-i: . 
abiogeneeie   n.    (genesis   of   living  matter   from   non-living 

matter)  abi-a'dseni-sis. 
abject  adj.   (cast  down,   low)   aeb'dsekt,   (assumptivly)    'xb- 

dsekt. 
abjection  n.  xb'dsekSdn. 
abjectly  adv.  'xb-dsektz.!,  sb'dsektz.!. 
abjeotneee  n.  'xb-dsektNis,  xb'dsektNis. 
ablative  adj.,  n.   [also  spelt  ablativl   'xbld-tiv,   (anteriorly) 

'aeblativ;  (vulgarly)  'abal-tiv. 
ablant  n.  (vowel-change)  'ar-Moot;  (less  properly)  'a-Mc:t. 
able-bodied  adj.  ee-bdl'bedid,   (assumptivly)   'ee-bsl-bedid. 
aborigin  n.  [also  spelt  aborigen;  ploral  aborigines!  ae'beei- 

dsin.    same  meaning  as  aborigine, 
aborigine  n.  [synonymous  cognate  aborigin;  ploral  abort- 

gines}  aeba'zridsi-ni. 
aboriginee  n,pl,  [singular  aborigine,  aborigin,  aboriginaf} 

aebd'ridsi-niz. 
abracadabra  n,  (cabalistic  word)  sbzdks'dxbsd. 
abrasive  adj.  [also  spelt  abrasiv]  aljeee-siv,  a'bzee-ziv. 
abreast  adj,  side  by  side  [also  spelt  abrestl  9l)zest. 
abrenToir  n.  watering-trough;  joint  [also  spelt  abbreuvoirl 

'oihro-xoiz,  aebza'vweiz. 
abridgment  n,  [also  spelt  abridgement']  d'bzidsmdnt. 
abecese  n.  (boil,  etc.)  'aebsis,  'xb-ses. 
abeciee  n.  something  cut  off;  abscissa  [also  spelt  abscisse; 

ploral  abscisses]  'xbsis. 
abeoisea  n.  [plural  abscissas,  abscissae]  xb'siss. 
abeoieeae  n.  (plural  of  abscissa)  xb'si-si. 
absoiseion  n.  (a  cutting  off  or  away)  xb'sissn. 
absent  adj,  (not  present)  'aebsant. 
absent  t*.  (keep  away)  aeb'sent. 
absintb  n.  liqueur  [also  spelt  absinthe]  'ab-sin9. 
absolutely  adv,  (separately;  completely)  'aebsa-liutLi ;  (often, 

J  ye.   ccurt:  dMe,   O/Ziin;   saxnire,  ds/oy;   S  j/ioe,  tjc^iew; 
wrt'fyfn;  t)sing\  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuW,  dmIooV,  \\\.,  \\sec; 
QpovUQ;  oowtfTt  c  aerial,  Abut,  o;  door,  ;)Oiio,  ^\ie^,  «.t^o\ft\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  3 

when   more  strest)   «bs9liou-tz.i ;    (also,   dialectally)   'aebso- 

lutLi,  xbsd'lou-tLi. 
ab8olntis]i&  n.  'aebs9-}iu-tizdm ;  (erroneously)  sb'setio-tizsm. 
absolntist  n.,  adj,  'aebsd-liutist. 
absolutory  adj.  (absolving)  aeb'seHo-ton ;   (improperly)  ^xh- 

seVw'tozi,  (vulgarly)  aebsdliuu-td-zi. 
abaoWe  v,  set  free   [also  spelt  ahsolv;  past  participle  and 

preterit  absolved,  absolvdl  ab'selv;  (less  properly)  aeb'zelv. 
abstemicaa   adj.   £b'stii-mi-ds ;    (less  properly)   »b'stemi-9s. 
abstersion  n.  (a  wiping  clean)  aeb'ste^Sdny  xh'stBiz-S^n, 
abstinence  n.  (forbearance)  'aebsti-nsns. 
abstract  n.  (compendium,  epitome)  'aeb-stsaekt. 
abstract  adj.   (opposed  to  concrete;  also,  ideal)   xb'stsxkt, 

(assumptivly)  'ab-stjaekt. 
abstract  v.  (take  away;  abridge)  dsh'stjsx^kt, 
abstracted  adj.  xb'stsaektid. 
abstraction  n.  seb'stsskSsn. 
abstractly  adv.  xb'stsaektLi,  'xb-st]Eaektz.i. 
abtbainry  n.  abbacy  [also  spelt  abthanrie']  'aebOdn-^i. 
abnse  v,  (misuse;  maltreat)  s'bjouz. 
abnse  n.  (wrong  use ;  abusiv  language)  s'bjaus. 
abnsiTe  adj.   [also  spelt  abusivl  d'bjou-siv;   (less  properly) 

a'bjou-ziv. 
abntilon  n.  (plant)  dH^jou-ti-len. 
abysm  n.  (gulf;  abyss)  b'bizam,  s'bizm. 
abysmal  adj.  sHbizmd);  (less  properly)  d'biSMd}. 
acacia    n.    (shrub;    gum    arabic)    s'kee-Sa;    (sometimes,    as 

finally,  or  when  isolated)  aTcee-Si-a. 
aoaoin  n.  pure  gum  arabic  [also  spelt  acacinel  'xkd-sin. 
academe  n.  (academy)  'sekd-dim,  aekd'diim. 
academian  n.  aekd'dii-mi-sn ;   (improperly)  aekd'demi-3n. 
academic  adj.,  n.  sekd'demik. 

academician  n.  s-kaedi'miSsn ;  (improperly)  d'ksedi-miSdn. 
aeajon  n.  (fruit;  gum)  'sekd-5U. 
acalepb  n.  sea-nettle   [synonymous  cognate  acalephe"}   'aeks- 

Icf. 
acalepbe  n.  'xk9-}if.    same  meaning  as  acaleph. 
acalycine  adj.  having  no  calyx  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  acaly- 

cm]  d'kaeli-sin,  d'kaeli-sain. 
aoalycinons  adj.  »k9lisi-n3s. 
acanlose  adj.  aekd'loos,  (assumptivly)  9'kc:-los. 
accede  v,  (attain;  yield)  aek'siid. 
accent  n.  (prominence  of  a  speech-sound  due  to  higher  pitch 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  a  cot,  »  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai Vi\.e\ 

hngtb-tnark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \©tv%\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  following  syWaJoV^. 


4  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

or  greater  stress;  diacritic  mark;  pectiliarity  o£  pronuncia- 
tion) 'aek-sent,  'aekssnt. 

aeeent  v.  'xk-sent,  xk'sent 

aeoented  adj.  'xk-sentid,  xk'sentid. 

aeoepter  n.  (one  who  accepts)  xk'septs?. 

aeeeptor  n.  (in  law,  one  who  accepts  a  bill  of  exchange, 
etc.)  scWseptdz,  xk'sep-te?. 

aeeess  n.  (approach;  accession)  'xk-ses;  (improperly)  xk'ses. 

aoeessary  adj.,  n,  xWsts^zi,  'xksi-se^i.  same  meaning  as 
accessory, 

aeeessible  adj.  (easy  of  access)  xk'sesd-bdl. 

aooessory  adj.,n.  extra  [synonymous  cognate  accessaryl  xk- 
'ses3-zi,  'xksi-sosi. 

aoolimate  v.  (habituate  to  a  new  climate;  acclimatize) 
3'kLai-m3t,  'xkL9-met. 

aoolimatisation  n.  [also  spelt  acclimatisationl  d-kLai-ms- 
ti'zee-San,  s-kLai-ms-tai'zee-San. 

aoolimatise  v,  [also  spelt  acclimatisel  e'kLai-md-taiz. 

aeolinate  adj.  (sloping  upward)  'xkLi-net. 

aoelivons  adj,  (rising :   the  epposit  of  declivous)  9'kz.ai-v3S. 

aooolade  n.  (embrace;  brace)  xkaleed. 

aoeompaniment  n.  s'kAmpdni-msnt ;  {rapidly)  slcAmpNi- 
msnt,  d'kAMNi-msnt. 

aooompanist  n.  one  who  or  that  which  accompanies  [syn- 
onymous cognate  accompanyist'\  s'kAmps-nist. 

aooomplioe  n.  [also  spelt  accomplish  sicempz^is. 

aooomplisl&ed  adj.  [also  spelt  accomplishf[  dHcempz^iSt 

aooomptant  n.  (an  archaic  spelling  of  accountant  some- 
times still  used  in  law)  d'kaon-tsnt. 

aooonohe  v.  (assist  women  in  child-birth)  dHcouS;  {illiterate- 
ly) aTcaotJ. 

aooonol&eiir  n.  (man  midwife)  xko'Ss:?.  . 

aooonohinent  n.  (delivery  in  child-bed)  xkuj'meq,  sHcouS- 
inot),  a'kouS-mant ;  {illiterately)  sHcautS-mdnt. 

aooonter  r.  [also  spelt  accoutre ;  present  participle  accouter- 
ing,  accoutring',  past  participle  and  preterit  accoutered, 
accoutcrd,  accoutred}     s'kou-tsz;  {improperly)  dHcao-tds. 

aooontermeAt  n.  [also  spelt  accoutrement"!  dlcou-td^-mant. 

aoonrate  adj.  'xkqo-z^t;  {vulgarly)  'xks-^dt,  'xk-^at,  'xksdt. 

aoonrsed  v,  past  participle  of  accurse  [also  spelt  accurst} 
9'ko:rst. 

aoonned  adj,  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  accurstl  slcBirst, 
a'kurstd.  a'koir-sid. 

jj'r.    ccure:   b  the,  0  thin;   5  arure,  ds/oy;    I  shoe,   t^cltew; 
lifrcAcn;  fj^inff;  u  whoever,  i  react,  ofull,  outool,  i  »t,  lisee; 
o poetic;  9  over,  edcrial,  Abut,  D;doot,  ^ouo,  tVje^,  ^.^%qNa\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  5 

Acemeti  n.  pi.   [also   spelt  Acoetneti;    feminin   synonymous 

cognates  Acemetae,  Acoemetae}   a'semi-tai. 
aceplialoiui  adj,  (headless)  s'sefd-lds. 
acerate  n,  (salt  of  aceric  acid)  'sess-zet. 
acerb  adj,  (sour;  bitter)  9'sB:?b. 

acerbate  adj.  (embitterd,  severe)  9'sB:z-bet,  'sesss-bet. 
acerbate  v.  (make  sour;  embitter)  3'sB:z-bet,  'xsd?-bet. 
acere  n.  (mollusk  of  the  genus  Acera)  'xssz. 
acerio  adj.  (of  the  maple)  s'sezik. 
acerose  adj.  (chaffy;  needle-shaped)  xsq*zoos,  {assumptivlyi) 

'aesd-?os. 
acerrate  v.  (heap  up)  'as3r-vet,  a'sBie-vet. 
acerrate  adj.  (heapt)  9'sB:z-vet. 
acetable  n.  (acetabulum)  'aesitd-bdJ. 
acetabulum  n.  [ploral  acetahula'\  sesi'txbjo-}dm. 
acetal  n.  (liquid)  'aesi-ts),  'xsi-tsel,  d'sii-t}. 
acetamide  n.   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  acetamidl  d'setd-mid, 

d'seta-maid,  'xsits-maid,  xsi'taemid. 
acetary  n.  (pulp)  'sesi-tezi,  'xsits-si. 
acetate  n.  (salt  of  acetic  acid)  'xsi-tet. 
acetenyl  n.  (chemic  group)  'xsiti-ni). 
acetio  adj.  (like  vinegar;  sour)  a'setik,  d'sii-tik, 
aeetificatioA  n.  d-setifi'kee-Ssn. 

acetify  v,  (convert  into  vinegar;  become  sour)  a'seti-fai. 
acetin  n.  'asi-tin;  (less  properly)  a'sii-tin. 
aceto-gelatin  adj.  aesi-to'dsels-tn. 
acetonamine  n.    [also,  sometimes,  spejt  acetonamini   'atsi- 

tond-min,  'xsi-tona-main. 
acetonate  n,  'aesitd-net. 
acetone  n.  (dimethyl  ketone)  'aesi-ton. 
acetose  adj,  sesi'toos,  (assumptivly)  'xsi-tos. 
acetone  adj»  (sour;  vinegary)  s'sii-tss,  'sesi-tds. 
acetnm  n.  (vinegar)  s'sii-tsm. 
acetnrio  adj.  (acetyl-glycocin)  aesi'tQo:-zik. 
acetyl  n.  (radical)  'xsi-ti). ' 
acetylene  n.  (ethine)  s'seti-Hn,  'sesiti-Hn. 
aoetylio  adj.  (of  acetyl)  xsi'tihk. 
acetylisatlon  n.  sesi-tih'zee-Ssn. 

acb  n.  (plant  of  the  genus  Morinda;  Indian  mulberry)  setj. 
acbaene  n.  dHciin.    see  achene. 
aobaenocarp  n.  dlcii-na-kcrp. 
acbate  n.  (agate)  'xkat. 
acbe  n.  pain  [also  spelt  ake"]  eek. 

c:  low,  b:  iur,  ae  cat,  ebot,  01  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  aikite; 

]Bogth-mark(:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  leti^; 

stress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f ellomng  syWable. 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 


aol&e  V.  be  in  pain  [also  spelt  ake'\  eek. 

ache  n.  (parsley)  eetS. 

Aobean   adj,,  n.    [also   spelt  Achaean ;   synonymous   cognate 

Achaiani  a'kii-an. 
acl&ene  n.  [also  spelt  achaene,  akene\  slciin. 
aolieniniii  n.   [also  spelt  achaenium,  akenium;  ploral  ache- 

nio]  a'kii-ni-am. 
aoUeve  v.  finish;  attain,  gain  [past  participle  and  preterit 

achieved  J  achievdl  a'tjiiv. 
Achillea^  adj.  (of  Achilles)  aekilii-sn. 
aoMng  adj,,  n.  [also  spelt  aking'\  'ee-kig. 
adiromatic  adj,  (without  color)  aelcsd'mxtik. 
aohromatin  n.  d'ksoo-md-tin. 
aoiole  n.  (spine,  prickle)  'xsi-kal. 
aoionla  n.  [ploral  aciculae^  s'sikgo-ld* 
aoionliform  a(/y.  d'sikguh-feizm. 
acidie  adj,  (acid)  s'sidik. 
aoinaoes  n.  (dagger)  s'sins-siz. 
aoinaciform  adj,   (simitar-shaped)  aesi'naesi-fe:7m,  a'sinssi- 

fe:rm. 
aoinetiform  adj,  xsi'neti-fo:?m. 
aoini  n.  (plural  of  acinus)  'xsi-nai. 
aoiniform  adj,  se'sini-fer^m,  'xsini-fe:7m. 
aoinoie  adj,  aesi'noos,  (assumptivly)  'xsi-nos. 
aoinni  n.  berry;  lobule  [ploral  acini]  'xsi-nas.  • 

aoknomrledsment  n.   [also   spelt  acknowledgement^   aek'ne- 

hds-mant,  (also,  in  Britain)  sek'noo-hds-msnt. 
aome  n.  (top;  crisis)  'aekMi. 

aomite  n,  [also  spelt  akmite,  achmitel  'xk-mait. 
aoneitii  n.  [ploral  acnestidesi  sek'nestis. 
aooelomatoni   adj.   (without  body-cavity)   aesi'lemd-tds. 
aoolyte  n.  (attendant)  'sekd-tait. 
aoonitine    n.    [also,    sometimes,    spelt    aconitin"!    dnceni-tm, 

a'keni-tain. 
aoora  n.  (fruit  of  the  oak)  'ee-k)9:?n,  (older)  'ce-karn. 
aootyledon  n.  [ploral  acotyledones,  acotyledonsi  a-ketilii-dn. 
aootyledonei  n.  (ploral  of  acotyledon)  a-ketilii-dn-iz. 
aoonoliy  n.  rodent  [also  spelt  acouchi,  acucht]  alcou-Si. 
aoonitio  adj.  (of  hearing)  a'koo-stik,  dlcou-stik;   (improper" 

ly)  a'kguu-stik. 
aoqnieioe  t'.  (agree;  submit)  akwi'es, 
aore  n.  (field ;  measure  of  land)  'ee-ka?. 
aorlmony  n.    (sharpness)   'ak^i-moni,  'aek^ims-ni. 

/.Vf,   gcurc:  0  Me.   0(fiin;   sasute,  d^/oy;   ^shoe,   tjc/iew; 
wrt'At'p:  ijsinpi  u  whoever,  i  react,  Qiu\\,  omIooV  'vxV  T\^ee\ 
opovtic;  oover,  e  oerial.  Abut,  o;dooT,  oouo,  ^\>c^»  t^%o!vfc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  7 

aoroan&a  n.  declamation  [ploral  acroamata}  xk3o'ee-md. 
aoroan&ata  n.  (ploral  o£  acroama)  xkso'xmd-td. 
aoroan&atic  adj.  (abstruse)  xkso-d'mxtik. 
acroaais  n.  [ploral  acroases'\  xk^o'ee-sis. 
aorobatiam  n.  'xk^d-bxt-izsm,  'xlcss-bae-tizdm. 
acronyolial  adj.  (occurring  at  sunset)   d^k^eni-ks). 
acropolia  n.  (citadel)  slcseps-hs. 
aoroaa  prep,  [synonymous  cognate  cross;  vulgar  synonymous 

cognates  acrossed,  acrost^  9'k^e:s;   {dialectally)  slc^cis. 
acroter  n.  [also  spelt  acroterej  d'k^oo-tdz,  'xkss-tdz. 
actiiLiform   adj.   (radiate)   xk'tini-fo:zm,   'xktini-fexm. 
active  adj.  characterized  by  action  [also  spelt  activ'\  'xktiv. 
aetor  n.  (one  who  acts)  'xktsz;  (rarely,  in  law)  xWteiz. 
actual  adj,  'sektSu-al,  (rapidly)  'xktSal;  (also)  'aekt^u-dl. 
actualixe  v»  [also  spelt  actualise"}  'xktSu-9-laiz. 
actually  adv.  '^xktSu-^-ti,  (rapidly)  'xktSd-li. 
aenmLen.  n.  (acuteness)  d'kgou-msn;   (illiterately)  'sekgo-mdn. 
acyclic  adj.  (not  cyclic)  3'sikz.ik. 
adage  n.  (pithy  saying;  brief  proverb)  'xdids. 
adagial  adj.  d'dee-dsi-dl. 
adagio  adv„adj.  (slow)  s'dai-dso,  9'da:-d3i-o;  (less  properly) 

3'dee-50. 
adamant  n.   (hard  mineral)  'xda-maent,  'aeds-mant. 
adamantean.  adj.  xda-mxn'tii-sn. 
adamantine   n.    [also   spelt   adamantin'\   xda'mxntin;    (less 

often)  aedd'mxn-tain,  (rarely)  xds'mxn-tin. 
Adamic  adj.  (of  Adam)  s'dxmik. 

adaptative  adj.  adaptiv  [also  spelt  adaptativ"]  s'dxptd-tiv. 
Adar  n.  (Hebrew  month)  'ee-dss. 
addable  adj.  [also  spelt  addible}  'xdd-bdl. 
additament  n.  (something  added)  d'dits-msnt,  'xdita-msnt. 
addreis  n.  d'dres,  'x-dres. 
address  v.  s'dres. 

addressed  adj.  [also  spelt  addresti  d'drest. 
adduce  v.  (bring  forward)  a'djous;  (improperly)  s'dsous. 
addnceable  adj.  [also  spelt  adducible}  d'djou-sd-bsl. 
adelopod    n.    [synonymous    cognate    adelopode}    a'dels-ped, 

d'dii-ld-ped. 
adeniform.  adj.  9'deni-fe:zm,  'xdini-fe:zm. 
adenitis  n.  xdi'nai-tis;  (less  properly)  xdi'nii-tis. 
adenose  adj.  (full  of  glands)  xdi'noos,  (assumptivly)  'xdi- 

nos. 
adeps  n.  (animal  fat;  lard)  'x-deps. 

-  c:l«i^  b:  iuT,  xcat,  ebot,  01  boy;  a:  far,  aa  now,  a:  ask,  aikiVe*, 
'  hngtb-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \ong\ 
f    stress-marlr  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f  ellowing  syWabU, 


8  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

adept  adj.  (skild;  verst)  s'dept. 

adept  n.  (one  who  is  proficient)  d'dept,  'x-dept. 

adequate  adj,  (sufficient,  fitting)  'aedi-kwat. 

adlieiion  n.  (sticking,  union)  xdliii-ssn. 

adlLeiive  adj,,  n.  [also  spelt  adhesivl  xd'hii-siv,  aed'hii-ziv. 

adiapl&orons  adj.  (neutral)  aedi'xfd-rds. 

adien  n.  (good-by,  farewell)  a'djou. 

ad  infinitum  adv.   (to  infinity)  aed-inf I'nai-tam ;   {improi 

erly)  ad-in'fini-tam. 
adipooere  n.  [also  spelt  adipocirel  'aedip9-si:7. 
adipose  adj,  (of  adeps,  fatty)  aedi'poos,  (assutnptivly)  'xd: 

pos. 
adjectival  adj.  (of  the  adjectiv)  aedsak'tai-val,  'xdsdkti-vs 
adjectiTally  adv.  aedssk'tai-vs-li. 
adjeetive  adj,,  n.  [also  spelt  adjectivl  'xdssk-tiv. 
adjeotively     adv,     [also     spelt     adjecHvlyl     'aedsak-tivl 

'adsaktiv-li. 
adjutage  n.  [also  spelt  ajuiagel  d'dsou-tids,  'xdsjo-tids. 
adjutant  n.  (assistant)  'xdso-tnt,  'xdsjo-tnt. 
adjntor  n.  (helper)  d'dsou-tsz,  d'dsjou-tds. 
adjuvant   n.,adj,   'aedso-vant,    'aedsjo-vdnt,    (rarely)    a'dsoi 

vant. 
adn&easnre  v,  measure   out  to;    apportion    [also   spelt   ai 

mesurel  aed'mesar. 
adn&iniitrator  n,  d'dmini-stsetd?,  xdmini'stsee-ts?. 
adminiitratriz    n.    (female    administrator)    aedmini'stset 

tsiks. 
admirable  adj.  'aedmdsd-bdl ;   (improperly)  s'dmai-sd-bd}. 
admiralty  n,  'aedms^dl-ti ;   (improperly)  xdms'^xlti. 
admirative  adj.  [also  spelt  admirativli  'xdmd-zetiv,  s'dma 

ca-tiv. 
admiringly   adv,  9Mmai-7ii]-h ;    (dialectally)    d'dmaid-^ii]-} 
admisiible  adj.  (allowable;  also,  admittable)  d'dmisd-bd). 
admit    v.    (let    in;    allow;    concede)    d'dmit,    (occasionally 

ae'dmit,  ad'mit. 
admittable  adj.  [also  spelt  admittible'}  d'dmitd-bsl. 
admixtion  n.   [also   spelt  admixion"}   xd'mikstSsn,   xd'mik; 

tjan,  aed'miksti-an. 
ado  n.  (action ;  bustle)  dMotu 
adobe  n.  [also  spelt  adobi,  adobie"]  d'doo-bi;  (sometimes,  ei 

roneously,  when  spelt  adobe)  a'doob,  'ae-dob. 
adoleioenoe   n.    (state   of   growing  up;    growing-age)    ad; 

'lesans. 


/V^/    gcure;  d  the,    Q  thm\   5  asure,  d^jov,  ^sfioe,  tS  c/iew 

wzt//ten;  t)sing;   u  whoever,  i  react,  o  iu\\,  omIooV,  \\\.,  \\?>e 

o poetic;  o  over,   e aerial.  Abut,  o:  doot,  ooxlo,  t,\icd,  te^^o: 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  9 

Adonic  adj,  (of  Adonis)  d'denik. 

adoral  adj.  (toward  the  mouth)  ae^doi-zal. 

adorned  adj,  back-to-back  [also  spelt  addorsed,  adorst;  syn- 
onymous cognates  adossed,  adosse,  adossee}     s'deizst. 

adois6e  adj,  ae-de'see,  d'desi.    same  meanmg  as  adorsed. 

adulation,  n.  (flattery)  xdjolee-Sdn,  aedsolee-S^n. 

adult  n,,  adj,  9'dAlt,  (sometimes)  'x-dAlt. 

adulteress  n.  [synonymous  cognate  adultressi  a'dAhs-^is. 

adulterine  adj.,  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  adulterin]  a'dx}- 
ta-2in,  a'dAha-rain. 

adultress  n.  a'dxltsis.    same  meaning  as  adulteress. 

ad  Talorem  adv.  (in  proportion  to  the  value)  sdva'bi-zam ; 
{improperly)  aed'vaela-ram. 

advance  n.,  v,  9d'va:ns,  9d'va:ns,  dd'vaems. 

advantage  n.  xd'va:n-tid3,  9d'va:n-tid3,  xdVaentids. 

adverse  adj.^n.  xdWsizs,  (assumptivly)  'xd-vB:zs. 

adversely  adv,  aed'vBzsz.i,  xd'vB:zs-h,  xd'vB:7-SLi,  (by  con- 
trast) 'ad-VBZsi-i. 

adverseness  n.  xd'vBzsNis,  xdVB:?s-nis. 

advertise  v.  [also  spelt  advertise"!  'xdv3?-taiz,  xdvsz'taiz. 

advertisement  n.  sd'vBztis-mdnt,  dd'vBztiz-msnt,  xdvs^'taiz- 
mant. 

advertiser  n.  'xdvdz-tai-zdz,  sedvsz'tai-zdz. 

advice  n.  (counsel;  notice;  news)  sdVais. 

advise  v,  (give  counsel  or  advice;  give  notice)  dd'vaiz. 

advocate  n.  (counsel,  pleader)  'xdv9-ket,  'aedva-kat. 

advocate  v.  (plead  for;  defend)  'xdv9-ket. 

advcwson  n.  (ecclesiastical  patronage)  xdVao-zsn,  xd'vao- 
zn. 

adynaniio  adj.  (without  force)  sedi'nsemik. 

adytum,  n.  sanctuary  [plural  adytal  'sedi-tsm. 

ads  n.  cutting-tool  [also  spelt  adsel  sedz. 

aedes  n.  edifis;  chapel   [plural  aedesi  'li-diz. 

aedile  n.  'li-daiL     see  edile, 

Aegean  adj.  I'dsii-sn.    see  Egean. 

aegilops  ft.  see  egilops. 

aegis  n.  'xi-dsis.    see  egis. 

Aeneid  tt,  (epic  poem  about  Aeneas)  I'nii-id,  'li-ni-id. 

aeolian  adj.  i'oo-H-sn.    see  eolian. 

Aeolidae  n.  pi.  i'eh-di.     see  Eolidae. 

Aeolididae  n.pl.  i-s'hdi-di.     see  Eolididae. 

aeolipile  n.  see  eolipile. 

aeon  «.  see  eon, 

c:  law,  b:  iur,  3ecat,  0  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  aiVi^^\ 

length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding   sound  is  \©tv%\ 

stress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f ellowing  syWaVAe. 


10  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

Aepyoimls  fi.  ipi'ox-nis.    sec  Epyomis. 

aerate  v.  expose  to  air;  charge  with  carbon  dioxide,  formerly 
called  fixt  air  [also  spelt  aeratej  'ze-^-zet;  {improperly) 
'c:-2et;  {erroneously)  'c:-ri-et. 

aerial  adj.  of  air';  atmospheric  [also  spelt  aerial}  e'li-zi-oi, 
(rarely)  c'ei-ri-rf;  (improperly)  'e:-o-9L 

aerie  adj,  see  aery. 

aerie  n.  see  aery, 

aerifieatiom  n.  [also  spelt  aerification}  ee-d-nfi^ee-San. 

aeriform  adj.  having  the  form  of  air;  gaseous;  unreal  [also 
spelt  aeriform}  'ce-ari-f o:rm ;    (improperly)   'ei-zi-feizm. 

aerify  v.  make  aeriform ;  aerate  [also  spelt  aerify}  'ee-37i-f ai ; 
(improperly)  'ei-zi-fsi. 

aerog^aphy  n.  [also  spelt  aerography}  ee-d'^egr^-fi. 

aerolite  n.  meteorite  [also  spelt  aerolite}  'ee-3;9-lait ;  (im- 
properly) 'c:-23-lait. 

aeronaut  n.  air-sailor;  balloonist  [also  spelt  aeronaut}  'ee- 
9Z9-nc:t;  (improperly)  'e:-?3-nc:t;  (erroneously)  'e:-2i-3-nc:t. 

aeroplane  n.  [also  spelt  aeroplane}  'ee-979-pz.een ;  (improp- 
erly) 'e:-r3-pLcen ;  (erroneously)  'e:-ri-3-pi.een. 

aeroatat  n.  balloon,  etc.  [also  spelt  aerostat}  'ee-979-staet ; 
(improperly)  'e:-?a-staet. 

aemg^ons  adj.  [synonymous  cognate  eruginous}  e'zou-d^i- 
nDs,  i'eou-dsi-nas. 

adj,  airy,  etherial  [also  spelt  aerie}  'ee-a-ei,  'c:-ri. 
n,  lofty  nest   [also   spelt  aerie;   synonymous  cognates 
airy,  eyry,  eyrie  \  ploral  aeries}  'z:-zi,  *i>zi. 

aei  n.  (copper  or  bronze;  money;  bronzes)  lis. 

Aeiir  n.  (ploral  of  As)  ^et-z^z. 

aeitl&ete  n,  see  esthete, 

aeithietic  adj.  see  esthetic, 

aeitival  adj,  see  estival. 

aestivation  n.  see  estivation. 

aethLeogam  n.  [also  spelt  aetheogam}  e'li-Oi-d-gaem. 

aetiology  n.  see  etiology, 

af eard  adj.  afraid  [also  spelt  af eared}  d'fiisd. 

affective  adj.  of  the  affections;  emotional  [also  spelt  affec- 
tiv}  a'frktiv. 

afferent   adj,   (conveying  inward:    correlativ   of   efferent) 

affix  n.  (nomething  added;  prefix  or  suffix)  'xfiks. 
affix  t'.  fix,  fasten;  attach  [past  participle  and  preterit  af- 
fixfui,  affixt]  a'fiks. 

y  t'r,    i;rurr:  d  thv,   0//iin;   5  asute,  djjov,  ^sfioe,   tjc/iew; 
III  ft'/Hii:  t)n\ft0',    II  whoever,  i  react,  oiuu,  ouiooV,  i\\.,  \\^ce% 
opfirtlc;  aov^r,  cacrial.  Abut,  o:doot,  ;>ono,  e\>c^,  t^^a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  11 

afflatus  n.  (inspiration)  a'fixe-tds. 

affluent  adj.  (abundant)  'xfLiu-snt,  'xfLU-ant. 
'  af f rajLcliiae  v.  (set  free)  9'f3a:n-tSaiz,  9'f3a:n-tSiz;  3'f3xn- 
tSaiz,  d'f^aentSiz. 

afgluuDL  ft.  (blanket)  'xf-gaen;  {erroneously)  'xf-ksen. 

aforesaid  adj,  a'foir-sed;  ^improperly)  'xfse-sed. 

a  fortiori  adv.  (all  the  more)  ce-fe^Si'oi-eai,  ee-fe^ti'oi-^ai. 

after  prep.  'a:i-t^z,  (when  less  strest)  'aftae. 

aftennatli  n.  'a:f-t3?-ma:0. 

aftermost  (ui/.  'a:f-t3z-most,  (rapidly)  'a:  f -tar-mast. 

afternoon  n.  a:f-t3?'noun. 

afternoon  adj.  'a:f-t9?-noun. 

aftenrards    adv.    'a:f-t3?-w3edz;     (less    properly)     aii-t^z- 
'wBirdz. 

again  adv.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  agen"]  s'gen,  s'geen. 

against  prep,  a'genst,  a'geenst. 

agama  n.  (lizard)  'xga-ms. 
n.  (bird)  'xg»-mi. 
Lc  a(/y.  (asexual)  a'gxmik. 

agan&ogenesis  n.  (non-sexual  genesis;  asexual  reproduction) 
xgams'dse  n  i-sis. 

agamy  n.  (non-marriage)  'xgs-mi. 

agape  adv.  (on  the  gape;  with  open  mouth)  3'ga:p,  3'ga:p, 
a'geep. 

agape  n.  love-feast  [ploral  agapae,  agapesl  'xga-pi,  'xga-pi. 

agaric  n.,  adj.  s'gxrik,  'xgs-zik. 

agariciform  adj.  (mushroom-shaped)  a'gxrisi-feizm,  xgs- 
'^isi-fe:em. 

agate  n.  (quartz;  size  of  type)  'xgit. 

agate  adv.  (on  the  move,  a-going)  s'geet. 

agave  n.  (century-plant)  a'gee-vi,  (older)  a'gee-vi ;  3'ga:-vi. 

aged  adj.  (of  advanced  age,  old :  as,  the  *aged,  an  *aged 
man ;  characteristic  of  old  age :  as,  *aged  wrinkles)  'ee- 
dsid ;  (erroneously)  eedsd ;  (of  or  at  the  age  of :  as,  middle 
♦aged,  suits  for  boys  *aged  twelve  years)  eedsd;  (errone- 
ously) 'ee-dsid. 

aged  V.  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  age)  eedsd. 

agenesic  adj.  (of  agenesis)  xdsi'nesik,  aedsi'nezik. 

.agenesis  n.  [also  spelt  agennesisl  s'dseni-sis,  xdsi'nii-sis. 

ager  n.  (field)  'ce-dsar. 

ageratum  n.  (plant)  a'dse^a-tam,  xdss'^ee-tsm. 

agger  n.  (an  earthworm;  Roman  road)  'xdsa?. 

aggrandisement  n.  [also  spelt  aggrandizementi  d'g^xndis- 

c:  law,  b:  iur,  aecat,  0  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  qo  now,  a:  osk,  aikite; 

)engtb-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound   is  \otvg\ 

stress-marJc  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f ellowing  sy\\a\Ae. 


12  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

msnt,      d'grxndiz-mdnt,      'aegrdn-daiz-msnt ;       (improperly) 
d'gzaen-daiz-mdnt. 

aggrandise    v,    [also   spelt   aggrandise^    'sgssn-daiz;    {less* 
properly)  d'gzxn-daiz. 

agg^eve  v.  grieve,  distress,  afflict,  oppress  [past  participle 
and  preterit  aggrievedl  a'geiiv. 

aghast  adj.  [also  spelt  agast^  9'ga:st. 

ag^ile  adj.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  agil]  'xdsil,  'ae-dsaiL 

ag^ilely  adv,  'aedsi-h,  'adsil-h,  'a-dsaiWi. 

aging  M.  [also  spelt  ageingi  'ee-dsii]. 

agio  n.  (rate  of  exchange,  etc.)  'aedso,  'adsi-o,  'ce-dsi-o,  {some- 
times) 'a:-d3i-o. 

agiotage    n.    (spectilation ;    stock- jobbing)    'xdsi-d-tids,    'ee- 
d3i-3-tid3. 

agister  n.  [also  spelt  agistor"}  a'dsists;. 

aglet  n.  metal  tag  of  a  lace  [synonymous  cognates  aigulet, 
aiglet}  'aeglat,  'ee-glat. 

agnise  v,  (acknowledge;  own)  seg'naiz. 

Agnoetae  n.pl.  [also  spelt  Agnoetael  xgno'ii-ti. 

agnoetes  n.  pL  'xgno-its.     same  meaning  as  agnoites. 

agnoites  n,pl.  [synonymous  cognate  agnoetes}  'aegno-aits. 

agnomen  n.  additional  name  [ploral  agnomina}  aeg'noo-mdn. 

agnomina  n.  (ploral  of  agnomen)  aeg'nemi-ns. 

agnosticism    n.    xg'nesti-sizsm ;    {erroneously)    xg'nesti-ki- 
zdm. 

Agnus  Dei  n.  (Lamb  of  God;  Christ)  segnds'dii-ai. 

agonize  v,  [also  spelt  agonise}  'aegd-naiz. 

agonta    n.    (insectivorous    mammal,    Solenodon    paradoxus) 
a'gou-ta. 

agonti  n.  rodent  [also  spelt  aguti,  agouty}  d'gou-ti. 

agrarianize  v.  [also  spelt  agrarianise}  9'gre:-zi-9-naiz. 

ag^ricnltnralist  n.  xg?i'kAhS979-hst.    same  meaning  as  agri- 
culturist. 

ag^rionltnrist  n.  xgzi'kAltSd-^ist. 

agnie  n.  'ee-gjo;  {vulgarly)  'ee-gJ9. 

all  inter j,  a: . 

aha  inter j,  o'ha: ,  {less  deliberately)  9'ha:  • 

ahead  adv.  [also  spelt  ahed}  s'hed. 

ahyn  «.  (the  one-year  fish,  of  Japan)  'a:-ju. 

ai  n.  (three-toed  sloth)  'a:-i. 

ai  n.  (ahyu)  ai. 

aiaia  n.  the  roseate  spoonbill  [also  spelt  ayaya,  ajaia,  ajaja; 
synonymous  cognate  aiaiai}  ai'ai-3. 

/jre,    gcure;  d  the,   Q  thin\   5  asure,  d^joy;   ^shoe,   tJcAew; 
wze/Aen;  13  sing;  u  wh^jever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  Q\iioo\,  \\\.,  \\^ee\ 
o poetic;  &  over,  e aerial.  Abut,  o:doot,  00 no,  t,\>c^,  t^VLcXfc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  13 

-de-oamp  n.  [also  spelt  aid-de-camp'i  'ee-di-kaemp,  'eed- 

keq. 

Dt  ft.  'ee-glat,  'aeglst.    same  meaning  as  aglet. 

et  ft.  egret;  tuft  of  feathers  [also  spelt  aigrette'^  ee-g^it, 

zzt, 

ille  ft.  (needle;  drill)  e'gwiil,  'ce-gwil. 

.,  n.  trouble  [past  participle  and  preterit  ailed,  aildl  ee}. 

nthiu  ft.  [erroneous  form  of  ailantus'\  e'lxnOdS. 

ntiui  ft.  tree  [erroneous  synonymous  cognate  ailanthusl 

;nt9s,  ailaentas. 

I  adj,,  ft.  'ai-no. 

V.  dialectal  (am  not)   eent;   (formerly,  and  in  Ireland 
I)  'amnt,  a:nt,  e:nt. 

V.  dialectal  (have  not)  eent;  (formerly)  'he:-vnt. 
;.  (gaseous  substance  of  the  atmosphere,  etc.)  e:z. 
/.  [past  participle  and  preterit  aired,  atVd]  e:z. 
'Aght  adj,  eiz'tait,  (assumptivly)  'e:r-tait. 
bight  ft.  (stove)  'e:z-tait. 

ft.  'ei'Zi.    same  meaning  as  aery, 
)  ft.  division  of  a  church  [also  spelt  ailel  ail. 
i.  islet  [synonymous  cognate  eyoti  eet. 
ii  ft.  letter  [also,  formerly,  spelt  achel  eetj,   (when  less 
est)  etS;  (dialectally)  heetj. 
age  ft.  see  adjutage, 

ibo  adv,,  adj,  [also  spelt  akimhowl  a'kim-bo. 
».  wing;  flap  [ploral  alae'\  'ee-la. 
aster  ft.,  adj,  'ads-bat-std?,  ae}9'ba:-st3?. 
carte  adv,  (by  a  bill  of  fare)  Q-.-WVa'.zt. 
kaday  interj,  a-laeka'dee,  a'laeka-dee. 
-greoqne   ft.   Greek   fret   [also   spelt   d-la-grec;   synony- 
us  cognate  aligreek'\  a:-}^'g^ek. 
lode  adj,  [also  spelt  d-la-model  aela'mood,  (assumptivly: 

♦alamode  beef)  'ala-mod. 

m  n.  call  to  arms;  warning;  state  of  surprise  with  fear 
nenymous  cognates  alarum,  larum'\  s'laizm. 
m  V,  arouse  to  a  sense  of  danger,  etc.  [past  participle  and 
:terit  alarmed,  alarmdl  ^'}a;^m. 

am  n.   d'la:-z3m,  dlaezsm,  ^'lei-z^m.     same   meaning  as 
rm. 

interj.  9la:s,  a'lois,  alaers. 

e  adj.  (winged)  'ee-let,  (rarely,  in  poetry)  elect. 
it  conj.  c:rbii-it. 
no  ft.  [ploral  albinos'!  ael'bai-no,  ael'bii-no. 

u,  b:  fur,  aecat,  0  hot,  01  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai\cite; 
i-mar/r  OJ  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \©tig\ 
uarlc  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  fellbwing  syUable, 


14  DICTIONARY  OF  .HARD  WORDS 


K.  (.white-of-egg,  etc.)  ae}l>jou-m9n ;  {less  proj 
'aetbjo-mdn. 

H.  (chemic  snb^ance)  ad^jou-min. 
adj.  aet'bjoa-mi-iios,  aet-bjomi'noos. 
SI.  ad-bjomi'ii3os. 
Alealde  n.  ollcail-de.  a^Hcaddi. 

■IcayJg  H.  officer  [also,  formerly,  spelt  alcaidl  adlcee 
•leaiT  It.  (fortress;  palace)  cUtai-zaZt  adks'za:?. 
alc'fcttwiy  k.  'dki-mi. 
Aleoram  ».  [also  spelt  Aikorani  adka'^arn,  'xik^-zxn; 

properly)  T^lnoi-r^ik. 
•!••▼•  !••  (covered  recess)  'ael-k30v,  sencoov. 
alder  n.  (shrub)  'cil-dae;  {erroneously)  'aeidaz. 
Alderauuiie  a</y.  d-dag^fnarnik. 

Aldime  adj.  'cil-dni,  'cil-dain;  'addin,  'ad-dain;   {improi 
'c:l-diii,  'sd-din. 

n.  (sour  ale)  'arfi-gar,  'adi-goz;  'ee-li-ga?,  'ce-li-c 
adj.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  Alexandrin] 
'xa:n-dnii,  adig'za:n-drain,  dig'zaendcin ;  {improperly) 
'saendrni,  dik'iauidnii,  adik'saen-drixu 
SI.  seaweed  [ploral  algael  'dgs. 
SI.  (ploral  of  alga)  'd-dsL 

SI.  'addsi-bra;  {improperly)  'aeldsi-bre. 
als^l^n^tBt  M.  'add5i-b?e-ist,  addsi'teee-ist. 
Alc^aldm  adj.  [also  spelt  AlgonquinJ  ad'gen-kin. 
alluuitVr«sq«e  adj.  d-haem'b^esk. 
alias  M.  assumed  name  [ploral  aliiuesl  'ee-li-ss,  'ee-lias, 

ds,  'xtids. 
aliU  M.  (plea  or  fact  of  having  been  elsewhere)  'xh-bai 

rom^^omsly)  'ali-bi. 
alidad  m«  'di-daed.    same  meaning  as  alidade. 
alidade  si.  [also  spelt  alhidade;  synenymous  cognate  al 

'«ti-ded. 
aliem  adj.,  n.  'ee-ti-on,  'ee-lidn. 
alien  r.  make  averse  or  indifferent;  alienate;  estrange 

porticiple  and  preterit  aliened,  aliend"}  'ee-lisn. 
aUeme  r.  transfer  or  convey,  as  a  title  or  property 

sometimes,  spelt  alienl  'ee-lidn,  sliin. 
aliemee  m.  ee-lid'nii. 

aliforaA  adj.  (wing>shaped;  pterygoid)  'asii-feizm. 
aliipt  r.  diain.    see  aline. 

alicreek  m.  adi'griik.    same  meaning  as  d-la-grecque. 
alimemt  m.  'adi-mdnt:  {erroneously)  'ee-li-msnt. 

y  tT.    ccure;  d/Ae.  Othin;  jarure,  ds/oy;   S-^^oe,   t^  c 

wwMcn:  ^  sing;  u  whoever,  \Teact»  oiuu,  \iMiool,  itt,  i 

o  poetic:  dov#r,  e  aerial,  xbut,  o'.doot,  ^ono,  «.\icd,  «.« 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  15 

aline  v.  adjust  to  a  line;  line  up  [also  spelt  align,  allineli 

diain. 
alineatlon  n.  [also  spelt  allineation'\  d-lini'ee-Ssn. 
alinement  n.  [also  spelt  alignment,  alignement,  allinementi 

dlain-msnt. 
aliquot  adj.,  n.  'aAi-kw^t,  'aeh-kwet. 

alkahest  n.   solvent  [also  spelt   alchahest,   alcahestl   'alka- 
hest. 
alkalamide  n.  [synonymous  cognate  alkalimideli  ael'kaeld-mid, 

xrkaeld-maid ;  'xlksld-maid. 
alkali  n.  [also  spelt  aJcali;  ploral  alkalis,  alkalies]  'aelks-lai, 

'aelka-li. 
alkalify  t^.  'selk^li-fai,  ael'kseli-fai. 
alkaline  adj.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  alkalin"]  'a^ka-lain,  'dA- 

kd-hn. 
alkalization  n.   [also  spelt  alkalisation,  alcalisationJi  a^kd« 

lai'zee-Ssn,  arfkali'zee-San. 
alkalizs  tr.  [also  spelt  alkalise"!  'aelks-laiz. 
all  adj.  c:},  (when  unstrest)  cl. 
all-absorbing  adj.  c:}-9b'se:z-bii],  (assumptivly)  'c:I-db-se:7- 

birj. 
allantoic  adj,  (of  the  allantois)  aelsn'too-ik. 
allantois  adj.  (fetal  appendage)  disento-is. 
allay  v.  put  down ;  repress ;  quell  [past  participle  and  preterit 

allayed,  allaydl  slee. 
alles^iance  n,  dlii-dsans,  s'lii-dsi-dns. 
allesoric  adj,  aeh'gezik. 
allegorist  n.  'seh-gosist,  (tn  Britain)  'aehgo-sist,  'sdiga-rist; 

(improperly)  alega-eist. 
allegoxiiEe  t/.  [also  spelt  allegorise']  'xhgd-zaiz. 
allegretto  adj.,  n.  aeh'g^eto. 
allegro  adj.  (brisk,  lively)  a'lee-geo. 
alleluia  inter j,  seh1uu-J9.    see  halleluja, 
allenarly  adv.  (only,  solely;  merely)  slena^-h. 
allioe  n.  fish  [also  spelt  allis]  'aehs. 
allied  adj.  alaid,  {less  properly)  'ae-laid. 
alliteratiTe  adj.  [also  spelt  alliterativ]  s'htd-retiv,  9*lit9Z9- 

tiv. 
allogamy  n,  (cross-fertilization)  dlegs-mi. 
allopath  n.  'sela-paeO. 
allopathic  adj,  aels'paedik. 

allopathist  n.  sleps-Oist;  (less  properly)  'aeld-pseOist. 
allopathy  n.  9lop3-9i;  (less  properly)  'aela-paeOi. 

•c  low,  b:  f«r,  ae  cot,  ©  i^f,  ©j  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai\^i.X.t\ 

Itngth'inark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \oti%\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f  ellowing  syWabU. 


16  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

allophanie  adj.  (of  changeable  appearance)  sld'faenik. 

allotrope  n.  (another  mode)  'a^9-t£op. 

allotropic  adj.  xWtiepik» 

allotropioity  n.  xlstsa'pisi-ti. 

allotropiim  n.  3'}et£9-piz9m. 

allotropy  n.  dletxs-pi. 

alloy  ff.  [ploral  alloys!  alei;  (/^«  properly)  'a-lei. 

alloy  V.  mix  with  a  baser  metal;  debase  [former  synonymous 

cognate  allay;  past  participle  and  preterit  alloyed,  alloy d} 

a'loi. 
ally  V,  (conibine,  unite,  join)  slai. 
ally  n.  one  united  or  associated  with  another  by  treaty  or 

league  [ploral  allies']  3'lai,  'a-lai. 
ally  n.  playing-marble   [also  spelt  alley,  alay;   ploral  allies} 

'aeh. 
allyl  n.  (hydrocarbon  radical)  'aelil. 
allylamijie  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  allylaminl  slild-min, 

'aehld-main. 
alma  mater  n.  (fostering  mother)  slma'mee-tsz. 
almanac  n.  'c:l-m3-n»k. 
almandine  n.  precious  garnet,  almandite   [also,   sometimes, 

spelt  almandin'\  'aelmsn-din,  'slman-dain. 
almner  n.  'a:m-n92:.    same  meaning  as  almoner, 
almond  n.  (nut)  'a:-m9nd,  'xmsnd,  'xlmsnd. 
almoner  n.  dispenser  of  alms  [synonymous  cognate  almnerl 

'a;Jmo-n3?. 
almost  adv,  'c:}-moost,  {when  less  strest)  'c:l-most,  'cl-most, 

'clmss. 
alms  n.  [pbral  alms']  a:mz;  (dialectally)  ae:mz. 
aloe  n.  [ploral  aloesl  'x-b,  'aelo. 

aloes  n,  (ploral  of  aloe;  also  used  as  a  singular)  '£-loz,/aetoz. 
aloetio  adj.  of  the  aloe  [also  spelt  aloctic]  xlo'etik. 
aloin  n.  (aloetin)  'selo-in. 
alone  adj.  d'loon;  (dialectally)  slon. 

along  /)r<?/>.  o'lorq,  (when  less  strest)  d'lor) ;  {dialectally)  s'lcirj. 
alonatte  n.  monkey  [also  spelt  alouatel  aelu'aet,  'aelu-at, 
alow  adv,  (afire ;  in  a  flame)  sloo. 
alow  adv,  (in  or  to  a  low  place :   opposed  to  aloft)  aloo. 
alpaoa  n.  serpaekd;   (erroneously)  aela'paeka. 
alphabet  n.  [also  spelt  alfabetl  'aelfa-bat,  'aelfa-bet. 
alphabetic  adj,  of  an  alfabet   [also  spelt  alfabeticl   aelfd- 

'!)rtik. 
alphabetical  adj,  [also  spelt  alfabetical]  aelfanDcti-kal. 

/  r^,   cciin'.-  (^//lo.   O/Ziin;   5  azrure,  ds/oy;   S  •^'^oe,   tjc/iew; 
wft'/trp;  tjswff;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuW,  ouiool,  lit,  lisee; 
opovtic;  oover,  c aerial.  Abut,  o:doot,  00 no,  e\>c^,  «.^VLa\A\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  17 

alpltabetise  v.  'aelfsbd-taiz. 

alpine  adj,   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  alpin'Ji  'xlpin,  'xl-pain; 

{less  properly)  'a^-pin. 
already  adv,  [also  spelt  alredyli  ciVzedi. 
also  adv,  'c:2-s3;  (jdialectally)  'eXso,  'eltso. 
alterative  adj.  [also  spelt  alterative  'c:l-t9-7etiv,  'c:2-t9ed-tiv. 
altercate  v.  (dispute)  'c:i-t3z-ket,  'xhsz-ket. 
altercation  n.  cil-tsz^kee-Sdn,  a^tST'kee-Sdn. 
alter  ego  n.  (second  self;  double)  xhse'ii-go. 
altern  adj.  (alternate)  'xhazn,  'c:}-t9?n;  xl'tB:zn,  cVX3:zr\. 
alternate  adj.,n.  cirteznit,  ael'ts^nit;  'c:l-t3r-nit,  'selt3z-nit. 
alternate  v.  ''c:2-td7-net,  'sltdsr-net. 
alternately  adv,  c:}'tB?nd-tz.i,  xl'teznd-tLi. 
alternation  n.  ciUtsz^nee-l^n,  xltdz^nee-Ssn. 
alternative  adj.,n,  [also  spelt  alternativ'\  c:}'tBzn9-tiv,  ael- 

'tB?na-tiv. 
althougli  conj,  [also  spelt  althol  cii'doo,  {anteriorly,  often) 

'c:l-do. 
altogetlier  adv.  c:l-to'geda3,  {anteriorly)  'cil-to-gcdae. 
alto-relievo   n.  high   relief  [also  spelt  alto-rilievo ;   plural 

alto-relievosi  aelto-eilii-vo,  alto-eilii-vo. 
alto-rilievo  n.  a:l-to-3il'jee-vo,  a:l-to-eirjee-vo;  alto-ei'hi-vo. 

arfto-eilii-vo.    same  meaning  as  alto-relievo. 
altmistie  adj.  aeltsu'istik. 
alndel  n.  (glass  vessel;  pot;  tube)  'aelio-deL 
alumina  n.  sliou-mi-nd,  {dialectally)  sluu-mi-ns. 
alun&ininm    n.  xHo'mini-sm.    same  meaning  as  aluminum, 
almninnm.   n.    [synonymous   cognate    aluminium"]    sliou-mi- 

n9m,  {dialectally)  dlou-mi-nam. 
alnnina  n.  a  woman  or  girl  pupil  or  graduate  [ploral  alum- 

nael  slAmna. 
alumnae  n.  (ploral  of  alumna)  dlAm-ni. 
alnmni  n.  (ploral  of  alumnus)  slAm-nai. 
alnmnns  n.  pupil;  graduate  [ploral  alumni"]  alAmnss. 
alnnogen  n.  (nativ  aluminum  sulfate)  d'Hou-ns-dsin. 
alveolar  adj.  'advi-s-ld?,  xl'vii-d-lsz. 
alveolns  n.  little  cell  or  cavity   [ploral  alveoli]   'aelvi-a-bs, 

arf'vii-9-l3s. 
alvens  n.  tube  or  duct  [ploral  alvei]  'xlvi-9s. 
almrays  adv.  'c:l-wez,  {when  less  strest)  'c:l-wiz. 
am  V,   (first  person  singular  present  indicativ  of  be)   xm, 

{when  unstrest)  sm,  nu 
amadon  n,  (Carman  tinder)  'xms-du. 

c:  law,  b:  fwr,  se  cat,  ebot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  aiVi\.e^\ 

leBg^-mark  0)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \otv%\ 

stress-mark  ()  xndicates  chief  stress  on  the  f  ellowmg  avWaVAe. 


18  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

amaldar  n.  governor  [synonymous  cognate  amildarl  'xmsl- 

daz, 
amalgam  n.  (alloy;  mixture)  d'mxlgsm. 
amandin  n.  [also  spelt  amandinel  'aemdn-din,  s'maendin. 
amanitine  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  atnanitin']  d'maeni-tin, 

sms'nai-tain. 
amannenses  n.  (ploral  of  amanuensis)  9-maenju'en-siz. 
amannensii  n.  [ploral  amanuenses'!  9-mxnju'ensis. 
amaranthine  adj,  [also  spelt  amaranthin;  synonymous  cog- 
nates   amarantine,    amarantin']    xmd'^xnOin;     (improperly) 

aems'zxn-Oain. 
amarine  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  amarin^    aems-srin,  s'me:- 

;ain. 
amaryllii  n.  (plant)  aemd'rihs. 
amass  v.  gather;   accumulate    [past  participle   and  preterit 

amassed,  amast']  9'ma:s,  3'ma:s,  9'mae:s. 
amateur  adj,  aema'te:;,  (assumptivly)  'aema-tB*.?;  (also)  xmo- 

'tgo:r,  'amg-tgor;  (less  properly)  'aema-tSoz,  aema'tSoir. 
amatenr  n.  (one  who  loves  or  has  a  taste  for  anything;  a 

non-professional)  xma'teiz,  'aema-te:?;  aema'tgo:?,  'sma-tgos. 
amatenrisli  a(/y.  aemd'tB:-7iS)  xm9'tgo:-?iS. 
ambage  n.  [ploral  ambages']  'xmbids. 
ambages  n.  ploral  of  ambage  (roundabout  mode  of  speech) 

'ecmbi-dsiz;    (circuitous   path;    delaying   practises)    xml>ee- 

dsiz. 
ambassador  n.  [synonymous  cognate  embassadorl  xm'baesd- 

ddr* 
ambergris  n.   [also  spelt  ambergrise,  ambergreasel  'xmbas- 

griis;  (less  properly)  'aembds-gris. 
amblyopy  n.   (dim-sightedness)   'xmbli-epi,  'xmbli-opi,  xm- 

'blni-3-pi. 
ambrosia  n.  (food  or  drink  of  the  gods)  xm^bzoo-ss,  xm- 

'bcoo-5i-3,  «m'broo-xi-3. 
ambry  n.  storeroom;  cupboard  [ploral  ambries;  synonymous 

cognate  aumbry]  'ambei,  'a:m-b?i. 
ambs-aoe  n.  [also  spelt  ames-ace]  'xmz-ees. 
ambnlaoral  adj.  sembjolee-kssl,  xmbjolxksdL 
ambnsoade  n.,v,  smbsslceed. 

ameer  n,  prince;  lord;  chief  [also  spelt  amir]  s'mi:;. 
amelia  n.  (absence  of  limbs)  s'meti-d. 
ameliorate  r.  (make  better;  improve)  s'mii-lid-ret. 
auielns  n.  limbless  monster  [ploral  ameli]  'xmi-lss. 
auien  n.  re'men,  (also,  especially  in  singing)  a/men. 

/rr,    ^cure:  d  the,  B  thin\  jasure,  d^/oy;  jshoc,  tS  c/iew; 
wwAcn;  tj  ainff;  u  whoever,  ir^act,  olim,  wiiooV,  "i^>-V  "dsee; 
o poetic;  Qover,  e  aerial,  xbiit,  o:doot,  ;>ono,  t\ie^,  t^^«ivfc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  19 


amenability  n.  d-mind'bih-ti. 

amenable  adj.  s'lmi-ns-bdl ;   (less  properly)  d'mens-bdi. 

amend  v,  (correct;  improve;  reform)  s'mend. 

amende  n.  (fine;  reparation)  9'mend,  s'mend. 

amends  n.pl.  (compensation)  d'mendz. 

amenity   n.   (pleasantness)   d'meni-ti;   {less  properly)   s'mii- 

ni-ti. 
ament  n.  (inflorescence)  'ae-ment,  s'ment. 
American  adj,,  n.  d'mesi-ksn ;  (dialectally)  d'mezs-ksn,  d'me:- 

z9-k9n. 
ametbystine  adj.   [also  spelt  amethystini  aemi'Oistin;   {im- 
properly) aemi'Ois-tain. 
amiable  adj,  (kindly;  pleasing)  'ee-mi-s-bdl. 
amiant  n.  flexible  asbestos  [synonymous  cognates  amianth, 

amiantusj  amianthusl  'semi-aent. 
amio  adj»  (of  ammonia)  'aemik. 
amioe  n.  cloth  wrap;  amict  [also  spelt  amis'}  'semis. 
amioe  n.  fur  cap  or  hood  [also  spelt  amisl  'xmis. 
amid  prep,   (amidst)  d'mid. 
amide  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  amid}  'aemid,  'ae-maid,  (some- 

times)  d'maid. 
amidic  adj.  (of  an  amide)  o'midik,  9'mai-dik. 
amidide  n.  'xmi-daid. 
amidin  n.  [also  spelt  amidinel  'aemi-din. 
amidogen  n.  s'midd-dsin,  d'mai-ds-dsin. 
amine    n.    [also,    sometimes,*  spelt    aminl    'aemin,    'ae-main, 

(sometimes)  a'mam. 
amir  n.  s'mi:?.    see  ameer, 
ammoniac  adj,,  n.  d'moo-ni-aek. 

ammoniaoal  adj.  (of  ammonia;  ammoniac)  aems'nai-d-kdl. 
ammonic  adj.  (of  ammonia)  d'menik. 
amoeba   n.    [also    spelt   ameba;    ploral    amoebas,    amoebae} 

d'mii-bd. 
amortisement  n.  [also  spelt  amortizement}  9'me:z-tis-m9nt, 

3'me:2-tiz-mant. 
amortise   v.   make   dead;   alienate   in   mortmain;   wipe   out 

[also  spelt  amortise}  9'me:?-tiz. 
amonr  n.  (love-affair)  d'mo:?. 
smpere  n.  (unit  of  electric  current)  aem'pe:z,  'sem-pe:z;  (also, 

less  properly)  aem'pi:e,  'aem-piie. 
sinpersand  n.  (short  and)  'aempsz-saend. 
ampbiaster  n.   (two-stard  body,   or  spindle,   in   an   ovum) 

'jemfi-aestar. 

c:latt',  b:  f«r,  ae  cat  ehi?t,  01  boy;  a:  far,  aa  now,  a:  ask,  aikiXe*, 

hngth-mark  0)  indicates  that  the  preceding   sound  is  \oti%\ 

stress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  following  sv\\ab\e. 


20  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

Amphibola  n,  (genus  of  gastropods)  aem'fibs-ld. 

amphibole    n.    (hornblende)    'aemfi-boi;    (erroneously)    xm- 
'fib3-li. 

amphibole  n.  (casting-net)  sem'fibd-h. 

amphictyon  adj.  (deputy)  aem'fikti-dn. 

amplilgean  adj,  (around  the  earth)  aem'fidsi-sn,  aemf I'dsii-dn. 

amphigory  n,  (rigmarole)  ^xmii-gozi. 

amphiscian  n.  (one  of  the  amphiscii)  aem'fiSdn,  aem^fi^i^dn. 

ampliiscli  n,pl,  (inhabitants  of  the  intertropic  regions)  xm- 
'fiSi-ai. 

ampliltlieater  n,  [also  spelt  amphitheatre^  'aemfi-6ii-3-tdz, 
3emfi'8ii-3-t3e. 

amphitrion  n.  (host;  entertainer)  xm'fitp-sn. 

amphora  n.  two-handled  vessel  [ploral  amphorae'}  'xmfd-z9. 

amnsiTe  adj,  [also  spelt  amusivj  s'mjou-ziv;  s'mjou-siv. 

amyl  n.  (radical)  'xmil. 

amylin  n.  [also  spelt  amyline"}  'aemi-hn. 

an  conj,  aen. 

an  adj.-pron,  xn,  (when  unstrest)  9n,  n. 

ana  n.  (collection  of  sayings)  'ee-ns,  'a:-n9. 

Anabaptist  n.  xns'bseptist. 

anabasis  n.  [ploral  anabasesl  d'nxba-sis;  (erroneously)  xnd- 
'bee-sis. 

anachronism  n.  (error  in  time  or  date)  g'naekrsd-nizdm. 

anaoolnthon  n.  [also  spelt  anakoluthon,  anakolouthon ;  plo- 
ral anacolutha'}  xnakd^iou-Oent 

Anaoreontio  adj.,  n,  d-nxksi'entik. 

anaemia  n.  d'nii-mi-s.    see  anemia. 

anaesthesia  n.  see  anesthesia, 

anaesthetic  adj.,  n,  see  anesthetic, 

anaesthetise  v,  see  anesthetise, 

anagoge   n.  a  bringing  up;   mystic  interpretation   [synony- 
mous cognate  anagogyl  aena'goo-dsi. 

anagoge  n,  'xns-godsi.     same  meaning  as  anagoge. 

analoime  n.  analcite  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  analcim}  d'na^-  • 
sim,  9'nxl-saim. 

analgesia  n.  (incapacity  to  feel  pain)  xn^rdsii-ss,  aensl'dsii- 
si-9. 

analogous  adj.  d'nxld-gss;  (erroneously)  d'nxls-dsds. 

analogue  n,  [also  spelt  analog"]  'sens-leg;  (erroneously)  'sens- 
log. 

analyses  n.  (ploral  of  analysis)  9'nseli-siz. 

analysis  n.  [ploral  analyses'!  s'nxh-sis. 

/,v(^,   gcurc;  d  the,  0  thin]  sasure,  ds/oy;   ^shoe,  tSc/tew; 
wwAen;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiu\\,  omIgoV  \\\.,  -dsec; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e aerial,  Abut,  o;doot,  oono,  ^\ie^,  ^t^a\ft\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  21 


analyse  v.  [also  spelt  analyse!  'xn^aiz;  {in  Scotland)  aens- 
Ibiz. 

anamorphosis  ft.  aend'me:z-f9-sis,  aend-mez'foo-sis. 

ananas  n.   (pineapple)  d'naenss,  d'nee-nss,  9'na:-n3s. 

anapest  n.  [also  spelt  anapaest"!  'xns-pest,  'xns-pist. 

anaphora  n.  [ploral  anaphorae}  d'naefd-^s. 

anarch  n.  (anarchist)  'xn9zk. 

anarchic  at//,  (of  anarchy)  d'no^kik,  9'na:7-kik. 

anarchist  n.  'aendz-kist. 

anarchy  n.  (absence  of  rule  or  authority)  'sensz-ki. 

anastomosis    n.    intercommunication;     interlacing     [ploral 
anastomoses']  d-nxsts'moo-sis. 

anastrophe  n.  (inversion  of  word-order)  9'nsest£9-fi. 

anathema  n.  curse  [ploral  anathemas,  anathemata]  d'nseOi- 
md. 

anathematise  v,  [also  spelt  anathematise'}  d'naeOims-taiz. 

anatomise  v,  [also  spelt  anatomise}  s'nsetd-maiz. 

ancestor  n.  'sen-sestsz;  (/^j^  properly)  'xnsi-sts;. 

ancestral  adj.  sen'sestsa),  (rarely)  'sen-sestssl. 

anchor  v.  secure  with  an  anchor;  cast  anchor  [past  parti- 
ciple and  preterit  anchored,  anchord}  'aegks?. 

anchoret  ft.  hermit  [synonymous  cognate  anchorite}  'xqkd- 
zit. 

anchorite  ft.  'xgkd-zait.    same  meaning  as  anchoret. 

anchovy  ft.  [ploral  anchovies}  aen'tSoo-vi,  'aentSa-vi. 

anchylosis  ft.  seqki'loo-sis.     see'  ankylosis. 

ancient  adj.  'een-Jant,  'een-tjant;  {improperly)  'cen-Si-atlt. 

ancile  ft.  (sacred  shield)  aen'sai-li. 

ancillary  adj.  (auxiliary)  'xnsi-lezi. 

ancon  ft.  bend;  elbow  [ploral  ancones}  'aegkan,  'aeg-ken. 

ancones  ft.  (ploral  of  ancon)  seq'koo-niz. 

and  conj,  aend,  {when  unstrest)  and,  dn,  n. 

andante  adj.  (moderate,  even)  aen'daenti,  an'da:n-ti. 

andantino  adj.,  ft.  aendaen'tii-no. 

andesin  ft.  feldspar  [also  spelt  andesine}  'aendi-zm. 

androecinm  ft.  (stamens,  collectivly)  aen'drii-$3m,  aen'dni-Si- 
am,  aen'drii-si-3m. 

androgyne  ft.  (hermaphrodite)  'aendrd-dsin. 

androsynons  adj.  aen'dredsi-nss. 

aaecdotase  ft.  (anecdotes  collectivly;  old  age)  'aenak-dotids. 

anecdotal  adj.  (of  anecdote)  'aenak-dotl. 

anecdote  ft.  (short  narrativ;  true  story)  'aenak-dot,  'aenik-dot. 

anecdotic  adj.  (of  anecdote)  aensk'detik. 

c:  low,  b:  f«r,  x  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  aiki\.e\ 
.     ]so£tb-tnarIc  (:J  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound   is  \&Ci%\ 
f   stress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f  ellowmg  syWaVAe. 


22  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

anecdotiit  n.  'xnsk-dotist,  d'nekdd-tist. 

anelytroiui  a4j.  (without  eljrtra)  9'neh-t£3s. 

anemia  n.  lack  of  blood  [also  spelt  anaemial  d'nii-mi-d. 

anemic  adj.  [also  spelt  anaemic}  d'nemik,  9'nii-mik. 

anemometer  n.  (wind-gage)  aeni'memi-tdz. 

anemone  n.  plant  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  anetnonyl  d'nems- 

ni,  {when  used  as  a  genus-name  and  spelt  anemone)  seni- 

'nioo-ni. 
anestliesia  n.   [also  spelt  anaesthesia'}  xnis'Oii-39,  xnis'Oii- 

si-9. 
anestlietio  adj.,n.  [also  spelt  anaesthetic}  aenis'Oetik,  xnis- 

'Gii-tik. 
anestlietiie  v»   [also  spelt  anesthetise,  anaesthetise,  anaes- 
thetise} d'nesOi-taiz,  d'niis-Oi-taiz. 
anet  n.  (the  herb  dill)  'sen it. 

anenrism  n.  dilatation  [also  spelt  aneurysm}  'senjo-zizsm. 
angel  n.  (spiritual  being)  'een-dssL 
angelology   n.    (doctrin   as   to   angels)    een-dsdl'eld-dsi. 
angelns  n.  (devotion;  bell)  'aendsi-lds. 
angina  n.  (quinsy,  etc.)  aen'dsai-ns,  'aendsi-ns. 
angiolog^y  n.  (science  of  blood-vessels,  etc.)  sendsi'eld-dsi. 
angiosperm  n.  (plant  having  a  seed-vessel :     correlativ  of 

gymnosperm)  'aendsi-d-speizm. 
angle  n.   (corner,  etc.)  'xtigoi. 
anglicise  v.  make  English   [also  spelt  Anglicise,   anglicise. 

Anglicise}  'aeqgh-saiz. 
angora  adj,,  n,  xn'goi-z^,  xt^'goi-rz^. 
anhydride  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  anhydrid}  xn'hai-drid, 

aen'hai-draid. 
anil  n.  (indigo  shrub  or  dye)  'aenil. 
anile  adj.   old-womanish   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  anil2  'xnil, 

'ae-nail. 
aniline  adj.,  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  anilin}  'aeni-lin,  'aeni- 

lain,  'aeni-Hn. 
animadTersion  n.   (criticism;  reproof)  aeni-maed'vBsSdn. 
animadvert  v.  (criticize)  seni-maed'vBirt. 
animalcnla  n.  (ploral  of  animalculum)  seni'maelkgo-ls. 
animalcnlae  n.pl.  [an  incorrect  substitute  for  animalcula, 

used  on  the  supposition  that  animalcula  is  a  singular  noun 

having  this  ferm  as  its  ploral]  aeni'maelkgo-H. 
animalcule  n.   (little  animal)   seni'msel-kgul. 
animalculum    n.    an    animalcule    [ploral    animalcula}    aeni- 

'maelkgo-lam. 

/\vo,    gcure;   d  the,   6 /A in;   5  asure,  ds/oy;    S  <^^oe,   tj  cAew; 
wwAen;  i§  sinff;   u  wh<9ever,  i  react,  oiu\\,  \iMioo\,  liX,  \lsee; 
o poetic;  o  over,  eflferial.  Abut,  o:  door,  00 no,  t\ie^,  ^t%aXv, 


I 


'  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  23 

animalisation   n.    [also   spelt   animalisationl    xni-msh'zee- 

$9n,  aenimd-lai'zee-Sdn. 
animalixe  v.  [also  spelt  animalisel  'xnims-laiz. 
anion,    n.     (electronegativ    ingredient :      distinguisht     from 

cation)  'aeni-an,  'aen-ai-an. 
anise-seed   n.    [also    spelt   anisseed;    synonymous    cognate 

aniseed}  'aenis-siid. 
ankle  n.  joint  [also  spelt  ancle"}  'aegkd). 
ankylosis  n.  [also  spelt  anchylosis!  aegkiloo-sis. 
annalistic  adj,  aens'hstik,  'sena-listik. 
annate  n.  year's  revenue,  etc.  [former  synonymous  cognate 

annat}  'aenat,  'ae-net. 
annatto  n.  a'naeta.    same  meaning  as  arnotto. 
annelid  ft.  worm  [also  spelt  annelidel  'aeni-hd. 
Annelida  n,pL  (annelids)  s'neh-dd. 

:  ft.  [also  spelt  annexe"]  'ae-neks,  'aeneks;  a'neks. 

:  V.  add;  subjoin  [past  participle  and  preterit  annexed, 

annext]  a'neks. 
annexation  ft.  aenek'see-Ssn. 
annihilate  v.  a'nai-i-let,  a'nai-hi-let. 
annotative  adj.  [also  spelt  annotativ]  'aens-tetiv. 
annnity  ft.  [ploral  annuities'!  s'njou-i-ti;  (dialectally)  a'nou- 

i-ti. 
annnlose  adj,  aenjoloos,  (assumptivly)  'aenjo-los. 
annnnoiate  v.  [also,  formerly,  spelt  annuntiatel  d'nAn$i-et, 

a'nAnsi-et. 
annnnoiation  ft.  d-nAn^i'ee-Sdn,  9-nAnsi'ee-$9n. 
anode  ft.  (positiv  pole)  'ae-nod. 
anodyne  adj,,  ft.  'aena-dain. 
anonym  ft.  (assumed  name)  'aens-nim. 
ansated  adj,  (having  an  ansa  or  handle)  'aen-setid. 
anserine    adj,    [also,    sometimes,    spelt    anserin!    'senss-zin, 

'aenss-?ain. 
answer  ft.,  v,  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  answered, 

answerd]  'ain-sar,  'a:n-s3e,  'aern-sae,  'aensar,  'aentsa?. 
ant  ft.  (emmet,  an  insect)  a:nt,  a:nt,  ae:nt. 
aa't  V.  dialectal  (aint,  are  n*t,  are  not,  am  not)  a:nt,  a:nt,  ae:nt. 
antacid  ft.  [synonymous  cognate  anti-acid!  aent'aesid. 
aatasonise  v,  [also  spelt  antagonise!  aen'tsega-naiz. 
antarotio  adj.  aent'aektik,  aen'ta^ktik;   (popularly)   aen'tortik. 
anteoluunber  ft.   [also,  formerly,  spelt  antichamher!  'aenti- 

t$eem-b37. 
anteeian  adj,,  ft.   [also  spelt  antoecian!  aen'tii-^3n. 

c  low,  b:  iuT,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  aikite*, 
,     Xtngth-mark  0)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound   is  \^\sSL\ 
t   stress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  following  syWaUe. 


24  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

antedate  v.,  n.  'aenti-det. 

antemetio  adj,  allaying  vomiting  [synonymous  cognate  anti- 

emeticl  aenti'metik. 
antenna  n.  feeler,  horn  [ploral  antennae'}  acn'tend. 
antepennlt  n.  (syllable  before  the  next-to-last  syllable;  last 

syllable  but  two)  anti'pii-nAlt,  aentipi'nAlt. 
anthelion  n.  [ploral  anthelial  aen'Oii-H-sn,  xnt'hii-li-dn,  aent- 

'hii-lian. 
anthxopopliagl  n,pl,  man-eaters  [singular  anthropophagusl 

aenGsa'pefd-dsai. 
anti-acid  n.  senti'aesid.    same  meaning  as  antacid, 
antio  adj.  (grotesque;  bizarre)  'sentik. 
antic  n,  (grotesque  ornament;  caper)  'aentik. 
anti-emetic  adj,  xnti-i'metik.    same  meaning  as  antemetic. 
antifebrile   adj.    [also   spelt   antifehrWl   aenti'fii-bzil,   acnti- 

'febzril. 
antimonide  n,  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  antimonid'l  aenti'moo- 

nid,  aenti'moo-naid,  'aentima-naid. 
antimoninreted    adj.    [also    spelt    antimoniurettedl    aenti- 

'moo-njo-retid,  {rarely)  aentimd'nai-jo-zetid. 
antimony  n.  (metal)  'senti-moni,  'sentimd-ni. 
antinomy  n,  (contradiction  in  law;  a  paradox)  aen'tins-mi; 

{less  properly)  'senti-nomi. 
antipatMze  v.  [also  spelt  antipathisel  sen'tips^aiz. 
antipodal  adj.  aen'tips-dl. 
antipode  n.  [ploral  antipodes'!  'aenti-pod. 
antipodean  adj.  sentips'dii-dn. 

antipodes  n.  (ploral  of  antipode)  xn'tip9-diz,  'aenti-podz. 
antipyrin  n.  antifebril  [also  spelt  antipyrinel  aenti'pai-nn. 
antiqne   adj.   (ancient,  olden;   aged;   old-fashiond,  antique) 

aen'tiik,  {also,  in  poetry,  in  the  senses  of  olden  and  aged) 

'aentik. 
antiqne  n.   (relic;  ancient  style)  aen'tiik. 
antistroplie  n.  (turning  about;  choral  response)  sen'tist£d-fi. 
Antitactes  n.  [ploral  Antitactael  aenti'tsek-tiz. 
antitheism  n.  'aenti-Oi-izsm ;   {improperly)  sen'tiOi-izsm. 
antitheses  n.  (ploral  of  antithesis)  aen'tiOi-siz. 
antithesis  n,  [ploral  antitheses!  sen'tiOi-sis. 
antitoxin  n.  [also  spelt  antitoxine!  aenti'teksin. 
antonomasia  n.  sent3n9'mee-39,  aentsnd'mee-zi-s. 
anvil  V.  fashion  on  an  anvil;  work  at  an  anvil  [present  par- 
ticiple anviling,  anvilling;  past  participle  and  preterit  an- 

7'ihd.  anvilled,  anvild!  'aenvil. 

J.ve,  gcure;  dthe,  6  thin;  5 azure,  d^/oy;  jshoe,  t^chew; 
wwhen;  tj  sing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuW,  ^u\ooV  '^xV  lis^^; 
o  poetic;  9  over ^  e  aerial,  a  but,  O'.doox,  t>oxio^  ^>ac^,  ^^%a\.v> 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  25 

anxiety  n.  seg'zcii-i-ti. 

aiudoiis  adj.  'aegkSds,  'xriS^s. 

any  adj,  'em,  {sometimes,  deliberately)  'en-ni. 

anybody  noun-pron.  'cni-bedi,  (when  less  strest)  'eni-bsdi. 

anywhere  adv.  'eni-ujc:?,  {when  less  strest)  'eni-u)c?. 

aorist  n.  (tense)  'ee-o-eist,  'ee-3-2ist;  {erroneously)  e'a:-zrist. 

aorta  n.  arterial  trunk  [ploral  aortaej  e'e:z-t3. 

apasoge  n.  (a  leading  away;  indirect  proof)  seps'goo-dsi. 

apanage  n.  provision  [also  spelt  appanage}  'xps-nids. 

aparitlunesis  n.  xpsnO'mii-sis,  aepd'riOMi-sis. 

apatite  n.  (mineral)  'aeps-tait. 

aperient  adj.,n,  (laxativ)  d'pi:-7i-9nt. 

aperitive  adj„  n.  [also  spelt  aperitivl  d'peri-tiv. 

apetalons  adj,  (without  petals)  d'petl-ds. 

apex  n.  tip   [ploral  apices,  apexes}  'ee-peks;    {erroneously) 
'ae-peks. 

apliaeresis  n.  see  apheresis. 

aphasia  n.   (loss  of  speech,  etc.;   o'fee-sd,  d'fee-zi-s;    {less 
properly)  a'fee-si-s,  a'fee-si-3. 

aphelion  n.  [ploral  aphelia}  d'fii-ti-dn. 

apheresis  n.  [also  spelt  aphaeresis}  d'fe^i-sis,  9'fi:-zi-sis. 

aphesis  n.  'sefi-sis. 

aphides  n.  (ploral  of  aphis)  'aefi-diz. 

aphis  n.  plant-louse  [ploral  aphides}  'xfis 

Aphrodisia  n.  (festival)  xf39Mizi-d,  aefss'disi-d,  aef^sa'diSi-s. 

aphrodisiac  adj.  (venereal,  erotic)  sef^sMizi-xk,  sef^^'disi-aek. 

aphrodisiacal  adj.  sfsd-di'zai-d-ksl,  sefssdi'zai-d-kal. 

aphrodite  n.  (sea-mouse;  meerschaum)  xfss'dai-ti. 

aphrodite  n.  (mineral)  'xfsd-dait. 

aphthong  n.  'sef-6e:r) ;  {older)  'xp-Qeiij. 

aphyllous  adj.  (leafless)  d'filss. 

apiary  n.  bee-house  [ploral  apiaries}  'ee-pi-e?i. 

apical  adj.  (of  the  apex)  'aepi-ksl. 

apices  n.  (ploral  of  apex)  'aepi-siz,  'ee-pi-siz. 

apicnltnre  n.  (bee-culture)  'aepi-kAltSa?,  'ee-pi-kAltSa?. 

apiolog^y  n.  (science  of  bees)  ee-pi'ela-dsi. 

aplomb    n.    (self-possession;    perpendicularity)    a'pz-em,    a- 
'pi-eq. 

apobates  n.  chariot-warrior  [ploral  apobatae}  s'peba-tiz. 

apocalypse  n.  (revelation)  g'peks-hps. 

apocope  n.  (cutting  off  of  a  final  sound)  d'peka-pi. 

apocrypha  n.  (writing  of  doubtful  authenticity)  a'pek^i-fa. 

apod  n.  footless  animal  [synonymous  cegnate  apode}  'ae-ped. 

claw,  b:  f«r,  secat,  0 hot,  01  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai\^iVe\ 

)engtb-mark  (:)  indjcates  that  the  preceding  sound   is  \etv%\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  following  syWaUe, 


26  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

apodal  adj.  (footless,  apodous)  'seps-d!. 

apode  n.  'se-pod.     same  meaning  as  apod. 

apodeictio  adj.  demonstrativ  [synonymous  cognate  apodic- 
ticl  aeps'daik-tik. 

apodiotic  adj.  aeps'diktik.    same  meaning  as  apodeictic, 

apodosis  n.  (conclusion)  d'peds-sis. 

apogee  n.  (greatest  distance  from  the  earth)  'aeps-dsii. 

apolog^ize  v.  [also  spelt  apologise'^  a'pels-dsaiz. 

apoloKne  n.  moral  fable  [also  spelt  apologi  'xpd-leg;  {erro- 
neously) 'aepa-log. 

apophtlies;]!!  n.  'xp9-6em.     see  apothegm. 

apophyge  n.  (scape  of  a  column)  s'pefi-dsi. 

apophysis  n.  process  [ploral  apophyses'!  s'pefi-sis. 

aposiopesis  n.  (sudden  silence)  aep9-sai-9'pii-sis,  s-pesi-d'pii- 
sis,  3-pezi-9'pii-sis. 

apostasy  n.  abandonment ;  renunciation  [also  spelt  apostacy ; 
plural  apostasies'!  d'pest9-si. 

apostatise  v.  [also  spelt  apostatise"]  s'pestd-taiz. 

apostem  n,  {obsolete)  abscess  [synonymous  cognate  apo- 
stetnel  'aeps-stem. 

a  posteriori  adv.  (from  the  latter;  from  effect  to  cause; 
from  fact  to  law ;  from  experience :  the  epposit  of  a  prio- 
ri) ee-pestizi'oi-rai. 

apostil  n.  comment  [also  spelt  apostillel  a'pestil. 

apostil    V.    [present    participle    apostiling,    apostilling,    past 
participle  and  preterit  apostiled,  apostilled,  apostildl   a'po- 
stil. 
•  apostle  n.  (person  sent)  a'pessl. 

apostrophe  n.  digressiv  address  [also,  formerly,  spelt  apos- 
trophyl  9'pest£3-fi. 

apostrophe  n.  (omission-sign)  d'pest£9-fi. 

apostrophic  adj.  aeps'stsefik. 

apostrophise  v.  address  by  apostrophe  [also  spelt  apostro- 
phise! 9'pestj3-faiz. 

apostrophise  v.  mark  with  an  omission-sign  [also  spelt 
apostrophise!  a'pestja-faiz. 

apothesfin  n.  terse  saying,  pithy  maxim  [also  spelt  apo- 
phthcgm,  apothcm!  'aep9-8em. 

apotheKmatio  adj.  [also  spelt  apophthegmatic!  seps-Oeg- 
'mxtik. 

apothem  n.  perpendicular  line ;  deposit  [synonymous  cog- 
nate apothevu!  'apa-Oem,  'aepa-Gam. 

apotheme  n.  'lepd-Oim.     same  meaning  as  apothem. 

• 

JVC,    gcurc;  d  the,  6^/iin;   sarure,  dj/oy;   $shoe,  tSc/tew; 
w  ?('/fcn :  tj  sitif;;   u  whoever,  i  react,  oiu\\,  ouiooV,  \\t,  \isee\ 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o:doot,  ;>otlo,  t\>e^  ^ft^a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  27 

apotlieosis  n.  (deification)  s-peOi'oo-sis,  aeps'Oii-d-sis ;  {less 

properly)  aep3-9i'oo-sis,  sepsOi'dO-sis. 
apotlieosise  v,  s'peOi-d-saiz,  xpd'Oii-d-saiz,  aepsOi'ao-sau* 
apotome  n.  [also  spelt  apotomy'}  a'petd-mi. 
appal    V.    [also    spelt   appall;    present   participle    appalling, 

past  participle  and  preterit  appalled,  appcUdl    a'pc:!. 
Appalaoltian   adj,  acpslee-tSi-sn,  xpdixtSi-sn,    (/^j^   often) 

aepd1a:-tSi-9n ;   {erroneously)   apalee-ki-an. 
appanage  n.  'xpd-nids.    see  apanage. 
apparatus    n.    [ploral   apparatus,    apparatuses'}    xps'^ee-tss, 

xp9'7a:-tds,  aepd'rai-tds. 
apparel  v,  [present  participle  appareling,  apparelling;  past 

participle  appareled,  apparelled,  appareld}  d'pae^a). 
apparent  adj.  (visible)  d'pae^snt,  9'pe:-z9nt. 
appellant  n.  (one  who  appeals)  s'peldnt. 
appellate  adj,  (of  appeals)  9'peht. 
appellate  v.  (call,  name)  'spi>let. 
appellative  adj,,  n.  [also  spelt  appellativ}  d'pela-tiv. 
appellee  n.  xpelii,  d-pel'ii. 
appellor  n.  xptleiz,  ^-ptVeiz, 

appendant  adj.,  n.  [also  spelt  appendent}  d'pendsnt. 
appendices  n,  (ploral  of  appendix)  s'pendi-siz. 
appendicitis  n.  9-pendi'sai-tis,  d-pendi'sii-tis. 
appendix  n.  [ploral  appendixes,  appendices}  s'pendiks. 
appetence  n.  (desire)  'aepi-tns. 
appetible  adj,  (exciting  appetite)  'xpits-bsl. 
appetite  n.  (desire  for  food)  'sepi-tait. 

appetitive  adj.  [also  spelt  appetitiv}  a'peti-tiv,  'api-tai-tiv. 
applicable  adj,  'aepLiks-bal ;  {improperly)  a'pLiks-bdl. 
applicative  adj.  [also  spelt  applicativ}  'xpz.i-ketiv. 
applique  adj,  (applied,  put  on)  sepz.i'kee. 
APPOgsiatnra   n.   grace-note,   etc.    [also    spelt    apogiatura} 

3-ped33'to:-ra. 
appointee  n.  (person  appointed)  9-pein'tii. 
appointer  n.  (one  who  appoints  or  settles)  d'pein-td?. 
appointor  n.  (in  law,  one  who  exercises  the  power  of  ap- 
pointment) 9'pein-tar,  a-pein'te:r. 
apposite  adj.  placed  near  [also  spelt  apposit}  'aep3-zit. 
appraise  v,  (assign  a  money  value  to)  s'p^eez. 
appreciate  v.  a'psii-Si-et ;  {less  properly)  a'p^ii-si-et. 
appreciative    adj,    [also    spelt    appreciative     a'p3ii-Si-etiv, 

3'pTsii-Si-3-tiv. 
apprehensible  adj.  aepsi'hensa-bal. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  0  hot,  01  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai V\te\ 

\zjigth-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \©tiS'» 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  fellowing  sy\\ab\e 


28  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

apprentioe  n.,v,  [also  spelt  apprentis;  as  verb,  past  parti- 
ciple and  preterit  apprenticed,  apprentisti  d'psentis. 

apprentioeship  n.  a'psentiS-SiP* 

apprise  v.  impart  knowledge  to;  inform  [also  spelt  apprise"] 
a'psaiz. 

apprise  v.  appraise,  value  [also  spelt  apprise!  s'psaiz. 

approbative  adj,  [also  spelt  approbativ}  'aepsd-betiv ;  (er- 
roneously) a'p3oo-b9-tiv, 

approbatory  adj.  (sanctioning)  'xp39-bet3-7i. 

appni  V,  support  [also  spelt  appuyl  d'pwii. 

appnlse  n.  (approach)  s'pAls,  'x-pAls. 

appnrtenanoe  n.  belonging;  apparatus  [also,  formerly,  spelt 
appertenance"]  a'peztn-ans,  a'perti-nans. 

appnrtenant  adj.,  n.  [also,  formerly,  spelt  appertinenfl 
9'pB?tn-3nt,  a'pB?ti-n9nt. 

apricot  n.  'ee-psi-ket,  'ee-psi-kat;  'ap3i-ket,  'apsi-kat. 

a  priori  adv,  (from  the  former;  from  cause  to  effect;  from 
law  to  fact :  the  epposit  of  a  posteriori)  ee-p3ai'o:-?ai,  ce- 
pTsi'or-rai,  a:-p3i'o:-ri. 

apron  n.  'ee-psan,  'ee-p3?n. 

apropos  adv.  (to  the  purpose;  opportunely)  xpss'poo,  {an- 
teriorly) 'aepTSD-po. 

aps  n.  (white-poplar  wood)  aps. 

apse  n.  recess  [also  spelt  aps\  ploral  apses']  xps. 

aqua  n.  (water)  'akiua,  'ee-kiua. 

aquafortis  n.  (nitric  acid)  xkw9'fe:7-tis,  ee-kiu9'fe:z-tfs. 

aqnamarine  n.  (sea-green  beryl)  xkiuams'ziin,  ee-kwdma- 
'riin.  , 

aqnapnnctnre  n.  'xkws-pAqktSd?,  'ee-ku73-pAr)ktSd7. 

aqua  regia  n.  sekws'zii-dsd,  ee-kws'zii-dsd. 

aqnarelle  n.  (water-color  painting)  xkiud'rel. 

aqnarinm  n.  [ploral  aquariums,  aguarial  3'kwe:-7i-9m. 

aqnatint  n.  'sekwd-tint,  'ee-ku)3-tint. 

aqnednct  n.  (water-condit)  'aekuji-dAkt ;  (improperly)  'aekiDi- 
dAk. 

aqneons  adj.  (watery)  'ee-kiui-as. 

aqniform  adj.  'akuji-fer^m,  'ee-ku)i-fo:?m. 

aquiline  adj,  of  an  eagle;  hookt  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  aqui- 
linl  'aku)i-hn,  'aku)i-lain. 

Arab  «.  'aerab;  (less  properly)  'e:-?aeb,  'ee-rab. 

arabesque  adj,,  n,  ae^a'besk,  (anteriorly)  'aera-besk. 

Arabic  adj.,n,  'ara-bik;  (erroneously)  a'raebik. 

arabin  n.  [also  spelt  arabinel  'sera-bin. 

/\ve,    gcure:  d  the,   0//iin;   5  axrure,  ds/oy;    ^  shot,   tScfiew; 
ww/ten;  13  sing;  u  wh<9ever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  iJuioo\,  xxt,  lisee; 
o poetic;  a  over,  e  flferial,  a  b«t,  o:  door,  :iOivo»  tY>e^»  t,^^oX^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  29 


araolinida  n,,  pi.  (spiders,  etc.)  a'zaekNi-dd. 

araeostyle  adj,  9'?ii-d-staiL     see  areostyle, 

arbalist  n.  crossbow  [also  spelt  arbalest}  'aiz-h^Aist, 

arbitraMe  adj.  'aiz-hits^hsl, 

arbitrament  n.  decision  [s3menymous  cognate  arhittement'\ 

a^'bitja-mant. 
arbitrarily  adv,  'a:?-bi-tjc?i^i ;  (m  America,  less  properly) 

Qzhi'tgzziAi. 
arbitrement  n.  ar^itsi-msnt.    same  meaning  as  arbitrament, 
arbor  n.  (support,  beam;  axle;  tree)  'a:z-h9z. 
arbor  n.  bower  [also  spelt  arbour}  'aiz-h^, 
arboretum  n.  [ploral  arboretums,  arboreta}  a^bd'rii-tsm. 
arboricnltnre  n.  (tree-culture)  'aiz-h^zi-kAltl^z. 
arborise  v,  [also  spelt  arborise}  'aiz-h^-zsiz. 
arbor-vitae  n.  (tree;  arborescent  part  of  the  cerebellum) 

a:r-ba?'vai-ti,  aie-ba^'vai-ti. 
arbntns  n,  (plant)  osr^jou-tds,  'a:7-bjo-t3s. 
arcanum   n.    [ploral   arcana}   o^lcee-ndm;    (improperly)    az- 

Icaensm. 
arc-boutant  n.  aiz-hu'tet}, 
arch  n.  (curvd  structure,  etc.)  aiztl. 
arcb  adj,  (chief,  prime;  clever,  crafty)  a:rtS. 
arcbaio  adj,   (old-fashiond)   arlcee-ik. 
archaism  n.  'azke-izsm,  'a:7-ke-iz9m. 
archangel    n.    'a:?k-een-d33l,    a:zWeen-d$^l ;     (erroneously) 

'a:?tS-een-d33l. 
archangelio  adj,  a:?k-sen'd3ehk. 
archbishop  n.  aiztl^il^p,  (anteriorly,  especially  as  a  title) 

'aiztl-hil^p, 
archdeacon  n.  a:7t$'dii-k3n. 
archduchy  n.  arztS'dAtSi. 
archduke   n.   ai^tS'djouk,    (anteriorly,   especially   as   a   title) 

'arrtS-djouk. 
arched   adj,   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  archt}   arrtjt,    (also,  in 

poetry)  'artSid,  'a:?-tSid. 
archegonium  n.  [ploral  archegonia}  a?ki'g30-ni-3m. 
archeologry  n.  science  of  antiquities  [also  spelt  archaeology} 

orki'ela-dsi. 
archetypal  adj,  'arki-tai-psl,  a^'keti-pal. 
archetype  n.  'aeki-taip;  (erroneously)  'a^tSi-taip. 
archeus  n.  vital  force  [also  spelt  archaeus;  ploral  archei}  az- 

Icii-as. 
archidiaoonal  n.  orki-di'xkd-nl,  a^ki-dai'seks-nl. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat  e  h£?t,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
Itngth-marlr  (:J  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound   is  \©ng; 
^   sirsss-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  fallowing  syllable. 


.  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  31 

n,  (clay)  'a:z-d^il. 
n.  crude  tartar   [synenymous  cognate  argal}   'a:z-gel. 

n,  merchant-vessel  [plural  argosies'^  'a:?-g3-si. 
n.  (slang  of  thieves;  cant)  'a:2-go,  'aie-gat. 
V,  (reason ;  debate ;  dispute)  'a:r-gjo. 
arsnte  adj.  (shrill;  keen)  az'gjout. 

n.  (in  music,  air,  etc.)  'a:-ei-9,  'e:-ei-a. 
orf;.  (of  Anus)  'e:-ri-9n. 
n.  (adherent  of  Arius)  'c:-?i-an. 
ad/.,  n.  'a:^-jan.     see  Aryan, 
Arianism  n.  (doctrin  of  the  Arians  or  adherents  of  Arius) 

'c:-ei-9n-izam,  'ei-ei-a-nizam. 
arid  ad/,  (dry;  dull)  'aeeid;  (/^«  properly)  'e:-rid. 
Aries  n.  (ram;  constellation)  'z'.-zi-\:z. 
arietation  n.   (butting)  ae?i-i'tee-San,  ori-i'tee-Jan. 
aril  n.  (seed-coat)  'seeil. 
arista  n.  awn  [ploral  aristael  9'zist9. 
aristarcli  n.  (severe  critic)  'aeri-sta:rk. 
aristate  ad/,  (awnd)  s'zistet. 
aristocrat  n.  s'^ista-ksxt,  'sezistd-k^aet. 
aristocratic  adj.  sezists'ksaetik. 
Aristotelian  ad/.,  n.  sezistd'tii-li-sn. 
aritlunetic  n.  a'nOMi-tik;   (m  the  obsolete  sense  arithmeti' 

cian)  ae^iG'metik. 
aritliiiietic  adj.  ae^iO'metik. 
aritlunetician  n.  se^iOMi'tiSsn,  g-^iOMi'ti^sn. 
arkose  n.  (feldspathic  sandstone)  az'koos. 
armada  n.  (squadron)  a^'mee-ds,  az'ma:-d3. 
armed  adj.  furnisht  with  arms  or  armor  [also  spelt  armd'\ 

a:zmd,  {also,  in  poetry)  'a:?-mid. 
armer  n.  (one  who  arms  or  equips)  'aiz-msz. 
armillary  adj.  (of  rings  or  circles)  ^a:z-miAezi;   {also)  az- 

'mil3-ri. 
armistice  n.  truce  [also  spelt  armistis}  'a:?-mi-stis;  (improp- 
erly) ar'mistis. 
armor  n.  defensiv  covering;  mail  [also  spelt  armourl  'a'.z- 

ms?. 
armor  v,  cover  with  armor  or  armor-plate  [also  spelt  armourl 

'aiz-Tti^z. 
armored  adj.  [also  spelt  armoured,  armord'j  'aiz-mszd. 
armiorer  n.  [also  spelt  armourerl  ^aiz-m^-z^z. 
armory  n.  [also  spelt  armoury}  'aiz-ma-ei. 
amatto  n.  a^'naeto.     see  arnotto. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  h^t,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  noWf  a:  ask,  aiV,\\.e\ 

\tjigth-niark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \oti%\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  following  syW^^Ae. 


22  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

anecdotist  n.  'aensk-dotist,  d'nekds-tist. 

anelytroiu  adj.  (without  elytra)  9'neh-t£9S. 

anemia  n.  lack  of  blood  [also  spelt  anaemial  9'nii-mi-9. 

anemic  adj.  [also  spelt  anaemicl  d'nemik,  d'nii-mik. 

anemometer  n.  (wind-gage)  xni'memi-ts?. 

anemone  n.  plant  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  anemonyl  s'nemd- 

ni,   (when  used  as  a  genus-name  and  spelt  anemone)  xni- 

'moo-ni. 
anestliesia  n.   [also  spelt  anaesthesia!  xnis'Oii-sd,  senis'Oii- 

si-d. 
aneBthetio  adj,,  n.  [also  spelt  anaesthetic"]  snis'Oetik,  xnis- 

'8ii-tik. 
anestlietixe  v.   [also  spelt  anesthetise,  anaesthetise,  anaes- 
thetise] a'nesGi-taiz,  s'niis-Oi-taiz. 
anet  n.  (the  herb  dill)  'snit. 

aneurism  n.  dilatation  [also  spelt  aneurysm]  'xnjo-^izsm. 
angel  n.  (spiritual  being)  'een-dssl. 
angelology   n.    (doctrin   as   to   angels)    een-dssreld-dsi. 
angelns  n.  (devotion;  bell)  'sendsi-lss. 
angina  n.  (quinsy,  etc.)  sen'dsai-ns,  'sendsi-ns. 
angiolog^y  n.  (science  of  blood-vessels,  etc.)  sendsi'eld-dsi. 
angiosperm  n.  (plant  having  a  seed-vessel :     correlativ  of 

gymnosperm)  'aendsi-a-sperzrm. 
angle  n.   (corner,  etc.)  'seggsl. 
anglicise  v.  make  English   [also  spelt  Anglicise,   anglicise. 

Anglicise]  'aeqgh-saiz. 
angora  adj„  n.  sen'g3:-z3,  ast)*go:-z9. 
anhydride  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  anhydrid]  sn'hai-drid, 

aen'hai-draid. 
anil  n.  (indigo  shrub  or  dye)  'aenil. 
anile  adj.   old-womanish   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  anil],  'aenil, 

'ae-nail. 
aniline  adj.,  n,  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  anilin]  'seni-lin,  'aeni- 

lain,  'aeni-Hn. 
animadversion  n.   (criticism;  reproof)  xni-maed'vBzS^n. 
animadvert  v.  (criticize)  seni-maed'vB:rt. 
animalcnla  n.   (ploral  of  animalculum)  seni'mslkgo-ld. 
animalcnlae  n,pl,  [an  incorrect  substitute  for  animalcula, 

used  on  the  supposition  that  animalcula  is  a  singular  noun 

having  this  ferm  as  its  ploral]  aeni'malkgo-H. 
animalcule  n.   (little  animal)   aeni'mxl-kgu}. 
animalculum    n.    an    animalcule    [ploral    animalcula]    xni- 

'mselkgo-lam. 

/\ve,    gcure;   d  the,   Q  thin\   sasure,  ds/oy;   S  ^^oe,  t$rfcew; 
wwhen;  igsin^;   u  whoever,  i  react,  oiu\\,  \5\xiooV  lit,  lise^; 
o poetic;  o  over,  eflferial.  Abut,  o;  door,  oono,  t\ie^,  ^t^Q^fc\ 


^   DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  23 

animalisation   n.    [also   spelt   animalisation}   xni-msh'zee- 

$9n,  aenimd-lai'zee-Sdn. 
animalise  v.  [also  spelt  animalisel  'aenimd-laiz. 
anion,    n.     (electronegativ    ingredient :      distinguisht     from 

cation)  'aeni-an,  'an-ai-an. 
anise-seed   n.    [also    spelt   anis-seed;    synonymous    cognate 

aniseed}  'aenis-siid. 
ankle  n.  joint  [also  spelt  anclel  'sgkd). 
ankylosis  n.  [also  spelt  anchylosis!  xgkiloo-sis. 
annalistic  adj,  aens'hstik,  'aens-listik. 
annate  n.  year's  revenue,  etc.  [former  synonymous  cognate 

annaf]  'aenat,  'ae-net. 
annatto  n.  d'naeto.    same  meaning  as  arnotto. 
annelid  n.  worm  [also  spelt  annelidel  'seni-hd. 
Annelida  n.pl,  (annelids)  a'neh-dd. 

n.  [also  spelt  annexe!  'ae-neks,  'aneks;  a'neks. 
V.  add;  subjoin  [past  participle  and  preterit  annexed, 
annext]  a'neks. 
annexation  n.  aenek'see-Sdn. 
annihilate  v.  d'nai-i-let,  d'nai-hi-let. 
annotative  adj.  [also  spelt  annotativl  'sens-tetiv. 
annnity  n.  [ploral  annuitiesl  d'njou-i-ti;  (dialectally)  s'nou- 

i-ti. 
annnlose  adj,  senjolaos,  (assumptivly)  'senjo-los. 
annnnoiate  v.  [also,  formerly,  spelt  annuntiatel  d'nAnJi-et, 

3'nAnsi-et. 
annunciation  n.  g-nAnSi'ee-Ssn,  3-nAnsi'ee-$dn. 
anode  n.  (positiv  pole)  'ae-nod. 
anodyne  adj,,n.  'aens-dain. 
anonym  n.  (assumed  name)  'aens-nim. 
ansated  adj.  (having  an  ansa  or  handle)  'aen-setid. 
anserine    adj.    [also,    sometimes,    spelt    anserini    'aenss-rin, 

'xns9-7ain. 
ansxrer  n.,v,  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  answered, 

answerdl  'a:n-s3?,  'a:n-s3?,  'ae:n-s3e,  'aensa?,  'aentsazr. 
ant  n.  (emmet,  an  insect)  a:nt,  a:nt,  aemt. 
an't  V.  dialectal  (aint,  are  n't,  are  not,  am  not)  a:nt,  a:nt,  aeint. 
I      antacid  n.  [synonymous  cognate  anti-acid!  aent'aesid. 
J      antasonixe  v.  [also  spelt  antagonise!  aen'taegs-naiz. 

antarctic  adj.  aent'a^ktik,  aen'tarktik;   (popularly)   jen'tortik. 
anted&amber  n.   [also,  formerly,  spelt  antichamber!  'aenti- 

tjcem-bas. 
antecian  adj.,  n.   [also  spelt  antoecian!  aen'tii-San. 


CI 

/ 


claw,  b:  iuT,  xcat,  ehot,  01  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  aik\te\ 

kngtb-marlr  f'J  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound   is  \©tvg\ 

stress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  following  syWaUe, 


24  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

antedate  v.,  n.  'aenti-det. 

antemetio  adj,  allaying  vomiting  [synonymous  cognate  anti- 
emetic'] senti'metik. 
antenna  n.  feeler,  horn  [ploral  antennae]  aen'tend. 
antepennlt  n.  (syllable  before  the  next-to-last  syllable;  last 

syllable  but  two)  aenti'pii-UAlt,  aentipi'nAlt. 
anthelion  n.  [ploral  anthelia]  aen'Oii-H-sn,  aent'hii-H-dn,  aent- 

'hii-Han. 
anthropopliagl  n,pl,  man-eaters  [singular  anthropophagus] 

aenGsa'pefa-dsai. 
anti-acid  n.  senti'aesid.    same  meaning  as  antacid, 
antic  adj.  (grotesque;  bizarre)  'aentik. 
antic  n.  (grotesque  ornament;  caper)  'aentik. 
anti-emetic  adj,  senti-i'metik.    same  meaning  as  antemetic. 
antifebrile   adj.    [also   spelt   antifebril]    aenti'fii-b?il,   aenti- 

'febzril. 
antimonide  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  antimonid]  aenti'moo- 

nid,  aenti'moo-naid,  'aentima-naid. 
antimoninreted    adj.    [also    spelt    antimoniuretted]    aenti- 

'moo-njo-?etid,  {rarely)  aentima'nai-jo-retid. 
antimony  n.  (metal)  'aenti-moni,  'sentims-ni. 
antinomy  n.  (contradiction  in  law;  a  paradox)  aen'tind-mi; 

(Jess  properly)  'aenti-nomi. 
antipathize  v.  [also  spelt  antipathise]  aen'tips^Oaiz. 
antipodal  adj.  aen'tip9-dl. 
antipode  n.  [ploral  antipodes]  'aenti-pod. 
antipodean  adj,  sentip9'dii-9n. 

antipodes  n.  (ploral  of  antipode)  sen'tip3-diz,  'senti-podz. 
antipyrin  n.  antifebril  [also  spelt  antipyrine]  aenti'pai-sin. 
antique   adj.   (ancient,   olden ;   aged ;   old-fashiond,  antique) 

aen'tiik,  {aiso,  in  poetry,  in  the  senses  of  olden  and  aged) 

'aentik. 
antique  n.   (relic;  ancient  style)  aen'tiik. 
antistrophe  n.  (turning  about;  choral  response)  aen'tistsd-fi. 
Antitactes  n,  [ploral  Antitactae]  aenti'taek-tiz. 
antitheism  n.  'aenti-Oi-izam ;   {improperly)  aen'tiGi-izam. 
antitheses  n.  (ploral  of  antithesis)  aen'ti9i-siz. 
antithesis  n.  [ploral  antitheses]  aen'tiOi-sis. 
antitoxin  n.  [also  spelt  antitoxine]  aenti'teksin. 
antonomasia  n.  aentand'mee-sd,  aentsnd'mee-zi-d. 
anvil  V.  fashion  on  an  anvil;  work  at  an  anvil  [present  par- 
ticiple anviling,  anvilling;  past  participle  and  preterit  an- 
7'iled,  anvilled,  anvild]  'aenvil. 

/.ve,    gcure;  d  the,   Q  thin',   5  asure,  d^joy;   \shoe,   tScAew; 
wzv/ten;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuW,  oMtooV  \\\,  \\^ee; 
o poetic;  9  over,   e  aerial,  Abut,  o:  door,  ootvo,  t>ac^,  t^^a\.v> 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  25 

anxiety  n.  xg'zai-i-ti. 

anzioiis  adj.  'aegk^ss,  'aeg^ds. 

any  orf/.  'em,  {sometimes,  deliberately)  'en-ni. 

anybody  noun-pron.  'eni-bedi,  {when  less  strest)   'cni-badi. 

anywliere  adv.  'eni-wtiz,  (when  less  strest)  'eni-u)er. 

aorist  n.  (tense)  'ee-o-3ist,  'ee-9-zist;  {erroneously)  e'o:-zist* 

aorta  n.  arterial  trunk  [ploral  aortae\  e'e:z-t3. 

apagoge  n.  (a  leading  away;  indirect  proof)  aeps'goo-dsi. 

apanage  n.  provision  [also  spelt  appanage"]  'aepa-nids. 

aparitliniesis  n.  aepdziO'mii-sis,  xps'^iOmi-sis. 

apatite  n.  (mineral)  'aeps-tait. 

aperient  adj.,  n,  (laxativ)  9'pi:-7i-9nt. 

aperitive  adj.,  n.  [also  spelt  aperitiv'i  d'pezi-tiv. 

apetalons  adj,  (without  petals)  d'petl-ds. 

apex  n.  tip   [ploral  apices,  apexesl   'ee-peks;    {erroneously) 

'ae-peks. 
apl&aeresis  n.  see  apheresis. 
apliasia   n.   (loss  of  speech,   etc.;   9'fee-39,  a'fee-zi-s;    {less 

properly)  d'fee-3i-9,  a'fee-si-9. 
aphelion  n.  [ploral  aphelia}  d'fii-li-dn. 
apheresis  n.  [also  spelt  aphaeresis"]  d'feri-sis,  9'fi:-7i-sis. 
aphesifl  n.  'aef  i-sis. 
aphides  n.  (ploral  of  aphis)  'aefi-diz. 
aphis  n.  plant-louse  [ploral  aphides']  'aefis 
Aphrodisia  n.  (festival)  aefss'dizi-d,  aef^s'disi-s,  aef^a'di^i-s. 
aphrodisiac  adj.  (venereal,  erotic)  sef^a'dizi-aek,  aefsa'disi-sek. 
aphrodisiaoal  adj,  aefsd-di'zai-d-ksl,  sefsddi'zai-d-kdl. 
aphrodite  n.  (sea-mouse;  meerschaum)  aef^a'dai-ti. 
aphrodite  n.  (mineral)  'sef^s-dait. 
aphthong  n,  'aef-6e:r) ;  {older)  'aep-6e:i]. 
aphyllons  adj.  (leafless)  d'filds. 
apiary  n.  bee-house  [ploral  apiaries]  'ce-pi-e^i. 
apical  adj.  (of  the  apex)  'aepi-kdl. 
apices  n.  (ploral  of  apex)  'sepi-siz,  'ee-pi-siz. 
apionltnre  n.  (bee-culture)  'aepi-kAltS9r,  'ee-pi-kAltSa?. 
apiolog^  n.  (science  of  bees)  ee-pi'eld-dsi. 
aplomb    n.    (self-possession;    perpendicularity)    a'pi-em,    a- 

'pteg. 
apobates  «.  chariot-warrior  [ploral  apobatae]  a'peba-tiz. 
apocalypse  n.  (revelation)  ypek9-hps. 
apocope  n.  (cutting  off  of  a  final  sound)  a'peka-pi. 
apocrypha  n.  (writing  of  doubtful  authenticity)  a'pek^i-fa. 
apod  n.  footless  animal  [synonymous  cognate  apode]  'ae-ped. 

c:  \aw,  b:  /«c  £ecat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  aiV.i'^.^"* 

length-mark  (:)  indjcates  that  the  preceding  sound   is  \otv%\ 

stress-mark  (0  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f  ellONvmg  syWaXAe 


26  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

apodal  adj»  (footless,  apodous)  'xps-dl. 

apode  n.  'se-pod.    same  meaning  as  apod, 

apodeiotic  adj.  demonstrativ  [synonymous  cognate  apodic- 
tic'i  aep9'daik-tik. 

apodictio  adj.  aeps'diktik.    same  meaning  as  apodeictic, 

apodosis  n.  (conclusion)  d'pedd-sis. 

apogee  n.  (greatest  distance  from  the  earth)  'aepd-dsii. 

apologue  V.  [also  spelt  apologise'\  s'peta-dsaiz. 

apologne  n.  moral  fable  [also  spelt  apologi  'aepd-leg;  {erro- 
neously) 'aep3-log. 

apophthes:!!!  n.  'aepa-Oem.     see  apothegm, 

apophyge  n.  (scape  of  a  column)  s'pefi-dsi. 

apopbysis  n.  process  [ploral  apophyses!  d'pefi-sis. 

aposiopesis  n.  (sudden  silence)  aep9-sai-d'pii-sis,  s-pesi-d'pii- 
sis,  a-pezi-a'pii-sis. 

apostasy  n,  abandonment ;  renunciation  [also  spelt  apostacy ; 
ploral  apostasies'!  a'pesta-si. 

apostatize  v.  [also  spelt  apostatise!  a'pests-taiz. 

apostem  n.  {obsolete)  abscess  [synonymous  cognate  apo- 
steme!  'aeps-stem. 

a  posteriori  adv,  (from  the  latter;  from  effect  to  cause; 
from  fact  to  law ;  from  experience :  the  epposit  of  a  prio- 
ri) ee-posti^i'o:-^ai. 

apostil  n.  comment  [also  spelt  apostille!  s'pestil. 

apostil    V.    [present    participle    apostiling,    apostilling,    past 
participle  and  preterit  apostiled,  apostilled,  apostild!   a'pe- 
stil. 
•  apostle  n.  (person  sent)  a'pessl. 

apostropbe  n.  digressiv  address  [also,  formerly,  spelt  apos- 
trophy!  3'pest£3-fi. 

apostrophe  n.  (omission-sign)  3'pest£3-fi. 

apostrophio  adj.  aeps'stsefik. 

apostrophize  v.  address  by  apostrophe  [also  spelt  apostro- 
phise!  3'p0St£3-faiZ. 

apostrophize  v,  mark  with  an  omission-sign  [also  spelt 
apostrophise!  o'postja-faiz. 

apothes^m  n.  terse  saying,  pithy  maxim  [also  spelt  apo- 
phthegm, apothem!  'aep3-9em. 

apothegmatic  adj,  [also  spelt  apophthegmatic!  aep9-6eg- 
'maetik. 

apothem  n,  perpendicular  line ;  deposit  [synonymous  cog- 
nate apotheme!  'aep3-9em,  'aepa-Gam. 

apotheme  n.  'aepa-Oim.     same  meaning  as  apothem,. 

J  ye,    gcure;  d  the,   Q  thin\   3  asure,  djjoy;   \shoe,  tScAew; 
W7c'/icn;  jjsing;  u  wh£>ever,  i  react,  o  iu\\»  uMiooV  \\\.,  \\^ce; 
o  poetic;  9  over,   e  serial,  Abwt,  o:  door,  ootvo,  fcXie^,  ^^%oX^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  27 

apotlieosis  n.  (deification)  d-peOi'oo-sis,  aepd'Oii-s-sis ;   {less 

properly)  aepa-Gi'oo-sis,  aepsOi'oo-sis. 
apotheosize  v,  a'peOi-d-saiz,  xpd'Oii-d-saiz,  aepsOi'do-sa^z. 
apotome  n.  [also  spelt  apotomyl  d'petd-mi. 
appal    V.    [also   spelt   appall  \    present   participle    appalling, 

past  participle  and  preterit  appalled,  appald}    d'pc:!. 
Appalacliian   adj,  aeps'lee-tSi-an,  aepslaetSi-dn,    {less  often) 

ap3la:-tSi-9n ;   {erroneously)   apalee-ki-an. 
appanage  n.  'aepa-nids.    see  apanage. 
apparatus    n.    [ploral   apparatus,    apparatuses!    aeps'^ee-tss, 

xp9'?a:-t9s,  £pd'7a:-t9S. 
apparel  v.  [present  participle  appareling,  apparelling;  past 

participle  appareled,  apparelled,  appareldl  9^pxz^. 
apparent  adj.  (visible)  a'paezsnt,  9'pe:-z9nt. 
appellant  n.  (one  who  appeals)  s'pelsnt. 
appellate  adj.  (of  appeals)  d'peht. 
appellate  v.  (call,  name)  'aepi-let. 
appellative  adj.,  n.  [also  spelt  appellativl  s'pela-tiv. 
appellee  n.  xpe'hi,  d-pel'ii. 
appellor  n.  xpe'le:z,  ^-pzYe-.z, 

appendant  adj.,  n.  [also  spelt  appendent"]  d'pendsnt. 
appendices  n,  (ploral  of  appendix)  d'pendi-siz. 
appendicitis  n.  s-pendi'sai-tis,  s-pendi'sii-tis. 
appendix  n.  [ploral  appendixes,  appendices'!  a'pendiks. 
appetence  n.  (desire)  'xpi-tns. 
appetible  adj.  (exciting  appetite)  'aepits-bdl. 
appetite  n.  (desire  for  food)  'xpi-tait. 

appetitive  adj.  [also  spelt  appetitiv}  a'peti-tiv,  'spi-tai-tiv. 
applicable  adj.  'aepLiks-bdl;  {improperly)  s'pMkd-bdl. 
applicative  adj.  [also  spelt  applicative  'xpM-ketiv. 
appliqne  adj.  (applied,  put  on)  xpM'kee. 
appoggiatura   n.   grace-note,   etc.    [also    spelt    apogiatura"] 

3-ped33'to:-?9. 
appointee  n.  (person  appointed)  s-pein'tii. 
appointer  n.  (one  who  appoints  or  settles)  a'pein-tar. 
appointor  n,  (in  law,  one  who  exercises  the  power  of  ap- 
pointment) s'pein-tae,  a-pein'te:?. 
apposite  adj.  placed  near  [also  spelt  appositi  'aepa-zit. 
appraise  v.  (assign  a  money  value  to)  d'p^cez. 
appreciate  v.  9'psii-Si-et ;  {less  properly)  a'p^ii-si-et. 
appreciative    adj,    [also    spelt    appreciative    3'p3ii-Si-etiv, 

3'psii-Si-3-tiv. 
apprehensible  adj.  aep^i'hensa-bgl.  ^^_ 

claw,  b:  iuT,  xcat,  0 hot,  01  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  aiVtit.e\ 

}engtb-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound    is  \©tvg\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  following  syUaUe, 


28  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

apprentice  n.,v,  [also  spelt  apprentis;  as  verb,  past  parti- 
ciple and  preterit  apprenticed,  apprentist'\  a'p^entis. 

apprenticeship  n.  9'psentiS-Sip. 

apprise  v,  impart  knowledge  to;  inform  [also  spelt  apprize} 
a'p^aiz. 

apprize  v.  appraise,  value  [also  spelt  apprise"}  d'psaiz. 

approbative  adj,  [also  spelt  approbativ}  'xp39-betiv;  {er- 
roneously)  3'p300-b9-tlV. 

approbatory  adj.  (sanctioning)  'xp33-bet3-?i. 

appni  V.  support  [also  spelt  appuy]  d'pwii. 

appnise  n.  (approach)  d'pxls,  'ae-pAls. 

appurtenance  n.  belonging;  apparatus  [also,  formerly,  spelt 
appertenancel  d'pBztn-dns,  s'pBzti-nsns. 

appurtenant  adj.,n.  [also,  formerly,  spelt  appertinent} 
a'pB^tn-ant,  a'ps^ti-nant. 

apricot  n,  'ee-psi-ket,  'ee-psi-kat;  'ap3i-ket,  'ap^i-kat. 

a  priori  adv.  (from  the  former;  from  cause  to  effect;  from 
law  to  fact :  the  epposit  of  a  posteriori)  ce-p3ai'o:-3ai,  ce- 
p3i'o:-?ai,  a:-p3i'o:-?i. 

apron  n,  'ee-psdn,  'ee-ps^n. 

apropos  adv.  (to  the  purpose;  opportunely)  aepss'poo,  (an- 
teriorly) 'aep30-po. 

aps  n.  (white-poplar  wood)  aeps. 

apse  n.  recess  [also  spelt  aps;  ploral  apses}  £ps. 

aqna  n.  (water)  'aekiua,  'ee-kiua. 

aqnafortis  n.  (nitric  acid)  £kiju3'fe:7-tis,  ee-kw3'fe:?-tfs. 

aqnamarine  n.  (sea-green  beryl)  xkiuamd'riin,  ee-kwams- 
'eiin. 

aqnapnnctnre  n.  'seku;3-pAr)ktSd?,  'ee-kuud-pA^ktSs?. 

aqna  regia  n.  xkuus'zii-dsd,  ee-kws'zii-dsa. 

aqnarelle  n.  (water-color  painting)  xkiDd'^el. 

aqnarinm  n.   [ploral  aquariums,  aquaria}  3'kwe:-d-9m. 

aqnatint  n.  'aekuus-tint,  'ee-kws-tint. 

aqnednct  n.  (water-condit)  'aekiui-dAkt ;  (improperly)  'sekvoi- 
dAk. 

aqneons  adj.  (watery)  'ee-kiui-as. 

aqniform  adj.  'aeku)i-fe:?m,  'ee-ktDi-fe:?m. 

aqniline  adj,  of  an  eagle;  hookt  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  aqui- 
lin}  'aeku)i-hn,  'aekiui-lain. 

Arab  n.  'aergb;  (less  properly)  'e:-rsb,  'ee-^aeb. 

arabesqne  adj,,  n.  ae^a'besk,  (anteriorly)  'ae^a-besk. 

Arabic  adj.,  n.  'ae^s-bik ;  (erroneously)  aVaebik. 

arabin  n.  [also  spelt  arabine}  'se^d-bin. 

J  ye,    gcure;  d  the,   Q  thin;   3  axrure,   ds/oy;    I  shot,   tScAew; 
wwAen;  ijsing;  u  wh<?ever,  i  r^act,  d  iu\\»  OMioo\,  \\t.,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  serial,  Ab«t,  o:  door,  ^jotvo,  e\ie^,  ^t%oX^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  29 

araolinida  n.,  pi.  (spiders,  etc.)  s'raekNi-dd. 

araeostyle  adj,  9'zii-9-staiL     see  areostyle. 

arbaliflt  n.  crossbow  [also  spelt  arbalest}  'aiz-h^Aist, 

arbitraMe  adj.  ^aiz-hiti^-hdl. 

arbitrament  n.  decision  [synonymous  cognate  arbityementi 

ae'bitja-mant. 
arbitrarily  adv,  'Qiz-hi-tj^eziAi;  (in  America,  less  properly) 

ozbi'tT^eziAi. 
arbitrement  n.  arl)it£i-ni9nt.    same  meaning  as  arbitrament. 
arbor  n.  (support,  beam;  axle;  tree)  'ar^-bar. 
arbor  n.  bower  [also  spelt  arbour}  'aiz-h^z. 
arboretum  n.  [ploral  arboretums,  arboreta}  arbs'^ii-tsm. 
arboriculture  n.  (tree-culture)  'arr-ba^i-kAltSar. 
arborise  v.  [also  spelt  arborise}  'a:z-b9-7aiz. 
arbor-vitae  n.  (tree;  arborescent  part  of  the  cerebellum) 

a:r-b9r'vai-ti,  ai^-ba^'vai-ti. 
arbutus  n.  (plant)  oz'bjou-tds,  'a:7-bjo-t9s. 
arcanum  n.   [ploral   arcana}   oz'kee-ndm;    {improperly)    oz- 

Icaendm. 
arc-boutant  n.  a:7-bu'tei]. 
arob  n.  (curvd  structure,  etc.)  a:rtS. 
arcb  adj,  (chief,  prime;  clever,  crafty)  a'.zt\. 
arobaic  adj,  (old-fashiond)   a^'kee-ik. 
arobaism  n.  'o^ke-izsm,  'a:r-ke-iz3m. 
arobangel    n.    'airk-een-dsal,    ai^k'cen-dsal ;     {erroneously) 

'a:?tS-een-d33l. 
arobangelio  adj.  or^k-aen'dsehk. 
arobbisbop  n.  ai^tS'biSdp,   {anteriorly,  especially  as  a  title) 

'a:etS-biS3p. 
arobdeaoon  n.  a:?tS'dii-k3n. 
arcbducby  n.  a:?tS'dAtSi. 
arcbduke  n.  a:?tS'djouk,   {anteriorly,   especially  as   a   title) 

'airtS-djouk. 
arcbed   adj.   [also,   sometimes,  spelt  archt}   a:?tSt,    {also,  in 

poetry)  'artjid,  'a:?-tSid. 
arcbegonium  n.  [ploral  archegonia}  a^ki'goo-ni-dm. 
arcbeologry  n.  science  of  antiquities  [also  spelt  archaeology} 

ozki'ela-dsi. 
arcbetypal  adj,  'a^ki-tai-pal,  a^'keti-pal. 
arcbetype  n.  'a^ki-taip;  {erroneously)  'artji-taip. 
arcbeua  n.  vital  force  [also  spelt  archaeus;  ploral  archei}  qz- 

Tcii-3s. 
arcbidiaoonal  n.  a^ki-di'seks-nl,  a^ki-dai'seks-nl. 

crlaw,  b:  fwr,  aecot,  eh^t,  01  boy;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  aiVit^\ 

kngth-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \ens*i 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  fellowing  syWab\e, 


30  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

arohiepiscopal   adj.   azki-i'piskd-psl ;    (erroneously)   aztSi-i- 

'piska-pal. 
archil  n.  (dye;  orchil)  'artSii,  'azkil. 
Arohimedean  adj.  a^ki'mii-di-dn,  azkimi'dii-sn. 
archipelago  n.  [ploral  archipelagos,  archipelagoes'^  o^ki'peld- 

go;  {erroneously)  artSi'pela-go. 
arohitect  n.  'a^ki-tckt;  {vulgarly)  'artSi-tekt. 
architrave  n.  (epistyle,  etc.)  'arki-tjeev;  {erroneously)  'artji- 

tjeev. 
archival  adj,  (of  archives)  'aeki-val,  ar'kai-val. 
archive  n.  'a:?-kaiv,  'a:r-kiv;  {erroneously)  'a:3-tSaiv. 
archivist  n.  'arki-vist,  'a:3-kai-vist. 
archivolt  n.  (inner  contour  of  an  arch;  arch-molding)  'oz- 

ki-voh,  'a^ki-velt. 
arctic  adj.  'a^ktik;  {popularly)  'ortik. 
arctiid  adj.,  n.  'azkti-id. 

ardor  n.  heat ;  zeal  [also  spelt  ardour"]  ^aiz-d^z, 
ardnons  adj,  'a:?-d3U-3s,  'a:7-dju-3s. 
are  v.  (ploral  present  indicativ  of  be)  a:^,   {when  unstrest) 

9Zf  z;  {formerly  normally,  but  now  vulgarly)  e:z. 
are  n.  (metric  unit)  a:z,  e:z. 
area  n.  [ploral  areas  and  also,  in  its  anatomic  senses,  areae] 

'e:-?i-3 ;  {vulgarly)  a'^ii-a. 
arear  adv.  (in  the  rear)  9'zi:z.    compare  arrear. 
areca  n.  (tree;  betel-nut)  'aezi-ka. 
areola  n.  small  area  [ploral  areolae]  aVii-g-la;   {improperly) 

eri'oo-ls. 
areolate   adj.  a'^ii-3-let,   'e:-?i-3-let. 

Areopagite  n.  ae^i'epa-dsait ;   {erroneously)  aen'epa-gait. 
areopagitio  adj.  aeei-eps'dsitik. 
Areopagns  n.  (tribunal)  sezi'epd-gss. 
areostyle  adj.  [also  spelt  araeostyle]  d'^ii-s-stail. 
argal  adv.  (ergo,  therefore)  'arr-gal. 
argala  n.  adjutant-bird  [synonymous  cognate  argeelah]  'aiz- 

g3-l3. 
argand  adj.  'a:7-gaend. 
argel  n.  leaves  of  the  plant  Solenostemma  argel  [also  spelt 

argheli  arguel]  'a:z-gel. 
argent  n.,  adj.  (silver)  'ci^-dsant. 
argentine   adj.  of  silver   [also,   sometimes,   spelt   argentin] 

'a:r-d3in-tain,  'oi^-dsin-tin. 
Argentine  adj.  (of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata ;  of  Argentina)  'o:?- 

dsin-tain,  'oi^-dsin-tin. 

jve,    gcure;  d  the,   9f/iin;   3  arure,  ds/oy;    \  shoe,   tSc/tew; 
wwJhen;  ij  sing;  u  wh<?ever,  i  react,  o  iim,  uMioo\,  \\1,  \\^ee\ 
o poetic;  9  over,   e  aerial,  Abut,  o:  door,  ootvo,  t,\ie^,  te^%,o.\fc\ 


.  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  31 

argil  n.  (clay)  'ai^-dsil. 

argol  n.  crude  tartar   [synonymous  cognate  argall   'a:?-gol. 
argosy  n.  merchant-vessel  [ploral  argosies']  'aiz-g^-su 
argot  n.  (slang  of  thieves;  cant)  'a:e-gD,  'a:e-g9t. 
argne  v,  (reason;  debate;  dispute)  'a:z-gjo. 
argnte  adj.  (shrill;  keen)  az'gjuut. 
aria  n,  (in  music,  air,  etc.)  'a:-ei-9,  'e:-ei-3. 
adj.  (of  Arius)  'e:-ei-9n. 
n.  (adherent  of  Arius)  'e:-?i-3n. 
adj. J  n.  'a:r-J3n.    see  Aryan. 
Arianism  n.  (doctrin  of  the  Arians  or  adherents  of  Arius) 

'e:-ei-9n-iz9m,  'ei-ei-a-nizam. 
arid  adj.  (dry;  dull)  'ae«id;  (/^w  properly)  'c:-?id. 
Aries  n.  (ram;  constellation)  'e:-zi-i:z. 
arietation  ».  (butting)  aeji-i'tce-Jan,  ei-ri-i'tee-Jan. 
aril  n.  (seed-coat)  'aeziL 
arista  n.  awn  [ploral  aristae]  a'zistd. 
aristarcli  n.  (severe  critic)  '£?i-sta:zk. 
aristate  adj.  (awnd)  d'^istet. 
aristocrat  n.  d'zistd-ksaet,  'ae^istd-ksaet. 
aristocratic  ad/,  sezistd'kzxtik. 
Aristotelian  adj.,  n.  aezistd'tii-li-dn. 
arithjnetic  n.  d'riOMi-tik;  (tn  ^/»f  obsolete  sense  arithmeti' 

cian)  aeziO'metik. 
aritlunetic  adj.  aeziO'metik. 
aritbnietician  n.  seziOMi'tiSsn,  a-ziOMi'tiSsn. 
arkose  n.  (feldspathic  sandstone)  a^'koos. 
armada  n.  (squadron)  or'mee-dd,  az'ma:-d3. 
armed  adj.  furnisht  with  arms  or  armor  [also  spelt  armd] 

a:zmd,  (also,  in  poetry)  'a:r-mid. 
armer  n.  (one  who  arms  or  equips)  ^a:z-m^z. 
armillary  adj.  (of  rings  or  circles)  *a:z-mi-lezi ',   (also)  az- 

'mila-ei. 
armistice  n.  truce  [also  spelt  armistis]  'a:?-mi-stis ;  (improp- 
erly) ar'mistis. 
armor  n.  defensiv  covering;  mail  [also  spelt  armour]  'a:z- 

m^z. 
armor  v.  cover  with  armor  or  armor-plate  [also  spelt  armour] 

'aij-mae. 
armored  adj.  [also  spelt  armoured,  armord]  'a.r-mo^d. 
armorer  n.  [also  spelt  armourer]  'oiz-va^'Z^z. 
armory  n.  [also  spelt  armoury]  'a-.z-m^-zi. 
amatto  n.  OT'naetD.    see  arnotto. 


c:  law,  b:  fi#r,  secat,  e  hot,  01  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  aiVi\.^\ 

length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding   sound  is  \6ti%\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  following  sy\\a\Ae. 


32  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 


arnotto  n.  tree;  dye  [synonymous  cognates  anatta,  anatto, 

annatto,   annotta,   annotto,   anota,   anotta,   anotto,   amatto} 

a^'noto. 
amnt  n.  {obsolete)  earthnut  [also  spelt  arnot,  arnott}  'oxz- 

nst. 
aroma  «.  a'eoo-ma;  {improperly)  'ae^a-ma. 
aromatize    v,    [also    spelt    aromatisel    d'TOO-ms-taiz ;    {lest 

properly)  'x?3m9-taiz,  a-roma'taiz. 
arpeggio  n.  broken  chord  [synonymous  cognate  harpeggiol 

ae'pedso. 
arpent  n.  (land-measure)  ar'pei},  'a:z-p9nt. 
arqnebns  n.  'a?ku}i-bds.     same  meaning  as  harquebus. 
tLTTAch  n,  liquor  [also  spelt  arackl  'aezdk,  d'rxk. 
arras  n.  (tapestry)  'x?3S. 
arrear   n.  state   of  being  behindhand;   overdue   debt   [used 

mostly  in  the  ploral]  a'riie. 
arrester  n,  one 'who  or  that  which  arrests  [also  spelt  arrest- 

orl  a'resta?. 
arrester  n.  (in  law)  sVestdz.    same  meaning  as  arrester, 
arret  n.  decision  [also  spelt  arret"]  ae'ree,  ae'^et,  a'eet. 
arrliizoiis  adj,  [also  spelt  arhizous]  d'rai-zss. 
arris  n.  sharp  edge  [also  spelt  arts]  'x?is. 
arrondi   adj,   rounded    off   [also   spelt   arrondee,   arrondiel 

areq'dii;  (less  properly)  aVen-di. 
arrondissement  n.  (rounding  off;  administrativ  subdivision 

of    a    French    department)    a-^og-dis'meq ;    (less   properly) 

3e?©r)'diis-mer). 
arroDV  n.  (pointed  missil)  'ae?o ;  (dialectally)  'aera. 
arse  n.  (buttocks;  behind)  a:rs,  a:s;  (erroneously)  a:s,  ae:s. 
arseniate  n.  [synonymous  cognate  arsenate]  a^'sii-ni-et. 
arsenio  n.  (chemic  element)  'a^SNik,  'aesi-nik. 
arsenio  adj.  (of  arsenic)  ar'senik. 
arsenide  n.   [also,  sometimes,   spelt  arsenid]  'a^si-nid,   'qz- 

si-naid. 
arsenions  adj,  a^'sii-ni-ds. 
arseninret  n.   [synonymous  cognate  arsenuret]  a^'sen jo-rat, 

arsi'nai-jo-?3t. 
arseninreted  adj.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  arseniuretted]  az- 

'senjo-^etid,  a^si'nai-jo-retid. 
arsennret  n.  ar'senju-^at.     same  meaning  as  arseniuret. 
arsbeen  n.  measure  [also  spelt  arshine,  arshin,  archine]  az- 

'Siin. 
artesian   adj.  ar'tii-san;    (less  properly)   a^'tii-zi-an. 

JJ'^,    gcure;  d  the,   Q  thin',   5  asure,  d^  jov,  ^  sfioe,  tSc/tew; 
wzv/ten;  ij  sing;   u  wh£>ever,  i  react,  o  iu\\,  \iMioo\>  ^\\.,  T\^ce\ 
o poetic;  9  over,   e  aerial,  Abwt,  o:  door,  ;)Otvo,  tXie^,  ^e^^a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  33 

arthritis  n.  (inflammation  of  a  joint)  az'6sai-tis;  {less  prop- 
erly) ar'83ii-tis. 
arthropoda  n,pl.  az'O^epd-dd. 
artiad  n.  'azti-xd,  'azti-sd. 
artifice  n.  [also  spelt  artifisi  'a?ti-fis. 
artificer  n.  [also  spelt  artifiser'\  ar'tifi-sar,  'azti-fisar. 
artisan,  n.  [also  spelt  artisan}  'azti-zgn,  'ozti-zaen,  ozti'zstn. 
artiste  n.  (esthetic  or  artistic  performer  or  artizan)  az'tiist. 
n.  (plant)  'e:-?3m. 
ody.,  n.  Indo-european  [also  spelt  Arianl  'air-jan,  'c:- 


zi-sn,  'aezi-an. 

aryballns  n.  vase  [ploral  arybalWi  aezi'bxlss. 

arTtenoid  ad/,   (funnel-shaped)  a'ziti-neid,  aezi'tii-neid. 

As  n.  one  of  the  gods  inhabiting  Asgard  [plural  Aesir"}  xs. 
conj.,  adv.,  pron,  xz,  (when  unstrest)  az,  z,  s. 
n.  Roman  copper  coin  [also,  formerly,  spelt  asse,  aas ;  plor- 
al  asses']  aes. 

aiafetida  n.  [also  spelt  asafoetida,  assafoetidal  sesd'f eti-da ; 
{vulgarly)  aesi'feti. 

aiarabacca  n.  plant  [also  spelt  asarahacal  sesazd'baekd. 

aibestos    n.    fibrous   hornblend,    etc.;    amiant    [synonymous 
cognate  asbestus]  aes'bestss,  aes'bes-tes. 

aibestns  n.  xs'bestas.    same  meaning  as  asbestos. 

ascendance  n.  [also  spelt  ascendencel  s'sendans. 

ascendancy  n.  [also  spelt  ascendency"]  s'senddn-si. 

ascendant  adj.,  n.  [also  spelt  ascendent]  d'senddnt. 

ascertain  v.  make  certain ;  find  out  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit ascertained,  ascertaind]  aesaz'teen. 

aicetery    n.    dwelling-place    of    ascetics    [ploral    asceteries] 
3'set3-zi. 

ascetic  adj.  (abstinent;  strict)  a'setik. 

ascetic  n.  (one  who  practises  self-disciplin  by  celibacy,  fast- 
ing, or  toil)  d'setik. 

asci  n.  (ploral  of  ascus)  'se-sai. 

aician  n.  (shadowless  person :    that  is,  an  inhabitant  of  the 
tropics)  'aejan. 

ascigerovs  adj.  (bearing  asci)  s'sidss-zds. 

ascitan  adj,  (heretic  of  tl|e  second  century)  a'sai-tan,  'aesi- 
tdn. 

ascites  n.  (dropsy  of  the  belly)  a'sai-tiz. 

ascitic  adj.  (of  ascites,  dropsical)  d'sitik. 

Asclepiad  n.  (verse)  aes'ktii-pi-aed,  aes'ktii-pi-ad. 

ascns  n.  spore-case  [ploral  asci]  'aeskas.  ^^^^ 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  ehot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  au  now,  a:  ask,  aikitt\ 

hns^-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding   sound   is  \©ns*i 

ftregs-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  following  s^WaUe. 


34  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

aseity  n,  (self-existence)  ae'sii-i-ti,  e'sii-i-ti. 

asexual  adj,  (not  sexual;  neuter)  d'sek^u-dl,  d'seksgu-al. 

asli  n.  residue  of  burning  [ploral  ashes']  aeS- 

ashamedly  adv.  9'See-mi-dli. 

asbamedness  n.  s'Seem-dnis,  a'See-mi-dnis. 

asl&ler  n.  hewn  stone  [also  spelt  ashlarl  'xlt.9z. 

Asian  adj,  (of  Asia)  'ee-Jan,  'ee-son ;  {less  properly)  'ee-Ji-on, 

'ee-3i-3n,  'ee-si-an. 
Asiatio  adj.,  n,  ee-Si'xtik,  ee-si'aetik. 
asiniflie  adj.  (of  an  ass)  'aesi-nain,  'aesi-nin. 
ask  V.  a:sk,  a:sk,  £:sk. 
ask  n.  (newt)  a:sk,  a:sk,  ae:sk. 
askanoe  adv,   (sidewise)   a'skarns,  9'ska:ns,  s'skaems;    (also) 

d'skaints,  etc. 
asked  v,  [past  participle  and  preterit  of  ask ;  also  spelt  asktl 

a:skt,  (popularly,  rapidly)  a:st. 
asp  n.  (serpent)  a:sp,  a:sp,  x:sp. 
asparasns   n.   plant   [vulgar  synonymous  cognate   sparrow- 

grass"]  a'spaeea-gas. 
aspect  n.  (look;  appearance)  'ae-spekt. 
aspeot  V.  (obsolete)  s'spekt. 
aspen  adj.,  n.  'aespan,  'a: -span. 
asperges  n.  (antiphon)  s'spsz-dsiz,  a'spsir-dsiz. 
asperse  v.  bespatter;   slander   [past  participle  and   preterit 

aspersed,  asperst]  ^'spsizs. 
asphalt  n.  Vs-faelt,  aes'faelt,  'aes-fclt;  (vulgarly)  'aej-fclt. 
aspkalt  V.  aes'faelt,  'aes-fae!t. 
aspkaltnm  n.  aes'faehdm. 
asphodel  n.  (plant)  'aesfd-del. 
asphyxia  n.  (absence  of  pulse,  etc.)  aes'f  iksi-9. 
aspirant  n.  (one  who  aspires)  9'spai-7dnt,  'aespd-zsnt;  (also, 

often)  a'spai9-73nt. 
aspirate  v.  (give  the  h-sound  to)  'aesps-zet. 
aspirate  adj.,  n.  'xsps-rat,  (rapidly)  'aespsst. 
ass  n.  (quadruped;  fool)  a:s,  a:s,  ae:s. 
assagai  n.  spear  [synonymous  cognate  assegai^  'aes9-gai,  xsd- 

'gai;  (improperly)  'aesa-ge,  a'see-gi. 
assai  adv.  (very)  s'sai. 

assay  n.,  v.  attempt  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  as- 
sayed, assaydl  a'see. 
assertion  n.  d'ss^^dn,  d'sB'.^-Ssn. 
assess  v.  fix  the  amount  of;  tax;  fine  [past  participle  and 

preterit  assessed,  assestl  s'ses. 

/,ve,    g  cure;  d  Me,   0  thin ;   5  arure,  ds  foy ;   S  shoe,  tj  c/»ew ; 
ivzi//ien;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  i  r^act,  oiu\\,  ouioo\  \\V  Tv^ce\ 
o poetic;  a  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  d:  door,  00 no,  t.\ie^,  t^^a\.^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  35 

aiset  n.  (resource)  'ae-sct,  'aesit;  {erroneously)  a'set. 

Ajwidean.  n.  Chasidean  [also  spelt  Assidaean,  Asidaean, 
Assidianl  aesi'dii-9n. 

assiduity  n.  diligence  [ploral  assiduities!  aesi'djou-i-ti. 

assidvous  adj.  (attentiv)  a'sidsu-ds. 

assign,  v.  allot,  appoint;  point  out;  ascribe  [past  participle 
and  preterit  assigned,  assigndl  9'sain. 

assignalile  adj,  d'sai-ns-bsl. 

assig^nat  n.  (note)  'aesig-naet,  asin'ja: . 

assig^nation  n.  (apportionment,  etc.)  sesig'nee-Ssn. 

assignee  n.  (one  to  whom  a  right  is  assigned;  assign)  xsi- 
'nii;  {improperly)  a'sai-ni. 

assigner  n.  (one  who  assigns  or  apportions)  d'sai-ns?. 

assignor  n.  (one  who  assigns,  or  formally  transfers,  to  an- 
other, a  right  or  property)  aesi'ne:?;  (improperly)  a'sai-ner. 

assiser  n.  juryman  [also  spelt  assizor,  assisor,  assiserl  s'sai- 

associate  n.,  adj,  d'soo-Si-st ;    (less  properly)   s'soo-si-dt. 

associate  jv.  d'soo-Si-et ;  (less  properly)  9's30-si-et. 

assooiation  n.  a-soSi'ee-Ssn,  d-sosi'ee-Ssn. 

assonant  adj.  (corresponding  in  vowel-sound)  'aess-nant. 

assumption  adj.  a'sAmpSsn,  d'sAmSsn. 

asterisk  n.  (star)  'aests-risk;  (improperly)  'xst^zik, 
It       asthenia  n.  (debility)  aes'6ii-ni-9,  sesOi'nai-s. 

asthma  n.  (labored  breathing,  etc.)  'aezma,  'xsms,  'aestMd, 
'£s6m9. 

asthmatic  adj.  aez'maetik,  ses'maetik,  aest'maetik,  xsO'mxtik. 

astig:matism  n.  (defect  of  the  eye)  d'stigms-tizdm. 

astrakhan  n.  (fur)  'aests^-ksn,  'sest£3-ksen,  sest^d^kaen. 

astnte  adj.  (crafty)  a'stgout;  (dialectally)  a'stout. 

asylnm  n.  [ploral  asylums;  also,  in  the  sense  of  a  sanctuary 
or  refuge,  asylal  s'sai-lsm. 

asymptote  n.  (line  which  approaches  a  curve  indefinitly) 
'aesim-tot. 

at  prep,  aet,  (when  unsfrest)  at. 

atavio  adj.  (of  atavism)  d'taevik. 

atavism  n.  (reversion  to  ancestral  form)  'aetd-vizdm. 

ataxia  n.  (lack  of  coordination  of  bodily  movements)  d'taek- 
si-3. 

ataxy  n.  (ataxia)  d'taeksi,  'aetsk-si. 

ate  V,  preterit  of  eat  [dialectal  synonymous  cognate  eat"] 
cet,  (when  unstrest)  et;  (also,  normally  in  Britain,  except- 
ing Ireland,    hut   in   America   vulgarly    or   locally)    et,    (in 


• 

/ 


cloti;,  b:  fur,  xcat,  e  hot,  01  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  aikite; 

)engtb-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding?   sound  is  \ong\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  following  syWabU, 


36  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

Ireland)    lit,    (when   unstrest)    it;    (formerly)   a:t,    c:t,    e:t, 

i:t. 
Athanasian  adj»  xOd'nee-Ssn,  sOs'ne 6-3311. 
athanagy  n.  (deathlessness,  immortality)  d'Oaend-si. 
Athenemn  n.  [also  spelt  Athenaeum}  xOi'nii-9m;   (errone- 

ously)  a'Gii-ni-am, 
Athenian  adj.  (of  Athens)  9'6ii-ni-9n. 
atblete  n.  'a9-Kt;  (improperly)  'aGa-lit. 
athletio  adj.,n.  aeOletik;  (improperly)  aeOd^etik. 
Atlantean  ad/,  of  Atlas;  of  Atlantis  [also,  sometimes,  spelt 

Atlantianl  xtlaenti-sn,  xtLsen'tii-dn. 
atoll  n.   (ring-shaped  coral  island)  d'tel,  'x-tel;    (less  prop- 
erly) 'ee-teL 
atom  n.  (indivisible  particle)  'aetsm. 
atomic  adj.  (of  atoms;  atom-like)  d'temik. 
atrinm  n.  court;  hall  [ploral  atria"]  'ee-tsi-sm. 
atropine  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  atropin]  'aetss-pin,  'aetsa- 

pain. 
attaoli^  n.  (one  attacht)  xts'See,  aetae'S^e. 
attacked  v.  [also  spelt  attackt]  s'taekt;  (vulgarly)  s'taektid. 
attar  n.  perfume  [also  spelt  atar;  synonymous  cognate  ottar, 

otto]  'aetar. 
attention  n.  a'tenSan. 

attitndinize  v.  pose  [also  spelt  attitudinise"]  aeti'tgou-dn-aiz. 
attorney  n,  a'tarni;  (dialectally  or  vulgarly)  a'teir-ni. 
attracter  n.  [also  spelt  attract  or]  d'tsaektQ?. 
attribute  n.  (characteristic)  'aet£i-bjut. 
attribute  v.  (assign;  refer)  a'tjibjot. 

anbergist  n.  innkeeper  [also  spelt  aubergiste]  'c:-bd7-d3ist. 
anotion  n.  'crk-Jan;  (dialectally)  'ekSan. 
andaoions  adj.  (bold)  c'dee-Jas;   (improperly)  c'daeSds. 
andible  adj.  (capable  of  being  heard)  'c:-d9-b9}. 
andienoe  n.  'c:-di-3ns;   (vulgarly)  'ci-dsans. 
an  fait  adj.  (up  to  the  mark ;  expert)  o'f ee. 
Angean  adj.  (of  Augeus)  c'dsii-an;  (erroneously)  'ci-dsi-an. 
anger  n.  (boring-tool)  'c:-g3?. 
angbt  n.  anything  [also  spelt  ought]  c:t. 
ang^ment  v.  (increase)  cg'ment. 
ans^ment  n.  (prefixt  vowel)  'crg-mant. 

ans^mentative  adj.,  n.  [also  spelt  augmentativ]  cg'ments-tnr. 
angnr  n.  (interpreter  of  auspises  or  signs)  'c:-gar. 
angnr  v.  divine,  forbode,  anticipate;  betoken  [past  participle 

and  preterit  augured]  'c-gsz. 

J  ye,   gcure;  d  the,  Qthin]  jaxfure,  dj/oy;  jshotf  tlcheyr*, 
tvwhen;  tjsing;  u  wh<7ever,  i  react,  oiuu,  timIooV,  i%V,  "».%€«•> 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  oerial,  Abut,  o:  doot,  ;>otio,  t\ic^,  t^\L*fc\ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  37 


;t 


f 


adj,  'c:-gjo-e3l. 
avsnst  adj,  (majestic)  c'gASt. 
August  n.  (month)  'c:-g9st. 

Augustan  adj.  (of  Augustus;  of  Augsburg)  c'gAstsn. 
Aug^ustin  n.,  adj.  [also  spelt  Augustinel  c'gAstin,  'c:-g9-stin. 
aumbry  n.  'c:m-bzi.  -  same  meaning  as  ambry, 
auut  n.   (sister  of  one's  father  or  mother)   a:nt,  a:nt,  x:nt; 

{anteriorly,  as  a  title)  ant,  ant,  aent. 
auuty  n.  [also  spelt  auntie^  'a:n-ti,  'a:n-ti,  'x:n-ti. 
aureola  n,  (celestial  crown ;  aureole)  c'^xi-d-ls ;  (erroneously) 

(zi'DO-la. 
aureole  n.  (celestial  crown;  aureola;  gold  disk;  halo)  'c:-7i- 

6i. 
au  revoir  inter j.  (until  we  meet  again !)  ora'vw©:?,  oraVwc:?, 

o?a'vwa:r. 
auriat  n.   (ear-specialist)  'c:-7ist 
anroelis  n.  (wild  ox)  'c:-7eks,  'ao-7eks. 
aurora    borealis    n.    (northern    lights)    &zo:-z9-hozi'teAis, 

c'zo'.'Z^-hszi'ai-lis. 
auspice  n.  omen  [also  spelt  auspisl  'c:-spis. 
Australasian  adj.  c:-st£a'}ee-S9n>  c:-st£3'lee-33n. 
author  n.  [also,  formerly,  spelt  authourl  'c-Q^z. 
authoress  n.  [also,  formerly,  spelt  authouress"]  'c-B^-zis. 
authorise  v.  [also  spelt  authorise]  'c-Qs-zaiz. 
antobiographer  n.  [also  spelt  autobiograferl  c:-td-bai'eg?9- 

hz;  {less  properly)  ci-tabi'egra-fa^. 
autobiography  n.  [also  spelt  autobiografyl  c:-t9-bai'eg73-f i ; 

{less  properly)  ci-tabi'egra-fi. 
autochthon  n.  aboriginal  [ploral  autochthons,  autochthones] 

c'tekOan,  a'tek-Oon. 
autochthones  n.  (ploral  of  autochthon)  c'tekOa-niz. 
autocracy  n.  self-rule  [ploral  autocracies]  c'tek^a-si. 
anto-da-f 6  n.  act  of  faith  :    judicial  act  or  sentence  of  the 

Inquisition   [also  spelt  auto  da  fe,  auto  da  fe,  auto-de-fe, 

auto  de  fe;  ploral  autos-da-fi]  ci-to-da'fee,  ao-to-da'fee. 
autograph  n.  [also  spelt  autograf]  'c:-t3-g?a:f. 
automaton    n.    self -mover    [ploral    automata,    automatons] 

c'tema-ten,  c'tema-tan. 
automobile  n.  c:-t9-mo'biil,   cta'moo-bil,   cta'moo-bil,   'c:-t3- 

mo-bil. 
autopsy  n.  (a  seeing  for  one's  self;  post-mortem)  'c:-topsi, 

C'tepsi. 
autnmn  n.  fall  [also  spelt  autum]  'otam. 

c:  law,  a:  fwr,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a;  for,  oa  now,  a:  osk,  aikite\ 

XzngCtk-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \6tv%\ 

stresB^mark  O  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  following  syWaXAe. 


38  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  ^ 

auxiliary  adj.,  n.  (assistant)  cg^zili-^-zi,  cg'ziH-ezi.  ^ 

avalanclie  n.   (descent  or  slide  of  snow;   land-slide)   'aev^^  ^ 
la:ntS,   'aeva-la:ntS,   'aev9-te;ntS,   'aeva-lantj;    (also,    especially  ■ 
in    Britain)    'ava-lainS,    'aev3-la:nS,    'aeva-lamj,    'aevd-laenS;  ' 
(rarely)  aevalamS.  ^ 

avant-gnarde  n.  (vangard)  a-veq'gar^d,  a'veg-gaied. 

avarioe  n.  cupidity  [also  spelt  orarw]  'aeva-^is.  ^ 

avatar  n.  (descent  of  a  deity  to  earth ;  manifestation  as  a 
power)  ava'ta:?,  'aeva-toe.  ." 

avannt  inter j.  (move  on!  be  off!)  a'vcint,  a'vamt,  a'varnt.        '/ 

avellan  adj.  of  the  filbert  [synonymous  cognate  avellanel  ^ 
a'velan,  'aeva-lan.  .'? 

Ave  Maria  n.  Hail  Mary,  a  prayer  [synonymous  cognate- ,^i 
/iv^  Maryl  ee-vi-ma'jii-a,  ar-vi-ma'rii-a.  \i 

aventail  n.  flap  of  a  helmet  [also  spelt  aventayle,  aventaUei.  \ 
'3ev9n-tel.  '  *.^ 

aveninrin  n.  glass;  quartz   [also  spelt  aventurinel   yveiN-'r'j 
tSd-^in. 

avenue  n.  (way)  'sevi-njo;  (vugarly)  'aevi-nja,  'aeva-no. 
^j^yer  n.  obsolete  (possession;  beast  of    burden)  'ee-va?. 

a^er  v.  justify  a  plea;  assert  as  a  fact  [past  participle  and 
preterit  averred,  averdi  a've:?. 

aversion  n.  (turning  away;  antipathy)  a'vs^Jan,  a'veie-san. 

Ave*  n.pl.  (birds)  'ee-viz.  ■ 

aviary  n.  bird-house  [ploral  aviaries']  'ee-vi-eri,  'ee-vi-a-ei. 

avionltnre  n,  (rearing  of  birds)  'aevi-kAltSsr,  'ee-vi-kAltgar.    ■ 

aviform  adj.  (bird-shaped)  'ee-vi-fe:?m. 

aviso  n.  advice  [ploral  avisosl  d'vai-zo.  ■ 

avoirdnpois  n.   (system  of  weight)  aeva^da'poiz ;   (improper-    .' 
ly)  aevarda'pei. 

avoset  n.  bird  [also  spelt  avocetl  'aeva-set. 

aivakening  n.  d'week-nii]. 

aive  V.  inspire  with  dread;  daunt  [past  participle  and  prete- 
rit awed,  awdl  c: . 

awful  adj,  [also,  rarely,  spelt  aweful]  'ci-fal. 

awfnl  adv.  'cr-fsl,  (when  less  strest)  'cfgl. 

awfully  adv.  'ct-fa-h,  (also,  rapidly,  in  the  sense  of  dread- 
fully, very  much,  very)  'c:-fM,  (when  less  strest)  'cfti. 

aivry  adv.,  adj.  (askew)  a'eai. 

az  n.  cutting-tool  [also  spelt  axe;  ploral  axes']  aeks. 
n.  (ploral  of  ax)  'aksiz. 
n.  (ploral  of  axis)  'aek-siz. 

axial  adj.  (forming  an  axis;  of  an  axis)  'aeksi-al. 

/>e,    gcure;  bthe,  Qthin;   3  a^rure,  ds/oy;   ^  shoe,   tS  cAew; 
wze/Aen;  xjsing;  u  wli<?ever,  i  r^act,  oiuW,  oMiooV  iKt,  lise^j 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  a  but,  o:  door,  00  no,  e\jc^v  ^^«»<A&\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  39 

«.  (in  botany f  angle)  'aeksii. 

B  adj.  of   the  axis   [also,  sometimes,   spelt  axil\   'aeksil, 
-«uL 

A  n.  armpit  [ploral  (ixillael  sek'sil9. 

jury  adj.  (of  the  axilla  or  armpit ;  of  the  axil)  ^xksiAezi ; 
\properly)  aek'silo-zi. 

m    n.    (conceded    proposition;    maxim)    'xksi-sm;    {less 
perly)  'sks^sm,  'aekSsm. 
BLatic  adj,  aeksi-d'maetik. 

II.  straight  line  about  which  a  body  rotates ;  axle ;  cen- 
l  line;  stem  [ploral  axesl  'aeksis. 
oil  n.  (amphibian)  'xkss-letl. 
iv,  ever,  always  [also  spelt  ayel  ee. 
\terj.  ah !  O !  alas  I  [also,  formerly,  spelt  aye,  eighl  ee. 
adv.,  inter]., ».  yes,  yea  [also  spelt  oy]  ai. 
ajre  n.  (sloth)  'ai-ai. 
Mb  fi.  [ploral  asaleasi  s'zee-H-d,  s'zee-Hd. 
mill.  n.  (arc,  etc.)  'xzi-maO. 

LutluUl  ad/.  'aezi-mjuOal ;  (a/^o,  /^w  properly)  'azima-Oa!, 
xteriorly)  'aezi-maOal. 
lenxol  n.  szo'ben-zol. 

e  n.  (nitrogen)  a'zoot,  'ae-zot;  (/^w  properly)  'ee-zot. 
Ime  z'.  [also  spelt  azotise'\  'xza-taiz. 
•e  adj.,  n.  (sky-blue ;  sky)  'aesa?,  'ee-33^. 
a    n.    unleavend    bread    [synenymous    cognate     azymel 
:im. 
ae  n.  'aezim,  ^se-zaim.     same  meaning  as  azym. 


V,  (cry  or  bleat  as  a  sheep)  ba: . 

lism  n.  (worship  of  Baal)  'bee-s-hzsm. 

Iroussa  n.  hornd  hog  [also  spelt  babirussa,  babyroussa, 

byrussal  baebi'rou-S3,  babi'^ou-sa. 

salanreate  adj.  (of  a  bachelor)  baek3'!c:-7i-3t. 

sara  n.  card-game  [also  spelt  baccarat}  baeka'^a: . 

sarat  n.  baeka'^o:  ;  (erroneously)  'baeka-^aet.     same  mean- 

^  as  baccara. 

sbanaliaiL  adj.  (of  Bacchus;  riotous;  bacchanal)  baeks- 

je-li-3n. 

sl&ant  adj.,  n.  Ibaekdnt. 

Bhante  n.  priestess  of  Bacchus;   female  bacchant  [plo?- 

bacchantesl  ba'kaint,  'baekant,  ba'kaenti. 

V,  s:  iur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  01  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  aikite\ 
^-mark  C:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound   is  \oti^*» 
-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  following  syWaUe, 


40  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

bacchantes  n.  (ploral  of  bacchante)  bs'kaen-tiz,  'bsekdr 
baocifonu  adj.  (berry-shaped)  'baeksi-fe:zm. 
bachelor  n.  'baetSi-lsr;  (erroneously)  'baetSal-dsz. 
bacillary  adj,  (of  bacilli;  rodlike)  'baesi-lezi. 
bacilli  n.  (ploral  of  bacillus)  bs'si-tai,  bs'siiai. 
bacillus  n.   [ploral  bacillil  bs'silds;   (erroneously)   'baes 
backbone  n.  baek'boon,  'baek-boon. 
backgammon  n.,  v.  'bsek-gaemdn,  baek'gaemdn. 
backhouse  n.  (privy)  'baek-haos,  'baek-aos. 
backsheesh  n.  see  bakshish, 
backslide  v,  'baek-sLaid,  baek'sLaid. 
backslider  n.  'baek-sLai-dsr,  baek'sLai-dd?. 
backstairs  adj.  (intriguing)  'baek-ste:zz. 
backstairs  n.  baek'ste:?z,  'baek-ste:zz. 
bacteria  n.  (ploral  of  bacterium)  hstWti:-zi-9, 
bacterium  n.  [ploral  bacteria^  back'ti:-7i-3m. 
bad  adj.,  n.  (evil)  baed,  (often,  when  more  strest)  bae:d. 
bad  V.  [preterit  of  bid ;  also  spelt  badel  baed. 
bade  v,  baed;  (erroneously)  beed.     see  bad, 
badinase  n.  (banter)  ^baedn-ids,  'baedi-nids,  baedi'na:3. 
bagatelle  n.  (trifle)  baega'tel;  (less  properly)  'baega-tel. 
baggage  n.  (bags,  trunks,  etc.;  luggage)  'baegids. 
bag^o  n.  (bath,  etc.)  'baenj3;  (erroneously)  'baegni-o. 
bagn^et  n.  molding  [also  spelt  baguettel  bae'get. 
bah  inter j,  (expressing  contempt,  etc.)  ba:  • 
baignoire  n.  box  in  a  theater  [also  spelt  baignoirl  ba'n^ 

'bee-nwe:r. 
baiP    n.    hoop,    ring,    basket-handle    [sometimes    impre] 

spelt  balel  beel. 
bail'  n.  outer  fortification  or  wall  [also  spelt  bayle'\  bee 
bail'  V.  remove   (water) ;  free   (a  boat)   from  water  wi 

bucket  or  basin  [also,  less  properly,  spelt  bale;  past  pai 

pie  and  preterit  bailed,  baildl  beel. 
bailer^  n.  one  who  delivers  goods  to   another   in  bail 

[also,  sometimes,  spelt  bailor"]  'bee-laz. 
bailer'  n.  one  who  bails  out  water;  vessel  used  for  ba 

[also  spelt  baler]  'bee-la?. 
bailiery  n.  bailie's  jurisdiction  [also  spelt  bailiary  and, 

merly,   bailliery,   bailliary,   baillerie]   'bee-li-e?i,   'bee-li- 

'bee-h-31. 
bailiff  n.  (officer ;  overseer)  Hbee-lif. 
bailixdlck  n.  (precinct  of  a  bailiff)  'bee-h-wik. 
bailor  n.  (law)  heeVeiz.    same  meaning  as  bailer} 

J  ye,   gcure;  d  the,  G*Hin;   sasure,  dj/oy;   K  shoe,  tS  c 

wzt/hen;  tjsing;  uwhoevtr,  i  react,  uiuu,  TiuiooV,  lit,  li 

o poetic;  oover,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o;doot,  ;>0'ao«  ^\ie^  ^^ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  41 


Baivmm  ft.  festival  [also  spelt  Beirami  baiVa:m,  'bai-zam. 
teise  fK.  (woolen  fabric)  beez. 

bajoeoo  n.  coin  [also  spelt  haiocco\  ploral  hajocchi]  bd'jeko. 
tafcrtlali  n.  tip,  fee  [also  spelt  bakhshish,  baksheesh,  back' 

sheesh,  backshish^  ^baek-SiS. 
balAaee-slieet  n.  'ba^dn^-Siit. 
WQas  n.  ruby  [also  spelt  balassi  'bselss,  baelaes. 
balcony  n.  ^ba^kd-ni;  (formerly)  bael'koo-ni. 
Wldaehln  n.  canopy  [also  spelt  baldaquini  'baelds-kin. 
balderdiuilL  n.  (senseless  prate)  'bcil-daz-dxS. 
bftld-lLeAded  adj.   [also  spelt  bald-heded^   bc:ld'hedid,   {as- 

sumptivly)  Hbcld-hedid. 
Wle^  n.  see  bail} 
bale*  V.  see  &a»/.' 
ballster   n.    (obsolete)    crossbowman    [synonymous    cognate 

balesierl  baelista;,  liaeli-stdz. 
balistor  n.  (obsolete)  arbalist,  crossbow  [also  spelt  ballister'] 

bxlist97,  ^h-st3?. 
luJise  ft.  beacon  [also  spelt  balisel  bs'hiz. 
Kalk  n.  ridge ;  blunder ;  beam  [also  spelt  baulk}  bc:k. 
balk  V.  hinder;  stop  short  [also  spelt  baulk;  past  participle 

and  preterit  balked,  balktl  bc:k. 
ImII  fi.  (sphere,  globe,  etc.)  bc:l. 
hall  ad  n.  (song;  poem)  'baelad. 
liallade  n.  (poem  in  stanzas,  etc.)  baela:d. 
Vallast  n.  (weight,  etc. :  road-metal)  ^sebst. 
iMllet  n.  (dance)  'bae-le,  niaele,  baelee,  'baeht. 
ballet  n.  obsolete  (little  ball)  'baeht. 
balHata  n.  military  engin  [also  spelt  balista ;  ploral  ballis- 

toe,  ballistasl  bslists. 
Iiallister  n.  obsolete  [also  spelt  balister"]   'baeh-sts?.     same 

meaning  as  baluster, 
balloon  fi.  (inflated  ball,  etc.)  ba'loun. 
Iiallot  n.  (voting-ball;  voting-paper)  'baelat. 
ballotade  n.  leap  of  a  horse  [also  spelt  ballottade,  balotade"] 

hadd'teed,  baela'ta'.d. 
baln&  fi.    (aromatic   substance)    ba:m;    (dialectally,   vulgarly) 

bae:m. 
Balmoral  n.  (cap;  boot)  bael'me^sl;  (less  properly)  bael'mo:- 

balsam  n.  (balm,  etc. ;  plant)  'bcil-sam. 

balaaniio   adj.,  n,  bcrssemik,  bacl'saemik ;    (improperly)    'bc:l- 
sd-mik. 

c:  law,  b:  fi*r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  au  now,  a:  ask,  eLik\\.e,\ 

Itngib-znark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \otvs\ 

Btress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f ellowmg  syWaVAe, 


42  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

baluster  n.  small  column;  bolster  [also  spelt  balluster;  for- 
mer synenymous  cognates  ballister,  balisterl  'baela-stae. 

balustrade  n.  baeb'stseed. 

bambino  n.  baby;  Child  Jesus  [ploral  batnbinil  baem'bii-no. 

bamboo  n.  (grass;  cane)  baem'bou,  (anteriorly,  often)  'baem- 
bu. 

ban  n.  [ploral  bans  and,  in  the  sense  of  a  proclamation  of 
an  intended  marriage  in  a  church,  often  also  bannsi  baen. 

banal  adj.  of  a  ban;  commonplace  [also,  formerly,  spelt 
bannall  'baenal,  'bee-nal. 

banality  n.  bs'nasli-ti. 

banana  n.  (tree;  fruit)  bd'nsend,  ba'nar-na;  (rarely)  ba'nee- 
na. 

bandana  n.  handkerchief  [also  spelt  bandannal  baen'daend. 

bandbox  n.  'baend-beks,  'baen-beks. 

banderillero  n.  (bull-fighter)  hatnd^ziVje'.-zo. 

banderol  n.  'baendi-??!.    same  meaning  as  banderole, 

banderole  n.  small  flag;  band  [synenymous  cognates  bande- 
rol, bandrol,  banneroll  'baendi-zol. 

bandit  n.  brigand  [ploral  bandits,  bandittil  'baendit. 

banditti  n*  (ploral  of  bandit)  bacn'diti. 

bandoleer  n.  belt;  powder-case  [also  spelt  bandolier  and, 
formerly,  bandolier;  former  synenymous  cognates  bandileer, 
bandelier}  baenda'h:^. 

bandoline  n.  substance  [also  spelt  bandolin}  'baenda-hn. 

bandrol  n.  'baendrsl.    same  meaning  as  banderole. 

bandy-legged  adj.  'baendi-legid,  'baendi-legd. 

banian  n.  'baenjsn.     same  meaning  as  banyan. 

banister  n.  small  column;  baluster  [also  spelt  bannisterl 
'baeni-sta?. 

bankruptcy  n.  'baeq-ksApsi,  'baeqksap-si. 

banned  adj.  curst;  prohibited  [also  spelt  bandl  baend. 

banneret  n.  little  banner,  banderole  [also  spelt  bannerette! 
baena'zet. 

banneret  n.  (bannerd  knight)  'baend-rat. 

bannerol  n.  banderole,  especially  in  the  sense  of  a  sculp- 
tured band  adapted  to  receive  an  inscription,  and  also  in 
the  sense  of  a  small  banner  or  flag  used  in  England  over 
tombs  [sometimes  erroneously  spelt  banner-roll,  banneraH 
'baena-rol,  'baena-ral. 

bannister  n.  see  banister. 

banns  n.  pi,  see  under  ban. 

banquet  n.  (feast)  lixtjUwit;  (less  properly)  'baen-kujit. 

jve,    gcure;  d  the,   9 ///in;   3  axrure,  ds/oy;    \  shot,   tScliew; 
wzi/Aen;  tj  sing;  u  whoever,  i  r^act,  oitt\\,  uwiool,  itt,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  a  over,  e  aerial,  a  b«t,  o:  door,  ooivo,  t>ae^,  t,t%oXfc\ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  43 


bft&qwette  n.  (raised  way,  bank,  bench,  sidewalk)  baeg'ket, 

beii'ket. 
lMUiBli.ee  n.  (female  fairy)  bsen'Sii,  'baen-Sii. 
bft&yan  n.  tree  [also  spelt  banian^  'baenjsn;  {less  properly) 

l>aeni-9n,  baen'jaen. 
kaobab  n.  (tree)  'bee-s-bsb. 
baptinn.  n.  'bxp-tizam,  'baep-tizm. 

baptism al  adj,  baep'tizmsl;   {less  properly)  'bsep-tizmsl. 
baptistery  n.  'bxptists-si.     same  meaning  as  baptistry. 
baptistry  n.  [synenymous  cegnate  baptistery'\  'baepti-stji. 
baptise  n.  [also  spelt  baptise'\  bsep'taiz,  'bsep-taiz. 
barbarisation  n.  [also  spelt  barbarisation}  hazb^zi^ zee-Ian, 

bo^ba-^ai'zee-Ssn. 
barbarise  v.  [also  spelt  barbarisel  'bair-ba-zaiz. 
barbarous  adj.  (foreign;  rude)  'haiz-ba-zas,  'ba:7-bz3s. 
Barbary  adj,  (barbarian,  of  the  northern  coast  of  Africa) 

'ba:z-h9'Zi,  {often,  assumptivly)  'ba:^-bz:i. 
barbecue  n.  gridiron  [synenymous  cegnate  barbacuel  'ba:z- 

bi-kgtu 
barberry   n.   shrub;    fruit    [synenymous   cegnate    berberry'^ 

'ba:?-be?i,  'ha'.z-ha-zi,  'baie^bazi,  'ba:2-b^i. 
barbery  n.  rare  (the  barber's  art;  shaving)  'ha-.z-ha-zi, 
barcarole  n.  boatman;  song  [also  spelt  barcarolle'^  'ba^ks- 

zcH, 
barefacedness  n.  'beiz-feest-nis. 
barege  n.  (gause-like  fabric)  ba'^ees. 
baregin  n.  gelatinous  substance  [also  spelt  bareginel  ba'^ee- 

5in. 
bargain  n.,v.  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  bargain- 
ed, bargaindl  'ba:r-gin;  {dialectally)  'baiz-ggn. 
bargbest  n.  goblin  [also  spelt  barguest,  bargesti  'ba:?-gest. 
baric  adj.  (of  barium)  'baezik,  'be:-^ik. 
baric  adj,  (of  weight;  barometric)  'baezik. 
baring  n.  (action  of  laying  bare;  surface  detritus)  'bei-eiq. 
barite  n.  (nativ  barium  sulfate;  barytes)  'be:-2ait. 
baritone  n.  see  barytone. 
barium,  n.  (metallic  element)  'he:-zi-am. 
barb  n.  vessel  [also  spelt  barquel  haizk, 
barkantine  n.  [also  spelt  barkentine,  barquantine,  barquen- 

tinel  'bazkan-tin. 
barley  n.  (grain)  "ba'.z-h. 
baroco  n.  [also  spelt  baroccol  ha^zoo-ko.     same  meaning  as 

baroque. 

c:  law,  b:  f wr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 

length-morlf  {:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \©tv^\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  fellowing  sy\\a\A^. 


44  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

baroko  n.  mood  of  syllogism  [also  spelt  harocol  bs'^oo-ko. 

barometer  n.  (instrument  for  measuring  atmospheric  pres- 
sure) ba'semi-ta?. 

baron  n.  (nobleman)  'baezdn. 

baroque  adj»  odd  [synonymous  cognate  haroco'\  bs'rook. 

barouobe  n.  (carriage)  bd'zouS. 

barozyton  n.  (musical  instrument)  bx'?eksi-ten. 

barrator  n.  fraudulent  barterer,  etc.  [also  spelt  harrater 
and,  in  the  sense  of  an  encourager  of  litigation,  harretor\ 
'baez3-t32. 

barrel  n.  (cask,  etc.)  'hatz^X. 

barrel  v.  [present  participle  barreling,  barrelling;  past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  barreled,  barrelled,  barreldl  'hxz^l. 

barren  adj.  (steril)  'hxz^n. 

barretor  n.  'baezi-ta?.     see  under  barrator, 

barricade  n.,  v.  bx^i^keed. 

barring  prep,  (excepting)  'bar-riq. 

barro'W  n.  (stretcher;  wheelbarrow)  'baero;  (dialectally) 
'baera. 

barml^e  adj.  baezolee;  (improperly)  bae^jolee.  same  mean- 
ing as  barruly. 

barmlet  n.  little  bar  [also  spelt  barrulettel  'baero-lat;  {im- 
properly) 'baezjo-lat. 

barriily  adj.  in  heraldry,  divided  into  little  bars  [synony- 
mous cognate  barrulSe}  'bae^o-h,  (improperly)  laae^jo-h. 

bars-gemel  n.pl,  (in  heraldry,  two  bars  near  together) 
'barez-dsemal. 

bartizan  n.  (turret)  'barti-zan,  bazti'zaen. 

baryeooia  n.  (deafness)  baezi-i'koi-s. 

baryta  n.  (barium  oxide)  bs'zai-ts. 

barytes  n.  (barite ;  heavy-spar)  ba'rai-tiz. 

barytone  adj.,  n.  [also  spelt  baritone"]  'baezi-ton. 

basal  adj.  (of  the  base ;  fundamental)  'bee-sa!. 

basale  n.  basal  part  [ploral  basalial  bs'see-h. 

basalt  n.  (volcanic  rock)  ba'scilt,  nbae-scU;  (improperly)  ba- 
'zc:lt,  'bee-sc:h. 

basan  n.  sheepskin  [also  spelt  bazan\  synonymous  cognate 
basanel  'baezan. 

basane  n.  ba'zeen.    same  meaning  as  basan. 

bas-bleu  n.  (bluestocking)  ba'bls: . 

base  n.,  adj.  [also,  in  music,  spelt  bass]  bees,    see  under  bass. 

bases  n.  (ploral  of  basis)  'bee-siz. 

bases  n.  (ploral  of  base)  'bee-siz. 

J  ye,    Qcure;  d  the,   6/Mn;   sarure,  d.-^/oy;    S  shoe,   tjc/iew; 
ww/ten;  ijsing',   u  whd7ever,  i  r^act,  o  iuVV,  owiool,  itt,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  serial,  Abut,  o:  door,  00 no,  t>ac^,  «,^%a\fc\ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  45 

vw  fi.  (pasha;  grandee)  bd'Sc: . 
Iiaioiik  n.  (Turkish  soldier)  bseji-bd'zouk. 
adj,  (of  a  kiss)  'bee-zi-at 

iNude  adjm  (of  a  base;  basal)  'bee-sik. 

basil  n.  (plant)  'baezil. 

basil  n.  ^eepskin  [also  spelt  baeill  'baezi}. 

basilar  adj,  (of  the  base  of  the  skull,  etc.)  'bssi-ld?,   (as' 
sumpHvly)  Inesildz;  (Jess  properly)  'baezi-ls?. 

bssilary  tidj,  (basilar)  'hstsiAzzi;  (less  properly)  "hxziAtzi. 

basilica  n.  royal  palace ;  oblong  church  [ploral  basilicas  and, 
rarely,  basilicae'\  bd'sih-ka;  {less  properly)  ba'zih-ka. 

baslHsk  n.  (fabulous  reptil)  'bxsi-tisk,  'bxzi-hsk. 

basin  a.   [also,  formerly,  sometimes   spelt   bason'\   'bee-ssn, 
nbee-sn;  {dialectally)  'bee-sin. 

basinet  w.  steel  headpiece  or  cap  [synonymous  cognate  bos- 
netl  TiMesi-nit. 

basion  n.  (middle  point  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  fora- 
men magnum  of  the  cranium)  'bee-si-sn. 

basipital  adj.  (directed  toward  the  base)  be'sipi-tl. 

basis  n.  base;  foundation  [ploral  bases']  'bee-sis. 

bask  V.  bathe,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit  basked,  baskt\ 
ba:sk,  ba:sk,  bx:sk. 

basket  n.  'ba:-skit,  'bai-skit,  'baei-skit,  'baeskit. 

basnet  n.  'baesNit.    same  meaning  as  basinet. 

Basque  n.  nativ  of  Biscay;  language  [also  spelt  Bask\  ba:sk, 
ba:sk,  bae:sk. 

basqne  n.  (skirt;  jacket)  ba:sk,  ba:sk,  bae:sk. 

bas-relief  n.  low  relief   [synonymous   cognate   bass-relief] 
ba:-zi1iif,  ba:s-ziliif;  {less  properly)  'ba:-^i-hif. 

bass  n.  fish  [also  spelt  basse]  ba:s,  ba:s,  baeis. 

bass  91.  (linden,  lime-tree)  ba:s,  ba:s,  b£:s. 

bass  adj,  in  music,  low,  deep,  grave  [originally  and  quite  as 
properly,  but  now  rarely,  spelt  base]  bees. 

bass  n.  low  part ;  base  voice ;  base  clef   [more  rarely,  but 
quite  as  properly,  spelt  base]  bees. 

basset  n.  (card-game)  'baesit,  bae'set. 

basset  n.,adj.,v,  (outcrop)  'baesit. 

basset  n.  (dog)  'baesit.  * 

bassinet  n.  (plant)  'baesi-net. 

bassinet  n.  hooded  basket  used  as  a  cradle  [also  spelt  bassi- 
nette] baesi'net,  'baesi-net. 

basso  adj.,  n.  (in  music^  base)  'ba:-so. 

bassoon  n.  (musical  instrument)  bae'soun,  bd'soun. 

c:  law,  b:  f f*r,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  go  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
Itngtb'tnark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \«^tv%\ 
stress^mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  following  s^Ws^Ae. 


46  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

^ ^ 1 

baaso-relieTo  n.  ba:-s3-7ilii-v3.  same  meaning  as-  bas-relief . 

baMO-rillevo  n.  hai-so-ziU'ee-vo,  same  meaning  as  bas- 
relief. 

baM-relief  n.  ba:s-7iliif.     same  meaning  as  bas-relief, 

bass-Tiol  n.  bees'vai-a}. 

baM'wood  n.  'ba:s-wod. 

bastard  n.,adj,  'baestdrd,  'ba:-st3zd. 

bastardize  z/.  [also  spelt  bastardise"}  'bxstdr-daiz. 

baste  V,  in  card-playing  [also  spelt  &a5^ ;  a  variant  of  beoj^ 
beest. 

bastile  n.  fortress  [also  spelt  bastille'\  bae'stiil,  baes'tiil;  ba- 
'stiil,  bas'tiil,  ba'stiil,  bas'tiil;  (also)  'bae-stil,  'ba:-stil. 

bastinado  n.  (beating)  b£sti'nee-d3. 

bastion,  n.  (projecting  earthwork)  'baestSan,  'bx^tSdn,  HbaestCdn. 

basyl  n.  electropositiv  constituent  [also  spelt  basylel  ^e- 
sil,  'bassil. 

bat  n.  (pack-saddle)  baet,  be: ,  ba: ,  ba:t. 

batata  n.  (sweet  potato)  b3'ta:-t3,  ba'tee-ta. 

batea  n.  (wooden  vessel)  'bati-3. 

batean  n.  boat  [also,  less  correctly,  spelt  batteau;  ploral 
bateaux,  batteauxl  bae'too,  ba'too. 

bateanz  n.  (plural  of  bateau)  bx'tooz,  ba'tooz. 

bath  n.  washing,  etc.  [plural  bathsl  ba:0,  ba:0,  bae:0. 

bathe  v.  (wash,  etc.)  beed. 

bathorse  n.  pack-horse  [synonymous  cognate  bawhorsel  'bset- 
he:?s,  'ba:-he:zs. 

bathos  n.  (depth;  descent  from  the  sublime  to  the  ridiculous; 
anticlimax)  'bee-9es. 

baths  n.  (ploral  of  bath)  ba:dz. 

batiste  n.  (cambric)  bs'tiist. 

batman  n.  man  in  charge  of  a  bathorse  [ploral  batmen] 
HDaet-man,  'bar-man. 

baton  n.  (staff;  wand;  truncheon)  bae'ten,  'baetan,  ba'teq,  'bae- 
ten. 

baton  V,  strike  with  a  baton ;  cudgel  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit batoned,  batond"]  'baetan,  bae'ten,  ba'teq,  'bae-ten. 

batrachia  n.  (frog-like  animals)  bd'tsee-ki-d. 

battalia  n.  (battle  array;  army)  bs'tar-lis. 

battalion  n.  (division  of  an  army)  bd'taelian. 

battel  n.  {usually  in  the  plural)  college  account  or  allowance 
[plural  battel,  also  battles,  battellsl  'baetl. 

battle  adj,  of  grass,  pasture,  soil,  or  land  [also  spelt  battell 
'baetl.  

/j^e,    gcure;  d  the,   8 //tin;   3  a2ure,  ds/oy;    S  j/toe,   tj  c/iew; 
wze^Aen;  ij  sing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  o  iu\\,  uwiooV,  liX,  \\^ee; 
o poetic;  9  over,   e^jerial,  Abwt,  o:  door,  ootvo,  e.\ie^,  «,^%a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  47 


battle  n.  fight  [also,  archaically,  spelt  battel'\  'bstl. 
Iiattledore  n.  bat;  racket;  game  [also  spelt  hattledoorl  'bse- 

battue  n.  (beating  of  bushes,  etc.,  to  drive  out  game)  bae- 
'tgou. 

battnre  n.  (elevated  river-bed,  etc.)  bae'tgo:;. 

bauble  n.  trinket,  etc.  [also  spelt  bawblel  'bobdl. 

baudekin  n.  fabric  [also  spelt  baudekyn;  synonymous  cog- 
nates baudkin,  bawdkin]  'bci-di-kin. 

banlk  v,  see  balk. 

bawbee  n.  Scotch  billon  coin;  cash  [also  spelt  baubee'\  bc:- 
iDii. 

h&vrl  v.,  n.  cry  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  bawled, 
bawldl  bc:i. 

bay  n.  of  various  origin  and  sense :  as,  berry ;  laurel ;  re- 
cess in  a  shore;  structural  division  of  a  building;  bay-win- 
dow ;  barking ;  position  of  a  hunted  animal ;  dam ;  second 
branch  of  a  stag's  horn;  baize;  color  [ploral  baysl  bee. 

bayadere  n.  Hindu  dancing-girl  [also  spelt  bayadeer;  syn- 
onymous cognate  bayadere"!  bce-a'di:?,  bee-ja'di:?. 

bayamo  n.  (wind  in  southern 'Cuba)  ba'ja:-nu>. 

bayonet  «.  (dagger)  'bee-a-nat;  (vulgarly)  iDee-nat. 

bayou  n.  (outlet  of  a  lake,  etc.)  'bai-o,  'bai-u. 

bazaar  n.  market  [also  spelt  bazar"]  bs'za:?. 

baziqne  n.  bs'ziik.     same  meaning  as  bezique, 

bdelUniii  n.  (gum-resin)  'delism,  'deli-sm. 

be  V.  bii,  (when  less  sir  est)  bi,  bi. 

beacb  n.  (shingle ;  seashore ;  strand)  biitS. 

beadsman,  n.  man  employed  in  praying,  etc.  [also  spelt 
bedesman;  former  synonymous  cognate  bedeman;  ploral 
beadsmen]  'biidz-man. 

bear  «.  (dialectal)  barley  [also,  formerly,  spelt  beare,  beer, 
berel  bi:r. 

bear  n.  (quadruped;  speculator  for  a  fall)  hz:z. 

bear  v.  carry,  sustain ;  push,  press ;  bring  forth ;  give  birth  to 
[past  participle  borne  and,  in  the  sense  of  give  birth  to, 
born;  preterit  bore]  ht:z. 

beard  n.  (hair  on  the  chin,  etc.)  bi:zd. 

beat  n.  (stroke;  round,  course)  biit. 

.beatifio  adj.  (making  blessed;  blissful)  bi-d'tifik. 

beatify  v.  bi'aeti-fai. 

beatitude  w.  (blessedness;  felicity)  bi'aeti-tgud. 

beau  n.  dandy;  lover  [ploral  beaus,  beaux]  boo. _^___ 

c:  low,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a*.  asV,  eiiVV^^N 

)engtb-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  la  \^n?,\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f eWoN^inft  svW^^i^^ 


48  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

'beau-ideal  n.  (model  of  excellence)  boo-ai'dii-at. 
bean  monde  ».  (the  fashionable  world)  boo'mend. 
beauteous  adj.  'bjou-ti-as,  'bjou-tgas;  (improperly)  'bjou-tjas. 
beautiful  adj.  'bjou-ti-fal,  (often)  Tsjuti-fal;  (also,  occasion- 
ally) 'bjou-ti-fol;  (dialectally)  'bjou-ta-f^l. 
beauty  n.  [ploral  beauties'!  'bjou-ti. 
beaux  n.  (ploral  of  beau)  booz. 

because  conj,  bi'ke:z,  (when  less  strest)  bdlcez,  balcsz,  kdz. 
becoafioo  n.  bird  [also  spelt  becafico"]  bekd'fii-ko. 
bedolotlies  n.  'bed-kL3odz,  'bed-kLooz. 
bedel  n.  (archaic)  beadle,  in  the  sense  of  a  subaltern  official 

or   servant   in   a   university    [synonymous   cognate    bedelll 

'bii-dl. 
bedell  n.  (archaic)  bi'del.    same  meaning  as  bedel. 
bedizen  v,  deck  out  [also  spelt  bedizsen;  past  participle  and 

preterit  bedizened,  bedizendl  bi'dizan,  bi'dizn,  bi'dai-zan. 
Bedouin  n.  (Arab  of  the  desert)  'bedu-in,  'bedu-in. 
bedstead  n.  [also  spelt  bedstedl  'bed-sted,  'bedstid. 
beech  n.  (tree)  biitS. 

bee-line  n.  (direct  or  straight  line)  'bii-lain. 
been  v»  (past  participle  of  be)  bin;   (also)  biin,  (when  un- 

strest)  bin;  (formerly)  be:n;  (dialectally)  ben. 
beer  n.  (drink)  hv.z, 
beet  n.  (plant)  biit. 
befall  V.  [also  spelt  befall  bi'fc:!. 
beg  n.  beg.    same  meaning  as  bey. 
beg  V.  ask  alms,  etc.   [past  participle  and  preterit  begged, 

begdl  beg;  (dialectally)  beeg. 
begonia  n.  (plant)  bi'g30-ni-3. 
beg^rimed  adj.  bi'g^aimd;  (improperly)  bi'grimd. 
beg^iile  v.  bi'gail;  (dialectally)  bi'gjail. 
begnini  n.  (queen,  Hindu  lady  of  rank)  'bii-gdm. 
behalf  n.  bi'haif,  bilia:f,  bi'haerf. 
behavior  n.  [also  spelt  behaviour"]  biTiee-viaz. 
behead  v.  [also  spelt  behedl  bi'hed. 
behemoth  n.   (large  animal)  bi'hii-maG,  bi'hii-me9,  Hbii-hi- 

meG. 
behoove  v.  [also  spelt  behovel  bi'houv,  bi'hoov. 
behove  v.  bi'houv,  bi'hoov.    see  behoove. 
belabor  v.  [also  spelt  belabour;  past  participle  and  preterit. 

belabored,  belabordi  bilee-bar. 
belch  V.  eject;  eructate  [past  participle  and  preterit  belched, 

belchtl  belts,  (also,  and  in  Britain  normally)  belj. 

Jjfe,    Qcure;   bthe,  0 //tin;   3  arure,  ds/oy;    I  shoe,   t^chew; 
ww^en;  ij  sinff;  tt  whoever,  i  r^act,  o  f  mU,  oufool,  itt,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  a  over,  e aerial.  Abut,  o:  door,  00 no,  tbed,  t,^%aVt\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  49 

lieldani  n.  granny;  hag  [also  spelt  beldame"]  'beldam. 

beieasver  v.  (besiege)  bilii-gd?. 

belemi&ite  n.  (dart-shaped  fossil)  'bebm-nait,  bi'lem-nait. 

bei  esprit  n.  [ploral  beaux  esprits]  bele'spsii. 

belief  n.  (reliance;  faith,  etc.)  bi'hif. 

believe  v«  have  faith,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit  be* 

lieved,  believdl  biliiv,  {often)  Wiiv,  bliv. 
belladonna  n.  (plant)  bels'dens. 
bell-boy  n,  (boy  who  answers  a  bell)  'bel-bei. 
bell-bnoy  n.  (buoy  surmounted  by  a  bell)  l>el-bou-i. 
belle  n.  (fair  lady)  bel. 
bellerio  n.  fruit  [also  spelt  beleric'\  bilezik. 
belles-lettres  n.  hsVXzi^z,  beriet£. 
belletrist  n.  [also  spelt  bellelettrist,  belles-lettreist]  belet£ist, 

bel1et£ist. 
bellicose  adj,  (warlike)  beh'k30s,  (assumptivly)  'beh-kos. 
belliserent  adj,  (waging  war)  balidss-zsnt,  be'hdsd-zsnt. 
belloiTS  n.  [ploral  bellows!  'beloz,  'belas. 
bellnine   adj,  of  beasts;   of  the    Belluae   [also,   sometimes, 

spelt  belluiii]  'beliu-in,  'beliu-ain. 
beU-vetber  n.  (a  leading  wether  or  sheep  on  whose  neck 

a  bell  is  hung)  'bel-weds?. 
beloved  adj.,n.  bilAvid. 

beloved  Vm  [past  participle  of  belovel  bi'lAvd. 
belvedere  n.   open   upper   story;    summerhouse    [also   spelt 

belviderel  belvi'di:?,  'belvi-di:?. 
bema  n.  platform,  etc.  [plural  bemata']  'bii-ma. 
bemata  n.  (plural  of  bema)  'bema-ts. 

benob  n.   (long  seat,  etc.)  bentS,  {also,  and  in  Britain  nor- 
mally) benS. 
beneatb  adv.,  prep,  bi'niiO,  bi'niid. 
benedick  n.  'beni-dik.     same  meaning  as  benedict. 
benedict  n.  newly  married  man  [synonymous  cognate  bene- 

dickl  Ijeni-dikt. 
Benedictine  adj.,n.  beni'dik-tin,  beni'diktin. 
benefice  n.  [also  spelt  benefisi  'beni-fis. 
beneficence  n.  bi'nefi-sans. 
beneficial  adj,  (of  benefit;  helpful)  beni'fiSsl. 
beneficiary  n.  beni'fi^i-ezi. 

Bengali  ajy.,n.  [also  spelt  Bengalee}  ben'gc:-li,  ben'ga:-U. 
benign  adj,  (kind;  gracious)  bi'nain. 
benignant  adj.  (kind;  beneficial)  bi'mgnsnt. 
benison  n.  (blessing)  'beni-zan,  'beni-sdn. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  ktte ; 

length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \€>tv%\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  fello'wing  s^WaXAt. 


52  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

biblical  adj.  (of  the  Bible)  'biUi-kd!. 

Biblioist  n.  'bibli-sist. 

bibliognost  n.  (one  verst  in  books)  'biUi-dg-nest,  'bibli-sg'* 

nost. 
bibliographer  n.  [also  spelt  bibliograferl  bibli'egsa-fd^. 
bibliosrapbio  adj.  [also  spelt  bibliografici  bibli-d'gzaefik. 
bibliog^apby  n.  description  of  books  [also  spelt  bibliografyl 

bibli'egza-fi, 
bibliomaniaeal  adj.  bibli-a-md'nai-d-kd}. 
bibliopbile  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  bibliophil']  'biUi-d-fai}, 

'bibli-3-fil. 
bibliothecal  ».  (of  a  library)  biUi-a'Oii-ksl ;  (/ejj  properly) 

biWi'eGi-kal. 
bibulous  adj.  (spongy;  bibacious)  'bibjo-lss. 
bioarbonate  n.  bai'ka:?-b3-net. 
biceps  n.  (two-headed  muscle)  'bai-seps. 
bicUoride  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  bichloridi  bai'kz.o^raid, 

(before  of)  bai'kLo:-eid. 
bioolored  adj.  [also  spelt  bicoloured,  bicolordi  'bai-kxldzd. 
bicycle  n.  'bai-si-kal,  (anteriorly)  'bai-sikal;  (a/jo,  less  prop- 
erly) 'bai-sai-kdl. 
bidet  n.   (small  horse;  bathing-vessel)  bi'det,  bi'dee,  'bidet, 

nbidi. 
bidon  n.  (army-kettle ;  canteen)  'bidsn. 
bidri  n.  metal-work  [also  spelt  bidry,  bidreel  'bidri,  'bidri. 
biennial  adj.  (occurring  once  in  two  years)  bai'eni-dl. 
bier  n.  (litter)  hv.z. 

bifarious  adj,  (twofold;  two-rowed)  bai'fe:-d-3s. 
bif erous  adj.  (bearing  twice  a  year)  'bifa-79s. 
bifid  adj.  (two-cleft;  forkt)  Ijifid,  'bai-fid. 
bifurcate  v.  (divide  into  two  forks)  bai'feir-ket. 
bigbt  n.  (loop ;  bay)  bait. 
bigot  n,  (intolerant  dogmatist)  'bigat. 
bijou  n.  jewel  [ploral  bijoux']  bi'sou,  'bii-3u. 
bijouterie  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  bijouiry']  bi'sou-tsi,  bi- 

'3ou-t3-ri. 
1>iJiiSAte  adj.  (bearing  two  overlapping  profile  heads;  two- 

paird)  bai'dsqu-get,  'bai-dso-get. 
bijugous   adj.    (two-paird)   bai'dsou-gas,   'bai-dsou-gas,   Hbi- 

dso-gss. 
bilabiate  adj.  bailee-bi-et ;  (erroneously)  bailaebi-et. 
bilander   n.    vessel    [also    spelt    bylanderl    'bilsn-ds;,   1!)ai- 

}an-d3?. 

J  ye,    gcure;  d  the,   Qth'in;   5  a^ure,  d$joy;    S  shoe,   tS  cAew; 

wze//ien;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  a  iu\V,  owiool,  i  it,  lis^e; 

o poetic;  pQver,  e  aerialf  ^h^\.f  o;dooT,  00  no,  t\ic^  t.fe\y*fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  53 

Ulberry  «.  [also  spelt  billberry}  'bil-be^i. 

billet  n.  (note;  order)  'biht. 

billet  fi.  (stick;  bar;  molding)  'biht. 

billet»doiiJC  n.  love-note  [ploral  billets-douxl  bile'dou,  bi}i> 
Moil. 

bUlets-doiuc  n.  (ploral  of  billet-doux)  bile'douz,  bih'douz. 

Binuu&a  n,pL  (two-handed  mammals)   'bims-ns,  'bai-ma-ns. 

binutnons  adj.  (two-handed)  'bims-nas,  'bai-ma-nas. 

bimontlily  adj.  (occurring  once  in  two  months)  bai'mAnOz.!, 
(by  contrast,  etc)  bai'mAnO-li;  (assumptivly)  'bai-mAnBz.i. 

Unarj'  adj.,n,  (twofold;  double;  twin)  'bai-na-ei. 

bindery  n.  'bain-da-zi,  'bain-dri. 

binnacle  n.  compass-box  [also,  formerly,  spelt  binacle'\  131- 
nd-kd}. 

binoole  n.  (field-glass  or  opera-glass  having  tubes  for  both 
eyes)  tmd-kdl. 

binoenlar  adj,  hi'nekqoAsz,  bai'nekgu-ld?. 

binomial  adj,  (two-named;  two-termd)  bai'noo-mi-dl. 

binonide  n.  [also  spelt  binoxyde  and,  sometimes,  binoxidi 
bai'nek-said,  (before  of)  bai'neksid. 

biogenesii  n.  (genesis  of  life  from  life)  bai-s'dseni-sis. 

biog^aplier  n.  [also  spelt  biografer'\  hai'egz^-isz. 

biog^rapliio  adj.  [also  spelt  biograficl  bai-s'gzaefik. 

biog^apby  n.  [also  spelt  biografy]  bai'egzs-fi. 

biologio  adj,  bai-sledsik. 

biolog:y  n.  (science  of  life)  bai'els-dsi. 

biometry  n.  (measurement  of  life)  bai'emi-t£i. 

bionomics  n.  bai-d'nemiks. 

biparoiM  adj.  (bringing  forth  two)  'bipa-^as;  {less  properly) 
bai'pe:-?3s,  'bai-pa-?3s. 

bipartite  adj,  (in  two  parts)  bai'paz-tait ;  {less  properly) 
'bip33-tait,  fcai'paetit. 

biped  n„  adj,  'bai-ped. 

bipedal  adj.  (of  two  feet)  'bai-pi-dl,  'bipi-dl;  (less  properly) 
'bai-pedl,  bai'pii-dl,  'bai-pii-dl. 

biplicate  adj.  (twice  folded)  'bipz.i-ket,  nbai-pti-ket;  (im- 
properly) bai'ptiket. 

bird  n,  bB:zd,  (locally)  hsid;  (dialectally)  bsid. 

biretta  «.  cap  [also  spelt  birretta,  berretta}  bi'^eta. 

birtb  n.  (the  fact  of  being  born;  nativity)  hs:zQ, 

birtbday  n.  (anniversary  of  one's  birth)  'bi:^9-de,  (assump- 
tivly) 'be^G-di. 

birtbday  n.  (day  on  which  one  was  born)  'batsO-dee. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  x  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a;  far,  ao  now,  a*,  osk,  aiV\t^\ 

\engtb-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  la  \«>tv%\ 

stress-mark  ()  indi^t^§  qbi^f  §tre§s  op  the  ioUowiti^  s^\U>c\^^ 


54  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

bisonit  n.  (cracker;  cake)  'biskit. 

hink.  n.  odds  at  tennis  [also  spelt  bisquel  bisk. 

bismutli  n.  (metal)  'bizmsO,  'bisMsO. 

bismutliiii  n.  [also  spelt  bismuthinel  'bizma-Oin. 

bison  n.  (aurochs;  buffalo)  'bai-san,  'bai-zsn,  Hbisan,  'bizsn. 

bisque  n.  soup  [also  spelt  bisk'\  bisk. 

bisque  n.  (variety  of  porcelain)  bisk. 

bissextile  adj,  containing  the  bissextus  or  intercallary  day : 

said  of  leap-year  [also  spelt  bissextill  bi'sekstil. 
bister  n.  brown  pigment  [also  spelt  bistrel  'bistaz. 
bisnlpbide   n.    [also,    sometimes,   spelt   bisulphid,    bisulfidi 

bai'sAl-faid,  {before  of)  bai'sAlfid. 
bit  n.  boring-piece;   mouthpiece,  etc.   [also,  in  some  senses, 

sometimes  spelt  bitf]  bit. 
bitt  n.  post  on  a  ship's  deck,  for  fastening  cables  [also,  less 

often,  spelt  &«0  bit. 
bitumen,  n.  (asphaltum,  etc.)  bi'tgou-msn,  Hbitgo-mdn. 
bituminous  adj.  bi'tgou-mi-nas. 
bivalent  adj.  'biva-lant,  'bai-vce-lant. 
bivalve  n.  [also  spelt  bivalv'\  'bai-valv. 
bivious  adj.  (having  two  ways)  'bivi-as,  'bai-vi-3s. 
bivouac  n.   [also  spelt  bivouackl   'bivu-ak,   'biv-waek;    {less 

properly)  'bai-vu-ak,  nDii-vu-aek. 
bivouac  v.  encamp  [also  spelt  bivouack;  present  participle 

bivouacking,  past  participle  and  preterit  bivouacked,  bivou- 

ackt'\  'bivu-aek,  'biv-waek. 
bivouacked  v.  'bivu-aekt,  'biv-wakt.     see  bivouac, 
bizarre  adj.  (odd,  fanciful)  bi'za:?. 
blackamoor  n.  (negro)  'blaeka-mo:?,  'blaekd-mo:?. 
blackg^iard  n.   (rough;  scoundrel)  'blx-ga^d;   {erroneously) 

'hiask-gaizd. 
blamable  adj,  [also  spelt  blameable'\  'blee-ms-bd!. 
blanc  n.  (silver  coin)  blaeqk. 
blanch  v.   [past  participle  and  preterit  blanched,   blanchtl 

blarntS,    blaintS,    blaintS;    {also,    and    in    Britain    normally) 

bla:nS,  blatnS,  blainj. 
blancmange  n.    (white   food;   white   jelly)    bb'mends,   bla- 

'mens. 
blas6  adj.  (tired  of  enjoyment)  bla'zee,  'bla:-ze. 
blaspheme  v.  blas'fiim,  blaes'fiim;  {less  properly)  'blae-sfim. 
blasphemer  n.  blas'f li-ms^ ;  {less  properly)  'blae-sfimar. 
blasphemous   adj.    (uttering  blasphemy,   etc.)    'bla:-sf i-mas ; 

{less  properly)  blas'fii-mas. 

JJ^e,    gcure;  d  the,   0f/tin;   5  asure,  ds/oy;    S  ^Aoe,   tSrAew; 
wwAcn;  tj  sing;   u  whoever,  i  react,  oiu\\,  oMiodV,  \\\.,  \lace; 
o poetic;  9  over,   e serial.  Abut,  o:  door,  00 no,  t\ic^,  «.t^a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  55 

Uasphemy    n.    (profanity)    'b}a:-sf i-mi ;    (dialectally)    'bis- 
sfi-mi. 

Iilast  n.,v,  (blow,  puff,  etc.)  b}a:st,  b}a:st,  b}se:st. 

1ilasteiii.a  n.  [ploral  blastetnata'\   blaes'tii-ma. 

Iilasteinata  n.  (ploral  of  blastema)  blaes'tema-td,  blaes'tii-md- 
td. 

Maatide  n.  (the  clear  space  on  each  segment  of  a  fecundated 
ovum)  'bla&stid,  'Us-staid. 

Iilastocoele  n.  (germ-cavity)  'blaesta-siil. 

Iilastiila  n.  [plural  blastulael  'blaest^u-la,  'blxstSu-ld. 

blatant  adj.  noisy  [also,  formerly,  spelt  blattant}  'blee-tnt; 
formerly,  probably)  'blaetnt. 

blay  n.  the  bleak,  a  fish  [also  spelt  bleyl  blee. 

blazon,  v,  depict;  boast  of  [past  participle  and  preterit  bla- 
zoned, blasond'l  'Wee-zan,  'blee-zn. 

bleat  V.  (cry  as  a  sheep,  etc.)  bhit. 

blend  v,  mix  [past  participle  blended,  blent;  preterit  blend- 
ed} blend. 

blende  n.  (zink-ore)  blend. 

Uesbok  n.  antelope  [also  spelt  blessbokl  l>les-bek. 

blessed  adj,  holy,  adorable;  happy;  pleasurable;  endowd  with 
healing  virtues;  cursed  [also,  in  poetry,  sometimes  spelt 
blest}  nWesid,  {also,  in  poetry,  as  in  *  Blest  Three  in  One 
and  One  in  Three)  blest. 

blessed  v.  past  participle  and  preterit  of  bless  [also  spelt 
blest'l  blest. 

ble^ir  V,  (preterit  of  blow)  blou. 

bUssful  adj.  'blisfal. 

blithe  adj.,  adv.  blaid,  blaiO. 

bUthefnl  adj.  (joyous)  'blai5-fol,  'blaid-fal,  'blaiG-fal. 

blitbeness  n.  'blaid-nis,  'blaiO-nis. 

blithesome  n.  'blaid-sam,  'blaiO-ssm. 

blohe  n.  fellow  [also  spelt  bloak}  blook. 

Uond  adj.  [also,  with  reference  to  a  woman,  often  spelt 
blonde}  blend. 

blond  n.  (man  or  boy  with  blond  hair)  blend. 

blond  n.  lace  [also  spelt  blonde}  blend. 

blonde  n.  (a  woman  or  girl  with  blond  hair)  blend. 

blotch  n.  (skin-eruption ;  spot)  bletS. 

blonse  n.  garment  [also  spelt  blowse}  blaoz;  (less  properly) 
Uaos,  blouz. 

bloirze  n.  (a  ruddy,  fat-faced  wench)  blaoz. 

bloirzy  adj.  fat  and  ruddy  [also  spelt  blowsy}  'blao-zi. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  xcat,  ebot,  01  boy;  a:  far,  go  now,  a:  ask,  aiVite*, 

lengtb-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \Qtvs\ 

9tre99-mark  ()  indicates  chief  ^tre^?  pu  the  fQUowing  sy\\a\)U' 


56  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

bludgeon  n.  (heavy  stick)  'blAdssn. 

blue  n.  (color,  etc.)  biou;  (dialectally)  bHou. 

blnnderbuBB  n.  [also,  formerly,  spelt  blunderbusl    'blAndd?- 

bAS. 

boa  n.  (serpent)  'boo-3. 

boar  n.  (wild  hog)  ho:z, 

boats'wain    n.    [synonymous    cognate    boson"}    lx>ot-su}een, 

(colloquially  and  nautically)  'boo-s9n,  'boo-sn. 
bobbin  n.  reel  [also,  formerly,  spelt  bobini  'bobin. 
bodice  n.  [also  spelt  boddice,  bodis"}  'bodis. 
Bodleian  adj.  (of  T.  Bodley)  'bedli-an,  bodlii-3n. 
Boeotian  adj.,  n.  bi'oo-San,  bi'DO-Ji-sn 

Boer  n.  [also,  formerly,  spelt  Boor"}  bo:?;  {less  properly)  bo:?. 
bogey  n.  [ploral  bogeys']  'boo-gi.     same  meaning  as  bogy. 
boggle  n.  wagon;  truck  [also  spelt  bogy,  bogey,  ploral  bogies'] 

'boo-gi. 
bog^y  n.  devil,  hobgoblin,  bugbear  [also  spelt  bogie,  bogey  \ 

ploral  bogies']  'boo-gi. 
bohea  n.  (tea)  bo'hii. 
boil  n.   furuncle   [dialectal   synonymous  cognate   bile}   bei!; 

{dialectally)  bcil,  bail. 
boil  V,  reach  the  boiling  point;  bubble,  seethe  [dialectal  syn- 
onymous cognate  bile;  past  participle  and  preterit  boiled, 

boild]  boil;  {dialectally)  bcil,  bail. 
boisterous  adj.  [also,  formerly,  sometimes  spelt  boistroiis} 

'boi-stj3s,  'b0I-St3-?3S. 
boisterously  adv.  'boi-stjas-h,  'boi-st3?3S-h. 
bole  n.  opening  in  a  wall  [also  spelt  boat]  bool. 
bolero  n.  (Spanish  dance)  bo'le:-zo. 
bolide  n.  (meteor)  'boo-hd,  'boo-laid,  'be-laid. 
boll  n.  (rounded  pod ;  knob)  bool. 
boll  n.  (capacity-measure)  boot. 
boll-'wonn  n.  'boo}-WB:?m. 
bolster  n.  'bool-sta?;  {dialectally)  'bolstd?. 
bomb  n.  (explosiv  shell)  bom,  bxm. 
bombard  v,  bem'barzd,  bAm'ba:?d. 

bombard  n.  (cannon ;  bomb-ketch)  'bom-bard,  ^bAm-baed. 
bombardier  n.  (soldier,  etc.)  bomba^'di:?,  bAmba?'di:r. 
bombardment  n.  bem'ba:?d-m3nt,  bAm'ba:?d-m3nt. 
bombast  n.  (big  talk)  'bom-ba:st,  'bAm-ba:st. 
bombastic  adj,  bem'ba:-stik,  bAm'bar-stik,  bom'bastik. 
bombazine  n.  fabric  [also  spelt  bombasine,  bombasin"]  bom- 

ba'ziin,  bAmba'ziin;  {less  properly)  'bemba-zin. 

J  ye,    gcure;  d  the,   0  thin;   5  a^ure,  dj/oy;    I  shoe,   tScfcew; 
wzvAen;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  o  iu\V,  oM.ioo\,  \\t,  Vi%ee\ 
o poetic;  o  over,   e  flferial,  Abut,  o:  doot,  ootvo,  t.\ie^,  tt^a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  57 

bombshell  n.  1)0111-$ e},  'bAm-Seh 

bona-fide  adj.  b30-nd'fai-di,  (assutnptivly)  'boo-nd-fai-di; 
(erroneously)  'boo-na-faid. 

bonanza  n.  (mine  of  wealth)  bs'nsenzd. 

bonbon  n.  (sugar-plum,  candy)  'ben-ben. 

bonbomie  n.  [also  spelt  bonhotnmie']  bend'mii. 

Bonifaoe  n.  (landlord)  l>eni-fees. 

bon  mot  n.  witticism  [ploral  bans  motsl  beg'moo. 

bonne  n«  (nursemaid)  ben. 

bonnet  n.  'benit;  {dialectally)  'bAnit. 

bonnet-ronge  n.  (liberty-cap,  etc.)  be-nce'rous. 

bonny  adj.  (beautitul;  gay)  'beni. 

bonnyolabber  n.  (clotted  sour  milk)  'beni-kz.xba?. 

bon-ton  n.  (high  tone;  good  breeding;  polite  society)  beg' 
'teg. 

bon-vivant  n.  (good  liver;  jovial  chap)  beQ-vi'veg. 

bony  adj.  (of  bones)  'boo-ni. 

bonze  n.  (Buddhist  monk)  benz,  (rarely)  'benzi. 

bookkeeper  n.  'bok-kii-ps? ;  (less  properly)  'bo-kip97. 

boor  n.  (countryman)  bo:?. 

booth  n.  (tent,  stall,  etc.)  bouO,  boud. 

booie  V.  drink  deeply  [also  spelt  boose,  house,  house;  synon- 
ymous cegnate  bowse;  past  participle  and  preterit  boosed, 
boosdl  bouz. 

booiy  adj.  [also  spelt  boosyl  'bou-zi. 

boraoio  adj.  (of  borax)  bo'^sesik. 

borage  n.  [also,  formerly,  spelt  borrage,  burr  age,  burridge"] 
'bATids ;  (less  properly)  'bo^ids,  'boi-^ids. 

borax  n.  ^o:-z9ks,  'ho:-zxka. 

bore  n,  (one  who,  or  that  which,  causes  ennui)  ho:z. 

boreal  adj.  (of  the  north)  'bo:-?i-3l. 

boride  n.  'bo:-?aid,  (before  of)  'bo:-rid. 

bom  adj.  (possessing  a  given  quality  from  birth;  innate) 
be:7n. 

bom  V.  (past  participle  of  bear  in  the  sense  of  give  birth  to, 
as  young)  heizn. 

borne  v.  (past  participle  of  bear  in  all  senses  except  give 
birth  to,  as  young)  hoizn. 

borongk  n.  [also  spelt  borol  bo^o,  (also,  in  England  and 
eastern  New  England)  liAzo;  (dialectally)  'bora,  ^az9. 

borro'W  v,  take  on  pledge  [past  participle  and  preterit  bor- 
rowed, borrowdl  'boro;  (dialectally)  'hez^. 

boscage  n.  woods  [also  spelt  boskage"]  'boskids. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  ehot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  go  now,  a:  osk,  aiV^ite; 

length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \otv%\ 

gtress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  tellowing  s^WaXAe. 


58  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

bosl&bok  n.  antelope  [also  spelt  boschbokl  'be$-bek.  com- 
pare bushbok,  bushbuck, 

bosket  n.  groove  [also  spelt  bosquet;  synonymous  cognate 
buskef]  'beskit. 

bosom  n.  (breast)  'bozdm,  'buu-zdm. 

boson  n.  'boo-ssn,  'boo-sn.     same  meaning  as  boatswain. 

bot  n.  worm,  maggot  [also  spelt  bott}  bet. 

botanio  adj.  bs'taenik. 

botaniie  v.  [also  spelt  botanisel  'betn-aiz. 

botany  n.  (science  of  plants)  'betn-i,  'beta-ni. 

botcb  n.,  V.  bungle  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit 
botched,  botcht}  betj. 

botby  n.  hut  [also  spelt  bothiel  'beOi. 

bondoir  n.  (lady's  private  room)  'bou-dwe:?,  bu'dwo:?;  (al- 
so) 'bou-dwc:^,  'bou-dwa:?,  etc. 

bonf f e  n.  (comic  opera)  bouf. 

bongb  ft,  (branch  of  a  tree)  bao. 

bongie  n.  (waxlight)  'bou-si,  'bou-51. 

bonilli  n.  (boild  meat)  'bou-ji,  'boul-ji,  bu'jii,  boul'jii. 

bonillon  n.  (clear  soup)  'buu-jei],  'boul-jei] ;  bu'jei],  bul'joQ ; 
{erroneously)  'bolign. 

bonl  n.  bend,  ring  [also  spelt  booll  bouh 

bonlder  n.  loose  rock  [also  spelt  bowlderl  'bool-dd?. 

bonle  n.  (Greek  legislativ  council)  'buu-h. 

bonle  n.  boul.    same  meaning  as  buhl, 

boulevard  n.  (broad  street)  'bou-la-vorrd ;  (less  often)  'boul- 
\azd,  'boul-vQ?. 

bonlevardier  n.  (one  who  frequents  a  boulevard)  bul-va?- 
di'ee,  'bou-la-var-de:?. 

bouleTersement  n.  (a  turning  upside  down)  burvB:7s-m3nt, 
bula'vBirs-mant,  bul-vers'meq. 

bonndary  n.  [ploral  boundaries!  'baoun-ds-ri,  'boon-dn. 

bonnteons  adj,  'baon-ti-3s;  (erroneously)  'baon-tSas. 

bonqnet  n.  (nosegay ;  odor  of  wine)  bo'kee ;  (less  properly) 
'bou-ke,  bo'kee. 

bonqnetin  n.  (ibex)  buka'taeq,  buk'taeq,  'bou-ka-tin. 

Bonrbon  n,  ^hoiz-hsn. 

bonrdon  n.  organ>stop  [also  spelt  burdoun'i  'bo:7-den,  ^hoiz- 
dan. 

bonrgeois  n.  [also  spelt  burgeoisl  ber'dseis. 

bourgeois  n,  (citizen)  'bo:?-3wa,  bur'swe. 

bonrgeoisie  n.   (middle  class)  bD?3wa'zii,  bo^swe'zii. 

bourn  n.  bound,  goal  [also  spelt  bourne"]  botrn,  hoizn. 

J  ye,    gcure;  bike,   8  */tin;   3  arure,  d3/oy;    S  j/ioe,   tjc/iew; 
wzc'/ien;  Qsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiu\\,  oMiool,  itt,  lis^e; 
o poetic;  9 over,  e aerial,  Abut,  0:  door,  ootvo,  t\ie^,  ^^^a\.t\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  59 

bonm.  n.  stream,  brook  [also  spelt  bournel  hoizn, 

bonmons  n.  boz'nous.     same  meaning  as  bumoose. 

bourse  n.  (stock-exchange)  hoizs. 

bovse  z/.  baoz,  bouz.    same  meaning  as  boose. 

bouse  V,  haul  with  tackle  [also  spelt  bowsel  baos. 

bonse  n.  (ore  mixt  with  veinstone)  baos,  bous. 

bonstropliedoii.  n.  (a  turning  back  and  forth  as  of  an  ox 
in  plowing:    a  mode  of  Greek  writing)  bustja'fii-dn. 

boTii&e  adj.  (ox-like)  'boo-vain,  'boo-vin;  'boo-vin. 

bo'W  n.  (inclination  of  the  head)  bao. 

boir  V,  bend,  as  the  body  or  neck;  make  a  bow  [past  partici- 
ple and  preterit  bowed,  bowd"]  bao. 

bo'W  n.  (weapon)  b30. 

boir  V,  make  into  the  form  of  a  bow ;  curve :  as,  *bow  a  rib- 
bon; perform  by  means  of  a  bow  upon  a  stringd  instru- 
ment :  as,  '^bow  a  passage  well  [past  participle  and  prete- 
rit bowed,  bowdl  boo. 

bo'W  n.  (forward  part  of  a  ship)  bao. 

hovr  n.  (local)  herd  of  cattle  [also  spelt  bu\  bou. 

bowle-luiifo  n.  'boo-i-naif;   (dialectally)  'bou-i-naif. 

bo'W-knot  n.  'boo-net. 

bowl  n.  (large  concave  dish)  boot. 

bowl  n.  (ball  used  in  playing  bowls  or  skittles)  bool;  (dia- 
lectally) baol,  boul. 

bourl  V,  play  at  bowls;  move  horizontally,  as  a  ball  [past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  bowled,  bowld}  boot 

bo^rlder  n.  see  boulder, 

bow-legs®d  adj,  'boo-legid,  'boo-legd. 

bowline  n.  rope  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  bowlinl  'boo-hn,  'boo- 
lain;  (less  properly)  Tjao-hn,  'bao-lain. 

bourse  n.  baoz.    same  meaning  as  boose. 

boursprit  n.  spar  projecting  from  a  ship's  stem  [synony- 
mous cognate  boltsprW]  'boo-spsit,  'bao-spsit. 

bow-'window  n.  boo'windo. 

boy  ».  male  child ;  youth  [ploral  boysl  bei ;   (dialectally)  bci. 

boyar  n.  title  [synonymous  cognate  bayard^  bei'a:?,  'boi-ar. 

boyard  n.  'bei-ard,  'bei-ar.     same  meaning  as  boyar. 

boycott  n,,  v.  'bei-ket. 

bracoiale  n.  (torch-bracket,  etc.)  b?aeksi'ee-h. 

braoli  n,  (hound ;  bitch-hound)  brsetS,  hzxk. 

braol&ial  adj.  (of  the  arm)  'b^aeki-^l,  'b^aekgal,  'bree-ki-al. 

braoliiale  n.  brachial;  reliquary  in  the  shape  of  a  hand  or 
forearm  [ploral  brachialial  b^3eki'ee-h. 

c:  law,  b:  iur,  secat,  o  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  go  now,  a:  osk,  aiV.tX.e*, 

length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding   sound  is  \otv%\ 

atress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f  ellowmc  svWaXAe 


60  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

braoUate  adj.   'b?ee-ki-et,   'bree-ki-3t,  lizee-kq^t;  1)23610-61, 

'b?aeki-3t,  'braekgat. 
Brachiata  n„pl,  (order  of  crinoids)  b^seki'ee-td. 
brachiopod   n.    [ploral   hrachiopods,    brachiopoda;    synony- 
mous cognate  brachiopodel  'bzaeki-d-ped. 
Brachiopoda  n.  pL  bzaeki'eps-dd. 

bracbiopode  n.  'braeki-d-pod.     same  meaning  as  hrachiopod, 
bracbimn  n.  [ploral  brachial  'beree-ki-dm,  'brxki-am. 
bracbyural  adj,  (short-taild)  b?xki'jo:-?d}. 
braoteifomi  adj,  (bract-shaped)  'bzxkti-i-fe:?m. 
braoteolate  adj.  1>zaekti-d-}et,  brxk'tii-d-let. 
braggadocio  n.  (braggart;  boasting)  brxgd'doo-So- 
braggart  n.  [former  synonymous  cognate  braggardi  'bzaegdzt. 
brabma  n.  (hen)  'b^oma. 

Brabman  n.  [synonymous  cognate  Brahmin}  1>;a:-m3n. 
Brabmanee  n.   [synonymous  cognate  Brahmineel  'b;a:-m9- 

ni. 
brabminy  adj.   (devoted  to  Siva  by  the   Brahmans)   ^bza:- 

mi-ni. 
braize  v,  stew  in  gravy  [also  spelt  braise;  past  participle  and 

preterit  braized,  braisdl  breez. 
brake  n.  (motion-arrester;  large  fern)  breek. 
Bramab  adj,    (in    *Bramah   lock,   *Bramah   press)    'b^aema, 

'bra:-ma. 
brancb  n.  (bough,  etc.)  b?a:ntS,  b;a:ntS,  b?£:ntS ;  {also,  and  in 

Britain  normally)  brarnj,  beainj,  b^aeinj. 
brancbia  n.  gill  [rarely  used  in  the  singular;  ploral  bran- 

chiael  'beaegki-a. 
branobiae  n.  (ploral  of  branchia)  'b?aei]ki-i: . 
brand-ne'W   adj,    [also,    sometimes,    spelt   bran-new}    b?sen- 

'njou,   (assumptivly)   'braen-njou;    (also,  less  often)   bzaend- 

'njou,  (assumptivly)  'braend-njou. 
brass  n.  (metal)  b?a:s,  b?a:s,  hzxis. 
brass  n.  (European  measure  of  length)  hzxa. 
brassage  n.  (tax  for  coining)  'bra.'-sids,  'b?aesid3. 
brassard  n.  arm-cover  [synonymous  cognate  brassart}  lazst- 

S9?d,  b?3'sa:?d. 
brassart  v»  ^zxs^zt,  hz^'saizt.    same  meaning  as  brassard. 
brasse  n.  (European  bass,  a  fish)  braes. 
brassio  adj,  (of  Brassica)  'braesik. 
brassy  adj,  (of  brass ;  brazen)  'b?a:-si. 
brattice  n.  partition,   etc.   [also   spelt   brattis;   synonymous 

cognates  brettice,  brettisl  Is^aetis. 

/j/e,   gcure;  d  the,   0 /Ain;  saxrure,  ds/oy;   S  jAoe,   tjc/iew; 
wwAen;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  ir^act,  o  iu\\,  ouiooV,  i\\.,  \\see; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Ab«t,  o:  door,  oono,  t\ied,  ^^\^a\fc\ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  61 

liratticiiLg  n.  openwork  cresting,  etc.  [also  spelt  brattising; 

synonymous  cognate  brattishingi  'brxti-sii]. 
Iiravado  n.  (boastful  menace)  hzs'vai-do,  brs'vee-do. 
bravo  n.  bandit  [ploral  bravos,  bravoes}  'bzai-vo,  'beee-vo. 
bravo  inter j.  (well  done!  good!)  'b^a:-vo;   (rarely)  'bree-vo. 
bravnra  n.  (dash;  florid  or  brilliant  air)  hz9\o:-z9, 
braze  v,  (cover  or  ornament  with  brass;  solder)  bzeez. 
bramen  adj,  of  brass;  strong;  impudent  [also  spelt  brasen\ 

nbeee-zdn,  'bece-zn. 
brazier  n.  pan  [also  spelt  brasier"]  'hzee-zi-sz,  (older)  'b?ee- 

S9z;  (erroneously)  Tjree-zar. 
brazil  In   n.  red  coloring-matter   of   Brazil-wood   [also   spelt 
braeiline,  brasilin,  brasiline;  synonymous  cognate  brezilinel 
txTsezi-lin. 
breaoh  n.  (break ;  rupture)  briitS. 
bread  n.  food  [also  spelt  br^d]  hzed, 
breadth  n.  width ;  broadness  [also  spelt  bredthl  hzedQ ;  (less 

properly)  beetG. 
break  v.,n,  (fracture)  b^eek,  (when  unstrest)  hzek. 
breakfast   n.    first    meal    [also    spelt    brek fasti    'b^ek-fsst, 

'b^ekfsst. 
breast  n.  mamma,  etc.  [also  spelt  brestl  b^est. 
breatk  n.  exhalation,  etc.  [also  spelt  brethi  hzeQ. 
breatke   v.   respire    [past   participle   and   preterit   breathed, 

breathd}  hziid. 
breccia  h.  (conglomerate  with  angular  fragments)  'hzetl^. 
breecH  n.  (hinder  part)  bziit$. 
breeck  v.  (put  into  breeches,  etc.)  b^iitS,  hzit^. 
breeckes  n,pl.    (garment)   'bntjiz,   (rarely)   'brii-tjiz. 
breeckins  n.  (in  all  senses)  'bntjii],  'bni-tSiq. 
breeks  n.pl.  (breeches,  trousers)  briiks. 
brere  n.  bzv.z.     same  meaning  as  brier, 
bretesse  n.  (tower;  projecting  structure)  bre'tes. 
bretkren  n.  (ploral  of  brother)  'b^ed^an;   (improperly)  'bre- 

b9zn. 
bretzel  n.  'bretsal.     same  meaning  as  pretzel. 
breve  n.  (letter;  note;  short-mark)  briiv. 
brevet  n.  (letter;  license)  b^i'vet,  'b^evit. 
breviary  n.  (brief  statement;  church  book)  'b^Ii-vi-e^I,  'b^ii- 

vi-3-ri,  'hzii'Vi^-zi,  'b^evi-e^i. 
brevier  n.  (type)  b^i'vi:?. 

breir  v,  prepare  from  malt;  mix  [past  participle  and  preterit 
brewed,  breivd}  hzou. 

c:  law,  b:  ft*r,  a^cat,  0  hot,  01  boy;  a:  far,  go  now;,  a:  osk,  ai\^\t.e\ 

length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \otv%\ 

stress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f ellowing  s^WaUt. 


62  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

brewer  n.  (one  who  brews)  'hzau-^z. 

briar  n.  'beai-3z.    see  brier, 

brio-a-brao  n.  [also  spelt  bric-d-bracl  ^hzik^-bzxk. 

brioole  n.   (catapult;   side-stroke;  harness)   bziHoo},  'hzik9\ 

bridal  adj.  (of  a  bride)  'b?ai-dl,  Tjeai-dal. 

bridle  n.  (head-gear  of  a  harness)  'bzai-dl. 

bridoon  n.  snaffle,  bit  [synonymous  cognate  bradooni  hzi 

'doun. 
brief  adj.  (short,  etc.)  beiif. 
brier  n.  bush  [also  spelt  briar  \  synonymous  cognate  brere 

'b?ai-3?. 
brigadier  n.  (commander  of  a  brigade)  bnga'di:?. 
brigand  n.  (freebooter)  'brigand,  laei-gaend. 
.  brigandine  n.  coat  of  fence  [synonymous  cognate  brigan 

tinel  'bzigan-din,  'bzigan-din. 
brigantine   n.   'bzigsn-tin,   'b?igdn-tin.     same    meaning   a 

brigandine. 
brigantine  n.   (two-masted  vessel)   'bzigan-tin,   'b^igsn-tii 

'beigan-tain. 
brillante  adv,  (in  music,  brilliant,  dashing)  bri'la:n-ti,  b?i] 

la:n-te. 
brilliant  adj.,  n.  'hziii^nt. 
brilliantine  n.  (cosmetic)  'bziHan-tin. 
brilliolette  n.  b^ilis'let.    same  meaning  as  brillolette. 
brillolette  n.  bzilslet.     same  meaning  as  briolette. 
brimfnl  adj.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  brimfulll  bnm'ful,  (aj 

sumptivly)  'beim-fol. 
brimmed  adj.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  britndl  b?imd,  (also,  i 

poetry)  'brimid. 
brinjal  n.  eggplant  [also  spelt   brinjaul,  brinjall,   brinjaal 

'bein-dsc:!. 
brinjarree  n.  pedler  of  grain  and  salt  [also  spelt  brinjaret 

brinjarryl  hzm^dyezi,  b^in'dso:-?!. 
briolette  n.  diamond  [also  spelt  briolet;   synonymous  cog 

nates  brilliolette,  brillolette'!  bei-alet. 
briqnet  n.  (a  steel  for  striking  a  light  on  flint)  bn'ket. 
briqnet  n.  a  small  brick;  a  brick-like  cake  or  ball  of  coal 

dust,  for  fuel  [also  spelt  briquette']  bri'ket,  'b^ikit. 
bristle  n.,  v.  'b?isdl,  brisl. 

britska  n.  carriage  [also  spelt  britzskal  'britsks. 
broacli  n.  awl;  spindle;  spire;  ornamental  pin  or  clasp  [i 

the  last  sense  spelt  also  brooch]  bsrootS. 
brocade  n.  (fabric)  b^o'keed. 

JJ^G,   gcure;  d  the,   Q  thin;   3  ajjure,  d^/oy;    ^  shoe,   tl  chevr 

wwhen;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiu\\,  \5Mioo\,  \\t,  li  s^^ 

o poetic;  9  over,  e  oerial.  Abut,  o*.  dooi,  ooivo,  «.\ic^,  ^t^aV 


I 

I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  63 

brocMitel    n.    imitation   brocade;   also,   brocatello,    a   marble 
[also  spelt  brocatellel  'broo-ks-tel,  'teeko-td,  bzekd'teL 

broocoli  n.  cabbage  [also  spelt  brocoU}  lK;ek9-h. 

brocliet  n.  (fish)  bso'See. 

brocliiire  n.  (pamphlet)  hzo'^oiz. 

brogan  n.  (shoe;  boat)  'broo-gdn,  bzo'gaen;   (less  properly) 
^hzeg^n. 

broken-liearted  adj,  bsroo-kanliartid,   {assumptivly)   "hzoo- 
kdn-hoztid. 

broinio  adj.  (of  bromine)  'b^oo-mik;  (less  properly)  'b^emik. 

bromide  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  brotnid]  'broo-maid,  {be- 
fore of)  lieoo-mid. 

broniine  n.  element   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  bromin'}  'bzoo- 
min,  Ij^oo-main,  'beoo-min. 

bromiUe  v,  [also  spelt  bromisel  'broo-maiz. 

bronolii  n.  (ploral  of  bronchus)  'bseg-kai. 

broncliia  n.pl.  (the  bronchial  tubes)  'bzeg-ki-g. 

bronoliitis  n.  b^enHcai-tis,  bseg'kai-tis,  {also)  b^en'kii-tis. 

bronol&ocele  n.  (goiter)  'bregka-sil,  bzei]kd'sii-h. 

bronolras  n.  [ploral  bronchi}  'bzegkas. 

bronco  n.  [sometimes,  incorrectly,  spelt  broncho"]  'hzet}ko, 

bronse  n,  (alloy)  beenz,  (rarely)  b^oonz. 

broocli  n.  pin,  clasp  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  broach]  b^ootS, 
bzoutS. 

brook  n.  (stream)  brok. 

brook  V.  bear,  endure,  put  up  with  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit brooked,  brookt]  bzok;   (less  properly)  b^ouk. 

broom  n,  (shrub;  sweeping-implement)  bruum;   (dialectally) 
b^om. 

brotk  n.  (liquid)  hzeiQ;  (dialectally)  hzcQ. 

brothel  n.  (bawdy-house)  'b^ei-Gal,  'b^e:-Ol,  'bredal. 

brother  n.  [ploral  brothers,  brethren]  'hzAd^z. 

bronsk  »•  [also  spelt  brugh,  brogh,  broch ;  synenymous  cog- 
nates burg,  burrow]  hzek. 

brongkam  n.  (carriage)  'broo-am,  b?oum,  'b^uu-^m ;  (rarely) 
broom. 

brongkt  v,  [past  participle  and  preterit  of  bring]  hzc.X. 

broiDTse  n.,  v.  feed  [also  spelt  browse]  brouz. 

bmcine   n.   alkaloid    [also,   sometimes,   spelt   brucin]   'brou- 
sin,  'b^ou-sain.  ' 

bmin  n.  (bear)  'bzou-in. 

bmise  n,,  v,  (hurt)  bzouz. 

bmit  n.,  V.  (noise,  report,  rumor)  brout.  

c:  low,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  f^r,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  aikite*, 

Izngth-marlr  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \©ti%\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f ellowing  sv^V^bU. 


64  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

brumal  adj.  (of  winter)  'brou-m^h 

brunette  n.  woman  with  dark  bair,  etc.  [also  spelt  brunetl 

bro'net. 
brusk  adj,  (in  heraldry,  tawny)  brosk. 
brusk  adj.  abrupt;  rude  [also  spelt  brusquel  b^Ask,  brosk. 
bruskness  n.  [also  spelt  brusquenessl  'bzAskNis,  'bzoskNis. 
brusque  adj.  see  brusk, 
brut  n.  (chronicle)  bsout. 
brut  V,  (browse)  b^At. 
brut  n.  obsolete  (bret,  a  fish)  be  At. 
brutalize  v.  [also  spelt  brutalisel  'beou-tl-siz. 
bryouiu  n.  glucoside  [also  spelt  bryonine,  brionine,  brionin] 

'b?ai-3-nin. 
bubal  n.  antelope  [also  spelt  bubalel  'bjou-bsl. 
bubaliue  adj.  of  the  buffalo  [also  spelt  bubalini  'bjou-ba-im. 
bubo  n.  swelling  [ploral  buboesl  'bjou-b3. 
buccal  adj.  (of  the  bucca  or  cheek)  'bAkdl. 
buccau  n.  meat-roasting  frame  [also  spelt  bucan;  ssmeny- 

mous  cognates  boucan,  bocani  ^bAkan. 
buccaneer  n.  hunter;  pirate  [also  spelt  bucaneer,  bucanier, 

buccanierl  bAka'ni:?. 
buccinator  n.  muscle  [ploral  buccinator,  buccinatoresl  'bAk- 

si-netae.  \  ^ 

buccinatores  n.  (ploral  of  buccinator)  bAksi-ne'to:-?iz.  t^ 

bucentaur  n.  bull-like  centaur ;  barge  [in  the  sense  of  barge,    I^ 

spelt  Bucentaur]   bjo'sen-tc:?,   'bjou-sen-tc:r. 
bucku  n.  plant  [also  spelt  bucku,  bouchuel  'bjou-kgu,  HbAku.    >^ 
bucolic  n.,  adj.  (pastoral ;  rural)  bjo'kehk.  ^^ 

Buddhism   n.    [also   spelt  Budhism,  Boudhism,  Booddhism,     ^^ 

Boodhismi  'bo-dizam,  ^bou-dizam,  IjA-dizam.  

buffalo  n.  wild  ox;  bison  [ploral  buffaloes,  buffalos]  'bAfa-Io.    , ; 

buffet  n.  (blow,  cuff)  'bAfit.  ' 

buffet  V.  strike,  cuff;  beat  back;  struggle  [present  participle    ^^ 

buffeting;  past  participle  and  preterit  buffeted}  'bAfit. 
buffet  n.  dialectal  (buffet-stool,  footstool,  hassock)   TjAfit.      ^ 
buffet  n.  sideboard;  cupboard;  refreshment-bar  [former  syn- 

enymous  cognates  beaufet,  beauffet}  bo'fee,  'bAfit.  .*** 

buffoon  n.  (clown ;  jester)  bA'foun.  ^J^ 

bukl   n.    inlaid    cabinet-work    [synonymous    cognate    BoiUel    r'J_ 

boul,  bjoul.  y^ 

build  V.  frame,  construct  [also  spelt  bild;  past  participle  and    '-^ 

preterit  built,  bilt  and,  sometimes,  builded,  bilded}  brfd.        ^^^ 
builder  n.  [also  spelt  bilder}  'bilda?.  ^^^ 

j'jfe,    gcure;  d  the,  9*Mn;   3  asrure,  d$  joy;  j  shoe,  tl  chew;    """^ 

wwAen;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuu,  ^Miool,  itt,  li  s^^;    <g  - 

o poetic;  o  over,  e  aerial.  Abut,  o:doot,  00 no,  «.\ie^,  «.^%,qJ«.\  «= 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  65 

.dins  n.  [also  spelt  bilding}  'bildii]. 

■l&i  n.  paymaster  [also  spelt  bukshee,  buckshee}  'bAk-Si* 

Bill  n.  (nightingale)  'bol-bol. 

a  n.  locket;  seal;  vesicle;  gastropod  [ploral  bullael  'bAld, 

dose  V,  [also  spelt  bulldosel  'bo}-d30z. 
etin  n.    (report)   'boh-tn,  'boh-tin,   Injh-tin. 
ion  n.  (gold  or  silver  in  mass)  'boHsn. 
mmh  n.  plant  [also  spelt  bull-rush"]  'bo}-zA$. 
rark  n.  (barrier)    'bulwark,  'bol-work. 
ikin.  n.  boom,  beam,  outrigger  [also  spelt  bumpkin;  syn- 
nnous  cognate  boomkini  IjAmkin. 
.pkin  n.  (clumsy  rustic)  'bAmp-kin. 
ipkin  n.  I^Amkin.     see  bumkin. 
.ptions  adj.  (self-assertiv)  'bAmpJas,  'bAmJas. 
n.  roll,  biscuit  [also  spelt  bunn]  bAU. 
eh  n.,  V.  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  bunched, 
yicht]  bAntS,  i^also,  and  in  Britain  normally)  bAnJ. 
DO  n.,  V,  see  bunko. 
Dombe  n.  'bAtjkam.    see  bunkum, 
desrat  n.  German  senate  [also  spelt  Bundesrath"}  'bon- 

S'ZQ'.t. 

galoiDr  n.  (cottage)  'bAi]g3-}3. 

Ion  n.  swelling  [also  spelt  bunyon]  'bAnjan. 

ko  n.,  V.  swindle  [also  spelt  bunco!  'bAqko. 

knm  n.  empty  talk  [also  spelt  buncombe]  HbAijkdm. 

sen  adj.  'bunsan,  'bAnssn. 

yon  n.  see  bunion. 

f  n,  float  [plural  buoys]  'bou-i,  box,  bwei. 

fancy  n.  'bei-an-si,  'bwei-an-si,  'bou-i-an-si, 

fant  adj.   (floating;  hopeful)  'bei-ant,  'bou-i-ant,  'bwei- 

t. 

n,  prickly  seed-vessel ;  knob,  etc,  [also  spelt  burr]  beic. 

n.  rhotacism ;  whirr  [also  spelt  burr]  hw.z. 

V,  speak  with  a  bur  [also  spelt  burr;  present  participle 
rring ;  past  participle  and  preterit  burred,  burd]  be:?. 
Ban  n.  chest  of  drawers;  office  [ploral  bureaus,  bureaux] 
o:-?o;  {rarely)  bju'^^o,  'bo:-?o. 
Bancracy  n.   (rule  of  bureaus;  officialism)  bjo'zek^s-si, 

3'?00-k33-SI. 

eanz  n.  (ploral  of  bureau)  'bjo:-eoz. 

^  n,  (medieval  fortress  or  walled  town)  be:7g,  bo:7g. 

g^eois  n.  (type)  bB^'d3eIS.     see  bourgeois, 

V,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  go  now,  a:  osk,  ai Vi\.^\ 
b-mark  0)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound   is  \oti%\ 
'jnarlr  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  following  syWaUe, 


66  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

bnrgeon  v.  bud  [synonymous  cognate  bourgeon;  past  parti- 
ciple and  preterit  burgeoned,  burgeond"]  'bezdsdn. 

bnrgess  n.  (citizen;  magistrate)  'berdsis. 

bnrgh  n.  (corporate  town  or  boro)  hsizg,  liAzo,  (also,  in 
Scotland)  'bx^a. 

bnrgher  n.  (inhabitant  of  a  burgh)  'hBiz-g^z. 

bnrglar  n.  (housebreaker)  ^Biz-gUz, 

bnrglarioiu  adj,  hnz^glei-zi-^s. 

bnrglary  n.  [ploral  burglaries}  ^Biz-gl^-zi. 

burgomaster  n.  chief  magistrate  of  a  town;  mayor;  bor- 
oughmaster;  gull  [synonymous  cognate  burghermasterl  'bsiz- 
g3-ma:-st3? ;  (erroneously)  'bo:?-g3-ma:-st3r. 

bnrgrave  n.  governor  [also  spelt  burggravel  'bei^-g^eev. 

bnrial  n.  (tomb;  sepulture)  'bed-s). 

bnrin  n,  (engraver's  tool)  'bjo:-2in. 

bnriti  n.  (palm-tree)  bjoei'tii. 

bnrlesqne  adj.,  n,  (ludicrous)  berlesk ;  (less  properly)  liBZ- 
lesk. 

bnrlesqne  v,  (caricature)  ber^esk. 

Bnmiese  adj.  bez'miiz,  (assumptivly)  'bB:;-miz;  (also)  hBZ- 
'miis,  (assumptivly)  'beir-mis. 

bnm  V,  be  on  fire,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit  burned, 
burnd,  burnt}  bB'.en,  (when  unstrest)  been. 

bnmoose  n.  garment  [also  spelt  burnous,  burnos,  bemouse, 
burnouse;  synonymous  cognate  bournous}  ber'nous,  hsz- 
'nouz,  'boe-nus. 

bnrro  n.  (donkey;  alga)  'boro,  ItAzo, 

bnrronr  n.  (rabbit-hole,  etc.)  'bero. 

bnrsar  n.  (student;  purser)  'bszsdz. 

bnrst  V,  (explode;  rush)  hsizst,  (when  unstrest)  bB?st;  (vul- 
garly) bASt. 

bnrthen  n.  archaic   (burden)  'beir-dn,  'bor^-dan,   'boi^-dn. 

bnry  v,  entomb  [present  participle  burying;  past  participle 
and  preterit  buried}  'beei. 

bns  n.  omnibus  [also  spelt  'bus,  buss}  bAS. 

bnsbbok  n.  (bushbuck)  'boS-bek. 

bnshel  n.  (dry  measure)  'boSsl. 

bnsiness  n.  (occupation)  'bizniz,  nbiznis. 

bnss  n.  (vessel)  bAS. 

bnss  n.,v.  smack,  kiss  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit 
bussed,  bust}  bAs. 

bnstle  n.  (tumult;  dress-pad)  'bAsal,  IdasI. 

bnstling  adj.  (stirring)  'bAsz.iq. 

/jye,    Qcure;  d  the,  B  thin;   sajerure,  ds/oy;    I  shoe,   t^chevr; 
wze/Aen;  t)sing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  Qwiool,  itt,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o*.  door,  ^otio,  t\ic^,  t^^a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  67 

busy  adj.  (activ,  etc.)  'bizi. 
but  conj.,  adv.  bAt,  (when  unstrest)  bdt. 
but  prep.  bAt. 

bntol&er  n.,  v,  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  butch- 
ered, butcherd']  'botja?;  (dialectally)  'bou-tjae. 
^    butt  n.,  V.  [also,  in  all  senses,  spelt  but'\  bAt. 
bntte  n.  (hill)  bjout. 
bntterine  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  butterin}  'bAts-^in,  'bAts- 

zin. 
button  n.,  v.  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  buttoned, 

buttond"]  'bAtn. 
bntyric  adj,  (of  butter)  bjo'tirik. 
bntyriiL  n.  [also  spelt  butyrine}  'bjou-ti-zin. 
budne  n.  alkaloid  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  buxin}  'bAk-sain, 

'bAksin. 
bny  V.  purchase   [present  participle  buying;  past  participle 

and  preterit  bought}  bai. 
buz  n,,v,  hum  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  bussed, 

busd^  bAz. 
by  prep,  (as  in  *by  the  way,  *by  the  by,  *by  rail,  two  *by  two) 

bai,  (when  unstrest)  bs. 
by  adv,  (as  in  near  *by,  *by  and  *by,  he  just  went  *by)  bai. 
by  n.  as  in  by  the  *by,  steal  a  *by  [also  spelt  byel  bai. 
by-by  interj.  good-by  [also  spelt  bye-byel  bai'bai. 
by-by  n.  sleep,  bed  [also  spelt  bye-bye"]  'bai-bai. 
bygone  adj.,  n.  [also  spelt  by-gone}  'bai-ge:n, 
by-la'W  n.  [also  spelt  bye-law]  'bai-lc: . 
bynni  n.  (fish)  'bini. 
bypatb  n.  [also  spelt  by-path  and,  formerly,  bye-path]  'bai- 

pa:6. 
by-prodnct  n.  [also  spelt  bye-product]  'bai-p^edakt. 
by-road  n.  [also,  formerly,  spelt  bye-road]  'bai-^ood. 
byitander  n.   [also,   formerly,  spelt  bye-stander]   'bai-staen- 

dd?. 
by-street  n.  [also  spelt  bye-street]  'bai-stEiif. 
byway  n,  [also  spelt  by-way,  bye-way]  'bai-wee. 
byword   n.   [also,   formerly,   spelt  by-word,   bye-word]   Ibai- 

\vrB:?d. 
byzant  n.   (gold  coin)   'bizdnt,  bi'zaent.     same   meaning  as 

bezant. 
Byzantian  adj.  bi'zsen^sn.     same  meaning  as  Byzantine. 
Byzantine   n.    [also,   sometimes,   spelt  Byzantin]    bi'zaentin, 
'bizan-tin,  bi'zan-tain,   'bizan-tain,  bai'zaen-tain. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae'cot,  eh{?t,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  go  now,  a:  osk,  aiV.x\.t\ 

length-mar/r  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding   sound  is  \otv%\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  following  s^WaU^. 


68  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

cabaged  adj.  ka'beedsd.     same  meaning  as  caboshed, 

cabal  n.  (conjoint  intrigue;  junto)  ks'bx}. 

cabal  V,   [present  participle   caballing;   past  participle   and 

preterit  caballed,  cabaldl  kd'bsel. 
cabala  n.  Hebrew  tradition  [also  spelt  cabbala,  kabala,  kab- 

bala"]  Icxbd-Jd. 
cabalism   n.   doctrin   of  the   cabala    [also   spelt  cabbalisml 

'kaebd-hzsm. 
cabalism  n.  (tendency  to  form  cabals)  kd'bx-hzsm. 
cabalist  n.  one  verst  in   the  cabala   [also  spelt  cabbalisti 

'kaeba-hst. 
caballer  n.  (one  who  cabals)  ks'bsldz. 
caballine  adj.  (of  a  horse)  'kxba-hn,  'ksebd-lain. 
cabaret  n.  (drinking-house)  'kaebd-zet,  Hcsebs-^e,  ksebd'ree. 
cabob  n.  [also  spelt  kabob,  cobob ;  synonymous  cognate  ka- 

babj  ka'beb. 
cabosbed   adj,   [also   spelt   caboched,   cabocht;   synonymous 

cognates   cabossed,   cabost,  cabaged]   kd'be^t. 
cabriolet  n.  (carriage)  kaeb?i-3'let,  kaeb^i-^'lee. 
cacao  n.  the  seed  of  the  chocolate-tree,  from  which  cocoa  is 

made;  also,  the  tree  itself  [synonymous  substitute  cocoa}  k3- 

'kee-o,  k3'ka:-o,  'kce-ko. 
cacao-nnt  n.  (the  fruit  of  the  cacao  or  chocolate-tree)  kd- 

'kee-o-nxt,  k3'ka:-o-nAt. 
cacbalot  n.  sperm-whale   [also  spelt  cacholot;   synonymous 

cognate  cachelot"]  'kaeja-lot,  'katSa-lot,  'kaeja-lo. 
cacbe  n.  (hiding-place,  etc.)  ka:$,  kx$. 
cacbet  n.  (seal,  stamp)  kx'lee. 
cacbezy  n.  (morbid  condition)  kd'keksi. 
cacbinnation  n.  (loud  laughter)  kseki'nee-Ssn. 
cacbinnatory  adj.  kd'kind-ton,  kd'kins-tsri,  'ksekind-tszi. 
cacbon  n.  sweetmeat  for  the  breath  [also  spelt  cashew"}  kd- 

'Sou. 
caciqne   n.   prince   [also,   formerly,   spelt  cassique ;   synony- 
mous cognate  casique}  ka'^iik. 
cacodemon   n.   evil   spirit;    nightmare    [also   spelt  cacodae- 

mon}  kaeka'dii-man. 
cacodyle  n.  dimethyl  arsine  [also  spelt  kakodyle  and,  some- 
times, cacodyl,  kakodyH  'kaeka-dil,  'kaeka-dail. 
cacoepy  n.   mispronunciation    [also  spelt   cacoepy}   ksHoo-i- 

pi,  'kaeko-epi. 
cacoetbes   n.   bad   habit   [also   spelt  cacoethesl   kseko'ii-6iz, 

kaeko'ii-Ois. 

/.re,    gcure;  d  the,   0*Mn;   3  ajerure,  ds/oy;   I  shot,  tScAew; 
wwhen;  t)  sing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiu\\,  QMiool,  itt,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o:doot,  ;iono,  t\ic^,  ^^%a\fc\ 


i 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  69 

eacolet  n.  (pannier)  'kaekd-}e. 

eaeopliony  n.  (the  epposit  of  euphony)  ka'kefd-ni. 

cadaster  n.  register  [also  spelt  cadastre}  ks'dxstsz,  ks'ds:- 
stdr. 

eadaver  n,  (dead  body)  ka'dee-va?,  ka'daeva^. 

caddie  n.  golf-player's  lad  [also  spelt  cadie,  caddy"}  Icxdi. 

caddis  n.  ribbon  [also  spelt  caddicel  'kxdis. 

caddy  n.  (tea-box;  can)  Icaedi. 

cadenza  n.   (cadence)  kd'dentss,  ks'denza. 

cadet  n.  (younger  son;  military  student)  ka'det. 

cadi  n.  judge  [also  spelt  kadi,  kadyl  'kee-di,  'ka:-di. 

Cadmean  adj.  of  Cadmus  [also  spelt  Cadmaean}  ksed'mii-an. 

cadnoens  n.  wand  [ploral  caduceil  ke^jou-si-as,  ka'djuu-^ds. 

eadnoons  adj,  (falling  off)  kd'djou-kds. 

eaecnin  n.  blind-gut  [also  spelt  cecum;  plural  caeca}  'sii- 
ksm. 

Caenoioic  adj,  [also  spelt  Cenozoicl  sina'zoo-ik.  same  mean- 
ing as  Cainozoic, 

Caesarean  adj.  of  Julius  Caesar  [also  spelt  Caesarian,  Ce- 
sarean, Cesarian}  si'zcr-^i-an.* 

caesimn  n.  (metal)  'sii-zi-am. 

caesura  n.  see  cesura. 

caf6  n.  (coffee-house;  restaurant)  kae'fee,  {anteriorly)  'kaefe, 

caffeic  adj.  (of  coffee)  ka'fii-ik,  'kaefi-ik. 

caffeine  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  caffein}  ka'fii-in,  'kaefi-in, 
'kaefi-ain. 

oaffre  n.  see  kafir. 

caftan  n.  garment  [also  spelt  kaftan}  'kaeftan,  kaf'ta:n. 

cahier  n.  (a  section  or  gathering  of  book-leaves)  kae'jce,  ka- 
'jee,  'ka:-je,  ka'hi:^, 

Cainozoic  adj,  of  recent  life;  Tertiary  [also  spelt  Katnocoic; 
synonymous  cognates  Caenozoic,  Cenozoic}  kai-na'zoo-ik, 
kena'zoo-ik. 

caiqne  n.  boat  [also  spelt  caique,  kaic  and,  formerly,  caic} 
ka'iik ;  {less  properly)  'kee-ik. 

caiqne  n.  (parrot)  'kai-ke. 

eaim  n.  stone-heap  [also  spelt  cam}  ke:s^n. 

caisson  n.  chest;  water-tight  case  [also,  formerly,  spelt  cats- 
soon}  'kee-san,  'kce-sen,  'kee-seq,  ke'soun. 

cajolery  n.  (act  of  cajoling)  k^'d3^o-l^-^I. 

calabarin  n.  alkaloid  [also  spelt  calaharine}  ksel3'ba:-?in. 

calaber  n.  fur  [also  spelt  calabar}  'kaeb-ba?. 

calaboose  n.  (jail)  kaeb'bous,  kaela'buuz. 

c:  law,  b:  iur,  ae  cat,  ehot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  aik\U\ 

\tngtb-mark  0)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \©tv%'> 

stress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  following  s^WaUt* 


70  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

oalade  n.  (slope)  ks'teed,  ks'laid,  ks'lxd. 

calamine  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  calamine  'kxta-min, 
'kaeld-main. 

oalash  n.  (carriage)  kglseS. 

oalcar  n.  spur  [ploral  calcarial  'ksel-koz. 

oalcar<)ons  adj.  of  lime;  chalky  [also  spelt  calcariousi  kxl- 
'ke:-2i-3S. 

oalcar ia  n.  (ploral  of  calcar)  kael'ke'.-ri-d. 

calcimine  n,,  v,  [synenymoii^  cognate  kalsominel  'kselsi- 
main,  'kxlsi-min. 

calcinable  adj.  kxl'sai-nd-bsl,  'kselsina-bQl. 

calcinatory  n.  'kxlsins-tozi,  kx}'sind-t3zi. 

calcine  v,  (reduce  to  calx)  'kael-sain,  kxl'sain,  'kaelsin. 

calcinm  n.  (metal)  'kaelsi-am;  (less  properly)  'kaelSi-3m,  'kael- 
Sam. 

caldron  n.  big  kettle  [also  spelt  cauldroni  'kc:}-dr9n. 

caledonite  n.  (mineral)  'kaelids-nait,  kaledd-nait. 

calendar  n.  almanac;  table  of  days  [also  spelt  kalendarl 
Tcaelan-dar. 

calendar  v.  enter  on  a  calendar  or  list;  register  [past  par- 
ticiple  and  preterit   calendared,   calendardl   'kalan-da?. 

calender  n.  (rolling-machine)  'kselsn-dd?. 

calender  v.  pass  thru  a  calender;  press  between  rollers  [past 
participle  and  preterit  calendered,  calenderd'\  'kaelan-dae. 

Calender  n.  dervish  [also  spelt  Kalender^  'kselan-ds?. 

calends  n.  the  first  day  *of  the  month ;  also,  any  one  of  the 
days  preceding  the  first  day  of  the  month  and  following 
the  ides  of  the  preceding  month  [also  spelt  kalends^  'kx- 
Isndz. 

calf  n.  [ploral  calves']  ka:f,  ka:f,  kx:{, 

calfs-foot  n.  (a  plant.  Arum  maculatum)  'ka:fs-fot. 

caliber  n.  diameter  [also  spelt  calibre]  'kaeh-ba?. 

calico  n.  cotton  cloth  [ploral  calicoes,  calicos]  'kaeh-ko. 

calif  n.  [also  spelt  caliph,  kalif,  kaliph,  khalif]  'kee-hf. 

calif  ate  n.  [also  spelt  caliphate,  kalif  ate,  khalif  ate;  synony- 
mous cognate  caliphat]  'kaeh-fet,  Tcee-h-fet. 

calipash  n.  the  part  of  a  turtle  next  to  the  upper  shield  [also 
spelt  callipash]  'kaeh-paej,  kaeh'paeS. 

calipee  n.  the  part  of  a  turtle  next  to  the  lower  shield  [also 
spelt  callipee]  Hcaeh-pi,  kaeh'pii. 

caliper  n.  instrument  for  measuring  diameter  or  caliber  [al- 
so spelt  calliper]  'kaeh-par. 

caliz  n.  [ploral  calices]  see  calyx. 

J  ye,    gcure;  d  the,   Q  thm\   3  arure,  ds/oy;    S  j/ioe,   tjc/iew; 
wze/Aen;  ijsing;  u  wh<7ever,  i  react,  o  itt\\,  oMiool,  itt,  lisee; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o:  door,  ;)Otvo,  t\ie^,  ^t^oX^N 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  71 

ealk  V.  drive  oakum  into  the  seams  of  [also  spelt  caulk  \  past 
participle  and  preterit  calked,  calkt}  kc:k. 

ealk  V,  cover  with  chalk  [also  spelt  caique;  past  participle 
and  preterit  calked,  calkt}  kxlk,  kc:k. 

ealk  n.  spur  on  a  horseshoe  [also  spelt  caulk,  cauk;  synony- 
mous cognate  cork}  kc:k. 

ealkin.  n.  (horseshoe-calk)  'kokin,  Hcxlkin. 

eall  V.  cry;  hail  [past  participle  and  preterit  called,  cald} 
kc:!,  {when  unstrest)  kcl. 

ealligrapky  n.  penmanship  [also  spelt  caligraphy,  kalligra- 
phy}  ka'hg^d-fi. 

ealliope  n.  (humming-bird)  kdlai-s-pi. 

eallistkenios  n,pL  light  gymnastics  [also  spelt  calisthenics} 
kadis'Oeniks. 

eallose  adj.  (having  callosities)  kae'bos,  (assumptivly)  'kae-los. 

callor    adj.  (hard;  unfeeling)  'kaelss. 

calloir  adj.  (without  feathers;  unfledged;  inexperienced, 
raw)  Icaelo. 

eallns  n.  callosity  [ploral  calli}  'kselss. 

calm  n.,adj,  (quiet)  ka:m;   (dialectally,  vulgarly)  k£:m. 

calomel  n.  (mercurous  chloride)  'kxld-msl. 

ealorio  adj.  (of  heat)  k^'lezik;  (less  properly)  k^'loi-zik, 

ealorifio  adj.  (producing  heat)  kxWziiik. 

calory  n.  heat-unit  [also  spelt  calorie}  'kaela-^i. 

ealoyer  n.  (monk)  Icaela-jae,  ka'lei-a^. 

caltrop  n.  spiked  ball  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  caltrop ;  syn- 
onymous cognate  calthrop}  'kseltjap,  'kael-tjep. 

ealumet  n.  (pipe)  'kselio-mat. 

ealve  v.  bring  forth  a  calf  [past  participle  and  preterit 
calved,  calvd}  ka:v,  ka:v,  kae:v. 

calver  n.  (a  cow  that  calves)  'ka:-v3r. 

calver  adj,  (newly  caught :    said  of  fish)  'kaelvar. 

calves-foot  adj.  [synonymous  cognate  calfs-foot}  'ka:vz-fot. 

calx  ft.  lime;  chalk  [plural  calxes,  calces}  kseiks. 

calyces  n.  (ploral  of  calyx)  'kaeh-siz,  'kee-h-siz. 

calycifonu  adj.  (formd  like  a  calyx)  'kaehsI-fo:^m,  ka'hsi- 
fo:zm. 

calyoine  adj,  of  a  calyx  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  calycin}  'kae- 
h-sin,  'kaeh-sain. 

calyole  n,  little  calyx;  calice  [also  spelt  calicle}  'kaeh-kal. 

calyx  n,  flower-cup;  the  outer  envelop  of  the  perianth;  the 
sepals  collectivly  [also,  formerly,  spelt  calix;  ploral  ca- 
lyxes, calyces}  'kee-hks,  'kaehks.  

c:  law,  b:  fur,  xcat,  ehot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  aikite; 

\togth-jnar/c  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding   sound   is  \eng\ 

stress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  following  syUabU. 


72  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

camas  n.  plant  [also  spelt  catnass,  cammas,  katnasl  kd'maes, 

kae'mses.     same  meaning  as  quamash. 
camellia  n.  (flower)  ka'meli-d,  ks'mii-Hd. 
camelopard  n.  (giraffe)  k9'me}9-pa:?d»  'kxmi}9-pa:?d ;  {rare- 
ly) kaemil9'pa:?d. 
camel's  hair  n.  [synenymous  cognate  camel-hair'\  'kaemslz- 

he:e. 
Camembert  adj,  Icxmdm-be:?. 
camenes  n.   (mood  of  the  fourth  figure  of  syllogism)   'kae- 

mi-niz. 
camera  n.  vaulted  roof;   chamber;   photographic  apparatus 

[plural  cameras,  camerael   'kaema-?^,    (anteriorly)    'kaems^s; 

(rapidly)  'kaem^a. 
camlet  n.  fabric  [also  spelt  cantblet  and,  formerly,  camelotl 

'kaemlat. 
camomile  n.  plant  [also  spelt  chamomilel  'ksms-mail. 
campag^a  n.  (obsolete)  plain  [also  spelt  campagnial  kam- 

'pa:-nJ9.     compare  champaign, 
campidg^  n.  sustained  military  or  other  aggressiv   opera- 

tions  [also  spelt  campaini  kxm'peen. 
campanile  n.    [ploral   campaniles,   campanili}   kxmps'nii-h; 

(less  properly)  'kampa-nil,  'kaempa-nail,  kampa'niil. 
camphene  n,  terpene  [also  spelt  camphine}  'ksem-fin,  ksem- 

'fiin. 
camphine    n.    turpentine-oil    [also,    sometimes,    spelt    cam- 

phene}  'kaem-fain,  'kaem-fin,  kaem'fiin. 
camphor  n.  aromatic  substance  [also  spelt  camfor;  former 

synenymous  cognate  camphire}  'kaemfa?. 
can  V.  [past  participle  and  preterit  canned,  candl  ksen,  (when 

unstrest)  kan,  kg. 
Canaanite  n.  'kee-ns-nait. 
canaille  n.  (the  vile  populace;  the  rabble)   kd'nee},  ka'nai, 

ka'nail,  ka'nar-js. 
canaille  n.  feed;   finisht  middlings  [also  spelt  canail;  syn- 
enymous cognates  canal,  canelll  ks'neel. 
canal   v,   [present   participle   canalling;   past  participle   and 

preterit  canalled,  canaldl  ka'nael. 
canalize   v.   furnish   with   canals,   etc.    [also   spelt   canalise} 

'kaenl-aiz,  (rarely)  ko'nael-aiz. 
canard  «.  (hoax)  ka'naizrd,  ka'nair. 
canary  n.  (bird)  ka'ner-^i. 
cancan  n.  (dance)  ncaen-kaen. 
cancel  v.  strike  out,  obliterate  [present  participle  canceling, 

J  ye,    gcure;  d  the,   Q  th\n\   sasute,  ds/oy;    \shoQ,   tjc/rew; 
ww/ten;  13  sing;   u  wh^jever,  i  react,  o  iu\\,  \3m(oo\,  \\X,  \\^ec; 
o poetic;  3  over,   e  aerial,  Abwt,  o:  door,  ootvo,  «.>oe^,  tfi^a\t\ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF   HARD  WORDS  73 


cancelling;  past  participle  and  preterit  canceled,  cancelled, 
canceldl  'kaenssi,  Icaens!. 

eaaeelatioA  n.  [also  spelt  cancellation^  kaensd^ee-Ssn. 

caneeler  n.  one  who  or  that  which  cancels  [also  spelt  cancel- 
ler'} Icsnsd-ld?. 

eai&cer  n.  (tumor,  carcinoma)  Icaensa?. 

caaerine  adj.  crab-like  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  cancrin}  'kxi)- 
k3in,  'kaeg-k^ain. 

eaadelabnun  n.  [ploral  candelabra}  kxnda^ee-brdm. 

caadld  culj.  (honest,  frank)  Icaendid. 

eandled  adj,  (preservd  with  sugar)  'kxndid. 

eandlestick  n.  'kaendt-stik. 

eandor  n.  whiteness;  fairness;  frankness  [also  spelt  candour} 
Icxndd?. 

eame  n.  (woody  stem;  walking-stick)  keen. 

cansrne  n.  (Chinese  kia  or  portable  pillory)  kxr). 

eaaine  culj.  (of  a  dog)  'kee-nain,  ks'nain,  {rarely)  'kae-nain, 
Tcce-nin. 

eanker  n.  (cancerous  sore  or  disease;  grief)  'kseriks?. 

caanel-coal  n.  [also  spelt  canel-coal;  synonymous  cognates 
kennel-coal,  candle-coal}  /kxnl-kool. 

eannoA  n.  big  gun  [ploral  cannons,  cannon}  'kaensn. 
'   eani&on  v,  in  billiards  [past  participle  and  preterit  cannoned, 
cannond}  'kxnan. 

eam&oneer  n,  artilleryman  [also  spelt  cannonier}  kxn^'niiz. 

cannot    v.    (can    not)    'kae-net,    'kaenet,    (when    less    strest) 
Icaenat,  {also,  sometimes,  finally)  kae'net. 

cannula  n.  surgical  tube;  cruet  [also  spelt  canula^  'ksenju-ld. 

canny  adj.  knowing;  artful  [also  spelt  cannie}  'kaeni. 

canoe  n.  (light  boat)  ks'nuu. 

canoeist  n,  [also  spelt  canoist}  ks'nuu-ist. 

canon  n,  (rule,  law)  'kxnsn. 

canon  n.  'kxnjsn.     see  canyon. 

canonisation     [also     spelt     canonisation}     ksenani'zec-Sdn, 
kxn9-nai'zee-$9n. 

canonise  v.  [also  spelt  canonise}  'kaena-naiz. 

oanoTons  adj.  (singing,  ringing)  k^'noi-z^s. 
cant  n.  (mode  of  speech ;  jargon)  ksent. 
can't  V.  (can  not)  ka:nt,  ka:nt,  kaeint. 

cantabile    adj.    kan'ta:-bi-h ;    {less    properly)    kaen'tee-bi-h, 
kaen'taebi-li. 

cantaliver   n.,  adj.    'ksent3-hv9?.      same    meaning   as    canti- 
lever. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  0  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ciiVit^*, 

\eng^h-mark  (:)   indicates   that   the   preceding   sound   IS  \QT\g,*, 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  fellowing  syWaUt. 


74  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

cantaloup  n.  melon  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  cantaloupe, 
cantalupe,  cantaleup;  synonymous  cognates  canteloup,  can- 
teloupe,  cantelupe,  canteleup,  cantelopel  'ksentd-lup,  'kaentd- 
lop;  (also)  Icaentl-up,  'kaentl-op. 

cantata  n.  (choral  composition)  kxn'ta:-t9,  (rarely)  kxn- 
'tee-t9. 

Cantate  n.  (ninety-eighth  psalm)  kaen'tee-ti. 

eantatrice  n.  'ksents-tps,  kaents'tsii-tSi. 

canteen  n.  subtler's  shop;  provision-box  [also  spelt  cantinel 
kaen'tiin. 

cantharides  n.  pi.  (dried  Spanish  flies)  Uxn'Qxzi-diz, 

cantharidin  n.  [also  spelt  cantharidine'\  kaen'6x?i-din. 

cantilever  n.,  adj,  [synonymous  cognates  cantaliver,  can- 
tiliver,  cantalever,  canteliver'l  'kaenti-lii-var,  Icaenti-levar. 

cantillate  v.  chant  [also  spelt  cantilatel  'kxnti-let. 

eanto  n.  division  of  a  poem;  voice-part  [ploral  cantosi  'kaen- 
to. 

cantonment  n.  military  quarters  [synonymous  cognate  can- 
toonmentl  'kaentan-mant,  kaen'tenmant. 

cantrip  n.  spell,  charm  [synonymous  cognates  cantrap,  can- 
trip el  'kaentjip. 

canvas  n.  heavy  cloth  [also  spelt  ranvassl  Icsenvds. 

canvas  v,  cover  with  canvas  [also  spelt  canvass;  past  parti- 
ciple and  preterit  canvased,  canvast'\  'kaenvas. 

canvass  v,  examin ;  solicit  votes  [also,  formerly,  spelt  can- 
vas; past  participle  and  preterit  canvassed,  canvast'\  'kaen- 

V3S. 

canyon  n.  deep  gorge  or  ravine  thru  which  a  stream  runs 
[also  spelt  canon,  cannon,  canoni  'kxnjsn. 

caonane  n.  turtle  [also  spelt  caouannel  ka'wa:n. 

caontcUn  n.  volatil  oil  [also  spelt  caoutchine;  synonymous 
cognate  caoutchoucM  'kou-tSin. 

caontchonc  n.  'kou-tSuk,  'kou-tSok,  'kao-tSok. 

caontchoncin  n.  [also  spelt  caoutchoucinel  'kou-tSo-siu, 
'kao-tSo-sin.    same  meaning  as  caoutchin, 

cap-a-pie  adv.  [also  spelt  cap-i-piel  kaepa'pii. 

capelin  n,  (the  caplin,  a  Newfoundland  bait-fish)  'kaepi-hn. 

capeline  n.  skull-cap  [also  spelt  capelline,  cappeline;  syn- 
onymous cognate  chapelinel  'kaepi-hn. 

capercailye  «.  wood-grouse  [also  spelt  capercailzie,  caper- 
cailliel  kaepa^'kee-Ha. 

capibara  n,  rodent  [also  spelt  capyhard]  kaepi'ber-ra,  kaepi- 


J  ye,    gcure;  d  the,   Q  th'm\    5  arure,  dsjoy;    \shoe,   tSc/rew; 
wm/ien;  ijsing]  u  whoever,  i  r^act,  o  iu\\,  iimIgoV,  \\\.,  \\^ec*, 
opoeUc;  9 oyer,  e aerial.  Abut,  o:  door,  00 no,  t\ie^,  te:^o.\^% 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  75 

capillary  adj,  (of  hair)  laepiAzzi,  ka'pils-ri. 

capital  adj.  (chief,  principal;  excellent)  'kaepi-tl,  {anteriorly) 

loepiti. 
capital  n.  (the  city  or  town  in  which  is  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment of  a  country,  state,  or  province ;  also,  a  capital  letter) 

loepi-ti. 
capital  n.  (wealth,  productiv  resources)  Icaepi-tl. 
capitalisation    n.    [also   spelt    capitalisationi    kaepitt-i'zee- 

San,  kaepitl-ai'zce-San. 
capitalise  v.  [also  spelt  capitalisel  Icaepitl-aiz. 
Capitol  n.  (citadel  on  the  top  of  a  hill,  as  in  a  Roman  city; 

edifis  occupied  by  Congress;  state-house)  'kaepi-tl. 
Capitoline  adj.   (of  a  Roman  Capitol)   'kaepiti-ain,  ks'piti- 

ain. 
capitulate  v,  (surrender)  ks'pitgo-let,  k9'pit$9-let. 
cap&oiaor  n.  oily  liquid  [also  spelt  kapnomor}  'kxpNS-me?. 
capoA  n.  (fowl)  ncce-pen,  'kee-pan,  (rarely)  'kae-pen. 
caponixe  v.  [also  spelt  caponise'\  'kee-ps-naiz. 
caponeli  »•   (obsolete)    monk's   hood   or  cowl    [synonymous 

cognates  capoch,  capuchel  ka'pouS,  kd'puut^. 
caprieeio  n.  (whim;  musical  caprice)  kd^psit^D. 
caprieeioao  adv,  (in  musict  in  a  free,  fantastic  style)  kapsi- 

'tSoo-so. 
caprioe  n.  (freak,  whim)  ka'psiis. 
caprieions  adj.  (full  of  caprice;  whimsical)  ks'p^i^ds. 
caprine  n.  substance  in  butter  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  cap- 

rini  'kaepsin,  Tcae-psain,  'kee-p^ain. 
capriole  n.   (caper;   leap)   loepsi-o},   (less   often)   kaepsi'ool, 

(rarely)  'kee-psi-ol. 
capaicin  n.  [also  spelt  capstcinel  Icxpsi-sin. 
capsize  v,  kxp'saiz,  (sometimes,  anteriorly)  'ksep-saiz. 
capstan,  n.  (winding-device)  'kaepstn. 
capsnle  n.  (small  case;  sac)  'kaep-sgut. 
captain  n.  (head,  chief)  'kaeptin;  (popularly)  'kaepm. 
captive  adj.,  n.,  v,  [also  spelt  captiv ;  as  verb,  past  participle 

and  preterit  captived,  captivdl  'kaeptiv. 
GapnoUn    n.    (Franciscan    monk)    kaep^o'Siin,    'kaepQo-tSin, 

Icaepgo-Sin,  kaepgo'tSiin,  'kaepgo-Sin. 
capnt   n.    head    [ploral   capita    and,    rarely,   caputs'}    'ksepat, 

Tcae-pAt. 
car  n.  ka:z,  ka:  ;  (dialectally)  kga:?. 
carabin    n.    (obsolete)    musketeer,    carabineer    [synonymous 

cognate  carbine"]  'kaera-bin. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  aiV\\.fc\ 

\zT}gth'mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \©tv%N 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f ellowmg  syVUbYe. 


76  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

oaraoal  n.  (quadruped)  'kaeza-kset. 

oaracara  n.  hawk,  carrancha  [synonymous  cognate  carcaral 

ksez^'kssz^,  ka^d'ka:-?^. 
oarack  n.  ship  [also  spelt  carrackl  'kseesk. 
caracole  n.  spiral  staircase;  half -turn  [synonymous  cognate 

caracoll  'kaez9-kol. 
carafe  «.  water-bottle  [also  spelt  caraffel  kaVaif. 
caramel  n.  burnt  sugar  [also  spelt  caromell  'kserd-m?},  'ksers- 

mel. 
carat  n.  a  twenty-fourth  part  [also  spelt  karatl  'kx^at. 
caravan  n.  (company  of  travelers  on  the  desert;  cart)  'kse- 

?3-van,  kaesd'vxn. 
caravansary  n.  inn  for  caravans  [also  spelt  caravansery ; 

synonymous  cognates  caravanserai,  caravanserai  kae^a'vaen- 

S9-?I. 

caravanserai  n,  kae^a'vsnsd-zai.     same   meaning  as   cara- 

vansary. 
carbide  n.  'ka:7-baid,  (before  of)  'ka:?-bid. 
carbine    n.  firearm  [former  synonymous  cognates  carabine, 

carrabine,  carabin}  'ka:z-bain;  (less  properly)  'ka:r-bin,  ka^- 

'bain,  'ka:?-bin. 
carbon  n.  (element)  'kaiz-hen^  'kaiz-h^n. 
carbnreted  v.  [also  spelt  carburetted'\  Tcai^-bjo-zretid. 
carbnreter  n.   [also  spelt  carburetter,  carburetor,  carburet- 

tori  'ka:r-bjo-zet9e. 
carbnrization  n.    [also  spelt  carburisation}   ka:7-bju?i'zee- 

San,  ka:z-bjo-?ai'zee-S9n. 
carbnrize  v,  [also  spelt  carburisel  'ka:7-bjo-?aiz. 
caroanet  n.  (necklace)  'karka-nst,  'kaerks-net. 
carcass  n.  dead  body;  corpse  [also  spelt  carcasel  'ka^kss. 
card  n.  karrd,  ka:d ;  (dialectally)  kqaizd. 
cardamine  n.  (herb)  kar'dxmi-ni,  'karsr-dd-main. 
cardamon  n.   (seed-capsules;  spice)  'ka:2:-d3-m3n. 
cardinal  adj.,  n.  (chief)  'ka:?-dn-l,  'kaizr-di-nal. 
caret  n.  (insertion-mark)  'ka?3t,  'ker-zrat. 
cargo  n.  lading  [ploral  cargoes,  cargosl  'karzr-go. 
Caribbean  adj.  of  the  Caribs  or  Caribbees  [also  spelt  Car- 

ribbean"}  kaeri'bii-an. 
Caribbee  n.  Carib  [also  spelt  Caribee,  Carribbeel  'kaeri-bi, 

kae^i'bii. 
caribe  n.  (fish)  'kae^i-bi. 

caribon  n.  reindeer   [also  spelt  cariboo,  carribool  'kae^i-bu, 
kazrinbou. 

JJ^^f    Qcure;  d  the,   O/Mn;   sa^ure,  ds/oy;    S  shot,   tSc/iew: 

wzvAen;  rjsing;  u  wh<?ever,  i  react,  o  iuVV,  QMioo\,  i-il,  usee 

o poetic;  3  over,  e  aerial.  Abut,  o:  door,  ootvo,  t>oc^,  t,e:%o.\s 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  77 

earioatnre  n.  (ridiculous  representation)   Icxzrikd-tSu?,  Icae- 
^ikd-tgoz;   {less  properly)  kaezika'tSo:?,  kaeziks'tgo-.z. 

earies  n.  (disease)  'ke:-?i-i:z. 

earilloA  n.  (set  of  tuned  bells;  air)  'kxziA^n. 

earlin  n.  old  woman  [also  spelt  car  line}  'ka:7-iin. 

earline   n.  carlino,  a  coin   [also  spelt  carlini  'kaizAin, 

earline  n.  plant  [also  spelt  carlin'}  'ka:?-lin. 

earline  n.  timber  [also  spelt  carlin ;  synonymous  cognate  car- 
lingl  'ka:;-}in. 

carling  n.  (the  peas  eaten  on  Carling,  Carlin  Sunday,  or  Pas- 
sion Sunday)  'kaizAit). 

carmagnole  n.  (song  and  dance;  soldier;  style)  kazms'tijooh 

eamLinatiTe  adj,  expelling  [also  spelt  carminativl  ka?'mi- 
n9-tiv;  (less  properly)  'ka:r-mi-netiv. 

eamLine  n.  cochineal  red  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  carmini 
'ka:r-min,  'ka:2:-main;   (less  properly)  kor'main,  'ka:r-min. 

eamelian  n.  red  chalcedony  [synonymous  cognate  corne- 
lian'} koT'nii-lian. 

eamivorona  adj,  (eating  flesh)  koz^niv^-rss. 

carol  V.  sing  [present  participle  caroling,  carolling;  past 
participle  and  preterit  caroled,  carolled,  carold}  'kae^al. 

earoler  n.  one  who  carols  [also  spelt  caroller}  'kaera-b^. 

earolin  n.  one  of  several  gold  coins;  earline  [also  spelt  Caro- 
line} 'kaee9-hn. 

Caroline  adj.  (of  Carolus  or  Charles)  'kae^a-lain,  'kae^o-hn. 

Carolinian  adj.  (of  Charles  the  Great;  of  North  or  South 
Carolina)  kae^d'hni-sn. 

carom  n..  v.  in  billiards  [also  spelt  carrom ;  as  verb,  past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  caromed,  caromd}  'kae^am. 

carotid  «.  (artery  of  the  neck)  kaVetid. 

oaronaal  n.  (feast,  noisy  revel)  ks'zao-zdl. 

caronael  «.  formerly,  a  tilting-match  [also,  in  this  sense, 
sometimes  spelt  carousal};  merry-go-round  [also  spelt,  in 
this  sense,  carrousel}  kaero'zel,  ^kxzo-zdl. 

carrageen  n.  alga  [also  spelt  carragheen}  kse^a'giin,  'ksers- 
gin. 

carrageenin  n.  [also  spelt  carrageenine}  kse^d'gii-nin. 

carriage  n.  (conveyance)  'kaerids. 

•carriole  n.  single-seated  open  carriage;  light  coverd  cart; 
kind  of  sledge  [also  spelt  cariole}  'kaeei-ol,  compare  carry- 
all. 

carrot  n.  (vegetable)  'kaerat. 
.%    carte  blanche  n.  (blank  paper;  full  power)  ka^t'blarnS,  ka^t- 

c:  low,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  au  now,  a:  osk,  aiVLiX.^*, 

lenffth-mar/r  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \qtvv;*, 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f ellowmg  syWaUe. 


78  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

'blenS,    kazrt'blaernS ;     (also)     ka?t'bla:ntS,    ka^t'blentS,    kazt- 

'blae:ntS. 
oarte-de-Tisite    n.    small-sized    photograph    [plural    cartes- 

de-visite']  kai^t-davi'ziit. 
cartel  n.   (written  challenge  or  agreement;  tablet)   'ka?-tcl, 

ka^'tel. 
Cartesian  adj.  (of  Rene  Descartes)  ka^^tii-sdn,  ka?'tii-zi-9n. 
Carthnsian  n.  (monk)  kar'O^ou-sdn,  ka?'6gou-zi-3n. 
cartilage  «.  (gristle)  'karti-hds,  'ka^tl-ids,  'ka^tii-ids. 
cartilaginons  adj,  (gristly)  kazti'lsedsi-nds. 
cartonche  n.  cartridge,  etc.   [also  spelt  cartouch]  ka?'tuu$ ; 

{less  properly)  ka^'toutS. 
cartridge  n.  (explosiv  case)  'ka^tjids;  {vulgarly)  'kaetjids. 
camcage  n.  plowing-tax   [also  spelt  carrucage'\  'kseru-kids; 

{less  properly)  'kaejjo-kids. 
oamcate  n.  land-measure;  a  plow-land  [also  spelt  carrucate'\ 

'kae^o-ket,  {rarely)  'kae?jo-ket. 
eamncle    n.    fleshy    excrescence    [synonymous    cognate    ca- 

runcula,   caruncule"]    'kae-^Aqksl,    kae'jAqkal,   'kai-rAqkal,    ka- 

carve  v,  cut   [also  spelt  carv;  past  participle   and  preterit 

carved,  carvdl  kaizv. 
caryatid  n.  female  human  figure  used  as  a  column  [ploral 

caryatids,  caryatides']  kae^i'aetid. 
caryatides  n.  (ploral  of  caryatid)  kx?i'xti-diz. 
caryocinesis  n.  kae^io-si'nii-sis.     same  meaning  as  karyo- 

kinesis. 
casein  n.  milk  albuminoid  [also  spelt  caseine}  'kee-si-in. 
casement  n.  (molding;  window-sash)  'kees-msnt,  'keez-msnt. 
caseons  adj.  (of  cheese)  'kee-si-as,  'kee-zi-as,  'kee-Jas. 
cashex^  n,  nut;  tree;  also,  cachu  [also  spelt  cashoel  ka'^ou. 
cashier  n.  (cash-keeper)  kx*li:z, 
casliier   v.    dismiss;    discard    [past    participle    and    preterit 

cashiered,  cashier d]  kae'Si:^,  ka'Si:?. 
cashmere  n.  fine  woolen  fabric  used  for  dress-goods   [also 

spelt  cashmeer,  cachemire,  cachemere,   kashmir}   'kaej-mii^, 

kaeS'mi:?. 
eashoo  n.  ks'^ou.    same  meaning  as  catechu. 
casino  n.  club-house;  card-game  [also,  in  the  sense  of  card- 
game,  spelt  cassinol  ka'sii-no. 
cask  n.  (butt,  barrel)  ka:sk,  ka:sk,  kae:sk. 
casket  «.  chest,  coffin,   etc.   [also,   formerly,   spelt  casquetl 

'ka:-skit. 

j\ve,    gcure;  d  the,   G^/iin;   3  arure,  d^/oy;    \  shoe,   tS  c/rew; 
wze/hen;  ijsing;  u  wh<9ever,  i  react,  oiu\\,  Quioo\,  \tt,  \\^ee\ 
o poetic;  9  over,   e  aerial,  Abwt,  o:  door,  ootvo,  t.>oe^,  t^?,a\fc\ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  79 

casqite  ».  (helmet;  galea)  ka:sk,  ka:sk,  kx:sk. 

cassaxeep  n.  sauce  [also  spelt  cassaripe;  synonymous  cog- 
nate cassireepel  '\acs9-zip. 

eaisava  ».  plant;  flour  [also,  formerly,  spelt  ccuava;  synon- 
ymous cognate  casscuid}  kd'sai-vd;  (/e^j  properly)  'kaesa-vd, 
kd'see-vd,  'kaesa-ve. 

easserole  ».  (stew-pan)  Icaesd-^o},  kaess'^ool. 

cassia  »•  (bark;  tree;  herb)  tcxS?*  'kaeSi-9,  Icxsi-d,  'kaeSJ^- 

eassin&ere  n.  twild  woolen  cloth  used  for  trousers  [also 
spelt  caiimire;  synonymous  cognate  kerseymerel  'kaesi-mi:?. 

eassoivarjr  ».  (bird)  'kaesd-weri,  'kxs9-w9?i. 

east  V.  (throw,  etc.)  ka:st,  {when  unstrest)  kast;  {also)  ka:st, 
kae:st. 

Castanet  n.  (shell  used  in  music)  'ka:-st9-net,  'ka:-st9-nit, 
ka:-st3'net. 

caste  n.  division  of  society  [also,  formerly,  spelt  cast"]  ka:st, 
ka:st,  kx:st. 

castellan  n.  officer  of  a  castle  [synonymous  cognate  castel- 
lain"}  Icsstd-lan,  'kai-std-ldn. 

caster  n.  cruet;  small  wheel  [also  spelt  castor'\  'ka:-st9?. 

Castile  adj.  (in  *Castile  soap)  ka'stiii,  ks'stiil,  {sometimes, 
assumptivly)  'kae-stil. 

castle  n.  (fortress)  'ka:-s3l,  'kaessl. 

cast-off  adj.  ka:st'o:f,  {assumptivly)  'kaist-orf. 

castor  n.  (beaver;  castoreum;  castorite)  'kai-st^z. 

castorin  n.  substance  [also  spelt  castorinel  'ksests-nn. 

castorine  n.  cotton-velvet  fabric  [also  spelt  castorini  'kx- 
st3-?in. 

castrate  v,  (geld;  emasculate)  'kse-st£et. 

castrate  n.  singer  [ploral  castrati}  kaes't£a:-t3,  kas't£a:-t3. 

casual  adj.  (chance;  fortuitous)  'kaesu-al,  'kaesju-al,  'kaezi-u-al. 

casualty  n.  (chance;  accident)  'kaesu-al-ti,  'kaezi-u-al-ti. 

oasnist  n.  (one  verst  in  casuistry)  'kx3U-ist,  'ksesju-ist. 

casns  belli  n.  (occasion  of  war;  excuse  for  war)  kee-S9s- 
'beli. 

catabasis  n.  descent  [plural  catabases}  kd'tssbs-sis. 

oatabolie  adj.  [also  spelt  katabolici  kstd'behk. 

catabolism  n.  disintegration  :  the  epposit  of  anabolism  [al- 
so spelt  katabolism^  kd'taebd-hzsm. 

cataobresis  n.  misuse  of  words  [plural  catachreses^  ksets- 
'ksii-sis. 

oatacbrestio  adj,  kstd'ksestik,  kaets'k^ii-stik. 

cataolasm  «.  (break,  disruption)  ^kaeta-kii^aezam. 

c:  law  J  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  ehot,  01  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a*,  ask,  b,iV\\.^*, 

Ungtb'tnark  (:)  indicates  that  the   preceding  sound  is  \©tv%\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f  ellowing  s^WaYA^. 


80  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

oataolysm  n.   (deluge,  flood)  'kaet3-ki:.izam. 
catacomb  n.  (subterranean  burial-place)  'kxta-koom. 
catafalqne    n.    coffin-stage    [also    spelt    catafalc,    catafalk] 

'kaeta-faelk. 
catalepsy  n.  (seizure,  trance)  'kxtd-lepsi. 
catalog  n»,  v.   [also  spelt  catalogue'^  'kseta-leg,  'kxtl-eg. 
cataloged  adj.   [also  spelt  catalogued,  catalogdl  'kxta-legd. 
cataloger  n.  [also  spelt  cataloguer'\  'kaetd-legs?. 
cataloging  n.   [also  spelt  cataloguing^   'kaets-legii). 
catalpa  n.  (tree)  ka'taelps. 

catalysis  n.  decomposition  [plural  catalysesi  ks'tsti-sis. 
catamaran   n.    (raft;    craft    with    twin    hulls)    ksetsmd'rxn, 

'kaet3m9-raen,  ka'taema-^an. 
catapan  n.  (Byzantin  official)  kseta'paen,  'kxtd-psen. 
cataphora  n.  (lethargy)  ks'tsefd-ra. 
cataract  n,  (waterfall;  opacity  of  eye-lens)  'kxts-raekt. 
catarrli  n,   (inflammation  of  mucous  membrane)  ks'ta:?. 
catarrhal  adj.  (of  catarrh)  ks'ta:-??}. 
catarrhine  adj,  of  the  apes  called  Catarrhina  [also  spelt  ca- 

tarhinel  'kaeta-rain,  'kaet9-zin. 
catastasis   n.   a  setting   forth ;   narrativ   [ploral   catastases] 

k9'taest9-sis. 
catastrophe  n.  (conclusion;  disaster)  k9'txstS9-fi. 
Catax^ba  n.  (grape)  k9'tc:-b9. 
catch  v.,  n,  kaetS ;   {vulgarly  or  dialectally)  ketj. 
catchnp  n.  'kxtjdp.     same  meaning  as  ketchup. 
catechetic  adj,  (of  catechism)  kxti'ketik. 
catechise  n.  dialectal  (catechesis,  catechism)  Icxti-kiz. 
catechism  n.  (religious  textbook;  book  or  course  of  questions 

and  answers)  'kaeti-kiz9m. 
catechization   n.   [also   spelt   catechisation"]   kaetiki'zee-Ssn, 

kaeti-kai'zee-S9n. 
catechize  v.  instruct  by  questions  [also  spelt  catechisel  'kse- 

ti-kaiz. 
catechn  n.  extract  [synonymous  cognate  cashool  'kaeti-tSu, 

'kaeti-Su. 
catechnmen  n.  (neophyte)  kaeti'tSou-m9n,  kaeti'kgou-m9n. 
categorem  «,  (predicate,  etc.)  'kaetiga-^em,  kg'tega-zrem. 
categorical  adj.  (of  categories;  precise)  kaeti'ge^i-kgl. 
categorization  n.  [also  spelt  categorisation^  kxti-go^i'zee- 

San,  kaeti-go-rai'zee-S9n. 
categorize  v.  (classify)  'kaeti-go-zraiz. 
category  n.  (notion,  class)  'kaeti-gorr. 

j\ve,    Qcure;  d  the,   Q  thin;   5  a.mre,  d$joy;   ^  shoe,   tlchew, 
wzt'Aen;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  o  iu\\,  QMiool,  itt,  \\^ee\ 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abwt,  o:  door,  00  no,  t.\ic^,  t^^oX^N 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  81 

oateaia  n.  chain  [plural  catenae}  ks'tii-na. 
catenary  adj.,n,  'kaetn-cri,  'kaeti-neei,  ka'tii-na-ji. 
oateran  n.  (Highland  marauder;  freebooter)  'kxta-zdn. 
cater-eomered    adj.    diagonal    [also    spelt    cater-cornerd"] 

'ke e-t3?-ke :?-n9?d,  'kaetaj-ke : z-n^zd. 
caterpillar  n.  larva  [also  spelt  caterpiller'\  'kaetsr-piid?. 
caterx^anl  v.  (cry  as  a  cat)  'kaetdr-wc:!. 
oatkarixe  v,  (purify)  'kxOa-raiz. 
oathartio  adj,,  n.  (purgativ)  kd'Oartik,  k3'6a:?-tik. 
catkedra  n.  (bishop's  chair;   episcopal  see)  ks'Oii-drd,  Icae- 

6i-dr9;  (less  properly)  kd'Oedra. 
oatbedraled  adj.  [also  spelt  cathedralled,  cathedraldl  kd'Oii- 

drsid. 
catheter  n.  (tube)  IcxOi-td?. 
oatlietiiB  n.  line  [plural  catheti]  'kxQi-t^s. 
cathodal  adj.  of  the  cathode;  lower  [also  spelt  kathodall 

'kaeGa-dl. 
cathode  n.  negativ  pole  [also  spelt  kathodel  'kx-6od. 
cathodic  adj,  going  down  [also  spelt  kathodic}  ka'Oedik. 
Catholicism  n.  kd'Oeh-sizsm,  'kaeOsh-sizam. 
Catholicise  v.  [also  spelt  Catholicise'}  ks'Oeh-saiz,  'kaeOah- 

saiz. 
cation  n.  ion  at  the  cathode ;  electropositiv  ingredient  [also 

spelt  kationi  'kaeti-sn,  'kaet-ai-an. 
catoptric    adj.    (of   a   mirror;    of   optic    reflection)    ka'tep- 

tsik. 
catsnp  n.  'kxtssp.     same  meaning  as  ketchup. 
Caucasian  adj,  (of  the  Caucasus;  Indo-european)  kc^ks^dn, 

kc'kee-San,  kc'kee-Si-an,  kc'kee-san,  kcTcee-zi-an. 
candad  adj,  (toward  the  tail)  'kc.-dxd.        '^" 
candal  adj.  (of  the  tail)  'kc:-d},  'kodsl. 

candez  n.  stem,  trunk  [ploral  caudices,  caudexesi  'kc:-deks. 
candle  n.  (warm  drink)  'kodh 
canght  V.  [past  participle  and  preterit  of  catchi  kc:t,  {when 

unstrest)  kct. 
cank  n.  (spur  on  a  horseshoe)  see  calk.* 
canl  n.  net;  membrane  [also  spelt  cawl}  kc:!. 
canldron  n.  see  caldron. 
canlifloTver  n.  (vegetable)  'kc:-h-fLau-3r. 
canline  adj.  of  a  stem  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  caulini  'ko 

hn,  'kc:-lain. 
canlis  n.  stalk,  stem  [ploral  caules}  'kc:-hs. 
eanlk  v.  see  calk.^ 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cot,  eh6?t,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  a\V\\.^N 

Xzngth-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \©tv%\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f  eUowing  sv\\a>a\^. 


82  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

oansexvay   n.    [synonymous   cognate   causeyl    Icciz-wee. 
oansey  n.  'kozi,  'kc:-ze.    same  meaning  as  causeway. 
oanterisation  n.  [also  spelt  cauterisationi  kotd^i'zee-S^n, 

kc:-t9-zai'zee-S3n. 
canterixe  v,  [also  spelt  cauterisel  'kc:-t9-;aiz. 
canzee  n.  'kc:-zi.    same  meaning  as  kasi. 
cavalcade    n.    (company    on    horseback)    ksevdi'keed;    (less 

properly)  Icaeval-ked. 
caTalero  n.  cavalier  [also  spelt  cayalierol  kxv9li:-?3. 
cavalier  n.  (horseman;  beau)  ksevsli:?. 
cavally  n.  fish  [also  spelt  cavalli;  plural  cavallies,  cavallisi 

ka'vaeh. 
cavasB  n.  see  kavass, 

cavatina  n.  (simple  melody,  air)  kava'tii-no,  kxvd'tii-na. 
cavea  n.  cage;  auditorium  [plural  caveae'i  'kee-vi-9. 
caveat  n.   (notice;  warning)  'kee-vi-9t;   {less  properly)  'kae- 

vi-aet. 
eavel  n.  a  lot  that  is  cast ;  an  allotment  [synonymous  cognate 

cavil,  kevel,  kevill  'kaevsl. 
caTesson  n.  Qose-band   [also,  formerly,  spelt  caveson;   for- 
mer synonymous  cognates  cavason,  caveson,  causson}  'kae- 

visdn. 
caviar  n.  fish-roe  [also  spelt  caviar  el  kavi'a:^,  kav'ja:?,  kaevi- 

'a:z,  'kaevi-ar,  kavi'e:?:,  kaev'je:?,  ka'vi:?. 
cavil  V.  find  fault;  carp  [present  participle  caviling,  cavil- 
ling; past  participle  and  preterit  caviled,  cavilled,  cavildl 

'kaeviL 
caviler  n.  one  who  cavils  [also  spelt  caviller^  'kxvi-id?. 
cavort  v,  (prance  about)  kd'voizrt. 
cavnm  n.  hollow;  cavity  [ploral  caval  'kee-vsm. 
cay  n.  kee,  kii.     same  meaning  as  key, 
Cayenne  adj,  ke'en,  kai'en,  (sometimes,  assumptivly)  'kee-en, 

Hcai-en. 
cayman  n,  alligator   [also   spelt   caiman,   kayman,   kaiman; 

ploral  caymansi  'kee-msn. 
caziqne  n.  ks'ziik.     same  meaning  as  cacique. 
cease  v.  stop,  end  [past  participle  and  preterit  ceased,  ceasti 

siis. 
cecils  n.  pi,  (hasht  meat)  'sesilz,  'sii-silz. 
cecity  n.  blindness  [also  spelt  coecityl  'sii-si-ti,  'sesi-ti. 
cecnm  n.  see  caecum. 
cedar  n.  (tree ;  wood)  'sii-dae. 
cede  V.  (yield)  siid. 

J  ye,   gcure;  bthe,  0  ^Mn ;   5  a^ure,  dsjoy;   ^shoe,  tSchew; 
wwAen;  ijsing;  u  wh<7ever,  i  react,  ofuu,  QMiool,  itt,  i\^ee\ 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  serial,  Abut,  o:  door,  ;>otio,  t\ie^,  tt^a\fe\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  .  83 

eeder  n,  (one  who  cedes)  'sii-da?. 

eedilla  n.  (little  z :    a  mark  placed  under  the  letter  c  to  in- 
dicate that  the  c  has  the  sound  of  s)  si'dila. 
cedrin  n.  extract  from  cedron-seeds  [also  spelt  cedrine']  'sii- 

drin. 
cedrine  adj,  of  the  cedar  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  cedrin}  'sii- 

dnn,  'sn-dcain;  {less  properly)  'sedrin. 
ceil  V,  overlay,  as  with  plaster  or  wood  [also  spelt  del;  past 

participle  and  preterit  ceiled,  ceildl  siil. 
eeilins  n.  plastering  at  the  top  of  a  room,  etc.   [also  spelt 

cielingi  'sii-Jiq. 
celandine  n.  plant  [former  synonymous  cognates  celendinc, 

celadine,  salandine,  saladine}  'selan-dain. 
eelantes  n.  (mood  of  the  first  figure  of  syllogism)  si'lxn-tiz. 
celarent  n.   (mood  of  the   first  figure  of  syllogism)   si'ie:- 

^nt. 
eelebrator  n.  [also  spelt  celebraterl  ^sth-hzet9z. 
oeleres  n,pl.  (patrician  knights)  ^seh-ziz. 
celery  n.  plant  [also,  formerly,  spelt  selleril  'sels-zi,  (rapidly) 

celestial    adj,    (of   the   sky;    heavenly)    silestSsl,    si'leJtSdl, 

silesti-a). 
Celestine  n.  follower  of  Caelestius   [also,  sometimes,  spelt 

Celestin}  'sela-stin,  'sela-stain,  si'lestin. 
celestite  n.  (mineral)  'sels-stait,  si'le-stait. 
celiac  adj,  of  the  belly ;  also,  coelian  [also  spelt  coeliac}  'sii- 

li-aek. 
celibacy  n.    (single   life;   unmarried   state)   'sehbs-si;    (less 

properly)  si^iba-si. 
cell  n.  (small  apartment;  religious  house;  structural  element 

of  organisms;  battery-jar)  sel. 
cella  »•  central  room  of  a  temple;  cell  [plural  cellael  'scls. 
cellar  n.  (room  under  a  house)  'sel^z. 
cello  n.  violoncello  [also  spelt  'cello}  'tjeb. 
cellular  n.  (of  cells)  'seliu-ld?. 
celluloid  n.  (imitation  ivory,  etc.)  'seliu-leid. 
cellulose  n.  (substance  of  cell-walls)  'selio-los,  seHu'}3os. 
Celt  n.  [synonymous  cognate  Kelt}  selt,  (rarely)  kelt. 
celt  n.  (implement)  selt. 

Celtic  adj,  [synonymous  cognate  Keltic"]  'seltik. 
cembalo  n.  (dulcimer)  'sembd-lo. 

cement  n.  (binding-substance;  adhesiv)  si'ment,  'semant. 
cement  v.  (unite  by  cement;  cohere)  si'ment. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  01  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai\t\\.e:\ 
length-xnorJr  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \©tv%\ 
streas-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  fellgy/xng  sv\U\i\e. 


a4  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

cemetery  n.  [ploral  cemeteriesi  'scmi-tc^i;  (also)  'semit9-2i, 
{anteriorly)  'scmi-tazi;  (rapidly)  'semi-tji,  'semitji. 

oenobite  n.  [also  spelt  coenobite^  'sena-bait,  'sii-ns-bait. 

cenotaph  n.  (empty  tomb)  '8en9-ta:f. 

Cenozoio  adj,  sind'zoo-ik.     same  meaning  as  Caenozoic. 

oense  v,  (perfume  with  incense)  sents,  (in  Britain)  sens. 

censer  n.  (vessel  in  which  incense  is  burnt)  'sentsd?,  'senss?. 

censor  n.  (magistrate)  'sentsa?,  'sensd?. 

censure  n.  (hostil  criticism)  'sent^d?,  'sen$37,  'sens^a?. 

cent  n.  (coin)  sent. 

centanr  n.  (mythic  monster,  half  man  and  half  horse)  'sen- 
tc:z, 

centenary  adj.  (of  a  hundred)  'senti-nen;  (also)  'sentins- 
zit  (assumptivly)  'senti-nazi;  (also,  in  Britain)  sen'tii-na-ri, 
sen'tena-^i. 

centenier  n.  (police-officer)   'senti-ni:?. 

centennial  adj-  (of  a  hundred  years)  sen'teni-al. 

center  n,,  v.  [also  spelt  centre ;  as  verb,  past  participle  and 
preterit  centered,  centred,  centerdi  'sentaz. 

centering  n.  [also  spelt  centreing  and,  sometimes,  centring} 
'senta-jiq,  'sentjiq. 

centesimal  adj.,  n.  (hundredth)  sen'tesi-mal. 

centesimo  n.  (hundredth  of  a  lira)  sen'tesi-mo,  tSen'tesi-mo. 

centigrade  adj,  (graduated  into  a  hundred  equal  parts)  'sen- 
ti-gzreed. 

centigram  n.  hundredth  of  a  gram  [also  spelt  centigramme} 
'senti-g^aem. 

centiliter  n.  [also  spelt  centilitre}  'senti-hi-ta? ;  (improper- 
ly) sen'tih-ta?. 

centime  n.  (hundredth  part  of  a  franc)  'sen-tim,  sen'tiim. 

centimeter  «.  [also  spelt  centimetre}  'senti-mii-ta? ;  (im- 
properly) sen'timi-tar. 

centipede  n.  many-legged  arthropod  [synonymous  cognate 
centiped}  'senti-pid. 

centrale  n.  bone  [ploral  centralia}  sen'tjee-h. 

centralization  n.  [also  spelt  centralisation}  sent£ah'zee- 
San,  sentja-lai'zee-Jan. 

centralize  v,  [also  spelt  centralise}  'sent^a-laiz. 

centrifugal  adj,  (fleeing  from  the  center)  sen'tjifgo-gaJ. 
(assumptivly)  sen'tjifgogal. 

centripetal  adj,  (seeking  the  center)  sen'tjipi-tl,  (assump- 
tivly) sen'tjipitl. 

cents  n.  (plural  of  cent)  scnts. 

jjre,    g  cure;  d  the,   0  thin ;   5  a-?ure,  ds  ;oy ;  '  S  shoe,   tS  chew ; 
wzt/Aen;  i]  sing;  u  wh<7ever,  i  react,  aiu\\,  \5Miool,  \tt,  lisee; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e aerial,  Abut,  o:doot,  ootvo,  t.\ic^,  tt^qXt.\ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  85 

oeatnmTir  n.  one  of  a  body  of  about  a  hundred  Roman 

judges  [ploral  centumvirs,  centumviril   sen'tAmva?. 
eentnmTirate  n.  sen'tAmva-zot. 
eentnple  cuij.  (a  hundred-fold)  'sentqo-psl, 
eentnrion  n.  (commander  of  a  century)  8en'tQo:-?i-9n. 
eenturj  n.  (a  hundred  soldiers;  a  hundred  years)  'sentSa-s^i, 

{anteriorly)  'sentS^zi;  {rapidly)  'sentS^i;  {older)  'sentga-ri. 
eeorl  n.  (churl)  kge:;!,  tSe:?!* 
eephalio  adj,  (of  the  head)  si'fxhk,  'sefs-hk;  {erroneously) 

ki'fslik. 
eepl&alopod  n.  (head-tentacled  animal)  'sefsla-ped,  si'fxtd- 

ped. 
eepl&aloiM  adj.  (having  a  head)  'sefa-lss. 
cermin.  n.  (constituent  of  beeswax)   'si:-ze-in,  'si:-?9-in. 
eeramio  adj,  [synonymous  cognate  keramici  si'rxmik. 
ceras  ».  a  horn,  or  the  like  [ploral  ceratal  'szz^s. 
cerate  n.  (ointment)  'si:-?et,  'si:-?9t. 
cerate  adj.  (having  a  cere;  cered)  'si:-?et. 
cerate  n.  horn-silver  [synonymous  cognate  keratel  'se?et. 
eeratin  n.  horn-substance  [also  spelt  ceratine;  synonymous 

cognates  keratin,  keratinel  'se?9-tin. 
eerattna  n.  (horn-plate)  si'?xti-n9. 

ceratode  n.  horn-like  skeletal  substance  of  sponges  [synony- 
mous cognate  keratodel  'seza-tod. 
eeratohyal  adj.,n.  sesd-to'hai-dl. 
eeratoid  adj.  horn-like  [synonymous  cognate  keratoidi  'sezs- 

teid. 
ceratome  n.  cornea-cutter  [synonymous  cognate  keratome} 

'sezd-tom. 
ceratose  adj,  horny   [synonymous  cognate   keratosel   'se?9- 

tos. 
eeroiM  n.  rear  feeler;  bristle  [ploral  cercil  'sezkds. 
cere  n.,v,  (wax)  8i:z. 
cereal  adj.  (of  edible  grain)  'si:-?i-9l. 
cerebellum  n.  the  little  brain ;  the  hind-brain  [plural  cere- 

bellal  sezi'beldm. 
cerebral  adj.  (of  the  brain)  'sezi-bzal;  {less  properly)  si'^ii- 

hz9l. 
cerebrie  adj,  (cerebral)  'sczi-bzik,  si'zeb^ik,  si'^ii-bzik. 
cerebrospinal  adj.  of  the  brain  and  spinal  cord  [also  spelt 

cerebrospinal^  sczi-bzo'spai-nl. 
cerebmm  n.   brain;   prosencephalon    [ploral   cerebral   'sen- 

b?3m;   {less  properly)  si^gii-bggm. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  o  h^t,  01  hoy;  a:  far,  a^j  now,  a:  osk,  aiV.\t.e\ 

\znglh-njark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \otvs\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  cbi^f  Btress  on  the  following  sy\\a\Ae, 


86  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

cerement  n.  (waxt  grave-cloth)  'si:7-m9nt. 

oeremonial  adj,,  n.  se^i'moo-ni-a}. 

ceremony  n.  [ploral  ceremonies'^  'seri-mom,  'serimd-ni. 

cereons  adj.  (waxen)  'si:-ri-9s. 

oerens  n.  (cactus)  'si:-zri-9S. 

cerge  n.  sB:7d3.    see  under  cierge. 

oerio  adj.  (of  cerium)  'si:-?ik. 

cerin  n.  waxy  substance  from  cork ;  impure  cerotic  acid  from 

beeswax  [also  spelt  cerinel  'si:-rin. 
oerine  n.  ore  of  cerium  [also  spelt  cerin}  'si:-?in. 
ceripli  n.  see  serif. 
cerise  adj.,  n,  (cherry  red)  ss'^iiz. 
oeroma  n.  (wax  salve;  cere)  si'?oo-m9. 

cerosin  n.  wax-like  substance  [also  spelt  cerosinel  'si:-?9-sin. 
certain  adj.  (fixt;  sure)  'sertn,  'se^tm;  (dialectally)  'seet-n. 
certainly  adv.  'sB?tn-h,  'serti-nh;  (dialectally)  'sszt-nh. 
certiorari  n.  (writ)  suzl^'zBi-zm. 

cerulean  adj,  sky-blue   [also  spelt  caerulean'l  si'?ou-H-9n. 
cemlein  n.  blue  substance  [synonymous  cognate  cerulini  si- 

'rou-H-in. 
cemlin  n.  'si:-?o-hn.     same  meaning  as  cerulein. 
cemmen  n.  (ear-wax)  si'?ou-man. 
cemse  n.  (white  lead)  'si:-?us,  si'?ous. 
cemsite  n.  [also  spelt  cerussitel  'se?9-sait. 
cervical  adj.  (of  the  cervix  or  neck)  'sB'.r-vi-kal,  sdr'vai-kdt. 
cervine  adj.   (of  the  deer)  'sBrzr-vin,  'sB:?-vain. 
cervix  n.  neck,  etc.  [ploral  cervicesi  'sB:?-viks. 
ceryl  «.  (radical  in  beeswax)  'sr.-zil. 

cesare  n.  (mood  of  the  second  figure  of  syllogism)  'sii-z3-ri. 
Cesarean  adj.  see  Caesarean, 
cespitose   adj,  turfy;   matted   [also  spelt  caespitosel   sespi- 

'toos,  (assumptivly)  'sespi-tos. 
cessation  n.  (a  ceasing;  stop)  se's8e-$9n. 
cessavit  n.  (writ)  se'see-vit. 
cessible  adj.  obsolete  (yielding)  'sesd-bdL 
cession  n.  (act  of  ceding)  'seSsn. 
cesspool  n.  (drain-cistern)  'ses-poul. 
cestns  n.  girdle  [ploral  cesti"]  'sestss. 
oestns  n.  boxing-glove  [also  spelt  caestus;  ploral  cestusi  'se- 

stds. 
oesnra  n.  cut  made  by  the  ending  of  a  word  within  a  foot 

[also  spelt  caesura;  ploral  cesuras,  caesurael  si'sqo:-?3,  si- 

'zjo:-?3,  si'3o:-r3. 

jj^e,    gcure;  d  the,   0  *Mn;   saxrure,  dj/oy;   ^shoe,  tjc/iew; 
wze/hen;  ij  sing;  u  wh<7ever,  i  react,  oiuu,  Quiool,  itt,  lisee; 
o poetic;  9  over ^  ea^rial^  Abut,  o:  door,  00 no,  ^Vkc^,  ^^^(Afe\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  87 

Cetaeea  n.  pi,  (whales)  si'tee-si-9,  si'tee-$i-9. 

eetaoean  adj.  (of  the  Cete  or  whales)  si'tee-$9n. 

eete  n.  (whale)  siit. 

cete  n.  obsolete  (a  company  of  badgers)  siit. 

Cete  n.pl.  (whales,  dolphins,  etc.)  'sii-ti. 

eeteraeli  n.  (scaly  fern;  miltwaste)  'set9-?£k. 

eetie  adj.  (of  the  whale)  'sii-tik. 

cetine  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  cetini  'sii-tin,  'sii-tain. 

eetrarate  n.  si'tsee-set. 

cetrarie  adj.  (of  citraria  or  Iceland  moss)  si't£ae?ik. 

eetrarin.  n.  [also  spelt  cetrarine^  si'tse:-zin,  'sets9-?in,  'sii- 

t£9-3in. 

eetyl  n.  radical  [also  spelt  cetylel  'sii-til. 

eeylonite  n.  [synen3rmous  cognates  ceylanite,  zeylanite']  si- 

^en-ait,  sile-nait,  'sii-la-nait. 
eliabasite  n.  'ksbs-zait,  'kxbd-sait.     same  meaning  as  chab- 

asite. 
eliabaiite  n.  mineral   [synonymous  cognate  chabasitel  'ks- 

bd-zait 
ChahUmn.  (wine)  San>}ii,  Sx'bhi. 
chaff  n.  (grain-husks)  tSa:f,  t$a:f,  t$ae:f. 
diaffincli  n.  (bird)  'tSaf-fmtS,  'tSaefintS,  'tJai-finS. 
chagrin  n.  (vexation;  mortification)  l^'gzm,  $9'g?iin. 
cliair  n.  (seat)  t^eiz, 
cludse  n.  (vehicle)  Seez. 

chalaza  n.  tread  of  an  egg,  etc.  [ploral  chalasae^  kslee-zs. 
chalcedonic  adj.  of  chalcedony  [also  spelt  calcedonici  kx!- 

si'denik. 
chalcedony  n.  [also  spelt  calcedony']  kael'seds-ni,  'kselsids-ni. 
Chaldean  adj.  of  Chaldea  [also  spelt  Chaldaean}  ksel'dii-sn. 
Chaldee  adj,,  n.  (Chaldean)  'kael-di,  ksel'dii. 
chaldron  n.   (measure)  'tSc:}-dr3n,  'tSa:l-dr9n,  'tSxldrsn. 
chalet  n.  (cottage)  l^leCf  S^elee,  '$sele. 
chalice  n.  cup  [also  spelt  chalisi  'tSaetis. 
chalil  n.  (ancient  Hebrew  musical  instrument)  hslii}. 
chalk  n.  (soft  white  limestone)  tSc:k. 
challenge  n.,  v.  't^shnds. 
challis  n.  fabric  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  challyl  '$aeh,  'tSxhs. 

compare  shalli. 
Chalybean  adj.  {pi  the  Chalybes)  kd'hbi-sn,  kxh'bii-dn. 
chalybeate  adj,  (impregnated  with  iron)  kslibi-et. 
chambranle  n.  (top-piece  of  a  doorway,  etc.)  Saem'b^aenl. 
chanicleon  n.  reptil  [also  spelt  chamaeleoni  kd'mii-H-sn. 

c:  law,  b:  iur,  ae  cat,  ehot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  aa  now,  a:  osk,  aikxte\ 

Xzngth-markO)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  Vetv^'i 

^reaa-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  fellowing  syWaU^ 


88  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

cbamfer  n.,v.  bevel  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit 
chamfered,  chamferd']  'tSamfa?. 

diamois  n.  antelope;  soft  leather  [also  sometimes  spelt,  es- 
pecially in  the  sense  of  leather,  shamoy,  shammy'^  'Jaemi, 
'Sae-mwe,''Sae-mwa,  'Jae-mei,  Jae'mei. 

obamomile  n.  see  camomile, 

oliainp  V,  bite,  chew  [synonymous  cognate  chomp;  past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  champed,  champti  tjaemp. 

obampagne  n.  wine  [also,  formerly,  spelt  champaigne,  cham- 
paign'] Saem'peen. 

oliainpaig:!!  n,,  adj.  (flat  open  country)  ^sm'peen ;  (formerly) 
tjaem'peen. 

ohampak  n.  tree  [also  spelt  champaci  'tSsm-pxk,  't$xmp9k, 
't^Am-pAk. 

diampig^pn  n.  mushroom  [also  spelt  champinion']  ^xm'pi- 
njsn,  t$3m'pini-9n. 

Champlain  adj.  (part  of  the  Paleozoic  series)  lxm'pL.een. 

chanoe  n.  (fortune,  fortuity,  etc.)  tSa:ns,  tSa:ns,  tSs:ns;  (also) 
tSa:nts,  etc. 

cbanoel  n.  (sanctuary)  'tSa:n-S9},  'tSaenssl. 

chancellor  n.  (officer)  'tSa:n-s9-l9z. 

chancery  n.  'tSa:n-s9-?i. 

chancre  n.  (venereal  ulcer)  'lxt)k9z, 

chancroid  adj.  (like  chancre)  'SxQ-kseid. 

chandelier  n.  (pendant  cluster  of  lights)  Ixnd^^iiz, 

chandler  n.  (candle-maker;  retailer)  'tSam-dldzr,  'tSxndls?. 

changeable  adj,  (variable)  'tSeen-dsd-bs!. 

channel  v,  [present  participle  channeling,  channelling;  past 
participle  and  preterit  channeled,  channelled,  channeld} 
'tjaenl,  'tSaenal. 

chanson  n.  (song)  S^ri'sei],  'Ssenssn. 

chant  v.,  n.  [synonymous  cognate  chauntl  tSa:nt,  tSci:nt, 
tSaemt. 

chantant  adj,  Sori'ter),  'tSa:n-t3nt. 

chanticleer  n.  (cock)  'tSsenti-k^i:?,  't$a:n-ti-kz<i:7. 

chaos  n.  (chasm,  abyss;  disorder)  'kee-es. 

chaotie  adj.  (like  chaos)  ke'etik. 

chap  n.  (a  crack,  as  in  the  hand)  tSaep. 

chap  n.  jaw  [also  spelt  chop]  t^ep. 

chaparral  n.  (thicket)  tlxp^zxl. 

chapean  n,  hat  [ploral  chapeaux]  Sse'poo. 

chapel  n.  (subordinate  place  of  worship,  etc.)  'tjaepsl. 

chaperon  n.  (hood;  protector)  'Jaepa-^on,  'Jaepa-^on. 

J  ye,    gcure;  d  the,   9 /Mn ;   3  ajsrure,  ds/oy;   S  j/»oe,  tSc/iew; 
wzt/Aen;  tj  sing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  Diu\\,  ouiool,  itt,  \\s6e; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial.  Abut,  o:  door,  ;)ono,  t,\ic^,  ^.^\iAWn 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  89 

elutpfalloA  ad$,  'tSep-fc:^9n,  'tSaep-fc:-l9n.     same   meaning 

as  chopfallen, 
elutplain  n.  (priest,  etc.)  't$xpz<in. 
elutplet  n.  (head-dress,  wreath)  'tSsprst. 
elutppy  n.  chap,  fellow  [also  spelt  chappiel  'tSxpi. 
eliar  it.,  v.  tlaiz.    same  meaning  as  chare. 
ehar  it.  (fish)  t$a:?. 
cliar  tr.  reduce  to  charcoal  by  burning;  scorch  [as  verb,  past 

participle  and  preterit  charred,  chard}  tSaiz. 
ckaraetefr  it.   (mark;  trait;  person)  laez^k-t^z,   {anteriorly) 

'ksizsktsz;  (also,  often)  laszik-t^z;  (vulgarly)  ks'zxkt^z. 
eliaraoteriiatloA   n.    [also    spelt    characterisationi    ksezdk- 

t9zi'zee-$9n,   (rapidly)  kae?9kt£i'zee-S9n ;   (also)   kae^akta-eai- 

'rce-$3n. 
diaraeterise  v,  [also  spelt  characterise!  ^sez^kts-zaiz, 
eltarade  n.  (word-riddle,  often  acted)  Sd'zreed,  S^'zaid, 
elaare  n.,v.  turn,  etc.   [synonymous  cegnate  char  and,  as  a 

noun,  in  the  sense  of  job,  chorel  t^ciz. 
cliarlne—  n.  't$e:-zi-nis. 
charioteer  n.  (chariot-driver)  tSae^i-s'ti:?. 
charifliii  n.  (devine  gift;  talent)  'kx-ziz^m. 
eharivari  n.   (mock  serenade)  laszi'vaezi,  Sa?i'va:-2ri. 
cJiarlatan.  n.  (quack)  'Sa:r-la-tn,  'Sai^-la-tan,  'Sa:?-l3-taen. 
oliarlotte  msse  n.  (whipt  cream  and  sponge-cake)  $a:?-l9t- 

Vous. 
ehaniel  n.   (repository  for  dead  bodies')   %a:z-nl. 
cl&art  n.,  t/.  (map ;  draft)  tlaizt. 
cluurta  n.  a  paper,  a  parchment;  a  charter  [ploral  chartael 

Tcorta,  Tcare-ta. 
eliarter  n.  (written  instrument)  'tSa^ta?. 
eluurtograplier  n.  map-maker  [also  spelt  cartographer'}  kaz- 

'togra-far. 
ehartrense  n.  (cordial)  Sa^t£B:z. 

chartnlary  n.  a  set  of  charters ;  register  [also  spelt  cartula- 
ry"} TcartQo-Jen. 
el&ary  adj,  (careful,  cautious,  wary)  'tSer-jri. 
cluuiable  adj.  [also  spelt  chaseable}  'tSce-sd-bal. 
chase  v.,  n.   hunt   [also   spelt  chace}   t^ees,   (when  unstrest) 

t$es. 
chase  n.  (frame  in  which  type-forms  are  lockt)  tSees. 
chase  n.  (part  of  a  gun ;  groove)  tjees. 
chasm  n.  (yawning  gulf;  cleft;  gap)  'kaezsm,  'kaezm. 
chass6  V.  glide,  etc.  [also  spelt  chassez,  chassey;  vulgar  syn- 

c:  low,  b:  fur,  xcat,  0 hot,  ei  boy;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  BiiV\\e\ 

lengtb-markO)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \oti%', 

stress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f©lloY/ing  syWaU^ 


90  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

enymous   cognates   sashy,   sashay,   sasshay}    Jx'see,    (some- 
times, especially  anteriorly)  'Jaese. 
oliassepot  n.  (rifle)  '$£s-po,  Saes'poo. 
chassis  n.  (frame)  '^xsis,  Sa'sii. 
chaste  adj,  (pure)  tSeest. 
chasten   v.   disciplin;    purify    [past   participle   and   preterit 

chastened,  chastend}  'tjce-san,  'tjce-sn;   (improperly)  'tjce- 

stsn,  'tSxsdn. 
chastening;  adj.  'tSee-sd-niij.  (rapidly)  'tSees-niij. 
ehastise  v,  punish  [also  spelt  chastizel  tSxs'taft,  tSs'staiz, 

'tSae-staiz. 
ehastisement  n.  't$xstis-mdnt,  'tSxstiz-msnt ;  (less  properly) 

tSss'taiz-mdnt. 
chasuble  n.  (vestment)  'tSasJo-bal,  'tjasgo-bsl,  'tSaeSjo-bal. 
ch&tean  n.  castle;  country  house   [ploral  ch&teaux^  S^c'too, 

Sa'too. 
ehatelaine  n.  (mistress  of  a  chateau;  appendage)  'tSaet}-en, 

'Saeti-len;  'Jai-ta-len. 
ehattel  n.  (movable  possession)  'tSxtl,  'tSsetdl. 
ehanffer  n.  portable  furnace  [also  spelt  chauferl  'tjofd;, 

'Sc:-fazr. 
chauffeur  n,  (automobile-driver)  Jo'fo:?,  'Joo-far. 
ehauvinism  n.  (devotion)  'S^o-vi-nizsm. 
ehay  n.  chaise  [also  spelt  shay'\  See. 
cheap  adj.  (low  in  price ;  mean)  tSiip. 
check  n.,  v.  [also,  as  a  noun,  in  the  sense  of  a  written  order 

or  draft,  spelt  cheque  \  as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit 

checked,  checktl  tjek. 
checker  n.  one  of  the  pieces  or  men  used  in  the  game  of 

drafts  or  checkers  [also  spelt  chequer'}  'tjekar. 
checkerberry  n.  [also  spelt  chequerberry ;  synonymous  cog- 
nate chickaherryl  'tSekar-be^i. 
checkered  adj.  [also  spelt  chequered,  checkerdi  'tSekard. 
cheeky   adj.   checkt,   checkerd    [also   spelt   chequee,   chequy, 

chequey,  checquy,  checqueyl  'tjeki. 
Cheddar  adj.  [also  spelt  Chedderl  't$edd;. 
cheep  V,  (peep,  chirp,  squeak)  tSiip. 
cheerful  adj,  *tli:z'f^l. 
cheesy  adj.  (of  or  like  cheese)  'tSii-zi. 
chef  n.  (head;  chief  cook)  lef. 
chef-d'ceuvre  n.  [ploral  chefs-d'oeuvre']  Sc'deiv?. 
cheiropter  n.  see  chiropter. 
chela  n.  claw  [ploral  chelae]  Hcii-ls. 

J  ye,    gcure;  d  the,   Othin;   sasure,  d^foy;   Jj/»oe,   tSrfcew; 
wwhen;  tj  sing;  u  wh<?ever,  i  react,  oiuu,  oMiooV  "1%^,  'A.^ec*, 
o poetic;  9  over,  e aerial,  Abut,  otdoot,  oono,  «.>ac^,  «.fe^cJ«.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  91 

chela  n.  pupil,  novice  [also  spelt  cheeld]  'tjee-la,  'tjii-la. 

cheloid  n.  tumor  [also  spelt  keloid}  'kii-leid. 

clielys  n.  (ancient  Greek  lyre;  lute;  viol)  'kehs. 

cheme  n.  (Roman  weight)  'kii-mi. 

ehenUe  adj.  (of  chemistry)  'kcmik. 

ehemise  n.  (garment;  wall)  Ji'miiz;   {less  properly)  Si'miis. 

ehemiflette  n.  (garment)  ^emi'zet. 

ehemist  n.   [former  synonymous  cognate  chymist}   'kemist, 

{dialectally)  'kimist. 
cHemistry  n.  [former  synonymous  cognate  chymistry}   'ke- 

mi-stsi,  (dialectally)  Tcimi-stii. 
ohenllle  n.  (cord)  Jd^niil. 
cHenopod  n.   (plant)  'kii-nd-ped,  'kend-ped. 
clieqiie  n.  see  check, 
cHeroot  n.  cigar  [synonymous  cognate  sharoot}  l^'zaut,  tji- 

'zDUt. 

eliemb  n.  angel  [ploral  cherubs,  cherubint"]  'tSceab. 
ohembie  adj.  (of  cherubs;  angelic)  tSi'^uu-bik. 
eliembim.  n.   (ploral  of  cherub)   'tlez^-bim;   (less  properly) 

'tSeejo-bim. 
cliendl  n.  (plant)  %b:z-viI. 
Cheshire  adj.  'tSeSs?. 

chestnut  n.  nut;  tree  [also  spelt  chesnutl  'tSesNst  'tSes-nxt. 
ohetah  n.  leopard  [also  spelt  cheeia,  cheetah'}  'tjii-ts. 
eheval  de  frise  n.  war-appliance,  spiked  ornament  [ploral 

chevaux  de  frise}  Sa-vael-da'fsiiz. 
chevalet  n.  (prop)  'Sev9-le. 
che-ralier  n.  (horseman,  knight ;  bird)  Jevali:?. 
ehe-ranx  n.  (ploral  of  cheval)  Ss'voo. 
ehevelnre  n.  (head  of  hair;  coma  of  a  comet)  'lev^-lioz. 
ehe-rerel  n.  (obsolete)  kid  [also  spelt  cheveril]  'tjeva-ral. 
ohevet  n.  (eastern  end  of  an  apse)  Ss'vee. 
cheviot  n.  (woolen  cloth)  'tSevi-at,  'tSii-vi-at;  'tjivi-at. 
chevron  n.  beam ;  device ;  badge  [synonymous  cognate  che- 

veron}  'Sevzran. 
cheiv    V.    masticate    [past    participle    and    preterit    chewed, 

chev' ']  tSou,  (when  unstrest)  tju. 
chcwink  n.  bird  [also  spelt  cheewink}  tli'vritjk. 
chianti  n.  (wine)  ki'xnti,  ki'a:n-ti. 
chiaroscuro  n.   light   and   shade,   clair-obscure ;   a   drawing 

in  black  and  white  [also  spelt  chiaro-oscuro}  ki-a:-^3'sko:-^o. 
chiasm  n.  (two  lines  crost;  decussation)  'kai-aezsm. 
chiasma  n.  chiasm  [ploral  chiasmatal  kai'xzms. 

c:  law,  b:  iur,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a*,  ask,  ^iV\\,^\ 

\zngth-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \^xvv^N 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f oVVovfing  a^\\a\i\e^. 


92  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

ohiasmiis  n.  (word-order)  kai'sesMSS. 

oliibonk  n.  long-stemd  pipe   [also  spelt  chibouque,  chibuk'i 

tSi'bouk,  tSiTjok. 
oliic  adj,  (stylish;  cunning)  S^k,  $iik. 
chicane  n.  (trickery)  Si'keen. 
cMeanery  n.  [plural  chicaneries}  Si'kce-na-zri ;  {less  properly) 

Si'kaena-ei. 
eliick  n.  (chicken)  t$ik. 
eliicken  n.  'tSikin;  {dialectally)  'tSikq. 
eliicory  n.  plant  [also  spelt  chiccory ;  synonymous  cognate 

succory'i  'tjika-ei,  {anteriorly)  'tjikaei;  {rapidly)  'tSiksi. 
eliief  adj.  (principal)  tSiif,  {when  less  strest)  tSif. 
eliief  n.  head  [ploral  chiefs']  t^iif. 
chief ery  n.  office  or  domain  of  a  chief;  tribute  [synonymous 

cognate  chief ry]  'tSii-fa-^i. 
chieftain  n.  (leader)  'tSiif-tin. 
chiffon  n.  (bit  of  cloth  or  finery)  'Jifan,  'Sifon. 
chiffonier  n.  case  of  drawers;  rag-picker  [also  spelt  chif- 

fonnier;    synonymous    cognates    chiffonniere,    chiffonier e, 

chiffonidre,    chiffonniere,    cheffonier]    Jifa'ni:?,    Si'foo-ni-e, 

Si'feni-e,  'Sifa-niizr. 
chiffonnidre  n.  (female  ragpicker)  li'too-ni-ziz, 
chignon  n.   (a  woman's  hair  done  up   at  the   nape  of  the 

neck)  'Sii-njorj. 
chilblain  n.   (blain  due  to  a  cold ;  erythema)  'tSil-bleen. 
child  n.  [ploral  children"]  'tSaild. 
childe  n.  (noble  youth;  squire;  knight)  tjaild. 
childlike  adj.  (like  a  child)  'tSaiM-laik,  'tSail-laik. 
children  n.  (ploral  of  child)  'tSildrsn. 

chiliasm  n.  (doctrin  of  final  rule  by  Christ,  etc.)  'kiH-aezam. 
chilli  n.  the  pod  or  fruit  of  the  Guinea  pepper  [also  spelt 

chili,  chilly,  chile;  ploral  chillies]  'tjih. 
chilly  adj.  (cold)  'tjih. 

chiloma  n.  lip  [ploral  chilomata]  kailoo-ms. 
chime  n.  (set  of  bells;  also,  their  harmonious  sound)  t^aim. 
chime  n.  rim  of  a  cask  [also  spelt  chimb]  tSaim. 
chimer  n,  (one  who  chimes)  'tjai-ma?. 

chimer  n.  [also  spelt  chimar,  chimmar]  'tjima?.    same  mean- 
ing as  chimere. 
chimera  n.   fantastic  creature ;  vain   fancy   [also   spelt  chi- 

maera]  kai'mi:-?3,  ki'mi:-^a. 
chimera  n.  [also  spelt  chimaera]  Si'mi:-79.    same  meaning  as 

chimere. 

J ye,    gcure;  b  the,   9  *Mn ;   3  arure,   dsjoy;    I  shoe,   tjc/iew; 
wzaAen;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  ouiool,  i-it,  \\^ee\ 
o poetic;  o  over,  e  aerial.  Abut,  o:  door,  00 no,  e\>c^,  ^^^a\.^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  « 

ehia&ere  n.  bishop's  robe  [synonymous  cognates  chimer,  chi- 

fnera\  Ji'mi;?,  tji'mi:?. 
ehia&erieal  adj,   (fantastic;   preposterous)   kai'mc^i-kdl,   ki- 

ehia&eriie  v.  obsolete  [also  spelt  chimerise}  kai'mi:-zaiz, 
ki'mi:-7aiz. 

ehimAey  n.  smoke-vent  [ploral  chimneysl  'tjimni;  {dialec- 
tally,  sometimes  with  variation  of  spelling)  'tjimh,  'tSim- 
Mi. 

ehlatpaniee  n.  (ape)  tSim'pxnzi,  tSim'paenzi,  tSimpsn^zii, 
tSimpxn'zii. 

ehinar-tree  n.  tSi'na:?-t£ii. 

ddAoliilla  n.  (rodent;  fur;  cloth)  tSm'tSils. 

diinese  adj.  (of  China)  tjai'miz,  {assumptivly)  'tSai-niz; 
{also)  tSai'niis,  {assumptivly)  'tjai-nis. 

ehinkapin  n.  dwarf  chestnut  [also  spelt  chincapin,  chin- 
quapini  'tjigka-pin,  'tjinka-pin. 

oltinoidine  n.  by-product  obtaind  in  making  quinine  [also, 
sometimes,  spelt  chinoidin']  ki'nei-din,  ki'noi-dain. 

ddAoline  n.  tertiary  amin  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  chinolin; 
synonymous  cognates  quinoline,  quinolin,  quinolein,  quino- 
leinel  'kina-lain,  'kina-lin. 

diinook  n.  (wind)  tSi'nok,  t^i'nouk. 

c]ii]i.tz  n.  printed  cotton  cloth  [also  spelt  chints'\  taints. 

diipmunJE  n.  chipping-squirrel  [synonymous  cognate  chip- 
muck, chipmuk}  'tJip-mAqk. 

cliirog^rapliy  n.  (handwriting)  kaiVegzd-fi. 

ehiromancy  n.  (palmistry)  'kai-^a-maensi,  {rarely)  'ki^a- 
maensi. 

ehiropod  n.  mammal  with  hands  [also  spelt  cheiropodi  'kai- 
z9-ped. 

chiropodist  n.  (corn-doctor,  etc.)  kai'z;epd-dist,  ki'^epa-dist ; 
{improperly)  tji'^epa-dist,  Ji'^epa-dist. 

chiropter  n.  wing-handed  animal ;  bat  [also  spelt  cheiropter} 
kai'^opta^. 

ohirmp  v.  chirp  [synonymous  cognate  cherup;  past  partici- 
ple and  preterit  chirruped,  chirrupt'\  'tji^ap. 

ehimrgeon  n.  (surgeon)  kaiVardsan;  {improperly)  t^i'zBz- 
dssn. 

chisel  n.  (tool)  't^izdl. 

chisel  V.  [present  participle  chiseling,  chiselling  \  past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  chiseled,  chiselled,   chiseld}   'tjizal. 

chitin  n.  entomolin  [also  spelt  chitine'\  'kai-tin. 

c:  low,  b:  fwr,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  ©i  hoy;  a:  far,  go  now,  a:  ask,  a\k\\.^\ 
\Bngth-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \^xv%N 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f oWovfin^  sv\\^\t. 


94  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

diitinisation  n.   [also  spelt  chitinisation^}   kai-tini'zee-Sdn, 

kai-ti-nai'zee-San. 
chitinised  adj.  [also  spelt  chitinised']  Icai-ti-naizd. 
cliiton  n.  (tunic)  'kai-ten. 

chi-ralrio  adj.  (of  chivalry)  'Sivsl-^ik,  Ji'vakik,  'tjival-rik. 
oM-ralrons  adj.  (knightly;  of  the  Age  of  Chivalry;  gallant) 

'Siv3l-?3s,  'tjival-^as. 
ehivalry   n.    (mounted    man-at-arms;    knighthood;    curtesy) 

'Sival-^i,  {also,  especially  in  Britain)  'tjival-?!. 
diive  n.  plant  [synonymous  cognate  civel  tjaiv. 
oblamys  n.  mantle  [plural  chlamydes']  'kLee-mis,  'kuemis. 
chloral  n.  (liquid)  'kz.oi-z^l. 

oliloraliiiii  n.  (antiseptic)  'kLD:-?d-l3m,  kLo'^xlsm. 
oUoranil  n.  [also  spelt  chloranilel  *kt.o>z9-nil,  kz^o'^snil. 
chloride  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  chloridl  'kz.o:-?aid,   (be' 

fore  of)  'ki.o:-?id. 
eUoridize  r.  convert  into  or  cover  with  a  chloride  [errone- 

ous   synonymous  cognates   chlorodise,   chlorodisel    'ktor-ei- 

daiz. 
chlorine  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  chlorin']  'kz.3:-;ain,  'kz.3:- 

zin,  'kto:-?in. 
chloroform  n.   (formyl  trichloride)   'kt.oi-z^-feizm. 
chlorophyl  n.  green  matter  of  leaves,  etc.  [also  spelt  chloro- 

phylll  'kto:-^3-fil. 
choana  n.  funnel;  infundibulum  [ploral  choanael  'koo-s-ns. 
chock-fnll   adj.    [synonymous   cognate   choke-fult]    tSek^fol, 

(assumptivly)   'tSok-fol;   (dialectally)   tSAk'fol,   (assuntptivly) 

'tSAk-fol. 
chocolate  n.   (prepared  cacao-kernels)  'tSeks-lst. 
choenix  n.  Greek  dry  measure  [ploral  choenicesl  'kii-niks. 
choir  n.  company  of  singers  [also  spelt  quirel  kwaiz. 
choired  adj.  assembled  in  a  choir;  utterd  in  chorus   [also, 

sometimes,  spelt  quired"]  kwai?d,  (also,  in  poetry)  'kiuai-^id. 
ehoirman  n.  man  who  sings  in  a  choir  [also  spelt  quireman; 

ploral  choirmeni  'kiuaij-man, 
choke  V.  (stop  the  breath,  etc.)  tSook,  (when  unstrest)  tSok. 
oholagog:ne  n.  medicin  for  controlling  the  bile   [also  spelt 

cholagogi  'kola-gog. 
choler  n.  (bile;  anger)  'kola?;  (erroneously)  'koo-lar. 
cholera  n.  (disease)  'keld-??. 
choleric  adj.  (of  choler  or  bile;  angry)  'kela-eik. 
cholerine  n.   diarrhea  preceding   cholera   [also,   sometimes, 

spelt  cholerini  'kela-zrin,  'kela-^ain,  'kola-^in. 

Jjy^,   gcure;  bthe,  9 /Mn ;   3  assure,  ds/oy;   I  shoe,  tjc/iew; 

ww/ten;  zjsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiull,  aufool,  lit,  \\^ee\ 

o poetic;  o  over,  e  aerial.  Abut,  0:  doot,  00 uo,  t\ic^,  t.^^oX&\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  95 


c]&olesteri]&  n.  [also  spelt  cholesterine ;  erroneous  synony- 
mous substitutes  cholestearin,  cholestearine}   ka'lesta-ein. 

cl&ollaii&b  n.  (variety  of  iambic  trimeter;  scazon)  'koo-li- 
smb. 

oholine  n.  bile-substance  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  cholin;  syn- 
onymous cognate  cholein}  'kolin,  'ke-lain. 

ol&oiie  n.  (cortical  dome  of  a  sponge)  koon. 

olioose  V.  select  [past  participle  chosen;  preterit  chosel 
tjouz,  {when  unstrest)  tjuz. 

obopfallen  adj.  [synonymous  cognate  chapfalleni  'tSep-fc:- 
}dn. 

ol&opin  n.  liquid  measure  [also,  formerly,  spelt  choppin,  chop- 
ine^  'tjopin. 

ol&opine  n.  clog,  shoe  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  chopini  tSo'piin, 
'tSopin,  'tS 0-pin. 

olioragie  adj,  (of  a  choragus)  ko'^xdsik,  ko'^ee-dsik. 

ol&oragns  n.  chorus-leader  [synonymous  cognate  choregus', 
ploral  choragil  ko'?ee-gas. 

ol&oral  adj.  (of  a  chorus  or  choir)  lai-z^h 

olioral  n.  song;  tune  [also  spelt  choralel  Icoi-z^i,  \a'za:h 

ol&ord.  n.  a  string;  the  simultaneous  sounding  of  three  or 
more  tones;  a  straight  line  intersecting  a  curve;  a  chorda 
[also  spelt  cord"]  ke:zd. 

chorda  n.  tendon ;  filament  [ploral  chordae"}  'kerzr-ds. 

cl&ore  n.  small  job;  char,  chare  [also  spelt  choar}  t^oiz. 

chorea  n.  (Saint  Vitus's  dance)  ka'^ii-a,  ko'zrii-a. 

choree  n.  (trochee)  'ko:-?i,  ko'^ii. 

ohorio  adj.  (of  a  chorus)  'ko^ik,  'ko:-?ik. 

chorion  n.  outer  fetal  envelop  [ploral  chorial  'ko:-?i-3n. 

chorisis  n.  (separation)  'k3:-7i-sis. 

chorist  n.  (singer  in  a  choir)  'ke^ist,  'ko:-?ist. 

chorister  n.  (singer  in  a  choir;  choir-leader)  'kezri-std?;  {im- 
properly) Tcor-n-sta?. 

choroid  adj.  (membranous)  'k3:-?eid. 

chorus  n.  band  of  singers ;  song  [ploral  choruses]  'ko:-?3s. 

chose  V.  (preterit  of  choose)  tjooz,  {when  unstrest)  tSoz. 

chose  n.  (piece  of  property;  thing)  Jooz. 

chonsh  M.  (bird)  t^Af. 

chrestomathy  n.  (collection  of  literary  extracts)  kses'te- 
ms-Oi. 

chrism  n.  (sacred  ointment;  unction)  'ksizam,  Ic^izm. 

chrisom  n.  chrisom-cloth,  chrisom-robe ;  dead  child  [also 
spelt  chrysom,  chrysomel  'k^izam. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  ©  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a*.  asV.,  a."i.V.\\.e.\ 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  la  \^n«.N 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f eUowms  sv\\a.V\€:. 


%  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

oliristen  v.  baptize,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit  christ- 
ened, christend}  'Icsissn,  'ksisn. 
oliristening  n.  'Icsisd-nii],  Ic^isn-ii],  'IcsisNir). 
Christianity    n.    k^is'tSseni-ti,    ksiS'tSxni-ti ;    ksistSi'xni-ti, 

ksiStSi'aeni-ti ;  Icsis'tgani-ti,  ksisti'aeni-ti. 
Christianize     v.     [also     spelt     Christianisel     'IcsistSd-naiz, 

'IcsiStJa-naiz ;  Iraistga-naiz. 
Christmas  n.  'Icsismss. 
ehromatrope  n.  rotary  color-disk  [also  spelt  chromotropel 

'lcsoo-ni3-t£op. 
clironiolithograpliy  n.  ksoo-mo-li'Oeg^d-fi. 
olironiospliere     n.     (solar     color-sphere;     chromatosphere) 

'ksoo-ms-sfi:?. 
eliromotype  n.  [also  spelt  chromatypel  'Icsoo-md-taip. 
chronic  adj.  (of  time;  long-continued)  'ksenik. 
chronograph  n.  (time-recording  device)  'ksen3-g?a:f. 
chronologic  adj.  k^ensledsik. 

chronologize  v.  [also  spelt  chronologisel  ksd'nels-dsaiz. 
chronology  n.    (science  of  the  time-order  of   events)   \cs9- 

'nela-dsi. 
chronometer  n.   (time-measuring  device)   k^a'nemi-ts?. 
chrysalides  n.  (ploral  of  chrysalis)  k^i'saeh-diz. 
chrysalis  n.  pupa  [ploral  chrysalides,  chrysalises']  'ksisa-hs. 
chrysanthemum  n.  (flower)  k^i'ssnOi-msm. 
chryselephantine  adj.  of  gold  and  ivory  [also  spelt  chrys- 

elephantifi]  ksis-eh'faentin. 
chrysoberyl  n.  (cymophane)  'Icsisa-beeiJ. 
chrysolite  n.  (olivin)  'ksisd-lait. 
chrysoprase  n.  (variety  of  chalcedony)  'ksisa-psez. 
church    n.    (house    of    worship;    ecclesiastic    organization) 

tSeretS. 

chute  n.  inclined  slide;  waterfall;  rapid  [also,  sometimes, 
spelt  shute,  shoot"]  Sout. 

chutney  n.  condiment  [also  spelt  chutnee"]  't^AtNi. 

chyle  n.  (liquid  in  the  lacteals)  kail. 

chylifactive  adj,  [also  spelt  chylifactiv,  c  hi  I  if  active]  kai- 
h'faektiv,  kih'faektiv. 

chylification  n.  kai-hfi'kee-Jan,  kilifi'kee-San. 

chyme  n.  (food  in  process  of  digestion)  kaim. 

chymifioation  n,  kai-mifi'kee-Jan,  kimifi'kee-San. 

cicada  n.  locust;  cricket  [ploral  cicadas,  cicadae]  si'kee-da. 

cicatrice  n.  scar,  cicatrix  [also  spelt  cicatris;  ploral  cica- 
trices] 'sika-tEis. 

/j^'^/    gcure;  d  the,   Q  thin\   saswe,  dsjoy;   ^shot,   tjc/iew; 
wze/Aen;  ij  sing;  u  whenever,  i  react,  oiuW,  oviiooV,  \\\.,  \v^cc\ 
o  poetic;  o  over,  e  aerial,  a  but,  o:dooT,  oono,  t\ic^,  «.^^a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  97 

eieatrices  n.  *(ploral  of  cicatrice)  'sik9t£i-siz. 
eieatriees  n.  (ploral  of  cicatrix)  sikd'tsai-siz. 
eieatriole  it.  (germinal  vesicle;  hilum)  'sikatsi-ksl,  si'kstsi- 

kal. 
eleatrisc  it.  scar,  hilum  [ploral  cicatricesi  si'kce-t£iks,  'siks- 

tiiks. 
eleatrisant  adj,  that  cicatrizes  [also  spelt  cicatrisant}  'siks- 

tsai-zant. 
eleatrisatioii   n.    [also   spelt   cicatrisation}    sikdtsi'zee-Ssn, 

sikd-tsai'zee-Sdn. 
eleatriie  v,  scar  over  [also  spelt  cicatrisel  'sika-tsaiz. 
eicely  n.  (plant)  'sisi-li,  'sai-sz.i. 
eteerone   n.  guide   [ploral  ciceroni,  ciceronesl   tSitSi'zoo-ni, 

sisi'?30-ni. 
eteisbeo  n.  one  who  dangles  about  women  [ploral  cicisbei, 

cicisbeosi  si'sisbi-o,  tSitJiz'bee-o. 
eidarite  n.  (fossil  echinoid)  'sids-zait. 
eider  n.  (drink)  'sai-ds?. 
elerse  n.  wax  candle  or  taper  [former  synonymous  cegnates 

cerge,  serge"}  si:7d3,  si'c:?5. 
cigar  n.  roll  of  tobacco  for  smoking  [also  spelt  segar}  si'ga:?. 
eisarotte  n.  [also  spelt  cigaret}  sigsVet;  (improperly)  'sigd- 

zet,  siga'eiit. 
eillairy  adj.  (of  cilia;  hair-like)  'si}i-e?i. 
eilimn  n.  eyelash;  hair-like  organ  [ploral  cilia"]  'sili-dm. 
eimeter  n.  'simi-ts?.    same  meaning  as  simitar, 
einel&ona  n.  (bark)  sin'koo-ns. 

cincture  n.  (belt;  barrier)  'sigktSd?,  (older)  ^sir]ktq^z. 
cinematograpli    n.    (motion-picture    machine)    sini'mxts- 

gsraif. 
Cingalese  adj.  (of  Ceylon)  siggs'hiz,   (assumptivly)  'sigga- 

liz;   (also)  siQgs'his,  (assumptivly)  'siqga-Hs. 
cingle  n.  obsolete  (girth)  'sir) gal. 

cinnabar  n.  (red  sulfid  of  mercury;  vermilion)  'sind-ba:?. 
cinnamon  n.  (bark;  tree)  'sins-msn. 
cinqnefoil  n.   plant;   ornament   [also   spelt   cinqfoil}   'siqk- 

feil. 
cion  n.  obsolete  (uvula,  etc.)  'sai-dn. 
oion  n.  obsolete  (shoot,  twig,  etc.)  'sai-an.    see  scion. 
cipher  n.  nought,  zero;  secret  writing  [also  spelt  cypher,  ci- 

fer;  past  participle  and  preterit  ciphered,  ciferdj  'sai-fa?. 
Ciroeam  adj.  of  Circe  [also  spelt  Circaeanl  so^'sii-dn. 
circle  n.  (ring;  coterie)  'sezkal,  'ssr^-kal. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  01  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai\^itt\ 

Itogth-marlr  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \oTi%\ 

stress-mark  ()  indicates  Qhiei  9tres9  pn  th^  fallowing  s^WaW, 


98  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

oircnit  n.  (boundary-line;  area;  detour)  'ss^kit. 
cironitons  adj,  (circuit-like;  roundabout)  sBz'kgou-i-tds. 
circularise  v,  [also  spelt  circularise'^  'sB?kQol9-?aiz. 
oironmolie  v.  cut  off  the  foreskin   [also  spelt  circumcise'^ 

'sBrksm-saiz ;  {less  properly)  SBzkdm'saiz. 
oircnmferenoe  n.  s^z'kAmi^-z^ns. 
eironinferenter  n.   (land-compass;  circumventor)  ssz-kiun- 

fa'eentae,  sar'kAmfa-eenta?. 
oironnifleotion  n.   [also  spelt  circumflexion]   sBzk9m'fz.ek- 

Sdn. 
oironinsoribe  v.  SBzrkdm'slnaib,  {anteriorly)  'sB^ksm-sIcsaib. 
circnmspect  adj.  (cautious)  'sB^ksm-spekt. 
cironmspect  v,  {obsolete)  sBzrkdm'spekt. 
oironinstance  n.   (surrounding;  detail)  'sBzrkdm-stsns,  'ss?- 

kdm-stdns. 
oiroiim.stantial    adj,    SBzrkdm'staenSdl,    {assumptivly)    'sb?- 

ksm-staenSdl. 
oircnin'vol've  v.  revolv  [also  spelt  circumvolv;  past  partici- 
ple and  preterit  circumvolved,  circumvolvdl  SBzrkam'velv. 
eirrliosis  n.  (liver-disease)  siVoo-sis. 

eirrose   adj.  having  cirri   [also   spelt  cirrhosel   siVoos,   {as- 
sumptivly) 'si?os. 
cisalpine  adj.  on  this,  the  southern,  side  of  the  Alps  [also, 

sometimes,  spelt  cisalpin^   sis'xlpin,  sis'ael-pain. 
cist   n.  case,   chest,   mystic   basket   [also,   erroneously,   spelt 

cysfl  sist. 
cist  n.  prehistoric  place  of  interment ;  sepulchral  chest ;  stone 

coffin   [also,   erroneously,  spelt  cyst;  synonymous  cognate 

kistl  SI  St. 
citadel  n.  (fortress)  'sits-ddl. 
cite  V,  (quote,  name)  sait. 

cithara  n.  (ancient  Greek  musical  instrument)  *siB^z9. 
eitliern  n.  musical  instrument  with  wire  strings,  played  with 

a   plectrum    [synonymous    cognates   cittern;   cither,   cithar, 

zither"]  'siGazn. 
citrate  n.  (salt  of  citric  acid)  'si-tjet;  {erroneously)  'sai-tjet. 
citrine  adj.  of  the  citron  or  lemon  [also  spelt  citrini  'sitjin. 
eive  n.  saiv.    same  meaning  as  chive. 

civil  adj.  (of  the  state;  curteous)  'sivil,  {sometimes)  'sival. 
civilization  n.   [also  spelt  civilisationi  sivih'zee-$9n,   sivi- 

lai'zee-San. 
civilize  v.  [also  spelt  civilisel  'sivi-laiz. 
eivilizer  n.  [also  spelt  civiliser']  'sivi-lai-zar. 

Jj^e,   gcure;  b  the,  Qthin;   saxrure,  ds/oy;   I  shoe,   t^chew; 
wwken;  zjsing;  u  wh/7ever,  i  react,  oiuVl,  xiMiool,  itt,  \\^ee\  . 
o poetic;  q  over,  e aerial.  Abut,  o*. doot,  ootio,  t\ic^,  t.^^a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  99 

eivilly  adv,  (in  a  civil  manner)  'sivi-h,  (anteriorly)  'sivili. 
clair-obsenre    n.    chiaroscuro     [also    spelt    clare-obscurel 

dairroyaAoe  n.  (mesmeric  insight)   kz.ez'vei-9ns. 

clam  ant  adj,  (crying)  'kz^ee-msnt,  'kLsmant. 

elamor  n.  outcry  [also  spelt  clamourl  'kLxma^. 

elamor  v.  raise  an  outcry;  shout  [also  spelt  clamour;  past 

participle  and  preterit  clamored,  clamord}  'kvxm^z. 
elamorons    adj,    [also,    rarely,    spelt    clamourousl    'kz^ms- 

Z9S. 

clandestine  adj,  secret  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  clandestine 
kz.aen'destin,  kLaen'de-stain. 

clangor  n.  clang  [also  spelt  clangourl  'kLsgd?,  'kLSQgdz. 

clannish  adj.  (of  a  clan)  'kz^aeni^. 

clapboard  n.  (sheathing-board)  'kz^bszd,  'ki^p-ho:zd. 

daq^ne  n.  (paid  applauders  collectivly)  kLsk. 

Clarencenx  n.  title  of  the  second  king-at-arms  [also  spelt 
Clarencieuxl  'kz^aersn-SQU. 

claret  n.  (wine)  'k^srst. 

clarinet  n.  wind-instrument  [synonymous  cognate  clarionet} 
'kije^i-net,  kz-aeei'net. 

clarion  n.  (trumpet)  'k^ae^i-dn. 

clasp  n.,  V.  catch,  embrace  [past  participle  and  preterit  clasp- 
ed, claspt"]  kz.a:sp,  kz^aisp,  kz^isp. 

class  n.  (division;  rank)  kz.a:s,  kz.a:s,  k]:<se:s. 

classic  adj.  of  the  first  class;  standard;  of  old  Greece  or 
Rome)  'ki^sik,  'kta:-sik. 

classicist  n.  'kLxsi-sist,  'k]:<a:-si-sist. 

classicize  v.  [also  spelt  classicise'\  'kz.sesi-saiz,  'kLa:-si-saiz. 

classify  v,  (arrange  in  classes)   'kz.aesi-fai,  'k]:<a:-si-fai. 

clavate  adj.  (club-shaped)  'ktae-vet,  'ki.ee-vet. 

claTieliord  n.  (piano-like  instrument)  'kLaevi-ke:7d. 

clavier  n.  (keyboard)  'klee-vi-azr,  kJa'vi:?;  (clavichord,  pia- 
no) kta'vi:?. 

clayey  adj,  (of  clay)  'ktee-i. 

oleading  n.  clothing;  casing  [also  spelt  deeding'}  'kLii-dii). 

cleanly  adj.  clean,  neat  [also  spelt  clenly}  'kLenh. 

cleanly  adv.  (in  a  clean  manner;  exactly)  'kz.ii-nh. 

eleansable  adj.  [also  spelt  cleansible,  clensable}  'kz^enzd-bdl. 

cleanse  v.  make  clean  [also  spelt  dense}  kLenz. 

clear  v.  clarify;  become  bright  [past  participle  and  preterit 
cleared,  cleard]  ki.i:z,  (when  unstrest)  ktie. 

cleat  ff.  strip  of  wood,  etc.  [also  spelt  deet}  k^iit. 

c:  low,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  iar^  go  now,  a*,  osk,  aiV.\\.t\ 

Izngth-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soMtvd  is  \^ti^\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  teUo'Wing  syWaXAt. 


48?447 


100  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

cleaver  n.  (.one  who  or  that  which  cleaves)  Ici-ii-va?. 
cleavers    n.    climbing    plant    [synonymous    cognate    clivers} 

'k3Lli-V3?Z. 

clef  n.  (key-mark  on  a  musical  staff)  k^ef. 

cleft  n.  crevis,  rift  [synonymous  cognate  cliftl  k^eft. 

,cleistoganiy  adj,  same  meaning  as  clistogamy. 

clematis  ».  (plant)  'ktema-tis;  (improperly)  ki.i'mee-tis. 

clemeney  n.  (leniency)  'kz.emdn-si. 

Clementine  adj.  of  Clement  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  Clemen- 

tin}  'kteman-tin,  'kz^emdn-tain. 
clenoli  V.  fasten  [synonymous  cognate  clinch;  past  participle 

and  preterit  clenched,  clenchtl  ktentj,  lalso,  and  in  Britain 

normally)  kz.enS. 
clepsydra    n.    water-clock    [plural    clepsydras,    clepsydrae} 

'ki.epsi-dr3,  ktep'sai-drs. 
cleptomania  n.  see  kleptomania. 
clerestory  n.  upper  story  or  part  of  the  nave,   etc.   [also 

spelt  clearstory}  'ki.i:z-sto:-zi. 
clergy  n.  (body  of  ecclesiastics)  'kto^dsi,  'ktei^-dsi. 
clerical  adj,  (of  the  clergy;  of  clerks  or  writers)  'kteri-kal. 
clerk  n.    (clergyman ;   scholar ;    recorder ;    salesman)    kL.B:zk, 

(in  Britain,  oftener)  ktaizk,  kLa:k. 
eleiv  n.  ball  or  skein;  thread  [also  spelt  clue}  k^ou. 
clio]i6  n.  (printing-plate)  k^i'See. 
click  n.  (sound)  ki.ik. 

clientele   n.  clients   collectivly   [also   spelt   clientelle,   clien- 
tele}  ki.ai-3n'tiil,   ki.ai-3n'tel,   kti-eq'teel. 
climacteric  n.  (critical  period  in  life)  kz.ai'msekt9-7ik,  kz.ai- 

maek'te^ik,  ki.i'maekt3-rik,  ktimaek'terik. 
climatal  adj.  (of  climate)  'kz.ai-m9-tl,  'k^ai-md-td}. 
climate  n.  (region;  prevailing  atmospheric  condition)  'ktai- 

mit. 
climatic  adj.  (of  climate)  loLai'maetik ;   (less  properly)  ki.i- 

'maetik. 
climatize  v.  [also  spelt  climatise}  'ktai-md-taiz. 
climatology  n.  (science  of  climate)  kLai-ms'tels-dsi. 
climb  n.  (ascent)  kz.aim. 

climber  n.  (one  who  or  that  which  climbs)  'k^ai-md?. 
clime  n.  (region,  realm)  kz.aim. 
clinantkinm  n.   (receptacle  of  a  composit  flower;  coenan- 

thium)  kti'naenGi-am. 
clinok    V.    [past    participle    and    preterit    clinched,    clincht} 

ktintS,  ktinj.     same  meaning  as  clench, 

j ye,    gcure;  d  the,   9  *Mn ;   3  a-sure,  ds/oy;    S  shoe,   tSc/tew; 

wwAen;  ijsinff;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuU,  aufool,  i  it,  lis^e; 

Q poetic;  o  QVfr,  ^  aerial,  Abut,  o;^0P^^  o6iio»  cV^»  ^^^a\&\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  10! 

ellnometer   n.    (dip-measuring   device)    kLi'nemi-t97,   kz«ax- 

'nemi-tds:. 
eliiiq,iiant  adj.  (glittering)  IcLiijkdnt. 
clique  n.  (party,  set)  kz.iik. 
eliqLni*™  m-  [also  spelt  cliqueism\  'kLii-kizsm. 
eliquy  adj,  of  cliques  [also  spelt  cliquey']  'kz.ii-ki. 
eVkmto^ajMkj  n,  [also  spelt  cleistogamyl  kLais'tegs-mi. 
clitellnm  n.  saddle  of  an  earthworm;  cingulum  [ploral  cli- 

telld]  kLi'telsm,  kLai'telsm. 
elitl&ral  adj.  wholly  rooft  over  [also  spelt  cleithral'}  'kLai- 

elitoris  n.  (female  erectil  organ)  'kLsi-td-zris. 
doff  n.  weight-allowance  [also  spelt  dough]  kz.ef. 
cloisonne    adj.    (divided    into    compartments)    kLOi-sd'nee, 

kz.wa-z9'nee. 
close  V.  (shut,  etc.)  ki.ooz,  (when  unstrest)  ktoz. 
close  n.  (enclosed  place;  yard)  kz^oos. 
close  adj.,  adv,  kz^oos. 

close  n.  (act  of  closing;  end;  cadence;  union;  grapple)  ktooz. 
cloth  n.  fabric  [ploral  cloths  and,  formerly,  clothes]  kLe:0, 

kz.eO;   (dialectally)  kz.c:0. 
dotl&e  V.  (dress,  attire)  kz.3od. 
dotl&es    n,pl.    (garments,    vestments;    bedclothes)    kz^oodz, 

kz.30Z. 

clothier  n.  (maker  or  seller  of  cloth  or  clothes)  'kz.oo-di-3?, 

IcLood-jae. 
dotliiiig  n.  (dress,  apparel)  ncLOO-dii]. 
dotHs  n.  (ploral  of  cloth)  kt^eibz^  kz.e:Os,  kteOs. 
dough   n.    (valley,   cleft,   gorge;    earthenware   vessel)    k^xf, 

dnbable  adj.  sociable  [also  spelt  clubbable]  'kz^Abs-bsl. 
due  n.  guide,  indication,  or  key  [also  spelt  clew]  k^ou. 
dunuiy  adj.  (acting  as  if  benumd;  awkward)  'kz^Amzi. 
olntch   v.,  n,   clasp    [as    verb,   past   participle   and    preterit 

clutched,  clutcht]  kLAtS. 
clyster  n.  (enema)  'k^istd?. 
cnemial   adj.    (of   the   cnemis   or   tibia)    'nii-mi-al,    (rarely, 

pedantically)  'kNii-mi-al. 
cnemic  n.  crus;  tibia  [ploral  cnemides]  'nii-mis. 
cnicin  n.  (bitter  principle)  'nai-sin. 
cnicxiode  n.  (node)  'nik-nod. 
cnida  n.  thread-cell  [ploral  cnidae]  'nai-ds. 
Cnossian  adj.  (of  Cnossus  or  Gnossus)  'nesi-dn. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  a  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  aiVi\.e\ 

length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \©n%\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f elloY/mg  syWaNAt. 


102  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

coadjntant  adj.,n.  (assistant)  ko'aed30-tnt,  ko'aedsju-tnt;  ko- 

3'd30U-tnt,  ko-s'dsjou-tnt. 
ooadjntor  n.   (assistant)  ko-^'dsou-ts?,  ko-d'dsjou-td?. 
ooadjnvancy  n.  ko'aed3ov9n-si,  ko'sedsjovsn-si. 
ooadjnvant  adj.,  n,  (assistant)  ko'aedso-vdnt,  ko'sedsjo-vsnt. 
ooag^nlate  v.  (curdle)  ko'aegjo-let. 
ooalesce  v,  (grow  together)  ko-sles. 

ooalised  adj.  joind,  allied  [also  spelt  coalisedl  'k30-3-}aizd. 
ooarse  adj.  (wanting  in  fineness;  rude)  \a:zs, 
coat  n.  (garment;  thin  outer  layer)  koot;  (dialectally)  kot. 
ooati  n.   (quadruped)  'koo-aeti,  ko'a:-ti. 

coax  V.  pet;  influence  by  caresses  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit coaxed,  coaxtl  kooks. 
co-azal  adj.  j(having  a  common  axis ;  co-axial)  ko'seksdt. 
cob  n.  gull  [also  spelt  cobbi  keb. 
cobalt  n.  metal  [also  spelt  kobaW]  'k30-bc:lt,  'koo-belt,  Hce- 

baelt 
coble  n.  boat  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  cobblel  'loo-bdt,  'kebal. 
coca  n.  (a  shrub,  Erythroxylon  coca)  'koo-kd. 
cocaine  n.  (alkaloid)  ko'keen,  'k30-ke-in,  'koo-ke-ain. 
cocainize   v,    [also   spelt   cocainisel   'k30-kd-naiz,   loo-ke-i- 

naiz. 
cocci  n.  (ploral  of  coccus)  'kek-sai. 
coccns    n.    insect;    fruit-carpel;    spheric    bacterium    [ploral 

coccil  'kekas. 
coccygeal  adj,  (of  the  coccyx)  kek'sidsi-al. 
coccyges  n.  [ploral  coccyges']  kek'sai-dsiz. 
'Coccyx  n.  tail-bones  collectivly  [ploral  coccyges]  'keksiks. 
cocbineal  n.  (crimson  dyestuff;  insect)  'ketSi-nil,  ketSi'niil, 

'koo-tSi-nil. 
oocblea  n.  snail-like  part  of  the  inner  ear  [ploral  cochleae] 

'keki-i-a. 
cocblear  adj,  (of  the  cochlea)  'kekz.i-d?. 
cocblear  n.  spoon,  labis  [ploral  cochlearia]  'kekz^i-a?. 
cocblear  adj.  (spoon-shaped)  'kekLi-s?. 
cockatrice  n.  (fabulous  monster)  'keks-tsis,  'keka-tsais. 
cockney  n,  (townsman;  nativ  Londoner)  'kekNi. 
cockscomb  n.  comb  of  a  cock;  plant;  oyster;  fop  [also  spelt 

coxcomb]  'keks-koom.     compare  coxcomb. 
cock-snre  adj.  (certain)  kek'So:?,   (assumptivly)  Hcek-So:?. 
cocks'vrain  n.   helmsman    [also   spelt  coxswain]   'kek-siueen, 

'keksan,  'keksn. 
cocksy  adj,  cocky,  bumptious  [also  spelt  coxy]  'keksi. 

/j^e,    gcure;   d  the,   0^/iin;   3  asure,  dj/oy;    I  shoe,   il  chew; 
wwAen;  tj  sing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  oMiooV,  lil,  lisee; 
o poetic;  9  over,  eoerial,  Abut,  0:  doot,  oot^o,  e\ic^,  ^.^^oX^N 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  103 

coco  «.  coconut-tree,  coco-palm  [also  spelt  cocoa\  'koo-ko. 

ooooa^  n.  'koo-ko.     same  meaning  as  coco, 

cocoa'  n.  (the  cacao  or  chocolate-tree ;  also,  the  ground  seeds 

of  this  tree,  or  the  beverage  made  therefrom)  'koo-ko.     see 

cacao, 
coconnt  n.  fruit  of  the  coco-palm  [also  spelt  coco-nut,  cocoa- 
nut}  'koo-k3-nAt,  'koo-k3-nat. 
cocoon  n.  larva-envelop  [also  spelt  coccoon}  ka'koun. 
coctile   adj,  made  by   baking,   as  a   brick   [also,   sometimes, 

spelt  coctil}  'kektil,  'kek-tail. 
coddle  V,  (boil  gently;  seethe)  'kedh 
coddle  V.  nurse  overmuch;  pamper  [also,  rarely,  spelt  codlel 

'kedl. 
codeine  n.  alkaloid  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  codeini  ko'dii-in, 

'koo-di-ain. 
codez  n.  code,  etc.  [ploral  codices\  'koo-deks. 
codices  n.  (ploral  of  codex)  'kedi-siz,  {vulgarly)  'koo-di-siz. 
codicil  n.  (supplement  to  a  will)  'kedi-sih 
codicillary  adj,  kedi'sils-ri. 
codification  n.  kedifi'kee-Ssn,  kodifi'kee-$3n. 
codify  V,  (reduce  to  a  code ;  epitomize)  'kedi-f ai,  'koo-di-f ai. 
co-ed  n.  (female  student  in  a  coeducational  college)  'koo-ed, 

ko'ed. 
coefficient  n.  (joint  factor;  constant  multiplier)  ko-d'fi^dnt. 
coelebs  n.  (bachelor)  'sii-lebz. 
coelelmintli  n.  (cavitary,  etc.)  'sii-lel-min9. 
Coelentera  n,pl,  animals  with  a  body-cavity  or  enterocoele 

[synonymous  cognate  Coelenteratal  si'lentd-^a. 
coeliac  adj,  'sii-li-sek.    see  celiac. 
coelian  adj.  of  the  coelia  or  brain-cavity  [also  spelt  celian} 

'sii-H-3n. 
coeloma  n.  body-cavity  [synonymous  cognates  coelome,  coe- 

lorn,  coelum ;  plural  coelomatal  si'loo-ma. 
coelomate  adj,  (having  a  coeloma)  si'bo-met. 
coelome  n.  'sii-lom.     same  meaning  as  coeloma, 
coenanthinm  n.  (clinanthium)  si'nsen6i-9m. 
coerce  v.  (constrain  by  force)  ko'si^s. 
coercible  adj.  ko'e^s^-bsl. 
coercion  n,  (compulsion)  ko'e^San,  ko'eir-Jan. 
coeval  adj.  of  the  same  age  [also,  formerly,  spelt  coaevall 

ko'ii-val. 
coexist  V.  (exist  at  the  same  time)  ko-eg'zist,  ko-ig'zist. 
coffee  n.  (drink;  tree)  'ko:-fi,  'kefi;  (dialectally)  'kc:-fi. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  01  boy;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a*,  ask,  aiV\\e^\ 

]ength-fnark  CO  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound   is  \on%\ 

stress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f  oUowing  sy\\a\i\e., 


104  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

coffer  n.  (box)  'ke:-far,  'kefar. 

coffin   n.    (burial-chest)    'ke:-fin,    'kefin;    {dialectally)    'kc:- 

fin. 
oog^itate  v.  (ponder,  meditate)  'ked3i-tet. 
cognac    n.    brandy    [also    spelt    coniac,    cogniaci    'koo-njaek, 

'kenjaek. 
cognizable  adj.  [also  spelt  cognisablel  'kegnizd-bai,  keg'nai- 

zd-bal,  'keniz3-bal. 
cog^nizably   adv.    [also   spelt   cognisablyl    'kegntza-bli,   keg- 

'nai-z3-bli,  'keg-nai-z3-b}i,  'keniz3-bh. 
cognizance    n.    knowledge;    jurisdiction    [also    spelt   cogni- 

sancel  'kegni-zans,  'keni-zans. 
cog^nizant  adj.  [also  spelt  cognisanti  'kegni-zsnt,  'keni-zant. 
cog^nize   v.   perceive;    know   [also   spelt   cognise!    Iceg-naiz, 

keg'naiz. 
cognizee  n.  the  party  in  whose  favor  a  fine  of  land  was  lev- 
ied [also  spelt  cognisee'\  kegni'zii,  keni'zii. 
cognizer  n.  one  who  or  that  which  cognizes  [also  spelt  cog- 

niserl  keg'nai-z3r. 
cognizor  n.  the  party  who  levies  a  fine  of  land  [also  spelt 

cognisorl  'kegni-zar,  'keni-zer. 
cognomen  n.  (surname;  name)  keg'noo-msn;   (erroneously) 

'keg-noman. 
cognomine  adv.  (by  cognomen)  keg'nemi-ni. 
cognoscible  adj,  (knowable)  keg'nesd-bal. 
cobere  v.  (stick  together)  ko'hiir. 
cobesion  n.  (act  or  state  of  cohering)  ko'hii-ssn. 
cobesive  adj.  [also  spelt  cohesiv"]  ko'hii-siv,  ko'hii-ziv. 
coiffenr  n.  (hairdresser)  kwa^fs:?. 
coif f nre  n.  (head-dress)  kiua'f i:?,  kwa'f Qo:r. 
coign  n.  corner;  coin,  quoin  [also  spelt  coignel  kein. 
coigne  n.  {obsolete)  kein.     same  meaning  as  coynie. 
coin  n.  (corner-stone,  quoin;  wedge,  angle;  die,  stamp;  piece 

of  money)  kein.    compare  quoin. 
coincide  v.  (fall  together;  agree  in  position;  concur)  ko-in- 

'said. 
coke  n.  carbonized  coal  [also  spelt  coakl  kook. 
colander  n.  strainer  [also  spelt  cullender"!  'kAlsn-dd?;   {er- 
roneously) 'kelan-da?. 
colcbicnm  n.  (plant)  'kelki-kam,  'keltji-kam. 
cold-blooded  adj.  k3old'bLAdid,  (assumptivly)  loold-btAdid. 
cold-cbisel  n.  (chisel  for  cutting  cold  metal,  etc.)  'kool-tji- 

Z9l,  'koold-tSizal. 

/j^e.   gcure;   b  they   Gf/iin;   5  azure,  dstoy;   \sho^,   tSc/iew; 
wzt/hen;  13  sing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  qmIooV  \\\.,  \\^ce; 
o  poetic;  saver,  e  oerial.  Abut,  0;  do  ot,  oot^o,  e\ic^,  t^^^oX^N 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  105 


oole  n.  cabbage  [synonymous  cognates  cale,  kale}  kool. 

ooleopter  n.  (sheath-wingd  insect;  beetle)  koli'optse,  koli- 
'optae. 

oole-slav  n.  [also  spelt  cole-slaugh;  erroneous  substitute 
cold-slaw}  'kool-si-c: . 

colic  n.  pains  in  the  belly;  gripes  [also  spelt  cholick,  cholic} 
Icelik. 

colicky  adj.  [also  spelt  cholickyl  'koh-ki,  (anteriorly)  'kohki. 

collapsible  adj,  [also  spelt  collapsable}  ks'laepsa-bal. 

collar  n.  (neck>band)  'keldz. 

collare  n.  collar;  prothorax  [ploral  collaria}  kd'lei-zi. 

collaret  n.  [also  spelt  collarette}  kelaVet,  'kola-ret. 

collateral  adj.  (at  the  side;  accompanying)  ka'laetd-rdl,  (an- 
teriorly) kdlxtd^dl,  (.rapidly)  ka'lxtsdl. 

collation  n.  (comparison;  repast)  kalee-San. 

colleasuc  n.  associate  [also  spelt  colleag}  'ko-lig. 

colleasue  v,  cooperate;  combine  [also  spelt  colleag}  ks'liig. 

collect  V,  (gather,  assemble)  ka'lekt. 

collect  n.  (prayer;  collection)  'ko-lekt. 

collectable  adj.  [also  spelt  collectible}  kalektd-bal. 

collegiate  adj.  (of  a  college)  ka'hi-dsi-dt. 

collie  n.  sheep-dog  [also  spelt  colly,  colley}  'koh. 

collier  n.  (coal-miner)  'kolia?. 

colliery  n.  (coal-mine)  'kolia-ri,  'koli-e?i;  (also)  'koU-3-ei, 
(anteriorly)  'koli-ari. 

collimator  n.   (collimating-telescope)  'koh-metaz. 

collision  n.  (act  of  colliding)  kd'hsan. 

collisive  adj,  of  collision  [also  spelt  collisiv}  ka'lai-siv. 

collocutor  n.  (interlocutor)  'kela-kguta^,  ka'lok^o-tar. 

coUodionize  t/.   [also  spelt  collodionise}  kalao-di-a-naiz. 

collog^ne  V.  (gloze,  flatter)  ka'bog. 

colloid  adj.  (like  glue)  'ko-loid. 

colloqnialize  v.   ka'bb-kwi-d-laiz,   (often)   ks'lokwi-a-laiz. 

colloqnize  v.  converse  [also  spelt  colloquise}  'kob-kwaiz. 

colloquy  n.  conversation  [ploral  colloquies}  'kob-ktua. 

collum  n.  in  biology,  neck,  collar  [ploral  colla}  'kolam. 

collusive  adj.  [also  spelt  collusiv}  ka'liou-siv,  kaliou-ziv. 

colluvies  n.  (filth)  k3'Hou-vi-i:z. 

colocyntb  n.  (bitter  apple)  'kob-sinG. 

cologne  n.  (perfume)  kalaon. 

Colombian  adj.  (of  Colombia,  South  America)  kalxmbi-an, 
ka1ombi-3n. 

colon  n.  part  of  a  sentence  or  rythmic  period ;  clause ;  punc- 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  au  now,  a*,  ask,  a\V\\.e\ 

^engtb-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \e>tvg,\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  foUov/ms  sv\\ia)a\e. 


106  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

tuation-mark  [ploral  cola  but,  in  the  sense  of  a  punctuation- 
mark,  colonsi    'koo-lan. 

colon  n.  large  intestin  [ploral  colons,  colal  'koo-lan. 

oolonel  n.  (commander  of  a  regiment)  'ke^nl,  'kerndl;  (for- 
merly) kela'nel,  'kela-nel. 

ooloneloy  n.  (office  or  rank  of  colonel)  'ksrnl-si. 

colonization  n.  [also  spelt  colonisation^  keldni'zee-S^n,  keld- 
nai'zee-Ssn. 

colonize  v.  form  a  colony  [also  spelt  colonisel  'kels-naiz. 

colonnade  n.  series  of  columns  [also,  formerly,  spelt  colo- 
nadel  keU'need. 

colony  n.  (body  of  migrators  to  a  new  region)  'kela-ni. 

colophon  n.  (final  device  or  note)  'kela-fen,  'kola-fan. 

colophony  n.  resin   [synonymous  cognate  colophone"]  'kola- 
foni,  kalofa-ni,  'kola-foni. 

color  n.  hue,  etc.   [also,  especially  in  Britain,  spelt  colour"] 
'kAlar. 

colorable  adj.  [also  spelt  colourablel  'kAld^d-bal. 

colorant  n.  'IcAla-rdnt,  lael^-z^nt. 

coloration  n.  [also  spelt  colourationi  kAla'^ee-S^n,  keld'^ee- 
Ssn. 

coloratnre  n.  'kAlara-tSa?,  'kebza-tS??. 

colored  adj,  [also  spelt  coloured,  colordi  'kAlard. 

colorer  n.  [also  spelt  colourerl  ^aI^-z^z. 

colorific  adj.  (color-producing,  etc.)  kAlaVifik,  keWzihk. 

colorimeter  n.  (color-measuring  device)  kAla'^imi-ta^,  'kola- 
'rimi-tae. 

colorin  n.  extract  of  madder  [also  spelt  colorinel  'kAla-zin, 
'kel3-rin. 

coloring  n.  [also  spelt  colouring"]  ^aI^-zit). 

color ist  n.  [also  spelt  colourist]  'kAla-^ist. 

colossal  adj.  (like  a  colossus;  huge)  ks'lesa}. 

Colossenm  n.  Flavian  amphitheater,  etc.   [synonymous  cog- 
nate Coliseum]  kela'sii-sm. 

colossns  n.  gigantic  statue  [ploral  colossi]  ks'lesss. 

colporter  n.  book-pedler  [also  spelt  colporteur]  'kel-poi^-ta?. 

colter  n.  cutter  on  a  plow-beam  [also  spelt  coulter]  'kool-tar. 

colnmbary  n.  (dove-cote)  'kolam-beri. 

columbine  orf/.  (of  the  dove;  dove-color)  'kelam-bain,  'ko- 
lam-bin. 

columbine  n.  (plant)  'koldm-bain. 

column  n.  cylindric  shaft;  pillar  [also  spelt  colum]  'kolam; 
(vulgarly)  nco-Hum,  'koHam. 

j\ve,    gcure;  d  the,   Q  th'm\   5  a^ure,  ds/oy;    S^/toe,   tSc/tew; 
wu'hen;  t)  sing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuVX,  oMioo\,  \tt,  lisee; 
o poetic;  o  over,   e  aerial.  Abut,  o:dooT,  00  tic,  e,\ic^,  «,^%aXfc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HAMD  WORDS  MV 


coliuoAed  adj^  hariag  nnanrm  Ii£aft  tgm^  cj*,i 
oolure  n.  (circle  ai  ^tadaaaasa.. 
colxa  n.  cole-seed  DilsB  apcit  cajxJ 
coma  n.  (heavy  dccy; 
coma  n.  tuft  of  bans  ' 

'koo-ma. 
comatose  <uf/.  (luvix^  Gfiai&:  «c 
{assumptivly)  loo-vs^^mz  ^susi- 
eoJMkh  n.  (tootfat  device;  canmce    kssn. 
com1>  M.  komn,  loom,     see  cttvm^^ 
combat    v.    (fi£^>    lEHD-krt.   Taoxciac;    iLtaB-lKt,   iLAiobat; 

kam'baet. 
combat  ».  (figltt>  ^vaa-^xi^  lEsad&fx.z  IlasMbei,  iLAalnt. 
combatable  adj»  lam\wt>^nL  '«sai&x>-lai,  luxslno^nL 
combatamt  «.  (fi^pbier;  cffinmdfT/  7ciMi:iv>-tnt,  TriTnh>-tiit, 
combative  adj.  pugniwwBt  laiK>  spcJt  C0mbsiii  ]  lcemb»-tiT, 

'kAmb»-tiv;    (/«*  properly )  kaar'oKTr. 
combattvea  g—  «.  (also  spch  c9«^wfxnKX«]  IwmbatiT^iis, 

'kAmbativ-nis;  (Xet*  property)  kaaaslnetnr-iixs. 
comber  n.  (one  ^b^w  cosxas;  a  Idbs  cmAm%  vave)  loo-mas. 
comber  n.  (gaper;  wnamt)  loKodbix, 
combimatiwe    adj.    Lalso   sf^h    comabimaHrl    kamliai-nd-tiT, 

'kembi-netiv- 
combimatozial  adj^  k9XD-bai-i»''tx-zi-at,  keinbnid't3:-zi-dl. 
combimatorj  adj.  kamljei-i^-tan,  kamlMi-n^tan,  kdmliai- 

n3t^^i. 
combine  r.  (ttmte)  k^m'baixL 
combine  n.  (combisatioflj  'kom-bam,  kamlMiii. 
combinedlj  adv.  (is  a  combined  manner)  kamlmi-ni-dli. 
conibvatible  adj.  (bnraable;  inflammable)  k3ml)AStd-bdt 
combnstiom  n.   (bnming)  kam'bAStSsn,  kdm'bAStSdn. 
come  V.  (appTQackL,  etc)  ItAm,  {when  mnstrest)  kam. 
oonielimem  n.  (qnalitj  of  being  comely)  IcAmli-nis. 
comer  n.  (one  who  comes)  IcAma;. 

comes   n.   companion;  epistolary;   in   music,  consequent,  an- 
swer [ploral  comitesi  loo-miz. 
comfit  n.  (bonbon)  IcAmfit. 
comfort  n.,v.  (cheer,  solace)  lunafazt. 
comfortable    adj.    (giving    comfort;     easy)     TcAmfdrta-l^oJ, 

{rapidly)  TcAmft^-bal;  {vulgarly)  k3m'fo:2-t»-b3l. 
eomfrejr  n.  plant  [also  spelt  comfry}  TcAmfsi,  Tcomfsi. 
comie  adj.  (of  comedy;  funny)  Hcemik. 
comites  n.  (ploral  of  comes)  Hcemi-tiz. 

c:  law,  b:  iur,  2t  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  nott\  a\  ask,  ^vV\\t\ 

\Bngth'ia^  0)  indicBtes  that  the  preceding  sound  \s  \«^\^'ft^ 

streBs-matlc  (J  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  io\\o>witva  s^\\%>2^< 


108  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

oomitial  adj.  (of  comitia  or  assemblies)  ka'miSdl,  ka'miSi-al. 

oomity  n.  (curtesy)  'kemi-ti. 

oomma  n.   [ploral  commas,  but  in  the  sense  of  a  group  of 

words  or  feet,  or  a  cesura,  commatal  'kema. 
oommand  v,,  n,  (order)  ks'maind,  ka'maind,  ka'maeind. 
oommandant  n.   (commander)  kemdn'damt,  kem3nMa:nt. 
oomniandeer  v.  command;   force  into  service;   seize   [also 

spelt    commander;    past    participle    and    preterit    comman- 
deered, commandeerdl  kemsn'di:?. 
oommandery  n.  [synonymous  cognate  commandryl  k9'ma:n- 

ds-ri. 
oommandite  n.  (partnership)  kemon'diit,  kemen'diit. 
commandment  n.  (mandate)  kd'maind-msnt,  ka^msendmant. 
oomme  il  fant  adj,   (as  it  should  be;   genteel)   kAmi^foo, 

kemil'foo. 
commence  v.  (begin,  enter  upon;  make  a  start;  take  a  de- 
gree) ka'mens,  ka'ments. 
commendable  adj.   (laudable)   ks'mendd-bdl. 
eommendam  n.  (benefis  or  living  commended  or  bestowd) 

kd'men-daem. 
commensurable  adj,  (having  a  common  measure ;  suitable) 

ka'menSara-bal,  ka'mensgora-bal,  ka'mentSora-bal. 
commensnrate  adj.  (of  equal  size;  adequate)  kd'men^d-rdt, 

ka'mensgo-rat,  ka'mentSa-rat. 
comment  n.  (remark)  'ke-ment. 

comment  v,  (make  remarks;  annotate)  'ke-ment,  ka'ment. 
commentary   n:    (memoire;    treatise)    'keman-teri,    'keman- 

taei,  Tcemanta-ri,  (rapidly)  Tceman-tEi. 
commenter  n.  [also  spelt  commentorl  'kemsn-td?,  ks'mentd?. 
commerce  n.  (trade;  intercourse)  'kemsrs. 
commerce  v,  (hold  intercourse)  k^'msizs. 
commiserate  v.  (pity)  ks'mizs-ret. 
commissariat    n.    commissary    court;    supply-department; 

food-supply  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  commissarioti  kemi'se:- 

ji-at,  kemi'sc:-ri-3et,  kemi'sae^i-at. 
commissary  n.  (commissioner;  judge)  'kemi-seri,  'kemi-sari, 

'kemiS3-8:i,  (rapidly)  'kemi-ssi. 
commission  n.  (charge,  etc.)  ks'miSdn. 
commissural  adj,  (connectiv)  kemi'So:-79},  kemi'sco:-73l,  ks- 

'miSs-ral,  ka'mijjo-^al,  ka'misgo-^al,  Tcemi-Sor-^a!, 
commissure  n.  (joint)  Icemi-So?,  Icemi-sgo?. 
committable  a(f/.  [also  spelt  commitHhle]  kd'mitd-bsf, 
committal  n.  (commitment,  etc.)  ka'mitl,  ka'mital. 

j\ve,    gcure;  d  the.   OfMn;   sa^ure,  dj^/oy;   S  jfioe,   tjcfcew; 
wze/hep;  ij  sing;  u  wh<7ever,  i  react,  oiuu,  i3Mioo\,  \\t,  iise«; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  drerial,  Abut,  o:  door,  oono,  t,>Dc^,  t^^aXfe\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  109 

committee  n.  (a  person  charged  with  a  trust  or  function; 

commissioner,  commissary)   kemi'tii;   (a  body  of  persons) 

kd'miti,  (formerly)  kemi'tii. 
committer  n.  (one  who  commits)  ka'mita?. 
committor  n.  (judge  who  commits  a  person  to  the  custody 

of  another)  ks'mi-te?. 
conimlKtion    n.    (mixture)     ka'mikstSdn,    kd'mikStSsn,    ks- 

'miksti-9n. 
eommodious  adj,  (useful;  fit;  convenient  and  spacious)  ka- 

'm30-di-9s;  (vulgarly)  ka'moo-dsas. 
commodity  n.  (useful  thing,  etc.)  kd'medi-ti. 
commonalty  n.  [former  synonymous  cognate  commonality^ 

Icemdndl-ti. 
commonplace  adj.  kem9n'p£.ces,  (assumptivly)  'keman-pLees. 
comntonplace  n.  'kemdn-pz.ees. 
comntonireal  n.  kemdn'wiil. 
comntonvealtli.  n.  body  politic;  republic  [also  spelt  com- 

monwelth]  'kemsn-welO,  keman'welO. 
comntorant  adj.  (abiding,  dwelling)  ncemd-^dnt. 
communal  adj.  (of  a  commune)  'kemju-nl,  kd'mjou-nl. 
commune  v,  (hold  intercourse)  ka'mjoun,  'ke-mjun. 
commune  n.  (communion;  intercourse)  'ke-mjun. 
commune  ».  (community,  government)  'ke-mjun. 
communer  n.    (one   who   communes   or  communicates)   kd- 

'mjou-n3?. 
communer  n.  (member  of  a  commune)  'kemjo-na?. 
communifm  n.  ncemjo-nizdm. 

communist  n.  (adherent  of  communism)  'kemjo-nist. 
commutative  n.  of  exchange;  mutual  [also  spelt  commuta- 

tivl  ka'mjou-ta-tiv,  'kemjo-tetiv. 
oomofe  adj.  (hairy,  comate)  ko'moos,  (assumptivly)  'koo-mos. 
compact  adj.  (dense)  ksm'paekt,  (assumptivly)  'kem-paekt. 
compact  n.  (agreement)  Hcem-paekt;   (formerly)  ksm'psekt. 
compact  V.  kam'paekt. 
compactly  adv.  kam'paektz.!. 

company  n.  (society)  'kAmp3-ni,  (rapidly)  'kAmpNi. 
comparable  adj.  (capable  of  being  compared)  'kempsza-bdl ; 

(erroneously)  kam'pei-ra-bal. 
comparative  adj.,  n,  [also  spelt  comparativH  kdm'paeri-tiv. 
comparator  n.  (comparing-device)  'kemp^-zet^z. 
compaff  v.,  n.   [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  com- 
passed, compasf]  'kAmpas. 
compatible  adj.  (mutually  tolerant)  kdm'pseta-bdt. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  x  cat,  o  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-morlf  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \oxv%\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f  eUowmg  svWeXAt. 


112  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

comrade  n.  (companion)  'kem-^aed,  'kemzdd,  'kem-red;  'kAm- 

eaed,  HcAm^ad,  'kAm-zred. 
Comtian    adj,    [also    spelt    Comtean^    'ker)ti-9n,    'kemti-sn, 

'kenti-an. 
con  V.  direct  (anyone)   how  to  steer;  direct  the  steering  of 

(a  ship)  [also  spelt  conn,  kun;  past  participle  and  preterit 

conned,  cond'\  kAn,  ken. 
conAtive  adj,  exertiv  [also  spelt  conativ}  'kens-tiv,  'koo-ns- 

tiv. 
oonca  n.  'kegka.    see  concha, 
concave  adj,  (incurvd,  hollow)  ken'keev,  (assumptivly)  'ken- 

kev ;  (also,  less  properly)  'keq-kev. 
conceal  v.   hide   [past  participle   concealed,  conceald}   kan- 

'§iil. 
concede  v,  (grant;  allow)  kan'siid. 
conceit  n.   (conception;  fancy;  vanity)  ksn'siit. 
conceive  v.  (become  pregnant ;  imagin ;  think)  [past  partici- 
ple conceived,  conceivd'\  kan'siiv. 
concenter  v,  bring  to  a  common  center;  focus  [also  spelt 

concentre;    past   participle   concentered,    concenterd}    kan- 

'scnt33. 
concentrate  v.  (focus;  rectify)  'kensan-tset,  kan'sen-tset. 
concentrate  adj.,  n.  kan'sen-tset,  k3n'sent£9t,  'kensan-t£et. 
concentrative  adj.  [also  spelt  concentratM  kan'sentsa-tiv. 
conceptible  adj,  obsolete  (conceivable)  kan'septa-bal. 
concert  n.  (harmony ;  musical  performance ;  consort)   'ken- 

S9Zt. 

concert  v,  (contrive  mutually)  kan'sBirt. 

concerto  n.   (concert;   composition)   kan'tSeir-to,  k3n'se:?-to. 

conch  n.   (shell)   kegk;   (erroneously)   kentj. 

concha  n.  shell ;  domed  roof ;  apse ;  cove ;  the  outer  ear  [also, 

in   the   architectural   senses,   spelt   conca;   ploral   conchae, 

concasl  'keqka. 
conchiolin  n.  organic  residuum  of  a  shell  [also  spelt  con- 

chyolinl  kenTcai-a-lin,  keq'kai-9-lin. 
conchoid  n.  (curve)  'ken-keid,  'keq-keid. 
concholoey  n.  (science  of  shells)  kenHcela-dsi,  keq'kela-dsi. 
conchylium  n.  shell  of  a  mollusk;  conch  [ploral  conchylial 

ken'kiH-am,  keq'kili-am. 
concierge  n.  (warden;  doorkeeper;  janitor)  keqsi'ei^s. 
conoife  adj,  (brief)  kan'sais. 

conclave  n.  (room;  assembly)  'ken-ktev,  'keij-ktev. 
conolndable  adj.  [also  spelt  concludiblel  kdn'kLou-dd-bal. 

/j^e,    gcure;  dthe,   9 //tin;   ja^rure,  ds/oy;   S  j/toe,  tjc/tew; 
wzvAen;  tj  sing;  u  wli<7ever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  dmIooV,  \\\,  \\^cc\ 
o poetic;  o  over,  eijerial.  Abut,  o:  door,  ootio,  t\ic^,  te:^oX^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  113 

coiLelude  v.  (enclose;  end;  infer;  settle)  kan^kz^oud. 

eonelufilile  adj.  {obsolete)  kanncLou-sa-ba). 

conelusiTe  <ufy.  [also  spelt  conclusive  ksn^kz^ou-siv,  kan'kz.ou- 
ziv. 

coneord  n.   (accord;  peace)  'ken-ke:zd,  'kei]-ke:7d. 

eoncord  v,  (agree;  concur;  harmonize)  k9n'ke:zd. 

coneordanoe  n.  (agreement)  kdn'ke:z-dns ;  {less  properly) 
keglceiz-dns. 

eoncordat  n.  (agreement;  compact)  ken'ke:z-dxt,  kan'keiz- 
ddt. 

eoneourme  n.  (confluence;  throng)  'ken-k3:zs,  'ker^-koizs. 

conereate  adj.  obsolete  (created  together)  ncenlni-et. 

eoncreate  v.  (create  together)  kenlni'eet,  ken-ksi'eet; 
'kenksi-et. 

eoncrete  adj.  (composit;  solid;  particular,  actual)  kenlraiit, 
{assumpiivly)  'ken-krsit;  {less  properly)  'koq-ksit. 

eonorete  n.  (concretion :   cemented  mass)  'ken-lnit,  ken'lniit. 

concrete  v.  (unite)  kenlniit. 

concretelj  adv.  ken'lmi-tLi,  'ken-ksitz^i. 

concreteness  n.  ken'lmit-nis,  'ken-lnitNis. 

ooucnliinage  n.  (state  of  being  a  concubine)  kdn'k^ou-bi- 
nids;  {improperly)  'keqkgo-bai-nids. 

concubine  n.  (paramour,  etc.)  'keqkgo-bain. 

concmpiscence  n.  (eager  desire;  lust)  kegk^o'pisdns,  kan- 
'kgou-pi-sans. 

concupifcible  adj.  (concupiscent;  lustful)  ksn'kgou-pisd-bdl. 

concur  v.  run  together;  agree  [past  participle  and  preterit 
concurred,  concurdl  kdn'ks:?. 

concnrrence  n.  kdn'kerans,  ksn'kA^ans. 

concnfsion  n.  (shock;  agitation)  kdn^kA^dn. 

cond  V.  conduct;  direct  how  to  steer;  balk  [synonymous  ceg> 
nate  cundl  kxnd,  kend. 

condemn  v.  (convict;  blame)  ksn'dem. 

conden&ner  n.  (one  who  condemns)  kdn'dema?,  kdn'demns?. 

condemning  adj.  kdn'demir). 

condense  v.  make  more  dense;  become  liquid  [past  parti- 
ciple and  preterit  condensed,  condenstl  kon'dens,  ksn'dents. 

condensedlx  adv.  kanMensi-dh,  kan^enstLi. 

conder  n.  one  who  conds  or  cons  a  ship;  also,  a  man  who 
signals  to  fishing-boats;  balker  [also,  formerly,  spelt  con- 
dor; sjrnenymous  cognate  connerl   'kAndse,  'kendae. 

condescend  v.  (deign)  kendi'send. 

condescension  n.  (act  of  condescending)  kendi'senSsn. 

c:  law,  b:  fi«r,  x  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a;  far,  go  now,  a:  osk»  aikitf, 

lengtb-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \on%\ 

stress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  foUowing  sv\\a>a\t* 


114  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

condign  adj.   (worthy;   merited)    ksn'dain,    {sometimes,  as- 

sumptivly)  'ken-dam. 
condite  v,  (obsolete)     pickle;   embalm;   season   [also,  some- 
times, spelt  conditl  kan'dait,  'kendit. 

condite  adj.  rare  (put  together)  'ken-dait,  'kendit. 

condolence  n,  (expression  of  sympathy)  k9n'd30-}9ns ;  (less 
properly)  'kends-lans. 

condor  n.  (bird)  'kends?. 

oondnoive  adj.  promotiv  [also  spelt  conducivl  kdn'djou-siv. 

conduct  V.  (lead,  guide;  manage)  kdn'dxkt. 

conduct  n.  (leading;  management;  behavior)  'ken-dAkt,  'ken- 
dokt. 

conductive  adj.  (leading  or  conducting  heat,  electricity, 
etc.)  kan'dAktiv. 

conduit  n.  channel;  passage  [also  spelt  conditl  'kendit,  'kxn- 
dit ;  (less  properly)  'kendwit. 

condyle  n.  process  [also  spelt  condyll  'kendil ;  (less  properly) 
'ken-dail. 

confectionary  adj.  (of  a  confection  or  sweetmeat)  ksn'fek- 
Sa-neri,  kan'fekja-nari,  kan'fekSana-ri,  kon'fekSa-n^i. 

confectionary  n.  (confectioner;  place  where  confections 
are  kept  or  made ;  sweetmeat ;  confectioner's  art)  kan'f ek- 
Sa-nen,  etc. 

confectionery  n.  confections;  confectioner's  art;  confec- 
tionery-shop [also  spelt  confectionary^  kan'fekSa-neei,  etc. 

confederacy  n.  (league;  alliance)  ksn'feds^d-si. 

oonfefsedly  adv.  kdn'fesi-dh. 

confeffor  n.  (one  who  confesses;  one  who  hears  confes- 
sions; a  pri'St)  kan'fesa^,  (rarely)  'ken-fes3^. 

confidant  n.  (confidential  friend)  'kenfi-dnt,  kenfi'da:nt, 
kenfi'daeint,  'kenfi-da:nt. 

confidante  n.  (female  confidant)  'kenfi-dnt,  kenfi'da:nt, 
kenfi'daeint. 

confident  adj.  (assured;  bold)  'kenfi-dnt. 

confine  v.  (bound ;  restrict)  ksn'f am. 

confine  n.  (limit;  bound;  frontier)  'ken-fain. 

confineleff  adj.  ksn'fai-nlds,  'kenfai-nlas. 

confiscate  v.  (seize)  'kenfi-sket,  kan'fi-sket. 

confiscator  n.  'kenfi-sketd?. 

conflagrate  v.  (burn  up)  'kenfta-gret,  kan'ftee-geet. 

conflict  V.  (contend;  be  in  opposition)  kan'fLikt. 

conflict  n.  (combat;  discord)  'kenfz-ikt. 

confluence  n.  (a  flowing  together)  'kenfi-u-ans. 

/j^c,   f  cure;  d  the,  9  thin ;   3  a-srure,  ds  /oy ;   S  shoe,  tS  chew; 
wwhen;  tjsing]  u  wh<?ever,  i  react,  oiuu,  o\xioo\,  \\t,  ix^ee\ 
o poetic;  9  oyer,  e aerial,  Abut,  o:  doot,  ooxko,  ^\>e^,  ^.^^qX^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  115 

confluent  n.  'kenfi^u-dtit. 

confrere  n,  coUeag  [also  spelt  confrdre'\  ken'fse:^,  'ken-fte:e. 

Confucian  adj.  (of  Confucius)  kan'fgou-San. 

confusion  n.  (ruin;  disorder;  tumult)  kdn'f^ou-son. 

cong6  n.  (leave;  apophyge)  keq'see,  'kooq-se,  kon'dsii,  ken- 

'dsee. 
congee  n.  leave   to  depart;   leave-taking   [synonymous   cog- 
nate conge}  'kon-d3i,  'kAn-dsi. 
congener  n.  (member  of  the  same  genus  or  class)  kan'dsii- 

na?,  'kend3i-na^,   (rarely)  'kon-dsena^, 
congenial  adj.   (kindred;   agreeable)   kan'dsii-njdl,  ksn'dsii- 

ni-aL 
congeniality  ft.  kan-dsini'aeh-ti,  k3n-d3in'jsehti. 
conger-eel  n,  'kondsar-iil,  'keqgar-iil. 
congeries  n.  collection;  aggregation  [ploral  congeries}  kan- 

'd5i:-2i-i:z. 
conglobate  v.  (collect  or  form  into  a  globe  or  ball)  'kengla- 

bet,  kan'gloo-bet. 
conglobate  adj,   (rounded;   globular)   'kengla-bet,  kan'gloo- 

bet. 
oonglutin  n.  albuminoid  [also  spelt  conglutine}  kdn'glou-tin. 
congregate  v.  (assemble)  'keqg^i-get. 
oong^reff  n.   (a   coming  together;   assembly)   'keqg^is,  'koq- 

gzes. 
eong^eff  v,   (come  together)   kan'gzres;    (meet  in  congress) 

'keq-gres. 
congressional  adj.  kdn'g^eSo-nl. 
congruence  n.  (accordance)  'keqg?u-3ns. 
congrnenoy  n.  'keqg^u-an-si ;  (less  properly)  kan'g^ou-an-si. 
congruent  adj.  'keqg^u-ant. 
oongrnity  n.  (accord;  fitness)  kan'grou-i-ti. 
congruously  adv.  'keqg^u-ds-h. 
conic    adj.    (cone-shaped;   of   a   cone)   'kenik;    (improperly) 

'koo-nik. 
conical  adj.  (cone-shaped;  conic)  'koni-kdl. 
conifer  n.  (cone-bearing  plant)  'keni-fasr,  'koo-ni-fa?. 
ooniine  n.  'loo-ni-ain.     same  meaning  as  canine. 
Conine  n.  conia,  an  alkaloid   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  conin; 

synonymous  cognates  coniine,  coneine}  'koo-nin,  'koo-nain. 
conium  n.  (hemlock)  ko'nai-am;   (less  properly)  'koo-ni-am. 
conjee  n.  rice-water;  gruel  [also  spelt  congee}  'ken-dsi. 
conjugal  adj.  (of  marriage;  matrimonial)  'kendss-gal. 

conJug:ial  adj.  (conjugal)  kan'djou-dsi-al, 

* 

c:  lo7«;,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a*.  asV.,  «l\V\\.^\ 
Icngth-morJf  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \?>tv^\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  thQ  IqIVqwiiv^  s^\\ajQ\^« 


116  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

oonjiinotiva  n.  (outer  eye-membrane)  ken-d3Aqk'tai-va,  ken- 

d^Aqk'tii-v3,  kan'dsAqkti-va. 
conjunctivitis   n.   ksn-dsArikti'vai-tis,   k3n-d3Ai]kti'vii-tis. 
conjnrator  n.  (fellow  conspirator)  'kendss-retdz. 
conjnre  v.  (practis  the  arts  of  a  conjurer;  affect  or  effect 

by  magic,  etc.)  'kendsa?,  'kAnd33r. 
conjnre   v.    (swear   together;    conspire,   plot;    solemnly   en- 
treat, abjure)    kdn'dso:?. 
conjnrer  n.  enchanter,  magician;  juggler  [also  spelt  conju- 

rorl  'kend33-z:33,  'kAndsa-ra?. 
conjnrer  n.  one  bound  by  an  oath;  conjurator,  conspirator; 

one  who  enjoins  [also  spelt  conjuror"]  k^n'd^oi-z^z, 
connate  adf,  (inborn,  congenital;  cognate)  'ke-net,  ke'neet. 
connecter  n.  [also  spelt  connector]  ks'nektdz. 
connection  n.  a  joining  together;  relation  [also  spelt  con- 
nexion] ka'nekjan. 
oonneetional  adj.  [also  spelt  connexional]  kd'nekSd-nt. 
connective  adj,  connecting  [also  spelt  connectiv]  ks'nektiv. 
connellite  n.  (mineral)  'kena-iait,  ke'ne-lait,  ke'nel-ait. 
Conner  n.  (inspector)  'kensz,  Icati^z. 
Conner  n.  (one  who  cons;  student)  'kens?. 
Conner  ».  (balker)  'kensz,  'IcAns?.     see  under  conder. 
Conner  n.  (fish)  'kAnaz.     same  meaning  as  cunner. 
connexive    adj,    conditional;    conjunctiv;    connectiv    [also 

spelt  connexiv]  ka'neksiv. 
connexivnm  n.  abdominal  border  in  bugs  [ploral  connexiva] 

kenek'sai-vam. 
connivence   n.  act  of  conniving;   winkipg  at  wrong   [also 

spelt  connivance]  ka'nai-vans. 
connoiffenr  n.   (one   verst  in  a  subject;   critic)   kena'se:?, 

keni's^o:?,  /kona-sgor. 
connotative  adj,  [also  spelt  connotativ]  k3'n30-t9-tiv,  'kend- 

tetiv. 
conquer  v.  acquire  or  overcome  by  force  [past  participle  and 

preterit  conquered,  conquerd]  Tceqkae. 
oonqncft  n.  (acquisition;  victory,  etc.)  'keq-kiuest,  'keqkujist. 
consansninity  n.  (blood-relationship)  kensxn'gwini-ti,  ken- 

saeq'gwini-ti. 
conscience  n.   (knowledge,  especially  of  right  and  wrong) 

Tconjans,  'kentjans. 
conscientionf   adj,    (scrupulous)    kenSi'enSss,   kentSi'entSss, 

kensi'en^ds,  kensi'entSds. 
conscionable  adj.  (conscientious)  'kenSdno-bdl,  IcentSsnd-bd}. 

/.re,   gcure;  dthe,  Qthin;   saarure,  d;^;oy;   ^  shoe,  tlchew; 

wwhen;  tjsing]  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiull,  dm  fool,  itt,  \\^ee\ 

o poetic;  9  Qver,  e aerial;  Abut,  o;doot,  ;)Oilo,  ^.^ic^,  ^.^\LaXt\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  117 

oonsoionf  adj,  (knowing;  aware)  'ken^ds,  'kent^ds. 
conseiunf   n.    (concord,   sympathy;    agreement   in   opinion) 

kan'sensds,  ksn'sentsds. 
consequence  n.  (result)  'kensi-kwans,  'kentsi-kwdnts. 
consequential  adj,   (resultant;  self-important)   kensi'kwen- 

Jdl,  kensi'kwentSdl. 
conservatoire  n.  (conservatory)  kan-SB^va'twe:?. 
conservator  n.  (preserver)  'kens97-vet97,  kan'sBizr-vd-td?. 
conserve  v,  keep  safely;  preserve  [also  spelt  conserv;  past 

participle  and  preterit  conserved,  conservd}  kan'seiev. 
conserve  n.  preserve  [also  spelt  conservl  ksn'sBizv,  'ken-SB7v. 
considerable  adj.,  n.  kdn'sidd^a-bal,  {rapidly)  ksn'sidra-bdl ; 

{vulgarly)  kan'sida-bdl. 
consign  v,  seal;  hand  over,  deliver  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit consigned,  consignd}  kdn'sain. 
consignation  n.  kensig'nee-San. 
eonsigne  »•  (watchword;  countersign)  'ken-sain. 
consign^  n.  (person  commanded  to  keep  within  bounds)  ken- 

sin'jee. 
consignee  n.  (person  to  whom  something  is  con^gned)  ken- 

sai'nii,  'kensi-ni. 
consigner  n.  (one  who  consigns;  consignor)  kan'sai-na?. 
consignor  n.  (one  who  consigns :    correlativ  of  consignee) 

ksn'sai-na?,  ken'sai-ne?,  ken-sai'ne:?,  kensi'ne:?. 
consistency  n.   (constitution;  congruity)  kan'sistdn-si. 
consistory  n.  (council)  ksn'sista-ri,  'kensistd-^i,  'kensi-sta^i. 
consol  n.  consolidated  annuity  [plural  consols'}  'ken-sel,  ksn- 

'seL 
consol  n.  (bracket,  etc.)  'ken-sel.    same  meaning  as  console. 
consolatory  adj.  (consoling)  k9n'se}d-t37i ;  (also)  kan'selata- 

zi,  (assumptivly)  kan'sela-tari ;   (rapidly)  ksn'sel^-tji. 
console  n.  bracket;  corbel;  part  of  an  organ  [synonymous 

cognate  consol}  'ken-sol. 
console  v.  (comfort;  cheer)  ksn'sool. 
consonun6  n.  (clear  soup;  cheer)  kensa'mee,  'kensd-me. 
consonantal  adj,  (of  a  consonant)  kensd'naentl,  'kensd-nant!. 
consonantly  adv,  (harmoniously)   'kensandn-tLi. 
consort  n,  (partner,  mate;  spouse)  'ken-se:7t. 
consort  n.  (company;  musical  accord,  etc.)  'kon-so:?t. 
consort  v.  (associate;  join)  ksn'seirt. 
conspiracy  n.  (plot)  kan'spirs-si. 
conspirator  n.  (joint  plotter)  ksn'spird-td?. 
constable  n.  (officer)  'kAnsta-bdl,  'kensta-bdl. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  x  cat,  0  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a;  asVi,  a\V\\ft\ 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  souti^  1^  \©^^\ 
streg9-mark  C)  indicates  cbki  stress  on  the  f  ©Wo-wmft  s^\\aX>\«.r 


118  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

oonftat  n.  (certificate)  'ken-staet. 
oonftate  v.   (establish;  state)  ksn'steet. 
constellate  v.  (unite  as  stars)  kan'stetet,  'kensti-)et. 
constellation  n.  (group  of  fixt  stars)  kensti'ice-^dn. 
constituency  n.  lon'stitgu-dn-si,  ksn'stitju-dn-si. 
constituent  adj.   (component;   electiv)   ksn'stitS-u-snt,  ksn- 

'stitQU-ant. 
construct  adj.   (constructed;  connected  as  governing  noun 

to  noun  governd)  kan'stjxkt,  (assumptivly)  'ken-stjAkt. 
construct  v,  (put  together ;  build)  kdn'stSAkt. 
construct  n.  (complex  formd  in  the  mind)  ncen-stjAkt. 
construe  v.  (combine;  interpret)  kan'stjou,  'kon-stju. 
consuetude   n.    (custom;   use;    social   intercourse)    'kenstui- 

tQud. 
consul  n.  (magistrate ;  foreign  agent)  'kensol. 
consult  V.  (ask  advice  of;  confer)  ksn'sAlt. 
consult  n.  (consultation;  cabal;  decree)  kan'sAlt,  'ken-SAU. 
consultative  adj,  advisory  [also  spelt  consultative  kan'sAl- 

ta-tiv. 
consume  v,   (make  away  with ;  devour ;  spend)  ksn'sgoum ; 

(dialectally)  kan'soum. 
consummate  v,  (complete;  perfect)  'kensa-met,  kan'sAmet. 
consummate  adj,  (complete)  ksn'sAmit,  'kensa-mit. 
Gonsummator  n.  'kensa-meta?,  'kentsa-meta^ ;   (improperly) 

kan'sA-meta?. 
consumption  n.  (a  wasting  away)  kan'sAmpJan. 
oontag^ion  n.  (infectious  contact,  etc.)  kan'tee-d3an. 
contag:ious   adj.    (infectious   by  contact;   noxious)   kan'tee- 

dsas. 
contag^ium  n.  material  basis  of  infection  [ploral  contagial 

kan'tee-dsi-am. 
contakion  n.  hymn  [ploral  contakial  kan'tee-ki-an,  kan'tae- 

ki-an. 
contaminate  v.  (defile;  taint)  kan'tsemi-net. 
contemn  v.  (treat  as  contemptible ;  despise)  kan'tem. 
contemned  adj.    (despised)   kan'temd;    (formerly)    kan'tem- 

nid. 
contemner   n.   despiser    [also   spelt  contemnorl    kan'tema?, 

kan'temnazr. 
contemningly  adv.  (contemptuously)  kan'temiq-h,  kan'tem- 

niq-li. 
contemplate  v.    (meditate;   intend)   'kentam-pz-et,   kan'tem- 

pLet. 

/j'e,    gcure;  d  the,   0  thm;   sa^rure,  ds/oy;    ^  shoe,   tSc/iew; 
wze/Aen;  ij  sinff;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  oMiool,  i-Ct,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o:  doot,  oorvo,  t.'Vic^,  ^^^o.\.^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  119 

GontemplatiTe   adj.,  n.    [also   spelt   contemplativl    kan'tem- 

pLdtiv,  'kentara-pi-etiv. 
contemplator  n.  'kentsm-pLetd?,  kan'tem-pLetdz. 
GontemporaiLeity    n.    (contemporariness)    kdn-tempd^d'nii- 

i-ti. 
contempt  n.  (disdain)  kan'tempt. 
contemptible  adj.  (despicable,  etc.)  kdn'temptd-bdt 
contemptuous    adj.    (scornful)    ksn'temptSu-ds,    ksn'temp- 

t9U-3S. 

content  adj.   (satisfied,  contented)   ksn'tent. 

content  n.  (one  who  votes  'content' :  the  epposit  of  non- 
content)  kan'tent. 

content  v,  (satisfy)  ksn'tent. 

content  n.  (contented  state  of  mind;  contentment)  ksn'tent. 

content  n.  (that  which  is  containd :  often  used  in  the  plur- 
al :    as,  table  of  *contents)  'ken-tent,  kan'tent. 

contentions  adj.  (quarrelsome)  kdn'ten^ds,  kan'tent^ss. 

contest  n.  (strife;  dispute)  'ken-test. 

contest  V,  (strive  for;  oppose)  ksn'test. 

context  n.  (connected  text)  'ken-tekst. 

context  v.,  adj.  (obsolete)  ksn'tekst. 

contiguity  n.  (contact;  proximity)  kenti'gjou-i-ti. 

contiguous  adj.  (touching)  ksn'tigju-ds. 

continent  adj,  (holding  in;  self-restraining;  continuous) 
'kentn-ant,  'kenti-nant. 

continent  n.  (containing-agent ;  continuous  land;  main- 
land) 'kentn-9nt,  'kenti-nant. 

continental  adj.  kentn'entl,  kenti'nenth 

continuity  n.   (continuousness)  kenti'njou-i-ti. 

continuuui  n.  continuous  thing  [plural  continual  kan'tinju- 
dm. 

contour  n.  (outline)  'ken-tu:?,  ksn'to:?. 

contour  v.  furnish  with  contours;  adapt  t^  a  contour  [past 
participle  and  preterit  contoured,  contourd'\  kan'tu:^. 

contract  v.  (draw  together;  agree)  kan'tjaekt. 

contract  adj.   (contracted;   brief)   kan'tsaekt. 

contract  n,  (something  contracted  or  shrunken;  a  contrac- 
tion;  an  abbreviation)   kan'tjaekt. 

contract  n.  (agreement)  'ken-tjaekt. 

contractable  adj.  (liable  to  be  contracted  or  acquired,  as  a 
disease  or  habit)  kan'tsaekta-bal. 

contractible  adj.  capable  of  contracting;  contractil  [also, 
formerly,  spelt  contractable'!   kan'tEaekta-bal. 

c:  law,  b:  iur,  scat,  e hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a*.  asV.,  B.\V\\.e.\ 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \Qtv%\ 
tress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ioUovjin^  sv^V^>a\^. 


120  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

contractile  adj.  susceptible  of  contraction  [also  spelt  con- 
tracHll  kan'tjaektil,  kan'tjak-tail. 

contralto  n.  (part  or  voice  next  above  the  alto ;  singer)  kan- 
'tjaeho,  kan'tjail-tD. 

contrariety  n.  (opposition)  kdntsd'zai-i-ti. 

contrary  adj.  (opposit)  'ken-tje^i,  {also)  'kentja-zi,  {ante- 
riorly) Icentjoei,  (rapidly)  'kentji;  (occasionally  or  vulgar- 
ly) kan'tje:-?!. 

contrary  v.  (oppose)  'ken-tje?i;  (formerly)  kan'tjei-ei. 

contrast  v.  (set  in  opposition)  k9n'txa:st,  k9n't£a:st,  ksn- 
'tjaeist. 

contrast  n.  (opposition)  'ken-t£a:st,  'kent£3st. 

contretenips  n.  (untoward  event;  hitch)  'kentsd-terj. 

contribute  v.  (give  with  others)  kan'tjibjot. 

contrite  adj.  (penitent)  'ken-tjait;   (less  properly)  ksn'tsait. 

control  V,  direct,  govern  [also  spelt  controul;  present  par- 
ticiple controlling;  past  participle  and  preterit  controlled, 
controld'\    kan'tjool. 

controller  n.  financial  officer;  also,  one  who  controls  or 
restrains  [also  spelt,  in  the  sense  of  an  officer,  comptrol- 
ler! kan'tjoo-la?. 

controlnient  n.  (control)  ksn'tsool-mdnt. 

controversial  adj.  (of  controversy)  kentja'vBzS^l ;  (less 
properly)  kentja'vB^si-al. 

controversy  n.  (disputation)  Hcentsd-vezsi. 

controvert  v.  (dispute)  kentjaVsiet,  'kentja-vB^t. 

controvertible  adj.  kentsdVeztd-bdl. 

contnniacy  n.  (stubbornness)  ncentgoma-si ;  (improperly) 
kan'tgou-ma-si. 

contnnielins  adj.  (insolent)  kent;o'mii-H-3s. 

contnniely  n.  (insolence;  insult)  'kentgo-mih ;  (improperly) 
'kentgo-meh,  'ken-tQumh,  ken'tou-mi-h. 

conusant  adj.  obsolete  (cognizant)  'kenjo-zdnt,  'keni-zdnt. 

convalescense  n.  (gradual  recovery)  kenvslesans. 

convenable  adj.  (suitable,  proper,  meet)  'kenvina-bal. 

convenable  adj.  (capable  of  being  convened)  kan'vii-na-bal. 

convenience  n.  (fitness;  comfort)  kan'vii-njans,  kan'vii-ni- 
9ns. 

conventicle  n.  (assembly)  kdn'venti-ksl. 

conventionalization  n.  ksn-venSdnl-i'zee-Sdn,  ksn-ven^dnl- 
ai'zee-San. 

conventionalize  v.    (render  conventional)   kan'venSanl-aiz. 

conventual  adj.  (of  a  convent)  kan'ventSu-al,  kan'vpntQu-al. 

J  ye,    g  cure;  d  the,   9  thin ;   3  a^ure,  d$  joy;   S  shoe,  tj  chew; 
wwAen;  tj  sing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuW,  DW.io6V,  \\\,  \\s€e; 
o  poetic;  9  oyer,  e  aerial,  Abiit,  o:  door,  00  no,  ^\>c^,  t.^^a.\.^% 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  121 

eonversable  adj,  that  may  be  converst  with  [also  spelt  con- 
versihlel  kdn'vBzsd-bdl. 

eonversant  adj.  (acquainted)  'kenvdz-ssnt ;  {improperly) 
ksn'vBzssnt. 

'eonversaiione  n.  (a  meeting  for  conversation;  soiree)  ken- 
v3?-sa:-tsi'oo-ni. 

GonveTse  n.  (intercourse;  communion)  'ken-vB^s. 

converse  v.  hold  intercourse ;  talk  [past  participle  and  prete- 
rit conversed,  converst"}  kan'vo'.^s. 

converse  adj,  (turnd  round;  opposit;  contrary)  Tcen-ve^s. 

conversely  adv.  (in  the  converse  manner,  etc.)  kanVezsLi, 
'ken-VB^SLI. 

conversible  adj,  obsolete  (capable  of  being  converted)  kan- 

'v8^S9-b9l.     . 

conversion  n.  (transmutation,  etc.)  V^n'vBzl^n,  k3n'vB:z-39n. 

convert  n.  (person  converted,  etc.)  'ken-vsrt. 

convert  v,  (turn,  change)  ksn'vBi^t. 

convertible  adj,  (capable  of  being  converted)  kdn'vBzrtd-bdl. 

convex  adj.   (curved  outward;   bulging)   ken'veks,   (assump- 

tivly)  'ken-veks. 
convex  n.  (convex  body  or  surface)  Hcen-veks. 
convezly  adv.  kan'veksti,  'ken-veksti. 
convexo-concave  adj.  (bulging  on  one  side  and  concave  or 

hollow  on  the  other)  ken-veksD-ken'keev,  (assutnptivly)  ken- 

veksoTceq-kev, 
convexo-convex   adj.    (double-convex)    ken-vekso-ken'veks, 

{assumptivly)  ken-vekso'ken-veks. 
convict  adj.  (adjudged  guilty)  kan'vikt. 
convict  n.  (person  adjudged  guilty)  'kenvikt. 
convict  V.  (adjudge  guilty)  kan'vikt. 

convincible   adj,  (capable  of  being  convinced)  ksn'vinsd-bdl. 
convive  v.  obsolete  (feast)  kan'vaiv. 
convive  n.  (boon  companion)  Tcen-viv,  'ken-vaiv. 
convivial    adj.     (festal;     social;     jovial)     ksn'vivi-al,    kan- 

'vrvisl. 
convocant  n.  (convoker)  'kenvd-kant. 
convolve  v.  roll  together  [also  spelt  convolve  past  participle 

and  preterit  convolved,  convolvdl  kan'velv. 
convoy  n.  (escort;  protected  train  or  fleet)  'ken-vei. 
convoy  v.  escort  [past  participle  and  preterit  convoyed,  con- 
voy d}  kan'vei. 
cony    n.    rabbit    [also    spelt    coney  \    ploral    conies}    Tcoo-ni, 

TcAni. 

c:  low,  b:  f«r,  x  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  for,  aa  now,  a*.  a^V,  ^\V\V^\ 

length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soutv\  \s  \qtv%\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ieWo'win^  s^Yi^\t 


122  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

eoo  V.  murmur,  as  a  dove  [past  participle  and  preterit  cooed, 
coodi  kou. 

eooky  n.  flat  cake  [also  spelt  cookey,  cookie;  ploral  cook- 
iesl  'koki. 

eoolie  n.  laborer  [also  spelt  cooly"!  'kou-h. 

coolly  adv.  (in  a  cool  manner)  'kou}-h. 

eoomb  n.  valley  [also  spelt  comb,  combe,  coomi  koum,  koom. 

eoomb  n.  dry  measure  [also  spelt  combl  koum,  koom. 

coop  interj.  (a  call  for  domestic  animals ;  a  call  in  the  game 
of  coop  and  seek)  kop;  {less  properly)  koup. 

eoop  n.  (cage,  pen ;  cask,  barrel ;  corn-measure ;  cart)  koup ; 
(dialectally)  kop. 

coop  V.  put  into  a  coop  or  cage;  shut  up  [past  participle  and 
preterit  cooped,  coopti  koup;  {when  unstrest)  kup;  {dialect- 
ally)  kop. 

cooper  n.  (one  who  makes  barrels,  etc.;  also,  a  beverage) 
'kou-pa?;  (dialectally)  'kopa^. 

cooperate  v.  work  together;  operate  jointly  [also  spelt 
co-operate,  cooperatel  ko'epa-^et. 

copaiba  n.  balsam  [synonymous  cognate  copaiva'\  ko'pee-bd, 
ko'pai-ba,  kD'pii-ba. 

copal  n.  (resin)  'koo-pal,  ko'pal. 

coparcener  n.  (coheir,  parcener)  ko'porsi-nd?. 

copeck  n.  [also  spelt  kopeck,  kopek ;  synonymous  cognate  co- 
peek']  TcDO-pek. 

copepod  n.  oar-footed  crustacean;  copepodan  [ploral  cope- 
pods,  copepoda]  'koo-pi-ped. 

copepoda  n.  order  of  Crustacea ;  ploral  of  copepod  [synony- 
mous cognate  copopodd}  ka'pepo-da. 

copped  adj,  pointed,  crested  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  copt"] 
kept,  Ocepid. 

copperas  n.  (ferrous  sulfate)  'kopd-zss. 

coppice  n.  wood,  thicket  [also  spelt  coppis;  synonymous  cog- 
nate copsel  'kopis. 

cops  n.  clevis  [also  spelt  copse"]  keps. 

copse  n.  keps.     same  meaning  as  coppice, 

copy  n.  transcript;  specimen;  set;  original  writing  [ploral 
copies!  Tcepi. 

coquet  v.  flirt ;  dally ;  trifle  [also  spelt  coquette"]  ko'ket. 

coqnetry  n.  'koo-ka-t^i;   {less  properly)  kD'ketji. 

coqnette  n.  flirt  [also  spet  coquet]  ko'ket. 

coqnimbite  n.  (mineral)  ko'kim-bait;  {less  properly)  ko- 
'kiuim-bait. 

/\ve,    gcure;  d  the,   Qth'm;   5  a^rure,   d^/oy;    ^  shoe,   tlchew: 
wzt/hen;  tj  sing;  u  wh<?ever,  i  react,  oiuVl,  owfool,  i  it,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  s  over,  e  serial,  AbMt,  o*.  door,  ooxvo,  t.\ic^,  t,^^a\^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  123 

coquina  n.  (soft  white  rock)  ko'kii-ns. 

corah  adj.  plain ;  undyed :   said  of  silk  [also  spelt  cora^  Ho:- 

coral  n.  (polyp-skeleton  formation)  'ke^dl. 

coraled  adj.  fiirnisht  with  coral  [also  spelt  coralled,  corald"! 

'kezdld. 
eorallin  n.  (dye;  paeonin)  'kez^-hn. 
coralline  n.  seaweed ;  polyzoan   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  co- 

rallin'\  'kez^-hn,  'kezd-lain. 
coralline  adj.  of  coral  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  corallM  'kezs- 

hn,  'kezd-lain. 
corbeil    n.    gabion;    basket-like    ornament    [also    spelt    cor- 

beillej  'keis-bal,  'ke:z-hil,  kee'bee-i. 
corbel  n.  supporting-piece  projecting  from  a  wall  [also  spelt 

corhell]  'keiz-bal. 
corbel  v.  [present  participle  corbeling,  corbelling;  past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  corbeled,  corbelled,  corbeld}  'keiz-h^l. 
corbeling  n.  [also  spelt  corbelling}  'keie-ba-hq. 
corbie  n.  raven;  carrion  crow  [also  spelt  corby'\  'ke:?-bi. 
cord  n.  string,  rope  [in  certain  senses  commonly  spelt  chord : 

see  chord}  'ke:zd, 
cordelle  n.  (tow-line)  'keiz-ddl,  kez'd&l. 
cordial  adj.    (of  the  heart,  cheering)   'kex-dsal,  'kei^-di-a^ 

'kei^-djal. 
cordial  n.  (stomachic;  liqueur)  'keie-dsal,  'keie-di-al. 
cordiality  n.  (heartiness)  kezdsi'aeh-ti,  ke^di'aeh-ti. 
cordialize  v.  make  into  a  cordial;  become  cordial  [also  spelt 

cordialisel  'ket^-dsa-laiz,  'keie-di-a-laiz. 
Cordillera    n.    (mountain-range)    'kezdiVjci-z^,    kezdilei-z^, 

kez'dil^-z9. 
cordon  n.   (course  of  stones;  line  of  troops)   ^keiz-d^n. 
corduroy  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  corderoyl  kezd^'zei,  (as- 

sumptivly)   'ke:z-d^-zQi;    {also,  sometimes)   'kei^-djo-eei. 
cordnvain  n.   Spanish  leather   [synonymous   cognate   cordo' 

van}  'ke:^-dween. 
core  n.  (heart;  nucleus)  ko:z, 
Corean  adj.,  n.  see  Korean. 

co-respondent  n.   (joint  respondent)  kon'spendsnt. 
cornea  n.  (the  transparent  front  part  of  the  eyeball)   'kerr- 

ni73. 
cornelian  n.  ke^'nii-Hdn.    same  meaning  as  carnclian. 
comet  n.  wind-instrument;  coil   [also  spelt  cornette}  'ke:z- 

nit,  'keir-net,  ker'net. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length -iTJorA-  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soutv^  i^  \^tv^?»\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ieWoYiitv^  sV>\b}c\^. 


124  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

conietist  n.  [also  spelt  cornettisfl  'ke:?-ni-tist. 

cornice  n.  [also  spelt  cornisl  'kei^-nis;   (erroneously)  'ke:r- 

niS. 
conin  n.  horn;  horn-like  part  [ploral  cornud]  'keiz-njo. 
conincopia  n.  [synonymous  cognate  cornucopiae;  ploral  cor- 

nucopiasl  ko-.e-njo'koo-pi-a. 
cornnoopiae     n.     [ploral     cornucopiaesi     ke:7-njo'koo-pi-i: . 

same  meaning  as  cornucopia, 
corody  n.  aliment;  pension  [also  spelt  corrodyl  'ke^a-di. 
corolla  n.  inner  envelop  of  the  perianth;  the  petals  collec- 

tivly  [ploral  corollas'}  kd'zeld. 
corollary  n.  inference  [ploral  corollaries'!  'kezd-lezi,  Hce^d- 

l^zi,  k^'zel^-zi. 
coroUiferons  adj.  (bearing  a  corolla)  ke^s'hfd-rds. 
CoroUiflorae  n,pl.  (Gamopetalae)  k9-zeWii.o:-zi. 
corollifloral  adj.  kd'zeh'{i.o:-zdl. 
coroUiflorons  adj.  k^-zeli^fi.o:-zds,  kez^'hfi^-z^s. 
coroUine  adj,  of  a  corolla  [also  spelt  corollini  ks'zehn,  kd- 

're-lain. 
corona  n.  crown  [ploral  coronas,  coronael  ko'^oo-na. 
coronacli  n.  dirge  [also  spelt  coranachl  'kez^-naek. 
coronal  adj,  (of  a  crown)  'keea-nl,  ksVoo-nl. 
coronaled  adj,  [also  spelt  coronalled,  coronaldl  'kez^-nld. 
coronet  n.  (coronal,  circlet)  'keea-nat. 
corporal  adj,  (bodily)  Hcerr-pa-^al. 
corporal  n.  (corporal -cloth ;  corporale)  *ke:z-p^-z9l. 
corporal  n.  (officer)  'keir-pa-eal. 
corporale  n.  corporal-cloth,  corporal  [ploral  corporalid]  kez- 

pa'zee-h. 
corporeal  adj.  (physical,  bodily;  material)   ker'poi-^i-al. 
corporeity  n.  (the  being  of  the  nature  of  body;  materiality) 

keep3'eii-i-ti. 
corposant  n.  St.  Elmo's  fire;  corpse-light  [synonymous  cog- 
nates composant,  comozantl  'ker^-pa-zant,  'ker^-pa-zaent. 
corps  n.  body;  society  [ploral  corps,  see  corps  pi.]  'ko:e. 
corps  n.  (ploral  of  corps)  'koizz. 

corpse  n.  (body;  dead  body;  cadaver)  keizps,  keizs. 
corpulence  n.  (bulk  of  body;  obesity)  'koi^-pQo-Ians. 
corpuscle  n,  (particle)  'keizr-pASol,  'keie-pa-sal,  ke^'pAsaJ. 
corpnscnle  n.  (corpuscle)  ke?'pAs-kcul. 
corral  n.  (pen,  enclosure)  'keeal,  ka'eaeJ,  ko'rael,  ke'^ael. 
corral  v.   (drive  into  a  corral;   capture)   Tcoral,  ka'rael,   ko- 

'ral,  ko'^ael. 

J,ve,   Qcure;  bthe,  0  */tin;   3  axrure,  ds/oy;    I  shoe,   t^chew; 
wzc'/ten;  ijsing',  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuu,  DW.ioo\,  i-Ct,  ilscc; 
o poetic;  ^  over,  e  aerial.  Abut,  0:  door,  00 no,  tV^c^,  t,e^?.a\^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  12J 

correal  adj.  (under  joint  obligation)  ka'eii-al,  'keei-ol. 
correality  n.  (quality  of  being  correal)  kezi'aeh-ti. 
correality  n.  (equal  reality)  ke^i'aeh-ti. 
eorreet  adj,  ks'^ekt,  {rapidly,  sometimes)  k^ekt. 
corregidor  n.  (Spanish  magistrate)  ke'?ed3i-de?. 
correspondent  n.  (one  who  corresponds,  as  by  letter)  kezi- 

'spendsnt. 
corridor  n.  (gallery;  passage)  'keei-dee,  'keei-dD?,  'kori-da?, 

keei'do:?. 
corrie  n.  hollow  [also  spelt  correi,  corri,  corry;  synonymous 

cognate  currie"]  'ke^i. 
corrigible  adj.  (capable  of  being  corrected)  'keeidsa-bsJ. 
corroborate  v.  (strengthen;  confirm)  ks'^ebs-^et. 
corrody  n.  aliment;  pension  [also  spelt  corody'i  'kez3-di. 
corrosible  adj,  (corrodible)  kaVoo-sa-bal,  ko'eoo-za-bal. 
corrosive  adj.,  n.  [also  spelt  corrosiv'^  ka'zoo-siv,  ka'eoo-ziv ; 

(formerly)  'kera-siv. 
corrugate  v,  (wrinkle)  'keeo-get. 
corruptible  adj.  ks'^Apts-bsL 
corsage  n.  (bodice)  'ke:z-sid3,  kez'sa:3,  ke^'saids. 
corsair  n.  (privateer)  'ke:z-se:z. 
corse  n.  (dead  body;  corpse)  ke:?s,  koizs. 
corslet  n.  body-armor ;  garment ;  thorax  [also  spelt  corselet"] 

Hcei^-SLat. 
cortdge  n.  (train  of  attendants ;  procession)  ke^'tees. 
Cortes  n.  pi.  (the  senate  and  chamber  of  deputies  constitut- 
ing the  legislature  of  Spain)  'ke:^-tis,  'ke:?-tes. 
cortex  n.  outer  part;  shell;  husk  [ploral  cortices]  Tcei^-teks. 
cortices  n.  (ploral  of  cortex)  'keie-ti-siz. 
comscant  adj.  (glittering;  flashing)  ks'^Asksnt. 
coruscate  v.  (sparkle,  glitter)  'kesrd-sket,  kd'zA-sket. 
corvette  n.  (flush-deckt  cruiser)  ko^'vet. 
corvine  adj.  (of  the  crow)  'keie-vin,  'ke:e-vain. 
corymb  n.  (raceme)  'ke^im,  Tce^imb. 
corjmibose  adj.  (growing  in  corymbs)  kezim'bDOs,  (assump- 

tivly)  ke'eim-bos. 
corypb^e  n.  (chief  ballet-dancer)  ke^i'fee. 
corypbeus  n.  leader  [also  spelt  coryphaeus]  keri'fii-as. 
coryza  n.  (catarrh)  ko'?ai-z9. 
cosinage   n.   blood-relationship;   writ    [also   spelt   cosenage] 

'kAza-nids,  TcAzn-ids. 
cosnictic  n.   (preparation   for  the  skin,   etc. ;   art  of  bodily 

adornment)  kez'metik. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a*.  as\s.,  BLiV\\.e.\ 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \Qn%\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  toUoY/ms  sv^V^^^^^ 


126  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

cosmogony  n.   (world-creation)   kez'megd-ni ;    (erroneously) 

kez'medsi-ni. 
eosmopolitan  adj.  (of  a  cosmopolite;  world-wide)  Icezmd- 

'peh-tn. 
cosmopolite  n.  (citizen  of  the  world)  kez'meps-lait. 
cosmorama  n.  (view  of  the  world)  kezmd'zar-md. 
cosmos  n.  world;  universe;  order  [also  spelt  kosmosi  'kez- 

mes. 
Cossack  n.  (inhabitant  of  the  lower  Don,  etc.)  'kessk,  'ke- 

ssek. 
cost  V.  (be  of  the  price  of,  etc.)  keist,  (when  unstrest)  kest; 

(dialectally)  kc:st. 
costean  v.  sink  pits,  etc.  [also  spelt  costeen"]  kes'tiin;   (less 

properly)  'kosti-an. 
costmary  n.  (plant)  ncest-meri,  'kest-mei-ei. 
costnme  n.   (custom;  style  of  dress;   gown)   'kestgum,   kes- 

'tQoum;  (dialectally)  Ocestum,  kes'toum, 
costnme  v,  (provide  with  a  dress)  kes'tgoum. 
costnnier  n.  (dealer  in  costumes)  kes'tgou-ma? ;  (less  proper- 
ly) Tces-tQuma?. 
cote  n.  (hut;  sheepfold)  loot. 
coterie   n.    (circle,   set,   meeting)    'koo-t3-?i;    (less  properly) 

Tceta-n,  kota'ni. 
cotlinm  n.   (boot,  buskin,  cothurnus)  'koo-Osr^n,  ko'Gsirn. 
cotillion  n.  dance  [also  spelt  cotillon"]  ko'tilidn. 
cotyle  n.  hollow  thing,  hip-joint  socket  [ploral  cotylae,  coty- 

lesl  'keti-h. 
cotyledon   n.    (patch   of  villi;    pennywort;    seed-leaf)    keti- 

lii-dn. 
cotyledonons  adj.  keti1ii-dn-3s,  keti1edn-3s. 
conchant  adj.  (lying  down)  'kao-tSsnt. 
congar  n.  puma,  panther  [also  spelt  couguar,  cougouar]  Hcou- 

congh  V,  (expel  air  thru  the  glottis,  etc.)  kc:f,  (ivhen  un- 
strest) kef. 

conld  V.  (preterit  of  can)  kod,  (when  unstrest)  kad. 

conlomb  n.  (electric  quantity-unit)  kulem. 

conncil  n.  (assembly)  'kaon-ssl. 

conncilor  n.  member  of  a  council  [also  spelt  councillor"] 
'kaon-S3-l9?. 

connsel  n.  (consultation;  advice;  plan;  body  of  legal  ad- 
visers) Tcaon-sal. 

connsel  v.  give  or  take  counsel;  advise;  consult  [present  par- 

/.ve,   gcure;  d  the,   Q  thin;   3  a^rure,  d5/oy;   I  shoe,   t^  chew; 
wwhen;  13  sing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  ow.ioo\,  lit,  ilsee; 
o poetic;  q  over,  e  aerial,  a  but,  o'.doot,  00  no,  tV>e^,  ^^^oX^N 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  127 


i 


ticiple  counseling,  counselling  \  past  participle  and  preterit 
counseled,  counselled,  counseldl  'kaon-ssl. 
connselor  n.  adviser;  barrister  [also  spelt  counsellor^  'kaon- 

eountenance    n.    (demeanor;    face;    support)    'kaon-tn-9ns» 

'kaon-ti-nans. 
counter  n.  counting-device ;  counterfeit  coin ;  table ;  debtors' 

prison  [also,  in  the  sense  of  prison  for  debtors,  spelt  comp- 
ter'] 'kaon-t32. 
counterfeit  adj.,n,  imitation  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  coun- 

terfit]  'koon-tae-fit,  (also,  in  Britain)  'koon-tae-fit. 
countermarcli  v,  (march  back)   kaon-tds'moistS,  'kaon-tdr- 

ma:7tS. 
countemiarclL  n.  'kabn-t9z-ma:7tS. 

counterpane  n.  (bed-quilt)  'kaun-tds-peen,  'kaon-tdzr-pin. 
coup  n.  (prompt  blow,  sudden  stroke)  kou. 
coup  n.  cart,  wagon  [also  spelt  coopl  koup. 
coup  V,  exchange,  barter  [also  spelt  cowpl  kaop. 
coup  V,  upset  [also,  formerly,  sptlt  cowpl  kaop. 
coup  de  gr&ce  n.  (stroke  of  mercy;  quietus)  kou-d3'g?a:s. 
coup  de  main  n.  (stroke  with  the  hand ;  sudden  attack)  kou< 

dd'mxi]. 
coup   d'6tat  n.   (stroke  of  state;   stroke  of  policy)   kou-de- 

'ta: . 
coup  d'oeil  n.  (glance  of  the  eye;  general  view)  kou'dB:-i. 
coupe  n.  (cup,  bowl;  Swiss  dry  measure)  kuup. 
coup6  n.  (carriage)  ku'pee. 
coupee  n.  (dance-step;  bow)  ku'pii. 
coup6e  adj.  (in  heraldry,  coupt)  ku'pee. 
couple  n.  (brace,  leash;  pair)  'kApsL 
coupon   n.    (detachable   certificate;    ticket)    'kou-pen;    (vul' 

garly)  'kgou-pen,  'kao-pen. 
courageous  adj.  (full  of  courage;  bold)  kd'ree-dsds. 
courant  adj.   (in  heraldry,  running)   'ko:-?sent. 
courant  n.  dance  [also  spelt  courante}  ko'za:nt,  ko'^omt,  ku- 

courant  n.  gazette,  news-letter  [obsolete  except  as  the  name 
of  some  particular  newspaper]  'koi-rant,  ko'zaint,  ku'za:nt, 
ko'?ae:nt. 

courier  n.  (running  messenger;  traveler's  servant)  'kozi-^z, 
(less  often)  ^ko:-ziz. 

couronne  n.  (crown)  ko'?en. 

course  n.  (onward  motion ;  path)  koizs,  (when  unstrest)  kozs. 

c:  low,  b:  iur,  ae  cot,  6  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  for,  go  now,  a*,  osk,  aiV.\\.e^\ 

\zngth-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  \qicv?,\ 

Btresa-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  f oUov/itvg  sv^V^^^^^* 


126  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

eonrteons  adj.  graciously  polite  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  cur- 

teousl  IcB^ti-as,  'ksie-ti-as;  'ksrtQas,  'ksiz-tg^s;  'koiz-tq^s. 
eonrtesy  n.  courtliness  or  elegance  of  manners;  also,  favor,    | 

indulgence :    as,  the  *courtesy  of  England  [also  spelt  curte- 

sy'\  'kB?ti-si. 
courtesy  n.  'ke^tsi,  {rarely)  'ks^ti-si.    same  meaning  as  curt-    ' 

sy. 
courtezan  n.  court-mistress;   prostitute   [also   spelt   courte- 
san^  'ko:e-ti-z3n,   'ko:?-ti-zaen,   'ke^ti-zon,   'kerti-zan,   ksrti- 

'zaen. 
conrtier  n.  (one  who  frequents  the  court  of  a  sovereign) 

koiz-tjar,  'koiz-tq^z, 
court-martial  n.  court  for  the  administration   of  martial 

law  [ploral  courts-martiall  koizt^mazl^l. 
conrtmartial    v.    [past   participle    and   preterit    courtmar- 

tialed,  courtmartialdl  koizrt'maeSal. 
cousin  n.  (son  or  daughter  of  one's  uncle  or  aunt)  'kAzdn, 

IcAzn;  {erroneously)  'kAzin. 
covenant  n.  (compact,  contract)  'kAvi-nsnt. 
covenanter  n.  (one  who  covenants;  adherent  of  the  Scotch 

covenant  of  1638  or  that  of  1643)  'kAvi-nanta^. 
covenantor  n.  (one  who  enters  into  a  legal  covenant)  'Icavi- 

nsntdz,  'kAVinan-te:?. 
coverlet  n.  (bed-quilt;  cover)  'kAva^-lat. 
covert  adj.  (covered,  secret,  disguised)  'kAvaet;   {erroneous- 
ly) Icoo-vBrt. 
covetous  adj,   (eagerly  desirous;   grasping)   'kAvi-tas. 
covey  n.  (brood  of  partridges;  set)  icAvi. 
coivage  n.  pod-hairs  of  Mucuna  pruriens   [also   spelt  cow- 

hage,   couhage;    synonymous   cognate    cowitch]    'kau-ids. 
cowardice  n.  want  of  courage  [also  spelt  cowardisi  'kau-3?- 

dis;   {erroneously)  ncau-ss-dais. 
coTvcnniber  n.   {dialectal)   'kao-kAmbs?.     same  meaning  as 

cucumber. 
coTvlierd  n.   (cattle-tender)   Tcao-hst^d. 
coivl  n.   (hood;  hooded  garment)  kao). 
coivry  n.  shell  [also  spelt  cowrie;  ploral  cowriesl  'kao-ei. 
coxcomb  n.  a  fool's  cap;  fop,  vain  silly  fellow  [also  spelt 

cockscombl  Tceks-koom. 
cozopodite  n.  (crustacean)  kek'sep9-dait. 
coynye  n.  billeting  of  soldiers  upon  private  persons;  impost 

[also   spelt   coignye  and,   formerly,   coigny,   coyne,   coynie; 

former  synonymous  cognate  coignel  Hcoi-nji,  'kei-ni. 

J  ye,   gcure;  dthe,  9*Mn;  3  asure,  djf'oy;   \shot,  tSc/tew; 
wwJten;  13  sing \  ti  wh(7ever,  i  react,  oiuVV  ow.ioo\,  i-Vt,  \\^ce\ 
o poetic;  s  over,  e  aerial.  Abut,  0:  door,  ooxvo,  «.V>c^,  t^%a\^% 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  129 

be  n.  prairie-wolf   [synenymous  cegnate  cajote,  coyote, 

ie"}  Icei-ot,  ko'joo-ti,  ko'joot. 

L  V,  cheat;  entice  [past  participle  and  preterit  cozened, 

endl  'kAzdn,  IcAzn. 

adj.  snug;  social  [also  spelt  cosy,  cosey,  cozey,  cosie,  co- 

'koo-zi. 
bed  adj,  (perverse,  cross,  churlish)  'ksabid. 
;  n.  skill;  cunning;  boat  [ploral  crafts  and,  in  the  sense 
jhips  coUectivly,  craft"]  k3a:ft,  k^aift,  k^aeift. 
pon  n.  grappling-iron  [synenymous  cegnate  crampooni 
:mp3n,  'Icsxm-pen. 

.poon  n.  ksaem'poun.     same  meaning  as  crampon, 
berry  n.  Ic^aen-besi,  'ksaen-baei,  'ksaembei. 
sH  V.  k3a:nt$,  IraamtS,  kscmtS;  {also,  and  in  Britain  nor- 
ly)  ksamS,  lcsa:n$,  k^cm^.     same  meaning  as  craunch, 
Lai  adj.  (of  the  cranium  or  skull)  'ksee-ni-al. 
Lum  n.  skull;  brain-box  [ploral  crania]  'k^ee-ni-sm. 
»  n.  gauze-like  fabric  [also  spelt  crepe,  crepe]  kzeep, 

adj.  (coarse;  gross)  k^aes;  (less  properly)  k^aeis,  k^ais. 
Aoli  f.  crunch    [synenymous   cognates   cranch,   crunch] 
ntS,    ksaintS,    lraa:ntS;    (also,   and   in   Britain    normally) 
nS,  k3a:n$,  ksomS. 

fisli  n.  crustacean;  spiny  lobster  [synenymous  cegnate 
ifish]  1rec:-fiS. 

IsH  n.  'ksee-fiS.     same  meaning  as  crawfish, 
t  V,  make  a  sharp,  harsh,  or  squeaking  sound  [past  par- 
pie  and  preterit  creaked,  creakt]  icsiik. 
ine  n.  organic  base  [also  spelt  kreatine  and,  sometimes, 
itin,  kreatin]  'Icsii-a-tin,  'ksii-3-tain. 

iiiine  n.  alkaline  substance  [also  spelt  kreatinine  and, 
etimes,   creatinin,  kreatinin]   k^i'aeti-nin,  ksi'aeti-nain. 
or  n.  (one  who  creates)  Icsi'ee-ta?. 

;ure   n.    (created   thing ;    animal ;    human    being)    'k^ii- 
,  Tc^ii-tgar;  (dialectally)  'Icsii-tae,  'Icsita^. 
ince  n.  (belief,  etc.)  Tc^ii-dns;  (erroneously)  'k^edns. 
ble  adj.  (believable)  'Iraeda-bal. 

tor  n.  (one  who  gives  credit;  one  to  whom  a  debt  is 
ig)  Ireedi-ta?. 
►  n.  (creed)  'Icsii-do. 

ility  n.   (over-readiness  to  believe)  Irai'djou-h-ti;   (less 
yerly)  Irai'dsou-h-ti. 

lions  adj.  (gullible)  'k^edso-Ias,  Tc^edjo-las. 
:  n.  (inlet,  bay ;  brook,  rivulet)  Icsiik ;  (dialectally)  Icsik. 

b:  fi*r,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite; 
-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  la  \ftTi.^% 
nark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ieUoNiiin^  s^WaWi^ 


130  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

eremate  v,  (burn  up ;  consume  by  heat)  k^i'meet,  'Icsii-met. 
erematorinni   n.    (crematory)   ksims'to^^i-sm,   k3em9'to:-n- 

9m. 
crematory  n„  adj.  'k^ii-ma-toei,  'ksema-tazi,  Treemata-^i. 
erenate  adj,  (notcht,  indented)  'k^ii-net. 
erenatnre  n.  (tooth  or  notch  of  a  leaf)  'k^ens-t^d?,  'k^sens- 

tQ3?,  'ksii-ns-tQae. 
erenel  n,  (tooth  of  a  erenate  leaf,  crenature;  also,  crenelle) 

'ksenoh 
erenelate  v,  embattle  [also  spelt  crenellate'\  'k^ena-let. 
erenelation   n.   condition   of   being  crenelated;    battlement 

[also  spelt  crenellation\  ksens'lee-Jan. 
crenelle  n.  (opening  in  a  parapet;  crenel)  k^i'nel. 
Creole  n.   (nativ-born  person  of  European  or  African  des- 
cent) 'Iraii-oh 
creosote  n.  oily  liquid  from  wood-tar   [also  spelt  creosote, 

kreasote'l  'ksii-a-sot. 
crepon  n.  (crape-like  fabric)  'ksepsn. 
crescendo  n.  (gradual  increase;  swelling)  k^i'sendo,  k^i'5en- 

do. 
crescent   n.    (convexo-concave    figure   like   the   growing   or 

waxing  moon)  'ksesant. 
cresol  n.  tar  phenol  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  cressoll  'k^ii-se}, 

'kse-sel. 
cretaceons  adj.  (chalky)  ksi'tee-Sss. 
cretonne  n.  (cotton  cloth)  Irai'ten,  'k^e-ten,  'ksii-ten. 
crevasse  n.  (fissure)  k33'va:s,  k^dVais,  lcs3'vx:s. 
crcTice  n.  crack;  fissure  [also  spelt  crevisl  'ksevis. 
crewel  n.  (worsted  thread)  'Iraou-al. 
cricoid  adj,  (ring-shaped)  'k^ai-keid. 
crinoid  adj.  (lily-like)  'Icsai-neid,  'k^i-neid. 
crinoline   n.   stiff   fabric;   petticoat;    warship-netting   [also, 

sometimes,  spelt  crinolini  'Iraina-hn,  'ksina-lin,  'k^ina-lam. 
crises  n.  (plural  of  crisis)  Ic^ai-siz. 
crisis   n,  turning-point    [ploral   crises   and,   rarely,   crisises'^ 

Ireai-sis, 
criterion  n.  standard  of  criticism  [ploral  criteria"]  ksai'ti:- 

ei-an. 
criticize  v,  judge  accurately  [also  spelt  criticise]  'k^iti-saiz. 
critique  n,  (critical  review)   Irei'tiik;    (obsolete  spelling  of 

critic)  Ireitik. 
crocliet  V,  (knit)  Ireo'Jce,  Ireoo-Si. 
crocodile  n.  (reptil;  sophism)  'Ireeka-dail,  'k^eka-dil. 

jyc,   gcure;  dthe,  Q  thin;   5  a^ure,  ds/oy;   I  shoe,  tJcAew; 
wze/Aen;  rf  sinff;  ti  whoever,  i  react,  oiuu,  viwlooV,  \\\.,  \\^cc% 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abt*t,  o:dooT,  00  no,  t\ie^,  «,e^^a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  131 

cromlech  n.  (ancient  stone  structure)  'k^emisk,  'ksem-lek. 
crony  n.  [also  spelt  cronie,  croney;  ploral  croniesl  'k3D0-ni. 
!     crooked  adj.  (bent;  not  straight)  'ksukid. 

crooked  v.  past  participle  and  preterit  of  crook  [also  spelt 
I         crookt}  ksokt. 

I     croquet  n.  (game)  kso'kee,  'k^oo-ke,  'ksoo-ki. 
croquette  n.  (food)  kso'ket. 
croquiz  n.  (sketch;  study)  k^o'kii. 

cross  V.  make  a  cross;  cancel;  pass  over,  etc.  [past  partici- 
ple and  preterit  crossed,  crost"!  k^eis,  {when  unstrest)  kses; 

(dialectally)  k3c:s. 
crosslet  n.  small  cross  [also  spelt  croslet"]  'lcse:-SL3t. 
crotcket  n.  (hook;  musical  symbol;  whim)  'ksetjit. 
cronck  v.  (stoop;  cringe)  k^aot^;   (^erroneously)  k^outj. 
croup  n.  rump,  buttocks  [also  spelt  croupe,  croop"]  k^oup. 
croup  n.  (disease)  k^oup. 
croupier    n.    (money-raker    at    a    gambling-table;    assistant 

host)  'k30U-pi-9?,  kzvi'piiz. 
crosier  n.   cross-bearer;   pastoral   staff   [also  spelt  crosierl 

'ksoo-saz:. 
crucial  adj.  (cross-shaped;  decisiv)  'k^ou-Ssl. 
crucian  n.  fish  [also  spelt  crusian\  'k^ou-Ssn. 
crucible  n.  (melting-pot)  'Icsou-sa-bal ;  {less  properly)  'Ireou- 

zd-bdl. 
crucifix  n.  (image  of  Christ  on  the  cross)  'ksou-si-fiks. 
crucifixion  n.  k^usi'fik^sn. 

cruel  adj.  (disposed  to  inflict  suffering)  'ksou-ah 
cruelly  adv.  (in  a  cruel  manner)  'k^ou-a-h,  'ksou-al-h. 
cruise  v,,  n.  voyage  [also  spelt  cruize'^  ksouz. 
cruuib  n.  particle;  scrap  [also  spelt  crutnl  k^Am. 
crunck  v.  crush  with  the  teeth,  etc.   [synonymous  cognates 

craunch,  cranchi  k^AntS,  (in  Britain)  k^AnS. 
cruorin  n.  hemoglobin  [also  spelt  cruorinel  'k^ou-a-nn. 
crupper  n.  (saddle-strap  passing  under  a  horse's  tail;  rump; 

croup)  'k^opaz,  'ksApae. 
cms  n.  the  lower  leg;  pillar  [ploral  crural  ksAS. 
crusado  n.  Portuguese  coin  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  crusadol 

k3o'see-do,  kso'zee-do. 
cruse  n.  jar,  bottle  [also  spelt  cruised  k^ous,  k^ouz. 
crustaceous  n.  (of  or  like  a  crust;  crustacean)  k^As'tee-Sss. 
crux   n.   cross;    vexatious   difficulty    [ploral    cruxes,   crucesi 

k3Aks;  (erroneously)  k^oks. 
crjrptogaui  «.  (flowerless  plant)  'ksipta-gaem. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  0  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  go  now,  a*,  ask,  ^\k\\.«.\ 

len^tb-mark  (:)  indicates   that  the  preceding  soMtv^  \^  \^t^%% 

stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  on  tbe  ioWoYim^  «^\\?iX^^* 


132  DTCTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

crjrptogram  n.  (secret  writing)  'ksipta-graem. 

crystalline  adj.  of  crystal  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  crystallini 

'ksistl-in,  'ksistl-ain,  'k3ist9-hn,  'ksista-lain. 
crystallization   n.    [also    spelt   crystallisation]    ksistl-i'zee- 

San,  k^istl-ai'zee-San. 
crystallize  v.  [also  spelt  crystallise}  'Icsistl-aiz,  'ksista-laiz. 
cnbic  adj.  (cube-like ;  solid ;  of  the  third  degree)  'kgou-bik. 
cnckoo  n.  (bird)  'ko-ku,  (anteriorly)  •  'koku. 
cncnniber  n.  [dialectal  equivalent  cowcumber,  formerly   in 

regular  literary  use]  'kgou-kAmba?. 
cndgel  n.  (club)  'kAdssh 
cne  n.  concluding  word;  hint;  proper  course;  frame  of  mind 

[also,  formerly,  spelt  kew,  ku,  quew,  q,  quue,  que,  qu,  kuel 

kgou. 
cne  n.  stick  used  in  billiards  [also  spelt  queue"}  k^ou. 
cnirass  n.  (armor)  kiwi'^aes,  ku)i'^ae:s;  {less  properly)  kiui'^ars; 

'ku)i:-29s;  kgoVais,  kgo'zaers. 
cnirassier  n.  (mounted  soldier  armd  with  a  cuirass)  kwi^s- 

'si:r,  kgozo'si:?, 
cnir-bonilli  n.  boild  leather  [also  spelt  cuir-bouilly}  kwv.z- 

'bou-ji,  ku)i:r'boul-ji. 
cnish  n.  thigh-piece  [synonymous  cognate  cuisse}  kwiS. 
cnisine  n.  (kitchen;  style  of  cooking)  kiui'ziin. 
cnl-de-sac  n.  blind  alley  [ploral  culs-de-sac}  k^oul-dd'saek. 
cnlin^ry  adj,  (of  the  kitchen  or  cooking)  'k(jou-!i-ne2i ;  {er- 
roneously) TcAh-neri. 
cnller  n.  (one  who  culls  or  selects)  'VtA^z. 
cnltnre  n.  (cultivation)  'kAltJar,  {older)  'kAltga?. 
cnlverin  n.  gun;  cannon  [also  spelt  culverine}  'kAlvd-zin. 
cnmic  adj.  (of  cumin)  'kAmik,  'kgou-mik. 
cnmin  n.  plant  [also  spelt  cummin}  'kAmin. 
cnmqnat   n.   small    orange    [also   spelt   kumquat,    cumquot} 

'kAm-ku30t. 
cnmnlative  adj.  increasing  by  addition  [also  spelt  cumula- 

tiv}  'kgou-mjo-4etiv,  'k^ou-mjola-tiv. 
cnneal  adj,  (wedge-shaped)  'kQou-ni-dl. 
cnneifomi  n.  wedge-shaped  [synonymous  cognate  cuniform} 

kQo'nii-i-forzrm,   TcQou-ni-i-foijm,   'kgou-ni-foirm. 
cnnicnlns  n.   small   underground   passage    [plural   cuniculi} 

kgo'nikgo-fes. 
cnnner  n.  fish  [also  spelt  Conner,  connor}  'kAna^. 
cnnning  n.   (skill;  craftiness)   TcAniq;   {dialectally,  vulgarly, 

and  familiarly)  TcAnin. 

j\ve,   gcure;  d  the,  Q  thin]  sa^ure,  ds/oy;   S  ^''oe,   tlchew, 
wwhen;  i)8ing\  u  whoever,  i  react,  dIuVY,  viMiooV,  \\t,  \\^cc\ 
o poetic;  9  over,  e aerial,  Abut,  o'.doot,  oono»  ^\ie^,  t^^a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  133 

Clipboard  n.  (sideboard  for  cups;  provision-closet)  'kAbdzrd. 

onpel  n.  (bone-earth  vessel)  'kguu-pdl,  'kApsl. 

fsnpel  V.  present  participle  cupeling,  cupelling;  past  parti- 
ciple and  preterit  cupeled,  cupelled  and  sometimes  cupeldl 
Tcgou-pal. 

cupful  n.  as  much  as  fills  a  cup  [ploral  cupfulsl  IcAp-fo). 

cupola  n.  dome-like  roof,  etc.  [dialectal  synonymous  cog- 
nate cupolo"}  'kgou-p3-l3. 

curable  adj.  (capable  of  being  cured)  'kqai-z^-h^l. 

Curasao  n.  [also  spelt  curagoa'\  kgo^s'soo. 

curari  n.  poison  [also  spelt  curare;  synonymous  cognate  cu- 
raral  kgo'ear-^i,  ko'za:-zi. 

curariue  n.   (alkaloid  from  curari)  'kgoi-z^-zain,  ko'za:-?in. 

curariaEC  v,  (treat  with  curari)  ^kqoi-z^-zaiz,  ko^zai-zaiz. 

curassow  n.  (bird)  kgo'raeso,  'kgoi-ro-so. 

curate  n.  (curer  of  souls;  pastor;  assistant  of  a  rector  or 
vicar)  'kQo:-?it. 

curator  n.  (guardian;  manager)  kq&zte-t^z,  'kqo:-z^-tsz. 

curb  n.  mouth-strap;  check;  swelling;  frame;  edging;  curb- 
stone [also,  formerly,  spelt  kerb,  kirbl  ksr^b. 

curculio  n.  (fruit-weevil)  kB^'k^ou-H-o, 

curcumin  n.  coloring-matter  of  tumeric  [also  spelt  curcu- 
m%ne'\  'ks^kgo-min. 

cur§  n.  (parish  priest)  kgo'^ee. 

curfcvr  n.  (evening  bell;  fire-plate,  blower)  'kezfiu,  'ker^-fiu. 

curio  n.  (curiosity;  piece  of  bric-a-brac)  'kgoi-ei-o. 

curled  adj.  ksirfd,  {also,  in  poetry)  'kBie-hd. 

cunnudLgeon  n.  (miser,  niggard)  kd^'mAdssn. 

currant  n.  (fruit)  'keeant,  'kA^ant. 

currency  «.  (flow;  course  of  time;  state  of  being  current; 
circulation;  money  in  actual  use;  vogue)  'koran-si. 

current  n.  (flow,  stream)  'ks^ant,  'kA^ant. 

current  adj,  (passing,  common,  prevalent)   'ksrant,  'kA^ant. 

curriculuni  n.  course  [ploral  curricula"!  kaVik^o-lam. 

currier  n.  (one  who  dresses  leather)  'k^zi-^z,  'kAzi-9Z. 

cursed  adj.  (under  a  curse;  damnable)  'ks^sid,  'kB:?-sid. 

cursed  v,  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  curse)  kBi^st. 

curser  n.  (one  who  curses)  'kszs^z,  ^siz-s^z. 

cursor  n.  (runner;  slide)  ^kiszs^z,  'kB:^-s3c. 

ciursory  adj.  (running;  hasty)  ^bzs^-zi,  'kszszi. 

curtail  v.  cut  short  [past  participle  and  preterit  curtailed, 
curt  ail  d"]  kszr'teel. 

Ciurtain  n.  (hanging;  screen)  'kB^tn,  'kB?tin. 

c:  law,  b:  fi*r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a*.  QsV,  a\V\\fc\ 

length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soun^  \^  \^t^V% 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ioWovJin^  s^WaJo\^. 


134  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

curtsy  n.  obeisance  [also  spelt  curtsey;  synonymous  cognates 

curtesy,  courtesyl  IcBetsi. 
curtsy  V,  [present  participle  curtsying;  past  participle  and 

preterit  curtsiedl  Tcertsi. 
curule  adj.  (of  a  chariot)  'kqai-zuh 
curve  n.  curvd  line  [also  spelt  curvl  ksizv. 
curvet  n„  v.  leap  [also  spelt  curvettel  'keie-vit,  ke^'vet. 
cushion  n.  (stuft  bag)  'koSsn. 
cuspidor  n.  spittoon  [synonymous  cognate  cuspidore']  'kAspi- 

dez, 
cuspidore  n.  'kAspi-do?.    same  meaning  as  cuspidor, 
cutlas  n.  cutting-sword;  big  knife  [also  spelt  cutlass"]  HcAtLss. 
cyanide  n.  (compound  of  cyanogen  and  a  metal)  'sai-9-naid, 

'sai-3-nid. 
cyanine  n.  blue  coloring-matter  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  cya- 

ninl  'sai-a-nain,  'sai-a-nin. 
cyanogen  n.  (radical)  sai'aens-dsin,  sai'sens-dsen. 
cyanurate  n.  (salt  of  cyanuric  acid)  sai-9'njo:-?et. 
cyanuret  n.  (cyanide)  sai'aenju-rst. 
cyanuric  adj.  sai-3'nju:-7ik. 
cycad  n.  (plant)  'sai-ksed,  'sai-ksd., 
cyclamen  n.  (plant)  'sik^d-msn. 

cyclamin  n.  (principle  found  in  cyclamen-root)  'sikta-min. 
cycle  n.  (circle;  round  of  events)  'sai-kal. 
cyclic  adj,  (of  a  cycle)  'siktik. 
cyclide  «.  envelop  of  a  sphere  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  eyelid} 

'sai-ktid,  'si-ktaid. 
cycloid  adj.  (like  a  circle)  'sai-k^eid,  'si-k^eid. 
cycloidal  adj,  (of  a  cycloid)  sai'kLoi-dl,  si'kLoi-dl. 
cyclone  n.  (rotatory  storm)  'sai-kz^oon. 
cyclope  adj.  (having  or  using  one'  eye)  'sai-k^op. 
Cyclopean  adj.  (of  the  Cyclopes)  sai-kLd'pii-dn. 
cyclopedia  n.  encyclopedia  [also  spelt  cyclopaedia']  sai-k^d- 
.  'pii-di-3. 
cyclopedic  adj,  [also  spelt  cyclopaedic]  sai-k^a'pii-dik,  sai- 

ki-a'pedik. 
Cylopes  n.  (ploral  of  Cyclops)  sai'ki-DO-piz. 
Cyclops  n.  one  of  a  mythic  race  of  one-eyed  giants  [ploral 

Cyclopes,  Cyclops,  Cyclopses]  'sai-ktops. 
cyclorama  n.  (circular  panorama)   sai-kL3'7a:-md. 
cygnet  n.  young  swan  [also,  formerly,  spelt  signet]  'signit. 
cylinder  n.  (solid  figure;  tube)  'sihn-dar. 
cylindric  adj.  Oike  a  cylinder)  silindrik. 

Jjye,   gcure;  dike,   Qthin;  saxrure,  ds/oy;   S-^^oe,   tjc/iew; 
wzvhen;  13  sing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  Diuu,  \3Mioo\,  lit,  lisee; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abwt,  o;dooT,  ooxio»  t\ic^,  ^^%oX^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  135 

'.r  

If.  robe  [also  spelt  fimarre,  simar,  symarl  si'maiz. 
cymbal  n.  metal  plate  [alio  spelt  sytnball  'simbsl. 
eymbiformL  adj,  boat-shaped  [also  spelt  cymbaeformi  'simbi- 

ieizm. 
eyme  n.  (centrifugal  inflorescence)  saim. 
cyniose  adj,  (bearing  a  cyme)  sai'maos,  (assumptivly)  'sai- 

mos;  (also)  'sai-moz. 
Cyntric  adj.  of  the  Cymry;   Welsh   [also,  sometimes,  spelt 

Kymric^  'aimzik,  Icimsik. 
Cya&ry  n.  pi,  the  Welsh  [also  spelt  Cymri,  Cwmry  and,  some- 
times, Kymry,  Kimry,  Kitnril  'simzi,  (^less  often)  'kimzi. 
cynamolie  n.  (throat-disease)  si'nxgki. 
Cynic  n.  (one  of  a  sect  of  Greek  philosophers)  'sinik. 
cynic  n.  (sneering  faultfinder)  'sinik. 
cynical  adj.  (captious;  sarcastic)  'sini-kdl. 
cynicism  n.  'sini-sizsm. 
cynosure  n.  (center  of  attraction)  'sai-ns-Suz,   sins-Su?;  'sai- 

ns-sgor,  'sins-sgo?;   (less  often)  'sai-n3-302,  'sina-so?;   'sai- 

nd-zjor,  'sins-zju?. 
cypress  n.  (tree)  'sai-psis. 

cyprinoid  adj,  (carp-like)  'sipsi-neid,  si'psai-neid. 
cyst  n.  sac,  vesicle,  cell  [also  spelt  cist']  sist. 
cytoplasm  n.  (cell  protoplasm)  'sai-ts-pz^zsm. 
cyrar  n.   (Welsh  land-measure)  'kii-va?. 
oiar  n.  emperor,  king;  especially,  the  emperor  of  Russia  [also, 

spelt  tsar,  tsar']  zaiz,  {rarely)  tsaiz. 
osarcTitcli.  n.  Russian  prince  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  tsare- 

vitch,  csarewitch,  tsarewitch,  czarowitch,  csarowitz\  synen- 

ymous  cognates  cesarevitch,  cesarewitch]  'za:r-3-vitS,  'tsa:^- 

3-vitS. 
oiarina  n.  empress  of  Russia  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  tsarina ; 

synonymous   cognates   czaritza,   tsaritsa,   tzaritsa]   za'^ii-na, 

tsa'7ii-n3. 
Ciech  adj,  [also  spelt  Csech,  Tsech,  TschecW]  tjek. 


daehshnnd  n.  badger-dog  [synonymous  cognate  dachshound] 

'da:ks-hont;  {less  properly)  'daeks-hunt. 
dactyl  n.  metrical  foot  [also  spelt  dactyle]  'daektil. 
daddy  n.  dad,  father  [also  spelt  daddie]  'dsedi. 
dado  n.  die  of  a  pedestal,  etc.  [ploral  dados]  'dee-do,  {less 

often)  'do: -do. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  a  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy\  a:  for,  ao  now,  a*,  ask,  a\k\le.\ 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  somti^  \s  \^^?»\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  feWo-witv^  s^W?iJc^fc« 


136  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD   WORDS 

daedal  adj.  see  dedal. 

daffadoiiTndilly   n.   daffodil    [synonymous  cognates   daffy- 

downdilly,  daffedowndillyl  daefa-daon'dih. 
daffodil  n.  (narcissus;  pale  yellow)  'dsefs-dil. 
daft  adj.  (crazy;  madly  gay)  da:ft,  da:ft,  daerft. 
daguerreotype  n.   (fotograf)   da'ge^a-taip,  da'gen-a-taip. 
dahabeeyah  n.  boat  used  on  the  Nile  [also  spelt  dahabeiah, 

dahabiyeh;  synonymous  cognates  dihabiah,  dahabeeah,  da- 

habiehl  da-ha'bii-ja,  da-ha'bii-a. 
dahlia  n.  (plant)  'da:-H3,  'dee-lid,  'dselis. 
dairy  «.  milk-room  [ploral  dairiesi  'de:-ei;  (dialectally)  'dee- 

zi. 
dais  n.  (platform)  'dee-is,  dees. 
daisy  n.  flower  [ploral  daisiesl  Mee-zi. 
dam  n.  (bank  or  wall  to  obstruct  water)  daem. 
damage  n.  (loss;  harm)  'dsemids. 
Damascene  adj,  (of  Damascus;  of  damask)  dsems'siin,  (as- 

sumptivly)  'daema-sin. 
damascene  v.  inlay,  damask  [synonymous  cognate   damas- 

keenl  daema'siin,  'daema-sin. 
dammar  n.  resin  [also  spelt  damar,  dammer\  'daems?. 
damme  interj.  (damn  me)  Maemi. 
dammed    adj.   obstructed   by   means   of   a   dam    [also   spelt 

damdl  dsemd. 
damn  v.  (condemn  to  hell)  dsem,  (often)  dse:m. 
damned    adj,    (consigned    to    hell)    dsemd,    (often)    dse:md; 

(sometimes,  in  poetry)  'daemnid. 
damning  adj.  (that  damns)  Maemnir),  'dsemir). 
damning  n.  (damnation)  Maemii]. 

damsel  n.  young  unmarried  lady;  girl,  lass  [archaic  synon- 
ymous cognates  damosel,  damozel,  damozeW]  'daemzal. 
damson  n.  (plum)  Maemzsn. 

dance  n.,v.  da:nts,  darnts,  dae:nts;  (also,  and  in  Britain  nor- 
mally) dams,  da:ns,  daeins. 
dandelion  n.   (plant)  'daendi-lai-sn,  daendilai-dn ;   (vulgarly) 

'daendi-lain,  'daendl-ain. 
dandi  n.  Saiva  mendicant  [ploral  dandisl  'daendi. 
dandruff  n.  scurf  [synonymous  cognate  dandriffi  'daendraf. 
dandy  n.  boatman  on  the  Ganges  [also  spelt  dandi,  dandee; 

plural  dandiesl  'daendi. 
dandy   n.   beau,   fop;   sloop;   foul;   jug;   grate;   cart   [ploral 

dandies']  Msendi. 
dandy  n.  (dandy-fever,  dengue)  'daendi. 

J  ye,   gcure;  dthe,  6*Mn;   sarure,  dsf'oy;   I  shoe,  t^  chew ; 
wwhen;  tjsing]  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuu,  ^Mioo\,  \\\.,  \\^c«; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  0:  door,  :iOt^o,  ^\ic^,  «,^^a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  137 

Dai&esold  n.  tax  [synonymous  cognate  Danegeltl  'deen-geld. 

Danish  adj,  (of  the  Danes;  of  Denmark)  'dee-niS;  (errone- 
ously) 'daeni$. 

daiiseiise  n.  (female  dancer;  ballet-dancer)  dei)'sB:z. 

daric  n.  (ancient  Persian  coin)  'dx7ik. 

darky  n.  night ;  dark  lantern ;  negro  [also  spelt  darkey ;  plu- 
ral darkiesi  'da^ki,  'da:?-ki,  'da:-ki, 

data  n.  (ploral  of  datum)  'dee-ts,  'da:-t9. 

datum  n.  [ploral  datal  'dee-tsm. 

daub  v.,  n.  smear,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit  daubed, 
daubdl  dc:b;  (dialectally)  deb. 

danshter  n.  (female  child)  'dci-t^z. 

dannt  v.  (discourage;  abash)  dc:nt,  da:nt,  da:nt. 

danntless  adj.  (bold)  'dc:n-tL3s,  'da:n-tL3s,  'da:n-tL3s. 

dannton  n.  daunt;  tame  [also  spelt  dantoni  'dc:n-tdn,  'dam- 
tan,  'da:n-t3n. 

danpliin  n.  eldest  son  of  the  king  of  France  [former  syn- 
onymous cognate  dolphini  'dc:-fin. 

danpliine  n.  (the  wife  of  a  dauphin)  'dc:-fin. 

davit  n.  crane  [also  spelt  davitt']  'dee-vit,  'daevit. 

day  n.  time  of  sunlight,  etc.  [ploral  days\  dee,  {when  un- 
strest)  de. 

dead  adj.  lifeless,  etc.  [also  spelt  dedl  ded. 

deaden  v.  make  dead  [also  spelt  deden;  past  participle  and 
preterit  deadened,  dedendl  'dedn. 

deadhead  n.  [also  spelt  dedhed"]  'ded-hed. 

deadly  adj.  mortal,  fatal,  destructiv  [also  spelt  dedlyl  'dedh. 
•  deaf  adj.  defectiv  in  hearing  [also  spelt  defl  def ;  (dialectal- 
ly or  vulgarly)  diif. 

deafen  v.  make  def  [also  spelt  def  en;  past  participle  and 
preterit  deafened,  defendl  'defan. 

deal  V.  divide,  distribute;  have  to  do;  handle  [past  participle 
and  preterit  dealt,  delf]  diil. 

dean  n.  (head,  chief,  president)  diin. 

Dean  n,  (title)  diin,  (anteriorly,  as  a  title)  din. 

dean  n.  vale  [also  spelt  denel  diin. 

dear  adj.  (beloved,  precious,  costly)  di:?. 

deary  n.  little  dear;  darling  [also  spelt  dearie']  'di:-?i. 

death  n.  cessation  of  life  [also  spelt  dcth]  deO. 

deathly  adj.,  adv.  [also  spelt  dethlyl  McOli. 

debatable  adj,  (admitting  of  debate)  di'bee-ta-bal. 

debaneh  v.  (bout  of  excess ;  debauchery)  di'bc:tS ;  (errone- 
ously) diliaotS. 

c:  law,  b:  fwr,  ae  cat,  e  h^t,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  qo  now,  bi*.  asVi,  ^\V\\.^\ 

]engtb-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soMtv^  "v^  \^tv^\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\ie  ioWovJin^  s^W^^^t. 


138  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

debauchee  n.  (one  addicted  to  debauch)  debc'Sii- 
debenture  n.  (certificate  of  indebtedness)  di'bentSs?. 
debile  adj,  archaic  (weak,  feeble)  'debil. 
debonair  adj.  pleasant,  affable   [also  spelt  debonnaire,  de- 

bonnairl  debd'ne:?. 
debouch  v.  (emerge)  di'bouS. 
debris   n.   fragmental   remains;    rubbish    [also   spelt   dSbris; 

plural  debris!  dilDni,  'dee-bd,  'debn. 
debt  n.  that  which  is  owed,  etc.  [also  spelt  detl  det. 
debtor  n.  one  who  owes  [also  spelt  dettor!  'detar. 
d6but  «.  (entry  into  society;   first  appearance)  di'bjou,  de- 

'bjou,  'dee-bju. 
debutant  n.  (male  performer  making  his  first  appearance 

in  public)  debjo'teq. 
debutante  n.  a  female  appearing  for  the  first  time  in  so- 
ciety or  before  the  public)  debjo'ta:nt,  'dee-bjo-ta:nt. 
decad  n.  'deksd.    same  meaning  as  decade, 
decade   «.    group    of   ten   years,    etc.    [synonymous    cognate 

decadi  'deked,  'deksd;  {erroneously)  diTceed. 
decadence  n.   (decline;  deterioration)  di'kee-dns,  'dekd-dns. 
decadent  adj.  diHcee-dnt,  'deks-dnt. 
decag^ram  n.  a  weight  of  ten  grams  [also  spelt  decagramme, 

dekagram"!  'deka-graem. 
decalcomania    n.    (picture-transfer    process)    di-kaelka'mee- 

ni-3. 
decaliter  n.  a  capacity-measure  of  ten  liters  [also  spelt  de- 
calitre, dekaliter!  'deka-hi-tar. 
decalogue  n.  the  ten  commandments  said  to  have  been  given 

to  Moses  [also  spelt  decalog!  'deka-leg. 
decameter  n.  a  measure  of  ten  meters  [also  spelt  decametre, 

dekameter!  'deka-mii-ta?. 
decanal  adj,  (of  a  dean)   'deka-nl,  di'kee-nl;   (rarely)   'dii- 

ka-nl. 
decantation  n.  (a  pouring  off)  dikaen'tee-^an,  (rarely)  de- 

kan'tee-San. 
decapod  n.  'deka-ped. 
Decapoda  n.  pi,   (ten-footed  crustaceans ;  ten-armd  cephalo- 

pods)  di'kaepa-da. 
decarbonize  v,  [also  spelt  decarbonise!  dilcat^-ba-naiz. 
decastich  n.  (poem  of  ten  lines)  'deka-stik. 
decease  n.  (death)  di'siis. 
deceased  adj,  dead  [also  spelt  deceast!  di'siist. 
deceit  «.  (deception;  fraud;  wile)  di'siit. 

fye,   gcure;  dthe,  Q  thin;  sasMte,  d^joy;  ^shoCy  t^chew; 
wwhen;  losing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuu,  xsMiodV,  t\\.,  \\^cc\ 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abttt,  o'.doot,  00  no,  t\ied,  t^^oX^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  139 

deceive  v,  mislead;  take  in  [past  participle  and  preterit  de- 
ceived, deceivdl  di'siiv. 

deceniTir  n.  one  of  a  body  or  council  of  ten  men  [plural 
decemvirs,  decemviril  di'semva?. 

deceniTirate  n.  (body  of  decemvirs;  office  or  rule  of  de- 
cemvirs), di'scmva-^at. 

deeeniTiri  n.  (plural  of  decemvir)  di'semv9-?ai. 

decenary  n.  decena,  tithing  [also  spelt  decennary'}  di'sen9-?i. 

decency  n.  (propriety,  etc.)  'dii-ssn-si. 

decennary  adj,  (of  ten  years;  decennial)  di'sens-ri. 

decent  adj.  (fit,  proper,  decorous)  'dii-ssnt. 

decern  v,  (in  Scottish  law,  decide;  decree)  di'sB:?n.  com- 
pare discern. 

decliristianise  v.  [also  spelt  dechristianise'\  di'lcsistSd-naiz. 

declare  n.  (a  tenth  of  an  are)  'desi-e:?. 

decidence  n.  (a  falling  off)  'desi-dns. 

decidnons  adj.  (falling  off;  shedding  the  leaves  every  year) 
di'sidsu-ds,  di'sidju-3s. 

decig^ram  n.  a  tenth  of  a  gram  [also  spelt  decigramme^ 
'desi-g?sem. 

deciliter  n.  a  tenth  of  a  liter  [also  spelt  decilitre^  'desi-hi- 
ta?;  (improperly)  di'sih-tae. 

decimal  n.  (of  tenth  parts;  of  ten)  'desi-msl. 

decimalisation  n.  [also  spelt  decimalisation']  desi-msh'zee- 
San,  desima-lai'zee-Jan. 

decimalize  n.  [also  spelt  decimalise'}  'desims-laiz. 

decimator  n.  one  who  decimates  or  destroys  [also  spelt  deci- 
mater]  'desi-meta?. 

decimeter  n.  a  tenth  of  a  meter  [also  spelt  decimetre] 
'desi-mii-ta?. 

decipher  v,  interpret  [also  spelt  decypher,  decifer;  past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  deciphered,  deciferd]  di'sai-fazr. 

decisive  adj.  conclusiv  [also  spelt  decisiv]  di'sai-siv,  di'sai- 
ziv;  {erroneously)  di'sisiv. 

deoistdre  n.  (a  tenth  of  a  stere)  'desi-ste:z. 

decivilisation  n.  [also  spelt  de civilisation]  di-sivih'zee-Ssn, 
di-sivi-lai'zee-San. 

decivilise  v.  [also  spelt  decivilise]  di'sivi-laiz. 

deckle  n.  paper-pulp  confining  device;  raw  edge  made  by 
this  device  [also  spelt  deckel,  dekle]  'dekal. 

declamatory  adj.  (of  declamation)  di^kz^ms-to?!. 

declarative  adj.  characterized  by  declaration  [also  spelt  de- 
clarativ]  di'kweza-tiv. 

c:  law,  b:  f wr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  au  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 

length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceding  souiv^  \^  \^tv.%\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  tile  ieWo^iti^  s^>\?i5^^. 


140  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

declension  n.  (a  declining)  di^kLen^sn. 

declinatory  adj.  (of  declination)  di'kz.ai-na-t37i,  di'kz.in3- 
tozi. 

deooctible  adj.  (capable  of  being  decocted)  di'kekts-bd!. 

decollate  v.  (behead)  di'kelet,  'deks-let. 

decollation  n.  (act  of  beheadng)  dikd'ke-Ssn,  dekd'lee-Ssn. 

d^coUet^  adj.  (low-neckt:  said  of  a  dress)  de-kela'tee,  de- 
'kela-te. 

d6eollet6e  adj.  (wearing  a  low-neckt  dress:  said  of  a  wo- 
man) de-kela'tee,  de'keJa-te. 

decolor  v.  deprive  of  color  [also  spelt  decolour^  di'kAlar. 

decolorize  v,  [also  spelt  decolorise,  decolourize,  decolourisel 
di'kAla-raiz. 

deooloriiation  n.  [also  spelt  decolorisation,  decolourisa- 
tion,    decolourisation]    di-kAlan'zee-San,    di-kAla-rai'zee-San. 

decorative  adj.  ornamental  [also  spelt  decorativl  'deka-eetiv, 
'dekara-tiv ;  {less  properly)  diTceea-tiv. 

decorons  adj.  (proper;  decent)  di'kor-eas,  'deka-^as. 

deeomm  n.  (seemliness;  propriety)  dinca:-7am. 

decrease  v.  grow  less;  diminish  [past  participle  and  preterit 
decreased,  decreasf]  dilcsiis. 

decrease  n.  (diminution;  abatement)  dilc^iis,  'dii-k3is. 

decrement  n.  (decrease;  waste;  loss)  'dek3i-mant. 

decrepid  adj.  di'k^epid.     same  meaning  as  decrepit. 

decrepit  adj.  worn  out;  old  and  feeble  [synonymous  cog- 
nate decrepidi  diTc^epit. 

decretal  adj.  (of  a  decree)  di'k^ii-tl. 

decretory  adj.  (of  a  decree  or  final  judgment)  'dek^i-tozri, 
di1c5ii-ta-3i, 

decnbation  n.  obsolete  (act  of  lying  down)  dikgu'bee-San, 
dekgo'bee-San. 

decussate  adj.  (crost)  di'kAset,  di'kAsat. 

decussate  v.  (intersect,  cross)  di'kAset,  'deko-set. 

decussation  n.  (crossing)  dikA'see-$an,  dekA'see-^an. 

dedal  adj.  skilful;  maze-like  [also  spelt  daedal"]  Mii-dal. 

dedalian  adj.  like  Daedalus;  skilful  [also  spelt  daedalian, 
daedaleani  di'dee-H-an. 

dedalous  adj.  of  Daedalus,  skilful  [also  spelt  daedalousi 
'deda-las,  'dii-da-las. 

dedicatory  n.  (of  dedication)  'dedika-to?i,  'dedi-keta-?i. 

deduce  v.  (derive;  infer)  di'djous;  (dialectally)  di'dous. 

deducible  adj.  (that  may  be  deduced)  di'djou-sa-bal. 

deepening  adj.,  n.  'dii-pa-niq,  'diip-niq,  'dii-pm-iq. 

/^^/    gcure;  d  the,   0  f Mn ;   3  axrure,  ds/oy;    ^  shoe,   tjc/iew; 
wze/hen;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuW,  ^uiool,  lit,  \\^ee\ 
o poetic;  9  over,   e  serial,  Abut,  o:doot,  ootvo,  ^\ic^,  t^^aX«:\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  14! 

deer  n.  solid-homd  ruminant  [ploral  deerl  dr.z. 
defalcate    v,    (deduct;    misappropriate    property    in    one's 

charge)  di'fal-ket;  {less  properly)  di'£c:l-ket. 
defalcation  n.  (deduction;  fraudulent  deficiency)  difaei'kee- 

Ssn;  {less  properly)  difd'kee-$9n,  defal'kee-Sdn. 
defalcator  n.  'defdl-ketse,  'dii-faei-kets?. 
defamation  n.   (act  of  defaming,  etc.)  defd'mee-Ssn,  difd- 

'mee-S^n. 
defamatory  adj,  (calumnious)  di'f£m9-t3?i. 
default  n.   (want;  defect;  failure  to  perform)  di'fciit. 
defeasance  n.  (undoing;  ruin)  di'fii-zdns. 
defeasible  adj,  capable  of  being  defeated  or  undone;  sub- 
ject to  forfeiture   [also  spelt  defeasablel  di'fii-zs-bdl. 
defendable  adj,  capable  of  being  defended  from  assault  or 

injury;   also,   defensible   [also,   formerly,   spelt   defendihle"] 

di'fendd-bdl. 
defendant  n.  (the  person  sued)  di'fendant. 
defense  n.  prohibition;  resistance  against  attack  [also  spelt 

defence^  di'fents,  {also,  and  in  Britain  normally)  di'fens. 
defensible  adj.  justifiable;  also,  defendable  [also,  formerly, 

spelt  defenciblel  di'fensd-bdl. 
deferenee   n.    (submission   or   curtesy   to   superiors)    'defa- 

73ns. 
defervescence    n.    (cooling    down)    difa^'vessns,    defszr've-  * 

ssns. 
deficit  n.   (a  falling  short;   deficiency)   'defi-sit,   'dii-fisit; 

{less  properly)  di'fisit. 
def ier  n.  one  who  defies  [also,  formerly,  spelt  defyer}  di'fai- 

defile  n.  (narrow  pass)  di^fai),  'dii-faiL 

defile  v,  (render  foul;  pollute)  di'fail. 

definite  adj.  clearly  defined;  exact  [also  spelt  definif} 
'defi-nit,  {anteriorly)  'definit. 

definitive  adj.  decisiv;  determinate  [also  spelt  definitivl 
di'fini-tiv. 

deflag^rable  adj.  (combustible)  'defLsgzd-bdl,  di'fLee-g^s-bdl. 

deflag^rate  v.  (cause  to  burn;  burst  into  flame)  'defta-g^et. 

deflection  n.  a  bending  down;  curve;  turning  [also  spelt  de- 
flexion"] di'ftekjan. 

defloration  n.  (act  of  deflowering)  defLs'^ee-^sn. 

deflonr  v.  di'ftao?.     same  meaning  as  deflower. 

defloiver  v.  deprive  of  virginity;  ravish  [synonymous  cog- 
nate deflour"]  di'fi-au-azr,  di'ftaozr. 

c:  low,  b:  f wr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  kite ; 
length-mork-  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soutv^  \^  \^viV> 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  io\\oN«iitv%  «^^?^j^^» 


142  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

degag6  adj,  (easy;  unconstraind)  dega'see. 

deglutition  n.  (swallowing)  deglu'tiSsn,  diglo'tiSsn. 

deg:radation  n.   (deposition;  lowering;  debasement)   deg?3- 
'dee-San. 

degradation  n.  (lowering  of  color ;  gradation  of  tint ;  toning 
down)  dig^a'dee-San,  degea'dee-Jan. 

dehisce  v.  (gape ;  burst  open)  di'his. 

deicide  n.  (killing  of  a  god)  'dii-i-said. 

deifio  adj,  (deifying;  godlike)  di'ifik. 

deify  v,  (make  a  god  of)  'dii-i-fai. 

deig^n  v.  think  fit;  condescend  [past  participle  and  preterit 
deigned,  deignd"]  deen. 

deinosanr  n.  see  dinosaur, 

deism  n.  (doctrin  concerning  God)  'dii-izam. 

deist  n,  (believer  in  God,  etc.)  'dii-ist. 

deistio  adj.  (of  deists  or  deism)  di'istik. 

deity  n.  (godhood;  (jodhead)  Mii-i-ti. 

dekadraclmi  n.  silver  coin  [also  spelt  decadrachm]  'deka- 
draem. 

delaine  n.  (light  fabric)  di'leen. 

delator  n.  informer;  spy  [also,  formerly,  spelt  delater"]  di- 
1ee-ta?. 

dele  V,  (in  proofreading,  take  out;  remove)  'dii-h. 
*  deleble  adj.  see  delihle. 

delectation  n.  (action  of  delighting;  pleasure)  dilek'tee-$an. 

delegate  n,  (deputy;  representativ)  'deh-get. 

delete  v.  (destroy ;  blot  out)  di'hit. 

deleterions  adj,  (hurtful;  noxious)  deh'ti:-n-as. 

deletive  adj.  erasiv  [also  spelt  deletiv'i  dilii-tiv;   (less  of- 
ten) 'dch-tiv. 

delf  n,  ware   [also  spelt  delph;   synonymous  cognate   delft"} 
delf. 

delible  aef/.  erasable  [also  spelt  deleble"]  'dela-bal,  (less  of- 
ten) 'dii-la-bal. 

delicacy  n.  fineness;  daintiness  [ploral  delicacies]  'dehka-si. 

delicatessen  n.  pi.  (food-delicacies ;  in  singular,  shop  where 
such  articles  are  sold)  dehka'tesan. 

deliqnesee  v.  (melt  away;  liquefy)  deh'kwes. 

delirions  adj,  (wandering  in  mind;  crazed)  di'hri-as. 

delirinm  n.  disorderd  mental  state  [ploral  deliriums,  deliria] 
dilin-am. 

delivery  n.  (a  handing  over;  release;  childbirth)  di'hva-^i, 
(rapidly)  dilivzi. 

jye,   g  cure;  d  the,  6  thin ; ^  3  a^ure,  d^joy ;   S  shoe,  tS  chew ; 
wzt'Aen;  13  sing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiiiu,  xsMiooX,  \\\,  ilscc; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  0:  door,  ;>otvo,  ^>oc^,  ^,^^a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  143 

delude  v.  (deceive;  beguile;  cheat)  dilioud;  {dialectally)  di- 

loud. 
delusive  adj,  deceptiv  [also  spelt  delusivl  di'Hou-siv. 
delusory  adj.  (deceptiv,  delusiv)  di'liou-sa-zi. 
delve  V.  dig;  search   [also  spelt  delv;  past  participle  and 

preterit  delved,  delvdl  delv. 
demaenetize  v.  [also  spelt  demagnetise}  di'mxgni-taiz. 
demasosie  adj.  (of  or  like  a  demagog)  dems'gegik,  dema- 

'gedsik. 
deiiiasosi*^^  n.  [also  spelt  demagoguisfril   'dems-ge-gizdm, 

'dem9-geg-iz9m. 
demasosne  n.  leader  of  the  people;  factious  orator  [also 

spelt  demagogi  'dcma-geg. 
demasosnery   n.   (demagogic   practises;   demagogism)    'de- 

ma-gega-^i,  'dems-geg^i. 
demasosy  w*  (action,  quality,  or  rule  of  demagogs;  body  of 

demagogs)  'dema-gegi,  'dema-gedsi. 
demain  »•  di'meen.     same  meaning  as  demesne. 
demand  n,,  v,  (request)  di'ma:nd,  di'ma:nd,  di'mae:nd. 
demareation  n.  delimitation   [also  spelt  demarkaXion'\   di- 

moe'kee-San. 
demean  v.  debase,  lower,  bemean  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit demeaned,  demeand"]  di'miin. 
demean  v.  behave,  carry,  conduct  (oneself)  di'miin. 
demean  n.  (mean,  demeanor,  behavior,  conduct)   di'miin. 
demeanor  n.  behavior  [also  spelt  demeanour"}  di'mii-ns?. 
dementia  n.  (insanity)  di'men^s,  di'ment^s. 
demesne  n.   landed   estate    [also,   sometimes,   spelt   demaini 

di'meen,  di'miin. 
demijohn  «.  (big  bottle)  'demi-dsen;  {vulgarly)  'dimi-dsen. 
demi-monde  n.  (class  of  women  of  doubtful  repute)  demi- 

'mend,  'demi-mend. 
demise  n.   (transfer  by  will;  death)   di'maiz;   {erroneously) 

di'miiz. 
demit  v.  (send  down;  lower)  di'mit. 

demobilise  v.  disband  [also  spelt  demohilisel  di'moo-bi-laiz. 
demoiselle  n.  (young  lady;  crane;  dragon-fly)  demwe'zel. 
demolition  n.  (a  demolishing)  demd'h^an,  dimd'h^sn. 
demon  n.  being  between  gods  and  men  [also  spelt  daemon} 

'dii-man,  'dii-men. 
demonetise  v.  divest  of  monetary  value  [also  spelt  demone- 
tise} di'meni-taiz,  di'mAni-taiz. 
demoniac  adj.  (possest  by  a  demon;  devilish)  di'moo-ni-sek. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  so>m^  \^  V>tv^\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\ie  foWoTiiTi^  «^Y«iJj^fc. 


144  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

demoniacal  adj.  (demon-like;  fiendish)  dimd'nai-a-ks},  (less 

often)  dema'nai-a-kal. 
demonixe  v,  [also  spelt  demonisel  'dii-md-naiz. 
demonolog^  n.  (treatis  on  demons;  study  of  demons)  dimd- 

'nela-dsi,  (less  often)  dema'nela-dsi. 
demonstrable  adj.  di'menstss-bsl,  'demsnstsd-bdl. 
demonstrate   v,    (point   out;    prove)    'dcmsn-stset,   di'men- 

stjet. 
demonstrative   adj.    [also   spelt   demonstrative    di'menst£9- 

tiv. 
demonstrator  n.   'demsn-stseta?,    (rarely)    di'men-st^etd?. 
demoralization  n.  [also  spelt  demoralisation'^  di-mersh^zce- 

San,  di-me^a-lai'zee-San. 
demoralise  v.  corrupt  the  morals  of ;  confuse  [also  spelt  de- 

moralise'i  di'mezra-laiz. 
Demostlienio  adj,  (of  Demosthenes)  dimes'Ocnik,  demes'9e- 

nik. 
demy  n.  size  of  paper  [plural  demies'^  di'mai. 
demy   n.    foundation    scholar   at    Magdalin    College,    Oxford 

[also  spelt  demi'y  ploral  demiesl  di'mai. 
denal  adj,  (of  ten;  denary)  'denl. 
denarius  n.  silver  coin;  weight;  penny  [plural  denarii}  di- 

'ne:-2ri-3s. 
denationalisation    n.    [also    spelt    denationalisation]     di- 
•      naeSanl-i'zee-San,  di-naeSanl-ai'zee-San. 
denationalise  v,  [also  spelt  denationalise^  di'naeSsnl-aiz. 
denaturalise    v.    [also    spelt    denaturalisel    di'naet$a?3-}aiz, 

(rapidly)  di'naetjsa-laiz. 
dengue  n.  fever  [synonymous  cognate  dengal  'deq-ge. 
denier  n.  (one  who  denies)  di'nai-37. 

denier  n.  (French  coin)  di'ni:?,  'deni-a^,  'deni-e,  don^jec. 
denim  n.  (cloth)  'denim. 
denouement  n.  (unraveling;  solution  of  a  mystery;  event) 

de'nuu-meq. 
dentifrice  n.  tooth-cleaning  preparation    [also   spelt   denti- 

frisl  'denti-f3is. 
dentUated  adj,  having  teeth   [also  spelt  dentillated,  dente- 

lated'i  'denti-letid. 
dentin  n,  hard  tissue  of  teeth  [also  spelt  dentine^}  'dentin. 
dentise  v.  teethe  [also  spelt  dentisel  'den-taiz. 
denudation    n.    (a    laying    bare;    divesting)    dinjo'dee-Snn, 

denjo'dee-San. 
denudate  adj.  (denuded;  bare)  di'njou-det,  'denjo-dct. 

JJ^^,    9  cure;  d  the,   9  *^in ; ^  3  arure,  d3  /oy ;   5  shoe,   tj  chew ; 
wwhen;  ij  sing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  ouioo\,  \\\.,  \\^cc% 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial.  Abut,  o:  door,  :iOTio,  t.\ic^,  ^^^a\.^% 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  145 


denndAte  v.  (strip  naked  or  bare;  denude)   'denju-det,  di- 

'njou-det. 
deniinciate  v.  (denounce)  di'nAuSi-et,  di'nAnsi-et. 
deniineiatioii.  n.  (proclamation ;  act  of  denouncing)  di-nxn- 

Si'ee-Jan,  di-nAnsi'ee-Jan. 
deodorization.   n.    [also    spelt    deodorisationi    di-od^zo'zec- 

San,  di-od3-2ai'zee-S3n. 
deodorise  v,  [also  spelt  deodorisel  di'oo-ds-raiz. 
departmental   adj,   (of   a   department   or   district)   dipozt- 

'mentl,  (rarely)  dep3?fmentl. 
dependable  adj.  trustworthy  [also  spelt  dependible'\  di'pen- 

dd-bdl. 
dependence  n.  fact  of  depending;  subordination  [also  spelt 

dependancel  di'pendsns. 
dependency  n.  [also  spelt  dependancyl  di'penddn-si. 
dependent  n.  person  who  depends;  subordinate  [also  spelt 

dependant'^  di'pendsnt. 
dependent  n.  hanging;  subordinate;  subject  [also  spelt  de- 

pendantl  di'pendsnt. 
depilate  v.  (remove  the  hair  from)  'depi-let. 
depilatory  adj.   (that  removes  hair)  di'pila-toei, 
depilons  adj.  (without  hair)  'depi-lss,  di'pai-los. 
deplanate    adj,    (flattend;    explanate)    'dep^d-net,    'dii-pLS- 

net,  di'pLce-net. 
deplete  v.  (empty)  di'pi-iit. 
depletive  adj.  characterized  by  depletion  [also  spelt  depletivl 

di'ptii-tiv. 
deplorable  adj,  (lamentable)  di'pL3:-z:3-bdl. 
deplnmation   n.    (loss   of   plumes   or   feathers)    dipz.u'mee- 

San,  depi-o'mee-San. 
depolarize  v.  [also  spelt  depolarise'\  di'poo-ld-^aiz. 
deponent  n.  (deponent  verb;  a  person  who  deposes)  di'poo- 

nsnt. 
deportation    n.    (forcible    removal)    dipor'tee-Jan,    (rarely) 

depa^'tee-S^n. 
deposit  n.,  v,  [also,  formerly,  spelt  deposited  di'pezit. 
depositary   adj,    (of   deposit)    di'pezi-tez:i,   di'pezi-ta^i,    di- 

'pezita-zri. 
depositary  n.  (trustee ;  also,  depository)  di'pezi-te^i,  di'pezi- 

tazri,  di'pezita-zri. 
deposition  n.  (a  putting  down;  degradation;  deposit)  dips- 

'zijan,  depa'zijan. 
depository  n.  place  in  which  things  are  deposited;   store- 

c:  law,  b:  f wr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 

length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  precedmc  soutv^  \%  \^^V> 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  io\\oN«i\t^%  «^\VaJc5^^. 


146  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

house,  repository  [also  spz:lt  depositary^  di'pezi-to?i,  di'pezi- 

t3?i,  di'pezit3-ri. 
depot   n.   storage-place;    headquarters;    railway-station   [also 

spelt  depot  and,  sometimes,   depSf]   'dii-po,   'depo,   'dee-po, 

di'poo. 
deprecatory  adj.  (disparaging)  'depsiks-tori. 
depreciate  v.  lower  the  value  of  [also,  formerly,  spelt  de- 

prefiateli  di'p3ii-Si-et ;   (improperly)  di'psii-si-et. 
deprivation  n.  (act  of  depriving;  dispossession)  depsi'vee- 

Ssn. 
deprivative  adj.  of  deprivation  [also  spelt  deprivativl  'de- 

p3i-vetiv,  dl'p5IV3-tlV. 
depth  n.  (deepness,  etc.)  dep9;  (less  properly)  debG. 
depths  n.  (plural  of  depth)  depOs,  (sometimes)  deps. 
depnrant  adj.  (purifying)  'depgo-eant,  di'pqo'.-z^nt, 
depurate  v,  (purify;  dense)  'depQo-^et,  di'pgo:-eet. 
deputize  v.  [also  spelt  deputise'!  'depgu-taiz. 
deputy  n.  (substitute)  'depgo-ti,  (anteriorly)  'depgoti. 
Derby  n.  (horse-race)  'deir-bi,  'da:?-bi. 
derby  «.  (stiff  hat;  mason's  float)  'deie-bi,  'da:z:-bi. 
derelict  adj.  (forsaken;  unfaithful)  'deei-hkt. 
derelict  v.  (abandon;  fail  to  keep;  fall  short  of)  den'hkt. 
derisive  adj,  scoffing;   mocking  [also  spelt  derisiv"}  di'?ai- 

siv,  di'eai-ziv. 
derivative  adj.  of  derived  nature,  etc.  [also  spelt  derivativ] 

dl'?IV3-tlV. 

dernier  adj.  (last,  final)  'derni-a?,  'de^ni-e,  de^'njee. 

derogate  v.  (repeal;  take  away)  'deea-get. 

derogative  adj.  belittling  [also  spelt  derogativ"}  di'^ega-tiv. 

derogator  n.  one  who  derogates  [also,  formerly,  spelt  dero- 
gatour,  derogaierl  'deea-getae. 

derrick  n.  hoisting-device  [also,  formerly,  spelt  derick,  der- 
icl  'denk. 

dervish  n.  friar  [former  synonymous  cognates  dervis,  der- 
vise,  dirvish]  'deie-viS. 

descant  n.  counterpoint,  etc. ;  comment  [synonymous  cog- 
nate discant"]  'de-skaent,  di'skaent. 

descant  v.  play  or  sing  an  air  in  harmony  with  a  fixt  theme 
[also  spelt  discant"]  di'skxnt. 

descendance  n.  descent,  lineage  [also  spelt  descendencel  di- 
'sendans. 

descendant  n.  one  who  is  descended  from  an  ancestor;  off- 
spring [also,  formerly,  spelt  descendent']  di'sendant. 

jye,    gcure;  d  the,   O^Mn;   3  axrure,  ds/oy;    I  shoe,  t^chew; 
wze/hen;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  \3uioo\,  \\t,  lisee; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o:dooT,  00 no,  t\ic^,  «,^%,a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  147 

descendent  adj.  descending ;  coming  down ;  also,  origina- 
ting from  an  ancestor  [also  spelt  descendant}  di'sendant. 

descendible  adj.  that  may  descend  to  an  heir ;  also,  capa- 
ble of  being  descended,  as  a  hill  [also  spelt  descendable}  di- 
'sendd-bdl. 

descensioii.  n.  (descent,  fall)  di'sen^an,  di'sentjan. 

descent  n.  (act  of  descending;  fall;  hereditary  transmission) 
di'sent. 

descry  v.  (catch  sight  of;  espy;  perceive)  di'slcsai. 

desert  v.  (abandon,  forsake)  di'zB:?t. 

desert  adj.  (deserted;  barren)  'deza^t. 

desert  n.  (desert  place,  wilderness)  'dezs^t. 

desert  n.  (that  which  is  deservd)  di'zBizt. 

desert  n.  (course  of  sweetmeats,  etc.)  di'zBizt.    see  dessert. 

deserve  v.  merit  [also  spelt  deserv;  past  participle  and  pret- 
erit deserved,  deservd}  di'zeiz^v. 

deshabille  n.  dezs'bii},  desa'bii},  'dezs-bil.  same  meaning 
as  dishabille. 

desicoant  adj.  (serving  to  dry)  di'siksnt,  'desi-ksnt. 

desiccate  v,  (dry  up)  'desi-ket,  di'siket. 

desiccation  n.  (action  of  making  dry;  dried  up  condition) 
desi'kee-Ssn. 

desiccative  adj.  [also  spelt  desiccativ}  'desi-ketiv,  di'si- 
ka-tiv. 

desiccator  n.  'desi-ketd?. 

desideratiuii  n.  something  desired  [ploral  desiderata}  di- 
sida'eee-tam. 

design  n.,  v.  (plan)  di'zain,  di'sain. 

designable  adj.  (that  can  be  markt  out,  distinguishable) 
'dezignd-bdl,  'designa-bal ;  (capable  of  being  designed)  di- 
'zai-ns-bal,  di'sai-na-bal. 

designate  v.  (point  out;  name)  'dezig-fiet,  'desig-net. 

designation  n.  dezig'nee-$9n,  desig'nee-^sn. 

designative  adj.  [also  spelt  designativ}  Mezig-netiv,  'de- 
sig-netiv. 

designator  n.  'dezig-netd?,  'desig-nets?. 

designatory  n.  'dezig-neta-^i,  'desig-neta-^i,  {rarely)  di- 
'signa-tori. 

designed  adj.  pland;  formd  [also  spelt  designd}  di'zaind. 

designedly  adv.  (on  purpose)  di'zai-ni-dh,  di'sai-ni-dh. 

designer  n.  (one  who  designs;  schemer)  di'zai-ns?,  di'sai- 
n^z, 

desirable  adj.  (to  be  desired;  delectable)  di'zai-^s-bdl. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  go  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 

length-mark-  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  somh^  \%  \^TiSL\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  w\0N«iin%  s^^\si^^^. 


148  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

desist  V,  (cease,  stop)  di'zist,  di'sist. 

desistance  n.  cessation  [also  spelt  desistence'\  di'zistns,  di- 

'sistns. 
desition  n.  (end,  conclusion)  di'si^dn. 
desmid  n.  (alga)  'desMid. 
desmodont  n.  (mollusk)  'desMS-dent. 
desmoid  adj.  (like  a  bundle;  tendinous)  'des-meid. 
desolate  adj,  (left  alone;  deserted)  'dess-bt;  (less  properly) 

'deza-lat. 
desolator  n.  [also  spelt  desolaterl  'dess-lets?. 
desolation  n.  desd'lee-^dn ;   (less  properly)  dezd'lee-Ssn. 
despatch  n.  di'spxtj.     see  dispatch. 
desperado  n.  desperate  or  reckless  man  [ploral  desperados, 

desperadoesl  despa'zree-do,  despD'^a:-do,  despa'zai-do. 
despicable  adj,  (to  be  despised;  base)  Mespikd-bsl ;  (vulgar- 

ly)  di'spika-bal. 
despise  v.  (look  down  on;  scorn)  di'spaiz. 
despite  n.  (scorn,  etc.)  di'spait. 
despite  prep,  (in  spite  of)  di'spait. 
despiteous  adj.  (archaic)  full  of  despite  [also  spelt  dispit- 

eousl  di'spiti-3s. 
despondent  adj,,  n.  di'spendsnt. 
despumate  v.  (skim)  di'spgou-met,  'despgo-met. 
despumation  n.  despQu'mee-$3n. 

desquamate  v.  (scale;  peel)  'desku)3-met,  di'skiuee-met. 
desquamation  tt.  deskw3'mee-$3n,   (rarely)   diskwd'mee-^dn. 
desquamative    adj,    [also    spelt    desquamativl    di'sktuaems- 

tiv. 
dessert  n.  course  of  sweetmeats,  etc.  [also  spelt  desert]  di- 

'zBi^t,  di'sB:rt;  (improperly)  'dezaet.     compare  desert. 
destine  v.  appoint ;  j)redetermin  [also  spelt  destin ;  past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  destined,  destindl  'destin. 
destructible   adj.    (capable   of   being   destroyd)    di'stjAkta- 

bal. 
desuetude  n.  (disuse)  'deswi-tQud. 
desultory   adj.    (skipping   about;    unmethodical)   'desal-to^i; 

(less  properly)  'dezal-ton. 
detail  n,  (attention  to  particulars;  item)  di'teel,  'dii-tel. 
detail  v.  deal  minutely  with;   appoint  to  a  particular   duty 

[past  participle  and  preterit  detailed,  detaild]  di'teel. 
detant  n,  (detent  in  a  gun-lock)  di'tsent. 
detectable  adj.  [also  spelt  detectiblel  di'tekta-bal. 
detector  n.  [also  spelt  detecterl  di'tekta?. 

/ye,   gcure;   d  the,  Q  thin]   sasrure,  ds/oy;   S  shoe,   tjc/iew; 
vjzt/hen;  rising;  u  whoever,  i react,  oiuVV  «Mioo\,  "t-Ct,  lisee; 
o poetic;  ^  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o:doot,  :iOTio,  t\ic^,  ^^^a\s:% 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  149 

detemt  ft.  (stop,  catch)  di'tent;  (less  properly)  'dii-tent. 

deter  v.  discourage  by  fear  [present  participle  deterring; 
past  participle  and  preterit  deterred,  deterd'\  di'te:?. 

determiiie  v,  [also  spelt  deiermin ;  past  participle  and  prete- 
rit determined,  determindl  di'tB:?-min. 

deterrent  adj.  (tending  to  deter)  di'tezsnt,  di'tezant. 

detestable  adj.  di'testa-bd}. 

detestation,  n.  (hatred;  loathing)  dites'tee-Ssn,  deta'stee-San. 

detinne  n.  (act  of  detaining)  'deti-nju,  {rarely)  di'tinjo. 

detonate  v.  (explode  with  a  loud  noise)  'deta-net,  'dii-ta-net. 

detonation  n.  detd'nee-Ssn,  ditd'nee-^dn. 

detonr  n.  a  turning;  roundabout  way  [synonymous  cognate 
ditourl  di'to:r. 

d6tonr  n.  de'to:?,  'dee-to:?.    same  meaning  as  detour, 

detractor  n.  [also  spelt  detracterl  di'tsaektd?. 

detriment  n.  (loss,  damage,  etc.)  'det^i-mant. 

detritus  n.  (disintegrated  material ;  debris)  di'tsai-tss. 

detnr  n.  (prize  of  books)  'dii-t^z. 

dence  n.  two;  two-spot  [also  spelt  duce}  djous;  (dialect ally) 
dous. 

dence  n.  bad  luck;  mischief  [also  spelt  duce;  dialectal  syn- 
onymous cognate  doose"}  djous ;  (dialectally)  dous. 

deneed  adj.  [also  spelt  deused;  dialectal  synenymous  cog- 
nates doosed,  4oosid'\  'djou-sid,  djoust;  (dialectally)  'dou- 
sid. 

dencedly  adj.  plaguily;  confoundedly  [also  spelt  deusedly] 
'djou-si-dh. 

dentzia  n.  (shrub)  'djout-si-a,  'djout-zi-a,  'deit-si-a,  'deit- 
zi-9. 

devastate  v.  (lay  waste)  'dev3-stet,  (rarely)  di'vae-stet. 

devastation  n.  (wide-spred  destruction)  devd'stee-^sn. 

develop  v.  unfold;  unroll  [also  spelt  develope;  past  partici- 
ple and  preterit  developed,  developti  di'velap. 

development  n.  [also  spelt  developement}  di'velap-mant. 

devest  v.  (strip;  alienate;  annul;  convey  away)  di'vest.  com- 
pare divest. 

device  ».  (ingenuity;  contrivance;  plot)  di'vais. 

devil  n.  fiend,  demon ;  wretch,  etc.  [also,  in  sense  of  the 
Devil  of  the  Bible,  etc.,  spelt  Devil"]  'deval,  'devil. 

devilisli  adj.  (diabolical)  'deva-hj,  (rapidly)  'devhS. 

devisable  adj.  [also  spelt  deviseahlel  di'vai-za-bal. 

devise  v.  (give  by  will ;  contrive)  di'vaiz. 

devise  n.  (the  act  of  assigning  by  will)  di'vaiz. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy,  a:  far,  ao  now,  bl*.  ask,  at  kite; 

)engtb-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sOMii^  \s  \e>ti^L\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\x^  leWo^"Ltv^  s^^-aJcJifc* 


150  DICTIONARY  OF   HARD  WORDS 

deTisee  »,  (the  person  to  whom  property  is  devised  by  will) 

devi'zii,  di-vai'zii. 
deviser  n.  (inventor,  contriver)  di'vai-z3?. 
devisor  n.  (one  who  gives  by  will)  di'vai-za?,  di'vai-ze:?. 
devoir  n.  (duty,  business;  dutiful  act  of  civility  or  respect) 

da'vwe:?,  de'vwe:?,  'de-vwe:?. 
devolve  v.  roll  down ;  fall  as  a  duty  [also  spelt  devolv ;  past 

participle  and  preterit  devolved,  devolvd'\  di'velv. 
dew  n.  (small  drops  of  water  formed,  as  on  the  grass,  from 

the  condensation  of  vapor)  djou,  {dialec tally)  dou. 
dextrin  n.  starch-gum  [also  spelt  dextrinel  Mekst£in. 
dextrous  adj.  deft  of  hand  [synonymous  cognate  dexterous"} 

'dekst£9S. 
dey  n.  (former  title  of  the  governor  of  Algiers)  dee. 
dlioney  n.  sailing-vessel  of  southern  India  [also  spelt  doney\ 

'doo-ni. 
diabetes  n.   (glucosuria;   also,  polyuria)   dai-s'bii-tis,   dai-s- 

Tjii-tiz. 
diablerie   n.   mischief;   sorcery   [also   spelt   diablery}    di'a:- 

bl3-?i. 
diabolic  adj.  (devilish)  dai-s'behk. 
diabolism  n.  witchcraft;  deviltry;  doctrin  of  devils;  nature 

of  a  devil)  dai'aeba-hzam. 
diabolize  v.  [also  spelt  diabolisel  dai'aebs-laiz. 
diaeetin.  n.  dai'aesi-tin,  dai-d'sii-tin. 
diaeresis  n.  see  dieresis. 
diag^nose  v.  (ascertain  from  symptoms)   dai-sg'noos,  dai-sg- 

'nooz. 
diagnosis    n.    identification    of    a    disease    from    symptoms 
^       [plural  diagnoses'}  dai-ag'noo-sis. 

dial  v,  measure  with  a  dial  [present  participle  dialing,  dial- 
ling; past  participle  and  preterit  dialed,  dialled,  diald]  'dai- 

diallage  n,  (figure  of  speech)  dai'aeld-dsi. 

diallage  n.   (green  pyroxene)  'dai-a-hds,  dai'aela-dsi. 

dialogic  adj.  (of  dialog)  dai-sledsik. 

dialogism  n.  (discussion  in  dialog  form)  dai'aela-dsizdm. 

dialogist  n.  dai'aeld-dsist. 

dialogize  v.  discourse  in  dialog  [also  spelt  dialogise}   dai- 

'ael3-d3aiz. 
dialogne  n.  colloquy  [also  spelt  dialog}  'dai-a-leg. 
dialyze  v.  separate  crystalloid  from  colloid  thru  a  membrane 

[also  spelt  dialyse}  'dai-3-laiz. 

J  ye,    gcure;   d  the,   Qth\n\   saxrure,   ds/oy;    I  shoe,   t^  chew; 
wzahen;  zjsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  \3M.ioo\,  \\\.,  \vscc; 
o poetic;  a  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o*.  dooT,  ootvo,  t,\>c^,  ^^%.oX^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  151 

diameter  n.  (chord  thru  the  center  of  a  circle,  etc.)  dai- 

diamine  n.   chemic  compound   [also,   sometimes,   spelt   dia- 

min}  'dai-3-min,  'dai-a-main,  dai'xmin. 
diamond    n,    (hard    carbon    crystal;    lozenge)    'dai-a-mand, 

'dai-mand. 
dianoetic  adj.  (of  thought)  dai-3-no'etik. 
diapason  n.   (concord;   melody;   tuning-fork)   dai-a'pee-zsn, 

dai-a'pee-san. 
diaper  n,  (fabric;  clout)  'dai-9-p37. 
diaplianons  adj,  (transparent,  pellucid)  dai'sefs-nas. 
diaplLoresis  n.  (perspiration)  dai-sfa'^ii-sis. 
diapliragm  n.  midrif;  thin  partition  or  septum  [also  spelt 

diaframl  'dai-9-f3xm. 
diapliragmatic  adj,  of  the  diafram  [also  spelt  diafragmatic} 

dai-9-f3xg'msetik. 
diarrliea  n.  too  frequent  evacuation  of  the  bowels   [also 

spelt  diarrhoeal  dai-a'rii-a. 
diarrlieie  adj.  diarrhetic  [also  spelt  diarrhoeic'\  dai-aVii-ik. 
diarrlietie  adj.  of  diarrhea   [also   spelt  diarrhoetic}   dai-3- 

'eetik,  dai-3'eii-tik. 
diary  n.  daily  record,  journal  [ploral  diaries']  'dai-a-ri. 
diastase  n.  (ferment)  'dai-9-stes. 
diastema  n.  interval  between  teeth  [ploral  diastematal  dai- 

d'stii-ms. 
diastole  n.  (dilatation;  also,  mark  of  separation)  dai'aests-h. 
diastyle  adj.  (of  a  colonnade)  'dai-d-stail. 
diathesis  n.  predisposition  [plural  diatheses'!  dai'seOi-sis. 
diatom  n.  (alga)  'dai-3-tom,  'dai-9-tem. 
diatribe  n.  (discourse;  invectiv)  'dai-9-t£aib. 
dice  n.  (ploral  of  die ;  also,  a  game  with  dice)  dais. 
dieliotomize  v,   [also  spelt  dichotomise]  di'kets-maiz,  dai- 

'ket3-maiz. 
dieliotomy  n.  (division  into  two)  di'ketd-mi,  dai'kets-mi. 
dicliroism  n.  (the  property  of  showing  two  colors)  'dai-k^o- 

izsm. 
diekens  n.  deuce,  devil  [also,  formerly,  spelt  dickins;  synon- 
ymous cognates  dickons,  dickings]  'dikinz. 
dieky  n.  he  ass;  bird;  collar;  bib  [also  spelt  dickey,  dickie; 

ploral  dickies']  'diki. 
diolinons   adj.   (having  the  two  sexes   separated :    said  of 

plants  with  unisexual  flowers)  'dai-ki-i-nas,  'diki-i-nas,  di- 

'ki-ai-nas,  dai'ki.ai-nas. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 

length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  somti^  \^  \ei^V> 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ioWoviiti^  «^W?;^^« 


152  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

dictate  v.  (put  into  words  to  be  written  down ;  give  orders ; 

lay  down  the  law)  'dik-tet,  dik'teet. 
dietate  n.  (authoritativ  order)  'dik-tet. 
dictati've  adj.  [also  spelt  dictativ'\  dik'tee-tiv,  'dikta-tiv. 
dictator  n.  (a  ruler  who  dictates;  one  who  dictates  letters. 

etc.)  dik'tee-t3?,  'dik-teta?. 
dictatory  adj.  (dictatorial)  'dikt3-t03i,  'dikt3-t33i. 
dictionary  n.  (word-book;  lexicon)  MikSa-neri,  'dikSd-ns^i, 

{rapidly)  'dik-jNen,  'dik-jNa^i,  'dik^Nsi. 
dictum  n.  saying;  pronouncement;  maxim  [plural  dicta,  dic- 

tumsl  'diktam. 
Didacliist  n.  (writer  of  the  Didache)  'didd-kist. 
didactic  adj.  (instructiv)  dai'daektik,  di'daektik. 
didactyl  adj.  having  two  fingers  [also  spelt  didactyle'}  dai- 

'daektil. 
didraclun  n.  (silver  coin  worth  two  drachmae)  'dai-draem. 
didyminm  n.  (metal)  di'dimi-dm,  dai'dimi-dm. 
die  n.  [ploral,  in  the  sense  of  a  small  cube  markt  with  spots, 

used  in  gaming,  dice,  in  all  other  senses  diesi  dai. 
die  V.  cease  to  live  [present  participle  dying;  past  participle 

and  preterit  diedl  dai. 
diecions  adj.  see  dioecious. 

dier  n.  one  who  dies  [also,  formerly,  spelt  dyer"}  'dai-33. 
dieresis  n.  division  into  two  separate  syllables;  two-dot  sign 

over  a  vowel  [also  spelt  diaeresis;  ploral  diereses'\  dai'e^i- 

sis,  dai'i:-?i-sis;  {improperly)  dai-a'^ii-sis. 
dies  n.  (day)  'dai-iz. 
diesis  n.   semitone,   etc.;   double  dagger   [also   spelt   diesis; 

ploral  dieses']  'dai-i-sis. 
dietary  ».  (course  of  diet)  'dai-i-teei. 
dietine  n.  (subordinate  diet)  'dai-i-tin,  'dai-i-tin. 
dietist  n.  (one  who  diets,  etc.)  'dai-i-tist. 
difference  n.  (diversity,  etc.;  quarrel)  'difa-^ans,  {rapidly) 

'difsans. 
different  adj.  'difa-eant,  {rapidly)  'difsant. 
differentiate  v.   (make  different;   specialize)    difa'^enji-et. 
difficil  adj.  difficult;  unaccommodating  [also  spelt  difficile] 

di'fisil,  'difi-sil.  • 

diffidence  n.  (mistrust;  shyness)  'difi-dns. 
difflnenoe  ».  (a  flowing  apart;  deliquescence)  'difi-iu-ans. 
diffuse  adj.  (spread  out;  wordy)  di'fious. 
diffuse  V.  (pour  forth;  intermingle)  di'fiuuz. 
diffusive  adj.  [also  spelt  diffusiv]  di'fiou-siv,  di'fiou-ziv. 

J yc,    gcure;  d  the,   6*liin;   5  azure,  dj/oy;   I  shoe,   tlcheyv; 
ww/ten;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  i react,  oiuVV,  \3\v.loo\,  \\t,  usee; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  oerial,  Abut,  o*.  doot,  ;)Otvo,  t\ie^,  ^t^oX^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  153 


digamy  n.  (second  marriage)  'diga-mi. 

digest  n.  (summary;  abstract)  'dai-dsest. 

digest  V.  (classify;  consider;  also,  of  food,  prepare  in  the 
stomach)  di'dsest,  dai'dsest. 

digestible  adj,  [also  spelt  digestablel  di'dsesta-bdl. 

digestion  n.  di'dsestSsn,  di'dse^tSsn;  dai'dsestSsn,  dai- 
'dseJtSan. 

digitaUn.  ft.  activ  principle  of  foxglove ;  digitalia  [also  spelt 
digitalinel  Midsitd-lin. 

digitalis  n.  (foxglove,  etc. ;  medicin)  didsi'tee-hs ;  {less  prop- 
erly) did3i'ta:-hs. 

digitig^ade  adj.  (walking  on  the  toes,  as  the  lion :  opposed 
to  plantigrade)  'didsiti-gzed. 

diglot  adj.  bilingual  [also  spelt  diglotti  'dai-glet. 

digxdtary  n.  (a  person  of  high  rank)  'digni-teri. 

digonons  adj.  (having  two  angles)  'digs-nss,  'dai-gs-nss, 
(rarely)  dai'goo-nas. 

digression,  n.  (swerving;  going  astray)  di'greSsn,  dai'greSdn. 

dike  n.,v.  ditch;  dam  [also  spelt  dyke]  daik. 

dilapidate  v.  (bring  to  decay  or  ruin)  dilaepi-det,  dailae- 
pi-det. 

dilatation  n.   (expansion)   dai-ls'tee-Ssn,   dils'tee-Ssn. 

dilate  v.  (widen,  expand)  dai'leet,  dileet. 

dilation  n.   (dilatation)   dai'lee-^dn,  di'lee-^an. 

dilatory  adj.  (causing  delay;  of  delay)  'dila-to^i;  (also) 
'dil3t3-?i,  (assumptivly)  'dila-ta^i,  (rapidly)  'dilatji. 

dilemma  n.  (choice  between  two  equally  unfavorable  alter- 
nativs;  fix)  dilema,  dai'lema. 

dilettante  n.  lover  of  the  fine  arts  [ploral  dilettanti,  rarely 
dilettantes'}  dih'taenti,  dih'ta:n-ti. 

dilettanti  n.  (plural  of  dilettante)  dih'taenti. 

diligence  n.  (industry;  assiduity)  'dih-d39ns. 

dilogy  n.   (ambiguity;   repetition)   'dil3-d3i,  'dai-la-dsi. 

dilute  v.,  adj.  (thin,  etc.)  di'liout,  dai'liout,  (sometimes,  an- 
teriorly) 'dai-liut;  (dialectally)  di'lout,  etc. 

dilution  n.  diliou-Jan,  dai'Hou-San. 

dilnvial  adj.  (of  a  deliige  or  flood)  di'liou-vi-al,  dai'Hou- 
vi-3l.  » 

dilnvian  adj.  (diluvial)  di'liou-vi-an,  dailiou-vi-an. 

dimension  n.  (measurement)  di'menjan,  di'ment^dn. 

dimeter  n.  (a  verse  of  two  measures)  'dimi-ta?. 

dimissory  adj.  (dismissory)  'dimi-soei,   di'miS3-?i. 

dimity  n.  (stout  cotton  fabric)  'dimi-ti. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  x  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  for,  qo  now,  %*.  a^V,  ^\V\\r,% 

Jengtb-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceditvR  soMtv^  \^  \^tvv> 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\ie  ieWovjm?,  ^^W^XJi^, 


154  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

dingliy  n.  row-boat  [also  spelt  dingey,  dingy'\  'diQgi. 
dingy  adj.  (tamisht,  dusky)  'dindji. 

dinosanr  n.  extinct  reptil  [also  spelt  deinosaurl  'dai-nd-sc:r. 
diocesan  adj.   (of  a  diocese)  dai'esi-ssn,  'dai-s-sisan,  dai-9- 

'sii-san. 
diocese  n.  (district;  bishop's  sphere  of  jurisdiction)  'dai-9- 

sis,  'dai-3-sis. 
dioecions    adj.   having   the   unisexual   flowers   on    separate 

plants;  having  the  sexes  distinct  [also  spelt  dieciousi  dai- 

'li-Sas. 
Dionysian  adj.  (of  Dionysius,  Bacchus,  etc.)  dai-a'nisi-sn. 
dioptric  adj.  (assisting  vision;  of  refraction)  dai'eptsik. 
diorama   n.    ^scenic   representation)   dai-dVai-ms,   dai-s'ree- 

ma;  {improperly)  dai-sVsmd. 
dioxide  n.   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  dioxidl  dai'ek-said,   (be- 
fore of)  dai'eksid. 
diplienyl  n.  (hydrocarbon)  dai'fenil. 
diplienylamine  p.   (crystallin  substance)   difi'nila-min. 
diphtlieria  n.   (diphtheritis)  dif'9i:-ri-3,  dip'Gii-^i-a. 
diphtheritic  adj.  difOi'ritik,  dipOi'ritik. 
diphtlions    n.    (double    sound;    group    of    two    consecutiv 

vowel  sounds  in  one  syllable)  'dif-Gerrj,  (older)  'dip-Geirj. 
diphthongal  adj.  dif'6e:r|-g9},  dip'6e:r)-g9}. 
diphthong^e  v.  [also  spelt  diphthongise^  'dif6ei}-aiz,  'dif- 

Geq-gaiz,  'dipGeq-aiz. 
diphycercal  adj.  (having  a  bipartite  tail)  difi'se^kdl. 
diploe  n.   spongy  structure   [also   spelt   diploel  Mipz.o-i. 
diploidion  n.  garment  [also  spelt  diplaidion;  ploral   diplo' 

idial  dipto'idi-an. 
diploma    n.    state    paper;    certificate    of    a    college    degree 

[ploral  diplomas,  diplomatal  di'ptoo-raa;   (improperly)  dai- 

'pioo-raa. 
diplomacy  n.  di'ptoo-ma-si,  (rarely)  di'pz.em3-si. 
diplomat   n.    diplomatist    [synonymous    cognate    diplomatel 

'dipi-3-maet. 
diplomate  n.  (one  who  holds  a  diploma)  'dipL9-met. 
diplomatic  adj.  (of  diplomas  or  diplomacy)  dipLd'maetik. 
diplomatist  n.  (one  engaged  in  diplomacy;  crafty  person) 

di'pi-oo-m3-tist. 
diplomatise  v.  [also  spelt  diplomatisel  di'pLOO-md-taiz. 
diptych  n.  two-leaved  tablet  [also  spelt  diptycl  'diptik. 
dire  adj.  (dreadful)  dai?. 
direct  v.  (address;  aim;  guide;  order)  di'rekt,  dai'jekt. 

j\ve,   Qcure;  d  the,  Of/iin;  jasuTe,  61^101  \  ^  sKoe,  tS  cfcew ; 
wzr^en;  tj  sing;  u  whoever,  1  react,  xji«Ift.,  wiiooV  \\V  'ft.^eeN 
o  poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  xbut,  o-.do<it,  ootlo,  t\ie^>  ^^^<i^fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  155 


direct  adj,  (straight,  etc.)  di'^ekt,  daiVekt,  {sometimes,  by 
contrast,  as  in  ^direct  as  well  as  indirect)  'dai-^ekt. 

direct  n.  (musical  sign)  di'zekt. 

directable  adj,  capable  of  being  directed  [also  spelt  direc- 
tiblel  di'^ekta-bdh 

direction,  n.  di'zek^dn,  dai'zek^dn. 

directive  adj.  [also  spelt  directive  di'rektiv,  dai'rektiv. 

directly  adv,  di'zektz,i,  (occasionally)  dai'^ektz^i. 

director  n.  one  who  or  that  which  directs  [also  spelt  direc- 
ter'\  di'zekt^z, 

directorial  adj,  dizzWtoi-zi-^l,  dai-ztk^toi-zi'^h 

directory  adj.,n.  di'eekt3-?i,  (rapidly)  di'rektji. 

dirigible  adj,  capable  of  being  directed ;  steerable  [also  spelt 
dirigeable]  'dieidsa-ba! ;  {less  properly)  di'jidsa-bal. 

disable  v,  (render  unable;  cripple)  dis'ee-bal;  {less  properly) 
di'zee-bdt, 

disappoint  v,  (frustrate  the  expectation  of;  foil)  disa'peint. 

disarnL  v,  deprive  of  arms;  divest  of  armor  [past  partici- 
ple and  preterit  disarmed,  disarmdl  dis'a:em;  {less  proper- 
ly) di'za:7m. 

disaster  n.  (calamity)  di'zaestsz,  di'zai-std? ;  {less  properly) 
dis'aestd?. 

disband  v,  (break  the  band  or  company  of;  disperse)  dis- 
'baend;  {less  properly)  diz'baend. 

disburden  v.  remove  a  burden  from;  unload  [synonymous 
cognate  disburthenj  dis'bei^-dn. 

disbnrse  v.  pay  out  [past  participle  and  preterit  disbursed, 
disburst"!  dis'beizs;   {less  properly)   diz'bei^s. 

disburtben  v,  dis'bB:z-dn,  dis'bB:z-d9n,  dis'bB:z-dn.  same 
meaning  as  disburden. 

disc  n.  disk,    see  disk. 

disoant  n.  'di-skaent.    same  meaning  as  descant. 

discard  v,  (throw  out  from  the  hand;  reject;  discharge)  di- 
'sko'.zd,  dis'ka:7d. 

discern  v.  distinguish  [past  participle  and  preterit  discerned, 
discernd'\  di'zBirn ;  {less  properly)  di'sBi^n. 

discernible  adj,  (perceptible)   di'zBrnd-bdl. 

discerptible  adj.  (capable  of  being  pluckt  asunder;  divisi- 
ble) di'sBepta-bal. 

discbarge  v.,n.  dis't^ai^ds,  diS'tSa:7d3. 

disci  n.  (ploral  of  discus)  'di-sai. 

disciple  n.  (follower;  pupil)  di'sai-pal. 

discipline  n.,v.  drill,  etc.  [also  spelt  disciplin;  as  verb,  past 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  x  cat,  e  hot,  ex  hoy\  a:  for,  qo  now,  ^"'.  a?kV,  ^\V\\fc\ 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  so>m^  \^  \^xv^\ 
tress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  io\\o^\n^  s^>^2iJc\^' 


156  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

participle  and  preterit  disciplined,  disciplindj  'disi-pLin. 

disolosnre   n.    (discovery;    exposure)   dis'kz.30-39?. 

disooboliis  n.  discus-thrower  [plural  discoboW]  di'skebd-lss. 

discolor  v.  [also  spelt  discolour;  past  participle  and  preterit 
discolored,  discoloured,  discolordi  dis'kAld?. 

diseontinner  n.  (one  who  discontinues)  diskon'tinju-d?. 

disoontinnor  n.  (the  tenant  in  tail  whose  alienation  of  an 
estate  has  caused  a  discontinuance)  diskdn'tinju-a^. 

diBconnt  n.  (deduction)  'dis-kaunt. 

diseonnt  v.  (deduct;  pay  or  cash  beforehand  with  a  deduc- 
tion) 'di-skaont,  dis'kaont. 

.disoourse  n.  (talk;  conversation)  di'skorzs;  (less  properly) 
'dis-koizs. 

disoonrse  v,  talk;  converse;  harangue  [past  participle  and 
preterit  discoursed,  discoursfl  di'sko:?s. 

difleonrteons  adj,  lacking  in  curtesy;  rude  [also  spelt  dis- 
curteousi  dis'keeti-as,  dis'ko:?-tQ3s,  dis'ke^tgas. 

disoonrtesy  n.  [also  spelt  discurtesy"]  dis^kezti-si,  dis'ko:?- 
ti-si. 

disooiM  adj.  (disk-shaped)  'diskds. 

diseovery  n.  (disclosure;  making  known)  di'skAV3-?i,  {rap- 
idly) di'skAVjri. 

disereet  adj.  (judicious;  cautious)  di'sk^iit. 

disorepanee  n.  (discrepancy)  di'sk^epans,  'disk^i-psns. 

diserepaney  n.  (disagreement;  inconsistency)  di'sk^epsn- 
si,  'disk^ipan-si. 

discrepant  adj.  (disagreeing)  di'sk^epsnt,  'disk^i-psnt. 

discrete  adj.  (separate ;  individual ;  not  coalescent :  opposed 
to  continuous)  di'sksiit,  disTc^iit. 

discretion   n.    (separation;    power   of   deciding;    prudence) 
di'sIraeSdn. 
'  dis<mrsiTe  adj.  rambling;  ratiocinativ  [also  spelt  discursivl 
di'ske^siv,  di'skerr-siv. 

discns  n.  disk,  used  for  throwing  [plural  disci"]  'diskss. 

discnss  v,  debate  [past  participle  and  preterit  discussed,  dis- 
custl  di'skAS. 

disdain  n.,  v.  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  disdained, 
disdaind"]  dis'deen;  {less  properly)  diz'deen. 

disease  n.  (ailment,  malady,  disorder)  di'ziiz. 

disembo^vel  v.  eviscerate,  etc.  [present  participle  disembow- 
eling, disembowelling;  past  participle  and  preterit  disem- 
boweled,  disembowelled,  disemboweldl   disam'bau-al. 

disenamor  v.  [also  spelt  disenamourl  disa'naema?.  • 

J  ye,    gcure;  dthe,   Q  thin;   5  axrure,  dj/oy;    ^  shoe,   tjr^ew; 
wwhen;  Tjsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  uMiooX,  \\\,  \\scc; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e aerial.  Abut,  o:  dooi,  oot^o,  t\bc^,  ^^^oNan 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  157 

• 

disenfranoMse  v,  (disfranchise)  dissn'fsam-tSaiz,  disan- 
f3a:n-tSiz;  disdn'f^sn-tSaiz,  dissn^f^sent^iz. 

disenfraiLohiseiiLent  n.  obsolete  (disfranchisment)  dissn- 
'f^am-tSis-mant,  diSdn'fsam-tSiz-mdnt. 

diseiLroll  V.  [also  spelt  disenroll  dis9nV3o}. 

disentlirall  v.  set  free  from  enthralment  or  bondage  [also 
spelt  disenthral',  former  synonymous  cognates  disinthrall, 
disinthrall  disdn'Osc:!. 

disfavor  n.,v,  [also  spelt  disfavour;  as  verb,  past  participle 
and  preterit  disfavored,  disfavord}  dis'fee-va^. 

dlsfranoliise  v,  (deprive  of  citizen's  rights;  deprive  of  the 
franchise  or  voting-power)   dis'fsain-tjaiz,   dis'f3a:n-tSiz. 

disfranoliifliiLeiLt  n,  dis'f^am-tSis-mant,  dis'fsain-tSiz-mdnt. 

dissorge  v.  (throw  out  from  the  gorge  or  throat ;  vomit  or 
empty  forth)   dis'ge:7d3;    (less  properly)   diz'gei^ds. 

dissraoe  ft.  (disfavor;  ignominy)  disagrees;  (less  properly) 
diz'gzees. 

disg^nise  n.  (deceptiv  garb)  dis'gaiz;  (less  properly)  diz'gaiz; 
(dialectally)  dis'gjaiz. 

disgust  n.  (distaste;  aversion)  dis'gAst;  (less  properly)  diz- 
'gAst. 

dishabille  n.  undress;  negligee  garment  [synonymous  cog- 
nate deshabillel  disalDiil,  disa'bil,  'dis3-bil. 

dishearte  v.  [also  spelt  disharten;  past  participle  and 
preterit  disheartened,  dishartendl  dis'ha^tn,  dis'ha:?-tn. 

dishevel  v.  loosen  and  throw  about ;  disorder  [present  par- 
ticiple disheveling,  dishevelling-,  past  participle  and  pret- 
erit disheveled,  dishevelled,  disheveld'\  di'Seval. 

dishonest  adj.  (lacking  honesty;  fraudulent)  dis'onist;  (less 
properly)  di'zonist. 

dishonor  n.,v.  [also  spelt  dishonour;  as  verb,  past  participle 
and  preterit  dishonored,  dishonord}  dis'cna^;  (less  proper- 
ly) di'zons?. 

disinfectant  n.  (disinfecting-agent)  disin'fektdnt. 

disinfeetor  n.  he  who  or  that  which  disinfects  [also  spelt 
disinfecter}  disin'fekta?. 

disinteg^rate  v.  (separate  into  component  parts)  dis'inti- 
gret. 

disinterested  adj.  (unbiast  by  personal  interest;  free  from 
self-seeking)  dis'inta-^estid,  dis'intji-stid;  di'zinta-^estid; 
(also,  in  America,  less  properly)  dis-inta'^estid. 

disinvolve  v,  unroll;  disentangle  [also  spelt  disinvolv"!  disin- 
'velv. 

c:  law,  b:  fwr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  aa  now,  a*,  ask,  a\k\i<i.\ 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sovltv^  i^  X^x^V'. 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  tVie  ioWo-witi^  s^>\?W^e.. 


158  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

disjoin  v.  disunite  [past  participle  and  preterit  disjoined, 
disjoind"]  dis'dsein;   {less  properly)  diz'dsein. 

disk  n.  discus;  thin  circular  plate  [also  spelt  disci  disk. 

dislike  v,  (not  to  like)  dislaik ;   {less  properly)  diz'laik. 

dislimb  v.  cut  off  the  limbs  of;  dismember  [also  spelt  dis- 
/*m]  dislim. 

dislimn  v.  obliterate  the  outlines  of  anything  limned;  ef- 
face; blot  out;  vanish  [also  spelt  disliml  dis'lim. 

dislodgment  n.  displacement  [also  spelt  dislodgetnent]  dis- 
'ledsmant. 

disloyal  adj.  (unfaithful)  dislei-al;  {less  properly)  dizlei-al. 

dismantle  v.   (strip)  dis'maentl;   {less  properly)   diz'maentl. 

dismast  v,  (deprive  of  masts)  dis'ma:st;  (less  properly)  diz- 
'nia:st. 

dismay  v.  appal ;  daunt  [past  participle  and  preterit  dis- 
mayed, distnaydl  dis'mee ;   {less  properly)  diz'mee. 

dismiss  v.  send  away;  discharge  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit dismissed,  dismist"}  dis'mis,  {often)  di'sMis;  {improper- 
ly) diz'mis. 

disorder  n.  (confusion;  misdemeanor;  riot;  ailment)  dis'e:?- 
dar;   {less  properly)  di'zer^-dar. 

disorganize  v.  [also,  rarely,  spelt  disorganisel  dis'e:?-g3- 
naiz. 

disomm  v.  renounce,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit  dis- 
owned, disowndl  dis'oon;   {less  properly)  di'zoon. 

disparage  v.  (discredit;  vilify)  di'spae^ids. 

disparate  adj.  (separate  in  kind;  unlike)  'disp9-?et,  'dispd- 
?3t;   {erroneously)  dis'par-eat. 

disparity  n.  (want  of  parity;  unlikeness)  dis'paejri-ti,  di- 
'spae^i-ti. 

dispatek  n.  a  sending  on  an  errand;  killing;  speed  [also 
spelt  despatch;  past  participle  and  preterit  dispatched,  dis- 
patchtl  di'spaetS. 

dispel  V.  disperse;  dissipate  [past  participle  and  preterit  dis- 
pelled, dispeldl  di'spel. 

dispensable  adj,  (unessential;  also,  capable  of  being  dis- 
penst)  di'spens9-b3t,  di'spentsa-bat. 

dispensary  n,  (place  where  medicins  are  dispenst,  etc.)  di- 
'spens3-?i,  di'spents3-?i. 

disperse  v.  scatter  [past  participle  and  preterit  dispersed, 
dispersti  di'sperjrs. 

dispersion  n.  (scattering)  di'sperjan,  di'spB:zr-33n. 

displeasure  n.  dis'pLess?;  {dialectally)  dis'pz.ee-39?. 

/j/e,   gcure;  dthe,  dth\n\   5  a^rure,  ds/oy;   ^  shoe,  tSc/rew; 
wwhen;  rjsing;  u  wh<?ever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  timIooV,  \\\,  \\sec; 
o poetic;  o  ov^r, . e  aerial,  Abut,  o:  door,  ootvo,  t.V^,  ^,^^a\.^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  159 

disposable  adj.  that  may  be  got  rid  of;  at  disposal  [also,  for- 
merly, spelt  disposeabWl  di'spoo-za-bal. 

dispossess  v.  oust;  rid  of  evil  spirits  [past  participle  and 
preterit  dispossessed,  dispossesf]  dispa'zes. 

dispossession  n.  (ouster;  exorcism)  dispd'zeSon. 

dispread  v,  {archaic)  spread  abroad  or  out;  expand;  extend 
[also  spelt  disspread,  dispredl  di'spsed. 

disprovable   adj.   [also,   formerly,   spelt  disproveablel   dis- 

'p50U-V3-b3l. 

dlsproval  adj.  (disproof)  dis'psou-val. 

disprove  v,  (prove  false;  refute)  dis'psouv. 

disputable  adj,  (that  may  be  disputed;  controvertible)  di- 

'spgou-ta-bal,  'disp^ota-bal. 
dispntant  n.  (one  who  disputes;  debater)  'dispgo-tnt. 
dispntative  adj.  disputatious;  controversial  [also  spelt  dis- 

putativl  di'sp9ou-t3-tiv. 
disqualify   v.   (render  or  pronounce  unqualified)   dis'kwe- 

li-fai. 
disrepntable  adj,  (discreditable;  in  bad  repute)  dis'zepgota- 

bal. 
dismption  n.  (bursting  asunder)  dis'zApSsn;  (less  properly) 

diz'zApSsn. 
disseizin  v,  dispossess  wrongfully   [also  spelt  disseise;   past 

participle  and  preterit  disseized,  disseizd}  di'siiz,  dis'siiz. 
disseizin  n.  privation  of  seisin  [also  spelt  disseisini  di'sii- 

zin,  dis'sii-zin. 
disseizor  ft.  [also  spelt  disseisor'\  di'sii-zs?,  dis'sii-ze:?. 
dissemble  v.  (disguise;  assume  a  false  seeming)  di'sembdl; 

{improperly)  di'zembdl. 
disseminate  v.  (scatter  abroad;  spred  about)  di'semi-net. 
dissension  n.  discord;   strife   [also,  formerly,  spelt   disscn- 

tion\  di'sen^sn,  di'sentjan. 
dissent  v.  (withhold  approval)  di'sent. 
dissent  n.  (disagreement)  dissent. 
disserve  v,  (serve  badly,  injure)  di'ssrrv,  dis'serrv. 
disservice  n.  [also  spelt  disservis}  di'sBiz-vis,  dis'ss'.jr-vis. 
dissidenee  n.  (disagreement;  dissent)  'disi-dns. 
dissipate  v.   (scatter;   squander;   engage   in  dissolute   plea- 
sures) 'disi-pet. 
dissociable  adj.  (not  companionable;  unsociable)  di'soo-Ss- 

ba! ;  (capable  of  being  dissociated ;  separable)  di'soo-Si-a-bal. 
dissociate  v.  (disunite;  withdraw  from  association)  di'soo- 

$i-et. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  oa  tvow^  ^\  a^,  ^\V\\fc\ 

length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the   preceditvft  sOMtv^  \^  \«vi%\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  tkie  ioWovim^  ^j^WaXiV 


(60  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

dissoluble  adj,  (capable  -of  being  dissolve!  or  disunited)  di- 
'selio-bal,  'disdlio-bdl. 

dissolute  adj.  (loose;  licentious)  'disd-liut;  (dialectally) 
'dis3-lut. 

dissolvable  adj,  capable  of  being  dissolvd  [also  spelt  dis^ 
sohiblel  di'zelva-bal. 

dissolve  v.  diffuse  in  liquid;  cause  to  vanish  [past  participle 
and  preterit  dissolved,  dissolvdl  di'zelv. 

dissonant  adj.  (discordant  in  sound)  'diss-nsnt. 

dissyllable  n.  di'sild-bsl,  'disils-bdl,  dis'sild-bsl.  same  mean- 
ing as  disyllable. 

disssrmmetry  n.  (lack  of  symmetry;  also,  mirror-image  sym- 
metry) di'simi-tji,  dis'simi-tji. 

distensible  adj.  (capable  of  being  distended)  di'stensd-bsl. 

distiob  n.  couplet  [also  spelt  distic;  plural  distichsl  'distik. 

distiobio  adj.  (of  or  like  a  distich;  distichal)  di'stikik. 

distiobons  adj,  (disposed  in  two  opposit  rows;  two-rankt) 
'disti-kas. 

distil  V.  exude;  pass  gently;  vaporize  by  heat  and  then  con- 
dense [also  spelt  distill;  past  participle  and  preterit  di- 
stilled, distildl  di'stil. 

distingn^  adj.  (distinguisht)  dis-taeq'gee,  dis'taeq-ge. 

distingnisbed  adj,  possessing  distinction;  eminent  [also 
spelt  distinguisht'\  di'stiqgwiSt. 

distrainor  n.  one  who  distrains  or  levies  a  distress  [also, 
sometimes,  spelt  distrainer!  di'stjee-na?,  (also,  especially 
in  law,  as  the  correlativ  of  distrainee)  di'stjee-ne:?. 

distrait  adj,  (abstracted;  absent-minded)  di'stjee. 

distrangbt  adj,  (distracted;  bewilderd)  di'st£c:t. 
.    district  n.   (division,  province,  region)   'distjikt;   {dialectal- 
ly  or  vulgarly)  'dii-stjikt. 

distyle  n,  (porch  with  two  styles  or  columns)  'di-stail,  'dai- 
stail. 

disuse  n,  (discontinuance  of  use)  dis'jous,  dij'jous. 

disuse  V.  (cease  to  use)  dis'jouz,  diS'jouz. 

disyllabic  adj.  containing  two  syllables  [synonymous  cog- 
nate dissyllabic"}  disilaebik,  dai-silaebik. 

disyllable  n.  word  or  foot  of  two  syllables  [synonymous  cog- 
nate dissyllable"}  di'sila-bal,  dai'sila-bal,  'disila-bal. 

dital  n.  (thum-key  on  a  guitar  or  lute)  'dital,  'dai-tal. 

ditbeism  n.  (doctrin  of  the  existence  of  two  supreme  gods) 
'dai-0i-iz3m. 

ditber  v.,n.  (tremble)  'didar,  'di03?. 

/j^e,   gcure;  dthe,   Qth\n\   5  assure,  ds/oy;   \shot,   tjc/jew; 
wwAen;  tjsing;  u  wh<7ever,  i  react,  oiuu,  omIooV,  i\^,  \\?»e€; 
o poetic;  o  oyer,  e  aerial,  Abi*t,  o:  door,  00  no,  e\ic^,  ^«^^a\^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  161 


ditMonio  adj.    (having  two  sulfur   atoms)    diOi'enik,   dax- 

Oai'enik. 
ditlLyrainb  n.  (choric  song,  etc.)  'diOi-zaem. 
dittany  n.  (plant)  'dits-ni. 
ditto  n.  (aforesaid;  same)  'dito. 
ditty  n,  song,  lay  [ploral  dittiesi  'diti. 
dinresis  n.  (excessiv  uresis;  too  much  urination)  dai-jo'sii- 

sis. 
div  n.  in  Persian  myth,  an  evil  spirit;   demon;  devil   [also 

spelt  dive,  deev,  dev,  dewl  diiv. 
diva  n.  (prima  donna)  'dii-v3. 
divagation  n.  (a  wandering  about;  digression)  dai-va'gee- 

San. 
divalent  adj.  (bivalent)  'diva-lant,  'dai-vee-lant ;  'dai-va-lant. 
divan  n.  (council;  council-chamber;  long  seat)  di'vaen,  dai- 

'vaen,  'dai-vaen. 
divaricate  v,  (stretch  apart)  di'vaeei-ket,  dai'vae^i-ket. 
dive  V.  (plunge;  sink  deeply)  daiv. 
diverge  v.  (branch  off:    the  epposit  of  converge)  di'veieds, 

dai'vareds. 
divergence  n.  di'vBs:d39ns,  dai'vB2:d39ns. 
divers  adj.   (different,  several,  sundry)   'dai-v3?z. 
diverse   adj.    (different   in   kind;    essentially   different)    di- 

'vb:?s,  dai'vB:?s,  'dai-v3?s. 
diversely  adv.  di've^sLi,  dai'vaesti,  'dai-vae-SLi. 
diversify  v,  (make  diverse)  di'vBzrsi-fai,  daiVsesi-fai. 
diversion  n.  (a  turning  aside;  pastime)   di'vB^S^n,  daiWsz- 

San;  di'vB:?-33n,  dai'vB:z:-39n. 
diversity  n.   (difference;  variety)  di'vB^si-ti,  dai'vs^si-ti. 
divert  v.  (turn  aside;  amuse)  di'vBirt,  dai'vsi^t. 
divertible  n.  di'vBzta-bal. 

divertisement  n.  (recreation)  di'vB^tis-mant,  di'vB?tiz-mant. 
divertissement  n.  (divertisement;  ballet)  di-VB^tis'meq,  di- 

vce'tis-mer). 
Dives  n.  rich  man  [ploral  Divesesl  'dai-viz. 
divest  n.  (unclothe ;  strip ;  deprive)  di'vest,  dai'vest. 
divinize  v,  make  divine;   deify   [also  spelt  divinise']   'divi- 

naiz. 
divisible  adj.  (capable  of  being  divided)  di'viza-bal. 
divisive  adj.  (dividing;  analytic;  causing  discord)  di'vai-siv. 
divisor  n.   (quantity  by  which  another  quantity  is  divided; 

factor)  di'vai-z3?. 
divorce  n.  (dissolution  of  marriage,  etc.)  di'vo:?s. 

c:  law,  b:  fwr,  ae  cat,  ©  h^t,  ei  hoy\  a:  for,  qo  now,  ^\  a^,  ^\V\\fc% 

length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soMtvd.  \^  \^^V^ 

stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ioWovjitvg,  vj>^»^* 


162  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

divoreeable  adj,  capable  of  being  divorced  [also,  formerly, 

spelt  divorcibW]  di'vo:?-s3-b3l. 
divoreee  n.  (divorced  person)  di-vo2:'sii. 
divulse  V.  (disclose;  reveal)  di'v^ds,  dai'vAlds. 
dizen.  v.  dress,   deck  out,  bedizen    [also  spelt   dissen;    past 

participle  and  preterit  disened,  disend'l  'dizdn,  'dizn,  'dai- 

zsn,  'dai-zn. 
diny  adj.  (giddy)  'dizi. 

do  V,  (impart  to;  perform,  etc.)  dou,  {when  less  strest)  du,  du. 
do  n.  (in  music)  d30. 
dobby  n.  sprite;  brownie;  loom-attachment  [also  spelt  dob- 

bie;  plural  dobbies'\  'debi. 
dooent  n.  (teacher)  ^doo-sdnt. 
dooible  adj.  (teachable;  docil;  tractable)  'dess-bdl. 
docile  adj.  teachable,  tractable  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  docWl 

'desil,  'doo-sil,  'doo-sail. 
dootoress  n.   female  doctor  [synonymous  cognate  doctressl 

'dokta-ris,  (rapidly)  'doktjis. 
doctrinaire  n.  (political  theorist)  dokt^i'ne:?. 
doctrinal  adj,  'dekt£i-n},  (also,  in  Britain)  dok'tsai-nl. 
doctrine  n.  teaching;   dogma;   theory   [also   spelt   doctrini 

'dektsin. 
doe  n.  female  deer  [ploral  does']  doo. 
does  V.  [indicativ  present  third  person  singular  of  do]  dxz; 

(dialectally)  doz. 
doff  V.  take  off,  as  the  hat;  strip  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit doffed,  doft]  dorf,  def. 
dog  n.  (canine  quadruped)  de:g,  dog;  (dialectally)  dc:g. 
dosal  adj.  (of  a  doge)  'doo-gdl. 

dogate  n.  dogeship  [synonymous  cognate  dogeate]  'doo-get. 
dog-obeap  adj.  doig'tSiip,  (assumptivly)  'deig-tSiip. 
doge  n.  (chief  magistrate  of  the  old  republics  of  Venice  and 

(jenoa)  doods. 
dogeate  n.  'doo-dset.    same  meaning  as  dogate. 
dogged  V.  past  participle  and  preterit  of  dog   [also  spelt 

dogd]  do:gd,  degd. 
dogged  adj.  (obstinate,  unyielding)  'do:-gid,  'dogid. 
dogged  adv.  (very)  Moi-gid,  'dogid. 
doggedly  adv.  'de:-gi-dh,  Megi-dh. 
doggerel  adj.  of  trivial,  irregular  or  mean  nature :    said  of  . 

verse  [synonymous  cognates  doggrel,  dogrcll]  'degs-^al. 
doggy  n.  little  dog  [also  spelt  doggie ;  ploral  doggies']  'dei-gi, 

'dogi. 

/ye,   gcure;  dthe,  Qthin;  saxrure,  ds/oy;   I  shoe,   t^chew; 
wwAen;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  i  r^act,  oiuu,  oMfool,  itt,  lis^e; 
o poetic;  oovfT,  enerial,  Abut,  o;doot,  ootio,  t\ic^,  t^%a\fc\ 


DICTIONARX,  OF  HARD  WORDS  163 

dosS7  odJ»  (dog-like;  conversant  with  dogs)  'de:-gi,  'degi. 
dogma  ft.  belief;  tenet,  etc.  [ploral  dogmas,  dogmata]  'dog- 
ma; (jdialectally)  'dcig-ms. 
dogmatise  v,  [also  spelt  dogmatise]  'degms-taiz. 
doloe  adj,  (sweet;  soft-toned)  'dool-tji;  {less  properly)  'de!- 

tSi. 
doldmm  n.  dullard;  in  plural,  dulness;  becalmd  state  [ploz- 

al  doldrums]  'deldrsm. 
dolman  n.  robe  [plural  dolmans]  'delmsn. 
dolmen,  n.   stone    structure    [synonymous   cognate    tolmen; 

plural  dolmens]  'dolman. 
dolor  n.  pain,  sorrow  [also  spelt  dolour]  'dooA^z,  'dels?. 
doloroso   adj,   (in   music,  soft,  pathetic)   dola'soo-sa;    {less 

properly)  dels'zoo-so. 
dolorons  adj,  (painful;  dismal;  sad)  'dao-ls-zras,  'dols-^ss 
dolt  n.  (blockhead,  numskull)  doolt;  {dialectally)  dolt. 
donudn  n.  (lordship ;  lands)  do'meen ;  {improperly)  'doo-men. 
domestioize  v.  [also  spelt  domesticise]  da'mesti-saiz. 
domical  adj.  (dome-like;  vaulted)  'doo-mi-kal,  'demi-ksl. 
domicile   n.    abode;    house;    home    [also,   sometimes,   spelt 

domicil]  'demi-sil,  'demi-sail. 
Dominican  adj,  (of  St.  Dominic,  etc.)  da'mini-kdn. 
dominie  n.  schoolmaster,  etc.  [also  spelt  domine]  'demi-ni, 

'doo-mi-ni. 
domino  n.  cloak;  oblong  piece  used  in  game  [ploral  domi- 
noes, dominos]  'demi-no. 
dona  n.  lady  [synonymous  cognate  dona]  'doo-njs. 
donate  v.  (give)  'doo-net,  {in  Britain)  do'neet. 
donative  n.  gift  [also  spelt  donativ]  'dena-tiv,  'doo-na-tiv. 
donator  n.  (giver)  'd30-net93,  do'nee-taz. 
done  V.  (past  participle  of  do)  dxn. 
donee  ft.   (one  to  whom   anything  is  given;   one  to  whom 

land  is  conveyed  in  fee  tail;  an  appointee)  do'nii. 
donjon  n.  'dAudsan,  'dendsan.    see  under  dungeon, 
donkey  n.  ass  [also  spelt  donky;  ploral  donkeys,  donkies] 

'deqki,  'dAqki. 
donor  n.  (giver)  'dao-na;,  'doo-ne:?. 

don't  V.  (do  not)  daont,  {when  less  strest)  dont,  dant,  dan. 
dook  n.  (wooden  plug  in  a  masonry  wall,  to  hold  a  nail) 

duuk. 
doomsday  n.  day  of  the  last  judgment  [synonymous  cognate 

domesday]  'doumz-dee. 
door  n.  do:z;  {locally)  daa. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  x  cat,  e  hot^  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now^  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  precedma  sovitv^  \^  \^x^SL\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  iQWoyiitv^  s^W-aJaX^. 


164  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

dor-bns  n.  [also  spelt  dorr-hugl  'de:?-bAg;   {erroneously  or 

dialectally)  'doir-bAg. 
dorla  n.  striped  Indian  muslin  [also  spelt  doreal  'd3:-n-9. 
Dorian  adj.  (of  Doris  or  Doria,  a  district  of  ancient  Greece ; 

Doric)  'dD:-zi-9n. 
Doric  adj.  (Dorian;  of  dialects,  rustic)  'derik. 
Dorioize  v,  render  Doric  [also  spelt  Doricisel  'de?i-saiz. 
Dorize  v.  imitate   Doric  manners   etc. ;   render   Doric   [also 

spelt  Dorise'\  'do:-zBiz, 
dormer-'window   n.    (vertical   window   projecting    from    a 

slanting  roof)  de:?-m3^'windo,  'deiz-ma^-windo. 
dormitory   n,    (sleeping-chamber;    college   building   divided 

into  sleeping-rooms)  'de:r-mi-tD^i,  'de:^-mi-tji. 
dormonse  n.   rodent   [ploral   dortnicel   'de:?-maos;    {errone- 
ously or  dialectally)  'do:?-maos. 
dorsad  adj.  (toward  the  dorsum  or  back)  'de:7-sxd. 
dory  n.  John-dory,  a  fish   [also  spelt  doree;  ploral   doriesi 

'do:-zi. 
dory  n.  boat  [also  spelt  dorey;  ploral  dories']  'do:-zu 
dosage  n.  giving  medicin  in  doses;  the  dosing  of  wine  [also 

spelt  doseagel  'doo-sids. 
dossal  n.  chair-back  cover;  hanging  at  the  back  of  an  altar 

[also  spelt  dosset]  'desal. 
dossil   n.   spigot;    roll   of   lint   or   cloth    [also   spelt   dossel] 

'desil. 
dost   V,    (indicatrv   present   second   person   singular   of   do) 

dASt. 

dotage  ».  (second  childhood;  senility)  'doo-tids;  {improper- 
ly) 'detids. 

dotard  n.  (imbecil ;  one  who  is  in  his  dotage)  'doo-t3?d ;  {im- 
properly) 'det3?d. 

dote  V.  be  silly  from  age;  bestow  excessiv  fondness  [also 
spelt  doatl  doot. 

doth  V,  [indicativ  present  third  person  singular  of  dol  dxd, 
doo6. 

donane  n.  (custom-house)  du'a:n. 

donble-barreled  adj.  having  two  barrels,  as  a  gun  [also 
spelt  double-barreldl  dAb3}'bae?3}d,  {assumptivly)  'dAba?- 
bae^ald. 

donbloon  n.  (Spanish  gold  coin)  dA^bloun. 

donbt  «.  uncertainty  [also  spelt  doutl  daot. 

doubtful  adj,  [also  spelt  doutful}  'daot-fal. 

doubtless  adv.,  adj.  [also  spelt  doutlessl  'dao-tL3S. 

/.ve,   gcure;  d  the,  Q  thin;  3  a^rure,  ds/oy;   ^  shoe,  t^chew; 
wwhen;  xjsing^  u  whoever,  i react,  oiuU,  Ksuiool,  itt,  \\%ee\ 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial.  Abut,  0:  doot,  ;)0\io,  ^V^,  ^,^%o.\&% 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  165 


domee  adj.  quiet,  sober  [also  spelt  douse"]  dous. 

domcenr  n.  (conciliatory  gift;  bribe)  du'se:?. 

domche  n.  (jet  of  water  applied  to  some  part  of  the  body) 
douS. 

dovsl^  M*  (paste  of  bread)  doo. 

dousl&ty  adj.  (strong,  valiant)  'dao-ti. 

donm  n.  palm  [synenymous  cognates  doom,  dome,  dom\ 
doom,  doum. 

donr  adj.  (hard,  stubborn)  do:?. 

doiise  V.  strike ;  lower  [also  spelt  dowse']  daos. 

douse  n.  blow,  stroke  [also  spelt  dowse]  daos. 

doiuie  V.  extinguish  [also  spelt  dowse]  daos. 

domsepers  n.pl,  the  twelve  peers  or  paladins  of  Charle- 
magne [also  spelt  douse  peers;  synenymous  cognate  douce- 
peresi  'douz-pe:rz. 

dove  n.  (pigeon)  dAv. 

dove  V.  (preterit  of  dive)  doov. 

doTe«cot  n.  pigeon-house  [synenymous  cognate  dove-cote] 
'dAv-ket. 

dove-cote  n.  'dAv-koot,  'dAv-ket.    same  meaning  as  dove-cot, 

dovetail  n.  (tenon  or  joint  resembling  a  dove's  tail  spread) 
'dAV-teeJ. 

dowel  n,  headless  pin,  peg  or  bolt;  dook  [also  spelt  dowell] 
'dau-9l. 

do'wn-l&earted  adj,  dejected  [also  spelt  down-harted]  daon- 
'haetid,  (assumptivly)  'daon-haetid. 

domnry  n.  money  or  property  the  wife  brings  her  husband  in 
marriage;  dower,  tocher;  dot  [synenymous  cegnate  dowery; 
ploral  dowries]  'don-zi. 

dozolosi>e  v.  address  a  doxology  to  [also  spelt  doxologise\ 
deks'eld-dsaiz. 

doifj  n.  beggar's  trull  or  wench  [also  spelt  doxie;  ploral 
doxies]  'deksi. 

doyen  n.  (dean)  dwe'jei]. 

drabler  n.  sail  [also  spelt  drabbler]  'drxbld?. 

draolun.  n.  draem.    same  meaning  as  drachma,  dram, 

draclmia  n.  coin;  unit  of  weight  [ploral  drachmae,  drach- 
mas] 'dtaekMd. 

draff  n.  (refuse,  dregs,  lees;  swill;  brewer's  grains)  dra:f. 

draft  n.  capacity  of  being  drawn ;  act  of  taking  away  a  part ; 
levy;  conscription;  team  of  horses  in  a  cart;  the  depth  a 
ship  sinks  in  water;  written  order;  a  current  of  air  [also 
spelt  draught]  draift,  dra:ft,  drae:ft.    compare  draught, 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  h^t,  ex  hoy;  a:  far,  qo  now,  «l*.  a^V,  ^\V\\fc\ 
Itngth-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  somtvA.  i^  \^ti%% 
fftreg^-mark  (')  jadicat^s  chief  stress  on  the  loWo-wixv^  s^WaX^t^. 


166  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

draft  v»  draw  off;  draw  up   [also,  rarely,  in  the  sense  of 

draw  up,  spelt  draught']  draift,  draift,  drae:ft. 
draftsmaii  ».   [also  spelt  draughtsman;  ploral   draftsmen'} 

Mrarfts-man. 
drafty  adj.  exposed  to  drafts  of  air  [also  spelt  draughty"} 

'dra:f-ti. 
drafty  adj,  (like  draff;  rubbishy;  vile)  'dra:f-ti. 
drasomaii  n.  interpreter  [ploral  dragomans}  'draegd-msn. 
dragonade  n.  persecution   [also  spelt   dragonnade,   dragoo- 

nade}  draega'need. 
drasoon  n.  (cavalry  soldier)  drd'goun. 
dram  ».  unit  of  weight  [also  spelt  drachm}  drxm. 
drama  n.  (a  play;  dramatic  art,  etc.)  'dra:-md,  'dra:-md;  (less 

properly)  'dree-mo,  Mcaemd. 
dramatis  personae  n,pl.  'drxms-tis-psT'soo-ni. 
dramatist   n.   (writer  of  dramas;   playwright)   'draema-tist ; 

Xless  properly)  'dree-ma-tist* 
dramatize   v.    convert   into   drama    [also   spelt   dramatise} 

Mraema-taiz. 
drapery  n.  (textil  fabrics,  etc.)  'dree-p9-?i,  'dree-p3i. 
draught  n.  act  of  drawing ;  haul ;  load ;  the  act  of  drinking ; 

quantity   drunk   at   one   time;   bow-shot    [also   spelt   draft} 

4dca:ft,  dra:ft,  dxstih. 
dranglits  n.  checkers  [also  spelt  drafts}  dra:fts. 
draw  V,  pull,  etc.  [past  participle  drawn ;  preterit  drew}  drc: , 

{when  unstrest)  drc. 
drawers  n.  (undergarment)  'drc:-9?z,  drc:?z, 
dread  v.,  n.  fear  [also  spelt  dred}  dred. 
dreadfnl    adj.    [also    spelt    dredful}    'dredfal;    {dialectally) 

Mrefal. 
dream   v,   [past  participle  and  preterit   dreamed,   dreamd; 

dreamt,  dremt}  driim. 
dreamt  v,  past  participle  and  preterit  of  dream  [also  spelt 

dremt}  dremt. 
dreary  adj.  'dri:-?i;  {dialectally)  'drii-?i. 
dreg  ».  sediment,  residue,  [used  mostly  in  the  ploral,  dregs} 

dregz ;  {dialectally)  dreegz. 
drenoli  v.  make  to  drink;  soak  [past  participle  and  preterit 

drenched,  drencht}  drentj,  {in  Britain)  drenj. 
drengage  n.  (tenure  or  service  of  a  dreng)  'dreqids,  'dreq- 

gids. 
driblet  ».  small  sum;  petty  portion  [also  spelt  dribblet}  Mri- 

blat,  'dribht. 

/ye,    gcure;  dthe,  Q  thin;   3  a£rure,  dj/oy;   S  jfioe,   tlchew; 
wwhen;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuU,  K5uioo\,  itt,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  oerial.  Abut,  o:  doot,  ^iotio,  t.\ic^,  ^^%a\.^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  167 


drier  n.  one  who  or  that  which  dries;  dessicator  [also  spelt 

dryerl  'drai-a?. 
drivel  v.  slaver  [present  participle  driveling,  drivelling;  past 

participle  and  preterit  driveled,  drivelled,  driveldl  'drival. 
driveler  n.  [also  spelt  driveller}  'drivd-ls?. 
drivelins  adj,  [also  spelt  drivelling}  'driva-hq,  'drivhq. 
droll  adj,  (comical,  funny)  dtiool. 
drollery  n.  action  of  a  droll;  fun  [ploral  drolleries}  'droo- 

}9-?I. 

dromedary  n.  light  and  fleet  camel  [ploral  dromedaries} 
'dremi-deei,  'dremida-^i,  'drAmida-^i. 

droatie  adj,  (of  a  dromos  or  race-course)  'dremik. 

dromond  n,  (ship)  'dremdnd,  'dtAmand. 

drosliky  n.  vehicle  [synonymous  cognate  drosky}  'dreSki. 

drosky  n.  'dreski.    same  meaning  as  droshky. 

dross  n.  (scum;  recrement;  dreg)  dr0:s,  {rarely)  dees;  {dia- 
lectally)  drc:s. 

drought  n.  (dry  weather;  thirst)  draot. 

drouth  n.  dcaoG.    same  meaning  as  drought. 

dro'BViL  V,  suffocate  by  submersion  in  water  [former  synon- 
ymous cognate  drownd;  past  participle  and  preterit  drown- 
ed, drownd}  draon;  (dialectally  and  vulgarly)  draond. 

dro'wned  adj\  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  drownd}  dcaund;  (dia- 
lectally and  vulgarly)  'draon-did. 

dro'omiiig  n.,  adj.  'drao-niri ;  (dialectally  and  vulgarly) 
'draon-dig. 

drowse  v.  be  drowsy  or  half  asleep  [also  spelt  drowse}  dxaoz. 

drowsy  adj.  half  asleep  [also,  formerly,  spelt  drousy,  droii- 
zy,  drowsy}   'drao-zi. 

dmdgery  ».  (occupation  of  a  drudge;  mean,  dull  work) 
'drAdsa-^i,  (rapidly)  'dtAds^i. 

dryad  «.  wood-nymph  [ploral  dryads,  dryades}  'drai-aed,  'dvai- 
dd. 

dryades  n.  (ploral  of  dryad)  'drai-s-diz. 

dryly  adv,  in  a  dry  manner  [also  spelt  drily}  'drai-h. 

dryness  ».  [also,  rarely,  spelt  driness}  'drai-nis. 

dual  adj.  (of  two)  'djou-al ;  (dialectally)  'dou-al. 

dnbiety  n.  (dubiousness,  doubtfulness)  dju'bai-i-ti. 

dnbions  adj.  (doubtful;  hesitating)  'djou-bi-as;  (dialectally) 
'dou-bi-as. 

dnoal  adj'.  (of  a  duke  or  dukedom;  of  a  doge)  'djou-kal;  (dia- 
lectally) 'dou-kal. 

duoat  n.  (gold  coin)  'dAkat. 

c:  law,  s:  iur,  x  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  for,  qo  now,  a*.  a^\s.,  «l\V.\\.^\ 

]engtb-mark  (:)  indjcates  that  the   preceding  sovmd  \^  \«icv^\ 

stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ioWovJiTi^  s^WaJt^^. 


168  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

dvoliess  n.  wife  of  a  duke,  etc.   [also,  formerly,  spelt  dut- 

chessl  'dAtSis. 
dnohy  n.  dukedom  [ploral  duchies'i  'dxtSi. 
dnot  n.  (tube,  ductus)  dAkt. 
dnotible  adj,  (ductil)  'dAktd-bsL 
dnotile   adj.   pliable;   that  may   be  drawn;   tractable    [also, 

sometimes,  spelt  ductin  'dAktil,  'dAk-tail. 
dudgeon  n.  (anger;  ill  humor)  'dAdssn. 
dne  adj.  (owed;  suitable;  to  be  expected)  djou;  {dialectally) 

dou. 
dnel  n.  (single  combat)  'djou-al;   {dialectally)  'dou-al. 
dnel  V.   fight  a  duel   [present  participle   dueling,   duelling ; 

past  participle  and  preterit  dueled,  duelled^  'djou-al. 
dneler  n.  duelist  [also  spelt  dueller"]  'djou-a-ld?. 
dnellst  n.  [also  spelt  duellisf]  'djou-d-list. 
duello  n.  (dueling;  duelists'  code)  dju'elo. 
duenna  n.  (chief  lady  in  waiting  on  the  Queen  of  Spain ;  el- 
derly chaperon,  etc.)  dju'ena. 
duet  n.  musical  composition  for  two  performers  [also  spelt 

duetti  dju'et;  (dialectally)  du'et. 
duffel  n.  coarse  woolen  cloth;  personal  effects  [also  spelt 

duffle;  synonymous  cognate  duff  ill  'dAfal. 
duke  n.  (prince;  ruler  of  a  duchy)  djouk;  (dialectally)  duuk. 
dulcamara  n.  (bittersweet)  dA}kd'me:-2:d. 
dulce  adj,  (sweet)  dAls. 

dulcet  adj.  (sweet,  pleasing,  as  a  tone)  'dAlsit. 
dulblana  n.  (organ-stop)  dAlsi'aens,  dAlsi'a:-n3. 
dulcimer  n.  (stringd  instrument)  'dAlsi-ma?,  'dAltsi-mae. 
duldnea  n.  (mistress,  sweetheart)  dAl'sini-d,  dAlsi'nii-3. 
dulla  n.  servitude ;   service ;   inferior  worship  :    the  epposit 

of  latria  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  douleia"}  djo^ai-a,  du'lai-d, 

'djou-H-a. 
dullard  n.  (dull  person;  dolt)  'dAls^d. 
dully  adj.  (in  poetry,  dreary;  faint;  indistinct)  'dAli. 
dully  adv,  (in  a  dull  manner)  'd^l-h. 
dully  n.  (dull  or  stupid  person)  'dAlt. 
dulness  n.  [also  spelt  dullness"]  'dAlnis. 
dulse  n.  (edible  seaweed)  dA^s. 
dulTvilly  n.  (ring-plover)  dAl'wih,  MaI-wiIi. 
duly  adv.  (in  due  manner;  fitly)  'djou-h. 
dumb  adj.,  n.  mute  [also  spelt  dum]  dAm. 
dumfound  v.  strike  dumb;  nonplus  [also  spelt  dumbfound] 
dAm'faond. 

/j^e,   gcure;  d the,  Qthin;   jasute,  d^ioy,  ishoe,  tJcAew; 
wzvhen;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  ouiooV,  \\\.,  \\%ce% 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o:  doot,  :)Otlo,  t\ie^,  «.^%o\ft\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  169 

dnmniy  n.  dumb  person;  imaginary  player;  man  of  straw; 
counterfeit  [also,  rarely,  spelt  dumbyl  'dAmi. 

dnmose  adj,  (bushy)  dju'moos,   {assuntptivly)   'djou-mos. 

duneeon  n.  great  tower  or  keep  of  a  castle;  strong  cell; 
deep  dark  vault  [also,  especially  in  the  sense  of  the  great  or 
inner  tower  or  keep  of  a  castle,  somewhat  archaically  spelt 
donjon"]  'dxndsdn. 

duo  n.  (duet)  'djou-o,  'djou-o. 

duodeeimo  n.  book-size  [ploral  duodecimos]  dju-o'desi-mo. 

duodeeyl  n.  (hydrocarbon  radical)  dju'edi-sil. 

duodenal  adj,  (of  the  duodenum)  dju-o'dii-nl. 

duodenal  adj,  (composed  of  twelve  numbers)  dju-o'dii-nl. 

duodenary  adj.  (of  twelve)  dju-o'dena-ei,  dju-o'dii-na-ri. 

dnodennm  n.  first  part  of  the  small  intestin  [plural  duode- 
nal djuo'dii-ndm. 

dnologne  n.  dialog  [also  spelt  duolog]  'djou-a-}eg. 

dnplez  adj,  (twofold)  'djou-pz.eks. 

dnplieate  adj.  (double;  twofold)  'djou-pz^i-kst,  {often) 
'djupz.i-k3t ;  {less  properly)  'djou-bh-kat;  (dialectally)  'dou- 
pz.i-kdt. 

dnplioity  n.  (doubleness)  djo'pz.isi-ti. 

dnroM  n.  restraint,  compulsion  [also  spelt  duresse]  'djo:-7is, 
djo'zes. 

durst  V.  (preterit  of  dare)  dsi^st. 

dnst  n.  (mass  of  fine  particles)  dxst. 

duteons  adj.  (dutiful)  'djou-ti-as,  {dialectally)  'dou-ti-as. 

duty  n.  (conduct  due  to  a  superior  moral  obligation;  tax) 
'djou-ti;  {dialectally)  'dou-ti. 

dnnoiTir  n.  one  of  a  pair  of  co-equal  magistrates  [ploral  du- 
umvirs, duumviri]  dju'Amvae. 

d'warf  n.  pygmy  [ploral  dwarfs]  dwczi. 

dwell  V.  abide,  live  [past  participle  and  preterit  dwelled, 
dweld,  dwelt]  dweL 

dyad  n.  (two ;  couple ;  substance  whose  atom  has  a  combin- 
ing-power  equal  to  two  atoms  of  hydrogen)  'dai-aed,  'dai-sd. 

Dyak  n.  nativ  of  Borneo  [also  spelt  Dayak]  'dai-aek. 

Dyas  n.  (Permian)  'dai-as,  'dai-aes. 

dyaster  n.  double  star  in  cell-division  [also  spelt  diaster] 
dai'aestd?. 

dyee  adv.  {sea-term)  thus  [also  spelt  dice]  dais. 

dye  n.  color ;  coloring-matter  [also  spelt  die ;  ploral  dyes]  dai. 

dyeing  v.  the  process  of  impregnating  with  color  [also  spelt 
dying]  'dai-iq. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  for,  aa  now,  a\  a^V.,  «aV.\\^\ 
}ength-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soutvd  \^  \Qtv%\ 
stress-mark  (y  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  toWovjiti^  s^>\aX^s^» 


170  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

dyer  n.  (one  whose  occupation  is  to  dye  cloth,  etc.)  'dai-az:. 

dying  n.  (death)  'dai-iq. 

dying  adj.   (approaching  or  pertaining  to  death)   'dai-iq. 

dynamic  adj.  (of  force)  dai'naemik,  di'naemik. 

djmamism  n,  (doctrin  of  force)  'dai-na-mizam,  'dina-mizam. 

dynamitard  n.  (dynamiter)  'dai-n3mi-ta:?d. 

dsmamite  n.  (explosiv)  'dai-na-mait,  'dina-mait. 

dynamize  n.  strengthen  [also  spelt  dynamise']  'dai-nd-maiz, 

'dina-maiz. 
dynamo  n.  electric  generator  [ploral  dynamosl  'dai-na-mo. 
dynast  n.  (ruler)  'dai-naest,  'dai-nast,  'dinast. 
dynastic  adj.  (of  a  dynasty)  dai'nsestik,  di'nxstik. 
dynasty  n.  (lordship;  royal  line)  'dai-na-sti,  'dina-sti. 
dyne  n.  (unit  of  force)  dam. 

dyscrasia  n.  (dyscrasy;  distemper)  di'sksee-sa,  di'sksee-si-a. 
dyscrasy  n.  (morbid  diathesis;  distemper)  'disksa-si. 
dysentery   n.    (inflammation   of  the   large   intestin)    'disan- 

teei,  (rapidly)  'disan-tji;   (also)  'di-senta-^i. 
dysodile  n.  greenish  or  yellowish  coal  which  burns  with  a 

fetid  odor  [also  spelt  dysodyle"}  'disa-dil,  'dis3-dail. 
dyspepsia  n.  (indigestion)  di'spepSa,  di'spepsi-9,  di'spepji-a. 
dyspepsy  n,  di'spepsi.    same  meaning  as  dyspepsia. 
dyspeptic  adj.,  n.  di'speptik. 

dysphagia  n.  (difficulty  in  swallowing)  dis'fee-dsi-a. 
dyspnoea  n.  (difficulty  in  breathing)  disp'nii-9. 
dysnry  n.  (dysuria)  'disQo-?i. 
dyvour  n.  bankrupt  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  divorl  'dai-va^, 

'dai-vaz. 
dseren  n.   antelope   [also,   sometimes,   spelt  dseron,   dserin} 

'zi:-?9n,  (pedantically)  'dzi:-?3n,  'dzi:-^en. 
dziggetai  n.  wild  ass  of  Asia  [synonymous  cognate  dzhig- 

getai]  'zigi-tai,  (pedantically)  'dzigi-tai. 


eacli  pron.  (every,  etc.)  litj,  (when  unstrest)  itj. 

n.  surging  of  the  tide  [also  spelt  eagre,  eygrel    li-gae. 


'ce-g3?. 


eager  adj»  (keen)  'li-ga?. 

earing  n.    (the  process   of  coming  into   ear,   as   of   wheat) 


'it-nq. 


earing  n.  rope  on  the  cringle  of  a  sail  [also  spelt  earring] 


'i:-zit). 


fye,    gcure;  dthe,  Q  thm\   sasure,  d^^ioy,   \  shoe,   t^  chew; 
wzvhen;  ijsinff;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiu\\,  iiuiooV,  \"\\.,  \\^cc\ 
o poetic;  oover,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o*.  door,  ootvo,  t\ic^,  ^t^a\^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  171 

earl  n.  (count)  b:zI. 

earldom  n.  (rank  of  an  earl)  'sziddni,  ^Bizl-dsm. 

V.  (gain  by  labor;  obtain  by  service;  acquire)  Birn. 

n.  (action  of  gaining  by  labor  or  service ;  amount 

acquired;  income  on  capital)  'B?nii3,  'ei^-nir). 
earring  n.  ring  for  the  ear ;  also,  fuchsia  [also  spelt  ear-ringi 

'i:-?iq. 
easterner  n,  (dweller  in  the  eastern  or  New  England  states) 

'li-sta-na?. 
east'ward  adj.    (toward  the  east)   'list-wdzd,   'lis-tiud^d,   'li- 

stwdsrd. 
easy-soing  adj,  li-zi'goo-iq,  (assumptivly)  'li-zi-goo-iq. 
eat  V.  (consume  as  food;  devour)  lit,  (when  unstrest)  it. 
eav  n.  water  [ploral  eaux"]  do. 
eaiuc  n.  (ploral  of  eau)  ooz. 
eaves  n,pl.  (lower  edge  of  a  roof)  livz, 
ebb  n,  (reflux  or  falling  of  the  tide ;  decline)  eb. 
Eblonite  n.  (one  of  a  sect  of  Judaizing  Christians  of  about 

the  fourth  century)  'li-bi-a-nait. 
ebony  n.  (hard  black  wood)  'eba-ni,  (rapidly)  'ebni. 
ebnlllenee    n.     (a    boiling    or    bursting    forth;     overflow) 

iTjAlians. 
ebullition  n,  (boiling;  bubbling;  agitation)  ebd'h^sn. 
ebnrin    n.    imitation    ivory    [also    spelt    eburine}    'ebjo-^in, 

'li-bjo-^in. 
ebnmation  «.  (a  becoming  like  ivory)  ebae'nee-San,  i-be?- 

'nee-San. 
ebnmine  ».  of  ivory  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  ehurnini  'eba^- 

nin,  'eba^-nain,  I'be^-nain. 
6oart6  n.  (card-game)  eka^'tee. 

eobole  n.  (digression;  also,  raising  of  a  tone)  'ekba-h. 
eooe  bomo  inter j,  (behold,  the  man!)  eksi'hoo-m3,  eki'hoo- 

mo. 
eooentrio  adj,  (not  concentric ;  out  of  center ;  not  circular) 

ek'sent£ik. 
eooentrioity  n.  (eccentric  quality;  oddity)  ek-sen'tjisi-ti. 
eeebymosed    adj.    (affected    with    ecchymosis    or    blotches 

caused    by   extravasated    blood)    'eki-most,    eki'moost,    eki- 

'moozd. 
eeelesiastio  adj,  (of  the  church)  e-kz^izi'sestik. 
eodysis  n.  (sloughing  off;  molt)  'ekdi-sis. 
eobelon  n.  step-like  formation  of  troops  [also  spelt  echelloit} 

'eSa-len. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  x  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  qd  now,  a*.  a^V,  «l\V\,\s.\ 

length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sovitv^  \s»  \«xv^\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  io\\ovj\tv^  snjWvnJc^^* 


172  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

eol&lnodenii  n.   (spiny-skind  animal,  as  a  sea-urchin)   I'kai- 

n3-d8:?m,  'ekina-dei^m. 
eoliinlte  n,  (fossil  sea-urchin)  I'kni-nait,  'eki-nait. 
eolilnns  n.  sea-urchin ;  ovolo  molding  [plural  echini}  I'kai- 

nss,  i'kai-nss. 
eolio  n.  repetition  of  sounds,  etc.  [ploral  echoes,  rarely  echos] 

'eko. 
^lair  n.  (oblong  cream-cake)  e'kz.c:^,  (sometimes)  'ee-kz.e:?. 
eolalrolssement   n.    (explanation)    e-kz.ez'siis-mer|. 
eolalrolze  v.  clear  up  [also  spelt  eclaircise}  i'kz.e:z-saiz. 
6olat  n.  (dazzling  effect ;  sensation)  e'kz.a:  ,  (rarely)  'ee-kLo, 
eoleotlo  adj.  (selecting;  choosing,  etc.)  ek'lektik. 
eclogue  n.  short  poem;  bucolic  [also  spelt  eclogl  'ek-leg. 
eeloslon  n,  (an  emerging,  as  of  an  insect  from  the  pupa-case) 

i'ki.DO-33n. 
eolysls  n.  (lowering  of  a  tone)  'ekz.i-sis. 
ecology  n.  science  of  animal  and  vegetable  economy,   life- 
history,  etc.  [also  spelt  oecologyl  i'kela-dsi. 
economic    adj.    (of   economy)    li-ka'nemik,    ikd'nemik,    eka- 

'nemik. 
economical  adj.   (saving,  thrifty;   of  political  economy)   li- 

ka'nemi-kal,  eka'nomi-kal. 
economize  v.  [also  spelt  economise!  I'kend-maiz. 
economy  n.  household  management ;  administration ;  frugal- 
ity [also,  but  rarely  now,  spelt  oeconomy}  I'kena-mi. 
6cm  adj.  (unbleacht)  e'k^ou,  (sometimes)  'ee-ksu. 
ecstasy  n.  the  state  of  being  beside  one's  self;  rapture  [also 

spelt  extasie,  extacy;  ploral  ecstasies'!  'eksta-si. 
ectlilipsis  n.  (omission  or  suppression  of  a  letter  or  sound) 

ek'6z.ipsis. 
ecthorenm  n,  the   thread   of  a   thread-cell ;    cnidocil    [also 

^pelt  ecthoraeum;  ploral  ecthorea!  ekOaVii-am. 
ectogenons  adj,  (produced  outside  the  host)  ek'tedsi-nas. 
6cn  n.  (shield ;  coin)  e'k^ou,  'ee-kgu. 
ecumenical  adj.   of  the  whole   Christian   church;   catholic; 

world-wide;  general  [also  spelt  oecumenical!  ekgo'meni-kal. 
eczema  n.  (skin-eruption)  'eksi-m9,  'ekzi-ma;   (less  properly) 

'egzi-ma;  eg'zii-ma. 
eozematons  adj.  (of  eczema)  eg'zema-tas. 
Edam  adj,  (in  *Edafn  cheese)  'li-daem,  i'da:m. 
eddy  n.  small  whirlpool;  vortex  [ploral  eddies!  'edi. 
edelweiss  n.  (white  flower  of  the  Alps  and  Pyrenees)  'ee-dl- 
vais,  'ee-dal-vais,  'edal-vais. 

/.re,    gcure;  b  the,  O^Mn;   jasure,  ds/oy;   S  sho^,  \\cht^', 
wzt/'hen;  rjsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuW,  iiuiooV,  \*\\.,  \\%ec; 
o poetic;  o  over,  e  aerial,  xbiit,  o:  door,  ;)otvo,  t\icei.  tt%oXt\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  173 

edema  n.  swelling  [also  spelt  oedema;  ploral  edemata}  I'dii- 
edematoiui  adj,  of  edema  [also  spelt  oedematousi  I'dems- 

t98. 

edged  adj,  (having  an  edge;  sharp;  borderd)  edsd,  {occa- 
sionally) 'edsid. 

edible  adj,  (eatable;  esculent)  'edd-bsl. 

ediet  n,  (decree;  proclamation;  ordinance)  'li-dikt. 

edifice  n,  building  [also  spelt  edifisi  'edi-fis. 

edile  n.  Roman  magistrate  [also  spelt  aedilel  'li-dail. 

edncate  v.  (rear;  bring  up;  instruct;  train)  'edss-ket,  {older) 
'edjo-ket. 

education  n.  edsdlcee-^an,  edjolcee-San. 

e'en  adv»  (even)  lin. 

e'er  adv.  (ever)  c:r. 

eerie  adj,  fearful,  timid;  weird  [also  spelt  eery,  eirie,  eiry 
and,  dialectally,  airyl  'v.-zi. 

eerinesfl  n.  undefined  fear;  superstitious  dread  [also  spelt 
earinessl  'i:-ri-ni8. 

eery  adj.  fearful,  timid;  fear-inspiring;  weird  [also  spelt 
eeriel  'i:-?i. 

effect  n.  (result,  consequence;  appearance;  in  plural,  goods 
and  chattels)  e'fekt,  {rapidly)  I'fekt. 

effecter  n.  he  who  or  that  which  brings  about  an  effect  or 
result  [also  spelt  effector'}  e'fekta^,  {rapidly)  I'fekta^. 

effectible  adj.  (capable  of  being  effected)  e'fekta-bal,  {rap- 
idly) I'fekta-bal. 

effective  adj.  productiv  of  results  [also  spelt  effective  e'fek- 
tiv,  {rapidly)  I'fektiv. 

efferent  adj.  (conveying  outward;  correlativ  of  afferent) 
'ef3-?ant. 

effervesce  v.  (bubble)  cfae'ves. 

efferrescence  n.  (bubbling;  ebullition)   efs^'vessns. 

effete  adj,  (past  bearing;  worn  out)  e'fiit,  {rapidly)  I'fiit. 

efficiency  n.  (fitness  to  accomplish;  efficacy)  e'fiSan-si, 
{rapidly)  I'fiSan-si. 

effigies  n.  (an  effigy)  i'fid3i-i:z. 

efflorescence  n.  .(blossoming  out)  efLsVesdns. 

,efflnTinm  n.  outflow,  etc.  [ploral  effluvia  and,  formerly,  ef- 

4    fluviums]  c'fLou-vi-am. 

effort  n.  (voluntary  exertion)  'efart,  'e-fo^t. 

effrontery  n,  (shameless  audacity;  unblushing  insolence) 
e'fsAnt3-?i,  c'fsAntjr. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a*,  a^k,  ^\Vi\\s.\ 
\zngth-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sowtv^  \^  \qxv^\ 
atreas-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  tVve  io\\o'W\Ti%  s^^^iX^^. 


174  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

effuse    adj,    (pourd    out    freely;    spreding    loosely)    e'fious, 

(rapidly)  I'fious. 
effuse  v,  (pour  forth ;  shed)  e'f iouz,  (rapidly)  I'f iuuz. 
effnslve    adj.    overflowing    [also    spelt    effusiv}    e'fiou-siv, 

(rapidly)  I'fiou-siv;  (also)  e'fiou-ziv,  I'fiou-ziv. 
egad  inter j.  i'gaed. 

Egean  adj.  of  the  Atchipelago  [also  spelt  Aegeani  I'dsii-an. 
egg  n.  ovum  [also  spelt  eg'\  eg;   (dialectally)  eeg. 
egg  V.  incite ;  provoke  [also  spelt  eg ;  past  participle  and  pret- 
erit egged,  egd}  eg. 
egg-nog  n.  drink  [also  spelt  egg-nogg,  eg-nog'\  eg'neg. 
egllops  n.  goat-eye;  grass;   oak  [also  spelt  aegilops}  'edsi- 

leps,  'li-dsi-leps. 
eg^s  n.  shield  [also  spelt  aegisi  'li-dsis. 
eglantine   n.    (sweetbrier;    hip-tree)    'eglon-tain,    'eglan-tm, 

(rarely)  'eglan-tin. 
ego  n.  (I,  self)  'li-go,  'li-gD ;  'ego,  'e-go ;  'ego,  'e-go. 
egoism  n.  (doctrin  of  the  self,  or  of  self-interest :    the  cor- 

relativ  of  altruism)  'li-go-izam,  'ego-izam. 
egoist  n.  (adherent  of  egoism)  'li-go-ist,  'ego-ist. 
egotism  n.  (the  practis  of  putting  one's  self  forward;  exces- 

siv  self-esteem)  'li-ga-tizam,  'ega-tizam. 
egotlze  V,  talk  or  write  egotistically  [also  spelt  egotise"]  'li-ga- 

taiz. 
eg^reg^ons  adj.  (distinguisht :  gross)   I'g^ii-dsas;   (less  prop- 
erly) i'g?ii-d3i-9s. 
eg^ress  n.    (going  out ;   exit)   'li-gres ;    (formerly)   I'g^es. 
egress  v,  (go  out;  depart)  i'g?es. 
eg^ret  n.   (heron ;   seed-poppus ;   plumicorn ;   mpnkey)   'ii-g?it. 

compare  aigret,  aigrette. 
ell  interj.  [also  spelt  eighl  ee,  (also,  occasionally)  e. 
elder-do'wn  n.  (down  of  the  eider-duck)  'ai-dar-daon. 
eighteen  adj.,  n.  ee'tiin ;   (sometimes,  emphatically)   eet'tiin ; 

(anteriorly;  by  contrast)  'ee-tin,  'eet-tin. 
eighth  adj.,  n.  eetO. 

either  adj.-pron.,  noun-pron.,  adv,,  conj.  'li-da^,  'ai-da?. 
eject  V.  (throw  put ;  expel)  I'dsekt. 
eject   n.    (something   ejected :     a   conscigusness    inferred    to 

exist  in  the  non-ego :    correlativ  of  object,  etc.)   'li-dsekt, 

I'dsekt. 
elaborate   adj.    (produced  by  labor;    workt   out   in   detail; 

highly  finisht;  painstaking)  i'laeb.-)-^3t,  (rapidly)   I'laebrot. 
elaeodlc  adj.  ricinoleic  [also  spelt  elaiodicl  eli'edik. 

J y^f    Qcure;  dthe,  0f/iin;   3  axrure,  d^/oy;    ^  shoe,   tSc/jew: 
wwhen;  ij  sing;  u  wh<7ever,  i  react,  oiu\\,  iiuiool,  i  it,  11  see: 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o:  door,  -DOtvo,  «.\ic^,  ^^^aN.vi\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  175 

^laeodoehon  n,  rump-gland  of  a  bird ;  uropygial  gland  [plur- 
al elaeodochal  eli'edd-ken. 

elaidio  adj,  (of  elain)  ele'idik. 

elaidin  n.  chemic  substance  [also  spelt  elaidine]  I'lee-i-din. 

elain  n.  olein  [also  spelt  elainej  I'lee-in;  {improperly)  I'leen. 

61an  n.  (impetuous  rush;  ardor;  dash)  e'leg. 

eland  n.  (Cape  elk)  'li-ldnd. 

elastic  adj,  (resuming  the  normal  form  after  being  distorted) 
ilaestik,  i1a:-stik. 

elasticity  n.  ilxs'tisi-ti,  eld'stisi-ti. 

elate  adj,  (exalted,  lofty)  ileet. 

elate  v.  (lift  on  high;  inspirit)  I'leet. 

elater  n.  (spring,  elasticity ;  skip-jack,  a  beetle ;  spore-dis- 
persing filament)  'ela-tdz. 

elater  n.  one  who  or  that  which  elates  [also  spelt  elatorl 
i'lee-t3e. 

Elean  adj,  (Eliac)  'li-li-sn. 

elecampane  n.  (plant;  sweetmeat)  eh-kaem'peen. 

elector  n.  (one  who  elects)  ilekta?. 

electrician  n.  (one  verst  in  electricity;  one  who  makes  or 
repairs  electric  apparatus)  ilek'tjiSan,  elek'tjijan. 

electricity  ».  ilek'tjisi-ti,  elek'tjisi-ti ;  {vulgarly)  ilek'tsisti, 
lek'tjisti,  ilek'tjizi-ti. 

electrize  v.  electrify  [also  spelt  electnsel  I'lcK-tjaiz. 

electrolier  n.  (cluster  of  electric  lamps)  i-lektjo'h:^. 

electrolyse  v,  decompose  by  electricity  [also  spelt  electro- 
lyse} i'lektE3-laiz. 

electrotypy  n.   (the  making  of  electrotypes)   i'}ekt£3-tai-pi. 

eleemosynary  adj,  (of  alms;  charitable)  eh'mosi-ne^i ;  (al- 
so) eh'mesi-naei,  eh'mesina-^i,  eh'mesin-^i;  {also)  eh- 
'mezi-nezri,  etc.;  {also)  eli-i'mesina-^i. 

elegant  adj.  (dainty;  graceful;  refined)  'eh-gant. 

elegiac  n.  (of  an  elegy)  I'hi-dsi-aek,  eh'dsai-aek, 

eleg^acal  adj.  (elegiac)  eh'dsai-d-kdl. 

eleg^ambns  n.  a  verse  consisting  of  a  dactylic  penthemim 
and  an  iambic  dimeter  [ploral  elegiambi}   eh-dsai'aembas. 

elegiast  n.  (elegist)  I'hi-dsi-aest,  eh'dsai-aest. 

eleg^st  n.  (writer  of  an  elegy)  'eh-dsist. 

elegise  v.  write  an  elegy;  write  an  elegy  on  [also  spelt  ele- 
gise} 'eh-dsaiz. 

elegy  n.  (song  of  lamentation,  etc.)  'eh-dsi. 

elementary  adj,  (of  elements;  rudimentary)  eh'menta-^i, 
{rapidly)  eh'mentEi. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  noxu,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceditig  soMtv^  \?»  \^^?»\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ioWov^itig,  s.^\\2i^^^« 


176  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

elenoh  n.  (a  refutation;  sophism;  elenchus)  I'iegk. 
elenoliie  adj.  (elenctic)  ilegkik. 
elenotio  adj,  (of  refutation)  I'iegktik. 
elephantiasis  n.  (skin-disease)  eh-fxn'tai-9-sis. 
elephantine    adj.    (of   elephants;    clumsy)    eh'faen-tin,    eh- 

'fantin,  eh'fan-tain. 
elephantoid  adj.  (elephant-like)  eh'faen-teid,  'eh-fsen-teid. 
Elensinian  adj.  (of  Eleusis)  eliu'sini-an. 
61dve  n.  (pupil)  e^ev. 
eleven    adj.,  n.    I'levan ;    (dialectally,    colloquially,    vulgarly) 

I'lebm,  levan,  'Icbm. 
elf  n.  sprite ;  fairy ;  goblin  [ploral  elvesl  elf. 
Eliao  adj,  (of  Elis;  Elean)  'li-li-sek. 
elicit  V,  (draw  out;  gain)  I'hsit. 
eligible  adj.  (fit  to  be  chosen;  suitable)  'ehdsd-bdl;  (assump- 

tivly)  'eh-dsabal,  (rapidly)  'ehdsbal. 
elision  n.  (a  cutting  off;  the  suppression  of  a  vowel  sound 

or  of  a  syllable)  ilisan. 
elisor  n,   (one  of  two  persons  who  select  a  jury)   'eh-zsz, 

61ite  n.  (a  choice  or  select  body;  best  part)  e'hit. 

elixir  n.  (preparation  for  changing  metals  into  gold,  or  for 

prolonging  life;  sovereign  remedy)  I'hksa?. 
Elizabethan  adj.   (of  Elizabeth)   i-lizs'bii-Oan,  i-hzd'beOsn, 

i1iz3-be0an. 
ell  n.  (measure)  el. 

ellipse  n.  regular  oval  [ploral  ellipses']  ilips. 
ellipses  n.  (ploral  of  ellipsis)  I'hp-siz. 
ellipsis  n.  rarely,  an  ellipse;  usually,  an  ommission;  a  sign 

of  ommission,  as  a  dash,  or  a  series  of  stars  or  periods 

[ploral  ellipses']  ilipsis. 
elm  n.  (tree)  elm;  (dialectally)  'elam. 
eloention  n.  (art  of  speaking,  etc.)  eld'kQou-Sdn. 
eloontive  adj.  of  elocution  [also  spelt  elocutiv]  ilek^o-tiv, 

'ela-k^utiv. 
61og;e  n.  (panegyric)  eloos.  ' 

elog^nm   n,   elogy ;    funeral   oration ;    eloge,    [ploral    elogia] 

i1oo-d5i-9m. 
elogy  n.  obsolete  (explanatory  inscription;  characterization; 

elogium;  eulogy)  'ela-dsi. 
Elohist  n.  (writer  of  the  parts  of  the  Pentateuch  in  which 

"Elohim"  is  used  instead  of  "Yahveh")  elDO-hist,  'elo-hist, 

'elo-ist. 

jyc,   gcure;  bthe,   0  f/iin ;   3  a^rure,  ds/oy;    \  shoe,  tSc/iew; 
wzvhen;  tjsing;  u  wh<7ever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  iiuiooV,  \\t,  lisee; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o:  door,  ootvo,  t\ic^,  t^^oX^N 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  177 

eloin.  V,  abscond;  convey  out  of  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court 
or  sheriff  [also  spelt  eloign,  eloitie,  eloigne}  I'lein, 

elongate  v.  (prolong;  lengthen)  i'ie:i]-get,  'ii-ler|-get. 

elongate  culj,  (long,  slender)  ileig-get. 

elimnenee  ».  (fine  speaking)  'eU-kiudns. 

else  adj.  els,  elts. 

elsewhere  adv,  (somewhere  else)  'els-we:?,  els'we:;. 

elnde  v,  (escape  or  avoid  by  artifice;  evade)  I'Houd. 

eludlble  adj.  (capable  of  being  eluded)  I'Hou-da-bal. 

elnsive  adj,  [also  spelt  elusivl  I'liou-siv,  iliou-ziv. 

elnsory  o^^j-  (tending  to  elude;  hard  to  get  hold  of)  iliou- 
S9-ZI,  (rapidly)  i1iou-S3i;  {also)  i'liou-z3-?i. 

Elysian  adj.  (of  Elysium;  beatific;  glorious)  ilisan,  ilizi-sn, 
i1i3i-3n,  (rarely)  ilisjan. 

elytron  n.  sheath;  wing-cover,  elytrum  [ploral  elytral  '^li- 
tjan,  'ch-tjen,  ilai-ts^n, 

elytmm  n.  wing-cover;  elytron  [ploral  elytra"]  'ch-tjam. 
n,  tjrpe  [also  spelt  Elziver]  'elzi-va?,  'elzi-vi:?. 
n.  (unit  of  tjrpe-measurement)  em. 
pron,  them  [also  spelt  em]  sm. 

emaciate  adj,  (make  lean;  deprive  of  flesh)  I'mee-^i-et. 

emasenlate  v.  (castrate;  enfeeble)  I'maeskgo-let. 

embalm  v.  (preserve  from  decay  by  means  of  spices,  etc.) 
em'baim. 

embarkation  n.  action  of  embarking  [also  spelt  emharca- 
tion]  em-boz^ee-Ssn. 

embarrass  v,  (hamper;  disconcert;  complicate  [pest  parti- 
ciple and  preterit  embarrassed,  embarrast]  em'baezas. 

embassador  n.  em'baess-dd?.    same  meaning  as  ambassador, 

embassy  n.   (function  of  ambassador;   residence  of  an  am- 
bassador, etc.)  'embd-si. 

embed  v.  [synonymous  cognate  imbed]  cm'bed. 

embellisb  v.  beautify;  ornament  [past  participle  and  prete- 
rit embellished,  embellisht]  em'behS. 

embezzle  v.  (divert  fraudulently  to  one's  own  use)  em'bezsl. 

embitter  v,  [synonymous  cognate  imbitter]  em'hitdz. 

emblazon  v,  (portray  conspicuously)  em'blee-zdn. 

emblema  n.  inlaid  emblem;  mosaic  ornament  [ploral  emble- 
mata]  em'blii-md. 

emblematist  n.  (one  who  invents  emblems;  emblem-writer) 
'embhma-tist,  em'Wema-tist. 

emblematize  v.  represent  by  an  emblem  [also  spelt  emble- 
matise] 'cmMima-taiz,  em'blema-taiz. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy\  a:  far,  qo  noiw,  ^^  a^V.,  «L\VA\fc\ 
}ength-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceditvR  somtv^  \%  \«tv.%\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ioWo^iTi^  «fC«W^^ 


178  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

embonpoint  n.  (fleshiness)  er)-ber)'pu)aer). 

embosom  v.  [synonymous  cognate  imbosom']  em'bozdm. 

emboss  v.  cause  to  bulge;  adorn  with  bosses  [past  participle 
and  preterit  embossed,  embosti  em'bois,  (rarely)  em'bes. 

embonobure  ».  (mouth  of  a  river;  mouthpiece)  oqbu'So:?. 

embowel  v,  remove  the  viscera  from;  disembowel  [present 
participle  emboweling,  embowelling ;  past  participle  and 
preterit     emboweled,  embowelled,  emboweldl  em'bau-al. 

embrace  v.  (clasp  in  the  arms;  accept  gladly)  em'b^ees. 

embracer  n.  one  who  attempts  to  corrupt  a  jury  [also  spelt 
embraceor,  embrasor"]  em^zze-ssz. 

embrasnre  n.  bevel  at  the  sides  of  an  opening ;  beveld  open- 

.  ing  [also,  formerly,  spelt  embrasure'^  em'b^ee-33^,  em'b^ee- 
zJ9?,  {rarely)  embea'zjo:?,  cmbra'sorr;  {sometimes,  in  mili- 
tary use)  'emb?3-53?. 

embroglio  n.  em'bzooH^)  em^broo-li-o.  same  meaning  as 
imbroglio, 

embryo  n.  (fetus;  germ)  'cmb?i-o. 

embryonal  adj.  (of  an  embryo)  'embzri-a-nl. 

emend  v.  (remove  errors  from;  correct)  I'mend. 

emendate  v.  (remove  errors  from;  correct)  'li-men-det. 

emendation  n.  (correction)  imen'dee-$3n,  emsn'dee-Sdn. 

emendator  n.  (corrector)  'emsn-deta?,  'li-man-detar. 

emeritus  adj,  (honorably  discharged  from  service)   I'me^i- 

t9S. 

emersion  n.  (coming  out;  emergence)  I'me^S^n;  {improperly) 

i'mB:?-33n.    compare  immersion. 
entery  n,  (impure  corundum  used  for  grinding  and  polishing) 

'em3-?i;  {anteriorly)  'emari,  {rapidly)  'em^i. 
emetieise  v.  cause  to  vomit   [also  spelt  emeticisel   I'meti- 

saiz. 
emetine  n.  alkaloid  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  emetini  'emi-tin, 

'emi-tain. 
6mente  n.  (riot,  outbreak)  e'matt. 

emigrant  n.   (one  who  quits  one  country  to  settle  in   an- 
other:   distinguisht  from  immigrant)  'emi-g^ant. 
emigrate  v.  'emi-gzet. 
eminent   adj.   (high   in   rank,   conspicuous)   'emi-nant;    {as- 

sumptivly)  'eminant,  {rapidly)  'emnant. 
emir  n.  [also  spelt  emeer ;  synonymous  cognates  ameer,  amirl 

I'mi:?,  e'mi:?,  'li-ma?. 
emissary  n,  (person  sent;  also,  outlet;  duct)  'emi-se^i. 
emission  «.  (an  emitting  or  sending  out;  discharge)  I'mijan. 

J  ye,   gcure;  dthe,   O^Mn;   sasure,  d^/oy;   I  shoe,  tl  chew; 
wwhen;  tjsing',  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  oulooV,  \Vl,  \\^ee; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  0:  door,  -aotvo,  «.\ic^,  t^^oX.^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  179 

emit  V.  (send  foitli;  Tcnt;  discharge)  x'mit. 
emmeaagocme  u.  xnedicixi  ial&o  spelt  cmmcnagog\  I'mcnd- 

geg,  I'mii-n^-gog. 
e]ii.<illia.te  r.  (.soften;  render  feminin)  I'meti-et. 
emolliemt  adj.  softening  lalso  spelt  cmolicnt\  i'nio)i.>nt. 
emolvaaemt  «•  (profit  from  office;  salar>')  I'motiu-nidnt. 
empanel  n.  em'paeid.    same  meaning  as  impanel. 
emperor  n.  (ruler  of  an  empire)  'cmp^rdz:. 
empliasis  fi.  vigor  of   statement;   stress   [plural   cmphascs\ 

'emfd-sis. 
emphasise  v.  stress  [also  spelt  emphasise'^  "cnifa-saiz. 
empjbrie  n.  (one  who  relies  on  experience;  quack)  cm'picik. 
empirieisBt  n.  (empiric  method)  cm'pin-sizdin. 
employ^  s.  eq-pLiDo'jee,  em^tei'ee.     same  mcaninj;  as  cm- 

ployee.  • 

employee  n.  one  who  is  employed  or  works  for  waf^cs  or 

salary  [also  spelt  employe;  synonymous  cognates  cmplnyu^, 

employee'^  em-pz^i'n. 
employee   n.   (a  female  employee)   eg-pLu^o'jec,   cin-pi.oiVo. 
employer  n.  (one  who  employs  or  uses;  one  who  employs 

servants  or  working-people)  em'pLoi-dz. 
empress  n,   (consort  of  an  emperor;   woman  who  rules  an 

empire)  'emp3is;  {dialectally)  'emp-p-sis. 
empressemeat  s.  (eagerness;  cordiality)  oq'psrs-moi]. 
emprise   n.  undertaking;   enterprise;    mariial   pruwcss    [also 

spelt  emprise}  em'p\aiz. 
empty  adj.  (void;  vacant;  meaningless)  'cmpti. 
empty-l&eaded  adj.    [also   spelt   cmpty-hcdcd]   cmpti'hrdid, 

{assumptivly)  'empti-hedid. 
empyema   n,    (pyothorax)    empi'ii-ma;    {less   properly)    rm- 

pai'ii-ma. 
empyreal   adj.   (of  the   empsrrean;   celestial;    sublime)    cm- 

'pi3i-3l,  empiVii-9},  em-pai'rii-al. 
empyrean  n.   (the  highest  heaven;   the   firmament;    cosmic 

space)   empi'gii-an,  em'piei-an,  em-pai'ni-on. 
empyrenma  n.  the  burnt-smell  of  heated  animal   or   vege- 
table matter  [plural  empyreumata}  empi'rDu-mo. 
emn  n.  three-toed  ratite  bird  [also  spelt  emeu,  emew]  'li-mju. 
emulsion  n.  (milky  liquid)  I'mAl^on. 
emnlsive  adj.  [also  spelt  eniulsiv]  I'mxlsiv. 
enallase  n.   (substitution   of  one  grammatical   form   for  an 

other)  I'nxta-dsi,  e'naela-dsi. 
enamel   v.   [present   participle   enameling,   enamelling;    past 


c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  qo  nou\  a*.  a^k>  ^\k\\ft\ 
Izngtb-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soutv<i  \%  \^tvV> 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  toWoN«iti^  «^\VaXi^^. 


180  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

■ 

participle  and  preterit  enameled,  enamelled,  enameldl 
I'naemdI. 

eiLameler  n.  [also  spelt  enameller}  I'naemd-ld?. 

enamor  v,  inspire  with  love  [also  spelt  enamour;  past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  enamored,  enamord}  e'naemaz. 

enarthrosis  n.   (ball-and-socket  joint)  en-az'Osoo-sis. 

encage  v,  confine  in  a  cage  [synonymous  cognate  incagej  en- 
'keed3. 

encase  v.  en'kees.     same  meaning  as  incase. 

enceinte  n.  (enclosure)  eg'seent,  er)'sxr)t. 

enceinte  adj.  (pregnant)  eg'seent,  eg'saegt. 

encenia  n.  dedication-festival  [also  spelt  encaenia;  ploral 
encenial  en'sii-ni-a, 

enceplialic  adj.  (of  the  encephalon)   ensi'faehk,  en'^sefs-hk. 

enceplialon  n.  contents  of  the  skull;  brain  [ploral  encepha- 
/a]  en'sefd-lsn. 

encbant  v,  (bewitch)  en'tSa:nt,  en'tSaint,  en'tSaemt. 

encbiridion  n,  handbook;  manual  [ploral  enchiridions,  en- 
chiridia}  enki'zidi-sn,  en-kai'zidi-sn. 

enclasp  v.  [former  synonymous  cognate  inclasp}  en'kLa:sp. 

enclave  n.  (shut-in  territory)  en'kteev,  ei)'ki^:v. 

enclave  v.  have  a  dove-tail  border :  said  of  an  ordinary 
[synonymous  cognate  inclave}  en'kteev,  oi]'ki.a:v. 

enclisis  n.  (pronunciation  as  an  enclitic;  inclination)  'cnkz.i- 
sis. 

enclose  v.  surround,  envelop;  insert  in  an  envelop  [synon- 
ymous cognate  inclose}  en'kLOoz. 

enclosure  n.  [synonymous  cognate  inclosure}  en'kL30-337. 

enconiinm  n.  eulogy;  panegyric  [ploral  encomiums,  encomia} 
en'koo-mi-sm. 

encompass  v,  surround  [past  participle  and  preterit  encom- 
passed, encompastl  en'kAmpss. 

encore  n.  (call  for  a  repetition;  repeated  performance)  'erj- 
ko:z,  eq'ko:?. 

enoonrage  v,  (inspire;  incite;  countenance)  en'kszids,  en- 
'kA^ids. 

encrinite  n.  (fossil  crinoid)  'enlcsi-nait. 

encumber  v.  hamper;  burden;  block  up  [former  synony- 
mous cognate  incumber}  enlcAmbd?. 

encnmbrance  n.  [synonymous  cognate  incumbrance}  en- 
'kAmbrsns. 

encyclical  adj.  (intended  for  extensiv  circulation)  en'sikz.1- 
kal,  en'sai-kti-kal. 

JJ^c,   gcure;  dthe,  Bthin;   5  asure,  d^/oy;    ^  shoe,  tlchew; 
wwAen;  t)sing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiu\\>  \iuiool,  itt,  lis^^; 
o  poetic;  d  Qver,  eaerialy  A  but,  o*.  doot,  -ao-n-o,  t.\ic^,  ^.^^oX^N 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  181 

enoyelopedia  n.  circle  of  learning;  book  [also  spelt  ency- 
clopaedidl  en-sai-kLa'pii-di-a,  (anteriorly)  en-sai-ki^a'pii-dja. 

enoyolopedio  adj.  [also  spelt  encyclopaedic^  en-sai-kz.3'pii- 
dik,  en-sai-kLd'pedik. 

enoyolopedist  n.  [also  spelt  encyclopaedist}  en-sai-kLs'pii- 
dist. 

enoyst  v.  (enclose  in  a  cyst,  capsule,  or  bag)  en'sist, 

endeaTor  n.  effort ;  try  [also  spelt  endeavour,  endevor ;  past 
participle  and  preterit  endeavored,  endevord"}  en'devae. 

endeictic  adj.  (serving  to  show;  probativ)  en'daik-tik. 

endive  n.  (succory,  etc.)  'en-daiv,  'endiv. 

endogen.  n.  (inside-growing  plant,  as  a  palm)  'ends-dsin. 

eadogenoiis  culj.  (growing  from  within;  internal)  en'ded3i- 
nss. 

endopodite  n.  (inner  division  of  a  crustacean's  limb)  en- 
'dep9-dait. 

endorse  v,  write  on  the  back  of  [synonymous  cognate  in- 
dorse; past  participle  and  preterit  endorsed,  endorsf}  en- 
'deizs. 

endorsement  n.  [synonymous  cognate  indorsement}  en- 
'dei^s-mant. 

endorser  n,   [synonymous  cognate  indorser}   en'de:z:-s97. 

endosmose  n.  (transmission  of  a  fluid  inward  thru  a  sep- 
tum; endosmosis)  'endss-mos,  'en-dez-mos. 

endne  v.  bring  in;  assume;  clothe;  invest  [synonymous  cog- 
nate indue}  en'djou. 

enema  n.  clyster;  injection  [ploral  enemas,  enemata}  I'nii- 
m9,  'eni-ma. 

enemata  n.  (ploral  of  enema)  I'nems-td. 

enemy  n.  hostil  person;  opponent  [plural  enemies}  'eni-mi. 

energize  v.  [also  spelt  energise}  'enszr-dsaiz. 

energ^men  n.  (demoniac;  one  possest)  endz'gjuu-mdn. 

enervate  v,  (weaken)  'ena^-vet,  I'nerzr-vet. 

enfeoff  v,  invest  with  a  fief;  hand  over  as  a  fief;  sur- 
render; enfief  [former  synonymous  cognate  infeoff}  en'fef. 

enfief  v.  en'fiif.    same  meaning  as  enfeoff, 

enfilade  n.  (suite;  raking  fire)  enfi'leed,  'enfi-leed. 

enfold  V.  en'foold.    same  meaning  as  infold. 

enforceable  adj.  capable  of  being  enforced  [also  spelt  enfor- 
cible}  en'foiz-sa-bal. 

enf rancldse  v.  (free,  release ;  confer  citizen's  rights  or  vot- 
ing-power upon)  en'f3a:n-tSaiz,  en'fsain-tjiz,  en'fsaen-tSaiz, 
en'f^aentSiz. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  oi  boy;  a:  far,  ao  noTW,  Bl*.  a?k,  «aV.\\.^% 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  souiv^  \s  \^xvv, 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  io\\o^Mlti%  ^^WsiJ^^.. 


182  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

enfrancMsement   n.   en'f3a:n-tSis-m9nt,    en'f3a:n-tSiz-m9nt, 

en'fsaentSiz-mant. 
engine  n.  contrivance,   machine   [also   spelt  engin}  'endsin; 

{dialectally  or  vulgarly)  'in-dsain,  'indsin. 
engineer  n.  znd^i'nv.z. 
enginery  n.  engins  collectivly,  etc.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  en- 

ginry'}  'end3in-ei,  'endsina-zi. 
English  adj.,n.,v.  'iqglish;  (in  Ireland)  'eqghS;   {improper- 
ly, among  German- Americans,  etc.)  'iqhS. 
engraft  v.  en'g^aift.     same  meaning  as  ingraft. 
engrain  v.  en'g^een.    same  meaning  as  ingrain. 
engrave  v.  (carve  on  a  surface ;  incise)  en'g^eev. 
engross  z>.  write  in  large  letters;  absorb;  monopolize   [past 

participle  and  preterit  engrossed,  engrost}  en'gz^oos. 
engnlf  v,  plunge  into  a  gulf  or  abyss   [synonymous  cognate 

ingulf;  past  participle  and  preterit  engulfed,  engulf t}   en- 

'gAlf. 
enhance  v.  (raise;  intensify;  increase)  en'hams. 
enigma  n.  riddle   [also,  formerly,  spelt  aenigma}   i^nigma. 
enig^matic  adj.   (of  an  enigma)  enig'msetik,  inig'maetik. 
enisle  v.  [synonymous  cognate  inisle]  e'nail. 
enlighten  7/.  (throw  light  on ;  instruct)  en'lai-tn. 
en  masse  adv,  in  mass;   bodily;   all  together   [also  spelt  en 

mass}  oq'ma:s,  orj'mats,  eq'mais. 
enneagon  n.  (nine-angled  polygon)  'eni-3-gen. 
ennoble  v.  (give  the  rank  of  nobility  to ;  make  noble)  en'noo- 

bsl,  e'nDo-bal. 
ennni  n.  (mental  weariness ;  boredness ;  tedium)  orj'nwii,  '013- 

nwi. 
ennny6  adj.  (affected  with  ennui;  bored)  ©qnwi'jee. 
enough  adj.  (sufficient)  I'nAf. 
enquire  v.  zn'kwajz.     same  meaning  as  inquire. 
enquiry  n.  en'kiuai-^i.     same  meaning  as  inquiry, 
en  rapport  adv.  (in  relation  or  connection)  eq-zrae'po:?. 
enrol  v.  write  on  a  roll  or  list;   register;   enter  among"  the 

rolls;  form  into  a  roll  [also  spelt  enroll]  past  participle  and 

preterit  enroled,  enrolled,  enrold}  en'zool. 
enrolment  n.  [also  spelt  enrollment}  en'rool-mant. 
en  route  adv.  (on  the  way;  upon  the  road)  orj'rout. 
ensconce  v.  (establish  in  a  place,  as  for  concealment  or  com- 
fort) en'skonts,  (in  Britain)  en'skens. 
ensemble  n.    (all  the   parts  taken   together ;   general   effect) 

©ij'sombg},  erj'sembi.. 

JJ^^f    gcure;   d  the,   0  f/iin;    sarure,   ds/oy;    ^  shoe,    tjc/rew; 
wzt/hen;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  o  iu\\,  viMioo\,  \\t,  ixsec, 
o poetic;  9  over,   e  aerial,  Abtit,  o:  door,  ;)otvo,  «,\ie^,  ^^^(3l\.^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  183 

ensign,  n.   (sign;   emblem;  badge;   banner;    flag;   standard- 
bearer)  'en-sain. 

ensign  v.  (distingtiish  by  a  sign  such  as  a  cross,  coronet,  or 
miter)  en'sain,  'en-sain. 

ensigncy  n,  (rank  of  an  ensign)  'en-sain-si. 

ensilage  n.  (preserving  of  fodder  in  a  silo  or  pit)  'ensi-lids. 

ensile  v,  (put  into  a  silo)  en'sail,  'en-sail. 

ensnare  v,  en'sNe:z:.     same  meaning  as  insnare. 

ensue  v.  (be  subsequent;  follow;  result)  en's^ou. 

en  snite  adv,  (in  a  set;  forming  a  series)  eg'siuiit. 

ensnre  v,  en'^o:?.    same  meaning  as  insure, 

entasis  n.  (swelling  of  the  shaft  of  a  column)  'ent9-sis. 

enteleoliy  n.  (realization;  soul)  en'teh-ki. 

enter  v.  go  or  come  in,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit 
entered,  enter dl  'entaz. 

enteric  adj.  (intestinal)  en'tezrik. 

enteritis  n.  (inflammation  of  the  intestins)  enti'^ai-tis. 

enteron  n,  intestin  [plural  enteral  'enti-^en. 

enterprise  n.  undertaking  [also  spelt  enterprize"]  'entsr-psaiz. 

enterprising  adj.  [also  spelt  enterprising^  'ent37-p3ai-.zir|. 

enthrall  v.  make  a  thrall  of ;  hold  in  thrall ;  enslave  [also 
spelt  enthral',  synonymous  cognates  inthrall,  inthral;  past 
participle  and  preterit  enthralled,  enthraldl  en'93c:l. 

enthrallment  n.  [also  spelt  enthralment ;  synonymous  cog- 
nate inthralment'i  en'93c:l-m9nt. 

enthnsiasm  n.  (possession  by  a  god;  rapture)  en'Ogou-zi- 
aezdm. 

enthymeme  n.  (argument  based  on  probability;  syllogism  in 
which  one  premis  is  supprest)  'en0i-mim. 

entirety  n.  completeness;  whole  [synonymous  cognate  cn- 
tiertyl  en'taiz:-ti,   (often)  en'taia?-ti. 

entitative  adj.  of  mere  existence;  real  [also  spelt  entitativ} 
'enti-tetiv,  'entita-tiv. 

enton&olog:y  n.  (science  of  insects)  entd'mols-dsi. 

entourage  n.  (surroundings;  environment;  attendants  of  a 
superior)  erjtu^za:^. 

entozoon  n.  internal  parasite;  entozoan  [also  spelt  entozo- 
on;  plural  entozoal  enta'zoo-an. 

entr'acte  ».  (interval  between  two  acts  of  a  play)  eq'tjakt. 

entrail  n.  (internal  organ;  bowel;  intestin;  gut)  'en-t£el. 

entrance  ».  (a  coming  or  going  in ;  door,  etc.)  'entjans. 

entrance  v.  (throw  into  a  trance-like  state)  en'tja:ns,  cn- 
't£a:ns,  en'tjaems. 

c:  low,  b:  f«r,  as  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  qd  noiu,  a*.  asV,  ^\V\\^% 

length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the   preceding  souxv^  -l^  X^^-^' 

stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ioWoYJins  s^\\;)X>\' 


184  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

entrant  n,  (one  who  or  that  which  enters;  beginner)  'en- 
tfisnt. 

entree  n.  action  of  entering ;  admission ;  made  dish  servd  be- 
tween courses  [also  spelt  entri'\  eg'tjee,  'en-tje. 

entremets  n,pL  (side-dishes,  etc.)  er)t£9'mee. 

entreneh  v.  cn't£ent$,  en'tsenS.     same  meaning  as  intrench. 

entre  nons  adv.  (between  ourselves)  er)t£9'nou. 

entrepdt  n.  (deposit  of  goods;  storehouse;  distributing-cen- 
ter) 'eqtj3-po. 

entresol  n.  mezzanine  story  [synonymous  cognate  entersole, 
intersolel  'entaz-sel,  'oi]t£3-seh 

entrust  v.  en't£Ast«    same  meaning  as  intrust. 

entTvlne  v*  [synonymous  cognate  intwinej  en'twain. 

enunciate  v,  (express  definitly;  proclaim;  pronounce)  I'uAn- 
Ji-et,  I'nAnsi-et. 

enunciation  n.  i-nAnSi'ee-San,  i-nAnsi'ee-Sdn. 

enurny  adj.  charged  with  beasts:  said  of  a  bordure  [also 
spelt  enurneyl  en'seni. 

envelop  n.  wrapper;  covering  [also  spelt  envelope}  'enva- 
lop,  'env3-lop,  en'velsp,  'eqva-lop;   (rapidly)  'envlap,  etc. 

envelop  v,  wrap;  cover  [also  spelt  envelope;  past  participle 
and  preterit  enveloped,  envelopt}  en'velap. 

envious  adj.  (full  of  envy)  'envi^ss,  'envjas. 

environment  n.  (that  which  environs;  surrounding  condi- 
tions collectivly)  en'vai-^an-mant. 

environs  n.pl,  (outskirts;  surrounding  districts)  en'vai-i:9nz, 
'env9-?anz. 

envoy  n.  (messenger)  'en-vei;  (less  properly)  'en-vei. 

envoy  ».  (postscript,  ending)  'en-vei,  en'vei, 

enivall  v.  en'w'c:!.    same  meaning  as  inwall. 

enx^rap  v.  en'zaep.     same  meaning  as  inwrap. 

enzym  n.  ferment;  levend  bread  [also  spelt  ensymel  'cnzim. 

Eocene  n,  (division  of  the  Tertiary)  'li-a-sin. 

Eolian  adj.  of  Aeolis  or  Aeolia;  eolic;  also,  of  Aeolus,  the 
wind-god  [also  spelt  Aeoliani  i'oo-li-9n,  i'oo-lian. 

Eolidae  n.  pi,  i'eh-di.     same  meaning  as  Eolididae. 

Eolididae  n.pl.  family  of  mollusks  [also  spelt  Aeolididae; 
synonymous  cognates  Eolidae,  Aeolidae}  i-alidi-di. 

eoUpile  n.  rotary  steam  toy  [also  spelt  aeolipile,  aeolipyle, 
eolipylel  'li-ah-pail,  i'eh-pail. 

eon  n.  age,  era,  cycle;  eternity  [also  spelt  aeoni  'li-en,  'li-an. 

eonian  adj.  everlasting  [also  spelt  aeonian"]  i'oo-ni-sn. 

eonic  adj.  cyclic;  eternal  [also  spelt  aeonic}  i'enik. 

/jfe,    g  cure;  d  the,   0  thin ;   5  asrure,  ds  joy ;   S  ^^oe,   tS  cheyr ; 
wze/hen;  tj  sing;  u  wh<7ever,  i react,  oiuVV,  \5Mioo\,  \\l,  \\^ee\ 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o:  door,  oQt^o,  t.\)c^,  \i,e^^a\&\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  185 

eosin  n.  red  dye  [also  spelt  eosine}  'li-d-sin. 
Eozoio  adj.  (of  early  animal  life)  i-9'z3o-ik. 
epact  n.  (intercalated  day  or  days)  'li-paekt,  'e-pxkt. 
epanlet  n.  shoulder-piece  [also  spelt  epaulette"}  'ep9-49t,  ^epd- 

let. 
epanlment  n.  earthwork  [also  spelt  epaulement}  e'pcil-mdnt. 
epenceplialic  adj,  e-pensi'faehk,  epen'sefs-lik,  ep-en'sefs-hk, 
epencephalon  n.  hind-brain;   metencephalon   [plural   epen- 

cephalal  epen'sefa-lan. 
epenthesis  n.  insertion  of  a  letter  or  syllable;  transference 

of  a  semi-vowel  to  the  preceding  syllable  [ploral  epentheses} 

i'pen0i-sis,  i'pent9i-sis. 
epergne  n.  (center-dish  for  a  table)  i'pB:?n. 
ephah  n.  Hebrew  dry  measure  [also,  formerly,  spelt  ephal 

'ii-f9. 
ephebe  n.  (young  man;  ephebos)  I'fiib,  'e-fib. 
ephemera  n.  day-fly;  ephemerid;  something  transitory  [plor- 
-  al  ephemerae,  ephemeras}  I'fema-es. 
ephemeral  adj,  I'fems-rdl,  {rapidly)  I'izraz^X, 
ephemerie  adj,  (ephemeral)  I'fems-rik,  efi'mezik. 
epbemeris    n.    astronomic    almanac    [ploral    ephemeridesl 

I'fems-^is. 
ephod  n.  (priestly  vestment)  'e-fed,  {rarely)  'c-fod. 
ephor  n.  (magistrate)  'efs?. 

epibole  n.  figure  of  speech  [also  spelt  epiboly}  i^pibd-li. 
epiboly  n.  gastrulation  [also  spelt  epibole}  I'piba-li. 
epielesis  n.  invocation :   a  part  of  the  prayer  of  consecration 

[also  spelt  epiklesis}  epi'kLii-sis. 
epionre  n.  (one  who  is  choice  and  dainty  in  regard  to  food) 

'epi-k^o:?. 
epienrean  adj.,n.  epi-kgo'zii-sn. 
Epienrean   n.    (disciple    of   Epicurus)    epi-k^o^^ii-dn ;    {less 

properly)  epilkgor-ri-an. 
epieyemate  adj,  (having  the  embryo  on  a  large  yolk:    said 

of  certain  fishes  and  batrachians)  epi-sai'ii-met. 
epideieiio  adj.  epi'daik-tik.    same  meaning  as  epidictic, 
epidentle  adj,  (temporarily  prevalent  among  a  people)  epi- 

'demik. 
epidermis  n.  (outer  skin;  cuticle;  scarf-skin)  epi'dei^-mis. 
epidieiio  adj,  demenstrativ  [synonymous  cognate  epideictic, 

epideiktic}  epi'diktik. 
epigeal  adj.  epigeous ;  living  near  the  ground  [also  spelt  epi- 

gaeal}  epi'dsii-al. 

c:  low,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a*.  a^V,  ^\V\\.^\ 

length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceditvg  soutv^  \^  V>x\^ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  lo\\o\«\n^  s>jW;jX:\ 


186  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

epigeons  adj.  just  above  ground;  epigean  [also  spelt  epigae- 
ous\  epi'd3ii-9S. 

epiglottis  n.  leaf-like  cartilage  forming  the  lid  of  the  glot- 
tis [ploral  epiglottidesi  cpi'glotis. 

epigram  n.  (short  poem;  pithy  saying)  'epi-g^aem. 

epigraphy  n.  (inscriptions  collectivly;  study  of  epigraphs) 
I'pig^a-fi. 

epig3rxLoii9  adj,  (on  the  top  of  the  ovary)  I'pidsi-nss. 

epilepsy  n.  (falling-sickness)  'epi-lepsi. 

epilogize  v.  (use  epilogs)  'epil3-d3aiz,  I'pils-dsaiz. 

epilog^ne  n.  concluding  part  of  a  literary  work;  appendix 
[also  spelt  epilogj  'epi-leg. 

epilog^nize  v,  {obsolete)  deliver  an  epilog;  put  an  epilog  to 
[also  spelt  epiloguise'\  'epi-leg-aiz. 

Epiphany  n.  (festival  commemorating  the  manifestation  of 
Christ  to  the  Gentiles  in  the  persons  of  the  Magi)  I'pifs-ni. 

epiphany  n.  (manifestation  or  appearance  of  a  divine  or 
supernatural  being)  I'pifa-ni. 

epiphysis  n.  a  portion  of  bone  which  has  grown  from  a  dis- 
tinct center :  distinguisht  from  apophysis  [ploral  epiphyses} 
I'pifi-sis. 

epiploce  n.  (interweaving  of  clauses;  climax)  i'pipL3-si. 

episode  n.  (incidental  narrativ  or  part)  'epi-sod;  (less  prop- 
erly) 'epi-zod. 

episodic  adj.  (of  episode;  incidental)  epi'sedik. 

epistle  n.  (letter)  I'pisal,  I'pisl;  (erroneously)  I'pisth 

epistler  n.  letter-writer;  one  who  reads  the  epistle  in  the 
communion  service  [synonymous  cognates  epistoler,  epis- 
toller}  i'pisi.3?,  i'pistL3^. 

epistolize  v.  [also  spelt  epistolise}  I'pists-laiz. 

epistolizer  n.  letter-writer  [also  spelt  epistoliser"]  I'pista-lai- 
za?. 

epistoma  n.  a  part  on  or  in  front  of  the  mouth ;  epistome ; 
epistom  [ploral  epistomata'l  I'pista-ma. 

epistrophe  n.  (a  figure  of  speech  in  which  each  clause  ends 
with  the  same  word;  cyclic  composition)  i'pist£3-fi. 

epistrophy  n.  (reversion  to  a  normal  form)  I'pistja-fi. 

epitaph  «,  (inscription  on  a  tombstone)  'epi-ta:f,  'epi-ta:f 
'epi-tae:f. 

epithalaminm  n.  nuptial  song  [plural  epithalamiums,  epi- 
thalamia']  epiGa'lee-mi-ara. 

epithelium  n.  (superficial  layer  of  cells  of  mucous  mem- 
branes, etc.)  epi'Gii-H-am,  (anteriorly)  epi'Gii-Ham. 

J  ye,    gcure;  d  the,   9  f  ^in ;   3  a^ure,  ds/oy;    ^  shoe,   tjc/iew; 
wzt/hen;  ij  sing;  u  wh<7ever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  ouiool,  lit,  lis^^; 
o  poetic;  o  over,  e  serial,  Abtit,  o;dooT,  ootvo,  t\ie^,  «.^^a\.^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  187 

epitome  n.  (abridgment;  summary)  I'pita-mi;  {erroneously) 

'epi-tom. 
epitomize  v.  [also  spelt  epitomise'}  I'pits-maiz. 
epizootic  n.  a  disease  temporarily  prevalent  among  animals; 

plague   among   animals    [also    spelt   epizootic'}    epi-zo'etik; 

{erroneously)  epi'zou-tik. 
epizooty  n.  epizootic  [also  spelt  epizooty}  epi'z30-9-ti. 
epocli  n.  (point  of  time;  period)  'e-pek,  'epak,  'li-pek. 
epode  n.  (a  kind  of  lyric  poem;  part  of  a  lyric  ode)  'e-pod. 
eponym  n.  (one  who  gives  his  name  to  a  people,  place,  or 

institution;  eponymus)  'epa-nim. 
eponymie  adj.  (of  an  eponym)  epa'nimik. 
eponsrmons  adj.  (that  gives  his  name)  i'peni-m9s. 
epopee  n.  (epic  poem;  epic  poetry)  'epo-pi,  epo'pii. 
epos  n.  (an  epic  poem;  an  epopee)  'e-pes. 
epsilon  n.  (Greek  letter)  'epsi-lan,  ep'sai-len. 
epnral  adj.  on  the  tail  [synonymous  cognate  epiural}  I'pQo:- 

Epyomis  n.  gigantic  fossil  bird  [also  spelt  Aepyornis,  Epior- 

nis}  ipi'e:?-nis. 
eqnable  adj.  (uniform;  tranquil;  equally  proportiond)  'ekwa- 

bal,  'li-kiua-bal. 
eqnal  v.  [present  participle  equaling,  equalling;  past  parti- 
ciple and  preterit  equaled,  equalled,  equald}  'li-kujal. 
equality  n.  (condition  of  being  equal,  etc.)  i'kiuoh-ti. 
equalization  n.  [also  spelt  equalisation}  ikiudh'zee-Sdn. 
equalize  v,  [also  spelt  equalise}  'li-kwd-laiz,   (often)  'ikws- 

laiz. 
equally  adv.  'li-kiua-h,  (often)  'ikioa-h. 
equanimity  n.  (evenness  of  mind  or  temper;  unruffledness) 

iku)9'nimi-ti. 
equate  v.  (make  equal)  I'kujeet. 
equate  adj.  (smooth)  'li-kiuet. 
equation  n.  (action  of  making  equal;  statement  or  formula 

of  equality)  I'kiuee-San,  I'kioee-san. 
equatorial  adj.  (of  the  equator)  ikw^'toi-zi-^l, 
equery    n.    [also    spelt    equerry;    ploral    equeries}    'eku)3-ei, 

I'kwezi. 
eques  n.  Roman  knight  [plural  equites}  'li-kiuiz. 
equestrian  n.  (of  horse-riding;  mounted)  I'kiuestEi-an. 
equestrienne  n.  (horsewoman;  female  equestrian)  i-kiuestEi- 

'en. 
equiangular  adj.   (having  all  its  angles  equal ;    having  its 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  a  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  qo  no-u),  Bl*.  a^V,  ^\V\\.^\ 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sovin^  \^  V>x\^*. 
tress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  io\\0N«\xi?»  s^N^aSc^^ 


188  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

angles  equal  respectivly  to  the   angles  of  another  figure) 
ikwi'aeggju-ldz. 

eqniform   adj,    (identical   in    form;    shaped   alike)    'li-kwi- 
fei^m. 

eqnilibrant  n.  (system  of  forces  which  would  equilibrate  an- 
other system)  I'kioih-teant,  ikujilai-teant. 

equilibrate  v.  (balance)  ikiuilai-b^et. 

equilibration  n.  iku)ih'b?ee-S9n,  ikwi-lail)?ee-S3n. 

equilibrist  n.   (rope-walker;  acrobat)   I'kwih-bzrist,  ikwi'lai- 
brist,  {rarely)  ikujilibeist. 

equilibrium  n.  (balance)  ikwilibn-dm. 

equilibrize  v.  [also  spelt  equilibrise'}  I'kiuih-b^air. 

equine  adj.  (of  a  horse;  horse-like)  'li-kiuain. 

equinoctial  adj.   (of  the  equinox)  iktui^nek^dl,  ekiui'nekSd}. 

equinox  n.  (the  point  or  the  time  at  which  the  sun's  path 
crosses  the  equator)  'li-kiui-neks,  'ikuji-neks,  'ekuji-neks. 

equipage    n.    (equipment;    appurtenances;    horse    and    car- 
riage) 'ckuji-pids;  (erroneously)  I'kiripids. 

equipoise    n.    (perfect    balance;    counterpoise)    'ekwi-peiz, 
'li-kioi-peiz,  'ikuji-peiz. 

equipollent  adj.  (equal  in  power;  identical  in  effect)  ekiui- 
'pelant,  ikioi'pelant. 

equitable  adj.  (fair;  just)  'ckiuita-bal ;  (improperly)  I'kujita- 
bal. 

equites  n.  (ploral  of  eques)  'ekwi-tiz. 

equivalent  adj.  (equal  in  value;  tantamount)   I'kiuiva-lant. 

equivoke    n.   pun ;    word-play ;    ambiguity    [also    spelt    equi- 
voque'} 'eku)i-vok,  'ii-ku)i-vok. 

era  n.  period,  age ;  date  [also  spelt  aera ;  ploral  erasi  'r.-z^ ; 
(dialectally)  'li-zrs. 

erasable  adj.  that  can  be  erased  [also  spelt  erasible}  I'zee- 
sa-bdl. 

erased  adj.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  erased!  I'reest,  I'reezd. 

erasion  n.  (erasure)  I'^ee-ssn. 

Erasn&ian  adj.  (of  Erasmus)  I'zrsezmi-dn,  I'^aesMi-sn. 

erasure  n.  (action  of  erasing)  I'zee-sar,  I'ree-zja?,  I'zee-^dz. 

ere  adv.,  prep.,  conj.  (before)  e:z. 

erecter  n.  one  who  or  that  which  erects  [also  spelt  erector'} 
I'^ektar. 

erectile  adj.  capable  of  being  erected  or  set  upright   [also 
spelt  erectill  I'^ektil,  (rarely)  I'^ek-tail. 

erector  n.  a  muscle  which  erects;  erecting-glass  [ploral  erect- 
ors, erectores}  i^ztkt^z, 

J  ye,   gcure;  d  the,   0^/iin;   5  asure,  dj^/oy;   Wioe,   tjc/iew; 
wzt/Aen;  xjsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  \5Mioo\,  \\V,  \\^ec% 
o  poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abwt,  o*.  door,  ooivo,  t\ic^,  ^^^oX^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  189 

ereloas  (^^v,  (before  long;  soon)  eizleit),  (when  less  strest) 
ce'leii). 

eremaeansis  n.  (slow  combustion)  ezima'kci-sis. 

eremite  n.  (recluse;  hermit)  'ezi-mait. 

erethism  n.  excitement;  over-activity  [also  spelt  erythisml. 
'esri-Gizsm. 

ergo  conj.  (therefore)  'B:?-go,  'siz-go. 

ergot  n.  (stub;  morbid  growth)  'eie-get,  'sir-gst 

ermine  n.  the  stroat  or  its  fur  [also  spelt  ermin\  'B:?-min. 

erne  n.  eagle  [also  spelt  earn]  Birn. 

err  v.  go  astray  [past  participle  and  preterit  erred,  erdi  b:z, 

errand  n.  (mission)  'ez^nd. 

erratum  n.  error  [ploral  errata]  e'i:ee-t3m,  e'i:a:-t3m. 

errhine  n.  (nose-medicin)  'czin,  'e-^ain. 

erroneous  adj.   (containing  error;   incorrect)   eVoo-ni-as. 

error  n.  (action  of  erring;  mistake;  wrong-doing)  'e?3?. 

emea  n.  (larva;  caterpiller)  i'?ou-k3. 

erndite  n.  (learned;  scholarly)  'ezro-dait. 

erudition  n.  (learning;  scholarship)  ero'di^dn. 

eruginous  adj.  I'rou-dsi-nss.     same  meaning  as  aeruginous. 

eruption  n.  (a  bursting  forth;  outbreak;  breaking  out) 
I'rApSan. 

erysipelas  n.  (febril  disease;  the  rose)  eri'sipi-las,  {rapidly) 
ezi'sipz.3s;  {less  properly)  i^i'sips-las. 

escalade  n.  (a  scaling  of  walls)  esksleed. 

escallop  n.  [also  spelt  escalop;  former  synonymous  cognate 
escollopi  e'skadsp,  e'skeldp.     same  meaning  as  scallop. 

esoalloped  adj.  having  the  edge  cut  in  scallops  or  segments 
of  circles;  also,  of  oysters,  scallopt  [also  spelt  escaloped, 
escalop tl  e'skxlspt,  c'skelapt. 

escapade  n.  (act  of  escaping;  caper)  esks'peed. 

escape  v,  (gain  one's  liberty  by  flight ;  issue ;  find  egress) 
e'skeep,  {rapidly)  I'skeep. 

escliatology  n.  (doctrin  of  final  things :  namely,  death,  judg- 
ment, heaven,  hell)  cska'tela-dsi, 

esobeat  n.  (lapsing  of  land  to  ruler  or  state)  es'tjiit,  {rapid- 
ly) is'tSiit. 

eschenv  v.  avoid;  shun  [past  participle  and  preterit  es- 
chewed, eschewdi  cs'tSou,  {rapidly)  is'tSou. 

escort  n.  (armd  accompaniment;  gard)  'e-ske^t. 

escort  V.  (accompany,  etc.)  e'skorrt,  {rapidly)  i'ske:?t. 

escritoire  n.  writing-desk  [also  spelt  escritoir"]  esk^i'tiuorr, 
eslrai'tujc:?,  esk^i'tiua:^ ;  'esksi-tiue?. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  x  cat,  e  h^t,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  noiu,  bl*.  q^V.>  ^\V.\\.^% 
\cngth-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  souxv^  \^  V>xvv* 
tress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ioWovjitv^  «^WaiX\e:. 


190  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

escntclieon   n.    (shield   with    armorial    bearings)    e'skAtS^n, 

(rapidly)  I'skAtSan. 
eserine  n.  alkaloid  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  eserini   'ess-rin, 

'es3-?ain. 
esker     n.  post-glacial  gravel-ridge   [also  spelt  eskar,  escarl 

'eskazr. 
Esldmo  n.  one  of  an  arctic  race  [also  spelt  Esquimau',  plo?- 

al  Eskimos,  Eskimo,  Esquimaux']  'eski-mo. 
esnecy  n.  inheritance-right  of  first-born  daughter  [also  spelt 

aesnecyl  'esNi-si. 
esophageal  adj.  of  the  esophagus  [also  spelt  oesophageal"] 

isD'faedsi-al. 
esophagus  n.  gullet  [also  spelt  oesophagus]  I'sefs-gas. 
esoteric  adj.   (inner;  for  the  select  few;  secret;  profound) 

css'te^ik. 
espalier  n.  (trelliswork;  lattice)  e'spxl'idz. 
especial  adj,  (special;  preeminent)  e'spejal,  (rapidly)   I'spe- 

S3l. 
espial  n.  (action  of  espying;  fact  of  being  espied)  e'spai-sl, 

(rapidly)  I'spai-al.   . 
espionage  n.  spying;  employing  spies  [also  spelt  espionnage'\ 

'espi-3-nid3,  espi-a'nars,  'espi-9-na:3. 
esplanade  n.  (level  space)  espz.9'need. 
esprit  n.  (spirit,  wit,  aptitude)  e'spsii. 

esqnamate  adj.  (not  squamate;  without  scales)  i'skiuee-met. 
Esqnin&an  n.  [ploral  Esquimaux]  'eski-mo.   same  meaning  as 

Eskimo. 
Esquimanx  n.  (ploral  of  Esquimau)  'cski-mo. 
esquire  n.  (gentleman  of  rank)  e'skwaiz,  (rapidly)   I'sktuoi?, 

(anteriorly,   especially   as  a   title)    skiuai?;    (also,   vulgarly) 

'e-skiuai?. 
ess  n.  letter  [also  spelt  es,  S;  ploral  esses]  rs. 
essay   n.    trial;    test;    attempt;    dissertation    [ploral    essays] 

'e-se. 
essay  v,  (try;  test;  undertake)  'e-se,  e'see. 
essayist  n.  (one  who  essays:  essay-writer)  'e-se-ist. 
essence  n.  (entity;  substance;  extract")  'rsans. 
Essene  n.  (one  of  a  Jewish  sect  in  Palestine  in  the  second 

century  before  Christ)  e'siin. 
essential  adj.  (that  is  such  by  essence ;  necessary ;  of  the  na- 
ture of  an  extract)  e'senSal,  e'sentSal. 
essoin    n.    excuse    for   non-appearance    [also    spelt    essoign] 

p/sein. 

/  ve,    Q  cure :   d  the.   9  ^^in ;    3  a^ure,   d^  joy ;    5  shoe,   \\  chew; 
wwAen;  tjsinff;  u  wh<?ever,  i  react,  d^uVl,  owiool,  itt,  lis^e; 
o poetic;  a  over,  e  aerial,  Abut»  o*.  doot,  ;iOtvo,  ^>Qe^,  tt^oX.t\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  191 

estaf et  n.  mounted  courier  [also  spelt  estafette"}  estd'fet. 
estate   n.    (state;   condition;    status;    rank;    interest;    class; 

property)  e'steet,  (rapidly)  I'steet;  (vulgarly)  'e-stet. 
estkete  n.  one  who  appreciates  beauty;  person  of  artistic 

sense  [also  spelt  aesthete'}  'es-6iit,  'lis-Oiit. 
estbetio  adj.  of  appreciation  of  beauty;  tasteful  [also  spelt 

aesthetic}    es'Getik,    (rapidly)    I'sGetik;    (also,    in    Britain) 

li'sOetik,  (and,  less  often)  es'0ii-tik,  li'sGii-tik. 
estival  adj.  of  summer  [also  spelt  aestivall  'csti-vsl,  e'stai- 

vsl,  i'stai-v3l. 
estivate  v,  pass  the  summer  [also  spelt  aestivatel  'esti-vet, 

'li-sti-vet. 
estiTation.  n.  [also  spelt  aestivation}  esti'vee-S^n,  li-sti'vee- 

$9n. 
estuary   n.    (tidal   inlet,   creek,   or   river-mouth)    'est^u-ezi, 

'est5u-3-ri. 
eta  n.   (Greek  letter)  'li-ts,  'ee-ts. 
etacism  n.  (the  Erasmian  pronunciation  of  Greek  eta  as  ee 

instead  of  li)  'ee-ts-sizam. 
^tagdre  n.  (piece  of  furniture  with  shelves)  Qt^'iz'.z. 
et  cetera  phrase,  n.  and  the  rest ;  and  so  forth ;  and  so  on 

[also  spelt  et  caetera,  etcetera ;  plural,  when  used  as  a  noun, 

etceteras}  et'seta-^a,  (rapidly)  it'setja. 
etcli  V.  engrave  by  corroding   [past  participle  and  preterit 

etched,  etcht}  etj. 
eternize  v.  make  eternal ;  perpetuate ;  immortalize  [also  spelt 

eternise}  i'tB?-nai2,  'li-tazr-naiz. 
ethene  n.  (hydrocarbon)  'e-6in,  'ii-9in. 
ether  n.  sky;  air;  spatial  medium;  volatil  liquid  [also  spelt 

aether}  'li-Ga?. 
ethereal  adj.  of  ether;  airy;  celestial  [also  spelt  etherial  and, 

formerly,  aethereal}  i'Qv.-z\-^\. 
etherealize  v,  [also  spelt  etherialise  and,  formerly,  aetherea- 

lize,  aetherealise,  aetherialize,  aetherialise}   i'6i:-z:i-a-}aiz. 
etherean  adj.  ethereal  [also  spelt  etherian,  aetherean,  aethe- 

rian}  i'0i:-d-3n. 
etherene  n.  ethylene  [also  spelt  etherine}  'li-Qs-zin. 
ethereons  adj.  [also  spelt  etherious}  i'9i:-ri-3s. 
etherization   n.   [also   spelt   etherisation,   aetherisation}    li- 

63ri'zee-S3n,  li-Ga-jrai'zee-S^n. 
ethide  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  ethid}  'eOid,  'e-8aid,  'ii-6aid. 
etliine  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  ethin}  'e6in,  'e-6ain,  'ii-9in, 

'ii-6ain,  'e-6in,  'ii-6in. 

c:  low,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  qo  tvcwj,  bl*.  a^,  ^\V\\.^\ 
\Bngth-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  somw^  \^  \^xvsk\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  io\\ovi\tv^  s^^^iJ^^' 


192  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

Etliiopio  adj.  (of  Ethiopia;  Ethiopian)  ii-9i'epik. 
etlinoKrapliy  n.  (description  of  the  races  of  mankind)  eO- 

'neg?3-fi. 
ethyl  n.  radical  [also,  formerly,  spelt  ethyle"]  'c9il. 
etiolate  v,  (render  pale;  blanch)  'li-ti-s-let. 
etiology  n.  study  of  causes  [also  spelt  aeHology}  li-ti'ets-dsi, 

cti'ela-dsi. 
etiqnette  n.  (polite  behavior,  etc.)  'cti-ket,  eti'ket. 
Etnean  adj.  of  Mount  Etna  [also  spelt  Aetnean}  et'nii-an. 
^tnde  n.  (study,  lesson)  e'tgoud. 
^tni  n.  3mall  case  [also  spelt  etweel  e'tu^ii. 
etsrmologry  n.   (word-study;  word-history)  eti'mela-dsi. 
encalsrptiis  n.  (tree;  shrub)  jukaliptas. 
encharist  n.   (communion;  thanksgiving)  'jou-k9-?ist. 
enchre  n.  card-game  [also,  formerly,  spelt  eucre'\  'jou-kae. 
linelidean  adj,  of  the   Greek   mathematician   Euclid   [also, 

sometimes,  spelt  Euclidian}  jo'kMdi-an,  jukti'dii-an. 
Enelidean  adj.  of  Euclid  or  Eukleides,  Archon  Eponsrmos  of 

Athens  [synonymous  cognate  Eukleideani  jo'kLidi-an, 
eudemonism  n.  doctrin  of  happiness  [also  spelt  eudaemo- 

nisml  jo'dii-ma-nizam. 
enhen&erism  n.  doctrin  that  the   Greek  gods  were   deified 

heroes  [synonymous  cognate  euemerisml  jo'hii-ma-rizam. 
enlogia  n.   (eucharist,  etc.)  jo'loo-dsi-d. 
enloginm  n.  eulogy  [ploral  eulogiumsl  jolDO-dsi-am. 
enlogize  v.  extel,  praise  [also  spelt  eulogise!  'jou-la-dsaiz. 
enlogy  n.    (commendatory  speech;   praise)   'jou-la-dsi. 
ennncli  n.  (castrated  person  of  the  male  sex;  harem-atten- 
dant; singer)  'jou-nak. 
enpheiiiism   n.    (fair   speech;   pleasant   expression)    'jou-fi- 

mizsm. 
enplionic  adj.  (sounding  well;  of  euphony)  jo'fonik. 
enphony  n.  (pleasantness  of  sound ;  ease  of  pronunciation) 

'jou-fa-ni. 
enphrasy  n.  (eyebright,  a  plant)  'jou-f^a-si. 
enphroe  n.  crowfoot  deadeye  [also  spelt  uphroel  'jou-fso. 
enplmism  n.  (highflown  language)  'jou-fiu-izsm. 
enpliiiistic  adj.  (like  euphuism;  highflown)   jufiu'istik. 
enpione  n.  oily  liquid  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  eupioni  jo'pai- 

an,  'jou-pi-3n,   jo'pii-3n,   jo'pai-on,   'jou-pi-on. 
Enrasian   adj.   (of  Eurasia,  or  Europe  and  Asia  taken  to^ 

gether)  jo'^ee-Jan,  jo'zee-$^n. 
enreka  interj.  (I  have  found  it !)  joVii-ka. 

/.ve,    Qcure;   d  the,   Q  thin-,   jasure,  ds/oy;    ^  shoe,   t^chew; 
wwhen;  rfsittff;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  vjMiooV,  \\\,  \\^€€; 
o poetic;  3  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o*.  doot,  t^oivo,  t\ic^,  ^^^a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  193 

enripiM  n.  strait  or  sea-channel  in  which  the  currents  are 

violent  [plural  euripi"}  jo'?ai-p3s. 
Enroelydon.  n.   (levanter;   northeaster)   jo'zekz.i-d9n. 
European  adj,  (of  Europe)  jojs'pii-sn;  (improperly)  jo'roo- 

pi-an. 
Eostacliiaai  adj,   (of  the  Italian  anatomist  Eustachio)   jo- 

'stfce-ki-an;  (erroneously)  jo'staetSi-an. 
entazy  n.  obsolete  (good  order)  'jou-taeksi. 
enthanaaia   n.    (gentle    and   easy   death,    etc.)    ju63^nee-S3) 

ju93'nce-53,  juGs'nee-si-s,  juOs'nee-zi-a,  juOs'nee-Ji-a,  juOa- 

'nee-si-a;  (rarely)  ju03'na:-si-3,  juOs'nxsi-d. 
entbanasy  n.  (euthanasia)  jo'Saens-si,  'juu-63-nezi. 
evanesoe  v,  (fade  away;  disappear)  evs'nes. 
eTansel  m.  gospel  [also  spelt  evangilel  I'vaendsil. 
evangelio  adj.  (of  the  gospel)  ivccn'dsehk,  evdnMsehk. 
evangelisation  n.  [also  spelt  evangelisationi  i-vaendsih'zee- 

Ssn,  i-vandsi-lai'zee-Ssn. 
evangelise  v,  [also  spelt  evangelisel  I'vxndsi-laiz. 
evaporate  v,  (turn  into  vapor)  i'vaep9-?et. 
evasion  n.  (escape ;  subterfuge)  I'vee-ssn. 
evasive  adj.  [also  spelt  evasivl  I'vee-siv,  I'vee-ziv. 
eve  n.  (evening;  time  just  preceding  an  event)  liv. 
even  adj,  (flat,  plain,  smooth,  uniform)  'ii-v9n. 
evening  n.  (close  of  the  day)  'liv-niq ;   (improperly)  'li-va- 

niq. 
evening  n.,  adj.  (making  even)  'li-va-niq,  'liv-niq. 
evenness  n.  (quality  of  being  even ;  smoothness)  'li-vsn-nis. 
eventual  adj.  (like  an  evetit;  that  will  arise  or  take  place  in 

a  particular  contingency)  I'ventju-al,  i'ventgu-9l. 
everlasting  adj.  (lasting  forever;  eternal;  incessant)  evss:- 

laz-stiq,  (assumptivly)  'evazr-lai-stiq. 
evermore  adv,  (for  all  future  time)  evs^'mo:?,   (sometimes, 

anteriorly)  'eva^-mo:?. 
eversion  n.  (a  turning  outward,  or  inside  out)  i'vB7$9n. 
every  adj.  (each,  etc.)  'ev^i,  (less  often)  'ev3-?i. 
everybody  n.  'ev?i-bedi,  (when  less  strest)  'ev^i-badi;  (also, 

rarely)  'cvari-bedi. 
every-day   adj.    evzi'dee,    (assumptivly)    'evei-dce,    (rarely) 

'evari-dee,  (when  less  strest)  'ev?i-de, 
everyvrbere  adv,  (in  every  place)  'evzi-wtiz,  (rarely)  'eva^i- 

voziz. 
evident  adj.  (obvious;  clear;  plain)  'cvi-dnt,  'evi-dant, 
evil  fi.  (bad,  wicked,  etc.)  'li-val,  (less  properly)  'li-vil. 

c:  low,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  01  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  b:.  ask,  ^\V.\\fc\ 
\Bngth-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  precedmv^  souiv^  \s  \^xv%\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  On  ^^  ioWovJiti^  s^>\;s5s^e.' 


194  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

evilly  adv.   (in  an  evil  manner)  'li-val-h. 
evil-ininded  adj.  li-varmain-did,  'li-vdl-main-did. 
evilneM  n.  'li-val-nis,  'ii-vi}-nis. 

evincible  adj.  that  may  be  evinced;  demonstrable  Ealso,  for- 
merly,  spelt  evinceablel   I'vinsa-bal. 
eviscerate  v.  (remove  the  viscera  from;   disembowel)   I'vi- 

sO'zet. 
evolntion.  n.   (unrolling*  unfolding;   development)   evaliou- 

San;  {dialectally)  cvalou-San. 
evolve   V,  unfold;   open   out;    extract;    develop    [also    ispelt 

evolv;  past  participle  and  preterit  evolved,  evotvdl  I'velv. 
emre  n.  (female  sheep)  jou. 
emrer  n.  (water-pitcher)  'jou-sr. 
exacerbate  v,  (embitter;   aggravate;  provoke)   eg'zaesa^-bet, 

ek'saesar-bet. 
exact  v„  adj.  eg'zaekt ;   {less  properly)  ek'saekt. 
ezacter  n.  one  who  enforces  or  exacts  pay ;  extortioner  [also 

spelt  exactor^  eg'zaektar. 
exactor  n.  (one  who  exacts,  tax-collector,  extortioner;  exac- 

ter)  eg'zaekta?. 
exaggerate  v.  (magnify;  stretch,  overcolor)  eg'zaedsa-eet. 
exalt  V.  (raise  high;  elevate;  extel)  eg'zcrlt. 
exaltation  n.  egzcl'tee-^sn. 

examen  n.    (examination ;   investigation)    eg'zee-man. 
examination  n.  eg-zaemi'nee-$3n. 
examine   v,  test,   investigate,  question    [also   spelt   examin\ 

past  participle  and  preterit  examined,  examindl  eg'zaemin. 
example  n.   (typical  instance ;  specimen ;   warning)   eg'zarm- 

pal,  eg'za:m-p3l,  eg'zaempal. 
exantbema  n.  skin-affection;  exanthem  [ploral  exanthetna- 

tal  eks3n'0ii-m3. 
exarcb  n.  (ruler  of  a  distant  province;  prelate,  legate)  'eks- 

a:^k,  'ek-sa:rk. 
exarcbate  n.  (office  or  province  of  an  exarch)  'eksa?-ket, 

eg'zaizr-ket,  ek'sa:r-ket. 
exarillate  adj,  (having  no  aril)  eks'aeri-let ;   (less  properly) 

eksa'nlet. 
exasperate  v,   (embitter;   intensify;   enrage)    eg'za:-sp3-ret, 

eg'z3esp3-ret. 
exasperation  n.  cg-zar-spa'ree-Han,  eg-zjespa'^p.e-^an. 
excarnificate  v.  (obsolete)  eks'kaizr-nifi-ket,  ekskar'nifi-ket. 
exceed  v,  proceed  beyond ;   be  greater  than,  surpass,  outdo 

[also  spelt  excedel  ek'siid. 

)  ve,   ccure;   bthe.   0  fftin;   s  asure,  dxioy:    S  shoe,   t^chew; 
ww^en;  rising:  u  wh<?ever,  i  react.  oii*\\,  vjMiool,  \\t,  it  see; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial.  Abut,  oidoor,  •:iOTvo,  t>ac^,  ^e^^o.\.^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  195 

excel  V,  surpass  others;  outdo  [present  participle  excelling', 

past  participle  and  preterit  excelled,  exceld}  ek'seL 
excellent  adj,  (that  excels;  extremely  good)  'ekss-lsnt. 
excelsior  adj,   (higher,  loftier)   ek'selsi-ez,   ek'se}si-3z. 
excelsior    n.    (shredded-wood    packing-material)    ek'selsi-9?, 

ek'selsi-e^,  ek'selsi-oe. 
except    V.    (leave    out;    exclude;    object)    ek'sept,    (rapidly, 

often)  ik'sept,  ksep,  sep. 
excepter  n.  (obsolete)  one  who  excepts  or  takes  exception 

to  [also  spelt  exceptor}  ek'septs?. 
exceptor  n.  obsolete   (an  excepter;  also,  shorthand-writer; 

Roman  officer)  ek'sept^?,  ek'sept^^. 
excerpt  n.  (extract;  selection)  ek'sei^pt,  'ek-SB3pt. 
excerpt  v,  (cull  out;  extract;  quote)  ek'sB:?pt,  'ek-sorpt. 
excess   n.   (outrage;   intemperance;   preponderance;   surplus) 

ek'ses,  (sometimes,  assumptivly)  'ek-ses. 
exchange    n.    (interchange ;    barter,    etc.)  '  eks't^eends,    ek^^ 

'tjeends;  (vulgarly)  'eks-tjends,  'ekJ-tSends. 
exchangeable  adj,  eks'tSeen-dsd-bs). 
exchequer  n.  (department  and  court  of  revenues;  finances) 

eks'tjekar. 
excisable  adj.  dutiable  [also  spelt  exciseablel  ek'sai-zs-bdl. 
excisable  adj.  (fit  to  be  excised  or  expunged)  ek'sai-zd-bdl. 
excise  n.  (toll,  tax,  duty)  ek'saiz ;  (less  properly)  ek'sais,  'ek- 

saiz,  'ek-sais. 
excise  v.  (cut  out,  expunge)  ck'saiz. 
exciseman  n.  [plural  excisemen}  ek'saiz-man. 
excitant  adj,  (that  excites;  stimulating)  ek'sai-tnt, ^ 'eksi-tnt. 
excitation  n.  ek-sai'tee-Jan,  eksi'tee-Jan. 
excitative  adj.  [also  spelt  excitativ}  ek'sai-ta-tiv. 
exclamation  n.   (act  of  exclaiming,  etc.)   ekskL9'mee-$9n. 
exclaniatory   adj,    (that   exclaims;    noisy,    etc.)    ek'sktaema- 

t^^I,  ek'sktaemata-^i,  ek'skn-aema-tji. 
exclusive  adj,  [also  spelt  exclusivl  ek'sktou-siv,  ek'sktou- 

ziv. 
excrement  n.  (excreted  substance;  feces)  'eksk^i-mant. 
excrescence  n.   (outgrowth;  superfluity)   ek'slreesans. 
excretal  adj.   (excremental)  ek'sksii-tl,  'ek-slreitJ. 
excrete  v.  (sift  out;  throw  off;  eliminate)  ek'sksiit. 
excretin   n.    [also   spelt   excretine}    ek'sksii-tin,   'eksksi-tin, 

'ek-sk^itin. 
excretive  adj.   [also  spelt  excretiv}  ek'sksii-tiv,  'eksk^i-tiv, 

(rarely)  'ek-sk^itiv. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cot,  ©  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  for,  qo  ivotu,  a.*.  a^V,  ^A.V\\fe% 

length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  somtv^  a.^  \^tw^ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  i©\\o>«iTi%  t;^\\^\^. 


1%  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

excretory  adj,  'cksk:si-t03i,  ek'sksii-ta-ri. 
ezomoiate  v.  (torture  mentally)  ek'sksou-Ji-et. 
exculpate  v.  (free  from  blame)  ek'skA}-pet»  'eksksl-pet. 
ezcnrsion  n.  (a  running  out;  expedition;  deviation)  ek'sksz- 

San,  ek'skoi^-San,  ek'skoir-san. 
ezonsable  adj.  ek'skguu-zd-bs}. 

ezcnse  v.  (apologize  for;  justify;  pardon)  ek'sk^ouz. 
execute  v.  (carry  out;  perform;  put  to  death)  'eksi-kgut. 
ezecnter  n.  one  who  performs  or  carries  into  effect;  a  doer 

[also  spelt  executor'[  'eksi-kQutae. 
ezecntion  n.  eksi'kQou-Ssn. 
ezecntive  adj,  [also  spelt  execuHv'\  eg'zekQo-tiv,  {anteriorly) 

eg'zekgotiv. 
executor  n.  rarely,  an  executer  or  doer;  usually,  a  person 

appointed  to  execute  a  will)  eg'zekQo-tae,  ek'sekQo-ta?. 
ezecntriz  n.  female  executor  [plural  executricesi  eg'zekgo- 

tjiks. 
ezedent  adj,  (eating  out;  consuming)  'eksi-dnt. 
ezedra  n.  portico;   outdoor  platform   with  steps  [also  spelt 

exhedra;  ploral  exedrael  'eksi-dra,  ek'sii-dra. 
exegesis  n.  (explanation,  interpretation,  especially  of  Scrip- 
ture) eksi'dsii-sis. 
ezegete  n.  (expounder,  interpreter)  'eksi-dsit. 
ezegetic  adj.  (of  exegesis)  eksi'dsetik. 
exemplar  n.  (example,  model,  type)  eg'zempi-a?. 
exemplary  adj,  (typical;  model)   eg'zempL3-?i,   (anteriorly) 

eg'zempta^i;   (also)  'eksam-pi-eri,  'eg-zempL^-^I. 
exemplify  v.  (serve  as  an  example  of)  eg'zempLi-fai. 
exempt  adj.  (free,  clear,  dispenst)  eg'zempt. 
exemption  n.  (freeing;  freedom)  eg'zemp^sn. 
exequatur   n.    (recognition   or   authorization   of   an    agent) 

eksi'ktuee-ta?. 
exeqny  n.  in  the  plural,  funeral  rights,  obsequies;  in  the  sin- 
gular, funeral  hymn  [ploral  exequies']  'eksi-ktui. 
exercisable  adj.  [also  spelt  exercisedble  and,  formerly,  ex- 

ercisiblel  'eksae-sai-za-bal. 
exercise  v.  (put  in  action;  employ,  etc.)  'eks3?-saiz. 
exergue  n.  (small  space  or  inscription  outside  the  main  work 

on  a  coin  or  medal)  eg'zerrg,  'ek-serg. 
exert  v.  (put  forth,  bring  into  action)  eg'zBirt. 
exertion  n.   (action   of  exerting  or  exercising;   effort)   eg- 

'zB^San,  eg'zBir-Jan. 
'exeunt  v.  (they  go  out)  'eksi-Ant. 

j  ye,   Q  cure ;   5  the,   9  thin ;   3  axrure,  6$  joy ;    S  shoe,   tj  cheyv ; 
wwAen;  13  sing;  u  wh<?ever,  i  react,  o  full,  ouf<?ol,  i  it,  \\^ee\ 
o poetic;  9  over ^  e  aerial,  Abut,  o:  doot^  :)oxvo,  t\ie^,  ^^^a\.^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  197 


ex  facie  adv.  (from  the  face;  on  the  face;  so  far  as  appears 

from  the  document  itself)  eks'fee-Ji-i:  . 
exhalation  n.  (action  of  exhaling;  effluvium)  eks-hs'lee-Ssn, 

eksa'lee-San,  egza'lee-San. 
exkale  v,  (give  forth  in  vapor;  breath  out)  eks'heel;  Qess 

properly)   egz'heel,  eg'zcel. 
exbalent  adj„  n.  eks'hee-tsnt. 
exliaast  v.  (draw  out ;  use  up ;  empty)  eg'zc:st. 
exhaustible  adj.  eg'zc:-st9-b3}. 

exhanstion  n.  eg'zc:s-t$9n,  eg'zc:S-tS3n,  eg'zc:s-tg3n. 
exhaustive  adj,  [also  spelt  exhaustivl  eg'zc:-stiv. 
exhibit  v.,  n.  (show,  display)  eg'zibit. 
exhibition  n.  (show,  display,  exposition)  eksi'biSdn. 
exhibitive  adj,  [also  spelt  exhibitivl  eg'zibi-tiv. 
exhibitor  n.  [also  spelt  exhibiterl  eg'zibi-ta?. 
exhibitory   adj.    eg'zIbI-t^^I ;    (also)    eg'zibita-ei,    (assump- 

tivly)  eg'zibi-tari ;  (rapidly)  eg'zibi-tji. 
exhilarate  v,  (cheer;  enliven)  eg'zi}9-?et. 
exhort  v.  (urge,  admonish)  eg'zeiet,  egz'herrt. 
exhortation  n.  (act  of  exhorting;  incitement)  ekse^^tee-^an, 

egzer'tee-San. 
exhortative  adj.  [also  spelt  exhortativ"]  eg'zeir-ta-tiv. 
exhorter  n.  (one  who  exhorts)  eg'ze:7-t37. 
exhnme  v.  (dig  out  of  the  ground;  unearth)  eks'hgoum,  eg- 

'zjoum. 
exigeant  adj.  (exacting)  egzi'sei],  eksi'ser). 
exigence  n.  exigency  [plural  exigences'^  'eksi-dsans. 
exigency  n.  pressing  need  [ploral  exigencies^  'eksidssn-si. 
exigible  adj.  (that  may  be  exacted)  'eksidss-bsl. 
exigvity  n.  (scantiness,  littleness)  eksi'gjou-i-ti. 
exiguous  adj.  (scanty;  small)  eg'zigju-as,  ek'sigju-as. 
exile  n.  (banishment)  'ek-sail,  'eg-zail ;   (formerly)   eg'zai!. 
exile  n.  (banisht  person)  'ek-sail,  'eg-zail. 
exile  V.  (banish)  'ek-sail,  'eg-zail ;   (formerly)  eg'zail. 
exilian  adj.  (exilic)  eg'ziH-sn,  ek'sili-sn. 
exilic  adj,  (of  exile)  cg'zihk,  ek'sihk. 
exility   n.   (shrunken   condition;   thinness;   refinement)    eg- 

'zih-ti,  ek'sili-ti. 
exin&ious  adj,  (excellent;  eminent)  eg'zimi-ds. 
exinanition  n.  (an  emptying ;  exhausted  condition ;  humili- 
ation) egzina'niSan.  eksina'nijan. 
exist  V.   (having  being;  be;   live)   eg'zist;   (improperly)   ek- 

'sist. 

c:  low,  b:  fur,  ae cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  qo  now^  a*,  a^,  ^\VA,\.^\ 
lcngtb-in<jr/r  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  somu^  \s  \e>xv^\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ioWo-w^x^^  s^>\?iJc\^« 


198  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

ezistenoe  n.  (being,  etc.)  eg'zistns,  eg'zistdns. 
existential   adj,    (of   existence)    eksi'stent$9},   egzi'stent^s}; 

{in  Britain)  eksi'sten^d},  egzi'stenS?}. 
ezistible  adj.  (that  can  exist)  eg'zista-bd}. 
exit  n.  (a  going  out)  'eksit;   (improperly)  'egzit. 
ezitial  adj,  obsolete  (fatal;  dangerous)  eg'ziSs}. 
ex  libris  n.  from  the  books  of  [also  spelt  ex-librisl  ekslai- 

bris. 
exogamy  n.  (marriage  outside  the  clan)  eks'egd-mi,  ek'segs- 

mi. 
exogen  n.  (plant  whose  stem  grows  on  the  outside,  in  succes- 

siv  concentric  layers)  'eksa-dsin. 
exogenous  adj,  (growing  on  the  outside;  having  the  nature 

of  an  exogen)  eks'edsi-nss,  ek'sedsi-nss. 
exomis  n.  (tunic,  chiton)  ek'soo-mis. 
exonerate  v,  (relieve;  free  from  blame;  exculpate)  eg'zens- 

zet. 
exonerator  n.  (one  who  exonerates)  eg'zen^-zttsz. 
exoneretnr  n.  [in  law,  an  order  discharging  the  bail  from 

liability  [synonymous  cognate  exoneraturl  eg-zena'rii-tar. 
exorable  adj,  (capable  of  being  moved  by  entreaty)  'ekssrs- 

bal. 
exorbitant  adj,  (abnormal;  grossly  excessiv)  eg'zeie-bi-tnt. 
exorcism  n.  (action  of  exorcizing  or  expelling  evil  spirits  by 

conjurations,  etc.)  'ekse^-sizam,  eg'zoir-sizam. 
exorcist  n.  'eksoe-sist,  eg'zeie-sist. 

exorcize  v.  [also  spelt  exorcisel  'ekso^-saiz,  eg'ze:r-saiz. 
exordium  n.  beginning,  proem,  prelude,  preface  [ploral  ex- 
ordiums, exordial  eg'z©:^-di-^m. 
exoscnlate  v.  (kiss)  eg'zeskgo-let. 
ezosmose  n.  (exosmosis)  'ekses-mos,  'eksoz-mos. 
exosmosis  n.  (passage  of  a  fluid  outward  thru  a  membrane) 

ekses'moo-sis,  eksez'moo-sis. 
exoteric  n.  (external;  open;  popular)  ekss'te^ik. 
exotic  adj.  (foreign)  cgfzetik;  (Jess  properly)  ek'setik. 
expansible  adj,  (that  can  be  expanded)  ek'spxnsd-bdl. 
expansile  adj.  that  can  be  expanded;  dilatable  [also,  some- 
times, spelt  expansill  ek'spaensil,  ek'spaen-sail. 
expatiate  v,  (roam  at  large;  speak  at  length;  enlarge)  ek- 

'spee-Si-et. 
expatriate  v.  (banish;  leave  one's  nativ  country)  eks'pee- 

tji-et,  eks'paetji-et. 
expede  v.  (send  out)  ek'spiid. 

JJ^e,   gcure;  d  the,  Qthin;   sasure,  ds/oy;   I  shoe,  t^  chew; 
wwAen;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  uiuu,  \iMioo\,  \\V  ^v^ec; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o:doot,  ootio,  t\ic^,  ^^^a\s.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  199 

expedient  adj,  (advantageous;  advisable)  ek'spii-di-dnt. 
expel  V.  drive  or  thrust  out   [present  participle  expelitng; 

past  participle  and  preterit  expelled,  expeld}  ek'spel. 
expense  n.  (money  spent  or  paid  out;  disbursement;  cost) 

ek'spents,  ek'spens. 
experiment  n.   (tentativ  procedure;  test)  ek'spe^i-nidnt. 
experimentalise  v.   [also   spelt  experimentalise}   ek-spezri- 

'mentl-aiz. 
expert   adj,    (experienced;    skilful)    ek'spoi^t,    (assumptivly) 

'ek-spB3t. 
expert  n.  (skilful  person;  specialist)  'ek-spsrt,  ek'spB:zt. 
expirant  n.    (supposed  breathing-organ   in  plants)    ek'spai- 

zrsnt. 
expiration  n.  (breathing  out;  end,  close)  ekspd'ree-Ssn. 
expiratory  adj,  of  expiration  [in  phonetics,  spelt  also  ex- 

spiratory}  ek'spai-?9-t3zi. 
expiry  n.  (death;  end)  'ckspa-ei,  ek'spai-?i. 
expli^n  V,  make  plain ;  interpret  [past  participle  and  preter- 
it explained,  explaind}  ek'spLeen. 
explanate  adj.  (spread  out  flat)  'ekspLS-net. 
explanation  n.  ekspLd'nee-Ssn. 
explanatory  adj.  (serving  to  explain)  ek'sp^xna-tozi ;  (also) 

ek'spLxnstd-^i,  (assumptivly)  ek'spi^aena-tari. 
expletive  adj,  serving  to  fill  out;  redundant  [also  spelt  ex- 

pletivl  'ekspti-tiv,  ek'spi-ii-tiv. 
explicable  adj.  (explainable)  'ekspLiks-bdl ;  {improperly)  ek- 

'spz^ikd-bdl. 
explicative   adj,   serving   to    explicate,   unfold,    or    explain 

[also  spelt  explicativl  'ekspti-ketiv. 
explicatory  adj.  (explicativ)  'ekspi^ik^-tozi. 
explicit  V,  (it  is  unrolled;  finis)  'ek-spLisit. 
explicit  adj,   (developt;   definit;   clear;   express)    ek'spLisit. 
exploit  V,  (work;  make  capital  out  of)  ek'spz.eit. 
exploit  n.   (achievement;   feat)  'ek-spz^eit,  ek'spLeit. 
explorative  adj.  of  exploration;  inclined   to   explore   [also 

spelt  explorative  ek'spLD:-23-tiv. 
exploratory  adj.  (of  exploration  or  searching)   ek'spz^o:-??- 

to^I,  (assumptivly)  ek'spLO-.-ra-tan ;  {also)  ek'spte^ata-ei. 
explorator  n.  (explorer)  'ekspi.o-zet9z. 
explosive  adj.  tending  to  explode,  etc.  [also  spelt  explosivl 

ek'spi-oo-siv,  ek'spLoo-ziv. 
exponent  n,  (one  who  or  that  which  explains;  index)   ek- 

'spoo-nant;    {improperly)    'ek-sponant,  'ekspa-nant. 

c:  low,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  go  noiu,  a,*.  asV,  ^\V.\\.^\ 
length-mark.  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soun^  \^  \ati%\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  th^  CoWo^itx^  s^\\a\>\e.* 


200  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

ezponible  adj.  (that  admits  or  requires  explanation)  ek'sp30- 

ns-ba}. 
export  V,  (send  out  or  ship  from  one  country  to  another) 

eks'pDirt,  ek'spo:^t;  (less  properly)  'ek-spoet. 
export  n.  (exported  article;  exportation)  'ek-sport. 
exporter  n.  ^ek-spozt^z,  eks'po:r-t3r,  ek'spoiz-tsz. 
ezpos^  n.  (recital  of  facts;  exposure)  ekspo'zee. 
expository  adj.  (of  exposition;  explanatory)  ek'spezi-toei. 
expressible  adj.  capable   of  being  exprest   [also,   formerly, 

spelt  expressablel  ek'spsesa-bal. 
exprobrate   v.    (obsolete)    reproach,   blame,   condemn    [syn- 
onymous cognate  exprobatel  eks'psoo-beet,  'ekspsa-bzet. 
expngnable  adj.  obsolete  (that  may  be  taken  by  force)  ck- 

'spgou-na-bal,  ek'spAgna-bal, 
expunge  v.  (strike  out,  erase,  efface)  ek'spAnds. 
expurgate  v,  (purify;  purge;  expunge)  'eksp3?-get,  ek'spe:?- 

get. 
expnrgator  n.  'ekspar-getd?,  ek'spB:7-get3?. 
expnrgatory  adj.  (of  expurgation)  ek'spBir-ga-tori. 
exquisite  adj.  choice,  elaborate,  intense  [also  spelt  exquisitl 

'ekskuji-zit,    (assumptivly)    'ek-sktuizit ;     (occasionally)    ek- 

'skiuizit. 
exsert  v.  thrust  forth;  protrude  [former  synonymous  cognate 

e.rertl  ek'sBi^t,  eks'sext. 
exsert  adj.  [former  synonymous  cognate  exert}  ek'sB:^t,  eks- 

'sB:^t.    same  meaning  as  exserted. 
exserted  adj.  stretcht  lorth;  protruded;  exsert  [synonymous 

cognate  exerted"]  ek'sBre-tid,  eks'sBisr-tid. 
exsiccant  adj.  (drying)  ek'sikant. 
exsiccate  v.  (dry)  ek'siket,  'eksi-ket. 
exsiooative  adj.  [also  spelt  exsiccativl  ek'siks-tiv,  eks'siks- 

tiv,  'eksi-ketiv. 
extant  adj.  (standing  out;  protruding;  now  being;  still  ex-: 

isting)  ek'stsent,  'ek-staent. 
extemporization  n.   [also   spelt  extemporisation']   ek-stem- 

pan'zee-Jan,  ek-stempa-^ai'zee-San. 
extemporize  v.   [also   spelt   extemporise]   ek'stempa-^aiz. 
extempore  adv.  (on  the  spur  of  the  moment;  offhand)  ek- 

'stempa-^i,  eks'tempa-ri ;  (improperly)  ek'stempo?. 
extendible  adj,  (capable  of  being  extended ;  extensible ;  also, 

subject  to  seizure  under  a  writ  of  extent)  ek'stenda-baJ. 
extensible  adj.  (capable  of  being  extended;  extensil,  pro- 

trusil)  ek'stensa-bal. 

j\ve.   gcure;  dthe,  Qthin;   sa^ure,  ds/oy;   ^ shot,   tjc/jew; 
wwhen;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  Diu\\,  \iMioo\,  \\t,  it  see; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial.  Abut,  o:  door,  ootio,  «.>oc^,  «.^^a\s.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  201 


extension  n.  (action  of  extending;  range)  ek'sten^dn. 

extent  n.   (valuation;   seizure;  size;   scope)   ek'stent. 

extern  adj,  (outer,  external)  ek'stsi^n. 

extinct  adj.  (put  out;  extinguisht;  that  has  died  out)  ek- 
'stiqkt,  (sometimes,  assumptivly)  'ek-stiqkt. 

extirpate  v.  (root  out,  eradicate)  'ekstar-pet,  ck'starpet. 

extirpator  n.  'ekst9?-pet37,  ek'stsr-pets?. 

extol  V.  raise  aloft;  praise;  eulogize  [present  participle  ex- 
tolling ;  past  participle  and  preterit  extolled,  extoldl  ek'stel, 
ek'staoi. 

extra  adj.,  n,,  adv.  'ekstja ;  (dialectally)  'ckstji. 

extract  n.  (essence,  tincture;  excerpt)  'ek-stsaekt 

extract  v.  (draw  out;  pick  out)  ek'stsaekt. 

extraditable  adj.  ekstssMai-td-bdl. 

extradite  v.  (give  up;  deliver  up)  'ekstja-dait. 

extrados  n.  (outer  or  upper  curve  of  an  arch)  ek'stgee-des. 

extraordinary  adj.  (out  of  the  ordinary;  unusual,  excep- 
tional)  ek'st jeir-dn-eei ;    (less  properly)   eksti^'eiz-dn-ezi. 

extravaganza  n.  (extravagant  or  fantastic  composition;  bur- 
lesque) ek-st£aev3'gaenz3,  ek-stjaeva'gaendza. 

extravasate  v.  (let  out;  escape)  ek'stsaeva-set. 

extrorse  adj.  (turned  outward)  ek'stjei^s. 

extmde  v.   (thrust  out ;  ex^el ;   protrude)   ek'stjoud. 

exnberant  adj,  (prolific,  overflowing,  diffuse)  eg'zjou-ba- 
33nt,  ek'sQou-b3-23nt,  eg'sou-ba-^ant. 

exndate  n.  (exude)  'eksgo-det,  ek'sgou-det;  (less  properly) 
'egzjo-det. 

exudation  n.  an  exuding  [also,  formerly,  spelt  exsudation"] 
eksgo'dee-San. 

exnde  v.  (ooze  out)  eg'zjoud,  ek'sgoud. 

exnlcerate  v,  (ulcerate;  aggravate)  eg'zAlsa-zret. 

exnlt  V,  (rejoice;  triumph)  cg'zxlt;  (improperly)  ek'sAlt. 

exultant  adj.  (exulting)  eg'zAltnt. 

exultation  n.  eksAl'tee-Ssn,  egzAl'tee-$9n. 

exultingly  adv.  cg'zAltir)-h. 

exuviae  n.  pL  (cast  skins,  etc.)   eg'zjou-vi-i: ,  ek'scou-yi-i:  . 

exuviate  v.  (shed  exuviae;  mold)  eg'zjou-vi-et,  ek'sgou-vi-et. 

eyas  n.  (young  hawk;  nias)  'ai-9s. 

eye  n.  (organ  of  vision)  ax. 

eye  v.  fix  the  eye  on ;  view  [present  participle  eying,  eyeing ; 
past  participle  and  preterit  eyed"]    ai. 

eyelet  n.  (small  hole ;  loophole ;  small  eye)  'ai-lat. 

eye-'witness  n.  [also  spelt  eyewitness"]  'ai-witNis,  ai'witNis. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  au  now,  a*,  osk,  %\V\\fc\ 
]engtb-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the   preceding  soutvd  \^  \e>Tv^\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  foWovjitis  s^W^X^e* 


202  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

eyot  n.  'ee-9t.  same  meaning  as  ait. 
eyra  n.  (wild  cat,  Felis  eyra)  'ai-^a. 
eyre  n.  (journey,  circuit)  e:z. 

eyry  n.  [also  spelt  eyrie}  'ei-zi,  'ii-zi,  'ai-zi.    same  meaning 
as  aery. 


f abif orm  adj,  (bean-shaped)  'fee-bi-fe:;m. 

fabulist  n.  (one  who  relates  fables)  'fsebjo-hst. 

fabnlize  v,  invent  fables,  etc  [also  spelt  fabulisel  'faebjo- 
laiz. 

facade  n.  (face ;  principal  front)  f a'said,  fae'sa:d,  f se'seed. 

facet  n.  little  face  [also  spelt  facette'\  'fsesit. 

facet  V,  cut  facets  on  [present  participle  faceting,  facetting; 
past  participle  and  preterit  faceted,  facetted"]  'faesit. 

facetiae  n.  pi,  (humorous  sasrings ;   witticisms)  fs'sii-Si-i:  • 

facetious  adj.  (jocular;  waggish)  fa'sii-S^s. 

facial  adj.  (of  the  face)  'fee-Sal,  'fee-Si-al. 

facient  n,  (one  who  does  anything;  doer)  'fee-Jant,  'fee-Ji- 
ant,  'feeS-jant. 

facies  n.  aspect,  appearance  [ploral  facies]  'fee-Si-i:z. 

facile  adj.  easy;  yielding;  dextrous  [also  spelt  facill  'faesil. 

facility  n.  (ease;  opportunity;  dexterity)  fa'sih-ti. 

facsimile  n.  copy;  counterpart  [ploral  facsimiles']  faek'simi- 
h,  (older)  faek'simi-H. 

factions  adj.  (given  to  faction;  seditious)  'faekSds. 

factitious  adj.  (got  up;  artificial)  fxk'tiSds. 

factory  n.  (trading-station;  manufactory)  'faekta-n,  (anteri- 
orly) 'faektari,  (rapidly)  'faektji. 

f acnla  n,  bright  spot  on  the  sun  [ploral  faculael  'faek^o-la. 

faeces  n,  pi.  'f li-siz.    see  feces. 

faecnla  n.  'fekgo-ld.    see  fecula. 

faerie  n.  archaic  [also  spelt  faery"}  'fee-a-ri,  'fe:-?i.  same 
meaning  as  fairy. 

fagot  n.  bundle  of  sticks  or  twigs  [also  spelt  faggot}  'faegat 

Fabrenbeit  adj.  'faeran-hait,  'fa:-?3n-hait. 

faience  n.  pottery  [also  spelt  fayence}  fa'jeqs, 

faikes  n.  rock  [also  spelt  fakes}  feeks. 

faille  n.  (ribd  silk)  feeJ,  'fa:-i. 

fain  adj,  (glad)  feen. 

faineancy  n.  (quality  of  being  faineant;  sloth)  'fee-ni-an-si. 

faineant  n.  idler,  loafer  [also  spelt  faineant}  fene'eq. 

fj'e,   gcure;  d  the,  Q  thin]  jastLte,  d-sjo^;  ^sKo^,  t^c^ew; 
wwhen;  T)sing\  u  whoever,  1  react,  \3iu\V  ^m^ooV  \'\V  \\^ec\  * 
o poetic;  9oveT,  e aerial.  Abut,  o;dooT,  ;>otio,  t\icd,  ^«i^o!«:\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  203 

faint  adj,  (feeble,  inclined  to  swoon)  feent. 

fair  adj.  (beautiful,  favorable,  honest)  fe:?. 

fair  M.  (market,  sale,  exhibition)  ie:z, 

fairy  n,,  adj.  [also,  sometimes,  archaically  spelt  faerie,  faeryi 

'fc:-3i;   {dialectally)   ^itt-zi;   (formerly)   'ice-^-zi. 
faker  n.  (one  who  fakes;  surf  man  who  fakes  the  shot-lines 

in  a  faking-box)  'fee-kar. 
faker   n.    (thief;    one    who    deals   in    fakes;    street-vender; 

theatrical  hanger-on)  'fee-ka?. 
fakir  n.  Mohammedan  mendicant ;  Hindu  ascetic ;  yogi  [also 

spelt  fakeer,  faquirl  'fee-ka?,  fa'ki:?,  ix'kiiz. 
falcate  adj,  (like  a  sickle;  hookt)  'fsel-ket. 
falckion  n.  (sword)  'fc:}-tS3n,  'fc:l-$9n. 
falcon  n.  (hawk,  etc.)  'foksn,  'fcil-ksn,  'fa^ksn. 
falconer  n.  (one  who  hunts  with  or  trains  falcons)  'fc:-k9- 

n^z. 
falconet  n.  (piece  of  ordnance;  shrike)  'fc:-k3-n3t,  'fxlks- 

nat,  'fc:l-k3-n3t. 
faloonine  adj,  (like  a  falcon  or  hawk)  'faelks-nain,  'fselks- 

nin. 
falconry  n.  (hawking)  'fc:-k<3n-zri. 
fall  V.  (drop,  descend,  etc.)  fc:l,  (when  unstrest)  fcl. 
fallaoions  adj.  (containing  a  fallacy)   fs'lee-^as. 
fallacy  n.  (deceptivness ;  error)  'faela-si. 
fallal  n.  piece  of  finery ;  trifling  ornament ;  affectation  [also 

spelt  fal-lal]  ixTlxl,  falal. 
fallen  adj.  (that  has  dropt;  mind)  'fc:-lan,  'fc:-ln. 
fallible  adj,  (liable  to  err;  unreliable)  'faeld-bsl,  (anteriorly) 

'faelabal. 
fallomr  n.  (uncropt  ground,  etc.)  'faelo. 

false  adj,  (erroneous;  deceitful;  spurious)  fcrls,  fcilts;  fels. 
falsetto  n.  (forced  voice;  head  voice)  fcl'seto. 
familiar  adj.  (of  one's  family;  intimate;  well-known;  free) 

fa'miHar. 
familiarity  n.  fa-mirjaeri-ti,  fa-miU'a^i-ti. 
familiarization   n.    [also   spelt  familiarisation']    fs-milid^i- 

'zee-Jan,  fa-miHa-rai'zee-San. 
familiarize  v.  [also  spelt  familiarise]  fa'miHd-^aiz. 
family  n.   (household-group;   kindred)   'faemi-li,   (anteriorly) 

'faemih,  (rapidly)  'faemh. 
famine  n.  scarcity  of  food;  hunger;  starvation  [also  spelt 

famin]  'faemin. 
fanatic  n.  (unreasoning  enthusiast;  visionary)  fa'naetik. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  ^^  ask,  ^^V.\\fc% 
lengtb-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceditv^  somtv^  \^  \^xv^\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  oti  t\ie  io\\o^\x^^  «^3>\?;!^^ 


204  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

f anatioize  v.  render  fanatic ;  act  as  a  fanatic  [also  spelt  fa- 

naticise'i  fa'naeti-saiz. 
fanaticism  n.  (excessiv  enthusiasm)  fs'nseti-sizdm. 
fancy  n.  (imagination;  notion;  liking)  'faensi,  'faentsi. 
fandango  n.  dance,  tune,  ball  [ploral  fandangos'^   faen'dxi]- 

go,  faen'daeq-go. 
fane  n.  (temple)  feen. 

fanfare  n.   (flourish,  call,  tune)  'faen-fe:?,  faen'ferzr. 
fanfaronade  n.  brag;  ostentation  [also  spelt  fanfaronnadel 

faenfara'need,  faenfae^a'need. 
fantasia  n.  (fanciful  composition)  faentd'zii-s,  fxn'ta:-zi-3. 
fantasied  adj.  fanciful  [also  spelt  phantasied]  'fxntd-sid. 
fantassin  n.  (heavy-armd  foot-soldier)  'faenta-sin. 
fantast  n.  visionary  [also  spelt  phantast"}  'faen-taest. 
fantastic  adj.   fanciful;   capricious   [also   spelt  phantastici 

faen'taestik. 
fantasy    n.    imagination ;    whimsical    notion ;    caprice    [also 

spelt  phantasy;  ploral  fantasies']  'faenta-si. 
fantoccini  n,pL  (puppets)  faente'tSii-ni. 
f aqnir  n.  'f ee-ka?.    see  fakir, 
far  adv.  at  or  to  a  great  distance ;  largely ;  widely  [compara- 

tiv    farther,    further;    superlativ    farthest,    furthest]    ia:z, 

(when  unstrest)  far;   {dialectally)  fe:?. 
farad  n.  (electric  capacity-unit)  'fae-zraed,  'fae^ad. 
Faradaic  adj,  (of  the  English  physicist   Michael   Faraday) 

fae?3'dee-ik. 
faradic  adj.  (of  inductiv  electricity)  fa'^aedik. 
fare  n.  (price  of  passage)  fe:?. 
faremrell  adj.  (of  a  farewell;  good-by)  fei^'wel,  (assumptiv- 

ly)  'fe:?-weJ. 
far-fetched  adj.  brought  from  afar;  straind  [also  spelt  far- 

fetcht]  fair'fetSt,  (assumptivly)  'fa:r-fetSt. 
farina  n.  (starch,  fecula;  pollen)  fsVai-ns. 
farina  n.  (a  granular  preparation  of  white  maize,  finer  than 

hominy)  fa'^ii-na. 
farinaceons  adj.  (of  flour;  starchy;  mealy)  fae^i'nee-Sos. 
farinose   adj.    (yielding  farina;   starchy;   floury)    fae^i'noos, 

(assumptivly)  'fae^i-nos. 
farmstead  n.  [also  spelt  farmstedl  'for^m-sted. 
faro  n.  card-game  [also  spelt  pharaoh,  pharoah,  pharo]  'izi- 

zOy  'fe:-?o. 
f ar-of f  a(f/.  fa:^'e:f,  (assumptivly)  'fa:?-e:f. 
farrago  n.  (medley;  hodgepodge)  fa'^ee-go,  fa'^ee-go. 

J  ye,   pcure;  bthe,  Q  thin;   $  azure,  d^/oy;    ^  shoe,  tSr/tew; 
wze/Aen;  13  sing;  u  wh<7ever,  i  react,  oiuU,  oMiool,  itt,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  oover,  e  aerial.  Abut,  o:  door,  00 no,  t,>ac^,  t.e^^a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  205 

farrier  n.  (one  who  shoes  horses)  'ixzi-sz. 

farther  adv,  (comparativ  of  far)  'iaiz-d^z;  {dialectally)  'fa:- 
da^.    see  far. 

fartltingale  n.  (hoopt  petticoat)  'fa:7-din-gee},  'fa:7-dio-gceL 

fasces  n.  (ploral  of  fascis)  'fx-siz. 

fasoet  n.  (rod  used  in  glass-making;  also,  faucet)  'fxsit. 

fascia  n.  band  [ploral  fasciae  and,  in  architectural  senses, 
also  fascias]  'faeja,  'faeji-a,  'faeSja. 

fasciflil  adj.  (of  the  Roman  fasces)  'faeSal,  'faeSi-al. 

fasciation  n.   (binding  with  fasciae;   fascia)   fae$i'ee-$3n. 

fascicle  n.  (bunch,  bundle,  cluster)  'fsesi-kal. 

fasoinatioii  n.  (enchantment)  fsesi'nee-^an. 

fascine  n.  (fagot)  fa'siin. 

fascis  n.  bundle  [plural  fascesl  'fsesis. 

fasldonable  adj.  (conformable  to  fashion;  stylish)  'fae^dnd- 
bal,  (assumptivly)  'faeSa-nabal ;  (rapidly)  'faeSNa-bal,  {assump- 
tivly)  'faeSNsbaJ. 

fast  adj.  (firm;  rapid)  fa:st,  fa:st,  f£:st. 

fasten  v.  make  fast;  fix  [past  participle  and  preterit  fas- 
tened, fastendl  'fa:-s3n,  'fa:-san,  'fae:-s3n. 

fastener  n.  (one  who  or  that  which  fastens)  'fa:-s9-n97,  'fa:- 

SN3?. 

fastening  n.  'fa:-s3-nir),  'fa:-sNii]. 

fastidious  adj.  (squeamish;  over-nice)  faes'tidi-as. 

fata  Morgana  n.  (mirage)  fa:-t9-me?'ga:-n9. 

fatal  adj.  (like  fate ;  fateful ;  deadly)  'fee-tl,  'fee-tal. 

fate  n.  (destiny)  feet. 

father  n.   (male  parent)  'fa-.-dar;   (dialectally)  'fai-dar. 

fatig^ne  n.  (weariness)  fa'tiig. 

fatnity  n.  (folly)  fa'tgou-i-ti. 

fatnons  adj,  (foolish;  idiotic)  'faetju-as,  'faetQu-as. 

fanbonrg  n.  (suburb)   'foo-bo^g,  'foo-bo?. 

f ances  n.  pi.  (throat,  gullet)  'fc:-siz.     compare  faux. 

faucet  n.  barrel-tap;  stop-cock;  spigot  [dialectal  synony- 
mous cognates  fascet,  fossetl  'fc:-sit;  (dialectally)  'faesit, 
'fesit. 

fangh  inter j.  (expressing  disgust)  fc: . 

fanlt  n.  (defect;  error;  culpability;  break)  fc:lt;  (dialectal- 
ly) felt. 

fann  n.  (rural  deity)  fc:n. 

fanna  n.  the  total  of  the  animal  life  of  a  region  or  period 
[ploral  faunae,  faunas'^  'fc:-na. 

fanx  n.  (singular  of  fauces)  fc:ks.     same  meaning  as  fauces. 

c:  law,  b:  f wr,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a.  osk,  ^\V\\.^^ 
length-mark   (:)   indicates  that  the   preceding  sound  \^  \^W\ 
stress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  foWovjiiis  s^\\^\iVv^ 


206  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

f anx  pas  n.  (false  step,  mistake)  fo'po: . 

favor  n.  good  will ;  etc.  [also  spelt  favourl  'fce-v^r. 

favorable  adj,  [also  spelt  favourable]  'fee-vssa-b^,  (rapidly) 

'fee-vra-bal. 
favorite   n.,  adj.   [also   spelt   favourite,   favorit]    'f ce-va-eit, 

(anteriorly)  'fee-varit,  (rapidly)  'fce-v?it. 
faDTn  t/.  show  fondness;  cringe  [past  participle  and  preterit 

fawned,  fawndl  fc:n. 
faDTn  n,  (young  deer)  fc:n. 
fay  n.  (fairy,  elf)  fee. 
fay  n.  (faith,  religious  belief)  fee. 
fay  n.  surface-cleanings   from  soil;   dross   [also  spelt  feigh, 

feagh,  fee,  feyl    fee. 
fay  v.  (fit;  fill  up;  suit)  fee. 
fay  V,  (local)  clean  out,  as  a  ditch ;  clean ;  winnow  [also  spelt 

f^y*  feigh  and,  formerly,  feel    fee. 
fayalite  n.  (mineral)  'fee-a-lait,  'fai-3-lait,  fai'a:-lait. 
faze  V.  disturb  [also  spelt  phase]  feez. 
fealty  n.  (fidelity  to  a  lord;  loyalty)  'fii-al-ti. 
fear  n.  (alarm,  etc.)  fi:?,  fia. 
feasible  adj.  (practicable)  'fii-za-bal. 
feat  n.  (exploit)  fiit. 

featber  n.  plume,  etc.  [also  spelt  f ether]  'fcda?. 
febrifugal  adj.  fi'b^ifio-gal,  'febri-fiugal,  febri'fioti-gd!. 
febrifuge  n.  (medicin  that  reduces  fever)  'feb^i-fiuds. 
febrile  adj.  of  fever  [also  spelt  febril]  'fii-b?il,  'febril. 
February  n.  (month)  '{ehzu-tzi;  (also)  'febru-a-ri,  (anterior- 
ly) 'ichzu-^zi;  (also,  erroneously)  'febju-e?i,  'febu-8?i. 
f eoal  adj.  of  feces  [also  spelt  faecal]  'fii-kal. 
feces  «.  pi.  sediment ;  excrement  [also  spelt  faeces]  'f li-siz. 
fecit  V,  ( . . .  made  it :    an  expression  used  after  the  artist's 

signature  on  works  of  art)  'fii-sit. 
fecnla  n.  starch  [also  spelt  faecula;  ploral  feculae]  'fekgo-la. 
feonlenoe  n.  foulness  [also,   formerly,  spelt  feculance]  'fe- 

kgo-lans. 
fecnnd  adj.  (prolific;  fertil)  'fe-kxnd,  'fii-kAnd,  fi'kAnd. 
fecundate  v.  (render  fruitful;  impregnate)  'fekan-det,  'fii- 

kan-det,  fi'kAndet. 
f ecnndation  n.  fekan'dee-Ssn,  fikdn'dee-Jdn. 
federalization  n.    [also   spelt  federalisation]   fedd-rsli'zee- 

San,  (rapidly)  fedrah'zee-San ;   (also)  fedazra-lai'zee-San. 
f ederiUize  v.  [also  spelt  federalise]  'feddrs-laiz. 
feet  n.  (ploral  of  foot)  fiit. 

}  ye,   pcure;  d  f/»e,  8  */iin;^  3  axrure,  dsf'oy;   ^  sho^,  tScfcew; 
wwhen;  rising',  u  whoever,  i  react,  xiiuu,  \iMioo\,  T\t,  lisee; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  ;>:  doot,  00 no,  «.\ie^,  tt^oJ«:\ 


# 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  207 

reign.  V,  invent,  simulate  [past  participle  and  preterit  feigned, 
feigndl  feen. 

feignedly  adv,  'fee-ni-dh. 

feint  adj,  counterfeit,  feigned  [also,  but  rarely  now,  spelt 
fainf]  feent. 

feldspar  n.  mineral  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  felspar]  'fe!- 
spa:?,  'feld-spa:?. 

felicity  n.  (happiness,  bliss)  fi'hsi-ti. 

feline  adj.  (of  cats;  cat-like)  'fii-lain,  {rarely)  'fii-hn. 

fellah  n.  peasant  [plural  fellahs,  fellaheen!  'fela. 

feller  n,  (one  who  or  that  which  fells)  'felae.  * 

felloe  n,  [ploral  felloes]  'feb.    same  meaning  as  felly, 

fellomr  n.  (comrade;  person)  'fclo;  (dialectally  and  vulgarly) 
'fela. 

felly  n.  the  rim  of  a  wheel  [synonymous  cognate  felloe ;  plor- 
al fellies'!  'feh. 

female  adj,  (of  the  sex  which  bears  offspring;  of  women) 
'fii-meel,  {when  less  strest)  'f li-mel. 

femerel  n.  lantern,  louvre,  or  dome  over  a  kitchen  [also 
spelt  femerell;  synonymous  cognate  fumerelll  'fema-^al. 

femineity  n.  (female  nature;  feminality)  fcmi'nii-i-ti. 

feminine  adj.  female,  etc.;  womanly  [also,  sometimes,  spelt 
feminin}  'femi-nin;   {less  properly)  'femi-nain. 

femoral  adj,  (of  the  femur  or  thigh)  'fema-ral;  {improperly) 
'fii-m3-?3l. 

femnr  n,  thigh-bone  [ploral  femurs,  femoral  'fii-ma?. 

fence  n.  fents,  fens. 

f enoible  adj,  capable  of  making  defense ;  strong ;  belonging 
to  the  corps  called  fencibles  [also,  formerly,  spelt  fensible, 
fensablej  'fensa-bal. 

Fenian  n.  one  of  the  warriors  or  champions  of  Ireland  in 
the  time  of  Finn  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  Fennian ;  synony- 
mous cognate  Finniani  'fii-ni-an,  'feni-an;  (member  of  the 
brotherhood  founded  in  New  York  in  1857)  'fii-ni-an. 

fennec  n,  African  fox  [also  spelt  fennels']  'fenik. 

fennel  n.  (plant)  'fenl. 

fenugreek  n.  plant  [also  spelt  foenugreek ;  synonymous  cog- 
nate fenugreek]  'fenjo-g^iik. 

feod  n,  fgoud.     see  feud. 

feoff  V.  invest  with  a  fief,  fee,  or  feud;  enfeoff;  present  [al- 
so, formerly,  spelt  feff]  fef,  fiif.     compare  fief,  n. 

feoffee  n.  (person  who  is  enfeoft)  fe'fii. 

feoffer  n.  one  who  enfeoffs  [also  spelt  feoffor]  'fefa?. 

c:  law,  b:  iur,  x  cat,  &hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  qo  now,  a,*,  a^,  «l\\?a\s.\ 

lengtb-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  somtv^  \^  \^xv^*. 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  io\\o^\T^^  s^>\iJ^' 


208  DICTIONARY  OF   HARD   WORDS 

feoffment  n.  (action  of  feoffing  or  enfeoffing)  'fefMant. 
ferine  adj,  (of  wild  animals;  beast-like)  'fi:-rain,  'fi:-rin. 
ferison  ».  (mood  of  the  third  figure  of  syllogism)  fs'^ai-sen, 

fa'eai-san. 
ferment  n.  (leaven,  yeast)  'feir-ment,  'ferr-mant. 
ferment  v.  (undergo  fermentation;  foment)  fee'ment. 
fermentative  adj.  [also  spelt  fermentativl  fee'menta-tiv. 
ferocity  n.   (fierceness)  fi'resi-ti. 
ferret  n.  (polecat)  'ferit. 
ferret  n.  (stout  tape)  'ferit. 

ferriage  n.  action  of  ferrying;  conveyance  over  a  ferry  [al- 
so spelt  ferry age'i  'feei-ids;   (improperly)  'fe^ids. 
ferrier  n.  ferryman  [also  spelt  ferryerl  'fe^i-ar. 
ferrooyanide  n.  salt  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  ferrocyanidi  fe- 

ro'sai-3-naid,  feeo'sai-a-nid. 
fermle  n.  ring  or  cap  of  metal  [also  spelt  ferule  and.  for- 
merly, ferrel,  ferril}  'fe^al,  'fe^il,  'fe-^ul,  'fer-jul. 
fertile   adj\  fruitful,  prolific   [also,   sometimes,   spelt  fertill 

'faetil,   (assumpHvly)   'fertl;    (also,  in  Britain)   'fs^-tail. 
fertileness  n.   [also,  sometimes,   spelt  fertilnessl  'feertl-nis, 

'fsetil-nis,  'fee-tail-nis. 
fertility  n.  (fertilness)  foe'tih-ti. 
fertilization  n.  [also  spelt  fertilisation'^  fa^tl-i'zee-Jan,  fe?- 

tih'zee-San,  fazrti-lai'zee-San. 
fertilize  v.  [also  spelt  fertilised  'fortl-aiz,  'fe^ti-laiz. 
fertilizer  n.  [also  spelt  fertiliserl  'fe^tl-ai-zar,  'fs^ti-lai-zazr, 
femle    n.    cane,    rod,    ruler    [also,    formerly,    spelt    ferrule"} 

'feeul,  'feril,  'fer-jul. 
fervor  n.  intense  heat ;  warmth ;  glow ;  zeal  [also  spelt  fer- 

vourl  'fsi^-var. 
/  fesone  n.  pointer   [also  spelt  fesque  and,   formerly,   feskue, 

fescul  'fe-skgu. 
fesse  n.  banded  ordinary,  a  bearing  [also  spelt  fess"]  fes. 
fetal  adj,  of  a  fetus  [also  spelt  foetal"]  'fii-tl. 
fetch  V.  bring;   go  and  bring   [past  participle   and  preterit 

fetched,  fetchtl  fetj. 
fdte  n.  (feast,  holiday)  feet. 
fetial    adj,    of    the    fetiales;    heraldric    ambassadorial    [also 

spelt  fecial"]  'fii-Jal. 
fetiales  n,pl,  (college  of  priests  in  ancient  Rome)  fiSi'ee-Hz. 
feticide    n.    the    action    of    destroying    a    fetus    or    causing 

abortion  [also  spelt  foeticide]  'fii-ti-said,  'feti-said. 
fetid  adj.  stinking  [also  spelt  foetid]  'fii-tid,  'fetid. 

/j^e,   ^cure;  dthe,   0  thin;   3  asure,  d^ioy;    ^  shoe,   t^cheyr; 
wzc'/ien;  x)sing;  u  wh<7ever,  i  react,  ^siuu,  \3Mioo\,  \\\.,  t\scc\ 
o poetic;  ^  over,  e  aerial.  Abut,  o:  door,  ootvo,  t\ic^>  ^t^oX^*, 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  209 

teHmh  n.  object  of  awe  or  blind  devotion  [also  spelt  fetich, 

fetiche}  'fii-tij,  'fetij. 
f etisl&eer  n.  sorcerer  [synonymous  cognate  fetisher,  fetisseri 

fiti'Si:?,  feti'Ji:?. 
fetishism  n.  [also  spelt  fetichistn\  'fii-ti-$izam,  'feti-Sizsni. 
fetisUst  n.  [also  spelt  fetichist}  'fii-ti-Sist,  'feti-Sist. 
fetisliistic  adj,  (of  fetishism)  fiti'Jistik,  feti'$istik. 
fetor  n.  stench  [also  spelt  foetor}  'fii-tae,  'fii-tDZ. 
fetns  n.  young  animal  in  the  womb;  embryo  [also  spelt  foe- 
tus; ploral  fetuses'}  'fii-tds. 
fen    n.    feudal    land-tenure;    holding;    fief    [also,    formerly, 

spelt  few\  fiou. 
f euar  n.  one  who  holds  land  upon  feu  [also  spelt  feur,  fewar 

and,  formerly,  feuer}  'fiou-ae. 
fend  n.  (bitter  and  lasting  mutual  hostility)  fioud. 
fend  n.  fee,  fief  [also  spelt  feod}  fioud. 
f endalism  n.  'fiou-dl-izam,  'fiou-da-lizdm. 
fendalisation  n.    [also   spelt  feudalisationi   fiudl-i'zee-Jan, 

fiudl-ai'z^-Jsn. 
fendalixe  v.  [also  spelt  feudalise!  'fiou-dl-aiz. 
f endary  n.  feudal  tenant ;  vassal ;   servant  [also  spelt  feo- 

daryl  'fiou-da-ri. 
f enilleton  n.  (the  bottom  part  of  a  newspaper,  ruled  off  and 

devoted  to  serial  stories,  criticisms,  etc.)   fei-i'toq,   fBl'toq, 

'fei-lia-toq. 
f everf eur  n.  plant  [also  spelt  feverfuel  'f ii-vD2-fiu, 
f enr  adj,  (not  many)  fiou,  {when  unstrest)  fiu. 
f  eivmet  n.  see  futnet. 

fey  adj.  fated  to  die ;  doomd ;  dying  [also  spelt  fay\  fee. 
fez  n.  Turkish  skull-cap  [ploral  fezzes}  fez. 
fianc6  n.  (man  or  youth  who  is  betrotht)  fi-ei]'see. 
fiancee  n.  (woman  or  girl  who  is  betrotht)  fi-eq'see. 
fiasco  n.  (flask;  ignominious  failure)  fi'a:-sk3,  fi'sesk3. 
fiat  n.  (command ;  order)  'f ai-at,  'f ai-aet. 
fiber  n.  filament  [also  spelt  fibre}  'fai-ba?. 
fibriform   adj,    (formd   like   a   fiber;    thread-like)    'fai-bzi- 

fo:rm. 
fibril  n.  (small  fiber)  'fai-b^il;  {improperly)  'fibnl. 
fibrilla  n.  fibril  [ploral  fibrillaej  fai'b^ila. 
fibrillar  adj.  (of  the  nature  of  a  fibrilla)  'fai-bnlajr. 
fibrillary  adj,  (fibrillar)  'f ai-b^i-leri ;  {less  properly)  'fibri- 

lezi. 
fibrillate  v,  (having  fibrillae)  'fai-bri-let. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a;  ask,  ^\\sa\s.\ 
length-mart  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soMxvd.  \^  \^^^\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ieWo-wixi^  «fCv?i5^^« 


210  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

fibrillose  adj,  coverd  with  or  composed  of  fibrils  [also  spelt 

fibrilosel   fai-bei'loos,   (assutnptivly)   'fai-bei-los. 
fibrilloufl  adj.   (full  of  fibrils)   'f ai-b^i-las ;    (less  properly) 

fai'bnlds,  fi'brilas,  'fibzi-las. 
fibrin  n.  (nitrogenous  substance)  'fai-b?in. 
fibrine   adj,  fiber-like    [also,   sometimes,   spelt   fibrini    'fai- 

brin,  'fai-b^ain. 
fibrinosen   n.    (proteid)    'f ai-beina-dsen ;    (improperly)    fai- 

'b^ina-dsen. 
fibrinous  adj.  (full  of  fibrin)  'fai-bzi-nas,   (less  often)  'fi- 

bri-nas. 
fichn  n.  (triangular  piece  of  fabric  worn  by  women  on  the 

neck,  throat,  and  shoulders)  'fi-Ju,  fi'Jou. 
fico  n.  (fig)  'fii-ko. 
fictile  adj.  plastic  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  ficHl\  'fiktil,  {as- 

sumptivly)  'fiktl. 
fiddler  n.  (one  who  plays  on  the  fiddle)  'fidla?,  'fidl-oe. 
fidelity  n.  (faithfulness,  loyalty)  fai'deh-ti,  fi'deh-ti. 
fidget  n.  (condition  of  spasmodic  movement)  'fidjit. 
fidncial  adj.  (of  trust)  fi'djou-Sal,  fai'djou-Si-al. 
fiduciary  adj.   (in  trust;  of  trusteeship)   fi'djou-Si-C2i,  fai- 

'djou-Si-a-ri,  fi'djou-Ja-ri. 
fie  inter j.  [also  spelt  fy,  fyel  fai. 
fief  n.  (feoff,  fee,  feud)  fiif.     compare  feoff,  v. 
fieldfare  n.  (bird)  'fiild-fe:r. 

fiery  adj.  (of  fire)  'fai-a-zi,  'iai-zi;  (also,  often)  'faia-^i. 
fife  n.  flute-like  instrument  [ploral  fifes}  faif. 
fifteen  adj.,n.  fif'tiin,  (anteriorly;  by  contrast)   'fif-tin. 
fig^nline   adj.   made  by   a   potter;    plastic    [also,   sometimes, 

spelt  figulini  'figjo-hn,  'figjo-lain. 
fig^nre  n.  (form;  image;  numeral)  'figja^;  (in  Britain,  often- 

er)  'figs?. 
fig^nre  v.  (depict;  imagin;  use  figures)  'figj'a?,  'figar. 
fig^nrine  n.  (small  figure  or  image)  figjo'riin. 
Fijian  adj.  of  Fiji  [also  spelt  Feejeeani  'fii-dsi-an,  fi'dsii-an. 
filacer    n.    officer    [synonymous    cognates    fyliser,    filaserl 

'fila-sa?. 
filament  n,  (thread-like  body;  fiber)  'fila-mant. 
filander  n,  wallaby,  a  short-taild  kangaroo  [also  spelt  phi- 

landerl  filaendar.    compare  philander. 
filander  n.  membrane  scraped  from  gut  in  making  catgut 

[also  spelt  filandrel  fi'laenda?. 
filander  v.  filaenda?.     see  philander. 

J  ye,    gcure;  d  the,   GMin;   samre,  d$joy;    I  shoe,   tlchew; 
wwhen;  i)sing;  u  wh^^ever,  i  react,  oiu\\,  uMiool,  itt,  lisee; 
o poetic;  d  over,  e aerial.  Abut,  o;  door,  ;>oivo,  t>Qc^»  ^^^cJ«,\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  211 

filanders  n.  worms;   disease   [former  synonymous  cognate 

felandersl  fi'isenddrz. 
filch  V.  steal;  pilfer;  rob  [past  participle  and  preterit  filched, 

filcht'i  filtj,  (also,  and  in  Britain  normally)  filj. 
filet  n.  (thread-like  part  or  thin  line  in  a  design;  fillet)  fi- 

'lee. 
filial  adj.  (of  a  son  or  daughter)  'fili-dl,  'filidt 
filibeg  n.  kilt  [also  spelt  fillibeg,  philibeg,  phillibegl  'fili- 
beg. 
filigree  n.  tracery-work  in  metal  [also  spelt  filligree ;  synon- 
ymous cognate  fillagreel  'fih-g^i. 
Filipino  n.  nativ  of  the  Philippine  Islands  [ploral  Filipinos^ 

fih'pii-no. 
fillet  n.  (head-band;  strip;  roll,  as  of  meat;  molding)  'fiht. 
fillip  n.  finger-jerk;  stroke;  stimulus  [also,  formerly,  spelt 

/i7i>]  'fihp. 
fillip  V.  to  strike  as  by  a  fillip  [also,  formerly,  spelt  filip\ 

past  participle  and  preterit  filliped,  fillipi\  'fihp. 
fillipeen  n.  fih'piin.    see  philopena. 
film  n.  (thin  skin;  fine  thread)  film;  {vulgarly)  'filam. 
filoplnnie  n.  (thread-feather)  'fai-19-pz.oum. 
filose  adj,  (ending  in  a  thread)  fai'bos,  (assumptivly)  'fai- 

los. 
f iloielle  n.  ferret  or  floss-silk ;  grogam  yarn  [also  spelt  filo- 

sel,  filoselll  fila'zel,  'fila-sel,  fai-la'zel. 
filter  n.  liquid-purifying  device  [also  spelt  filtrel  'filtae. 
filum  n.  thread,  filament  [ploral  filal  'fai-ldm. 
fin  n.  (swimming-organ)  fin. 
finable  adj.  [also  spelt  fineablel  'fai-nd-bdl. 
final  adj.  (ultimate;  conclusiv)  'fai-nal,  'fai-nl. 
finale  n.  (last  part  or  scene)  fi'na:-li. 
finance  n.  (management  of  money,  etc.)  fi'naens,  'fai-naens, 

fai'naens;  (also)  fi'naents,  etc. 
finance  v.  (conduct  financial  operations;  furnish  capital  for) 

fi'naens,  fai'naens;  (also)  fi'naents,  etc. 
financial  adj.  (of  finance)  fi'nsen^al,  fai'naenSsl. 
financier  n.   (one  skild  in  finance)   fai-nsn'si:?,  finsn'si:?, 

(in  Britain,  oftener)  fi'naensi-ar. 
financier  v.  act  as  a  financier;   furnish  capital   for   [also 

spelt  f inane eer'i  finan'si:?,  fai-nan'si:?. 
finch  n.  (bird)  fintS,  (in  Britain)  fin  J. 
fineiie  n.  (delicacy;  skill;  artifis;  trick)   fi'nes,  fi'nes. 
fing^go  n.   (climbing  shrub)  'fiqg^i-go,  fiq'g^igo. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  a;  cat,  e  h^t,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a*,  ask,  a\V.\\^e.\ 

\BTjgth-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soun\  \s  \©ti%\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ioUoviintS  s^\\«^A.!ei 


212  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

finicking  adj.  fastidious;  mincing;  also,  paltry   [also  spelt 

finnicking;  synonymous  cognates  finikin,  finnikini  'fini-kii]. 
finii  n.  (the  end ;  conclusion)  'fai-nis. 
finite  adj,  (bounded;  limitec^  'fai-nait. 
Finn  n.  Finlander  [also  spelt  Fin}  fin. 
finnan  n.   finnan-haddock    [also   spelt  finnon ;   synonymous 

cognates  findhorn,  findram,  fintrum,  findoni  'finan. 
finooliio  n.  (fennel)  fi'nok-i-o,  fi'nDo-ki-o;  (improperly)  fi- 

'noo-tji-o. 
fiorin  n.  (white  or  marsh  bentgrass)  'fai-a-zin. 
fiorite  n.  (sinter)  'fgoi-rait,  'fai-3-rait. 
fir  n.  (tree)  fa:?. 

f irk  V.  drive,  force  [also  spelt  ferki  {s'.zk. 
firkin  n.  (small  cask)  'farkin. 

firmament  n.  (vault  of  heaven;  the  heavens)  'fair-md-mdnt. 
fimian  n.  decree,  edict  [ploral  firmans}  'fair-man. 
fiic  «.  treasiiry  [also,  in  Scottish  law,  spelt  fisk}  fisk. 
fiscal  adj.  (of  the  fisc  or  treasury)  'fiskdh 
fish  n.  [ploral  fishes]  collectivly,  fish]  fij. 
fissile  adj.  cleavable  [also  spelt  fissil}  'iisiX. 
fissle  V.  russle;  whistle;  fidget  [also  spelt  fistle}  'fisal. 
f issura  n.  fissure ;  cleft ;  sulcus  [ploral  fissurae}  f I'sgoi-^a. 
fissural  adj.  (of  a  fissure)  'fiSjo-eah 
fissure  n.  (cleft,  rift)  'fija?. 
fistula  n.  (pipe-like  ulcer;  pipe;  wine-tube)  'fistSo-la,  'fiStJo- 

la,  'fistgo-la. 
fixed  adj.  placed  firmly;  fast;  firm;  stable  [also  spelt  fixt} 

fikst. 
fixedly  adv.  (in  a  fixt  manner)  'fiksi-dh. 
fixedness  n.  (state  of  being  fixt)  'fiksi-dnis. 
fizgig  n.  frivolous  woman;  squib;  gimcrack  [also  spelt  fis2- 

gig,  fisgigl  'fizgig. 
fizz  V.  hiss;  splutter  [also  spelt  fijs;  past  participle  and  pret-    ^ 

erit  fizzed,  fizd}  fiz. 
fjord  n.  arm  of  the  sea  between  cliffs  [also  spelt  fiord,  fyord} 

iqeizd,  {qo'.zd,  fi'eizd. 
flaccid  adj.  (limp;  flabby;  drooping)  'fLaeksid;  (erroneously) 

'fLaesid. 
flagellant  n.  (one  who  whips  or  scourges  himself  for  re- 
ligious disciplin)  'fLaedsi-lant,  fLa'dselant. 
flagellate  v.  (scourge,  whip)  'ftaedsi-let. 
flageolet  n.  wind-instrument   [also   spelt  flagelet}   'fLsedsa- 

let,  ftaedsa'let;  (improperly)  'ftaedsi-a-let. 

jjfe,    g  cure;   d  the,   9  th\n\^  3  axrure,  ds  /oy ;    S  shoe,   tj  c/tew; 
wze/Aen;  ijsinff;  u  whoever,  i  react,  Diu\\,  \jMiool,  itt,  lisee; 
o poetic;  9  oyer ,  e  aerial^  Abut,  o;doot,  00 no,  ^>ae^^  ^^^a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  213 

flagitioas  adj,  (criminal;  wicked)  fz^a'dsiSss. 

flagon  n.  large  bottle  or  vessel  [also,  formerly,  spelt  fl<ig- 
gon\  'fz^gdn. 

flae^rant  adj,  (blazing;  raging)  'fz.ee-gz9nt. 

flagitaff  n.  (flagpole)  'fLxg-sta:f. 

flambean  n.  torch  [ploral  flambeauxl  'fz^m-bo. 

flamboyant  adj.  (flaming;  wavy;  showy)  fz^m'bei-9nt. 

flamingo  n.  bird  [ploral  flamingos,  flamingoes}   ii^'mit)go. 

flanoh  n.  flange  [synonymous  cognates  f launch,  flanquel 
fLaintS,  fLQintS,  fz^:ntS;  (in  Britain)  it.B'.nl,  fLa:n$,  iu^-.n^, 

flannel  n.  (woolen  stuff)  'f ^aendl,  'f ^aenh 

flask  n.  (powder-flask;  bottle;  frame)  f^aisk,  fz.a:sk,  fz^:sk. 

flasque  n.  (flanch-like  bearing)  fz.a:sk. 

flat-iron  n.  (sad-iron,  iron)  'fz.aet-ai-97n. 

flatulent  adj.  (windy;  puft  up;  vain)  'ftaetSo-tent,  'fi^tQo- 
Idnt. 

flannt  v.  wave  smartly;  display  [former  synonymous  cog- 
nate flantl  fLc:nt,  fz^amt,  fz.a:nt. 

flavor  n.  smell,  fragrance;  quality  of  taste;  savor  [also  spelt 
flavour"]  'fiee-vae. 

flay  V.  skin ;  excoriate ;  strip ;  plunder  [past  participle  and 
preterit  flayed,  flaydl  fLee. 

flay  V.  put  to  flight ;  frighten  [also  spelt  fley ;  past  participle 
and  preterit  flayed,  flaid,  flaydl  fi^e. 

flea  n.  (insect)  fz^ii. 

fledgling  n.  young  bird  just  fledged  -[also  spelt  fledgeling"] 
'ftedshq, 

flee  V.  (run  away)  fui. 

fleeceable  adj.  (that  may  be  fleeced;  cheatable)  'fLii-sd-bdl. 

flench  V,  cut  up  the  fat  of ;  skin  [synonymous  cognates  flinch, 
flense,  flence,  flinse]  fz^entS,  (in  Britain)  fz.enS. 

fleur-de-lis  n.  iris  [also,  formerly,  spelt  fleur-de-lys;  syn- 
onymous Qognate  flower-de-luce;  ploral  fleurs-de-lis]  {i.b:z- 
di'hi,  (often,  especially  anteriorly)  'ftei^-di-li,  'iL.B:z-dl-i. 

fleur  V.  (preterit  of  fly)  fz^ou. 

flexible  adj.  (pliable;  pliant)  'fz^eksa-bdl. 

flexile  adj,  flexible,  pliant;  mobile  [also  spelt  flexil]  'fz.ek- 
siX. 

flexion  n.  bending,  curvature  [also,  except  in  the  physiolog- 
ic sense,  spelt  flection]  'fz.ekS3n. 

flexuose  adj»  (flexuous,  winding)  fz.ekSu'3os,  (assumptivly) 
'fz.ekSu-os;  (also)  fz-eksQu'oos,  (assumptivly)  'fz.eksgu-os. 

flibbertigibbet  n.  (imp;  flighty  person)  'fz,ib97ti-d3ibit. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy;  a:  for,  aa  now,  a\  asVi,  ^\V.\\s.\ 
length-niorlr  (:)  indicates  that  the  precedinc  sound  \^  \«knVt 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  qix  the  foWoviixi^  «^>\aXJ^t^ 


214  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

flier  n.  see  flyer. 

flight  n.  (action  of  flying;  series  of  stairs)  fz^ait. 
flight  n.  (action  of  fleeing;  hasty  departure)  f^ait. 
flimiy    adj,    (frail;    paltry)    'fz^imzi;    (dialectally)    'fi.imsi, 

'ftimpsi. 
flinch  V.   (give  way;   shrink;  wince)   ftintS,   (also,  and  in 

Britain  normally)  ftinj. 
flippant  adj,  (talkativ  and  forward)  'fz^ipsnt. 
flitch  n.  (side  of  bacon;  halibut  steak;  plank,  slab)  fz.itS. 
floatage  n.  action  of  floating ;  flotsam ;  floating  vessels  col- 

lectivly;  buoyancy;  that  part  of  a  ship  above  the  water-line 

[also  spelt  flotage)  'ftoo-tids. 
flocci  n.  (ploral  of  floccus)  'fz.ek-sai. 
floocose  adj.  fte'koos,  (assumptivly)  'fte-kos. 
floccnlose  adj,  ftekgoloos,  (assumptivly)  'ftokgo-los. 
floccuB  n.  flock,  tuft  [ploral  flocci"]  'fz.ek9s. 
floe  n.  (sheet  of  floating  ice ;  ice-floe)  f ldo. 
flookan  n.  cross-course  of  clay  [also  spelt  flucan;  synony- 
mous cognate  flooking"]  'ftou-kan. 
floor  n.  fiLo:?,  fz.39. 

flora  n.  the  total  of  the  plant  life  of  a  region  or  period  [plor- 
al florae,  floras'!  'fiLo:-?3. 
floral  adj.  (of  a  flower  or  flowers ;  of  a  flora)  'fi-o:-ral ;  (in^- 

properly)  'ftezal. 
Florentine  adj.  (of  Florence,  Italy)  'fteran-tin,  'fi-e^Dn-tin, 

'fte^an-tain. 
floreicence   n.    (flowering;    flowers   collectivly)    fz^d'^esdns, 

fto'eesans. 
floret  n.  (little  flower;  floweret)  'fLo:-rit. 
floriated   adj.   decorated   with   floral   ornament    [also   spelt 

floreated}  'fto:-?i-etid. 
floriculture  n.  'fte^i-kAltSar,  'f to-.-^i-kAltSa^ ;  {i.ezi^Alti;9z, 
florid  adj.  (flowery;  rosy;  blooming)  'fte^id;   (improperly) 

'ftDi-^id. 
floridity  n.  (floridness)  fta'ridi-ti,  fte'^idi-ti,  ftD'ridi-ti. 
florin  n.  (gold  coin)  'fLo^in;  (improperly)  'fto:-?in. 
floriit  n.  (flower-grower,  flower-dealer)  'ftezist,  'fiLD:-?ist. 
floM  n.  (floss-silk;  stuff)  fteis,  (rarely)  ftes. 
flotation  n.  action  of  floating  [also  spelt  floatation"!  flo'tee- 

San. 
flotsam  n.  floating  wreckage  [also,  formerly,  ispelt  flotsam, 

flotsom,   flotsome,   flotsum;    synonymous   cognate    flotson! 

'fiLotsam. 

/yc,   gcure;  d  Me,  0  Min ;   3  ajsrure,  dj/oy;   ^shoe,  tjc/iew; 
wwlien;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  iiiuu,  \jMioo\,  iit,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  o  ov^r,  e  aerial^  Abut,  o;doot,  ;iotio,  ^\>e^,  ^.^w,cJ«.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  215 

flour  n.  (fine  meal ;  powder)  flaoz, 

flo'W  n«  (streaming;  current)  fi^o. 

flourer  n,  (blossom)  'fLOU-dz,  (often)  'fz.ao7. 

flue  n.  fishing-net,  flue-net  [also  spelt  flewl  fz^ou. 

flue  n.  flocculent  substance,  as  down;  fluff  [also  spelt  flew} 

flue  n.  (a  duct,  as  in  a  chimney)  fz.ou. 

flue  n.  (the  fluke  of  an  anchor  or  harpoon)  fz^ou. 

fluency  n.  (easy  flow ;  readiness  of  utterance)  'fz.ou-9n-si. 

fluid  adj,  (flowing;  liquid  or  gaseous)  'fz^ou-id. 

fluke  n.  flatfish ;  worm  [also  spelt  flook}  fz.uuk. 

fluke  n.  (triangular  plate  on  the  arm  of  an  anchor;  barbd 

head)  fz.ouk. 
flume  n.  (artificial  water-channel;  ravine  with  a  stream  in 

it)  ftoum. 
flunky  n.  male  servant  in  livery  [also  spelt  flunkey;  plural 

flunkies,  flunkeysl  'fi.Ai]ki. 
fluoreicenie  n.  (self-luminosity  under  the  direct  action  of 

luminous  and  ultraviolet  rays)  ftu-a'^csans. 
fluoric  adj,  (of  fluor  or  fluor-spar)  ftu'erik. 
fluoride  n.  compound  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  fluoridl  'fz.ou- 

9-zaid,  'f  tou-a-rid.  * 
fluorine  n.  element  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  fluorinl  'ftou-3- 

zin  'ftou-a-?ain,  'ii.ou-3-zin. 
fluor-ipar  n.  (fluorite,  fluor)  'fz.ou-37-spa:?. 
flute  n.  (wind-instrument)  fz^out. 
fluviatile   adj.   of  a   river   or   rivers   [also   spelt  fluviatill 

'flLOU-vi-3-tll. 

fluxible  adj.  (fluid;  fusible;  fluctuating)  'fLAkss-bsl. 

fly  n.  winged  insect  [ploral  flies'}  fi-ai. 

fly  n.  act  of  flying ;  flight ;  light  carriage  [ploral  flies  but,  in 

the  sense  of  carriage,  flys}  ftai. 
flyer  n.  bird,  insect,  or  man  that  flies;  flying-machine  [also 

spelt  flier}  'ftai-ae. 
foal  n.  (colt,  filly)  fool. 

focalize  v.  focus  [also  spelt  focalise}  'foo-kd-laiz. 
foci  n.  (ploral  of  focus)  'fDO-sai. 
focuB  n.  point  of  convergence;  center  of  activity  [ploral  foci, 

focuses,  focusses}  'foo-kas. 
focuB    V,   converge    [present   participle   focusing,   focussing; 

past  participle  and  preterit  focused,  focussed,  focust}  'foo- 

kds. 
foetus  n.  'fii-tds.    see  fetus. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  for,  go  noTW,  ^•.  a^,  ^-vVW^N 

^Bngtb-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soMtvd  \s  \^xv\?»\ 

fitress-mork  (')  indicate^  chhi  atress  OU  tU^  l^Wo^^ti^  s^W^aJoV 


216  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

fogy  n.  old-fashiond  person;  out-of-dater  [also  spelt  fogey; 
plural  fogiesl  'foo-gi. 

f  ohn  n.  warm  dry  south  wind  in  the  valleys  of  the  northern 
Alps  [also  spelt  foehn,  fdn\  fern. 

foliaceouB  adj,  (leaf-like)  foH'ee-Sss. 

foliage  n.  (leafage)  'foo-li-ids;  (rarely)  'fool-jids. 

folio  n.  leaf  of  paper,  etc.;  book-leaf;  page-number  [ploral 
folios']  'foo-li-o,  'fool-jo. 

foment  n.  (warm  lotion ;  fomentation)  'foo-ment. 

foment  v.  (bathe  with  warm  lotions;  cherish;  instigate)  fo- 
'ment. 

fomentation  n.  fom^n'tee-Ssn. 

font  n.  (basin  for  baptismal  water;  fount,  fountain)  font. 

font  n.  (the  act  or  process  of  casting;  founding;  also,  a 
fount,  or  complete  assortment  of  type  of  any  one  face)  font. 

fontanel  n.  a  space  between  bones  or  muscles ;  an  outlet  for 
the  discharge  of  pus  [also  spelt  fontanelle ;  synonymous  cog- 
nate fontinell  fenta'nel. 

fontinel  n.  (little  fount  or  fountain;  also,  fontanel)  'fenti- 
nel. 

food  n.  (aliment;  victuals)  foud. 

foot  n.  pedal  extremity;  base;  measurfe;  group  of  syllables 
[ploral  feet,  and,  m  the  sense  of  bottoms,  dregs,  foots}  fot. 

foppery  n.  (coxcombry,  dandyism)  'fepa-^i. 

for  prep,  (representing;  in  favor  of;  with  a  view  to,  etc.) 
fe:^,  (when  less  strest)  iez,  fae,  iz. 

for  conj.  (for  the  reason  that,  because,  since)  feiz,  (when  less 
strest)  fez,  far. 

forage  n.  (fodder,  provender)  'fe^ids. 

foramen  n.  orifice,  hole   [ploral  foratninal  fd'zee-man. 

foramina  n.  (ploral  of  foramen)  fa'^aemi-na. 

foraminiferoni  adj.  (having  foramina)  fd-zraemi'nifd-zds. 

foray  n.  (act  of  foraging;  a  raid)  'ie-ze,  fo'zee. 

forbad  v,  (preterit  of  forbid)  far'baed,  far'baeid. 

forbade  v.  far'baed,  fae'beed.     same  meaning  as  forbad. 

forbear  n.  forefather,  ancestor  [synonymous  cognate  fore- 
bear] foz'be:?,  'foiz-beiz;  iez^eiz, 

forbear  v,  refrain  [past  participle  forborne;  preterit  for- 
bore] iez'hziz,  i^z'he'.z. 

forbid  V.  bid  not  to  do;  prohibit  [past  participle  forbidden, 
forbid;  preterit  forbad,  forbade]  fa^'bid. 

forby  prep,  hard  by,  near;  past;  besides  [also  spelt  forbye; 
synonymous  cognate  foreby]  fa^'bai. 

fye,   gcure;  dthe,  6  *fiin ;   5  asure,  ds/oy;   S  shoe,  tlchew; 
ww^en;  T)sing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  \3iu\\>  vsm.1oo\,  \\V  \\aee; 
o poetic;  sover,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o:  doot,  ^otio,  ^\>c^,  ^^^cSw.-^ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  217 

forby  adj,  along,  past;  besides  [also  spelt  forbye;  synony- 
mous cognate  forebyl  f^z^hai. 

forceable  adj.  (that  may  be  forced)  'toiz-s^-hsl, 

forcedly  adv.  (in  a  forced  manner)  'f3:7-si-dli. 

forcible  adj.  done  by  force;  strong;  telling  [also,  formerly, 
spelt  forceablel  'fore-ss-bal. 

fordo  V.  kill;  do  away  with  [synonymous  cognate  foredd\ 
foe'dou. 

fore  adj„rt,  (front)  foiz, 

fore  prep.,  adv.  (before)  io:z. 

forearm  n.  (antebrachium)  'foiz-aizm. 

forearm  v.  (arm  beforehand  for  attack)  foz'a'.zm. 

forebear  n.  'fo:z-he:z,  fo^lbe:?.    same  meaning  as  forbear, 

f oreby  prep.,  adv.  fozr'bai.     same  meaning  as  forby. 

forecast  n.  (foresight ;  prudence ;  predetermination  ;  prophe- 
cy) 'fD:?-ka:st. 

forecast  v.  cast  or  contrive  beforehand;  predetermin  [past 
participle  and  preterit  forecast,  forecasted^   fo2'ka:st. 

forecastle  n.  front  deck;  fore  part  of  a  ship  [dialectal  syn- 
onymous cognate  fo*c*sle1  'foie-kai-sal,  fo'.z^kscsdl;  {dialec- 
tally)  'fook-s9l,  'fook-sl. 

f oredo  v.  {oz'dau.    same  meaning  as  fordo. 

forefatber  n.  (forbear,  ancestor)  ^ioiz-iai-d^z. 

forego  Vm  (go  before ;  precede)  fo^'goo. 

forego  V,  for'goo.     same  meaning  as  forgo, 

foregoing  adj.  (going  before,  preceding;  antecedent)  ioz- 
'goo-iq,   (sometimes,  assumptivly)   'foi^-goo-iq. 

foregone  adj.  (that  has  gone  before,  past;  former;  prede- 
termind)  fo^'gein,  (assumptivly)  'fo:r-gen. 

f orebead  n.  fore  part  of  the  head ;  brow  [also  spelt  forehed} 
'iezid;  (rarely)  'fo:?-hed. 

foreign  adj.  not  one's  own;  alien  [also  spelt  foreni  'fe^in, 
(assumptivly)  'feean. 

foreigner  n.  alien  [also  spelt  forenerl  'fezi-nx. 

foreignness  n.  [also  spelt  forenness}  'fe?in-nis,  'iez^n-nis. 

forejudge^  v.  (judge  beforehand)  for'dsAds. 

forejudge'  v.  foz'd$Ad$.     same  meaning  as  forjudge, 

forel  n.  parchment  [also  spelt  forrell  'feral. 

foreman  n.  leader;  overseer  [ploral  foremen]  'forr-man. 

foremost  adj.,  adv.  (first)  'fo:^-most,  'for^-mast. 

forenoon  n.  (morning)  foi^'noun,  (assumptivly)  'fo:?-nun. 

forensic  adj,  (of  law-courts)  fa'rensik;  (improperly)  fa- 
'eenzik. 

c:  low,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hoi,  ei  hoy ;  a:  for,  qo  tvotw,  «:.  a^,  ^\V\V^\ 

length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  precediivg  aoMtv^  ^^  \^xv^\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  tVie  ie\\0N«\tv^  s^^^iX^s 


218  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

foremnner  n.  (one  who  runs  before;  sign)  ioz'zAu^z,  'fair- 

ZATi^Z. 

foreiaid  adj.  (aforsaid)  'ioiz-szd. 

foreihadour  v,  (prefigure,  forecast)  ioz'ld^do. 

foreil&ado'ar  n.  (shadow  cast  before;  antetype)  'ioiz^lxdo. 

foreit  n.  (wood;  woodland  district)  'fezist;  (dialectally) 
'ferast. 

forever  adv.  (for  ever;  always)  {^z'zv^z,  iez^ev^z;  {some- 
times) fa'eevar,  (rapidly,  often)  'fsevaz. 

foreuroman  n.  head  woman,  as  in  a  shop  [ploral  forewomen] 
'fo:r- woman. 

foreurord  n.  (preface)  'io:z-yiB'.zd. 

forfeit  n.  fine,  penalty  [also  spelt  forfit"]  'ferfit. 

forfend  v.  forbid;  avert;  secure  [synonymous  cegnate  fore- 
fendl  iez'iznd, 

forgather  v.  encounter;  meet;  assemble  [synonymous  ceg- 
nate foregatherl  fez'ga^^z. 

forge  n.fV.  (smithy;  hearth)   ioizd^. 

forgeable  adj.  (capable  of  being  forged)  'fai^-dss-bd}. 

forger  n.  (maker ;  one  who  forges  metal ;  counterfeiter)  'ioiz- 
ds^z. 

forgery  n.  forged  document ;  forging  [ploral  forgeries']  'io:z- 
dsa-ri,  {rapidly)  'foi^-dsn;  {improperly)  'ie-.z-di^-zu 

forget  V.  (lose  remembrance  of,  etc.)  fa^'get. 

forgo  V.  go  by  without  claiming ;  renounce ;  quit  [synony- 
mous cegnate  forego]  fez'goo. 

forgone  v.  (past  participle  of  forgo)  fe^'gein. 

forjudge  v,  exclude,  oust,  or  dispossess  by  a  judgment;  for- 
merly, prohibit,  condemn  judicially  [synonymous  cegnate 
forejudge]  fer'dsAds. 

forked  adj.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  forkt]  fet^kt,  'fe:3-kid. 

forlorn  adj.   (hopeless,   desolate,   wretched)    i^z'W.zn. 

form  n.   (shape,  etc.)   fe:zrm ;    {dialectally)   fc:m. 

formalize  v.  make  formal  [also  spelt  formalise]  'fe:sr-m3-}aiz. 

formally  adv.  (in  a  formal  manner)   'feir-ma-h. 

format  n.  (shape  and  size  of  a  book)  fo^'ma:  . 

formate  n.  (salt  of  formic  acid)  'fe:r-met,  'feir-mat. 

formerly  adv,  (at  a  former  time ;  in  time  past ;  of  old ;  here- 
tofore) 'fe:zr-m3?-h. 

formica  «.  (the  ant)  fe^'mai-ka. 

formioan   adj.   (of   the   ant)    'fe:?-mi-k3n,   fe^'mai-kan. 

formidable  adj.  (hard  to  deal  with,  etc.)  'feiz-mida-bal, 
{rapidly)  'fermda-bal;  {vulgarly)  fe^'mida-bal. 

J  ye,   Qcure;  bthe,  0  ^/lin ;   3  arure,  d.^/oy;    I  shoe,   tjc/jew; 
wwhen;  i)sing\  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  KiMioo\,  \%t,  liaee; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  serial.  Abut,  o*.  doot,  ooxvo,  «.\ic^,  ^^^a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  219 


formula  n.  set  form  of  words;  rule;  recipe  [ploral  formulae, 
formulas!  'fe:2-m jo-la. 

fommlise  v.  (also,  formerly,  spelt  formul%se\  'fe:;-mjo-laiz. 

forprise  v.  take  out;  except,  reserv  [synonymous  cognate 
foreprizel  fez'p^aiz. 

fonootli  adv,  (in  truth;  truly)  fsz'souO;  (improperly)  i^z- 
'soud. 

forspend  v,  spend  completely;  exhaust  [synonymous  cog- 
nate forespendl  fer'spend. 

forsurear  v.  (reject  with  an  oath;  abjure)  fez'swe:?. 

fort  n.  (fortress,  stronghold)  io:zX.. 

f ortalice  n.  small  fort  or  outwork  [also  spelt  fortalisi  'foiz- 
t3-lis. 

forte  n.  that  in  which  one  excels;  the  strong  point  of  a  per- 
son; also,  the  strongest  part  of  a  sword-blade,  as  opposed 
to  the  foible  [also,  formerly,  spelt  forti  foizt. 

forte  adj,  (with  force,  loud)  'foie-ti. 

forthcoming  adj.  (about  to  come  forth)  io:zQ*kAmit),  (as- 
sumptivly)  'fDi^G-kAmiq. 

forthright  adv.  (directly  forward;  straightway)  'io:zQ-zait, 
io'.zQ'zait. 

forthright  adj.  (proceeding  directly  forward;  straightfor- 
ward) ^io:zQ-zBit. 

forthright  n.  (straight  course)  'foreO-^ait. 

forthxrith  adv,  (immediately;  at  once)  iozQ'wib,  forG'wiG, 
(anteriorly)  'foieG-wid,  'fo:?G-wiG. 

fortieth  adj,  'fezti-sG. 

fortissimo  adj.  (very  loud)  for'tisi-mo. 

fortnight  n.  (fourteen  nights;  two  weeks)  'fert-nait,  'fort- 
nit,  'fertNit. 

fortress  n.  (fortified  place;  stronghold)  'fe^tjis. 

fortuitous  adj,  (chance,  accidental,  casual)  fezr'tQou-i-tds. 

fortune  n.  (chance,  hap,  luck;  wealth)  'feetjan,  (older) 
'fertgan. 

forty  adj,  (four  times  ten)  'feeti. 

forum  n.  (market-place;  court,  tribunal)  'fat-eam. 

f onvard  adj.,  adv.,  n.  'fei^-wa^d. 

f orurard  v.  (help  forward ;  assist ;  send  forward ;  ship)  'f e:e- 
wazd;  (less  properly)  for'wot^d. 

foss  n.  canal,  ditch;  pit,  fossa  [also  spelt  fosse!  fo:s,  (rarely) 
fos. 

fossa  n.  pit,  cavity,  foss  [ploral  fossae!  'fesa. 

fossil  adj.  (dug  up;  antiquated)  'fesi). 

c:  law,  b:  fwr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  au  tvoiu,  ^^  Q?k,  ^\Va\s.\ 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soMtv^  \^  X^tv^N 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\ie  io\\o^\tv^  s^X^^iXJ^^. 


220  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

f OBiilise  V,  [also  spelt  fossilise^  'fesi-laiz. 

foiter  V,  (nurse;  cherish;  promote)  'fei-star,  'festsr. 

fougl&t  V.  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  fight)  fcit, 

foul  adj.  (offensiv;  unfair)  fool. 

foully  adv,  (in  a  foul  manner)  'faoMi. 

foundry  n.  [synonymous  cognate  founderyl  'faon-dci. 

fount  n.  (fountain;  source)  foont. 

fount  n.  (a  font  or  complete  assortment  of  type  of  any  one 

face)  fount. 
fountain  n.  (spring,  etc.)  'foon-tin,  'faon-tn. 
four  adj„  n.  (numeral)  fo:?. 
fourcliette  n.  (fork,  etc.)  foz'S^t. 
fouricore  adj.  (four  times  twenty)  fo:r'sko:r,  (assumpHvly) 

fourteen  adj.,n.  for'tiin,  {anteriorly;  by  contrast)  'fD:?-tin. 
fovea  n,  depression,  pit  [ploral  foveael  'foo-vi-D. 
f oveola  n,  small  fovea  [plural  foveolael  fo'vii-a-la. 
foveolate   adj.   (having  foveolae;   pitted)   'foo-vi-3-let,   {less 

often)  fo'vii-9-let. 
fourl  n.  (bird)  faol. 
foyer  n.  (retiring-room  or  lobby  in  a  theater)  fuja'jce,  fuj©- 

'jee,  {less  properly)  'foo-jar. 
f racai  n,  (disturbance ;  row)  'fsee-kas,  {less  often)  fsae'ka: , 

fso'ka: . 
fractious  adj.  (unruly)  'fssek^ss. 
fraenulum  n.  see  frenulum. 
frag^e   adj.   liable   to  break   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  fragill 

'fsaedsil,  {rarely)  'fsae-dsail. 
frag^mental  adj.   (fragmentary)   fsaeg'mentl,  'fsaegman-tl. 
fragmentary  adj.  (composed  of  fragments)  'f^sgman-tezi ; 

{less  properly)  fsag'menta-n. 
frag^rant  adj.   (sweet-smelling)   'fsee-grant. 
framable  adj.  capable  of  being  framed  [also  spelt  frameablel 

'fsee-ms-bal. 
frano  n.  coin  [also,  formerly,  spelt  frank]  fsaerik. 
francliise   n.    (freedom;   privilege;   citizenship)   'f^am-tSaiz, 

'fsaen-tjaiz ;  'fsain-tjiz,  'fsaentSiz. 
francliisnient  n.   (enfranchisement)  'fsa:n-t$is-m3nt,  'fsam- 

tjiz-msnt,   'fsain-tSaiz-mant,   'fsaentjis-mant,   'fsaentSiz-msnt, 

'fsaen-tjaiz-mant. 
francolin  n.  (partridge)  'f^aei]k3-hn. 
frangible  adj.  (breakable)  'fssendsd-bal. 
frang^ipane  n.  (perfume  etc.)  'fsaendsi-pen. 

J  y^f  ?  cure;  d  the,  9  thm\^  3  axrure,  ds  /oy ;    S  shot,   t\  chevr; 
wwhen;  tjsing]  u  whoever,  i  react,  Diu\V  i3Mioo\,  ^\l,  \\^ec; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o:  door,  optio,  t\>e^,  ^^^a\&\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  Hi 

frangipani  n.  perfume   [synonymous  cognate  frangipanni] 

f3send3i'pa:-ni. 
fransipanni   n.    fsxndsi'pseni.      same    meaning   as   frangi- 

pani. 
Frank  n.  (a  member  of  a  certain  body  of  Germanic  tribes) 

f^aegk. 
frank  n.  (the  signature  of  a  person  privileged  to  send  mail- 
matter  free)  f^aeqk. 
frankalmoin  n.  free  almoin  [also  spelt  frankalmoign,  frank- 

almoignel  'f3aer|kael-mein. 
frankincenie  n.  (aromatic  gum-resin;  tree)  'f^aegkin-sens. 
frapp6  adj.  (iced;  coold;  frozen)  fsae'pee. 
f rate  n.  friar  [ploral  fratx]  'f3a:-ti. 
frater  n.  (refectory)  'f^ee-tar. 
frater  n.  (brother,  comrade)  'fsce-ta?. 

fraternal  adj.  (of  a  brother;  brotherly)  fsa'ternJ,  fsa'terr-nJ. 
fraternise  v.  associate  as  a  brother  or  brothers  [also  spelt 

fraternise'^  'f^aeta^-naiz,  'fsee-taz-naiz,  {rarely)  fsa'tar-naiz. 
fratricidal    adj,    (that    kills    his    brother;    of    fratricide) 

'fsaetji-sai-dJ,  'fsee-tji-sai-dl. 
fl^audnlent  adj.  (guilty  of  fraud;  dishonest)  'f^odso-ldnt, 

'f3c:-djo-l3nt. 
fraught  udj.  (freighted,  laden,  replete)  fscit. 
fri&nlein  n.  (young  lady;  miss)  'fsei-lain. 
freak  n.  (whim ;  vagary ;  caper)  fsiik. 

jteeemaion  n.  (member  of  the  fraternity  called  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Masons)  'fsii-mee-san,  fsii'mee-san. 
free-ipoken  adj.  (free  of  speech;  outspoken)  fsii'spoo-kan, 

(assumptivly)  'fsii-spoo-kan. 
freexHU  adj.   (voluntary)   fsii'wil,   (assumptivly)  'fsii-wiJ. 
free  'will  n.  (will  that  is  free ;  voluntary  action)  fsii'wil. 
freeze   v.    congeal    [past   participle   frozen;    preterit   frosel 

iziiz. 
freight     n.     (vessel-hire;     transport-price;     cargo;     lading) 

fseet. 
freighter  n.  (shipper;  freight-ship)  'fsee-ta?. 
French  adj.,  n.  fsentj,  (in  Britain)  fsenS. 
frenetic    adj.    frantic;    fanatic    [also    spelt    phrenetic'^    izi- 

'netik;  (formerly)  'fseni-tik. 
frennlnm  n.  frenum,  frenula  [also  spelt  fraenulum;  ploral 

frenulal  'fsenjo-lam,  'f^ii-njo-lam. 
frennni  n.  restraining-ligament   [also  spelt  fraenum;   ploral 

frenal  'fsii-nam. 

c:  low,  b:  fwr,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  ei  hoy:  a:  far,  ao  noiu,  ^x  a^,  ^\Vv\s:\ 
length-work  0)  indicates  that  the  preceditvc  soMtvd  "ls  \wv%\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ioWo^witi^  s^>\?i>c\«-« 


222  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

frensy  n.  distraction;  craziness  [also,  formerly,  spelt  frensy, 

phrenzy,  phrensyl  'fsenzi. 
frequent   adj.   (full ;   numerous ;   usual ;   addicted  to)   'fsii- 

kioant. 
frequent  v.  (visit  often ;  resort  to)  fsi'kwent. 
frequentage  n.  (practis  of  frequenting)  'f^ii-kwsn-tids,  izi- 

'kiuentids. 
frequentative  adj.  expressiv  of  frequent  repetition  of  ac- 
tion [also  spelt  frequentative  fsi'kiuenta-tiv. 
frequenter  n.  (one  who  frequents)  f^i'kuuentd^. 
frequently  adv.  (at  frequent  intervals;  often)  'fsii-kiuan-tLi. 
freico  n.  water-color  painting  on  a  fresh  or  wet  wall,  etc. 

[ploral  frescos,  frescoes!  'fsesko,  'fses-ko. 
freico  V.  (paint  in  fresco)  'fsesko. 
freiiion  n.   fifth   mood   of   the   fourth   figure  of   syllogism 

[synonymous  cognate  frensisoni   fsi'sai-san,   f^i'sai-sen. 
fret   n.   interlaced   work;   net    [also,   formerly,   spelt   frettel 

fset. 
fretful  adj.  (apt  to  fret;  peevish;  troubled;  gusty)  'fsetfsl. 
frette  n.  (a  ring  or  band  around  a  cannon)  fset. 
friar  n.  brother  of  a  religious  order;  bird  [also,  formerly, 

spelt  frier}  'fsai-az,  fzaiz. 
frioandeau  n.  fricassee  of  veal;  collop  [ploral  fricandeauxl 

f^ikan'dDO. 
frioasiee  n.  (meat  dish)  fsika'sii,  (anteriorly)  'fsiks-si. 
Friday  n.  (day  of  the  week)  'fsai-di. 
friend  n.  (intimate ;  ally)  fsend. 

Frieiian  n.  'fsii-san,  'fsii-zi-an.     same  meaning  as  Frisian, 
frieze  n.  (that  part  of  an  entablature  which  is  between  the 

architrave    and    cornis    [also,    formerly,    spelt   frise,    frijsel 

fsiiz. 
fright  n.  (sudden  fear;  grotesque  person  or  thing)  fsait. 
frijolei  n.  pi.  (Mexican  kidney-beans)  fsi'hoo-Hz. 
friieur  n.  hairdresser  [also  spelt  friseurl  izi^zBiz. 
Frisian  n.  nativ  of  Friesland ;   Friese   [synonymous  cognate 

Friesian"!  'fsisan,  'fsizi-an. 
frivolity  «.  (levity)  f^i'veh-ti. 
frivolize   v.    render    frivolous    [also    spelt  frivolise'\    'fsiva- 

}aiz. 
f rizette  n.  small  friz ;  curly  bang  [also  spelt  frisette,  frisett] 

fsi'zet. 
frizz  v,  curl,  crisp,  etc.  [also  spelt  fris;  past  participle  and 

preterit  frizzed,  frizd}  fsiz. 

} ye,   9  cure;   d  the,   9  thin;^  3  a^rure,  d$  joy;    S  shoe,   tj  c^ew; 
wwJ^en;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuVV,  KiMiool,  \<t,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o;dooT,  ;>otio,  t\>e^,  «.^^a\.«^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  223 


frolio  V.  [present  participle  frolicking  \  past  participle  and 

preterit  frolicked,  frolict}  'fselik. 
f rolicBome  adj,  full  of  frolic ;  gay  [also,  formerly,  spelt  frol- 

icksome}  'fsohk-sam. 
from  prep»  fssm,  (when  unstrest)  fssm. 
frondoie  adj.   (covered  with  fronds;   frond-like)   f^en'doos, 

(assumptivly)  'fsen-dos. 
from  n.  forehead,  front  [ploral  frontes}  f^enz. 
frontal  adj,  (of  the  forehead;  of  the  front)  'fsAntl,  'f^entl; 

'fsAntaJ,  'fsental. 
frontate  adj.  (growing  broader  and  broader,  as  a  leaf;  hav- 
ing a  prominent  frons  or  forehead)  'fsAn-tet,  'fsen-tet. 
frontier   n.,  v.    (border,   etc.)    'fsAn-ti:?,   'fsen-ti:r,   fsan'ti:?, 

f^en'ti:?,  'f3©n-tgi:r. 
f rontieriman  n.  [ploral  frontiersmen}  'fsAn-ti:zz-m3n,  'fsen- 

ti:zz-m9n,  fz3n'ti:?z-m9n. 
frontispiece  n.   (fagade;   print  in   front  of  the  title   of  a 

book)  'f^Antis-piis,  'fsentis-piis. 
frontlet  n.  (something  worn  on  the  forehead)  'f^Antldt. 
fronton  n.  (pediment)  'fsAntati,  'f^en-ten. 
frontonasal  adj.  (nasofrontal)  f^ento'nee-zdL 
frost    n.    (freezing;    hoar-frost)    f3e:st,    f^est;    (dialectally) 

fsc:st. 
f rotb  n.  (foam,  spume)  fseiG,  fseO ;  (dialectally)  izciQ. 
frour  n.  Dutchwoman;   woman;   wife   [also,  formerly,  some- 
times, spelt  fro,  froe}  fsao,  izoo, 
frourard  adj.  (perverse)  'f^oo-azd,  'f^oo-waed. 
froivzy  adj.  ill-smelling;  unkempt,  blowzy  [also  spelt  frowsy, 

frousy,  frousyl  'f?ao-zi. 
fmctiferons  adj.  (bearing  fruit)  fsAk'tifa-ras. 
fmit  n.  (vegetable  products  collectivly;  seed,  etc.;  offspring; 

issue;  result)  fsout. 
fmition  n.  (enjoyment;  a  coming  into  fruit)  fsu'ijan. 
fmmenty   n.    huld- wheat   dish    [synonymous   cognates   fru- 

mety,  furmenty,  furmety']  'fsou-man-ti. 
fmstnm  n.  part  of  a  solid  left  after  cutting  off  the  top; 

fragment   [erroneous  synonymous  cognate  frustrum;  plural 

frusta,  frustums!  'fsAstam. 
fmticose  adj.  (of  the  nature  of  a  frutex  or  shrub;  shrubby) 

fsutiTcoos,  (assumptivly)  'fsou-ti-kos. 
fuolisia  n.  (shrub)  'fiou-Ja,  'fiou-Ji-a,  'fouk-si-a. 
fuclisin  n.  anilin  dye  [also  spelt  fuchsine}  'fuuk-sih. 
fnens  n.  seaweed  [ploral  fuci]  'fiou-kas. 

c:  \a7v,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  ©  h^t,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  noiu,  a*.  asV,  ^\V\\fc\ 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  souti^  i.^  \^tlv-i 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  io\\oYi\n^  s^>^a^i^^ 


224  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

«■ 

fudge  inter j.  (bosh !)  iAd$. 

fudge  V,  (patch  up;  fake)  iAd$. 

fuel  V.  furnish  with  fuel  [past  participle  and  preterit  fue^ 
led,  fueled,  fueldl  'fiou-al. 

fugato  n.  piece  in  fugue  style  [ploral  fugati]  fu'ga:-t3. 

fugleman  n.  model  or  leading  soldier  [also  spelt  fugelman; 
synonymous  cognates  flugleman,  flugelman;  ploral  fugle- 
tnenl  'fiou-gal-man. 

fugue  n.  (polyphonic  composition)  fioug. 

fulcrum  n.  prop,  support  [plural  fulcra,  fulcrumsl  'fAllcsam. 

fulfil  V.  fill  full ;  complete  [also  spelt  fulfill ;  present  parti- 
ciple fulfilling;  past  participle  and  preterit  fulfilled,  fuU 
fildl  ioViil. 

fulfilment  n.  fol'filmdnt. 

fulgent  adj.  (shining,  dazzling;  having  rays)  'fAldssnt. 

fulgid  adj.  (flashing;  fiery  red)  'fxldsid. 

fulgor  n.  a  flashing  light;  dazzling  brightness;  splendor  [al- 
so spelt  fulgour"}  'f Alga^. 

full-blooded  adj,  foi'blAdid,  (assumptivly)  'fol-blAdid. 

fulmar  n.  (sea-bird)  'fohns^,  'fxlmd?. 

fulminate  v.  (lighten;  thunder  forth)  'fxlmi-net. 

fulmine  v.  fulminate  [also  spelt  fulntin;  past  participle  ftU- 
mined,  fulmindli  'fAlmin. 

fulness  n.  state  of  being  full ;  completeness  [also  spelt  full- 
nessl  'folnis. 

fulsome  adj.  (offensiv,  gross,  coarse)  'fAlsam. 

fnniaric  adj.  (of  fumitory)  fio'mxzik. 

fumarole  n.  smoke-hole  [also  spelt  futnarol,  fumerolel  'fioti- 
tnd-zol. 

fumet  n.  dung  of  a  deer  [also,  formerly,  spelt  fewmetl  'fiou- 
met. 

fumette  n,  (obsolete)  smell  of  game  when  high;  game-fla- 
vor [also  spelt  fumef}  fio'met, 

fumigate  v.  (apply  fumes  to;  disinfect;  perfume)  'fiou-mi- 
get. 

fumose  adj,  (full  of  fumes)  fiu'moos,  (assumptivly)  'fiou- 
mos. 

funebral  adj.  (obsolete)  'fiou-ni-brdl,  fiu'nii-bzd}.  same 
meaning  as  funebrial. 

funebrial  adj.  of  funerals;  sad  [former  synonymous  cog- 
nate funebrall  fio'nii-bri-al. 

funeral  n.  (burial  ceremony;  obsequies)  'fiou-na-ral. 

funereal  adj.  (of  a  funeral;  mournful)  fio'ni:-?i-3l. 

j\ve,   gcure;  bthe,  Qthin;   3  axrure,  ds/oy;   S  jAoe,  tjcfcew; 
WTf'hen;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiu\V  ^m^ooV  i^^^,  11  see; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial.  Abut,  o:  doot,  ^oxvo,  «.\ie^,  %^%q^ft\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  225 

f nnest  adj,  (boding  death)  fiu'nest. 

fungal  adj.  (of  a  fungus)  'fAogal. 

fnngi  n,  (ploral  of  fungus)  'fAn-dsai. 

fungible  adj.  (replaceable,  etc.)  'fAndsa-bdl. 

fungiform    adj,    (having   the    form   of   a   fungus)    'fAudsi- 

fe:?m. 
fungin  n.  fungus-cellulose  [also  spelt  fungine'}  'fAndsin. 
fungoid  adj.  (like  a  fungus)  'fArj-geid.  ^ 

fungous  adj.  (of  fungi;  spongy)  'fAijgds. 
fungus   n.   mushroom;   spongy  growth    [ploral   fungij   'fAg- 

gas. 
funide  n,  (small  cord;  funiculus)  'fiou-ni-kdl. 
funis  n.  (umbilical  cord)  'fiou-nis. 
funnel  n.  (filler)  'f Anal,  f auI. 

funneled  adj,  [also  spelt  funnelled,  funneldl  'fAUdld,  'fAuld. 
fur  n.  pelage  [ploral  furs'}  isiz. 
furbelow  n.  (flounce)  'fB:z-bi-lo. 
furfur  n.  dandruff,  scurf  [ploral  furfures']  'iiazi^z, 
furfuraeeous  adj,  (bran-like;  scurfy)  fs^fio'^ee-Sas. 
furfures  n.  (ploral  of  furfur)  'iBzi^-ziz. 
furibund  adj.  (furious,  raging,  mad)  'fio:-?i-bAnd. 
furlough  n.  leave  of  absence  [also  spelt  furlol  'fBiz-lo. 
furloughed  adj,  having  a  furlo ;  inactiv  [also  spelt  furloed"] 

'iB'.zAod, 
furnace  n,  (heating-apparatus)  'fe^nis,  'fB:?-nis. 
furniture    «.    (equipment;    movables)    'fszni-tl^Zf     (older) 

^iszni-tq^z. 
furor  n.  (fury;  craze)  ^iio:-zez, 
furore  n.  iu^zei-zi.    same  meaning  as  furor. 
furrier  n.  (fur-dealer;  fur-dresser)  ^fszi-sz,  *i\zi-^z, 
furroir  n.  (narrow  trench)  'faro,  'fAro;  (dialectally)  'fA^a. 
furry  adj.  (of  fur;  furred)  'fe^i,  'fei-^i. 
furs  n.  (ploral  of  fur)  iBizz. 

further  adv.  (comparativ  of  far)  'fe^da^,  'isiz-d^z. 
furuncle  n.  (boil)  'fio:-?Ar)k3l. 
fury  n,  wild  anger;  rage  [ploral  furies']  'fio:-3i. 
furze  n.  (a  shrub,  Ulex  europaeus ;    gorse,  whin)  {b:zz. 
fuscous  adj,  (dusky;  brown)  'fAskas. 
fuse  n,  tube  or  cord  of  ignition  [also  spelt  fuze]  fiouz. 
fuse  V.  furnish  with  a  fuse  of  ignition  [also  spelt  fuse]  fiouz. 
fuse  V.  (melt)  fiouz. 

fusee  n.  pulley;  match  [also  spelt  fusee]  fio'zii. 
fusel-oil  n.  (grain-oil)  'fiou-zal-eil,  'fiou-sal-eil. 

c:  low,  b:  f«r,  a  cat,  o  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a*,  aa^s.,  «L\V\\fc\ 
lenfirth-mor/r  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  la  \^TiV» 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  th^  iQUoyiin^  s^WaXJi^, 


226  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

fusible  adj,  capable  of  being  fused  or  melted  [also,  former- 
ly, spelt  fusabWl  'fiou-za-bal. 
fusiforni  adj.  (spindle-shaped)  'fiou-zi-fe:7m,  'fiou-si-fe:rm. 
fusil  n.  (heraldic  bearing)  'fiou-zil. 
fusil  n.  flint-lock  musket  [also,  formerly,  spelt  fusil}  'iion- 

zil. 
fusile  adj.  fusible;  cast  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  fusill  'fiou- 

zii,  'fiou-zaii. 
fusileer  n.  soldier  [also  spelt  fusilier"}  fiuzi'h:;. 
fusillade  n.  simultaneous  discharge  of  firearms  [also  spelt 

fusilade}  fiuzi'leed. 
fusion  n.  (melting)  'fiou-39n. 

fusoid  adj.  (fusiform;  spindle-shaped)  'fiou-zeid,  'fiou-seid. 
fustion.  n.  (cotton  cloth)  'fAstJan,  'f AJtJan,  'fAstgsn. 
futhork  n.  the  Runic  alfabet  [also  spelt  futhorc ;  synonymous 

cognate  futharkli  'fou-Ge^k. 
futile  adj.  useless,  vain   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  futill  'fiou- 

til,  (m  Britain,  often)  'fiou-tail. 
future  adj.  (that  is  to  be;  hereafter)  'fiou-tjae,  {older)  'fiou- 

tgar. 
fuzz  n,  (downy  or  fluffy  matter)  f az. 

fuzzball  n.  puffball  [synonymous  cognate  fussball}  'fAz-bcit 
fylfot  n.  cross  cramponnee;  gammadion   [also  spelt  filfotl 

'fil-fot. 
fyrd  n.  (entire  Anglo-saxon  land  forces)  isizd,  fr.zd. 


gabbronite  n.  fuscite  [also  spelt  gahronite"}  'gaebrs-nait. 
gabel  V.  obsolete  (mark  on  the  ear,  as  sheep)  'gee-bdl. 
gabelle  n.  tax  [also,  formerly,  spelt  gabel,  gabell"]  gs'beh 
gaberdine    n.    garment    [also,    formerly,    spelt    gabardine} 

gaeb3z:'diin,  'gaeba^-din. 
gabionade  n.  a  work  formd  of  gabions  [also  spelt  gabion- 

nadel  gcbi-a'need,  'gee-bi-a-ned. 
Gadbelic   adj,   Gaelic    [synonymous   cognate    Gaedhlic}    ga- 

'dehk,  'gaedi-hk. 
gadoid  adj,  (like  gadus  or  cod)  'gee-deid. 
Gaelic  adj,  (of  the  Gaels,  a  Celtic  race  of  the  highlands  of 

Scotland)  'gee-lik,  (less  often)  'gee-3-hk;  (improperly)  'ga:- 

hk. 
gage  «.,  V.  (pledge)  geeds. 
gage  v.,n.  measure  [also  spelt  gauge!  geeds. 

}  ye,   9  cure;   bthe,   Q  thin;   3  a^ure,  ds/oy;    I  shoe,   tlchew; 
wwhen;  tjsinff;  u  whoever,  i  react,  \ji%i\\»  \iM.iool,  itt,  lis^e; 
o poetic;  9  over ,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o\  doot,  ^otlo»  tX^e^,  ^^^oX^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  227 

n,  (plum)  geeds. 

gageable  adj,  measurable  [also  spelt  gaugeablel  'gce-dsd-bdh 

gaged  adj.  adjusted  [also  spelt  gaugedl  geedsd. 

gager  n.  one  who  gages;  exciseman  [also  spelt  ganger'}  'gee- 
d39z. 

gaging  ».  measuring  [also  spelt  gauging'}  'gee-dsig. 

gaiety  «.  mirth,  festivity  [also  spelt  gayety}  'gee-i-ti. 

gaillardia  n.  (plant)  gelaiz-di-a,  gxV)a:z-di-3, 

gaily  adv.  in  a  gay  manner  [also  spelt  gayly}  'gee-h. 

gainsaid  v.  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  gainsay)  'geen- 
sed,  geen'sed,  'geen-seed,  geen'seed. 

gainsay  v.  deny;  oppose  [past  participle  and  preterit  gain- 
said and,  rarely,  gainsayed}  'geen-see,  geen'see. 

gainsay  n.  (contradiction)  'geen-see. 

gainsayer  n.  (one  who  gainsays)  'geen-see-3?,  geen'see-9z:. 

gainsaying  n.  (contradiction)  'geen-see-ii],  geen'see-ig. 

gainst  prep,  against  [also  spelt  *gainst}  genst,  geenst. 

gairish  adj.  'ge:-7i$.    see  garish, 

gait  n.  (manner  of  walking  or  stepping)  geet. 

gala  n.  (festivity)  'gee-la. 

gala  n.  (textil  fabric)  'gxld,  'ga:-ld. 

galangal  n.  gs'laerigdl,  'gaelan-gdh  same  meaning  as  galin- 
gale. 

galaxy  n.  the  Milky  Way  [ploral  galaxies}  'gaeldk-si. 

galea  n.  helmet-like  part  [ploral  galeae}  'gec-li-a. 

galeate  adj.  (helmet-like;  furnisht  with  a  galea)  'gee-H-et, 
'gaeli-et. 

Galilean  adj,  (of  Galilee;  also,  of  Galileo  Galilei)  gsehlii-sn. 

galingale  n.  aromatic  root ;  sedge  [synonymous  cognates  ga- 
langal, galanga}  'gaehn-gel,  'gaehq-gel. 

galipot  n.  resin  [also  spelt  gallipot}  'gaeh-pet. 

gallant  adj.  (gay,  showy;  brave,  heroic;  chivalrous)  'gaelant; 
(courtly;  amorous)  ga'laent,  ga'lamt,  ga'la:nt;  'gaelant. 

gallant  n.  (brave  man;  doughty  knight)  'gselsnt;  (man  who 
is  particularly  attentiv  to  women ;  ladies'  man ;  rake,  liber- 
tin)  galant,  'gaelant. 

gallant  v,  (play  the  dandy ;  cut  a  dash ;  make  fine ;  deck 
out)  'gaelant;  (play  the  flirt;  dally  or  flirt  with)  ga'laent. 

gallantixe  v,  play  the  gallant;  play  the  gallant  to  [also  spelt 
gallantise}  'gxlan-taiz. 

gallantly  adv.  (gaily,  showily;  bravely,  with  spirit,  heroi- 
cally) 'gaelan-tLi ;  (curteously,  politely,  attentivly)  ga'laenti-i, 
'galan-ti-i. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  qo  now,  e*.  a^V,  ^\V\\fc\ 
"iengtb-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceding  soutv^  \^  \^^^\ 
tress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  io\\ov«\ti^  ^^>\?Wvr.. 


228  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

Sallamtry  m.  bravery;  a  curtesy  [plural  gallantriesl  'gadan- 

tsi. 
galleon  n,  war-ship    [also,   formerly,   spelt   gaieon;    former 

synonymous  cognate  galloon}  'gaeli-dn. 
gallery  n.  pisLZza;  balcony;  passage  [ploral  galleries']  'gadd- 

zi,  (rapidly)  'gael^i. 
galley  n.  vessel,  barge ;  type-tray  [ploral  galleys  and,  former- 

lyt  gal'iesi  'gaeh. 
galleywonn  n.  iulus  [also  spelt  gallyworm"}  'gxh-wsiznu 
galliardise  n.  gaiety  [also  spelt  galliardisel  'gaeliaz-daiz. 
galliass  n.  low-built  vessel  [also  spelt  galleassl  'gaeli-aes. 
Gallic  adj.  (of  Gaul  or  France)  'gxhk. 
gallic  adj.  (of  oak-galls,  etc.)  'gxhk,  'gc:-lik. 
Gallicism  n.  (French  idiom)  'gaeh-sizam. 
Gallicixe  v,  become  Gallic;  Frenchify  [also  spelt  Gallicisel 

'gxh-saiz. 
galligaskin  n,  breeches;   hose   [often  used   in  the   ploral; 

also  spelt  gallygaskin,  galigaskin]  gxh'gaeskin. 
gallimanfry  n.  hodgepodge,  ragout  [also  spelt  gallimaufrey, 

gallimatufry ;  plural  gallimaufries']   gxh'mc:-fsi. 
galliot  n.  small  galley  [also  spelt  galiot"}  'gxH-9t. 
gallipot  n.  pot  or  vessel  used  by  druggists  [also,  formerly, 

spelt  gallypot,  galipot,  galliepot]  'gaeh-pet. 
galliTamt  v,  gad  about ;  flirt  [also  spelt  galivant ;   synony- 
mous cognates  gallavant,  galavant]  gaehVaent,  'gaeh-vaent. 
gallize  V.  treat  (grape-juice)  with  water  and  sugar  after  the 

method  of  L.  (jall  [synonymous  cognate  gallisise}  'gae-laiz. 
gallon  n.  (measure)  'gael9n. 
galloon  n.  (braid,  lace)  gdloun. 
gallop  n.  (leaping  gait  of  a  horse)  'gaebp. 
gallowv  M.  (hanging-apparatus)  'gasloz,  'gxbs. 
gallowv  adj.  fit  for  the  gallows;  wicked   [also,  sometimes, 

spelt  gallusli  'gaeloz,  'gael9S. 
gallows  adv.  extremely,  very,  jolly,  mighty  [also,  sometimes, 

spelt  gallusl  'gaeloz,  'gaelas. 
galop  «.  (dance)  'gael9p,  'gaeb;  (improperly)  gaelop. 
galore  adv,  (in  abundance ;  in  plenty)  ga'b:?. 
galosh  n.  wooden  shoe  or  sandal ;  overshoe  [also  spelt  gO' 

loche,  golosh;  ploral  galoshes']  galoS. 
gait  n.  clay;  division  of  Upper  Cretaceous  series   [synony- 
mous cognates  gault,  golt\  gc:h. 
galvanize  v,  apply  a  galvanic  current  to ;  electroplate  [also 

spelt  galvanisel  'gaelva-naiz. 

) ye,   5  cure;  bthe,  Q  thin;   saxrure,  ds/oy;   ^  shoe,  tSc^ew; 
wzt/hen;  xjsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiull,  oufool,  itt,  lis^e; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o;doot,  ^ono,  ^.\>e^,  ^^\y*A\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  229 


lie  V.  (play  at  a  game  of  chance  for  a  stake)  'gxmbsL 
ioge  n.  gum-resin;   plant   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  gam- 
jel  gaemljoods,  gaemlaouds. 

lol  V.  skip  about,  caper   [present  participle  gamboling; 
boiling;  past  participle  and  preterit  gamboled,  gambol^ 

gamboldl  'gsembal. 

tte  n.  (conjugation-cell)  'gae-mit,  ga'miit. 
n  n.  (street  Arab)  'gaemin. 
Hon  n.  (humbug,  rubbish)  'gxmsn. 
it  n.  (note;  scale;  key)  'gaemat. 
'  adj.  (having  the  flavor  of  game ;  plucky)  'gee-mi. 
lion  n.  nerve-knot,  nerve-center  [ploral  ganglia,  gangli- 
I  'gaerigli-an. 

rene  n.  (necrosis,  etc.)  'gaeg-g^in;  {less  properly)  'gaen- 
1. 

renous  adj.  (affected  with  gangrene;  mortified)  'gaer)- 
nss. 

ae  n.  veinstone  [also  spelt  gang"]  gaerj. 
let  n.  'ga:n-tt3t,  'ga:n-ti.at,  'gc:n-ti.3t.     see  gauntlet, 
lope  n.  [also,  formerly,  spelt  gantelopl  'gaent-}op.     same 
ning  as  gauntlet.' 

ry   n.   barrel-stand ;    crane-platform    [synonymous    ceg- 
is  gantree,  gauntry,  gauntree,  gawntreel  'gaentji. 
n,  dseel.     same  meaning  as  jail. 
I,  (breach,  opening,  vacant  space)  gaep. 
'.  notch ;  jog  [present  participle  gapping ;  past  participle 

preterit  gapped,  gapti  gaep. 

V.  yawn  [present  participle  gaping  \  past  participle  and 
erit  gapedl  ga:p,  ga:p,  gae:p,  (rarely)  geep. 
^e    n.    (housing-place    for    automobiles,    etc.)    ga'^aids, 
0:3,  'gai-^ids;   (also,  and  in  Britain  usually)  'gae^ids. 

n.  sheaf,  bundle  [also  spelt  garbe"}  gai^b. 

in.  n.  (boy,  waiter)  gazr'seq. 

sn  n.  (flower-garden ;  vegetable-patch)  'ga:^-dn ;  (dialec- 

;)  'ga:3-din. 

3ner  n.   (one      ho  tends  a  garden)   'ga:z:-dn-a^,   (some* 

?s)  'ga:z-dn9z, 

3nia  n.   (tree,  shrub)  ga^'dii-ni-a. 

it  n.  (disease  in  cattle  and  pigs)  'gai^-git. 

1  n.  (dialectal)  disease  in  cattle,  pigs,  and  geese  [syneny- 

is  cognate  garglel  'ga:^-gil. 

le  V,  (wash  or  rinse  the  throat  with  a  liquid  kept  sus- 

ied  by  expiration  of  air)  'gai^-gal. 

b:  f«r,  X  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ^\Vi.\\fc% 
-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soMnd  \s  \^xv%\ 
mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  foWoviin^  «^WaX^^< 


230  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

gtkTgojle  n.  grotesque  spout,  etc.  [synonymous  cognate  gur- 

goylel  'ga:?-goil. 
Savibftldi  »•  (blouse;,  hat)  gaeei'bxldi,  gazilxiil-di,  gsezT^bcii- 

di. 
Sarish  adj,  showy,  gaudy;  glaring  [also  spelt  gairisk}  'ge:- 

Sarlic  n.  plant  [also,  formerly,  spelt  garlick']  'gaizAik. 

Sarlicky  adj,  (savoring  of  garlic)  'ga:?-h-ki. 

Sarrot  n.  sea-duck  [also  spelt  garrotQ  'gx?9t. 

garrot  n.  (lever;  surgical  instrument)  'gaeedt. 

Sarrote  n,,  v.  [also  spelt  garote"}  gs'zpot,  gs'^et.  same  mean- 
ing as  garrotte, 

garrotte  n.  mode  of  capital  punishment;  highway  robbery 
performed  by  throttling  the  victim  [also  spelt  garotte;  syn- 
onymous cognates  garret e,  garotel  ga'^et. 

garrotte  v.  put  to  death ;  strangle ;  cheat  at  cards  [also  spelt 
garotte;  synonymous  cognates  garrote,  garote"}   gs'^et. 

garmlity  n.  (loquaciousness)  g9'?ou-h-ti. 

garrulous  adj.  (loquacious,  talkativ)  'gsz^-l^s. 

gas  n.  aeriform  fluid  [ploral  gasesi  gaes,  gse:s,  (rarely)  ga:z. 

gas  V.  supply,  light,  or  treat  with  gas;  indulge  in  empty  talk 
[present  participle  gassing;  past  participle  and  pretent 
gassed,  gast"}  gaes,  gae:s. 

gasconade  n.  (vaunt;  bravado)  greskd'need. 

gaselier  n.  cluster  of  gas-burners;  gas  chandelier  [also  spelt 
gasalierl  gaesali:?. 

gaseous  adj.  (having  the  nature  of  gas)  'gaesi-ds,  'gee-si-9S, 
'gaezi-3s,  'gee-zi-3s. 

gasogene  n.  'gaesd-dsin.     same  meaning  as  gazogene. 

gasoline  n.  volatil  liquid  from  petroleum  [also,  sometimes, 
spelt  gasolene,  gasoleine,  gasoline'^  'gaes9-Hn,  'gaes9-}in, 
'gaez3-Hn,  'gaez3-hn. 

gasometer  n.  gas-holder;  gas-tank  [former  synonymous  cog- 
nate gasometerl  gaes'omi-ta?,  gae'somi-ta? ;  (less  properly) 
gae'zomi-ta?. 

gasp  V.  catch  the  breath  with  open  mouth  [past  participle 
and  preterit  gasped,  gasptl  ga:sp,  ga:sp,  gae:sp. 

gastraea  n.  gastrula;  sac-like  animal  [ploral  gastraeael  gaes- 
'tsii-3. 

gastritis  w.   (inflammation  of  the  stomach)   gaes'tsai-tis. 

gastropod  n.  ventral-footed  animal  [synonymous  cognate 
gasteropodl  'gaestja-pod. 

gastrula  n.  metazoic  germ-cup  [ploral  gastrulael  'gaestjjs-la. 

j^e,   5  cure;  d  *lte,  0  f Mn ;   3  ajsrure,  dsjoy;   ^  shoe,  tS  c^ew; 
wwhen;  13  sing;  u  whoever,  i react,  oiuU,  cufool,  iit,  lise^; 
o poetic;  9  oyer,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o'.doot,  ooiio,  «.\ic^  ^^^oNfcN 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  231 


gate  ».  (gateway;  openwork  door)  gttt. 

gancherie  n.  (awkwardness)  goS^'ni,  ^930-|>-ct. 

Gancho  n.  (nativ  of  the  pamfias  of  Soatli  America,  of  Spaa- 

ish  descent)  'gao-tSo,  'gc-tSa. 
gauge  v.^  m.  geeds.    see  gage. 
gannt  adj.  (lean,  haggard)  gcuit,  ga:st«  goint. 
ganntlet^  »•  glove  [also,  somcdmes,  spelt  gamtUil  'qfCt^-Vta^ 

'ga:n-ti-3t,  'ga:n-ti^t. 
ganntlef  n.  military  pnnishment,  the  nmning  of  the  gaont^ 

let   [also  spelt  gantlet  \   former  synonjrmoos  osig&ate  gof^t- 

lope,  gantelope}  'gc:n't2.9t,  'ga:n-tL9t,  'ga:sHi^9t. 
ganntleted  odj.  [also  spelt  gauntletted\  'gcn-tL^-tid,  'g*:!^ 

tL3-tld. 

ganntry  ».  'gc:n-txi.    same  meaning  as  gantry. 

gavel  w.  (mallet  used  hf  a  presiding  officer/  'ganr^f ;  iimfrt^f- 

erly)  'gee-vaL 
gaTelkind  n.  (land-tenure)  'gaev^f-kaind. 
gavelock  n.  (spear,  dart;  crowbar)  'gaevi-fok,  '(fMrvi-ttk;  dm' 

properly)  'geev-lok. 
gavlal  n.  nakoo,  a  saurian;  Cangctic  crocodile  itywm/mMi* 

cognates  garrhial,  gharriai,  gkyryal\  'gee'Vi-si, 
gavot  n.  dance  [also  spelt  gavottel  'gan'9t,  g^^v^^, 
gawk  ».  stupid,  awkward  person  [also  spelt  gauk}  gc:k. 
gawky  adj,  (of  the  nature  of  a  gawk ;  un^^rAy/  '*y^:-ks. 
gayal  ».  ox  [also  spelt  gyaJ,  gayail}  'gee-^t,  'g«i'^,  *yi'yi'\, 
gayety  ».  see  gaiety. 

gasel  n.  antelope  [also  spelt  gazelle^  ga'zeL 
gasel  n.  'gaez^    same  meaning  as  gkazal, 
gasetteer  ».  (one  who  writes  in  a  gazette;  jounuilist;  geo* 

graphic  dictionary)  gaezi'ti:?. 
gasogene  ».  gas-producing  apparatus  LsynonynKms  c^^n^^te 

gasogene'\  'gxza-dsin. 
gecko  n.  house-lizard  [also,  formerly,  spelt  ^4rc<7^  gecco,  gek- 

ko;  ploral  geckos,  geckoes}  'geko, 
gee  V.  agree,  fit  [also  spelt  ge,  jeej  d$iu 
gee  V.  turn  to  the  right  [also  spelt  jee}  djii. 
Gees  ».  language  of  ancient  Ethiopia  [also  spelt  Ceez;  syn- 
onymous cognate  Gisl  gi'ez, 
geiska  n.  Japanese  dancing-girl  [ploral  geishas,  geisha]  ^ge*:- 

gelada  ».  (babboon)  'geU-ds. 

gelatlmate  r.   (gelatinize)   dsi'tetn-et,  dsi'laeti-nct,  Mjf^bt/- 
net. 

c:  law,  b:  ftir,  ae cut,  o  h<7t,  oi  boy;  a:  far,  ao  ttou),  a*.  a%V,  h\ Vvvc \ 
length-mark /:^  indicates  that  the  preceding  •omvvA.  \%  Vaw^N 
stresm-mark  (0  indicates  chief  stress  on  th«  C^WoYim^  %^\W^^' 


232  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

gelatine  n.  base  of  jellies  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  gelatin] 
'dsela-tn,  'dseld-tin,  'dsela-tin;  (rarely)  'dseld-tain,  dscb- 
'tiin. 

gelatinise  v,  (become  jelly;  render  jelly-like;  coat  with 
gelatin)  dsi'laetn-aiz,  'dselati-naiz, 

gelatinoid  adj.  (jelly-like)  dsi'lxtn-eid,  'dseldti-neid. 

gelatinous  adj,  (jelly-like;  of  gelatin)  dsilxtn-ss. 

geld  V,  (emasculate)  geld. 

gelid  adj.  (cold;  icy)  'dsehd. 

gelose  n.  (agar-agar)  dsi'bos,  (assumptivly)  Msii-los. 

gemel  n.  in  ploral,  twin  barrulets;   in  singular,  finger-ring 

[also  spelt  gentmel;  synonymous  cognate  gimmall  Msemsl. 
.gemellus  n,  one  of  a  pair  of  muscles  [plural  gemellij  dsi- 
'melas. 

gemma  n,  bud;  shoot  [ploral  gemmae'}  'dsema. 

gendarme  n.  (man-at-arms;  soldier;  policeman)  $et)'da:zm, 
dsen'dai^m. 

genealogical  adj.  dsini-dledsi-ksl,  dseni-d'ledsi-ks}. 

genealogize  v,  [also  spelt  genealogise]  dsini'xls-dsaiz,  dseni- 
'aela-dsaiz. 

genealog^y  n.  pedigree  [ploral  genealogies]  dsini'xld-dsi, 
dseni'aela-dsi. 

geneat  n.  (vassal)  gi'niit. 

genera  n.  (ploral  of  genus)  'dsena-^a;  {vulgarly)  'dsii-na-ra. 

general  n.  'dsena-^al,  {rapidly,  anteriorly,  as  a  title)  'dseneal. 

general  v.  act  as  a  general  to;  marshal  [present  participle 
generating,  generalling;  past  participle  and  preterit  gener- 
ated, generalled,  generald]  'dsena-^gl. 

generalization  n.  [also  spelt  generalisation]  dsend-^dh'zee- 
San,  {rapidly)  dsen^ah'zee-Jan ;  {also)  dsena^a-lai'zee-Jan. 

generalize  z/.  [also  spelt  generalise]  'dsens^a-laiz. 

generatrix  n.  (female  parent;  generant;  dynamo)  dsena- 
Vee-tjiks,  'dsena-^etgiks. 

generic  adj.  (of  a  genus  or  class :  opposed  to  specific,  spe- 
cial) dsi'nerik. 

genesis  n.  [plural  geneses]  'dseni-sis. 

genet  n.  (civet-cat)  'dsenit,  dsi'net. 

genial  adj.  (nuptial;  cordial,  kindly)  'dsii-njal,  'dsii-ni-al. 

genial  adj.  (of  the  chin)  dsi'nai-dl. 

geniality  n,  (genial  nature;  kindliness)   dsini'aeh-ti. 

genialize  v,  render  genial  [also  spelt  genialise]  'dsii-nja-laiz, 
'dsii-ni-a-laiz. 

genie  n.  jinnee,  goblin  [also  spelt  gent',  ploral  genii"]  'dsii-ni. 

J  ye,   Qcure;  bthe,  9  *fiin;   ja^rure,  ds/oy;   I  shoe,  tlchtw; 
wwhen;  tjsinff;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oitt\\,  ^mIooV  t^^V  -dse^; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o'.  doot,  t>oxio,  ^\ie^,  ^.^^oX^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  233 


genii  n.  (ploral  of  genius,  genie)  'dsii-ni-ai. 

genioslossal  adj,  dsi-naio'glesdl. 

genius  n.  ruling  spirit;  disembodied  spirit;  bent;  person  of 

great  innate  creativ  power  [ploral  genii  but,  in  the  sense  of 

a  person  of  great  creativ  power,  geniusesl  'dsii-njss;  (tn  the 

sense  of  a  spirit,  perhaps  oftener)  'dsii-ni-as. 
Genoese    <idj,    (of    Genoa,    Italy)    dseno'iiz,    (assumptivly) 

'dseno-iz;  {also)  dseno'iis,  (assumptivly)  'dseno-is. 
genre  n.  (kind,  sort;  a  style  of  painting)  30:1}?,  3e:n;. 
gens  n.  clan,  sept  [ploral  gentesi  dsenz. 
gentes  n,  (ploral  of  gens)  'dscn-tiz. 
gentian  n.  (plant)  'dsent^dn,  (in  Britain)  'dsen^dn. 
gentile  adj.  (non-Jewish;  non-Mormon)  'dsen-tail,  'dscnti!. 
gentilism   n,    (heathenism)   'dsen-tail-izam,   'dsenti-hzdm. 
gentilixe   v,    make   gentle    [also,    formerly,    spelt   gentilise'i 

'dsenti-laiz. 
gentilixe  v,  live  like  a  gentile ;  make  gentile ;  paganize  [also 

spelt  gentilise'i  'dsenti-laiz,  'dsen-tail-aiz. 
gentleman  n.  man  of  gentle  birth,  etc.   [ploral  gentlemen"} 

'dsenti-man,  {dialectally,  vulgarly)  'dsenl-mgn. 
gentlemen  n.  (plural  of  gentleman)  'dsentl-mgn. 
genuflection  n.  bending  of  the  knee ;   kneeling  [also  spelt 

genuflexion"]  dsenjo'fLekJgn. 
gennfleot  v.  (bend  the  knee)  dsenjo'fi-ekt,  'dsenjo-fLckt. 
genuine    adj,    [also,    sometimes,    spelt    genuin}    'dsenju-in; 

{dialectally,  vulgarly)  'dsenju-ain. 
genns  n.  class,  kind  [ploral  genera  and,  rarely  now,  genusesi 

'dsii-nss. 
geode  n.  (hollow  concretionary  stone)  'dsii-od. 
geography  n.  (description  of  the  earth's  surface)  dsi'eg^a-fi ; 

(vulgarly)  'dseg^a-fi,  'dsega-fsi. 
geologize  v.  [also  spelt  geologise"]  dsi'els-dsaiz. 
geomancy  n.  (divination  by  signs  related  to  the  earth)  'dsii- 

9-mxnsi. 
geometrician  n.  (one  skild  in  geometry)  dsi-emi'tjiSan. 
geometrize    v,    [also,    formerly,    spelt    geometrise]    dsi'emi- 

tsaiz. 
geometry  n.   science   of  space-relations   [plural   geometries] 

dsi'emi-tji;   (vulgarly)  'dsemi-tsi,  'dsemtji. 
Georgic  adj,  (of  agriculture)  'dsei^-dsik. 
geraninm  n.  (plant)  d3i'?ee-ni-9m. 
gerbe  n.  something  resembling  a  wheat-sheaf ;  firework  [also 

spelt  gerb  and,  formerly,  jerh]  d3B:?b. 

c:  low,  s:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy,  a:  far,  go  now,  a:  ask,  at  kite; 
length-mark  (;)  indicates  that  the  preceding  somxv^  \s  \^^^N 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  io\\oN«\Tv%  s^V^^sX^fc. 


234  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

gerbille  n.  animal  [also  spelt  gerhil]  'd3B:?-bi}. 

gerfalcon,  n.  large  falcon  [also  spelt  gyrfalcon  and,  former- 
ly* jerfalconi  dser'fokan,  dse^'fcl-kan. 

german.  adj.  having  the  same  parents :  as,  a  brother  *ger- 
man;  that  is  the  child  of  a  brother  or  sister  german  of  ei- 
ther of  one's  parents :  used  only  in  cousin  *german  [synon- 
ymous cognate  germane'}   'dsor^-man. 

German  adj.  (of  Germany)  'dsBie-mgn. 

germane  adj,  (german ;  also,  relevant,  pertinent)  dsBz'meen. 

Germanise  v.  [also  spelt  Germanise']  'd3e:?-m3-naiz. 

germen  n.  germ;  ovary  [synonymous  cognate  germinl  'd^siz- 
men. 

gerrymander  n.  (arrangement  of  the  political  divisions  of 
a  State  for  party  purposes  in  elections)  dse^i'mandar,  gezi- 
'mxnd9z,  'ge^i-maendae. 

gemnd  n.  (verbal  noun)  'dserand,  'dsc-^xnd. 

gest  V.  act,  deed,  achievement  [also  spelt  geste]  dsest. 

gestation  n.   (carrying,  bearing;  pregnancy)  dses'tee-Ssa. 

gestion  «.  (conduct)  'dsesti-an,  'dsestjgn,  'dseStJan. 

gesture  «.  (bearing;  bodily  movement)  'dsestjar,  'dseJtSa?, 
'dsestga?. 

gewgaw  n.  gaudy  trifle ;  bauble ;  toy  [also  spelt  gew-gawl 
'gjou-gc: ,  'dsou-gc: . 

geyser  n.  spouting  hot  spring  [also  spelt  geysir]  'gai-za?,  'gai- 
S3?,  'gee-s3?. 

ghastful  adj.  dreadful ;  fearful  [also  spelt  gastfull  'ga:st-f3}. 

ghastly  adj.  horrible ;  death-Hke ;  lurid  [also  spelt  gastlyl 
'ga:-stti,  'ga:-stti,  'gae:-stLi. 

ghaut  fi.  mountain-pass  [also  spelt  ghat,  gaut'\  get. 

ghazal  n.  poetry;  music  [synonymous  cognates  ghasel,  gha- 
sel,  gazel"]  'gae-zael. 

gherkin  «.  small  cucumber  [also,  formerly,  spelt  gerkin,  gir- 
kin,  gurkini  'gorkin,  'ger^-kin. 

Ghetto  n.  (Jewish  quarter  of  a  city)  'geto. 

Ghibelline  n,  one  of  the  emperor's  faction  in  the  Italian 
states  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  Ghibellinl  'gibi-hn,  'gibi-lain. 

ghost  fi.  soul,  spirit,  specter,  etc.  [also  spelt  gostl  goost. 

ghostly  adj,  spiritual;  spectral  [also  spelt  gostly"]  'goo-stti. 

ghoul  n.  evil  spirit  [also,  formerly,  spelt  goul,  ghooll  goul. 

giaour  n.  (non-Mussulman ;  Christian)  dsaor. 

gib  n,  clasp;  wedge;  gibbet  [also  spelt  jibi  dsib. 

gib  n.  hookt  gristle  of  male  salmon  [also  spelt  gibb"]  gib. 

gibber  v,  (speak  incoherently)  'giba?,  'dsibo?. 

jye,  5  cure;  bthe,  0*/iin;   3  a^rure,  dsjoy;   I  shoe,  t^chew; 
wwhen;  jjsing;  u  whoever,  i react,  oiuu,  xi>a.ioo\,  \\t,  lis^e; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o:  doot,  ^oxvo,  «.>oc^,  ^^^ae«.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  235 

gibber  ».  (gibbosity)  'gibd?. 

gibber  n.  large  stone,  boulder  [also  spelt  ghibber"}  'gibs;. 
gibberish,  n.  (unintelligible  speech;  jargon)  'gibd-?i$. 
gibbet  ».  (gallows;  post  on  which  executed  criminals  were 

hung)  'dsibit. 
gibbon  ».  (long-armd  ape)  'gibdn. 

gibbose  adj,  (convex,  gibbous)  gi'boos,  (assumptivly)  'gibos. 
gibbosity  n.   (state  of  being  gibbose  or  gibbous;   swelling) 

gi'besi-ti. 
gibbons  adj,  (convex,  gibbose;  humpbackt)  'gibas. 
gibbsite  w.  (natlv  aluminum  hydrate)  'gib-zait. 
gibe  v.,n,  taunt,  jeer  [also  spelt  jibe,  gybel  dsaib. 
giber  w.  one  who  utters  gibes  [also  spelt  jiberl  'dsai-bd?. 
giblet  n.  (trimming  from  a  fowl,  as  the  heart,  gizzard,  neck, 

etc.)  'dsiWat. 
giddea  n.  acacia  [synonymous  cognates  gidya,  gydya,  gidgee, 

gidjeej  'gidi-3. 
gig  n.  (something  that  whirls;  vehicle;  boat;  fun)  gig. 
gigantean  adj,  (gigantic)  dsai-gan'tii-dn ;  (improperly)  dsai- 

'gxnti-sn. 
gigantie  ctdj,  (giant-like;  huge)  dsai'gxntik;  (less  properly) 

dsi'gaentik. 
gigerinm.  n,  gizzard  [ploral  gigeria]  d3iM3i:-?i-3m. 
giglet  fi.  giddy,  laughing,  romping  girl  [synonymous  cognate 

gigloti  'gight. 
gigot  n.  (leg  of  mutton,  etc.)  'dsigat. 
gig-saw    n.    (veneer-saw ;    sawing-tool)    'gig-sc: ,    'dsig-sc:  • 

compare  jig-saw. 
gigne  n.  (in  music,  jig)  siig. 
Gila  monster  n.  (large  lizard)  ^li-ld-menstsz. 
Gilbertine  adj.  of  Gilbert  of  Sempringham  [also,  sometimes, 

spelt  Gilbertinl  'gilba^-tin,  'giibazr-tain. 
gild  V.  overlay  with  gold  [past  participle  and  preterit  gilded, 

gilt'\  gild, 
gild  n.  mutual-aid  association  [also  spelt  guild"]  gild. 
gildball  n.   [also  spelt  guildhall]  'giid-hc:!. 
gill  n.  (breathing-organ)  gil. 
gill  ».  cleft,  ravine  [also  spelt  ghyll]  gi!. 
gill  n.  measure  [also  spelt  jill]  dsii. 
gill  n.  girl;  sweetheart  [also  spelt  jill]  dsil. 
gill  »,  (flax-comb)  gil. 

gillie  n.  man-servant  [also  spelt  ghillie,  gilly]  'gih. 
gillyfloirer  n.  clove-scented  pink,  etc.  [also  spelt  gillif lower; 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soutv^  \^  Vi^^N 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  io\\oN«i.n^  s^^^aJcJ^^ 


236  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

synonymous   cognates   gilliver,  jilliver,  July-flowerl   'dsih- 

fz.au-97. 
giit-edged  adj.  giit'edsd,  (assumptivly)  'giU-edsd. 
glmbal   n.   in   ploral,   steadying-device    [also    spelt   gimbaU, 

gintble,  gymball  'dsimbal. 
Simcrack  n.  contrivance;  trumpery  article;  knickknack  [al- 
so spelt  jimcrack}  'dsim-ksaek. 
Sfimlet  V,  use  a  gimlet  on  [present  participle  gimleting,  gim- 

letting;    past   participle    and   preterit   gimleted,    gimletted] 

'gimldt. 
gimp  n.  thread;  trimming  [also  spelt  gymp,  guimpi  gimp. 
g^mp  V,  (jag,  denticulate,  scallop)  dsimp,  gimp. 
g^n  n.  (machine,  engin;  snare)  dsin. 
gin.  n.  (drink)  dsin. 
Singall  n.  musket;   gun   [also   spelt  jingall,  gingal,  jingafl 

'dsiq-gcil. 
S^ingham  n.  (cloth;  umbrella)  'gigsm. 
glngili  n.  plant;  oil   [also  spelt  gingeley,  gingely,  gingelly, 

gingilie,  jinjilil  'dsindsi-h. 
g:ing:iTal  adj.  (of  the  gums)  'dsindsi-val,  dsin'dsai-val. 
glngko  n.  Japanese  tree  [also  spelt  ginko;  synonymous  cog- 
nate gingo']  'giqko. 
ginglsnnus    n.    hinge- joint    [ploral    ginglymili    'gitjgh-mas, 

'dsiqgh-mas. 
ginseng  n.  (plant;  root)  Msin-set]. 

gipser  n.  purse,  pouch,  wallet  [also  spelt  gipsirel  'dsipsa?. 
Gipsy  n.  one  of  a  wandering  race  [also  spelt  Gypsy,  Gipsey; 

ploral  Gipsies]  'dsipsi. 
giraffe  n.  (camelopard)  dsi'raif,  dsi'eaif,  dsi'^aeif. 
girandole  n.  (firework;  fountain-jet ;  girandola;  candlestick; 

pendant)  'dsiran-dol,  'd3i:-^3n-dol. 
girasol  n.  fire-opal  [synonymous  cognate  girasole]  'dsira-sol. 
gird  n.  (spurt  of  action;  jerk)  gB:?d. 
g^rd  V.  formerly,  strike,  smite;  later,  rush,  start,  spring;  jest, 

gibe  [past  participle  and  preterit  girded"]  gm^d. 
gird  V,  surround  with  a  belt  or  girdle ;  secure  by  means  of  a 

girdle  [past  participle  and  preterit  girt,  girded]  goi^d. 
girl  n.  (female  child;  maid-servant)  ge:?},  gsQl;   (dialectally) 

goif,  gJBirf. 
CMrondist  n.,  adj.  (moderate  republican)  dsi'^ondist. 
girth  n.  (band,  girdle,  perimeter)  gsizB. 
gist  n.  (real  point,  substance,  pith)  dsist. 
gives  n.  dsaivz.     see  gyve. 

j  yCf  9  cure;  bthe,  Q  thin;  sajsrure,  ds/oy;   I  shoe,  t^chew; 
wwhen;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  duW,  T5>3iioo\,  \\t,  lis^^; 
^poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o:  door,  -aotvo,  rXic^^,  v,«l^oXs:\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  237 

n.  (gigerium)  'gizs^d. 

Slac6  adj.  (iced;  lustrous)  giae'see. 

glacial  adj.  (ice-like;  icy;  cold)  'glee-Ss^  'glee-Si-d),  'glee-si- 
9i,  'gissi-d}. 

glacier  n.  (river  of  ice)  'glce-Jae,  'gJee-Ji-ae,  'glaesi-ae. 

glacis  w.  (sloping  bank;  slope)  'glee-sis,  glx'sii,  'gla:-si. 

glad  adj,  (joyous;  fain)  glxd,  {often)  glaeid. 

gladiator  n.  (public  fighter;  swordsman)  'glxdi-ets?. 

gladiole  n.  (gladiolus)  'glxdi-ol. 

gladiolus  n.  sword-lily  [ploral  gladioli,  gladioluses]  gla'dai- 
d-lds,  glxdi'oo-lds. 

gladsome  adj.  (cheering;  glad,  cheerful)  'giaedsam. 

Gladstone  n.  (wine;  bag;  carriage)  'glaedstan,  'glaed-ston. 

glair  n.  white  of  an  egg  [also  spelt  glare"]  gXz'.z. 

glaive  n.  sword  [also,  formerly,  spelt  glavel  gleev. 

glamour  n.  [also  spelt  glamor  and,  formerly,  glamer,  glam- 
mar]  'glxm^z,  (less  often)  'glee-ma?. 

glance  v,  (glide  off  or  over;  dart,  flash,  gleam;  look  quick- 
ly) gla:ns,  glains,  glsems;  (also)  gia:nts,  etc. 

glandes  n.  (ploral  of  glans)  'glaen-diz. 

glans  n.  acorn;  acorn-like  part  [ploral  glandes"]  glaenz. 

glare  v.  (shine)  gle:?. 

glare  n.  (dazzling  light)  gle:?. 

glass  n.  (substance;  drinking-vessel ;  pane;  mirror)  gla:s, 
gla:s,  glse:s. 

glanberite  w.  (nativ  calcium  sulfate)  'glc:-b3-7ait,  'glao-bs- 
zrait. 

glancoma  n.  (eye-disease,  glaucosis)   glc'koo-ma. 

glaucous  adj.  (sea-green)  'glokds. 

glaucus  n.  (gull)  'glokss. 

glazier  n.  (one  who  glazes  windows)  'glee-sar,  'glee-zi-ar. 

glede  n.  kite ;  buzzard ;  marsh-hawk  [also  spelt  gleed ;  synen« 
ymous  cognate  gled]  ghid. 

glene  n.  (eyeball;  eye-socket;  socket)  'ghi-ni. 

glenoid  adj.  (like  a  joint-socket ;  cupt)  'ghi-noid. 

glisten  V,  shine,  sparkle  [past  participle  and  preterit  glis- 
tened, glistend]  'ghsan,  'ghsn. 

glitter  V.  gleam,  sparkle  [past  participle  and  preterit  glit- 
tered, glitterd]  'ghtae. 

globical  adj.  (circular)  'glebi-kal,  'gloo-bi-kal. 

globigerina  n.  deep-sea  rhizopod  [ploral  globigerinae] 
globidsa'^ai-na,  glebidsa'^ai-na. 

globose  adj.  (spherical)  glo'boos,  (assumptivly)  'gloo-bos. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  for,  au  now,  a*,  ask,  «aVa\s.\ 
length-marJf  (:)  indicates*  that  the  preceding;  sovitv^  \%  \^tv^% 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ioWo'wxxi^  s^>\^iJc}^^< 


238  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

globular  adj,  (spherical;  compound  of  globules)  'glebjo-ldz. 
globule  n.  (little  globe;  blood-corpuscle;  pill)  'gle-bjtd. 
globulin  n.  proteid  [also  spelt  globulinel  'glebjo-lin. 
gloss  n.  (marginal  definition,  etc.)  gie:s,  (rarely)  gles. 
gloss  n.  (luster)  glers,  (rarely)  gJes. 
glossary  n.    (collection   of  glosses;   vocabulary)    'g}e:-89-7i, 

'gles3-?i,  (rapidly)  'gleffsi. 
glottis  n.  mouth  of  the  windpipe  [ploral  glottides\  'gletis. 
glove  n.  (hand-covering)  glAv. 
gloirer  V,  frown  [synonymous  cognate  glour;  past  participle 

and  preterit  glowered,  glowerdi  'glau-o?. 
gloze  n.  gloss,  marginal  note;  flattery,  deceit,  pretense  [also, 

formerly,  spelt  glosel  glooz, 
glucinum  n.  (beryllium)  glo'sai-nsm. 
glucose    n.    (grape-sugar,    desctrose;    fruit-sugar,    levulose) 

'glou-kos. 
glue  n.  adhesiv  [also,  formerly,  spelt  glew}  glou. 
gluey  adj.  like  glue   [also  spelt  gluy  and,  formerly,  glewy, 

gleweyl  'glou-i. 
gluteal  adj,  of  the  glutei  [also  spelt  glutaeal}  'g!ou-ti-9l,  glo- 

'tii-3l. 
gluten  n.  (gum,  glue ;  nitrogenous  part  of  wheat,  etc.)  'glou- 

tn,  'glou-tan,  'glou-ten. 
gluteus  n.  one  of  the  three  buttock-muscles  [also  spelt  glu- 

taeus;  ploral  glutei^  glo'tii-ss. 
glutinous   adj.    (gluey,  sticky)    'glou-tn-3s,  'glou-ti-nas. 
gluttonize  v.  [also,  rarely,  spelt  gluttonise"]  'glxtn-aiz. 
gluttony    w.    excessiv    eating    [ploral    gluttonies'}    'glAtn-i, 

'glAt3-ni. 
glycerin  n.  glycerol  [also  spelt  glycerinel  'ghs3-?in,  'ghssin. 
glycocoU  n.  (amido-acetic  acid)  'glai-ks-kel,  'ghkd-kel. 
glycogen  n.  (animal  starch)  'glai-ks-dsm,  'ghka-dsin;  (also) 

'glai-ka-dsen,  etc. 
glycol  n.  (ethylene  alcohol,  etc.)  'glai-kel,  'gh-kol. 
glycollie  adj.  of  glycol  [also  spelt  glycolic"!  glai'kehk,  gh- 

'kehk. 
Glyconio  adj.  (of  the  Greek  poet  Glycon)  glailcenik. 
glypb  n.  (groove)  ghf. 

glyptic  adj.  (of  carving  or  engraving)  'ghptik. 
gmelinite  n.  (mineral)  'meh-nait,  (rarely)  'gmeh-nait. 
gnapbalium  n.  (herb)  nd'fee-li-sm. 
gnarled  adj.  knotty,  twisted  [also  spelt  gnarld  and,  f -rmerly, 

knarled]  narzrl. 

} ye,   5  cure;  bthe,  0  ^Ain ;   5  axrure,  ds/oy;   S^^oe,   tjcfcew; 
wwhen;  jj  sing;  u  whoever,  i react,  \3iu\\,  \iM.iool,  itt,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  A.buX,  o*.  door,  -aoTvo,  «.>ocd,  ^^%,aj«:\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  239 

V.  strike  together,  grind,  bite  upon  [past  participle  and 

preterit  gnashed,  gnashfl  nae^. 
n.  (two-wingd  fly)  nat. 
gnatliio  adj,  (of  the  jaws)  'naeOik,  'nee-Oik. 
gnathite  n.  (mouth-appendage)  'nx-6ait,  'nee-Oait. 
gnanv  V,  bite  off  little  by  little;  bite;  fret,  waste  [past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  gnawed,  gnawd}  nc: . 
gneiss  n.  (rock)  nais,  (rarely)  gnais. 

n.  (aphorism;  saw)  noom,  'noo-mi. 
n.  (dwarf,  goblin)  noom. 
gnomio  adj.  (of  gnomes  or  maxims)  'noo-mik,  'nemik. 
gnomon  n.  (shadow-casting  piece  on  a  sun-dial)  'noo-men. 
gnosiology  n.  science  of  cognition   [also  spelt  gnoseologyl 

nosi'eid-dsi,  nozi'ela-dsi. 
gnostio  n.  (of  knowledge)  'ne'stik. 

gnn  n.  wildebeest  [also,  formerly,  spelt  gnoo"}  nou,  njou. 
SO  V.  walk,  move,  etc.  [past  participle  gone;  preterit  wenti 

goo,  (when  unstrest)  go. 
go  n.  action  of  going;  turn  of  affairs  [ploral  goes'}  goo. 
goaf  n.  in  a  coal-mine,  a  space   from  which  coal  has  been 

workt  away  [synonymous  cognates  goave,  goff,  gove;  ploral 

goaves,  goafs}  gSof. 
go-ahead  adj.   (energetic,  pushing)   goo-s'hed,  'goo-a-hed. 
goatee  n.  (chin-whiskers)  go'tii. 
gob  n.  (dab;  lump;  attle)  geb. 
gobang  n.  game  [also  spelt  go-bang}  goolsaer). 
gobbe  n.  (plant)  geb. 
gobelin  adj.   (of  Gobelins,  the  state  factory  of  tapestry  in 

Paris)  gobalaeq,  'geba-hn. 
goblet  n.  (drinking-cup ;  wine-cup)  'geWat. 
goblin  n.  (surly  elf;  sprite;  gnome;  demon)  'gebhn. 
go-by  n.  (action  of  going  by ;  a  passing  by  without  notice ; 

slip)  'goo-bai. 
goby  n.  gobiid,  a  fish  [ploral  gobies}  'goo-bi. 
god  n.  (deity)  ged,  (sometimes)  ge:d ;  (dialectally)  gc:d,  ga:d. 
Goetbian  adj,  of  the  German  poet  Goethe  [also  spelt  Goe- 

thean}  'gei-ti-an, 
goety  n.  (black  magic)  'goo-i-ti. 
goffer  V.   flute,  crimp   [synonymous   cognate   gauffer;   past 

participle  and  preterit  goffered,  gofferd}  'gei-fae,  'gefa?. 
Goidelio  adj.  (of  the  Goidels)  gei'dehk. 
goiter  n.  bronchocele  [also  spelt  goitre}  'gei-ta?, 
goldenrod  n.  (plant)  'gool-dn-^ed. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ©i  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now»  a:  ask,  ^\  VAtf, 
length -marif  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soMtv^  -va  Awslv-. 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\ie  ie\\oN«\Tv^  ^-^V^-aJ^e^, 


240  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

soldilookfl  n.  buttercup,  etc.  [also  spelt  goldylocksl  'gool-di- 

leks. 
golf  n.  game  [former  synonymous  cognate  goff\  golf,  ge:f, 

gof. 
gondola  n.  (boat)  'gonds-ld;  {improperly)  gon'doo-^s. 
gondolier  n.  (one  who  rows  a  gondola)  gondsli:?. 
gone  adj.  (undone;  departed)  go:n,  gen;  (dialectally)  gc:n. 
gonfalon  n.  (banner,  ensign)  'genfs-lon. 
gonfalonier  n.   (standard-bearer)  geni^Wniiz. 
gonidial  adj.  (of  a  gonidium)  go'nidi-di. 
goniometer  n.  (angle-measuring  device)  goni'omi-ts?. 
gonoph  n.  pickpocket  [also  spelt  gonnof'\  'gonsf,  'go-nof. 
gonopliore  n,  (part  bearing  the  reproductiv  elements)  'gona- 

fo:?. 
gonorrliea  n.  disease  [also  spelt  gonorrhoea!  gons'^ii-d, 
gonydeal  adj.  (of  the  gonys;  gonal)  go'nidi-sl. 
good-by  interj.  farewell   [also  spelt  good-byel   god'bai,  go- 

'bai. 
good-for-notliing  adj,  godfdz'nAOii],  (assumptivly)  'godfs?- 

tlAQlT}. 

Goorkl&a  n.  nativ  of  Nepal  [also  spelt  Ghoorkal  'goiz-ks, 
goose  n.  bird  [ploral  geesel  gous. 

gooseberry  n.  'gouz-be^i,  'gouz-ban,  'gouz-b3i;  'gous-be?i. 
gopber  n.  poucht  rat ;  ground  squirrel ;  land-tortoise ;  snake 

[also  spelt  gophirl  'goo-fa?. 
gorgeons  adj.    (magnificent)   'ge:z-dz^s. 
gorget  n.  (throat-armor;  wimple;  necklace)  'go:?-d3it. 
gorgon  n.  (female  monster)  'goi^-gan. 
gorgonian  adj.  (of  a  gorgon;  gorgon-like)  goe'gDO-ni-an. 
gorgonize  v.  petrify  or  gaze  at  in  the  manner  of  a  gorgon 

[also  spelt  gorgonisel  'go:?-g3-naiz. 
gorilla  n.  (large  anthropoid  ape)  gs'^ils. 
gormand  n.  glutton  [synonymous  cognate  gourmandl  'ge:z- 

msnd. 
gormandise  v.  eat  like  a  gormand  [also  spelt  gormandise; 

synonymous  cognates  gourmandize,  gourmandise"}  'go:?-n»n- 

daiz. 
gorse  n.  (furze,  whin)  geizs. 
gosban^k  n.  (large  short-wingd  hawk)  'gos-hc:k. 
gosling  n,  (young  goose)  'gozhr). 
gospel  n.  (good  tidings)  'gospsl. 
gospeller  n.  evangelist;  reader;  book;  adherent  [also  spelt 

gospellarl  'gospa-lar. 

} ye,   5 cure;   hthe,  Qthin-,   3  a-sure,  ds/oy;    I  shoe,   tScAew; 
wtcfhen;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  iTcact,  oiuW,  ^wiool,  lit,  lisee; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  oerial,  Abwt,  o*.  doot,  t>otvo,  t.\ic^,  ^^^cXfe\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  241 

gossamer  n.  (filmy  cobweb;  gauze;  hat;  waterproof)  'ges9- 

msz;  (improperly)  'gezd-maz. 
gossan  n.  decomposed  rock  [also  spelt  gossan^  'gezsn. 
Gotluuaite   n.    (denizen   of   Qotham,   England,   or   of   New 

York  city)  'goo-Ga-mait,  'geOs-mait,  'gota-mait. 
Gothioism  n.  (barbarism;  conformity  to  Gothic  style  in  ar- 
chitecture;  study   of   the   Gothic   language;    Gothic   idiom) 

'geOi-sizsm. 
Gothioise  v,  [also  spelt  Gothicisel  'geOi-saiz. 
gonaolie  n.  (mode  of  painting)  gwa:S. 
gonge  n.   (concave  chisel;  a  scooping  out;  swindle)   goods, 

gouds. 
gonge  V.  (cut  with  a  gouge;  scoop  out;  cheat)  goods,  gouds. 
gourd  n.  (fruit;  plant;  gourd-shell)  goizd,  goizd. 
gourde  n.  (dollar)  goizd. 

gourmand  n.  'gu:z-m9nd.     same  meaning  as  gormand, 
gourmet  n.  (epicure)  go3'mee,  'go:3-met. 
gout  n.  (disease;  drop)  gaot. 
gont  n.  sluice,  drain  [also  spelt  gowtl  gaot. 
gont  n.  taste  [also  spelt  gouf}  guu. 
govemante  n.  (obsolete)  'gAV3z-nant. 
governess  n.  (female  ruler;  instructress)  'gAV37-nis. 
government   n.    (rule;    province,   etc.)    'gAvarn-mant;    (im~ 

properly)  'gAvar-mant,  'gAva-mant,  'gAvmant,  'gAbmant. 
governor  n.  ruler;   regulator   [also  spelt  governourl   'gAva- 

na?,    (rapidly;   familiarly;    anteriorly,   as   a   title)    'gAvna^; 

(also,  rarely)  'gAva^-nar. 
goivn  n.  (garment)  goon ;   (vulgarly)  goond. 
graoile  adj.  slender,  thin,  lean  [also  spelt  gracil^  'g^aesil. 
graoioso  n.  (buffoon)  g^esi'oo-so,  greSi'oo-sD. 
graoions  adj.   (pleasing;   dispensing  grace)    'gree-^as. 
gradate  v.  (shade  off,  etc.)  gre'deet,  g^a'deet,  'g^ee-det. 
gradation  n.  gze'dee-San,  gra'dee-^an. 
gradatory  adj.  (proceeding  by  grades  or  steps)  'g^ee-da-to^i, 

'g^ee-data-^i ;  'gzaeda-to^i. 
gradin  n.  one  of  a  series  of  steps ;  altar-ledge  [synonymous 

cognate  gredinel  'gree-din. 
gradine  n.  gra'diin.     same  meaning  as  gradin. 
gradine  n.  (tootht  chisel)  g^a'diin. 
gradual  adj.  (of  degree;  proceeding  step  by  step)  'graedsu-al, 

'g3adju-al. 
gradnand  n.  (student  about  to  graduate)  graedju'snd. 
graduate    n.    (one   who    holds    a    degree ;    measuring-glass) 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  a  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  go  nozv,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-inork  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soMtv^  \^  \wv.v^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  tTie  ioWo-sNiti^  «^\\aJo\«., 


242  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

'g^adsu-et,    'gradsu-it,    'gzsudsU'^t;    'g?aedju-et,    'gcaedjn-it, 
'gzxdju-9t. 

graduate  adj.  (graduated;  holding  a  degree;  arranged  by 
degrees)  'geadsu-et,  (assumptivly)  'g^aedsu-it;  ialso)  'gzxd- 
ju-3t. 

graduate  v,  'gzxdsu-et,  'grxdju-et. 

graffito  n.  drawing  or  writing  scratcht  on  a  wall  [ploral 
graffiti^  gra'fii-to. 

graft  n.  (shoot  inserted  in  another  stock;  transplanted  tis- 
sue) g^aift,  gra:ft,  gzxift, 

grail  n.  cup  [also  spelt  great,  graal]  g^eel. 

grail  n.  comb-maker's  file  [also  spelt  graillel  gzeel, 

n.  (seed ;  wheat ;  granule ;  weight ;  dye ;  texture)  gsreen. 
n.  unit  of  weight  [also  spelt  gramtnel  g^xm. 

gramercy  interj.  (thank  you;  mercy  on  us!)  'geraemsz-si, 
g^a'me^si. 

graminivorous  adj.  (grass-eating)  gzxmi'niv9-z93. 

grammar  n.  (knowledge  of  parts  of  speech,  inflections,  syn- 
tax, etc.)  'gzxm^z. 

grammaticise  v.  render  grammatical  [also  spelt  grammaii- 
cise'^  g?:)'mati-saiz. 

gran  ad  ill  a  n.  passion  flower  [synonymous  cognate  grena- 
dillal  grsensMild. 

granary  n,  storehouse  for  grain  [ploral  granaries']  'graens-ei; 
(less  properly)  'g^ee-na-^i. 

grand  adj,  (chief,  main;  great;  lofty)  g^send,  (often)  g^aeind, 
(in  England,  sometimes)  gra:nd. 

grandam  n.  grandmother ;  ancestress ;  gossip  [synonymous 
cognates  grandame,  grand-dame]  'g^aendam. 

grandame  n.  'grxn-dem.     same  meaning  as  grandam. 

grandannt  n.  great-aunt  [also  spelt  grand-aunt]  'gzaend-amt. 

grandcliild  n.  child  of  one's  son  or  daughter  [ploral  grand- 
children] 'graend-tSaild,  'g^aen-tJaiM. 

granddad  n.  grandfather  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  grandad] 
'g^and-daed,  'g?aen-daed. 

granddaughter  n.  (daughter  of  one's  son  or  daughter) 
'graend-dc:-t3^,  'g?aen-dc:-t3?. 

grandenr  n.  'gzaendss?,  'graendjd?. 

grandfather  n.  (father  of  one's  father  or  mother;  fore- 
father) 'g?aBnd-fa:-d9^,  'g?an-fa:-d3r ;  (sometimes,  anteriorly, 
as  a  title)  'gzdtni^^z. 

grandiose  adj.  (imposing;  pompous)  grxndi'oos,  (assump- 
tivly) 'grandi-os. 

j  ye,   Qcure;   bthe,  Q  thin;   3  arrure,  d^/oy;    I  shoe,   tlchew; 
wwAen;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  vjiu\V  ^Miool,  itt,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial.  Abut,  o:  doot,  ;>otio,  t>Qe^,  ^«i%ja6ut\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  243 


n.   (grandmother)  'graend-ma: ,  'geaen-ma:  ,  'g^aem- 

ma: ,  (sometimes,  anteriorly,  as  a  title)  'g3aenm3,  'g^am-ma. 
grandmamma  n.   (grandmother)   'gzaend-ms-ma: ,  'gzaenms- 

ma: . 
grandmotlier  n.  (mother  of  one's  father  or  mother)  'g^aend- 

mAddz,  'g?aen-mAd97. 
grandpa  n.  (grandfather)  'gzaend-pa: ,  'g?aen-pa: ,  (sometimes, 

anteriorly,  as  a  title)  'g^aenpg,  'g^aempg. 
grandsire  n.   (grandfather;   forefather)   'gzaend-saiz,   'graen- 

saiz. 
grandson   n.    (son   of   one's   son   or   daughter)    'g^aend-sAn, 

'graen-SAn, 
granite  n.  rock  [also  spelt  granit}  'gzaenit. 
granivorons  adj,   (grain-eating)   g^ae'nivs-zss,  gz9'niv3-79s ; 

(rapidly)  gzs'nivzds. 
grannom  n.  fly  [also  spelt  granami  'g^aensm. 
granny  n.  grandmother  [also  spelt  grannie  \  ploral  granniesl 

'g^aeni. 
granose  adj.  gre'noos,  (assumptivly)  'grce-nos. 
grant  n.,  v.  (consent,  etc.)  gza:nt,  g7a:nt,  g^aernt. 
granter  n.  (one  who  grants)  'gram-tar. 
grantor  n.  (in  law,  one  who  makes  a  grant  or  conveyance) 

grain'te:^. 
grannlose  adj,  (granular)  g^aenjo'loos,  (assumptivly)  'g^aenjo- 

los. 
grapery  n.  (vinery)  'g^ee-pa-ri. 

graplilc  adj,  (of  drawing,  writing,  etc.;  vivid)  'graefik. 
grapnel   n.   grappling-device ;    anchor    [also   spelt   grapnallj 

'g^aepNl,  'g^aepNal. 
grasp  V,  clutch,  seize;  comprehend  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit grasped,  graspti  graisp,  g^aisp,  grae:sp. 
grass  n.  (herbage,  etc.)  g7a:s,  g?a:s,  gzx:s. 
grate  v.  (rub  harshly;  pulverize  by  rubbing  on  an  indented 

surface)  g^eet. 
grate  n.  (framework  of  bars)  g^eet. 
grater  n.  (utensil)  'g^ee-ta^. 

gratis  adv.,  adj.  (free)  'g^ee-tis ;   (improperly)  'graetis. 
gratitnde  n.  (gratefulness)  'g^aeti-tgud ;   (dialectally)  'g^aeti- 

tud. 
gratuitous  adj.   (free ;  uncalled-for)   gra'tgou-i-tas. 
gratuity  n.  gift,  present;  tip  [ploral  gratuities'!  g^a'tgou-i-ti. 
gratulatory   adj,    (congratulatory)    'gzxtl^ld-tozi,   'graetgola- 

to^r. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ax  kite ; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  souti^  \^  Vkxi-V^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  iQ\\o"Witi%  s^>\?iXJi&, 


244  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

gravamen  n.  grievance  [ploral  gravamina']  grd'vee-mon. 
gravamina  n.    (ploral   of  gravamen)   gza'vsmi-nd,   gz9\zt- 

mi-na. 
grave  n.  (burial-place)  g?eev. 
grave  adj,  (weighty ;  serious ;  low)  g?eev. 
g^ave  adj.  (in  music,  slow,  solemn)  'gra:-vi,  g?a:v. 
V.  (dig;  incise;  carve)  g^eev. 
V.  (clean)  g3eev. 
graveled  adj.  covered  with  gravel  [also  spelt  gravelled,  grarh 

eld}  'graevald. 
graveling  n.  (the  action  of  the  verb  gravel ;  graveld  surface) 

'graeva-hq,  (rapidly)  ^gzxwht). 
graveling  n.  parr  or  young  salmon   [also  spelt  gravelling; 

synonymous  cognate  gravelinj  'gzaeva-hq. 
gravelliness  n.  [also  spelt  gravelinessi  'g^aevsh-nis. 
gravelly  adj,  abounding  in  gravel  [also  spelt  gravely"]  'gzxv9- 

h,  (rapidly)  'g^aevli. 
<3raves  n.  (wine)  g?a:v,  g^a:v,  g^aerv. 
gravid  adj,  (pregnant)  'gravid. 
gray  adj.  ash-colored,  etc.  [also  spelt  grey]  gree. 
grazier  n.  (one  who  grazes  cattle)  'g?ee-397. 
grease  n.  (animal  fat)  griis. 
grease  v.  smear  or  lubricate  with  grease  [past  participle  and 

preterit  greased  and,  sometimes,  greast]  g^iis,  g^iiz. 
greaser  n.  (one  who  applies  grease;  nativ  Mexican  or  South 

American)  'gzii-s^z,  'gzii-z^z, 
greasy  adj.  (smeard  with  grease,  etc.)  'g^ii-si,  'g^ii-zi. 
great  adj.  (big;  distinguish)  g^eet,  (when  unstrest)  gzet. 
greatcoat  n.  heavy  overcoat ;  top-coat  [also  spelt  great-coat] 

'geeet-koot,  (finally,  often)  g^eet'koot. 
greave  n.  (armor)  g^iiv. 

greaves  n,pL  scraps  in  cakes;   cracklings   [former  synony- 
mous cognate  graves]  gziivz. 
grebe  n.  (bird)  griib. 
Grecize  v.  give  Greek  form  to ;  become  Greek-like  [also  spelt 

Grecise,  Graecize,  Graecise]  'g^ii-saiz. 
Gregorian  adj,  (of  Pope  Gregory  ist,  etc.)   g?i'go:-rf-3n. 
grenade  n.  (explosiv  shell,  etc.)  gzi'need. 
grenadier  n.  (soldier;  weaver-bird)  grens'di:?. 
grenadin  n.  (coal-tar  color)  'g^ens-din. 
grenadine  n,  (silk  fabric)  'grens-din,  g^ens'diin. 
grey  adj,  gzzt.    see  gray. 
greylionnd  n.  dog  [also  spelt  grayhound]  'gree-haond. 

}  ye,   5  cure ; *  d  the,  9  thin ;   3  axrure,  ds  ;oy ;    J  shoe,  ^  tj  chew; 

wze/Aen;  tj  sing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiuU,  aufool,  itt,  lis^^; 

o  poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial;  A.bift,  o;doot,  ^ioiio,  «.\ie^,  ^^%,o!«.% 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  245 

w.  pig  [also,  formerly,  spelt  grisel  gzais. 
Sridiron  n.  (cooking-utensil)  'g?id-ai-9zn. 
n.  (sorrow)  gziif. 
n,  governor;   overseer   [also  spelt  greevel   gziiv. 
Love   V.   afflict;   feel   grief    [past   participle    and   preterit 
grieved,  grievd]  griiv. 

adj.   (afflictiv ;  full  of  grief)  'g^ii-vas. 
n.  (meat  broild  on  a  gridiron;  grild  dish),gziL 
n.  (gridiron)  qzil, 

V,   broil    on    a   gridiron    [past    participle    and   preterit 
grilled,  grildl  gzil, 

n.  grating;  grated  opening  [also  spelt  grill'}  gzil. 
n.  (wry  face)  gei'mees. 

n.    (cat;   she  cat;   old  woman)   gzi'maelkin,  gzi- 
'mc:l-kin. 
g^rimly  adv.  (in  a  grim  manner)  'geimli. 
S^rimy  adj,  (begrimed,  dirty)  'g^ai-mi. 
grindstone  n,  (stone  disk  for  grinding)  'g3aind-stoon,  'geain- 

ston;  (dialectally)  'g2rin-ston. 
grip  n.,v.  (grasp)  g^ip. 

gripe  n.  (fast  hold;  cramp-colic;  clutch)  gzaip. 
g^ripe  V,  (clutch;  produce  pain  in  as  by  constriction)  gzaip. 
g^rippe  n.  influenza  [also  spelt  gripl  grip. 
grisette  n.  (French  working-girl)  g^i'zet. 
grisly   adj.    horrible;    gruesome    [also,    rarely,    spelt   grizlyl 

'grizh.    compare  grizzly. 
gristle    n.    (cartilage)    'g^isal,    'gnsl;    (improperly)    'geizal, 

'g^izl;  (erroneously)  'g^istl. 
gristly  adj.  (of  or  like  gristle;  cartilaginous)  'gjisti. 
adj.,  n,  (gray)  'gziz^l,  *gziz\. 

adj.  grayish :   as,  *grizzly  bear  [also  spelt  grizlyl  'gzi- 
zh.    compare  grisly, 
groan  n.  (sound  of  pain  or  grief)  gzoon, 
groat  n.  (coin)  geoot,  (archaically)  gzcit, 
groats  n.  p  .  (huld  oats  or  wheat)  groots,  (archaically)  g7c:ts. 
grooery  n.   [ploral  groceries}  'gzoo-ss-zi,   (rapidly)  'g3DO-S3i. 
gronunet   n.    [also    spelt   gromet}    'g^emit,    'grxmit.      same 

meaning  as  grummet. 
grosbeak  n.  (bird)  'gz30s-biik. 

grosohen  n.  (silver  coin)  'g^oo-Jan;  (less  properly)  'g^ejan. 
grotesque  adj.  (fantastic ;  bizarre)  gro'tesk. 
grotto  n.  cavern ;  cave-like  retreat  [ploral  grottoes,  grottos} 
'gzeto. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  aecat,  e  h<?t,  ei  hoy;  a:  iar^  ao  now,  a*,  ask,  a\V\V^\ 
\znglh-mork  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soutvd  \^  \^tv^\ 
Hress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ioWo'Witift  sv\\^\^. 


246  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

groundsel  n.   (weed)  '(jzaund-ssl. 

groundsill  n.  ground-plate;  sill  [also  spelt  ground-sill;  syn- 

enymous  cognate  groundseil  'graond-sil. 
gronse  n.  bird  [ploral  grousel  g::aus. 

grovel  V.  lie  prone ;  crawl  [present  participle  groveling,  grov- 
elling; past  participle  and  preterit  groveled,  grovelled,  grov- 

cld}  'gze\9l. 
groveler  n.  one  who  grovels  [also  spelt  groveller"}  'gzev^-ix, 

(rapidly)  'gze\\9z. 
gruel  n.  (liquid  food)  'grou-al. 
gruesome  adj.  fearful,  grisly   [also  spelt  grcwsome']  'qzm- 

som. 
grummet  n.  ring  of  rope;  metal  eyelet  [also  spelt  grommet, 

grometl  'g^Amit. 
grysbok  n.  antelope  [also  spelt  greisbokl  'g^ais-bok. 
g^aiac  n.  wood ;  tree ;  guaiacum  [also  spelt  guiac"]  'gwoi-ak, 

'gwee-jaek. 
g^anaco  n.  (mammal)  gwyna:-k3. 
g^anin  n.  [also  spelt  guanine}  'gwa:-nin. 
g^ano  n.  (sea-fowl  manure)  'gwa:-no,  gju'aenD. 
guarantee  n.  (person  who  makes  a  guaranty :    correlatir  of 

guarantor;  also,  the  act  of  guaranteeing;  security,  guaran- 
ty) gaeran'tii,  (anteriorly,  often)  'gaeran-ti. 
guarantee  v.  (be  a  guarantee,  warrant,  or  surety  for;  sectire, 

guaranty)  gae^on'tii,  (anteriorly,  sometimes)  'gaeran-ti. 
guarantor  n.  (one  who  makes  a  guaranty  or  gives  a  seen* 

rity)  gxz^n'teiz. 
guaranty  n.,  v.  'gae^an-ti.     same  meaning  as  guarantee. 
g^ard  n.  protection ;  watch ;  protector  [also  spelt  gardi  ga:rd; 

(dialect ally)  gja:?d. 
g^uardian  n.  protector;  keeper  [also  spelt  gardiani  'ga:r-di- 

3n,  (less  often)  'ga:^-dJ3n ;  (dialect ally)  gae'diin. 
g^ava  n.  (tree;  fruit)  'gwa:-v3;  (improperly)  'gwc:-v3. 
gubernatorial  adj.   (of  a  governor)   guba^ns'toi-ei-at,  gju- 

hdzns'toi-zi-ol. 
gudgeon  n.  (fish;  bait;  gullible  person)  'gAdssn. 
Gueber  n.  Zoroastrian,   Parsee   [also  spelt  Guehre,  Gheber, 

Ghebrey  Ghebirl  'gii-bar,  'gee-bar. 
guelder-rose  n.  [also,   formerly,  spelt  gelder-rosel  'gcldw- 

zooz. 
Guelpb  n.  papist  [also  spelt  Guelfl  gwelf. 
g^epard  n.  leopard  [also  spelt  gefyard}  'gepard. 
guerdon  n..  7^  (reward)  'go:r-dan,  'gB:?-den. 

j  ye,   gcure;  d  ffie,  Qtfiin;   sarure,  d^/oy;   ^shoe,   tj  cAew; 
wzvhen;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  iteaict,  oiuW,  ^wiool,  it't,  lis*^; 
o  poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o*.  doot,  t>otvo,  ^\ic^,  ^^^i6.^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  247 

^ — . —       ■, 

reza  n.  monkey  [synenymous  cegnate  guersa}  'ge?i-z3. 

nuiey  n.  (vest)  'geenz*,  'gei^n-zi. 

rrilla  n.  irregular  warfare  [also  spelt  guerillal  g^'zil^. 

BU  V.  (estimate;  fancy;  be  pretty  sure)  ges. 

■t  n.  (one  who  is  entertaind ;  boarder)  gest. 

faiv  n.  (loud  coarse  laughter ;  horse-laugh)  gA'fc: . 

lance  n.  (guiding;  leadership)   'gai-dns,  'gai-ddns;   {dia- 

Ttally)  'gjai-dns. 

le  V.  (lead,  conduct)  gaid;  (dialectally)  gjaid. 

Ion  n.  (flag)  'gai-d9n. 

Se  n.  shield-strap  [also  spelt  gigel  giis,  giids. 

Id  n.  giid.    see  gild. 

Lder  n.  coin  [also,  formerly,  spelt  gilder"]  'gilda?. 

le  n.  (cunning)  gait;  (dialectally)  gjail. 

ilanme  n.  (rebate-plane)  gil'jdom. 

ilemot  n.  (sea-bird)   'gih-mat,  'gih-met. 

loclie  n.,  V.  gilooS. 

lotine  n.   (beheading-device)  'gila-tin,  gila'tiin,   (rarely) 

la-tin. 

.t  n.  (an  offense;  wickedness)  gilt. 

ica  n.  (former  gold  coin;  twenty-one  shillings)  'gini. 

mre  n.  (lace)  gi'pgorr. 

;e  n.  (behavior ;  garb ;  aspect)  gaiz ;    (dialectally)  gjaiz; 

;ar  n.  (musical  instrument)  gi'ta:?. 

IT  orfy.  (of  the  throat  or  gula)  'gjou-la^. 

ksli  n.  (meat  dish)  'gou-lse^. 

ill  n.  (ravine,  gorge)  gAltJ,  (in  Britain)  gAlJ. 

Len  n.  (gold  coin;  silver  coin)  'goul-dan,  'goldgn. 

IS  n.  (red)  gjoulz. 

ible  adj,  (capable  of  being  guld  or  duped)  'gAlg-bal. 

.  arable  n.  (gum  acacia)  ga'mse^d-bik. 

matons  adj.  (like  a  gumma)  'gAmd-t9s. 

ales  n.   in   mining,  breadth    [also   spelt   gunnis'\   'gAnis, 

niz. 

nrale  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  gunnell  'gAn-weel,  'gAnal, 

nl. 

Imitation  n.  (surging)  gerdsi'tee-^dn. 

atory  adj.  (of  taste)  'gAsta-tDn,  'gAst9-t3?i. 

a-perclia  n.  (dried  juice  of  Dichopsis  gutta,  etc.)  gAta- 

rtja,  gAta'pBi^-tSa. 

ated  adj.   (having  drop-like  spots   or  masses)   'gA-tetid, 

tee-tid. 

n.  rope  [ploral  guysl  gai. 

\  b:  iur,  a:  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a*.  asV,  ^\V\\.^% 
i-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the   preceding  souti^  t^  \€>Ti^\ 
mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  foWovJxti^  s^>\^X^fc« 


243  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

guy  n.  grotesque  person ;  fright  [ploral  guys']  gai. 
g^ny  V.  (treat  as  a  guy;  ridicule)  gai. 
gxHniad  n.  fish  [also  spelt  gwyniad,  guiniad}  'gwini-ad. 
gybe  V,  put  about;  sail  round  [also  spelt  jibe]  dsaib. 
gynmasiiiiii  n.  place  for  gymnastics;  school  [ploral  gymna- 
sia, gymnasiumsl   dsim'nee-sam,   dsim'nee-zi-dm,   dsim'nee- 

si-am. 
gymnast  n.  'd3im-na:st,  'dsim-nxst. 
gymnastio  adj.  (of  athletic  exercises)  dsim'naestik. 
gymnospemi  n.  (plant  having  naked  seeds  or  ovules :   cor- 

relativ  of  angiosperm)  'dsimna-speirm. 
gynaecenm  n.  women's  apartments  [plural  gynaeceal  dsini- 

'sii-3m,  dsai-ni'sii-am. 
gynecologist  n.  specialist  in  diseases  of  women  [also  spelt 

gynaecologist]  dsmi'kela-dsist,  dsai-ni'kela-dsist. 
gynoecinm  n.  pistil  or  pistils  collectivly  [also  spelt  gynaeci- 

um,  gynaeceum ;  ploral  gynoecia]  dsi'nii-si-am. 
gynophore   n.    (stalk   bearing   the   gynoecium,   etc.)    'dsind- 

io:z,  'dsai-na-fo:?. 
gypsnin  n.  (nativ  calcium  sulfate)  'd^ipssm. 
gypsy  n.  see  gipsy. 

gyra  n.  border,  hem  [ploral  gyrae]  'd3ai-33, 
gyrate  v.  (rotate,  whirl)  'dsai-^et. 
gyrate  adj.  (circinate ;  meandrin)  'dsai-zet,  'dsai-s^t. 
gyration  n.  (wheeling;  whirling)  dsai'^ee-San. 
gyratory  adjo  (whirling)  'd^ai-zs-tozi,  'dsai-ra-ta^i. 
g^ri  n.  (ploral  of  gyrus)  'dsai-rai. 
gyronny  adj.  (having  gyrons)  'dsai-^a-ni,  dsai'zreni. 
g^yroscope  n.  (fly-wheel  with  freely-turning  axis,  etc.)  'djai- 

^3-skop. 
gyrovaji  n,pl.  (vagrant  monks)  dsaiVeva-dsai. 
gyms  n.  convolution;  gyre  [ploral  gyri]  'dsai-^ds. 
gytrasli  n.  (specter,  ghost)  'gai-tjaej. 
gyve  n.,  v.  fetter,  shackle  [also  spelt  give]  dsaiv. 


lia  inter],  [also  spelt  hah]  ha: ,  {when  less  strest)  ha. 

habeas  corpns  phrase,  n.  (have  the  body :  a  writ  requiring 
the  body  of  a  person  to  be  brought  before  the  judge  or  into 
court)  hebi-as'ker^-pas,  (less  often)  baebi-3s'ke:?-p3s. 

habergeon  n.  sleeveless  coat  of  mail,  etc.  [synonymous  ceg-     « 
nate  haubergeon]  'haebar-dsan,  ha'bn^dsan,  ha'beedsi-an. 

J  ye,   gcure;  d  ffie,  0  thin-,  ^aisute,  ds/oy;   S^Aoe,  tlchevr; 
wwhen;  i)  sing;  u  whoever,  iteact,  \3iu\\,  ^m\ooV  -i.\V  i\««e; 
O poetic;  3  ov^r,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o*.  doot,  ^oiio,  ^\ie^,  ^^%<iStv> 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  249 

liablliii&eiit  n.  (outfit,  etc.)  hs'bih-mdnt. 

habitat  n.  (locality;  habitation)  lixbi-txt. 

habitnal  <idj.  (of  habit;  customary)  hd'bitSu-dl,  ha^bitQU-al. 

Habitn^  n.  (frequenter)  hae-bit^u'ee,  ha-bitSu'ee. 

baoienda  n.  (estate)  aesi'cnds. 

badji  n.  pilgrim  to  the  tomb  of  Mohammed  at  Mecca  [also 
spelt  hajjil  liaedsi,  liae-dsi. 

baeoceity  n.  (thisness)  hek'sii-i-ti,  hik'sii-i-ti. 

baemorrbage  n,  'hems-zids.    see  hemorrhage, 

baft  n.  (handle)  ha:  ft,  ha: ft,  hse:ft. 

basgadab  n.  legend  in  the  Talmud  [also  spelt  hagadah ;  syn- 
onymous cognate  agadah;  ploral  haggadoth}  hs'gar-dQ. 

bagiograpber  n.  (sacred  writer;  writer  of  saints'  lives) 
haegi'eg^3-f3?,  hed^i'egz^-f^z. 

ba-ba  interj,  [also  spelt  hah-hahl  ha'hd: . 

ba-ba  n.  fence  [synonymous  cognate  haw-hawl  ha'ha: . 

baint  v,  (have  not)  hcent;  (formerly)  'he:-vnt. 

bair  n.  (filamentous  outgrowth,  etc.)  he:?,  hea. 

bairif  n.  goose-grass  [also  spelt  hayrifl  'hc:-rif. 

bakeem  n.  physician  [also  spelt  hakimi  hslciim. 

bablm  n.  (judge,  ruler,  governor)  'ha:-kim. 

balaobab  n.  law  [also  spelt  halakah;  ploral  halachothi  hs- 
1a:-k3,  hd'laekd. 

balberd  n.  weapon  [synonymous  cognate  halberti  'hselbsrd; 
(less  properly)  'hc:l-ba?d. 

baJoyon  n.  (kingfisher)  'haelsi-sn,  'hae}$i-3n. 

balf  n.  (one  of  two  equal  parts,  etc.)  ha:f,  ha:f,  haerf. 

balfpenny  n.  (coin)  'hee-pa-ni,  (anteriorly)  'hee-pani,  'hee- 
pNi;  (also)  'ha:f-peni,  'ha:f-p3-ni,  'ha:-p3-ni,  (anteriorly) 
'ha-pNi,  'hapNi;  'hae:f-peni,  'haepa-ni. 

balibnt  n.  fish  [synonymous  cognate  holibut}  'haeh-b^t,  'hoh- 
bat. 

ballelnjab  inter j,  praise  the  Lord  [also  spelt  halleluiah ;  syn- 
onymous cognate  alleluia']  haeh'lou-ja. 

ballmote  n.  court-baron;  [also  spelt  halmotel  'hc:l-mot. 

ballo  interj.  calling  attention,  expressing  surprise,  etc.  [also 
spelt  halloa,  hello,  hullol  hd'loo. 

balloo  V,  shout  halloo;  urge  on  with  shouts;  also,  hallo  [past 
participle  and  preterit  hallooed,  halloodl  ha'lou. 

balloo  interj.  (inciting  dogs  to  the  chase,  calling  attention, 
etc.)  halou. 

balloiv  v»  make  holy,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit  hal- 
lowed and,  sometimes,  hallowd}  'haelo. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cot,  ©  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceditvc  so\rcvd  \^  \^^V> 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ieWo^iti^  ^^>\3j^e.. 


250  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

lialloived  adj,  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  hallowd"}  luet^d,  {some- 
times) 'haelo-id. 

lialm  n.  ha:m,  hc:m.     same  meaning  as  haulm. 

"halo  n.  circle  of  light,  etc.  [ploral  kalos,  haloes,  halones} 
'hee-lo. 

haloid  n.  (salt-like)  'hae-leid,  'hee-leid,  'haelo-id. 

halter^  n.  (rope  with  headstall)  ^10:1-19?. 

halter'  n.  poiser  of  an  insect  [ploral  halteresl  'has^tsz. 

lialteres  n.  (ploral  of  halter^)  hsrti:-?iz. 

halve  v»  divide  into  two  equal  parts,  etc.  [past  participle  and 
preterit  halved,  halvdl  ha:v,  ha:v,  hae:v. 

halyard  n.  rope  or  tackle  for  raising  or  lowering  a  sail, 
etc.  [also  spelt  halliard;  synonymous  cognate  haulyard] 
'hxHd^d. 

hamadryad  n.  wood-nymph ;  serpent  [ploral  hamadryads, 
hamadryadesl  hama'drai-ad,  'hama-drai-ad. 

hamadryas  n.  (baboon)  hd'maedri-ds,  ha'mee-dri-ds,  hxmd- 
'drai-3S,  'haema-drai-as. 

hamate  adj»  (hookt)  'hee-met,  'hee-mat. 

Hamite  n.  (descendant  of  Ham)  'hx-mait. 

hammer  n.  (pounding-tool,  etc.)  'hxma?. 

hammock  n.  (hanging  bed)  'hxmak.     . 

handbook  n,  (manual)  liaend-bok,  ^sen-bok. 

handcuff  n.  manacle  [dialectal  synonymous  cognate  handy- 
cuff}  'hand-kxf,  Tiaen-kAf,  'haenkaf. 

handful  n.  as  much  as  would  fill  the  hand  [ploral  handfuls 
and,  less  properly,  handsfull  'haend-fol,  'haen-fol,  'haenfa}. 

handicap  n.  (race  or  competition  in  which  the  chances  of  the 
competitors  are  equalized;  extra  encumbrance)  liaendi-kaep. 

handix^ork  n.  (work  of  the  hands)  'hsendi-WB:zk. 

handkerchief  n.  a  cloth  for  wiping  the  face,  nose,  etc.  [dia- 
lectal synonymous  cognates  handkercher,  hankercher;  ploral 
handkerchiefs}  'haeqkar-tSif. 

handsome  adj.  (handy;  apt;  fair;  seemly;  beautiful)  'haen- 
sam. 

hansom  n.  (cab)  'haenssm. 

happen  v,  occur;  befall;  chance  to  be  [past  participle  and 
preterit  happened,  happend}  'haepan,  (often)  'haepm. 

happiness  n.  (pleasurable  content;  felicity)  'haepi-nis. 

hara-kiri  n.  (suicide  by  disembowelment)  hai-z^'kv-zi,  haesrs- 
'ki:-?r. 

harangue  v.  declaim  [also  spelt  harang;  past  participle  and 
preterit  hanmgued,  harangd]  ha'raeq. 

]  ye,  Qcure;  df/ie,  O^ftin:   3  axrure,  d^/oy;   S^/ioe,  tSrfcew; 

wjvhen;  tj  sing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  of«U,  oufool,  itt,  lise^; 

o poetic;  9  over ^  e  aerial,  A.b«t,  o*.  Aoot,  ^oxvo,  t\ie^,  ^^^cl^; 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  251 

liarass  v.  trouble,  worry  [past  participle  and  preterit  ha- 
rassed, harasti  'hae^ss;  {improperly)  hd'zaes,  ha'^aeis. 

liarbinger  n.    (harborer;   forerunner)    'ha:7-bin-d397. 

liarbor  n.  shelter;  haven  [also  spelt  harbour}  'haiz-h^z. 

liarborage  n.  [also  spelt  harbourage}  ^haiz-h^-zids. 

barborer  n.  [also  spelt  harbourer}  ^haiz-b^-z^z. 

bard-pressed  adj.  [also  spelt  hard-prest}  ha:?d'p3est,  {as- 
sumptivly)  'ha:3d-p3est. 

barebell  n.  wild  hyacinth ;  bluebell  lalso  spelt  hairbell}  'he:z- 
bel. 

barebrained  adj,  having  no  more  brain  than  a  hare;  rash 
[also  spelt  harebraind,  hairbrainedl  'he:^-b3eend. 

bareem  n.  [also  spelt  harim}  hs'ziim.  same  meaning  as  ha- 
rem, 

barelip  n.  (cleft  upper  lip)  'heizAip. 

barem  n.  the  part  of  a  Mohammedan  dwelling  occupied  by 
the  women ;  the  wives  and  concubines  collectivly  of  a  Turk, 
Persian,  or  Indian  Mussulman  [also  spelt  haram;  synony- 
mous cognates  hareem,  harimi  'he:-z3m,  (less  often)  'ha:- 
73m. 

barioot  n.  (ragout;  kidney-bean)  'haeei-ko,  'hae?i-ket. 

barken  v,  listen  [also  spelt  hearken;  past  participle  and 
preterit  harkened,  harkend}  'ha^kan,  'hai^-kan. 

Harleian  adj.  (of  Robert  Harley)  'hai^-li-sn,  ha!:1ii-9n. 

barleqnin  n.   (buffoon,  clown)   'ha:?-h-ku)in,   'ha:7-h-kin. 

barmonlo  adj,  (musical;  harmonious;  of  harmony)  ha?- 
'menik. 

barmonlca  n.   (musical  glasses;   harmonicon)   ha?'meni-k9. 

barmonlcoii  n,  (small  musical  reed-instrument ;  orchestrion ; 
acoustic-flame  apparatus)  ha^'meni-kan. 

barmonize  v.  [also  spelt  harmonisel  'ha:?-m9-naiz. 

barpsiobord  n.  (piano-like  instrument)  'ha7psi-ke:rd. 

barqnebns  n.  gun  [also  spelt  harquebuse,  harquebuss;  syn- 
onymous cognate  arquebus}  'ha^kuji-bas ;  (erroneously) 
'harkwi-bjus. 

barqnebnsier  n.  soldier  [also  spelt  harquebussier  and,  some- 
times, arquebusier}  ha^kujiba'siir,  harkiba'si:?,  a^kujiba'si:?, 
Q^kibd'si:?. 

barridan  n.  vixen  [also  spelt  haridan}  'hsen-dn. 

barrier  n.  (one  who  harries;  falcon)  'h3szi-9z. 

bart  n.  (male  deer)  haizU 

bartbeest  n.  antelope  [synonymous  cognate  hartebeest} 
'ha:?t-biist. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  a  cat,  e  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  precedit\ft  souxv^  \^  Vrci'SkN 
stress-mark  ( )  indicates  chief  stress  on  tltt.e  lo\\o>«\ti^  s^'^'siXivfc. 


252  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

liartebeest   n.    [ploral    harteheests,   harfebeest"]    ^ort^-biist, 
ha:?-t3-biist,  'ha:zt-biist.     same  meaning  as  hartbeest, 

Hartleian  adj.  (of  David  Hartley)  'ha^tz.i-an,  haztln-^n, 

Jtartsliom  n.   (formerly,  •horn  of  a  hart;  latterly,  smelling- 
salts)  'ha:?ts-he:zn. 

hamm-scanmi  adj.  (heedless)  'he:-73m-8ke:-;9m,  'haez^m- 
skse^dm. 

liaruspez  n.  Roman  soothsayer  of  Etruscan  origin  [synon- 
ymous cognate  haruspice;  ploral  haruspicesl  hs'^A-speks. 

liaslieesli  n.  'hae-SiS*  ha'SiiS.     same  meaning  as  hashish. 

JkaMhimh  n,  Indian-hemp  preparation  [synonymous  cognate 
hasheesh}  'hajij. 

liaslet  n.  roast  meat;  pig's  fry  [synonymous  cognate  harslet] 
'haestat,  'hee-stat,  'hai-zlat. 

liasp  n.  (door-clasp,  etc.)  ha:sp,  ha:sp,  hae:sp. 

liassock  n.  (tussock;  cricket)  'hsessk. 

hasten  v.  hurry  [past  participle  and  preterit  hastened,  has- 
tendl  'hee-s3n,  'hee-sn,  {in  parts  of  the  north  of  England 
and  Scotland,  and  the  north  of  Ireland,  whence  also  by  some 
in  America)  'hee-stan,  'hee-stn. 

Jiastiness  n.  (hurriedness ;  quickness  of  temper)  liee-sti-nis. 

liatcliel  V.  hackle,  heckle  [present  participle  hatcheling, 
hatchelling;  past  participle  and  preterit  hatcheled,  hatch- 
elled,  hatcheldl  'haetSal. 

liatcliet  n.  (light  short-handled  ax)  'haet^it. 

liatclix^ay  n.  (opening  in  a  deck  or  floor)  'hatS-wee. 

hatred  n.  'hee-tjid;   {dialectally)  'hcet-tjid. 

lianglity  adj    (proud,  arrogant)  'hc:-ti. 

hanlm  n.  stems  and  stalks ;  straw  [synonymous  cognate 
halm"]  hc:m. 

lianiieli  n.  (part  between  ribs  and  thigh;  leg  and  loin) 
hc:ntS,  haintS,  haintj,  (also,  and  in  Britain  normally)  hc:n$, 
ha:nS,  ha:nS. 

lianiit  V.  (frequent,  etc.)  hc:nt,  ha:nt,  ha:nt. 

hautboy  n.  wind-instrument;  strawberry  [also,  in  the  sense 
of  strawberry,  spelt  hautbois;  also,  formerly,  in  the  sense 
of  wind-instrument,  spelt   hoboyl    'hoo-boi. 

hantenr  n,  (loftiness,  haughtiness)  ho'te:?. 

have  V.  haev,  (when  less  strest)  hav,  av,  v. 

havoo  n.  devastation  [also  spelt  havoc k}  'haevak. 

Hawaiian  adj.  (of  Hawaii)  ha'wai-jan. 

haxvse  n.  (the  part  of  a  ship's  bow  where  the  hawse-holes  are, 
etc.)  hc:z. 

i  ye,   g  cure;   b  the,  G  thin;^  3  arure,  ds  joy;   J  shoe,  tj  chew; 
tuwhen;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  iteact,  oiuVV,  ^iwiool,  i^t,  lisee; 
o  poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  xbttt,  o*.  doot,  ooiio,  «.\ic^,  ^^\LQ^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  253 

JkSLWuer  n,  (cable;  warping-rope)  'hc:-s33,  'hc:-zaf. 

Hasrtian  adj,  (of  Hayti)  'hee-ti-an. 

harinegs  n.   (mistiness;  fogginess)  'hee-zi-nis. 

hasy  adj,  (misty)  'hee-zi. 

lie  noun-pron.  hii,  (when  less  sir  est)  hi,  i,  i. 

head  n.  upper  or  anterior  division  of  the  body  [also  spelt 

hedl  hed. 
heal   V,   cure,   repair    [past   participle   and   preterit   healed, 

healdl  hiil. 
healtli  n.  soundness  of  body  [also  spelt  helthi  heiO. 
healtliy  adj.  [also  spelt  helthyl  'helOi,  'heltOi. 
hear  v,  hi:?,  his. 

heard  v,  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  hear)  hsr^d. 
hearken  v.  see  harken. 

hearse  n.  (bier;  carriage  for  the  dead)  hsizs. 
heart  n,  organ  of  circulation  [also  spelt  hart]  ha'.zt. 
hearten  v,  encourage  [also  spelt  harten ;  past  participle  and 

preterit  heartened,  hartendl  'ha^tn,  'haiz-tn. 
hearth  n.   fireplace   floor;   fireside    [also,   sometimes,   spelt 

harthi  ha:?6,  hsizB. 
hearty  adj.  courageous;   cordial;   kindly   [also   spelt   hartyl 

Tia^ti,  'ha:z-ti, 
heath  n.  (open  uncultivated  land;  plant)  hiiO. 
heathen  n.   pagan,   Gentile,   etc.   [ploral   heathen,   heathens'! 

'hii-dan,  'hii-dn. 
heathenize  v.  [also  spelt  heathenise]  'hii-dd-naiz. 
heather  n.  ling,  heath  [also  spelt  hether}  'heboz. 
heanme  n.  (helmet)  hoom. 
heaven  n.  sky ;  firmament ;  celestial  abode  [also  spelt  hevenj 

lievan,  'hevn,  (dialectally,  vulgarly)  'hebm. 
heavy  adj.  ponderous  [also  spelt  hevyl  'hevi. 
heavy  adj,  (having  the  disease  called  heaves)  'hii-vi. 
hebdomad  n.  (seven  days;  a  week;  group  of  seven  superhu- 
man beings)  'hebda-mad,  'hebda-maed. 
hebdomadal  adj.  (weekly)  heb'demd-dl. 
Hebraism  n.  (Hebrew  idiom  or  quality)  'hii-bre-izam. 
Hebraize  v.  [also  spelt  Hebraisel  'hii-b^e-aiz. 
Hecate  n.  (hag,  witch)  'heks-ti. 

hecatomb  n.  (great  sacrifice)  'heks-toum,  'heks-tem. 
hectogram  n,  one  hundred  grams  [also  spelt  hectogramme'] 

'hekta-g^aem. 
hectoliter  n.  a  capacity-measure  of  one  hundred  liters  [also 

spelt  hectolitre]  'hekta-hi-ta^. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk^  ai  ktte\ 
length-mark  (;)   indicates  that  the  preceding  somti^  as  \wvsk\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  tltt.e  ie\\o^\Tv^  ^>f\^^^^^' 


254  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

heotometer  n.  a  measure  of  one  hundred  meters  [also  spelt 

hectometre'^  'hekta-mii-tar. 

hedsehos  n.  (urchin,  etc.;  plant)  Hieds-heg. 

hedonism  n.  (happiness-theory)  'hii-dd-nizam,  liedd-nizam. 

heel  n.  (hinder  part  of  the  foot)  hiil. 

Hegelian  adj,  (of  Hegel)  hi'gii-H-dn,  hi'gee-li-sn. 

hesemonio  adj,  (ruling;  supreme)  hedsi'menik,  hidsi'menik, 
higi'menik. 

hegemony  n.  (leadership)  hi'dsema-ni,  hi'gema-ni,  liedsi- 
moni,  liegi-moni,  'hii-d3i-moni,  'hii-gi-moni,  liii-dsi-meni, 
'hedsi-meni. 

hegira  n.  flight  of  Mohammed  from  Mecca  to  Medina;  exo- 
dus [also  spelt  hejiral  hi'dsai-ra,  'hedsi-za. 

hegumen  n.  (head  of  a  religious  community;  hegumenos) 
hi'gjou-man. 

heh  inter],  (expressing  sorrow,  surprise,  etc.,  or  calling  at- 
tention) hee. 

heifer  n.  (young  cow)  'hefs?. 

heigh  inter j,  calling  attention,  etc.  [also  spelt  hey  and,  some- 
times, At]  hai,  hee. 

heigh-ho  interj,  expressing  surprise,  languor,  yawning,  etc. 
[also  spelt  heigho,  hey  hoi  hai'oo,  'hai-ho,  liee-ho. 

height  n.  altitude,  etc.  [also  spelt  hight;  synonymous  cognate 
highth}  hait;  (improperly)  haitO.     compare  highth. 

heighten  v,  raise;  intensify  [also  spelt  highten;  past  parti- 
ciple and  preterit  heightened,  height  end"]  'hai-tn. 

heinons  adj,  (hateful;  atrocious)  'hee-nas;  (improperly)  'hii- 
nss. 

heir  n.  (one  who  inherits;  offspring;  possessor)  z:z. 

heirloom  n,  (chattle  that  follows  the  devolution  of  real  es- 
tate ;  article  or  characteristic  handed  down  from  generation 
to  generation)  'e:r-loum. 

heirship  n.  (state  of  an  heir;  inheritance)  'e:z-Sip. 

heliacal  adj.  (near  the  sun)  hi'lai-s-ksl. 

helices  n.  (ploral  of  helix)  'heh-siz. 

helicin  n.  (glycoside  of  salicylic  acid ;  also,  an  oily  substance 
from  snails)  'heh-sin. 

helicine  adj,  spiral,  coild;  of  the  helix  of  the  ear  [also, 
sometimes,  spelt  helicini  'heh-sin,  Tieh-sain. 

helicoid  adj,  (like  a  helix;  screw-shaped;  spiral)  'heh-keid. 

heliocentric  adj,  (referred  to  the  sun  as  a  center)  hii-li-o- 
'sentjik. 

heliotrope  n.  (plant;  bloodstone;  sun-dial)  'hii-H-a-tjop. 

j  ye,   gcure;   bfhe,  0  f/»in ;   3  asure,  ds/oy;    I  shoe,   tjc/iew; 
w  when:  t)  sing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  u  full,  ou  fool,  i  tt,  11  see; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  oerial,  Abut,  o*.  Aoot,  ^o-ao,  ^\ic^,  ^^%a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  255 

helix  n.  spiral,  coil;  volute  [ploral  helices,  heHxes'\  'hii-hks, 

'hehks. 
hellebore  n.  (plant)  'heh-bo:?. 
Hellene  n.  (Greek)  'he-Hn,  he'hin. 

Hellenio  adj,  (of  the  Hellenes;  Grecian)  he'lenik,  he'hi-nik. 
Hellenise  v.  use  Greek ;  adopt  Hellenistic  ways ;  make  Greek 

[also  spelt  Hellenisel  'heh-uaiz. 
Hellespontine  adj.  of  the  Hellespont  [also,  sometimes,  spelt 

Hellespontin']   'heh-spentin,   heli'spentin,    heh'spen-tain. 
hello  inter],  hslioo.    same  meaning  as  hallo, 
helm  n.   (tiller;  steering-wheel)   helm;   (dialectally)  'helam. 
helot  n.  (Spartan  serf)  'heist,  ^hii-lst. 
helotry  n.  (helots  coUectivly)   'hela-tji,  'hii-la-tji. 
helter-skelter  adj.  (in  disorderd  haste)  helts^'skelts?,  {as- 

sumptivly)  'heltar-skelta?. 
helve  n.  handle;   helv-hammer   [also  spelt  heM   helv. 
helve  V.  [also  spelt  helv\  past  participle  and  preterit  helved, 

helvd'\  helv. 
hemal  adj.  of  the  blood  [also  spelt  haemal}  'hii-msl. 
hemapophysis  n.  second  element  of  the  hemal  arch  of  a 

vertebra    [also    spelt    haemapophysis]    hema'pefi-sis,    hims- 

'pefi-sis. 
hematic  adj.  of  blood  [also  spelt  haematic}  hi'maetik. 
hematin  n.  constituent  of  hemaglobin  [also  spelt  haematin, 

hemaiine,  haemaiine}  'hema-tin,  'hii-ma-tin. 
hematite   n.   bloodstone    [also    spelt   haematite}    'hema-tait, 

'hii-ma-tait. 
hemiopia   n.    (eye-defect :     hemiopy,    hemiopsy,    hemiopsia, 

hemianopsia)  hemi'oo-pi-a. 
hemiplegia  n.   (paralysis  of '  one  side  of  the  body)   hemi- 

'pi-ii-dsi-a. 
hemistich  n.  (half  a  line  of  verse;  short  line)  liemi-stik. 
hemoglobin  n.  coloring-matter  of  the  red  blood-corpuscles 

[also   spelt   haemoglobin ;    synonymous   cognate    hematoglo- 

hin,  haematoglobin}  hema'gloo-bin,  hima'gbo-bin. 
hemorrhage  n.  exccssiv  bleeding  [also  spelt  haemorrhage} 

'hema-zrids. 
hemorrhoid  n.  pile  [also  spelt  haemorrhoid}  liemd-reid. 
hence  adv.  (from  here;  away;  henceforth;  from  this;  there- 
fore)  hents,    (when   unstrest)    hens;    (also,   and   in  Britain 

normally)  hens. 
henceforth  adv.   (from  this  time  forth)   hents'fo:z6,   hens- 

'io'.zQ;  (anteriorly)  'hents-fo:r0,  'hens-fo:r0. 

m 

c:  law,  b:  f «ri  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark   (;)   indicates  that  the  preceding  somiv^  \^  \wvsl\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\ie  io\\oN»i\Tv^  «^>\?iXi^^* 


256  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

hendiadys  n.  (the  use  of  two  words  joind  by  a  conjunction 

to  express  a  single  complex  idea)  hen'dai-d-dxs. 
hepatic  adj,  (of  the  liver)  hi'paetik. 
hepatite  n.   (liver-stone)  'hepd-tait;   (less  Properly)  'hri-pa- 

tait. 
hepatisation    n.    [also    spelt    hepafisation]    hepati^xec-Jdn, 

hepa-tai'zee-San. 
hepatise  v,  render  liver-like  [also  spelt  hepafisel  Hiepa-taiz; 

(less  properly)  'hii-p3-taiz. 
Heptatench  n.  (the  first  seven  books  of  the  Old  Testament) 

'hepta-tguk. 
heptavalent  adj.  (having  a  valency  of  seven)  hep'taev9-}ant 
her  noun-pron,,  adj.-pron.  he:?,  (when  unstrest)  hoz,  »;. 
Heraclean  adj.  of  Heracles  or  Hercules  [also  spelt  Heraclei- 

an,  Herakleani  hezd^kz^ii-dn. 
Heraolidan  adj,  of  the  Heracleidae  or  descendants  of  Her- 
cules [also  spelt  H eracleidan'l  hersHcLai-dn. 
Heraolitean  adj.  (of  Heraclitus  of  Ephesus)   herd-lcLai'txi- 

3n. 
heraldic  adj.   (of  heraldry)   hi'raeldik;   (improperly)   'hecsl- 

dik. 
herb  n.  (plant  with  a  non-woody  stem)  B:zb,  he:7b. 
herbaceons  adj.   (herb-like)  a^^ee-SdS,  har^ee-Sas. 
herbage    n.    (herbs   collectivly;    pasture   of   land)    'B:7-bids, 

TiBrr-bids. 
herbal  n.  (book  on  herbs)  'arr-bal,  'hair-bal. 
herbal  adj.  (of  herbs)  'ar^-bal,  'hei^-bal. 
herbarium  n.  collection  of  dried  plants  [ploral  herbariums, 

herbaria']  hB?'be:-?i-3m. 
herbesoent  adj.  (growing  like  an  herb)  hBz'besant. 
herbiTorons  adj.   (herb-eating)   har'biva-^as. 
herborise  v.  botanize  [also  spelt  herborise,  herbartsel  'b:z- 

ba-^aiz,  'hB:?-b3-?aiz. 
herborizer  n.   [also   spelt   herboriserl   'arr-ba-rai-zar,   Iibiz- 

herby  adj.  (full  of  herbs ;  grassy ;  herb-like)  'B:?-bi,  TiBtr-bi. 
heronlean  adj,  (of  or  like  Hercules ;  strong ;  immense)  hBZ- 

'kgou-li-an;  (improperly)  hB?kgo'hi-9n. 
herd  n.  (drove,  fjock)  hs'.zd. 
hereafter  adv.  (in  the  sequel ;  in  future ;  in  the  life  to  come) 

hi:r'a:f-t3?,  (when  less  strest)  hir'a:f-t3?. 
hereby  adv,  (by  this  means)  hiir'bai,  (when  less  strest)  his- 

Hbai;   (anteriorly)  'hii^-bai.  , 

j  ye,  Qcure:  hthe,  Q  thin;   3  airure,  dfijoy;  j  shoe,  t^chew; 
ww/ten;  rjsing;  u  whoever,  I  react,  uiuu,  xsMtool,  itt,  lise^; 
o poetic;  9  over,  eaerial,  aWI,  ^\doot»  ^ono,  ^\ie^,  ^^^«a^fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  257 


liereditament  n.  (heritable  property;  heirship)  he^i'ditd- 
mant,  hi'rcdita-mant. 

liereditajry  adj.  (descending  by  inheritance)  hi'zedi-tezi,  hi- 
'redi-ta^i,  (in  Britain,  often)  hi'eedi-tji. 

berein  adv.  (in  this  place;  in  this  particular)  hi:?'in,  (when 
less  strest)  hir'in,  hi'ein;  (often,  anteriorly)  'hi:?-in. 

lieresiaroli  n.  (leader  or  founder  of  a  heresy)  hi'^ii-si-airk, 
lie7isi-a:zk,  hi'rii-zi-a:?k. 

heresy  n.  unorthodox  doctrin  [plural  heresies'!  'he?i-si. 

heretio  n.  (one  who  rejects  an  accepted  doctrin)  'hezi-tik. 

hereto  adv.  (to  this  document)  hi:?'tou,  (when  less  strest) 
hir'tou;  (anteriorly)  hi:r-to. 

hereunto  adv.  (unto  this  place;  to  this  thing;  hereto)  hv.z- 
An'tou,  (anteriorly)  hi:r'An-tu. 

hereupon  adv.  (immediately  following  upon  this)  hi:?-3'pen, 
(anteriorly)  'hi:?-3-pen. 

here'with  adv.  (with  this;  hereby)  hi:?Vid;  (anteriorly) 
'hi:z-wid. 

heritriz  n.  heiress  [also  spelt  heretrixl  'hezi-t£iks. 

hermaphrodite  n.  (an  individual  that  is  both  male  and  fe- 
male) hdz'maefsd-dait. 

hermenentios  n.  (interpretation,  as  of  Scripture)  hszmi- 
'njou-tiks. 

hero  n.  man  of  superior  qualities,  favord  by  the  gods;  chief 
male  personage  [plural  heroes!  'hi:-?o,  'hv.-zo. 

heroine  n.  female  hero  [also  spelt  heroin!  'he?o-in;  (improp- 
erly) 'hi:-?o-in. 

heroism  n.  (action  and  qualities  of  a  hero)  'hezo-izsm. 

heron  n.  bird  [synenymous  cegnate  hern!  'heean. 

herpes  n.  (skin-disease)  'hsz-piz,  'hB:z-piz. 

herring  n.  (fish)  'he?ir|. 

herself  noun-pron.  hsz'self,  (when  less  strest)  haz'self,  ^z- 
'self. 

hesitate  v,  (hold  back;  falter)  'hezi-tet,  'hesi-tet. 

Hessian  adj.  (of  Hesse,  a  grand  duchy  of  Germany)  'heSsn, 
'hesi-sn. 

hetaera  n.  mistress ;  paramour ;  harlot  [plural  hetaerae ;  syn- 
onymous cognate  hetaira!  hi'ti:-Z3. 

hetaira  n.  [plural  hetairai!  hi'tai-srs.  same  meaning  as  he- 
taera, 

heteroohromons  adj.  (of  different  colors)  hetdzs^^DO-mas ; 
(less  properly)  heta'rek^a-nias. 

heterodox  adj.  (unorthodox)  'hetszo-deks,  'het£9-deks. 

c:  low,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  0  hot,  ei  boy ;  a*,  far,  au  tioou,  ^*.  a^,  ^\V.\\r.\ 

length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceding  somxv^  a&  \^^V^ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  \ii^  i©\\o'«N\Tv^  ^^^^iJOis. 


258  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

heterogamy  n.  (indirect  fertilization,  etc.)  hetd'eegs-mi. 
heteroseneity   n.    (state    of   being    heterogeneous)    hetass- 

dsi'nii-i-ti,  (rapidly)  hctjadsi'mi-i-ti. 
heteroseneons  adj.  (diverse ;  composed  of  parts  of  different  • 

kinds :   opposed  to  homogeneous)  het979'd3ii-ni-9s. 
heterophemy  n.  (the  saying  of  one  thing  when  another  is 

meant)  hetaza'fii-mi,  'hetaza-fimi,  hcta'eofi-mi. 
heteropliyllons    adj.    (having    several    different    kinds   of 

leaves :    said  of  a  plant)  hetssrd'f  ilds ;   (less  properly)  hetd- 

'eefi-las. 
heterosoian  n.  person  having  a  different  shadow :  ^a  name 

applied  to  inhabitants  of  one  temperate  zone  as  contrasted 

with   those   of   the   other    [plural    heteroscians,    heteroscii] 

heta'reSan. 
he'W  V.  strike,  chop,  cut,  etc.  [past  participle  hewn,  hewed, 

hewd;  preterit  hewed,  hewdl  hgou,  qovu 
hexagonal    adj.    (six-angled;    six-sided)    heks'aega-n!,    hek- 

'saega-nl. 
hezastioh  n.  (a  group  of  six  lines  of  verse)  lieksd-stik. 
Hezatenoh  n.  (first  six  books  of  the  Old  Testament)  liek- 

s9-tguk. 
hey  inter j,  (calling  attention)  hee. 

heyday  inter  j.  (denoting  gaiety,  wonder,  etc.)  'hce-dce. 
hiatns  n.  break;  opening  [plural  hiatuses,  hiatus'l  hai'ee-tss. 
hibernate  v.  (winter)  'hai-bae-net ;   (less  properly)   hai'bsz- 

net,  hai'bBie-net. 
Hibemioiie  v.  make  Irish  [also  spelt  Hibernicise']  hai'bBZ- 

ni-saiz. 
hibemization  n.  a  making  Irish  [also  spelt  hibernisation} 

hai-ba^ni'zee-San,  hai-bar-nai'zee-San. 
hiconp  n.  spasm  of  the  breathing-organs  [also  spelt  hiccough! 

'hikap. 
hickory  n.  (tree;  wood)  'hika-ri,  (anteriorly)  'hilrsi. 
hidalgo  n.  (gentleman)  hi'dselgo. 

hideons  adj,  (horrible;  ugly)  'hidi-as;   (improperly)  'hidsss. 
hie  V,  hasten ;  go  quickly  [present  participle  hying ;  past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  hiedl  hai. 
hierarchy   n.    (one   of   three   divisions   of   angels;    priestly 

rule;  class)  Tiai-a-^arkT. 
hieroglyphic  n.   (of  the  nature  of  Eg3'^ptian   writing)   hai- 

ara'ghfik.  • 

hieroglyphist  n.   (writer   of  hieroglyphs,   etc.)   hai-a'rogh- 

fist,  'hai-3^3-ghfist. 

J  ye,   g  cure ;  d  the,  8  thin ;   5  azure,  d^  joy ;   ^  shoe,  tj  chew; 
wwhen;  rising;  u  whoever,  i  react,  xjiuW,  ^mIooV,  i.\\.,  Tk.^ee\ 
o poetic;  0  over,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o*.  Aoot,  Miotic,  ^\ic^,  ^^\L<]^ft\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  259 

l&ieropliant  n..  (expounder  of  sacred  mysteries)  'hai-9Z9- 
faent,  hai'e^s-fsnt. 

liigli-ininded  adj,  hai'main-did,  (assutnptivly)  'hai-main- 
did. 

liigli-priest  n.  hai'p^iist,  'hai-psiist. 

liiglitli  ».  [also,  formerly,  spelt  heighth'\  hai6.  same  mean- 
ing as  height, 

liigli'wayiiian  n.  highway  robber  [plural  highwaymen}  'hai- 
wemsn. 

liilarions  adj,  (cheerful;  rollicking)  hai'}e:-zi-9s,  hi'}e:-?i-9S ; 
(improperly)  hi'lae^i-ss. 

liilarity  n.   (cheerfulness;  merriment)   hai'lae?i-ti,  hi'laeei-ti. 

liillo  inter j.  hailing  a  distant  or  occupied  person ;  expressing 
surprise  at  an  unexpected  meeting  [also  spelt  hilloa}  'hi-lo, 
hiloo. 

biUook  n.  (small  hill)  'hilak. 

hllnm  n.  eye  of  a  bean;  hilus;  small  aperature  [ploral  hila] 
'hai-lsm. 

Itini  noun-pron,  (objectiv  of  he)  him,  {when  unstrest)  im. 

Himalayan  adj.  (of  the  Himalayas)  hima'tee-jsn,  hims'lee- 
sn,  hi'ma:-l3-J3n,  hi'ma:-li-3n,  hima'lai-an. 

Itimation  n.  Greek  garment  [plural  himatia'l  hi'maeti-sn. 

Itimself  noun-pron,  him'self,  (ivhen  less  strest)  im'self. 

Mnder  adj.   (situated  behind ;   posterior)  'hain-dd?. 

liinder  v.  (keep  back;  impede)  'hinds?. 

liindranoe  n.  obstruction  [synonymous  cognate  hinderancel 
'hindrsns. 

Hindu  n.  Aryan  of  Hindustan  [also  spelt  Hindool  'hin-du, 
hin'duu. 

Hindnise  v.  render  Hindu  [also  spelt  Hindooise,  Hindooisel 
'hindu-aiz. 

Hindustani  adj.  of  Hindustan  [also  spelt  Hindoostaneel 
hindo'sta:-ni,  hindo'sta:-m. 

hinnible  adj.  (able  to  neigh  or  whinny)  'hind-bal. 

liip  n.  fruit  of  rose  [synonymous  cognate  hep"}  hip, 

Itippodrome  n.  (race-course,  circus)  'hipa-drom. 

Mppog^ff  n.  fabulous  creature  like  a  griffin  but  with  hind- 
quarters like  those  of  a  horse  [also  spelt  hippogryph} 
'hipa-grif. 

liippopotamns  n.  African  river-horse  [ploral  hippopotamus- 
es, hippopotami"]  hipa'peta-mss. 

liippnrate  n.  (salt  of  hippuric  acid)  'hipgo-^et,  hi'pgor-rat. 

liippnrio  adj,  (of  urine)  hi'pQo:-?ik. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  a  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now),  ^\  asV,  «l\V\\&n 

length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  \^  \«n%\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ioWo^m^  ^^VaSs^ft^ 


260  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

Mroine  adj.  of  a  goat ;   goat-like ;  lustful  [also,  sometimei, 
spelt  liircin"]  'hersin,  'hsz-sain;  liB:z-sin,  'hB:?-sain. 

liirsnte  adj,  (shaggy;  hairy;  of  hair)  hez'sgout,  'hBZ-sqiA. 

Ills  adj.-pron,  hiz,  (when  less  strest)  iz,  his. 

liiss  V,  make  a  sharp  spirant  sound,  as  that  of  8  [past  parti- 
ciple and  preterit  hissed,  hist}  his. 

liist  inter j.  (enjoining  silence;  urging  a  dog)  hst,  8:t,  {also) 
hist. 

liistoriosraplier  n.  (historian)  histozi'egzs-fss. 

history  n.    (narrativ   of  past   events)   'hista-zi,    {anteriorly, 
rapidly)  'histji. 

histrionio  adj.  (theatrical,  dramatic)  histsi'enik. 

hitherto  adv,  (until  now;  as  yet;  thus  far)  hidaz'tou,  {an- 
teriorly) 'hidaz-tu. 

h'm  inter  j,  also  spelt  hm  (hem!  hum!)  Mm,  (murmuring  as- 
sent) m. 

ho  interj,  expressing  surprise,  admiration,  triumph,  taunting, 
etc.  [also  spelt  hoa"]  hoo,  ho.' 

hoaotxin  n.  bird  [synonymous  cognates  hoaczin,  hoatsin,  ho- 
asin}  ho'aektsin,  ho'aektzin. 

hoar  adj.  (white,  gray)  ho:z. 

hoard  n.,  v,  (treasure)  h3:?d. 

hoarhonnd  n.  see  horehound, 

hoarse  adj.  (raucous)  ho:zs, 

hoax  n.,  v.  (humbug)  hooks. 

hobbledehoy  n.  stripling;  clumsy  youth;  top  [synenymous 
cognates  hobbadehoy,  hobbedehoyi  'hebaldi-hoi. 

hobbler  n.  retainer  bound  to  maintain  a  hobby;  light  horse- 
man [also  spelt  hobler}  'heblar. 

hobbler  n.  (one  who  hobbles  in  his  gait)  'hebls?. 

hobgoblin  n.  (tricksy  imp;  bogy)  'heb-gebhn,  heb'geUin. 

hobo  n.  tramp  [plural  hobos,  hoboesl  'hoo-bo. 

hoo  n.  old  card-game  [also,  formerly,  spelt  hockl  hok. 

hook  n.  joint  [also  spelt  houghl  hek. 

hookey  n.  feast  at  harvest-home  [also  spelt  hockay;  synon- 
ymous cognates  hawkey,  hawkie,  horkeyl  lioki. 

hockey  n.  hookt  stick;  the  game  of  shinny,  shinty,  bandy 
[synonymous  cognates  hawky,  hawkey,  hookey}  'hoki. 

hoenfl-poeiui  n.  (jugglery;  deception)  hoo-kss'poo-kds. 

kodcapodco  M.  (haricot;  medley)  'hods-pods. 
M.  (implement)  hoo. 
_             M.  laxge  cask  [also  spelt  hogshedl  liogz-hed ;  {dia- 
Ihetally)  Txagsid. 

;  bike,  Bthin;  sa^rure,  dj/oy;   SjAoe,  tJcAew; 
;  n  whoever,  i  react,  Diuu,  ^>3LiooV  "^<t,  lis^*; 
fl«crial,  Abut,  0-.  dooT,  ;>oti.o,  t.\ic^,  ^^vxv. 


DICTIONARY.  OF  HARD  WORDS  261 

lioiden  n.  boisterous  girl;  romp  [also  spelt  hoyden}  'hei-dn. 

lioist  V,   (raise)  heist;   (vulgarly)   haist. 

lioity-toity  adj.  (frolicsome;  huffy)  hoi-ti'tei-ti,  (assump- 
tivly)  'hei-ti-tei-ti. 

lioky-poky  n.  hocus-pocus;  cheap  ice-cream  [also  spelt  ho- 
key-pokey} hoo-ki'poo-ki. 

hold  V.  (grasp,  etc.)  hoold,  (when  less  sir  est)  hold. 

holey  adj.  (full  of  holes)  'hoo-li. 

holiday  n.  (consecrated  day;  day  of  festivity;  festival;  va- 
cation) 'heh-dee,  (anteriorly)  'heli-de. 

holla^  inter j.  calling  attention  or  expressing  exultation;  ho 
there  I  [akin  to  hollo,  hallo}  'held,  (formerly,  but  now  rarely) 
he'la: . 

holla^  V.  'held,  'he-la,  he'la: .    same  meaning  as  hollo} 

holler  V,  (vulgar)  'held?,    same  meaning  as  hollo} 

hollo^  interj,  hallo !  [also,  formerly,  spelt  hollow ;  syneny- 
mous  cognate  holloa}  'helo. 

hollo^  V.  shout;  vociferate;  halloo  [also  spelt  holloa,  hol- 
low; synonymous  cegnates  holla,  holler}  'helo,  'held. 

holloa  interj.  helDO.    same  meaning  as  hollo} 

hollo'W  n.  (concavity ;  void  space)  'helo ;  (dialectally)  'held. 

hollyhock  n.  (plant)  'heli-hek;  (less  properly)  'heh-hc:k. 

holm  n.  islet;  river-meadow  [also  spelt  holme}  hoom,  hoolm. 

holm  n.  holly  [also  spelt  holmei  hdolm,  hdom;  (improperly) 
helm. 

holooanst  n.  (sacrifice  wholly  consumed  by  fire;  massacre) 
'held-kc:st. 

holster  n.  (pistol-case)  'hool-std?. 

holy  adj,  (sacred)  'hoo-li. 

holy-day  n.  (holy  day ;  religious  festival)  'hoo-h-dee. 

homage  n.  (acknowledgment  of  allegiance;  obeisance) 
'hemids,  'emids. 

homager  n.  (one  who  owes  homage)  'hemi-dsd?,  'emi-dsd?. 

home  n.  (abode,  etc.)  hoom ;  (dialectally)  horn. 

homeliness  n.  (homely  quality;  plainness)  'hdo-mli-nis. 

homely  adj,  (of  home;  everyday;  plain-looking)  'hoo-mh; 
(dialectally)  'homli. 

homelyn  n.  spotted  ray,  a  fish  [synen3rmous  cegnates  homme- 
lin,  hamhn,  homerling}  'hoo-mlin. 

homemade  adj,  hdom'meed,  (assumptivly)  'hdom-meed;  (dia- 
lectally) ho'meed,  'homed. 

homeopathic  adj,  of  homeopathy  [also  spelt  homoeopathic} 
homi-d'paeGik,  hemi-d'paeOik. 

c:  law,  b:  ff«r,  se  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  qo  now,  v.  a^,  ^\\a\&\ 
l&ngtb-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  somti^  -is  \^xvsk\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  toWo^xti^  ^^^-aJ^^* 


262  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

homeopatliist  n.  [also  spelt  homoeopathist']  homi'ep9«0ist, 

hemi'epa-Gist. 
homeopathy  n.   medical   system   [also  spelt  homoeopathy} 

homi'epa-Oi,  hemi'epa-6i. 
Homerio  adj.  (of  Homer)  ho'merik;  (improperly)  lioo-ma- 

zik. 
homestead  n.  home ;  farmsted  [also  spelt  homested}  Iboom- 

stid,  'hoom-stcd. 
hon&ioidal    adj,    (of    homicide;    man-slaying;    murderous) 

'hemi-sai-dl,  homi'sai-dl. 
homiletio  adj,  (of  the  nature  of  a  homily)  hemiletik. 
homish  adj.  homelike  [also  spelt  homeishl  'hoo-mi$. 
homochromons   adj,    (of   the   same   color)    homalc^oo-mds, 

(less  properly)  ho'mek39-m9s,  hemalcsoo-mss. 
homogeneity  n.  (state  of  being  homogeneous)  homsdsi'nii- 

i-ti,  hemadsi'nii-i-ti. 
homogeneons  adj,  (alike;  composed  of  like  parts;  uniform: 

the   epposit   of   heterogeneous)    home'dsii-ni-as,    hems'dsii- 

ni-9S. 
homograph  n.  (a  word  of  the  same  spelling  as  another  but 

of  different  origin  and  meaning)  'hoo-m3-g?a:f,  'hem9-gsa:f. 
homologue  n.  that  which  is  homologous;  corresponding  part 

[also  spelt  homologl  Tiema-leg,  'hDO-ma-log. 
homologons  adj.  (corresponding)  ho'metd-gss. 
homonym  n.  a  word  having  the  same  pronunciation  as  an- 
other but  a  different  meaning ;  a  homophone  [also  spelt  ho- 

monyme']  'hema-nim,  'hD0-m9-nim. 
homoonsian  n.  one  who  holds  the  persons  of  the  Trinity  to 

be  of  the  same  essence   [synonymous  cognate   homousianl 

homo'ou-si-an,  hemo'ou-si-an,  homo'ao-si-dn,  hemo'ao-si-sn ; 

(less  properly)  homo'ou-zi-9n,  homo'ao-zi-an,  hemo'ao-zi-9n. 
homophonons  adj.  (having  the  same  sound)  ho'mefs-nss. 
homoplasy  n.  (homoplastic  condition)  ho'mepLd-si,  'hoo-ms- 

pLsesi. 
honest  adj.  (upright,  fair,  etc.)  'enist. 
honey  n.  (sweet  viscid  fluid;  darling)  TiAni, 
honor  n.  reverential  respect  [also  spelt  honour"}  'ena?. 
honor  v,  [also  spelt  honour;  past  participle  and  preterit  hon- 

ored,  honordl  'enar. 
honorable  adj,  [also  spelt  honourable!  'enszd-bsl,  (rapidly) 

'enra-bal,  (assumptivly)  'enrabal. 
honorarinm  n,  honorary  reward  [ploral  honorariums,  hono- 
raria} en9'?e:-ri-3m,  hen9're:-?i-9m. 

J  ye,  gcure;  5*fre,  OtKin;  5  azure,  ds/oy;   S^^oe,  tjc/iew; 
wwhen;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  uiuu,  xsmIooV,  txV  ix^e\ 
o  poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  xbut,  ;>\doot,  -aono,  ^\ie^,  «.^^fljw:\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  263 

lionorary  adj,  of  honor;  titulary  [also,  formerly,  spelt  hon- 

ourary}  'ena-zeri,   (also)   'enaza-zi;   (assumptivly)   'ona-rari, 

(rapidly)  'enz^zi,  'en^i. 
lioodium  n.  (rowdy,  rough)  'hodlsm,  'hou-dlam. 
lioodoo  n.  (voodoo;  also,  cause  of  bad  luck)  'hou-du. 
lioof  n.  horny  digit-sheath  or  foot  [plural  hoofs  and,  rarely, 

hooves}  houf ;  (^dialectally)  hof, 
liook   n.    (angular   piece   of   metal,   etc.)    hole;    (improperly) 

houk. 
liooked  adj.  hook-shaped,  hamate;  furnisht  with  hooks  [also, 

sometimes,  spelt  hookt}  hokt,  'hukid. 
lioop  n.  (ring,  band)  houp;  (dialectally)  hop. 
liooping-oousli  n.  see  whooping-cough. 
lioopoe  n,  bird  [former  synonymous  cognate  hoopool  'hou-po, 

'hou-pu. 
Hoosier  n.  (inhabitant  of  Indiana)  'hou-337. 
lioove  n.  disease   [synonymous  cognates  hoven,  hove}  huuv. 
liope  v.,  n,  hoop,  (when  unstrest)  hop ;  (dialectally)  hop. 
liorary  adj,  (of  an  hour)  'ho:-79-?i. 
liorde  n.  (tribe,  troop)  ho:zd. 
Jiordeolum  n.  sty,  eyelid-tumor  [plural  hordeola}  he?Mii-9- 

Ism. 
liorelionnd  n.  herb  [also  spelt  hoarhound}  'ho:?-haund. 
horizon  n.  (line  at  which  the  earth  and  sky  appear  to  meet) 

hd'zai-zsn,  ha'eai-zn;    (improperly)   'hori-zan. 
liorisontalise  v.  [also  spelt  horisontalise}  he^i'zentl-aiz. 
liomblende  n.  mineral  [also  spelt  hornblend}  'ho:7n-blend. 
horologe  n.  (timepiece,  etc.)  'hera-lods,  'hora-leds. 
horologinm  n.  horologe ;  constellation ;  canonical-hour  book 

[plural  horologia}  hera'bo-dsi-am,  hora'ledsi-am. 
horology  n.   (timepiece;  art  of  measuring  time;  making  of 

horologes)  ha'rela-dsi. 
horoscope  n.  (observation  of  the  heavens  at  the  time  of  a 

birth,  etc.)  'hora-skop;   (improperly)  'hoi-zra-skop. 
horrible  adj.  (exciting  horror;  dreadful)  'he^a-bal. 
horrid  adj.  (causing  horror;  revolting;  detestable)  'ho^id. 
hors  d'cenvre  n.  (extra  dish ;  relish)  oie'dorvr,  hoz'dB'.vz. 
horse  n.  (quadruped)  he:?s;   (dialectally)  hc:s,  ho:s,  hos. 
horseradish  n.  (plant;  rootstock)  'he:zs-zxdil. 
horseshoe  n.  (shoe  for  a  horse)  'hoirJ-Suu. 
hosanna  inter j.  (save  now!  save,  pray!)  ho'zsena. 
hose  n.  leg-garment ;  stocking  [plural  hose^  archaically  or  dia- 
lectally hosen,  obsoletely  hoses}  hooz. 

c:  law,  b:  fwr,  a  cot,  o  hot,  oi  hoy;  a:  far,  qo  now,  bl*.  a^V,  ^\V\\s.\ 
Icngth-jnarA-  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sown^  \^  \qtv^\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  Oie  ioWovjm^  «^>\?^^&% 


264  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

hosier  n.  (one  who  makes  or  deals  in  hose)  'hoo-sd?,  'hoo-zi- 

hosiery  n.  (hose  coUectivly)  'hoo-s^-zi,  'hoo-zi-a-zi. 
hospitable    adj.    (offering    welcome;    cordial)    liespitd'bd}, 

(assumptivly)  'hespi-tsbsl,  'hesptdbd};  (improperly)  hes'pits- 

b9l. 
hospitably  adv.  'hespitd-bli ;   {improperly)   hes'pits-bli. 
hospital  n.  (hospice;  asylum,  etc.)  'hespi-t),  liespi-td};  {im- 
properly) 'hos-pitl,  'hc:s-pitJ. 
hospitaler  n.  hosteler ;  one  who  tends  the  sick  in  a  hospital 

[also  spelt  hospitaller^  'hespitl-ar,  'hespitd-Js;. 
hospitinm  n.  (hospice;  hall,  hostel)  hes'piSsm,  hes'piSi-9in. 
hospodar  n.  (lord)  'hespo-dar. 
hostage  n.  (person  given  as  a  pledge)  'hestids;  (improperly) 

'hoo-stids. 
hostel  n.  (inn,  hotel)  'hestl,  liests). 
hosteler  n.  (innkeeper)  liestl-dr,  'hests-lsz. 
hostelry  n.  (inn,  hostel)  'hestl-ei,  'hestal-ri. 
hostile  adj.  of  an  enemy ;  unfriendly  [also,  sometimes,  spelt 

hosiil}  'hestil,  (assumptivly)  'hestl;   (also)  'hes-tai). 
hostler  n.  stableman;  groom  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  osUerl 

'hesz.9?,  'esz.9?. 
hot-blooded  adj,  het'bUdid,    (assumptivly)   liet-blAdid. 
hotel  n.  (inn,  etc.)  ho'tet,  o'teL 
honsh  n»,  v.  hek.    see  hock. 
houghite  n.  (mineral)  'hA-fait,  'hAf-ait. 
honnd  n.  (dog)  haond. 
honr  n.  (time)  aaz. 
honri  n.  (nymph  of  the  Mohammedan  Paradise)  'hao-2ri,  Hio:- 

zi. 
honse  n.  (dwelling,  etc.)  haos. 
honse  v.  (receive  or  put  into  a  house,  etc.)  haoz. 
household   n.   (inmates   of   a   house   collectivly)    'haos-hold, 

(sometimes)  'haos-old,  'hao-sold. 
honsemrife  n.  a  woman  who  manages  her  household;   also, 

a  case  for  needles,  etc. ;  a  workbox  [also  spelt  hussif,  hus- 

sif  and,  in  the  sense  of  a  workbox,  huswife,  hussive;  plaz- 

al  housewives']  'hoos-waif,  'hAzwif,  (also,  especially  in  the 

sense  of  workbox)  'hAzif. 
honse'wifery   n.   'haos-wai-f^i,   TiAzwi-f^i,   TiAzi-f^i,   'haos- 

wai-f3-?i. 
honse-wives  n.  (ploral  of  housewife)  'haos-waivz,  Tiazwivz, 

'hAZIVZ. 

jyCf  9 cure;  bihe,  OtKin;  jazure,  ds/oy;  ^shoe,  tScfcew; 
wwhen;  i)sing\  u  whoever,  ire^ict,  ^iuu,  x5m\ooV  i.\V  -dsee; 
o  poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  xbut,  ;>*.  doot,  ^iono,  ^\ie^,  ^^^^^i«.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  265 

IftoiuiiiC  n.  (shelter  of  a  house ;  house-property ;  house)  'hao- 
zig. 

HonyTmhiMin  n.  (one  of  a  fancied  race  of  horses  described 
by  Swift  in  "Gullivers  Travels")  'hau-inm,  'hou-inm,  lomm. 

hoTel  n.  (open  shed;  wretched  cabin)  'heva^,  'hAvsl. 

liOTel  V,  form  like  an  open  hovel  or  shed,  as  a  chimney  [pres- 
ent participle  hoveling,  hovelling;  past  participle  and  pret- 
erit hoveled,  hovelled,  hoveldl  'heval,  'hAval. 

liOTel  V.  pursue  the  occupation  of  a  hoveler;  bring  into  har- 
bor, moor,  and  unload .  [present  participle  hoveling,  hovel- 
ling \  past  participle  and  preterit  hoveled,  hovelled,  hoveld} 
'hoval,  liAval. 

boTeler  n.  unlicensed  pilot  or  boatman ;  craft  [also  spelt  ho- 
veller}  Tiova-lar,  liAva-lar. 

Hover  V,  hang  in  air ;  float ;  linger  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit hovered,  hoverdi  'hAva?,  'hevae. 

bo'wadji  n.  (gentleman)  hou'aedsi. 

bo^vbeit  adv.  (however  it  may  be;  nevertheless)  haolaii-it. 

hcwdah  n.  (seat)  'hao-dd. 

lio^rdy-do  n.  how-do-you-do  [also  spelt  how-d'y-do,  how-de- 
do;  synonymous  cognate  how-d'ye-do}  hoo-di'dou,  haod'dou. 

bo^txer  n.  (piece  of  ordnance)  'hau-it-sa?. 

hoyden  n.  Hiei-dn.     see  hoiden. 

hnokleberry  n.  (hurtleberry,  whortleberry,  bilberry)  'hAkal- 
bezi. 

hue  n.  (color,  tint)  h^ou,  qou. 

hue  n.  (cry,  shout)  hguu,  cou. 

huge  adj.  (very  large ;  enormous)  hgouds,  Qouds. 

Hnguenot  n.  (member  of  the  Calvinistic  or  Reformd  com- 
munion of  France  in  the  i6th  and  17th  centuries;  French 
Protestant)  liQou-ga-net,  'gou-ga-net. 

hullabaloo  n.  uproar  [also  spelt  hullaballoo}  hAldbs'lou, 
'hAldbd-lu. 

hullo  interj,  [also  spelt  hulloal  haloo.  same  meaning  as 
hallo, 

human  n.  (of  man)  'hguu-msn,  'gou-man. 

humane  adj.  (kind,  benevolent;  tending  to  refine;  elegant, 
polite)  hgo'mcen,  go'meen. 

humanixation  n.  [also  spelt  hutnanisation']  hQumsni'zee- 
Ssn,  hgums-nai'zee-San. 

humanise  v.  [also  spelt  humanise}  'hgou-md-naiz. 

humble  adj.  (not  self-assertiv ;  lowly;  modest)  'hAmbal, 
'Ambal. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  go  now,  a:  ask,'  at  kite; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  precedmc  %owtv^  \^  \«>^^\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  io\\o'w\tv%  ^^Vi^Wvfc, 


258  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

heterosamy  n.  (indirect  fertilization,  etc.)  hetd'zega-mi. 
heterogeneity   n.    (state    of   being    heterogeneous)    hetsza- 

dsi'nii-i-ti,  (rapidly)  hetjadsi'nii-i-ti. 
heterogeneons  adj.  (diverse ;  composed  of  parts  of  different  • 

kinds :   opposed  to  homogeneous)  hetdza'dsii-ni-ss. 
heterophemy  n.  (the  saying  of  one  thing  when  another  is 

meant)  hetaza'fii-mi,  'hetazs-fimi,  hcta'refi-mi. 
heteropliyllons    adj.    (having    several    different    kinds    of 

leaves :    said  of  a  plant)  hetazs'f  ilss ;   (less  properly)  hets- 

'eefi-las. 
heterosoian  n.  person  having  a  different  shadow :    a  name 

applied  to  inhabitants  of  one  temperate  zone  as  contrasted 

with   those   of   the   other    [plural    heteroscians,    heteroscii] 

hcta'reSan. 
he'W  V.  strike,  chop,  cut,  etc.   [past  participle  hewn,  hewed, 

hewd;  preterit  hewed,  hewdl  hgou,  gou. 
hexagonal    adj.    (six-angled;    six-sided)    heks'aegd-nl,    hek- 

'saega-nl. 
hezastich  n.  (a  group  of  six  lines  of  verse)  liekss-stik. 
Hezatenoh  n.  (first  six  books  of  the  Old  Testament)  liek- 

s9-tguk. 
hey  interj.  (calling  attention)  hce. 

heyday  interj.  (denoting  gaiety,  wonder,  etc.)  'hce-dee. 
hiatns  n.  break;  opening  [plural  hiatuses,  hiatus!  hai'ee-tds. 
hibernate  v.  (winter)  'hai-bae-net ;   (less  properly)  hafh^z- 

net,  hai'be'.^-net. 
HibemioiJie  v.  make  Irish  [also  spelt  Hibernicisel  hai^bsr- 

ni-saiz. 
hibemization  n.  a  making  Irish  [also  spelt  hibernisation"] 

hai-barni'zee-Jan,  hai-ba^-nai'zee-Jan. 
hioonp  n.  spasm  of  the  breathing-organs  [also  spelt  hiccoughl 

'hikap. 
hickory  n.  (tree;  wood)  'hika-zi,  (anteriorly)  'hiksi. 
hidalgo  n.  (gentleman)  hi'dselgo. 

hideons  adj.  (horrible;  ugly)  'hidi-3s;   (improperly)  'hidsas. 
hie  V,  hasten ;  go  quickly  [present  participle  hying ;  past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  hiedl  hai. 
hierarchy   n.    (one   of   three   divisions   of   angels;    priestly 

rule;  class)  liai-o-zazki. 
hieroglyphic  n.   (of  the  nature  of  Eg>'ptian   writing)   hai- 

ara'ghfik. 
hieroglyphist  n,   (writer   of  hieroglyphs,   etc.)    hai-a'rogh- 

fist,  'hai-32:3-ghfist. 

/ye,   gcure;  d  the,  Gthin;  jasMte,  dT^joy;  \shoe,  tjcfcew; 
wwhen;  rising;  u  whoever,  i  react,  xjiuW,  ^mIooV,  iVt,  Tk.%ee\ 
o poetic;  o  over,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o*.  doot,  Miotic,  ^\ic^,  ^^\y*fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  259 

liieropl&aiit  n..  (expounder  of  sacred  mysteries)  'hai-9Z9- 
faent,  hai'eza-fdnt. 

Itigh-minded  adj.  hai'main-did,  (assumptivly)  'hai-main- 
did. 

liigli-piiest  n.  hai'psiist,  'hai-p3iist. 

liiglitli  n.  [also,  fermerly,  spelt  heightli]  hai6.  same  mean- 
ing as  height, 

liigli'wayinan  n.  highway  robber  [plural  highwaymen]  'hai- 
wemsn. 

hilarious  adj.  (cheerful;  rollicking)  haile:-zi-9s,  hi'le:-d-9s ; 
{improperly)  hi'laezi-ss. 

hilarity  n.   (cheerfulness;  merriment)   hai1ae?i-ti,  hi'laezi-ti. 

hillo  inter j.  hailing  a  distant  or  occupied  person;  expressing 
surprise  at  an  unexpected  meeting  [also  spelt  hilloal  'hi-lo, 
hiloo. 

hillook  n.  (small  hill)  'hibk. 

hllnm  n.  eye  of  a  bean;  hilus;  small  aperature  [plural  hila] 
'hai-lsm. 

him  noun-pron.  (objectiv  of  he)  him,  (when  unstrest)  im. 

Himalayan  adj.  (of  the  Himalayas)  hima'lee-jdn,  hima'lee- 
sn,  hi'ma:-l3-J3n,  hi'ma:-H-3n,  hims'lai-sn. 

himation  n.  Greek  garment  [plural  himatia]  hi'maeti-sn. 

himself  noun-pron,  him'self,  {ivhen  less  strest)  im'self. 

hinder  adj.   (situated  behind ;  posterior)  'hain-dsz. 

hinder  v,  (keep  back;  impede)  'hinda?. 

hindrance  n.  obstruction  [synonymous  cognate  hinderance] 
'hindrdns. 

Hindu  n.  Aryan  of  Hindustan  [also  spelt  Hindoo]  'hin-du, 
hin'dou. 

Hindnise  v.  render  Hindu  [also  spelt  Hindooise,  Hindooise] 
'hindu-aiz. 

Hindnstani  adj.  of  Hindustan  [also  spelt  Hindoostaneel 
hindo'sta:-ni,  hindu'sta:-ni. 

hinnible  adj.  (able  to  neigh  or  whinny)  'hind-bdl. 

hip  n.  fruit  of  rose  [synonymous  cognate  hep]  hip. 

hippodrome  n.  (race-course,  circus)  'hipd-drom. 

hippog^ff  n.  fabulous  creature  like  a  griffin  but  with  hind- 
quarters like  those  of  a  horse  [also  spelt  hippogryph] 
'hipa-geif. 

hippopotamns  n.  African  river-horse  [plural  hippopotamus- 
es, hippopotami]  hipd'petd-mds. 
'  hippurate  n.  (salt  of  hippuric  acid)  'hipgo-zet,  hi'p9u:-z9t. 

hippuric  adj,  (of  urine)  hi'pgu:-zik. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceditv?,  somtv^  \^  \ws.tN 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  oti  lYie  i^^o^va^  ^rj^X-si^^. 


260  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

liircine  adj,  of  a  goat ;  goat-like ;  lustful  [also,  sometimes, 
spelt  hircini  'hezsin,  'hsz-sain;  liB:z-sin,  'hsir-sain. 

liirsnte  adj,  (shaggy;  hairy;  of  hair)  hez's^out,  ^Br-s^ut 

Ills  adj.-pron.  hiz,  (when  less  strest)  iz,  his. 

liiss  V,  make  a  sharp  spirant  sound,  as  that  of  s  [pest  parti- 
ciple and  preterit  hissed,  histi  his. 

l&ist  inter j.  (enjoining  silence;  urging  a  dog)  hst,  8:t,  {also) 
hist. 

historiosraplier  n.  (historian)  histozi'ogzs-fdz. 

liistory  n.   (narrativ  of  past  events)   'hista-zi,    (anteriorly; 
rapidly)  'histji. 

histrionic  adj.  (theatrical,  dramatic)  histsi'enik. 

liitlierto  adv,  (until  now;  as  yet;  thus  far)  hidaz'tou,  (an- 
teriorly) 'hidaz-tu. 

h'm  inter  j,  also  spelt  hm  (hem!  hum!)  Mm,  (murmuring  as- 
sent) m. 

ho  interj.  expressing  surprise,  admiration,  triumph,  taunting, 
etc.  [also  spelt  hoa'\  hoo,  ho.' 

hoaotxin  n.  bird  [synonymous  cognates  hoaczin,  hoatsin,  ho- 
azini  ho'aektsin,  ho'aektzin. 

hoar  adj.  (white,  gray)  hoiz, 

hoard  n.,  v,  (treasure)  hoizd. 

hoarhonnd  n.  see  horehound, 

hoarse  adj.  (raucous)  hoizs. 

hoax  n.,  v,  (humbug)  hooks. 

hobbledehoy  n.  stripling;  clumsy  youth;  top  [synonymous 
cognates  hobbadehoy,  hobbedehoyi  'hobaldi-hoi. 

hobbler  n.  retainer  bound  to  maintain  a  hobby;  light  horse- 
man [also  spelt  hobler'\  Tieblaz. 

hobbler  n.  (one  who  hobbles  in  his  gait)  'heblsz. 

hobgoblin  n.  (tricksy  imp;  bogy)  'heb-gobhn,  hob'geUin. 

hobo  n.  tramp  [plural  hobos,  hoboes'!  'hoo-bo. 

hoc  n.  old  card-game  [also,  formerly,  spelt  hockl  hek. 

hock  n.  joint  [also  spelt  hough}  hok. 

hockey  n.  feast  at  harvest-home  [also  spelt  hockay;  synon- 
ymous cognates  hawkey,  hawkie,  horkeyl  lioki. 

hookey  n.  hookt  stick;  the  game   of  shinny,  shinty,  bandy 
[synonymous  cognates  hawky,  hawkey,  hookey"]  'hoki. 

hocns-pocns  n.  (jugglery;  deception)  hoo-kss'poo-kds. 

hodsepodse  n.  (haricot;  medley)  'hods-pods. 

hoe  n.  (implement)  hoo. 

hogshead  n.  large  cask  [also  spelt  hogshedl  liogz-hed;  (dia- 
lectally)  'hogzid. 

} ye,   Qcure;  dthe,  8*Ain;   sasure,  ds/oy;   $  shoe,  t^chew; 
ww/ten;  tjsinff;  u  whoever,  i  react,  ^iu\\,  xsmIooV  "^-^t,  -dnee; 
o  poetic;  a  ov^r,  e  aerial,  a  but,  o*.  doot,  •a^'ao,  ^\ie^,  ^^Ula^ft.^ 


DICTIONARY.  OF  HARD  WORDS  261 

lioiden  n.  boisterous  girl;  romp  [also  spelt  hoyden}  'hei-dn. 

hoist  V.  (raise)  heist;   (vulgarly)  haist 

hoity-toity  adj.  (frolicsome;  huffy)  hei-ti'tei-ti,  (assump- 
tivly)  lioi-ti-tei-ti. 

lioky-poky  n.  hocus-pocus;  cheap  ice-cream  [also  spelt  hO' 
key-pokey"}  hDO-ki'pDO-ki. 

liold  V.  (grasp,  etc.)  hoold,  {when  less  strest)  hold. 

holey  adj.  (full  of  holes)  'hoo^i. 

holiday  n.  (consecrated  day;  day  of  festivity;  festival;  va- 
cation) 'heh-dce,  (anteriorly)  'heh-de. 

holla^  inter j.  calling  attention  or  expressing  exultation;  ho 
there !  [akin  to  hollo,  hallo}  'held,  (formerly,  but  now  rarely) 
he'la: . 

holla'  V.  'held,  'he-la,  he'la: .    same  meaning  as  hollo.* 

holler  V,  (vulgar)  'held?,    same  meaning  as  hollo.* 

hollo^  inter  j,  hallo  I  [also,  formerly,  spelt  hollow ;  synony- 
mous cegnate  holloa}  'helo. 

hollo*  V.  shout;  vociferate;  halloo  [also  spelt  holloa,  hol- 
low; synonymous  cognates  holla,  holler}  'helo,  'held. 

holloa  interj,  heldo.    same  meaning  as  hollo} 

hollo'W  n.  (concavity;  void  space)  'held;  (dialectally)  'held. 

hollyhock  n.  (plant)  'heh-hek;  (less  properly)  'heli-hc:k. 

holm  n.  islet;  river-meadow  [also  spelt  holme}  hdom,  hdolm. 

holm  n.  holly  [also  spelt  holme}  hdolm,  hdom;  (improperly) 
helm. 

holocaust  n.  (sacrifice  wholly  consumed  by  fire;  massacre) 
'held-kc:st. 

holster  n.  (pistol-case)  'hdol-std?. 

holy  adj,  (sacred)  'hdo-li. 

holy-day  n.  (holy  day ;  religious  festival)  'hdo-li-dee. 

homage  n.  (acknowledgment  of  allegiance;  obeisance) 
'hemids,  'emids. 

homager  n.  (one  who  owes  homage)  'hemi-d3d7,  'emi-dsd?. 

home  n.  (abode,  etc.)  hdom;  (dialectally)  hdm. 

homeliness  n.  (homely  quality;  plainness)  'hdo-mh-nis. 

homely  adj,  (of  home;  everyday;  plain-looking)  'hoo-mli; 
(dialectally)  'homh. 

homelyn  n.  spotted  ray,  a  fish  [synonymous  cognates  homme- 
lin,  hamhn,  homerling}  'hoo-mhn. 

homemade  adj,  hdom'meed,  (assumptivly)  'hdom-meed;  (dia- 
lectally) ho'meed,  'homed. 

homeopathic  adj,  of  homeopathy  [also  spelt  homoeopathic} 
homi-d'paeOik,  hemi-d'paeOik. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  se  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  for,  QO  ikow,  ^\  a^,  ^\V\\fc\ 
length-inarlf  (:)  indicates  that  the  precedititt  «OMti^  ia  VkXtSLN 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  tiie  ieWo^xii^L  %?iVaJj^R.* 


262  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

lioiiieopatl&ist  n.  [also  spelt  homoeopathist']  homi'epa-Oist, 

hemi'epa-Gist. 
hoiiieopatliy  n.   medical  system   [also  spelt  homoeopathy] 

homi'ep3-8i,  hemi'epa-Gi. 
Homerio  adj.  (of  Homer)  ho'merik;  (improperly)  liao-ma- 

zik. 
homestead  n.  home;  farmsted  [also  spelt  homested}  lioom- 

stid,  'hoom-sted. 
homioidal    adj,    (of    homicide;    man-slaying;    murderous) 

'hemi-sai-dl,  hemi'sai-dl. 
homiletic  adj.  (of  the  nature  of  a  homily)  hemi^etik. 
lioiiiisli  adj.  homelike  [also  spelt  homeish]  'hoo-miS. 
Itomooliroiiioiis   adj.   (of   the   same   color)    homslc^oo-mas, 

(less  properly)  ho'mek^d-mss,  hems'k^oo-mas. 
homogeneity  n.  (state  of  being  homogeneous)  homddsi'nii- 

i-ti,  hemadsi'nii-i-ti. 
homogeneous  adj,  (alike ;  composed  of  like  parts ;  uniform : 

the   epposit  of   heterogeneous)    home'dsii-ni-ss,   hema'dsn- 

ni-9s. 
homograpli  n.  (a  word  of  the  same  spelling  as  another  but 

of  different  origin  and  meaning)  'hoo-ms-gsazf,  'hem9-gza:f. 
homologne  n.  that  which  is  homologous;  corresponding  part 

[also  spelt  hotnologl  'hema-leg,  'hoo-ma-leg. 
homologous  adj.  (corresponding)  ho'meld-gss. 
homonym  n.  a  word  having  the  same  pronunciation  as  an- 
other but  a  different  meaning ;  a  homophone  [also  spelt  ho- 

monymel  'hema-nim,  'hoo-ma-nim. 
homoousian  n.  one  who  holds  the  persons  of  the  Trinity  to 

be  of  the  same  essence   [synonymous  cognate   homoiisianl 

homo'uu-si-3n,  hemo'ou-si-an,  homo'ao-si-sn,  hemo'co-si-sn; 

(less  properly)  homo'uu-zi-an,  homo'oo-zi-an,  hemo'ao-zi-dn. 
homophonous  adj.  (having  the  same  sound)  ho'mefo-nos. 
homoplasy  n.  (homoplastic  condition)  ho'mepz^-si,  'hoo-ma- 

ptaesi. 
honest  adj.  (upright,  fair,  etc.)  'enist. 
honey  n.  (sweet  viscid  fluid;  darling)  liAni. 
honor  n.  reverential  respect  [also  spelt  honour"]  'ensz. 
honor  v.  [also  spelt  honour ;  past  participle  and  preterit  hon- 

ored,  honord]  'enae. 
honorable  adj.  [also  spelt  honourable]  'en^z^-h^i,  (rapidly) 

'en^a-bal,  (assumptivly)  'enrabal. 
honorarium  n.  honorary  reward  [ploral  honorariums,  hono- 
raria] en3'ee:-?i-3m,  hena'rei-^i-am. 

J  ye,  gcure;  bthe,  Gtkin;  ^azMte,  d^ioy;  J^fcoe,  tSchew; 
wwAen;  tjsinff;  u  whoever,  i  react,  \3iu\V  xiMiooV  "«.\V -d^e*; 
o poetic;  saver,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o*. doot,  -aotio,  «.\ic^,  ^"t^yft^N 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  263 

Honorary  adj,  of  honor;  titulary  [also,  formerly,  spelt  hon- 

ouraryl  'ona-ecei,  {also)  'onaea-ei;   {assumptivly)   'ena-^ari, 

{rapidly)  'onrari,  'enzi. 
boodlum  n.  (rowdy,  rough)  'hodtsm,  'hou-dlsm. 
boodoo  n.  (voodoo ;  also,  cause  of  bad  luck)  'hou-du. 
lioof  n.  horny  digit-sheath  or  foot  [ploral  hoofs  and,  rarely, 

hooves'!  huuf ;  {dialectally)  hof. 
liook  n.    (angular   piece   of   metal,   etc.)    hok;    {improperly) 

houk. 
liooked  adj.  hook-shaped,  hamate;  furnisht  with  hooks  [also, 

sometimes,  spelt  hookt'\  hokt,  'hokid. 
lioop  n.  (ring,  band)  houp;  {dialectally)  hop. 
liooping-congli  n.  see  whooping-cough. 
lioopoe  n.  bird  [former  synonymous  cognate  hoopool  'hou-po, 

'hou-pu. 
Hoosier  n.  (inhabitant  of  Indiana)  'huu-39r. 
lioove  n.  disease   [synonymous  cognates  hoven,  hove}  huuv. 
liope  v.,  n,  hoop,  {when  unstrest)  hop ;  {dialectally)  hop. 
liorary  adj.  (of  an  hour)  'ho:-z9-zi. 
horde  n.  (tribe,  troop)  hoizd. 
Itordeolnin  n.  sty,  eyelid-tumor  [plural  hordeola'}  ho^'dii-a- 

Ism. 
liorelionnd  n.  herb  [also  spelt  hoarhound"]  'hoier-haond. 
liorixon  n,  (line  at  which  the  earth  and  sky  appear  to  meet) 

hs'^ai-zan,  ha'eai-zn;    {improperly)   'ho^i-zan. 
Horisontalize  v,  [also  spelt  horisontalisel  hori'zontl-aiz. 
Hornblende  n.  mineral  [also  spelt  hornblendl  'he:7n-b!end. 
Horologe  n.  (timepiece,  etc.)  'hez^-lod^,  'hez^-led^. 
Horologinm  n.  horologe ;  constellation ;  canonical-hour  book 

[ploral  horologia}  he^a'bo-dsi-am,  hera'lodsi-am. 
Horology  n.  (timepiece;  art  of  measuring  time;  making  of 

horologes)  ha'^eb-dsi. 
Horoscope  n.  (observation  of  the  heavens  at  the  time  of  a 

birth,  etc.)  'hoza-skop;   {improperly)  'hD:-?3-skop. 
Horrible  adj.  (exciting  horror;  dreadful)  'hera-bal. 
Horrid  adj.  (causing  horror;  revolting;  detestable)  'horid. 
Hors  d'oBuvre  ».  (extra  dish;  relish)  eiz'dsivz,  hoz^dsivz. 
Horse  n.  (quadruped)  he:zs;  {dialectally)  hc:s,  ho:s,  hos. 
HorseradisH  n.  (plant;  rootstock)  'he:zs-zxdil. 
HorsesHoe  n.  (shoe  for  a  horse)  'he:?S-$ou. 
Hosanna  inter j.  (save  now !  save,  pray !)  ho'zaena. 
Hose  n.  leg-garment ;  stocking  [ploral  hose,  archaically  or  dia- 
lectally hosen,  ebsoletely  hoses}  hooz. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  tvoTU,  ^*.  a^V,  ^\Va\s.% 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  precedixv^  ^owtv^  \^  \wvv% 
stress-mark  C)  wdicates  chief  stress  oti  t\i^  i©\\o>N\Tv^  ^>j>\;!X5v^» 


264  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

hosier  n.  (one  who  makes  or  deals  in  hose)  ^30-397,  'hoo-d- 

hosiery  n.  (hose  coUectivly)  ^30-39-21,  'hoo-a-9-zi, 
hospitable    adj.    (offering    welcome;    cordial)    Iiespit9>b9l, 

(assutnptivly)  'hespi-tsbdl,  'hesptabdt;  (improperly)  hes'pita- 

bal. 
hospitably  adv.  'hespita-bli ;   (improperly)  hes'pita^bli. 
hospital  n.  (hospice;  asylum,  etc.)  'hespi-tl,  'hespi-t^;  (im- 
properly) 'hes-pitl,  'hc:s-pitl. 
hospitaler  n.  hosteler ;  one  who  tends  the  sick  in  a  hospital 

[also  spelt  hospitaller^  'hespitl-sr,  'hespits-lds. 
hospitinm  n.   (hospice;  hall,  hostel)  hes'piS^m,  hes'piSi-9ni. 
hospodar  n,  (lord)  'hespo-dar. 
hostage  n.  (person  given  as  a  pledge)  'hestid3;  (improperly) 

'hoo-stids. 
hostel  n.  (inn,  hotel)  'hestl,  'hestsl. 
hosteler  n.  (innkeeper)  liestl-d;,  ^ests-ldz. 
hostelry  n.  (inn,  hostel)  'hestl-71,  'hestal-?!. 
hostile  adj.  of  an  enemy;  unfriendly  [also,  sometimes,  spelt 

hostill  'hestil,  (assumptivly)  'hestl;   (also)  'hes-tai}. 
hostler  n.  stableman;  groom  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  osiierl 

'bests?,  'estar. 
hot-blooded   adj.  het'bUdid,    (assumptivly)    liet-blxdid. 
hotel  n.  (inn,  etc.)  ha'tel,  o'tel. 
hongh  n,,v.  hek.    see  hock. 
honghite  n,  (mineral)  'hA-fait,  'hAf-ait. 
honnd  n,  (dog)  haond. 
honr  n.  (time)  007. 
honri  n.  (nymph  of  the  Mohammedan  Paradise)  'hao-n,  Hio:- 

zi. 
honse  n.  (dwelling,  etc.)  haus. 
honse  v.  (receive  or  put  into  a  house,  etc.)  haoz. 
honsehold   n.   (inmates   of   a   house   collectivly)    'haos-hold, 

(sometimes)  liaos-old,  'hao-sold. 
honsemrife  n.  a  woman  who  manages  her  household;  also, 

a  case  for  needles,  etc. ;  a  workbox  [also  spelt  huszif,  hus- 

sif  and,  in  the  sense  of  a  workbox,  huswife,  hussive;  ploz- 

al  housewives']  'haus-waif,  'hAzwif,  (also,  especially  in  the 

sense  of  workbox)  'hAzif. 
honsexHLfery   n.   'haos-woi-fsi,   liAzwi-fsi,   TiAzi-f^i,   'haos- 

wai-fa-zi. 
honsexHtves  n.  (ploral  of  housewife)  'haos-waivz,  TiAzwrvz, 

'hAZIVZ. 

J  yc,  gcure;  bthe,  Gtkin;  ^azute,  d^t'oy;  S^^oe,  tSrfcew; 
wwhen;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  1  react,  \iiuu,  ^>3Lioc\,  "«.\\.,  T\««e; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o:  Aoot,  -aotio,  ^.\ie^,  ^^%5ft.v. 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  265 

housins  m-  (shelter  of  a  house ;  house-property ;  house)  'hao- 
zig. 

Honylmliiiin  n.  (one  of  a  fancied  race  of  horses  described 
by  Swift  in  "Gullivers  Travels")  'hau-inm,  'hou-inm,  ujinm. 

hovel  n.  (open  shed;  wretched  cabin)  'hevat,  'hAVdI. 

hovel  V.  form  like  an  open  hovel  or  shed,  as  a  chimney  [pres- 
ent participle  hoveling,  hovelling;  past  participle  and  pret- 
erit hoveled,  hovelled,  hoveld'\  'hoval,  'hAvsl. 

hovel  V,  pursue  the  occupation  of  a  hoveler;  bring  into  har- 
bor, moor,  and  unload .  [present  participle  hoveling,  hovel- 
ling'* past  participle  and  preterit  hoveled,  hovelled,  hoveldl 
'hoval,  'hAval. 

hoveler  n.  unlicensed  pilot  or  boatman;  craft  [also  spelt  ho- 
vellerl  Tieva-lar,  'hxva-lar. 

hover  v,  hang  in  air ;  float ;  linger  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit hovered,  hoverd"}  'liAvae,  'hevar. 

ho'wadji  n.  (gentleman)  hau'aedsi. 

ho'wbeit  adv.   (however  it  may  be;  nevertheless)  hao'bii-it. 

ho'wdah  n.  (seat)  'hao-ds. 

ho'wdy-do  n.  how-do-you-do  [also  spelt  how-d*y-do,  how-de- 
do;  synonymous  cognate  how-d'ye-do}  hao-di'dou,  haod'dou. 

howitzer  n.  (piece  of  ordnance)  'hau-it-sar. 

hoyden  n.  'hei-dn.     see  hoiden. 

hnokleberry  n.  (hurtleberry,  whortleberry,  bilberry)  'hAkal- 
hezi. 

hne  n.  (color,  tint)  hgou,  cou. 

hne  n.  (cry,  shout)  hguu,  qou. 

hnge  adj.  (very  large ;  enormous)  hgouds,  gauds. 

Hng^nenot  n.  (member  of  the  Calvinistic  or  Reformd  com- 
munion of  France  in  the  i6th  and  17th  centuries;  French 
Protestant)  'hgou-ga-net,  'gou-ga-net. 

hullabaloo  n.  uproar  [also  spelt  hullahallool  hAldbd'lou, 
'hAlaba-lu. 

hnllo  interj,  [also  spelt  hulloal  hsloo.  same  meaning  as 
hallo, 

hnman  n.  (of  man)  'hguu-msn,  'gou-msn. 

hnmane  adj.  (kind,  benevolent;  tending  to  refine;  elegant, 
polite)  hgo'meen,  go'meen. 

hnm an \ «ation  n.  [also  spelt  humanisation}  hgumani'zee- 
San,  hguma-nai'zee-Jan. 

hnmanixe  v.  [also  spelt  humanise}  'hguu-ms-naiz. 

hnmble  adj.  (not  self-assertiv ;  lowly;  modest)  'hAmbal, 
'Ambal. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  noiu,  «:. a?k>  ^\Va\s:\ 
izngth-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  ^o>\tv^  \^  ^^"^^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  tVift  ie>\\ov«\xv^  «»f\^2Cav^, 


266  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

lininenii  n.  bone  [ploral  humeri"]  Hicou-md-sas,  'cmi-xndOB. 

Iminor  n.  organic  fluid  or  juice;  temperament,  fancy;  comi- 
cality [also  spelt  humour]  'hcou-mos,  '^ou-ma?,  'jou-mar. 

Hnmorist  n.  [also  spelt  humourist]  li^fm-m^-zist,  \w1-m9- 
rist,  'jou-ma-rist. 

Hnmoroni  adj.  [also,  formerly,  spelt  humourous]  liqourm^- 
79s,  'cuu-m9-73s,  'juu-m3-;3s. 

lininpli  interj,  expressing  doubt  or  dissatisfaction  [also, 
sometimes,  spelt  h*mf]  iim,  hAmf. 

Hmnpty-dninptj  n.  (dumpy,  hump-shoulderd  person)  hxmp- 
ti'dAmpti. 

Hnnolibaok  n.  (a  huncht  back)  hxntS'baek,  (tn  Britain)  hAnS- 
'baek. 

hnnolibaok  n.  (a  person  with  a  huncht  back;  a  humpback) 
'hAntJ-baek,  {in  Britain)  'hAnJ-baek. 

Hnndred  n,,adj.  (five  score)  'hAndtdd;  (dialectally)  HiAn- 
ddrd. 

Hnndredtli  adj.,  n.  'hAudrsdO,  'hAndrstO. 

linng^Ty  adj.  (feeling  hunger,  etc.)  'hAqgri. 

linrrali  interj.  expressing  approbation,  exultation,  etc.  [also 
spelt  hurra ;  synonymous  cognate  hurray]  ha'ra: ,  ho';a: ,  hA- 
'ra:  ;  (dialectally)  ha'ec: . 

Hnrray  interj.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  hooray]  ha'^ee,  ho'^ee. 
same  meaning  as  hurrah. 

Hurricane  n.  (wind-storm)  'he^i-ken,  'hAri-ken,  'hAri-ksn. 

Hurry  v..  n.  'hon,  {also,  in  England  and  eastern  New  Eng- 
land) '\iKZl. 

Hurtleberry  n.  (whortleberry,  bilberry,  huckleberry)  'hs^tl- 

hzzi. 
Husband  n.   (a  man  joind  to  a  woman  by  marriage)   'hAz- 

band* 
Hussar  n.  (horse-soldier)  hA'zo:?. 
Hussy  n.  housewife ;  pert  girl ;  wench  [also  spelt  huzzy,  hus- 

scy;  ploral  hussies]  'hAzi;  {improperly)  'hASi. 
Hussy  n.  workbox,  hussif  [also  spelt  huzzy;  ploral  hussies] 

'hAZI. 

Hustle    V.    (push    about   roughly;    bustle;    get    a   move    on) 

'hASdl,  'hAst. 
Husu^ife  n.  'hAzif,  'hAzwif,  'hAz-waif.     see  under  housewife. 
Huzza  interj.  expressing  exultation  or  applause;  hurrah  [also 

spelt  huzsah  and,  sometimes,  huzsay]  ha'za: ,  hA'zo: ,  ho'zo: , 

hA'zee. 
HyacintH  n.  (precious  stone ;  flower,  plant)  'hai-a-sinG. 

J yCf   Q  cure;  5  Me,  0  th\vi\^  5  asure,  dj  /oy ;   S  jftoe,  tS  chew; 
wwJhen;  xjsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiu\\,  ^Mioo\,  \\\.,  \\«e«; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o*.  dooi,  t>oTvo,  ^\ic^,  tt%,c^ft\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  267 

Iiyaointliine  adj.  [also  spelt  hy(icinthin'\  hai-s'sinOin,  hai- 

a'sin-Oain. 
byalin  n.  (glass-like  or  translucent  substance)  'hai-a^in. 
Hyaline    adj.    glass-like,    glassy,   vitreous    [also,    sometimes, 

spelt  hyalin}  'hai-a4in,  'hai-d^ain. 
hybrid  n.  (half-breed;  mongrel)  'hai-b^id,  'hibzid. 
hybridiim  n.  'hai-bzi-dizsm,  'hib^i-dizsm. 
hybridise  v.  [also  spelt  hybridise'!  'hai-b?i-daiz,  'hib^i-daiz. 
Hydatid  n.  (cyst)  liai-dd-tid,  'hids-tid. 
Hydra  n.   water-snake;   polyp,   etc.    [plural   hydras,   hydrae"! 

'hai-dr9. 
Hydrangea  n.  (shrub)  hai'dcaends?,  haiMraendsi-^,  hai'dreen- 

dsa. 
Hydraulic  adj.  (of  water,  etc.)  hai'drc:-}ik ;  (dialectally)  hai- 

'drehk. 
Hydrid  n.  (hydra,  a  polyp)  liai-drid. 
Hydride  n.  hydrogen  compound  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  hy- 

dridi  'hai-draid,  'hai-drid. 
Hydriodic  adj.   (of  hydrogen  and  iodine)   hai-dri'edik,  hai- 

drai'edik.  . 
Hydrogen  n.  (element)  'hai-dra-dsin. 

Hydrogenise  v,  [also  spelt  hydrogen%se'\  'hai-drsdsi-naiz. 
Hydromel  n,  (honey  and  water)  'hai-dra-mal,  'hai-dra-mel. 
Hydrometer  n,  (a  device  for  measuring  the  specific  gravity 

of  water,  etc.;  current-gage)  hai'dremi-tar. 
HydropatHio  adj,  (of  hydropathy)  hai-dra'paeGik. 
Hydropathy  n.  (water-cure)  hai'drep3-0i. 
hydrophobia  n.  (aversion  to  water,  etc. ;  rabies)  hai-dra'fDO- 

bi-3. 
hydrophobic   adj.   (of  hydrophobia)   hai-dc^'febik,   hai-dr^- 

'boo-bik. 
Hyena  n.  quadruped  [also  spelt  hyaena]  hai'ii-ns. 
Hygiene  n.  (sanitary  science)  'hai-dsin,  'hai-dsi-in,  'hidsi-in. 
Hygienic  adj.  (of  hygiene;  sanitary)  hai-dsi'enik,  hai-dsi'ii- 

nik,  hidsi'enik,  hidsi'ii-nik. 
Hygienist   n.    (one   verst   in   hygiene)    'hai-dsi-enist,   'hidsi- 

enist. 
hylotheism  n.  (doctrin  that  God  and  matter  are  identical; 

hulotheism)    'hai-la-Gi-izam,    hai-la'0ii-izam,    (rarely)    hai- 

leOi-izam. 
hymeneal  adj.   (of  marriage)  hai-mi'nii-dl. 
hymenial  adj.  (of  the  hymenium)  hai'mii-ni-sl. 
hymn  n.  (religious  poem)  him. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  go  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceding  sovm^  \^  \^tv^\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  tlie  i6\\o>Nin%  ^i^W^iJc^e., 


268  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

hjnnnal  n.  (hymn-book)  'himnsl. 

hjnnned  v.   (past  participle   and  preterit  of  hymn)   himd, 

'himnid. 
liSrinning  v.  (present  participle  of  hymn)  'himiQ,  'himnii). 
hjnnnody  n.  (the  singing  or  composition  of  hymns;  hymns 

collectivly)  'himns-di. 
hjnnnolosT  m-  (study  of  hymns,  etc.)  him'nels-dsi. 
liypallage  n.   (inversion  of  syntactic  relation  between  two 

words)  hai'paela-dsi,  hi'paela-dsi. 
hyperbaton  n.  transposition ;  bold  inversion  [ploral  hyperha- 

td\  hai'pB:?-b3-ten. 
hyperbola  n.  (curve)  hai'pB:7-b3-}3. 
Hyperbole  n.  (exaggeration)  hai'pB:7-b3-h,  {older)  hai'pB:?- 

bs-li. 
Hyperborean  adj.  (of  the  extreme  north)  hai-pd^'boi-n-sn. 
byperoritioal  adj.   (excessivly  critical)  hai-pa^^iti-ksl. 
byperemia  n.  local  excess  of  blood  [also  spelt  hyperckemia'\ 

hai-paz'ii-mi-a. 
byperionm  n,  (plant)  hai'pen-ksm,  hai-pd'rai-ksm. 
bypermeter  n.  (dolichurus;  hypermetron)  hai'p6:7-mi-t9?. 
bypertbesis  n.   (transposition,  metathesis)   hai'pBrOi-sis. 
bypertropby  n.  (excessiv  growth  of  a  part)  hai'pBrtja-fi. 
bypetbral  adj.  (open  to  the  sky;  open-air)  hai'pii-Gsd},  hi- 

'pii-033l. 
bypben  n.  (short  dash)  'hai-fan,  'hai-fin. 
bypbenise  v.  [also  spelt  hyphenisel  'hai-fi-naiz. 
bypnosis  n.  (hypnotic  state)  hip'noo-sis. 
bypnotio  adj.  (soporific;  of  hypnotism)  hip'netik. 
bypnotism  n.  (braidism)  'hipNS-tizdm. 
bypnotisation  n.  [also  spelt  hypnotisationi  hipNdti'zee-S^n, 

hipN3-tai'zee-San. 
bypnotize  v.  [also  spelt  hypnotisel  'hipNs-taiz. 
bypoblast  n.  (endoblast)  'hai-p3-bla:st,  'hips-blaest. 
bypobole  n.  (figure  of  speech  in  which  adverse  suggestions 

are  made  and  refuted)  hai'peba-h,  {older)  hai'pebs-li. 
bypoobondrla    n.    (low    spirits)    hai-p9'kendri-3,    hipslcen- 

dri-3. 
bypoobondriac    adj.    (of    hypochondria)    hai-pd'kendri-sek, 

hipa'kendri-aek. 
bypoobondriaoal    adj.    (hypochondriac)    hai-pd-ken'drai-d- 

kal,  hip3-ken'drai-3-kal. 
bypoobondriasii    n,    (hypochondria)    hai-p3-ken'drai-9-sis, 

hip3-ken'drai-3-sis. 

;  ye,   g  cure ;  5  the,  8  thin ;   3  axrure,  ds  joy ;   S  shoe,  tj  chew ; 
w  Ziehen;  Tjsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiu\\,  ^mIooV,  \\t,  tis^^; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o*.  doot,  ootid,  t\icd,  "c^^a^^N 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  269 

Hypocrisy  n.    (pretense,  sham)   hi'pek^i-si;    {less  properly) 

hai'pek^i-si. 
Hypocrite  n.  false  pretender  [also  spelt  hypocriO  'hips-ksit. 
hypooritieal  adj.  (of  h3rpocrisy,  feignd)  hipd'ksiti-ksl. 
liypodermio  adj,  (subcutaneous)  hai-pa'deis-mik,  hipa'da:;- 

mik. 
hypogastrio  adj.  (of  the  hypogastrium  or  lowest  region  of 

the  abdomen)  hip3'g£st£ik,  hai-p3'gxst£ik. 
hypogeal  adj.  subterranean   [also  spelt  hypogaeatl   hai-ps- 

'dsii-al,  hipa'dsii-al. 
Hypogene  adj.  (formd  under  the  surface)  'hai-pa-dsin,  'hips- 

dsin. 
liypopliyse  n.  (apophyge,  scotia)  hai'pefi-dsi,  hai'pefi-dsi. 
hypophysis  n.  pituitary  body,  etc.  [ploral  hypophysesl  hai- 

'pofi-sis,  hi'pofi-sis. 
liypostasise  n.  embody;  impersonate;  hypostatize  [also  spelt 

hypostasisel  hai'pests-saiz,  hi'pests-saiz. 
hypostasis    n.     sediment;    underlying    substance;     essence 

[ploral  hypostases'!  hai'pest^-sis,  hi'pests-sis. 
hypostatise   v.    [also   spelt   hypostatise}    hai'pests-taiz,   hi- 

'pests-taiz.    same  meaning  as  hypostasize. 
hypotennse  n.  the  side  of  a  right-angled  triangle  opposit  the 

right  angle  [synonymous  cognate  hypothenusel  hai'petn-jus, 

hai'peti-njus,  hi'poti-njus. 
hypothec  n.  (lien,  security,  etc.)  hai'peOik,  hi'peOik. 
hypothecate  v,   (pledge,  pawn,  mortgage)   hai'peOi-ket,  hi- 

'pe8i-ket. 
hypothennse  n.   hai'peOi-njus.     same   meaning  as   hypote- 
nuse, 
hypothesis  n.  supposition   [ploral  hypotheses']   hai'peOi-sis, 

hi'peOi-sis. 
hypothesise  v.  frame  a  hypothesis ;  assume  [also  spelt  hypo- 
thesise] hai'poGi-saiz,  hi'peGi-saiz. 
hypothetic  adj,  (conjectural)  hai-ps'Getik,  hips'Oetik. 
hypozanthine  n.  sarcine   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  hypoxan- 

thin]  hai-pek'sxnOin,  hai-pek'saen-9ain,  hipek'saen-Gain,  hai- 

pd'zaenGin. 
hypsiloid  adj.  (upsilon-shaped)   hip'sai-leid,  'hipsi-leid. 
hypnral  adj.  (beneath  the  tail)  hai'pgu:-??},  hi'pgu:-?9l. 
hyson  ft.  (green  tea)  'hai-ssn,  'hai-sn. 
hyssop  ft.  (plant)  'hisap,  'hi-sep. 
hysteria  ft.  (hysterics)  hi'sti:-?i-3,  his'ti:-H-3. 
hysteric  adj.  (of  hysteria;  fitful,  frantic)  hi'ste^ik,  his'te^ik. 

c:  law,  s:  fur,  se  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy\  a:  far,  ao  now,  ^^  a^V  ^\Va\s.\ 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  somw^  \^  \^xv%\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  io\\ovj\tv^  «^>\2X^^. 


270  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

I  noun-pron,  ai,  {also,  when  unstrest)  9;  (also,  dialectally)  a. 

iambic  adj.  (of  iambuses)  ai'aembik. 

ibex  n.  wild  goat  [ploral  ibexes,  rarely,  ibices']  'ai-beks. 

ibidem  adv.  (in  the  same  place)  I'bai-dem. 

ibis  n.  bird  [plural  ibises,  rarely  ibides,  ibes]  'ai-bis. 

ibyoter  n.  bird  [also  spelt  ibicter"]  ai'bikta?. 

loarian  adj,  of  Icarus  [also  spelt  Icarean]  ailiei-zi-^n, 

loarian  adj.  (of  Icaria,  the  ideal  republic  of  E.  Cabet)  ailce:- 
d-3n. 

ice-cream  n.  aislc^iim,  'ais-lmim. 

idmeninoii  n.  (Pharaoh's  rat)  ik'njou-mdn. 

icbor  n.  (blood  of  the  gods;  watery  discharge)  'ai-ka?,  'ik^z. 

iobtbyolos»y  ti.  (science  of  fishes)  ikGi'ets-dsi. 

iobtbyosanms  n.  fish-like  reptil  [ploral  ichthyosauri']  ikOi- 
a'sci-ras. 

icicle  n.  (pendent  rod  of  ice)  'ai-si-k»l. 

iciest  adj.  (superlativ  of  icy)  'ai-si-ist. 

icily  adv,  (in  an  icy  manner;  coldly)  'ai-si-li. 

icing  n.  (frosting;  cooling  by  means  of  ice)  'ai-siQ. 

icon  n.  image,  portrait  [also  spelt  ikon,  eikon;  ploral  icones, 
icons']  'ai-ken,  'ai-kan. 

iconoclast  n.  (image-breaker)  ai'kens-kLaest. 

icosabedron  n.  a  solid  bounded  by  twenty  planes  [synony- 
mous cognates  icosaedron,  icosihedron]  ai-kesd'hii-drsn, 
ai-kesa'hedran. 

icteric  adj.  (jaundiced)  ik'terik. 

ide  n.  (fish)  aid. 

idea  n.  architype ;  likeness ;  mental  image  [former,  but  now 
vulgar,  synonymous  cognate  idee ;  ploral  ideas  and,  former- 
ly, sometimes  ideae]  ai'dii-a,  {often)  'ai-di-a;  {vulgarly) 
ai'dii;  {vulgarly,  before  a  vowel)  ai'dii-ar,  ai'di:?. 

ideal  adj.  ai'dii-al;  {less  properly)  'ai-di-sl;  {vulgarly)  ai- 
'diil. 

idealism  n.  ai'dii-a-hzsm. 

idealize  v,  render  ideal;  form  ideals  [also  spelt  idealise]  ai- 
'dii-3-laiz. 

ideog^rapb  n.  (graphic  symbol  which  directly  represents  an 
idea)  ai'dii-a-g^atf,  'ai-di-a-g^arf,  'idi-3-gra:f. 

ides  n.  (the  eigth  day  after  the  nones;  also,  any  one  of  the 
days  of  the  month  which  precede  the  ides  and  follow  the 
nones;  an  ide)  aidz. 

idiocy  n.  (state  of  being  an  idiot)  'idi-a-si. 

idiom  n.  (own  language;  dialect;  mode  of  speech)  'idi-sm. 

}  ye,   gcure;  d*fte,  G*/tin;   sarure,  d^/oy;    S  jftoe,   tSc/rew; 
wwhen;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  itcacV,  oiuW,  \i>\iool,  iit,  11  s^^; 
o poetic;  dover,  e  oerial,  a. but,  o*.  Aoot,  *aoTv.o,  ^.X^e^,  ^^^oX^n 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  271 

lyncrasy  n.  (physical  or  mental  peculiarity;  bent)  idi-3- 

]k3d-si. 

b  n.  (imbecil;  fool)  'idi-at;  (vulgarly)  'idsat. 

biiiii  n.  (an  idiom;  also,  idiocy,  folly)  'idi-3>tiz9m. 

fcize  V.  befool  [also  spelt  idioHse}  'idi-a-taiz. 

adj.  (not  occupied;  lazy)  'ai-dl. 
rase  n.  (vesuvianite)  'ai-ds-k^es,  'ids-k^es,  'ai-dd-lcsez. 

n.  (effigy)  'ai-dl,  'ai-dal. 
ater  n.  (idol- worshipper)  ai'dels-tsz. 
Lse  V.  make  an  idol  of ;  adore ;  practis  idolatry  [also  spelt 
'lisel  'ai-da-laiz. 

Lsatioii  n.  [also  spelt  idolisation'\  ai-dsh'zee-Ssn,  ai-da- 
'zee-S^n. 

n.  short  rural  poem;  episode;  pastoral  composition  [also 
At  idylll  'ai-dil;   (less  properly)  'idil. 
lit  n.  writer  of  idyls  [also  spelt  idyllisti  'ai-di-hst. 
Ho  adj,  (of  an  idyl;  full  of  rustic  charm)  ai'dilik. 
Use  V.  make  into  an  idyl  [also  spelt  idyllise'\  'ai-di-laiz. 
•ny.  (on  condition  that,  etc.)  if,  {also,  when  unstrest)  f. 
s-fatni  n.  (plural  of  ignis-fatuus)  ignis'faetSu-ai,  igniz- 
tSu-ai. 

s-fatnus   n.   will-o'-the-wisp   [ploral   ignes-fatui'\    ignis- 
tSu-3s,  ignis'faetgu-3s. 

table  adj.  capable  of  being  ignited  [also,  spelt  ignitiblel 
nai-ta-bal. 

minioiui  adj.   (shameful;  infamous)   ignd'mini-ss. 
•raniiis   n.   ignorant   person    [ploral   ignoramuses}    igns- 
2-m3s;  (improperly)  igna'^ai-mas,  ignaVaemas. 
irantin  adj.  ignorant :    applied  to  the  Brethren  of  the 
ristian  Schools  [also  spelt  Ignorantine}  igna'^antin. 
na  ».  (large  arboreal  lizard)  i'gwa:-na. 
Jiodon     n.     (iguana-like     fossil     lizard)     I'gwsens-den, 
^a:-n3-den. 

J  adj,  (of  the  ileum)  'iH-aek. 
n  n.  (lowest  part  of  the  small  intestin)  'iH-am,  'ai-H-am. 

adj.  (of  ileus ;  of  the  ileum ;  ileac,  iliacal ;  also,  of  the 
m)  'iH-aek,  'iH-ak. 

al  adj.  obsolete  (of  ileus;  of  the  ileum;  also,  of  the  ili- 
;  iliac)  I'lai-a-kal. 

ni  n.  iliac  muscle ;  thrush  [ploral  iliaci}  I'lai-a-kas. 
a.  n.  hip-bone,  flank-bone  [ploral  ilial  'ili-am. 
ive  adj.  of  illation  or  inference  [also  spelt  illativ']  'ila- 

i^ce-tiv.     . 

;  b:  fi#r,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
i-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceditVR  aoMti^  \^  \wi^\ 
mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  io\\oy»\ti%  «^Wa5s^«^. 


272  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

ill-bred  adj.  iVbzed,  (assumptivly)  'it-bred. 

ill-deierred     adj.     [also     spelt     ill-deservdl     i}-di'zs:7vd, 

(assumptivly)  'il-di-zstrvd. 
illegal  adj.  (unlawful,  illicit)  ilii-gsl. 
illegalize  v.  make  illegal  [also  spelt  illegalise']  I'tii-ga-laiz. 
illegible  adj.  (undecipherable)  iledss-bal. 
illicit  adj.  (unlawful)  I'hsit,  iHisit. 

illision  n.  (a  striking  against  something)  ilissn,  iHissn. 
illiterate  adj.  (unletterd,  unlearned)  I'lita-rst,  i'ht£3t. 
ill-timed  adj.  il'taimd,  {assumptivly)  'il-taimd. 
illmninati  n.  pi.  people  who  affect  to  be  especially  enlight- 

end,  etc.  [singular  illuminatol  i-Humi'nee-tai,  i-}umi'na:-ti. 
illnminato  n.   (singular  of  illuminati)  i-}umi'na:-t3. 
illnmine  v.  light  up  [also  spelt  illumin;  past  participle  and 

preterit  illumined,  illumind]  iliou-min. 
illniion  n.    (deception,   delusion;   also,   apparition,   fantom) 

i'liou-39n. 
illnsive  adj.  deceptiv,  illusory  [also  spelt  illusiv"]  iliuu-siv, 

I'Hou-ziv. 
iUnsory  adj.  iliou-sa-zi;  (less  properly)  iliou-zs-zi. 
iUnstrate    v.    (illuminate;    elucidate;    exemplify)    'ils-stset, 

I'lA-stjet. 
illustrated  adj.    (having  pictorial  illustrations)    'ils-stsetid, 

i'lA-st£etid. 
illnstration  n.  (elucidation;  cut)  ils'stsee-S^n. 
illnstrative  adj.  serving  to  illustrate  [also  spelt  illustrativl 

ilAstj3-tiv;  (less  properly)  'ila-stjetiv. 
iUnstrator  n.  (one  who  or  that  which  illustrates)  'ila-stse- 

tar,  ilA-st£et3r. 
illy  adv.  (in  an  ill  manner;  badly)  'ih,  'iMi. 
image  n.  (likeness)  'imids. 
imageable   adj.    capable   of  being   imaged    [also,   formerly, 

spelt  imagible}  'imidsa-bal. 
imagery    n.     (images     collectivly;     image-work)     'imi-dszi, 

'imid33-zi. 
imaginary   adj.    (not   real;    fancied;    feignd)    I'maedsi-nen, 

(also)  I'maedsina-^i,  (assumptivly)  I'maedsi-nsri. 
imaginatiTe    adj.    [also    spelt    imaginativ']    I'maedsind-tiv, 

(assumptivly)  I'miedsi-nativ ;   (also)  I'maedsi-netiv. 
imagine  v.  form  a  mental  image  of ;  suppose ;  fancy ;  think, 

guess  [also  spelt  imagin;  past  participle  and  preterit  imag- 
ined, imagind"]  I'maedsin. 
imagines  n.  (ploral  of  imago)  I'maedsi-niz,  I'mee-dsi-niz. 

Jyc,   fcure;   dthe,  0  *fiin ;   5  a^ure,  ds/oy;   S  jftoe,   tjcfcew; 
wa/Aen;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  1  react,  ^iuW,  ^>3Lioo\,  \<t,  lis^e; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  oerial,  Abut,  ;>•.  dooi,  •^iot^o,  ^\ic^,  ^^^oXv, 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  273 

imaso  n.  the  perfect  insect  [ploral  imagos,  imaginesi  I'mee- 

imam  n.  priest;  chief  [synonymous  cognates  imaum,  imawm, 
iman]  i'ma:m. 

imbeeile  adj.  weak;  insane  [also  spelt  imbecil'}  'imbi-sil, 
imbi'sn},  'imbi-sil;   (formerly)  im'bcsil. 

imbed  v.  im'becL    same  meaning  as  embed. 

imbxioei  n.  (ploral  of  imbrex)  'imb^i-siz. 

imbroslio  n.  (confused  heap;  entanglement;  embroilment) 
im'bffoo-gli-o,  im'brool-jo,  im'broo-li-o. 

imbme  v.  (stain,  dye)  im'brou. 

imbne  v»  (saturate,  dye,  imbru;  impregnate,  permeate,  per- 
vade, inspire)  im'bjou. 

imide  n.  (ammonia  derivativ)  'i-maid,  I'maid,  'ai-mid,  'ai- 
maid. 

imidosen  n.  (radical)  I'mai-ds-dsin. 

immediate  adj.  (in  direct  relation ;  not  mediate ;  not  remote ; 
instant)  i'mii-di-3t;  (improperly)  I'mii-dsat. 

immemorial  adj.  (beyond  memory;  out  of  mind;  very  old) 
im9'mo:-n-9l,  imi'mor-d-al. 

immeiuie  adj,  (unmeasured;  vast)  I'ments,  I'mens. 

immerge  v.  (immerse;  sink)  fmBizds,  im'msi^ds. 

immemion  n.  (dipping,  plunging)  I'mez^sn,  I'msiz-l^n;  (less 
properly)  i'm8:r-39n. 

immigrant  n.  (one  who  migrates  into  a  country,  or  comes 
into  a  new  habitat :   distinguisht  from  emigrant)  'imi-gssnt. 

immigrate  v,  'imi-gset. 

imminent  adj.  (about  to  occur;  impending)  'imi-nsnt. 

inimisoible  adj,  (that  cannot  be  mixt)  I'miss-bal. 

immit  V.  (send  in ;  inject)  I'mit,  im'mit. 

immobile  adj.  immovable,  fixt  [also  spelt  immobill  I'moo- 
bil. 

immobilise  v.  [also  spelt  immobilise'\  I'mpo-bi-laiz. 

inimolate  v,  (sacrifice;  kill  as  a  victim)  'im^-let. 

immortality  n.  (endless  life;  eternity)  i-me?'tseh-ti,  imez- 
'taeh-ti. 

immortalize  v.  [also  spelt  immortalise"}  i'me:7-tl-aiz. 

immortelle  n.  (flower)  i-mer'tel,  imer'tel. 

immovable  adj.  (that  cannot  be  moved)  I'mou-vd-bsl. 

inipaot  n.  (blow,  stroke)  'im-pxkt. 

impact  V.  (pack  in)  im'pxkt. 

inipale  v.  enclose  with  pales  or  stakes;  fence  in  [synony- 
mous cognate  empale}  im'peel. 

c:  law,  s:  fur,  se  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  aiktte; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceditiR  ^omw^  \s  NaxviskN 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  ibe  foWoNi\tiiL  «^\Sa5s^R.'. 


274  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

impanate  adj,  (containd  in  bread)  im'pee-net,  im'pee-nat, 
'impa-nat. 

impanation  n.  (presence  of  Christ  in  consecrated  bread) 
impa'nee-San. 

impanel  v,  enter  on  a  panel  or  list;  enrol  [also  spelt  impan- 
nel;  synonymous  cognates  empanel,  empannell;  present  par- 
ticiple impaneling,  impanelling;  past  participle  and  prete- 
rit impaneled,  impanelled,  impaneld]  ira'paenl. 

impanelment  n.  [also  spelt  impannelment ;  synonymous  cog- 
nates empanelment,  empannelment}   im'panl-mant: 

impartiality  n.  (freedom  from  bias;  fairness)  im-paz$i'adi- 
ti,  impaz'Sah-ti. 

impasiable  adj,  (that  cannot  be  past)   im'pa:-S9-b3l. 

impasse  n,  (a  way  having  no  outlet;  a  fix)  im'pa:s,  im'pais, 
or)'pa:s. 

impassibility  n.  (quality  of  being  impassible)  im-paes9- 
'bih-ti. 

impassible  adj,  (incapable  of  suffering;  incapable  of  feeling 
emotion ;  impassiv ;  insensible ;  unimpressible)  im'pa:-s9-bdlr 
im'p2S3-b9l. 

impastation  n.  (formation  of  d,  paste)  impss'tee-^an, 
impa'stee-San,  impaes'tee-Jan. 

impeaoli  v.  challenge,  attack,  disparage ;  accuse  of  treason 
[past  participle  and  preterit  impeached,  impeacht'\  im'piitj. 

impeccable  adj.  (not  capable  of  sin;  unerring)  im'pekd-bal. 

impede    v,  (hinder)  im'piid. 

impedible  adj,  obsolete  (capable  of  being  impeded)  im'peddr 
b3l. 

impediment  n,  (hindrance,  obstruction)  im'pedi-msnt. 

impellent  adj,  (that  impels)  im'pelsnt. 

imperator   n.    (commander;    emperor)    impa'^ee-ta?,    'imp»- 

imperceptible  adj.  (incapable  of  being  perceivd)  impaz- 
'septa-bal. 

imperialize  v,  [also  spelt  imperialise']  im'pi:-7i-3-laiz. 

imperil  v.  [present  participle  imperiling,  imperilling;  past 
participle  and  preterit  imperiled,  imperilled,  imperild;  for- 
mer synonymous  cognate  emperil}  im'pezil. 

impertnrbable  adj.   (serene,  calm)  imp^z'tQiz-hs-hsl. 

impetigo  n.  skin-disease  [plural  impetiginesl  impi'tai-go. 

impetnons  adj.  (having  impetus;  violent;  rash)  im'pet^u-ss, 
im'petSu-3S. 

impetus  n,  (energy  of  motion;  impulse)  'impi-tas. 

Jyc,   Qcure;  bthQ,  GtKin;  sasure,  ds/oy;   I  shoe,  tjc/iew; 
wwhen;  losing;  u whoever,  itcacX.,  vjiu\V  v>m\.ooV  'i-'vt,  iis^^; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o;^oot,  ^ioi^o,  ^\ic^»  ^^^o!«.\ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  275 

impiety  n.  (want  of  piety)  im'pai-i-ti. 

impioni  adj.  (not  pious;  wicked)  'impi-ds. 

impionily  adv.  'impi-3s-)i. 

impioniiieM  n.  'impi-ss-nis. 

implacable  adj,  (that  cannot  be  appeased;  inexorable)  im- 
'pLee-kd-bd!,  im'pLAkd-bdI. 

import  V.  (bring  in)  im'poizt. 

import  n.  (signification;  importance;  commodity  brought 
in  from  abroad)  'im-poi^t;  {formerly)  im'pD-.et. 

importunate  adj.  (pressing;  persistent)  im'pe:?-tgo-n3t,  im- 
'po:?-tj9-n9t. 

importnne  adj.  (troublesome,  importunate)  impez'tgoun, 
im'pe:r-tgun. 

importnne  v.  impe^'tgoun,  im'pe:7-tcun. 

impotable  adj.  (that  may  be  imposed  or  laid  on ;  also,  that 
may  be  imposed  upon ;  gullible)  im'pDO-za-bal. 

impoisible  adj,  (not  possible)  im'pesd-bdl. 

inipoiter  n.  (one  who  imposts  or  classifies  according  to  tar- 
iffs and  duties)  'im-postar. 

impostor  n.  cheat  [also  spelt  imposterl  im'pests?. 

inipoitnme  n.  abscess,  etc.  [also  spelt  intposthume'l  im'pes- 
tgum.  im'pes-tSum. 

impotence  n.  (want  of  strength;  weakness)  'imps-tns;  (im- 
properly) im'poo-tns. 

impotent  adj.  (weak)  'impo-tnt,  'impa-tant. 

impracticable  adj.  (not  practicable ;  practically  impossible : 
unserviceable ;  unmanageable)   im'psaektika-bal. 

impractical  adj.  (not  practical;  unpractical)   im'p^aekti-kdl. 

imprecate  v,  (pray  for;  invoke;  curse)  'impsi-ket. 

imprecatory  adj.  (maledictory)  'impsika-toei,  'impsika-ta^i, 
'imp3i-ket3-2ri,  impsi'kee-t3-?i. 

impregn  v.  (impregnate)   im'p^iin. 

impresa  n.  (emblem,  device,  motto)  im'p^ee-sa. 

impresario  n.  (operatic  manager,  etc.)  imp3i'se:-n-o,  impsi- 
'za:-zi-o. 

imprese  n.  (obsolete)  im'p^iis.    same  meaning  as  impresa. 

impress  v,  imprint,  stamp  [past  participle  and  preterit  im- 
pressed, impresf]  im'pses. 

impress  v.  enlist  [past  participle  and  preterit  impressed,  im- 
prestl  im'pses. 

impress  n.  (stamping,  stamp,  imprint)  'im-pses. 

impress  n.  (enforced  service  in  the  army  or  navy;  impress- 
ment) 'im-pses. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  w.  a?k,  ^\\r\\s.% 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceditwt  aoMtv^  \^  \^tv\s,% 
stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  OH  tih^  i©WQv^vcv%  «f^aJ^^. 


276  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

impress  n.  (emblem,  device,  impresa)  'im-p3es. 
impressed  adj,  stampt  in;   having  impressions   [also  spelt 

impresil  im'pscst. 
impressible  adj.  (capable  of  being  imprest)  im'p3es9-b^ 
imprest  v,  obsolete  (advance  on  loan)  im'p^est. 
imprest  n.  (money  advanced;  loan)  'im-p3est. 
imprimatur  n.  (an  order  'let  it  be  printed' ;  sanction)  zmpsi- 

'mee-ta?. 
imprint  v,  (impress;  stamp)  im'p3int. 
imprint  n.  (impression,  stamp;  printer's  or  publisher's  name 

on  a  title-page,  etc.)  'im-psint. 
improbative  adj,  liable  to  improbation  or  disproof;  tending 

to  disprove;  improbatory  [also  spelt  improbativl  im'pseba- 

tiv,  'imp33-betiv. 
improbatory  adj.  (disproving,  etc.)   im'p^ebd-tori,  im'p^O' 

ba-tozi,  'imp53-bet3-?i. 
improbity  n.  (lack  of  probity)  im'psoo-bi-ti,  im'p3ebi-ti. 
impromptu  adv.  (off-hand;  extempore)  im'p^emp-tgu. 
improvable  adj.   (capable  of  being  improved)   im'p3ou-v9- 

bal. 
improvisation  n.   (action  or  product  of  improvising)  im- 
.   psevi'zee-Jan. 

improvisator  n.  (improviser)  im'psevi-zetd;. 
improvisatore  n.  improvisator  [also  spelt  itnprovvisatore ; 

plural  improvisatori,  improvisatores']  impsa-viza'tDiei. 
improvisatorize  v.  play  the  improvisator;  improvise  [also 

spelt  ifftprovisatorisel   im-p50vi'zee-t3-?aiz. 
improvisatrioe  n.  woman  who  improvises   [also  spelt  im- 

provvisatrice ;  plural  improvisatricil  impsa-viza'tjii-tSi;  (less 

properly)  impsa'vii-za-tjis. 
improvise  v.   (compose   off-hand,   etc.)   'imp33-vaiz,   impsd- 

'vaiz,  impsa'viiz. 
improviser   n.   'imp33-vai-z3?,   impsd'vai-zdzr,    impsd'vii-zdz. 
impug^n  V.  (contradict;  assail)  im'p^oun. 
impug^nable  adj.  obsolete  (that  cannot  be  assaild  or  over- 
come) im'pxgna-bal. 
impugnable  adj,  (liable  to  be  impugned)  im'pgou-na-b^. 
impulse  n.  (thrust,  push)  'im-pAls;  (formerly)  im'pAls.' 
impulse  v,  impel;  instigate  [past  participle  and  preterit  tm- 

pulsed,  impulst']  im'pAls. 
impunible  adj.  (unpunishable)  im'pQou-nd-bsL 
in  prep,  (within;  at,  etc.)  in,  (also,  when  unstrest)  n. 
inadvertence  n.  (inattention)   insd'vB^tns. 

Jyc,   gcure;  bthe,  Qthin\   sa^ure,  ds/oy;   I  shoe,  tl  chew; 
wwhen;  tjsinff;  u  whoever,  i  react,  \3iuW,  ^mIooV  's^it,  lis^^; 
p pontic;  govett  eaeriitl;  a.  but,  o;  doot,  -^i^t^o,  t,\ie^,  ^^^o!«.\ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  277 

inamorata  n.  (female  lover;  mistress)  i-nxm^'zai-t^. 

inaugurate  v,  (consecrate;  install;  initiate)  I'nogjo-set ; 
(vulgarly)  i'nc:-g3-?et. 

inbeins  n.  (the  fact  of  being  in;  inherence;  indwelling;  im- 
manence; essential  nature)  'in-bii-iq. 

inborn  adj.  (innate)  in^e:;n,  (assumptivly)  'in-be:7n. 

in-bread  n.  bread  thrown  in;  extra  loaves  [also  spelt  in- 
bredl  'in-beed. 

inbred  adj.  (bred  within;  innate)  in'bred,  (assumptivly)  'm- 
b;ed. 

inoa  n.  (emperor  or  king  of  ancient  Peru)  'igks. 

inoandesoenoe  n.  (state  of  glowing  from  heat)  in-kaen- 
Mesans,  inksn'desdns. 

incarnadine  adj.  flesh-colord,  carnation  [also,  sometimes, 
spelt  incarnadini  in'ka:?-n9-din,  in'ka:7-na-dain. 

incase  v,  enclose  in  a  case  [synonymous  cognate  encasel  in- 
'kees. 

incense  n.  (aromatic  gum  for  burning,  or  its  smoke  or  per- 
fume) 'in-sens. 

incense  v.  (perfume  with  incense;  scent;  offer  incense)  'in- 
sents,  'in-sens;  (less  properly)  in'sents,  in'sens. 

incense  v.  inflame ;  enrage  [past  participle  and  preterit  in- 
censed, incenstl  in'sents,  in'sens. 

incensory  n.  (censer)  'in-sensa-zi ;  (less  properly)  in'sensa-ri, 

incboate  adj.  (just  begun;  incipient,  immature)  in'koo-dt, 
in'koo-et,  'in-ko-at. 

incboate  v.  (begin;  originate)  in'koo-et,  'in-ko-et. 

incboative  adj.  initial;  inceptiv  [also  spelt  inchoativl  inlsoo- 
3-tiv,  'in-ko-etiv. 

incidence  n.  (a  falling  upon)  'insi-dns,  'intsi-dns. 

incipient  adj.  (beginning)  in'sipi-snt. 

incise  v.  (cut  into ;  carve ;  engrave)  in'saiz. 

incisive  adj.  cutting  [also  spelt  incisiv'l  in'sai-siv. 

incisor  n.  cutting-tooth  [ploral  incisors,  incisoresl  in'sai-S97, 
in'sai-z3r. 

incisory  adj.  (cutting,  incisiv)  in'sai-s3-7i. 

incisure  n.  (cut;  notch;  slit;  cleft)  in'sis?;. 

incitation  n.  (incitement)  insi'tee-$3n. 

incivism  n.  disloyalty  to  civic  principles,  originally  to  those 
of  the  French  Revolution  [also  spelt  incivisme'l  'insi-vizam, 
in'si-vizam,  in'sai-vizam. 

inclemient  adj.  (not  mild;  severe)  in'kz.emsnt. 

incline  v.   (bend  down ;  lean ;  slope ;  tend)   in'kLain. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  ^•.  a^V.,  ^-vNgAxs-N 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  tlie  preceditJitt  ^o>rci^  i.^  Vra-V^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  th^  l^WiHi'Wi^^  ^-f^aiwft* 


278  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

incline  n,  (slope)  inlcLain,  'in-kz.ain. 
inclose  v,  inlcLooz.     same  meaning  as  enclose, 
inclosure  n.  in'kuoo-ssz.     same  meaning  as  enclosure* 
inclusive  adj,  enclosing,  comprehending,  etc.  [also  spelt  in- 

clusivl  in'ktou-siv,  in'kz.ou-ziv. 
incognito  adj.,  adv,,  n.  unknown,  etc.  [as  noun,  ploral  incog- 

nitQ  inTcegni-to;  (improperly)  in-keg'nii-to. 
incognizable  adj.   not  cognizable   [also   spelt  incognisid)le] 

in'kegnizd-bdl,  in-keg'nai-za-bal,  in'keniza-bal. 
incognisant  adj,  [also  spelt* incognisantl  in'kegni-zdnt,  m- 

'keni-z3nt« 
incomparable   adj.    (matchless,   etc)    inlcempdsd-bd},    (rap- 
idly) in'kempsa-bal. 
incondite  adj.  ill  put  together;  crude  [also  spelt  incondit] 

in'kendit,  'inkan-dait. 
incongruent  adj,  (not  congruent)  in^keggTU-ant. 
incongruity  n.  inksn'g^ou-i-ti. 
incongruous  adj,  in'kei]g?u-3s. 
inconnu  n.  (fish)  inkd'njuu. 

incorporeal  adj,  (not  bodily;  immaterial)  m-kez'poi-zi-^l, 
incorrigible  adj.  (depraved)  in'keeidsa-bal. 
incorruptible  adj.  inkd'^Aptd-bsl. 

increasable  adj.  [also  spelt  increaseablel  in'k^ii-sd-bdt. 
increase  n.  (augmentation)  'in-k^is;  (formerly)  in'k^iis. 
increase  v,  wax,  grow,   augment,   etc.   [past  participle  and 

preterit  increased,  increast"]  in'ksiis. 
incredible  adj.   (not  credible,  beyond  belief)   in'ksedd-bdl. 
incredulity  n.  (disbelief)  inksi'djou-h-ti. 
incredulous  adj.  (unbelieving)  in'ksedjo-las,  in'k^edsa-tds. 
incremable     adj,     obsolete     (incombustible)     in'ksema-ba}, 

'inksima-bal. 
incremate  v.  (cremate)  'ink^i-met,  in'k^ii-met. 
increment  n.  (increase)  'igk^i-msnt,  'ink^i-msnt. 
incrust  v,  [synenymous  cognate  encrustl  in'lcsAst. 
incubate  v.  (hatch;  brood)  'inkgo-bet,  'iqkgo-bet. 
incubator  n.  (sitting  bird;  hatching-apparatus)  'inkQu-bet97. 
incubus  n.  demon  of  sleep ;  nightmare  [ploral  incubuses,  in- 

cubil  'inkgo-bas,  'iqkgo-bas. 
inculcate  v.   (stamp  oi*  force  on  the  mind  of  another)  in- 

'kxl-ket,  'inkal-ket. 
incurable  adj,   (that  cannot  be  cured)    in'kgo:-?3-b3l. 
incursion  n.  (a  running  in;  inroad)  in'kB:?-33n,  inlcer^dn. 
incus  n.  anvil-bone  of  the  ear  [ploral  incudes']  'iqkas. 

J  ye,   g  cure;  d  the,  9  thin;  ^  5  asure,  ds  joy;   S  shoe,   tS  chew; 
wwhen;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  ireac^^,  oiu\\,  vi\3Lioo\,  \\t,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  oerial,  a. but,  o*.  ^oot,  ^owo,  ^.\ie^,  ^^^<3^s.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  279 

indebted  adj,  owing  [also  spelt  indetted}  in'detid. 

indecent  adj,  (not  decent)  inMii-ssnt. 

indecisive  adj,  not  decisiv  [also  spelt  indecisivl  in-di'sai- 
siv. 

indecorous  adj.  (not  decorous;  unseemly)  in-di'k3:-?9s,  in- 
'dek9-;3s. 

indeoomm  n.  (lack  of  decorum)  in-di'ko:-z^m. 

indefinable  adj.  (not  definable)  in-di'fai-nd-bdl. 

indefinite  adj.  [also  spelt  indefinite  in'defi-nit. 

indelibility  n.  [also,  formerly,  spelt  indelebilityl  in-dels- 
'bih-ti. 

indelible  adj.  not  delible;  ineffaceable  [also,  lermerly,  spelt 
indelebWl  in'dels-bdl. 

indelibly  adv.  [also,  formerly,  spelt  indelebly']  in'deld-bh. 

indent  v,  (dent,  dint,  etc.)  in'dent. 

indent  n.  (indention  in  the  edge  of  a  thing;  deep  recess;  in- 
dentation ;  paragraf-indention)   in'dent,  'in-dent. 

indent  n.  (dint,  hollow,  or  furrow  in  the  surface  of  anything ; 
indentation)  'in-dent. 

indentilly  adj.  having  long  indents  [also  spelt  indentilley ; 
synonymous  cognate  indentelly'\  in'denti-h,  in-den'tih. 

independence  n.  indi'pendsns. 

index  n.  fore-finger;  pointer;  alfabetic  guide  [ploral  indexes, 
indices']  'in-deks. 

India-ink  n.  indi-s'irjk,  indjd'igk;  (dialectally)  indsi'igk. 

Indian  adj.  (of  India;  Amerindian)  'indi-sn,  'indjsn;  (dia- 
lectally) 'indsan,  'indsin, 

Indianize  v,  make  Indian  [also  spelt  Indianise]  'indi-9-naiz. 

india-rubber  n.  (caoutchouc)  indi-^'zAhsz,  indjd'^Abdz:; 
(dialectally)  inds^'zAhsz. 

indicative  adj,  that  points  out  or  indicates;  showing  [also 
spelt  indicativ']  m'dika-tiv. 

indicatory  adj,  (serving  to  indicate)  in'dika-to^i,  in'dika- 
t3?i;  'indik3-t9?i ;  (also)  'indi-ket3-zi,  (assumptivly)  'indi- 
ketdzi. 

indicatriz  n.  (curve;  surface)  indi'kee-tsiks. 

indices  n.  (ploral  of  index)  'indi-siz. 

indicial  adj,  (of  the  nature  of  an  indicium;  indicativ;  in- 
dex-like; of  the  index-finger)   in'diSal. 

indicium  n.  indication;  sign;  token  [plural  indicia}  in'dijdm, 
in'diSi-am. 

indict  V.  (bring  a  charge  against ;  accuse)  in'dait. 

indictable  adj.   (liable  to  be  indicted,  etc.)   in'dai-td-bs!. 

c:  low,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  for,  qo  tvo*U3,  a*,  a^,  ^\V\Vt\ 
\BBgth-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  souxvd  \^  V>t^^\ 
tress-mark  (y  indicates  chief  stress  on  tVi^  io\\Q^\t^^  s^VvaJ^^' 


280  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

indictee  n.  (person  indicted)  in-dai'tii. 

indioter  n.  one  who  indicts;  formal  accuser  [also,  fermerlyt 

spelt  indictorl  in'dai-td^. 
indiotion  n.  (decree;  period;  year)  in'dikSdn. 
indiotment  n.  (accusation)  lu'dait-mant. 
indifferent   adj.    (neutral,   etc.)    in'difd-^ant,    (rapidly)   in- 

'difsant. 
indigenoiu    adj.     (nativ)     in'didsi-nss,    (assumptivly)    in- 

'didsinss. 
indigent  adj,  (wanting,  deficient;  poor,  needy)  'indi-dsant 
indirect    adj.    (not   direct)    in-di'?ekt,    (often,    assumptivly) 

'indi-^ekt. 
indiscernible  adj,  (imperceptible)   indi'zB^nd-bdl. 
indiscretion  n.   (fact  of  being  indiscreet)  indi'skseSan. 
indispensable   adj.    (that   cannot  be   dispenst   with)   indi- 

'spensa-bal, 
indisputability  n.  indi-spgutd'bih-ti,  in-disp^otanbili-ti. 
indisputable    adj,    (unquestionable)    indi'sp^ou-td-bat,    zn- 

'dispgota-bal. 
indisputableness    n.    indi'spgou-tdbdl-nis,    in'dispco-tdbdl- 

nis. 
indisputably  adv.  indi'spgou-td-bh,  in'dispQotd-bli. 
indissociable  adj.  (incapable  of  being  dissociated;  insepa- 
rable) indi'soo-Si-a-bal. 
indissolubility  n.  indi-selio'bih-ti,  in-disdlio'bih-ti. 
indissoluble   adj.    (undecomposable)    indi'selio-bdt,    in'disa- 

liu-bal. 
indissolubly  adv.  indi'selio-bh,  in'disdlio-bti. 
indite  v.  (put  into  verbal  form;  write)  in'dait. 
inditement  n.  (the  action  of  the  verb  indite;  composition) 

in'dait-mant. 
inditer  n.  i, writer;  scribbler)  in'dai-ta?. 
individual  adj.   (existing  as  a  separate   indivisible  entity; 

single;  particular)   indi'vidsu-al,  indi'vidju-al. 
individualize  v.  [also  spelt  individualise^  indi'vidsu-a-laxz. 
indocile  adj.  (intractable)  in'desil,  in'doo-sil,  in'doo-sait 
indocility  n.  (indecil  character)  indd'sih-ti. 
indoles  n.  (innate  character)  'inds-liz. 
indomitable  adj.  (stubbornly  persistent)  in'demitd-baL 
indoor  adj.  situated  or  carried  on  within  doors   [also  spelt 

in-door"!  'in-do:r. 
indoors  adv.  (in  the  house;  under  cover)  in'doizz. 
indorse  v.  in'der^s.     same  meaning  as  endorse. 

Jyc,   gcure;  dthty  Othin;  jacure,  dj/oy;  jshoe,  tS  cftew; 
wwJten;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  \  react,  Qiu>\,  ^>a.\oo\, -vxl,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o*.  doot,  -^ioiio^  ^>ae\,  ^^^<fi«.\  ' 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  281 

indraft  n.  a  drawing  in;  influx;  inrush  [also  spelt  in- 
draughtl  'in-dta:ft. 

Indra'wn  adj.  (drawn  in)  in'dtc:n,  (assumptivly)  'in-drc:n. 

indubitable  adj,  (that  cannot  be  doubted)   in'djou-bitd-bdl. 

induce  v,  (prevail  upon;  incite;  cause;  derive  as  an  induc- 
tion) in'djous. 

inducible  adj.  (capable  of  being  induced,  caused,  or  brought 
about)  in'dJDU-sd-bd!. 

induct  V.  (introduce;  initiate)  in'dAkt. 

induline  n.  any  one  of  a  series  of  coal-tar  colors  [also, 
sometimes,  spelt  indulM  'mdjo-lin,  'indjo-lain. 

indusial  adj.  (of  indusia  or  larva-cases)  in'djou-zi-dl,  in- 
'djou-33l. 

indusium  n.  amnion;  sorus-cup;  larva-case  [plural  indusial 
in'djou-zi-3m,  in'djou-si-am,  m'djou-Si-am,  in'djou-si-am. 

industry  n.  (systematic  work;  productiv  labor)  'ind3-st£i. 

inebriate  adj,  (drunken,  intoxicated)  i'nii-b?i-9t. 

inebriety  n.  (drunkenness;  inebriation)  ini'brai-i-ti. 

ineligible  adj,  (not  eligible)   in'ehdsd-bdl. 

inequitable  adj.  (not  equitable;  unjust)  in'ekwitd-bd}. 

inerrable  adj,  (not  errable;  unerring,  infallible)  in'e^a-bd}, 
in'oi-ea-bal. 

inertia  n.  (passivness,  etc.)  i^uBz^d,  I'nBiz-l^. 

inezbanstible   adj.    (exhaustless)    indg'zcr-std-bdl. 

inexorable   adj.   (unyielding)   in'eksd^d-bsl,   in'eks^s-bdt 

inexpert  adj,  (not  expert;  unskild)  insWspBizt. 

inexpiable  adj.  (not  to  be  expiated  or  atoned  for;  also,  im- 
placable) in'ekspi-d-bdl. 

inexplicable  adj.  (that  cannot  be  explaind)  in'ekspLikd-bsl, 
(assumptivly)  in'ekspti-kabal ;  (vulgarly)  inak'sptika-bal. 

inexpressible  adj,  (that  cannot  be  exprest  in  words)  insk- 
'spsesd-bdl. 

inexpugnable  adj.  (not  expugnable;  impregnable)  insk- 
'sp^ou-na-bal,  inak'spAgna-bal. 

inextricable  adj.  (from  which  one  cannot  extricate  him- 
self; involvd)   m'ekstjika-bal,   (assumptivly)   in'ekstsi-kabal. 

infallible  adj.  (inerrable,  unerring)  in'faeld-bd). 

infamous  adj.  (of  ill  fame  or  repute;  wicked)  'infa-mas,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'infamas. 

infamously  adv.  'infama-SLi. 

infante  n.  (son  of  the  king  and  queen  of  Spain  or  Portu- 
gal other  than  the  principe  or  heir  to  the  throne ;  the  sec- 
ond son)  in'fxnti. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy :  a:  far,  go  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  somtv^  \^  V>xv^\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\ie  io\\o^\t^%  ^-^^X^iJ^^* 


282  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

infanticide  n.   (killing  of  infants;  child-murder)    in'fxnti- 

said. 
infantile  adj.  of  an  infant;   of  infancy   [also,  sometimes, 

spelt  infantil']  'infan-til,  'infan-tail. 
infantine  adj.  (infantil)  'infdn-tain,  'infan-tin. 
infatuate  v,  (make  fatuous  or  foolish)  in'fsetSu-et,  in'fxtQU- 

et. 
infeonnd  adj.  (not  fecund;  barren)  in'fe-kAnd,  in'fii-kAnd; 

(formerly)  in-fi'kAnd. 
inferable  adj.  that  may  be  inferred;  deducible  [also,  former- 
ly,  spelt   inferible;   synonymous   cognates   inferrible ,   infer- 

rablel  in'f oi-ra-bal ;  'infa^a-bal;  'infa-rabal,  'infsdbal. 
inference  n.  'infd-rsns,  (rapidly)  'inf^sns. 
inferrible  adj.    [also  spelt  inferrable'\   in'fB:-;9-b9}.     same 

meaning  as  inferable, 
infidel  n,  (unbeliever)  'infi-dl,  'infi-dal. 
infidelity  n.  (unbelief;  disloyalty)  infi'deh-ti,  in-fi'dch-ti. 
infiltrate  v,  (introduce  by  filtration ;  percolate)   in'f il-tset 
infinite  adj.  boundless  [also  spelt  infiniti  'infi-nit. 
infinitesimal   adj.    (infinitly    small)    infini'tesi-mdl;    (less 

properly)  infini'tezi-mal, 
infinitival  adj.  (of  the  infinitiv)  infini'tai-val,  in'fini-tival. 
inflammation  n.  [also,  formerly,  spelt  inflamation"]  infi.a- 

'mee-San. 
inflammatory  adj.  in'fuemd-to^i,   in^fz^sema-ts^i,    (rapidly) 

in'ftaema-tji. 
inflection  n.  bending;  angle;  change  [also  spelt  inflexion} 

in'fLekSan. 
inflectional  adj,  [also  spelt  inflexional}  in'fi.ek$3-n}.' 
inflexible  adj.  (unbearable)   in'fLeksd-bd). 
inflorescence  «.   (flowering-system;   blossom)    infL^'sesans, 

xn-fz-o'^esans. 
influencive  adj.  tending  to  influence  [also  spelt  influensive, 

influensivl  infLu'ensiv,  'inftu-an-siv. 
influent  adj.  (flowing  in)  'inftu-ant. 
infold  V.   wrap   up;   enclose;   embrace   [synonymous  cognate 

enfold}  in'fooM. 
infolded  adj.  (folded  in ;  having  the  margin  turnd  in  with  a 

fold)  in'fool-did,  (assumptivly)  'in-fool-did. 
informed  adj.  instructed  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  informd}  m- 

'fe:^md,  (also,  in  poetry)  in'ferr-mid. 
infrangible  adj.   (unbreakable)   in'f^aendsa-bal. 
infra-ocular  adj,  (below  the  eyes)  inf^a'ekgo-la?. 

J  yc,   g  cure ;  5  the,  0  thin ;  ^  3  asure,  dj  joy ;   5  shoe,   tj  chew; 
wzc'Aen;  rising;  u  whoever,  itcaLCt,  iiiuW,  \i>3Lioo\,  \<t,  usee; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o*.  ^oot,  •:iOivo,  ^,\ic\,  ^^^a\&\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  283 

n.  woolen  fillet  or  band  worn  by  priests  [ploral  infu- 
lael  'infio-ld. 

infuadiliiiliim  »•  (funnel-like  part)  infdn'dibjo-ldin,  in-fAn- 
'dibjo-ldm. 

infuidlile  adj,  (not  fusible)  in'fiou-zd-ba}. 

infiuiori|iiii  ».  animalcule  [ploral  infusoria]  infio'z3:-7i-9m, 
infio'8o:-sd-9m. 

insonious  adj,  (apt,  clever,  skilful;  well  contrived)  in'dsii- 
nJ9s,  in'dsii-ni-ds. 

ingenue  n.  (ingenuous  or  artless  girl  or  woman)  srjse'njou. 

insennity  n.  (inventivness)  indsi'njou-i-ti. 

insenuoiu  adj,  (free-born;  generous;  noble;  frank)  in- 
'd3enju-3S. 

Insot  n.  (mass  of  metal  cast  in  a  mold)  'iggst. 

ingraft  v.  insert  for  propagation;  imbed  [synonymous  cog- 
nate engraft]  in'gza:ft. 

ingrain  v.  dye  with  grain  or  scarlet  dye;  dye  in  the  fiber 
or  raw  material;  imbue;  impregnate  [synonymous  cognate 
engrain;  past  participle  and  preterit  ingrained,  ingraind] 
in'gzeen, 

ingrain  adj.  (dyed  in  grain;  dyed  in  the  fiber)  in'g;een, 
(assumptivly)  'in-grcen. 

ingrain  n.  (yam  or  fabric  dyed  in  the  fiber)  'in-green. 

ingrate  adj,  (ungrateful)   in'g?eet,   (^assumptivly)  'in-g?et. 

ingrate  n,  (ungrateful  person)  'in-g?et,  in'g?eet. 

ingratiate  v.  (bring  into  favor;  make  agreeable)  in'gzee-$i- 
et. 

ingredient  n.  (constituent,  element)  in'g7ii-di-9nt ;  Qess 
properly)  in'grii-dsant. 

ingress  n.  (action  or  fact  of  going  in;  entrance;  beginning) 
'm-gees. 

ingninal  adj.  (of  the  groin)  'ii]gwi-n}. 

ingnlf  V.  in'gAlf.    same  meaning  as  engulf. 

inlialant  adj,  inhaling  [also  spelt  inhalent]  in'hee-ldnt. 

inl&alation  n.  (breathing  in)  in-hdlee-S^n. 

inlieritor  n.  (heir,  e'tc.)  in'hezi-tsz. 

inliiliit  V,  (forbid,  prohibit;  restrain)  in'hibit. 

inl&ibiter  n.  [also  spelt  inhihitorl  in'hibi-td?. 

inliibition  n.  in-hi^biSdn,  ini'biSdn. 

inliospitable  adj.  (not  hospitable)  in'hespitd-bdl,  (assump- 
tivly)   in'hespi-tabal ;    (improperly)    in-hes'pita-bal. 

inliunie  v,  (inter,  bury)  inTigoum. 

inimical  adj.  (hostil)  I'mmi-ksl. 

c:  law,  b:  fi«r,  a  cot,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceAiivw,  ^Ci>ycv^  \^  Vircv'^kN 
stress-mark  ()  indicates  chi''*  stress  on  tYie  Iq^Xq^vcv.^  vj^'aJ^^* 


284  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

inimitable    adj.    (incapable    of    being    imitated;    peerless) 

I'nimitd-bd},  (assumptivly)  I'niini-tabal. 
inion  n.  ridge  of  the  occiput  [ploral  inial  'ini-sn. 
initial  v.  mark  or  sign  with  initials  [present  participle  tfii- 

tialing,  initialling;  past  participle  and  preterit  initialed,  ini- 
tialled, initiald}  I'mSsl. 
initialize  n.  use  an  initial,  etc.  [also  spelt  initialise}  i'ni$9- 

laiz. 
initiate  v.  (begin;  introduce;  start)  I'niSi-et. 
iniay  v.  (lay  or  embed  in  another  piece;  insert)  inlee. 
inlay  n.  (inlaying;  inlaid  work)  'in-lee,  inlee. 
inmost  adj.  (farthest  within)  'in-most,  'inmast. 
inn  n.  (hostelry,  small  hotel)  in. 
innate  adj,  (inborn)  I'neet,  (assumptivly)  'i-net;   (also)  in- 

'ncet,  (assumptivly)  'in-net. 
innately  adv.  I'nee-tLi,  'i-netz.i. 
inning  n.  (taking  in;  reclaimd  lands;  being  in,  or  at  the 

bat)  'iniq. 
innocent  adj,  (doing  no  evil,  etc.)  'ind-sdnt,  (assumptivly) 

'inssdnt. 
innocuous  adj.  (harmless)  I'nekgu-ss. 
innuendo   n.   parenthetical   explanation ;   oblique   hint    [also 

spelt  inuendo;  ploral  innuendoes,  innuendosl  inju'enda. 
inoculate  v.  (bud  into  another  plant;  ingraft)  I'nekgo-let. 
inopportune  adj.  (not  opportune)  in-epsr'tgoun. 
inquire  v.  ask  about;   ask;  search,  seek  [synonymous  cog- 
nate enquire'^  in'kiuai?. 
inquiry  n.  search ;  query  [synonymous  cognate  enquiryl  in- 

'kiuai-ei,  (often)  in'kiuaia-^i ;  (also)  'inku)i-?i,  'iqkiua-ei. 
insatiable  adj,   (not  satiable ;  greedy)   in'see-Si-d-bal ;    (less 

properly)  in'see-Sa-bal. 
insatiate  adj.  (insatiable)  in'see-$i-9t. 
inscience  n.  (nescience)  'in$9ns,  'in$i-3ns,  'insi-sns. 
inscrutable  adj,  (impenetrable  to  inquiry)   in'sksou-td-bdl. 
insectile  adj.  of  insects  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  insectill  in- 

'sektil,  in'sek-tail;   (also)  'in-sektil. 
insectivorous  adj.  (insect-eating)  insek'tiv3-73s. 
insensible  adj.  in'sensa-bdl. 
inseparable  adj.  (not  separable)  in'seps^s-bdl,  (rapidly)  in- 

'sep53-b3l. 
insert  v.  (set  in;  introduce;  include)  in'sB:zt. 
insert  n.  (something  inserted)  'in-soirt. 
insertion  n.  in'sB?$3n,  in'sB:7-$3n. 

jyc,   gcure;  bthe,  9  fftin ;   5  asure,  ds/oy;   5  ^/loe,   tl  chew: 
wzvhen;  i)sing\  u  whoever,  \  react,  wiu\\,  \i>3Lioo\,  \\\,  \ise^; 
o  poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  a  but,  o*.  doot,  -aowo,  ^,\ie^,  ^^^ysX^N 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  285 

inset  n.  (inflow;  insert)  'in-set. 

inset  V.  (set  in;  insert;  fix  an  inset  in)  in'set. 

inshore  adj.  (near  the  shore)  in'S^*^*  (assumptivly)  *in-lo:z. 

inshore  adv,  (toward  the  shore)   in'loiz,  ^in-loiz. 

inside  n.  (the  inner  side;  interior)  in'said,  'in-said. 

inside  adj,  (interior,  internal)  in'said,  (assumptivly)  'in-sazd. 

inside  adv,  (on  or  in  the  inside)  in'said,  'in-said. 

inside  prep,  (inside  of;  within)  in'said,  'in-said. 

insidious  adj,  (sly;  underhand;  wily)  in'sidi-3s. 

insight  n.  (a  seeing  into  things;  penetration)  'in-sait. 

insig^ne  n.  badge;  emblem  [mostly  used  in  the  ploral,  insig- 

nial  in'signi. 
insition  n.  (ingraftment)  in'sijan;  (less  properly)  in'sisan. 
in  situ  adv.  (in  its  place ;  in  place)  in'sai-tgu. 
insnare  v.  entrap  [synonymous  cognate  ensnare"]  in'sNe:?. 
insolate  v.  (expose  to  the  sun's  rays)  'ins9-)et. 
insoluble  adj.  (that  cannot  be  dissolvd;  also,  inexplicable) 

in'selio-bal. 
insolvable  adj,  (incapable  of  being  solvd  or  explaind)   in- 

'solv3-b9l. 
insontucli  adv,  (to  such  an  extent)  inss'mAtS. 
insouciant  adj.   (careless)   in'sou-si-snt. 
inspiratory   adj.    (of   inspiration)    in'spai-79-t37i,    'inspi^a- 

tari,  'inspi-^eta-ei, 
inspissate  v.  (thicken,  condense)  in'spiset,  'inspi-set. 
install  V,  place  in  a  stall  or  official  seat ;  instate  [also  spelt 

install   past  participle   and   preterit   installed,   instald"]    in- 

'stc:!. 
instalment  n.  [also  spelt  installmentl   in'stc:)-m9nt. 
instanter  adv.  (immediately;  at  once)  in'staentar. 
in  statu  quo  adv,  (in  the  condition  in  which  it  was  before) 

in'stee-tgo-ku)DO,  in-stee-tSo'kujoo. 
instead  adv,  in  the  sted,  in  place  [also  spelt  insted"]  in's^ed; 

(dialectally)  in'stid. 
iiistil  V.  put  in  by  drops;  inject;  insinuate  [also  spelt  instill; 

past  participle  and  preterit  instilled,  instild]  in'stil. 
instinct  n.  (innate  impulse)  'in-stii]kt. 
instinct  adj.   (imbued,  charged)   in'stiqkt. 
institute   n.    (institution;    society)    'insti-tgut;    (dialectally) 

'insti-tut. 
institution  n.  insti'tguu-S^n ;  (dialectally)  insti'tou-$3n. 
institutive    adj,    instituting    [also    spelt    institutivl    'insti- 

tgutiv.  • 

c:  law,  b:  fi«r,  a  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  aiktte; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceditv^  somt^^  is  ViWk\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  tYie  i©\\o^\tv%  s^'C^Jc^s.. 


286  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

initmment  n.  (means;  tool;  document)  'insts^-mdnt. 

inatminent  v.  (arrange  or  score  for  instruments  or  for  an 
orchestra)  'instja-mant,  instjo'ment. 

insulax  n.  (of  an  island,  etc.)  'insQo-137,  'inSo-tae. 

insulate  v,  (isolate,  etc.)  'insgo-}et,  'inSo-}et,  'insa-let. 

insult  n.  (attack;  affront,  outrage)  'in-SAlt. 

insnlt  V,  (affront,  outrage)  in'sAtt. 

insure  v,  secure  against  loss ;  guarantee,  assure  [synenymous 
cognate  ensurel  in'So:?. 

intaglio  n.  incised  design  [ploral  intaglios,  intagli}  in'ta^-jo, 
in'taeljo;  in'ta:l-jo. 

integer  n.  (whole  number;  unit  quantity)  'inti-dsd?. 

integ^able  adj.  (capable  of  being  integrated)  'intig^a-bd}. 

integral  adj.,  n.  (whole,  etc.)  'inti-gzr9l ;  (improperly)  in- 
'teg^al,  in'tii-gral. 

integrity  n,  (wholeness;  soundness;  honesty)  in'tegri-ti. 

intellect  n.  (understanding)  'inta-lekt,  'inti-lekt. 

intelleotible  adj,  (intelligible)  intdlektd-bdl. 

intelleotualize  v.  [also  spelt  intellectualisel  intalektSn-o- 
}aiz. 

intelligible  adj.  (comprehensible)  in'tehdsd-bdt. 

intendant  n.  superintendent,  manager  [also,  formerly,  spelt 
intendentl  in'tendant. 

intention  n.  in'ten^dn. 

inter  v.  inhume,  bury  [past  participle  and  preterit  interred, 
inter dl  in'te:?. 

inter  prep,  (between,  among)  'intar. 

intercalary  adj.  (intercalated,  interpolated)  in'tBzk^Atzi; 
(less  properly)  inta^'kaela-?!.  , 

intercalation  n.  in-tB^kstee-Sdn. 

intercede  v.  (interpose)  intar'siid. 

intercbange  n.   (exchange)   intar'tSeends,  'intar-tSeends. 

int^rcbange  v.  intd^'t^eends. 

intercbangeable  adj,  ints^'tSeen-dsd-bdl. 

interdict  v.  (prohibit,  forbid)  inta^'dikt. 

interdict  n,  (prohibition)  'int3?-dikt. 

interest  n.  'int3-?ist,  (rapidly)  'intjist;  (dialectally  or  vul- 
garly) 'int-tj3st. 

interest  v.  'inta-rist,  (rapidly)  'intjist;  (also,  in  America, 
less  properly)  inta'^est. 

interested  adj.  'inta^i-stid,  (assumptivly)  'inta-ristid ;  (rap- 
idly) 'intji-stid,  (assumptivly)  'intjistid;  (also)  'inta-rcstid ; 
(also,  in  America,  less  properly)  inta'^estid. 

J  yCf   9  cure ;   5  the,  G  thin ;  ^  3  a^ure,  ds  joy ;    S  * /toe,   tS  cAew; 
wwhen;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  iteaiet,  oiu\\,  vi\3LiooV  "ttt,  lise^; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  xbut,  t)\^oot,  •:iOTvo,  «.\ic^,  ^^^a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  287 

interesting  adj,  'intari-stig,  {assumptivly)  'intd-ristii] ;  (rap- 
idly) 'intji-stiq,  (assumptivly)  'intjistiq;  (also)  'inta-ecstiq ; 

(also,  in  America,  less  properly)  intd'^estiq. 
interfluent  adj,  (flowing  between;  flowing  into  each  other) 

in'tB?fi.u-3nt. 
interleaf  n.  extra  leaf  between  others   [ploral  interleaves'! 

intae'hif,  'inta?-hif. 
interlocutor   n.    (one   who  takes   part   in   a   conversation; 

judgment)    int^zlekqo-tsz ;    (less  properly)    intarla'k^ou-ta?. 
interlocutory  adj,  (of  or  occurring  in  dialog,  conversation, 

or  action)  inta^'lekgo-ton,  inta^'lekgo-taei. 
interloper  n.  (unauthorized  trader;  one  who  interferes)  in- 

t3?lD0-p3r,  'int3e-lop3?. 
intermeuo  n.  (dramatic  or  musical  piece  between  acts,  etc.) 

intdz'medzo. 
interminable  adj.  (endless)  in'tB:7-min9-b3l. 
intermittent  adj.  (ceasing  at  intervals)   intd^'mitnt. 
intern  adj.  internal  [also  spelt  interne']  in'tB:zn. 
intern  n.  inmate ;  assistant  resident  physician  [also  spelt  in- 

ternel  in'tor^n. 
internationalize    v.    [also    spelt    internationalise']     int^z- 

'nxl^nl-aiz. 
internecine  adj,  destructiv,   deadly   [also,  sometimes,  spelt 

internecin]  int3;'nii-sin,  inta^'nii-sain ;   (improperly)   intar- 

'nesin. 
intemecion  n.  (destruction;  slaughter)   int97'nii-$3n. 
intemuncial    adj.    (conveying    messages;    communicating) 

intae'nAnSal,  int3?'nAntS9l. 
internuncio  n.   (papal  representativ  sent  between  nuncios, 

etc.)  inta^'nAnJi-o. 
interpellate  v.  (address  with  a  question,  in  interruption  of 

the  order  of  the  day)  int3?'pelet. 
interpellation  n.   (interruption)    in-tB?p3'lee-$9n,   int3?-pc- 

lee-San. 
interpolate  v,  (insert,  as  in  a  writing;  introduce  surrepti- 
tiously; intercalate)  in'te^pa-let. 
interpolation   n.    (action   of   interpolating;    insertion)    in- 

tB?p3lee-S9n. 
interposition  n,  (intervention)  intd^pd'zi^dn. 
interrogate  n.  (question)  in'terd-get. 

interrogatiTC  adj.,  n.  [also  spelt  interrogativ]  mta'zega-tiv. 
intersperse  v.  (scatter  between  other  things)  intar'speirs. 
interstate  adj.  intar'steet,  (assumptivly)  'int3?-steet. 

c:  low,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  noiM,  a*.  q?»V.,  ^\N2i\\s.% 
Icngth-morJf  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceditvv^  sovm^  \^  X^^V-. 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  tVie  ieWo^ixi^  ^^>\«X^e., 


288  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

interstice  n.  intervening  space;  chink;  interval  [also  qielt 
interstis'i  in'te^stis,  in'tB:7-stis ;  'int3?-stis. 

interstitial  adj.  (of  interstices)  intdz'stiSdl. 

intervene  v,  (come  between)  intds'viin. 

intestacy  n.  (condition  of  dying  intestate  or  without  Iuit- 
ing  made  a  will)  in'testd-si. 

intestine  n.  gut,  bowel  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  intestin]  m- 
'testin;  (improperly)  in'te-stain. 

inthrall  v.  (obsolete)  in'O^c:!.    same  meaning  as  enthraU, 

intine  n.  inner  membrane  of  a  pollen-grain  [also  spelt  iniin] 
'intin. 

intitule  v.  (furnish  with  a  heading;  entitle)  in'ti-tctit. 

into  prep,  'into,  (when  less  strest)  'inta,  inta. 

intonate  v,  (intone,  etc.)  'intd-net. 

intrados  n.  (inner  or  lower  curve  of  an  arch)  m'tiee-des. 

intransigent  adj.  uncompromising,  irreconcilable  [also  spelt 
intransigeanti  in'tjaensi-dsant,  in't£a:n-si-d53nt. 

intrencli  v,  surround  with  a  trench ;  fortify  with  walls  [syn- 
onymous cognate  entrench]  in'tsentS,  (in  Britain)  in'tsenS. 

intricacy  n.  (state  of  being  intricate;  complexity)  'intsika-si. 

intrigant  n.  intriguer  [also  spelt  intriguant]  'intsi-gant. 

intrigante  n.  female  intriguer  [also  spelt  intriguante]  n- 
tsi'goint,  'intji-gant. 

intrigne  n.  (underhand  plotting;  liaison)  in'tsiig,  'in-tpg. 

intrigue  v.   (trick,  entangle,  plot)   in't£iig. 

introit  n.  (antiphon  at  the  introit;  entrance-psalm)  in'tpo- 
it. 

intromission  n.  (admission;  intermeddling)  ints9'mi$9n. 

introsusception  n.  (action  of  taking  up  or  receiving  with- 
in; intussusception)  intjasa'sepjan. 

intrusion  n.  (action  of  intruding  or  pushing  in)  m'tsou-san. 

intrusive  adj.  [also  spelt  intrusiv]  in'tjou-siv. 

intrust  v,  confide  [synonymous  cognate  entrust]  m'tjAst. 

intuit  V.  know  by  intuition  [also  spelt  intuite]  'in-tQu-it. 

intuition  n.  (immediate  knowledge  or  apprehension;  direct 
insight)  intQu'iSan. 

intuitive  adj.  of  intuition  [also  spelt  intuitiv]  in'tgou-i-trv. 

intumescence  n.  (swelling)  intQo'mesdns. 

intussusception  n,  (a  taking  in;  ingestion;  invagination; 
introsusception)  intasa'sepSan. 

inundate  v.  (overflow;  flood;  swamp)  I'nAn-det,  'inan-det. 

inure   v.   accustom,   habituate    [synonymous   cognate    enure] 

j  ye,   g  cure ;   5  the,  0  thin \  ^  5  a£:ure,  dj  /oy ;   S  shoe,   tS  chew; 
wwhen;  i)sing\  u  whoever,  \ react,  xiivXV,  ^\3Lioo\,  \\V  \\«««; 
o  poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  xbut,  o*.  doox,  ^0x10,  ^\ie^,  ^^%5fi^&\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  289 

^^■"■^■^-"^^■■^■^^  ■ 

Ld  adj.  (not  valid)  in'vahd. 

Id  adj.   (infirm,  sick)   'inva-hd,   (assumptivly)  'invalid, 

idly)  'invhd;  (also)  invaliid,  'inva-lid. 

Ld    n.    (sick    person)    'inva-hd,    (anteriorly)    'invalid; 

idly)  'invlid;  (also)  inva'hid,  'inva-lid. 

Id  V,  (affect  with  sickness;  lay  up)  'inva-lid,  invaliid, 

»-lid. 

Ion  n.  (hostil  inroad  or  incursion)  in'vee-san. 

^h.  V.  rail   [past  participle  and  preterit  inveighed,  in- 

hdl  in'vee. 

jle  V.  (entice,  allure,  seduce)  in'vii-gal. 

tible  adj.  (capable  of  being  invented)  in'venta-bal. 

.top  n.  one  who  invents  [also,  but  now  rarely,  spelt  in- 

erl  in'ventar. 

.tory  n.  (detaild  list;   catalog)   'invan-toei,  'invan-ta^i, 

)n-t£i. 

se    adj,    (inverted)    in'vB:?s,    (often,    assumptivly)    'in- 

« 

se  n.  (inverted  state;  that  which  is  inverted)   in'vB:?s, 

TBZS. 

sion  n.   (a  turning  upside  down;   reversal)   in'vB^S^n, 

arr-San,  in'vB:?-3an. 

oible  adj.  (unconquerable)  in'vinsa-bal. 

Ible  adj.  (that  cannot  be  seen)  in'viza-bal. 

Atory  adj.  (that  invites)  in'vai-ta-to?i. 

atory   adj.    (of    invocation)    in'veka-tori,    in'veka-ta^i, 

a-keta-^i. 

ncel  n.  (partial  or  secondary  involucre)  in'velio-sal,  in- 

o-sel;  (improperly)  'inva-liu-sel. 

noellate  adj.  in-velio'selet ;  (less  properly)  inva'liou-se- 

uoral   adj.    (of   an  involucre)    invaliou-ksal,   'inva-liu- 

• 

uorate  adj.  (having  an  involucre)  inva'liou-kset,  inva- 
i-lreat. 

nore  n,  (envelop;  whorl  of  bracts;  involucrum)  'inva- 
ar,  'inva-luka?;   (less  properly)  inva'liou-kajr. 
aomm   n.   envelop,   involucre   [ploral  involucra"]   inva- 
i-lcsam. 

ve  V,  infold,  entangle,  etc.  [also  spelt  involv;  past  par- 
pie  and  preterit  involved,  involvdl  in'velv. 
11  V.  wall  in  [synenymous  cognate  enwalt]  in'wcil. 
11  n.  (inner  or  inside  wall)  'in-wc:l. 

,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a*,  a^k.,  ^\VA\ft\ 
-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceditv?f  ^omtv^  a&  \^^^% 
Tiark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\v^  ioWQ^tTv^  s-^^-b^Jw^^ 


1 


290  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

in^irrap  v»  infold   [synonymous  cognate  enwrap;  past  parti- 
ciple and  preterit  inwrapped,  inwrapf]  in'srxp. 
in'WToaglit   adj.    having   something   workt    in;    worlct  into 

something  [former  synonymous  cognate  enwroughtl  in'rc:t, 

(assumptivly)  'in-?c:t. 
iodic  adj,  (of  iodin)  ai'odik. 
iodide  n.  compound  of  iodin  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  iodid] 

'ai-3-daid,  (before  of)  'ai-a-did. 
iodine  n.  element  [also  spelt  iodini  'ai-9-din,  'ai-a-dam,  'ai-9- 

din. 
iodoform  n.  (compound)  'ai-3d3-fe:7m,  ai'30-d3-fe:7m. 
ion  n.  (anion  or  cation)  'ai-sn. 
Ionic  adj,  (of  Ionia,  etc.)  ai'enik. 
ionic  adj,  (of  ions)  ai'onik. 
Ionise  v.  lonicize  [also  spelt  Ionise"]  'ai-3-naiz. 
ionise  v.  (convert  into  an  ion  or  ions)  'ai-9-naiz. 
iota  n.  (Greek  letter;  least  particle;  atom)  ai'oo-td. 
ipecac  n.  (ipecacuanha)  'ipi-kaek. 
ipecacuaiUia  n.  root;  plant  [synonymous  cognates  ipecacuan, 

ipecac]  ipi-kaekgu'ana. 
irascibility  n,  ai-^aesa'bih-ti,  i-raesanbih-ti. 
irascible    adj.    (prone    to    anger;    hot-temperd)    aiVaes^-bdl, 

I'^aesa-bal, 
irate  adj.  (excited  to  ire ;  angry)  ai'^eet,  'ai-?et. 
irenical  adj.  (pacific;  non-polemic)  ai'reni-kol,  ai'ni-ni-kal. 
irenicon  n.  message  of  peace  [also  spelt  eirenicon;   ploral 

irenica]  aiVii-ni-kan,  aiVeni-kan. 
iresine  n.  (plant)  ai-?i'sai-ni,  ai-?i'sai-ni. 
iridal  adj.   (of  the  rainbow)  'ai-?i-dl,  {rarely)  'iri-dl. 
irides  n,  (ploral  of  iris)  'i^i-diz,  'ai-?i-diz. 
iridescence  n.   (play  of  changing  colors)   i^i'dessns;    {less 

properly)  ai-?i'des3ns. 
iridicolor  adj.  iridescent  [also  spelt  iridicolour]  ^izidi-kktsz. 
iridium  n.  (metal)  ai'^idi-sm,  I'^idi-sm. 
iridodesis   n.   (binding   of  the  iris;    iridesis)    ai-7i'dedi-sis, 

i3i'dodi-sis. 
iris  n,  rainbow;  colord  eye-membrane   [ploral  irises,  irides] 

'ai-^is. 
Irisbise  v,  make  Irish  [also  spelt  Irishise]  'ai-^i-Jaiz. 
iritis  n,  (inflammation  of  the  iris)   ai'?ai-tis,  ai'rii-tis. 
irksome     adj,     (wearisome,     tedious,     tiresome;     annoying) 

'orksam,  'ar^k-sam. 
iron  n.  (metal)  'ai-a^n;  {dialectally)  'ai-on,  'ai-^an. 

J  ye,   g  cure ;   d  the,  0  ffiin ;  ^  5  asure,  d;  joy ;    S  shoe,   tS  c/iew; 
wzi'hen;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  1  react,  oiu\\,  \3>a.ioo\,  ^\\.,  -ix-^ee; 
o poetic;  o  over,  e  oerial,  ^but,  o*.  ^oot,  •:iOTs.o,  ^\ie^,  ^^%ySc^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  291 

iromaoikger  n.  (hardware-merchant)  'ai-dzn-mAqga;. 

irony  n.  (dissimulation;   covert  sarcasm)   'ai-z9-ni. 

irony  adj,  (of  iron)  'ai-3?-ni,  'ai-ea-ni. 

irrational  adj.  (not  rational)  I'zaeSd-nl. 

irreeognisable  adj.  [also  spelt  irrecognisahlel  I'zekdg-nai- 

zd-bdi,  izilcegnizd-bdl,  i-reksg'nai-zd-bdl. 
irreeosniiant  adji  [also  spelt  irrecognisanti  iri'kegni-zdnt. 
irreeoneilable  adj,  i-^ekdn'sai-ld-bdl,  (assumptivly)  I'zeksn- 

sai-ld-bdt 
irreeoneilably  ttdv.  i-zeksn'sai-ld-bli,   (anteriorly)    I'^eksn- 

sai-ld-bti. 
irrefleetion   n.    want    of    reflection;    unreflecting    conduct 

[also  spelt  irreflexion]  lei'ftekSan. 
irrefrasAble   adj.   (incontrovertible)    i^i'fsxdsd-bdl,   I'refsa- 

d39-b9}. 
irrefutable  adj.  (irrefragable)  izi'fgou-ta-bal,  I'^efgota-bal. 
irrelevant  adj.  (not  relevant;  not  pertinent)  I'^eh-vant. 
irremeable  adj.  (admitting  of  no  return)  I'zemi-s-bdl,  I'zii- 

mi-d-bdl;  {less  properly)  i^i'mii-a-bal. 
irremediable  adj.  (incurable)  i^i'mii-di-d-bsl,  i^i'medi-s-bsl. 
irreniissible  adj.  (unpardonable;  unalterably  obligatory)  izi- 

'misd-bd). 
irreparable  adj.   (incapable  of  being  repaird  or  rectified) 

I'repaea-bal ;  {improperly)  in'per-ra-bal. 
irresoluble  adj.  (not  resoluble)  I'rezdHo-bsl. 
irresolnte  adj.  (unresolvd;  vacillating)  i'?ez9-Hut. 
irrespirable  adj.  (that  cannot  be  breathd)  I'^espdzrd-bdl,  izi- 

'spai-ra-bal,  iri'spaia-^a-bal. 
irretrievable    adj.    (irrecoverable;    irreparable)    i^i'tjii-v3- 

bdl. 
irrevoeable  adj.  I'^evaka-bal ;  {improperly)  i^i'voo-ka-bal. 
irruption  n.  (a  bursting  in ;  inroad)  I'^Ap^an. 
is  V,  (third  person  singular  present  indicativ  of  he)  iz,  {when 

less  strest)  z,  s. 
Isabel  n.  color  [also  spelt  isabellel  'izs-bel. 
isagoge  n.  introduction   [also  spelt  isagoguel   ai-ss'goo-dsi, 

ai-sa'goo-gi. 
isatie  adj.  (of  isatin)  ai'saetik. 
isatin  n.  compound  [also  spelt  isatine'i  'ai-ss-tin. 
isatis  n.  (white  fox)  'ai-sa-tis ;  {improperly)  'isa-tis,  ai'see- 

tis. 
iseliiatie  adj.  of  the  ischium  or  hip;   sciatic   [synonymous 

cognate  ischiadic^  iski'aetik. 

c:  law,  b:  f i«r,  a  cot,  o  hot,  oi  boy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (:)  jndjcates  that  the  preceding  so>r^^  \^  Vrc^^N 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ioWo^^x^SL  «^^^2^^» 


292  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

isoliiorrhos^o   adj.   (limping:    said  of  a  variety- of  iambic 

trimeter)  iski-a'^edsik,  iski-a'zao-dsik. 
Islunaelite  n.  (descendant  of  Ishmael)  'ilui-^Aait,  'iS-me-^- 

}ait. 
Isiao  adj.  (of  Isis)  /ai-si-xk,  'isi-xk. 
Isiaoal  adj,  ai'sai-d-ks).    same  meaning  as  Isiac. 
isidium  n.  coral-like  excrescence  on  lichens  [ploral  isidia] 

ai'sidi-3m. 
isinglass. n.  (gelatin;  mica)  'ai-zii)-gla:s;  (less  properly)  'ai- 

zn-gla:s. 
Islam  w.  (Mohammedanism;  the  Mohammedan  world)  'iSLOm, 

'izlsm,  is1a:m. 
Islan&io  adj.  (of  Islam)  islxmik,  is1a:-mik. 
Islamite  n.  (Mohammedan)  'isLd-mait,  'izld-mait. 
island  n.  tract  of  land  surrounded  by  water  [also  spelt  Hand} 

'ai-lsnd. 
isle  n.  island  [also  spelt  ile'\  ail. 

islet  n.  little  isle ;  small  island ;  spot  [also  spelt  ilet"]  'ai-lit 
ism  n.  (doctrin,  theory)  'izam,  'izm. 
Ismaelian  n.  one  of  a  sect  of  the  Shiite  branch  of  Islam 

[synonymous    cognate    Ismailian}    isiii'ii-li-dn,    isMi'eU-9n, 

iSMe'ii-li-an. 
isobar  n.  (isobarometric  line)  'ai-s3-ba:e. 
isooheim   n.   line   of   equal   mean   winter   temperature    [also 

spelt  isochimel  'ai-sa-kaim. 
isoohronons  adj.  (of  equal  time)  ai'sekss-nas. 
isolable   adj.    (that   can  be   isolated)    'ai-sdls-bal,   'isald-bdl, 

'izdld-bdl. 
isolate  v.  (place  alone;  insulate)  'ai-sa-let,  'is9-let,  'iza-let. 
isolation  n.  ai-sd'lee-Jdn,  iss'lee-Jdn,  izslee-Ssn. 
isomere  n.  (homologous  limb-segment)  'ai-ss-mi:?. 
isomeric  adj.  (having  elements  the  same  in  kind  but  diffe- 
rent in  arrangement;   also,  homologous)  ai-s3'me?ik. 
isomerism  n.  (fact  or  state  of  being  isomeric)  ai'semd-zizdm. 
isopsephio  adj.  (numerically  equal)  ai-sa'sefik,  ai-so'sii-fik; 

(rarely)  ai-so'psefik,  ai-so'psii-fik. 
isosceles  adj.  (having  two  of  its  sides  equal)  ai'sesd-liz. 
isotherm   n,    (line    of   uniform    mean    temperature)    'ai-s9- 

Geizrm. 
isotropic  adj.  (having  the  same  properties  in  all  directions) 

ai-s3'tjepik. 
isotropy  n.  (having  like  physical  properties  in  all  directions) 

ai'setja-pi,  'ai-sa-tjopi. 

/  J'e,   g  cure ;  bthe,  8  thin ;  ^  5  arure,  ds /oy ;   S  shoe,  ^  tS  chew ; 
wzvhen;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  iteact,  \3iu\V  ^Miool,  itt,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  9  over ,  e  aerial,  Abut,  ;>;  doot,  ^i^tio,  ^\ic^>  ^^%oX^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  293 

Israelite  n.  (descendant  of  Israel;  Hebrew;  Jew)  'izzi-9-lait, 

'iz-^e-d-lait. 
iwiiiable  adj,  'iju-d-bd},  'isgu-d-bdL 
issnanee  n.  (act  of  issuing;  issue)  'iSu-sns,  'isQu-sns. 
issue  n,  (outgoing;  outlet;  offspring;  outcome;  moot  point) 

'ijo,  'is?o,  'iSJo. 
isthiaiaii  adj.  (of  an  isthmus)  'isici-an,  'izmi-sn,  'istici-sn, 

'isOici-dn. 
istlm&ns  n,  neck  of  land  [ploral  isthmuses,  isthtnQ  'isicds, 

'izmds,  'istMds,  'isOmss. 
isUe  n.  fiber  [also  spelt  ystle;  synonymous  cognates  ixtle, 

ixtW}  'istLi,  'istl. 
it  noun-pron,  it,  (when  unstrest)  t. 
itaoism  n.  'li-ts-sizam. 
itaka-irood  n.  'itaka-wod. 

Italian  adj.,n,  I'taelidn;  {less  properly)  ai'taelian. 
Italianize  v,  [also  spelt  Italianise']  I'tsHd-naiz. 
Italie  adj,  (of  Italy)  I'taehk;  (less  properly)  ai'taehk. 
italie  adj.,  n,  (in  printing)  i'taehk ;  {less  properly)  ai'taehk. 
italioisation    n.    [also    spelt    italicisation]    i-tsehsi'zee-Sdn, 

i-taeh-sai'zee-^dn. 
italioise  v.  print  in  italics  [also  spelt  italicise]  I'tseh-saiz ; 

{less  properly)  ai'taeh-saiz. 
Italiot  n.  Italian  Greek  [synonymous  cognate  Italiote]  I'taeli- 

et. 
ita-palm  n,  'it9-pa:m. 
iteli  n.  (skin-sensation)  itS. 
item  adv,  (likewise ;  also)  'ai-tdm. 
item  n.  (intimation,  hint ;  article ;  entry)  'ai-tam. 
itemise  v.  [also,  rarely,  spelt  itemise]  'ai-ti-maiz. 
iter  n.  circuit,  eyre ;  Roman  road ;  way,  passage  [plural  iters, 

itinera]  'ai-ta?,  'ita?. 
iterant  adj.  (that  iterates;  repeating)  'ita-eant. 
iterate  n.  (repeat)  'ita-^et. 
iterative  adj.  [also  spelt  iterativ]  'it3?3-tiv. 
itinerant   adj.    (journeying;    traveling)    ai'tina-rant,   I'tina- 

79nt. 
itinerary  adj.,  n.  (route)  ai'tina-een,  ai'tma-rari,  I'tin^-z^zi. 
Inlns  w,  millepod  [synonymous  cognate  yulus]  ai'jou-las. 
iTied  adj.  overgrown  with  ivy  [also  spelt  ivyed]  'ai-vid. 
ivory  n.  (hard  dentin)  'ai-va-^i,  {rapidly)  'ai-vri. 
ivy  n.  plant  [ploral  ivies]  'ai-vi. 
ivy-mantled  adj.  ai-vi'mantld,  {assumptivly)  'ai-vi-mantld. 

c:  low,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  oi  hoy\  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  aikite; 
length-mark  (;)  indicates  that  the  precedmtt  ^omti^  -i.^  VmskN 
fifre^s-mark  0  indicates  chief  stress  ou  \>i^  w\Q^\xi^  «f\?iXJA- 


294  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

isard  n.  antelope  [also  spelt  isard,  izzardl  'iz37d. 
iuard  n.  the  letter  zee;  zed  [former  synenymotxs  cegnates 
izzet,  izzart,  uzzardi  'izszd. 


Jacana  n.  (bird)  'dsaekd-nd,  dsdlcee-nd. 

Jaokal  n.  (wild  dog  resembling  a  fox)  Mssk-c:!. 

jaoky  n.  gin  [also  spelt  jackeyl  'dsaeki. 

Jaoobean  a(fy.   of  James  the   First   [also  spelt  Jacobaean} 

dsaeka'bii-an ;   (improperly)   dsa'koo-bi-an. 
Jaoobian  adj,  (of  Jacobi)  dss'Ioo-bi-sn. 
Jaoobin  n.  (Dominican,  etc.)  'dsaeks-bin. 
jaoobin  n.  p'geon  [also  spelt  jacohinel  'dsaekd-bin. 
Jaoobitism  n.  (principles  of  the  Jacobites  or  adherents  of 

James  the  Second)  'dsaeka-bai-tizam,  'dsaeksbi-tizsm. 
Jas^r  n.  bird  [also  spelt  jaeger,  jager,  yagerli  'jee-gar. 
jashir   n.    assignment    [also    spelt   jaghire,   jagheer,   jageer, 

jagir'\  dsa'gi:?,  dsae'gi:?;    {less  properly)    'dsaegiz,   'dscu-gi?, 

dsseg'he:?. 
Jasnar    n.     (carnivorous    mammal)     'dsae-gwo?,     dsae'gwa:^, 

'dsaegju-a?. 
Jail  n.  prison  [also  spelt  gaoll  dseel. 
jailer  ».  [also  spelt  jailor,  gaoler^  'dsee-lae. 
Jain  n.  one  of  a  non-Brahminical  East  Indian  sect  [synony- 
mous cognate  Jainal  dseen,  dsain. 
jalap  n.  (drug;  plant)  'dsaeldp,  'dselsp. 
jalousie  n.  (blind,  shutter)  dsselu'zii,  salu'zii. 
jam  n.  (conserve)  dssm. 
jam  V.  crush,  crowd   [past  participle  and  preterit  jammed, 

jamd'\  dsaem. 
jamb  n.  leg-piece;  side-piece  of  a  door  or  window;  cheek  of 

a  fire-place  [also  spelt  jam"}  dsaem. 
jamesonite  ».  (mineral)  'dseem-sa-nait ;  (improperly)  'dsee- 

misd-nait. 
January  n.    (month)    'dsaenju-e^i,   'dsaenju-a-ri ;    (anteriorly) 

'dsaenju-a^i,  'dsaenja-^i,  (rapidly)  'dsanjari. 
japan  v,  varnish  [past  participle  and  preterit  japanned,  jo- 

pandl  dsa'paen,  dsae'paen. 
Japanese  adj.  (of  Japan)   dsaepa'niiz,   (assumptivly)  'dsaepa- 

niz;  (also)  dsxpd'niis,  (assumptivly)  'dsaepa-nis. 
Japanese  n.  (person;  language)  dssepd'niiz,  dsseps'niis. 
Japanize  v,  [also  spelt  Japanisel  dsa'pae-naiz,  dsx'ps-naiz. 

jyc,   9  cure;  bthe,  6  thin*,  ^asure,  dj/oy;   S^^oe,  tS  c/iew; 
wu'hen;  jjsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  oiu>X,  \3\xioo\,  -v-vv,  ils^e; 
o poetic;  oover,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o*.  ^oot,  ^ioxio,  ^.>ae^,  il^^oXv, 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  295 

Inidre  n.  (flower-stand;  cache-pot)  $azdVnjB:z. 
',oiL  n,  (gibberish ;  babble)  'd3a:?-gen,  'd^aiz-g^n. 
ion.  n.  mineral  [synonymous  cognate  jargooni  'd$a:z-g9n. 
n.  (nobleman)  jaizl,  d^aizl. 

mite  n,   (mineral)   'dsaees-sait,   d^^'zoo-sait,   'd3a:-;9-sait, 
'roo-sait. 

line  n.  plant  [also   spelt  jasmin ;   synonymous  cognates 
samine,  jessatninl  'dsxsMin,  Mssezmin. 
ler  n.  (chalcedony;  quartz)  'dsaespar,  'dsar-spar. 
ice    V.    archaic    (make    prance ;    prance)    dsc.ns,    dsains, 
i:ns;  (also)  dscmts,  etc. 

idioe  n.  icterus  [also  spelt  jaundisl  'dscin-dis,  'dsarn-dis, 
;a:n-dis. 

idioed  adj  affected  with   jaundis   [also   spelt  jaundist'\ 
c:n-dist,  'dsain-dist,  'dsain-dist. 
it  V.  (take  a  trip ;  journey)  d3c:nt,  dsaint,  dsamt. 
&t  n.   journey,    trip    [also,    formerly,   spelt   jant'^    dscint, 
i:nt,  d3a:nt. 

ity    adj.    well-bred,    sprightly,    lively    [also,    sometimes, 
;lt  jantyH  'dscrn-ti,  'dsain-ti,  'dsain-ti. 
mese  adj,  (of  Java)  dsava'niiz,  (assumptivly)  'dsaeva-niz; 
so)  dsaeva'niis,  (assumptivly)  'dsaeva-nis. 
tlin  n.  (spear)  'dsaeva-lin,  'dsaevhn. 
ous  adj.  zealous;  envious  [also  spelt  jelousl  'dselas. 
onsy  n.  [also  spelt  jelousyl  'dseb-si. 
I  n,  cloth  [synonymous  cognate  jane"}  dsiin,  dseen. 
K  n.  (fast  driver;  coachman)  'dsii-hQu. 
ne  adj,  (scanty,  meager,  barren)  d3i'd3oun. 
huhl  n.  second  division  of  the  small  intestin  [ploral  jeju- 
]  dsi'dsou-ngm. 

.ed  adj.  (turnd  into  jelly;  congeald)  'dsehd. 
Ify  V.  convert  into  jelly;   turn   into   a  jelly   [also   spelt 
lyfyl  'dseh-fai. 

r  n.  gelatinous  substance  [ploral  jellies']  'dseh. 
te  n.  'jc-nait.     same  meaning  as  yenite. 
ieting  n.  (apple)  'd3eni-tii]. 
tard  V.  (risk,  hazard)  'dscpa^d. 

»ardise  v,  risk,  jeopard  [also  spelt  jeopardise^  'dsepar- 
iz. 

•oa  n.  (rodent)  dsa^'boo-a,  'dsBizr-bo-a. 
miad  n.  lamentation   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  jeremiade'] 
>?i'mai-3d,  dse^i'mai-aed. 
aleon  n.  see  gyrfalcon. 

V,  b:  fwr,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  qo  tio-u),  ^\  a^,  «vV\\s.% 
h-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  somtv^  i&  \«ti\L% 
f-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  i^Wo^iT^U  «5"V«3c5Vfc* 


296  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

jerid  n.  javelin  [also  spelt  jerrid,  jereed,  jerreed,  djereed, 
djerrid,  djeridj  dsi'riid. 

jenn  n.  trading-vessel,  etc.  [also  spelt  djerml  dsBizm, 

jerque  v.  search  (a  vessel)  for  unenterd  goods  [also  spelt 
jirk"]  d^B'.zk. 

jerquer  n.  searcher  [also  spelt  jerkerl  'dsesksz,  'dsBis-kse. 

jersey  n.  (worsted;  close-fitting  tunic)  'd3B:7-zi. 

jessamine  n.  [also  spelt  jessamini  ^sesd-min.  same  mean- 
ing as  jasmine » 

Jesuit  n.  (member  of  the  Society  of  Jesus)  'dscsu-it,  'djcsfu- 
it,  'd3ezju-it. 

Jesuitism  n.  'dsesu-i-tizam,  'dsesju-i-tizsm,  'dsezju-i-tizam. 

jetsam  n.  goods  thrown  overboard  from  a  ship  in  distress 
[also  spelt  jetsom,  jetsome;  synonymous  cognate  jetson] 
'dsctsam. 

jettison  n.  (action  of  throwing  goods  overboard)  'dseti-sdn. 

jetton  n.  counter  [also  spelt  jeton\  Msetsn. 

jeurel  n.  (gem)  'dsou-al. 

jeurel  v.  furnish  with  jewels  [present  participle  jeweling,  jew- 
elling] past  participle  and  preterit  jeweled,  jewelled,  jew- 
eldl  'dsou-al. 

jeureler  n.  [also  spelt  jeweller}  'dsou-a-la?. 

jeurellery  n.  [also  spelt  jewelry"}  'dsou-al-ri,  'dsou-ala-n. 
same  meaning  as  jewelry. 

jeurelry  n.  [synonymous  cognate  jewellery}  'dsou-al-ri. 
{sometimes,  assumptivly)  'dsoul-ei;  {vulgarly)  'dsou-la-^i. 

jeurely  adj.  like  a  jewel  [also  spelt  jewelly}  'dsou-a-h. 

jeur's-liarp  ».  (musical  instrument;  Jew's  trump)  'dsoiw- 
haizp. 

jheel  ».  pool  [also  spelt  jhil,  jeil,  jeet]  dsiil. 

jibe  V.  (put  about;  sail  round)  dsaib.    see  gybe. 

jibe  V.  be  in  accord ;  agree  [also  spelt  gibe}  dsaib. 

jigamaree  ».  (thingumbob,  contraption)  dsigama'zii,  'dsiga- 
ma-rii. 

jig-saw  n.  (reciprocating  saw;  sciuH-saw)  'dsig-sc: .  com- 
pare gig-saw, 

jill  n.  dsil.    see  gill*  gill* 

jingo  ».  blatant  patriot ;  Chauvinist  [ploral  jingoes']  'dsiqgo. 

jinn  n.  pi.  an  order  of  spirits  [also  used  as  a  singular,  mean- 
ing one  of  the  spirits  of  this  order;  singular  jinnee;  fcmi- 
nin  synonymous  cognate  jinneeyeh;  also  spelt  ginn,  dschin, 
djin,  jin}  dsin. 

jinnee  n.  spirit   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  genie;   synonymous 

J  ye,    c  cure ;  d  the,  6  thin;  5  azure,  dj  ioy ;   S  shoe,   tS  rfcew; 
wwhen;  tj  sing;  u  whoever,  \ react,  iiiuu,  ^>\\oo\,  \\\.,  vinee; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o\^oot,  ;iOTio,  t\ie\,  ^^^<:ft.^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  297 


cognates  jinn,  djinn,  ginn;  feminin  cognate  jinneeyeh\  dsi- 

'nii,  'dsii-ni,  'dsii-ni. 
jinrikslia  n.  [also  spelt  jinricksha ;  synonymous  cognate  jin- 

rikishd]  dsin'^ikSd. 
Jiu-jitsu  n.  (Japanese  mode  of  wrestling)  dsu'dsit-stu 
Jobbemoirl  n.  pate ;  blockhead  [synonymous  cognate  jobber- 

Joekey  n.  [also  spelt  jockie,  jocky;  ploral  jockeys,  jockiesi 
'dsoki. 

Joeose  adj,  (full  of  jokes;  waggish)  dsolcoos. 

Joeosity  n.  (mirthf ulness ;  mirth)  dso'kesi-ti. 

Jcieular  adj,  (disposed  to  joking;  merry)  'dsok^o-ls?. 

Joeund  adj.  (merry,  blithe)  'dsekdnd,  'd330-k9nd. 

Jod  n.  (Hebrew  letter)  dsod,  JDod. 

Joluumes  n,  gold  coin  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  jonannes,  jo- 
anesel  dso'ae-niz,  dso'hae-niz. 

Join  V.  unite,  link  [past  participle  and  preterit  joined,  joindl 
dsein;  {vulgarly)  dsain. 

Joist  n.  (timber)  dseist ;  (dialectally  or  vulgarly)  dseis,  dsaist. 

Jonquil  n.  daffodil  [also  spelt  jonquille  and,  formerly,  jun- 
quitl  'dson-kujil,  'dsegkiuil;  'dsAqkit'il. 

Jostle  V,  push  and  shove;  elbow;  hustle  [synonymous  cog- 
nate jusiW]  'dsosal. 

Jostling  n.  pushing  about  [synonymous  cognate  justling'\ 
MsosLiq;  (improperly)  'dsosttiq. 

Jougs  n.  (instrument  of  punishment)   dsougz,  dsAgz. 

Joule  n.  (elecric  unit)  d^aol, 

Jounoe  v.,  n.  (bump,  bounce,  jolt)  dsaunts,  dsaons. 

Journal  v.  record  in  a  journal ;  provide  with  a  journal -bear- 
ing [present  participle  journaling,  journalling;  past  partici- 
ple and  preterit  journaled,  journalled,  journald'\  'dsernl, 
'dsBir-na!. 

Journalize  v,  [also  spelt  journalise']  'd^Eznl-aiz. 

Journey  n.  round  of  travel;  day's  work  [ploral  journeysl 
MsB^ni,  'd58:z-ni. 

Joust  n,,  V,  dsAst,  dsoust.    same  meaning  as  just. 

Joviality  n.  (quality  of  being  jovial;  also,  jollity)  dsovi'aeli- 
ti. 

Jo^rl  n.  jawbone ;  cheek ;  external  throat ;  dewlap ;  crop ; 
wattle;  head  of  a  fish  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  jolel  dsoo!, 
dsGot. 

Jo^rl  v.,  n.  (dialectal)  bump ;  knock ;  knell  [also,  sometimes, 
spelt  join  d^ool. 

c:  law,  b:  fwr,  a  cat,  o  hot,  oi  boy;  a:  far,  ao  tiotj),  ^•.  a^,  «vV\\s.% 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sovlt^^  ia  \«Wk\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\ie  ioWQN«\xv^  ^-'f^sJwfc* 


I 


298  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

joy  n.  delight  [ploral  joysl  dsei. 

joyous  adj.  (full  of  joy)  'dsei-as. 

jnbe  n.  (rood-loft)  'dsou-bi,  'dsou-bi. 

jnbilate  v,  (rejoice,  exult)  'dsou-bi-let. 

jubilate  n.  (psalm)  dsubi'lee-ti,  dsubilce-ti,  jubila:-ti. 

juok  V.  make  a  sound  resembling  this  word,  as  a  partridge 
[synonymous  cognate  jukel  dsAk. 

Judaic  adj.  (Jewish)  dso'dee-ik. 

Judaism   n.    (Jewish  religion,   etc.)    Msou-di-izsm,   'dsou-de- 
izam. 

Judaise  v,  [also  spelt  Judaisel  'dsou-di-aiz,  'dsou-de-aiz. 

judgfinent  n.  decision ;  opinion ;  discretion  [also  spelt  judge- 
ment) 'dsAdsmant. 

judioative  adj.  judicial  [also  spelt  judicative  'dsou-diks-tiv. 

judicatory  adj.  'dsou-dika-to^i,  'dsou-dika-ta^i,  dso'dikata-ri. 

judicature     n.     'dsou-dika-tjo?,     'dsou-dika-tgoz,     'dsou-di- 
ket^a?. 

judicial  adj,  (of  judgment)  d3oMiS9l. 

judiciary  adj.  (judicial)  dso'diji-ezi,  dso'diSa-^i,  dso'dij^i. 

judicious  adj.  (discreet;  wise;  prudent)  dsu'diSdS. 

juger  n.   (Roman  unit  of  land-measure)  'dsou-dsa?. 

jugger  n.  falcon  of  India  [also  spelt  juggarl  'dsAga?. 

Juggernaut  n.  (object  of  worship)  'dsAgae-ncit. 

jugular  adj,,  n.  'd3Agjo-l3?,  'd3ou-gjo-l3^. 

jujube  n.  (fruit ;  plant ;  lozenge)  'dsou-dsub. 

juke  tf.  d5uuk.     same  meaning  as  juck. 

julep  n,  (drink)  'dsou-lap,  'dsou-lep. 

junior  adj,  (younger)  'dsou-njaz. 

junker  n.  (young  German  noble,  etc.)  'jogkaz. 

junta  n.  (deliberativ  or  administrativ  council  or  committee; 
legislativ  assembly)  'dsAnta. 

junto  n.  (private  council  or  assembly ;  clique ;  faction ;  cabal ; 
club;  coterie;  ring)  'dsAnto. 

jupon  n,  (jacket;   surcoat)   'dsou-pan,  dsu'pen. 

Jurisconsult  n.  (jurist)  dsur-zis'ken-sAlt,  dsui-ziskan'sAlt. 

juror  n.  (juryman)  'dsoi-za?. 

jus  n.  (law)  dsAS. 

just  n.  combat;  knightly  tilt  [also  spelt  jousti  d3ASt,  dsoust. 

Just  adv,  (exactly ;  verily ;  simply)  dsAst ;   (sometimes,  when 
unstrest)  dsast;  (dialectally)  dsest,  dses. 

justice  n.  equity;  judge  [also  spelt  justisi  'dsAstis. 

justiciable    adj,    (subject    to    jurisdiction)     dsAs'tiSi-a-bal ; 
(rarely)  dsAs'tiSa-bal. 

Jyc,   gcure;  bthe,  6  thin;  ^asMte,  d^foy;   ^  shoe,  tl  chevr', 
wwhen;  tj  sing;  u  whoever,  \Teac\^,  ii^uW,  \i>\\oo\,  ^.\\.,  -ds«e; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o\Aoot»  -^ioxvo,  ^.X^e^,  "c^^^fcfcN 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  299 

jnatioiary  n.  (justiciar;  justice;  justicer)  d3As'ti$i-e?i. 
justifiable  adj.  (defensible)  'dsAsti-fai-d-bsl,  {occasionally) 

dsASti'fai-d-bdt. 
jnatifieatiTe    adj.    [also    spelt   justificativ'\    dsAs'tifi-ketiv, 

'dsAstifx-ketiv;  ijalso)  dsAs'tifika-tiv,  {assumptivly)  dsAs'tifi- 

kdtiv. 
jnatificatory   adj.    d3As'tTfik9-t37i^   dsAs'tif ikd-ts^i ;    {also) 

'd3AStifi-ket9-3i,  {assumptivly)  'dsAstifi-ketazi. 
Jnating  n.  tilt,  just,  tournament  [also  spelt  jousting'\  'dsAStir). 
Justinianiaii  adj.   (of  Justinian)  dsAS-tini'ee-ni-sn. 
juvenile  adj,  young,  youthful;  for  youth  [also  spelt  juvenil} 

'dsou-vx-n!,  'dsou-vi-niJ,  'dsou-vi-nail. 


»•  Giaour ;  Bantu ;  nativ  of  Kaf iristan ;  in  ploral,  Afri- 
can mining-stock  [also  spelt  Kaffir,  Kaffer,  Kaffre  and,  ex- 
cept in  the  sense  of  mining-stock,  Cafer,  Coffer,  Caff  re; 
synonymous  cognate  Caffree}  'kaefaz,  'kai-fa?. 

;o    n.    palanquin    [synonymous    cognate    cangol    'ka:-go, 
'kaego, 

kag^  n.  bird  [synonymous  cognate  kagon\  'ka:-gu. 

kairine  n.  chinolin  compound  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  kairin\ 
'kai-rin,  Tcai-zram. 

kaiser  n.  (emperor)  'kai-zs?. 

kale  n.  cabbage  [also  spelt  kaill  keeL 

kaleege  n.  pheasant  [also  spelt  kalij,  calidge,  kallege'\  kaliids, 
Tcar-lids, 

kaleidoscope  n.  (tube  containing  fragments  of  colord  glass 
and  mirrors  for  producing  symmetrical  figures)  ka'lai-da- 
skop. 

kali  n.  (prickly  saltwort;  potash)  'ka:-h,  'kaeh,  'kee-h,  'kce-H. 

Kalmnok  n.  member  of  a  branch  of  the  Mongolian  family 
of  peoples ;  language  [also  spelt  Calmuck,  Calmuc'\  'kal-mAk. 

kalsomine  n.,v.  'ks^sa-main,  'kaelss-Qiin.  same  meaning  as 
calcimine. 

kamala  n.  (dyestuff ;  vermifuge)  'ksemd-ls. 

kamila  n.  [also  spelt  kamela,  kameelal  ka'mii-ld.  same  mean^ 
ing  as  kamala. 

Kanaka  n.  (Hawaiian)  'kaens-kd,  ks'nxkd. 

kangaroo  n.  (marsupial  mammal)  kaerigs'^ou. 

Kantian  adj.  (of  the  German  philosopher  Immanuel  Kant) 
Icaenti-sn. 

c:  law,  s:  fur,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  kite ; 
Icngth-iuork  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceditv^  ^c»\t^^  \^  \ww> 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  \b.e  ie>Wo^vcv%  ^^>X^S^fe. 


300  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

kajiticoy  n,  Amerindian  dance  [also  spelt  canticoy"]  Icaeiiti- 
kei. 

kaolin  n.  (fine  white  clay)  lcee-9-tin,  'ka:-3-}in. 

kapellmeliter  n.  leader  or  conductor  of  a  kapelle  or  musical 
establishment  [also  spelt  capellmeister}  ka'pel-mai-stds. 

karoo  n.  barren  table-land  [also  spelt  karroo}  k^'zavL 

karyokinesia  n.  nucUus-movement  in  indirect  cell-division; 
mitosis  [synonymous  cognate  caryocinesis'\  kaeri-o-kz'nii-sis, 
kaezi-o-kai'nii-sis. 

katydid  n.  (insect)  Hcee-ti-did. 

kavass  n.  constable ;  armd  servant  or  courier  [also  spelt  ca- 
vass,  cawass,  kawassl  ka'vais. 

kayak  n.  canoe  [also  spelt  kajac,  kayack,  cayac  and,  some- 
times, kyackl  'kai-9k,  'kai-xk,  'kee-jaek,  'kx-jxk. 

kaii  n.  cadi,  judge  [also,  formerly,  spelt  kasi,  cast,  cazee, 
easy;  synonymous  cognates  cauzee,  cauzyl  Icar-zi,  lcc:-zi. 

keen  adj.   (sharp;  clear;   eager)   kiin,   {when  unstrest)  kin. 

keen-eyed  adj.  kiin'aid,   (assumptivly)  'kiin-aid. 

keep  V,  (observe ;  maintain ;  retain ;  preserv)  kiip,  {when  un- 
strest) kip. 

kes  n,  small  cask  [dialectal  synonymous  cognate  ca^].keg. 

keitloa  n.  rhinoceros  [synonymous  cognate  ketloa'l  Hciit-to-a, 
Tceet-lo-d. 

kekrypkalos  n.  (head-dress)  ki'k^ifd-les. 

kelson  n.  line  of  timbers  or  combination  of  plates  over  the 
keel  of  a  ship  [also  spelt  keelson}  'kelssn. 

Kelt  n.  keh.    see  Celt. 

kennel  v,  lie  in  a  kennel;  put  in  a  kennel  [present  partici- 
ple kenneling,  kennelling]  past  participle  and  preterit  ken- 
neled, kennelled,  kenneld}  ^enl,  'kenal. 

kept  V,  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  keep)  kept ;  (vulgarly) 
kep. 

kerb  n.  ksizh.    see  curb. 

kerokief  n.    (head-dress;   neckerchief;    handkerchief)    'kss- 

tSif. 
kermes  n.  (dyestuff)  'keir-miz,  'keir-miz. 
kermis  n.  annual   fair   [also  spelt   kermess,  kirmess}   'ksiz- 

mis. 
kern  n.  foot-soldier  [also  spelt  kernel  ksizn. 
kernel  n.  (seed ;  inner  body  of  a  seed ;  grain,  as  of  wheat) 

'kernl,  'karr-nl,  'kaizr-nal. 
kemeled  adj.  having  a  kernel  [also  spelt  kernelled,  kerneldl 

'karnld. 

J yc,  fcure;  d^fie,  OtHin;  5  azure,  ds/oy;  S  j/toe,  tSr^ew; 
wzt/Jten;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  iTcact.,  iiiuW,  xi>\\©oV  \\v,  \v«e<; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  oerial,  a. but,  o*.  ^oot,  •aoia.o,  ^\ie^,  ^^%aEt.v^ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  301 

adj.  kernel-like  [also  spelt  kernellyl  liBznl-i. 
iLerosene  n.  (mineral  oil;  lamp-oil)  'kezs-sin,  kers'siin. 
kerfley  n,,  adj,  (coarse  woolen  cloth)  'kB:7-zi. 
keteli  n.  (vessel)  ketS. 
iLetelmp  n.   [synonymous  cognates  catchup,  catsup,   katsup 

and,  formerly,  kitchup'\  'kctjap. 
kettle  n.  (pot,  cauldron)  'ketl;  (dialectally  or  vulgarly)  'kiti. 
key  n.  lock-fastening  device  [ploral  keysl  kii. 
key  n.  (obsolete)  kii.    see  quay. 
key  n.  low  island  near  a  coast  [synonymous  cognates  cay, 

kay;  ploral  keysl  kii. 

n.  (dust-colord  fabric)  'ka:-ki. 
n.  (Tartar  prince)  ka:n,  ksn,  kc:n. 
kkan  n.  (caravanserai)  kxn,  ka:n. 
kkedive  n.  (prince,  sovereign :    title  of  the  viceroy  or  ruler 

of  Egypt)  ki'diiv;  (less  properly)  'kii-div,  ki'daiv,  'kii-daiv. 
kidnap  v,  steal,  carry  off  [past  participle  and  preterit  kid- 

napped,  kidnaptj  Tcid-naep. 
kidnapper  n.  (one  who  kidnaps  children,  etc.)  'kid-nxps?. 
kidney  n.  organ,  gland  [ploral  kidneysl  'kidni. 
kier  n.  vat  [also  spelt  keir'\  kr.z. 

kilerg  ».  (work-measure  of  one  thousand  ergs)  'kilarg. 
kiln  n,  oven,  as  for  baking  bricks  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  kill 

and,  formerly,  kii"]  kil,  kiln. 
kilosram  n.  one  thousand  grams   [also   spelt   kilogrammel 

'kil3-g?aem. 
kilosramnieter   n.   work-measure    [also   spelt   kilogramme- 

trel  kila'gzrami-ta?,  kila-g^aem'mii-tazr. 
kiloliter  n.  capacity-measure   of  one  thousand  liters   [also 

spelt  kilolitre']  'kila-hi-ta?. 
kilometer  n.  measure  of  one  thousand  meters   [also  spelt 

kilometre]  'kila-mii-tazr, 
kilter  n.  good  condition;  order  [synonymous  cognate  kelter] 

Tcihas:. 
kimono  n.  (Japanese  robe)  ki'moo-no,  ki'moo-no. 
kind  adj.,  n.  kaind ;   (dialectally)  kgaind. 
kindergarten  n.  (school  for  young  children)  'kind97-ga:?-tn. 
kind-kearted    adj.    [also    spelt    kind-harted]    kaind'hartid, 

(assumptivly)  'kaind-hartid. 
kind-keartedness  n.  [also  spelt  kind-hartedness]  kaind'ha?- 

ti-dnis,  'kaind-horti-dnis. 
kindness  n.   (quality  of  being  kind,  etc.)  'kain-dnis,  'kain- 

nis. 

c:  law,  b:  fi«r,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a*,  ask,  «Ak\\^% 
Icngth-marlf  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  somxv^  t^  \^xv^\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ioWo^-Ltv^  s^\\aX^fc, 


302  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

kinematio  adj,  (of  pure  motion)  kini'mxtik,  kai-nx'maetik. 
kinematograph  n.  moving-picture  device  [synenjonous  cog- 
nate cinematographl  kini'msto-gza:!,  kai-ni'maet9-gza:£,  kai- 

'nii-mata-gzarf. 
kinesthesli  n.  the  muscular  sense  [also  spelt  kimiesthesis] 

kines'Oii-sis,  kai-nes'Oii-sis. 
kinetie  adj,  (causing  motion;  of  motion;  due  to  motion)  ki- 

'netik,  kai'netik. 
kinetosoope   n.   (moving-picture  device,   etc.)   ki'netd-skop, 

kai'nii-t9-skop. 
kinnikinio  n.  Amerindian  smoking-mixture  [also  speli  iirtn- 

nikinick'l  kiniki'nik. 
kino  n.  (catechu-like  substance;  gum  kino)  ^li-no. 
kiosk  n.  open  pavilion  [also  spelt  kiosque^  ki'esk,  Icii-esk. 
kirsokiraiser  n.  (wild  cherry  liquor)  'kizS-wes^z. 
kirtle  n.  (man's  tunic  or  coat;  woman's  gown;  skirt)  HcBTt}. 
kismet  n.  destiny,  fate  [synonymous  cognates  kismat,  kisntut] 

'kis-met. 
kitchen  n.  (cooking-room;  cooking-device;  food)  Hatpin. 
kleptomania  n.  theft-mania  [also  spelt  cleptomania}  loep- 

t9'mee-ni-3. 
knack  n.  (trick;  dodge;  art)  nxk. 
knaggy  adj.  (full  of  knots;  cross)  'naegi. 
knapsack  n.  (bag  or  case  worn  by  soldiers)  'nsp>saek. 
knave  n,  (rogue;  jack)  neev. 

knead  v.  (mix  or  work  up,  as  dough;  mold)  mid. 
knebelite  n.  (mineral)  'neba-lait,  (rarely)  'kNcba-lait. 
knee-deep  ».  nii'diip,   (assumptivly)   'nii-diip. 
knee-kigk  adj,  nii'hai,  (assutnptivly)  'nii-hai. 
kneel  n,  (fall  on  the  knees  or  a  knee)  mil. 
knell  n.  (sound,  as  of  a  bell)  nel. 
knew  V.  (preterit  of  know)  njou;   (dialectally)  nou. 
knickerbockers  n.  pi.  (loose  knee-breeches)  'nikssr-bekdzz. 
knickknaok  n.  trinket,  gimcrack  [also  spelt  knicknack,  niclt- 

nack,  nicnacl  'nik-naek. 
knife  n,  cutting-tool  [ploral  knivesl  naif. 
knight  n.  (man-at-arms;  warrior,  etc.)  nait. 
knit  V,  (tie,  knot,  weave)  nit. 

knob  n.  rounded  projection;  knop  [also  spelt  nohl  neb. 
knobbed  adj.  having  a  knob  [also  spelt  nobbed'}  nebd,  'nebid. 
knock-kneed  adj,  nek'niid,  (assumptivly)  'nek-niid. 
knoll  n.  (top  of  a  hill;  hillock,  mound)  nool. 
knot  n.  (intertwining,  as  of  a  cord)  net. 

J  ye,   9  cure;  bthe,  Bthin;   3  arure,  ds/oy;   S^^oe,  tS  c/tew; 

wwhen;  x}s{ng\  u  whoever,  itcaict,  \3iu\\»  \i\3Liool,  itt,  lis^^; 

o  poetic;  dov^r,  eoerial,  a. but,  t>*.  dooT,  -^i^xio,  ^\ke^^  ^^%,(b^».\ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  303 

knovt  n.,v»  (whip,  scourge)  naot,  nout. 

kno'W  V,  (perceive;  recognize)  noo. 

know^ledse  n.  (fact  of  knowing,  etc)  'nelids;  (also,  in 
Britain)  'noo-lids. 

knuekle  n.  (bone  at  a  finger-joint;  joint)  'nAksl. 

knur  n»  knar,  knot;  ball  [also  spelt  nur,  nurrli  ns'.z, 

knnrl  n.  knot,  knob,  boss,  nodule  [also  spelt  nurl'\  nsizl. 

koala  n.  ko'aMd,  'kou-ld.    same  meaning  as  koolah. 

kobold  n.  (spirit)  Icoo-beld,  'koo-bdld. 

koodoo  n.  antelope  [also  spelt  kudu,  coodoo,  koudou}  'kuu-du. 

koolak  n.  marsupial  [also  spelt  koola,  coolah,  coola;  synon- 
ymous cognates  koala,  coala^  'kou-U. 

kopje  n.  small  hill  [also  spelt  koppie,  kopjie,  koppje]  'kepi. 

Koran  n.  sacred  book  of  the  Mohammedans  [also  spelt 
Coran;  synonymous  cognate  Kuran'\  ka'za:n,  'kor-ean,  ko- 
'zxn, 

koran  n.  (bustard)  ka'zam. 

Koranie  adj,  (of  the  Koran)  ko'rsenik,  Io'z:a:-nik. 

Korean  adj,  of  Korea  [also  spelt  Corean'\  ko'rii-sn. 

kotow  n.  a  touching  of  the  forehead  on  the  ground  while 
prostrating  one's  self  in  reverence  or  worship  [also  spelt 
kowtow,  kotou  and,  sometimes,  kotoo,  kootoo'i  ko'tao,  ko'too. 

kraal  n.  African  village  [also  spelt  crall  and,  sometimes, 
kraul,  krawll  kzail,  kzcil. 

kraken  n,  (mythic  sea-monster)  'k^ar-kan,  'ksee-kan. 

krentzer  n,  coin  [also  spelt  kreuzer"}  'kseit-saz;  (less  prop- 
erly) Treout-sa?. 

knmiss  n.  beverage  [also  spelt  kutnyss,  koumiss,  kumis,  ku- 
mys,  koumys,  koumis,  koomissi  'ko'u-mis. 

kiimmel  n.  cordial  [also  spelt  kummei']  'kimal,  'kgomal. 

Knrd  n.  inhabitant  of  Kurdistan  [also  spelt  Koord,  Curd"! 
ko'.zd. 

kyang  n.  wild  horse  of  Tibet  [also  spelt  kiangl  kgaer). 

kyanize  v,  impregnate  with  corrosiv  sublimate  [also  spelt 
kyanise'l  'kai-a-naiz. 

Kyrie  n.  (the  petition  'Kyrie  eleison,'  Lord,  have  mercy)  'kar- 
ri, 'kai-ei-i:,  lai-ri-e. 


laager  n,,v,  camp  [also  spelt  lager'\  lai-gs?. 

label  n.  (band,  strip,  marking-slip)  lee-bal. 

label  V,  [also,  rarely,  spelt  lable;  present  participle  labeling, 

c:  Iflw,  b:  fi«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  oi  boy ;  a:  far,  go  now,  a:  ask^  ai  ktte ; 
]ength-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  ptecediw?,  ^o>3».t^^  ^^  Vsto^V^ 
stress-mark  (0  indicates  chief  stress  on  \he  iek>\o^\T^?»  ^^>\^i^«.. 


304  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

labelling;  past  participle  and  preterit  labeled,  labelled,  la- 

beld'\  Izt'h^L 
labeler  n.  one  who  labels  [also  spelt  Idbeller]  lee-bs-laz. 
labial  adj.  (of  the  lips)  lee-bi-al. 
labialise  v.  [also  spelt  labialisel  lee-bi-9-laiz. 
labile  adj,  unstable  [also  spelt  labil}  '^ee-bil,  Isbi). 
labiodental  adj,  (formd  with  the  lips  and  teeth)  )ee-bi-3- 

'dentl. 
labor  n.,v,  work  [also  spelt  labour'}  Ite-hsz. 
labor  age  n.  payment  for  labor  [also  spelt  labouragel  lee-ba- 

sridj. 
laboratory  n.  (room  or  building  for  chemical,  physical  or 

other  work)  laeba^a-to^i,  laebaea-tari ;   (rapidly)  laebzo-tost, 

'laeb?9-t3?i,  labea-tji, 
labored  adj,  [also  spelt  laboured,  labord"}  'lee-bard. 
laborer  n.  one  who  labors;  workman   [also  spelt  labourer] 

'Iee-b3-r9r,  (rapidly)  lee-bz^z. 
laborsome  ».  laborious  [also  spelt  laboursomel  lee-b^z-sam. 
labrnm  n.  lip  [ploral  labral  lee-hzom, 
labyrinth  n.  (maze)  Ixhi-zinO. 
labsrrintbine  adj.  maze-like,  intricate  [also,  sometimes,  spelt 

labyrinthin}  labi'rinGin,  laebi'ein-Gain. 
lao  n.  gum-lac  [also,  formerly,  spelt  lacque,  laque]  laek. 
lao  n.  one  hundred  thousand  [also  spelt  lakh,  lack  and,  for- 
merly, lak]  laek. 
laoertian  adj,  (lizard-like,  saurian)  Id'sB^S^Qt  Id'sntr-Ssn. 
laoertine  adj.  lacertian ;  consisting  of  lizard-like  figures  [al- 
so, sometimes,  spelt  lacertin]  la'se^trn,  Id'sa^-tain. 
laoiniate  adj.  (jagged,  slasht)  Is'sini-st. 
laokadaisioal  adj.  (like  one  crying  'lackaday!'  languishing) 

laeka'dee-zi-kal. 
laokaday  inter j,  (alackaday!)  laeks'dee,  laek^-dee. 
laokage  n.  shortage  [also  spelt  laccagel  'Isekids. 
laokey   n.   footman;   valet;    hanger-on    [also   spelt   lacquey', 

ploral  lackeys]  ^aeki. 
laoonioism    n.    (laconic    expression;    a    laconism)    ta'keni- 

sizam. 
laoonism  n,  (brevity  of  speech;  a  laconic  sentence)   laka- 

nizam. 
laoonize  v,  favor  or  imitate  the  Lacedaemonians  [also  spelt 

laconise]  laeka-naiz. 
laoqner  n,  varnish,  polish  [also  spelt  lacker]  laeks?. 
lacrosse  n.  (game)  Id'k^eis. 

J  ye,   gcure;  dthe,  9  thin*,  5as>3iTe,  d^foy;   ^  shoe,  tS  chew; 
wwhen;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  tiiuW,  ^>3l\ooV  "^Vt,  \\«e«; 
o  poetic;  ^ov^r,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o*.  Aoot,  -aoTvo,  «.>Qe^,  ^^v^fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  305 

lacsrymal  tidj,  of  tears  [also  spelt  lachrymal,  lacrimall  'laeksi- 

laerymose  adj.  given  to  tears;  suffused  with  tears;  mourn- 
ful [also  spelt  lachrymose,  lacrimosel  Iselcsi'moos,  (assump- 
tivly)  Islcsi-mos. 

laetein.  n.  solidified  milk  [also  spelt  lacteine'\  ^xkti-in. 

lactometer  n.  (milk-gage)  laek'temi-tdz. 

laeuna  n.  hiatus,  gap  [ploral  lacunae,  lacunasl  Id'kgou-nd. 

laoustrine  adj.  of  lakes  [also  spelt  lacustrinl  Is'kAstsin. 

lady  n.  woman  of  superior  position,  etc.  [ploral  ladies']  'lee- 
di;  (dialectally)  ^edi,  lai-di. 

lafayette  n.  (fish)  lofe'jet,  lafe'jet;  lafi'et,  lafi'et. 

las^i^  w,  (beer)  la: -gar ;  {less  properly)  'lc:-g3?. 

lasoon  n.  pool-like  or  lake-like  stretch  of  water  [also  spelt 
lagune]  la'goun. 

laie  adj,  (lay,  secular)  ^ee-ik. 

laiciflation  n,  [also  spelt  laicisation]  lee-isi'zee-$9n,  lee-i- 
sai'zee-Sdn. 

laicise  v.  render  lay  [also  spelt  laicise]  lee-i-saiz. 

lair  n.  (place  of  rest;  bed,  couch)  Iziz. 

laisses-faire  n.  the  let-alone  principle  or  policy  [synony- 
mous cognate,  with  same  pronunciation,  laisser-faire]  lese- 
'feiz, 

laity  n,  (state  of  a  layman;  laymen  collectivly)  lee-i-ti. 

lam  V*  beat  soundly;  thrash;  whack  [past  participle  and 
preterit  lammed,  lamd]  Isem. 

lama  n.  (priest)  la^md. 

lamb  n.  young  sheep  [also  spelt  lam]  Isem,  (often)  Is'.m. 

lambda  n.  (Greek  letter)  'Isemds. 

lambkin  n.  (little  lamb)  ^xmkin. 

lambrequin  n.  (helmet-cover;  cornice;  scallop)  'lsemb?i-kin. 

lamellar  adj.  (disposed  in  lamellae)  Is'mela?,  Istmo-l^z. 

lamellate  adj.  (lamellar)  Isems-lst. 

lamellibranob  n.  (mollusk  with  lamellate  gills)  Is'meh- 
hz2a}k. 

lamentable  adj.  (to  be  lamented;  doleful;  deplorable) 
Isemdntd-bdl ;  (improperly)  la'menta-bal. 

lameter  n.  lame  person  [also  spelt  lamiter]  'lee-mi-ts?. 

lammergeier  n.  bird  [also  spelt  lammergeyer]  'lsem9?-gai-9?. 

lanceolate  adj.  (shaped  like  a  lance-head)  'la:n-si-9-l9t,  'laen- 
si-3-let. 

landan  n.  (carriage)  ^aen-dao,  laen-dc:  ;  (less  properly)  Ian- 
do,  ten'doo. 

c:  law,  b:  iut,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  precedmv^  ^omtA  \^  V»^n.V* 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  \3tte  i€>>\ovj\Tv%  ^>f\^J^^. 


306  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

landgraTiate  n.  (office  or  province  of  a  landgrave)  brad- 

'gree-vi-et,  laend'gree-vi-at. 
landlord  n.  {lord  or  owner  of  land,  etc.;  innkeeper)  laend- 

leizd;  (vulgarly)  IxnAeizd. 
land'v^ebr  n.    (reservs,  militia)   1and-ve:;,  lant-ve:?,  Ixnt- 

ve:z. 
lane  n.  (path;  byway)  leen. 

langsyne  adv,  (long  ago)  lanj'sain;  (less  properly)  laeg'zaiiL 
lang^nage  n.  (tongue;  mode  of  expression)  laeggwids. 
lang^net   n.   tongue-shaped    part    [synonymous    cognate   laih 

guettel  laerigwit,  laeqgit. 
lang^nette  n.  Ixg'get.    same  meaning  as  languet. 
lang^nid  adj.  (faint;  weak;  spiritless;  dull)  laeggwid. 
lang^nisli  v,  grow  weak;   pine  [past  participle  and  preterit 

languished,  languishtl  laerjgwiS. 
languor  n.  (faintness;  lassitude)  Ixijgd?,  1xi)gw9z. 
lang^norons  adj,  (full  of  languor)  1xr|g9-79S,  laeggwa-^os. 
laniary  adj.  (of  teeth)  laeni-en,  lee-ni-en. 
lansqnenet  n.  (one  of  a  class  of  mercenary  soldiers;  card- 
game)  Ixnskd-nst,  'lain-ska-net. 
lantern  n.  (lamp  with  a  protectiv  case)  Ixntszn, 
lannginons  adj,  (downy)  Id'njou-dsi-nss. 
lanyard  n.  short  rope  [also  spelt  laniardl  1xnJ9?d. 
Laodicean  adj,  (of  Laodicea;  lukewarm)  lee-ddi'sii-an,  le- 

edi'sii-an. 
lapel  n.  that  part  of  the  front  of  a  coat  which  is  folded  over 

toward  either  shoulder  [also  spelt  lappel,  lapelle"]  Is'pel,  la- 

'pel. 
lapelled  adj,  having  a  lapel  [also  spelt  lapeld"}  Ix'peld. 
lapidary  n,  (gem-cutter)  laepi-de^i,  laepi-dan. 
lapides  n.  (ploral  of  lapis)  'Ixpi-diz,  'lee-pi-diz. 
lapis  n,  stone  [ploral  lapidesl  'lee-pis,  Ixpis. 
lapis-laznli    n,    (blue    stone)    Ixpis'lxzjo-lai,    Ixpislaesd-li, 

lepis'laezjo-lai;  (improperly)  laepis-la'zou-h. 
larboard   n.    (left)    'laiz-hoizd,    1a:?-ba?d;    (dialectally)    lae- 

bsrd. 
larseM  n.  liberality,  gift  [also  spelt  largessel  1a:7-d3is,  Icz- 

dscs. 
lariat   n.  picketing-rope ;   lasso   [also   spelt  larriet,   lariettel 

1ae?i-3t. 
larin  n.  (Persian    nd  Arabic  money)  laenn. 
larine  adj,  of  the  larina  or  gulls  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  larinl 

lawrin,  lae-rain. 

J  yc,   gcure;  bthe,  0  *ftin ;   3  axrure,  ds/oy;   I  shoe,  tSchem; 
wwhen;  13  sing;  u  whoever,  1  react,  \jiuW,  ^^wiooV,  \\t^  lisee; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o*.  doot,  ^otio,  ^\ie^,  ^^^0!^^% 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  307 

n.  (call  to  arms;  uproar)  'lei-eam,  'laeram,  'lai-ram. 
n.  ghost;  insect  in  the  grub  state  [plural  larvae']  'laiz- 

laryngeal  adj,  (of  the  larynx)  IsVindsi-dl,  te^in'dsii-dl. 
laryngitis    n.   inflammation    of    the    larynx)    Ix^in'dsai-tis, 
■  }aezin'd3ii-tis. 

laryngoscope  n.  (device  for  inspecting  the  larynx)  la'zirjgd- 
skop. 

laryngotomy  n.  (a  cutting  into  the  larynx)  laeeig'geta-mi. 

larsmx  n.  organ  of  fonation  [ploral  larynges,  rarely  larynx- 
es] 'lae^iqks;  {rarely)  'le:-?ii3ks. 

lascar  n.  (sailor;  tent-pitcher;  artilleryman)  lae'skax,  'Ixskdz. 

lasciTions  adj,  (lewd,  wanton)  Id'sivi-ds. 

lass  n.  (girl)  la:s,  la:s,  }ae:s. 

lasso  n.  rope  with  a  noose  [ploral  lassos,  lassoes]  'Iscso;  (im- 
properly) te'soo. 

last  n.,  adj,,  adv.,  v.  la:st,  }a:st,  l3e:st. 

lateen  n.  sail  [also  spelt  latine,  lattine,  latteen]  Is'tiin. 

latent  adj,  (hidden)  'lee-tnt,  lee-tant;  (improperly)  'leet-nt, 
'tet-nt. 

later  adv,  (afterward;  hereafter;  subsequently)  'lee-ta?. 

laterad  adj.  (toward  the  side)  'Ixts-zaed. 

lateral  adj,  'laeta-ral,  (anteriorly)  'laeta^al;  (rapidly)  'laetjol. 

lath  n.  strip  of  wood  [ploral  laths]  }a:6,  }a:6,  lae:6. 

lath  v,  (cover  with  laths)  la: 6,  }a:d. 

lathe  n.  (turning-machine)  leed. 

laths  n.  (ploral  of  lath)  la:dz,  la:6s. 

Latin  adj,  (of  Latium)  'laetin,  (assumptivly)  'laetn. 

Latin  n.  (language)  'laetin,  'laetn ;  (improperly)  laet-n. 

Latinise  v.  [also  spelt  Latinise]  'laetn-aiz,  'laeti-naiz. 

latria  n.  (the  supreme  worship  due  to  God  alone :    distxn- 
guisht  from  dulia,  hyperdulia)  la'tjai-a,  'lee-tji-a. 

latrine  n.  (privy)  la'tjiin. 

latten  n.  (metal)  laetn,  'laetsn. 

latter  adj.   (later ;   more  recent ;   being  the  second  of  two : 
opposed  to  former)  laeta?. 

lattice  n.  openwork  made  of  laths,  etc.   [also  spelt  lattis] 
'laetis. 

latns  ft.  side  [ploral  latera]  lee-tss. 

landable  adj.  (praiseworthy)  'Ici-ds-bdl. 

landannm   n.    (tincture   of   opium)    '}c:-dn-9m,   ^ods-nsm; 
(rapidly)  1c:d-n3m;   (less  properly)   'leda-nam,  Ic'dee-nam. 

langh  v.  (express  mirth,  joy,  etc.)  la:f,  la:f,  lae:f. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy\  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  «Lik\l<t% 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  precedmc  soMtv^  \^  \^Ti%\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  tlie  wVo^vci^  «^'^'aX^fe% 


306  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

lanslutble  adj,  (that  may  be  laughed  at)  ^ai-fa-bat. 
launch  v,  hurl;  send  off;   set  afloat  [former  synonymous 

cognate    lanch;    past    participle    and    preterit    launched, 

launchtl  }c:nt$,  }a:ntS,  }a:ntS ;  {also,  and  in  Britain  normally) 

lc:nS,  ia:n$,  }a:n$. 
launder  v.  wash;  do  up  [former  synonymous  cognate  lander; 

past  participle  and  preterit  laundered,  launderdj  1c:n-dK, 

1a:n-dar,  lain-dar. 
laundress  n.  [former  synonymous  cognate  landres^^  Ian- 

dris,  'la:n-dris,  la:n-dris. 
laundry  n.   [former  synonymous  cognate  landryl   Icm-dn, 

'la:n-dri,  1a:n-dri. 
laureate  adj.  (crownd  with  laurel)  1c:-n-9t. 
laurel  n.  (bay-tree,  etc.;  wreath  or  crown  of  glory)  1c:-s^. 

1e:-z^l,  'lezdl. 
laureled  adj,  crownd  with  laurel  [also  spelt  laurelled,  lau- 

reld}  'Ici-rald. 
lava  n.  (volcanic  rock)  ^a:-v3,  ^a:-v3;  (improperly)  Ice-va, 

'laev3, 
laver  n.  (basin,  bowl)  1ee-v9?. 

lavic  adj,  (of  lava)  'la:-vik;  (improperly)  ^ee-vik,  laevik. 
la'v^leMneM  n.  'lolas-nis. 
lauryer  n.  (one  verst  in  law;  attorney)  1c:-J32. 
lay  V.  (cause  to  lie)  lee,  (when  unstrest)  le. 
layette  n.  (outfit  for  new-born  child)  le'jet. 
laxar  n.  (leper)  lee-zsz, 
laxineM  n.  (slothfulness)  'lee-zi-nis. 
laxzarone  n.  Neapolitan  lounger  [also  spelt  lasarone;  ploral 

lazzaronil  laeza'eoo-ni,  }aetsa'?D0-ni. 
lea  n.  field,  meadow  [also,  formerly,  spelt  lee,  ley}  hi. 
leach  n.  cause  to  percolate;  lixiviate;  wash  out  by  percola- 
tion  [also  spelt  leech;   synonymous  cognates  letch,  latch; 

past   participle   and   preterit   leached,   leachtl   hitj. 
lead  V,  conduct  [past  participle  and  preterit  led'\  hid,  (when 

unstrest)  lid. 
lead  n.  metal  [also  spelt  led'\  led. 

leaden  adj,  made  of  led;  heavy,  dull  [also  spelt  ledenl  ledn. 
leaf  n.  plant-organ  [ploral  leavesl  hif. 
leafed  adj.  having  a  leaf  or  leaves  [also  spelt  leaftl  hift 
leaene  v.  form  into  a  league  or  alliance;  join  a  league  [also 

spelt  leag;  past  participle  and  preterit  leagued,  leagd}  hig. 
leaguer  n.  camp;  besieging  force   [also  spelt  leager,  legerl 

'hi-ga?. 

J  yc,   g  cure ;  5  the,  0  thin ;   3  axrure,  ds  ;oy ;   S  j^oe,   tS  c^w; 
wwhen;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  itcaitX.,  \jiu\V  ^>aiiool,  itt,  liwe; 
o poetic;  3  pv^r,  eawal,  /vWt,  ;>*.  doox,  *:>ox^o»  ^\ie^»  ^^^<to.\ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  309 

.  V,  pass  out  thru  a  crevis  or  hole  [past  participle  and 

^terit  leaked,  leakt}  hik. 

.  V.  incline   [past  participle  and  preterit  leaned,  hand, 

nt,  lent"}  hin,  {when  unstrest)  lin. 

t  V.  past  participle  and  preterit  of  lean  [also  spelt  lent^ 

t. 

V.   jump,   spring;    throb    [past   participle   and   preterit 
ped,  leapt,  lept}  hip. 

ed  V.  past  participle  and  preterit  of  leap  [also  spelt  leapt 
1,  sometimes,  leptl  hipt,  lept. 

t  V,  past  participle  and  preterit  of  leap  [also,  sometimes, 
It  lept}  lept,  hipt. 

a  V.  acquire  knowledge  of;  vulgarly,  teach  [past  parti- 
le  and  preterit  learned,  learnd,  learnt'[  iB'.zti. 
Aed  adj.  (erudite)  'lernid,  'lB:?-nid;  {erroneously)  iB'.znd. 
i&ed  V.  past  participle  and  preterit  of  learn  [also,  some- 
es,  spelt  learnd,  learntl  Isiznd,  lei^nt,  Isznt, 
i&edly  adv.  'leeni-dh,  'l8:?-ni-dh. 
5  n,  (contract,  etc.)  his. 

)  n.  (crossing  of  warp-threads  [also  spelt  leas;  syneny- 
us  cognate  lays']  his. 
)  V.  dialectal  (glean;  pick)  hiz. 
i  n.  (thong;  string;  cord;  set  of  three)  hij. 
ler  n.  drest  skin  [also  spelt  lether]  'ledar. 
lem  adj.  of  leather  [also  spelt  lethernl  ledaen. 
9  V.  cause  to  remain ;  commit ;  allow,  let ;  quit  [past  par- 
pie  and  preterit  left]  hiv,  {when  unstrest)  liv. 
Bd  adj.    having   leaves   or   foliage;    in   leaf   [also   spelt 
vd]  liivd. 

»n  V.  ferment,  raise,  etc. ;  imbue  [also  spelt  leven ;  past 
ticiple  and  preterit  leavened,   levend]   levan. 
lomancy  n.  obsolete  (divination  by  means  of  water  in 
•asin)  'lekana-maensi,  h'kaena-maensi. 
sr  n.  (libertin)  'letja?. 

im  n.  reading-desk  [also,  but  rarely  now,  spelt  lectum] 
:t97n. 

'.  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  lead)  led, 
Br   n.    book;    timber;    stone;    agent    [also    spelt    leger] 

Br  adj,  laid,  fixt;  resident;  also,  in  *ledger  line,  *ledger 

ce  [also  spelt  leger]  'ledsae. 

ment  n.  string-course  of  moldings  [also  spelt  ledgement] 

Ismant. 

,  b:  fttr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  ^\  a?J«.,  ^\V>xs.\ 
i-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  ^omtv^  "v.^  Vixv"tN 
mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  tVie  i^Wo-^ix^^  ^^^X-sJ^^' 


310  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

lee  n.  protection,  shelter  [also,  rarely,  spelt  lea;  dialectal  syn- 
onymous cognate  lewl  hi. 

lee  n.  (sediment  of  wine,  etc.)  hi. 

leech  n.  (aquatic  worm)  hit^. 

leech  n.  sloping  side  of  a  sail  [also  spelt  leach'l  hitS* 

leech  n.  physician  [also  spelt  leach}  hitS. 

leek  n.  (plant)  hik. 

leeward  adj.,  adv.  (away  from  the  wind)  lii-ward,  ^iou-STd. 

leeway  n.  (drift  to  leeward;  retrogression)  lii-wee. 

left-handed  adj.  teft'hxndid,  (assumptivly)  left-hsendid. 

les  n.  (limb;  ^upport)  leg;   (dialectally)  leeg. 

legacy  n.  (bequest)  lega-si. 

legalisation  n.  [also  spelt  legalisationl  tigdli'zee-Son,  liga- 
lai'zee-San. 

legalise  v.  make  legal  [also  spelt  legalise}  lii-gs-laiz. 

legate  n.  (deputy,  etc.)  'legit,  'leget;  {improperly)  'hi-get 

legatine  adj.  of  a  legate  [also  spelt  legatin}  legs-tin. 

legato  adj.  (connected,  smooth :  opposed  to  staccato)  le'go:- 
to ;   (less  properly)  h'gee-to. 

legator  n.  (testator)  lega'te:?,  h'gee-t3?. 

legend  n.  (story  of  a  saint's  life;  lesson-book;  story;  inscrip- 
tion) ledsand,  lii-dsand. 

legendary  adj.  ledsan-de^i,  ledsan-dari ;  lii-dsan-de^i. 

legerdemain  n.  (sleight  of  hand)  ledss^-di'meen. 

legged  adj.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  legd}  legid,  legd. 

leggi'Mis  n.  leg-covering  [synonymous  cognate  leggin}  legiQ. 

legible  adj.  (readable)  ledss-bsl. 

legislative  adj.,  n.  [also  spelt  legislativ}  ledsis-letiv,  ledsi- 
stetiv;  {also)  ledsista-tiv,  {assumptivly)  ledsis-lativ. 

legislator  n.  (lawmaker,  lawgiver)  ledsis-letae,  ledsi-SLetar. 

legislature  n.  'ledsis-let^s?,  'ledsi-sLetSs? ;  'ledsis-let^d?, 
led3i-SLetQ3? ;  {vulgarly)  ledsislee-tSar. 

legitimatise  z'.  render  legitimate  [also  spelt  legititnatise}  br 
'dsitima-taiz. 

legitimise  v.  legitimatize  [also  spelt  legitimise}  h'dsiti-maix. 

leg^nme  «.  (pulse ;  edible  vegetable)  le-gjum,  h'gjoum. 

legnminons  adj.  (of  pulse)  h'gjou-mi-nss. 

leisnrable  adj.  (leisurely)  lii-sa^a-bal,  lesa^s-bal. 

leisure  n.  (spare  time)  1ii-33?,  lesa?. 

leman  n.  (sweetheart,  lover;  mistress)  leman,  lii-man. 

lemma  n.  proposition;  theme  [plural  lemmas,  lemmata] 
lema.  , 

lemma  n.  husk :   outer  layer  [ploral  lemmata}  'lema. 

J yc,   ccure;   5  ffie,  0  thin;  ^sismt^,  A-sioY;  W/ioe,  tSchtw] 
wwhen;  r}  sing\  u  whoever,  itcaitX.,  ^iuW,  \i>\\oc\,  ^\v  vi%ee] 
o poetic;  a  ov^r,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o*.  ^oot,  ':i^wo,  ^\ie^,  ^.^^yfe^N 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  311 

lemon,  n.  (fruit)  'teman. 

lemur  n.  in  ploral,  spirits  of  the  departed;  in  singular,  mon- 
key-like animal  [ploral  lemurs,  lemuresl  'hi-mae. 

lemnres  n.  (ploral  of  lemur)  'lemjo-dz. 

lend  V,  grant  temporarily;  give,  bestow  [past  participle  and 
preterit  lent}  lend. 

lensth,  adj.  (quality  of  being  long,  etc.)  lerjO;  (dialectally) 
leeqO. 

leniency  n.  (quality  of  being  lenient)  'hi-ni-sn-si,  'hi-njdn- 
si;  (less  properly)  leni-an-si,  'lenjan-si. 

lenient  adj,  (softening;  mild)  'hi-ni-3nt,  lii-njsnt;  (less 
properly)  'leni-ant,  'lenjant. 

lenitive  adj.  of  medicins;  soothing,  etc.  [also  spelt  lenitiv'] 
leni-tiv. 

lenten  adj.  of  Lent  [also  spelt  Lenten"}  'lentn,  'lentan. 

leonine  adj.  (lion-like;  of  a  lion)  1ii-9-nain,  lii-9-nin. 

leopard  n.  (panther,  pard)  lepszd. 

leper  n.  (leprous  person)  'lepd?. 

lepidolite  n.  (mica)  lepi-dd-lait,  h'pids-lait. 

leporine  adj.  (of  a  hare;  lagomorphic)  'leps-zain,  lep3-7in. 

leprecliann  n.  pigmy  sprite  [also  spelt  leprechawn,  lepre- 
caivn;  synonymous  cognates  leprehaun,  lepreehawn,  lepra- 
chawn,  luprachaun}  'lep3i-kc:n. 

leprosy  n.  (disease)  lep^s-si. 

leprons  adj.  (afflicted  with  leprosy)  lepras. 

Lesbian  adj.  (of  Lesbos)  'lezbi-sn,  lesbi-sn. 

lese-majesty  n.  (treason)  hiz'mxdsi-sti. 

lesion  n.  damage,  hurt  [also,  rarely,  spelt  laesion}  1ii-39n. 

lessen  v.  become  less;  make  less  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit lessened,  lessend}  'lesan,  lesn. 

lessening  n.  (diminution)  'less-nii],  'lesn-ig,  lesNig. 

lesser  adj.  (less;  small;  minor)  less?. 

lesson  n.  (reading;  task;  reproof)  'lessn,  lesn. 

lessor  n.  (one  who  grants  a  lease)  le'se:?,  'less?. 

lethal  adj.  (causing  death;  deadly;  mortal)  'hi-Osl. 

lethargic  adj.  (dull,  sleepy,  sluggish)  )i'6a:7-d3ik ;  (less 
properly)  leQsz-d^ik. 

lethargiie  v.  [also  spelt  lethargise}  leOsr-dsaiz. 

lethargy  n.  (morbid  drowsiness;  torpor)  leOdz-dsi. 

IfCthean  adj.  (of  the  river  Lethe)  h'Oii-sn. 

lettnce  n.  plant  [also  spelt  lettis}  'letis. 

lencin  n.  aposepidin  [also  spelt  leucine}  liou-sin. 

lencorrhea  n.  whites  [also  spelt  leucorrhoea}  Hukd'ni-d. 

c:  law,  b:  fi*r,  ae  cat,  e  h^t,  .01  hoy ;  a:  for,  qo  now,  ^•'.  a^,  ^\VA\fc\ 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceditvR  so>axv^  \^  Vtmln 
stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  Oti  the  foWo^-ni^  %>jWsCw«.. 


312  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

Levant  n,  (the  East;  Asia  Minor,  etc.)  h'vaent. 

levant  n.  (leather)  h'vxnt. 

levant  adj,  (in  law,  in  *  levant  and  couchant)  Levant;  (Jess 

properly)  lii-vant. 
levant  n.  (bet  made  with  the  intention  of  absconding  if  it  is 

lost)  li'vant. 
levant  v,  (steal  away;  bolt;  abscond)  ti'vxnt. 
levantine  adj.  of  the  Levant ;  eastern  [also  spelt  levantin] 

h'vaentin,  'le van-tin,  h'vaen-tain,  levdn-tain. 
levator  n.  (muscle)  h'vee-ta?. 
levee   n.    embankment    [also,   sometimes,   spelt    levyj   le'vii, 

h'vii,  le-vi. 
levee  n.  reception  [synonymous  cognate  leviel  leVii,  h'vii, 

le-vi. 
level  n.  (instrument;  position,  etc.)  levat 
level  V.  [present  participle  leveling,  levelling',  past  pcutici- 

ple  and  preterit  leveled,  levelled,  leveldl  leval. 
leveler  n.  one  who  or  that  which  levels  [also  spelt  leveller"! 

'}ev3-l3?. 
lever  n.  (prizing-bar ;  crowbar,  etc.)  Iii-V3?,  leva?. 
leverage  n.  (action  of  a  lever,  etc.)  1ii-ya-?id3,  1ey9-zid$, 
levog^yrate  adj.  causing  to  turn  toward  the  left   ''Uso  spelt 

laevogyratel  hi-vo'dsai-^at. 
levy  V.  (raise;  impose)  'levi. 

lewd  adj.  (lascivious;  unchaste)  Huud;  (dtalectally)  loud. 
lewis  n.  contrivance  for  raising  blocks  of  strne  [also  spelt 

lewiss,  louisl  'Hou-is;  (dtalectally)  'Jou-is. 
Leyden   adj.    (of   Leyden,    Holland)    lai-dn,   ^ai-dan;    (less 

properly)  'lee-dn. 
liaison  n.   (thickening  for  sauces;   illicit  intimacy;   linking) 

li-e'zeq,  li'ee-zen. 
liana  n.  plant  [synonymous  cognate  liane"]  ti'ee-na,  li'ona, 

H'aena.- 
liar  n.  (one  who  lies  or  utters  falsehood)  1ai-9z. 
lias  n.  blue  limestone,  etc.  [also  spelt  Liasl  lai-9s. 
liassic  adj.  of  the  lias  [also  spelt  liasicl  lai'xsik. 
libel  n.  (writing;  defamatory  statement)  lai-bal. 
libel  V.   [present  participle  libeling,  libelling;   past  partici- 
ple and  preterit  libeled,  libelled,  libeldl  'lai-bal. 
libelant  n.  one  who  institutes  a  suit  in  an  ecclesiastical  or 

admiralty  court;   also,  libeler   [also  spelt  libellant"!  lai-ba- 

lant. 
libeler  n.  one  who  libels  [also  spelt  libeller'^  lai-bd-ld?. 

J  ye,   5  cure;  5f/ie,  OtKin;  ^sizure,  dj/oy;   Sshoe,  tScAew; 
wwhen;  i}  sing;  u  whoever,  ireaitX.,  xviuW,  ^m\ooV  -s-it,  lisee; 
Q  poetic;  a  ov^r,  e  aeml,  xbut,  :>*.  dQot,  •aoxio^  ^.'^e^^  ^.^^<fc.v> 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  313 

Ubelons  adj.  [also  spelt  libellous'}  lai-bs-las. 

Uber  n.  (inner  bark;  bast)  lai-ba?. 

liberal  adj.,  n.  'hba-rol,  (rapidly)  libral. 

liberalise  v.  [also  spelt  liberalise'}  'Xih^z^Amz. 

libertine  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  libertin}  'hbsz-tin,  libd?- 
tain. 

library  n.  (place  for  books)  lai-bra-ei,  (anteriorly)  lai- 
bz^zi;  (also)  'lai-been,  'lai-bee^i;  (often,  less  properly)  lai- 
ba-n;  (rapidly)  'Jai-b?i. 

libretto  n.  booklet  containing  the  words  of  an  opera,  etc. 
[ploral  libretti,  librettos}  h^b^eto. 

license  n.  liberty,  leave ;  permit ;  libertinism  [also  spelt  li- 
cence} 'lai-sans,  'lai-sants. 

license  v.  [also  spelt  licence;  past  participle  and  preterit  li- 
censed, licenst}  'lai-sdns,  'lai-sants. 

licentiate  n.  (graduate,  etc.;  probationer)  lai'senjit,  lai'sen- 
Si-3t,  lai'senji-et. 

licentions  adj.  (using  license;  immoral)  lai'sen^ds. 

licben  n.  (plant;  skin-disease)  'lai-kin;  (less  properly)  litjin. 

licorice  n.  rhizome,  etc.;  plant  [also  spelt  liquorice,  Hcoris; 
dialectal  synonymous  cognate  lickerish}  'hka-eis;  (rapidly) 
^ik^is;  (dialectally)  'hka-jij,  'hk^ij. 

lie  V.  rest  recumbent ;  have  place  [present  participle  lying^ 
past  participle  lain,  preterit  lay}  lai. 

lie  V,  speak  falsely  [present  participle  lying,  past  participle 
and  preterit  lied}  lai. 

lie  n.  (falsehood)  lai. 

lief  adj.  beloved,  dear;  agreeable,  acceptable  [also  spelt  leaf 
and,  formerly,  leef;  synonymous  cognates  leave,  leve}  hif. 

lief  adj.  dearly,  gladly,  willingly :  as,  /  'd  as  *lief,  etc.  [syn- 
onymous cognate  lieve ;  comparativ  liefer,  liever}  hif. 

liege  adj.  (entitled  to  feudal  service ;  bound  to  render  feudal 
service)  hids. 

lien  n.  (claim)  lii-an,  hin,  lai-an. 

Her  n,  (one  who  lies  down ;  one  who  rests  or  remains)  1ai-3z. 

lien  n.  (place,  sted)  Huu,  lou. 

lientenancy  n.  lio'tenan-si,  laf'tenan-si,  lef'tenan-si,  lav- 
'tenan-si. 

lientenant  n.  (substitute;  officer's  title)  lio'tendnt,  Isf- 
'tenant,  lef'tenant,  lav'tenant. 

life-bnoy  n.  'laif-bou-i,  laif-boi. 

lifelong  adj.  (lasting  thru  life)  laif-lorq. 

lightening  n.   (the  rendering  light ;  alleviation)  lai-tn-iq. 

c:  \aw,  b:  iuv,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  ox  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  tvoiu,  ^\  a^V:,  ^^.VA.\s.\ 
\ength-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  precedititt  ^o>axv^  \%  VkWSkN 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  ^e  iQ\\o^\T^Sk  ^-^^^2^^' 


314  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 


liehteninK  n.   the  shedding  of  light;   enlightenment  [also* 

sometimes,  spelt  lightning']  'lai-tn-iq,  lait-niij. 
lightening  mdj,  (that  lights,  shines,  flashes)  lai-tn-ig. 
lightning  n.   (flash  of  light  due  to  atmosferic  electricity) 

'lait-niq. 
lignaloes  n.  the  bitter  drug  aloes;   aloes-wood;   aloe  [also 

spelt  lign-aloes]  lain'aeloz,  hg'nxloz. 
lignin  n.  xylogen  [also  spelt  ligninel  lignin. 
lignnm-Titae    n.    (tree;    wood;    resin;    guaiacum)    hgnam- 

'vai-ti. 
likable  adj.  that  can  be  liked;  pleasing  [also  spelt  likeable] 

lai-ka-bal. 
like  adj,  (similar  to)  laik,  (often,  anteriorly,  when  unstrest) 

Idk. 
lilao   n.    shrub;    color    [dialectal   synonymous   cognates   lay- 
lock,  layloc,  lalock]  'lai-lak. 
Lillipntian  n.  inhabitant  of  Lilliput  [also  spelt  Liliputian] 

hh'pgou-San. 
lily  n.  plant;  flower  [ploral  lilies]  lih. 
Lima  adj,  (in  *Lima  bean,  etc.)  lai-ma,  ^li-ma. 
limail  n.  metal  filings  [also  spelt  lemel]  lii-mal,  h'mee}. 
limb  n.  bodily  organ,  member;  arm,  wing,  leg;  branch  [also 

spelt  lim]  hm. 
limbec  n.  alembic  [also  spelt  limbeck]  lim-bek. 
limn  V.  (paint;  depict)  hm. 
limner  n.  (illuminator;  painter)  'hmna?. 
limning  n.  (illuminating;  painting)  'hmig,  limniQ. 
limonite  n.  (brown  hematite)  'lai-md-nait. 
limonsine  n.  (carriage)  Hmu'ziin. 

lin  n.  waterfall ;  pool ;  precipice  [also  spelt  linn,  lynn]  hn. 
Unable  adj,  ranged  in  a  straight  line   [also  spelt  lineable] 

lai-na-bal. 
lineament  n.  (outline,  contour;  feature)  'hni-a-mant. 
linear  adj.  (of  a  line;  line-like)  'hni-o?. 
linen  adj.  (made  of  flax)  'hnin. 

lingel  «.  shoemaker's  waxt  thread  [also  spelt  lingle]  ligga!. 
lingel  n.  thong,  latchet  [also  spelt  lingle]  'hqgal. 
lingerie  n.  (linen  collectivly)  laendsa'^ii,  laerjsa'rii. 
lingo  n.  language  [also,  formerly,  spelt  linguo]  liggo. 
lingo  n.  tree  [also  spelt  lingoa]  'hi]go. 
lingot  n.  ingot  [also,  formerly,  spelt  linget]  liggst. 
lingnal  adj.  (of  the  tongue)  'hi]gw3}. 
liniment  n.  (liquid  preparation)  lini-mant. 

J ye,   ccure;   5  f/ie,  0  thin-,  ^sisMie,  d^foy;   S  j/ioe,   tScAew; 
w  when;  ij  sing;  u  whoever,  iTcatX.,  \3iu\\,  ^wiooV  ^\v  \iaee; 
o poetic;  3  ov^r,  e  aerial,  Abut,  :>•.  doot, -a^xio,  ^.X^e^,  ^^5ysft*.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  3l5 


IdinneaiL  adj.  of  the  Swedish  naturalist  C.  Linnaeus  [also 
spelt  Linnaean\  h'nii-3n. 

Unolenni  n.  (floor-cloth)  h'noo-li-dm. 

linotype  n.  (composing-machine)  'lai-na-taip ;  {less  proper- 
ly) 'hna-taip;  {erroneously)  'hni-3-taip. 

linsey-xv'oolsey  n.  (fabric,  garment)  hnzi'wolzi. 

lintel  n.  (horizontal  piece  over  a  door  or  window)  lint}, 
'hntal. 

lionize  v.  visit,  see,  or  show  the  lions  or  sights  of  a  place; 
also,  make  a  lion  or  hero  of  [also  spelt  lionise'}  1ai-9-naiz. 

lipogram  n.  (a  writing  from  which  all  words  containing  a 
particular  letter  are  omitted)  'hpa-graem,  'lai-pa-geaem. 

liqnate  v,  (liquify;  melt)  lai-kwet. 

liqnefy  v.  reduce  to  liquid  [also,  formerly,  spelt  liquify} 
likiui-fai. 

liqnenr  n.  (cordial)  h'ke:?,  li'ke:? ;  {less  properly)  h'kgo:?. 

liqnidixe  v.  make  liquid  [also  spelt  liquidise}  'hkiui-daiz. 

liqnor  n.  (liquid;  alcoholic  drink)  'hkdz. 

lira  n.  Italian  silver  coin   [plural  lire,  liras}  'h:-z3. 

lis  n.  controversy;  litigation  [plural  lites}  hs. 

lis  n.  in  heraldry,  fleur-de-lis  [plural  lis,  lisses}  his. 

lis  n.  circular  enclosure ;  fort  [also  spelt  liss}  hs. 

lissoni  adj.  supple,  lithe  [also  spelt  lissome}  'hssm. 

listen  V,  give  ear  [past  participle  and  preterit  listened.  Its- 
tend}  'hsan,  'hsn. 

listerine  n.  antiseptic  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  listerin}  'hstd- 
rin,  'hst3-?in. 

litany  n.  (prayer)  'htn-i,  'hta-ni. 

litchi  n.  tree  [also  spelt  lichi,  lichee,  leechee}  H'tjii,  li-tji. 

liter  «.  capacity-measure  [also  spelt  litre}  lii-t^z. 

literal  adj.  (of  letters;  exact)  'hta-^al,  {rapidly)  'htial. 

literalise  v.  render  literal,  etc.  [also  spelt  literalise}  'htsrd- 
laiz. 

literary  adj.  (of  letters)  lit3-?e?i;  {also)  'htara-n,  {anterior- 
ly) 1it3-r3?i,  {rapidly)  litjaei;  {also,  and  in  Britain  nor- 
mally) 'htj3-?i. 

literati  n,  (plural  of  literatus)  hta'?ee-tai. 

literatim  adv.  (letter  for  letter;  literally)  hta'^ee-tim. 

literature  «.  (literary  culture;  realm  of  letters;  writings  or 
books  collectivly)  'hta^a-tjur,  'hta^a-tja?,  {rapidly)  litsa- 
tjar;  {also,  older)  'htara-tgu?,  'hta^a-tgo?,  'ht£a-tg3?. 

litharge  «.  (protoxid  of  led)  'h-9a:?d3,  'hOards. 

lithe  adj.  (mild,  pleasant;  flexible,  supple)  laid,  laiG. 

c:  low,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  au  now,  a:  osk,  ai  k»te ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  precediti^  %omti^  "v.^  X^^SkN 
stress-mark  ( )  indicates  chief  stress  on  tilt  A©>\QHiva.\|,  ^^'^•2^^ 


316  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

lithiasis  n.  (formation  of  stones  in  the  bladder,  etc.)  h'6ai-9- 

SIS. 

lithograplier  n.  h'Oegz^-i^z;  (less  properly)  liOd-gzai-far. 

litliog^rapliy  n.  (stone  engraving)  li'6eg73-fi. 

lithotomy  n.  (cutting  for  stone  in  the  bladder)  h'Oeta-mi. 

lithotrity  n.  (crushing  a  stone  in  the  bladder)  h'Oet{i-ti, 
'hOa-tjai-ti. 

litigious  adj.  (contentious;  fond  of  going  to  law;  dispu- 
table; of  litigation)  h'tidsds. 

litoral  n.  of  the  shore  [also  spelt  littorall  lita-??}. 

litterateur  n.   literary  man   [also   spelt   littSrateurl   htard- 

'tB'.Z, 

little  adj,  (small ;  short ;  trivial ;  mean)  'htl ; .  (dialectcUly) 
'hi-tl,  {sometimes,  as  in  singing)  lital;  (dialectally)  liW. 

litnrgic  adj.  (of  public  worship,  liturgy,  etc.)  li'tBzdsik. 

litnrgist  n.  (one  who  uses  or  makes  a  liturgy;  minister) 
litar-dsist. 

litnrgy  n.  (service,  etc.)  Iita^-dsi. 

live  V.  continue  in  being;  remain  alive  [also  spelt  liv;  past 
participle  and  preterit  lived,  livdl  hv. 

live  adj.  (being  in  life ;  lively ;  fresh)  laiv. 

livelong  adj.  (that  livs  long ;  lasting ;  tedious)  livAeiT} ;  (im- 
properly) 'laiv-lerq. 

iivery  n.  (provision ;  distinctiv  clothing ;  delivery  of  proper- 
ty; livery-stable)  'hv3-?i,  (rapidly)  livei. 

lives  n.  (ploral  of  life)  laivz. 

lives  V.  (third  person  singular  present  indicativ  of  live;  al- 
so spelt  livsl  hvz. 

livre  «.  (old  French  coin)  lii-va?,  hivr. 

lixiviate  v.  (subject  to  lixiviation)  hk'sivi-et. 

llama  n.  quadruped  [also  spelt  lantal  1a:-m9,  Ijai-ms;  (less 
properly)  lee-ma, 

llano  n.  (plain)  1a:-no,  1ja:-nD. 

load  n,  (burden)  lood. 

loaf  n.  bread,  etc.  [ploral  loaves']  loof. 

loaf  V.  spend  time  idly  [also  spelt  loafe;  past  participle  and 
preterit  loafed,  haft]  iDof. 

loam  n.  soil  [former  synonymous  cognate  loom]  loom;  (dia- 
lectally) loum. 

loan  V.  lend  [past  participle  and  preterit  loaned,  loand]  loon. 

loath  adj.  averse,  unwilling  [also  spelt  loth]  }3o6. 

loathe  V,  feel  aversion  for;  dislike  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit loathed,  loathd]  lood. 

j  ye,   gcure;  bthe,  G*fiin;   sasure,  ds/oy;   ^  shoe,   tS  cAew; 
wwhen;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  itcatt,  v>iu\\,  v^m^ooV  'i-xl,  ilsee; 
o poetic;  o  ov^r,  eoerial,  Abut,  o-.dooT,  oo^xio,  «.\ic^>  ^^^q!(&\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  317 

loatluioiiie  adj.  (disgusting,  odious)  lood-ssm. 

lobelia  n.  (plant)  lo^bii-Hd. 

local  adj.  (of  place;  belonging  to  a  particular  region)  'loo-kdh 

locale  n.  (place,  locality)  blca:}. 

localisation  n.  [also  spelt  localisation'i  loksh'zee-San,  lokd- 

lai'zee-San. 
localiBe  v.  [also  spelt  localise'\  loo-k^Aaiz. 
locate  V.  (place;  settle)  loo-ket,  (also,  especially  in  Britain, 

sometimes)  loTceet. 
locative  adj.  of  place  or  location  [also  spelt  locativl  leks- 

tiv,  (less  often)  loo-ka-tiv. 
loch  n.  (lake)  lek. 
lochia    n.pl.     (evacuations    following    childbirth)     'loo-ki-s, 

'leki-3;  (less  properly)  lo'kai-a,  lo'tSai-a. 
locliiis  n.  Greek  army-division  [plural  lochil  'lekds. 
locomotiTe   adj,   of   movement   from   place   to   place    [also 

spelt  locomotivl  loka'moo-tiv. 
locns  n.  [ploral  loci^  loo-kds. 
locatory    n.    (parlor    of    a    monastery;    parlor)    ^ekqo-tozi, 

'lekgo-tan. 
lode  n.  (vein  of  ore)  bod. 
lodestar  n.  guiding  star;  pole-star  [also  spelt  loadstarl  'bod- 

StQ'.Z. 

lodestone  n.  magnetic  oxid  of  iron   [also  spelt  loadstone! 

iDod-stoon. 
lodge  n.  (cottage;  meeting-place)  leds. 
lodgement  n.  [also  spelt  lodgement}  ledsmant. 
loeM  n.  (loam)  }b:s,  loo-es. 

loft  n.  (attic;  gallery;  story)  le:ft;   (dialectally)  Xc.it. 
logaoedic    adj.    (prose-poetic)    lega'ii-dik;    (less    properly) 

legs'edik. 
logarithni  n.  (the  exponent  of  the  power  to  which  a  basal 

number   must   be   raised   to   equal   a   given   number)    'lega- 

^idam,  lega-^idm,  lega-riOam,  'lega-^iOm. 
logarithmic  adj.  legsVidmik,  legs'^iOMik. 
loggia   n.    open    gallery   or   arcade    [ploral    loggias,    loggiel 

1ed39,  ledsi-a. 
logician  n.  (one  verst  in  logic)  b'dsiSsn. 
logomachy  n.  contention  about  words;  game  [ploral  logomc^ 

cities'}  b'gema-ki. 
Logos  n.  (Word;  Divine  Reason)  'leges. 
logy  adj.  (heavy,  slow,  stupid)  loo-gi. 
lollipop  n,  sweetmeat  [also  spelt  lollypop}  leh-pep. 

c:  law,  b:  fwr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  for,  oo  now,  a:  osk,  aik-Cte-^ 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preoedm^  ^omtv^  "v.^  \«tvM»% 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  ieiWoHiva^  ^-^Vvai^^* 


318  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

Iiombard  n.  (one  of  a  Germanic  people;  nativ  of  Lombardy) 

lem-bard,  'lembard,  lAmbard. 
Londonize  v.  [also  spelt  Londonise\  lAndd-naxz. 
lone  adj.  (solitary)  loon;  (dialectally)  Ion. 
lonely  adj,  loo-nlx;  (dialectally)  lonli. 
lonesome  adj.  (lonely,  solitary)  loon-sam;  ^dialectally)  lon- 

ssm. 
Ions   a(//.,  adv„  v,,  n.    [as  verb,   past  participle  and  preterit 

longed,  longdl  le:t},  leg ; .  (dialectally)  lc:t}, 
longe  n.  (lake-trout)  lends,    see  lunge, 
longevity  «.  (long  life)  len'dsevi-ti. 
long-headed   adj.    [also   spelt  long-hededl   leig'hedid,  (or- 

sumptivly)  leiq-hcdid. 
loose  V,  make  free;  release;  relax  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit loosed,  loostl  lous. 
loot  V.  (plunder)  lout. 
loqnaoions    adj,    (talkativ)    b'ktuee-Sss ;     (improperly)    b* 

'kwaeSds. 
loqnaoity  n.  (talkativness)  lolcwssi-ti. 
lord  n.  (master,  ruler,  prince;  owner)  leizd,  lesd,  }c:d. 
lore  n.  (learning)  lo:z. 

lorgnette  n,  (long-handled  glasses)  loT'njet,  lesn'jet. 
lorica  n.  cuirass ;  paste ;  sheath   [ploral  loricae)  Id'^ai-ka. 
losable  adj,  capable  of  being  lost  [also  spelt  loseable'\  lou- 

zd-bdl. 
lose  V.  (fail  to  keep;  miss)  louz,  (when  unstrest)  luz. 
losel  n.  good-for-nothing  [also  spelt  lozeH  loo-zsl. 
lotto  n.  game  [synonymous  cegnate  loto'\  leto. 
lotns  n.  plant,  tree,  lily,  clover  [also  spelt  lotos;  ploral  loiui' 

es"]  loo-t3s. 
lonnge  v.,  n.  loonds,  (in  Britain,  often)  loons. 
lonr  V,  lao7.    same  meaning  as  lower. 
lonse  n.  insect  [ploral  lice'\  loos. 
lonse  V.  (clear  of  lice)  laoz. 
lonsy  adj.  (full  of  lice ;  filthy)  1ao-zi. 
lonver  n,  turret  [also  spelt  louvre  and,  formerly,  looverl  Ion- 

V3?. 

lovable  adj.  deserving  to  be  loved,  amiable  [also  spelt  love- 

ablel  'lAV3-b3l. 
loveliness  n.  (quality  of  being  lovely)  'Uvh-nis. 
low  adj.  (not  tall  or  high;  humble)  bo,  (when  unstrest)  lo. 
low  V.  bellow  softly ;  moo  [past  participle  and  preterit  lowed, 

lowdl  loo. 

J  yc,  ?cure;  5*fce,  0«fiin;  saxrure,  dj/oy;  S<rAoe,  tlchem: 
wzvhen;  t)sing\  u  whoever,  itcslcV,  \il\CCi,  w\lool,  itt,  lis^e; 
o poetic;  oov^,  e  aerial,  xbut,  v.doot,  -r^c^Tvo,  ^\ic\^  ^^^*r.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  319 

Icorer  v»  cause  to  descend;  humble  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit lowered,  lowerd}  'loo-a^. 

lo'orer  v.  frown;  be  clouded  [synonymous  cognate  lour;  past 
participle  and  preterit  lowered,  lowerd'\  'lau-a^. 

lo'wery  adj,  [synonymous  cognate  loury'\  'lau-3-zi. 

loyal  adj,  (faithful,  true)  'loi-al. 

losense  n.  (rhomb,  diamond;  tablet)  'lezinds. 

luoem  ft.  plant  [also  spelt  lucerne}  Iw'ssizn. 

lucid  adj,  (bright,  shining;  clear)  'liou-sid;  (d'alectally)  lou- 
sid. 

lucrative  adj,  profitable   [also  spelt  lucrative   'Hou-lci9-tiv ; 
(dialectally)  'lou-lcsa-tiv. 

lucre  ft.  (gain;  profit;  greed)  liou-kar;  {dialectally)  'lou-kae. 

IdUcnllean  adj.  liukslii-sn.    same  meaning  as  Lucullian, 

Lucullian   adj,  of  the   rich   Roman   Lucullus   [synonymous 
cognate  Lucullean}  Ho'kAli-an. 

ludicrous  adj.  (laughably  absurd)  liou-di-k^ss ;  {dialectally) 
1ou-dT-ks3s. 

lues  n.  (plague)  liou-iz. 

lusrnbrions  adj,  (doleful,  mournful)  }u'gjou-b?i-as. 

lukewarm  adj,  (tepid;  indifferent)  '}iouk-wc:?m ;   {dialectal- 
ly) ^ouk-wciem. 

lullaby  n.   (song  sung  to  children  to  soothe  them  to  rest) 
lAla-bai. 

lumachelle  n,  fire-marble  [also  spelt  lumachel;  synonymous 
cognates  lumachella,  lumachelle}  liou-ma-kel. 

lumbar  adj.  (of  the  loins)  'lAmbo?. 

lumber  n.  (things;  sawed  timber)  'Xkmb^z, 

luminary  n.   (light-giving  body)   'Hou-mi-nezi ;    {dialectally) 
1ou-mi-ne?i. 

lunatic  adj.  (insane;  mad;  idiotic;  crazy)  liou-ns-tik;  {dia- 
lectally) lou-na-tik. 

luncb  n.,  v.  UntJ,  {in  Britain)  IauS. 

luncbeon  n.  (lunch)  'lAntSdn,  {also,  and  in  Britain  normally) 
lAnSsn. 

lunge  n.  rope;  training-ground  [also  spelt  longe}  Unds,  {in 
Britain,  often)  lAns. 

lunge  n.  thrust;  plunge  [also,  formerly,  spelt  longe,  lounge} 
lAnds,  }An3. 

lunge  n,  lake-trout  [also  spelt  'lunge  \  synonymous  cognates 
longe,  'longe}  Unds,  Uns. 

Lupercal  n.    (festival  in   honor  of  Lupercus)   liou-par-kael, 
liou-pa^-kal,  Ho'po^-kael. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  ktte ; 
length-morli-  (;)  indicates  that  the  precedinv^  somtv^  \^  \«v\^\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  tVie  i^WoHiwi^  %^>\'2Mv&, 


320  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

lupin  n.  plant  [also  spelt  lupinel  liou-pin. 

lupine  adj.  (of  a  wolf)  'hou-pain,  liou-pin. 

lure  v.  (recall  to  the  lure;  allurd;  tempt)  lioiz;  (jiialecUiily) 

)o:7. 
Inrid  adj.  (wan;  ghastly)  1io:-?id;  (dialectally)  loi-zid, 
luscious  adj.  (highly  pleasant  to  the  taste,  etc.)  ^a$98. 
Inster  n.  period  of  five  years  [also  spelt  lustre'\  ^AStae. 
luster  v,  [also  spelt  lustre"]  IasX^z. 
luster  n.  sheen;  gloss  [also  spelt  lustrel  'lAstar. 
luster  n.  (one  who  lusts)  lAstsz. 
Instered  adj.  [also  spelt  lustred,  lusterdl  lAstdzd. 
Insterins  n.  the  action  of  the  verb  luster;  polish  [also  spelt 

lustring]  lASta-nrj,  'lAStjiq. 
Instring  n.  (glossy  silk  fabric)  lAstsig. 
lustring  n.  lAstd-?ii],  lAstsii].     see  lustering, 
Inte  n.  (stringd  instrument)  Hout;  (dialectally)  lout. 
luxuriance  n.  (state  of  being  luxuriant ;  exuberance)  lag'so-' 

ri-9ns,  lAg'3o:-?i-3ns,  lAk'sQo:-?i-3ns. 
luxuriant  adj.  (exuberant  in  growth;   abundant)   }9g'3o:-n- 

ant,  lag'zjor-ei-ant,  lAk'sgor-^i-ant. 
luxuriate   v.    (grow   rank;    indulge   in   luxury)   l9g'3o:-ri-et, 

l3g'zjo:-ri-et,  lAk'sQo:-ri-et. 
luxurious   adj.    (of   luxury,   etc.)   l9g'3o:-7i-9s,   l9g'zjo:-ri-9S, 

lAk'sgo:-ri-3s. 
luxury  n.   (indulgence  in  refined  abundance,  etc.)   lAkSa-?i, 

lAksgo-ri,  '}Ag33-?i;  (also,  rapidly)  lAkJ^i. 
lycanthrope  n.  (were-wolf)  'lai-kan-Gsop,  lailcaen-Gsop. 
lyeantliropy  n.  (insanity  in  which  the  patient  imagins  him- 
self a  wolf;  power  to  change  into  a  wolf)  lai'kaenOsa-pi. 
Iyc6e  n.  (secondary  state  school  in  France)  li'see. 
lyceum  n.  (place  of  instruction)  lai'sii-sm;  (sometimes)  lai- 

si-3m. 
lye  n.  alkalized  water  [also,  formerly,  spelt  lie,  ley]  lai. 
lympli  n.  (water ;  sap ;  bodily  fluid)  hmf . 
lynch  V.  punish  by  lynch-law   [past  participle   and  preterit 

lynched,  lyncht]  lintS,  (also,  and  in  Britain  normally)  hnj. 
lynx  n.  (wild  cat)  hr)ks. 

lyonnaise  adj.  (of  Lyons,  France;   Lyonnese)   H-d'neez. 
lyric  adj,  (of  the  lyre,  etc.)  'h?ik. 
lyricisni  n.  (lyric  style)  'h^i-sizam. 
lyrism  n.  (lyricism)  li-^izam,  'lai-^izam. 
lyrist  n.  (player  on  the  lyre;  lyric  poet)  lizist;  (rarely)  lai- 

zist. 

j  ve,  g  cure ;  btht,  0  tKitv;  ^  -j  asure,  dj  /oy ;  S  j^oe,  tj  c^ew; 
w  wJien;  13  sin^;  u  whoever,  itcaitX.,  \3iu\V  ^>aiioo\,  i.\V  \V8«^; 
o  poetic;  a  ov^r,  e  oerial,  xbuV,  ;>*.  doot,  •;>otvo,  «.\ic^>  ^.^%qSs.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  321 

n.  (mama,  mother)  ma: . 
b'ajn   n.    [also   spelt    mam;    vulgar    synonymous   cognates 
marm,  mum}  maem,  ma:m;   {often)  mae:m;   {when  unstrest) 
mdm,  m. 

maead  am  tie  v,  [also  spelt  macadamisel  md'kaedd-maiz. 

ataoaqne  it.  monkey  [also  spelt  macac}  md'kaek,  m^'kaik. 

maoaroni  ft.  dried  wheat  paste  in  the  form  of  tubes,  etc. 
[ploral  macaronies}  maekd'zoo-ni. 

maoaw  n.  parrot  [also,  formerly,  spelt  macao,  maccaw, 
mackaw}  ms'kc: . 

ataoooboy  n.  snuff  [also  spelt  maccahoy;  synonymous  cog- 
nates maccouba,  macouba,  maccubau}  'mxks-bei. 

ataomeolation  n.  (opening  between  the  corbels  of  a  pro- 
jecting parapet,  etc.)  makiks'lee-Jan,  ma-tSikalee-San. 

machinal  adf»  obsolete  (of  machines)  'maeki-nl;  (less  prop- 
erly) ma'Jii-nl. 

ataoldnation  n.  (contrivance,  intrigue;  scheme)  mxki'nee- 
San. 

2iiAokerel  n.  fish  [also,  formerly,  spelt  mackerell,  mackarel\ 
former  synonymous  cognate  mackrell  'mxkd-^dl,  'mxkd-^el, 
'maeks^}. 

ataokintofli  ft.  waterproof  [also  spelt  macintosh}  'maekin- 
te$. 

maokle  ft.  in  printing,  blur  [also  spelt  made}  'mxksl. 

ataole  ft.  (twin  crystal;  also  chiastolite)  'maeksl. 

ataoroeoim  ft.  (universe,  cosmos :  opposit  of  microcosm) 
'mxk39-kez3m ;  (less  properly)  'mee-ksa-kozam. 

maeron  ft.  (length-mark)  'mee-kssn,  'mee-k^on,  'mae-kson. 

mad  adj.  (insane;  unwise;  angry)  mxd,  (familiarly)  mae:d. 

madam  ft.  lady,  etc.  [also  spelt  madame}  'mxdsm. 

madame  ft.  madam,  my  lady  [plural  mesdames}  ms'dacm, 
mx'da:m,  'mxdsm. 

maddening  adj.  (that  makes  mad;  that  enrages)  'mxdn-ii], 
'maednii]. 

maddins  adj.  (becoming  mad;  frenzied)  'maedii];  (errone- 
ously) 'maednii]. 

Madeira  ft.  (wine)  m9'di:-?9,  md'dei-^d. 

inademoiaelle  ft.  miss  [plural  mesdemoiselles}  maeddm^'zel, 
mxdd-mwo'zel,  (anteriorly)  'maedama-zel,  (rarely)  'maem-zel. 

madraa  ft.  (fabric)  mo'dra-.s,  'msedrss. 

madrier  ft.  (timber)  'maedri-ar;  (less  properly)  ma'dri:?. 

maelstrom  ft.  (whirlpool ;  resistless  movement)  'meel-st£9m. 

maestoso  adv.   (in   music ^  majestically)   ma-es'too-so. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cot,  o  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-morlr  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  so\m^  \^  \^tiv> 
jstrcffs-mark  (")  indicate^  chief  stress  on  X\l^  ioWovniv^  ^^Vi^Ns., 


322  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

maeitro  n.  (master  in  music)  ma'estso,  ma'ee-stsa. 
masaiine     n.     (warehouse;     storage-chamber;     periodical) 

mxgd'ziin,  {sometimes)  'maega-zin. 
magdalen  n.  reformd  prostitute  [synonymous  cognate  maif- 

dalenel  'maegda-lsn. 
Magellanio  adj,  (of  Magellan)  maedsi'taenik,  mjegilKnik. 
mas^nta  n.  (anilin  red;  fuchsin)  ma'dsenta. 
massot  n.  (worm,  grub;  crotchet)  'mxgst. 
Magi  n.  (ploral  of  Magus,  wise  man)  'mee-dsai. 
masna  el&arta  n.  (Great  Charter  of  English  liberty)  nueg- 

ndlcQ^td,  maegnslcarr-td. 
maKneiia   n.    (hydrated   magnesium    carborate;    magnesitiin 

oxide)    mag'nii-Ss,    msg'nii-sa;    maeg'nii-Si-s,    maeg'nii-si-d, 

mag'nii-zi-3. 
magnetisation  n.    [also  spelt  magnetisation^   maegniti'zee- 

Sdn,  maegni-tai'zee-$3n. 
magnetise  v,  render  magnetic ;  also,  attract  [also  spelt  mag* 

netisel  'mxgni-taiz. 
magneto   n.    (magneto-electric   machine)    maeg'nii-to,   'meg' 

ni-to. 
magneto-eleetrio     adj.     mxg-nii-to-ilektsik,     maegni-to-i- 

Icktjik. 
magnificent    adj.    (grand,    splendid)    mxg'nif i-sant ;    {less 

properly)  maeg'nivi-sant. 
magnolia  n.  (tree ;  bark)  mseg'noo-H-d. 
maguey  n.  (American  aloe)  'maegwe,  mae'gwce. 
Magyar  n.  (Mongoloid  Hungarian)  'maeg-ja?,  'ma:d-j<ir,  mst- 

malilftiok  ft.  hand-supporting  stick  used  by  painters  [also, 
sometimes,  spelt  maulstick,  malstickl  'mc:l-stik,  'ma:)-8tik. 

mahogany  n.  (wood;  tree;  table)  md'hegd-ni. 

maieutie  adj,  (of  intellectual  midwif ry ;  clarifying  the  mind) 
me'jou-tik. 

mail  n.  (armor)  meel. 

mail  n*.  (payment;  tax;  tribute)  mcel. 

mail  n.  (bag;  post)  meel. 

mailable  adj.  (capable  of  being  mailed)  'mee-ta-bd}. 

main  n.  (strength ;  main  part ;  open  ocean)  meen. 

main  adj.  (principal,  chief)  meen. 

main  n.  (throw  of  dice ;  match)  meen. 

mainmait  n.  (principal  mast)  'meen-ma:st,  'meen-mast. 

mainprise  v.,  n,  obsolete  [also  sprit  mainprisci  'meen-p^aiz. 

mainsail  «.  'mren-seel,  'mpen-sol,  'meen-sl. 

}  ye,   ccure:   bthe,  Of/iin;   5  a^ure,  d^foy:   ^  shoe,   t^cheyr; 
wwhen;  tjsinfj;  u  whoever,  iTcacl,  q\u\\,  vk>\\oo\,  \\\.,  ^\«e€; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  xbut,  ;>*.  dooi,  -^ot^o,  ^,\i«^,  ^^%q^^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  323 


V.  carry  on;  keep  up;  support  [past  participle  and 
preterit  maintained,  maintaindl  menHeen,  msn'teen,  men- 
'teen. 

maintainer  ft.  [also,  in  law,  spelt  maintainorl  men'tee-ns?, 
men'tee-na?,  man'tee-n9?. 

maiiLtenanoe  n.  (action  of  maintaining)  'meen-tn-ans, 
'meen-ti-nans. 

maixe  n.  (Indian  corn)  meez. 

majolioa  n.  pottery  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  tnaiolical  ms- 
'dseh-ka,  ma'jeh-ks. 

majnioiile  adj.  (large :  said  of  capital  or  uncial  letters ;  al- 
so, written  in  majuscules)  ma'dsA-skgtd. 

make  v.  (produce,  fashion,  etc.)  meek,  (when  unstrest)  mek. 

malacliite  n.  (green  carbonate  of  copper)  'maels-kait. 

maladroit  adj.  (not  adroit;  clumsy)  mxls'dreit. 

malaise  n.  (uneasiness)  mse'leez. 

malapropos  adv,  (inappropriately)  mael-aep39'p30 ;  (less  prop- 
erly) maeraep33-po. 

malar  adj.  (of  a  cheek)  'mee-lsr. 

malaria  n.  (bad  air;  fever)  m3'le:-n-3. 

Malay  n,  (Malayan)  'mee-le,  ms'lee. 

mal  de  mer  n.  (seasickness)  mxl-ds'me:?. 

male  adj.,  n.  (the  epposit  of  female)  meel. 

malefactor  n.  (felon,  criminal;  evil-doer)  mxh'fxktsz, 
'maeh-faekta?. 

maleficent  adj.  (harmful)  mslefi-sdnt. 

malevolent  adj.  (malicious;  hostil)  ms'levd-ldnt. 

malfeaiance  n.  evil-doing  [also,  formerly,  spelt  malfesance; 
former   synonymous   cognate   malfaisancel   maerfii-zans. 

malic  adj.  (of  apples)  'mee-hk;  (less  properly)  'maehk. 

malice  n.  ill-will  [also  spelt  malis'l  'maehs. 

malign  v.  speak  ill  of;  slander  [past  participle  and  preterit 
maligned,  maligndl  ma'lain. 

maligner  n.  (one  who  maligns;  traducer)   ms'lai-ns?. 

malinger  v,  (pretend  illness,  etc.)  ms'lindsa?,  md'hrigsr. 

malkin  n.  untidy  female ;  slut ;  slattern  [also,  sometimes, 
spelt  mawkinl  'mcrl-kin,  'mc:-kin. 

mall  n.  (promenade,  walk)  mael,  mc:l,  mel.  see  maul  for 
other  senses. 

mallard  n.  (wild  drake  or  duck)  'maelard. 

malleable  adj,  (that  may  be  hammerd  out)  'mxH-d-bdl. 

malleclio  n.  (evil-doings)  'maeh-tSo. 

malleolar  adj.  (of  the  malleolus)  ma'hi-a-la?,  'maeli-a-lar. 

c:  law,  b:  f Mr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  no7v^  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
]enffth-njork  (:)   indicates  that  the  pteceditvvt,  so\xtv^  \^  X^tvsj^N 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  Stress  on  t'he  ioWo'^vci^  ^>3^^.•a^c^R., 


324  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

malleolns  n.  bony  protuberance  on  either  side  of  the  ankle 
[ploral  malleoli}  malii-d-lds. 

mallet  n.  (wooden  hammer)  'maeht. 

malm  n.  soft  brick  [also,  formerly,  spelt  malme;  former  syn* 
enymous  cognate  maum']  ma:m. 

malmsey  n.  (grape;  wine)  'ma:m-zi. 

malodor  n.  bad  odor;  stench  [also  spelt  malodourl  ma^oo- 
dd?. 

malodorous  adj.  mad'oo-dd-rds. 

malpractice  n.  improper  treatment;  illegal  action  [also 
spelt  malpracHsl  mxl'psxktis. 

Malteie  adj.  of  Malta  [vulgar  synonymous  cognate  Maltee] 
mcl'tiis,  {assumptivly)  'mc:l-tis. 

maltster  n.  (one  who  makes  malt)  'mc:}t-std;;  (.improperly) 
'mc:l-st9?. 

mama  n.  mother  [synonymous  cognate  mammal  'ma:-nu; 
ms'ma:  ;  (dialectally)  'mAma,  'moma. 

mameluke  n.  member  of  a  military  body  originally  com- 
posed of  Caucasian  slaves  but  which  became  the  ruling  class 
of  Egypt;  fighting  slave;  slave  [also  spelt  mamaluke] 
'maems-liuk. 

mamilla  n.  nipple  [also  spelt  mammilla;  ploral  mamillae] 
mae'mila. 

mamillar  adj.  [also  spelt  mammillarl  'maemi-ls?. 

mamillary  adj.  [also  spelt  mammillaryl  'mxmi-le?i. 

mamillated  adj.  [also  spelt  mammillatedl  'maemi-letid. 

mamilliform  adj.  [also  spelt  mammilliformi  mae'mih-fe:zi.L 

mamma  n.  ms'ma: .    same  meaning  as  mama. 

mamma  n.  milk-gland  [plural  mammae']  'msems. 

mammal  n.  (one  of  the  mammalia  or  animals  having  mam- 
mae) 'maemal. 

mammalian  adj.  (of  the  mammalia)  md'mee-li-dn. 

mammary  adj.  (of  the  mamma  or  breast;  mamma-like) 
•'maema-ri. 

mammon  n.  riches  [also,  when  personified,  spelt  Mammon] 
'maeman. 

mammoth  n.  (large  extinct  elephant)  'maemsO. 

man  n.  human  being;  adult  male,  etc.  [ploral  men"]  msn, 
(often)  mae:n. 

manacle  n.  (fetter  for  the  hand;  handcuff)  'maens-ks}. 

manageable  adj.  (that  can  be  managed)  'maenidss-bdl. 

managerial  adj.  (of  a  manager)  maeni'd3i:-7i-9}. 

manakin  n.  bird  [synonymous  cognate  manikin]  'maena-kin. 

J  ye,  c  cure ;  bthe,  0  th'm ;  3  amre,  ds  /oy ;  S  shoe,  tS  cfcew; 
wzt'hen;  i)sing\  uwVioever,  iteaict,  xjiu\V  ^m^ooI,  itt,  lisee; 
o poetic;  3  over,  e  aerial,  a. bait,  -d*.  ^oox,  -^iCkxio,  ^\ic^,  ^^\ytoi\ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  325 

manolie  n.  sleeve  [also,  fermerly,  spelt  nianch;  synonymous 
cognates  maunche  and,  formerly,  maunch]  ma:ntS,  ma:ntS> 
maemtS;  {in  Britain)  ma:nS,  marnj,  maeinj. 

MandLn  n.  one  of  a  Ural-altaic  race  which  conquerd  China 
in  the  seventeenth  century;  language  [also  spelt  Manchoo, 
Mantchoo;  synonymous  cognate  Manchow}  mxn'tSou,  'mxn- 

tSu. 
Mandaean  n.  member  of  a  Gnostic  sect ;  language  [also  spelt 

Mandean;  synonymous  cognate  Mendaeani  'maendi-sn,  mxn- 

'dii-9n. 
mandamiui  n.    (writ)    msn'dee-mas;    (Jess  properly)    mxn- 

'dxmds. 
mandarin    n.    official    [also,    formerly,    spelt    mandarinel 

'maendd-sin,  maendd'riin. 
mandarin    n.    fruit    [also    spelt    mandarine']    'mxndd-rin, 

mxnd^'ziin. 
mandat  n.  (grant  of  power ;  note)  moij'da: . 
mandatary  ».  (one  to  whom  a  mandate  is  given)  'maends- 

tezi,  'maendd-tdri. 
mandate  n.  (command;  contract)  'maen-det,  'msendst. 
mandate  v,  (command)  'maen-det,  (m  Britain)  maen'deet. 
mandator  it.  (one  who  gives  a  mandate)  maenMee-ts?. 
mandatory  adj.  (of  the  nature  of  a  mandate)  'maends-tori, 

'maendd-tsri ;  (improperly)  maen'dee-ta-n. 
mandatory    it.    (mandatary;    also,    mandate)    'maenda-tori, 

'maend9-t97i. 
mandible  n.  (jaw;  jaw-bone)  'maenda-bdl. 
mandolin   n.    lute-like    instrument    [also    spelt    mandoline] 

'maendd-lin. 
mandragora  ft.  (mandrake,  a  plant)  msen'draegd-^s. 
mandrel  n.  pick;  rod;  core  [synonymous  cognate  mandril] 

'maendtdl. 
mandrill  n.  baboon  [also  spelt  mandril]  'maendril. 
n.  (hair  on  the  neck  of  a  horse  or  lion)  meen. 

n.  riding-school,  horsemanship,  etc.  [also  spelt  ma- 
nage] ma'nees,  mae'nees. 
manei  n,pl.  (deified  souls)  'mee-niz. 

manganese  n.  (black  mineral;  metal)  maengs'niis,  (anterior- 
ly) 'maenga-nis;  (also)  maenga'niiz,  'maeng3-niz. 
mange  n.  (skin-disease)  meends. 
mangel-wnrsel  n.  large  coarse  beet  [synonymous  cognate 

mangold-wurzel]  'maerigal-wB^zal. 

n.  (feed-trough  for  horses  or  cattle)  'mcen-dsar. 


c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  long; 
Stress-mark  (9  indicates  chief  stress  on  t3ie  ie\\o^\xi^  ^^XSa^^, 


326  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 


I 


Lneis  n.  (state  of  being  mangy)  'meen-dsi-nis. 

nuu&so  n.  fruit ;  tree ;  pickle ;  bird ;  fish  [ploral  mangos,  man- 
goes} 'maeqgD. 

n.  (tree)  'maen-g^Dov,  'maao-gzoov. 
n.  (viverrin  quadruped)  maegg. 
adj.  (having  the  mange)  'meen-dsi. 

mania  n.  (a  form  of  insanity;  craze)  'mee-ni-9;  (less  prop- 
erly) 'mce-nJ9. 

maniac  adj,  (affected  with  mania;  of  mania;  raving;  fran- 
tic) 'mee-ni-aek. 

maniacal  ad/,  (affected  with  mania;  of  mania  or  maniacs) 
ms'nai-d-kdh 

Manichean  adj,  of  the  Manichees  [also  spelt  Mantchaean] 
maeni'kii-3n. 

Bfanicheixm  n.  doctrin  of  the  Manichees  [also  spelt  Mani- 
chaeism;  synonymous  cognate  Manicheanistn']  'maeniki-izsin. 

manikin  n.  little  man,  dwarf;  artist's  lay  figure  [also  spelt 
mannikin;  synonymous  cognates  manakin,  mannakinl  'nueni- 
kin. 

manila  n.  hemp;  paper  [also  spelt  manillal  md'nila. 

manilla  n.  (bracelet)  m^'nils. 

manioc  n.  (cassava-plant)  'maeni-ek,  'mee-ni-ok. 

maniton  n.  Amerindian  spirit;  fetish  [also  spelt  tnanitu; 
synonymous  cognates  manito,  maneto']  'maeni-tu. 

mankind  n.  (the  human  race)  maen'kaind;  (the  male  sex) 
'maen-kaind. 

manna  n.  (food)  'maena. 

manner  n.  (way;  demeanor)  'maens?. 

manoeuver  n.  strategic  movement  of  troops  or  ships;  in- 
trigue [also  spelt  manoeuvre,  maneuver,  maneuvre}  ma- 
'njou-var,  ma'nou-va?. 

manoeuver  v.  [also  spelt  manoeuvre,  maneuver,  maneuvre; 
present  participle  manoeuvering,  manoeuvring  \  past  parti- 
ciple and  preterit  manoeuvered,  manoeuvred,  maneuverd} 
ma'njou-var. 

manoeuverer  n.  [also  spelt  maneuverer;  synon3rmous  cog- 
nates manoeuvrer,  maneuvrerl  ma'njou-va-rd?. 

manoeuvrer  n.  ms'njou-vrd?.  same  meaning  as  manoeu- 
verer, 

manor  n.  (dwelling;  landed  estate)  'maens?. 

mansard  n.  (a  form  of  curb-roof)  'maen-sa?d 

mansuete  adj.   (gentle ;  mild ;  tame)   maen'siuiit,  'maen-swit. 

mansuetude  n.  (gentleness,  meekness)  'maenswi-tQud. 

jye,   Qcure;  d //te,   G^Ain;   3  a^ure,  ds/oy;   \shoQ,   tScliew; 

wwhen;  tjsing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  o  f uli,  oufool,  itt,  lisee; 

o poetic;  a  ov^r,  e  aerial,  a. but,  ;i;doot,  ;iQxio,  ^.bed,  eegote; 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  327 

mantel  ».  the  work  round  a  fireplace  [also,  formerly,  spelt 

mantlel  'masntL 
mantelet  n.  cloak;  shelter  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  ntanHefl 

'mxntl-et,  'maenttat,  'maenttit,  'maenta-let,  maenta'let. 
mantelpiece  n.  mantel;  mantelshelf  [also  spelt  mantlepiecel 

'maentl-piis. 
mantelslielf  n.  (shelf  of  a  mantelpiece)  'mxntl-S^lf* 
mantissa  n.  (decimal-part  of  a  logarithm)  maen'tisa. 
mantle  n.  (garment;  cover)  'maentl. 

mantna  n.  (gown,  manteau)  'mxntgu-s,  'mxnt$u-3,  'maentu-s. 
mannf aetory  n.  formerly,  manufacture ;  now,  factory  [ploral 

manufactories}  maenjo'faektSa-ri,  manjo'faekta-^i. 
manufacture    n.,v.    maenjo'faektSs?,    msnjo'fsektgs?,     (also, 

sometimes)  'maenjo-faektSa?;   (vulgarly)   maena'faektSazr. 
manwmise  v,  (obsolete)  manumit  [also  spelt  manumise ;  syn- 
onymous cognate  manumiss}  maenjo'maiz. 
mannmit  v.  (release  from  slavery;  set  free)  maenjo'mit. 
'  manure  v.  (formerly,  hold,  manage ;  now,  enrich  with  dung) 

md'njo:?;  (dialectally)  ma'no:^. 
many  adj,  (numerous;  plural)  'mem. 

marabou  n.  bird;  plume  [also  spelt  marabout'^  'maer-s-bu. 
nuuranatl&a  n.  (terrible  curse)  maers'naeOd,  mae?9'na:-G9. 
maraimuf  n.  (wasting  away)  ma'zsezmss. 
marbleise  v.  give  the  appearance  of  marble  [also  spelt  mar- 

bleisel  'marr-ba-laiz. 
marc  n.  (refuse  of  prest  grapes,  etc. ;  murk)  ma:rk. 
marcli  v,  walk  in  step  [past  participle  and  preterit  marched, 

marcht}  maiztS,  (when  unstrcst)  martS. 
marcl&ioneM  n.  (wife  of  a  marquis,  etc.)  'ma^Jd-nis. 
mare  n.  (female  horse)  me:?. 

margarie  adj.  (pearly :    said  of  an  acid)  ma^'gae^ik. 
marsarin  n.  glycerid   of  margaric  acid   [also  spelt   marga- 
rine] 'ma:r-g9-3in. 
margarine  n.  (oleomargarine)  ^maiz-g^-zin. 
marguerite  n.  (daisy)  ma^ga'^iit,  'rtiaiz-gs-zit. 
marigold  n.   plant   [also,   formerly,  spelt   marygold]  'maszi- 

gold,  (rarely)  'me:-ri-gold. 
Mariolatry  n.  (idolatrous  worship  of  the  Virgin  Mary)  me:- 

zi'ola-tji. 
marital  adj.  (of  a  husband;  matrimonial)  'mae^i-tl,  'maen-tal. 
maritime  adj,  (living  near  the  sea;  of  the  sea)  'mae?i-taim, 

'maezi-tim. 
marjoraui  n.  (plant)  'maiz-d^^-z^m, 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  ©  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  long; 
stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  on  l\ie  lQ\\o^ixi%  ^^j^-s^^r,^ 


328  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

mark  n.  unit  of  weight;  coin  [also  spelt  marcl  tnaizk, 

market  n.  (meeting  for  trade ;  trading-place ;  sale ;  demand) 
'ma^kit,  'ma:3-kit. 

marline  n.  two-strand  line  [also  spelt  marlini  'maizAitL 

marmalade  n.  (preserve;  fruit)  'ma:z-m3-led. 

marmoreal  n.  (of  marble)  maz'moi-zi-dl. 

marmoiet  n.  monkey  [also,  formerly,  spelt  fnarmosetl  'maiz- 
md-zet,  ma^ms'zet. 

marmot  n.  (rodent)  'ma:7-m9t. 

marmot  n.  bathing-cap  [also  spelt  martnotte']  'ma:7-mat 

marque  n.  (seizure)  ma:?k. 

marquee  n,  tent  [also  spelt  markeel  ma?^ii. 

marquetry  n.  inlaid  work  [also  spelt  marqueteriel  'marki- 
tli. 

marquif  n.  nobleman  [also  spelt  marquessl  'mcurkwis. 

marquisate  n.  (status  or  domain  of  a  marquis)  'morkioi' 
zet,  'mazkuji-set,  'ma?kuji-S3t. 

marriage  n.  (wedlock,  spousehood)  'maezids. 

marriageable  adj.  'mxridss-bsl. 

Marseillaiie  n.  (song  of  the  French  Republic)  mozsileez. 

marseillei  n.  (cotton  fabric)  mar'seelz. 

marshal  n.  (officer)  'marjal,  'maiz-Jal. 

xuarskal  v.  dispose  in  order;  array  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit marshaled,  marshalled,  marshaldl  'marjal,  'mar^-Jal. 

marskaler  n.  one  who  marshals  or  disposes  in  due  order 
[also  spelt  marshallerl  'ma^Ja-la?. 

marskmallow  n.  (plant;  candy)  mazYmasiOf  'maizl-msdo; 
(improperly)  ma^S'melo. 

marten  n.  quadruped  [also,  formerly,  spelt  martini  'mosrtin, 
'ma:?-tin. 

martial  adj.  (of  war;  military;  warlike)  'maz^a),  'maiz-S^h 

martin  n.  (bird)  'martin,  'ma:r-tin. 

martinet  n.  (rigid  disciplinarian)  mazti'net. 

martinet  n.  (bird)  mazti'net,  'mazti-net. 

martingale  n.  (strap;  rope;  dolphin-striker;  gambling-sys- 
tem) 'moztn-gel. 

Martinmai  n.  (feast  of  St.  Martin)  'maztn-ma:s,  'marr-tn- 
ma:s,  'maztin-mas. 

martyr  n.  (one  who  undergoes  death  for  creed,  etc.)  'maZ' 

t3?. 

martyrdom  n.  'mazt^z-d^m. 

martsrrixe  v,  [also  spelt  martyrise"!  'mart3-?aiz. 

marvel  v,  wonder  [present  participle  marveling,  fnarveUing^ 

i  yCf  9  cure;  bthe,  Qthin;   3  axrure,  ds/oy;   S<r^oe,   tlchewl 

to  when;  r}s\ng\  u  whoever,  ireaicX.,  \siu\\,  ^jufool,  itt,  lisee; 

o poetic;  sov^r,  eoerial,  ^but,  o-.doot,  ^qtio,  ^.\ie^,  ^^^q^; 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  329 

past  participle  and  preterit  marveled,  marvelled,  marveld"] 
'mazz-vsL 

marrelonf  adj.  wonderful  [also  spelt  marvellous!  'ma:;- 
v3-t3s,  (rapidly)  'marr-vlas,  'maizv^as. 

masculine  adj,  male,  etc.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  masculini 
'rnxskgo-hn,  'maeskgo-lain. 

mask  n.  cover  for  the  face;  masquerade  [also,  in  the  sense 
of  masquerade,  etc.,  spelt  masque}  ma:sk,  ma:sk,  mae:sk. 

masked  adj.  [also  spelt  maskt}  ma:skt. 

masker  n.  [also  spelt  masquer}  'ma:-sk97. 

maskinonse  n.  pike  [synonymous  cognate  maskalonge} 
mxski'nonds,  'maeski-nonds,  maeski'nondsi. 

Masorete  n.  one  of  the  Jewish  scholars  who  contributed  to 
the  formation  of  the  Masora  [also  spelt  Massorete}  'maesa- 
zit. 

masquerade  n.  (maskt  ball;  disguise;  travesty)  mxsks'^eed. 

mass  n,,v,  (in  all  senses)  ma:s,  ma:s,  mx:s. 

massacre  v.  kill  indiscriminately  [present .  participle  massa- 
cring; past  participle  and  preterit  massacred}  'maesa-ka?; 
(less  properly)  'ma:-s9-k3?. 

massacred  v,  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  massacre) 
'maesd-kdrd. 

massacring  v.  (present  participle  of  massacre)  'msesd-k^ir). 

massage  n.  (treatment  by  kneading,  etc.)  ma'sais,  mae'sa:3, 
ma'saids;  'maesids,  'mai-sids. 

massed  adj.  gatherd  into  a  mass  [also  spelt  mast}  ma:st, 
ma:st,  mae:st. 

masseter  n.  (muscle)  mae'sii-ta?;  (less  properly)  'maesi-tar. 

massive  adj,  having  mass;  solid  [also  spelt  massiv}  'ma:-siv, 
'ma:-siv,  'mae:-siv,  'maesiv. 

mast  n.  (tall  pole  or  spar  rising  from  a  ship)  ma:st,  ma:st, 
mae:st. 

master  n.  'ma:-st3?,  'mar-star,  'maei-sta?;  (anteriorly,  as  a  ti- 
tle) 'mastar,  'masta?,  'maesta?. 

mastic  n.  [also  spelt  mastich}  'maestik,  'ma:-stik. 

masticatory  adj.  (of  mastication)  'maestiks-tan. 

mastiff  n.  dog  [plural  mastiffs}  'ma:-stif,  'ma:-stif,  'mae:-stif. 

mastodon  n.  (extinct  elephant-like  mammal)  'maests-dan, 
'maesta-don,  'mai-sta-dan. 

matador  n.  man  appointed  to  kill  the  bull  in  a  bull-fight  [al- 
so spelt  matadore}  'maeta-doz:,  maeta'do:?. 

mat6  n.  cup;  tea;  shrub  [also  spelt  mate}  'ma:-te,  'mae-te. 

materialise  v.  [also  spelt  materialise}  m3'ti:-7i-9-laiz. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  ^\  a^,  ^-vVaX^n 

Jength-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  precediM  somti^  \%  ^^"S*' 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  l\ie  fe\\o^\XL^  ^-^f^ai^^ 


330  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

mathematician   n.    (one    skild   in    mathematics)    nueOmid- 

'tijan,  (rapidly)  msOma'tiSdn,  mxOMd'tiSdn.  • 

malin  n.  morning  service,  etc.  [ploral  matinsl  'maetxn. 
matinee  n.   (afternoon  performance)   maeti'nee;   {anteriorly) 

'mati-ne;  (also,  less  properly)  mactn'ee,  'nwetn-e;  nuetn'n. 
matrass  n.  (glass  vessel  used  by  chemists)  'mxtsas. 
matrioal  adj.  (of  the  matrix)  'mxtsi-kst,  md'tsai-kdi. 
matrice    n.    [also    spelt    matris}    'mee-t£is,    'maetsis.      same 

meaning  as  matrix. 
matrices  n.  ploral  of  matrix  [also  spelt  tnatrisesl   'maetsi- 

siz,  (sometimes,  especially  iH  senses  other  than  molds)  ma- 

'tjai-siz. 
matricide  ft.   (action  of  killing  one's  own  mother)  'nuetxi- 

said,  'mee-tji-said. 
matrimony  n.  (marriage)  'mxt£i-moni,  (also)  'maetximd-ni, 

(anteriorly)  'maetji-mani. 
matrix  n.  womb ;  f ormativ  part ;  enclosing  mass ;  mold  [plor- 
al matrices,  matrixes']  'mee-tjiks,  'maetjiks. 
matron  n.  (married  woman)  'mee-tssn,  'mxtsdn;  (dialectaUy) 

'meet-tjan. 
matronal  adj.  (of  a  matron;  matron-like)  'maets9-n),  'mee- 

t£3-n}. 
matronize  v.  [also  spelt  matronisel   'maetsd-naiz,  'mee-tja- 

naiz. 
matronly  n.  (like  a  matron,  etc.)  'maetj3-n!i,  'mce-tja-nh. 
mattock  n.  (pickax)  'maetsk. 
mattress  n.  (bed)  'maet^ss. 
mature   adj,    (full-grown,   ripe)    ma'tQo:?;    (improperly)   ma- 

'tSo:r;  (dialectaUy)  ma'toir. 
matutinal  adj,  (of  the  morning;  early)  md'tgou-ti-n),  maet^ 

'tai-nl. 
matutine   adj.   matutinal    [also,   sometimes,    spelt    matutin] 

'maetQo-tin,  'maetgo-tain. 
maudlin  adj.  (tearful,  mawkishly  emotional)  'mc:-dhn. 
maugre  prep,  in  spite  of  [also  spelt  mauger,  magrel  'mc:-g3r. 
maul  n.  (mallet,  game,  alley)   [also  spelt  malll  mc:t 
maunder  v.  whine ;   talk  incoherently   [former  synonymous 

cognate   mander;   past   participle   and  preterit   maundered, 

maunderd']  'mcin-dar,  'ma:n-do?,  'marn-dar. 
mausoleum  n.  stately  tomb  [ploral  mausolea,  mausoleums] 

mcsalii-am. 
mauve  n.  (reddish-purple  dye  or  color)  moov,  mc:v. 
mavis  n.  (song-thrush)  'maevis,  'mee-vis. 

J  ye,   gcure;  5  the,  0  tKitv;  ^slsmt^,  ^\Ja^\  \s.W,  t^c^w; 
w  when ;  n  sing:  u  whoever,  itcslcX.,  xsiuXN.,  xi\\.\oo\,  ^V^  ^^v>  s 
o poetic;  9  ov^r,  e  aerial,  /.but,  o\^oot,  ^otio,  ^\.c^  ^«:^«fefc. 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  331 

n.  (stomach ;  crop)  mc: . 

mawkish  adj.  (sickly)  'moki^. 

maxilla  n.  jaw;  jaw-bone;  one  of  a  pair  of  gnathites  [plor- 
al  maxillael  maek'siU. 

maxillary  adj.  (of  the  jaw;  of  the  maxillae)  'maeksi-lezri, 
'mseksi-l^zi,  mak'sila-zi. 

maximiini  n.  greatest  value;  highest  amount;  superior  lim- 
it [ploral  maxima,  rarely  maximums']  'macksi-msm. 

may  v.  mee,  (when  less  stresi)  me,  ms. 

maybe  adv.  'mee-bi,  {when  less  stresi)  'mebi;  (dialectally) 
'mebi. 

mayliem  n.  (in  law,  maim)  'mee-sm,  'mee-hem. 

mayonnaise  n.  (egg  sauce)  me-s'neez. 

mayor  n.  (chief  magistrate  of  a  city  or  boro)  'mee-9?,  me:?. 

mayoral  n.  (conductor  of  beasts)  majo'zail. 

mayoral  adj,  (of  a  mayor)  'mce-a-ral,  'mcr-ral. 

mayoralty  n.  (office  of  a  mayor  or  the  period  of  his  ser- 
vice) 'mee-aral-ti,  'me:-?3l-ti. 

mazarine  n.,  adj.  (blue)  mxza'^iin,  (anteriorly)  'mxz^-zin. 

maie  n.  (labyrinth)  meez. 

mazurka  n.  Polish  dance  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  mazourka] 
ms'zB^kd,  m3'zo:3-k9. 

mead  n.  (liquor)  miid. 

mead  n.  (meadow)  miid. 

meadonv  n.  low  grass-land  [also  spelt  medow]  'medo;  (dia- 
lectally) 'meda. 

meager  adj.  lean,  thin ;  scanty  [also  spelt  meagrel  'mii-gar. 

mean  n.,  adj.  (medium)  mzin. 

mean  adj.  (common ;  humble ;  stingy)  miin. 

mean  v,  (intend)  miin,  (when  unstrest)  min. 

meander  n.  winding  course ;  deviation  [also,  formerly,  spelt 
maeander"]  mi'aenda^. 

meandrine  adj.  characterized  by  windings :  said  of  certain 
corals  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  maeandrine,  meandrin]  mi- 
'aen-drain,  mi'aendnn. 

meanness  n.  (condition  of  being  mean)  'miin-nis. 

measles  n.  (disease)  'mii-zslz. 

measly  adj.  (of  measles;  contemptible)  'miiz-li,  'mii-zh. 

measure  n.  size ;  tape,  rod,  etc. ;  unit  [also  spelt  mesurel 
'Tm$9z;  (dialectally)  'mee-33?. 

meat  n.  (food;  flesh)  miit. 

meatus  n.  passage  [ploral  meatus,  meatuses]  mi'ee-tss. 

meatus  n.  (ploral  of  meatus)  mi'ee-tgus. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  a?  cat,  e  hot,  er  hoy,  a:  far,  ao  now,  «•,  a^,  ^-vVVv&n 

Jengtb-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceding  soaxti^  a&  \^x\^% 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  l\ie  ie\\o^\n%  «^f^sMvt. 


\ 


332  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

meol&aiiioian  n.  (mechanic,  artisan;  one  verst  in  machine- 
ry) mekd'nijdn. 
meeliaiiist  n.  (machinist;  mechanician)  'meko-nist. 
mecl&anize  v.  [also  spelt  mechanise'\  'meka-naiz. 
meohlin  n.  (lace)  'mekLin. 
medal  n.  (metal  disk)  'medl,  'medsl. 

medal  v,  [present  participle  medaling,  medalling\  pCMt  par- 
ticiple   and    preterit    meddled,    medalled,    medaldl    'medt, 

'medal. 
medalist  n.  one  verst  in  medals;  medal-maker;  recipient  of 

a  medal  [also  spelt  medallisf]  'medt-ist,  'medd-tist. 
medallion  n.  (large  medal,  etc.)  ihi'daetian. 
meddle  v,  (interfere)  'medl. 
meddler  n.  (one  who  meddles)  'medlar. 
Median  adj.  (of  the  Medes)  mi'dii-sn. 
mediastinum  n.  median  septum   [ploral  mediastinal  midi- 

aes'tai-nsm. 
mediatise  v.  reduce  to  the  position  of  a  mediate  vassal; 

mediate  [also  spelt  mediatisel  'mii-di-9-taiz. 
mediatrices  n.  (ploral  of  mediatrix)  midi-a'tsai-siz. 
mediatrix  n.  female  mediator  [ploral  mediatrices}  midi'ee- 

t£iks. 
medic  adj.  (medical)  'medik. 
medic  n.  plant  [also  spelt  medick"}  'mii-dik. 
medicament  n.  (curativ  substance)  'medi-ks-mant,  mi'dikd- 

mant. 
Medicean  adj.  (of  the  Medici)  medi'sii-sn. 
medicinable  adj.  (medicinal)  mi'disina-bdl,  'medsina-bs!. 
medicinal  adj.  (curativ;  remedial)  mi'disi-nl,  (assumptivly) 

mi'disinl;   (formerly)  'medisi-nl. 
medicine  n.  art  of  curing  disease,  etc.;  remedy;  cure  [also 

spelt    medicin\    'medi-san,    'medi-sn,    'medi-sin,    'medsan, 

'medsn. 
mediciner  n.  mi'disi-nsr,  'medisi-na?,  'medsi-nsz:. 
mediety  n.  (moiety)  mi'dai-i-ti. 
medieval  adj.  of  the  Middle  Ages  [also  spelt  mediaeval\  mi- 

di'ii-v9l,  medi'ii-val. 
medievalixe  v.   [also  spelt  mediaevalize,  mediaevalisel  mi- 

di'ii-v3-}aiz,  medi'ii-va-laiz. 
mediocre    n.    (middling    quality)    midi'oo-ksz,    'mii-di-oks;; 

(less  properly)  'mii-di-eka?. 
mediocrity  n.   (mean   state;   mediety;   mediocre   condition) 

midi'ek^i-ti. 

J  ye,   gcure;  5f/ie,  0  thin-,  ^asMte,  ^-bi^^N  ^sKoe,  t^cfcew; 
wwhen;  rising',  u whoever,  \ react,  xiiuW,  xiM\ooV^\\.,  <\^e\ 
o poetic;  oov^r,  e  oeria\,  ^bwt,  o-.^oox,  -^i^xio,  ^\iee^,  ^.^%<frfcN 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  333 

meditative  adj,  of  meditation  [also  spelt  tneditativl  'medi- 
tetiv,  'medita-tiv. 

medium  n.  middle  quality;  intervening  substance;  instru- 
mentality; clairvoyant,  etc.  [ploral  media  and,  especially  in 
the  sense  of  clairvoyant,  etc.,  tnediunisl  'mii-di-am, 

medlar  n.  tree  [also,  formerly,  spelt  medler']  'medldz. 

medulla  n.  (marrow,  etc.)  mi'dAls. 

medullar  adj,  (medullary)  mi'dAlsr. 

medullary  adj.  (of  marrow,  etc.)  mi'dxld-ri,  'meds-lezi. 

meed  n.  (reward ;  gift)  miid. 

meerscl&aum  n.  (sepiolite)  'miiz-l^m,  'mi:3-Scm,  ^mr.z-lem, 
'mc:z-Saom,  'mi:?-Saom. 

meet  adj.  (fit;  adapted)  miit. 

megrim  n.  (headache)  'mii-gnm. 

meistersinger  n.  mastersinger :  member  of  an  old  German 
musical  gild  [synonymous  cognate  meisters'dngerl  'mai-st93- 
sir^^z. 

melancholy  n.  (melancholia;  sadness)  'melsn-keh;  (also) 
'melsnkd-li,  (assumpHvly)  'melan-kah. 

melange  n.  (mixture)  me'lens,  me'lends. 

mS16e  n.  (confused  conflict ;  mixup)  melee. 

meliorate  v.  (improve)  'mii-lia-ret,  'mii-H-a-ret. 

melloiv  adj,  (soft  with  ripeness;  rich  and  soft)  'melo;  (dia- 
lectally  or  vulgarly)  'mela. 

melodeon  n.  reed-organ,  harmonium,  melodium;  also,  accor- 
dion [also  spelt  melodioni  milDO-di-an. 

melodic  adj.  (of  melody)  mi'ledik. 

melodious  adj,  (full  of  melody)  miloo-di-as;  {vulgarly)  mi- 
1oo-d33s. 

melodrama  n.  (drama  with  music;  opera,  etc.)  meb'dra:-m9, 
'melo-dra:-m3 ;  (also)  mela'drai-ma,  'mela-drai-ma. 

melody  n.  sweet  music;  tune  [ploral  melodies']  'mels-di. 

melon  n.  (gourd)  'melan. 

membraneous  adj,  mem'bzee-ni-ds.  same  meaning  as  mem- 
hranous. 

membranous  adj.  (consisting  of  membranes;  membrana- 
ceous) 'memb?3-n3s. 

memento  n.  prayer;  reminder;  souvenir  [ploral  mementos, 
mementoes]  mi'mento. 

memoir  n.  (record;  biography)  'mem-we:?,  'mii-mo:?,  'me- 
mei-ar,  mim'we:?,  'mii-mwo:?. 

memorandum  n.  note  [ploral  memoranda,  memorandums] 
mema'zraendam. 

c:  low,  b:  fur,  ae  cot,  e  h<9t,  ei  hoy\  a:  fat,  qd  tvow,  «•.  a"^,  ^-vVKxr-n 

length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  ptecediM  ao>\Ti^  ts^  \«^n%\ 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\ift  ?©\\o^m«»  ^i^X-sJo^i 


334  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

memorialize  v.  address  a  memorial  to,  etc  [also  spelt  me- 
morialisel  mi'moi-zi-a-laiz. 

memorise  v.  [also  spelt  memorisel  'mema-zaiz. 

memory  n.  (mental  retention;  recollection)  'mema-n,  {rap- 
idly) 'mem?i. 

menace  n.  (threat)  'menis. 

menad  n.  bacchante  [also  spelt  maenadl  'mii-naed. 

mtease  n.  housekeeping;  domestic  establishment  [also  spelt 
menagel  me'nais. 

menagerie   n.    (collection   of   wild   animals;    animal-house) 
mi'naed33-;i,  {rapidly)  mi'mtd^zi;  mi'nac33-?i,  mi'na:-59-ei. 

menaion  n.  volume  of  the  Greek  breviary   [ploral  menaid] 
mi'nai-en. 

menhaden  n.   fish   [synonymous  cognate  manhadenl   man-     ' 
'hee-dn,  men'hee-ddn. 

menl&ir  n.  (upright  monumental  stone)  'men-hizr. 

menial  adj.  (of  service;  degrading)  'mii-ni-dl,  'mxi-njdt. 

meninges  n.   (ploral  of  meninx)   mi'nin-dsiz. 

meningitis  n.  (inflammation  of  the  membranes  of  the  brain 
or  spinal  cord)  menin'dsai-tis,  menin'dsii-tis. 

menses  n,pl.   (monthly  discharges;   catamenia)   'men-siz. 

mensual  adj.  (of  a  month)  'menju-dl,  'mensQU-sl. 

mensural  adj,  (of  measure)  'men$9-?3l,  'mensgo-rs). 

mensuration  n.  (measuring)  men$9'zee-$3n,  mensQo'zee-Ssn. 

menthol   n.    (peppermint-camfor)   'men-6o!,   'men-Oel,   'men- 
Gal. 

mentor  n.  (intimate  counselor)  'mentor,  'men-te?. 

menu  n.  (bill  of  fare)  me'njou,  'mee-nju. 

mercantile  adj,  of  merchants  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  mer- 
cantill  'merkan-til,  'mBrkan-tail,  'merkdn-til. 

mercenary  adj.    (actuated  by  gain;   hired;   sordid)   'msrsi- 
neri;  {also)  'mersina-ri,  {assumpHvly)  'mersi-nan. 

mercerise  v.  prepare  for  dyeing  by  treating  with  caustic  pot- 
ash, etc.  [also  spelt  mercerise!  'mersa-zraiz. 

merchandise  n.  trade ;  commodities  of  commerce  [also  spelt 
merchandize'!  'msztSan-daiz. 

merchandise   v.   trade    [also   spelt   merchandise!   'martSdn- 
daiz. 

merciful  adj,  (having  mercy)  'mersi-fal,  'mB^si-fol. 

mercurial    aJj.    (like    Mercury;    sprightly;    of    quicksilver) 
mB^'k^or-zri-al. 

mercurialise  v.  [also  spelt  mercurialise!  mer'kQo^ri-d-taxz. 

mercury  n.  (quicksilver)  'mB^kgo-^i. 

}  y^,   Q  cure ;  5  the,  0  tkin;  j  azMte,  ^-^  ici>j  \  \  sK^^,  t^  cfcew ; 
tvwhen;  tj  sing;  u  whoever,  \Te3tC\.,  xsiuW,  vsm\oo\, -s.xx.,  <\^ee\ 
o poetic;  s  ov^r,  e  aerial,  xbut,  ^-.doot,  ^oxvo,  ^X^e^,  ^^^a\.^N 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  335 


mere  n.  (pool,  pond)  mi:;. 

mere  adj.  (pure;  only)  mi:;. 

meretrieious  adj,  (of  or  like  a  harlot;  showily  attractiv) 

mezi'tsiSds. 
meringne  n.  (confection)  mi'^aeq,  mi'zxtig. 
merismatie  adj.  (of  cells  or  tissues;  dividing  into  parts) 

mezizfmastikf  me?is'mxtik. 
mermaid  n.   (fabled  creature  having  the  form  of  a  woman 

above  the  waist  and  that  of  a  fish  below)  'm8:?-meed. 
merriment  n.  (merry-making,  mirth)  'mesi-msnt. 
merry  adj.  pleasant  [also,  occasionally,  spelt  merriel  *mezT. 
m^ialliance  n.  (misalliance)  mezxli'eriks,  mezaerjer)ks. 
mesdames  ft.  (ploral  of  madame;  substitutiv  ploral  of  Mrs,) 

me'da:m. 
mesdemoiselles   ft.    (ploral   of   mademoiselle)    medsms^zel, 

medd-mwe'zel. 
meieneeplialio  adj.  (of  the  mesencephalon)  mes-en-si'fxlik, 

mesan'sefd-lik. 
mesentery  ft.  (fold  of  the  peritoneum  investing  the  intes- 

tin,  etc.)  'mes9n-te;i,  'mezan-teri. 
mesial  adj.  (of  the  middle  line)  'mii-zi-sl,  'mesi-dl,  'mii-sdl, 

'mczi-al. 
mesmerise  v,  hypnotize  [also  spelt  mesmerised  'mezm9-?aiz. 
mesne  adj,  (in  law^  mean,  middle)  miin. 
mesoderm  ft.  (middle  tissue;  mesoblast)  'mes9-dB:7m,^^mez9- 

d8:;m. 
Mesoxoie  adj.  (of  middle  animal  life)  mess'zoo-ik. 
mesquite  ft.  tree   [synonymous  cognates  mesquit,  mezquitel 

mis'kii-ti,  'me-skit,  mes'kiit. 
Messrs.  ft.  ^/.  Messieurs  (substitutrv  ploral  of  Mr,)  'mes^zz, 

'mesQd^z,  'mejarz,  'meSjarz. 
messuage  ft.  (dwelling-house)  'mcswids. 
mestee  ft.  mestizo  [synonymous  cognate  mustee"]  mis'tii,  mes- 

'tii. 
metabolic  adj.  (of  metabolism)  mets'belik. 
metabolism  ft.  (change,  transformation)  mi'taebs-lizdm. 
metacenter  ft.  center  of  cavity  [also  spelt  metacentre']  meta- 

'senta?,  'meta-sentazr. 
metal  ft.  (substance;  ballast)  'met),  'metal. 
metaled  adj.  coverd  with  metal  [also  spelt  metalled,  metaldl 

'metld,  'metald. 
metaling  ft.  road-metal;  metal-work  [also  spelt  meiallingi 

'metl-iq,  'meta-hq.  ^^^ 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  fat,  ao  ivoiw,  ^•.  a^,  ^^V\\r.\ 

length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceditvtt  %o>3iTv^  \s  ^x'^'' 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on.  t\ie  \e\\o>N\Tv%  ««jV^?2w^* 


336  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

metalist  n.  [also  spelt  metallistl  'mett-ist,  'mets-list. 
metallize  v.   [also  spelt  metallise  and,  formerly,  metalise] 

'metl-aiz,  'mets-laiz. 
metallograplLio  adj.  mi-tseld'gzsefik,  meti-d'grxfik. 
metallog^rapliy  n.  (descriptiv  study  of  metals)  meU'egrd-fi, 

meta'logra-fi. 
metallnrgio  adj,  metl'Bzdsik,  mets'lezdsik. 
metallnrgist  n.  'metl-szdsist,  'mets-lBzdsist. 
metallnrg^  n.   (art  of  working  metals,  smelting,   refining, 

etc.)  'metl-B^dsi,  'mets-lBzdsi. 
metamerio  adj,  (having  metamerism;  of  metameres)  meta* 

'merik. 
metamerism    n.    (a    form    of    isomerism)    mi'tsma-nzdm, 

'metdms-zizdm. 
metamerized    v.    [also    spelt   metatnerisedj    mi'txms-raizd, 

'metdms-raizd. 
metamorphize  v.  {obsolete)  metamorphose  [also  spelt  meta- 

morphisel  met9'me:z-faiz. 
metamorphose   v.   (change  in   form)   met9'me:7-fos,   metd- 

'mo:e-foz. 
metamorphosis  n.  changing  in  form,  etc.  [plural  metamor- 

phosesl  met3'me:e-f3-sis. 
metaphor  n.  (implied  comparison  by  transference  of  terms) 

'meta-fae. 
metastasis  n.  transference,  transformation  [ploral  metasta- 
ses'] mi'taest3-sis. 
metatarsal  adj.   (of  the  metatarsus  or  group  of  bones  be- 
tween the  tarsus  and  the  toes)  'meta-ta^sal,  metd'tazsal. 
metathesis  n.  interchange  [ploral  metathesesl  mi'taeOi-sis. 
mete  v.,  n,  (measure)  miit. 
metempsychosis  n.  (transmigration  of  the  soul)  mi-temsi- 

'koo-sis,  mi-tempsi'koo-sis. 
meteor  n.  (atmospheric  phenomenon ;  fireball ;  shooting  star) 

'mii-ti-3?. 
meteorolite  n.  (meteorite)  'mii-ti-aza-lait,  miti'ers-lait. 
meter  n.  (one  who  measures)  'mii-ta^. 
meter  n.  measuring-device   [also,  rarely,  spelt  metrel  'mii- 

ta?. 
meter  n.  form  of  poetic  rhythm;  form  of  verse  [also  spelt 

metrel  'mii-tazr. 
meter  n.  metric  unit  [also  spelt  metrel  'mii-ta?. 
methodize  v.  [also  spelt  methodisel  'meOs-daiz. 
methol  n.  (liquid)  'me-0ol,  'me-Gel. 

J  ye,   gcure;  dthe,  6  thin;   ^asMxe,  d-siov,  ^sfioe,  tS  r/»ew; 
wwhen;  ijsing;  u  whoever,  ireaeV,  oiuW,  \i>\\oo\,  \^\.,  <\%ee\ 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial.  Abut,  o-.doot,  ;>otvo,  t>ac^,  ^.^%53^^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  337 

metl&yl  n.  (radical)  'meOil. 

metl&ylio  adj.  (of  methyl)  mi'Oihk. 

metlo  n.  (resident  alien)  'metik,  'mii-tik. 

metionlons  adj.  (over-careful)  mi'tikgu-lds. 

metonymy  n.  (change  of  name,  etc.)  mi'teni-mi. 

metope  n.  (slab  between  the  triglyphs  in  the  Doric  frieze) 
'meta-pi,  (older)  'mets-pi. 

metric  adj,  (metrical,  etc.)  'metjik;  {impropei^ly)  'mii-tjik. 

metropolis  n.  (chief  town,  seat,  or  center;  capital)  mi't^epa- 
hs. 

metropolitan  n.,adj.  metsd'peli-tn,  metsd'peh-tsn ;  {less 
properly)  mitja'peh-tn, 

mettle  n.  (temperament;  courage)  'me^. 

mense  n.'  (dialectal)  gap  in  a  fence  or  hedge  thru  which 
hares,  etc.,  pass;  muset;  loophole;  form  of  a  hare  [also  spelt 
muse,  muese;  synonymous  cognate  meeshl  mjous,  mjouz. 

mexr  n.  (gull,  sea-mew)  mjou. 

niew  n.  (cage  for  molting  hawks)  mjotL 

meir  v.  cry  as  a  cat  [past  participle  and  preterit  mewed, 
mewdj  mjotu 

me'wl  V.  cry  feebly,  as  an  infant;  mew  [also  spelt  mule'} 
mjou}. 

mezzanine  n.  (low  story  between  two  higher  ones;  secon- 
dary floor;  window)  'mezd-nain,  'meza-nin,  'mezs-nin. 

mezzo  adj,  (in  music,  middle;  half)  'medzo. 

mezzo-rilievo  n.  middle  relief  [ploral  mezso-rilievosl 
mcdzo-?il'jee-vo. 

niezzo-zoprano  adj.  (voice  or  part  between  soprano  and  al- 
to) mcdzD-sd'p3a:-no. 

mezzotint  ft.  (method  of  engraving)  'mezd-tint,  'medzs-tint, 
'metsa-tint. 

ml&orr  n.  gazelle  [also  spelt  m'horr,  mohr;  synonymous  cog- 
nate mohor}  me:?. 

miaoxr  n.  cry  of  a  cat  Calso  spelt  miaw,  mieaou,  meaow,  mi- 
auw,  miow,  mi-owe,  meeowl  mjao,  mi'aio. 

miasma  n.  aerial  poison ;  malaria  [ploral  miasmata,  mias- 
mas'] mai'xzms,  mi'xzmd,  mi'sesMd. 

Mioliaelmas  n.  (feast  of  St  Michael)  'mai-ksl-mss,  'miksl- 
mds. 

miorobe  n«  (minute  organism)  'mai-lnob,  {less  often)  'mi- 
k30b. 

microcosm  n.  (the  little  world  of  human  nature ;  the  cosmos 
in  miniature :    opposit  of  macrocosm)  'mai-lrea-kezam. 


c:  lew,  b:  f «r,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  fii  k.\\fc\ 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceding  aoMtvd.  \^  \w!i^% 
Btress-mcu-k  (0  indicates  chief  stress  on  t)ie  ioWo^^ixx^  %V^^a^^< 


340  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

minuend  n.  (the  number  from  which  another  number  is  sub- 
tracted) 'minju-end. 

minnet  n.  (slow,  stately  dance;  music)  'minju-et,  minju'et 

minus  adj,  (less)  'mai-nss. 

minuscule  adj.  (small ;  lower-case :    said  of  letters)  mi'nA- 
skgul. 

minute  n.  (unit  of  time ;  sixtieth  of  a  degree ;  note)  'minit 

minute  adj.  (very  small)  mi'njuut,  mai'njout. 

minutely  adj,  (happening  every  minute)  'mini-tz.i. 

minutely  adv,  (exactly;  very  finely)  mi'njou-tLi,  {anterior- 
ly) mi'njutr.1. 

minuteness  n.   (smallness;   exactness)  mi'njout-nis. 

minutia  n.  precise  detail;   trivial  matter   [plural  minutiae] 
mi'njou-Ja,  mi'njou-Si-a. 

minutiae  n.    (ploral  of  minutia)   mi'njou-Si-i: . 

Miocene  adj,  new,  recent  [also  spelt  Meiocenel   'mai-9-sin. 

miraculize  v,  make  miraculous  [also  spelt  miraculise2  nu- 
'raekgo-laiz. 

miraculous  adj.  (of  the  nature  of  a  miracle;  wonder-work- 
ing) mi'raekgo-las. 

mirage  n.  (optical  illusion)  mi'za:3. 

mirror  n.  (looking-glass)  'mirsz. 

misalliance  n.  (improper  alliance  or  union)  misdlai-9ns. 

misanthrope    n.    (hater    of   mankind;    man-hater)    'missn- 
Osop. 

misanthropic  adj,  missn'O^epik. 

misantliropist  n.  (misanthrope)  mis'xnOss-pist. 

misantliropise  v.  be  or  cause  to  be,  a  misanthrope   [also 
spelt  misanthropisel  mis'aen033-paiz. 

misanthropy  n.  (hatred  of  mankind)  mis'aenOss-pi. 

misbehavior  n.   [also  spelt  misbehaviour^  mis-bi'hee-visz. 

miscegenation  n.  (race-mixture)  misidsi'nee-Ssn. 

miscellaneous  adj.  (mixt)  misi'lee-ni-ds,  mis'lee-ni-ss. 

miscellanist   n.    (writer   of   miscellanies)    'misi-lenist,   mi- 
'sela-nist. 

miscellany  n.   (mixture,  medley)  'misi-leni,  'misi-lsni,  mi- 
'sela-ni. 

mischief  n.  (harm,  etc.)  'mistjif,  'miJtSif. 

mischieve  v.  archaic  (suffer  harm;  afflict  with  misfortune) 
mis'tjiiv. 

mischievous  adj.  (full  of  mischief)  'mist$i-v3s,  'mi$tSi-v3s; 
{formerly,  and  now  dialectally  and  vulgarly)  mis'tjii-vas. 

mischievously  adv.  'mistSiv3s-h;  {vulgarly)  mis'tjii-vas-h. 

j  ye,  5  cure ;  5  the,  9  thin;  3  asure,  ds  joy ;  I  shoe,  tS  chew; 
wwhen;  T)sing]  u  whoever,  i  react,  o  f«ll,  uufool,  i  tt,  lis^e; 
o poetic;  9  ov^r,  e  aerial,  xbuV,  o'.^oot,  -li^icvo,  ^.bedL,  eegote; 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  341 

ii&isoliieTOiU]i.eM  n.  'mistSiv3s-nis ;    (vulgarly)   mis'tSii-v3s- 

nis. 
miscible  adj.  (capable  of  being  mixt)  'miss-bol. 
misooiuiirae  v.   (construe  wrongly;   misinterpret)    mis-ksn- 

'st£ou,  mislcen-stsu. 
misdemeanor  n.  ill  behavior;  misdeed  [also  spelt  misdemea- 

nourl  mis-di'mii-nae. 
mise  n.  (outlay ;  tribute ;  issue  in  a  writ  of  right ;  arbitration) 

miiz,  maiz. 
miser  n.  (wretch;  avaricious  person)  'mai-zs?. 
miser  n.  boring-tool   [also  spelt  miserl  'mai-zs?. 
miserable  adj,  (full  of  misery;  wretched)  'mizdzs-bsl,  (rap- 

idly)  'miz^a-bal. 
miserere  n.  (psalm)  miz9'zi:-zi,  mizo^zii-zi. 
misericord  n.  mercy ;  room ;  shelf ;  dagger  [also  spelt  mise- 

ricordel  'mizazi-kerrd,  mi'zezi-ke:?d,  miza^i'kei^d. 
misfeasance  n.  transgression,  trespass   [also  spelt   misfea- 

sancel  mis'fii-zans. 
misfeasor  n.  one  who  commits  a  misfeasance   [also   spelt 

misfeazorl  mis'fii-zae. 
misfortune  n.  (bad  fortune;  ill-luck)  mis'fe:7-tS9n. 
misjndgment  n.  [also  spelt  misjudgement'^  mis'dsAdsmsnt. 
mislay  v.  (misplace;  lay  or  put  in  a  place  afterward  forgot- 
ten) mislee. 
misnomer  n.  (misnaming;  wrong  name)  mis'noo-maz. 
misogamist  ft.  (hater  of  marriage)   mi'segs-mist,  mai'segs- 

mist. 
misogynist  n.  (woman-hater)   mi'sedsi-nist,  mai'sedsi-nist ; 

{erroneously)  mi'segi-nist. 
misprision  n.  (wrong  action;  mistake)  mis'psisdn. 
misprision  n.  (contempt,  scorn;  failure  to  appreciate)  mis- 

'p^isan. 
misprize  v,,  n.  scorn  [also  spelt  misprise'^  mis'psaiz. 
missal  n.  (mass-book)  'missl. 
misseltlimsli  n.  [also  spelt  mistlethrushi  'missl-OsAS,  'misl- 

e^Aj. 

missile  adj,  capable  of  being  thrown  [also,  sometimes,  spelt 

missitl  'misil,  'mi-sail. 
missile  n.  missil  object;  anything  thrown   [also,  sometimes, 

spelt  missill  'misil,  'mi-sail. 
missionary  adj.,  n.  'miSd-ne^i,  'miSs-na?!. 
missis   n.    {vulgar  or  dialectal)    Mrs.    [synonymous   cognate 

missus'i  'misTz,  'misis. 

c:  \aw,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  a^  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
"iength-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceditv^  ^omw^  a.^  \«tw^C% 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  VVie  ieWo'vvci^  ^>\"aid«.. 


342  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 


misspell  v,  [also  spelt  miS'Spelll  mis'spel. 

misspend  v.  [also  spelt  mis-spendl  mis'spend. 

misstate  v.  [also  spelt  mis-state'^  mis'steet. 

misstep  v,  [also  spelt  mis-step'\  mis'step. 

missy  n.  little  miss;  girl  [also  spelt  missey,  missie\  'misi. 

mistake  n.  (error,  fault)  mi'steek. 

mistake  v,  (do  wrong;  make  a  mistake;  err)  mi'steek;  (take 
for  something  else)  mis'teek,  mi'steek.     compare  mistook. 

mistletoe  n.  plant  [also,  formerly,  spelt  misseltoe,  miseltoe, 
misletoe,  misteltol  'misal-to,  'misl-to,  'mizl-to. 

mistook  V.  (preterit  of  mistake^  in  the  sense  of  take  for 
something  else)  mis'tok,  mi'stok. 

mistral  n.  (wind)  'mistsdl,  mis'tso:!. 

mistress  n.  (woman  who  rules,  etc. ;  instructress ;  sweetheart) 
'mistjis. 

mistrial  n.  (inconclusiv  trial)  mis'tsai-dl. 

misuse  v.  (use  wrongly)  mis'jouz,  miS'jouz. 

mite  n.  (acarid)  mait. 

mite  n.  (coin)  mait. 

miter  n.,  v,  in  all  senses  [also  spelt  mitre ;  as  verb,  past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  mitered,  miterdl  'mai-ta?. 

mitosis  ti.  splitting  of  nuclear  threads  in  indirect  cell-divi- 
sion [ploral  mitoses']  mai'too-sis,  mi'too-sis. 

mitriform  adj.  (miter-shaped)  'mai-tji-fe.^m,  'mitji-feiem. 

mitt  n.  (short-fingerd  glove)  mit. 

mitten  n.  (hand-covering)  'mitn,  'mitan;  (dialectally)  'mitiiu 

mixture  n.  (mixing;  medley)  'mikstja^,  'mikStJa?. 

mnemonic  adj.  (aiding  the  memory;  of  memory)  ni'menik. 

mo  adv,,  adj.  more,  longer,  again  [also  spelt  moel  moo. 

moa  n.  (extinct  bird)  'moo-a. 

moat  n.  (ditch)  moot. 

mobile  adj.  (movable,  free ;  moving  easily ;  versatil)  'moo- 
bil,  'moo-bil,  'mebil,  mo'hiil,  (rarely)  'moo-bail. 

mobile  n.  (populace,  rabble,  mob)  'moo-bi-h,  'mebi-h. 

mobilization  n.  [also  spelt  mobilisation']  mobih'zee-Ssn, 
mobi-lai'zee-San,  mebih'zee-Jan. 

mobilize  v,  [also  spelt  mobilise]  'moo-bi-laiz,  'mebi-laiz. 

moble  V,  (archaic)  muffle  (the  face)  ;  mob  [also  spelt  mobble] 
'mebal;  (improperly)  'moo-bal. 

moccasin  n.  shoe ;  snake  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  moccason] 
'meka-sin,  'meka-san,  'meka-sn. 

mocka  n.  (coffee)  'moo-ka. 

mockery  n.  (derision;  mimicry;  futil  action)  'meka-?i. 

J  ye,   gcure;   5  ffie,  0  thin-,  -ssiSMTe,  d^sfoy;   \shoe,   tSchew; 
wwhen;  ij  sing\  u  whoever,  \TcaLC\^,  v>W\\,  vi>3iiooV  ^%V  ^\^«; 
o poetic;  3  ov^r,  e  aerial,  A-buV,  ;)\doot,  -ao^^o,  ^\ie^^  ^.^^ffiv^N 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  343 

modal  adj.  (of  a  mode  or  manner)  'm3o-d},  'moo-ddt. 

mode  n.  (musical  scale;  way;  method;  form;  manner;  va- 
riety; mood)  mood. 

model  V,  fashion  in  clay,  etc.;  form  {present  participle  mo- 
deling, modelling',  past  participle  and  preterit  modeled,  mo- 
delled, modeldj  'modi,  'meddl. 

modeler  n.  [also  spelt  modeller^  'medl-3?,  'meds-ld?. 

moderate  adj,  'medd-rst,  {assumptivly)  'medsrst;  {rapidly) 
'medcdt. 

moderato  adv,  (moderately)  meds'^ai-to. 

moderator  n.  (ruler;  arbiter;   chairman;   regulator)   'meda- 

modemization  n.   [also  spelt  modernisation'^   medsrni'zee- 

Sdn,  meddr-nai'zee-S^n. 
modernize  v.  [also  spelt  modernise^  'medsz-naiz. 
modest  adj,  (unassuming;  decorous,  etc.)  'medist. 
modionnt  n.  (small  quantity)  'medi-ksm. 
modillion  n.  bracket  [also  spelt  modilloni  mo'diHsn. 
modiolar  adj,   (of  the   modiolus   of  the   ear)   mo^ai-d-ldz; 

(less  properly)  'moo-di-»-l3?. 
modiste  n.  (milliner;  dressmaker)  mo'diist. 
modulate  n.  (adjust,  regulate)  'medsa-let,  'mod jo-let. 
module  n.  (unit  or  standard  of  measure)  'me-djul. 
modus  operandi  n.  (mode  or  plan  for  working)  moo-dss- 

epaVaen-dai. 
modus  Tiveudi  n.  (mode  or  way  of  living)  moo-das-vi'ven- 

dai. 
moellou  n.  (rubble)  'moo-i-lan,  mwe'loi]. 
Moesogotli  n.  a  Goth  of  Moesia  [also  spelt  Maesogothl  'mii- 

so-ge9. 
mof ette  n.  gaseous  exhalation ;  fissure  [also  spelt  moffettel 

mo'fet. 
moff  n.  special  pair  of  compasses   [also  spelt  mophi  me:f, 

mef. 
mofussil  n.  (country)  mo'fAsi). 
Mog^nl  n.  (Mongol;  Great  Mogul,  etc.)  mo'gAl. 
Moham m edan   adj.,  n,    [synonymous   cognates  Mahomedan, 

Mohammadan,  Muhammadan,  Mahomet  an"]  mo'haemi-dn,  mo- 

'haemi-dan. 
Mohican  n.  [synonymous  cognate  Mohegani  mD'hii-kan. 
moider  v,  confuse;  toil  [synonymous  cognate  moitherl  'moi- 

dd?. 
n?oidore  n.  (coin)  'moi-do:?. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  ©i  hoy ;  a:  for,  go  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceditv^  soMtv^  \^  V»tvv% 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  ^^  ie\\oHi\Ti\^  «f5ka5«J«^ 


344  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 


I 


moiety  n.  (half)  'mei-i-ti ;  (improperly)  'moo-i-ti. 

moire  ft.  (waterd  or  clouded  silk)  mv/e:z,  mo:z. 

inoir^  adj.  (waterd;  clouded)  mwe'eee,  mo'eee. 

moisten  v,  make  moist ;  dampen  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit moistened,  moistendl  'mei-san,  'moi-sn. 

molar  adj.  (grinding,  of  the  grinders)  'mooA^z. 

molar  adj.  (of  mass;  in  bulk)  'moo-ldz. 

molasses  n.  (syrup  draind  from  raw  sugar)  malaz-siz,  ma- 
Issiz. 

mold  n.  soft  earth  [also  spelt  mouldl  m3o}d. 

mold  V.  grow  musty  [also  spelt  mould"]  moold. 

mold  n.  fungus ;  mucor  [also  spelt  mould]  mootd. 

mold  n.  form ;  cast ;  matrix  [also  spelt  mould]  moold. 

molder  n.  one  who  molds  or  casts  [also  spelt  moulder^  'mod- 
ddz. 

molder  v,  turn  to  dust ;  decay  [also  spelt  moulder ;  past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  moldered,  molderd]  'mDol-da?. 

moldlness  n.  [also  spelt  mouldiness]  'mool-di-nis. 

molding  n.   [also  spelt  moulding]  'm3o}-dii]. 

moldy  adj.  musty  [also  spelt  mouldy]  'mool-di. 

moleonlar  adj.  (of  molecules)  mslekgo-tdz,  mo^ekqoA^z, 

moleonle  n.  (particle;  group  of  atoms)  'meh-k^u),  /m3o4i-    | 
kquU 

molest  V.  (vex,  annoy ;  meddle  with)  malest,  mo'lest. 

molestation  n.  mehs'tee-Ssn,  mohs'tee-San. 

moline  adj.  of  a  mill  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  molin]  'tnoo-tin, 
mo'lain.  ' 

molinism  n.    (doctrin  of  Molinos;  quietism)   'm3o-}i-niz9m, 
'meh-nizam. 

mollient  adj.  (softening)  'metisnt,  'meli-snt. 

mollnsk  n.  soft-bodied  animal,  as  an  oyster  [also  spelt  mol-     ' 
lusc]  'melask. 

molt  V.  shed,  cast   [also  spelt  moult]  moolt. 

molybdenum  n.   (metal)   ms'libdi-nam,  mehb'dii-nsm. 

moment  n.   (portion  or  point  of  time;   instant)   'moo-mant, 
{when  less  strest)  'momant. 

momentary  adj.  'moo-man-teri ;    (also)   'moo-mantd-ri,   (as- 
sumptivly)  'moo-man-tazi,  (rapidly)  'moo-mantji, 

monaclial  adj,  of  a  monk  [also  spelt  monacal]  'mend-kd}. 

monad   n.    (one;    unity;    simple    organism)    'moo-naed,   'me- 
naed,  'menad. 

monadic  adj.  (of  monads  or  units)  ms'naedik,  me'nxdik. 

monarohie  adj.  (of  a  government  or  monarchy)  ms'na^kik. 

Jy^t   Ccure;  5*/ie,  9/^in;   3  a^ure,  d^joy;   S  shoe,  tlchew, 
WTi'hen;  xjsing;  u  whoever,  itcaict,  \iiu\V  'a>xiooV  "s-tt^  "dseel 
o poetic;  9  ov^r,  e  aerial,  a. but,  ;i*.  doot,  ^otio,  «.\ie\,  «.^\ytKXi\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  345 

monastery  n.    (house   for  monks)   'meni-steri,    (also)    'me- 

n9Std-7i,   {anteriorly)    'mens-stdri ;    {rapidly)   'mena-stji. 
Monday  ft.  (day  of  the  week)  'mAndi,  'mAn-de. 
moneron  n.  moner  [plural  monera']  mo'tiii-zen. 
monetary  adj.  (of  money)  'meni-te^i,  (also)  'menita-ri;  (as- 

sumptivly)    'meni-tazi;    {also)    'mAni-teri,    'mAnita-ri,    {as- 

sumptivly)  'mAni-tazi;  {rapidly)  'meni-tji,  'mAni-tji. 
monetliyl  n.  (compound  in  which  one  atom  of  hydrogen  is 

replaced  by  one  molecule  of    ethyl)  men'cGil. 
monetization   n.    meniti'zee-Sdn,    mAniti'zee-$3n,    meni-tai- 

'zce-Jan,  niAni-tai'zee-San. 
monetise  p,  give  the  character  of  money  to  [also  spelt  mo- 

netisel  'meni-taiz,  'mAni-taiz. 
money  n.  current  coin,  etc.  [ploral  moneys,  rarely  monies'] 

'mAni. 
moneyed  adj.  having  money;  consisting  of  or  derived  from 

money  [also  spelt  monied,  moneyd]  'mAnid. 
monger  n.  (dealer)  'mAt}g^z. 

Mongol  n.  one  of  an  Asiatic  race  [also  spelt  Monghol;  syn- 
onymous cognate  Mongole]  'meq-gel,  'mon-gel. 
Mongolian   adj.   of   the   Mongols    [also   spelt   Mongholiani 

men'goo-li-an,  meq'goo-H-an. 
Mongolize  v.  [also  spelt  Mongolise]  'mei]g3-}aiz. 
mongoose  n.  ichneumon ;  lemur,  maki  [also  spelt  mongoos ; 

synonymous  cognate  mungoose,  mungoos;  ploral  mongooses] 

'mon-gous,  'meq-gous;  'mAq-guus. 
mongrel  n.  (dog  of  mixt  breed;  cross)  'mAqg^al. 
monism  n.  (doctrin  of  the  oneness  of  all  things)  'moo-nizam, 

'me-niz3m. 
monist  n.  (adherent  of  monism)  'moo-nist,  'menist. 
monitor  n.  (admonisher)  'meni-ts?. 
monitory   adj.    (admonitory)    'raeni-toz:!;    (also)    'menita-ri, 

{assumptivly)  'meni-ta^i;  {rapidly)  'meni-tji. 
monlc  n.  (religious  hermit)  mAi]k. 

monkey  n.  ape,  etc.  [ploral  monkeys,  monkies]  'mAqki. 
monoole  n.  (single  eye-glass)  'mens-kdl. 
monoolinal  n.  (sloping  in  the  same  direction)  men3'kz.ai-n}, 

'men3-ktai-nl. 
monoeotyledonons  adj.  (having  one  seed-leaf)   mena-ketl- 

'ii-dn-3s,  mona-ketl'ii-dn-as. 
monocular  adj.  (having  one  eye;  of  one  eye)  ma'nekgo-la^, 
monody  n.  (one-voice  ode,  etc.)  'mena-di. 
monoecious  adj.  having  the  unisexual  flowers  on  the  same 

c:  law,  b:  f««r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (;)  indicates  that  the  preceding  soutv^  \^  Vi^^N 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\ie  ie\\o^\.xv^  s^^^^iiJ^^' 


346  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

plant ;  having  the  sexes  together  [also  spelt  moneciousl  m»- 
'nii-Sas,  me'nii-Sas. 

monogamy  n.  (the  practis  of  marrying  only  once :  opposed 
to  digamy ;  also,  the  practis  of  marrying  only  one  person  at 
a  time  :   opposed  to  bigamy  and  polygamy)  md'nega-mi. 

monogeny  n.  (descent  from  a  single  pair)  md'nedsi-ni. 

monogony  n.  (asexual  reproduction,  agamogenesis)  md'negd- 
ni. 

monos^am  n.  (written  character  composed  of  two  or  more 
letters  combined)  'mena-graem;  (less  properly)  'moo-ns- 
gzxm, 

monos^apli  n.  (separate  treatis  on  a  single  subject)  'mens- 
gzBif;  (less  properly)  'moo-na-graif. 

monologue  n.  something  spoken  by  one  person  alone;  dra- 
matic soliloquy  [also  spelt  monolog}  'mena-leg ;  (less  prop- 
erly) 'moo-na-leg. 

monomania  n.  (mania  for  one  thing;  craziness  on  one  sub- 
ject)  mena'mee-ni-a,  mona'mee-ni-a. 

monomaniac  n.  (one  having  monomania)  mend'mee-ni-flck, 
mona'mee-ni-aek. 

monoplitliong  n.  (single  vowel  sound)  'mendf-Oeii} ;  (less 
properly)  ma'nef-Oe:!],  ma'nep-Oeig. 

monopolize  v.  [also  spelt  monopoliser  md'neps-laiz. 

monopoly  n.  (exclusiv  possession  or  privilege)  ma'nepd-lit 
(rapidly)  ma'nepr.!. 

monoptote  n.  (noun  occurring  in  a  single  oblique  case) 
'menap-tot;  (less  properly)  ma'nep-tot. 

monorhine  adj.  having  a  single  nasal  passage  only  [abo 
spelt  monorrhine^  'mena-^ain. 

monosyllabic  adj.  (consisting  of  one  syllable ;  consisting  of 
words  of  one  syllable)  mena-silaebik,  mendsilaebik. 

monotheism  n.  (doctrin  that  there  is  but  one  (jod) 
'men3-0i-iz3m,  'menaGi-izam. 

monotonize  v.  [also  spelt  monotonisel  ms'netn-aiz. 

monotony  n.  (sameness  of  tone  or  pitch;  want  of  pleasing 
variety)  ma'netn-i,  ma'neta-ni. 

monoxide  n.  md'nek-said,  (before  of)  ms'neksid. 

monseig^nenr  n.  (title  of  French  princes,  bishops,  etc.)  men- 
sen'JB'.z,  mense'nJBiz:. 

monsienr  n.   (sir;  mister;  gentleman)  men'si:?,  ms'siiz. 

monsig^nor  n.  title  of  Catholic  prelates,  etc.  [synonymous 
cognate  monsignore"]  men'sii-njoe,  mensin'jo:?. 

monsoon  n.  (seasonal  wind)  men'suun. 

J  yc,  Q  cure ;  5  the,  0  thin ;  5  axrure,  dj  ;oy ;  J  shoe,  t$  chevr; 
wwhen;  j)sing;  u  whoever,  V-tcaiCt,  viluVi,  \i>3i^oo\,  xtt^  li  s^^; 
o poetic;  9  ov^r,  e  aerial,  a. but,  o\^oot»  •:iQTvo,  ^X^e^^  ^^^^^r.\ 


J 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  U1 

monteitli.  n.  punch-bowl  [also  spelt  montethi  men'tiiO. 

montli  n.  lUAxitO,  {also,  and  in  Britain  normally)  niAnO. 

montlui  n:  (ploral  of  month)  xnAnts,  xnAntOs;  {in  Britain) 
mAns,  niAnOs. 

moo  n.  (cry  as  a  cow;  low)  mou. 

mood  n.  (mode :  one  of  the  classes  into  which  each  of  the 
four  figures  of  syllogism  is  divided;  functional  group  of 
verbal  forms)  moud. 

moor  n.  (tract  of  land)  mo:?,  mo'.z. 

Moor  n.  (dark-skind  nativ  of  Morocco,  etc.)  mo:?,  xno'.z, 

moor  V.  secure,  as  a  ship,  by  ropes  or  chains  [past  partici- 
ple and  preterit  moored,  moordi  mo:?,  mo:?. 

moorage  n.  (action  of  mooring;  mooring-place ;  money  paid 
for  mooring)  'mo:-?id5,  'mo:-?id3. 

mopsy  n.  pretty  child,  etc.  [also  spelt  mopseyl  'mepsi. 

moraine  n.  (mass  of  detritus)  ms'reen,  mo'^een. 

moral  adj.  (ethical)  'mez^l. 

morale  n.  (morality;  behavior,  conduct)  msVa:!,  mo'zQ'A. 

moralization   n.    [also    spelt    moralisationj    merdh'zee-SdQf 

me?9-lai'zee-S9n« 

moralize  v.  [also  spelt  moralise"]  'me?9-}aiz. 

morass  n.  (swamp,  bog,  marsh)  m9'?a:s,  mo'rxs. 

moroeau  n.  bit,  morsel;  excerpt  [plural  morceauxl  moz'soo, 

more  adi.,adv,  moiz,  (when  unstrest)  moz. 

moreen  n.  (fabric)  ms'ziin,  ma'riin. 

morel  n.  (mushroom)  'mez^l,  mo'zeL 

Moresque  adj.  Moorish  [also  spelt  Mauresque"]  mo'zesk. 

morganatic  adj.  (characterized  by  a  man  of  high  rank  tak- 
ing a  woman  of  lower  station :  said  of  marriage)  mezgs- 
'naetik. 

morgne  n.  (hautiness)  meizg. 

morgne  n.  (dead-house)  me:?g. 

moribund  n.  (dying)  'men-bAnd. 

morion  n.  (helmet)  'moi-zi-sn ;  (less  properly)  'me?i-3n. 
n.  (morning)  m0:?n,  mean. 

n.  (early  part  of  the  day-time)  'me:z-nii],  'me:-niq. 

morocco  n.  (leather)  md'zeko. 

morphine  n.  (narcotic  principle  of  opium)  'm0:?-fin,  'mo:?- 
f in ;  (rarely)  'me:?-f am. 

morroir  n.  (the  day  after)  'me?o;  (dialectally)  'meza. 

morsel  n.  (bite;  titbit;  snack)  'me:?-s3}. 

mortalise  v,  make  or  consider  mortal  [also  spelt  mortalisel 
'me!?-tl-aiz. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy\  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  is  long; 
Stress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  l\ie  ieWo^vci^  ^^^^'a&^!^ 


348  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD   WORDS 

mortar  n.  (vessel,  bowl ;  short  cannon)  'ine:z-t9z,  ■** 

mortar  n.    (binding-material)   'me:r-t33.  I*^ 

mortgage  n.  (conveyance,  etc.)  'me:s:-gid3.  I  ^ 

mortgagee  n.  (person  to  whom  property  is  mortgaged;  om  1^ 

who  lends  money  on  a  mortgage)  me?gi'd5ii.  ■*•' 

mortgager  n.  one  who  mortgages  his  property  [also  spelt  |  (^ 

mortgagor,  mortgageorl  'meiz-gi-di^z. 
mortgagor  n.  in  law,  epposit  of  mortgagee  [also  spelt  mtrtr 

gageor}  mezgi'd^eiz. 
mortise  n.  hole  cut  to  receive  a  tenon  [also  spelt  mortici, 

mortisi  'me:r-tis. 
mortise  v.  [also  spelt  mortice,  mortis;  past   participle  and 

preterit  mortised,  mortist']  'mo:r-tis. 
mortuary   adj.    (of   burial    or    death)    'meiz-tlu-ezi;    {also) 

'mere-tgu-s-^i,  (assumptivly)  'me:2-tgu-3ei. 
morula    n.    mulberry-like    body    [plural    morulael    'mez9^ 

'mo:-2d-l3. 
mosaic  adj,  (of  the  production  of  patterns  by  small  inlaid 

pieces  of  glass,  stone,  etc.)  mo'zee-ik. 
Mosaic  adj.  (of  Moses)  mo'zee-ik. 
Moslem    n.    Mohammedan    [synensrmous    cognate-   Muslim] 

'mezlam,  'mesLsm. 
mosque  n.  Mohammedan  temple  [also  spelt  moski  mesk. 
mosquito  n.  insect   [also  spelt  musquito;   ploral   ntosquitos, 

mosquitoes'!  mo'skii-to,  (popularly)  ma'skii-ta. 
moss  n.  (bog;  plant)  me:s,  (rarely)  mes;  (dialectally)  mc:s. 
most  adj.  (greatest,  etc.)  mDOst,  (when  unstrest)  most. 
most  adv.  (in  the  greatest  degree,  etc.)  moost,  (when  unstrest) 

most,  most;   (also,  dialectally)   most. 
mostly  adv.  'moo-stti,   (when  less  strest)  'mostti. 
mot  n.  (obsolete)  motto ;  word  [also  spelt  mott,  motte ;  syn- 
onymous cognate  motel  met. 
mot  n.  (witty  saying;  bon-mot)  moo. 
mot   n.    (dialectal)    mark   for   players    at    quoits    [also    spelt 

motte]  met. 
mote  n.  (particle;  speck)  moot. 
motet  n.  vocal  composition  in   harmony   [also  spelt   motett, 

motette,  mottett]  mo'tet. 
motli  n.  insect  [ploral  moths]  me:0,  meO ;  (dialectally)  mc:6. 
mother  n.  (female  parent,  etc.)  'mAboz. 
moths  n.  (ploral  of  moth)  me:dz,  me:Os. 
motile   adj.  capable   of,   or   characterized  by,   motion    [also, 

sometimes,  spelt  motil]  'moo-til,   (rarely)   'moo-tail. 

J  ye,  Qcure;  bthe,  B  thin;  5  a-jure,  ds/oy;  I  shot,  tjc/iew; 
wwhen;  i}sing;  u  whoever,  i  r^act,  o  full,  aufool,  i  tt,  lis^^; 
o  poetic  I  9  over,  e  aerial,  a.  but,  o*.  doot,  -aotio,  «.\ic^^  ^.^%a\ft.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  349 

ley  adj,  (diversified)  'metr.i. 

to  n.  significant  word  or  phrase  [ploral  mottos,  mottoesl 

3tD. 

Id  moold.    see  mold. 

JLtain  n.  (great  elevation  of  land)  'maon-tin,  'maon-tn; 

dgarly)  'maon-tiq. 

intainoiu    adj.    'maon-ti-nss ;    {erroneously)    maon'tee- 

9S. 

ntebaiik  n.  (itinerant  quack;  charlatan)  'maon-ti-baer)k. 
j?n  V.  grieve,  lament  [past  participle  and  preterit  mourn- 
,  mourndl  moizn. 

me  V,  hunt  mice ;  prowl ;  put  a  mouse  on  (a  stay)  mooz. 
ise  n.  small  rodent  [ploral  micel   maos. 
Lsqnetaire  n.  (foot-soldier  armd  with  a  musket;  one  of 
;  king's  household  troops;  cloak,  glove,  etc.)  muska'tc:?. 
Ltli  n.  oral  opening  or  cavity;  os  [plural  mouthsl  maoO. 
Ltk  V.  pronounce,  utter ;  train  the  mouth  to  the  bit ;  grim- 
2  rpast  participle  and  preterit  mouthed,  mouthdl  maod. 
itlied  adj.  (having  a  mouth)  maodd,  maoOt. 
itHfiil  n  as  much  as  would  fill  the  mouth  [ploral  mouth- 
■s}  'mao0-ful,  'maoG-fal. 
itlis  n.  (plural  of  mouth)  maodz. 
able  adj.,  n.    [also  spelt  moveable^   'mou-va-bal. 
e  V.  (change  position;  put  in  motion,  etc.)  mouv,  (when 
strest)  muv. 

7  n.,v,  pile  Tas  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  mowed, 
)wrf]  mao. 

7  n.   (grimace)   mao,  moo. 

r  Vm  cut  down  [past  participle  mowed,  mowd,  mown ;  pret- 
rt:  mowed,  mowd]  moo,  {when  unstrest)  mo. 
n.  Mister  [substitutiv  plural  Messrs,!  'misto?. 
.  n.  Mistress,  Missis  [substitutiv  ploral  Mesdamesl  'misiz, 

ISIS. 

ill  adj.-pron.,  adv.  mAtS,  {when  unstrest)  motj. 

tilaginons  adj,  (like  mucilage)   mjusi'laedsi-nos. 

tkiy  adj.  {local)  mucky,  dirty,  slushy  [also  spelt  muxyl 

Aksi. 

tons  adj.  (of  mucus;  slimy)  'mjou-kos. 

m.u  n.  (vicid  fluid;  slime)  'mjou-kos. 

lar  n.  shrub  [also  spelt  madar,  mudhar,  mudarrh,  muddar; 

lenymous  cognates  mudir,  madorl  ma'da:?. 

)zzin  n.  (crier)  mju'ezin. 

ffin  n.  (round  spongy  cake)  'mAfin. 

V,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
th-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceditvv^  somtA  -i.^  Xsjtm^N 
9-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\i^  ie>\\o^\xv^  ««3^"ai^^ 


350  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

mulatto  n.  (offspring  of  a  white  and  a  negro)  mjolaeto. 
miilberry  n.  (fruit;  plant;  tree;  color)  'mAl-htzi,  'mAlbs-zi, 

'mAltei. 
miileli.   V,    half-rotten    straw    [synonymous    cognate    mulsh] 

nuAtl,  {also,  and  in  Britain  normally)  mAl$. 
miiloli.  V.  cover  with   mulch   or  half-rotten   straw    [synony- 
mous cognate  mulsh;  past  participle  and  preterit  mulched, 

mulchtl  mxhS,  (in  Britain)  mxlj. 
mulct    V.    punish;    deprive    [past    participle    and    preterit 

mulcted,  mulct}  mAlkt. 
muleteer  n.  (mule-driver)  mjuh'ti:?. 
mnley-eoxr  n.   hornless  cow;   cow   [also,    sometimes,   spelt 

mulley-cow,  mooley-cow"}  'moh-kao,  'mjou-h-kao. 
mnley-sair  n.  'moh-sc: ,  'mjou-h-sc: . 
miilleiL  n.  wooly-leaft  plant  [also  spelt  mulleinl  'mAhn. 
mnlligata'wiiy  n.   soup   [synonymous  cognate   mullagataw- 

ny]  midiga'toni. 
mnllion  n.  (division  between  lights  or  panels)  'mAlidn. 
mnltiflorons  adj.  (many-flowerd)  mAlti'iL.o:-z9s, 
mnltijngons   adj.   (having   many   pairs   of   leaflets)    mxlti- 

'dsou-gas;   (less  properly)  mAl'tidso-gas. 
mnltiparons  adj.  (many-bearing)  mA)'tip3-z:3s. 
mnltipartite  adj.  (having  many  parts  or  divisions)  mAlti- 

'pa^-tait;  (less  properly)  mAl'tipar-tait. 
mnltiplioand  n.  (quantity  to  be  multiplied)  mAltipLilcsend, 

'mAltipti-kaend. 
mnltiplioate  adj.  (multifold;  multiplex)  'mAltipLi-ket,  mAl- 

'tipti-ket. 
mnltiplioation  n.  mAltipLi^ee-Ssn. 
mnltitnde  n.   (numerousness ;   great   number;   host)    'mAlti- 

tgud;  (dialectally)  'mAlti-tud. 
mum  adj.  silent  [also,  formerly,  spelt  mumml  mAm. 
mum  n.  beer  [also  spelt  mumm}  mAm. 
mnmmy  n.  (embalmd  body)  'mAmi. 
mnnoli.  v»  chew,  champ  [past  participle  and  preterit  munched, 

munchtl  mAntJ,  (also,  and  in  Britain  normally)  mAnJ. 
mnndane   adj.    (of   this   world;    worldly;    earthly;    cosmic) 

'mAn-deiu 
mnngo  n.  cloth  [also  spelt  mungoel  'mArigo. 
mnnicipal  adj,  (internal,  domestic;  local,  city)  mjo'nisi-pdl. 
mnnifioenoe   n.    (generosity,    liberality;    bounty)    mjo'nifi- 

ssns. 
mnniment  n.  (defense)  'mjou-ni-mant. 

J  ye,  QCUTe;  5*fie,  9tftin;  3  a^ure,  ds/oy;  jshoe,  tj  c/iew; 
wwhen;  i)s\ng\  u  whoever,  itcslcX.,  ^lu^,  wxiool,  itt,  lis^^; 
opoeHc;  aov^r,  e  oerial,  Kbul,  ;i\^oot,  -^i^tu),  t.\ie\^  ^.^%y*.Vx 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  351 


mnnnioiL  n.   in  ship-building,  mullion   [also   spelt  munionl 

'niAnjdn. 
mural  adj,  (of  a  wall;  wall-like)  'mjo:-z9h 
murderer  n.  (one  who  murders)  'mw.z-d^-z^z, 
murez  n.  shell-fish  [ploral  murices,  murexes'l  'mjo:-?eks. 
muriatic  adj.  (of  salt)  mjori'aetik. 
murine  adj.  (mouse-like)  'mjo:-^in,  'mjo:-eain. 

n.  darkness ;  thick  air  or  vapor  [also  spelt  mirki  meizk. 

od/.  obscure,  dark  [also  spelt  mirk}  msizk. 

n.  marc  [also  spelt  mure,  mirk  and,  formerly,  murckl 

mB:3k. 
murkiuesB  n.   state   of  being  murky;   darkness   [also   spelt 

mirkinessi  'merki-nis,  'meir-ki-nis. 
murkness  n.  darkness  [also  spelt  mirknessi  'mszkNis. 
murky  adj,  dark,  gloomy,  thick  [also  spelt  mirky}  'merki. 
murmur  v.,  n.  hum,  etc.  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  pret- 
erit murmured,  murmur d"]  'mBie-mae. 
murrain  adj.  (disease)  'ms^in,  'mAzrin. 
murre  n.  guillemot  [synonymous  cognate  marre"]  ms:?. 
murrkine  adj.  of  murra,  an  ornamental   stone   [also  spelt 

murrine;    synonymous    cognate    myrrhinej    'msrin,    'mAzin, 

'mB-?ain,  'mA-rain. 
muscadine  n.  (wine;  grape)  'mAsks-dain,  'mAsks-din. 
muscat  n.  (grape;  wine)  'niA-skset. 
muscatel  n.  wine;  grape;  raisin  [synonymous  cognate  mus- 

cadell  'mAska-tel,  mAska'tel. 
muscle    n.    (contractil   tissue)    'mAssl,    'mAsl;    (erroneously) 

'mAskal. 
muscoid  adj.  (moss-like)  'mA-skoid. 
muscovado  n.  (unrefined  cane  sugar)  mAsk3'va:-d3,  mAsko- 

'vee-do. 
muscovy  n.  (musk-duck)  'mAska-vi. 
muscular  adj.  (of  muscle)  'mAskgo-lsz. 
muset  n.   (obsolete)  gap  in  a  fence ;  meuse ;  also,  a  hare's 

*form'  [also  spelt  musit,  musettl  'mjou-zit,  'mjou-sit. 
musette  n.  (bagpipe ;  air ;  dance ;  reed-stop)  mju'zet. 
museum  n.  (building  or  repository  for  the  preservation  and 

display  of  objects  of  art,  curiosities,  etc.)  mjo'zii-am;  (less 

properly)  'mjou-zi-am. 
muskroom  n.  (fungus)  'mA^-zum. 
music  n.  (fine  art;  melody  or  harmony)  'mjou-zik. 
musical  adj.  (of  music,  like  music;  fond  of  or  skild  in  mu- 
sic) 'mjou-zi-kal. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  bay ;  a:  far,  go  naw,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark   (:)   indicates  that  the  ptecedixi^  ^Q>axA  as^  \wv%\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  oti  \3cl^  i^^X'a^va."^  %-j^k:ii^^« 


352  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 


mnsioale  n.  (musical  party;  private  concert)  mjuziTca:!. 
mnsioian  n.  (one  skild  in  music)  mjo'zi^dn. 
mnsiTe  adj.  mosaic  [also  spelt  musiv'i  'mjou-siv,  'mjou-ziv. 
nmskmeloiL    n.    [synonymous    cognate    mushmeloni    'mAsk- 

melsn;  {vulgarly)  'mAj-melan. 
miuk-oz  n.  arctic  ruminant  [ploral  musk-oxen  and,  coUectiv- 

ly,  musk'Oxl  'mAsk-eks. 
mnslin  n.  (cotton  fabric)  'mAzlin. 
mnsTol  n.   {local  or  obsolete)   nose-band  of  a  bridle   [also 

spelt  musrole  and,  formerly,  musrolll  'mAz-rol. 
muMel  n.  mollusk  [also  spelt  musclel  'mAssl,  'mAsl. 
Mnssiiliiian  n.  Mohammedan  [also  spelt  Musulman,  Musal- 

man;  ploral  Mussulmans  and,  catachrestically,  Mussulmen^ 

'mAsal-man. 
mnst  V,  (be  obliged)  mAst,  {when  unstrest)  mds. 
mnstaolie  n.  the  hair  on  the  upper  lip  [also  spelt  moustache ; 

synonymous  cognate  mustachioj  ma'staiS,  mos'taij ;  {vulgar- 
ly) 'mA-sta:S. 
mnstaoliio  n.  [ploral  mustachios'l  m9'sta:-$3,  m9'sta:-S>-o. 
mnstaoliioed  adj.  (mustached)  m9'sta:-$3d,  m9'sta:-Si-od. 
mustard  n.  (seed-flour ;  plant)  'mAstard. 
mnstee  n.  ms'stii,  mAs'tii.     same  meaning  as  mestee. 
mutineer  n.  (one  guilty  of  mutiny)  mjuti'niiz. 
mutiny  n.  (revolt)  'mjou-ti-ni ;   {less  properly)  'mjou-tn-i. 
mutton  n.  (flesh  of  sheep ;  sheep)  'mAtn. 
mutual   adj,    (reciprocal;    respectiv;    common)    'mjou-tju-a!, 

'mjou-tQu-al. 
mutule  n.  (modillion  of  a  Doric  cornice)  'mjou-tSul,  'mjou- 

tQul. 
muzhik  n.  Russian  peasant  [also  spelt  moujik,  mujikl  'mou- 

31k,  mu'sik. 
muzzle  n.  jaws  and  nose;  snout;  cage  for  the  jaws;  nose- 
cover;  discharging-end  of  a  gun)  'mAzal,  'mAzl. 
my  adj.-pron.   (of  or  belonging  to  me)  mai,  {when  unstrest) 

ma;  {also,  formerly)  mi:  ;   {and  still,  when  unstrest,  on  the 

stage)  mi. 
mycelium  n.  (vegetativ  part  of  the  thallus  of  fungi)  mai'sii- 

H-3m. 
myope  n.  (short-sighted  person)  'mai-op. 
myopia  n.  (short-sightedness)   mai'oo-pi-a. 
myopic  adj.  (of  myopia;  short-  or  near-sighted)  mai'opik. 
myopy  n.  (myopia)  'mai-3-pi. 
myosin  n.  globulin  [also  spelt  myosin  el  'mai-a-sin. 

I yc,   gcure;  dtht,  G  tKin;   ^azute,  d^foy;   ^  shoe,   tl  chew; 
wwAen;  Qsing;  u  whoever,  ircacV,  xiiuW,  x5>x\oo\,  i.\\.,  i\^ee\ 
o  poetic;  a  ov^r,  e  oerial,  a  but,  o*.  doot,  -aox^o,  t\ic^,  ^.«:^a\SL\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  353 


myosotis  n.  (forget-me-not)  mai-a'soo-tis. 
myriad  n.  (ten  thousand;  great  number;  host)  'mid-ad. 
myrianieter  n.  measure  of  one  myriad  or  ten  thousand  me- 
ters [also  spelt  tnyriametrel  mizi'aemi-taz,  'mizi-a-mii-ta?. 
myrloin  n.  that  part  of  beeswax  which  is  insoluble  in  boiling 

alcohol  [also  spelt  myricinel  miVai-sin,  'mi?i-sin,  'mai-zi- 

sin. 
myrioyl  n.  (melissyl)  mi'eai-sil,  'mi?i-sil. 
myrmeoophyte  n.   (myrmecophilous  plant)   ms^'mii-ko-fait, 

'mei^-mika-fait. 
myrmidon  n.  (faithful  follower)  'mei^-mi-den,  'meiz-mi-dan. 
myrrh  n.  (perfume)  msiz. 
myrrl&io  adj,  (of  myrrh)  'mer-nk,  'mink. 
myrrl&ine  n.  that  part  of  myrrh  which  is  soluble  in  alcohol 

[also,    sometimes,    spelt    myrrhin\    'm8:-rin,    'mizin,     {less 

often)  'mer-rain,  'mi-zain. 
myrtle  n.  (plant)  'meetl,  'ms-.r-tl. 
myself  noun-pron,  mai'self,  (when  less  strest)  ms'self  (and, 

dialectally)  mi'self. 
my«tasogn&e  n.  one  who  initiated  candidates  into  the  Eleu- 

sinian  or  other  mysteries;  teacher  of  mystic  doctrins  [also 
,  '  spelt  mystagog'\  'mista-gog. 
mystery  n.  (secret,  riddle,  enigma;  rite)  'mista-n,  (rapidly) 

'mistji. 
mysticism  n.  (doctrin  or  habits  of  mystics)  'misti-sizsm. 
mysticize  v,  render   mystical   [also   spelt   mysticise}   'misti- 

saiz. 
mytacism  n.  (too  frequent  repetition  of  the  sound  of  m) 

'mai-t3-siz3m. 
myth  n.  fictitious  narrativ  [also,  formerly,  spelt  mythe']  mi0. 
mythicise   v,   render   mythic    [also   spelt    mythicise}    'mi9i- 

saiz. 
mythohistorio   adj.    (of  myth   and   history)    miOa-his'tezik, 

mai-9o-his'terik;    (also)    miOo-i'stenk,    mai-Oo-i'steeik. 
mythological  adj.  (of  mythology)  miOa'lodsi-kal. 
mytholog^e  v.  [also  spelt  mythologisel  mi'Oeld-dsaiz. 
mythology  n.   (mythical  story;  body  of  myths;   knowledge 

of  myths)  mi'Oela-dsi. 
mythopeio  adj.  myth-making   [also  spelt  mythopoeic;   syn- 
onymous cognate  mythopoetic}  miOa'pii-ik. 
mytiloid  adj,  (mussel-like)  'miti-leid. 
myxomyoetes   n.  pL   (slime-fungi,   slime-molds)    miksa-mai- 

'sii-tiz. 

c:  low,  b:  fwr,  ae  cot,  e  h^t,  ei  boy ;  a*,  iar,  ao  ivoim,  ^*.  a^,  ^-vVws.*, 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceditv^  so>axv^  as  \«tv%\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\ie  ieWo^vcv^  ^-^j^^aJ^^ 


354  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

nabob  n.  (Mohammedan  official ;  governor)  'nee-bob. 

nacre  n.  sea-pen ;  mother-of-pearl  [also,  formerly,  spelt  nd- 
kerl  'nee-ka?. 

nacroons  adj.  (like  nacre;  nacrous)  'nee-ksi-ss. 

nadir  n.  (the  point  opposit  the  zenith)  'nee-dar,  (rarely)  'na:- 
diz. 

Naiad  n.  river-nymph  [ploral  Naiadsl  'nee-ad,  'nai-dd,  'nce- 
jdd. 

Naiades  n.  pi,  (the  Naiads ;  river-nymphs)  'nee-9-diz,  'nai-a- 
diz,  'nee-J3-diz. 

naiant  adj.  (in  heraldry,  swimming)  'nee-ant. 

naif  adj.  naive  [also  spelt  naifl  na:'iif. 

naik  n.  (Indian  prince ;  governor ;  officer)  'na:-ik,  'nee-ik. 

nail  V.   fix  with  nails;   spike   [past  participle   and   preterit 
nailed,  naild"]  nee),  (when  vnstrest)  nel. 
.  nairfsant  adj,  (in  heraldry ,  nascent)  'nee-sant. 

naive  adj.  natural,  artless  [also  spelt  naivel  na:'iiv,  (assump- 
tivly)  'na:-iv;  (less  properly)  ne'iiv;  (erroneously)  neev. 

naively  adv.  [also  spelt  natvelyl  na:'iiv-h,  'na:-iv-li,  ne'iiv-li. 

naivete  n.  an  artless  action  or  remark;  quality  of  being  na- 
ive; artlessness  [also  spelt  natveti'\  na:-iv'tee. 

naked  adj.  (nude)  'nee-kid;  (dialectally)  'nekid. 

namable  adj,  [also  spelt  nameablcl  'nee-ma-bal. 

namby-pamby  adj.  (weakly  sentimental;  vapid)  nxmbi- 
'paembi,   (assumptivly)  'naembi-paembi. 

nankeen  n.  cloth  [also  spelt  nankini  naen'kiin,  (assumptivly) 
'naen-kin. 

nape  n.  (the  back  of  the  neck)  neep;  (less  properly)  naep. 

napery  n.   (table-linen,  etc.)  'nee-pa-n. 

naphtha  n.  volatil  liquid  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  napthal 
'naepOa,  'naefOa. 

naphthalene  n.  (naphthalin)  'nsepOa-lin,  'nsefOa-Hn. 

naphthalin  n.  benzene  hydrocarbon  [also  spelt  naphthaline} 
'naepGa-hn,  'naefOa-hn. 

naphthalixe  v.  [also  spelt  naphthalisel  'nsepGa-laiz,  'naefOa- 
laiz. 

napiform  adj.  (turnip-shaped)  'nee-pi-fe:rm ;  (less  proper- 
ly) 'naepi-fe:?m. 

narcissus  n.  (plant)  na^'sisas. 

narcotize  v.  [also  spelt  narcotise"]  'na?ka-taiz,  'na:?-ka-taiz. 

narghile  n.  Oriental  tobacco-pipe ;  hookah  [also  spelt  nargi- 
leh,  narghileh,  narghyle,  narghille,  nargile,  narguiU;  syn- 
onymous cognates  narghilly,  nargillyl  'na:r-gi-le. 

J  ye,    gcure;   b  the,  0  thin;   ^asMte,  ^-sio^j*,  S^skoe,  t^r^ew; 
w  w/ten;  i)  sing;   u  whoever,  ireacX.,  oiuW,  \i>\\ooV  -s.xX.,  Ti.^ee\ 
o  poetic;  a  ov^r,  e  oerial,  Abut,  ^i-.doot,  -aoicio,  ^\ie^,  ^R.%a\&\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  355 

nargliilly  n.  naz'gih.    same  meaning  as  narghile. 
narrate  v.  (relate,  tell,  rehearse)  nae'reet,  na'eeet,  'naeret. 
narro'W  adj,,  n.,  adv.,  v.  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit 

narrowed,  narrowd}  'naezo;  (dialectally)  'na?a. 
nar'wl&al  n.  sea-unicorn   [also  spelt  narwhale;   synonymous 

cognate  narwall  'nare-iual. 
nary  adj.  not  [dialectal  variant  of  ne'er  a,  never  a;  synony- 
mous cognate  narryl  'ne:-zi,  'neei. 
nasal  adj.  (of  the  nose)  'nee-zsl. 
nasalize  v,  speak  nasally;  render  nasal  [also  spelt  nasalisel 

'nee-za-laiz. 
nascent  adj.   (being  born;   incipient)   'nxssnt;    (improperly) 

'nee-sant. 
nastnrtinm   n.   (plant)    naes'tsrSdm*   nxs'teir-Sam,   naes'te^Ji- 

9m,  nd'stB^Ssm. 
nasty  adj.  (foul;  offensiv;  bad;  ill-natured)  'na:-sti,  'na:-sti, 

'naei-sti ;  {assumpHvly,  when  less  strest)  'nasti,  'nasti,  'naesti. 
nasnte  adj,  (formerly,  keen-scented,  sagacious;  latterly,  snou- 

ty,  etc.)  'nee-sgut,  {less  often)  ne'sgout. 
natal  adj.  (nativ;  of  one's  birth)  'nee-tl,  'nee-tal. 
natatory  adj.  (of  swimming)  'nee-ta-tD^i. 
natheless  adv,  nevertheless  [synonymous  cognate  nathless'i 

'neeO-las,  'nee-Gi-as,  'nee-da-les. 
natliless  adv.  'nseO^as,  'naed-les.    same  meaning  as  natheless. 
national   adj.    (of   a   nation)   'naeja-nl,   'nx^d-ndl;    {rapidly) 

'naeSNal ;  {less  properly)  'nee-Ja-nl. 
nationality  n.  nse$3'naeh-ti. 
nationalize  v.  [also  spelt  nationalise"]  'naeSd-nl-aiz,  'nxS^i^d- 

laiz. 
natrolite  n«  (soda-mesotype,  needle-zeolite)  'nxtsd-^ait,  'nee- 

tja-lait 
natron  n.  (mineral)  'nee-tjon,  'nee-tjan,  'naetjan. 
natnral  adj.   (of  law;   just;   of  nature;   normal)   'naetSa-rsl, 

{rapidly)  'naetSsal;  {also,  older)  'naetgo-ral,  'naetga-ral. 
naturalization  n.  [also  spelt  naturalisation]  nxtSa-zdh'zee- 

San,  natJara-lai'zee-San. 
naturalize  v.  [also  spelt  naturalise]  'nxtSsrd-laiz,  (rapidly) 

'naetS33-laiz. 
natnre  n.  (essential  character;  inherent  power  or  principle; 

universe)  'nee-tjar,  {older)  'nee-tgar. 
naught  n.  nothing;  zero,  cipher  [also  spelt  nought;  synon- 
ymous cognate,  in  the  sense  of  a  cipher,  ought]  nc:t. 
naught  adj.  worthless  [also  spelt  nought]  nc:t. 

c:  law,  s:  fwr,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  boy ;  a:  far,  clo  tvotm,  «:.  a"sJ«.,  ^-vVn\r.\ 
Jcn/^b-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  precedinv^  ^o>rcv^  "^"^  Vi.xN.'SkN 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  \h^  ieWo^\Ti%  vj^''^^' 


356  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

nanshty  adj.  (wayward;  bad)  'nc:-ti,  {when  less  strest)  'nc- 

ti. 
nausea  n.  (seasickness,  etc.;  loathing)  'ncr-Ja,  'ncr-Ji-a,  'nc:- 

si-a. 
nauseate  v,  (reject  with  nausea;  loathe;  affect  with  nausea; 

feel  sick)  'nc:-Si-et,  'nc:-si-et. 
nauseous  adj,  (causing  nausea)  'nci-Sas,  'nc:-$i-9s,  'nc:-si-3s. 
nautilus  n.  argonaut,  a  cephalopod  [plaral  nautili^  nauHlttsesI 

'nc:-ti-l3s ;  (less  properly)  'nc:-tl-3S. 
naval  adj.  (of  ships;  of  the  navy)  'nee-vsl. 
nave  n.  (main  body  or  middle  part  of  a  church)  neev. 
navel  n,  (umbilicus)  'nee-val. 

naveled  adj,  [also  spelt  navelled,  naveldl  'nee-vsld. 
navicular  adj.  (boat-shaped,  scaphoid,  cymbiform)  nd'vxkco- 

nay  adv.  (no;  not  only  so,  but)  nee. 

Nazarene  adj.,  n.  nsezaViin. 

Nazaritisnt  n.  'nseza-zai-tizsm,  'naezszi-tizdm,  'naezs-rait- 
izam, 

neap  adj.  (low;  ebb)  niip. 

nearsisl&ted  adj,  ni:r'sai-tid,  (assumpHvly)  'ni:7-sai-tid. 

neatherd  n.  (cowherd)  'niit-hB:?d. 

nebula  n.  cloudy  film  or  speck  in  the  eye;  misty  appear- 
ance; cloud-like  cluster  of  stars  [ploral  nebulae}  'nebjo-la. 

nebulae  n.  (ploral  of  nebula)  'nebjo-li. 

nebul6  adj.  cloud-like,  wavy,  nebuly  [also  spelt  nebulSel 
'nebjo-le,  nebjo'lee. 

nebulize  v,  atomize;  become  nebulous  [also,  rarely,  spelt  neb- 
ulise"] 'nebjo-laiz. 

nebulous  adj.  (cloudy;  of  nebulae)  'nebjo-las. 

necessarily  adv.  (of  necessity)  'nesi-sen-h ;  (also)  'ncsi- 
sari-h,  (anteriorly)  'nesi-sazih ;  (occasionally)  nesi'seei-h. 

necessary  adj.  (needful)  'nesi-seci;  (also)  'nesis3-ri,  (as- 
sumptivly)   'nesi-san;   (rapidly)   'nesi-S3i,  'nes-s^i,  'nes5i. 

necked  adj.  having  a  neck  [also  spelt  neckt"]  nekt. 

necklace  n.  (ornamental  chain  or  band  worn  around  the 
neck)  'nekz^is. 

necrology  n.  (register  of  the  dead)  ni'k^els-dsi. 

necromancy  n.  (magic,  etc.)  'neksa-mxnsi. 

necropolis  n.  cemetery  [also  spelt  nekropolisi  ni'ksepa-hs. 

nectarine  n.  peach  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  nectarini  'nekts- 
nn,  'nekta-rin. 

nectarine  adj.  nectar-like  [also  spelt  nectarini  'nekta-?in. 

/ yCf  5  cure ;  5  */ie,  0  thin;  ^  aiZMte,  d-j,  ioy ;  \  shoe,  tS  chew ; 
wwhen;  i}sing\  u  whoever,  itcaicX,  ^siuW,  \i>\\ooV -^Vt,  x\%e€; 
o poetic;  oov^r,  e  oerial,  xbut,  ^-.^oot,  -aoicio,  ^x^e^,  ^ti%q!«.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  357 

nee  adj.  (born)  nee. 

ne'er  adv,  (never)  ne:z. 

negation  n.  (denying;  denial;  nonentity)   ni'gee-Ssn. 

negative  n.,  adj.,  v,  [also  spelt  negativ ;  as  verb,  past  partici- 
ple and  preterit  negatived,  negativdl  'nega-tiv,  (assumpHvly) 
'negativ;  (dialectally)  'nee-ga-tiv. 

neglig^  n.  informal  attire  [also  spelt  niglige'[  negh'see. 

neglig^  adj.  informal,  careless  [also  spelt  negligee'^  negh'see. 

negligee  n.  (loose  gown  of  the  i8th  century;  necklace)  negh- 

'dsii. 
negligee  n,,adj.  negh'3ee.  same  meaning  as  neglige. 
negligible    adj.     (that    may    be    disregarded;    neglectable) 

'neghdsa-bal.  \ 

negotiable  adj,  ni'gDO-Sd-ba},  ni'g30-$i-3-b3}. 
negotiate  v,  (confer;  manage;  obtain;  transfer;  dispose  ofj 

ni'goo-Si-et. 
negotiation  n.  ni-goSi'ee-Ssn. 
Negrito  n.   (one  of  a  diminutiv  Malayo-polynesian  negroid 

race)  ni'g?ii-to. 
negro  n.  black  man  [plural  negroes^  and,  formerly,  negrosi 

'nii-g?o;  {dialectally)  'niqzo, 
neigh  v.^n,  whinny   [as  verb,   past  participle   and   preterit 

neighed,  neighd"]  nee. 
neighbor  n.,adj,,v,  [also  spelt  neighbour;  as  verb,  past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  neighbored,  neighbordi  'nee-bar. 
neighborhood  n.  [also  spelt  neighbourhood!  'nee-bar-hod. 
neighboring  adj.  [also  spelt  neighbouring!  'nee-bs-eii],  {as- 

sumptivly)  'nee-baeiq;  (rapidly)  'nee-briq. 
neither    adv.,  conj.,  adj.-pron,,  noun-pron.    'nii-dar,    'nai-dar. 
nematocyst  n.  (lasso-cell,  thread-cell)  'nemata-sist. 
Nemean  adj,  of  Nemea  [also  spelt  Nemaean"]  ni'mii-sn,  'nii- 

mi-sn. 
nemertine  adj.  of  the  ribbon-worms  [also,  sometimes,  spelt 

nemertin!  ni'meztin,  ni'mez-tain. 
nennphar  n.  (water-lily)  'nen jo-far,  'nenjo-far. 
neo-Latin  n.  (New  Latin)  ni-a'laetin,  ni-a'laetn. 
neologisni  n.  (use  of  new  words;  new  expression;  tendency 

toward  new  doctrins)  ni'ela-dsizam. 
neologize  v.  [also  spelt  neologise!  ni'eta-dsaiz. 
neophyte  n.  (new  convert;  tyro)  'nii-a-fait. 
nepenthe  n.  (magic  potion)  ni'pentOi,  ni'penGi,   (older)  ni- 

'pen-6i. 
nepenthes  n.  (magic  potion;  nepenthe)  ni'pen-Oiz. 

c:  low,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (;)   indicates  that  t\ie  ptece^ixv^  ^a>aaA  y^  \«\NSk\ 
stres9-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  )3^^  i^VkaHJTa.%  ^^^-si^^* 


358  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

nephenv  n.  brother's  or  sister's  son   [dialectal   synonymous 

cognates  nevey,  n^//i]  'nefiu,  'neviu. 
nepliritis  n.  (inflammation  of  the  kidneys)   ni'fsai-tis,  ni- 

'fsii-tis. 
nepotisni  n.  (papal  favoritism  to  nephews,  etc.)  'nii-ps-tizdm, 

'ncpa-tizam. 
nepotist  n.  'nii-ps-tist,  'neps-tist. 
Nereid  n\  (sea-nymph)  'nii-ei-id. 
nereid  n.  -  (sea-centipede ;  nereis)  'ni:-zi-id. 
Nereides  n.  pL   (nereids)   ni'ni-i-diz,  'ni:-zi-i-diz. 
nerite  n.  nerita,  a  gastropod  [synonymous  cognate  nerW]  'ni:- 

rait,  'ne-?ait. 
nerve  n.  sinew,  tendon;  strength;   impulse-conveying  fiber; 

courage;  coolness  [also  spelt  nervl  nsizv. 
nerved  adj.  having  a  nerve;  ribd  [also  spelt  nervd"]  UBizyd, 
nervine   adj,    (acting   on   the    nerves)    'nB:?-vin,    'nei^-vain, 

'ne.T-vin. 
nervose  adj.  (of  the  nerves;  nervd)  nsr'voos,  (assumpHvly) 

'nsiz-vos, 
nervons  adj,  (sinewy;  vigorous;  of  nerves,  etc.;   excitable) 

'neie-vas. 
nervy  adj.  (vigorous;  sinewy;  cool;  jerky;  requiring  nerve) 

'nsiz-Yi. 
nescience  n.   (lack  of  knj)wledge;  ignorance)   'nejans,  'neji- 

9ns,  'nii-Jans,  'nii-Ji-ans;  {less  properly)  'nesgans,  'nesi-ans. 
nescient  adj.  (ignorant;  agnostic)  'ne^snt,  'ne^i-ant,  'mi-^ant, 

'nii-Si-ant. 
nestle  v,  (make  a  nest;  settle  snugly)  'nesal,  'nesl;   (errone- 
ously) 'nestl. 
nestling  n.  (bird)  'nestz^iri,  'nesLir). 
nestling  n.  (action  of  the  verb  nestle)  'nesz^ir). 
net  adj.  clear;  lowest  [also  spelt  nett"]  net. 
netl&er  adj.  (lower,  under)  'nedar. 

nenralgia  n.  (pain  in  a  nerve)  njo'^aeldsa,  njo'zaldsi-a. 
nenritis  n.  (inflammation  of  a  nerve)  njoVai-tis,  njo'zrii-tis. 
neurology  n.  (science  of  nerves)  njo'^ela-dsi. 
nenrosis   n.   nerve-disease;    nerve-change    [plural    neuroses! 

njo'roo-sis. 
nenter    adj,    (neither   masculin    nor    feminin;    neither    activ 

nor    passiv;    intransitiv;    neutral)    'njou-tar;     (dialectally) 

'nou-tar. 
neutral  adj.   (not  activ  either  way;   indifferent)   'njou-tjal; 

(dialectally)  'nou-tjal. 

J  ye,   9  cure;   bthe^  6  <Mn ;   5  asure,  ds/oy;   I  shot,  tlchew; 
w  when;  tj  sing;  u  whoever,  IreacX.,  \3iu\\,  vvmCooV  's.Vt,  -a^cc; 
o  poetic;  9  ov^r,  e  aerial,  Khut,  o*.  Cloot,  -aoivo,  ^\ic^,  ^^%ox&\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  359 

neutralisation   n«    [also   spelt   neutralisationi    njutssh'zee- 

S^n,  njutja-lai'zce-San. 
nentralixe  v.  [also  spelt  neutralise'^  'njou-t£3-}aiz. 
nentrally  adv,  'njou<ts9-li. 
ne'W  adj,  (not  existing  before;  novel)  njou,  {when  unstrest) 

nju;  (also,  dialectally)  nou,  nu. 
ne-wel  n.  (pillar)  'njou-dl. 
ne'wfansled    adj,    njou'fxij-gdld,    (assumptivly)    'njou-faeg- 

gsld. 
Ne'wfonndland    n.    (dog)    njo'faon-dlsnd,    'njou-fsn-dldnd, 

njufdndlaend. 
nenvspaper   n.    (news-sheet)    'njouz-pee-par,    'njous-pee-pa?; 

(dialectally)  'nouz-pee-p3?,  'nous-pee-por. 
nenvsy  adj.  (full  of  news)  'njou-zi. 

n.  bond,  tie,  link  [ploral  nexus]  'neksss. 

n.  free-born  person  bound  by  a  nexum  [ploral  nexi"] 

'neksds. 
niaiserie  n.  (simplicity;  foolishness)  ni'ee-zs-zi. 
Nioaraguan  a(/y.,  n.  nikd'zoi-gwdn,  niks'^segju-sn. 
nioe-looking  a(/;.  nais'tokig,  {assumptivly)  'nais-lokir). 
Nioene  a^f/.  (of  Nicaea)  'nai-sin,  nai'siin. 
nicety    n.    formerly,    folly;    shyness;    latterly,    scrupulosity; 

fastidiousness;  nice  point;  detail  [ploral  nicetiesi  'nai-si-ti. 
niche  n.  (recess)  nitS. 
nickel  n.  (metal)  'niksl,  'nikl,  'nikil. 
nicknack  n.  'nik-nxk.    see  knickknack. 
nicotian  adj,   {pi  tobacco)    ni'koo-Jan,   ni'koo-Si-an. 
nicotine  n.  alkaloid  in  tobacco  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  nipo- 

tinl  'nika-tin,  'nika-tin. 
nictitating  adj.  (winking)  'nikti-tetiq. 
niece  n.  (daughter  of  one's  brother  or  sister)  mis. 
nigh  adv,,  adj,  (near)  nai. 
night  n.  (dark  half  of  the  day)  nait. 
nihilisni  n.    (negativ   doctrin;    nothingness;    doctrin   of  the 

Russian  nihilists)  'nai-i-hzsm,  'nai-hi-hzdm. 
nihilist  n.  'nai-i-list,  'nai-hi-hst. 

nihilistic  adj.  (of  nihilism)  nai-i'hstik,  nai-hi'hstik. 
nihility  n.  (nullity)  nai'hih-ti. 
nilghan  n.  'nil-gc: .    same  meaning  as  nylghau. 
nimbose  adj.  (cloudy)  'nim-bos,  nim'boos. 
nincompoop  n.  (blockhead,  simpleton,  ninny)  'nii]kam-pup. 
nineteen  n.    (numeral)    nain'tiin,    {anteriorly;   by   contrast) 

'nain-tin. 

c:  law,  b:  fi«r,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  oi  boy ;  a:  f  ar,  ao  tvoim,  ^*.  a^,  ^\^V\\s.\ 
]ength-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceditv^  ^omxv^  \s  Vtcv^n 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  tVie  ie»Wo^vcv^  ^-f^-sJ^^ 


360  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

nineteen  adj.  nain'tiin,  (assumptiviy)  'naiiirtin. 

nineteenth  adj.  nain'tiinO,  (assumptiviy)  'nain-tinO. 

nisi  conj.  (in  law,  unless)  'nai-sai. 

nisns  n.  (effort)  'nai-s9s. 

nit  n.  (egg  of  a  louse)  nit. 

niter  n.  potassium  nitrate;  saltpeter  [also  spelt  nitrel  'nai- 
tar. 

nitrify  v,  (convert  into  niter;  become  niter)  'nai-tji-fai. 

nitrile  n.  cyanogen  compound  [also  spelt  nitril,  nitrylel  'nai- 
tjil. 

nitrobenzene  n.  (nitrobenzol)  nai-t£3-ben'ziin,  nai-taplien- 
zin. 

nitrogen  n,  (element)  'nai-tsd-dsin. 

nitrogenize  v»  combine  with  nitrogen  [also  spelt  nitrogenise] 
nai'tjedsi-naiz,  'nai-tjadsi-naiz. 

nitroglycerin  n.  explosiv  [also  spelt  nitroglycerine}  nai-tp- 
'ghs3-?in. 

nitry  adj.  obsolete  (nitrous)  'nai-tji. 

nitryl  n.  (nitric  peroxide,  a  radical)  'nai-t£i}. 

Nizam  n.  (ruler  of  Hyberabad;  Turkish  army;  soldier)  ni- 
'za:m,  ni'zam. 

no  n.  denial;  negativ  vote  [plural  noes,  no'sl  noo. 

no  adj.  not  any,  etc.  [dialectal  synonymous  cognates :  na, 
naa,  nae,  nea,  neah,  nee,  neea,  ney,  neye,  nel  noo,  (when 
unstrest)  no,  no. 

no  adv.  expressing  dissent,  etc.  [dialectal  synonymous  cog- 
nate na"]  noo,  (when  unstrest)  no,  no;  (occasionally)  noop, 
nop ;     (vulgarly ;  offensivly)  nc: ,  ua  ;  (dialectally)  no: . 

nob  n.  person  of  wealth  or  social  distinction;  swell  [former 
synonymous  cognate  nah'\  nob. 

nob  n.  head,  knob ;  in  cribbage,  knave  of  the  same  suit  as  the 
turn-up  card  [also,  formerly,  spelt  nohh}  nob. 

nobbed  adj.  having  nobs ;  knobbed  [also  spelt  nobd}  nebd. 

noblesse  n.  noble  birth;  nobility  [also,  formerly,  spelt  no- 
bless,  noblesi  no'bles. 

nocturn  n.  (in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  one  of  the  divi- 
sions of  the  office  of  matins)  'nok-tarn. 

nocturn  adj.  obsolete  (nocturnal)  'nok-tarn.. 

nocturnal  adj.  (of  the  night)  nok'ta^nl,  nok'taie-nl. 

nocturne  n.  in  painting,  night-piece;  in  music,  notturno 
[also  spelt  nocturni  'nok-tarn. 

nodal  adj.  (of  a  node)  'noo-dl,  'noo-dal. 

noddle  n.  (head)  'nedl. 

/  ye,   q  cure ;  5  t!ie,  0  tKltv,  ^  5  atSMte,  d^  foy ;   \  shoe,  tS  che-w ; 
w  when;  i)  sing;  u  whoever,  itcact,  vjiu\\,  v^mIooV,  \\V  "vV^ee; 
o  poetic;  a  ov^r,  e  aerial,  A.\iut,  :i\doot,  -^iOTvo,  «.\ie^.  "^^^a}«.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  361 

nodose  adj,   (having  knots  or  nodes;   knotty)   no'doos,   (as- 

sumptivly)  'noo-dos. 
nodule  n.  (rounded  lump;  small  node  or  knot)  'ne-djul,  'ne- 

dsul. 
nodulose   adj.    (knotty,   nodulous)    nedjoloos,    {assumpHvly) 

'nedjo^os. 
noetic  adj.  (of  the  mind)  no'etik. 

nos  n.  peg,  block;  knag,  snag,  stump  [also  spelt  nogg'[  neg. 
nog  n.  beer ;  egg-nog  [also  spelt  nogg'i  neg. 
nosgln  n.  (vessel;  mug)  'negin. 
nogglng  n.  (brick  filling)  'negir). 
noisome  adj.  (harmful;  offensiv)  'nei-ssm. 
noisy  adj.  (making  a  noise;  full  of  noise)  'nei-zi.  , 

nomad  n.  wanderer,  roamer,  rover  [synonymous  cognate  no- 

model  'noo-maed,  'ne-mad,  'neniad. 
nomadlo  adj,  (wandering;  of  nomads)  no'maedik. 
nomadize   v.   live  as  nomads;   roam   [also   spelt  nomadisel 

'nemd-daiz. 
nom  de  plnme  n.  (pen-name)  'nendi-pz^oum. 
nome  n.  (province)  noom. 
nome  n.  rule  of  musical  composition   [synonymous  cognate 

nomosi  nDom. 
nomen  n.  name  [ploral  nominal  'nDO-man. 
nomenclature  n.  (name;  list;  system  of  names;  terminolo- 
gy) 'noo-man-ktetSa?,  nD'menkL9-tSo?. 
nominative  adj,  noting  the  subject;   nominated   [also  spelt 

nominativl  'nemina-tiv,   (assumptivly)  'nemi-nativ,  'nemna- 

tiv. 
nomocanon  n.  (collection  of  canons,  etc.)  no'meka-nen,  'noo- 

ma-kaenan. 
nonage  n.  (minority;  immaturity)  'nenids,  'noo-nids. 
nonage  n.  (ninth  part)  'nao-nids. 
nonce  n.  (one  occasion;  once)  nents,  nens. 
nonchalance    n.    (state    of    being    nonchalant)    'nen^a-lans, 

'nentSa-lans. 
nonchalant    adj.    (lacking   warmth    of    feeling,   indifferent, 

unconcernd)  'nenja-lant,  'nentja-lant. 
non-combatant  n.  nen'kembi-tnt. 
non-commlssloned  adj.  [also  spelt  non-commissiondl  non- 

ka'mijand,    (assumptivly)    'nen-ka-miSand. 
none  n.  (daily  office  said  at  the  ninth  hour  or  3  p.m.;  nones) 

naon. 
none  noun-pron.,  adj.-pron.,  adv.  nAn ;    (dialectally)   nan. 

c:  law,  b:  f wr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
]ength-mark  (:)   indicates  that  t\ie  ptecedixv^  %a>\w^  V5»  VsrwstN 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  X\ift  i^>\^H<vcvsL  «f^s5w«.* 


362  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

nonentity  n.  (non-existence;  figment;  nothing)  nen'enti-ti. 
nones  n.  (the  eighth  day  before  the  ides;  also,  a  daily  office 

said  at  the  ninth  hour,  or  3  p.m.)  noonz. 
nonjnror  n.   (one  who  refused  to  swear  allegiance  to  the 

sovereign)  nen'dso:-?^?,  *nen-d$o:-z9z. 
nonpareil  adj.  (having  no  equal;  peerless)  nenpa'^el,  nempd- 

'zel;  (improperly)  nenpa'niL 
nonplns  n,,  adj,  'nen-p^AS. 
nonplns  v,  (bring  to  a  nonplus  or  standstill;  perplex)  nen- 

'pLAS,  'nen-pLAs. 
nonplnssed  adj.  [also  spelt  nonplusfl  nen'pLASt,  (assumptiv- 

ly)  'nen-pLAst. 
nonsensical  adj.   (that  is  nonsense;   absurd)   nen'sensi-kdl, 

(assumptivly)  'nen-sensikal,  nen'sensiksl. 
nook  n.  (corner;  recess)  nok;  (dialectally)  nouk. 
noose  n.  (running  knot;  loop)  nous;  (less  properly)  nouz. 
noose  V,  knot   [past  participle  and  preterit  noosed,   noost} 

nuuz,  nous. 
nop  conj.  (and  not;  than)  ne:z,  (when  less  strest)  nez,  na^,  nz. 
normalize  v.  [also  spelt  normalisel  'nerr-ms-laiz. 
northeast  adj.  ne:rG'iist,  (assumptivly)  'ne:r9-iist,  (or,  when 

less  strest)  'ne:?G-ist. 
northerner  n.  (nativ  or  resident  of  the  north)  'ne:?-6a-n3?. 
northiB^ard  adj.  (toward  the  north)  'nei^O-ward. 
nortli'west   adj.   ne:?0'west,    (assumptivly)   'ne:^G-west. 
nosology  n.   (classification  or  science  of  diseases)    no'sels- 

dsi. 
nostalgia  n.  (severe  homesickness)  nes'taeldsa,  nes'taldsi-a. 
nostmm  n.  (quack  medicin;  pet  Scheme)  'nestjam;  (improp- 
erly) 'noo-stjam. 
not  adv.  (expressing  negation)  net,  (when  unstrest)  nat,  nt. 
nota  bene  phrase  (note  well,  mark  carefully)  noo-ta'bii-ni, 

noo-talDii-ni. 
notable  adj.   (noteworthy;   noticeable)   'noo-ta-bal;    (capable, 

bustling :  said  of  women)  'noo-ta-bal,  'neta-bal. 
notate  adj.  (markt  with  spots  or  lines)  'noo-tet. 
nota  tor  ».  (noter,  recorder;  one  skild  in  musical  notation) 

no'tee-ta?. 
noteiB^ortby  adji  (worthy  of  notice)  'noot-WBr5i. 
nothing  noun-pron.,  adv.  'nA0ii] ;  (dialectally)  'nA0ra,  'nAGn ; 

'neGiq,  'neGin. 
notice  n.  intimation,  warning;  heed,  note  [also  spelt  notisi 

'noo-tis. 

J  ye,    g  cure;   d  the,   6  th\n\  ^  5  asMte,  d-s  joy ;   ^  shoe,   tS  chew ; 
wwAen;  ijsing',   u  whoever,  1  react,  wiu\V  vvw\oo\,  \\\.,  <\^cc% 
o poetic;  o  over,  e  aerial,  Abut,  o\  doot,  ootvo,  t>ac^,  ^^%.a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  363 

te  V.  notify;  remark  upon;  observe;  recognize  [also  spelt 
Is;  past  participle  and  preterit  noticed,  notisti  'nDO-tis. 
ieable  adj,  'noo-tisa-bal,  (assumptivly)  'noo-tisabal, 
d,  sometimes,  rapidly)  'notsabal. 

chord  n,  (chorda  dorsalis;  primitiv  backbone)  'noo-ta- 
:d, 

;lit  n.,  adj,  nc:t.     see  naught. 

&enal  adj.  (of  a  noumenon)  'noo-mi-nl,  'nou-mi-nl. 
aenon  n.  object  of  purely  intellectual  intuition;   thing 
tself  [plural  noumena}  'nao-mi-nen ;  (less  properly)  'nou- 
nen. 

n.  rnind;  gumption  [also  spelt  nouse,  nowsel  naos,  nous. 
'ean  riclie  n.  [ploral  nouveaux  riches}  nuvo'zii^. 
1  adj.  (new)  'neval. 

lize  V.  make  novel;  produce  a  novelty;  convert  into  a 
el  [also  spelt  novelise}  'neva-laiz. 
Ity  n.  something  new  [ploral  novelties}  'neval-ti. 
real  adj,  (of  a  stepmother)  no'vszkal,  no'verr-kal. 
ce  n.  probationer;  tyro  [also  spelt  novis}  'nevis. 
tiate   n,  probationary  period;   notice;   tyro;  'noviceship 
50  spelt  noviciate!  no'viji-et,  no'viji-at. 
adays  adv.  in  these  days;  in  the  present  age  [also  spelt 
v-a-days}  'nau-3-deez. 

ay  adv.  not  at  all;  by  no  means  [synonymous  cognate 
vays}  'noo-wee. 

el  n.  Christmas  [also  spelt  Nowell,  Noel}  no'el,  'noo-el. 
b1  n.  (the  inner  part  or  core  of  a  mold  for  casting  hollow 
inders,  etc.)  no'el,  'noo-al,  'nou-at. 
Ise  adv.  (in  no  way;  in  no  respect)  'noo-woiz. 
ons  adj.  (injurious,  hurtful)  'nekjas. 
kde  ».   (putting  to  death  by  drowning)  nwe'jard. 
e  n.  socket;  spout;  nose  [also  spelt  nozzle}  'nozal. 
ace  n.   (slight  variation;  shade  of  color;  delicate  grada- 
n)  nju'eqs. 

He  adj.  marriageable  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  nuhil}  'njou- 
;  (dialectallv)  'nou-bil;  (also,  rarely)  'njou-bail,  'nou- 
:l. 

ei  n.  (ploral  of  nucleus)  'njou-kti-ai. 
leolns    n.    small    nucleus;    paranucleus    [ploral    nucleoli} 

)'kl-li-3-l3S. 

lens  n.  kernel;  central  mass  [ploral  nuclei}  'njou-kti-as. 
B  adj,  (not  formally  attested  or  recorded;  naked,  bare) 
jud;   (dialectally)  noud. 

V,  8!  f Mr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  oo  now,  a:  osk,  ai  ktte ; 
h-mark  (:)   indicates  that  tlie  pteeeCLixv^  ^Cixsxv^  \^  Vi.xv%\ 
t-mor/r  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  \Vifc  i?>>\o^vci%  ^nj^-s^^^ 


364  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

nndse  v.  (touch,  push,  or  poke  with  the  elbow,  to  call  atten- 

tion)  nxds. 
nudity  n.  (state  or  fact  of  being  nude;  nude  figure)  'njou- 

di-ti;  (dialectally)  'nou-di-ti. 
nugatory  adj.  (trifling;  futil)  'njuu-gd-to^i,  'njou-gd-tszi. 
nnsset  n.  (rough  lump  of  nativ  gold;  lump)  'nxgit. 
nni«anoe  n.   (hurt;   annoyance,   plague)   'njou-ssns;   (dialec- 
tally) 'nou-s9ns. 
nnmb  ad}\  deprived  of  feeling  [also  spelt  numl  nAm. 
nnmbed  adj.  deprived  of  feeling  [also  spelt  numdl  nAmd. 
nnmbered  adj,  repkond  by  number;  markt  with  a  number 

[also  spelt  numberdi  'nAmbszd. 
nnmerio  adj,  obsolete  (identical)  nju'merik. 
nnmerons  adj.  (plentiful;  many)  'njuu-ms-^ss,  'njum^ss. 
nnmiamatio   n.    (of   coins)    njumis'maetik ;    (less   properly) 

njumiz'maetik. 
nnmmnlite  n.  (fossil  cephalopod)  'uAmjo-lait. 
nnmsknll  n.  (blockhead;  dolt)  'uAm-skAl. 
nnn  n.  (woman  devoted  to  a  religious  life  under  vows)  nAU. 
nnnoheon  n.  luncheon   [also  spelt  nunchioni   'uAntJan,    (in 

Britain)  'uAnJan. 
nnnciatnre  n.  (office  of  nuncio;  period  of  office  of  a  pa- 
pal nuncio)  'uAnSi-a-tSo?,  'nAnSi-a-tgo?. 
nnncio  n.  messenger;  papal  agent  [also  spelt  nuntio;  ploral 

nunciosl  'nAnJi-o. 
nnnonpative   adj.  oral;   rarely,  designativ   [also  spelt  nun- 

cupativ'l   'nAqkgo-petiv,  'nAnkgo-petiv,   nAn'kgou-pa-tiv. 
nnndinal  adj.,  n.  (of  a  fair)  'uAndi-nl,  'nAndi-nsl. 
nnnnery  n.  convent  [ploral  nunneriesi  'nAna-n. 
nnptial  adj.  (of  marriage;  of  a  wedding)  'nApJal. 
nnrsery  n.   (room  for  children;  tree-garden,  etc.)   'tibzs^-zi, 

'nsiz-s^-zi,  'ne^ssi,  'nsir-s^i. 
nnrslins  n.  object  of  a  nurse's  care  [also  spelt  nurselingi 

'nezTSi-ii],  'nBirs-hq. 
nnrtnre  n.  (breeding,  food,  care)  'nertSar,  'narr-tSaz,  'nsztq^z. 
nntant  adj.  (drooping;  pendent)  'njou-tant. 
nntrient  adj.  (serving  as  food;  nutrimental)  'njou-tEi-ant. 
nntriment   n.   (food)   'njou-tji-mant;    (dialectally)    'nou-tji- 

mdnt. 
nntrition  n.   (action  of  nourishing;    nutriment,   food)    nju- 

'tEiSan;  (dialectally)  nu'tjijan. 
nntritions  adj.  nju'tsijas;   (dialectally)  nu'tjijas. 
nntritive  adj.  [also  spelt  nutriliv}  'njou-tji-tiv. 

J  ye,    ?cure;   5  ffie,   0  thin-,   ^aiSMte,  d^jioy;   \shoe,   tS  c/»ew; 
w  when;  ij  sing;   u  whoever,  itcacX.,  vjiuW,  v^uiooX,  -i.^x,  vL%ce\ 
o  poetic;  o  ov^r,  e  oerial,  A.\ittt,  o-.doot,  ^otvo,  t>Qcei.,  ^^^cX&\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  365 

nylshan  n.  antelope  [also  spelt  nilgau,  nilghau  and,  formerly, 

nylgau;  synonymous  cognates  neelghau,  nilgai,  nilghye,  nyl- 

ghai,  neelgyel  'nil-gc: . 
nymph  n.  (maiden  deity;  dryad,  naiad,  etc.)  nimf. 
nymphean  adj,   (of  a  nymph;'* nymph-like)  'nimfi-sn,  nim- 

'fii-3n. 
nymphenBi  n.  grotto  or  shrine  of  the  nymphs   [also  spelt 

nymphaeum;  ploral  nymphed\  nim'fii-am. 


o  prep,  on  [also  spelt  <?']  o,  {when  less  strest)  o,  9. 

O  interj.  expressing  appeal,  entreaty,  invocation,  surprise, 
pain,  lament,  gladness,  etc,  [also,  especially  when  detacht 
from  what  follows,  or  when  used  as  a  cry  of  pain  or  terror, 
or  when  expressing  shame,  derisiv  astonishment,  or  dis- 
approbation, spelt  ohl  30,  (when  less  strest)  o,  o. 

o  prep,  of  [also  spelt  o']  o,  (when  less  strest)  o,  d. 

o  n.  zero,  cipher;  mere  nothing;  also,  anything  round,  as  a 
circle,  round  spot,  orb  [ploral,  in  the  sense  of  anything 
round,  oes  and,  formerly,  oaes,  oosl  oo. 

O  n.  the  interjection  O  [ploral  O'sl  do. 

oaf  n.  elf's  child;  fool  [obsolescent  synonymous  cognates 
ouph,  auf;  ploral  oafs,  oaves']  oof. 

oaknin  n.  old-rope  fiber  [also,  formerly,  spelt  okurn]  'oo-ksm. 

oar  ».  (boat-oar)  o:?. 

oasis  n.  fertil  spot  in  a  desert  [ploral  oasesi  o'ee-sis,  'oo-a-sis. 

oath  n.  solemn  appeal  to  deity,  etc. ;  curse  [ploral  oathsY  3oO. 

oaths  ».  (ploral  of  oath)  oodz;  (less  properly)  oo9s. 

oatmeal  n.  (meal  made  from  oats,  etc.)  'oot-miil,  oot'miil. 

obang  n.  (coin)  'oo-baq,  o'baeq. 

obbligato  adj.  indispensable  [also  spelt  obligatoj  ebli'goto. 

obdnraoy  n.  (stubbornness;  relentlessness)  'obdjors-si,  eb- 
'djo:-?3-si;  (dialectally)  'obdara-si. 

obdnrate  adj.  (hardend  in  sin;  inexorable)  'obdjo-rst,  eb- 
'djo:-r3t. 

obdnrate  v,  (make  obdurate)  'obdjo-ret;  eb'djo:-ret. 

obea  n.  sorcery  [also  spelt  obeah,  obeeyah;  synonymous  cog- 
nates obi,  obyl  'oo-bi-a. 

obedience  n.  (action  of  obeying)  o'bii-di-ans,  (when  less 
strest)  a^Dii-di-ans. 

obeisance  n.  (formerly,  obedience;  now,  bow,  curtsy;  defe- 
rence) oliee-sans,  o'bii-sans. 

c:  law,  b:  f wr,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceAitiv,  ^wrcv^  \%  Vi.TCi»\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  i©>\oNivcv^t  «^'^'!i^«^' 


366  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

obelisk  n.  (tapering  rectangular  shaft  or  column;  also,  obe- 
lus) 'ebi-lisk. 

obelize  v,  mark  with  an  obelus;  condemn  as  spurious  [also 
spelt  obelise;  former  erroneous  synonymous  cognate  obo- 
Ujsel  'ebi-laiz.  • 

obelns  n.  spit-like  dash  or  obelisk  formerly  used  in  manu- 
scripts to  mark  spurious  passages;  in  modern  use,  a  dagger 
indicating  a  foot-note,  etc.  [plural  obelil  'obi-l3s. 

obese  adj.   (very  fat;   exceedingly  corpulent)   o'biis. 

obesity  n.  (state  or  quality  of  being  obese)  o'besi-ti. 

obey  V,  comply  with  the  bidding  of ;  mind  [past  participle  and 
preterit  obeyed,  obeydl  o'bee,  (when  less  strest)  a'bee. 

obfnscate  v.  darken;  bewilder  [synonymous  cognate  offus- 
cate"]  eb'fAsket,  'ob-fAsket,  'ebfAS-ket. 

obi^  n.  'oo-bi.    same  meaning  as  obea. 

obi*  n.  Japanese  sash  [ploral  obisl  'oo-bi. 

obit  w.  death;  obituary  notice;  memorial  service  [synony- 
mous cognate  obiiti  'oo-bit,  'obit. 

obiter  adv,  (by  the  way)  'obi-ta?. 

obitnary  n.  (register  of  obit-days  or  deaths;  death-notice) 
o'bitSu-ezi;   (also)  D'bitQU-3-ri,   (anteriorly)  D'bit^u-ari. 

object  n,  (thing,  etc.)  'obdsikt. 

object  V,  (expose  to*  oppose,  etc.)  ab'dsekt. 

objnrgate  v.  (rebuke  severely;  chide,  scold)  ob'd3o:r-get,  ab- 
'd3B:?-get,  'ob-dser-get. 

objnrgatory  adj,  eb'dsorr-ga-to^i ;  (also)  sb'dsBir-gata-n, 
(assumpHvly)  ab'dsBi^-ga-tan. 

oblate  adj.  (flattend  at  the  poles :  opposed  to  prolate)  eb- 
leet,  (assumpHvly)  'o-blet. 

oblate  V,  (offer  as  an  oblation)  ebleet. 

oblate  ».  (person  devoted  to  a  monastery  or  to  religious 
work)  ©bleet,  'o-blet. 

obligatory  adj.  (imposing  obligation)  'obhga-to^i;  (also) 
'obh-gata-ri,  (assumptivly)  'obhga-ta^i ;  (also)  'obh-geta-ri, 
(assumpHvly)  'obh-getan ;   (improperly)  o'bhga-to^i. 

oblige  v»  (engage;  bind;  constrain;  compel)  o'blaids,   (when 

less  strest)  aljlaids;  (also,  formerly)  o'bhids. 
lobligee  n.  (one  to  whom  another  is  bound  by  contract;  also, 
one  who  is  under  obligation)  ebh'dsii. 

obliger  n.  (one  who  obliges;  one  who  binds  or  imposes  an 
obligation  upon  another  by  contract;  one  who  confers  an 
obligation  or  favor)    o'blai-dsa?. 

obligor  n.   (one  who  binds  himself  to  another  by  contract; 

J  ye,   gcure;   b  t/ie,  0  thin*,  ■sasMte,  d-^ioy;  ishoe,  t^chew; 
wwhen;  i)sing\  u  whoever,  iTcacl,  \5W\\,  xiuiooV,  \\\,  <\%ee\ 
o poetic;  oov^r,  e  oerial,  xbut,  o*.  ^oot,  -aQtvo,  ^£.\ie^,  ^^^oX5t\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  367 

person  who  gives  a  bond  or  obligation :    correlativ  of 
gee)  'eWi-ge:z,  ebli'ge:?, 
tne  adj,,n.,v,  o'hliik,  (when  less  strest)   9l>liik;    (also, 

often)  o'Uaik. 

Lnity  n.  (quality  of  being  oblique;  slant)  o'UiktDi-ti. 
tuns  n.  muscle  [ploral  obliquil  e^lai-kwas. 
erate  v.  (blot  out;  efface;  destroy)  e'biits-ret,  d'blitset. 
iny  n.  (evil-speaking;  abuse)  'ebld-kwi. 
xions   adj.    (exposed  to   harm;   odious)    eb'nek$3s,   ^h- 
cjds. 

n.  (hautboy;  reed-stop)  'oo-bei,  'oo-bo-i,  'DO-bo-i. 
it  n.  (performer  on  the  oboe)  'oo-bo-ist. 

n.  silver  coin  of  ancient  Greece   [also,  formerly,  spelt 
lei  'ebal. 

5  n.  (French  coin)  'e-bol. 
KB  n.  obol;  also,  obole  [ploral  oboHl  'ebs-lss. 
ate  adj,  (inversely  ovate;  egg-shaped  with  the  broader 
.  upmost  or  forward)  eb'oo-vet. 
ptlon  n.  (obtaining  .by  craft)  o'b?epS3n,  ebVepJan. 
Bne  adj\  (disgusting;  filthy;  lewd)  eb'siin,  ab'siin. 
dnity  n.  (obscene  quality;  foulness)  eb'seni-ti,  sb'seni-ti. 
are  adj.  sb'skgo:?;  (sometimes,  anteriorly)  'ebskgor. 
inions  adj,  (obedient;  cringing)  eb'sii-ku)i-as,  ab'sii-kioi- 

5|ny  n.  funeral  rite ;  funeral  [ploral  obsequiesi  'ebsi-ku)i. 
pve  V.  keep ;  perceive ;  watch  [also  spelt  observ ;  past  par- 
pie  and  preterit  observed,  observd^  ab'zerrv. 
lete  adj.  (no  longer  used;  out  of  date)  'ebsa^it,  (some- 
es  predicativly  or  finally)  ebsa'hit. 

Btrio  ».  (of  a  midwife  or  accoucheur)  eb'stetjik,  sb- 
tjik. 

nde  V.  (thrust  forth;  thrust;  intrude)  ab'tjoud. 
naive  adj.  [also  spelt  obtrusivl  3b'tjou-siv;  ab'tjou-ziv. 
rator  n.  (something  that  stops  up)  'ebtgo-retaz. 
•e  adj.  (blunt;  dull)  eb'tgous,  ab'tgous;   (dialec tally)  eb- 
is. 

me  n.  (side  of  a  coin  with  the  head,  etc. :  correlativ  of 
erse;  face,  front)  'eb-vB?s. 

rse  adj.  (opposit;  of  leaves,  narrower  at  the  base  than 
the  top;  answering  to  a  counterpart)  eb'vB'.rs,  (assump- 
ly)  'eb-v8rs. 

ina  n.  (musical  instrument)  ekd'rii-ns. 
■ion  n.  (opportunity;  cause;  juncture;  event)  sTcee-san. 

',  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  tvotm,  «:.  a-aV.^  ^-vVVvs-n 
b-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceditv^  ^o>a.Tv^  a.^  ViraskN 
■mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\ie  ie»Wo^\Tv^  ^-fC^^^^. 


368  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

oooasioniJly  adv,  slcee-sd-nl-i,  (rapidly)  alcee-sd-nh,  {an- 
teriorly) ykee-sdnh. 

oooident  n,,  adj.  (west)  'eksi-dnt,  'eksi-dant. 

oooipital  adj.  (of  the  occiput)  ek'sipi-t!,  ek'sipi-ts!. 

oooipnt  n.  (back  of  the  head)  'eksi-pat,  'eksi-pxt. 

oeonlt  adj.  (hidden;  recondite)  s'kAlt,  oIcaU,  'e-kxlt. 

ooonltism  n.  dHcAl-tizam ;  (less  properly)  'e-kAl-tizam. 

oocnrreaioe  n.  (fact  of  occurring;  event)  dlcB^ans,  slcAzdns. 

oeean  n.  (main  sea)  'oo-San. 

Oceanian  adj.  (of  the  Pacific  ocean;  of  Oceania)  oSi'ee-ni- 
9n,  oSi'xni-sn. 

oeeanio  adj.  (of  the  ocean;  ocean-like)  oSi'aenik. 

ooellate   adj.    (having  ocelli;   like   an   eye)   'esi-let,   'esi-ldt,    . 
o'seldt. 

ooellns  n.  little  eye;  eyelet  [ploral  ocellil  o'selds. 

ooelot  n,  (leopard-cat,  tiger-cat)  'esi-lat,  'oo-si-let. 

ooher  n.  [also  spelt  ochre,  okerl  'oo-k^z. 

ooherons  adj.  of  the  nature  of  or  containing  ocher;  ocher- 
colord  [synonymous  cognates  ochreous,  ochrousi  'oo-ka-ras. 

oohery  adj.  ocher-colord ;  of  the  nature  of  ocher  [synony- 
mous cognates  ochry,  ochreyl  'oo-k^-zi. 

oohreons  adj.  'ao-k^i-as.     same  meaning  as  ocherous. 

oorea  n.  sheath  of  a  stem  or  seta;  bird's  boot  [also  spelt  och- 
rea;  ploral  ocreael  /eksi-a,  'oo-ksi-a. 

ootagon  n.  (eight-angled  figure)  'ekta-gen. 

ootasonal  adj.  (eight-angled;  eight-sided)  ek^taegd-nl,  ek- 
'taega-nal. 

octahedron  n.  eight-sided  solid  [also  spelt  octahedron;  syn- 
onymous cognates  octaedron,  octoedron;  ploral  octahedrons, 
octahedral  ektd'hii-dran. 

ootastyle  adj.  having  eight  columns  in  front  or  at  the  end 
[also  spelt  octostylel  'ekta-stail. 

octave  n.  (period  of  eight  days;  group  of  eight  lines;  note; 
tone-group)  'ek-tev. 

octavo  n.  book-size  [ploral  octavos!  ©k'tee-vo,  ek'ta:-vo. 

octet  n.  composition  for  eight  voices,  etc.;  group  of  eight 
lines  [also  spelt  octette,  octetti  ek'tet. 

octogenarian  adj.  (of  the  age  of  eighty  years)  ektd-dsi- 
'ne:-ri-an. 

octogenary  adj.  (octogenarian)  ek'tedsi-ne^i,  ek'tedsi-nazri, 
'ektadsi-ne^i ;  (improperly)  ekta'dsii-na-zri. 

octogynons  adj,  having  eight  pistils  [synonymous  cognate 
octagynousi  ek'tedsi-nas. 

j ye,  ccure;  5  *fie,  0  thin;  ^^lsmt^,  ^"si^^N  ^  sKoe,  t^  c/»ew ; 
wzc'hen;  ry  s\ng\  u  "whoevet,  \Tca.c\.,  viiuW,  vy>\\oo\,  -s.Kv  ^\^ee* 
o poetic;   a  ov^r,  e  oeria\,  xbut,  o*.  doox,  ^ot».o,  vi,>ac^,  %.^^aX&\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  369 

ootoped  n.  eight-footed  animal  or  thing  [synonymous  cog- 
nate octopede']  'okta-ped. 

ootopns  n.  eight-armd  cephalopod  [plural  octopuses,  octopi, 
octopodes"}  'okta-pas,  ok'too-pas. 

octoroon  n.  (person  having  one-eighth  negro  blood)  ekts- 
'^oun. 

octroi  n.  (tax)  ek'tjuje,  'ek-tjei. 

octnple  adj,  (eightfold)  'ektQo-pd}. 

ocnlar  adj.  (of  the  eye;  visual;  visible)  'ekqoA^z. 

od  n.  (a  supposed  force)  ed,  ood. 

odal  n.  (shrub)  'oo-dsl,  'edsl. 

odalisk  n.  female  slave  or  concubine  [also  spelt  odalisque, 
odalisc"]  'oo-da-hsk. 

odd  adj,  (not  even;  single;  peculiar)  ed. 

ode  n.  (poem)  ood. 

odeon  n.  'oo-di-an,  oMii-sn,  o'4ii-6n.  same  meaning  as  ode- 
um, 

odenm  n.  music-hall  [synonymous  cognate  odeon;  plural 
odeal  o'dii-3m. 

odic  adj.  (of  the  supposed  force  od)  'odik,  'oo-dik. 

odio  adj.  (of  an  ode)  'oo-dik. 

odions  adj.  (hateful;  exciting  odium)  'oo-di-ss,  (rarely)  'oo- 
djas;  (vulgarly)  'oo-dsas. 

odinm  n.  (hatred;  opprobrium)  'oo-di-dm. 

odize  V,  charge  with  odic  force  [also,  rarely,  spelt  odisel  'ed- 
aiz,  'e-daiz,  'oo-daiz. 

odontalgia  n     (toothache)  o-den't^ldsa,  o-den'taeldsi-d. 

odor  n.  scent,  smell  [also  spelt  odourl  'oo-dae. 

odoriferons  adj,  (bearing  an  odor;  odorous)  odd'nfs-^as. 

odorless  adj,  [also  spelt  odourless}  'oo-ds^-lss. 

odorons  adj,  (emitting  an  odor;  fragrant)  'oo-da-rss. 

oecolosy  n.  i'keld-dsi.    see  ecology. 

oedema  n.  I'dii-ms.    see  edema, 

o'er  adv.  (over)  o:z. 

oesophagns  n.  I'sefs-gss.     see  esophagus. 

oestms  n.  (gadfly;  sting;  stimulus;  oestrum)  'ii-st£9s,  'est£3s. 

of  prep,  ev,  (when  unstrest)  av  (and,  dialectally)  9. 

off  adv.,  prep.  e:f,  (when  unstrest)  of. 

offal  n,  (refuse,  waste)  'e:-fal,  'ofal. 

offense  n.  stumbling-block;  attack;  act  of  offending;  mis- 
demeanor [also  spelt  offence}  s'fents,  a'fens. 

offensible  adj,  formerly,  offensiv;  later,  liable  to  take  of- 
fense [also,  formerly,  spelt  offencible"]  d'fensa-bdl. 

c:  law,  b:  f Mr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
Ungth-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  ptecedixiv^  ^QiMtA  \^  V»TkJ%.\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  >i3ii^  i«kWsyw\XL%  ««j^^aM«^ 


370  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

offensive    adj.   aggressiv;    displeasing    [also    spelt    offensiv 

and,  fermerly,  offencive}  9'fentsiv,  s'fensiv. 
offer  V.  present;  give  [past  participle  and  preterit  offered, 

offerdi  'or-fa?,  {when  less  strest)  'ef^z. 
office  n.  service;  position;  business-place  [also  spelt  off  is] 

'o*— ITS 

official  n.  (officer)  a'fijal. 

officialise  v,  [also  spelt  officialisel  d'fiSs-laiz. 

officiate  v,  (discharge  an  office)  s'fiSi-et. 

officinal  adj,  (of  an  herb,  plant,  drug)  s'fisi-n!,  efi'sai-nl. 

officious*  adj.  (attentiv ;  meddlesome)  a'f iSss. 

offspring  n.  (progeny,  issue)  'e:f-sp3ii). 

oft  adv,  (often)  e:ft. 

often  adv.  (many  times;  frequently)  'oi-fan,  (when  less 
strest)  'ofan;  (tn  parts  of  the  north  of.  England  and  Scot- 
land, and  the  north  of  Ireland,  whence  also  by  some  in 
America)  'oif-tan,  'e:f-tn. 

oftentimes  adv,  (many  times;  often)  e:-f3n'taimz,  (when 
less  strest)  efan'taimz;  (anteriorly)  'oi-fan-taimz. 

ogee  n.  (double  curve)  o'dsii,  'oo-dsi. 

ogham  n.  old  British  and  Irish  alfabet  [also  spelt  ogam, 
ogum,  oghumi  'egam. 

ogive  n.  (pointed  arch)  'Do-dsaiv,  o'dsaiv,  'oo-dsiv. 

ogle  V.  (cast  amorous  glances;  make  eyes  at;  eye)  'oo-gal. 

ogre  n.   (man-eating  monster)  'oo-gsz. 

ogreish  adj,  ogre-like   [synonymous  cognate  ogrishi   'oo-ga- 

ogress  n.  (in  heraldry,  roundel  sable;  pellet)  'oo-gzis. 

ogress  n.  (female  ogre)  'oo-gzis. 

oil  interj.  see  O. 

oliin  n.  (unit  of  electric  resistance)  oom. 

olio  interj,  expressing  surprise,  taunting,  exultation,  etc.  [also 
spelt  O'ho,  O  ho,  oh  hoi  o'hDO. 

oiliness  n.  (oily  quality,  etc.)  'ei-h-nis. 

oillet  n.  eyelet;  loophole  [also  spelt  oylet,  oeilette  and,  for- 
merly, oilet,  oeillet]  'ei-ht. 

okapi  n.  (African  quadruped)  dlca^pi. 

okra  n.  plant  [synonymous  cognate  okrol  'oo-k^a,  'oksa. 

old  adj.  (that  has  livd  long;  ancient,  etc.)  aold,  (when  Mit- 
strest)  old,  ol. 

olden  adj.  (of  a  bygone  age;  ancient)  'ool-dn,  'ool-dan. 

old-fasUoned  adj.  ooWfaeJand,   (assumptivly)  'oold-fajand. 

oleag^inons  adj.  (oily,  fatty)  oli'aedsi-nas. 

f  yCf  gcure;  5*/ie,  0  thin*,  ^a-SMxe,  d-sio^;  S^shoe,  tS  chew; 
wwhen;  losing',  u  whoever,  ixe^LCl,  ^iuW,  vy>\iooV  \\x,  \\^ee\ 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  /.but.  ;>*.Aoot.  -aoitio,  ^\ic^.  ^^%a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  371 

oleander  n.  (shrub)  oU'sends?;  {less  properly)  'oo-H-aends?. 

oleaster  n.  (wild  olive)  oli'aestd?. 

olef iant  adj,  (oil-making)  o1ii-fi-9nt,  'oo-h-fai-ant,  o'lefi-snt, 
(rarely)  'oh-fai-ant. 

oleic  adj.  (of  oil;  fatty)  o'hi-ik,  'oo-li-ik,  {rarely)  'eli-ik. 

olein  n.  (principle  of  oils  and  fats;  elain)  'oo-h-in. 

oleo  n.  (oleomargarine)  '30-H-o. 

oleomargarine  n.  artificial  butter  [also,  sometimes,  spelt 
oleomargarin}  oli-o'mair-gs-ein,  oli-D'ma:?-ga-^in ;  (less  prop- 
erly) oli-o'ma:^-d33-^in. 

olfactory  adj.  (of  smell)  orfaekta-^i,  (assutnptivly)  el'faektaei, 
(rapidly)  erfaektji. 

olibanum  n.  (gum-resin)  o'hbd-nsm. 

oligarchy  n.  (government  by  the  few;  small  body  of  exclu- 
siv  rulers)  'eh-ga^ki. 

oligemia  n.  deficiency  of  blood  [also  spelt  oligaemial  eh- 
'd5ii-mi-9. 

olio  n.  hodgepodge,  farrago,  medley  [also  spelt  ogliol  'oo-h-o. 

olive  n,  tree;  fruit;  color  [also  spelt  olivl  'ohv, 

olivet  n.  (olive-grove)  'oh-vit. 

olivet  n.  olive,  an  oval  button;  false  pearl  [synonymous  cog- 
nate olivettel  'eh-vet. 

olivil  n.  substance  from  olive-tree  gum  [also  spelt  olivile} 
'eh-vil. 

olivine  n.  olive-green  chrysolite  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  oli- 
vini  'eh-vin,  'eh-vain. 

ollahm  n.  learned  man  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  ollav,  ollave, 
ollatnl  'elav,  'elam. 

oUa  podrida  n.  (Spanish  meat-dish;  hodgepodge,  olio)  eld- 
po'drii-da. 

olympiad  n.  (period  of  four  years  between  successiv  Olym- 
pian games)  o'hmpi-aed,  o'hmpi-ad, 

ombre  n.  card-game  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  otnber;  synony- 
mous cognate  hombre}  'emba?,  'oom-bza. 

omega  n.  (Greek  letter;  last  word)  o'mii-ga,  o'mega,  'oo-mi- 
ga. 

omelet  n.  dish  made  of  eggs,  etc.  [also  spelt  omelettel  'emd- 
lat,  'emlat. 

omen  n.  (presage,  augury)  'oo-man. 

omicron  n.  (Greek  letter)  'emi-ksen,  o'mai-k^an. 

ominons  adj.  (of  omen;  of  evil  omen)  'emi-nss,  (assutnp- 
tivly) 'ominas. 

omissible  adj.  (capable  of  being  omitted)  o'misd-bsh 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  ©  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  for,  go  now,  a:  osk,  ai  ktte; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceAiTv^.  ^Ci>rcv^  \s  Vs.TL"se% 
stress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\i^  ieJ^or^vcv^  ^"^"^tJc^r.* 


372  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

omit  V.  (leave  out)  o'mit,  {when  less  strest)  d'mit. 
onmeity  n,  allness  [synonymous  cognate  omnietyl  om'nii-X' 

ti. 
onuiiety  n.  em'nai-i-ti.    same  meaning  as  omneity. 
omnipoteiiLt  adj.   (almighty,  all-powerful)   em'nipa-tnt,  eoH 

'nips-tdnt;  (assumptivly)  om'nipdtnt,  orn'mpstdnt. 
omnisoieiiLoe  n.  (infinit  knowledge)  om'niSsns,  em'niSi-ans; 

(less  properly)  om'nisQdns,  em'nisi-9ns. 
omoplate   n.   shoulder-blade,   scapula    [synonymous   cognate 

omoplat']  'oo-ma-pz-eet. 
on  prep,  (upon,  at,  etc.)  en,  (when  unstrest)  an,  n. 
onaser  n.  (wild  ass)  'ena-d33?. 
onaAism  n.  (masturbation)  'oo-nd-nizdni. 
onoe  adv,  (one  time)  wAnts,  (also,  and  in  Britain  normally) 

WAns,  (also,  sometimes,  when  unstrest)  wans. 
one  noun-pron.  (individual,  somebody,  something)  wau,  (when 

unstrest)  wan. 
one-horse  adj.  wAn'he:7s,   (assumptivly)   'wAii-he:7s. 
oner  n.  (slang)  one  who  is  unique  [also  spelt  one-er}  'wAnar. 
onera  n.  (plural  of  onus)  'ena-za. 
onerons  adj,  (burdensome)   'ena-^as;   (assumptivly)   'enasas; 

(less  properly)  'oo-na-^as. 
oneself  noun-pron.   (one's,  self)   wAn'seif,   (with  less  stress) 

wan'self. 
one-sided  adj.  wAn'sai-did,  (assumptivly)  'wAU-sai-did. 
onion  n.  (plant)  'Anjan. 

only  adj.,  adv.,  conj.  'oo-nh ;  (dialectally)  'anh. 
onomatopoeia  n.   echoism   [synonymous  cognate   onomato- 

poesis"}  ona-maeta'pii-a,  ena-maeta'pii-ja,  a-nomata'pii-ja. 
onomatopoeic  adj,  ena-mxta'pii-ik,  a-nemata'pii-ik. 
onomatopoesis       n.       (onomatopoeia)       ona-mxta-po'ii-sis, 

o-nemata-po'ii-sis. 
onto  prep,  [also  spelt  on  to}  'onto,  (when  less  strest)  'enta. 
onns  n.  burden  [plural  onera}  'ao-nas. 
onyx  n.  agate-like  quartz  [also,  formerly,  spelt  onix}  'eniks, 

'oo-niks. 
oolite  n.  roe-stone  [also  spelt  oolite}  'oo-a-lait. 
oology  n.  study  of  birds'eggs;  egg-collecting  [also  spelt  oo/o- 

gy}  o'©b-d3i. 
oolong  n.  tea  [also  spelt  oulong}  'uu-lei]. 
ooze  V,  exude  [past  participle  and  preterit  oozed,  ooed}  ouz. 
opacity   n.    (darkness;    opaqueness;    lack    of    transparency) 

o'paesi-ti. 

J  yCf   ccure;  d  *He,  QtKin;  jarure,  ds/oy;   \shoe,   tScfcew; 
wwhen;  rjsin^;  u  whoever,  iteacl,  viluW.,  viAaiiooV  vit^  xis^^; 
o poetic;  a  ov^r,  e  oerial,  a. but,  ;)-.^oot»  ^qtio,  t\ie^^  ^^^««.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  373 

opal  »•  (quartz-like  hydrous  silica;  geili)  'oo-pol;  (improperly) 

opAlMloanoe  n.  (opaline  or  milky  iridescence)  opalesdns. 

opaline  adj.  (of  opal)  'oo-ps-lin,  'oo-pd-hn,  'oo-pd-lain. 

opalize  v.  [also  spelt  opalise'\  '30-p3-}aiz. 

opaqne  adj.  (dark;  not  transparent)  o'peek. 

open  adj.,  n.,  v.  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  opened, 

opendl  'oo-pan,  (when  unstrest)  'oo-pm. 
open-handed    adj,    30-p3n'h£ndid,     (assumptivly)    'oo-psn- 

hsendid. 
opening  n.  (action  of  the  verb  open;  vacant  space,  etc.)  'oo- 

ps-niq,  'oop-nir),  'oo-pNiq,   (sometimes)  'oo-pm-iq. 
opera  n.  (musical  drama)  'epa-ra,  (anteriorly)  'epa^a,  'ep33. 
operative    adj.,n.    [also    spelt    operativ"}    'epa-zetiv;    (also) 

'opa?a-tiv,  (anteriorly)  'epa-rativ,  'epsativ.  • 

opliite  n.  (serpentine  marble)  'e-fait,  'oo-fait. 
ophthalniio  adj.  ef'Oselmik;   (less  properly)  ep'Gaelmik. 
opiate  n,  (medicin  containing  opium;  narcotic)  'oo-pi-et,  'do- 

pi-3t. 
opinable  adj.  (capable  of  being  opined  or  thought)  o'pai-na- 

bal;  (formerly)  'epina-bal. 
opine  V.  (express  an  opinion;  think;  suppose)  3'pain. 
opinion  n.  (what  one  thinks;  belief,  notion)  a'pinjan. 
opodeldoc  n,  (liniment)  eps'del-dek. 

opossnm  n.  marsupial  [synonymous  cognate  possumi  d'pesam. 
opponent  n.   (antagonist,  adversary)  s'pao-nant;    (improper^ 

ly)  'opa-nant. 
opportune  adj.  (fit;  timely)  eps^'tQoun,  (sometimes,  assump- 
tivly) 'epaz-tgun. 
opportunity  n.   (opportuneness;  chance)   epa^'tQou-ni-ti. 
opposite   adj,  placed   over  against;   contrary;   reverst   [also 

spelt  opposit"]  ^epa-zit,  (assumptivly)  'epazit,  'epsit. 
oppositifplions  adj,  (situated  opposit  a  leaf)  a-peziti'fao- 

H-as. 
opprobrinm  n.   (disgrace,  infamy,  reproach)   a'psoo-bn-am. 
oppngn  V.  (fight  against;  assail)  a'p^oun. 
oppngnant  adj,  (opposing;  repugnant)  a'pxgnant. 
oppngner  n.  (one  who  oppugns;  opponent)   a'pQou-nae. 
optimise  v,  act  as  an  optimist;  make  the  best  of  [also  spelt 

optimise^  'epti-maiz. 
opnlent  adj.  (rich,  wealthy;  splendid)  'ep^o-lant. 
opnsole  n.  (opuscule)  3'pAsal,  o'pAsl. 
opnscnle  n.  (a  small  work)  3'pA-skQui. 

c:  low,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ax  kite ; 
length-mark  (;)   indicates  that  the  pteceduift  ^^omtA  -ia  \wv.%\ 
fitress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  X)^^  iel^o^vci^  ^f^ai^^R-x 


374  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

or  conj.  e:z,  {when  less  strest)  e?,  az. 

oral  adj,  (spoken,  verbal;  of  the  mouth)  'oi-z^, 

orangeade  n.  (beverage)  ezmd^'ced. 

OraiLgeism  n.  principle   of  the   Orange  Association,   or  of 

Protestant   ascendancy    in    Ireland    [also    spelt    Orangism] 

'erin-dsizam. 
oraiLgery    n.    (place    for    rearing    orange-trees)    'ezindsa-si, 

'ezindyzi. 
orans-outang  n.   anthropoid   ape    [also   spelt   orang-utang, 

ourang-outang;  synonymous  cognate  orang-utanj  o'zaeqo-taei], 

o-zaeqo'taer). 
orate  v.  (hold  forth,  speechify)  'o:-zet,  o'zeet. 
oratorize  v,  play  the  orator;  speechify  [also  spelt  oratorise] 

'ezata-zraiz. 
ore  n.  cetacean  [also,  formerly,  spelt  orki  e:zk. 
oroein  n.  (red  coloring-matter  from  orcin)  'o:z-si-in. 
orchestra  n.  (part  of  a  theater;  company  of  musicians,  etc.) 

'oizr-ki-stja ;  (less  properly)  ez'kestja. 
orchestral  adj.  (of  an  orchestra)  cz'kest^dl. 
orchid  n.  (a  plant  of  the  Orchideae  or  orchis  order;  an  or- 
chidaceous plant)  '©:z-kid. 
orchil  n.  dye  [synonymous  cognate  archW}  '©:z-tSi},  'eiz-kih 
orchilla  n.  orchil;  also,  orchilla-weed  [synonymous  cognate 

orchellal  ez'tjila. 
orchis  n.  (plant  of  the  genus  Orchis  or  of  the  order  Orchi- 
deae; typical  orchid)  'e:r-kis. 
orcin  n.  colorless  substance  from  orchilla-weed;  orcinol  [also 

spelt  or  cine']  'e:z-sin. 
ordeal  n.   (trial;   trying  experience)   'o:r-di-al,  'e:z-dil;    (less 
.        properly)  oz'dii-al. 
ordinal  adj.  (marking  position  in  an  order  or  series;  of  an 

order)  'oiz-dn-al,  'e:?-di-n},  'oiz-di-nal. 
ordinal  n,  (rule-book;  service-book)  'eiz-dn-^l,  'o:z-di-nl,  'e:z- 

di-nal. 
ordinance  n.  (regulation;  decree)   'oir-dn-ans,  'oir-di-nsns. 
ordinarily   adv.    (usually,   commonly)    'e:z-dn-ezi-h,   'o:r-di- 

nezi-h;  (occasionally  or  vulgarly)  ©zdn'ezi-h,  ezdi'neziAi. 
ordinate  adj.  (orderly,  regular)  'e:z-dn-3t. 
ordinate  v.  (order,  regulate;  ordain;  <:oordinate)  'e:z:-dn-et, 

'©:z-di-net. 
ordnance  n.  (artillery)  '©:rd-n3ns. 
ordnre  n.  (dung)  'eiz-d^^z,  'o:z-dJ3z. 
ore  n.  (metalliferous  mineral)  o:z. 

J  yc,  5  cure;  5  the,  Q  thin*,  -^^lsmt^,  dT^foy;  S  j/toe,  tScfcew; 
w  when;  ij  s\ng\  u  whoever,  iicsicX.,  xiiuW,  vs>\\oo\,  -s.Vx,  ^\%€€; 
o poetic;  3  ov^r,  e  oerial,  a. but,  ^-.^oot,  -a^Tvo^  ^.\ic^,  ^^%<i!«;\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  375 

organizatioai  n.  [also,  spelt  organisation!  ezrgdni'zee-Ssn, 
ergs-nai'zee-.Jan. 

organize  v.  [also  spelt  organise'}  'e:z-g3-naiz. 

organzine  n.  best  silk  thread  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  organ- 
sin}  'ei^-gan-zin,  'e:r-g3n-zin. 

orgeat  n.  (syrup)  'e:?-3aet,  'oie-dsi-at,  ez^^a: . 

org^nette  n.  (mechanical  musical  instrument)  e^gi'nct. 

orgy  n.  rite;  debauchery  [also  spelt  orgie;  ploral  orgies}  'e:z- 
dsi;  (erroneously)  *e:z-gi. 

oribi  n.  antelope  [also  spelt  orebi;  synonymous  cognates 
ordbie,  ourebi,  oribe}  'o?i-bi. 

oriolialo  n.  (some  yellow  ore  or  alloy  of  copper  prized  by 
the  ancients)  'o^i-kaelk. 

oriel  n.  (portico,  recess)  'oi-d-al. 

orient  n,,  adj.  (east)  'oi-ri-ant. 

orient  v,  (place  so  as  to  face  the  east;  find  the  bearings  of) 
'o:-^i-ent,  o:-^i'ent. 

orientalise  v.  [also  spelt  orientalise}  o?i'entl-aiz. 

orientate  v.  (orient)  'oi-^i-an-tet,  od'en-tet. 

orifice  n.  opening,  aperture  [also  spelt  orifis}  'ezi-iis. 

oriflamme  n.  [also  spelt  oriflamb  and,  formerly,  oriflam} 
'e^i-ftaem. 

original  adj,  {pi  the  origin ;  first)  o'zridsi-nl,  o'^idsi-nal ;  {as- 
sumptivly)  o'ridsinl,  o'^idsinal;  (sometimes,  rapidly) 
D'zridsnl,  o'zid^n^, 

orillion  n.  part  of  the  defense  of  a  bastion  [synonymous  cog- 
nates orillon,  oreillon}  o'zili^n, 

oriole  n.  (bird)  'o:-?i-ol. 

orison  n,  (prayer)  'o^i-zan,  'o^i-son. 

ormoln  n.  (gold-leaf;  gilded  bronze,  etc.)  'oi^-ma-lu,  'o:?-m3- 
Iju,  o:^-ma'lou. 

ornament  n.  (accessory;  decoration)  'e:?-n3-m3nt. 

ornament  v.  (adorn)  'e.'^-na-mant,  e^nd'ment. 

ornate  adj,  (ornamented;  flowery)  e^'neet,  'o:r-net. 

omithiclinite  n.  (fossil  footmark)  o?ni'6ik-nait ;  (less  prop- 
erly) o^'niOik-nait. 

Omithogean  adj.  (of  the  Ornithogaea  or  New  Zealand  re- 
gion)  o^niOa'dsii-an,  o^-nai-Oo'dsii-an,   e^-nai-Go'gii-sn. 

ornitliology  n.  (science  of  birds)  o?ni'6el3-d3i. 

ornitliomancy  n.  (divination  by  means  of  birds;  augury) 
'oi^-niOa-maensi,   e^'niGa-maensi,  ©^'nai-6o-maensi. 

omithorliynclins  n.  (duckbill)  e^niOa'^irikds,  ez-nai-6o- 
'^iqkas. 

c:  law,  b:  fwr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  oi  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  noiu,  ^\  a^^  ^^V\\s:% 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  pteceditvtt  ^ovrcv^  ^a  ^^^^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  )3cie  io^o^va%  «r^^^^^' 


376  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

oroide  n.  gold-colord  alloy  of  copper  and  zink  [also,  some- 
times, spelt  oroid']  'o:-zeid,  'o:-zo-id,  'oi-zo-aid. 
orotund  adj.  (full ;  rich :   said  of  the  voice)  'o:-79-tAnd,  (less 

often)  'ez9-tAnd;    {also  sometimes,  finally)   o:-z9'XAnd,  ez9- 

'tAnd. 
Orphean  adj,  (of  Orpheus)  'e:?-fi-3n,  ez'fii-dn. 
orplurey  n.  gold  embroidery;   border;   band   [also  spelt  or- 

fray"]  'or^-fsi,  'e:z-izc. 
orpin  n»  plant  [also  spelt  orpine"]  'e:7>pin. 
orrery  n.  (device  to  show  the  motions  of  the  planets)  *ez9' 

zt. 
orthoolase  n.   (potash  feldspar;   orthose)   'e:2:-03-kz,es,  'e:z- 

Gd-kLez. 
orthodromy  n.  (sailing  on  a  great  circle)  e^'Oedrs-mi,  'e:z- 

Ga-dromi,  'eir-Oa-dremi. 
orthoepio  adj,  of  orthoepy  [also  spelt  orthoepici  e:7-0o'epik. 
orthoepist  n.  one  verst  in  orthoepy  [also  spelt  orthoepisf] 

e^'6oo-i-pist,  'o:?-Go-epist,  'e:?-Go-ipist. 
orthoepy   n.   phonology;    correct   pronunciation    [also   spelt 

orthoepy"}  es'Goo-i-pi,  'e:?-Go-epi,  'e:^-Go-ipi. 
orthognathons  adj.  (straight-jawd)  er^Gegns-Gss,  esOag'nee- 

Gas,  (rarely)  erGag'naeGas. 
orthogonal  adj.  (right-angled)  ez'Qegs-ni. 
orthographize  v,  follow  or  apply  the  rules  of  orthography; 

spell  (a  word)  correctly  [also  spelt  orthographise"]  ez'Qegz^- 

faiz. 
orthography  n.  (correct  or  conventional  spelling;  spelling; 

also,  orthographic  projection)  e^'6eg?3-fi. 
orthopaedia  n.  (orthopedy)  e:2r-G9pi'dai-3. 
orthopedic  adj,  [also  spelt  orthopaedic"}  ezGd'pii-dik,  erGa- 

'pedik. 
orthopedist  n.   [also  spelt  orthopaedist}  ee'Gepi-dist,  ezrGd- 

'pii-dist,  'e:r-Ga-pidist. 
orthopedy  n.  correction  of  deformities  in  children;  orthope- 
dic surgery  [also  spelt  orthopaedy}  'eie-Ga-pidi. 
orthopterons  adj.  (straight-wingd)  ez'Geptd-ras. 
orthotropons  adj.  (growing  vertically  or  straight)  ez'Getss- 

p9S. 

OS  n.  bone  [ploral  ossa}  es. 
OS  n.  mouth  [ploral  ora}  os. 
OS  n.  [ploral  osar}  es.     same  meaning  as  osar. 
osar  n.  kame,  eskar,  os;  also,  ploral  of  os  [when  used  as  sin- 
gular, ploral  osars}  'oo-sc?. 


/  ye,   g  cure ;  5  the,  0  thin •,  -s  slsmt^,  d-s  joy ;  \  shoe,  tS  c/iew ; 
zi/hen 
o  poetic 


w  when ;'  t)  sing ;  u  whoever,  i  tcsicl,  xs  iu\V  vk>\iooV  ^\\.;  ^^«; 
!c;  9  0v^r,  e  aerial,  Kbul,  ^-.doot.  ^qt».o,  t\ie^^  ^^^^fiyt\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  377 

osoillate  v.  (swing  back  and  forth;  vibrate;  fluctuate)  'esi- 

let. 
oscine  adu  oscinine  [also  spelt  osc\n'\  'esin. 
Oscines  n,pU  (the  song-birds)  'esi-niz. 
osoinine  adj.  (of  the  oscins  or  song-birds;  oscin,  oscinian) 

'esi-nain,  'esi-nin. 
osier  n.  willow  [also  spelt  ozierl  '00-33?,  'oo-zi-a?. 
Osmanli  adj.,n.  Ottoman  [also  spelt  Osmanliel  es'maenh. 
osmic  adj.  (of  osmium)  'ezmik,  'esMik. 
osmimn  n.  (metal)  'ezmi-am,  'esMi-am. 
osmose  n.   (diffusion  thru  a  septum)  'ez-mos,  'es-mos. 
osmosis  n.  (osmose)  ez'moo-sis,  es'm30-sis. 
osmotio  adj,  (of  osmose)  ez'metik,  es'metik. 
osprey  n.  (fish-hawk)  'esp^i. 
ossean  n.  (osseous  fish)  'esi-dn. 
ossein  n.  bone-cartilage  [also  spelt  osseinel  'esi-in. 
Ossene  n.  one  of  a  sect  living  east  of  the  Dead  Sea  who 

adopted  a  form  of  Christianity  from  the  Essenes  [synony- 
mous cognates  Ossaean,  Ossen]  'e-sin. 
osseous  adj.  (bony;  ossified;  bone-like)  'esi-3s,  'es-si-3s. 
Ossianio  adj,  (of  Ossian)  e^i'senik,  esi'aenik. 
ossnary  n.  (bone-vault;  bone-urn)  'esgu-ezri. 
osteine  n  bony  tissue  [also  spelt  ostein'\  'esti-in. 
osteitis  n.  inflammation  in  a  bone  [synonymous  cognate  os- 

titisi  esti'ai-tis. 
ostensible   adj.    (formerly,   presentable;    conspicuous;    now, 

pretended,  profest)  os'tensa-bal. 
ostent  n.  (sign,  portent,  wonder,  prodigy)  es'tent. 
ostent  v,,n,  (display)  es'tent. 

ostentation  n.  (show;  parade)  estn'tee-Jan,  estan'tee-San. 
osteologry  n.  (science  of  bones;  skeletal  system)  ©sti'ola-dsi. 
osteopathy  n.  (bone-disease ;  bone-cure)  esti'op3-0i. 
ostler  n.  'esta?.    see  hostler. 

ostracism  n.  (temporary  banishment;  exclusion)  'est£3-siz3m. 
ostracize    v.   banish;    exclude    from    favor,    etc.    [also    spelt 

ostracisel  'estsa-saiz. 
ostrich  n.  (large  ratite  bird)  'ostjitS. 
otalgia  n.  (earache)  o'taeldsa,  o'taeldsi-a. 
otic  adj.  (of  the  ear)  'oo-tik,  'etik. 
otiose  adj.  (at  rest;  idle;  lazy;  steril;  futil)  'oo-Si-os. 
otinm  n.  (ease;  leisure)  'oo-Ji-am. 
otolith  n.  (ear-stone,  otolite)  'DO-ta-hO. 
ottar  n.  'etar.    same  meaning  as  attar. 

c:  law,  b:  iur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai ktte; 
Isngtb-mark  (:)   indicates  that  t\\e  preee^ixvtt  ^cwitA  ^^  ^^J"^*^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  streaa  on  \!iti^  \??^o^vcv%  %ri\Sa2cJifc' 


378  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

otter  n.  (aquatic  mammal)  'et^z, 

otto  n.  'eto.     same  meaning  as  attar. 

>iicl&  interj.  (expressing  pain  or  annoyance)  aot$. 

ouch  n.  (clasp,  buckle,  fibula,  brooch;  setting)  aot$. 

ouf  interj.  expressing  a  sense  of  stifling  [also  spelt  ouff\  aof 

ought  n.  (cipher,  zero)  c:t.     see  naught, 

ought  n.  (anything)  c:t.    see  aught, 

ought  V.   (preterit  of  owe\  be  bound  in  duty;  be   fit;  be- 
hoove) c:t,  {when  unstrcst)  ct,  c. 

ought  n.  dialectal  (possession)  c:t.     see  aught, 

ounoe  n.  (unit  of  weight)  aonts,  aons. 

ounce  n.  (lynx)  aonts,  aons. 

ouph  «,  [also  spelt  ouphe  and,  formerly,  owf,  ouf\  aof,  ouf. 
same  meaning  as  oaf, 

our  adj,'pron,  (of  us)  ao?,  (when  unstrest)  az, 

ourself  noun-pron.   [ploral  ourselves,   ourselvsl   ao^'sclf. 

ourselves   noun-pron,   (ploral   of   ourself)    aoe'sclvz,    (jvhen 
less  strest)  a^'selvz. 

oust  V.  (eject)  aost;  (improperly)  oust. 

ont-and-ont  adv.  (thoroly;  downright)  ao-tn'aot. 

out-and-out  adj,  (complete;   thorogoing)   'ao-tn-aot. 

out-bound  adj,  aot'baond,   (assumptivly)   'aot-baond. 

outdoor  adj\  aot'do:?,  (assumptivly)  'aat-do:2. 

outdoors  adv.  aut'd3:7z,  (when  less  strest)  ao'd3:zz. 

outflonv  n,  (efflux)  'aot-ftoo. 

outf lomr  V.  (flow  out)  aot'ftoo. 

outgeneral   v,    [past   participle   and   preterit   outgeneraled, 
out gener ailed,  outgenerald}  aot'dsena-ral. 

outlier  n.  (one  who  lies,  sleeps,  or  lodges  out;  outsider;  out- 
lying deer;  boulder;  outlying  part;  set-line)  'aot-lai-a?. 

outlook  V.  (outstare;  look  out  or  forth)  aut'lok. 

outlook  n.  (watch;  prospect)  'aot-luk. 

out-of-the-'way  adj.   (remote,  secluded;  odd;  devious)   ao- 
tada'wee,  (assumptivly)  'ao-tada-wee. 

outrageous  adj,  (excessiv;  violent;  atrocious)   aot'ree-dsss. 

outrd  adj.  (eccentric;  exaggerated)  u'tjee. 

outright  adj.   (straight  on;   direct;   out-and-out;   complete) 
aotVait,  (assumptivly)  'aot-^ait. 

outside  n.  aot'said,  (anteriorly)  'aot-said. 

outside  adj.  aot'said,  (assumptivly)  'aot-said. 

outside  adv.  aot'said. 

outspoken  adj,   (candid,   frank;   distinct;   spoken   out)   aot- 
'spoo-kan,  (assumptivly)  'aot-spoo-kan. 

j  ye,   g  cure ;  btht,  6  thin ;   3  a<srure,  ds  ;oy ;   S  shoe,  t$  chcvf ; 
wzvhen;  iis\ng\  u  whoever,  iTcsicl,  viiuW,  vy>3i^ooV  ■5.<t,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  a  ov^r,  e  aerial,  a. but,  :>*.Aoot,  -^qtvo,  «.\ie^,  ^.^%cXsl\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  37$ 

ousel  n.  blackbird,  merle  [also  spelt  ousell  'ou-zdl. 

ovaxy  n.  (organ  in  which  ova,  eggs,  or  ovules  are  produced; 
germen)  'oo-va-^i,  (rapidly)  'oo-v^i. 

over  prep,  (above,  etc.)  'oo-v9^,  (when  less  strest)  'ov92. 

OTorall  n.  (covering;  outer  garment,  as  a  cloak,  ulster,  water- 
proof; tunic,  blouse;  in  ploral,  outside  trousers,  etc.)  'oo- 
va?-c:l;  {catachrestically,  in  the  plural  sense  of  outside  trou- 
sers) 'oo-va^-hc:lz. 

over-all  adj.  (including  everything  between  extreme  points) 
oo-vae'c:!,   (sometimes,  assumptivly)   'oo-v3^-c:l. 

overcast  adj.  (cast  away;  clouded  over;  sewn  by  overcasting) 
0V33'ka:st,  {assumptivly)  'oo-v9^-ka:st. 

overdraft  n.  [also  spelt  overdraught^  'oo-v32-dra:ft.  com- 
pare draft, 

overhaul  v.  (slacken,  etc.;  pull  asunder  in  order  to  examin, 
etc.;  overtake)  ova^'hc:!. 

OTerhanl  n.  (action  of  overhauling)  'oo-vae-hc:!. 

OTerhead  adv.  [also  spelt  overhedl  ova^'hed. 

OTerhead  adj.  [also  spelt  overhedl  ovd^'hed,  (assumptivly) 
'oo-v3?-hed. 

overpass  v.  pass  over;  cross  [past  participle  and  preterit 
overpassed,  overpasti  ov3^'pa:s. 

overreach  v,  (reach  over;  overtake;  strike  the  hind  foot 
against  the  fore  foot;  outdo)  ova'^iitj. 

oversea  adj,   (transmarine;   foreign)   'oo-vazr-sii. 

oversea  adv,  (across  the  sea;  abroad;  overseas)  oo-vaz'sii. 

oversee  v.  (survey;  inspect;  supervise;  catch  sight  of;  for- 
get) ova^'sii. 

overseer  n.  (supervisor)  ov3?'sii-9?,  (anteriorly)  'oo-v3?-8ii- 
9z;  (also)  ovsz'sv.z,  'oo-va^-siizr. 

overslaugh  v,  (pass  over,  skip ;  ignore ;  hinder)  '30-v37-slc:  , 

0V3?'SLC:  . 

overt  adj.  (open,  patent,  plain)  o'ver^t,  'oo-vB?t. 

overture  n.   (formal  proposal)  'oo-var-tjo^,  'oo-var-tQo?. 

overnrrought  adj.  (workt  up;  over-excited;  over-labord) 
oy^z'zct. 

ovine  adj.  (of  sheep;  sheep-like)  'oo-vain,  'oo-vin. 

oviparous  adj,  (producing  ova  or  eggs)  o'vipa-^as. 

ovoviviparous  adj,  producing  eggs  which  are  hatcht  within 
the  body  of  the  parent  [also  spelt  ovo-viviparous ;  synony- 
mous cognate  ovi-viviparousl  ovo-vai'vipa-zras. 

oive  V,  have  to  pay  [past  participle  and  preterit  owed,  owd"] 

00. 

c:  law,  b:  f Mr,  a  cat,  e  hot,  ex  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (;)   indicates  that  the  prccedixv^^  ^qmtA  \^  \w\."Sk\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  \\i^  i^>\Q^va^  ««3^'!&5vs.- 


380  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

own  V.  have  as  one's  own,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit 

owned,  owndl  oon. 
oz  n.  bovine  [ploral  oxen"}  eks. 
ozalio  adj,  ek'ssehk,  (assumptivly)  'ek-saetik. 
ozalis  n.  (plant)  'eksa-hs. 
oxide  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  oxid  and,  formerly,  oxyde, 

oxydl  'ek-said,  (before  of)  'eksid. 
oxidize  v.  [also  spelt  oxidisel  'eksi-daiz. 
ozysen  n.  (element)  'eksi-dsin. 
oxygenate  v.  'eksidsi-net,  ek'sidsi-net. 
ozygenise  v,  [also,  rarely,  spelt  oxygenisel  'eksidsi-naiz,  ek- 

'sidsi-naiz. 
oyer  n.  (criminal  trial;  hearing)  'oo-ja?. 
oyee   inter j.    hear!    [also    spelt    oyess;    synonymous    cognate 

oyesi  'oo-jes,  o'jes;  (less  properly)  'oo-jez. 
oyster  n.  (bivalv  mollusk)  'ei-sts?. 
osooerite   n.  mineral  wax   [synonymous   cognate   ozokeritel 

o'zes3-?ait,  oz3'si:-7ait. 
ozokerite   n.   o'zoo-k3-?ait,   ozalci^^ait.     same   meaning  as 

ozocerite. 
ozone  n.  'oo-zon ;  (less  properly)  o'zoon. 
«izonio  adj.  (of  or  like  ozone)  o'zenik,  o'zoo-nik. 
ozonize  v,  convert  into  ozone;  treat  with  ozone  [also  spelt 

ozonise!  'oo-z3-naiz. 


paoa  n.  (spotted  cavy)  'pa:-k3,  'pseka. 

pacha  n.  see  pasha. 

pacliisi  n.  game   [synonymous  cognate  parcheesil  pa'tjii-zi, 

pa'tjii-si. 
paohyderni  n.  (thick-skind  quadruped)  'paeki-dB:7m. 
pacific  adj.  (peace-making;  calm)  pa'sifik. 
pacification  n.  (action  or  fact  of  pacifying;  treaty  of  peace) 

paesifi'kee-San,  pa-sifi'kee-Jan. 
pacificator  n.  (peace-maker)  ps'sifi-kets?. 
pacificatory  adj.  pa'sifika-to^i,  pa'sifika-ta^i. 
package  n.  (packing  of  goods;  packet,  parcel)  'paekids. 
packed  adj,  [also  spelt  packtl  paekt. 
padelion   n.    obsolete    (lady's-mantle,    a   plant)    'paedi-lai-an, 

paedi'lai-9n,  (rarely)  pa'dii-li-an. 
padre  n.  (father)  'pa:-dci. 
padrone  n.  master  [plural  padroni}  pd'dr30-ni. 

J  ye,   5  cure;   5  *he,  0  tH\n-,   ^sicuTe,  ^-si^^N  \sKoe,  tlchtyr; 
wwhen;  T)sing\  u  whoever,  itcslcX.,  xiiuW,  \5>xiooV  t.\x,  vs^^ee-, 
o poetic;  oov^r,  e  oerial,  Kbut,  ;>-.dooT,  ^ot».o,  tt\ic^>  ^^^oxsl-. 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  381 


paean  n.  (hymn;  joyous  song)  'pii-an. 

paedology  n.  pi'deld-dsi.    see  pedology, 

paeon  n.  (foot  of  four  syllables)  'pii-an. 

paganize  v,  [also  spelt  paganise"]  'pee-ga-naiz. 

pageant  n.  (show)  'pxdssnt,  'pee-dsant. 

pageantry  n.  'pxd33n-tj;i,  'pee-d33n-t£i. 

pagination  n.  (paging)  pxdsi'nee-Ssn. 

PaUavi  n.  Old  Persian,  etc.  [also  spelt  Pahlavi;  synonymous 

cognates  Pehlevi,  Pehlevi,  Pehlvil  'pa:-la-vi. 
paidolog^y  n.  pai'deld-dsi.     see  pedology, 
pail  n.  (vessel,  water-pail)  peel. 

paillasse  n.  mattress  [also  spelt  palliasse}  psel'jaes,  'pxH-ss. 
pain  n.  (suffering)  peen. 
pained  ad;,  affected  with  pain;  hurt;  grievd  [also,  sometimes, 

spelt  paindl  peend,  (also,  in  poetry)  'pee-nid. 
pair  n.  (two  of  a  kind;  couple;  brace)  pe:z. 
pajamas  n.pl.   [also  spelt  pa  jamahs;   synonymous  cognates 

pyjamahs,  paijamas,  pcijammahs,  piejamahsl  pa'dsai-m.az. 
palace  n.  (royal  or  official  residence)  'paehs. 
paladin  n.  (knight;  champion)  'paeld-din. 
palaestra  n.  pd'iestsd,  ps'hi-stsd.    same  meaning  as  palestra. 
palankeen  n.  litter,  palki  [also  spelt  palanquin}  paelsn'kiin. 
palas  n.  dhak-tree   [synonymous  cognates  pulas,  palash,  pit- 

lashl  p3la:s,  'paebs. 
palatable  adj.  (savory)  'pselstd-bdl,  (assumptivly)  'paels-tdbsl. 
palatal  adj.  (of  the  palate)  'paeb-tl. 
palate  n.  (roof  of  the  mouth)  'paeht. 
palatial  adj.  (of  a  palace)  palee-Ssl. 
palatinate  n.  (district  of  a  palatine)  palaetn-dt,  pdlaeti-nat, 

'paelati-net. 
palatine  n.   (of  the  palace  of  the   Caesars;   palatial)   'paels- 

tain,    'paela-tin. 
palatine  adj.,  n.   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  palatini   'pseld-tain, 

'pael9-tin. 
pidaver  n.  (talk;  jaw;  soft  soap)  pa1a:-v33,  pa'lai-va?;  (vul- 
garly) palaeva?. 
palazzo  n.  (palace)  pa'}a:t-s3. 
pale  adj,  (pallid,  wan;  light)  peel. 
palea  n.  bract;  palet  [plural  paleael  'pee-li-a. 
paleobotany    n.    science    of   extinct    or    fossil    plants    [also 

spelt  palaeobotany']  peli-oTDOtn-i,  paeli-o'betn-i. 
paleography   n.   ancient   writing   [also   spelt  palaeography} 

peli'egra-fi,  prcH'oora-fi. 

c:  laiv,  b:  fMr,  le  cat,  e  hot,  oi  boy ;  a:  far,  qo  tvoiu,  ^\  a^V.,  \i.A.V.\\s.\ 
)cngth-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  precedixva  ^a>rci^  -»  ^?'^"* 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  Wie  \€\\oH<vtv^  vjv^'^w^"^' 


382  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

paleolithio  adj,  of  oldest  stone  implements  [also  spelt  pa- 

laeolithicl  peli-a'hOik,  paeii-d'hOik. 
paleontology  n.  science  of  extinct  life  [also  spelt  palaeon- 

tologyl  peli-en'tel3-d3i,  paeli-en'tela-dsi. 
paleozoic  adj.  of  ancient  life  [also  spelt  Paleosoic,  palaeo- 

soic.  Palaeozoic'^  peli-a'zoo-ik,  paeli-a'zoo-ik. 
palestra  n.  wrestling-school;  gymnasium  [also  spelt  palaes- 

tral  p9lest£9. 
palet  n.  (bract;  palea)  'pee-ht. 
paletot  n.  (garment)  'paeh-to. 

palette  n.  painter's  tablet  [also  spelt  palletl  'paeht. 
palfrey  n.  (saddle-horse)  'pcil-fsi,  'paelfsi. 
pall  n.  (cloth;  vestment)  pc:l. 

palladium  n.   safegard   [ploral  palladia'}  pdlee-di-sm. 
pallah   n.   antelope,   impalla   [also   spelt   palla;   synonymous 

cognates  paala,  pala,  phalla,  phaalal  'pala. 
palled  adj.  flat,  stale;  satiated,  cloyd  [also  spelt  paid!  pcild. 
pallet  n.  (mattress)  'paeht. 
pallet  n.  (tool;  valve;  lip  on  a  pawl)  'paeht. 
palliate  v,  (excuse;  mitigate)  'paeli-et. 
palliative  adj.  [also  spelt  palliativ'}  'paeii-etiv,  'paeli-3-trv. 
pall-mall  n.  (game)  pel'mel. 
pallor  n.  (paleness)  'paels?. 
palm  V.  touch  with  the  palm;  conceal  in  the  palm;  pass  off 

by    trickery;    bribe    [past    participle    and    preterit    palmed, 

palmd"]  pa:nu 
palmar  adj.  (of  the  palm  of  the  hand)  'paelma?. 
palmate  adj,  (like  the  open  palm  of  the  hand)  'pael-met,  'psel- 

mat. 
palmer  n.  (pilgrim;  worm)  'pa:-m3?. 
palmetto  n.  (dwarf  fan-palm  etc.)  pael'meto. 
palmist  n.  (palmister)  'pa:-mist,  'paelmist. 
palmister   n.    (one   who    practises   palmistry;    chiromancer) 

'pa:-mi-st3?,  'paelmi-sta?. 
palmistry  n.  (chiromancy)  'pa:-mi-st£i,  'paelmi-stji. 
palmy  adj.  (palm-like)  'pa:-mi. 
palpable  adj.  (tangible;  manifest)  'paelpa-bal. 
palpebral  adj.  (of  the  eyelids)  'paelpi-b^al. 
palsgrave   n.    (count   palatine)    'pcilz-g^ev,   'pae}z-g?ev. 
palsied  adj.  (affected  with  palsy;  tottering)  'pc:l-zid. 
palsy  n.  (paralysis)  'pc:}-zi. 
palter  v.  trifle;  shift;  equivocate  [past  participle  and  pret* 

erit  paltered,  palterdi  'pcl-tsz. 

J yc,   ccure;  b  tfie,  0  thin;  ^sasure,  ds/oy;   ^  shoe,  tS  c/iew; 
wzvAen;  i)s{ng;  u  "whoever,  itcstcl,  xiiuW,  x5>\ioo\,  -s.xv  \l8«^; 
o poetic;  a  ov^r,  e  aerial,  KV>ut,  o\  ^oot,  •a^xio,  ^\ie^,  ^^%5^fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  383 

paltriness  n.  (quality  of  being  paltry)  'pcil-tji-nis. 

paltry  adj.  (rubbishy;  worthless)  'pc:l-tji. 

pallidal  adj.  (of  a  marsh  or  fen;  palustral)  'paelio-dl,  pa'liou- 

dl. 
palndine  adj.  of  a  marsh;  paludinous;  paludal  [also,  some- 
times, spelt  paludini  'paelio-din,  'pjelio-dain. 
palnstral  adj.  (of  marshes;  paludal)  pd'Ustsdl. 
palnstrine  adj.  palustral,  paludal  [also  spelt  palustrM  p9- 

'lAstjin. 
pampas  n.  (ploral  of  pampa)  'paempsz,  'paempas. 
pampean  adj,  of  the  pampas  [also  spelt  pampaeani  pxm'pii- 

9n  'paempi-an. 
pamper  v.  cram  with  food;  overindulge  [past  participle  and 

preterit  pampered,  pamperdl  'paempa?. 
pampero  n.  (wind)  pxm'pe:-zo. 
pampUet    n.    small    treatis;    fascicle    [also    spelt    pamflet} 

'paemfi.3t. 
panace    n.    fabulous    herb    [also,    formerly,    spelt    panaceel 

'paena-si. 
panacea  n.  (cure-all,  catholicon)  paens'sii-s. 
panache  n.  (plume;  tuft)  pd'na:^,  ps'naeS. 
panada  n.  bread-pudding  [synonymous  cognates  panado,  pa- 

nadel  pa'nar-ds. 
Panama  adj.  paena'ma:  ,  (assumptivly)  'paena-ma. 
panoli  «.  paints,  pa:ntS,  pcrntS;  (also,  and  in  Britain  normal- 
ly) pa:nS,  pa:nS,  pcinS.     same  meaning  as  paunch. 
panoheon  n.  bowl;  pan   [also   spelt  panchion;  synonymous 

cognates  panchin,  panshin,  panshoni  'paentjan,  'paenjan. 
panoliiiiray  «.  boat  [synonymous  cognate  panswayl  'paentS-we. 
pancreas  n.  (sweetbread)  'paenk^i-ds,  'paegk^i-as,  'paegksi-aes. 
pancreatic  adj.  paenk^i'aetik,  paeijk^i'aetik. 
pancreatin  «.  'paenksi-a-tin,  'paeijlrei-a-tin. 
Pandean  adj,  of  Pan  [also  spelt  Pandaeanl  paen'dii-dn,  'paen- 

di-3n. 
pandemoninm  n.  hell,  etc.  [also  spelt  pandaemoniumi  paen- 

di'moo-ni-am. 
pandonr  n.  guard,  etc.   [also  spelt  pandoor,  pandurl  'paen- 

do:z. 
pandox^dy  n.  apple  pudding  [synonymous  cognate  pandoul- 

del  paen'dao-di. 
pane  n.  (piece;  side;  window-light;  panel)  peen. 
panegyric  n.  (eulogy)  paeni'dsi^ik. 
panegyris  n.  (festal  assembly)  pa'nii-dsi-ris,  pa'nedsi-ris. 

c:  low,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  ox  boy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ax  ktte ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  pteceAitv^^  ^omxv^  -v^  Vircw%\ 
stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  on  tVie  ?€>>\cr«VR\L  «1^^^^' 


384  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

panegyrist    n.     (encomiast,    eulogist)    paeni'dsi^ist,    'paeni- 

dsi^ist. 
panegyrize  v.  [also  spelt  panegyrisel  'pxnidsi-raiz. 
panegyry  n.   (panegyris;  religious  festival)   'paeni-dsin,  pa- 

'nii-dsi-jTi,  pa'nedsi-^i. 
panel  v.  [present  participle  paneling,  panelling;  past  parti- 
ciple and  preterit  paneled,  panelled,  paneldl  'pxnl,  'paena!. 
pangene    n.    germ-cell   unit    [synonymous    cognate    pangen] 

'paen-dsin. 
pangolin  n.  (ant-eater)  'pxqgs-hn,  pxg'goo-hn. 
panicky  adj.  (of  panic;  subject  to  panic)  'pxni-ki. 
panicle  n.  mode  of  inflorescence  [also,  formerly,  spelt  pan- 

nicle'l  'paeni-kal. 
pannier  n.  (basket)  'paeni-s?,  'paenjs?. 
panorama  n.   (complete  or  entire  view;   cyclorama)   paena- 

'?a:-m3,  paena'rai-ma ;   (less  properly)   pxns'raemd,  paena'^ee- 

ma. 
panoramic  adj,  (of  or  like  a  panorama)  paend'raemik.  ( 

pansy  n.  heartsease  [ploral  pansiesi  'paenzi. 
pant  V,  (breathe  hard)  pa:nt;  (dialectally)  paent,  paernt. 
pantaleon  n.  large  dulcimer   [synonymous  cognates  panto- 

Ion,  pant  alone,  pantaloon]  paen'taeli-an.  i 

pantalets  n.  frild  drawers;  bloomers  [also  spelt  pantalettes} 

paentl'ets,  paenta'lets.  ' 
pantaloons  n.  (trousers,  etc.)  psentrounz,  paentalounz. 
pantheism  n.  (doctrin  of  the  identity  of  God  with  all  things; 

also,  worship  of  all  the  gods)  'paen-Oi-izam,  'paen9i-iz3ra. 
pantheon  n.   (temple  of  all  the  gods,  etc.)  'paenOi-an,  paen- 

'Oii-an. 
pantile  «.  curvd  tile   (erroneous  synonymous   cognate  pen- 

tilel  'paen-tail. 
pantisocraoy  «.  (equal  rule  of  all)  paenti'sokja-si,  paen-tai- 

'sek33-si. 
pantisoorat  n.  (advocate  of  pantisocracy)  paen'tai-ss-k^aet. 
pantofle  n.  slipper   [also   spelt  pantoffle;   synonymous  cog- 
nate pantoufle,  pantooflel  'paenta-fal,  paen'tofal. 
pantograph  n.   drawing-instrument   [also  erroneously   spelt 

pantograph;    erroneous    synonymous    cognates    pantigraph, 

pentagraph,  pentograph,  pentegraphi  'paent3-g?a:f. 
pantomime  n.  (mimic  actor;  dumb  show)  'paents-maim. 
pantomimic  adj.  (of  a  pantomime)  paenta'mimik. 
pantomimist  n.  'psent3-mai-mis\. 
papa  n.  (pope ;  priest)  'pa:-p3. 

j ye,  ccure;  hthe,  ^i\\\n\  '«,^n>vc^,  ^'sw'>  %shoe,  tS  cAew; 
w  when;  n  sing;  u whoever,  itesi^iX.,  vi\u\\,  xi>\\ooV  ^\\.,  v^^ee; 
o poetic;  a  over,  e  oeriaV  x\iul,  o-.^oot,  ^ot^o,  ^\.c\.  ^t.^yfi«.N 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  385 

papa  n.  father  [also,  formerly,  spelt  pappal  pa'po; ,  'pa:-p9 ; 
{dialectally)  'popa,  'pApa. 

papa  n.  (baboon;  bird)  'pee-p9. 

papacy  n.  (office  of  pope;  papal  system)  'pee-ps-si. 

papain  n.  ferment  [synonymous  cognate  papayin}  pa'pee-in, 
'pee-p3-in,  'pa:-p3-in,  pa'pci-in. 

papal  adj.  (of  a  pope)  'pee-psh 

papaliie  r.  become  papal   or  popish;   romanize   [also  spelt 
papalisel  'pee-p3-laiz. 

papas  n.  (priest,  papa)  'pee-pss,  'pxpas. 

papanv  n.  fruit ;  tree  [synonymous  cognate  pawpawl  pa'pc: , 
pc'pc: ,  pae'pc: . 

papier-m&olie  n.  paper-pulp  [also  spelt  papier  mache,  pa- 
pier-mache'^ paepge-ma'See,  p3Epi-e-ma'See. 

papilionaoeons  adj,  (like  the  butterfly)  pd-pili-a'nee-Sds. 

papilla  ft.  nipple,  pap  [plural  papillael  pa'pila. 

papillar  adj,  (papillary)  'psepi-lar,  p^'pil^z. 

papillary  adj.  (like  papillae,  etc.)  'paepi-le^i,  ps'pila-^i. 

papillose  adj.  (full  of  or  beset  with  papillae)  'paepi-los,  paepi- 
'Idos;  {less  properly)  pa'pilos. 

papistry  n.  (popery)  'pce-pi-stji. 

papoose  n.  North  Amerindian  baby  [also  spelt  pappoosel  pae- 
'pous,  pa'pous. 

pappose  adj,  (papous,  downy)  pae'pDos,  (assutnptivly)  'pae-pos. 

Papnan  adj,  (of  Papua  or  New  Guinea)  'paepgu-sn. 

papnla  n.  papule  [plural  papulael  'paepgo-ld. 

papyri  n.  (plural  of  papyrus)  p9'pai-z:ai. 

papyrin  «.  parchment  paper  [also  spelt  papyrinel  'paepi-nn. 

papyrine  n.  of  papyrus  [also  spelt  papyrin]  pa'pai-^in. 

papyrus  n.  plant;  writing-sheets   [plural  papyril   pa'pai-ras. 

para  adj,  (Turkish  coin)  'pa:-?3,  pae'^a: . 

Par&  adj.  of  Para,  Brazil  [also  spelt  Paral  pa'^a:  . 

parabasis  n.  choral  digression  in  a  Greek  drama  [plural  pa- 
rabasesl  p9'?aeb9-sis. 

parabema  n.  in  a  Byzantin  church,  a  division  on  either  side 
of  the  bema  [plural  parabematal  pae^a'bii-ma. 

parabola  n.  (curve)  paVaeba-ld. 

parabole  n.  (comparison)  pa'raeba-h,  {older)  pa'raeba-H. 

parabolic  adj.  (of  a  parable;  of  parabole;  of  or  like  a  para- 
bola) paera'bohk. 

paracbute  n.  (aerial  descending-device)  'pae73-$ut. 

Paraclete  n.  (Comforter :    a  title  of  the  Holy  Spirit)  'paera- 
ktit. 

c:  low,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  oi  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  precetev^^  ^qmtA  a.^  Vitmln 
str^l^mqrk  (')  indicates  phi^f  8tr^^§  oiv  \\v^  i^>\oH«Ya.\5»  ^-f^si^^- 


386  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

paraome  n.  (point  or  period  beyond  the  culmination) 
pa'raekMi,  (older)  p^'zxkMu 

paradigm  n.  (example,  model)  'pae?9-dim,  'pae^d-daim. 

paradigmatic  adj,  (like  a  paradigm;  exemplary)  pae^adig- 
'maetik. 

paradisaic  adj,  paersdi'see-ik.    same  meaning  as  paradisiac. 

paradisaical  adj.  pse^ddi'see-i-ksl.  same  meaning  as  para- 
disiacal, 

paradisean  adj.  (of  paradise;  of  the  paradisea  or  birds  of 
paradise)  paezd'disi-sn. 

paradisiac  adj.  (of  paradise)  paers'disi-aek,  pae?9'dizi-xk. 

paradisiacal  adj.  (paradisiac)  pse^ddi'sai-o-kal,  paezsdi'zai- 
a-kal. 

paradisial  adj,  (of  paradise;  paradisiac)  pserd'disi-dl,  pasz^ 
'dizi-al. 

paradox  n.  (statement  or  tenet  contrary  to  receivd  opinion; 
something  apparently  or  really  self-contradictory)  'paezd- 
deks. 

paraenesis  n.  exhortation,  advice  [also  spelt  parenesisl  p9- 
'zii-ni-sis,  p3'zeni-sis. 

paraffin  n.  wax-like  substance,  etc.  [also  spelt  paraffinel 
'pae^a-fin. 

paragoge  n.  (addition  of  a  letter  or  syllable  to  a  word) 
p3eE:3'goo-d3i. 

parag^rapli  v.  [also  spelt  paragraf;  past  participle  and  pret- 
erit paragraphed,  paragraf t"}  'paeza-gzarf. 

paragrapher  n.  paragraphist  [also  spelt  paragraf eri  'paszs- 
gza:-f3z. 

parakeet  n.  parrot;  small  parrot  [also  spelt  parrakeet,  para- 
keet', synonymous  cognates  paroquet,  parroquet,  perroquet; 
former  synonymous  cognate  parakitel  'paeza-kit. 

parakite  n.  (kite  resembling  a  parachute)  'paezs-kait. 

paralipsis  n.  pretended  or  suggested  omission  [synonymous 
cognates  paraleipsis,  paralepsis,  paralepsyl  paezalipsis. 

parallax  n.  (apparent  displacement  of  an  object  due  to  ac- 
tual change  of  the  point  of  observation)  'paeza-laeks. 

parallel  adj.  (continuously  equidistant)  'paez9-lel,  'paezd-lsl, 
(assumptivly)  'paezalal,  (rapidly,  often)  'paezlal. 

parallel  v.  [present  participle  paralleling,  parallelling;  past 
participle  and  preterit  paralleled,  parallelled,  paralleldl 
'p3ez3-lel. 

parallelepiped  n.  paez9-leh'pai-ped,  pseza-leh'piped,  paezs- 
Id'epi-ped.     same  meaning  as  parallelopiped. 

j  ye,   Qcure;   btHe,  Q  thm-,  ^^isute^,  ^"sio^N  ^  sKoe,  tS  c/tew ; 
W7vhen;  rjsin^;  uwlioevet,  ite^icX.,  xsiuW,  \i>\iooV 'vxv  'Cx^eeN 
o poetic;  9  0v^r,  e  aerial,  ^but,  ;>*.^oot,  ti^x^o,  ^\ic^,  ^^\y3X^\ 


) 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  387 

parallelogram,   n.    (four-sided   figure   whose   opposit   sides 

are  parallel)  paezdlels-gzaem. 
parallelopiped  n.   prism  whose   bases   are   parallelograms 

[synonymous  cognates  parallelepiped,  parallelopipedon,  par- 

allelepipedonl  paers-leld'pai-ped,  paees-lela'piped. 
paralogize  v,  commit  a  paralogism;  reason  falsely  [also  spelt 

paralogisel  pa'zraela-dsaiz. 
paralysis  n.  (palsy)  ps'^aeh-sis. 
paralytic  adj,  (palsied)  paerolitik. 
paralyse  v,  [also  spelt  paralyse,  paralisel  'paezd-laiz. 
paramese  n.  (music)  ps'^xmi-si,  pa'^semi-si. 
paramonntoy  n.  status   of  being  paramount   [synonymous 

cognate  paramo uncy]  'paera-maont-si. 
paramonr  n.  (lover;  mistress)  'paezs-mo:;. 
paranoea  n.  px?a'nii-9.     same  meaning  as  paranoia. 
paranoia  n.  mental  derangement  characterized  by  delusions, 

etc.  [synonymous  cognate  paranoea}  pse?9'nei-9. 
paraphernalia  n.  pi.  (a  wife's  own  property ;  paraphema ; 

trappings)  pae^afa'nee-li-a,  paerafa'nee-lia. 
paraphrase  n.   (free  rendering;  paraphrasis;  hymn)  'paezs- 

fzez, 
paraphrasis  n.  (free  rendering)  pa'raefsa-sis. 
paraphysis   n.   steril   filament    [synonymous   cognate   para- 

physe;  ploral  paraphysesi  ps'^aefi-sis. 
paraplegia  n.  (paralysis  of  the  legs  and  trunk)  paera'pz^ii- 

dso,  paera'ptii-dsi-a. 
parasoeve  n.    (eve   of   the   Jewish   sabbath;    Good   Friday) 

'pa»3-siv,  pae?3'sii-vi. 
paraselene  n.  mock  moon  [ploral  paraselenael  pxrasilii-ni. 
parasite  n.  (hanger-on;  sponger;  toady;  an  organism  which 

livs  in  or  on  or  at  the  expense  of  another)  'pae?3-sait. 
parasitic  adj.  (of  parasites)  pse^s'sitik. 
parasitism  n.  (parasitic  mode  of  life)  'psezd-sai-tizsm. 
parasol  n.  (sunshade)  'paera-sel,  paezs'sel,  {rarely)  'pxzrd-sol, 

paera'sool. 
parcel  r.  divide  into  small  portions,  etc.  [present  participle 

parceling,  parcelling;  past  participle  and  preterit  parceled, 

parcelled,  parceldl  'pozsal,  'pai^-sal;  'pazrsi,  'pa:?-8l. 
parcener  n.  (coparcener,  coheir)  'parsi-ns;,  'paiz-si-n^z. 
parched  adj.  dried  by  heat  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  parchtl 

parrtSt,  (also,  in  poetry)  'pa2tSid,  'pa:z:-tSid. 
parclose  n.   screen;   railing  [synonymous  cognate  perclosel 

'pa3-ki.oz,  'pa:r-kz.oz. 

c:  law,  b:  fwr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  aiktte; 
lenfirth-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  ptece^itv^  ^orcA  "v^  Viitw%\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  X\i^  Iq^QiHivr.^  ^^'^-s^svr.^ 


388  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

pardao  n.  coin  [synonymous  cognate  pardo}   paz'da:-o. 
pardie  inter j,   {archaic)   by  God!   verily    [also   spelt  pardi, 

pardy;  synonymous  cognate  perdie]  paz'dii. 
pardon  v,  remit  the  penalty  of;  forgive  [past  participle  and 

preterit  pardoned,  pardondl   'pa:3-dn,   'paiz-dan. 
pare  v,  (trim;  cut  down)  pt:z. 
pareable  adj.  (that  may  be  pared)  'pei-z^-hol. 
paresorio  adj.  (soothing)  paees'gezik. 
parenolijm    n.    parenchyma    [synonymous    cognate    paren- 

chyme}  ps'zegkim. 
parenohyma  n.  tissue  [ploral  parenchymata'\  ps'zeQki-ms. 
parenolijmatoiui  adj,  (of  parenchyma)  px^sn'kima-tds. 
parenolijme  n.  pd'zegkim,  ps'^eg-kaim.     same  meaning  as 

parenchym. 
parent  n.  (father  or  mother;  source)  'pei-eant,  'paezant;  {dia- 

lectally)  'pee-^ant. 
parentaso  m.  'paeesn-tids,  'pe:-73n-tid3. 
parentheses  n.  (plural  of  parenthesis)  ps'^enOi-siz. 
parenthesis  n.  an  aside;  round  bracket  [ploral  parentheses^ 

pd'zenGi-sis,  ps'^entOi-sis. 
paresis  n.   (partial  paralysis;   also,   word-negleCt)    'paezi-sis; 

{improperly)  ps'^ii-sis. 
paretic  adj.  (of  paresis)  pa'^etik. 
parhelion  n.  mock  sun   [ploral  parhelial  pa^'hii-li-sn,  pa;- 

'hii-lisn. 
pariah  n.  (one  of  low  Hindu  caste;  outcast,  vagabond)  'pe:- 

'^i-3,  'pa:-3i-9,  'pae^i-a. 
Parian  adj,  (of  Paros)  'pe:-d-9n. 
paries  n,  wall  [ploral  parietesi  'pe:-?i-i:z. 
parietal  adj.  (of  a  wall)  pa'^ai-i-tl. 
pari  passn  adv.  (with  equal  pace;  side  by  side;  pro  rata) 

pe:-^ai'paesQu. 
Parisian  adj.  (of  Paris,  France)  pa'^issn,  pa'eisi-an,  pa'^izi- 

dn. 
parity  n.  (equality)  'p3e2i-ti. 
park  n.  pa:?k,  pa:k;  (locally)  pa:k,  pe:k. 
parlecue  n.  'pa:?-h-kQu.    same  meaning  as  purlecue. 
parlance  n.  (speech,  debate,  parley)  'paiz-ldns. 
parley  v.   talk;   discourse;   argument   [also,   formerly,    spelt 

parly;  past  participle  and  preterit  parleyed,  parley d'\  'pa:z- 

\i. 
parliament  «.  (council;  legislativ  body)  'parr-la-mant ;    {er- 

roneously)  'poir-li-a-mant,  'paizr-Ha-mant. 

J  .ve,    5  cure ;   5  ffie,  Q  tHin ;  ^  3  arrure,  ds  /oy ;    S  ^Aoe,   tS  c/iew; 
wzv'hen;  r)sing\  u  whoever,  \tc3lC\.,  wiuW,  \i>\ioo\,  \it,  i\see\ 
o poetic;  9  ov^r,  c  aeria\,  A.WX.,  ;>;  ^oot,  ^q\\o,  ^\ie^x  ^^%oxv> 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  389 

parliamentary  adj,  (of  parliament)  pazWmcnt^-zi,  (aj- 
sutnptivly)  pada'menta^i ;  (rapidly)  paela'tncntji. 

parlor  n.  sitting-room,  drawing-room,  etc.  [also  spelt  par- 
lour"} 'paizA^z. 

Parmesan  adj.  (of  Parma,  Italy)  pazrmi'zaen,  (assumptivly) 
'pa:?-mi-zaen ;  (improperly)  pa^'mii-zan. 

parooUal  adj.  (of  a  parish)  pa'^oo-ki-al ;  (improperly)  pa- 
'zeki-oh 

parooliialize  v.  [also  spelt  parochialisel   p9'730-ki-3-}aiz. 

parodio  adj.  (of  parody)  ps'zedik. 

parody  n.  (burlesque  imitation;  travesty)  'pae?3-di. 

parol  n.  (in  by  *parol,  by  word  of  mouth)  'pae^sl. 

parole  n.  (word;  word  of  honor;  password)  p9'73o}. 

paronomasia  n.  (word-play;  pun)  paezsns'mee-sd,  pserans- 
'mee-zi-9,  pae^ana'mee-si-a. 

paronym  n.  derivativ  or  cognate  word  [also  spelt  paronyme} 
'pae?o-nim. 

parotid  adj.  (near  the  ear)  ps'zetid. 

paroxysm  n.  (fit)  'psersk-sizdm. 

parpen  n.  bond-stone  [also,  formerly,  spelt  parpan;  synony- 
mous cognates  parpend,  parpent  and,  formerly,  perpend,  par- 
pin,  parpoint,  perpen,  perpin,  perpent,  perpeynl  'pazp^n. 

parqnet  n.  flooring;  part  of  a  theater;  branch  of  government 
[also,  sometimes,  in  the  sense  of  a  part  of  a  theater,  spelt 
parquettel  pa2'ket,  pa^'kee. 

parr  n.  young  salmon  [also  spelt  pari  pa:?. 

parrel  n.  band  or  collar  by  which  a  yard  is  fastend  to  a 
mast  [also  spelt  parrall  'paerah 

parricidal  n.  (of  parricide)  pae?i'sai-dl,  'paeri-sai-dl. 

pars  n.  part  [ploral  partes}  pa:?z. 

parse  v.  describe  grammatically  [past  participle  and  preterit 
parsed,  parst}  pQizs,  pQ'.zz. 

Parsee  n.  Guebre;  language  [also  spelt  Parsi}  'par-si,  'pa:r- 
si;  par'sii. 

parsley  «.  (garden-herb)  'pa?si.i,  'pa:zs-h,  'pa:?-sti. 

parsley-piert  n.  breakstone,  an  herb  [synonymous  cognate 
parsley-pert}  'parsti-piirt. 

parsnip  n.   (plant;  root)  'pa?sN-p,  'pa:rs-nip,  'pa:r-sNip. 

partake  v.  (take  part  in;  share  in)  pdr'teek. 

parterre  «.  (level  space  with  flower-beds;  pit  of  a  theater) 
l>az'te:z. 

parthenogenesis  n.  (virginal  reproduction)  parOdnd'dsenz- 
sis. 

c:  law,  b:  f f«r,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a*.  a«k,  ^\VA\ft,\ 
length-mork  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceAitvtt  ^c^mtv^  a.^  V>wv% 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  oti  tVi^  i^>\o^\xi^  vf^-s^^R" 


390  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

partiality  n.   (quality  of  being  partial;   predilection)  poz* 

'Jaeli-ti,  pazSi'aeh-ti. 
partialise  v.  [also  spelt  partialise}  'pazja-laiz. 
partible  adj,  (divisible)  'po^ts-bdl,  'pa:r-t9-b3t. 
participate  v,  (partake,  share)  paz'tisi-pet. 
participial  adj.  (of  the  nature  of  a  participle)  poTti'sipi-sl. 
participle  n.  (verbal  adjectiv)  'poztisi-pdl,  (rapidly)  'poztsi- 

pdh 
parti-colored  adj.  variegated  [also  spelt  parti-coloured,  par- 
ty-colored, parti-color  d1  'pa^ti-kAla^d. 
partionlar  adj.  (special)  ps^'tikgo-ldz ;  {dialec tally)  ps'tiks- 

\^z,  (vulgarly)  p97'tikz.9z,  ps'tikz.??. 
particnlarize  v.   [also  spelt  particularise'^   pdz'tikgota-zaiz; 

{in  Scotland)  pdz-tikgols'raiz. 
particnlarly    adv.    pa^'tikgo-lar-h,     (anteriorly)     psr'tik^o- 

}9?h;  (rapidly,  sometimes)  p3?'tikgol:-h. 
partile  adj.  exact:    opposed  to  platic  [also,  sometimes,  spelt 

partill  'poT-tail,  'pastil. 
partition  v.  divide  [past  participle  and  preterit  partitioned, 

partitiondl  ps^'tiSsn. 
partisan  n.  one  who  takes  part  or  sides  with  another;  zeal- 
ous supporter;  guerilla  [also  spelt  partisan}  'por-ti-zan,  poe- 

ti'zaen. 
partisan  n.  long-handled  spear;  soldier  or  gard  armd  with 

a  partizan  [also  spelt  partisanl  'parti-zan,  'pa:?-ti-z3n. 
partner  n.  partaker,  sharer;   associate   [vulgar  synonymous 

cognate  pardnerl  'paetNa^,  'pa:?t-n3r,  'pa:?-tN3r;   (dialectal- 

ly  or  vulgarly)  'pa:z:-dn3r. 
partridge  n.  (bird)  'pa^tjids,  'pa:z:-tjid3 ;  (dialectally  or  vul- 
garly) 'paetEids. 
pamre  n.  (set  of  jewels,  etc.)  pa'?o:r. 
parvenu  ft.  upstart  [feminin  synonymous  cognate  parvenue} 

'pa:r-vi-nju. 
pasch  n.   Passover  [also   spelt  pasque  and,  formerly,  pask] 

pa:sk,  pa:sk,  pse:sk. 
paschal  adj.  (of  Passover  or  Easter)  'psesksl. 
pasha  n.  sovereign,  prince  :    a  Turkish  title  [also  spelt  pa- 

cha;  synonymous  cognate  pashaw}  pa'Sa: ,  (sometimes)  'pa:- 

$3 ;  (also)  'pae-Sc,  'paeja,  pa'Sc:  . 
pashalic  n.  jurisdiction  of  a  pasha  [also  spelt  pachalicl  'pa> 

Sa-hk,  'pa:-Sa-hk,  'paeSc-hk,  p3'Sa:-hk. 
pasqnilant  n.  writer  of  a  pasquil ;  lampooner  [also  spelt  pas- 

quillantl  'paeskuji-lant. 

J  y^t  C  cure ;  5  */ie,  0  th\n ; ^  3  arure,  ds  /oy ;  \  shoe,  tS  chew; 
w  when;  ijsin^;  uwlioevet,  \tca.c\.,  \ilu\V  ^MfooU  i  tt,  lis^^; 
o  poetic;  3  over,  eoeriaV,  a.\>uX,  :*•.  ^oot,  •;iQxio,  ^,\ie\,  ^^^a\s.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  391 

pasquiler   n.   pasquilant,   lampooner    [also    spelt   pasquiller} 

pasquinade  n.  (lampoon,  pasquin)  paeskwi'need. 

pass  V,  go,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit  passed,  pastl 
pa:s,  pa:s,  p£:s;  {when  unstrest)  pas,  pas,  pses. 

passable  adj.  (capable  of  being  past;  tolerable)  'pa:-s3-b3l. 

passage  n.  (passing,  transit;  way)  'paesids. 

pass6  adj,  past;  faded;  out  of  date  [feminin  synonymous  cog- 
nate passeel  pae'see. 

passed  v.  past  participle  and  preterit  of  pass  [also,  some- 
times, spelt  pasti  pa:st,  pa:st,  pxist;  (when  unstrest)  past, 
past,  paest;  {also,  in  poetry)  'pa:-sid,  etc. 

passenger  n.  (traveler)  'paesin-dsa?,  (anteriorly)  'paesindsar. 

passerine  adj,  of  the  passeres  or  perchers  [also,  sometimes, 
spelt  passerini  'paess-^ain,  'paesa-jrin. 

passibility  n.  (quality  of  being  passible;  capability  of  suf- 
fering) pas3'bih-ti,  p3es3'bih-ti. 

passible  adj,  (capable  of  feeling  or  suffering)  'pa:-s9-b3?, 
'paesa-bal. 

passim  adv,  (here  and  there)  'psesim. 

passion  n.  (suffering;  affection  of  body  or  mind;  emotion; 
anger)  'paejan. 

passive  adj.,  n.  [also  spelt  passivl  'paesiv,  'pa:-siv. 

past  adj.  (gone  by;  done  with;  bygone,  over,  ended,  spent; 
preterit;  retired;  proficient)  pa:st,  pa:st,  paeist. 

past  prep,  (beyond ;  after ;  further  on  than ;  beyond  the  scope 
of)  pa:st,  pa:st,  pae:st;  (when  unstrest)  past,  past,  paest. 

past  n.  (bygone  time;  past  life;  past  tense)  pa:st,  pa:st,  pae:st. 

past  adv.  (so  as  to  pass  or  go  by;  by;  on  one  side;  aside) 
pa:st,  pa:st,  pae:st. 

pastel  n.  (crayon;  drawing;  fabric)  'pae-stel,  'paestal. 

pastelist  n.  artist  who  uses  pastels  [also  spelt  pastellistl 
'pae-stehst,  'paesta-list. 

pasteurization  n.  [also  spelt  pasteurisationi  paestd^i'zee-Ssn, 
paesta-^ai'zee-San. 

pasteurize  v.  sterilize  by  Pasteur's  method  [also  spelt  pas- 
teurise! 'p3est8-?aiz. 

pastiooio  n.  (hodgepodge;  olio)  paes'titji-o,  pas'tii-tSo. 

pastil  n.  roll  of  aromatic  paste;  lozenge  [also  spelt  pastillel 
'paestil,  paes'tiil,  pae'stiil. 

pastor  «.  (shepherd;  minister)  'pa:-st3?,  (anteriorly,  as  a 
title)  'pasta?. 

pastoraJ  adj.  (of  shepherds;  of  flocks)  'pai-sta-^al. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (:)   indjcates  that  the  preceAiivs,  scj>rcv^  \^  Vsrcv'SLN 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  xYve  IqWo-^axv^  sf^-sM^^ 


392  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

pastorale  n.  piece  of  pastoral  or  rustic  music  [ploral  pasto- 

rali,  pastorales}  pasta'zai-h;   (less  properly)  paests'^eeAi. 
pastnre  n.  (action  of  feeding;  herbage;  grass-land)  'pa:8-t$9z, 

'pa:s-t93?;  {dialectally)  'paestSae,  'pais-tjar. 
patasium    n.    wing-membrane,    parachute    [ploral    paifigia[ 

paeta'dsai-am. 
Patarin.  n.  follower  of  Arialdi  [also  spelt  Paierin\  synony- 
mous cognates  Patarene,  Paterinel  'paet3-?in. 
patas  n.  (red  monkey)  pa'ta: . 
patolied  adj.  mended  or  markt  with  patches  [also,  sometimes, 

spelt  patcht}  paetSt,  {also,  in  poetry)  'paetjid. 
patohonli  n.  plant ;  perfume  [also  spelt  patchouly2  pd'tjou-li, 

pae'tjou-li,  'paetSo-h. 
pate  n.  (head,  skull,  noddle)  peet. 
patenn.  (plate;  bowl)  'paetn. 
patent  n.  (monopolistic  privilege;  invention)  'paetnt,  'paetsnt, 

'pee-tant,  'pee-tnt. 
patent   adj.    (open;    evident;    manifest)    'pee-tant,    'pee-tnt,    i 

'paetant,  'paetnt. 
patentee  n.  (one  to  whom  letters  patent  have  been  granted; 

one  who  takes  out  a  patent)  paetn'tii,  pee-tn'tii. 
patenter  n.   (one  who  grants  a  patent :    the  correlativ  of 

patentee)  paetn'te:?,  pee-tn'te:^. 
patenter  n.  (one  who  takes  out  a  patent)  'paetn-ta?,  'pec-tn- 

ta?. 
paterfamilias    n.    (head    of    a    family)    pee-tar-fd'miH-ds, 

paet32-f3'mili-3S. 
paternoster   n.    (Lord's    Prayer,    etc.)    peta^'nestar,    paetsz- 

'nest9z.  j 

path  n.  beaten  track;  footway  [ploral  pathsl  pa:0,  pa;9,  pae:0.       J 
pathos  n.  (quality  which  excites  pity,  etc.)  'pee-9es.  I 

paths  n.  (ploral  of  path)  pa:dz,  pa:5z,  paeibz.  i 

patience  n.  (quality  of  being  patient;  dock;  card-game)  'pee- 

Sans.  J 

patient  adj.,  n.  'pee-Jant.  1 

patina  n.  (bowl;  incrustation  on  bronze)  'paeti-na. 
patio  n.  (inner  court ;  ore-yard)  'pa:-ti-o,  'paeti-o. 
patois  n.  (dialect)  'pae-ttue,  'paetiue;  'pae-tu)c,  'paetu)c;  pae'twe.       i 
patriarch  «.   (father  and  ruler  of  a  family  or  tribe,  etc.) 

'pee-tji-ar^k. 
patriarchal  adj,  petEi'a^k^l,  'pee-tEi-orkal. 
patrimony  «.  (heritage)  'paetji-moni,  'paetjima-ni,  {anterior- 
ly) 'paetji-mani. 

j  ye,   5  cure;  5  the,  Qthin-,  ^acure,  ds/oy;   I  shoe,   tl  chew; 
w  when;  i)  sing;  u whoever,  itcsicX.,  \3iu\\  \i>\\ooV  ^^t^  lis^^; 
o poetic;  sov^r,  e  aerial,  xbuY,  o.^oot,  -aQx^o,  ^\ie\,  ^^^y38«.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  393 

patriot  ft.  (one  who  loves  or  zealously  supports  his  country) 

'pce-tji-3t,  'paetji-at. 
patriotic  adj.  petp'etik,  paetsi'etik. 
patriotism  n.  'pee-tji-a-tizam,  'paetji-a-tizam. 
Patripassian.  n.  (one  who  held  that  God  the  Father  sufferd 

with  or  in  the  Son)  petji'paesi-an,  petji'paS^n,  paetji'paesi-an, 

paetsi'pae$9n. 
patrol  V.  go  the  rounds   [past  participle   and  preterit  pa- 
'    trolled,  patrold)  pa'tjDol;   (improperly)  'pae-tjol. 
patron.  «.  (protector;  supporter;  customer)  'pee-tjan,  'paetjan. 
patronage  n.  'pee-t£3-nid3,  'paetss-nids. 
patroness  n.  (female  patron)  'pee-tj3-nis,  'paetja-nis. 
patronize  v.  [also  spelt  patronise'^  'pee-tj3-naiz,  'paetja-naiz. 
patronjmio  n.  (family  name)  psetsd'nimik. 
patten  n.  (shoe)  'psetn. 

panoity  n.  (smallness;  fewness;  scantiness)  'pc:-si-ti. 
pang^ie  n.  'pc:-gi.    same  meaning  as  porgy. 
Panline   adj.  of  Paul   [also,  sometimes,   spelt  Paulini   'po 

hn,  'pc:-lain. 
pannoh  n.  rope  mat;   wooden  shield   [synonymous  cognate 

panchi  pcintS,  pa:ntS,  paintS;  (also,  and  in  Britain  normally) 

pc:nS,  pa:nS,  pa:nS. 
pauperise  v.  [also  spelt  pauperisel  'pci-ps-^aiz. 
paver  n.  one  who  paves;   paving-stone;   bed-stone   [synony- 
mous cognate  paviorl  'pee-va?. 
pavilioned  adj,  furnisht  with  pavilions  or  tents  [also  spelt 

paviliond]  pa'viHand. 
pavilion  n.  (bell-shaped  mouth  of  a  trumpet,  etc.)  paevirjeq. 
pavior  n.  paver;  rammer;  paving-stone  [also  spelt  paviour, 

pavierl  'pee-vi-az:.    see  paver. 
pavis  n.  shield;  pavisade  [also  spelt  pavise"]  'paevis. 
paviser  n.  man  armd  with  a  pavis  [also  spelt  pavisorl  'paevi- 

pavonine  adj,  (of  a  peacock)  'paeva-nain,  'paev3-nin. 
paivnbroker  n.   (lender  on  pledged  articles)  'pcm-bzoo-ks?. 
pay  V,  (give  what  is  due,  etc.)  pee,  (when  unstrest)  pe. 
payer  n.  one  who  pays  [also  spelt  payor"}  'pee-a^. 
paynint   n.   pagan,   heathen    [also,    formerly,   spelt   paynym, 

painimi  'pee-nim.  * 

pea  n.  seed ;  vine  [ploral  peas']  pii.    compare  pease. 
peaceable  adj.  (disposed  to  peace;  peaceful)  'pii-sd-bsl.  . 
peacock  n.   (bird)  'pii-kek. 
peaked  adj,  having  a  peak;  pointed;  also,  sharp-featured  or 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceAitv^  somxv^  a.^  \^w.V> 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\ie  i€>\\o^\^%  ?j«3>\iaX5v^. 


394  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 


thin   from   illness   or   want   [also,   sometimes,   spelt  peakt} 

'piikt,  'pii-kid. 
peakins  adj.  sneaking;   emaciated,  peaky   [also  spelt  peek- 
ing} 'pii-kiq. 
peaky  adj,  (having  peaks;  peaked,  pointed,  peak-like)  'pii-ki. 
poaky  adj.  sickly;  puny  [also  spelt  peeky}  'pii-ki. 
peal  n.  (loud  sound)  piil. 
peal  n.  grilse;  salmon  [also  spelt  peell  piil. 
pear  n.  (fruit;  tree)  pe:r. 
pearl  n.  (gem,  etc.)  pBizh     compare  purL* 
pearmain.  n.  (apple)  'pe.T-men. 
peasant   n.   small   farmer;    rustic;    countryman    [also   spelt 

pesanti  'pezant. 
peasood  n.  pea-pod  [also  spelt  peasecod"]  'piiz-ked. 
pease   n.    {archaic)    pea-plant;    pea;    peas   collectivly    [ploral 

pease  and,  formerly,  peasen,  peason]  piiz. 
pecan  «.  (nut)  pi'kaen,  pi'kaen. 
peccable  adj.  (liable  to  sin)  'peks-bsl. 
peccadillo  n.  (petty  sin)  peka'dib. 
peccant  adj,  (sinning,  morbid)  'pekant. 
peccary  n.  swine-like  quadruped  [also,  formerly,  spelt  pec- 

ary,  peccari,  pecari;  synonymous  cegnate  picaree^  'pcka-n. 
peccavi  V.  (I  have  sind;  it  is  my  fault)  pe'kee-vai,  pekTca:- 

vi. 
pecky  adj,  showing  first  symptoms  of  decay :    said  of  timber 

and  trees  [synonymous  cognates  peeky,  peaky'\  'peki. 
pecky  adj.  (pitching;  apt  to  stumble;  peck-like)  'peki. 
pecten  n.   the  pubes;   comb-like  part;   scallop   [ploral   pecti- 

nes,  pectensi  'pektan,  'pek-ten. 
pectin  n.  substance  from  pectose  [also,  rarely,  spelt  pectinel 

'pektin. 
pectinens  n.  muscle  [also  spelt  pectinaeus;  ploral  pectineil 

pekti'nii-3s. 
pectinons  adj.  (of  pectin)  'pekti-nas. 
pectize  v.  congeal  [also  spelt  pectisel  'pek-taiz. 
pectons  adj.  (congeald;  of  pectin)  'pektas, 
pectus  n.  breast;  thoracic  region  [ploral  pectoral  'pektas. 
peculiar  adj.  (particular,  special;  queer)  pi'kQou-Har. 
peculiarity  n.   (quality  of  being  peculiar;  oddity)   pi-kgul- 

'jae^i-ti,  pi-kguH'aezri-ti. 
pcculiarize  v.  [also  spelt  peculiarisel  pi'kgou-lia-^aiz. 
pecuniary  adj.  (of  money)  pi'kQou-ni-e?i,  (also)  pi'kgou-ni-a- 

?i,  (assumpiivly)  pi'kQou-ni-3?i,  (rapidly)  pi'kgou-nja-ri. 

/  ye,    q  cure ;   (i  th^,  B  thin*,  ^ ■«,  3in\vceL,  ^-i^  ^o^  \  ^  sKoe,  t\  chew ; 
w  when;  r)  sin^;  u whoever,  iiesLcX,  vi\u\\,  vs>x\oo\,  ^\V  ^x%ee\ 
o poetic;  3  ov^r,   e  oer\a\,  xV>uV,  o*.^oot,  ^oxvo,  ^\ic^,  iE.^^cX't\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  '395 

pedasogio  n.  (of  a  pedagog;  of  pedagogy)  pedd'gedsik; 
(vulgarly)  peds'gDO-dsik. 

pedagog^ism  n.  [also  spelt  pedagoguism}  'pedd-geg-izam, 
'pedd-ge-gizam,  'peda-geds-izam. 

pedagogist  n.  (one  verst  in  pedagogics)  'pedd-gedsist. 

pedagogue  n.  teacher  [also  spelt  pedagogi  'peds-geg. 

pedagoguery  n.  (pedagogic  establishment;  occupation  of  a 
pedagog)  'peda-gegzi. 

pedagoguing  n.  (the  acting  as  a  pedagog)  'peds-gegii]. 

pedagog^sh  adj.  (characteristic  of  a  pedagog)  'peda-gegiS. 

pedagogy  n.  (function  of  a  pedagog;  instruction)  'peda- 
godsi,  'peda-gedsi,  'peda-gegi,  (rarely)  'peda-gogi. 

pedal  n.  (foot-lever;  treadle;  note;  curve)  'pedl,  'pedal. 

pedal  adj.  (of  the  foot)  'pedl,  'pedal,  'pii-dal;  (of  a  pedal) 
'pedl,  'pedal. 

pedal  V.  work  the  pedals  of  [present  participle  pedaling,  ped- 
alling; past  participle  and  preterit  pedaled,  pedalled,  ped- 
aid}  'pedl,  'pedal. 

pedale  n.  foot-cloth;  collection  of  creeds  [ploral  pedalia} 
pi'dee-h,  (older)  pi'dee-li. 

pedale  w.  (pedal;  pedal  keyboard)  pi'da:-h. 

pedaler  n.  one  who  pedals  [also  spelt  pedallerl  'pedl-az, 
'peda-la?. 

pedant  «.  (formerly,  teacher,  pedagog;  now,  one  who  over- 
rates book-learning,  etc.)  'pcdnt,  'pedant. 

pedantic  adj.  (like  a  pedant;  absurdly  learned)  pi'dxntik. 

pedantism  n.  'pedn-tizam,  'pedan-tizam. 

pedate  adj.  (like  a  foot)  'pedet,  'pedat. 

peddle  v.  hawk;  retail  from  house  to  house  [present  parti- 
ciple peddling}  'pedl. 

peddling  n.  (action  of  the  verb  peddle;  occupation  of  a  ped- 
ler;  hawking;  also,  trifling;  piddling)  'pedliq. 

pedestal  n.  (base  for  a  statue)  'peda-stl,  'peda-stal;  (im- 
properly) pi'destl. 

pedestal  v.  [present  participle  pedestaling,  pedestalling;  past 
participle  and  preterit  pedestaled,  pedestalled,  pedestald} 
'peda-stl,  'peda-stal. 

pedestrianize  v.  act  the  pedestrian;  walk  [also  spelt  pedes- 
trianise}  pi'destji-a-naiz. 

pediatric  adj,  of  the  diseases  of  children  [also  spelt  paedi- 
atric}  pidi'setj^k. 

pedicel  n.  (footstalk,  pedicle)  'pedi-sal. 

pedicle  «.  (footstalk,  pedicel,  peduncle)  'pedi-kal. 

c:  law,  b:  fMr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai.kite.\ 
]ength-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  ptece^itv^  ^oivrcA  -l-^  VkWSkN 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  X\it  i€\\QV4Ycv^  ^^^-si^^^* 


396  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

pedigree  n.  (lineage,  etc.)  'pedi-gn. 

pedler  n.  one  who  peddles;  hawker  [also  spelt  pedlar,  ped- 
dler} 'pedlar. 
pedleress  n.  female  pedler  [also  spelt  pedlaress,  peddleress] 

'pedld-zis. 
pedlery  n.  business  of  a  pedler;  pedler's  wares;  tra«h  [also 

spelt  pedlary,  peddler yl  'pedla-ri. 
pedling  adj.  busying  one's  self  with  trifles;  trifling;  trashy; 

piddling  [also  spelt  peddling}  'pedlii]. 
pedobaptist  n.  advocate  of  the  baptism  of  infants  [also  spelt 

paedobaptist}  peda'baeptist,  pids'bseptist. 
pedology  n.  science  of  children  [also  'spelt  paedology,  pai- 

dology}  pi'dela-dsi. 
pedometer  n.  (step-recording  device)  pi'demi-tar. 
pednncle  n.   (flower-stalk;  pedicel)  pi'dArjkdl;   {improperly) 

'pii-dAijkal. 
pee  V,  (urinate)  pii. 
peek  V.  (peep)  piik. 
peel  n.  (stronghold)  piil. 
peel  ft.  (wooden  shovel  or  pole)  pii). 
peel  n.  (skin,  rind)  piil. 
peel  V.  rob;  strip;  pare  [past  participle  and  preterit  peeled, 

peeld}  piil. 
peer  n.  (equal;  duke,  etc.)  pi:r. 
peer  v.  look  narrowly  [past  participle  and  preterit  peered, 

peerd}  pi:?. 
peignoir  n.  (dressing-sack)  pe'nwe:?. 
pejorative  adj,  tending  to  make  worse;  depreciatory   [also 

spelt  pejorativ}  pi'd^ez^-tiv,  'pii-dsa-eetiv. 
pekan.   n.    (fisher,   a   weasel-like    beast;    Pennant's    marten) 

'pekan. 
pekea  n.  tree  [also  spelt  pikia;  synonymous  cognate  piqui] 

pi'kii-3. 
pekin  n.  (silk  fabric)  pilcin,  pi'kii]. 
pekoe  n.  (tea)  'pii-ko,  'pe-ko. 
pelage  n.  (the  fur)  'pehds. 
pelagic  adj.  (of  the  open  sea,  oceanic;  of  the  surface  of  the 

ocean)  pilaedsik. 
pelamyd  n.  fish  [also  spelt  pelamid;  synonymous  cognates 

pelamys,  pelamis}  'pela-mid. 
Pelaagian  adj.  (of  the  Pelasgi)  pi'laezdsi-an,  pi^aesdsi-an. 
pelerine  n.  cape;  tippet  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  pelerin}  'peb- 

zin,  'pela-rin,  pela'^iin. 

J  ye,  gcure;  6  the,  QtKitv^^^^sMte,  d^ioy;  I  shoe,  tJcAew; 
wzvhen;  t)  sing;  u  whoever,  iTea.c\.,  ^sl-iC^.,  waL\oo\,  -vVn.,  v^^ee; 
o poetic;  a  over,  eoeriaV,  a. but,  o*.^oot,  -aoxvo,  ^\ie\,  t^^yj!«:\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  397 

pelican  n.  (bird)  'peh-kdn. 

pelisse  n.  (garment)  piliis. 

pell-mell  adv,  (in  disorder;  headlong)  pel'me). 

pell-mell  adj.  (disorderly  and  violent;  confused)  'pcl-mel. 

pellucid  adj.  (translucent;  transparent)  piliou-sid. 

pemmican  n.  meat  food  [also  spelt  pemican'l  'pemi-kan. 

penalise  r.  [also  spelt  penalisel  'pii-n}-aiz,  'pii-ns-laiz. 

penance  n.  (act  of  penitence)  'pensns. 

pen-and-ink  adj.  (using  pen  and  ink;  clerkly;  written;  also, 

done  with  a  pen  and  ink)  penan'iqk,  'pen-n-iqk. 
penates  ft.  pi.  (household  gods)  pi'nee-tiz. 
pence  n.  (ploral  of  prenny)  pents,  {also,  and  in  Britain  nor- 
mally) pens. 
pencel  n.  small  pennon;  streamer  [also  spelt  pensel,  pensil, 

pencil,  pensair\  'penssl. 
penchant  n.  (bias;  bent)  'pentSsnt. 
pencil  V.  paint  with  a  pencil  or  fine  brush;  draw  or  treat 

with  a  lead-pencil  [present  participle  penciling,  pencilling; 

past   participle    and    preterit    penciled,   pencilled,    pencild] 

'pentsil,  {also,  especially  in  Britain)  'pensil. 
penoiler  n.  [also  spelt  pencillerl  'pentsi-lar,  'pensi-la?. 
pendant    n.    something    that    hangs    [also    spelt    pendente 

'pendant. 
pendent  adj,  hanging  [also  spelt  pendant!  'pendant. 
pendnlnm  n.  freely  swinging  body  [ploral  pendulums  and, 

formerly,  rarely,  pendulal  'pendso-lam,  'pendjo-lam. 
penguin  n.  (bird)  'pengwin,  'peqgwin. 
penible  adj.  obsolete  (painstaking)  'pcna-bal,  pe'nii-ba!. 
peninsula  n.  a  piece  of  land  which  is  almost  an  island  [plor- 
al   peninsulas    and,    formerly,    peninsulael    pi'mnjo-la,    pi- 

'ninsgo-la,  pi'nintSo-la. 
penis  n.  male  copulatory  organ  [ploral  penes'!  'pii-nis. 
penitentiary  adj.  (of  penance  or  penitence)   peni'tenja-ri, 

peni'tentSa-n ;  {erroneously)  peni'tenSi-en. 
penknife   n.    [plural   penknives']    'pen-naif;    {less   properly) 

'pe-naif. 
penned  adj.  written  (with  a  pen)  [also  spelt  pendl  pend. 
pennill  n.  a  form  of  verse  [plural  pennillioni  'penil. 
pennoncel  n.  small  pennon;  pencel  [also  spelt  pennoncelle, 

penoncell,  penoncel,  penouncel]  'penan-sel. 
penny  n.  coin  [ploral  pennies^  collectivly  pence]  'peni. 
penny-XTise  adj,  (wise  or  prudent  in  regard  to  pence)  peni- 

'waiz,  {assumptivly)  'peni-waiz. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy\  a:  far,  qo  noiu,  ^•.  a^,  ^"vV\\r.\ 
Ungth-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  pteceAitv^  ^wycA  -«»  ^«^^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  ou  Vhe  i«>>\o^«vR:?»  %^'^^2««., 

ft 


398  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  ' 

penology  n.  study  of  punishment  [also  spelt  poenology]  pi- 
'neld-dsi. 

peniile  ad},  hanging,  pendent  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  pen- 
sill  'pensi},  'pen-sail. 

pension  n.  (payment)  'penSsn,  'pent^sn. 

pension  n.  (boarding-house)  'pei}si-ei). 

pensioned  adj,  in  receipt  of  a  pension;  retired  on  a  pension 
[also  spelt  pensiondl  'penjand. 

pentadaotyl  adj.  having  five  digits;  quinquedigitate   [also 
spelt  pentadactyle]  pentd'dxktil. 

pentamarise  v.  [also  spelt  pentamarise]  pen'taems-zraiz. 

pentastioh  n.  (group  of  five  lines  of *verse)  'penta-stik. 

Pentateuoh  n.    (first  five   books   of  the   Old   Testament) 
'pent3-tguk^ 

penthouse   n.   lean-to  building;   shed   with   a   sloping   roof 
[synonymous  cognates  appentice,  pentice,  pentisj  'pent-haos. 

pentstemon  n.  herb  [synonymous  cognate  penstemoni  pent- 
'stii-man. 

penuokle   n.   card-game    [also   spelt   penuchle;    synensrmous 
cognates  pinocle,  pinochle,  binoclel  'pii-nAkal. 

penult  ad},  (next  to  last;  last  but  one)  'pii-nxlt,  pi'nAlt. 

penumbra  n.  (partially  shaded  region  around  a  shadow)  pi- 
'nAmb^a. 

peon  n.  (soldier;  constable;  day-laborer)  'pii-an. 

peony  n.  plant  [also  spelt  paeony;  former  synonymous  cog- 
nate, now  dialectal,  piony;  ploral  peonies}  'pii-a-ni, 

people  n.   [ploral  peoples,  and  collectivly,   in  the  sense   of 
persons  of  a  particular  place  or  class,  people}  'pii-pal. 

pepperidge  n.  pipperage,  barberry;  tupelo,  black-gum   [also 
spelt  pepperage}  'pepa-^ids. 

pepsin  n.  ferment  [also  spelt  pepsine}  'pepsin. 

peptonize  v.  [also*  spelt  peptonise}  'pepts-naiz. 

pep  prep,  (by,  by  means  of;  thru)  pa:?,  (when  unstrest)  psz, 

p3?. 

peradirenture  adv*  (by  chance;   haply;   belike)   psrdd'ven- 

tSa?. 
perai  n.  fish  [also  spelt  pirai,  peri;  synonymous  cognates  pi- 

raya,  piranha}  pi'^ai. 
perambulation  n.  (a  walking  thru;  journey  on  foot;  tour) 

pezrambjo'lee-San,  pa-raembjo'lee-Jan. 
percale  n.  (fabric)  pa^'keel. 
perceive  v,  take  in;  apprehend  [past  participle  and  preterit 

perceived,  perceivd}  per'siiv. 

J  ye,   gcure;  5  f/ie,  0  thin*,  ^stsvLte,  ^T^io^\  ^skoe,  tScfcew; 
wwhen;  n  sing;  u  whoever,  \Tcac\,  oluW,  viMiooV  ^Vc,  ^"^^^X 
o poetic;  a  ov^r,  e  aerial,  xbut,  o-doox,  :iot.o,  ^.\^c«l,  %.^^^. 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  399 

perceptible  adj.  (formerly,  percipient;  now,  capable  of  be- 
ing perceivd)  paz'septa-bal,  {assutnptivly)  pae'septabah 
peroloie  n.  'ps^-kLOz,  pez'kLooz.    same  meaning  as  par  close, 
perdicine  adj,  (of  a  partridge  or  quail)  'pB'.s-di-sain,  'ps:?- 

di-sin. 
perdu  adj.  lost;  sent  on  a  desperate  enterprise;   [also  spelt 

perdue'\  pa^'djou,  (assumptivly)  'psiz-djvu 
perdnrable  adj.  (lasting)  par'djoi-^a-bal,  'pBi^-djo^a-bal. 
pereg^ne  adj,  foreign,  etc.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  peregrini 

'pe^i-grin,  {rarely)  'pe^i-g^ain. 
peremptorily   adv.   pae'empta^i-h,   pa'^emptan-h,    (rapidly) 

pa'^emptji-h,  (anteriorly)  paVemptjih;  (also)  'pe?amp-ta?i- 

h. 
peremptory  adj,  (that  precludes  debate;  decisiv;  final)  pa?- 

'cmpta-ri,  pa'z:empta-z:i,  (assumptivly)  pa'zemptaei;  (rapidly) 

paVemptji;  (also)  'pe^amp-ta^i, 
perennial  adj.  (lasting  thruout  the  year)  pa'^eni-al. 
perfect  adj.,n.  (complete,  etc.)  'perfikt,  'perr-fikt. 
perfect  v,  (complete,  finish)  pazr'fekt,  'p83fikt,  'peizr-fikt. 
perfected  adj.  par'fektid,  'pB?fik-tid. 
perfecter  n.  (one  who  perfects)  paz'fekta?,  'p8?fik-ta?. 
perfectible     adj,     [also     spelt     perfectablel     paz'fekta-bal, 

'p8z:fikta-bal. 
perf idiom   adj,    (characterized   by   perfidy;    faithless)    pa?- 

'fidi-as,  (rarely)  pazr'fidjas. 
perfnme  n.   (odorous  fumes;   sweet   scent)   'peefium,   'ps:?- 

fium,  par'fioum. 
perfnme  v.  (impart  sweet  odor  to)  par'fioum. 
perfnniy  adj.  (fragrant)  'pezrfiu-mi,  pa3'fiou-mi. 
perfunctory  adj.  (done  without  zeal;  formal)  par'fAijkta-ffi, 

(rapidly)  paz:'fAr)kt£i. 
perhapi    adv,    (may   be,    perchance)    pa^'hseps,    (when    less 

strest)  pa'haeps,  psaeps,  paeps. 
peri  n.  (elf,  fairy)  'pi:-?i. 
perianth  n.  (floral  envelop)  'peri-aenG. 
pericarditii  n.  (inflammation  of  the  pericardium)  pezri-ka?- 

'dai-tis,  pezri-ka3'dii-tis. 
peridot  n.  (olivin)  'pe^i-det, 
perigee   n.    (point   nearest   the    earth :     epposit   of   apogee) 

'pe3i-d3i. 
perihelion  n.  position  nearest  the  sun  :    epposit  of  aphelion 

[plural  perihelia;   synonymous  cognate  perheliuin\  pezri'hii- 

H-an,  pe^i'hii-Han. 

c:  low,  b:  iur,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  boy;  a:  iot,  QknuoiM,  ^\ a^,  vi.-vV\\R.\ 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  t\ie  i^teee^in^  ^o^axA.  "v^  ^x"^^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  vVt  l^Yvo^vcv^  «<3vvsi«^^. 


400  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

peril  V,  hazard,  risk  [present  participle  periling,  perilling] 
past  participle  and  preterit  periled,  perilled,  perildl  'pezil. 

periloni  adj.  (full  of  peril;  dangerous)  'pezi-lss. 

perimeter  n.  (circumference,  periphery,  outline;  vision- 
measuring  device)  pa'eimi-taz:. 

perinenm  n.  region  between  the  anus  and  the  scrotum  or  vul- 
va [also  spelt  perinaeum}  pezi'mi-sm 

periodic  adj.  (of  periods)  pizri'edik. 

periodic  adj,  containing  more  oxygen  than  iodic  acid  [also 
spelt  per-iodici  psiz-ai'edik. 

perioititii  n.  (inflammation  of  the  periosteum)  pezi-es'tai- 
tis,  peei-es'tii-tis. 

peripetia  n.  sudden  change  of  fortune  or  reversal  of  circum- 
stances; denouement  [also  spelt  peripeteia;  synonymous 
cognate  peripetyl   peripi'tai-3,  peeipi'tii-a. 

periphery  n.  (boundary-line;  circumference;  perimeter)  pa- 
'rifa-n,  'penfa-zi. 

periplirasii  n.  circumlocution  [ploral  periphrases'^  pd'zifsd- 
sis. 

periiiad  n.  (an  element  or  radical  of  odd  valency)  ps'zisaed, 
pd'zisdd;  {less  properly)  'peri-sad. 

periityle  n.  (colonnade  surrounding  a  temple,  court,  etc) 
'pezri-stail. 

peritonenm  n.  membrane  -which  lines  the  abdominal  cavi- 
ty [also  spelt  peritonaeum}  pezrita'nii-am. 

peritonitii  n.  (inflammation  of  the  peritoneum)  pezrits'nai- 
tis,  perit3'nii-tis. 

peritropal  adj.  (of  an  embryo  or  ovule;  amphitropal; 
hemitropous)  p3'z:itj3-p3l,   (rarely)  pezri'tjoo-pal. 

perjnry  n.  (wilful  falsehood  under  oath;  breach  of  oath) 
'p8rd33-ri,  'pB'.z-d^^-zi,  {rapidly)  ^pBzd^zu 

permeate   v.    (pass  thru,   penetrate,   pervade)   'perz-mi-et. 

permisiible  adj,  (that  can  be  permitted;  allowable)  psz- 
'mis3-b3l, 

permiiiory  adj,  (permitted;  allowd)  psz'misd-zi. 

permit  v,  (allow,  suffer)  par'mit. 

permit  n.  (written  permission;  leave)  'p8:r-mit,  paz'mit. 

permit  n.  (fish)  psz'mit. 

permittable  adj.  (obsolete)  permissible  [also  spelt  permit- 
tible}  pa3'mit9-bal. 

pernicioni  adj.  (destructiv,  fatal;  wicked)  pa^'nijas. 

perorate  v,  (deliver  an  oration;  declaim;  utter  the  perora- 
tion) 'pezro-zret. 

J  ye,   9  cure;  d  */ie,  Otitinv  ^a2>iTe,  d^iov;  ^  ^/loe,  tS  cAew ; 
wzvhen;  i)sing\  u  whoever,  iteatct.,  xiiu\\,  \i>3k.ioo\,  -lxV  <v^*e\ 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aerial,  a. but,  y.^oot,  -a^xvo,  ^>ac^,  %.^^a\fc\ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  401 

peroration  n.   (conclusion   of  an  oration;   discourse)   pzzo- 

'eee-San. 
peroxide  n.  oxide  containing  the  maximum  of  oxygen  [also, 

sometimes,    spelt    peroxid'l    pBzr'ek-said,    (before    of)    pee- 

'eksid. 
perpend  v.  archaic  (ponder)  ps^'pend. 
perpend  n.  'psir-pend.    same  meaning  as  parpen. 
perpetual  adj,  (unceasing)  p3?'petSu-al,  pazr'petQU-al. 
perpetnity  n.  (state  of  being  perpetual)  perpi'tgou-i-ti. 
perplexedly  adv.  (in  a  perplext  manner)  p9?'pz<eksi-dh. 
perqniiite  n.  casual  profit  [also  spelt  perquisitl  'po^kiuj-zit. 
piermquier  n.  (wig-maker)  p3-?uki'ee,  p^'zoki-sz^  ps-zv'kqee. 
Persian  adj.  (of  Persia)  'pBzrSan,  'pBie-jan,  'pei^-son. 
persioot  n.  cordial   [also  spelt  persico,  persecoti   'persi-ko, 

'pB?si-ket. 
persiflage  n.  (light  banter,  etc.)  pBzrsi'f 2.0:3,  pezsi'fz.a:3. 
peninimon   n.   date-plum    [also    spelt   persimon,   persiman, 

persimmeti]  paj'siman. 
persist  v.  (continue  firmly;  be  insistent;  last)  pdzr'sist;  {less 

properly)  pd^'zist. 
persistent   adj.  paj'sistnt,  pazr'sistant ;    {less  properly)    p3?- 

'zistnt. 
personality  n.  (personal  character  or  being)  psrsa'naeh-ti. 
personalize  v.  [also  spelt  personalise'^  'pBzrssnl-aiz,  'pBzrsNd- 

laiz. 
personalty  n.  (personal  property)  'psrsanl-ti,  'pB?sN3l-ti. 
personnel  n.  (body  of  persons  employd;  human  equipment) 

pB^sd'nel. 
perspicacity   adj.    (clearness   of  insight;   penetration)   pBZ- 

spi'kaesi-ti. 
perspicuity    n.    (clearness    of   statement;    lucidity)    pBzspi' 

IcQOU-I-tl. 

perspirate  v,  (perspire,  sweat)  'psrspi-ret. 

perspiration  n.  (sweat)  pBrspi'^ee-Jan,  pazr'sp^ee-Jan. 

perspirative  adj.  perspiratory  [also  spelt  perspirativl  par- 
'spai-^9-tiv,  p33'spai3-?3-tiv,  'pB3spi-z:etiv. 

persuasible  adj.  (persuadable)  p3z:'swee-S9-bd}. 

persuasive  adj.  tending  to  persuade;  winning  [also  spelt 
persuasivl  pazr'stree-siv,  par'stree-ziv. 

pertinacious  adj.  (persistent;  stubborn)  pa^ti'nee-Sds.  * 

pertinent  adj.  (relevant;  apposit)  'pBrtn-ant,  'parti-nant. 

perturb  v.  disturb  greatly  [past  participle  and  preterit  per- 
turbed, perturbdl  p^z'ts'.zh. 

c:  law,  b:  f wr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  go  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  pteeeAiti^  ^<i>\TA.  as*  Vstsns^n 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  slresa  on  l^vt  i^^X^^va."^  ^^a^-sia^.. 


402  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

-  _!■—■-■ ' 

pemke  n.  periwig,  wig  [also  spelt  peruquel  fto'zovk,  'pe-suk. 

pemse  v.  (go  thru;  survey;  read)  ps'zouz. 

perverse  adj.    (perverted;    wrong;   wayward)    p^z^Biza. 

perrenion  n.  (act  of  perverting)  p9z'v87$3n,  psz^Biz-l^tu 

pervert  v.  (lead  astray;  corrupt)  p^z'vBizt. 

pervert  n.    (one   who  has  been   perverted;   apostate)    'ps:?- 

VBZt. 

pervertible  adj.  (capable  of  being  perverted)  pds'vBTtd-bdt 
pelade  n.  (rearing)  pi'seed,  pi'zeed,  pi'sa:d. 
peseta  n.  (Spanish  coin)  pi'see-ts. 
pesky  adj,  (plaguy;  hateful)  'peski. 
peso  n.  (Spanish  dollar)  'pee-so. 

PestaloBsian.  adj,  (of  Pestalozzi)  pestdletsi-sn ;   (less  prop- 
erly) pestalezi-an. 
pestle  n.  (bruising-  or  pounding-tool)  'pesdl,  'pes),  'pestl. 
petal  n.  (corolla-leaf)  'petl,  'petal,  (rarely)  'pii-tl. 
petaled  adj.  [also  spelt  petalled,  petald}  'petld. 
petaline  adj,  of  a  petal ;  petaloid  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  pet- 

a/tn]  'peti-in,  'petl-ain. 
petard  n.  (door-battering  device;  cracker)  pi'ta:?d,  pi'ta:?. 
petardeer  n.  soldier  who  fires  a  petard  [also  spelt  petardierl 

petar'dire. 
petiole  n.  (leaf -stalk)  'peti-ol. 
petit    adj,    (small,    minor,    trifling,    petty)    'peti,    (formerly) 

'petit. 
petit-banme  n.  liquor  [also  spelt  petit  baumel  'peti-b3om. 
petite  adj.  (little,  tiny;  minor)  pa'tiit. 
petitio  n.  (asking,  begging)  pi'tiSi-o,  pi'tii-ti-o. 
petition  n.  (begging;  entreaty;  request)  pi'tijan. 
petrel  n.  (sea-bird)  'petjal,  (rarely)  'pii-tgal. 
petrol  n.  (petroleum;  gasoline)  'petjal,  (rarely)  pi'tjool. 
petroleum  n.  (rock-oil)  pi't£oo-H-3m. 
petrolin  n.  paraffin;  also,  an  oil  from  petroleum  [also  spelt 

petrolinel  'petja-hn. 
petrous  adj.  (stony;  rocky)  'pii-tgas,  'petgas. 
petticoat  n.  (coat;  skirt;  underskirt)  'peti-kot. 
pettifogger  n.   (low-down  attorney;   rascally  lawyer)   'peti- 

fegar. 
pettitoes  n.  pi.  (pigs*  feet)  'peti-tooz. 
petty  adj.  (small;  little;  minor)  'peti. 
petulance    n.    (sauciness;    peevishness)    'petSo-lsns,    'petQo- 

lans. 
petunia  n,  (plant)  pi'tgou-ni-a ;  (dialectally)  pi'tou-ni-a. 

i  y^f  5  cure;  5  the,  G  thm\^  3  a^rure,  d3  ;oy ;  J  shot,  tj  cAew; 
wzvhen;  i)sing;  u  whoever,  itcact,  vviull,  ovifool,  i  it,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  a  ov^r,  e  aerial,  a.\)u\.,  o*.  ^oot,  -a^t^o,  ^.\ic^»  ^^^q.\r.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  403 

pe'W  n.  (seated  place  or  enclosure  in  a  church)  pgou. 

pe'wee  n.  (flycatcher)  'pii-wi. 

pe'wit  n.  lapwing;  tyrant  flycatcher  [also,  sometimes,  spelt 
peewit,  puit}  'pii-wit,  'pgou-it. 

pe'wter  n.  (gray  alloy  of  tin  and  led)  'pqou-tsz. 

pfennis  n.  coin  [synonymous  cognate  pfenning"]  'fenig, 
(rarely)  'pfcnig,  'pfeniq, 

pluiooohoere  n.  wart-hog  [also  spelt  phacochere}  'faek3-ki:r. 

phaeton  n.  carriage  [also  spelt  phaetoni  'fee-i-tn,  'fee-i-tdn, 
'fee-tan. 

phagedenio  adj.  of  phagedaena  or  spreading  ulcer  [also 
spelt  phagedaenicl  faedsi'denik,  f xd3i'dii-nik ;  fagi'denik, 
faegi'dii-nik. 

phagooyte  n.  (leucocjrte)  'fxgs-sait. 

phalange  n.  phalanx  of  a  digit;  joint  of  an  insect's  tarsus; 
bundle  of  stamens  joind  by  their  filaments  [plural  phal- 
anges'! 'fa-laends,  fdlxnds,  fa^eqs. 

phalangeal  adj,  fd^xndsi-sl. 

phalanger  n.  (quadruped)  fslaendsdzr. 

phalange!  n.  (ploral  of  phalanx  and  phalange)  fslaen-dsiz. 

phalanstery  n.  (building  occupied  by  a  phalanx;  socialist- 
ic community)  'faelan-steei. 

phalanx  n.  battle  array;  compact  body  of  troops  [ploral  pha- 
lanxes, but  in  biologic  senses  usually  phalanges]  'fee-laeqks, 
'fae-laeqks. 

phallns  n.  symbolic  penis;  also,  stinkhorn,  a  fungus  [plor- 
al phalli]  'fxlds. 

phanerogam  n.  (flowering  plant)  'fxns^d-gxm. 

phanerogamons  adj.  (flowering)  fsnaVegs-mss. 

phantasm,  n.  illusion;  figment;  fantom  [also  spelt  fantasm] 
'faen-taezam. 

phantasma  n.  fantasm  [also  spelt  fantasma;  ploral  phantas- 
mas,  phantasmata]  fxn'tszmd. 

phantasmal  adj.  [also  spelt  fantasmal]  fxn'txzmdl. 

phantasy  n.  same  meaning  as  fantasy. 

phantom  n.  specter,  spirit,  ghost  [also  spelt  fantom]  'fxn- 
tam. 

pharaoh  n.  (beer)  'fe:-70. 

Pharisaic  adj.  (of  the  Pharisees;  self-righteous)  facri'see-ik. 

Pharisaism  n.  (doctrin  of  the  Pharisees,  etc.)  'faen-se-izsm. 

pharisean  adj.  pharisaic  [also  spelt  pharisaean]  fae;i'sii-an. 

pharmaoentio  adj,  (of  pharmacy)  fozrmd'scou-tik,  fa?m3- 
TcQou-tik. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy,  a:  far,  go  now,  a:  ask,  at  kite; 
length-mnrk  (:)   indicates  that  the  pTecedm^  ?iQ\rcv\  \^  \^tvn^\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  otv  \h^  ie>>\Q^VR.^  ^f^-sSw^ 


404  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

phamLaoeatist  n.  (pharmacist)  formd'sQou-tist,  fasmalcgott- 

tist. 
pluurmaoist  n.  (druggist)  'fa:7-m9-sist. 
pharmaoopoeia  n.   (drug-book;   stock  of  drugs)   fa^msks- 

'pii-3. 
pharo  n.  (obsolete)  'iti-zo,    same  meaning  as  faro. 
pharoi  n.  (lighthouse)  'fei-zes. 

pharyngeal  adj.  (of  the  pharynx)  fd'rindsi-d},  fae^in'dsii-^ 
pharyngei  n.  (ploral  of  pharynx)  fs'zin-dsiz. 
pharyngeni  n.  muscle  [ploral  pharyngeil  isezin'dsii-^s. 
pliarynsitii  n.   (inflammation  of  the  pharynx)   faesin'dsai- 

tis,  fae3in'd3ii-tis. 
pharyngotomy  n.   (a  cutting  into  the  pharynx)   faerin'geta- 

mi,  faejiq'geta-mi. 
pharynx    n.    throat-cavity    [ploral    pharynges,    pharynxes] 

'faeeiqks. 
phaie  n,  (aspect;  value)  feez. 

phaiii  n.  phase,  aspect  [ploral  phases']  'fee-zis,  ^fee-sis. 
pheasant  n.  bird  [also  spelt  fesant]  'fezsnt,  'f eznt. 
phenaoetin  n.  (acetyl  derivativ)  f I'naesi-tin. 
Phenioian  n.  nativ  of  Phenicia  [also  spelt  Phoenician]  fi« 

'nijan. 
phenicine  n.  indigo  carmin  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  phenicin, 

phoenicin]  'feni-sin,  'feni-sain. 
pheniz  w.  mythic  bird  [also  spelt  phoenix  and,  formerly,  fe- 

nix]  'fii-niks. 
phenol  n.   (carbolic  acid)  'fii-nel,  'fii-nol. 
phenolog^y  n.  study  of  recurring  biologic  phenomena   [also 

spelt  phaenology]  fi'nela-dsi. 
phenomena  n.  (ploral  of  phenomenon)  fi'nemi-ns. 
phenomenal    adj.    of   phenomena;    exceptional    [also    spelt 

phaenomenal]  fi'nemi-nJ. 
phenomenalize  v.  [also  spelt  phenomenalise]  fi'neminl-aiz. 
phenomenon    n.    appearance,    event,    occurrence;    prodigy 

[also,  formerly,  spelt  phaenomenon;  ploral  phenomena]  fi- 

'nemi-nen. 
phenyl  n.  radical  [also  spelt  phenyle]  'fii-nil,  'fenil. 
phe'W    interj.     expressing    impatience,    disgust,    discomfort, 

weariness  [also  spelt  phugh  and,  formerly,  phu]  fiou:  • 
phial  n.  'fai-sl.     same  meaning  as  vial. 
phiale  n.  patera,  a  vase;  cantharus  [ploral  phialae]  'fai-a-h. 
phialine  adj.  phial-like  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  phialin]  'fai- 

a-hn,  'fai-3-lain. 

J yc,   9  cure;  5  tfie,  8(Mn;   jaxrure,  ds/oy;   I  shoe,   t^chew; 
wwhen;  i)sing\  u  whoever,  iteaicX.,  \jluu,  \i>3k.iooV,  i.\t,  iis^^; 
o poetic;  ©over,  e  aerial,  \bu^,  o*.^oot,  -^i^xvo,  ^>ac^,  ^.^^<^fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  405 

Plildiao  adj,  of  the  Greek  sculptor  Phidias  [also  spelt  Phei- 
diac}  'fidi-aek,  'fai-di-aek. 

Plildian  adj.  Phidiac  [also  spelt  Pheidian'i  'fidi-dn,  'fai-di- 
dn. 

philander  n.  (lover;  wallaby,  filander;  opossum;  bandicoot) 
fi'laenda?.    compare  filander. 

philander  v,  make  love;  flirt  [also  spelt  filander}  fi'laendd?. 

philanthropic  adj.  (humane)  filsn'Osepik. 

philanthropy    n.    (love    of    mankind,    benevolence    toward 
one's  fellow  men)  fi'laent9s3-pi,  fi'lanGsa-pi. 

philately  n.  (stamp-collecting)  filaeti-h. 

philharmonio  adj,  (loving  harmony)  fila?'menik,  iil-haz- 
'menik. 

philippic  n.  (denunciatory  discourse)  filipik. 

Philippin  n.  (member  of  a  Russian  denomination  founded 
by  Philip  Pustoviat)  'fih-pin. 

Philippine  n.  'fih-pin.     same  meaning  as  philopena. 

Philippine  adj.  (of  the  Philippine  Islands)  fih'piin,  (as- 
sumptivly)  'fih-pin. 

Philippiit  n.  follower  of  Philip  Melanchthon  [also  spelt 
Philipist}  'fih-pist. 

Philiitine  n.  one  of  a  warlike  people  of  ancient  Philistia 
on  the  Palestine  coast;  enemy;  philister;  matter-of-fact  per- 
son [also,  sometimes,  spelt  Philistin']  filistin,  'fih-stain, 
'fih-stin,  (rarely)  fili-stain. 

Philiitiniim.  n.  (opinions,  aims,  and  habits  of  social  Philis- 
tins)  fi'hsti-nizam,  'fihsti-nizam. 

philiitinize  v,  [also  spelt  philistinisel  filisti-naiz,  'fihsti- 
naiz. 

Phillii  n.  (poetic)  comely  rustic  maiden;  sweetheart  [also 
spelt  Phyllis!  'fihs. 

phillyrea  n.  (jasmin  box,  mock  privet)  fi1rei-3,  fih'zrii-a. 

philologne  n.  philologist  [also  spelt  philolog}  'fils-leg. 

philology  n.  (love  of  learning  and  literature;  science  of  lan- 
guage) filela-dsi;  (less  properly)  failela-dsi. 

philopena  n.  game  of  forfeit^  [also  spelt  philopoena,  filope- 

na;    synonymous   cognates   philipena,   phtlippina,   phillipina, 

phillipena,  philopena,  Philippine,  philopoene,  philopene,  phil- 

lipine,  filipeen,  fillipeen}  fila'pii-na. 

philoprQgenitiTcncM    adj.   love   of   offspring   [also   spelt 

philoprogenitivnessl  filap^a'dsenitiv-nis. 
philoioph   n.   philosopher   [also   spelt  philosopher   'fild-sef, 
fila'zef. 

c:  law,  b:  fwr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a*.  a«k,  ^-vVaXr-n 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  tVie  precediTii^  ^o^axi^  -v.-^  "^^"^^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  otv  Vh^  i«»VL^^i.Tk%  ^-^jv^^jC^R- 


406  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

pliiloioplilo  adj,  (of  philosophers  or  philosophy)  fiis'sefik, 
fild'zefik. 

pMloiopliise  V.  [also  spelt  philosophise^  filesd-faiz. 

philter  n.  love-potion  [also  spelt  philtre'i  'iilt^z, 

pMs  n.  (face)  fiz. 

phlebotomise  v.  practis  phlebotomy;  bleed;  undergo  phle- 
botomy; be  bled  [-also  spelt  phlehotomise'\  fz^i'betd-maiz. 

phlegethontic  adj.  (of  Phlegethon;  fiery)  fz.egi'8entxk, 
ftedsi'Gentik. 

phlegm  n.  mucus;  phlegmatic  character;  dulness  [also,  for- 
merly, spelt  flegtftf  etc.]  Hem. 

phiegmatio  adj,  (of  the  nature  of  or  abounding  in  phlegm; 
sluggish,  dull)  fteg'maetik,  'fi-egma-tik. 

phlogiiton  n.  (supposed  principle  of  inflammability)  iv> 
'd3istn,  f to'dsi-sten ;  fto'gistan,  fto'gi-sten. 

phlox  n.  (plant)  f  z^eks. 

phocaenine  adj,  porpoise-like;  of  the  Phocaenina  [also, 
sometimes,  spelt  phocaeninl  fo'sii-nin,  fo'sii-nain. 

phonetic  adj.  representing  vocal  sounds;  of  articulate 
sounds;  phonic  [also  spelt  fonetic}  fa'netik,  fo'netik. 

phonetization   n.    (representation   of  vocal   sounds   by  fo- 

,  netic  characters)  foniti'zee-San,  foni-tai'zee-San,  fa-neti- 
'zee-San. 

phonic  adj,  acoustic;  fonetic  [also  spelt  fonici  'fenik,  'fao- 
nik. 

phonograph  n.  fonetic  letter  or  symbol;  fonautograf;  in- 
strument for  recording  and  reproducing  sounds  [also  spelt 
fonograf}  'foo-n3-gz:a:f. 

phonographer  n.  fonetist;  shorthand-writer  [also  spelt  fo- 
nografer}  fa'negra-fa?. 

phonogpraphic  adj.  [also  spelt  fonografici  fona'gzraefik. 

phonogpraphy  n.  writing  fonetically;  fonetic  shorthand,  use 
of  the  fonograf  [also  spelt  fonografyl  fa'negzra-fi. 

phonotsrpy  n.  fonetic  printing  [also  spelt  fonotypyl  'foo-na- 
tai-pi,  fa'neti-pi. 

phosgene  n.  carbon  oxychlorid  [synonymous  cognate  phos- 
gen\  'fes-dsin. 

phosphate  n.  (salt  of  phosphoric  acid)  'fe-sfet. 

phosphorescence  n.  (the  quality  of  shining  in  the  dark 
without  sensible  heat)  fesfa'^esans. 

phosphorize  v.  [also  spelt  phosphorisel  'fesfd-zraiz. 

phosphorons  adj.  (phosphorescent;  full  of  phosphorus) 
'fesfa-ras. 

J yc,  9  cure;  5tKe,  Q  th\tv,^^aL2\ire,  dj/oy;  ^  shoe,  tl  chew; 
wwhen;  x)sing;  uwhoevet,  \tc^c\.,  xiiu\V  v^'^^ooV  \xt,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  dov^r,  eoerial,  A.^iut,  ;i*.^oot,  -^iCi^o,  ^\ie^,  ^^^<fts:\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  407 

phoiphomi  n.  (element)  'fesfd-zrss. 

phoiphnreted  adj,  [also  spelt  phosphuretted}  'fesfio-^etid. 

photooliToiiiy  n.  (coloring  fotografs;  color-fotografy)  'ioo- 
t3-ksomi,  fd'tek^d-mi. 

photograph  v,  [also  spelt  fotograf;  past  participle  and  pret- 
erit photographed,  fotograft'\  'foo-ta-gzaif. 

photographer  n.  [also  spelt  fotograf er'\  fa'tegea-fa?. 

photographio  adj.  [also  spelt  fotografici  fots'g^xfik. 

photography  n.  [also  spelt  fotograf y'i  fa'teg^s-fi. 

photogravure  n.  fDO-ta'geee-vjae,  foo-tag^a'vjo:?. 

photometer  n.  (light-measuring  device)  fa'temi-ts?. 

phraie  n.  (written  expression)  fseez. 

phraseolog^y  n.  (diction,  style)  f3ezi'el3-d3i. 

phrenetic  adj.  fsi'netik.    see  frenetic. 

phrenitio  adj.  (affected  with  phrenitis)  fsi'nitik. 

phrenitii  n.  (brain  fever)  fsi'nai-tis. 

phrenologio  adj.  (of  phrenology)  f3en9led3ik;  {less  proper- 
ly) fsinsledsik. 

phrenology  n.  (study  of  mental  faculties,  etc.)  f^i'neld-dsi. 

phthizio  n.  consumption  [also  spelt  tisic'\  'tizik. 

phthliis  n.  consumption   [also,  ,«ometimes,  spelt  tisis'\   '6ai> 
SIS,  'f9ai-sis,  'tai-sis,  'tisis,  'tii-sis,  'f9isis. 

phyle  n.  clan;  political  unit;  brigade  [ploral  phylae^  'fai-h. 

phylloxera  n.  (plant-louse)  fibk'si:-79. 

phylogeny  n.  (genesis  of  a  tribe)  fi'led3i-ni. 

phylum  n.  tribe,  race  [ploral  phyla]  'fai-lam. 

phyialite   n.    (variety   of   topaz)    'fisa-lait,    (less  properly) 
'fiz9-}ait,  'fai-S3-}ait. 

phyiio  V.  dose  with  physic,  etc.  [present  participle  physick- 
ing, past  participle  and  pi'etent  physicked,  physict}  'fizik. 

phyiician  n.  (medical  man;  doctor)  fi'ziSan. 

phyiiciit  n.   (one  verst  in  physics;  believer  in   physicism) 
'fizi-sist. 

phyiicky  adj,  (of  or  like  physic  or  drugs)  'fizi-ki. 

phyiiognomic  adj.  (of  physiognomy;  characteristic)  fizi-eg- 
'nemik,  fizi-a'nemik. 

phyiiognomist   n.    (one   skild   in  physiognomy)    fizi'egnd- 
mist,  fizi'ena-mist, 

phyiiognomy  n.   (art  of  judging  character  from   facial   or 
bodily  features;  face;  countenance)  fizi'egna-mi,  fizi'ena-mi. 

phyiiology  n.  (science  of  organic  functions)  fizi'ela-dsi. 

phyiiqne  n.  (physical  or  bodily  structure)  fi'ziik. 

phytology  n.   (botany)  fai'tela-dsi,  fi'tela-dsi. 

c:  low,  b:  f «r,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a*.  a?k,  -ax V\\.^\ 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  ptecediw^  ^o\ycv\  a."?*  V»x\sk\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  \5cl^  i^^XoHavcv^  ^-f^^S^^- 


408  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

pi  n.,  V.  in  printing^  disorderd  type  [also  spelt  pie,  pyel  pai. 
piaffe  V.  move  somewhat  as  in  trotting  [past  participle  and 

preterit  piaffed,  piqffi  pi'aef. 
pia  mater  n,   (inmost  membrane  investing  the   brain  and 

spinal  cord)  pai-d'mee-ts?. 
pianisiimo  adj.  (very  soft)  pi-d'nisi-mo. 
piaiiiit  n.  (player  on  the  piano)  pi'senist,  'pii-9-nist. 
pianiito  n.  (a  pianist,  especially  a  female  pianist)  pi-a'niist. 
piano  adj.  (soft)  pi'a:-n3. 

piano  n.  (a  soft  or  gentle  passage  or  tone)  pi'a:-iK>. 
piano  n.   (pianoforte)  pi'aenD,  pi'a:-n3. 
pianoforte  n.  (musical  instrument;  piano)  pi-dtno'io'.z-tit  pi- 

'aeno-f o:3-ti ;   pi'aeno-f o:3t ;   pi-a:-no'fo:3-ti,   pi'a:-no-fo:r-ti. 
piaiiaba  n.  -woody  fiber  [synonymous  cognates  piassava,  pia- 

cabal  pi-3'sa:-b3,  pi'aes3-b3. 
piaster  n.  Spanish  dollar;  Turkish  coin  [also  spelt  piastre} 

pi'aestazr, 
piazza  n.  (public  square;  plaza;  veranda)  pi'aezd. 
pibroch  n.   (Scotch   music)   'pii-bz:ek;    (less  properly)    'pai- 

hzek, 
pie  n.  Turkish  measure  [also  spelt  pike,  pik  and,  formerly, 

peek,  pick"]  piik,  pik. 
pica  n.  (in  all  senses)  'pai-kd. 
picador  n.  (mounted  man  who  pricks  the  bull  at  the  opening 

of  a  bull-fight)  pika'do:?. 
picareiqne  adj,  of  picaroons  or  roques  [also  spelt  pickares- 

quel  pika'resk. 
picayune   n.   (half  real;   five-cent  piece;   petty  coin)   pika- 

'juun. 
piccadill  n.  (obsolete)  border,  ruff,  collar  [also  spelt  picka- 

dill;  synonymous  cognates  peccadillo,  pickydilly^  etc.]  'pika- 

dil. 
piccaninny  n.  little  one;  child;  baby,  especially  of  any  ne- 
groid race  [also  spelt  pickaninny,  picaninny"]  'pika-nini. 
piccolo  n.  (flute)  'pika-lo. 

pice  n.  coin  of  India  [also  sfteh  pyse;  ploral  picel  pais. 
piceoni  adj.  (of  or  like  pitch;  pitch-black)  'pisi-as,  'piji-as, 

'pijas,  (rarely)  'pai-si-3s. 
pichiciago  n.  (truncate  armadillo)  pitSisi'ee-go,  pitSisi'a:-go. 
piciform  adj.  (pitch-like)  'pisi-fo:rm. 
piciform.  adj,  (formd  like  a  woodpecker)  'pai-si-fe:em,  'pisi- 

feizm, 
picine  adj.  (of  woodpeckers)  'pai-sain,  'pai-sin. 

J  yCf  ccure;  5  the,  Q  thitv-,  ^asure,  ds/oy;  I  shoe,  tl  chew; 
wwhen;  t)  s\ng\  uwVioever,  iTesitV,  \iiu\V  vi>a.iooV  -i^t,  lis^^; 
o  poetic;  oov^r,  eoerial,  xWl,  ^-.dooT,  ^i^x^o,  ^.>ae^,  ^.^%a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  409 

piokabaok  adj.  on  the  shoulders  or  back  like  a  pack  [syn> 
enymous  cognates  pickback,  pickapack,  pickpack,  pighack, 
piggyback'^  'piks-bsek. 

piokase  n.  toll  [also  spelt  piccage}  'pikids. 

piokax  n.  tool  [also  spelt  pickaxe;  ploral  pickaxesi  'pik-xks. 

pioked  adj.  (pointed,  peaked;  prickly)  'pikid. 

picked  adj.  selected;  choice  [also  spelt  picktl  pikt. 

pickerel  n.  (young  pike,  etc.)  'pika-ral,  'pik^sl. 

picnic  n.  party,  etc  [also  spelt  pic-nic  and,  formerly;  pick- 
nick,  pique-nique}  'pik-nik,  'pikNik. 

picnic  V*  [present  participle  picnicking^  past  participle  and 
preterit  picnicked,  picnict}  'pik-nik. 

picnicker  n.  'pik-niks?. 

picra  n.  (bitter  cathartic)  'piksa,  'pai-k^a. 

picric  adj.  (carbazotic)  'piksik,  {rarely)  'pai-k^ik. 

picture  n.  (painting,  portrait,  etc.)  'pikt$9z:,  'pikt^sz:. 

pictnreiqne  adj.  (picture-like)  piktjd'^esk,  pikt^d'resk. 

picnl  n.  oriental  measure  [also  spelt  picol,  pekul,  pikul} 
'pi-kxl,  'pikAl. 

pie  n.  pastry  dish  [also,  formerly,  spelt  pyel  pai. 

pie  n,  set  of  rules;  index  [also  spelt  pye}  pai. 

pie  n.  coin  of  India  [also  spelt  pai,  pi;  ploral  pie,  piesi  pai. 

piebald  adj.  (having  patches  of  different  colors;  parti-col- 
ord)  'pai-bc:ld. 

piece  n.  (portion;  fragment;  thing)  piis. 

pied  adj.  (parti-colord)  paid. 

piepo'wder  n.  wayfarer  [also  spelt  piepoudre^  'pai-pao-dd?. 

pier  n.  (support  of  a  bridge  or  arch;  mole;  jetty)  pi:?. 

pierce  v,  (thrust  thru;  penetrate)  pi:zs. 

pieroins  n,,  adj.  'pi:2r-sii}. 

piet  n.  magpie;  water-ouzel  [also  spelt  pyct,  pyoO  'pai-at. 

Pieiisni.  n.  (principles  of  the  German  Pietists)  'pai-i-tizdm. 

pietiit  n.  (pious  person)  'pai-i-tist. 

piety  n.  (quality  of  being  pious)  'pai-i-ti. 

pigeon  n.  dove  [also,  formerly,  spelt  pidgeoni  'pidsan. 

pigeon-Englisk  n.  lingua  franca  of  ports  of  the  Far  East 
[synonymous  cognate  pidgin-EnglishI  pidsan'iqghj,  (assump- 
iivly)  'pid33n-ir)ghS. 

pisgy  n.  little  pig  [also  spelt  piggiel  'pigi. 

pigheaded  adj.  obstinate,  stupid,  perverse  [also  spelt  pig- 
heded]  pigTiedid,  (assumptivly)  'pig-hedid. 

piked  adj.  (having  a  pike;  sharp-pointed)  'pai-kid,  paikt. 

pilaiter  n.  (rectangular  pillar;  anta)  pilxsts?. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  x  cat,  o  hot,  ©i  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  ncou,  ^\  a-^V.,  ^-vVaXs-n 
\Bngth-mark  (:)   indicates  that  t\ie  pteee^itv?^  ^<i>\xv\  a.%  "^^'^*"» 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  ^iiit  i^Vvo^vcv^  ^^a^-^w^^. 


410  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

pilau  n.  oriental  dish  [also  spelt  pillau,  pilaw,  pillow,  pelaiw; 

synonymous  cognates  pilao,  pilaff}  pile: ,  piloo,  pilao. 
pileate  adj.  (capt;  crested)  'pili-et,  'pai-)i-9t. 
pilgarlic  n.  (poor  creature;  wretch)  pirga:z-4ik. 
pilg^mase  n.  (journey  of  a  pilgrim)  'pilgzi-mids. 
pilgrimize  v.  play  the  pilgrim  [also  spelt  pilgrimisel  'pitgn- 

maiz. 
pillar  n.  (column)  'pildz. 

pillo'w  n.  (head-rest;  cushion)  'pdo;  {vulgarly)  'pild. 
piloie    adj.    (hairy)    pailoos,    {assumptivly)    'pai-los;    (also, 

rarely)  piloos. 
pilui  n.  hair-like  body  [ploral  pilil  'pai-Jss. 
pimento  n.  dried  berries;  tree  [synonymous  cognate  pitnen- 

tal  pi'mento. 
pinacoid  adj.  slab-like  [also  spelt  pinakoid}  'pins-keid. 
pinaootheoa  n.  (pinacothek)  pinskd'Oii-ks. 
pinacothek  n.  art  museum  [also  spelt  pinacotheckl  'pind- 

kd-Oek. 
pinafore  n.  (child's  apron)  'pind-foz. 
pinaster  n.  (cluster-pine)  pi'nxstsz,  pai'naestdr. 
pinaz   n.   tablet;    register;   catalog;   platter   [ploral   pinaces, 

pinakesl  'pi-naeks,  'pinaeks,  'pai-nxks. 
pince-nes  n.  (eyeglasses)  'p£i]s-ne. 
pincers  n.  nippers  [dialectal  synonymous  substitute  pinchers} 

'pinsa^z. 
pinch  V.  nip,  squeeze  [past  participle  and  preterit  pinched, 

pincht}  pints,  (also,  in  Britain,  often)  pinj. 
pinchbeck  n.  (alloy)  'pintj-bek. 
pinchers  n.  'pint^drz.     same  meaning  as  pincers, 
Pindaric  adj.  (of  Pindar)  pin'daezik. 
pineal    adj.    (shaped   like    a    pine-cone)    'pai-ni-dl,    'pini-si, 

(rarely)  pai'nii-3l. 
pinic  adj.  (of  pine)  'pai-nik. 

pinioned  adj.  winged  [also  spelt  piniondl  'pinjvind. 
pinite  n.  (saccharin  substance  from  pine-tree  sap)  'pi-nait, 

'pai-nait. 
pinnacle  n.  (turret)  ^pins-ksl. 

pinnatifid  adj.  pinnately  cleft  at  least  half-way  to  the  mid- 
dle;  pinnisected   [synonymous  cognate  pennatifid}   pi'naeti- 

fid,  (rarely)  'pinati-fid. 
pinnatipartite  adj.  pi-neti'paz-tait,  pi-naeti'pa?-tait. 
pinocle  n.  'pina-kal.     same  meaning  as  penuckle. 
pinon  n.  (nut-pine)  'pinjan,  pi'njei]. 

}  yc,   gcure;  5  the,  0  tkiiv,  ^aisute,  ^-sio^*,  ^sKoe,  tjr/iew; 
wwhen;  r)  sing;  uwVioevet,  itcacV,  viiuW,  vk>\\ooV -lVx,  \\%.ee% 
o poetic;  a  ov^r,  e  aerial,  xbut,  o\^oot,  ^^txo,  ^\ic^,  ^^^a\sL\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  411 

piny  adj,  of  pine  [also  spelt  piney}  'pai-ni. 

pipa  n.  (toad)  'pai-ps,  pi'pa: . 

pipage  n.  [also,  formerly,  spelt  pipeage}  'pai-pids. 

pipiitrel  n.  bat  [also  spelt  pipistrelWi  pipi'stset 

piqnanoy  n.  (appetizing  flavor;  tartness;  quality  of  being 
piquant)  'pii-kan-si,  'pikan-si. 

piquant  adj,  (sharp;  keen;  lively)  'pii-kdnt,  'piksnt,  'pii- 
kant,  'pii-kaent,  'pi-kant,  'pi-kaent,  piTcaent,  'pii-kcnt,  'pii- 
keq. 

piquante  adj,  (piquant :  used  especially  as  a  f eminin ;  live- 
ly; taking)  pi'kamt. 

pique  n.  (ill-feeling;  offense  taken)  piik. 

piquet  n.  (card-game)  pi'ket,  'pikit,  {rarely)  piTcee. 

piqn^-'work  n.  decorativ  needlework;  tortoise-shell  work 
[also  spelt  piquet-work,  picqui-work^  pi'kee-WB:z:k. 

piracy  n.  (robbery  at  sea,  etc.)  'pai-zra-si. 

pirag^ua  n.  canoe  [synonymous  cognates  periagua,  pirogue"} 
pi'raegwa. 

pixatical  adj.  (pirate-like;  pirated)  pai'zrxti-kdl. 

pirl  V,  twist,  wind,  spin,  purl;  revolv;  curl,  ripple  [past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  pirled,  pirld}  pBizh     compare  purlj 

pirouette  n.  (whirling  toe-dance)  piru'et. 

pirr  n.  tern,  pirr-mau;  black-heded  gull  [also  spelt  pirre, 
purrel  pBiz.    compare  purr^ 

piscatory  adj,  (of  fishers  or  fishing)  'piskd-to^i. 

pisciculture  n.  (fish-culture)  'pisi-kAltSa?. 

piscina  n.  fishpond  [plural  piscinae,  piscinas]  pi'sii-ns,  pi- 
'sai-na. 

piscine  n.  pool,  pond  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  piscin]  'pisin, 
pi'siin. 

piscine  adj,  (of  fish)  'pi-sain,  'pisin. 

pismire  n.  (ant)  'pis-mai?,  'piz-mai?. 

pistacliio  n.  (nut;  tree;  color)  pis'ta:-So,  pi'star-Jo;  pis'ta:- 
Si-o,  pis'tee-Si-o,  pis'tee-Jo,  pis'taejo,  pis'taeSi-o. 

pistil  n.  (seed-bearing  organ)  'pistil. 

pistol  V,  shoot  with  a  pistol  [present  participle  pistoling,  pis- 
tolling', past  participle  and  preterit  pistoled,  pistolled,  pis- 
told]  'pistl,  'pistal. 

pistol  n.  (firearm)  'pistl,  'pistal. 

pistole  n.  (Spanish  gold  coin)  pi'stool. 

pistoleer  n.  one  who  uses  a  pistol  [former  synonymous  cog- 
nate pistolier]  pistali:?. 

piston  n.  (plunger)  'pistn,  'pistan. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  note;,  a:  ask,  ai  k«te ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  ptectd\T\^  ^Q.>a?cv\  ^s.  "^^"^^N 
stress-marir  C)  indicates  chief  stress  oti  ^Dcit  i^>\ci^vcv%»  ^>jvc^vfc. 


412  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

pitapat  adv.  patteringly;   flutteringly ;  with  light  step  [also 

spelt  pit-a-pat;  synonymous  cognates  pitpat,  pittypat,  pitty- 

pattyl  'pit3-paet. 
piteoni  adj.  (full  of  pity)  'piti-ss. 
pith  n.  (spongy  tissue;  marrow;  essence;  vigor)  piO. 
pithecoid  adj.  (ape-like,  simian)  pi'Oii-koid,  'piOi-keid. 
pitiable  adj.  (exciting  pity;  pityful)  'piti-a-bal. 
pitiful  adj.  (full  of  pity;  pitiable)  'piti-fal. 
pitileii  adj.  (without  pity;  merciless)  'piti-Jds. 
pittance   n.    (pious   donation;    dole;    small   amount)    ^pitns, 

'pitans, 
pitticite  n,  pit-chy  iron-ore   [synonymous  cognate  pittisite] 

'piti-sait. 
pituita  n.  (phlegm;  mucus)  pitgu'ai-td. 
pituitary  adj.  (of  pituita;   mucous)   pi'tgou-i-tC3i,  'pitgu-i- 

tczri. 
pixy  n.  fairy  [also  spelt  pixie;  ploral  pixiesi  'piksi. 
pizzicato  adj.  (pluckt)  pitsi'ka:-t3. 
placable  adj.  (appeasable)  'p^ee-kd-bdl,  'pz^ks-bdh 
placard  n.    (notice,   bill,   poster)    'pz^-ka^d,  'pz^kd^d;   pz^ 

'karzrd,  ptae'kaird. 
placard  v.  (set  up  placards  on  or  in ;  post  as  a  placard)  'pLse- 

ka^d,  'ptaeka^d;  pta'kaizrd,  ptae'karrd. 
placate  v.  (pacify)  'ptee-ket,  'ptaeket;  pta'keet. 
placatory  adj.  (propitiatory)  'ptee-ka-tozi,  'pi-aeka-tozri. 
placcate  n.  (armor)  'ptae-kct,  'pz-aeket. 

place  n.  (space;  locality;  residence)  ptees.  | 

placeable  adj.  (capable  of  being  placed)  'pz^ee-sd-bsl. 
placebo    n.   pacifying    medicin    [plural    placebos,    placeboes} 

pz.3'sii-bD. 
placoid  adj.  (plate-like)  'ptae-koid. 
plagiarisiu  n.  (literary  theft,  etc.)  'ptee-dsi-a-rizam,  'ptee- 

d33-?iz3m ;  (less  properly)  'ptaedsi-a-rizam. 
plagiarist    n.    (one    guilty    of    plagiarism)    'pz-ee-dsi-a-zrist, 

'pLee-d33-rist. 
plagiarize  v.   [also  spelt  plagiarise}   'pz-ee-dsi-a-^aiz,  'ptce- 

d33-7aiz. 
plagiary  n.    (formerly,   kidnapper;    now,   plagiarist;    plagia- 
rism) 'pz-ee-dsi-e^i,  'ptee-dsa-^i. 
plag^ne  n.    (affliction,   scourge,   pestilence)    pteeg. 
plag^nily  adv.  (in  a  plaguy  manner)  'pz.ee-gi-h. 
plaguy  adj.  pestiferous;  that  is  a  plague;   vexatious    [also, 

formerly,  spelt  plaguey}  'pz-ee-gi,  (often)  'ptegi. 

j  yCf   ccure;   5  tfie,  6(fiin;   sa^ure,  ds/oy;    I  shoe,   tjcliew; 
wwhen;  t]sing;  u  whoever,  itcslcX.,  xiiuW,  \i>\\oo\,  ^\t,  lis^^, 
o poetic;  3  ov^r,  e  aerial,  ^but,  o*.  ^oot,  ^qt^o,  ^.\ic^,  ^^%a\&\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  413 


plaice  n.  flatfish  [also,  fermerly,  spelt  plaise}  pLees. 

plaid  n.  (garment;  fabric)  pLxd,  pLeed. 

plaided  adj.  (drest  in  a  plaid;  made  of  plaid)  'ptaedid,  'ptee- 

did. 
plain  n.  (tract  of  flat  land;  level  country  region;  prairie) 

pLeen. 
plain   adj.    (flat,   level,    smooth,   even;    open;    easy;    frank; 

clear,  manifest;  simple)  pLeen. 
plainness  n.  (evenness;  candor;   clearness)  'pteen-nis. 
plaintiff  n.   (person  who  begins  a  suit :    correlativ  of  de- 
fendant 'pi.een-tif. 
plaintive  adj.  mournful  [also  spelt  plaintivl  'pteen-tiv. 
plait  V,  (fold  flat ;  gather  in  pleats ;  pleat)  pteet,  pii-iit ;  (braid 

or  intertwine  so  as  to  form  a  plait,  band  or   rope;   plat) 

piLeet,  pLset. 
plait   n.    (fold  of   cloth;   pleat)    pteet,   ptiit;    (fold,   crease, 

wrinkle,  sinuosity  in  a  natural  structure;  quirk,  trick)  pz^eet; 

(contexture  of  interlaced  strands;  braid,  cord,  plat)  pteet, 

ptaet. 
planar  adj.  (of  a  plane;  flat)  'pi:.ee-n9?. 
planchet  n.  (coin-blank)  'pi:.xnt$it. 
planchette  n.  (board  for  automatic  writing)  pz^n'Set,  pteq- 

'$et. 
plane  n.  (smoothing-tool)  pteen. 
plane  n.  (flat,  even,  or  level  surface)  pteen. 
planeshear  n.  covering-board   [synonymous  cognate   plank- 

sheerl  'pteen-Si:r. 
planish  v.  level;  flatten;  polish  [past  participle  and  preterit 

planished,  planishtl  'ptaeniS. 
planoTblast  n.   (wandering  germ;   free-swimming  hydrozoan 

bud)  'ptaena-bfa:st,  'pi:.ee-n3-bla:st. 
plant  n.  (tree,  herb,  vegetal  organism;  fixtures,  machinery, 

etc.)  pLa:nt,  pi-aent. 
plantain   n.    (herb   of   the   genus    Plantago,   etc.)    'ptaentin, 

'ptaen-ten. 
plantain  n.   plane-tree,   platan,   plane    [former   synonymous 

cognate  platani  'ptaentin,  'ptaen-ten. 
plantar  adj.  (of  the  sole  of  the  foot)  'ptaentar. 
plaqne  n.    (ornamental   plate;    eruption;   blood-plate)    pLa:k, 

pta:k,  pz.aek. 
plasma  n.  (shape;  quartz;  liquid;  plasm)  'ptaezma,  'pLsesMs. 
plaster  v,  overlay;  bedaub  [past  participle  and  preterit  plas- 
tered, plasterdi  'pLa:-st3?. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  ©  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceditv^  ^omxv^  \^  VkTk."st\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  tVi^  i^Wo^vci^j,  «^^^a5c^&» 


414  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

■  — m 

plaatio    adj,    (capable    of    being    molded;     formativ,    etc) 

'pz.ae8tik. 
plat  n.  flat  part;  foot-bridge;  flat  country  [also,  formerly, 

spelt  platt}  pLaet. 
plat  n.  (plot)  pLxt. 
plat  n.  (a  contexture  of  interlaced  straw,  hair,  etc.;  braid; 

plait)  pLSt. 
plat  V,  (intertwine,  plait)  pz^t. 
platan  n.  oriental  plane-tree  [synonymous  cognate  platane] 

'pLStsn. 
plate  n.   (flat  sheet  of  metal;   shallow  dish;  silver  or  gold 

ware)  pz.eet. 
plate  v»  (overlay  or  coat  with  metal)  pteet. 
plateau  n.  table-land;   tray  for  the  table   [ploral  plateaux, 

plateaus!  pta'too,  ptae'too. 
plateaux  n.  (ploral  of  plateau)  pz^s'tDoz. 
platen   n.   impression-plate   of   a   printing-press    [also   spelt 

platten;     synonymous     cognates     platin,     plattin\      'pz^tn,    < 

'ptaetan. 
platina  n.  archaic  (platinum)  'pi:.aetn-3,  'pz^aeti-ns,  pz^s'tii-nd. 
platinize  v,  [also  spelt  platinisel  'pz^tn-aiz. 
platinotype  n.  (fotografy  in  platinum-black)  'pz^tn-9-taip. 
platinnm  n.  (metal)  'pLsetn-sm,  'pLXti-ndm,  (rarely)  pz^'tii- 

nam. 
Platonist  n.  (follower  of  Plato)  'ptee-ta-nist ;  (less  properly) 

'pz.aet3-nist. 
platyrliine    adj.    broad-nosed    [also    spelt    platyrrhine   and, 

sometimes,  platyrhin}  'ptaeti-^in,  'ptaeti-^ain. 
plansible    adj.    formerly,    praiseworthy;    now,    fair-seeming, 

specious)  'pi:.c:-z3-bal. 
plansive  adj.  applausiv  [also  spelt  plausivl  'ptc:-siv,  'pi.c:- 

ziv. 
play   V.    exercise,   etc    [past   participle    and   preterit   played, 

playd"]  ptee,  (when  unstrest)  pte. 
plaza  n.   (market-place,  square)  'pLa:-z3,  'pi.a:-z3. 
pleasance  n.  pleasure,  joy;  pleasantry;  pleasure-ground  [al- 
so, sometimes,  spelt  plaisance,  plesance"]  'ptezons,  'pLii-zsns, 

pLe'zeqs. 
pleasant     adj.     pleasing,     agreeable     [also     spelt     plesantl 

'ptezant,  'pLeznt. 
pleasantry  n.   fun;  jest  [also  spelt  plesantry;  plural  pleas- 
antries'! 'ptezan-tEi,  'pLezn-tji. 
please  v,  (gratify;  be  pleased)  pz.iiz,   (when  unstrest)   piAz. 

J  y^t  ccure;  5  the,  Q(fiin;  5  arure,  ds/oy;  I  shot,  t^  chew, 
wwhen;  13  sin^;  u whoever,  iTea,c\.,  vi\u\\,  v»>\iool,  \it,  lis^^; 
o  poetic;  3  ov^r,  e  oerial,  xWt,  ;i*.^oot,  ^aouo,  ^\iee^,  ^^^cxv. 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  415 

pleasure    n.    enjoyment,    gratification    [also    spelt    plesurel 

'pz.e33?;  (dialectally)  'pLee-33?. 
pleat  V,  (fold  into  pleats;  plait)  pLiit. 
plebeian  n.   (one  of  the  plebs;   commoner)   pLi'bii-sn,  pLi- 

'bii-3n,  pti'bii-jan. 
plebeianize  v.  make  plebeian;  vulgarize  [also  spelt  plebei- 

anisel  pti'bii-a-naiz. 
plebiscite  n.  plebiscitum;  direct  vote  of  all  the  electors  [also, 

sometimes,  spelt  plebicit']  'ptebi-sait,  'ptebi-sit,  'ptebi-sit; 

(improperly)  pi-i'bisit. 
pledge  V.  (pawn;  bind;  assure  the  performance  of)   pteds. 
pledgeable  adj.  'pLedss-bs}. 
pledgee  n.  (one  with  whom  a  pledge  is  deposited;  pawnee) 

pLcds'ii,  pte'dsii. 
pledger  n.   (one  who  deposits  a  pledge,  pawner;   one  who 

pledges  himself)  'ptedsa?. 
pledgor  n.  in  law,  correlativ  of  pledgee  [also  spelt  pledgeor'i 

pz-eds'e:?. 
pleiad  w.   (brilliant  cluster  of  persons  or  things)   'pz.ai-aed, 

'ptai-3d. 
plein-air  adj,  open-air :    said  of  schools   of  painting,   etc. 

[also  spelt  plain-airl  'pi:.een-e:?. 
Pleistocene  adj.  (Newer  Pliocene;  Post-Pliocene)  'pi:.ai-st3- 

sin. 
plenary  n,  (complete)  'pi^ii-n^-zi ;  (less  properly)  'ptena-^i. 
plenipotentiary  adj.   (invested  with   full  power;  absolute) 

ptenipa'tenSa-zi,  pi-enipo'tenSi-eri,  ptenipa'tcnSi-a-?!. 
plenitnde  n.  (fulness)  'pi:.eni-tcud. 
plenteous  adj.  (plentiful,  copious;  fertil)  'ptenti-ds. 
pleonasm  n.  (redundancy)  'pLii-s-nsezdm. 
plethora  n.  (over-fulness,  etc.)  'pteGa-za,  pi.i'Qo:-z9. 
plethoric   adj.    (of  full   habit   of  body;   swollen)   pLi'Oe^ik, 

'pteOa-jik. 
pleurisy  n.  (inflammation  of  the  pleura)  'pto:-?i-si. 
plicate  adj,  (folded,  pleated)  'pi:.ai-ket. 
plicate  V.  (fold,  pleat)  'ptai-ket,  pti'keet. 
pliers  n.  pi,  (pincers)  'ptai-a^z. 
plight  n.  (pledge,  engagement)  ptait. 
plight  n.  (condition,  state)  pLait. 
Pliocene  adj»  Upper  Tertiary  [also  spelt  Pleiocenel  'p^ai-a- 

sin. 
plot   n.   piece   of   ground;    plan,    map,    scheme    [synonymous 

cognate  platl  ptet. 

c:  law,  b:  fwr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite; 
length-marlf  (:)   indicates  that  the  ptece^itv^  ^ciwxv^  a%  Vjrok.V'. 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  Wve  i^Wo^va%  ^-"f^a^;^^^ 


I 


416  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

plover  n.  (bird)  'ptAvar;  (erroneously)  'ptoo-var. 

ploxr  n.,v.   [also  spelt  plough;  as  verb,  past  participle  and 
preterit  plowed,  plowd\  pz.ao. 

ploiTman  n.  [also  spelt  ploughman;  ploral  plowmenl  'pLQo- 
man. 

ploxrshare  n.   [also  spelt  ploughshare^  'pLao-Se:?- 

plnm  n.  (fruit;  tree)  pLAm. 

plnmage  n.  (feathers  collectivly)  'pLou-mids. 

plumb   n.   ball    of   led;    plummet;    the   vertical    [also   spelt 
pluml  pLAm. 

plumb  adj,  vertical;  downright   [also  spelt  plum"}  pz^Am. 

plumb  adv.  vertically;  exactly;  quite  [also  spelt  plumj  pujn. 

plumber  n.  (artizan  who  works  in  led,  etc.)  'pLAmssr. 

plumose  adj,  (featherd)  pLu'moos,  (assumptivly)   'pz.ou-mos. 

plumule   n.    (rudimentary   shoot;   little   feather;    plume-like 
part)  'pz.ou-mjul. 

pluperfect  adj,  completed  prior  to  some  past  time  [synony- 
mous cognate  plusperfectl  'ptou-pozfikt,  ptu'pB?fikt. 

plnralixe  v.  make  plural;  become  plural  [also  spelt  pluraiise] 
'pLo:-r3-laiz. 

plutocracy  n.  rule  of  wealth   [also  spelt  ploutocracyl  pLQ- 
'tek33-si. 

pneumatic  n.  (of,  or  acting  by  means  of,  wind  or  air;  of 
gases)  nju'matik. 

pnenmatize  v.  pass  air  thru;  render  pneumatic   [also  spelt 
pneumatisel   'njou-ma-taiz,    (rarely)   'pNJou-ma-taiz. 

pneumonia   n.    (inflammation   of   the   lungs)    nju'moo-ni-s, 
njo'moo-nja. 

podagra  n,  (gout)  'pedd-g??,  po'daeg^s. 

podag^c  adj.  (of  podagra;  gouty)  po'daeg^ik. 

poe-bird  n.  parson-bird,  tui  [also  spelt  poe-birdi  'poo-i-bsr^d. 

poem  n,  (work  in  verse)  'poo-im;  (improperly)  'poo-am,  paom. 

poesy  n.   (poetry;  poet's  art)  'poo-i-si;    (less  properly)   'poo- 
i-zi. 

poet  n.  (writer  of  poems)  'poo-it;  (improperly)  'pDo-at,  poot 

poetaster  n.  (rimester)  'poo-i-tasta^,  po-i'taestaz. 

poetess  n.  (female  poet)  'poo-i-tis. 

poetic  adj.  (of  or  like  poetry)  po'etik. 

poetize  v.  [also  spelt  poetise'^  'poo-i-taiz. 

poetry  n.  (art  or  work  of  a  poet;  verse)  'poo-i-tji;  (improp- 
erly) 'poo-a-tji,  'poo-tji. 

pogge  n.  (fish)  peg. 

poignancy  n.   (quality  of  being  poignant)   'pei-nan-si. 

j  ye,   ccure;  "^Xh^y  QtKrn;  -s^satc^,  ^"SW;  ^shoe,   tj  cAew; 
wwhtn:  nsina;  uv/Vioevet,  Vte^LCt,  vi\u\\,  vi>\\ooV  ^Vx,  <x^t,.\ 
opoc^ci  oov^r,  eaena\,  kWX.,  ^'.^oot,  ^^.tvo,  ^\.e$.,  ^^^^^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  417 

poisiuuLt  adj,  (piercing,  keen,  sharp,  pungent,  piquant)  'pei- 

nsnt;  {improperly)  'piuei-nant,  'pei-njant. 
poison  V,  administer  poison  to;  corrupt  [past  participle  and 

preterit  poisoned,  poisondl  'pei-zan,  'pei-zn. 
polaore  n.   vessel   [synonymous  cognate  polaccal   pslar-kd?. 
polarixatioiL  n.  [also  spelt  polarisation\  poldzi'zee-^dn,  pold- 

rai'zee-San. 
polarize  v.  cause  to  exhibit  polar  or  axial  differences;  give 

polarity  to  [also  spelt  polarise'^  'poo-la-raiz. 
poldavy  n.  sailcloth  [synonymous  cognate  poldavisl  pol'dee- 

VI. 

poleaz  n.  battle-ax;  halbert;  butcher's  ax  [also  spelt  pole-ax, 
poleaxe,  pole-axe,  pollax;   plural   poleaxesl   'pool-aeks. 

police  n.  (public  order;  police  force)  pa'his,  po'his;  (vul- 
garly) 'poo-lis. 

polish  v.,  n.  (shine,  gloss)  'peh$. 

Polish  adj.  (of  Poland)  'poo-hS. 

polished  adj.  [also  spelt  polisM  'pehSt. 

politician  n.  (one  skild  in  politics)  peh'tiSsn. 

politicise  V.  act  the  politician;  render  political  [also  spelt 
politicise'^  pa'hti-saiz. 

poll  n.  (head,  vote,  etc.)  pool. 

poll  V.  crop;  pollard;  bring  to  the  poll  as  voters;  vote  at  a 
poll  [past  participle  and  preterit  polled,  poldl  pool. 

pollack  n.  fish  [also  spelt  pollockl  'pel^k. 

poUan  n.  (fish)  'pebn. 

pollen  n.  (flower-dust)  'pelsn. 

pollixvog  n.  tadpole  [also  spelt  pollywog;  synonymous  cog- 
nates polliwig,  pollywigl  'poh-wog. 

polonaise  n.  (garment;  dance)  peld'neez,  pol9'neez. 

polverin  n.  ashes  [also  spelt  polverinel  'polva-^in. 

polygamic  adj.  (of  polygamy;  polygamous)  pefi'gaemik. 

polygamy  n.  (marriage  with  several  at  once)  po'liga-mi. 

polyglot  adj.  speaking  several  languages;  of  or  in  many  lan- 
guages [also  spelt  polyglotti  'peh-glet. 

polygon  n.  (many-angled  figure)  'poh-gen,  'peh-gan. 

polyhedron  n.  many-sided  solid  [synonymous  cognate  poly- 
edron;  ploral  polyhedra,  polyhedronsi  poh'hii-dran,  poh- 
'hedran. 

Polynesian  adj.  (of  Polynesia)  poh'nii-San,  poh'nii-san; 
peh'nii-Si-an,  poh'nii-si-an,  poli'nii-si-on. 

polyp  n.  many-footed  animal;  hydra;  polypide;  isopod  [also 
spelt  polype"]  'pohp. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  ©i  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (;)   indicates  that  the  pteced\T\?>  ?,o\\xv^  \%  \wv5l\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\ie  1q>\q^v^%  «f\";^^^ 


418  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

polypliony  n.    (multiplicity  of  sounds;   counterpoiiit;  poly- 

fonic  writing)  pslifs-ni,  'peh-foni. 
polyphyllons    adj.   (many-leaft)    peli'fitss;    (less  properly) 

pdlifd-las. 
polypidnm  n.  (supporting-structure  of  a  polyp-colony;  poly- 

pary)  pa'hpi-dam,  'pehpi-dam. 
polypier  n.  (polypary)  'peh-pi:?. 
polypody  n.  (fern)  'peh-podi,  'peh-pedi. 
polyporons  adj.  (having  many  pores)  pslips-rds. 
polypus  n.  (cuttle-fish;  polyp;  tumor)  'pe!i-p9s. 
polysyllabic  adj,  (of  many  syllables;  characterized  by  poly- 
syllables) peh-silaebik,  pehsi'laebik. 
polysyllable  n.  (word  of  many  syllables)  peh'sitd-bd!,  'peli- 

sild-bdl. 
polytheism  n.   (belief  in  many  gods)   'peh-6i-iz9m,  'peliOi- 

izdm. 
pomace  n.  crusht  apples;  pulp;  fish-scrap;  cake  [also  spelt 

pomice,  pommice,  pummice,  pummace}  'pAmis;  (improperly) 

'pemis. 
pomade  n.  (scented  ointment;  pomatum)  ps'meed,  po'meed, 

po'mard,  pe'ma:d. 
pomatum  n.  (pomade)  ps'mee-tdm. 
pomegranate    n.     (tree)    'pem-g^aenit,    pem'g?aenit,     'pAm- 

g^aenit,  pAm'gzaenit. 
pomelo   n.   grapefruit   [synonymous  cognates   pomello,  pom- 

melo,  pomolo,  putnelo,  pummelo'i  'pemi-lo,  'pAmi-lo. 
pommel    n.    knob,    ball;    saddle-bow    [also    spelt    pummel] 

'pAmal. 
pommel  v,  beat;  bruise  [also  spelt  pummel;  present  parti- 
ciple pommeling,  pommelling;  past  participle   and  preterit 

pommeled,  pommelled,  pommeldl  'pAmal. 
pomLmielled  adj.  having  a  pommel  of  a  specified  tincture : 

said   of   a   sword    [also    spelt  pomelled,   pommeld,   pomeld] 

'pAmald. 
pompadour  n.   (mode  of  hair-dressing;   color;    fabric;   pat- 
tern; bird)  'pemp3-do?,  'pempai-do^. 
pomipaiio  n.  fish   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  pomponol  'pemps- 

no,  pem'pa:-no. 
Pompeian  adj,   (of  Pompeii)  pem'pii-an,  pem'pii-jan,  pem- 

'pee-an. 
pomipelmLOOse    n.    shaddock    [synonymous    cognate    pampel- 

mousel  'pempal-mus. 
pomLpion.  n.  pumpkin  [also  spelt  pumpionl  'pAmpi-an. 

j  .re,  g  cure ;  5  the,  8  *ftin ;  3  axrure.  ds  /oy ;  5  shoe,  tS  chey/ ; 
wwhen;  rising;  u whoever,  VtcacI,  wiuW.,  'o>\ioo\,  \\i,  \\%ee\ 
o  poetic,  3  over,  eoeriaV  xWt,  ti-.^oot,  -ao^o,  ^\ie\,  ^.^^yj^^N 


P 

P 

P 

I 
I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  419 

pomposity  n.  (pompous  conduct;  ostentation)  pem'pesi-ti. 
pompons  adj,  (full  of  pomp;  lofty;  boastful)  'pemp^s. 
poiLcho  n.  (cloak)  'pent^o,  'penlo. 
ponderous  adj,  (heavy;  clumsy;  dull)  'pends-rss,   (rapidly) 

'pendrss. 
pone  n.  (in  /aw,  writ)  'poo-ni. 
pone  n.  (in  vingt-et-un,  the  player  to  the  left  of  the  dealer; 

eldest  hand)  'poo-ni. 
pone  n.  (cornbread)  poon. 
pongee  n.  (silk)  pen'dsii,  {assumptivly)  'pendsi;  {also)  pxn- 

'dsii. 

poniard  n.  (dagger)  'penjd^d. 

pontifez  n.  high  priest;  pontiff;  pope;  bridge-builder  [plor- 
al  pontificesl  'penti-feks. 

pontiff  n.  (chief  priest,  high  priest;  bishop;  pope)  'pentif. 

pontifical  adj.  (of  a  pontiff;  high-priestly)  pen'tifi-ksl. 

pontifioes  n.  (plural  of  pontifex)  pen'tifi-siz. 

pontoon  n.  (flat-bottomd  boat)  pen'toun,  (assumptivly)  'pen- 
tun. 

pony  n,  small  horse  [also  spelt  poney;  plural  ponies,  poneysl 
'poo-ni. 

pooh  interj.  expressing  impatience,  disdain,  disregard  [for- 
mer synonymous  cognates  pugh,  puh\  pou,  {sometimes)  po. 

pooh-pooh  V.  (express  disdain  for;  make  light  of)  pu'pou. 

pook  n.  puk.    same  meaning  as  puck} 

poor  adj,  (destitute,  needy;  bad)  po:?,  {when  less  strest)  poz; 
{also)  pu3. 

poorhonse  n.  'pu:?-hGus,  'po:?-aus. 

pope-joan  n.  card-game  [also  spelt  pope-Joan,  Pope  Joan"] 
poop'dsoon. 

popinjay  n.  (parrot ;  woodpecker)  'pepin-dsee. 

poplar  n.  (tree)  'peptae. 

poplin  n.  (fabric)  'pepi-in. 

popliteal  adj.  (of  the  ham  or  hollow  at  the  back  of  the  knee) 
pe'pi:.iti-3l,  pepti'tii-af. 

poppy  n.  plant;  flower  [plural  poppies!  'pepi. 

popnlaoe  n.  (the  common  people;  the  multitude)  'pep?o-les, 
'pepgo-hs. 

popnlarization  n.  [also  spelt  popularisationi  pepgo-lsri'zee- 
San,  pepQula-^ai'zee-San. 

popularize  v.  make  popular  [also  spelt  popularise"!  'pepQo- 
l3-?aiz. 

porcelain  n.  (fine  earthenware;  china;  piece  of  china-ware) 

c:  \aw,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  au  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  ptece^iiv?,  ?»ci\rcv\  -«.  \«^%% 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  \Ji^  i^k^Xo'vvcv^,  ^s'^-aJ^^- 


420  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

'pe:2s-lin,     'pe:?-sLin;     'po:rs-hn,     'po:?-si-in;      'p3:r-sx4en, 
'pe:rs-len,  'pe:?-si-hn,  'po:?-si-lon,  'pe:?-si-len. 

poroelainize  v,  convert  into  porcelain  [also  spelt  porcelaUt- 
ise,  porcellanise}  'poizs-h-naiz,  'po:rs-li-naiz, 

poroellaiLeons  adj.  of  the  nature  of  or  like  porcelain  [syn- 
enymous  cognates  porcellanous,  porcelanousi  pessilee-ni-ds, 
po?si'Jee-ni-3S. 

porcellanio  adj.  like  porcelain  [also  spelt  porcelanici  pessi- 
'laenik,  po^si'laenik. 

porcellanite  n.  porcelain  jasper  [also  spelt  parceloHtte] 
'pe:?-sih-nait,  por'seli-nait. 

porcellanous  adj,  'pe:7-si-}en9s,  p3z'seh-n9s.  same  mean- 
ing as  porcellaneous. 

porcine  adj.  (of  swine)  'per^-sain,  'pe:2-sin,  'poiz-sBin, 

pore  V,  (gaze;  ponder)  po:z. 

pore  n.  (hole,  orifis)  poiz. 

porgy  n.  fish  [also  spelt  porgee,  porghee  and,  fermerly,  por- 
gie;  synonymous  cognates  paugic,  paughie;  ploral  porgies] 
'pe:?-gi. 

porose  adj.  (full  of  pores;  porous)  po'^oos,  (assumptivly) 
'po:-ros. 

porous  adj.  (full  of  pores)  'poi-zss.  ) 

porphyry  n.  (hard  rock)  'pe:^-fi-ri. 

porpoise  n.  (cetacean)  'peiz-pas,  'peiz-peis. 

porridge  n.  (pottage,  soup;  oatmeal  food)  ^pezids* 

porringer  n.  (porridge-dish)  'pe^in-dsd?. 

port  n.  (harbor;  haven;  seaport)  poizt. 

port  n.  (gate;  porthole;  aperture)  poizt. 

port  n.  (deportment;  mean;  style  of  life)  poizt. 

port  n.  (left;  larboard)  poizt. 

port  n.  (Oporto  wine)  poizt. 

port  V.  (carry  or  hold,  as  a  rifle)  poizt. 

portaled  adj.  having  a  portal  [also  spelt  portalledl  'po:r-tald. 

portas  n.  breviary;  roll  [synonymous  cognates  porteous,  par- 
tes, portess,  porthos}  'poiz-tos. 

portonllis  n.  (vertically-sliding  gate-grating)  pozt'kAhs. 

Porte  n.  (Ottoman  court)  poizt. 

porte-cochdre  n.    (carriage-entrance)   poizt-ko'lziz, 

porte-monnaie  n.  (purse)  'poizt-mo-ne. 

portent  n.  (omen,  sign,  token)  'po:?-tent,  poz'tent;  (less  prop- 
erly) 'po:r-tent,  pez'tent. 

porteress  n.  'poiz-to-zis,  (rapidly)  'po:r-tjis.  same  meaning 
as  portress. 

)  ye,  ?  cure;  5  the,  6  thin;^  3  axrure,  ds  joy;  S  shoe,  tS  cheyr; 
IV  when;  ijsing',  u  whoever,  itc^lcV,  wiulv,  QMfooU  i  tt,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  oov^r,  e  oeiiaV,  A.\iu\.,  ;**,  ^oox,  ';iQXio,  ^\ie\,  ^.^^cfiyt\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  421 

portfolio  n.  portable  receptacle  for  sheets  of  paper;  min* 
ister's  office  [plural  portfolios}  port'foo-li-o. 

portico  n.  porch-like  ambulatory;  colonnade  [plural  porticos, 
porticoes}  'po:?-ti-ko. 

portidre  n.  (doorway  curtain)  'po:z-tqez,  'po:?-ti-e:?,  poj't^c:?. 

portmanteau  n.  traveling-case  [plural  portmanteaus,  port- 
manteaux'} p37t'maent3. 

portrait  n.  (drawing;  likeness)  'p3:?-t£it. 

portray  v.  represent,  depict  [past  participle  and  preterit  por- 
trayed, porirayd}  po^'tjee. 

portress  n.  female  porter  or  doorkeeper  [synonymous  cog- 
nate porteress}  'po:r-tjis. 

Portuguese  adj.  (of  Portugal)  'po:?-tSo-giz,  'po:?-tSu-gis. 

portnlaca  n.  (plant)  po^tSu'laekd,  po^tQolaekd,  portQu'lee-kd. 

posanne  n.  trombone;  reed-stop  [synonymous  cognate  po- 
saun}  ps'zQu-nd,  pd'sao-nd. 

positively  adv.  in  a  positiv  manner;  downright  [also  spelt 
positivly}  'pezitiv-h,  {rapidly)  'peztiv-h;  {occasionally  or 
vulgarly)  pezi'tivh. 

posse  n.  (sheriff's  armd  squad;  possibility)  'pesi. 

possess  V.  (have;  own)  pa'zes;  {less  properly)  pa'ses. 

possessed  adj.  controlled  by  a  demon;  crazy  [also  spelt  pos- 
sest}  pa'zest. 

possession  n.  (fact  of  possessing,  etc.)  ps'zeSdn. 

possessive  adj.  denoting  possession;  of  possession  [also  spelt 
possessiv}  pa'zesiv. 

possessor  n.  (one  who  possesses;  owner)  ps'zesd?. 

possible  adj.  (that  may  be;  that  can  be  done)  'pesd-bdl,  {as- 
sumptivly)  'pessb^l;  {also,  often)  'pesi-bal. 

postage  n.  (amount  charged  for  transmission  by  post  or 
mail)  'poo-stids- 

postal  adj.  (of  the  post  or  mail)  'poo-stl,  'poo-stal. 

posterior  adj.  (later ;  hinder)  p©s'ti:-d-a? ;  ^  {less  properly) 
pos'ti:-^i-3zr. 

posthnmons  adj.  born  after  the  death  of  its  father;  publisht 
after  the  death  of  the  author;  occurring  after  death  [also, 
formerly,  spelt  postumous}  'pestSu-mas,  'peStJo-mas,  'pestgo- 
mas;  {less  properly)  'pest-hgo-mas,  'pest-ha-mas. 

postiche  adj.  (counterfeit,  artificial,  superadded)  pes'tiij, 
pos'tiiS. 

posticnm  n.   (back  door;  back  porch)  pos'tai-kam. 

postil  n.  marginal  note;  commentary  [also,  formerly,  spelt 
postill,  postille;  synonymous  cognate  postle}  'postil. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  ©  hot,  ©i  hoy ;  a:  far,  au  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  prece^itvtt  ^c^mt^^  a^  \^TiV> 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  Xiv^  \q>\q^v5v^  «f^3J«^^. 


422  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

postil  V,  annotate  [also  spelt  postel;  past  participle  and  pret- 
erit postilled,  postild]  'pestil. 

postiler  n.  one  who  makes  a  postil;  expositor  [also  spelt 
postillerl  'pesti-la?. 

postilion  n.  forerunner;  post-boy;  rider  of  the  near  leader, 
etc.  [also  spelt  postillion}  po'stilisn. 

post-obit  adj.  (taking  effect  after  the  death  of  some  one; 
also,  post-mortem)  poost'oo-bit,  poost'ebit. 

post-paid   adj,   paost'peed,    {assumptivly)    'p30St-peed. 

postpone  V.  (put  off;  also,  subordinate)  pos'poon,  post'paon. 

postscript  n.  (paragraph  after  the  signature  of  a  letter) 
'poos-sksipt,  'poost-sk3ipt. 

posy  n.  bouquet;  flower  [also,  formerly,  spelt  posey,  posie; 
ploral  posiesl  'poo-zi. 

potable  adj.  (drinkable)  'poo-ts-bdl. 

potassium  n.  (metal)  pd'taesi-sm;   (less  properly)  ps'txl^va. 

potato  n.  tuber;  batata,  the  plant  [ploral  potatoes'}  ps'tee-ta; 
(improperly)  ba'tee-to;  (dialectally,  vulgarly)  pa'tee-ta,  1»- 
'tee-t3. 

potentate  n.  (prince,  ruler;  power)  'poo-tn-tet,  'pDO-tan-teL 

potentiality  n.  (quality  of  having  power;  possibility  of  ac- 
tion) p3-tenSi'aeh-ti. 

pother  V.  (fluster;  trouble)  'po53?,  'pAdar. 

potpourri  n.   (stew;  medley)   po-pu'rii,  pet'po:-ri. 

potsherd  n.  (fragment  of  earthenware)  'petSa^d,  'pet-Jazd. 

ponldron  n.  shoulder-plate  [synonymous  cognate  pauldron] 
'pool-dran. 

poultice  V,  apply  a  poultice  or  cataplasm  to  [also  spelt  pod- 
tis;  past  participle  and  preterit  poulticed,  poultisti  'pool-tis. 

ponr  V,  cause  to  flow  [past  participle  and  preterit  poured, 
pourd}  po:z,  (when  unstrest)  pozr. 

ponrboire  n.  (drink-money,  douceur,  tip,  fee)  'paiz-hweiz, 
'po:^-bwc:?,  'po:?-bwa:?. 

ponter  v.  poke,  stir,  rummage  [also  spelt  powterl  'pao-tar. 

power  n.  'pau-a?,  paoz;  (also,  in  Britain)  'pau-ar,  pao7. 

powwow  n.  priest,  medicin-man;  meeting;  medicin  [also 
spelt  pow-wow\  synonymous  cognate  pawawl  'pao-wao. 

powwow  V.  (practis  sorcery;  hold  a  powwow;  discuss)  'pao- 
wao,  pao'wao. 

pozzolana  n.  volcanic  ash  [synonymous  cognates  possuola- 
na,  puzzolano,  puszuolana,  puozzolanal  petsa'lo'.-na. 

practicable  adj.  (feasible;  usable)  'p^aektikd-bdl. 

practical  adj.  (of  practis  or  action;  useful)  'psaekti-kal. 

i  y^,  5  cure ;  5  (He,  Q  tfiin ;  3  axrure,  ds  joy ;  S  sho^,  tS  ckcyr', 
wwhen;  rising]  uv/Vvoever,  \tc2lcX,  wiuW.,  \5>3LiooV  itt,  lise^; 
o poetic;  oover,  e  aenaV,  kVjuV,  ti\^oot,  -zi^uo,  t.\ie^,  ^^^<afi«.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  423 

practically  adv.  'psaektika-h,  {often)  'pssekik^-h;  {anterior- 
ly) 'psaekti-kali,  'psaektikti. 

practice  n.  performance,  conduct;  mode  of  acting;  exercise, 
etc.  [also  spelt  practise,  practis}  'psaektis. 

practise  v.  perform,  do,  exercise,  etc,  [also  spelt  practice, 
practis;  past  participle  and  preterit  practised,  practist"] 
'psaektis. 

practised  adj.  skild,  expert  [also  spelt  practiced,  practist} 
'psaektist. 

practiser  n.  [also  spelt  practicerl  'p3aekti-S37. 

praecipe  n.  writ;  note  [also  spelt  precipe}  'p3ii-si-pi,  'psii- 
si-pi;  'psesi-pi,  'psesi-pi. 

praemnmire  n.  writ  [also,  formerly,  spelt  premumire}  psi- 
mjo'mai-?!,  psimjo'mai-^i. 

prairie  n.  (grassy  plain;  savanna;  steppe)  ^psei-zi;  {dialec- 
tally)  'p3ee-2i. 

praline  n.  confection  [also  spelt  praleen;  synonymous  cog- 
nate prawlini  'p3a:-Hn. 

pram.  n.  flat-bottomd  boat  [also  spelt  praam,  prahmej  p3a:m. 

prance  v.  (spring  and  bound)  p3a:ns,  plains,  p3ae:ns;  {also) 
p3a:nts,  etc. 

pratique  n.  license  of  a  ship  to  hold  intercourse  with  a  port 
[also  spelt  pratici  'psaetik,  'psae-tik,  psa'tiik. 

pray  v.  supplicate;  beg  [past  participle  and  preterit  prayed, 
praydl  psee. 

prayer  n.  (supplication)  pse:?;   {less  properly)  'psee-a?. 

prayer  n.  (one  who  prays)  'psee-az. 

preallable  adj.  {rare)  preceding,  previous,  preliminary  [also 
spelt  praeallable]  psi'aela-bal. 

preamble  n.  (preface,  prolog)  'psii-aembal,  psi'aembal. 

prebend  n.  (portion  of  revenue  granted  to  a  canon,  etc.; 
prebendary)  'pse-bend,  'pseband. 

prebendal  adj.  (of  a  prebend)  psi'bendl,  'pseban-dl. 

prebendary  n.  (holder  of  a  prebend)  p3i'benda-?i,  'pseban- 
de^i. 

precative  adj.  supplicatory  [also  spelt  precativ}  'pseka-tiv. 

precede  v,  (go  before;  occur  earlier  than)  psi'siid. 

precedence  n.  (priority;  preeminence)  p^i'sii-dns;  {improp- 
erly) 'psesi-dns. 

precedency  n.  (precedence)  p3i'sii-dn-si ;  {improperly)  'psesi- 
dn-si. 

precedent  adj.  (preceding;  antecedent)  psi'sii-dnt. 

precedent  n.  (previous  action,  example,  or  usage)  'psesi-dnt. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cot,  o  hot,  ©i  hoy ;  a:  far,  go  notw,  «:.  a%Vv,  ^\\8a\s.\ 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceditv^  ^o>3ca^  'w*  Vira.'SkN 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  \3ie  l^\Vo^\xi%  «fC«^^« 


424  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

preoedented  adj,  (having  a  precedent)  'psesi-dentid. 

preoedently  adv.  (previously,  beforehand)  p3i'sxi-dn-tz.i. 

preceding  adj.  p^i'sii-dii],  (assumptivly)  'psii-sidig. 

precentor  n.  leader  of  singing;  choir-leader  [also,  formerly, 
spelt  precenterl  psi'senta?. 

preoeptory  n.  (subordinate  community  of  the  Knights  Tem- 
plars, etc.)  psi'sEpta-?! ;  (less  properly)  'p5ii-scp-to?i ;  (im- 
properly) 'psesap-toei. 

precinct  n.  (space  in  or  round  a  building;  environs;  bound; 
compass,  limit)  'psii-siqkt. 

preoions  adj.  (of  great  price;  costly;  dear;  fastidious;  ar- 
rant) 'pseSas. 

precipice  n.  cliff  [also  spelt  precipisi  'psesi-pis. 

precis  n.  (summary,  abstract)  pse'sii,  'psee-si. 

precise  adj.  (exact)  p3i'sais;   (improperly)  psi'saiz. 

precisely  adv.  psi'sais-h,  p3i'sai-sLi;  (improperly)  psi'saiz- 
h. 

precocial  adj,  of  the  Praecoces  [also  spelt  praecociall  psi- 
Icoo-Sal,  psi'koo-Sal. 

precocions  adj.  (ripening  early;  forward,  premature)  p3i- 
'koo-Sas. 

precocity  n.  (quality  of  being  precocious)  p^iTcesi-ti. 

precnnens  n.  the  quadrate  lobule  of  the  brain,  situated  in 
front  of  the  cuneate  lobule  [also  spelt  praecuneus;  ploral 
precuneil  psi'kguu-ni-as. 

precursor  n.  (forerunner)  p^il-o^sa?,  pzi'kBiz-s^z. 

predatory  adj,  (plundering;  of  prey)  'p^eda-tDji,  (also) 
'psedata-^i,   (assumptivly)  'pseda-ta^i;   (rapidly)   'pseda-tji. 

predecessor  n.  (one  who  has  preceded  in  a  position;  ances- 
tor) p^edi'sesa?,  p^idi'sesar,  (sometimes)  'p3edi-ses33. 

predestine  v.  destin  beforehand  [also  spelt  predestin;  past 
participle  and  preterit  predestined,  predestindl  psi'destin. 

predetemiine  v.  fix,  decide,  or  determin  beforehand  [also 
spelt  predetermine  past  participle  and  preterit  predeter- 
mined, predetcrmindi  p3ii-di'tB:^-min. 

predial   adj.   of  land;   real    [also  spelt  praediall    'psii-di-al. 

predicable  adj.  (capable  of  being  predicated)  'psedika-bal. 

predicament  n.  (that  which  is  predicated;  fix)  psi'dika- 
mant. 

predicative  adj,  predicting  [also  spelt  predicativl  'psedi- 
ketiv. 

predilection  n.  (preference)  p^idi'lekjan ;  (less  properly) 
psedi'lekSan. 

3  y^t  Qcure;  d  *he,  Q  th\n-,  -s^sASit^,  d^t'oy;  S  j/»oe,  tS  cAew; 
wwhtn;  r)  s\ng\  uwVvoeveT,  iTcsiCt,  viiu>X,  \i>\iooV i.vn.,  'ixsc^; 
o poetic;  a  over,  e  aeriaV,  kYjuX.,  -^i-.  ^oot,  -^^ciTio,  ^Xic^i.,  it^^cfi«.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  425 

preeminence  n.  superiority  [also  spelt  pre-eminence,  preem-' 

inencel  psi'emi-nans. 
preemption  n.   previous  purchase   [also  spelt  pre-emption, 

preemption}  psi'empSan. 
preengage    v.    [also    spelt   pre-engage,    preengagel    p3ii-in- 

'geeds. 
preesophageal  adj.  in   front  of  the   esophagus,   etc.    [also 

spelt    pre-esophageal,    preesophageal,    praeesophageal,    pre- 

oesophageal,  praeoesophageal\  psii-iso'fadsi-al. 
preestablish  v,  establish  beforehand   [also  spelt  pre-estab- 
lish, preestablish}  psii-i'staeWiS. 
preexist  v.  exist  before  [also  spelt  pre-exist,  preexist}  psii- 

sg'zist,  p3ri-eg'zist. 
preface  n.  (introduction)  'p^efis. 

prefatory  adj,  (of  the  nature  of  a  preface)  'psefa-tD^i. 
prefect   n.   chief   officer;    magistrate;    governor;    prepositer 

[also  spelt  praefect}  'p3ii-fekt. 
prefecture  n.  office  of  prefect;  presidency  [also  spelt  prae- 

fecturel  'p3ii-fektSa?. 
preferable  adj.  worthy  to  be  preferred  [former  synonymous 

cognate  preferrablel  'psefoza-bal;  (improperly)  psi'fer-ra-bal. 
preference    n.    (action    of    preferring;    priority;    favoring) 

'psefa-^ans,  (sometimes)  'psef^ans. 
preferment  n.   (advancement;   priority)   psi'fsir-mant. 
preferrable  adj.  obsolete  [also  spelt  preferriblel  pzi'isi-z^- 

bal.     same  meaning  as  preferable. 
preferred   adj.   promoted;   approved;   privileged   [also   spelt 

preferdl  psi'fBi^d. 
prefix  V.  past  participle  and  preterit  prefixed,  prefixt  (fix 

beforehand)  psii'fiks,  psi'fiks,   (place  before  or  at  the  be- 
ginning; fasten  in  front)  psi'fiks,  p^i'fiks. 
prefix  n.  (verbal  element  placed  before  and  joind  to  a  word 

or  stem;  act  of  prefixing)  'p3ii-fiks. 
pregnancy  n.    (gestation)   'psegnan-si,    (dialectally)    'pseeg- 

nan-si. 
prdicnsiTble  adj,  (capable  of  being  graspt)  p^i'hensd-bal. 
prehensile   adj,   capable    of   prehension    or   grasping    [also, 

sometimes,  spelt  prehensill  psi'hensil,  psi'hen-sail. 
prehistoric  adj.  (of  the  period  antecedent  to  history)  psi- 

I'ste^ik,  psi-is'terik,  p3ii-his'te?ik. 
pre  judgement  n.  judgment  beforehand  [also  spelt  prejudge- 
ment} p^ii'dsAdsmant. 
prejudice  n.,  ?\  damage;  bias  [also  spelt  prejudis;  as  verb, 

c:  law,  b:  fwr,  a  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  aikttev 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  tVve  ptece^itv?.  sa>axv\  ^^  ^^"^^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  \\i^  i??\oN^vcv^  ^-i^^5«v^» 


426  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

past  participle  and  preterit  prejudiced,  prejud%sf\  'psedsa- 

dis,  'psedso-dis;   {less  properly)  'psedsjo-dis,  'psedsjo-dais. 
prejudicial    adj.     (causing    prejudice;    damaging)     p^edso- 

'diSal. 
pre-jndioial  adj.  (previous  to  a  trial ;  before  judgment)  p3ii- 

dso'diSal. 
prelacy  n.   office  of  a  prelate;  body  of  prelates;   rank  or 

rule  of  prelates  [ploral  prelaciesi  'p^ela-si. 
prelate  n.  (ecclesiastical  dignitary;  bishop,  archdeacon,  etc.) 

'pseht;  (improperly)  'p3ii-let. 
prelatio  adj,  (of  a  prelate)  psilaetik. 
prelatixe  v.  [also  spelt  prelatiseli  'p^eld-taiz. 
prelude    n.     (preliminary    performance,    etc.;     introduction, 

preface)  'psii-liud,  'pse-Hud. 
prelude  v.  (precede  as  a  prelude;  introduce)  psilioud,  (also, 

especially  in  music)  'pse-Hud. 
prelndize  v.  [also  spelt  preludise'\  'p^elio-daiz. 
prelusive  adj.  serving  as  a  prelude  [also  spelt  prelusivl  psi- 

liou-siv. 
prelnsory  adj.  (prelusiv)  p3i1iou-S3-ri. 
premature    adj.    (too    early;    over-hasty)    psima'tgorr,    (as- 

sumptivly)   'pzii-m^-tqaz ;   (also,  less  properly)    'p^ema-tgor, 

p^ima'tSo:?. 
prematurity  n.  p3im3'tgo:»^i-ti,  psema'tgot-ri-ti. 
premazillary  adj.  in  front  of  the  maxilla  or  upper  jaw  [also 

spelt  praemaxiilary}  p^i'maeksi-le^i,  p^i-mak'sila-^i. 
premier  adj.   (chief,  leading,  foremost;  earliest)  'psii-mi-a^, 

'psem-i-azr,    'p3iim-J3^,    'psem-ja?;    (improperly)    psi'mr.z.  ' 
premidre  adj.  (first;  chief:    said  of  women)  psem'jerr,  pse- 

'mje:?. 
premise  n.  in  law  and  in  general,  thing  previously  mentiond; 

aforesaid,  foregoing;  preliminary;  subject  of  conveyance  or 

bequest;   house   with   its   grounds,   etc.    [also   spelt   premis; 

ploral  premisesl  'p^emis. 
premise  v.  state  before  something  else;  prefit;  state  in  the 

premisses;  perform  or  administer  beforehand;  introduce  [al- 
so, formerly,  spelt  premise"]  psi'maiz. 
premiss  n.  in  logic,  previous  statement  or  proposition  from 

which  another  is  inferred;  one  of  the  two  propositions  from 

which  the  conclusion  is  derived  in  a  syllogism   [also  spelt 

premise,  premis;  ploral  premisses']  'psemis. 
premiiiimL  n.  reward,  prize  [ploral  premiums  and,  formerly, 

premia]  'p:sii-mJ3m,  'p^ii-mi-am. 

;re,  ccure;  5  the,  Q  tK\tv,  '5aLS>\Te:,  d-jviov;  \shoe,  t^chew; 
wu'hen;  t)  sing;  u  whoever,  Vtc^lcX,  ^iuW,  Ki>\\oo\,  \\\.,  A%w\ 
o poetic;  sever,  eoeriaV,  xWX,  ^-.doox, -aox^o,  ^\ie^,  ^.^^ci«i\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  427 

preiLomen  n.  first  name;  personal  name;  forename;  gener- 
ic name  [also  spelt  praenomeni  p^i'noo-man. 

prentice  n,,v.  [also  spelt  prentis;  as  verb,  past  participle 
and  preterit  prenticed,  prentisti  'psentis. 

prepaid  adj,  (paid  in  advance)  psii'peed,  (assumptivly)  'psii- 
peed. 

preparative  adj.  [also  spelt  preparativl  p3i'paez:3-tiv. 

preparator  n.  (preparer)  p3i'pae^3-t3?,  'pscpa-zetar. 

prepared  adj,  (made  ready)  p^i'pei^d,  (also,  in  poetry)  psi- 
'pe:-rid. 

preparedly  adv.  (in  a  prepared  manner;  in  a  state  of  readi- 
ness) p3i'pe:-ri-dh. 

preparedness  n.  (readiness)  psi'pe:^-dnis,  p5i'pe:-?i-dnis. 

prepositor  n.  senior  schoolboy  in  charge  of  other  schoolboys 
outside  the  classroom  [also  spelt  praepositor;  synonymous 
cognates  prepostor,  praepostor,  preposterl  psi'pezi-ta?. 

preposterous  adj,  (inverted  in  position;  irrational;  absurd) 

p5l'p0St3-?3S. 

prepostor  n.  p^i'pestd?.     same  meaning  as  prepositor. 
prepuce  n.  (foreskin)  'p3ii-pgus. 
preputial  adj.  (of  the  prepuce)  psi'pgou-Sal. 
prerequisite   n.   that   which   is   required   beforehand    [also 

spelt  prerequisite  p^i'^ekiui-zit. 
presage  n.  (omen,  sign,  portent,  prognostication;  foreboding) 

'p^ii-seds,  'p^esids;  (also,  formerly)  p^i'seeds. 
presage  v.  (portend;  auger;  predict,  etc.)  p^i'seeds. 
presageful  adj,  psi'sceds-fsl,  'psesids-fdl. 
presager  n.  p^i'see-dss?. 

presbyopia  n.  (presbyopy)  psezbi'oo-pi-a,  p^esbi'oo-pi-a. 
presbyter   n.    (church   elder)    'psezbi-tar,    'p^esbi-tar;    (less 

properly)  'p^espi-ta?. 
presbyterian  adj.  (of  presbyters,  etc.)  p^ezbi'tii-^i-an,  pses- 

bi'ti:-d-3n ;  (less  properly)  p^espi'tii-ri-an. 
prescience  n.   (foreknowledge)   'psii-Jans,  'psii-^i-ans ;    (less 

properly)  'p^ejans,  'p^e^i-ans. 
prescient  adj,   (foreknowing)   'psii-Sant,  'psii-Si-ant. 
prescribe  v.  (define;  designate;  advise)  psi'sksaib. 
prescript  n.   (rule;  prescription)  'psii-skiipt ;   (also,  former- 
ly) psi'sk^ipt. 
prescript  adj. .  (prescribed ;  f ixt)  p3i'sk3ipt,  'psii-sk^ipt. 
prescription  n.   (direction;   physician's   formula)   psi'sk^ip- 

San. 
present  n.  (thing  presented;  gift)  'psezant,  'pseznt. 

c:  law,  b:  fwr,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  «:.  ask,  ^■vVxX.^n 
length-morlf  (:)   indicates  that  the  pteceAiiv^  %wxtv\  \^  Vjtcv^n 
stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  on  Wi^  ie>>\^HiVcv^  ««a^Ti«^« 


428  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

present  v.  p^i'zent. 

present  n.  (thing  present;  affairs  in  hand;  words  present; 

present  time)  'psezant,  'p^eznt. 
present  adj.  (that  is  here;  occurring  now)  'psezant,  'p^eznt 
presentation  n.  (act  of  presenting;  gift;  show;  statement; 

cognition)  psizen'tee-Jsn,  psezdn'tee-Ssn,  psezn'tee-^an. 
presentative  adj,  [also  spelt  presentativ}  psi'zentd-tiv. 
presentee  n.  (person  presented;  person  nominated;  recipient) 

psezsn'tii,  psezn'tii,  psizen'tii. 
presenter  n.  one  who  presents  [also,  rarely,  in  the  sense  of 

one  who  presents  to  a  benefice,  spelt  presentorl  p^i'zenta?. 
presentiment  n.  (perception  of  a  future  event;  foreboding) 

psi'zenti-mdnt,  psi'senti-msnt.  I 

presentment  n.   (presentation;  appearance)   psi'zentMd^it.      ' 
preserve  v,  keep  safe  or  alive;  put  up,  can,  as  fruit  [also 

spelt  preserv;  past  participle  and  preterit  preserved,  pre- 

servdJi  psi'zeirv. 
presidency  n.  'psezidn-si,  'psezidan-si,  'p^esidan-si. 
president  n.  (presiding  officer;  governor)  'psezi-dnt,  'psczi- 

dsnt,  'psesi-ddnt. 
president  adj.  (presiding)  'psezi-dnt,  'p^ezi-dsnt,  'p^esi-dsnt 
presidio  n.  (fort;  penitentiary)  psi'sidi-o,  pse'sii-di-o. 
pressed  adj,  [also  spelt  presO  psest. 
prestidigitator  n.  (juggler)  psesti'didsi-tets?. 
prestige  n.  (illusion;  glamor;  influence,  reputation)  'psestids, 

p^es'tiis,  pses'tiids,  'p^e-stis,  'p^e-stids. 
presume  v,  (take  upon  one's  self;  presuppose)  p^i'zjoum. 
presumption  n.  (arrogance;  assumption)  p^i'zAmpSsn. 
presumptive    adj,    presumptuous;    warranting    inferences; 

presumed,  inferd   [also  spelt  presumptive   p^i'zAmptiv,  pzi- 

'zAmtiv. 
presumptuous    adj.    (arrogant,   presuming)    p3i'zAmptSu-3S, 

p3i'zAmptgu-3S ;   (improperly)  psi'zAmpJas,  p^i'zAmJas. 
pretendant  n.,  adj.  [also  spelt  pretendenti  psi'tendont. 
pretensed  adj,  alleged,  pretended  [also  spelt  pretenced,  pre- 

tetisfl  p^i'tenst,  p^i'tentst. 
pretense  n,  claim;   display;  sham;  pretext   [also   spelt  pre- 
tence! p^i'tens,  p^i'tents;  (less  properly)  'p^ii-tens. 
pretension  n.  pretext,  pretense;  demand;  title;  claim;  pre- 
tentiousness  [also,  formerly,  but  rarely  now,  spelt  preten- 

tioni  psi'ten^dn. 
pretentions  adj,  (full  of  pretension;  showy)  p3i'ten$9s,  psi- 

'tentSas. 

jyc,  Ccure;  hth^,  Bthin;  jasure,  dj/oy;   S  ^''oe,   tS  cAew; 
wwhen;  gsin^;;  uwlioevet,  itcaiCX,  xii>0^,  vs\\.\oo\,  \\\.,  \i%ee;      , 
o poetic;  aov^r,  eoerial,  k\iu\.,  ;>\dooic,  ^oxvo,  ^\ic^,  ^^^a\v>     >^ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  429 

preterit  adj.,n,  past  [also  spelt  preterite,  praeterite}  'pseta- 

zit;  (less  properly)  'p5ii-t3-rit,  'psetjit. 
preterition  n.  passing  over;  omission  [also  spelt  praeteri- 

tion\  psitd'ziSan,  p^eta'^i^dn. 
preteritive  adj.  of  preterition  or  non-election;   used  only 

m  the  preterit  [also  spelt  preteritiv']  psi'teei-tiv. 
preteritness   n.   padtness   [also  spelt  preteritenessi   'psetd- 

3it-nis. 
pretermit  v.  omit;   neglect;   interrupt    [also,   rarely,   spelt 

praetermiti  p^itaz'mit. 
pretext  n.  (ostensible  reason;  excuse)  'psii-tekst;   (former- 
ly, but  rarely  now)  psi'tekst. 
pretext  v.  use  as  a  pretext;  pretend  [past  participle  and 

preterit  pretexted!  psi'tekst. 
pretor  n.  Roman  Consul  as  leader  of  the  army;  magistrate 

[also  spelt  praetor!  'p5ii-t33. 
pretorial  adj.  pretorian  [also  spelt  praetoriall  psi'toi-zi-sl, 
pretorian   adj.  of  a  pretor   [also  spelt  praetorian]   p^i'to:- 

zi-9n. 
pretorinm  n.  tent  of  a  pretor;  palace,  etc.  [also  spelt  prae- 

torium;  ploral  pretorial  psi'toi-^i-sm. 
prettify  v.  make  pretty;  depict  prettily  [also  spelt  pretty fyl 

'p3iti-fai. 
prettily    adv.    (in   a   pretty   manner)    'psiti-li,    (anteriorly) 

'p^itih,  'p^itti. 
pretty  adj.  fine;  nice;  comely;  bonny  [dialectal  synonymous 

cognates  perty,  pirty,  purty,  pooty,  putty!  'psiti,  (sometimes, 

assumptivly,  unstrest)  p5ti;  (dialectally)  'pseti,  'p^oti,  'perti, 

'poti. 
pretzel  n.  crisp  biscuit  [synonymous  cognate  bretsell  'p^etsdl. 
preventive  adj.  that  prevents;  prophylactic  [also  spelt  pre- 

ventiv;  synonymous  cognate  preventative!  p^i'ventiv. 
prey   n.,v,   plunder    [as   verb,   past   participle   and    preterit 

preyed,  preyd!  psee. 
Priapean  adj.  Priapic  [also,  formerly,  spelt  Priapaean!  psai- 

a'pii-an. 
Priapio  adj.  (of  Priapus,  phallic)  psai'aepik. 
priapism  n.  (erection,  etc.;  licentiousness)  'p^ai-d-pizam. 
priapus  n.  (phallus;  cup)  p^ai'ee-pas. 
prier  n.  one  who  pries  [also  spelt  pryer!  'p^ai-a?. 
prillion  n.  tin  from  slag  [also  spelt  prillon!  'p^iHsn. 
primacy  n.  (state  of  being  prime;  preeminence;  superiority) 

'psai-ma-si;   (improperly)  'p^ims-si. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  boy;  a:  far,  ao  tvoiw,  «:.  a^,  ^-vVaXs-n 
length-mark  (;)  indicates  that  the  prece^ixv?,  ^o>\tv^  ^^9.  \wcv^\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  \iie  ieWo^vcv^  ^-j^-aM^R.. 


430  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

prima  donna  n.  (first  lady;  principle  female  singer)  psinB- 

'dena,  psai-md'dend. 
prima  faoie  adv,  (at  first  sight)  p;ai-my£ee-$i-i: . 
primary  adj.  (earliest;  chief)  'psai-mesi,   {also)  'p3ai-iiB«, 

{assumptivly)   'psai-man;    {rapidly)  'p^ai-msi. 
primate  n.  (chief;  archbishop;  a  mammal  of  the  order  Pn- 

mates)  'p^ai-mit,  'psai-met.  « 

Primates  n.  pU  (highest  mammals)  psai'mee-tiz. 
primer    n.    (first    or    elementary    book)    'psima?,    {also,  » 

Britain)  'psai-maz. 
primer  n.  (priming-device;  one  who  primes)  'psai-mac. 
primer  adj,  (in  *  primer  fine,  etc.,  first)  'psimar,  'psai-mae. 
primeval  adf,  primitiv  [also  spelt  primaevall  p^ai'mxi-vaL 
primigenal  adj.  (of  primitiv  life)  psai'midsi-nl. 
primigenlal  adj.  earliest  formd;   primitiv    [erroneous  syn* 

enymous   cognates   primogenial,   primogeneall    p^ai-mi'dsn- 

ni-dl. 
primitive  adj,  [also  spelt  primitivl  'psimi-tiv. 
primogeniture  n.  (fact  of  being  the  first-born  child;  riglit 

of  succession  or  inheritance)  psai-ma'dseni-tSa^. 
prinoeps  n.  chief  [ploral  principes}  'p3in-seps. 
princess  n.   (female  ruler;  wife  of  a  prince,  etc.)   'psinsis, 

'psintsis;  'p3in-ses;   {improperly)  p^in'ses. 
prinoesse    adj.    (continuous,    without    drapery,    and    fitting 

closely  :    said  of  a  gown)  p^in'ses,  'p^insis. 
principal   adj.    (first;   foremost;    main;   primary;    original) 

'psinsi-pDl,  {assumptivly)  'psinsipdl. 
principal  n.  (head  man  or  woman;  chief;  sum  lent;  capital) 

'p3insi-p3l. 
principally     adv,     (chiefly,     mainly)     'psinsi-pti,      {also) 

'p3insip3-h,  {anteriorly)  'psinsi-pah. 
principle  n.  (origin,  source,  cause,  tendency;  primary  truth, 

tenet  or  assumption;  general  law,  rule,  or  mode)  'p^insi-pal, 

'psinsi-pl. 
prior  n.  (superior  officer)  'psai-ar. 
prior  adj.  (preceding,  earlier,  former)  'psai-ar. 
prisage  n.  (prizing,  rating;  levy)  'psai-zids. 
prise  n.  obsolete  (seizure)  psaiz,  p^iiz. 
prism  n.  (solid  whose  ends  are  equal  parallel  plane  polygons) 

'psizam,  'psizm. 
prison  n.  (jail)  'psizan,  'p^izn. 
pristine  adj.  original,  primitiv  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  pris- 

fin'\  'p^istin;   {less  properly)  'p^i-stain,  'p3i-stin. 

}  y^t  9  cure;  5 /Ae,  Qthin\   3  arure,  ds/oy;   I  shoe,  tS  chew] 
wztfhen;  qsinp;  uwVioevet,  ircaicx.,  vsiu\\,  vj\sl\oo\,  i.\v  ii«€«;     ,    ^ 
o poetic;  dov^,  eoeria\,  kWX.,  ;>*.^oot,  ^oxvo,  «.\ie^,  ^^^«!«t\    s^ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  431 

pritliee  interj.  I  pray  thee   [also,  fermerly,  spelt  prytheel 

'P310I,  'psiOi;  'psidi,  'psidL 
.priTacy  n.  seclusion  [ploral  privacies]  'psai-va-si,  'psiva-si. 

priTat-doeeat  n.  private  teacher  or  lecturer  [also,  some- 
times, spelt  privat'dozentl  p3i'va:t-<k>-tseiit,  p3iVa:t-d30- 
sdnt. 

priTate  adj,,  n.,  v.  'psai-vit. 

privateer  n.  (private  armd  vessel)  psai-vs'ti:?. 

privatiTe  adj,  depriving  [also  spelt  privativl  'p3rv3-tiv. 

privet  n.  (shrub)  'psivit. 

privileso  n.  (special  advantage;  prerogativ)  'psrv'i-lids. 

privily  adv,  (in  a  privy  manner;  secretly)  'p3ivi-li. 

privity  n.  (fact  of  being  privy  to  something;  private  know- 
ledge) 'p5ivi-ti. 

prizable  adj,  valuable  [also  spelt  prizeahle]  'psai-zs-bdl. 

prize  It.  (reward;  trophy)  psaiz. 

prise  V,  force  with  a  lever;  pry  open  [also  spelt  prise]  psaiz. 

prize  n.  prizing-tool ;  leverage  [also  spelt  prise]  psaiz. 

prize  V,  (value  highly)  psaiz. 

probably  adv.  (plausibly;  most  likely)  'pTsebo-bli,  {rapidly) 
'psebli. 

probative  adj.  serving  to  test  or  prove;  evidential  [also 
spelt  probativ]  'p^oo-ba-tiv. 

probatory  adj,  (probativ)  'p^DO-ba-tori. 

probity  n.  (integrity;  sincerity)  'p^oo-bi-ti,  'psebi-ti. 

proboscidean  adj.  of  the  Proboscidea;  having  a  proboscis; 
of  or  like  a  proboscis  [also  spelt  proboscidian]  pseba'sidi-an. 

proboscis  n.  trunk;  sucking-mouth  [ploral  proboscides,  pro- 
boscises] pso'besis. 

procedure  n.  (fact  or  mode  of  proceeding;  conduct;  legal 
action)  p^o'sii-dsa?,  pso'sii-djar. 

proceed  v.  go  forward  [also  spelt  procede]  pso'siid. 

proceed  n.  that  which  proceeds  or  results;  produce;  out- 
come ;  profit  [usually  in  ploral ;  also  spelt  procede]  'psoo-sid, 
{rarely)  p^o'siid. 

process  n.  (fact  of  going  on;  progress;  course)  'psesis, 
'pse-ses,  'p300-ses. 

procds  verbal  n.  [ploral  proems  verbaux]  p^o-se-vertwel,  p^o- 
se-veeTxi:!. 

proconsul  n.  (governor  of  a  Roman  province)  p^o'kensal. 

procurator  n.  (agent,  attorney)  'pzekqo-zetdz. 

procurer  n.  (pimp;  pander)  p^aTcgor-raz. 

procuress  n.  (bawd)  p^alcgor-^is ;  (improperly)  'psekgo-ris, 

c:  low,  b:  fiir,  a  cot,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  for,  go  now,  a:  osk,  ai  ktte ; 
^engib'taark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceditv^i.  ^qvxtv^  \^  Vix\5ik% 
stress-mark  (0  indicates  chief  stress  on  tVie  i^Wo^va%  vjV^sMvfc. 


432  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

proonrenr  n.  (procurator)  pzokqa'zBiz. 
prodigious  adj,  (like  a  prodigy;  monstrous)  pso'didsdi. 
prodigy  n.  omen;  marvel  [plural  prodigUsl  'psadi-dsx. 
prodroma    n.    prodrome;    prodromus    [ploral    prodromaU] 

'psedra-md. 
prodrome  n.  (introductory  treatise;  prodromus;  prodromal 

or  premonitory  symptom)  'p^edram,  'p330-drom. 
produce  n.  (proceeds,  yield)  'psoo-djus,  'p3e-djus;  (tfto/fdof* 

ly  or  improperly)  'pse-dus,  'psDO-dsus,  'pse-dsus. 
produce  v.  (bring  forward;  extend;  bring  forth;  yield)  ps»- 

'djuus;  (dialectally)  p^d'duus;  (vulgarly)  psd'dsous. 
producible  adj,  (capable  of  being  produced)  p33'djou-8»4>aL 
product  It.  (quantity  obtaind  by  multiplying;   fruit;  result) 

'p^edakt. 
product  V.  (produce;  extend)  p^o'dxkt. 
proem  n.   preface,   preamble   [also  spelt  prooem2    'pS30-xm; 

(less  properly)  'psDO-em. 
proemial  adj.  of  a  proem;  prefatory  [also  spelt  prooemiol] 

p3o'emi-3l,  pso'ii-mi-al. 
profanation  n.   (action  of  profaning;  desecration)   psef9- 

'np.e-San. 

professed  adj,  that  has  taken  the  vows;  alleged  [also,  some- 
times, spelt  prof  est"]  pso'fest,  {also,  in  poetry)  pso'fcsid. 
professionalise   v.   [also   spelt   professionalise'^    p^a'feSanl- 

aiz. 
professor  n.   (one  who  professes;  teacher)   p^a'fesss,  p3> 

'fesae. 
professorial  adj,  (of  a  professor;  dogmatic)  p3ofi's3:-d-9}, 

p3ofe'so:-2i-3l,  psefi'sor-d-al. 
proficient  adj.  (skild;  adept,  expert)  psd'fiSsnt. 
profile  n.,  v,  (outline)  'psoo-fail,  'p300-fil,  'p300-fil. 
profilist  n,  'psDO-fai-list,  'psoo-fi-hst,  'psDO-fihst. 
profit  n,,v.  (benefit;  gain)  'psefit. 

profligacy  n.  (state  of  being  profligate;  dissipation;  waste- 
fulness) 'p5efz.ig3-si. 
profluent  adj.  (flowing  forth)  'psoo-fi-u-ant,  'pseftu-ant. 
profuse  adj,  (lavish;  excessiv)  p^o'fgous. 
profuse  V.  obsolete  (pour  forth)  pso'fgouz. 
progenitor  n.  (ancestor)  p^d'dseni-td?. 
progeny  n.  (offspring,  issue)  'psedsi-ni. 
prognathous  adj,  (having  projecting  jaws)  'p^egna-Ods. 
program  n.  notice;   scheme   [also   spelt  programmel    'p330- 

gram;  {dialectally,  vulgarly)  'psDO-g^am. 

;\ve,  gcure;  d  ffie,  8  «Mn ;  5  arure,  dsf'oy;  S  jlioe,  tS  r^ew; 
wzi'/ten;  q  sing\  uwYioevet,  \tc?lc\.,  xiiuW,  vi>a.ioo\,  \\n.,  vL%ee\ 
o poetic;  a  ov«r,  eoeriaV,  kYmaI,  ;>\dooT,  ^oxio,  «.\ie^,  «.«.^<».^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  433 

profi^amma  n.  written  notice;  preface  [ploral  profframmata'] 

pso'gzxma. 
progreM   n.    (onward   march;   journey;    advance)    'psegzis, 

'p300-g^is,  'p330-g2cs, 
progress  v.  journey;  advance;  improve  [past  participle  and 

preterit   progressed,   progrestj    pso'gees;    (formerly)    'psoo- 

g?is,  'p3eg7is. 
prohibition,  n.  (edict,  interdiction)  p^o-i'bxSdn,  p30-hil)iS3n. 
prohibitory  adj.  (prohibitiv)  p33'hibi-t37i,  (also)  p^o'hibits- 

zi,  (assumpHvly)  p3o'hibi-t32i ;   (rapidly)  psoTiibi-tji. 
project  n.  (formerly,  draft,  design;  now,  something  thrown 

out;    plan,   scheme,   proposal)    'psedsikt,   'p^e-dsekt,    'p3DO- 

dsekt. 
project  V.  (plan;  hurl)  p^a'dsekt,  pso'dsekt, 
projectile  n.,  adj.  missile,  etc.   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  pro- 

jectill  pso'dsektil,  pso'dsek-tail. 
prolate  v,  obsolete  (utter;  drawl)  psoleet. 
prolate  adj.  (lengthend,  extended)  'p^o-let. 
proles  n.  (false  leg  of  a  caterpillar;  prop-leg)  'p^oo-leg. 
prolepsis  n.  anticipation;  anachronism;  procatalepsis  [plur- 
al prolepsesi  prolepsis,  psoliip-sis. 
proletariat  n.,adj,  [synonymous  cognate  proletariate^  p^o- 

h'te:-ri-at. 
proletary  adj,,  n.  (proletarian)  'p500-li-te?i,  (also)  'p^ehta-n, 

(anteriorly)  'pseh-tasi. 
prolix  adj.  (lengthy;  long-winded)  p^oliks,  'psoo-hks. 
proloontion  n.  (preliminary  remark;  a  speaking  on  behalf 

of  others)  psola'kQou-San,  psela'kgou-San. 
prolocutor  n.    (spokesman;   chairman)   psolekgo-ts?,   'p330- 

la-k^uta?,  'p3el3-kgut33. 
prolog:i8t  n.  (writer  or  speaker  of  a  prolog)  'p^oo-la-dsist, 

'psela-dsist. 
prolog;ize  v.  compose  or  speak  a  prolog   [synonymous  cog- 
nate  prologuise'\    'p^oo-la-dsaiz,    'psela-dsaiz,    'p^oo-la-gaiz, 

'p^ela-gaiz. 
prologrme  n,  preface  [also  spelt  prolog"}  'psoo-leg,   (rarely) 

'pso-leg. 
prolog;uer  n,  'psoo-fe-gar,  'psela-gar. 
prolog;uise  v.  'p^oo-la-gaiz,  'p^ola-gaiz.     same  meaning  as 

prologise, 
prolonge  n.  (gun-carriage  rope)  p^olendj. 
promenade  n.,v,  (walk)  psemi'naid,  p3emi'na:d,  psomi'need, 

(rarely)  'p^emi-nad. 

c:  low,  b:  f«r,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  oi  boy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  precediTv^c,  ^a>a7cv^  ^^  \Ri\sj;L\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  otv  ^^  i^>\o^vR%  ^-"j^*^^^' 


434  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

promerops  n.  bird  [plural  promeropesi  'psema-reps. 
prominence  n.  (fact  of  being  prominent;  projection;  noto- 
riety) 'psemi-nans. 
promiscnity  n.  (confusion;  promiscuousness)  p3Onu'ik;0D-i- 

ti,  psemi'skgou-i-ti. 
promiscuous  adj.  (mixt;  indiscriminate)  p33'misk^-98. 
promise  n,,v.  [also  spelt  pro  mis;  as  verb,  past  participle  and 

preterit  promised,  promist'\  'psemis. 
promisee  n.  person  to  whom  a  promis  is  made   [also  ipdt 

promisseel  psomi'sii. 
promiser  n.  (one  who  promises)  'p^emi-sas. 
promisor  n.  (in  law,  the  person  who  makes  a  promis:  cor- 

relativ  to  promisee)  'psemi-sae,  'psemi-sez. 
promissive  adj.  promissory  [also  spelt  promissivl  pso'mniv. 
promissor  n.  (formerly,  in  astrology,  promittor;   in  Rom» 

law,  promisor)  pso'misa?. 
promiiBsory  adj,  (conveying  a  promis;  of  a  promis)  'piami- 

sozi,  {also)  'p3emis3-3i,  {assumptivly)  'psemi-s^ri;  {rapidlj) 

'psemi-ssi. 
promontory  n.  (headland)  'p3emdn-t3?i,  'psemdn-taei. 
prompt  adj,  (ready;  acting  with  alacrity)  prompt,  psemt 
promulgate  v.  (publish;  disseminate;  proclaim)  p^o'mi^-get, 

'p300-in9l-get,  'psemal-get. 
promulgation  n.   (publication)   psom^'gee-Ssn,  p^emafgee- 

Ssn. 
promulgator  n.  p^o'mAl-getsz,  'psemal-getd? ;    {improperly) 

p^emargee-tar. 
pronaos  n.  (vestibule,  narthex)  p3o'nee-es. 
pronged    adj,    having    prongs    [also    spelt   prongdj    pseigd, 

p^eqd;   (dialectally)  psciqd. 
pronounceable  adj.  p^d'naun-sd-bdl. 
pronouncedly   adv,   (in  a  pronounced  manner;   decidedly) 

p33'naon-si-dh. 
pronunciamento    n.    pronouncement,    manifesto     [synony- 
mous cognate  pronunciamientoli   p^o-nAnsi-a'mento. 
pronunciation  n.  (action  of  pronouncing)  p^d-nAnSi^ee-S^Oi 

p33-nAnsi'ee-S3n. 
proof  n.  test;  convincing  effect  of  evidence;  trial  impression 

[ploral  proofs']  psouf. 
propagandize  v.  [also  spelt  propagandisel  psepd'gxn-daiz. 
propagate  v.  (cause  to  breed;  breed)  'p3op3-get. 
propel  V,  drive  forward  [present  participle  propelling  i  past 

participle  and  preterit  propelled,  propeldl  pso'pei. 

j  ye,  9  cure ;  5  the,  0  thin;^  3  arure,  ds  joy ;  S  shoe,  t$  c^cw; 
wu'hcn;  i)sing]  u  whoever,  i  react,  xsli^,  ^>aiioo\,  ^<t^  lis^^; 
o poetic;  aov^r,  eoerial,  A-but,  o-.^oot,  -^joxvo,  ^.\ie^,  ^<^\l^v> 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  435 

propellent  adj,,  n.  psD^ebnt. 

propelment  n.  (propulsion;  escapement)  pso'peimdnt. 

propense  adj,  (inclined,  prone;  willing)  pso'pens,  psa'pents. 

prophecy  n.  action  or  faculty  of  a  prophet;  prediction  [also, 
formerly,  spelt  prophesyl  'p^efi-si. 

prophesier  n.  (one  who  or  that  which  prophesies;  prophet; 
prognostic)  'psefi-sai-ar. 

prophesy  v.  (predict,  foretell)  'psefi-sax. 

prophet  n.  (foreteller)  'profit. 

propine  v.  archaic  (give  to  drink;  present,  propose;  endow; 
drink  a  health  to)  p^'pain. 

propine  n.  archaic  (present,  gift)  p^o'pain. 

propine  n.  (allylene,  propincnc)  'psoo-pain. 

propinquity  n.  (nearness)  p3o'pir)ku)i-ti. 

propitiate  v.  (conciliate)  p^a'piji-et. 

propitiator  n.  (one  who  propitiates)  p^o'piSi-eta;. 

proponent  adj,  (proposing)  pso'poo-nsnt. 

propretor  n.  magistrate  with  pretorial  authority  but  without 
the  title  of  pretor  [also  spelt  propraetor']  p^Do'psii-tar. 

proprietary  n.  owner;  grantee;  body  of  proprietors;  pro- 
prietorship;  possession  [synonymous  cognate,  in  the  senses 
of  owner,  grantee,  and  body  of  proprietors,  proprietory] 
pzo'pzBi-i-tezi. 

proprietary  adj,  (of  a  proprietor)  p^o'psai-i-te^i. 

proprietor  n,  (grantee;  owner)  p^a'psai-ita?. 

proprietory  n,,  adj,  ps3'p3ai-i-t3zi.  same  meaning  as  pro- 
prietary. 

propriety  n.  (ownership;  fitness)   psa'psai-i-ti. 

propylon  n.  monumental  gateway;  propylaeum  [ploral  propy- 
Ions,  Propyla]  'p^epi-len. 

pro  rata  n.  (in  proportion)  psDo'^ee-ta,  p30o'ea:-ta;  {vulgar- 
ly) psoo'^aeta. 

prorosAte  v.  (prorogue)  'psDo-ra-get. 

prorosAtion  n.  p^oro'cjee-San,  p^ezs'gee-Sdn. 

prorogue  v,  (defer;  discontinue)  pso'zoog;  {improperly) 
pso'^og. 

prosaic  adj,  (prosy;  dull)  p3o'zee-ik;  {less  properly)  p^o'see- 
ik. 

prosaist  n,  (writer  of  prose;  prosaic  person)  pso'zee-ist, 
'p3D0-ze-ist. 

proscenium  n.  stage;  front  part  of  the  stage  [plural  pro- 
scenia] p3o'sii-ni-3m ;  {less  properly)  p^o'seni-am. 

proscribe  v,  (outlaw;  prohibit)  p^a'sk^aib. 

c:  \aw,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  ©  hot,  ©i  boy;  a:  far,  go  now,  a:  ask,  aiktte; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceditvtt  ^omtA  as»  Wv%\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  ^ii^  iqV^ohivcviss,  ^f^vi?^*.^ 


436  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD   WORDS 


proscription,  n.  (outlawry;  prohibition)  psa'ikszpSan. 

proselyte  n.  (convert)  'psesi-lait. 

proselTtism  n.  'psosih-tizdin,  'p3esi-48i-tix9m. 

proselytist  n.  'p3osih-tist,  'p^esi-lBi-tzst. 

proselytise  v.  convert  [also  spelt  proselyiisej  ']notili<4m 

'psesi-lai-taiz. 
prosify  v,  turn  into  prose;  make  prosaic;  write  prose  [|lN 

spelt  prosefyl  'psoo-zi-fai. 
prosodio  adj,  (of  prosody)  p^o'sedik,  pse'sedzk. 
prosody  n.  (science  of  versification;  metrics)  'pses^-di. 
prosopopeia  n.  [also  spelt  prosopopoeia}  psesapo'pii-d,  piQ- 

S9p9^pli-J3. 

prospect  V.  (look  forward,  face)  pso'spekt;   (seaxch;  txfUan 

for  ore)  'p^e-spekt. 
prospect  n.  (view,  sight,  survey)  'pse-spekt. 
prospective  adj.  looking  forward;  expected  [also  spelt  pn- 

spectii'l  pso'spektiv. 
prospector  n.  one  who  prospects  or  hunts  for  minerals  [ain 

spelt  prospecter'i  p^o'spektaz,  'p^e-spckta?. 
prosperous  adj.  (that  prospers;  thriving)  'psespd-eas,  (n^ 

idly)  'p30sp33s. 
prosphysis  n.  an  adhesion  [ploral  prosphysesi  'psesfi-sii. 
prostate    adj,    (located    in    front   of   something;    prostatic) 

'p^estct. 
prosthesis  n.   (addition)  'p3es6i-sis. 

prostrate  adj.  (lying  flat;  procumbent)  'p3e-stset,  'pzostjisL 
prostrate  v,  (become  prostrate;  lay  flat)  'p30-stjet. 
prostrator  n.  'p3e-st£etd7,  p^es'tsec-tsz. 
prosy  adj,   (like  prose;  prosaic;  tiresome)  'p^oo-zi. 
protasis  n.  (maxim;  first  clause  or  part)  'psetd-sis. 
Protean  adj,  (of  Proteus;  variable)  p3o'tii-3n,  'p3Do-ti-diL 
prot^g6  n.  (one  who  is  under  the  care  of  another)  p^oti'see, 

'p3Do-ti-3e. 
prot6g;6e  n.  (girl  or  woman  who  is  under  the  care  of  another 

person)  p^oti'see,  'p300-ti-3e. 
proteid  n.  albuminoid,  protein  [also,  formerly,  spelt  proteide] 

'p3D0-ti-id. 
protein  n.  supposed  principle  of  foods  [also,  formerly,  spelt 

proteinel  'p^DO-ti-m. 
pro  tempore  adj,  (for  the  time  being)  pso'tempa-^i. 
protest  n.  'psoo-test,  {also,  formerly,  but  rarely  now)  ps> 

'test. 
protest  V.  (assert,  asseverate,  declare)  potest. 

j  J'e.  9  cure ;  d  th^,  9  *liin ;  3  arure,  ds  joy ;  j  jAoc,  t$  cAew; 
wzvJien;  qsin^r;  uwVioevet,  \Tea,c\.,  xiiuW,  vsm\ooV,  i<t,  ds^f; 
opoeHc;  oover^  cocna\,  k\>uX,  x>\^ooic,  ^qtio,  ^\ie\,  ^<^^<to.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  437, 

protestant  adj,   (protesting;  making  a  protest)   'p^eti-stnt, 

'pseti-stant,  pso'testnt. 
protestant  n.   (one  who   protests)    'p3eti-stnt,   'p^eti-stant, 

pso'tcstnt.  j 

Protestant  adj,,n,  'p^eti-stnt,  'p^eti-stant ;    {less  properly)^ 

'psedi-stnt. 
protestation,  n.  (asseveration;  protest)  pseti'stee-San ;   {less 

properly)  psotes'tee-^dn. 
protens    n.    (amoeba)    'p330-ti-ds,    {often)    'p30ti-9s;    {also) 

'p30o-ti-us,  'p300-tgus. 
prothalaminm  n.  piece  written  to   celebrate  a  marriage; 

epithalamium    [synonymous    cognate    prothalamion]    psoOd- 

1ee-mi-3m, 
protlionotary  n.  p3o'0en3-te?i,  psoOa'noo-td-ri.    same  mean- 
ing as  protonotary, 
protocol  n.  (original;  rough  draft  of  a  treaty)  'p330-t9-ke}. 
protomartyr  n.  (first  martyr)  'p^oo-ta-martaz,  psot^'maztsz. 
protonotary  n.  chief  notary  or  clerk;  prelate  [synonymous 

cognate  prothonotaryl  pso'tona-te^i,  p^ota'noo-ta-ei. 
protoplasm  n.  (sarcode,  bioplasm)  'p^oo-t^-pz^zdm. 
protoxide  n.   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  protoxidi  p33'tek-said, 

{before  of)  psa'toksid. 
protozoan  n.  (primitiv  animal;  protozoon)  psotd'zoo-an. 
protraoter  n.  one  who  protracts  or  lengthens  in  time  [also 

spelt  protractor'\  p^o'tjaekta?. 
protractile  adj.  capable  of  being  lengthend  [also,  sometimes, 

spelt  protractill  pso'tjaektil,  pso'tsaek-tail. 
protractor  n.  (instrument  for  drawing  or  measuring  angles; 

muscle;  pattern)  pso'tjaektar. 
protrnsile  adj,  [also,  somtimes,  spelt  protrusill  p^o'tsou-si}, 

p5o'tjou-sail. 
protrusion  n.  (action  of  protruding;  something  which  pro- 
trudes) pso'tjou-san. 
protrusive  adj.  protruding   [also  spelt  protrusiv']   p33't£uu- 

siv,  p3o'tjou-ziv. 
protuberant  adj.  (that  protrudes;  swelling)  p3o'tgou-b9-?3nt. 
protyle  n.  primal  organic  matter  [synonymous  cognates  pro- 

thyle,  prothyll  'p^oo-tail,  'p^oo-til,  p3D/tai-li. 
provable  adj.  capable  of  being  proved  [also  spelt  proveablel 

'p30U-V3-b3l. 

proTably  adv.  [also  spelt  proveablyl  'psou-vs-bh. 
provand  n.  (food,  provender)  'psovand. 
provant  n.  (provand,  provender)  'p^evant. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cot,  o  hot,  oi  boy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceditv^  %omtv^  -v-^  \«t\%\ 
stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stte^^  qu  X^^  i^^Xo'^vcv^  vf^aJ^^, 


438  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD   WORDS 

prove  V.  test;  render  certain  [past  participle  proved;  pretc 

proved,  less  properly  proven}  psouv. 
provedor  n.  purveyor;  proveditor  [synonymous  cognate  t 

vedore'i  'psevi-dez. 
proven,  adj.  (proved)  'psou-van,  'psoo-van. 
provenanoe  n.  'p^evi-nans.    same  meaning  as  proveniem 
Provencal  adj.   (of  Provence,  France)   p30veg'sa:l,  p50\ 

'sa:l,  psoveq'sael. 
Provence  adj,  (of  Provence,  a  former  province  of  southc 

ern  France)  p^o'veqs,  'p^ovsns. 
provenience  n.   [synonymous   cognate  provenance"]  pn' 

ni-sns. 
proviant  n.  provision;  food-supply;  commissariat;  provi 

provant   [synonymous  cognate  proviandj   'p3ovi-ant. 
providence    n.    (foresight;    frugality;    divine     superviai 

'p30vi-dns,  'psovi-dans. 
provincial  adj.  (of  a  province;  rustic;  local;  narrow)  ; 

'vinjal,  p^a'vintSal. 
provincialise  v.   [also  spelt  provincialise]   psd'vinSd-tai 
proviso  n.  provisional   clause;   condition    [plural   protnn 

pso'vai-zo. 
provocable  adj.  (rare)  'psovskd-bdl.     same  meaning  as  i 

vokable, 
provocation   n.    (action    of   provoking;    incitement)    p3< 

'kec-San. 
provocative  adj.  that  provokes;  exciting  [also  spelt  provt 

tiv]  psa'voka-tiv,  {assumptivly)  p^a'vokativ;   (also)  psa'i 

ka-tiv,   (assumptivly)  p^a'voo-kativ ;   (rarely)   'psova-ketr 
provokable  adj.  (capable  of  being  provoked)  p^a'voo-ka-b 
,   provoke  v.  (excite;  vex)  p^a'vook,  (dialectally)  psa'vak. 
provost  n.  (chief,  head;  college-principal;  church  dignita 

Scotch    mayor;    chief    jailer;    prison)    'psoo-vast,    'psevj 

(also,  in  the  sense  of  jailer  or  marshal)  pso'voo,  (anterio\ 

'psoo-vo,  'p30-V0. 
prcw  n.  (fore  part  or  bow  of  a  ship;  beak)  p3ao. 
prcwess  n.  (virtue;  bravery,  valor)  'p^au-is. 
proximity  n.   (nearness)  psok'simiti;   (less  properly)  p5 

'zimi-ti. 
pmdence  n.  (quality  of  being  prudent;  sagacity;  knowled 

'psou-dns;  (formerly)  'p^iou-dns. 
pmdery  n.  (pnidishness ;  primness)  'p^ou-da-^i,  'psou-dn 
prnned  adj.  (trimd)  p^ound,  (also,  in  poetry)  'p3ou-nid. 
pmnell  n.  (milled  cashmere)  p^u'nel. 

j  ve,  9  cure ;  5  the,  G  */iin  ;^  3  axrure,  dj  joy ;  $  j/ioe,  tS  cht 
wwhtn'y  i)Sin£r;  uwVvoevet,  VrcaicV.,  ^iull,  oufool,  i  »t,  lis 
o  poetic;  a  over,  eaetia\,  K\iu\.,  •a-.^oox,  -^owo,  ^,\ie^^  ^.^^ 


B  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  439 

T*   prunella  n.  everlasting,  a  cloth  [synonymous  cognate  pru- 

nellOj  prunelle'\  pso'neld. 
%    prnnella  n.  plant  of  the  genus  Brunella;  self-heal  [synony- 
mous cognate  prunellol  p^u'neb. 
prunella  n.  (obsolete)  camp-fever;  sore  throat;  thrush;  an- 
n        gina  pectoris;  sal  prunella;  prunella  salt  [synonymous  ceg- 
i        nate  prunelle^  pso'nels. 

Pmnella  n.  (Accentor,  a  genus  of  birds)  pso'nela. 
ii    pmnello  n.  fine  prune  [also  spelt  prunelloe;  former  synony- 
mous cognate  prunellal  pso'nelo. 
i    prurigo  n.  (itching)  'p3o:-3i-go,  p3o'rai-go. 

Prassian  adj.  (of  Prussia)  'p3A$9n,  'p3ou-$9n. 
•jL    Pmssianise  v.  [also  spelt  Prussianise'^  'p3A$d-naiz. 
t    prassiate  n.  (ferrocyanide  or  ferricyanide)  'p3Asi-et,  'psAsi- 
3f        at,  'p3ASi-et;  (Jess  properly)  'psou-si-et. 

prassic  adj,  (of  Prussian  blue)  'p^ASik;  {less  properly)  'p3ou- 
•a^       sik. 

prytanenm  n.  public  hall  [also  spelt  prytaneiutn;  plural  pry- 
i^.         taneal  psita'nii-am, 
K     prytanis    n.    chief    magistrate    or    priest    [plpral    prytanes^ 

'psita-nis. 
Ii    psalloid  adj.  (lyriform)  'sae-leid. 

psalm  n.  (sacred  poem  or  song)  sa:m;  {dialectally,  vulgarly) 
i;         sx:m. 

psalmio  adj,   (of  psalms;   psalm-likc)   'sselmik,  'sa:-mik. 
•f     psalmist  n.   (writer  of  psalms)   'sa:-mist,  'saelmist,  {rarely) 
i         'sa:l-mist. 

'■     psalmistry     n.     (singing     psalms;     psalmody)     'sa:-mi-st£i, 
'saelmi-stii. 
psalmodist  n.  (one  skild  in  psalmody ;  singer  of  psalms)  'so:- 

md-dist,  'saelma-dist. 
psalmodize  v.  practis  psalmody  [also  spelt  psalmodisel  'sa:- 

ma-daiz,  'saelms-daiz. 
psalmody  n.  (singing  psalms;  psalms  collectivly)  'soi-ma-di, 

'saelm3-di. 
psaloid  adj,  (like  an  arch)  'see-leid. 
psalter  n.  (Book  of  Psalms,  etc.)  'sc:l-t33. 
psalterinm  n.  psalter;  also,  omasum,  manyplies  [ploral  psai- 

ierial  scl'tii-^i-am,  sael'tii-ri-am. 
psaltery  n,  (stringd  instrument;  psalter)  'sc:l-ta-3i. 
psohent  n,  (Egyptian  crown)  Sent,  (rarely)  pjent. 
psettine  adj.  of  the  subfamily  Psettinae  of  flat-fishes  [also, 
sometimes,  spelt  psettin'\  'se-tain,  'setin. 

c:  law,  b:  fi*r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a*,  ask,  ^xV!a\r.\ 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  X\\&  prece^itv?,  somtv^  -v^  Xwcvsln 
stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  on  iVie  ioWovavcv^  «si^\•ais^R^ 


440  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

psendo  adj,  (false)  '89ou-d3,  (rarely)  'psgou-do;  {dialectaUj) 

'sou-do. 
psendonjiii  n.  false  name  [also  spelt  pseudonymel  's^oii-d^- 

nim;  {dialectally)  'sou-da-nim. 
psendonjinoiis  adj.  (bearing  a  pseudonym)  s^u'deni-mas. 
pshaxv    inter j.    expressing    contempt,    disdain,     impatience, 
sense  of  absurdity   [also  spelt  p*shaw  and,  formerly,  psha, 
pshah,  ^pshaw}  Sc: ,  pjc: . 
pshem  n.  head-dress  [also  spelt  pschemj  $em,  (rarely)  pSem. 
psht  inter  j.  enjoining  caution  or  expressing  impatience  [for- 
mer synonymous  cognate  pshut'i  pSt. 
pshnt  interj.  (obsolete)  p^At.    same  meaning  as  psht, 
psi  n.  (Greek  letter)  sai,  psii 

psilomelane  n.  (ore  of  manganese)  sailemi^en. 
psoas  n.  (muscle)  'soo-ss. 

psora  n.  (scabies)  'soi-zd,  (rarely,  pedantically)  'paoi-z^. 
psyohagosue  n.  necromancer  [also  spelt  psychagog"}  'sax-ira- 

geg. 
psyche  n.  (human  soul,  spirit,  mind;  cerebrospinal  nervous 

system;  mirror)  'sai-ki,  (rarely,  pedantically)  'psai-ki. 
psyoliiatrio  adj.  (of  psychiatry)  sai-ki'xtsik. 
psychiatry  n.  (treatment  of  mental  diseases)  sazlcai-a-tsi. 
psychic  adj,  (mental,  spiritual)  'sai-kik. 
psychical  adj.  (psychic)  'sai-ki-kdl. 
psychologic   adj,   (of   psychology;   psychological)    sai-kale- 

d3ik. 
psychology  n.  (science  of  mind)  saiHceld-dsi. 
psyohomachy  n.  (conflict  of  the  soul  with  the  body)  sai- 

'kema-ki. 
psychomancy  n.   (occult  intercommunication  between  souls 

or  with  spirits)  'sai-ka-maensi,  sailcemaen-si. 
psychopathy  n.   (mental   disease;  treatment   of  disease  by 

psychic  influence)  sai'kepa-Gi. 
psychosis    n.    mental    constitution;    psychic   change    [ploral 

psychoses'!  saiTcoo-sis. 
psycter  n.  wine-cooler  [also  spelt  psykterl  'siktde,   (rarely) 

'psiktar. 
ptarmigan  n.  (grouse)  'ta:?-mi-g9n. 
ptere  n.  (an  alate  or  wing-like  part)  tr.z, 
ptema  n.  heel-pad  of  a  bird  [ploral  pternael  'taena,  'terr-na. 
pterodactyl  n.  pterosaurian,  an  extinct  reptil;  flying-dragon 

[also  spelt  pterodactylel  tC23'daktil. 
pteroid  n.  (bone)  'te-?eid,  'ti:-?oid. 

J  ye,  Qcure;  biht^,  Otfiin;  ja-arure,  ds/oy;  I  shoe,  tJcAew; 
wwhen;  t)sing\  uwhocNet,  \tc?icX,  xiiuYi,  vmlIooI,  itt,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  9  over,  eoeriaV,  K\iuX,  •a\^oot,  "^jqxxo,  ^.\ie^^  ^.^\l<o^^% 


\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  441 


pteroid  adj,  (fern-like)  'tc-eeid,  'ti:-eeid. 

pterygoid  adj.  (wing-like,  aliform)  'ten-geid. 

ptisan,  n.  mild  drink  [also  spelt  tisane^  'tizsn,  'tai-san ;  {rare- 
ly) 'tisan. 

Ptolemaio  adj.  (of  Ptolemy)  teh'mee-ik. 

ptomaine  n.  alkaloid  [also  spelt  tomaine  and,  sometimes,  to- 
maxft]  'tDO-men,  to'meen,  'too-me-ain,  'too-me-in. 

ptosis  n.  (drooping  of  the  upper  eyelid;  blepharoptosis)  'too- 
sis.' 

ptyalasogrme  n.  medicin  for  increasing  the  flow  of  saliva 
[also  spelt  ptyalagogl  'tai-ala-geg,  tai'aela-geg. 

ptyalin  n.  principle  of  saliva  [also  spelt  ptyaHnel  'tai-3-lin. 

ptjrxis  n.  (folding  of  a  single  part  in  a  biid)  'tiksis. 

pnbic  adj.  (of  the  pubes  or  pubis)  'p^ou-bik. 

pnbis  n.  pubic  bone  [plural  pubesl  'pQou-bis. 

public  adj.  (of  the  people,  etc.)  'pAbhk. 

publicist  n.  (writer  on  law ;  one  verst  in  politics)  'pAbh-sist. 

publicity  n.  (state  of  being  public;  notoriety)  pA'bhsi-ti. 

publish  V,  make  public;  issue  [past  participle  and  preterit 
published,  publishtl  'pAbliJ. 

puck^  n.  evil  spirit  [synenymous  cognates  pook,  pouki  pAk. 

puck'  ft.  (puck-bird,  nightjar;  disease)  pAk. 

puck*  n.  (hockey-disk)  pAk. 

puddening  n.  (rope  pad)  'podn-ir),  'podnig. 

pudding  n.  dish  [dialectal  synenymous  cognates  puddin,  pud- 
den"]  'podiq;  {dialectally  or  vulgarly)  'podin,  'podn,  'pAdn. 

puddling  n.  (working  puddle  or  plastic  clay;  mode  of  iron- 
working)  'pAdliq. 

pudg^  adj,  fat  and  short  [synenymous  cegnate  podgy]  'pAdsi. 

pudic  adj.  (pudendal)  'pgou-dik. 

pueblo  n.  (town,  village)  'pireblo,  pu'ebio. 

puerile  adj,  boyish;  juvenil;  trivial  [also,  sometimes,  spelt 
pueril]  'pgou-3-ril,  'pQou-3-?ail. 

puerility  n.  (quality  of  being  pueril;  childishness;  silly  act) 

PQU-3'3lh-tl. 

puerperal  adj,  (of  childbirth)  pgu's^pa-^dl. 

puggree  n.  turban;  scarf  [also  spelt  pugree,  puggri,  puggry, 

pagri;    synenymous    cognates   puggaree,    pugaree,    puggery] 

'pA-gri. 
pugh  interj,  obsolete   [also  spelt  puh]  pgou,  pou,   puh,   po. 

same  meaning  as  pooh. 
pugilist  n.  (boxer)  'pgou-dsi-list. 
pu8:nacious  adj.   (disposed  to  fight)  pAg'nee-S^s. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a*,  ask,  ^^  Va\s:\ 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  pteee^itia,  ^o>\tv^  a.^  ^n'^'' 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  oti  V!l[i^  i«>>\a^va.SL  ^^vcs^w^^ 


442  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

pnisne  adj.  (younger  or  inferior  in  rank,  as  a  judge;  more 

recent;  later)  'p^'ou-ni. 
pnissanoe  n.  (power)  'p^uu-i-sdns,  pQu'zsans,  'pwii-sans. 
puissant    adj,    (powerful,    mighty)    'pgou-i-S9nt,    pgn'isdnt, 

'ptcii-sant. 
pnlohritnde  n,  (beauty)  'pAlk^i-tgud. 
pnlka  n.  sledge  [also  spelt  pulkha;  synonymous  cognate  pulk] 

'pjJk^,  'polka. 
pullastrine  adj.  of  the  Pullastrae,  a  group  of  birds  [also, 

sometimes,  spelt  pullastrin\  pulx-stsain,  pAlaestsm. 
pulley  ft.  groovd  wheel  in  a  block;  trochlea  [ploral  pulleys] 

'poll. 
pullicate  n.  checkt  handkerchief  [also,  formerly,  spelt  piMi- 

cat,  puHcatI  'pAli-kat. 
pullulate  V,  (germinate;  bud)  'pAlio-let. 
pulmonAry  adj.  (of  the  lungs;  having  lungs)  'pjdm^-nezi, 
pulque  n.  (drink)  'polki,  'pol-ke. 
pulsate  V.  (beat,  throb)  'pAl-set,  'pAlset. 
pulsatile  adj,  tending  to  pulsate  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  pul- 

satilli  'pAls3-til,  'pAlsa-tail. 
pulsator  n.  (jigging-machine,  etc.)  pA}'see-t37,  'pAlsa-tas. 
pnlverine  n.  ashes  of  barilla  [also  spelt  pulverin}  'pAiv9-€in. 
pulverisable  adj.  [also  spelt  pulverisable'\  'pitivs-^ai-za-baL 
pulverisation  n.   [also  spelt  pulverisation^  pAlv97i'zee-Sa&t 

pAlva-^ai'zee-San. 
pulverize  v,  reduce  to  powder  [also  spelt  pulverisej  'pjdv9- 

ZBIZ, 

pulverizer  n.  [also  spelt  pulveriser']  'pAlva-eai-zar. 
pulverulence  n.  (state  of  being  pulverulent,  dusty,  or  pow^ 

dery)  pAl'veza-lans,  pAl'verjo-lons. 
pulvinar  n,   (of   a  pulvinus   or  cushion-like   swelling  of  a 

stem  or  petiole)  pAl'vai-nar. 
puma  n.  (cougar)  'pgou-ma,  {rarely)  'pou-ma. 
pumice  n.  spongy  lava  [also  spelt  pumis]  'pAmis,  'pgou-mis. 
pumiceous  adj.  (of  pumice)  pQu'mi^as. 
pumice-stone  n.  [also  spelt  pumis-stone]  'pAmis-stoon,  'pA- 

mi-ston. 
pumpernickle    n.    (whole-meal    rye    bread)    'pompdr-nikal, 

'pAmpa^-nikal. 
pumpkin  n,  fruit  of  Cucurbita  pepo;  gourd;  squash;  plant; 

person  [also  spelt  punkin  and,  formerly,  pompkin,  putnkin; 

former   synonymous   cognates  pompioh,   pumpion\    'pAqkin, 

'pAmpkin. 

J  yc,   gcure;  5  the,  Q  thin*,  ^^icute,  d^ioy;   \shot,   tS  cAew; 
wwhen;  rising;  u "wliioever,  ireaieX.,  v»iu\V  ^>\\ooV  -s.xx.,  -c^^ee; 
poetic;  9  0v^r,  e  oerial,  a. but,  o-.doot,  -a^^o,  ^.>>c^  ^^%*i«.\    ^y 


o 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  443 

pimaise  n.  bedbug  [also  spelt  punese;  former  synonymous 
cognate  punie,  etc.]  pgo'neez. 

pnndi  V,  in  all  senses  [past  participle  and  preterit  punched, 
punchtl  pAntS,  (also,  and  in  Britain  normally)  pAnJ. 

pnnolieoii  n.  (perf orating-tool ;  punch)  'pAnt^an,  {also,  and 
in  Britain  normally)  'pAnJan. 

pimotilions  adj.  (attentiv  to  punctilios;  nice)  pAgk'tili-ds, 
pAgk'tilids. 

pmig^y  n.  (small  boat;  schooner)  'pAi}i. 

pnnisli  V.  inflict  a  penalty  on;  castigate  [past  participle  and 
preterit  punished,  punishtl  'pAni$. 

pnnitive  adj,  of  punishment  [also  spelt  punitivl  'pgou-ni-tiv. 

pnnky  n.  fly,  midge  [also  spelt  punkie'\  'pATjki. 

pnniLet  n.  basket  [also  spelt  punnitj  'pAnit. 

puny  adj,  (small  and  weak)  'pgou-ni. 

pnpa  n.  stage  between  larva  and  imago  [ploral  pupael  'pQon- 
p9. 

pupilage  n.  state  of  being  a  minor  or  ward ;  minority ;  pupil- 
ship  [also  spelt  pupillagel  'pgou-pi-hds. 

pnpilarity  n.  state  of  being  below  the  age  of  puberty;  child- 
hood [also  spelt  pupillarityl  pgupilae^i-ti. 

pnpilary  adj,  of  a  child  or  pupil  [also  spelt  pupillary^  'pgou- 
piAezi, 

pupilary  adj\  of  the  pupil  of  the  eye  [also  spelt  pupillary"} 
'pqovL'piAtzi. 

pnpilate  adj,  pupild  [also  spelt  pupillatel  'pgou-pi-let. 

pnpiled  adj.  having  a  pupil-like  central  spot;  pupilate  [also 
spelt  pupilled,  pupild"}  'pgou-pild. 

pnpilize  v.  take  pupils;  teach  [also  spelt  pupillise,  pupiilise'] 
'pgou-pi-laiz. 

pnppet-valve  n.  [also  spelt  puppet-valv;  synonymous  cog- 
nate poppet-valve}  'pApit-vaelv, 

pnppy  n.  young  dog;  fop  [ploral  puppies']  'pApi. 

pnrbliiid  adj,  (nearly  blind)  'pB:2r-biaind. 

pnroliase  v.  gain,  acquire,  buy  [past  participle  and  pretetit 
purchased,  purchast}  'pe^tjis,  'pBi^-tJis. 

pnroliasable  adj.  [also  spelt  purchaseablel  'pBsrtSisd-bdl. 

pnr^e  n.  (thick,  straind  soup,  such  as  pea-soup)  pgo'^ee. 

pnrgatory  adj.  (cleansing;  expiatory;  purgativ)  'pei^-ga- 
tozij  'pB:r-g3t3-2ri,  'pBi^-ga-ta^i. 

pnrgery  n.  draining-place  in  a  sugar-house  [ploral  purgeriesl 
'pBzrdsa-zri,  'pBizr-dsa-zri. 

pnrifioative  adj.  purifying;   cleansing  [also  spelt  purifica- 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kitex 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  Oie  v^ett^\iatt  %w«v\  a&  Vrcv^tN 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  cHef  stress  oil  ^^  i^o^vc^.^  «a^^^w^^ 


444  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

tivl   'pgo:-rifi-ketiv,   (often)   'pgorifi-ketiv;    (also)   pv^txb- 
ketiv;   (also)  pgo'?ifik»-tiv,  (assumptivly)  p^o'rifi-kstiv. 

pnrifioatory    adj.    (purificativ)    p^o'rifikd-tori,    p^&ziiHia- 
ten,  'pQo:-rifika-tari,  'pQo:-rifi-keta?i. 

pnrifier  n.  (one  who  or  that  which  purifies;  cleanser)  'p^.- 
71-fai-d;. 

Purim  n.   (Jewish  festival)  'pqoi-zim,  puViim. 

parity  n.  'p<jo:-ri-ti,  (often)  'pgon-ti. 

Pnrkinjean.  adj,  of  the  Bohemian  physiologist  Purkinje  [al- 
so, erroneously,  spelt  Purkingian^  pez'kindsi-dn. 

pnrP  V.  edge  with  purls;  invert  the  stitches  so  as  produce  a 
seam  [past  participle  and  preterit  purled,  pHrldJ   psizL 

pnrP  n.  cord ;  edging ;  frill ;  inversion  of  stitches  producing  a 
ribd  appearance  of  surface  [also,  formerly,  spelt  purle  and, 
in  the  sense  of  edging  and  inversion  of  stitches,  peart\ 
Pb:?1. 

pnrl*  n.  (formerly,  rill;  action  or  sound  of  purling  as  a  rill) 
pB:rL 

pnrl*  V.  flow  with  a  whirling  motion  or  murmuring  sound,  as 
a  rill  [past  participle  and  preterit  purled,  purldl  ps:?!. 

pnrP  n.  liquor;  mixture  of  hot  beer  with  gin  [also,  formerly, 
spelt  purlel  ps:?!. 

pnrl*  n.  (dialectal)  nodule  of  dung  [also  spelt  purlel  pe:?!. 

pnrF  V,  revolv  as  a  wheel;  wheel  as  a  horse;  capsize  [also, 
in  the  sense  of  revolv  as  a  wheel,  spelt  pirl'\  pe:?!. 

pnrl'  n.  slang  (header;  spill;  upset)  pe:?!. 

pnrl*  n.  local  (tern,  a  bird)  psxl. 

pnrlione  n.  (dialectal)  final  flourish;  peroration;  space  be- 
tween thumb  and  forefinger  [also  spelt  perlecue,  perleque, 
perlikew,  pirlicue,  pirliecue,  purleycue;  synonymous  cognates 
parlicue,  parlecue,  parleycue,  perliqueyl  'pBzrh-kQu. 

pnrllen  n.  (tract  of  land  bordering  a  forest;  haunt;  outlying 
district)  'perliu,  'psr^-Hu. 

pnrliiL  n.  side  timber;  side  waver  [also  spelt  purlinel  'pBzhn, 
'pBiZ'Un. 

pnrloin  v,  remove;  steal  [past  participle  and  preterit  pur- 
loined, purloind'l  pBj'lein. 

pnrplely  adv.  (in  a  purple  manner:  with  purple)  'perpal-h. 

pnrply  adj.  (characterized  by  a  purple  color;  purplish)  'pe?- 
pM. 

pnrport  v,  (imply,  mean)  'ps^-pn^l,  pB^'porrt. 

purport  n.  (meaning;  tenor;  import)  'pB^-po^t,  (also,  for- 
merly) pB^'porrt. 

J  y^,  ?cure;  5  the,  0  tKvtv;  ^siCMTe,  dT^joy;  \shoQ,  tSr/iew; 
wwhen;  nsina;  uwYioevet,  itc^tx.,  ^\u\\,  \i>\ioo\,  \\x,  ^x^ee\ 
o poetic;  ©ov^r,  e  aetiaV,  kW^,  ;>-.^oox,  ^ot.o,  ^>aee^,  ^^%QX"t\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  445 

purpose  n.,  v,  design,  etc.  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  pret- 
erit purposed,  purposti  'poppas,  'pei^-pas. 

purposive  adj.  purposeful;  functional  [also  spelt  purposivl 
'peepasiv,  'psjpaziv. 

pnrpnriii.  n.  madder-purple  [also  spelt  purpurinel  'pB^pQO- 
zin. 

pnrr^  n.  dunlin,  a  sandpiper  [also  spelt  purrel  ps:?.  compare 
pirr. 

pnrr*  inter j,  used  in  calling  to  pigs,  and  to  turkeys  [also,  dia- 
lectally,  spelt  purl  ps:?. 

piirr*  n.  act  of  purring;  murmuring  sound  made  by  a  cat  [al- 
so spelt  purl  pe:?. 

pnrr*  v,  make  a  murmuring  sound  like  a  cat  [also  spelt  pur\ 
past  participle  and  preterit  purred,  purdi  pBiz. 

pnrp*  n.  obsolete'  (pullet,  a  bivalv)  pB:^. 

pnrp*  n.  (wild  pig)  pe:?. 

pnrree  n.  yellow  coloring-matter  [also  spelt  purrhee;  synon- 
ymous cognate  piureel  'pA-?i. 

pnraer  n.  (pasrmaster;  cashier)  'pesrsasr,  'pBisr-ss?. 

pnrslaiLe  n.  plant  [also  spelt  purslaini  'pers-len,  'pB?-SLen. 

pnrsiie  v.  (chase;  seek)  ps^'sgou;  {^dialect ally)  pa^'sou. 

pnrsnit  n.  (act  of  pursuing)  ps^sgout;  (dialectally)  pa^'sout. 

pnrsiiivaiit  n.  (heraldic  officer;  royal  messenger;  follower; 
attendant)  'pB^suji-vant. 

pnrsy  adj.  short-winded,  puffy,  pursiv;  fat  [also  spelt  purseyl 
'PB3SI,  'pb:?-si. 

pnrsy  adj.  (puckerd;  also,  rich)  'pB^si,  'pB:?-si. 

pnnileiLt  adj.  (of  pus;  suppurating)  'pgoi-srs-ldnt. 

purvey  v,  provide  [past  participle  and  preterit  purveyed, 
purveyd"]  pB^'vee, 

pnrvey  n.  (formerly,  purview;  provision;  latterly,  sum  pro- 
vided to  meet  expenses)  'psi^-ve. 

pnrvie^v  n.  (body  of  a  statute ;  provision  of  a  bill ;  scope ;  in- 
tent; outlook)  'pb:3-vjou. 

pns  n.  (matter)  pAs. 

pnsillaniinity  n.  (timidity)  pQusi-lx'nimi-ti. 

pnM  n.  (cat ;  rabbit)  pos. 

pnssly  n.  purslane  [also  spelt  pusley,  pussleyl  'pAsz.i. 

pnstnle  n.   (small  tumor  or  pimple  containing  pus;  papule) 

'pAS-tJul,   'pAS-tSul,   'pAS-tQUl. 

pnt  V,  (thrust,  push;  place;  bring;  propound)  pot. 
pntamen   n.   hard   endocarp,   fruit-stone;    shell,    etc.    [ploral 
putaminal  pgo'tee-man. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  fi*.  a^V.,  ^^VA.\r.\ 
length-marlf  (;)  incijcates  that  the  preceditvtt  ^o>3it^^  -w^  \«w^\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t^ie  ieJWo^T^SL  ^^"^'a^^' 


446  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

pntative    adj.   supposed;    reputed;    commonly    deemd  [also 

spelt  putativl  'pgou-ta-tiv. 
putolink  n.  costus-root  [also  spelt  putchuck  and,  sometimes, 

putchock;  synonymous  cognates  putchick,  patchuk,  pachak] 

'pAtSak,  pd'tSAk. 
pnteli  n.  (boat  used  on  the  Ganges)  'poti-li,  'pAti-ti. 
pntlos  f^'   floor-timber  of  a  scaffold   [synonymous  cognate 

putlockl  'pAt-log,  'pot-log. 
pntt  v.,  n.  in  golf  [also  spelt  put}  pAt. 
pyemia  n.   febril   disease   [also  spelt  pyaemia;    synenymoos 

cognate  pyohaemia\  pai'ii-mi-a. 
pyg^idinin.  n.   (pygal  segment)  pai'dsidi-sm,   pai'gidi-am. 
pysmean.  adj.  of  a  pygmy   [also  spelt  pygmaean,  pigmetm] 

pig'mii-3n,  {rarely)  'pigmi-an. 
pysmy  n.  dwarf  [also  spelt  pigmy ;  ploral  pygmiesi  'pigmi. 
pyjamas  n.  pi.  pai'd3a:-m3z.     same  meaning  as  pajamas. 
pylanginm  n.  undivided  portion  of  the  arterial  trunk  [plor- 
al pylangial  pai-lan'dsai-am. 
pyloric  adj.  (of  the  pylorus)  pilo^ik,  pailezik. 
pyloms  n.  opening  from  the  stomach  into  the  duodenum,  etc 

[ploral  pylori"]  pi'lor-^as,  pai'lo:-?3s. 
pyramid  n.  (structure  or  solid  with  polygonal  base  and  slop- 
ing sides  meeting  in  an  apex)  'pi?9-mid. 
pyramidal     adj.     (of     or    like     a    pyramid;     pyramidical) 

pi'?ami-dl,  pi'^aemi-dal. 
pyramidical  adj.   (pyramidal,  pyramidic).  pizd'midi-kdl. 
pyramidize  v.  form  a  pyramid;  converge  toward  an  apex 

[also  spelt  pyramidisel  'pijrami-daiz. 
pyre  n.  (funeral  pile)  paiz. 
Pyrenean  adj.  of  the  Pyrenees  [also  spelt  Pyrenaean]  pin- 

'nii-3n. 
pyrethmm  n.  (plant)  pai'zreGsam,  paiVii-Gsam,  'pizri-Gsam. 
pyretic  adj.  (of  fever)  pai'retik,  pi'^etik. 
pyretosenesis  n.    (production   of  fever)   pai-zi-tD'dseni-sis, 

pi^i-to'dseni-sis. 
pyridine  n.  alkaloid   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  pyridinl  'pizi- 

din,  'pi^i-dain,  'pai-?i-dain. 
pyriform    adj.   pear-shaped,    obconic    [also    spelt    piriform] 

'pizi-ie:zm,  'pai-jri-foirm. 
pyrite  n.  (pyrites,  fire-stone)  'pai-rait. 
pyrites  n.  (pyrite;  marcasite;  chalcopyrite)  pai'jrai-tiz,  pi'rai- 

tiz;  (improperly)  'pi-^aits,  'pai-^aits. 
pyritio  adj.  (of  pyrites)  pai'ntik,  piVitik. 

j  ye,  Qcure;  5  the,  Q  tKm;  js assure,  dj/oy;  I  shoe,  tl  chew; 
wwhen;  q  sing;  u"w\ioe\eT,  Vtc^cX,  \iiu\\,  \i>a.iooV  a.\\,  xi^ee; 
o  poetic;  sever,  e  oetiaV,  K>auV,  -a.^ooT,  -^i^^o,  ^X^ees.,  ^^^^v. 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  447 

pyromancy  n.  (divination  by  fire)  'pai-^a-maensi,  'pi^a-maen- 

si,  (rarely)  pai-ra'maensi. 
pyrometer  n.  (heat-measuring  device)  pai'^emi-ta?,  piVemi- 

t37. 

pyroteolmic  adj.   (of  fireworks)  pai-?3'tekNik,  piza'tckNik. 

pyroteoliny  n.  (art  of  using  fire;  making  fireworks)  pai-?3- 
'tekNi,  'pai-33-tekNi,  pi^d'tekNi,  'pi^a-tekNi. 

pyroxene  n.  (mineral)  pai'eek-sin,  'pai-^ek-sin. 

pyrozyle  n.  pyroxylin  [also  spelt  pyroxile'\  pai'?eksil. 

pyroxylin  n.  guncotton,  etc.;   pyroxyle   [also  spelt  pyroxy- 
linel  pai'7eksi-hn,  pi'?eksi-hn. 

pyrrldc  n.  (foot  of  two  short  syllables)  'pi?ik. 

pyrrol   n.   pyrroline,   a  liquid    [also   spelt  pyrrhol;   synony- 
mous cognate  pyrrolel  'pijal. 

Pytliagorean  adj.  (of  the  Greek  philosopher  and  mathema- 
tician Pythagoras)   pi-9agaVii-3n,   pai-Gaega'^ii-an. 

Pytldan  adj.  (of  Delphi,  etc.)  'pi6i-3n,  'pai-6i-3n. 

pytlion  n.  (large  serpent)  'pai-Gen. 

python  n.  (familiar  spirit ;  one  possest  by  such  a  spirit)  'pai- 
00n,  'pi-0en. 

pythoness  n.  (witch)  'pai-Os-nis,  'piOd-nis. 

pythonold  adj.  (like  the  serpent  python)  'pai-Oa-neid,  pai- 
'000-neid. 

pyx  n.  (box;  vase;  chest  for  specimen  coins)  piks. 

pyx  V.  (test  by  weight  -and  assay,  as  coins)  piks. 

n.   pyx;   bone-socket;    pyxidium;   land-tortoise;   insect 
[ploral  pyxides}  'piksis. 


qna  adv,  in  so  far  as;  in  the  capacity  of  [also  spelt  qud,  qua} 
kujee,  ku)a: . 

quad  n.  (in  printing,  quadrat)  kwed. 

qnadrangled  adj.  (quadrangular;  furnisht  with  a  quadran- 
gle) 'kiuedraqgald,  kiue'draeqgald. 

qnadrennlal  adj.  (occurring  every  four  years;  lasting  four 
years)  kiue'dreni-al. 

quadrlcolor  adj.  (of  four  colors)  'kujedri-kAla^ ;  (improperly) 
'ku)0-drai-kAl3^. 

qnadrlga  n.  four-horse  chariot  [plural  quadrigae}  kwe'drai- 
ga. 

qnadrljngate  adj.  (having  four  pairs  of  leaflets;  quadriju- 
gous :    said  of  a  leaf)  kiuedri'dsou-get,  kuje'dridsa-get. 

c:  low,  b:  fur,  a;  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  «L\k.\le% 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  precediia%  so\rcv^  a.^  \«tvv% 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\ie  ieWo'wvci^  ^^^-sJaw^- 


448  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD   WORDS 


quadrille  n.  (one  of  four  groups  of  horses  in  a  tonnuunent; 

square  dance)  kwd'dcil,  ka'dcil. 
qnadrille  v.  dance  quadrilles  [past  participle  and  preterit 

quadrilled,  quadrildl  kwa'dri),  kwe'dril,  ka'drit. 
quadripartite   adj.    (divided  into   four   parts)    kioedn'paz- 

tait;  {less  properly)  kioe'dtipae-tait. 
quadrivalent  adj.  kwe'drivs-ldnt. 

qnadroon  n.  (offspring  of  a  white  and  a  mulatto)  kiod'dnnin. 
qnadmmane  n.  four-handed  mammal  [synenymous  cegnate 

quadrumani  'ku)edro-men. 
quadmmanons   adj.   (four-handed)   kwd'drou-mi-nds. 
qnadmped  n.  (four-footed  animal)  'kwedro-ped. 
quadmpedal  adj.   (four-footed)  kwa'druu-pi-dt ;    {less  prop- 
erly) 'kwedco-peddl,  'kiuedro-pidl,  kuiedro'pii-dl. 
qnadmple        v.,  adj.,  n,,  adv.        'kwedro-pd!,         ianteriorly) 

'kwedrupsl;   (improperly)  kiDd'drou-pdl. 
quaere  v.  imperativly,  ask,  inquire;  hence,  one  may  ask;  it 

is  a  question   [also,  formerly,  spelt  quere,  query"}   loDK-n. 

compare  query. 
qnaesta  n.  medieval  indulgence  [ploral  quaestael  'kwesta. 
qnaestor  n.  Roman  financial  officer;  public  prosecutor  [also, 

sometimes,    spelt    questorl    'kwest^z,    'kwii-sta?.       compare 

quest  or. 
quaff  V.  drink  deeply ;  drink ;  drain  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit quaffed,  quaft\  kujaif,  ku)a:f,  ki«ae:f. 
quagga  n.  (horse)  'kwsegs. 

quaggy  adj,  (boggy)  'kiuagi;   {improperly)  'kiuegi. 
qnag^mire  n.  (marsh;  bog)  'kujaeg-mai^ ;  {improperly)  Tcujeg- 

mair. 
qnahans    n.    round    clam    [also,    sometimes,    spelt    quahogl 

'ku)c:-heg,  kioa'heg,  kiua'hcig. 
qnai  n.  kiuee.    same  meaning  as  quay. 

quality  n.  character;  property  [ploral  qualitiesi  'ku)eh-ti. 
qualm  n.  (feeling  of  faintness  or  sickness;  scruple)  ku)a:int 

kiuGim. 
qualmisli    adj.    (affected    with    a    qualm;    qualm-like,    etc.) 

'ku)a:-miS,  'kiucr-miS. 
quamasli  n.  plant  [synenymous  cognates  camash,  camas,  ca- 

mass,  commas,  kamasi  kiua'maeS,  'ktuc:-maeS. 
quandary  n.   (perplexity)   'kiuenda-^i,  'kiuendn,  kwen'dei-n, 

{rarely)  kwendai-zi. 
quandong  n.  (tree)  'kwsen-dei],  'kiuen-der). 
quantity  n.  (size;  amount)  'kiuenti-ti. 

j  yCf  9  cure;  btKe,  Qthviv;  ^^smt^,  d^l'oy;  {shoe,  tSchewl 
w  when;  13  sinfii;  uwVvoe^et,  Vxc^LeV,  xiiuV^,  wv^ocJV,  -v\\.,  x^.^tt; 
o  poetic;  a  over,  e  oetia\,  k\>u\.,  :i*.^ooT,  ^^tvo,  ^.\ic^,  ^.^%tfc*.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  449 


^uaiitivaleiLoe  n.  (valence ;  atomicity ;  also,  mechanical  equi- 
valence) ku)en'tiv3-l9ns. 

q^nantmn.  n.  quantity;  share   [ploral  quanta']  'kwentdm. 

quarantine  n.  (period  of  forty  days,  etc.;  period  or  place 
of  detention  or  seclusion)  'kire^an-tin. 

quarantine  v.  put  in  quarantine,  etc.  [also  spelt  quaranteen'] 
IciDezran-tin,  kiuezran'tiin. 

qnarl  n.  large  brick  or  tile  [also  spelt  quarlel  kwcizl,  kwaizl. 

quarrel  n.,  v,  squabble,  etc.  [as  verb,  present  participle  quar- 
reling, quarrelling;  past  participle  and  preterit  quarreled, 
quarrelled,  quarreldl  'kuje^al;  (dialectally)  'ku)c:-^3l. 

quarreler  n.  [also  spelt  quarreller"]  'kwesra-ls?. 

quarrelsome  adj,  (inclined  to  quarrel)  'kwe^al-ssm. 

quartet  n.  four-part  piece  or  movement;  conipany  of  four 
singers  or  players   [also  spelt  quartette,  quart etti   kwcz'tzt. 

quartile  adj.  of  bodies  which  are  ninety  degrees  apart  [also 
spelt  quartil}  'ku)c:r-til. 

quartzose  adj.  (full  of  quartz;  quartz-like)  kiuci^ts'oos,  (aj- 
sumptivly)  'ku)c:^t-sos. 

quash  v.   (annul;   crush)   kiueS;   (erroneously)   kwse$. 

quasi  adv.  (as  it  were,  almost,  virtually;  simulating)  'kiuec- 
sai. 

quassia  n.  (wood;  bark;  root;  decoction)  'kweS?,  'ku)e$i-3; 
'kicaSa,  'kiDaeSi-3 ;  'kmaesi-^ ;  /ku)a:-si-9 ;  'kiuesi-a. 

quaternary  adj.  (of  four  parts;  fourth)  'kiuci-ta-ne^i. 

quatemate  adj.  (of  four;  in  fours)  kiuc'tBrnet. 

quaternion  n.  (group  of  four;  quotient  of  two  vectors,  etc.) 
kiDc'tB^ni-an. 

quatorzain  n.  fourteen-line  sonnet-like  poem  [also  spelt 
quatuorzaini  'kata^-zen,  ka'ter^-zen. 

quatrain  n.  (four-line  stanza)  'kwe-t^en. 

quatrefoil  n.  leaf  or  flower  with  four  leaflets  or  petals  ra- 
diating from  a  common  center  [also  spelt  quaterfoil;  synon- 
ymous cognate  quadrefoil;  erroneous  synonymous  cognate 
quarterfoill  Icaeta^-foil. 

quay  n.  wharf  [also,  formerly,  spelt  keye,  key,  kay;  synony- 
mous cognate  quai;  plural  quay  si  kii. 

quay  v,  (provide  with  a  quay)  kii. 

quean  n.  (woman,  female)  kwiin. 

queasy  adj.  (unsettling;  easily  upset)  'kujii-zi. 

queen  n.  (king's  wife)  kiuiin. 

queerest  adj.  (most  queer)  ^wv.-zist. 

quenoli  v,  put  out;   extinguish;  cool;  suppress;   slake   [past 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  a  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceditv^  ^o\xs\d.  \^  \wcv'V% 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\it  i?JWo\«\xv%  ^^"^^Si^^* 


450  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD   WORDS 

participle  and  preterit  quenched,  quencht'}  kwent$,  (also,  and 
in  Britain  normally)  kiuenS. 

queroine    adj,    [also,    sometimes,    spelt    quercini    IcioKSin, 
'kiuB^-sain. 

qneroitron  n.  (black  oak)  'ku)B:r-sits3n,  kwa^'sxtssn. 

qnerimonions    adj.    (complaining,    querulous)     kuesi'moo- 
ni-9S. 

qnerist  n.  (one  who  inquires;  questioner)  Icwii-sist;  {often) 
'kujiia-^ist. 

quemlons  adj.  (complaining,  peevish)  'kwez^A^s,  {also,  in 
Britain)  'ka^e^jo-las,  'ka^eei-o-las. 

query  n.  question;  interrogation-mark  [also  spelt  quaere  and, 
formerly,  quere,  quaery;  ploral  queries'!  'kwr.-zi.  compare 
quaere,  . 

quesited  adj.  (in  astrology,  the  thing  or  person  inquired 
about)  ku)i'sai-tid. 

qnesitive  adj.  interrogatory  [also  spelt  quesitivl  TciDCsi-tiv. 

qnestor  n.  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  a  pardoner;  also, 
one  of  the  treasurers  of  the  French  National  Assembly  [al- 
so spelt  quaestor"}  'kiuestaz.     compare  quaestor, 

quetzal  n.  bird  [also  spelt  quesell  'kwetsdi. 

queue  n.  (tail;  pigtail;  line  of  people  or  carriages;  tail- 
piece [also  spelt  queu,  cue}  kgou. 

quick-witted   adj.   kiuik'witid,    {assumptivly)    'ku)ik-witid. 

quiesoenoe   n.    (state   of   being  quiescent;   quietness)    kwai- 

'eSDHS. 

quietude  n.  (quietness;  rest;  calm)  'ku?ai-i-tQud. 
quietus  n.   (receipt;  discharge;  death)   kiuai'ii-tas. 
quillai  n.  (soap-bark  tree  of  Chili)  ki'lai,  kilai. 
quillaia  n.  quillai-tree,  etc.  [also  spelt  quillaja}  ku)itee-J3. 
quilled   adj,   quill-like;    gofferd;    tubular    [also   spelt   quHd] 

kiuild. 
quillet  n.  verbal  nicety;   quirk,   quibble   [also   spelt   quillit] 

'kiuiht. 
quina  n.  (bark;  quinia,  quinine)  'kiuai-na,  'kii-na. 
quinary  adj,  (of  five)  'kiuai-na-^i. 
quince  n.   (fruit;  tree)  kiuins,  kwints. 
quinia  n.  (quinine)  'kwini-a. 

quinible  adj.  obsolete  (fivefold,  quintuple)  Tciuina-bal. 
quinio  adj.  of  quina  [synonymous  cognate  kinic}  'kiuinik. 
quinicine  n.  alkaloid  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  quinicin}  Hcwi- 

ni-sin,  'kujini-sain. 
quinine   n.    alkaloid    [also,   sometimes,   spelt   quinin}   Icirai- 

j  ye,  9  cure;  d  */ie,  Qthm;  3  axrure,  dj;  joy;  j  shoe,  tS  cAew; 
wwhen;  13  sin^;  uwTioevet,  itc^eV,  ^iull,  <j\xt«ol,  iit,  lis*^; 
opoetic;  a  over,  eaenaV  K\iu\.,  •a\^ooT,  ^^xio,  ^.X^e^  ^.^^y^&N 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  451 

nam;     ki'niin;     kwi'niin,     Iciui-nin;     kiDi'nain,     'kwi-nain; 
'kujinin. 

qninone  n.  benzene  derivativ  [synonymous  cognate  kinone"] 
'ku)i-non,  kiui'noon. 

quinoyl  n.  quinone;  radical  [also  spelt  quinoil;  synonymous 
cognate  kinoyle'\  'kujino-il. 

quinsy  n.  tonsillitis  [also,  formerly,  spelt  quinsey;  former 
synonymous  cognate  quincy;  ploral  quinsies]  'kiuinzi;  iim- 
properly)  'kiuinsi. 

qnintain  n.  (post  to  be  tilted  at;  tilting)  'kwintin. 

quintal  n.  hundredweight;  one  hundred  kilograms  [synony- 
mous cognates  kintal,  kentle'\  'kiuintl,  'kiuintal. 

quiutessenoe  n.  (fifth  essence;  essential;  perfect  embodi- 
ment) kiuin'tesans,  {also,  formerly)  'kiuinti-sans. 

quintet  n.  five-part  piece;  set  of  five  singers,  players,  riders, 
etc.  [also  spelt  quintette,  quintett'\  kujin'tet. 

quintuple  adj.   (fivefold)   'kwintgo-pdl. 

quinze  n.  card-game  [synonymous  cognate  quince}  kwinz, 
kaerjz. 

quipu  n.  device  for  recording  events  by  means  of  knotted 
cords  [also  spelt  quippu;  synonymous  cognates  quipo,  quip- 
pol  Tcii-pu,  'ku)i-pu. 

quire  n.  (twenty-four  sheets  of  paper)  kwaiz, 

quitter  n.  sore  on  the  coronet  of  a  horse's  hoof  [also  spelt 
quittorl  'kiDitar. 

quitter  n.  (one  who  quits ;  shirk)  'kiuita?. 

qui  vive  phrase  (in  on  the  *qui  vive,  on  the  alert)  ki'viiv. 

Quixote  n.  (obsolete)  enthusiastic  visionary  like  Don  Quix- 
ote [also,  formerly,  spelt  Quixottel  'kiuiksat. 

Quixote  adj,  obsolete  (quixotic)  'kwiksst. 

quizote  v.  obsolete  (play  the  Quixote)  'kiuiksat. 

quixotic  adj,  (like  Don  Quixote;  visionary)  kiuik'sotik. 

quixotism  n.  (quixotic  character,  etc.)  'kiuiksd-tizam. 

quiz  n.  eccentric  person;  jest;  act  of  quizzing  [also,  former- 
ly, spelt  quis;  ploral  quizzes}  kiuiz. 

quiz  n.  (oral  examination)  ktuiz. 

quizzical  adj.  (like  a  quiz  or  oddity;  comical)  'kwizi-ks}. 

quod  n.  slang  (prison)  Ictbod. 

quoin  n.  cornerstone;  wedge;  arch-stone  [also,  sometimes, 
spelt  coini  koin,  ktuoin. 

quoit  n.  (disk;  ring;  in  ploral,  game)  kwoit,  koit. 

quorum  n.  (justices  whose  presence  was  necessary  to  consti- 
tute a  bench;  select  company;  number  of  members  of  a  body 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy,  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceding;  sowtvd  \?»  V^vw^\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  \5it  i^)\cs>w\Ti%  V3^^5<^^' 


452  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD   WORDS 

whose  presence  is  necessary  for  the  valid  transacdon  of 
business)  1iwo:-z9m. 

qnoth  V.  (preterit  of  quethe,  say;  said)  kwooO. 

qnotidian.  adj.  (daily)  kiua'tidi-dn. 

qnotient  n.  (result  of  dividing;  number  of  times  one  num- 
ber 18  containd  in  another)  Icwoo-S^nt. 


rabbet  n.,v,  groove;  slot  [also,  formerly,  spelt  rabhit'\  'nebit 
rabbi  n.  my  master :   a  title  of  respect ;  Jewish  doctor  of  the 

law;  Jewish  minister  [ploral  rabbis]  'ra-bai,  '?aebi. 
rabbin  n.  Jewish  doctor  of  the  laws;  rabbi  [ploral  rabhiiu, 

rabbini  'eaebin. 
rabbit  n.  (hare;  Welsh  rabbit)  'raebit. 
rabboni  n.  (my  great  master :    a  title  of  honor  among  the 

Jews)  33'bDO-ni. 
RabelaisiaiL  adj,  (of  Rabelais)  ?aebilee-39n,  raebitee-zi-as. 
rabid  adj,  (furious;  mad)  'zxbid. 
rabies  n.    (canine  madness;   hydrophobia)    Vee-bi-i:z,   'nehi' 

i:z ;  (Jess  properly)  'zxhiz, 
raoa  adj,  (worthless;  naught)  'srai-ks,  'sree-ks. 
raceme  n.  (a  form  of  inflorescence  in  which  the  flowers  &re 

arranged  like  grapes  in  a  cluster)  ja'siim,  zae'siim,  '?ae-siivi. 
raoemio  adj.  (of  grapes)  ^a'semik,  ra'sii-mik. 
racemose   adj.    (arranged   in   a   raceme;    raceme-like;   race- 

mous)  'eaesi-mos. 
racemons  adj.  (racemose)  'zxsi-m^s,  rs'sii-mss,  rae'sii-mds. 
racbe  n.  hunting-dog  which  pursues  its  prey  by  scent  [also 

spelt  ratchi  zxt^, 
racbe  n.   (dialectal)   streak  down  a  horse's  face   [also  spelt 

ratchi  zeetS,  zxtS. 
raobides  n.  (ploral  of  rachis)  'sree-ki-diz. 
racbilla  n.  little  rachis  [also  spelt  rhachillal  rd'kils. 
racbis  n.  axis,  etc.  [also  spelt  rhachis;  ploral  rachides'\  'ztt- 

kis. 
racbitis  n.  (rickets)  erdicai-tis. 

racial  adj.  (of  race  or  lineage)  '^ee-Jal,  'ree-Ji-al,  'zree-si-al. 
racket  n.  bat;  game;  snow-shoe  [also  spelt  raquet,  racquel] 

'zxkit. 
racket  n.  noise  [also,  formerly,  spelt  racquet}  'raekit. 
raconteur  n.  (story-teller)  ^aeken'ter^. 
racoon  n.  quadruped  [also  spelt  raccoon}  srs'koun,  rae'koun. 

)  ye,  9  cure;  bthe,  Qthin;  3  a;?ure,  ds/oy;  S  shoe,  tlcheyr; 
wwhen't  gsin^;  uwYioevet,  Itc^ct,  oftiU,  aufool,  i  it,  11  se^; 
opc?etic;  a  over,  eoena\,  k\)u\.,  ';>\^oot,  •^iQx^.o,  ^\ie\^  ^^^ote; 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  453 


radiale  n.  bone  [ploral  radialid}  rcdPee-f  i. 

radical  adj,  (of  a  root)  'zaedi-ksl,  iastmmptiviy)  'zaediksL 

radioal  n*  (root;  basis;  root-word;  element;  radicle)  '?aedx- 

radices  n.  (ploral  of  radix)  'zaedi-siz,  'zee-di-siz,  rydsi-siz. 
radicle  ».  (mdimentarj  root;  rootlet;  radical)  'zstdiAa^. 
radii  n.  (ploral  of  radius)  Vce-di-fli. 
radisli  »•  root;  plant  [dialectal  sjuoujmons  cognate  redisk\ 

'raediS;  (jiialectally)  'zzdi^ 
radins  ».  bone  of  the  forearm;  straight  fine  from  center  to 

circumference;  wheel-qwke;  ray  [ploral  radii}  'zz^-d\-:^s. 
radix  ».  root;  basis;  origin  [i^oral  radices,  radixet\  'zzt- 

diks. 
raff  n.  (large  number,  lot,  raft;  person  of  the  lowest  class; 

ZBT.i,  ZQlit  zxzi, 

raffia  n.  palm-tree  of  the  genus  Raphia;  soft  fiber  from  the 

leaves  of  Raphia  ruffia  or  Raphia  taedigera  [also  spelt  ra- 

fia,  raphial  'zacfi-a.    compare  rofia,  roffia. 
Rafflesia  n.  (genus  of  plants)  ryfLii-si-d,  zy{LU-z'i-:i, 
raft  n.  (beam,  spar,  rafter;  float)  rarft,  ro:ft,  zxAu 
rasamiiffi>>   m*    (ragged,   dirty,   disreputable   man    or   boy; 

'^aegd-mAfin. 
rasont  n.  (stew;  spicy  mixture)  ra^gou. 
ragnly  adj.  having  stumpy  projections,  etc;  raguled  [^ynen- 

ymous  cognates  ragule,  raguleel  'raegjo-li, 
raillery  n.  (banter)  'zzcA^-zi;  (less  properly)  'z7tX>-^i. 
railroad  n.  (railway)  'zeei-zood,  (assumptivly)  'reel-rod. 
raiment  n.  (dothing)  'ree-mant. 
raisable  adj,  [also  spelt  raiseablel  'zt^-z^-bA, 
raise  v.  (lift)  reez,  {when  unstrest)  ztz. 
raiser  ».  (one  who  raises;  muscle;  leaven;  riser;  'ree-z-T?, 
raisim  «.  (dried  grape)  'zcc-zan,  'zcc-zn ;  {less  properly)  'ree- 

zin. 
raisoa.  d'etre  n.  (reason  or  excuse  for  being;  ree-z^Mee- 

t£9,  ree-zeg'deeti. 
raja  n.  king,  prince  [also  spelt  rajahl  'wK-ds?,  'za:-d5'i,  'ztt- 

d3cu 
Rajpnt  n.  member  of  a  Hindu  tribe  or  class  claiming  descent 

from  Kshatriyas  [also  spelt  Rajpoot}  'ra:d5-put,  ^aeds'pout, 

rad^'pout. 
raki  n.  drink  [also  spelt  rakee}  z^lcii,  'zatAd, 
rakisla  adj.  (like  a  rake;  lewd)  'zee-kiS. 
ralline  adj,  (in  ornithology,  of  the  rail)  'zatAain, 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  x  cot,  o  luTt,  ei  b<7y ;  a:  far,  ao  n^m/,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  ptecediw^^  w^mtv^.  \^  \v^w'*»^ 
stress-mark  O  wdieates  chief  streftt  ou  ^  l^\\oHi\\i\i»  vi^ii^«.» 


454  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 


Ramadan  n.  ninth  month  of  the  Mohammedan  year  [qyn- 
enymous  cognate  Ramasani  saems'dam,  saems'daen. 

rambntaiL  n.  fruit  [also  spelt  rambootani  zaemlxitt-tan. 

ramekin  n.  Welsh  rabbit  [also  spelt  ramequini  synenymons 
cognates  ramakin,  ramaquin]  '?aemi-kin. 

rament  n.  (scraping ;  ramentum)  '^ee-msnt,  sa'ment,  'saemant. 

Ramessid  n.  member  of  the  Egyptian  royal  family,  during 
the  nineteenth  and  twentieth  dynasties  [synonymous  cog- 
nates Ramesside,  Ramesidel  '^aema-sid. 

Ramesside  n.  '^aemi-sid,  'sxmi-said.  same  meaning  as  Ra- 
messid, 

ramie  n.  grass  [also  spelt  ratnee']  'zx-mi,  'raemL 

ramose  adj,  (branching)  ra'maos,  re'moos,  {assumpHvly)  'ree- 
mos. 

rampage  v.  (rage  wildly;  storm)  raem'peeds,  'eaem-peds. 

rampage  n.  (state  of  excitement;  rushing  about  in  a  reckless 
and  violent  manner)  '^aem-peds,  zaem'peeds. 

rampallion  n.  {obsolete)  ruffian,  villain,  scoundrel  [also 
spelt  rampalliani  ^xm'paelidn. 

rampire  n.  rampart  [also  spelt  rampier]  'zzsm-pojz, 

ranch  n.  hut;  stock-farm  [also  spelt  ranchel  zxntl,  ra:nt^ 
{in  Britain,  sometimes)  zam^. 

ranchero  n.  (ranchman)  zxn't^ei-zo,  zan'tle:-zo. 

ranclio  n.  (hut;  village;  ranch)  'zxntlo,  'ra:n-tSD. 

ranoor  n.  grudge,  animosity  [also  spelt  rancour"}  'zaa^k^z. 

ranoorons  adj,  (full  of  rancor)  '?xr)k3-?3S. 

randan  n.  (riotous  behavior)  ?aen'dxn,  '^sendsn. 

randan  n.  (boat)  zxn'dxn,  '^aendsn. 

ranine  adj.  of  the  under  side  of  the  tip  of  the  tongue;  also, 
of  frogs  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  ranini  Vee-nin,  'zree-nain. 

ransack  v.,  n.  (search,  etc.)  '7sen-saek ;  (erroneously)  'zxn' 
ssekt,  jraen'saekt,  'zraem-saek. 

ransacked  adj.  searcht  into;  plunderd  [also  spelt  ransacki\ 
'raen-saekt;  {erroneously)  Vaen-saektid,  sraen'sxktid. 

ransom  v,  redeem,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit  ran- 
somed, ransomdl  'raensam. 

ranstead  n.  toad-flax  [also  spelt  ranstedl  'zaen-sted. 

rapacious  adj.  (grasping;  greedy;  raptorial)  za'pee-Sss. 

rapke  n.  seam,  suture  [plural  raphael  '?ee-fi,  '^ee-fi. 

rapkis  n.  crystal  [ploral  raphides"}  'ree-fis. 

rapier  n.  (sword)  'ree-pi-ae,  '^ee-pga?. 

rapine  n.  pillage  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  raping  'zstptn,  'zx- 
pain. 

j  ye,  9  cure;  5  f/ie,  Qthin;  sarure,  ds/oy;  jshoo,  t$cAew; 
w  when;  13  sinfii;  uw\ioe\et,  Vtc^cX,  ^i>^,  vk>aL\ooV  "s^it,  ris^^; 
o poetic;  9  over,  eoerial,  a.\>uX,  ^*.^oot,  •;i^xvo,  ^\ie\,  ^^^<:i^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  455 

rapport  n.  (accord)  z^'poiz,  zac'porr;  (less  properly)  ra'poict. 
rapproeHeatemt   n.    (a   coining   or   bringing   together)    ra- 

'psooS-mei). 
rarebit  n.  'zz:z-hit,    same  meaning  as  rabbit  (in  the  sense  of 

Welsh  rabbit). 
rarefaction,  n.  (action  of  rarefying;  process  of  being  rari- 

fied)  zxzi'iaekl^n,  zei-zi'ixkl^n. 
rarefy  v.  (make  rare  or  thin)  'rae?i-fai,  '^ci-n-fai. 
rarity  n.  (thinness;  fewness;  rare  thing)  'raezi-ti,  'rei-n-ti. 
rascal  n.  (rogue,  scamp)  'zxsk^,  'zai-sksl. 
rase  v.  (slash;  scrape  off;  shave;  erase)  zcez.    compare  race, 
rasorial  adj.  (scratching  the  ground  for  food)   rd'soi-ri-ol ; 

(less  properly)  z^'zoi-zi-olL 
rasp  V.  scrape,  abrade;  irritate  [past  participle  and  preterit 

rasped,  rcupt}  ?a:sp,  7a:sp,  srx'.sp. 
raspberry  n,   (fruit;   plant)   'eaz-be^i,   Vaz-bari,   '?a:z-b3ri, 

(often)  'zxzbzi;  (also)  'ras-ben,  'rais-bcei. 
rasse  n.  (civet-cat)  'zxsi,  zxs. 
ratable  adj,  capable  of  being  rated;  proportional;  liable  to 

payment  of  rates  [also  spelt  rateable^  'zee-to-b^l. 
ratably  adj.  in  a  ratable  manner;  proportionally  [also  spcU 

rateablyl  'zee-t^lAi. 
ratafia  n.  (cordial;  cake;  cherry)  srseta'fii-d. 
ratanbia  n.  sra'taeni-d.    same  meaning  as  ratany. 
ratany  n.  shrub;  root  [also  spelt  rhatany,  rattany,  ratanhy; 

synonymous  cognate  ratanhia]  '^ata-ni. 
rataplan,  n.  (tattoo,  rub-a-dub)  zxto'pt.xn,  rxts'pLer). 
ratcb  n.  (ratchet;  ratchet-wheel)  zxtl. 
ratb  adj.  zaiQ,  za:h.    same  meaning  as  rathe 
ratb  n.  (hill-fort)  ?a:0,  ?a:0,  zxiQ. 
ratbe  adj,  early  [synonymous  cognate  rath"]  reed. 
ratber    adv.    (earlier;    more    readily;     somewhat;     sooner; 

preferably)  '^ar-da?,  (when  less  strest)  'zob^z^  zod^z;   (also, 

often)  'z3sd9Zt  'zrar-da?;   (dialectally)  'za^^z. 
ratio  n.  (quantitativ  relation)  '^ee-So,  '^ee-Ji-o. 
ratiocinate  v.  (reason)  TX^i'osi-net. 
ration  n.  (allowance,  share,  portion)  '^ee-San,  'raeS^m. 
rational  adj.  (endowd  with  reason;  sane;  of  reason)  'r.xSo- 

nl. 
rationale   n.    (reasond   explanation    of   principles;    rational 

basis)  raeja'nce-li ;  (less  properly)  ^aeSi-a'nce-h. 
rationalization  n.  [also  spelt  rationalisation}  zxl^nl-i'zvc- 

San,  raeSanl-ai'zee-San. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite 
length-mark  (;)  indicates  that  tlie  ptecediiv^  ^o>\tv^  -^s  X^tvsi^n 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\i^  leJ^o'wvc^^  ^^^-aJc^R.. 


456  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

rationalise  v,  [also  spelt  raiionalisel  '^seSdnl-aiz,  (rapidly) 
'^aeSNd-laiz. 

ratite  adj,  (raft-breasted)  'rce-tait,  '«e-tait. 

ratlin  n.  [also  spelt  ratlinel  Vaetz^in. 

rattan  n.  palm ;  switch  [also  spelt  ratani  rae'taen. 

ratteen  n.  fabric  [also  spelt  rateeni  zx'tiin. 

ratton  n.  rat  [also  spelt  ratten,  rattani  'zsetn. 

rancons  adj,  (hoarse;  harsh)  'zcAn^s. 

ravel  v,  fray  out;  unwind;  entangle,  confuse;  also,  disentan- 
gle, unravel  [present  participle  raveling,  ravelling;  past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  raveled,  ravelled,  rctveldl  'raev^,  'raevl. 

ravelin  n.  (outwork)  '?aevhn. 

raveling  n.  action  of  the  verb  ravel;  thread  which  is  frayd 
out  or  unraveld  [also  spelt  ravelling'}  'raeva-lig,  'zxvl-jxi', 
(rapidly  often)  '^aevhq. 

raven  n.  (bird)  '^ee-van,  'ree-vn. 

raven  v.  plunder;  have  a  ravenous  appetite  for;  prowl  rave- 
nously [synonymous  cognate  ravin;  past  participle  and  pret- 
erit ravened,  ravend"]  Vaevan,  'raevn. 

ravening  adj.  (that  ravens;  rapacious;  voracious)  'raevs-nii], 
'eraevn-io;  (rapidly,  sometimes)  '^aevniq. 

ravenous  adj,  (very  hungry)  'jaeva-nas,  'zraevn-as;  (rapidly, 
sometimes)  'eraevnas. 

ravin  n.  robbery;  rapin  [also  spelt  ravine;  synonymous  cog- 
nate raven}  'zxvin. 

ravine  n.  (gorge)  ra'viin. 

raya  n.  non-Mohammedan  subject  of  the  Sultan  of  Turkey 
[also  spelt  rayah,  raiah}  'rai-3,  'jra:-j3. 

rayat  n.  '^ai-at.    same  meaning  as  ryot, 

raze  v.  sweep  away;  destroy  [also  spelt  rase}  zzez, 

razor  n.  (sharp-edged  instrument)  'zee-z^z, 

re  n.  (note)  zree. 

re  n.  (matter,  affair)  ziu 

reaoli  v.  stretch  out;  extend,  etc.  [past  participle  and  prete- 
rit reached,  reacht}  ziit^,  (when  unstrest)  zitl. 

react  v.  (act  in  return;  undergo  change;  act  in  opposition; 
reverse,  return)  jri'aekt. 

react  v,  act  a  second  time;  perform  again  [also  spelt  re-act] 
ri'aekt,  ni'aekt. 

read  v,  (discover  the  meaning;  scan)  zriid,  (when  unstrest) 
zid. 

read  v»  past  participle  and  preterit  of  read  [also  spelt  red] 
red. 

■  _  _  _  a 

j  ye,  ^cure;  btKe,  ^  tK\tv,^^^2Mte:,  d^foy;  ^shoe,  tScfcew; 
w  when;  q  sinfii;  -awVioevet,  \tc«l,c\.,  ^\^^,  xi>\\.ooV  's.nV  -vv^ee; 
opoeUc;  Dover,  eoet\a\,  xbuX,  v.^oot,  -a^tvo,  ^.\Mi\^  ^^vfrs.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  457 

ready  adj,  prepared,  willing  [also  spelt  redy"!  'zedi. 
ready-made  adj.  [also  spelt  redy-made'}  ^edi'meed,  (assump- 

tivly)  '^edi-meed. 
real  adj.,n,  (actual;  genuin)  'zii-9l;   (dialectally)  ziil. 
real  adv»  local  (really;  genuinly;  extremely)  eiil,  (when  un- 

strest)  zil;  (also)  'zii-^l. 
real  n.  coin  [also  spelt  rial;  ploral  realesl  'zii-^l. 
realization  n.  [also  spelt  realisation^  sri-dh'zee-Jdn,  ?i-9-lai- 

'zee-San. 
realize  v.  make  real;  grasp;  make  [also  spelt  realise"!  'srii-d- 

laiz;  (in  Scotland)  zi-s'laiz. 
really  adv,  (in  reality,  actually;  indeed)  '^li-a-li;  (dialectally) 

'ni-li. 
realm  n.  kingdom;  sphere;  region;  domain  [also  spelt  relm'\ 

zelm. 
ream  v.  enlarge  a  hole  or  bore;  clear  from  led;  remove  by 

reaming  [also,  rarely,  spelt  reemi  ziim, 
reamer  n,  (tool  for  reaming;  rimer)  'zil-m^z, 
reaming;  n.   (action   of  the  verb  ream)   '?ii-miQ.     compare 

reeming-iron, 
rearmonse  n.  'ri:r-maas.     see  reremouse. 
reasonable  adj.  (of  reason;  sensible;  sane;  moderate)  'zii- 

zdns-bdl,    (assumptivly)    'ni-za-nabol ;    (rapidly)   '^liz-na-bol, 

'^liz-nabal. 
Reanmnr  n.  thermometer  invented  by  the  French  physicist 

Reaumur  [also  spelt  Reaumur^  ^e-3'mjo:r. 
reave  v.  plunder,  despoil;  take  or  carry  away  [past  participle 

and  preterit  reared,  reftl  riiv. 
reaver  n,  robber;  marauder  [also  spelt  reiver,  rieverl  'zi\-\^z. 
rebate  v.  (deduct;  reduce)  ^I'beet;  (less  properly)  '^li-bet. 
rebate  n,  (deduction;  drawback)  Vii-bet,  ^I'beet. 
rebate  n.  (rabbet)  ^I'beet,  'raebit.  •■     m         ' 

rebeo  n.  old-style  fiddle  [also  spelt  rebeck"]  'ni-bek. 
rebel  n.  (one  who  resists,  etc.)  'rebal. 
rebel  v.  rise  up  in  war;  revolt  [past  participle  and  preterit 

rebelled,  rebeldl  n'beh 
rebuff  V,  repel  bluntly;   snub   [past  participle   and  preterit 

rebuffed,  rebufti  n'bxf. 
rebuttal  n.  (refutation,  contradiction)  jri'bxtl,  ^I'bxtal. 
recall  v.  call  or  summon  back  [past  participle  and  preterit 

recalled,  recalled,  recaldl  ^I'kciL 
recede  v.  (go  back,  depart,  retire)  ri'siid. 
recedent  adj.  (retrocedent)  n'sii-dnt. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte\ 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  tlie  pteceAiiv^  ^c>>xtv^  v3»  \wnsl% 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  iiVieAc>ViCk^vcv^«^v^^S«^s 


458  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

receipt  n.  (formula;  recipe;  sum  receivd,  etc;  act  of  re- 
ceiving) ei'siit. 

receive  v.  take  in  one's  hand  or  into  one's  possession;  ad- 
mit; meet  [past  participle  and  preterit  received,  receivdl 
ei'siiv, 

recension  n.  (enumeration;  critical  revision)  ri'senjan. 

recent  adj.  (lately  done  or  made;  fresh)  'sii-sdnt. 

receptacle  n.  (repository)  ^I'septs-ka}. 

receptible  adj.  (receivable)  n'septd-bdl. 

receptivity  n.  (quality  of  being  receptiv)  riscp'txvi-ti. 

recess  n.  (act  of  retiring;  period  of  cessation;  retired  place; 
niche)  zri'scs;   {less  properly)  '?ii-ses. 

rechercli^  adj.  (choice,  rare,  dainty)  ea'Scx-Je. 

recidive  n.  recidivist  [also  spelt  recidiv'\  'zesi-div. 

recidivist  n.  (one  who  relapses,  especially  into  crime)  zi- 
'sidi-vist. 

recipe  n.  (formula;  receipt)  'eesi-pi. 

reciprocity  n.  (state  of  being  reciprocal;  mutual  concession, 
etc.)  zresi'psesi-ti. 

recital  n.  (rehearsal,  narrativ;  musical  performance  by  one 
person)  ?i'sai-tl,  ei'sai-tal. 

recitation  n.  resi'tce-Jan,  {posteriorly,  rapidly)  res'tee-Jan. 

recitative  n.  (declamatory  song,  intermediate  between  sing- 
ing and  ordinary  speech)  resita'tiiv. 

recitative  v.  (declaim  in  recitative)  rcsita'tiiv. 

recitative  adj.  of  recital  or  repetition  [also  spelt  recitativ] 
'?esi-tetiv;   {also)  ?i'sit3-tiv,   {assumptivly)  zri'sitativ. 

reck  V,  take  heed;  mind;  care  [past  participle  and  preterit 
recked,  recM  ^ek. 

reckon  v,  count;  calculate  [past  participle  and  preterit  reck- 
oned, reckondli  'zrekan,  '?ekn,  zreki]. 

reckoning  n.  'ecka-nii],  Vekn-iq,  '^ekNiq. 

reclamation  n.  (protest;  reformation;  reclaiming;  claim) 
2ekL3'mee-S3n. 

reclinate  adj,  (bending  downward)  'rekti-net. 

reclnse  n.  (one  who  remains  shut  up  from  the  world;  monk) 
ri'ktous. 

recognizable  cuij.  capable  of  being  recognized  [also  spelt  re- 
cognisablel  'zrckag-nai-za-bal,  {assumptivly)  'rekdg-nai-zsbdl; 
{also)  n'kegniza-bal,  {assumptivly)  zri'kogni-zabal ;  {also) 
2ek3g'nai-z3-b3l. 

recognizance  n.  bond;  recognition;  token  [also  spelt  recog- 
nisance'l  n'kegni-zans,  ^I'keni-zans. 

j  ye,  <;  cure ;  5  tKe,  Q  tKitv*,  ^  asure,  dj  /oy ;  S  shoe,  tj  chew ; 
wwhen;  ijsin^;  uwlaoevet,  \Tca.cX.,  xii-vCiS.,  \5\x\oo\,  ^\\,  \\^ei 
o poetic;  oov^r,  eoeriaV,  KViu\.,  ti*.^oot,  ':i^xvo,  ^.>aee^,  ^^^tti^^N 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  459 

reoog^nise  v.  acknowledge;  know  again  [also  spelt  recognise"] 
'eekag-naiz;  (improperly)  'reka-naiz. 

reoog^nise  v.  cognize  again  [also  spelt  re-cognize]  zi'keg- 
naiz,  7i-keg'naiz. 

reoog^nizer  n.  (one  who  recognizes)  'zreksg-nai-za?. 

recognizor  n.  obsolete  (one  who  enterjs  into  a  recognizance 
or  bond)  ei'kegni-za?,  zri'keni-zd?. 

reooUeot  v,  collect  again;  summon  up;  rally  talso  spelt 
re-collect]  ei-ka'lekt,  rika'lekt. 

recollect  v,  (remember,  recall)  eeko'lekt. 

Recollect  n.  (member  of  the  Observantin  branch  of  the 
Franciscan  order)  '?eka-lekt. 

rec6lor  v,  [also  spelt  recolour]  zW^i^z. 

recompense  v.  reward;  compensate  [also,  formerly,  spelt  re- 
compence;  past  participle  and  preterit  recompensed,  recom- 
penst]  'zrekam-pens. 

reconcilable  adj.  capable  of  being  reconciled  [also  spelt  re- 
concileable]  'rekon-sai-la-bal,  (sometimes,  predicativly) 
seksn'sai-ld-bdl. 

reconciliable  adj.  (reconcilable)  ^eksn'siU-o-bdl. 

recondite  adj.  (hidden:  profound,  obscure)  'rekan-dait,  zi- 
'kendit,  n'ken-dait. 

reconnaissance  n.  examination,  survey  [synonymous  cog- 
nate reconnaissance]  zri'keni-sans. 

reconnoissance  n.  ^I'keni-ssns,  ^ekd'nei-sons.  same  mean- 
ing as  reconnaissance. 

reconnoiter  v.  inspect,  examin,  survey  [also  spelt  reconnoi- 
tre] past  participle  and  preterit  reconnoitered,  reconnoi- 
terd]  reka'nei-tar ;   (less  properly)  nkd'nei-td?. 

record  n.  (fact  of  being  written  down  or  preservd  as  know- 
ledge; testimony;  witness;  register)  Vekdsd,  (also,  former- 
ly) zi^keizd. 

re-cord  v.  (cord  again)  zi^eizd. 

record  v,  (practis  a  song;  relate  in  writing;  register;  note) 
zriTcer^d. 

recount  v.   (relate,  narrate,  tell)   jri'kaont. 

re-connt  v,  (count  over  again)  ri'kaont. 

reconp  v.  (deduct;  recompense;  make  good  to)  ?i'koup. 

recourse  n.  (resort  for  help,  etc.;  right  to  demand  compen- 
sation) zi'ko'.zs;  (less  properly)  'z:ii-ko:?s. 

recover  v.  (get  back;  regain)  ri'kAva?. 

recover  v.  cover  anew  [also  spelt  re-cover]  zri'kAvae. 

recoverable  adj.  ?i'kAV3?3-bal,  (rapidly)  n'kAvro-bal. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  a  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  precedixi^  ^oaxv^  a.^  Vstm^n 
stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  oti  t\it  i^>\a^\Tv^  «>3^^s5sJvfc» 


460  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

recovery  n.  (act  of  recovering  or  regaining,  etc.)  silcAVd-CT, 

(rapidly)  zilsjivzi, 
recreant  adj.  (surrendering;  cowardly;  false)  Vek3i-9nt. 
recreate  v»  (revive;  amuse;  divert)  'seksi-et. 
re-create  v.  create  anew  [also  spelt  recreatel  n-ksi'eet 
recreatioai  n.  (diversion)  zeksi'te-l^n, 
re«creatioai  n.  (creation  anew)  n-ksi'ee-S^n. 
recreative  adj.  tending  to  recreate ;  amusing  [also  spelt  rec- 

reativ"]  '2ck5i-etiv. 
re-creative  adj.  (that  creates  anew)  n-ksi'ee-tiv. 
recriminatory   adj,    (involving   recrimination)    rilcsimina- 

tozi. 
recruit  v.  (reinforce;  replenish;  restore)  rilcsout. 
rectilinear  adj,  (straight-lined;  straight)  zektilini-^z. 
rectitude  n.   (straightness ;  virtue)  '^ekti-tQud;    (dialectally) 

'rckti-tud. 
rector  n.  (ruler;  parson;  head)  '?ekt9?. 
rectrices  n.  (ploral  of  rectrix)  ?ek't£ai-siz. 
rectrix  n.  tail-feather  [ploral  rectrices'\  '?ektsxks. 
recuperate  v,  (recover;  restore)  ei'kgou-pa-ret. 
recurrent  adj,  (extending  backward;  reappearing)  zi'kBrant, 

^ilcAzsnt. 
recusancy  n.  '?ek^oz3n-si,  7i'kgou-zon-si. 
recusant     n.,adj.     (dissentient)     'rekgo-zsnt,     zi^gou-zant, 

'2ekgo-s3nt. 
red  n.  (color)  zred. 

redan  n.  (fortified  field-work)  ^I'dsn. 
redargue  v.  (confute;  refute)  ei'da:3-gjo. 
redemption  n.  (act  of  redeeming;  deliverance;  ransom)  71- 

'dempSan;  {less  properly)  ei'demSan. 
red-hot  adj,  eedliet,  (assumptivly)  'ecd-het. 
redingote  n.  (coat)  '?edii]-got. 

redinteg^rate  v,  (restore  to  wholeness;  renew)  ?i'dxnti-gzet 
redivive  adj,  (revived)  'eedi-vaiv. 
redivivuB  adj.  (alive  again;  revived)  ecdi'vai-vas. 
redolent  adj,  (fragrant;  odorous)  'sreds-lsnt. 
redoubt  v,  dread;  fear  [also  spelt  redouti  zi'daot. 
redoubtable  adj,  to  be  feared;  formidable  [also  spelt  redou- 

tabW}  ei'dao-ta-bal. 
redoubted  adj.  feared;  reverenced;  distinguisht  [also  spelt 

redoutedl  ei'dao-tid. 
redout  n.  fortification  [also  spelt  redoubtl  71'daot. 
redowa  n.  (waltz)  'zreda-va,  'eedo-a. 

J  yc,  QCure;  btKe,  Q  tVv\tv,  -saLZUxe,  d-sioy;  I  shoe,  tSchevr; 
wwhen;  i}  sing;  uwlaoever,  VtcaLtX.,  viiiC^,  \i>a.\oo\,  ^>x,  ^\^««; 
o poetic;  oover^  e  oeriaV,  kWV,  ti\^oot,  ^^wo,  ^.\ie^.  ^^^^v. 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  461 

poll  n.  bird  [also  spelt  redpolel  ^ztd-pool, 

reM  v»  amend  [past  participle  and  preterit  redressed,  re- 

esi\  ri'dces. 

aoible  adj,  (that  may  be  reduced)  ?i'djou-s3-b3l. 

not  n.  (piece  taken  out;  quirk)  si'dxkt. 

nit  n.  (keep;  stronghold)  ^e'dwii. 

V.  {dialectal)  sift  by  whirling  in  a  sieve  [synonymous  ceg- 

ite  ryel  zii. 

inter j,  (used  in  calling  horses)  zii. 

n.  (female  ruff)  zii, 

adj.  dialectal  (excited  with  drink;  crazy)  zii. 

n.  dialectal  (walled  enclosure  for  sheep,  cattle,  or  swine; 

al-yard)  zii, 

sho  v.,  n.  [also  spelt  reecho,  re-echo]  2i'eko. 

1  n.  (stem;  plant;  tube)  jriid. 

?  n.  part  of  a  sail  folded  up  [ploral  reefs,  formerly  reevesi 

if. 

P  n.  ridge  of  rock  or  sand;  vein;   sponge   [plural  reefs'] 

if.  ^ 

Ped  adj.  having  a  reef  taken  in  [also  spelt  reefti  ziiit. 

k   V.    smoke,    steam,    stink    [past   participle    and   preterit 

eked,  reektl  ziik. 

I  n.  (rotary  winding-device)  ziil. 

L   V.  whirl;    stagger;    sway    [past   participle   and   preterit 

eled,  reeldl  ziil. 

ming-iron  n.  seam-opening  tool  made  of  iron  [also  spelt 

aming-ironi  'zrii-miq-ai-o^n. 

aforce  v,,  n.  ri-in'foi^s.     see  reinforce, 

led  adj.  rancid  [also  spelt  reezedl  Viizd. 

itablisli    V.    [also    spelt    reestablish,    re-establishj    zi-i- 

:aebh$. 

sctory  n.  (refreshment-room)  zri'fekta-^i. 

9r  V.  assign;   commit   [present  participle   referring;   past 

irticiple  and  preterit  referred,  referdi  zi'iniz. 

arable  adj.  capable  of  being  referred  [synonymous  ceg-  * 

ite  referriblel  Vefa^a-bal,   {rapidly)   '^efsa-bal;    {also)   zi- 

jr-zra-bat 

Drence  n.   (act   of  referring;   allusion;   direction)    'zefd- 

ns,  {rapidly)  're f sans. 

srrible  adj,  [also,  formerly,  spelt  referrablel  ri'fer-ra-bal. 

me  meaning  as  referable. 

lection  n.  [also,  especially  in  scientific  senses,  spelt  re- 

?xion'\  ri'fLekSan. 

w,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
th-mark   (:)   indicates  that  the  precediiv^  ^o>axv^  -l^  V>xs.%\ 
s-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  oti  tVie  i«>\\o^vtv^  ^^>\8i<^«^. 


462  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

reflex  n.  (reflection  of  light;  reflected  light;  image;  involun- 
tary muscle-action)  'rii-fteks;  si'fLeks. 

reflex  adj,   (bend  back;   recurvd;   reflected)    ^zri-fLeks,  zi- 
'fz.eks. 

reflex  v,  bend  or  fold  back;  recurve  [past  participle  and 
preterit  reflexed,  reflexil  ri'fLeks. 

reflexible  adj,  (capable  of  being  reflext)  zi'fz^ksd-bdl. 

refluent   adj.    (flowing  back;   ebbing)   '7efz,u-9nt;    {improp- 
erly) ei'fz.ou-3nt. 

reform  v.  amend;  improve  [past  participle  and  preterit  re- 
formed, reformdl  zi^ieizm. 

re-form  v.  form  anew;  remake  [past  participle  and  pretent 
re-formed,  re-formdl  zi'ieizm. 

refragable  adj.  obsolete  (refutable)  Vef^aga-bd). 

refrang;ible  adj.  (capable  of  being  refracted)  zri'fsaendsa-bal. 

refuge  n.  (shelter)  '2efiod3,  'ee-fiuds. 

refuse  adj.,  n.  'eef ios,  '?e-f ius ;  {less  properly)  'rc-f iuz. 

refuse  v.  (decline;  reject)  zri'fiouz. 

re-fuse  v,  (fuse  again)  d'fiouz. 

refutable  adj,  (that  may  be  refuted)  n^fiou-td-bdl,  ''zefiota- 
bal. 

regale  n,  right  of  a  French  king  to  enjoy  the  revenues  of  va- 
cant bishoprics,  etc.  [ploral  regalia"]  ri'gee-li. 

regale  v.,  n.  (feast)  n'geel. 

regalia  n.  (royal  powers;  insignia  of  royalty)  ri'gee-Ha,  zi- 
'gee-li-3. 

regatta  n.  (boat-race)  ri'gaetd. 

regelate  v.   (freeze  together  again)  zidsilcet. 

res;icide  n.  (king-killer)  'eedsi-said. 

r6g;ime  n.  mode;  system;  style  [also  spelt  regime^  ^e'siim. 

reg;imen  n.  government;  regime;  course  of  diet  [ploral  regi- 
mens, regiminal  'redsi-man. 

reg;iminal  adj.  (of  regimen)  ^I'dsimi-nl. 

reg;inal  adj.  (of  a  queen;  queenly)  ri'dsai-nl. 

reg^ister  n.   (record-book;  indicator;  hot-air  regulator;  also, 
registrar)  'zed^i-st^z. 

TegiMtrax  n.  official  recorder  [synonymous  cognate  register] 
'zredsi-stEo:?. 

regrater  n.  one  who  regrates  victuals,  etc.;  retailer;  middle- 
man [also  spelt  regrator]  zi^gzee-ioz, 

regress  n.  (return;  withdrawal;  reentry)  '?ii-gzres. 

reg^ress  v.  recede;   return    [past  participle  and   preterit  re- 
gressed, regrest]  ^I'cjres. 

i  y^f  Q  cure ;  b  the,  ^  t\utv\  •«, ^suxe^,  d?,  {oy ;  \  shoe,  tS  chew; 
w  when;  t]  sing;  uwlaoevet,  \te^c\.,  vsi>^,  \svx\oo\,  ^\v  ^\^€; 
o  poetic;  3  over,  eaer\a\»  K\iu\^,  ^\^oot,  •:iCixvo,  ^\ie^,  t-t'syfr&N 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  463 

regular  adj.  (subject  to  rule;  orderly;  symmetrical)  '?egjo- 
\^z\   {dialectally)  'eee-gjo-la^;   (vulgarly)  'eeglae. 

regularize  v.  [also  spelt  regularise!  'rcgjola-raiz. 

regulate  v.  'regjo-let;  (dialectally)  'eee-gjo-let;  (vulgarly) 
'^ega-let. 

rei  n.  Portuguese  money  [ploral  reisi  zee, 

reig^  n.  (royal  power;  period  of  rule)  zten. 

reig^  V,  rule  as  king,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit 
reigned,  reigndl  zeen, 

rein  n.  (bridle-strap)  zeen, 

rein  v.  control  by  a  rein  or  by  reins  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit reined,  reindl  zeen, 

reindeer  n.  (deer,  caribou)  'eeen-dix. 

reinforce  v.  strengthen,  etc.  [also  spelt  reenforce,  reenforcel 
zi-in^io:zs, 

rei«  n.  (ploral  of  ret)  zees. 

relater  n.  one  who  relates;  narrator;  historian  [also  spelt 
relator"!  zi^ee-t^z, 

relative  n.,  adj.  [also  spelt  relativl  'rel»-tiv,  (anteriorly) 
'relativ;  (sometimes,  rapidly)  'reltiv. 

relator  n.  (in  /aw,  informer)  zi*\ee-tdz, 

relaxation  n.  (act  of  relaxing;  release;  unbending;  recrea- 
tion) ^ilaek'see-San,  relaek'see-San. 

relegate  v.  banish;  consign;  refer  [also,  formerly,, spelt  reli- 
gate!  'zreh-get. 

relict  w.  (relic;  widow)  Vehkt. 

relief  n.  (mitigation  of  pain;  projection  of  a  design)  riliif. 

relieve  v.  rescue,  succor,  ease;  render  prominent  [past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  relieved,  relievd!  ri'hiv. 

relievo  n.  relief  [synonymous  cognate  rilievo!  rilii-vo. 

relig^ionize  v.  [also  spelt  religionisel  zilids^-naiz. 

religioso  adj.  (in  music,  expressing  religious  sentiment;  in  a 
devotional  manner)  relidsi'oo-so. 

religious  adj.  (imbued  with  religion;  pious)  zilids^s. 

reliquary  n.  (relic-box)  'zeh-kwezi. 

reliquiae  n.  pi.  (remains,  relics ;  induviae ;  artifacts)  zi- 
'hkiui-i: . 

remain  v.  be  left  over;  stay  [past  participle  and  preterit  re- 
mained, remaind!  ri'meen. 

remede  n.  remedy,  redress  [also  spelt  remeid,  remeed  and, 
formerly,  remead!  ri'miid. 

remediable  adj.  (capable  of  being  remedied  or  redrest)  71- 
'mii-di-a-bal;  (less  properly)  zri'medi-a-bol. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  a  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  at  ktte; 
length-mark  (;)   indicates  that  tKe  pteceAitvtt  ^cwxv^  a&  ^^"^'^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  oti  Wke  \©>\<y«v£v^  ^jVcsJ^^.* 


464  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

remedial  adj,  (affording  a  remedy)  n'mii-di-a}. 

remedilesB  adj.  (destitute  of  remedy;  not  admitting  of  rem- 
edy) 'remidi-lds,  zi'mzdiA^s, 

remedilessly  adv,  'semidi-tss-h,  si'meditds-}!. 

rememberinK  n,,  adj.  si'membd-ni],  ^I'memb^ig. 

remex  n.  flight-feather  [ploral  remigesl  'sii-meks. 

remigation  n.  (action  of  remigating;  rowing)  remi'gee-San. 

remiKes  n.  (ploral  of  remej;)  '^emi-dsiz. 

remigrate  v.  (migrate  again)  'zemi-gzet,  ri'mai-gzret. 

remig^ation  n.   (action  of  remigrating;  return)   zemi'gzee- 
San,  zri-mai'gzree-San. 

reminiscence  n.   (remembering;   recalling  of  the   past;  re- 
collecting) zremi'nisdns. 

remise  n.  obsolete  (transfer;  remittance)  n'maiz. 

remise    n.    (coach-horse;    carriage;    second    foil-thrust;    at 
cards,  stake)  ra'miiz,  ri'maiz. 

remise  v,  (put  back  again;  surrender)  n'maiz. 

remissible  adj,  (capable  of  remission;  that  may  be  remitted) 
ri'misa-bal. 

remission  n.  (forgivness  of  sins;  act  of  remitting)  zi'miSan. 

remittance  n.  (sum  of  money  sent)  ei'mitns,  ^I'mitans.    * 

remold  v,  mold  again  [also  spelt  remould^  zi'mooM. 

remonetize  v.  make  again  standard  money   [also   spelt  re- 
monetise']  ^i'meni-taiz,  zri'mAni-taiz. 

remonstrate  v.  (protest;   expostulate)   ^I'men-stset. 

remora  n.  (sucking-fish)  '^ema-zra. 

Renaissance  n.   (revival  of  art  and  letters  which  began  in 
Italy  in  the  14th  century)  ^ena'sens,  zreno'seqs,  ri'nee-sans. 

renaissance  n.   (any  revival   or  period   of   markt   improve- 
ment) rena'sens,  zrena'seqs,  ^I'nee-sans. 

renascence    n.    (state   of   being   renascent)    ri'nee-sans,   71- 
'naesans. 

renascent  adj.   (that  is  being  born  again)   ^I'nee-sant,  71- 
'naesant. 

rencontre  n.  ^enTcenta?.    same  meaning  as  rencounter, 

rencounter  n.  encounter;  fight;  meeting  [synonymous  ceg- 
nate  rencontre"]  ren'kaon-ta?. 

rencounter  v.  (encounter;  fight;  meet)  ren'kaon-tazr. 

rendezvous   n.   (appointed  meeting-place)   Veqdi-vu,   'zendi- 
vu,  '^endi-vuz, 

rendezvous  v.    (assemble  at  a  place   previously  appointed) 
'reqdi-vu,  '^endi-vu,  '^endi-vu,  'zrendi-vuz. 

renege  v.  ^I'niig,  zri'niids.     same  meaning  as  renegue, 

}  yc,  Qcure;  bthe,  Q  tK\Tv*,  's^lswc^,  'liim;  W«oe,  tjcfcew; 
w  when:  n  sino;  u whoever,  \tca.c\,  ^i^^,  x3>^\ooV  ^\V  A^%\ 
o poetic;  a  over,  eoetiaV.  K\iu\^,  v.^oqt,  ^^x^o,  ^.X^e^i.,  -^.^^^^stN 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  ¥A 

renegne  Vm  deny;  abandon;  refuse  to  follow  suit  [synony- 
mous cognate  renege\  sx'niig. 

renemr  v,  (make  new;  restore;  reestablish)  sx'njou;  {dialec- 
tally)  ei'nou. 

reniform  adj,  (kidney-shaped)  'reni-foirm,  '7ii-ni-fo:?m. 

renitent  adj.  (resistant)  Veni-tnt,  ?i'nai-tnt. 

renovator  n.  one  who  renovates  [also,  rarely,  spelt  renova- 
terl  '?cn3-vet3e. 

reaio'wiied  adj.  famous  [also  spelt  renowndl  ?i'naond. 

rentes  n.  (bonds,  stocks)  ^egts. 

rennnoiation  n.  (act  of  renouncing)  ^inAnJi'ee-Son,  ^lUAnsi- 
'ee-Jan. 

reorganize  v,  [also  spelt  reorganise^  7i'e:7-g3-naiz. 

repair  v.  go;  betake  one's  self  [past  participle  and  preterit 
repaired,  repair dl  ri'pe:?. 

repair  v.  mend;  renew  [past  participle  and  preterit  repaired, 
repairdi  zi'ptiz, 

reparable  adj.  (capable  of  being  repaird  or  mended)  'eepa- 
zd-h^ii;  (improperly)  z:i'pe:-?3-b3l. 

reparation  n.  (act  of  restoring;  act  of  repairing  or  mend- 
ing) zepo'zee-lsn. 

reparative  adj,  of  repair  or  amends  [also  spelt  reparative 
ei'paeea-tiv. 

repartee  n.  (ready  reply;  clever  retort)  ztp^z'tii, 

repast  n.  (meal;  feast)  ?i'pa:st,  ei'pa:st,  ?i'pa:st. 

repeat  v.  (say  or  do  again)  n'piit. 

repel  v,  drive  back;  repulse;  reject  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit repelled,  repeldl  ei'pel. 

repellent  adj.,  n.  [also  spelt  repellanti  ri'pelsnt. 

repertoire  n.  (stock  of  pieces  which  an  actor,  musician,  or 
company  is  prepared  to  perform)  'repar-tiue:?,  '?ep3-.tiuc:r, 
'eepae-tujarzr. 

repertory  n.  (storehouse;  also,  repertoire)  ^zepQz-tozi, 

repetend  n.  (recurring  figure  or  group;  circulate;  also,  re- 
frain) 'eepi-tcnd,  repi'tend. 

rejjietitions  adj,  (full  of  repetition;  tiresomely  iterativ)  eepi- 
't^Sas. 

repetitive  adj.  repetitious  [also  spelt  repetitivl  ei'pcti-tiv. 

repe^nt  n.  (tutor,  repetitor)  eepi'tent. 

repetitor  n.  (private  tutor;  repetent)  ei'pcti-t32,  'repi-taitae, 
repi'tai-t3?. 

repiqne  n.  (in  picket,  the  winning  of  thirty  points  on  cards 
alone,  etc.)  ei'piik. 

c:  law,  b:  f i*r,  a  cat,  e  hot,  oi  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (;)   indicates  that  tVve  precedixv^  ^^>3itA  -v^  \wNSi»\ 
stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  oti  l^t  i©>\Q^vci'si,  ^^'^tj^^^* 


466  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

replaceable  adj,  (that  may  be  replaced)  si'pLee-sd-bdL 

repleviai  v.  bail ;  recover  by  replevin ;  replevy  [past  participle 
and  preterit  replevined,  replevindl  ri'pLcvin. 

replica  n.  (copy  or  duplicate  of  a  work  of  art,  especially 
one  made  by  the  original  artist;  facsimile)  VepLi-ka. 

replnm  n.  frame-like  placenta  [ploral  repla\  '?epz.9m,  'zii- 
pLsm. 

reportorial  adj.  (of  reporters)  ?ep3^t3:-zi-9}. 

repository  n.  (receptacle;  museum;  warehouse)  ^I'pezi-ton. 

repoiiss6  adj.  (raised  in  relief  by  hammering  from  the  back) 
eepo'see,  zi'pou-se. 

reprehensible  adj,  (deserving  of  reprehension;  blamewor- 
thy) repsiliensd-bdl. 

repressed  adj.  restraind,  checkt  [also  spelt  represtl  ^I'psest. 

repressible  adj.  (capable  of  being  represt)  zi'psess-ba}. 

repressor  n.  one  who  or  that  which  represses  [also,  for- 
merly, spelt  represser"}  zi'pzes^z. 

reprieve  v.  rescue  from  punishment;  respit  [past  participle 
and  preterit  reprieved,  reprievdl  ri'psiiv. 

reprizaand  n.  (sharp  rebuke)  'repsi-maend,  '?ep3i-ma:nd. 

reprimand  v.  'zep^i-maend,  zep3i'ma:nd,  'zepsi-ma:nd. 

reprise  n.  yearly  deduction ;  resumption ;  repetition  [also,  for- 
merly, spelt  repri/sel  zi'pzaiz. 

reprise  v.  (archaic)  take  back;  retake;  compensate  [also,  for- 
merly, spelt  reprise"}  n'psaiz. 

reproval  n.  (reproof)  zi'psou-val. 

reptile  n.  creeping  animal;  mean,  groveling  person  [also, 
sometimes,  spelt  reptill  'zreptil,  'rep-tail. 

repnblicanize  v.  [also  spelt  republicanisel  n'pAbhkd-naiz. 

repng^  v.  (resist;  fight)  zri'pgoun. 

repnlse  v.  repel;  rebuff  [past  participle  and  preterit  re- 
pulsed, repulst}  n'pAls,  zi'pAlts. 

reputable  adj.  (of  good  repute)  'eepgota-bal. 

reqniem  n.  (mass,  dirge,  or  chant  for  the  repose  of  the  dead) 
'?ii-ku)i-am,  'rektui-am. 

requisite  w.  required,  necessary  [also  spelt  requisite  '^ekiri- 
zit. 

requital  n.  (recompense)  ei'kiuai-tl,  n'kiDQi-tsl.  #> 

reredos  n.  (altarpiece;  choir-screen)  *zi:z-des.  y 

reremouse  n.  bat  [also  spelt  rearmouse,  reermo use;'  ploral 
reremicel  '^i:zr-maos. 

rescind  v.   (remove;  revoke)  zri'sind. 

rescission  n.  (act  of  rescinding;  abrogation)  zi'si^^n, 

JVC,  5  cure;  "bih^,  Q  tVvm-,  -saLZMte,  dj/oy;  S  j/ioe,  tS  c/iew; 
w  when;  i}  sing\  uw\ioe\et,  \tca.cX.,  xiiiC»\,  vi\x\ooV  ^\v  -iis^e; 
o poetic;  9  over,  eoerVaV  kWV,  v.^oo«,  •:i^x^o,  ^\ic\^  ^^%^v^ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  467 


rescue  v,  (save;  recover)  'reskgo. 

researcli  n.  (act  of  searching;  investigation)  z\'s^\z\.\\  (less 

properly)  'zii-SQ'.ztl, 
research  v,  (search  into;  make  researches)  zi'sQiztl. 
reserve  v.,n,  store,  etc.   [also  spelt  reserv;   past  participle 

and  preterit  reserved,  reservdl  zi'zsizv. 
reserver  n.  one  who  reserves  [also  spelt  reservorl  zi'zQiz-y^z, 
reservoir    n.    (receptacle)    '?ez32-vor,    'ztz^z-\WQ:z,    'zzz^z- 

vwc:3,  '?ez3E:-vwa:?,  ceza^'vwe:?. 
reset  n.  (reception;  harboring  of  criminals)  ei'set. 
reset  v.  (receive;  shelter)  zi'set. 
reset  v.  (set  again)  2i'set. 

reset  n.  (in  printing^  matter  set  anew)  '?ii-set,  ri'set. 
residence  n.  (fact  of  residing;  abode)  'zezi-dns,  'rezi-dans. 
residentiary   n.    (ecclesiastic   bound   to   official   residence; 

canon;    resident)    ^ezi'denji-e^i,    (also)    eezi'denSa-ei,    (as- 

sumptivly)   zezi^denl^zi;    (rapidly)   zezi'denlzi;    (also)   zezi- 

'dentSa-^i. 
residue  n.  (remainder;  rest;  residuum)  'rezi-dju;  (dialectal- 

ly)  '?ezi-du. 
residnnm  n.  residue;  sediment  [ploral  residual  7i'zid3U-9m, 

?i'zidju-3m. 
resign  v,  give  up;   relinquish   [past  participle  and  preterit 

resigned,  resigndl  2i'zain. 
resign  v.  sign  anew  [past  participle  and  preterit  resigned, 

rcsignd"]  ^i'sain. 
resignation  n.   (act  of  resigning;   acquiescence)   rezig'nee- 

San;   (less  properly)  eesig'nee-Son. 
resignee  n.  (one  to  whom  anything  is  resigned)  ?ezi'nii,  zi- 

zai'nii,  n-zain'ii,  zre-zai'nii. 
resile  v.  (draw  back;  retract;  recoil;  turn  back)  ?i'zaih 
resilience  n.  (act  of  resiling;  recoil;  revolt;  elasticity)  zi- 

'ziHans,  ri'ziH-ans. 
resin  n.  substance  which  exudes  from  fir-trees,  etc.  [synon- 
ymous cognate  rosini  'zezin, 
resipiscence  n.  (repentance)  7isi'pis9ns,  resi'pissns. 
resistible  adj,  capable  of  being  resisted  [also,  formerly,  spelt 

resistable'l  zi'zista-bal. 
rceolnble  adj.  (resolvable)  'ztz^lio-hol. 

re-solnble  adj.  (capable  of  being  dissolvd  again)  n'soHo-ba}. 
resolntion  n.  (reduction  into  component  parts;  dissolution; 

resolving)  zrezaliou-Jan ;   (dialectally)  rez^lou-San. 
re-solntion  n.  (renewed  solution)  zi-s^liovL-l^n, 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  a  cat,  e  hot,  oi  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  ktte; 
Irngth-mark   (:)   indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  \^  \»xv.%\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  str^99  on  \5ti^  fc>\vw\TL%  «^\«&5«- 


468  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

resolvable  adj.  [also  spelt  resolviblel  ri'zetva-ba}. 
resolve  v.  melt;  disintegrate;  solve;  determin  on  [also  spelt 
resolv;  past  participle  and  preterit  resolved,  resolvdl  zi- 

resolve  n.  determination  [also  spelt  resolvl  zi'zetv, 

resolvent  n.  (discutient;  solvent)  ^I'zelvsnt. 

resonance  n.   (reinforcement  of  sound  by   reflection,  etc) 

'rezd-nans. 
resort  n.  (recourse;  habitual  repair;  haunt)  zi'zeizt, 
resort  v.   (have  recourse  to;  go;  repair  habitually)  zi'zeizt 
re-sort  v.  (sort  anew)  zVseizt. 
resonnd  v,  (ring;  reecho)  si'zaond. 
re-sonnd  v.  (sound  again)  zi'saond. 
resource  n.  (means  of  supply;  shift)  ri'sdizs;  (less  properly) 

'?ii-so:zs,  zi'zoizs,  '^ 

respirable  adj.  (capable  of  being  respired;  capable  of  re- 
spiring) ?i'spai-z3-bal,  (often)  zi'spaid-^s-bst,  'zespiz^-hsi. 
respirator  n,  (respiring-device)  'respi-reta?. 
respiratory  adj,   (of  respiration)   zi'spai-z^-tozi,    (also)  zi- 

'spai-?3t3-ri,  (assumptivly)  zi'spai-?3-t3?i ;  (rapidly)  zri'spai- 

r3-tji;  (also)  'rcspira-ton,  'respi-eeta-zi. 
respite  n.  delay;  reprieve;  rest  [also  spelt  respit'}  'eespit 
respite  v,  grant  delay  or  respit;  delay;  postpone  [also  spelt   ' 

respiti  Vcspit. 
resplendent  adj.  (shining;  splendid)  ^I'spLcndsnt. 
respondent  n.  (one  who  responds  or  answers)  zri'spendsnt. 
responsible  adj.  (accountable;  of  good  credit)  n'spensd-bdl. 
restaurant  n.   (eating-house)   '^esta-eant,  'zesi^-zant,  'zesta- 

zei],  (rapidly)  'zestjant. 
restanratenr  n.  (restaurant-keeper)  zesta-za'tBiz,  zes'to:-za- 

tdz.  A 

restive  adj.  inclined  to  rest;   inert;   intractable   Calso   spelt 

restivl  'zestiv. 
restorative  adj.  of  restoration;  capable  of  restoring   [also 

spelt  restorativl  zi'sto:-zo-tiv,  zi'steza-tiv. 
resnmable  adj.  (capable  of  being  resumed)  zi'zjau-md-bdl. 
resume  v,  (assume  anew;  take  up  again)  zi'zjoum. 
resume  n.  (summary,  epitome)  zezo'mee,  'zee-zo-me. 
resumption  n.   (action   of  reassuming  possession   of  lands, 

etc.;  act  of  resuming)  zi'zAmpJan,  zi'zAmJan. 
resupinate   adj.    (bent  upward;   inverted)   zi'sQou-pi-net. 
resupine  adj.  (lying  on  the  back;  supine)  zi-sgo'pain. 
resurrection  n.  (a  rising  again)  zczd'zekSsn. 

;  yCy   ?  cure ;  5  tHe,  0  thin ;   3  a^rure,  ds  ;oy ;   \  shoe,   tS  chew ;      , 
wwhen;  T)s\ng\  uwVioever,  ite^cX,  ^iuW,  \xMfool,  i  »t,  usee; 
o poetic;  3  over^  caemV  ^^^v-^-,  ^-.^oot,  •:iQTio,  ^.\ie^  ^^^fl!«..^    \ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  469 

resuscitate  v.  (revive;  renew)  zri'sASi-tet. 
retable  n.  (structure  above  an  altar)  zri'tee-bol 
retail  n.  (sale  in  small  quantities)  'ni-tel. 
retail  v.  sell  in  small  quantities;  relate  in  detail  [past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  retailed,  retaild]  ei'teel,  '^li-tel. 
retailer  n.  (retail  dealer;  one  who  relates  in  detail)  '?ii-te- 

l9?,  ^I'tee-lar. 
retardation  n.   (action  of  retarding  or  delaying)  jrita^'dee- 

San,  {rarely)  reta^'dee-San. 
retch  V,  (try  to  vomit)  retS,  riitS. 
rete  n.  network,  plexus  [ploral  retial  '?ii-ti. 
retia  n.  (ploral  of  rete)  'zrii-Si-a,  'rii-ti-a. 
retiary  adj,  (of  a  net)  *zn-\\-zzi. 
reticence  n.  (reserve)  '^eti-sons.       • 
reticle  «.  (set  of  cross-wires,  threads,  or  ruled  lines  in  the 

object-glass  of  a  telescope)  '?eti-kal. 
reticule  n.  (reticle;  also  small  bag)  'zreti-kgul. 
retiform  adj.  (net-shaped)  Veti-fe:?m,  '?ii-ti-fe:z:m. 
retina  «.  layer  of  sensitiv  tissue  in  the  back  part  of  the  eye 

[ploral  retinas,  retinae']  '^etn-a,  'zrcti-na. 
retinue   n.    (train,   suite)   'retn-ju,   'jcti-nju;    (formerly)    zi- 

'tin-ju. 
retiredly  adv,  (in  a  retired  manner;  privatfely)  ei'tai-ri-d!i, 

zi'tQiz-dh. 
retiredness  n.  7i'tai-?i-dniS;  n'tair-dnis. 
retractile  v.  admitting  of  retraction,  etc.   [also,  sometimes, 

spelt  retractill  ri'tjaektil. 
retrench  v,  reduce;  curtail;  economize  [past  partciple  and 

preterit  retrenched,  retrenchtl  ri'tjcntj,  ri'tjenS. 
retribute  v.  (give  back)  ri'tjibjut,  '?etji-bjut. 
retributive  adj.  [also  spelt  retributivl  sn'tjibjo-tiv. 
retrieve  v.  find  again;  recover;  recall  [past  participle  and 

preterit  retrieved,  retrievdl  zri'tjiiv. 
retroact   v.   (react;   operate   backward)   retjo'akt,   eitjo'aekt, 

'^etjo-aekt. 
retrocede  v.  (go  back;  recede;  strike  in)  'eetj3-sid,  'rii-tja- 

sid,  ritja'siid. 
retrocede  v,  (cede  back)  ritja'siid. 
retrocession  n.  ^etsd'se^sn,  dtss'se^dn. 

retrof lection  n.  fact  of  being  turnd  back;  retroversion  [al- 
so spelt  retroflexion"]  retja'ftekSan,  ritja'ftckSan. 
retrograde    adj.     (moving    backward)    'retja-g^ed,    'rii-tjo- 

(j^ed. 

c:  law,  b:  fwr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ex  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite; 
length-mark   (:)   indicates  that  the  prece^itv^  ^o>3lxA  -v*  '^^'^''' 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  lih^  l^'^o^va.'^  ^fX-sSovfe* 


470  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

retrogreMion    n.     (retrogradation ;    a    moving    backward; 

change  toward  a  more  degraded  type)   retsa'greSan,  ritp- 

'greSan. 
retrospeot  n.  (regard  to  some  precedent;  backward  look  or 

survey)  'retja-spckt,  'eii-tj3-spckt. 
retrospeotion  n.  retsd'spekSan,  zitSd'spekSan. 
retroversion  n.  retSd'vB^Ssn,  ritsd'vBzS^n* 
retrovert   v.    (turn   back;    revert)    'rctja-vert,    'eii-txa-vs^t, 

ritjo'vBizt. 
reveille  n.  (morning  signSl)  ?i'vcel-ji;  (/tf«  properly)  ee vi- 
lli, ei'veel. 
revel  r,  make  merry  [present  participle  reveling,  revelling; 

past  participle  and  preterit  reveled,  revelled,  reveldl  'eeval. 
reveler  n.  [also  spelt  %eveller'\  'zevd-lss. 
revelry  n.  (merrymaking)  'reval-n. 

revenue  w.  '?evi-nju;  {formerly,  but  now  rarely)  zri'venju. 
reverable  adj,  (worthy  to  be  revered)  ?i'vi:-r9-bal. 
reverence  n.    (deep  respect;   deference;   veneration)   'reva- 

rons,  {rapidly)  'reveans. 
reverend  od/.   (worthy  to  be  revered)   '^cva-wnd,   (rapidly) 

'eeveand. 
reverent  arf/.  (reverend;  also,  deeply  respectful)   'ieev3-?3nt, 

{rapidly)  'zreveant. 
reverie  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  reveryl  'eevo-ei;  {rapidly) 

'zevzi;  {less  properly)  Veva-?i,  jevaVii. 
revers  n.   (reverst  edge  of  a  coat,  vest,   or  bodice)  z^Wbiz. 
reversal  w.   (act  of  reversing;  annulment)  ri'vB^sal,  si'vb:?- 

sal;  {less  properly)  zjfvBiz-zsl. 
reversed  ad/,  turnd  backward;  inverted  [also  spelt  reverst] 

zi\B:zst, 
reversi  n.  (old  card-game;  reversis;  also,  a  game  playd  on 

a  checkerboard  with  counters  whose  reverse  sides  are  of  a 

distinctiv  color)  ri'vo^si,  ?i'v8:^-si. 
reversible  adj.  (admitting  of  being  reverst;  capable  of  re- 
versing) ^I'vB^sa-bal. 
reversie  adj.  (in  heraldry,  reverst)  ?i'vb?si,  zi\b:z-si, 
reversion  n.  (a  reverting;  return)  ei'vBrSan,  ri'vaiz-Jon;  {less 

properly)  zri'varr-san. 
revertible  adj.  (capable  of  reverting)  zi'-vBzt^h^l. 
revetment  n.   retaining-wall ;   facing  [synonymous  cognates 

revetement,  revetementJi  ^I'vetMant. 
revictual  v,  (victual  again)  d'vitl. 
revisal  n.  (revision)  n'vai-zal. 

j  ye,  q  cure;  5  the,  9  f/iin;  3  a^ure,  ds  joy,  S  shoe,  tS  chew; 
wwhen;  T)s\ng\  uwYioevei,  \Tea.^V  ^^^tl,  oufool.  i  tt,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  9  over,  e  aenaV,  xWx.,  'i'.^oox,  ';i^Tv.o,  ^\ie^,  ^^^ote; 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  471 

revise  v,  (look  over;  re-examin)  ri'vaiz. 

reviser  n.  [also  spelt  revisorl  jri'vai-za?. 

revision  n.  (act  of  revising;  revised  version)  ei'visan. 

reviver  n.  one  who  or  that  which  revives  [also,  rarely,  spelt 

revivor"]  ei'vai-va?. 
revivor  n.  revival  of  a  lawsuit  [also,  formerly,  spelt  reviver] 

2i'vai-v3?,  ^ 

revocable   adj.   capable   of   being   revoked    [also,    formerly, 

spelt  revokable,  revokeable]  n'voo-ka-bal,  'zevaka-bal. 
revocation  n,  eivo'kee-Jan,  eeva'kee-San. 
revocatory  od/.  (of  revocation)  'eevaka-toei,  'revaka-ta^i. 
revolt  n,   (insurrection,  rebellion)  ei'voolt,  ri'velt. 
revolt  v,  (cast  off  allegiance;  rebel)  Ji'voolt,  ei'velt. 
revolting  adj,  2i'vool-tii],  zri'veltiq. 

revolutionize  v,  [also  spelt  revolutionise]  ^evdliuu-Ss-naiz. 
revolve  v,  turn  over;  ponder;  rotate  [also  spelt  revolv;  past 

participle  and  preterit  revolved,  revolvd]  ei'velv. 
reynard  n.  fox  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  renard]  'ztnozd,  'zee- 

n^zd. 
rhabarbarin   n,   chrysophanic   acid    [synonymous   cognates 

rhuharbarin,  rhubarberin,  rhubarberine]   z^^Qiz-ho-zin. 
rhabdomancy  n.   divination  by  means   of  a   rod  or  wand 

[also  spelt  rabdomancy]  Va^bda-mansi. 
Rhaetian  adj,  [also  spelt  Rhetian]  'ni-Ssn,  'zii-li-^n. 
Rhaetic  adj,  of  the  Rhaetian  Alps  [also  spelt  Rhetic]  '?ii-tik. 
rhamn  n.  (buckthorn)  zxm, 
rhamnetin  n.  yellow  substance   from  rhamnin   [also   spelt 

rhamnetine]  '?aenini-tin. 
rhamnin    n.   glucoside   from   buckthorn-berries    [also    spelt 

rhamnine]  'raemnin. 
rhapsodize  v,  recite  in  rhapsodies;  utter  rhapsody  [also  spelt 

rhapsodise]  '^apsa-daiz. 
rhatany  n.  'zraeta-ni.     see  ratany, 
rhea  n.  (three-toed  ostrich)  'rii-9. 
rhea  n.  ramie  [also  spelt  rheea]  'rii-3. 
rhein  n.  rheic  acid  [also  spelt  rheine]  'rii-in. 
Rhemish  adj,  of  Rheims,  France)  '?ii-miS. 
rheostat  n.  (electric-current  regulating-device)  'eii-a-staet. 
rhetor  n,  (teacher  of  rhetoric;  orator)  'zii-t^z. 
rhetoric  n.  (art  of  discourse)  'eet9-?ik,  {rapidly)  'eetjik. 
rhenm  n.  (mucous  discharge)  soum. 
rhenm  n.  (rhubarb)  '^li-am. 
rheumatic  adj,,  n.  zro'maetik ;  {formerly)  'eou-mo-tik. 

c:  law,  b:  fi*r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ex  hoy ;  a:  far,  aa  now,  ^\  a^,  ^-vVVv^n 
length-mark   (:)   indicates  that  tbe  pTete^\t\%  ^Q>axv^  ^."^  ^x"^^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  otx  \ii^  l^J^Q^va.'sg,  «f^^>X3^«- 


472  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 


n.  (painful  inflammatimi  of  the  joiiits)  'ma-m^ 

Uz9m;  {dialec tally)  'zom^-^izsm. 
yk— atJg  n.  {dialectal,  vulgar)  rheimiadsm  [also  spelt  rk£i&- 

matize,  rheumatisel  ';cra-ni»-tiz,  'Tom^-txz. 
yk— att»a  v.  make  rhenmatic  [also  spelt  rheumtaiisej  'zou- 

m^taiz, 
rhenaiie  adj,  (of  rhubarb)  'zoo-mik. 
rkenmj  adj.  (of  rheum;  rheumatic;  damp)  'rou-mi. 
rHine  n.  Russian  hemp  [also  spelt  rhyme,  rimej  rain, 
rhinoceros   n.   nose-homd   quadruped   [ploral   rhinoceroses, 

rhinoceri,  rhinoceros'^  rai'nes^-zds,  rai'nesd-ses. 
rUzonui  n,  rhizome  [ploral  rhizomata,  rhisomasi  zai^zoo-md. 
rUzome  n.  (rhizoma)  ''rai-zom;  (/^x^  properly)  zBi^zoom. 
rUzopod  n.  (animalcule  having  processes  of  sarcode,  as  if 

root-footed)  'rai-z^pod,  '^iza-ped. 
rliodeoretin  n.  (convolvulin)  zodi'on-tin,  zodi-aVetin,  zodi- 

d'rii-tin. 
rhododendron  n.  akin  to  azalea  shrub  [ploral   rhododen- 
drons, rhododendral  zods'dendtdn. 
rhomb  n.  (oblique-angled  equilateral  parallelogram;  lozenge; 

rhombohedron)  zemb,  zem,  {rarely)  ZAmb. 
rhubarb  n.  (rootstock;  plant)  'zou-bozb. 
rhnbarbarin  n.  zolxiiz-bd-zin.    same  meaning  as  rhabarba- 

rin, 
rhnmb  n.  loxodromic  curve;  angular  distance  between  two 

successiv   points   of   the   compass   [also   spelt   rutnb'i    zxm, ' 

ZAmb. 
rhyme  n.  zaim.    see  rime, 
rhythm  n.    (flow;    meter;   flux  and   reflux)   'zidom,   'zidm, 

'ziOom,  'zi6m. 
rhythmic    adj,   rhythmical    [also,    formerly,    spelt    rythmic'^ 

'ndmik,  'ri9Mik. 
rhythmical  adj.  having  rhythm  [also,  formerly,  spelt  ryth- 

mical}  'zidmi-kal,  'ziOMi-kal. 
rhytina  n.  arctic  sea-cow  [also  spelt  rytinal  zi'tai-na. 
rhyton  «.  drinking-cup  [ploral  rhytal  'zai-ton,  'zi-ten. 
rial  n.  English  coin ;  also,  Spanish  coin ;  real  [also  spelt  ryal] 

'rai-sl. 
riant  adj,  (smiling;  gay)  'zai-snt. 

ribald  adj.  (scurrilous)  'zibald;  {improperly)  'zai-bald. 
riband  n.,  v.  archaic  [also  spelt  ribbandl  'ziband.   same  mean- 
ing as  ribbon, 
ribband  n.   in  shipbuilding,  a  long  narrow  flexible  timber 

j ye,  gcure;  btke,  Q  tKitv*,  ^asure,  dsioy;  Sshoe,  tSr/iew; 
wufhvn;  i)sing\  uwVioeveT,  ite^^V,  \jiu>^,  \x>\lool,  itt,  lise^; 
o  poetic;  a  ov^r,  cactiaX,  k\)u1,  ^\^QOt»  ^qt^q^  ^\>^^x  ^^^'3^fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  473 

naild  to  the  outside  of  the  ribs  of  a  ship  to  keep  them  tem- 
porarily in  place;  square  timber;  scantling;  spar  [also,  for- 
merly, spelt  rib-band,  riband}  'zriband. 
ribbed  adj,  having  ribs  [also  spelt  ribd}  zribd. 
ribbon,  n.  [also,  formerly,  spelt  riban;  archaic  synonymous 

cognate  riband;  former  synonymous  cognate  ribbond}  'eiban. 
rice  n,   (archaic)   twigs,  brushwood;   also,  a  single   twig  or 

branch  [also  spelt  ryss,  rise,  ryse,  reis,  reiss,  reise,  reyce} 

zais. 
rice  n,  (seed  or  grain  of  Oryza  sativa;  rice-plant)  zais. 
ricochet  n.   (skipping  of  a  shot  along  a  surface)   'rikd-^et, 

^ika'Set,  'eika-Je,  rika'See. 
rid  V,  clear,  free  [past  participle  and  preterit  rid  and  also, 

formerly,  ridded;  dialectal  synonymous  cognate   red}   zid; 

(dialectally)  zed. 
ridable  adj,  capable  of  being  ridden  [also  spelt  rideable"!  *zbi- 

d3-b3l. 
ridiculous   adj,   (exciting   ridicule;   laughable)    zri'dikQo-lds ; 

{improperly)  ei'dika-las,  ^I'dikz^ds. 
riem  n.  rawhide  strap  [also  spelt  reim,  rheim,  rimj  ziim. 
rifacimento   n.   remaking,   remodeling    [plural   rifacimentil 

zi-iatli'mento. 
riffraff  n.  rabble;  trash,  rubbish  [also  spelt  riff -raff}  'zif- 

z^iy  'zii-z^:i, 
rigged  adj,  equipt  with  rigging;  drest  [also  spelt  n>rf]  ngd. 
righteous  adj,  (just;  virtuous)  'eai-tSas,  'eai-tgas. 
right-handed  adj,  zait'haendid,  (assumptivly)  'zait-haendid. 
rig^marole  n.  (rambling  discourse)  'zigms-zol. 
rigor  n.  severity,  harshness;   excess  of   cold  weather   [also 

spelt  rigourl  'ciggr. 
rigor  n.  sudden  bodily  chill  [also  spelt  rigourl  'eigae,  'zi-gez, 

'^ai-gor. 
rigorism  n.  [also  spelt  rigourisml  'nga-eizam. 
rigorist  n,  person  of  strict  principles  [also  spelt  rigourist} 

'zig^-zist, 
rigorous  adj,  characterized  by  rigor;  strict  [also,  formerly, 

spelt  rigourousi  '^iga-ras. 
rile  V.  make  turbid;  disturb;  vex  [also,  formerly,  spelt  ryle; 

synonymous  cognate  rot"/]  rail. 
rilievo  n.  rirjee-vo.    same  meaning  as  relievo, 
rime  n.  poetry  or  verse  in  which  consonance  of  terminal  or 

other  sounds  is  observd  [also  spelt  rhyme,  rhimel  raim. 
rime  n.  (hoar-frost)  raim. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark   (:)    indicates  that  the  ptettdiM  ^wwx^  -vs»  Vtcvsln 
stress-mark  (  )  indicates  chief  stress  oi\.  VK^  i^>\oN«vcL"fe  ^j^'siw^'^' 


474  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

rimer  n.  one  who  makes  rimes;  rimester;  minstrel  [also  spelt 

rhymer  and,  formerly,  rymerj  'zai-m^z, 
rimer  n.  (tool  for  riming;  reamer  [also  spelt  rymer'}  '^az-msz. 
rimer  v.  (ream,  rimmer)  'eai-mazr. 
rimester  n.  maker  of  rimes;   rimer;   poetaster    [also   spelt 

rhymester,  rhymster,  rhimester}  'raim-sta?. 
rimmed  adj.  having  a  rim  [also  spelt  rimd}  ^imd. 
rimose  adj,  (full  of  chinks)  ^ai'moos,  {assumptivly)  'rai-mos; 

(also)  yi'moos. 
rind  n.  bark;  skin  [synonymous  cognate  rinel  zaind;   {less 

properly)  earn. 
rinderpest  n.  (cattle-plague)  'zrinddz-pest. 
ringed  adj.  made  of  rings;  having  or  wearing  a  ring;  markt 

with  rings  [also  spelt  ringd"]  zriqd. 
rinse  v.  wash  lightly;  cleanse  with  water  [former  dialectal 

synonymous    cognate   rense;    past    participle    and    preterit 

rinsed,  rinsf]  zrints,  zms;  (dialectally)  rents,  eens. 
riot  n.  (debauchery;  disturbance  of  the  peace;  brawl)  'rai-at. 
rip  V.  cut,  pull,  or  tear  away  or  apart   [present   participle 

ripping;  past  participle  and  preterit  ripped,  ripti  zip. 
ripe  V.  (grow  ripe;  make  ripe;  ripen)  eaip. 
ripe  V,  grope,  search;  cleanse  [also  spelt  rypel  zaip. 
ripieno  adj.  (in  music,  supplementary)  zri'pgee-no. 
riping  adj.  (ripening)  'eai-piq. 
rise  V,  get  up;  arise;  ascend  [past  participle  risen;  preterit 

rose"}  raiz. 
rise  n.  (ascent;  elevation)  raiz;  (less  properly)  zais, 
risible  adj.  (of  laughter;  comical)  'riza-bal. 
risk  n.,  v,  hazard  [also,  formerly,  spelt  risque ;  as  verb,  past 

participle  and  preterit  risked,  riskt"]  zisV. 
risque  adj,  (risky,  broad,  off-color)  risTcee,  eis'kee. 
ritual  adj.  (of  rites)  'ntju-al,  'ntgu-al. 
ritualize  v,  [also  spelt  ritualisel  'z:itSu-9-laiz,  'zritgu-a-laiz. 
rivage  n.  (coast,  shore,  bank)  Vai-vids,  'rivids. 
rival  V.  vie  with;  compete  [present  participle  rivaling,  rival- 
ling; past  participle  and  preterit  rivaled,  rivalled,   rivaldl 

'z:ai-v9l. 
rivel  v,  wrinkle;  pucker;  shrivel  [present  participle  riveling, 

rivelling;  past  participle  and  preterit  riveled,  rivelled,  ri- 

veld"]  'zrival. 
river  n.  (stream)  'ziv^z, 
river  n.  (one  who  rives  or  cleaves)  Vai-vd?. 
riverain  adj.  (riverine,  riparian)  'nva-ren. 

/  yc,  C  cure ;  5  the,  0  tfiin ;  ^  ^  azure,  dj  /oy ;  \  shoe,  tS  chew ; 
wwhen;  rising;  u whoever,  iteact,  xsiuW,  waiiooV  i.\v  -ix^cc; 
o poetic;  sov^r,  e  aerial,  K^auV,  o\^oot,  ^c>tvo,  ^\ie^,  tL^^QX&\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  47$ 

riverine  adj,  riparian;  of  a  river  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  riv- 

erinl  'nva-rain,  'ziv^-zin. 
rivet  V.  fasten  with  a  rivet;  clench  [present  participle  rivet- 
ing, rivetting;  past  participle  and  preterit  riveted,  rivetted} 

'zivit. 
rividre  n.  (necklace)  z\'v]z\z. 
rivose  adj.  (furrowd)  zrai'voos,  {assumptivly)  'rai-vos;  (also) 

^I'voos. 
road  n.   (roadstead;   highway;   railroad)   zrood;    (dialectally) 

zod. 
roam,  v,  wander,  rove,  ramble   [past  participle  and  preterit 

roamed,  roamdj  zroom. 
roar  v,  utter  a  loud,  deep  cry;  yell;  thunder  [past  participle 

and  preterit  roared,  roardi  zo:z. 
roborant  n.,  adj.  (restorativ)  '^oo-ba-^ant,  'zreba-zrant. 
robust  adj.  (sturdy,  stout)  ro'bAst,  (assumptivly)  'roo-bAst. 
robustious  adj.  (robust;  massiv;  boisterous)  ro'bAstSss. 
roc  n.  (mythic  bird)  zek. 
rocambole  n.   Spanish  garlic;   sand-leek  [also  spelt  rokam- 

bolej  '?ek9m-bol. 
rochet  n.  garment;  vestment  [dialectal  synonymous  cognate 

rocket'\  '^etjit;  (dialectally)  '^ekit. 
rock  v,  move  to  and  fro  [past  participle  and  preterit  rocked, 

rockt"]  rek. 
rock  n.  (stone)  zek. 
rock  n.  (distaff)  zrek. 
rococo  adj,  old-f ashiond ;  ornate  [also  spelt  roccoco'i  zraTcoo- 

ko. 
rode  V,  (preterit  of  ride)  ?ood;  (dialectally)  rod. 
rodeo  n.  local  (round-up)  ro'dii-o. 
rodomontade  n.  brag,  boasting  [also  spelt  rhodomontadel 

^eda-men'teed. 
roe  n.  deer  [ploral  roes']  zoo. 
roe  «.  (mass  of  fish-eggs;  spawn;  milt)  roo. 
roffia  n.  '^efi-a,  ro'fii-a.    same  meaning  as  rofia, 
rofia  n.  (raffia,  a  palm-tree)  z:o'fii-9,  'eefi-d. 
roil  v,  zeil.    same  meaning  as  rile, 
r61e  n,  (part,  character)  zrool. 
roll  n,  (cylindric  mass  formd  by  winding  or  folding;  turn; 

deep  sound;  swell)  zool, 
roll  V.  move  like  a  ball  or  wheel;  sway  from  side  to  side; 

turn;   trill   [past  participle  and  preterit  rolled,  roldl   rool, 

(when  unstrest)  zol. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far^  aotvoii),  ^*.  a^,  ^-vVVvr-n 
]Ength-mark  (:)   indicates  that  tVie  ptecedixvvE,  ^c»rc^^  ^^  ^^^^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  Vht  i^Y^^^vcv^  «s(^'!25S^^' 


I 


476  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

rolley  n.  truck;  also,  lorry,  rulley  [also  spelt  rollyj  'zeh. 

rollick  V,  (frolic)  Velik. 

roly-poly  n.  (game;  pudding;  coil  of  hair;  dance;  plant) 
'zooAi'pooAi, 

Romaic  adj.,n.  (modern  Greek)  ro'mee-ik. 

Romance  n.  (vernacular  language  of  France)  ra'maents, 
zo'mdtnts;  srd'maens,  zo'mxns. 

romance  n.  (tale  in  verse,  etc. ;  a  form  of  novel ;  fiction ;  bal- 
lad; melody)  79'maents,  ro'mxnts;  (also,  especially  in 
Britain)  ro'maens;   (less  properly)   '^oo-maents,   'roo-maens.        ' 

roniance  v.  (exaggerate;  use  romantic  language)  z^'mxnts, 
ZTd'maens;  ro'maents,  po'maens;   (less  properly)   'roo-maents. 

Roniance  adj.  (of  the  languages  which  arose  out  of  the 
provincial  Roman  or  Latin;  Romanic)  sd'mxnts,  z^'mxns; 
iro'maents,  zro'maens;   (less  properly)   'zroo-maents,  '^oo-maens. 

Ronianesqne  adj.  of  Romanized  Europe,  etc.  [also,  former- 
ly, spelt  RomaneskJ  zroma'nesk. 

Ronianize  v.  [also  spelt  Romanisel  'zoo-m^-naiz, 

Romansli  adj.,  n.  Rhaeto-romanic  [also  spelt  Romansch,  Rou- 
mansch,  Rutnansh,  Rumansch;  synonymous  cognates  Ru- 
monsh,  Rumonsch,  Rumontsch,  Romonsch,  Romanesh, 
RomuntcK]  zra'maentS,  ea'maenS. 

Roniany  n.  Gipsy  [also  spelt  Rommany;  ploral  Romanies'! 
'eema-ni;  (improperly)    zroo-ma-ni. 

Romic  adj.  (based  on  the  Roman  values  of  letters)  'roo-mik. 

±ondean  n.   (poem;  also,  rondo)  'ren-do,  zen'doo. 

rondo  n.  in  music,  round;  setting  of  a  rondeau;  movement 
involving  repetition;  also,  a  game  of  hazard  [ploral  rondos] 
'zendOf  'ren-do. 

Rontgen  adj.  [also  spelt  RoentgenJ  'zrentgan,  Ventggn. 

rood  n.  (cross;  measure)  zoud. 

roof  n.  (upper  covering  of  a  building,  etc.)  zrouf ;  (dialectally) 
rof. 

rook  n.  (crow;  swindler)  ^ok. 

rook  n.  (in  chess,  castle)  rok. 

rook  z/.  (cheat;  overcharge)  zrok. 

rooni  n.  (space;  apartment)  roum;  (dialectally)  ^om. 

roost  n.,v,  (perch,  etc.)  roust;  (dialectally)  zust. 

root  V,  (fix  the  root;  strike  root;  plant  deeply)  ^out;  (dia- 
lectally) rot. 

root  V.  dig  or  burrow  with  the  snout;  eradicate  [synonymous 
cognate  routi  zovlX;  (dialectally)  zot. 

Roquefort  n.  (cheese)  '^ook-fa^t;   (less  properly)  'rekfart. 

jye,  ccure;  btHe,  Btkitv,  ^sisut^,  ^-si^^*,  ^sfioe,  t^cAew; 
wwhen:  n  sina;  uwVioever,  iteaLcx,  vsiuW,  ^>\\ooV  ^Vn.,  s:v's.ee\ 
op(?etic;  a  over,  eaeriaV,  kW\:,  o-.^oqt,  •:.oxvo,  ^\.c^,  -^^'ian.^n 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  477 

Toqnelaure  n.  cloak  [synenymous  cegnatps  rocklay,  rocke- 
lay,  rokelay,  rocklow,  rocolo,  roquelo,  rocklier,  roclierl  'zeki- 
lo:z;  (less  often)  zekiloiz, 

roqnet  v,  'roo-ke,  ^o'kee. 

roquet  n.  (stroke  in  the  game  of  croquet)  'zoo-ke,  sro'kee. 

rorqual  n.  (f inner-whale)  ^zeiz-kwdl,  *ze:z-kwe\. 

rosaceous  adj,  (rose-like)  zo'zee-l^s. 

rosary  n.  garland  of  roses;  chaplet;  string  of  beads;  series 
of  devotions  [ploral  rosaries}  'zroo-za-ei,  ^zooz-zi, 

rose  V.  (preterit  of  rise)  zooz,  (when  unstrest)  zoz, 

roseate  adj.  (full  of  roses;  rose-colord)  'eoo-zi-gt,  '^oo-zi-et; 
(less  properly)  '^oo-si-et. 

rosemary  n.  (evergreen  shrub)  'z:D0z-me:-z:i,  'zooz-mezi,  'eooz- 
mdzi. 

roseola  n.  (rose-rash)  eo'zii-a-la;  (less  properly)  zozVooA^. 

roset  n.  (dialectal)  rosin,  resin  [also  spelt  rosit,  roset,  rosit, 
rozzetl  'eoo-zit. 

roset  n.  ^o'zet.    see  rosette, 

rosette  n.  rose-like  knot,  bunch,  or  form  [also,  rarely,  spelt 
roset}  sTo'zet. 

Rosicrucian  n.  one  of  the  Brethren  or  Knights  of  the  Rosy- 
cross  [also,  rarely,  spelt  Rosicrusian}  rezi'k^ou-Jan,  ?ozi- 
'k3ou-Si-3n. 

rosin  n.  [dialectal  synenymous  cognates  rosum,  rosil,  roset} 
'zrezgn,  '^ezn,  'zezm.    same  meaning  as  resin. 

rosiness  n.  rosy  color,  etc.  [also  spelt  rosyness}  '?oo-zi-nis. 

Rosminian  n.  ?ez'mini-3n,  ?es'mini-3n. 

rosolio  n.  cordial  [also  spelt  rosoglio,  rossoglio}  ?o'zoo-H-o. 

rostrum  n.  beak;  snout  [ploral  rostra,  rostrums}  'rest^am; 
(improperly)  '^oo-stjam. 

rotary  adj.  (circular,  rotativ)  'zroo-ta-zri ;  (assumptivly)  'zroo- 
t9^i,  (rapidly)  'rDO-t£i. 

rotate  adj,  (wheel-shaped)  Voo-tet. 

rotate  v,  (revolv,  turn)  'roo-tet,  (also,  and  in  Britain  nor- 
mally) ^o'teet. 

rotating  adj,  (turning;  rotatory)  'roo-tetiq,  ro'tee-tiq. 

rotator  n,  (muscle;  rotating  part;  rotifer)  ^o'tee-tar. 

rotche  n.  little  auk  [also  spelt  rotch;  synenymous  cognates 
roach,  rotchie}  zq\.\. 

rote  n.  (routine :    as  in  hy  *rote)  root. 

rotifer  n,  (wheel-animalcule)  '^oo-ti-far. 

rotolo  n,  rotl :  an  eastern  weight  [also  spelt  rottolo ;  ploral 
rotolos,  rotoli,  rottolis}  '^eta-lo. 

c:  law,  b:  iur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  aa  tvow,  ^\  a^,  ^\.V\\s.\ 
]Fngth-mark  (:)   indicates  that  tVie  ptetediTvtt  ^Ck>a.Tv^  ^.^  ^?^^ 
stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  on  Wift  i^>\o^v£v^  ^-3>\^^^«.. 


478  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

rotonde  n.  (ruff),  zro'tend. 

rotund  adj,  (round;  roundish;  spheric)  zo'tAnd. 

rotunda  n.  round  building;  circular  hall  [former  synony- 
mous cognate  rotundoj  zo'tAuds. 

rouoou  n.  tree;  dye  [synonymous  cognates  rocou,  rocu\  zu- 
Tcou,  'rou-ku. 

rou6  n.  (debauchee;  rake)  zu'ee,  'zou-e. 

rouge  adj.  (red)  Z0U3. 

rouge  n.  in  football,  scrimmage  [also  spelt  rooge,  ruge\ 
zouds- 

rongh  adj,  (not  smooth;  harsh)  zhi, 

rough  n.  rowdy;  ruffian  [also,  formerly,  spelt  ruff\  zhi, 

roughy  n.  fish  [also  spelt  ruffie,  ruffyl  'zaU. 

roulade  n.  (quick  succession  of  musical  notes)  zu^aid. 

rouleau  n.  roll  of  coins;  coil  [ploral  rouleaus,  rouleaux'}  zu- 
loo. 

roulette  n.  game;  curve;  tool  [also  spelt  rouletl  Tulet. 

Roumeliote  n.  nativ  of  Roumelia  [also  spelt  Rumeliotel  zo- 
'mii-li-ot. 

roundabout  adj,,  n.  'raon-ds-baot. 

roundabout  adv.  about,  around;  in  the  vicinity;  in  the  oppo- 
sit  direction;  in  different  directions  [also  spelt  round  about] 
zraon-da'baot. 

roundaboutly  adv.  (in  a  roundabout  manner;  indirectly) 
'zraon-da-bao-tti. 

roundelay  n.  (song,  dance)  'raon-dd-le. 

roup  n.  disease  of  poultry   [also  spelt  roopH  zroup. 

rout  n.  (assemblage;  pack;  disorderly  crowd)  zaat. 

rout  v.,  n.  (defeat,  etc.)  ?aot. 

rout  V.  (root,  as  a  hog;  also,  cut  out,  as  superfluous  metal  in 
an  electrotype  plate)  zraot. 

route  n.  (way,  road,  path,  course)  zrout;  (less  properly)  zaot. 

routine  n.  (customary  course  of  procedure;  fixt  round  of  ac- 
tion) ^o'tiin;  {less  properly)  'rou-tin. 

routine  adj,  (habitually  practist)  '?ou-tin. 

rour  V.  use  oars;  impel  by  means  of  oars  [past  participle 
and  preterit  rowed,  rowd]  zoo. 

To-w  n.  (series;  rank;  file)  zoo. 

row  «.  (affray;  brawl;  hubbub)  zaa. 

rour  V.  (assail  roughly;  scold;  unbraid;  make  a  row  or  dis- 
turbance) zao. 

rouran-tree  n.  mountain-ash  [synonymous  cognates  roan- 
tree,  roun-treel  '?D0-9n-tEii,  '^au-an-tsii. 

j  ye,   gcure;  5  the,  B  tK\iv;  ^slsvlt?:,  ^-bi^^N  ^sfeoe,   tjc/iew; 
w  when;  n  sino;  uwVioevet,  \Te2ic\.,  xiiuNS.,  ^>\VooV  ^\v,  ^v%ee\ 
o poetic;  ©over,  eoeria\,  k\>u1,  o-.^oot,  ^^t^o,  ^\icey.,  ^.^^a\fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  479 

rondel  n.  (spur-wheel,  etc.)  'eau-al;   {improperly)  'roo-al. 
rondel  V.  use  the  rowel  on;  put  spurs  to,  etc.  [present  parti- 
ciple rozveling,  rozvelling;  past  participle  and  preterit  row- 

eled,  rowelled,  roweldl  'zrau-sL 
ron^look  n.   oarlock   [synonymous  cognates  rollock,  rullock^ 

'eoo-Iok,  '^Alak. 
royalize  v,  [also  spelt  royalisel  'zei-dAaiz, 
rnb  V.  apply  pressure  with  motion  to  the  surface  of;  smooth; 

furbish  [past  participle  and  preterit  rubbed,  rubdl  zAh. 
rubeola  n.   (measles;   German   measles;   rubella)   zo'bii-d-ls; 

(improperly)  rubi'oo-la. 
rnbiacin  n.  (yellow  coloring-matter  from  madder-root)  'eou- 

bi-3-sin,  ru'bai-3-sin,  (rarely)  ^ubi'aesin. 
rnbicel  n.  orange-colord  spinel  [also  spelt  rubicellel  'eou-bi- 

seL 
ruble  n,  coin  [also  spelt  rouble"}  'rou-bal. 
mohe  n.  trimming;  pile  of  tiles  to  catch  oyster-spawn  [also 

spelt  rouchel  eouS. 
rude  adj,  (rough;  crude;  boorish)  zroud. 

rudiment  n.  (elementary  principle;  beginning)  'eou-di-mant 
rueful  adj,  (full  of  pity;  sorry)  'eou-fal. 
ruff  n.  fish  [also  spelt  ruffe}  zsi. 
ruff  n.  (collar;  pigeon;  bird)  z\i. 
ruffian,  n.  (brutal  fellow)  '^Afi-an,  'zrAfian. 
rugate  adj,  (having  rugae;  wrinkled)  '^ou-get. 
rugged  adj.  (rough;  uneven;  shaggy;  disturbd)  'eAgid. 
rugged  adj.  (furnisht  with  a  rug  or  rugs)  7Agd. 
rugose   adj,   (rugate)   zro'goos,   (assumptivly)   '?ou-gos. 
ruined  adj,  demolisht;  spoild  [also  spelt  ruind}  '?ou-ind. 
rumen  n.  first  stomach  [ploral  rumina}  '?ou-men. 
rummage  v,  (ransack,  explore;  stir)  'zAmids. 
rumor  n.,v.  noise;  report,  etc.  [also  spelt  rumour;  as  verb, 

past  participle  and  preterit  rumored,  rumord}  'eou-mar. 
rundale  n.  (system  of  land-holding)  'zAn-del. 
rundle  n.  round;  rung  [also  spelt  rundel}  'rAndl. 
rung  n.  (cross-bar,  spoke;  stave;  floor-timber)  z\r}. 
runlet  n.  cask  [synonymous  cognate  rundlet}  '^Anlat. 
runlet  n.  (little  run  or  stream;  runnel)  'rAulat. 
runnel  n.  (rivulet,  brook;  gutter)  'zau^I. 
rupee  n.  (monetary  unit  of  India;  coin)  eu'pii. 
ruralize  v.  [also  spelt  ruralise}  'ro:-?9-laiz. 
ruse  n.  (stratagem)  rouz;   (less  properly)  zrous. 
rushed  adj.  hurried  [also  spelt  rttsht}  zA^t. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ex  hoy ;  a:  far,  go  now^  a*.  a«k,  ^-vVaXs-n 
length-mark   (:)   indicates  that  tVie  pTeceditv^E,  ^^>ax!A  \%  '^!J'''^*> 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  Vht  i^YL^^vcv^  %Y^^iav^ 


480  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

rushed  adj.  strewd  with  rushes  [also  spelt  rusktl  zA^t, 

ruflhen.  adj.  (made  of  rushes,  or  of  a  rush)  'zAl^n. 

R1188  n.,adj.   (Russian)  zas,  zovls. 

rnsset  n.  (cloth;  reddish-brown;  apple)  'zAsit. 

msseting  n.  russet  apple  [also  spelt  russetting;  synonymous 

cognate  russetini  'zrASi-tiq. 
Rnssian  n.  nativ  of  Russia  [also,   occasionally,   spelt  Roo- 

Stan,  RooshianJ  'pAjan,  'zrAjjan,  'rou-Jan. 
rustle  v.,n.  [also,  formerly,  spelt  russlej  'zas^I,  'zasI. 
rustre  n.  (armor-scale;  pierced  lozenge)  'zrAstae. 
rutabaga  n.   (Swedish  turnip)   mta'bee-ga;    {less  properly) 

rots'bee-gs. 
ryal  n.  rose-noble,  an  English  gold  coin  [also  spelt  rial"}  'rai- 

rye  n.  cereal;  whisky  [ploral  ryes}  zai. 

rye  v,  {dialectal)  zrai.    same  meaning  as  ree. 

rynd  it.  burstone  mill  [also  spelt  rind}  zrind. 

ryot  n.   Indian  peasant    [also   spelt  riot,  ryat,   rayat,   raiat, 

raiyat,  rayet}  'rai-at. 
rype  n.  (ptarmigan)  eaip. 
rypeck  n.  (local)  pole  used  to  moor  a  ptint  while  fishing,  etc 

[also  spelt  ryepeck,  ripeck}  'sai-pek. 


Sabaean  ad}.  ssHbii-sn.    see  Sahean, 

Sabaism.  n.  doctrin  of  the  Sabians  or  Mondaeans;  star-wor- 
ship, Sabianism  [also  spelt  Sabeism,  Sabaeistn,  Sabiism; 
synonymous  cognates  Sabisnt,  Tsabaism  and,  formerly,  Zaba- 
ism}  'see-bi-izam. 

Sabaotb  n.  pi,  (armies,  hosts)  'saebi-e0,  'sabe-o9,  sa'bee-oG. 

Sabbatine  adj.  of  the  Sabbath  (Saturday)  [also,  sometimes, 
spelt  Sabbatin}  'saeba-tin,  'saeba-tain. 

Sabbatize  v.  keep  the  Sabbath,  etc.  [also  spelt  Sabbatisel 
'saeba-taiz. 

Sabean  adj.  of  the  ancient  population  of  Yemen,  Arabia  [al- 
so spelt  Sabaean}  sa'bii-an. 

saber  v.  furnish  with  a  saber;  strike  or  cut  with  a  saber 
[also  spelt  sabre;  present  participle  sabering,  sabring;  past 
participle  and  preterit  sabered,  saberd,  sabred}  'see-ba?. 

saber  n.  sword  [also  spelt  sabre}  'see-ba?. 

Sabian  n.  one  of  a  sect  mentiond  in  the  Koran  [also,  for- 
merly, spelt  Sabaean}  'see-bi-an. 

• 

j  ye,  9  cure;  btKe,  B  tK\Tv*,^^^2A3ite,  d^ioy;  J^Aoe,  tS  cAcw; 
wwhen;  i)  sing\  uwlaoever,  \Tea.c\.,  \5\\C\,  wx-XooV  i^n\.,  ^%iie' 
o poetic;  a  ov^r,  e  aetiaV,  K\ivX,  ^'.^oot,  ti^x^o,  ^\iees.,  ^r:^^^R.^ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  481 

sabicu  n.  (tree;  wood)  saebi'kou. 

Sabine  n.  (one  of  an  ancient  Italian  people)  'sce-bain,  'sx- 
bain. 

sabot  n,  (wooden  shoe)  831)00,  sae'boo,  'sae-bo,  'saebo. 

■abretasli  n.  case  worn  beside  the  saber  [also  spelt  sabre- 
tache, sabretaschel  'see-ba^-taeS. 

■ac  n.  (in  law^  saccage)  sxk. 

sac  n.  (in  biology,  saccus,  saccule,  sack,  cist)  sack. 

saoohario  adj.  (of  sugar,  etc.)  sd'kaerik. 

saccharide  n.  sucrate  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  saccharid} 
'saeka-raid,  'saeka-^id. 

saccharify  v.  (convert  into  sugar)  sa'kaeei-fai,  'saekari-fai. 

saccharin  n.  (bitter  anhydrid  of  saccharic  acid)  'saekd-^in; 
(sweet  benzin  derivativ)  'saeka-zrin,  (also,  popularly)  'saeka- 
zin. 

saccharine  adj.  of  sugar;  sugary  [also,  sometimes,  spelt 
saccharin'\  'saeka-nn,  'saeka-^ain. 

sacerdotal  adj.  (priestly)  saesaz'doo-tl. 

sachem  n.  (chief;  sagamore)  'see-tSsm;  (less  properly) 
'saetSam, 

sachet  n.  (scent-bag)  sae'$ee. 

sack  n.  (bag;  measure)  saek. 

sack  n.  (wine)  saek. 

sack  n.  loose  gown;  coat  [also  spelt  saque  and,  formerly,  sacj 
saek. 

sack  n.,v.  plunder  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit 
sacked,  sacktl  saek, 

sacrament  n.  (Holy  Communion;  oath)  'saelraa-mant ;  (im- 
properly) 'see-lcsa-mant. 

sacrificable  adj.  (obsolete)  sd'k^ifika-bal. 

sacrifice  n.  (offering;  loss;  victim)  'saek^i-fais,  'saek^i-f&iz. 

sacrifice  v.  (make  an  offering  of;  give  up)  'saeksi-fais, 
'saek^i-faiz,  (rarely)  'saelcsi-fis. 

sacrificer  n.  'saek^i-fai-sa?,  'saek3i-fai-zD?, 

sacrificial  adj.  (of  sacrifice)  saek^i'fiSal. 

sacrilege  n.  (violation  or  desecration  of  sacred  things) 
'saeksi-hds,  'saek^i-leds. 

sacrilegious  adj.  (characterized  by  sacrilege;  profane) 
saek3i1id33s,  saeksilii-dsas. 

sacristan  n.  (sexton;  sacrist)  'saek^i-stan. 

sacristy  n.  repository  in  a  church  in  which  are  kept  the  sa- 
cred vessels,  etc.;  vestry  [ploral  sacristies']  'saeksi-sti. 

sacro-iliac  adj.  (of  the  sacrum  and  the  ilium)  see-k^o'iH-aek. 

c:  law,  b:  iur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ox  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  ktte; 
lrnja:th-mark   (:)    indicates  that  the  ptecedixv?.  %c>\\xv^  a^  Vst^si;, 
^tre$s-mQrk  (')  indicates  chief  str^^^  OXV  \\l^  \q>\o^vc^^  ^-f^ai^^. 


462  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

saorosanot  adj,  (very  sacred)  'saek^o-sacQkt,  'see-kso-szrikt. 
saomm  n.  os  sacrum,  or  sacred  bone,  near  the  base  of  the 

backbone  [ploral  sacrums,  sacral  'see-lcssm. 
■ad  adj,  (sorrowful;  bad;  dark)  saed,  {sometimes)  sae:d. 
saddlery  n.  (art  or  wares  of  a  saddler;  place  where  saddles 

are  kept  when  not  in  use)  'saedld-n. 
Saddnoean  adj,  of  the  Sadducees  [also  spelt  Sadducaean] 

saedjo'sii-dn. 
■afegnard  n.,v,  [also  spelt  safegardi  'seef-gazrd. 
■affloiver  n.  (plant)  'sae-fx.au-9z. 
saga  n.  (legend;  tale)  'sar-ga;  {improperly)  'see-ga. 
sasaoions  adj,  (shrewd;  intelligent)  ss'gee-Sds;  {improperly) 

Sd'gaeSds. 
sagacity  it.  (shrewdness;  intelligence)  sd'gaesi-ti. 
■asene  n.  (Russian  measure)  sae'dszin,  'sa:-d3en. 
■asene  n.  (fishing-net)  ss'dsiin. 
saggar  n.  protecting  case  of  baked  fire-proof  clay  used  in 

potteries  [synonymous  cognate  seggar}  'saegs^. 
sagitta  n.  (arrow,  etc.)  sd'dsits. 
sagittal  adj.  (like  an  arrow  or  arrow-head)  'saedsi-tl;   {less 

properly)  sa'dsitl. 
sagittary  n.  (centaur;  archer)  'saedsi-tcei. 
sagittate  adj.  (shaped  like  an  arrow-head)  'saedsi-tet. 
sahlite  n.  variety  of  pyroxene  [also  spelt  salite'}  'sa:-lait. 
said  V,  (preterit  of  say)  sed,  (when  unstrest)  sad. 
said  adj.  (utterd;  mentiond,  aforesaid)  sed. 
sail  V,  travel  in  a  vessel;  navigate;  etc.  [past  participle  and 

preterit  sailed,  saildl  seel. 
sailable  adj.  (that  can  be  saild;  navigable)   'see-ls-bal. 
sailer  n.  (one  who  or  that  which  sails;  sailor,  seaman;  ship) 

'see-la?, 
sailor  n.  (seaman,  mariner)  'see-la?. 
sainfoin  n.  (herb)  'seen-fein;  {less  properly)  'saen-fain. 
saint  n.  (holy  person)  seent,  {when  unstrest  and  used  ante- 
riorly, as  a  title)  sant,  san. 
Saite  n.  (inhabitant  of  Sais)  'see-ait. 
saithe  n.  coal-fish  [also  spelt  seythej  seeG. 
Saitic  adj.  (of  Sais;  Saite)  se'itik. 
sake    n.  (in  for  the  *sake  of,  for  my  *sake,  etc.)  seek. 
sake  n.  rice  liquor  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  sakel  'sa:-ki,  'sae-ke. 
saker  n,  large  lanncr  falcon  [also  sprit  sacrel  'sce-ka?. 
saker  n,  (cannon)  'see-ka?. 
saki  n.  monkey  [also  spelt  sake}  'see-ki,  'saeki,  'sa:-ki. 

j  ye,  ^cure;  bthe,  Qthin;  3  a^ure,  ds/oy;  I  shoe,  t^  chew; 
wwhen;  T)sing\  uwlioever,  ixe^LcX.,  vki^^,  vi>3.ioo\.  \%t,  11  s^^; 
opoeHc;  9  over,  eoenaV,  x\iui»  *:i*.^oot,  •;>^t^o,  ^,\ie^,  ^^%jq!«.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  483 

sakia  n.  water-drawing  wheel  [synenymous  cegnate  sakieh'] 
'sa;-ki-3. 

salaam  n.,  v.  salute  [also  spelt  salam'\  S3la:m. 

salable  adj.  capable  of  being  sold  [also  spelt  saleable}  'see- 
la-bal. 

salacious  adj.  (lustful)  ss'lee-^ss. 

salad  n.  (cold  dish  of  herbs,  etc.)  'sselsd. 

salade  n.  S3la:d.    same  meaning  as  sallet. 

saladine  n.  obsolete  [also  spelt  salandini  'saeid-din.  same 
meaning  as  celandine. 

salary  n,  fixt  periodical  payment  for  continuous  services 
[ploral  salaries']  'saela-ei,  {rapidly)  'sael^i. 

salep  n.  meal  [also  spelt  salopi  'sselsp. 

saleratus  n.  bicarbonate  of  potassium  or  sodium  used  as  bak- 
ing-powder [also  spelt  salaeratusi  saela'eee-tas. 

Salic  adj.  (in  Salic  law,  a  law  excluding  females  from  dy- 
nastic succession;  Salique;  also,  of  the  Salian  Franks) 
'saehk,  'see-hk. 

salicin  n.  bitter  principle  from  willow-bark  [also  spelt  sali- 
cine]  'saeh-sin. 

salicyl  n.  radical  [also  spelt  salicyle,  salicile;  former  synen- 
ymous cegnate  saliculel  'saeh-sil. 

salicylate  n.  (salt  of  salicylic  acid)  sdlisi-let,  sdlisi-idt; 
'saehsi-let,  'saehsil-et. 

salicylic  adj.  (of  salicin;  of  salicylic  acid)  saeh'sihk. 

salicylize  v.  treat  with  salicylic  acid  [also  spelt  salicylisel 
'saeh-si-laiz. 

salient  adj.  (leaping;  jetting  forth;  conspicuous)  'see-li-ant, 
'see-Iiant. 

salify  V.  (form  a  salt)  'saeh-fai. 

salina  n.  (salt  lake  or  marsh;  saline;  salt-pan,  salt-works) 
S3'lai-n9. 

saline  adj,  'see-lain,  sa'lain;  (less  properly)  sae'lain,  'sae-lain. 

saline  n.  (salt-spring,  salina)  'see-lain,  sdlain. 

Salique  adj.  ss'hik.    see  Salic, 

saliva  n.  (spittle)  sa'lai-va. 

salival  adj.  (salivary)  sa'lai-val;  (improperly)  'saeh-val. 

salivant  adj.  (promoting  salivation)  'saeh-vsnt. 

salivary  adj.  (of  saliva)  'saeh-veei,  'saeh-vaei;  (improperly) 
S3'lai-v9-ri. 

sallee-man  n.  salee  rover,  a  pirate-ship  [also,  sometimes, 
spelt  sallyman,  sally-man]  'saeh-man,  'saeli-maen. 

sallet  n,  helmet  [synenymous  cegnate  salade]  'saeht. 

c:  lazv,  b:  f wr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ex  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ax  kite ; 
Icngth-mork   (:)    indicates  that  the  preceding;  «,Q>a?wL  as*  Vstcvsln 
stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  ou  >i3;it  iQ>\a^vci.^  ^-a^%i^^ 


>R.. 


484  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

■almasiuidi  n,  dish  [also  spelt  salmagundyl  saelms'gAndi. 
salmi  n.  ragout  [also  spelt  salmis}  'sarimi. 
■almoif  n.  (fish;  color)  'ssemdn;  (improperly)  'saelmdn. 
■almonoid  adj.  (like  a  salmon)  'saelms-neid ;  (less  properly) 

'saems-neid. 
salmon-peal    n.    young    salmon    [also    spelt    salmon-peel] 

'saeman-piil. 
salon  n.   (reception-hall;   drawing-room,  saloon;    fashionable 

gathering)  'sae-len,  'sae-leq,  sse'lei}. 
saloon  n.  (reception-hall;  cabin;  grog-shop)  ssloun. 
salp  n.  salpa,  a  fish  [also  spelt  salpe}  saelp. 
salsify  n.  purple  goat's-beard ;  oyster-plant  [synonymous  cog- 
nate salsafy}  'saelsi-fi. 
saltarello  n.  dance;  jack  of  a  spinet  [also  spelt  salterello} 

saelta'reb. 
saltire  n.  in  heraldry,  an  ordinary  in  the  form  of  a  St.  An- 
drews cross  [also  spelt  saltierl  'sael-ti:^. 
saltpeter  n.  potassium  nitrate;   niter   [also  spelt  saltpetre] 

sc:lt'pii-t3e. 
salt-rheum  n.  (skin-disease)  scrft'zoum. 
■alnbrions  adj.  (healthful)  ssliou-bzi-ds. 
salutary  adj.  (healthful,  beneficial)  'saelio-teei. 
salutatory  adj.   (of  salutation;   vocativ)   sa'liou-ta-tDri,  sa- 

'}iou-t3-t9ri. 
salute  V.  (greet)  sa'Hout;  (dialectally)  sa'lout. 
salvage   n.    (payment   for   saving;    act    of   saving;    property 

salvd  or  saved)  'saelvids. 
salve    V.    anoint,    etc.    [past    participle    and    preterit    salved, 

salvd]  sa:v,  sa:v;   (dialectally,  vulgarly)  saeiv;  (rarely)  saelv, 

sailv. 
salve  inter j.  (used  as  a  greeting)  'sael-vi. 
salve  V,  save  from  loss  at  sea  or  by  fire;  make  salvage  of 

[also  spelt  salv,  past  participle  and  preterit  salved,  salvd] 

saelv. 
salver  n.  (tray,  waiter)  'saelva?. 
salvor  n.  (one  who  saves  a  ship  or  goods,  as  from  wreck  or 

fire;  salvage- vessel)  'saelvae,  'sael-ve:?. 
samara  n.  (key-fruit)  'saema-ea,  S3'me:-e3,  sa'maera. 
samarra  n.  (cassock,  simar)  sd'msera. 
sambo  n.  offspring  of  a  black  and  a  mulatto   [synonymous 

cognate  sambo;  plural  sambos,  samboes]  'saemba. 
sambook  n.  vessel  [also  spelt  sambtik]  'ssem-buk. 
samester  n.  coral  [also  spelt  samestre]  sa'mestd?. 

} ye,  5  cure;  d  *fie,  Q  thin;  3  axrure,  d^joy;  I  shoe,  tlchew; 
wwhen;  T}sing\  uwVioevet,  itc^cx,  KiiuW,  oufool,  i  it,  lis^^; 
op<?etic;  o  over,  e  oetiaV,  A.\iul,  ';i*.^oot,  •;>^\io^  ^>cke^,  ^<5.^qr 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  485 

Samian  adj.  (of  Samos)  'see-mi-9n. 

■amiel  n.  (simoom)  'see-mi-dl. 

samite  n.  (silk  fabric)  'sae-mait,  'sxmit. 

saminen  adj.  imperfectly  burnt :  said  of  bricks ;  samel  [also 
spelt  salmon]  'saeman. 

Samnite  n.  (nativ  of  Samnium)  'ssem-nait* 

samovar  n.  (Russian  tea-urn)  'saema-va:?,  saema'va:?. 

Samoyed  n.  (one  of  a  Mongolian  race  of  Siberia)  'ssems-jed, 
sa'moo-jed. 

Samoyedic  adj.  of  the  Samoyeds  [also  spelt  Santojedic} 
saema'jedik. 

samphire  n.  (herb)  'saem-fai?,  'saemfa?. 

sample  n.  (specimen,  example)  'saempa},  'sa:m-p3l;  (dialec- 
tally)  'sa:m-p3}. 

samnrai  n.  one  of  a  Japanese  military  class  or  caste;  army 
officer  [ploral  samurai]  'saemo-^ai. 

sanative  adj.  curativ;  of  healing  [also  spelt  sanativ]  'ssena- 
tiv. 

sanatorinm  n.  establishment  for  the  treatment  of  invalids; 
health-resort;  hill-station;  hospital  [erroneous  synonymous 
cognates  sanatarium,  sanitarium;  plural  sanatoria]  saena'to:- 
zri-am. 

sanatory  adj.  (conduciv  to  health)  'saen3-t37i. 

sancho  n.  West  African  guitar  [also  spelt  sanko]  'saeqko. 

sanctimonious  adj.  (formerly,  holy;  now,  of  assumed  sanc- 
tity or  hypocritical  piety)  saeqkti'moo-ni-as. 

sandaled  adj,  wearing  sandals  [also  spelt  sandalled,  sandald] 
'saendld,  'saendald. 

sandaling  n.  web  for  sandals  [synonymous  cognate  sand- 
ling]  'saendl-iq,  'saenda-hq. 

sandarac  n.  realgar;  juniper-resin,  gum  sandarac;  also,  for- 
merly, bee-bread   [also  spelt  sandarach]  'saenda-eaek. 

sandivioh  n.  (article  of  food  consisting  of  two  slices  of  bread 
with  meat  or  other  edible  placed  between)  'saendwitj. 

sane  adj.  (healthy;  sound  in  mind;  not  mad)  seen. 

sang-froid  n.  (coolness,  calmness)  sog'fstDO,  sog'^swc,  seg- 
'f^iua. 

sangrail  n.  saint  grail,  holy  grail  [synonymous  cognates  san- 
greal,  sangreall]  saeq'g^eel,  seq'g^eel. 

sangreal  «.  'saeqgri-al,  saeq'gzeel,  soq'geeel,  saeq'eii-al,  saeq- 
'^ee-al.     same  meaning  as  sangrail, 

sangrnigenous  adj.  (producing  blood)  saen'gwidsi-nas,  saeq- 
'gwid3i-n9S. 

c:  \aw,  b:  iur,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now^  a:  ask,  ^-v^gAX^N 
Irngth-mark   (:)   indicates  that  the  pteeedixva  ^Q>axA  ^.^  ^?'^"' 
fftrcss-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  otv  Vix^  fc\Vi^va%  «f^ci5«^^' 


486  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

sangninarin.  n.  alkaloid  from  blood-root  [also  spelt  sangui- 

narinej  'saeggwina-nn,  saeq'gwina-em. 
■anguiAary  adj.   (bloody;  bloodthirsty)  'saeggwi-ne^i ;   (less 

properly)  'saengwi-ncei. 
sanguine  adj.  blood-red;  cheerful,  hopeful  [also  spelt  san- 
guine 'saeqgwin ;  (less  properly)  'saengwin. 
sangnineons    adj,    (of    or    like    blood;    sang^uinary,    blood- 
thirsty; sanguin,  full-blooded)  saen'gwini-ss,  saeg'gwini-ds. 
sanliedrini    n.    council     [synonymous    cognate     sanhedrin] 

'saeni-drim. 
sanies  n.  (thin  fetid,  pus,  etc.)  'see-ni-i:z. 
sanitary   adj,   of   health;   hygienic   [erroneous    synonymous 

cognate  sanitoryj  'saeni-tcpi. 
sanjak  n.  district  of  an  eyalet  or  vilayet  [also  spelt  sangiac, 

sandgiacj  'saen-dsaek. 
sans  prep,  (without)  saenz,  8a:nz,  seg. 
sansculotte  n.  (poor  French  republican;  ragamuffin)  sxnz- 

kgolet. 
Sanskrit  n.  ancient  language  of  India  [also  spelt  Sanscritl 

'saensksit. 
santalin  n,  coloring-matter  of  red  sanders  [also  spelt  san- 

taline}  'saenta-hn. 
santonin  n.  bitter  principle  from  santonica  [also  spelt  san- 

toninel  'sajnta-nin. 
sapajon  n.  sajou,  sai;   spider-monkey   [synonymous   cognate 

sapago'\  'saepa-dsu. 
sapan-ivood  n.  dye-wood  [also  spelt  sappan-wood'\   'ssepsn- 

wod,  sa'paen-wod. 
sapkie  n.  charm  [also  spelt  saffi,  safiel  'saefi. 
sapience  n.  (wisdom)  'see-pi-9ns. 
sapient  adj,  (wise)  'see-pi-ant. 
sapodilla  n.  evergreen  tree  [also,  formerly,  spelt  sapadilla, 

sappodilla;  former  synonymous  cognates  sapotilla,  sapotilla] 

saepa'dila, 
saponaceous  adj.  (of  soap,  soapy)  saeps'nee-Sds. 
saponin  n.  glucoside  [also  spelt  saponine']  'saepd-nin. 
saponine  n,  'saepa-nain.     same  meaning  as  saponin, 
saponnl  n.  'saepa-UAl.    same  meaning  as  saponule, 
saponnle  n.  partial  soap  [synonymous  cognate  saponut}  'ssps- 

njul. 
sapor  n.  taste,  savor  [synonymous  cognate  sapour\  'see-pde, 

'see-po?. 
saporific  adj.   (producing  taste)  saepa'eifik. 

}  y^,  gcure;  btKe,  Q  tKltv,  -sasure,  dj/oy;  S  j/ioe,  t$c/»ew; 
wtvhen;  13  sing\  uwYvoevet,  ixe^ct,  \iiu\\.,  \i>aLiooV  "vxt.^  lis^^; 
o poetic;  obver,  eoenaV,  K\iul,  v.^oot,  "a^x^o^  ^.\ie\^  ^^%^v^ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  487 

■aponr  n.  'see-pa?,     same  meaning  as  sapor. 

aa.T^'pa.T  n,  cyanite  [synenymous  cegnate  sapare'\  'saepa?. 

gapper  n.  (one  who  saps)  'saepsr. 

sapper  n.  (tool  for  cutting  away  sap-wood)  'saepaz:. 

sapperment  n.  (oath)  saps^'ment. 

Sapphic  adj.  (of  the  Greek  poetess  Sappho)  'saefik. 

sapphire  n.  (precious  stone)  'sae-faie,  'saefae. 

sapphirine  adj,  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  sapphirini  'ssefi-nn, 

'saefi-^ain. 
sapphirine   n.    mineral    [also    spelt   saphirine;    synenymous 

cegnate  sappharin}  'saefi-?in,  'saefi-eain. 
sapsago  n.  hard  Swiss  cheese  [synenymous  cegnate  chapsa- 

gerl  saep'see-go,  'saep-sego. 
Sarabaite  n.  monk  [synenymous  cegnate  Sarabitel  sae?d'bee- 

ait. 
Saracen  n.,  adj.  (Arab,  Moslem,  etc.)  'sae^s-sdn. 
saraf  n.   (oriental  banker;  shroff)  sa'ea:f, 
sarcasm,  n.   (bitter   remark;   gibe)    'sa^-kaezam,   'saizr-kaezam ; 

'sa^-kaezm,  'sa:?-kaezm. 
sarcelcd  adj.  sarcelly  [also  spelt  sarcelled,  sarceldl  'sarsdld. 
sarcelly  adj.  having  the  points  curld  back;  voided  and  open 

at  the  ends;  cut  thru  the  middle  [synenymous  cegnate  cerce- 

Ice}  'sa?s3-h. 
sarcelle  n.  obsolete  (teal,  a  duck)  saz'sel. 
sarcoma  n.  tumor  [ploral  sarcomata,  sarcomas']  sasr'koo-md. 
sarcophag:i  n.  (ploral  of  sarcophagus)  sa^'kefs-dsai. 
sarcophasns   n.   formerly,   sui$posed   flesh-consuming   stone 

used  for  coffins;  latterly,  stone  coffin;   flesh-eater;   wine- 
cooler  [ploral  sarcophagi^  SQz'kei^-g^s, 
sarcosine  n.  methyl  glycocoll  [also  spelt  sarcosin,  sarkosine, 

sarkosinl  'sa^ka-sin. 
sardell  n.  sardine-like  fish  [also  spelt  sardell  so^'del,  'sa:e- 

del. 
sardine  n.  sard,  a  gem  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  sardini  'saiz- 

dm,  'sa:z-dain. 
sardine  n.  (fish)  so^'diin;  (less  properly)  'sare-din,  'sa:?-din. 
sardonic  adj.  (bitter,  scornful,  mocking)  sa?'denik. 
sardonyx  n,  (variety  of  onyx  or  stratified  chalcedony)  saz- 

'deniks,  'sa:?-d3-niks. 
sargasso  n.  gulf -weed,  a  marine  alga  of  the  genus  Sargassum 

[ploral  sargassos!  sa^'gaeso. 
sari  n.  Hindu  garment;  fabric  [also  spelt  sarhi,  sary,  saree, 

sarie,  sarrie,  sarheel  'sa:-?i,  'sa:-?i. 

c:  \azv,  b:  iur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  for,  ao  now,  ^\ a-^^  \».V\\s.\ 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  tVie  pTece^\tLtt  ^Q.>axA  ^.%  '^^J'^*^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  Vh^  lQ>\Q^vci%  ^-^v^Sdv^. 


488  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

sarlak  n.  yak  [also  spelt  sarlac;  synonymous  cognates  sar- 

lik,  sarlyk}  'saiz-isk. 
sarrauin.  n.  buckwheat  [also  spelt  sarasin,  sarrcuin,  saras- 

sin}  'saer»-zin. 
sarsaparilla  n.  sazs^ps'zil^;   (improperly)  saespaVila. 
sarsenet  n.  silk  fabric;  dress  [also  spelt  sarcenet,  sarsnet] 

'sa^SNit. 
sartor  n.  (tailor)  'sartdz,  *saz-tez. 

sams  n.  Indian  crane  [synonymous  cognate  sarrusl  'sei-z^s. 
sashed  adj.  furnisht  with  a  sash  [also  spelt  stLshtl  saeSt. 
sasliy  V.  (vulgar)  'sx$i.    same  meaning  as  chasse, 
sasin  n.  antelope  [synonymous  cognate  saisin}  'saesin. 
sasine  n.  act  of  giving  possession  of  feudal  property;  instru- 
ment [also  spelt  sasin\  'see-sin. 
saskatoon  n.  shrub;  service-berry  [synonymous  cognate  sas- 

kootoom}  sxskd'tuun. 
sassaby  n.  bastard  hartbeest   [also  spelt  sasayby,   sassayby, 

sassaybe,  sassaybi;  synonymous  cognates  sassabye,  tsessebe, 

tsessabi;  ploral  sassabies'\  'saes3-bi,  ss'see-bi. 
sassafras  n.  (tree;  bark)  'sses9-f:s£s. 
Sassanian  adj.  of  the  family  of  Sasan  [also  spelt  Sasanian] 

S3'see-ni-3n. 
Sassenack  n.  Saxon,  Englishman  [synonymous  cognate  Sac- 

sanach}  'saesi-naek. 
sassliay   v.   vulgar   [also   spelt  sashayl    'sae-^e,    'SaeSe.      same 

meaning  as  chasse, 
sassoline  n.  nativ  boracic  abid  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  sasso- 

lin}  'saes9-Hn,  'saesa-hn. 
sassy  adj,  (dialectal)  'saesi.    see  saucy. 
sassy   n.   African    tree    [synonymous    cognates    sass,    saucy] 

'saesi. 
Satan  n.  (the  devil)  'see-tn,  'see-tan. 
Satanic  adj.  (of  Satan;  devilish)  sa'taenik. 
satanize  v.  [also  spelt  satanise}  'see-tn-aiz,  'see-ta-naiz. 
satchel  n.  (small  bag)  'saet^sl. 
sate  V.  (glut,  surfeit,  satiate)  seet. 
sate  V.  archaic  (preterit  of  sit)  seet. 
sateen  n.  satin-like  fabric   [also  spelt  satteenl   sae'tiin. 
satellite  n.  (attendant ;  secondary  planet)  'saetl-ait,  'saetd-lait. 
satiate  v.  (satisfy,  sate;  glut)  'see-Ji-et. 
satiety  n.  (state  of  being  satiated)  sa'tai-i-ti. 
satin  n.  (glossy  silk  fabric)  'saetin,  'saetn. 
satin  adj.  (of  satin)  'saetn,  'saetin. 

}  ye,  Qcure;  ^tKe,  Q  tK\xv*,  's^sMte,  ds/oy;  S  j/ioe,  tScAew; 
wwhtn;  r\^\ng\  uwYioevet,  iteatV,  xsi>^,  vk\x.\ooV  T.\t,  \isee\ 
0 poetic;  a  over,  e  oena\,  k\>u\.,  v.^oot,  t»^x^o,  ^\^e\,  ^-ti^^v. 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  439 

satinet  n.  satin-like  fabric  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  satinette'\ 
saeti'net,  'saeti-nit. 

satiny  adj,  (satin-like)  'saetn-i,  'saeti-ni. 

satire  n.  (scornful  poem  or  essay;  irony,  ridicule)  'sa-tair, 
'saeta?. 

satiric  adj,  (of  satire)  sd'ti^ik. 

satirist  n.  (writer  of  satires)  'saets-rist. 

satirize  v.  [also  spelt  satirise]  'sstd-zaiz. 

satisfactory  n.  (affording  satisfaction)  sxtis'fsekt3-7i, 
(sometimes)  saetis'faektji. 

satrap  n.  (governor;  prince)  'see-tjaep,  'sae-tjaep. 

satrapy  n.  'see-tja-pi,  'see-tjaepi,  'saetj3-pi,  'sae-tjaepi. 

Saturday  n.  (day  of  the  week)  'saetae-di,  (anteriorly) 
'saeta^di,  (often)  'saetdi;  (also)  'saet3^-de. 

Saturnalia  n.pl.  (festival  of  Saturn;  noisy  revelry)  ssetdz- 
'nee-li-3. 

saturnine  adj.  (born  under  Saturn;  sluggish;  cold;  gloomy) 
'saeta^-nain,  'saetaz-nin. 

satyr  n.  (sylvan  deity)  'see-tae,  'saeta^. 

satyrio  adj.  (of  satyrs)  sa'tizik. 

sauba  n.  ant  [also  spelt  saiiba]  'sc:-b3,  'sao-bs. 

sauce  n.  appetizing  food-preparation  [dialectal  synonymous 
cognates  sarse,  saase,  sass]  sc:s. 

sauce  V,  season;  make  pleasant;  speak  impertinently  to  [dia- 
lectal synonymous  cognate  sass]  sc:s. 

saucily  adv.  (in  a  saucy  manner;  impudently)  'sc:-si-li. 

saucisse  n.  (sausage-like  powder-bag)  so'siis. 

saucy  adj.  full  of  sauce;  impertinent;  pert  [dialectal  synony- 
mous cognate  sassy]  'sc:-si. 

sauerkraut  n.   (fermented  cabbage)   'sau-dr-lnaot. 

sault  n.  (rapid)  soo,  sou,  sc:lt,  selt. 

saunter  v,  wander  or  walk  idly;  loiter,  lounge,  stroll  [dialec- 
tal synonymous  cognate  santer;  past  participle  and  prete- 
rit sauntered,  saunterd]  'sc:n-t3?,  'sa:n-t3r,  'soin-tar. 

saurel  n.  (scad,  a  fish)  'sci-zsl. 

sausage  n.  chopt  meat  in  a  skin,  etc.  [dialectal  synonymous 
cognate  sassage]  'scr-sids;  (dialectally)  'sosids,  'saesids,  'sae:- 
sid3,  'sa:-sid3. 

Sauterne  n.  (wine)  so'tB:rn. 

savable  adj,  [also  spelt  saveahlel  'see-va-bal. 

savage  adj,  (of  the  forest;  wild)  'saevids. 

savagery  n.  'saevi-dszri ;   (improperly)  'saevidsa-n.  ** 

savanna  n.  plain  [also  spelt  savannah]  sd'vaens. 

c:  law,  b:  fwr,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy;  a:  far,  oo  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kt'tev 
Irngth-mark   (:)   indicates  that  the  ptetediTv?.  ^.o^axv^  -v^  ^?^^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  VVit  i«>>\Q^vcv^  vsv^-s^w^^- 


490  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

savant  n.  (man  of  learning)  ss'vei),  'sae-verj. 

saver  n.   (one  who   saves;   preserver;   savior;    econcomizer) 

'sce-v93. 
savin  n.  tree  or  shrub;  drug  [also  spelt  savine;  synonymous 

cognates  sabin,  sabine'l  'saevin. 
savior  n.  one  who  saves  [also  spelt  saviour"}  'see-vja?. 
savoir-faire  n.  (tact;  address)  sae-vwe^'fe:?,  ssvwer'fe:^. 
savor  n.,v.  taste,  smell,  etc  [also  spelt  savour;  as  verb,  past 

participle  and  preterit  savored,  savord}  'see-var. 
savorily  adv,  [also  spelt  savourily"]  'see-vd7i-li. 
savoriness  n.  [also  spelt  savourinessi  'see-vd?i-nis. 
savorless  adj\  [also  spelt  savourless"]  'see-vsr-lds. 
savorous  adj.  [also  spelt  savourous}  'sze-y^-z^s. 
savory  adj.  tasty,  etc.  [also  spelt  savoury"}  'see-v^i,  'see-v3-?i. 
savory  n.  plant  [also  spelt  savoury}  'see-va-ri,  'see-v^i. 
V,  (slang)  know  [also  spelt  savvey}  'saevi. 
V.  sc:  ;  (vulgarly,  before  a  vowel)  sciz. 
sawder  n.  slang  (flattery,  blarney)  'scr-da?,  'sods?. 
SaxTny  n.  Scotchman  [also  spelt  Saivney}  'sc:-ni. 
sazatile  adj.  rock-inhabiting  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  saxatU} 

'saeks3-til,  (rarely)  'saeksa-tail. 
says    V.    (present    indicativ    third    person    singular    of    say) 

sez;  (dialectally)  seez. 
scabbed  adj.  scabby,  mangy,  mean  [also  spelt  scabd}  sksebd, 

'skaebid. 
scabies  n.  (itch)  'sk8e-bi-i:z. 
scabions  adj.  (scabl^;  scurfy)  'skee-bi-9s. 
scabrous  adj.  (rough;  rugged)  'skee-beas. 
scaffold  n.  (temporary  stage)  'skae-fold,  'skaefald. 
scaglia  n.  (limestone)  'skxHd. 
soagliola  n.  process  for  imitating  stone  [also  spelt  scaliola} 

skael'joo-la. 
scalable  adj.  [also  spelt  scaleable}  'skee-ls-bdl. 
scalaivag  n.  scamp,  etc.  [also  spelt  scallawag}  'skaeld-waeg. 
scald  v.,  n.  (burn,  etc.)  skc:ld. 

scald  n.  poet  [also  spelt  skald}  skc:}d,  skaeld,  skoild. 
scaldino  n.  (brazier)  skal'dii-no,  skcl'dii-nD. 
scalene  adj,  (having  the  sides  unequal)  'skee-lin,  skeliin. 
scalled  adj.  scabby;  mean  [also  spelt  scald}  skc:}d. 
scallop   n.   mollusk;   shell;    pan;    curve;   collar   [also,    some- 
times, spelt  scollop}  'skelap,  'skaelap. 
scallop  V.  mark  or  cut  in  lobes;  cook  in  a  scallop;  escallop; 

also,  sometimes,  spelt  scollop}  'skelap,  'skaelap. 

/.ve,  Qcure;  hih^,  Q  tKixv; ^^^iSMte,  dj/oy;  S  j/toe,  tScAew; 
xv  when;  13  sin^;  uwYvoever,  \Tca.c,\.,  \5iuV1,  \3,w\ooV  ^xV  \vsee; 
o  poetic;  s  ov^r,  eoeriaV,  kWx.,  ^-.^oot, ':i^xs.o,  ^.X^e^,  v:^^^^fc^ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  491 

scalloped  adj,  [also  spelt  scallop t  and,  sometimes,  scolloped, 

scollop t'\  'skelapt,  'skaelapt. 
scalpel  n.  (knife)  'skaelpsL 

scaly  adj.   (having  scales;  squamate;  mean)  'skee-h. 
scamel  n.  bird  [also  spelt  scammel,  scamell'}  'skamal. 
scandalize  v,  [also  spelt  scandalise'}  'skaendd-laiz. 
scansion  n.  (act  of  scanning)  'skaenjdn. 
scaphoid  adj.  (boat-shaped)  'ska-feid;  (less  properly)  'skce- 

feid. 
soapiform  adj.  (scape-shaped)  'skee-pi-fe:zm,  'skxpi-fe:7m. 
scapnlet  n.  [also  spelt  scapulette'\  'skaep^o-tdt. 
scarabaens  n.  gem,  scarab  [also  spelt  scarabeus}  skxzd'bii- 

98. 

scarabee  n.  (scarab)  'skae?3-bi. 

Scaramoncli  n.  (buffoon)  'skaerd-mootS. 

scarce  adj.  (scant;  few;  rare)  'ske:zs;  (dialectally)  skB'.zs. 

scarcely  adv.  (hardly)  'ske:es-h,  'ske:z-SLi,  (when  less  strest) 

'skersi.1. 
scared  adj,  (frightend)  skerzd;  (vulgarly)  skt'.zt, 
scarf  n.  cut;  groove;  joint  [plural  scarfs}  skarrf. 
scarf  n.  band;  cravat  [plural  scarfs  and,  formerly,  scarves} 

skdizi. 
scarred  adj,  markt  by  scars  [also  spelt  scard}  ska:zd. 
scat  n.  tax  [also  spelt  scatt,  skatt}  skaet. 

scatbe  v.,n.  harm  [also  spelt  scaith,  scath}  skeed;  (less  prop- 
erly) skeeO. 
scene  n.  (view,  exhibition,  etc.)  siin. 
scenery   n.    (scenes   of   a   play   collectivly;    view)    'sii-na-ri, 

(rapidly)  'siin-ei. 
scenic  adj,  (of  the  stage;  of  natural  scenery)  'sii-nik,  'senik. 
scenical  adj.  (scenic)  'sii-ni-ka},  'seni-kai. 
scent  v.,  n.  smell  [also  spelt  sent}  sent. 
scented  adj.  perfumed  [also  spelt  sented}  'sentid. 
scepter  n.  royal  staff  [also  spelt  sceptre}  'septan. 
scepter  v.  give  a  scepter  to   [present  participle  sceptering, 

sceptring;  past  participle  and  preterit  sceptered,  sceptred, 

scepterd}  'septa?.  * 

sceptic  n.  'skeptik;  (erroneously)  'septik.     see  skeptic. 
sceptral  adj,  (of  a  scepter;  regal)  'septjal. 
scenopbylaz  n.  sacristan  [synonymous  cognate  skeuophylax} 

sgu'efi-laeks. 
scbabzieger  n.  sapsago,  a  Swiss  cheese  [also  spelt  schapzi- 

ger}  'Sorp-tsii-ga?. 

c:  \aw,  b:  f wr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now^  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark   (:)    indicates  that  the  ptecedititt  ?iavw\\  va*  Vjtcsln 
stress-mark  (  )  indicates  chief  stress  on  \!dt  i^'^o^vcv^  %>f^55^«£.. 


492  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

soliediile  n.    (list,  table,  catalog)   'ske-dstd,   'ske-dju},   {also, 

especially  in  Britain)  'Se-djul,  'Sedjal;  'sc-djul. 
sohenia  n.  diagram;  scheme;  figure;  monastic  habit  [ploral 

schematal  'skii-ms. 
sclieiiiatixe  v.  [also  spelt  schematise}  'skii-md-taiz. 
sohenie  n.,v,  (plan;  plot)  skiim. 

sclierEando  adj,  (in  music,  playful,  sportiv)  sker'tsam-do. 
sclierEO  n.  (in  music,  a  light  or  playful  passage)  'skei^t-so. 
sohism  n.   (separation;   offense  of  promoting  division  in  a 

church)  'siz9m,  'sizm. 
sohisma    n.    musical    interval    [ploral    schismatal     'skiSMd, 

'skizms. 
schisniatio  adj.,  n.  (heretic)  siz'mxtik ;  (improperly)  'sizma- 

tik. 
scliisiiiatixe  v.  play  the  schismatic  [also  spelt  schismatise] 

'sizm3-taiz. 
schist  n.  (foliated  rock)  $ist. 
schistose  adj.  of  the  nature  of  schist;  schistous  [also  spelt 

shistosel  Jis'tDos,  (assumptivly)  'Ji-stos. 
schistons  adj.  schistose  [also  spelt  shistous}  'Sistds. 
schizopod  adj,  (having  cleft  feet)  'skizd-ped;  {less  properly) 

'skai-z3-ped ;  (improperly)  'Sizs-ped. 
schloss  n.  (castle)  li.e:s. 
schinelze  n.  (glass)  '^Meltsd. 

schnapps  n.  gin,  etc.  [also  spelt  schnapsl  ^Naeps. 
scholar  n.  (pupil;  learned  man)  'skeld?. 
scholiast  n.  (one  who  makes  scholia;  commentator)  'skoo-li- 

£St. 

scholinm  n.  note  [ploral  scholia,  scholiums}  'skoo-li-am. 
schooner  n.  (vessel)  'skou-na?. 

schottische  n.  dance  [also  spelt  schottish}  'S^tiS,  So'tii^. 
sciascopy    n.    sai'aeskd-pi,    'sai-9-skopi.      same    meaning   as 

skiascopy. 
sciatica  n.  (pain  in  the  sciatic  nerve)  sai'aeti-kd. 
scibile  n.  (something  knowable)  'sibi-4i^ 
science  n.  (knowledge;  skill)  'sai-3ns. 
sclent  adj.  (skilful;  knowing)  'sai-9nt. 
scienter  adv.  (in  law,  knowingly,  wilfully)  sai'entd?. 
sclmiter  n.  'simi-ts?.     see  simitar. 
scintilla  n.  (spark,  glimmer,  trace,  little)  sin'tila. 
scintillante  adj,  (in  music,  brilliant,  sparkling)  Sinti1a:n-ti. 
scintillate  v.  (sparkle,  etc.)  'sinti-let. 
sciolist  n.   (smatterer)  'sai-a-hst. 

j  ye,  Q  cure ;  ^  the,  Q  tMtv,  ^ ^  asure,  dj  /oy :  S  shoe,  tj  chew; 
wzvhen;  i]sin£r;  U"wV\oeveT,  itc^tV,  ^i%Ci\,  \ya\oo\,  -vnv  \isee; 
o poetic;   3  ov^r,  e  oetiaV,  kWX.,  t>\ ^oox,  t^QTv.o,  ^\ie\.  ^^^wi«.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD   WORDS  493 

scion  n.  shoot,  twig;  descendant  [also  spelt  sion  and,  former- 
ly, cton]  'sai-an. 
scirrhous  adj.  of  scirrhus  [also  spelt  scirrousi  'sizds,  'skizds. 
scirrlins  n.  (hard  tumor)  'sizds,  'skizds. 
scissel  n.  metal-clippings;  scrap  [synonymous  cognates  scissil, 

scissile,  sizelj  'sissl. 
scissible  adj.  (capable  of  being  cut)  'sisd-bsl. 
scissile  adj.  scissible  [also  spelt  scissil}  'sisii. 
scission  n.  (cutting;  division)  'sisan,  'sijan. 
scissors  n.  pi.  small  pair  of  shears  [also  spelt  sissorsl  'sizdrz. 
scissnra  n.  fissure,  cleft  [ploral  scissurae'}  si'sgo:-??. 
scissnre  n.  (cleft,  rent,  fissure;  schism)  'si^d?. 
scitamineons  adj,  (of  the  Scitamineae)  sitd'mini-ds,  sai-td- 

'mini-3s. 
scinrine  adj.  of  the  squirrel  [also  spelt  sciurin]  'sai-jo-ein. 

sai'jo:-zin;   {less  properly)  'sai-jo-rain,  sai'jo:-rain. 
Sclavic  adj,  'skz.sevik.    same  meaning  as  Slavic. 
scleroderm  n.  (coral;  fish)  'skLi:-z9-dB:zm,  'sktesTd-dBizm. 
sclerotic  adj.  (of  sclerosis;  of  ergot;  sclerotinic)  skti'^etik. 
scoff  n.,v.  taunt,  gibe  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit 

scoffed,  scoftl  ske:f,  skef. 
scoleces  n.  (ploral  of  scolex)  skolii-siz. 
scolecite  n.  (mineral)  'skeh-sait,  'skoo-)i-sait. 
soolez  n.   larva   [ploral  scoleces  and,   erroneously,  scolices'i 

'skoo-leks. 
scolices  n.  (erroneous  ploral  of  scolex)  'skeh-siz. 
scorbutic  adj.  (of  scurvy)  sker'bjou-tik. 
scoria  n.  dross,  cinder,  slag  [ploral  scoriae}  'sko:-n-9. 
scoriae  n.  (ploral  of  scoria)  'sko:-?i-i: . 
scorodite  n.  nativ  hydrous  arseniate  of  iron  [also  spelt  skor- 

oditel  'ske^a-dait. 
sootia  n.  (concave  molding)  'skoo-Ji-a,  'skoo-ti-a. 
scour  V,  (cleanse)  skaoz. 
scourge  n,,  v.  (whip,  etc.)  skstrds. 
sccw  n.  pram,  boat  [also  spelt  skowl  skoo. 
scrape  v.  (scratch,  rasp,  shave;  gather)   sk^eep,   (when  un^ 

strest)  sk^ep. 
scratch  v,  scrape,  etc.  [past  participle  ani  preterit  scratched, 

scratchtl  sk^aetS. 
scraunch  v.  grind  with  the  teeth,  with  a  crackling  sound; 

craunch    [synonymous   cognates  scranch,  scrunch}   sk^cmtS, 

sk^amtS,  sk3a:ntS;   (also,  and  in  Britain  normally)   sksc-.nj, 

sk^arnS,  sksornS. 

c:  law,  o:  fMr,  ae  cat,  ©  hot,  ©i  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite; 
length-mark   (:)   indicates  that  the  ptetedvavE.  ^Q>axA  ^.^  \«w^^^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  >iVit  i^^^^G^vcv^  «<3^-55«^'t« 


494  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

screecli  v,  shriek,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit  screeched, 
screecht}  sk^iitS. 

sorew  V.  apply  a  screw  to;  twist,  etc.  [past  participle  and 
preterit  screwed,  screwd"!  slcsou,  (when  unstrest}   sksu. 

■eriminagc  n.  skirmish,  row  [also  spelt  skrimmage;  synony- 
mous cognate  scrummagel  'sksimids. 

sorimp  v,  pinch,  stint  [also  spelt  skrimp"}  sksimp. 

scrivener  n.  (writer;  notary;  broker)  'sksivd-nas,  'sksrvna?. 

scrofula  n.  (struma;  king's  evil)  'sksefio-ld. 

scroll  V.  inscribe;  draft;  roll;  curl  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit scrolled,  scrold}  slcsool. 

soronge  v.  squeeze;  crowd  [synenymotis  cognates  scrooge, 
scrudge}  sk3aod3. 

scmpnloiis  adj,  (inclined  to  scruple;  punctilious)  'sksou-p^o- 
Ids. 

scrutinise  v.  subject  to  scrutiny  [also  spelt  scrutinise] 
'sk3ou-ti-naiz, 

scull  n.  oar  [also  spelt  skull}  skxl. 

scnll  V.  propel  with  one  oar,  etc.  [past  participle  und  prete- 
rit sculled,  sculd}  skxl. 

scnlpin  n.  fish  [also  spelt  skulpin}  'skxlpin. 

scnlptile  adj.  graven,  carvd  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  sculptil] 
'skAlptil,  (rarely)  'skAlp-tail. 

sculpture  n.  (act  of  graving;  carvd  work)  'skAlptS^^,  (older) 
'skAlptgaz. 

scurril  adj.  scurrilous,  low  [also  spelt  scurrile}  'skszil, 
'skA^il. 

scurrilous  adj.  (low;  foul;  abusiv)  'skari-las,  'skA^I-l^s. 

scurry  v.  hurry  along  [also  spelt  skurryl  'skezi,  'sIca^i. 

scutiform  adj.   (shield-shaped;   scutatiform)   'skgou-ti-foiem. 

scye  n.  (opening  for  a  sleeve;  arm-scye)  sai. 

scytale  n.  (band  of  parchment;  coral-snake)  'sit3>h. 

scythe  n.  mowing-tool  [also  spelt  sithe}  said. 

sea  n.  (ocean;  salt  lake)  sii. 

seal  n.  (mammal)  siil. 

seal  n,  (imprest  device;  disk;  wafer;  pledge)  siil. 

seal  V.  stamp;  secure  [past  participle  and  preterit  sealed, 
sealdl  siil.    compare  ceil. 

seani  n.,  v.  line,  crack,  etc.  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  pret- 
erit seamed,  seamd']  siim. 

seamstress  n.  sewing-woman  [synonymous  cognate  semp- 
stress!  'siim-stjis,  'semst^is. 

seance  n.  (sitting,  session)  'see-ens,  se'eqs. 

]  yc,  Qcure;  bfKe,  Qthln;  ^asure,  ds/oy;  I  shoe,  tl  chew; 
wzvhen;  i)sing\  uv/VYoe^et,  \Tca.c\.,  v^^-vC^,  vs>\loo\^  xtt,  lis^^; 
o poetic;   3  over,  e  oena\,  K>au\.,  -a-.^ooT,  ^^xvo,  ^.\ie\,  vl^^5S«.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  495 

■eannachie  n.  genealogist;  bard  [also  spelt  seannachy,  sen- 

nachy,  sennachiel  'sena-ki. 
sear  adj.,  v.  dry  [also  spelt  sere;  past  participle  and  preterit 

seared,  seard"]  si:r. 
seasonable  adj.  (suitable  as  to  season;  timely)  'sii-zdns-bsl, 

(rapidly)  'sii-zna-bal,  'siiz-na-bal. 
seasoned  adj,  fitted;  renderd  palatable  [also  spelt  seasond} 

'sii-zand. 
sean^an    n.    wampum    [synonymous    cognates    seawane,    sea- 

want'[  'sii-wan. 
Sebat  n.  fifth  month  of  the  Jewish  civil  year  [synonymous 

cognate  Shebat]  si'baet,  si'baet. 
sebnndy  n.  soldier,  etc.  [synonymous  cognate  sehundee}  si- 

'bAndi. 
secede  v.  (go  apart;  retire,  withdraw)  si'siid. 
seokel  n.  pear  [synonymous  cognate  sickle}  'sekah 
second  adj.,n.  'sekand;  (dialectally,  vulgarly)  'sekant. 
secrecy  n.  (state  of  being  secret)  'sii-k^i-si. 
secret  adj.,  n.  'sii-k3it. 
secretary    n.     (confidant;    writing-desk)    'sek^i-ten,    (also) 

'sek3it3-ri,  (anteriorly)  'sek^i-td^i;  (rapidly)  'sek^i-tji;  (vul- 
garly) 'seka-ten. 
secrete  v,  (keep  secret;  hide;  produce)  si'lraiit. 
secretory   adj.    (of    secretion)    si'ksii-ta-^i ;    (less   properly) 

'sii-ksi-tDn ;   (improperly)  'sek^i-tD^i. 
seotarianize  v,  [also  spelt  sectarianise}  sek'te:-?i-3-naiz. 
sectator  n.   (follower,  disciple)  sek'tee-tar. 
sectile  adj.  capable  of  being  cut  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  sectill 

'sektil,  (rarely)  'sek-tail. 
sects  n,  (ploral  of  sect)  sekts,  (often)  seks. 
secular  n.   (of  ages;   temporal;  profane)  'sek^o-la?. 
secularization  n.   [also  spelt  secularisation"]  sek^o-ldzi'zee- 

San,  sekgola-^ai'zee-San. 
secularize  v.  [also  spelt  secularised  'sekgola-^aiz. 
secund  adj.  (unilateral)  'sii-kAnd,  'sekand. 
secundine   n.    (afterbirth)   'sekan-dain,   'sekan-din;   'sii-kan- 

dain,  si'kAn-dain. 
security  n.  si'k^or-zi-ti,   (often)  si'k^oei-ti. 
sedan  n.  (chair)  si'daen. 

sedative  adj.  soothing  [also  spelt  sedativ]  'seda-tiv. 
sedile  n.  seat  [ploral  sedilia'}  si'dai-h. 
sediment  n.  (settlings,  dregs)  'sedi-mant. 
seditious  adj.  (of  sedition  or  civil  discord)  si'dijas. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai.k.xte\ 
Irngth-mark   (;)    indicates  that  tVve  prece^Tft.^  ^ontcA.  ^.^  ^^"^^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  tVit  iftVL^^va."SL  ^a'^'s^^'^' 


496  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

sednoe  v.  (lead  astray)  si'djous;  {dialecteUly)  si'dous. 

sednoible  adj,  (capable  of  being  seduced)  si'djou-sd-ba). 

sedulity  n.  (sedulousness)  siMjou-li-ti. 

■ednlons  adj.  (diligent)  'sedso^ss,  'sedjo-las. 

see  V,  view,  behold,  etc.  [past  participle  seen,  vulfi^rly  saw; 

preterit  saw,  vulgarly  seen,  see}  sii. 
see  n.  (seat  of  a  bishop)  sii. 
seeing:  conj,  (because,  since,  considering)  'sii-ig,  (when  less 

strest)  'si-irj. 
seek  V.  search  for;  try  [past  participle  and  preterit  stmght] 

siik,  (when  unstrest)  sik. 
seem  v,  appear  [past  participle  and  preterit  seemed,  seemd] 

Slim. 
seer  n.  (one  who  sees)  'sii-97,  si:z. 
seer  n.  (prophet)  si:?. 
segar  n.  si'ga:?.    see  cigar. 

seg^mental  adj.  (of  segments)  'seg-mentl,  seg'ment}. 
seiche  n.  (wave)  see^. 
seid  n.   (descendant  of  Fatima  and  Ali)  siid,  'sii-id,  'see-id. 

seed. 
Seidliti  adj.   [also,   sometimes,   spelt  Sedlits}   'sedlits,   'sai- 

dhts. 
8eig:neiirial  adj.  sin'jo:-zi-a}.     same  meaning  as  seigniorial, 
seignior  n.  lord,  gentleman,  sir  [also  spelt  seigneur,  signior, 

signor'l  'sii-njaz. 
seigniorage  n.  (royal  claim  or  share;  royalty)  'sii-njd-nds. 
seignioralty  n.  (jurisdiction  of  a  lord)  'sii-nja^al-ti. 
seigniorial  adj.  of  a  lord;  memorial  [synonymous  cognate 

seigneuriall  sin'JDi-zri-al. 
seigniorize  v,  lord  it  over  [also  spelt  signorise"]  'sii-nja-zaiz. 
seigniory  n.  lordship  [plural  seigniories']  'sii-njs-zi. 
seine  n.  (fish-net)  seen,  siin. 
seisniic  adj.  (of  an  earthquake)  'sais-mik. 
seismograpliy  n.  (study  of  earthquakes)   sais'megrd-fi. 
seize   v,   take;    clutch    [past   participle    and    preterit    seised, 

seizd}  siiz. 
seizer  n.  (one  who  or  that  which  seizes)  'sii-za?. 
seizin  n.  possession  [also  spelt  seisin}  'sii-zin. 
seizor  n.   (in  la7v,  one  who  seizes  or  takes  possession)   'sii- 

Z3?. 

sejant  adj.  sitting  [also  spelt  sejeant}  'sii-dssnt. 
sejngons    adj,    (having    six    pairs    of    leaflets)    'sii-dso-gss, 
'sedso-gas,  si'dsou-gas. 

J y^i   ?cure;   5  the,  Q  thltv;  manure,  dj/oy;    I  shoe,   tj  cAew; 
o  poetic]  ©ov^r,  e  oeriaV,  K>aut,  ti\^oox,  •:>qx».o,  ^.\^e\,  t^^a\3t\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  497 

f 

sejnng^ible  adj.  (capable  of  being  sejoind  or  sepai^bt«4)  s^' 

'd3And33-bal. 
selacliian  adj.  (of  a  shark  of  the  genus  Selache)  si'lee-ki-dn. 
seleninm  n.  (element)  si'leni-am,  si1ii-ni-»m. 
seleninret  n.  si'hi-njo-zst,  seh'nai-jo-zst. 
seleninreted  adj.   [also  spelt  seleniuretted}   si'hi-nju-zetid, 

seh'nai-jo-?etid. 
seleiLograpliy  n.  (study  of  the  moon)  seh'neg?3-fi. 
self  n.  person;  own  individuality;  ego  [ploral  selves,  selvsl 

self. 
self-actiiiLg  adj,  self'aektiq,  (assumptivly)  'self-aektiq. 
self-centered  adj.  [also  spelt  self-centred,  self-c enter d}  self- 

'senta^d,  (assumptivly)  'self-senta^d. 
self-made   adj.   self'meed,   (assumptivly)   'self-meed. 
sell  V,  (correlativ  of  buy)  sel. 
sellanders  n.  eczematous  eruption  in  the  horse   [also  spelt 

sellenders;  synonymous  cognate  sallenders,  solander"}  'sebn- 

seltzer  n.  (mineral  water)  'seltsd?. 

selvage  n.  edge  of  a  fabric  [also  spelt  selvedge}  'selvids. 
semaphore  n.   (signaling-device)  'semd-fo:;. 
semeiog^apliy  n.  description   of  signs  or  symptoms   [also 

spelt  semiographyl  si-mai'ogra-fi,  simi'og?»-fi, 
semeiolog^   n.   knowledge   of   signs;    symptomatology   [also 

spelt  semiology}  si-mai'ela-dsi,  simi'ola-dsi. 
semen  n.  (seed;  generativ  fluid)  'sii-msQ. 
semester  n.  (term  of  six  months)  si'mestd?. 
senkibreve  n.  half  a  breve;  whole  note  [synonymous  cognate 

semibriefl  'semi-bziiv. 
semifluid  adj.  semi'ftou-id,   (assumptivly)   'semi-ftou-id. 
seminar  n.   (seminary  course)  semi'na:?,  'semi-nas:. 
seminary  n.  (nursery;  school;  priest)  'semi-ne?i. 
semipedal  adj.   (of  a  half-boot)  'semi-pedl,  semi'pii-di,  si- 

'mipi-dl,  'semi-pidl. 
Semite  n.  descendant  of  Shem  [synonymous  cognate  Shem- 

ite}  'se-mait. 
Semitic  adj,  of  the  Semites  [synonymous  cognates  Shemitic, 

Shemitish}  si'mitik. 
Semitize  v.  [also  spelt  Semitise}  'semi-taiz. 
semolina  n.  wheat-grit;  manna-croup   [synonymous  cognate 

semolino}  sema'hi-na. 
sempstress  n.  'sempst£is.    same  meaning  as  seamstress. 
senate  n.  (assembly,  council)  'senit. 

c:  \aw,  b:  fur,  £  cat,  e  hoi,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark   (:)   indicates  that  the  pteted\Ti\t.  ^ovxw^  ^.^  Vi.\s%\ 
stress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  ^^  i^YtfywvcL"^  «C^^i««* 


498  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

senator  n.  (member  of  a  senate)  'send-ts?. 

senegin  n.  (polygalin)  'seni-gin,  'seni-dsin. 

senescence  n.  (growing  old)  si'nesdns. 

seneschal  n.  (majordomo;  steward)  'seni-$9l. 

senile  adj\  of  old  age  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  senilj  'sii-nail, 
'sii-nil. 

senior  adj.,n.  (elder)  'sii-njdz. 

senna  n.  (drug;  cassia)  'sens. 

sennight  n.  'senit.    same  meaning  as  sevennighK 

sennit  n.  (braided  cordage,  plaited  straw)  'senit. 

sefior  n.  (gentleman,  sir,  Mr.)  sen'JD:^,  se'njo:^,  {anteriorly, 
as  a  title)  'sce-nj»r. 

senora  n.  (lady,  madam,  Mrs.)  sen'joi-zd,  se^njoi-zs. 

senorita  n.  (young  lady;  miss;  fish)  senjd'^ii-ts,  senjd'rii-ts, 
sinJ9'7ii-t9. 

sense  n.  (feeling,  judgment,  meaning,  etc.)  sents,  {also,  and 
in  Britain  normally)  sens. 

sensible  adj,  (perceptible;  aware;  judicious)  'sensd-bsl, 
'sentsa-bdl. 

sensile  adj,  capable  of  affecting  the  senses  [also,  sometimes, 
spelt  sensill  'sensil,  'sentsil,  {rarely)  'sen-sail. 

sensitise  v.   (render  sensitiv)  'sensi-taiz,  'sentsi-taiz. 

sensualize  v,  [also  spelt  sensualisel  'sen$u-94aiz,  'sent$u-9- 
laiz. 

sent  V,  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  send)  sent. 

sentient  adj,  (capable  of  sensation)  'sen^ant,  'sent^dnt,  'senji- 
snt. 

sentinientalise  v,  [also  spelt  sentimentalise!  senti'mfintl- 
aiz. 

sentinel  v.  watch  over  as  a  sentinel  or  gard  [present  parti- 
ciple sentineling,  sentinelling;  past  participle  and  preterit 
sentineled,  sentinelled,  sentineld}  'senti-nl,  'senti-nal. 

sepaled  adj.  (provided  with  sepals)  'sii-psld,  'sepald. 

separable  adj.  (capable  of  being  separated)  'sepdzd-bs} ;  {rap- 
idly) 'sepTsa-bal. 

separate  adj.  (disjoind;  distinct;  particular)  'seps-^dt,  {as- 
sumptivly)  'separat,  {rapidly)  'sep^it. 

separate  v,  (sever;  divide)  'sepa-zet. 

separatist  n.  (one  who  favors  separation)  'separs-tist. 

separator  n.  (one  who  separates;  separating-device)  'sepa- 
zet^z. 

separatory  adj.  (separativ)  'sep3?3-to?i. 

septemia  n.  sepsis,  rot  [also  spelt  septaemia"]  sep'tii-mi>3. 

j ye,  Qcure;  b  the,  Qthin;  5  abjure,  ds/oy;  S-^^oe,  tl  chew; 
wwhen;  13  s\ng\  u'wYvoevet,  \Te2.c,\.,  xvi-vC^,  xa,>a.iooV  i^vt,  xis^^; 
o poetic;  sever,  eaenaV,  k\>u\.,  ^.^oat^  •a^t^.o,  ^X^e^,  ^^-w^^n 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  499 

septemvir  n.  one  of  a  group  of  seven  co-equal  magistrates 
[ploral  septemvirs,  septemviri]  sep'temvae. 

septemvirate  n.  (office  of  septemvir)  sep'tcmva-rat,  sep- 
'temv3-zet. 

septenary  adj.  (of  seven)  'septa-neri. 

septenate  adj.  (having  seven  parts)  'septa-net. 

septennate  n.  (period  of  seven  years)  sep'tenet. 

septennial  adj,  (lasting  seven  years;  occurring  once  in  sev- 
en years)  sep'teni-al. 

septet  n.  seven-part  piece;  company  of  seven  performers 
[also  spelt  septette"]  sep'tet. 

septic  adj.  (of  sepsis  or  rot)  'septik. 

septnagenarian  n.  (person  seventy  years  old)  septgu-sdsi- 
'ne:-zi-9n,  septgu-aedsi'nei-zi-an. 

septnni  n.  partition  [ploral  septal  'septam. 

sepnlcher  n.  tomb  [also  spelt  sepulchrel  'sepdl-kar. 

sepnltnre  n.  (burial,  interment)  'sepal-tja?. 

seqnel  n.  (that  which  follows;  continuation;  consequence) 
'sii-ku)3l. 

sequela  n.  following;  conclusion;  consequent  [ploral  seque- 
lae] si'kiuii-la;  {erroneously)  'seku)i-la. 

sequestrate  v,  (seclude;  sequester)  si'ku)e-stjet. 

sequestration  n.  siku)es^t£ee-$dn,  sekwd'stsee-San. 

sequestrator  n.  'sii-kw3-stset9?,  'seku)d-st£et37. 

sequin  n.  Venetian  coin  [synonymous  cognates  sechin,  che- 
quin,  secchin,  sechino,  zecchino]  'sii-ku)in,  {formerly)  'sckin. 

sequoia  n.  (tree)  si'kirei-3. 

seraglio  n.  (palace;  harem)  si'eael-jo,  si'ra:l-jo. 

seraph  n.  celestial  being  [ploral  seraphs,  seraphim]  'seraf. 

seraphic  adj.  (of  seraphs;  angelic;  pure)  si'zsefik. 

seraphini  n.  (ploral  of  seraph)  'se?a-fim. 

seraphini  n.  (moth;  crustacean)  'seza-fim. 

Serapis  n,  Egyptian  deity  [synonymous  cognate  Sarapis]  si- 
'^ee-pis,  'se^a-pis. 

seraskier  n.  Turkish  general  [also  spelt  serasquier  and, 
sometimes,  siraskier]  se^a'skiiz:,  si'rxski?. 

serenade  n.  (evening  song;  nocturne)  se^i'need. 

serf  n.  (villein;  menial)  serrf. 

serge  n.  (fabric)  sBizd^. 

sergeancy  n.  sergeantship  [also  spelt  serjeancy;  synonymous 
cognates  sergeantcy,  serjeantcy]  'soir-dsan-si ;  (less  prop- 
erly) 'sB^dsan-si,  'soi^-dsan-si. 

sergeant  n.  constable;  sheriff;  army  officer;  monastic  ser- 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  ©  hot,  ©i  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte; 
Irngth-mark   (:)   indicates  that  the  precedvutt  %Q>>3ixA  ^i.^  Vsrtvsi.\ 
stress-mark  (  )  indicates  chief  stress  on  1i)ti^  l^^Xo^va^^  «f^s^5iR* 


500  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

vant;  fish  [also  spelt  Serjeant'^  'sa:7-d59nt;    {less  properly) 
'sBrdsdtit,  ^SB'.z-ds^nU     compare  Serjeant, 

series  n.  succession;  sequence  [ploral  series!  '8i:-ziz,  'si'.-ziz, 
'si:-ei-i:z. 

serif  n.  in  typography,  cross-line  [also  spelt  ceriph,  seriph] 
'serif. 

Serjeant  n.  servant,  retainer,  municipal  officer;  bailiff; 
serjeant-at-arms;  lawyer  of  high  rank  [also  spelt  sergeant] 
'sa:e-d33nt;  (less  properly)  'sBzdsdnt,  'sBiz-ds^nt.  compare 
sergeant, 

sermonise  v.   [also  spelt  sermonisel  'saiz-m^-naiz. 

seroon  n.  hamper,  panier,  crate  [also  spelt  ceroon;  synony- 
mous cognates  seron,  seronel  si'zoun. 

serpentine  adj.  (of  or  like  a  serpent)  'sezpan-tain,  'sBzpsn- 
tin. 

serve  v,  wait  upon;  avail,  etc  [also  spelt  serv,  past  partici- 
ple and  preterit  served,  servdH  6b:z\. 

service  n.  act  of  serving;  office;  use  [also  spelt  servisl  'sb:z- 
vis. 

serviceable  adj,  [also  spelt  servisablel  'sBiz-visd-bd}. 

servile  adj,  of  slaves;  cringing  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  ser- 
vill  's8:?-vil,  'sBie-vail. 

servitude  n.  (slavery;  bondage;  service)  'sBi^-vi-tgud ;  (dia- 
lectally)  's8:?-vi-tud. 

sesame  n,  (plant)  'ses9-mi. 

sesqnioxide  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  sesquioxidl  sesktDi- 
'ek-said,  (before  of)  seskuji'eksid. 

sesqnipedal  adj.  (sesquipedalian;  excessivly  long)  'sesktDi- 
pedl,  'sesku)i-pidl,  seslciuipi-dl. 

sesqniplicate  adj.  (of  as  many  fold  as  is  the  cube  of  a  num- 
ber compared  with  its  square)  ses'kujipti-ket,  ses'kwipz,i-k3t. 

sessile  adj,  seated  low  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  sessil"]  'sesil, 
'se-sail. 

session  n,  (sitting;  term)  'seS^n. 

sesterce  n.  (coin)  'se-sts^s. 

sestet  n.  sextet;  last  six  lines  of  a  sonnet  [also  spelt  sestett, 
sestettel  ses'tet,  'se-stet. 

sestine  n.  (sestina)  'sestin,  'se-stain. 

setaceons  adj.  (bristly)  si'tee-Jas,  si'tee-Ji-as. 

setiforni  adj,  (bristle-shaped)  'sii-ti-fe:?m. 

setireme  n.  (setose  leg)  'sii-ti-^im;  (less  properly")  'scti-rfm. 

setose  adj.  (bristly)  si'toos,  (assumptivly)  'sii-tos. 

settee  n.  (bench-like  seat)  se'tii. 

j  ye,  Qcure;  d*fie,  Qthin;  3  axrure,  dsjoy;  jshoe,  t$  cAew; 
wwhen;  i)sing;  u-wVioevw,  Vte^tv,  xsiu\V  xi^iool,  itt,  lis^^; 
0 poetic;  9 over,  eoetiaV,  K\>vXy  ;>\^oot,  -a^Tio^  ^\ie\^  ^<^^igfi«.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  501 

settee  n.  vessel  [also  spelt  seteel  se'tii. 

set-to  n.  (sharp  contest)  'set-tou. 

seven  adj.,n.  (numeral)  'sevan,  'sevn;  (dialectally,  vulgarly) 
'sebm. 

sevenniglit  n.  week  [synonymous  cognate  sennight'j  'sevsn- 
nait,  'sev9n-nit. 

seventeen  ar'/.  sevan'tiin,  (assuntptivly)  'sevan-tin. 

seventeen  n.  sevan'tiin,  (anteriorly ;  by  contrast)  'sevan-tin. 

seventeenth  adj.  sevan'tiinG,  (assumptivly)  'sevan-tinO. 

seventeenth  n.  sevan'tiinG,  (anteriorly ;  by  contrast)  'sevan- 
tinG. 

seventy  adj.,  n.  'sevan-ti,  'sevn-ti ;  'sebm-ti. 

several  adj.-pron.  (separate,  particular,  diverse,  divers)  'scva- 
ral,  (assumptivly)  'seveal. 

se'W  V.  stitch;  take  stitches  in  [past  participle  and  preterit 
sewed,  sewd}  sdo. 

sen^age  n.  matter  which  passes  thru  sewers  [synonymous  cog- 
nate sewerage}  'sgou-id3. 

seiner  n.  (one  who  sews)  'sao-a?. 

sender  n.  obsolete  (servant)  'sgou-a?. 

sender  n.  (drain)  'sgou-ae;   (dialectally)  'sou-a?. 

sen^erage  n.  'sQou-a-^ids*     same  meaning  as  sewage, 

sexagenary  adj.  (of  sixty)  seks'aedsi-neei. 

sextan  adj,  (recurring  every  sixth  day)  'sekstn,  'sekstan. 

sezter  n.  measure  [also  spelt  sextar;  synonymous  cognate 
sesterl  'seksta?. 

sextet  n.  six-part  piece;  company  of  six  performers  [also 
spelt  sextette^  seks'tet. 

sexton  n.  janitor,  etc.  of  a  church;  sacristan  [dialectal  syn- 
onymous cognate  saxton'\  'sekstn,  'sekstan 

sexnal  adj.  (of  sex)  'sekju-al,  'seks^u-al. 

sexnalize  v.  [also  spelt  sexualise}  'sek^u-a-laiz,  'seksgu-a- 
laiz. 

sforzando  adj.  (forced)  sfaz'tsa:n-da. 

sh  inter j.  (hush  :   commanding  silence)  J: . 

shabbiness  n.  (state  of  being  shabby;  meanness)  '$aebi-nis. 

shabby  adj.  (scabby;  mean;  threadbare;  seedy)  'Jaebi. 

shadow  n.,  v.  shade  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit 
shadowed,  shadowdl  'Jaeda;  (dialectally)  'Saeda. 

shaft  n.  in  all  senses  [ploral  shafts!  Sa:ft,  Sd^ft*  Sseift. 

shag^reen  n.  (leather)  $a'g?iin. 

shah  «.  (Persian  ruler)  Jo: 

shako  n.  head-dress  [also  spelt  schako}  'lasiko, 

c:  law,  b:  fMr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  oi  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now^  a:  ask,  «.^k\\fc% 
length-mark   (:)   indicates  that  the  ptectteitt  ^o>axA  t^  ^?*S:^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicate?  chief  streBB  on  liK^  i^>\oHn»%  «f^aJ»s; 


502  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

Sl&aluiperian  adj.  of  William  Shakspere  [also  spelt  Shake- 
spearian, Shakespearean,  Shakesperian,  Shakspearian,  Shak- 
speareanl  Sek'spi:-zi-3n. 

sliall  V.  Ssel,  {when  unstrest)  Ssl,  SI- 

■lialli  n.  fabric  [also  spelt  challi,  chains']  'Sxh. 

sliallop  n.  (sloop)  "Sselsp. 

shallot  n.  vegetable  [also  spelt  schallot]  Sdlet. 

sl&allo'W  adj.  (not  deep ;  superficial)  'Jaelo ;  (dialectally)  'Jaeb. 

Sliaiiian  n.  (priest  of  Shamanism,  a  religion  of  the  Finns, 
Ostiaks,  etc.)  'Jaeman,  'Socman,  'See-man. 

sliamefacedness  n.  bashfulness  [archaic  synonymous  cog- 
nate shamefastnessl  'Jeem-fee-si-dnis,  'Seem-feest-nis. 

sliaiiiefafltness  n.  'Jeem-fsst-nis.  same  meaning  as  shame- 
facedness. 

slianiiiiy  n.  [ploral  shammies]  'Jsemi.  same  meaning  as 
chamois  (in  the  sense  of  leather). 

sl&aiiioy  V,  (prepare  with  oil,  as  chamois. leather  is  prepared) 
'Sae-mei. 

slLampoo  V.  massage;  lather  and  rub  [also  spelt  shampo, 
champoo,  champo;  past  participle  and  preterit  shampooed, 
shampood]  Jaem'pou. 

slLamrock  n.  (plant)  'latm-zek. 

■liangliai  n.  (hen)  Jaeg'hai. 

slia'n't  V,  (shall  not)  Sa:nt,  Sa:nt,  Jaernt;  (when  unstrest) 
Sant,  San;  Jant,  San;  Sant,  San. 

■liaroot  n.  l^'zout.     same  meaning  as  cheroot. 

sliaster  n.  Hindu  text-book  [synonymous  cognate  shastra, 
sastra]  'S^estar. 

shaxvl  n.  (square  or  oblong  wrap  or  mantle)  Sc:I- 

slian^ni  n.  musical  instrument  of  the  oboe  class  [also  spelt 
shalm]  Sc:m. 

slie  noun-pron.  Sii,  (when  unstrest)  I'l,  li. 

sheaf  n.  bundle  [ploral  sheaves']  liii. 

shear  v.  cut;  clip  [past  participle  sheared,  shear d,  shorn] 
preterit  sheared,  sheard,  shore]  ^v.z. 

shears  n.  pi,  (cutting-tool)  ^i:zz» 

sheat-fish  n.   (great  catfish,  etc.)  'Siit-fiS. 

sheath  n.  case,  cover  [plural  sheaths]  SiiO- 

sheath  v.  In^.     same  meaning  as  sheathe, 

sheathe  v.  put  into  a  sheath;  incase;  mask  [synonymous 
substitute  sheath;  past  participle  and  preterit  sheathed, 
sheathd]  Sii^. 

sheaths  n.  (ploral  of  sheath)  SiiQs;  (less  properly)  ^iidz, 

j  ye,    Qcure;  b  the,  ^  t\uxv*,  -b^sux^,  ^^ioy;   \shoe,   t^chew; 
w  when;  i)  sing;  UNvVvoevet,  \Tc^t\.,  \il>^,  xa>a.^ooV  -vxv  \\^ee;    . 
o  poetic*  9  over,  e  qctibA^  kV>u\.,  t>\^oot,  t^^xio,  ^\ie\,  >E.^^yi!«.\  \ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD   WORDS  503 

■lieaTe  n.  pulley-wheel  [also  spelt  sheeve;  synonymous  cog- 
nate sheaf]  Siiv. 
■lieaTes  n.  (plural  of  sheaf)  ^livz. 
■heer  adj.  (mere,  utter)  li:z. 
■heer  7^.  swerve,  deviate  [past  participle  and  preterit  sheered, 

sheerdl  Sv.z. 
■heer  n.  (deviation,  etc.)  luz. 
■lieers   n.  pi.   hoisting-device ;    shear-legs    [also   spelt   shears'] 

^v.zz. 
sheik   n.    old    man;    elder    [also    spelt   scheik,   shaik,   sheyk, 

sheykh,  shaykh]  Jiik,  Seek. 
■liekel  n.  (weight;  coin)  'Seksl. 
Sliekinali  n.  symbol  of  the  divine  presence  [also  spelt  She- 

chinah]  Si'kai-na;  (improperly)  'Seki-na. 
■keldapple    n.    chaffinch;    crossbill    [synonymous    cognate 

sheldafle]  'Sel-daepat 
■keif  n.  narrow  flat  surface;   ledge   [ploral  shelves,  shelvs] 

Self. 
■kellac  n.  seed-lac,  used  for  varnish,  etc.   [also  spelt  shel- 

lack    and,    sometimes,    shell-lac,    shell-lack]    Si'i^ek,    'S^-laek, 

'Sel-laek. 
■kellac  V.  [also  spelt  shellack;  present  participle  shellacking; 

past    participle    and    preterit    shellacked,    shellact]    S^'^^ek, 

'Se-laek. 
■kelled  adj.  having  a  shell  [also  spelt  sheld]  Scld. 
■kelty  n.  sheal;  cabin,  shanty  [also  spelt  sheltie;  ploral  shel^ 

ties]  'Selti. 
■kelve  V.  place  on  a  shelf  [also  spelt  shelv;  past  participle 

and  preterit  shelved,  shelvd]  lelv. 
Skeol  n.  (Hades)  'Sii-ol. 

■kepkerd  n.  (man  who  herds  sheep;  pastor)  'Sepa^d. 
■kerbet  n.  (drink;  water-ice)  ^SB'.z-hst, 
■kerif  n.  descendant  of  Mohammed  thru  his  daughter  Fati- 

ma;  ruler  [also  spelt  shereef,  sheriff,  scherif,  sherrife,  che- 

rif]  S^'^iif. 
■kerif f  n.  chief  civil  officer  of  justice  in  a  shire  or  county; 

judge  [synonymous  cognates  shire-reeve,  shrieve]  'Se^if. 
skexv  V.  $30.    see  show. 
shewn  V,  S^on.    see  shown. 
Skiak  n.  one  of  a  Mohammedan  sect;  Shiite  [also,  sometimes, 

spelt  Sheeah,  Sheah]  '^li-^,  'Sai-^- 
skibboletk  n.  (test-word;  watchword)  'S^ba-laG. 
■kield  n.,  v.  (shelter)  \n\6.. 

c:  law,  b:  fwr,  ae  cat,  0  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  tvoiM,  ^*.  a^,  ^-vVKxr-n 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  pteceAiivv.  %q»>\tv^  ^s*  '^!^'^*^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  oiv  \^^  i©\VoN«v[v%  ^-f^^^xsv^ 


504  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

■hillalali  n.  cudgel   [also   spelt  shillelah;   synonymous   cog- 
nate shillalyl  Si'lee-la. 

■Hinny  n.  hockey,  bandy  [also  spelt  shinney,  shinnie;  synon- 
ymous cognate  shinty']  'Sini. 

mhire  n.  (district;  county;  parish)  Sai^»  (when  unstrest)  Ji?, 
$3?;  (also)  Iv.z. 

■Hirk  V.  evade  meanly;  avoid  work  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit shirked,  shirktl  Isizk. 

■Hirr  V.  pucker;  poach  [also  spelt  shir;  past  participle  and 
preterit  shirred,  shird}  Ib:z, 

■hoal  V.  become   shallow,   etc.   [past  participle  and  preterit 
shoaled,  shoald}  Jool. 

■hock  V.  strike;   offend;   stun   [past  participle  and  preterit 
shocked,  shocktl  Jek. 

■Hock  V.  make  up  (corn,  etc.)  into  shocks  or  stocks  [past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  shocked,  shockt}   Jok. 

■Hock    V,    dialectal    [past    participle    and    preterit    shocked, 
shocktl  Sek.    same  meaning  as  shuck, 

skoeing  n.  (act  of  putting  on  shoes;  foot-covering)  'Suu-ig. 

■kone  V.  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  shine)  S^on,  Jon. 

■koo  inter j.  (begone!  off!  away!)  Sou,  So. 

■koo  V,  scare  away  by  calling  out  "Shoo"  [past  participle  and 
preterit  shooed,  shood}  Sou. 

■koot  V,  dart  forth  [past  participle  and  preterit  shotl  S^ut, 
(when  unstrest)  Sut. 

■koot  n.  (shot;  branch;  trough;  chute)  Sout. 

skort-liTed   adj.   So-^t'laivd,    (assumptivly)   'So^rt-larvd. 

skote  n.  trout   [synonymous  cognate  shot]   S^ot. 

skote  n.  hog  [also  spelt  shoat]  S^ot. 

■konld  V.  (preterit  of  shall)  Sod,  (when  unstrest)  S^d,  Sd» 

■konlder  v.  push  with  the  shoulder  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit shouldered,  shoulderd]  'S^ol-d^^. 

skonldn't  v,  (should  not)  'Sodnt,  (when  less  strest)  'Son-nt, 
'So-nt. 

■kove  v.,  n.  (push)  Sav. 

■kovel  V.  move  with  a  shovel  [present  participle  shoveling, 
shovelling;  past  participle  and  preterit  shoveled,  shovelled, 
shoveld]  'S^val,  'SavI. 

■kovel-board  n.  game  [synonymous  cognate  shuffle-board] 
'SAV3l-bo:?d. 

■koveler  n.  one  who  shovels  [also  spelt  shoveller]  'Sav3-I3^, 

'Sav1-3?,  'SavIs?. 
skoiv  T'.  let  be  seen ;   reveal ;   prove   [also,   archaically,   spelt 

}  ye,  Qcure;  bthe,  ^  tKm*,  -s^lsam^,  ^-sw;  S^Aoe.  tSchcvr; 
w  when  ;  i)  sing;  uw^ioevet,  vte^icX,  \ii\^,  xa.>\\ooV  a.\v  -o.^^; 
o  poetic;   9  over,  e  aena\,  kXjuX.,  -a-.^oox,  •:iQxvo,  ^X^e^,  ^'t^yfi«.\ 


} 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  505 

shew;    past    participle    shown,    showed,    showd;     preterit 

showed,  showd}  Joo,  {when  unstrcst)  Jo. 
mho'W   n,    act   of   showing;    appearance;    pomp;    play;    feint; 

chance  [also,  archaically,  spelt  shew}  Soo. 
■how^bread  n.  [also  spelt  shcwbread}  ^loo-hzed. 
■ho'wer  n.,  v.  rain,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit  showered, 

showerd}  'Jau-az. 
■hoiver  n.  one  who  or  that  which  shows  [also,  archaically, 

spelt  shewer}  'Joo-az. 
■lio'wliig    n.    appearance;    demonstration    [also,    archaically, 

spelt  shewing}  'S^o-iq. 
slio'wii  V.  (past  participle  of  show)  $3on.     compare  shewn. 
mhxe'w  n.  (scolding  woman)  S^ou. 
■hriek    v.,  n.    cry    [as    verb,    past    participle    and    preterit 

shrieked,  shriekt}  Jsiik. 
■hrike  n.  butcher-bird  [synonymous  cognate  shreek}  ^saik. 
■hrill   adj.    (piercing)    Jsil;    (dialectally,   as  in   Scotch-irish 

territory.  New  Jersey,  etc)  ssil. 
■liriiik  V,  contract;   shrivel;   retire   [past  participle  shrunk, 

shrunken  and,  formerly,  shrinked;  preterit  shrank,  shrunk} 

Ssiqk;  (dialectally)  S3ir)k. 
■hrivel   v.    contract;    wither    [present   participle    shriveling, 

shrivelling;  past  participle  and  preterit  shriveled,  shrivelled, 

shriveld}  'Jsival,  'S^ivl. 
■hrond  n,,  v.  (cover ;  veil)  S^ood. 

■hmb  n.  (woody  plant;  bush)  JsAb;  (dialectally)  s3Ab. 
■hrng  v.  shiver;  draw  up  (the  shoulders)  [past  participle  and 

preterit  shrugged,  shrugd}  S^aq;  (dialectally)  s^aq. 
■hnck  v.  husk  [dialectal  synonymous  cognate  shock;  past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  shucked,  shuckt}  jAk. 
■knt  v.  close  [dialectal  synonymous  cognate  shet}  ^At. 
■liyly  adv,  (in  a  shy  manner;  coyly)  'Sai-h. 
■kyness  n.  (quality  of  being  shy;  diffidence)  'S^i-nis. 
sliyster  n,  (tricky  lawyer,  etc.)  'Jai-star. 
sialogograe  n.  producing  a  flow  of  saliva;  ptyalogog  [also 

spelt  sialogog,  sialagogue}  sai'aela-geg. 
sibyl  n.  (sorceress)  'sibil. 

sibylline  adj.  (of  sibyls;  occult)  'sibi-lain,  'sibi-hn. 
sice  n.  at  dice,  six  [synonymous  cognate  size}  sais. 
sice  n.  hostler  [also  spelt  syce,  saice}  sais. 
sideral   adj,   (sidereal;    also,   baleful)    'sida-^al;    {less  prop- 
erly) 'sai-da-^al;   {improperly)  sai'di:-??}. 
sidereal  adj,  (of  the  constellations  or  stars)  saiMi:-n-9}. 

c:  law,  o:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now^  a:  ask,  ai ktte; 
length-mark   (:)   indicates  that  the  ipteee^iTVtt  %o>axA  ^s»  ^■^'"^'» 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  cUef  stress  on  ^e  \^>Xo^va.^  ^^'^^c^s^r.. 


506  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

■Iderite  n.  (lodestone)  'sidd-zait;  {less  properly)  sai'dii-^ait, 
si'di:-zait. 

slderomancy  n.  (divination  by  burning  straws  on  red-hot 
iron)  'siddzd-maensi. 

slderoscope  n.  (iron-detecting  device)  'sidard-skop,  sai'di:- 
sTd-skop. 

sidle  V.  (move  sidewise)  'sai-d!. 

siege  n.  (seat;  beleaguerment)  siids. 

siesta  n.  (midday  rest  or  nap)  si'ests. 

sieve  n.  separating-  or  straining-device  [also  spelt  sivl  siv. 

sieve  V.  treat  with  a  sieve;  sift  [past  participle  and  preterit 
sieved,  sivdl  siv. 

sigh  V.  heave  a  sigh  [past  participle  and  preterit  sighed, 
sighd"]  sai. 

sign  V.  mark,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit  signed,  signd} 
sain. 

signal  V.  [present  participle  signaling,  signalling;  past  parti- 
ciple and  preterit  signaled,  signalled,  signaldl  'sign!,  'sign^ 

signaler  n.  [also  spelt  signaller"}  'signl-s?,  'signa-tdz. 

signalize  v.  [also  spelt  signalise}  'signl-aiz,  'signs^aiz. 

si£:net  n.  (seal)  'signit. 

signer  n.  Italian  lord;  gentleman  [also  spelt  signior;  synony- 
mous cognate  signore}  'sii-njar. 

Sig^nor  n.  (Mr.)  'sii-njar. 

Signora  n.  (Madam;  Mrs.)  sin'joi-srd. 

Signorina  n.  (Miss)  sinjsVii-nd. 

silesia  n.  (cloth)  si'lii-Ja,  silii-Ji-a. 

silliouette  n.  (profile  portrait  in  black;  shadow)  silu'et; 
{less  properly)  'silu-et. 

silicic  adj.  (of  silica)  si'hsik. 

■ilicious  adj»  containing  silica;  like  silex  [also  spelt  siliceous} 
si'hjas,  si'hSi-3s. 

silicinreted  adj.  [also  spelt  siliciuretted}  silis^o-sretid. 

siliqne  n.  (pod-like  fruit)  si'hik;  {less  properly)  'sihk. 

■ilkinesB  n.  (quality  of  being  silky)  'silki-nis. 

silky  adj,  (like  silk;  sericeous)  'silki. 

■illibnb  n.  dish  [synonymous  cognate  sillabub,  syllabub}  'sili- 
bAb. 

silvan  adj.  'silvsn.    see  sylvan, 

simian  adj.  (of  an  ape)  'simi-sn. 

similar  adj,  (like)  'simi-l97. 

simile  n.  (in  rhetoric^  comparison)  'simi-li,  {older)  'simi-li. 

similor  n,  (alloy)  'simi-le?. 

J  y^f  ?cure;  btHe,  Q  tK\Tv\  ^^sure,  dj/oy;  I  shoe,  tS  chew; 
wwhen;  i}sing\  uwVioevet,  ixeaicX,  vsiuW,  \a.\x\ooV  '^-Kt,  nseei 
opoetic;  a  over,  e  oetiaV,  K.\iu\.,  -a-.^oox,  •:i^xvo,  ^\«^  ^.^^ 


! 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  507 

■imitar  n.  sword  [also  spelt  scimitar,  scitniter,  cimeter,  scy- 

mitar}  'simi-t9?. 
Simonist  adj,  (of  Simon  Magnus;  Simonian)  'sai-ms-nist. 
■imonist  n.  (one  who  upholds  or  practises  simony)  'simd-nist. 
■imony  n.  (trafficking  in  sacred  things)  'sims-ni. 
■imoom  n.  wind  [synonymous  cognate  sitnoon'\  si'moum. 
■imple-minded  adj,  simpsi'main-did,  (assutnptivly)  'simpal- 

main-did. 
■imnltaneity    n.    (state    or    fact    of    being    simultaneous) 

simalta'nii-i-ti,  sai-malta'nii-i-ti. 
simultaneous  adj.  (coexistent,  contemporaneous")  siriidl'tee- 

ni-3S,  sai-mal'tee-ni-as. 
Sinaitic  adj.  (of  Mount  Sinai,  etc.)  sai-ns'itik. 
sinapis  n.  (mustard)  si'nee-pis. 
sinapism,  n.  (mustard-plaster)  'sins-pizsm. 
since  adv.,  prep.,  conj,  sints,  sins ;  {dialectally)  sens. 
sine  n.  (line;  ratio)  sain. 
sine  conj.  after,  since  [also  spelt  synel  sain. 
sinecure  n.  (benefice  with  cure  of  souls;  profitable  office  or 

position  requiring  no  work)  'sai-ni-kgo:r,  'sini-kgo:?. 
sine  die  adv,  (without  day;  indefinitly)  sai-ni'dai-i,  sai-ni- 

'dai-i. 
sine  qua  non  n.  (indispensable  condition)  'sai-ni-kwe-nen. 
sinexv  n.  (tendon,  cord)  'sin jo. 
singeing  n.  (burning)  'sindsii]. 
singer  n.  (one  who  sings;  vocalist)  'siqs?. 
singer  n.  (one  who  or  that  which  singes;  singeing-machine) 

'sind39?. 
singing  n.,  adj.  (chanting)  'siqiq ;  (improperly)  'siqin. 
single-handed    adj,    sirigsrhsendid,    {assumptivly)    'sitjgd}- 

haendid. 
singular  adj,  (single;  individual;  odd)  'siqgjo-lar;   (vulgar- 
ly) 'siqga-la?,  'siqglazr. 
singularize  v.  [also  spelt  singularisel  'siggjols-^aiz. 
sinical  adj.  (of  a  sine)  'sini-kal,  'sai-ni-kal. 
sinister  adj.  (left;  of  evil  omen)  'sini-stae;  (also,  formerly, 

but  now  less  properly)  si'nistar. 
sinistra  adv,  (in  music^  with  the  left  hand)  si'nist£9. 
sinople  n.  (sinopite,  a  clay)  'sina-pal. 
sinus  n.  bend;  fold;  hollow;  gulf  [ploral  sinus,  sinuses']  'sai- 

nss. 
Sioux  n.  member  of  an  Amerindian  family   [ploral  Siouxl 

sou. 

c:  law,  b:  f Mr,  se  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  k»te ; 
length-mark   (:)   indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  \a  \»^\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  1^^  i^^^o^va.'SL  ^^'^^Ss^'^' 


508  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

Sioux  n.  (ploral  of  Sioux)  sou,  souz. 

siphon  n.  bent  pipe,  etc.  [also  spelt  syphoni  'sai-fan. 

sir  n.  (gentleman;  mister)  sb:;,  (when  unstrest)  8bz,  S37. 

siren  n.  (sea-nymph;  alluring  woman)  'sai-zdn. 

Sirian  adj.  (of  Sirius)  'sizi-9n. 

sirloin  n.  (loin  or  upper  part  of  the  loin)  'sB7-lein,  'ss'.zAem, 

sirocco  n.  (wind)  si'zeko. 

sirrah  n.  (fellow;  sir)  'sisrs. 

simp  n.  'sizap.    see  syrup. 

sis  n.  girl  [also  spelt  sissi  sis. 

sisal  n.  hemp;  grass  [synonymous  cognate  sisalj  'sisst. 

siscoTivet  n.  lake-trout  [also  spelt  siskowet,  siskotuit;  synon- 
ymous cognates  siskawet,  siskiwiti  'si-sko-it. 

sit  V.  [preterit  sat^  archaically  sate,  and,  formerly,  and  still     < 
dialectally,  set"]  sit;  {dialectally)  set. 

site  n.  (location)  sait. 

sith  adv„  prep.,  conj.  obsolete  (since)  si9. 

sithe  n.  said,    see  scythe. 

sithe  n.  (obsolete)  way,  path,  mode,  time  [also,  formerly,  spelt 
sythe,  sith,  syth}  saiG. 

sitnate  v.  (place)  'sit^u-et. 

situate  adj.  (placed)  'sitju-at,  'sitSu-et. 

situation  n.  (location)  sit$u'ee-$9n,  sitgu'ee-Jdn. 

sitz-bath  n.  (hip-bath)  'sits-ba:6. 

sixteen  adj,  siks'tiin,  (assutnptivly)  'sik-stin. 

sixteen  n.  siks'tiin,   (anteriorly ;  by  contrast)  'sik-stin. 

sixteenth  adj.  siks'tiinG,  siks'tiintO,  (assutnptivly)  'sik-stin9. 

sixteenth  n.  siks'tiinO,  (anteriorly;  by  contrast)   'sik-stin0. 

sixth   adj.,  n.   siksG,    (sometimes,    especially   when    unstrest) 
siks. 

sixtieth  adj.,  n.  'siksti-sG. 

sizable  adj.  [also  spelt  siseablel  'sai-zs-bdl. 

sisal  n.  'sizsl.     same  meaning  as  sisal, 

sisar  n.  student  [also  spelt  siserl  'sai-zazr. 

sizy  adj.  (of  or  containing  size)  'sai-zi. 

sizz  V.  hiss;  sizzle  [past  participle  and  preterit  siszed,  sisdl 
siz. 

skoan  n.  dagger   [also  spelt  skeen,  skene;  synonymous  cog- 
nate skainl  skiin. 

skedaddle  v.  (run  away;  scamper  off)  ski'daedl. 

skee  n.  runner  [also  spelt  ski;  ploral  skeesl  skii. 

skein  n.  fold  of  yarn,  etc.  [also  spelt  skain;  synonymous  cog- 
nate skeanli  skeen. 

;  .ve,  q  cure ;  b  the,  Q  tKvtv,  ^  -s  ^sure,  d-t,  / oy ;  S  shoe,  tS  chew ; 
wwhen;  t]  sing\  uwVioevet,  \tc2lc\.,  \5\u\V  ^xxlooV  t.nv  -dsc^; 
o poetic;  oover,  e  oetiaV,  kWv,  -a-.^ooT,  -aoxvo,  ^.\keey.,  ^^^^ivfc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORD:^  $W 

skeleton    n.     (the    bones    coUectivly;     supporting-structure) 

'skeh-tn,  'skeh-tan. 
skeptic  n.  doubter  [also  spelt  sceptici  'skeptik. 
skeptical  adj,  [also  spelt  sceptical}  'skepti-ksl. 
skepticism  n.  [also  spelt  scepticism}  'skepti-sizam. 
skexver  %>,  pin  [past  participle  and  preterit  skewered,  skew- 

erdl  'skgou-ar. 
ski  n.  [ploral  skil  skii;  (erroneously)  skai.    same  meaning  as 

skee. 
skiagrapk  n.  (x-ray  photograph)  'skai-3-g^a:f. 
skiascopy  n.  shadow-test,  retinoscopy  [synonymous  cognate 

sciascopy"]  'skai-a-skopi. 
skilful  adj.  able;  clever  [also  spelt  skillful}  'skilfal. 
skilled  adj,  [also  spelt  skild}  skild. 
skim-milk  n.  (milk  from  which  the  cream  has  been  sldmd) 

'ski-milk,  skim'milk. 
skirmish  v.  fight  irregularly   [past  participle   and  preterit 

skirmished,  skirmisht}  'skair-miS. 
skiver  n.  (split  leather)  'skai-va?. 
skna  n.  (bird)  'sk(jou-3. 
sknlk  V.  sneak  away;  lurk  [also  spelt  sculk;  past  participle 

and  preterit  skulked,  skulki}  skAtk. 
sknll  n.  cranium  [also,  formerly,  spelt  scull}  skAl. 
sknll  n.  skua,  gull-like  bird  [also  spelt  scull}  skxl. 
sknllcap  ».  (sinciput;  layer;  plant;  rodent)  'skAl-kaep. 
sknll-cap    n.    (close-fitting   cap    for    the    head    [also    spelt 

skullcap}  'skAl-kaep. 
sknlled  adj,  having  a  skull  [also  spelt  skuld}  skAld. 
sky  n.  heavens  [ploral  skies}  skai;  (dialectally)  skgai. 
Skye  n.  (terrier)  skai. 

skyey  adj.  of  the  sky  [also  spelt  skiey}  'skai-i. 
slabber  v,,  n.  'sz-aebazr.     same  meaning  as  slobber. 
slack  adj.  (slow,  remiss)  stack. 
slack  n.  (loose  part;  remission)  sz.aek. 
slack  V.  slacken ;  loosen ;  retard ;  quench ;  slake ;  neglect  [past 

participle  and  preterit  slacked,  slackt}  stack,    compare  slake. 
slake  V.  loosen;  reduce  to  powder;  quench  [synonymous  cog- 
nate slack}  si-eek. 
slander  v.  defame  [past  participle  and  preterit  slandered, 

slanderd}  'staenda?. 
slang^y  adj.  (of  slang)  'stacqi. 
slant  v.,  adj.,  n,  si-aint,  sta:nt,  stac:nt. 
slaty  adj,  (of  slate)  'stee-ti. 

c:  \an\  b:  f wr,  ac  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now^  a:  osk,  ^^ V.\\r.% 
length-mark   (:)   indicates  that  tVie  pteee^\Tv^  %w«A  as»  '^^'^*"» 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  )3cke  i^>\o^vc^^  «<3VisiSiR.- 


510  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

■laughter  v.  kill;  butcher  [past  participle  and  preterit 
slaughtered,  slaughterd}  'stci-tae. 

Slav  n.,adj.  Slavonian  [also  spelt  Slave;  synonymous  cog- 
nates Sclav,  Sclavel  SLa:v,  slqiv,  sLae:v,  suev. 

slave  n.  (serf)  sceev. 

slaver  v.,n,  drivel  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit 
slavered,  slaverdi  'si-aevar. 

slaver  n.  (slave-ship;  slave-dealer)  'sLee-v93« 

slavery  adj,  (slabbery;  wet)  'staeva-ei. 

slavery  n.  (bondage)  'stee-v3-?i. 

Slavic  adj.,n,  (Slavonian)  'sLSvik,  'sLa:-vik. 

slaiv  n.  (cabbage  salad)  slc:  . 

slay  V.  kill  [present  participle  slaying;  past  participle  slain; 
preterit  slew]  stee. 

slay  n.  reed  of  a  loom;  guideway  in  a  knitting-machine  [also 
spelt  sley'\  sz-ee. 

slay  V.  adjust  the  threads  of,  as  yarn,  in  a  reed  for  weav- 
ing [also,  formerly,  spelt  slaie'\  stee. 

sleave  n.  tangled  silk,  etc.  [also  spelt  sleevel  S2.iiv. 

sleazy  adj.  flimsy  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  sleezy  and,  dialec- 
tally,  j/oxry]  'sz-ee-zi,  'si-ii-zi. 

sledge  n.  (hammer)  seeds. 

sledge  n.  (sled)  seeds. 

sleek  adj.jV,  smooth  [synonymous  cognate  slick;  as  verb, 
past  participle  and  preterit  sleeked,  sleektl  seiik,  seik. 

sleeved  adj,  having  sleeves   [also  spelt  sleevdl   sLiivd. 

sleigli  n.  (vehicle)  seee. 

sleight  n.  skill;  trick  [also  spelt  slightl  seait. 

slept  V,  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  sleep)  seept;  (vul- 
garly) step. 

slenth  n.  (track,  trail;  detectiv)  sz.iou6,  seouO. 

sleiv  n.  (tideway;  eddy)  seou. 

sleiv  v.  (preterit  of  slay)  seiou,  seou. 

slick  adj.  seik.    same  meaning  as  sleek, 

slick  n.  (finely  divided  ore)  seik. 

slicker  n.  polishing-tool ;  waterproof  [synonymous  cognate 
sleeckerl  'seika?. 

slight  adj,  (slender;  unimportant)  seait. 

slight  v.,  n.  (neglect)  seait. 

slippery  adj.  (smooth  and  insecure;  uncertain)  'seipa-^i,  {as- 
sumptivly)  'seip3i. 

sliver  n.,  v.  splinter  [past  participle  and  preterit  slivered, 
sliverdl  'seiva?,  'seai-va^. 

j  ye,  gcure;  btKe,  Q(fiin;  jarrure,  ds/oy;  I  shoe,  tlchew; 
wwhen;  rising;  uwYvoevet,  Kxe^icX.,  ^\>^,  Ki>3.lool,  n't,  lise^; 
o poetic;  3 over,  eoenaV,  k\>u\.,  :i*.^ooT,  ^ox^o,  ^.X^eey.^  ^.^%^v. 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  511 

slobber  v,,  n.  slaver  [synenymous  cegnate  slabber ;  as  verb, 

past  participle  and  preterit  slobbered,  slobberd}  'stebae. 
sloe  n.  fruit;  blackthorn  [plural  sloes}  sl.oo. 
■loid  n.  sz.eid.    see  sloyd. 
sloke  n.  ooze  [also  spelt  sloak;  synenymous  cognates  sloken, 

sloakenj  SL.3ok. 
■losli  n.,  V.  SL.e$.     same  meaning  as  slush. 
■lotb  n.  (slowness;  laziness;  mammal)  slooG;  (less  properly) 

sz.e9. 
slothful    adj.    (sluggish;    lazy)    'si-ooG-fal;    {less    properly) 

'si-eGfal. 
sloucli   V,   droop;   be   loutish    [past   participle   and   preterit 

slouched,  sloucht}  sz^aotS. 
slough  n,  (miry  hole;  quagmire)  sz^ao.     compare  slue. 
slough  n.  (skin;  cast;  exuvium)  SLxf. 
slough  V.  (cast  off;  shed)  sz.Af. 
sloven  n.  (careless  person)  'si-Avan,  'sLAvn. 
slo XT-going  adj.  si-oo'goo-iq,  {assumpHvly)  'sz-DO-goo-iq. 
sloyd  n.  system  of  manual  training  [also  spelt  sloid}  sz^eid. 
slubber  v.   daub;   slur   over   [synonymous   cegnate   slobber"} 

'si-ebar. 
slubber  n.  half-twined  thread  [synenymous  cegnate  slobberl 

'si^Abar. 
slue  V,  turn  [also  spelt  slewl  sz.ou. 
slue  n.  (local)  marshy  hollow;  reedy  pond;  shallow  ravine  or 

creek  [also  spelt  slew,  slool  sz.au. 
slue  n.  (slang)  large  quantity;  lot  [also  spelt  slew}  sz.au. 
sluice  n.  (stream;  flood-gate)  sz^uus. 
slush  n.  sludge,  etc.   [synenymous  cegnate  slosh}  sz^aS. 
slyly  adv.  craftily  [also  spelt  slily}  'sz.ai-h. 
smallpox  n.   (disease)   'sMc:}-peks. 
smalt  n.  (enamel  blue)  smc:U. 
smear  v.  anoint;  daub  [past  participle  and  preterit  smeared, 

stneard}  smi:?. 
smeath  n.  smew;  duck  [also  spelt  smethe}  sMiiO. 
smell  V.   scent,   nose    [past  participle   and  preterit   smelled, 

smeld,  smelt}  SMel, 
•mell-less  adj.  without  smell  [also  spelt  smelless}  'sMel-las. 
smew^  n.  (duck)  SMiou. 
smoke  n,,  v.  SMOok ;  (dialectally)  SM3k. 
smolder  v,,n.  [also  spelt  smoulder;  as  verb,  past  participle 

and  preterit  smoldered,  smolderd}  'sMOol-dar. 
smooth-faced  adj.  SMoud'feest,  (assumptivly)  'sMoud-feest. 

c:  \aw,  b:  fwr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy\  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceditv^  ?ka>axA  a.%  ^^'^*"' 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  l^^  i^Vlo^va.^  ^^«a^t^ 


512  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

smother    v,    stifle    [past    participle    smothered,    smotherd] 

smouoh    v,,n.    siioutS,    SMaot$.     same    meaning   as    smutch* 

smoucli  n.  (loud  kiss;  smack;  buss)  snaotS. 

smutcli  V.  blacken;   smudge   [synonymous  cognate   smouch; 

past  participfe  and  preterit  smutched,  smutchtl  SMAtS. 
siiagged  adj,  (knotty)  SNxgd,  'sNxgid. 
Sliaplianco  n.  (gun;  repartee)  'sNxp-hxns. 
siiatlL  n.  sNa:0.     same  meaning  as  snathe. 
siiatlie  n.  scythe-handle  [synonymous  cognate  snathi  sNeed. 
sneak  v.  slink  [past  participle  and  preterit  sneaked,  sneakt] 

SNiik,  (when  unstrest)  SNik. 
snicker   v.   giggle    [past   participle   and   preterit   snickered, 

snicker d\  synonymous  cognate  snigger'^  'sNiks?. 
snivel  V,  snuff  [present  participle  sniveling,  snivelling',  past 

participle  and  preterit  sniveled,  snivelled,  sniveldl  'sNival, 

'sNivl. 
sniveler  n.  [also  spelt  sniveller']  'sNiva-Jar,  (rapidly)  'sNivfo?. 
snively  adj\  snotty;  sniveling  [also  spelt  snivellyl  'snivs-Ii, 

(rapidly)  'snivIi. 
snout  n.  (nose;  proboscis)  sNoot;  (less  properly)  sNout. 
so  adv.  (of  that  degree;  in  such  manner;  by  this  means)  soo, 

(when  less  strest)  so,  so,  (when  unstrest)  sa. 
so  conj.  (in  such  manner  that;   so  that;   in  case  that)  S30, 

(when  less  strest)  so,  so. 
soak  V.   steep;   drench;  booze   [past  participle   and   preterit 

soaked,  soaktl  sook. 
soakage  n.  (act  of  soaking,  etc.)  'soo-kids. 
sobriety  n.  (state  or  habit  of  being  sober)  so'b?ai-i-ti. 
sobriquet  n.  (nickname)  sob^i'kee,  'soo-bri-ke,  sob?i'kee. 
socage  n.  land-tenure  [also  spelt  soccage]  'sokids. 
sociability  n.  (sociableness)  soSa'bih-ti,  soSi-a'bih-ti. 
sociable  adj.,  n.  'soo-Ja-bal,  'soo-Si-a-bal. 
social  adj.   (sociable,  etc.)  'soo-^s}. 
socialism  n.  (doctrin)  'soo-$o-hz9m,  'soo-Ss-hzm. 
sociality  n.  (sociability;  social  impulse)  soSi'aeh-ti. 
socialization  n.  [also  spelt  socialisation']  so$ah'zee-S3n,  soS^- 

lai'zee-San. 
socialize  v.  [also  spelt  socialise]  'soo-Ss-laiz. 
society  n.  (fellowship;  community;  club)  so'sai-i-ti. 
sociology  n.  (science  of  society)  soji'ola-dsi ;  (less  properly) 

sosi'ela-dsi. 
socius  n.  associate  [ploral  socii]  'sDO-Ji-as. 

J  y^f  5  cure;  btKe,  ^  tVim\  ^^z>ax«:,  d^foy;  S  J*oe.  tlchew; 
w  when ;  n  sing ;  u  'wYvoevex ,  \  te^cx.,  \i i\C\,  xi>a.\o<\,  ^\V  -A ««€ ; 
opoeHc;  a  over,  e  oenaV,  K.>au\.,  ;>\^oox,  ^^tio,  ^\»«\,  «^vftfc^ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  513 

■ockdologor  n.  [also  spelt  sockdolager,  socdolager;  synony- 
mous cognate  sogdologerl  sok'doU-dsd?. 

■ocle  n.  plinth-like  support;  zoccolo  [synonymous  cognate 
socle}  'soo-kal,  (less  properly)  'sokdl. 

sodio  adj.  (of  sodium)  'soo-dik. 

■odomy  n.  (practis  of  abnormal  sexual  relations)  'sodd-mi. 

■of a  n.  (long  seat;  lounge)  'soo-fa;  {vulgarly)  'soo-fi. 

■oft  adj.  (yielding)  so: ft,  soft. 

■often  V.  become  soft;  make  soft  [past  participle  and  prete- 
rit softened,  softend}  'so'.-fan. 

■oft-spoken  adj.  so:ft'sp30-k3n,  {assumptivly)  'se:ft-spoo- 
kan. 

■oho  interj.  (used  in  calling  at  a  distance)  so'hoo. 

■oiled  adjn  having  soil;  dirty  [also  spelt  soildl  seild. 

■oir^e  n.  (evening  party)  swo'^ee. 

sojourn  v,  live  for  a  time;  abide  [past  participle  and  prete- 
rit sojourned,  sojournd}  so'd^Bizn,  S3'd3B:zn,  'sDo-dsBzn; 
{less  properly)  'sA-dsern,  'so-dse^n. 

■ojoum   n.   (temporary  stay;    abode)   'soo-dsezn,   so'dsBizn. 

■ojoumer  n.  'soo-d$Bzn9z,  (often)  ^so-d^szn^z ;  so'dsszn^z, 
so'd^B'.z-noz ;  'so-d^Bzn^z. 

■ol  n.  (sun;  gold)  sol. 

■ol  n.  (old  French  coin)  set,  sool. 

■ol  n.  Peruvian  coin  [also  spelt  sole"]  soot. 

■ol  n.  (musical  note)  sol,  sool. 

■ola  interj.  (used  in  calling  at  a  distance)  sola: . 

■ola  n.  (swamp-plant)  'soo-ld. 

■olaoe  n,,  v.  (comfort)  'sohs. 

■olan  n.  solan-goose  [synonymous  cognate  soland"]  'soo-lan. 

solanaceon^  adj.  sold'nee-Jds,  sola'nee-Sas. 

■older  V,  join  with  metalic  cement  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit soldered,  solderd}  'sedazr,  'seld^z,  'sci-dar. 

soldier  v.  serve  as  a  soldier;  bully  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit soldiered,  soldierdi  'sool-dsar. 

■oldo  n.  Italian  coin  [plural  soldi}  'soldo. 

■ole  n.  (under  side  of  the  foot,  etc.)  sool. 

■ole  n.  (fish)  sool. 

sole  adj.  (only;  alone;  single)  soot. 

solecism  n.  (gross  grammatical  error)  'seh-sizdm. 

■olocise  V.  [also  spelt  solecise}  'soh-saiz. 

■olemn  adj.  sacred;  impressiv  [also  spelt  solem}  'seism. 

■olemnization  n.  [also  spelt  solemnisation}  seldmni'zee-Sdn, 
solam-nai'zee-San. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  x  cat,  e  hat,  oi  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai kite; 
length-mark  (;)   indicates  that  tVie  pxeee^ixk^  ^ti>asA  -«» \wcvt\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  cMef  sUesa  on  liSit  fe'^orwvcL^t  «<a^^^»fc* 


514  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

solemnize  v.  [also  spelt  solemnise^  'setdm-naiz. 

solenoid  n.  (helix)  'soo-li-neid,  solii-neid. 

sol-fa  v.,  n,y  adj,  (in  music)  saoi'fa: ,  's3oi-fa: ,  sel'fa:  • 

solfatara  n.  (volcanic  area)  seifd'ta:-;?. 

solfeg:sio  n.  solmization,  etc.  [ploral  solfeggii}  sdVfzdp, 
seViedsi-o. 

solicitor  n.  (one  who  solicits;  advocate)  sdlisi-tds. 

soliloquize  v.  [also  spelt  soliloquise']  sa'tild-kwaiz. 

soliloquy  n.  a  talking  to  one's  self  [ploral  soliloquiesl  salild- 
kiui. 

solitaire  n.  (recluse;  game;  bird)  soh'te:;. 

soUar  n.  loft  [also  spelt  soller,  solar"]  'sel^z. 

solleret  n.  steel  shoe  [also  spelt  soleret]  ^seta-nt. 

solmisation  n.  sol-faing  [also  spelt  solmisation]  selmi'zee' 
$an. 

so-long  interj.  good-by  [also  spelt  so  long]  'soo-loiij,  sole:g. 

solstioe^n.  time  at  which  the  sun  is  farthest  from  the  equa- 
tor; turning-point  [also  spelt  solstis]  'setstis;  (Jess  prop- 
erly) 'sDol-stis. 

solstitial  adj,  (of  a  solstice)  serstiSsl. 

solute  adj.  (free,  as  a  stipule ;  soluble)  s3liout. 

solution  n.  (state  of  being  dissolvd,  etc;  method  of  solving) 
saliou-San;  {dialectally)  salou-Jan. 

solve  V.  loosen;  explain;  melt  [also  spelt  solv;  past  partici- 
ple and  preterit  solved,  solvd]  selv. 

solvency  n.  (state  of  being  solvent;  ability  to  pay  just 
claims)  'selvan-si. 

soma  n.  body  [ploral  somatd]  'soo-ms. 

somber  adj.  dark;  dismal  [also  spelt  sombre]  'sembs?. 

sombrero  n.  (broad-brimd  hat)  sem'b?e:-ro. 

some  adj,-pron.,  noun-pron,  SAm,  (jvhen  unstrest)  sam. 

somebody  noun-pron.  'sAm-bedi,  {when  less  strest)  'sAmbd-di, 
(rapidly,  anteriorly)  'sAmbadi,  'sAmdi. 

someboiv  adv.  'sAm-hao,   (when  less  strest)   'sAm-ao. 

somersault  n.  [also  spelt  summersault;  synonymous  cog- 
nates summerset,  somerset]  'sAmar-scrlt. 

somotbing  n.  (some  thing;  entity;  a  little)  'sAmGiij,  (vulgar- 
ly) 'sAm-Mm,  'sAm-m;  'sAmpm. 

sometimes  adv.  sAm'taimz,  (when  less  strest)  sdm'taimz; 
(also)  'sAm-taimz. 

someivbat  adv,  sAm'iuet,  (when  less  strest)  sam'iuet;  (also) 
'sAm-iu3t,  (when  less  strest)  'sAmwat. 

somexvbat  noun-pron.  'sAm-uiet,  (when  less  strest)  'sAmwat. 

j  yCf  5  cure;  bthe,  QtKiiv,  ^^iSAwe,  dT^foy;  S  J^oe,  tlchew; 
w  when;  t]  sing;  uwYvoevet,  itc^cx,  Ti\%^,  xa\i\o<\,  i.\v  'o.^*; 
o poetic;  oover,  e aerial,  K)auV,  ^\^oot,  ^^tio,  ^.\ie^  ^^^afi«.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  515 

■omexvliore  adv.  'sAm-iue:?,  (when  less  strest)  'sAmwaz. 

■omite  n.  (body-segment;  somatome)   'soo-mait. 

■onuLambulisin.  n.    (sleep-walking)   sem'nsembjo-lizdm. 

■omnolent  adj.  (sleepy)  'semns-lsnt. 

■on  n.  (male  child;  male  descendant,  etc.)  SAn. 

■onny  n.  (diminutiv  of  son)  'sAni. 

■onata  n.   (instrumental  musical  composition)   S9'na:-t3. 

■ong  n.  (singing;  ballad)  se:i] ;  (dialectally)  sciq. 

■on-in-la'w  n.  husband  of  one's  daughter  [ploral  sons-in- 
law}  'sAn-in-lc:  ,  'sAnin-lc:  ,  (often)   'sAn-n-lc: . 

sonneteer  n.,  v.  [also  spelt  sonnetteerl  seni'ti:?. 

■onnetist  n.  [also  spelt  sonnettist}  'seni-tist. 

soon  adv.  (before  long;  early;  quickly;  gladly)  soun,  (when 
unstrest)  sun;  (also,  dialectally)  son. 

•ooner  adv.  'sou-nae,  (when  less  strest)  'suna?;  (also,  dialec- 
tally) 'sonar. 

■oot  n.  (chimney-black,  lamp-black)  sout;   (dialectally)  sot. 

■ootli  n.  (truth)  sou6. 

■ootlie  V.  cajole;  comfort;  mitigate  [also  spelt  soothi  soud. 

■ootlisayer  n.  (diviner)  'sou9-see-3z. 

sophist  n.  (specialist;  paid  teacher  of  virtue;  quibbler) 
'sefist. 

soporific  adj.  (producing  sleep)  sopa'rifik,  sepa'rifik. 

soprano  n.  (treble;  singer;  voice-part)  so'p3a:-no,  s3'p3a:-no. 

sorbile  adj.  that  may  be  suckt  or  sipt;  liquid  [also  spelt  sor- 
bin 'se:r-bil,  (rarely)  'se:?-bail. 

sorbin  n.  glucose  sugar  [also  spelt  sorbinel  'se:7-bin. 

sordine  n.  (sordino,  mute)  'so:zr-din,  'se:3-din;  (rarely)  see- 
'diin. 

sorgbum  n.  (plant;  grass)  'se:2r-g9m. 

sorites  n.  (chain-syllogism)  sa'^ai-tiz. 

sororocide  n.  (one  who  kills  his  sister)  sd'rezi-said ;  (less 
properly)  S3'rc:-ri-said. 

sorrel  n.  (plant)  'serai. 

sorrour  n.,  v.  'sezro ;  (dialectally)  'sera. 

sortie  n.   (going  forth;  sally)  'se:3-ti,  'serr-ti,  ser'tii. 

sortilege  n.  (drawing  lots;  magic)  'se:z-tiAid^. 

Sotbic  adj,  (of  Sothis,  the  dog-star)  'soo-9ik,  'se9ik. 

sotto  voce  adv.  (in  an  undertone)  seto'voo-tji. 

sou  n.  (coin)  sou. 

sonbrotte  n.  (maid-servant)  su'bzret. 

sonobong  n.  (tea)  su'Serq,  'sou-Seq. 

songb  n.,  v.  (murmur ;  sigh)  SAf ,  sao. 

c:  \aw,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now^  a:  ask,  at.k.'Cte.\ 
]ength-mork  (:)   indicates  that  l"Vve  ptece^vc^^  ^ws^xA  -is.  '^^'"^'' 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  >i3K^^  l^Vi<i^va%  «f^c!^«SiR 


516  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

■onght  V.  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  seek)  sc:t. 

soul  n.  (spirit;  ego;  essence;  person)  s3oi. 

soup  n.  (broth,  etc.)  soup;  {dialectally)  sop. 

souroe  n.,  v,  (rise ;  spring)  sc:zs. 

sourdine  n.  (mute;  stop)  so^'diin. 

souse  n.  (pickle,  sauce)  saos. 

souse  V.  steep  in  pickle;  pltinge;   pour  [past  participle  and 

preterit  soused,  soust"]  saos. 
souse  V,,  n,  swoop,  pounce ;  dip,  plunge  [as  verb,  past  parti- 
ciple and  preterit  soused,  soustj  saos. 
soutane  n.  (cassock)  su'teen. 
southeast  adj,  saoO'iist,  (assumptivly)  'saoG-iist,  (and,  when 

less  strest)  'sao9-ist;  (also,  dialectally)  sau'iist,  ^sau-ist. 
southeast   n.    saoG'iist,    (anteriorly)    'saoO-iist,    (and,    when 

less  strest)  'saoG-ist. 
southerly  adv.  'sAdar-li. 

southern  adj.  (of  the  south;  southerly)  'sAddsrn. 
southerner  n.  (inhabitant  of  the  south;  southron)  'sAds-nsz. 
southing  n.  (motion  to  the  south)  'sao-dig;   (less  properly) 

'sao-Giq. 
southiivard  adv,,  adj,,  n.  'saoG-w9?d ;  (dialectally)  'sAddzd. 
southiivest  adj.   saoG'west,    (assumptivly)   'saoG-west;    (also, 

dialectally)  soo'west,  'sao-west. 
southxvest  n.  saoG'west,  (sometimes)  'saoG-wcst. 
souvenir  n.    (keepsake)   'sou-v3-ni:z,  su-va'ni:?,   'souv-nir. 
sovereign  adj,  supreme;   royal;   potent   [also  spelt   soverenl 

'sAV3-zin,  'sev3-zin;   (rapidly)  'sAvzin,  'sevzin. 
sovereign  n.  ruler;  coin  [also  spelt  soverenl  'sAva-zin,  'seva- 

nn;  (rapidly)  'sAvzin,  'sevzin. 
sovereignty  n.   [also  spelt  soverenty'}   'sAvazin-ti,   'sevazin- 

ti;  (rapidly)  'sAvzin-ti,  'sevzin-ti. 
soxr   V.    scatter;    plant;    disseminate    [past    participle    sown, 

sowed,  sowd;  preterit  sowed,  sowd"]  sdo. 
soxr  n.  (female  hog)  sao. 
soxver  n.  (one  who  sows)  'soo-az. 
spa  n.  (mineral  spring)  spa:  ;  (less  properly)  spc: . 
spadassin  n.  (swordsman)  'spaeda-sin. 
spaghetti  n.  (cord-like  food  made  of  the  same  materials  as 

macaroni  and  vermicelli)  spa'geti. 
spahi  n.  cavalryman  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  spaheel  'spa:-hi, 

'spa: -hi. 
spanoeled  adj.  hobbled  or  fetterd  to  a  clog :    said  of  a  horse 

[also  spelt  spancelled,  spanceldl  'spxnsdld. 

j  ye,  Qcure;  btKe,  OtKitv;  ^  azure,  ds/oy;  j  shot,  t^chew; 
wwhen;  13  s\ng\  uwYvoevet,  \Tc;i.cX.,  \ii\C\,  x^a^IooV  -vnv  ^««€; 
0 poetic;  a  over,  eoenaV,  K.>aut,  v.^oox,  -a^xio^  «.\ie\,  ^<^5u6iCx 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  517 

spandrel  n.  triangular  space  next  an  arch  [synonymous  cog- 
nate spandril}  'spaendral. 
spanemla  n.  poverty  of  the  blood;  spanemy  [also  spelt  spa- 

naetnial  sp:)'nii-mi-a. 
spaniel  n.  (dog)  'spxnjsl,  'spaena},  'spaenl. 
sparable  n.  (nail)  'spaezs-bdi. 

sparoid  adj.  (like  a  sea-bream)  'spe:-7eid,  'spx-?eid. 
sparrow^-g^ass  n.  (vulgar)  'spaszo-gza:s,  ^spssz^-gzais.     same 

meaning  as  asparagus. 
spasm  n.    (excessiv   muscular  contraction;   convulsiv   move- 
ment) 'spsezam,  'spsezm. 
spatial  adj.  of  space  [also  spelt  spaciall  'spee-l^h 
spatiality  n.   spatial   character;   extension   [also   spelt  spa- 

cialityl  speSi'aeh-ti. 
speoiality  n.  (special  attribute;  specialty)  speSi'seh-ti. 
specialization  n.  [also  spelt  specialisation}  speSdh'zee-Jdn, 

speSa-lai'zee-San. 
specialise  v.  [also  spelt  specialise}  'spe^d-laiz. 
specialty  n.   (special  quality;   speciality;   special  occupation 

or  product)  'speSal-ti. 
specie  n.   (coin,  metallic  money)  'spii-Ji,  'spii-Ji ;   'spii-si-i: , 

'spii-ji-i: . 
species  n.  image;  class,  kind,  sort  [ploral  species}  'spii-^iz, 

spii-Siz,  'spii-Si-i:z. 
specious  adj.  (sightly;  plausible)  'spii-Sas. 
specked  adj.  having  specks  [also  spelt  speckt}  spekt. 
spectacle  n.  (show,  etc.)  'spekta-kal. 
spectator  n.   (onlooker)  spek'tee-ta? ;  i^less  properly)   'spek- 

teta^. 
specter  n.  ghost  [also  spelt  spectre}  'spektsz. 
spectroscopy   n.    (use   of   the   spectroscope)    spek'tseska-pi, 

'spekt  j3-skopi. 
spectrum  n.  image;  band  of  light  [ploral  spectra}  'spekt^sm. 
speculator  n.  (one  who  speculates)  'spekgo-letd?. 
speiss  n.  (compound  of  arsenic,  iron,  etc.)  spais. 
spelled  V.  past  participle  and  preterit  of  spell  [also  spelt 

speld,  spelt}  speld,  spelt. 
spelt  n.  (wheat)  spelt. 
spencer  n.  (garment)  'spenss?. 
Spencerian  adj.  (of  the  philosopher  Herbert  Spencer)  spcn- 

'si:-zi-3n. 
spendthrift   n.   (prodigal)   'spend-03ift,   (often)   'spen-Gsift, 

'spen93ift. 

c:  law,  b:  f Mr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai.  k.\te.% 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  pteee^itvv;  ^ovrcv^  '^^  ^x'^^^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  \3si^  ie»>\^^vcv^  ^^VksJ^^ 


fc* 


518  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

Spenierlan   adj.    (of   the   poet   Edmund   Spenser)    spen'si:- 

zi-sn. 
ipermaceti  n.  (fat  from  the  head  of  the  sperm-whale)  spez- 

ma'scti,   spo?ma'sii-ti ;    (less  properly)   spszmd'siti,   spezmd- 

'sii-tai. 
spermatocele  n.  (sperm-cyst)  spBz'mxt3-si),  'spB:3-m9t9-sil. 
spermatorrhoea  n.  (seminal  flow)  spBzmdtd'zii-d. 
spermatosoan  adj.  (of  a  spermatozoon)  spszmdtd'zoo-do. 
spermatozoid  n.   (spermatozoon)  spB^mats'zoo-id. 
spermatozooid    adj.    (like    a    spermatozoon)    spBzm3t9'z30- 

eid. 
spermatozoon  n.  one  of  the  motil  units  of  sperm  or  semen 

[also  spelt  spermatozoon;  ploral  spertnatosoal  spBzmatd'zoo- 

9n. 
spew  V.  vomit;   puke   [past  participle  and   preterit  spewed, 

spewd}  spQou. 
sphacela  n.  hollow  chamber  or  sphacele  of  an  alga  [ploral 

sphacelael  'sfaesi-la. 
sphenoid  adj.  (wedge-shaped)  'sfii-neid. 
sphere  n.  (globe,  ball)  sfv.z, 

spherical  adj.  (of  or  like  a  sphere;  globular)  'sfezi-kal. 
spheroid  n.  solid  which  approaches  a  sphere  in  shape  [also 

spelt  sphaeroidi  'sfi:-reid;  (less  properly)  sfi'zeid,  sfe'zeid, 

'sfe-^eid. 
spherule  n.  little  sphere  [also  spelt  sphaerulel  'sfezul;   (less 

properly)  'sfee-jul. 
sphincter  n.  (muscle)  'sfiriktd?. 
sphinx  n.  monster  with  a  lion's  body  and  woman's   head; 

moth;  baboon  [ploral  sphinxes,  sphingesl  sfiqks. 
sphyg^mograph  n.  (pulse-recording  device)  'sf igm9-g?a:f. 
spioate  adj.  (spike-shaped)  'spai-ket. 
spioknel  n.  baldmoney,  a  plant  [synonymous  cognate  spig- 

nell  'spikNal. 
spicnliform  adj.  (formd  like  a  spicule)  'spikQoh-fe:?m,  spi- 

'kQou-h-fe:2:m. 
spiegeleisen    n.    (pig-iron    containing   manganese;    spiegel- 

iron)  'spii-gal-ai-san,  'spii-gal-ai-zan. 
spigot  n.  plug  [dialectal  synonymous  cognate  spicketj  'spigat. 
spikenard  n.  (plant)  'spaik-ns^d. 
spill  V,  let  flow  out  or  leak   [past  participle   and   preterit 

spilled,  spild,  spiltl  spil.  . 
spinach  n.  'spin  ids.     see  spinage. 
spinage  n.  plant  [also  spelt  spinacel  'spinids. 

j  ve,  9  cure ;  5  the,  0  thin ;  3  a^ure,  ds  joy ;  S  shoe,  tS  chew ; 
wwhen;  13  sing;  u^wVioeNeT,  Vxc^cX,  viiuVl,  vs>a.iool,  i  tt,  lis^^, 
0  poetic;  a  over,  eoetVaV,  kWV,  -^j-.^oot,  •:i^xvo,  ^x^ee^.,  ^.^-sy^-^N 


! 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS   '       519 


spinal  adj,  (vertebral)  'spai-ni,  'spai-nsi. 

■pinate  adj,  (coverd  with  spines)  'spai-net. 

spinel  n.  mineral  [also  spelt  spinellel  'spinl,  'spinsl,  spi'iiel, 
'spai-nl. 

spinet  n.  (coucht  harp)  'spinit,  spi'net. 

spinnemle  n.  (tubule  of  a  spider's  spinneret)  'spins-zul; 
{less  properly)  'spina^-juL 

spinose  adj.  (full  of  spines;  spinous)  spai'noos,  {assumptivly) 
'spai-nos. 

spinster  n.  (spinner;  old  maid)  'spinstd?,  'spintsta?. 

spiracle  n.  (aperture)  'spiza-kdl,  'spai-zs-kdl. 

spiraled  adj,  [also  spelt  spiralled"]  'spai-rald. 

spiriole  n.  (coild  thread)  'spai-zi-kdl. 

spiritual  adj.  (of  spirit)  'spi?itSu-al,  'spi^itgu-al. 

spiritnalization  n.  [also  spelt  spirit ualisationl  spiritSu-d-li- 
'zee-San,  spi?itSu-3-lai'zee-San. 

spiritualize  v.  [also  spelt  spiritualise]  'spizitSu-9-laiz. 

spiritnalizer  n.  [also  spelt  spiritualiser]  'spi7it$u-9-tai-z37. 

spiritnelle  adj,  (characterized  by  refined  grace  or  intellec- 
tuality) spieitju'el. 

spittoon  n,  (cuspidor)  spi'toun. 

spitz  n.  (dog)  spits. 

splanol&nio  adj.  (intestinal)  'spz.aer|kNik. 

splendor  n.  brightness;  pomp  [also  spelt  splendour]  'spz.en- 

splenetic  adj,  (of  the  spleen;  splenic;  peevish)   spz.i'netik, 

'spLeni-tik. 
splenitive  adj,  that  acts  on  the  spleen ;  splenetic ;  fiery  [also 

spelt  splcnitiv;  synonymous  cognate  splenative]  'spz-eni-tiv. 
splenic  adj,  (of  the  spleen)  'sp^enik,  'spz.ii-nik. 
splenitic  adj.  (inflamed,  as  the  spleen)  spz.i'nitik. 
splenization  n.  [also  spelt  splenisation]  spz.ini'zee-S9n. 
spoil  V,  rob;  ruin;  mar  [past  participle  and  preterit  spoiled, 

spoild,  spoilt]  spoil. 
spoke  V.   (preterit   of  speak)   spook,   {when  unstrest)   spok; 

{also,  dialectally)  spok. 
spoke  n,  (bar,  rung)  spook,  {dialectally)  spok. 
spoliation  n.  (plundering)  spoH'ee-Sdn.    . 
spondaic  adj,  (of  a  sirondee)  spen'dee-ik. 
spondee  n.  (foot)  'spen-di. 

spondyl  n,  joint  [also  spelt  spondyle]  'spen-di),  'spendiL 
sponge  n.  aquatic  organism,  etc.;  hanger-on  [also,  formerly, 

spelt  spunge]  spAnds- 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  aak,  «3.Va\s:% 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  ptece^itv^  %a>xcv^  "v^  ^?^"* 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  Stress  on  ^^  fe>\o^va^  «f^ai«^^' 


I 


520  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

■ponsiform  adj.  (having  the  form  of  a  sponge)  'spentlsi- 
ie:zm, 

•pongoid  adj,   (sponge-like;   spongy)   'spoQ-geid,   'spAQ-geid. 

■ponion  n.  curve  of  steamboat-timbers  near  the  paddle-boxes 
[synonymous  cognate  sponsing"]  'spenssn. 

■ponflor  n.  (surety)  'spenss;. 

spontaneity  n.  (spontaneous  character)  spentd'nii-i-ti ;  (er- 
roneously) spent3'nai-i-ti. 

ipoon  n.  (utensil)  spoun;  (dialectally)  spon. 

ipoonfnl  n.  as  much  as  would  fill  a  spoon  [plural  spoonfuls] 
'spoun-fol,  (anteriorly)  'spoun-fal;  (dialectally)  'spon-fol, 
(anteriorly)  'sponfal. 

■pome  n.  (husband  or  wife)  spaoz. 

ipread  v.,  n.  [also  spelt  spred"]  spsed. 

iprightly  adj.  (spirited)  'sp3ai-tz.i.       » 

iprite  w.  (spirit;  ghost;  fairy)  spsait. 

ipryly  adv.  (in  a  spry  manner)  'spsai-li. 

ipnnky  adj.  (spirited)  'spArjki. 

ipnrt  v.,n.  shoot;  gush  [also  spelt  spirt"]  spB:zt. 

ipnrt  n.  sudden  effort  [also  spelt  spirt]  spsi^t. 

iqnab  n.  (young  pigeon)  skweb. 

iqnad  n.  (set,  party)  skiued. 

iqnadron  n.  (square  formation,  etc.)  'skwedtsn. 

iqnail  n.  disk,  counter  [also  spelt  squale;  synonymous  cog- 
nate scale]  skiueel. 

iqnalid  adj.  (filthy)  'skwehd. 

iqnall  v.  cry  out  [past  participle  and  preterit  squalled, 
squald]  skwc:l. 

iqnalor  n.  (filthiness)  'skwels?,  'skwee-ld?. 

iqnamoie  n.  (scaly,  squamous)  skiue'moos,  (assumptivly) 
'skiuee-mos;  (also)  skiuae'moos. 

squander  v.  scatter,  spend  lavishly  [past  participle  and 
preterit  squandered,  squanderd]  'skiuondar. 

iqnarroie  adj.  (scaly)  'skiuae-?os,  'skujo-^os. 

sqnasl&  v.  crush  [past  participle  and  preterit  squashed, 
squasht]  sktrej. 

sqnash  n.  (soft  thing  or  mass;  impact  of  a  soft  body)  skweS. 

iqnash  n.  (plant;  vegetable)  skweS. 

iqnat  v.  (crouch,  cower,  settle)  skioet. 

sqnatarole  n.  plover  [also  spelt  squaterole]  'skujaeta-^ol. 

sqnan^  n.  (Amerindian  woman)  skwc: . 

sqnaurk  v.  cry  [past  participle  and  preterit  squawked, 
squawkt]  sku)c:k. 

j  ye,  QCure;  b  the,  Q  th\TV,  -s^sMte,  ds/oy;  I  shoe,  tlchew: 
XV  when;  13  sing;  u"w\\oeveT,  Vxe^cX.,  \i\>^,  \s>\\o<\,  ^\v,  \\^ee\ 
O  poetic  9  over,  e  oet\a\,  kV>u\.,  •:>*.^oot,  -^^^tvo,  ^.\ic\,  't^^*.^^ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  521 

squeak  v.   cry  as  a  rat,   etc.    [past  participle   and   preterit 

squeaked,  squeakt'\  skwiik. 
squeal  v,  utter  a  shrill  cry,  as  a  pig  [past  participle  and 

preterit  squealed,  squeald}  sku5ii}. 
squeamish   adj.    (easily  nauseated;   finical)   'skwii-mi^. 
squeeze  v.  press;  force  [past  participle  and  preterit  squeezed, 

squeesd"]  sktuiiz. 
squelch  v.  crush  down;  put  down  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit squelched,  squelcht'\  skiueltj,  sktuelj. 
sqneteag^ne  n.  weakfish  [synonymous  cognates  squetee,  squi- 

tee,  squit'[  skioi'tiig. 
squirrel  n.  (rodent)  'sktuB^dl,  'skwA^al,  'skwi^dl. 
stabilize  v.  render  stable  [also  spelt  stabilisel  'stsebi-laiz. 
staccato  adj.  (detacht ;  abrupt :    opposed  to  legato)   sts'ka:- 

to. 
stadholder  n.  [also  spelt  stadtholderl  'staet-hool-dd?. 
staff  n.  [ploral  staves,  staff s'\  sta:f,  sta:f,  staeif. 
staid  adj.  sober  [also,  formerly,  spelt  stayedl  steed. 
stair  n.  (step)  ste:?. 
stake  n.  (stick,  post)  steek. 
stake  n„  v.  (wager)  steek. 
stalactite  n.  (icicle-like  deposit  hanging  from  the  roof  of  a 

cave)  sta'laek-tait. 
stalagmite  n.  (spire-like  deposit  on  the  floor  of  a  cave)  std- 

'laeg-mait. 
stale  n.  stem,  handle  [also  spelt  staill  steel. 
stalk    V.    steal    along;    pace    [past    participle    and    preterit 

stalked,  stalktl  stc:k. 
stalk  n.  (stem)  stc:k. 

stalnrart  adj.  (sturdy)  'stc:}-w3^t,  'stelw3?t,  'stalwart. 
stamen  n.  warp,  thread;  in  ploral,  support,  stay  [ploral  stami- 

nal  'stee-man. 
stamen  n.  male  organ   of  a  flower   [ploral  stamensl   'stee- 

man. 
stamin    n.    (obsolete)    woolen    cloth    [also    spelt    staminel 

'staemin. 
stamina   n.    (ploral    of   stamen;    also,    as   singular,    staying 

power,  vigor)  'staemi-na. 
staminate  adj.  (having  stamens)  'stxmi-net. 
stampede  n.  (panic  in  a  drove)  stxm'piid. 
stanch  adj.  stamtS,  staintS,  stcintS;  (in  Britain)  stainj,  sta:nS, 

stc:n$.    same  meaning  as  staunch, 
stanch  n.  (flood-gate)  sta:ntS,  etc. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy:  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  at  ktte; 
length-mark   (:)   indicates  that  the  pTeted\Tv«.  ^wv-tv^  a.%  "^^"^^^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  ^^  15>>\qh«vcv^  ^^f^s^s^R- 


522  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

stancliion  n.  (post,  prop;  stall-bar)  'stsentSan,  'staenSdn. 

stapei  n.  (stirrup-bone)  'stee-piz. 

itarboard  n.,  adj,  (right)  'sta:z-ho:zd,  'sta:z-h^zd, 

itare  v.,  n.  (gaze)  ste:z. 

starred  adj.  markt  with  or  influenced  by  a  star  or  stars  [also 
spelt  stardi  staizrd. 

itarve  v.  die  of  hunger;  famish  [also  spelt  starv;  past  parti- 
ciple and  preterit  starved,  starvdl  staizy. 

static  adj.  (of  weight  or  rest;  statical)  'stsetik. 

stationary  adj.  (not  movable;  fixt)  'stee-l^-nezi ;  (also) 
'stee-Sana-ei,  (assumptivly)  'stee-Sa-n3?i ;  (rapidly)  'stee-Jan- 
zi,  'stee-jNi,  'ste^Ni. 

stationery  n.  (writing  materials,  etc.)  'stee-Sa-neri,  etc. 

statistician  n.  (one  verst  in  statistics)  stxtis'ti^dn. 

statuary  n.  (sculptor;  art  of  making  statues)  'staetSu-en, 
'staetSu-331 ;  'staetgu-a-^i,  'staetgu-a^i. 

statne  w.  (sculptured  figure)  'staetjo,  'staetgo. 

■tatnesqne  adj.  (like  a  statue)  stxtSu'esk. 

stature  w.  (bodily  height;  tallness)  'staetja?,  (older)  'staetgar. 

status  n.  (standing,  etc.)  'stee-tas;  (less  properly)  'staetas. 

citatnte  n.  (law)  'stae-tjut,  (older)  'stae-tgut. 

stannch  v.  check  the  flow  of;  quench;  allay  [synonymous 
cognate  stanch;  past  participle  and  preterit  staunched, 
staunchtl  stc:ntS,  sta:ntS,  sta:ntS;  (also,  and  in  Britain  nor- 
mally) stc:nS,  sta:nS,  stainj. 

staunch  adj.  dry;  sound;  strong;  loyal  [synonymous  cognate 
stanch"]  stc:ntS,  staintS,  staintj;  (in  Britain)  stc:n5,  stainj, 
stainS.' 

stave  n.  (pole,  staff;  stanza,  verse)  steev. 

staves  n.  (plural  of  staff)  sta:vz,  starvz. 

stay  V,  [past  participle  and  preterit  in  sense  of  detain,  check, 
etc.,  stayed,  stayd;  in  sense  of  remain,  etc.,  staid,  stayed, 
staydl  stee. 

stead  n.  place;  avail  [also  spelt  sted]  sted. 

steadfast  adj,  firm;  steady  [also  spelt  sfedfastl  'sted-fast. 

steady  adj.  fixt;  firm;  constant  [also  spelt  stedyl  'stedi; 
(dialectally)  'stidi. 

steak  n.  (slice  of  meat)  steek. 

steal  V.  (take  by  theft)  stiil. 

stealth  n.  secret  procedure  [also  spelt  stelthi  ste}0. 

stealthy  adj.  sly  [also  spelt  stelthy]  'stelGi. 

stearic  adj.  (of  suet,  fat,  or  stearin)  sti'ae^ik. 

stearin  n.  (ether;  stearic  acid)  'stii-a-^in. 

j  yc,  gcure;  hth^,  Q  tVi\Tv*,  ^^^smt^,  ^"b^^^*,  ^sfcoe,  tScAew; 
w  when;  rj  sing\  uwYvoevet,  Vtc^cV,  xi\>^,  xa,>\\ooV  ^>N.,  xv^^*\ 
o poetic;   3  over,  e  oenaV  k>dh\,  -a-.^ooT,  -r^ox^o,  ^\ie\,  t^^c^fc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  523 

steatomatoni  adv,  (of  the  nature  of  a  steatoma  or  lipoma) 
sti-3'tem3-tas,  sti-a'too-ma-tas. 

steel  n.  (metal)  stiiL 

steelyard  n.  (balance)  'stii-Hs^d,  'stiil-jai^d,  'stiiidzd 

steen  n.  stone  jar  [also  spelt  stean,  stein^  stiin. 

steenbok  n.  (antelope)  'steen-bek,  'stiin-bek. 

steer  v,  guide;  control  [past  participle  and  preterit  steered, 
steerdl  stiiz. 

steer  n.  (young  ox;  bullock)  stv.z, 

stellar  adj.  (of  stars;  astral)  'steld?. 

stellion  n.  (lizard)  'stelian;   (less  properly)  'steli-an. 

stench  n.  (bad  smell)  stents,  (in  Britain)  stenS. 

stencil  v,  mark  or  paint  by  means  of  a  stencil  or  plate  out 
of  which  letters  or  a  design  have  been  cut  [present  partici- 
ple stenciling f  steijcilling ;  past  participle  and  preterit  sten- 
ciled, stencilled,  stencild}  'stensil,  'stentsit. 

stenciler  n.  [also  spelt  stenciller'\  'stensi-l97. 

stenography  n.  (shorthand)  sti'negz9-f i. 

stent  v.,  n,  stent,    see  stint. 

step  v.,  n.  pace  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  stepped, 
stept'\  step. 

stephane  n.  (head-dress)  'stefs-ni. 

steppe  n.  (treeless  plain)  step. 

stere  n.  cubic  meter  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  st^rel  stiiz,  steiz. 

stereochromy  n.  (mode  of  painting)  'stezi-d-k^omi,  sten- 
'ek^a-mi,  stii-zi'eksa-mi. 

stereopticon  n.  (magic  lantern)  ste^i'epti-kan,  sti:-7i'epti- 
kan. 

stereoscope  n.  (optical  device)  'ste?i-3-skop,  'sti:-ei-3-skop. 

stereotyper  n.  'steH-a-tai-par,  'sti:-?i-3-tai-p3e. 

sterile  adj.  barren;  bare  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  sterill  'stezi), 
'ste-rail. 

sterilize  v.  [also  spelt  sterilise"}  'steri-laiz. 

sternutatory  adj.  (causing  sneezing)  stBz'njou-td-to^i. 

stertorous  adj.  (having  a  snoring  sound)  'stBzt^-z^s. 

stethoscope  n.  (auditory  device  for  examining  the  breast) 
'ste03-skop. 

stevedore  n.  (one  who  loads  and  unloads  vessels)  'stiiv- 
do:z,  'stii-vi-do:?. 

stew  V.  boil  slowly,  simmer  [past  participle  and  preterit 
stewed,  stewdl  stgou;   (dialectally)  stou. 

steward  n.  (majordomo;  purveyor,  etc.)  'stQou-3?d;  (dialec- 
tally) 'stou-3?d. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark   (:)   indicates  that  the  ptecedixvtt  ^a>rcv^  -v^  VsrccstN 
stress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  otv  liVi^  \^a^vci% ^'^^^w^^.* 


524  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

sthenia  n.  (strength)  sOs'nai-d. 

stioliio  adj,  (of  verse  or  line)  'stikik. 

stismatiBation  n.   [also  spelt  stigmatisation'}   stigmsti' 

San,  stigma-tai'zee-Sdn. 
■tismatixe  v,  mark  with  a  stigma  or  brand  [also  spelt 

tnatisel  'stigms-taiz. 
■tile  n.  (series  of  steps;  framing)  stail. 
stiletto  n.  (dagger;  eyelet-tool)  stilctD. 
still-bom  adj,  (born  lifeless)  stil'beizn,  {assumptivly)  ' 

beiziu 
stilly  adj.  (still,  quiet)  'stih. 
stilly  adv.  (silently;  quietly)  'stiWi. 
stint  v.,  n.  [dialectal  synonymous  cognate  stenf}  stmt. 
stipel  n.  (secondary  stipule)  'stai-pdl. 
stipellate    adj.    (having   stipels)    'stai-pi-let,    stai'pelet, 

'pebt. 
stipend  n.  (salary;  pay; 'income)  'stai-pend. 
stipple  V.  (shade  or  grade  by  means  of  dots)  'stipdt. 
stirmp  n.  (foot-support)  'stezsp,  'sti^ap. 
stiver  n.  (coin)  'stai-vae. 
stodgy    adj.     rough;     heavy     [synonymous     cognate     st 

'stodsi. 
stogy  adj.  'stoo-gi.     same  meaning  as  stodgy. 
stog^y  n.  (long  coarse  cigar)  'stoo-gi. 
stoioisni  n.  (doctrin  or  practis  of  the  Stoics;  calm  fortit 

'stoo-i-siz3m,  'stoo-i-sizm ;    (erroneously)   'stoo-i-kizam. 
stolen  V.  (past  participle  of  steal)  'stoo-lan,  'stoo-ln. 
stolid  adj.  (heavy,  dull,  stupid)  'stehd. 
stolon  w.  (prostrate  branch)  'stoo-lan. 
stoloniferons    adj.    (bearing    stolons)    stola'nifd-rds;    i 

properly)  steWnii^-zss. 
stomach  n.  (digestiv  sac;  appetite)  'stAmsk. 
stomaol&al  adj.  (of  the  stomach;  gastric)  'stAms-kal. 
stomacher  n.  (dress-front)  'stAma-kdzr. 
stomachic  adj.  (of  the  stomach)  sts'maekik. 
stomapod     adj,     (stomatopod)      'st30-m3-ped,      'stema- 

'stoma-pod. 
stone  n.,  adj.,  v.  stDon ;  (dialectally)  ston. 
stook  n.  (shock  of  corn)  stcjk. 
stoop   V.  bow;   descend;   pounce   [past   participle   and   p 

erit  stooped,  stoopti  stoup. 
stoop  n.  drinking- vessel ;  basin  [also  spelt  stoup'\  stoup,  st 
stoop  n.  (platform  before  the  door  of  a  house)  stoup. 

j  ye,  Q  cure;  b  the,  ^  tK\tv\  ^^^cute,  dj  /oy ;  S  shoe,  tS  ch 
w  when;  x)  sing;  uv/VvoeNet,  ytc^cX,  vii'\^,  v^>\\oo\,  ^\v  \\« 
o  poetic]  3  over,  eoetiaV,  kVjuX.,  -a-.^oox,  -^^xio,  ^X^e^,  ^it^ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  525 


stoop  n.  (dialectal)  post;  pillar;  patron  [also  spelt  stoupl 
stoup. 

storge  n.  (parental  or  filial  love)  'ste:?-gi,  'ste:r-gi,  'stei^-dsi, 
'ster^-dsi. 

stork  n.  (bird)  steizk, 

strabismus  n.  (squint)  stsd'bizmds,  stidHbiSMas. 

straight  adj.  (not  crooked  or  curvd;  right;  direct;  reliable) 
st£eet« 

straight  adv,  (in  a  straight  line;  immediately)  stseet,  (when 
unstrest)  stjet. 

straighten  v.  make  straight  [past  participle  and  preterit 
straightened,  straightend'\  'stjee-tn. 

straightf ornvard  adj\  stseet'fe:z-w9?d,  (assumptivly)  'st£eet> 
ie:z-vf9zd, 

straightness  n.  (state  of  being  straight)  'st£eet-nis. 

strait  n.  (narrow  water-passage;  also  isthmus;  difficulty) 
stjeet, 

strait  V.  make  strait  or  narrow;  straiten;  contract;  tighten; 
perplex  [also,  formerly,  spelt  straight"}  stseet. 

straiten  v.  make  strait  or  narrow;  contract;  confine;  ham- 
per; restrict;  distress  [past  participle  and  preterit  strait- 
ened, straitendj  'stjee-tn. 

straitlaced  adj.  st£eetleest,  (assumptivly)  'stseet-leest. 

straitness  n.  (narrowness;  smallness;  strictness;  distress) 
'stjeet-nis. 

strappado  n.,v,  (torture)  stj3'pa:-do,  stja'pee-do. 

stratagem  n.  (artifice  in  war;  artifice)  'stsaeta-dssm. 

strategetie  adj.  (strategic)  stsaeti'dsetik. 

strategic  adj,  (of  strategy)  stja'tii-dsik,  stsd'tedsik. 

strategist  n.  (one  skild  in  strategy)  'stsxti-dsist. 

strateg^y  n.  (generalship)  'stjaeti-dsi. 

stratigraphy  n.  (study  of  strata)  st£ae'tig2;9-fi. 

stratum  n.  layer  [ploral  strata}  'stjee-tam,  'stjar-tam. 

stranrberry  n.  'stjc:-be^i;  (also)  'stjc:-b3-?i,  (anteriorly) 
'stjci-bazi;  (rapidly)  'stjob^i. 

streng^th  n.  (force,  power)  stjeqO;  (dialectally)  stjeeqO. 

stre'W  V,  scatter  [also,  archaically,  spelt  strow;  past  partici- 
ple and  preterit  strewed,  strewd}  st£ou,  st£00. 

stria  n.  stripe;  streak  [ploral  striae!  'st£ai-9. 

striate  v.  (mark  with  striae;  score;  stripe)  'st?ai-et. 

striatniUL  n.  ganglion  of  the  forebrain  [ploral  striata"]  stsai- 
'ee-tam. 

stridnlate  v.  (grate;  creak;  chirr)  'stjid jo-let. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  x  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte\ 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  pteee^ixitt  ^qnxcv^  a.%  Vstc^jsln 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  Wie  \ek>\sy«"wv.%  ^-^"^^si^S^^* 


526  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

itrinsed  adj.  having  strings  [also  spelt  stringd'\  stsigd. 
itrlped  adj.  (having  stripes;  streakt)  'st£ai-pid. 
striped  V,  (past  participle  of  stripe)  stsaipt. 
stripped  v.  divested ;  uncoverd :    past  participle  and  pret- 
erit of  strip  [also  spelt  striptl  stsipt. 
strobic  adj,  (appearing  to  spin)  'stsebik. 
strobila  n.  cone-like  stage  in  the  development  of  a  discoph- 

oran;   segmented  tapeworm   [ploral  strobilael   stss'bai-ld. 
strobile  n.   cone,   strobilus   [also,   sometimes,   spelt   strobill 

'stjoo-bil,  'stjebil,  'stjoo-bail,  'stje-bail. 
strons  adj.   (having  force  or  strength)   stse:i];    (jdialectally) 

stsc:i]. 
strong^le  n.  (spicule)  'stsendsih 
strontiniUL  n.  (metal)  'stsen^sm,  'stsenSi-sm. 
strop    n.,  V.    strap    [as    verb,    past    participle    and    preterit 

stropped,  stropti  st£ep. 
strophe  n.  (form  of  meter)  'stjoo-fi,  (older)  'stapo-fi;  (less 

properly)  'stjefi,  (older)  'stjefi. 
stropbio  adj.  (of  strophes)  'stapo-fik,  'stjefik. 
stmina  n.  scrofula;  goiter;  swelling  [ploral  strumael  'stjou- 

ma. 
stnuuLOse  adj.   (scrofulous)   stsu'moos,   (assumptivly)   'stsou- 

mos. 
stmtbions  adj.  (ostrich-like)  'stsou-9i-9s. 
strychnine   n.   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  strychnini   'stsikNin, 

'st£ik-nain,  'stjik-nin. 
stuccoed  adj.  (covered  with  stucco)  'stAkod. 
stubbed  adj.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  stubd'l  'stAbid,  stAbd. 
studded  adj.  (set  with,  or  as  with,  studs)  'stAdid. 
student   n.    (one   who   studies;    advanced   pupil)    'stgou-dnt, 

'st<;ou-d3nt ;  (dialectally)  'stou-dnt. 
stndied  adj.  (inf ormd ;  deliberate)  'stAdid. 
studio  n.  (room  for  art-work)  'stgou-di-o,  (often)  'stgudi-o; 

(dialectally)  'stou-di-o,  'studi-o. 
■tnpefy   v.    (make    stupid    or   torpid)    'stgou-pi-fai,    (often) 

'stgupi-fai;  (dialectally)  'stou-pi-fai,  'stupi-fai. 
stupendous    adj.     (astounding)     stQo'pendds;     (improperly) 

stgo'pendsas. 
stnpid  adj.  (benumbed;  slow-witted;  inane)  'stgou-pid;  (dia- 
lectally) 'stou-pid. 
stupor  n.  (dazed  state)  'stQou-pa^;   (dialectally)  'stou-par. 
sturdy  adj.  (robust;  resolute)  'stei^-di. 
sty  n.  pen;  pigsty  [ploral  stiesi  stai. 

}  ye,  Qcure;  bthe,  ^tVim*,  "^j^swxe,  d^/oy;  S  ^*oe,  tSrAew; 
w  when;  t]  sing;  u-wYvoevet,  \Te^cX,  xi\>^,  v^>a.\o<\,  ^\\,  xis^^; 
o  poetic;  a  over,  eoetiaV  K\iuV,  ^\^oot,  ^^tlo»  «.\ie\,  ^^-wiytN 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  527 

sty  n.  swelling  on  the  eyelid;   hordeolum   [also  spelt  stye; 

ploral  stiesi  stai. 
Stygian  adj.  (of  the  Styx)  'stidsan,  'stidsi-an. 
style  n.  stylus;  mode;  manner;  fashion  [also,  formerly,  spelt 

stile'l  stall. 
stylographic  adj.  stai-ld'gzxfik. 
ntjTMkie  n,  (golf)  'stai-mi. 
styptic  adj.  (staunching)  'stiptik. 
suable  adj,  (capable  of  being  sued)  'sQou-s-bs}. 
suasion  n.  (act  of  persuading)  'swee-sdn. 
snasive  adj.  persuasiv  [also  spelt  suasiv"!  'sujee-siv,  'sujce-ziv. 
snave  adj,  (bland)  siuaiv,  siuaiv,  siueev. 
suavity  n.  (blandness)  'su)a:-vi-ti,  'sujaevi-ti. 
subaltern  adj.,  n.  S9'bc:l-t97n,  (also,  in  logic)  sAb'xltdm. 
snbaltemate  adj.  sAb'c:l-t9z-net,  sAb-a^'teznit. 
subcontractor  n.  SAb-ksn'tssekts^,  'sAb-ksn-tpektdz. 
subcutaneous  adj,  (under  the  skin;  hypodermic)   sAb-kgo- 

'tee-ni-3s. 
subdeacon  n.  SAb'dii-ksn,  'sAb-dii-kan. 
subdelegate  n.  SAb'deh-get,  'sAb-deh-get. 
snbdue  v.  (conquer;  tone  down)  sdb'djou;  (dialectally)  sdb- 

'dou. 
subglacial  adj,  SAb'glee-Ssl.   (assutnptivly)   'sAb-glee-Ss). 
subject  adj.  (placed  under;  liable)  'sAbdsikt. 
subject   n.   (one  placed  under   authority;   occasion;   theme) 

'sAbdsikt. 
subject  V.  (put  under;  expose)  ssb'dsekt. 
subjected  v.  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  subject)  sab- 

'dsektid. 
subjective  adj,,  n.  [also  spelt  subjectiv"]  ssb'dsektiv. 
sublunary   n.    (beneath   the   moon;    earthly)    sAbliou-ns-ri, 

'sAMio-nen. 
submarine   a^j,,  n.  SAb-m9'?iin ;    (sometimes)   'sAb-ms-dn. 
suborn  v.  furnish,  adorn;  procure  wickedly  [past  participle 

and  preterit  suborned,  suborndj  SA'beien. 
subpoena   n.   writ   commanding  attendance    in   a   court   of 

justice  [also  spelt  subpenal  SAb'pii-na;   (less  properly)  S3- 

'pii-n3. 
subpoenaed  v.   (past  participle  and  preterit  of  subpoena) 

SAb'pii-nad. 
subserve  v,  serve  in  subordination;  promote  [also  spelt  sub- 

serv;  past  participle  and  preterit  subserved,  subservdl  sab- 

'sb:?v. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  a  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  aiktte% 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  tVie  ptetedixitt  ^wa^xA  \&  ^^'^'^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  sttefts  on  Wvt  \5?\Kirwvw^  ^^-s^s^.. 


528  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

mbierwlent  adj\  s9b'sB:z-vi-dnt. 

■nbiidenoe  n.  (act  of  subsiding)  sab'sai-dns,  'sAbsi-dns. 

•nbiidise  v.  furnish  with  a  subsidy;  buy  over  [also  spelt  sub- 
sidisel  'sAbsi-daiz. 

■nbiist  V.  (remain;  exist;  live;  inhere)  sab'sist,  sdb'zist. 

■nbiiitence  n.  (livelihood;  inherence)  ssb'sistns,  sab'zistns. 

■nbitantiate  v.  (make  exist;  verify;  body  forth)  sab'staen^i- 
et. 

■nbitantiTal  adj,  (of  or  like  a  substantiv  or  noun;  inde- 
pendent) SAbstsn'tai-vdi,  'sAbstsn-tival,  'sAbstdn-tai-vsl. 

■nbitantlTally  adv.  (in  a  substantival  manner;  substantiv- 
ly)  8Abst3n'tai-va-h,  'sAbstan-tivd-h. 

■nbitaatlTe  adj.,n.  [also  spelt  substantivl  'sAbstdn-tiv, 
'sAbstn-tiv. 

■ubitaatively  adv.  in  a  substantiv  manner;  as  a  noun  [also 
spelt  substantivlyl  'sAbstan-tivh. 

snbstratnmL  n.  that  which  is  spread  under;  subsoil;  sub- 
stance [ploral  substratal  sAb'stsee-tdm,  sAb'stsa:-t9m. 

subtenant  n.  (tenant  under  a  tenant)  SAb'tenant,  'sAb- 
tensnt. 

inbtenie  n.  (subtending  line)  SAb'tens. 

mbterranean  adj.  (situated  under  ground)  SAbtd'zee-hi-an, 
(often,  assumptivly)  'sAb-tjee-ni-an. 

■nbtile  adj.  tenuous;  thin;  rare;  subtle  [also,  sometimes, 
spalt  subtill  'sAbtil,  'sAb-tail,  'sAtil,  'sAtl. 

snbtileness  n.  state  of  being  subtil  [also  spelt  subtilness^ 
'sAbtil-nis,  'sAtil-nis. 

■nbtility  n.  (subtilness;  subtleness;  nicety)  SAb'ti)i-ti,  sA'tih- 
ti. 

■nbtilization  n.  [also  spelt  subtilisation'}  SAbtl-i'zee-San, 
sAbtl-ai'zee-San,  sAtih'zee-Jan,  SAti-lai'zee-Jan. 

mbtilise  v.  make  thin;  spin  out;  refine  [also  spelt  subtilise^ 
'sAbtl-qiz,  'sAbti-laiz,  'sAti-laiz. 

•nbtilty  n.  (state  of  being  subtil;  fineness;  tenuity;  intri- 
cacy; subtleness)  'sAbtil-ti,  'sAtil-ti. 

subtle  adj,  (subtil;  artful;  penetrating)  'sAtl. 

subtlety  n.  fineness;  subtilty;  acuteness;  subtility  [ploral 
subtletiesl  'sAtl-ti. 

subtly  adv.  (in  a  subtle  manner)  'sAtz.i. 

subtraction  n.  (taking  away;  deducting;  withdrawing)  sab- 
'tjaekjan;  (erroneously)  sab'stjaekSan. 

snbtrabend  n.  (number  to  be  taken  from  another :  distin- 
guisht  from  minuend)  'sAbtja-hend. 

i  yc,  Q  cure ;  b  tKe,  Q  tK\tv,  -s  azure,  dj  joy ;  S  shoe,  tj  chew ; 
w  when;  q  sing\  u"w\\oeveT,  Vxe^cX.,  xii>^,  \s>\\oo\,  -vnV  xisee; 
o poetic;  a  over,  e  oenaV,  kWV,  •a\^ooT,  -a^Tvo,  «.\ie\,  ^.^%J^.^^ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  529 

snbnliform  adj,  (awl-shaped)  's9oubjoh-fe:zm. 

mbnngraal  adj,  under  the  nail,  claw,  or  hoof  [synetiymous 
cognate  subunguial}  SAb'AggwdL 

mbnrb  n.  (outlying  part  of  a  city;  place  on  the  outskirts  of 
a  town)  'sAbdsb,  'sA-ba^b;  (improperly)  'sou-boeb. 

inbnrbaii.  adj.  (of  a  suburb)  s^'hsiz-hsn. 

inccedaneons  adj,  (substitutional)  sAksi'dee-ni-ss. 

succeed  v.  follow;  become  heir  [also  spelt  succedel  sdk'siid. 

mocentor  n.  (one  who  succents  or  sings  a  lower  part;  pre- 
centor's deputy;  subcantor;  subchanter)  s^Wstntsz. 

sncceiior  n.  (one  who  or  that  which  succeeds  or  follows) 
S9k'ses97. 

succinct  adj.  (drawn  up;  short,  concise,  terse)  ssk'sigkt; 
(erroneously)  sa'siqkt. 

snccor  v,,  n.  help  [also  spelt  succour;  as  verb,  past  partici- 
ple and  preterit  succored,  succordi  'sAkaj. 

snccorable  adj,  [also  spelt  succourablel  'sAkara-bal. 

snccorer  n.  [also  spelt  succourerl  'sAka-za?. 

snccorless  adj.  [also  spelt  succourlessl  'sAkaz-las. 

snccotash  n.  dish  of  corn  and  beans  mixt  [also  spelt  succa- 

tashi  'sAka-taeS* 

snccnlent  adj.  (juicy;  thick  and  fleshy)  'sAkgo-lant. 

snccnmb  v,  sink  down;  yield;  submit;  die  [past  participle 
and  preterit  succumbed,  succumbdl  sa'kAm. 

such  adj,-pron,  (of  that  kind;  like)  SAtJ,  (when  unstrest) 
satS;  (dialectally)  sitS. 

Sucre  n,  (silver  coin  of  Ecuador)  'sou-k3i. 

sudden  adj.,  n,,  adv,  'sAdn ;  (dialectally)  'sAdin. 

sne  V.  (follow;  woo;  prosecute)  sgou;  (dialectally)  sou. 

sndde  n.  (undrest  kid)  sweed. 

suet  n.  (fat)  'sgou-it;   (dialectally)  'sou-it. 

suffice  v,  (satisfy)  sa'fais,  sa'faiz. 

snffiz  V.  attach  at  the  end  [past  participle  and  preterit  suf- 
fixed, suffixtl  sa'fiks. 

snffiiE  n.  (postfix;  terminal  formativ)  'sAfiks. 

suffocative  adj.  stifling  [also  spelt  suffocativH  'sAfa-ketiv. 

suffragan  adj.,  n.  (assistant)  'sAfsa-gan. 

suffrage  w.  (vote,  etc.)  'sAfsids. 

suffragette  n.  (woman-suffragist)  SAfsa'dset. 

suffrage  n.  hock;  heel   [ploral  suffraginesl  sa'fsee-go. 

suffuse  V,  (overspread)  sa'fiouz. 

sufi  n.  Mohammedan  mystic  [synonymous  cognates  soofee, 
soft,  sophyl  'sou-fi. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  a  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (;)   indicates  that  the  pteeedwv^  ^Q!>\tA  a.^  \wnsl\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress,  otv  >i3![i^  i^Ytfy«va%  «j^^^^^« 


530  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

■ngar  n.,  v,  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  sugared, 

sugar dl  'Jogae. 
snggeit  V.  (hint;  call  up  by  association)  sd'dsest,  sag'dsest. 
■nggeition   n.   sd'dsestSan,   ssg'dsestSdn ;    (also)    S9'd3e$t$9n, 

sag'dseStSan. 
■nggeitive  adj.  [also  spelt  suggestiv"}  ss'dsestiv,  sag'dsestiv. 
■nicidal  adj.  (of  suicide)  'sgou-i-sai-di. 
suicide   n.   (act  of   intentionally  killing  one's   self)    'sgou-i- 

said;  (dialectally)  'suu-i-said. 
•nit  n.  (petition;  legal  proceeding;  set;  suite)  sgout;  (jdialec- 

tally)  sout. 
mite  n.  (retinue;  set;  series)  swiit. 
■nitor  n.  (party  to  a  lawsuit;  wooer)  's^ou-td^. 
snlphate  n.  salt  of  sulfuric  acid  [also  spelt  sulfate^  'sid-fet 
luipliide  n.  [also  spelt  sulfide  and,  sometimes,  sulphid,  sul- 
fide 'sAl-faid,  {before  of)  'sidfid. 
mlpl&ite  n.  [also  spelt  sulfitel  'sxl-fait,  (before  of)  'sAlfit. 
■nlphnr  n.  element  [also  spelt  sulfur!  'sAlfsz. 
inlphnrate  adj,  mingled  with  sulfur  [also  spelt  suif urate] 

'sAlfio-e3t. 
inlphnrate  v.  [also  spelt  sulf urate]  'sAlfio-zet. 
■nlphnreons  adj.  [also  spelt  sulfureous]  sA}'fio:-7i-ds. 
snlpl&nret  n.  [also  spelt  sulfuret]  'sAlfio-^at. 
■nlphnreted  adj,  [also  spelt  sulphuretted,  sulfureted,  sulfu- 

retted]  'sAlfio-eetid. 
mlphnric  adj.  [also  spelt  sulfuric]  sAl'fio:-?ik. 
snlpl&nrixe  v.  [also  spelt  sulphurise,  sulfurise]  'sAlfio-raiz. 
mlpl&nrons  adj.  [also  spelt  sulfurous]  'sulio-zos,  'sAlfio-zss. 
snlpl&nry  adj.  [also  spelt  sulfury]  'sAlfa-zi. 
Snlpician  n.  one  of  a  Roman  Catholic  order  of  priests  [also 

spelt  Sulpitian]  sAl'piSan. 
snltan    n.    (Mohammedan    sovereign;    bird;    flower)    'sAltn, 

'sAltan. 
snltana  n.  (mother,  wife,  or  daughter  of  a  sultan;  mistress; 

necklace;  viol;  bird;  rasin)  sAl'tar-na,  SAl'tee-na. 
mmac   n.   shrub,   etc.    [also   spelt  sumach]   'sgou-maek,   'sou- 

mak,  'Sou-mak. 
snmmary    adj,    (brief,    concise;    quick)    'sAms-zi,    (rapidly) 

'sAm^i. 
snmmary  n.  (abstract)  'sAma-ri,  (rapidly)  'sAmzri. 
snmmery  adj.  (summer-like)   'sAm3-?i,   (sometimes,  rapidly) 

'sAmei. 
summon  v.  call;   send   for   [colloquial   synonymous  cognate 

i  yc,  Q  cure ;  5  tfie,  0  thin ;  5  a-sure,  ds  joy ;  S  shoe,  tj  chew ; 
wwhen;  i)  sing]  u"wVioeveT»  ixe^cX.,  wi>^,  v^vlIooV  "vit,  zisee; 
o poetic;  9  over,  eoena\,  k\>uX,  ^\^oox,  r:i^xio,  ^.\ie^^  ^.^>yiyt\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  531 

summons;  past  participle  and  preterit  summoned  summondl 

'sAmsn. 
nuninoiifl  n.  call  [ploral  summonses'!  'sAmanz. 
smnptnary  adj.  (of  expense)  'sAmpt^u-ezi. 
imnptnons  adj.  (costly;  magnificent)  'sAmpt$u-9s,  'sAmptSss. 
sun  n.  (luminary;  sunshine)  sAn. 
sundae  n.  (ice-cream  with  fruit-juice,  etc.)  'sAndi. 
Sunday  n.  (day  of  the  week)  'sAndi. 
supercilious   adj.    (lofty   with   pride;    overbearing)   sgupsz- 

'siH-as,  sgupn^'silids ;  (dialectally)  supsz'sili-ds. 
snpererogate  v,  (do  more  than  duty  requires)  SQupa^'eza- 

get. 
supererogation  n.  SQUp9?-e?d'gee-$dn. 
supererogatory  adj.  s(;up9Z9'zeg^-tozi, 
superficial  adj.  (on  the  surface;  not  thoro)  s^upa^'fiSal. 
superficiality  n.  sgupd^-fi^i'aeh-ti. 
superficies  n.  (surface)  sgupaz'fiSi-iiz,  SQupaz'f iSiz ;  {rarely) 

sgupar'fisiz,  sgo'pBzfi-siz. 
superfine  adj,  (very  fine)  sgupdz'fain,  (assumptivly)  'sqou- 

p9?-fain,  (andf  often)  'sgupae-fain, 
superfluous  adj,  (more  than  sufficient)  sgo'pBzfz^u-ds,  sqo- 

'pB:?-f LU-3S ;    (erroneously)  ,  sgupa^'f tou-as. 
superintendent  n.   sgupazin'tendant,   S9up3in'tendant. 
supersede  v,  (make  void;  displace)  sgupaz'siid. 
superstitious  adj,  (having  irrational  fears  or  beliefs)  squ- 

p32'stiSas. 
supervise  v.  (oversee)  s^upas'vaiz. 
supine  adj.  (lying  on  the  back  with  the  face  up :   opposed  to 

prone;  leaning  backward;   sloping;   careless)   sgo'pain,   {as- 
sumptivly) 'sQuu-pain. 
supine  n.  (verbal  noun)  'sgou-pain. 
supinely  adv,  sgo'pai-nh. 

snpplant  v.   (displace)  sa'pz.a:nt,  sa'pz.a:nt,  sa'pLse:nt. 
supplantation  n.  sApLxn'tee-San. 
supple  adj.  pliant;  yielding;  fawning  [dialectal  synonymous 

cognate  souplel  'sApal. 
supplement  n.  (addition)  'sApz.i-mant ;   {improperly)  'sApal- 

mant. 
supplement  v.  (add  something  to)  'sApz.i-ment. 
suppletory  adj.  (supplemental)  'sApz.i-tD?i. 
supplial  n.  (act  of  supplying;  thing  supplied)  sa'pz.ai-a}. 
suppliant  adj.  (beseeching;  petitioning)  'sApz.i-ant. 
suppliant  adj.  obsolete  (supplementary)  sa'pz.ai-ant. 

tress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  on  the  following  syllable, 
c:  law,  e:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  ticou,  «:.  a^V.,  ^-vV\\s:\ 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  ptec^^iti^  ^ovisA  ^.^  Vstcli^ > 


532  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

lupposable  adj.  sd'poo-zd-ba). 

inppoie  V.  sd'pooz,  (also,  sometimes,  when  unstrest)  spoz. 

mpposititioni  adj,  (counterfeit;  spurious)   sd-pezi'tiSas. 

luppreiior  n.  [also  spelt  suppresserl  sd'psesdz. 

•nra  n.  chapter  of  the  Koran  [also  spelt  surahl  'so:-z9. 

inra  n.  (liquor)  'so:-79. 

surah  n.  (silk)  'scoc-sa,  'so:-?9. 

inrcease  v.,n.  (stop)  sez'siis. 

snrcingle  n.  (girth;  girdle)  'sB:z-siQ99t  SBZ^siQg^}. 

sure  ad;,  (confident;  certain;  secure;  true)  So:z,  So^* 

surety  n.  (certainty;  security;  bondsman)  'So:^-ti« 

snrf  n.  (swell  of  the  sea  as  it  breaks)  SB:zf. 

■nrf aoe  n.,  adj.  (outside,  etc.)  'sB^fis,  'sB:z-fis« 

snrfeit  v.  overfeed;  cloy  [also  spelt  surfitl  'ssrfit,  'sBiz-fit. 

surge  V,,  n.  (roll,  swell)  sB:zd3. 

surgeon  n.  (one  who  practises  surgery)  'sB^dssn,  'sB:?-d33n. 

surgery  n.  work  of  a  surgeon  [ploral  surgeries'}  'sBzd$9-zi, 

surliness  n.  (quality  of  being  surly)  'sBzh-nis. 

surmise  n,,  v.  (conjecture)  sBz'maiz. 

surname  v,  (give  a  surname  to)  'sB:7-neem,  SB^'neem. 

surpass  v.  exceed;  excell  [past  participle  and  preterit  sur- 
passed, surpast"}  S92;'pa:s.  , 

surplice  n.  vestment  [also  spelt  surplis'l  'sB7pz.is,  'sB:zr-pz.is. 

surpliced  adj.  [also  spelt  surplisti  'sB^pList. 

surplus  n.  (overplus)  'soepi-as,  'sBre-p^as. 

surprise  n.,  v.  [also  spelt  surprised  sdz'psaiz. 

surprising  adj.  [also  spelt  surprizing}  sdz'psai-zii]. 

surreptitious  adj.  (clandestin)  sazsp'tiS^s. 

surrey  n.  (phaeton)  'sbsi,  'sa?i. 

surrogate  n.  (substitute;  judge)  'sB?3-g3t,  'sB^a-get. 

surtout  n.  (overcoat)  sar'tou,  ssz'tout. 

surveillance  n.  (supervision)  sar'vee-Hans,  sa^'vee-jans,  ssz- 
'vee-lans. 

surrey  v.  view,  inspect,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit  sur- 
veyed, surveyd}  sa^'vee. 

survey  n.     (view;  inspection;  plan)  s3?'vee,  'ssr^-ve. 

surreyance  n.  (surveyorship ;  survey)  S3?'vce-3ns. 

surveyor  n,  (one  who  surveys)  s3?'vee-3?. 

survivor  n.  [also  spelt  surviver}  sae'vai-vae. 

susceptible  adj.  (capable  of  being  affected;  impressible)  ss- 
'septa-bal. 

susceptive  adj.  capable  of  admitting;  susceptible  [also  spelt 
susceptiv}  sa'septiv. 

j  ye,  9  cure;  5  the,  0  thin;^  3  amre,  ds  /oy ;  S  shoe,  tS  cliew; 
wwhen;  13  sing;  u'wVvoevtT,  Vxe^cx,  \s^ulV,  aufool,  itt,  lis^^; 
o poetic;  a  over,  ea^u?A,  k\>u\.,  v.^oox,  -r^^xwo,  ^\ie\.  ^.^^«!«.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  533 

suslik  n,  rodent  [synonymous  cognate  souslikl  'sASLik. 

suspense  n.  (state  of  being  suspended;  suspension;  inde- 
cision) sd'spents,  ss'spens. 

snspensible  adj,  (capable  of  being  suspended)  sd'spenss-bst 

suspioion  n.  (act  of  suspecting;  hint)  ss'spiSsn. 

susurrant  adj.  (murmuring)  SQo'sB^snt. 

sutile  adj,  done  by  stitching  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  sutW] 
'sQou-til,  'sgou-tail, 

sntler  n.  (pedlar)  'sAtL^z, 

suttee  n.  (Hindu  widow)  SA'tii. 

sntnre  n.  (sewing;  seam)  'sgou-tjdz,  'sou-tjdz. 

siuerain  n.  (feudal  lord  or  baron)  'sqau-z^-zin. 

swab  V,,  n.  mop,  etc.  [also  spelt  swob ;  as  verb,  past  partici- 
ple and  preterit  swabbed,  swabd2  sweb. 

swaddle  n.,  v.  (swathe,  bandage)  'swedl. 

swage  n.  (tool)  sweed3. 

swallow  V.  take  into  the  stomach  thru  the  throat;  absorb; 
bear  [past  participle  and  preterit  swallowed,  swallowdl 
'sujelo;  (dialectally)  'swels. 

■wallow  n.  (bird)  'swelo ;  (dialectally)  'swels. 

swamp  n,,v.  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  swamped, 
swamp  tl  siDomp.  I 

sxran  n.  (bird)  swen. 

swanpan  n.  Chinese  reckoning-board;  abacus  [synensrmous 
cognates  shwanpan,  schwanpan'\  'su)on-pa:n,  'su)a:n-pan. 

swap  V.  exchange  [also  spelt  swop;  past  participle  and  pret- 
erit swapped,  swaptl  swop. 

sward  n.  (grassy  land;  turf)  swc:?d. 

swarm  n.,v.  throng,  etc.  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  pret- 
erit swarmed,  swarmdl  swcizm. 

swarthy  adj.  (dark;  tawny;  swart)  'swc:z-di. 

swash  v„n.  splash  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit 
swashed,  swashtl  sweS. 

swath  n.  (mown  path  or  line)  su)c:6,  swo9. 

swathe  n.  bandage  [synonymous  cognate  swat  hi  sweed. 

swathe  v.  (bind;  wrap)  sweed. 

sweat  V.  perspire  [also  spelt  swet"]  swet 

sweetbrier  n.  eglantine  [also  spelt  sweetbriarl  swiit'b^ai-d?, 
'su)iit-brai-3?. 

swept  V.  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  sweep)  swept;  {im- 
properly) swep. 

swerve  v.  turn  aside  [also  spelt  swerv;  past  participle  and 
preterit  swerved,  swervdl  swb:?v. 

c:  \aw,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  ptet^dm^^  %w«A  ^a  \«ts%\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  Vh^  l^Yio^ra.^  ^^XSsSi^^- 


534  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD   WORDS 

8-wingeins   adj.    great;    huge    [also    spelt    swinging'}   'suio- 

flwinsel  n.  (part  of  a  flail;  swipple;  swingle)  'swiQgdt,  'son- 

dsal. 
■winging  adj.  (having  swing;  sweeping)  'swiqix). 
swingle  n.  (implement  for  beating  flax;  also,  swipple,  swin- 

gel;  lever)  'siuiijgdl. 
■wingletree  n.  (whiffletree)  'siuirjgdl-tsii. 
swinish  adj.  (hoggish)  'siuai-niS. 
swipple  n.  part  of  a  flail;  swingle  [also  spelt  swiple,  swipet[ 

'swipsl. 
S'witzer  n.  (Swiss)  'switss?. 
surivel   v.    turn    on    a    swivel   or   pivot    [present    participle 

swiveling,    swivelling',    past    participle    and    preterit   swiv- 

eled,  swivelled,  swiveld}  'smival. 
swollen  adj,  sweld  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  swolnl  ^swoo-lan, 

'su)oo-ln. 
sword  n.  (weapon)  sorrd;  {erroneously)  swo'.zd. 
Sybarite  n.  (inhabitant  of  Sybaris)  'sib3-?ait. 
syoamore  n.  (fig-tree;  maple;  buttonwood)  'sikd-mo:?. 
syoophanoy   n.    mean    tale-bearing;    servility    [ploral   syco- 

phanciesl  'sikafan-si. 
syenite  n.  rock  [also  spelt  sienttel  'sai-9-nait. 
syllable  adj.  (of  syllables)  si'laebik. 
syllabication  n.  si-lsebi'kee-^dn. 
syllabification  n.  (syllabication)  si-lxbifiHcee-Sdn. 
syllable  n.  (speech-sound  or  group  of  speech-sounds  charac- 
terized by  a  prominence  of  sonority)  'sila-bal. 
syllogism  n.   (logical   formula  consisting  of  two  premisses 

and  a  conclusion)  'sila-dsizam. 
syllogize  V.  [also  spelt  syllogise}  'sila-dsaiz. 
sylph,  n.  (spirit  of  the  air)  silf. 
sylva    n.    forest-trees    of    a    region    collectivly    [also    spelt 

silva}  'silva. 
sylvan  adj.  of  the  forest  [also  spelt  silvan}  'silvan. 
symbol  n.  (emblem,  sign)  'simbal. 
symbolization  n.  [also  spelt  symbolisation}  simbdh'zee-Jdn, 

simba-lai'zee-San, 
symbolize  v.  [also  spelt  symbolise}  'simba-laiz. 
symmetrize  v.  [also  spelt  symmetrise}  'simi-tjaiz. 
symmetry  n.  (proportionality;  balance  of  parts)  'simi-tji. 
sympathize  v.  [also  spelt  sympathise}  'simp9-6aiz. 
symphonic  adj.  (of  symphony;  homophonous)  sim'fenik. 

j  ye,  <;  cure ;  d  the,  0  thin;^  3  aj^ure,  d$  joy;  S  shoe, ^  tS  chevr; 
wwhen;  i]sing;  u  whoever,  i  react,  o  full,  ou  fool,  i«t,  ris^^; 
o poetic;  a  over,  eoenaV  K>au\.,  -a-,  ^oox,  -^i^iT^o,  «.\ie^,  ^.^^<rtft; 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  535 

■ymphyseal  adj.  (of  a  symphysis)  sim'fizi-di. 

•Snmplooe  n.  an  interweaving  or  repetition  of  certain  words 

of  a  text  [also  spelt  simplocel  'simpL3-si. 
•Snmposiao  adj.  (of  a  symposium,  etc.)  sim'poo-zi-aek. 
ssnmposiniii  n.  drinking-party ;  collection  of  opinions  [ploral 

symposia']  sim'poo-zi-am. 
■ymptoni  n.  (casualty  or  sign  of  disease)  'simptsm. 
synagog^cal  adj.  (of  a  synagog)  sind'gedsi-ksl. 
synagogue  n.  assembly  or  building  for  Jewish  worship  [also 

spelt  synagog'l  'sina-geg. 
■ynaleplia  n.  vowel-blending  [also  spelt  synaloepha;  synon- 
ymous cognates  synalephe,  synaloephel  sina'hi-fa. 
■ynaphe   n.    (state   of   being  conjunct :    said   of   two   tetra- 

chords)  'sin3-fi,  (older)  'sina-fi. 
synaphea   n.   metrical   continuity;    episynalepha   [also   spelt 

synapheia]  sina'fii-a. 
■ynohronization   n.   [also   spelt  synchronisation'\   sigk^sni- 

'zee-San,  siqk^a-nai'zee-San. 
synchronize  n.  agree  in  time;  make  synchronous  [also  spelt 

synchronise"]  'siqk^a-naiz. 
synohronizer  n.  [also  spelt  synchroniser!  'sir)k33-nai-z3?. 
synclinal   adj.    (sloping   or   dipping   downward    toward   one 

another)  sin'kLai-nl,  'sirj-ktai-nl. 
syncope    n.     (contraction    by    elision;     fainting)     'sir)k3-pi, 

(older)  'siqka-pi. 
syncretic   adj,    (of   syncretism   or   doctrinal    reconciliation) 

sin'ksii-tik. 
syncretize  v.  [also  spelt  syncretisel  'sir)k3i-taiz. 
syndic  n.  (magis^-'-ate ;  trustee)  'sindik. 
syneodoclie  n.  (figure  of  speech  in  which  the  whole  is  put 

for  a  part)  si'nekda-ki,  (older)  si'nekda-ki. 
syneresis  n.  blending  of  syllables  [also  spelt  synaeresisi  si- 

'neei-sis. 
synergist  n.   (adherent  of  synergism  or  the  doctrin  of  two 

agents  in  regeneration,  the  human  will  and  the  divine  Spir- 
it) 'sin32-d3ist,  si'nerdsist,  si'nei^-dsist. 
synizesis  n.  closure  of  the  pupil  of  the  eye;  vowel-blending 

[ploral  synisesesi  sini'zii-sis. 
synod  n.  (meeting)  'sinsd. 
synodal  adj,  (of  a  synod;  synodical)  'sins-dl. 
synonym  n.  word  having  the  same  meaning  as  another  word 

[also  spelt  synonymel  'sina-nim. 
synonjrmize  v.  [also  spelt  synonymiseli  si'neni-maiz. 

c:  low,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  aik\te\ 
length-mark   (;)   indicates  that  the  pteceAiTv^  ?kO>vc^^  a^  VrccskN 
streffs-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  Otv  \\x^  i^Vio^vcv^  ^-f\^^^. 


536  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

synonymy  n.  quality  of  being  synonymous;  synonyms  collec* 
ti  V  [ploral  synonymiesl  si'neni-mi. 

synopsis  n.  summary  [ploral  synopses'!  si'nepsis. 

syntax  n.  (putting  together  of  words;  construction  of  sen- 
tences) 'sin-taeks. 

synthesize  v,  [also  spelt  synthesise'l  'sixTBi-saiz,  'sintOi-saiz, 

syphilis  n.  disease  [also  spelt  siphilisl  'sifi-hs. 

syphilize  v,  [also  spelt  syphilisel  'sifi-laiz. 

Syriaoism  n.  (Syrian  idiom;  Syrianism)  'siri-d-sizom. 

Syrian  adj.  (of  Syria)  'sin-an. 

syringa  n.  (plant)  si'sirigs. 

syringe  n.  (tube-like  squirting-device)  'sirinds. 

syringeal  adj,  (of  the  syrinx)  si'^mdsi-al. 

syringes  n.  (ploral  of  syrinx)  si'rin-dsiz. 

syringotomy  n.  (cutting  for  fistula)  si?ir)'get3-mi. 

syrinx  n.  pipe,  Eustachian  tube;  voice-organ  of  birds;  fistula 
[plural  syringes,  syrinxesl  'sieiqks. 

syrnp  n.  [also  spelt  sirup  and,  formerly,  syrop,  syrrup,  syrrop, 
sirop,  sirropl  'si?3p. 

system  n.  (complex;  plan)  'sistim. 

systematization  n.   [also  spelt  systematisation"}   sisti-mati- 
'zee-San,  sistima-tai'zee-San. 

systematize  v,  [also  spelt  systematise!  'sistims-taiz. 

systematizer  n.  [also  spelt  systematiser}  'sistima-tai-zdz. 

systemic  adj.  (of  system;  of  the  body)  sis'temik. 

systole  n.  (vowel-shortening;  contraction  of  the  heart)  'sists- 
h,  (older)  'sista-li. 

■y«ygial  adj.  (of  syzygy)  si'zidsi-al. 

■y*ygy  ^-  (conjunction;  group  of  two  feet)  'sizi-d3i. 

szaboite  n.  (mineral)  'saebo-ait. 


tabbinet  n.  fabric  [also  spelt  tabinet!  'taebi-nit. 

tabernacle  n.  (tent;  edifice;  receptacle)  'taebdz-naekal, 
'taeba^na-kal,  'taebar-nikal. 

tableau  n.  picture;  living  picture;  table,  list;  showing;  state- 
ment [ploral  tableaux!  tae'bbo,  'tae-blo. 

tableaux  n.  (ploral  of  tableau)  tae'blooz,  'tx-bloz. 

table  d'hdte  n.  tor-bal'dDOt,  (sometimes,  assumptivly)  'ta:- 
bal-doot. 

tablet  n.  (slab;  panel;  little  table)  'taeblat. 

tablier  n.  (apron)  taebli'ce. 

j  ye,  q  cure;  5  the,  9  f/iin  ;^  3  axrure,  ds  joy;  S  shoe,  tS  chew; 
wwhen;  T)sing\  u v/Yvoev ex,  \Te^c\.,  xa lull,  ksm fool,  1  «t,  lis^^; 
o  poetic ;  3  over,  e  aenal,  kV^uV,  -li*.  ^oox,  -^i^a^o,  ^\ie\^  ^^\yixs.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  537 


taboo  n.  ban,  ostracism,  etc.  [also  spelt  tabu^  ts'bou. 
tabor  n.,v.  drum  [also  spelt  tabour;  as  verb,  past  participle 

and  preterit  tabored,  tabord}  'tee-bar. 
tabor  n.  (fortified  camp)  'tee-bsz. 
taborer  n.  [also  spelt  tdbourer]  'tee-b3-?9z. 
taboret  n.  small  tabor;  seat;  embroidery-frame;  needle-case 

[also  spelt  tabouretl  taeba'ret,  'taba-eet. 
taborine  n.  tabor  [also  spelt  tabourine,  taborini  'taebs-rin. 
tacet  V.  (in  music,  it  is  silent)  'tce-sit. 
taohylyte  n.  basalt-glass  [also  spelt  tachylitel  'taeki-lait. 
tacit  adj.  (silent)  'taesit. 
tacitnrnlty  n.  (disinclination  to  talk)  taesi'tsmi-ti,  taesi'ts:?- 

ni-ti. 
tactile  adj,  of  touch  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  tactW]  'taekti), 

'taek-tail. 
tael  n.  (Chinese  ounce  and  monetary  unit)  teel. 
taenia  n.  ribbon,  fillet,  band  [also  spelt  tenia;  ploral  taeniae^ 

'tii-ni-3. 
tafferel  n.   (upper  part  of  the  stern  of  a  vessel;  taf frail) 

'taefa-ral. 
taffeta  n.  (fabric)  'taefi-ta. 
taf  frail  n.  (rail  across  the  stern  of  a  vessel;  tafferel)  'taef- 

zeel, 
taffy  n.  candy  [synonymous  cognate  toffy,  toffee"!  'taefi. 
tafia  n.  rum  [also  spelt  taffia!  'taefi-3,  'ta:-fi-3. 
tallage  n.  tribute,  tax  [also,  formerly,  spelt  tailiage,  tailliage; 

synonymous  cognate  tallage']  'tee-hd3. 
tailor  n.  (maker  of  outer  garments)  'tee-la?. 
talapoin  n.   Buddhist  monk;   monkey   [also  spelt  talapoyn; 

synonymous    cognates    telapoin,    talapin,    tallapoi,    tallipoie, 

talipoi,  tallopin}  'taela-poin. 
talario  adj.  (of  the  ankles)  tslaerik. 
tale  n.  (magnesium  silicate)  taelk. 

taloose  adj.  (containing  talc)  tsel'koos,  (assumptivly)  'tsl-kos. 
Taliocotian  adj.  of  the  Italian  surgeon  Taliacolius  or  Ta- 

gliacozzi   [synonymous   cognate   Tagliacotiani   talia'koo-Jan, 

ta:-li-3'koo-S  i-an. 
talipes  n.  (club-foot)  'taeh-piz. 
talipot  n.  fan-leaft  palm  [also  spelt  tallipot,  taliput,  talipati 

'taeh-p3t. 
talisman  n.  charm  [ploral  talismans,  talismani,  talismannij 

'taehs-man,  'taehz-man. 
tally-bo  n.  (cry;  coach)  'taeh-ho,  taeh'hoo. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  at  cat,  o  hot,  oi  boy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (;)   indicates  that  tVie  ptecedixva,  ^waxv^  \s»  \^tcsl\ 
stress-mark  (  )  indicates  chief  stress  on  liJtLt  \«>>\Q^vci.^  ^-S^-ai^^ 


538  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

tally-ho  inter j.  (hunting-cry)  taeli'hoo. 

Talmndic  adj,  (of  the  Talmud)  taei'mAdik,  'taetma-dik. 

talnkdar  n.  revenue-collector  of  a  taluk  or  territorial  unit  in 

India  [also  spelt  talookdarl  tsluuk-da?. 
tains  n.  ankle;  slope  [plural  talil  'tee-tss. 
tamable  adj.  capable  of  being  tamed   [also  spelt   tameable] 

'tce-ma-bal. 
tamale  n.  (dish  of  corn,  meat,  and  pepper)  t^'iaaiAu 
tamarin  n.  (monkey)  'txms-zin. 
tamarind  n.  (fruit)  'txm3-?ind. 
tambor  n.  (fish)  'taembs?. 
tambonr  n.  (drum)  'tsm-boz,  'tsmbs?. 
tambonrine  n.  (hand-drum;  tabor;  dance)  taembd'nin. 
tamin  n.  fabric  [also  spelt  taminel  'tsmin. 
tanager  n.  (bird)  'taens-dss?. 

tangential  ad;,  (of  a  tangent)  txn'dsenSdt,  tsenM3ent$9!. 
Tangerine    ad;,    (of   Tangiers,    Morocco)    txndss'ziin,    ((u- 

sumptivly)  'taendsa-nn. 
tangerine  n.  Tangerine  orange  [also  spelt  tangierine"}  'txn- 

dsa-rin,  taendsa'eiin. 
tangible  ad;,  (capable  of  being  toucht)  'txndsd-bdl. 
tannin  n.  (tannic  acid)  'tsnin. 
tansy  n.  (herb)  'taenzi. 
tantalization    n.    [also   spelt    tantalisationH    txntsh'zee-San, 

taenta-lai'zee-San. 
tantalize  v.  tease  by  exciting  hope,  etc.  [also  spelt  tantalise} 

'taenta-laiz,  'taentl-aiz. 
tantivy  n.  (hunting-cry;  rush)  taen'tivi,  'taen-tivi. 
tantmm  n.  (burst  of  ill-humor)  'taentjam. 
Taoism   n.  doctrin   of  the   Chinese   philosopher   Lao-tsze  as 

laid  down  by  him  in  the  Tao-te-king  [synonymous  cognate 

Taouism}  'ta:-o-iz3m,  'tau-izam. 
taper  n.  (candle)  'tee-par. 
tapestry  n.  fabric  [plural  tapestries}  'taepi-stji;   (improperly) 

'tee-pi-stji. 
tapir  n.  (mammal)  'tee-pa?. 
tapis  n.   (tapestry;  table-cloth)  tae'pii,  'taepis,  'tee-pis,  ta'pii, 

'tae-pi. 
tarantism  n.  dancing-disease   [also  spelt  tarentism}   'tae^sn- 

tizam. 
tarantula  n.  wolf-spider  [synonymous  cognate  tarentulal  t3- 

'raentSa-b,  ta'raentQa-la. 
tare  n.  (vetch)  tc:?. 

j  ve,  Q  cure;  d  the,  0  ^/lin ;  3  arure,  d^  /oy ;  S  ^fioe,  tS  rfiew; 
WJ  re'/zen ;  qsingf;  uw^voevet,  \tc'A.c\.,  vsiuW,  vkxilool,  x.tt,  11  s^^; 
o poetic;   3  over,  e  aenaV,  xViut,  •:i\^oox,  -a^ix^o,  ^\ie\,  ^^^<jx&\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDl^  530 


tare  n.  (deduction  for  weight  of  package)  teiz. 

target  n,  (shield;  mark)  'ta:?-git.  . 

tariff  n,  (customs-list;  duty)  'txzif. 

tarlatan  n.  (thin  muslin)  'tada-tn,  'ta:?-l3-tn;  'tadtn,  'taizU 

tn. 
tarpanlin  n.  canvas  [synonymous  cognates  tarpauUng,  tar- 

pazvling^  tae'pc.-hn. 
tarragon  n.  plant  [also  spelt  taragon]  'tae^s-gon. 
tartar  n.  (argol;  also,  earthy  substance  from  saliva)  'tartae. 
tartaric  adj.  (of  tartar)  tar'taerik,  tae'tar-eik. 
tartarize  v.  [also  spelt  tarturisel  'ta^ts-^aiz. 
Tartnffe   n.  hypocrit   [also,  sometimes,  spelt   Tartufel   taz- 

'touf,  tae'tof,  tae'tAf. 
task  n.,v,  tax;  labor;  toil  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  pret- 
erit tasked,  taskt'\  ta:sk,  ta:sk,  taeisk. 
tassel  n.  (pendent  ornamental  tuft)  'txsdl,  'txs!. 
tasseled  adj.  [also  spelt  tasselled,  tasseldl  'tsssld. 
tasset  n.  in  armor,  splint  of  steel;  tass;  tasse  [also  spelt  tas- 

settel  'taesit. 
Tatar  n.  member  of  one  of  certain  tribes  in  Manchuria  and 

Mongolia  [synonymous  cognate  Tartar!  'ta:-t3?. 
tatterdemalion  n.  (ragged  fellow)  txtszdi'mee-Hdn,  taets^di- 

'mee-li-an,  taetardi'maelian. 
tattoo  n.  (beat  of  drum)  tae'tou. 
tattoo  V,  mark  with  indelible  patterns  [also  spelt  tatool  tX' 

'tou. 
taught  V.  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  teach)  tc:t. 
taunt  V,  (tease,  upbraid)  tc:nt,  taint,  ta:nt. 
tanrin  n.  (product  from  bile)  'tc:-zin. 
taurine  adj.  of  a  bull ;  bovine  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  taurin\ 

'tc:-rin,  'tc:-rain. 
tanrocol  n.  gluey  substance  made  from  a  bull's  hide;  tauro- 

colla  [also  spelt  taurocolll  'tc:-z^-kel. 
taut  adj.  (tight,  tense;  tidy)  tc:t. 
tantog  n.  fish  [also  spelt  *aufa«^;  synonymous  cognate  te- 

taugl  'to: -tog,  tc'tog. 
tautologize  v.  use  tautology  [also  spelt  tautologisel  tc'tols- 

djiaiz. 
tazidermal   n.    (of    taxidermy;    taxidermic)    taeksi'dsi^-ms!, 

'tseksi-deie-mal. 
taxidermic  adj.  (of  taxidermy  or  the  art  of  preparing  and 

preserving  the  skins  of  animals)  taeksi'deir-mik. 
taxidermist  n.  'taeksi-dor^-mist. 

C:  low,  b:  fwr,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now^  a:  ask,  «k\k\t«.\ 
length-mafk  (:)   indicates  that  tYve  pTece^\Tv^  ^<3wtv\  v3»  Vi^N.-^, 
stress-mark  (  )  indicates  chief  stress  on  AiV^^  i^V^^navcv^  ^--s^-^av.' 


540  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

tazimeter  n.  (fare-indicating  device  used  on  cabs)  taek'simi- 
tae,  'taksi-mii-tar. 

tolilok  n.  (sound)  tSik. 

tea  n.  (plant;  beverage)  tii. 

teal  n.  (duck)  tiii. 

teal  n.  (Welsh  dry  measure)  tiit. 

team  n.  (brood;  pair;  set)  tiim. 

team  v.  make,  or  work  with,  a  team  [past  participle  teamed^ 
teatndl  tiim. 

tear  v.  (rend;  lacerate;  wrench)  te:?. 

tear  n.  (rent;  fissure;  spree)  te:z, 

tear  n,  (drop  of  lacrymal  fluid)  tv.z, 

teaspoonful  n.  as  much  as  would  fill  a  teaspoon  [ploral  tea' 
spoonfuls^  'tii-spoun-fol,  'tii-spun-fol,  'tii-spsn-fdl ;  (dialec- 
tally)  'tii-spon-fol. 

teat  n.  tiit.     same  meaning  as  ^i^ 

tea-thinss  n.  pL  (tea-pot,  tea-cups,  etc.)  'tii-GiQZ. 

teasel  n.  plant;  nap-raising  machine  [also  spelt  teasel  and, 
formerly,  teasle,  teaslel  'tii-zal. 

teasel  v.  dress  with  a  teazel,  tease  [also  spelt  teasel;  pres- 
ent participle  teaseling,  teaselling;  past  participle  and  pret- 
erit teaseled,  teaselled,  teaseldl  'tii-zal. 

techily  adv,  peevishly  [also  spelt  tetchilyl  'tetji-li. 

tediiness  n.  peevishness  [also  spelt  tetchinessl  'tet$i-nis. 

technic  adj.  (technical)  'tekxik. 

teclmic  n.  (technical  method  or  execution;  technique;  also, 
technics)  'tekNik. 

technics  n.  (as  singular,  doctrin  of  arts;  as  ploral,  technical 
terms,  methods,  etc.)  'tekNiks. 

teclmiqne  n.  (technic :  especially  with  reference  to  music 
and  art)  tek'niik. 

techy  adj,  peevish  [also  spelt  tetchyl  'tetji. 

tectrices  n.  pi.  (coverts)  tek'tjai-siz. 

tedions  adj.  (tiresome)  'tii-di-as,  'tii-dsas;  'tii-dJ3s. 

tedium  n.  (irksomeness ;  tiresomeness)  'tii-di-am. 

tee  n.  (mark;  raised  starting-point)  tii. 

tee  n.  (letter;  T-shaped  object)  tii. 

tee  n.  Indo-chinese  umbrella-shaped  ornament  [also  spelt 
hteel  tii. 

teem  v.  bear,  produce;  be  full  [past  participle  and  prfeterit 
teemed,  teemd}  tiim. 

teeny  adj.  (very  small;  tiny)  'tii-ni. 

teepee  n.  wigwam  [also  spelt  tepee,  tipil  'tii-pi. 

;  .ve,   g  cure;   5  the,  Q  t Kin;  's azure,  dx,  /oy;   S  shoe,   tS  chevr; 
wzvhen;  13  sing;  uw^voevet,  \Tcac.\..  vi\>^,  vk>\\o<^.,  -i-V-v  <v^ee% 
opi7etic;  a  ov^r,  e  aenaV,  kWI,  -a-.^oox,  -a^axvo,  ^.\ie\,  ^^^QXfc\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  541 

__ —  I  '■ 

teeter  v.  seesaw  [past  participle  and  preterit  teetered,  tee^ 

terd}  'tii-t^z. 
teetli  n.  (plural  of  tooth)  tiiO. 
teethe  v.  (grow  teeth)  tiid. 

teething  n.  (growing  of  teeth ;  dentition)  'tii-dirj ;  (less  prop- 
erly) 'tii-6iq. 
teetotal  adj,  (total;  of  total  abstinence)  ti'too-tl,  'tii-too-tl. 
tehee  inter j,  (expressing  a  laugh)  ti'hii. 
Teian  adj.  of  Teos  [also  spelt  Tean}  'tii-sn. 
teil  n.  (linden,  lime-tree;  terebinth)  tiil. 
telary  adj,  (of  a  tela  or  web)  'tela-ri,  'tii-la-ei. 
telesram  n.  (telegrafic  despatch)  'teh-gssem,   (often)   'teb- 

grxm. 
telegraph  n.,  v,  [also  spelt  telegraf ;  as  verb,  past  participle 

and  preterit  telegraphed,  telegraf tl  'teh-gra:f. 
telegrapher  n.  also  spelt  telegrafer  (one  who  telegrafs  or 

sends    a    telegram)     'teh-g?a:-f32r,     tilegea-fae;     (telegraf- 

operator)   tilegra-fa?,  'teh-grai-fa^. 
telegraphic  adj.  [also  spelt  telegrafic'\  teh'graefik. 
telegraphist   n.   [also,  spelt  telegrafist}   tilegrs-fist,   'teh- 

g^sfist. 
telegraphy  n.  [also  spelt  telegraf yl  tilegrs-fi. 
telemeter  n.  (distance-measuring  device)   ti'lemi-ta?. 
teleology  n.  (doctrin  of  tendency  to  an  end  or  adaptation  to 

a  purpose)  tili'ela-dsi,  teli'ela-dsi. 
teleost  adj.  (osseous)  'tii-li-ost,  'teli-ost. 
telepathic  adj.  (of  telepathy)  teh'paeOik. 
telepathy  n.  (thought-transference)  tilepa-Oi,  'teli-paeOi. 
telephone  n.,  v.  [also  spelt  telefonel  'teh-fon. 
telephonic  adj.  [also  spelt  telefonicl  teh'fenik. 
telephony  n.  [also  spelt  telefony'\  ti'lefs-ni,  'teh-foni. 
telescopy  n.  (art  of  making  or  using  telescopes)  'teh-skopi, 

tileska-pi. 
telestic  adj.  (of  end  or  purpose)  tilestik. 
telestich  n.  (poem)  'teh-stik;  (less  properly)  tilestik. 
tellnreted  adj.  combined  with  tellurium  [also  spelt  telluret- 

tedl  'telo-eetid,  'telio-retid. 
tellnrion  n.  orrery  [also  spelt  tellurian"]  tilo:-ri-an,  tilio:- 

7i-9n. 
tellnrinm  n.  (element)  ti'lo:-ei-3m,  ti1io:-d-3m. 
telpherage  n.  (system  of  transportation)  'telfa-rids. 
Telng^n   n.  language  of  the  Telingas   [also   spelt    Teloogool 

'tela-gu. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat.  e  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (;)   indicates  that  the  preceAiw^  ?,o\rcv\  as.  '^^'«^"'» 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\vt  i^^Xo-wsv^  ^^"^^ia^^. 


542  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

temperament  n,  (constitution,  etc.)  'tempazs-mdnt ;  (rapid- 
ly) 'temp33-m3nt. 

temperature  n.  (state  with  regard  to  sensible  heat) 
'tenip333-tSo2,  {rapidly)  'temp^a-tja?. 

Templar  n.  one  of  the  military  order  called  Knights  Tem- 
plars [also,  formerly,  spelt  Templer^  'tempi^?. 

templar  n.  student  of  law;  lawyer  [also,  formerly,  spelt 
tetnpler'l  'tempLae. 

templet  n.  pattern,  model  [synonymous  cognate  template] 
'temptat. 

temporale  n.  (part  of  the  breviary)  temps'zee-}!. 

temporally  adv.  (in  a  temporal  manner;  with  reference  to 
time)  'temp323-h. 

temporarily  adv.  (in  a  temporary  manner;  not  permanent- 
ly) 'temp3-reri-h,  {sometimes)  tcmpa'ecri-li. 

temporization  n.  [also  spelt  temporisationi  temp97i'zee-$an, 
tempa-rai'zee-Jan. 

temporize  v.  comply  with  the  time  or  occasion;  parley;  pro- 
crastinate [also  spelt  temporise!  'tempa-eaiz. 

tempt  V.  (test;  entice;  incite)  tempt. 

tenable  adj.  (capable  of  being  held)  'tens-bal. 

tenacious  adj.  (holding  fast;  stubborn;  retentiv;  sticky; 
tough)  ti'nee-Sas;  (improperly)  ti'naejas. 

tenacity  n.  (tenaciousness)  ti'nxsi-ti. 

tenail  n.  outwork,  rampart  [also  spelt  tenaillel  ti'nee}. 

tenant  n.  (one  who  holds  real  property  as  owner  or  lessee; 
occupant;  supporter)  'tenant. 

tenderhearted  adj.  [also  spelt  tenderhartedl  tendaT^OTtid, 
(assumptivly)  'tendar-ha^tid. 

tendon  n.  (sinew)  'tendsn. 

tendril  n.  (plant-organ)  'tendril. 

tendriled  adj.  having  tendrils  [also  spelt  tendrilled,  tendrild} 
'tendrild. 

tenet  n.  (opinion;  dogma)  'tenit;  (less  properly)  'tii-nit. 

tennis  n.  (game)  'ten is. 

tenon  n.  (projection  at  the  end  of  *a  timber  to  fit  into  the 
mortis  of  another  timber)  'tenan. 

tenor  n.  (purport,  nature;  high  male  voice)  'tenar. 

tense  n,  (time,  etc.)  tents,  (also,  and  in  Britain  normally) 
tens. 

tense  adj.  (not  lax;  rigid)  tents,  (in  Britain)  tens. 

tensible  adj.  (capable  of  tension;  ductil)  'tensa-bal,  'tentsa- 

bal.  I 

I 

j  ye,   Qcure;  b  tH€,  ^  tK\iv\  ^^.smx^,  'i'iiW;  ishoe,   tlchew;       ' 
w  when;  n  sing;  nNvYvoe^jet,  \Te?icV,  ^i>J\,  xi>a.\oc^,  ^>x,  vv-^e^v 
o  poetic ;  a  over,  e  oena\,  K\iu\,  :i\  ^oot,  ^^x^o,  ^\ie^.  •t^'iji^N     > 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  543 

tensile  adj.  of  tension;  tensible  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  ten- 

sW]  'tensil,  'ten-sail;  (also)  'tentsil. 
tension  n.  (stretching;  stress;  elastic  force)  'tentSsn,  'tenSsn. 
tentative  adj,  based  on  trial;  experimental;  empirical  [also 

spelt  tentativl  'tenta-tiv;  (less  properly)  'ten-tetiv. 
tenniroster  n.  (slender-bild  bird)  tenju-i'^ests?. 
tenuity  n.  (state  of  being  tenuous;  thinness;  fineness,  rare- 
ness) ti'njou-i-ti. 
tennre  n.  (holding)  'tcnjae ;  (improperly)  'tii-nja?. 
tepid  adj.  (lukewarm)  'tepid;  (improperly)  'tii-pid. 
tepor  n.  (gentle  heat)  'tepa?,  'tii-per. 
teroe  n.  (third,  etc.;  tierce)  tsizs. 

teroel  n.  male  falcon  [also,  formerly,  spelt  tiercell  'tBZSdl. 
tergiversate  v.  (shift)  'tBzdsiv^z-set,  'tsie-dsivae-set. 
termagant  n.  (shrew,  scold)  'tBiz-m^-g^nt, 
tern  n.  (sea-swallow)  tsizn, 
terpsiohorean  adj.  (of  the  Muse  Terpsichore)  ts^psikd'^ii- 

9n. 
terrace  n.  (raised  level;  flat  roof)  'teeis. 
terraoe  n.   mortar   [synonymous  cognates   terrass,    terrasse, 

tarrace,  tarris,  tarras^  'teeis. 
terraiik  n.  tract  of  land;  region  [also  spelt  terranel  ti'^een, 

'te-?en,  'te?en. 
terrapin  n.  (tortoise)  'te^s-pin. 
terraqneons  adj.    (of  land  and  water)  td'see-kwi-ds ;    (less 

properly)  td'zxkwi-ds. 
terre-plein  n.  level  surface  on  top  of  a  rampart  or  around  a 

fortification  [also  spelt  terre-plain\  'te:e-pi.een. 
terrible  adj,  (awful,  dreadful;  great)  'teea-bal. 
terrific  adj.  (causing  terror)  ts'^ifik. 
terrine  adj.  (of  the  earth)  te'ziin. 
terrine  n.  earthenware  vessel;  coverd  jar;  tureen  [also  spelt 

terrene,  terreenl  te'?iin.     compare  tureen. 
terrorize  v.  [also  spelt  terrorise"]  'te?3-?aiz. 
terse  adj.  (concise;  neat)  tB:7S. 
tertian  adj.  (recurring  on  the  third  day,  or  every  forty-eight 

hours)  'tB^San. 
tertiary  adj.  (third)  't8?Si-e?i;  (also)  'tB^Ji-a-ei,  (assumptiv- 

ly)  'tBz\i-^zi\  (also)  't-ozl^-zi. 
tessellate  v.  variegate  [also  spelt  tesselatel  'tess-tet.        • 
testaceous  adj.  (of  shells;  dull-red)  tes'tee-$3s. 
testamur  n.  (certificate)  tes'tee-ms?. 
testator  n.  (one  who  makes  a  testament  or  will)  tes'tee-ts?. 

c:  law,  b:  fi«r,  se  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai.ktte.% 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  tVie  ptectAitv^  ?»a\rcA  as»  \«w;l% 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  Aiht  i^^Wo-^vtv^k  ^^"^^^s^^^ 


544  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

testinioiiy  n.  (evidence)  'testi-moni ;  (also)  'testimd-ni,  {as- 

sumptivly)  'tcsti-mani. 
tetanio  adj.  (of  tetanus)  ti'taenik. 
tetanus  n.  (lockjaw,  etc.)  'tetd-nss. 
t6te-&-tdte  n.  (private  interview;  close  conversation)  tee-ta- 

'teet. 
t6te-&-t6te  adj.   (private)  tee-ta'tcet,   (assumptivly)   'tce-t9- 

teet, 
t6te-&-tdte  adv.   (face  to  face;  in  private)   tce-ta'teet. 
tetragonal  adj,  (four-angled)  ti't£seg3-nl. 
tetragonel  adj.   (in  heraldry,  represented  as  a  four-angled 

figure  shown  in  perspectiv)  ti'tjaga-nal. 
tetraroh.  n.   (ruler  of  a  fourth;   subordinate  ruler  or  com- 
mander) 'tii-tja:?k,  'te-tja:ek. 
tetrarcliate  n.  (district  governd  by  a  tetrarch)  'tii-tscur-ket, 

'tii-tja^kat,  'te-tja?-ket,  ti'tja?-ket,  ti'tjarkst. 
tetraroliy  n.  (tetrarchate)  'tii-tjaeki,  'te-tsorki. 
tetrasticli  n.  group  of  four  lines  [also,  formerly,  spelt  tei- 

rastici  'tetja-stik. 
tetter  n.  (skin-disease)  'tets?. 

Tenton  n.  (member  of  a  Germanic  people)  'tgou-tn,  'tgou-tan. 
textile  adj,,n.   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  textil}  'teksti!,  'tek- 

stail. 
thaler  n.  (coin)  'tar-ls?. 
than  conj.  daen,  (when  unsfrest)  dan,  n. 
thanksgiving  n.  6xr)ks'givii],  'Oaer)ks-givir). 
that  noun-pron.,  demonstrativ  [ploral  those\  5aet. 
that  adj.-pron.,  demonstrativ   [ploral   thosel   doet,    (when  un- 

strest)  dat. 
that  noun-pron.,  relativ  [ploral  that'\  5aet. 
that  conj.  (in  that,  because;  in  order  that;  etc.)  baet,  (when 

unstrest)  dat. 
that  adv.  (to  such  a  degree)  bsct, 

thanmatnrgy  n.  (wonder-working;  magic)  '0c:-ma-tard5i. 
the  adj.-pron.  dii,  (when  unstrest)  di,  5i,  da. 
theater  n.  play-house  [also  spelt  theatrel  '0ii-a-ta?;   (vulgar- 
ly) 6i'ee-ta?. 
Theatin  adj.  of  the  Theatins  [also  spelt  Theatinel  '9ii-a-tin. 
theatricalize  v.  [also  spelt  theatricalisel  9i'xt£ika-}aiz. 
thee  noun-pron.  (objectiv  of  thou;  you)  5ii,  (when  unstrest) 

di,  5i. 
theine  n.  bitter  principle  in  tea,  coffee,  etc.  [also  spelt  the- 

in]  '0ii-in. 

j  ye,  Qcure;  dtKe,  Q  tKitv-,  "s^zMxe,  d^foy;  S^^^oe,  t^chew; 
w  when;  i]  singf;  nv/VvoeveT,  \tc^cX,  X5\>wi.,  x5,>a.\oc\^  ^Vc,  '^.v^ee; 
o  poetic;  a  over,  e  oena\,  KAauV,  ^*,^oot,  •:>^^o,  ^\ie\,  ^^^f«yt\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  545 


tlieir  adj.-pron.  (possessiv  of  they;  belonging  to  them)  de:e, 

{when  unstrest)  de?,  dar. 
theism  n.  (belief  in  a  God)  'Oii-izsm,  'Oii-izm. 
them   noun-pron.    (objectiv   of   they)   dem,    (when    unstrest) 

dsm,  dm. 
theme  n.  (topic ;  thesis)  Oiim. 

themselves  noun-pron.  [also  spelt  themselvsl  dam'selvz. 
then  adv.  (at  that  time ;  afterward ;  at  another  time)  den. 
then  conj.  (in  that  case;  therefore)  den,  (when  unstrest)  dan. 
thenceforth  adv.  (from  that  time  forward)  btns'ioizQ,  'dens- 

£o:zQ. 
theooraoy  n.  (rule  of  God)  6i'ek33-si. 
theocracy  n.  (blending  of  the  soul  with  God)  Oi'ek^s-si. 
theolosize  v.  [also  spelt  theologisel  Oi'els-dsaiz. 
theolog^ne  n.  theologian;  theological  student  [also  spelt  theo- 

logl  '9ii-3-leg. 
theorbo  n.  (double-neckt  lute)  Oi'e:?-bo. 
theorize  v.  [also  spelt  theorisel  'Oii-3-?aiz. 
theorizer  n.  [also  spelt  theoriser'\  '0ii-3-?ai-zor. 
theosophy  n.  (knowledge  of  things  divine)  Oi'ess-fi. 
therapentio  adj.  (curativ)  6ez9'pQou-tik. 
there  adv.  (at  that  point;  to  that  place,  thither)  be:z,  (when 

unstrest)  btz,  dae;  (also)  dea. 
thereafter   adv.    (after   that,   afterward;    accordingly)   be:z- 

'a:f-t3e,  de:r'a:f-t3?,  der^'aeif-ta?,   (when  less  strest)  de?'a:f- 

tae,  de?'a:f-t3e,  de?'ae:f-t3?. 
thereat  adv.  (at  that  place;  upon  that;  on  that  account)  de:?- 

'aet,  (when  less  strest)  der'aet,  da'eaet. 
thereby  adv.  (by  that,  etc.)  dere'bai,  (when  less  strest)  bez- 

'bai,  dae'bai. 
therefor  adv,  (for  this ;  for  that ;  for  it)  de:?'f e:?. 
therefore    adv.,  conj.    (consequently)    'de:?-fo:?,    (when    less 

strest)  *bez-{oz;  (also)  7iB:z-io:z,  ^Bz-ioz. 
therefrom   adv,   (from  that)   deie'f^em,   (when   less  strest) 

dee'fsem,  da^'f^em. 
therein  adv.  (in  that  place;  in  that  respect)  dc:e'in,  (when 

less  strest)  de^'in,  da'^in;  (anteriorly,  often)  'de:?-in. 
thereinto  adv.  (into  that;  into  that  place)  det^'in-to,  (when 

less  strest)  de^'into. 
thereof  adv.  (of  that ;  of  it)  de:?'ev,  (when  less  strest)  dee'ev, 

da'^ev;  (also)  bciz'ei. 
thereon  adv.  (on  that)  beiz'en,  (when  less  strest)  de^'en,  da- 


'?en. 


c:  low,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  ptec^dwi^  ^w«A  vs^  \««»j^\ 
strcffs-mark  0  indi<?at?5  QMef  9^t^^^  qtv  ^^  l^^orw^Tk!^  «{^^2«w^^ 


546  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD   WORDS 

thereont  adv,  (out  of  that)  de:z'aot,  (when  less  strest)  dez- 
'aot. 

thereto  adv,  (to  that;  also;  to  boot)  dei^'tou,  (when  less 
strest)  de?'tou. 

therennto  adv,  (thereto)  dei^^An-to,  (when  less  strest)  dez- 
'xnto. 

therenpon  adv,  (upon  that;  by  reason  of  that;  without  de- 
lay) deie-a'pen,  (when  less  strest)  ders'pon. 

therewith  adv.  (with  that;  thereupon)  beiz'y/fib,  (when  less 
strest)  der'wid;  (also)  5c:e'wi0. 

there'wlthal  adv.  (besides,  also)  d8:z-wid'c:}. 

thermodynamics  n.  (dynamics  of  heat)  8B:z-m9-dai'naemxk8. 

thermometer  n.  (temperature-measuring  device)   Od^memi- 

t9Z. 

thesanrus  n.  (treasury;  lexicon)  8i'sc:-?3s. 

these  noun-pron.  pi.,  adj.-pron,  diiz,  (when  unstrest)  biz, 

thesis   n.  proposition;   position;   essay,   dissertation,   theme; 

heavy  accent  [plural  thesesl  '9ii-sis. 
thenrgy  n.  (divine  work;  miracle)  'Oii-ds-dsi. 
thew  n.  (muscle;  sinew)  Ogou. 
they  noun-pron.  pi,  bee,  (when  less  strest)  de,  da. 
thickening  n.  (a  making  or  becoming  thick;  thickener,  etc.) 

'GikNiq. 
thickheaded   adj.    [also   spelt   thickhededl    Oikliedid,    (as- 
'  sumptivly)  '9ik-hedid. 
thick-set  adj.  Gik'set,  (as sumptivly)  '6ik-set. 
thief  n.  robber  [ploral  thievesi  9iif. 
thieve  v.  steal  [past  participle  and  preterit  thieved,  thievd] 

eiiv. 
thigh  n.  (femoral  region)  9ai. 
thine  noun-pron.,  adj.-pron.  dam. 
thirteen  adj,  Oe^'tiin,  (assumptivly)  'Gee-tin. 
thirteen  n.  Gee'tiin,  (anteriorly;  by  contrast)  '08?-tin. 
thirteenth    adj.    Ose'tiinG,    Gsr'tiintO,    (assumptivly)    'Gs?- 

tinG. 
thirteenth  n.  Gee'tiinG,  (anteriorly ;  by  contrast)  'Gee-tinQ. 
this  adj.-pron.,  noun-pron.  [ploral  these']  5is. 
thistle  n.  (plant)  'Gisal,  'Gisl. 
thither  adv.  (to  that  place :    opposed  to  hither;  to  that  end) 

'Gida?,  'didae. 
tho  conj.,  adv.  see  though. 
thole  n.  pin  [also  spelt  thowl;  synonymous  cognate  thowet] 

GdgI. 


J  .ve,  <;cure;  b  the,  Q  thin;  3  a^ure,  d^/oy;  5  jAoe,  t^chew; 
wzvhen',  x]s{ng\  u'wYvoevet,  \tc^c\.,  X5i>)f\,  k^mIooI,  \\t,  lis^e; 
o  poetic;  a  over,  eaena\,  KAaut,  v. ^oox,  ■;><ix:LO^  «.\ie^  ^'«;^<£tst.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  547 

thole  n.  (tholus,  circular  building)  630!. 

Thomism  n.  doctrin  of  the  followers   of  Thomas  Aquinas 

[synonymous  cognate  Thomaism}  'too-mizam,  'Goo-mizam. 
Thomist  n.   (follower  of  Thomas  Aquinas)   'too-mist,   'Ooo- 

mist,  'temist. 
thong  n.  (strip  of  leather;  strap)  6e:i];  (dialectally)  Oc:r|. 
thoraoes  n.  (plural  of  thorax)  Qo'zee-siz. 
thorax  n.  part  between  neck  and  abdomen  [plural  thoraces} 

'0D:-eaeks. 
thorinnm  n.  Os'^ai-nsm.     same  meaning  as  thorium. 
thorinm  n.  metal  [synonymous  cognate  thorinuml  'Qo:-zi-9m. 
thoro  adj.,  prep.,  adv.     see  thorough.       ' 
thoTOTLgh.  adj.,  prep.,  adv.   [also  spelt  thoro}  'Gb^d,   (also,  in 

England    and    eastern   New    England)    'Gajtd;    (dialectally) 

'08^3,  '6a?3. 
thoroughbred    adj.,n.    [also    spelt    thorobrcdl    'Quzo-hzedt 

'QAZ^-hzed. 
thoroughfare  n.  way,  passage,  street  [also  spelt  thoro  far  el 

'Gs^o-fe:?,  'GAra-fe:^. 
thoronghgoing  adj.   out-and-out,   thoro;   complete;    radical 

[also  spelt  thorogoingl  GarD'goo-iq,  (assumptivly)  'Geso-goo- 

113. 
thoroughly   adv.    in   a   thoro   manner    [also    spelt    thorolyl 

'Gara-h,  (anteriorly)  'Gerah. 
thoronghness  n.  [also  spelt  thoroness}  'Gs^d-nis. 
those  adj.-pron.  (ploral  of  that)  daoz,  (when  unstrest)  doz. 
those  noun-pron,  (plural  of  that)  daoz. 
thon  noun-pron,  (you)  dao. 
thongh  conj.  notwithstanding  that;  while;  even  if;  however; 

but  [also  spelt  tho*,  tho}  doo,  (when  unstrest)  do,  do. 
though  adv.  notwithstanding  this  or  that;  however;  for  all 

that  [also  spelt  tho*,  tho}  doo. 
thought  n.  (act  of  thinking;  concept,  etc.)  Gc:t. 
thought   V.    (preterit   of   think)    Gc:t,    (when   unstrest)    Get; 

(dialectally)  Got. 
thousand  adj.  'Gau-zsnd;   (sometimes)   'Gau-zsn,  'Gou-zn. 
thousandth  adj.  'Goo-zdndG. 
thraldom  n.  state  of  being  a  thrall;  bondage;  servitude  [also 

spelt  thralldomi  'G^cil-dam. 
thrash  v,   beat   out,   as   wheat;    whip    [synonymous   cognate 

thresh;  past  participle  and  preterit  thrashed,  thrashtl  G^aeJ. 
thread  n.,  v.  [also  spelt  thredl  Gsed. 
threat  n.  menace  [also  spelt  thret}  G^et. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  01  boy ;  a:  far,  au  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark   (:)    indicates  that  the  preceding;  sound  \.^  lftxv?^\ 
stress-mark  C)  lodxc^tes  chief  str^s^  oti  >i]^^  i^Wo^vcv^  ^^f^-ai^^. 


548  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

threaten  v.  [also  spelt  threten;  past  participle  and  preterit 

threatened,  threatendl  'Gsetn. 
three-legged  adj.   [also,  sometimes,  spelt   three-legdl  63ii- 

'legid,   (assumptivly)   'Osii-legid;   (also)   G^iilegd,   (assump- 

tivly)  'esrf-legd. 
three-master  n.  (vessel)  65ii'ma:-st37,  '63ii-ma:-st9?. 
threepence  n.  (silver  coin)  'Gsipsns,  'O^ii-psns. 
threepenny  adj,  'Osipa-ni,   (assumptivly)   'G^ipsni,   'OsipNi; 

(also)  'Gsii-peni. 
threnode  n.  'Osii-nod.    same  meaning  as  threnody. 
threnody  n.  (dirge)  'Osena-di,  'Gsii-nd-di. 
thresh  v.  OseJ.     same  meaning  as  thrash, 
threshold  n.  (door-sill;  gate)  'G^e-Sotd,  'G^eSoM. 
threw  V.  (preterit  of  throw)  05ou. 
thro'  prep.,  adv,  see  through. 
throat  n.  (front  of  the  neck;  gullet)  O^oot. 
throe  n.  (pang,  pain,  agony)  Osoo. 
throne  n.  (chair  of  state)  Osoon. 
throng  n.  63e:r);  (dialectally)  83c:r). 
throstle  n.  (thrush;  water- frame)  'Osesa},  'Osest. 
through  prep.,  adv,  [also  spelt  thro',  thro,  thrul  O^ou,  (when 

unstrest)  Gso. 
throngh  adj.  clear;  express  [also  spelt  thru}  Osou. 
thronghont  adv.,  prep,  [also  spelt  thruouti  G^cni'aot,  (when 

less  strest)  Gsu'aot. 
throxv  v.,  n.  (cast,  fling,  etc.)  G^oo. 
thronim  v.  (past  participle  of  throw)  G^oon. 
thug   n.    (assassin   or   robber   in    India;    cutthroat;    ruffian, 

rough)  GAg,  (rarely)  txg. 
thuggee  n.  (assassination  by  thugs)  Gx'gii,  'Gx-gi. 
thumb  n.,v,  [also  spelt  thum;  as  verb,  past  participle  and 

preterit  thumbed,  thumd'}  Gxm. 
thurible  n.  (censer)  'Ggoi-^a-bal. 
Thursday  n.  (day  of  the  week)  'Qsizz-di. 
thy  adj.-pron.  (possessiv  of  thou;  of  thee)  dai. 
thyme  n.  (plant)  taim. 
thymele  n.  (altar)  'Gimi-h,  'Gimi-li. 
thyroid  adj.  (shield-shaped)  'Gai-?eid. 
tiara  n.  (turban;  diadem;  coronet)  tai'c:-r3,  ti'ar-srs. 
tibet  n.  Tibet  cloth  [also  spelt  thibetl  ti'bet,  'tibit,  'tai-bit. 
Tibetan  adj.,  n.  [also  spelt  Thibetani  'tibi-tn,  tiH^etn. 
tibia  n.  shin-bone  [ploral  tibiae,  tibiasi  'tibi-3. 
tic  n.  (ox-bird,  tic-bird)  tik. 

j  ye,  9  cure;  bthe,  G  ^Mn ;  5  aj^ure,  65  joy;  S  shoe,  t$  cAew; 
wwhen;  q  sing;  \i"w\voe\et,  Vie^cX,  ^iulU  aufool,  i  it,  lis^^; 
o  poetic;  aover,  eoetia\,  ^XiuV,  'a'.^oox,  "^^^xio,  ^\«^^  '^<^%<sle; 


1 

i 


\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  549 


tioal  n.  weight  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  teecal,  tecull  'tikrt, 
'tii-k3l. 

tio-doulonrenx  n.  (facial  neuralgia)  tik-duld'zs: . 

tick  v.,  n.  tap ;  sound,  etc.  [as  verb,  past  partici|^e  and  pret- 
erit ticked,  tickt}  tik. 

tick  n.  (mite)  tik. 

tick  n.  (cover  or  case  of  a  bed;  bedtick)  tik. 

tioklisk  adj,  (uncertain)  'tikz.i$. 

tier  n.  (row,  rank)  U:z. 

tierce  adj.  (third;  terce)  tv.zs;  (less  properly)  tairs. 

tiffin  n.  in  India,  lunch  [synonymous  cognate  tiffing!  'tifin. 

tiffing  n.  sipping,  drinking  [synonymous  cognate  tiffin} 
'tifiq. 

tiserisk  adj.  of  a  tiger  [synonymous  cognate  tigrish"}  'tai-g9- 
zil. 

tiskt-fittins  adj.  tait'fitir),  (assumptivly)  'tait-fitiij. 

tigprine  adj.  tiger-like  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  tigrin;  synony- 
mous cognate  tigerinel  'tai-g?in,  'tai-g?ain. 

tilbury  n.  (gig)  'tilba-^i,  (anteriorly)  'tilbari,  (rapidly) 
'tilb^i. 

tilde  n.  (diacritic  mark;  wave)  'tilds. 

till  prep.,  conj.  til,  (when  unstrest)  tl. 

timbal  n.  kettledrum  [also  spelt  timbul,  tymball  'timbdJ. 

timbale  n.  (dish)  taeg'bael. 

timber  n.  (beam;  lumber)  'timbs?. 

timbre  n.  (sound  quality;  tone-color)  'timba?,  txmbr,  'txm- 
hz9. 

timbrel  n.  (tambourine)  'timb^dl. 

timbrel  v.  sing  to  the  sound  of  the  timbrel  [present  partici- 
ple timhreling,  timbrelling ;  past  participle  and  preterit  tim^ 
breled,  timbre  lied,  timbreld}  'timb^sl. 

time  n.  (duration;  period;  epoch;  leisure;  hour)  taim. 

timist  n.  musical  performer  considerd  with  reference  to  his 
sense  of  time,  etc.  [also  spelt  titneist}  'tai-mist. 

tincal  n.  crude  borax  [also  spelt  tinkal}  'tigkal. 

tinckel  n.  circle  of  sportsmen  [synonymous  cognate  tin- 
chilli  'tintSal. 

tincture  n.  (tint,  hue;  metal;  tinge;  essence  in  solution) 
'tiqktSa?,  'tiqktga?. 

tingeing  v,  present  participle  of  tinge  [also  spelt  tinging} 
'tindsiq. 

tinny  adj.  (of  tin)  'tini. 

tinsel  V.  adorn  with  tinsel  [present  participle  tinseling,  tin- 

c:  law,  b:  f wr,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  at  kCte.\ 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  ptece^it^^  Wii>axA  -va  \««k%\ 
stress-mark  C)  radicates  chief  stress  on  ^iht  t^>\<ywvft.^  «5\«^3«- 


550  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

selling;  past  participle  and  preterit  tinseled,  tinselled,  tin- 

seldl  'tinsal. 
tiny  adj.  wee;   minute   [synenymous  cognate   teenyl   'tai-ni, 

'tin  I. 
tirade  n.  (long-drawn  speech  or  writing;  outpour  of  censure) 

'tai-red,  ti'rced,  tai'eced;  (rarely)  ti'^a:d. 
TisliTi  n.  'tiSsi.    same  meaning  as  Tisri, 
tisio  n.  'tizik.    see  phthisic, 
tisis  n.  'tai-sis,  'tisis,  'tii-sis.     see  phthisis. 
Tisri  n.   first  month   of  the   Hebrew  civil   year   [also  spelt 

Tisri;  synenymous  cognate  Tishril  'tizzi,  'tiz-gai. 
tissue  n.  (fabric;  film)  'tiSo. 
tit  n.  nipple  [synenymous  cognates  teat,  tetl  tit. 
tit  n.  (bird)  tit. 

titanic  adj,  (of  the  Titans;  of  titanium)  tai'txnik. 
titbit  n.  [synonymous  cognate  tidbiti  'tit-bit. 
titHable  adj.  [also  spelt  titheahlel  'tai-dd-bdi. 
titillate  v.  (tickle)  'titi-let. 

titivate  v.  dress  up  [also  spelt  tittivatel  'titi-vet. 
tmesis  n.  (figure  by  which  the  parts  of  a  compound  word  are 

separated   by   other   words;   diccope)   'mii-sis,    (rarely,  pe- 
dantically) 'tMli-SIS. 
to  prep,  (as  far  as;  for;  upon,  against,  etc.)  tou,  (when  uih 

strest)  to,  t3. 
toad  n.  (animal)  tood;  (dialectally)  tod. 
toady  adj.  (toad-like;  ugly)  'too-di. 

toady  n.  sycophant;  toad-eater  [ploral  toadiesl   'too-di. 
toady  V,  (fawn)  'too-di. 
toadyisli  adj.  'too-di-iS. 

tobacco  n.  (plant,  etc.)  td'bxko;  (dialectally)  ta'baekd. 
tocsin  n.  (signal;  alarm-bell)  'teksin. 
to-day  adv.,  n.  [also  spelt  todayl  to'dee,   (when  less  strest) 

ta'dee. 
tody  n.  bird  [ploral  todiesl  'too-di. 
toed  adj.  (having  toes)  tood. 
toffy  n.  'tefi.    same  meaning  as  taffy, 
togetHer  adj.  (in  company;  with  each  other,  etc.)  to'gedaz, 

(when  less  strest)  ta'geba^. 
toggery  n.  (clothes)  'teg^-zi,  'teg^i. 
toilet  n.  dressing-table;  dress,  etc.  [synenymous  cognate  toi- 

lettel  'tei-lat. 
toilette  n.  teilet,  'tei-lat.     same  meaning  as  toilet, 
tolerable  adj.  (endurable;  passable)  'teJa^a-bal,   (assumptiv- 

j  ye,  Qcure;  btKe,  QtKlTv;  ^acure,  ds/oy;  K  shoe,  tS  cAew; 
w  when]  13  sing;  MNvVioevet,  \ic;v.cX.,  xa\^WL,  xs>a.looV  -s-^t;  11  s^^; 
o  poetic;  9  over,  eoetV^V  K\iu\.,  v,^oot,  ti^^io,  ^.\ie^,  ^^^yte.\ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  551 

ly)   'tela-rabal;    (rapidly)   'tel^a-bal,   (assumptivly)   'tekabal; 

{dialectally  or  vulgarly)  'tela-bal. 
tolerant  adj.  'tela-^ant,  {rapidly)  'tel^ant. 
toll   n.,  V.  tax   [as  verb,   past  participle  and   preterit   tolled, 

told'\  tool. 
toll  V.  sound  [also,  formerly,  spelt  tole;  past  participle  and 

preterit  tolled,  toldl  tool. 
toll  V.  draw;  tear  to  pieces;  entice  [also  spelt  tolel  tool. 
toln  n.  (Tolu  balsam)  talou,  tolou,  ta'liou,  'too-liu. 
tomaHax^k  n.  (war-ax)  'tem3-hc:k. 
tomato   n.   vegetable    [ploral    tomatoes!    td'mar-to,   ta'moto, 

ta'mee-to;  (dialectally)  ta'mee-ta. 
tomb  n.  (grave,  etc.)  toum. 
to-morroxv   adv,,  n.   [also   spelt   tomorrow"]   to'me^o,    (when 

less  strest)  td'me??. 
tom-tom  n.  drum  [synonymous  cognate  tam-tam]  'tom-tom. 
ton  n.  (measure  of  capacity;  weight)  txn.     compare  tun, 
ton  n.  (mode;  fashion)  ten. 
tong   V.    seize,    hold    [past   participle    and    preterit    tonged, 

tongd]  teiq. 
tongs  n,pl.  (grasping-tool)  te:r)z. 
tongue  V,  chide;  utter;  tip;  join  by  means  of  a  tongue  and 

groove   [also  spelt  tung;.  present  participle   tonguing;   past 

participle  and  preterit  tongued,  tungd]  tAt). 
tong^ey  adj,  loquacious  [also  spelt  tonguy]  'tAgi. 
tonic  adj.  (of  tone)  'tenik. 
to-night    adv.,  n.    [also    spelt    tonight]    to'nait,    (when    less 

strest)  ta'nait. 
tonnage  n.  (weight  of  cargo,  etc. ;  carrying-capacity)  'txnids. 
tonsil  n.  (one  of  two  oval  bodies  at  the  back  of  the  mouth) 

'tonsil,  'tontsil. 
tonsillitis  n.  inflammation  of  the  tonsils  [also  spelt  tonsil- 

itis]  tonsilai-tis,  tonsi'lii-tis. 
tonsnre  n.  (clipping;  shaved  place  on  the  head  of  a  priest  or 

monk)  'teti-^oz. 
tontine  n.  (form  of  annuity)  'ton-tin,  ton'tiin. 
too  adv.  (over;  exceedingly;  also)  tou,  (when  unstrest)  tu,  to, 

t3;  (dialectally)  tgou. 
tooth  n.  [ploral  teeth]  touO. 
toothache  n.  [also  spelt  toothake]  'touO-eek. 
toothed    adj,    having   teeth    [also,    sometimes,    spelt    tootht] 

toudd,  touGt. 
toparoh  n.  (governor)  'too-pa?k,  'to-paek. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  aa  now,  ^\ a^V^,  ^a.Vcvr.\ 
length -mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  pteceAitv?,  ^o>rcv^  ^^  \«^'^\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  ^i^le  iQ>\o^vcv%  ^f^*^^^' 


I 


552  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

topi  n.  hat,  cap  [also  spelt  top  eel  to'pii. 

topknot  n.   (knot  or  tuft  on  the  head;   flatfish;    hen)  'tep- 

net. 
topograplier    n.    (one    skild   in   topography;    surveyor)  th 

'p0g^3-f3?. 
topograpHio  adj.  tepd'g^xfik. 
topograpliy  n.  (description  or  features  of  a  region)  to'pegzd- 

fi. 
topsail  n.  'tep-seel,  'tepssl,  'tepsh 
toque  n.  (hat;  bonnet)  took. 
toroHon  adj.  (dish-cloth)  'ter^-Seq. 
toreador  n.  (bull-fighter)  tezi-^'doiz,  ten-a'de:?. 
torment  n.   (torture;  anguish)   'teir-mant,   'to:3-ment. 
torment  v.   (torture;  distress)  ter'ment. 
tornado   n.   violent   squall   or   whirlwind    [ploral    tornadoes] 

te^'nee-do. 
torpedo   n.   cramp-fish;    explosiv   device    [ploral    torpedoes] 

te^'pii-do. 
torpor  n.  (numbness;  stupor;  apathy)  'te:r-p3?. 
tortious  adj.  (tort-like;  wrong)  'teir-Jas. 
tortoise   n.   (turtle)   'te:?-tis,  'te:?-t3s,  'te:?-tois,  'to:^-tiz. 
tortoise-shell  n.  'te:7-ti$-$el. 

tortnons  adj,  (winding;  crooked)  'te:?-tSu-3s,  'te:^-tgu-3S. 
toss  v.,  n.  fling  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  tossed, 

tosti  te:s,  (rarely)  tes. 
totalize  v.  [also  spelt  totalisel  'too-tl-aiz,  (often)  'totl-aiz. 
toteni  n.  (Amerindian  emblem)  'too-tem. 
tother  adj.-pron.,  noun-pron.  (other)  'tAbsz. 
tottering   adj.    (staggering;    shaky)    'teta-^iq,    (assumptivly) 

'totazrio;   (rapidly)  'tetjiq. 
toucan  n.  (bird)  to'ka:n,  'tou-kan,  'tou-kaen,  'tao-kaen. 
tougli  adj.  (hard  to  sever;  strong;  difficult;  severe)  txf. 
toupee  n.  (curl;  periwig;  toupet)  to'pii. 
toupet  n.  (toupee;  also,  the  toupet  tit  or  tufted  titmouse)  to- 

'pee;   (rarely)  'tou-pe. 
tour  n.  (turn;  journey)  to:?;   (improperly)  taoz, 
tourmalin  n.   mineral    [also   spelt   tourmaline;    synonymous 

cognates  turmalin,  turmaline']  'to:?-m3-!in,  'tuzm^Am. 
tournament    n.    (tourney;    contest    of    skill)    'tor^-na-mant, 

'torna-mant ;  'tB^na-mant. 
tourney  n.  (contest  of  armd  men)  'toiz-ni,  'te^ni,  'tBiz-ni, 
tourniquet  n.  blood-controlling  device  [synonymous  cognate 

torniquetl  'to:?-ni-kat,  'torni-kat;   (less  properly)  'terni-kat. 

j  ye,  Qcure;  bthe,  ^  tK\Tv\  -s^^wct^,  d^joy;  W/ioe,  t^  chew, 
w  when]  13  sing;  UNvVvoeveT.  \ic«.^\.,  ^\^,  \5!>a.\o<\,  i.n\,  Ta.^«<i; 
o poetic;   3  over,  e  oe-n^A,  K\iu\.,  v.q.oot,  •;i^\io^  ^\ie^  ^-t^^c^R-N  ' 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  553 

tonmnre  n.  (contour;  hip-pad)  toz'njoiz. 

tonsle  V.  pull  about;  tease  [also  spelt  touzle}  'tao-zal. 

tont  n.  (touter,  solicitor;  spy  who  gives  pointers  in  horse- 
races) taot. 

tont  ensemble  n.  (entirety  constituted  of  all  parts  considerd 
together;  collocation  of  all  the  parts  viewd  as  a  whole)  tut- 
eg'sembdl. 

tow  V.  draw;  haul  [past  participle  and  preterit  towed,  towdl 
too. 

tow  n.  (coarse  part  of  flax)  too. 

toward  adj.  (coming;  yielding,  docil,  apt;  forward)  'too-a?d. 

toward  prep.,  adv.  'too-a^d,  (when  unstrest)  'to'.^d,  to^d ;  (al- 
so, less  properly)  to'we:?d. 

towards  prep,  (toward)  'too-3?dz,  (when  unstrest)  to:rdz, 
tozrdz;  (also,  less  properly)  to'we:^dz. 

towel  V.  rub  with  a  towel;  use  a  towel  [present  participle 
toweling,  towelling;  past  participle  and  preterit  toweled, 
towelled,  toweldl  'tau-al;  (vulgarly)  tool. 

toweling  n.  material  for  towels;  whipping  [also  spelt  tow- 
ellingi  'tau-a-hq. 

tower  V.  rise  like  a  tower;  soar  aloft,  rise  vertically,  as  a 
bird  [past  participle  and  preterit  towered,  towerdi  'tau-sz. 

toy  n.  trinket;  plaything  [plural  toysl  tei. 

traceable  adj.  (capable  of  being  traced)  'tjee-sa-bal. 

tracHea  n.  (windpipe)  'tjee-ki-a,  tja'kii-a. 

tracHeid  n.  cell  [also  spelt  tracheid}  t£3'kii-id. 

traelieotoniy  n.  (cutting  into  the  trachea)  tjeki'eta-mi. 

tracHoma  n.  (granular  lids)  tsd'koo-ms. 

tractile  adj.  ductil  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  tracti^  'tjaektil, 
'tjaek-tail. 

trade-nnion  n.  tEeed'jou-njan,  'tjeed-jou-njan. 

traffic  V.  trade  [present  participle  trafficking;  past  partici- 
ple trafficked,  trafficti  'tjaefik. 

trafficker  n.  (trader)  'tjaefi-ka^. 

tragacantli  n.  (gum)  'tjaega-kaenG,  't jaga-katntG ;  (erroneous- 
ly) 'tjaed33-kaen9. 

tragedian  n.  (writer  of  tragedies;  actor  of  tragedy)  tja'dsii- 
di-an. 

tragedienne  n.   (tragic  actress)  t^s'dsii-di-en,  t£3-3edi'en. 

traipse  v.  gad  or  flaunt  about  [also  spelt  trapcsl  t^eeps. 

trait  n.  (stroke;  feature)  tjeet,  tjee. 

traject  v.  (throw)  tja'dsekt. 

traject  n.  (ferry;  trajectory;  transference)  'tjae-dsekt. 

c:  low,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  for.  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark   (:)   indicates  that  the  ptecediT^SL.  ^wvxv^  -v^  Vixv?^. 
stress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  t^e  ie>>\Qr«vcv^  ^ssj^-si^^^. 


554  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

trajectory  n.  (curve)  tsaMsekta-zi. 

tranunel  v.  catch  as  in  a  net;  shackle  [present  participle 
trammeling,  trammelling;  past  participle  and  preterit  tram- 
meled, trammelled,  trammeldl  'Xysimsii. 

trammeler  n.  [also  spelt  trammeller}  'ta^aema-ld?. 

tramontane  adj.  (beyond  the  Alps  mountains;  foreign) 
tsaeman'teen,  (assumptivly)  'tjEScmdn-ten ;  (also)  t£a:-m9n- 
'teen,  tja'men-ten. 

tranee  n.  (rapture)  tsa:nts,  tsa:nts,  t£ae:nts,  (in  Britain)  t£a:ns, 
t£a:ns. 

tranqnil  adj.  (quiet,  calm)  'tsaegkwil,  'tsxnkwi}. 

tranqnilixe  v.  [also  spelt  tranquillize,  tranquilise,  tranquil- 
lisel  'tjaeqkiui-laiz. 

tranqnillity  n.  (tranquilness)  tsaen'kwih-ti,  tsaeijlcwili-ti. 

transact  v.  (carry  thru;  do)  t£sen'sxkt,  t£xn'zxkt. 

transalpine  adj.  beyond  the  Alps  [also,  sometimes,  spelt 
transalpine  t£xnts'se^pin,  tsaens'xlpin,  t£ans'x}pin,  tsaenz- 
'selpin,  t£aen'zae!pin ;  t£aens'sel-pain,  tsaenz'ael-pain. 

transatlantic  adj,  tssentsst'laentik,  tsaensst'laentik,  tsansat- 
'laentik;  t£aenz3tlaentik,  tsanzat'lsentik. 

transcend  v.  (go  beyond;  surpass)  t£sen'send,  tsan'send. 

transcendental  adj.  (surpassing;  supreme;  a  priori;  ob- 
scure) tjaensan'dentl,  tjansan'dentl. 

transept  n.  (transverse  arm  of  a  cross-shaped  church)  'tjsen- 
sept;   (erroneously)  'tjaen-sep. 

transfer  n.  (conveyance,  etc.)  'tjaens-fa?,  'tjaents-fe?,  'tja:ns- 

transfer  v.  convey;  give  [past  participle  and  preterit  trans- 
ferred, transferdi  tjaens'fa:?,  tjans'fa:?. 

transferability  n.  [also  spelt  transf  err  ability;  synonymous 
cegnate  transf erribilityl  tjaens-fa^a'bih-ti. 

transferable  adj.  [also  spelt  transf  err  able;  synonymous 
cegnate   transferriblel   tjaens'fBi-ea-bal,  'tjaens-fera-bal. 

transferal  n.  transfer  [also  spelt  transf errall  tjaens'feeal. 

transference  n.  [also  spelt  transf  err  ence}  tjaens'ferans, 
'tjaens-ferans. 

transient  adj,  (passing  across;  temporary)  'tjaenjant, 
'tjaentjant,  'tjaensi-ant. 

transit  n.  (passage,  etc.)  'tjaensit,  'tja:n-sit,  'tjaenzit. 

transition  n.  (change)  tjaen'sijan,  tjan'siSan,  tjaen'sisan, 
tjaen'zijan. 

transitive  adj.  making  transition;  taking  a  direct  object  [al- 
so spelt  transitivl  'tEaensi-tiv,  't£a:n-si-tiv,  'tjaenzi-tiv. 

j  ye,  Qcure;  btke,  QtK\tv,jF>  assure,  dj/oy;  ^  shoe,  tl  chew, 
in  when\  13  sing;  U'w\voe\ei,  Vte^^cX,  vki-*^,  xa^a^ooX,  ^\v  ri^ee', 
o  poetic;  3  over,  eoeriaX,  k\>u\.»  -a.^ooT,  •:>^\\.o,  ^.\ie^,  %.^%qnr.\ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  555 

translate  v.  (transfer;  transform;  render;  explain)   tjaens- 

leet,  tjans'leet,  tjaenz'leet. 
translnoenoe  n.  (transmitting  light  without  being  transpar- 
ent;    transparent,     clear)     tjaens'liou-sans,     tsans'liuu-sans, 

t£xnsluu-S3ns. 
transmigrate  v.  (migrate;  metempsychosize)  'tssensMi-gzet, 

t£ans'mai-g?et,  tjaens'mai-gzet. 
transmissible   adj.    (capable  of  being  transmitted)   tjEs^ns- 

'misd-bdi,  tsans'misd-bdl. 
transom  n.   (timber,  etc.;  window  over  a  door)   'tssenssm, 

'tssentsam. 
transparent    adj.    (diaphanous,    pellucid,    clear)    tsaens'pe:- 

rant,  tjans'pc.-zant,  t£xns'pae?3nt. 
transpiration  n.  (exhalation  thru  the  skin)  tsaenspi'zee-San, 

t£anspi'?ee-S3n. 
transplendent     adj,     (most    resplendent)     tssen'spz^endant, 

tsan'spz^endsnt. 
transport   v.   (transfer;   carry  beyond  seas;   render  beside 

one's  self)  tjaens'pDiet,  tjans'poizt. 
transport  n.   (carriage;   vessel;   exile;   rapture)   'tjaen-sport, 

'tja:n-spozt,  'tjaent-spoirt. 
transsliip  v,  convey  from  one  ship  or  car  to  another  [also 

spelt    trans-ship,    tranship'^    tjaenJ'Sip,    tjaentS'Sip;    tjanS'Sip, 

tjan'Sip. 
trapan  n.,v.  trap  [synonymous  cognate  trepan\  t£3'paen. 
trapeze  n.  (trapezium;  swing)  tsd'piiz. 
trapezinm  n.  quadrilateral  all  of  whose  sides  are  unequal 

[plural   trapezia,   trapeziums'^   tja'pii-zi-am,  t^lpxi-si^^. 
trapezoid  n.  (quadrilateral  having  two  of^its  opposit^des 

equal  and  the  other  two  unequal)   'tja^pf-zeid,  tja'pii-zeid, 

tjaepi'zeid. 

trass  n.  volcanic  rock  [synonymous  Qdgnate  tarrasi  tsses. 
trauma  n.  (traumation;  wound)  't£0^-m3. 
travail  n.  (labor;  parturition)  't£xvtl. 
travail  v.  (labor;  be  parturient)  'tjpevil. 
travail  n.  conveyance  [synonymous  cognates  travois,  travee; 

plural  travauxl  tja'vee.  \ 

travale  n.  (effect  in  tambourine-playing)  tsa'vael. 
travel  v.  journey;  traverse  [present  participle  traveling,  trav- 
elling; past  participle  and  preterit  trai^el^d,  travelled,  trav- 

eldl  'tjaeval. 
traveler  n.  [also  spelt  travellerl  'tjaeva-lar,  'tjaevla?. 
traveling  n.  [also  spelt  travellingi  'tjaeva-hq,  'tjaevhq. 

c:  law,  b:  f wr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (:)    indicates  that  the  ptecedititt,  %a>aLTv\  -v.^  Vr«NSi»% 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  >3cit  C^>\a>Nvcv^  ^"^"si^^. 


I 


556  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

traveling-bas   n.    [also   spelt   travelling-bagl    'tsxvhg-bxg, 

'tjaevahq-baeg. 
traverse  adj.,  n,,  v.  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  tra- 
versed, traverstl  'tsaevszs;  (less  properly)  tsd'vaiss. 
traverse  adv,  (transversely)  'tsxvszs,  t£3'vB:7s. 
travertin  n.  Italian  stone  used  in  building  [also  spelt  trover- 

tinel  'tjaev3z-tin. 
tray  n.  (shallow  vessel;  waiter)  t£ee. 

tray  n.  third  branch  of  a  deer's  antler  [also  spelt  treyl  tsee. 
treacHerons  adj.  [also  spelt  trecherous]  'ttzt\^-z^s. 
treachery    n.    perfidy    [also    spelt   trechery;    ploral    treach- 

eriesi  'tjetSa-^i,  (rapidly)  'tjetj^i. 
treaele  n.  (remedy;  spume  of  sugar)  'tsii-kal. 
tread  v„  n.  step  [also  spelt  tredl  t£ed. 
treadle  n.  foot-lever;  chalaza  [also  spelt  tredlel  'tsedl. 
treasure  n.  riches;  precious  thing  [also  spelt  tresurel  't^^sx; 

(dialectally)  'tsee-33?. 
treasurer  n.  [also  spelt  tresurerj  'tjesa-ra^,  (rapidly)  'tjes^a?. 
treasury  n.  [also  spelt  tresury"]  'tjesa-ri,  (rapidly)  'tjeszi. 
treatise  n.  book  on  a  subject  [also  spelt  treatisi  't£ii-tis,  'tsii- 

tiz. 
treble  adj.  threefold,  triple;  high  in  pitch  [dialectal  synony- 
mous cognate  thribble)  'tjebal;  (improperly)  'tjibal. 
trebuchet  n.  (missil-engin)  'tjebjo-Jet. 
trecento  n.  (fourteenth  century)  tje'tSento. 
trefoil  n.  (plant;  ornament)  'tjii-feil. 
trek  V,  draw  a  wagon ;  migrate  [also  spelt  treckl  t jek. 
trellis  n.  (structure  of  light  cross-bars)  'tjehs. 
tremendous   adj.    (fearful;    astounding;    huge)    t£i'mend3s; 

(vulgarly)  tji'mendsas. 
tremolant    n.    tremolo     [synonymous     cognate     tremulant] 

'tjema-lant. 
tremolo  n.  (tremulous  or  fluttering  effect;  tremolant)  'tjema- 

lo,  'tjee-ma-lo. 
tremor  n.   (shaking,  quivering)   'tjema^,  'tje-me?,   'tjii-ma?, 

'tjii-me?. 
tremulant  n.  't^emjo-ldnt.    same  meaning  as  tremolant, 
tremulous  adj.  (trembling;  timid)  'tsemju-las. 
trenoli  v.,  n.   furrow   [as  verb,  past  participle   and  preterit 

trenched,   trencht"]  tjentS,    (also,   and  in  Britain   normally) 

t£enS. 
trepan  n.  (borer;  crown-saw)  tsi'paen. 
trepan  v.  operate  on  with  a  trepan  [present  participle  tre- 

iye,  Qcure;  ^ih^,  Q  tfiin;  ja^rure,  ds/oy;  ^  shoe,  tSchev; 
wwhen]  13  sing;  u'wYvoevet,  Vtc^cv  ^i-*^,  K5.>a.^ool,  \it,  li  s^^; 
o poetic;  a  over,  eaeT\a\,  K\iu\.,  ':>*.^oot,  •:i^^o,  ^\ie^,  ■c^7:J&r.\    L 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  557 

panning;  past  participle  and   preterit   trepanned,   trepand] 

tji'paen. 
trepans  n.  sea-slug  [also  spelt  tripangi  t£i'pxt). 
trepMne  n.,  v.  (trepan)  t£i'f am,  t£i'f lin. 
trespass  v,  go  unlawfully;  sin  [past  participle  and  preterit 

trespassed,  trespast"}  'tjespas. 
trestle  n.  (frame)  'tjesal,  'tjesl. 
trevis  n.  partition;  beam;  stall  [also  spelt  treviss,  trevise; 

synonymous  cognates  trevesse,  travise,  travessel  'tjevis. 
trey  n.  card  or  die  with  three  spots  [also  spelt  tray'\  tjce. 
triable  adj.  capable  of  being  tried  [also  spelt  tryahle^  't£ai-3- 

bsL 
triad  n.  (union  of  three ;  trinity ;  trivalent  element  or  radical ; 

three-tone  chord)  'tjai-aed. 
triaene  n.  sponge-spicule  [plural  triaenel  't£ai-in. 
trialog^ae  n.  discourse  by  three  speakers  [also  spelt  trialogi 

'tjai-a-log. 
triangle  n.  (three-angled  figure)  'tsai-aeggsl. 
tribnnal  n.  (seat  of  a  magistrate;  confessional)  tsi'bjou-n); 

(less  properly)  tjai'bjou-nl,  (improperly)  'tjibjo-nl. 
tribnne  n.   (platform;  seat;   dais)  'tji-bjun;   (less  properly) 

'tjai-bjun,  tji'bjoun. 
tribnnioial  adj.  of  a  tribune  [also  spelt  tribunitiall  tsibjo- 

'niSal. 
tribnnioian  adj,  tribunicial  [also  spelt   tribunitiani  t£ibjo- 

'niS3n. 
tribntary  adj,  (paying  tribute;  auxiliary)  'tjibjo-te^i;  (also) 

'tjibjo-ta^i,  (rapidly)  'tjibjo-tji. 
triobiasis  n.  (trichia,  etc.)  t£i'kai-3-sis. 
trichina  n.  hair-like  worm  [ploral  trichinae"]  tji'kai-na;  (less 

properly)  'tjiki-na. 
triobinize   v.   infest   with   trichinae    [also    spelt    trichinise"] 

'tjiki-naiz. 
triobite  n.  (flesh-spicule  of  a  sponge)  'tjai-kait,  'tji-kait. 
triobogfjme  n.  (hair-like  female  reproductiv  organ  of  certain 

cryptogams)  'tjika-dsin. 
tricboma  n.  (plica)  tsiHcoo-ms,  tsailcoo-ms. 
tricing-line  n.  (line  used  for  tricing  or  hauling  up)  't£ai-sii]- 

lain. 
tricksy  adj.  trickish;  playful  [also  spelt  trickseyl  'tjiksi. 
tricolor  adj.,  n.  [also  spelt  tricolour]  'tjai-kxla?. 
tricot  n.  (fabric)  'tjii-ko,  tji'koo. 
tricycle  n.  (three-wheeld  vehicle)  'tjai-si-kal,  'tjai-sai-kal. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  je  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark   (:)   indicates  that  the  precediTv^,  ^qmtv^  ^.%  Vsj^ns^^n 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  otv  >\it  i^^^vcv^  ^-f^sS^^. 


558  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

tridaotyl  adj,  having  three  digits;  tridactylous,  tridigitate 
[also  spelt  tridactylel  tsai'daektit. 

triennial  adj.  (continuing  three  years ;  happening  every  three 
years)  tjai'cni-al. 

trier  n.  (one  who  tries;  examiner;  test)  'tiai-97. 

trifid  adj.  (three-cleft)  'tjai-fid. 

trigamy  n.  (triple  marriage)  'tsiga-mi. 

trijusate  adj,  (three-yoked;  having  three  pairs  of  leaflets) 
tjai'dsou-get,  'tjidsa-get, 

trijngonfl  adj,  (trijugate)  'tsidsd-gas,  tiai'dsou-gss,  'tsai- 
dsugss. 

trilobate  adj.  (three-lobed)  tsailoo-bet,  'tjai-lo-bet. 

trilobite  n.  (fossil)  'tjai-la-bait ;  (improperly)  'tjila-bait 

trilogy  n.  (series  of  three  tragedies)  'txils-dsi;  {improperly) 
'tjai-la-dsi. 

trin&ester  n.  (term  of  three  months)  tji'mestd?,  tsaz'mestar. 

trin&eter  n.  (verse  of  three  measures)  'tsimi-td?. 

trio  n.  (three-part  piece;  company  or  group  of  three;  game) 
'tjai-o,  'tjii-o. 

triolet  n.  (poem)  't£ai-9-}9t»  't£ii-3-l3t. 

trior  n.  (in  law,  examiner  of  a  challenge  to  a  juror)  'tsai-9r. 

trioxide  n.  oxide  containing  three  oxygen  atoms  [also,  some- 
times, spelt  trioxid;  synonymous  cognates  tritoxide,  tritoxid] 
tjai'ek-said,  (before  of)  tjai'eksid. 

tripartite  n.  (three-parted)  t£ai'pa?-tait,  'tjipa^-tait,  (rare- 
ly) tji'pQ^-tait. 

tripedal  adj.  (three-footed)  't£ipi-dl,  'tjai-pedl,  tjai'pii-dl, 
tjai'pedl. 

tripHtHong  n.  (triple  sound;  group  of  three  consecutiv  vow- 
el sounds  in  one  syllable)  'tjif-Oeiq,  (older)  'txip-0e:i]. 

triple  adj.  (threefold;  treble)  'tjipal. 

tripod  n.  (three-footed  or  three-legged  seat,  kettle,  etc.)  'tjai- 
ped. 

tripos  n,  (tripod;  honor-list)  'tjai-pos,  'tjai-pes,  'tjii-pos. 

triptycb  n.  (triple  picture,  etc.;  writing-tablet)  'tjiptik. 

trireme  n.  (vessel  with  three  banks  of  oars  on  each  side) 
'tjai-dm. 

trisyllabic  adj.  (containing  three  syllables)  t£isi^aebik. 

trisyllable  n.  (word  of  three  syllables)  tsi'sild-bal,  tsai'sib- 
bal,  'tjisila-bal. 

trinmpli  n.  (ceremony  of  victory,  etc.)  'tjai-amf. 

trinmpli  v.  'tjai-amf;  (also,  formerly)  tjai'Amf. 

trinmplial  adj.  (of  triumph)  tjai'Amfal. 

j  ye,  Q  cure ;  5  the,  0  thin ;  3  a^ure,  ds  joy ;  S  shoe,  tj  chevr; 
wwhen;  qsing;  UY/\voe\eT,  \Te2.c.\.,  ^i-*^,  ^>a.lool,  itt,  li  s^e; 
o poetic;  a  over,  eaetiaX,  k\>u\.,  -a-.^oox,  •:i^Tvo,  ^.\ie^,  ^^^«fi«.\ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  559 

trinniTir  n.  one  of  three  coequal  magistrates  [ploral  trium- 
viri, triumvirsl  tjai'Amva?. 

trlnniTiri  n.  (ploral  of  triumvir)  tiai'Amv3-?i,  t£ai'Amv3-2ai, 

trinne  adj,  (three  in  one)  'tjai-jun. 

trivalent  adj  (having  a  valency  of  three)  'tjiva-lant,  'tjai- 
vee-lant. 

trivet  n.  tripod  [synonymous  cognate  trevetl  'tjivit. 

trivet  n.  knife  [former  synonymous  cognate  trevafl  'tjivit. 

trivial  adj.  (common;  trifling)  'tjivi-al,  'tjivial. 

trocar  n.  surgical  instrument  [also  spelt  trocharl  'tsoo-ka?. 

trocHantin  n.  lesser  trochanter,  etc.  [also  spelt  trochantinel 
tsoTcaentin. 

troche  n.  (tablet)  'tjoo-ki,  'tjoo-ki,  tjootj,  t£Ook, 

trool&ee  n.  (foot)  'tjpo-ki,  /tjoo-ki. 

trochlea  n.  pulley  [ploral  trochleael  'tsokLi-9. 

troglodyte  n.  (cave-dweller)  'tjogla-dait,  'tjoo-gla-dait. 

Troslodjrtes  n.  (genus  of  wrens;  genus  of  apes)  tsegledi- 
tiz,  t£eg!9'dai-tiz. 

troll  V,  roll;  sing;  fish  [past  participle  and  preterit  trolled, 
troldl  t£Oo!,  tjol. 

troll  n.  (mythic  being)  tjool. 

trolley  n.  cart,  troll;  truck;  contact-roller;  electric  car  [also 
spelt  trolly"}  'tjoh. 

trombone  n.  (trumpet)  't£om-bon,  tsem'boon. 

troop   n.  company;   band;   body;   flock;   herd    [also,   in  the 
sense  of  a  company  of  performers,  spelt  troupe}  t£aup. 

trope  n.  (figure  of  speech,  etc.)  tjoop. 

trophi  n.  pi.  (mouth-parts  of  an  insect)  'tjoo-f i. 

trophy  n.  memorial;  prize  [ploral  trophies}  'tjoo-fi;  (improp- 
erly) 'tjofi. 

troth  n,  (truth,  verity;  faith)  tjorO,  tjoG,  tsoo0;  (dialectally) 
tjciG. 

troth    V,    (plight,    betroth)    tjoiG,    tjoG,    tjooG;    (dialectally) 
tjciG. 

tronbadonr  n.  (one  of  a  class  of  poets  originally  of  Pro- 
vence, France)  'tjou-ba-do:?,  'tjou-ba-do:?. 

tronblons  adj.  (disturbd;  disquieting)  'tSAblas. 

trongh  n.  (receptacle,  etc.)  tjo:f;  (dialectally)  ttc:f. 

tronpe  n.  t£oup.    see  troop. 

tronsers  n.pl.  garment  [also,  formerly,  spelt  trowsers,  trow- 
zers}  'tsao-z3?z. 

tronssean   n.   bundle;   outfit  of  clothes,   etc.   [ploral   trous- 
seaux} tjo'soo. 

c:  \awt  b:  f «r,  se  cat,  e  h<7t,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  preceding  sound  \&  \ftic»sL,\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  >i3cL^  i^o^vsi^  ^^^si^'t. 


V// 


rW'  IIOS'AKY  OF   HARD   1KORD5 


»«#w   //,   !#' Jm  /'  ,   ♦>#<;•>    fj/nn?   j/';rtjc;;^lt  and   j-rtttni  trored, 

f-ffMf  «<    't}|f>iiil ,  Hijifi'  ,  \,iiu\f  ^^,'\n. 

fOMfnl   T'    f'/iiii   'if    'MM'l/    with   a  trowel    [present    participle 
hni"fhnu,  itnitit'lliMu;  \tt\n\  |i'irticfple  and  preterit  troweled, 

■  iiitiiliiNii«  ti    Mii'iiiiy;  'tj.Ak<;o  }.mH,  'ttou-kQu-lans. 

■  uiiulitNl  tutt    (fi'iii-;  'liAki,-!)  I.»nt,  "ixnu-kgu-lont. 
iiiH  III//    (mil   liiltti  ,  loiircl;  real;  loyal)  t^uu. 
ruff  III  n.  (hiiiHiin)  'liAl.tl.  'Unf.»l,  'txou-fo!. 

•  iilv  iii/c    (III  11  iMit-  lii.iiitirr)  'tr.mi-)i. 

iiiiiiiliniMi  M    (liiiiili.  hi. ill)  '(xAiitS.ni,  {in  Britain)  'tSAnJan. 
iiiiiiiliMi  M    (nitjijiiiiliiiM  piitjrrlioii  on  the  side  of  a  cannon: 

(ilhlin  ••It  MM  il  ixllllili'l)  'i£\iij>in. 
rii«4iviirlliy  •••'r    i^oiiliv  ot  trust)  'tXASt-wurdi. 
iiillia  •»    i|tliiiiil  (tl    ftiif/()   tioiiOs.  txouC^z. 

•  v*4   M    \niiiiMiK.  ii-ii«l«'>'MUis:  niarki't)  tsist.  tsaist. 
rv«llH||*iiliii»«»  M     ixiNtii.)  pi  t'^'>**:   't{ni-stiij-pLees. 

•  Ml'   *•     »il  .        »«-«'   t    «i* 

«•»!«•»  M    iu«»»vt   l,»N»»  Nprh  t.\'t.\\  t^t'fCt\  tct''tsc}  *tse:si.  '3> 

iil»«»  -    \t^M''  ^  K'*"**     v«'  .*'.v.',;*.'\'^   '.ou^v 

% 
\\\ 


4h<  a    • 


\  «• 


■  .s 


'\  • 


*«\ 


V     v.* 


%  •.-«.>ii«jv^ 


:3ty-r^    ■    i_ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  561 


tnrakoo  n.  bird  [also  «pelt  turacou,  tourakoo,  touracou;  syn- 
onymous cognates  turako,  turacOj,  touraco'}  'to:-z3-ku. 

tnrban  n.  (head-dress)  ^tsiz-hsn. 

tnrbine  n.  water-wheel,  etc.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  turbin^ 
'tB:?-bin,  'tB:?-bain. 

tnrbiner  n.  (turbin  steamer)  'tBiz-ben-n^z, 

turbot  n.  (flatfish)  'tei^-bat. 

tnrbnlent  adj.  (disturbd)  'tB:z-bja-)9nt. 

tnreen  n.  (deep  dish;  soup-tureen)  to'^iin.    compare  terrine, 

tnrgid  adj.  (swollen;  tumid)  'te^dsid,  ^tsiz-d^id;  {erroneous- 
ly) 'tB:?-gid. 

tnrkey  n.  bird  [ploral  turkeysl  'to^ki,  'tB:?-ki. 

Tnrkoinan  n.  member  of  a  central  Asian  branch  of  the  Tur- 
kish race;  Turkman  [also  spelt  Turcoman;  synonymous  cog- 
nates Turkman,  Toorcomanl  'tB^ka-man. 

tnrmalin  n.  'tB:?-md-hn.     same  meaning  as  tourmalin, 

tnmieric  n.  (plant)  'to:?-m3-rik,  'tsiz-m^-zik. 

tnm  V*  round;  divert;  change,  etc.  [past  participle  and 
preterit  turned,  turndl  tsirn,  {when  unstrest)  tBzn. 

-tnmip  n.  (vegetable)  'tBznip,  'tB:z-nip;  {vulgarly)  'ts^nap. 

-tnnuiole  n.  plant  [synonymous  cognate  turnsol'\  'tB^n-sol. 

tumTerein  n.  (association  for  practising  gymnastics  accord- 
ing to  the  system  of  the  turners)  'tBjn-fa-^ain,  'toen-fa- 
rain. 

tnrpentine  n.  (oily  substance)  'tBsrpan-tain,  'tBzpsn-tin. 

tnrqnoise  n.  blue  or  greenish-blue  precious  stone  [also  spelt 
turkoise,  turkois,  turcois  and,  sometimes,  turkis\  tBs'koiz, 
'tBsr-koiz,  'tsrz-koiz;  'tBe-ku)OZ,  tB?'ku)0iz,  'tB^-kwaz,  tselciiz, 
tB^'kiis,  'tB^kis. 

tnMer  n.  tusser-silk;  silkworm  [also  spelt  tussur,  tussore; 
synonymous  cognates  tusseh,  tussah,  tussa,  tasarl  'tASS?. 

tiiMook-e:raM  n.  tall  grass;  mat-rush  [also  spelt  tussac- 
grass"}  'tAsak-g?a:s. 

tntelar  adj.  (guardian;  protectiv)  'tgou-ti-la?,  'tguti-lar. 

tutor  V.  have  the  guardianship  of;  instruct  [past  participle 
and  preterit  tutored,  tutord]  'tgou-ta?;  {dialectally)  'tou- 
tar. 

tntti-fmtti  n.  (confection  or  ice-cream  flavord  with  vari- 
ous fruits)  'tgou-ti-fsou-ti,  'tou-ti-f^ou-ti. 

tuyere  n.  twi'e:?,  tu'je:?.    same  meaning  as  twyer, 

twaddle  v.,  n.  (gabble,  prate)  'tiuodl. 

tweeze  n.  surgeon's  case  of  instruments  [also  spelt  tweesel 
twiiz. 

;  s  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
";)  indicates  that  the  -ptttt^xTitt  wsvssA  ^.^  VirMW'% 
indicates  chief  stress  on  \5afc  i^^'Of^voL'^  «i\c!S«vfc, 


552  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

topi  n.  hat,  cap  [also  spelt  topeel  to'pii. 

topknot  n.   (knot  or  tuft  on  the  head;  flatfish;   hen)  'tep- 

net. 
topograpHer    n.    (one    skild   in    topography;    surveyor)    to- 

'peg^a-fa?. 
topograpHio  adj.  teps'g^xfik. 
topog^rapliy  n.  (description  or  features  of  a  region)  to'pegrd- 

fi. 
topsail  n.  'tep-seel,  'tepsa},  'tepsh 
toque  n.  (hat;  bonnet)  took. 
toroHon  adj.  (dish-cloth)  'tei^-Seq. 
toreador  n.  (bull-fighter)  teri-a'do:?,  ten-a'dersr. 
torment  n.   (torture;  anguish)   'teir-mant,   'te:^-mcnt. 
torment  v.   (torture;  distress)  te^'ment. 
tornado   n.   violent   squall   or  whirlwind   [plural    tornadoes] 

te^'nee-do. 
torpedo    n.   cramp-fish;    explosiv   device    [ploral    torpedoes] 

ter'pii-do. 
torpor  n.  (numbness;  stupor;  apathy)  'teiz-p^z. 
tortious  adj.  (tort-like;  wrong)  'tei^-Jas. 
tortoise  n.   (turtle)    'te:?-tis,  'te:?-t3s,  'tei^-teis,  'te:r-tiz. 
tortoise-sHell  n.  'teiz-til-lel. 

tortnons  adj.  (winding;  crooked)  'tei^-tSu-as,  'te:r-tgu-3S. 
toss  v.,  n.  fling  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  tossed, 

tost]  te:s,  (rarely)  tes. 
totalize  v.  [also  spelt  totalise]  'too-tl-aiz,  (often)  'totl-aiz. 
totem  n.  (Amerindian  emblem)  'too-tem. 
totHer  adj.-pron.,  noun-pron,  (other)  't\b9z. 
tottering   adj,    (staggering;    shaky)    'teta-^iq,    (assumptivly) 

'tetazrii];   (rapidly)  'tetjiq. 
toucan  n.  (bird)  toHcarn,  'tou-kan,  'tou-kaen,  'tao-kaen. 
tougH  adj.  (hard  to  sever;  strong;  difficult;  severe)  txf. 
toupee  n.  (curl;  periwig;  toupet)  to'pii. 
toupet  n.  (toupee;  also,  the  toupet  tit  or  tufted  titmouse)  to- 

'pee;  (rarely)  'tou-pe. 
tour  n.   (turn;  journey)  to:^;   (improperly)  taaz, 
tourmalin  n.   mineral    [also   spelt   tourmaline;   synonymous 

cegnates  turmalin,  turmaline]  'to:^-ma-hn,  'toema-lm. 
tournament    n.    (tourney;    contest    of    skill)    'toi^-na-mant, 

'torna-mant ;  'te^na-mant. 
tourney  n.  (contest  of  armd  men)  'to:?-ni,  'toeni,  'ter^-ni. 
tourniquet  n.  blood-controlling  device  [synonymous  cognate 

forniquetl  'to:r-ni-k3t,  'torni-kat;  (less  properly)  'tB^ni-kat. 

i  ve.  Qcure;  bthe,  ^tV\Tv,  '«>^2>Mt,  ^Vvs'jN  \sKq^^  tlchew. 
w  when ;   rj  slnp ;  u  wVvoeveT ,  \  t cwiX.,  ji  \>«\,  w>.\ooV  -i^nV  -vx-^^^n    - 
opoetic ;  a  over,  e  oena\,  kW\>  vAoot,  -^^^tio,  ^\«^  ^'t^y^Jt^^ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  553 


tonmnre  n.  (contour;  hip-pad)  toz'njoiz. 

tonsle  V.  pull  about;  tease  [also  spelt  touzle'\  'tao-zsl. 

tont  n.  (touter,  solicitor;  spy  who  gives  pointers  in  horse- 
races) taot. 

tont  ensemble  n.  (entirety  constituted  of  all  parts  considerd 
together;  collocation  of  all  the  parts  viewd  as  a  whole)  tut- 
eij'sembdl. 

toii7  V.  draw;  haul  [past  participle  and  preterit  towed,  towd'\ 

tDO. 

toyar  n.  (coarse  part  of  flax)  too. 

toD^ard  adj.  (coming;  yielding,  docil,  apt;  forward)  'tDo-a^d. 

ton^ard  prep.,  adv.  'too-ard,  (when  unstrest)  'tD:?d,  tord ;  {al- 
so, less  properly)  to'weird. 

toD^ards  prep,  (toward)  'too-3?dz,  {when  unstrest)  toi^dz, 
iozdiz;  {also,  less  properly)  to'wei^dz. 

ton^el  V.  rub  with  a  towel;  use  a  towel  [present  participle 
toweling,  towellings  past  participle  and  preterit  toweled, 
towelled,  toweld'\  'tau-al;   {vulgarly)  tool. 

ton^eling  n.  material  for  towels;  whipping  [also  spelt  tow- 
elling'\  'tau-a-hr). 

tourer  V.  rise  like  a  tower;  soar  aloft,  rise  vertically,  as  a 
bird  [past  participle  and  preterit  towered,  towerdi  'tau-a^. 

toy  n.  trinket;  plaything  [plural  toys'\  tei. 

traceable  adj.  (capable  of  being  traced)  'tsee-sd-bsL 

trachea  n.  (windpipe)  'tjee-ki-a,  tja'kii-a. 

tracbeid  n.  cell  [also  spelt  tracheidl  t£a'kii-id. 

tracbeotomy  n.  (cutting  into  the  trachea)  tjeki'eta-mi. 

tracboma  n.  (granular  lids)  tss'koo-md. 

tractile  adj.  ductil  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  tractil}  't£aektil, 
'tjaek-tail. 

trade-nnion  n.  tjeed'jou-njan,  'tjeed-jou-njan. 

traffic  V.  trade  [present  participle  trafficking;  past  partici- 
ple trafficked,  traffict^  'tjaefik. 

trafficker  n.  (trader)  'tjaefi-ka?. 

tragacantb  n.  (gum)  't£seg9-ksen9,  't£xg3-k£nt9 ;  {erroneous- 
ly) 'tjaed33-kaen9. 

tragedian  n.  (writer  of  tragedies;  actor  of  tragedy)  tja'dsii- 
di-an. 

tragedienne  n.  (tragic  actress)  tsd'dsii-di-en,  tss-sedi'en. 

traipse  v.  gad  or  flaunt  about  [also  spelt  trapesl  tseeps. 

trait  n.  (stroke;  feature)  tjeet,  tjee. 

traject  v.  (throw)  tja'dsekt. 

traject  n.  (ferry;  trajectory;  transference)  'tja-dsekt. 

c:  law,  b:  fiir,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  hotu,  w.  ol^,  ^^V\\s:\ 
)Bni^h-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  pteceditiv,  soar^^  ^^  ^x"^" 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stTesa  on  Wit  i©>\Qi^vcv^  ^-^f^sMv^- 


554  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

trajectory  n.  (curve)  tsd'dsektd-zi. 

trammel  v.  catch  as  in  a  net;  shackle  [present  participle 
trammeling,  trammelling',  past  participle  and  preterit  tram- 
meled, trammelled,  trammeld}  'tsa&mdl. 

trammeler  n.  [also  spelt  trammellerl  'tsaems-la?. 

tramontane  adj.  (beyond  the  Alps  mountains;  foreign) 
tsaemsn'teen,  (assumptivly)  'tjaeman-ten ;  (also)  tsa:-m3n- 
'teen,  tja'men-ten. 

trance  n.  (rapture)  tsa:nts,  tsa:nts,  t££:nts,  (in  Britain)  tsa:ns, 
tja:ns. 

tranquil  adj.  (quiet,  calm)  't£Xi]ktuil,  'tsxnkwi}. 

tranqnilixe  v.  [also  spelt  tranquillize,  tranquilise,  tranquil- 
lise"}  'tjaer)kuji-laiz. 

tranqnUlity  n.  (tranquilness)  tj^nlcwih-ti,  tssQlcwih-ti. 

transact  v.  (carry  thru;  do)  tssen'saekt,  t£xn'zxkt. 

transalpine  adj.  beyond  the  Alps  [also,  sometimes,  spelt 
transalpine  t£xnts'sE^pin,  t£xns'selpin,  tsans'sdpin,  tsaenz- 
'aelpin,  t£xn'zaelpin ;  tssens'ael-pain,  tsxnz'xl-pain. 

transatlantic  adj,  t£sentS3t'lxntik,  tsxnsdt'laentik,  tsansst- 
'laentik;  tjanzatlaentik,  t^anzdt'lsentik. 

transcend  v.  (go  beyond;  surpass)  tsaen'send,  tsan'send. 

transcendental  adj.  (surpassing;  supreme;  a  priori;  ob- 
scure) tjaensan'dentl,  tjansan'dentl. 

transept  n.  (transverse  arm  of  a  cross-shaped  church)  'tjaen- 
sept;  (erroneously)  'tjaen-sep. 

transfer  n.  (conveyance,  etc.)  'tjaens-fa?,  'tjaents-fa?,  'tjarns- 
fe^. 

transfer  v.  convey;  give  [past  participle  and  preterit  trans- 
ferred, transferd"]  tjaens'fe:?,  tjans'feir. 

transferability  n.  [also  spelt  transf  err  ability;  synonymous 
cegnate  transf erribility}  tEaens-fB^a'bih-ti. 

transferable  adj,  [also  spelt  transf  err  able  \  synonymous 
cegnate   transf errible'\   tjaens'fBi-ea-bal,  'tjaens-fara-bal. 

transferal  n.  transfer  [also  spelt  transf errat]  tjaens'fB^al. 

transference  n.  [also  spelt  transf  err  ence'\  tssens'ferdns, 
't£3ens-fB?3ns. 

transient  adj,  (passing  across;  temporary)  ^tsaen^dnt, 
'tjaentSant,  'tsaensi-ant. 

transit  n.  (passage,  etc.)  't^aensit,  'tja:n-sit,  'tjaenzit. 

transition  n.  (change)  tjaen'sijan,  tjan'siSan,  tjaen'sisan, 
tsaen'ziSan. 

transitive  adj.  making  transition;  taking  a  direct  object  [al- 
so spelt  transttivl  'tjaensi-tiv,  'tjarn-si-tiv,  'tjaenzi-tiv. 

J  ve,  gcure;  btke,  ^  tK\tv\  •j»^s>vc^,  ^•b^^^%  ^sfcoe,  tjcfcew; 
in  when;  n  sing;  uv;\\oevet,  \ teasel,  wi-y^,  xa>a.VooV  a.\v  <x^ee-, 
o  poetic;  D  over,  e  aetiaV  kV>u\.,  ^'.eLoot,  ■:iQxvo,  -e-X^e^,  ^.^^axv. 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  555 


translate  v,  (transfer;  transform;  render;  explain)   tsaens- 

'leet,  tjans'lcet,  tjaenz'leet. 
translnoenoe  n.  (transmitting  light  without  being  transpar- 
ent;    transparent,     clear)     tjaens'liou-sans,     tjans'liou-sans, 

tsaens'}ou-s9ns. 
transmigrate  v.  (migrate;  metempsychosize)  'tsaensMi-gzet, 

tjans'mai-geet,  tjaens'mai-geet. 
transmissible   adj.    (capable   of   being  transmitted)    t££ns- 

'misd-bd},  tsans'misd-bdl. 
transom  n.   (timber,  etc.;  window  over  a  door)   'tssenssm, 

'tsaentssm. 
transparent    adj,    (diaphanous,    pellucid,    clear)    tsxns'pe:- 

79nt,  t£ans'pe:-79nt,  t£aens'pse?9nt. 
transpiration  n.  (exhalation  thru  the  skin)  t£aenspi'zee-$9n, 

tsanspi'zee-Ssn. 
transplendent     adj,     (most    resplendent)     tsaen'sp^endant, 

tsan'sp^enddnt. 
transport  v,   (transfer;   carry  beyond  seas;   render  beside 

one's  self)  tjaens'poiet,  tjans'poirt. 
transport  n.   (carriage;   vessel;   exile;   rapture)   't£sn-sp3zt, 

'tjain-sport,  'tjaent-spD:rt. 
transsMp  v.  convey  from  one  ship  or  car  to  another  [also 

spelt    transship,    tranship']    tjaenS'Sip,    tjaentS'Jip;    tjanJ'Sip, 

tjan'Sip. 
trapan  n.,v.  trap  [synonymous  c^^ate  trepan"]  tsd'psen. 
trapeze  n.  (trapezium;  swing)  t^'piiz. 
trapezium  n.  quadrilateral  all  of  whose  sides  are  unequal 

[ploral  trapezia,   trapeziumsj  tja'pii-zi-am,  tga'pii-si-am. 
trapezoid  n.  (quadrilateral  having  two  of  its  opposit  sides 

equal  and  the  other  two  unequal)   't£aepi-zeid,  t£3'pii-zeid, 

tjaepi'zeid.  ! 

trass  n.  volcanic  rock  [syneQvmous  cognate  tarras]  tsss. 
tranma  n.  (traumation;  wou^d)  't£c:-m9. 
travail  n.  (labor;  parturition) \^£aevil. 
travail  v.  (labor;  be  parturient)\'t£aevil. 
travail  n.  conveyance  [synenymou3->^gnates  travois,  travee; 

ploral  travaux]  t£3'vee,  '^ 

travale  n.  (effect  in  tambourine-playing)  t£3'vael. 
travel  v,  journey;  traverse  [present  participle  traveling,  trav- 

elling;  past  participle  and  preterit  traveled,  travelled,  trav- 

eld]  't£aev9l. 
traveler  n.  [also  spelt  traveller]  't£aeva-l32r,  't£aevl3?. 
traveling  n.  [also  spelt  travelling]  't£aev3-hq,  'tjaevliq. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  se  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy,  a:  far,  go  now,  a:  ask,  at  kite; 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  ptece^itva,  ^<i>\Tv^  vs.  '^^'^^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  l3[it  \«?Aoh^vcv^  ^-j^-sic^fc. 


556  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

traTelins-'bas  n.  [also  spelt  travelling-hag'\  't£xvhi)-baeg. 
'tjaevahij-baeg. 

traverse  adj.,  n,,  v,  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  tra- 
versed, traverst}  'tj^vs^s;  (less  properly)  tja'vBies. 

traverse  adv,  (transversely)  'tsxvdzs,  ti^'vsizs. 

travertin,  n.  Italian  stone  used  in  building  [also  spelt  trover- 
tine'\  'tjaevaz-tin. 

tray  n.  (shallow  vessel;  waiter)  tjce. 

tray  n.  third  branch  of  a  deer's  antler  [also  spelt  trey}  tsee. 

treaolieroiis  adj.  [also  spelt  trecherous}  'tsetSs-zrds. 

treacliery  n.  perfidy  [also  spelt  trechery;  ploral  treach- 
eries} 't£etS3-ei,  (rapidly)  'tjetSsi. 

treacle  n.  (remedy;  spume  of  sugar)  't£ii-ka}. 

tread  v„  n.  step  [also  spelt  tred}  tsed. 

treadle  n.  foot-lever;  chalaza  [also  spelt  tredle}  'tsedt. 

treasure  n.  riches;  precious  thing  [also  spelt  tresure}  'tjesaz; 
{dialectally)  'tjee-sae. 

treasurer  n.  [also  spelt  tresurer}  'tjesa-ea^,  (rapidly)  'tjesrar. 

treasury  n.  [also  spelt  tresury}  'tjesa-ei,  (rapidly)  'tjesri. 

treatise  n.  book  on  a  subject  [also  spelt  treatis}  'tsii-tis,  't£ii- 
tiz. 

treble  adj.  threefold,  triple;  high  in  pitch  [dialectal  synony- 
mous cognate  thribble)  'tjebal;  (improperly)  'tjibal. 

trebnoliet  n.  (missil-engin)  'tjebjo-Set. 

trecento  n.  (fourteenth  century)  tje'tSento. 

trefoil  n.  (plant;  ornament)  'tjii-foil. 

trek  V,  draw  a  wagon ;  migrate  [also  spelt  treck}  tsek. 

trellis  n.  (structure  of  light  cross-bars)  'tjehs. 

tremendons  adj.  (fearful;  astounding;  huge)  tsi'mendas; 
(vulgarly)  tji'mendsas. 

tremolant  n.  tremolo  [synonymous  cognate  tremulant] 
'tjema-lant. 

tremolo  n.  (tremulous  or  fluttering  effect;  tremolant)  'tjema- 
!o,  'tjee-m3-lo. 

tremor  n.  (shaking,  quivering)  'tgemar,  'tje-mer,  'tjii-ma?, 
'tjii-mo?. 

tremnlant  n.  'tsemjo-ldnt.     same  meaning  as  tremolant, 

tremnlons  adj.  (trembling;  timid)  'tsemju-lss. 

trench  v.,  n.  furrow  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit 
trenched,  trencht}  tjentS,  (also,  and  in  Britain  normally) 
tjenS. 

trepan  n.  (borer;  crown-saw)  tji'paen. 

trepan  v.  operate  on  with  a  trepan  [present  participle  tre- 

j  ye,  Qcure;  btKe,  ^  tK\Tv\  •s^s>\t^,  d-t.ioy;  J  jfcoe,  tS  chew; 
wwhen;  q  s\ng\  uwVvoevet,  \tea.t\.,  ^ji-v^,  vswvooV  ^\n.,  ^%ee\ 
o  poetic  9  over,  eoetiaA,  K\iu\.,  •a\^ooT,  ■:i^xvo,  ^.\ie\,  ^^^ti^R.\ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  557 

panning;  past  participle  and   preterit   trepanned,   trepandl 

tji'paen. 
trepang  n.  sea-slug  [also  spelt  tripangi  tsi'paei). 
trepMne  n.,  v.  (trepan)  t£i'f am,  tsi'fiin. 
trespass  v,  go  unlawfully;  sin  [past  participle  and  preterit 

trespassed,  trespastl  'tjespas. 
trestle  n.  (frame)  'tjesal,  'tjes!. 
trevis  n.  partition;  beam;  stall  [also  spelt  treviss,  trevise; 

synonymous  cognates  trevesse,  travise,  travesse}  'tjevis. 
trey  n.  card  or  die  with  three  spots  [also  spelt  trayl  tjee. 
triable  adj,  capable  of  being  tried  [also  spelt  tryable^  'tjai-a- 

bd!. 
triad  n.  (union  of  three;  trinity;  trivalent  element  or  radical; 

three-tone  chord)  'tjai-aed. 
triaene  n.  sponge-spicule  [plural  triaenel  't£ai-in. 
trialogne  n.  discourse  by  three  speakers  [also  spelt  trialog"] 

'tjai-3-leg. 
triangle  n.  (three-angled  figure)  'tjai-aeqga!. 
tribiinal  n.  (seat  of  a  magistrate;  confessional)  tsi'bjou-nl; 

(less  properly)  tjai'bjou-nl,  (improperly)  'tjibjo-nl. 
tribiine  n.   (platform;  seat;   dais)  'tji-bjun;   (less  properly) 

'tjai-bjun,  tji'bjoun. 
tribnnicial  adj.  of  a  tribune  [also  spelt  tribunitial2  tsibjo- 

'niSal. 
tribnnieian.  adj,  tribunicial   [also  spelt  tribunitian^  tsibjo- 

'niSan. 
tributary  adj,  (paying  tribute;  auxiliary)  'tEibjo-te^i;  (also) 

'tjibjo-t3?i,  (rapidly)  'tjibjo-tji. 
triebiasis  n.  (trichia,  etc.)  t£i'kai-3-sis. 
trichina  n.  hair-like  worm  [ploral  trichinae']  tsi'kai-ns;  (less 

properly)  'tjiki-n3. 
tricbinize   v.   infest   with   trichinae    [also    spelt    trichinisel 

'tjiki-naiz. 
tricbite  n.  (flesh-spicule  of  a  sponge)  'tjai-kait,  'tji-kait. 
tricbogsme  n.  (hair-like  female  reproductiv  organ  of  certain 

cryptogams)  'tjika-dsin. 
tricboma  n.  (plica)  t^i^koo-md,  tsailcoo-ms. 
tricing-line  n.  (line  used  for  tricing  or  hauling  up)  'tsai-sig- 

}ain. 
tricksy  adj.  trickish;  playful  [also  spelt  trickseyl  'tjiksi. 
tricolor  adj.,  n.  [also  spelt  tricolour"]  'tjai-kxlar. 
tricot  n,  (fabric)  'tjii-ko,  tjiTcoo. 
tricycle  n.  (three-wheeld  vehicle)  'tjai-si-kal,  'tsai-sai-ksl. 

c:  law,  b:  f Mr,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  tVve  ptett^itv^j^  ^a>axv^  v&  Xws.'^n 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  \>\t  \^>\q^vr^  ^-"f^-si^^ 


558  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

tridaotyl  adj.  having  three  digits;  tridactylous,  tridigitate 
[also  spelt  tridactyle'l  tsai'dxktil. 

triennial  adj.  (continuing  three  years;  happening  every  three 
years)  tjai'eni-al. 

trier  n.  (one  who  tries;  examiner;  test)  'tsai-97. 

trifid  adj,  (three-cleft)  'tjai-fid. 

trigamy  n.  (triple  marriage)  'tsigs-mi. 

trijngate  adj.  (three-yoked;  having  three  pairs  of  leaflets) 
tjai'dsou-get,  'tjidsa-get. 

trijnsoiu  adj,  (trijugate)  'tsidsd-gss,  tsai'dsou-gss,  'tsai- 
dsugss. 

trilobate  adj.  (three-lobed)  tsailoo-bet,  't£ai-lo-bet. 

trilobite  n.  (fossil)  'tjai-la-bait ;  {improperly)  'tsita-bait. 

trilogy  n.  (series  of  three  tragedies)  'tjila-dsi;  {improperly) 
'tjai-la-dsi. 

trimester  n.  (term  of  three  months)  tsi'mestd?,  tsai'mestss. 

trimeter  n.  (verse  of  three  measures)  't£imi-t9z. 

trio  n.  (three-part  piece;  company  or  group  of  three;  game) 
'tjai-o,  'tjii-o. 

triolet  n.  (poem)  't£ai-3-l9t,  'tsii-9-l9t. 

trior  n.  (in  law^  examiner  of  a  challenge  to  a  juror)  't£ai-3?. 

triozide  n.  oxide  containing  three  oxygen  atoms  [also,  some- 
times, spelt  trioxid;  synonymous  cognates  tritoxide,  tritoxid] 
tjai'ek-said,  {before  of)  t£ai'eksid. 

tripartite  n.  (three-parted)  tgai'pa^-tait,  'tjipgz-tait,  {rare- 
ly) tji'pae-tait. 

tripedal  adj.  (three-footed)  'tjipi-dl,  'tjai-pedl,  tsai'pii-dl, 
tjai'pedl. 

triplitliong  n.  (triple  sound;  group  of  three  consecutiv  vow- 
el sounds  in  one  syllable)  'tjif-Gerq,  {older)  'tjip-6e:q. 

triple  adj.  (threefold;  treble)  'tjipal. 

tripod  n.  (three-footed  or  three-legged  seat,  kettle,  etc.)  'tjai- 
ped. 

tripos  n,  (tripod;  honor-list)  'tjai-pos,  'tjai-pes,  't£ii-pos. 

triptych  n.  (triple  picture,  etc.;  writing-tablet)  'tjiptik. 

trireme  n.  (vessel  with  three  banks  of  oars  on  each  side) 
'tjai-^im. 

trisyllabic  adj.  (containing  three  syllables)  tjisi'laebik. 

trisyllable  n.  (word  of  three  syllables)  tsi'sils-bsl,  tsai'sils- 
bal,  'tEisil9-b3l. 

trinmpli  n.  (ceremony  of  victory,  etc.)  'tjai-amf. 

trinmpli  v.  'tjai-amf ;  {also,  formerly)  tjai'Amf. 

trinmplial  adj.  (of  triumph)  tsai'Amfsl. 

j  ye^  Qcure;  b  the,  ^  tK\w,  -s^zvcte^,  d^foy;  5  ^/toe,  tl  chew; 
w  when;  13  sing;  uwVioe-vet,  \Tca.cX,  xii-v^,  xa>a.\oc\,  a.\v  \\^e; 
o poetic;  a  over,  eaenaV,  kV>u\.»  o.^oot,  ■:i^xvo,  ^\ie^,  ^.^^ffiw;\ 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  559 

triiuiTir  n.  one  of  three  coequal  magistrates  [ploral  trium- 
viri, triumvirs}  tjai'Amvse. 

triniiiTiTi  n,  (ploral  of  triumvir)  tjai'Amva-ri,  tjai'Amva-eai. 

trinne  adj,  (three  in  one)  't£ai-jun. 

trivalent  adj  (having  a  valency  of  three)  'tjiv3-Unt,  'tjai- 
vce-lant. 

trivet  n.  tripod  [synonymous  cognate  trevef]  'tjivit. 

trivet  n.  knife  [former  synonymous  cognate  trevat}  'tjivit. 

trivial  adj.  (common;  trifling)  'tjivi-al,  'tjivial. 

trocar  n.  surgical  instrument  [also  spelt  trochar}  't£00-k9z. 

troohaiitiii  n.  lesser  trochanter,  etc.  [also  spelt  trochantinel 
tjo'kaentin. 

troolie  n.  (tablet)  'tjoo-ki,  'tjoo-ki,  tjootS,  tjook. 

trochee  n.  (foot)  'tjoo-ki,  .'tjoo-ki. 

troclilea  n.  pulley  [plural  trochleael  'tsek^i-d. 

troglodsrte  n.  (cave-dweller)  'tjogla-dait,  'tjoo-gl3-dait. 

Troglodsrtes  n.  (genus  of  wrens;  genus  of  apes)  tsogledi- 
tiz,  tsegld'dai-tiz. 

troll  V.  roll;  sing;  fish  [past  participle  and  preterit  trolled, 
trold}  tjool,  tjel. 

troll  n.  (mythic  being)  tapol. 

trolley  n.  cart,  troll;  truck;  contact-roller;  electric  car  [also 
spelt  trolly}  't£oh. 

trombone  n.  (trumpet)  't£om-bon,  tsem'boon. 

troop  n.  company;  band;  body;  flock;  herd  [also,  in  the 
sense  of  a  company  of  performers,  spelt  troupe}  tsoup. 

trope  n.  (figure  of  speech,  etc.)  t£Oop. 

tropM  n.  pi.  (mouth-parts  of  an  insect)  'tjoo-f i. 

trophy  n.  memorial ;  prize  [ploral  trophies}  'tjoo-f i ;  {improp- 
erly) 'tjefi. 

troth  n.  (truth,  verity;  faith)  tjo:9,  tjo9,  tgooG;  (dialectally) 
tsc:9. 

troth  V,  (plight,  betroth)  tjo:9,  tjo9,  tjoo9;  (dialectally) 
t£c:9. 

tronbadonr  n.  (one  of  a  class  of  poets  originally  of  Pro- 
vence, France)  'tjou-ba-do:?,  'tjou-ba-dDi^. 

tronblons  adj.  (disturbd;  disquieting)  'tSAblss. 

trongh  n.  (receptacle,  etc.)  t£o:f;  (dialectally)  tjcrf. 

tronpe  n.  t£uup.    see  troop. 

tronsers  n. />/.  garment  [also,  formerly,  spelt  trowsers,  trow- 
zers}  'tjGo-zarz. 

tronssean  n.  bundle;  outfit  of  clothes,  etc.  [ploral  trous- 
seaux} tjo'soo. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  go  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  ptecedvwtt,  ^a>axA  -v^  X^-^^N 
stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  on  >i5cLt  i^Vio^vEL'st  ^"^^s^!^^. 


560  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

tronvdre  n.  (poet)  tju've:?. 

troiv  z/.  believe;  think  [past  participle  and  preterit  trowed, 

trowd'\  tjoo;  (less  properly)  tjao. 
troiv  n.  (spout ;  flume ;  boat)  t£ao. 
tron^el  V,  form  or  apply  with  a  trowel   [present  participle 

troweling,  trowelling;  past  participle  and  preterit  troweled, 

trowelled,  troweld"]  'tjau-al. 
tmonlenoe  n.  (ferocity)  't£Akgu-l9ns,  'tsou-k^o-ldns. 
tmonlent  adj.  (fierce)  'tjAkgo-lant,  'tjou-kgo-lant. 
true  adj.  (not  false;  correct;  real;  loyal)  tjou. 
truffle  n.  (fungus)  'tjAfal,  'tjofal,  'tjou-fal. 
truly  adv.  (in  a  true  manner)  'tjou-h. 

tmnolieon.  n.  (trunk;  staff)  'tjAntJan,  (in  Britain)  'tjAnJan. 
tmimioii  n.  (supporting-projection  on  the  side  of  a  cannon; 

gudgeon  on  a  cylinder)  'tjAnjan. 
tmstn^ortliy  adj.  (worthy  of  trust)  'tjAst-wsedi. 
traths  n.  (ploral  of  truth)  tsouOs,  t£oudz. 
tryst  n.  (meeting;  rendezvous;  market)  tjist,  tsaist. 
trysting-plaoe  n.  't£istii)-pz.ees ;  'tsai-stii)-pz.ees. 
tsar  n.  za:z.     see  czar. 
tsetse  n.  insect  [also  spelt  tsetse,  tsetse,  tsetsel  'tsetsi,  'tsii- 

tsi. 
tube  n.  (pipe)  t^oub;  (dialectally)  toub. 
tuberose  adj.  (tuberous,  knotty)  'tgou-ba-^os. 
tnberose   n.    (bulb;    fragrant    flower)    'tQoub-?ooz,   'tgou-ba- 

zoSf  'tgou-b3-?oz. 
Tnesday  n.  (day  of  the  week)  'tgouz-di;   {dialectally)  'touz- 

di. 
tnfa  n.  (calcareous  or  volcanic  rock)  'tgou-fa,  'tou-fa. 
tnff  n.  (volcanic  fragmental  rock)  tAf. 
tnlip  n.  (plant)  'tgou-hp;   (dialectally)  'tou-hp. 
tnlle  n.  (fabric)  tuul. 
tninor  n.  swelling  [also  spelt  tumourl  'tgou-mae ;  (dialectally) 

'toVL'tn^z. 
tmnnlt  n.  (uproar)  'tgou-mAlt;  (dialectally)  'tou-mAh. 
tnn  n.  cash;  jar;  vat;  liquid  measure;  shell  [also,  formerly, 

in  the  sense  of  liquid  measure,  spelt  ton"]  tAn. 
tunable  adj,  capable  of  being  tuned;   rarely,  tuneful    [also 

spelt  tuneable}  'tgou-no-bal,  'tguna-ba!. 
tune  n.  (sound;  melody;  mood)  tgoun;  (dialectally)  toun. 
tunnel  n,,v.  [as  verb,  present  participle  tunneling,  tunnelling; 

past   participle   and   preterit    tunneled,    tunnelled,    tunneld] 

'tAnl,  'tAnal. 

J  y^f  9  cure;  bthe,  ^  tKm-,  ^^s>vc^,  d-^ioy;  S^Aoe,  tSchew; 
w  when;  13  sing;  U"wVioevet,  \Tca.t\.,  ^i-vi^,  vs,\v\otJv,  x\\.,  Tx^ee\ 
o  poetic;  9  over,  e  aetiaV,  kV>u\.,  ^\^oot,  •:»^tvo,  ^\ie^,  ^.^^c^^n 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  561 


tnrakoo  n.  bird  [also  «pelt  turacou,  tourakoo,  touracou;  syn- 
enymous  cognates  turako,  turaco,,  touraco}  'to:-e3-ku. 

tnrban  n.  (head-dress)  ^Biz-hsn. 

inrbine  n.  water-wheel,  etc.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  turbin} 
'tB'.z-hin,  'tB:e-bain. 

tnrbiner  n.  (turbin  steamer)  'tB:z-bai-n9z. 

tnrbot  n.  (flatfish)  'tsiz-h^t. 

tnrbnlent  adj.  (disturbd)  ^tsiz-hjoA^nt, 

tnreen  n.  (deep  dish;  soup-tureen)  to'riin.     compare  terrine, 

tnrgid  adj.  (swollen;  tumid)  'tardsid,  'tBie-dsid;  {erroneous- 
ly) 'tB;3-gid. 

turkey  n.  bird  [ploral  turkeysl  'tB^ki,  'tB:?-ki. 

Tnrkoman  n.  member  of  a  central  Asian  branch  of  the  Tur- 
kish race;  Turkman  [also  spelt  Turcoman',  synonymous  cog- 
nates Turkman,  Toorcoman"]  'tB^ka-msn. 

tnmialiii  n.  'tBiz-ms-hn.     same  meaning  as  tourmalin, 

tnTmerio  n.  (plant)  'to:e-m3-3ik,  'tsi^-ma-^ik. 

turn  v,  round;  divert;  change,  etc.  [past  participle  and 
preterit  turned,  turnd"}  tsr^n,  {when  unstrest)  tBsn. 

turnip  n,  (vegetable)  'ts^nip,  'tB:r-nip;  {vulgarly)  'tsmsp. 

tnmsole  n.  plant  [synonymous  cognate  turnsof]  'tBzn-sol. 

tnrnTerein  n.  (association  for  practising  gymnastics  accord- 
ing to  the  system  of  the  turners)  'tBen-fs-eain,  'toen-fa- 
rain. 

turpentine  n.  (oily  substance)  'tsrpdn-tain,  'tBepsn-tin. 

tnrqnoise  n.  blue  or  greenish-blue  precious  stone  [also  spelt 
turkoise,  turkois,  turcois  and,  sometimes,  turkis'i  tBT'keiz, 
'tBe-koiz,  'tB:2-koiz;  'tae-kiuoz,  tse'kujoiz,  'tB3-ku)az,  tB?^iiz, 
tB?'kiis,  'tBzkis. 

tnsser  n.  tusser-silk;  silkworm  [also  spelt  tussur,  tussore; 
synonymous  cognates  tusseh,  tussah,  tussa,  tasar"]  'tAsse. 

tnssock-grass  n.  tall  grass;  mat-rush  [also  spelt  tussac- 
grassi  'tAS3k-g?a:s. 

tutelar  adj.  (guardian;  protectiv)  'tgou-ti-la?,  'tQuti-!9?. 

tutor  V.  have  the  guardianship  of;  instruct  [past  participle 
and  preterit  tutored,  tutord]  'tgou-tse;  {dialectally)  'tou- 
tazr. 

tutti-frutti  n.  (confection  or  ice-cream  flavord  with  vari- 
ous fruits)  't^ou-ti-f^ou-ti,  'tou-ti-f^ou-ti. 

tuyere  n.  tuji'e:?,  tu'je:?.    same  meaning  as  twyer, 

txiraddle  v.,  n.  (gabble,  prate)  'tujodl. 

tiveeze  n.  surgeon's  case  of  instruments  [also  spelt  tweesel 
twiiz. 

c:  law,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  noWy  a:  ask,  aik.tte.\ 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  t1iat  tVie  vtttt^\Ti^  %a>xoA.  ^^  ^^"^'"» 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  attest  oil  ^^'fc  \^^^va.%  w^^^*^ 


562  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

t^Brelf th  adj.,  n.  twelf 6. 

t^Brelve  adj.,  n.  numeral  [also  spelt  twelvl  tiuelv. 

tiHbil  n.   double-bladed  battle-ax;   broadsword;   tool;   hook 

[also  spelt  twibilll  'twai-bil. 
t^BTO  adj.,  n.  (numeral)  tou,  (when  unstrest)  tu. 
t^BTO-edged  adj,  tou'edsd,  (assumptivly)  'tou-edsd. 
tivo-legKed  adj.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  two-legd']  toulegid, 

(assumptivly)  'tou-lcgid;  (also)  toulegd,  (assumptivly)  'tou- 

}egd. 
tn^openoe  n.  (silver  coin,  etc.)  'tApsns,  'txpms;  'tou-psns. 
t^BTopenny  adj.  'tAp9-ni,  (assumptivly)  'txpani,  'tApNi;  (also) 

'tou-peni. 
t'wyer  n.   blast-furnace  pipe   [also   spelt  twier;   synonymous 

cognates  tuyere,  tuy^e,  tuyer,  tweer,  iue-iron^  'ticai-a?. 
tycoon  n.  shogun  [also  spelt  taikun,  taicoon'}  tailcoun. 
tympanio  adj,  (of  a  tympan  or  tympanum)  tim'paenik,  'timpd- 

nik. 
tympaniiiii  n.  (ancient  tambourine;  ear-drum)  'timpd-ndOL 
type  n.  (sign;  model;  printing-device)  taip. 
typhoid  adj.  (like  typhus)  'tai-feid. 
typhoon  n.  (hurricane)  tai'foun. 
typhns  n.  (fever)  'tai-fas. 
typic  adj.  (typical;  typal;  indicativ)  'tipik. 
typographer  n.  (printer;  beetle)  tai'pegr9-f3r,  ti'pegz9-{9z. 
typographic  adj.  tai-pa'g^aefik,  tipa'g^aefik. 
typography  n.  (art  of  printing  with  types;  type- work,  etc.) 

tai'peg?3-fi,  ti'pegea-fi. 
tyrannical  adj.   (of  a  tyrant;  despotic;  oppressiv)   tiVsni- 

kal,  tai'^aeni-kal. 
tyrannise  v.  [also  spelt  tyrannise"]  'tirs-naiz. 
tyranny  n.  tyrant's  rule;  despotism  [ploral  tyrannies!  'tnra- 

ni. 
tyrant  n.  (arbitrary  ruler;  despot)  'tai-?3nt. 
tyro  n.  beginner;  novice  [ploral  tyros']  'tai-?o. 
Tyrolese  n.  (of  Tyrol)  ti^aliis,  tiraliiz. 
tyrolite  n.  mineral  [also  spelt  tirolite]  'tizs-lait. 
tzar  n.  zq:z.    see  csar. 


nheity  n.  jo'bii-i-ti.    same  meaning  as  ubiety. 

nbiety  n.  whereness  [synenymous  cognate  ubeity]  jo'bai-i-ti. 

nbiqnitons  adj.  (omnipresent)  jo'bikuji-tas. 

j  ye,   Qcwre;  btKe,  ^tKm*,  ^^sm^,  ^'«>\^1N  ^sKoe,  t^r^ew; 
wwhen;  n  sing;  uwVvoevet,  \Tca.c\.,  xi^uY^.,  xsw^ocX, -vKv  ^-^a^n 
op<7etic;  3  over,  eaetiaV  K\iu\.,  -ax^ooT,  •:i^x^o,  ^\ie^,  ^^%^^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  563 

ndal  n.  right  in  land  preceding  the  feudal  system  in  Europe 
[synenymous  cegnate  odall  'jou-dl,  'jou-dal. 

ndaJer  n.  one  who  holds  property  by  udal  right;  udalman 
[also  spelt  udaller;  synenymous  cegnate  odaller^  'jou-dl-a?. 

ugh  inter],  (expressing  horror)  ou,  o,  a:  ;  {also,  especially 
when  one  is  suffering)  ouh,  oh,  A:h. 

ngh  inter j.  (expressing  disgust)  ou,  o,  Ah. 

nlilaii  n.  soldier  [also  spelt  ulan"}  ulain,  'ou-lsn,  'jou-lsn. 

ukase  n.  (edict)  julcees. 

ullage  n.  (wantage)  'Ahds. 

nlmin  n.  humus,  humin,  gein  [also  spelt  ulminel  ^Almin. 

nltimatmn.  n.  final  statement  [ploral  ultimatums,  ultimatal 
Alti'mee-tam,  Alti'ma:-t3m, 

nltraism  n.  (principles  of  Siltras  or  extremists)  'Altsd-izsm. 

iiItraiii.oiitaii.e  adj,  (beyond  the  mountains ;  tramontane  :  op- 
posed to  cismontane)  Altsd'men-ten. 

nlnlation  n.  (howling)  AHo'lee-S^n. 

ambel  n.  (sunshade-like  inflorescence)  'Ambsl. 

mnbilioal  adj.  (of  the  umbilicus;  omphalic)  Am'bih-kdl. 

ambilions  n.  (navel,  omphalos;  focus)  Am'bih-kds,  Ambilai- 

k9S. 

umbrage  n.  (shade;  offense)  'Avabzids, 
tunbrageons  adj,  (shady;  suspicious)  Am'bzee-dsds. 
umbrella  n.   (portable  shade  or  rain-gard)   Am'brels;    (dia- 

lectally,  as  in  the  southern  United  States;  vulgarly)  Ambd- 

'eela,  Am'b^el. 
nmbrette  n.  (umber-bird)  'Ambzdt,  Am'bzet. 
nmlant  n.  (mutation;  dieresis)  'om-laot,  'oum-laot. 
ninpirage  n.  'Am-pai-^ids,   (often)  'Am-paia-^ids. 
ninpire  n.  (referee)  'Am-pai?. 
nnabaslied  adj.  not  abasht  [also  spelt  unabasht2  And'hae^t, 

(assumptivly)  'An-3-baeSt,  'Ana-baeSt. 
unabated  adj,  Aua'bee-tid,  (assumptivly)  'Ana-bee-tid. 
unabridged  adj.  Ans'b^idsd,   (assumptivly)   'Ana-bndsd. 
unaccented  adj.  An'sek-sentid,   (assumptivly)   'An-aek-sentid ; 

(also)  An-aek'scntid,  Anak'sentid,  (assumptivly)  'Anak-sentid. 
unacceptable  adj.  Ansk'septs-bdl,  (assumptivly)  'Anak-septs- 

b3l. 
unaccompanied   adj,  An-d'kAmpd-nid,   And'kAmpd-nid,    (as- 

sumptivly)  'An-a-kAmpanid,  'Ana-kAmpanid,  'Ana-kAmpNid. 
unaccomplislied  adj,  [also  spelt  unaccomplisht']  An-a'kem- 

pLiSt,    AnaTcemptiSt,     (assumptivly)     'An-3-kempz.iSt,     'Ana- 

kempi.iSt. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
len^rth-mark  (;)   indicates  that  tTae  ptete^Tiitt  ^a>axA  -v.%  \w\si>n 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  cldef  stress  on  VH^  i^'^o^vEL'^  «^'^^i^^^ 


564  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

nnaooonntable   adj.   An-d'kaon-td-bsi,   Ana'kaon-ta-b^l,   {as- 

sumptivly)  'An-a-kaon-tabal,  And'kaon-tdbdl. 
unaooiutoiiied  adj.   [also  spelt  unaccustomd^   AnslcAstdind, 

(assumptivly)  'Ans-kAstsmd. 
unadorned  adj.  [also  spelt  unadorndl  Ana'de:znd,  {^assump- 

tivly)  'An3-de:?nd. 
nnadnlterated  adj,  Ans'dAltd-eetid,  (assumptivly)  ^And-dAlts- 

eetid. 
unaffected  adj.  Ans'fektid,  (assumptivly)  'Ans-fektid. 
unaided  adj.  An'ee-did,  (assumptivly)  'An-ee-did. 
unallo^Brable  adj.  Andlau-s-bdl,  (assumptivly)  'Ans-iau-dbst. 
unalloyed  adj.  [also  spelt  unalloyd2  Ans'teid,  (assumptivly) 

'Ans-leid. 
unalterable  adj.  An'c:l-t9?9-b9},  (assumptivly)  'An-c:}-t939b3l, 

(rapidly)  'An-cil-tjabal. 
unaltered  adj.  [also  spelt  unalterdi  An'c:}-t3zd,  (assumptivly) 

'An-c:l-t3?d. 
un-American  adj*  And'meri-kQn,  (assumptivly)  'Ana-merikdo. 
unanimity  n.  (state  of  being  unanimous)  jund'nimi-ti. 
unans^grerable    adj.    An'a:n-s9?3-b9},    (assumptivly)    'An-a:n- 

sd-zrabdl,  'An-am-ssdbdl. 
unappalled  adj.  [also  spelt  unappaldl  AU^'pcitd,    (assump- 
tivly) 'An3-pc:ld. 
unappeased  adj.  Ans'piizd,  (assumptivly)  'Ans-piizd. 
unappreciated  adj.  Ans'p^ii-Si-etid,  (assumptivly)  'Ans-p^ii- 

Si-etid. 
unapproachable  adj.   Ana'psoo-tSs-bdl,    (assumptivly)   'Ana- 

p^DO-tSabal. 
unapt  adj.  (not  apt)  An'apt,  (assumptivly)  'An-aept. 
unarmed  adj.  [also  spelt   unarmd}  An'a:?md,   (assumptivly) 

\n-a:zmd. 
unascertainable  adj.  An-aessr'tee-nd-bdl,  (assumptivly)  'ah- 

aesa^-tee-nabal. 
unasked  adj.  [also  spelt  unaskt"}  An'a:skt,  (assumptivly)  'An- 

a:skt. 
unassailable  adj.  Ana'see-la-bdl,  (assumptivly)  'Ans-see-ldbst. 
unassisted  adj.  Ana'sistid,  (assumptivly)  'Ans-sistid. 
unassuming  adj.  Ans'sgou-iniri,  (assumptivly)  'Ans-sgou-mii]. 
unassured  adj.  An^^loizd,  (assumptivly)  'And-$o:7d. 
unattached  adj.  [also  spelt  unattachtl  And'txt^t,    (assump- 
tivly) 'An3-taetSt. 
unattainable    adj.    And'tee-ns-bsl,    (assumptivly)    'And-tee* 

nabdl. 

j  ye,  Qoure;  btVie,  ^tVvm\  ■«»^2>m^,  A?«j\<\v;  ishoe,  t^  chew; 
w  when :  n  sing ".  "^  -wVvoevet ,  \  xeasix.,  ji  ^-^^^  ^^\ooV  x\v  ^v-s.^^'^ 
opc^etic;  a  over,  eaw^V  k^>hV,  t>\^ooT,  ^^xio,  ^\.e^  ^^^^^^^n 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  565 

mLattempted  adj.  Ans'temptid,  (assumptivly)  'Ans-temptid. 

nnAttended  adj,  And'tendid,  (assumptivly)  'Ans-tendid. 

unattractive  adj.  [also  spelt  unattractiv}  Ans'tsaektiv,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'Ana-tjaektiv. 

nnan  n.  (sloth)  'juu-nc: . 

nnautlieiitio  adj.  An-c'6entik,  And'Oentik,  (assumptivly) 
'An-c-8entik,  'Ana-Gentik. 

unauthorised  adj,  [also  spelt  unauthorised']  An'c:-69-?aizd, 
(assumptivly)  'An-oGa-raizd. 

nnavailing  adj.  An^'vee-ht),  (assumptivly)  'An9-vee-}it]. 

unavenged  adj.  Ana'vendsd,  (assumptivly)  'Ana-vendsd. 

nnavoidable  adj.  Ana'vei-da-bDl,  (assumptivly)  'Ana-vei- 
ddbd}. 

unbalanced  adj.  An'baetdnst,  (assumptivly)  'An-baeldnst. 

unbaptixed  adj.  [also  spelt  unbaptisedl  Ati-baep'taizd,  (as- 
sumptivly)  'An-baep-taizd. 

unbated  adj.  (unabated;  unblunted)  Ati'bee-tid. 

unbearable  adj.  An'bei-^a-bal,  (assumptivly)  'An-bei-eabal. 

unbeaten  adj.  An'bii-tn,  (assumptivly)  'An-bii-tn. 

unbecoming  adj.  An-bi'kAiniq,  (assumptivly)  'An-bi-kAmiq. 

unbending  adj.  An'bendii],  (assumptivly)  'An-bendit]. 

unbiased  adj.  [also  spelt  unbiassed,  unbiast]  An'bai-3st,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-bai-3st. 

unbidden  adj.  AnTjidn,  (assumptivly)  'An-bidn. 

unbleaobed  adj.  [also  spelt  unbleachf]  An'bhitSt,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-bhitSt. 

unbleniished  adj.  [also  spelt  unblemishtl  An'blemiSt,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-blemiSt. 

unblessed  adj.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  unblesf]  An'blesid,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-blesid;  (also)  AnTjlest,  (assumptivly)  'au- 
b}est. 

unblusbing  adj,  An'blASir),  (assumptivly)  'An-UASir). 

unbolted  adj.  An'bool-tid,  (assumptivly)  'An-bool-tid. 

unborn  adj,  An'beirn,  (assumptivly)  'An-beizn. 

unbosom  v.  (reveal  confidentially)  An'bozdm,  An'bou-zsm. 

unbound  adj,  An'baond,  (assumptivly)  'An-baond. 

unbounded  adj.  An^baon-did,   (assumptivly)  'An-baon-did. 

unbridled  adj,  (having  no  bridle;  unrestraind)  An'b?ai-did, 
(assumptivly)  'An-brai-dld. 

unbroken  adj.  An'b^oo-kan,   (assumptivly)  'An-broo-kan. 

unbrotherly  adj.  An'b^Ada^-h,  (assumptivly)  ^n-hzAdszAi. 

unburden  v,  free  from  a  burden;  reveal  [synonymous  cog- 
nate unburthen]  An'bei^-dn. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now^  a:  ask^  aiktte^ 
length-mark  (;)  indicates  that  the  pteceAitv?,  ^w«i^^  "is»  Vstc^-^n 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  tilfcLe  I^'^q^vel'si*  vjVksi^^* 


566  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD   WORDS 

nnbnried  adj,  Ati'bezid,  (assutnptivly)  'Axi-bend. 

nnbartben  v.  An'bBie-dn,  An'hBiz-dn,  same  meaning  as  un- 
burden. 

niibiMiii.esslike  adj.  xn'bizniz-iaik,  (assutnptivly)  'xn-bizniz- 
laik. 

unoalled  adj.  [also  spelt  uncald"}  An'kc:ld,  {assumptivly)  'xn- 
kcild. 

uncanny  adj.  (not  canny;  eery,  weird)  An'kaeni,  (assutnptiv- 
ly) 'An-kaeni. 

nncared  adj.  An^keizd,  (assumptivly)  'An-ke:?d. 

unoauglit  adj,  An'kc.t,  (assumptivly)  'An-kc:t. 

nnceasing  adj.  An'sii-sii],  (assumptivly)  'An-sii-sig. 

nnceremonions  adj.  An-seri'moo-ni-ss,  (assumptivly)  'ah- 
seri-moo-ni-3S. 

uncertain  adj,  An'ssztn,  (assumptivly)  'An-sszrtn. 

mncliangeable  adj.  An'tSeen-dss-bsl,  (assumptivly)  'An-tScen- 
dsdbal. 

unchanged   adj,   An'tSeendsd,    (assumptivly)    'An-tSeendsd. 

nncbanging  adj.  An'tSeen-dsig,  (assumptivly)  'An-tSeen-dsu}. 

nncbaritable  adj.  An'tSse^itd-bsl,  (assumptivly)  'An-tSxzi- 
tabdl. 

uncbaste  adj.  An'tSeest,  (assumptivly)  'An-tjeest. 

nncbecked  adj.  [also  spelt  uncheckt"]  An'tSekt,  (assumptivly) 
'An-tSekt. 

nncbcwed  adj.  [also  spelt  unchewdl  An't^oud,  (assumptivly) 
'AH-tSoud. 

unchristian  adj.  An'lcsist$3n,   (assumptivly)  'An-k3ist$9n. 

uncial  adj.  (of  a  twelfth  part,  ounce,  or  inch;  inch-high, 
etc. :   said  of  a  variety  of  majuscule  letters)  'Anjal,  'Anji-al. 

uncircumcised  adj.  An'sB^kam-saizd,  (assumptivly)  'ao- 
SBzkam-saizd. 

uncivil  adj.  An'sivil,  (assumptivly)  'An-sival. 

uncivilized  adj.  [also  spelt  uncivilised'\  An'sivi-laizd,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-sivi-laizd. 

unclaimed  adj.  An'kz.eemd,  (assumptivly)  'An-kz,eemd. 

uncle  n.  (brother  of  one's  father  or  mother;  husband  of 
one's  aunt)  'Aqkal. 

unclean  adj.  An'ktiin,  (assumptivly)  'An-kz.iin. 

uncleanly  adj.  [also  spelt  unclenlyl  An'kz.enh,  (often)  An- 
'kz.iin-h;   (assumptivly)   'An-kz.enh,  'An-ktiin-h. 

unclouded  adj.  An'kz.ao-did,   (assumptivly)   'An-ki.ao-did. 

uncombed  adj.  An'koomd,  (assumptivly)  'An-koomd. 

uncombined  adj.  An-kam'baind,  (assumptivly)  'An-kam-baind. 

j  ye,  Qcure;  btKe,  ^  t\vvTV,  -s^savc^,  <i^ioy;  S^fcoe,  tS  c/rew; 
w  when;  i)  sing;  MVjYvoeve^x,  \tc^^\.,  vi\>^,  xi>a.\o«\,  -s.\\.,  vi^ee; 
o  poetic  *   3  over,  e  oerva\,  kWX,  •:i\Q.oox,  -i^wo^  ^\ie5s.,  ^^M.v^.v^ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  567 

nnoomfortable   adj,  Ati'lcAmfdztd-bal,    (rapidly)    xn^kAmftd- 

bel;  (jassumptivly)  'An-lcAinfae-tabal,  {rapidly)  'An-kAmfubal. 
nnoommoii  adj  An^kemsn,  (assumptivly)  'An-keman. 
nncomiiiiiiiioatiTe    adj.    [also    spelt   uncommunicativ]    An- 

ka'mjou-ni-ketiv,   {assumptivly)   'An-ka-mjou-ni-ketiv. 
nnoomplainiiiK    adj.    An-k9m'pz.ee-nii],    (assumptivly)    'An- 

kam-pLee-niq. 
uncompleted   adj.   An-ksm'pLii-tid,    (assumptivly)    'An-kdm- 

pz.ii-tid. 
unoomplimentary   adj.   An-kempz^i'ments-zi,    (rapidly)    An- 

kempLi'ment£i ;  (assumptivly)  'An-kempi,i-ment3ri,  (rapidly) 

'An-kempz.i-mcntji. 
nnoompromiyiiig     adj.     An'kemp39-mai-zir),     (assumptivly) 

'An-kemp33-mai-ziq.     see  under  compromise. 
nnconcealed  adj.  [also  spelt  unconceald}  An-ksn'siild,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-kan-siild. 
nnoonoemed  adj.  [also  spelt  unconcernd'\  An-k3n'sB:znd,  (a^ 

sumptivly)  'An-kan-ssirnd. 
aiiooiidiiional    adj.    An-kdn'diSd-nl,    (assumptivly)    'An-ksn- 

diSa-nl. 
unconditioned  adj,  [also  spelt  unconditiond}  An-ksu'dijand, 

(assumptivly)  'An-kdn-dijand. 
unoonfessed   adj.    [also    spelt   uncontest']    An-ksn'fest,    (asr 

sumptivly)  'An-kan-fest. 
unoonfined  adj.  An-kdn'faind,   (assumptivly)   'An-ksn-faind. 
uncongenial    adj.    An-kan'dsii-njd},    (assumptivly)    'An-kdn- 

dsii-njdl. 
unconnected  adj.  An-ks'nektid,  (assumptivly)  'An-kd-nektid. 
nnconquerable  adj.  An^keriksza-bdl,  (rapidly)  An'ker)k33-b9} ; 

(assumptivly)  'An-koqka-^abal,  (rapidly)  'An-keqksabal. 
unconscionable     adj,    An'ken$3n9-b3l,     (assumptivly)     'ah- 

kenSd-nsbdl,  'An-kenSaha-bal. 
unconscious  adj,  An'ken^ds,  (assumptivly)  'An-ken$as. 
uncolisidered   adj.   [also   spelt  unconsiderd}   An-kan'siddrd, 

(assumptivly)  'An-kan-sidard. 
unconslitutional    adj.    An-kensti'tgou-Sd-nl,     (assumptivly) 

'An-kensti-tQou-San!, 
unconstrained     adj.     [also     spelt     unconstraind"]     xn-kdn- 

'stjeend,  (assumptivly)  'An-kan-stseend. 
unconsumed    adj.    An-kdn'sguumd,     (assumptivly)     'An-ksn- 

s^oumd. 
uncontaminated  adj,  An-kan'tsemi-netid,  (assumptivly)  'ati- 

kan-taemi-netid. 

c:  law,  b:  iur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (;)   indicates  that  the  ptece^iws,  ^ovaxi^^  V5»  \wn%\ 
^tre99-mark  0  indicate^  chief  stress  Qxv  >Jcl^  \«»Xvss>wvcl'^  «^\^^i^^> 


568  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

nnoontested  adj,  An-ksn'testid,  (assumptivly)  'An-kan-testid. 

nnoontradioted  adj,  An-kent£9'diktid,  {assumptivly)  'aii* 
kent£9-diktid. 

anoontrolled  adj.  [also  spelt  uncontroldl  xn-kdn'tsoold,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-kan-tjoold. 

nnoontroTerted  adj.  An'kent£9-vBztid,  {assumptivly)  'An- 
kent£3-vB?tid. 

nAoonTerted     adj.     An-ksn'vB^tid,     {assumptivly)     'Aii-kan- 

VB^tld. 

nnoonTinoed  adj,  An-kstiVinst,  {assumptivly)   'An-kan-vinst 

unoorreoted  adj.  An-ks'zektid,  {assumptivly)   'An-ka-zektid. 

nnoonth  adj.  (strange)  Ati'kuuO,  (assumptivly)  'An-kou6. 

nnoritioal  adj,  An'ksiti-ks},  (assumptivly)  'An-ksitiksl. 

unoroDviied  adj,  [also  spelt  uncrowndl  An'ksaond,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-ksaond. 

nnction  n,  (anointing;  salve;  gush)  'AQk^sn. 

nnctious  adj.  'A^k^ss,  'atiSss.     same  meaning  as  unctuous. 

unctnous  adj.  (greasy;  suave)  'Ai]ktSu-3s,  'Ai]ktQu-9s. 

unonltiTated  adj.  An'kAlti-vetid,  (assumptivly)  'An-kidti* 
vetid. 

nnonrbed  adj,  [also  spelt  uncurbd'\  An'kBizbd,  (assumptivly) 
\n-kB:zhd. 

nncnrtailed  adj.  [also  spelt  uncurtaildl  An-kBs'teeld,  (aS' 
sumptivly)  'An-kB3-teeld. 

uncnt  adj,  An'kAt,  (assumptivly)  'An-kAt. 

nndamaged  adj,  An'dsemidsd,  (assumptivly)  'An-dxmidsd. 

undated  adj.  (not  dated;  having  no  date)  An'dee-tid,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-dee-tid. 

undated  adj.  (having  a  waved  surface)   'An-detid. 

undaunted  adj,  An'dc:n-tid,   (assumptivly)   'An-dc:n-tid. 

undecagon  n.  (eleven-angled  polygon)  An'dekd-gen. 

undecayed  adj.  [also  spelt  undecayd}  An-di'keed,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-di-keed. 

undecided  adj.  An-di'sai-did,  (assumptivly)  'An-di-sai-did. 

undefined  adj.  An-di'faind,  (assumptivly)  'An-di-faind. 

undemonstrable  adj.  An-di'menstss-bdl,  (assumptivly)  'ah- 
di-menstjabal. 

undeniable  adj,  An-di'nai-d-bdl,  (assumptivly)  ^An-di-nai* 
dbdl. 

under  drain  v.  Andsr'dreen. 

underdrain  n.  'Andsz-dreen. 

underground  adj.,  n,  'Andsz-gzaond,  Andd^'gzraond. 

underground  adv.  Andsz/gzaond. 

j  ye,  Qcure;  btKe,  Q  tViVxv,  -b^sAvce,  d^t'oy;  S  j/ioe,  tSchew; 
wwhen;  13  sing;  UNvVioeveT,  \tc^tv,  ^\>^,  x»>a.\o<\^  ^\V  ^v««<; 
opoetic;  3  over,  eoeT\^\,  k>ou\.,  ^i.^oox,  -a^wo,  ^Ve^,  ^.-t'^yfi*:. 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  569 

underhand  adv.,  adj,  'Anddr-haend,  xnddz'hxnd. 

underhanded  adj.  'xnddz-hxndid,  xnddz'hxndid. 

nnderhandedly  adv,  'Andsz-haendi-dh,  Anddz'hxndi-dh. 

underneath  adv.,  prep.  Anddz'niiO,  Anddz'niid. 

underrate  v.  Andd'zeet,  {anteriorly)  'Ands-zeet. 

underripe  adj.  Ands'zaip,  {assumptivly)  'Ands-^aip. 

underset  v,  (underpin,  prop)  Ands^'set. 

underset  n.  (undercurrent)  'Andsz-set. 

undersigned  n.  [also  spelt  undersigndl  Anddz'saind;  (tm- 
properly)  Andd^'zaind. 

undersized  adj.  Andsz'saizd,   {assumptivly)  'Anddz-saizd. 

undeserved  adj.  [also  spelt  undeservdl  An-di'zB:zvd,  {as- 
sumptivly) 'An-di-zB:3vd. 

undeservedly  adv.  An-di'zB:e-vi-d}i. 

undesigned  adj,  [also  spelt  undesigndl  An-di'zaind,  {as' 
sumptivly)  'An-di-zaind. 

undesired  adj.  An-di'zai^d,  {assumptivly)  'An-di-zai?d. 

undetected  adj,  An-di'tektid,   {assumptivly)   'An-di-tektid. 

undetermined  adj.  [also  spelt  undetermindl  An-di'te:?- 
mind,  {assumptivly)  'An-di-teir-mind. 

undeterred  adj,  [also  spelt  undeterdl  An-di'tB:zd,  {assump- 
tivly) 'An-di-tB:rd. 

undeveloped  adj.  [also  spelt  undevelopti  An-diVelspt,  {as- 
sumptivly)  'An-di-velapt. 

undevlatlng  adj.  An'dii-vi-etiq,  {assumptivly)  'An-dii-vi-etiq. 

undigested  adj.  An-di'dsestid,  {assumptivly)  'An-di-dsestid. 

undignified  adj.  An'digni-faid,  {assumptivly)  'An-digni-faid. 

undiminished  adj.  [also  spelt  undiminishtl  An-di'miniSt, 
{assumptivly)  'An-di-minijt. 

undlsoemlhle  n,  An-di'zB^ns-bd},  {assumptivly)  'An-d> 
zBrnsbdl. 

undisciplined  adj.  [also  spelt  undisciplindl  An'disi-pz.ind 
{assumptivly)  'An-disipi.ind. 

undisclosed  adj,  An-dis'kz.30zd,  {assumptivly)  'An-dis-kz.30zd. 

undiscovered  adj.  [also  spelt  undiscoverdl  An-di'skAvszrd, 
{assumptivly)  'An-di-skAvard. 

undisguised  adj.  An-dis'gaizd,  {assumptivly)  'An-dis-Oaizd. 

undismayed  adj,  [also  spelt  undismaydl  An-dis'meed,  {as- 
sumptivly) 'An-dis-meed. 

undisputed  adj,  An-di'spQou-tid,  {assumptivly)  'An-di-spgor- 
tid. 

undissolved  adj,  [also  spelt  undissolvdl  An-di'zelvd,  {as- 
sumptivly)  'An-di-zelvd. 

c:  law,  b:  iur,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  for,  aa  now,  o.*.  a?k^  ^■vVxX&n 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  t\ie  preceditv^  ^ca\x\^  ^.^  \«vv"Sk\ 
stresa-ma^k  (')  indicates  chief  stress  on  Viie  ieJ^Ck^vjv^  ««j^^^^ 


570  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

undisturbed  adj.  [also  spelt  undisturbdl  An-di'stB:zbd,  (a:- 

sumptivly)  'An-di-steirbd. 
undivided   adj.   An-di'vai-did,    (assutnptivly)    'An-di-vai-did. 
undoubted  adj.  [also  spelt  undoutedl  An'dao-tid,   (assump- 

tivly)  'An-dao-tid. 
undrax^n  adj.  An'drcrn,  {assutnptivly)  'An-drc:n. 
undress  n.  (ordinary  dress,  as  opposed  to  full  dress  or  uni* 

form)  'An-dres,  An'dres. 
undress  adj.  (of  ordinary  attire ;  informal)  'An-dces. 
undress  v.  (strip,  disrobe)  An'dres. 
undressed  adj,  [also  spelt  undresf]  An'drest,   (assumptivly) 

'An-drest. 
undue  adj.  An'djou,  (assutnptivly)   'An-djou. 
undulate  v.  (have  a  wavy  motion)  'And jo-let,  'Andsa-let. 
undulatory  adj.  'Andjola-tori,  'Andsala-tori,  'Andjo-let3-?i. 
undutiful  adj.  An'djou-ti-fat,  An'djuti-fal,  {assutnptivly)  'ah- 

djou-ti-fal,  'An-djutifal. 
undyed  adj.  An'daid,  {assutnptivly)  ^An-daid. 
undying  adj.  An'dai-iq,  {assutnptivly)  'An-dai-iq. 
unearned  adj.  An'ei^nd,  {assutnptivly)  'An-Biznd. 
unearthly  adj.  An'erOM,  {assumptivly)  'An-seGti. 
uneasy  adj.  An'ii-zi,  {assutnptivly)  'An-ii-zi. 
uneaten  adj.  An'ii-tn,  {assumptivly)  'An-ii-tn. 
uneducated  adj.  An'edsa-ketid,  {assumptivly)  'An-edsa-ketid. 
unemployed  adj.  [also  spelt  unemploydl  An-dm'pLoid,  Anam* 

'pLOid,  {assumptivly)  'An-am-pteid,  'Anam-pi^eid. 
unencumbered  adj.   [also  spelt  unencumberd;   synonymous 

cegnate    unincumbered,    unincumberd}    An-dnlcAmbdzrd,    {as- 
sumptivly) 'An-an-lcAmba^d. 
unendoured  adj.  [also  spelt  unendowd\  An-an'daod,  {assump* 

tivly)  'An-an-daod. 
unendurable    adj,    An-3n'djo:-7d-b9},    {assumptivly)    'An-an- 

djot-^abal. 
unengaged  adj.  An-an'geedsd,    {assumptivly)   'An-an-geedsd     ( 
un-Englisb  adj.  An'iQghS,  {assumptivly)  'An-iqgh^. 
unenligbtened  adj.  [also  spelt  unenlightendl  An-dnlai-tnd, 

(assumptivly)  'An-an-lai-tnd. 
unenterprising   adj.    [also   spelt   unenterprisingi   An'enta?- 

p3ai-zii],  (assumptivly)  'An-entar-prai-ziq. 
unentertaining    adj.    An-entar'tee-niq,    (assumptivly)    'ah- 

enta^-tee-niq. 
unenviable  adj.  An'envi-a-bal,   (assumptivly)   'An-envi-abal. 
unequal  adj.  An'ii-kiua},   (assumptivly)   'An-ii-kwal. 

j  ve,   Qcure;  btHe,  ^  tVi\Tv\  -s^swr^,  ^^p^N  ^sfcoe,   tS  chew; 
w  when ;   n  sino ;  u  -wVvoe^jet ,  \  t c^^t, ^ ^>^>  xi>a.\o<\,  ^\v  v^^wv     , 
o poetic;   3  over,  e  oena\,  kW\,  ^^-.^oox,  •;i^x.o,  ^.\.e?^,  ^.'t^afi^.N  \ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  571 

unequivocal      adj,      An-i'ktuiva-kal,      {assumptivly)      'ah-i- 

kwivskd}. 
unerring  adj.  An'enq,  (assumptivly)  'An-eriq. 
uneven  adj.  An'ii-van,  (assumptivly)  'An-ii-van. 
uneventful  adj.  An-i'ventfal,  (assumptivly)  'An-i-ventfal. 
unexoeptionable  adj.  An-dk'sepSsnd-bd},   (assumptivly)  'An- 

sk-sepSa-nabal,  (rapidly)  'Anak-sepSNabal. 
unexecuted     adj.     An'eksi-kgutid,     (assumptivly)     'Aii-eksi- 

kgutid 
unexpected   adj.  An-sk'spektid,  Ansk'spektid,    (assumptivly) 

'An-ak-spektid,  'Anak-spektid, 
unexplained    adj.    [also    spelt    unexplaindl    An-sk'spz.eend, 

(assumptivly)  'An-ak-spteend. 
unexplored  adj.  An-3k'spz.3:7d,  (assumptivly)  'An-9k-spL3:;d. 
unexpressed   adj.   [also   spelt  unexprestl   An-sk'spsest,   (as- 

sumptivly)  'An-ak-spsest. 
unfading  adj.  An'fee-dir),  (assumptivly)  'An-fee-diQ. 
unfailing    adj.   An'fee-hf),    (assumptivly)    'An-fee-hq. 
unfair  adj.   An'feir,    (assumptivly)   'An-fe:r. 
unfaithful  adj.  An'feeG-fal,   (assumptivly)  'An-feeO-fdl. 
unfaltering  adj.  An'fcil-ta-^iq,  (assumptivly)  'An-fc:l-t3?ii). 
unfamiliar  adj.  An-fd'miHdz,   (assumptivly)  'An-fd-miHds. 
unfatherly  adj.  An'fa:-d3r-h,   (assumptivly)   ^n-iai-d^z-h, 
unfathomed   adj.    [also   spelt   unfathomd}   An'fseddtnd,    (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-faedamd. 
unfavorable  adj.  [also  spelt  unfavourable'\  An'fee-vdrd-bdl, 

(rapidly)     An'f  ee-v^a-bal ;      (assumptivly)     'An-fee-va-rabal, 

(rapidly)  'An-fee-v^abal. 
unfeared   adj.    [also  spelt  unfeardi   An'fiizrd,   (assumptivly) 

'ATi-fllzd. 

unfed  adj.  An'fed,  (assumptivly)  'An-fed. 

unfeed  adj.  (not  feed)  An'fiid,  (assumptivly)  'An-fiid. 

unfeeling  adj.  An'fii-hq,    (assumptivly)   'An-fii-hq. 

unfeig^ned  adj.  [also  spelt  unfeigndl  An'feend,  (assumptivly) 
'An-feend. 

unfelt  adj.  An'felt,  (assumptivly)  'An-felt. 

unfenoed  adj.  An'fenst,  (assumptivly)  'An-fenst. 

unfermented  adj.  An-fez'mentid,  (assumptivly)  'An-iBZ- 
mentid. 

unfettered  adj.  [also  spelt  unfetter dl  An'fetard,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-feta^d. 

unfilled  adj.  [also  spelt  unfildl  An'fild,  (assumptivly)  'An- 
fitd. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark   (:)   indicates  that  the  ^tec^ditv^  ^ova.'Cw^  vi»  \wNSk\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  oti  VScLt  i^o^vci.^  ^"^-a^^. 


572  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

nnfinislied  adj.  [also  spelt  unfinishtl  An'finiSt,  (assump- 
tivly)  'An-finiljt. 

nnfit  adj,  An'fit,  (assumptivly)  'xn-fit. 

nnforgiviiLg  adj,  An-fs^'givif),  (assumptivly)  'An-fdz-givig. 

mLformed  adj.  [also  spelt  unformd}  An'fe:zmd,  (assumptiv- 
ly) 'An-fe:rmd. 

nnfortunato  adj,  An'ieiz-tl^-n^t,  (assumptivly)  'An-fe:z-t$3- 
nat,  (rapidly)  An'fe:?-tSN3t,  'An-fe:e-tSN3t. 

nnfounded  adj,  (not  founded;  not  built;  baseless,  vain)  An- 
'faon-did,  (assumptivly)  'An-faon-did. 

nnfreqnented  adj.  An-fsi'kwentid,  (assumptivly)  'An-fsi- 
kwentid. 

nnfriendly  adj.  An'f^endh,  (assumptivly)  'An-fsendli. 

niLfmitful  adj.  An'fsout-fal,  (assumptivly)  'An-fsout-fal. 

unfulfilled  adj,  [also  spelt  unfulfildl  An-fol'fild,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-fol-fild. 

nnfiirnished  adj.  [also  spelt  unfurnisht'\  An'fB2rni$t,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-fB?niSt. 

nnga  n.  siamang  [synonymous  cognate  ungkal  'Aijgd. 

nngainly  adj.  (awkward,  clumsy,  uncouth)  An'geen-li,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-geen-h. 

nngallant  adj.  An-galaent,  (assumptivly)  'An-g9-)»nt. 

nngathered  adj.  [also  spelt  ungatherdl  An'gaedszd,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-gaedaed. 

nngeneraled  adj,  made  not  general;  local;  particular  [also 
spelt  ungeneralled,  ungeneraldl  An'dsena-rald. 

nngentlemanly  adj.  An'dsentlmsn-h,  (assumptivly)  'ah- 
dsentl-manh. 

nngirt  adj.  An'gei^t,  (assumptivly)  'An-goirt. 

ungodly  adj.  An'gedh,  (assumptivly)  'An-gedh. 

ungoTemable  adj,  An'gAV33n3-b3l,  (assumptivly)  'An-gAV3z- 
nsbdl,  'An-gAvarna-bal. 

ungraceful  adj.  An'grees-fal,   (assumptivly)   'An-gsrees-fal. 

ungracious  adj,  An'gree-Jas,  (assumptivly)  'An-g^ee-Jas. 

nngrammatical  adj.  An-gzs'mxti-kdl,  (assumptivly)  \n-gz9- 
maetikal. 

ungrateful   adj.  An'greet-fal,    (assumptivly)    'An-greet-faL 

ungrounded  adj.  An'g?aun-did,  (assumptivly)  ^An-g^aon- 
did. 

ungrudging  adj.  An'grAdsiq,  (assumptivly)  'An-g^Adsiq. 

unguarded  adj.  [also  spelt  ungarded}  An'ga:7-did,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-ga:3-did. 

unguent  n,  (ointment,  grease)  'At3gw3nt. 

j  yCf  Qcure;  btKe,  ^tViVtv*,  -s^smx^,  d^t'oy;  S^/toe,  tJcAew; 
w  when;  n  sing;  u'wVvoevet,  Vte^oX,  \i\'vi^,  xi>a.\oo\,  ^Vx,  v».%»eev 
op<?etic;  a  over,  e  aefiaX,  kV>u\.,  ^\^oox,  -^^^x^o,  ^.X^e^,  "e.<t^Q5vfc% 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  573 

nngniciilate  adj.  (clawd)  An'gwikgo-}3t. 

ungraided  adj.  An'gai-did,  {assumptivly)  'An-gai-did. 

ungulate  adj.  (hoof-like;  hooft)  'Aggju-lst. 

un.liallo'wed  adj.  [also  spelt  unhallowdl  An'haebd,  (assump- 
tivly)  'An-haelod. 

unhappy  adj.  An'haepi,  (assumptivly)  'An-hxpi. 

unharmed  adj.  [also  spelt  unharmdl  An'ha:rmd,  (assumptiv- 
ly)  'An-ha:?md. 

unhatched  adj,  [also  spelt  unhatcht}  An'haetSt,  {assumptivly) 
'Aii-haetSt. 

unhealthfnl  adj,  [also  spelt  unhelthfulj  An'helOfdl,  {assump- 
tivly) 'An-heiefal. 

unhealthy  adj,  [also  spelt  unhelthyl  An'helOi,  (assumptivly) 
'An-hel6i. 

unheard  adj.  AnliB:zd,  {assumptivly)  'An-heied. 

unheeded  adj.  An'hii-did,   (assumptivly)  'An-hii-did. 

unheedful  adj.  An'hiid-fsl,   (assumptivly)   'An-hiid-fsl. 

unhesitating    adj.     An'hezi-tetir),     (assumptivly)     'An-hezi- 
tetiq. 

unheum  adj.  An'hgoun,  (assumptivly)  'An-hgoun. 

unholy  adj.  An'hoo-h,   (assumptivly)  'An-hoo-li. 

unhonored  adj.  [also  spelt  unhonoured,  unhonordi  An'enszd, 
(assumptivly)  'An-enaed. 

unhoped  adj,  An'hoopt,   (assumptivly)   'An-h3opt. 

unhung  adj.  An'hAi],  (assumptivly)  'An-hAr). 

unhurt  adj.  An'hBirt,  (assumptivly)  'An-her^t. 

unideal  adj.  An-ai'dii-sl,  (assumptivly)  'An-ai-dii-sl. 

uniflorous  adj.  jo'nifz.3-73s,  '}uni^{t.o:-z^s. 

unimagined  adj.  [also  spelt  unimagind}  An-i'mxdsind,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-i-maed3ind. 

unimpaired   adj.    [also   spelt   unimpaird}    An-im'pe:rd,    (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-im-pe:3d. 

unimpeded  adj.  An-im'pii-did,  (assumptivly)   'An-im-pii-did. 

unimportant  adj.  An-im'pe:r-tnt,  (assumptivly)  'An-im-pe:r- 
tnt. 

unimproved  adj.  An-im'psouvd,  (assumptivly)  'An-im-p3ouvd. 

unincumbered    adj.    An-in'kAmbdzd,    (assumptivly)    'Aii-in- 
kAmbdzd.     see  unencumbered. 

uninflammable  adj.  An-in'fLsemd-bdl,  (assumptivly)  'An-in- 
fz^smsbdl. 

uninfluenoed  adj.  An'infz.u-3nst. 

uninformed  adj.  [also  spelt  uninformdl  An-in'fe:rmd,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-in-fe:rmd. 

c:  law,  b:  f wr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  flsk,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  tTae  ptece^m^  ^owxA  ^.%  VirssskN 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  \!dt  i€?\c>H4V£vsL  «^'^^^av^ 


574  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

nninJialiited     adj.     An-in'hxbi-tid,     {assumptivly)     'AXi-in- 

haebitid. 
uninitiated  adj.  An-i'niSi-etid,  {assumptivly)  'An-i-niSi-etid. 
nninjured  adj.  An'ind39?d,  {assumptivly)  'An-indsszd. 
uninspired    adj.   Ati-in'spaird,    {assumptivly)    'An-in-spaizd. 
uninstruoted     adj.     An-in'st£Aktid,     {assumptivly)     'An-in- 

St£Aktld. 

nnintelleotnal  adj.  An-inti'lektSu-di,  {assumptivly)  'An-inti- 

lektSu-al. 
unintelligent    adj,    An-in'teh-d3dnt,    {assumptivly)    'ah-iii- 

tehdsdnt. 
unintelligible  adj.  An-in'tehdsd-bdL 

unintended  adj.  An-in'tendid,  {assumptivly)  'An-in-tendid. 
unintentional    adj.    An-in'ten$3-n},     {assumptivly)     'ah-iii- 

tenSsn}. 
uninterested   adj.    An'intdn-stid,    {assumptivly)    'An-mt^zi- 

stid.     see  interested. 
uninteresting  adj.   An'mtszi-stii],   {assumptivly)   'An-mtszi- 

stiq.     see  interesting. 
uninterrupted   adj.   An-ints'zAptid,   {assumptivly)   'An-int3- 

ZAptld. 

uninvited  adj.  An-in'vai-tid,  {assumptivly)  'An-in-vai-tid. 

union  n.  (junction;  combination)  'jou-njdn. 

uniparous  adj.  jo'nipd-rss. 

unique  adj,  (only,  single,  sole;  unusual)  jo'niik. 

unison  n.  (perfect  prime;  interval  of  the  octave;  monotone; 
harmony,  concord)  'jou-ni-san,   {rarely)  'jou-ni-zan. 

unisonant  adj.  (being  in  unison)  jo'nisd-ndnt,  'jou-nisd-nsnt, 
'juu-ni-sonant. 

unisonous  adj.  (unisonant;  also,  sounding  alone)  jo'nisd-nss, 
'juu-nis3-n3s,  'jou-ni-sonas. 

univalent  adj.  (having  a  valence  of  one)  jo'niva-lant. 

univalve  adj.  [also  spelt  univalv}  'jou-ni-vaelv. 

universalize  v.  [also  spelt  universalisel  juniVazTsa-taiz. 

university  n.  [synonymous  cognates  varsity,  'varsityl  juni- 
'vB?si-ti,  {rapidly)  juni'vB3sti. 

univocal  adj.  (having  one  meaning  only :  opposed  ta  equiv- 
ocal; unisonous)  jo'niva-kal. 

unjust  adj.  Au'dsAst,  {assumptivly)  'AU-dsASt. 

unjustifiable  adj.  An'dsAsti-fai-a-bal,  {assumptivly)  'au- 
dsASti-f ai-abal ;  {also,  sometimes)  An-dsASti'fai-a-bal. 

unkempt  adj.  (uncombed;  disorderly;  rough)  An'kempt,  {as- 
sumptivly) 'An-kempt. 

}  yc,  Qcure;  btHe,  ^  tlutv,  •«>^a>\x^,  ^^A^v;  ^^/ioe,  tlchew; 
wwhen:  nsing\  u-wVvoevet,  Vtc^cX,  v^VuW,  xi>a.\oo\,  ^KV -Cx^ee-^ 
opc?etic;  3  over,  eaetiaV  k>quX,  o\^oot,  ^^x^o,  ^.X^e^^.,  'c.^^^^n 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  575 

unkind  adj\  xnlcaind,  {assumptivly)  'An-kaind. 

unkindly  adj,  An'kain-dh,  (assumptivly)  'An-kain-dh. 

nnknit  v,  (untie,  undo)  An'nit. 

nnknonrablo  adj.  An'noo-d-bd},  (assumptivly)  'An-noo-sbdh 

nnknox^n  adj.  An'noon,   (assumptivly)  'An-n3on. 

nnlabored  adj.  [also  spelt  unlaboured,  unlabordi  An'lee- 
bsed,  (assumptivly)  'An-lee-ba^d. 

unladylike  adj,  Anlee-di-taik,  (assumptivly)  'An-lee-di-laik. 

nnlamented  adj.  An-ls'mentid,  (assumptivly)  'An-}3-mentid. 

nnla'wfnl  adj.  Atilc-fsl,  (assumptivly)  'An-ic-fsi. 

unlearned  adj.  forgotten;  not  yet  learnd  or  acquired  [also 
spelt  unlearndl  Anleirnd,  (assumptivly)  'An-Jeirnd. 

unlearned  adj.  (not  learned,  ignorant;  illiterate)  An'ternid, 
An'lB:7-nid,  (assumptivly)  'An-leenid. 

nnleaTened  adj.  [also  spelt  unlevendl  Anlevand,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-levand. 

unless  conj,  (if  it  be  not  that,  etc.)  Anies,  (when  less  strest) 
dnies,  n}es. 

unlettered  adj.  [also  spelt  unletterdi  Anietdzd,  (assumptiv- 
ly) 'An-let97d. 

unlicensed  adj.  [also  spelt  unlicenst}  Anlai-sanst,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-lai-sanst. 

unligkted  adj.  Aniai-tid,  (assumptivly)  'An-lai-tid. 

unlike  adj.  An'laik,  (assumptivly)  'An-)aik. 

unlimited  adj.  Aniimi-tid,  (assumptivly)  'AU-hmitid. 

unlocked  adj.  [also  spelt  unlookt}  An'lokt,  (assumptivly)  'au- 
lokt. 

unlcTcd  adj.  AniAvd,  (assumptivly)  'An-lAvd. 

unlcTcly  adj.  AniAvh,  (assumptivly)  'An-lAvh, 

unlucky  adj.  An'lAki,  (assumptivly)  'An-lAki. 

unmade  adj,  An'meed,  (assumptivly)  'An-meed. 

unmanageable  adj.  An'mxnidsd-bd},  (assumptivly)  'An- 
mseni-d39bd}. 

unmanly  adj,  An'mxnh,  (assumptivly)  'An-maenh. 

unmannerly  adj.  An'maena^-li,  (assumptivly)  'An-maenarfi. 

unmarked  adj.  [also  spelt  unmarkt}  An'ma:zkt,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-ma:^kt. 

unmarried  adj.  An'mae^id,  (assumptivly)  'An-mx?id. 

unmatched  adj.  [also  spelt  unmatchtl  An'mxtSt,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-maetSt. 

unmeaning  adj.  An'mii-nii],  (assumptivly)  'An-mii-nii]. 

unmeasured  adj.  [also  spelt  unmesurdi  An'mesdzd,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-mesard. 

c:  law,  b:  f wr,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  go  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
lengtb-mark  (:)   indicates  that  tVie  ^teee^^it^V^  ^ov»A.  ^a*  Xw^sLn 
Stress-mark  C)  indicates  clnef  stress  on  ^^it  i^o^-w^'Sk  ^f^s^^-^ 


I 


576  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

unmelted  adj.  An'mehid,  (assumptivly)  'An-meUid. 

unmentionalile   adj.  An'menSdns-bd),    (rapidly)    An'men^Ns- 
bal;  (assumptivly)  'An-menSa-nabal,  'An-inen$Nab3}. 

nnmentioned  adj.  [also  spelt  unmentiondl  An'men^dnd,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-menSand. 

munerolfiil  adj.  An'mBZSi-fsl,   (assumptivly)  'An-msssifd}. 

unmerited  adj.  An'm83i-tid,  (assumptivly)  'An-mceitid, 

munistaka'ble  adj.  [also  spelt  unmistakeablel  An-mi'stee-ks- 
bal,  (assumptivly)  'An-mi-stee-kabal. 

unmitigated     adj.     An'miti-getid,     (assumptivly)     'An-miti- 
getid. 

unmixed   adj,   [also   spelt   unmixt^    An'mikst,    (assumptivly) 
'An-mikst. 

nnmoumed  adj.  [also  spelt  unmourndl  An'mor^nd,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-mo:rnd. 

nnmoTed  adj,  An'mouvd,   (assumptivly)  'An-mouvd. 

unnatural  adj.  An'nxtl^-zdl,  (rapidly)  An'tistt^zal;   (assump- 
tivly) 'An-natSaral,  (rapidly)  'An-naetSsal. 

unneoessary  adj.  An'nesi-seei,  (assumptivly)  'An-nesi-se7i. 

unneiKhborly  adj.  [also  spelt  unneighbourly"}  An'nee-bdz-li, 
(assumptivly)  'An-nee-badi. 

unnoticed  adj.  An'noo-tist,  (assumptivly)  'An-noo-tist. 

unnumbered  adj.  [also  spelt  unnumberdi  An'nAmbszrd,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-nAmbard. 

unobserTed   adj.   [also  spelt  unobservd"}   An-db'zBxvd,   (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-3b-ZB:rvd. 

unobtrusiTe  adj.  [also  spelt  unobtrusiv"}  An-ab'tjou-siv,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-ab-tjou-siv. 

unocoupied  adj.  An'ekgo-paid,  (assumptivly)  'An-ek^o-paid. 

unopened   adj.    [also   spelt   unopendl    An'oo-pand,    (rssutnp- 
tivly)  'An-oo-pand. 

unostentatious  adj,  Aii-estn'tee-Sas,  (assumptivly)  'An-estn- 
tee-Sas. 

unpaid  adj,  An'peed,  (assumptivly)  'An-peed. 

unpaired  adj.  not  paird  or  mated  [also  spelt  unpairdi  An- 
'pe:?d,  (assumptivly)  'An-pe:?d. 

unpalatable  adj.  An'pxhtd-bsl  (assumptivly)  'An-pseh-tsbdl. 

unparalleled  adj.  [also  spelt  unparalleldl  An'pseza-lsld,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-paeralald. 

unpared   adj.   (not  pared  or  peeld)   An'pe:rd,   (assumptivly) 
'An-pe:rd.     . 

unperoeiTed  adj.   [also  spelt  unperceivdl  An-pa^'siivd,   (a^- 
sumptirly)  'An-p3?-siivd. 

j  ye,  Qcure;  btKe»  Q  tVvVw*,  '«»^swx^,  ^•!>\«^%  S^skQe,  t^chew; 
w  when:  n  sino;  MwYvoe-vex,  Vte^Lcx.,  ^i>^,  Kv>a.\o<\,  ^\V  vv^ee\ 
o  p(?etic;  3  over.  eoetia\,  K^iu\.,  v.^oox,  ^^xio,  ^.\.e\,  ^^^ctwe. 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  577 

unperfeoted  adj.  An-pa^'fcktid,  (assumptivly)  'An-par-fektid. 

unperformed   adj,    [also  spelt   unperformdl   An-p9z'fe:zmd, 
(assumptivly)  ^Au-p^z-feizmd. 

nnpioked  adj,  [also  spelt  unpicktl  An'pikt,  (assumptivly)  'aii- 
pikt. 

unpleasant  adj,  [also  spelt  unplesanti  An'pLezsnt,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-pi.cz3nt. 

nnplonred  adj,   [also  spelt  unploughed,  unplowdl  An'pLaod, 
{assumptivly)  'An-pi-aod. 

nnplnoked  adj.  [also  spelt  unplucM  Ati'pLAkt,  (assumptivly) 
'An-pi.Akt. 

nnpolished   adj.   [also   spelt   unpolisht}   Ati'pehSt,    (assump- 
tivly) 'An-pehSt. 

unpopular  adj,  An'pepgo-ldz,  (assumptivly)  'An-pepQols?. 

nnpraotised   adj,    [also   spelt   unpracticed,   unpractist}    An- 
'psaektist,  (assumptivly)  'An-p^aektist. 

nnpreoedented    adj,    Ati'psesi-dentid,     (assumptivly)     'aii- 
P3esi-dentid. 

unprepared  adj.  An-p3i'pe:rd,  (assumptivly)  'An-p3i-pe:rd. 

nnpreparedness     n.     An-p3i'pe:-2:id-nis,     An-p3i'pe:-zi-dnis, 
(also)  An-psi'pe:rd-nis. 

unprinoipled      adj,      An'psinsi-pald,      (assumptivly)      'An- 
P3insip9ld. 

unprodnotiTe   adj.    [also   spelt   unproductive   An-pss'dAktiv, 
(assumptivly)  'An-psa-dAktiv. 

unpronounoeable    adj.    An-psd'naon-sd-bdl,     (assumptivly) 
'An-psd-naon-sdbdl. 

nnpublislied    adj.    [also   spelt   unpuhlishtl    An'pAbhSt,    (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-pAbhSt, 

nnpunislied  adj.  [also  spelt  unpunisht'\  Aii'pAniSt,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-pAniSt. 

nnquelled  adj.  [also  spelt  unqueldl  An'kweld,  (assumptivly) 
^An-kweld. 

unquestioned   adj.    [also   spelt   unquestiondl    An'kwestSdnd, 
(assumptivly)  'An-kiuestSand. 

unravel  v.  disentangle;  unfold;  ravel  [present  participle  un- 
raveling,  unravelling;   past   participle   and   preterit   unrav- 
eled, unravelled,  unraveldl  An'raeval. 
unraTeler  n.  [also  spelt  unravellerl  An'^aeva-lar. 
unread  adj.  [also  spelt  unredl  An'red,  (assumptivly)  'An-zred, 
unready  adj,  [also  spelt  unredyl  An'redi,  (assumptivly)  'ah- 

zredi. 
unreal  adj,  An'rii-al,  (assumptivly)  'An-rii-al. 

c:  Iflw,  b:  f «r,  a  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  for,  go  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
Icn^h-mark  (;)   indicates  that  tiae  preefc^iTitt  ^ov«A  a.^  \«c>sL\ 
stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  otv.  >^i^  \^QHn?aJit  ^"^^J^^ 


578  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

nnreoog^nixalile  adj.  [also  spelt  unrecognisablel  An'zzksg- 
nai-zd-bdl,  (assutnptivly)  'An-rekag-nai-zabal ;  (also,  some- 
times) An-rekag'nai-za-bal. 

unredeemed  adj.  [also  spelt  unredeemdl  An-zi'diimd,  {as- 
sumptivly)  'An-3i-diimd. 

unredressed  adj,  [also  spelt  unredr^stl  An-?i'dcest,  iassump- 
tivly)  'An-n-drest. 

nnrefreshed  adj.  [also  spelt  unrefreshtl  An-zi'iselt,  {assump- 
tivly)  'An-zi'izelt. 

unrelieved  adj,  [also  spelt  unrelievdl  An-ziliivd,  (assump- 
tivly)  'An-ei-hivd. 

unrepealed  adj.  [also  spelt  unrepealdl  An-ei'piild,  (assump- 
tivly)  'Aii-ri-piild. 

unreprieved  adj,  [also  spelt  unreprievdl  An-zi'psiivd,  (as- 
sumptivly)  'An-z:i-p3iivd. 

unreserved  adj.  [also  spelt  unreservdl  An-zi^zBizwd,  (^assump- 
tivly)  'An-ri-zB:rvd, 

unreservedly  adv,  An-?i'zB:7-vi-dh. 

unrestrained  adj.  [also  spelt  u:trestraind'\  An-n'stxeend,  {as- 
sumptivly)  'An-ei-stjeend. 

unrestrainedly  adv,  An-?i'st£ee-ni-dh. 

unrevealed  adj,  [also  spelt  unrevealdl  An-ziViild,  {assump- 
tivly)  'An-zri-viild. 

unrighteous  adj.  (not  righteous;  evil)  An'zai-tSss,  {assump- 
tivly)  'Aii-rai-tSas. 

unripe  adj,  An'raip,  (assutnptivly)  'An-zraip. 

unrivaled  adj.  [also  spelt  unrivalled,  unrivaldj  An'zai-v^d, 
(assumptivly)  'An-rai-vald. 

unruffled  adj,  An'^Afsld,  (assumptivly)  'An-zAMd. 

unruly  adj,  An'rou-h,  (assumptivly)  \n-zoviAi. 

unsafe  adj.  An'seef,  (assumptivly)  'An-seef. 

unsaid  adj.  An'sed,  (assumptivly)  'Aii-sed. 

unsalable  adj.  [also  spelt  unsaleable"!  An'see-ld-bsl,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-see-labal. 

unsatisfactory  adj.  An-saetis'fakta-ei,  An-satis'faektji,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-saetis-faktan,  'An-saetis-faektji. 

unsavory  adj.  [also  spelt  unsavouryl  An'see-vri,  An'see-va-ri, 
(assumptivly)  'Ati-see-v^i,  'An-see-van. 

unsoanned  adj,  [also  spelt  unscandl  An'skaend,  (assumptivly) 
'An-skaend. 

unscarred  adj,  [also  spelt  unscardi  An'ska:zd,  (assumptivly) 
'An-ska:z:d. 

unsoatlied  adj.  An'skeedd,   (assumptivly)   'An-skeedd. 

J  y^,  gcure;  btke,  ^tK\tv,  -s^s^^^^  dsf'oy;  S^/toe,  t$cAew; 
wwhen;  13  sing;  MwYvoevet,  Vtc^cx,  ^^-X^,  xi>aL\ooV  'i^^t.^  us^^; 
o  poetic,  3  over,  eoetia\,  K\iu\., -^i.^oot, -^i^xio,  ^.\ie^,^^^^v> 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  579 

uzLSohooled  adj.  [also  spelt  unschooldl  An'skould,  (assump- 
tivly)  'An-skould. 

nnsoientifio  adj.  An-sai-sn'tifik. 

nnsoratohed  adj,  [also  spelt  unscratchf^  Aii'sk^stSt,  (assump- 
tivly)  'An-sk^aetSt. 

unscrupulous  adj,  An'sk^ou-pQo-lds,   {often)  An'sksupgo-lds ; 
{assumptivly)  'An-sksou-pgo-las,  'An-sI«upgol3s. 

unsealed  adj.  [also  spelt  unseald}  An'siild,  {assumptivly)  'ad- 
siild. 

unseasonable  adj.  An'sii-zstid-bd},  An'sii-znd-bdl,  An'siiz-na- 
bal,  (assumptivly)  'An-sii-za-nabal,  'An-siiz-nabal. 

unseasoned  adj,  [also  spelt  unseasondl  An'sii-z9nd,  (assump- 
tivly) 'Aii-sii-zand. 

unseoonded  adj,  Ati'seksn-did,   (assumptivly)   'An-seksndid. 

unsecured  adj.  An-si'kgu:zd,   (assumptivly)   'An-si-k9o:7d. 

unseemly   adj.   An'sii-mh,   An'siim-h,    (assumptivly)    'An-sii- 
mli,  'An-siim-li. 

unseen  adj,  An'siin,  (assumptivly)  'An-siin. 

unsent  adj.  An'sent,   (assumptivly)   'An-sent. 

unserved  adj.  [also  spelt  unservdl  An'seirvd,   (assumptivly) 

.    'An-sB:rvd. 

unserriceable  adj.  [also  spelt  unservisablel  An'sB:?-vis9-b3l, 
(assumptivly)  'An-SB:3-vi-s3b3l. 

unset  adj,  An'set,  (assumptivly)  'An-set. 

unsettled  adj.  An'setld,  (assumptivly)  'An-setld. 

unscTered   adj.    [also   spelt   unseverdi    An'sevs^d,    (assump- 
tivly) 'An-sev33d. 

unsliaded  adj.  An'See-did,   (assumptivly)  'An-Jee-did. 

unshakable  adj.  [also  spelt  unshakeablel  An'^ee-kd-bsl,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-See-kabal. 

unshaken  adj,  Ati'See-ksn,  (assumptivly)  'An-See-ksn. 

unshapely  adj.  An'See-pi-i,  (assumptivly)  'An-Jee-pi-i. 

unshaTed  adj,  An'Seevd,  (assumptivly)  'An-Jeevd. 

unshelled  adj.    [also   spelt  unsheld]   An'Seld,    (assumptivly) 
'An-Seld. 

unsheltered  adj,  [also  spelt  unshelterdi  An'Seltd^d,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-Seh33d. 

unshod  adj.  An'Sed,   (assumptivly)  'An-Jed, 

unshorn  adj.  An'Sor^n,  (assumptivly)  'An-^oizn. 

unsightly  adj.  An'sai-ti-i,  (assumptivly)  'An-sai-tM. 

unsized  adj.  An'saizd,  (assumptivly)  'An-saizd. 

unskilful  adj.  [also  spelt  unskillfull  An'skilfsl,  (assumptivly) 
'An-skilfal. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  x  cat,  o  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (;)   indicates  that  iTie  ^teet^\Ti^  ^.owtA  -v^  Xwns^n 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chiet  9Xr^§§  qxi  >i5^«;  i^^Q^vci^  "^-f^.^^^^- 


580  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

unskilled  adj,  [also  spelt  unskildl  xn'skild,  {assumptiily) 
'Ati-skild. 

niuilaoked  adj.  [also  spelt  unslacktl  An'sL«kt»  (assumptivly) 
'An-sLxkt. 

unslaked  adj,  Ati'sz^eekt,  {assumptivly)  'Ati-si^eekt;  (also)  An- 
'si-aekt,  (assumptivly)  'An-si«kt. 

unsmircked  adj.  [also  spelt  unsmirchtl  An'sMB:ztSt,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-SMB:?tSt. 

unsocial  adj.  An'sDO-Jal,  (assumptivly)  'An-soo-JaL 

unsold  adj,  An'saold,  (assumptivly)  'An-soold. 

unsolicited  adj.  Ati-sd'hsi-tid ;  (assumptivly)  'xn-sd-lisitid, 
(rapidly)  'Anss-hstid. 

unsolTcd  adj,  [also  spelt  unsolvdl  An'selvd,  (assumptivly) 
'An-selvd. 

unsopkisticated  adj.  An-sd'fisti-ketid,  (assumptivly)  'An-sa- 
fisti-ketid. 

unsougki  adj,  An'sc:t,  (assumptivly)  'An-sc:t. 

unsound  adj^  Ati'saund,  (assumptivly)  'An-saond. 

unsoum  adj.  An'saon,  (assumptivly)  'Ati-soon. 

unsparing  adj.  An'spe:-?ir),  (assumptivly)  'An-spe:-rii). 

unspeakable  adj,  An'spii-kd-bal,  (assumptivly)  'An-spii-kabsL 

unspecified  adj.  An'spesi-faid,  (assumptivly)  ^An-spesi-faid. 

unspent  adj,  Ati'spent,  (assumptivly)  'Ati-spent. 

unspilled  adj.  [synonymous  cognate  unspilf}  An'spild,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-spild. 

unspoiled  adj,  [also  spelt  unspoildl  An'speiM,  (assumptivly) 
'An-speild. 

unspoken  adj.  An'spao-kan,  (assumptivly)  ^An-spoo-ksn. 

unspotted  adj.  An'spotid,  (assumptivly)  'An-spetid. 

unstable  adj,  An'stee-bsl,   (assumptivly)  'An-stee-bdl. 

unstained  adj.  [also  spelt  unstaindl  An'steend,  (assumptiv- 
ly) 'An-steend. 

unstamped  adj,  [also  spelt  unstampti  An'staempt,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-staempt. 

unstarcked  adj.  [also  spelt  unstarcht}  An'staizt^t,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-sta:etSt. 

unsteadfast  adj.  [also  spelt  unstedfasti  An'sted-fa:st,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-sted-fa:st. 

unsteady  adj,  [also  spelt  unstedyl  An'stedi,  (assumptivly) 
'An-stedi. 

unstinted  adj.  An'stintid,   (assumptivly)  'An-stintid. 

unstooked  adj,  [also  spelt  unstocktl  An'stekt,  (assumptivly) 
Vn-stekt. 

j  ye,  Qcure;  bthe,  ^  tVi\Tv\  -s^LZMte,  d^/oy;  I  shoe,  tlchcw; 
w  when;  13  sing*,  UNwYioe-vtr,  \tc^t\.,  ^\>i\,  xa,>aL\ooV  'j^nV  vinee; 
op<7etic;  aover,  eoei\a.\»  k\>u\.,  ^-.^oot,  •a'a^^o,  ^\ie^^  ^-^^5^^.%    s^ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  581 


nnatudied  adj,  An'stAdid,  (assumptwly)  'An-stAdid. 

nnsnooessful  adj.  An-sak'sesfal,  {assumptivly)  'An-sak-sesfal. 

unsurpassed  adj.  [also  spelt  unsurpast]  An-S93'pa:st,  {as- 
sumpHvly)  'An-s3?-pa:st. 

nnthouKhtful  adj,  An'Ocit-fal,   (assumptivly)   'An-9c:t-f3l. 

until  prep,  (to;  unto;  up  to:  of.  time)  Aii'til,  (when  less 
strest)  an'til,  (anteriorly)  'Aiitil,  'Antl.     compare  till. 

until  conj.  (up  to  the  time  that)  An'ti!,  an'til.    compare  till. 

untilled  adj.  [also  spelt  untild}  An'tild,  (assumptivly)  'An- 
tiW. 

untimely  adj.  An'tai-mh,  An'taim-h,  (assumptivly)  'An-tai- 
mli,  'An-taim-li. 

untiring  adj.  An'tai-riq,  (assumptivly)  'An-tai-riq. 

unto  prep,  (to)  'Anto,  (when  less  strest)  'Anta,  (and,  some- 
times) An'to. 

untold  adj.  Aii'toold,  (assumptivly)  'An-toold. 

untouohed  adj,  [also  spelt  untouchtl  An'tAt^t,  (assumptivly) 
'An-tAtSt. 

untourard  adj.  Au'too-ard,  (assumptivly)  'An-to:?d. 

untrained  adj.  [also  spelt  untraind}  An't£eend,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-tjeend. 

untrammeled  adj.  [also  spelt  untrammelled,  untrammeld'\ 
Ati'tssemsld,  (assumptivly)  'An-tjaemald. 

untraTeled  adj.  [also  spelt  untravelled,  untraveld}  An- 
'tjaevald,  (assumptivly)  'An-tjavald. 

untried  adj,  An'tjaid,  (assumptivly)  'An-tjaid. 

untrodden  adj.  An't^edn,  (assumptivly)  'An-t£edn. 

untrue  adj.  An'tjou,  (assumptivly)  'An-tjou. 

untrusturortliy  adj.  An'tjAst-we^di,  (assumptivly)  'An-tjASt- 
werdi. 

untrutliful  adj,  An'tjouG-fal,   (assumptivly)  'An-tjouG-fal. 

unturned  adj.  [also  spelt  unturndl  An'tB:?nd,  (assumptivly) 

unused  adj,  (not  employd)  An'jouzd,  (assumptivly)  'An-jouzd, 
(unaccustomd ;  not  habituated :    used  before  to)  An'jous. 

unusual  adj.  An'jou-su-al,  (assumptivly)  'An-jou-su-al. 

unurary  adj.  An'wei-n,  (assumptivly)  'An-we:-ri. 

unureiglied  adj,  [also  spelt  unweighdl  An'weed,  (assumptivly) 
'An-weed. 

unurell  adj.  An'wel,  (assumptivly)  'An-wel. 

unirieldy  adj.  An'wiil-di,    (assumptivly)   'An-wiil-di. 

unirilling  adj.  An'wihq,  (assumptivly)  'An-wihq. 

univlse  adj,  An'waiz,  (assumptivly)  'An-waiz. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  ^tectdi-M,  ^kOvxTA  -vs*  V!fK%,% 
Btress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  oti  V5cl^  \^ViaN«vci%  tpj^-ai^^ 


I 


582  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

nnivished  adj.   [also  spelt  untvisht^   An'wiSt,    {assumpHvly) 

'All-Wljt. 

nn'wltnessed  adj,  [also  spelt  unwitnesQ  An'witNist,  {assumf- 
tivly)  'An-witNist. 

nnivonted  adj.  An'wentid,  (assumptivly)  'An-wentid. 

nnivooed  adj.  [also  spelt  unwoodi  An'woud,  idssumptivly) 
'An-woud. 

nnivorked  adj.  [also  spelt  unworktl  An'wBirkt,  {assumptivly) 
'An-wB:rkt. 

nnivorldly  adj,  An'wsizldAi,  (assumptivly)  'An-wB:7}d-li. 

unnrom  adj.  An'w3:zn,  (assumptivly)  ^n-woirn. 

nnivortliy  adj,  An'wB:?-di,  (assumptivly)  'An-WBt^-di. 

unnronnd   adj,  An'waond,   (assumptivly)    'Aii-waond. 

nnivounded  adj.  An'woun-did,  (assumptivly)  'An-woun-did. 

un'writteii.  adj.  An'ntn,  (assumptivly)  'An-zitn. 

un^^rought  adj.  An'?c:t,  (assumptivly)  'An-7c:t. 

unyielding  adj,  An'jiil-dii],  (assumptivly)  'An-jiil-diQ. 

np  adv.,  prep,  Ap,  (when  unstrest)  ap. 

npas  n.  (tree;  sap)  'jou-pds. 

npoast  adj,  Ap'ka-st,  (assumptivly)  'Ap-ka:st. 

npher  n.  (pole)  'jou-fa?;   (less  properly)  'Ap-hsiz, 

nphill  adj.  'Ap-hil. 

npliill  adv.  (upward,  up)  Ap'hil,  (by  contrast)  'Ap-hil. 

upholster  v.  furnish  with  hangings;  cover  with  cloth,  cush- 
ions, etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit  upholstered,  uphol- 
sterd"]  Ap'hool-st3r ;  (less  properly)  d'pooi-std;;  (dialectally) 
a'polstar,  Ap'holstar. 

uphroe  n.  awning-support  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  euphroe, 
uvroul  'jou-fso;  (less  properly)  'jou-vzro,  'A-f30. 

uplift  V,  (lift  up;  raise)  Aplift. 

uplift  n.  (upheaval;  raising;  exaltation)  'Ap-hft. 

upon  prep,  (up  and  on;  on)  s'pen,  (when  unstrest)  pen,  span, 
pan. 

upright  adj,,  n,,  adv,  'Ap-rait,  (also,  formerly,  and  still,  some- 
times) Ap'rait. 

uprightly  adv.  (in  an  upright  manner)  'Ap-7ai-tz.i. 

uprightness  n.  'Ap-rait-nis. 

uprise  v.  (rise  up;  get  up;  ascend)  Ap'zraiz. 

uprise  n.   (uprising;  rise;  advance)  'Ap-raiz,  Ap'zraiz. 

uprising  n,  (ascent;  rebellion)  'Ap-rai-ziq,  Ap'rai-ziq. 

uproar  n.  (tumult)  'Ap-ro:r. 

uproar  v.  (stir  up;  make  an  uproar)  Ap'zoiz. 

upset  V.  (overturn;  overthrow;  overcome)  Ap'set. 

j  ye,  Qcure;  btKe,  ^  t\v\tv\  -b^sMte,  djioy;  js'-ftr*,  tScAcw; 
U)  when ;  i)  sing ;  m  \»Vvo^>jeT ,  \  xc2l<i\.,  \i  \>^,  wa^loov^  ^  ^i  ^ee ; 
O  poetic;  »  over,  eoeT\«\\  K\iu\,  •:>%^oot,  •;i^Two,  x.\ift^,  %^^<j».\  s 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  583 


upset  n.  (an  overturning)  'Ap-set,  Ap'set. 
apset  adj.  (set  up;  fixt;  determind)  'Ap-sct. 
upsilon  n.  (Greek  letter)  'joup-si-bn,  (often)  'jupsi-fon. 
HP-stairs  adv,  Ap'stexz,  {sometimes)  9p'ste:zz. 
ap-stairs  adj.,  n.  'Ap-ste:?z. 
upvpa  n.  (bird)  'jou-pgo-pa. 

aranosi^aphy  n.  study  of  the  fixt  stars  [synonymous  cog- 
nate ouranographyl  jo^a'negra-fi. 
urban  adj,  (of  a  city  or  town)  'ex-bdn. 
urbane  adj,  (urban ;  polite ;  suave)  B^'been. 
nrbanity  n.  (quality  of  being  urbane)  B^'baeni-ti. 
nrceolate  adj.  (pitcher-shaped)  'B^si-a-let,  'B:^-si-3-Jet. 
nrea  n.  (carbamide)  'jor-d-a;  {erroneously)  jo'zrii-a. 
nreide  n.  compound  of  urea   [also,  sometimes,  spelt  ureidl 

'jo:-ri-id,  'joi-ei-aid. 
uremia  n.  retention  of  urea  in  the  blood  [also  spelt  uraemial 

jo'?ii-mi-3. 
ureter  n.  (duct  in  the  kidney)  joVii-ta?,  'jo:-?it3?,  'jo:-z:i-t3r. 
urethra  n.  urine-duct  [ploral  urethrael  jo'^ii-033. 
urine  n.  excrementitious  fluid  [also  spelt  urin'\  'jo:-7in. 
urn  n.  (vase)  B:?n. 
ursine  adj.  of  a  bear;  arctoid  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  ursini 

'B^sin,  'B'.zsin,  'B^-sain,  'Bir-sain. 
us  noun-pron.  (objectiv  of  we)  as,  {when  unstrest)  as,  s. 
usable  adj.  capable  of  being  used  [also  spelt  useablel  'juu-za- 

bd!,  'juzd-bal. 
uuAge  n.  (act  or  mode  of  using;  treatment;  custom;  locution) 

'jou-sids,  'jou-zids. 
usance  n.  (time  allowd  by  usage  or  custom  for  the  payment 

of  bills  of  exchange  drawn  on  a  distant  country)  'jou-zans. 
use  n.  (employment;  service;  need;  usage;  ritual  form)  jous. 
use  V.  (employ;  treat;  inure;  frequent;  be  wont)  jouz,  {when 

unstrest)  juz, 
used  adj.  (employd;  treated)  jouzd,   (accustomd,  habituated, 

inured)  jous,  jouzd. 
used  V.  (preterit  of  use)  juus,  juuzd. 
usquebausb  n.  (liquor)  'Askwi-bc: . 
ustion  n.  (burning)  'Ast^an,  'A$t$an. 
usually  adv.  (in  common  use;  habitual;  ordinary)  'jou-3U-a- 

h,  {when  less  strest)  'jou-sa-h,  'jusa-h,  'jusli. 
usucaption  n.  (acquisition  by  possession)  juzjoHcaepSan. 
usufruct  n.    (right   of  using  and   enjoying  the  property  of 

another)  'jou-zjo-f^Akt,  'jou-3Jo-f3Akt,  'jou-za-fsAkt. 

c:  low,  s:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ^\Va\r.\ 
Icngth-mork  (:)  indicates  that  tKe  preceditv^E.  sQ>axv^  ajs*  "^^'^^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  \V^  i«>>\ovq\.Tvsi»  vf^si«^^' 


5a4  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

usurer  n.  (money-lender)  'jou-so-ea?,  {often)  'juss-^a?. 
usurious  adj.  (practising  usury;  of  usury)  jo'3o:-?i-as,  jo'zjo:- 

z:i-3S,  jo'5Jo:-3i-3S. 
usurp  V.  seize  and  hold;  assume  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit usurped,  usurpt"]  jo'seiep,  jo'zexp. 
usurpatiou  n.  jusezr'pee-Sdn,  juzs^'pee-Sdn. 
usury  n.  (interest;  practis  of  taking  an  exorbitant  price  for 

the  use  of  money)  'jou-30-ri,  (often)  'jusa-^i,  'jujei. 
ntas  n.  (obsolete)  octave  of  a  festival;  bustle,  stir  [also  spelt 

utass;  synonymous  cognates  utis,  utasfl  'jou-taes. 
utensil  n.   (implement)   jo'tensil,   (also,  formerly,  and  still, 

sometimes)  'jou-tensil. 
uterine  adj.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  uterin']  'jou-t9-?in,  'jou- 

t3-7ain. 
uterus  n.  womb  [ploral  uteri"}  'jou-ta-eas,  (often)  'juta-eas. 
utile  adj.  useful  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  util'\  'jou-til,  'jou-tail. 
utiliza'tion  n.  [also  spelt  utilisation}  jutih'zee-$9n,  juti-lai- 

'zee-Jan. 
utilize  V.  [also  spelt  utilisel  'jou-ti-laiz,  (often)  'juti-aiz. 
utopist  n.   (Utopian,  optimist)  'jou-t9-pist,  ja't30-pist. 
utter  V.  put  forth;  pronounce;   deliver  [past  participle  and 

preterit  uttered,  utter d"]  'Ata^. 
uva  n.  (fruit  resembling  a  cluster  of  grapes)  'jou-va. 
uvula  n.  (body  pendent  from  the  soft  palate  at  the  back  of 

the  mouth)  'jou-vio-la. 
uzorial  adj,  (of  a  wife;  uxorious)  ag'zoi-ri-al,  ak'soi-ri-al. 
uxorious  adj.  (doting  on  a  wife)  ag'zor-ri-as,  ak'soi-n-as. 
Uzbeg  n.  member  of  a  central  Asian  Turkish  race  [syneny- 

mous  cognates  Usheg,  Usbekl  'Az-beg. 


vacate  v.  (make  vacant;  annul)  'vee-ket,  ve'keet,  vaTceet. 

vaccinate  v.  (inoculate  with  vaccin)  'vaeksi-net. 

vaccine   n.   virus  of   vaccinia   or  cowpox   [also,    sometimes, 

spelt  vaccini  'vseksin,  'vaek-sain,  'vaek-sin. 
vacillate  v.  (waver)  'vaesi-let. 

vacuity  n.  (state  of  being  vacuous;  emptiness)  vaeTcgou-i-ti. 
vacuum    n.    empty    space;    void    [plural    vacuums,    vacua]  ^ 

'vaekgu-am. 
vade-mecum   n.    (manual,   handbook)   vee-di'mii-kam. 
vagabondize  v.  wander  like  a  vagabond  [also  spelt  vagabon-  ^ 

disel  'vaega-ben-daiz. 

j  ye,  Qcure;  btHe,  ^  iVvvtv,  •b^a>3L\^,  ^'!>tQy;  S  jAoe,  tS  cAew; 
w  when]  n  sing;  M-wYioeN^t,  Vxc^oX.,  x^^-y^,  v^xxVo^Jv,  ^\v  vi^ee; 
o  poetic;  a  over,  eaeiiaX.  K\iu\,  ^-.e^oox,  •;i^x.o,  ^.\^^,  ^'«L^^^^^^ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  585 

n.    sheath;    passage    between    the    vulva    and    the 
uterus  [ploral  vaginael  va'dsai-na,  V3'd3ii-n3. 

▼asinal  adj.  (of  or  like  a  vagina  or  sheath)  'vaedsi-nl,  va- 
'dsai-nl. 

vagaTj  n.  whim,  freak  [ploral  vagariesi  va'goei;  (improper- 
ly) 'vee-g3-?i. 

▼as^rant  adj.  (wandering,  roving)  'vce-g^ant,  'veeg-eant;  (im- 
properly) 'vaeg^ant. 

▼agne  adj.  (uncertain,  unclear)  veeg. 

▼ain  adj.  (useless;  conceited)  veen. 

▼ainsloriom    adj,    (boastful)    veen'g}3:-zi-3s,    (assumptivly) 
'veen-gbr-ri-as. 

▼alanoe  n.  damask  [also  spelt  valence;  synonymous  cognates 
valentia,  Valencia"]  'vee-lans,  'vaelans. 

▼ale  n.  (valley)  veel. 

Vale  inter j,  (farewell;  adieu)  'vce-li,  'vee-li. 

▼alenoe  n.  (combining-capacity ;  equivalence;  valency)  'vce- 
Idns. 

Valenciennes  n.  (lace)  vdlensinz,  v3-lensi'enz,  vs-legsi'enz, 
va'Icnsi-anz,  va'laeqsi-an,  vselan'sii-anz. 

▼alentia  n.  [also  spelt  valencial  vd'len^g,  vdlen^i-s ;  vdlent^d. 
same  meaning  as  valance. 

▼alerian  n.  (plant)  valii-d-an. 

▼alerio  adj.  (of  valerian)  va'le^ik,  'vaela-^ik. 

▼alet  n.  (man-servant)  'vaeht,  'vaele,  vae'lee;  'vaelat. 

valetudinarian  n,  (invalid)  vxh-tQudi'ne:-7i-9n. 

Valhalla  n.  Hall  of  the  Slain;  temple  of  fame  [synonymous 
cognate  Walhallal  vx^haeld. 

▼alise  n.  traveling-bag;  portmanteau  [also  spelt  vallisel  V3- 
liis,  voliiz. 

"valkjT  n.  one  of  the  handmaidens  of  Odin  [also  spelt  walkyr; 
synon3mious  cognates  valkyria,  walkyria]  'vael-ki^. 

▼alkyria  n.  vselHciH-d.    same  meaning  as  valkyr. 

▼alley  w.  depression  between  hills  [ploral  valleysl  'vaeh. 

▼alor  n.  bravery  [also  spelt  valour]  'vaelar. 

▼alnable    adj.    (of    value;    precious;    worthy)    'vaefiu-a-bal, 
{sometimes)  'vaelio-bal. 

▼alue  n.,  v.  'vxlio. 

▼alve  n.  door-leaf;  flow-controller  [also  sjjelt  valv]  vaelv. 

▼alired  adj.  having  a  valve  [also  spelt  valvd]  vaelvd. 

▼amose  v.  (be  off;  be  gone)  va'moos,  'va:-mos. 
n.  (wethercock;  web)  veen. 

n.  [also  spelt  vangard]  'vaen-ga:rd. 


c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
len^h-mark  (;)   indicates  that  t\ie  ptetei^iTv^?,  ^o>axv^  \.^  V^w^kN 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  otv  VVt  i^^Xo^vev^  ^>5\vsi^^. 


I 


5a4  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

nsnrer  n.   (money-lender)  'jou-5o-ra?,  {often)  'ju^o-z^z. 
asnrions  adj.  (practising  usury;  of  usury)  jo'3o:-2i-as,  jo'zjo:- 

zri-ds,  jo'3Jo:-z:i-3S, 
usnrp  V.  seize  and  hold;  assume  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit usurped,  usurp t"]  jo'sexp,  jo'zB:^p. 
usnrpation  n.  jusezr'pee-Sdn,  juzBT'pee-Sdn. 
usury  n.  (interest;  practis  of  taking  an  exorbitant  price  for 

the  use  of  money)  'jou-3o-?i,  (often)  'ju33-?i,  'jujei. 
ntas  n.  {obsolete)  octave  of  a  festival;  bustle,  stir  [also  spelt 

utass;  synonymous  cognates  utis,  utastl  'jou-taes. 
nteiuil  n.    (implement)   jo'tensil,   {also,  formerly,  and  still, 

sometimes)  'jou-tcnsil. 
nterine  adj.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  u/ertn]  'jou-to-rin,  'jou- 

td-^ain. 
ntems  n.  womb  [ploral  utert]  'jou-t3-?3s,  {often)  'juta-ws. 
utile  adj.  useful  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  utiH  'jou-til,  'jou-tail. 
utillza'tion  n.  [also  spelt  utilisation'\  jutih'zee-$9n,  juti-lai- 

'zee-Jan. 
utilize  V.  [also  spelt  utilised  'jou-ti-laiz,  {often)  'juti-aiz. 
utopist  n.   (Utopian,  optimist)  'jou-ta-pist,  jo'tDO-pist. 
utter  V.  put  forth;  pronounce;  deliver  [past  participle  and 

preterit  uttered,  utterdi  'aI^z. 
uva  n.  (fruit  resembling  a  cluster  of  grapes)  'jou-va. 
uvula  n.  (body  pendent  from  the  soft  palate  at  the  back  of 

the  mouth)  'jou-vio-la. 
nzorial  adj.  (of  a  wife;  uxorious)  ag'zoi-ri-al,  ak'soi-d-al 
uzorions  adj.  (doting  on  a  wife)  ag'zo:-H-3s,  3k's3:-n-3S. 
Uzbeg  n.  member  of  a  central  Asian  Turkish  race  [syneny- 

mous  cognates  Usbeg,  Usbekl  'Az-beg. 


vacate  v,  (make  vacant;  annul)  'vee-ket,  ve'keet,  vaTceet. 

vaccinate  v.  (inoculate  with  vaccin)  'vaeksi-net. 

vaccine   n.   virus   of   vaccinia   or  cowpox    [also,    sometimes, 

spelt  vaccini  'vaeksin,  'vaek-sain,  'vak-sin. 
vacillate  v.  (waver)  'vaesi-let. 

vacuity  n.  (state  of  being  vacuous;  emptiness)  vae'kQou-i-ti. 
vacuum    n.    empty    space;    void    [ploral    vacuums,    vacua]  ^ 

'vaekgu-am. 
vade-mecnm   n.    (manual,   handbook)   vee-di'mii-kam. 
vagabondize  v.  wander  like  a  vagabond  [also  spelt  vag<ibo% 

disel  'vaega-ben-daiz. 


j  ye,  (jcure;  btHe,  ^  lVv\tv\  •b^^^a^'t^^  ^"^ktoY;  S  jAoe,  tScAew; 
w  when\  n  sing;  M-wYioe^jw,  \Te^t^,^^^^^  v5,>a.\o?Jv,  ^\v  xl^ee] 
o  poetic;  a  over,  eaeiiaX,  K\iu\,  ^-.e^oox.  -^^^xwo,  ^.\i««^  ^-^.^^^ 


S 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  585 

n.    sheath;    passage    between    the    vulva    and    the 
uterus  [ploral  vaginae'}  va'dsai-na,  va'dsii-na, 

▼asinal  adj,  (of  or  like  a  vagina  or  sheath)  'vaedsi-nl,  va- 
'dsai-nl. 

vagATj  n.  whim,  freak  [ploral  vagariesl  va'gei-^i;  (improper- 
ly) 'vee-ga-^i. 

▼as^rant  adj.  (wandering,  roving)  'vee-g?ant,  'veeg-rant;  {im- 
properly) 'vagrant. 

▼agne  adj.  (uncertain,  unclear)  veeg. 

▼ain  adj.  (useless;  conceited)  veen. 

▼aingloriovs    adj.    (boastful)    veen'g}3:-7i-3S,    (assumptivly) 
'veen-glo:-n-3s. 

▼alanoe  n.  damask  [also  spelt  valence;  synonymous  cognates 
valentia,  Valencia"]  'vce-lans,  'vaelans. 

▼ale  n.  (valley)  veel. 

Vale  inter j,  (farewell;  adieu)  'vee-li,  'vee-h. 

▼alenoe  n.  (combining-capacity ;  equivalence;  valency)  'vee- 
Idns. 

Valendennei  n.  (lace)  vslensinz,  vs-lensi'enz,  vs-legsi'enz, 
vd'tensi-dnz,  va'larjsi-an,  vaelan'sii-anz. 

▼alentia  n.  [also  spelt  Valencia"]  va'lenSa,  va'lenSi-a ;  va'lentja. 
same  meaning  as  valance, 

▼alerian  n.  (plant)  V3'h:-?i-3n. 

▼alerio  adj.  (of  valerian)  va'le^ik,  'vaela-^ik. 

▼alet  n.  (man-servant)  'vaeht,  'vaele,  vae'lee;  'vaebt. 

▼aletndinarian  n.  (invalid)  vaeh-tQudi'nei-ri-dn. 

Vallialla  n.  Hall  of  the  Slain;  temple  of  fame  [synonymous 
cognate  Walhalla]  vael'haela. 

▼allse  n.  traveling-bag;  portmanteau  [also  spelt  vallise]  va- 
liis,  voliiz, 

yralkyr  n,  one  of  the  handmaidens  of  Odin  [also  spelt  walkyr; 
synen3mious  cognates  valkyria,  walkyria]  'vael-ki?. 

▼alkyria  n.  vaelTciri-a.     same  meaning  as  valkyr. 

▼alley  w.  depression  between  hills  [ploral  valleys]  'vaeh. 

▼alor  n.  bravery  [also  spelt  valour]  'vaela?. 

valuable    adj.    (of    value;    precious;    worthy)    'vseHu-d-bdl, 
{sometimes)  'vaelio-bal. 

▼alve  n.,  v.  'vaelio. 

▼alve  n,  door-leaf;  flow-controller  [also  spelt  valv]  vaelv. 

▼alved  adj,  having  a  valve  [also  spelt  valvd]  vaelvd. 

Tamoie  v.  (be  off;  be  gone)  va'moos,  'va:-mos. 

▼ane  n.  (wethercock;  web)  veen. 

n.  [also  spelt  vangard]  'vaen-ga:?d. 


c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  ktte ; 
len^h-mark  (;)   indicates  that  t\ie  i^Tete^ixv^  ^ovvxv^  va.  \«^5k\ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  VVt  i^^Xo^vev^  ^-^^ss^^^* 


I 


576  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD   WORDS 

munelted  adj.  An'mehid,  (assumptivly)  'An-meltid. 

nnmentiona'ble   adj,  Ati'menSand-bd},    {rapidly)    An'menjNd- 
bal;  {assumptivly)  'An-menSa-nabal,  'An-menSNabal. 

munentioned  adj.  [also  spelt  unmentiondl  An'menSdnd,  {as- 
sumptivly) 'An-menSand. 

unmeroifnl  adj.  An'me^si-fd},   {assumptivly)    ^An-mB^sifdl. 

unmerited  adj.  An'meri-tid,  {assumptivly)  'An-me2itid. 

munistakable  adj.  [also  spelt  unmistakeable']  An-mi'stee-ks- 
bal,  {assumptivly)  'An-mi-stee-kabal. 

munitisated     adj.     An'miti-getid,     {assumptivly)     'An-miti- 
getid. 

nnmized   adj,   [also   spelt   unmixt"!    An'mikst,    {assumptivly) 
'An-mikst. 

nnmoiimed  adj.  [also  spelt  unmournd'\  An'm3:znd,  {assump- 
tivly) 'An-mor^nd. 

nnmoTed  adj.  An'mouvd,   {assumptivly)  'An-mouvd. 

unnatural  adj.  An'naet$3-79),   {rapidly)  An'nxtSsdl;   {assump- 
tivly) 'An-natja^al,  {rapidly)  'An-naetSsal. 

nnneoessary  adj,  An'nesi-sezri,  {assumptivly)  'Aii-nesi-sezi. 

nnneisliborly  adj.  [also  spelt  unneighbourly']  An'nee-bsz-li, 
{assumptivly)  'An-nee-barh. 

nnnoticed  adj.  Ati'noo-tist,  {assumptivly)  'An-noo-tist. 

nnnnmbered  adj,  [also  spelt  unnumberd]  An'nAmbd^d,  {as- 
sumptivly) 'An-nAmb9?d. 

unobserved   adj,   [also  spelt   unobservdl   An-sb'zBizrvd,   {as- 
sumptivly) 'ATl-Sh-ZB'.ZVd. 

nnobtmsive  adj.  [also  spelt  unobtrusivl  An-ab'tjou-siv,  {as- 
sumptivly) 'Aii-ab-tjou-siv. 

nnoccnpied  adj,  An'ekQo-paid,  {assumptivly)  'An-ekgo-paid. 

unopened    adj.    [also   spelt   unopendl    An'oo-pand,    {assump- 
tivly) 'An-oo-pand. 

unostentatious  adj.  An-estn'tee-^ds,  {assumptivly)   'An-estn- 
tee-Sas. 

unpaid  adj.  An'peed,  {assumptivly)  'An-peed. 

unpaired  adj.  not  paird  or  mated  [also  spelt  unpaird]  ad- 
'perz-d,  {assumptivly)  'An-pe:rd. 

unpalatable  adj.  An'paehta-ba!  {assumptivly)  'An-paeh-talwl. 

unparalleled  adj.  [also  spelt  unparalleld^  Ati'paezra-ldld,  {as- 
sumptivly) 'An-pae^alald, 

unpared   adj.    (not  pared  or  peeld)   An'pe:^d,    (assumptivly) 
'An-pe:?d.     . 

unperceived  adj.   [also  spelt  unperceivdl  An-pa^'siivd,   {as- 
sumptivly) 'An-p3r-siivd. 

i  ve,   Qcure;  btKe»  ^  tKitv*,  ■«>^s>r:t,  ^"b^^^N  S^sKoe,  t^cAew; 
opc?etic;  4  over.  eoetiaV,  *.\iu\.,  ^'.^oox,  t^^T^o, 'e.X.e^,  ^^^%*s.n 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  577 

iinperfected  adj.  An-pa^'fektid,  {assumptivly)  'xn-pa^-fektid. 

unperformed   adj,   [also   spelt   unperformdl    An-pa^'fei^md, 
{assumptivly)  'An-p9?-fe:?md. 

unpicked  adj.  [also  spelt  unpick t1  An'pikt,  (assumptivly)  'aii- 
pikt. 

unpleasant  adj,  [also  spelt  unplesantl  An'pz.ez3nt,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-ptczant. 

unploived  adj.   [also  spelt  unploughed,  unplowdl  An'pLaod, 
(assumptivly)  'An-ptaod. 

unplucked  adj.  [also  spelt  unplucktli  Ati'pLAkt,  (assumptivly) 
'An-pLAkt. 

unpolished   adj.    [also   spelt   unpolishtl   An'peh$t,    (assump- 
tivly) 'An-pehSt. 

unpopular  adj.  An'pepgo-ld?,  (assumptivly)  'An-pepguls?. 

unpractised    adj.    [also    spelt    unpracticed,    unpractist}    An- 
'psaektist,  (assumptivly)  'An-p^aektist. 

unprecedented    adj.    An'psesi-dentid,     (assumptivly)     'An- 
psesi-dentid. 

unprepared  adj.  An-p3i'pe:^d,  (assumptivly)  'An-psi-pcr^d. 

unpreparedness     n.     An-p3i'pe:-?id-nis,     An-p3i'pe:-?i-dnis, 
(also)  An-psi'pc:?d-nis. 

unprincipled      adj.      An'p^insi-psld,      (assumptivly)      'ati- 
psinsipdld. 

unproductive   adj.   [also   spelt   unproductivl   An-p^d'dAktiv* 

(assumptivly)  'An-psa-dAktiv. 
unpronounceable    adj.    An-psd'naon-ss-bdl,     (assumptivly) 
'An-p33-naon-S9b3l. 

unpublished    adj.    [also    spelt   unpublishtl    An'pAbhSt,    (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-pAbhJt. 

unpunished  adj.  [also  spelt  unpunishtl  An'pAniSt,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-pAniSt. 

unquelled  adj.  [also  spelt  unqueldl  Ati'kweld,  (assumptivly) 

'An-kiueld. 
unquestioned   adj.    [also   spelt    unquestiond'\    An^kwest^dnd, 

(assumptivly)  'An-kiucstSand. 
unravel  v.  disentangle;  unfold;  ravel  [present  participle  un- 
raveling,  unravelling;   past   participle   and   preterit   unrav- 
eled, unravelled,  unraveldl  An'^aeval. 
unraveler  n.  [also  spelt  unravellerl  An'^aeva-la?. 
unread  adj.  [also  spelt  unredl  AnVed,  (assumptivly)  'An-?ed, 
unready  adj.  [also  spelt  unredy'\  An'^edi,  (assumptivly)  'ah- 

?edi. 
unreal  adj.  An'^ii-al,  (assumptivly)  'An-^ii-al. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy)  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  «.vVa.tft.\ 
Icnsrth-mork  (:)   indicates  that  the  precedxtvtt  ^qv>jcA  -v^  ^^"^^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  X\i^  feVinrw-KW?*  ^"^^^^^ 


578  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD   WORDS 


I 


unreeog^niEable  adj,  [also  spelt  unrecognisable'^   An'seksg- 
nai-zs-bdl,    {assumptivly)    'An-rekag-nai-zabal ;    (also,   some- 
times) An-zekdg'nai-zd-bdl. 
unredeemed  adj,  [also  spelt  unredeemdl  Axi-zi'diimd,  (as- 

sumptivly)  'An-ei-diimd. 
unredressed  adj,  [also  spelt  unredr^st'^  An-zi'drest,  {assump- 

tivly)  'An-zi-drest. 
unrefreshed  adj.  [also  spelt  unrefresht'\  An-zri'fseSt,  {assump- 

tivly)  'An-zi-izelt. 
nnrelieved  adj,  [also  spelt  unrelievd'\  An-zriliivd,   {assump- 

tivly)  'An-?i-hivd. 
unrepealed  adj.  [also  spelt  unrepealdl  An-n'piild,  {assump- 

tivly)  'An-zi-piild. 
nnreprieved  adj,  [also  spelt  unreprievdl  An-zi'psiivd,  {as- 

sumptivly)  'An-ei-psiivd. 
nnreserved  adj.  [also  spelt  unreservdl  An-zi'zB:zvd,  (^assump- 

tivly)  'An-z:i-zB:zvd. 
nnreservedly  adv,  An-?i'z8:z-vi-dh. 
nnrestrained  adj.  [also  spelt  u:trestraind'\  An-3i'st£eend,  {as- 

sumptivly)  'An-z:i-stjeend. 
nnrestrainedly  adv.  An-zri'stsee-ni-dh. 
nnrevealed  adj,  [also  spelt  unrevealdl  An-?i'viiM,  {assump- 

tivly)  'An-n-viild. 
nnrighteons  adj.  (not  righteous;  evil)  Aii'rai-tSds,  iassump- 

tivly)  'An-zai-tSas. 
nnripe  adj,  An'zaip,  (assumptivly)  'An-?aip. 
nnrivaled  adj.  [also  spelt  unrivalled,  unrivald}  An'zai-v^d, 

{assump tivly)  'An-rai-vald. 
nnrnffled  adj,  An'zAfald,  {assump tivly)  'An-?Afald. 
nnrnly  adj.  AtiVou-h,  {assump tivly)  'An-rou-h. 
nnsafe  adj.  An'seef,  {assumptivly)  'An-seef. 
nnsaid  adj.  An'sed,  {assumptivly)  'Ati-sed. 
unsalable  adj.  [also  spelt  unsaleable^  An'see-ld-ba!,  {assump- 
tivly) 'An-see-labal. 
nnsatisfactory   adj.   An-saetis'fakta-ei,   An-saetis'faektji,    {as-      \ 

sumptivly)  'An-saetis-faekt3?i,  'An-saetis-faektji. 
nnsavory  adj.  [also  spelt  unsavoury"]  An'see-v?i,  An'see-v3-ri, 

{assumptivly)  'An-see-vzi,  'An-see-v3zi. 
unscanned  adj,  [also  spelt  unscandl  An'skxnd,  (assumptivly) 

'An-skaend. 
nnscarred  adj,  [also  spelt  unscardi  An'ska:?d,  (assumptivly) 

'An-skarz-d. 
nnscatHed  adj.  An'skeedd,   (assumptivly)   'An-skeedd. 

i  yCf  Qcure;  btKe,  ^tK\ts.*,'s  assure,  dj/oy;  ^shoCy  tjc/tew; 
wwhen;  13  singf;  UY/VioeNex,  Vxc^cx,  Ki\\^,  \jnsl\ooV  ^^t^  us^^; 
o poetic;  3  over,  eoetiaV,  K'ViuX.,  ^'.^oox, ';i^x^o,  ^>ae^,  ^^^^^^-^ 


\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  579 

unsehooled  adj.  [also  spelt  unschoold}  An'skould,  (assutnp- 
tivly)  'Ati-skould. 

viiaeientific  adj.  An-sai-an'tifik. 

uiuicratclied  adj,  [also  spelt  unscratcht}  An'sksaetSt,  (assutnp- 
tivly)  'An-sksatjt. 

imscrnpiilons  adj,  Ati'sk^ou-pgo-lss,  {often)  Ati'sksupgo-lds ; 
(assumpHvly)  'An-sksou-pQo-las,  'An-sksupgolas. 

unsealed  adj.  [also  spelt  unseald}  An'siild,  (assumptivly)  'ati- 
siild. 

nnseasoiiable  adj.  An'sii-zdns-bd},  An'sii-znd-bd),  Ati'siiz-na- 
bal,  {assumptivly)  'An-sii-za-nabal,  'An-siiz-nabal. 

nnseasoned  adj.  [also  spelt  unseasondl  An'sii-zand,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-sii-zand. 

miaeconded  adj,  An'seksn-did,   (assumptivly)   'An-sekdndid. 

nnsecnred  adj.  An-si'kQo:?d,   (assumptivly)   'An-'si-kgoird. 

miaeeiiily  adj.  An'sii-mh,  Ati'siim-h,  (assumptivly)  'An-sii- 
mh,  'An-siim-li. 

viuieen  adj,  An'siin,  (assumptivly)  'An-siin. 

viisent  adj.  An'sent,   (assumptivly)   'An-sent. 

nnserved  adj.  [also  spelt  unservdl  An'sB:?vd,  (assumptivly) 
'An-sB:z:vd. 

unserviceable  adj.  [also  spelt  unservisablel  An'sB:7-vis9-b9}, 
(assumptivly)  'An-sBi^-vi-sabal. 

unset  adj.  An'set,  (assumptivly)  'An-set. 

unsettled  adj.  An'setld,  (assumptivly)  'An-set)d. 

unsevered  adj.  [also  spelt  unseverd'[  An'sevszd,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-sev3?d. 

unshaded  adj.  An'See-did,   (assumptivly)  'An-See-did. 

unshakable  adj.  [also  spelt  unshakeableli  Ati'See-kd-bsl,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-See-kabal. 

unshaken  adj.  An'See-kan,  (assumptivly)  'An-See-kan. 

unshapely  adj.  An'See-pti,  (assumptivly)  'An-See-pLi. 

unshaved  adj.  An'Seevd,  (assumptivly)  'An-Jeevd. 

unshelled  adj.  [also  spelt  unsheldi  An'Jeld,  (assumptivly) 
'An-Seld. 

unsheltered  adj,  [also  spelt  unshelterd'\  An'Seltdzd,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-Seh3?d. 

unshod  adj.  An'Jed,   (assumptivly)  'An-Jed. 

unshorn  adj.  An'Soirn,  (assumptivly)  'An-So:?n. 

unsightly  adj.  An'sai-ttr,  (assumptivly)  'An-sai-tz-i. 

unsized  adj.  Aii'saizd,  (assumptivly)  'An-saizd. 

unskilful  adj.  [also  spelt  unskillful'^  An'skilfsl,  (assumptivly) 
'An-skilfal. 

c:  law,  s:  f wr,  a;  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (;)   indicates  that  the  pTece^\Ti^  ^o>axv^  ^"^  ^^"^^ 
stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  9tT^^^  qxv  >i3l^^  i^>\o^^.Ti%  '^^'^^^^^' 


580  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

unskilled  adj,  [also  spelt  unskild}  An'skitd,  {assumptiily) 
'Aii-skild. 

mialacked  adj.  [also  spelt  unslacktl  An'sLxkt,  (assutnptivly) 
'An-sz.aekt. 

unslaked  adj.  An'sLeekt,  {assumptivly)  'Ati-SLcekt;  (also)  An- 
'si-aekt,  (assumptivly)  'Aii-si-aekt. 

nnsmircked  adj.  [also  spelt  unstnirchtl  An'sMBi^tSt,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-SMB:rtSt.    . 

unsocial  adj.  An'soo-^dl,  (assumptivly)  'An-s30-$9}. 

nnsold  adj.  An'soold,  (assumptivly)  'An-soold. 

unsolicited  adj.  An-sd'hsi-tid ;  (assumptivly)  'An-s^-hsitid, 
(rapidly)  'Anss-hstid. 

unsolved  adj.  [also  spelt  unsolvd'\  An'selvd,  (assumptivly) 
'An-selvd. 

unsopkisticated  adj.  An-sa'fisti-ketid,  (assumptivly)  'An-S9- 
fisti-ketid. 

unsougkt  adj.  An'scit,  (assumptivly)  'An-sc:t. 

unsound  adj^  An'saond,  (assumptivly)  'An-saond. 

unsoum  adj.  Ati'soon,  (assumptivly)  'An-soon. 

unsparing  adj.  An'spei-^irj,  (assumptivly)  'An-spei-^iq. 

unspeakable  adj.  An'spii-ka-bal,  (assumptivly)  'An-spii-ksbsL 

unspecified  adj.  An'spesi-faid,  (assumptivly)  'An-spesi-faid. 

unspent  adj.  An'spent,  (assumptivly)  'An-spent. 

unspilled  adj.  [synonymous  cognate  unspilfl  An'spild,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-spild. 

unspoiled  adj.  [also  spelt  unspoild'\  An'spei}d»  (assumptivly) 
'An-spoild. 

unspoken  adj.  An'spoo-kan,  (assumptivly)  'An-spDO-kan. 

unspotted  adj.  An'spetid,  (assumptivly)  'An-spetid. 

unstable  adj.  An'stee-bal,   (assumptivly)   'An-stee-bal. 

unstained  adj.  [also  spelt  unstaindl  An'steend,  (assumptiv- 
ly) 'An-steend. 

unstamped  adj.  [also  spelt  unstampt'i  An'staempt,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-staempt. 

unstarcked  adj.  [also  spelt  unstarchtl  An'sta:2;tSt,  (assump- 
tivly) 'An-sta:rtSt. 

nnsteadfast  adj.  [also  spelt  unstedfasti  An'sted-fa:st,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'An-sted-fa:st. 

unsteady  adj.  [also  spelt  unstedyl  An'stedi,  (assumptivly) 
'AH-stedi. 

unstinted  adj.  An'stintid,   (assumptivly)  'An-stintid. 

unstocked  adj.  [also  spelt  unstockt'\  An'stekt,  (assumptivly) 
'An-stekt. 

j  ye,  Qcure;  btKe,  ^  tKvn.\  "s^Mte,  d^/oy;  I  shoe,  tlchew; 
w  when;  13  sinfif*,  u-wYioevet,  Vxc^cX,  K^i-y^^,  ws.\oo\,  v\^^  \i^e; 
op<7etic;  a  over,  eoet\a\,  k\>u\.,  "a-.^oox,  ';i^^o,  ^>ae^^  ^<^%^^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  581 


vnstiidied  adj,  An'stAdid,  {assumptivly)  'An-stAdid. 

mumccessfnl  adj.  An-sak'sesfal,  {assumptivly)  'Aii-sak-scsfal. 

uiuiiirpassed  adj.  [also  spelt  unsurpasti  An-S9z'pa:st»  {as- 
sumptivly) 'An-s3?-pa:st. 

untlionslitfnl  adj,  An'0c:t-f3l,   {assumptivly)   'An-0c:t-f3l. 

until  prep,  (to ;  unto ;  up  to :  o^  time)  An'til,  {when  less 
strest)  an'til,  {anteriorly)  'Antil,  'Antl.     compare  till. 

until  conj.  (up  to  the  time  that)  An'til,  an'til.    compare  till. 

untilled  adj.  [also  spelt  untild}  An'tild,  {assumptivly)  'An- 
tild. 

untimely  adj.  An'tai-mh,  An'taim-li,  {assumptivly)  'An-tai- 
mli,  'An-taim-li. 

untiring;  adj.  An'tai-zriq,  {assumptivly)   'An-tai-eiq. 

unto  prep,  (to)  'Anto,  {when  less  strest)  'Anta,  {and,  some- 
times) An'to. 

untold  adj.  An'toold,  {assumptivly)  'An-toold. 

untouched  adj.  [also  spelt  untoucht}  An'tAtSt,  {assumptivly) 
'An-tAtSt. 

untoivard  adj.  An'too-a^d,  {assumptivly)  'An-tD:?d. 

untrained  adj.  [also  spelt  untraindl  An'tseend,  {assump- 
tivly) 'An-tjeend. 

untrammeled  adj.  [also  spelt  untrammelled,  untrammeldl 
An'tjaemald,  {assumptivly)  'An-tjaemald. 

untraveled  adj.  [also  spelt  untravelled,  untraveld}  An- 
'tjaevald,  {assumptivly)  'An-tjaevald. 

untried  adj.  An'tjaid,  {assumptivly)  'An-tjaid. 

untrodden  adj.  An't^edn,  {assumptivly)  'An-t£edn. 

untrue  adj.  An'tjou,  {assumptivly)  'An-tjou. 

untrustivortliy  adj.  An'tjAst-we^di,   {assumptivly)  'An-tjASt- 

untrutl&ful  adj.  An'tjou9-fal,   {assumptivly)  'An-tjou9-fal. 
unturned  adj.  [also  spelt  unturndl  An'tB:?nd,  {assumptivly) 

'An-tB:?nd. 
unused  adj.  (not  employd)  An'jouzd,  {assumptivly)  'An-jouzd, 

(unaccustomd ;  not  habituated:    used  before  to)  An'jous. 
unusual  adj.  An'jou-3U-al,  {assumptivly)  'An-jou-3U-al. 
unitary  adj.  An'wei-zri,  {assumptivly)  'An-we:-^i. 
um^eighed  adj.  [also  spelt  unweighdl  An'weed,  {assumptivly) 

'AU-weed. 
uni^ell  adj.  An'wel,  {assumptivly)  'An-wel. 
unurieldy  adj.  An'wiil-di,    {assumptivly)   'An-wiil-di. 
unurilling  adj.  An'wihq,  {assumptivly)  'An-wihrj. 
unurise  adj.  An'waiz,   {assumptivly)  'au-wqiz. 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  ptectdva^  ^a>asA  ts*  V^xsj^n 
Btreas-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  on  VIdl^  5L^>\aHiYCk.^  «5'^^i^'fc- 


582  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

un^Hshed  adj.  [also  spelt  unwishtl  An'wi$t,  (dssumpHvly) 
'An-wijt. 

vn^Htnessed  adj,  [also  spelt  unwitnest'\  An'witNist,  {assump- 
tivly)  'An-witNist. 

nnivonted  adj.  An'wentid,  (assumptivly)  'An-wentid. 

univooed  adj.  [also  spelt  unwoodl  AnVoud,  (assumptivly) 
'An-woud. 

vnivorked  adj.  [also  spelt  unworkt']  An'wB:zkt,  (assumptivly) 
'An-wB:?kt. 

rorldly  adj.  An'weteld-li,  (assumptivly)  'An-WBizldAi. 
adj.  An'wDirn,  (assumptivly)  'An-wD:rn. 

nm^orthy  adj.  An'waie-di,  (assumptivly)  'An-yrsiz-di. 

nnivoiind  adj.  AnVoond,   (assumptivly)    'An-waond. 

nni^oiiiided  adj.  An'woun-did,  (assumptivly)  'An-woun-did 

nnnrritten  adj.  An';itn,  (assumptivly)  'An-zitn. 

mLiTronslit  adj.  An'rcit,  (assumptivly)  'An-?c:t. 

nnyieldins  adj.  An'jiil-dig,  (assumptivly)  'An-jiiMn). 

np  adv.,  prep.  Ap,  (when  unstrest)  dp. 

upas  n.  (tree;  sap)  'juu-pds. 

npcast  adj.  Ap'ka'st,  (assumptivly)  'Ap-ka:st. 

npher  n.  (pole)  'jou-fae;  (less  properly)  'Ap-hs:?. 

nphill  adj.  'Ap-hi!. 

nphill  adv.  (upward,  up)  Ap'hil,  (hy  contrast)  'Ap-hit. 

npliolster  v.  furnish  with  hangings;  cover  with  cloth,  cush- 
ions, etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit  upholstered,  uphol- 
sterdl  Ap'hDol-star ;  (less  properly)  s'pool-std?;  (dialectally) 
a'polstar,  Ap'holsta?. 

nphroe  n.  awning-support  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  euphroe, 
uvroul  'jou-fso;  (less  properly)  'jou-vro,  'A-f^o. 

nplift  V.  (lift  up;  raise)  Aplift. 

uplift  n.  (upheaval;  raising;  exaltation)  'Ap-lift. 

upon  prep,  (up  and  on;  on)  a'pen,  (when  unstrest)  pon,  apan, 
pan. 

nprigHt  adj.,  n,,  adv.  'Ap-?ait,  (also,  formerly,  and  still,  some- 
times) ApVait. 

nprigHtly  adv.  (in  an  upright  manner)  'Ap-^ai-tti. 

npriglitness  n.  'Ap-^ait-nis. 

nprise  v.  (rise  up;  get  up;  ascend)  Ap'^aiz. 

nprise  n.   (uprising;  rise;  advance)  'Ap-raiz,  Ap'^aiz. 

aprising  n.  (ascent;  rebellion)  'Ap-?ai-ziq,  Ap'rai-ziq. 

nproar  n.  (tumult)  'ap-?d:?. 

nproar  v.  (stir  up;  make  an  uproar)  Ap'jorz:. 

apset  V.  (overturn;  overthrow;  overcome)  Ap'set. 

j  .ve.  Qcure;  btKe,  ^  tUtv;  's^zMte,  dj/oy;  S  *',or,  tScAew; 
wwhtn\  I)  sing;  uvjYvoeNtt,  Kxc^cx,  Ki\>i\,  ^ns,\ooV  X  tis^*; 
0  poetic;  a  over,  coenaV,  kV>u\.,  v.^oox,  t^^x^o,  ^.\ie^^  r.-^^Tt^.N 


I 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  583 

upset  n.  (an  overturning)  'Ap-set,  Ap'set. 

upset  adj.  (set  up;  fixt;  determind)  'Ap-set. 

upsilon  ».  (Greek  letter)  'joup-si-lan,  (often)  'jupsi-ldn. 

up-stairs  adv,  Ap'stexz,  {sometimes)  9p'ste:zz. 

up-stairs  adj.,  n.  'Ap-ste:?z. 

upupa  n.  (bird)  'jou-pQu-p9. 

uranosraphy  n.  study  of  the  fixt  stars  [synonymous  cog- 
nate ouranographyl  joea'neg^a-fi. 

urban  adj,  (of  a  city  or  town)  'siz-h^n. 

urbane  adj.  (urban;  polite;  suave)  e^'been. 

urbanity  n.  (quality  of  being  urbane)  B?'baeni-ti. 

urceolate  adj.  (pitcher-shaped)  ^Bzsi-^Aet,  'B:?-si-9-}et. 

urea  n.  (carbamide)  'jo:-ri-9;  (erroneously)  jo'^ii-3. 

ureide  n.  compound  of  urea  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  ureidl 
'jo:-ri-id,  'jo:-z:i-aid. 

uremia  n.  retention  of  urea  in  the  blood  [also  spelt  uraemia"] 
jo'?ii-mi-3. 

ureter  n.  (duct  in  the  kidney)  joVii-ta?,  'jo:-?it3^,  'jo:-z:i-t3?. 

urethra  n.  urine-duct  [ploral  urethrae"}  jo'^ii-Gsa. 

urine  n.  excrementitious  fluid  [also  spelt  urin"}  'ju:-?in. 

urn  n.  (vase)  9:zn, 

ursine  adj.  of  a  bear;  arctoid  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  ursin"] 
'B?sin,  'ars-sm,  'e^-sain,  'ei^-sam. 


noun-pron,  (objectiv  of  we)  as,  (when  unstrest)  as,  s. 
usable  adj.  capable  of  being  used  [also  spelt  useable^  'jou-zs- 

baf,  'juz3-b3l. 
usage  n.  (act  or  mode  of  using;  treatment;  custom;  locution) 

'jou-sids,  'JDU-zids. 
usance  n.  (time  allowd  by  usage  or  custom  for  the  payment 

of  bills  of  exchange  drawn  on  a  distant  country)  'jou-zans. 
use  n.  (employment;  service;  need;  usage;  ritual  form)  jous. 
use  V.  (employ;  treat;  inure;  frequent;  be  wont)  jouz,  (when 

unstrest)  juz, 
used  adj.  (employd;  treated)  jouzd,   (accustomd,  habituated, 

inured)  jous,  jouzd. 
used  V.  (preterit  of  use)  jous,  jouzd. 
usquebausb  n.  (liquor)  'Askwi-bc: . 
ustion  n.  (burning)  'Ast^sn,  'A$t$3n. 
usually  adv.  (in  common  use;  habitual;  ordinary)  'jou-3U-3- 

h,  (when  less  strest)  'juu-33-h,  'ju33-h,  'jusli. 
usucaption  n.  (acquisition  by  possession)  juzjoHcxpSdn. 
usufruct  n.    (right  of  using  and  enjoying  the  property  of 

another)  'jou-zjo-f^Akt,  'jou-3Jo-f3Akt,  'jou-za-f^Akt. 

c:  low,  b:  fur,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  for,  go  now,  a:  ask.,  c.vk.\\s.\ 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  t\ve  pret^ditv^E.  ^oaxv^.  -v^  X^^^ln 
Btreas-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  \\x^  i?k>\o^vcv^  «f^s^^^. 


I 


5a4  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

usurer  n.   (money-lender)  'jou-so-ea?,  {often)  'ju53-^3r. 
usurious  adj,  (practising  usury;  of  usury)  jo'soi-si-ds,  jo'zjo:- 

z:i-3S,  jo'3Jo:-z:i-9s. 
usurp  V.  seize  and  hold;  assume  [past  participle  and  pret- 
erit usurped,  usurpt}  jo'serrp,  jo'zeiep. 
Usurpatiou  n.  jusBzr'pee-San,  juzezr'pee-Sdn. 
usury  n.  (interest;  practis  of  taking  an  exorbitant  price  for 

the  use  of  money)  'jou-30-?i,  (often)  'ju59-ri,  'ju3Zi. 
ntas  n.  (obsolete)  octave  of  a  festival;  bustle,  stir  [also  spelt 

utass;  synonymous  cognates  utis,  utast^  'jou-taes. 
utensil  n.   (implement)   jo'tensil,   (also,  formerly,  and  stiU, 

sometimes)  'jou-tensil. 
uterine  adj.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  uterin']  'jou-td-rin,  'jou- 

td-zain. 
uterus  n.  womb  [ploral  utert]  'jou-t»-?3s,  (often)  'juta-eas. 
utile  adj.  useful  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  m/»7]  'jou-til,  'jou-tad. 
utilization  n.  [also  spelt  utilisation^  jutih'zee-$3n,  juti^ai- 

'zee-Jan. 
utilize  V.  [also  spelt  utilise}  'jou-ti-laiz,  (often)  'juti-aiz. 
utopist  n.   (Utopian,  optimist)  'jou-ta-pist,  jo'tDO-pist. 
utter  V.  put  forth;  pronounce;  deliver  [past  participle  and 

preterit  uttered,  utterdl  'Atar. 
uva  n.  (fruit  resembling  a  cluster  of  grapes)  'jou-V3. 
uvula  n.  (body  pendent  from  the  soft  palate  at  the  back  of 

the  mouth)  'jou-viu-la. 
uzorial  adj,  (of  a  wife;  uxorious)  ag'zoi-ri-al,   ak'so:-zi-3l 
uxorious  adj.  (doting  on  a  wife)  3g'zo:-?i-3s,  9k's3:-7i-9s. 
Uzbeg  n.  member  of  a  central  Asian  Turkish  race  [syneny- 

mous  cognates  Usbeg,  Usbekl  'Az-beg. 


vacate  v,  (make  vacant;  annul)  'vee-ket,  ve'keet,  vaTceet. 

vaccinate  v.  (inoculate  with  vaccin)  'vaeksi-net. 

vaccine   n.   virus   of   vaccinia   or  cowpox    [also,    sometimes, 

spelt  vaccin}  'vaeksin,  'vaek-sain,  'vaek-sin. 
vacillate  v.  (waver)  'vaesi-let, 

vacuity  n.  (state  of  being  vacuous;  emptiness)  vae'kQou-i-ti. 
vacuum    n.    empty    space;    void    [plural    vacuums,    vacua] 

'vaekQu-3m. 
vade-mecnm   n.    (manual,   handbook)   vee-di'mii-kam. 
vagabondize  v.  wander  like  a  vagabond  [also  spelt  vagabon- 

disc}  'vaega-ben-daiz. 

j  ye,  (J  cure*,  ^tHe,  ^  iVvW,  "«j;5.a>r:^,  ^'!>tQy;  ^  shoe,  tlcheyi', 
u)  when:  t\  sinfii;  u-wYioevtt,  Vxc^^iX.,  ^^^^^  vi>a.\o?K,  ^Aj^  VL^e; 
0  poetic ;  a  over,  e  oerva\,  K\iu\.,  ^•.  e^oox,  •;itiTio,  ^.\^^,  'w.iyfcK. 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  585 

n.    sheath;    passage    between    the    vulva    and    the 
uterus  [ploral  vaginae'}  va'dsai-na,  V3'd3ii-n3. 

▼asiiial  adj.  (of  or  like  a  vagina  or  sheath)  'vaedsi-nl,  va- 
'dsai-nf. 

yrtLgarj  n.  whim,  freak  [ploral  vagariesi  V3'ge:-ri;  {improper- 
ly) 'vee-g3-^i. 

▼asrant  adj.  (wandering,  roving)  'vce-g^ant,  'veeg-eant;  {im- 
properly) 'vaegrant. 

▼agne  adj.  (uncertain,  unclear)  veeg. 

vain  adj.  (useless;  conceited)  veen. 

▼aingloriom    adj,    (boastful)    veen'g}3:-;i-3s,    {assumptivly) 
Veen-gbr-ri-as. 

▼alanoe  n.  damask  [also  spelt  valence;  synonymous  cognates 
valentia,  Valencia!  'vce-lans,  'vaelans. 

▼ale  n,  (valley)  veel. 

Vale  inter j,  (farewell;  adieu)  'vee-H,  'vee-li. 

▼alenoe  n,  (combining-capacity ;  equivalence;  valency)  'vee- 
Idns. 

Valendennei  n.  (lace)  vs'lensinz,  vs-lensi'enz,  vd-legsi'enz, 
va'lensi-anz,  va'laeqsi-an,  vaelan'sii-anz. 

▼alentia  n.  [also  spelt  valencial  va'lenjg,  valenji-a ;  valentja. 
same  meaning  as  valance, 

▼alerian  n.  (plant)  v^lr.-zi-^n. 

▼alerio  adj.  (of  valerian)  va'le^ik,  'vaela-^ik. 

▼alet  n.  (man-servant)  'vaeht,  'vaele,  vae'lee;  'vaelat. 

▼aletudinarian  n.  (invalid)  vseh-tQudi'ne:-7i-3n. 

Vallialla  n.  Hall  of  the  Slain;  temple  of  fame  [synonymous 
cognate  Walhallal  vaerhaela. 

▼alise  n.  traveling-bag;  portmanteau  [also  spelt  vallise"]  va- 
liis,  voliiz, 

▼alkjrr  n.  one  of  the  handmaidens  of  Odin  [also  spelt  walkyr; 
synonymous  cognates  valkyria,  walkyrial  'vael-ki^. 

▼alkyria  n.  vxl^iri-a.    same  meaning  as  valkyr. 

▼alley  w.  depression  between  hills  [ploral  valleys'}  'vaeh. 

▼alor  n.  bravery  [also  spelt  valourl  \xldz. 

valuable    adj.    (of    value;    precious;    worthy)    'vaefiu-a-bal, 
{sometimes)  'vaelio-bal. 

valve  n,,  v.  'vaelio. 

valve  n.  door-leaf;  flow-controller  [also  spelt  valvl  vaelv. 

vaWed  adj.  having  a  valve  [also  spelt  valvdl  vaelvd. 

vamoie  v.  (be  off;  be  gone)  va'moos,  'va:-mos. 
n.  (wethercock;  web)  veen. 

n.  [also  spelt  vangardi  'vaen-ga:?d. 


c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
len^h-mark  (;)   indicates  that  t\ie  ptetei^iTv^  ^owxv\  \.^  X^^sskN 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  otv  VVe  iQ\V.o^vc^^  ^-^'^•siw^^* 


586  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

▼anqmish  v,  conquer  [past  participle  and  preterit  vanqwUk- 
ed,  vanquishtl  'vaeqkujiS ;  {less  properly)  'van-lcu)i$. 

▼apid  adj.  (insipid)  'vaepid;  {improperly)  'vee-pid. 

▼apor  n.,v.    [also  spelt  vapour;   as  verb,   vapored,  vapordl 
'vce-p3?. 

▼aporisation    n.    [also    spelt    vaporisation'}    vepari^zee-Ssn, 
vepa-rai'zce-Jan. 

vaporise  v.  [also  spelt  vaporise!  \ee-p9-za1z, 

▼apory  adj.  [also  spelt  vapoury}  'vce-p»-?i. 

▼aquero  n.  (herdsman)  yx'kei-zo. 

▼areo  n.  (kelp)  'vae^sk. 

▼aricooele  n.  (tumor  composed  of  varicosed  veins)  'vaenkd- 
sil. 

▼aricolored  adj.  of  various  colors;  motley  [also  spelt  vari- 
coloured, varicolord}  'vei-ei-kAlaed. 

▼aricoie  adj.  (of  varix;  varicated)  'vaeei-kos;  {less  properly) 
've:-ri-kos. 

▼ariesate  v.  (impart  variety  of  color  to)  've:-ri-3-get. 

variety  n.  (diversity)  V3'?ai-i-ti. 

▼ariola  n.  (smallpox)  va'eai-a-la;  (improperly)  vci-rf'oo-la. 

▼arioloid  ad/,  (like  variola  or  smallpox)  'vae;i-3-}eid,  've:- 
sri-a-leid,  'va:-ri-a-leid,  va'^ai-a-leid. 

▼ariornm  adj,  (with  notes  of  various  persons)  vei-ri'or-ram. 

varioui  ad;,  (diverse;  divers;  changeable)  've:-ri-as,  (jom^- 
times)  've^jas. 

variz  n.  dilated  vein  [ploral  varices}  've:-riks. 

▼ariity  n.  'va?si-ti,  etc.     same  meaning  as  university. 

▼artabed  n.  one  of  an  order  of  priestly  teachers  in  the  Ar- 
menian Church  [synonymous  cognates  vartabet,  vartabad] 
'va?ta-bed,  'va:?-t3-bed. 

varveled  adj.  having  varvels  on  [also  spelt  varvelled,  var- 
veld;  synonymous  cognate  verveled}  'vare-vald. 

▼arveli  n,pl.  rings  for  the  legs  of  a  hunting-hawk  [synony- 
mous cognate  vervels}  'va:?-v3lz. 

▼aie  n.  (hollow  vessel,  etc.)  vees,  va:z,  veez. 

vaieline  n.  (petrolatum)  'vaesi-Hn,  'vaesi-hn. 

vaie-ihaped  adj.  veeS-Jeept,  'va:3-Seept,  'vees-Jeept. 

▼aiifomi  adj.  (tubular)  'vaesi-f o:?m ;  {less  properly)  'vce-si- 
forsrm,  'va:-zi-fo:?m,  'vee-zi-fo:?m. 

vast  adj,  (immense;  very  great)  va:st. 

vaticinate  v,  (prophesy)  va'tisi-net. 

vaudeville  n.  (light  song  or  drama)  'vood-vil,  'vood-vil; 
{less  properly)  'voo-da-vil,  'voo-da-vil,  'vc:-d3-vil. 

JK»   <jcure*,  btHe,  Q  t\\\xv\  -s^sAat^,  ^-b^^^N  ^sfcoe,   tSrAew; 
w  when:  n  sing;  u-wYvoe^w,  \tc^c\.,  xii-^^,  \3>>a.\oc\,  ^.kv  v^iav, 
o  poetic;  Dover,  eaetiaV  kV^uX.,  ^-.^oot,  ^^two,  ^\.ees.,  ^^^yfi«.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  587 

vaunt  v.,  n.  (brag)  vc:nt,  va:nt,  va:nt. 

▼avaior  n.  vassal  [synonymous  cognates  vavasour,  vavassor, 

valvasorl  'vaeva-sa?. 
Veda  n.  (Hindu  scripture)  'vee-da,  'vii-da. 
▼esa  n.  (tract  of  low  ground)  'vee-ga. 
▼esetable  adj.,  n.  'vedsita-bal,  {rapidly)  'vcdsta-bal ;  (assump- 

tivly)  'vedsi-tabal,  'vedstabal. 
▼esetal  adj,  (of  plants;  vegetable)  'vcdsi-tl. 
vegetative  adj.  growing  as  plants;  unprogressiv  [also  spelt 

vegetative  'vedsi-tetiv. 
vesetive  adj,  {obsolete)  vegetativ  [also  spelt  vegetiv'\  'veds- 

i-tiv. 
vehemence  n.  (ardor,  etc.)  Vii-i-mdns,  'vii-hi-mdns. 
vehement  adj.  'vii-i-msnt,  'vii-hi-msnt. 
vehicle  n.  (conveyance)  'vii-i-kal,  'vii-hi-kal. 
vehicular  adj.  (of  a  vehicle)  vi'hikgo-lae,  vi'ikgo-lae. 
vehme  n.  'fce-ms.    same  meaning  as  vehmgericht. 
vehmgericht  n.  former  German  tribunal;  vehme  [also,  some- 
times,   spelt    fehtngericht;    ploral    vehmgerichtel    'feem-ga- 

zikt. 
vehmio  adj.  of  the  vehme   [also,   sometimes,  spelt  fehmici 

'fee-mik,  'vee-mik,  'vii-mik. 
veil  n.  head-dress,  etc.  [also,  formerly,  spelt  vaill  veel. 
vein  «.  (blood-vessel)  veen. 
veinoui  adj.  (veiny,  venous;  veind)  'vee-nas;   {erroneously) 

'vii-nas. 
velar  adj.  (of  the  velum  or  veil)  'vii-la?. 
veldt  «.  grass  country  [also  spelt  veldl  velt,  felt. 
velleity  n.  (weak  volition)  va'hi-i-ti. 
vellum  n,  (calfskin,  etc.)  'velam. 
veloce  adv.  (rapidly;  presto)  vi'loo-t^i. 
velocipede  «.  (old-style  bicycle,  etc.)  vilesi-pid. 
velum  n.  veil  [ploral  velal  'vii-lam. 
velvet  n.  silk   fabric   [synonymous   cognates  vellet,  vellutel 

'velvit. 
venal  adj,  (mercenary)  'vii-nl,  'vii-nal. 
venary  adj.  (of  hunting)  'vena-zri.     compare  venery. 
vendace  n.  whitefish  [also  spelt  vendisi  'vendis. 
vender  n.  one  who  vends  or  sells  [also  spelt  vendorl  'vendar. 
vendible  adj.  (salable)  'venda-bal. 
vendor  n,  (in  law,  correlativ  of  vendee)  'vendae,  'ven-dor, 

ven'do:?. 
vendue  n.  (public  auction)  ven'djou,  'ven-dju. 

c:  lew,  b:  f Mr,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark  {:)   indicates  that  tKe  pTeced\Tv\!,  ^Q>ycA  \^  Vjrwv> 
Btress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  on  >i3t^^  i^'^^o^vcvsL  's^'^'^w^^ 


588  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

venerable  adj,  'vcnaea-bal,  (rapidly)  'vcnra-bal;   (assumpiic' 

ly)  'vena-eabal,  'veneabal. 
▼enery  n.  (hunting)  'vcna-ri. 
▼enery  n.  (coition)  'vena-zri. 
vengeance  n.  (retaliation)  'vendssns. 
venial  adj,  (pardonable;  excusable)  'vii-ni-d};  (less  properly) 

'vii-njal. 
▼enison  n.  (deer-meat)  'veni-zan,  'vcnzan,  'veni-san. 
venoie  adj.  (veiny)  vi'noos,  (assumptivly)  'vii-nos;  (also,  less 

properly)  'vii-noz. 
▼enom  adj.  (of  veins;  veind;  venose)  'vii-nas. 
ventriloqnial  adj.  (of  ventriloquism)  ventsiloo-kiui-al. 
ventriloquism  n.  (art  of  speaking  so  that  the  voice  appears 

to  come  from  some  other  source  than  the  speaker)  ven'tiila- 

kwizdm. 
ventriloquize  v,  [also  spelt  ventriloquise'}  ven'tsild-kioaiz. 
venne  n.  coming;  hit,  bout  [also  spelt  venew;   synonymous 

cognates  veney,  venny,  veniel  'venjo,  'vc-nju. 
veraoioni  adj.  (truthful)  vs'ree-Sds. 
veracity  n.  (truthfulness)  va'?aesi-ti. 

veranda  n.  portico,  piazza  [also  spelt  verandah}  vd'^snds. 
veratrine  n.  alkaloid  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  veratrin}  vsVee- 

tjin,  'vesra-tjin,  'vera-tjain. 
verbalize  v,  [also  spelt  verbalise}  'veir-ba-laiz. 
verbatim    adv,    (word-for-word)    VB?'bee-tim;    (improperly) 

VB^'baetim. 
verbiage   n.    (wordiness,   verbosity)    'veij-bi-ids. 
verboie  adj,  (wordy;  prolix)  vB^'boos. 
verboiity  n.  (quality  of  being  verbose)  vB^'besi-ti. 
verd-antiqne  n.  (ophicalcite)  vB:?d-xn'tiik. 
verdigprii   n.    (green   mixture   of   copper   acetates)    'vB:e-di- 

gris,  'vBie-di-gzris. 
verdure  n.  (greenness;  green  vegetation)  'vB^dsar,  'vBir-dsar, 

dsa?,  'vB:8r-d33?.  J 

verein  n.  (union,  society)  fa'eain. 
verger  n,  (one  who  carries  a  verge,  or  staff  of  office)  'vbt- 

veriest  adj.  (most  true;  truest)  've?i-ist. 

verifiable  adj.  'veri-fai-a-bal,  (sometimes)  veri'fai-a-bal. 

verisimilitude  n.  (probability)  vensi'mih-tgud. 

verjuice  n.  (acid  liquor  from  crab-apples)  'vBi^-dsous. 

vermeil  n.  (vermilion)  'vsrr-mil.  } 

vermicelli  n.   (fine  worm-like  or  thread-like  food  made  of 

j  yt,  <jcure',  btKe,  ^tK\tv;  "s^smt^,  d^l'oy;  \shoe,  tSrfcew; 
vo  whtn\  r\  sing;  u'wVvoevw,  Kxe^cX,  xii^i^,  \3i>\\oo\,  ^VV  vw%e«\ 
o  poetic-  3  over,  e  oetiaX,  kV^uX,  ^-.^oot,  ^^t.o,  ^X^e^i.,  ^^^^^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  589 

the  same  materials  as  macaroni  and  spaghetti)  vB?mx'seh, 

VBrmi'tSeh. 
▼ermifiise  n.  (medicin  for  expelling  intestinal  worms)  Wbiz- 

mi-fguds. 
▼ermilion  n.  (worm-dye;  cinnabar;  red  pigment)  ve^'mitisn. 
▼ermutli   n.  cordial   made   of   wine,   wormwood,   etc.    [also 

spelt  vermouthl  'vBiJ-muO,  'vce-muO. 
▼ersatile  adj.  turning  easily;   many-sided   [also,  sometimes, 

spelt  versatile  'vezrsa-tl,  'vB?sa-til,  'vB?sa-tail;    (also)   \b:z- 

S3-t},  etc.;  (rapidly,  often)  'vBzrstl. 
▼eried  adj.  conversant  [also  spelt  versti  vBxst. 
▼ersioolor  adj.  party-colord  [also  spelt  versicolourl  'vBzrsi- 

▼ersion    n.    (change;    translation;    account;    turning,    etc.) 

'vB^S^n*  'vB:?-San,  'vBX-san. 
▼erst  n.  measure  [also  spelt  werst)  vB:?st. 
vertebra   n.   segment   of   the   backbone    [ploral   vertebrael 

'vBrti-b^a. 
vertebrae  n,  (ploral  of  vertebra)  'vBrti-b?i. 
vertebral  adj.,  n.  'vBrti-beal. 

vertebrate  adj.  (having  vertebrae)  'vBrti-b?3t,  'vBrti-bzret. 
vertex  n.  apex,  top  [ploral  vertexes,  vertices']  'vBZ-teks. 
vertices  n.  (ploral  of  vertex)  'verti-siz. 
verticil  n.  whorl  [also  spelt  verticell  'vBrti-sal. 
verticillate  adj,  (whorld)  vBs'tisi-let,  vs^ti'silet. 
vertigo  n,  (dizziness)  'vB?ti-go,  vse'tai-go,  vszr'tii-go, 
n.  enthusiasm  [also  spelt  verv"]  v%:zv. 
adj»  (true,  real,  etc.)  'vezri. 

adv.  (truly;  exceedingly)  've?i,  (when  less  sir  est)  'v3?i. 
vesica  n.  bladder;  vesicle  [ploral  vesicael  vi'sai-ks. 
vesicatory  adjm  (vesicant,  blistering;  epispastic)  'vesiks-tozi, 

vi'sik3-t3?i. 
vessel  n.  (holding-utensil;  ship;  duct)  Vessl,  'vesl. 
vestal  adj,  (of  Vesta)  'vestl,  'vestal. 
vestige  n.  (footprint;  trace)  'vestids. 

vestnre  n.  (garments;  envelop)  'vestja?,  've^tSa?,  'vestgasr. 
vesmvin  n.  bismuth  brown  [also  spelt  vesuvine"]  vi'sgou-vin. 
veterinary  n.    (of  domestic   animals)    'veta?i-ne^i,   'vetaei- 

na^i;  (rapidly)  'vetji-neei,  'vetji-nari. 
vex  V,  fret,  annoy,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit  vexed, 

vextj  vcks. 
via  prep,  by  way  of;  thru  [also  spelt  viaj  'vai-a,  'vii-a. 
vial  n.  bottle  [synonymous  cognate  phialj  'vai-al. 

c:  law,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  for,  ao  now,  a:  osk,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (;)   indicates  that  tVve  ptece^iTv^  ^wvtA.  -«» ^^"^^ 
stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  on  \\i^  i^J^^n^vsv^,  ^f^sS^Sifc- 


590  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  ' 

▼ial  V.  put  or  keep  in  a  vial  [synonymous  cognate  phial] 
present  participle  vialing,  vialling;  past  participle  and  pret- 
erit vialed,  vialled,  vialdl  'vai-sl. 

vibratile  adj.  vibratory  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  vibratil}  'vti- 
b73-ti},  'vai-te3-tail. 

vibratorj  adj,  (of  vibration;  vibrativ)  'vai-bsrs-taei. 

▼ioar  n.  (substitute;  assistant  bishop)  'vikd?. 

vioarial   adj,   (vicarious;   substituted;   of   a   vicar)   vailce:- 

vioe  n.  (fault;  depravity)  vais. 
vioe  prep,  (in  place  of)  'vai-si. 
▼ioe-admiral  n.  vais^aedrnd-^sl,  (anteriorly,  as  a  title)  Vais- 

aedmd^dl,  'vais-aedm;?!. 
vioe-conavl   n.    vaislcenssl,    {anteriorly,   as   a    title)   'vais- 

kensdl. 
vicegerent  n.  (deputy;  vicar)  vais'd5i:-?9nt. 
rioenary  adj.  (of  twenty)  'visi-nen,  'vai-si-ne?!. 
vicennial  adj.  (of  twenty  years)  vai'seni-dl. 
vice-president    n.   vais'psezi-dnt,    (anteriorly,    as    a   title) 

'vais-psezi-dnt,  (rapidly)  'vais-psczdnt. 
viceroy  n.  (vice-king)  'vais-rei;  (improperly)  'via-zei, 
vice  versa  adv.  (the  order  being  changed)  vai-si^VBssd;  (im- 
properly) vais'vB^sa. 
Vichy  n.  (water)  'viji. 
vicinage  n.  (neighborhood)  'visi-nids. 
vicinal  adj.  (near)  'visi-nl,  vi'sai-nl. 
vicinity  n.  (proximity;  neighborhood)  vi'sini-ti. 
viciosity  n.  viciousness  [also  spelt  vitiosityl  viji^esi-ti. 
vicious  adj.  (faulty;  addicted  to  vice;  bad)  'vijas. 
vicissitude  n.  (alternation;  mutation)  vi'sisi-tgud. 
victimize  V.  [also  spelt  victimisel  'vikti-maiz. 
victorine  n.  (tippet)  'vikta-^in,  viktaViin. 
victory  n.  (triumph,  etc.)  'vikta-n,  (rapidly)  'viktji. 
victual  V.  supply  with  victuals  or  food   [present  participle    J 

victualing,  victualling;  past  participle  and  preterit  victualed, 

victualled,  victualdl  'vitl. 
victnaler  n.  [also  spelt  victuallerl  'vitl-az. 
vicnfia  n.  camel-like  mammal  of  South  America  [also  spelt 

vicugna;  synonymous  cognates  vigonia,  vigunal  vi'kgou-nja. 
videlicet  adv.  (to  wit;  that  is;  namely;  viz.)  vi'deh-sdt. 
vie  V.  (strive;  rival)  vai. 
vie'w   V.    see;   regard   [past   participle   and   preterit   viewed, 

vicwdl  viou. 

j  ye,   5  cure;  bthe,  Q  tVv\Tv\  -s^nAax^,  ^"bw;  W*oe,   tScfcew; 
w  when:  n  sino;  Ai"w\voe>jeT,  \tc^cx,  ^\>i\,  wx\ocX^\.V  ^^e;     , 
o  poetic;  a  over,  e  aeiiaX,  k\>u\,  -:>•.  ^oot,  t.^T.0,  ^\.eei.,  ^^^*      S^ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  591 

▼isil  M*  (wakefulness;  watch)  'vidsiL 

risnette  n.   (ornament  of  vine-leaves;  cut;  portrait  of  the 

head)  vi'njct,  vin'jet,  'vi-njet,  vi'net. 
risor  n.  strength,  etc.  [also  spelt  vigour'}  'vigor. 
rikins  n.   sea-robber;    rover   [synonymous  cognate  wiking'\ 

'vai-kig;  (less  properly)  'vii-kig,  'vikiq. 
▼illfier  n.  (one  who  vilifies;  defamer)  'vih-fai-ar. 
Tllla  n.  (country-seat)  'vila. 
Tillage  n.  (very  small  town)  'vihds. 

Tillain  n.  feudal  serf;  boor;  rascal  [also,  archaically,  in  le- 
gal and  historical  use,  spelt  villein']  'vihn. 
▼illainase  n.  (condition  of  a  villain  or  peasant)  Vih-nids. 

compare  villenage. 
Tillainlse  v.  [synonymous  cognate  villanisel  'vili-naiz. 
Tillainoiis  adj.  of  a  villain;  vile  [also,  archaically,  spelt  vil- 

lenous;  synonymous  cognate  villanous}  'vih-nas. 
Tillainy  n.  depravity;  crime   [synonymous  cognate  viUany"} 

'vih-ni. 
Tillenage  n.  tenure  of  lands  by  menial  service  [also  spelt 

villeinage;  synonymous  cognate  villanagel  'vili-nids. 
Tinaoeoui  adj,  (of  wine)  vai'nee-Jds,  vi'nee-Sss. 
rinaigrette  n.  (drug-box;  smelling-bottle)  vini'gret. 
▼indicative  adj,  tending  to  vindicate  [also  spelt  vindicativl 

'vindi-ketiv,  vin'dika-tiv. 
▼indioatorj    adj.     (justificatory;     punitory)     'vindika-tori, 

'vindika-tari. 
▼inflictive  adj.  revengeful  [also  spelt  vindictivl  vin'diktiv. 
▼inesa'  n,  (sourd  wine;  dilute  acetic  acid)  'vini-gar. 
▼inerj  n.  (greenhouse  for  growing  grapes;  vines  collectivly) 

'vai-na-ri. 
vineyard  n.  grape-vine  plantation  [also,  formerly,  spelt  vin- 

yardl  'vinjard, 
vinst-et-un  n.  (card-game)  vaente'Ag. 
vinous  adj.  (full  of  wine;  winy)  'vai-nas. 
vintage  n.  (grape-harvest;  wine)  'vintids. 
viol  n.  (musical  instrument)  'vai-sl. 
viola  n.  (viol)  'vai-a-la,  vi'oo-la,  'vii-a-la. 
violence  n.  (state  of  being  violent;  outrage)  'vai-a-lans. 
violet  n.  (plant;  color)  'vai-a-lat. 
violin  n.  (musical  instrument)  vai-dlin. 
violin  n.  (emetic  substance)  'vai-a-lin. 
violoncello  n.  (modem  viola  da  gamba)  vi-a-lon'tSelo,  vai-3- 

len'seb,  vai-a-len'tSelo,  vi-a-len'selo.  ^ 

c:  law,  b:  f «r,  ae  cot,  o  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
Ungth'znark  (:)  indicates  that  tVve  ptece^itv^  %wxtA  v&  '^^'^^ 
streaa-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  otv  V\vt  i^^^^vw^  ^Svca>c^^ 


592  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD   WORDS 

viperine  adj.  viper-like  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  viperin\  'vai- 

pa-rin,  'vai-p3-?ain. 
Tirago  n.  (mannish  woman)  vai'zee-go,  vi'zee-go. 
virelay  n.  (form  of  poem)  'vKi-le. 
vireo  n.  (bird)  'vin-o. 

vireicence  n.  (greenness)  vai'^essns,  vxVessns. 
Virgiliaa  adj,  of  Virgil  [also  spelt  Vergiliani  vae'dsiH-an. 
virgin  n.  (pure  maid,  etc.)  'veedsin,  'vB:?-d5in. 
virideicence  n.  (greenishness)  vi?i'des9ns. 
virile  adj.  of  a  man;   strong   [also,   sometimes,   spelt  vir%l\ 

'vi^il,  'vai-3il,  'vi-?ail. 
virility  n.  (manhood;  vigor)  vi'eih-ti,  vai'^ih-ti. 
virtu  n,  virtue;  value  as  a  rarity,  etc.  [synonymous  cognate 

vertui  vi^'tou,  VBj'tou,  'viizr-tu,  'vee-tu. 
virtue    n.    (goodness;    chastity;    power)    'vB^tSo,    'vsrr-tjo; 

'vB^tQO,  'vB:?-tQo. 
virtuoio  n.  one  who  excels,  as  in  an  art  [ploral  virtuosos, 

virtuostl  vB^tSu'oo-so,  VB^tgu'oo-so. 
virulence  n.  (quality  of  being  virulent  or  poisonous;  rancor) 

'vizra-lans,  'viejo-lans. 
visage  n.  (face)  'vizids. 
visa  n.,  v.  'vii-zs.    same  meaning  as  visS, 
vis-i-vis  adv.  (face  to  face)  viza'vii,  viza'vii,  'vii-za-vii. 
viscaclia  n.  rodent  [synonymous  cognates  vizcacha,  biscacha, 

hizcacha,  vischacha,  vishatchal  vis'kaetja. 
viscera  n.  (ploral  of  viscus)  'visa-?3. 
viscid  adj.  (sticky)  'visid. 
viscount  n.  (deputy  of  a  count;  noble  ranking  next  below 

an  earl)  Vai-kaont. 
vise  n.  holding-device  [also  spelt  vicel  vais. 
vis6  n.,  V,  indorsement  [synonymous  cognate  visa"]  vi'zee. 
visible  adj.  (capable  of  being  seen)  'vizd-bdl,   (assumptivly) 

'vizabal. 
visie  n.  scrutinizing  look;  aim  [also  spelt  vizie,  vizy"}  'vizi. 
vision  n.  (sight,  etc.)  'visan. 

visualize  v.  [also  spelt  visualisel  'vi3U-a-laiz,  'vi3Ju-3-laiz. 
vitality  n.  (vital  force;  life)  vai'taeh-ti. 
vitalize  v,  [also  spelt  vitalisel  'vai-tl-aiz. 
vitellary  adj.   (of  the   vitellus  or  yolk;   vitellin)   'vita-lcei, 

'vai-t3-le?i. 
vitellin  n.  (yolk-substance)  vi'tehn,  vai'tehn,  'vita-hn. 
vitelline  adj,  of  or  like  vitellus  or  yolk  [also  spelt  vitellini 

vi'tehn,  vrfi'tehn. 

j  ye,   gcure;  bthe,  ^  tViKtv-,  ^^s\rc^,  ^-b^^^N  ^skoe^  t^  chew; 
w  when :   n  sina;  u-wVvoevet^  \Tc;jLe\,  jiiuW,  wv.^.ooV  ^.vv  <x'9.tt% 
o  poetic;  a  over,  e  oetia\,  K\>ut,  ^-.^oox,  t>oT.o,  ^\.<A.  ^^^^^^n 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  593 

▼itiate  v.  (render  vicious)  'viji-et. 

ritreoms  adj,  (glassy)  'vitji-as. 

ritriol  n.  (sulfuric  acid,  etc.)  'vitji-al;  {improperly)  'vitjal. 

Tituline  adj.  of  or  like  a  calf  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  vittilinl 
'vitgo-lin,  'vitgo-lain. 

▼itnperate  v.  (abuse  verbally)  vai'tgou-pa-zet ;  (Jess  properly) 
vi'tgou-pa-eet. 

▼iva  inter j.  (long  live)  'vii-v3. 

rivaoe  adj,  (in  music,  lively)  vi'va:-tSi. 

▼ivaoioiui  adj.   (long-lived;  lively)  vai'vce-Sas,  vi'vce-S»s. 

▼ivaoity  n.  (liveliness)  vai'vaesi-ti,  vi'vaesi-ti. 

▼iTarinm  n.  zoological  park;  vivary  [ploral  vivariums,  viva- 
rial  vai'vc:-3i-3m,  vi'ver-ei-am. 

▼ivary  n.  (vivarium)  'viva-ei,  'vai-v3-?i. 

riva  voee  adv.  (by  word  of  mouth)  vai-vd'voo-si. 

vive  inter  j,  (long  live)  viiv. 

rlTenine  adj.  of  the  ferrets,  etc.  [also  spelt  viverrini  vai- 
'vcrin, 

▼iviparoms  adj,  (bearing  offspring  which  are  alive  at  birth) 
vai'vip3-^3S. 

▼im.  adv,  (videlicet)  'nee-mh,  'neem-h. 

▼imier  n.  vi'zi:?;  {less  properly)  'vizjae,  'vizi -3?.  same  mean- 
ing as  vizir, 

▼imir  n.  title  of  chief  minister  of  state,  etc.,  in  Mohammedan 
countries  [synonymous  cognates  visier,  visier'\  vi'ziczr. 

▼imor  If.  mask ;  front  of  a  helmet  or  cap  [also  spelt  visorl  'vai- 
zsr,  Viz97. 

▼ooable  n.  (word,  term,  name)  Voo-ks-b^}. 

▼ooalisation  n.  [also  spelt  vocaHsation"]  vokdli'zee-Ssn,  voks- 

lai'zee-Sdn. 

▼ooalise  V.  [also  spelt  vocalise"}  'voo-ks-laiz. 

▼ooiile  n.  (faint  voice-sound)  've-kgul,  vo'kgotrf. 

vodka  n.  (Russian  whisky  or  brandy)  'vedkd,  'vood-ks. 

▼osue  n.  (fashion,  etc.)  voog. 

▼oivode  n.  general,  etc.  [synonymous  cognates  vaivode,  vay- 
vode,  waiwode,  waywode,  waivodel  'voi-vod. 

▼olaat  adj.  (flying)  'voo-lant;  {less  properly)  'volant. 

Volapiik  adj.  vols'piik,  {assumptivly)  'vols-pik;  {also,  less 
properly)  'vola-pguk. 

VolapillL  n.  (world-speech)  vola'piik;  {less  properly)  'vola- 
P9uk. 

volatile  adj.  flying;  evaporating  quickly;  gay  [also,  some- 
times, spelt  volatill  'vela-tl,  'vola-til,  'vola-tail. 

c:  law,  b:  f Mr,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  {:)  indicates  that  tVve  pxece^xfttt  ^wxcA  v^  Vi?cw'V'» 
Btress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  >i!iit  l^>\Qwvwst  «i^^'^»^ 


594  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

volatilisation  n.   [also  spelt  volatilisation'}   veidtl-i'zee-S^B, 

velati-lai'zee-Sdn. 
volatilise  v.  cause  to  evaporate;  become  volatil   [also  spelt 

volatilisel  'veldtl-aiz,  'velati-laiz. 
volcanic  adj,  (of  volcanos)  vellcsenik. 
voloanism  n.  (doctrin  or  phenomena  of  volcanos;  vulcanism) 

'velka-nizam. 
volcano   n.  erupting  mountain   [ploral  volcanoes,   volcanos] 

vel'kee-no. 
volitive  adj,  having  the  power  to  will;  of  the  will;  express- 
ing a  wish  [also  spelt  volitivl  'veh-tiv. 
volley  n.   flight  of  missils;   explosiv  burst    [ploral   volleys} 

'veh. 
volt  n.  (round  tread;  leap)  voolt. 

volt  n.  (unit  of  electromotiv  force)  vDolt;  (improperly)  velt. 
volume  n.  (roll;  book;  solid  contents)  'veligm,  'veliom,  've- 

lium. 
volnminons  adj.  (of  great  volume  or  bulk;  prolix)  vdliou- 

mi-nas,  (dialectally)  va'lou-mi-nas. 
voluntarily  adv.  (freely)   'velan-tesi-h,   (anteriorly)  'velan- 

tezih;  (sometimes)  velan'teri-h. 
volnte  n.  (spiral  scroll;  shell)  vsliout. 
volute  adj,  (rolled  up)  va'liout. 
voracious  adj.  (greedy)  va'zee-Jas. 
vortex  n,  whirl  of  fluid;   gyratory  motion   [ploral  vortices, 

vortexes}   'ye:?-teks. 
vonlge  n.  (long-handled  weapon)  VOU3. 
vo'wel  V.  provide  with  vowels   [present  participle  voweling, 

vowelling;  past  participle   and  preterit  voweled,  vowelled, 

voweld}  'vau-al. 
voyage  n,,  v,  (journey,  etc.)  'vei-ids,  voids. 
vulcanization  n.  [also  spelt  vulcanisation}  vAlksni'zee-Sdn, 

vAlka-nai'zee-San. 
vulcanize   v.  treat  with   sulfur,   etc.   [also   spelt   vulcanise} 

'vAlka-naiz. 
vulgarization  n.   [also  spelt  vulgarisation}  vAlgd^i'zee-S^ni 

vAlg3-?ai'zee-San. 
vulgarize  v.  [also  spelt  vulgarise}  'vAlga-^aiz. 
vulpine  adj,  of  a  fox  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  vulpin}  'vaI- 

pain,  'vAlpin. 
vulturine  adj.  vulture-like;   of  a  vulture   [also,   sometimes, 

spelt  vuUurin}  'vAltSa-?in,  'vAltQD-^in,  'vAltSa-^ain. 
vying  adj.  (competing)  'vai-iq. 

}  yt,  Qcure;  btke,  QtK\tv\  's^.sMte,  d^foy;  S  ^^oe,  tScAew; 
w  when:  n  sing;  u^\voevw,  ixc^cx,  xji^JOi,  wv.\qoV  x\V  ^v«c«; 
o  poetic;  a  over.  eoena.V  K\iut,  v.^ot,  ^^tio,  ^\«^.  ^^^*.^n 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  595 

grabble  v.  rock;  vacillate  [also  spelt  wobble'\  'webdl. 
"Wtid  n.  (bundle,  bunch)  wed. 
irad  n.  bog-manganese  [also  spelt  wadcfl  wed. 
"waddle  v.^  n.  (toddle)  'wedl. 
iradi  n.  watercourse  [also  spelt  wadyl  'wedi. 
iradset  n.  mortgage  [also  spelt  wadsett'\  'wed-set. 
"wait  V.  (bear  as  thru  water  or  air;  float)  wa:ft,  wa:ft,  wx:ft. 
'waeon  n.  four-wheeld  vehicle;  wain;  car;  tool  [also,  espe- 
cially in  Britain,  spelt  waggoni  'waegan;  (dialectally)  'waegq. 
waeonase  n.  [also  spelt  waggonagel  'waega-nids. 
"wasoner  n.  [also  spelt  waggonerl  'waegs-nd?. 
wasonette  n.  [also  spelt  waggonette,  wagonetl  wsegs'net. 
Wababi  n.  follower  of  Abd-el-Wahhab  [also  spelt  fVahabee'} 

wa'ha:-bi. 
irail  v.,  n.  moan  [past  participle  and  preterit  wailed,  waildl 

weel. 
iFainient  v.    (obsolete)   lament,   wail    [also   spelt   wayment} 

'wee-mant. 
'wainmeot  n,  (paneling)  'ween-sket,  'ween-skat;  (improperly) 

'weenz-koot. 
-wainscotins    n.     [also     spelt     wainscottingi     'ween-sketu), 

'ween-ska-tiq. 
'viraiit  n.  (part  of  the  body;  garment)  weest. 
iv^aiitooat  n.  (garment)  'wees-kot,  'wee-skot;  'weskat;  'weest- 

koot;  'wes-kot,  'we-skot. 
'viraive   v.    relinquish    [past   participle    and   preterit   waived, 

waivdl  weev. 
"Waldeiuies  n.pL  (followers  of  Peter  Waldo;  Waldensians) 

wet'den-siz,  'weMsn-siz. 
"wale  n.  (ridge;  streak;  swelling)  weel. 
"Walballa  n.  wal'ha:-t3,  wcrhsels,  wx}'hx}3,  vxl'haeld.     same 

meaning  as  Valhalla. 
iralk  v.,n.   step,   etc.   [past  participle   and  preterit  walked, 

walktl  wc:k. 
"Wallaob  n.  Rumanian  [also  spelt  Wallack,  Walachi  'welak. 
Wallaobian  adj.  of  Wallachia;  Vlach   [also  spelt   Walach- 

iani  walee-ki-an,  wa'laeki-an,  walaekgan. 
trailed  adj.  having  a  wall;  fortified  [also  spelt  waldl  wc:}d. 
iralled  adj,  having  a  defect  in  color :    said  of  an  eye  [also 

spelt  waldl  world. 
i^allet  n.  (bag;  pocketbook)  'welit. 
iralleye  n.  (eye-disease)  'wc:l-ai. 
"wall-eyed  adj.  'wc:l-aid. 

c:  \aw^  b:  fur,  se  cat,  e  h<7t,  ei  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte ; 
length-mark   (;)   indicates  that  the  pteceditv^  ?»q>\tv\  \^  \wv^\ 
stress-mark  ()  indicates  chief  stress  on  V3ki^  i«>>\^^va% 'sf^sS^^, 


I 


5%  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD   WORDS 

wallop  V.  boil;  gallop  [past  participle  and  preterit  walloppei, 

wallopt]  Velsp 
wallop  V,  thrash  [past  participle  and  preterit  walloped,  wol- 

lopt]  'welap. 
walloper  n.  (slang)  one  who  or  that  which  wallops  or  drubt 

[also  spelt  wolloper}  'wels-pd?. 
wallow  V.  roll,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit  wallawei, 

wallowdli  'woId. 
walnut  n.  (nut;  tree)  'wc:}-n3t,  'welnst. 
iralmi  n.  (seal-like  mammal)  'wc:}-2:9s,  'vrelz^s. 
iralts  v.,  n.  (dance)  wc:}ts ;   (dialectally)   welts,  wels.  ( 

irampum  n.  (shell  beads  used  by  the  Amerindians  as  moiM^i 

etc.)  'wempam,  'wc:m-p3m. 
wan  adj.  (dark;  pallid;  sickly  of  hue)  wen. 
i^and  n.  (rod)  wend. 
wander  v.  roam;   stray  [past  participle   and  preterit  wan- 

dered,  wanderdi  'wendar. 
wandering  adj.,  n.  (roaming,  journeying)  Vendd-^ii),  {rapU- 

ly)  'wendriq. 
iranion  n.  {obsolete)  bad  luck,  etc.  [also  spelt  wannion\  syn- 
onymous cegnate  wenion\  'wani-an. 
irannish  adj.  (somewhat  wan;  pale)  'weni$. 
irant  v.  (lack;  need;  desire)  we:nt,  {when  less  sirest)  went, 

wen;  {also,  dialectally)  wc:nt,  went,  wen. 
want  n.  (lack,  etc.)  we:nt;  {dialectally)  wc:nt. 
wanton  adj,  (wild,  loose,  etc.)  'wentan. 
wap   V,  strike,   drub    [past   participle    and    preterit   wapped, 

wapti  wep. 
wap  n.  bale;  shroud-topper;  pendant  [also  spelt  wapp,  wop] 

wep. 
iFapensliaiiir  n.  show  of  persons  under  arms  [also  spelt  wap- 

penshaw;  synonymous  cegnates  wapinschaw,  wappinschaw] 

'wep3n-Se: . 
irapentake  n.  (division  of  a  shire)  'wepan-teek;  {less  Prop- 
erly) 'wee-pan-teek,  'waepan-teek. 
wapiti  n.  stag,  elk  [also  spelt  wappiti,  wapite,  wappitel  'wepi- 

ti ;  {less  properly)  'waepi-ti. 
wappato  n.  tuber  [synonymous  cegnate  wapatoo"]  'wepa-to; 

{less  properly)  'waepa-to. 
mrar   n.,  v,   fight,   etc.    [past  participle  and  preterit   warred, 

wardl  weizr;  {dialectally)  we:e. 
warble  v,  (carol,  sing)  'we:e-b3l. 
mrard  v.,  n.  (guard)  weizd. 

j  ye,  gcure;  bthe,  Qthin;  sa^ure,  d$joy;  S  shoe,  tj  cfcew; 
wwhen',  ijsing*,  u'wVioeve.x,  ixc^^x.,  xilvJi,  ^^3LfooK  n't,  iise^; 
o poetic;  a  over,  eoetiaX,  k\)uV,  t^-.^oox,  -^i^ix^o^  ^\ke^,  -tfe^ys^stv 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  597 

y  n.  (merchandise;  goods)  we:z. 

ly  adj.  (in  a  wary  manner)  'vrzi-ziAi ;  (erroneously)  'we:- 

I. 

n  V.  heat  [past  participle  and  preterit  warmed,  warmdl 

zm. 

n-blooded    adj.    we:7m'blAdid,    (assumptivly)    'vreizm- 

did. 

&  V,  caution  [past  participle  and  preterit  warned,  wamd} 

zn. 

»  V.  weave;  contort  {past  participle  and  preterit  warped, 

'pfl  we:?p. 

>aadice  n.  warranty  [also  spelt  warrandise'\  'wossn-dis. 

*aater  n,  (one  who  warrants)  'wesrsn-tdz. 

■antee  n.  (one  to  whom  a  warranty  is  given)  werdn'tii. 

>antiie  n._.v.  obsolete  [also  spelt  warrantise^  Ve?9n-tiz. 

'aator  n.  (one  who  warrants :    correlativ  of.  warrantee) 

Z9n-t^z, 

■anty  n.  (authority;  warrant)  'we?3n-ti. 

rlop  n.  (soldier,  etc.)  'weei-ae,  'vfezJ9z. 

;  n.  (verruca)  we:rt. 

r  ady.  (cautious)  'wc:-3i;  (erroneously)  'wei-zi,  'wc:-ei. 

v.  (substitutiv  preterit  of  6^)  wez,  (when  unstrest)  waz; 

ro,  dialectally)  waz. 

&  V.  scrub,  cleanse,   lave    [past  participle  and  preterit 

;hed,  washtl  weS. 

I  If.  (insect)  wesp. 

tail  n.,v.  toast,  drink,  etc.   [also  spelt  wasset\   'we-sel, 

89},  'wesil. 

;  V.  (second  person  singular  of  was',  wert)  west,  (when 

irest)  wast. 

«  ad/,  (desert;  unused)  weest. 

e  n.  (desert;  loss;  refuse)  weest. 

»  r.  (destroy;  consume;  spend)  weest. 

ih  n.,  V.  guard,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit  watched, 

chtli  wets. 

IP  n,,v,  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  watered, 

■erd'\  'wc:-t3?;  (dialectally)  'wetae. 

ipy  arf/.  'wc:-ta-?i,  (rapidly)  'wc:-tji. 

1  n.  (electric  unit)  wet. 

le  n.  hurdle;  rod;  fleshy  lobe  [dialectal  synen3rmous  ceg- 

e  waddle"]  'wetl. 

I  V.  cry  as  a  cat;  squall  [also  spelt  wawll  wc:l. 

I  V.  (undulate)  wcev. 


,  s:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  bo^f ;  a:  far,  ao  nan;,  a:  ask^  aik'Ctev 
i-mark  (;)   indicates  that  tlie  pTeceA.\tvv;  ^Q>asA  -»  VirMk\ 
■mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  ^i)a^  iQ^crwva.%  «f\"3iw^^' 


598  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 


V€ 


wavey  n.  snow-goose  [also  spelt  wavy;  plural  waveys,  zc^ivietl 

'wc:-vi.  I    , 

wavy  adj,  (full  of  waves;  waving;  waved)  'wee-vi.  I  ^^ 

igiray  n.  (path;  mode)  wee,  {when  unstrest)  we. 
mraylay  v.  lie  in  wait  for  in  the  way  [past  participle  and  pret< 

erit  waylatdl  wee'lee,  'wee-lee. 
ire  noun-pron,  pi.  wii,  {when  unstrest)  v/i,  wi, 
weak  adj.  (yielding;  not  strong)  wiik. 
iv^eal  n.  (wealth;  well-being)  wiil. 
ireald  n.  (open  country;  wold)  wiild. 

irealth  n.  riches,  opulence  [also  spelt  welthl  welO,  wehO. 
irealtliy    adj.    having    wealth    [also    spelt    welthy'\    'welBi, 

'weltOi. 
weaa  v.  accustom  to  food  other  than  mother's  milk;  alienate 

[past  pacjiciple  and  preterit  weaned,  weandl  wiin. 
weapon  n.  instrument  of  offense  [also  spelt  wepon'\  'wepso; 

{vulgarly)  'wepm;  {improperly)  'wii-pan. 
wear  v.  have  on;  use  up,  etc.  [past  participle  worn;  preterit 

wore"]  we:?. 
weary  adj.  (tired,  exhausted)  'wi:-zi;   {dialectally)  'wii-n. 
weaiand  n.  windpipe  [also  spelt  weasandl  'wii-zdnd. 
weaiel  n.  (mammal)  'wii-zdl. 

weather  n.  state  of  the  air,  etc.  [also  spelt  wetherl  'wedae. 
ureasen  adj,,  v.   [as  verb,  past  participle  and   preterit  wea- 

sened,  weasendl  'wii-zan.    same  meaning  as  wizen. 
webbed  adj.  connected  by  a  web,  as  toes  [also  spelt  webd] 

webd. 
"Wedneiday   n.    (day    of   the    week)    'wenzdi;    {dialectally) 

'wednz-de. 
week  n.  (period  of  seven  days)  wiik. 
ween  n.,  v.  conjecture  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit 

weened,  wccnd'\  wiin. 
weevil  n.  (snout-beetle)  'wii-val. 
weeviled  adj.  containing  weevils,  as  grain  [also  spelt  wee- 

villcd,  weez'ild'\    wii-vald. 
ireigh   V.    lift,    etc.    [past   participle    and  preterit   weighed, 

weighd'\  wee. 
weigkt  n.  (heaviness)  weet. 
weir  n.  dam;  fence  [also  spelt  wearl  wi:?. 
weird  adj.  uncanny  [also  spelt  wierd'i  yri'.zd. 
welck    V.    cheat    [also,    sometimes,    spelt    welshi    welt$,    (i« 

Britain)  welj. 
urelcker  n.  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  welsherl  'weltSa?,  'wdS^^- 

jye,  Qcure;  ^tKe,  Q  tKm-,  •s^.sMte,  ds/oy;  K  shoe,  tS  rXiew; 
wwhtn;  qsing*,  uv/YioevGt,  \tc^^\.,  \ai>iC^,  \a,>aL\oo\,  a.\\,  Usee; 
o  poetic;  a  over,  e  aetV^V,  K\iu\,  -^^-.^oot,  •;ioxvo,  ^\»e^,  ^^^y4«.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  599 

^welcome   adj.,  n.,  v.    [as   verb,   past   participle   and   preterit 

welcomed,  welcomd'[  'welkam. 
"weld  n.   dyer*s-weed,  yellow-weed,   woad   [synenymous   ceg- 

nate  woldl  weld. 
"Welfare  n.  (state  of  being  well;  well-being)  'wel-fe:^. 
irelladay  inter j.  wo  is  me !  alas !  [archaic  synenymous  cog- 
nate wellawayl  'wela-de. 
'vrell-bred  adj.  wel'b^ed,  (assumptivly)  'wel-b?ed. 
well-nish  adv.   (very  nearly;   almost)   wcl'nai,   (anteriorly) 

'wcl-nai. 
irell-to-do  adj.  (well  off;  prosperous)  wel-to'dou,  (assump- 
tivly) 'wcl-to-dou,  (and,  when  less  strest)  'welta-du, 
TXTelih  adj.  (of  Wales)  welS,  weltS. 
wenoh  n.  (girl;  strumpet)  wentS,  (in  Britain)  wenj. 
•were  V.   (indicativ  plural  and  subjunctiv  singular  of  was) 

wb:?,  (when  unstrest)  war. 
'wereirolf  n.  'wi:z-wolf.    same  meaning  as  werwolf, 
"wergild  n.  fine  for  manslaughter,  etc.  [synenymous  cognates 

weregild,  weregeldl  'were-gild. 
wert  V.  (second  person  singular  indicativ  and  subjunctiv  of 

was)  WB:rt,  (when  unstrest)  wart. 
'werirolf  n.  [synenymous  cegnate  werewolfl  'wor^-wolf. 
TXTeileyan  adj.  (of  Wesley)  'westi-an,  'wezH-an. 
westerner  n.  (inhabitant  of  the  west)  'westa-nsz. 
"wetlier  n.  (castrated  ram)  'weds?. 
>Brey  n,  (unit  of  weight;  measure)  wee. 
"wluiok  v.,  n.  thwack   [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit 

whacked,  whackt'\  ujaek;  (dialectally)  waek. 
i^liale  n.  (cetacean)  weel. 

"wbarf  n.  quay,  pier  [ploral  wharves,  wharf  si  u)c:?f. 
i^l&at  noun-pron.,  adj.-pron,  luet,    (when   unstrest)   ujat,   wot; 

(also,  dialectally)  u)At. 
"Whatever  noun-pron.,  adj.-pron.  tuet'eva?,  (when  less  strest) 

ujat'eva?,  wat'evazr. 
"wliatfloever    noun-pron.,  adj.-pron,   wet-so'eva?,    (when    less 

strest)  ujat-so'cvae,  wat-so'eva?. 
"wheal  n.  (pimple)  tuiil. 
ivheat  n.  (grain)  wiit. 
"Wheel  V.  turn,  rotate  [past  participle  and  preterit  wheeled, 

wheeldl  ujiil;  (dialectally)  wiil. 
"wheelivright  n.  (wheel-ipaker,  etc.)  'ujiit-rait. 
"wheexe  v,  breathe  hard  [past  participle  and  preterit  wheezed, 

wheesdl  wiiz. 

c:  low,  b:  f«r,  ae  cot,  e  hot,  ei  boy ;  a:  far,  ao  tvoim,  ^\  a^Ns.,  ^-vVVvfeN 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  preceditv^  ^c»rcv^  a.^  ^x"^^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  \\i^  l^Wo^x^^  %-f«\5^s^^' 


600  DICTIO  MARY  OF  HARD   WORDS 

irhelk  n.  gastropod  [synonymous  cognate  welk'\  we}k. 
irheii  adv.  (at  what  time?)  icen,  {when  unstrest)  v^tl. 
i^hen  conj.  (as  soon  as;  at  which  time;  whereas)  loen,  {when 

less  strest)  ujan,  wan. 
irhence  adv.  (from  what  place?)  wens,  {when  unstrest)  wans. 
iJirheneTer   conj.    (at   whatever  time)   wen^evd?,    {when  leu 

strest)  ican'eva?. 
'whenever  adv.  (every  time  that)  wen'evsz,  {when  less  surest) 

ujan'evazr,  wsn'evd?. 
'orlieiuioeTer  adv.  (whenever)  wen-so'evd?,  {when  less  strest) 

luan-so'eva?. 
where  adv.  (at  what  place?  whither?  whence?)  loe:?,  {when 

unstrest)  luer,  W9Z,  wazr. 
whereabouts  adv.  (about  what?  near  what  place?)  'ue:7-9- 

bauts,  'icei-ea-baots. 
whereabouts  n.   (location)  'wers-s-baots,  'wei-z^-haots. 
whereas  conj.  (things  being  so  that;  when. in  fact)  wtiz'xit 

(when  less  strest)  wtz'xz,  wsVaez. 
whereat  adv,  (at  what?)  we:7'£t,  {when  less  strest)  vatz'tti, 

wa'raet.   " 
igirhereby  adv.  (by  what?  why?)  tocir'bai,  {when  less  strest) 

wez'haj,  wae'bai,  {anteriorly)  'u)c:e-bai. 
v^here'er  adv.  (wherever)  we:z't:z. 
wherefore   adv.    (what    for?   why?)    'weiz-feiz,    {when  less 

strest)  ^vocz-iez;  (dialectally)  'wBZ-iez. 
wherefore  n.  (reason;  cause)  'wz'.z-fez. 
wherein  adv.  (in  what?)  luer^'in,  {when  less  strest)  wer'ni, 

wa'zrin,  {anteriorly)'  'wz:z-in, 
whereof  adv.  (of  what  ?  from  what  ?)  u)e:?'ov,  {when  unstrest) 

tuF^'ev,  wa'eev,  {anteriorly)  'u)c:r-ev;   {also)  mz'.zfei. 
whereon   adv.    (on   what?   on   whom?)    lue.T'en,    {when  less 

strest)  wtz'en,  war'en,  (anteriorly)  'wc:z-en. 
wheresoever  adv.  (in  what  place  soever;  wherever)  wtizso- 

'evar,    (when    less   strest)    ujeeso'evazr,    we^so'eva?,    war-so- 

*ev9z;   (anteriorly)  'uje:r-so-ev33,  (when  less  strest)  'ujcrso- 

evar. 
"whereto  adv.  (to  what  place  or  end?)  ujeie'tou,   {when  less 

strest)  luer'tou,  wa^'tou,  (anteriorly)  'wt:z-tu. 
igirhereupon  adv.  (upon  what  place,  etc.?  whereon?)  wt:z-9- 

'pen,   (when  less  strest)   ujezra'pen;   {anteriorly)   'we:z-9-pen, 

(when  less  strest)  'luer^-a-pan. 
wherever   adv.    (at   whatever  place)    wtiz^zv^z,    {when   less 

strest)  u'cr'rvar,  wa^'eva?. 

j  .ve,  Qcure;  btKe,  ^  tV\\TV,  jb^o\«^,  d-^ioy;  |^Aoe,  tScfccw; 
W  «'^en;  i)  sing;  MYiWevet,  Kxe^^iV,  xj^^^a,  xj,>a.\o<\,  x\\.,  ^v««<; 
opt?etic;  3  over,  eaenaX,  '-^^'t.  v.^oot^  ^qtio,  ^\«^,  ^^^yte:. 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  601 

where^vith  adv.  (with  what?  with  whom?)  weiz'wid^  (when 
less  strest)  luer'wid,  war'wid;  (anteriorly)  'u)c:r-wid;  (also) 
weiz'vfiQ. 

"where^vithal  n.  (what  is  necessary;  means;  wherewith) 
'uje:r-wid-c:l,  ujeir-wid'cil,  u)c:?-wi'dc:l. 

-where'withal  adv.   (wherewith)   w8:7-wid'c:},  wei^-wi'dcL 

-whether  conj.  'websz^  (when  less  strest)  'wdds?. 

-whey  n.  (serum  of  milk)  ujee. 

-wheyey  adj.  (having  the  nature  of  whey;  whey-like)  'loce-i. 

-which  noun-pron.,  adj.-pron.  ujitj,  (when  unstrest)  witS. 

-whiehever  noun-pron,,  adj.-pron,  ujitS'cvar,  (when  less  streit) 
witS'evar. 

-whiehsoever  adj.-pron,  (whichever)  toitS-so'evd?,  (when  less 
strest)  witS-so'ev3^. 

-whidah-bird  n.  [also  spelt  whydah-bird;  synonymous  cog- 
nate widow-birdl  'luida-beird. 

-whiff  n.,  V.  puff  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  whiff' 
ed,  whifti  u)if. 

-whiffletree  n.  swingletree  [synonymous  cognate  Whipple^ 
tree}  'ujifal-tjii,  (sometimes)  'luifal-tji. 

-while  n,  (space  of  time;  trouble)  woi). 

while  conj,  (as  long  as;  at  the  same  time  that;  till)  wai!, 
(when  unstrest)  W9l,  wail,  wsl. 

while  V.  (cause  to  pass;  spend;  elapse,  pass,  wile)  toaif. 

whilom  adv.  (at  times;  once,  formerly)  'wai43m,  'woi-toni; 
(improperly)  'iDilam. 

whilst  conj.  (while)  waitst,   (when  unstrest)  wailst. 

whimsy  n.  whim ;  freak  [also  spelt  whimsey ;  ploral  whimsies, 
whimseysl  'luimzi. 

-whinehat  n.  (bird)  'wintSaet. 

-whinger  n.  dirk;  long  knife  [also  spelt  whingar}  'voit)9z, 

-whinny  n.  neigh  [ploral  whinniesl  'wini. 

-whinyard  n.  (obsolete)  sword  or  hanger  [also  spelt  whiniard, 
7vhinneard;  synonymous  cognate  whingardi  'winj^zd, 

-whippoorwill  n.  (bird)  'tDips^-wil. 

-whir  V.  fly,  whizz  [also  spelt  whirr;  past  participle  and  pret- 
erit whirred,  whirdl  wb:z. 

-whir  n.  buzz  [also  spelt  whirr"]  wb:z. 

whirl  V.  rotate  [past  participle  and  preterit  whirled,  whirldl 

whirl  n.  reel;  verticil;  gyration  [also,  sometimes,  especially 

in  biology,  spelt  whorll  wb:zI. 
-whisky  n.  gig;  chaise  [also  spelt  whiskey}  'wiski. 

c:  low,  b:  fi*r,  ae  cot,  o  hot,  oi  hoy\  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  hi  kite; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  pteetditva  ^csoa^xv^  'v^  Xwc^Vx 
Mtre89-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stresE  on  Wit  i^YLvwvcw^  «f\-5&s«. 


602  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD   WORDS 

wliisky  n.  liquor   [also   spelt  whiskeyj   'tuiski;    (dialectal^] 
'wiski. 

whistle    fi.    (shrill    sound,    etc.)    'wissl,    'tuisl;    (dialectallj)^  i 
'wisdl.  I  \ 

wliite  n.  (color,  etc.)  wait;  (dialectally)  wait. 

-wliite-hot  adj.  waitliet,  {assumptivly)  'luait-hot. 

-wliitenins  n.  (act  of  making  white;  whiting^;  whitewash) 
'ujait-niq,  'iDai-tn-iq. 

'whither  adv,  (to  what  place)  'wids?. 

"whitins  n.  (powderd  chalk;  whitening)  'wai-tir). 

WUt-Monday  n.  (Monday  following  Whitsunday)  'toit- 
mAndi. 

Whitsunday  n.  (seventh  Sunday  after  Easter)  'wit-SAndi; 
{less  properly)  iDit'sAndi. 

whiz  v.,  n,  hum,  etc.  [also  spelt  whizz ;  past  participle  and 
preterit  whizzed,  whizd"]  u)iz. 

who  noun-pron.  hou,  (when  unstrest)  hu,  u,  3. 

-whoa  inter j.  (stop!)  ujoo;  (dialectally)  woo. 

-whoever  noun-pron.  (no  matter  who)  hu'evar. 

-whole  adj.,  adj.-pron.  (entire,  etc.)  hool,  (in  the  ♦whole  day, 
the  ♦whole  of  it,  etc.,  and  when  unstrest)  hoi;  (also,  dialec- 
tally) hoi. 

-wholesale  n.  (sale  of  goods  in  quantity)  Tiool-ssel,  (anterior- 
ly) 'hol-sel. 

-wholesale  adj.  (selling  goods  in  quantity)  'hool-scel,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'hol-sel. 

-wholesome  adj.  (healthy)  'hool-ssm,  (when  less  strest) 
'hols9m;  (dialectally)  'holsam. 

-wholesomely  adv.  'h3ol-s9m-h,   (sometimes)   'holssm-h. 

-wholly  adv.  (entirely;  only)  'hoo-h,  (anteriorly)  'hoh;  (also, 
dialectally)  'hoh. 

whom  noun-pron.  (objectiv  of  who)  houm,  (when  unstrest) 
hum. 

whomsoever  noun-pron.  (objectiv  of  whosoever)  houm-so- 
'ev9r,  (when  less  strest)  hum-so'evar;  (sometimes,  by  dis- 
placement of  stress)  'houm-so-eva?. 

-whoop  v.,  n,  shout  [past  participle  and  preterit  whooped, 
whoop tl  houp. 

whooping-cough  n.  [also  spelt  hooping-coughl  'hou-piq- 
kc:f,  'hupiq-kc:f;  (dialectally)  'hopiq-kcif. 

-whop  V,  beat;  strike;  wop  [also  spelt  whapl  wep. 

-whop  n.  heavy  blow  [also  spelt  whap"]  ujep. 

mrhopper  n.  one  who  whops;  lie  [also  spelt  whapperl  'wepsr. 

j  ye,  Qcure;  5  the,  QtKln;  ^a^rure,  d^/oy;  I  shoe,  tS  chew; 
wwhen;  r)  sing;  u'w\ioevet,  Ktc^cx,  vi\>^,  ^>\\oo\,  i.\t.,  tis^^; 
opc?etic;  a  over,  eoetiaX,  k>qu\.,  ^\^oot,  •:i^\vo,  ^\^e\,  ^^^c^s^n 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  603 


iLoppins  adj.  very  large;  thumping  [also  spelt  whapping"] 
'wepit}. 

Jkore  n.  (prostitute)  ho:?. 

'borl  n.   verticil;   gyre;  pixy-wheel   [also,   sometimes,   spelt 
tc//itV/]  wBizlf  we:zl.    compare  whirl. 

l&ortleberry  n.  (a  shrub,  especially  Vaccinium  myrtillus  or 
its  fruit;  bilberry;  huckleberry;  hurtleberry)  'wBztl-hzzi. 
virl&OBe  adj.-pron,  (possessiv  of  who  and  what)  houz,  (when 

less  strest)  huz,  uz. 
'whosoever    noun-pron.    (whoever)    hou-so'evs?,    (when   less 
strest)  hu-so'ev3?,  uso'evar;  (sometimes,  by  displacement  of 
stress)  'hou-so-cv3?. 
irhy  adv.  (for  what  reason  ?  wherefore  ?)  toai,  (when  unstrest) 

wai,  wd. 
'why  inter j.  (expressing  surprise,  etc.)  wai,  (sometimes)  wai, 

W3. 

vride-a'wahe  adj,  waid-d'week,   (assumptivly)   'waid-d-week. 

vride-spread  adj.  [also  spelt  wide-spred'\  waid'sp^ed,  (as- 
sumptivly) 'waid-spsed. 

loridgeon  n.  bird  [also  spelt  wigeon'\  'widsdn. 

viridow  n.,  v.  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit  widowed, 
widowd}  'wido;  (dialectally)  'wida. 

"wield  V.  (rule;  manage;  use)  wiiid. 

"wife  n.  woman;  hostess;  man's  spouse  [ploral  wivesj  waif. 

-wight  n.  (person)  wait. 

-wisht  adj,  (valiant;  swift)  wait. 

wis  warn  n.  (Amerindian  tent)  'wig-wem,  'wig-wc:m;  (less 
properly)  'wig-waem,  'wigwam. 

wildebeest  n.  gnu  [ploral  wildebeests,  wildebeest}  'waild- 
biist,  'wilda-beest,  'wiil-da-beest. 

wile  n.  (trick,  sly  artifis)  wail. 

wile  V.  (lure;  coax;  cause  to  pass;  spend,  while)  wail. 

-wilful  adj.  voluntary;  obstinate  [also  spelt  willful}  'wilfsl. 

-wilfully  adj.  [also  spelt  willfully}  'wilfs-li. 

-wilfulness  n.  [also  spelt  willfulness}  'wilfsl-nis. 

iHlily  adj,  (in  a  wily  manner)  'wai-h-h. 

-will  V,  (wish,  want)  wil;  (as  an  auxiliary  verb)  wil,  (un- 
strest) al,  1. 

•will-o'-the-wisp  n.  ignis  fatuus;  Jack  o'lantern  [synony- 
mous cognates  wil l-in-t he-wisp,  will-with-a-zvisp}  'wilsda- 
wisp. 

-wily  adj.  (full  of  wiles;  sly)  'wai-h. 

ivinoey  n.  cloth  [also  spelt  winsey}  'winsi. 

c:  low,  b:  f«r,  ae  cat,  e  hot,  ei  boy>  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  kite ; 
length-mark  (:)   indicates  that  the  ptecedixv^  ?iW«A  -v^  \.ws!f  ^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  qh  \\it  \^>\oniYCi"Sk  ^'^^s^'^" 


604  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 


n,  (crank)  wintS,  {in  Britain)  winS. 
V,,  n.  (turn ;  bend ;  twist ;  coil)  waind. 
wind  n.  (air  in  motion;  air-current)  wind,   {also,  formerly, 

and  still,  in  poetry  and  singing)  waind. 
'windliiiill  n.  (mill  moved  by  the  wind;  wind-motor)  'wnd- 

mil,  'win-miL 
window  ».  (opening  in  the  wall  of  a  building)  'win-d3 ;  (wl- 

garly)  'winds. 
windpipe  n.  (trachea)  'wind-paip,  'win-paip. 
windrow  n.  long  heap  or  row,  as  of  hay  or  turf  [synony- 
mous cognate  winrowl  'windro,  'winro. 
windward  adj.,  n.,  adv.  'windwd?d ;    (dialectally)    'windard. 
vrinsed    adj.    having   wings;    alate    [also,    sometimes,    spelt 

wingSd,  wingdl  'wiqid,  wigd. 
winnow  n.  fan;  sift  out  [past  participle  and  preterit  tvtii- 

nowed,  winnowdl  'wino. 
vrintry  adj.  of  winter;  frosty  [synonymous  cognate  wintery] 

'wintji. 
"winy  adj.  wine-like;  vinous  [also  spelt  tvineyl  'wai-ni. 
wiseacre  n.  (would-be  wise  person)  'wai-zee-kdz. 
Wistaria  n.  wi'ste:-zi-d.    same  meaning  as  wisteria. 
'wisteria  n.  plant  [synonymous  cognate  tuistarial  wi'sti:-d-9. 
witoh-elm  n.  elm-tree  [also  spelt  wich-elm,  wych-elm;  syn- 
onymous cognate  weech-elm\  'witS-elm. 
witoh-hasel  n.  witch-elm;  hamamelis  [also  spelt  wich-hasel, 

wych-hazell  'witS-hee-zal. 
'witenag^n&ot   n.   council    [also   spelt   witenagamotel   'witi- 

naga-mot. 
with  prep,  (expressing  association,  etc.;   having)   wid;   (less 

properly)  wiO. 
'withal  adv.  (with  all;  likewise;  also)  wid'c:l,  wi'dc:!. 
'withe  n.  flexible  twig  [also  spelt  wythe  and,  sometimes,  with\ 

ploral  withesl  wiO,  waid. 
'withe  V.  (bind  with  withes)  wi8,  waid. 
'withers  n.pl.  highest  part  of  a  horse's  back   [synenymotis 

cognate  wittersl  'widarz. 
-withes  n.  (ploral  of  withe)  wiOs,  waidz. 

-withy  n.  (withe ;  halter)  'wi0i ;  (less  properly)  'widi,  'wai-di. 
-withy  adj.  (of  withes)  'wiGi,  'wai-di,  'widi. 
-wittieism  n.  (witty  remark)  'witi-sizsm. 
-wiver  n.  obsolete  (serpent;  also,  wivern)  'wai-var. 
-wivem  n.  in  heraldry,  dragon-like  monster  [also  spelt  wy- 

verni  'wai-va^n. 

j  ye,  gcure;  5  ffie,  6  (Kin;  sasure,  dj/oy;  S  j/ioe,  tSc/tew; 
mwhtxi',  I)  sing*,  n-wVoevet,  Vxe^tX.,  v^i-wJ^.,  xi\x\oo\,  -vxn.,  v».^ee% 
opotdc;  a  over,  e  aena\»  ^Xyux.,  -a.^oox,  -^^oxvo,  ^\ie\,  ^^^yfivA% 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  605 

'wizard  n.  (enchanter;  juggler)  'wizard. 

irixen  adj.,v,  [synonymous  cognate  weazen  i  past  participle 

and  preterit  wizened,  wizend"]  'wizsn,  'wizn. 
wo  inter j.,  n.,  adj.  [also  spelt  woe'i  woo. 
wobegone  adj,  [also  spelt  woehegonel  'w30-bi-ge:n. 
wofnl  adj.  full  of  wo;  sorrowful;  wretched  [also  spelt  woeful} 

'woo-fal. 
-wold  fi.  (open  tract;  down;  weald)  woold. 
wolf  n.  canine  quadruped  [ploral  wolvesl  wolf. 
wolfram  n.  (wolframite;  tungsten)  'wolfsdm;  (less  properly) 

'welfsam. 
woman  n.  adult  human  female;   human  females  coUectivIy 

plural  women']  'woman. 
-womb  n.  (belly;  uterus)  woum. 

-wombat  n.   (marsupial)  'wem-baet;   {improperly)  'woum-baet. 
-women  n.  (ploral  of  woman)  'wimin. 

-won  V.  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  win)  wAn;  {erroneous- 
ly) wen. 
-wonder  n„  v.  marvel  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  preterit 

wondered,  wonderdi  'wAndar;  (erroneously)  'wendasr. 
-wondering  n.  (marveling)  'wAnd9-?ir),  (rapidly)  'wAndrn). 
-wont  V.  be  accustomed;  use  [past  participle  wont,  wonted; 

preterit  wont,  occasionally  wonted]  wAnt,  woont. 
-wont  adj,  (accustomed,  habituated)  wAnt. 
-wont  n.  (custom,  habit,  way)  WAnt. 
-won't  V,  (will  not)  woont,  (when  unstrest)  wont,  want;  (also, 

dialectally)  wAnt. 
D^onted  adj.  (accustomd;  familiar;  usual)  VAntid. 
viroo  V.  court  [past  participle  and  preterit  wooed,  woo'd\  wou. 
yarooA  n.  (forest,  etc.)  wod. 
mroodrnff  n.  herb  [synonymous  cognate  woodroofl  Vod-7Af, 

'wo-drAf. 
-woolen  adj.,  n.  [also  spelt  woollen]  'wolsn. 
-woolenette  n.  kind  of  woolen  cloth  [also  spelt  woollenette, 

woolenet,  woollenet]  woh'net. 
-woolly  adj.  (of  wool)  'woh. 
-woorari  n.  (arrow-poison)  'wo:-?3-ri. 
D^ord  n.,  V.  (term,  etc.)  weird. 
work  V.  labor,  act,  etc.  [past  participle  and  preterit  worked, 

workt,  wrought]  weirk,  (when  unstrest)  we^k. 
world  n.  (sphere  of  existence;  earth;  universe,  etc.)  ws:?}d. 
UTorldly  adj.  'wB:?ld-li,  (often)  'wB:^l-h. 
worriment  n.  (worry)  'wari-mant,  'wAzi-mant. 

c:  \aw,  b:  fur,  ae  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy :  a:  far,  ao  no«j,  ^•.  a^,  ^■v'NkaNr.n 
length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  t\ie  ptecediivv!.  ?»q>\tv.^  v&  xx^i 
stress-mark  (')  indicates  chief  stress  on  t\it  i€>>\Qrwvtv^  «f^^» 


I 


606  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD   WORDS 

worse  adj.,  adv.  weirs,  {when  unstrest)  wars. 

-worship  V.  adore,  etc.  [present  participle  worshiping,  wor- 
shipping', past  participle  and  preterit  worshiped,  worshipped, 
worshipt'\  'wBjjip,  'wB:?-Sip. 

-worsliiper  n.  [also  spelt  worshipper!  ^'wszli-psz. 

-worst  adj,,  adv.  wB:rst,  (when  unstrest)  wsrst. 

worsted  v.  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  worst;  defeated, 
beaten)  'werstid. 

-worsted  n.  (woolen  yarn)  'wostid. 

worth  adj.,  n.  wb:?0,  (when  unstrest)  wbzO. 

worthy  adj.,  n.  'wB^di,  'wB:r-di. 

would  V.  (preterit  and  past  subjunctiv  of  will)  wod,  (when 
unstrest)  wad,  3d,  d. 

-wound  n.,  v.  (hurt ;  cut)  wound,  waond. 

-wound  v.  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  tuind)  waond. 

-wraek  v.  wreck  [past  participle  and  preterit  wracked, 
wrackt']  zstk. 

ivraith  n.  specter  [ploral  Tvraithsl  zeeQ, 

ivrasse  n.  fish  [also  spelt  wrassi  za:s,  zxs. 

wrath  n.  (rage)  ra:8,  ea:8,  zc:Q;  (less  properly)  zx:B,  ze:d. 

ivreak  v.  revenge ;  inflict  [past  participle  and  preterit  wreak- 
ed, wreakf]  ziik. 

nrreath  n.  garland  [ploral  wreathsl  7ii9. 

wreath  v.  ziiO.     same  meaning  as  wreathe. 

vrreathe  v.  twist;  form  into  a  wreath;  surround  with  a 
wreath  [synonymous  cognate  wreath;  past  participle  wreath- 
ed, wreathd  and,  sometimes,  wreathen;  preterit  wreathed, 
7vreathd'\    ziid. 

vrreaths  n.  (ploral  of  wreath)  ?iidz. 

vrreckage  n.  (act  of  wrecking;  wreckt  material)  'rekids. 

-wren  n.  (bird)  ren. 

nrrenoh  n.,  v.  twist,  etc.  [as  verb,  past  participle  and  pret- 
erit wrenched,  wrenchfi  rentS,  (in  Britain)  eenj. 

nrrest  v.  (twist;  extract)  ?est. 

wrestle  v.  (strive)  'resDl;  (improperly)  'zatssii, 

vrrestler  n.  'zzsi^^z-,  (erroneously)  'zresti-ar. 

vrretched  adj.  (miserable)  'retold. 

wriggle  v.,  n.  (wiggle,  etc.)  'rigal. 

nrring  v.  (twist;  squeeze  out)  riq. 

-wrinkle  n.,  v.  (fold,  pucker)  'zriqkal. 

nrrist  n.  (carpus)  rist. 

-wristband  n.  (band  at  the  wrist;  cuff)  ';ist-txnd,  '^istband, 
'^izband,  'zrizban. 

j  ye,  Qcure;  btKe,  QtK\tv,'s  assure,  dj/oy;  S  j/toe,  tS  r^ew; 
10  whtn\  t)  sing;  -vi'w\voeNeT,  ytc^cX.,  vk\>^,  wj.\ooV  -vvt,  \\^ee\ 
o  poetic;  3  over,  e  oeT\a\,  k>qu\..  -a-.^oox,  •:iKiTio,  ^N^e^,  ^^ '«*«.% 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  607 


vrrit  n.  (writing;  formal  instrument)  zit, 

-writ  V.  archaic  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  write)  zit. 

ivrite  V.  trace;  inscribe  [past  participle  written  and,  archai- 
cally, writ;  preterit  wrote,  archaically,  writ}   zait. 

vrrithe  v.  (turn  and  twist)  zaid. 

ivTong  V.  injure,  harm;  put  in  the  wrong  [past  participle  and 
preterit  wronge      wrongdl  zeiq. 

ivTonsdoer  n.  zer)'dou-9r,  {sometimes)  '?e:i]-dou-d7. 

-vrrote  v,  (preterit  of  write)  zoot;  (dialectally)  zoU 

ivToth  adj.  (angry)  ze:Q, 

'vrronght  adj.  (workt)  zc:t. 

'wning  V.  (past  participle  and  preterit  of  wring)  zax^, 

mry  adj.  (distorted)  zai. 

PiTyollf ite  adj.  (of  John  Wyclif  [also  spelt  Wycliffite,  Wiclif- 
fite,  fVickliffite}  'wikz-if-ait,  'wikti-fait. 
n.  letter,  etc.  [also  spelt  yj  wai. 


zanthein  n.  (soluble  yellow  pigment  from  flowers)  'zaen6i-in. 

Xanthian  adj.  (of  Xanthus)  'zsnOi-dn. 

zantliiii  n.  any  one  of  several  substances  [also  spelt  xan- 
thine, zanthin"}  'zsnOin. 

zantliiiiine  n.  white  substance  resembling  urea  [also,  some- 
times, spelt  xanthinin"}  'zaenOi-nin,  'zaenOi-nain. 

xanthoma  n.  (new  growth  forming  yellow  patches  in  the 
skin;  xanthelasma)  zxn'Ooo-md. 

zanthophyl  n.  yellow  leaf -pigment ;  phylloxanthin  [also  spelt 
xanthophylll  'zaen03-fil. 

Xantippe  n.  (shrew;  careful  housewife)  zaen'tipi. 

zebeo  n.  vessel  [also  spelt  zebek,  sebeck;  synonymous  cog- 
nates shebec,  shebeck"]  'zii-bek. 

xenial  adj.  (of  hospitality)  'zii-ni-sl. 

Xenooratean  adj.  (of  Xenocrates)  zi-nek^a'tii-dn. 

zennrine  n.  armadillo  [also  spelt  xenurin}  zi'njo:-;xii. 

nerosis  n.  (xeransis)  zi'roo-sis. 

zi  n.  (Greek  letter)  sai,  zai,  ksii.  r 

zipliiaB  n.  (swordfish)  'zifi-ds. 

xiphoid  adj,  (sword-like)  'zi-feid,  'zai-feid. 

zylidine  n.  amido-derivativ  of  xylene  [also,  sometimes,  spelt 
xylidinl  'zai-h-din,  'zai-h-dain,  'zih-din. 

zylogen  n.  (lignin;  wood-generating  tissue)  'zai-td-dsin. 

zyloidine  n.  explosiv  [also  spelt  .vyloidinl  zailei-din. 

c:  law,  b:  fuT,  x  cat,  e  hot,  ei  hoy;  a:  far,  ao  now,  a:  ask,  ai  ktte; 
length-mark  (;)   indicates  that  the  pTeeed\T^V;  ^o>axA  as.  ^^^^ 
stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  otv  \!!cit  i^'^o^'^wt  vj^«s«.. 


606  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

zyloma  n.  body  in  fungi  [ploral  xylomata\  zailoo-md. 
zylophoiM  n.  (gigelira,  sticcada,  straw-fiddle)  'zai-id-fon. 
mjmt  n.  (portico;  court)  zist. 


T  n.  wai.    same  meaning  as  wye. 

yacht  n.  (vessel)  jet. 

yager  n.  (German  infantryman,  etc.;  also  jager,  a  bird)  'jee- 
gar;  {improperly)  'ja:-gds,  'jci-gse. 
n.  (wild  ox)  jack. 

n.  (New-Englander,  etc;  nativ  of  the  United  States) 
'jaeqki. 

yapok  n.  water-opossum  [also  spelt  yapock,  yapachl  'jaepsk, 
'ja:-pek,  'jce-pek. 

yapon  n.  shrub  [also,  sometimes,  spelt  yaupon;  synonymous 
cognate  yupon}  'ja:-p3n,  'japan,  'jce-pan,  'jc:-pan. 

yataghan  n.  sword  [synonymous  cognate  ataghanl  'jaetd-gaen. 

yamrl  n.  boat  [also  spelt  yaul}  jc:!. 

yawB.  n»,  v.  gape  [past  participle  and  preterit  yawned,  yawnd] 
jc:n. 

yolept  V.  pest  participle  and  preterit  of  elepe,  call;  cry  out; 
summon;  name  [also  spelt  yclepedl  I'kz.ept. 

ye  noun-pron.  (you)  jii,  {when  unstrest)  ji. 

yea  adv.,n.  (yes,  ay;  opposed  to  nay)  jce;  {improperly)  jii. 

yean  v,  (lamb)  jiin. 

year  n.  (period  of  twelv  months,  etc.)  ji:s,  {when  unstrest) 
jiz;  {also,  in  Britain,  etc.)  JB:r. 

yearn  v,  (long)  jia'.zn, 

yeast  n.  (vegetal  ferment)  jiist. 

yelk  n.  jelk.    same  meaning  as  yolk. 

yello-w  n.  (color)  'jeb;  {dialectally  or  vulgarly)  'jela,  'jaela; 
{in  Irish  territory  and  vulgar  American  usage)   'jaelsr. 

yelp  V.  bark,  etc.  [dialectal  synonymous  cognates  yawp,  yaup, 
yap;  past  participle  and  preterit  yelped,  yelpt"]  jelp. 

yenite  n.  ilvaite  [also  spelt  jenitel  'jen-ait,  'je-nait. 

yeoman  n.  retainer;  freeholder,  etc.  [also  spelt  yoman;  plor- 
al yeomenl  'joo-man. 

yernnt  n.  earthnut,  hawknut  [synonymous  cognate  yarnut} 
'JBte-nAt. 

yes  adv.  expressing  affirmation,  consent,  etc.  [dialectal  syn- 
onymous cognates  yis,  yiss,  yus,  yas,  yahs;  ees,  eese,  eess, 
eez,  es,  ^-mj]   jes,    {sometimes,  when  unstrest)    jas;    {occa- 

j  ye,  Qcure",  btKe,  Q  tK\Tv\  "s^aMte^  d^toy;  Jjfeoe,  tjcfcew; 
w  when;  13  sing;  u"w\\oe-vet,  Vxe^cX.,  vki>^^  ^>\\ooV  x\v  v^^eev 
o  poetic;  a  over,  e  oetia\,  K^>uV  -a-.^oox,  ^^^tio,  ^\^e\,  ^^^yv\^\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  609 


sionally)  jc:s,  jc:h,  'jc:-h;  jcs:  ;  'je-as,  'jc-has;  (fry  children 
and  sportivly  by  grown  people)  jep,  jap,  jxp;  JA?,  'jc:-a?; 
(dialectally)  jis;  JAs;  jais;  lis;  'jce-a,  'ce-a;  'jc:-d,  'c:-9; 
'e-hd. 

jeflterday  n.  the  day  last  past  [dialectal  synonymous  cognate 
yisterdayl  'jestoz-di;  {occasionally,  especially  in  Britain, 
and  in  poetry)  'jcst3?-de;  (often,  especially  anteriorly)  'jcst- 
di,  'jes-di,  'jesdi,  'jcsti;  (dialectally)  'jistar-di. 

yew  fi.  (tree)  jou. 

Yesdegerdian  adj,  (of  the  Sassanian  monarch  Yezdegerd 
3d)  jezdi'd38:7-di-9n,  jezdi'gsiz-di-^n. 

Teiidi  n.  devil-worshiper  [also  spelt  Yezideel  'jezi-di. 

Tsdrasil  n.  mythic  world-tree;  Tree  of  the  Universe  [also 
spelt  Yggdrasil,  Jgdrasil,  Jggrdrasill'}  'igdr^sil. 

yield  n,,  v.  (return,  grant,  etc.)  jiild. 

yodel  V.  sing  with  alternations  of  the  ordinary  voice  and 
falsetto  [also  spelt  yodle,  jodel;  present  participle  yodeling, 
yodelling,  yodling;  past  participle  and  preterit  yodeled,  yo- 
delled, yodledl  'joo-dl. 

yodeler  n.  one  who  yodels  [also  spelt  yodeller;  synonymous 
cognate  yodler}  'joo-dl-ap,  'jodl-©r. 

yodh  II.  (Hebrew  letter)  jood. 

yog^  fi.  (branch  of  Hindu  philosophy)  'j^o-ga. 

yogi  n.  Hindu  ascetic  [also  spelt  yogee,  jogil  'joo-gi,  'joo-gi. 

yojan  n.  measure  [synonymous  cognate  yojanal  'joo-dsdn. 

yoke  ft.  (fastening-band;  cross-piece)  jook. 

yolk  n.  yellow  of  an  egg;  vitellus  [synonymous  cognate  yelk} 
jook,  joolk. 

yonder  adv.  at  that  place  [dialectal  synonymous  cognate  yen- 
derj  'jenddz;  (dialectally)  'JAnddz,  'jends?. 

yore  adv,  (long  ago)  jo:z. 

yon  noun-pron,  jou,  iou,  (when  unstrest)  jo,  ja. 

your  adj.-pron.  (belonging  to  you)  jo:?,  (when  unstrest)  jo?, 
J97;  (also,  in  England  and  in  parts  of  IfJew  England  and 
the  southern  United  States)  jo:?,  jor. 

yourself  noun-pron,  [ploral  yourselves,  yourselvsl  jor'self, 
(when  less  strest)  J9?^se}f,  ja'self. 

yontkfl  n.  (ploral  of  youth)  jouOs,  joudz. 

yo'wl  V.  howl;  bawl  [also  spelt  youf\  jao). 

ypointins  adj.  (in  poetry,  pointing)  I'pein-tn). 

yttria  n.  (oxid  of  yttrium)  'itji-a. 

ynooa  n.  (plant)  'JAkd. 

Tnle  n.  (Christmas)  joul. 

c:  law,  b:  fwr,  se  cot,  e  hot,  01  hoy ;  a:  far,  ao  nouj,  ^\  a,'^,  5^"vV:\\r.\ 

length-mark  (:)  indicates  that  the  pTect^\x\«,  ^o^axA  v^  ^^'%* 

stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  on  \\it  i<?\o^vMt  viwC^^ 


610  DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS 

saff er  n.  cobalt-ore  residuum  [also  spelt  saffre,  saffir,  mi- 
far']  'zxi9z, 

n,  (Turkish  chief)  'za:-im,  zaim,  zeem. 
n.  buffoon  [ploral  jsaniesi  'zee-ni. 

n,  levantin  coffee-cup  holder  [synenymotis  cognate  surf] 
zaizU 

sayat  n.  (Burmese  caravansary)  'za:-jaet,  'zee-jaet. 

seal  n.  (ardor)  zii). 

sealot  n.  one  who  is  full  of  zeal;  over-zealous  person  [also 
spelt  jselot']  'zeldt. 

zealonfl  adj.  full  of  zeal;  ardent  [also  spelt  selous}  'zelds. 

zebu  n.  (Indian  bull)  'zii-bju. 

zeoohiaio  n.  ze'kii-no,  tse'kii-no.    same  meaning  as  sequin, 

zeoliin  n.  'zekin,  'zii-kin.    same  meaning  as  sequin,  I 

zee  n.  letter  [synonymous  cognate  sed]  zii,  (when  unstrest) 
zi. 

sein  n.  proteid  [also  spelt  seine}  'zii-in. 

zemindar  n.  in  India,  landlord  [synonymous  cognate  samin- 
dar}  'zemin-ds?,  zi'mindar,  zemin'da:?. 

zenana  n.  harem  [also  spelt  jsananal  z3'na:-nd. 

zeniek  n.  African  surickte  [also  spelt  jseniki  'zii-nik. 

zenith  n.  (point  in  fhe  heavens  directly  overhead,  opposit  the 
nadir)  'zii-ni0,  'zcniO. 

zephyr  n.  (west  wind;  solft  breeze)  'zei^z, 

zero  «,  (cipher)  *zi:-zo. 

zengrma  n.    (yoking  of  two   nouns  to  a  verb   or  adjectiv) 
'zjoug-ma. 

zinc  n.  metal  [also  spelt  zinki  zigk. 

zine  V,  coat  with  zink  [present  participle  sincking;  past  par- 
ticiple and  preterit  zincked,  zinct}  ziqk. 

zinekie  adj.  of  zink  [also  spelt  zincic}  'zigkik. 

zinkif eronz  adj.  zink-bearing  [also  spelt  zinciferous,  zinckif-    * 
erousi  ziq'kif3-e3s. 

zinkification  n.  [also  spelt  zincificationi  ziqkifilcee-Sdn. 

zinkite  n.  nativ  oxid  of  zink   [also  spelt  zincite,   zinckite] 
'ziq-kait. 

zinky  adj,  of  zink  [also  spelt  zinckyi  'zirjki.  ^ 

zircon  n.  (mineral)  'za^ksn,  ^zBiz-k^n, 

zither  n.  (Tyrolese  cithern)  'ziGa?. 

zoole  n.  'zoo-kdl,  'zeksl.    same  meaning  as  socle. 

zodiac  n.  (belt  of  twelv  constellations;  circuit;  zone)  'zoo-di- 
xk. 

zodiacal  adj.  (of  the  zodiac)  zo'dai-d-kal. 

i  y^t  Qcure;  btKe,  QtK\Tv\  -s^aMx^,  ^-^m;  W^oe,  t$c/iew; 
w  when:  n  sing;  M-wYvoevet,  \Tc^t\.,  vv\>^,  x3>\>.\ooV  x\v  vL'ft.^^^ 
op<?etic;  a  over,  eaet\a\,  kVu\.,  ^\^oot,  ^^xio,  ^\.e^  ^r.^,i«.\ 


DICTIONARY  OF  HARD  WORDS  611 

soea  n.  larva  of  a  decapod  [also  spelt  zoea,  zooea,  soaea; 

ploral  zoeae,  zoeasi  zo'ii-a,  'zoo-i-a. 
soetrope  n.  wheel  of  life  [also  spelt  soetrope;  synonymous 

cognate  zootropel  'zoo-i-tjop. 
Zoo  fi.  (zoological  garden)  zuu. 

sooseograpliy  n.  [also  spelt  zoogeographyl  zo-a-dsi'eg^d-fi. 
xoolitio  adj,  having  the  nature  of  zoolite  [synonymous  cog- 
nate zoolithic'}  zo-alitik. 
Boologio  adj.  of  zoology  [also  spelt  zoologicl  zo-3'}od5ik. 
soology  n.  science  of  animals  [also  spelt  zoology"]  zo'eid-dsi; 

(erroneously)  zu'ola-dsi. 
soophjrte  n.  radiate,  phytozoan  [also  spelt  zoophytel  'zoo-d- 

fait. 
soppo  adj.  (in  music,  limping)  'tsopo. 
sozil  n.  zorilla  [also  spelt  zorilWi  'zeziX, 
Zouave  n.  (soldier  with  showy  oriental  uniform)  zu'a:v,  zu- 

'a:v,  zwa:v,  'zou-a:v.   . 
sounds  inter j.  (expressing  anger  or  wonder)  zaondz. 
sufolo  n.  flute  [synonymous  cognate  zuffolol  'zou-fa-lo. 
Zulu  n.  member  of  a  Kafir  race  [also  spelt  Zoolool  'zom-Xvl. 
Znni  ft.  (Pueblo  Indian)  'zou-nji. 
ZnfiiaA  adj,  (of  the  Zunis)  'zou-ni-sn,  'zou-nji-an. 
suriebaok  n.  (biscuit  rusk)  'tstuii-bxk,  'tsfii-bak. 
sygapopliysis  n.  articular  process  on  a  vertebra  [ploral  zy- 

gapophysesl  ziga'pofi-sis,  zoi-ga'pofi-sis. 
sysoma  n.  bony  arch  of  the  cheek;  jugal  bone  [plural  zygo- 

matal  zi'gD0-m3,  zai'goo-ma. 
sysomatio  adj,  (of  the  zygoma;  jugal)  zai-gd'msetik,  zigs- 

'maetik. 
syson  n.  (yoke)  'zai-gon,  'zi-gon. 
sysospore  n.  (zygote)  'ziga-spo:?,  'zai-ga-spo:?. 
sysote  n.  (zygosperm,  zygospore)  'zai-got,  'zi-got. 
syme  n.  (ferment)  zaim. 
symio   adj.  of  leaven   [synonymous  cognate   zutnicl   'zimik, 

'zai-mik. 
symogen  n.  enzym-producing  substance  [synonymous  cognate 

zymogene"]  'zai-ma-dsm,  'zima-dsin;  (also)  'zoi-ma-dsen,  etc. 
symosis  n.  (fermentation,  zymolysis)  zai'moo-sis. 
symotio  adj,  (of  fermentation;  zymolytic)  zai'motik. 


c:  law,  b:  f«r,  x  cat,  o  hot,  oi  hoy;  a:  for,  go  now^  a:  ask,  €Lx.kCtft\ 
IcDfirth-mork  (;)   indicates  that  t\ie  v^et^^\tvvf»  ^a^^^^^  '^"^^'^"' 
Stress-mark  C)  indicates  chief  stress  otv  ^^L^  i^^a^va.^t  "^f^^ii^* 


; 


■y