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DICTIONARY
or
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
Whichcord Williams
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
EDITED BY
SIDNEY LEE
VOL. LXI.
Whichcord Williams
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO.
1900
LIBRARY OF THE
LELAND STANFORD JR. UmERS/TY.
FEB 21 1900
LIST OF WRITEES
IN THE SIXTY-FIRST VOLUME.
J. B. A. . . J. B. ATLiT,
B. B-L. . . . BiCBUtD Baowell.
U. B Uis8 Batxson.
B. B Tarn Bxr. Bomild Batnb.
T. B ThOHU Bi.TNB.
U. B-i.. . . Uacxkhzie Bill. ^
C. B Pbofxbsor Ckcil Bkiidall.
T. 0. B. . . Ths Bit. PRonaaoB BoimiT,
F.B.a.
a. S. B. . . 0. S. BODLOEB.
£. L 0. . . . E. iBTitta Caklili.
W. C-R. . . WiLLUH Garb.
J. L. C. . . J. L. Caw.
A. H. C. . . Miss A. M. Clbbxi.
A. M. C-K. . UiBB A. 11. Coou.
T. C Thohfson Ooopkk, F.S.A.
W. P. C. . . W. P. COOBTNET.
L. C LiOKXL CvsT, F.S.A.
H. D HZKBT Datkx-
A. D AUSTIM DOBSON.
B. D BoBxsT Ddklop.
C. L. F. . . C. LmoN Falsixeb.
C. H. F. . . C. H. FiBTH.
W. O. D. F. The Rbt. W. Q. D. Fletchir.
S. B. O. . . 8. B. Gabdibbb, LL.D., D.CL.
B. G RicHABO Oab-vett, LL.D., C.B.
^ A. O. . . . Tbb Ret. Almasheb Gordok.
; J. C, H. . . J. CUTHBERT HaODBN-.
j J. A. H. . . J. A. Hamilto!!.
I C. A. H. . . C. Alexander Harris.
' P. J. H. . . P. J. Hartoo.
3. A. H-T. . J. A. Hebbibt.
W. H.. . . . The Bet. Willuu HnxT.
J. H John Hotcbixbon.
W. H. H. . The Bby. W. H. Hottos, D.D.
A- J The Bit. Adoustos Jtnorr,
D.D.
3. K. . , . . Joseph KmoHr, F.S.A.
J. E. L. . . Pbofessob J. E. Laoohtos,
S. L StSHET Lee.
F. L Francis Leoob.
E. M. L. . . CoLOBBL E. M. Llotp, BE.
J. E. L. . . J. E. Llosd.
J. H. L. . . The Bet. J. H. LnpTos, B.D.
M. MacD.. . Michael HacDonaoh.
J. B M. . . J. K MACtwNAU).
£. U. ... SRKRirr MtcxAt.
D. S. H. . . The Ret. Pbofessob D. S.
MABOOLIODTa.
H. E. M. . . The Rioht Hon. Sib Hebbert
Maewbll, Bart., M.P ,
FJt.8.
L. M. M. . . Miss Midcleion.
VI
List of Writers.
K. M. . . .
NOUUM If OOBK, H.D.
G. S-H. . .
. Geoboe Stbonacb.
J. B. M. .
. J. Bass Mullikokb.
C. W. S. .
. C. W. SOTTON.
A. N-x. . .
. Pbofbsbob Aured Newton,
J. T-T. . .
, James Tait.
FJI.S.
B. L. T. .
. The Rev. Ethelred Tac.nton.
0. Lz O. N
Q. Li Gbt8 Koroati.
H. B. T. .
. H. R. Tedder, F.S.A.
K. N. . . .
. Sfi88 Eats Nohqate.
D. Ld. T.
. D. Id-EurER Thomas,
D. J. O'D.
D. J. O'DONOOBOl.
M. T. . . .
.Mrs. Tout.
F. M. O'D.
F. M. O'DoNooHUK, F.S.1L
T. F. T.
Professor T. F. Toot.
A. F. P. .
A. F. POLLABO.
R. H. V. .
. CotoxBL B. H. Vetch, B.E., C.B.
B. P. . . .
M1S8 Bebtha Pobteb.
A. V. . . .
. Albaoer Yian.
DA. P. . .
. D'Abct Power, F.B.C.S.
A. W. W.
. A. W. Ward, LL.D., Litt.D.
F. R. . . I
Fbaseb IUe.
P. W. . . .
. Paul Watebhocbe.
W. E. E. .
W. E. Rhodes.
M. G. W.
. The Ret. H. G. Watkins.
3. M. B. .
. J. 31. Itiaa.
W. W. W.
. Captain W. W. Webd, M.D.,
H. B. . . .
Herbert Bix.
F.S.A.
F. S. , . .
The Be v. F. Sakderb.
M. H. W.
. Mabtis H. WiLEis.
T. S. . . .
Thohab Seccombe.
J. F. W. .
. The Ret. J. Frouk Wilkixsox.
P. A. S. .
P. A. SlLLARD.
E. W-B. .
. Mbb, Rowland Willuus.
C. P. s. .
M188 C. Feu, SurtB.
W. B. W.
. W, R. Williams.
L. S. ...
. Le8U8 Stephen.
B. B. W. .
. B. B. WOODWABD.
•,• In vol. li. (p- 83, cnl. 1, U. 4-S fttim endi omu H> tm fUlwr ot ih* »ntiqa»i7 *nil hiBtorUn, Mr, WiUIun
Eeaij Jame* Wealc ; ip. Hi, col. S, L 8) for Lahore rrad iDdors.
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
Whichcord
Whichcote
wmCHCOBD, JOHN* (182S-1S86).
architect, bora at JUidstfineon 11 Not. Itsaa,
-w&s the son of John WliichconI < 1 79U 1 r^),
III nrrhiu-cl who deit^vd two churcln.-* (Sl-
■•liiliii and Holy Trioity) in .Msidfttone, thi?
om Kxcbuigu and Kvnt fini olficti in ikv
inw town, «□<! rarioiia i-hurvhot, pnntnn-
•gea, »ai iostitutiona in the couqLv uf Knat
iBuilJfr, IHJO, xviu. »4S: Arrh. Pu/,!. -V-^r.
The Eon, oAer ediication at Moidslone nnd
At King's Collttrc, \jinAon, bc^nmo in 18-10
Mcittant to his nthur, aud in 1>^ n. Ktudunl
at the Knyal Academy, Afler prolonged
travi-1 inltuy. Grveci'. Asiatic Turk<.<y. Syria,
^iigvpt.nnd lh<- Holy I^nd (IH46-lKiiO),'ftnd
iMur in Frailly, (JKnoanv, aiid Doiiniark
fl^'iO). h« took a_piir( nerxli ip ( t ill 1 S5S) with
Arihur Aiilipit«I [.q-v.] With him ho cnrricd
out sddilianB (l>SS3> to Lord Abergavenny's
hoUH, BirIinp.Kont,Dnd in 18d8 built foui>-
t««it houites on the Mount Klliutt «#lat4 at
Lea in the anmc county. His Hubsequent
mwk coii»l«ted laip.*ly uf ofEcu prvmieM m
the«ityof ]xinduii,«ui:!i a« 9 Mincing Lane,
24 Lombard Sircat, 8 Old Jpwrv, Mansion
Hmi*« t'lminlH'ni, thi< Vvw Zwtlitud Jjtnk
and tha Xarional Saf^ Dnprbiir, nil in Vic-
toria Strwl, and Drown Janson Sc Co.'a bank,
Abchurch I>nti(-. Kl^ built th>.* Orand n<^tcl
at Briiibion and the Clarence IIot«lac l>over.
aA Wvll M 8l. Mary's Chun-h and pnrsona^'e
at ijbortlaods, near Bromli\v. K«nt, whert'
hit &l»o laid out tb« eatate for building. Unf.
of WhicboordV beat, koo^'n works ie the St.
Stephen's Club (1874), a cLaMWal building
witlt boldlr corbelled projections, fiicing
WMtminatr'r bndtjo (B.aMrr, xxxii. 308),
He designed the int^'maltittinffft for the liouM
of parliun«nt at Cape Town. Whichcord was
often employed as arbitrator in govcrumeiit
TOt. LIl.
matli^nt, and he was ono of the aarveron to
the railway deiiftrtn)i*nt of tbp board uf trade.
From 1S64 no held the post cif diatrict nwr-
voyor for Di-ptfonl, and froin 1879 to 1881
was president of the Royut Institute of
Uriuiili Arcliituclii. whfiru lie deli vi<n>d varioiu
»ddn'iU4-ti and papi^fH, ntid wiiM largplyinstrii-
mental in the eecabliahment of thv examina-
tion "V^ifm (rida Trnnntirtiont Jt.l.li.A.,
18iS-H0).
In I8ii6 Whichcord unRucceMfully con-
tcat«d th« con«titu4.>ncy of RAmataplc in thv
conevrvativv interval : ho wa^ an ardent
vnlunt«%r, and became in l8t)9<-aptHiD intbo
lit Middleenx ortilk'rv volunteerx, forwhich
lit^miHoda battery m am I y composed of young
architect-i and lawyew, Hm wrj» elected in
1848 B Mlow of \\w Society of Antiqiutrica.
y\ii\ Au'A on 9 Jan. IS8fi, andwaa buri«d
at Kenjial Green.
WTiichcord published ' History and Anti-
uiiilieii of the t'oUegiatt* ('hurch of AH
Sainta, Maidstone,' with illuNtmlion*, in
Woalo'a 'Quartitfly Tajwre,' voL iv. Ifi-M,
oad varioiu paniplileta.
[Builder. ISH5. xLviii. 1)8; Archit. I^obl. Soc;
Dicliunitr/.] I'. W".
WHICHCOTE or WHrrOHCOTE^
]ir.NJA.MlN(lli09-li*3),prov(Mjitof King'*
College, Cambridge, was the sixth mn of
Clinstriphi-rWhichcote of Whichcote Hall in
the parish of Stoke in Shropshirn', wLem ha
was bom on 4 May \l^)i^t^Bnker MS.\\.mb).
His mother, whoete uaiue wui> Klizabeth, wna
the daugltter of Kdward Fox of (Iruet in the
same countv<Sii,TEH, Pref. \oEight 7^tter»,
&c., p. xTi ). " On iT. Oct. M2H lit; was admitted
ft|w>nftionRratEmmnnueU'oIlege, Cambridge,
on which occasion his nnmo in the entry in tlio
ri}gisl«r M e>pclt 'Wbitcbcote.' IIia'calleg»
¥*•
Which cote
Whichcote
[•■tar wait AMh— yTackmy [4- ^■], * divine
twkfcvha* ■■t—tiiiBl iiiuii'tinmn buciine
rta. In 1629-30 be was ad-
lBLA-,procMdedM.A.in16.1S, in which
twtarmita W iraa ^ecUd a felluw of ii'm cxl-
ISvL AceordJv to Ina biocnpbf^r, bn w
[lM«a*d by Jm WilltMw [q. v.l, bislmp uf
'*' lbl,M fi Msrrii 1686, 'bolli iVacon ami
t i ' ' wUcfa brefnUritv,' sa^s Salter, ' I
aan how to mteoaot for in a prvlato
OUOM to the ruling powera both ia
I and MftM ' (A. p. xvit). In the tuna
I jiar hs iraa nipoioCsd to tb« important post
Mt Smdfty utcnioaa l«ctunr at Triaity
rCbvdi in Oaaibrid^, a post wliicli be cuo>
^fiaaad to 611 for nearly twMit^- vnont. A bout
' tUa tine be receired also bia licence as uni-
_ Mty preacbvr.
HUaiaeoonaB at Trinity Churrh, wbirb
largely ilteaded by tho u^i^-ersitT,
rire only in (hr ffimi nf nnU's, but tt wax
[ihroogb thssG that he attBini<d his chief
xCoalentpnrary fwlsbrity- It was bin aim
r^ to turn men'!) minds nway frnm {»n]>>TniRnl
iil^mentBtian tn the f(n>at morKi and spiri-
tual realities lying at tbn bai>i« nf all r>>-
ligioD — from the " forms of words " to " the
inwards of tilings " and " tho rL'ason of
them" (letttn,^. lO-*).
In Ittil he succty-dt-d to the offica of ci>l-
\6ge tutor, in which [capacity ' ti« wasfnmouH
for tlie number, raalc, and chiiractPt of hia
pupils, and ttiu can' bu to'jk of tbuin.'
Among lho4e who afterwards attained to
'diacincciun wuro John Smith (101H-lt}rf2)
Tq. v.] nf tjuser*'. John Wort hinR ton [q. t.],
Jubn WaUU (1«10 170:5> 'q. v.J, ibt; matho-
malinan, uiid Sumucl Cradocb.
In 1040 bo pm-wlod 11.1). : in 1(5-11 bo
A rftiiilLdnIo for the divinity chair nt
iOroshani C^oll-.-Ki*. but wag defi'at«d W
T1imna.t Horton (Wakh, Ore»kam PrafetMn'ii,
p. Ofj); and in IUI3 wju preeented by his
colle^ to the rectory of North Cadbury in
BcnuTMit. Ha thereupon tnarriod (the iiamo
of his wife is not roconlod) and r^rtircd to hii
living. In the following year, however, lie
waa AumtnoTicd hacli to the university by Iho
Earl of MancheBtcr, to bf Inrtall<?d as provoaL
of Kinf^'ii (joUcEe in tJie place of the rtjcctcd
l>r. Samuel Collins [q. v.] HU hononriibla
chamrter and noriipiiIouH nntitre were sbown
by the rpluctanct' with which he nt length,
under cnnsidftrahln prflssure, couBentfit to
supplant one whom be liijiblv ri-Hpi-cted, as
well as by the gcnoroflily whfch led him to
sttpulatft that his pw(lnci-*aor sliuiild (.■nalinue
to receive a mni^y of ihu slijieml attaching
to the pmvnitelnp (Pruf Jtc. pi>. .tviii, kU).
Tbt- art'umi-nt» pra and can by which ho
ultimatdy arrived at the concluaion that
duty required liia acoeptaoca of tfae post
wore commitlod by him to writing ajtd aw
urint*^! tn Hiirwooil (KixQ* Cotley^ StattUa,
p. 290) from Baker 313. vi. 90. Alone
among tV* newly infftallMd beads of nuufli
at rarabridge lia refu.'wd to take the cnre-
nanl ; he is even said to have ' prcrailed to
have the grcat«rt part of the fellow* of King*
College eiempted from that impo*ition, and
p[T«er>-cd them in their places ' (TlLWWOSi
Sermm. p. L>3).
In July ItUO he was created D.1>. b^
mandate : about this time he reMigned bis
Somer»et living, but was soon aftwrwardajw-
aented by his collegB to the rectory of Sli^
Ion tn Cambridgeabire, which hf rontinnea
to hnia BA long as h« lived (Pret p. xjm).
Id XoT«mb«T I8.')0 he was elMted Tte*-
chanfvllor nf the Hrivereity. and while filUag
thiii ollice preadied at thv Cambrid^ co»-
metirement (July 16iJl) a sermon which
was t he occasion of a uotablu eorroapondenc*
between himself and bi.t former tutor, Tock-
ntiy (now master of Emmiinuol), Thirta
letters, eight in Dumber, were edited and
publinht'd in I7fl3 br3>r. Salter, a grandson
of Ur. JefTery, Whicha»t«*« nephew and
editor; and un ftiialyairi and criticisui of lb"
same will he found in Tulloch'et ■ lUtios&L
Theology' (ii. ii9-81). (Jem-rally speaking,
they reprejent the main point* at iMue be-
tween n ataUDoh and sblo npholder of ine
puritan orthodoxy as formulated in the
Westminster confession, and one whoee aim
it was Co bring about o fuller recognition at
the clnima nf private iudgmcnt anil of 'the
ratlonalily of ChriBtian dtx^trine.' KndeljT
challenKe'il at the nntset, WhicKeote's views
eventually resulti'd in a movement repro-
M'nli-d by the b<:idy knnwn na tho CambndfTs
Phitouists and, in a wider circle, as the I.iati-
I udinfttiam, a remarktibie school of wriiew
and thinkers fur whom Bumot claims the
high i^redit uf having savtnl the chuieh
from losing her ustvum chroagfaout the
liingdoiii.
In liio^, on tho occasion of the peaea^tlt
Holland. Whichnule appnam an one ot HM
contributors to the vol ume of verses (' Olivs
Pacts ') oomEKwed by ueitibors nf tli«i mu*
vemity to cefobrata the event, and dedicated
to Oromweli. Ill Deeemlirr I<h>& he wad
invitod by Cromwoll to udvian him, in cni»-
juiiclion will) Uudworth and others, on ibe
question of tolerating the Jpw.t (^CroMley's
notelo Worthivoion'n Diary, \. 79). In
1659 be ojinbini'd withrudwnrlh.Tucknry,
and other Catnbrid^ iliviigi.>s, in supportilig
j Matthew Puolu'a Hcheme for the mairitainiBg
' of students of ' i lioico ability at the IuUtbT-
j aity, and principally in order to tlie
Whichcote
Whichcote
ttry' (%f« VooLK, MATTHnr; AutoAiogr. of
Matlhe\c AoftuMMij tA. >raTor, p. ld.1}.
At tli<< lEMtnrttion \Vltk'hcoU> sbanxl the
bt« of tltii otbfT lii<fld4 of collff^ea who h^A
been iaatallMl tiud<-r iiuritftn tDfluvJici.-«, and
«u mccted, not iritlhiut rMiMuioe on litH
put, aom fat« pruroHialiip, lii> aveoeeem bein^
JuBea Fleetwood [^. v.' of KiIkcIiIII c«^!.*-
britf. Acrnrdtn^ to a Ifltt^r written by
.hicbcote liiroMririot^uderdale, oneor th»
jectioos urged u|^in#t tiim hiitl tMim tlint be
niM-rr bm>n a feltowoftbe»lOciety(iJltlr-
7V^^t«• MS. No. ft48). Among tho(»
oiQ lie IwlJrieaded about tho timi' of thic
«miii wad8«Diiirt Kartlibt]. v., with wbo«u
' frequ^nily cont;«poDd»d ^W'oBTItlNUTOX,
'ary, Cliclbam Hoc., vuU. i. it. mecini).
\M ci>mpliaow with ibe Act of ITniformity
Mored bim to murt faTOur, and in No-
mWt ^'^i^2 lie was Rppointrtl to tbe ciirw
Si, .Vaiif's. ]llat:kfrinrs. When tbo church
M^liuiBt down in the (frent fire he rciin-d
^jlig^vjK Milton, and cjnlinued to rv
kM'nPwun'^ Tivar* : ho * imwctied rail- ^
slant ly, rcliered the pi»r, Itftd ihfir children ,
Uujrbt tn read* at hi* own L-barpe, and
BUKle ap diBei«uee« auon^ tbo neigoboun '
Tn.LOT»y, .Sfmnwri, p. 5l>. [d 1(108 lii»
'end Ih-. John\ViIl(ina[q.v.] was appcunled
the l>i«hApric of Clu^ttfr, thvreby vacat-
hc vimniiie of St. Lawrenro Jewry, to
b, bv bi<i iiitcrc't, U'bic-hi^ote was now
iioted. The ehnixOi, howuver, bad to be
lit, and during the work, which Dcoti-
Eiwl aoni^Ai^vcnyean, hepreacheil refcularlv
■7fon,> the corporation at Guildhall Chapel.
In n lr>l(<^r wnttim to Saucmfi on 21 Uw.
1670 he givea an account of his sorviees iKith
to Lili^mturn and to thv church. In 1074,
aJon^ with Tillot»on anil StiIUnfi;{l<«t, hi>
co-op^rvte^J with cvrtaln noncDnfotnifts in
fiirilxrini; Thomas Gouge's dforta to «xtend
mincati-^n in Wales.
In ltt&3 Whiobciit" waa at Cnmbrid)^ on
A vi»it to Cddworth at Chri.it> College,
when he took cold and erentunlly dit-d,
Ht! wa» inlorrad in St. Lawrpnoo Church,
whefe Ilia funpml sermon was prvached by
Tillotaon on 24 Mar. His epitaph is printed
ittStrypo** 'Stow'' (iii, -17-8), There wo
pOTtnutu of him in the provoot'a lodge at
Ki^ts College an'l in tbe gaUen* and hall
of Emmanuel, the last b>nng nol'-^l by Dr.
Wartoott as citpL-cially 'characteriiiiic.' He
wa« a bcnefufrlor lo the noirenily librtti>'
■nl alau lu Kiufir's and Emra&nii«l, at wliicti
Lwl society h*» had founded, before his
doatb, echolarshipa to the value of 1,000/.,
'bearing thy name of William lArkin, who,
naliiDg hJRi his executor, eutruiited him
with the said riu&qic to di'tposa of to
pions unes at bi» own discretioo' {Baksr
-If .S. BSD).
Whichcote left no children ; his axerutoTB
were his two iwiphevrs, the non* of Sir
Jeretuy Whichcote of the loner Temple and
deputy lieulennnt. of Middlesex. Qis sistAT
Anne married Thomas llayeA, and was lb«
iiiothiT of Pliileiuon llaye-s, mi&Lfter of
Childs Ercall tOwE.s and Biakkwat, Hint.
of Shrtwthtuy, i. 40H n. 7).
An able i»timat£ of bis mvrits as a dirlne,
from the pen of Dr. Wistcott, will bi* found
in ' Mast«n of Theology ,'ed. llarry, London,
1S77.
Whiohcotf's works (all publis^ied pofthn-
mOllsly) ant : I • ' 8f o0opof^/i« ^ayttara ; or,
Bom« t>elect Notions of that l^eamcd and
Reverend Divine of the Church of England,
Bcnj. Whichiole, D.U. Kaitbfully collected
fn-im him by a Pupil and particular Frirud of
hia,' London, KwA. 2. ' ATreotisenf IVfo-
tion. with Morning and Kv<-ning Itaycr for
all the UaysoflboWefk.' 1697 (attributed to
lum, but no copy is known loexist). 3. ' Se-
l«et Svnuons, with a jm-face by the third
Karl of Shaftesbury, author of the ' Cliarac-
terisiic*,' 160*^; reprinteil at Edinburgh itt
1742 by IMncipal Wishart. 4. 'Several
Di(i«»ititt« [ten in number . examined and
corrected by hiA own Xol<rS| and publithcd
by John Je'tTery, D.D., archdeacon of Nor-
wich," London, 1701. '>. 'The True Notion
of I'latv in th.- Kingdom or Churcli of Christ,
stated by the lata Dr. Wbitchcot in a Sop-
mon lonJamet iii. 18] proach'd by him on
the malignitv of Voper^-, l^xaminvd and cor^
reetedby J.'JelTerj/lJondon, 1717. 6. 'The
Workii of the learnra llenjemin Whichcote,
D.D., rector of St. Lawn-nce Jowry, Ixmi-
don.'4 vol-.; Aberdeen, 1751 (coalaius only
the discoorees). 7. ' Moral and Iteligioiu
Aphorixnm: collected from the maouBcript
Papers of the Iteven'tid and Learned Doctor
Whichcote, and published in MDCCHI by
Dr. JeffiTT. Now ropubli?<hed, with very
large addition! from the TranMript* of l-lio
latter, bv Hamuf-1 Salter, D.D. ... to which
am added Eight Liritew, which passdd bc-
twwn Dr. Whichcote, pntvosl of King's
College, and l>r. Tuckney, master of Em-
manuel C"lk^,' London, 1753.
[Preface to the Ki;.'bt Lottirr* by .S>iH*r, pp.
xvi->iviii; TilloUt'jn'w .-iermon pMirhfsl at tfio
Funenl of the Kev*Mind BsnismlQ 'Whichcoi
(wilti portmilA, I-ondnn. 1083; TulloeVs Ra-
lifiiisl Theolopy ia ICnglnna in the Sevwit^with
C«ntiiry. ii. - ; nnpiiliU)'hi>J noies by FnfBt-
mt J. K. B. JUvor in hi.i Cambridgs in the
liclpB of Qneen Ann*, pp. 397-306: iBfonua.
lion kindlj sfford«l by the maatet of Kinmnnuel
CoUqia.] JBM.
Whichcote
Whiddon
WHICHOOTE, QEOttGE (1794-1891),
naenkl, bom on ^1 Dec. 1704, wm thu
nmith ton o( Sir Thoinu Whicb«i>ce, fll^b
bwonet (1763-1624}, of A*warb7 Park.Lin-
eoltuluTe, far his wifu Diana (d. \H'26), third
douffhtvr uf Kduiund Tiirriiir of Fiiiiton and
Stoke Kofhford. In ]f»03heeniewd Hupby
•cbool, wbt-n.' b" fiif{g«d for Williorn Clmrlcn
BlurMdj, ihfl gn»t actor. In December
1810, on Irarine iluj{by, hejnined ilii> oJnd
ft»l M a volunt»ftr, and tvwtTcd a ciimrnij*-
non oseangnon 10 Jan. Jiill. In the same
year be embarkttl on lbs Pompoy, « French
{iriso, to join tbcBritUb army in iheHpaniaL
peninoulo, where faii r«|fiinent,wtrli tbe4;ird
ftnd the f>fith, formed tlie famouH li);lit div!-
aioo. He took part in thn bntlli' of Sal]U([8l
onS April, and in ibe combut of El Bodon
on 36 Dopl., tbuugli bb nutriment yrojs nul
vngnfied. Ili> a&iisl«d in ihi> fttuniiiriK of
Ciudod Kodriso on 19 Jan. l^li', and uf
Itadajm on fl AptiL On fi Jtily bn Imthith!
lieiilflnant, aiid nn 2'J July woa pretwnt at
the battle of Snlnmnnni and nt ibst of Vit-
T-orift on '2\ Juni? ]i^l-1, whirrw tlm fi2nd car-
ri^ tbe villofi^e of AlaRarita wilh an im-
petuoun charge. lie took part ivlth Lis
nsiiuvnt in liif; combats in tbe Pyrenee* in
Jiuv and Au^tut, tbe combat of Vera on
3 Oct., the battle uf the Nivellu on lONoc,
the hnttl*^ of thft Nivc on lO-Kl Dw., thtt
bftttl-i of OrtbeH on 1'7 Feb. 1814, orTorhea
on 1^ March, and of Tuiiloimti on \'2 April.
HowutlwSrHt man in tbe Kngli^h army
to enter Toulouse, W'bile in command of an
advanced picltcr, Jut obtf^rved tlie French re-
treat, and, boldly pu«hin(r on, ''X-k poflsoo-
aionof the town. At the close of thL-wartliL'
ivjjiiuout v.'M plnovd iu ^rri»oQ at Cojitvl-
aarrasin on tbe Oaronno, and afterwards was
BBDt to Iri'laad. Wliicticote to^A part in the
battle of Waterloo, where tlift .Vind coin-
pletad thu rout of the imptirial ^lard, lie
wma quartvtwl in I'arU diirinir (bu occupa-
tion by the allies, and on bin return home
received tin.' Walprto'j nipHa! and the silver
vrnr medal wilh nine rlrtBns, hfrorv Ik' hud
attained his majority. After the pe»oe the
52nd was ordered to Hiitjiny nay, aad Which-
cote exchanged into the buffs.
On 22 Jon. I8IH be obtained hiit cap-
totncv, and tnl82tj again r!tcbanp„-d into the
4lb arngoon guards, llf wnn inadu major
on 21> Oct. 1825, limlenant-colonel on
28 JuoH 1B.S8, and coloiM on 1 1 Nov. 1851.
In 1S26 he was placed on half-pay, and on
4 Juiu- U^lfi" he otlainwl the rank of tnajor-
pflieral; wan pmmoi.^d tn hi- lioiiIiL^nant-
general on 31 Jan. 1864, and be<:anie a fidl
general on fiDcc. Ifl71, In 1N57 he received
B jubilee medal from the queen in recog-
nition of his servicea, aoconpuiied by on
tmto|Trnp]i letter. He died on 3S Aog. 1891
at MeridtiD, near Coventry, where be ba<l
reittded aince retiriitg fn»ni active serrice,
and was burii'd there ou 31 Aufr. 'SA'ith tlu>
exception of Liriitt^nant-oulonfl Hi-ivill,b«
was the Inst officer of the Engli!ili army
"urvivinfi who had been present at Wat ptIoo.
In 1812 be nifLrrii<d Charlotte Sophia (d.
IHbC), danghter of Philip Monckton. lie
bad no issue.
(Timna, 27 Aug. 18S1 ; CaraaUT Soutdant,
36 Aujf. 1891 ; Hurke'i Pc«nfte«tHlBamiwtae*>*
KugbjScfaoal B«gi»ier; Army Lists.1
E. I, C
WHICHELO. C. JOHN M. (A 1865),
w atTcri do L 11^ painter, i« said to have been a
pupil of John Varlejr [q, v.], but hia nmnnv
euK^i.>ete nithcr the inUutMice of Joi^hoa Cri>-
tall [<i.v.J Hi» rarlituti work was of a purely
topo^apbical chorarter, and Bome of hit
dniwing* n'ere woifnived for WtlkinMo't
'Lnndiiin lIliLttnira'and Brayler'a ' Beautief
of England and ^Valei^.' He bwan to ex-
hibit at the Iloyal .\cndemv in 1810, eend-
inff chiolty marine vienn, and for a few yean
hold the np]>oinlnient of marino p*inler to
tbi> priucy nyunl. lu 182.'t \\'hichelo be-
came an osftociftte of the W'atercolour So-
ciety, and fur forty yuan; bo was a regolor
conlribulor to it« vxhibitinnx, bin itub}eM4
biung mainly rcpre«entationH of l^agUeb
cnoflt and barbonr acenery, with a few viewa
on Dutch ri^-rw. Ho ui«jally si^ed his
drawinns 'John Wbicbelo.' He died in
September 1865.
[ Red^nnvv's Di^t. of ArtistH ; Rmt's Hilt, of
ibo ' Old Waty-rcoloar ' Sociay.] F. M. O'D.
WHIDDON, JACOB (^. ISJJA-lsao)^
fica-caplain, n trust-ed H-rvaat and follower
of Sir Waller liidi'jili, who iipoaha of him
a-q * a man most valiant and hontst,' eeems
to have bt-en with Sir Riclmrd Urpynvile in
bin vnyapr" to Virginia in IBSS. In IWft bo
commanded ItaU-ijb's ship tbe Roebuck, in
ibe fleet und^r T.ord Howard, and is de-
itcribcd as particularly active in tho various
services which could be perrormt<d by so
'^mall II vej^scl. He (ouk po6»es«ioa of, and
hrouKht intoTorhay, t he flagalup of Don Pedro
do Voided ; liu braug'lit supplies of am-
miinilion to the fl>-nl, and wa* conwlantly
employed in ficoutinp duty. In 1B&4 m
whk sent out by lluleg^h to mak« s pr^
liminary explnrafioTi of the Orinoro. His
object wiiB friinrsted by the governor of
Trinidnfl, wbii imprisoned some of his crew,
and praelically obliged him to return to
Enflaad withoiitthe information he sotight.
It IS piobftblu that be was with Rnle^ in
Ilie rnrng» to Ouiuu in lfiV6, llie cupMi-
tton A^iut Cadiz in lAi>6. nnd Ihe IsktuU'
Toy«^Q ID 16^ ; t>ut lua tiauv u uul men-
LEtlvknU'fl laU of lUIogh ; IMmL of tli«
Bpuish Armiulii (Nkvjr llnconJn 8oc.) ;
Iul««h'a DitcoTcrw of Uuimiin ; Lfflinrd'a NutkI
BtK.] J.K. L.
WHIDDON. Sni JOHN (,I. U76),\ad^,
wu tho «](lMt son *»r Jului ^^'lliddo^ of
CbAgfordmDeTnnMbiri^,vr)i>-n>Uiit fntnily lind
long been csUbliehed. Hi.i ranibpr, wIionr
imi(l«n nkiDtfiriu Kn^tr. was nUo a autivi- of
Cbmgford. FT(!ntiii)ie<llAWHlt)if IniK-rlVmpIo,
•nd WM L'lMtcMi a tvadt^r id the uutuuui of
<:jr^. rkilintf til mid oa ttiat nocusinii, his
poiuliueDl was renewed for the fulluwiiig
be WM a{(Ua «Im:I«<I lo the ottice un
. 163A, and wu chowo ircosunir oo
■. I&88. holding tite office for two ytwr*.
e WAB nomiiintt'd a eeijeuit at tUh cIdsr of
Vlir* mimi, aud cun»t.il «| i-d by ■
writ a week art«r thn k'mg'a death,
aj^umentit in wiirt duhng Edward's
are ri-portr;d by I'lowdt'n. Whiddon
ap|K>tni«d a jud^ of the queen's benoh,
■ImMt itninG>«lia(olj aHer Mary's acc««sioD,
br pfttent dat«d 4 Oci. 1(m:3, and on 27 Jan.
Io6hl-fi he was knightMl. lie woi thu tint.
jadgQ to ridi* to Wwlmiiister Halt un a horse
^Idin^ iiivttfud of a mulv, according to
villus custom. In April 15A7, aftftr thi-
fUing of Thomaa SialTord (l'Wl?-lfl57)
[q. v7], be waa M'nt dun-n rn Vdrkuhiri* lit
try the prisaoen, end it i^ naid that he le-
ccivml the cnmmiuion of ([eneriil. Riving
him authority to nim (oKCt to qiutll any
further HsintTB. It ift ervn fitated that, owing
to lh>i unsfllli:^ stat<> of the countn-, he sAt
oo tbe bench iii full nruiour. ilLi patfiit
was rph'^WKl on KIJEabt^h's occHwioQ. and
be conlinii(.»J in hii:' oiticv until hi* death.
lla died m C'lia)rf.>rd on :?r Jan. I'lr'i-ti.and
was burk-d in tb^ jwrish cburt'h. He was
twice luarritNl. Hv hin fimt wiff, Antiu,
O&ughlor of Sir William Holli.^, be had one
daughter, Jo>n, minrii-d to John Ashlew of
LooMoa ; by bia a^nnd, KlizntK/th, dauf^fitttr
■ad oohetrms of Witham Sbiliion, be had
•on* and seT«n diuigbten.
(V'iTi«n'« ViMtAlionitof DnTon. 189$; Pom's
fiiS; I'nncrii Wonhim of Devon,
p. 593 : Mnchjo'i Divry {Candon Soc.).
'13: Calendar of Inner Temple lt«cot>d>.
1899. rul- t- paiaiiu; Iiii(;iliili''H OrigiiiM Juri*
dicKiJrt. J680, pp. 38, 118. 181, 170.1
K. I. C.
WHINCOP, TKOMAS 01. 1730), com-
Silar, eatse of a Londou fuccily which pro-
liCed BDVeral divine* of fair rvimte in. the
HTeatoentb ovulary. Joba Wbiooo]) or
1 i"*
ft
Wincoppwasapnaintedrtirtornf St.Martiu'a-
in-th<-r it- Id« in Jaiuinry lfl41-2,a post which
ha reGigned in 101.3, thou^ two yrant Uiter
he uTHuJied two sermons before the House
of CamraonK (JoumaU, ii. 99:^). Htit hod,
Thomas Whincop, iJ.I3., was appointed roctor
of St. Slaiy Abchorch on 10 Nov. ltJ81,
preached tji« Spital «ormon in 1701, and
died in 1710 (liKNX^asy, yoi-um lOfitrto-
rium, p. :f9r; cf. Cole, Aihetite, Add. MS.
.>88y, i. '2Hy Tbp coinpiliT may liave been a
Bun of thie Dr.Wbincop, but virtually nothing
ia known <xiiii-t'rning hitn khvu that \iv lost
conjidonihle kumi.i in thi; * Soul hS«& bubble'
during I7i;i, and died at Tott«^ridgv, wh«l»
hi> waa bnrii>d on I fScpt. 17;10. 6eTent««ii
veare after hia death wa.i primed, as by the
lal« Thomas Whincop.'ScsndMbog; orLov*
and Liberty : a Tragedy. To which is added
a l>i»t of all thi> bratuutic Authors, with
ifouiu Account of thdr Livuis: and of all the
UrJiinaLic I'ivcm publiithiil in thtt Kngllsh
languagu to the year 1747 '^London, 1747,
hvu). 11m work was nuininalty i-ditHd and
brought up to dat4> bv >[artha Whincop, the
widow of tbi! compiler, who dedicated the
volume lo lht> Karl of Middlesex and ob-
tained a goodly list of subechbei^; but It is
clear that somo of tlit> articles were pre*
?an<d by llie biographical compiler John
lotlleyjg. v.], and it is probable that the
wholo * Liat ' was thorongldy rcviswl by bis
band.i (se« Xm/, pp. 2^)4 ^). The dramatia
authors are divided into two alphabetical
raivgorLv, tliwu who Sourish<.'d bvforu nttd
lhQ«>e who flouririied afti-r \WA\ and the
doubltn'olutansore embelli^bad by a number
iif soinii tni'dnllinn portraits engraved by
N. Parr. At the end ia an index of the
titles of plays. The book is n«^atiy ■rninged,
but ttannot claim to be mere than a hasty
compilation, based for the most psH upon
the 'Engliab Dramatic Poct4' (1(191) of
(jerard I^ngbaiiie thv younger. \Vhiiicop's
labours bavo long since btwn morgv-d in
tliOM of \'icior, Baker, and Ueed. The
Ilritiah Museum bua a copy of tho ' List *
with copious maousuript uuti;s by Joseph
Ilat>lt!wuixl.
[Baker's Ibnyr. Dram. i. 7-lfi: Lotro's EiM.
Arcoani of TIi«ilni;al LiUmlura. 1888. jj, 3K0;
NoiM nod Queries. 8th aer. iv. 9; Brit. Mii»,
Oit. Ths contiociion. if any, betwoeti Thoiniiii
Whini-op And the VViUinrii Whiacnpp, .M.I.I.
C176»-I832t, nulinsl iu Davy's Ath<>i>B Suf.
fokriensrs, iii. f. 3U6, has ai>t Wco discororvd.]
T. K.
WHINYATES, 8ir EDWAltD
CHAKLKS [17ft2-18W»), general, born on
(! May l7Bi', wiw third son of Major Thumaa
Mliiiiyates <176&-l»0Bj of Abbotalutgh,
Whinyates
Whinyates
OerowhiR, br C^Uiehne, dsutrliter of Sir
Tlkomu FrankUnil, htrt., of Tliirklebr Tnrk,
Yorkshire^ He wu «dtickx«il ut Mr. Nuw-
canbc'i idlool, llaK.-kni?v, «u(l &t the Iloval
Milit&ty Attdvmy, WctoWtch, wlitcli ho »»•
tantd M M odet on 18 Mar 17!l(S. II<> ^vxa
eomminiaoed u aecand li(>utcnant hi tEic>
TO5»I «rttlbt7 on ] March 1798, ami lHi:itnii<
lient^nuc on S Oct. 1700. H^ mtvmI in t.Un
expvdJtioa of tlwtrear to the Jlelder,atid in
the expedition Ui SlKtlfim in IHOl. When
Nadtpim was ei-acunlvd ot tlie peace of
AnueiUr h« w«nt with kin company to
Janaieo, and wu mail)- adjutant. On8Jiily
I>*U>S he Vina pivimoted it«ron<I capt&iti, anil
came home. Ih; wrrviil m adjutant to Lho
■rtillKry in tlif allafk tm (\i|)i'iibii(fiiu in
1S07. In tho f'tllrjwinfr yrar he was posted
to D troop of ihv lionw nrtillLTy.
In K'-bruary 1810 li>! c^mbarkafl with it for
thii Peninaulu, but the Camilla tranaport, on
hoard nf whlrti hr wntt, ni-arh' f(>i(ndi<ri*d, and
had to put back. Owinjt to thiit, [) troop did
not Inketb" fivUUiiaunit lilM^I I : butWhin-
7at«wasprvi>i>ntat Buucoon :^St^pT.lt<10,
■ad acted as adjutant to the olGccr comniand-
inr tbt arttlliT}*. TFc wa? nt A I bncrn on I it Mny
1811 with foiif guDit, uml th^•ro nru K-Ucm of
hia doMribing thi« and sub<wqui'nt action))
(WinrtyATr-t. pp. 159 mj.) llr and liia troup
look part in thfl ravniry (ifritir at U«af!rc on
25 Mav. and in thfi (irl.inn.i nt Fiientea de
(fiiinui'lo nnd Aldea de i'onto ou tt6 and
27 Mflpr.
In I^il;; lbi> troop was with Ilill'ii corps
on thft Tapw; and at Ribcra, on 24 July,
Whinyates niadt- mioh pood ums of twi>
g\UM that thrv Frcoich commandiT I^ll*^
mand inquired liin nninr*, and o-ut, him a
meataf^e : ' Tel! tliat bmvc man that if it lijjd
not bwn for hnu, I xhiinld hare Ijuati'ti your
cavttlry' (WinNr*TE«, p. R3). Thi^ caplnin
of D troop di(-0 at Madrid on 22 Oct., and
fur tin- tiest. four inDtilhH Wiiinyati-* wint in
command of il. It diMinfnii<>h(>d itsplf at
Han Miiniij on 17 Nov., at thi- cWe of the
rrlr^nt from flurgos, fivf nut of ita gix ^unn
Ix'itijr injured. O'.'iieralLontfiWbocoramundod
thfi pftviilry to whiL-li it wm attaoliod, iiPIlt-
WBTib wrote ol'ths troop that he had never
witnCMcd 'mora exemplary onndiK^t in'
quarters, nor mon> diatin^ishud zitaL and
gallantry in the tiidd.' i
On 24 Jun. 1^13 WhinyaU-a b.-cume cap-
tain, and KODwjuently li-ft tlm I'lTiinHuIn in
March. Uh Htirvir^ thp^^ won him no prn-
mption, an bmrct nink wosnot givi-n nt that
tlm>! to second rnprainit. In 1SI4 h.c wns
appxinlni to thu Kocond rocket troop, and lie
(OTDimnndod it at Waterloo. Wrliingron, I
who did act belicro in rock«tB, ordered that I
tht^y ahould bf left behind ; and when he wa* '
told that thia would hroak AVbinTatea**
Iii^art, he replied: ' Damn hU heart : let my
ord*'r» be obeytd.' HowiTit, Whinyates
eventually obtained leave lo bring tbtm intji
thf field, together with hia nx gun*. Wh«n
l'(>n«onby'« brigade charg«d 0'Erlon'G corpk
he followed it with bis rocket aecttono, and
fired several vollcya of ground-rocketa with
giHid vlTeci Hgainst the French cavalry
{Tfatfrho Ijfttfrt, pp. 203-10). Ho llien
rcjoinvd his guns, which were placed ld
front of !*ioton'« diviiuon. In the courw of
the day he had three horsei ahot under hiBa
was atruckon th<- Icp-. and sen-re! r wounded
in the left am. He Kcniveif a brvT«
majority and ihi- Waterloo mecbil, and aRvr-
warda the Pouineular Kilrar medal «rHb
cIoDps for lltigaco and Albuera.
At tho end of 1815 the rocket troop went
lo England to W r«!duced, and WbisyatM
woa appointed to a troop of dririT* in the
army oiocviipatiun, witu which be renuaed
till 181 R. He conimnndLHl II troop of
htJiw! arlillory from 182S to 2J July 18S0.
wli»n bL< IxK'aine regimental lieutenaat-
rolonel. He was maib; K.H. in 1823 and
C.B. in IK31. He had command of the
horm artillcrv at Woolwich from November
WAX lo May If^lO. nnd of thv artiUery in
the northern dislrict for eleveji reftra aAeN
wards, huvjii^ Lecomo regimental colonel on
23 Nov. 1H41.
On 1 AprillH.%2 he woA appointed director-
gpnvnit oT artillery, and on 19 Aug. com-
mandant ai Woolwich, wht'rt- he mniaiiMil
till I June ItSnft. He had been promoted
mnjor-^t^nml on iJU June 1854^ and beeaou
lieutenant-Kiineral on 7 June IMMJ, and gMl»'
ral on 10 Dee. 1804. lie wna made K.C.BL
on 18 .May IHfUJ. Hu hud become oulonvl-
commandant of a baltaliun on 1 April IH56,
and was trunsfiTrcd to the liorfie ariillerr no
22 July 1801. lift wait 'an ofKcer whum
ability, aan!, nnd fwrvices have hnrdlv beni
jiijrpait«"d in Ww n-gimiTit ' (Duncak, li. 37).
lie died at Oheltenhani on "21* I>ee. 1866.
In 1827 be hud married EUxabeih. only
daiiglitrr of Samuel Compton of Wood Knd,
North Riding, Vorkftbire. He left no chil-
ren. lie bad five brothers, of whom four
served with diiilinctioa in the anny and
navv.
T'ho I'ldiwt, Rf-ar-adminJ TnoMAe Wiiis-
YATia (1778.|Rr(7), born on 7 Sept. 1778,
entered llio navv na first-claaa volunt.H*r on
24 ilay ITfl.l. lie commanded a boat to the
attack and rnpturp of Martinique in March
1794, ami nHistad in boarding the fVMeh
frigate Bienvonue. He ^"aa aUo pTMani all'
the capture of St. Lucia and (iusdeloup*
I
\
A
Whinyales
Whipple
[b was in Lord Bridnort'sM'tionof 23June ' medal. Heaervcdvitlitliparmyofoccapfttuni
79v>, and in tliat iii Hir Jolin Warrvu o» in I'Vancc. nixl madv reporU on »otae of the
" Uct. ITOct. lie vaa rninmU^'^ned as Kn^nch fMlroweo (now in th« Itoynl Eng^i-
nnt on 7 8t>pl. 179'.', itnd as com- neers' Insiitate, 01uilbam>. 11a was coax-
*T on 16 Mny 1«0S. ]» April 18<li he nuinilin^ roj-a) enginf*-r with tlip field tbrce
wiu npvoiiilwl lo the Frolic, un 18-ffuu bri); in Nvw tiruii«wicK ivlu'ii lb« diKimi<.tl u-rri-
or 3iS4 toiMi. Hf look hiT out to thp Wtst lorr wa» inTtultH) by iW »t«te of Maint^ in
Indivs, luid ^peiit lire ]ri«n thi-n:-. iK'iiig pre-
trnt at tbe recapture of MtirtiDique on
•24 F>>b. 160d, and of Guadi-loupe on 5 Feb.
IcflO.
He wu made first captain on 12 Au^.
181*J, and on his iray home, in i-barg? of
convoy, hf wiia atlackeil on 18 Oct. by tlie
rnilf'j^itat>;s sloop Wasp of -l^ji tons. The
I'nilio lioil bii-i-n unch dauagt'd in a sate,
and Hfitir as action of &tly DtinuieM, in nnicb
more than half h«r crew were killed or
wootulod, iiicludin^ ber oonimaoder,Bhi}waa
boonli-il and taken. Sbc was n^orered, and
the \\'a»p waa tak^n by the Poictiers tho
Boat! day. Tbv court-martial wliicli Iriitd
1830. He waa promolud licutvnant-colonrl
on <J Nov. 1S4(1, and colonel on Itl IW. \^'A.
fie retired na major-general on 13 Jan. li^AA,
and died at Clieltvnhani on 9 Jan. 1>?H1. lit;
married, on 'JR Jan. 1A(0, .Saralt SInmnne,
wcond daughter of ClinrW \\'balleT of Stow-
on- ^^' old. Gloiin-titrnihirtt, and bad »ii cliil-
dreu, four of whom became ofliwn of the
army.
Tbi>Kixlbsoii,(')cneraII-'R.vKcisFRAKKLAKD
WniXT-iiEa (l7'J<t-lMB7), bora on liU June
1706, enter«d tfae East India Coin]iaDy'a Bsr-
Tice at llw a^^ of alxtvun, and woe ^atetted
It* liim ten ant-lire worker in the ^ladruii artil-
lery in July 1»I3. vUter eerving in Ceyluo
\Vhiny»i«« for Ih.- lo»« of bin ithip acquitted ani^ nj^ainM tlw Pindari*, he took part in thr
liim moot tiooounibly, as iiaving done all
that coidd bo donit (JaMM, \nrtil Hinlun/,
vi. 1<1A~6:3). In ldl£ ha W(ui appointed to a
rorrette, but i<he was paid off at the peacv.
He woj promoted rvar^tniml on 1 Oct.
!>^ll'>, and died unmarried at Cheltenham on
Mabratta war of 1817-19 as a suiMtlem in
A troophorse art lllery, and received the medal
with cla»p fur Maboidpnor 1.21 l>ec. 1617).
I'romoted ciiniain on S4 Uct. \'^2-\, he served
at tbesif^f^ofKittooraT thccndof ihutycar.
Hv na» prindjial comini»»ur\- of orduimcv
lo March 1857. He received the silver war , from 1S45 trt !.h.')0, iind then \wA eommaad
lunlal with five cUajpa. i of llie horiu! nrlillery, mill of the Modnia ar-
Tlu- fnurfh mm oi M^MOr Thoroaa Whin- | lillery si hricndier. ' He loft India in 18M,
yal<#. Captain GBoftciii EtBRi.tiilo.f Wiiix- i hayitig*nili'd,iK-ith the higbeni credit to hlm-
viTr:» (1(88-1808), bom nn •II Aug. 17l^>t, j »elf, everv appointment and command con-
iil^red the twvt aa fliwt-class volunipflr in nectcdwi'th niscorpa'Cgeneral onb-r, lOFeb.
l^-ji). Hu becaoivmaiOMR'ncTa) on -"(* Nov.
^^HT^~, and iUkW niiicrh active cerrice, rhiefly
^Ki the Mcditormncan. Tn I80'i, ait tieit-
^Kenant in the Sjicnccr, 71 Run», he served
Grander Nclsoa in the blockade of Toulon, the
Voy*!^ to tbtt Weot Indii-<, and the blockade
of' Oadif; but hia ship, which formed part
of thu iushorv sr^uiidrun, was si-nt to Ciibrul-
t«r fiir provLiionii tl»n-ii day* bi-fore Trafalirur,
He was in Duckworth's artion ofl' St. Do-
XDtn(ro on 6 Feb. iPtW. In 1WJ7 he nim-
4). llu becaaivmmor^r
]864,lieuteD&nl-geDeraloD 14 July l8i)7,aDd
ffeneral un '2\ Jan. 1872. He died without
iMue al Rath on 2'2Jan.18S7. On 7 Aug. 1820
he bad married Elixabcth, daughter of John
Campbell nf ^Irmidnli-, .\rgTilliJiiiv,
fWhiayaUt I'amily Ki*otdii. by MAJor-
r.eneral Fredf^rlck T. Wliiuyatea, IS94. 3 Tola.
4to, with porlntta (IwetitylWu rapiw privntely
pciiit4Nl); Whicjales pvdiitrM in Gen^alt^Ht,
monded the Benri'^re tiloop in the Mediier- | m^v ser. viii. 62-6; Procyedings of Royal Ar-
znnean and the Channel. He died of con* ' lUlcry luAtitulimi, *'>!. v. pp vii-iii ; Oulonel
aumplion, bnaiigbt on by hardahip and ex- F. A. Whinyaiee** From Coruiiii lo Rotnuiopol,
' ,. I 18M ; Uaiiaias History of the Itoyid Ariillttry ;
posure, on & Aug. If^OS.
The Bftb son, Major-gi>neral Fnt:tiERlcc
\S'it.LlAll WiiixtATBs (179.1-I(*1). born on
20 Au;{. I7!W, waa conimlsaiomed as second
licntenanl in the royal engioeera on 14 Dec.
iHtl, and l»«Am» liitiitKnanl on 1 July 181:^.
lib was present nt the bomhnnlmpnt of
Al(n*'n» on '^ .^iig. ll^lO, iK'ing in command
of n (li^Iachment of .'wppcrs and mimrson tlie
Impregimble. He has tcfr n graphic H(M:ount
of tlt>^ bombnnlnient.aiul of a confen-uci" wiili
JfMTords of Ih* Koyal Horim Arlillcry; O'llyma^
Maval Biogr, ; K"y»l Kn){ii((»nt' Journal, »t. 31 ;
inforiDHtTOn fornisliod by Mnjor-geooral F. T.
Whioy.Hw^] K. M. L.
WHIPPLE, GEOHOE MATIIKWS
(]*^'I:J- isyy), pbyciciM, the aon of Oeorjio
Whipple, a native of rievomeliin-. was bi>rn
on 1-5 Si;j]l. 1S42 al Tcddin^itoii, Middlesex,
when- his fatlit-r was mahtfr of the public
school. He was educaitd nl ibc gmmmoc
tiw) de? three days aAerwnrds {Jivj/al Jin- school, Kiogston-on-Thnme*, al Dr. Wil-
ginerrJ Journal, xi. 26). He received the j liams'a private school at Richmond, Surrey,
WTiish
a
mmi M KhA Cafltyi, Landon, ttkiog tde-
, 0M wiMBe. m the onhuMCy of I.od(1iid ia
P»i«g tfctr^^n 7Mu», from 4 Jnn.
h* ound tbc K«w OUervKior;
ipir it r. hti identiBcd him-
I «lfwiAtfaiM(inC7«flWt uUblUlimont^of
■■ — uniitii ■III liiii ill iHili',
I w Xovflsbo' 1863,and mper-
ia 1^0. Ii« drvw the pl«t<!» fur
Wmitm ia U Roe'* * RMMichM in Solar
ttnmm! 1W&-4 ; improved tbe Kev mats-
mah0 cMlnaMtU; 'mrcnxei, be«idi» ot)i«r
MliBil MiatiM, ■ dcvicv fur tesUoff tli«
4m1c «&•£» «f MlUiiU iS'roce^diitfft lioyal
A^irtf. iLxr. 4:^): and maJi^, witli Cuptain j
}i4«T»Mdc in IH7iI, a Mrri«H of jMnilnliitu
•SMraMnta. miMiled witti Colunt!! llcrach'rl
^ IWI, M'l vilb Uita«ral Walker In IHBK, |
ftr diCciBiuQf til* eonMant «f grnviiaiion. '
Wiad iirawiiw and valocity wuro hia life-
law ■Mdr; b* catrifd out nr. llin OVto'
FluaniBi374a ruuTMligatiiiuuftlie *cup-
■wnoRMbg-' inreaUKl t.v TLoiitas Ilomnoy
RoboMOB [q. r.]| and wiiK Goneral (Sir)
Itidiard Htracliej' in 18B0 Donditcled a re-
M«rrh til ctood'iiltotoKnipby tinder tho mo-
C«oroio{[ic«l c'uuucil. comniuntL'utiti^ tlii> rp-
•ttlU io l\ui Kovnl >y>ci(!l y on 2.3 April Ih91
Cf». ilil. 4y7). '
Wbippit' cniil rilmtml fr«f-ly to m^ii-ntifii.-
culliiCtionB, fnpL'uially to \\\v * iJuarliTly
Juunikl' iif IJi.i Mtt«ior'flo((icnl fSoi-iely, of
whicli body he btcAinu a Diember on IN April
J^74. Ife ivrved od iu council (1870 to
18K7), and teXoA la iU foroi^ aoentiiry
(1884 lj>. IIu Mil also for lonity yeun en
thu ouuiicil of tliu I'livAical Society of Loo-
dou, aii'J was I'lvclt^d'a fvllow of [bv lioyal
AHtiou'tinical Society on ll' April 1871'.
IIk wkji aaaifttaiit t-iniaiuLT in iiaturul pbilo-
•opliy Io IliK univ<-n>ity of Liiricliiti(l87ti-81),
and in tho ociL'nco and art dqiartmisnt,
Soiitli h.-n»iiiKto>i (187n-8:i and 18K-W»t.
Tbc magnetic sootion of the ' Itoport nn the
Eruption of Krakatoa,' publUbed by ibo
Jioyal Soci«tv in 1688, wa^ compjlfld by bim.
%Jt died St Itichmond iu Surrey on ^ Feb.
1899.
[Mun of ti)» Time, 131b od. I8D1 : Nature,
16 Feb, 1803: Titnn. G Feb. 1893: Uimrteily
Juiimnl U'>yal Met core lof^ical 8oci«ty. xi. 113:
Itnvitl Society's CnU Scientiflc FnpBr*.]
A. M. C.
WHfSH, SiK ^\^LUAM SAMPSON
(17h7-1>*''>3J, lipntcnrint-|t*vni>ra!, IbinKnl ar-
tillwry, aon of Ittcliord Wbitb, roctor of West
Walton and vicar of Wickford, CaMX, by a
lltimhu>r nf William Sandyx, wm bom at
Korthwold on 27 Feb, 1787. He received a
commi«»ioa a» lioutvnnnt in ttiu Buiigiil ar-
tillery on ^1 Aog. 180 1, aud arriviHl tu India
Whish
taDMember. HeviMpromatft)lolwca|iUia
OB 13 May 1 807, and oomaatided llt« n3ck<et
troop of horse artillei; of lb« rmtn- divutoa
of tlio (frand army under thd M«rqiui of
HaalingH in tbe I'iudari and Maeathamrat
th(> end of 1817 and bB^cinE of 1 j>18,aftff
which bf! tuok tb<; troop Iu >Iirmt, wbt9r«,oa
L*0 July 18:^, bo was appointed to aei w
brigndi^niajor. IIi.i wa« prvmotvd tobotnijar
on IflJuly 1821.
He coiomanded the let brigade of b(s«D
artilk-r^- in the army oMenbled at -Vr*,
und«r Lord OombtTmere, in December ls5,
for thu sief^- of Bhartpur. Tbe placa ma
cuptiired by aitbauU on IS Jan. lif^, aad
^Nliiitb wttfl mentioned in deapatche* and
pruiniilud to be lieuumaiit^Mlonfl for dia-
tinguinlitHl iMrvico in tbe li«ld fnim 19 Jan.
l)n -}.& I>L'<.-. Itit23 hi! waa appouit«d to eon-
[Qund the Karnid and Siibiiid divi^ioa of B(>
tilli-ry. He wah ninde a rompanion of ibe
order of the Bulb, military divisioa, on thit
occasion of (he iitKH^n's curon»lion in 1838;
appointed a colonel commandant of artilleiy,
with rank of briffadier-Ketieral and tcith a
Hat on th'> militAry bovd, on 21 Dec: and
in Kebniary 1839 succeeded Maioi^feneml
Faithful in commrtDd of tbe proaiaeQcy dirl-
Kion of artillory nl Ibim Dum. Ue ww pro*
njoti>d to be TUftjor-f^eneral on M Nov. 1811,
luid WL-ut uti fuilougb tu Eugland until tbe
t-od of ]S47.
Whisli vim nn|tointcd to ilie rommnnd at
I^^hore of tbe riinjab divi»ioD on Sit Jon.
\^^^i'^. In Aucitn ne ww ?iv«n the com-
mand of ihc! Muttau field force, eight thou-
ftand strong, to operate a^inst Mulraj, and
1 owarde thu end of tbe inuutb took up a posi-
tion in front of Multaru The siege eowmeQCod
uu 7 Supt ., but, owint; tu the dtjii-ctiuo oC
Siiialift«-K>'klu!«r.Wtiishwiiiidrewhi»f(
to Tibi, and a period of inactioa folio
which rnnbled ilolraj, lb« drfrndt-r of Mul-
tan, to improve hin defenreA and tn incretM
hisKarrison. In the betfinaingof NoTsnber
Mulny tbiTw up bHtI.fri« which threMeaed
Whi^h's camp, aiid on 7 Nov. a Hucooasfal
action resulted in the dctttniction of Mdlmj'a
adrancL-d bnlu-riutt oitd thu capture of Sre
guii«. Oa 21 Dec. VVhinhwaa reinforcad by
u column from Bombay, and on Cbriittinu
day woM abbt Ui ot^cupy hut old posttioa. On
'^7 Dec. the enemy Tirere driven from ihft
GUburbe, Tbt> ewffa retooi mttnccd on the
iJHth, tbo city woa captimMl on '2 Jan. IMO,
and the sie^ of the citadel preaaed forward.
On '2'2 Jan. all waa r«ady to atorm when
Alulraj aurreadered.
IjCKving a elrong rarri»on in Multan,
Whiab man-htxl to Join I^ord Gouffh, csp-
turlug tlie fort of Chiniot on 9 Feb., on
■ ncoa
>w3T
,whicli day the advanced portion of Iiik
lYre reached Itamtiaftar. An!tciita1iiif|:l»ril
uugli*a ordun>, WkUli gceurtii) tbe fonlB of
thf i'li'-iiitb at WniintluKt, and nti ^I tVU
ouuiina&di^ the Isi divUion of I.flnlCi(vn^h'ft
■mtjnt tlii*bnttlr-of<iuinil. For tusBemcw
bereceiTed ihcthaiikAot tho TOveraor-gcneral
of tbe court of directon uf tbe East India
Company, and of bolb hoiiMvi of parliament.
^^fie waa promoted to be a. kiiiglit commander
^^Bf till; ord«r of tbe Biith, mililarv diviiioQ
^MZvH'lon Ciazttte,'2S Marcli, 19 April. tiJiiiui
^BtU4U), and waa trauaftrruil tu the conimaitd
^'of tliK Baogal dis'iaiuiiof tlicamiy in March.
In October L8r>l Im nji« n)>i>()i]iU'd In lliv
Ci»-Jboliini division, but bffor*- a-oAiiRiing
command wvnt bumc on furlout^h. lit- was
^^jTomoied to be lidutennnt-gcnf ral on 1 1 Xot.
■1661. H« died at Claridge'e Hotel, Brook
^BBtr«et, Ijondon.on So ¥*•}>. li^iiS.
Wbifih roarrii>d, in 1«(W, n dau;;ht«r of
Onorn*' Dixon, by whom lie left a fiunily.
Hif< fidest aon.<i. I'almcr WTiiith.froiieral of
the Beo^al staff corps, servt-d wilh bis father
~ It Gnjrat. Anotlicr eon, Ilonry Edn-ord
_ivbi»li, major-i^cn^ntl of tlio BL-nfjal tlalf
"corpR, Krr&d witli bis father at the ajogv of
Alultan, and was in ihv Indian mutiny cam-
paign.
[India Offic« Beoorda; Siubbd'a Hist, of the
Boiffal Artillery ; Fdwanles'n Vku- do Ihi;
Punjab Frontier. 1818-9; Oi>iijth aod Iddq*'*
The Sikba and lbs Sikh Wan ; LAwr^neo'
Anba'a Ooniaientiu-ii-H on tlm Punjnli Ciun-
I^jsign, 1948-8 ; Timos (I/>udoii]. t Murvh 18.33 ;
^■Dvat. Mag. Juno 1803 ; Men ol i)ie Reigs.]
■^ R. H.V
WHISTLER. P.VXIEL (1619-1684),
phyaician, wT'Uof W tlliaui Wliittlvrof Elving-
ton, Oxfordahire, was born at ^^'alIU&^utow
in KsxNC in I61U. 11l- wod L-duviitud at ibu
Kbool of Tliame, Oxfordshire, and ftjit*:red
31cnoD Collvgv, OxfunJ, in January IttSO.
He graduated 11. A. in lllli*. On ti Aug. 1012
be b«gan the rtudy of pliyaic at thw university
of Lry(li--n, wli«n* hv f!mduaC«d M.W. on
19 Oct, IfrlS, liavinf in rlii> inr^'rvalrMiimed
^mU* (Kford to takeniB M..\. decree {S Feb.
^Klitt4). llisinaufTurAldiAvrtJition nt L^rdon,
^KM i» Uct. imO, 'He Morbo nucrili Anglo-
^HHktjiiuni patrio idiomate indiffpntn voeniLt
^^^Be KicWt'is,"' if! bia only piiblixbi^Hl work,
and ia tbir first printed bocik on rickets. IW
ti-prinUtdit in \!itH. Tbti diat'oae was at that
(iiitf tbe aubJM-t of mucli active obM^rvntiim
_by Francia l*rlUaon [q, v.], and a commiitj'p,
»ri-n in Hiimber, of theColli-gpof I'liyiiciiin-
rhich worked with him had made ihr- fiiihj.i i
w>-ll known, tlioudbrilisaon'aeluborate'Trac- I
tatus de ItariiiTidtiMid not npjinar till Ifi-jO. i
^^V^'hiatler's theais contains no original obaor- |
vations. but maoybypotboMa and reports of
thf< viewa of ottaera who are not named.
It ia clearly baaed on tbe eorrent dianu&non,
and irnkfn nutbing from the oriRinality of
! GliMon'sirreatwork. Ho proposes the name
I ' I'lbdoMpiancbnoEteocacw' for the diseOM,
I but no nub«M]uent writAr baa UM-d tbe word.
He waa incorporated M.D. at Oxford on
I l^) May lii47. and waa electM a fellow of
tbe College of Fliv»icians on 13 Doc. 104&.
On UlJune 1((4^ he wa* eleetinl profaaaor
of geometry at (irvshom College, and waa
at the same limu Linacrv rwider ut Oxford.
III! took can of wounded acamen in rht:
Dulrh war of 1052, and in October IttM
waa (k'slrod to accompany Bn)#trode \^'hite•
|i>ckf [q, T.] to 8u-edeD. lib first caae
(WiiiTKWCKB, p. 18WJ was a broken arm,
and hia next a broken l^,and he biuualf oet
liolli. He «poke Latin and French, and
I wmti! lAtin versu on the abdication of
(|ureriCbriatinaofSweden.wbicli are printed
in the 'Journal of I lie .Swedish Hnabaany ' ( ii.
I 47-1). In July WW h« Rtumud to London.
A I the College of I'bvaiciaiw heddivereil the
llnrveian oration in IW9, was Twelve times
censor, registrar from 1G74 toIIWi, trf-aimrer
in IWl'.und in lOdS prtvidenl. He married
in 1657, and dird on 11 May ]6«4,whde pr*-
eiduuit of pneumonia, and woe buried in
CbriifC Cliurcb, Newgate .'Street. Hie bouse
wan in thfl colIcfreiii\\'arwick l-ane. lie waa
thought agreeable by Siimuol IVpya [u, v.j,
who often dinodand aupped with b'ini. fliey
walked together to view (be rsvogeaof the
{;reat tire of ]6(Hi. Jolui Kvelvn alao liluid
lis cunvunation. He waa negligent aa re-
ffialrar, and aa presidi/nt of the Oollege of
Pbysicians took little care of il8 projierly.
Iliit portniil waa preaented in 17(M to the
College of Physicians.
[Munlt'a Coll. of I'hvs. i. 2*0 ; Journal of the
Swedish EmbuHij, l.aiidon. 1772 ; Nomtan
Moon'eHiktory uf tlir FintTreaiUaoaRickotB.
St. Bartholomew' a IlAspiul Roporta. vol. xx. ;
Ward's Omifaara Prvifp™or« ; I'spyp's l>iarjr,
3 Tola. 1889 ; KTeLya'ti Dinry.] N. M.
WHI3T0M, JOHN (d. 1780), hookaeUar,
was Tbi! son of 'William Whiaton [i\. v.], and
wo^ probably txini wiibin five yeara of hia
fatbHt's mnrria(;H in I 111*!*, thontih be is
known to have bofu a voutiger son. He net
up an a bi>'>ki«'l!fr in Fleet Street, and en-
joyed the croveled, though nominal, dtstjuo
t iun of being one of the printers of the votes
i^tf the Itoiise of Commons, He waa one of
ill'.' oarliest issaera of regular priced cata-
!.'(.ni.» (NiCROM. iiY. Ane^. iii. 668). In
17Uo be bought and Uauitd u priced catalogue
of Edmund Chibbuil'it librarv. Sbotlly nffec
ibia date he soeuu lu have Wn in partner-
I
■ w$k BenjuDiB Wbti« (rf. UIM). but
tmAtmmmt\ywiiMnw»ndmctMi\»eA
■d iimmrj mad otlwr comI^ illustrated
faL laoottjnaelMfi with Wliite lio itwunl
is 1749 * Utmoin of iho Urv kikI Writing
ol Mr. lIliIliBiB Wliiar<ni.' IIi« mother dtid
ia Juioaiy 1761, Rod his iWtber follnweil hur
■a tWrw •oMUoc, whepvupon in 1763
Joba W ai^ ao imoea a 'e«rrut«d' •dition
vt tlw 'McWKn.' HiB publishinc tritdv
M«k «u 'hajW* Utvi. With O'lhnnie,
ttmha^ ami oth«r IwokKller-publisbers,
WhiMoa bnlc a iMntinff wt in piromoting'
dK 'Ke* uud Oenwu Uio^rapUicul Dic-
Itoaarjr,' uaiAd m twdrw volumva at kix
lUUtagteaeb daring 176I--J. Thv Ilritiati
MaMUlii pnMMM a copy with a lai^n niim-
Wr of «Mf||^aal natm and uddcndK writri>n
tw Whi*b>n. Olhec biofrrnpUicjil mt-moraiulu
nf BO ifTvat Talun wen? auppliod by Wliiafon
tq Jotio NicboU, and ackaowlLMlifud by him
ia fau * l.itirrBry Aoardiriea.' WIiiHlon'sfihop
waa kiwmD an a m-titing-placu and hoosB of
rail for nufo of Irttwrv, «nd a cnmic vncoiin-
Ur n foporttid lo haTc laki-n pliu:i> tlu^rc ho-
twata Warbarton »ni\ hi* itdvemary, Dr.
John Ja<?kB/Mi. In 1 7(ti'> M'hiR^m boiifjhtllic
hhnry of Adam Andfnnn (my2)--l7ti&)
[(). v.f llu |>r'jbu)ily ntired «oon sfl^ir this,
and n'jlliinf; fcinliiT is kuown of liiin nve
thaib«dw<l(in.'lMay )7H0. Iliscld^r brother,
i Eifir^vWbiatODt U slated tu havi' bunu for a
timxuMOciatW with biiii in tin- Flwl Rtrcet
hll»in«^u fXiclMit^, 7'i/. Aufrtl. vVi'i. ^7^), and
lo liave died at St. AlbunH abmi). 1775.
[KicboU* Literary AnrAloliuiikniil Lit. tllus-
tratiwia. inAmx, frwt ; Alltlionn'a Itirl.. nf Kng-
lUi liuirutoro; Titopirrloy's Cyclopodia. lS4'i,
pp. 772. 782.) T. S.
WraSTON. WILLIAM fltlB7-17ftJ),
divin*-, boni at NorLon iiisto Twynraaae,
Iv«icL'«l«rBliir»^, on t4 Di^c. JW7, nun tile son
of Jomiiih Whidtoi). n^tor of tho purish, by
Catborioe, dausbi«r of Uabriel Rosae, the
pmvioiu incani[K<fLt, who died in )0W. Th>*
cldtT WIiIhI'jii hnd bufn u prc^byttriun, um)
only ju*t fjirupi^d njirrtion alWr th« Itestorn-
tion. Ho wae, ncffordinf to \m mn, vnry
dilijcnt in lii« diiUrii, cvuri iiftttr \w hiul ln*-
enm<> blind, lAni<>, nnd, fnr n tinio, deaf. In
his hoyliiod Willinm was i>inplr)5i<d lu tiis
fatlii^'K nmnnuf'-n»i>i.unil tin- ron»>'qni*n!. r^n-
Snement. ho cLou^lii, In-lped to make him
ft ' vtilctudinnrian anil fire^lly eiibjocl. to tbi-
fiatu* Jit/pwAu/flriaci' iUrou((lioiit hU life.
11)31 fiillier was his only tf^octier until ItitM,
when bo viui sent to aeliuol ut Tainwiirth.
Tlio iiuutrr nim (liMirjp^ Antrolm*, wlirMi*
datLrht«r Kiirh becamo his wife in 1(11)0.
In lOaiB li« was Kut to Clarv Hull, Cam-
brid^. He was an iodosirioaa aludsBt,
Surtteulorljr in iwulieniaboii, hat had lawh
ifficiUiy m aupportinf; himwU'. w lua
father had died in Jannnry 108&-6, Uavine
a widow and mveu cbildzea. Ue Daaa«a
to tiVB upou lUO/. till be took bia IIJ^ de-
gTTfi ill 109O. II'< was t-l«4.tud lo a fidleir*
jthi^j on 16 July lO-'M (-Vemoirt, p. 73). and
graduated 3)1. A. in liiii'i. He bad Mruples
a« to tnking th« a«thk toWiUiun aod Han*,
and resolvfid not to apply to any buliop who
bad laken the plaoa of on* of the drariv^
nonjiimrR. He thorefore vent to WHiam
LloVd (m:^-17I7) fq- ^0. >«•««? of Lich-
fiL-ld. bv whom hi^ was ordained dMOOO in
September 1W3. He returned to Oambridge.
inleDdin^ to lakepupilii. IleniUfil haT«b««n
rcganlod as a youn^ man of 1iit;b promise.
.\rchbiiihop Tillotsoii (also educated at CUrB
Hall) flirnt a itopbew to ho one of hispuiuls.
Wliiitou'i ill-hi-altb, however, decidcNiliiin
to g-ir« up tuition. Ilia 'bosom friend' Ki-
churd Lnn^htotx woschaplaio to John Moore
<I04H-I714) [ci- V.J, bishop of Xorwicb.
Moore had preriaualy fpoi Whiaton !iL, lo
}wlp him n« n ■tuclent, and now allownl an
excnnn^ of jdIocds betwt^n WhUton and
Laujlhton. ftliile chaplain to Moore, Whiston
published bis flrnt book. IIb bnd been ' ipio-
minioualy studying the ficiitioiw hypotheae*
of the Onrtrsiiiri philosophy' at Cambrid^,
but hi! hod buurd sumu of Nuwton's teciolM,
and was induced to hI udv the ' 1*ri»Hpta' bT a
paper of Dovid (Jregory ( ItWI - 170ft) [q. V.]
Ill* *\<'w TbiHiry "f thii Karlh' was aiib-
niitted in manuscript to Newton lumfii'lf, to
Wren, sue! lo Itenllev. It was praised by
Locke (letter to Molynens of i?a Feb. 1696),
who thniij{b( that writers who aogge^tM
m^wbypntlioscsoupbt ro be modt cnmiiniged.
Wliistdii's Apeculatiou wa» nu'ant to auper-
sede the previous theorv of Thomas Bumet
(l<i;jrjf-1710) [o.r.] of (be aiarlerbouse.
He coufinnMl tliw riarraitie in <lt-ui9>tii on
Nuwlonian jTroiinds, esplainiiifr the deln^
Ijv collifinn with n cumi.it. In I69r( li« wit
prPAcnted by liishnp Mnom to the viear-
ag^ of I.nwestofl-witli-Kifisin(;luid in Sof-
fiilU, worth about VJdi. n rear afur allow-
ing for a cunilG at Iviesiii^tand. He set up
an t-nrly st^rrice in a chapel, preached twiee
II day ut the church, nna gave cat«cbelioal
leetiires. Tart of the lilbeit of Kiaaincland
bflon^.'cd to John Itnron (afV6m*anl« dean of
Norwich), who nffftrtid to Mill bis pn^erty to
the church for eight yejira' purcDaae(100f.)
Winston sot up a FubfiTi)'tion, ndvaacin|[
W/. hiin%''Tf, and nitimatrly fu-ttledtbe tithe
upon the vicara^ on being reimbursed Eat
bis own expenses. HisRUCC^ssorafterwaHa
made him a yearly preMbt of five guineas.
Ft."
«
which wu of eonaidcmhle importeniw U»
him. la 1701 Wljutoti v/an ii[iM>lnt«d deputy
to NeWUin's liuoasitia i>roIei*M)r^iip. He
publisliLMl an iMlilioii uf ' Euclid ' for tin; use
of ittuiIriilA. lu iron lit- KucceMli^ Newton
sft pnfeaeor, and g&ve up liU livitiL'. IK- di>-
ItvRTvd locturvs ( nff'Twiinlji publiwieii) uimih
mm h^nuitirA and natural pl)iln>«ophr, and
K-as atnoD^ tlie tint to populiirii-e llw N«w-
toniAii tlieoriod. Itogi-r Cot<^ fq, v.] wasv np-
puio1t;(I to tlie uew I'lumian proreseor^liip la
iTUtt, chiefly upon Whislon's mwmini-Ddu-
tioot uid ia tb« nuti year he joiut.'d Coica io
a aeries of Kietitific eX|M*rii]ieDl«. In 1707
be WII8 alio permitted Ly thL> author lo pub-
lijih N«!Wlon» ' Antliiwlicii L'liivpnuili-*."
'Whlfiton wa» artive in other wsya, He com-
plMiriK of llii> pni'iicc of ihv tintf m n^iinl
infi'llowahip >?le<M ions. Thp rnn(!i(!nteaMrae-
, tim>.'a rPi.-')nimt.'Tidtsl thi'msdves by proweea
'w ilxinkin^. WhUtoti propoflrd rvfonn» of
FTario us kinds ( M^mtArt, pp . 4 2, 1 1 1 ). He waa
also R member xf tlie Society I'or i'mtnolino'
Cbrittttan Knowlwlif. fnumled by bis friend
Thomas Hray (1WHJ-I7a0) [q. v.], and wrot*
a momorial for iwttin^ up charity »cIioo]a
tluouaitiout (Ii« kingduui. M<.-anwbile Whi»-
Iton,liKP Newton, haid unluckilybeen combin-
iaa scitintifii: wilb iLeulogioiI in'iuinv^. lit-
dt-livBtt-d \\u: IVjylf li-ctumi ill 1707, and in
1706 lif! wrolt> an ' impprfi'ci ' f»wnr Hpt>n the
'Apostnltci) Constituiinnc,' which ibw vic(>-
ehoncf^'llor rcfuwHl lo licence. Wbiston wrot«
to the arclibisbops in July 1708, iiiforniinif
kthcm that be vrsa entonn^ upon an important
Enquiry, li k-d hiin to ibc i-'MiduKioii that
Bie ' Apostolical Ciin.-tilntiiinA' was' t ho most
Mend of thf canunivul books of tbo Nrw
Tcatamctil,' and tlinr tlir arct'pted doctrint-
ofthg Trinity vras ("rroneoua. Rt-poriH tbat
hn wa> an Arian, or, a* be call<-d (limiirir, a
Koseliian, hfgnn to sprv-atl, and liin friends
Temonstml«d. He told lh«m that ibpymif^t
u anon p^isiiade tb>- itiiii to h-Av« lb« Armn'
ment as cban^ bis resolution. Ho wati
finally au mm onvd bcfor<- ibe beads of bootses.
Bndb«niilu.'dfroutbeunivvr»iiyAnddt-privi;d
LAf his professor* bip, 'M Oct. 1710. Wbistoti
not to London with his family, and to-
tbe end of 1711 pnblialiKd hja rJiief
It, 'PrimitivaChristianity Revived.' The '
WAS taken up by convocation, whtcb
voted an addreaH for hU pro^r-rntion. Various
dalays took place, till in 1714 a 'court' of
dal^»t«8 was Appointed by th^ lord cban-
«e1[or for his trial. The proceedings aiminet <
him w#re dropped aftor the di-atb of IJufon
Anae. (WbiMon piibli^hwl an aci-ouut of
the proceedinija againsl him at Cambridfre
in 1711 and 17IS. Various 'pnpuni' rvlat-
ing to the prucewlings in convocation and '
the roort of d(*le{||ate« wer« pnbliihni b^
him Id I7Ifi. See ahw appendices to Prim\-
tiw Vhr\HtaMitu,h,nA CoKBETi's.VVii/f Tn'aUj
XV. 703-101. \Vlit8ton wob known to nianj
tcadtng divines nf ibe time, espi'cially CO
Samuel Clarkw, trbo had Huc«couttd him a«
cbauloiii Ui Muon^, and Hoadly, tvlio iiym-
patliijiod with some of hi* vihwa, but were
CMutioTiM in avowing ibvir opinions. Wbistoo
was now a poor man. He atatin (^M^moiri,
p. 'J'W) tbat he bad a small fartn near New-
market, and that b<^ n'ceivfd fci)^^ from
varioua friends, and bad in later veitrs a life
annuity of "JU/. from .Sir.Io«C[ib Jtkyll [fl- v.],
and -10^. u ytwr from Quet-u C'lvruliiii} (con-
linuc'd,it is si3id,afl(.Tlii^r death bylieorgell).
Tbi.-X',' ineuni^, tojjvther with ' vclijx^HTe, cuiuuts,
and l«ctut>-»,' ^-ave bim 'such u coiupetenoy
a» K'^atly coiittnltd him.' ANTien Prince
EugetiL' come to London in 17ll-li,WhisL0a
printed a nc^w dedication to a prrvioua >-aaa^
upoti the Apocalypao, [raintinff out tbat tm
pritui^ bail liilfilleu tuime nf tTir propbpvies.
The prince bad not been awart', lie replied,
thai lirt .' Iind tlm bommr of beinf^ known to
St. John.' but sent ihn inteqirctcr fiftcea
giiineuA. In 1712 Whifirnu made n charoo-
fcrit»iic aitcmpt to impro^-« his finance.
Simon I'strick, bishop of Kiy, bad in 170^
promised him a prebend which wo-s esjwcted
lo he vacated upon Thouiu* Turnor'H n-fuFol
Iotakothenath9[seeTrRXi:K,Tiio)(A», HU.'W
1714]. Wbifiton Eiipposed (erronmusly, i(
iu.*>4n\*> that Turner monagvd to <>Tade the
oath and to keop hii) prebend. In 171^ he
wrote lo Turner mentioninif thin as a fact,
and 'hinting' hi« expectations. Turner, he
thoiiglit.baviiig wronjifullvkept the prebend,
ouf^ht to contribute to the aupjiori of the
riabtful owner, Tumur look no nolicv of
what must have looked like an nttempl at
extortion. NVhistou kept th(.> &ucrel, how-
evcr,and in I7.')l np]Hiil<'tl in the coqtorotion
to which Turner hnd left a fortune, stating
fiinl bf bad Ici«t \,'2(W. by bis aoqiiiesceuce.
He wosa^in obliged 'IoaIi down con tcnt4.-d*
witboiil any compemwlion.
Whiston was one of th* ftnX, if not the
first person, to give lectures with osperi-
mpRtfl in I»Tidi-in (cf. DESiori.iElts, JoHS
Tit0>riiitxs, and IIe Mouoak. Budgft ^
I'nrtid'txf*, p. 9;i). ile co-openitRd in nomn
of them wiib the elder Fmncis Hauksbee
fq.v.) Tliff lirHl.ui'KiiKxtronomv. werojiivefl
St niitton's eoffee-liDUB*' by the help of Addi-
S'ni ami Slm.-In ( .VrMiwV.c, p, l'07), both of
whom \\f kni w well. H>^ Biniift.-J ^reat men
by his frank rebukes. Ho asked Steele oa« day
how bf roiild *pc»k for tlie Soiitbwn directors
after writing against them, StL^lcKpliadi'Mr.
Whiaton, you can walk on foot and 1 cannot.*
J
Whiston
13
Whiston
IVImb he KUggeated to Cnig^ that bontuty
night ha thL'UMt puUcy, Crn^^ rupliL'tl tliat
M (•InttfStiinii migbl Ix: boiii»l fur a fnrliii^bl,
but tlmt it would not da far a month.
Whiston asliiif] turn whitthrr luiliml nvitr triwl
for ft fortnigliT (Nichih-s IJl. Aaivd. i. 1104).
W'hiaton'a absolutt' honestv was Bd[iiiU<<d by
his cniiii^mporariu^ whom )i>''(]iMinn<-rt by his
^implii'iiy. lie {fives T&rioiLs aaecdou-i) of
the perpiexilioS into which he brought othi.T
cliirgyiDuii b,v iii»Uttug iipou their mJcitt^
uotiua of rice in high poailioii;). la I'lu hi<
started a eucitily iur proinoliiig [iritnitivu
ChriitC.iiLntty.wliitb hi-ld w.-i-kly un!fliii)jn iit
his hnuse in (.'nicB Strpct, Ilutton Gnrdt-ii,
for two jean*. Th" ch«irn«in WL-rc iiu<,xv«-
ftivelT tli« bopriat Jahn Oale [g. v.], Arihtir
(JdsIow [q.v.] i^srtv-TwartJsspvaKvri, and cbu
unitArinn Tbomns Kiiilyn [q. v.] («oe W.
Ci-^Kny'a Hffmi'tm; and for nn ncroiint of
the suhiecia ilisciiM^d, Wiil-fToXB T/iire
'fratU, 1742). To this Rocietv he inyit«d
Clarki>, ILoudly, and Hare, who, Lowev<?r,
did not bttend. ^Vhiflton ^ntm on parricki-
larly iutimuUt lermit wiib Otnrkc. I'lurW
probably introduced him to the lVinc«?M of
Wftlea (afturwurds Qu^-un CaruHiio), who
nnjiiywl Whi5l.Oiro ]ibutmt-»-t of s|>e<!!ch and
took bU peprnofegood-bumourodly. Amonp
the niembor« of WhiRtori'ii imcirty wiw Thii-
ma» Kundle ^>). v.] ^aftiTwanla biahnp of
Derry). Whiston wa» alter wunls shocked by
heahnif that Kundlo attributed thL' 'Apos-
tolical OoDflitutioii*' to lhi« fourth cenitiry,
and Miid, ' iMakia him dean of Durham,
and tUvy will nut hf writtvu till the fifth.'
Annthrr nn-uilM^r wint Tbiimas (.'hubb [q.Y.J,
of whoHo fint book he procured tho publiua-
tion. H« bait nftfrwimln In altiutlt I'hubb'H
more deruloptd duiacu. A mom decided
opponent w«» Anthony Colliiii! fa. v.],
wliOMt two bookn on the '(iri^iinj^ and
Iteesone,' &«. (17:;4), and Ihp 'Schnsme nf
Literal Propht-cy' (]7'2T) are prufedsud ly
dinjct«d against Whifton's viuw of tlio
prophecioH. In the first (p. '^7^1 h« pivca
' an account of Mr. Whimuit hiin^i'ir,' prai«-
in(i bis inte|;rtiy and xaal. WUiAtoti, ha anys,
visits persons of the hiffhesL rniik mid • fn'-
r'ntx t-liv most ijublir. cofl«e-boiia<-ji,' where
dorpy fly befor<> him. WTiifiton wna
ri^'alledinpopular^atitnuiionbythnl'occWi-
a»tical nioiinti'hniik ' Joliii Henley [i\,. vj thp
'onHor.' Whiston uccuiwd Ilenlwy of im-
morality, atid proposed in vain that he »hauhl
aubtnit loa trtal uccnrdiug [o the* rules of the
primitive church. Tht: bishop of Londoa dr-
olared that lh«r\; was no canon now in force
for the punioiw, and HenUy retorted by rt-
proMfhinif Whiston fur bowing bia knuo iu
Ck« houMt of Himmou, thai is, atttfuding the
Anglican a«rvic«s (Wuistos, jVmotra, pp.
'2\r>, 327. and biB pamphlet 3fr. HenUyi
littterx nnii Ailvrrttnemmtii, tcith Nnfrj by
Mr. H'A*>f(>n,'I7l'7,wbidi ia not,asLowndi^
MV", ' iilinnat unrvadahle ' on account of it*
'aciirrilily').
M'biston meanwhile kept up hia nutiMH
mnticft. He nadv varioua nti<MDpi4 lode-
vise means for discovering ibf longitude. A
Urge reward for ■ sueceasful att«mpt waft
ol!'(rred by parliuuieiu. Whiaton co-op<iraled
with iliiiuphr^v llitton [q. v. J in a achcma
piihtii>hrd in ^714, which ^'as obvioudj
cbJiai^rti-al. In 17:20 bo jmbliahnd a new
plan foundnd on the 'dipping of the nc«dle.*
improvtrd in 17:il, but al'ttirwardu found
that hia ' labour had been in Tain.* A
public aub»cription, however, was raised
in 17:2] to reward biro and <^&ab1c him lo
carry on hia rttttearchmt. Th& king gate
10<l/., and the tot^tl was 470^ Sm. tjti
Another duin of Ji<X)f. wna raia«d for him
about 1710, the whole of which, however,
WOA spt^nt in a survcr of the coasts, for
which be vmployvd u iir. Iteuabaw in 17-14.
A chart waa laaiied, which he declare* to be
ibv moHt correct lutht'tlo puhllahud. In
1720 a propoMil to nl^-ct hiiti u fellow of th«
Hoyal Soeitty wna defeated by Newton.
Newton, aiTiirdiiiig lo Whiston, could not
bear to be coniradiRted in hici old age, and
(or the last tbirteen years of hia life was
afraid of Whiston, who waa always rcadyto
contradict any one.
Whiston lectured upon varioua aubjectft,
comprising tuuteur«, ocUps^s, and aarUl'
quakes, which li« connected mure or leas
with tho fulhlmeiit of propheciw. In I72fl
ht! had ituHli'bi miule of t lie tabcmiicle of
Muaea and the temple of Jonualem, and
nftcnvnrd* iMctiireid upon tb«m at London,
Bristol, Halb, and Tuiibndge AVelU. Them
lectures and ntbi're preparatory to the Tt^
ittoratinn of thv Jews to Palestine (an event
which he regarded oa rapidly approaching)
were to be hia 'peculiar busiueas' bence-
forch. llo cotiiinut^d, however, to puhliah a
I vavit-ty of pamphlets and lreati»>s ui>ori hi*
I fiivouriti! lopi[». Ilia most succesaful work,
the trunalutton of Jc>»rjihiiit, wil.b wwral
diaaertationa addcjl, appparecl in 17R7, and
bus )»ince, in Hpitv of defective scholarship,
been the estahltahed verainn. In 17<'S), om
the deHlh of bis succ^-ssor in the Cambridge
rrolV-dfwirahip, Nicholas Saundcrson [q. v,"*
be applied lo be reinstated in his
but reccin-d no answer. In his laat
he took up a few moru fancies, or,
Eut it, made some new diacoveriuiu
ecaiuo coiirincud chut unoinliiig the aiok
with oil was a Uhriattan duty. lie found
I
that tbu practice l»d been curied on iritb
mucli Huccess br the baptists. U*; bad
httliL-rtu Btti-ndi'^ tbi< servicer of the cburcb
of Kcifflond, tbnuab in I71'.> Iltmry Socbe-
Tfiretl [q>v.] Uua Rndcavminji] to ftxelude
1)im rrniu tlie pitriab cburcb. WliUton de-
clired oil oS«r from a Iswyt-r tn pnweciittf
&achfv«.>n>ll Enituitously, Nayinft tbot it
-troiiM proTA nim to be * n-i fooliAti and oaa-
cionate M the doctor bimself.' IlcpubUsuml
• curiou 'AMOiint* of I>r. ' Sncocvorf!ir.i
^rtoroco^diDga ' in tbls maiter in 1719. (ira-
^^Btinlly be became utioninfoTl«ble iib«>ut tho
^^^Lhaouian cra«d, and fiimlly gnvi* up com-
^Bnunion witb the cburcb and joined tbc ba^
^■tiats after TrintlT SundiLv 1747. H>' bi.'ard
a good cbaracttT of the MontviaiiN, but was
cined by perceivinp tbeir ' we«liDea« and eu-
tbtwiasm. H in 'most fnnioii* di»cnveiry,' nr
ntviral nra diii«»««rT, wo* tbul tbe Tartars
were tbe loat tribt.'S. Uo was still IwturiDg
at Tiitibrid^it WtdU in 174(1 wbf>n be an- I
nniinced that the millenniuTn would ht-ipn
in twenty yv»n, and tbat tb^rv vrnuM tliirn
Pno more enmine^tablfls at Tnnhridge
ells or infidels in Cbriatendom (Af^moirt,
p. ;t3:)). Tic appears there in 174114 in th".
Wi-U-known picture pr«flxed to the third
volume of the ' Iticharaaon CorrespondciMw.'
Id 17^} bv gave anotber ivTivf of l«ctur««
(piiblish«-d in second voUitne of ' Siemoira '),
abowinp hnw hi-i predictions were eonfimied
rbr th*" •:«rth(]ual[ti of tint yei»r, and (bat
^Isry Toft ij. t.I, the rabbi t-wninan, bad
been foretol<f in tb* bonk of Esdnw.
j^ Whistoii dirti on 32 Aug. 1763 at the
'f' hou9« of ^imoual Darker, busband of bi«
'^ oniydau^blcr, at Lrndon. Itutland, IIowaH
buriird at Lyndon ix*«ide bis wife, who died
in January i7oO-l. II* left two sons, George
and Jobn [q. t.J A youu^ brothi-r, Danii^l,
■wiu for flftytno yvan curate of .Soreenihiim.
He agreed witb bin brother's views, and
-wrot« a ' IVimitivr Cut^-cbi^ni,' p«Wi«bM by
his brother. H*" TV'fusod prfifftr!npnl.s from
unwillin^css to make the neceraarx sub*
script ions, and wiu prote<c.t4-d. it is mid, at
the sutTffeation of Samui^l Clarke, by the
ticbcss of Marlboroiif;b (Nifiiot,'*. Lit.
'A»e*^. viii. 376-7). Ilo in apimrmitly tbu
Dani«l who died on lit April I751t, aged ^3
(i4. i. fiOG).
\Vbi«toa b^longvd to a fniuiliar type an a
man of very aAat« bat iU-balanced inielli<ci.
liis leamiuz was great, faowKwr fanciful \u*
theories, and he no doubt hftp<^ tn call at-
ICDtionto important points in ecclp«ta»tii'Bl
history. Thi? clinrm of his Mmplt>-mind«l
boncfly gives great intt^rest to his autobio-
graphy; thoiiKb a Urge part of it is occupii^d
■witli rather liresomL- accoutiu of his wrilmgs
i
and careful diivctiona for their ireatmont by
the fiitnr« r^publJshers, wbo have not yet
ap-jteared. In manv re*peclJ» hw strongly re-
sembles the Vicar of Wakefield, who adopted
bi« priacipleti of monogamy. Hie condem-
aation of lloadly upon tbat and other
BTOurds is in the spirit of I»p. IVimmd.*
{MrtH'jir*, p. 209). It w not impn^bable that
Whiston was more or leaa in Goldamith'a
mind whitn hi- wrotv bis masterpiece.
Wbiaton's portrait, by Mr*. Snrab lloadly,
is in tbe National I'ortruit Gallery of Lon-
don. A cbftract<>ri»tic portrait, by II. White,
is etttrraved in his ' MtunoirV and abm in
Nichols's ' Litt-rary Anecdotes' (i. 41M).
Anoihi-r by Vertuo was angrawd in 1720.
Wbiaton's works, omillmu- a Uvi occn-
Htonal papi-rs, are: 1, *A New Theory of
the I'^anii,' &c., lOWJ; appvndix added to
Bth edit.l73«. 1. * Short Vii-w of the Chro-
uoloijy of ihu Old Tfelament/ ftc, 1702.
a. ' Essay on the Ilevclntlon of 8t. John,'
170(1 (nearly tlie same a<i * Syncbronismo*
rum A )KMl (ilii-iiriim Series," ITI^). 4. ' Pne-
lectionRe AHtronomictc/ 1707 Tin Kngli<t1i
iTi 171'> Htid 172tf). 5. 'Tboacooiupli»hiui.'nt
of Scripture Prophpcica/ I70B (lloylr b-r-
luren). tt. ' SermoDB and Kuavt upon eevcral
Subjects/ 1700. 7. ' I'HBlectionM I'hysio-
Alaihematicio,' 1710 (iu English in Iftfl).
8. * Essay upon tbe Teaching of St. f^atius,'
1710. 9. 'ilbloricalPrsifiiiw,'l'IO(in 1711
prftiied to ' Primitive Obristianity,' aud re-
publifihed separolelr in I71ft). * 10. Two
'|{.-p]ie-(o!)r. .VIJen.'lTll. I J. ' Rcmaiks
upon I>r. Grabi^s's ' Bmiiv upon two Arabick
MSS.,' 1711. \-2. ' IVinoitivH Christianity
revived/ 1711. 4 vols. 8vo (.-ontaining
ibe Epistles of Iguutiuti, tbe 'Apostolical
CotutituIJons/ and dissertations; a fifth
voluiuw, cotituiniug tiio ' Kecngnitions of
("lempnt/ woji addi--(] iiiJ7l2). 13. ' Atbana-
sius convicted of Forgery," 1713. 14. *IVi-
iiiitivn Infunt llapttsm revived,' 1712.
Ifi. ' Reflexions on an .iLUonymous Pam-
phlet' (i-e. Collins's 'Discount of Free-
thinking'), 1713. 16. 'Throe lisaays' (on
tbe Council of Nice, 'Ancient Monuments
relating to the Trinity,' Ac, and * Tb.>
Liturgy ofthe Church of England reduced
nearer to the Primitivi- Htandnrd '), 1713.
17. ' .\ Coiirw of Mechanical, Optical, Hy-
dr<3«taiical, and Pneuniatical Ejiperiments,*
1713 (w-ith F. Haiikiibpe). IK 'A New
M^thfid of discovering the Longiludu,*17I4
(with llumphrpy llirtony 10. 'An Argu-
ment to prove tbiit ... all Poisotis Bolumnly,
though irwffiilarly, net apart for the .Ministry
are real Clerffyroen . . .,' I7I4. 30, 'A
j Vindication of tbo Sibylline (Jraclivi,' 17IB.
I 21. 'St. Clemenl's and St. Irenioua'a Vindi-
VVhiston
u
\V hi taker
Mtioo of the Apostolical Otuiskitutiou,*
171ft. 22. 'An Awxnmt at a Surwrixing
Meuor,' KItt (Anotlur in 1719). 2.1 'An
AddtMa to the J*riDoe8 ... of Europe for
lb« AdmiMion ... of the Christiitu l!«U-
pOD to tbtfir Dominions,' 1716. ;^4. ' Atitm-
noinic^kl I'rincipW of R'-lifjion,' 1717.
Sa. 'Scripiuru Folitie*,' 1717 (to which is
wldcnl 'The Su{ipo«al, or a New St:liem« uf
GoTenuiusnt,' privKU'ljr i)rint'.-cl in 1712}.
89. 'A Debnw of tli« lti»liop of tendon,'
17I9[ a second 'Defangf,' ITli). 27. 'Cnm-
mntsiTon lh« Thrm Cntliollc EpUtlcs of
fit. John,' 1710. 2*. 'Irfttcr to ih« Fjirl of
Nottiogbam canc«rning tho Etemilrofthe
SoaofOod/ 1719, nix cdilinnii; 'lU-i)ly'to
tlwHiiwia 1721. 29. 'The true Origin of
tile SaboUiftn and .\thanuiAii DoetrliiM of
tho Trinity,* 17:!0. 3U. ' The l^nj^itudu and
LatituOt.* diMOTered by the Inchnatory or
Dipping XcwHt," 1721. 31. * A Chronolo-
gical Tublv, C'jutaininit th« ll«hrow, Phceni-
cian, Kgrptioa, and Chaldean AntiijuitiiM,'
1721. 32. 'An Kuoy lowatdfroelDnng Hr-
Tni*- Text of the (»ld TestsmtnL,' 1722
(' fiupplemenl ' in 1723). 33. 'The Calcu-
lation of SoUr Kirlipsefl without I'limllnxes,'
1724. ."il. 'TIip Literal AcconipUiJiniRni of
Scripture IVophBcii-s," 17:J4 ; (vnnw^r to Col-
lins's 'Ciroiimu and Ruaaona' ('Siip|ilflmcnt*
in l"2->). 9H. 'Of the Thunderiinf Legion,"
172fi. 30. * A Collection of Authentick
Records, IwlDugius lo the Old and New
Tiwlnnu'lit.'* • {in Kngliah), 1727. 37. 'Tin.
noreb Covenant, ruvivod,' 1730. 3«. 'Ilia-
torical Mtunoirg . . . of Dr. Snmii-] Clarki?,'
1730 (threat cilitions'l. 39. ' Paraphnwo on
the Book of Job,' I T.'SS. 4(K ' The TMlimony
ofl'hlcffon viiidiriiiwl,'1732. II. 'Six l>t8*cr-
tfttiona/1731. ■i^.'AtbnnHsianForgeriea.Iin-
poaitioiui, and Intoqiolniiona' (by a 'Lorer
of Truth'). 1"3(}. -13. 'The I'mnilifK Eu-
charist n-Tived,' 173tJ (af^aiiist llitadly'n
'Plain Account'). 11. ■ Tho Astronomical
Year/ l?:*?. 4fi. 'Tla- (Jeuuiim n..rt<» of
Flariiis .loftephiia, lh« Jewish Historian, in
English; 1737 (often n^rirl^d till 1879),
46. ' An AccnunC of the DiBmoniafJifl,' I7.ir.
47. 'Thtt Lonffitudy found by the Ellipses
. . . of Jupiter's Hancts,* ir"3H. 18. 'Tho
Eteniity ot Hull Torments considered,* 17*10.
49. 'Three 'IVacts,' I74;i. r.l). 'The IVimi-
thre New ToHtamitnt in Knitlish,' 1745.
61, 'SacH'tl Hi»lorv of the Olil and New
Teatament; reduced inlu Annnii),' 174^.
52, 'Memoirs of the IjilVt and Writing* of
Mr. WilliAm Whiston, containing sRveral of
hi« Friends also, and writtt'n by Himself,'
174W; 2nd edit. 17ft3.
[Whidton's Mnmoini is the chief autboritj for
his lifa. BafwonoM abor* aro to the second edi-
tion. OthM- fieta are raeatiaBad in bla Tntuu
.See sUd Nidiola'a Lit. A.nKd. i. 4M-aOS. fat
nutneruos refereaceii to Wliiiton's rarious CQOU^
Ter)iMa,aee the Initx tathcfiametroA.JL.8.
WUITAKER. [.See also WHinacRB.]
WHITAKEE. Sir EDWARD (1080-
173r)(,lwmin IdtfO. admiral, waa on 10 Oct.
1688 aii)>ainle(t lieutenant of the Swallow,
then commanded hr Matthow (afterwatds
l^onl) AvhoMr [n-v.] In 1089 bn was in tlu
>lary, in 1(100 again with Aylmer, in tbe
Koyal Knlh«rinw, and on l.'S Slay 1090 lia
wa-t promoted to he mptain of the Dorer
of 44 guns, in nhich. during tba follcnrias
three yoni^i, h« madd tfvenl rich ftitta ana
captured many nf the French priTBt«en. In
16U3-4 lie was flag-capUin to Aylmcr in the
ICoyal Sovereign. In lfi9<'>-6 h« suceeasiTely
coiumanded the Eliiabeth, Monclc, and St.
Andrew, and was flag-copt&in to Sir Clow-
dteloy Sliovi'll [q. v.] in the Victory, ta
169S he was living at Leigh in fls«ex. la
Mav 1690 ho woa aupointod to the Portland,
iLti;[ oil 13 Jan. 1701-3 to the Kanelogh, one
of the Itdy ships commiaeioned on the nna
day- A month luttr, 1t1 Frli., h« wasap*
poinHvd mftftli^r-attendant at Woolwich, and
seems to have held the otfice through thii
jaar. On 4 Jan. 1702-3 he waa appoiottd
to the lleMoration, and, a few daya later,
from her to the Dorsetshire, on« of the Ba«t
with Itooko in the Meditenaneau iii 17(M.
In tlin rapture! of (lihrallar Whitaker actml
08 aidt^-dfMmmp to Sir Oeoign BjTig fq. v.],
' hi« sliip not bring upon Mrvioc,' com-
manded the bonta in the attack, rallied the
meu when pauic-struck by the .•xploeion of
a nagnzitic, ard hoisted the English edoun
on the baation. In the battle of Malaga
the Dorset shin' was one of the rod wiuadron,
and wus closely 4>ugag«d throughout. In
17U.1 Whitaker commanded tho Oarfleur ;
early in 1706 he was promoted to hv war-
lulmirnl of lh<i lil\i<^, was hnighled, and ap-
Eninted to cnmmand a equadron off Dun-
irk. In .\pril he cnn^-oywl the Duke of
.Marlborough to Holland.
In I70y, with his flog in the Northum-
berland, he w«nt out to tlw Mediterranean
with .Sir John Leake [q. v.], and in August
commanded the detachment which eo-
onernted in (hfl r«ducliuu of Minorca.
Whpn LBakii returned to England, Whitaker
rc.mnined in command, and tin 2l Dec nrat
promoted to be vici^admiral of the blue. A
commisHon of 20 Dec. to be admiral of tlte
blue seems to hare afterwards bwn canc»II«d,
and on llNor. 1 709 ho waa mode vice-admiral
of tho white. In January 1708-9 h» waa re-
lieved from the command in chief io tlie
_^ inMa by Sir Qeotge Byngt ■with
whom Ik remaiaed *e second, till be aaain
bectine chief by Uyng'i return to Enilaiid
in July ITOd. In lliu ftummcr uf 1710 h«
aUo mlunted to England, mid bad no
farther aea semcc. ife livod afterwards in
retira-mont, nnd tli«d on '20 \uv. I7!i't itt
Canhallon in Surrey, where he vaa buried.
His will (in Soownwt Tlouw: Duciv, iiWi
wft.<« proTtd on .1 Dm. by bin ni(>co, -Mnry
Whitakei, epinster, sole executrix. Ilia
vrifd F.iiukbuth (CilARNOCK, ti. 370) dt<<d
on \ Si'pt. 1727. The will mentions his
mepbevr, Capuiia Samuel Whitalcer [i^. iii.
113), who, aa comnADdmi^ a ftbip «i
Gibrmltar and Malaga, ba* bueo oft«n con-
fu!i«d with bis uncle ; and hiit gnind-
daugbtnr Ann, daiigliUtr nf hi« *nn, Caiftiiii'i
Edward Wbitakor, deceased, whn if) oruprad
to be brought up by Mary Wliitak'^r,
Pnpuntlu (ftax nnd without tlm ddvio',
tvction, or rantrol of bcr mother.' Marv
t«<rward9 married lM*r St. Eloy, wlio ad-
inistiircd Wr will on *2ll July 17Sd.
[Cluininck'it Biogr, N»v, ii. 36fi; MMOoir* r*-
Ultn^ to the Ijunl TurrinKton iCAntden Soc.).
pp. UO-3. lfll-3. 1»6 ; Udiard"* NftT»l Hisrory ;
jCftDDlnffOBd Bmy'aSiLmT, li. 617.M8: OcnI.
Uag. 1 736, p. SB2 ; OIBcial Irtlcro, luirl oommi»-
•ion and varrant boolu id lb« PnUie R«eoid
I Offlae.1 J. K. L.
■ WHITAKER, KPWARD \VILIJ.\M
^n7&2--1618), dinne, hirtorian, and pbiUn-
tbropirt, »on of William Whitakor of Lon-
don, Beijeant-at-law, born in 1752, was
matriculated nt ChrLit Church, Oxford.
■J April 1773, uud ^oduau-d U.A. 4 FuU
1777. lie waa institute to lhi« n-clory of
St. John's, Clerkenwflll, ia 1778, oftenvarda
to the rectory of Ht. .Mlldn-d, Bmod Htr««t,
London, and from 17B3 until hiii death he
hnld itw rwctory of St. Murj- -de-Castro with
that of ,\U Sainia, CnntiTburv, lit? wa«
(he founder of tbt* li^^fage for tlie Destitute.
For many Ti>ar» he n-sidL-dat llftLnm, Surrey,
rUere he kept a school, llu diid ut 13ri;au-
roet llill, Loudon, on 14 Oct. 1^18.
lit! aumerouA works includu: 1. 'Four
on th^ Uorcrina uf lh« Holy
ty, tanght thmuffliout the Scripturee,
and on othftr p«int» wniob havu of ]al« b«wa
suUecta of . . . diBeitA»ion,' Cant«rbarv,
17^, 8vo. 2. 'Sermoas on Education,'
totulon, 178*, 8to, S. '.A. Letter to the
PiMpIe of tba Jews,' London, 1788, 8vo.
4. ' A Oencral and Connoted \''i«w of thtr
Prophecies rvUtin? to tbo times of tho
Gaatil^a, delivered by our bliJAued Saviour,
tbu Fr(>plu.-L David, and the Apostles Paul
and Jobu; with a brief aocouut of their
Mcompliabment to the prasont age/ Kgham,
179fi, ISnm. An «nlarfi;ed edition wat pub-
linhed under the title of 'A Commeiiury
on the IM'olation of St. John/ London,
180-J, )*xo. 6. ' Familr Sermons,* 2nd edJI.
l,ondon, 1801-2. 3 voU. 8vu. 6. 'The
Manual of Prophi'cy,' HKfaam, 1S0)<, litma.
7. 'All Abridgment of Oniverwil Flistory,"
].oiidon, 1817, 4 to1&. 4to,
[BiogT. Dirt, of Living Autborc, 1816. n. 383 -,
Ilitrlin^'K Tycl. ItilJ. pp. 3180, 31BI; iWor'a
Alumni Oxov,. 1716-U88; Gent. Majr. 1S18,
li. -171; rinlu'a Clcrk»well. r. 329: Watt's
Bibt Brit ] T. C.
WHITAKER, SiK FRK DKRICK (1812-
l»tH I, [jfi'micr of New Zpftlnnd, cldMt son
of FrtfJirU-k Wliitnker,<leiiuty-lieuienant of
Oxfordshire, waA horn on 'JH April 181:! at
Itauipton, Oxfoidshire, and br»u(fUt up to
the prttfefisian of a Aolidtor. In \H3». »uon
after he bad qnalified, ho emif^tod to Syd-
nny, ami ihuncpwent on to New Zvalaofi in
18J0, settling down to practice at Kor^ra-
rvka, tlwn the seat of jj^ov.irumfMt, and mov-
ing with thti government to Aurklniid in I h»
following year. In 1H42 he wtia appointed
a county-court juilye; hut in 1844 theae
courtit were abulishod, and lie nnc« more rc-
t[ini<>d to the practioc of bis profvuiBion.
In 1845 Hhitulipr waj iippoint4>d an
nnollicial moiniiin' of the legislaiiv; cnmnl;
and during the fir«t nntivu war of 1K4<'> and
1846 hn was callpd uixm to serve in the
militia,of which ho waa a major. In 18.^1
he waa elected to reprf»eiit Auckland in lliv
loffialative eouncil for the province of \ew
t'lcUT; but lliu council was ("upi'rscdtsl
bL'fore meeting by thti constitution of 18W.
I'ud'.T tbu now (KiQBtilutii)R h» was elect(>d
a mfmbur of tho new provincial council, be-
coming eumewhat Inter provincial lawofliccr
Bud II Rir-mber of the provJucia] executive
council. In 1M3 hewas nominated a mt^m-
l»T of thy leKnslati\w council, and in IftM
took hLi *.-ni us such in tb« firitt general
aseembly of tlio colony. In I8W hv voa
appointod attoni«v-;7«itr*ni.t iu aucc&ssion to
William Swiiinsoti (iKKt-ltWl) [q. v.], and
later in the year liw tjecame speaker uf iho
legislative council. On 7 May 1856, with
th« intn)du<-titm of responitiblirgovfimment,
Whitaker borame fttt(imey-u;e«cnil in tb«
BelUS»we!l ministry, and," although hefrtre
the end of 3fay he was out of offico, he was
diirine .Inue again ailomey-gGncral under
(Sir) FJIward William StalTord; in thiacapa-
city he was leader of the government in tho
legislftlivo council. Tho two main qu«8tion»
which tbL* goviiniment had to face wer»
thoM of tba organiMtion of provincial ad-
mintstrations and of the Adjustmeut of nativn
rights. Uii 13 July IsOl tbuy were de-
1
Whitaker
t6
Whitaker
Atfli«B tW BBWrii of aulTeK&in muA '
lb «v tf IMOL WUtaker ww wt «r
mt f f t— 1 w ito D aw Kt ■ JKigti y withwrt :
• «Mi a tW afcdwc ; ia Odobcr tkt alai-
wi Wfcdik* hee— jfBMJLt ai oog of tfcs
■Mt awj firiod* ai tW cDloaial iMtofj.
BivUDt fiv UN ■BMnnaaaaf nfacUiDa And
Move Mltl^BBBtB WW M*Bfll^ CntHSMO*
HrvM MOB ia TolTrd ia diipstc uritk tlw
mam t taoe , Sor Gfei|p Gfqrr u te th« «»-
Ami ctf the Ibon wm, wtoek vm Uwd >1 <
JH Wight iM» A«Mf ^ CbsMMM S*mpen,
IMi ad U65). Ercotnlhr h* iwigned.
S«Mah« 16M [Me WiiSf Sn PKDERtcx
AiMsnl la iM& Iw WW devud saper-
iaUa^Mt'rf Aacthad, *aJ ia tiw ••■« year '
WW Biabar lor htaall ia tha Ikmm of »-
fi—loriiM B» M tlw vnaatamm to the
ataagerftkfeatof gOTtirwaeMfcoa Anck-
laad la W«Ui^tML Hii wekwrnw fur tbr
aiwaiiilnTiiia M the laad faad wu one of
dw dwT kaa of kii poliey.
b 1987 WUtakw mind ft«ai ibe u-
aoablr lad tht pott of Npmalaideatf mad
dovoiad hi— elf to the pnCtic* of bit pro-
todiM, Mkd to meahoop ia Tariooi boa- i
MHBt eovaeelOB with tiaiber ukd ffrutng
MwdlMBMBBg. H« WM Car luajr jrcam
ia fartMrtfcif widi Tbonu BumbII, and I
cewrad a lacntJT* private pnetiee, but
Ih iBTTWfnionn lAd speculations were un- '
fclliilwU. aad he dii^ po(>r. A mmn of
■alirn^ iadnKnr sad ecUTitT, be was % '
dbvdar of tho Beak of N>w 'ZeaUad. ihr
Htm Zealand Sagw CoapanT, the New
y»i.»i and Rirer Plate L«Bd Mortsag*
"T"j ukd other local uutitotiiMu or
Moaeica. Some of hit laod claims, aocli aa I
ne anttar of tl>e Kaho Hwanp, came bdom I
tha leiiiaTaiiiiii and were lou aubjact ofi
■eriMonoiudebair. Id 1^75 be oaee more I
Rtomed to poliiiOB, and ■v*^ elected for i
Va^MlDtotM booaeof rvprvc-ntaliti-ai; in'
flifli inbra 1870 ha became attomPT-^eBeral '
ia AdDDtoa's nnnUDent, taking later the
aortblio of poaU aad telt^apb*. His Uad
■fll thia jear waa stn-nuuualy oppoaed, aad
BthgC witbdnwa. t>n ia Oct. 1877 Che
g o aar aai ew waa defatted, and in tb»
l UMja l eleccioe whicb IbUawed ha lost hie
■eat- XUit ttie iaeominc ministry waa ahort-
lirad, aad vben Sir Jmid Hall formed hia
adaiaiatiation, \\'hiuk«r became attortte^v-
aeoaal with a eeat in the lefrisUtiw cotmcil.
it waa doriiur thb tenn of o1fio>- that h^
came iato ooWaion with Taiaroa, the Uaori
Banher, over fcta wart eoaac aettleaMDCa
bin. Oa il April 1883; oo HaU'a reMgna-
tiOD, be becaae prvmier aad reoonstracEed
theaiBte>7;aa»Se|C 1883 beraMgaed
to attend to pmate a&us. H* was iiiaiiil
K.a)LG. ia Febraan ISiyl. Ania in
Ottotar 18B7 WUMfac nanaed hii old
pMitiaa «t atlnwiar gaaial aader Sr
HcB7 ArHain, mxAm ia ibe iMB»ea tiU
hi* baaltb hagaa t« fidta 1890 ; ia Uwen-
baraflkaiwr tke wiaiatj i laajgaad, aad
Whitakar daeiM to nttw 6m oahGc lib.
He fied at bit oAoe oa * Dae. 1801, aad
waa bttraed ia Su Scefhoi's owaiety with
naaoaie knoacs aad aneb aiga of pubUe
HMHindaB.
Whitaker bw baea dairrib«I a* ' probablj
the anat maaitabia public man in S'ew
Zealand' ^GtsaoKn, opLctt. p. 71), jret he
wo^ed with WMier efliaet ia aohoniinau
poaitien thaniraan bolduif pioBiaeat offlec;
.^ a premier he haid^ aaeewded ; aa adviatf
to maav viniaUMS ha Jiiflainiii was power-
fnl aad aAdaat. Ila was aaither a ^fxA
fyf^kar iwr eoircapaedat, yex be was skil-
ful in draftiar billa in rlear and siaipla lao-
Roafe. Rtuden ntKrlv and perfaapa too
•rvrrelT cDademoa hi> hi^h-haaded potior
towarda the Maoris. lie was eertainljr pr»>
niaent in iaatigaiiaff t aaa aar aa which oo
thor lace diannnlea kha aatieca' intenat,
Whitaker awRiad, in 1S<3. Aorasu (d.
1884), nifpdaiigbl^r of AleiaiMkr Sbepheid,
coIobmI tnaaarsr of New Zealand, and left
four a ooa ■ oae of whoa waa in partaanhip^
with him— aad thtae dauphtera.
[AadJaod Wadtly He««, 11 Dee. 1»1 ;
MenaaU'a Diet, of Anstralaaaii Biogntpbj ; Ot»-
boTDr'a N«v Zaaland Rolen aad 9tat«anin ;
Ru«f«e'i Hut. vt New Zealand, rob. ii. aad iiL
pa^in] C. A. H.
WHITAKER, JEREMIAll (15W-
IO'^).pariian divine, wa^ bom at Wake-
field, ^Ofkahire, in ISEW. .■Vftet beint' «lu-
nted at the rraataiaradiool tha« turner the
Kev. l*hilip back, he catered Sidaaj-Soanx .
Cirilen, Cambridge, aa a aiaar in 1916,
jroats befoie OUror Cromwell In 181
graduated in arts, and fur a time
■cboolmanerat Oakham. Rutland. In 1630
be waa made reetor uf Stiettoti, Rnliand;
atkd on the efeetieo of Hobuu Paaka from
tbe rectorv of St. Mary MagdiUea, Bermond-
eey, in ltU4. Whitaker waa ^oaen m hi*
stead. ^Miea tbe Weetmimter aaaembly of
diriiMB waa eoaraBcd in June 18*3, be wa«
0B« of the firnt iBembeTs elected, and in
1847 waa af^Knatad noderator. In th» aam«
year he waa e^OM« by the Hou^e of \jxtAi,
alon^ with Dr. Tbomait Ihnxlurin, lo examiaa
and euperintend the a&wmblT'siHiblioatiaaa,
Whitaker diiYl on 1 Jone 16o4, and waa
buried in the cbanoel of Si. Marr Maffda-
lea's Cburcb, Bermoadaer. His epiupti is
printed in 'A N«w Vi*w of London,' I7(W
rp. S^^. Wliilei ftt Oakhana be muried
Che|ihtsibah,ikugkt«r tif Williom Pe*cli>>T,
m. puritan ininiKt^jT of Oakhum. Willtaia
WliiUker ( lrt2i»-lfir:i) [q.v.J w»-« liLs wjn,
Whitaker WAS agood oriental iiuholar, siitl
anremiltiaK in hU Libour*, pnwcUin^, whtiu
in Tjomlon. four timee a voek. A letter
fromliiml'i Cromwell uprwerred am rjnjilhii
Sloanu niaau<«npt8 in IJio Rriti-ih MmF>iini
(No. 41M, an. *>0t; b« writes to excii«<>
niiiuelf frum att«n(liiig ia twnon to pri!i»«Mit n
Inok to tile Protector, ' baing eonfiuiad to my
chamber rnd^r BXiretne torrattiitin;^ paineA
of the Etont!, which furcutli mo to cry and
inoiin« ni^lil und dij.'
[LiTiDj Iy>ran bttwMa Christ and dyiug
CbntCMUW, • fsuLTitl ■ornion Itj Sinivon Ashe,
1051: Bnok'a Livntof iho Purintn*. 1813. iii.
ISO; B*!l«f'» Life of Ttli>niA» Fuller, 18'+. p.
ill; Pmwoek'* Histwpy (rf WAkefi.-!.! OrMnntar
School. IK92.p, 122; Manning aad Bny't Aor-
rey, j. aiW. ai4.] J. U. L.
WHITAKER, JOHN a733-180^), hi*.
torianofManebnteriMHiorJaiiioji Whitakvr,
innkccppr, wiu bom at MancliMtef on
27 April 17.V>. iiud uttfodMl ihu Maochestw
Cranmuir school from January 1744-JS to
17&2, whim be ent«T«d Braseaaw Colle^,
Ox&>rd, with a tchool (•■lilbition. Hu wait
•Ic«t«(l on 2 ^farrb l7o.t a r<anca«hti«
•cholar of Corpus Chrii>ti Oolle^, aiid be-
came f^^llow on SI Jan. littS. IIo prmdu-
at«d B.A. on 24 Oct. 1766. M.A. on -.'7 F«b.
17fi8, and 11.1). on ! July 1767. H.> was or-
daimKl at Oxford in 1760, and acted els cuntu
•OOOeMivoly at N«wlon !Ii«lh chnpid, n>-(ir
ItaiichaalBr, 1760-1, and at Bray, n«rkeliira.
H« waacl»ct«id F.S.A.on 10 Jan. 1771, and
liter in the year puhli-ihed hla first work,
'The nistory of Mnnphenter,' toI. i. 4to,
ftrming boolc i,, and containin); Rriti<i1i and
Soman pertod^. A second udition of thin,
in two vol*, octavo, is dat«d 177U, and at
the 8am>> limo a quarto rolum<j of 'Thu
Principal ('orrwtionj' to the »ri|;inul mli-
tioD wan published. Tbfl second volume,
«Dbncing ttin Suson ponod* wa* published
in 1776, 4to, and never r&iuuod in octavo,
and only two of tbs projoct«d four books
w»r< oomptciod. A tranMriptof AVhttalier'i
maouficript continuation to iba flfteentb
century ia preserved at the Obetham Library,
MancbeBier. Thiti work bu bwn conned
* an antiquarian romance,' and tVancia Dunce
~ . v.], on luaring liia aiinotattd copy to the
ritiah Muaeum, applii^d thd iimppropriato
3ttbut 'blockhvad to the nuibor. Inipite
its diduxentDM and unlvnubli; hypothvaQS,
U is a Taloable and interesting booX show-
TOL. 1.XI,
[I
tag acute imeanh and profound lc«miag,
B9 well aa bold ima{;inal4on and orit^inality.
>>onio of ita weaknftisea Wi<ro ably irriliclsMl
by John Collier (Tim Bobbin) in ' RHm»rk»
on tb'.^ I tistory of SfanclnrsVr," by MuAClpula,
1 77 i, and * More Fruit from the samt* L'anater,'
1773 (cf. Tram. Lnnc. and Chfh. Antiy.
&ic. IbO-'O. \Vhitakern«l published ' The
(Imuinn tliitloryof the Itritous aMOFtt.'d in a
. . . Refutation of Mr. Macpliorftou's" Intro-
duction li> ihn llinturyiiriiTva.t Itritaiu and
Ireland,"' 1772, ftro, '2ai t-Jit, oorrectod,
177y, which would Imvc hi-nn tnn* valuiibln
if it boil beM>n \pm controversial. For a
short time 4Noremb«r 1773 to Fvbruary
1774) ho h>>]il the moroinr preacbcrahip at
l)erk<^lcy Chap-il, London, out left it owinr
to a diaput><, eontxiniinif which ba pnbliih«d
an intemperate 'Statu of tbe Cose-' While
in London h« made the acquaiutance of
Dr.Jobmonand Edward Gibbon. Tho Hrst
volume of tbe lattur't ' Uucliue and Fall
of tbe Roman Empire' was submitlod in
nanuseript to Wbilakor, but Uihbou witb<
h«ld hi* cbaptnr on (^liri.ilianily, and Whi-
rak^r rircit road it in the pubUHhi-d vulumtr,
wfaereujion be wrot« inili^tiantly to tb«
author.
In L77it he aotirely participated in mi>a-
aur<>» for tbt- imnrivi.'m<'nt of i\n? town of
Mancbi;«ter, and iu an angry paper war
wiiifh uroMi in connwtion with tho im-
pTovoment bill. During ibo n««t yi-ar bu
wrotw 'An Odv ' to promote the formation
of thf> Mancbeati^r retfimenl, iutondud for
'reducing the American rcb^Iiu' Tim regi-
ment nover r&nchcd ila destination, but
was diverted to Gibraltar, where it won ita
laureb.
On 22 Au?. 1777 he waa presented by
Corpus (.'brimi CoH^^ to the rectory of
Ituan Lauyhorn, Coniwull. Iu IIH? he
Kublii>liiid ■ Thn ( ;hiirt*r of Manchester trans-
ited, with Kxptanalioni' and liomark^,'
prepared nt the request of a roiniuittee of
jnhnbitAnt«engAffedin vindinitini^thori|;htii
of the town utralnst thf> lord of lb* mauor.
For thin service lie re«»ived the thanks of
the townapeople in 1703. In his 'Mary
tjue«n of Scola vindic«l«d,' 1787, A ToU.
8vo, bo wont beyond all previous writers
iu dttrending tbe queen and incriminating
bur enaminD. A wound edition i.t dated
1790, and to tbo Hnmit dale bnlmiga a volumo
of ' Additiona and CorrectiotiB.' Iu 1791
and 1794 be announced ihn ' Privatw Life of
Mary Queen of Scoia,' Tliia waa not pub-
lished until Goor^e Cbalmere made u*i> of
tho unfinished manuMript in hin lifi^ of tbe
queen, 1818. His * Origin of Arianism dis-
cloeed,' 1791, 8ro, wbUe praiaed by William
^Vhitake^
i8
Whitaker
TUi Milderr [q. r.) io biR BatIa leritureB,
was severolv bottdled b; Coleriaee {Literary
Rtmaini, )k)8, it. »96). In I7v)| he pub-
U«>lied 'Gibbon's Ilistorv of tbe DecUiio and
FaU of flit^ Itoman l^mpiro, in vols. iv.
T. and vi. revtewfld' (styled bv Macaulftv
• pointless spite, witU ben- Kt)'i iberw a ju»l
ivmnrk't: uiid in 1794 'TLo Gouren of
ilniiuilml ovi^r the AIpii iii<c«rtniT»^,' '2 roln.
8v«. Tile laller «tw the Btibject of * A
Crilicit] Kxiiininxlinn ' by Alexsnilvr Fraiwr
Tnlpf J^rd Wnndhoufllw) [q. \-.l. 1704,
2 roU. 8vo. In 15*01 be issued bis -Ancient
Catheilrftl of Cornwall hiMonpAll; soi^
veyed,' '2 vols, "Itg, perliaps liia ablust pro-
duction.
He died nt Kuan mclory on 30 tict. 1808.
He mnrriisl Jane, UauKbter ol' llie Kev.
Jotin Tn-guiiuj, rwitor of MBW^n-iii-Pydir,
Coriiwul], Hnd htid bv bur iba-u diLu^bton>:
slifl died on .(O Dec. I's^P.
Ills wtbt-r works wuiv; 1, *A Coiiree of
Sermoii.t upon Df^atb, .ludj^iurrit, HrnvMn,
and Hell/ 17S3; anothflr edition, I8m
2. ' Th.t ]U'«i Or'iBin of fJm'ernmout,' 179'.,
expanded fmm a HAnnon ngninKt the rennllti
oflheFreiicli Uevoliition. It wiia denounced
by SbLTidfti) and othirs in the Ho««c of
UomuiTOs. 3. 'The Life of St. Neot,' IHOtf,
Qpon whii^b he was (rn^^-d vrben he di«d.
llecontribulud Io Hioliard Polwliuk-'a Touins
rhieflvby[3>'nl!i*nii'nnfT)(?\-nn«birvfl.Tidf"»rii-
wnll, l.Di; wrote on inlKwhictinnand notes
to FIIndt'ir» Hihlf>, l.sOO: and ■ Kcmnrka on
St. Micliiud'i* .Mmmt," in vol. iii. of Pol-
wheWs ' Cornwall : ' beaidpn articlw in the
' EnjjIisTi It.'\n«w.' the ' British Cntio/ and
the ' Anti-.I«cobin llevifw.' Among bin
contemplated but lUAccompliabod works
were hisuiries uf ].,ondou and U.xford, a
military history of the Itoman.'i in ItritAin,
outvH ou ^Iiukot;]»are, and iUusIrotiona to
the (tible.
Hia lotttra Ui Otwrf[B ClialntprR hpt.wp/>ii
1791 and IKM remiiin in rniiniivcript. in the
Ohetlifira Library. They .iliow, inffr aiui,
thnt he hankcR-d after tho wardensbip of
M«nchp.tr*-r('fine(?i«l«Chiirch, Other b-lttrs,
Io (ieorge Browne of Modmiii, arc in this
nritish Mo*fum (Addil. MS. l'Hr«W). I'ol-
wbele, ItriltOH, VVidcoit (I'eter Pindar), und
nth«rs attest preat admimlion for Whitaki-r'n
intcUi^ctual ominencr nnd ronviTsatinnal
powi-rM. A ffiiod iwirt.ntit, afli>r a miniiiture
by H. Bonp, U enj^nived in Brittnn*.^ ' Anto-
hjoffmpliy; 1860, i. 335.
[I'cil wb" loV Itiogr. Sk*t*bo», iii. 1 : I'olwfiftc'*
KiTTniniiicMions, i. 83, ii. 1S5: Polwhelt^'s Trsdl-
t.ionr, p. 152; Clialmen's Bioip*. Uii-i.; Geut,
Ma^. 1808, ii. I03&: ti^milli'a ManchraC«r School
Ittgittor, i. IS; BatnM's Lancarbirv, «d. liar-
land.!. 410; J. E. Bailry'a Manair ID ^p«n ofj
tho Manri)mtRr I.it<>mr£ Club, IB77; BHUoa'
Autotiiggr. i. 213, S3.) ; Itrit ton's JtemioivKncan^
ii. 170. 205, 379; Boaao luid CoxaXaifn BibUo
thMn ComubieiiRo, if., and the authoritiM eitad
thrra ; PiiUtiii* Noliitibok, t. 7? (yi\\h portrait);
iliv Lifr uf S. Dretr. 1M4, coDtaiDs lecun ttnm
WbitAki>r; Nietioh'a DIOKtr. of Lit. Tiii. 463;
Worth iaiiton's Diar? and Corrwp. (Che(han
Skic.) ii, 337 ; BoiweU's Jobnion (ed. G. B. Hill),
ii. lOK, iii. nSZ : Iinwria] Ma^siaa. iii. 1238 ;
Trarolyan'a Lifo of Macaubiv, 1897. ii. «84;
Southay's Itonor. i. CO.] C, W. 8.
WHITAKER, JOHN a77e-IW7),
rckm]>iiM.-r, and n nii-mlwr of tbn miuiR pul^
lishinfT firm of Button, ^^^utBker, &. Co., St.
Paul's CbnTckynrcI, was bum in 1770. H<>
wait a t<-nrherof miiflic, and orjraniat to St.
C'lement'e, Kastcbeap. In l>*l?l Wbitaker
collected and piiblisLM 'Th# Seraph,' iwi>
%-oliimi-« of nftcred mtisic, for four votcas, of,
which many pieces are original. He was
better known as a writer of occasional WMi^
inlmdtieed in Diii«)cal plays at the priocipu
Ibeatreti between IS07 and 1625. Among'tboca
wkifh a(tainL<d groat popularity wuru: 'Fly
nwny, dovi-,' ioine by Miaa Oawae on bcr
d^biit iu tbe ' Hobrow Family;' 'O say
not witman'H hirart. i.i )>ouf;bt,' ' Oo, Rovor,
eo,' ' Itempraber me," ' The Little Farmer's
Ibupbter," ' My Toor Dog Tmv,' ' Th.- Lily
that bloomfl,' ' Paddy Carry's t'ortiUK,' aul.
'HoiLWlin*.'
A iiinrL' lasting claim to eolebrity i«
afforded by \N'bitakcr's beautiful ^\vn, ori-
ginully wrillen for three voicea, • Winds,
gvntlv wbiaper.' Hi< died at Tbaviee' Ibb,
Ilolbom, on 4 nee. IHt*.
{art>TB*i Dt^t. uf Musio, ir. 450; Oanaat^
Bint of tha Stage, Tnla. viii. iz. ; Quartarly
Atusieal Hagaztne, 1836. p. '2^9; Oent, JC^.
16tB. i. 106; Whitaker's probca to 'Tha
Seraph.'] L. &L U.
WHITAKER, JOSEPH (1820-1895),
publisher, iKim tn London on 4 May 18^,
wn« Ihi^ arm of u kilvt-rAinilh. Attbeage of
fonrtiMtn he was apprenticL'd to Mr. Barritt,
bo(ik»ell"r. of FUi(rt Slnmt. Nine yearn later
Jcixvng Whitnker was with John Witliani
'arkur [f^. V,] of tlie Strand. Hw imxt vn-
inrr-d tbe boii^n r.f J, H. & J. Parker of Ox-
ford, for whom lie became thi? London a^nt,
nnd opened a branch at 877 Stmnd. Here, io
IfMU, be oriKJnatod the ' Penny Post,' the first
ptvnny monthly church magaime, which still
continiicB in ilii original form, and edited
an wlltidn of the' .Mdniintt* and ' KTeiuDff
Church Sp.r\-ica8.' In 1?S0 he projouted ana
ftibltshod for four years tli« ' IviincationsI
U'iriM«r ' and * Whitaker's Clersytaan'a
Diary;' tbe latter iaEtiUtssaudbytMCon-
I
I
I
I
A
of StAtiunuK. He eoinnirnred buM-
I on \w ovnt aoeounL tm a tbeolo}{ical jjut>-
Bher in PsU Malt, and retooved in l§oo (o
310 Slrant], whwre lio pitbliahrd, with tlie
ftBsUtanRe of Thomaa Delph, 'The Artist,' a
fine-nrt TVTww. Between 1&5H and l^'iSho
edilMtliL' * G«nllciBAa'4 Mttni!in(«/ and in
January 1)^ etaned tlie ' Books«Uer,' in-
tend^ primarilj as on orf^an for bookMllftn
and pubUshera, but alao adapted to tiie t&-
quir«tnent« of book-buTen geii«raltj, Thu
new montUy journal wait verv- itii«cc«tiful,
and waa warmly AupportMl bvl-bV bookselling
and publishing tradu. Witb it, in 1660, wan
innrgi-<l ' [Vn('» Lttrrarv Advurti^r;' llii>
i'nrm of (he periodical fuia mmaincd prac-
ticitlly unallered for oTer forty years.
Mill namf ha» heromc fnniiliartbTniiclioul
EnKliah-epeakingrrounlrii'snwingti) ' ^^ liila-
kers Almanac.' This waa commenced in
\fi(iK ; thirty-aix thouBtod eopieii of the ArKt
usu« M-ere aubacribed before publication. As
an «xatnp1<* of tha wine forethought of its
origioator, it i» Doticvab!« tbat thv ' Altoa-
nac,' like the 'Books-idlpr,' baa been little
changsd aiaco the tirEt uumbur.cxcopt in lliL-
dinction of natural expansiuti. \vhitiikAr
had a lance eliare in tlU> nrganisatinn of a
ivUcf fund, which ultitDat4^>ly rwiched 2,000/.,
for the Paris bookflt'llen) and their luaiatanta
in 1871. As n diitributor of tke fund he
\B-a8 one of the first Engliahmt^ who cntcrpd
f aria afler the aivge. In 1874 he produced
tbo ' It«terence Catalojrne of Current I.ilera-
tare,*contfistintf of a collect iun of catalu^ma
(if books on «nlf- liv HnifliKh juiMiihfni, wit.li
an elaboratti index. Other edititina of thiK
luu^ful rnmpilntinn appeared in iH/fl, 1877,
!.««}, 188.-». IfijSO, and 1891; thr Ut«t. in
two THTT thick TotumM, Waft publishea in
ISiW.
lie published a fuw di<volioaal works,
among which may be mentioned ' The Uaily
Roond' (1880, and mnny siiluaeiiuent edi-
t>OD») and Itidlvy'a 'Holy Communism.' Hn
vac always a keun and judioioua defender of
the inlenista of tho booksalling trade, and
was ntcogniaod as an aarhoritv iipnn copy-
riglit. In i87fi bft was elected a fellow of
iheSooieWof AnliqnanVfl. H,> dird at En-
field on 16 May l^r>. He hod a famUy of
fifteen children, fif whom the eldest,
JoB«pu Vebkos Whitakfji (]S45-lfi05),
bom on 3 Feb. 1845. was educated at Jdox-
hamiefaoal. Hepntrom-d u lifu of adrentore
to buftinesa, and, after a voyage! In the KokI
Indies, i"nli«tt?d in the army, and hecanw a
full »«rgt!ftnl. at ihi- age of twenty-one. Hav-
ing purehnaed his disrharge, hit Ant«r<-d the
office of the ' Bookseller ' for a rear or two.
At th« invitation of Oeorg« William Ohilda
of I'hiladelpbia h« went to lUe United
Slates, and wa« editor of iJie ' American
Liturary GazutU',' and «ub«ii|uvntly acted aa
■ub-«ditar of the * Public l<<Nlgtir ' for three
yuara. He returned to England in 1875 to
rrmum*- his ranni^liou with the * Itooluelkiri*
of which he ultimately became editor, as
well aa of the ' Kefwnjnce CalaloKue,' men-
tiomed nhovi'. In ISfiO, in f^njnnctitui with
hifl father, he started the 'Stationery Trades*
Journal.' He took an active interest in all
trade quesiinns, i^ypucially tho»« of a social
and charitable characttr. He died in Lon-
dunon l^Jun. 189J),in hiafiftii-th ve«r, Ue
rnamud, in iKiii, an Anieriean fady, who
bore him two cliiHron, one of whom eoi^
vived th« fatiii.-T.
[Buokarller. 6 Fob. 18S& (wiUi portrait).
8 June ISO.} {with poKmit); I'ubli^iers' Cir-
cut»r, 10 Jan,, 18 May, 2& May (with portrait)
ISM; Atheovum. lU .Ian., 10 Hay ISM;
Times, 16 Jan. 18»4.] H. B. T.
WHITAKER, THO.MAS DliNIlAM
(ITi'O-lWi'i. inpugraphcr, bnro at I'ainhom
on 8 JiiiH' l7ofl, wM »i>n of Winimtn Whi-
lakcr (17.W-17W), curate of Rainham, Nor-
folk, by his wife Lucy, daughter of Itobert
Dunham, and widow of Ambroeo Alli'.n.
In 17C0 his father removed to hia ancestral
house at Ilolmc. in the township of Cliriger,
Lancaahin>, and the boy was iti November
T7l!fi pUr.iHl under thi> car*! of the llev. John
Shaw of Koch dale. In November 1774, after
spending n short, time with thi* Rot, W.
Shrepnhankfl of (•rnwington in Craven, h«
WAS admitted of 8t. John'vt College, Com*
bridge, and wont into rt'sidenw in October
177-'». lie roijk the degree ofLL.It, in Xo-
vember J7&I, intending to enter tho legal
profeuiun, which (lurpoau wa« tat, aaideou
tlie death of his father in the following year,
when he Estlled at Ilolnu). Ho was or-
dainrd in 17^>>, btil mmainHl without pan-
I nral charge until 1797, when he wafl licensed
to thfi perpetual curacy of Hulme, having
rtibnilt thnt chapel at hia own er\Al in 1788.
He completed hia degree of LL.D. in 1801.
In ]SU9no attained the great object of hiA
wishijs in bt^comiug vicar of the exteBsive
parish of WhaUey. Lancaahire. The rectory
of HeY»ham, nuur Ijuncaslcr, waa pruacuted
to biui in Jnriuary 1HI3. He resigned it in
1819. On 7 Nov. 1&18 he becnms vicar of
Blackburn, which brncJic" be retained, to
gfttherwith WhalleT.untilb-ifldeath, AVIien
settled at Holme he instituted a snri of
local literary ehib, He devoted much atten-
tion to improving his estate there, taking
especial delight in planliog. He reeeiwo
thfi gold mtxial of the Society of Arts for
tlie greatest number of larch treca planted
c 2
Whi taker
30
Whi taker
in one year, H* h&tl ercat inflnenw with
the people of his parisoee, and on eeyeral
occMiona *TeTt*d it w'lUi rwmJ eff»'Ct in
quelUiig disiiirbaaces, pftrlicularlvBt Dlack-
bum in 1B17. For his ' patriotic utrricf's '
he wa^ pnwoated with a public luaiimonial
in April Ift!!.
III! died at BlaRkbiim Ticaragc on 18 Dpi<.
1821, nnd wui iulcrrw] at Hulinti, litN I'oliin
h«in^ made out of a tree of his own plnnt-
in){, hollowed oiil by his owu dirvctiuns.
Hii mnrrifd, l.^Jan. 17i<3, l.ii^y, danghti^r
of Thomas Thoreeby of Laed.*, and left seve-
ral children, of whom out', Itobort. NovrHl
Wliitaker, nucceedtid him tt W'hailcy vicar-
age (cf. FoaiBH, Lmii^n*hire I'fiiii/ri-c/i).
Tliuni art) portruilo of ^^'llitttk^.*^ bv W. 1>.
l''rysr, pngravwd in bix ' t!raveii ' anj ' Wbal-
ler/ and by Jamoa Nortbcote, cn^^Ted in
' Loidis and Eliavlu,' and a timaLh'r (;u[jy iiL
the'Oentleman'a Ma^aeint",' IVhruary Iti22.
A biial was pxocutud by Mucdoniild. A
monimirnl. nki<«)d byptilitic KiibfiRriplion wjin
filaced in WhalLey cliurrh in l>*42. Ilia
ibrarv wan sold «t Sutbehy's in 18^3, wid
hiiii roin^^and anliqnilu>R, wir.h thf^ OKCt^ption
of his Homan altars and inscriptinn§, which
he hMiiu'Athud to St. JohnV CollL'fft', Cntn-
brid^, w«TH di»per!ied in HiH,
Towards tho end of last cent urv ^\'hitftkor
proioct«d tb« Uret of his tupotrrapuical works,
which lijn){ hiul great fnmn on ni'coiiiil. of
their Hirholamhip and liturarv charm. Ilia
works weiv: 1. ' Histor%' of tb« Oripinal
Pamli nf Whalh'v and IfonoiirofCIiibf^roe,
in the Counties of Lancaster and York,'
lf<Ol, 4to: 2nd edit. 1806, -trd edit. 1K18:
4th Mlit. (enlarged by John (tough NicboU
and I'onsonbv A, Lyone), lS7if-6, 'J toIs,
4co. 2. * Hutory and Antiquittos of thu
DeftneiT of Craven,' 1805, 4to; 2nd edit,
1S12 : 3rd edit, (hr Alfrud William Morant )
167fi, 4to. 3. ' T)(^ MotiJ piT Hrilnnniikui
Oiviflo annis 1745 ct ]71e; lS()i), l-imn,
bein^ an account in Latin bas«d on John
Ilomo'ei ' Historv of tbd ISf^hpllion of 174fi.'
4. ' Life and Ongiaul Correspondence of Sir
Oeoree Hddclilfb, Knt,, LL.D., the Pmndof
th« Earl of Stmtlbrd,' 1810, Ito. C. 'TheS«r-
inoufl of Or. Fdwin ^andrs, formerly Arch-
bishop of York, with a l.if*; of the Author/
IRIl^.Bvo. 0. ' Vi»io Will'ide IVtn. I'loub-
man ... or tlio A'iaJon of William coufiflm-
injT Piers Plouhman,' 1813, 4to, 7. 'Fierce
tlifl I'longhman'fl ("Ysde, edited from the
edition ofie&S.' I8J4, 4to. 8. * Loidis and
Eloi«t«,nran Attcmptto i^l^l!*t^/»^<^ . . . thu
I.^wer Portions of Airedale and WliarfdaW
lSllI,fol. (uniform with No. 8). An appendix
ws« pnbliahud in 1821. 9. 'Tbu History
of Kicbmondsbire, in the North Hiding of
Torkabire,' 183S, 2 roU. fol. Thia wm
portion of a proji»ctt.-d history of Yorkshire,
to bo completed in about si'ven folio volumes.
It is thu li'ast MtiA&ciory of hi« topo-
grapbioH, tbou^b the most orAtentious. A
Aeriea of thirty-two beatitirul platM, aftor
J. M. \V. Tiimrr, add to ibi- Tauie and dit-
tinrtion nf the. work. Some of this artist's
oarly drawings appeatvd in \Mutalwr's firW
biKik. M
>Vbilaker re-edited Tlioreeby's 'Ducatusl
Jjeodii-nsis ' (:inti edit, with notes and addi-
tioiitf. 18L(i). He al^ projected, but did
not tinish, several other works, including a
history* of Lonsdale (1813), new udtlioas of
John WbitiiloTsi 'lli.ilfjrv of Manchester'
and IIorsley'H ' Dritannia Komana,' and erm
n ni.'w odition of Tim Bobbin's * Lancashire
Dialect * ^fw>e Collier, Joiik],
He ^mbliaUed ten occasional eermons and
a jwlilicaJ "[ii^ijL'li, and wTOt« at It^ast twenty-
night articles in the 'Quarterly Review*
between IsiJll and 1818.
(Memoir, by J. O. Nichols. pmRxod to Mb
edit, of Hieiory of Wbsllry, 18*3: Sichols'i
Literary AuodotM and lllastr. of Lit.: Oaat.
Mag. 1833. i. 83, 105. 312 i AlliUnr'* IHct. of
Authors, iii, 2S70: BojDv's Yorksbirv Library.
I8fl8. Wilsim'sMisrallania* (Cbrtham &><:.) coa-
titin mTfinil iif Wliitakrr'* lett/'cs. Au early
manti»>:rii)t cainiii>in|iUeubookby WhitakT isia
thoGhMlMin Lilirnry, Maih.-li«st4ir.] C. W. S.
WHITAKEK. TOBIAS(^ It»i-106I),
fdyaicinn, was bom probably ia lltOOor ItWI.
Id practiaed phvsic firat in Norwich, and tn
1 Qii-i, whtln ri'sti^ing in that lowu, piibltslivd
'ntfii v/ifiimeiai'ii,' London, 12mo. Betweea
lt(34 and lf)3r< he n^movvid to London, «ad
in 1038 brnucht out his moat important
work, 'Till' 'Iree of llumnne Life, or the
Blond of thi> Grapp, provini? tho Po^ibilttia
of maiuwiniiig Humane Life from Infancy
to Kxin-ame Uid Age, without any Sick-
nesse, hy the L'so of Wino' (London, 8to).
This dt.-rrncii of wini-, which ha regarded 0*
a univPFsnl remedy affainst disuaM, was re-
published in Ifi'fi, and Iransiati^d into Latin
nnder tlift title ' l>e Sanguine Urfp' (Frank-
fort. 1655, yvo: Uajpie. IWKI, 1«63, ISmol.
In StptembLT 1(W0 he waa appointed nhysi-
cian in ordinary to tht< royul oouKvLold with
n aularv of ('(0/, a yt^ar [Cnl. StaU Papen,
Doin. IflGO l,p.38l). lu 1061 he published
' An Kk-uchua of Opinions concerning th«
SmalliMnx,' London, 1-mo, to which wat> prv-
5jtt}d liis portrait ongravud by John Chan*
trpy; another edition appeared in 1671.
Woitaker died earlv in lOHK, txKforo 21 May
(cf. A. 1H64-5 p. l-J9, \m^-6 p. 4(M).
' Tli« IVee of Life ' is ascribed bv Wood to>
William \\'hitaker, a candidate 0^ the Royal
I
r
Whitaker
I
College of PhTUfiana, who d!«d in the parish
of St* ClemeDt Panics in January 1670-1
(Wood. Fmiti Oim., ed. Hli*s ii. 17f* ; Fc«-
■reH. Alumm O-rwi., 1500-1714; MoSB,
Jtogai (W/. offhyt. i. 2lJH).
rWhiukcra Worfca; GrHDger'a ^logr. HiM.
ir. «; W»tt'i BiW. Bnt.] K. I. C.
WHITAKER. WIUJAM(1.W«-1595).
iQSiUr of St. John's Collefte, Cambiid)^-, and
• Uodine divine in the university iu the lutter
half of the 8«TeDtfi«ntb cent ury, wiu> boni ' ui
iJiihue in the pariah of Bromley, Lancaabire,
in \'Afi, bvtnf^ ihu third 8on of lliomiw
^Vllitllil<•r of thai uliice, by Mlixalintli hi*
wifo, daughter of Jaba Novell, eM., of Res^l,
and «i«U'r of Ali<xan(W Nowcll, aeon of St.
Panl's ' (CoopEB, Athene CantiAr.W. 19H).
After receiving tb« rudimeiue of koroing
St his nalivi* pumli dcbnol, hw wr« »ent by
bis uncle, Alf-xandiT Nowell [q. v.], to St.
Paal'i school t ni/ondi>n, and tbence proceeded
to Catobridec, when' he matriculated as a
pensioner of Trinity ColWgv vn J Oct. Iutf4.
He wna ffuh«.-qtiently elected a Mbolar on
itb» Mine rouiidB(i>>n, procuwli.-d B.A. in
March 15e>-, and on (! Sept. I-IOQ waa elected
tu a miuur ff llowsliip, and on 25 March 157 1
to a major feU()W;Oiii>, at hi> college. In
1S71 ho oommenced M.A. Tbroug^un his
tfarliiT carver al tbunnivrsitybewaeasi'iBled
by liiximcle. who (rrnnted him Icams, 'freely
and without fine' iCiilkiom, N</vkU, p. 3W),
townni* di'frayin^ bis expenaca. A'nilakcr
uviiiced his gratitude by di'<licuting lo Nowull
a translation of the Bookof ('onunmi I'rnyer
into Oroulc.and a likaversion of N'oweU'eown
laivtfr <!ali^hiiini fnim \hi- I.«Mn itiIu flroek.
The marked abilily wir.h which ho ai^
(intLlwl bintself when pr^taiding na ' father nf
ine philoflophy not ' at an nrndemic com-
tnencement appear* to liare Hret broushl
him proraincntly into notico. lie also be-
came known an aa iJuIofBtigablu student of
the acripturea, the cnmmentalum, and the
Kbooltnen, and wm vrry ttarly in his rareiT
nngled out by Wiiil^iftiaT ttinl liinr inajiTi-r
of Triniir, for marks of anerinl favour
(Opprw, vul. ii. p. V). On 3 F-.-b. l.j"rt he
waa irutall^'d canon of Norwich (.'Athrdral,
aad iu the «amu year was adoiitlwi to the
dft(rr«-e of li.It,, and incorporated on 14 Jiiiv
at Oxford (FotnrHR, Atumni Oxvn. 1500-
1714^ In 15Mt he was appointed by the
crown to tbu rt-giii« profetteoraDip of divinity,
t« which Kliiabirlli ahortly af)i*r addfd the
rhancfllorship of 8t. Paul's, London, and
from this tinii- hit! ]j(uit iun aa the champion of
th'' teaching of the rhiirpb of England, inter-
preted ia its most Calrlnittic senae, apnear?
tobavo been definitely taken up. In \b&.
•SSIb.
on taking part in a disputatioa at com-
mmicement, lie took for bia Ihi^ui, ' Ponti-
fex Ronanua cat ille Antic^ristUB, qncni
futnram Sciiptura prcdixit.' MiaUviurM,
aspmfeaaor, an«nrards noblished from short-
hand notes taken by John AUenGOn, a fellow
of St. John's (Baxur, Umt. *•/ lit. Jain't
Oollrift, p. 1*5), were mainly directed to-
wards the refutation of tlm nrgumenta of
divines of llio Itoman church, c-iipuciany
llnllarmiue and Tbouiiut Staplelon (1585-
16!(8) [t\. r.l llo also suveruly criticised tho
[limoy verxiou of the New Te»taiueul, thereby
bi>coniing invoked in a coatroTerey with
William nainuld8[a. v.]
On 28 Feb. Utt^ Whitaker, on the recom-
mendation of \Vhitgifi and liurgfaley. was
appointed by the crown to the taiwt«nihip of
St. Jobn'a Collef;i\ The appointment was,
however, oppoaed by a majority of the
feltowfl on the ground of his supposed lean-
ings towardii puritani^m. llis nile aa an
ailniinistrator justified in almost equal tnea-
suru the appointmeol and ita ubji'Cturc The
colloga incKOM-d greatly in numbers and
reputation, but the puritan party gained
ground considerably in tliv society. Whi-
taker was B no less resolute opponent of
Lntlierani«ni lliail of Roman doctrine nnd
ritual, and under his teaching tli» doctrine
of Calvin and Ueza came to be regarded as
of far hiffher authority than that of tho
fathers aiLil (he Kchoolnicn.
In lliir diM^luirtfi! of hia ordinary duties as
master bis a^iiduily and Nirict impunialily
in distributing the rewnnla nt bin (iiaifiMtl
roncIlintiHl evrn thosij who demurred lo bin
I be>jlo{(-ical teaching, and Baker dwolareH
that tho membvrs of the oolh-ge wewi 'all
at la»t united in their affection to their
mnster,' and that eventually ' he had no
envmies to ovcrcom*.'
In 1&87 he was crested 1).I>. : and in
l-'WS, on the mostervhip of Trinity Collegu
Ciiiling Tftcnnt by 1 Uh urcfrrinent of Ur. John
Still [ii. v.] lo the bishopric of Bath and
Wtlls.llv was an unxiiccvsaful candidate for
the iiosT. In the following year ho pub-
lished hie 'De Auihorilate Scriplurw,'
w^lt^•n in reply to Htiipli-lon, pretixing ro it
a dedication lo SVhitgitl (IH April l-'i94),
tht> hitter atToTdiug A nateworthy illti'lrittion
ofhi<< piTMinul relations with the primate,
aiiilalnoof the Ituman coiitrovGrsialist learn-
ing nf that lime. In May 159>i hu was in-
Mulled cnnon vf Ciinlerbury; but his pro-
feiwirship, mnstership. and rationry appear
to have left him »till poor, and in a letter
t^ Burghley, writ ten about aforlnij^ht beforu
bis death, liti complains patbelicaUy at being
so frequently passed over amid ' the great
\V hi taker
Whitakcr
nrefertueiitA of aoe many.' llemny |>0MtblT
u&Tu IxMtn Eudl-nnz from (li>ji!(.-tii}n at this
lime, owiiiiK to Ihti diitagTi^-tiK'iit willt WJiiU
pift in which, in cnminon with otliflfB of tlio
Gainbricl[;ii hL'n>li>, lio t'oiinrl liirawlf involvoiJ
in cnnnoction with thp prfi*rfliiliim of Wil-
liun Harrctt [q, v.] In Nciveinber 15&5 bo
WM depiiteii, aloDff with Hiunnlinty Gow«r
U[. T.Jt president of Queens' Cotiege, to con-
liT with the priroatf oti thu rlmwing up of
the Laiubt'th articli^^. On tins u£ea«ioii b«
appears to have pressed bia Cftlviuiatic views
warmly, but without eucooiw, nnil he re-
turned to Citiubridge fatiguinl and iliKiiti-
pointei). Ad illnosB ennued by which ao
Wtt» cjirrii'd off on 4 Doc in tint forty-
seventh yfiAr of Lifl age.
Thyru aru two portraits of Whitakt-r in
thfi miisri'r's iodjje fit St. Jolui'ft Collfi^ (one
in the it rawing- room, the other in the hall),
both bcnrinu tlie word*. ' Dr. Whilalnsr, Mr.
iri87,' and om; at On* Chtttham no*pifal and
Library at Manchestt^r. lli» nort rail has alto
bi-'ftn enp'avpd by William Marshall in Tho-
maa FuIlerV 'Holy State,' ir>l:J, aitdby John
Payne. Uis epitaph, in Lai in hoxnmelers oii
a marblL> tabLt, uas Wvu iilacud on thu
north Willi of tItR inl<?rior i^f tlift t.nLii«i-|it nf
thi}culk<guchapi'l; it is prinlt'd in '0]iem,"i.
7U.
Uifi hopes of preftimient wpre disappointed
probably owinR to the fact that ho was
twice married, and thus forfeited in some
mcasurv tU'i Aivour of Elixala.-th. Thu
mfiidcn name of hia first wif.-, who was
ailter-iu-law to LaurL'iict! Chadvrton [((. v.],
■WEaCulvflrwoll; hi* second v.ifi>, who *ur»
vivod Lim, wan tba widow of Dudley Fenner
fij. v.] He lirid rijfbt childn'ii: ont- of the
8008, Alexander, who wan educated at
Trinity Collepw, iiftwrwurdu became known
n9 tht) ' Apo!<lleof Virginia;' a Bfcond, Ri-
chard, wn« a l(>amed bonkeeller and printer '
in London (CnmTOS, AV.ir(r/;, pp. Sal-a).
No English divinu of the sixifftith cen-
tury surpQMcd Whilakcr in th'e estinialkm
of ht« contc-m|K)rarifK. C'hurLon jtiMtly BlyltM
him 'the [iriJe wtjil ornament of ("ambriilgt-.'
Bullarmine fa much admired bis (fenins and
attainrafiilH that Iif- hiid liis portrait »iis>
wnded in his =1 udv. Jofli-ph Scalim-r,
Bt«hop llnll, and JKnuc Cnsaubon alilie
speall of him in tcrmi' ol' ii!tm»t itiiboiindedl
lulmiration.
Tho followinB iit a li«( of Whitalter's pub-
lished wnrlc», those includ'jd iii the udttton
«>f hia theological treatises reprintud by |
Sflinuid Driapiti at GDui-^'a in two volum^^n, ;
foU», in lUlO, being di«tinguiith>^i by nn '
Mtorislc : 1. ' Liber Precutn Puhlit^arum
Ecclesiae Anglirnniv . , . Latine Gnece- .
quo leditus,' London, 1609. 2. Greek
VRrnes appended to Csrr'a ' Drmcfltbitnci^,*
lo71. iS. * Kar7]('(r^liri ■ ■ ■ rp r« 'RXX^wmii
jfoi Tfi 'I'oi/tni'uc AmXc'cr^ it&oSt\aa,' IjOndoa,
1fj7:i, K,74, ir,78, ]C{73 (thg On.wlc v^wion
ia by- W'hitaker, thn I..atin hy Alexaader
Xowell). 4. ' JoanniB liielU Sariabur. . . .
a(lver!>un Tliomom Ilardingum Tolumcti
alterum ex .\nglico »t>rtiioiie conversum lu
lifiiinum a Quiielmo AVhitakiiro,' London,
l.'»7t?. 5*. 'Ad dt^c^m raiiouo^ 1-Muiuiidi
Campiani , . . CbriattoDs resposKio,' Lon-
don, 1-'>81 ; ft truwlalion of thut by Iticfaaid
Stock fq-v.J was priutixl in Ixindon in 1006.
()•. * 'luuBis propoaita ... in Arodomia
(.'anlalirigi«ii)ti diiiCuinilii.iniin anno flnmioi
1&R2; cuius Humma hire, I'ontifex Ronub-
nu« v»t Ule Antichriglns,' London, I<
7". ' llesponiiioni.i . . . dt'f-^nftio contra
futatiunem Inannifi nuraii Scoti, presl
lesuita',' London, lo-SS, 8*. ' Nicolai Flan-
deri i^Hadni^inta dc-monstratinnpa, Quod
Papa non cet Antichrislu't ille insignia . . .
ct carundom dcmonstrationum sotida nta-
tatlo,' Loudon, Uttj.:i. 9*. ' Fraj;:uii-uia vetv-
rum hnorcseon ad constituendani Ecclesiie
i'ontiUciic anMrraaiav cullucta,' Lundon.
K)8;!. 10. ' An iiitn-iwcrn to a certaine
fiooUt.', written by M. William liftinoldea
. . . cntitulpd A Krfutntioii,' liOndon,
1G&»; Cambridge, \iiOO. 11*. ' DispuUtio
de Sacra Scriptura eonlra bujiis lenjporia
pspiKtati. inpnmis Robcrtum BollarmiDum
. . . et Thomaui .StApl«(ouiim . . . aex qtuw*
tionibus propo&ila et Tracrata,' Cambridtffr,
IS^. 1^'.' AdvvT»usT1io. Slftpk-luui An^lo-
pupistiB . . . deftmkinnem <-rcle.uiasticsB
uuihorttalia . . . duplicatio pro authoritate
ul-iuni airaniari^ S. ScrijiLunii,' Cambridge,
159^. 13*. ' Prnlectianes in ijuibua trac-
taliir controvpreia de eccWia contra pooti-
ficto."!, inprimiA KohtTlnm Do-llarmiDUin
I<ffiiiitam, in septeui quiestiones distribute,'
Cambridpcj ioSUl. 14. 'Cygnca cantio . . ,
lioc isr, ultima illi us t;onci«adc]eruin,habita
CuntabrigiiD anno loUo, ix Oct.' Cambridge,
I'599. ly*. • Controvursia ic Coiiciliis, contm
tiontificion, iitpHmiit Hobert.um Uellarminum
cauitam, in sex n itipat iones dist ributa,' Cam-
hridg.-, IflOO. 111". 'TmcUtii* dij [Wccato
nriginali . . . contraStfipletonuro.'f'ambridgfl,
l*)00. 17*. 'I'm-iectiones in cantroversiam
delEomanoPonllRce . . .adversui»ponlificto«,
inprimis liobeitum BeUanninum,' llanuu.
Illtl8. 18. 'E'ra'lectionesalinuot eontralkd-
larniinumhabitw'i'inCotir. Docker' ]>ij Pro-
frietatihuB lesuitarum,' CJ]rpenheim, Kill).
9, ' AdvDrsus unLTcrsalig gratis arsfrtores
prajleclio in I Tim. U. 4' (in Pel. llanj'a
'8umma Trium de Pnndefitinaiione Smten-
tiurum," flarderwyk, HUS). 20. ' Prsclec-
I
I
Whitaker
•3
Whitbourne
tiODM d» SAcmneotie in GetwreM Jn Spede
le SS. Baplismo ct Euclumtift,' I-'ranMctrt,
i&ii. 21. * Artifuli do pnptlestiniktiont; . . .
sihft propotili, VI L. Aodrews de
ludiciiiD),' Loudon, ItioJ .
Oder ^K^rka l)y Whitakvr urv L<.vtaiii iu
muiuccript ; tlii- IlodlxiiLii U\tr»Ty Itaa
* Commenurii in Canlica,'uid*Pni']flcLiones
in pnoivm KmstoUm ud Oirintliioa * hy
bun ; Cftliis ColWe, * Thesen : do HAe Davt-
diB : de I*ricde0ttnaUoae ; ' and St. Jobn'e
Cnllrfiv, CniDbridffr, Atrontisu on t-ccl<MiA«ti-
cal iwliiy {}iii. 11. 8), wliicli Baker {liitl.
*,/ at. Jahits Cbiieffe, p. I8«) thioki wtt
probuljly ttttm lu» p«D, ullliougb it le&tu
M>iD(!wh&l lo i-lTMlianism.
(VitB) et ntunis cl<icttMiini MBctiniioique
Tbvolosi Qttillit^lini Vi'liitak«ri nr* d««ariptio
(b^ Abdiu Aahtoc), ia Opem. i. esS-iU-l ;
t:pJo«>ji» in obituin ejiMdvoi (h«olo^i k VAriife
Oudiii vtriaOtKCP ec Lttioe scripU, ib. i. 7Ufi-
714 ^d (^olle«Ltoa ttt mart than ordioftTy iDte-
rasc); Lifa bjr OaUk«ii' in I'liliM'* At>ol It«<li-
Tints, pp. 401 -8 : CbortDu's Life of SowcU. pp.
3SA-34: .Strrpe'B Life of Vt'liit^rift: U'lkor'a
Hist, of Si. John*! Oollrgn, rd. Ililnj>or; Halnr
at.-^. ; Ilejwtmd sod Wrigbt'i Cuinbridgo Uni-
vennl^ TranACtiooi ; Codper'n AtllfnR CMitftbr.
vol. ii. - MnllingBr'a HmL of Iho Univornly of
CainbndRq, toI. it.] J. S. M.
WHITAKER, WILLLVM (1029- IKS),
puritui diviiu!, son of Jeremiah Whitii)ii:-r
tq. v.], was bona kt OakhHin, ICutlnnd, in
1630, anil in liin fiAotnili vmir was ndnttlted
A tMinberof ICmiDiuiuHl CuIIe^,Csiiibridffe,
wbtfe ho bL>canifi nou-d for bts akill in thv
clanical and onciiiul Innguiiaes. Ukbsrd
Soldavrortb [q. v.^, otfLatfr of toe college, «et
bim tbv taiik t>f tiEolatiiiK Euatatbius upoo
Hoini4, and bo pcrf<irnii-d it iti & bignly
creUiuUe tnanner. lis took llto degree of
B.A. in 1&12. Two yean lat«r \w wa» a<l*
nitced a fidlow nf Queeoa' College br virtui^
of a pu-Liamvatary ordinaaco, and id 1644}
he^Moatcd M.A. mo. oir-mbcr of that col-
In lti>*>2 lie took orders and became
lister of llomchurcli, K«$<.-y. lie auc-
iKdtd hia faihcr in tbe livinii; uf Kt. Mar^
'alen, Iti^riuoaclaey, in l(ld4,and lit wan
Rosw of tbtf IjondoD miniBicre who draw up
and pnaentwl to the king lli« im-murial
a^inot tbe oppreeaioti nf tbo Act of I'nifor-
mity. After bis (jfctment be ii^nthvrcrl a
iviue con^ffarion, which a-VMi-mhlftd in a
wU aeeting-bouae in Lons: Walk, ller-
_>iidse]r. For many tearni lii* lioiiai- wn»
ill of candidate* in uiviuity, and hu had
aaiiy forcin divinea under lita care. He
led itL 1072.
lie liaa two aermonain Aonpaley's' Moni-
' iSxamsus,' and in 1074 eighteen uf liis
■ennoM, vhieh bad been taken in nhorthand,
were publiaUed by bis widow, with a dedica-
tion to P'.lixabctb, cotinti.-t« of liJit^tcr. and a
■ketch of tbe autbor'i ebaracier by TbomM
Jacomb, D.D.
(FanenlSormnn by Surniuil Annasley, LL.I>.(
lft73; A.Jdit. U.S. 6883, f. 164; CuUrny'aUb
of Baxter, it. 34 i ijilTrntwa lif» of Itaxtcr,
aK iSS. 4ID. pt, iii. 87, »& : Polmva Nooeuaf.
oriotUI. 2nd odit. pp. 157, 431 ; banii'a
iiorantyfir* KminmL UirioM, p. 7U-] T. C.
WHITBOURNE, Sih raCHARD (J.
l-'j70-102ti), writi'r on Neuioundland, bom
at Kxmiiulh iu IhjTOusfaira, waa 'a iraveW
and adventurer into farejgn ouunlriea' at
lifte<-n yuan of agv. lliti jnuni^vn «x.trndvd
to ' Franoc, Spaine, Italy, Sauoy, Denmnrke,
XorwvBy.SpruwIand, l1i<.'Canani>f>, nnd Soria
IliLnila. Iiv miulc liia tiritl voya^* to Ni^W'
foundland about 1S7!) in a veaatA of 3UU tonsj
fr\'tgbt«d by Edward Cotton nf.Southamutoil,
Tie rii>ii«d the island again in 1-^^ m a
Soutliawpton vessel of 5^ tons, and was
oyC'witncMof.SlrHumphfvyUilbcn'B formal
annexation of tbe country, tbe cereniouy
takiiiff place in tlie harbour of St. Jobu'a.
Iu IbH-j hv paid a third visit in a ahip oj
which ht! M-a-t part ownif, and 8aw Sir
Bernard Dmkfi [q. v.j utpturo 'many Por-
tiigall 9ihi[Mi lA(li5n wiih liith.' In 1^88
'Wliirboiinie «qiiipp«d a ship at hia own ex-
peuBC to tierve againsi tbe Spaniiih armada,
commanding her in person, and on takina
K*-uvi; of liie Uniilioh auuiiral. Lord Uownra,
rectieed ' favorable letters ' from him. He
mudu njvurul otbor voyngm to Nvwfouud-
land.and occaAiounlly fell in with pirates.
In IDl L he met tbu famous l*i.<ter Kastun, for
whom liK tiviluN>|niriilly »uliriti-d a jinrdnn at
rnurt, nnd in 161 1 enrrmntered Sir Ilency
Mainnaring. tJn 11 May Ltll*> he mailed from
KjttKT in II bark (■quipped at bin oi\-n char^u
beariug a comiuiifrion Ironi ihu court of ad-
miralty to hutd eourl» of vIcc-Bdminilty in
Ncwfoundlttuil, tbi.- tint atlrwpt lo cn.«l«a
formal court of justicv in the counliy. Ila
procuodud lo ihtj rarinufl harbours, callod
die muali^ra of tlitt Kii(i;1ii>h nhipa together
and held courts, in wliicli Im carefully
in'tiiiri'd into di»ordpni toiutniititl on the
const, receiving pn^spntments and traiu-
mittin^ tbvm to the admiralty.
In Ulltt a whip of Wbitboimii^'s wa* rilled
' by a French piTste of Rochell,' om- Uonivl
T^bilo, bv winch ho lo»t morv llian HtHit.
Ill 1617 lie w(M sunt for by Sir William
Vati|(han [q, v,^, who was altcmptiug to
TMtopk* Newioundliuid with AVuUlimen, and
iti th« year folhiwing wna vntruat'i'd with
the conduct of a accand detachment of colo-
Whitbourne
24
Whitbread
niets, who wurv c<»n?^td in ■ nhiii bolntiging
to Wliilboiirrte Tn Yaughftn'A settlement,
Golden Grove, now known lu Tn^pnnwy
Tlnrbour. Tlifc Tcntniw w«« n fnilure, owing
cbiefly co iLe idlonesB of tlieV^'eUh coloaUts,
and il oenrly ruined Wliitboumo, who iUiv*
imtbcticuUy tlial, ' afler the more than forty
y««re« spent in tbeforvi&Lcl coiirsi^§, there r^
naines little oilier fruitw vnlo mv, muiup
(hit jM-orm iif a good <:tniiicience' and lh^^ j
ront«nttnent of liealih. In liWO. whilf rt'-
eidinf{ in Ij.mdon '«! tht- »ignti nf ihnlHldeil
Cocke in I'atr-i^rnstfr-llow,' he published I
his 'Di»coiT9'-' nnJ Jli^cuvi-ry of Nrw-fovnd-
land, with many n-ojnnfl to proniie hr>w
worthy and beneficiall a I'lanmtion nimy 1
there bo mudi-, oftor A far Ix^ttor mnnner 1
thuii now it in. Toiretlier with tbe laytug
open of OeriiLine l'!noniiitii_'» and ahujir« '
committed bv som^ that trade? lo that
Couutroy, Btid the meaneR (aide doiine for
refMrmation thereof. Imprinted nt London
by Felix Kyn^^ton, for William Harrel,'
4to. Whilbounie'a treatise found favour
with Jiimee I, and the arvhbiBliopit orC'uii-
terbiirv and York wvni enjoined by letters
from tlie Inrde of the council to reeummuud
tbe work and to iif^iil in niBkiiin t^olli'rtiotiH
for^Tiitboiime in the •flevemll porUhM of
this Kingdome ' to defrny tli» cnst nf print-
ing it. By n pioclnmiiition, diitw! M April
IC2-, Jam^-6 n-iTi.'riitvd llK>»einjiiiictirin}.and
Krnntr-d Whitbourne the sole rij{ht of print-
ing bia book for tw(.'Lty-<»iiu yeans. In \0'J'2
A\Tiitbniini« iknpjdKmented the original edi-
tion with 'A Uiacouree conlaiuiniii a lovicif;
invitation , . . to all mirh a* .■•]iii)l hf Ad-
TCTitiirera . . , for the ndvaucement of his
Majeoties , , . PlantnCion in thr Nrw-fonnd-
Ibnd/ London. 4ln. Some oopiea also con-
tain a letter from the bishnp to the clerpy
of bis dioi-i«o diwftinp them lo nicnmmfiiid
UlO work from their pulpits, and to mak» a
upecial collection for tlic nnthor. The ' Hi*-
courso'wax dedinitud lo the kiiiy, with a
»ii]ipl«mHiilBrT«!ddi'e)ii. 'lu his MaiestiesKood
Snbiecta,' ond an auiohiu;p-ijpbie.al introduc-
tion. Tin." niTOiiiit of Nt*wfiiuiidUnd ia ititt—
restinj? and valuable, full of amtisin^ dtitu'd.
and written willi n Uteniry skrl! hurdlv tii
be look'td for in one who had bf-en a manner
from fifteen yeara of BRe. Tbe ' Dinconrse '
had coii*idcrable fiime at ibw tim.-^ of iiA
aptHiumiioo, and U wv«ral times quote<l and
refcrrtd lo liy Tuptaia John Smith. Anothir
edition of tbu ' liitcourse ' was publiahvd in
16l>:i (Loiid.m, Jto).
Whilhoume soon uftiT n!Ct>iT«d the bononr
of knigliihoiKl; hill hi* cireumHtanceii con-
tinued straitened, and he grew tired of ibu
insctirity of his lifv ■«b<nv. Un 13 July
{
\
4
1626 RdwKid Dnk9 wrot« to Edward
Nirhola.% rN>aaunendinff him aa pocnliorly
qunliticd to command a. ship.itnd nn 10 Nor.
lie him.ielf jtoHcitoH thn favour of Bulking-
ham. eending a certificate of hie good wr-
vio-A and loMea, eiracd hv Sir Edward
Seymour, John Drue, and a'ti^ht othen
(Oil. fittittr J'apfr*, Dom. l62o-«, p. 37-1,
Colonial ir>74 1600, p. 82). On 11 Oct.
I0;*7 be wrote loll null IVachey, staltntj; that
hi' bad keen apjKiiuted lientenont on ihe
Ilonavmilure, undur Sir .John Chudlvi^fb, (o
hasten the ebtp round the Downfl (t2. I>om.
l4tL>7-.^. P.363J. Tb.. dale of his doatli it
unknown.
A rough draft of Whitbouroe's ' l)i»-
cnunie,'in mnnn«cript. with many alteration*
in the author's own hntid, in nrt^jiervi'd in tbe
British Museum (Addit. MS. Li'olH). The
'Discourse 'won abrideedand traneUledinto
Oerman by Tbcodor oe Hry in 10^^. for tbr
thirteenth part of his ' llisloria America;,' a
collection of the writings uf exuWrFn of all
nationalities. It alM> apiiinn-d in a similar
CDlle^tiun by LevinuB IluUius (Theil £0).
puhlishi'd in Kt'J^ a| Fmnkfnrt-(m-MHin,and
in 1634 in the Latin version of D« Bry> col-
l«ction. Snmi' parts of the ' Discourse' were
also reprintrti in lf*70, undt-r tho cditorahip
of T. \\ hitburn, with the title ' \Ve»twara
Uu« for Avulon,' London, 8vo.
[Whitboiime'sWorlis: Pr0"9»'a Hist, ofNew-
roTindliuiiJ, I S9fi; lirown's (ien««)i of thi.* UniieJ
.Siafs, ISOO. ii. lUiO-1 ; Works of John .'<iaith
(■^rUr'ii Knglittli Scholars' Library), 1884 ]
K J f^
WHITBREAD, SAMTEl. (K.lfuiglS),
tiolilieiaii. was only son of Samuel 'Wbil-
ire«.l (rf. 17ftfil of Sontliill, Bedfordshire, by
Ilia first wife, Hairiet. daujrhttr of William
llnytfm of Ivinfjhoe. Samui^l \Vbilhn.-a<i
the elder r.iime of a nonconformtst faniilT
in Bedforcisbire, where he inherilml a HDul
prnperty. Aa a young man he entered a
London brewery, in tlit) fimt instance as a
chrk, and in coiirie of time b*Y:iimtt po»- ■
eeaitor of tin.' whole? brewery tbroiiffh hard ■
work and jjood Inck. After n-iilivini; « l*r|l«
fortune liu piirchaswl Lord Torrington'a
SouLbill eahtto in 179ri iLfM^M*, Bvqford-
sAiW, p, ISl), and for a time aupport«d tbo
tory in[rrf«t in Uedfordsbire iCormealtu
C'/n-Mp. ii. IIH).
Snoiuul Whitbread tbe younger was born
nt Onniin^on, IVdfordBbirc, in I7o8. His
early home education waii remarkablo for
ritrirtncss anproiichin^ suverity,and a iitrong
religiouEj ehiiracU'r. An only eon, he waa
lh« object of great partnlal care; at Hton.
when; hv wun u cuntvmpomry and friend of
Cborlea Qrey (afterwanU ««vond Karl Grej)
!
Whitbread
"S
Whitbread
H wu accompanied by a prirato tutor;
[tltmcH be woaacnt to Christ Clitircb.Oxfonl,
knd iDAtriculatMl in Julv 17^. Hih pni-
gnm ac Oxford not sBtiaJVing bis fntlitr, hi!
WB» reoiO\"ed to St. John'^ O'ilrgu, Cnm-
bridf;;^, irhenre he graduatAil B.A. in l7Bi,
and wae then sentooaforei^ tourthrou^h-
out Europ«, under the churgi- of William
Coxe [(l-v.] ihe Itistomu. lie retiiniGd ia
May 1786. For tie next tbrw yeiirft he
complotcly di>vo(«d himM-Jf to tbi- biuiiK'»»
of tbf brewttrv. Ilii laarrisfre in 1789 with
EliEabf!th,thi5 oldest dmighicr ufSirChnrlus
(kFlervardit )iot Marl) Uri-r, and Hiitt«r of
bU old BchoolfeUo'H", inclined his interesw to
politico, and itt ih'- (■rniTnl rlwlion in )"90
be WA3 i-Wted afl a wbiij to r-'prf'S.'nr Red-
ford. Almost itntnediai«ly hv hestn to talce
a prominent part in the (iebatcn in Ibo hoiiw,
and in NovembeT I'OOfnergeticallT attacked
the govemnieiit for wantn cfoioni^yon mill-
toryprepantions. A speech on l'^ April ITItl,
in which he severeiy and powerfully criti-
cised the ministerial policy, attrnctcd public
attention. J-'rom tti« tirttt h>: nltnchi-d him-
self cloAely to Pox, who aoott ndinittH him
to his cunfidviica iu fon'tgn alfairs, und in
June and .Inly 1701 ho traik a pdrt. in Cliit
toorrsapoDdenca with Fox's emiEsaries nt Si.
'FstBnbnrif, who, if not aoMiHlly iixHisUiiff tn
brin^ug about, were rejoiring «i, the fniliire
of Fnt'enegolialiona. Mellqwalified bytbw
special information he poMcssed, ho was cn-
tni»lt.il wiih utu- of iht? ojipijHiiton moiituiB
in tb« deb«l« on thol!ussiao&rmnuient,and,
[Uioui^b the motion imi! luj-t by u coiisLdi-rabiu
arity nn tliia QCca.«ioii, h>! )^rcnlly diatiti*
bimaelf. Whitbread now ra|ridlr
l#rf*lopFfI into a Irjtdiiip iipirit in oiipovition,
an«l an earnest opponent of every t hi ii^
saTonriDgofoppn-Hiannndabtmc. lleprovetl
faimwlf a constant a<lr(v?al'> of tK'pN) >:man-
upation, the vxtenuon of religious and civil
rights, and thve»tabli«hiDfntof aform of nn-
ticHial tiducaiion. He consigtently {-hi-rislied
a belief in the pouibiiity of rani n lain inj;
peace with Fraaci;, and on I't Dim:. 170i!
slrongrly ^upjvirled I'ox'a mutiou for nendin^
a minister to ne^itiute wtlh Frnuct-. In the
beginnin); fif 17W1 In? jin-ffnl'-ii in*litiiiii« in
favour of reform fr«im Hirroinpham andnilipr
great towns in tbt- north nf Ln)|;land> and be
«xpieued hi* convicrion of the necGsaity for
foon on 7 May 1793. Towards the end of
l7Uo, when there was frrent distress and the
Mof agricultural Ittbouiers rfan at the
iweat point, Whitbread brought in a bill
'(0 Dec-) to enable ibc mAfnKtrul'.;H lu !1x tho
aiiniinum tut well ait tlm mii.viitiuiii wiigf- nt
ADarrer sessions; this proposul was opposed
by Rtt and defy»l»d. In 1790 ho wa» vm
of those who left the house with Fox on Ch«
ocriLsion of the aeditioua aasembly bill being
rrfiTTMl to the comraittee of the house, and
the followinc year he mov^d nn inijuiry into
tb« conduct oi the iidminiftration (A March
1797 1 and a vnt<* of censure (tt May),
He continued eleadily to hnrase the govem-
ment, support ine Arthur U'Connor [q.v.jon
his trial at Maiascotie. May 1799, ui^sg tba
consideration of the Fn-nch overtures for
ff-ace, 'I Feb. 1800, and opposiof; (March
^*0\^ the cuntinunnoe of the art for tlw
Hiippn-Bsifin of rebellion in Ireland. On
thr (.■yntUifiiiM of ijcno in 1 H02, he expressed
his approval of rhi! Addinfrinn ministry by
Btippuriinf; \)ns adi)rv», I" Nov. l**02. He
waa<]niif tinabh'^ to un^f-rstundtlie ^nF>tabl^
character of the pence, and even in A[ay
1803 srpnroi'vdliiniiiKlf from some of bis own
{lartyhyimnfinio^ that its contimtancc could
>p procured through the inierreDlioa ot
Itu^ia.
The report of ihe comini*«ioacre (I80S)
who had been appointed to inquire into the
abuies of the navul dcpiirtmint set forth a
case of su^pidon a^cninft Lord MftviHti [»im
IHsDAS. IIksjh, first Visi-ui'.\rMi:Lvii.i.i{J.
Whilbn-iid wnsttccpled by hi« party lui their
instrutnent of attacK on the friend of Hit.
He coitimeticed pmcei^dinB* by moving a
mries of rf'»oliition», 8 Ajirtl lN)6, detaiLiuiif
and altackltig (he whole conduct of tlw
treoaurer of iho navy, and, despite Pitt'a
frtn:>riuous eu'Ieuvouni to prevent the passings
of the resolutionx, they wi-re ailtmtc-d by tha
bL>u«L' ou thv costing vote of the nipiBker.
Kni'Oiintgi'd hv ihiii xuci.'pu', Wliitbct'iid im-
mediately moved, on 10 April, an addrwa
' to thrt Icing to retrnvo Melville from bia
pw-tenre and cminriU for ever, but aft>*r a
ctebnle this motion was withdrawn. Whit-
brejid now moved tio April) for a select
committee, and on Ilieir report gave notice
of moving for the iiupearhment of Melville,
and of resolutions tu follow aguini^t Pitt.
Though Whitbrt-nd'smoritm fdrllwimp-iich-
rat III, of Melville was loai in thpfiitt inelance
{H Jiinif), and an nmmtilmi'nt in fuvour of
criminal prnaMiution ndopti-il, it waa aiihae-
qiiently Hgreed to, and on liO June, accom-
pnnir-d by nearly n htindrcd niembrr!', he
ciirried up the impeachment to the bar of the
]loii4e ol i.ord». His name was now placed
at the head of ilie vomaiitice appoiiitod by
the commoiia lo draw up the urticlHft of
iiiipt!ach]nent,aiid ho was appointed manager
on the nominatioH of I.ord Ti-in])!". He
cnien-d on the tusk witli the enei^ of an
••nthii>itnHl,Hnd thvame sehsion moved for a
bill of indemnity in favour of thoaf who
i had bven in otHce under Melville who should
i
Whi thread
z6
\\'hitbread
ojvs •viilraoo on Iub Lmptj&cbmeat. On
29 April 1W0«. on ilw first (fay of llw trial lU
WKtmiailer ilall, Wliitbrt-aiJ op>-neil aU
I ^W cltATgc* ID li apeecb of ihtoe liotira and
''tweatr minutcii. Lutur tii tho trial bo
odeied hinuelf u a witocM to prava tbe
mbMaoca of tlw duipw befon the eom-
Boni, and w«> ai:v«r«ily orowHMEiLiniuwl. lU
bano bis Kptv on thn entire caw on Id May,
anaconcliidiMJ'itun ttii.>fijI[owinf{day. Mvl-
Till« wu ooquitled on all tlit^ oliargM nn
I'i JuD«. In hi« manogctnent oi' tb« trial
Whit)*n>ftd appi-arti to liuvu boini aomewbat
RUwUTful, maa to buve m»i)tf<l on his own
nethodi in opposilion to tiiv K^iiernl vioirs
of the maoa^nt and of bin frii'iid KomiUy
in |>«rticiitiir (Co ix-ii ester, Itinrn, ii. ■')»*>.
litti dili^-iicu in pr^parini; thu cann won ru-
nuirkablif, but he m Hutd to liav<i txton i*o
^ oei'Upipd with diaiilavuig hia own wit and
I «l'>qut!tK'<>, or, aw tus X>ijcliei» of (lordun vx-
pKued il, 'with tcuc-liing hix dmyliontn to.
caucr,' thai his rjn'^-chi'H faili'd In convince
(HuLLAVli, Mrtn'iim of I hi ii^Aiy Piirtu, i.
im). lCon-laii(Lion repnrilA lb« r<^nU of the
trial by hi« cnrtonn, 'The Art|ui(ta1, or up-
wtCinjT thi! I*ort«r I'ot ' (-JO Jun« 1H06.).
On the npproacliiiig doalh of I'ox (■Sep-
temher IUHMt) thu incluaion of Whitbroad in
the miniatn- won under coiutdomtion (UccK-
moHAU, Mtrmoirt tif Court and C'alnnrts of
ffeoiyt iJI,i\ . (iTt),lt[it out hia occa^ioD Lord
Grey appi'iira wittiout ■ulfu'-icnl wnrntnt lo
buvp vouchiMl for hia brothfir-in-lnw hariiig
no donirw for afficv (iVj.) At thii ji^riod ht>
I OMtainly dt'S'urvcd wi-ll of \m party, for bin
' attack on Melvilh*, which h»> followed ii» by
a vigoroLUi fx|ii^?ii[^- of tbi^ conduct ol thtj
Cuke of Yoi-k, wa^^ pn]iiil«r in (he country
and ireproved tho poHilioii of ihu whifpi (Lb
ilKmiiAXT, I^i/f-ii/ Li/rtl S/irnvtr, p. J 15; wu
art. JOHXSTOVI), A-VtlRKW JTasie^ G'ooueaxe).
la 1H07 Whilbread brou^rlil in a poor-law
bill of the moat alaboralii and tiiiwifldy chn-
rnctiT. Hia apeeeh, dulivorod on 10 Feb.
lM)7,waa piihlixhircl in pnniiihlvl form. Iliii
Bcbame comprisfd rho ef<tnbfishTn«>nl of a frL-e
edurntloriul ayiiifiiii, thv a]ti>Tatiou of thulaw
of Beitlfment, rh(- i'<)iiAliHalion of counly
ratsa, and a pucuUiir propoeal for distioRuisli-
Ing butwiMNi tbe de*er\'inf( and nndcsi?r%'in|7
poor by thn wwirinjr of badgefl. It eicited
|COBaidi.-mbk> publir iiit«n-»t, and wna kopiily
criticised ill tho prtss by .Mallhua, IJoue,
BowIiMJ, «nd others. The uortions of the
tuatn acbeme di.ialin(r with i'duealtormud the
law of aoltUriiiPnt wen* Biibstfqucntly con-
verted into st'purato bills which pajtsud their
i«.«coiid rt'aduig; the pnnxJiial aoboola bill,
under which children berween tbe n^a of
88TI-11 and fourteen and unable to pay were
ralitled to two yean* &ee edticktioD, ww
R^rd«d aa sucb'a nraflicel proposal tbat
it wa» circulated in lue coauiry for tbe coa-
aidemtiun of the magistntea. Tbe propoaed
meuurea, though conl^nine mudt tbac wu
good and fxhibtting politictu fons^bt, weie
hurriedly preimrva, and sbowed warn ot
usuct. knowlMlKVOii I he part of their author.
Tbi'y were committed, btit Huh&oqui'atly
abandoned (29 July).
Wbithroad'fl auitude with rogud to tbe
conduct of the war and foreign afliura now
\iiigkn tocfiii»tidiH'iT(.-occaof opialonbeCween
himstlf and oiIilt l^adin? members of the
»ijpottiti>>n, and in lAfCcmMT Ibifi hi* hio-
tliur-Iu-kw (now Lord (irey) priTaiely
warned hitn of tbe dangers atlt^'ndin^ hit
ptiaco-at-nny-prico policy. But be wad noc
Co be re*tr»nRd, and in>d»ted upon moTing
a peace resolutioa on 2a Feb. !»**, whcr«li
il wad Etatud tbat tburo was ' nothing in the
i>ri-3(-iit Miki« of alTaira which abould precltide
IUB mujvely from embracing tba opportunity
of coniuinncing nvgntiation*.' O eotge Fon*
wnby \q. r.}, acting in conrert with Lordi
Grenvjlle and dny, moved and csrri<»l the
ErevioUi* que*lion by 211 to 6S, but Wbil-
read'a following was probably iiicr«^*»ed by
mietalcc- (ti/f •■/ Lard O'lry. y. IctS), Hia
action on thiE* occasion cauaed aparty split,
which resulted in tho prtLCtical dixbandment
of tho opposition in It^. Thougb Pon«onby
had li«iMi ai-<><>i)lt?da.*li?ndcr of thfioppoaition
by Whitbread with cerlaiti rescrxat lona on
II IW. 1^07 (RpcKlSORAM, Mrmiiirs of tke
G/url and Ctdiinet* of deorye III, iv. 210),
vHawclion of the parly, following Whit-
brt^tid, Kolk^-8ton6, and Hunlcti., bad in 1Sfl9
completely aAserled its independence {ib. p.
414) ; and their MTongly czpresacd poltry
that * peace should bu the cry of the nation '
and tho furious aliack on the Duke of York
catwed open variance between them and
Lord* Grenville and QrcY iu April l(*OB
(CoLciiBfTEB, Diary, ii. l/j). Aa tli« re-
yuliir oppoailioii relaxed ita efforta, «o Wbit-
brL'ud and bin following ri'doubU'd their cne^
gii*H and bei-ame the only forcibla urguu
of liberal pnnciplvH in the hou&t? (Lb Mai^
CHASi, Ltfevf hard Kjirnfrv, p. 115).
From lilH)9 up to the time of bin dtatb
Wliitbrviid spoK<- mori) fr«iuenlly than any
TOnmher of tho llouso of C^mmon^. Ilia
g|>itniin that ptiblicilv tnui the very esseooa
of tho British constitution acroiintA for the
eariH^lttH.tM with which hn attacked nbuscfl
of all kinds, and the frequent dcbatoa be
occa»ii>npd on furrign alTiiira. Jlia criticiain
of Iri)rd Chatham's conduct with regard to
tlw Scbeldl. fijwrntiond was highly KUCCCaflftll
nnd grcntly inBplritcd tbo opposition; his
Whitbrcad
»7
Whitbread
noUaaaDSS Feb. 18)0 for «b address to the
kint; iwking f»r nil |)«t>i>n Biil>niitlv>l «l uaj
lime by the Earl nf Cnattiam vroi carried t>j
serea TOtev, and the mbeeifueiit motion of
eawnKon Lord Chatham's conduct by thirty-
three (3 Mnrch 1310). Dt-smte tliecarrvinjr
of this reaoltition, it is saiil tWt Cliutlmm
only resigned on Wliiltintad tlirL-uiviiiii); pul^-
licly to aak wiiplht^r hv wu* »\M uiiD>ter-
gcncral of ihu ordnance.
On tliR tumuli K tirociTiling; Sir Francis Biir^
der:t'asrrwt,WhitDr4>^d, though generally in
sympathy with tht< cttr«mlsts, played the
ptirt of pnident adviaiT to his friend, and
uTl^vd him not to resist ibe apeaUer's war-
rant ; he al»o aAirtnod in the boua« thfl
legolitT of tliv namuit and ihti eomequtiDL
etM^Dgs.
He wu orl- of tht* f{'w who uniformly
d on principlu c\i<ri;ssc<l diEnm>r>jtjation
of lUo tftrency bill, mid on S.'i t-i-b. 1811
hi' moved for a eommittoH to inBpi.-ct tho
joumala of till! llniiMi of liordii cmoTning
the kioit'o iUnt'&H in IBOJ.and iinndpmnm
the roniluot nf I>}rd Eldon in 1801 antl ]rifn.
When in IRll it appeanxl certain i-hnt tlie
whi^ vrould secure oflice, it wag arran^,
dmptto objiKtioR M him from th^! Dron-
vitles, that Whitbread should be swrclary
of Mate for homo affiiir? (BaousKAU, Auto-
bios rapAy, vah ii.) The talculatiuneuf tbo
opposition wi-n», liowvvcr, up<ict by Ihv
abrupt dptermination of ihf iv^enl tn main-
(jiin in olTice the Perc«n*sl nJminisTmtion.
fter PerppvaVft death, Whilbn^ad purstied
is indwin-ndent ooune in oppo«ilion, acting
parately from the bulk of nis party.
In tlw summer of iyi:J he appeara tobavo
made tho aoaiuiiniunce of the IVincew of
Wale* iii. ii. l48). I-'rum the' first hi.* ducmvd
it bia duir to stand by h^r, ' cuiiHidcrin^ ln-r
S0 ilt-useu as possible, and without any Ju&t
ground ' (A. ii. Iflo). Although his action wii9
afaaolntely independent and alienate-d him
from some of his own relatives (AuoLrtius,
MtVMtr* oj Caraiiar, i. I'fil), ho waa on
better terms with the whigs now than in
IMOO. [n the IloiiM! of Commons he con-
stituted himM.-lf champion to thu priuiNtisii, I
and, with his usual eamejtiir>«, allumptt^
on all oficaaioRs lo do hi-r M-rrico. Ilis subI,
faowever, outrau bin dlitm^tion wli«n, in ii
\taig speech on 17 Miirrb 1S13, ho madr^
■ gmiindli**! cbnr^^ against I-ord IClten-
boroufrhandtheotliercominlssiomTswIiohud
inijuired into the princesaV eonduct, of sup-
ing a pnrrion of Mrs, LisIk's cvidfncr.
this occasion his friends in the coinniotiti
isurtd him for his rash crednliry, and
' IJUeuborough intbeHousuof I.onl8on
March 1613 denounced llie accusation 'as ,
false as liel] in erer^pan.' Whitbread with
cbamctTiMic obstinacy rpfus«d to adnut
bitn&nlf in the wronz (//a»MirJ,pp.:*5,274).
] lis ardour on behalf of the pfince&swas not
checked by thin cpisodr, and he continued
to exert Liniself in h^r support. On her de-
parturo from England in August 1814 he
wrote t-Apreit«ing *hi» unallurablo attach-
luttut, his devotiun and x^al fur her n»-Kttt«-
bliabment ' (ADOLPiiva, Memoirs nfCarolw,
i. AUC).
During the last year of 'WTiitbread's life
his diwia> for pvace, despite all change of cir-
rumntance on tho CDntirii'nt, dctcrniinol his
conduct in oppusilion. lie qut-slioned the
fr>:)Unds of war with America ou 8 Nov.
SIJ. urged the mninti-ntuire of peace on
20 Miirch 1815 wbi'lher tht Uourboii dmasty
or Napolvun should provo succi-ssfnl, prcH
I'-Ated on •{ April ogtunst tliu di'clnratiou uf
the allies in congress ngaiust Nupuleoti, and
on 'I^ April uovtxl an addreee pruyiug thu
cmwn not to involve the country m a war
Upon the ground of uxcLiiding a purticular
pt^rson from the govemnw'nt "I France.
\N'hen, hnwever, war wn^ actiuilly entered
upon, liF supported the vot« of credit for its
proMCUtioa.
During the Inst few years of his life the
part taken by Whitbread in the rfibuilding
and reorganisation of l>rury Luno Thtfalrooc-
caitioniid him gri'nt an.tiety tind nnnnyitnrt!,
nod is said to have inaUrlally affected his
health. On the burning down of I he old
theatre, ^1 Fub. \H1&, be bi^came a member,
and Hoou after chniruian. of the committee
for tho rebuilding of the thciitn<. A bill
for ita re-erect i<^tn bysubocriptir^n waspaAMd
through parliament, and Whitbreau sup-
ported thii iutcrvi!lK uf Drurv Lnuu iu the
commons, suceeAsfully opjKifllng rhe intro-
duction of bills for thu (.■etabKabment of
ririJ tlii-ntrrs, oul" of his (irguinvnls being
that the more thpntres the worse actors ana
no one sood play (t> May IBlt, 20 March
I812J. In IHll and IHI-J li*- wa« much oc-
cupied with the rebuilding and reorganiaa-
tion of tbo Ihpatrv, which wa* opened sgniti
on 10 Oct. 1812. InnoraiioL^ wbieb be
attempted by beginning the pecformances at
an earlier hour and by pbiying every night
lh« wbolf y.'«r niuiid involved liim tu dia-
putcs and ditfirnliiiM witU othfF theatres
{Aditit. M.S. 2"9:i.'>, f. 40), but bis moni*-
tary relations with Shi-ridon wttre tn him a
source of still greater annoyance. Flis bwBi-
ni><t.«likf nbHities (uablfii him to slhnd firm
ngninat t^heridan's powen of perausaiou
I MoORB, L\fr of ahrrtrlan, ii. 443), but there
docB not appear to bu any ground fur tliu
■uggestion that be treated Hheridau barsbly,
1
or that fet thia time lia wm tuflttring from
di«ea80 ortlm bniiii.
Whitbreuil dii-A by his own band on
6 July 181 fl, huvinft cut liU thmftr at his
town hiiuHH, :V» Kovor StRjet. At tbo in-
quest, liuld the flame Any, the jury friund
lliat he wim in a deranged 9t«t« of mind &t
the Lini(^ the act vas committHd : bia friend
Mr, Wilchwr gttve evidence llmt Li^ de-
BpnndftncY WDS due to belief that bis public
life -waa extinct. Ho was buriEid at Card-
inpoTJ in Bedfunisbin*. Ilijt widow dind on
'2% Ndt. 1:^10. Whitbraid dipd i)a:ftCfiaL>d of
Bvc^if^lithri of litM hnjw»?n-, bi« fiilber by
will huving madfl it coropulnory on him to
retain a mujurilj of tbe eliartw in his own
bauds. He loft two son*— William lleiin-
(rf. 1807). M.P. for Bedford 18l»-37; and
Sunuel OharU't* — and two dttiigbtfni, Kliia-
baib (d. 18-Ifl), who mftirifid Williatn, ivighlli
linrl \Vhldp(jTav« ; and Knimn Laurai <l. 18571,
wbo marriiH) Oharli^s Sbflw-LefeiTC,vi«count
Everaley [q. v.]
In th« opinion of a pood judge of tbftrac-
ter, VVbitbrcad *wa» madu uptif tbo vii'uifnlit
of "[(poeition' (Ward, /Jinry, wL I'Ui])m, i.
40^). IIU L'lo<]ucnu(! was more suited for
ntlAcIf in dehalt- tbnn cb-ft'tirp. Ijord llyniTi
coiisid«n*d biin liie Ufimofttbenuaof bad tasta
and vul^r viTlwtn»'nw, but ulrong aad Kng-
lisii; hiA piTulinr and forcible Angliciom
wan iiNn nntfd by Wilberfyrct*. who, how-
ev«!r,lhoiiffbt. *hc epolif ao if he bad a pot of
pfjrter to his lina and all hi>> wordt I'Amu
through it' (W ildeiuoece, f,i/e, v, 330).
Fie was, in the words iif Ilomilly, 'lh« pro-
niDU*r of erery lilwra! sclieiui? for iriiprnv-
iug tbt) condition uf niiLiikitid, ibe zi'alutis
advocate i>r the opprtsm-d, niiil thi^ iimlftiinted
opposvr ol' t'vory Etwuiee of t^orniption and ill-
admininlration;' mit Ino vuiti and nub to
ncqiiiru any real ascendency over ihi' iniudR
of wi-ll-«tlucal(?d mtrn (IIOLCAXD, Mrmoift
f^f Whig J*trty, ii. •13,7). Wbiibroad was
freiiiienlly portrayed by both llowlundson
and Gillrav in their politicjil cartJ^ons, and
IB iiivarinbly distinKiii^bed by a porter-pot
or some rf-fi-rcricr lo Whitbri'Btl's ' onTire.
A liiilf-ltn(;th porlrait. of Whitbread was
painttsd by Thomas (_iain:*lKiraiit;b. An en-
gravfd porlrait, from an ori^iual drawing,
nppcan in Adolplms's ' Mfmcur of Oftroline '
(I. 4*il); and ttnolhiT entTavnd ponrait, by
W. Ward, after the pnniting bv II. W.
PickeragJll, wae published on 'S! Juno 1830.
[Hansard. IHQa.Lt.mwim; Atinunl HfRiBtcr;
HonnsTribm^sofiht Public Pr»c8lo the Memory
of the Ute Mr. Whitbrnad. 1815; .M]lb»niic
Accoiini of 111, Dfaih „f Mr. Whithmivil. ISIft;
fiir F. Grfl/B Ijifsuf Lord Or*y; Le MHrcSmmfit
Life of J^irl 8pencer (which eontaina a alion
bioffraphy of fVhitbnad, pp. 172-80); Di«ry
and Cormtipoadvnee of Lord Colchcal«r; Ediu*
biir(>h ilaview. April IS3S; Uenoira of tits
Ufo of Sir S. Honultj ; Uoare'i M«inotr«.]
W. C-B.
WHITBREAD. THOMAS ( 161l*-l6r9>,
Jesuit. [Sfe ll*Kcoi"Ri, Tiioiiaa.j
WHITBY. DANIEL (ie3&-1726), pofe-
micel di villi! nnd cotnmeDta(or,son of Tliomu
Whitby, rw:lor( 1631 7) of Kudidcn, NonU-
umptonshire, afterwarda rector of Uarrow-
OQ-Huiuber, Linoolnahm*, waa born a1
Uuabdeu on 2X March H138 (roanuacripb
notu in Briiisb Museum cnny, S226 bo,
•M, i>f hiH iMt ThoiMhtt, ii:»). Attve
attending school at Caatfr, I>incn1nahire,
bv U'camv in IfHtS a commoaer of Trinity
Collegia, Oxford, matrinilaring on 'JH Jnly,
wbuo his nanio is written Whiibie. He was
i>hiClixl «cli<iiar on IM-Tiine lHoh; gmdual^d
B.A. on L>0 April 1ii.'>r. M..\. on 10 April
1(!(5U, nnd was elected fellow in ItWH. In
the samti yeor he came out aa a writer, or
rather ompiler.agaiust Itoinan catholic doc^
trine, altaeliLng Ititgb I'auliuu^ or Sereniu
CVen&y, 1).I). ^q, v.J llo wag aufWL'nKi by
John .Sergeant [q.T,], to whom h<' replied in
l«tW. Scib Ward [q. v.], bishop of Salisbury,
made him bis clinplain in ItHiK, giving bus
ou 2J t)ct. ihu pn'bend of Vatesbury, and on
7 Nov. the prt'bend of Hiisbom-TaiTanl and
BurbagR. In liJCS ho became perpetual
curate of St, Thomas's and rector of St. Ed-
mund's, Salisbury, flo next wrote on the
evidences (167 1). On 11 Sept. l(J7:i he wa*
installed pn^eentor at Salisbury, and at once
accumulated It.ll. and ]).!). (l3 Sept.) Ud
resumvd his anti-liomish polemic* in 1674,
and coutintiL'd to publiab on tlus topic at
mtervals till I6SD.
(.'ousidcmblD popularity bad alt.<ndttd
Wbitbv's earlier eontrovi-.rsial i-H'orts ; Iw
lo«t it Wputtingforth anonjmou.-tlv. latcin
I(Wi), 'The l'«.te«1aut Iteconciler.'pleading
for Muciaaions to nonconform i«ts, with a
view to their com prehension. A tlercn- paper
war followed, in which [.awrcnce Womock
lijt, v.J, Duvid ,r(inner [q. v.], and Swnuet
ITiomas [(|. r,] took part. In contvmporaty
pamphli-ts Whitby, nickrnmt-d Wbigby,wM
unfavourably contriuilcd with 'Hlua Oat«a;
iruniiral It^t t<Te of thanks were addreaied to
him. purporting to come from Mtinster aDa-
baplUto luid others, llie university of Ox-
ford in convnpAtion (SI July HJ«3| con-
d»mu^ tbf proposition • that the dnty of not
offending a WMK brother ia inronsistenl with
nil buinait nuthoricy of making lawa coD-
eeming indilTertnt things,' and ordered
I Whitby'a book to be forthwith
I
*
i
'na oraonra j
1 burned by J
Whitby
»9
Whitby
V
lavi
the unirenitf miirshni in tb« «choolA niind-
rani^le. Seth Word «xiort«(l from Wliiiby
a retractattou (9 Ckt. 1683) iu which h« ilC-
ciutid himMlf of ' wa.iil at pruduiica and d&-
fereuix lo authority,' ivvohed ' all im-Tereut
ftad unmeet eipnsaioas,' and renounci'd tlii;
ahoru propoaitiQn and anothi-r nimilar oi)«.
e farther iasuAd b ' M^And part ' of the
I'mti^tnat Rooonctler,' urging difi3uiitr>rH lo
conforiiiity.
lo 1694 h« pahtbbvd ia Latin a com-
EHMiilium of «thio8. In lfi89 lie wrolw in
favour of taking the oaths to William and
~ 'ary. lie took a Hinall pAit in the 8a>i?ininn
itrorenr [«»• SiiuiiLOfK, William. D.I).]
ir pubUahinfT ( 1 6y n a l,atiu tract on the
livmity of Christ. On 14 April 1^96 hv
received t)M> prvbi'iidiifTauiiiiiii Rrt^a. Hi«
m^^Rwn ojHu, whirh has rfttuned n rertain
reputation to the prwani ct-nturv. in a *Para-
phtave and Cnmmimlarv on tin; Ni-w Thftta-
ment,' begun in 1(188 and publi.ibed in 1703,
■^ I. 2 Tol». ; latwl wlitioti, 1 H2'2, 4to, T>od-
id^ (Tforlw. iWi. \. 472) thutijcht it,
with all deductions, ' preferable to an V other.'
In hin commontur}' he o^poMS Tillotson's
vi«ir of h«ll tormentA. Faith he defined an
mei^ assent to Qosp«l facts as true. A Latin
Appendix (1710) ii! nn nnwiiw attack on llx^
critical labours of John Mill fq. v.] Of this
' Exatnon'ufic was made hy AnthonvCoilins
[q, r.'' ; it wu rvprintod (I.<'yden, 1724) by
Sigebert Havcrkarap. A lati>r Lntin disafip-
tation (1711) rejects the aiilhority of llin
'ithcrs as intcrpn'tcru of .Scriptnrf , or a.* on-
titled to determine cnnlnrivt^mies respecting
the Trinity. Tie had been led to this posi-
feioD by his anCugonism (1707) lo tbo arvii-
nenta on which Henry IhMlweli the elder
[q. T.l baaed bis rejection of the natural im-
mortality of tho luiid. He madi^ furthnr uae
' iC ir. in mticismB directed (171S} aRsinst
}>iOTj(# Bull [q. v.j and (I7S0-1) Haniet
Vaterland [q. v.] His knowledge of the
kthoDi waa accurate, but not profound.
Mi-anwhilc hi* busy jK-n waa >engag«d
ri7I0-IL) in refuting the Calrinlstic posi-
'ans of John Edwards (1637-17111) [q. v.]
[e is tuiislly raiiki'd &» an Arminian, but his
Htrenuoiudeiualof the imputation of Adam's
ejn aoan carried him W'vnnd .\rminiait lined.
In fhr K>nKtiriat)c(>nlrovnriiyhr! wn)l« (1714
and 1718) in dpfunw of Homily. On the
doctrine of our lord's doity, irhich lin had
defended in 1691 nnd hail tirmly upheld
tluroughout his New Testament commentary
flTOS), be waa shakm bj the trwfitiM (17)2)
" Somnel Olarke (1076-I7:J9) [q. ».] Of
ilii there an: marked evideflces in his cnti-
^uou of Bull imd Watorlond, but t he extent
' hiN departure fram ' the received opinion'
waa not r«vf*«)ed till the poHthumous publi-
cation (' by hifl expre«i oruer') in April 17i7
of his ' I^nst Thoughts,' which ho calls his
' r«trsccatiou,' aud which ' cleartr shows his
uiutarianixm' (letter of 17 July 1737 by
Samuel Crollius, in 'Thesaurus Epiatolicua
LH-i'rojsianuii,' quoted in Wau-ack's Avti-
trinilarian Bioffraphy, 1^60, iii. 471).
Wliilby »n/r>)r*tJ in his lalt-r yearit from
failing night, and employed nn aroaniiensia,
otherwise he retaioea his faculties, including
a tonsciniis memory, to n vory advanced age.
He was ' very well, and at chuix:h [accord-
ing to Noblo Ik- bnd preached extempore]
the day before hv died ; and rr^turuing none
wsji seized with a ftuntjng, and died the
night following* fSntBS). He died on
■>4 Slarch I72.>-6, hi« eight v-eicht U birth-
day. His portrait, painted \)t K. Kni^'hl,
was eiijiruvuJ (ITOi^) by VandvrUucht. He
wan .■•hort nnd very thin; always studious,
uein^ no recreatioii except lobooco, allable
in (liiipiititiiin, but 111 («'rlr ignorant of busi*
nssa matters. To his piety and unselfisli-
ness ther^ Is full testimonr.
Sykes gives a 1i«t of thirty-nin^ publica-
tioBS by Whitby, not counting several
separate sermons, Thechief are:
I. (againut Itomanituu) : 1. ' llonmh Hoc-
trincH not from the Ueginning.' ltil>l, 4ro.
2. ' Au Auawcr to " Sure Fooiiiig.'" Oxford,
IttfiO, 8vo (with appi-ndix! '.-Vtiiwnr to Kive
IJueslions'). .3, ' X Dlsmurtie concerning
tile Tddntry of . . . Home," 1674, Sva,
4. 'Tha . . . Idolatry of Hoei-W;oMhip,' 1679,
8ro. 6. ' A Discourse concerning . . . J^w8
. . . against Hcrvrlics . . . approvi^d bv , . .
Home,' 1(Wl', 4to. 6. 'Trfalisi.' in' con-
futation of the Latin Service," 10S7, 4to.
7. 'Thtj Fallibility of ihu Komau Churcli,'
1(187, 4to. 8. 'A Demon utrat ion that . . .
Kome and her Councils have em?d,' ltil*8, 4to.
9. 'Trv-atiiW' of TrnditioiK," pt, i, 1688, 4to;
pt. ii. KWP, 4to. 10. ' lrri.iio Dei Pannarii
KomanGOsium,' 171H, 6vo (la English).
II. (on the evidencce^: 11. ' .\6yiiv r^t
fri'tTTtMf , , . the Certainty of Christian
Faith," Oxford, HJ7I, 8vo. 12. 'Discourse
conceniintr lli« Truth ... of tlie Christiao
Faith," ItS&I, 4to. 13, 'The Necessity . . .
of . . . Kevelatiou,' irOfi, Svo, U. ' *JI
Xayue?! itrrptia . . . KtiaMitL is to be our guide
in . . . Religion,' 1714, Hvn,
III. (ngninift Calvinism): 1&, 'A Di»-
cnnrse concerning. . . Election and Repro-
bation,' 1710, 8vo. 16. *Four Diacourees
. . . Personal FWtion or Reprobation," 1710,
8vo( includes replies to Kd wards). 1". 'Trac-
tntiis dc Imputallone . . , Peccati Adami
posterts eju8, 1711, 8vo,
IV. (on the fathers}: 18. 'Reflectioua on
. . . Dodwell,' 1707, evQ. 19. 'Duwrtatio
daS.Seriptaniruinlnter»r«t«lione»cciin{linn
FWLfvm Commenurioa,' 17U, Hvo. m ■ A
DiaeoHne, khowiog that . . . tlie Ante-
Nkme FKtLon . . , an; . . . ugreuftbltt id
ih*! Int*n)rclalion4 of Dr. OUrke,* 1714, Svo
faninBL llobprl Xelwn [q, T.])
V. (on tb» Trinity): 21. 'Tn»clat«« dti
ten Chruti F>eit«1c tulrorsuB Arii et Hocini
hlETCfMj' 1W1| 4to (nhow* pxtvnfiviK know-
tad^ of SiM^i«n writ«n). 'J'i. 'A DiA-nua-
mwt frota eDijomng into llie Doctrini; of the
TrioKir,' 1714, rivo. 23. "A . . . I'onfiita-
tioB of tbe Dqelri&e of tb« HabclUaiia,' 1716,
fihro^ :i4. 'Utuumtianes Modestm in Uiilli
Dtiftiuionein Fidoi Niciifnn,' 171?^, 8vo.
S8. 'A Bflply IoUt. Wnlt-rlttiidV tJbjt-ilifiiis,'
17S0, 8vo; aeeondpftrt ]7:.M,8vo. lM. (poe-
(iiunioua)''VcrT«p<ii 4j(H^^i)«ri or . . . lioal
Thoughbi . . . flddocl, I'ivo Dincouriea,' 1727,
6vo (edited by Arthur Aiihlcy Svlten [u.y.I);
SnAoA. 17S8, 8to; reprinlwl wi'lh nrUlilion*
bj tbe Unitarian AMocintion, 1841, 8ro.
Volumes of liU SBrmons w<>rt> JMUi-<l m
1710, 1720, 17211.
{Short Account, by fijilcM, pnififed In Ltut
ThoiU[)rU, 1737: Wood'* Aiboo«-OxoD.(TAi)D«>0.
H. lOda : Wood's ATbcn* Oxon. (BIIm). ir. <7 1 :
Wood'i Purti CUIiH). it. lOS, 233. SSi-S : Din.
gmpbitt Briunnion. 17^3. ri. 43IS (nrtii^Io It;
*C.."i.». Pbilip Mornnt (q. t.]); >'oIjV» Cyn-
LinunLitiD of tin>n)t<!r. 1803, H. 112; Le Nl'to'b
VaMi (Hftrtly), 1064, ii. 914, MT, GH ; b'oftnV
Aliunoi Oxon. )SS2, iv. 1612-1 A O.
WHITBY, StEi'iiBK OP (d. U12), abbot
of St, MiiryV, York. [Roe Sthphkx.]
WnirOHTTRCH or WHYTOHUROH,
EDWAUDir/. ITiOl), ppotvalant publUbor,
Vw a KubstAntial citi/«& oT Lundon ui tbi>
midiUa of Henry VIII'i* reign. His bii»inc«!>
wu proba.l>1v Ibnt of a g"''^!'- ^^ accepted
with enthusuLSm the doclrinm of tbt' prr^-
l«staut refurmatioa. In J-S37 he jotMi>il witb
liiit fvllnw citiwM Kicbard Grafton [ij. v.] in
arranging for iha difltribul ion nf printed
copiea of tlm DiblM in KiiKli-tb. In that yt'ar
flrafion and Wbilrhnrch caufrd (!upii>E of
the first complnto viT^lim uf lb" Hiblw in
Engliab, wbicn is linnwn an 'Thnmns Mat-
thflwa's Bible' and wasprlotpdat Autwi-rp,
to bo hroujrbt to London and piib1i.4hf'd
there. \N'hitcbiircL'a name does not appear
in the raro volume, but bi«initin1», * E. W.,'
■n placed bf low tbe woodcut of the * I'ro-
pli«t« EBa?e' r«fie UooHM, JoiiT, 1500 P-
I5fi6]. tn novombcr 1538 Covcrdalo'e
comwtt^d Vfraion of tbe Nbw Teatani«nt
was printfid in Pnrifl ai tbi! frxpfliiee of Oraf-
ton and Whitcbitrcb, whiiae namesappsar on
the titlo-pa^ as publishers of tbe work in
England. SabKqtuRiiIy tbej naolTol to
reprint the Bngtiw Uihlu in i'aru in • non
elaborate shapv, but after the wurk was b^
gun at lli« Freneb pmw Ibi? Ftwich
iiient prohibited its coDlinuanre,
(irafton and H'hitclmrch art up a pnw W
London, * in tbe riousir latA tbe Gmre Freera,'
and, with eone aid from Tbomu berthelet,
thev published the work, wbieb wu known
as ' the Great Bible.* in April 1539. Xu
rowor than Mven oditions appeared before
Uoccmber I&4L Tbeaecocdodition ori'>40,
with Cranmer'a ' prologe,' aeema to bavt? b«u
jjrlntL'd indopGniwntly 1^ both Whitchurch
and Hraftoa. Half lhi> copies Ix-ar tbr- tianm
of WbiUhurch as printer, and half that of
rimfton. Tti» tbird, fourth, and fifth edition*
(Jnir and Nni-eniWr IMO, and May 11MI>
bwirXVliitchurch's imprint only. Whitcharch
and (rrnftfin itrintwl jointly tlie N»w Twita-
menl in Kngliihafti^rKrafnnnitVtoxt in1S40i
t-lin primer in both Enelisb and I^tio io
li>'IO; and two royal proelamauoiis on oadB-
siastical topics on OMay and ^4 Jahr 1641
raspeetiTely [soe GBArroif, IlirHAU>|f.
After CVomweira fall, 'VMiiichurch tnd
tirifton offended thejjOTernment by ilwolara
uf prutfElant zeal. On 8 April l->43 wbil-
r;hiir<^b, Oraftoii.nntl six othrr pHntrmwi-n'
cummilltd to the Fleet prison for printing
unlawful boLikti; ^Miitctiurcb and (IraftoD
wero rclciiSL'd on 8 Mav following; {Aett
of Vriry O-wnw/, od. IJoacnt. i. 107. 12C;
Stbtpe, Bcfl«»Uutieal Memorinh. 1. i.f/Btti,
<Jn i^^ Jau. 1M3-4 (Jraflon and Wbitchuicli
received joinllyanexiiiui^e mlont forprinl-
iug cliurcb eervice bnokii (IttMKlt, Fiiitera,
xiv. 7m). On 'JR May 1 S4I! tli.jy w^r.; grmntvd
jointly an exciUiHive right to print pritnen la
Latin and Knglish.
[ii Berular litpmlun? ^\^lilohorch pub-
lished duringtbe same period on bis own a(?-
ftiiint ft new edition of Kichard Tavemera
'Ciardenof \Vyi>edomo'(l&40P); Tmhaixu'l
tmuslation of Vigo's * Workee of Cbirniw
([•;rvt!* (1543, nvw ed. 1650); liioniaa
I'haer'a ' Sewe Itoka of I*r«aideni.yi ' ( 1543) ;
iioffvT Atfbam'a 'Toxophilua' (1545) ; and
Williajn llaldwlii'a ' Morali Phvlosopbye'
(ir.4:).
In Kdvrard ATs reign Whitchurch was
("stnblifthed at the sign of th* Sun in FIe*t
l^lr^'et, uud wofi on terms of intimacy with
the nrntCRtant liiudcrs. His press was bu»y
until tbe king's death, and h« wa« oecoAton-
ally employed by the government loprintolE-
ciel docum't:nIs. Early iu l^AO niiit^urch
and Grafton printed tbu limt edition of the
Book of Common Prayer (Cabdwell, Tko
Bookt uf Commim Pratf^r, pp. xzxvili-xliT).
Hereprinted aingle-hnndeid an editioo of the
Kew Teiuuncat in futuU octcro in 1M7.
HuiT e^itloua of Ibe pravei^bouli Karl of
the Psalter in Hloraholil antl Honkiim't ver-
•iQii Ctttn>i from bta nrt-iM (luring the next five
I TMn>. He reprinted the Great Bibli* in small
H^Ktlio in ltV19,antl iignin in fuliciin I'rOU. lit-
^Hclpw) to pmject and hi> itrinted ttic inms-
^Jhtion of ErasmuVt psninbimw of th« New
^nr<--«tuni'nt, in which NichoUia TTdall [q. T.l,
\ John Old, the I'riiicese Mary, and QtWrs toi'>k
part ; tbu 6rit Yolumo nuMarcd m U>4-*^, the
aecuud in 1*>11>. John Rogers was for somo
I tim« \Vhitchurcb*s guMt at hi<) boiuc in
' Fleet Strvt*!, iind ha published for bim oa
1 Aajf. 1546 bin book on 'The Iiitcriin/ In
1&411 oe ifisaed o oemton l^ Bishop Hooper. I
Thi* nccvHMtioii t>f (Jii<M-n Afary iiupt>nll«d
Whitchnrch'a poBilion. He waa excepcod
froin pardon ia th« pniciftmation of uM
directed itgainat ihiua' whomfitsodallf^ianw
to the new eocl«flia«tical regime. i\e pru-
bably B«d to Oermanr. Ilia naniK vrim
omitt«d from iho lirt of ftalionprs to wlioni
Que«a Mary ifranti?d the cbarter of incor-
poration roastitiitini; them tho Stationers'
Compauv ill I'VrfS, nor was h« mentioned in
th» conlinuation of that charter br Queen
Elizalwib oa 10 Nov. I'jS. But after
Klizabdth'x acceaaion Wbitcburch resumed
baaiaen in London, and in IdSO ha pub*
lisbed a ncv t>dtlion of Tliomaa PhaeKa
I * Ragiment of Life." Tbin waa his last un-
j dertokin^. lie is apparently the 'Maister
Wyehurcb* -who was buriwl at Ctmberwell
I on 1 l»ec. l.VJV.
Whitfbiirch married, after 15o6,the widow
of ArchbUti'jpC'raumvr; ebi- was Margaret,
nUv.et ofOsiiuidi'r, pasiorof Nurembi-rp. She
aarri^-ed ^^liitchurch.Kiid murrii'd oiil^Nuv.
1664 B third liMsband, BBrtlmlom^w Scott of
Csmhenrellt juaticB of ihu pou€o fur Hum<y
p. ^4).
[AnMa'aTjpoffr.AnUq. ed. Harbort ; Btrjrpe'a
Woriu; nufltera Life of Jobo Ilogers; Dorv'a
Old Bibtea, 2ad ed. ]8B8] & L.
VHTTE, ADAM (1817-18791, nntiira-
list, wu bom at Kdinbni^h oti 'id April
1817, and educated at tboblghschoolof tuat
ty. When nuit^ n lad be went to London
ith au iat roa lid ion to John I-Mward Gray
[q. Y.J and U-came an oiBi-JM! iii the EOological
dopulmcnt of tbi3 British MuMium in Decem-
Vt i»ar<. ii» iiMid tiM po«t till mf):i,wb«n
mental indiaposition, oonaeqaent on the loss
of bij wife, nocessitated his retiriTini-nt im a
peniioB.
Be nerer permanent lyr«Jovered,aUhotiffh,
^<ven when au inmatl^ of one of tiK- Sfottiiib
w^tiuue, hit edited and largely contributed
m
K
to a journal the contmtaof wbidi wereaup-
plieif by tbo patl«ntA.
lie wn* a memlfer of the Gntonologiea]
Soeiety of Loudon from IHbt) (o IKLI, snd a
fellow ofthoLiiiiietinSocielyof London from
Decmbor lK4i;t.> IX-'ut. Ut- di<-d at Itluitgow
on 4 Jan. 1)^70. Hi» work, rxtiL-pt in a few
instuncuN in which h« wrote to order, baa
pmred, under the test of timo, to be of ex-
cwptionol vitliit;.
lie WAS author of : 1. 'Lintof Cnistaco*
in the . . . British Museum,' London, 1^7,
r^iEo. 2. 'Nomenclature of Coleopt<^rou«
IiL9i>cid in the . . . Uritisb Museum,' pt«.
I- iv. vii. and viii., Ijondon, lB47-oo, l2n:o.
A. 'A I'ouulitr History of Mammalia.'
London, lao'l, Hvo. 4. ' A Cmilributioti
towanla an Arpimtnl for the Plenary In-
•pirati'in of Sc:ri|itHr«. . . . By Anwhno-
fliilu:>,'lxindon, Irtfil, 8vo. R. *A Ponnlar
liBtory of Birda." I^ndon, 1 SW, 8vo. h.'X
I'opuliir Hi«tory of British t'nisinc«f«.' Lon-
don, 1857. 8vo. 7. 'Tubular View of th«
Ordent and Leadinft Fum ilie* of Insects ' (en-
gmred by J. W. fjowry I, IfOndon, ^^o7, and
many subsequent isaiieevindated. ^'Tabular
View of the Ordv^rs and Leading Families
of Myriapoda. Aniebuidd, nud Cruslacoa *
lengniTeabyJ,\V.Lowr>'),Lo«don,lS(iI,and
BUUirsubaequeut issuM uudalvd. t*. 'Ili^ads
and Tales; or Anecdotes. . . of Qiiadnijieds
and other beoata,' London and f^Iinburgfa,
1889, 8to; Snd ed. 1870. D>>twcen I'^iiUand
IftTifi he contributed parts iv.,Tiii.,!tiv., sv.,
and XTii. to the ' List of llrilisb Animals iu
the British Museum.* Tie eontributed notes
on natuml history specimens to uumi^rous
narratives of pxplorlnv expeditions publisthed
Uitwe'.-n 1>^1 and ISSS.
He edilcd : I. 'A Collection of Hocn-
ments on Spitiher^en and fircnlatid ' [Ilalt-
Inyt Hoci^rty's works. No. 18], ISM. -J. 'The
Instructive Picture Book, or ProgresaiTO
Lessona from the Natural History of Ani-
mala and Plants,' edited bv A. \vlii(e and
K. M. Stark, iari7; 10th ed. '187". 3. 'Spring
... by R. Madie,' fifth tbouMnd [I8H0J,
Ho also wrote upwards of sixty papers,
nioatly on in«et;lM und cruKtaooa, for varioui
8cionti6c joumalE between IWlfl and IRftI,
and conlnbiiti-d 'Some of tile Iiitertebrata'
to the 'SIu.ieum of Nntuml History," by Sir
J. ICicbardson and othem, Olaji^w (18Cd-
1862), 8vo; another issue (181!^).
[Eomin. Monthly Mag. xr. 21(1; Proe. Linn.
8oc. i. 310; Brit. 'Mu«. CaU: Nat. Iltst. Man.
Cht.; Roy. Soc Cut.] B. B. W.
WHITE. ALICE MAUV MKAIKlwa
(lrt.SS-1884), composer, diLugbterof Iticbiird
8milh, Ineo uierchant, was bom tn London
1
on ]» Mav 1B30. 8be Btudied under Sir
Willinm Slmnidalw It«iini;lt fq. v.] niwl Sir
trcorgft Alf'xajidi'r Macffirren [q.v.l, and first
attractod atti5alian as k conitioser by h quitr-
tct pfrfomii'd in IWil bytti<.- Musical Siiciisty
of London. SbehBdaii«<xc«plional musicul
faculty, find pr^idiioed in rnpid siic^l'SsIoii
^uarteu, nymplionies, concvnx):*, mud ciin-
tatu,manyof wlli(^h were heurd at tliocoii-
crrrts of It'udinir wouietit'tt. A uiittiui^uf Col-
IiuhV (idi-, 'Till" I'njMtoiiii,' wHJi [wrft)rmBd aI
the Hpreford Fffiti%-«1 of \H-<-2. She alen nH
tbw 'Od« U> tb« Nortb-HMl Wind' (ISHO)
and Kinffsilfty'a 'Song of thn Titttla Bsl-
ttu]([' (lw3). Sb« compoMd tniiny pia.no
picc4t«, aongi and davti, i^n« nf tbn moot
licipulnr of wLicb is th(3 duet 'Maying,' for
tenor and soprano, the opvnKbt of which
Hold in 1883 for ii*S3l. All lier work bore
<b« iuiprods of liigh artimic cHliune. She
WM marritd to Frederick Mwidows White,
Q.C>t iu lSl;7,imd divd iu Lundim onJ Dec.
isai.
(Timu. 8 D«- ia8«; MuiJcal World,13Diw.
1884; MuiiMl Times, J>t[iiui.ry I8S^, whnm h
li« of her coupositioDB, dnvro Dp by hur bus-
band, is giFMi : tiruT«'a Diet, of Music: infor-
in«tiOB mm Hicbnrd Uorton Smith, mi^ . Q.C.,
M.A.1 J. C H.
WHITE, .VNDREW <157(>-105ii), jtsiiit
misiionnry, b'iriL in I.ctiidon in I57II, woA
cducfttcd in the Enfrlish College at Uouay,
wb'Cre hp wa« ordtiined s necul&r pri«<it
About 16U5. On bis rt-turn to Enf^Und he
WM UTu^ttsI under the Laws in force B^iaM
miMionary pricsUi, woa ca/t into priAon, and,
with furty-Lvuollivr prittBt«,wascOQdeDined
to perpvTuiil baniiLment in 1006. lie was
admitted to tbe Society of Josua at Louvniii
in 1(1^7, wiiM Kgain aenttn Englaud in liWO,
and 1l<i appf are as a oiiastotit'r in London tii
mi'J, Un Id Juns lllfl In; yruA profitMt^d
of tbe fourTOW4. At diCereot iKriod^ he
waa prefect of studiee and nrofviwor of
aacraa scripturL', dojfmiitic tliwloay and
Bobrow ij)lb(i lesuits coUugeeat V&Iladoiid
and Soville. to lltlfo ho wa« a mitiiontT
ID tbe Siifl'olk dlHrict, and bo was after-
ward* iiti(it^mir of tbe DeTon district. In
1626 he was appointL-d profe8«or of tli«ology
and GrEN>k in tlio coll«|j:e of bia ord^r at
l.i6(fe. He wan labouring in this Humpahira
district in 1632, itiid b<i wim »ft)t to Anu^Ttca
in ifiSS tO' found tbo Maryland mission, of
wbicbbs was styled ihe apoilUv IIua(.'i[uin>d
the DAtiVf^ lAnfuago of tbo Indiana, and wait
twici^ dvclared superior of tbe minion. In
1644, having been tuhcm priAoner by a banct
of mamuding soldiorv, hn was carried in
chain* to Ijioiidou, tried on a charge of hiff-h
treason^ under the etstute of 27 KliJtabutli, for
being a prinst in England, but ma aoqititlcd
on tb« pW that hv was in this oountiy Vf
forc« and against his will. He was'sttll
kept in prison, however, and mod afVerwarda
b(^ was eondcmned to perpetual bani»h(s«nt.
After a sojourn tu i he AusirioD Netberlandi
he ratumed to England, biKam« chaplain to
a uobba family in the Hampshire oiauieii
and (iiiHl thent ou Juno 1066.
He was author of: 1. X <immroar, Ke-
tiouHTy, Hiid (.'Htxcliiniu. of Lh« Tinut^uaua
I,aTiguii(r>' of Maryland. The catechism only
if known U) bu i.'xlsnt; it n-A« found l:^
Fatb<>r William McSherry in ihit arcbivM
of tbe jeeuits at Rome. ^. ■ Narrativs of a
Voyago to Maryland,' writton in I^lin, in
April 163'!. A translation into Euglisli by
X. C Brooks appL-ared in 'A itehktioaor
tbeCidouy of the Lord Baron of Dallimon,
in Maryland, near Virginia; a Narrative of
the first \'oyago to Maryland, by Father
Andrew White, and eunilry roports fram
Fatbtfrs Andrew Whil«, John .\lthara,Jobn
ItrvL'k, and other Jotuit Fatbcrc of tbe
Colony to iht Si:p«)rior Oi-neral at llome.
Copiea firau tbe urchivt'd of tbo Jeeoita'
Cntlvgo at itom«, by th«> 1at<! Mf-v. William
•McSlierry.of Oeorgetown College.' Thia i*
printed in Peter tree's 'Tracts reUting to
tbe Colonies in North America,' vol. ir. rfo.
]:j (Washington, 184(i,Hvo^ It is reprinted
in Foley's ■ liecords* (iii. 330-fiI). The
Maryland Historical Society printed the
original l^tin with a trarialation, edited by
the Hqv. K A. Dalrvmple, 1874 ; and a oor-
rnctird Torsion Is giran in tho * Woodstock
Letlers'fi. 12-21^71-80, 14V5r>,ii. 1-I3J.
There is a picture of the baptism of King
Chilomacon by Father \V1iit« in Tanner's
' Societal Jean Apootolornm Imitatrix'
(Prague, 1394). It is mprodueod iu Shea'A
'liiKory of the CatboUo Cbarch in the
United States.'
[Da Biickcr, EiW. des Ecriifainsde la Oom-
pH^iede J^sus. IS76. iii. \62i ; Dodd'a Cbareh
Hist. iii. 313: I'loros Anglo- BaYaricos, p, 46;
rol<>y's Kitcords, iii. 331, Tii. 834 : Olirrr's
JniuiC (.'vll»<:itionK, p. 321 ; rilling's Itibl of tlM
LniiguACoi of tho Xonb Americiii IndianB, pp.
7911.802; Hhon't* Ui»t. of the Catholic Church
ill iha t;riitrdSutos.i. 40-fi7; Sonthwpll'sBibL
Scriptorum Soc. Jmu, p. 80.] T. C.
WHITE, AXTHONV (1782 1849), aor-
geon, bom in 17H2 at Norton in Durham, a
member of a family long resident in uie
■county, waa educnt«d at Witton-lc-Wear,
and afterwards at Cambridge, wberv be grft*
dilated bachelor of modiciau fiom Emmanuel
OoUuge iu 1804, having beon admitlod a pen-
sioner on 18 May 17!)!). He was apprenticed
to Sir Anthony Carlisle [q. t.], and was ad-
U nemhrr of thv Rot«1 College nf Siir-
»is of En^Und ou tt depu 1^3. lie vraa
j«ct«(l An at^ifititnt-flur^Miu to tho HV«1-
minster Jlomiul on H Jutv I^OCt, surgeon
on ;!4 April \t^^2i^, and consiiding Borgieon on
S3 Ih-c. 1846. At tlie CoUcpi of Siirjrt'"ii«
hm was t^lRTltKl a uiitmlwr of f h<i coumril »n
0S»t. 1827, and two ycara iRtnr, 10 Sent.
183v, b» WKH nppointpd n mumbpr of tli>r
oonrt of •'samin^ra in .4ar<^<i<iion to WilliHin
W»«id [q. v.] In Ifttl be delivered the IIuo-
terisn oration (unpubliiih«<l), And he becftme
Tice-preEideol in ISS'J and again is ItMO,
Mrving tlic office of prt^idKOt in IXU and
le-ij. He iiIm> filli'd tlHMiilic'.'ofsiirgi'on to
till' (Eovat Sociely of M iiMciaitH.
Wliii''i!uir«n-(i ni'Vt-njly from poiil in Iiia
later years, and ilitHl nt liin hnuiw in PaHiu-
nent Straet on if Murrh lH4fl. Ab a sur-
R«oa Iia ia remarkBblu btK:iLuse b« was tbt-
nnt to exeiM! tlie )iuad of ibo fi-tnnr for
dtsoiue of tbc! liip-joint, a proreedinf tli<>n
«>n!>idtT»?<l (o bii no hfrmc that Sir Antlionv
C'arliHb- and Sir Wiltinin Klizcird tbreati'ncd
to rBjBirt bim to the College of Surjreontt.
He porformc-d tlii> opcmrion witli compbrt'j
aHccew,and sen! tbe pnfii'nl to call upon bU
opponents. Hi< b^ActliDfr md wasunpunc-
Inality, and hv otXrn untindv forgot bi<> aj)-
pointmonlA, yet be earlv acquiwd a large
and liicrutivt; pructico.
Wbitrt publixlfd : I, 'Treatiae on the
Clapue,' kc, I^ondnn, lS4n. 8vo. 2. 'An
l-:n(|iiin,' ink* tbe Proximal* Cruk of Gout,
and its Hatioiial Trealmt-nt,' I^ondnn, 1848.
8to; 2nd edit, ItUU; Americnn edit. New
Vork, 1862. 8vo.
A Uire^quancr-len^lh ponmit in oil* by
T. F. Dickww. engravL-d hv W. \\'alker, was
■nibliab«d on 20 Xxig. IS'i'i. A likeness by
BimpAon is in tb^ boatd-room of thu Wml-
BtnBtvr Hospital.
r [Oeat. 31b«. 18-19. 1.131 ; Lau<!c>MS4D.i, 324.1
ICA. I'.
f WHITE, BL.\XCO (1775-18411, diTine
and author. [See WniTE, Joseph Blasco.]
WHITE, CFIARr,E.S n73iH813), enr-
i:«»n, iinlv Hon of Thomas White (I(J9r»-
I77tt), a pWaipian. and Itosnmond Ii is wife,
was bom at Manchester on 4 Oct. 1728 and
C"!Hc»ti:-<l lh.T.:- by tb« Itev. Hadcliffo Riw^el.
Ac an eaily ago be wu taken undur hia
father's tuition, and aufaaAqiientlv ntudintl
modtcinc in I^odon, where he had John
Hunter &A a fullow-mudt-nt and fni.>nd, and
aftcrwanU in Kdinburfrh. lictiirninK to
.^lanchMtfr, h« jiiinwl liis father, and in
iro2wsA iiiftrninpnia), aloni? iritli JotepK
ItaocTx>ft, mnrcliaDt, in founding the Man-
cfafflior Intirmorj, in which hospital be gave
TOL. LXI.
hit seiriMS M auri^r^n for thirtT-«i)E;ht years.
He was admitted a I'vllow uf thv Koval So-
ciety on H Feb. 1702, and a niBinl>er of the
Koyal Colle^ of Surgeons on thu matt day.
In 1781 he took an actire part in the foun>
daCton nf tbo Munchfialur Lilerary and Philo-
•ophicaJ Kocii-ly, and wn* onn of ila first
Tico-pTPeidenla. In 17HS he gbared in the
formitlion of a colb-g* nf science, literature,
and art, in which be and his AOn, Thomajt
White, lectured on soatomy. These were
th'' Hr«t of .anch l^'Cturot in ManchtMter, and,
it ia believed, in the provjnoes. Id cODjun(^'
lion with his Aon, anci with the aMiatance of
Edward and Richard Hall, bv founded in
ITKOthe MBitch>usterLyin)j-iii HcApital, now
Si. Mary's lIoKpiial.and woe constilting 5ur-
gi-i>n there iVir Iwenty-om: yean.
White was equally occDiopliahed in the
three dvpurCmeuta of modicin^, surgury, and
midwiferr, and rrtia tin' firwl to intrciduce
whiit in "liuown us 'conservative' surgen.-.
In 17tiSbi;ri-mnT»d thv head of the humerua
fnr caries ; in I7fi9 he first propowd excieion
of tba hip, anrj vraa nne of tbe first to prac-
n*rt excision of ihonliouldvr-joint. lie was
aUi> the tirat to describe accurately ' white
leg' in lying-in women, lie was widely
known for bis imccuMful opumTioiis in litho-
tomy, but especially for the revolution li«
i^llhclwl ill ihf pruclicK of midwifery, whlt;li
III* nmnui-il from lu^ini-lmrliiirisni and plac^l
on a mlional and hiimuta' hn-'^iit.
Ite Quincey. in bin* AiiioliiogTaphy ' (ed.
IHowon. i. 3M3), haft an inti:-rcsting personal
sketch of While, whom be styles ' tne uioet
eminent surgeon by much in the north of
Eniflnml,' »Tui givt-jt n duscription of his
rauiieum of three hundrrd anntomli'al pr^pa-
rations, tbo greater part of which ho pre-
aentei) to St. Mary'it llonpital, Manchi4>ter,
in 1808. A larg« portion was destroyed at
a fin' there in tVbruary 1h47,
Whitnhadan attack nf epidemic ophthal-
min in m03, which ended in blindness in
1812. He dii'd nt hi« country house at Sa.Io
in the pariah of Afihlon-ou*Mfr»fy,Cheahirv,
on 1.3 Ft-b, 181.1. In Ihecburrb of Ashton-
on-MenM^y a UKmtimriit lo him and Heveral
meiuberH of his fflinily waa al'terwarils erect wl.
He mnrritil, on 22 Nor. IToO, .\nn, daugh-
ter of John BradHhiLw, and bad vlght chil-
dren. Hia second i>oii. Thnnuw, who died
in 1793, wBK a physician, and appears as
on** of the charact.Ts in Tbomaa Wilnon'a
' Laiicaahin,' Bniiqoet' (Ohelham Soc. vol.
sir.) Thomjuia non John was high sheriff
of Cheshire in 1820, and was f'tuuous fur lits
fox-huntin|; and e>que»trian explorta.
A good portrait of V^''hitc woe painted by
J. Allen and engraved by 'VV'iilium Wnnl.
D
An earlier portrait, by W.Tste, in prMtrwd |
at th« MaiichpfltiT tnHrmary, where iherw
b&L'<o a bust, eitociiled for and prreonlcd bv
Charles Jordun in ISSIt. Tb>r« im portraits
of CharW White and his father in (ireg-
xon's ' Fragments of Lanciishiiv,' 1824, and a
■view (if WbiluV hausc, Kiiif; Slroul, Milu-
obesCar, in ItabtoD's 'MBncbesler Views.'
1893 (tliiit boiiH) Blood on the slt^ nf theTatvn
Hall, now th.i Frftrt Ittf^reaee Libriirj).
Ilis works include : I. ' AMount of iho
To^CkI Application of tli*i Hpunp' in tht?
8topp«g;BOf Hmmorrlia^.' I76J. 3. 'Cawb
in Surgery/ 1770. 3. ' Trentiiw on the Ma-
n«i[oniont of Pivjrnnnt nndljvinfr-inWnniftn,'
ITSSj 2nd <tdit. 1777 ; ;ird, l7S5 ; rnli, ITHl ;
an edition printrsl fit WiorcMtfr, MuMnchu-
sot.rj, 1773; a GLTmiiii trnnalatioii, Li,'ip«i(t.
177/>. 4. 'Inquiry into the Nftturo and
Oauaes of tbnt Swellinjj in one or both of
the Liuwur Kxcreiuitivs which goiuelimes
liappenA to LviuR-in Women,' 1784 and
170^ part it.' 1901: Urrinan trnnsliitiun,
Vienna, 1785 aiid ISfCJ. 5. 'Observations on
OangTRnfia and Morliticationa,' Warrington,
1790CTtnli«n vcn-icn, I7iin. fi. 'An Ac-
count of the Ke^liir Gradation in Man and
in diHercnt Animsls snd Vi'getnble!«, iind
from thi* former to llio krtp.r.' I7fifl, 4lo.
This traniisc on HToliitton ocoasioneda reply
from Samuel Stiinliopt* Smith, prr^^idcnt of
New Jersey Collfspj. One of Lia contribu-
tions to lliii ' W^rnoirs of the Manchest-er
I,it«rary and Philosophical Society " was on
the cnHivation of wrtnin forenl irtii's, ii sub-
ject in which howas much intereBted. having
planted a larnje collection of treiw at Snl«.
[Thomas Honry'i pnjivr in Memoir* of Miin-
ebtntcr Lit. and Phil. Sac, l^nd m-r, lit. :13:
Smith'* Mancbeali-T t^ehool RfRisUr, i. 181;
R. .XuKiu) Stnilh'a Cenlpnary of tfoience in Mjin-
chcRtcr: Palatine Nol'^tnok, i. 113: Hibbert-
Ware's Foundntiuns in MancbosiM, ii. 148, Kl 1 ;
ThoraaoQ'B Hist, of Itnynl Society ; Ormerod'g
Cheshire: Cat. of Sdrgron-goncrars Ltlrr&ry.
WashingtoD ; noto •iipplinl by Mr. U'Arcy
Pow*r; information kindly giron by I>r. D,
Lloyd Bobcrts.) C. W. S.
WHITE, FRANCIS (1504P-16S3),
bishop of Fly, iton of Pirttr White {il.
19 Di!C. Ifil.l), onrate, afterwards vicar, nf
Eaton Socon, Badfordnliin.', was born at
Ealon Socon about l^^fi-l iparUh regisfer
ba^itiA in l'iQ&). His father bad five sons,
nil rii-rgymen, of whom Jolin Whit**, n.l>.
(1 570 ?- 161 5). ii leparately noticed. FrancLi,
after pamltitf through the jrramniaracbool at
St. Neota, lluntinj;;dr>tishin;, wu admitled
Senaioner at (Jonvilli; and (^aiua OoiXbgio,
ambridw, on 20 March l.'»78-9. twrnit Ifi.
Ho graduated B JL. in 1&82-3, M.A. in 1 586,
and wM ordain«d pri9»t br thv bishop of
London on 17 May lft88. Ilia mrly pi«et-
raenta were the rectory of Brougbton-
Aatlcy, TjcioojiterKhirt.', a loctureahip at !^t.
Paul's, Loudon, and the rectory of St.
Peter's, Cornbdl,Londou {not in NcwcorUT).
In. ihecotitrovurfly ai^iujii Kumu ho look ■
prominent part. Ilis first publication, 'in
onswur to a (lopish treikiise, enlitulad,
Wiiitw dTr-iI Bbich,' was • Th.. Orthodox
Faith nnS Way to the Oburcb/ 1«I7, 4toi
n-priniffd nl tin- mil of the ' Worhw'
(Itl'Si, fol.) of John White, bis brollwr.
Ue graduated U.D. in lttl8. Early in \Gii
)w WAS employed by JaniM I a« a dis-
putant against John Kiaher (IS69-Ift41)
fq. v.], to stay tho Ilomaii catholic teit-
dunciitf of Mary, counles* of Bnckingluua
[see under N'rLLlVtts, SiB KdwardJ. He hrld
two ' conferences ; ' the third {'M May l«231
wa« untruslvd to William Laud fu. v.]
Whites ' Ueplie ' lo Fisher (1624, fol.) waa
dt'dicaltd to Jainee 1, whose copy ts in ibe
ltrili>h SUfM^um ; it waji mprint>Mi by snb-
Bcription, Dublin, 182^. il vols. Sto. An
*n:i)unt, frnm thit othpr nide, is in 'Trva
Kelationi of ^Sv^dl7 Confepeocw/ 1626, 410,
by ' A. C: On 14 Sept. 1622 White was
rivttentt;d 11 th(! dr^anpry of Carl isle (installed
iJOict.) lie took part, in conjunction with
Danii'l Fcfltley or Faircloujth [q. v.l, in an-
otlior diiK'Uf«iou with Flelier, opened no
2" June lti2!i. al the lioiuih of 8ir Humphrey
Lyndt', iu Sheer Lnne, London; a report
wus piihli*lird in 'Tiie Ki^hpr catchi.'d in bis
owne Net,' 162M, 4to; and more fully (by
Peatley) in 'The Komixh Fi>>h«r cavght and
h»ild in Eiis ownf Not,* 1624, 4to.
In lli'2o White became aenior dean of
8ion Coilcffe, London, lie waa conwcrated
biohop of Oarlialeon Ii IVc. Il>26 at Durham
House. London, by Neilc of Durham,
ljuck(.'rideu of l{ocJai.'Mer, and thr«« othn
prelaleis, John (.'osin [<[. v. J pn-acbing tli»
consecration sormon. Hiselerationwssmoch
cnnva-Hswl i a }«iU_-T (13 Feb. 1627-S) in
Archbishop Ussher's rorreopODdettoo ataiM
that ho 'hath sold all bis books to llillsthe
broker . . . aome think he paid for his place.'
It was said that he bud 'sold hiii ortliodoxa
bookes and boiigfit JesuilV.' Sir Walter
Earlo referred to the matter in uarltameal
(II Feb. 1«28), quoting the linei^ui color
albuii erat, nunc ettt coutmriua albo' (appen-
dix to ' Sir Francis Seymor hU . . . Spaucb,'
l(V41,4lol. On 22 Jan. 1(128-9 he WMclecied
bishop of Norwich (confirmed 19 Feb.) II*
waa elected biKhon of Ely on \ft Nov. IBSl
(confirmed 8 llpc.) .Shortly afterwardd ha
held a conference at Ely House, Ilolbom,
with Tboopbilus Braboume [q. t.] on tbi*
SftUwUi quwtioo, and hod much to do with
Brmbonrno's Bub»c<qurnl iiroseciilion. Ilia
' Trefttise of the SabUtb-Dny,' 1035. 4tu,
3nl «]. ICyO, 4to, waa dedicslud l<> Latiil,
aiid vrn'ctua at tlie command of rbarloa I.
Wbilu treated Uin ijiiml.ioii diirtriiiAlly ; its
Iii«(orical aspect iraa assigned t/i Peter
H'llyn [<l v.] lie visitwrl Ciinibrid(tP in
I't'L*. to oonaecrate tbe clmpt'l of Pottr-
houw, and was cDlfirtaincd at his owo col-
lege, * where with a short spe«:li ho «n-
ooaraged the young otudttriu to ply thttir
hooka hj his own es£.mple<.' llii ia<<t
publication was 'An ExauiinBtion and Con-
futation of . . . A Brief« AiuwHr to a latu
TrwatuM) of ihn Sabhatb-Day,' 1637, 4to ;
this ' Hrinfe Answi-r' was a dialogiio (bv
Ricttard Byfleld [q. vO't ^^ ''''*'• 'Th's
LordV Da; m the SdihoUi Day.' 16»6. 4to.
IlfdiMl at Fly IToujh", Ilnlljoni, inFebritary
1037-8, and wiu biiTind in St. VilmVa Cath»-
(Irnl. ]|i» will, daterl -l Marvh 168(1-7.
moTiid 27 F«b. 1637-8 by bin relict, Joftn«
\Vhit«, shows that he BUrvived n M>n, and
left married dimfrhtcra and sovernl ^rmnd-
childrea; the bulk of bis pruperty, which
wuaoC Iftrge, went to bi^ ^ndMn Francia
White. HJ« purtrait ( 102J, ffit. 59), un^mvad
by Tbomaa CftckBOn or Coxon [q. v.], v.-n»
pToGxud to bis ' I{e]i!iG* to Fibber, and re-
priMliioed bv an opponeni' in ' Th(> Aitsweie
mto tiw S*in<'. Poititj,' 16'JG, 4lo, tor the
purgoeoof rallyiii(r Whit*? on ihu Taaity of
tb« inscription and t)io luxury of his attire.
Anoihor vngravlus, by U. Muuiitiiii wot
reproduced at Frankfort in 1(132.
[Fullfr's Worthie* (NiehoU>. 1811, i. I$9
(uudfir HaattDgTloaabin): Stow'a Sunw of
Loodi>n (Strypd). 1720. vol. ii. App. p. 137;
Ormngcr'a Biogmphiral Uiat of lilnitiitnrj, 177.0,
I. 347: Oorbara'a Uin, and Aatiq. of Kyiiesbury
aodSt.N(yrt«,ie2<. i. 310-16; La Sovos Fasti
(Hanly), 1854. i. »4I, ii.47l, iii. 313. SIC; Coxa
Z.iC«nitur« of thi- SatiWb QuMtloc. 1865, i. 166,
184: V«nn'^ Biii^rnpliiiitl [lislcirv of Gonrille
and Caiua College, 1897. i. 101 ' iStubbi* He-
gisiram S^cram Antjlicunum, 1887. p. 117;
While's will at Sorm-Mi-l IIotwa,] A. O,
WHITE, FRAXCIS (rf. I7in, oripinai
proprietor of While'a Chocolate HouW', who
may Tcrr probably luivn been of Ualinti
origin with a namu nngliciHed from Bianco,
aet up a chocolatw hoiiHo on tho i-Mt Kido of
St. JaniBH'g Strp*'ti upon thi' situ now ncf ii-
pied by ' Boodle'*,' in 1693. It waa perhaps
itfartea in rivalry with tho tory 'Oocoa
Trwt • at (he west end of Pull Mull. Wliiui'w
eaatomera grew morn and mora select and
ezcliuuve, and in 1007 ho chuiigad his
qaartfWa for othora on the we»l. *iil^ of thn
Btpeet. A DuuUr of the early ■ Tallers' of
1709 are daU-d from * While'a Cbaeo]at«-
house ' in accordant' with StuelnV announce-
meiit in ihv firi>l uumbiTi 'Alt acroiintA of
ffallantry, ii!(ta»iur>', iird r-tili-rlaiumeat shall
Di! under tue article of ^Vhire'a Chocolate-
houaa; po«Cr<F uniW that of Will's <Joi^e«^-
houfw; iMming under the Titlo of Grecian;
f(>rt>[|;ti nnd domealk news you will have
from St. .lameo's Colfviyhouae.' Wu Wm
from the aame authority thai th« charge for
pntraniv at Whitu'swasaiipenoe, tlinchnrct>
at th« majoniy of coflve-kouaus b^ing only
onw pfiiny. Francis Whit^ M[i!i|N>nNl in bis
buaine.t.'^ uritil hiii d«ath in Februair 1711,
in which uiunlh be vrimbnriiKii in Ht. James's,
Piccadilly, By hit will he left n aum of
i.oUO/,, including It'Racii.'w, to liJs sister .\n-
frala Maria, wifi^ of Tnmaiio Cusanova of
Verona, and lo hia aunt NicolettA Toma^i of
Verona. Th<i widow, Elisabelh While,
carried on the chocolatc-houiw, already eat*-
blishi.'d <i« the fnvounle resort lu (hw new
ne*t end for aiistocnitic members of the
wlug party ; ahe made it equally well known
08 a plAca for tlie sale of opera atid ma**
querau)> tiekeu. Upon ber death, shortly
before 1730, the proprietorship fell to John
Arthur, formerly assistant to Francis
White, Th>' fnmous club within thu choco
late^buuso, thi> history of which is 00 inti-
mately ix)und up with that of the oligarchic
rfyivw down to 1832, is beliercd to bavw
oriirinatecl about lfl97, but thu first list of
rultw and mL^mbors is dated 17:Ui. Long
before ilii* ' White'*' had become uolorioua
for betting and higb play (irf. SnriFT, Eiuav
•m K'Jwati<m : Pope's 3rd Kpistle, ' To Lord
llatbiirst;' and Won xm ft, Jink«'M Pnyrnt,
ulntes ir. and vi. : tlie place last mentionrd
hiis rfffn-nw lo iho lire by whichthe i;hoCi><
late-house was bunied to the ground in
April 1733, see DaUif Qmrant, 30 April).
In 1 755 the cl ub waa removed lo the ' great
house' in St. Jamcji'sSlrefC (i'«ast side) — the
premises in which it still flourishea.
fTho History of While"* Glob, 1893, 2 rola.
4ro (ohipq. i-iii.) ; Timln'a Cluba aud Clab
Lifs o( Uiidon, 1872, pp. n~]03: Steele'a
Tntlrr, od. Ailkfti), i. 13; Popv's Work*, od.
KIwin nnd Coiirthopo, iii. 41, 1^4, 430. 487, iv.
32t>. 48S: Natbaal R«ri«w, 18S7. No. riti.;
Aahton'i S<icin1 Life in ihr Rci^n of Aune, p.
](J7; NntiM and QupHp*. Srdiwr.ii. 137, 7th tMT
lii. 288.1 T. 8.
WHITE, FKANCIS BUCHANAN
WHITK (iSli-l^lM). bounist and ento-
mologist, bom at lVnh,:;Lt Miircii iHU'.was
the eldest t*n of Francis White. Educated
•t II Bobool attached to St. Nialan'a Cube-
drol, and hy a priTate tutor, in his nntiTe
town, bo entered the university of Hdia-
a-2
bitr^Ii in 1800, niid in 1864 gra.Iuated M.D.,
hU thi^ia boini; ' On Lho Kt^lntion*, Aualo-
gi(!», Riid ^imilitutliM i?r IiiHM('|j< and Pla.nl!i.'
Aft-er his raarriage in IWiH he spent nearly
a year on the coniini-nl, anil thvn •i-tthfti in
Pt'rtlii, priiwing Bi»T*'rnl mnntho^ howarer,
almost cvi;ry year, in Botne part of tScoflojidl
the nntural histrtrr of which ho wished to
study. Being intltrpeiKJeBl of hie profes-
■ion, be derottiii biiuii'tf •^Dttivly to thnttudy
of pl&uM und uiiiinaU, \n» contrLbulbiu to
t.h« * Knlouj»lo([iBt'« WenkLv IntpUigt'iioiT'
bi'^nningas parlyasISo", lJ«voi*id ihruu^k-
■>iii hik Itfn lo t\u- iitigdvof tb« Lfpitloptem,
inTp<itigntinfi;th«MrdiKtn^ulion,viiriati4}n,niid
ptruL'tiire, ht- from IWSI mudi* h npitiHl xtmly
of tlift Hi>inipt^ra,ipf>llpn(injr9peciraenaof tliia
froup of inseclB from all parU of tlic world.
n bolfiny 1il> df»"oiwl mnch utti'ntion to
IocaI diAtrihiilLon,iiltitiiilfl,nmi Uf<.*-hiAtoti(iB.
and to ' critical 'RToiip^.^iich anthw wiUiiwa;
and it was his dwirc for exln*mo ncruracr
and tlioiouKbneM that delayed the publica-
tion of his ' Florn of IVrthihire ' until aftrtr
hit dMClt. In ]8U7 lie joined in fdundin^f
the Perthshire Sociflty of Xatunit Sci^nco,
of which hi' v/as prvvidviit froio lt^tI7 to
1872 and frfim 1884 to lWi2, seci-etarv from
187a to 1874. and yditor from 1«74 to 18S4
and from ISIK* to |ft94. HiKoimtiuunicHtionA
to this society, many of which arn prinitid
in ill ' l'rocii(*diii(ii»' und 'Transaction*,' |
number a hundred, and it i* by following i
thi- Bchvmc uiuppi.'d out in his presidential
addrvfls^s rhat tlio musf^iim of this society
at P«.'rth bus bticomo ruco)fiii»t'd n* a model
for nil iiicftl miwcnms. In 1H71 he induced
the i^ociflty to cHtnblish Tho SL-ottish Nnlu-
ralist,' n matfniimi which \u- earned oil until
|ft82. but whirh waji afterwardK niBrRpd in
the 'AnnaU of 9cotti"h Xnlural llisl.ory.'
Whitw, who had grflat powtira of endurance
U ft EQouDtaineer aou was vvry fond of
iUpineplAnto, initiated tbi^ I'erthahin Moiiii-
tuB Clab u an oflVhoot from the Society
of NtttunU Science ; and in 1^74 he wua on«
of tbe foundors of ihu CryptOKamic Society
of Scotlitnd, of wliich he act«fd as secretary.
He waa one of the tiral to rL'C(i(^ii9i; iho
need for co-oporal i^m among locnl natural
hiBCOTT societies, and, ftntin? on tliis convic-
tion, Droii|;ht about thu l^ast uf St:otlaiid
Union of XotiirftIi»t»' Societiw, oTor which
be preeided at its first meotin^, which was
beta ftt Dundee in l!^84. He died at hiii
reeidcQce, Anunt Lodge, Perth, 3 Dec. IBiM,
and watt buried in the Wellshill cemetery,
Perth. Whito married .M»rg:nr«t Juliet,
dnighterof ThoBjBKC'orrii'ofSteiUtonjUum-
fries, who Burvivos him. Uc had huuu u
member of the EntomologicKl Society of
London from 1868, and of the LinDean So-
ciptyfrom 1373. A bratizo mural m»inortiiI
In him haa Ixwn cnK.rtwl in the Ptrtb
Mujeum, and a ^tAined-gtoaa window in
St. Nininn'n Cathedral.
In addition to hU numeri^u« papers mntri-
buled to the ' Entomotogist's .Monthly Mngif
tine.' the 'Journal of Botany.' tlui 'Tram-
actions of the Botanical Sucioly of Edin-
burffb,' and the jouruals already mcntiouf^d,
White's writing include' urtich=< on a cock-
roflch, the earwig, autt, the bee, locust«,and
^nu-^ioppcrs in 'Science for .\n'(voli!.iii-r.):
a ' Report on IVlnjfii; Hnmipteni, collect«d
byTI.M.S.Oballengi>r,' in the aeventh rolumfl
of \hf ' Kep«»rt>( ' of tiiut evpedition, pp. H2,
with thrp« plate.', written m 188ft; and s
' llevision of the Britisli 'W'illowH,' in th»
'Jftiimalnf lb* LInnMn Soci^tv'for 1^^^
(vol. xxvii.') Hi* views on th*' latter ^roup
are rIko repre^'nteil by a classification in
the ' London CatAlofptc of British PUuls,*
ninth edition, 189>i, an arrangement charac-
tcrinud br ■ wide reco^ition of the exitti-aM
of bybnditoi among tlmm plant*. Ilia
separate nuhlicatioiiA wfre: 'Fauna Per-
thacsla— L-'pidoptera," 1S71, & snull quaito
niDnognph, intended a» the first of n fttiries,
but not continued : and ' The Flora cf
Prrththirv.' Edinburgh, 1 898, with a [wrl rait
and fid! bibliography.
[Memoir, hy I'rofcwor J«mi» W. H. Trail.
prefixrd to Whita'ii flora of PvrtbNhirn.1
0.3,B.
WHITE, OTLBEKT (17*20-1793^, natn-
ruhst, born on 18 July 1720 at the par-
sonage of Wellionie in Ilaintiahire (of wbioh
parbli luH gruudfiLiher, Gilbert While, wm
thiin vicar), wna ihtt nldmt fton of John
White (]0S«-17r)8). harrister-atr-Uw, who
married (1719) Anne ( 11IS»3-17.S3), onWchild
of Thoma.* Holt (d, 17101, r^^ctor of Streat-
ham in Surrey, llie eld^r Gilbert W'hit*
nnm-l7'28>, who married Robeoca Laobin
(J. 176rt, jet*t. 91>, was the fourth son of
Sir Sampson Whitt! (Itl07-lf)&4) and Mary,
duughtCT of Richard Super of Ea«t Oaktey*
Uamp^tiin-. Sir Sampaon waa poaseMed of
Swan Hall in the pariah of Witaoy and
coiiHtv of Oxford (an wlale which pawed
into the female line and wa« Bubsec|uenlly
sold), and wae mayor of Oxfnnl in Ui60,
when in that capacity he attended the cok-
nalion of CharUv 11, and claimed su
fully the rieht of acting as butler
kin^. being kuif^htud for his aer^ice.
John white aeems to have lefl Selboms
soon nAcr the birth of hi« eldest sod, tha
nnturMliKl, and to Itavn lived for tbu next
1 half-dot«n Tears at Compton.neArGuildibrd;
I but he had returned to Sclborne by 1731,
I
^B|4-rd, KliiKbeth ( ltii>4-17>h}), vrt,» B)arri<*d to
^BCliarlt's Wbit» ( '/. 1 7tl3), appari^riiJv » (.'oitsin,
^Kwlio b«ld lli« lirings of KrAillrv ftriii Svur-
^Frntoa (both in Uftmpehirt- }, iMsidva bein|{,
tlir<'>u);li fai» vrifc, owll(^^ of i Im Itouiso at !>■)•
lx>nic, built ou luid boturht br tlit; etdvr
OtIb«rt, and tlien di»tir:KiiiBiii-d m buviuj;
bel(»gT>d to ono WkLv. riiii< boiitir liue bivii
sttbHCHjii'oritiv known mt ' The Wnkes.' uiid
at the deaih of Chnrlea \\'hii« in 1 7lW it
jMSiMxi to OitbiTt, tlin iintiinklii>l, whu luid
alrMtdr rraided there for Rome rime.
^B Gil&rt bad six brothero and four sietvn;
^Hpnc of tbij fnncrr fvnil rwti nf ttiu Utter
^Bdied in injjuic^?. Tlioso vrlio jirt^w up werv
^■iThotDaK (17*^4-- 1797), pn-suniiilbljr god«ou of
^'Tbomu* llolt (not \iiv rwitop of StrenihBm,
just uiMitioiiei), but rrcuver t» tW l>ul«^ of
ll«dford's oetAlo ftt Thomcv in rhc Isl>; nf
Ely), vhoM proyurty bv inhVntc-d and luinic
he prefixed to hia ciwa, but !><? did not enter
upon tbu vuiujinvuc uf tliu k-uuvsl unlii
17711, wbi-u ni* retired from thr buAinf-Ait he
liad carried oa »s a wbokHulu irnniiiuDiier iii
Thain«* Sln^fft, and look up biK nbodn in
South I^mWth. He wa-i a man of ooa-
aiderable atlaintnent^, wrilin^ on vnriouR
subjects in the ' Oentltmun's >Iiiguunv,'and
wa» elected I'.lt.S. in 3777.
^K The npxt brotlier wm nfniBmin (I72J>-
^HlZtM), ibe siicceai-ful piibli»liL-r uf Flsut
^H£^tr«4>t, who tvf) m-vrrnl >'»ih: liniinmin and
^Hjubn, who carrieil ou their father'^ biiaiiieM
^^at 'Tbwllorawt's lliwd;' Hiid I-AltiiiiTid, vitar
of Nmrton V'alencv, nr-ar S>*)b(>r»(^.
Th^n cxme John (17:J7-i7f*i ) of Corpu*
Christ! ColJpjft. Onford, who, tAkinfr ordflrs,
pnxNwdvd ns cbnplnin io I be forct^s at CSi-
bniltar; and,doiiblI('s<!lhrou;;b ihv infliit'ncp
^^Of lL« ginvrnor uf Ibal lortrrsf. Comwiilli-s
^■-WMA lufaseiiut^ntly |,177l'l jireseniftii by the
^^uovt-niur'K broiber <arclibivbap uT Cnnli-r-
^^Epur^r) to tb»i living of Itlurkhuni in I<aiicu-
^Hafaire, John White hud a ^ironir laale for
' nntnral bi"t«r}-, ns liii convspondi-iice with
IJnnxuH (whoflc li-TTi-rs ro biin were tirsi
printed bv Sir Williimi Jardiiie in Omtribw
tiiM4 to 6rnith<Jay^, IH41I. mi. 'Jl-iM, 37-10)
^■Aiid with hid broih'.T Uiluen (printed by
^^pi«ll, a« below) sbowa. 'I'hiH eon'i'»[Hind<.-ii(!e
^^tliittfly related to a zoology of (iihniitar
^^^t'auna VatpmtUll wax niim«d|, w)ii4:b h«
^""wrote but nevAT aurroeded in publisbiRfr.
th* manaxcript of tbi' iiitruduclimi fxiiilH,
and u not remarkabh- for style or loatter.
Oftherwtof the work, which ba« t'scit'.'d so
much ciihoAity, nothing mor« i^ known Than
tbat it WBE compleied. After his death his
Widow, Bnrbam Mary <17»4~180l'). duiigh-
xer of George Kreunian of London, resided
at ^Ibome, keepinff houw for her brotlwr*
in-law, Gilbert, to the time of his death;
and hiT #on John, eubeequfni ly in U'edioal
practice at Salisbury, was for a tiiti*^ hiji
pupil, and seems to have been one of bis
favo»irii.e nephews,
tiilbert'sotherbrDtberB,Fraticit<£.T 728-9)
nnd Ilonry (I7Itit-17^), were of leMnote;
but the latlvT wua rector of Fylirld. near
AiidortT, and thut^Ktracti- fniin hi* diary (in
yalrt f/H the ParUheJ- of t\ij\eid, ^. K«-
vifted and edilivl by Kdwnrd Dornii Webb,
Sali^bur^, If^Ufi) show that in quiet humour
and habit of observation he wa« worthy gf
hia more wliibreitod brother.
Uf tbo sisters, one, Ann (i>. 1731), waa
married to Thomss Barker of Lyndon in
Ituttsiid, bv whom fbe bad u von Samuel, a
frtfiUL-Ml corivj-pondent of his uncle Oilbert,
with whoflc pursuits he had muchfrympathv;
the other, l\>;bvL-ca((. I7:j(t), bocaniv the wife
of Ilunry VVood« of 8bopwyke and Chil-
vrovv, uviir Cbichuster, at wbicb place Uur
brother often xlaved on hiH wav to and from
Itiu^er, nuur Luwes, wbnn: lived an mini
Krbcctuk (li. 1 7^!l ), l.li» wife of ilv-nry Snookv,
whom he viifitivl ni'arlv every yi>ar as long
aaahd lived. Three otlier aunts must also
b)- noticed : Marj- id. 17<W), married to Bap-
tist lauac, rector of \V hi! well and A«b well m
Ituiland.wbttre (iilben passed three montlu
in 174:i, bL'fore leaviu^ Oxfurd ; Dorothoft
(>/. 17;il 1, tbf wife of William Henry Cane,
who succeeded her father in 1727 as vicar of
^^rlbumoi Aticl KtixuVtb (d. 17f>!{(, married
to (.'harli-a White^ rector of Uradley and
Swarruton, as before mentioned.
Gilbert wok prL-.f<iimahty wnt to a school
at Fanibani, whose 'sweet peal of bells,'
bi-'ord At SL'lbomc of a still evening', brought
him ia the ln«t >eur of bit life ' Bgr>waul«
nASociationa'and remembrances of hia youth-
ful days i'/uQioyut, lH9:t, pp. 44^, 449). Sub-
HKtliiimt 1 y he went to the grammar school at
Ba^inpstokc, then kepi by lliomna Wsrlon
(HiKrt !--174r() [q. v.], wbtjee two celebrated
ftons Win- Whiti- a fellow pupils, and we have
White's own sXalijnient {Autiijuitiei of Sft-
hariir, chap. XKvi.) that wiiile at lla.tinj3;atoke
be waa ' eye-witness ^ofj, perbups a party
concerned in, undermining; a portion of the
liiiv (>ld ruin known uit Holy (ihoat Chapid.'
At Kasitrr I7;(7 be ceems to have been ut
Lyndon, wlient, aoL'ordint; to tbo diary of his
futnnibrt/tliT-iij-law (liarker), the depart uru
of wild geesi! and I Iik coming nf the cuckoo
were noted by'tl.W,' — an earl; ertdenoe
nf the nl)&ervant naturaliat'a bent. A liat
in his own hand of thirty books (mostiv
clAsaical, but som« reltdous) which h<; loo^
back with him to schouL \a January 173i^9
b In lh« pOBtesrion of bit colUteral de-
Kcndanl, Mr. Ujutilei|^ Hoh-Wbite, tlic
Cent bead nf ibv family. In tliu IX-ccm-
(bltow-iriff III) WUH admitted a commouer
of Orial Colle^, Oxford, tliougti hi- dul oot
«ntvr into nniduiicv thara unltl Norvmlwr
17-10. Ill 1742 h(f paA«>d tlin^ MfrrvMble
mont-bs with liis uiiclu Imu- at Wliitwvll
(Brt.L, )i. 1 r^S), bill it mivy hf jtrenamM that
be Ured with Lis father nl Selborne during
tht greatet part of t)i« timo wWii bt> wan
not in ns*idofiCe at Oxford. Un 17 Juav
1743 be obtained bia ' toatwuar/ and a tow
duys aflur graduatod B.A. KL-turnia)^' lo
Oxford, be attended l>r. UradlHv'ii tnftttienia-
tical lecturer, and in thi* Marrh fullowing
hi' wa" f-Wti-d a fwlliiw of bb> rollt<g)«, frhne
hei nuiidM! during the Eutnmor and early
uutumn. AlttT a visit to Solborac Uv vrent
bark to Oxfunl, luul ni^in Atlt-tid«-<1 Hnul-
lev'fl lectures, in S*>pleiiilK!r uiiJ October
of 174^ be was at ItinKoi^r, tbi* bouse of his
uncle ir^nookef wfaose wife, (iilbort'fl sunt,
was owner of the tortoiRe, alwavii aMocinl«d
■with hifl name. Eiirly in Fi-brunry 174o H
his iuoth(rr'ii relative, the second Thoma»
Holt before mGnt.ian«d, died, leaving a con-
aidemblv v»tiitu, subject to uiintiitiHtt.to <.lil-
bert'anext brotbprThomns, l"ilt)ert attended
the Eick-bed, and fimtid kiiDMilf uH'cutoratid
tmst«« of tbv projH'rty iind^r thi' dLweated'a
will. Tbid 1(HL bim tn niuct nome monthii at
Tbonieyinthe ItdflofEly — not bia first visit
to that part of the ctiiuitry. for he tm-ntiona
baviti)! .leen Diirleif^b before— and to ffo into
Ewer, whoro Ilolt bad ppoptrtr, of which
Uilburt wrote an excellent and biisiuuMiIike ,
account to bia father. The winding-iin of
tbo aOairs of tbia wtatv took Home tune.
In connection with it. h« )iatM-d a wec-k at .
Spalding in June 1740 (letter to Tennnnt,
So Feb. 1767): but tlia next nmiith he'
■»•« stayinff with a eoUfirn friend, Tbomaa
Iklander (elected fellow gf Oriel at the fol-
lowing EaalcrJiwIiofn-em* to iLflvcben-n »>>nii—
what of a uatunil p)i9lo.4«ipber, at To(Id>'uheiui
in Gloui^estershire, retarnini-' to Oxfonl in
OclobtT to take hi* .M..\. di'pn.'e, Iti tb"
fulltiwiu)! Ajiril (1717) lie r«-TiicJ di-ai-ouV
ardeT» from Thomas Seeker rq. v.\ bisliop of
Oxford, Irtt bin rfiomK at ()n«n, iiitd n't iinii.'d
to Selbomp, becnminjr, though milici'nflrtl,
curate al Sn-arralon for bis uncle Cbarlw
Whiti*. Ijin-r in tli" yi-ar he wa* again
with his friend Mander in Utoueeirersbin?, i
and «h£ifliy after be liail a serere ntlnck of
Unall-pox nt Oxford. In due timi; be wiim .
ordained prii^st hv i he bishop of UereforJ.on '
letters dimis^vr}' I'rnm Risboti Houdly; and '
Contiiititfd to milk'* Sdhonie Iuk lioine while ,
doing duty at Swarr&r^n. In the summer I
of 1700 he went into Deronshire on a riait
to bis coIleRe frinul and «>n temporary Na-
thaniel Well*, rector of Eait Allington, near
Tolnes, atayiug there at least as late oa tba
middle of S4'pU'mbcr {Garden Kalfndar,
'2\ Joly I '(Vt\, and brooming well aiiiuunted
with the district known aa ibe Soutti Ilaau
(letter to rvnnant, 1^ Jan. 1700).
In the following T<wr( I7A1) White sent
the Teraee, originalfy writt«n 'out of tbe
frM of Cambndin-ahire' (Mulao, in Utt.
12 Sept. IT'tS), entitled ' Invitation to Set*
borne, to Mias Hetty (or liecky as she waa
called in bar family) Miili«. Tbey went
forwarded through iW lady's brother John,
who bad boon White's contemporary at
Orirl. MuIm), ill acknowlMlginit tbmr ro*
reipt, somewhat severely rriticwed them.
This rersion dilTered couaidfrably from that
wbirb WAH lung uAit iiubltJibcd, and it is to
be remarked that all tne phraf<e6 objected to
bv Mulso and bis sister in thi* early copy
dlaappeered fVom the later vor^ion. llie
long and interesting aeriea of unpublished
letter* written by John Mulso to Gilbert
White (extending frum 1741 to 1790), and
now iu the poaseaston of the Earl of Stam-
ford, a great -gnndoon of Henry Wliii(>(wbo
has Kindly allowed tbe preaeut writer acr^-as
lu thum), giv« no encouragement to tbe no-
lion nnnounct^d originally by Jeaae in bis
edition of the'NntumI lliiitoryof Selbomc,'
and adopted by Bell and others, that there
waa ever any ^ftry ponicnlar attachn»ent,
much le« an enga^emeni to many, between
Heater Malm, who ^iub^equentlv became Mra,
Cluiponc [q. v.'', and Uilbi-rt Wfiilu. He wa»
on the most friendlv terms with tbn whole
of tbe MuUo family, and these leMer& of
AIuIm), nil of wbiiOi «-t-m tn Iinvn Iw^n most
carefully preserved, throw mudi ligiit on
the mrlier portion nf White's career, hitherto
liiilfi known. White's letters to Mulso wore
destroyed many years ago.
In July 17>'il White visited bia siater,
latc-lv married to )larker,at Lyndon, and was
afterwards at Httiiiiford. Mulso at tbts time
writM of his having n pretty collection of
OiDinrt'ii travrlii, trliii'b iiidctil mn»t have
covered the greater part of the .toiitb of
Kngland and a gijiid ileal of the midlands.
We know that he had been inEH-iev.and he
must Bi some time have viaited Norfolk. ain«e
h.> mentirmed to IVnnant |'2Jan. 1760)
Tuenn a|>pearaRce of i[» cburckfM. Tlie i
uortbcni limit of his journeys that
traced in the IVak of Ib-rbyjibifii i letter to
Churton, 25 (let. 17811). T.iwsrd* tbei-ndof
I7-il bu bL'eam(^ eiinite to Dr. Hri^tow, who
had Kuceneded as ricar of Sellfonio, and waa
for a time non-resldeRt, since 'V\'iite Ufod
White
39
White
^^atli* p«rK>iiafrif-bouse ; but Ibis wse it tem-
^■aomT^ amngeinent, and in April 17o2 be,
^^Bvubtless by virtue of seuiurity as afellotrof
^^■Jvcollego, to wliioli llin li^^bt of uotuinutiou
^RbU, exerciani bin claim to tbe proclorabip
of the unirt^nilTof Oxford. About tbeiAiue
timu bf wiu nfto a^^intvd Jcjui of Oriul,
tbe inoht iinportuiit pONi in the collt-gi* uexl
lu ibe proYCMtt>hip, Trhicli sbowd that tbi>
iill^'gt^l diMuttiKfiictioii of ■utile of its mirm-
berii al his rUiming tbe proctorship waa not
ili?«'ply f^Tuundi-d. On quittiniT hie ofHciw h«
iinacrtook tbeciiracv of f)iirh>y, ni'Ar ]ti»hop'ft
AYakhwa, »t whicfi place he resided for a
year, tad while tbcrcaocording To Itell, »rbo
bus primed the accounts (ii. 310 -J 6), the
ii'^IubI expCiiM.-^ of thi> diitv excv^t^ed tb» re-
c«ipl9t by iiciLrly 201. {iL vol. \. p. xxxv).
Miil»o*a letters about this liiii»j exprwji' tbw
wirprwe with which he and others of While's
fri«nd« r<,-uunlod huacouptancL' of t hh clmrKf ,
though admitting 'it wa» yoiir [i.i\ U.liV. »]
twntiinuat ibut u clergyman gbnuld not be
iiHtr itiid niifiDpIoyod.'
Tliia BHUtiment , lo which be adhered for the
wholu of his liff, br no means interfered, bow-
over, with bii« rambling habits, which he con>
tinned to indulge, ihougb for the UCXt few
Ti-ars prcciM^ iniormntion as to the places
li? riiKed a star of »ODie wecka at * thu
hot wfll* rit>ar llriKlol' oxceptt^i — i* not
forthL-omin^. Wbenever be went to Mnlw,
who III thiN timi' had a email cure at Sun-
\iurv, bt! wiut (ixpictpd to preach a trrmon,
and the same di>iDaiid waa probably made ai
other pla«eft. At this time nearly all his
E* lumeya w^ra to have bt^u ptirforinvd on
Ofvrback, and sereral paaaageid in Multo'A
letters show that bu took care to be wkU
mounted.
<»n 2 I''«b. K-V* White was at Harting in
Sussex, whcrt* bin mollicr had )uinii< properlv,
and waa apparently slayinff with Dr. l)iirti-
foni tlin viear, iJuTtiford's wife was sister
to William rolliiia f'l.T.). the poet. Mr.
Gordon { UUtory of MarU'/iff, p. 208) »ug-
geMs that tb'^ vImI was to inc^uire after Ibut
unhappy man, with whom \^ bilu in hia un-
drr)rnidiiat« day* had bi^^n inliniati'ly nc-
auatuled. It ^,fuii> very doubtful whether
Collins had bm-n iiiovhI lo (.'hicbwster to
rAT\y in ibe jvar. But Wbitp was for many
■veam afltr f^c^iivntly with hU eieter (Mr6.
AVoodfl) at Chilgrore, and nt Cbicbfstei" —
iwuitlly on bis way to and from bia aunt's
at [{ingnier. tn a Iolt<^r written by White
many years later lothe '(Jentlemau'i' Mnga-
xinc' (ITHl, pn. II, 12), the aulhomhip of
which is voucued for by Mr. Mey Tbomas
in the memoir pretixed to bia edition of thv
poet's woriu (i^. XXX, xxxi) and conRrmed
by B«>II(to1. t. p.lTiii),be status that be had
not seen Collins ninct* he waa rarried to a
madbouee at Oxford, and declares bis ignu-
rance of when or where Collins dii'd,
Tlut White bad many g"od friotids in bis
college there can be no doubt. In February
17>Vj Mulsu wrote to him.'Vouitg Mr. Sbaw
of CheitbunI would yeitterday have persuaded
mo that Dr. Hodgt^s [provost of Oiieljwaa
(leiad, und tou yfiin goiuK to tie provost in bia
room ;' and two months later, ' You give mc
pleasure hearing of the stand sga'mst the piT-
verse party at Oriol ; I would the provost
ebould live until you succeed him (if that is
English: it snunde rather Irish).' On 14 Jan.
17'j7 Dr. Hodgus died, and thirteen days
later tbt-re was a college meeting, atleiuk'd
by White, for the election of hie miccL'KStir,
Cliurdiii, fijurlh sun o( Sir Cbristophef Mu»-
gruvi' of KdiMihall, was chosen; but it is
evident that White bad some strung sup-
ptjrlers. Miilso, writing shortly after, says:
'.\fi you have not been the man on thisoci:a-
eion, I atn not sony for Chardia's »ui:c"*ii»'
— they had been old friends and ac-ain, a
mouth later, ' With regard to the altur at
Oriel. I heartily wiah you had put yourwilf
up from liiL' bcgiuuing, if anything that we
Ci>tild have done Would have given you suc-
cess.' A fuw months later tbuliviiiji; of More-
lon-l'inkney in Nortbamptonsliire, which
was in tbi; cift of Oriel, fell vacant, and
I White, as fellow, did not hesitnte to assert
I his right to it. It was a smnll viearag^,
and had long been held by a non-resident
incumbent. In accordance with tho ciltlom
of the uge. White thought that the pmctico
hitherto prevailing m-eil not be set aside.
Musgrave, t he new prin-u^t, was of a dtfrereul
cipniinn, nnd rivrnrded in hix nn'raoraiidum
book (which by favour of Vt. Khadwell is
here ijuoled) under dnt.e of 1.5 Dec. 17*">7 — ■
' Morton I'inkncy given to Mr. White aa
setir. petitioner, (ho* without his intentions
of serving it, and not rhiXMiing lo ware his
claiui tlio' Mr. Lttnd \«d. have accepted it
upon the other more ttgreeable l(-rms lo the
society. I Qfrf<(>ed lo thu^ tii avoid any possi-
bility of a miiwoiistnicti'in of partiality ' —
this last senterne evidently (from what wo
now knowl referring to the recent contest
for the provo«»hi]i, when Whit*^ and Mus-
grare were eompet iters. The provost, from a
prtijier sense of duty wu niny consider, ne«rly
a year luler (1 Nov. IT-W) made another
entrv in the same book, that he ' hinted to
Mr. WhiLo's friisnOs thnt I waf> ignorant wlutC
hilt rircnmstann? nrnlly was, but suppoxe bis
e^tatp incompatible [with the terms of hU
fellowship] iind bvg'd be might be tufurm'd
that if s year of groco waa not applied [for]
White
40
White
intbengnbrtiiDD ... it ctl. not bo gmuted.'
Tb« BimpiciKiik of the provtut, aiib««<)iiantly
art «i not, am would seem br a letter of lita
to 'VV'bita of 3i l\v. 17.'»8 (Bell, vd. vol. i.
n. xxrviii), went doiibtloAi ttxctted hr the
iBCt thai, some two mouths t><>fur«, the lather
of iiilb^rt Whiti; bud dipd. and he, boLni?
the eldest son, nufiht iiatunlly be pn^-iumed
to hive inhvrileu prii|H.Tty nf an amount
that bv Htatut« oreustom would havu voided
but frUownLip. It u) c«r1aiii that thin wan
not the cuw. (!i1b«rt'ii ffttlipr wuh ncvur u
rich man; {»• linil n liiru" fiimily lo i*dii-
eatt>: he bad raUred on liia mnmafffl frnm
tbo bur, wbort hi* nracliCf* wim locQiusidvT-
ahln, and even th» liniue At Helhome (Thf.
Wmkfx) in which he lived was not bis
owii^ hitt l>i>lt>nf^il to nrclivtivo. SrronK«r
evidence to this uffod is oJforded by the laei
tb«t in I7&U hf borrowed tD<ni»v ( fU/. or ki)
of his Kon Gilbert, which was not np&ld
until May 17.>3 (Itell'o ed. ii. :i:)i'), and ft
CftTcful cxominution of tho family papi^rs
oudv bv th« pr«M'[it Mr. lIuU-WhitL- abows
that (lilben'a patrimony must have bten of
the slundcrgbt. Ilu bud, ind(.-«d, littlomora
than hiafiiltowHliip uiiil i-vi-iitunlly iiinXorth-
ftm])mtubiru livins upiiti wbii:b to dfrwiid
until the death of hi» iinclu Omrli'a in 17li;{
Cut him in noHoeaiinn of Tlip \Vnki>i«, which
s and liifl lather before him hud occupied
M tenanla. I-jvlh that inh^rllanc^e waa of
small peuuniiiry laliit? (thu annual rvnt vim
but ItVR ^uinooa), tboug'h it vena obviiiiiaiy
the Ibiii^ ho moel dcsirvd, and it was up-
pnri'Tiliy with (hi) vit-w nf liviiiif at Htdbiirntt
that nnou after hia father's death he bad
(fiven up th" ciimcy nl IlurU-y and mw«pl«d
that of r flrin^lon, an adjoining parish. For
B abort time be held tfie curacy of W«at
Dcuuio in Wiltshire, whtT-, ftcrordinj to
Mulao, be fell lonely and unhappy by reason
of ita distaoce from SL-lhornv. Mulso'a
lallersconi^Vuntly allude (o Whitu'ri uurrovr
Bwans, whili praiMH(( bia economy and
hoping; for his pri'fermonl. It nii^bt bu in-
ftirreil rrt>rnt>nc lr-tl.ir CiH .Manrli 1 Tiiil), I liittigh
this is uncertain, that be liod lahen a legal
opinion b« to ih" projiriety nf holding liis
fellowship, and that the reply Anli^t^ed bim,
oa welt a« others, ihat be could do so. A
little mtrlier (4 Feb. 175^f Miil^o had tact
Uiwgrave, the q«w provost, aad oaked him
U to his own intentions and thottoof th>c< col-
iege towarda Wliilv, r^^ctivinir for an aiit^wt-r
that 'it wta in your own [O, W.'aJ breauL
to keep or leave your fellowabip. fur nobody
meant to I iini vou out if you did not cluiose
it yourself.' ^ome two years later the two
men seem to have been quite reconciled.
"nniitcwu at Oxford, and MuUowoa abl«
to write (13 Jan. 1761): 'The pnnwx and
you be^fin in bare your own fwsla for od»
another, such aa you had before cUBpetitions
dividiod you , , . and aa I know you oaretlM
i;nod of the foundation at h<«rt, it will malie
you forget what was disagreeable in his elec-
tion.' In Jonuar^- I7U8 MuKgi^vedied very
suddenly, and Mulw thou^t that Whit*
luipht )]« hia successor; but, though the idea
nuat haveeroMod bis mind I tetter of :iO July
1768), the opportunity was lost.
.Monnwhile Mulso, who, bavin); married
the nivcw of Bisboii Tbutnas, wu npidlv
riains in the rharch, kept harping on hiis
frii'nd's pia«pecti<, sunEMttna even an appli-
cation to thii lord Miancellor for a Uvioff.
and it soeois that ou the promotion of Sir
Itobert llenky ["q, v.', to h» lord keeper in
1757 and chancellor in ]7(H, Wbitu. with
whom he was acquainted, bad hope of ob-
tuininf^ ftoniL' prcffnnont in the neigbboar-
bood of Selborne, which would have allowed
him still to reaide there. On bis ubde
CbarlvoV death in I7t}3, application woa un-
doubtedly made for one of hi.* livings (pt'o-
babty Bnidley), which were in the pnvata
Stlrotmitn nf lienley, bv thai time Lord
_ >irtbiaRton; bui the latter was disaatiafied
with what he termed ilw 'cold, lingwring
manner' in which \Vbite had Toted tor
Kichard Trevor [q. v.], hisbnp of Diirhua«
in the contoat of i7ot) with Lord AVeatmot^
land for lb*; (.'hancellorahip of Oxford, and
so withheld the bcion-
Whitc'p desire, wbioh in uo tone time be-
c.tme a detenuinutinn, to live and din at Sel*
borne, wu^ 1 he rvH^on why be paaaed bene-
fic» nfier Iwncfic'i which cnme to his turn aa
fellow of hiH colli>gf>. Yet liia love of hi*
Dative place, the beauties of which he aiid
hie brotbera were at no i>imnll ^tams and ex-
pense lo improve, did not stay his practice
of taking long riding journeys — a ' hussar
pan^ou' MuIkochIU liiui in one of his letter*
(February ITti'J) — and visiting his relation*
in Suneex, in London, and in Hut laud, or bis
frittndu nt Oxford nud other plum. In l|(W,
having at the time no cleriral duty (More-
lon-Pinkney being permanently rerved by a
curntel, he wan absent for «i* months with
bis brothers Thomas and Benjamin at L«jn-
hetli, or with hi* sisti-r ( Mr*. Ilarkerl at Ljii-
don. He undoubtedly took what nowadays
might be called an ea»y view of some of
the ducief nf hit< cloth; but tlic tradition,
which can hardly he ill-fouiiJed, Imx c<iiii«
down of hiit vepei'ial kindlinuss lo bis poorer
pari^ltiimerx and neighbniin', wbiW ibv ab>
Retire of ambition in bis characiet. exc^t
perhaps in regard In tlie provuslship of oi*
college, in manifest. Despite bia moderate
I
i
i
A
■ineonie, ftod the calls w]iir)i somtt msmbera
of h'w family lainUi uikhi liiit p'neroaity, bn
wait Able to vue ho5pit«lit^, ani] relatives
and rtiends ivere from titae to tiut; ontpp>
tAincil l>r liim.
la August 177-' his brotlier Jolin, ubom
liCcallHEia most coiislnnt corrcspotiil'' nr —
though few of his lultvn hftvu bwa [ireservcd
— returned from (libraltar, nml his only son.
bom in 17'>0. a prumigioff Ud, wlio Lsu ]}K-
OMled h'» father to tCn((Iiiiicl,viiut n*(-eive(l at
Kelbome, where he became a favourite with
hi» uncli' Qilbwrt. White ri'»<l Horace with
binii and sAnrrallT Inr)kf>l afl^r hi& wduca-
tioR ; while ' Jack,' as the Dvphuw wm com-
monly mlled, actt'il as hi» aniAniicnfliA and
made himself 1,'unemllf useful. Even Laming
liij iiiicIc'a horfte did not rulHu the owikt's
temper, and Jack 8ttl)«vqu«iitly juiitifled the
ffixKi opinion fontied of him, B<ttliliQg at Halis-
bury in m**dital pracliup. The terms on
which hewattvrith hi* utbi-r UL-pht^K, .Sam
Barker, and bia hitherto unpublished corrtr-
apondtaoe with his uiwt- Mary ('Molly'),
the daushlfr of Tlimnns, who aftt^twardn
married ner atuftin Beniamin, the s<m uf
H'nJHtnin, tttrongly show iiis nlTvction for his
family.
Tiiniing to the life which White led a» a
nariiratint— thf life which cspi-ciully (.-ntitU'e
him to distinction — w« find that in 17<^l he
began to keep a'tJanlen Kaleudar'on shwts
of small letiur-pnpLT etiti-hcd tu^'ulher. This
he continuiKl iiulil ir<>7,afU:r which yc^ar hi-
^_ adopted a mure tdaboTiUe fiirni. a ' S'alum-
^■^i«t. ■ Joiirnnl,' iiivi'Tilcd itnr] aiijiiilitHl l<i lilin
^KbT I>aiuee HarririKtnii [<}. v.~. and printed by
^^^Senjamiti ^\hit<>, a cirpv hein;; coch year
^Eprepared for flllinf; in by An <>hrti-rvi.-r. liotli
of tbeae dinriea, for so they roay be called,
^^ arenowinthf libntryoftho Itritish Museum;
^Kbui thiiu^heuc-h btt« Iwvu otir»orily tiispfutitl
^K'by iialur^liAtft, and certain excerpts wore
^■priatvd frum thi- former hy Kulltii. S4^fit>).
^P aiiil fTitni tliK IkTIki bv l>r. J(4in Aikiii
~ (l747-Wl>-^);q. ^-lin r7!>f>. and in If<34 by
j«(we {Glfitnittif» in .V/i/. Hut., 2nd nor. jip.
1-U*f!0), who ^re also a facHmile reproduc-
tion of one of it« page* (18-34 June I77fi).
^Hncitber seotni to havt^ bei.<n *tudied by a com-
^^mleai- xoolo^st. Vet a close t:xatnination
^^nf thcM documents is absolutely needed to
^■attain a trut kuunli-dgL< of White's life.
^B That be was a born aulurnliNl none will
diepute; in hi.« earliest letter lo IVnoant
(lOiVuft. I7G7| he *ays ho wni* nttached Co
natonl hnowled;^ from bis childhood : but
.it M no \v»t C4>rtoin thai the liiibit of
rraiion and rrtl'>ction on wbat he ob-
sTvv*l grew upon him daily. It haa beeu
Ited {Saturdaif 3Unew, 24 Sept. 1887)
that be, like Robert Maraham, the cone-
»|K)iiiWnt of bie cloein|r days, acquired &0Di
Srt-phen Hahwrq.T.], inn reclorof the neigh-
bouriug FariniKUou, who was well known to
While hinudi', hit> fathrr, and (^nindfathcr
(letter to Mar»hani. lU Auff. 17tK)>, 'tbetwCe
for obsorviuff and recording periodic natural
pheuouivna. This may have been eo, tboush
from hid on-u Klatrmeiil it is not likely. lu
thok'titr to Pennant just mentioned White
litmttnted thmu^ln.iul life' thu wiuit. of a com-
panion to qtiickni my indu.ttry and Rharpsn
my iittenticm,' The ' MiscellBneous Tract* '
of nenjamin HtilUneUcft [q.v.j art< often cited
with approval by White, and tbeir publica-
tion in IT-'JH must have oucourai^ed him to
]juniuu the coitne be hod early adopted;
while sdli Inter I he five Utile annual vauimes
of Sco)inli (17091772), wbicli be was fond
•if c|U'>tin)f, muHt have had the same effi'd.
There is abundant proof that in hia youth
he WHS uu enlhusiusiic spurl«m)in, utlbou|ih
Hi the Mme time a rellerlive one (rf. bis
letter Nu. xxiii. to liarringtou ), So keen
wan lie in liix undrrgradunli; dnvx at (liford,
a.^ one of Mubo's letters (Itl .\ug. I780( re-
Tnind* him, that he used lo umcti«e with
bi« K"" 'ti tiummer, and fetch nown mignint
binla in order to steady bin hand for the
winter; and in early years lo »hoot wood-
cucks, eveji whcu paired, iu March (li^B-
UlsaTOX, MiMrrllnnif», lip. 217, 218). ft
musi hv degreea have dawned on bim that
till- liinil of otiiH'rvsticin ntxtlisl for ihe suc-
cewfiil jiuTfiiiil of sport, just tm of horticul-
ture, mi|rht be n^nilered more ralusble by
till' Miidy of plants and utiimalA on a prin-
ci pie more or lesa methodical. K\ en in 171U
wo find him (Dbll, ii. ikW) buying Itay's
' Synupei* Metnodica Avium et riscitiiii,' aud
T his was t he book which, in regard to toology,
i^LTV'_-d him as hut guide to thu last, though
111! to niiuie extent availed himielf of (he im-
prorenients introduced from time lo time
into Ky«(*'miitic nntiiml history by Linnieua,
Y>^t it would af*in that \\*^. did not seriously
take up the study of botany uatil i7t!iJ: but
be then for the rc«t of his life pursued it to
a good end.
White was in the habit of payinfT at least
one annual visit to Loudon, where his bro-
I burs Thomas and Henjiiminwer«eal«blisilii.^
It may be infem-d from his advice ttuh^e-
([iiiMitly ffiven to Knlph Churlun l-'fl> .Murcll
17M-II that he attended, of a visitor, many
roeutiuge of the Itoyal Society and of tha
Society of Antitiiiftri.-* {ih. ii. 18!H|, Un hia
visits to Loudon i which seem to have gene-
rally been early in the year! he met several
men of high scientific pmitiou. He was
there in the spring of 17ti7, and then, through
J
White
White
.IdttoOttltSrajamut, tliepublisWr ofP«n-
"L-IVWlnt lUAdfl IV»nitni'« perMiniil nc-
i(of. bu Brst letter to him 4 Aug.
[767, first printed bv Bell, i. 'J7, in 1877).
Punnant, bavinfr in bund • nvw edition
of hi* 'Ilnti»U Zoot«pr' \I708-I770), wmi
natunlly plcasrd ut l&Iling in with nn ob-
mtrvHT will) had ku much vahiabUt iufonuH-
lion to impart, and a rorT(<«pondenw sprang
up bBLwwii tliPin trfaioh lii«t«<) until thn ram-
pfetion of the ni'w <3o««]led fAurtli) edition
(1776), the proofs of which were ivviavd by
Wliit*. I nfortunnlf-ly I'luniml'a letters
eru not forthcoming, Uiuufth White's, being
Miib«vquL-nlly rclurnvd to him. form th« bu)»
of tilt; Cfliibntvd 'Natural Hiitlonf of ^1-
home,' There chuuoI bf a doubt that thtv
were originally wriMcn mvrclTforl'cnnant e
iiwn uav, without any thoupiit of aeparale
publication. (Vfioiuwntenthave been ready
to depreciate I'eutiaiit. koib as a iwilo^st aud
tut an antiqiiiirvi but wilh hitn Whttr found
him-ielf on the bt»t of Icruis. praising liis
candour. Il4> did, indeed, complain to hla
bmthi-r John in Febniarr 1776 of the »tate
of lh« pmof-sheeta aont lor rerision, mad at
another timtt h« cont^ast<^d levers fr^nnrous
conduct with that of IVunnnt, to tin.- adraii-
toffo of the former, Ihouab it was the latter
vbu (^TD Liiu the niucu-pfetwrnvd Sct^li
(t'i. ii. 41). \Vhit« waa ven cerpmomwiK
in his corraspoiidence. Mtilw, who alwajs
wrote to him * >lv dear Oil,' ofli>n proteatwi
againRt bein? nddnH«cd, in the loiters now
unhappily oeatroyed, ' .Mt dvar Sir,' and
WUm mquetitly fae^&Q his letters to hia
ne^ew in the uuc formal elylu; ytM, in
17w, in on un|iubliAlicd tetur, acdd by
Messrs. Sothi-by & Co. in April 1896, he
gently raliiMl Priiiiant on the hononr, of |
whicu ibo lafl« wa« very proud, of hna^
(•l«;t<Mi to the ACMd<>iny of SrtenOMofDront-
heim (Tronfllijem), hiimorotuty anggoettnf;
that henoefortu ht> would beUmriil lobclieve
in Itiahop I'unlnppidBn'a Kraken and Sea-
Sttrpf^nV uiidi'r {laiii of vipuhtinn. Hull (roL i.
p. xli) coninluitiJi of PennaiitH *canl rvcoff-
nition of \S hiii>'ii diiin)V(>ri(.>F, but ifntonuith*'
fact that Wliittf in rorrrctiiiK ihp proof" of
lliw fourth pdiiion of tlip • Rriti^h Zoology,'
and making additions thereto, would luta-
rally not inrrodnc his own naini> on evfry
occasion. In the preface I'ennaul ^enemily
hut fully achnowlfdfioa White's aervices.
\Vhiit;'» penonal acquaintance witb Dainea
Darrinfttcm did not begin until May 1769,
whi'n lIivY met ta London, though more than
a yair bvfom thn ]att«r had *ent him n copy
of the 'Xaturalist's Joiimnl' (an invention
of narriiigton'ii) ibmiipli iii« brollier Ren;a-
min, who published it. Tlieri'iipon follow^
a aerie* of letters whldi. continued until
17^, fom the woond pan of the ' Xaiom]
Hiclory of Selboroe,' ihou(;h tomu 'Iirtlers*
appear, m in the former iiart conaiating ef
IVunact's leit«n,t<i bavu iMtfn subsp^uentlr
addtdby wayoTcoDiplstinglbM work. AVitb
bis usual penrmity Barrington chnfwto div
heliere in the migration of Ibe swallow-kiod,
and, with his nstaal casuistry, attemptrd to
defend the inuiliun h« titok up. It sevuu lo
have been nis inllnenre that from time lo
time dirturbed White's mind on the sutnvcl,
sending him to search for torpid awaltowa
amontf the shrubs and boica of Selbome
Hanger ( Idlers li. and Wii. to llarringt«n ;
Ji::^!!!, Gieamngt in Natural Hiatoiy, ^nd ser.
p. Iftl); and, when be had actuully **^w
their loigralion in progrees (Letter 3Lxiii. to
Pennant), causing bim to ignore the biguifi-
canee of his ohserration. The hold that
lhi« uncertainly had upon bim lafttrd \i> the
end, for in a letter tu Marsliam (IIkll, ii,
303) only a few darn before bis death he
repiidiati^ tfaefuppnsti ion that he had writ ten
is tfatf ' Gent I em an V MngacitM* sfninst the
toqiidityaf swallows, as it would iiol *be
consistent with whit I have aoroetinMii
asserted to lo do.' This is the moru extra-
ordtnaiy, eioec through one brother h>< had
poaitive aKUimncL' of tlw miration of swat-
lows in southern Sunin, and through another
brother, the bookfleller, be bad opportunitkcs
(of which be certaiolr availed himself) of
knowing what wn* pubU«hed on the suhjecl.
lie could hardly have been unaware of tbft
* Euayi upon Natural Ilietorv ' bn:>ught out
t^ George Kdwnrd* (1094 l'"73) [q. v.J in
1 1 70, one of which coatauia views on mgn-
tioa, which m mostly sound.thougb poesibtr
the remarkable* Discoar*e on tht* Fmigralion
of British Birds ' printed t<^n yearn later bv
John IjTgg ($Hli*bnry, 1780), being a local
Bublimtion and anonymon8,tuy haTecsnped
White's notice.
It i« reruin that during his annual visiW
lo London White made other »clt.-ntific nc*
Juaintances. He ii found writiii)' to (Sir)
oseph Bauhs [q. v.] (BSLL. ii. 24l) in ful-
fitmeut of a prumise so Mrly a« Ihi' springof
170^. A few months latir that inirepid
iintumliiit rsiled vrith Cook on Iiih nii^nio-
nhle rnyage in the auccew of whi<-h \Vhit«
took the greatest ioterwtirA. vol. i. pp. xliv-
xlviii), while subaequently he knew Daniel
Charlod tkilander [q-T.], Buki's companion ;
the oldiT Forster, the nalurMlist of Cook's
second roynge, ■« well ns William Cnnia
[q. v.', the ontomologiM and bi>ianii>t (lA. ii.
li); Sir Ashton I^ver [q. v.], who formed
th« enoniiou« tniiwura known by his name;
and John Ligbtfoot (173ft'17eB) [q. T.} of
I
I
'XJxbridgv, PennmntV Mlaw-tniveller. Il ia
oridenl., too, that White's RTtnpnthies wcm
not limited Co the B&iuinl« of liu own coun-
try, M i« tbown by t\if inter«at h« took in
his brother'^ zoolosical iDTeetifi«tionB at Gi-
faraliir, nnil in thoCliinewdoetbroiiglii home
by C'harU's Eliy, a ion of the vic«r of Sel-
bome (L«(ler Iviii. (o Barrin^^n), to My
nolhtag of liia deaire to mx thu tmiUowt of
Jamaica (LfVtt«r vii. to Uie Huue).
It ia pi'rliaiM itnpQMibli! now to B«cortaia
irbvD tlii* nvlioti ol |iiiltlia)ilii)^ hia nliHTva-
tionn in n u-pArntu work firet occumil tu
White, or wb«a hv fomivd tlie di-lfnninatinn
of doing M>. Early in 1770 Ilnrringtin
must have made some e uffRefition on ihi*
aubject, to which White nplird on 1*2 Aoril
in uoiiatiog terms : 'It ia uo uiiall uudcr-
takiDf^ for a man untnppoilcd and alone
to begin a natural history from hii) own
antopais ! ' ^methiii^ luutt aUo bare paucd
between him and rennant, for th* next year,
in a Inlttfr tu him uf 19 July, of which onir
an i>xtnu:t haa beon [iiinlt^ {llztL, vol. i.
p.xlix},ht) says: ' As lu anr I'ublication in
this war nf my oii*n, I look upon it with
ETtvat diHidi'nrp, finding that I ow^bcio have
bef^iin it twi?nty year* ngu.' In 1(73, writing
to bio brtithcf John, be savf> liV>. Ji. ^1): ,
' If you don't make liaste 1 shall publish
before you;* and again in 1774 (ifi. ii.2(*J:
'Out of all my jouninls I think 1 might
collect mntl.or rituufth and i>ncb a Mirii^ of
inoidentB net might prfitiy wnU cotnprehc'nd
tlM natural histonr of tins district. . . . To
tbeae might be added Mme rirciini»tanR(!a of
the country — its moiil rurious iilsnts, its
few anti(]iiiti<-6 — all which altofn'inc-r mijrht
soon be moulded inio awi^rk, hud [ tvm>Iu-
tion and spirits to Mi about it.' The follow-
ing ynu, Lowt-rvr, he KcvrnM tu have lawiv
np bis mind, though in ihc spring of 1775
bia eyos suffered ' from overmuch readiop '
(bJ. il. 40). In flctobwr hv wnilw (tft. pp.
44,46), *Mr. Orimm has not appeared,' he !
bwnff the 8wisa draughtsman who evon- i
tually executed tbt; jriatrs for tltei work. I
Writing from Loadon to ^m Barker on I
7 Feb. I77(t, he wait still in doubt, at any '■
rate, as to the fi>rm of publicnlion ho whuuld
adopt; but lit^ had Im-n to Kn< (Iriuitu, who
n few WBtiks later came to Si'lborne, and
i* called 'my artist' (lA. ii. 1:?S|, laUing
Tiew.i of the Ilermitagfi and otW places
snl»equent.ly engraved forthe volume; whil"
White declnh^ bin intention ' st^rnft liwi''
hence' to publish 'iu mjihi' wav or other'
n naw edition ot his paiiers on the ' Ilirun-
dioM.* Those memomblu itiunogmphs, al-
auwl iJm earlirait m xoological literatnre, he
bad eommunical«d through Barrlngton, at
whose instigation they were wriltvo {ii. ii.
•JO), in 1(74 and 1776 'to the Ttoyal Socwtgr,
for insertion in the ' Philosophical Tnnsai^
tioni.' There they were prinl.i1, although
verv carelculy, ns the author justly con-
plained (i£. ii. l]!i). He liad intended an-
otiiifr pttjH-r, on 'Capniniilgus,' to folluw,
but Uarniigton, having quarrelled with the
Society (t'A. ii. 4<t), would not present it
(iA.i\.-229). In(lu.firi.t half ..f 1777 Whit*
bad a c«>vere iUneAs (J. .Mul.-to, in litt.
1 Junv 1777^ which must haie inlerfi^red
j with his work nn which he had b<-gim Ui bo
seriously engaged. Moreover, the nnti-
I quarinn portion— for he had decided t*>
' include in it an account of thesntiouilies
of Selborue (ItELL, ii. 1S7) — obviously re-
iiuir>-d much labour, and he spent a good
pnrt of (.Mub<*r to that year at Oxford,
■nvcatignting the archives of Magdalen Col-
lege, to which tfa» priory of Sulbome bad
bi--en united nti it* supprvMOn some fifty
years befon; the Kvnerall dissolution of the
monant'TieH. In this t»i«k Whilw wimgn-atly
afeisted by his friend KichardlI7handl«'r(17<')S--
18IO)rf(. v.l, the eelebratedfJivektravellf rand
antiquary', who not only ciotnincd for him
the recoriis relating to Seltmrne possessed
br that colk-fre, but also tho.«e whieli he was
allowed to biirrow fnirn ihu di'nii and ehap-
ter of Wincliiister. .\l«iit 1779 White Nt-
came acquainted with lialph Churton [il'V.],
from whom he receivfil no little Hwinlanei',
lui appMirs bvihf-ir orn-spondencn tlrst ptib-
lished by B«ll (ii. lWf-i>:(0). Still, prngress
WM alow, and he complained to 8am Itarber
tbat'mucb writing and transcribing always
hurts me' (i6. ii. laO). Mulso's letters re-
peatodty urcw gn-ator spifd, but While waa
not to bt- liurried in the e«i«ution of his
self-imposed task. Ileeridently deterinined
ihnt what he had to do hn would do with
hiii might, and the result justified his delay.
It was not until January 1788 thiit he
wrot"> to Ham Itnrker (rt. ii. IfiBtlhat hf
had at length put bis Mast hand' to the
book ; but still there was the index to make
— 'an oecu[]aiion full na i'nle«aini«g(i« that
of darning of stockings' — and the actual
puhlicstion did not lake pluet' until iIk' end
of Hint year, the voltiine li>.-jiriiig on ita
title-page the date ITfiO, Almost coincident
wilii iu appearance won llin di-iifh of his
youngr-st hrniher Hanr, of Fyfield, with
whom he was always on most atreclionale
term*, and tlir loss wat cvidf-ntly much ftlt
by him. The l*ooU wa" nubli-hed by \\ hite'a
brother IWniamiu. liis Lrnlher Thomas,
who had b>.-ien t'onj^tiinlly urging the pubU-
catioN, if he wetw not its primr> instigator,
wmie (anonymously, of eourw) a review of
>
il in the ' Oentlemaa's Slaffuinu,* vhicb,
speaking of it lii|{hly M it (Uihtvu<I, yttt Ik^-
tmyi^l lui exoesA of fraternni prnvnlitj.
John MuUo, whose (aeti? uad rriliciil fuciiltv,
ori)^nall,v koitti, tn-^ra tn liav<^ h^pn bluntud
by tlie lazy Ufe be had now so Ion;; led m a
well-ln-netici'd ccclfaiasiio, oxpn^md lit* ftp- •
pruvdl ill warm thoiwb uot very mithuaiafi-
tic teraiN, partly, peraaps, bi'cttiiaii hv secinit
to have bolorc roiul tbu uniuret liiitmry pOT-
tion of tiiH 'piect!,*a»cl be biiuetita^d lliat hi»
Qwn name, lu tbat ai ihu friund at Siiubiiry
iaBBDtion-il by IliH niillior, did nut'itiaiid in
a book nf 80 TDucb crt^dil and resp^^abiUly.*
Tbfl cornjepyodBUCB with Churlnn, whiiiici?
moit information nf \Vhir«'n lift) at ibid
period is obtainable, conlnins no laiti'r be-
tween the biyiniiiiiir of December 17f*6 and
thu rnd of July 17t^(>, and it wu not UDlil
Xhfi following OcIoImt that he bbvs li«i wan
reading the Tjook witli eiTidiiy, ibis being
uTlvr Wbilt* liad wntlen to him (Kki.l, ii.
214): 'My book is still a^kcd for in Flwt
Street. A iivnl. ciiuiu lh<.- othvr day, and
Haid be understood that thero waa a .Mr.
Vhiti! wbo bad luU'ly publirbud iwt; bookjji,
a gixjd oni-. tind ii biiit orii* ; the bad uni; waa
concerning Botany Bay f ' A Voyago to N«w
South \VaW,'by John Whit« (no ivlation),
published in 1790], the bntcer respecting
pome pariah.' Churton justly complainud
that the index was not mnTC copiouc. nnd
the eamu complaint may U' uiaile in ri'^ard
to fiverv wiilioa i.biit liu>; 6ini-o oppiiarud.
Soon aA.er thin, Wbilu wrutu Ibut ilxfurd
■ppKAird t'vrry vrur to rcci-Je fiirthtr and
further from Sulbume, and it is cluur thai
the infirmities of ag« hnd cnmt* iiiM)n him.
For fit le&st ton yt^nnt he had suffered from
deafness, and bis l«tter!i, though tibowinp; no
indication of decay in nifntal jKiwer, seem
to bnVB been writlen at longer inli>rvaU.
Vet in Marth 17tiaCbiirtou ciinvn.4sed him
for his votu ill favour of Cjuot^ Crabbe [(l.v.]
an profuintor nf poetry at Uifiird, and a^-
pxjarej lo think In; might come to the tini-
ver»ity In ^iw it.
Whatever mav have been lie reception on
the psrt of Wbitfl's family and frh-nd^, ibi-
merits nf the Imok wen; spwrtlily acknow-
ledged bv naiuraU&ts who were simnger? to
him. Within six munthii fif Its appamnrft
George Montagu i'17.'j1-1(«1.1) [q. \. , hardly
then known to faints, bul not mnnryeart alter
reco^li>ed OK n leading BritliJi zoologist,
wrote that he had btwn'greatly entertained'
by it (lA.. ii. 336), plying it« author with lii-
quiriiMwhichwvm>v]Mpnlhftinillv answered.
Another Iflttemf the anme kind followed a
few weeks lalyr, tolling Whitv ' Your wnrk
onwliir^d in me fresh ardour, and, with that
di.'grei'arenthHstum oeeessarr tosuch inveeti-
gationa, I jxtrvaded the interior receMea of
the thickeot wood.i, and spread my researches
to every place within my reach that Beemed
likely,' The next yenr broupht another
correspondent, and one who»e scientific repu-
tation was auun-d. This was Kub^iTl M^ar-
fiham of .Sirattou-StrswleM in >^orfolk(the
place where Stillingfleet had written his
•Tracts'), Whites at-nior by twelvu ywnt,
who (inlroduct^ Ui the ii«w work 1^ his
neighbour, "William Windham the staiea-
man) wn^tn ibnl ho could not deny bimitKlf
• the honest fintiiifartion ' of otfering the
iiuthor his thanks for 'the pliMi#un> and in-
formation' hi^ hnd tfC^'iTed from it. Most
fortunately the correspondence which ther^
upon began bL-twwn tlicst- two men \« almost
complote, iben- hting but two of White's
letters missing. It has bt-en published by Mr.
SoHtliTvell in tlio'Transflctions of the Norfolk
and Norwich Naiiiruli»t4'Soeiely'for lt*76-B
(ii. 13;)-9>i), was thence repnnlod by Bell
(ii. :!43~303). and White's sidu of it by Mr.
II art ing UN an ai)]H-ndix to his second edition.
ilere we see that Whito'H ialerutl in alL
bnitic)i>-s nf ualiiral hlslorv whi> to the very
end aa keen as i-ver — for hiB lust letter Ut
Marsham wns dnt«d but eleven day* bitfora
his death— whilf every pbnrncl^riatic of his
style, its uuaifected gmce, Wn charming sim-
plicity, and it« natural humour is maintained
at fully as in ihu varliest examples which
hiivf rome down lo lut, an that, this corro-
tipondeiice is n litling iie<]uel to that between
liiiUM.-ll'uiid IVnnaril and BarririKtou. While's
ple.iuure at Manhaiu'c! approval is unmistak-
able. '0 that 1 hiid known you forty yfun
ago!' is one of Whitf'ix-xclamalinn^ to Mar-
sham, the signiBcance of which may be seen
when rend in connection with thut paasage
ill Vi* v&rl\^\ Ivlti'T to Pennant (lU Aug.
17t>7), wherein he wn>te : ' It ba« bwn tny
misrortunit nevertoliave hadsuy riuighbours
wIhibi- Mliidii-ii hnvif It-d tliem towards the
piirBuil of nntiiml knowledge.'
Ituring Wbitn's Imit yean there hiaaislcr-
in-Jnw, widow of his hrother John, contiuued
to keep house for him at S"li>i>rn«. On the
death of bii aunt Mrs. Snnoke in 1760 he
bad become possessed of pro(H'rty which
could lint have been inconsidi^rable, inrludinj^
' the old family tortoiw.' and be was ihere-
bv enabled the more easily lo gratify his
disposition toward)^ hocpitality. From his
norri'siiiindeme with hia niec^ ' Molly,' ths
Rarkets, and rburtoci^whu svemii to hava
usually pBWi-d Chruitraus with htm — we a««
how opiMi hia door was In memhera of liia
family and to his friends, de-spitu bis in-
creu^ing deafness. Mulso, writing to him la
4
White
45
White
»
I
DMeinb«rl790,wys: * AIoj! mygood friend,
bow should wo now do to convene it vro
Ovt ? tor TOii cnnnot ht^ur, nml I cniinril, now
■peak nut.' Many timefi in rhe corr^poD-
duam with Marsbsm earb compUinud oT tin*
hold which 'iho JJitfr procnwiinaunii ' hod
Mlwn upon himself, but lb«re is really tittip
•iffn of thp power of 'thi> dflunon' upon
Whit«, and hm 'NatumllHV Journal' was
ConlioueJ until wilhio fourdaj'aof his death.
(>D 11 June 17i^3thi< .•'Oil crfhie uldiitt friend.
Jiilin Mul*u (who Ijml din) in Sirptember
17ftI),caiaeto Jv-lbonip, M-here be Etavod for
ft niiiht, nnd wxt d«j- Whit*' -wtoIp fiii> lfl«t
Vtt<?r to Marahani, which pnii«l with thi'
^ords. * Tb(> E(.4«>rin with us is unbt*nlthr-'
In it b«> wild )u- had hwn aniioy.ii In iKp
•priiu^ by ft bftd nervous cough and ' n
wftnaeriog Rout,' His ffttnl illntM inii.«t
haTe bct^n of short diimtion, though, accord-
ion ti> n«ll, it was attended bv much sulFeis
iiiff. On the 2llth he diLH) at his boiiM?. Tho
^VakM, which hot! eiiicM bwii vivitt-d bv ko
muiy of bill adminr*. He Um buried amonir
hie liiiusfolk on thu north &id<? of tb<; chanc<.-l
of Sclhonw ciiiirih, 'thr fiflh (rmvi- from
this wall ' as rpcorded on n tahhi ori^nally
placed II ^inxt it on tht* mit^id", but nine"
removed within, nnd innpiimprliiTi'ly affixed
to th« south a-.ill of th« build in);. Tlte Rrsrv,
boveVCT. i« dtill nurkiK] by the old hcadftone
bvftrinKth" initial btttcrs of Lia tininv and
\he day of hi* dfalh.
Thai. While's * Selborne ' is the noly work
on natiiial Kiitlory which baa attainted the
rank of an English cliuuiit? in admiltud by
P?[i<*ral nwlnmnl ion. «■ well a» hy onrnp^ti-nt
rriticH.and numerous hiiv4(he«ti the nitcmjit^
to discover th* "•■cn:>t of its ever-growmg
reputfttion, SoAnvly two of thum AgTMt
and no «^xpUnaiion wliat^voroltfred of the
ch&rm which invests it can be ncc^ptt-d ok
in iT6<>ir ifttiBliiotory. If wu (;mnt what Ik
partially true, that it was the tiwL Uiok of
Its kind to appear tn this country, aud
therefore liad no rivaU lo t-iiooiiiitHr hRfum
ita repntftlion was f-itabli.^hed. we find thiit
ftloni.' inxiifticK.-nt to account for (he wnv in
whif-h it ia utiU w^^lonmi'd by ihouAandn of
readers, to many of whom—oad this espe-
rially applies to itK Aiocricia admirers —
•carcL'ty a plant or an animal mentioned in
it is familiar, or eren known but by name.
Wliilf wu» a prince amung ubMervors,
nearly always obtxTving tlii! ri|tht tbin^ in
the right w*ay, and plaring before ua in a
fuw wonl<i lli« livinp wing h^ olKervcd. Of
the hundreds of statements recorded by
Wliiti', the number wfatcb are undoubtedly
miatakim may be counted almost on tho
fitig<ete of one hand. The gravest is perbapa
that on the formation of honcydew (Letter
Ixiv. to Barriiigton): but it vras not until
aome yearn latvr that the iialurv of that
auhalunce was dlacorered in this country
by William Curtis (q. v.), and it was not
made known until IMX) {TmuMetiofU fjin>-
ntnnn Atrirty, ri. 75-91); whil« we hava
editor nft.T t-ditor, many of them well-
informed or otherwise cnmpftcnt judgat,
citing fn-ah proi>fit of Whitt^s industry and
accuracy. In addition White was 'ascboUr
and ft Rentlemau,' aud a phi luwojvlu'r iif no
m^an dt'pth. But >t set'ins ns thoujih the
combination nf all thHj»! igiuilit Ji.'h would not
neccMarily pive him the nniiiif^tioni'd dupc-
riocit y ov«r nil other writer* in the same tield.
The secret of the charm must bp aouf^bt
elwfwbere; but it has been sought in vain.
Some hhv« a-torihrd it lo his way of iden-
tifyint;; himself in fi^-lin^ with tho animal
kingdom, Ihonjfh tot hif> sympathy llwreweru
notablt! iisot'ptions. .Sonic, like Lowell, aet
down the ' natural maijic' uf While to thu
fact that, 'upon the bavtk where you will, it
takes you out of doors; ' but the same b to
be said of other writers whoy*-t n^main com-
poralivuly uudistineuisbed. White's style,
a Certain bI ifTnt-HS ffiaractrristif.' nf the period
bein^ admitted. iseminentlyunatTcrl (Ml, eTt.>n
wlii'n hi- in ' didnctic," as he more than onct*
aiKilogiseB for becominff. aud the same sim-
[MLcily is observable tn his letters to mi'm-
bers of his familv, which could tn?Tir bine
buen penned with ihu view uf publication,
mid have never been n^tom-hisJ. Tlif>n, tixj,
there is the complete absence of self-impor-
limce or •« If-con*riou«nfiw. The observation
or the remark inlands on it<i own merit, and
guinit nnthing beciiiise he haiipens to be the
maker of it, except it hi; in tlip tinge of
humour that often delicately pervades it.
Tho tx.'autios of the work, apart from the
way iu which they directly appeal to tiatu-
rnli»ts, as they did to Uarwin, grow upon
the reader who is not a nutumliEt, a^ Lowell
ituitilieK, and the more th«-y are studied tlw
more they seem to defeat analysis.
Nil piirtniit of White was ever takea,
and. thoug^h some have p!en«-<l lhems«lvMi
with a tradition that one of the figures ia
the frpntispiec* of the (piarto editions of hie
book was intended to reprwucnt him. Boll's
authority (vol. i. p. Iviij n.) for otkerwiss
idenlifyias eaehoi tho^e fiKurps must be no
cepted. &)i was told bv Francis White, tlis
youni^oet «m of Gilbnrt''a Tflungest hrothw,
(hat he well remembera^ bis uncle, wlio
' was only fire feet three in«hit>a in stAture,
of a *psro form and remarkably upright
carrioire,'
A complete bibliography of White's writ-
H
toga vould occupy muij P*^-S oving to tlie
number of ediTioae uia iBsue» (eiifchtsr or
noK) through whkh bi« chief work h*«
paoaML A fuU l»t bu b««n attempted in
* Sou* tDitiamriea' {or ly77-8 (Oih ser-vols.
Til to ix.), moA by Mr. Kdwanl A. Muiln
{A BMiagrnpAy t'f fiiiAert U'htU, ^WBlmtn-
ater [1807], fevo), who wrote apMrenilj is
ignonacc of what hod appcarMl ia ' Nutv«
* Qiwrie*.' Tlie hnt pobticatioti to be
la tbe ' Account of llwi HouRs-Martta
'MartlH. In • Wt4>r fmm thr IVr. Hit.
ben Wfait« to the Hon. Daines BarriDftton '
(PUL Tnom. yoL Uiv. pt. i. pp. 196-aOl).
This buar bear* date 20 Nut. 1773, and
was'radde'to Ihe Kova) (kKrietv on 10 Feb.
1774. It IE reprintod in the 'S'utunl Hia>
torr of !>rllx>nM< ' aa lettirr XTi. to Ibr-
ringtoD. Next there is *0f ibe Hoilse-
Swaltows, SwiA, and Saad-Marlm. By tb«
Rt-v. CilWrt White, in Tfanea Lettcca to Ibe
Hon. I>ain«s Barriaglon' (0. toL Ixt. pi. ti.
ff. 396-76). TheM> wpt« tvA to thf «■□>«
flOdetj* on 16 March 1 < i o, and were remec-
tively dalwl M Jan. 1776, 38 Sept. 1/74,
and ^ Feb. 1774 : but the annaal dales nf
ibe flrat and Ian should be reveraed, and
White oootpUius of rahnos otber misprints.
Tbfljr rappmred in tba ' Natural Uiatorj of
Sa l b ai na ' aa letters xviit. xsi. and xx. to
Barrin^on. Tbtwe were but fDrcntnoen of
the tiivat work which bore on it« lillr>pag<%
*Th« Nataral Hixtnry | and ; Antitjuilieej
of ISelborae, jin lhe[Countr of Southatnp-
too : ' with I Enf^rinf^ and an ApfM-ndix. |
London : 1 priated by T. BeoaleT ; ' for B.
WUie nod Son, at Iloraces Head, Fleet
Stratt. IILDCCXXXXLX.' li ia in qnarto,
Ml ri, 48S4 IS mm'Jtnbered. being twelve
at iadez and one of vmta. Tfav auihoi^a
aam« in not on the titl0-pa){p, but appeart an
*nD. White'oo p. T. It bu an oai^ved
title-pag?, and terra copMr|>latva, br^idea
«M iiuCTt«d on p. .'$07. Coatenporarf ad-
TtctiaeaieDta ^how that it was iaanra in
boarda at the priot of oti« gninea. and it was
the onljr Enfliah edition publtahed in the
antbor'a lifetime. Two yeara after hia death
than appoared ' K Naturalist 'a Calendar |
with Obaerrattona in \'arioua Itranchea ] of '
Xalural HisiMT; | extract*^ from the papers i
of th* Ut* I Rer. GUbert While, SLA- ! of
Selbome, Hampishire. Sfnior Fellow nfOrivl
College, Oxford. Never befut« publtilitKl. !
London : Iprinted for B. and J. White,
Horace's Head. I Fleet Street. ; 179.'>.' This
M in octaTO, and oontabie pp. 170 + 6 nn-
nombered. It was compiled by I>r. John
A3[tn, whnsignii) tlie ' .\dreniwmrai.' The
l«xt beffins ac p. 7, and to fac« p. 65 ia a
eeloBied copperplate by J. F. Miller, after
Ebner'a pictnre of *.•% Hyhhd Bird;' but
«o badly done as to mktvpRwnc not only
the original, but alao the watncolottr draw-
in^ from which the plat* is eopad. [it
1^01' appeared -The Worta ia Nataral His-
tory of tne UlC Rer-^iilbcrt White .. .eom-
^riainji; theNatnial Ilivloryof .Selbame; lh«
atuniltFt'fi Calendftr: and M i aee ll an eB BS
()b*eriaitniu. extracted (roa bt* VKfm*. To
which are addfd a Calendar and OMerral ion*
by W. Markwidt, Es>].' lliis was pubLiahed
in two vohimfrj ociaro by John floe son of
the elder BeDJamin > White in Y\wi Street,
who added toe brief alcetdi of hJs nnda^a
life, whieli hai bean eonstaotly rspriatad,
and it ia often apoken of a» Aikin'a or Marfan
wick's edition ; bat whetfaer the latter bad
more to do with it than allow a oalaodar,
kept br himself in Sosnex, to be printed
alongfii^ of that conpiled by Aikin fem
White's jou mall U doiibtful. Tba eolourad
plate of the ' Hybrid Krd* is repeated, with
OOnaideiablr mndiScation of tintinif, from
the fomer publicatiiia ; but tbi^ ' .\ntiqtii-
ties' of the ori^al work are omitted.
S. T. CoI«rridge'« copy of this edition, with
his manoscript eomments, ia in Ibe Brititli
Sfttseum. In 1813 two editions appeared —
one in two Tolumcs octavo, practtcally a
reprint of the tut, with the additioo of the
ptKOia* now for the first time publiabed, and
the other in a ainjfle quarto votume, a iv
print of the original, toeetber with all Um
other maitersaMsmwatn added, and tweltne
Goppi'rplaies instcM of the nine of the aditia
prvterpf, one of the new ewraringa being tbat
of a picture presented tobelborDeeborchby
Benjamin White, and tcmv rational notat by
JohnMitfoRl(l7Sl-lB&9)[a.r.1ornenbaIl,
after whom thiE edition is oRcn named. In
Itilf^appearad another edition in twovolumee
oetaTo, wbicli is almost a reprint of Iha
oetaxo of 1813. as is also one published in
18S&. In 1839 cane out two editions in
ISmo — one forming voL xIt. of * Constable's
Mivetlany ; ' the other, on larg^ ?*?'''• ^
Shortfeed, esdi being pul)lL«hed b^ Con-
Btablo, and containing an introdurlioa and
someiwle^ by Sir William Jardioe ; but the
dates of the letters, Ih** plates, antiquities^
ca l endars, inanT oheervaiionB, and the ptmaa
■re omitted. t>ne or the otlin- of thasa WU
rt-iKnied in mifceiedinfr years (163^1S3S«and
IKIfi) nith a men< change of date on tbe
title-page ; but, in IK'i^ a vm- superior edi-
tion in octavo, with additional notes by
Jardin-s cAmo out as a volume of the * No*
tional Illustrated Library.' This girca the
antiquities, and though the woodcuts are of
poor quality, tbe iiuvrtion of a map of the
district and the excellence of tbe notes
I
4
I
I
% rery Bervicoible; and tt bas nnce
be^n roprintci) or reiHanl seri^rAl times
(1879, I8«i. 1890. &c.) line Jardine in
16&I broiurbt out Another «litiaii conlAiniD^
notej by EdvanlJeMU fq. %-.], who,iu ltf31,
tift<l iinnted in the Aeconil u-tivs of lits
•fileanings in Naiunil HUtory ' ("pp. 144-
SIO) H c>tisi(l<-ruli1p nuniWr nf bJllirrto un-
[MililiAli'il extmcta from 'White'a ■ Natum-
listV Journal,' which for o 'lint? wii« in liia
poue»^on, giving alan n fiiriiimilr'> of ana
vwni of it, comprieine iho week Ic^-:^4 Juoi>
In Idd-I also appeared oa edition (in one
'Voluma octavo, but bearing no dalL-) iocttid-
in\K the aDtiijiiili(-», 'wilh nuifs bv evvvrol
vniinont ii«tiirali*bi,'wliiiwvre\\'illiam Uer-
berr (aftorwarda daan of Mancheslcr), Ko*
bert ^wi.»;t, ami .liimwit Ifvnniti. Tliin in tliM
In.-*! edition publiKtiril ii|i lo thai tirnf, and
is commonly known as Ittmaiv'a: but four
rears after (1^*37) then- npiimrrd orif, bit.'><-il
npnn it, which is Ixittir Htill, and ii^ kno^'n
KS Bennett's, since Edward Turaer Bt^nnelt,
ihouch dyin^ before it left the press, euper- 1
viMU it, uddinii notes of his own, and otnera
by Hell, Dani«1), Owen, and Ynrr«dl, aa well
aa a sclvction from tboM? in Kunuiut odiiion.
This, witL soBie fair wnodcuts, rc-inained for
n lon^ whilo tha KUindanl, but ■□ tlmu bv*
camu out of diili-, whert^ugjon in IH75 a re-
\~isionof it (initft rated bv a niimlier of copies ^
of Uowick's woodcuts of birds, and the Tac-
simik- from White's journal forniLTlr jfirco
l^ Jwae) waa brouifbc out with fn^li notes
bv Mr. Uartiog, and it has acrcral rim^
flinco bum rainued, Trith ihn nddiiiou of
White's letters to AlarBliuiu. It includes
the sntiquili(^a,audtgkf^snhiKli ruuknjnonif '
mlitionii. In 183.1 also Ciipljiin TlmmaM
Brown brought out at Kdinburgh, with nfites
of his own, a now edition of the natiiml hL»-
tflry ODly^ forminj; toI. i, of n. nerira calhid
'Thellnttsb Library,'Bnd tfai^being stereo-
typed, has bi^rn ov<.t and orer affain ^clss)l(^d
with a new tttl<»-pfige and a clumped date.
Kurlhemiore, still in the same year {18ay),
there app««r«d an i^dition uf tliL' natural his-
tory, ' amug«d for roiintf pttrHunN,' vrhiuli bt
now known to Unvo bw-n done by Georeianft,
lady Dover [art- Ki.iii», (Ikorok Jauh^ Wkf.-
BOBB AuAU-,, and is dedicated to her mn,
n.A[nr}-Ktllis; (afterwards LordCIifden).
It is U6 6r*t ' bowdli!>riwd ' edition, chietly
roaukabie for the omission of a few pas-
MMges; but the intention was good, and the
book li&8 sulwequeiitly found its way into
children's hands, it haTiiig been latterly
odopted by the Society for I'romotinpChriit-
(ian Knowlitdgn, and uianv timi,** n-uriiited,
with new iUustr«tion.<i by Joseph Wolf [q.r.],
and a few notes by Bell ; while it is the foun-
dation also of A laKe number of r^printa in
A.m«rica, ranging Irom 1^1 lo thu present
time,
A handy edition, inclitditig the antiqui-
ties, with fjood notes by Illyth, but Terr
poor woudeuts, which has since been reissued
MjYi*nil liiuoji, WMji brought, oul in 183Bi and
in 1^3, a very pretty one, with a fow judi-
ciuii* nol'-s by Leonard Jenyne. In 14&4
thi^Tf. vroA ntarterl n seriM of editions of the
natural hittorr, publisht^d by Messrs. Kout-
trdgi.*, of whicli the lin«t contnined notes by
John Ueorgo Wood Iq, v.], of a kind very
inferior to tbotte by all the pracedlnv editom.
Brown excepted. Yrar after ytutr tain scries
ha.1 eoiittnueil, I be price of one of the issues
bein;* sixisonoc, and that funber reduced, in
1 87.^1 to t hrKWpenrn for an issue of selections,
with an introduction by .Mr. llawois.
In 1875 there appeurcd an edition, with
iiunirroii.4 illiixImLinn*, bj' I'. ]{. Delamolte,
with un»ui i? factory note« by Frank Buck-
land, and a chapter on the antiquiliet by
RoiindL'll Ptiimer, first lord Selbomo [q, r,]
The memoir is slight, and lliu fivo new
letters arv- unimportant. This volume haa
had a tar^e kbIc, nnd two cbvupor Usues
since published are very jmpular, as wvll a.«
one founJud upon it, but printed in AmeriL-a
in IMI5 under the supenisiou of Mr. John
Burro ii^hs.
In \67*i the newly discovered and delight-
ful cnrTL'spondcnco bLttwctm Wliito and Msr-
sham was 6rst printed by the Norfolk and
Norwieh XatiiraliHta' Society, annotated by
Mr. Southwell and uiburs. and next yuar
appeared in two volumix the ehuwicul edi-
' tion of Thomas Bell (I7»l»-l8e0) [a.y.], thp
pOBuH-srtor and oocnpant formerly for forty
years of White's house at i^lbome, an edi-
tion wliieh, from the great amount of new
informntio'n, it pive«, ihrowe nil others into
:hu shade. To Belt's edition refereucu haa
i»vn uhielty made throufjhout this article.
Uf two editions announcml in 18Q9, onu lias
a preface by Itrant Allen, witlL illuslratioiui
by Mr. K. li, tiuvr and Coleridgu's manuscript
Hiite* friiiu the copy of Markwick'n edition
I in the British Museum; the other, edited
by Dr. lIow<ll«r Sharpe from the origmst
tiianuscript, includu for ttie fintt time the
, whole of 'The Garden Kalendar ' kept, by
White from 1761, which is edited by Deati
Hole, and numerous iUustrntionit by Mr.
J. O. Keutcmnns, and others.
A Uermaii translation byF. A. A. Meyur
was published at Uerlin in 1792 (ISuio)
under the title of 'White's Beytrftge Eur
\atiirge*ehichte von Knglniid.' It consists
! of extracts bo put together as to loae their
White
48
White
olsry chu&eter, tbougli tlit; name of
l^t^rA is k*pt up. TN'hile'n first six lotliin
to Pennimt am condi-niwd inlo sii 'Enter
Briaf,' whilt' tlm laiit mid' Virrai^buler Brief
is coropoiindpd of three of thoat- to Bmrinff-
Uiii, T!ip Irniinlolion i« not viiry accuratr,
and thh edit^r'n n^marks, whethpr inserted
in the text Iwtweea britcket« or u foolmitwc,
ol^en conTcy a onwr,
SVarloui oUItionK, npucinUy tliAt liy TliODios
1 (2 roLa, 18771. of Thy Nituml Himory und
AntiquitiPH of Selborup; uupuUiobDil letters
and documeora ; n ' Life,' i» yet UDfiniahcd una
in msnuBeririi. bT White's graM-great-Mphew,
Riulitp^'h Ho1l-Wliit«, vaq.; »riea of uutiu1:>-
llsh<>d letI«T« from John Mubo to Ctilbart ^Miilu
{ITli-Ou) in thf pwsMBtoQ of tho Ijittor'H ralu-
tivc. William, wtrl of Slnmford; cxtmrto from
dociiTnaiilB ia Oriol College, Oxfurd. furniahail
bj Clwrlat LMOCoiot Shitdwell. am.. D.C.L., nnd
n contribution by him to A. CInrk'* CnllogR*
of QxCurd, 1691, i>. 121 ; iioouvniuuii Hrtivlu
' Selborrip' in tho New Motitlily Matfucitifi, vdI,
xsix., fur D«u-uibor 1830 ; Edwurd Jesae'ii
Qlrittiinpi ill N'aturikl Histiiry, 'iuii Her., Luii-
don, IB3f ; C'orrcBpoudeiicu ot Rolwrt AUrabaui
and Gilbert White, with noios by Thomjis South-
well «ij[i others, in Tntn«. Norfolk nnd Korwicb
Naturalists' Society, ii. 133-95 (IS'O): 'Tho
Puliliflhed Writings of liilbf-rt White,' Xotes
Htid yiiorin*, 5ih mr. vols, rii-ix. (1877-W);
'Oilbwi Wliii«(jf t?«lborno' (revi««l|wwjrof thu
full uriiclo by llichnrd Hooper), 'rcmplc Knr
Mng:v<tii«', I'ol. !», April le7S ; rrviow* of BtII'h
wliliun, Nataro, xvii. 309. 400 (21 Mnrvli I8'8) ;
fipMtatof, 13J'ilv 1878; Articles in iheSntut-
dny Ituviow, to'.ind 2* ^^(.1, ISH? ; 'Qilbrrt
Wnito in Siu>«i'S,' by II. D. Unnlon. Zoologiot,
1893. pp- 4*1-^0 : •' Gilbert White of Selboroe.'
by W. W. Fi>*Uir. Mix^millan'.* Magiuinn fur
July 1493. pp. 1S2-9; V.. A. Martina Kiblin-
pmphy uf Gilbort Whiti>, 1887 ; CItiltrrbucVs
KoiMOitihi> Pnri»hwof Vyflelil («itrurt*ifroin
Hoary 'W^itc* I>i.irj>. 6iC., edited by E. V.
Webb, Sttlisliiiry. 1809.] A. N-jt.
WHITE, HENRY (1812-1880), bistori-
cal and educiLtioiial writ«r, boru on 2S N'ov.
1812, wiw the will of Obarb'S White of Min-
6ter Stro&l, Rtiadirig. Hn wit? tducatcd
tkl Roiidirig jfrnuiinar n^biwl und«r RidiKrd
"S'alpy [q. v.], and proctoded to Triujty Ool-
]«gQ, Cnmhridif''. lit* abd *tudimL ut the
iiaJverBity of m>id«lborp. ■wllen^ he obtained
tb» dugruuuf I'h.l). In i!i« nHrlirrpflrt. of his
career, after worliinft at Geneva wilh Mfrl«
d'Aubif^ii'' fur fuino lira«, h«i was chiefly
occupied with Mholaetic work, and published
fterenU blMorH-jil tpsi-booltc of considerable
morit. I'erhupfi tho best known is hi!* ' lli*-
tory of Fran™,' Kdiribiirgh, 1800, llimo,
■which attainud an eighth f-dltion in ]t<70.
J" '*'■•'* tiewaaapiwinUjd to superintend the
numpilatiDn of iht: ' Calaloifue of ScIentiBc
i'apera' U»ued by tho iEoyfll Society, and wok
uogaged In iHI" work until his dtatb. For
Hoinn ynaro In- also acted as literary critic lo
the '.\tlaa' durinf! the t^dilur»hip of Houry
.Tuint>g Slack .<i- v.j
In IN!" b« publifilied hie moat important
hook, 'The Maswicn.' of v>t. Uarl b<)li»iiit>w,
prt-ccdt'il l)r a HlMory of the Itelipinus
Wars in the Kt-i^i of Charlw* IX,' London,
8vo, a work of iioniiine rf^ftt-arch. White'a
n-H^ iho Ski Kuulisih trealiseto ehow that tlio
mo^atre was ttie roAiilt of a stiddfn revolu'
tion, and not ^fa long-prwpared conspiracy.
TUi- iniriLii of his inoiiopaph werw rfcoff"
niscd by Alfred Maury, who reviewed it
plnbortttfly in ihf- 'Jotirnal des Savants,'
White died in London 011 ^'i Jan. 1880. lu
1^7 he marrivcl KliKabKlh King of Boa-
lopMi— !*ur-Mf!r, and left iaaiie.
Beiiidi'ii ihe works nlrvady mt^nliouod,
\Vliit« wn» tho iiTilhor of : 1. ' Elementa of
t'niveraal History.' Kdiuhurph, 1843, ISmo;
lathed. Edinburgh, 1S72, t<vo. 2. • OuU
lini^n of TTnivcrMi Hifitorv,' Edinburi;h,
IW.:;, Hvo; loth ed. 1873. l^mn. 3. ' Hi»-
torv of Great Bril«in nnd Ireland,' Kdin-
biiruh. 1819, l-iino: t'Oth ed. IKVy. lUalso
(■ompiled RL'vnral Bchool hi*lori>'f, and b*^
Iwdfii ISW and IS03 traunlsted Mfrled'Au-
bijrn*''» 'History of the lioformntion.' In
conjunction with Thomas W. Nuwton ho
prnpartid thn ' flWlalogtii? of thrt Library of
tbi' Miineiiin of Practical Qwlo^,'|mhl!!-hed
in 1878.
lliiformiiiiou klodly (pvun by Mr. H*niy
White's aon. Mr. A. HofaiogB While; Allibone'a
BiL-l. uf Kiijtl. Lit. ; Trubner's Amorimn. Knro-
pean. and Oriertid Kacord, 18»(), p. 12;
Athcn.-euin. 18S0. i. 68.] E. I. C.
WHITE. HKNKY Kn{IvE(178.VI80«),
poetuator, bom in Nottinpham ou 21 Much
l7Hn, was son of a butcher. Hi* mother,
whose nnmewaa Neviilfl.cameof a Stafford-
shine fittniLy, and at one time kf>pt a bo«rd-
inp-.tchnol for pirla. Th^" linnfl« in which
Henry is said to have heun bom is stilt
pointftd nut in Rxchanpc Alley, NoHJnjf-
liam ; the lower portion romains a butchers
shop, the upper portion i» a lavtm with the
sign of Tho Kirku White.'
Aft4-r Toceiving an tlemontary eduoatioa
at ftniaU privatu 8cbouli>, be wu at tbn age
of fourt^f n put to work at a stocking loom.
But hf chnfi'd nguin»'t such cmploymenl.
Hi* develope'd lit*mry Iaat<>», and be^^n
writinffpootrj". Ilojuint^'d a literary aoctety
and lihowtid promise lu an orator. Within
a year be obtained more congenial emnloy-
mtinl; with a firm of lawyitra at N'ottinglUtm.
His parents could not afford to pay «
i
i
pro- M
I
I Toll
III
n
Im wtw ac4oniii>Kly CJ^nipt-Ued to
terra two yean before bein^ articled. H«
■ignetl his articles in 1802. His employers
.ltotii>«<l hi* promiM, and AilviM<(I him to
inaiy l^tiiL In ten raontba he could rvud
llormw ' wilh t<4cmblu facilily." and had
bo^o (fn«k. Sooii arivnrunU lit! acii^uirvd
•om« knowl«df(eor8paniHh and l\)rtiigueae,
ftod read many booKs on natunl scionoe.
til- i^>nlinuni liiit ^ttn-t'it. Kii<I^av<)iirH, ami
cnntribiitMl 10 the 'MonlUIr I'ret^ptnr' — a
periodical which ofTonnl pnsua to vouthful
whtrrs. Subflrtiuemly he aent points and
easari to the ' Monthlv Mirror,' in which his
work attraet«4l itiv favonrahii' nolici' oT onv
of the pn>Driotor», lltnmas IIiII(17tiO lt<-IU)
fq. v.^, aiidorCape) ImR\. Whitv now deriv
U)pi!«t n Mtroiig vvangeltcal iii>jiy. He read
wiVh apprecittCtiMi Spoil's ' Fonai of Trulh,'
and mnde up his mind to go to Cambridre
and takt] holy ordvn!. With s view lo rai»-
Ing some of the needOil funds, be, with the
aangulneneeH «f youth, preparvd in IKhi a
ToluiDft ofnoe-ins Inr the pn-ju. Tim Duch^^d*
if Devonsliire accepted the dedication, and
td1iiid« •pp«inn'<l in 1803 andor the titin
'Clifton <]mvf, u sketch in yerae^, with
itlier po^"™*, by Ui'nry Kirk" Whiti; of Nol-
tfngham.' In thi' pntfncv White conft-d^t-d
ibat the verseo came from a very youthful
pen. Th« work was of raodcwE m«rit; the
tlu tmem »how«l iht.' intluLtiCEJ uf Uold-
Kmithii ' I)i!»«-rtt'd ViIliiK<'i' "od "• revii-wer
in the 'Monthly Itoviow' for tVbruary 1804
justly rind cmirtfniMly tinid thnt tin" bnyi'th
vurse vThA ni)i disttnclive. Whitp tt'nt a
lett«T of complaint to thi- editor, nnd the re-
virrwer atxi tnoDlh rcpliod in a kindly tone
that be adhered to his lir»t opinion. Meaii-
whilo the book come undi^r tho notice of
Soutlwy, who exaffei.*rau*d it4 literary ralue.
Olid eneourof^ \\hit« tu n^)ii«nl Limi^elf lui
a victim of the critic's malignity. Thuuce-
forth Suutht^y dvcply int«nMt«d himself in
^V*hilB'a carwr (Sot'THBT, Oonvtpondaw*,
ii. 91). The vol Lime of ^rovms was not a
p<vaniary Boeoesti, and Whiter, compolled to
took elsewhere for aHUtaoce to enable him
to*^nter (hf univ*:'r«ity, obtained nn iiUro-
duciiou throus'hhisemnloyerat Xottinsliam
ti) Chitrk-* SiiUfon fif Kiiie's ColieRe, Oaiw-
bridg«. :jimtton was iuipr«><«ed bv White's
Siety. ond procured him a sitaraliip nt St.
uhn's : Wilb<;rforce and uthirr eympathigers
gtiarant«ed him a Htnnll i>up|iti-in*-ular>- iii-
oome, and ho nuitled his leffal employmnnr.
in )*>! toi>p«>n<l a yearin prcparatiim fortbe
nnivcr«iiy with a clergyman name<! (J rftinircr
of Winterinffhiitn, Lincolnghirt.'. There over-
Wf-irk injured hkA hi-alth, which had already
fehown signs of weakoBls.
I Iq October 1806 he eater«d St. John's Col-
lege, aiu) at oneo distineninhed himself in
clafisica. At the geaerol coUejte examiniw
tion at the end of the fint term, and again
at iht' end of the »unuiier term of IBW, be
I come out Kr«t of hia jear. Out hi» beidth
' wns fiiilinf;. and caosaBipliun threAtcowd.
' The cidleip! pnivided a tutor for him in
I mathemalK^s during the loojCT vacation of
I IfiOn. His limlth provi-d un(Hiuiil lo the
strain. At the beginninf^ of tlie October
, I'jrm he completely br(>ke don-n, nnd he
' died in his collcire rooms on HI IM. 1806.
In It^ld a tablet to liis toemory, with
' A medallion by ChantrvT and an inscrip"
I tion by Profwsior William Smnh. was
I placed above hia grave in All 8ninta'
I Chnrch, CainI>ri«Ig«, at tliu expanse of &
', young .\mericau admirer, I-'rancis Uootl
I fq. T.] of Rostoo. subsequently well knowti
I in England as a botanist, llie original
I model of Chnntrey'a medallioQ is in the
I National Tortraii Oallory. Tb« uii»eum
nt N\ittingbani powMMw two portraits of
I W'hite, one (in profile) by T. Barber, and
I nnother by J. Iloppner. R.A. There ia 4
' third (annnynioas) portrait in the National
I I'orlrnit < lallerj*.
I Wliile left, in manviscript a toum of «n-
publi'hed ver»e nnii pnme. His relntivea
placed it. in Mouther's bands, nnd •Snuthejr
ciitnpUed from It * The lEeuiaiii^ of Heiir^
Kirki- WIuIj- . . . with an Account of bia
Life,' which he piiblialied in two volumes in
1H07, The vnliime rontainwl ' Clifton
(irovr' ' and many pneme writtoii by White
ill childhood, togetlierwilbasftriesof liymns
and a fragment of an i^ic on the life of
Cbritt called 'The Chriatisd,' which death
firevenled White from completing. Waller's
yric * Oo, lovely Hose,' was n-prinled with.
A iji^w concluding stanza by White. The
cbiuf contribution in ^roso was a series of
twf*lve v*i>nys iiii n-iitfious and philosophic
topicA chUpiI ■ MelniKuioly Houw.' In tha
prefatory memoir Htnithi-y i-mplLOMMd the
pathos of White's short c&ret>r, and wrote
with enthusiasm of hia poetic i;uuitu. Tim
'liemains' was wl-II rf'Wive"!, and passed
through tvu editions by 1*«23. Tho work
was often reprinted subscc|uenlly both in
England and America. It was published
for thci first time in America at Boston
in 1A!^. Ten of White's hymns wen in-
cluded by Or. W. ». Cullyer in his 'Sup-
plement To Itr.Waita'i) Psalms and Hymns,'
London, 1812, and «(« »till in common
)1S«.
Many early readers of the 'ICemaios'
shared Southey'H high opinion of White'*
literary merits! In 1809 Ilyron wrote sym-
B
White
5«
pfttlivticnlly in ItiH
EngluU BaH« and
CnlMpcj Wliu ! vhile life mui ib tra apriiis
And tliy >Muig muM jtitl ahook her jojoiu
wing.
The spoiler cane ; ud nil thy prcimiie C^ir
Iloa •oogLt the grurti, \i> ulrep fir er*r th*ro.
Tvus ihin« ovD cnninx ipiva [hu fltial blow
And iiolptd to plant thu vouml tliat laid ihw
low.
BjTon elfo wiolo of Wiito lo Dallaa on
?7 .\ug. 1611: 'dotting iU)idi*lii9bi|fotrv, lu>
surely nnkn next Ohaturton. It i* nMn-
nUbioir how littlu Ik^ whs kuowa ; and »t
CumbridL^ no mii? thnuglit or henrd of ancli
ft mnn till hifl deatli rL-ndprfd all nolic« lue-
hitB. For mv own |mrr. I Htiuuld have been
protid ofsiirfi anufqunintiinre: liipTOrypro-
)udic?e were respoctnWe,' But SoiiUicyV
charitable jiidifini'iU, which Byrtt" ("fliofd.
h&.4 not i^tood tb« teiit of time. Whitu'a
TerKe flhoWB vver^ marlc "f imiunliiritV' In
thoug'ht and eKpfo&sion it Iftcka vijioUT and
britfiiinlity. A promiae of weipln^M in nn
fiirly and pKiphptic Ivrie. 'A Danw of Coa-
BUBi|>livcs (from nn tinfiaiabed 'Eccentric
I>r«mii'>, was not fulfilled in hia Inter cnm-
pDfiitiun!!. The inutriual dcxu-ri'v wtut'li is
phnwii in llirt adrlit.iou ti Waller's 'Go,
lovely llo*e,' in not beyond n njL'diocrc capa-
cilT- Swch iiijpiilrtrity nn Wiiilf* work boa
nnjoyeJ la to be attributetl to the pathe-
tic brevity of his caTV-er and lo the fervoxir
of tlip evangelical piety whirh in»pirod llw
^realt;r part of Lie wriliiiga in both vene and
prose.
(Sijul^py's Memoir prefixed to llemains
ISO?: Brown'* Nottia^anubire VTorthte*. pp.
Z93-99 ; Julian's Dictionary of Hymnologv.J
8. L.
WHITE. nnr.Ti (ft. iiotp-ump),
chronicler. [S»e liuoiuj
WHITE. JAMKS (l7rW820), author
of 'Fatstatf'a lyettem,' baptised nn 7 ."^pril
1775, was the eon of fwmuel White of
llewdley in Worce»t«T»hiri'. Bom in Ibe
ttumu y ear oa Cbarloi) Lamb, be waa educat ed
wiUi him at C'hrUl's llonpital, where be was
adtnittod on 10 Sapt. 17811 on the pn^scu-
lation iif Thninnii ('fivenfry. lie left Ibp
ftchonl on 30 April 1790 in order to bccomi'
a clerk in the lrva»iinT'« oHice, Afior re-
maining fur Kome yeart in that pcwvtion he
founded an adrertising agency nt 33 Fleet
Htreot, which i« Mill carried on iindpr a firm
of Iho «auio name. To tlua buitincaa ho
united that of agent for provincial oewa-
papers.
white wma the lifelong friend of Charlea
t^nib. lie waa introduocd by Lamb to
Shakespeare'* ' H»nry IV,' knd waa at once
White
foAcinatcd hx the oharact«r of Falauti, whom
ho frequently tmpereouated in lite company
of hiii fricDds. Ily hia aucce«a in aiutatning'
the chunicu>r at a auuauontdo ho roiued tliu
jealousy of bevi-rul Hniull actum hirinl for the
nccuBioii, and nccoidinit to his friend and
i>clioiilfe|]ow John MathewCiutch [ij. v.], ho
waa generally known as ' Sir John ' amon^
hi* tnttmntwfi. In 1"9() he published 'On-
(finnl Letton, &e., of Sir John FaUtafT and
his Frienda' (London, 8vo). William Ire-
land's forpeiy, ' Vortigcni,' waa nrodiifvd at
Drury Lane in I hu same ^t-ar, and t W ' Lotters '
were prefaced by a dedieation iu black letter
lo 'Master 8nmuul In-luund>',* tliu forgvr'8
father, which wan probnhly wntien by Larab.
11ie' Lulters'wenholdin ihebiglieateetcom
bv Lninli, who induc<v1 Colttridgn to notic(»
tliem in rhe 'Critical Review' for June
1797, and himEDlfc-otitribuled aa apprfcia-
tion cif thi-m In the ' Examiiirr' for i» H«'pl,
1*>10, ' The whole work,' he wrote. ' is full
of goodlv quip) and rare fancieii, all deeplr
^laakl^<l like hoar anlitjiiitr.' Xotwitlulviu-
in|; his entbueiaain, which led him to por>
cha«A Rvery second-hand copy he found on
the book<i>*llerti' ulalU and pivaent it to a
friend in the hope of making a conrert, the
sale of the ' Li'Ctvrs ' was iueousiderable, and
they brouglit their author liltle (iinie. A
fecund edition appeared in 1797, composed
of unsold copies of the first with new litlo-
niyft>i«, but the work wa* not r^^ptintod until
lt^77,wbeo a newedilton was issued with an
elfihorale memoir (London, iL-mn).
*^ Wbttn died in London at hi« bouto in
Burton Crescent, on 13 March ISKX He
married a daughl^'r of Fauldcr tbu hook-
M'lliT, and lef^. thny- children, lie waa a
mnn of infinits humour, one ' who carried
away with bint half tJiv fun of the world
when hii died' (JS*«ays of Ulia). Lamb
always spoke of him with great afTerlion.
'Ji-in Wiiite,' he said to Le tlrice in 18*1,
' there never waa liia like. We sliall never
si'B such days aa thoao in which he nourished.'
He commamoratvd White's mutual feftit to
the chimney-sweeps in one of bia most
familiar es^Anya, and in the msay 'On aomv
(lid Acl'im ' Ki- (fivtw a ph'ii!«int account of
White's discomfiture bvI>odd the comedian.
The author of ' FalstiifrK U-tlen! ' moat
1)0 dirttingninliod from .1a»f^ White {d.
ITSW*, scholar ond novelist, who was pro-
bably a relative. This James WHiite vna
elected ft acbolar of Trinitv Colle^, Oub-
lin, in 177 1*, and gradunle^ B.A. in 1780,
ITi? was well Tery^>il in tht; Orvi'k laofjwijife,
ndiled one or two classical work*, and wrote
three historical novels of some merit. To-
wards the close of bia 1if« his conduct b*-
4
4
4
I
I
eanifl Mcnntrie, oni] h» imitginvd himnlf
ihc rictUa of acoMf iney. tit- died, iiumnr-
rieil, ut the Car|M>Dt«re' Aruu in tin: jwrukh
uf Wick ia Oloucii%ton>liin! on SO olnrcli
liU'-J, ill tn'eat ilfjilituliiiii. Hn wm cIip
author of: 1. 'Hinie of « Specific Plan for
lliH Abolilioti of I lif aUsv Tradi',' 1788. 8vo.
2. Tonwny ('«stle,' nnd other poems, I^n-
don, 17**!*, 4tc. 3, ' Earl Stron^oow ; or the
JlUlory fit litclksrd de Clare and tho IWutU
fol OfmMa; London. 17^9, 1' vols. U'inu;
fierrtiftn Imnslution by Geoi)i l-ViedricU
lkn«ke,lluliiisiadt,l"i>0.8vo. 4. 'TbuAd-
vpnlar«4 o( John of (Jaunt,' 1790, H vol«,
12mu; G<>naan tmnBlulion. IlHlmHtttdt,
1701, 8to. B. 'Tb« Ai!renl.ur»-i' of KiTi(f
Ricliard Coiur dc Lion," London. 1701,
3 ¥ol*. I'iain. 0. 'I*tt»^nt to Lord Cam-
di-n," iri». He al«o tran(v!ftt«l: 7. 'The
IJrBlioQ of Ctcent at.'aln&t Viirms,* 1787,-llo.
8. Jfjin Vtmi IlatMiit Sainl'Ktienne's 'Ilis-
Uiiy of the F'r^nrli ]^>7olutioD,' London,
17«-i, 8v<.; 2nd t-dit, ITSa. 9. 'Speeclies
of M. da Mirabeau iho Elder/ Dublin, i7ii^,
8*0 {Annual Rryht^r, t7W, ii. 1 1 ; ItBfos,
Rtyutter <ff Liring Authort, 1770-90; it.
1790- ISWJ; tbt.o/Dubim Gruduatm).
[Tho T^iKibi. their Live*, tboir Friendi. nnd
mir CorrMpondonM, by W, C. Hulitt, iS«7,
pn. 2-1-6 ; Ijifn, Ij«U#r«, aod WritJuK" uf [>«nib,
M. Fitagvrukl, I88S: Lcltrrs of J^Ainb. ed.
Afngor. 18S8: Lettrrs of lomb. etl. H«xblt.
1882-6 (BoWn StAodnrd Literary); Hiuilitt'a
Mnry oud Charlw LiiDb. 1874 ; Chnrlca Lamb
Mid tbc lAaydt, cd. £. V. Luims. I SOS, pp. 48-
60; flimthfv'it I-if« nnd Corresp. 185ll, ri. 28ft-
287 ; Oftii.'M.ia- 1820. i. 471.] E. L C.
WHITE, .IAMF.S (l!aOS-l80:i), author,
bum in Midlothinn in MnrcU 180''^, w«» tho
yoiingrr «)n nf John White of l>uiimorQ in
thi county of Stirlini;, by his wife Elizabeth,
dftiight«r of John Loj^n of Howilua iu Mid-
lotiuAn. AUer etudr'tag at (iliugow Uni-
irenity he matriculali'd from Pembroke
CoIIepo, Oxford, on l5lKfC. 182S,ffr»duntinir
B.A. inlS27. Ht'serviTcloa curate of Ilnrte-ii-
I Cum-Boxated in Siitrulk, niid on 27 March
iIS33 hu wiu! instituted vicar of l>oxi«j- in
, Warwickahiru. l,ltiniale!y,oU6uooef?dingto
a eon»idemhle pialjininny on Iht; dciilh of his
wif«'« fathnr, hw resigned his liyina and re-
Itired to Bonnhurch in thclaleof Wighl. In
tbifi rplrmit he turned 111* allwition to litt-ra-
tuK, in which ho hud already made tMimo
waays, jcDducjog botwtMu 184c nod 1847 a
•aeOHliaa of SoottUh hUlorioal tra{r0(1i,.s,
'Worksof •ome nioric, thou^rb nnty moderati'ty
aucceofuL Anotbtir tn^dy, ' John Sarile
of IlgysLuad ' f Londnn, IR17,'>4ro), wA»art4.'d
at SadUr** Wrila Tbc-atre in 1W7. At a
lat«r time be brought out urAral hiAtorical
»k«t«bM of a irapalnr rhameier. «rrittf<n with
ooiiudcrnble power of ^'eubraliMtiou. llie
beat known ia ' Th<.' EiKut«4.-uChfi»tiaB C'-en-
t urifs'(l-Mi[]bur^h,]SfiS,6vo), which raaelied
a fimrlti vdilinu m I8(U.
WhitB died al BonchorcU on 26 March
l&i'I. lEtf miuTii-d in 1839 Kou, only
dauffhter of Colontd Pnphnm Hill. By her
he had one Eon, James (Itill-l^Hg), and
Hiivr lUughttT.i. White noiunwwd a charm-
ID^ style, and intere^tvd nis reu<li>r8 by his
cWruoMof thought and hiH ability in select-
ing; and arranKtng detail. He wola tho friend
of Charl'e^ Ilickena, who in IMUIook u bouse
at Bonchurrh fur aomu moutli* in ordttr tu
be near blm. l)n« of bis tnigedius waa
dt^dlcBl^d to nickL-ni>. H'm poRruit was
puinti-d in l^^l bv Koburt 8cott l^udtir.
Beaidea the works already menlionHl,
TrVliile was thw author of: 1. 'Thu Villaftc
r')orliiiii«(i: by a Ootiutrv ('urati',' I>indnii,
1f>.ti, l:2iiio. :>. '(.'buridi and School: a
Hialof^te in Verne,' London, IS.IH, li^inn.
S. *Th« AdrenUirwof Sir Frizxle Pumpkin,'
London, 1838. Hvo. 4. * The Earl of Gowrte ;
a Tragedy,' London, l&lS. 8m ft. 'Tlie
Kiuif iind tbe Commons: a Drama,' London,
1846, 8ro. tJ. • Feudal Timet ; or tho Court
of James 111: a bcotlisli historical Play,'
London, 1847, lUmo. 7. ' Landmarks of
the Mietory of England,' Ijvndun, I8&!>, 8vd.
8. 'Landmarks of ih" Hinlory of Greece,*
London, IS-V, 8vo. Q. * Itobert Bunu^ and
Walter Scott: two Livee,' London, I8'>8,
1 3mo. 10. ' History of FVanc«/ Kdinburgti,
lMM,8vu; and ed. 16B0. II. ' Ilimory of
EugUnd,' Ixindon, 1880, 8vo. .Some tronv'
lat ioH!! from Scbilk-r by While were pnbUshvd
in * Blackwood'!) Mugaxiue,' xliii. ^7, 684,
725.
[_Burkii"» Landed Gentry, av. ■ Whii« of Kell«r-
■lAin i' Ornt Mac. 1862, i. 641 ; Foster's Alumni
Oxnii. lilA-I8B0; TosKra liidri BmIw. ;
AUilona'* Diet of Enjil, Lit,; KoWer's Lire of
Dii:kenH. ii. 301^(5, iii. Itt4.] E. I. C.
WHITE. JAMCS (1810 ISSS'i. founder
of thK Jt!xrHelit«8L [Sish JsicEBtL, Ja1IE»
JuEmiiou.]
WHITE, JEUESnAH (1629-1707),
chaplain to Cromwell, was bom in W2^.
He was admitted a sisar of Trinity College,
Cambridf^', <in 7 April IftlO, proce'jded B.A,
in 1(U9, and M..\. in ItSoS. In hia atudeul
years he rxpf^rient'^d much mental distreea
owinjf to ri'liifiniiNdiHiriiltii-n, hut ultimattdy
fnand confloiatinn in the doctrine of tbe
restoration or restitution of all thint^. On
leJiTing the univernity be pasapJ at oni;p to
VVbiteLull, and became uomoetic chaplain
to Oromwel) and preacher to the council of
e2
state. Hii RttrftcUTe |wmm uid witty con-
verMtttoiitoonmadehiai poiiulur. Hi« pn«i<
tion in tliu liuuitcilmlduf the l*mU!Ctor bmught
him into ctunt? rKlnlLoiixliip with hi« DiDiiljr,
and Wliils allowed liia ambition to (^ m fnr
a« to ospiru to tbo U&Dd of Cromwell's
joiingent daug'hter Frances. Il \a »aui that
the lady did not look upon Lim with din-
Aivour. Th<! euilc of ihinga camu to Crom-
WL'U's kuowled^. With iIik lw\p of a liouM-
hold gpy he maiiu^ed to surprist» thK two nt u
moueDt wbeu bin cbupluin w&s on btskneej
befoPBluada.aghterkii>Hiiiy;hKr[i«riil, '.Itrry,'
•who tnif nuvLT nt a Iom for sora«tbinK to
Hiiy, ex|ilitiiitKi tbitl fur huhii.- timii jxisl L«
luid haen payinff liia aildn^ssrii to th.' Inriy'^i
wuitinff wumnn, Imt boing iineuccessrul ia
hifl nndeavouFR, be hud hern drivin to
soliciting tbe Lady Fraoccs's itilertal on his
bp)i«ir. TIh» opiiortiinily tbus offered wu«
not neal^'cttxl by fromwoU. tiopnuehinj;
the waiting woman ivitb her flliubt of bis
fri'tnd, and^iiiinfi; h^r con»>.-nt to tbomatoh,
be sent for anoibt-r cbaijkin and Lad ibvm
morriod at onc«.
At till- lictcoratiou WLito found bimsL'lf
without fixed intome, but nbAtiiin«d from
tliv ri.'1i)^ouig disputvB iif tb» day. It ia
]trobatj1t> tbnl: bis pupuliLril y i(nin>>d livm
&omu furta af muinti'nanc^c. In 16<f0 tbtt
fvlnlv of 'uld Mrs. (.'romwell ' wn» m bis
bLndii. Flo colIfCtv"! much inforroatioEi
witbrespBcttolbe9uirerinuHoftbi»di»iienti!rti
after tbci Ri?«tomtioti, but rcfii<ec?d a thoui^iuid
(TuineaH from Jam-.'^ II fnr bis maiiuseripl,
bcinft di»Inctined to (Ii»i4?rvdjt the ealabliflbfd
church. His manuscript is not known to bu
extant. While neviT hi lasi-lf conform wit o ihc
cburcL of EtiK^Iaud. He uruiicbisd occasion-
ally in an iiidi-|M-iidi*nt cbun'b in Mm-linj^-
tiousti Alley, Queen Sireul, Lowec lloibLT-
bitbe, which waa built soon afler the R»«to-
ntjon.
WbiU was a conspicuous mvmber of tite
Calvfls' Head Ctuhatit«nnniial mcfilini^on
30 Jan., when the ' AnnivefBary Anthem '
wiw snng, and wino in a calf's skull w«nt
tbe round to tbe mi'mory of 'tbo patriots
who bad rt-lieved the nation from tymnny.'
He died in 1707. A iflowiwii; cbiiructU'r is
?'ivL'n of him in the * Monthly .Miacnllatiy '
nv 1707 (i. 83 B. I1»-18V tbyn- is u por-
Invit of While iticorivrtly ftltributed to Van
Dyck. An vni^aTiDfri^Iireiixfldiohii! work,
' A PersuiwivM to ?h I c Hie ration,' publiabed
aA/irhis death in ITOH.
Mill publicKtioiitt include: 1.*A Funeral
SermDn on the IXev. F. Fuller,' l^ndon,
1702. 2. ' The Restoration of all Thing-,'
(anon.), London, 1712, 177f) (:lrd edit.),
1851 (in voL iu. of tbe (Jtuversalist'a Li-
brary). Extraeta firom thn work were puh-
Usbed in a volame entitled ' Luitetsal
Uestoration.' with olbcr» of a like natnro
by ' some of the mi>3it remarkable authors
who haw written in dvfence of that int«-
roeliiig gubjuct' (Louduu, l(J0t9). 3. 'A
I'ersuaaive tu Moderation,' London, ITOS
{17£lj.°). Thia is an enlai^ment of pari
f»f Whil«'» prrfiu'tt to IVltr Stcrry'w ' rhf
liiae, Rare, and Royaltr nf the Kingdom of
God in tbv .Soul."
[I'lilcnrr'i Nooiwnfoi-niiM's Mi'morial. i. 311 ;
PmfiKM^ io White's I^cetomtion, 1*13; Old-
ni'innit lli»t. of the Siuivrl". p. 436 ; NoCen aiut
QiK-rioH. Ul MM-. *ii. ^SH ; t'nL of tiUt« Pl^«n.
1C^6-S. p. 'Hit; WiUua's Diasonlinir CburelHa.
ir. M7 ; Tiiaieabr'ti Ihary. i. 7: Tho Secret
Hiit.of iliB C«lv(« n«ad Cluli, p. 10; Oma^r'a
Bioi;r. IIi»U («>nl. by Noblu) ii. 161; FcpyVs
Jiiiiry. ]y Sppl. 1660, 13 Oct. 1661 : Admiwioa
rauitlers ofi nnity Cotlryo; Cambridge, par tbe
UnAtir; Cjiireniily ragisten, ptr the Regi-
slrary.I B. P.
WHITE, JOJIX { 1610?-1660>, bishop of
TiV'incbL'stcr. wa« the son of Robert While of
FaruUaui, wberebewas bom in I o 10 or 1511
(bia brother John became lord mayor of Lon-
don in iJVtVS: »ov pt-diitrou in MjiN.vino and
ItRAT'a Hittury of Surrry, iii. 177 ; but Col-
ifctanea Topoi/rajMca et Gentaloffica, rli.
'2]'2, says lhi» ta incorrcL't). In 1621, at
tbu txfrt' of I'litvttn, hi! u'aa admitted scholar
at \\ iiichester, "-hence h»j proceed^ as
fellow to New CoH«pi% Oxford (KinBT,j>.
111). He wiw admitted full fellow in 152( ,
((Tftduatcd lt.A. on 13 Dlc. I">L'», M.A. on
SOJan. 1 534, 11.1). (P)b(-fore L-iS.! (see ItTMEE.
Fiedera, x\. SSH), and U-D. 1 Oct. 1565.
In 1034 \k rvaiguwl bi5 fi-Uowsbip, hmua
tht-n toaAtiTof Winchfester College, <if which
L» was toado wardun in February 1.MI
i\\'tLt.Vi, MitrrJ AMjirt. i.aS-l). Df'hia UfM
at Winchester different oocouuta are given;
fttvourabl-.' by Viifi(l>f Jirbm AnglicU, 1619,
p. 7fi;i, part ty on report nf Chriatopher John-
son. hi mseir master of Winchnit(*r),who de-
ficrihi-.i him lift 'aculut) pneta, orator (-loqucna,
theolggus aolidiLti, concionator ner\'usua;'
and iinfnvrturabU-by Itftle (.ScrjpM. lirittmn.
lllit*tr. p. 737). wbodedcriboslkioi wiikMaii-
dolousAOfff^^tiViOncss, and dubs him'daltana
aainus.' lie waii uppninied in March 1<>10-1
a probcndai7 of H'mdie*l«r. ludcr Kd-
ward VI hu biigsn to attritct attuntion aa
an opponent of tbe proteisiantH. \lv was
exauiiiiod bv the council on 2m March 16M,
when ho admitted receiving ' divers books
and lotlvn from bt^yond aua,' and waa com-
mitted to the Tower {Hatfield MS. I 83:
Aetj P. C. U)50-2, p. 232).
Ou 14 June fulLowing the council, * upon
knowK'dgie of snmo butter conformTtin to
mnttKnof rflipon/tnumr'-rivd lihit tot'ran-
raer'a coAtod; 'till euche lymo m he mny
ii^cIsiDje liim' (lA. p. 30S; Strvpe, (WjHwifr,
!i.2."J3). Oanmcrwivs sjipnrcnilv Mieces«ful,
nt in the saaie y-'ar Wliue became nctoruf
Clii>ytrtn, .Siirti.'V.nHilon 'Ji M\v IMShi^waji
admiiled tathopr^-buuii of Keel i-i^ hull in Lich-
field C*thedrftl (Lt; Xeve, /VW*, i. tiOl ). H«
ent<;n)d into ctmirovirwy with Pctur Marlyr,
and wa» the lirnl. Fuller says, wlin treated
th>eological ^i)i|mt<!e in vera.- {tvi: list of \m
worlw b^low) John I'hil^il [ij. v.J, urch-
dt'ocon of Winchester, PXcommtinicalV^cl him
'for prK«ohinj{ nati^tv duclriiHi' (I'hii.pot,
Hrtria, Parker tvir. p. k-J); but White fleenis
to bnve rvlainod bisprefermenle, and if ftiid
10 bat'c bc«n inotnini'-TilAl in |m-.'<(Tving th<:
college of Si. Ulnryal Winrhtwlor, who-n ihw
a<Ijoinii)f[ coUe^ of St, Kliiabeth, the aitn
nf which h*' piiTCli(i*til, -kiu^ drstroywl (,»(■■'
Milker, HVnoA^^^r, i. W-').
On thcaccfRsion of Mary ho came at once
into ptvntini-ncf. ilu sal on sevvrnl of th«
coEDiniuion« which reMored and denrived
buliope. Hl- pn>achnl at St. Fuurii od
:>.*» Nov. IWi.l in favdiir "f iht^ rn'toration of
ntlijinoiis jirnce-isiDna (.Mu'iivK, p. -li'l. He
VH» hIitN'*) Itishnp tif Fiinciiln on I Mnrrh
IfAi (l.F. Nrvk, F^«li; hill .^ee Hvmkk'h
/(Frfci-o.xv.yT'l.forliei-iioO. wiwcoiiwiTated
in St. Saviour>, Siuthwnrk, on I April by
l)onm«r, Tun^tall, and GardiniT (>TOnBH.
JteyMtrum fiarntm An;;liettnum, ed. IHI7, p.
IW). and a'wired rvstitutiun of ibc tempo-
ralitiea of thi- ft. on 'J Mav Ifi-Vl. He watt
• pfuvidetl ' to the eee by tt*- po]»e in a con-
»t«t(irT '^n (t July (I{AV!<I4I.I>iti>, ann. 16't4,
J 5). Ho wsHgranti'dThf- ncxi preaentalion
to the arrhdoacnnrr of Tannton on "J Xnv,
(Hi^t. .V.W, Co7M>w,'\Vrll!' MPS, p. 2m). On
lhearrivalofI*hilii)ll ht-wA^ioneof i:Iio»who
received him ut t hi' west door of Winchoaler
Cftlh-dral (C'if. stntr I'aitrt, For. I'j-W tl,
pp, 106-7). He prearlirtt ut tlit- on»-iiin([ of
parltnmunt *m 21 Oct, InSo {lb. Vcn-ttnn,
I.l.'t.j-U, J), i?l7). Hii had aln-nnly hccoun-
lamoua in ihp pursuit of her^'tici, and on
30 S».'pt. I-Vif) Im pn^widi'd at Ridli'v* triol.
He then twittMl tn« ncrtiAeil with his rhanjfp
of upiuiofi on the doctrine of the eucharist
('l'M!.'»0lie9. fV/Nivr«Vin nf F.nijlnivi, ili. INW
«iq.; cf. FoiB, AetM mitJ Mortuvte/iti). He
wa» Olio of the ffrecriitor* of llardiner's will,
? reached at tbt* n-quiL-iii inu^ for him nn
8 Sov. I'jiiS, Olid wftit wilh the funeral
pfocweiun ( 2S Feb. ITiM) fromSu Savinur'n,
noutkwark, to WinchmltfT. On 'Jti Mnrch
IBM hp was one of the cnnwcrarorn of
Htfgiltald }'ol«. In thi* vntr liv vi^iled hlit
l^rgti dioceu hy commfuion of the new
archhi«ho]i nutfln-^ting dttailH in ^rtpi!,
vi. 38it, and ■.•« Ihxuy'* Hirlnri/ uf thr
Church of ^iifflanti, iv. 'i(t7-0). IIo retained
thi) wunlfnchiji of Winclieetcr with thi»
bidliopric nf Lincoln (cf. (>/. llatMd AtSS.
V. ni).
The appoiniin>-nt fo Win(?h''»t*r was de-
layed till I'hilip'i return to England {Val,
Ntatf I'ayr,*, Venplian, IfiofVW, p. Ut'l),
anil when White wiut at Inni nooiinated t-o
the see the buLlii lor hi» Iranalntion were
tiiiip tlelared, and worn vfry coi^tlv |/A. For.
I(i.'i:^H, pp. -I-SJ, 2l»H. '2V2. and V.-nKtinn,
ISofi-O, pp. 3tiS, 477). Pole, it iasaid, hod
winhfd to hold the bishopric ix commeadiita,
and White, whn de.iirr-fl it especinlly he-
cause of hiEbirthand lonR llegoc^atio^, could
only obtain it on hi* tiromi-v to pa%- 1,0111)/.
a year to the ranlinal »f. lane nn lie lired,
and to his executors a year ait^jr bi« death
(MATTtlliW Parkkh, T>f Antiij. Drit. ErcJ.
p. :t-Vl). The conj/^ i/VViVe lo the dean and
chnptfT was dated l4',July 15o6. White had
ulrt'iidy rt'ceiv'-d ctittody uf the leiiipornlilivii
on Iti .May ItJ.'iU, and thf y wem foniiiiliy re-
etund to him on 31 >Iuv luo? {1«ihi:»,
Ftt'ifra, 3tY.4fi«,4;i7,441,4fK(; cf. MirnTK,
p, lOSi.
11m roTitinufd lo pr^aeli (yingtlanlly in
l»ndon (lA.), notably lieftm! several heretics
at St. Saviour'*, Soulhwark, on :i3 May
\ho7, when (Jratwick i-tood up and 'playi-d
the malapert fellow with" him (White, in
FoXE, ill. fW^<). He tried I lie same herctie
two dayii lutvr, and iii ehargi'd by Fuxe
with frn>itl liarAhni-HH ((irutwiek'a own d^
cturatlon iain Foxb, iii. t!6^).
Un LS Ilrr. KiGf* Im pn^iichwl the funeral
sermon of Qnepn .Mary, from the test Ec-
cte-iaslirnn iv. 2, He lipohe warmly of b»>r,
but charily of EHoihcth ; iind n piiR»a^p in
which, referring to the pi-eachers of the day,
be raid ' meliuis est c«ni» vivii« Iione inor-
tuo,'wa« takvu, probuWv unjustly, to iwfer
to I be new sovereign. iJe wns at once com-
manded to 'keep Ilia hoilM-,' but ou UtJait.
lfnVt-9 hnwanrnll'-d before the council, and,
' after n j^mid ndmnniclnn f^even Kim, wuif »«tt
at lybortyand di''oliarfii.-d'(-4i-('jr /'. C. IfioS-
70. p. l/>'). (tn IH March he voted n^met
the siipretnacy bill in the House of l>i>nl», and
on ill March IJiof h'' look part, in the e.on-
ference in the choir of Westminster Abbey
between nine ttomanicta and niuo Anpli-
iMin* (<.W. Staff Pttfier*, Spanish. U^W 07,
pp. 46. 4U-H, Uom. 1&47-Io50, p. V>7, and
Venetian, IS58-80, pp. OTi, fl9; sre C\Mt>ft!t,
Armnh, p, 27; P*Ri«oMs, A Rrrir^caf Ten
fiffiltc Di^piifatirjM, 1*W4, pji. 77 sqfl.;
Ill' KNirr. Hftcni of thf Itf/ormtitini; ii. 388,
."iOti). White (hflar^-d that he was not ready
to duput*. Ks thvT ' had not ttwir wTTtynge
madr to be rkiI tiipn^,' and the eonfeiTDee
InolM up not n-iliiaut disorder. It wu fe-
newed on :t Apnl, and nt the doac White,
vith. tlw ))i»hc<p of Lincoln [iee Waimx,
TbokaS, loI.'t-I.VHl wu ruDOVcd to the
l^nnr (Actt P. C lS6»-70, v. TS). On
SI JtuK he wu deprived of hi* biabopnc
^dvpriTstion formally completed onSO Jnae,
JiACnTX, p. ^1), and wa« si?nt back to the
Tower aft«r a new attempt had Iw^n mad«
to indocn him to take the oath of sapcenaey
{CalJit4it^Papfn.Spuii*h, lK»-&:,n.79,ct.
Venetian, l&Ge-^-b. p. mi>. BeJbn ioas bu
kedtbbenntofaU<SnTTX,.4iuMir,i.IlS-3),
■ad OB 7 Jnlj bo waa rrbiMed to livu witb
hta brother, Aldennan John Whit«, ' near
BanJuIomew Lane.' He was now dependent
on bia fnenda for mainlcnaiin> (a Aok.
}o». Cat. StaUfUpen, Vuietian, 1668^.
p. 117). Uv was Bfaortlj afterwards allowed
to retire to tli« haoM^ of hi> sister, wtf» of
SnTbomaa White, at ^uth WambofDogb,
UaiBliabiiv, whi^rv h« died or lif Jtin- I6H0,
[''of aa ague' (Machtk, Diaty\. Hv waa
*" iaJ in Winchester Cathedral on 15 Jan.
iMd nnojr jeaii belbr* writtan his own
^«pit«ph. bat thia, though in tbe catbedrml,
WM BM apfan&tlr pland orer his f^fe.
Be 'iiaTe mach to^i* wrtaat* ' (Macittx),
,aadwa« a ben*fartor to New CoU^sv, Ox-
ford <WoOD, Hittoiy and Antifoitin, ed.
Oatch, p. 186), aiMl 'to Wineheiter (Woon,
^Mew OnM. i. SU).
White i« nHilcrn n{ a* a M-trrv anil gn\t
man, morv of a theologian than a courtier.
llu enemiea aocoaed bim of pride and core-
Xoaaum.
Verr f«tw of 'fttute'v worku haiT atirriTed
(rijK,'lh-Stitti Anflijv.]}.7i^). We haT«<
bia ' IKacflai<^MartTnoD ' (London, looS),
to which ii added 'EpistolaretroMartTri:'
both are o o o tfwu ed with the doctrine ol tbc
eaeharial. Jlia 'Camiina in MatnaKNUom
^hilippi rcfps com Slaria repna ' at? Quoted
• hy manT wriier* (e^. FoxB, ArffM and .V«n**
^maUa, ii. 141i), bat do separate copy ia
[ knowB to esiat. They -vtrt probably puh-
in lus 'E]Mgrammauuin liber L' of
rUeh Pita say*, ' \'idi ali4uando Oxooii
^«Un>pUr,' bat no copy I* now knows. Ilia
[' S e rm on preadt^ at the Funeral of Queen
LMmt* ia in British Jluseam Sloane ULS,
1678; and an Jnarcnrate copy is priitted in
Suyp*** * Memorials " (App. Uxxir. p. JT'X
[Pnibsr details ■» to Ae^trtm will U fonari
in KoM^a Bsf iif * oS t*DiT«r*iiv of Oafoid
, OSst. Socl, i tM. Dates o('nr«r«rmsnta.
I in ftynar'i Pvden, niL zr. , La Nare • Fast i ,
of the B»biipa of
na's C at alagaas
3«t alaa Mood's
Faal) ; (U. Stat* Phiwrs. Dcaa., For^ Spaniah,
BodTvastisa: Hbt.KSS.Co«na.Rep«.Haifid«l.
pr. i. aad WeUs CUbedral; Goagfa's Index to
hufcar ape. PahL poMim ; Acta of the PriTj
Ooamil, «d. Daaeat; Suypa's EeeUa. SCearariate
aad Craaner ; Ouadea'a Aastia; Harriii(loa^
Bn«f View of the Cbateh of B^ghnd ; BariMt'a
Iltit.oftheBefannaiior.rol ii.; fmcmttOWi-
Tftiim of Eacland ; Fosc s Aetea aad Uaao-
meais ; Bcyiyn's Kerlrsts Rotanrata ; SCilaar'a
liiK. «f W lachsatar. vol. i.; Paitor, Da Ami-
qaiu Brit. Eedse.; Asdraves't Tortnns Tacti.
BIM ; 'Tuiaar's BibitothMs Bntanaieo*
ibcraica, p. 1 SI ; Wartoti'a Lif'if 8<rT. Biim;
Holiubtd*>Chrauela.rol iti-: Fuller* WertfaMa,
ed. Nirbab. i. 4M: Oumui's Itiahapd of Wiiuthea-
tn; WtMal'sAtbru>OzcfL.; Bridj^tt and Knox'a
Catbtdie Uieranhj. JSM; Gee's EUnbMhan
Cl«f^. IS3«,J W. H. H.
WHITE or WITH. JOHN (J, 1586-
1593), Vii;p;inian noD««r, uiled with Sir
Bkbard GrenTiUeftom Plymouth on 9 April
1665, and wm not of the 107 men vrbosa
namea are recorded by Uakluyt as ihoM of
the fint FPttlrre in Virgiuia. Tliey wen
left by <>rvnTillr on the iJland nf Itoauoke
under the gotemorsbip of | Sir> Italpli Lona
[q. V.]; but in Jnno 1AH6, at thi^ir own
earnest rajnest, tber v«re taken back to
England by Dn^ ^Vo ycaia laier one of
tho colaaiats, TlioiDaB Haniot [q. r.^t wiele
for the «diSc«tion of ICaleffh <at wliloae ex-
■case the experiment had cfaieny been toadel
«t 'Briefc and I'rur Itrjujrl of the new
found landof Virpnia' ( London, 1&88, 6to;
and Frankfort, 'snntplibus Tfaeodori On
Bit,' I&90). The Frankfort edition wu
illostnUed by twenty-three copperplataa
fram drawtncx fay John Whili>, iiicntdmff a
• cart i? of all tbc ccast of Virginia.' M-hich
fonvt'd lht> huM of )be *abeMuvnt ' Map of
Vinrinia* (Ittl^) of John Smith.
In July lijt<7 a hondred and fifty new
Eettlet« were seat out by Ralr^h tinder John
White, who ia Keoeinlly identified with the
diauffatanan of the previous expedition (^
STKTKxa. Bii4. ni»tonai, 1 ?70, p. 222). In
Anfnst White wiahed to send boaae two of
hia sabocdinatea to reprMeM the oeada of
the eatooiMs. but the wish of tha ooloav
gwaeraUr was that White- himself sbouU
undertalte the mimion. He was rwluctanL
to leare some relaiirea who had arcom-
panird the expnlitian, but eviriitiinlly oo
37 AofT. be sailed,aiidaA«rapainrii! voyaov
reached Southampton on 8 Nor. With bun
there landed an iadiaa, who waa baptjaed
in Bideiicwd church, but dard within tho
Tear. In April 1A88 IUl«ch aent White
bark with two sinall relivf reaHiU, but like
sailors, as usual, had ihoaghtk for nothing
p
but SpAouh pruEM, Mid, after hnTins bron
vonitcd la ui cneounier, tlio vex^eU uud to
put back to Plvmouth 'to l3ie utter di-sl ruc-
tion of the unhappy culonif^ts.' Hi' luuniwud
ullimntely, tn Mnrch 151K>, to Nail iiiion VflinC
be sriilea in bta letter to }laklH>*t to b«
hi* fifth Toyogi; to tlie ft>«t rndiitJi, in
ono of tbo nhipfl of a mt^rrhnnt, John Wattes
(pmbsbiT Sir John Watm [q-v.l, lord innyor
in ItiOR-i'). tho eiipUin of which iiniiertook
to luml fliijiulieit at Itoanoke. Un !■'> Aug.
ihey wviffhed atichur off tli&t islund, oheurcd
by ihi* »ight of Hiint; iMifiidiiig Muokt', but
when ti«xt dav thuj wcnl a^iliore, nntkinf; of
lb* fbniKrcnlonifit« could bi; found. %Vhit<:
furivvd hock at riyinoutli nn '2'1 Urt. On
4 Feb. lEOS (Tom his ' house at Newtownr m
Kvlmorp,' be wrot« a Ictlvr to Hakluyt, in
wEtch he apologiftt'd for hi-i 'hotnely stile,'
ffiTia^ detfiihi of hb last voyage. lliia
^itt>r wiu iirinted in HakluytV third Tolumu
(ItXKtfPp. 2^S or.).
In Additional MS. 6'J70 (now in the
pinnt room at iho Rrittsb Mii*iMim) nt«
aome watercolour drawing" by Whim of
Vir^ntan Bubiecta. 8omo of thwtp dmwinga
oru cupied tu Additional MS. 5iu3.
I,Stith'* I!i«t. of Virgiuift, i. 'in; Dojlo* Kjig-
li>h ia Arnvrica, Virpoiu, pp. 91 »n. ; Anihwo-
logU Ani^cann, iv. 21 ; Wiiuor* Hilt. &f
ARMrtva, tii. 124 ; r>n(ko'H flaking of Viruinia,
1801 ; Eohl'c Hapa rolnting lo Aiuorica, Wa^h-
lagtoD. 1857. pp. 42 (kl.l T. «.
WHITE. JOHN (iri70-l61G), divine,
aon of Futer Whitp, viciir «>f f?t.. N"«t)i,
HDotingdonshin.-. and of ih<- n^iehhou rtn^
mrisli of Eaton Socon. rt>-'!fordtliir«>, «»«
Dom at Saton 8ocnn in ll'JO, and odiirvkrerl
at Wt. NeoU grammar school, lie waa nd-
mittod a aizar of QonTitlcandCaiuaCollen!,
CiuitbridK*)f oa Ift Fub- l-^'^^-O, wiw »cliolar
from Lady-dar I5*te to Michntlmaa 1691'.
Slid ^duHt'-d B.A. in lot^OO, M.A. in
11)03, and l).l>. in 1012. lie wut HUiKiiiited
Ticar of I'TccleA. Lancashire, and lellovr of
th« CoHefpale (.Huiirli, MancbHstiT, in ItiOt,
and riwgned Iheae oHioea in WiOi} on bein^^
presentwl by Sir Joba Croft* to llio rectory
of Bnrsham. SiitfMk. In Ifil I or ItSlfi he
wn.t made chaplaia in ordinnry to Jamea I.
\\ hilc in Ilia Mill sp«a}(« of tile' diKlresii'fl '
thai bo »ufferod at Kcclex, ' which I was
never able lo look through to ttii>< day.' It
is inferred fmm lhii> ihal. Lu vtm in i^ovurty
ivhitn he ilied, al the ngu of iH, iu KUu, in
Lombard Street, London. He wna buried
on -JH May 1616 al tlie church of Ht. Miirj-
Woolnolb. He left fleven rhildren. The
eUwt, John, entered QonviLle and Caiue
College in 1611, af^ed Uf, and become vicar
of KatoQ Socod; another aon is meottoned
by Fuller as a dru^iat in Lombard StroaC,
Ijondon.
White wrote *The Way to the True
L'hureh: wherein t]i« prinripal Moiivca per^
ttwading' to Itoinaniame are familiarly die-
■mtml and drivni to their Isbmi?*,' Ixindon.
I60S, 4ta. Further editions of rhio leanuil
defimce of the reforojcd failh coom out in
1610, leiL'.nnd Ifllfi.
Il was answered at first by A. D. or Fiaho r ,
alios I'icrcv, to whom White rejoined in ' A
Defence of the Way io iho Trutt Church
acaincl A.I). hi« Ileply." U(U,4io. While's
' lJcf«&(»i ' occonloned ' A Piscovery of cer-
tain notoriouM KhtfiK, Kva^ione, nnd Vn-
triilba uttered by M.J. White . . . ByW-O.,"
London, ieil>, -Ito. Meanwhile "Wbitea
original work evoked Tliomiw W'orlhing-
lous ' Whyte dvud Mlark^ or a DJMWTery
of nmiu- niiwr >iiule Itlentiihes, Impoaturea
and Deceijii* whicli II. Whyio hath prac-
ty»ed in his Hook/ &e., 1010, ito. A reply
en Worthington wa,« piihlished after Whittfa
d<^th, naRi<.'i_v in It^l j , by hit brother I'Vancta
While [(IV-J. afterwards bishop of Kly. A
third reply to White's original bock wbb* A
TreatisL- of the Church, in wliitli it ih provi-d
>[r. J, W. bis Way to the True Church to
be in<ltH!d no Way at all lo any Church,'
I8Ifl.4to.
Jobn \\'bite also pnblished: 1. ' Kn^lisb
iVradiw, discovered in a L^atine Prospect of
Jacobs lllcwiDg, a Sermon on Qeu. xArii. 37,'
Loudon, 1612, 4to. '2. ' Tn-o Herraona: the
Former at I'liuU CrusHjuu 1 Tim. ii.l.upon
the AmiivBraary CouiiiicuKiriitifHi of the
KIdus moBt liappT Sutvession to the Crowne
of hnglnnd ; tliw' Latter at the Spittle on
I Tim. vi. 17,' I/)iuinn, 16in, 4co. His
workawere collected and republished by hia
brother Knin«[« in }Q'2i in one volume ^Ito,
with a portrait ol'thi- autlior.
I FiiUcr'fl Woriliioir, w], Kuttnll, ii. 103 ;
Wood's Athone Oian. M. Blia*. iii. 'iHi; Gor-
bniuB EjiieBbury ami SI. Nout», IR20, p.22J;
Hai»t>«*« FtillowB of Xanchcaier Collo(ti'. i, 104 ;
Vfiin'fl BiofTHphiiii] Hist, of OunriU« and Cninn
Coilogfl. 189;. ). 127 : Kwii.^h'ii Ohothiim'n
Clinrt-li Lilrarieo, p. Hi; Arhi^r'e Stationora'
Rtigistcr, lii. avi: Granger'a Bio^. Hist I8S4,
ii. 83; Tlioiv<iil>y'» Ducntns LraiKanaia. ad.
Wliilakor. p. 2d.)('>tningtncii rf>» peril o White's
piirvnLn^): Ctita'o;;uca of Brit. Mas.. Uodl.
]>ihr.. nnil Mitn^linaicr I-'rce Libr. ; note froni
iho Rev, J. .M. S. Brooke, r«:tor of Si, Mary
Wwlu'ith.] C. W. a.
WHITE rrlimi BiuHSKIW, JOHN, after-
WftnU Arararmn (Ift7fi-I6lft>, Renedtrtine
monk, was bom near Worcester, probably
at Henwick, in 1576, of parentj of good con-
dilion tnd oTthe old failli. Fatlttr OlclcomL',
tlw jwuic, wan clia|]lnin iir llinlip, nml It
was mmc likvty lliruti^li biiii tliu youn^
"WhitW wa« introduced to Henry Iturticlt.
[a. v.\ the iesoit Buiierior, wlio i«.'tit him to
St. O'tntT. ' On -21 tVl.. IWt! be arrived ut
th* ifi^iiit wminarv at \'aU!idoln], oni- of llio
esta'bU.'ihtn<>nte foiindtHj by liolwrt I'arsoiia
(liUT llJlU) [q.v.], which aecuBlomed ttio
EiigliaL HM:alBt clei^' to ibt- Spiv[ii«h mid
jeauit influences nwwwuin' I'nr tltf. rfaliMiioii
of hiiiritri^ueacoDCemed w-iththeBucc«e»ii>ii
to the Koglifth cmuii. ^Vhit4> vu in&de
Sn-fitcl over hi« vuoapaDlaoa. During a
iiiijiernUN illness in thu winter of lilltK-fl
hp, vnwL'd to bucuiDfl a B«ui>dictiue xnoak if
bi» lift' w«r« spared. Already Mveral En^-
lUh youths in Romo, difisatieGed with tho
BttQmpt« Ibf! jvsuiU wnni making to »acure
th9 miwtttrv over the Ht'cular priest* At hoiDV,
luid joined tlic It&liati mouks at Jloiitt
CaMino and ()l.hi.-r Bi<iii-diiMiin:i m-onasteries
with lilt! hope nf one day ruturuinK tii Eiig-
Iftiid. White "wns llie firxt Ifi Iciivn tlie
aeminary for tli« mnnrifili'riof San Iliajitu in
Vulladi>lid, April Uit*l<. After a nwntli'n
poflluUncT he tvai w^nt to Coiiipoi-litlla,
■when' he wan received as « notice on -Jf} May
and took llie naine of Au|tiietin(>. In IttlK)
he M'liH profi-BU'-'d wiiL four other* lone of
thorn boutK Joha (Lcander) Jone^ [q.r.] ),
irlMihadfflllowetl him from cheat!minur,v. Uu
then went to tli« iiniTLT»ilv "f Sii]iinn»;nm.
On 5 Tire. UMti, in ^pUi'. nt' the opposition
of ihe Jesuits, Clement VI 11 ffrnntcd fortoul
permission to th» Kn^lish Bi'ii«dict.tiii» to
rtrtuni to tlntir eoiuUrv a» miMionariea. A»
Boon as tlie news nnivrd in .Spain. Whitr
ivith ihrea ulhi^r? set nut. lor KnKland on
S6 Uec., and atrivcd ju^t as Elisabeth was
dyintr.
Whili- had been appointed superinr over
his rompouione. He i-e(.iui> to huvi' worked
at iirel in hie uiiltvi* I'ourity. llv ii* alto
very likelv the While raenlinntul as a priest
hauntinK \Vorc*-»teniliirt> ami thi> ni-ijiliinjiir-
in/ countif-t <WTf^ I'njirr/, Knm. .Innics I,
vol. xiii. No. 5i)i, The BeaedictineB were
received wilh opt-n arm* by tln-ir co-rcli-
fj^oniit^, and ihu hecttlar cler^ );avu ihein
a i>])i>oiii] welcome as allies in tJie atnuftple
aifftinBt till' jt'8iiitp. So uinii)' dtu^trt'd tu Join
their order that it wa.'* soon evident that
■tep.i must lie taken to find a epol more
uceseibh* fhjin Hpnin fur ii iniioii»ti>ry in
vhich Knplifih HuhjeriH cnuld he trained.
So in the sprint; of l(t(U White set out BRoin
for Spain to attend thf (f^'tn'ral chapter and
Wj bcforv his Buperiora the plan, On his
way he called upon the nuncio in I'aris, and
tliere it waa ihni most llkdy bi« aiteiition
was first directed to Douai as a suitable
position for th«> proposed foundation, it betnf^
a university town with rich abbeys close
at hand, The Spanish abbota agreed to the
priip»»ul, and ^^ hitv ri^lumed to England
Willi the title of vicar-(ten«Tal.
Durinj^ (hfi early pun of 1^> A\*1iite wa»
en);;a^'d lu n Mrhenin fur purchasing n Uilc ra>
tion from the government ( WMtmintttr
Arehiitf, vlii. 99), Oarnett, the jeeuil su-
perior, bad lately lAihil in a similar attcmptf
(and did his beat to prevent White's success.
It -KM vltt liWly about Ibis time that
While came into personal contact with Cvell,
who, traditiou assrfta (Wuldox. oiaiiuacript
Jlifluryt. was av »tnifk with the loyally
and L'liriAtiaii :<pirit nf thr tiitmk thai be
Sromiiu'd us tar as in him lay tliat no Bene-
ictiiiH nhould HufiV>r tlii< panalty of thv law
for exercising bta priestly functions.
lu the autumn of \fH& Thomas Arundell.
fintt iurd Aruiidi'll nf Wnrdour j'*!- t.1, hatl
taken command of en EncrlUh n^meut in
the service of the Archduke Albert. II9
' brought Fathw Augustine Brad«liavr
[White] out of England with him to be
chaplain -gcnpral of that rej^ment' {iJotm-
fid* liriivu; xvi. 30 fw^.) C'onii-rs, a jetuit
and confessor to ihe Kngli*h foilege at
Huuui, uli<u joined the camp at Ostend aa
one of the chaplains, but he by no ntrana
liked being und<<r lh« command of the B^'ne-
dictine cbupUiu- genera I. Every means waj
takim, [hcrt^forc, by the icsuits to iieeara
White's removal. All other plans failingt
it was determined to get rid of White bV
Srocuring the diviuivNvl of Lonl Aruudvll.
ames Blount, one of I he ofScent, was sent,
with rvcoiuniciidalionii, 'to blast his lata
colonel ' at thr Simniih I'ourt.and !titoctHK]t-<l
SO well that at tlie end of Mav 1006 l^rd
.-VrUTidi-ll mid alnioiit hnlf of the officer?
were casIiiiTiKl, and with thttm, of cnunw,
the cliApIain-gentrnl White. Tlio nuacio
ftl Hrus-^i-U, Kmng-ipnni.snd William Oilfard,
dean of Lille, also lost tht-ir postj, being
favoiirens of Cbe Ik-nedictine.
Why the jnsuitx wt-rL- so incvnei-d a^inat
White 19 clear from the history of the fouada*
tion oflbv uionaslery nt Douai. Parsons, aa
a meuns to an <-iid, had H.-ciimd I ho control,
dirt'ctly or indirectly, DTer all the seminarioit
on the continent in which t lie English sei'itlar
clergy were ediica1«l. .M. Ihiuni, the only
collegi.' nominally in tbehaiidaof the clergy.
he was ahin in power, ut* the preHidont, it.
Thomas Worthinjfton \r\. v.], ftfld made a
A'cn.'t TOW of obedience to the Jesuit. Under
Worthington thu iitatc of the college, both
material and inlellectual, had b«en reduced
with ihu express purpose, so the logic of
I
I
I
I
4
^
White
57
P
k
b
weBtB pruvfw, of lon-i.Tiiu; ihir Htnndnnl of
itn-Kj-i'iiIurrlfiyy. If thf ni'ii«lii;l.iri>^.*, wilb
their tradition of learning, were lo bii al-
lowed to svtilv in [Iniini, it wtviild ontiiviv
npaet the intt>nttnnH that l'ar»nnB had as
rccards th" evcular callvgp u.nd tliL> Eiiftli«h
mission. Th.? RiaUdminiMrAlion would be
expuwd. aiid students leave the colle|;t> for
the inoiiutcry. Tho iii:Tr foiindutioii wn«
made csriy in I60/i, and \Vhit(>. ns vicar-
general, bail control aver it, althdugh bis
vorit M chaplain-tfvncrnl and ttir (irfenci!
of Ilia {Kuitioii kept hiiu iiwny from Uouiii
till the St.>pt4.'inbL'r of IflOC, wlion he wii»
actuallv in rivxlcnCM a« i>rior. Wry txjim
ht' found that Hr. Wortninptnn bad h^n
appoinkil ioh<.'«d thi> aitnck. [n Janv 10^7
he wont r.n Itruaw-U Tadt^fi^ni) hiAmnnostery,
and had on inl«>rTiew with the nunniu
CaiaSa, wliu lold him that hv eeiit for him
to counHi't him to li-avn Doiiai, for ihni ' tlii'
Jesuits and the president will never let jou
DP quiet/
White hfti,l alrPMily found another apot in
case th^ jt-suits fmocrt'ilMl in driving him nut
of Poiiai, Tlirouirh thu ptxnd ofilui;)^ of Wil-
liam niH'ard, an nld dimised cnlli^iatn church
at DivuU'wsrt in Lorraino wte trunHft-m-d
to him in DnreHilittr lllOfl. Whitr, IiiiweviT,
succeeded at KoniR and Madrid in defpatinc
theoppodition to th»!e8t»bUBhm"nt at Uouni,
when- Philip Cnv*irel, ahbot of St. VodaatV
in Arrnjf, promised to build nnd endow a
houM> for them. The monastery of St,
Oregory was founded at Duiiiii. wh)<ru it
remained Houriflhiiiif until thf l*'n-nrh n*vi»-
Intion. when thf (community passed over to
En^flaiid and (innllv ocItliMl ut llowiutiih-,
near Bath.
Whil« thus t<npig«tl in a life *Ui! He»th
Struggle White wan able to luOp l!iii ^ocular
clergy. He obtained, from the mmiificent
Carrrel. Arra* Cnllenc in Paris n* a hmiseof
study for the Htigli^h cleruy who wero lo
devote tbeuifii'lFos to wTilitifif. The hmiae
wan to btf modt-lk-d iifuir tlii- idcu of ChclsL-a
College, latfly eauhlishKi for Atiirlirnn
tUvinni hy Jaitirs I. When Worthington
wait ri'lnwrnl fniiii biji niw iif ohiiliencn nc
Parsonfl's death ( Ifi Apri] 1610), he becAnift
neconoilcd to WhiU*, who inrorrowl th«
ari'h-prii'st Oeorire Hirlthead fo-v,'] that he
might deal contidentlT with the president.
Thus thft eliir)?!,- wore induo-d to forpiw the
fflievous wrung that mi»guidiHi prvsiuenl hud
done them.
\» vicar-gcnernl. \Miiti' was constantly
Knyland aiip!*rintendin(,' the numeroiui
who wiTQ working on the niaaton.
614 iIkto werv otit eighty. TJefortJ
Pwohs'b death \Miite began hia negctiacions
White
for a reunion of all Bcnt^ictiues in Kiiglsnd
into ouB congregation. 'ITie monks from
Italy (never more than a doxL-n'} had retired
for two of thfir iiwn im-n, ICdwnrti Itlaihew
[q. v.] and Sjidlnr, nn aggregation to the
jniinast^Ty of We«t mineter, then n-pn-wnted
by old Father liohcrf (or fiigebert; Hm-kley
[q. v.] These two were joinwl later on by a
ttiir<r(llt ]li-c. Itiri9>. who ThLTcfor^r r>pre-
sonted the old historic English congregation,
Whirt's suhjt^tn were nuiiieroiis: tlwypo*-
Mi'»t<i-d houw« And ni<;n. Tho Italians bad
iieillier; the old KoKlish had only the aiic-
cesnion. TTlPse two Irittcr wcp- dtwirou* of
n mii"n, and White enlerml enlhuHiuHtii^ally
into the project. What would suit the
snialliT bitdit-s would V- for llu- Anglo-
f^paniAh mnnka to furnish men, money, and
hoiJseB. while the orliers acted a."" superiors.
The iiiciHigruilyof mich an aminpi>nient did
not seem to sirilie Wbitt-. who, on 13 Feb.
ItSlU, ftigned an agreement of teu articles.
His precipitate action was greatly rcBcntod
by ihi.' rest of hi* brelbren, and fh« mouka
at Doimi appealed to the Spanish peneral,
and White wan xiuiiinoiied to Spain in 1612.
The reftult was thut be was r«-miived from
hie viL-Brship and John (Leauder) Jones set
HI) in liin place. The union with ibw old
Knglieh congregnlion n-osevenliudly brougbt
about under more e<jnitable terms. On his
way back from Spain While came under
the notice of the fauiou* 0«puchin JoHi.-ph de
Tremblfti, afterwards known as tlieTJrey
Cardinal.' Tho friur wax lh>'U engagi-d in
hi» work of nrforminif wrtain abheyn, and
had lately taken interest in the order of
Fiintevraidl, ['ndpr hiw iiiflui'Tic*' th^ Abb(!i>R
l^nuitte de Bourbon, with ht-r cnadjulrix
Antoinette d'Ork-ana. was desirous of re-
storing monastic oh*or\'ance in the hon-nes
of tnonka and nuns suliji^t to her rule.
WTiit« was rcfommended by lie Tremhlai
'as on« full of cuaL, icncttty, ability, and
energy.' He began his work in (Iclober
101.^, and was so BHCces<<fi]] that he wus
called to u like work in I be nbh<.-yi( ut
{'hplloa, Ttemiretannt, and Portiern. He
hficunie also engaged in a pr<>i'.iCl''d imion of
the monkA of Kontevraiilt with the Kngli-ili
nionk>> at Douai. But, although thi-t woiUd
have been of mutorial advantage to I lie latter,
further refleciion showed the vicar-generid
that it would drain the niissiou of men and
be a tAx beyond thu stroiigib of hi» lOnglish
moaks. Si lhn matter wax dnipjied, and
Whilo wilhdrawti, Ho was then sent to
found u liotii'r' fur Knglinb nionk« in Pari«,
and for one year pn^ided over ita destinies.
In lOJt), having nwcll-eamed reputation for
obserrnnoc, he was sent to tetona the
White
58
White
iiAC prioiT of Ijnnfpifirillc, near Rouen,
whenj l]i5 died (>u 4 May 1618.
Whiri> wflri iifrftnlc,npen-niind«i1 mnn, with
a •iiifiiilar winning way, wliicli gained Iiiin
Difttif friendti. DautitloM nnd warm-tii-nrUHl,
bUgeuervufl ualun li>i) bim iulo Impetuous
AOtiona wEiich caused diiHcultiea n more pm-
denc man would liuv<.-cH'n|icd. It iBiHiruupe
open to gut'-Htion wliclinr bn would havt-
KuccoodGu sa well a« In? did had hn not had
Ibi^hulpof »ucb rn(."n iw Jwhti I{obwr1«(l')7fl-
1610) [q-T.] and inhn (I.fjind/T> •ron<>A to
Btipply the doficionciea of liis cliaraotpr.
Tlie only known ]jnr1mit in rcprudncfd in
tUo ' Downnide Itevii'w,' vol. xvit., Irom tlie
orifpnal in pobAtrsaion of Miu Tietkoloy of
ijpetcbk'y.
ll>o<td*« ChuMh HiatoT)', Tftl. iii.; Tiorncy,
Tola. [ii. IT, V. ; I/.-W111 Uwmi'ti Ituonion Be-
ffuipr; Wddoii'K HiNtory (MS.) and Chrono-
logical lf<it«»; Viy'a CVrUinr Ilriafe Notwt;
Peyner's ApoatalsiUK Hpit^vlii.-tjiiuru'n in AukIii ;
Uaibeir'a Ti«p!ivai A rvply to Fr. Ponoas'ii
Libel, by W. C.; Bwrords o( Ui* Enfili.li C.ilfio-
lien, i. ii. Urit. Mmi. Add. MS. 212i3; Conon
US. PliiL oiii. E. II: Tauntuu'ti Ensllsh BIhcIc
MoriliB of St. Doiiudift ; UmijuuL's Henry VIII
nnil the Kngli»h MoniuiCcriea ; R- 11. (.'timnt'H A
J}'Dudicti lie Uartyr; Dovnttido Befiow, Ti>la.
Xfi. and xvii. ; Atnplofortb Juarnal. it., and
-mriouttmaitiiiwriplsiiuotad from th«an:hirmof
thvdJocMaof W^Ktminstcr, the old chnpUr, Uie
BlonyhDnrt {JMcit) coUeetioiw, iho Tm^istcrsof
th* coklags of V'/i11tululid, and inanuBcnpls from
UenlB Oatwno und 8ilo».j K. L. T.
WHTTB. .HlHN tlwSW-lW''!), pnrliHOTTO-
Urian, commonly culled ' Ontnrv While,'
■wa« tile second sou of Ilwiry \VTiito of
}1cnlliut (tirjw wrJTUn Hcn(lund), in tlu*
pariih of Ithoscrowthir, iVinbrokeshir«,
where be was born on 'JO Juno 16H0. !lie
Biutlii^r wn-t Jaiif, dnuglitur of Ili^luird
Fletchoc of Jiangor, who op|)carA to have
b«.'n u ni'ur rt-liitive of Iiiulion! inft^hi^r
[^ij. v.], bwbopiif L.iml(in(l)ws?i, Ifrr. Vinta-
tiong.'i. 1 20. and cf. p. 161 ; VaiUAVv^ PtrJ!-
grrtf'/Pfmbn'kruhtrr.^y. 131, 13t>). \Vhit«
Wiis dp.irpndt^d fmtn afaniilyof wpatthjnii^r-
clinuts of cUnt name which had been closely
id('fitiliiMl for many ci-ntrutinns with tho
town ol'Teiiby. One of litem, Tliomwi While
{d. I4il:^), who wn» elx times iiiiiyDF of tltat
town hot wtTii 1-1';7 and llSliULdL-d iboi-arls
of Kiclimond and I'tiubroke to f^cotie from
Tenby ti> Itril lany aftt-r iho haillo of Tuwk.'w-
bury (1(71), nml wiu in turn n-niirdcd hv
nwaivin" from the fonoBr, aflpr be had
MCttiid«-d till- t)iri>n(?, a frrnnt of all hi« lands
jnthfl nfiigliimurhotxi of Tenby f Laws, LittU
JSnfftand beif'oid fl'aln, pp. '21Q, 226; cf.
Owes, rfmhrokt^hire, i. 30). Tbomos's
brother, John White, ww nayor aeren tlinea
Iwlwi-cn 1 |.-i2 and U98. TK.-ir tomb*, with
rcciimbi'nt tifriin^* — ' beamifnl wnrka of art,'
in a ^ood stute of preMri^ation — ire is Tenby
church tFKSTOlf.pp. A!A-'2 ; NoRBItS Tetihy;
UiWB, pp. 2S3-4 ; Anh. Camhr. ith eer. xt.
180).
Jolin Whiti% who, with liia elder brother,
tInllilU, iuatric-ulat«cl at Jesus College,
Oxford, on 'M Nov. 1607 fFosTKB, ,^/wiiimi
OrriJi, IWW-ITM), pmcrwlBd thfn<;K to tbi!
Middb' T^mpli', whore ho was rallud to the
bar in lOlH, and bi'Cami* autumn reader or
henrber in Kill. Whito is said to hare
been a puritan from hie youUi. In \mh he
and cIvYi-Q othor« formw'd themwlvet into •
conimiitce known as tbe feoflees for impro*
prialioTis. A largfo fund was apeodily railed
by vuliintary coiitrihiiliotia for iha purpose of
buvin^ up impropriate tithes, so as to mak«
A bt'ttcr proTiBion for a preaching ministry,
TbL'ir piucewdiup! wvn\ however, attacked
bv IV'ler Ueylyii ^"J-v.], and in IK^l' William
>'ojfH [a, v,\, at the inatigatiou of Laud, ox-
bibiteo an information n|;ftin*t ih^^ni in the
exchi^uor rhnmher. Un II Feb. 16^12-3 tbe
courC decreed tbe dlsmlulion of thr li-ofltnent
and the eonfiacAtion of oil itti funds anil
patroiiaH;e to the kinff'»i'»e. while thefeoHeM
appear in bare bocn cenimrcd in the Star-
cuamber ( HbTLiv, L)iprianu*Anglieu$, 1(J68,
pji. I'lO-IIf; UxnmvKR, Hitt. iff England,
vii. 268, quolin^ E-ivhequer Vrvrvft, iv. 88).
It waaprobalily diiriiiu thin time that White
had orcaeion to appar^tifore Laud as couneel
about a benefice, and when that btisiaees
•VTbi done Land ' fell ViiU'rly on him on an
underrainer of the church.'
On i'<t Oct. IftlO While wft« retiimwl to
uarliauiuui for Soutbwark, his colleagne
beintr Kdward Bagshaw fq.T.] {Mtmbent^
Pariiamvni , i.4i>4>. When.in thefoUowing
inoiiih, it wa* decided IhnI there ahoutd be
a grand commitfeu nf the houit«i to inunire
into the i ni in oral J tied of Ibn tdRrpy, ^\ hite
wan at onr<f elected \ts chairman, and he alao
presided over iin actioR jiob-cuniTuitl e« for
cfiTutidtritip bow ti> wpluc"' the jtrAndaloiui
ministera by puritan pruacherB. AVhen an-
other committeo wo» appointed in Deeember
lEMi! to relieve plundered ministers, its 0to-
ceedinffH ^'ot interwound with tho previous
one, While bt'in^ at ihti bead of the wboU*
tiKciicy. .\cconliiig (o an opponent<TMOJtAi
Pi BKL'K, Tht AViP Jfift-orerfr hifcofer'd, lOoO,
ti. 140), it wan Whilt^V boiut ihal ' be and
iiB had ejected eight ihnuaaod churchmen
in four or fire yean;' but according to ■
recent esrimnle (.M&ssok) the rnmmittee
durinjK its whole existence ejected no more
than about sixteen hundred. With the riew
4
4
^of pabUaliiiig atike n ro;>uri bikI a dffencA
of Ibe piocivdinira nf th*^ romraitt^^!. Wliito
UfiUed on 19 Nov. ldt;i ' TIiv Tinst Cmtnry
of ScniiilAlouft Mali^unt iVicAts, maik and
admiltcU into Uent-tices by the I'rtskt**'
(Liondou, 4io). So iDdvocat itr>' the auea
npoiti^l iu tbib work ttut, accordiiiK to
ANoocI, Whitu'a own party diuuadi-H nim
' froni puttiup out ■ Mcond century.' whil«
another writer (Picrcb, foe. cit.) naji tli&r t1i«
AQtbor ' wftB uumed to pursuu lib tliuugbUt
of anr utbur.' No MCond to1uiu« ever ap-
I pcared.
WilJi rvfunMicp to tlw cpief'opnry. White
I adfoCAteal a • root nnd branrti' pfilicj* of ex-
urpatioD, and two of liie tip?(.'ch<.'s <^ii tUix
eitoJMt wcni pub!i*faL><]. namely, that dpli-
I Torod in Juue l&ll oa tlie introduction, of
I tfac&nt bill for tLe pxcluftioniif the biRbops,
I widaaotherconMmiagthctnnlof rli^ twctre
bubopo, delivered on 17 Jan. lCUl-2, on
wbicn day lie waa also appoint<3d a niombtr
' of tbe cammons* couimittou to bvnr the
bMhow' defeoM in llie lIou«e of Ijotde. IIo
WBaalMoccnaiaaBlly cntrtuu-d with the latk
I of licenainf^ pMliliciiiiriiix, tind wan ebar§;ed
Iw Ulo ehurcu parly wiihbeio^ tou rt'sdyto
I llcenM work* nttjukiiifj th« church (rf.
j CUBESDO^, HUf. tif Englanii, iii. 'iG). llu
li gave evidence aeninst Laud on two nccnuioiiit
^^L — first ^oni; with (Sir) UiHianl IVpve ihf
^Balder [(j. v.J on '2'2 March KM'Kl.willi refe-
^Vretice to Laud's removal of Edward Bajifiihiiw
^P firom tbu readorsbip of thu .Middle Tvuiplc ;
^^ and aucondlyiOti ■*■ July, tw to Land's at tnok
I tipoD luiaaelf wbtn b<.' apfxrnn-d bufurL- him
aa counsel ('TmnbW and TrtiiU' in t^rti's
Workt, iv. 132-S, a)l-.'i). Towards th'> end
I of 1643 be published a hook cnlli-d ' A I .ook-
iag OUss for Cofrardly Goreniom.' Hi^ was
klao frequentlydffputed by th? Ilouspof Com-
mons to draft lot t«rs and imp'-nchmenl a. Thii
ftnt oharler of the oolouv ol' .Maiisiacbusctta
waa procured protkably under his advice, and
vaa perhape oci uully dn.h<;d by hiu ako.
I Hi* aame ai^peara amonft Ibv members of thti
^^ eonpany at meeting lield boforw thi'ir cm-
^Kbiirkalion, but bud'd not hiiiiM^lf emigrate.
I^f ]lfiil.'V>drewnpin Ortitlier 102'<' ibe articles
< a(rre*d upon 'btrlwwn tb>> I'hmltjruand Ad-
vontiin-ni for the jwrformance of what ehall
b<: delvrmined,* and was chown aiiu of tliQ
umpired to iMitllf; any diaputM that: miffbt
artiti {CillticlioHt of the Ma«»avhMftt» Ititt.
Sot. 4tb H!r. li. '2\~-'A), i^uotinir IJbook'b
Zirat^t^e i'«nVrt«#and Yor:co's Chn>nklf«,
pp. 09, 74, Hti, IU1~2), While hHH i>onit--
times been oinruMKl with Jobn Wbitv, the
rnlriorrh of noreln-stfr, who was also coti-
cerand in the settlcmnit of Mauui^liiiB'ilt.'!,
mud is separatvly nolln-d below.
H<idi«doii!{9Jan. IG44-5, and wae buried
at thn Temple Churrh, nt The high altar, on
the Middle Temple eide, tlie members of the
Hoiuv of Commona nttomtin^ his funtral in
a body. The memorial inscription placed
ox'or him contained the following; vorses:
l{or« lytXh Jobn. it humiug, Ktiioinj^ light,
His Dftcne, lifv, actions mmt all Whit*.
lie w*K 1wi(!f mnrrli'd, his finl wife beio^
,lAm-t, daughter of John ap QrifBtli Eyuon
of Jetfreston, I'tni brokeshire (JPciwAr. MS.
Ptdijfne*, 10^, penes Hcnrv Ow*?n, E-jiq.,
K.S.A.) Ily his aucDiid wifn, Winlfrwd,
daoglitcr of Richard Blackvell of Bnabey,
HertfordKhirvi, \w luid four sonn and five
dati^ters, who survived bim. His third
wife, who eurvivod him, was Mary, eldest
danehii-r of Thoma-t Style of Litrlo Mia-
.'>pti(li'n,BuchiiiKhanuihire(I)r(iDAi.K,0nj7iiies
Juridieiaief, ed. 1671, p. 179; cf. PotrTKB,
AfNmiii Orrtrt.}
(Viniemporaries describe While as a grave
and learned liLwycr, an opinion confirmed by
Lis tW't publi»he<l fiijewhes. Iii» hostility to
the episcopal system was extreme, and alter
his dt.-ath his enetuiiMs tried tu dumtge bia
reuutfliioii br chiirgiii^ biai with ronjugal
inedelity and opt'o imuumlity (Merairttu
Aiilirv/.IU Jan. llU4-f)).
Hi(i elder brottter, OriAilh, who married
lilieiib^tli, diiuijhl'rr of Itoper Ixirt. of Slaci-
rnle, wn« hiffh shcrilT of rombroke^hiro io
IS2Q, aud proved one of the staunobe^i and
most active parliamentarians in that county
ihruughouttlie whole of the civil war(Fii]L-
LiPfl, fV(i7 il'ar in HaU», t. 896. ii. 4, 80-1,
S-j, 150, lUl ; Laws. LittU England, pp. 321,
.'w.'i, :^-2:>, .12", asf., 337).
(WfinrtV Athmiie (Isnn. iii. IflA, U4; Scfcl's
Hist, of ll]n Purilnns, 1822, ii. 361-6. iii. S3-
34. 22tl; Jtcliquin Baxtoiiaua'. i. 10: Fnllor's
(*hiiri7h Hist. 184fi, ri. 67; nkrandim'n HisU
of Knglnnd, iii. J18; Whiieliioke's Mtmorials,
f. Vi%\ <V>inmnii«' Jourr.iiln. vol. ii.; MiuMon's
ito of Millac, ill. 28-30. ink; Ciimbrian
Jouinol, Tiii. 204, ix. 246; WlUinmi's Euiinonc
WpUhin^n, p. aU.\ V. U-. T.
WHITE, JOHN (1576-1(148% called the
I'ffllriftrrh nf JJorcbpatpr, son of John White,
who held a leiise under New CoUrf^', Oxfufd,
by his wife I.kaIk^I. diinfrhter of John Rawle
Of Li<;hlle1d,wasbnpU>ii.-dBt Htimtontjt.Jolui,
Ujtfardsbite, on (> Jan. l-''i7'>. lli'i elder
brother, Joiiaa, was rector of ilorncburch,
K«nex, 1014-SS, and fHlber of James, a
wealthy merchant of Boston, MawachiiMtts
<fiijAj- Arehami. 7'rani. new str. iv. 317).
i n 1 ft*? h<* entered Wincliealer school, whence
ho was elected a fellow of New {'oUegv in
1596 (KiBBT, mneAi»tfr &-Ao/«m, p. 183),
I
M
White
60
White
He ^(luat«d n.A. on 13 April 1A07, M.A.
on l*J Jan. 1601 ( FysTBK, Alumni 0.rvn. I TtOO-
1711), lii\ was ftpnoinlivl n-otor of IToljr
Trioilv, UorebesUT, m I'JOU, and for the rwt
of Ilia long life wos idt'iitifi'il witb lh«l pldCr*.
A moderate puritan, tie cirectwl ^renc re-
fonna iu tlie character of its iuhobiinnl^,
who FuJUt 118VI! w«n.' inui-h (■iirk-licii by
hiu, ' for knowUdgi- i-auaed pii>tjr, and pieLj-
■Imduidufilry, ho 1 hat a iHi^^f^r wiu not 10 w
■teen in tl»- town. All tW iiblo jHXir wem
set &n work, and tbf itnpotcnt tnAintained
by tbe pn>Ht of n public bri'whoune nnd
Other olIftTtions' {ll'ort/tiM, \\. MO). The
BBioe ttiitboritj' saye 'he bad perfwt con-
trol of two thing«, hi« own pnwiw* nnd hia
SiELrisbioners' puTWBt* which he drew upon
or hiB pbiiftiiihropic etdft, rtHiilu si Hor-
[iefaestcr Jul expounded u.!! through ibe Itibit!
once ami halt ibrougli a^&in.
About lti:i4 White intorcatcd himcrlf in
rWnUing out » cotuuy of Hor^il uii:-ii to
Bttle m MB&jia><rhuM!ttA, wheru such oa wct«
'HODOOJifurmiHtB uii^ht i-ujo_v lib(.-ny uf i;ou-
ACi^nce. Thi-^-xiii-riHu-nt nut (irovingat Brat
Buuceasful, Wbit« imdertouk tQ prucuru Lbcm
jirhiirl'Tniii! toniispinont'v fiir their nnci-asary
ojwrations. Tbroiigli bin cxfTlions lh« Ma*-
inchiufftt^ Compnuy, of which Sir UidiiiTil
rBoltoiifltiLn vrn.* A chiof phnrfholdtr, wan
formed, nnd purcha«i'd their intprvst for
1 .yW)/.. payablo in buius of LWf. at the l!oynI
£xi'liuu);u cvury Micbuvlmtu from ItSi'y. The
council for New Kiigland signt-d the Alas-
eachu^L'tu palt'tit on 19 March \*y2?i, mid
thi- Wiujf roiiliniu-d il by a iliorli-r dated
4 Mart-h 1621). John Endecoit [fi, v.j wiu
W-.iit out urn giiviTiirir. Knincist liigjtiniHjii
[q. v.] and Saniixd SkWlon were chnstii and
tpprovi-d by While a* tniiii»tfT», iiiiil MJli-d
for the iJorclie.iti'r rnlony on I Mav lfi2ff in
the 1.Jer>rge lionaventiirn. John Winthmp
['q.v.]9aiJiHlin the Arbclln, \\'bit«' holding a
serricL' on board before ahu sailed. ^^'Ui1e
WM n tDLiDber of thii coinpiLtiy, and r>n
30 Niiv. ht' wu--* niminuivHl nnn of ih«' eam-
luitleelo value 1 he joint stock. Xn I(i^:^aiul
lfl3fi he wiif com-KpundinK with John Win-
tbrop (who ur^ed U'hil« lo visit llie rolcjtiyi
about L'od-lJni-« and btxikt; to lu< fi>nt, as well
aaflax iif a utiitable (growth fnr Ubri<li- I><lniid
(Cn/. fitatr Pajiert, Cnlnnial Set. .\niencp,
15T-t-l(«J0, pp. 104, 15-^1, lM-1, na. I'l^U).
In the winti^r of Uliy-;i(» he prv^nrbed nt
the rip«nin(r of n conRreKufiona! cbnrch at
the nfw hospital in Pljniftiith. Ho i* rn>
dit«»d with hatiujr drawn up * the governor
and Mmpanv's lliimhlt: Kt-ipirst to the re«t
of their Itret^ren in Hiigland,' London, WJO,
4to; ATidon thi-raiithoritvoflncpeaM; Mather
[q. v,],aaweU tm from inttirnnl evidence of
8tTl«and matter, must be occpptM as author
uitlw naaajTooat ' I'lmiter^' ]'1>::«,' Loudon,
IfiSO, 4tQ. This work, unknown to Coiron
Mather, l*rioce, llutchiason. and BsncroFt,
historian* of S>-W England, contains the
earliesL trustworthy information on the first
planting of the colony. It bus heconif ex-
ir<tinuly Karcc, but a copy is iu the JJritijdi
MiueuB), and part of chap. viii. with chap,
ix. is iv-printi-'d in Aluxandt-r Young's 'Chro-
ntcle« uf MaKoachuwttH Ihiy,' BuAlon, ISM,
8vo.
About I3S5 or 1630 While was examined
before ?ir John I^ambc [q. r.1 about enme
pajierH seixcd in his study, and relating to •
crtn»idtrabli> *ini of monry iwni hy S^Tiitfl
to [)i. John Stoughlon. This eventually
turned out to he in part a Ipcnty from one
Philipiwi I'iit, liEiiiifaihi'd to Whitt- in pio»
unu*, and in jxirt uishursemenlR for the colo-
nists in Now England. Whito produ««d
miuutu t)anicul*r» uf Cht'.-ie in his nott^books,
and at last, after six months' attendance
lipfuru the eourl of high oouiiuiMiun, hu waa
dl-x-'bargi-d and thf infortuant reproYed for
'iwnttling' (£'n/. State l*apen, l>om. 1636
and Iti8f>-ll, pii»»in)). In the heuiiuiing nf
tha Long parliaroeni \\'biiG and manv of
bi§ congregation took (Im cfivrnnnt. Wood
callfi him ' ti inndernte, not ninrotie or peerisli
puritan,' and wiys h« confornjed lo the en**
muniL's of thp tburch of Kngland.
\Vhi.'u lhi> war brolio out abcut 1(M3,
a pi^rty of JVince Kupert's horse hiirat into
\V kite's houeo at I}orvhi»ti-r, plundenxl it,
nnd carried off hia book.'i. He tftok refuge at
tbu Savoy, where he minislt-red until, oAw
thr (■ifCtlon of Ilnliii'l Ftrallcv [ij. t.|, hi* waa
api>ointed rector of Lambeth on 30 Si-jit.
Il>4!i, Slid givf-n thp use of Fwilli-y'* library
uinil bis own cniild lie recovered. He waa
cbonen one of the \Ve«tniin«er assenibly of
divine*, nnd at their opening si-rvicc in St.
Margaret 'i (i^Ci !^ept. 1(313) prayed a full
hour to prepare I bcm fortnkinglho covenant
CWinTBi-ot'KE. Mn/i'/riait, p. "4), He ctn-
atantly attended the sittings of the ass*^mb!y,
and sign^id the putition f'irlbv right to n.'fufio
the Mctanii-nt in *caiidalou» jjenMini*, j«w-
senled to ihe IIousu of Lords, iH Aug., was
oni" of I If ntM-twoTA, and in 164^ wnti clHnwn
on the committee oif accnmmodatinn.
UlKin till' ih'iilh of Itol)t.-rt i'lnck f(|, v.^ in
November ltS-17, White wuh df-iigned warden
of XbW College, but he declined lo go to
< t.Tfnrd, h'ing * .lick and infirm, a dying man '
{ Uriti). FerbopH be rvtumed to l>orehesier
bfifnrn his d^atb. which took place on VJ July
1^-11^. He was burifd iu 1110 porch of St.
Pcter'a Chapel (belonging to Trinity), Uoi^
Chester, but no inscription appwn.
I
White
6i
White
White taaTTJetl Ann, duighter of John
BurROii of i^tCTboTOoeh, sirtor of Cornelius
B.ir^M fd. v.l, and left fotir mbs: John,
Saauul. JmikIi, nnd Natbaniol. Thi; nldivtt
vntMnMl tliA miaiAtry. and br^anif! rector of
■Rinpemtf, IXinwl (cf. lAtrdt' JvumaU, riii.
36?, V'i, 4St ; C»L4Mr. Nrntm^formUtU tVe-
moriai, ed. I'altni>r, ii. liTt),
Besides tli>- ' PUnltrs' i*lea ' and a few
MparatA rerRinnji and abort tTvaliHc*, Wbito
was author of: I. 'A Way i" tl'e Tree of
Lift! Sundry Diiv-ctions for the Proftcablu
Readin(rol'ilie.Scriptnre6,'Ixiiidon,HU7,8vo.
2. 'David's r»altn» in yintnn, agnwabln to
thfl Hebrew, To bo siini; in usuall Times
Ti> thf! b^ttutit. of tho fhurchfJt of Ohrial,'
l>oodon. I'i-V}, lilmo. 3. ' A Coinmomary
upon the Tbres Firal Chapter* of ihi! First
Rookof Mtwescnlk-d GcnvoiK,' I'Ondoo, 1656,
fol. TUi' prcjiwrutiou of 1 !i U for the pr«»8 wiw
entnixt^l lo Stiphen Marshall \(\. v.], but
aa lie died {l&w) before it was rwidy, a fur-
ther nott- bv ThouKu Mantoa [g. r.J accom-
paniod John White jujuor'e uvdication to
I 1)mj«1 noUM[q.v.]
SOnxA* Liir« of Tji«Ptiritnn»,tii. 88; Wood*«
ion* Osnii. *[i. Btiw, lit. 23fl ; Pnitc«"» Chro-
nota|i»c«t BiBi. i. lit. 1A3, 168. 171, ITS. 183,
195, 3A0, 2(lAi Uauduit'ii SlioH View of ibe
Hist. Maaaadiaecua Bay. 1771. p. 24 : Huu-hin-
■oa'a Bi«L of HuMachiiMUa lla^. I. 8. 9 : Bv\>~
bard'»Ht«T.uf Sei>EiieUiid,pp. IA.10A: Rhode
Uland Riit. Co!), ir. 67: Ever«at'i DorchwiUr
in 1880. BoatuQ. ISRS.pp. 22-7 . Voung'aChfo-
aklea of MaaaarhuMtta Kay, pnuim ; MaHaa-
ahaaetu Hist. Cotl. 4ih n-r. W. ii. ; Math«r'a
Xear En^Uufl. l.k. i, p. IB; Prynne'j C*nl«r-
bariwOmmn, p. MS; Wbartoa'a TrutiljlMand
7^^ sf Laud. i. 174. 17*; Fuller"* Worrhi*.
iLS40: Mit>-h«ira Wcm miaatw Auembly, ziv.
98, Ul, 397. -ing: Wood'a Hisl. of th>i> Col-
]»KM niid aolU. ud. OuUh, p. 33K; Cai. SUtu
I'apcn. Itam. ]02B-», p. A43, 16)1-3, pp. SAO.
-(02, IR3a-9i Huteb[DNHlIi»t.of IloriH-t. ti.3T-^.
ir. 142 : Manaon's Utlton. ii, ^'JJ, &19, 59H, 6DA -
Applotrtn'H Cyclop, of AmtriMn Bio^. vi. «73;
AJh bone's Diet. <» Bogl. Lit ; ChnlmcfHa Biagr.
^n. : BttDCToft's Qin. of An«ricik. i. 2S4.)
C. F. S.
WHITE, JOrtK (1826-1801). hisiuma
of ihe Maoris, son of Francifi Whit*, waa
bora in Knptand in I8:>ti, nnd went out to
Now 7<c«land with bia fatlior in ld32,iH-ttlin((
first at Kororarcka ; the «ack of that placu
by tbc Maoris drove them to Auck1an<l in
1844. Jl« was early attracted rowari^.i tb«
Maori rac« and tb«ir customs, and was em-
tloyed by the jioveminent inpositionawbrre
e came much into contact with thum. Sub-
aequeacly be wa» frold comniiuioaer at Coro-
naadel, and received tho appoinimuru of
offlelal tDIerpreter and agunt for tfa« pur-
r
I
chase of nativp lands; in this last capacity
be aQQceednd in obtaining for the cohnista
thp title to most of the Innda roiiml Auck-
land. .At a lat«rdat« ht> became naffistntte
of CV'ntrat AVaa^anuL He died sadaaoly at
Anckhind on 13 Jan. 1891.
Whitit was employed by the government
of New Z«a]and to compile a complete hia-
torr of tho traditions of tlio Maori race: he
bad coniplelfd four volnmm only at the time
of hii! dL<ath. Thry npp^arod in I88dwith
th«i title ' Tim Aiicii-tii. History of tli«
Maori' { WtsUinfTton, «vo). Hh wa^ also
author of a novelette, eatitJed ' Ta Kou, or
thp ^faori at Home.'
[MoDnall's Diet, of Australaaiun Blofraphy ;
AiickUnd Weekly News. 21 Jan. ISUl. p. 7-}
C. A. H.
WHITE. JOILV TAHOURUIN (1809-
1H%1), daaMCal scholar, liorn in 180!*, -n-aa
the second boo of John White of SeEborndin
llampabint. Hn ntatriculflted from Corpus
Chriati rolle^e, Oxfnrd, on 26 Jan. XiSO,
was elect*;d an exhibitioner in the samevear,
and jmdiuitAd R.A. in 1»m. M.A. in if<S9,
andB.D.andli.U. in If^Wt. He wB5ordaiacd
deacon in 1831 ax curate at Swinncrton in
Staflordshire. llv was iip]iointed n-sdvr at
St. Stephen Walbrook in I8.K1. and netted as
astittam masCvr at Cliri«l.'s HoHpital from
1886 to laefl. In 18.17 liH bpcame curate at
8t. Ann, Blackfriaro, waa onlaiiied pnest in
IK.*)!), nnd in lr<41 wan nppoint>^d curate at
.St. Martin I.iidgale,*'n-in(r until 18S8.when
he waa instituted rector, llediedat 17Cam-
bridzv Rood, Brighton, on 17 Dec. 1853.
\V hil«> was au able claeaical ixihular, and
publiahed numerous scbotaatic worku and
critical editions of (.fruuk and Latin authors.
He b best known [H>rhapK for hi« * Orammar
School Ti'Sle,' tt ueries of Latin and Or»'ek
aulbors nuMi commonly nind in schools. In
cnnjunctirin with Jn-wph Knmonii Jliddlo
fq. r.| he brought nut in IWi' '.'V Latin-
Knplish I H<7tionRry,' London, 8vo. founded
nn Kthan iVllen Andrews's tmrifltution of
Wilholm Freiind't ' \Vi>rt«rbucb dur la-
teiniwhen Sprache.' Fnmnd's * Wiirtorbucb *
was published at Let]ui^ betwvei) 183J and
I84fi, and .Vndrttws'a translation nt New
York in 18oL'. While and Riddle's ' Dio-
tionary' waa largely superseded by thnt by
Cliarlton T. l^wis and Charles Short in
lrt7S. A 'Cotlflg:eIjitin-Kn)rii.'*h]>ictionarv'
of intermediate siie appeared m l^i't, anda
'Junior 8tudent'd Complete Latin-Kii|[luih
and £i^i;lifth-Latin Dictionary ' in 18t)0.
White also udiTed Robert Lynam's ' Hictory
of the Roman Emperors' (London, IdfiO,
2 Tols. 8vo).
White
6a
White
1898; Fwler** Alamni Oxon-
ITShbr'h Bibliotbeeii Sbifforil. 199( ;
hcl. of Kng;l. Lit.] K. I. C.
S, JOSEPH (!~4S-1814), orii>nt«-
liat mid thi-ologian, was bom at Stonohouac
(ur, acr^onliiiR to another account, Stroud)
in nioiicLifU-n-liiru in 174I>, and was the,' sun
of Tliiiiniu' White, n journevmaH weaver. He
[Teoeived Iiifi earUt!sl cducutiuii iu uut' of ihi'
Gloucesl'T chnrily w-hiji)l», and KUu-ted life
in hiA fnr,h<>r'fleini>]oymeTit. Hiatalentaand
attainments, howeri.'r, utt ractud thu niitiojof
AOme iroaltbj neirliliours, irlin i^nahlctl him
to puriUe his stuaioe nt ICuEcomb, and agoin
at G loucealor. und tlio JibiTftUly of jnhn
Mooro ( 1730 180'>) [(i.v.J (afterwards bisbop
■ of Itaiicor and orcfibishoii of Canterbiirj')
' ennblocf bim lo wiUT Waclhum Colli'jrfi. Ojs-
ford, a» tt cotninoiier ou (5 June I7f!5. In
Bepliuiiber of ihflt year be became scholar
, of Itis cwll'-'gtf, wbtTi; hi- eb'jrilv ufti^rwiirds
Obtuni-^l thit Hodv t'xliibitii'H lor Hebrew,
I U well (iH otlmr pnzvs. U« was fi-Uuw frum
1771 until 17RK, nnd filhw] v«riinw cotl-^Hv
4fliec». Ho (rraduBted B.A.on C April I7fiw,
M.A.on ly Feb. 1773. B.Tl. on 17 Slay 1779.
and D.D, on 17 T>i-c.. 17S7. At lii* piitronV
diisire bv devoted himself lo the sludy of
Syriac, Arabic, and Porsinn, nnd in l"7fi, by
la uuiuiinioue vote, wm eh;ctfd lo ihp Lau-
I A'sun chair of Arabie. At iho augHMtion of
j Bishop I^iowtli tlie delegnteH of tlio Clarendon
press entruitled to Whitetbn tiwk of cc):uplrt-
mg and ifliiuinf: an edition of the Fhiloxpnimi
(or ratber llarklenfiian ) version of t.br: N*«w
TL-rtamcnt, forwliich Glocester Ridley [((. v.]
liud tt;f^ taotoriols based on two mnnu»cripts
vhich he had brousbt from thp eutt nnd
dftflrwordK i»ri;i!«nt«a to New Colleite. Itid-
ler'n mati-rjalii were, however, of Httlo viau to
^\ hite.wLo had botli tu uo^iy tbv mauuHcnutt
and trrinitlnlii tti» It-xt liim.')'>lf. His edition
appeared in 1778, and >L>xbibLtvd bulb hie
BCQolarebip and his ncninn-y in a favoumblo
light. ; ftiKl Mno-C no other edition of ihia im-
portant version bos evt>r appeariad, it is tho
work by wbich he i.< Will remembered. A
volumL- of conimentij wbieh be at one time
plauued aa a supplemcut to the edition never
Appean'd. From 1780 to i7>*3 he wm oc-
Cnpird ill [irHiwrinif an edition of the Pcraian
text of the ' Inst 1 titles of Timnr/uf which
A specimen wim iMni:nl iii tb^ formnr year,
wbAe the wholft appeared in 1783, at the
eopenee of the East India Cumpnnv- Tli"
text was accompanied by a tmruilation into
BngUjib from the pen of Major Davy, then
I*emiaa secretary to ibc govern or-gonoral of
BengiU. In 1783 White, who wa-i already
oneofthnpreachcraat WhiCehttll Chapel, wofl
■ppointeid to tlie recuntljr founded Bainptoo
lectureship for 178-1. bis subject being a com-
panion bctwf^en * MsJiomotiam' and Chris-
tianity, wliicb hi« eituditw hud well qualified
him (o treat. He waa, however, aoinewbat
dinideat of bis rhetorical ability, and, regard-
ing the appoiutiuenl as Ihn cbauco of bis lif«,
hu took the danjTerons step of secretly aaso-
cintinu with Itimat-lf #<i>mo pi*rsuns in wbos4
capacuv bo had confident!^, and to one of
tlwBu, ^umuel Dadcock [q. v.J, a ckr^vnton
in poor circiimManoea, be entrusted the
composition of one entire diacourw aod
iif largo porljons of other*, iuoludittg the ex-
ordium totbescricj. Tbe result justifiud his
si'iection of coadjutors ; the aermon*, which
contaim-d among otht^r matter a court(«ua
answer to (iiblwn, aa well aa a iwply to
Humfi, wore grmtly admired when delivered,
and favourably rvc(*ivtid bv thu pr<N<s; and
indeed, though the thought is shallow, thu
iirrangornvnt ie lucid, thu uumner exceed-
ingly ri!finf^,And thK-]Angua£« eTOrTwb«>r«
choice und felicitouH, and in tne fifth lecture
cvi'ii t'xtjuiaite. Tladcoclt, who as newspaper
writer did Komething to press tb« gah; of the
book, of which several editionswere speedily
exhausted, liqit siletieo while praisos that
were due to nini were lavished on While;
but hi* silence was not gratuitous, and the
day wLtMi tome important pivbrmcut ehuuld
be Wbite'sreword was anxtouiiy expected br
both. In 17r*7 White was. through Mnorea
iiitrn'wl, pn'wnh'd by the dean am] chapter
of Ely to the rectory of Melton in Sulfulk;
and supposing Ibis to be all that the Unuip-
ton lectures would pi>3dnoe, ho hurried on
the printing of a learned work, the Arabic
description of Egypt br Abdullatif, a writer
of the bist o-ntury of tbt> ouliphate. Hut
lie despaired too soon ; for earlv in 1788 he
waa praaenttKi by Lord-chancoll'jr Thurlow
to a pwbliiid hi ItloiineiitJir ('athcdral, of
which ihu value was [-onsideruble. His pre-
f»rnipnl n'nrai' nono too early. Shorllv after
tliH jire?f-ntation Bndcock died, and White,
in bis letter of condolence to his sister, le-
qneated her to return all letters of his that
might be found iu Qadoock's papers; but
Miia Badoock, knowing or gnesaiug the value
of the correspondusoo, took thv opinion of
It. Gabriel, to whom her brother had haen
curate, and who had nomt! daalings with
White of B naluri^ to givM hini a cluM to the
relations between the two men. Among the
paptTH wtw found a bond for tSOO/. which
\\'nitn at fin^t refufted txi pay, nll^ng a \eff»l
flaw, and also asserting that it was for help
whifh had n«Vt-r bL-uEiBCtuallvnuiden5d, but
afterwards agreed to renew, honing thereby
to prevent the truth about the lectures get-
ting abroad. His compUanoe come too ma.
I
Gabrtel bad tne«nwbilo circulatiKl tliu sioiy,
■ltd being chalU'n);«cl from itereral quarters
lo proJtiou ovtil<-iic« Tor lii» luwtrtiun, ut
I^Dgtli published ft [it!mbi>rof Wbite'slt-tters
to Badcocb. fpvinj; irrefm^able orldonce of
Uu! joint nut)itiritlii|>. nndnlNifiii)i)^Mlin^ that
yet otlier hands had been cmplvived on this
duoaurw«. (.iabrirl's pamplilet ran ihrougb
serenl editions; and additinnni Torc-e wiu
lent lo it bva KJi?inder from one uf Wbilo'a
pwttLMuu, in which Gnhrirl was Tinilenily
atldcked. but bis cban;«A were lefl uuan*
swcred. Whit« kq>T »ili>nce aa long sa pn»-
Hiblo. At last, tn 1700, U-in^ conipellm to
answer, be piiblialiod an aecuLinl of hU literary
oUigstiDni', ID which he upparontly un-
(iMvouml to conceal nuthiuu, but lunin-
tained still tlist ibt^ -"HXI/. bona waA for help
in a proiec(#d historj' of Kgypt, of wbicb his
' Abuutliitif ' wna to lie Xlu.-. fortirtitm^r. Flis
puupblet aeenu to havi! anlUfied the jnihltt;.
Dut Wbibii did notattwinpt again the rv'ik' of
popular proieber.
Bf ttre«n 17110 and ISOObe publi»hed little.
In tlie Uuer jmf hi« edition of * Abdultntif '
at laaC appeared, with a dedicatiou to Sir
William Scott. Ho had printed the text
bXt«en Tcnra before, but, not Wmg satLfiliijd
with it, Iiad presented tb« copiai to Pntilii*
of JuuB. aftvrwarda famous as Ihe leader of
rationaluin, wbo iMuod the work in (ivrmiiny.
WhiteV edition embodied a transliition which
bad been commenced b_v tht* ^ounner Kd-
ward Poeocke [nw under Pocix-ke. E»-
wAjip], but was completed bv While biimclf.
11)8 IS the onlypnn tb&t evcrr appc^ared of a
Kwt work oil E^pL which bo euems t'l
re planned, and which IWoock wnn to
have njuduivii popular io stvie. The time,
liOweTer, wai» bj no mi-anx ripv f<'>r xiich
a worki and the elaborate monoLTaph on
Pnmpej's RlUr which White published in
19(M Decameantiqiiat«cla8Wionastbe8ei«DC0
of EfjTptolody was Bia.rt6d. The rest of
White's liicrarj- work was concentrated on
the text ual stuay of the Old und N«w Testit-
ments, and earned him in 1804 the n^^iuH
professorship of Hobrew at Oxford, carrying
with it a canoiirv of OhriMl r'hiircli. Himidpn
Tarioua pamphleW, in which Iu> ndvorjitod a
rrtranalBtiun uf tlitf nibW.ii&d propcisud a new
edition of tho SttpMuifijint, to be bnsod on thi^
HaxRpIar-Srriac manuscript then recently
Ofeek' (IM odjt. 1^08: often reiirinted) en-
deavoured to simplify aud piiptjIiiriiHt Qrivv-
bull'e ' Critical Studies.' His last work,
'Oriaeos (iriK»]iiirhiiuifi> in Novum Testa-
menttun Synapsis' (l^U) contains a sum-
maty of the more important reaolta. Botb
OS & theologian and as a critic he was ultra-
conser valine.
White died at Christ L'bnrcb, Oxford, on
2S May 1H14. Ho married, iu 1790, Mary
Turner. sisUt of i^tnue) Turnttr {1749?-
1^02) [<|.v.l, who visited Thibet aa a llriti^i
envoy. }I«r death in 1811 affvcted bim
severely.
Persons who knew MTiIte declared bim to
he of an indolent disposition, and it in a fact
that in most of his books be embodivd wheru
possible thulaboiirfl of others. Ilia ]ingui*ttc
atiainmont.4 weri% hownvfr, very |^al, and
conipuns favourably with Ihoi.' of ibt^ miwt
eittiiietiL oriL-ntulista of his time, with many
of whom, iiicluding Kih«iitredr' i>«CT,h« was
in communication, IliaportrAil wa-^nainiod
by William Pet^irsaiid presented to tue uni-
versity of Oxford. It wrts etij^BVed by
Joseph Thompson and appeared in the
' Kurtipyrtn Magazine ' for October 1798.
[Nik^liiilsB llluHtnifiuns nf tho I.itamry Jlist.
of thr KtplitMiiith Cpiitury, iv. 858-85; Gat-
diner's Register of Wadbam Coil, vol, ii. ; Lan.
glha'a Nccrologie do J.T.V.; Qent. Mag. 1814, i,
«260 V. S. M.
WHITE, JOSKPII BLANCO (1775-
1841), theological vrriter, wan horn at
Seville ou 11 .luly 1775, and christen&d
JooA Maria. IMs grandfulher, an Irish
Koman catholic, lut the heir uf an uncle,
Philip Nansle, bad become head of a LtTgO
mercatitilo liouso nt Seville. Ilis father,
ofter some early iui*fortuuv#, carried on
the busineaa successfully, and married nn
Andalusian Udr of tiublo descent and
small property. Other Iri.->hmi^n 1)ecsme
partners in the fauueu, and formed a ' small
IriitEi colon V,' in which mmf> Kn);lisli was
Spoken: altUouKb the Whiiett Irannlatod
I heir riaio*>in(u HUnco and became virtuallv
Spaninnli). Joacph was put into his father a
oflice at the a^^e of ei^l. Hu bated ths
business, and preforrcd lessons on the violin.
Kin mothiir thou[i:ht commerce de^ading,
and hnJ !iim lau^ht somn Lutin. At twelve
he doel&red biH deaire lo b«!ome a priest, in
orilwr lo fjieiipo ibw counting-house. His
mother induced hia father to consent. Ele
wikH nlloweO to attend school, and at
fnurte<f!it hn was .iK^nt to study philosophy
at a Dominican colietfe. An accident led
him to read the work* of Feyjoo (1701-
1.7(M), who had altockeil the scholastic
philosophy still dominant in Kpanisli
eoUe^M. Thif) induced thu hov to revolt
against the repubtitelfacJiingofliismastvre.
lie was then allowed to enter the univer-
nitr (October 17W)). He formed a friend-
ship with a senior student of litorary tastM^
i
vjvX thnjr Kt&rl«d ft litlls eoci«ty t^ rond
|iapera ou ' pOBtty wid eloquoDCe.* He kIao
■ninutl soitiM kuowltMlgw ot Kianch and
It&lian literature. He was, liowBvtT, Mill
KtudyiriK tliwUiffy widi ii viow tu the
prk««thflod, AH'l tiod inkcn the 'four minor
onlen'st the ag« ckf fourtci-D. .\(. twcnl v-
ono ho took wibdeivcrtn's onierii, tlioush
with mmo mibg^ivinSB. Both hie pari^nt; were
Tery devout, nnd fi« coiDiiLiiiris bitterly ot
tho Ion? »«!rvioi»i whieli he had beea forced
t.M n1l(-ii[], from the a^ of (.'ight. From
fourtefiii h(i liud diiily to ruiid his bKviiLr^
nnd to KUKtid an Imur in ' |tioua T«adtn.(r'
and tnpditatinn. Tiie 'a[>ir!liiu] (.-xiTcijUfl'
in which hv had afCvrwitrdH lo join had ii
powt:rfiil fiffnot upon him. ThouK-h they
excited him so far utitn Bupi>nr»)t hiH ncruvlMK
about taWinir ordcni, hia taate waa shocKed
by thu ' olayiog and mawkiah dHVolii^n,' and
by the material imiffory ^mployod to »t,t*
mnlalc the- emotions.
While a Hubdeacon ItltLiico wsk vlAcl-ed
fellow of tht.' colli-gc of ftlriria & Jeau at
Puvillo, a poBitiuD of trifling emolument, but
conrorriiigflome socio) advaota^*. Hi-! be-
came reconciled for a time to hid prnt'e^"ioii,
and at ChrintDitis IHOU was ordaintd pn(>fiC.
He gsioed aome crt4ii hy imrfoririitig public
exerci»es w cMidiilal'Ct for a Mall tu tht^
Oathadnl of Cadis ; and in 160:i was ap-
pointed, U) spite of Mime intrigiuuB, to n
chft]^inc7 in the Chaii^I Riiyal of St
Ferdinand at St;ville. Meanwhile his re-
rigtouH MrnipW hud been a^ln awakcnL^d.
He was popular ue u coiift-'wor, and hia
experi'pnce rdiivinccd him that the aystom
had demoralising effecte eapucially upon the
nuiu- Une of lii« two awtera hod tnkeu
tho veil, fell into bad health, and died in
COi»sei|iieiiL'e of the unwhnlewomc life in thi;
oonTent. His indiffnation increased his
doubl«, and, Ihoufh ho endeM-vourud tn ron-
firm his (kith by prt-aehinj^ a cormoii agninnt
BCepttcum, be al latit gave up his belief in
ChriirfiMiity. Hu mndo the acqualntnnco of
two "prieitta of similar opiuicras who lent
bim frwithinkinK books, carefully hidden for
fear of the inquisition. Kiu inentul strugfgW
led to a bud illne«^, mid ho waa profoundly
airccti*d by the deciainn of hla younger
iM8l«r to enter ' one of the (floomii*sl.
niuioerietat &<-vill(t.' Sh» had already be-
come hysterical ; she soon developed mental
•tnd physical di«ciL«c. and died a few ycata
later. lUanco obtained leave to reside for a
time at Madrid in order to esc(ip>-hi« painful
poeitina. Tbero be wn« uppuinted for a time
•reliffioim inittructor ' to a newlv foundod
Pf6talonian achooh Meanwhile ihv Krencli
were eattfring Spain. Blanco hopedi thai the
rule of Joaepb Ituonaparta would be fatal
to the inquieiLion and the reli^ous orders.
Ill- yifldfd, howi^Tfr, lo hiit patriotic senti-
ment);, and returned to Seville. Tlwr* he
wan uppointed at cn^-ditor with a I'rofessor
.Vntillon of ihfl 'Semanario IVtriiitico," a
pnper eistabliBbed by the central junta. IIi«
]K>liciojil phili'jiiophy wa.* not npproved, and
the papL<r was suppressed. He wan ap-
pointed, however, to draw up a report on
the coti»t itutiou of the cortt^tt, and com-
pelled the iiKiuiailioii to hiLud iiv«r to him
iwiDB of the prohihitijd bookr< in chnir
poHseuion. Wbi^n the iidviincR of the
French forced the jnnia to leavo Sevillf,
]tlniii:i> White riwolved to escape from the
country and the pri>Mthood. lie fled with
Fome of hi» frienda to Cadiz, where be was
in iiomc dnngdr, aa th<> patriota thought
that fugitivfta muet be traitors. He claimed,
however, to be a British subject, and con*
eliisively demonstnvtisi ilie fact bv replying
•damn your eyes' to the ollicial who iu-
quired into his character. He waa nllowtid
to sail in llx.^ kliiKlish |HLclivt, and reached
Falmouth on 3 March IWIO. A son of the
Saiulur, Johu Uuppuer [ij. v.'i, wae rarryinj;
eiipatchea by the sam» hoai, and brought
him to London, iloppuer the elder had
juit dil-d, and Ttlnnca Hhitti was at a loM
in a strange city, lie had thought of ob-
taining employment aa a inu^ician io a
thi»tre. Some EngliAhmen who had
travwllwi in Spain, I'speeiully Lord Holland,
John (ioorgc Children f-^. v.', and Ijord
John Kui^w^il, reuoivL-d liim kindly. He
iLppliwl to Uichard, son of Lonl Wellealey,
fur employment at the foreign olfins, Wol-
Ii-.ilitj intriidU'Ci-d iiiin to the French book-
tieller Uulau, and through DuUu he waa
iiilrr'diicivl In mil" Juigne, a French n?fugeo
Sriest, who had beconm a printer in London.
uign6 agreed to giva him l&A a month to
conduct a monthly periodical to lie ndled
the ' Espariol.' I'tlanco (who now added
White to his neme) wrote thp original
mattor, and lllled thu ntst up with Cranalati^d
documenla, to be circulated in Spain io
dufencu of ihL> natioiml cauae. The labour
waa eouHidemhli-, niid RlancQ White gave
offence to one party by aupportioff tho ind&-
fi;nd»ncu of tlie .Spaninh colonivamAmerica.
[e .'iays that he was libelled and setioualy
threatened with aseaaai nation. Juignf also
had Irioked him into a very bad bar*
gain. The pap^r was partly circulated by
tho English governinent, which, however,
did not diclalu hiu politics. He conatAntlT
conaultBd Lord llolluid and Holland^
friend, John Allen. The paper was carriad
ou wttb sncceas till aftvr the final expulsion
i
White
65
Whil<
I ofth
HUTet
Ie
I
I
of tbv Frvncli. wheu ha wa^ rewarded by 11
UTe pension uf'-TiU/. a yi-or rrom ihu EnglUh
govenimciil. llliinco White's bvdltb, how-
ItKil bmWn down, and liia life vm
aA«rn-ardji tormftitvd bv rvpcatvd if
nil coiitiniinus illni^i. Ikaidea wrilinff,
he had warked bard to improvu but KngliHU
■Jld to Ivun Oriwli. Hn Itiid itliui ivjiMwed
biB tbcolo^cfll Btudiea and tiornmn a
Christlaa again, finding, a» ho tliotiiflu,
tb*t the church nf Knglnnd hnd cA.it otf thi^
corraptioDS which had driven him frum
catholi<risin. lie took th« Mcrnint'tir in hi*
pnmJi cbureb iu 1^1:J ; itud, alU-r dropping
the ' Eapaitol.'si|;n4.-d iht-Tiurly-iiint.- arlnrle^
UD 10 Aug-. )>yll I'j iiunlify hiuuulf for
aciiii^ AK an l.i[k(;Iii<h rltrgyman. He
setilt><l at Oxford to piirsuu bisstadies. He j
rvad pr»y«r« ix-ciixiunnlly at Kt. Mary'«, |
and felt a n;«iritl of hi* relifftous en- j
ibusimfiiQ. Hp left Oxfurd in \ol'> to be-
cumB tut<ir to Tionl Hnlhind'a hciii, Hf* Ird |
an a.-K'«tic lif» in the Rin^nlarly uncnntrt^uinJ ,
atmoftphuivof IlGllnnd ]luu»>.<. Tln.i Holliirnl*
weie p*r»onaIlv kind to the Iiuti, but hii ,
found his datit>3 as a tutor irkmtne, and
finally retired from hi« position in June 1
1817. He lived for a tini« with bis friend
Jiituea CbrtAlie in London, then atayed for ,
B conpk' of ytunt with il Mr, (.'arlutcu hI
Littl(! (taiidenden, ll'-rtfnrOstiire; and in '
18iL rtflumtHl to Ijttndon t» Uvii nuur
. the CbristifS' Mi* ilUbi-Hhli di^pri'Mi'd
him. and Iih frit himself a I>iirtl4>n to Uin ,
rri«n(]i<, who, however. (w«m all to have
bwn prwntly oltrnctcd by his nminbU- charac-
tur. in IB'JO hi- waa alowly improving, and ,
waa invited by Thomas Campbell, thun j
iMlilor of thi! ' N'rw Muutbly,' to vunlribnle ,
article*. The Ural part of his book, ' 1 >ob- |
lado^s LeLtvn,' appi-arud iu tho 'New '
Jlfonthly,' anil tnaih^ him gent-mHy known. |
H-i wrote the nrtide upon ' Spain * in ilie
fiupplem<.>Dt I" Ihu ' Kncyclopfdia IJri- '
tannica.' Hf ^hn engagea at the end of
182:! by Rudolph Ackennajui [<^. v.]to write [
the chief part, of a ji>iimul inl^nded for
Spaoiah America, called ' Variedadea.' lie 1
wu to liave 'JUkil. a year a« editor, and
IcsrriiMl on th« work till Uctobrr \f<2!HI.\fr,\.
ifiiS, .'lit"). He gave it up upon bwrcming iii-
tfirceled in th'-> controversy lietWLvn Soiithoy
and CbarW Kutli-r ajKtn ihi- iiterLln of the
Tlniaan and .\nglican cburchM. He pub-
liehed hia 'Eridem'ea njfninat Catbi^Iiciim'
in 18i!*'>. It was warmly praiMd by hia
iciend .Southey. To prore hisindepenaence,
he drclared that ho voutd nover acctpt;
nrefi-mient. Ity thiii book and its 8QC[uela I
I lie kt-eaniB a protestant chaupiou, and I
i KcandaliHtHl hi' frit'ods at Ilullund lloiuo by '
you Lxi. '
I
turning even egainat catholic emancipation,
though with Aomc he«ital)on. In I81'(j
the luiiversity of Oxford conferred iho 1I.A.
dcgrcu upon him in re«o^tilinu of Lis mt-
TiccA to the fihurch^aud in (k-lober he M'ltled
at Oxford as a mt-iuber of <>rit*l Oollugv,
intending to purauu bin »ludiei8. He was
madi' a uiembcr of thv Onvi common-room,
and wa« welcomed by the men who were
»o<in itfti'rwiirdK to be iMdimt nf the Oxford
' ro<ir(>ment.* Newman {who played th«
violin with liim), Pusey, Uurrell Fronde,
and othent WiTe on very friendly tnnna ;
but hia cloBost friendship was wlthAV'hati-ly,
Whately and hla friend Nns&au Senior
vi'tire iaicrei'ted in a nt-w quarterlr which
was started in ]H2S as tlie 'Limilori Ke-
vicw,' HLinco WTiito waaappoinied editor,
aiid Nnwinan wiu one of hia contribntore.
Tlie ' Review,' however, waa too poiidatrouit,
and divd aftur two numbers. Meanwhile
Whiti-'a knitwiidge of tin- uilhoiic church
made hiin interuBling to the rising party.
H« wB* oHic-Jnting »■ n clerKyman, and
preached to the university. Ho explained
till* uee nf the breviary to I'luajy and
Kroude (l/iff, i. 4^^). His knowledge of
the scholastic philosophy, then hardly
kuown At Oxford, int'_TC8tcd hia friends.
WUfU Hainpdeu ]iri<flchvd ihc ikmpton
lectures of ISTJ iiiioii the corruptions of
the true faith introduced bv the sclioolmoo,
hn wiLK Ihongiit 1(1 havi^ W't'tt inspired by
lUanco White. Liddon siivs rhnr the ' germ '
of the book is in lllsnco White's 'I'acls and
Inf(Tvn<rt'.>* ' (an enrlr version of bie ' Here«y
and Orthotlo«y ; ' see Li/r, iii. 362). Moiloy
in his ' lt)>miniscences' takea the samp
view, nlthnugh lluuipdenV friunds denied
what appears to be at least, agravtiorentativ
tneut, TliL' geuurnl argument was too fatniliar
to nH)uir>? a special Mij^-xtion, though
Blanco White may have drawn Hampdcn'R
attention to the particular line of itiquiry.
Hlanco White'slat.ercareerniado itdwirablo
for IlaiDiiden's opponents to attribute the
twoV to heti-rodoit inHpirnlion.
Ulanco White's singularly sensitive chfi-
racler made his Oxford nsidence uncom-
fortHlik'. He wae kwnly annoyed by the
iiMack« of the proteslaut pnrly vilitm hn
voled for Peel at the elfclion oi 1820. U&
ihotiiihi that the uuiverJiity gHiiernlly dis-
likwl him as a foreigner and an outsider.
Not being 11 fi'lhiw, hu was only ou Buf-
ft-mncfl in the Oriil common-ronm ; (hr soi^
vsnts were imjiertinent, and junior fellows
took pntcedi'nci* of him, Ilongh rniUery
from old-fashioned dons slung him to the
soul; and he was humiliated bv civilitii-A
tu! (lavouriijf; of charity. When his friendf
>Vh&tc)y left Osfnrd on liiKaminf^srchbithnp
ofDublm ml83l,tli9 posilion bocitmo in-
toLembla («;■;£(/)•, ill, ]'2ti,iVc., and Mi'^zlrt).
'V^iltfttol; iM»D ofierud him ii home. lie wait
to live u one of tha familr and u> act aa
tutor to two liulit, «ori8 of VVliutvly liiiaoulf
ami of ihf ir emnmon frienil Jwiiior. Rlnnci)
WTiile ftccordingly wont to Dublin in tho
Aiimiaor of lt«i. M« liv«l i>n tli" rn'M
tnetidly TfiroiR wil.!i Wislftly and hU wife,
and bemo to writo n liisl/»ry of tbo inqiii-
Hiiion (/.»/<-, i. -197). He fnund ilic »ub|i;ct
too poiufiil ; but in DUi'i be pLiblishetJ an
answor to Moore's 'TruvL-ls of an Irish
6«ntleman iu ttc-arch nf a Kulijion,' chIUds
it ' Seuiind Travels,' fic. Tbe uaitie expreuted
hit own hii>lorv. Ho bad bei.-n rontmunlly
OAciUiiting ill bi« vi«wii, and liin pbyaical
Baflerings pavo a morbid i iiipw to his matit jil
troubles, llu bid b<x<n cauviticedby ealhulLc
wrili'r* that firllmilnii dogmo-t n-j"l»>d iijjrm
aulliorlty, and by ppjlcstaiils ibat the au-
tWrityof tlitf c-liiircb wjw itidofvniiiblp. As
liR wAj) 9(.il1 a (.'hrintian by fiontimenr, the
only solution trasloaccppl a [lurt^ly rnttonftl
ToUifion; and thl^, hi< finally concluded, was
to b« found in iinitiiriuiii>iiu. He could no
longer Ilto with on arcbbiabop : and in
Jaiiuarv 1835 hw Ivft IlubLiii fiT Lirwiioul.
There lift attended tlif unitatiann" servici-s,
and vme i-^tdaUy di'lifibti'd by tUu prvacb-
iag of T)r, Mitrlineaii, wtionii viuws he
thorowpbiy approved (/-i/*,ii.O:!). Nnnrmnn,
on hearing of bit secession, sent him an
aficctionat<> lotttT, whirh, howvor, was
Qotbincr but ' a trro<an, a aigli, from bt*^innins
to end {Lifff i\. 117). A\Tittt*ly annoyea
him by cuonauusly long loUetn uf wvuro
terooiiatrnncp (WlUTELY, Ja/f, i. aBO-DO),
but cunlinui'd bis fmudly n-Iutiouc. Blanco
li\'hil« found ciiiijj^nis! friends at Livfinioitl,
including his biograjikur, John Ilaroiltnn
Thom [q. v.] Hi sctttrd thi>r* f'lr tbit mst
of his life. In OctobPr \?<?A M'hately nent
him 100/., and repoateii tbo s\ft, imaually,
except in IftS?*, wbcti RlftOifift White n-fi)Md
it upon obtaining, through Lord Knlland,
a aum of iilHJ/. from Ibc queen's bniinTy.
Blanco Whii« R'ems to bov>i btten always in
waul oftiinnev, in spile of liis pi'usinii. On
accepting the nnniiity he told Sirs. "VXTintcly
ibat \iv vnA lit'^iniiirig fur \\\f. HrWi time in
hie life to be economiral. Ilia pp^at li^mp-
tatioii wsn to buy books. He bad aUospent
mach upon a Hon, Fprdinnnd >\'hite, who
vn* patrnniKed by Lord Holland, and b«-
CAtae major in tbe 40th regiment {L\ft, i.
324, 3%). Nothing is said of the mother,
but a refeivnee to an unbii^ipv and cian-
d««tint> atlacliment during bin to^l yi-jirs in
P-*'" 'Life, i. 117) probably explainii tha
facts. Blanco "Wlitte apeftksof his aon with
^reat i9ndenio»9. During the Liverpool
period ^\'hite waa able to do aome dasultory
work, and he contribulud to the ' London
and \WiiUnin«lBi- Rt^viniv," then under J. S,
Mill, with whom be had very friendly
corrmpondrnet" {'l.^tlen' tii Life, vol. ii.,and
Theohffieat ftcii'i*a?, iv. Il:i). He also coT-
respondwl with IVjfess-jr Baden- Powell
anil the Ameriran nnitariarut ChannJng and
Andrews Norton. His health rapidly de-
dined, and be Mitreml forest pain, lie vmt
reiniived in Kebrtmry ISll to Qreenbeuli,
the houae of William Kathbone the ycMDffer
rs«M' under Ratiibosb, William. 1757-
1809], and died iht-n- on 'JO Stay following,
Blanco Whil^''^ sweetness of cbararter is
labowj] hv the warmth and endurance of hut
friendships. Sontlier knew him before 1817,
ond later letters (given in Dlaneu Wiite's
Ai/c"* chow H warm repird. Cole-rijlgB wajt
another frientlly correspondent. la later
years »ome of bis ortboifox friends, «nch a»
Stswmnn, were alifnatwl by hia .secension,
though retaining a kindly feelinfc. Thorn
aaya that whorti bit Inft Iniblin mor« than
one clvr^vmnn ollered Iiira a home {,!•*/«,
ii. 76 w.) Ilisfricndftwcre nlways trying to
rri'vide fi?r Lim. John Allen, ua«t>?r of
Inlwich Collt^ge, procured hia nomination aa
u fellow in 1831 ; out the final diHiisioa wa>
hv lot, and Ulanco ASTiit* dniw t\\» blaalc
(fe-. i. 227, 471). H« was frpquenily em-
ployed as tutor to children, but admits that
'the impatiotico ofnn old nervoat invalid'
nnlilted him for the task (lA. ii. 10 ri.) Uis
ill-health prevented him from finishing any
work worthy of tht' remarkable abilitiM
winch hf clftivrly nosae»sed. He complains
that be had partly furcutten his Spaniali
willmiit fei-lintt completely at home in Kb^
li.ih. He applies to himeolf tlio speech of
Norfolk ( Pirhnrd //, art i. «. iii.) upon
tbe loss of hit native lan^iage i,TJff, i. 176).
Though the defect hardly appears in his
style, it is the more n^markablft that h*
wrote whet Coleridge declared to be 'the
6nost and moat arandly conceived sonnet
in our lunniage* (Lelt^of i'HNov. IS^ in
Life. i. 4:i^l. The sonnet (on < Night and
Deuth*) hud hcun pubUFihed in the ' Bijou*
f'T l^iJrt, apjiiinently through an oversight of
Coleridgv, withont the author's approval
iii>. 0. 44'i). An amonded version i* pven
in BUnco White's 'Oiary,' 16 Oct. 1S38
[ib. iii. 4"; see Main's Trra'tuynf EnglUh
Sunnctn, p. 397, and TAr^ Hundrfd Ertffti^h
Sonnet*, p. yW ). Probably he will contimue
to bo known by it when his othep works, ia
Hpile of the rtail iotereet of his views, bavo
been forgotten.
I
4
^^^^Wnoo liVhite's worin we: 1. 'Sernon
id Spuiiiih on the Erid^nce^ of Christ uniry,'
^^(Thom, i. 1131. il. '^^rmon in Spanisb
^Wn rhe Slav» Trade' (TnoM, iii. 174. ISO).
de E-pau»,' I aoe. 4. ' PpBp»«torv Obser-
TKtioiu on tlid SCadjr of Iteli^oo, by a
Clvrmniui,' 1817. 6. ' IjiiIIor* trout Siiabi ;
hj Dni Leucodio DoUodu,' 182-.', 1 vol.i^va
(iiartly publiKhsd iu 'Nvw Montbly Mimii-
xine'); I'nd edit, irilh iiario in ]^2.\
fi. ' Practical mnd Internal Evidence a^iBinst
CfttliolicUm, wilb Oocjwional HtrielunL-s on
Mr. Butler's " Sooit of the Itomao CitUiolic
Cliurch/' 1825, 1 vol. 8va 7. 'The Poor
Mui'i* PrcNrvalirc ft^tut Popery,* 1825,
1 irol. 8to; several UttT «ditioiH. 8. 'A
Eittar toCniBrlesButlvrfEmj., on bis Xolice
the "I'Vat-licol. Jet., EviJwicw,*" 1830,
8r(i, y, 'Socond Trar^ts of an IrUh
anian ia warcU uf u Ucliiflon . . , not
■ Edilorof "CapUiii rtockV M.-niolra " '
Thomu Moore), 1833. '2 voIh. 12mo.
*Tha Law of Anti-It«lif;ioiiK l^ibel ra-
coofiidered in s I>>tter tn ihc Editor of tl1H^
"OhrUtian Examiner," by J, S,-arch.' 183-1,
1 vol. 6to. 11.* An Atuwur to somo friendlr
Remarka' (ontbelwt), with ■pp'^odix o'u
an epigram of Martial aiipposed to refer to
t'hrimioH lunrtjrs, 1836, 8vo. 12. • Obwiw
TatinnR on Heresy nml Ortboiloxy,' 1K36,
1 vol. f^vo. Blanm While also trnniilAlod into
S|iani«h Porl«H(t'a ' Evidences,' Pnlcy's ' Evi-
deitcn,' the Book of Oommftn Pray<T, «oino
of the IIomilieB, and O'ottu's work upon th«
*Eneli>h CritniDAl Lnw;' nnd supervised
Sci"s translation of iliv Biblv. A li«l ut
his contribtillnns to the * Quarterly It^rievr,'
tlie ' >i;w Munlhly,' the ' Xyondon Itaview'
of I8:*9, the ' Dublin l/nitvrsily lt«Tii-w,'
tlu ' Lotidun ' and thu ' London and Wesl-
minatfr Hi-rit^w.'and tlji> 'Chridtian Toacbvr*
ts siven in Tboni (iii. 4M).
Thv * Rationalist a Eempis* (1896) is a
abort iwlftction of paaiagM fWini tho third
vnlnme nf Thom'a * Life/ with a memoir by
Jainea llarwood.
|Tb« Lif> of the Ibv. Jotioph ItUnco White,
«lit«d Ly John IliunUton Thom, I84A. :i ral».
8to. Thw lyintiit.t of nn ntit'iliiLii^mphy, uri-
ghully addnuni in IrUrm to Wbuloly, eadin;;
at hia arrival in Encl.-ind, and continuod m his
death by lettera and nslraeU fmm full diarios.
Thnm wrute aii f-arlier life in tho ' Christian
Traeher/vol. iii, Whaiely, who was »ppiir»iiily
afraid that aMDfl acaodal niglit uriM fnim hir>
ftiuidihip with a tuutannn, rofuaad to give
latt«n, and pr>Heat«l posaionalcly aKainm the
Itfa (MO aRioo hy Thom in Thenheicnl Iteriew-,
tM7. iv. 82.1 IS). H«Biori'i1« of R. D. Hamp-
in. IS71. pp. 21, S7: Loclier-lAmpMa's My
^£c
ConSJoncM, ISM, p, 98: LitcbUnvteia'i Hol-
land II<n»». i. UX. i': 183; Mrwoir of T. 0.
Oltildron. I8r>3. pp. 90, 10«: Modr/a iUini<
n'M-rnc-*, IRIIS, t. Sfi-8x '^^3-Sl : Ncwaaa'a
L«uen. 18£»1. i. ISi. Htf. I9i-S. till, liOS. 210.
319.X7I. ii. 132. 129. I6.i; I.ifo of Whataly.
ISM,! 178, LN8-»0. Sa^, iit Up at Ibe
\V'rp.\bain assijceji, on Oct. \5^, before
tiir Oeonra Brunilny, ijimuii Tbelwall, and
others. The jury, after beinp lockiHl up in
ibti cbnrch nil niiflit, riQttimi;*! a rwnlict of
' guilty," and Thi-lwall, in Bromley's abarnco,
pronounceil the usual sentence, which was
carriod out in all its barbarity on IfitJot.
His bead and oiiu of his (quarters were Kt
lip ou Denbigh L'^nstte, and thi-OthcrquArttirft
wer^ exposed ai Wrciham, liulblu. utd
Holt.
Whitft left bfliind him a widow (wlio
wasanaltvt! of OviTton) and three children.
[Tliere are two conlinipomry iwi^oQnta of
Whitc'ii martyidoiD, om- priot^-J (at ff. l"i6to
'iOZa) in th« Oonoeriatio EmIwi* Catbolm
t3r<l edit. Lundon, ISSg) of Dr. J. Bridft*wU«r.
or* Aqnlpoiitnnud.' This (vhich gives tho datm
of WhiU' B triiil and execution as 11 and 17 Oct.
rcipectivelv) bus been fullowed in Chft)l«ncr>
Calhwli* MAriVM. 1877. pp. lli'-I I- The other
iiccoimt, Tbich is much fuller and coataiai a
copy of a letter tiy Wliitodi^fribiiig one of hi*
triiiU, ID frnm n. rnntfmpnr^iry miiimw^ript pre>
«?md at tt)« CiitholicJUisHon House, UolywvU;
it w»N printed in fall by Richanl Simpson in lk«
Itamllrr, nuir aor. ISeo. id. '239. 306. sud kf
CtiDTidivr Lloyd in his History of I'liwys FudoK>
iii. 12S-ai. Soe id*o Willinms's MunteoniMy-
■hirn Worlhiiw, ptRfi ; A. M. Pnlmer's Wrniham
Clmrdi. pp. 39. $:f. 71,13P,«i>dhi»Towii. Flrlde,
■nd Polk of XVritxIiam. np. D, IV. A iwdrfiree
uf thL> n»yii» of l.lniiidloM (fruni Hnrt- M8.
(ISC4] tHijireii ill Lloya'a Powys Fadog, r. 69-
62 1 cf, Dma'a Heraldic Vi/^iationa. i. SLO.)
D. Li, T.
WHITE. UirHAliD(lo30-I81!),iurifli
aiid lii-Htorian, wns son of Henry W'Uit*
iif Itflj'in^'Klrikr, Ilanipshin^, who died at
tbo siege of Hnulnpiie in iri44, and whosft
umiidfalb'T bad ultnnit hnlf the town of
I!ii»inp'*toUn in hi* own pnaw-Hsinn. Hia
motli4-r was Apues, dauguter of Kichard
Oapelin of JlamiMhin;. He wa.1 bom at
Ihixinirooki! in 1W9, entered Winehester
acli'TJot in lofiH, and was admitted perprtaal
fellow of New Collep.-. Oxfonl. in 1557
(KlHnv, Wini-hmti^i- Sihulars, p. ISI). He
toolt the defrreo of B.A.ou30 Mav 15."0,but
nflerwards U'ft the college, am) the tlua
allnwi-d fnr hia absence havinff elapsed, his
fellowship was declared void in I'ltU, Shortly
bi'fortr that liin'* he went to Lniivain ana
aftt^rward* to J'adua, where he was created
doctor of the civil end canon law». At
length, ^ing to Uouay, be was con.'^tiiuted
the kings professor of tboae laws. He coa-
tinuid to nsKidu for mon than twenty yean
White
71
White
I
I caiw
■ iam<
ftl Uovisy, when- he mnmod twice iinci no
t|iured gn»t Wfjiltli by l-alL wir«. ]{_> unJer
«f the popo ho was made, though out of
bill unliiisrr turn, 'inn^tiifictis n>ctur' of l.lui
iiniverfiitr, sn-l abnut ih& name time be wii«
crvati-tj ' cnmes pnlaliiniB,'
Aftf r [ho (IcAl li of his Kcond wifv he was,
iiy tlUpvasBtitni of Ck'nieot Vlll, ordained
pticst-i and sbciut tb<; snuio time a cAnonry
in the cburch of Si. I'etur si Uoufty was
bMloWpd u|ioo him. In hia faviiurite study
of Drit i#b histon' hv rrcvived oiicmirnpruiviit
from Tboiaui tiodwcll, Ijislion uf .St. AmiiiU,
8ir Hfiiry Fracham,«t)d Sir Franria EnRlt-
field, foruif-riy privv councillors lo <Jm;i'ii
Mary; buc cliieny from Oardinal linroniuH,
with whom lit' tnnii]lsii)«d a coDstant vqttv
rnilenee (iJnun, C'AKfvA //«/. ii. S-Sil, H<^
i at I>OLiav in 1(111, and wan hiiriiKl in
iIm- rliiirchof St, Jncques in that city (Attdit.
MS. :>803. li: no, looi.
Hi* works BTw: I. ',-Wia Ljctia Crispia.
KpifAphiiim nntiauum quod in n^ro Bono-
oiensi adhiic uiilHur; a diuereie hacU-iiu«
intorpn'tAtiim u&rio: nouiasime aute^m a
Ilicurdo Vitu Itatjinstochio, amicoruui pni-
cibusexpliratiiu),' Padua, l.*G8, 41<i. Ufdi-
calvd 10 UhrielopUcr Juhnmn, rhiel" maeler
of Winchwitvr »chivi! ; rnpriiitod, II^jti., IHlfi,
lOmo. 'J. ' Omtionff. : i'l> Dcrirculo ariiunt
pliilosophin. CJ) Di; elcqii«iitia et Cice-
(vt) Pro diriliis n^^m. (4> Pro doc-
tontu. (fi) De Mudioruin linibuf. Cnmiiotis
rfTDtn variaram et anttaititatis,' ArrtiS,
1696, fctvo. 'I'iji; llrnl two, ilHlivfrcd at Imu-
rain, w«!re ptiblwliod by <:!mM(>iihiT Juhn-
KOD, I0&4, 10t>5, and ordered by him to be
read publicly in Wincliwtcr schotil. S. ' H.
V'iii . . . >"otiB ad leges DfTom-vironira in
duodif^ini talitilin ; in»lilutioni.>» juris civilla
in quutLuor librii): primnm pfirlmi ni|^flto<
mm in niintt-uor libris,' zipiirt*, Arras, |.JU7,
8fo, 1.' Mii»tori/inim<Britftnniicilibri(l-ll I
, . , cum Dotis aniiquitatuw ItritannicHruui'
[oditrd by Thoniiu W'bitv], 7 parts, Amu
ftcd Uouay, IWr-KiO', Svo. Thf aulhor'i'
portrait iit prefixed to tJiik work. 6. ' Onilln
acptuna du ivlipDiiD Ivp^im Romannnim, ad
revervnduui Uumhuiin, Itoiniiiiim Nichiiiin
Mmiirroy, elecium Abbaffm Ilcrtininnuni,'
Uouay, HiO-1, 8vo. (J, 'Itrevis i-.'cplicut.io
pririleffinrum iuri.<i rt ronsiivtiidifiiit cirvii
Tvneraoile sacra tnt'Htuni Eucharist i»,'i)oua.Y,
1609, Ato. 7. * Ik-: Itriifjuiis pt VLmcrationL'
Sanctorum,' Uouny, lOOf*. S. 'Brevi* cx-
plicnTtO Martyrii Sancts fraulic ct undecim
nillium Virginum Britannarum,' Oouav,
1010, 8vo.
podd'a Chun-h Hix. ti. 3^2; Dulhdhrijt'M
Iliol DonnitimiK!. I813. pp. HA. 160. 191;
FcBter'a Alamai Osoa, I50a-17H; Orjng«'i't!
Biugr Hist, of KagLund.fithedit. 1.372; Kirb;%
.'ViiiiiiU of Wjnclirsiar L'u|]«p>, p. 270 ; l,.oiraiI*fft
Bibl. Mnn. ni. Jlohii. p. ai»U3; Pita. I)i> Anelm
Soriplohbuv, p. SOli ; ltccr.n!^ at lh« Kn;|[li)<h
CatliOlics. I. 416 ; Timnorit BibL Jinl.i Wood'n
Alhrii* (Ixun. i«t. Uliw. it. 118.] T. C.
WHITE, aiMM .loiixwy, RICHARD
n"04-liW>, devotional writitr, was bom 111
thf dion-rti- of Winchi.-sTtT, of poor Knman
catholic pareiitj^, in ll'<04, and ontt-red the
Kngltfih Collep; at Hoimy in Ui-2ii, whi>ii h*i
adopted thv namu of JuliiiMm, which lie re-
tHinc^d for tb*- n-iit of Lii life. He was or-
diiiiii'dprirMl (>a2;iF.^h. le2rt-30. On2.1Moy
ItiSU lit* vtiu »rn1 from Houav to aseist ^tv-
phi-'n Barnes a.i (■onf-'.-Aor of tlii> English Au-
piiNliniari canntiee!>ea of yt. MonicAM at Lou-
vain, lie nrud in tbnl cnpncity for twenty
VHar?, and for tliirty-six ycfint after Barnes s
di'iilh b<^ was prLnci{)al confeeaor to thL-Coiu-
munitT. He died in the conTcnt on 12Jaii.
IWfl-^
III' left in tnnnuscript a large number of
devotional tr(;alijK.-s, most of which were
loet Qt tha time of the Trimcb ltevoli]tion,
Oil"' of tbviu, unliclud 'The Suppliant of tb»
Holy Ghost: a I'araphraHi of the " Veni
t^ancto Spirims,"' wa& prinled at London in
1H78, 8vo. nmliir the editorship of [he Iter.
Tliomoi) Edward Rridgi4|., who uppcnd>ed to
it two other trv&tiitir#, belicvL'd lu Iihtc been
also written by ^\'hiti?, entith^d ' A Park-
phras*.* of tht' Patur Nosier' and 'Medita-
tions on the Ukn»ed Sftcnitm!Kl.'
(Memoir ly Undraw ; Reconlsof tlio Knjirwh
Cathoh™, i- 23/] T. U.
WHITE, KOBEItr (ir»40?-157J), mu-
ridan, wui4 probably bnm abont 1G4U. Hii
father, who outlived him, waa also named
Kohurl. A John White supplicated Miia,
Bhc. Uxun. in 1&^8, There isaouw nnaon to
suppose thnt the rider ICobert While wao an
organ-builder. In 1631, and on acvL'ral eub-
s'-riumt occnsions until IW*"), a Mu^^tster
White n-pairud the orpui of Magdalen Col-
le){e, Uxfitrd. lit- vvh« wrongly idfUtiGod
by C'opo with tliB compiifler, but may have
bt^ii hi» falitftr. Thv pnrish of St, Andrew's,
HollMirn, in l-ViS ' gare yonnf; Whytc ■>/.
for y" pTi-ut orjmynes wli hie father tnadti for
y rhnrcli.' This organ wna sold in 1672
to * Itohert Whitt;, gumlenuu of Wcslmm-
fttir," and John Tliomas. In iri74 the eltivt
Robert White had liwn fur eomu timp living
with hia »ou rI Wfxlmiuftti-r, mid iIh-su
enirt<.-a may not imprubahlT all rvfer to him.
The r:n't definilc fiict rttcordi-d of the
younger AVhito is that, having studied miiftic
tenyi-JirK.hcf^tdiialedMus, Uac.Cantabr. on
liJDec. I'ViO. He WBsrequircdfUnder penalty
i
of 40a. fine, to compose a oommiiDion mtvIm
to be aang in Hi, Mtrv'e Church on com-
ni«nc«inRnl dny. 'Ojnnia {KTpfpl.' wiLwaddiMl
in th« pace book. In a net at pnrt-booka.
vrriUwn in IWI, |>rt>«irvfd ul Chn«r Cliurcli,
OxfoH, White is fityleil • batchelar of art.,
b«t«holarof miimcli;' but in bisownandbis
wifi*"3 wills'hnK'li.'larof iniisick 'only. Very
aooD aOer ^raduacinc. and uoc Uter than
Michftflmiis lolil!, fthiTo Hueceeded Dr.
CUriHto|tLt'r Tvu [q. v,J m miistur of ihi;
chorL3t«Ta Ht Ely Cathednil, atid wait {laid
the tanii' »iilart', lOf., ju Tyo, wlio hud buon
alfto ctylt^d nr^niiiMt, hud r«;«vtd. Whilw
probiibly innrrii'd Ellen Tye at Doddinjtton
not I'liift nri'^Twiinl*. lliv bnptivm of th<>ir
dauchtor ilIarpprT is rfi^orded iin 'JH Dec. l-S6fi
at Ely. Hy tmisi hove reaicued bis appoint-
ment in irjfHi, n-i Joliii Kirmnt [see midir
Fauh.v.st, Ifit'iiAiioj rocfivud a ymr's ftalhry
AB niHstcr of the cliortRtt^rs at MichH«>lD)Bs
11567. Whil*^ wn* apirainttid in or before
1570 master of the cuoristeTfl end organist
at W<!8tininstor Abbey; to the fornjor post
■waa allotted, by djuevii EliiubvtbV fuiiiidti-
tion, 'a house, iJ. in n-jrard, and 'M. Its. 4d.
tot ev«ry oiiw of tht> totiriu (Jutreslors, butydi.>H
ayerely lyverey loi'ach fnif,and « btmlinU of
wWatc weolmty.' Bptween Iftro uiid IS"."!
three iIhukIiIbm of Ut>b«rt While were bnp-
tised ar. St. Mnrpin^t'a, WVattiiinster. All
these Bpp&rently died diirini;th'-po7<til«ncK of
1671, and were buried in ifee oliurchyard of
Hi. Margawt's ; and on 7 Nov, ItiiWrt Wliit«
mode his will, din>ctin^ he shoolil b*> buried
uvartbi'in. llv wtw biirit>d on IL Nov., end
on the :i 1st biawifttmndi-hiT wiH. >ibi-ditfd
soon nflLT, and k-ttursofaduiinisiralicn were
takKU out on B l>i!C. Tivo dnnglitprs, Mar-
gery and Anne, aun,-Lred. Kob«rt Whim
powifiutrd tbf) cmtJite of 8wAllowHeId and
winsbtwps ftt Niiiburi«t, West Stwtsox, which
hi bpquputhed to his wife, From her will it
utpears tliiit eh« hnd 8i*l<.-rs ntimM Mnry
Itowley [eee Ttn, C'HRieTOPHERJ and Siisaii
Fulke, a brotht-r-in-law ThomaH ITawkeH,
and an aunt Annt' Dingbry. Site leH ibti
cliildreii in charg« of her mollmr, Katberintt
Tyo, urobiiblv Hr. Tvo's widow.
Koburt Wliilr Jci Itiit «horl llfi.* ullained a
high ntipiitation u a compnspr. Thin part-
book* Al. CliriBl Chtirch contain the couplet :
Hnxima moainim noNtranim gloria Wliit-^.
Til pariH : itlonium ^ei Cu> intiHH niKUc!.
Ilaktwin, wri*.iR^ in l.'iH], biggins his list of
great niusiciauH with ^^'bit«'. Morlev uicn-
tions bim nmoD)^ the famoUR ICn|{liiihm»u
'aothiaginfttriur' lo the bu^t injutturrt untho
continent, and juiililieji ilio um of a Hixth
u tlw beginning* of a uuuiposition, by the
iiuthorily of White and I.aaans. But aa
White hud tmbliidK'd noihinf. h<> bacmna
forgotten anil cimfuMfd with later miuioana
nnnii'd Whil« (aee bflow), until Burner re-
discover)^ him.
In Bamatd'fi 'Si"3ected Church Musick,'
IIUI, then' is ont) anibem by Whil«>, 'The
Lord blene om;' but it waa not inclndftl in
Boycd's 'Cathedral Music.' Barney printed
another, 'Jyird, who shall dw«ll in Thy
tubemacle,' from thy C'Itri»t Cburcb part-
book*. Uums's ' Anthems und Servioea*
oontsin« a lliird. <U uniisu Ood in Hi» boli-
Dfiss.' Arkwright'a tHd Englinb Edition, No.
xxi., luu) *ThL> Lord blasse na' in wore, and
'O how glorious urt Thou!' All thi^M* ars
anlbems for five voicojt, excejrt ' (t praise
<lod,' whii-b i« for double choir. There are
unprini»d works, generally lo Latin wnrda,
Jn early maniiscripUi at Bucliingham PaUc«,
llii- Ilritiah MuRenm, Ibe Royal College of
MuBic, the Bodleian and Christ Church
libraries at Oxford, St. Peter's, Catnbridge,
Tftnbury, and wveral cathedrals A fiiirly
complete list is given in Orove's 'Dictionary,'
iv, i^yJ. ^^'hite comtilHted a setting of the
' i^mi^ntat ions' whicli bad Iwi-u U-gun l^
Talhs, and at Buckinnhnm Palnee thnn* ia a
ciuitinualion by White of a motet by Tj-e,
Except fwrne fanoies for tin* lutii, no taslm-
uienlal mufic by White in known.
WKil«'» printed an thems are niodelsof pure
polyphony, beautifully melodic themes join-
ing in harmonies of the richest t'H'wci. The
warm enlofpcsof Biimey, Ffti9,aTid Ambros,
and the great value of While's very fow
known works, have f&itsed gt^neral <-xpi^la>
tion thiLt bis imprinted works are aUo mas-
teq)iece8. Nairel, who judge* that Whitit,
Lbi>ugh supvrior to all bis predccessoni, lived
a few years too soon for tlu> periVcl union
of spiritual beauty with format ma-stcry, nro-
cIttimA that il is a bounden duty of th« Eog-
lifih nation to edit White's compliCtc wor^.
Home who have scored various manu.tcnuts
rt^jmrt les^ favourably, and have fouutf a
Etilfui'SB which suggests an varlitr poriod,
and might rather beexpected from the John
White at Ojtford in 15^8,, In a »t ofpart-
tiooks at the British Museum (Addit. >ISS,
1780'J-5} tlii-r* ia a 'Libem me'con.itructed
upon a ])lftin-«oiig in loni; note*. Blimey
piigseswd an important manusr.ript, at pre*
»eut uiidiBcuv i-rable, coiilstning t weuly-aeven
piocoB by White, of which bn speaks with
viithusiiieni.
MAnuEW WittTK (jr. ItilO-ICytl), to
whcini Hoberl White's works are often attri-
buted in aevftnrei-ntb-wutHiy maniiitrript^t
was at Wells Cathedral, a.n'd in 1611 or-
ganist of Christ Church, Oxford. In laiS
I
I
I
I
he WS8 awom • Bentlem&a of the cUii|n;]
royal, but reftiffncJ oexl year. In lliJ9 he
uxumulfttcd toe degrees or Mu^. tiw:. and
Mua. Itoc. Uzon. Anlbony Wooij, in Iuk
' LtTM of English Miuicisni!' ( Hi/vtl MSlf.
U) J) 4 in tliv Uoillfi«ii Lihntrvt eonfusf*
BlBithewwilh Rolwrt Wliite. Tht-culluciions
(oow at thit Ilnynl Coilvgv of Miwi*') from
which Itnmimloiimpilt'd his ' Selected Cbii re li
Musick' contain an sntbcm by M, W'hilo
(Fo«TBR,/i/MiMwi0.n>wiVi«ti-*.p. Kilt'i ; C/tfOue-
JJook of the C'AflH Jto^lX^mdea Soc. Isri').
WiLUAM \\iniH (y(. I(i'20), of whom
Dothinc-is rvconled, ba« left coiur antheios
in Additional .MSS. ^9^7^-7 al ibe British
Mneeum, anil ainon<^ the ch«ir-biHik» al Hi,
PeE#r*ii, OanibriduK; iind wiiiif fnnciuarorin-
Btnunenta in tbp ikdlcian luid Chritit Church
libnuicB at Oxford, nnd Additiijniil M-SS,
ITTiCi-il. Onf of tb« 'Soiiip.* br TUomas
Tomkina {tl. lli-'itl) [n. v.], publiJiud abuut
ICSa, i« d«dic«led to Will. Wl.il*-. tl.: ulw
■ bc«& confuited with Knbert White.
(InlrrMl to Ark«ri«bt'« Old jMij*1i-h liiilion,
XXI. wbtte the will* of KoIn>rl arm Ellen White
are pHnlM^ Murlcy'a PIauik and ICusie Intro-
durtion to Pnu>tie«ll MiMiirk^. ivprint of li'li
pp. 174. i3S. ■Ut. 2i» : At dy Willjains'tt Muaical
I>(gr«M. pp. 80, \66 : P'oblvr's Alnmnj t^son. p.
1614 ; HnrTi«y>. U«n«ini1 lliit, <.f Miwic, iii. 04-
71; Ambrw'H QQKhiclitv d«r Jklneik. iit. i-lD:
Rimbnnll's (mHt Kngliflh Organ- buildtra. pp.
40, 73 : l}ror«>'« ]>irt. of Mimic nnd Muiiciitttii.
iii. 273, iv. 4^2. 817; Nngsl'i (iG&cbichco d«r
Mu*ik in Ciiplnnd. ii. 64-B. 287 . Davcy'n Ili*t.
of KiiKlinK Mtuic. pp. 67, I:i4, U5, '2,1-1, 493-
XSS.,ttn<l Worki ifuolrd ; itifurmuiioa from Mr.
Arkwrtght.] II. I).
WHlTK,K0nKRTCl<U.V170.-*l,dnniicbt«-
maQandengni^-er,wa(ilK)riiinI^ndonLnlt]l&,
andbv4.'»mif KpiipiloflfHvidLofrgnnrii.v.] lln
iru the aiQ»t e$ti!^inM] and iiiduKiriniiE por-
trait enj{raver of bis time, aad hi>< pUte#,
which numbtrnbfuil four biindivrl, comprisn
moi't of tbe public and lilerory cboractors of
th« period. A largo proportion of them were
osrauLud t:d viitirn, thu rci<l from pictures by
Leiy, Kneller, Uiley, ilpale, and othi^rs, and
tfaev havo ntwaya bL>«n greatly viiluud for
tbwir acuiiraoy AM likvn^Mjini. tif I be plnti^
engmvfld by Wbit« from bis own drawiinr*
tbu beat aru the purtriiilij of I'rinctt tivor^L- of
Donraark, i.h[> Karl of .\tblrino, rhn l)iik« of
LecHjs, and tbe Kail of Seafortb: and tliK
f^roiips of lilt' aevftn bithops, tlwi biitliops'
council, th« lonl.i jtiiticet of KngUnd, and
llio I'ortsm'iutli captuina who dcM^Itirvd fur
Kiae William. M*; tiijpHvod thu pbttf-s to
Sondford'a Ai^ciuinl of tht^ fnnfral of the Uuhe
of Albemarle, 1070: the first Oxford •Alma-
nac,' 1674; a iwt of portraits of mmibttni of
Ibw Kawdon family; Ihepln1e« to Gwitlim's
•neraldry' nnd Kurnet'A ' History of ihc It*-
fonnatioo,' and many book-titUt* and franci-
*piK*s. A ftiw iscareo mouotiot portmita of
noblemen bear Wbite'i* name aa Ibe pub-
lishrr, and are aMuiiied to have be«n «Xo*
cutod by bim. Wliitu was citlvbrattd for
hia original |Jortrait.«, vi'hit^h lie druw in i»eu-
cil ou vellum with gnut delicacy und fiuiah,
in Ihi- DiH:in<-r of Lijui^n. I(<i di«id m re*
diiced circumstances in Illonmsbury Market,
wbaru !i>.' hud long rcsidvd, in Xovembi.'r
170.1, A portrait of Wbilo wm pngraved
by W. U.W orthingion for Wgrnuma edilioii
of WuIpoli'V ■ .\«fcdiitw.'
Gboiujb W'liirB (lOt^l? l"3ii), mi'«»tiat
eDorSTer, son of ICobprt, wan born about
lw4, and iiiittructt-d by hiit fathirr. Ha cum-
pMed torn* of thv plalt-s left iuiditii>bvd by
the latler.and himaelf exi'i-iitr^d a few in the
iincuianiKTi buCfbeinRduGuient iniudiutry.
he at an i^iirly piTiod trinifd to l.lin Ii»m
taboriouB mtplhod of tnfluotinl. A portrait
of Ji^an-Rapliiilo .Mnnnoyt-r, which lie exw
cuted in tliiflfttylc from a painting by KnfllfTf
was (^utly admired and broiLi^lit nim much
employment. H« b(«amc I ho nbU-^t mpnto-
tint floffTOver that bad yet npjj^-ared in
England, nnd wax iho lirst to maW uae of
thv etchi^i line lo ttr^mgtbcn llw work.
White's plat(!H nninbf>r about nixty, of which
theboBtarv tbt'portmit* of William Dobaou,
Oi-orgr K<m])t>r, hii>hop of Si, Axapli, Tycbo
Wing, and 'IJld' Parr, Whit<:*, like hi«
father, drew portraits in pencil on vellum
with great »iiccc*j; \w nUo practiMrd in
crayons, nnd latterly took to painling in
oils. lie di^ at hii^ bonse in lUoomsbury
on -^ May i7'&2. His plato of tbi' • LatiKh-
i»(t Iloy'af^er IlaU, a maxti^rly work, waa
pubLiBliad al'tt^r bU doalbr with laudatory
fWalpoIt'a AnncdolM of PniiilinK: Vertaa'a
CulWticiiu in Itrit. Mii»tinL <Addit. MSS.
23072 f. 2. and 2307«f. JS); l)oiM"» muoiuCTipt
Hiar. of Bngliah i->igrArcra, In Brit. Miis^Qin
(Addit. MR 33407) ; C!ialuD«r SiDilh'i Britiab
M*£wtinco Portraitt.] 1'. HL O'D.
WHITE, ROHKHT (1^*02-18741, auli-
quary, the eon of a bordpr famipr, waa bom
! .m 17 Spill.. l(:«y at tht* Clock Mill, near tU*
ftiniy Tillsgt» of V'ethnim in Itoshiirfrhsbire.
I While he was a boy hie father removed to
r OtltTbiirn in Ui'dt-sdalc. Tbere he herded
I hia father's cattle, maniieing at tbu 8nmo
time to ucqiiirt' n knowliddfii! of buoka, and
flit inf^ bin miud with b<jrder lore. Hia father's
I landlord, Jniut^ Kllin li]. v.], tin- friirnd and
corr«BpondentofSirWalterScott,encQurag«d
^ bim, and mode bim wvlcomv in liis Ubnury,
White
74
White
I lie spaot tliQ wini«r evaninjrs, copyinf^
■wholo volume)) of 111* pnlronV Ircnvurt^s.
After spending a sliorl titnfi with a weaver
in Ju<lbiirgli lii> n-luru9d tu employaHMit on
the itrm. [n It*25 lie found eaiploymt^iit. in
Jvewcastk' in ibe countiug-house of Kabcrt
Wut^n, n plumber e.n<\ bras&fouDder at the
High IJridfje, Whiw rotuained wilt Waisou
until Walson dit-d forty y«ars later.
At iS'twtuitlo Wliiii! I(iun<l liinL'aiiJ oppor-
tunity for study, iiy nluiti-miuuN li\itig he
wiu( nblt! t<} devote part of his small inconiR
to tii'H piinLha«n ut li(>oka, anil in tiinL'> liP
ainumiimtt'cl a lilirar>' containing many rare
and viiluiil)]'? vdlnmrii. Hi* hoH(lQ>s were
n.^unlly Piwnt in r«inbli'>fl nn th;* border wiib
hi* frii'iid Jam(.'8Tt'!fer[(j.v.],the ^sautjhtreea
pf^ot, i>t<'i!ptng liinwi'lf in bLinltT miiisInOsy
and gathering knowledge of border lifi;. lli.s
first poetn,'TlieTyneinouth Nun,' was written
in 1*29, antl n! the KiijrgMlion of tbc anti-
quary, John AdBni9"n(]7S7-lSIjJi) [q. v,], it
wa-s printfiii in ttio Mtme year for the Typo-
jfrupliiciU Society of Nuwfaitllf. Aftur tiiis
Lmccesaful essay he <levol<«l btmAelf to the
DtnTTaTLOiiutid n'prudutfliuu uf lucal legend
and wmg, C(iritnbiilinf{ In iminr loral puIi-
licationfi. In 1^5^ he printed for diatribiition
among bin frii-ml* n pi-ii-m on 'Thn? Wind'
(Nttwca-ttle, 8vo|,andin IWit.Hlsoforprivftli'
circtilnlioii.niiotlierpoeiiientitted ' Cnglami' :
(XcwcBstle, SvoV About this lime, or a I
litlle fiiriifrr, lie beeiiuiv a niembt'r of iLl- j
iewcastle l^i^iety of Antinuuries, lo which
be coDtributed ii paper un the battlo uf |
Neville's CVoas [ArtJi. ^itlianic, new (ht. i.
371-303), Kiicuiiroged by ila reception, he
publl^bM H vulunii- on thr; * I)ii>tory of thu
Bnttto of Otterbnm' (London, Ifi'iT, 8vo),
addhifi; mpmoirs iif tin? warrior" engafred.
Thin wail roHowed in Ii^oS hy ii paper read
to ibti Xewciwlle SiicieJy on the battle of
I'hjildoji (ifi. iti. 19r-:;Htij, and in 1K71 by a
'History of (he Itattle of IkjiaockbiLni '
("London, Hvo). Thc^o raonographa wero
rendered raluablw by \Vhito*» mciiuatit ac-
qiinintanei> wLlb tucal lejji>nd,iiDd bvliia topo-
yrapliii'iil knowlwdjfe, which cniiLlcd liJiii to
elucLjiit.i' mm'h Ibul hillji-rt" hm! n-maiiied
obsi^iire. H<! di«d unmarried al h'm biniSL' iu
Chirepiunl I'bii-i-, Newcewlli-.on 21) lu-h. 1S7-1.
AXTiiie waa also the author, apart from
oUmt nntiijiiariMn pajH-rti, of '(lOing Home,'
a poem fl^fUl?". Mvn; "A F«tw Lyrics,' Edia-
Iiiirgb, l!V>7, ti%o, rt-printod from (.'harlies
Rogt-rs's ' Modern Srotti«h MinsinL' ISoo
(for private cirpuUtion) ; and 'Poems, in-
cliidiuf; TnV)>, Rallads, end Sonff*,' Keho,
1807, 8vo (wiih a ponraii), He edited the
' Poeuii and Uiillatlsof John l.eyden,' KelhO,
1866, 8ro,with a mumoir suppIuuieiLting thai
by Sir Walter Scott. Several of his aong*
are to be found in the ' WUifttJe Binkie' col-
Irctiun und in Alexander W'hilelnw'a ' Uttok
of :^cotti«h Sang' (1^44).
[Hrmoir by Richiird Walford in ihp Naw-
Ciiaile Wcckly'Cbrvuidr, 1 0^1.1802; Mamoir
by JoliD H<-l90ii in tlie Uairick Adreituer,
ia S»pt. ISflS.J JE. I. C.
WHITE, ROBERT MEvVDOWS (1798-
181)6), HawlimMD profewor of Aaclo-li^aKott
at Oxford University, boni on 8 Jau. 179^
was the eldest sou of Itobert Gosfling Wbittt
('/. 18 Oct. 16'^^), a eolii'ilur at Ualesworth
in Sulfiiik, by hiii Deomd wife, rHiubctb
MeadQws|.ii.^'5Sept.l831}. In l813Kaberc
waH placvd undrr John Valpy at Norwich,
where John Lindley Tq.v.], theboiAnirt.nnd
Rajah Sir JameeBrooW [q- v.] were hia fellow
iiiipiix, l>n'.*lljnly lHi.'>be matriculated from
Magdali^n CuHbet^, Oxford, and in the samo
Teir wan elecleda demv, fcradualln^ U. A. oil
"U !)«:. If 10, M.A. on -MS Feb. ISii'J, B.l>. on
21 Nov. 1»3:(, and J>.l). on 23 Nov. Ie43. He
won urdainod dcatwn in li^'Jl and nrieat in
iHiJi. In \>^2A he wan elwlvd a felluw of
MaffdalenOolIege.retaiiiinje bin ffUow-ibip till
1 84. . From 183:J till IKlO he at-ted a* a cJ-
li'gi^ tutor. On !•) Mnrdi IH.SI be bocame
{iructnr, and ou 23 April ["^'M bewaacboaen
UwlinKan profeasor of Au^lo-Saxon, bold-
ing- that po«t for thu suLutftble period of
five y^ars,
AnRlo-i^xon professors at that time wem
souietinioH defined an ' dotsoq* willing to
Icara Anglo-sSoxoii.' wfiite, huwevt-r, wu
known lu a Echulur bi^fora liu waa elected
to the chair. He hnii nin-ndy conti'mplatmt
the publication of a ^>a.XDn and Kngliah
vocabulary, and only nbandoinpd the project
becauae it appeared Likely to eliuAt with the
' Anfflo-Saxou Dictionary-' then being pre-
pared by JoHcpli Ilo<iwortTi T^. v.] On giving-
up this design, he lumt-d lu» attention about
iKt:; to editmg thu ' Ormulum,'a banDoniaed
narralivu of tlut go^pelt) in varst), nreiMTed
in a uniqno mauuitcript in the liodleiaii
Library. The tosli, owing to utlier demands
on bis time, oeciipiMl iii-urlv twwity vrmn.
In thu oourHe of Iub rwcarchea be visited
neniijiirk in IK^?,und extmuKtl bis travels to
Moscow, where he wa^ anviired and niiffcrej
H uliort dttiention for visitinf; iJie IvreujUn
without an ofKrinl onler. Hisedition of the
'Ormulum'wa* issued in Hs5J fromtbe nui-
veraity prcai, and in the following year ail
elaborate cril icism of it was pu tiUshvd Lu Eii^
liuli by Dr. .Monidte, a Lreraiaii professor.
In 183E>, III the und of liia term of office,
White WB» preseiited to thb viranigv of
^N'oolley, near Wakefield, bj- Godfrey Went-
i
i
4
*
p
»
worth of timt paruli, to wlioeu eon William
liM bad acted aa lutor. Afl»T Wt tit worth's
death liu luft WoolU'T, and vent tu iMtd
Vftrbomugli aL Br<H.-klR»by Park in Linrolu-
nhire, where lie arm) as tutor 1o the harnnV
gnnd«oi», tn )8-l'J Iiu wm pre«etitpd to llic
rectonr of I.ittln nnd Great Qlemtiam in
SoObUE 1)5 ttic Hon. Mra. North, Lord Viir-
Vmof^'i* «i.«fr,*iiitl on 29 Oct. Ifvlli h« was
prei^Dted bv Magdalen College lo the roct or;
of Slitnbri<if)i:9 in GloiicesTtTiiliir^, wliich lii.'
riiUini.'d until tiiit dvatli. He di'-d uninarriiHl
at Oheltenhani cm SI .Isn. IBUri, miJ was
buried at Hlimbridgrc. iti tho cliurcbynrd,
tiiaar Ihu cbancd >>i>ut!i vraW.
Hia younRvr brotlii?r, Jons MtiADows
White (17WP-Ii*rt.t),«»ltcitor, was bom iil
IIalp<(wnrth in 17W» ct ISfflf, and ont«r*Hl
into pannership witlt liis t'alher tliert). lIu
moovwl to I^indon. whenp h" W'ame the
|ifir(nt>r of T. Ilare:t in (Ir.^ftt St. ll.;l.'n>
Strtwt, and mee to grest eminence as a par-
liamentarj folicitor, IIi^ nrns «nf^gi!ci in
th« preparation of nianv iu(ra»arv» of fwiiU,
If^J, and coctffsiiuticAr roform, sticb as the
m-w ttoor law, the comtnututiou of tithte,
and tlie rnrrunchiHunent of oopyhflldo. On
iho EubJL-ci of litbet) ha became a great
ftutlioritr, nnd iaxuM NcVfrnl In-ntisrH nn
lllbH legislslian. U*; was a aolicitor of thti
0CclMiasti<?al oommitaion, and di<Hl Bt Wey-
month on Id Mnrvh I8ti3. On 17 Sopt.
I Sitd be married at llQlesworlli Anne.daui^li-
r«r of Robert Orobtro«<. an attorney of that
pjftc«. and bv lier had u iarm* fmnilv.
Iteflid«d publications on tithe law he was
tbtt author of: 1. ' Sumo Itumurka on tbc
Statute Ijiw of Parish Ajijin-nlifi-",' llnlcn-
worlh, 1*29. 8vo. 2. ' Itcinarlte on ihe Poor
T.aw Anw'M<liTii-nI Acl,' Ijimdrin, 1H.*H, f<vo.
3. ' Parochial Scttlemiinis an Obstruction
to Poor I.iiw Heffirm,' Ixtm^m, l>i.*tri, ^vo.
-4. ' Retnorltrt on thu Cniithold Knfrnnchi«*>-
neut Act,' London, It^ll, i:!iDo. Q. 'The
Act for Ibf Cotnoinlnl ion n{ ct^rtam Manorial
KigbiB in roii>pr-ct of Lnn<Ji< of Cii;iy!jold and
Cuatomarr Tenure,' Ixiuilon, IfUl, I'Jino
(Grnt. Ma'j. 1H(J3, i. mi; Brit. Museum
Addit. MS. 191(tf, f. mi).
[Gtnt. Mac. 1S6A, ii. ]II~I3: AlIitjoiK-'*
Dict.bfKiifEbsliI.iL;l)Avjr'.Rufl'cilkOi>!li>cliuniiin
Urh.MoseuinAiJdk.US. 1&1£&. r.02i Blvxam*
R»j;ist«is of Mat'dalm Coll. rii. 'l^a~'i\ Cojt'n
BcwilleclioiiH of Oxford, l«»fl, ])p. 2*1^.7.]
H- !■ C,
WHITE, SAMUEL (173:S-It!ll),«rLool-
inoater. [8co WllYTE.]
■WHITE, STKPH r,\ ( 1 675-1 iM7 f). Irish
it, biim in l.'V?'), wm « native of Clon-
lael (HoojiN, Utbcmia lg»atiana, p. L'iU),
He WW educated at the Iruh seminar;- at
Salamanca, wbero be was a rcndtT in pbilo-
tuj]>hy. ll<i joined tint jetfuil^ in Io'J<l. In
I l(KW be became prol'tsaor of sebola-itie thw>-
lugv at Ingoldstiidl, and ri'tumcd to Spain
in llMYiUjkii. I'OK t><>l did not live ihent
lone. John Lynch deocrihus him na • doctor
I and «mi.>ntii(i tiPifi.'wiLir nf tlu-ology at In-
gntdMndt, I)i]liu;^!n, and other ptncM in
I Oeruinny; n man full of ulmoat every kind
, of b>arnittg' {('nmlirfntit F'ffvu^, ii. .StW).
He WBA for a long liiue r^tor of tbt.' college
at ('asftvl. Ho is cLi*.'fly rcmembiTed for bis
labours luoong Iriib lutnuscripu prv«erviKl
in lierman monatteriea, and tna? be oaid
to havo opi^nt'd that rich mino. Ho corre-
apondod in a fnmidlv way with trubi>r. who
iicknuwU-d|;es hjn coiirtefV imd icstttles ti>
hiif iuimutiSL* knowledge, not only of Iri«h
aHtii[uili<^, hut iif tho«i- of all naliouK. lln
1 woa iL (inod Hebrew scholar,
' In lll'i! Whit" transcribed at DilliRgtin
I a mnniiHcript of Adamnan's life of St.
: Cntnmbti, li^nl to him for the piirp'Otie bytbe
R^nwliclineit of Iti>ichfnan, ana now'pr&-
serveil at SchaB'haiuen. Tln» is tb? most
important of thi^ manuscripts uatrti by ICeevcs
in wtlliij(( thu 6tiitidurd ttAl. wfiiiy Juut
his tnimeript to I'ssher bpfort- lli^ttl. when
i\iv latcur pubtislit'il hisgn&t work on eticliaei-
aslical iinliquilii'M. I'talii-r nrinta a hm|7
extract from an iinpiihlishi-d litV orCoUiinba
whii'h Heevea believed to hiive been written
by Whitis The 'Trrtia Vita S, Brigidic'
printed by John Col^aii [([. v.] in bU • 'I'riBa
XliwiroaturRii' vthx tran^'criMd by While
from a very nhl manuscripl ul Hi. Maguus,
ltatiflb-in. Colgan calla bim 'vir palnanim
antiguitittiuiiFciuntiMimuset HiJeniiEBimut!.'
At tit. Ma^nuA be aliw fnnnd n manmicri|it
life of St. Krbard, and aent a trnnscrijil to
I:*shi'r. Al KiiiiMTbciiii Whit« tran'cribed
for Hugh [toy .Macanward fq, v.] thi^ lifd of
Colnitm, patron Baint of Austria. Jli^nlao
cnpit'd matiiiscriplA at Itihcrach and at Met*.
White wuji loDff ri>»gdout at ^cbuifhaustru,
nnrt i« sometime?) apokeii of as '.Si\i|djuiiio-
Ilvlvetitis." Ilii^ Ik'si known worli, llit'
' .'Vpolo^ia pro IlibeniiA,' xn h«lifvi><l In hav«
b<-i;u wrilti;n af rarly na liil-'), and was long
supposed to b>' hwl.. Lvrich (.iwd on impcr-
foct copy for hia 'Cambrentis Eversiis." The
ninniiKcript from which the ' Apologia' is
printed was found in ibr^DurfifiiHdiao library
al Krit^seU in lt^l7.
Whit.' tviu in Ireland from 16^8 to IIUO,
and gratefully acknowlodgue thu kindness of
I'sftb'T, who oftfii aaketl bini lt> dinniir
f'i{iiod inodi-i'to ivnui' ), und who admitted
bim freely to bis hnusrt and library (InltiT
lo C'olgan). M'hile appears to hnvo been
White
76
White
ftliv« in 1^7, vhen Colf^n publi«faed hla
' Trias Tli&umatuiVB,' but nothing U knuwn
of tiim aftiT Hint il«U>.
Of Wliite's oumt^rousn-orkfi the foUowin((
are printed in titfi ' Ilibliolhcm llintoricn-
rbilmogico-tliiwlogicM,' Un-uii:ii, ['ID-'J^t:
. ' UtMerLa.Lto daf^nuitia ImtaaiiaeUbcrt&lia
iiatur& atquu indok'.' 2. 'DiHtcrtmio quu
divinn rationtii uuctoriUut ciuilra ^ri>fiap-
fujinum loci 'J Gar. x. 5 mode&t^ vindicatur.'
3. ' VitaJohnnnis Jezleri.' 4. 'Si-h«(liii»mii,iii
quo AiiB:iiMiiii.I.nthr-ri,!iiiprAU|)!<nnori]niquE>
eententia a MnnicWisrai eiilumnia pru piioi-
iiircr iiroti.-»tiuitfJi fnciliiiit coTioilimiila vindi- 1
catur. •*>. 'Scheiliuamaiinq^uoar^uueutatjui-
bua \ir celeb. Jail, (.'hrislianiis L^rs . . . cor- I
pursutiiLiciuii^tlUviiidicutumivit.adrutioiita
triitinam ui'idH>(A fxiguotur.' Wbito's' Apo-
lo^a pro Hibuniid ndviTsue Cnmbri calnm-
niuE ' was udiU'd bv M. Kvllv, Dublin, Ic^i^.
A 'Letter in {•■aWaa,' dated .'U Jam 1640
?i.S., in which NMiitu fiT«s an at'cuimt of
bin »tudi>w, In prin1i-il rroin thi' Si, InidO're'A
manuscript i» KeevngV * Memoir,' Dubliu,
1861.
[Memoir of White by Utuhop William ItethrH
(ISGIj.noEn lo 'VVorlu of AdamnuD, Index 10
Usshcr'a WorliR, Moiiioir of Colgan in rr>]. i.
oF tliB UlWer JoihtihI of ArcIiM»lo^- — h)I Iiv
ItN'rn; KcUy'e notes loWhitn'iAp^'loiitit audio
Lynch sOnmbrcriMi livtr<n*; IIft(iiin"< IHbomia
Igiiatiiina fiiid LilVof t'itwiiiirjn; W»re'» Writnm
at Inland. tO. llBrrii ; Brit. Xui. Cat. i.v,
■ Vitus ■] U. B-I,.
WHITE, Sib TUOMvVS (!492-irj6rj.
fotindi-rcil' St. John's Collt^c, Oifiinl, burn
at litiadingr (for the Hit«, pbc OijuEs's ICead-
wiff. p, 40''i M.) in 1492, wtm tlw son nf Wil-
liam Vhiic nf kickmon^wnrtli, Ilprtfnnl-
ohiro, clothier, and his a'ife Mary, dxughter
of John KchhIewhilP of South Fawley,
Uti(.']iin^;huriiiihii« (Chacxckv, Anti'/ui(U« 'rf
J/crtu, p. 48t id, pivps It icli man* worth »e his
lilrthplticti, L'froitL'ouely ). tlu wiu< pruhiiblv
tau)(ht lin>t at th«< Heading fj^untiur M-booI,
founded l>y Iliinrp VII, 10 which he pavi:
two scboIiinibijM ; but bi- wuh hruiiKht up
' nlmoflt friim iiifnnry ' in I^nilon. IIh was
Itpprt'iiticed at th«> act- of twi'lve to [lii|{h
Acton, ft pri^mirH^nt mt'mlMT of t!ie M^'nliant
Taylom' Company, who left hiiu 100/. on hi.$
dfBtb in l(i:^>. With this and tiis stuaI)
Pfttriuinny In* bejtati bmiinoHii fi>r liiuiKelf in
lASil. In 15^1 he was first renter warden
nf tliu Mvrchunt Taylors' Company. From
thi« lin pa»Me() »n to Hie aenior wnnlfHithiii
about 1633, nnd was ma<ttpr probably in
1635 (t'i.oi>iE, Hitfotyif the Mrirhant Ta^'
inri Comjiimif. u. 100).
lie appears in VhliS as one of those to
whom Ukt nuu of Kent made revelations
{ Letttra and Paper* of Hmry VIII, vi. 5S7 ).
In 1J^36 he was asaeeaed for ifae aubsidy at
l.tXK)/-, which ahoirii him to harn been by
this time a prosperous clothier (for note on
tho fxoct naturt- of bin trade, aee Clodb's
Iluloiy of the Aferchrrnt Taylors' Company,
vol. ii. App. p. 4). In 1541* and l&4o be
□ludi- lar)*r loans Lii ihi- cities of Covi*ntry
and Hrij'liil. He n:^ided in the [Mirijih of St.
Michael, Comhill. and in 1544 was elected
by tiip (niurt ninlh nldcmtan for Cornhdl.
On his refii-iinii: * to take npon himself the
wt'iRht thereof bo was ccunmittwl to Xt-w-
IfBte. and th* wintlowa of hia ahop were
ordered to be 'closed so long as he should
continue in ki« obslinscv' (17 Juno,
3U Ilea. VIII, Keperlory if, f. 7b i). IIq
was not loiigrecalciLr&nt. In tLeimme ynar,
bi'in^ tbfii aldt^nnan, he contributed 900/.
to tht; oity't luiui lo th« king. In 1M7 he
wa« sheriir. In Io41(-o0 be aided his guild
with muuev to purcliasu iho obit n-ut chargM,
In li'iol rije trnHl-iltwd betw<!«n biacompatty
and the city ofCovoutry was drawn up, by
whirli liir)^ Mums brcanie arailabl'it afti-r but
death for thi' charity loann. Sic. In iri53 he
was oriL' o( the promoters of tho .Miiacovy
Compftnv (MACriiRRaoit, ATinaU 0/ Comr-
merer, ii. 114). Un 2 Oct. 1663 he was
lini^htcd in the prc«onco of the Quty-n Mary
by thf Kurl of Aruiidift, lord steward {SIS.
Coll. Anna, I. 7. f. 74; sw .Maciits-, pp. 46,
33-j). lie n'aa elected lord mayor on ^Oct.
ir>>'KJ. Mnchvn n^iirdi th*f Hpletidonr nf hla
]iaK<'Bnt.
lie ant on 13 Nov. on the commiwiion for
the trial of I.ritly Jane (in^v and lurr adhe-
rents. On 3 Jan. 156^1 he received the
S]>aiiish envoys, and t.i?n days later restored
tlie custom of going in proct-ssion to ^t.
Paul's for the high mass. On the breaking
ont of Wyalt's robullion lie arrested the
-Marquis of Northampton on ti5 Jan. 1563-4.
tl>_- Deceived Mary on 1 Feb. whtn she mada
hiT iiuprul to Ihv Lnyaltv nf tbr-ciliu'iia, and
on tiiii 3rd repnifwl t!n' rebftls from the
bn<l;;e>Kate, Sonlhwark. His prudence and
ftagarily pr.'S.rvH I^ndon for thft niie4>n.
On 10 Feb. he presided over the coutmiosion
to try the rtibcls. In the fiirlbcr *uppr*ft-
sion of tumult, hu seems to liave come
into conHict with Uardiner in the Star-
chaiubiT (cf. C'LOD!:, ii. I'iS, 138). On
7 March I6i>4. in pursuance of Lh« queen's
proclaRiiiticn, he issued orders to thu aldor^
itii-n III admiiiiinh nil mudi'iitii of tbnir wards
to follow the ratbolic religion, which he re-
p<fated with special application in .\pnl. Tho
iinjiopnlnrity CBU*e<l by thi» po.wihly h>d to
an attempt to assassinate him us ho was hear-
ing a sermon at St. I^ul'a on 10 June. Oa
4
4
I
■
19 Aug. be received PliilipfiDd Mary at lli^-ir
^ntry in italo into tlw cky. His muvornlt y
'wM#n]arkrilbjPiMynralmiin»t(iiir\-n'){u1nli<'>n!t.
and bra proclamation (May IfiiH) against
guase, moms-djincM, und inU-rludi-s.
At the end nt his year of offifr* Wliitfl (de-
voted hiiDSelf to acts of benovolenre outsiilu
ihecily. lIUfriendSirTJiimn!«PoiiC'( 15(17!'-
I''JfiO) ^I'V.] had rcceuih' foundcil a colK>8^>
(Trinity) in Uxlbni. \Vliik> ulready hcltl
land in thunnKliboiirlioudof ()xfiml(£c<r/cr«
and }*aptr$ofJifnty J'///, xv. L*iWl, mncltlio
ox&mplt! of Popu tumi>d hiF thoughu lu llic
WidilwutKttt of a coU'igi-. H<i in Hiitrl trj liave
teoo direct(?d by a dream to the site of the dis-
soIvlxI CistJ-rciati hoiiw of St, Bi-nianl oiit-
aid** the city vnWs (TAri,OB, mantL^rript
Jlisiory of Coil^f ; I'lut, yatural Ilittori/ tf
Orfurd*hirt, p, 169; (iRlFTIX Hl-in«n manil-
Kcript \alivUa», and t'oATEa'a Reading,
p. 4()'.i). On 1 Msy 1556 he obtainiK] the
roynl Iic*n.*i^ to foiinil a collef^ for 'thL-
Ieamingciftbeeci'?ni?«^of lioly divinity, pbiio-
•opbv, and good nrts.' dedicated totb^ praiao
and iioROiirof <.)<id,cl>L*UK'S8vd V'irfiiii Mary,
and Ht. John Uapliat (the patron saint of the
Merchmot Taylors' t^mpaiiy). Tlio socifiy
wall tn ennaiwt of a pn-nidenl and ihirly
graduate or non-grudtialH scbolara (royeJ
fal<fnt of foiindiition in cillcgo manuscript*).
n 15/>7 the «cr>pe and niimbrrs of the
fonndation were ttntarged (& March, -I & Ti
Philip and Mary : tbrv statulen wf^rt fnrthcr
roviw-'J imdkT IJr. Willis, cf. Taylor's mami-
acript Ifuliiry). The i-iulnwrneiit of the
coUi'fft; connL'cI('d it closely with th« nt'iKh-
iMHirrmixi of Oxford, hut it wna not a rich
foumlatioQ, 'ITie staluit^ E'^on '»'eri^ bofled
on those of Williiim i)f WvWhain for Nww
CoII^p. Many Ictrera among the cnlli^
mantucriptif show White's con>ilnnt cnre of
tlitcollen) ha hod foundod. In I5o&bo pur-
duued (Gloucester Halt, Oxford, when! be is
■aid to hare resided in bi<t later years. Ho
was rraqutrntly vntiTtainiMl ut Trinity ColK-gu
(W*ltTO!f, L^e u/ I^jte, p. 123 «.> <llouc«s-
tar Hall he madu into a Lalt for a liundrtKl
BCholan. It was 0[)»?iii-<l on St. John Bap-
tist'a day, 1560. Sir TbomaB Whites asao-
ciation with Ciimnor is foiuhu^i^ed by tb*i
fact that in tliiit hnll th<> htvjy of Amy Itob-
san lay before burial at -"^t. Mary's, Uis lEte-
rc«T in education was not contim-d to bit own
coUefce. lie look a cnuflidemblo part in the
foundation of the M>-rchai)t Taylors' school,
for which Kicliard Hilk-^ wu« mainlv ^:n])on•
sible. Ill lofiO he (tent further directions
and endun-monts to his ooUeg(>. Rut from
IGBlJ he imflrred nr-vt'rrly from ihe fnliiri|i-o(l
in the cloth trade. He was unable m fulfil
the obligation of bis marriage contract. Hu
waa still nbl«, howerer, to settle Mra<> con-
eidvrahle tru«(a on diflcreni (owns, the I^on-
don livery companies, and hix o«-n kindrvd.
Tbeao arrunmrnL-nla were finallv cnmnlered
in hia will, dated 8 and -Ji Nov. 1666 (full
deWil in CLoaE. ii. I7(V>ll. At thi; hn-
giiming of thi: noxt year (2 Keb. 1500-7) ha
made further statutea for his college, by
wliiTh he ordered that fony-three scliolara
from th« M<'rrb«nt- Taylor's schoo] should b»
' assigned and named by continual euccfiB-
sion ' to in. John'aOolIege by the master and
wardiene of the company and the- president
and two senior fijllows of tht* collvgn.
On 12 Jan, Krtl" ha wrote atoiiehinglptti?!"
to hi« colkffe, of which he d'-Mn-d that every
one of the MlowB imd scbolars shniiM have
a copv, cuunntlliiig brothiHy lovo, in view
donntlRSs of thft religions dilfcn-ncca which
bad already cauHcd the ce«>&iou of two, if not
thrif , premdrnti'.
I.Rter lettern fifinceme^d the jointure of hia
wife and the performance of choral survice
in the college chupd (for tbeae we Oi.obe,
pt. ii. chap. x\v.) H« died on V2 I'eh. IMfr-T
eithor in the college or at (iloiicwltr Kal!.
lie wut) burit-d in thu colb-'gu chapel. Kd-
mund Campion [q. v.J deliverrd a funeral
ocntioii (culk'gn mauuscripu).
White died ii pooniHiii. Much of what he
had inlfuided for hia college never rmched
it, and tliii pi^ri^ions of hiti will in rogurd
both lo bin proinTtT and the college would
liaTe bt'ijn ntill less fully carried out but for
(be astute managerneni ('partly by pious
persuasions, and |iiirtly by judicious delays^
of hia executor, .Sir \Vi)liniri t'ordt'll [q.V.],
master of th« rolU (college niiinusrript$ ;
atid i-f. Citl. JS/ate Paprr», l>om. I5-17-SO, p.
\\' : cf. art. Kopkk, \Vii,Luir>.
W bite wan > mnn of sane iiidgmfint and
genuine piety ; he baa rarely, if ever, been
surpaeoecl among mercbantji nii a benoloctor
lo education and to civic bodies.
There are several portraits of Sir Thomas'
White, but it is doubtful if »ny wtrv pnint^;d
from life. A largu picture in the hall of St.
.lohu'a tVillege is similar to ihosv belonging
to tho Murcliant Taylors' Company, to Lei-
ct'Stnr {,»ni OiATfa*. litndin}/. p, 410), and to
Tierirly allof the towns to which be li-ft bene-
factions tcf, Hivt. MHH. Vomm. Kcnding,
p. ^Wl, Lincoln, p. K-H). Smaller portraits
are in the bursary and the president's lodpng
At St. John's College, I'rom om; of tht<Nti
ihnre is a mE'ZKotini by I'abcr. Tradilion
Miys that for tbeoritfitial picture Sir Thomas
Whitn'B suil or (whose portroit is in thfl presi-
di-nt's lodgings at Si. John's College) aat.
.\n early portrait on gloAS ia in the mat win-
dow of ih« old library of St. John's Collie,
White
7«
White
oncuid by Dr. WUlia, pre«ideat of the eol-
IwB I.'.T7-!m.
He was l.wiee married. His firat wife,
Avicin, wlnwn 8umunii< l» xinltnown, di*«l on
Ufi Feb. 1 M7- A, ami wn.* biinKi in the parUh
gf St. Mary Aldennary (Macutx, Diary, p.
IfiTt, On STt Nov. nf the *«mc> yt'*r hciWAr-
ricd Joan, dau^licer nnd colititrosii of John
Ltikt' of Londoit, und widow of Sir Kolpb
Wurruii fq. v.J (tti.) He bad no it^uu.
Sir TEomas Wfiitf liau fr«<iUHiitlj beeb
confuted (aa by ImiIiau, Me^norial» t^ Or-
Jord, St. Jolitin CoIIfp', p. fi) with a luttn^
take, Sir Thnroaii 1\ hite of Routh Wam-
bofoufjii, ClBmwIiirx) [cC. art. WmiB, Johk,
IM 1-16114')], wuo w&A knig'hted nn iha eAme
day. and whose wife's nntne, .^kik^^, is not
uncommuiilyiatorebaiiCLnlwilh Aricin. The
iifu«iaii is rendered the more oatural from
the Bid that the Whit© property at South
"WarDborouf^h cr«ntuallv panccd into tlio
hands of St. Joh«'s College, Hjcford. Utii
j^us wajt by tlie gift of Arclifaiihop Laud,
.who ubluiiwd it fruin William SuudvB ia
63S{LxvJt, HWA*, vii. a(»!-7i.
[Among tliB iiiiiMiiicriptii of St. Jnhn'* Cnl-
H, Osfonl, arv bovitti] varly live*. Eapociidly
bu noti>.*tiil nro thti Hiatnry of ihn callit^p liy
Tayliir, It.C.L., the Nativimi. VjLn Mora
momiiiUitiiii illuntriMimiquu viriTIJutiJibWIiJio,
OriURn Hist*- *i>d cnpicfl of fun^r<il vcrxt«.
Qm sIm the Vems on llio denth uf Mr«. Amy
Leech (Ml Diece),tuidEilinuD(l CampioJi'H Funu-
rat S<'rmon on Sir Thomu. Haoy IhIw manii-
■crints onlntii rpfart^iirM to liiui (fur lint nf
Hi. JijIiu'h Colli>j!»> ninnu«cripl«, xpa Ilinl, MSS,
Comm. 4th Rop. App. pp. 48-1- 8). for !otl«rB
of his. M*i Uist. MSS. Comm. CoTontry, p. 100 ;
Leti«ra«ii'l I'apara, i'or, (inr! tlom. of tlii' Uai^o
of Ucnrr VJU : Strypv'B Memorials; Mncliva's
Diarj; Plotn Nntnral History of Oxford^hir" :
Ftillftr'ii Wtirlhiim, H«rtfi.rJ»}itro, p.3fl , GuIcIi'n
Hi'lvry ao'i Aoliquiii"* of ilio l'uiv(ir«ity of
Oxford ; InjTiun n Mecnoriidn of OxfonJ ; CIoiIo'a
Hiiftory nf tbo Mpri'linTit. TavloTn' Compniiy;
C')iii«('» History of RcudincT; Wiirtou's Lift- of
rope; Uutlon'B Hist, of 8. John ItH[ii,isi, CnX-
itqe,lHW; iiifuniifttionliiiiiily pivfiiby Rvf^iuiiH
Sharpe, viq., D.CJj., librArinn of ihe tSuitdhitl].
For llAl of While's bone fuel ions, too Bint, MS.S.
Comm- Uejiorlft on inH'nD*cri[it« of towns of
Southniuption, Itoading, Jjtnroln.iind Corcmlryj
Oough's CnmdetL, ii. 345; Stow'ii Snrroy, «1.
SbTTO. Tol i. bt. i. pp. 25J-4; Olodw'n Tlislory
of UoTclutnt Tnyl'rm Cumpaiiy, pt. ii. oliiip.
afr. Tpany«n'ji ' Qucwn Mory' did not, lut the
po«t Aft«rwiin1fl admitted, do juatira to ths
eharacUtr of White (cf. Mt-moir of Tenuyiiou, ii.
:;«).] W. H.H.
WHITE, T110MAS(15M:-'-1624>, foun-
der of Sion Colltigti, London, nnd of Wliitt' h
profwBorsbip of moral philosophy at Oxford,
tbo mn of John White, *a Gloucestenhire
clothier* (Clodk, Barfy Jfidtmy nf th» Mtr~
fAant Taylor*, 1AA8,ii. 8.13), wui bom about
1650inTrrnpt<'.Street,BrUtol,'bHideecezid«d
fromthfl WhitMof Urdi'rtnlnhirc,' I W^ entered
luatudenl of MsRdalen Hall, Oxford, iu 1566,
cradiiated H.A. -2', Junt- Ia7l), M.A. 12 Oct.
1673 (BoASU, Jitffift^r </ the Unir. of Ox~
funi, i. 279), took holy orders and ' became
a noted ondfrcqut-nt pmacberof Qod'aword'
(Woon, Athtaa Ojvn. IHI5, ii. MI). He
romovud 1o London, and yftut n^Ior of St.
Gregory by St. raul'H. n nhorl lime brforo
. beinffiandtiviciLrofSt. Dnnsian-in-the-West,
•23 Nov. Ifj/fi. In lore Francis Coldock
printed for him ' A .Sfrmon pre»eh#d at
I PawIiM Cru»« on Sunday the uinib of De-
comber, Ifi76,' Fioadon, 8to, in whidi he
at t wks the rices of the met ropolii< ( pp. 4G 8),
iDid Hwc-inlly refers to theatre-houses and
flayKoinff ; and ftlso ' A Sermon pn^acliod at
'rtwli-fl CrosBo on Sunday lUu third« of No*
uerober, Ifi77, in the time of the I'lagite,*
London, 8to. The Paul's Cross prvuchings
against plays are referred to by Stephen Ooa-
son 1 1'liriffn wn/ulcd in /Tt« Actiinw, 1580).
On 11 Dec. l.^SI be received the d(wT«e of
Hi), and that of U.D. on 8 March f68t-«.
Fuller Atfctei) that W'hit«t 'waa afterwards
relalud to Sir Henry Sidney [q. v.], lord
deputy of Ircliinil, whose funeral senuoo he
made, being accounted a good preacher'
(tiWlAieg, 1811, ii. i^WV It was printed
under the title of ' A CJodlie Sermon preached
the XXI day of lunt', l.!>86, at Peosehuret in
Kent, at tho buriall of tlw lal« Sir Hi^nrie
Sidney,' London, 1386. 8to. In 1588 be
was collated to tlm jin-bond of Mom in St.
Taul's Catliudral, and in 1&8D he printed
another' Sermon at PntjIeVGrojM*,' preached
on tbLMmwrn'sday. He was appoIntL-d treo^
surer of Salidbiin,- on 21 Anril ir»W>, canon
of Christ Church', Osford, I5ftl,and canon
of Windsor 1G&3 (FosTEK. Aittmni Oxon.
I.-iOO-int; Cuxt, Seguter <if tht l/niii. of
Oxford, pt. ii. p, 38. pt. iit. p. 32>. * In 161S
lie erect.id n ho4rital in IViiiple St. [Briittol]
called the Templi! Hujipital, for eight men
Ancll.w<^wu[ni<u, and orii'mnTinnilon» woman
were afterwards uddeil by hitn-ielf. He en-
dowed the same with Itrndn and tenemeiita of
Iheyeoxly viJuBof r>:*/.,'and in 1032 he gave
to Bristol certain hnuiufsiu Grav's Inn Lane,
Iioudon, of the ynarly value of 40/. to bt-
applied to varioMB chflrilies (Uakkett, Hirt.
and Antiq.of liri^tol, 1 789. p. 5.i4). He long
bad friendly relations witu the Merchant
Taylors' Cotnpony, who, on IS Dec. 1614,
commenced negotiations fjr lL<a8ing oortain
gardens in Moorfields from bim (Ciode, ii.
fi33>. MTiite iji hia will mode tho company
\
White
79
White
»
k
»
N
aominfttnrs to viglit out of tb« twenty placM«
pmndfid in tiiA unshoua^a at Sinn Cnltfi^e,
uid the company wen tXsa conneclvd n«
Audirora Willi the mornl phlloKiiihy lenture
which be had founded at Oxford in 1021,
with aBtipend of 100^ to tfao rvadtr; five
exhibittoni of oV. oaeli wen) laado for scho-
lars of Ma^dalttn Hall, and ■!/. f(iY^n to ihe
pr>iici[Mil as vAl as ulhor^ums dun vi-d from
thw mauorfjf I<ttii|iil<>ii Hill, Khm^, conveyed
tolhu iinivi^Kitv ( Wood, Tfift. and Antiq,
r/Oafvnl, 17W, Vi. S.V,, n. V,. 872).
Itediihlon I Mnrrli I Bi;1-4, and was buried
in t}w clianct'l nf 9l. Dunstnii-in-lhi>-\Ve»t,
Flrt^i Sf.rMt. In («ijiti* of hig vvidrly diffufiM
b^nefncliotu there was no moiiuoit'nt to hU
mcmojy until 1876. when Sion Collcgff and
the trualee«of tb» (!harilU'»al Itrixol cauaed
one, deaiffn«d by Sir A. AV. II]oiutit.'ld, to
be erected near his f^vc. Both of \Vi9 wivca
wen* buried in the notnv <:liurc)i. Aft>T his
d^Bth the univpraitv of Oxford hfinourod liia
tnt!iiiorr in a piibltc oralioti dullvun^d by
Williain Prir« (I-Wr-ICIG) Iq. v.J, ihe lin»t
r««di;roftha moral pULloaiipfay lecture founded
bvWbil*),wbi(-iiwiiit printed with aomi* I>ulin
oni! Greek t^t^b, chitifly by roftmbera of
^fni;^1H^l■ll Kalt, tinder the title of ' Scholn
Morali.4 I'liilisophinB Oxon. in fiinftn- Whiti
pullata.' Oxford. 1(>J», urn. 4to, There is n
oopy of the boolc in thi> Uodli^inn Librnry.
At ihv back uf the Itllo-pu^e is a li:>t of
White's benefaction* to Oxford. Home
oopies oFtfae oratioa seetn to have been pub-
littwd aepamlfily.
'newosaccuiiedforbpingagreatiiliimliKt,
though I cannot learn thnt at nnce h*- hiul
mnrn than on« cunt of «ou1h, thn rc<«t bi>iiiir
dimities, aa false ia the aspersion of his
bciiwf A gtvAt UBUPor' (Fm-LBB, Worfiieti,
IHll, ii. iW). .\j^iiut Ibew otxitJ'Rt iurti
Im uumerous t^hanlir^s during his life and
l]jr Ijijuut'i^t arv a suRiciL'Dt answer. By liis-
will, dated 1 Oct. 1023, btmidfJt a loiio: li»t of
smaller legacies, ho left money for Wture-
»hip» at St.. I'aulV, al St. DuriKtanV, nnd one
for the Xowpite priaonprs; but his chief
dotation w»« 3,000^. for the purchase of
|)TanUeft ' fit to maho a ollcj^o finr a corpora-
tion of all the miniatere, par»Dn§, vicars,
locliirr-rs, and curates within London and
suburbs thereof; ua aleo for a couveaiu&C
hOD»a or p]ac« faat by, to nake a conreni«nt
klmMbouM for tw<>nty ponona, 112. ten men
aad ten women.' Tliia wim aft^rwarclH known
ms Ston f^Uege, deaicfned as a KiiiM of the
clprjiy of tV' rity of London and it«»uburb»,
placing ihem in the same poMtion an mnat
trtlier calUoKa and profeatiions who enjoyed
chart«re of incorporation, and with cominnn
ptivileges and property. All his Latin foUoa
were lefl to thudean and chapter of Windsor,
■nd it ia worthy of record that scarctly any
placi? wliwnce be derived incoiuti ur dienity
wns forgott*'n. He requested John Vioidi,
John DowDt-ham, and John Simpson to exa-
niini> ami pi-rO.-ct hie manuecript nmnnni; and
lectures ou the ll'.'brt'W6, and print them, an
Wdll BA a Tolume nf ' .MiM-h^llnmin,' from his
papers. ThuM two wiiihe,"i wero nol cnrrieil
out. To the exKilioti* nf John Simpson, hia
couitin, and one of hia esecufGni arc; chiefly
due lliH rliartfr obtainud in 10^0 incorporat-
ing the college, and also thi^ t-rectioii of the
building nt London VVall iu l(Ji*0, when) tho
library remainod until ita rvmoval lo ihi-
nuw building on the Victoria Kmbanbrnent
in 186<J. I)r, .Simpson was ih^ bnildur and
founder of the ^rval I ilrurj- which now formn
ihi- most, fttribin^ IValum of tliu inslituiion
(Kkadixu, IlUtottf (if tiion (hlhyr, VU, pp.
8-lt>).
' In the chamber of Bristol i« hia picture
with some verses under il, which ond"Quique
Albod CQsli iKirtamijui! inreuit apenaiu"'
(Bakkeit. Briato!, p. 6S2). There is also a
portrait iil Hiou CoIleRe.
[Inrormntion from the II«t, W. U. Milnian.
Jlr. \'.. W. It, NicbolMin,und Mr. U. Guppy. Sen
alw Milraaa'a Account of Sioo CoIIr^d und
nf iu Library, 188U. and liiit Brinf Account of
ths Liiir.iry of Sion CdIIi'Ki^ 1M7; La NevnV
Va&U Kt;i:]cs. ADiglicaiia^. 1H.H, ii. 6t8; Hcn-
nessy's Novum KeportoHuu I'^vliw, J'mwJi. L'.'n-
dinotiRn, 18D8, pp. 38, 39, I3S; Madan'a Kailr
Oxford Prmw, 1806, pp. 121-2: Stowo's Surrej'
of London iStrrpe), I'ti, ii. \QZ~A.]
If. B. T.
WHITE. TH0M.V8 (1.10.3-1(176), philo-
•opber and conirrivcn>ialiiir, who wrotv under
the psuudonyiOB of ALBtrs, .KsQhvs, and
Iti-ACLOE or Bi^.tc'Xt.ow, waa bom Ju 1^3,
being the aecond son of Richnrd White of
Hutlon, KwHx, by his wife -Mary, daughter
nf Kdmnnd Plowdwi fq. v.], thw celebiated
lawyer. He waa carefully educated in the
Itoinan catholic n-lision, and *rnt while very
young tn the Kiiglieh College at Pt. Omer,
and afterwords to llm cotlxgi.' at Vallndolid,
whicli be enlemd on 4 Xnv. lOOfl (Palatine
Nate~liv^, iii. 10», 17"). Subsequently he
removed to the Kng]i.<!h vollef^ at Dunny
and, buying cnmpleted his studies, ho WB«
ordained priest at .\rrn« on »") March 1617
under Ibe name of Blacloc. He afterwards
. Aug.
for I-jiKtana, where aome business ufTaira
retiuirt^d bis alteutinn, and on his return to
Douuy in thu eamo year he brought with
him one of the ribs ol* Thomaa MiuiGeld {d.
White
So
White
1616) [q. vA who hiwl b«Mi extH!Ute<l on
docoiint of hm Hscerdotal clumcter (jDoiiay
Duirif-i, p, 31)).
Oil 17 April 1021 lie left l>aaay for I'liciii
in onW loprostf-ulf hi^sturlien in oniion Iiiw,
and ahtr n fliorl timu Ik.- •wa» Mint by tlie
clergy to aetlle &oiue aMaira at Uoniip, whc't-i-
liB waa rusiding on 21 Murcli l'f2-'j-0. On
liU ri*turn li<> wila n^fniii cinplnvi^d in teaching
divinity at Douay. In IdAi lie wm seat to
LiitlHiti, wh<*n' !i» wns unpuint^'d prawiJantof
ibfl English C^ollfigp. Nnt lon^ aftftwards
!■(• catot' to Entflaad, uud (ipplit.il Liras^lf lo
tlw 4>]cprciMi of hi* priitsllv functions. In
1 OOOhe viaa again leaching ilivinity at Douaj",
■ind exAPutinp; iLt; ollicc of vici-pre«idont of
the Entflisli CoU<'(fc. Oa retiring IVom aoa-
dcmic lift- he settled in Lcrridon, and spent
most of \i\» liinu in pnblixhin); buokd which
'nindeaffreat ni.'is« in the world.' Wood
rolatea thar ' HobtieA of Malmahury had a
ffrmt rospLK:! for him, und wlu'ii liv UvlhI in
WMlniinstip lie would often visit him, fi.nd
he Olid Hobbva but Btlduni purti.-d in cool
blood: frtr tlifly wiiiiM wran^lt?, sqiinbblo,
and Bcold lilts younB BojiUiatiTS ' (Afh<^<r
Onn. i-d. [tli»», iii. 1247). Whiirt di^ at.
Ilia lodirinfj^ in Driiry Lane on tJ July ItiTtl.
and WHS buried nn tht> 9lli nwir ihc pulpit in
thu church of St. fttdrtiTi- in -the- Fields. Ilis
portrait has bwn ■^nKTa-ved bv \ i>rtui'.
A\'hit.i?'« neciLliar philosopHicfll and theo-
logical 'jpitiiuusratM' J nprthostof li'iverearitfs
from all quarters. Many protcstimt^tcni^itp'.'d
with him upon cunlrovorwial t'ipj<«, anil he liari
several m^riou-t ((iiJirTel§ ^rith tnc socnlor and
ru^^ular cIltrj- of his own coiumiiniH>n, who
flltfti'kt'd hi» wiirk« willi Rrr-At funr. In pftr-
ticiUarbis ttvutiEeon ihu • middle sunt e of
aoulH'pHVr- gn'iit scitndnl. AiiDthcr, which
drew a persecution upon hiui, wan entitled
' Innlitiiti')i»'» SarrM"/ Thence the unisar-
siiy of Douay drew twenty-two propDsilioiw,
which tJifV CO Di!'.' inn ml uudi-r ceiiBure*, on
n Nov. IfifiO, fhii^fly nt thi- inKli^lldii of
GeorRo Leyburti iq. v.], pri-ftiderit of tbe
Knglish Ddh'-fre, and John "W'nriitT (UiiJH
1092) [q. T.J, pmressor of divinity in the
soHiL- house. Ilo was a|Faiu censun^d fwr the
political scheme eihibit«d in his book en-
titled 'Ubedit-nw and f loremmont,' in which
be waa said to assert a utiivpr*nl passive
obediencti to any i*peci^.« fifgovornmLiit that
had oblaiucd an e6tablishm«nl. Wbilt's
object, his itdvcrMbrii.'« inainitalud, was to
fl»tt«r Cromwell in hiB UMirjwli'm, and lo
incline bim to favour tlw calhulicM in the
liopp of their being influeno-d by such prin-
cipiflfl. Tliese and wrvcrftl otliiT wtilings
liavinffjfivfii pn^ut offence, iitid the see of
Itotnc having bwu made acijuanitud with
their dKnfrernus tendency, «nec»lly when
White hud attacked the T>opei pergonal in-
fnllibility. they were laid befnr^ the inriui-
aition and ceaaured by decre«4 of Ihst court
diilcd U May lH-'io and 7 .Swpl. lfiS7. In
the nioantiniti a number of priesis, wbo had
bcien edoeatt-d in the Enftlith College aC
l>Daay, BigntMl a public dincUiincr of bis
principles. Kwnlually White recanted biA
opinions, and submitted hinuvlf snd biit
writing* nnn.xsi>rr»dly to (lie catholic church
and the Hnlv See (Kkssbtt, JteyUter and
Chromele, p. 625).
Whitv'aaentimcnlsmnvheb&ataacertAinBd
from his edition of William RuKhworth's
' Dialn^uets or the Judgment of f^mmon
Setue in thechoiccof Jjehgion' (Ptris, 1654,
l^mo): as w«<ll as from 'An Apology for
RushworlhVUialogiu-s. When-in theescep-
tions of the I'Ord* Falkland and Utgby are
answor'd, and the art.<) of Daillfi discorerod*
(2 part*, rarif. I0-'*4,»ivo). The*e works ex-
hibit a Ohrislian without enthiiaiaam, tole-
rant of doubt and diH<:ust»iun, hut ui tho eun*
tiniedetenuincd fur citthoHciainnfia^aiafitthe
rufurmed doelriofg.becuusti ihu uno>;rtAiuli«
nnd o)i*curitii.!« of ihc SoHpturiMi r*<]uiiv to
be corrected byaconBlani tradition of which
a pHFCDanpnt autlumty Hjm guai-ili^l tb*
dopowu To rely aolely ujion Scripture, as
Uti* proteitants did, was only, in bis judg-
ment, a phiusihlo wnv for goinj^ on to
nlhi,'iitcn. Th-.- ijne^tion, thi^refore, was this:
• Is it bttt«-r to confide in a church or to be
nti Hiiiriiit?' ll wua iu eoinu meiwitni by
i prudential coiisideratioiut that While would
lavv a luuu dccidv ufvoii tbv cboii^B uf a
religion I l)B liKUrftAT, IH*t. rlr la I'hittmtphie
en AitgUlrrre, l*;^. i. 301-13).
Among WhitKN nunuTouA works ar# the
following : 1. ' De mundn dialog! trea ;
qnibuA materia, . . . forma, . . . causMB
. . . el tandem deflnitin rationibiis purA h
natui-ad.'proinptisaperintitur.concluduntur,'
I'ariH, UWa, -Ito. 2. ' tnstitutionum Teri-
pMteiicnruin ad tnentem . . . K. Digbeei
fnrH theories. It«m &pp«ndix theoli^pca d*
irlgine Mondi,' two part*, I.vons, 164(^
12mo; 2nd edit. London, 1(>17, 12mo;
imui>]»i»d into Gngliah , London, 165S, t2iiio.
3. ' InsliMitionum socrarum I'lmpdtfticix
inasdLficiitiinim ; hoc vi\, TheologiK, super
fundiimenris in Ppripaletica IJiKbBwuia joctis
BXtruclw.paretheorica . . . Tomus aecundns,'
twK parts, ft.yon*?], 1052,12010. A. 'Mens
Augiwiini de gratia Adami. Opus hcrinc-
n'-ul i(;mn. A d conciliationom gratlie et
lib^rl arhitrii iu via Dighamna acceasorium,'
l*nri!>,ltift2, 12mrt. 5. ' tiuiestioTlieologicn,
quoiinn.lo. secundum pnncipia pfripateticee.
DigbaEanre . . . bumaui arhitrii liburtjw sit
\
•xplicnndft et rum ^raiiie r'fGcacin. concHi-
jitU,' [l*ari*, IftTiL*^, 1 L'lDo. 6. ■ VillicationU
Wue de tUMliu aniuiAniiti r>Liitu ratio vpiocopo
CluilasduiieBtfi [»m Skitii, KicH\Rti, i-Vsti-
1655] reditu*; PtiHi>, ltl&3, JSmoi this was
ininslatedM- WhiT« a3 'TIm! Middto Sutc
of SiniU. f'rDtn ihe hour of Destb lo the
ciftT of Jmlgm.-nt.' liVMI^ I'Jmo. 7. 'ACon-
lvm|>Ution of Ueaven: witli an excrcisu
of Uive., and it ilrwant on the praver in the
Oaxdeu. By a l.'athi]li(|ut,'^4-ii[.' I^uriii [I»oii-
.], 1654, l"_'iuo. H. ' Siiima Ituecinii;:
ve tre» tractntuit <le virtutibua fidei pt
Ogiip, da iiri iicipiiK ••«riiiniuni, ct <k>
bus oppofiitis," I'arli, 105-1, PJnin, fV
liyiU, li'tn... 9. 'Thy sUlf of the
/iiiare life, and ibe prv!H'iit.',i oMor trt be
ajil»id*>rvil.' Irnnilnted from tbe Latin,
London, 1«S1, li'mo. 10. 'Tbe Grounds
of Obedit>nee and fiovernment. Bt-in^ tbc
bi-jit ainwiT to a]] tbat has been hituly
written in dnfenre of Paiiwivo Obedience and
<m I{mi4ta[in>>,' I'nd ■'dit. l<<>Qdoil, L(f&G,
2n»(i. SH edit. I^ndon [1685 ."J, 12mo.
11. 'Tabulie Suifrngialvs do t«niunandi«
Fidpi ab «-clpsin CalJioIica tij»: occajiioni'
Tesfene <i'tviupvitut Komjuiie, in6cripia>
«drersu« folium uiniiii Sant Biiccinic,' l^m-
don, llJ-55. U'ma (cf. Ad<lif. .\fS. -H.W, srt.
13). 12. ' Eiiclidi'* I'bv»icii«, sivi* deprim^i-
niis notumj sKerbfidea' 'F,' Loudon, IAj/,
I2inn. IS. * KiichdeA MetaphyHtcu8,eivvdv
Prinripiin Mpii-ntiic.*itaccbeidi>a'E,' Lf>ndf>n,
iOoH, li'ino. II. ' Ki(i.-rcitii[io Ouomutrica
(le ijfOtnctrui indirinibilium et priMmrlionr*
■piralis ad vtrculuni.' Loudon, 10-J8, \'2mn.
lo. ' ControTii^p»j'-Lii(^ir-i(>'. nr ihn m«thf.id to
come to Inith indebalesof religion.'rParin],
1069, l2mo. Ifl. "A Cntwliijuu orCliri*lian
doctrioe,' 2nd <)dit. onlargM, PuHh. lt3ot),
12mo. 17. ' 4 'bryp^spis sen Scriptorura »uo-
rtun in acientiti ol»curioril)ii« Apolaffiiv ^>06
propalala tulfla geonitilnca,' "2 pann [Luu-
don), Ififtfi, 16mo. Iti. ' Iiislitutionura
Ethicarum sire Srniene .Moruiti, aptls ra-
tionum ninmentis librstffi, toinuA primus
( — BecundiLt) , . . autlioTf T. Anglti nx
Aibib EadI-SaxoDuni,'2 voU. I.oDdoD, li^KI,
12mo. ll>. ' Etelifn'on and lUuutn mutiiiilly
C<fi*ri-iiiK>ridinKa»d KHMi'tiii^ i.>nch Other. . . .
A r*'plv tji the ^'indicative Answer lately ,
publi»)^ aipiinM a Ivi'tUT. in wbich lln!
H^iise of A Rnll and Council cnncernimr the |
duratioo of Purjfatorv wajt diitciuit,' Puris, l
1060, 8w>, 20. ' Apotof^ia pro Doulrtiiu mm, \
Ifenae CaluumiutortM. .\utliorfi Thotna
*io,' London, HWI,12mo. 2L 'nBvolion
Rouon. Wherein modem devotirtn for
dead is bruu^lit lo tK>lid principles, and
Bado Faltonsl, in way of answer to JTamos]
I[uinfonlJ'8 Itemvmbraiicu for tbe living to
YOU LI I.
nray for the dead,' Paris, 1661, 12cno.
2-2. 'An exclusion of «c«pticka fivjmall litU
to disputt] : being an oniwer lo Thu ^*anit7
of DofrmaliEioff Thr Jow.<pk Ulanvil 1,' Loa-
doQ, 16M, 4to.
[BioRr. Brit. ir. a*itf8; Dodd*. Ohureh Hiet.
iii. 265, 3A0-6 : GniXixHr'it Bi'^r. Hi«L of Engl.
5th»iit.ii.3S-J: Hallan'ti L.it.ofRumpe(l8S4),
iii. SOI ;Lo(uiiju»[i.e. PelPtTwlMji^.r.]. BWk-
loana* HiU'rwift Uiitoria. et Cotifututio, Oliuut,
1675. 4to; Lovudca'a Bil'l. Mac. nl. Bihn, p.
'iOnn: N'mrdl" Uiogr. GiiiitrAlc. U63,Tt. 162;
pHCxnni'ii Mnimirs. pp, 32S. 293 ; FlowdMi's Ro-
inariji on PaiiziiEii. m. ^M-'S j R«id's Worka.
e>l. Hamilton, 6tli *n)it.. ISSa, pp. 9ffB. 9A2;
Wcldon » ChroDologtCBl NotM. pp. 197, US.]
T. C.
WHITE, TlIoatA.S (I(fc«-1TO1?), bishop
of Petorboroiiafh, wo« tljp ann of IVHr Wltito
of .Mdingtou ill Kent, and was born thera
in irt'JN. Iii* father diitl nonri aflvr hit
birtli, and Uin mother went lo reside witK
h«r ni>ar kinvColk the Bmckmana of Ueacb-
bnrouvh near Folkciilnnf, Tbcro seems
Iittl« doubt that he alleuded tbe (frammar
school At Nuwurk-oti-Tn-nl for aome tiun>,
but John Jobn*on ihUi-I-l'-Jh) % v.] oC
Crnnbrook cluims him aa a scholar of the
l^iutl'^ School, Cauturbury. and ht> wsa
admitted at L'acubridgc as rn>ni thu cratnmitr
Krh(H>l of Wye, aAer three years' fltimy there.
Tt« wax admitted ii einr of St. John's Col-
lege, Oambridic«, on 29 Oct. 16l2, and took
the decree of B.A. in m4tl. I>uri[ig thu
I'mtt'Morntf be held tho post of luctiirer at
St. Andrew's, Molburn.
On tJ July 1660 he petitioned thi^ kinff for
llio vicarage of Xowark-ou-Tn.'ui. which ha
oblaini^d and ivaigiie«l in June \iifW, wtu-n
he was made rector of AUhallows the firent,
London. Thiit lirinf^ h« hrhl till Ti July
1679, when he received the rectory of Botlwt-
ford in Leicwtershire. On 4 June 16i?3 he
woscreiirod l).l>.of ihenniversity ofOsford,
and in July following was madt chaplain to
the l.ady < nfurwunb queen | \ nnu, daoghler
of Janice, duke of Vurk, on her mnrriugv witb
Ueorf^, prinfo of llenmurk. He imih in-
Htttlledurcbdtiiicunof Nottinf;buinuul3 Aug:.
inA.1. (]u3Hfnt. 168.') he wad fleeted biMhup
of Pftterborotijth, ■woaoonsecmtud nn 2fi Oct.
and enthronvd by proJty on 9 Xov. He re-
sif^cd thi; rwctory of Rotteaford in the samu
year. The foUowinjf year he with Nathaniel
L'rvw, third baron Cn-vr ft], v.], biahop of
Durhunt, and Thomas Wprat [q. v.j, blaliopof
Kocbt'fll.t!r. was tippointud lo exercise ecele-
flioi-t teal jurisdiction iu the dioci'tkj uf l/Oit-
duii durin)^ the auiipeitaion of Henry (Vinij)-
tnn (1632-1713) [ii.v.] When in April lHnS
James II iwuea the order for all mini«t<.'n$
Q
White
82
White
to reoil biKsivonil ' DRclarntioii of Indtilgtrnt!!**
on 4 ^fay ffiMowinp, White was nne of the
nx l)i!<bup« who with Bancroft, iir('hbi«tii>j) ot
Ounti-rhtirj, petilionp'l nf^inst it. Hi- waa
examined wiib his follow petitioners in tlio
priry council on S June, &nd committixl to
tliu Tower the same day; was wilh thent
bmuflht by writ orhnbrMCoqjue to the court
of kingr'a boiicb ou IS Juno, wns trii'd i>»
I'ViiUy tbelJ^flh, aiid awiuilt^'d ibcl'ollowiii)^
mornitif W' Lloid, \\ imjam, 10iJ"-17I" ;
nnd Kf.!I, Tuowym]. Willi tUlmr buliopA
hfi attended on ibe Mnp to (rivo co»n«?l
on I'-l Hrpt., on .T Oct-, nnd iiffain on fi Nov.,
when lin savH 'wt> parted und«r somi^ dis-
pleasure.' On llint. occasion lie tDadi> a
pi<nonii1 pmri'.stAl inn thnt Ii<> !ind nnC in-
vited litu prince of Urant^e to invade, uor
did Iio know miv thdt htid done so, in which
ho appcam to liftve Iwon perfectly sincere,
Aftur tbe departure of the king he was
anxioiu fnr & n>f;ency in order that all public
mattL-nt mijilit proceed in bistnajcMy'H niDac.
He wns one oft lie eight bishops who atmoited
tlwineelvvs at the calliug of tbe Cunrontiou
pnrlianient in 188U, Kfimed tho ontliit ti)
William and Mar^', was sa^ndnd on 1 Aui;.
ll)S9. iiml tii-priv^dorhi»iie»onl Ffb.l(i90.
Till? rfiRiaindor of hif life was itpint in
retirement. On 'i-i F*b. Hilt') bet look part
in the connccrntion of Thornnj* IVagftriift'c-
[i|. v.], nod he »coompauit'd Sir John Fl'h-
wiele [q. v.] to tbe scaffold on L'« Jan. I6I17.
Uc is Eaid to haw wriltt.'u the ' Cuntempla-
linn* Hjion Lifi- and Dfatli,' (tubliaht-d nndr-r
Sir JoIitiR namo in the BatDD year, which
Srovoked the JnRoliitcji by " fwmprnpli con-
emninr tbe dfieiga of uieaAiutiatin? Kins
AVmiam.
Whitf's nrtviite charncTcr wa* exotnplur.
In hilt youtli hii had b«en rem&rkable for his
physical etrenfrth and agility. There U a
story ihni 011 oneoccasion.whenaceompany-
iii([ till! bishop of liochesler to Ofirlford In
omeiate I.hvri', a tn'opiruf thr (^iinrd insulted
th"? lwniiiidini}miliHl their ])n.)H;tvi«i. Wliito
ri'proTed the miiii, who retnliated by clial-
leDKioK hitii l« fight i( otil. A vtilf 6f{ht
i'n*iiod, in which White was victorious, and
th« trooper wne compelled to ask tho bi»bop'a
fiimlon. The sifiry nmiifii:sl Charles II, wno
iiu^hiugly thruatened to impeach White for
hit:h treason for oaaaullin^ one of hia jjtiards.
WhitL- matiRgtid bin hivhopric with gjvu,l pni-
difiK'i! ititd cure. AtruffRliiiH hard to r»?form tho
flbuae of pluralities which hud crtipt in { Tan-
mr M&S. xxxi. 2H9). He dind un 30 Muy
I6!>M. nnd was buriMl in fit. Grepory's Tault
in the precincts of Si- I'aulV, London, be-
tween B and lOr.H.onlJnne. An account
of ibu fiuieral and the friction in Gonoection
with it b«tw»«n tb« nonjnront and the clergy
nf the CAthedral is conMiincd in a krter to
th* nrchbi»hop of Canterbury from J. Man-
devile Atnong tho maniiBcriptA at Lambeth
I»ftkce (MS.'tf3y. No. 'i-J).
In his oorly yoftrs ho wu considered B
ffood preodier. He wrote *A True K«-
lalton of the ('•onveraion and Baptlsoi of
Isuf the Turk,' London, 1058. In W will
he left ICU.to the poor of thrtpariNliin which
he sbould die, 240/. to Nc'waxk to be l&id out
in IttJidtt, and iOf. uiinually to bw diiftributi^
among twenttr poor pan»hionen above fortT
year9ofaKewbounI4Dec. inthochiirchporcu
Khoiild di»tjnctly repwit- the LonVit Prayer,
the Apostles' (>eed, and the Ten Command-
ments without missing or chanfpne a word.
TIm) nwi of tho money to go to the vicar.
A similar aam Bubjecl, to the hke conditions
WHS bequeathed to tbe poor of PcteTboroii{;h
Hud of Aldinjuiou. lie nIt>o left money to
the poor of Boltesford. He made a present
lu Hi. John's CuUi'^', Cambridi^, towards
t1i« carry itiK on of tho new buildings, and
leC^ an excellent library to tb« cburdt of
N^wiirk,
Thftrft am portraits of White in the p«ei-
dent'sresidenireat MatrdalenCullece, Oxford,
and in the palace at. PoterbnmuEh, and in a
L'niiip of ibe'SevenBiibops'inrbeNationnl
Tonrait Gallerr, London, The last picture
hae biMtn enKravi'd by It. itohineon, E.O'OOpor,
]*ii't«r vimdiTliiinck, andR, White. There
are lar^ folio engmvingB of the bishop by
J, nr»jientii.n- and K. \\"bit« (Ili88), a
ijiiarlo bv H. Oribelin, tind smaller portraits
by J. Onle, A. Ilaelw-«i(;h (with Batch
Ter«es),.I.Smitb(l'>*».JSlurtand J.Oliver
(meszotini). Nmith {.VKzotint Portraits)
incntioaa ftportrait in oval, an^ved by W .
VincDDt. Oae surrounded by as omaneDtal
cirouUr border is in the print-room of the
British Musi'um. iji^lUin from White to
Lord HaltO'i nmaiuontrthe liritish MuMiun
maniiBcriplfl (Addit. MS. 205&(, ff. 62, 64,
08,70).
I Strickland's Lives of tha Sevta Biahopa, pp.
132-ilj ; LiTM of t)iu Enftliah Bishops from tbo
R«8tAratiMi to iliF RcTolntion (Nath. Salmon),
pp. S23-4; SidottOlh^ni'B Hprnoriuia of Eiag's
School, C«nt«rbar;ri p- ^1 : Mayor's Admimoos
to St. John's Collacc Cambridgo, p. 66 : Footsr's
Alamai; Cal.Slali!pn[ien,I>oin. t«60-l,|>. 112;
Ncwoourt's Itepertorium.i. 24D; Nichols's Lsi-
crntorwhini. ii. 'JQ; Wood's F.isti, ii, 393; Lo
Nitvn's Fft»ti, cd. Herdr.ii.aaG.iii 162; lintcb's
Coltcclntirai Cuiiosa. 1. 33-5-9, 353. 347, i7«.
S83, 409, ito- 1 ; D'OyK'i> Lifo of SancKift, i.
2.itl-7. 3.11. 3.16, 360-1. 373; RmIju's DisiJ.
ii. 273-fi, 280w. 349 ; Burnot's UiMt. of bin owa
Titno, 18:i3; Lm's Lifo of Kottlowell. p. 431 :
Brown'e Annals of Nowark-npon-Trent, pp, SOU-
I
I
301; BookofItirtitiitioiu(R«cordOAca},Hr.B,
iti. f. 448 ft; ioformulioo fMm C. J>ack, mc|..
kutdlf MMnmvnirntiKl hj R. J. Qny, wq., ot
Ptalvrborougb.! B. P.
WHITE. THOMAS ne30-1888). C*iia-
ilisn politlciAD, Imrn in Monlnitl on 7 Au^.
163(1, WB8 son of Tliomos WLire, wLo emi-
(frtit'^d from co, \Vc»tmeutli in lUiti, und
curied on businessaa a leather ut-rcLHiiC iu
Siontrcal. Od his ni&ternAl side he bt>loii)T(>(l
lo Oil Kdiuburgh futnilv. lie wrui vdui^tuJ
Bt tlie Ilt^h School. ^onlT«al, and btgnu
lift! in K murchutt'e ollici^, but soon turned
Ilia aLtentioa to jounialiMii. A pupar nwd
by bim at a diacueuoa doss introducad him
to th« editor of the ' (Quebec (iaxettv.' In
18fi3 be fmindi>d the ' r«tertKirough Rc?i«w,'
and conducted it nntil it^tiO, when he t«m-
piinirily IcfL juiimklisTn to study Uw t» a
Dreparatioa for public life. At tlio end of
tsm yean h* returned lo iournalism. and,
in {lortnership with his brother, founded thtf
' linmilton Spwtaior.' Hi* Jiwl jvurnalttil
connt'clion was made on his return from
Ko^Und io 1870, vrliuD ho aflsuined coiitr<jl
of Ue 'Mointreal Qaeette.* Thi» la>tt-d for
fifUwkyean.
His firtl public work vru a« a mpmb^r of
tbe aebool boanle of Pfterborouph and
Hftnilton, Ontario; and be was for some
timn roerc of Pot«rborou};h. In 1H67 he
mads an ansucc««i>ful attvmpi to voter tliu
Ontario provincial parliament, and i» li:i74,
187S, nnd ISTO ho mado tliree fruitlocs
effort* tubewmnifxj to tha Hominion House
of Cutnmutii!. In 1878 the comttiluoncy of
Cknlw^ nlcTlnl bim, and he reprewnted it
for tile KM of hiA lifi*.
Hi)» «»"fii»l intpiVAts were comnercial, but
the work with which his name vrtll bo pcr-
manratly connected in Oaimdina y^jliiics is
tlw opening ttp of northern and wi^bi'Tii (In-
twrio dnd tne pniirin Uiroud lo i^mt^rrantB.
Be maaent to Unliun iii 18(!9 u» thn Rnl
amj^tioa agvnt, and from hid mission date^
the direraion to Unlario of the vtivam of
emi^tion which till then llnn<vl from
(.^uiada wMtlwanls oier the bordore of thi>
United Stat«. In fHrlhcranc.' of his emi-
iion fk^hpmes be was oat* of the [lionccr^
'of Canadian railways, and as iniaiHter of
the interior, an ^pointoient he ni(?i<ivfd
in 1885, he wtw respaoaible for thu poHticiti
reorgaaisation of the CL-nliv of the country
aftez the aecood Kiel rvlwUinn. Hv died at
Otiawft on 21 April I88S. Both < 'nnndinn
honaea adjournal out of respect for hiit
memory.
[Cutsdian P4rtiani«ntary Companion, IBS7:
3IoatTMl Qmbmu, 23 April 1888.] J. B. M.
Hof
WHITE, WALTKH (l(»ll-l(iaij, mi»-
o'llanwous wriu-r, bom on 23 April 1811 at
Ileadinr in Berlisliins was the ttldesl «on of
John White, an iipboleterer and cabiaet-
ninki>r of thnt town. He was oducalftl at
two local privaw whools, one of which was
kept by Jo«^pb IluntW, ihc father of thw
founder of Huntley Si I'almer'i well-known
bts4-uit mauufaelor)-.
At tb« agQ of fourteen Waller left ficboal
mid Wgnii lo li-nrti bin futh«r'it trndu, Spend-
ing much of hin leifiurein renduigand in the
study of French and Gennao. He continued
catHnet-makinfT at Heading until 11^14. On
Il> April uf that year he sdiled for ttw
Unil^ StatM of America with bi^ wife aud
children, is the bopeof earnini; more monvy.
He worked at his trade in S'l'w Vork and
Pou^hkGupsie, but wiihoul imimTin? bis
cireumslancns. He has ^ven a uetailud and
pathetic account of bis ciperifuceii an ati
euii)fraot in an uuunymoua article entitled
'A WorkiitK Man's I ii'collectioaH of America*
ih'nhf>t'» Penmt .Voj/oriw, 1840, i. ft7).
[■innlly, on M) May IS39, be n-tuni^d with
bin family to the old world, wher<> b«^ rejninoil
biti father's bui<ii)e)L<i. In Uetober lH4'i he
wrnt to Londim, and, lh« cohini.^-making
trade beinK^till in s depnwsed condition, ho
accepted a situation as clff rk to Joseph Main-
zvT [q.if.]. uulhtir of ' Singinjf for the iliUiou.'
In t\i' fiillowing year Ur acrompaiiied biui to
Kdinbunfh, wheru Maimer was cnndidate
f"r thecnairof m"«ic Whili^at Kilinbiirgh
AVLitP attended some lecturea lo the working
classes by Jame^SiiDiison (17Sl-lSrj.'l)[n. v!j
Simpaon introdui^Kl nim to ChiirU'4 Itichara
Weld la, v.], then assistant secretary to th«
Royal SocietT, who oflered him the post of
' attendant' in the library of that body.
WliitK entered upon hifl dutie^s at the
lEoyitl Society's rooms in SomtTEet House on
111 April l^U4,and wb« othrially con linn od
in the appointment on '2 May, at n salarjr of
aOL A year. His work was at first largely
mMltaniral , but incmased in importance.
When Weld retired in 1861, White waaat
one*^' eWted to ibu post of ftMistant secretary
and lihrurian. In tbia poMtion be met nnd
conversed with many emin«'nt meu; some
account of hiK inimvourMwiih theuiisgiran
in bin niibli>h<->*l ' Journiilii.'
"ftlule an ' attendant,' or, ns he was after-
ward* tli'siijriiiilr^l, 'clerk," White btigan
jn'riiius literary work, lletwaen Iftl-I and
18iy he wrote no fewer than two hundred
articles for ' Ohamlwrfl's Journal * (JournaU,
p. 93), besides occasional pontribuiioos to
other serials. It was at tbia time nUo that
lio bagan the holiday walks which fumiched
the material for all lus best known books.
03
White
84
White
Tbiw« walkii he coinnit*urMl in IB/iOwillia
nnnth'.x trnm^ in Hnnand, n namtiro of
wtticli be ituMiiilicid iindi<r tb« titlvuf ' Xotoa
from tiio N'slhdrlands' (C^miiert't Jtunuii,
18W. vol. XV.)
\\Tiit<;r»s*ignc(l tli* »4sistftn1-«;civtiirTn))ip
of the Koyal Society nil 18 Dec. ISjJi', and
received n. petiuon to 1\k< full amount of his
salary. Hn rcvitWl ut Bnxlon uutil )\i»
do<i, IS July m)S. Ill ]6:iU Im marrit^J
Maria llaniillun. His Jome^lic lul vrtm nut
]in|>|»y. HJK irif«ltifl liim 111 Ir^lfj {JuurttaU,
tip. 'ti7, OS), Ilia anns (>iniKnit<4d, nnd for the
net thirty years of his life Im lived qiitti*
alone.
B«eides contributioDs to ms^rnziaes, be pub-
lished : I. ' To Mont Illanc and Rnck .\);r'>i')>' j
l./ODdon, 18^4, l^uio. 1'. 'A I^nnilouc-ra 1
VVftlklothe Land's Knd,' Loudon. 1 8.V>,8v<>; '
end ed. 1861. 3. Thi Knot through Tyrol I
ill the KuiDUi<-r uf II^*)'*,' London, \SW, 8vo ; I
2nd ed. 18«S. 4. 'A July Holidiiy in,
Sftxonv, DuhL^iniu, und Silmia,' Louduii. '
l8ft",ftvo ; I'nti ed. Il^ffil. 6. 'A Moiiib iit ,
Yoi-lishire/ London. liCiS, 8vn : 4th ed. 18)11. '
fl. ' Xiirthiimbi'rliLiid nnd iW BtirdiT," f^n-
don. Ifi50, fivo: 2nd .'d. I*lfi.^ 7. -All
Round the Wrehin,' London, \i*iM, 810 ; L'ml
od. IHffl). fi. 'Riifltcm Knplainl from th»f
Thnmi** lo the Ilumber.' Ivondon, iHBft, 'I
vols. 8vo. Si. 'Rhymes.' 1873. 10. ■ Iloli-
dayD in Tyrol. Rufiildu, Kluht'iLEtvin, nnd
PaniJTi!j{gio,'Lfind«in,lrt7fi,Hv'>. U.'UhhidiA:
aiyioleaa Sour->Sprini;,' ItirminirhBiu, 1881,
8t0. He pdifpd ' A S*ilor lloy'» Ljir-IkioU
flrtHii I'nrtsmoiK.h to thfl I'eihn,' London,
leet', 8vo (the 'sailor boy' was his third
eon, Jlonry),
[TI19 Journals of Walter White, London. I K98.
Svo; Me"uf HioTiwp. tSOt; Athcmrrutii. 20 Jtily
ISM; Minnies of Ooiini-il of th» Uoyiil .Swioty
(nupuUielioil I ; private infunDatiun.] H. K.
WHITE, WILLIAM (IW-HtSTH), di-
vine, Willi bora of humbii* pareutnije at Wit-
ney, Oxfnrdfihin?, in Juni^ 1604. IIl^ matrix
oulati'd frmn VVadhani t'ldlHgt', Oxford, on
l» Jnly IR^l, groduntpd R.A. on i.l Feh.
l«:*5aadM,A.on27Junvlfl28. InHlSl'he
became mooter of MapdAlfln Co11i>f:p .ichool,
ftom which post he wae ejected by the par-
liamentarv cotnmiMioncr* in 1(>J8. Several
of hiH pupilK tltere becaiue ciniuviu. Through
till- influence of Brian Duppii, [q. v.], bishop of
Saliahury, he obtalntid iiltDiit ihu ifuiiR' time
thwrectory of I*«»Hy, lltrJiHliire, wliich Wnod
MTS he kept 'throiiph the favour of hia
friends and the <ininllni.-«» of its profile.*
After thp Ilr^toralion, about I61W, the
rectory of Apptelon waa conferred upon him
by the ptl'orts nf Thotna« Pii-rrft fq.v.'^fpn-si-
dtmtni Magdalen UoUegt- and a former pupil
of White. He kept both livings until hia]
dwith, ftT Pii*y. on 31 May I67H. He waa.
bnried on June in the chancel, whore a
flat Mon* reconl-* him doath. By hia will,
dated L'60ct. Ili77, heleft to hU only datigh-
t«r, b'lijuibeth, hovi»cs and landa at fiaranton
and ^^'e«lr Wvale, ^ulyL-ct to a cluuf^ ot 5/.
to be paid to the vionr of St. Mary'a, Oxford,
un<l his euccessore, for a ratt>chiBm at even-
ing prayer, 'i'he Iiouh* which hn hsd enacted
at Puwy he I>eque«lheii to a fon.
Whil.' wrote wvenil works in Latin under M
the naniti of 'OuliolTnuiii Phatfriiis.' thte, I
•Via ad Pacem Hcclesiosiicau],' London,
1(i60, 4to, i# in the Briti-'h MuitiMiin. Three
others are mentioned by ^\'oo«j. ■
It'oster's Alumni Oxiu. 1300-1711 ; Wood'a I
AtlieDB Oinn. iii. 1167; Bnrrowsi'a ViattatioD, "
{> At4 ; Gnriliucr'H Ha^ater of Wa<IhaiD, p. 93 ;
iioxaa'e Hiat. of Mai^). Coll. iii. 1£8.1
C. P. a
WHITB. Sia WILLIAM ^VRTnUR
(li:t-i4-lHt)l), diploinalivt, the aon of Arthur
While, who was in the Britiab conaular
service, and EliEn Lila, daughter of Lieu- M
tenant-general William Ganiiiiet Ncvilla, ^
was hum in 1^:.'4, and educated at King
Williain'" Collrgi't We of Miui, and at
Trinity Collep^, Oambridjce. He entered
thd Consular wrvice on 9 March 1857 as
rl(^^k to th« consul-general at Warsaw. Ha
freniieuily acted a* ooosul-geiieral ; and on
9 Jan. 1851 he became vice-cou6ul, again
nctinij; as cousut-cpULTal for the greater
Dart of 18at> nnd m;.<t. Here, wilh stroi^
rulii-h BTtDpathieif, ho neverthelees oon-
IH^irtcd liimwU with "itch jiidgraent as
to offend Kuwia. On 9 Nov. IJW4 h
appointed consul at Danzi({, where in 1
acted also for nix monthit ati Belgian consul,
and during the war of 1870 look charge of
French intero'ts. On i!7 P'eb. 1875 ho was
transferred lo ^>ervia as llriii^h agent and
consul-general. Thia ]>o«l at laat ({»vb him
fiomt' Ei^upi) for employing lL>> knowledge
which for many ycjam pnsl he had been
acqniring, and laid the foundation of his
greiil influence in dealing with KsElvm
nntionalitiefl. Within a f>'w months of
bis arrival in Serria the old Eaetem
qiioittion bcfjan to niwumo an acute phase,
and in Juno 1^70 the Ser^-iana, following
the lead of llerxegovina. declared war against
Turkey. Thi'ir iWeai was followed by tin
irnifi^ri-uce nt (\iuHlHiili[iople in Uecemlwr
l8"fi. Thers l^rd .Saiishury was assisted
bv While, and was d«-flp!y imprMsed by
hia knowledge and ability. Througb th*
Bucceedin;; Uusso-Turkish war ho remained
in 8ervin, but on the erection of Houmania
into a kingdom ho was appointed eavoy-
I 00m-
^
I
I
*
extraonliDuy «r<) tninMt«r-nlL>'nipi->t«i]tianr
at Bucharwt on 'i Alarc-Ii 1879. On 18 April
1885 Whiti? wns nominated envoy-extra-
I'niiiiary at CoiiHtantiiioiilv, and nos ut onci!
hfiiiRlit face to t'ai* >» itli a quwttiim nf fintl
iiDTiortance— thp U-gaJity of the nnnexation
"f lilsml>-rn Kiniiiii-Iin to itul|piriit in Oofinnco
of the treaty of Rerlin of )8"8. Ituoaia took
tbe sround ihiit tlie treaty must he upheld
at all costs. White wnn Mnvinceii iliat tin.-
breach of tti« treaty was realty in the imp-
rests of Euron-; and cv«Mitu«lly ho ciirricd
Uii* poiai witn ibe representntivi-s of tlic
Miiwer*. Ilia Bl^rlOll dirvctly contributed to
tha ccMtMlidatiun of Kulgariun oationalily,
and the Bul)ptrian» wer* nol slow to peenjf-
mnp this. Early in ll^J?4i bo woe epecially
thatiki'O by the Kon-riinnint for hii< nclmn.
He was creatwf C.B. nn HX Marrh 1H"H,
K.O.M.O. on 10 Morek 18*3. G.C.M.O. on
38 Jan. 1K%, G.C.B. nn 2 June IRhS, and
inrnm of the privy cotincil on 29 June
186^; be wa« made an lionoriiry LL,U.
of CamliridKr on 17 .Tun« 188*(.
llii 11 Oct. IH?*!! White was con6rme<l tu
apMial a mbassndor-CTtra ordinary and pleoi'
fn'Ifntiarj- at Ouustantiinnile. Ho died at
ttrflin, ni the Kaiserhof hotel, on St* Uep.
1801. He waabuncdiii iho llomanciithulic
church of St. Hedwiir, Uerlin, oa :i\ ]Jec. in
the preeewf of n'pn^t-utaiiveii of the whole
di|domatic nnd |iriUticnl iHidy A Kp^dal
memorial service wa» bi.'Id at Coiutnnti-
nople.
White shoved facility in acquirio^ the
I&ug^uafi(«)> of tb<i«*- with wbcitu b« liad l» di^al.
He nnoke I'oUfli like (i natire, and was
equally couvvreiinl with ItoiiinnniHU. Jn
Rueliartifit bf would go »ul into tb<' miirhi-t-
plaee in the early morning; and pick u]} news
From ih" np«imntn H*- bfwl a facwlty for
d-n'otin^ iiini.self to all that bon> immt^ i
diately on hia work; be wm a Rteat reader :
of neWftpJiperB and hlue-book-s aitied \u» |
matter with (rreat acumen, and retained i
what he needed with Dxtninrdinary accuracy I
and method; iiii^rctullvctiuu uf pitt^oiiul and j
official occurrences was of the mime precise
and UMtful i-barocter, and be utilimxl u< ih"
fnll, and was a|ij>i«riHted by, tbt- correHixiii-
denla of the prew. lie a^iplied his Imowludf^
'with a quii'k inKi^lit itiio mutiv<w and rnn-
•MjnejiceA whirh enabled him to check in-
trigue without re^ortinj; to it himself lie
■w»f a ffreat iovcrof fiermany, nnd is (uiid
lo have urged Onnt Itrittuii Xo join the
triple ailiaDCr ( Acirf, 1 -Ian. I^^l, p. A).
Thu Frvtich prv<^ ]w'vl him ilu^ complimi'nt
of coniimtulaliog rhemselve* on his death
as nn the removal of an ohfttaclu to Kruncb
■mbition and enpanmion (ii. 31 Dec. p. h).
Mniitei»arried,in IH(J7, Kathttrine.dBiuli-
ler of Lflwia Rendsior of I^anii^, and left
thre« dau|{bt«ra.
[TiiDM, 2flaad30Dec Ifiul.and I nnd a Jan.
1892: Foreign Office Liai, 1831; Unrko'aPeer-
*e«, 1890.1 C. A.H.
WHITEFIELD.GECmr.E (171-1 -1770),
tivang^linl utid hiidtT nf i'nlriniEtic inellio-
distc, sixth son and vonnft'-tf chddof Thoniaa
Whitwheld (./. 27 bee. 171(5, ugad aii. by
hU wife, Kliiabrth Kdwnrds {J. Dee^mbHr
1751), wna born at che Hull lnn,<ilu»i-ester,
on Iti Dec. 1714. Ilia enrlie^t Known im-
cestor wail William Wbytfeild, vii^ar of Mav-
field. Sussex, IflOtJ, whose son, Thoman Whit-
fidd, wa^ vicar uf Liddiard Slelicent, Wilt-
shire, IIKV4--^>, and «itb"«iui'nllr njctor of
Hockhampton, OloDci-siershire. Thomas was
sucwided in IGaS as rtt-torof RocJihamp:oii
bv hia Mill, Sam lU'l Whit fetd.Hnd Samuel, in
li'ja, by htfiMm, S&uinel Whitfield (FonTERf
Ahimni O-ron. ]i<H'2, iv, Iffjlj. Andrew,
brolherof ihf, Uisl named, hod fourteon obil-
dtvn.of whom theeldest.TbomaH Whitulield,
father of Georffe. became a wine men■ha^l^
in IJriatol, and later kept thu Bell Inn at
CiloHcester. The name is uionouCK-ed Whit-
field. Of VAliil'.-ficld's Lurly years (to 1730)
a Mlf-accusinj^ history wa-i given by himself
in ' ASIiort A(:cmitit,^ [740^ limofabridifL-d,
I7f>(i; TvFKW*s'«/-ryi' incorporates t he wbok*
nf the oriifintd). Hi* wyll-known squint waa
the re»uJt of mea^lea in childhood (Vlir.LlUS,
I). 270). Flu Seems to liuve been a rogninh
ad, but with go<^>d impultrL'K. His mother
look paina with bin education. She marriwd,
in 17^1, tmv LunKdi:i], an impacuniouii iron-
mon^fer at (ilonct-i'ter.
Ill l7'i(J Gcorpe went to ihi! St, Sfory da
Orj'pt school, lie wna fonder of the drama
than of clasMcal Mudr. and, lnuner a bom
iirlor, took part t,' ill nirVs clot hea ' ) iu f chool
plays before ihi- corporation. Before he was
tifteen he porauadeu hia mother to reinovo
him from school. Shortly alterwarda, her
t'ircum8taiK*<?s being "on lh« decline,' ho
ilMi»led in the public-huun^, IjeromiTijf at
huiglh 'a common drawer for ni;;h a ynar
iiT)d u hiJf.' During thia nt-rii^ the inn was
made over to one nf hia brntberfi: hw then
tV-li mil with his sistPT-iu'Ian- and left tho
inn (the same inn wa."* kopt, from 1782, by
th>' father of llunry I'hillpottti [q. v.], bishop
ofRxi^tert. After viniting another brother,
Andrew.at Bristol, he ri:tun)ed lohis mother,
who, on the report of one of hia acboot-
fi'llon-a, induced him lu prepare for Oxford.
lie went back to {k-IiooI, bmamw a cuiTimu-
nimnt on Christmns day 1731, and entered
aa a avr>itor at IVmbroke CoUegw, Oxford,
Whitefield
86
Whitefield
matriculating on 7 Nor. MS3. Among hia
oontftmpnrnne* wsr WiUlam Shpnslone the
poet. lie haii {tQCuninr}' aid from I .<tHv Hltin-
beih EUMin^ [([. v.], tbrniitrh whnra jim-
b«blj begaa Us connectioa with Selinn Ifast-
ian, count^M of Hunt iDsdoo [a. v.]
Before eoiog to Uxroru he ' oad heard of
aiid loveil the Oxford methodMlK. llix in-
troduction to Oharle* W«*l«y (170r-178H)
fq. V.J wii« Ijrought ttfjout by hia ftcndiii);
WeaEoy ti(itir(>f>rai»uoof Ettliitnplod Huieidc
CliaHri* W<i«Ikv i-nt liim twokit ; lie fir*t
' knftwwhnt truftreli|;ion wa«' through ri'ad-
intr 'The Lift) of (Iwd in tlm Soul of Miui*
C I fi"? ), by 1 fenry Rooiifrnl [q. v.] He copied
the metho'liBt practicee.butu'senot octuiillv
admitted t<t the 'socii-ty'tiU ]7;i'), in which
year bedatcs kisconvurstou. At Gloucester,
where he appot th« hkttor half of that vc«r,
he formed 'a little BOciotr'on tlii> tucthndin
mod^l. On 1*0 June 17-Wl he was ordaiDe<]
deAconiit ttloucoivtcrby Martin Benson Tq, v.],
prt'oched hia first senium al St, Mnrv tit
UTypI- on -I June, ami gra'liiated B.A. in
July. Tlio remuval uf the WMlwys puvi- him
the lead of Ihr- ft^w n-inutnin^ Oxford mo-
thodiste. During h visit to London ho eon-
Mired tlia idea of jnininR rhe Wcxli-v* in
(Georgia, but wan diAKundeil liTfri«'nd». Kis
first flermon in London wiis on H Awg. at t>t,
Botolphs, ISifhop^pitc, whero h« cnptirnr*:^
1111 autliL'nL'o inclint-d ul lint to sneer at hi»
youthful lixiUs. For a few weetta (NovemUr
to l>Hcei]i1>er 1733) lie iifSicinlod for Ohark«
Kinchin (1711-1742) al. Ihimniir, Hutnti*
ahiro, and bad rhfl nllVr nf ' a very protitahle
curncvin Loud on /which li«deElinci!,tli(>itjih
in deEit, hATinjT maile np hiH mind (:!l l>er.^
forCleoifria(CKAi(L>x\V txi.Kr,Jow»aJ, l^(4ll,
i. fift). ^amos Hcrvey <1"I4 17fift) [f]. v.]
succeeded him at. 1>uuiTn«r. lilsbnp Benwin,
Trhom he consulted on Now Year'a day 1 737.
up|)rov<>d his duiigii. It wa» aol carrii'd out
for a yi^ar, »pent in uiiMionary preai-hinif,
chiL'lly in the wast of Knijland and l^mdon.
For two tnoTil.h* lin vcnit in rharffn of StoiM—
hoii<)e, QlonnvatctsbiTP (his farewell sermon,
10 May 1737, -w-iia edited. 1W2, bv J. <!.
Dim nek, from a manuscript dtwioreTPii in ihnt,
year). The popularity of hie prenchimr waa
extraordinaiy: Itts first print'-d jiormon mil
ilirpii)fU ihnio cdilionii in 17>'S7. He wan in
coiwtant request for charity Bermons.
On M Dec 1737 he wunt on board rho
Whilnker. which did not Ivave the Downa
for (reonjia till 2 Feb. 1 738. John Wwley,
who n* iiclifd Uwa! iho chiy b'tforc, would liavo
Mopped him, but did nor usn the opportunity
of me<?tinR him (eee Wbulkt, Joiix, and
WitiTEFiRr.n'fl Hwri-jt, 1771, iv. Wi, for
Wealoy'a r«cour»c to lot on this occoeioo).
De made a fbrtniohl'a ttsy at Qibralur,
whervinf^vr E«eint;Tiifrhma8S,be 'needed no
other arffunif III nitnJiiKt popery.' The Boremor,
.Toauph Sabina (16aL»5'-1739) [q. v.], aliowM
him much attcutioD. Amon^ the ^omsoa
he found a relij^'oufl society, known &s ' new
lifchtt) ; ' otbers, belonging to the cburcli of
SroitnTid, wi'^c known as 'dark lanthonia.'
The journals of Utsroysge out, tvni to JuBCft
ilutton (1710-171(51 ^q. t.J, Were printotl
(17^*-) by T. Cooper. * Huttoo dopn-cated
the publication as •turn-iililiouit; it ts mom
cloic to the original than 1 Jutton'a own iiwuA,
whii^h ran Ifimuj;!] four etUlions in ihi eame
year. Wh itelit^ld's jnurnaU wtiro too «>g(^
litttic for publication, and they prejudiced
the meihoaiAC cauite. Tlit-ir iuav act an i-x-
Hmple followed, with more judgmt>nt, by
.Tohn \\'e*l''y, who bt-jran to publiah hi
journals in 1710. WliiU'ficld's ( t«oTpa mU-
Bionliadinoreapparenttiiico.-^lhan \\ etlcy's;
he was a younijcT man. much more eloquent,
and unconcerned with disputveaboutcburch-
manahiu; moreover, he was provideil with
funds * lot tbu poor of Georgia.' He Bytnpa-
thiaed wilJi ihu ctdotiixlit, dn'niwl liy Iho
truEtoue 'the iitte both of rum and alsTee.*
Hut hrt hi-nrs cmplintic tiMlimonx- to the fact
that ' the good which Mr. John Wi-^lev bos
dnm." . , . i« ineTpresaible ' i^Jotutiit/), \\ hite-
fii^ld Airuok out n line of his own by esta-
blinhiiig scboula and pi!0}ix:ting nn orphan
house. To collect money for this Hclirint^, and
to obtain print's ordiTs, be left for England
nn 21* .\ug. (hi his rftuni he wx-nt a fort-
night in Irvland. well received i)v Rishopi
lluRtcoiifthand Rnndleand Arcbbiahop Boul-
t«r. He waa nrrlaini'd at Christ Church. Ox-
ford, on 14 Jan. I7y9 by Martin I^eoson,
noting for Seeker, and on lettcnt dimUaory
from Kdmund Gibson [q. v.], bishop of I^d-
don, who ftcc«pt<«d as title Whitebeld'a a[^-
poIntniL-nt by tlieOt.'oriiiu trust eee as minister
of t^avannab. Lady ituntlntidon inten.<«t«d
httr^olf in his onliniLtion,and brought aristo-
cralic htinrera to bii> pn<achin^r, among tbem
th« fiimouB Sarah, dudiefui of Marlborough.
Lik" Wrml«y. ^Vhitcfietd attended the
Moravian meetings in Frtt^r l.anc; unlike
Wysley, he paid visits to leading di^^fenlors:
I«na€ Wmta [q. v.] received him ' moat cor-
dially.' lie got into trouble by uronching nt
St. Miirgarrt*s,\\'estminster, in trie afternoon
i^f.Siinday,41'"fb.l7S9. Morgan, ibe Friendly
Society's lectun-.r. bcin({ out of (own, had en-
gagud John Jnmes Majendie to fiupply hi-4
plncf. Nol knowing ihi*, the stewards had
sent for WHiitetield. Majendio was rudely
siiprseiled; of this Whitefield. who wished
to ri'rire in his favour, was innocent: but
the matter gave rise to much angry writing
I
i
i
against methodifU, coDtisuMl for •oin«
BonLlu hy ' lUcbard Hooker' (i.«. Willtaoi
W*b«t«c [q. V.]) in th« ' Weekly MiswUuny.'
Aeonsequeaco wtui that at Buth atid Briittul,
^lAro lifl vutwd to prcKch on W'bair of the
6«onria orphuia^, hU ovi?nures wvki n>-
J«Oteo. At Halijilmrv' liu risitod f^uMUiiiM
w'esley, who ftflkt»d hini if her sons ' were
nottnufingaomeinnovatioaEii] tlii'cbiin;U;' ^
he uearod her ' th>>y wi-ni on fnr frDm it that
they endeavoured all ihey could to ivcoocil)^
(liuenters to our commimion' (SnivEXROx,
MemoriaUt^tAt H«/fy /■limiVy.lS'ii.p.iiO).
lie began uiMm-uirprem-UiDf; at I'ow Grw ii,
onKingnwood Uili,nDur KrlHiol.uii 17 I'Vb.
irifit, Thi* utrvicv cyHVi-r1»?il Tlmuiua Max-
fi<^ld, afU^rw&rdB John Wftsley's HS§ifitant.
The pulpiU of Dmlol chwrchwi vtirrv nnw
flpCTi>yl to him, hui on tiO Prb. he wu anm-
moned to t h t< chance I lor V court and tbrealoned
with excammunination forpreatliing-without
licenM. Bii>hop Rtith-r, to whom hi? ap|ilu>d,
wrote him a fcvourable letter, prgmisin^ a
bencfoctioD toniird« thi^ oqihiinn^'C ; ho pive
flvv ftuiiie«s on W May (,Tn:R»ty, i. l>*'i,
^33, ail)). He was, howercr, excluded from
churches, and vviii from preaching iu ihf
pritvin; only the '(tu^ii'ty' rooms were open
to him. tlencL- lio thivw hicn».'lf into ihu
work of outdoor pnwirliiog, alwavH wi'jtriiig
lull rl^cal rohee.
V'uiiting WttW in March with William
Seward (ITOS-l'JU), hnithL-r of Thomtt
Seward fq. t.I he find uiyl Ilowel Uarrin
(q.v,} On 2 April tt; laid tbe tirst stone of
a schoul for tot* coUJitk at Kiiigswood, »
work tak<>n up by Wi-sli-y in the fullowjnjr
June. At St, Miirydo (Vytrt.Ulouceeter, he
hiiptUM'd (17 April) » ipinkiT 'nlniut niitv
yeure of age.' At Oifnnl ht received ' a great
ehock'un baring that hi« old frif>nd KinL-hiii
had reftigned Itia fi-11r>w?hip, and was rf-porti'd |
to be on the point of leaving tlw church ; be '
looked forward to 'dreadful coniKoui.-nc<^rt'
from ' a necdlen ■eparalion.' No pulpit was
open to him in Oxford. In I^ondon (-Itorge
Stcirii'homw, ricur of Ht. Murj'V, Uliiigtoji,
invite'] Iiim to preach, but the churchwarden
interfered ; occonlinRly he preaclifd(27 April) '
in the chiiM.'hyard, atAndinf;!)!! u l.oniliKtunr, .
* to a prodigious coacourM' of |>M»plp,* IRs
fl;^ optm-air sermon at Koorticlds (then a
led p«rk) waa oa 'it) .\ pril, bi.'for.> chnrfli |
At moming serrice the Eaine day ho
lt«ard a violent tiennou acuinst hiit movement ,
by Joseph Trapp [q. v.] at Chriw. Churcb,
Newgate, and remnrks I hat 'the preacher
«B0 not BO calm m I wlnhcd him. Trapp
wa« bni-lii'd up hy thu ' \V«.-kly Mt«cell«uy;'
Whitefi>?Id hy Kohert Scnj^uve [q. t.] Dod-
dridge he4rd Whiteftcdd in Mayon Kvuninff
ton Common, and ehought hiia raah and
enibusiasiic, 'a wiuik man, much too posi-
tive" (Ul'UrilHtrvs, t'tirreyi'mi/enix of 7Jm?-
driiJfe, 182(^ iii. Sslj. Bishop Jleneon, dis-
approving of htK it int^ntntlnlxMin, 'itlVi-ction-
uttfly udmotushed' him to preach only whero
be wiw ' lawfully Rppoiiili.<d,' a sufTgiistion at
which,replied AVhit<>tii^]d (0 July |, ■ my blood
runs chill.' lie had already (io March)
begnna corrwipondfrnco with Itulph Krskino
fq. V.J, the Scotiish »ocedt-r, whoM Mrmons
he hftd rciid. \Vhit4'field wrote (1*3 July)
* My leudiin^it ail^-ctiuni' uwait thu ossociatu
presbytery' (comlituled U l>ec. 173:5). IL
liiM \>v*:\\ said that in Whilcliuld*fl sermon
(tieu- iii. Ki) at £>lul(t! Nnwiiiglon (31 July)
' to about twenty ihouHand people,' hp ginss
proininrncti for the firBt time to tho Cul-
vinifltic doctrini! of election ; but this Mrinon
('Thu Serptmi beguiling Kve," 1710, 8vo)
liu bven ConriiiM-d with a Inter sermon ('The
Seed (rf the Woman,' &r., 1742, 8vo) from
the same text (TtkkmjiK,!. 1^73). On 1 Aufl.
Itt^bop Gil)«cin is^upd n pastoral in which
'enthiL'vtasm,' as iiutitifi'Nt iu Whitefivld's
jountiils,).') condemned; Whitefield, in reply,
ollV-rvd (Jibaon ' th^i dlk-mma of pitber allow-
ing my divine commiMion, or denying your
own' ( }\'iirk», \v. IS).
On 14 -Aug. 1739 hii cmhnrliud for .\n]«-
rica in the Flizabeih, taking with him
Williain Seward and JoM'ph Perium (an
iittomcy's ciurlt, whise futher, thinking him
craiv, hiid jnu hiiu iiuo tlt-dluiu for iliree
weeks). They landed in .Vmerica on .'WOct.
and visilud l^hiladulpliia on 2 Nov.; thence
he visit.cd New York, lie left Pi^nnnyl-
vaniA on 'i^ Nov. to make hii) way tUrougli
Muryhind, V'iri^nia.and t'«r*ilinii, tofiiinrgia.
\\\i preaching, welcome] hy 'all but his
nwn churcir {Letlfr of Bmjamiyt Culman,
D.f}.\ was mainly in presbvierian mMling-
houses and the open air. 1 here is no better
tcjtimnny 10 its power than that of Deo-
jamin Krunliliii, wito writc>, -It waswondeis
I'ul t<j !>ee the cliange soon made iu the
inannura of our inhnhilnnts ' ^^femoirg, 181S.
i. fiii). IIh reached Si^vannah on II Jau.
1710, bringing n-ilh him i,530^. (about half
CoUnu'ed in AinHrini) lowardi* th<i orplian-
B)^', for which the O.-orgiii. tnisteefl had
j^mntpd him five buudred acres of land.
Ill- at oncv? hir.'d a hoii*c, and on 2o -March
began a building, to be called Bethesda.
For the reniuindi-r of his life the mftin-
ivuiinc« of thiitiuiiliiiiiion waa an important
factor in bin work, compelling him to travel,
and inspiring him to pn-ach (TxKiui.i5, i.
S.'iO). Duriiig thirty yttiirn of itn raaiinge-
nient he expended on it, from his private
rveouma, 3^:^99/. {ib, H. &tjl).
Whitefield
8S
Whitefield
On k visit to Chirlpetoa, South Carolina,
in March 17-10, )i« gut Into an unwiM! con-
tmreniy with the comnissnry, Alesaiidor
GurdeD {lOSi-]"*'^) [m» undi-r iSARDEX,
Alehashbr'. rpctnr of St. Philip's, who
Dreacbi^d ac^iiist him. WhitefitilJ retortlnp
trom n <!iii»cniiiifr pulpit, nml orirrjins thi*
nuurTOl into ]irint. lie uttdiTtook lo provo 1 hat
TiUotsoii 'hnfW rio nioro about true Chris-
tianity thun Muhnnn-i,' tin i'xpn'.*sioii which
h.- futlittrnd oil Weiiley, ' if I iiiistHke net.'
On 4 April he wroio an unavailing pniiiOifil
ofiniirTiimi' til KhKn]H>lti Di-Umotte nl' IHfii-
dnn, Kont, eiiter of ('UnrVB 1 ti'lnmorti^ \Vtf«-
iIct's companion to tK-orain (Tvkrmax, i.
8m)). Ht^vinitin^ Philadi'lphia in April, he
Jloflded u» usual for tho orphan huii«p.
'"ronljlin. whom h« omplny.-J n^ prirt.'r, hurt
advixod kini on oconomic grounds to build
tb« hoiine nt fhihictelphia, and refused to
eontributi^ to thi> Oeoririft scheme. But,
hvnrtij^ Whitetttdd preach, lie 'began to
ftofteii,' and ronduatd to ^To copper;
* uiiotliiT stroke' dociatH^ him lo give eUvpr;
at the finish ht'empli(?d' hia 'pocket into
tho culk'Ctvr'ii diih, (^ild aud uU. Hiis ful-
lowiTit in I'hifndt^lphin fouiidi'd tlnTf (17J;i>
a prt'ahytfrjun c(>n(rpflfrution. Whiteiieltl
hitnni-ir pnycc-li'il "n. «cIhk>1 for ni-pYir* in
IVMHsyhania : ' live thou»tAnd nrrrw nf land
wen* bmi|i;bt fur thi» purptiw, Seward went
to T<]ii)flund to colk-ct funds, but the pliuk
nid'-'d with hi» uiHiuiflv death.
Nominally ili^ Anglican incumbent of
Savannah, SVhitflitild was Bcliu);iae(ri.ict ob
n minister at lur){*-, li-avin(( .lum<^ llalx'T-
shFUn, tbfi scbotdmodliT (a hivmaii). lo ruad
prnvcrn nnd M-rrminK in Iiik nl;i4H'. llf Inm-
BelfdiKcardvd thesurplic**; BlwayBpTnyttl, na
well asprnaclied, extempore ; ennstant ly otTi-
ciati.'d in disKontinir mrt'tiBp-hoHWii, nnd
Bevernl tines put Tilly, a haplist minister,
into hi« pulpit. Visiting ChiirWton in
July 1740, ho wo* clt«d (7 Julyi lo apfM-ur
nu 15 .liilv bofortt the rommisHarv to answr-r
for CL'rtain i rn.'giitaritiw, 't'hicjfy for oiuil-
tinn ti> LIW5 tliH forui of pnivfru prenCTiLw)
in thMcommunionhook.' He duly appeared.
GarxWn and fnnrothjTrh'rgynuin cont>titiil»d
the cnmtniiisary'f" court. Fivr- dnvs (on ench
of wtuch Whitefield proadied twice (o Inrjje
audienciit) u-eiY- ^pmit in ar^iing quMioiV't
of juri-idiclion; V^ hitefield appealed lo chan-
cery, and ud ll> July wa« bound unduroalh to
lod^uhiii n|lpeal^VLlllinatwelvemoutb,dl!po
aiting I(l/.asguaranlee. TbeappealwaaduLy
made: hut as it did not come to a hvnring
within a venr and a dny, (Innlniia^ain »uui-
mO'ned "W'hiiefield , and, in hia nhBenw. pm-
nouiiced a dt-creo of siimtrniiion. This is
eaid to have been thfl Brnt trial in any
Anglicun ccdeeiaalical court in a Britiab
colony.
Whitefield WAS invit4yl to Boston (S«|^
Icmbi^r 1710) by ISenjamin Colmaii, D.D.
(Iti73-1747), of iirnttle J^trept eon^esation,
a correBpoudent of Uenir Winder q. v.],
and in clo«f alliance with Engliab diaaent.
lie preached ogaiujtt th« liberalism which
waa mnking ita way into llarFnrd ('oUHge;
ihi're ia no duubl ihnt hia influence did much
lo stem the tide of dtK-lriual indiil'erpnct)
among I ho run^^gatiunalista of New Eng-
land. Hi- Kav<^ Urn- vitality to the Cal-
vinii-tic position, and this reacted on hisown
tfaidiing. Hence Wcaley's 'free grace'
p^'rinon i«f which Wesley hail aent a copy to
(jarden) dn,'w from Whitefield a ' Letter' of
rcmninii ranee ('Ji IK'C. 17401, Ita publica-
lion (March 17-lt>, which Chartf* WlvIc;
tried ti> avert, made the breach betireen thfl
' two sorts of niethodi»t«' < W'kslbt, 11 Vntf,
viii, M^iJl. The peraonol alienaTion wu
aliPttlivcd : Wpnlcy enya the trouble ' wa»
not merelv the diiferi^uci) of doctrine,' but
' rather Hi. W hitefield's manner' (A.xi.463).
Jt inii)<t U> un'ui-d that thvmwas 'maiiner'
on both i*idi-», Thefnllow-emof Ww«leyand
Whitt'lield henceforlb formed riral parties.
Whilrfn-ld li'fi Chnrle-lnn on IH Jan. and
rpadied Kalnioiith on 11 March 1741, From
tliisdnti: III.' ri<a>H<d to write lournaiii; but aar-
m tire* of his work from his own pen were sap-
pi led in t 111? ' L'hriNt ian 1 1 i«tory ' i 1 740-7), tho
' Full Aopount,' ) 747, l:Jiiio,And the 'Kurilier
Account,' 174", 8vo. To provides preaching
place for liiin while in L<imlon, hi» rrietidf)
Tinjciiirud a site a liitle to the north of
W<-*h'v's Fuunili-rv, and vrecteil *■ larffe
temporary Bhed' linown an the tabemncle.
This wiin iipHned nlionh the middle of April
I7n,atid borami' tlir-h^-adquarrer^of Whih^
tield'o lioiidoii work. Il was replaced bv a
lirii-k building on the ume site, opened' ns
10 JuBL' 17.13. The Aloortii-ldjt tabornaclit
»Hppwitt.'d ihe Norwich tabenmcle, i^rivted
for Jami'd Wheiitley in 17ol, Whitefield's
Itrijitol labt-rnacle waa opimed on 2t> Kot.
17'»tl.
On in .April 1741 Halph Kr^kine wpcrte
entrcatin;; Whitefield to viait Scotland.
Thi- incaibert of the ' aaaooiate presbytery '
had now (1740) l>pen foTmnlty excluded
froni the miiiistry by the general sMnmbly.
KrskiiiL-. wb.t wt:*ln'd Whitefield to caat in
hia lot: culindy with the 'associate preeby-
tery/ made it a condition that h« should not
preui'li in the pitlpilv of thvir ' pereecutors.'
AgaitiU tiiis limit Whitefield wrote frankly
1 11 EbcneiM'r Krskine [q. v.] tui well as to Ratpli,
df*iring lo W 'ncutiT as to I bo particular
reformatiotiofchiirchgovemaenl,' Eheneipr
.XwkiiM Wt it * unn?«onatlo ' to scvk to
dwiitifr Wliiti>fir>l(l will) tlii> tH'ntling orua-
ilioii, and found a way niiT. oUht- ditfieulty
"'' II inn not of "our c«rnipl- c\fTry ' hut of
rihe people,' Whitefield arrived ut Dun- ,
'-rmliiic on 30 JmIj 1741 .m ft visit In
ilpb Ermine, who at once tuckted hiiD on
tthfl subject uf his episcopal oniinalion. Writ- '
iofT ('ll JuIt) to hilt brother, hi; ullirmK ihKt '
\VhiI«fietd told hiin 'hi? would nut liavo it ,
tlmt way 5gaiii for a lhnuiian<l worlds ; ' u»
for rvfuKiTif^ irivitalionx to [in-Mch, lie would
'finhnwe ' the nflVr of *a jesiiit priusr. nr n
Mahgini'dnn,' in onVr to t>.'-«lify nKniii*! :
them. Hn mr^t and fonfem-d with Ihc |
'associate prcBbytery' on & Auff. It wiw '
OD t.hi* occasioTi ihnt hn ff*vt> hi* fainnns
answer, when besought to preatrh only for ,
' the Lord** people,' that ' the dBvil'speoplr' '
wow in moTti nrcd of pn-achinp. riiiflinff I
that he was resolved tn Ira iitriclly nenti-al '
OD el^ck»iD«ticAl nolitirs, tlit a-tsociutc- pr<'»> >
bytvr* diMtvowi-d hitji, Adnui tiib U\. v.]
piibliabed 'A Warninp ' (1742, Il'mo)
anioit * this forL'ianvr,' to pruvu that
AVtitcfield'n ' wltohi diirlrine in, iiml lii« a«c-
cees must he, diaboUi^ul.' Tho ' asaociulu
presbjti'ry ' in it« «cl of 2."! Tt^c. 1 743 t-nii-
msnrtea 'tiie kind KCfirtion ' j^iv^ii to Whilt?-
field amoni^thefinR of Scotlniid. liis popii-
tarily wm Terr ffrcnt : in thirteen wc«iC8 ho
Tieitvd Mmv Iliiriy tosvni' and hud liiiae
opeOHiir aadietices..* His rietractors observed
tnat 'faff was inflexibk- about tliu uiticl-i of
e»thrnn|f inoricv ' ( W'AITKr.P.T, AntrciSate*,
T«71', p. aSI I ; lliey furput to add lUal this
was n«"")Wiiy fur liiji uwni'vulrrit wlii-nn'^.
In OctobiT B« wnii the puest at .MelTilk'
House, Fifesbire, of Alesnnder, fifth carl of
Lcvcn and fourth «irl of Mrlrillo {d. ITftl),
the royal commiutoner to the general as-
Kiuhly.
Lvavlog (Minburgh on 20 Oct. IT4I. he
rode to AlHrt^venn}', Monmuuthshire, (1i«
reaidtfnCR of a widow, i'liztibcth J»[nc» (born
Biimnll], B frii'ud of Wrwh-y, wbo call* her
•a woman of candour and humanily' (Wia-
LBV. W*iTk*, i. ;m ), W tiiti.'UrUl nmrrird hi-r
on 14 Nor. I74I at St. Martin's, ratrphillT,
purisll of K(rlwg)lan, CtUtnorEnnsbir". \\<f
ud mailtf up hi^mtiid to nnrry < 1 11 Ot. 1740i ;
but no previoa9 courtehip of Mrs. JameA is
kiiovrn. She was t^-n ymra his [wnior, and
had r<-ith«r fortune nor buaniy fhi> own ac-
^counl), hut wa»a' teudtrruunie'aiidawoniuii
^^■f 6lrDn)7 mind. provL-d mom than oiic<- in
^HpyinifcirviiiiuitKncM: hIih 'nmi alioiit luahtnK
^^prtridges' when the Wiliuin^on, bound
^Bi>r (?«OTgia, aevniM in danger of iillitck by n
Dutch fleet ( WorlHf ii. 68) ; and on another
occasion, us Whitcfiuld noiod in her funeml
sermoD. bailn hi-r hu>huiid 'phivths man'
(VAn»Uan Mi»eeUany, 1W)6. p. 'ai(*>, Un-
liappiiit-aa in bio innrnod lift> hns been in-
furred from the langiiap? of John Bfrridge
[n. v.], who unworthily calls the wivea
of Weslpy and Whiteheld 'a brace of
fcrreis ' (CiLEnMoMj, p, ."JOO); and from tb»
testimony of Corridiim Wint*?r (174i!-1807},
who was'an inmate {17G7-9)in Whit«fitdd'i
lious* during his wife'a declining dav*, but
who don* not lay all tin- fnult on tne Udv
(J*V, jVmwV* •'/ iVintrr, ISO!', p. 80).
Kh<; divdon 9 Ane. 17t(^, and tight montliR
afl*'r ber deatb ^\ hiU'Hcld writvi! (1 1 March
I7ftl1j, "I feiil the loM of my ri;f]it bnwl
daily.' Tlicy lind one cliUd, John, boni at
Ilcxion on l <»rl. 1"4;J. bnpt)»-d i>id»lic!y ut
the Muorfielde tabernacle, burivd ai Ulou-
tti-ntt'-x OM ^ Feb. 17J4 {Kfffuter of S(. Mary
decrypt).
Within a week after bis niarriftgc Wbiu*-
fifdd start<^d on a misuonarc lour in the
weBl. .-\t ()louc>.!ftvr and Taiuswick ho
preached in [lariBh cliorche*, aft<'r long i-x-
c-luHion. From London be embarked for
Seollflnd on '2li Mny 1742, n-acbing Uin-
burj;!] on '^ Juno. His drrond vti^it to
Sirolbind !>tiinulriti-(l the fs'tTioun revival
at Cambuslan^, l^nnrkphirr-, jun Ix'gim by
William MCullotb (_10W-177I), the parish
c-l>'rpjmnn. Thv ponit^'nts were A«i(ed with
bymeria and convuhion (Hobb, t'lttt/ffu/
S'arrafitf, 1742; reprintm) 184(1), pheno>
mvua di.'n'>uuced by Ht>L<?den as rencwinff
the fiXCeAf^n of Ibt- riirniKiinU (FtmiER,
Iteview. 17421. Corrpfciwndenofi with Wea-
U-x wiva n'nniniNl in OctotJer.and the persona)
rejatiotifi of the two Wd'T^ wur* htfuceforth
cordial. Wbit4>lteld was back in Lonilon on
H Nov. He pfi-^idcd nt tho first conference
of Calvinistic metbodisid lifid at Wntford,
near Ciwrrpbillr [llv^nf», I,i fro/ II. Jlarria,
1891'. p. 2'SS)', on T, Jim. 1743, prt'cediiiB
Wesley's conforence by « ypnr ami a linlf.
it conttixU-d of four cler);^~men, inehiding
Dftiiiel ICowlaud* U\. v.], iiiul (nn Uynien,
including Harris, Ilumptirpys, ami Onniok,
tlnf latter Iw" buving deserted Wesley for
Whiiefield, At tli« sct'ond ronfen-nco
(II April) Wbitefield was 'chosen, it' in
Kngland, to Iw ftiwfty» moderator.' Hams to
he modenitor in his absenco (fM'yttJ Maga-
:iiti;\77\, p. HH ; HvOHiat, p. I'-IO). At a
later conierenci- in the i^amo yt-ar it waa
iiRTeed ' not to separate from thi* ir«lBbIi»hwJ
churi'h ' ( Warkt, li, 8S). Five >*ears after-
wanlji Wlutffield HdioilK in a letter to
Wesley <1 Sept. 174*>) that lie must. Iparo
lo (ithiirM tb^^ fonnatiun of ' societies,' and
give himself to geneml preachinfj {it. ii, 169),
Whitefield
90
Whitefield
Uence Lq put Ilams in chnrg^ {'27 April
1748) nf thu MoorBeldi* rnbumnclp nnd oilier
Kugliah sooUities. An«r his ruptur<:^ witli
lionrliuidi) (Mar I7G0), llarris aeetded (o
form an aiidiociitl ion ol' his uwu HlvGii£e, p.
JJ64), Itowlands licftdin^ thL- inuin tiody.
In 8(|iI«iuIilt 171-3 I>i>Jdridfl\' prvacLeJ
M ttie lab«ma«>le, and waa taKen to tuli
{SO Sept.) by Isauc: Watbi for * ^inUini; the
c)inntcl«r of B miniMiir, nttd eHpecially a
I tutor, among ihe di&BRiitGr9,sa low thL'nrby'
(Hdiip)1RBV», Oirretpanrlmrf nf Thi/driihe,
1*^29, iv. yA4!. Ni'Xt ninnTh r)oddri(rgi*
opened liis pulpU at XortbiiiDptoD to Wliilt-
fic'ld, nml wflft warmly renHurc-d by NAtlmnif-l,
son of Uunie! NetiL [q, r.], aud by John
I Bajki-r ( ] B^L'- 1 Vliii) [q. v.] {ii. pp. L7o i"*!.)
lliev considerud tliat atiy alltimce wiili
metliodbiDi would pri-iudicL> tbcir n>latioiia
witli the cetabli'iiied church. OthOTB main-
tctiiiud dial rK>td-pn<nL-liiiig wait not ]>roi«.'ct«<l
hy the Toleriilion Act, Uitliard Smalbroke
tij.v.Jliadcliarj.a'^iigainbt lui^'thudislsin 1743,
laviac Wliitz-tnOd tsixTJuIly in visw. Taking
hia wife with hini. whitefield <!)nlnrk<,<d for
America nt PlyniHuHi mi 10 Aii^. 1744, anil
reochitl Now York on 'JQ Uct. IIU stay
in America lastiMl til] 2 June 174H. llis
sncccjis WW Bchii.'vi'd in Unr face of opposi-
tion frcini New Hn^iland niiniiilers, many of
whom wroto slronj;ly iv-«pfciinp hi» irregu-
lar muthods. T(.':»iliuiuni(.'» nt;uin«t hini ivtru
iiu»ii«d hy rbe facuUif-t of Harvard (^S Dec.
17-Uj and Yalo (25 l-'«b. 174-'). TowutJb
the Huppoi't of bin orjilinri huiiHi! h<i jiun^liawd
(Mbk!Il 1717) 'ii ptaniitlioiL and fllaros' in
South Carolina, holdin); it ' imi>o«iHi« for
the inhttbitanto To inhAi!^t without tho uw-
oflkYSs' iCitruiian HUtory. 17-17, p, 34),
an opinion which he rcitLTiiit'd in a lettt-r
(0 IJec. 174<J) to the Ui'ortria truatee*
\Work», ii. a08>. The ■ kwfiilneM of kccp-
inff iilavi.>ii' hi'dcfundi-d (£2 .Marub 17^l)on
biblioiil (froumlii {ill. ii. 404).
Shortly after his rt'tnm, I-nJy I [iinlJHgdon
made* him ( Aiiyiist 1748)oi]e of li^r doutfHltc
chaplftin*. foUowngr tae coureo bv which.
before toleration, nonconforming dcrgi,- hnd
been protoci'td. Bolinj^broka wrote to hor
tlut llic king had 'represented lo his (jracw
of Cantorbury ' [IK-rrinRl 'that Mr Wliito-
isld idiuuld hi> ailvaiict-d to the bench, as
It only uii>an» of putrinff an •■«(! to hia
_>rMchinfr* (rimuAX, ii. 1H4). Ihiring a
vicil of six wef'k.i to Scotland (We|(teuiher-
OctobcT I71S) tho Bynudii of GUspow.
I»thian, and Perth piL->]«'d n'iioUitiiiuii in-
tend imI to exrJndo him from churchen. In
fiO^'wnlwr he visil'.-d Wnttn on liis d«atli>
^-^ The attacks on niethodi&m by (iporfp>
y [q. T.], which began in 1749
{Enthu»M0m of MfthodUtt and PayUts <w«-
par^d, ]749~/»l,3pt«.), were mainly dinv;r«d
apiinst Wbitvfield. Lavin^on had been
n«ttliMl hy B shaai 'charge* puhliahcd in liis
name by wme unkitown pemm during 1748,
and containing methodist si>ntiments. In the
Unu-(j Mnrray ppbtode [sets Wkslbt, John]
Whii«-1ield folluwtfd Cbarlea Wealey'a bid-
ding, (hough he told John W«e]eT Uiit in
hi* jinljrinMit (Inirti Slurrny wan hi* wife.
He vii-ited Ireland in May 1751, remaining
till July, whfin hi.' i-aiWrktwl from Belfaiit
for Scotland. Tho impn-.taion he made in
Ireland seems to bavu been very tfutsiton.
His fonrth viiit to Amoriea ((_)ctober 1761-
Mny 17'>:.>) was curtailed by liia wish to nin
from the Georgia tntst«c»i before UiL-ir
cliartur ttxpinid, c-ertain privileges for libi
orphan house. Ilia hynm-book (1703), vhich
in 17tH> had poMed through thiny>stx edi-
tioiiE, wa« compiled for the new-built taber-
nacle. During a visit to Scotland (July-
August l7dS ) a playboiuv at Glasgow agusst
whiidi bt^ hnd derlnimMl waa pulled down
{ikots Maijasine, 17&3, p. 301). Detuned ft
Hn.itilh at LJKbon, on bin way to America, be
wrote and puhliahed (17ri"'>t graphic acoounla
of the rfligious obser\-ancee there. On thU
his fifth vi.*it tn Amcricn (May 17Jj4-M»y
17otJ) the M.A. degree was conlerred on bim
(Spptombcr 1754) by New Jersey College.
Ibu eight ycari! from Mav 17&9 to Jims
17H3 werw spent bv Whiu-Celd in the I'nited
Kinf;dom (excepting a trip to Holland in
17H*-'). Innn-mMrhtilili'li'Ufr |2Julv 1756)
Franklin wrote: 'I soinf^timeewbh ibat you
and I were jointly wmployeil by the crown
to wtllo a colonv on the (thio' [^Earmffeiieial
Mngazittfi, lyWl, p. 51). Un 7 Nov. 1768
Whitefield opcnwi tht chapel in Toitcnhun
Court Uoad (rebuilt lt^»»); at the Uytng of
the foundation in the urorious June be bad
ihu uounti'niiiice of Beujaiuin Uroevvsor,
I).I>. [ij. \.\ Thomas (iibbons J^q, v.], and
Andruw Gifford [q. T.j, rapresentiDg tlio threo
«(-('tionKof pnitcKlani diiufnt. llccoiuitantly
vi.°itedScorlnnd, and in 1 7o7 heard the debatea
in the general a^ccniblv on tliv vaav of AWx-
auder Carlvlc, D.D. [(\, v,], proaecnted for
aitending t^ie representation of th« tragedy
of ' Iloiiffla* ' by John llotnp [<\. v.] Tn I7fiO
Whitetield (' Dr.Squinlum *) was burleequed
by Samnel Footo(q. v.Jin tho ' Minor.' The
nerformanci; lut looao a flood of diMrri'ditabla
Inuiponm and cariceliires, Df numerous
ani mad versions by ^^'lliteti4<ld'fl fritmds, nooo
wrru in<iri!i-llr(:lt\i- than John Wenli^y'" three
letters to • Lloyd's Evening Post ' in N^ovem-
ber and DecemlM-r 17(10. In the 'lEvgiater
Ortifft' (17«1>, by Josi'ph It^d \a. T.],
WhiteSeld is introduced as 'Mr. \\ atch-
I
I
k
light:'ia tlM * Methodi«t * ipuhliihiMl 1761,
but uever avtMl) ho tiguroH ■giuii e»
*8quiD(uiii.' These altacks, which wtre felC
to DO iLuwurtliy, riii84^il W!iiti.-(ifld'8 npulv
in«tMail iif tiijurin^i il. He wuinrrioudly ill
«t tliB tim«, and for DMrlj* ft twelvemonth,
froni MiinTli 1671, wan pmcticiiUy cUnnWwl
from preaching;. fli> folt, too, the pi-psaum
of finuncial oblitrntiorm couaected with liis
pbilantbropir iindi-rtnktnffs. On 4 June 1"6S
be btarted fiom C>rt-eaock id the F&iiny, for
hifl sixth voyogo to America. Hiring liia
stay there of two yean he exeriinl liiiusvlf
in procuring gift* of bookii for Harvard
College library-, luixily burnt-d {It'orks. iii.
307). His prKatbiiifr ]Kintir)i weni ntill
Itisited, but his popiiluritv showed no dimi-
nution. H« rcAclKi] KnL'Innd n^in un
7 July I7fi5 reiir-h enft'chlpd. ( in (i Oct. h.?
opeaed Lady Huntingdon's cbapet nt Bath.
Wwley, wIk> mi-l. him in l.ciniton on 1?H Oct.,
deKrioM him as 'mi oM, ol<l mnn, fairly
worn out . . . Itioiich be h&§ hnrdly o^uu fiHy
Tears' (Wesley, .^(rRfl/l. Yet be cominued
nil missionary tours and his open-eir pruach-
iag. From 17 Jun« 17«7 to 11' Feb. 17«H
be corrxsp-jndwl wiili .Scckvr re!>[i'*c;linK tliw
convenion of bis orpbuiiagt! into a college.
He was willing tlml ibu liret mn^tur should
hf. «tn .\ngli«in c!i-rgiimmi, biil n^fusitl to
nnrmw iht.> foundaiinn by cxcludinj^ othi'ra
in th>>? future, or by making the dnilv UM of
the common pmj-i^r-bofik a ntntutjiblc obli-
galion. On tlieAe points tln^ governor und
cmmcil of Cicorgia won- with him. In A upus^t
1707 III* att<:nded WVaIcv'* i:oiiii;rfnfo with
Uow«l Harris. His wife, who dii>d !) Aug.
1708, woD btiriL-d in ToCtvuham Court Uoud
chaptl. She left him 7(K>/. Hen|irn.--H.ady
Huntingdon's college at TrevocRa on J4 Aug.
17(>8, and hiT cliaiii-I nt Tunliridgu Wells on
33 July 17d&. His la^it acniionf) in Knzlnnd
were preached si ICamsgale on Ui Sept.,
flhortlf bt^fore his final embArlfslion for
America. Uifl aanttant, whom he hift iu
chargo of the London chapels, was Torial
Jojw (I "31-179"), formt-rly u HraH^aptain.
His last public work was the selllemunt
of u svbfimv fur hi* ' oqthnn Iioiiali iirademy/
or llrtb«sihL {?(jl]t^. Ht! might jiroliably
have nbtointd for it a churt^T had he placetl
it undor tUw direction of tWstatf ant li'jritiM,
bur hft h»|ueathe<l the whole inMitiitinn to
Lady Huntingdon (the main building was
de*lroy«J by tire in .1mu\ I77;t, and never
rf built ). Leaving Hnvmiuali on 21 April
1770, he movLtl ahmit IV^nnsylvania and
New England, pnviehiiig nunrly every day.
UIa last letter wna written on :i;i S*!]>t,; \ui
hat tenaon, two hours in length and full
of Tfgour, was given at Kxet^r, New Hatnp>
flhiro, on ii9 Sept. That evening he reachiid
lliJ! tnaii«e of Jcn&thaii Far8on8O70G-1776],
nT«t)byt«riau miuisler of Newburvport,
Hu^MtchuHiitte, whom ho had converted fnjin
.-Vrmiuiamsm. He wan to havt- preacJiMl
next morning, and was gning to bud tired,
hut wait prevail)^] on Iu adur«--ss, from lint
ataircose, a gathered throng till his bed
candle bumvd out. During the nij^ht bo
waA floiK'd with Mlhma, an lie thought; it
was probably ansioa pectoris (TiiiKMAIt).
He. died at t>\x o clock in tho morning of
yo !*«pT. 1770, and we* buried at lii» \j-vn
desire in a vault beneath the pulpit of tbu
Krushytftrian mccting-houi^e, Fwderal Struwt,
i-aburvwirt. Amnni; the pall-U-MnTii wait
Kd ward* Bum (I"l'(t-l80.'i), renior of St.
i'aura, N('wbiiryiiort.aft*TW(ird«(17!*7) fimt
hiibop of the prot4>Atant episcopal rhnrrh in
Mttssaehustjtis. Tbo irotlin was opened in
1784, wli*n Ow. body was f'lund perfett ; in
ISOl it was agnin opeJiod, the fli^sb wa.H
gone, but the 'gown, c&ssock, and bands'
rcmainud (TvEitUAS, ii. 60"2i. Later, the
' main bone of the rigbi arm ' wna Htul^n by
an admirer and Mnt to England, but restoroa
iu l**;*? ((*. p. tH^l). At Nowburvport there
is a monument, erected iu IS'JS (figurwl in
UxBsiiA). An inEcriptiun to bie memory
wan lidded In the marble monument, ent.'ted
lo bia wife in Tottenham Pnurt Itoad chnpel
(fiiLilKM, p, *_'77]. This monument has
since- jxTicnod ; tb« charieI,now [190f)] re-
budding, will eoutaiti a lucuiorial. Funoral
sermons wfira very numerous. The most im-
porlaut are thow by Parsons and by \^'e«lvy ;
ibe latter was delivered both at the tabe'r-
uuck> and at Tottenham Court l£uad, iu
aroordance with Whtli-ficld'n own rirtjuest.
Hifl will ia printed by Oillifs, and reprinted
by Philip; hr diwl wnrtU alwiit 1,400/.
Whitefield's unrivalled efTertifts a prenrher
wecp due to his great power of reiJuiing his
subject, And to hii liifltrionic genius, aidi-d
by a fa.-<ciuatLng voice of great compos and
audible at. immense distancc» (FiuyxLiw,
Memoirs, 1S18, i. 87j. Lord Uhesi^rtieM,
bearing him portray a blind beggar as he
■ottered over the tidgo uf a preoipiei:.
IxMindml frnm hik sisit and exclaiiued,* (lood
Ond! he's gonel* (W4ai:t.KT, l«"2,p. 107;
for a virid drfieript ion of the potency of his
rhetoric s^e l.trst, Ifi*t. a/ Eniftand, ii.
Wi^ sq. ; for Lis elfect on Uiirae, GuiDSTOXis,
p. 878). Hi# primed sermon* by no means
expbtm bis reputation ; it should be remum-
bpred that bo preached over eighteen tbousaud
r".-ruiou8: only sisiy-tbrea wore publi-thed
bv himsulf, forty-six of them before he waa
twenty-five ^ears of age. Eighteen other
aermonii in print were pub]isli«<I frcnn idiort-
Whiteficid
93
Whitefoord
hand notes. anrevUed. Tbe warmth of his
expromioniF, nn<! nn incntitioii* fnanltrn'M of
etAtenK'nt in hU nutAbiormphical irritingK,
lud him open to hdicula aad undMorvetl
reproQch. It was {vrimnnlT ni^iiist Whito-
fielfl chat tbe more persistem allacks upon
mcthixlUm wor^' leiclk^d. Apart from hii
eT&agelUtiu work lie waji in niftiiy wayti a
pion«er. Willi none of tbe a<lminiAtrAtiv«
getuuH by which WuaU-y lurnud Hti<f||ri^iont>
[to account, he ant icimtt-il Wi-hIi-v'ji liiiwi of
action ton romarliablf extent., It»pn>ci*rft>d
him in lualkini; itriKt"! a crntnt of ninlb'>iii<it
efTort ; hp wn-t hefnn'hand with bim in
jjiibli^hinu j»unial!>, in founding.' sc)ii>ol», in
practiHiii); opftii-nir pnvirhiii|;, nuA in cnltinf^
Lfiis preacher§ to a conference. Ilia reliKiouji
'lierifwiiciil, 'Tilt: ('limtian UiMory ' (begun
lu 1710), may be lookodupoDnaapredecaasor
of the ' Arminian Magsxine' (17*8).
WtiitcfieldV eomplexioii wa» fair, his eyes
ilnrk bltic and tniall; oriKinolly eleniier. hv '
bet^ami? coqmlcnt from Tiis fortieth year, :
tiiuuKb bi# diul wa# t-pore, and a L'otv-LeLd
his favourite liisun'. Ijihe Wi^siey, be ro*e
Bt four; hit) punctuality was ri^id. his love
of on!i-r extn-mn: * litf did n-ot. think hu
should die easy, if he tliotight hie f^loves
w.?n.' nut of tlii-ir plaw ' ( WlM'EK, p. l^2>.
He was 'irritablo, but snon fippr'ii,ii«' (tA.
'p. 8I>: his benetieencp wan ibe outcocae of
[th« epni^rous glow of his afli-ctiong.
Thu Nnliunal I'ortniir (iaIWy liux a por-
trait, painted nboul 1737 by .lohn Wonlaa-
ton. in which Wbitchuld ia depicted as
nreaebin^ fniiu n pulpit ; i\ rr.-mnli- (ii;un> In
front of the e?ongre(fat.ion k fiuppuscd to re-
Rm^-nt liijt wifu, Oth*»r portniite are bjr
athaniel Hone fq. v.l, engraved hvPi^rht;
and (ITfW) by .lohn'ftuswl! )]74"5-1808>
[fl. v.\r'ngravii in tn-^wotint by Watnon, A
whoWentitb nie«otint (["W) bv I'. Kyte
ie said by (iilliu to he the b(«l tikeneM of
him in hist youuger ycar«. HisufGiry in wax
was executed (during hi* lifetime) by lEacUel
W\dlfl of Philadelphia, and was civen to
BetbeMla['ifUe;(i*; aiidlltfr \v«« hv hi.'r»i»liT,
Mrs, Pat ieticp Wright of New York (rt II. 1.1 h»,
pp. iJ60, .ViH). Orii:atur")s»r»? very numerous.
Wbirj-lield's ' Works' were ediied. 177 1 -2,
6 voU, 8vo. by John Uillies. D.D. % v.l
The onlWtion contains U*tii>rA, tnkciii, anil
Hormons, with a few pieces previnusly un-
publiAhed, It dnt-ft not contain the auto-
biofrraphical pit-c*ti, ilm 'Short Account'
(1740),tlie wven Mournnls ' (issued between
1738 and 17-II ; none of ihem rctpublliihed
in full since 1744). the • ('hriittiaii lliatorv '
(1710 71. Iho 'Full Account' <1747), aiid
the ' Further AcmuimI' (1747). In 1760,
"^tlefield published ' The Two First
ParU of hia Ufa, with hie Joumala rCTwed,
corrected, and abridj^Ml.' The fulWtbiblio
grapby of original editions of Whitelield'a
miblicutioTiB will bv found embedded in
Tyermans ' Life,' He wmt* pr«fftce» to
•evvriil work; ; notably, a brief > recomtiKii-
dalory «pi«tle ' I0 an ' AhMract,' 17^, 12mo
(made by Wesley), of the ' Life ' of Tltomu
Ilalvburton fij. T.J ; and a preface ta a folio
edition, 1767, of the wurk« of Bunvao.
Julian doea not include bim in bin 'Uic-
tioiiary'usa hymn- wriltir, and tl la doabtful
whellwraiiv of tbt^ veraes which Iw iumu
the expreatmn of hiaown fwlinifB are strictly
orifjtiiRl. Milt allf'nttiond of tnp hymns of
the Wesleys drew from .Tohn Wesley (wliA
dnps not name him) the aeomful remarks in
tb« pr«fft(;* to hift hjtnn-book of I7f^.
[The 8bon AeeoaM, Jouni&la, Chri-ititn
History, Full AecuonU Furtbcf Aceoati% nrid
Letters of WhiUriScld are the primary antboriiiu
for his biography. The llemoirs. 177'^. Iij
(iilli>i^«, io .-I carofid pinMi nf work, wbicb baa
bccu often re-pclitvd. but uoc always improTtd.
Th« I.if*' nnd Timcj, 1832. by \W,vt\ Philip
fq. r.] fcrilipiMMl liy Sir Jxiiim Klophen. KiIid-
burijb Rcvicvr. July 163ft), iv r«ry fait but
diaearKivc. The Vifo and Trnvfla. IS"!, by
OledatAfie. ■■ tbo bMt far gi'nernl vrm. Thin LiFit,
1678-7. 2 vols.. \>y Tjorutnn, i» a lienrlr ex-
hanaiire roni|vaditiRi of materials. Of bio-
nhie* puMixliMl in Amarica, th* LifH. 1818,
. Neiretl, and t b* Life. ISftS, l>y D. A. Uaraha.
may be menttonftl. A Fnlthfnl Narntire of th«
Life. M'AQ. i« hy n frimd. but tha Lifo . . .
by an JrupMniAl llnml, 1739. and (ieniiine and
Secret Memoire. 1712, arc anonyraoua Urapoona,
Sn.1 alio Jay's Metiioirs of Coru«lius Winter,
\»m. pp. 72 *t\.. l.ifu and TimM of Salioa^
CuuDKiw of Hu&tiii^>d«n, 1839.2 tols.; nicbunl-
aon's Ueore* Whitelield. CMileoAry C'iaim«mo-
rationnf Tnttenbuni f.-mrl Chapel, 1857 ; Wake-
lcy'i> Aric«dol«t* of Whitoflrld. 1 872 ; IdacaaUy'a
Whitriield Ane(d«tM, 188«; SiMlfoTtl'a Good
and (Irrat Man of (Jloueiotcrihire, 1867. pp.
2^1 *:{.; Gl'nicMierakiro Not«a and QuMiao,
IBM. ii. : Winvir'd HI*!, of Ani'-riMi. rol. t.
[Ki.wiui ; Foali-r'a Aliimni Oion. 18RS. ir. I.^O,
18P2. fr. 1631 : extract from regiatcrof $t. Mnry
lit- Crrpt. Glaim>t«r, per Rot. W, Lloyii.)
■ A.O.
WHiTEPOORD. CALEB (17a4-l81€),
wit and diplomeiiAt, tlio natural son of
Colont>l Charles WbilpToord q. v.l, wa»
born lit Edinburgh in 1734 and educated at
James MumlellH (ie!i(K>l and Edinhurgh Uni-
ver»ity fmatriculatinu on S March 174S).
\l\» fnlh«r BCciuii-fCeil in his objections to
entering ihe mmiHtry, nnd pinred him in the
count ine-butiTM> of a wine merchant, Archi-
bald Stewart, of York Ituikliiigs. London.
T)imiig 17•^6 (having in the meantime aiet
up in the wine busineas at b Craven Street),
I
Whitefoord
93
Whitefoord
WhitefooM was in Lisbon in connection
with IiU trade, and sent homo n vivid nc-
counL of tlio earthquakv. Itenjamiu Frank-
Un was hi» m^iglilwur in Crawn Strwl for
come timv; tlivvb<^-iim« inlimitttt, ami Clmlr
iniimacy IM toXviiiU-foord being cliosen by
mielbiirue in ITM as ititfrmf<!inry V'twi^vn
FrAiiklin, (u minijtN'r of Thi> Tnil."!! Smt^-i
RC VerMillds, Biid the Uriiish Kuvemment.
Whit^roonl accoDipanii^d iLlclmnl Oswald
li\. V.J to Parui in April niid »t^rvoil for a
jear as Mcre1«ry to tbn ccmmiHion wljii:li
eonolttded tbc ptacu vilb Amenca. IJurlt^,
1(1 vxymm tiis poor op'inlou of ihc^ pt«ni-
potentisriea dioeen, (Uscribeil Oswald lut u
eioipla merchant, am) WhtiKfoifril as it uii-ri!
■diiiour de bona tnols.* It was not until
1793 that a penMon of :J<)0/. a vc-ar wnit
Kciirvd to Whili^foord for liis semices.
WliiU'foonl's conlributiooa to the ' Public
Adrerti»*r," the ' St. .lami-Vs Clin>rucli','«n(i
Other nvwjjipaperji wore niimffronn, hix line
behl^ |iohticol p«niflaj(a and his nim to
ravea] the humorous eidr of partir ahitsv.
The miniMrv would have liked a panipUIei
ou the Fulkland Islnnds dilliciiltv from his
|>cn in. 1771. and i( was hu who n.-i;oui-
uiKndi^d that the task iJiould be as.'ii)(ned to
Dr. Johason. Tbu bttcr ihouiibt highly of
Whitvfoori]'* rj>»avs in tho pi'riodic^ul prt^iui,
and Caleb was oiii! nf tbn giii-Alfi at the
Shakcapeam Tavern when JnhneoD took the
chair on 15 March 1773, prior to th« flret
Mrformaoee of ' She stoops to coimuer.'
Manr of hia best Mjiiibs, suL-h os ' l'rcpo«a)M
fur a I'VmuW Aduiiiii»l ration,' ' Errors of th'-
Hnuw,* ' \Vi-ji!itiiii*tiT ilsces/ 'Ship News,'
and 'Cro«i ]<)?adinirE,' are in thu 'Now
F<)HndlinBHi.«pitnlf.ir\Vit*{irR4,i. I2!t»q.)
The ' CroM HeadingH' deliffhted not only
Johnioi). but s crilio i>f such taxto ii* fiold-
h, and onf <io di lli«ult to plevuw ax H iimcc
'olpole. When Gamck set the fashiou
of writ ini^csricat lire epitaphs in 1 774, Whilo-
foonl natumlly tried his hand ; and, ('umber-
iAnd sat s, displayed more iti-uuturi.' tluiii wit.
Ooldsmilh, howi^vor, ihoujcht wull of Lim,
as th slinun in tiie epitaph whii^h he leli
nmoH); his papwa to bo worHcd into ' K'jtalia-
tion,' and which was nctHa.11y included in
the fourth and Bubaequent cditianR:
Here Whiiefoonl rw]ines. di'ny it irlio Piiti ;
Thn' lie merrily liv»l. he in now ii grave man.
What pity, alas I that an lib' ml a mind
Shnulii K) long ho to Newi|iapei' Knsaj-B coii-
fiaad:
Who perhaps to the antnmit of science might
soar.
Yet content if the table he wi in a roar ;
WboMC talents to Ht any Blation Mere lit.
Yet happy if Wool&ll coiifoMiM] him a wit. . . .
Whilefoord'n correa^iondence with tha
WuodfalU and with Jamea MuoberMlL
(printfd ui the Jl'AitefaortJ J^tftn) is of'
soinu lilvrary interG(>t ; in Aui^st 170*) he
received from .lohii Crun, the antiquary
of York, some inedited onerdotes of Stemo,
whirh (!mfc hud collected at his rvqueet (H,
pp. l.':iSs(]. ) I'nUh lived on to patronise a
Keu<.<nition fur suheequeni to that of hia
early asflflrifttct Foot* and Garrick. In May
ItiOo Itavtd NVilkie brousht him a 'letter
of introduction' from Sir Georj'e.Saudiliui.dH,
and the painter i« ^aid to have xucvf-al'iilly
tranaftrred to the well-known cativaa Iho
^'fuve cxpnutsiun which \Vhit«foonl tboughf.
proper to the oo-a^on. Whiti^fniml, who
was a F.I1.S. (elected 17W), a F.S..\., and
a mi-iuljer of the Arcadian Society of Itome,
died at hia house in Arfryll Strr-et in Fe-
bruary 1810, and wait buriiad in Paddin^ton
cluircliynnl (Whkati.EI' and Ct'K.viNuuAH,
London, iii. ^>. Hia tine collection of pic-
tiiren wan »ild at Argyll Street on \ and
5 May 1810.
A portrait bv Ileynolds (I7S2). owned
by Cfiarle* Whitefoord, ceq., of Whitton
I'addocka, near Ludlow, woa uigrarud in
noLMotint by I. Jones in 1793, A sketch by
UL'orev Dance (July 179S) was engraved by
U'illiiuu Daiiiell, and n drawing- by Coeway
by P. Ci)nd6 far the ' Knmpenn Magazine '
(1810), An nnonymoua portrait is at tbo
Kioma of the Society of Arta, for which body
Whitefoord procured portraits of Williatii
SliipUiy I q. v.] and Peter Templeman [ij. v. ] ;
he wa^ vicvpreiidcut of the souiely iu 18(X)
( Tran*. Soc. nf Attn, No, scxix.)
Whitffoord murried late in life (18(X>) a
Miaa Sidney, and U-fl four children. Ltis
eldest sun, Caleb, ;;rudualt>rl from QuiH'n'n
College, 0«f<.rU (B.A. IWlif*, M.A. Iti31),
mid became rector of Hurford with Whittoa
in 1S43.
[Whitefoord ?apoT«. I8&8. ed.HiiTini ; Gent.
Ms^. 1810. i. 3aU; Piiblie OharactftRs ISGl-a ;
Itt^nrll'ii Johnson, iv. 233, vA. Hill ; WitlpQlu's
(Wrcapondi^nr-e, \. 30, ad, Cunuiucbiim ; >orth-
cute'v Lifo of Roynulds, i, JIT; Forei<-r'tiO<itd-
smith. Ilk. ir. ch. xx. ; t'amlwrland'i Mameica,
i. 3C7 i I^milli'p MiuEitntiotn I'ortreits, p. 774;
Cun'sSocietyof Dilettanti, IS08, p. 123; Fmnk-
lln'M Worka, viV .Sfwrb. rii. 212 ] T. 8,
WHITEFOORD. fHAKl.ES U. KM),
soldier, third son of Sir Adam Whitefoord,
tlmt baronet {d. 1727), by Marfraret (rf.
174^), onl^- daugblMTijf Alaji, seventh lord
Cathcart, is stated, alrhourb the evidence ia
far from cuiicluKive,tu have been a deaceudout
orWnlterWhitford[q. \-.l, bishop of Hfechiu.
His elder brother, ^ir John, aecoitd burunet,
became a lieutenant-general in the army
:
Whitefoord
94
Whitehall
(1701), and died in 17t^, I^ATinfF a boh, Sir
John \Miitofoord, third baronet (rf. 1803).
Tlw third baronet, who i» tiuppoacrl to hftYft
bNii the origiual of Sir Arthur Wjinlour iu
Boott'a ' Anliijiuiry,' got into (lif)iciiltii!i and
left Ballochtnyle in Ayrshire for Whiltfoiird
UouSi> lolhfiCiinnngatM of Edinburgh. He
VAS one of the enrly piitmns of Bums, who
celebrates him ici mtav cumplitiiHiiiarv linrt"
•>ncloBiiu[ tt copy ftf the ' Lam^'nt for Jnmea,
Earl of QloDcaim.' and his duuKhti^r ^rnrin
[CranHtoaii] was the heroini' of tlw ' Braes
of liaUochinylL'.' He was a well-lin»wn
fi^irr in t-ht; Scottish capital, and WUA de>
picti>d hy Kny along wilh hiit crooiei, Major
^Vndrew Fnwi-r luid the Hon. Andpow Er»-
kini; {Edinhurffh J'artrait', 1877, No. Mcii.)
(,'hiirle* Whitufoord i-iili-red the navy in
lil^j hilt iifttTwards ji>in"d a rtgimant of
drofroow-i, havinff 'learnt'd his i.'.it'rci»«9 of
riJinj;' in tliw fiuiimi*' acndeiny of Ati(^<*r».
Ill I7.18hij wn.*arBptain iuthe roynllriiih ut
MtiiorCiU 811(1 two j-'NiM Ifitrr wrw (pixetCed
nidi— lie^■clltnp to hix tiiiclni Lord Oatbcsrt,
and Baih;d in the Wwt India erpsdition,
tooU part, in tho dBodly operat.ionii againet
CarI.hag«»nQ. and in 1711 becamp lieutenant-
colonel in till' flth marine, Ilpwaa viHiling
ri'lfttives in Scotland whuH the rebellion of
1715 broke ouf, iind iramediatfly offdrwl lii«
•errices to the governnrnnt aa u ToIiiQt*er.
He wan one of th» vi?ry f<iw ollici-ra in tho
rovnl army who distiii^uiBhed cbemstlvL's at
tha battlo of Preslonpaos, and iii« oonduet
<.«uppli«d tho gfonndivork of thfi chivainiua
tcOTltBftt V'twoeu toward W'arerlsy iLnd
Oolonel Tiilbot in the forty-fl«vcnlh and fol-
lowing chapters of ■ Waverley," ' When,'
teryof four fl(.'lcl-i>iooea waastonnwl and car-
ried by the Camerons nnd iht- Stewarts of
Appin»- The lut* Aloxandflt Steiivart of In-
veruyle -wa* onjj of the forumrml in Ihtt
chBrnt'.and, obsemngftti offi<*ftr of thekinga
forces who. Booming to join the flight of all
aroimd,retnninfd Willi hiss won) in his hand,
Bs if determined to tho vi.'ry lost to defend tho
poet aui^ed to him, the highland gii^nthw
man oommn-nded him to siirroader, and re-
ceived for reply a thruni- wliicli hu caught
on hia urptit. 'Phi! officer wa» now defunc^-
Imb, and the battle-axv of n gigantic high-
Isnturwaft tiplifttd to dafib his hrvinBOUt,
when Mr. Stowart with fj^rtut diflicnlty pre-
r^ed on him to yifhi. Hp took cbargH of
his enemy's property, protwjled hii* pt^roon,
■ad fijially obtained him his liberty nnparole.
The officer provt-d to be Colonel Whitf
foo-^ ■ A-fitT Cuiloden it wa« Whitefoord's
turn to atraineTerynervatoobUinStowBrt')*
])ar<)oD. KoprwentKiiont to tlte lord juatiei!
clerk, the lord advocat«, and otlwr law dic-
nitarias provins of no BTail, he at leng^o
appli«d lo the T>uk<; of Cumberland in per-
son. ' From him also be rt:<ceir{>d a potiiirs
refusal, lie then limited Lis request to t
Srotoction for St«wort'ii houBC, wife, chil-
ren, and property. Thia was alio n.-fuft.'d
by ihf^dukc : on which Colonel Whitefoord,
taking bis eotamisnon b'oiii bi« bosom, laitl
it on the table before bis royal bighn««8
with much emotion and asked permission to
retire from th" itirrvicn of a »overviBn who
did not know how to spare a vanijuixbed
«numy-' Thereupon tlm duke 'gianied tbe
pnitertion rwjiiired.'
In Sepleniber 1751 Whitefoord was ap-
pointed lii'iitenAnl-colonoI of the fifth rep-
mi^nt of foot, on the stafT in Ireland, nnd on
2J) Nov. 17n2 he was promoted full coloneL
Hf! dic-d at flalway on '2 Jan. 17o;). Ue
dot's not appear to have been married, bat
he left a son, Caleb Whitefoord, who ia
si.>pamtvly nolicud, imd al»o. it is believed,
a daughter. Colonel Wbilefoord's ' lji>tt<>r»
and Papers' n.-ferriu^ to bis lervicee ia
.Mirinrcft, Cuba, and in Scotland wi-r** eilited
for the Clarendon Freaa in 1S98 by Mr.
W. .\. K. Hi'wifi)'. A portrait in oila is
in Ihi! pnnwssion of Chijrics Whitefoordj of
Whitton Paddocks, near Ludlow,
l,Tln)<Jptir(ilf«i'-t, ed. Mar»liall. 1680, It. 142;
(t^nl. }Ana. IT<>3, p. JJ1 , ('aiiniaghiini'a Lifraad
W'jrk t>f Burns, iv. 156-7; Scott's Warorlay,
Intrw5ai"tion ; Whitdfoord I'npors, ed. Hevina,
IniroilurtinD mid pp. 1-1 17i Hamilton's Lanwlc
and Iteufww, 1831, p. 79.] T. S.
WHITEHALL, liODEUT (llW.'>-1685),
prtetJWt.-r. [t^^wnd son of RobtTt WTiitohall of
SlmrpcIilTe, Staffordshire, and of Dorothy
his wifii, daughu^r of Thomas Iletuhaw of
Loi:kwaod,8iufford«hirL',wusbomBtAiiien-
ham, Iluckinghamsbire, ekrly in 1636, and
wae bapti^d thenion 18 March of that Tcar.
HiH tuther, who died in Si^plember 1058,
wafl virar of .St. Marr MBgnnlen, Oxford,
and from llllO nfctorof^,\ddin|,'ton, Bilching-
haiOBhire. The pofltaBt^r wat educated tirst
at W'eKt minster school, nader Dr. Htotiard
Rushy, whence he was elected to Chriat
Church, Oxford, in 1(343. Ue arradualed B.A.
on 2 Nov. I(i47. On 10 May following,
with other studtinle of Christ Cbnidi, be
was summoned lo appear before th« parlia*
uiuntary risilon, and, when question^, tre-
ptied: 'As I am siimmonml n student ot
uhrijit Church, my name itself spe-nk^ for
mo, that I can acknowledge no visiiatJOU
but King Charles's/ which reply subsequent
Whitehall
95
Whitehead
I
Blopment bas convvrl^d ioto un indif-
fenat dimich :
Uy nm»'B Whitehall, Ood blen th« poet ;
If I snhmu the king tib&n knov it.
He WM expelled on 7 July 164^, unpuruntly
retiring toliis fMtlier's Iioium! iti BucKniiilisiu-
•bire. Tliere rcunins into contact with bia
noi^bouTB, thelngoTdsbysibQ became popti*
}ai with the TMirliftmentMy pnrtv, flnbmittM
to ibe committee for reg'ubitiii^ the univer-
«tv,ao<l WKs by (lietD t'li'Ctei] lo&Mlow^hip
in Harton CaUo^u in 10>'H). He c'>mpl(!t(<u
bi« degree of M.A. on IH Nov. 16ul'. In
1665 he wu ' t«rnB filiuH,' and ho di-rided
the puriLan diKctpLiittt o( The viiiivt^mity. In
1857 TTt-nry Cromwell, wriring from In.<liind
(32 J«iM>>,rw(nie8tedtliecoll''t?''*''thuriliejitn
allow htm lfavi> r>f abflr-nre, Trithiiut 1oh» of
emolument, in ordertDprDinBtruclion id the
univpraitT of Dublin ; thi' [wrmiMion wa*
gimntnl in the foUowinf AueuAt. He was
crputedM.B. onfiSept.KV'i7bvleUer!ifri'inlii«
chArd Cromwell. On SlJum-IGlVihe appenm
tobavehci'u in Oxford, when be wan lio^nsetl
to practinp modir^ine. Uewas Mrtninlvthcro
OD jS Oct. 1070, whoo b« wrote from Merton
CoUu^ tr> Williftnuon bt^winr for considx^ra*
tion tor his loeees, he having Iwuit ' wonti-d
in fjnrit rial), of S60/. a year and ni>arly 1 .OOOJ.
by theCheftbire mi«idventtira'[PSir Qeorgo
DoQth's rising], Whitehall was tutor to
John Wilmot. second corl of Rochester [q. v.],
at Oxford, and much devot<'d to bim. He
was sub-warden of Mcrton CoUon- in 1671,
and in 1077 rwuivvd a Icuu or the Diir-
mington titEies. He died on 8 July lOSo,
and was buried in Mcrton CoUvgu cliapul on
llm following diiy-
Wood calla bim 'a mere poetaster and
tim^«ervinit poet.' Ilia work* riinxiMt chii'fly
of oongiataiatory 0[3e.«, and 'hie pn seearn
to have been as ready to celebmle Olirer
CromwcH's elevation to the protMtoratfiaa to
oongratulnto Cbarle» II on Lis recovery from
an ague; and n^ually lavish of pani'jryrie,
wbeuer Ricliard Cromwell or Lord (.'luren-
clan,whomhHiiailml an chancellor* oft he uni-
Teraity' (Wku'ii, Aiumnf WrttrtnTi. ]»p.
119-20). His worli*pf.i»ipM«e«rt«iii rhythmic
flnency not unnlcaAant to the ear.
He published: 1. 'Tf;(t^;n-nA»;"»yf«iMi, orthii
MarriagQ of Arms and Arta, It! July Iftol,
being an Accompt of ibe Act in Oxqd. to a
Friend,' London. I(>oI. 2. ' V'iro , . . hrino-
raii^eimo . . . 1-Muardo Hide * on his being
raiit^d to the dignity of chancellor of tho uni-
versity of Oiford), Oxford. 1(H>0? 3. 'The
CoronatiiHi,' tendon, 10^? 4. ' Liraoia, or
a DeMtiption of tbe iSdntJnf; uf the Top
of the Theatre at Oxford, a« the Attiat
laid hi» IK-aipi,' I*ondon, 1699. ft. • Verses
on Mrs. More, upon her sanding Sir Thomaa
Motm's picture (of her own drawing) to the
LoDR (tallery av the Public Schoole at: Ox-
ford, Oxford, 1674. 'llir pictiiru preseiived
In" Mr». More is, however, a iiortrait of
Tlomas Oromwvll, imrl of K«6ex ^\^'^LPOLB,
Aaecilotet, 1765, lii. 118). K. ''V.^<rTixnu
I«))i»i>; mve Icntinm quarundaiu extnuiL'airum
(nunn^roL'Ah) Kxnlicatio brcviu^eula et clnm,'
Oxford, l(i77. This work, of whioh only
twelve copti-s were printed, conKiitrd of
plates parcha«ed by Whlrrhall in Holland,
lUiivl rating both tbeUldaiiJ .New Testament.
Tbe uajorily of lliu [ilates were thns^ fin
ninny cD«ea reveriurd ) unKraved by Matthias
Mt'Tiun for a tlt-rman edition of the Bible
piihlifhed in Sinisibu r^; in Hjyo. They
afterwards a[ipean>d in • AflM-eldingen der
voornaumstL- llislorien,* iinldi*lvi«d by N,
Vui«chfr in A ni Kterdnni . Whit.^hall'ii plalrtt
appear lo have baen Hpecially printed on tlun
paper. J'^h was pasted on a tlKft of Mpr
an which had previonily bwit printed nix
expIanator^-Terwaby Whitebftil. Hie twelve
copies wen) haridsomply bound, and pro-
seoted seTerally lo the king and to noble
frionde. 7. 'tiratulamini mer.um : a Con-
cni'iilalnry Vanay upon His SlnieAtJes Ma«t
liitppy Hecoverv,' London, lfi7k 8, 'The
Engliiib Kechabue, or a di>fyanc>> to Bacchus
iincf all hi« work*,' Londoi), lOtJO."
Whit*>Iia]l contributed one Latin and on.:-
Knglisli poem to 'Mosaruui Uxouieoaium
/Xntoijbopin, sivc, Ob Fmdcra Au'itioiis Si—
renissinii Olivieri lUpviWOxford. iHS-l; one
lyfltinpoem under his own name in 'Britannia
liediviva,' Oxfi-rd. 1000|with another Irfitin
fofrm with the name of John Wilmot, earl of
tucbefil(!r,ntlaclied, which if> more probably
the work of Whil.dinll); two Latin and one
English to 'Kpie<fliB Acndcmtm Oxoniensia
in Obitnm i?4?n>ni<isimie Marian I'riucipis
Arausionrtnsis,' Oxford, IfJOL i'our of the
pieces were reprinted in Kocheater's * Poems
on several Occasions,' London, IW>7.
[Vi^ilntions of StaflbrdBliin; (WiUinm .Salt,
Arc!in<nlugiral Soc. vol. v. pt.ii.); Amarsiuun
I'ar. Rmc. ! Barrows's R*^, of Viator* of Univ.
lUon. pp. 68, 144; Fonlvr's Ainnini ; Wood's
.AthniiM(Bliw), i, col. liix, iii.cola. 1231-2, iv.
iijIs, 176- 7. i'9 : Brodrick's Memorialsot Mcrton
ColIegpfOxfoPfl llitt Soc.), pp. 10«, a»a; Wood's
Fwu t&Hu), ii. roU. 104. I'l, 309; C'Ul. Suils
Papert. 1470, p. 4fi7: Wood's Hist, and Antiq.
(dutch), II. ii. .'183-4, £fi8, 616; Wood's CoI>
lagm and HalU (Gotch), App. p. 313; Lips-
comb's BaduQuliaQiftliire. ii. 600,] B. P.
WHITEHEAD, CHAHLES (1804-
18<t^), pjet, novelist, and dramatist, the son
of ft wine inerchaDt, waa bom iu Loudon
Whitehead
96
Whitehead
{d 1804. Ue begsn life oe a clerk io a
mercantite hotue, but »oon adopted 1it«ro-
turu 88 bi« iiroresMOD. In IS31 lii^ published
'Tb>j Solitary ,' a poeni in tiio Sperueruu
stATiKi, ahawiti^ gt.-niiiiio imii^iiiation. The
poem won tliK apnroTtil of ProfiiMor ^^'il90El
in the ' Nflctfs Ambroslaaiv,* and of otiior
critics of einin«n(,"w. In IH31»uii»fiirt-d\Vliil>—
head's ' liirefl and Exp1nit«nr Iuh^IiaIi High-
waymen' (probubly wriltnn wnnp ywtM
Mrlior. thd k-twr worlhv nf his priviurtinnBt,
and ' 'ihe AutobJoKrapby of Jack Ketoli,' a
burieaqme bio^ra]]Uy »f Ihe ImnemAr. whicb
coniained n retnurkablt; opi»odical slory of
fwrlouii iutMit, 'Tbc C-onfcMion of Jamcsa
WiUon.' \Vhitub«ad'a vivid blank*Tente
dramn, 'TIj* C«vali«,' the plot of which ia
hiid in RaatonitioiL times, wm produced iil
tbo Ifaytaarkut TIihuIm on ITi S.^Jt. ISStl,
with Kllfin True and VandenbotT lU the
prinoipa] parts, and has bwn mtivwI inons
than once, n^ttnMy at l-lni I.yt-euiii Tki^alfi;
in ISW.
Owing to the eucrcM of Whil«ltcad'« ■ Jack
Ketch,' Mcism. Chapman & Mall inviled
faiu to write the lelterprpse to n nmntlily
isatic of a humorous kind, to which Robert
Suyiuour \a. v.] wiut to funiiih the illurtra-
tionjt. pW<iinK inabilitr to prodiie*.^ the
copy with EuJiicicnl r(.>KulBrily, Wliitebead
recommciidvd his fritind (.'liarlos Uicktms
for thi^ work. The publisliera actud oa the
recommeiidfllion, and tin' ivmill wan thr
* Pickwick P«pi-n«.' A furlhpr point of
contact Wlween Whitebi'ad and Dick-'nii
consisted in \S'hitcboii,d> rcriiriiig in 1^^4*5
'The .Mitmoir* of (.irimaldi," which had b^en
edited by Dickens in 1838 under the pAuii-
donvm of ' Boz.' Whitvbcad'a mnsterpiec^,
' Kichurd Snvogtt' (IHW), illiwlrated by
Let'cb, a niuance, partJy ruimdnl on Dr.
.TobiisoTi'it lifi' <if Sdviigt*, was much admired
by DickuuR. It wnfidr&[uatis(>d,andtbupluy
ran for nearly thiriy nights nt thy Siim-v
Theatre. A u(^w edition of the novel, with
an introduction bv Harvey Orrinsmitb. wiw
iniblinhedin |K1«. Included in 'The Solitary
and othiir Pw.'ias' (ISiy), n collected edition
i>r Wbitchttad'tt poetical work, i<i hi^ mo^t
reniQrliable aonncl bi-gltLninfr 'As yonder
Inmp in my viicatcd room,' which Hanto
Itoarwtti dflflcribt'd as ' vory lino."
^Vhitchodd WdungKilin tbiMullwrryClub,
fifwhirb UnuirlftaJj^rmldanclotbar wits wore
members, and was nciiuaintctl with bH the
famoiiH mon of k'trrrs of his day. When
' IficharJ lavage' appeared ho bad every
prospect of .""iiccons in literature, hut in-
tumpttnuicu wrecked bis career, lie went
toAufttralin. i» li!^o7, with the hone of re-
oo^'ering' hia positiou. He contriimttid to
tb« 'Melbourne Punch,' and h« printed in
Ibif 'Vicionan Monthly Magaaine' the
' :^panish Marriagt%' ■ fraf^nsnl of povtie
drama poaaaaaJngcoiiaidenibli? mr^ril. whii^
Imd's personal qualilias, deepiie his in-
I firmitiea of diiiponition, vndiwrvd him to
those who knew him well, and an admirer
■>f his litnrary t^ent gave him an aaylam at
his house in Melbourne, but he furtively
nmdfi bin i<»cape from the reairictiona of re-
Hppctabiliry. II# aank into abjeict want, and
di«d miserably in a Melbourne bwipital on
A July 186'2. He was buried in a |>nuper'i
grare, and the authoritios rafusod tlw roq
mado by friends, when Ibey h«anl for tlie
time of bis aad end, to reraore hifl renu!
to a fitting tomb, lliit publi'ber and wanu
wi'll-wi«htT, George Bfinilcy, deacribed him
a.-« Ft ' rs-fiiHtl nT-Ii'iUrly man . , . with thought-
ful, almost p<>nrtral ina nj*i«,'
Whitobi.'ad was a m><]uent conlribuTiOT to
luagaxinp*, iiHrticularly to 'Bentley'a Mi»-
celtimy,* lie aUo imbliahcd 'Victoria Vic-
trix," ft po«tn 1 18381, 'The Earl of Eutx'
(l»J3>, 'SniilM and Tears.' a ftorica of col-
lected stories (1H|7), aud 'A Life uf Sir
Walter IWegh ' (18o4).
[ilackciiEii} ntll'fl CliaHe*WIiitrliiMiI, a mono*
(toiph, '•illi oiiniets from bis works-l
M. B-L.
WHITEHEAD, 1>A VID ( 1492 ?-16n t,
diviiiif, hr)m about 1-1(^2, wait n native of
Hiimpsbire (Woon), wkwre the Whiteheads
hud lioniL' landiid jiroporly (Oftt. Iwj. /nut
mnrtem, Henry V'lt, vol, i. No. 10). Hit
contemporary, nroii WiiiTEiiu\D(tff. l&5l>,
wiib whom David ha< U'vu confusod, bw-
longed to a Durham branch of tht; family,
WB» from 1019 lo 1540 bet prior, and &om
I511 lirat db-an of Durham. Hn wua im*
Etimtvd in (he 6ctitiiiiiiii charges of treaaon
rviiifiht n);AiiL!!i(htiibtHlinp,Cutbb>'rtTunstall
ry.T.i, in lflfiO-l,aiid waa i mpriiutni-d in the
T()wi?r, when' be died in November 1551
{/.ettrrt and Piifirr* nf flmrtf J'i/I, pouim;
Ach i*. C, cti. Dosenl, vol. iii. ; Wooi>,
Ftitti, p. 3m ; Coltfctdnm, Uxford Hist. Soc.,
iii. ■2r>; Oxford Univ. Stiff, i. 62; DllOlt,
nut. Chureh nf Eitglnnd, \\. 140, 225, iii.
David WhiUtbead in amid to haT« been
educiitcd at Bmspnoae or All ^ula* Onllwe-,
(IxfonI, but hi« nntno does not appear in the
defective negiflters of ttc period. Thestnlo-
mont that be wsa chaplain to Anne Boleyn
hoa alAo not bo«n vcnfli'd, but there ta no
doubt that he waiilulorloCbarii>«6r«ndoa,
the yavme dukr-of 8iiflijlk,whodied in IS6I.
During the wiaUT of 1549 JJO Svititehead,
Lever, and Elutchiusoit endRavonred to con-
vert Joan Bocher [q. t.] from ber bere«iM
I
aiiu
1 on ■
Whitehead
HrrcHissos. ttWJa, j>. 146). In 1562
■niner ilvTWriliud h'lai af ' Mr. WhitelitHitl
ladlfrv,* tliini^li with wliich llaiUey he
coniiMMt'il U UDcertain, and on 2-'> Aiig.
A){^-*ti-<l liiin lo Cvcil u, n i:«nt!idnl>- for
che TacAnt arcbbishnprir nf Arma|^b, nddinp
'I tnlcQ Mr. Wliil«Iif?Ml for bU gocd kuow-
l«d^, spmiil biint'stj-, fcrvt-iDt ^cal, and
politic wisdom lo be Euost mt^et ' (Ckikiibk,
ITgr**, ii. 431*). Whitolioud, bowtver, re-
fused the appoiotuicnt, uid llu^li UoodACra
[q. V.) beoune arclibUIiop. Un & Nov. fol-
wwing be took pan in tliu diacuwiun on th«
••eimmsol at C^cir* huuNi^.
Soon titer Mary'E an:(.>Ksioii Wliitphfud
flgd to thit contififnl ; )ii> wu« onf of llio
handed and Beventy-tiTf whn failed wiib
Jobn & Luco 't|. v.l from Oravi^uod on
1" Sept. IMS' Wiiitebead was in lh«
smaller Teasel whinb r^afJiod (^openbagen <>n
3 Nor. ; thp extlt*B w«re taken for nnabtipti«t8,
and soon cx])flk'd by order of tlie kitiff <«i
refiuiug to subscribe t" l!i« Lutberaji con-
fiFMion. ThcT (ben niiult^ tbi-ir wny to Rns-
lock, vfhvtv N\'hiiebcud ploftded ihelr euiise
before the mafristniles, wbri^i' Littberan re-
qi)iit)mt:iitv (Lt-v foilud to satisfT, and ibuy
were compt^Ui-ii lo I^avo in JuDimry. .\
Bimilarfute befell tliem at Wianiar, Lubeck,
and Hitiiibur^, but: tlipy found a iwfugw at
Emdeu in Man-Ii (I'tijuhote, SimplfJ' 2i'ar-
rafio, Daale, l^W, pp. liy (.qq. ; i;>i^luM
IliM. Rev. X. 434-40; Dalton, Lagctana,
Berlin, 1H98, pp. 33-'j~f>). Mvaiiwbilc an
attempt vroe being made to found a eliurcb
ofEDglish vxilca at l''ruDkfort,atid <inl! Anj;.
1&54 an invitation wta- M'nt to WliiKrhfud
and utbor exiles ut Emden To join tb« cbiircli
at Frankfort ; ' un 24 Orlober ciime SlarstiT
Whitebead toFranckfordfand at tbe r(xiui^t4>
of theconprcgation b" took tbe chaise fora
time and prxachcd nppon the epistle to tbe
itoniftiis ' (K.vux, Kur^, Uaunatyne Club,
IT. 12).
\\'bit*)beiMl wu ono of tboMt who wiabcd
to rvtain tbe une of th« Ku^lihh pruver
book of 1'%j2, and in tbe famous ' troubles^ nt
Frankfort took llm »idi; 'if llicfanrcl ('ox
,T.] against Knox. Aft^r llie expiilaion of
nox (20 Miircb 155.')* Wbittb«ad was
osen na-ilar of tlii' rmigwiifntion, On
Se-pt. he and hia eolWatrues winsia a letter
Calvin to juffify llii-irprooerdiDgRagaitiitt
:0X, and txpudiatinif ibu charge of too ri^
TOtM odhcrenee to the prayer-book and umEg
'ligfatauid cro»«C8;' tu(.'i'r i>0-r«niomi.'^, tbcy
pMaded, wen? really very fi-w, and ibt-y went
<m to attack Knox'f> 'Admonition' oa an
' mitngeoiui |iniuiibli-t ' wbicb bad addfil
'mneh oil to tbe flame of peraeciition in
England' (Origmat Letttrt, Parker Soc,
VOL. LXI.
pp. 756 aqq.) In February 1565-6 Wbite-
on 1 Marcb by K.iVrt llonie (ir.l9P-l680)
[u. V.]; tlio cHiiHo is eiiid to have beim bis
duuippiMTi tine lit at not being niai)i< Wluntr
in divinity in ™cf*fision tn Bartholomeiv
TmbLTon [cj. v.] H« rvmaini^l, however,
at Frankfurt, aigning a lettfrioHtilltngf^r on
27 fSept. 10.57.
fin Kiiiahi-'th'* ncoihAsion WbiK-bi'nd rr-
turned to Knglond, preaching before the
3u«cn on I'j Feb. 156H-U, taking pnrt in the
usputadun with the KonuAoatbotic bishops
una April, and nerving a« a viritor of Oxford
fnivervity, and on tm> conunLsaion for re-
vising tbn liturgy (MACHTSf, liiiity, p. ISlt ;
IIatwakji, AnnaU,^. 10; Gkk, EiitaMhan
Vtfrgtf, p. ITO), lie i? micI by all bis bio-
graphers To Keive had tbe tir*t refuiuil of lb«
arcbbiNhopric of Canterbury, and he abn
declined tlie msalendiip of tbe 8btot. On
IT Sept. liSfll he wroti? to Cecil aflmovr-
ledginghisobligBtionetohim, but lamenting
tbi' neoe&ftitv \\v was under of refusing tbe
living b« oftered {Cnl. Ktatv Paprr', l.>oia.
1547-80, p. 1^5), * So that whether be bad
any Hpirit uaUt !•:■« of nolu coiiferr'd un hla
in yt^t doubtful, hn being much c!i-ligbtpd in
travelling to and &o to preach tbe word of
God in tlioni' pnrlit uhcn- hr lltuiiglit it wait
ivanting' (Wood), Ho is repcirtnd hy
Whitgilt to bavL' frequently deplored the
exccasos of some ministerf, but bis own
leaniugs wer6 puritan, and on 24 Alurcb
I56S-I he was scmicslered for n^fuaing t^o
siibecrilHt. Fnuicie Bacuu, wliu eullx Whittt-
head a 'grave divine . . . of a blunt xloicnl
nature,' and says be was * touch esteerai'd by
Qupcn Klixabiitb, but nut prvferrwl K'cniiStf
be wn.i againnt the gtivemmnnt of bi^hopa^
also relate* that tbe queen once Maid to biro
'I like thee blotter br«an.to tbou livMt un-
married,' to wbicb Whitehead replied '1h
troth, m&damc, I like you tbe worse for the
same cauac ' i H'orks, ed. iiipedding, vii. 163).
Hicliard Hillea, however, In announcing
Wbitehiiad's dvalL in June 1671, stated thAt
' ho lived about ttuvrii yearn a widower , , .
but very Ulflly, bofore the middle of this
year, V- mnrrii-d a young widow when b»
waa bim.self about vijiiiry ' {Xun'rh T.'^tter*,
i. 242). An engraved portrait ia given in.
Fuller'9 'Holy State' and in ifolland'a
' Lleruologia ' ^p. 173V
Fuller mentions Whitehead's' many bookn
still extant,' but with thetexciipliou of eonie
diacourKea printed in Whittingbain'H ' HrielT
UiecourH of Troubli-s at Franlcfort ' (1675),
they bavtf not be«n Iruceil either in print or
manuBcript. A translation of Ripley'i) ' Kf»-
dulls AlchymiR) ' is aecribvd in BemardV
n
Whitehead
98
Whitehead
•CntnlotfuB of Aftbmolean Mamiscripl«' tf>
Daviil \Vliitfi!ic«(],'<Jiict(irorPhvHick' (Cat.
M'%S: Ani/lia; i. Ml* ; in Hi.«t?K,r«r. A^moie
MSS. en). 1310, the asmiition » rawwly to ■
' i>.W.*)
[Amborilies ciuJ ; Ijinw). MS. 981 f. US;
Bwypo'a Wortoi (aoiicr*! index); OoQKli'Blniex
to Pdfkor Soc. I^l^>l. jM.4Min; Whitlin^hiin't
BrisffDinTOiim, 1674; WooiJ'» Atlioiup, i. 398 ;
KnuxV Woi^ (BiiBuatyuQ Clul): Foxo's Acx««
nnii MitD. ; Hale, tx. f)l; Fitll«r'B WorthiSB, ii.
1'2 ; Pnler Unrt,vr'a CuiumanLiirliiH, IA68; Tnik
n«rV Hill. Brit -Uil, p. 7«2 ; Ucwk'* PuntKnit,
i. 170-4 ; Parkhtirsfa Ludicra, p. lit : Cbfir-
loa'u Lifu of Nowoil ; Dumot'a liii)C, of thn I{<,^
furiiiHttoii, od. pOTOck ; l^onar'c Alamni Oion.
ldU(i-l7H: I>ixon's Hbt. Church of Cntfluid.
iii. 238. 38fl. ir. 696.1 A. t-'. P.
WHITEHEAD, QEOHGE (lOIWl?-
I7:i:i), 'jiiukdr, wa* bom ».t Snn Big*, pimsli
of Ort'jii. W.'jilniorland, in 1836 or IflST,
ninl pdiicatcd rI Blencoe free school, Ciim-
bt^rland, niter which tu- uiuf^ht or usher in
two »i;!i<H>U. H hi>n ahnut lourtpen he lipard
of the nuakprs, to whom he -wa* chiefly nl-
tractvd hy obwrvii^r how they wtji* reviled
by unnriucipWdp(X)]ik. TholiretnicfMinglic
aitendetl wa* ut CuiJtuiii Wnrd'* at Suimy
B)ink, n6Rr (irayrijrg cluipel. wht>ro ho liret
I lieard Georpi Fox (ii. v.] Hi» [in-sbyttiriiin
pareals, si h»t muoli (cnerud at hia turniug
qu^er, gnvr aftcrwardB to lovo tho stwiely,
of which hw molh<ir and w«l«r Ann diftcl
Afft-r' bearinR hiN te*titin»ny'a|iiiin»l pn)-
fe^sional minJut^rs in ^V'^>Islrllor<i^and from
10-W 10 16f>J., Whitehead slnrted H-boiit Ati-
?i9l Itifii M on irinernnt priuir.!ier rhrnuph
orksliir<'. LiDColnshire, and Catnbrid^ahir?
io Norwich. \t Ciimhrid(irc ho nict Janm-^
Poruell [q. V.l At. Norwich he viiiit«d Hi-
chard lloblK-rthom [<j. v.], a prinfincr in tlio
caatlo, and h*jld mevtingi and public di.*pu-
tntionit; in opile of viok-nt opposition and
much contempt of his youth, taacy wvrc
COHvertttdlrtiiU!ik*Tiwu. In LK-ciMiiher 1654
hewaa baled mit of St. IVter's Church f-ir
><pi7nkinfr aftrr l.hi? niermon, and, b«in^ exa-
mined abont water baptiiiui, wn^ i inprlitoni.>d
for more t.hnii fiifhf wt'eka; lioon aftar his
difcharfre, in Marrh lfi55, ho wan nfl:aiM
Coiiimitti:d lor visiting jiriaonera in Norwich
CeallL'. Iti Mnv hw wt-nt to Uuldiuater to ae-s
^oun^ Partndl in priwin; in July, forilHfi'nd-
ing a paper nrtisiwl t.n tho church d<ior of
Uurea.SuIlitlk, brhisconipftniaii.he'was com*
u)itlfitlf<;rTHnlntBiir7St. P<dmiindii. There
be lay for thri'o moDthi^; «I the ()ct<ibi.'r«',i8-
sioos be %-ns aci^usM of b«in^ an idle wan-
Aering fttllow, and fiopd i^O/. On hia reftusl
be was rt'inottded, and suffered much
hardahip in pmon fnr fl(l«en mootlis iiDlil
his friends in Ixindon, ruiinciBHy one Mary
Sftiinci<?M, A waiting woman to OlivcrCponi-
well's wife, appealed to tJir I'rotnctor for an
iiitjiiiry. \Vhlt^!h«ldwa^I■Iaroinedon22Ma3^
l&^tt. and again ia Jtuie, but wm nul re-
icBM-d until IB Oct.
>Vor«n tn-AtuiVDl now befell him. At
Sallroii Waldttn he was net in thi srM:kB,ai»d
at Nayland was coniiumued ' to be openly
whipiiUl until hia body be bloody.' About
Mar 1 tS57 he went tu thu we»t of England,
ine<<lin;f I'lis at (ihjiieeiitBr.
lie now ( 1 637), aftfr three y«*»' abBClice.
returned to Sun BiRS where many quakcrs
had gathoni-d, and large meetinffs wcra held
wint«r and bumioer on cmg «dp« or on tho
mooM, until funds for building meutJng-
houjeawerefurthcominjr- lie visited Swartb-
more, Nowcaalle, Berwick, Alnwick, and
Holy Island, thv govi-rrnor of which placo—
Captain l'hillipp« — and hi^ wife both uMante
miakora. llcturning south. M'hitehead wa*
tlir'jn'ii into prison at Ipawich on the auit
of a clergTinan whom he had ot-ortaken and
diecourswl with on the road. When eession«
came h* inwnsed the mat^islratofi by point-
ing out the ilk-galily of his uocu-Hation, and
wu« *-n1. hack to gaol, whence he was only
reli'osad, after four months, on tho diMitU of
the I'rotwclor.
On^Aug. 10'iO>\'liit4'head held at Cam-
bridge a public diaputewith Thomas Smith,
vicar of Caldocot and univcraity librarian,
vh.0 had airvadv appeared af his opponent
at Q meeting in Wciitminstor. Smith under^
4
l^ttftker l>iiiann'il, or n Tnie Itelation of a
hilerublie IliEpute held ut Cambridgo ' < Ixm-
don, Uiri!), Mo), and ' A Tingg for the Quaker*,'
same place and dale (replying to Henry
Ueunva 'Th.< Quaker no Papist,' London,
1650, 4to), issnpil ' The Key of Knowledgv
not found in the UnJTersity Library of Cain-
bridf^, or a fhort Answer to a Koi>lUh, Slan-
derous Pamphlet entituled "A Ciagyfor the
Quakers." ' London, llViO. 4to. This WM only
one of a long series of public disputes, lutialty
enlminafingin literary effort, to which. WhKe-
headwaschollengedal thi«time. Frequeotly
ihey fAok place in thu pariah churchea, Mme>
times ill prirati' houses. Thus, he was tt
Lj-nn on l5Sept. IC'iH, and icgnin on 11) Jan.
1660, appeatii)^ ugainsl Thomas Moor and
John IXom, leaders of n. smalt svct of I'ni-
veT«ttlist« or • Free willi-ra,' aa ■Whitehead
calls them. In niply to Horn he wrote * A
briofe discovery of t)ie dangc^rous PrineiplM
of John Iloriio and Thomas Moor, both
i
•
Whitehead
99
Whitehead
jera of ihw pt-oplr cnMi.-^I MoorvitinB or
lifefllariana,' Lrmdon, Ifit'ti*, ttf);'Tlif!
ken no Dvceiven, or tlie Munagenn'nl of
•nimjii»tch«rgBiiffftin»<tlicmcoiil'ittiil,'|lWlO,
4to; aiul 'Tlie Ile-Oouiii Horn broken, or
Innoceucy t-lrvstod ni(nin»t Insuliticr uml
Impuiknt KaUe-hood,' IGtH),-!!'). Otlii'rdis'
puUtiona took place at Fullinm and Etlimtis-
bom. At Peeerboiouph in April 1m)0 ho
lud to iiM rcM-ued fixim the tnob tty LiunbttrtV
old soldien (juartered in thn town, rndur
the pTOclamutioD npiiri«1 0Quv>-nticI>-)i h'-
WAaaoAD in priflonagidn.and in.Marcl) Kitil,
vbile in Norwich Cattle, lie ulmoft; diyd ot'
•roe and paol fov^'r. A royul proctamntion
relefta«d him after sixteen week»<.
The finit parliament aft^r the Itestjsrntion
brought in a bill (1.1 & 1-1 C>r. II, cap. ]) for
the Buppn-wion of quaktTK un '<Ianif(?rou* to
the public p«m! and safetr.' W'hit^tiuad, Ed-
watxl Uut^gugh [q. v.].aud HublKTthoni ap-
peared before the committee aeveral tiin^Jin
Mar 1(341 to pniicst u^ainst it« conditions.
Thev wt-re alunbi'nrd iit (In- baroftlwhtiuw,
19 .Inly, on the third n^adinjr. Tbo bill,
■whicli forbade livi.' rjiialcpnt to ai'xt for wor-
ahip, paaaerl; bur althou^'b ihrtir moi^iin^t-
bouaea were locked up. were turned iotoftol-
£ete* quarlcra, or polled down, iho quakcn
eontioued to meet in l)ie«tn>eUor inprivatv
liDuaei.
From tbia tiniD to 1073 Whitehead spent
moal of )tU tJmfi in prJunn. Oner, nrhilH in
AMiito Lion prifton, he wa-i chareod with
beingconcemedin tbeWentmorluntl 'Kipper
Riglf Plot' (el. FnBorRo*f, Earfij ('uin/n-r-
imj and Wtstmortnnd FrifniU, pp. 4 »ie(]. ;
Cat. f!faf/- Pa/>frg,liom. I«0;i-l,pp.tJ32,<i4O).
He lodged nt tbij liuii', wh*;ii at libvrtv, ut
the home of Rebecca Travert [o.v.^ in \\'at-
ling Strent. and laboun>d in auu about Lou-
don. Wh'ii, under b new act llfi Car. I!),
impriHoncd qiiaken were M>nt to the mlnniea,
beu>-ld ini.-*-tinp«onbonrd thi'lranf^iDrt «hii)B
at Gmvefiend. All thrnuf^h the plague he
viHitml ibow in prisou. In I'JTU he married
a nioufl widow* divers years' oldftrthanliim-
eelf, who wa« ' like a mother to him.'
In the BpiHng of ItiTli Whit'-he^d and hi<i
" I'homait Mrtor hml an niidienco with
n at Whitehall. Whitehead ex-
thnir uotLsciuuliuus obiuution to
rMriii|[, and con»H()ui-ut iriabilitv to take
lie oath of allepADce. In tlio end an order
raa given on 8 May to prepare s biU for tin.*
royal ai^atiire wliicb Bh4%uM contain the
tuunca of all prisoners couimittod before
SI Jnly. The inAtnimcnl., upon eleven Mtins
of parcbmeal, and with tho names of 4)40
prisonera eleven times le^ieated. ia now the
property of the Meuling for SufTuriugs (cf.
WtilTKRBAt), Vhrutian Progrfftt). By Ihia
paidtit John Bunynn was Tpieosed from
Btnltonl yaol. Deluys occurring in obtaining
lifitaofthepriAnnern, it. was not until 13 Sept,
that the docuinetit was sealed (cf. Bab>
ct-vTs I.ftlrr«, p, 184). Wbtlnbead made
^nvatexertionaiD obtain the ruletwe of (iiittkurs
under thi» patent, rititin^ himself C'hehnif
lord, IJury Sc. Kdinunde, Norwich, and Hert-
lofd.
lu little ovor a yi^-ar, bowever, tbia indul-
(fence was withdni'ivn. On 21 March 167^-80
Whitulioiid iind TliomnA IJiirr were taken
from a mKi'^lin^ iit Nurwiob and »ent to gaol.
When brought before the mngistrulos live
wtM'kB later, I'nincis Itncon, the recunkr, te-
funed to allow thn mittimiia to be read, and
oilered them iLu oath of alb'giaacf. ^^'bito-
head'a fible and dijfnifieJ defence i» in UU
' I>ne Orditr of Law and Justice pleaded
against IrreKulai and Arbitrary I'ruCDeclings
. . . .' I»ndon, 1680, 4to.
Whitehead had inunv intvr^-iewa wicb
Charles n. In IHT-'l he' ]j|.*d.-(i fi.r Fox's
Iib<.*n(lioD from WorecsUT gaol. On ItiJan.
iK7lt->«), with WilEiiitn .Me.icl [q.r,], he pr©-
stnted details of tbo persecution Friotids
Aitlli'ircd bv U'in^ ronfniinded with papists,
imd showed how parliament hod prepared
a apiTinl clause for their relief in tliu bill
of rosf, hut hnd been prorogued befom the
bill ri'acbi^d iho npptr housu; on 17 Feb.
1081-2 be introduced soinf Bri»t<)l quakers
to report tLu atuto of tilings there; in Ke-
bniary 168:i-3, with Gilbert Laley [<). v.],
he described tie sulferings of numbers Id
nn nnd<T(;mund dunjiteon at Norwich ; on
l'5 April 1<»A1 they miw CbnrlL'9 ut IT&mpton
Oiiirt, when he asked for an expluoaiioiL of
their pcciilior Inn^iiaeti and wearing of hats,
their own meauwhile hating boea gently
removed by a courtoflinal and bung uj^in iho
pork palings: ou 8 .\ug. WKilehcad pre<
sented an oddreia firom the Hocioty clearing
thuniKLvus from partinipation in the ' Ityo
lIouHH ph)!.' Th« last interview occurred
only II few weeks befom Chnrlf^ft's death,
wlo^n, ax W'hitidi^iid owns, he left fiftaeii
hundred nnaker men and women in prison,
wiibhunaredsmoredeepoiledoftbeirestatfie.
81iorTly after Jamca iTs acce«sion Wbit«>
htmd repreaouted this to bim ; thrvo or fonr
months later, accompanied by Itobt-rt Bar-
clay,hc]tadaeecoi\d interview. Janoa iosimmI
(lo Maivli 9t)85-U) a warninL for their re-
lease. Wbiudicud utiit pmciircd ftom
Jomea II thn ap[>ointment of two po m m la.
eioners, who sal atClifrord'aInninJune1686
and effectually crushed tbe inittuitouij iradii
of the *informpr.i.' The Mng also granted
bim a roval mandate for tbc iiay of pro-
H 2
Whitehead
100
Whitehead
caaaea in iho eichequer by which (junkers
wore Qnrid 20/. a moutti and twotliirdn of
their celQto for ab«ctiict' from lliulr |iAri«li
cburcli. Aml»l«cl lir Latiify n»J William
Mntd and by the lord tniaaurcr (Hj-di-. earl
of Unchtwtwr), he »uccrwii<d in (fitting the
fee* of the pirn nfPice rediif^ed from the
'many hundreds dvanmiilod' in tiO!. Tiw
result of BL-v<>ml intiTviews wirh Jtinira II
wu a declaration for liberty of cotucietico
on 4 April IIW7.
Whi tchwudVeu II liaui?di'(rorts were crowned
bv tUt! at-'t of tuleratiun piiiiM'd iu the ttrst
year of WiUiam iLiid Mary. Tliia he keoaly
»cruttiit»Mi in drnft. niid, btM;aas«the precise
Htanditig of the quaki>ni wtw obsciin;, drow
up R fhort cn«i-[i nrul nxwiUTidtHl it to lh«
cninnjitt<'i=' of thu hrmsf, Many qimki'nt still
remAiiiinK prisouers, AVhiti.-ht'ud, iutroducvd
hy Ilunii'l (Jiiun^ fq.v.J ihj? i'l(«"UmHl«i?r, mad*'
II p'trnonnl appeal to ^\ llliuiu III. Tic king
woa duly iinprp>w.'cl l>y WhiN-ihcml* rttfi—
Tvnrji to Ihi- tolnnition of Mnnnonitfifl in
Holland!, ami ii tew ww^kft later rflciwed the
quakcra by act. of pnicf. MHiitfhi'ftd iht-n
Kut alx>ul ubtniuLtii^ au alivratiou of ttie law
whicli precluded quatii-ra from tnkin;;^ any
Icfnil AL'ti'ML, from proving or nduiioisterinK
will*, from telling up their freedom in citirs
or rnrun rat ions, and in i-uixu; plucue from
«xereiBiiHJ'Bny cWfnrfl.1 ripht*. Iltthail now,
hpsidwi Ednnnnd Waller (ann of the poet),
many iiifluentiaL friends in both house», and
wfts warmly congmtnlutcd outaido M-ln-n
Ifiivu to hrinit in ii motion passed by a large
uiajorJlv. Th<' affirmntion bill, drawn up
by Sir Vruncii' Winninuton [q. v.l, became
law on a) April Hiilti. This act, pitsw^d
rnrHevunyearf. was madt! pt-Tpcluul Jn ITl'T.
When tliK piill afit nbliginp i^very dissenting
preaclier tn pay 20«. quarterly was about to
be renewed in Iffitt, \Vhit«li('HdV inllu>-iici^
prevnilf'l for the intrndiictton of & nn^w
clatttie t'somptiug Friends, who have no paid
pri^acliers.
Although the Btalua of the Friends was
cow If^ltv much improved, a coniplnle miv-
undenitanilin[; of thuir iL-nets still prevailed.
In ri?ply to a writ?* of pamphlets by Ed-
ward iWkham, I).T).. njctor of fiayion
Thorpe, and two otimr Norfolk rector*,
Whitehead wrote Iuh 'Truth and Innorencv
Vindicated,' UJi»9, tto, anil 'Truth iV-va-
lent," 1701. Jto, Cfintftininir a w.'ll-rrABoned
and able defence of their civil and religious
Erineiplex. A little later ho iMiicd, with
lend, 'TliL' P«ciple cnlkid ijiiokers truly
rvpro^UivCed . . . witb a llrief Enquiry into
A Pftniecutitig PsmphK-t lutily <K-livQri.!d to
iheMenilwrtof I'nrliaiiiiHit stiW' A Wind-
ing Sheet for Quakeriam " * {by Ktlword Cock-
4
i
too, rector of Wesloot Banoo}, Londoo,
1712, -Jio.
\\'hit4hcad'8 ftutohiocTKphy coaaes on
IH Aug. 1711. Hifl lu>iU!h wm failinff, Imt
he wa.'i able la present the society's madneB
to William 111 Dti his return from Holland
in 1701 ; to Queen Anne on ber Acceonon ;
to George I oa a Uke oocaeion, and also in
171fi on th*- euppKSsioi] of the ^cot» re-
bellion. In an ioterriew with the tVince of
Wales (GL>orgD It), he u^l;l^d toleration and
liberty of cou8cieuc«, for which ho bad
pleaded in perimit with seven English
aovi)rvi|n>t*- ">^ >liD<l **^ ^ March \7iS, la
hitt ••iglily-«nventh ynar, and woa burind in
the quakere' burinl-grouad at Bunhitl Fields
on 1.^ Mnrch.
WhiiehMd's first wife, Anne Downer
(widow of BcDJiuuin Oreenwell |, whom be
mnrni-il at Pf-t>l Me^-tin)^ in Ch.^rltpnweli on
13 .Mar 1670, won a minister aa early as
16H0. i?he travelled two hundred miles on
fool pr.'ftchintf,«ndwoji prominent in Mttlisg'
the order of the separate women's roeeliugv.
She died at Bridfot AuM^H'a, South Strrbt,
27 July KJtW. Whiteheadpublished a little
memoir of her, ' I*ietv promoted by Faithful-
noes.' hi^O, 12ino. llis sc.'coud wife, Aon.
daughter of C'apiain iticlinrd and Aun (4od>
dard oTKfadiug.wae, whenaho married him
at Duvonithirw House on Ifl July l(t8S, an
ripplian kei-ning a shop in Whiuvhapi'I, ' an
honest and virtuously inclined niaia.' By
neither had hr^ any eun'iring i«auo.
It is almost iuipoHsible to overc»timat«
WhiteheAd'n shan> in the foundation of tht*
Society of Fhuude. or his inllueuci' va tb*
development of national rfligioui* liberty.
Without the mysticism of Fox, B«rclay, or
IVnntngton, hv nddn-mtrd lii« rcuIm lethal
kiinwleuge and literary gifleto eetahliflhing
the sect on a sound rivi] and political basis.
Hid works wore almost entirely conirorcniitti
and nTitten to confute existing attacks upon
quakers. Iu the titles of his chief writings
givuu bulow may be traced all the prioei^
features of Their crMd. I. 'David's Enemua
Discovfrri'd,' and i. 'Cuin's Oentiralion Dis-
i-orrrrd,' lioth Loudon. lRo<% -Itu, uiraiiuit
Jonathan riapham'p hook^ in defence of sing-
ing rsahuB. 3. 'Tlie JVlh of the Jiut
clt'nred, and Cruelty and Tyranny laid op«n,'
1655, 4to. 4, ' Jacob found in a Desert
Land," I66li. 4lo. 5. ' A Brief Treati.**,'
urns, Ito, in answer til Richard Baxter's
'Shei-t for the Ministry,' 6. 'An Unjust
Pli-n Confutvd. ... In antwur to a botdt
L-al]ed Moafw and .Aaron, or the Ministers
Uighi and the Magistraiofi Piity. by Dankl
IVmttfU fn^ctor ofStapU-huntt, Kwity I6.'j9,
4to. 6. (With James Nayler) 'Tlie Tn»
Whitehead
toi
Whitehead
I
MiniAtiTs living nf The (>o9p«'I, iliMingiiUhfid
from ihe False UiniGrers living iipnD TirEies
ll and forced .MAinlcnnnco,' 1000, 4to, in tin-
^K BWer to Jobu Ik>wick, n-ctor of^^taiDdrop.
^H 7. 'The Autliority of th« True MiiiUtn,' in '
^^ llaptising with ilicSpiril.' ]60U, in iLiuwer
to Saimiel JImdIty, a li«i>liit. H. • The True
LJRlit Bxp«lliiig thti Foxg7 MiAt of thu Pit,*
1660, in uuwer to Fninrl* DuUh. 9. 'A
I Serioiis AcoountinXXW KTidrnl KenanoA
I .... irhflJiQ .... (Juiikvri> cuntiDigoio
worship Bt .... cl)iirct)eit And rliapnels
. . . .• 1601, 4to. 10. ■ The Pernicious Way
orthfi Rigid Pri'sbytrr nnd Auti-ChtiMidn
3liuialer» lJctectc<].' l(i6:J, llo, in anawer to
Cpe«awtflt, Whattflr, and Mattltew Cnffin.
II. 'The Lnw and Light within are ihe
BMMt mire Kule or Light, which ahcweth Ihe
righl U8«9 and end of the Hmpluiv,' u.d., in
anewyr l'> William I3ridi;«, 12. 'TLi- U'on-
ttcienttouA L'aufti' nf flu- Siilfi-rfTs called
Qtiskt'rs Plt^aded and E.vputttuliLied,' }GQ4,
4t^. l.S. 'Nn Kt-minMon witlmiil IJejifivt-
ance," Iflft'i. Jto. 14. ■ Thp Li^ht and Lifu of
Christ within, »nd th*- Kxlent, and Klficury
tht'rMvf Ilemonstrntt'd,' ItiOt*. Ilo, in luiHWer
Co William Rumet. l'>. 'Tha Divinity of
Christ, and L'nity of tlio Threp tbit Wr
Kowrd inll^'avun," 10*19, Jl". With a l*re-
face by Georf^ Fox, in answprto books by
Thomas Viiicvnt, William Mado.t, Tboiniu
nanMon.Kd ward Stillinf^fli'H.ntid.lohn Owen.
16. ' Ohriat ascended libovp the ClrmdH. His
Divinity, Li^hl in Man." I'ilW, -ita, rnplyinft
to John X^'wirian'i' ' Light within.' 17, 'A
^rious ApoIogT for ihe I'rinciplen and
Practices of ihwIVoplecallr-dQimlicrt,' 167L
4to, a^intt Tbomiui .K-nner and Timothy
Taylor ; pt. ii. by WiUiain Penn. I8. ' Tlio
>aian- of Cbrittiuiiil v in llii' Trut* Liftht
aa«rtf!d,'l(f"1.4to. ur'Tht-Uipiwr l'lun)|['d,
or Thomas Hicks hia Ki-iRitLHl Diulo^un
bKtwwm a ChriKlinii n.nil a l^unltiT jinived
an T'nchriplian Fornery ronaiiiting of Self-
Con(radi('lioii« aud Abu^'x HKain't. thii . . .
IVopl.1 ciil!.-d Qunkerjt,' lli;-J, Ito. -JO. • Thf-
Chmtian Quaker,' ]>i73 -1, fol. pt. li. (pt. i.
U by IVnn); 'Jail ed. 1(W9. tfvo. ropnnted
Philadol;ihiu. I^!JI, r>vo, i^l. ' Knlhu^ia^ica
abofe Atheism, or Dirini; Inapirtitiriii and
Immediatu Illtiminuliun n»»t.Tt«d,' 1(^74, am.
Hvo. '2'2. ' .-V St-rioiin Si-arch into .Ttirniy
Tvffl Questions to llie Quakc^nt.' 1074, Avo.
S3. 'Th4 Qiiaktir'ti Plninni-xN dut*N-(iiit(
Fnllary,' and 24. ' The Timonma Uevik-r
Sliphtwi," 1*174, 8vo, in nnswur to 'The
QiinkiTit ijuibbh'.i,' by Thomns Thrtnijwvn.
2.3. 'The I-'ase of the (^unki-rs concTiiind
Oalh« defcndt-d a« KviinK<diciil,' Mi7i>, 4lo.
20. 'ITie Way of Life und rcrfeetiou
livingly demoDttrat«d,' ItXiii, 4to. ^'7. ' The
I
Real Quaker a Rtiil Prol^scant,' 1679, 4to.
'^ 'Jud^ent fired upon the Accuaer of
ourBriMhr^-n," llWl', am. Hvo. "ii*. • Christ "a
LambN diili'iidcd from 8atan':i liiij^e, in a
Just Vindication of the I'eople called
Quaker:!,' 1601, 4tu, in au.«wvr to John
P<-nii)maii lu. v.] 30. ' 'Hift Contemn'd
Qiiukerand aisrhriatian Keliffion defended,'
l(19l',Kin. Hro, 31, 'T\w I)ivin« lAgU of
C:hrij»t in Man," \m->, sm. Hvo. A-2. 'The
Christian IWtrine and J^ociety of the People
called Quaki-ra, ch-and from the Ri-pmacb of
the lato diTi^ion of a tew . . . tn .-America
(Aij^ncd by seven othprs),' 1603, stn. 8vo, re-
Erint«d in S^Wfl'i^ ' History,* tramdau'd into
liitch by him, l(55,l'Jmo,andintoGennan,
AuiKtcruam. 1701, l^mo. SS. ' An Autidotu
agaituL th4^ Venonie nf thn Hnnkn in the
Ctniss,' ltil)7, Bm. 8to, and 3-1. "ASupple-
muut upon Uccasiuu of what thu i^naki)
ca1U,' ItiUll, 8vi>; ihitui^ two in anawftr to
Charltia Leelio [tj. t.J He also wroie tivu
Imokit in reply to Francis Buf^f [•!■ ^-l *'*''
three answenn; Oeorge Keith [q. v.], both
apostate qiiakera ; as trelL as innumerable
epiatlc« and tcstimonitu, or biogTojihical
account*. Several of hi» sennoiia were taken
down and printed.
ITho Christinn Fro^^n-ss of that ancicot sor-
rnnt Oforgc Whit^hiwd, histnrioiilly rnlating
bis Ksp'^rirDCC, Alini»Ir;, &c., oililrd hy Jnssph
Besso, LaadoD, 1726. 9vo, is invsluaMo fur tiia
quaki-r liistoriiin. Mur-h of it in rcprinimi iu
'Hifc*'* Memoini of Whitoti^Md, 'I vnis. York.
1810 : Sfwd's llititory of ibr Kisv, ke., 1. 103.
IIII.IU. 110. 152. II, 171.287. 40'j, 4111, 416,
431.463, 467,471 ; Fox's Joornnl. pp. I'-'l, ^04,
342. 458, 469; 1-Vr|riw>ii's Karly Cuinhorlnnd
nnit WntLni. Kriendi*; Cnl. Stato Papora, Dom.
lS;>R-9 p. 1^9. lti63-4 pp aa'2,610, lA6t-A p. 35,
1672 pp. 'lf^9. 490; .Smith's Csialw^u*; Barclay '«
Letters of Early Friindi; BMse's SufTarinp,
piuiiimjGoiij;h'BUi(it. uf llivQiiokcnt; Whilin|["s
P«r»«ctttiou exposiil; De>.-k and Ball's London
Frionda'AIcfrtiDgii,np. 17J ssq. ; Chalmi'ni'a Biflgr.
Diet,; Allibooo'sDict. of EiirI. Lil.| 0, F. S.
WHPTEEEAD, .TAMKS (1812-188S),
phy^irinn, born al Oldham in 11*12, was the
sou of John Whili-hrnd, wlm had ii widu
r«piitatinii in the dUtricl &ri n hi^rbalist and
dealer in Gimpien, .lame^, nnvr wnrkiiiR os
a boy inncorton-niitl.ail'^ndfd fh»v Maraden
Hiroot school of medicine in Manchester, and
wn* a pupil first of Mr, C'louch of Lorw
SlrK*;!, and ufterwaril* of Mr. Lamlwrt of
Thirwk. H« was admiltcd a lieeDttat« oE
the .Sncietv of AiK>t1u-cnrie8 of London nn
11 Hi^pc. Irm, and iin IT, Dec. 183^ l„- ht^
camo a member of the CoUe;te of Snrceona.
He wns admitlwl a fellow of thr l_ViIli.<gc of
Surgeoniiafl^rrxamiiintion on 14 \nfc. \i*AA.
Whitehead
J03
Whitehead
ile fnuluftt«(l SI.D. ftt the wiivemiiy of Ft.
Anarews in 18W, ond lie became q nioinber
of the lEoyuL College of rhy»iciiiii>i uf London
in ISW.
Whitelwod visited France and Genn«nj- in
1^0, uri<I on his rulum to England in 1838
lit. begiin to praciine bi» proftusion in Itxford
Street, Mancheet(>r. In 1^- ho wiu ap-
points] ili-monitlmtor nf nnnlomy at th«
Unrsden Street sohool nf n^^icini?, and in
tfaewae jearbi' mbrriwl Eilizii belli, c]nii)i1iti>r
of Thomao Hnyward ltAf1elilf(% whi died on
'JO Sept. 18^11. In ]&5t( he foimdfd.joinlly
witJi I)r. Sclioepf Mfrei, th* Clinifal Hos-
pital and Dispensary for Cliildren, whivk be*
came flulM^rpK-ntlv the Maiiche*tt-r Clinical
HMpiciiJ fi>r Womi'ii and Children. H« wa»
kclnrcr on olistetries al the Koynl School of
M(-<dicine, Eind for fiflix'n year? hn actud aa
GUrscou to ;^t. Morv'i) llvspilul for Woiuun
and Children. In 1^*51 ho mnved inio
Mofltuy Streut, whtre ho conducted a larite
pTactica nnl il l8R!,nhcn Iwi n-tirml to IJvi-
on nn eatato ho had niircha.'^ttd nt 8titlnn in
Surrey. He died, iilTer u long illne", on
9 April IS^**'!, and t« hnmd in llwr Ardwich
C*meiery, Mnnchester,
Whitehead's work« woro: 1. *0n th&
Caufl^ and Treatuipnt of Abonion and
SterilitT,' London, IM", Svo; republiflhed
in Aiui-rico. 1848. 2. 'Un tlioTranj^inimon
from Pnn'nt to t)ir«|iriiij; of jioino Korin« of
Disease.' I^ondon, 18r.l, Pro: fJnd edit. 1857.
3. 'The Wife'* Uimnin, hr PliilothnlnV
1860, 8vo; 2nd edit. Ifl74.' 4. 'Nofw nn
the Rate of Mortality in Manchester," 186:5,
8vo. 5. Jointly Trith Dr. Mcrei, a report
on childr(tu*s di*Misf». heiunr the first ' lieport
of the Clinical Krjspilal," M-aneheslet, IS">6,
8vo.
[ObituarjrnotiteintkoBrittHliMediuilJouniNl,
1885, i. 87A: ndditionnl informAcion kinilly
Bvnu by Dr. Dtvid L'ord Kob»rM. Dr. J. E.
Piatt, and the Inlu Sir. Ltlnnrd Land ^r AUii'
ehwl-r J Ji'A. 1".
WHITEHEAD, JOHN (16.10 lOlW),
qiialier, wh.* born of imntHii parents at
Owstwick inlloldernejis, Vnrkiahire, in ItlSO,
Hw entt!>fT>d thi.' nrmy wli^ii <>i|.>htei-ii, hiiviiif;
threft yenm before experienced ' conversion, '
t\e tirat preached as n qnalicr at Mnlton in
lleccmlkr HS-W. In Mnrrh or April IfVi.l
he held a m(^eli]la: at nuiterwick. and in tin*
Bumtner he left the urniyflnd Bturled pr«?Bcli-
intf on the inoDni of Yorlinhire. In NnveinN'r
1U54 lie attempted to preach iu Lincoln t'n-
thedral, but had to lie reBcned by soldiers
from an unfjjy crmvd. .\t (i^brtiilinn* heAva*
in prison nt. [,fiice.iter. Thence he went to
WellinKbnn>u(fb, ivliere, after the vicnr,
TlioisAA Andpewi, bad conTctnptuoualy de-
parti>d, he held forth to an attentive audience
in the chnrch. A public dispute betweea
the tvo foUowed, and on 14 March 1U55-A
Whitehead waa BrTe«ti,id a» a vamut. Ile
called in a Yorkihire nei^rhbour, Slamiaduke
Storr, who wn? then viiuttDg his brother in
prison at Nortbainplon, to urovp that he
reputahlv tnainlalncd his wife and family;
Jjiit on tile wiliii-Ka rirfiming to awtrar, both
Whitvbead and Suirr were roinini(te.l to
NortliamplonKnol. They were libemted by
an order from Cromwell in January llk'>7.
AfttT pTPactin;: in Ilcrk&kire anil I..ondoQ
Whitehead waa tn Ifi'iS in prison at Uoaton.
He waa afi^in in prinon at Aylesburv in
Jannarv ]6ii<)-I fnrrefuiinfrtheoath. I'here
hewrote'ASniallTr\'ati»L''(l001,4to; 5nd
rtl. 161(6, 4to>. tin 13 Nov. 1061 Iw was
arreoted wliik> on a visit to a friend at Bin-
brook, Lincolnshire, and epcnt ibrve months
in Lincoln Cft*tlf. l)n .Inly ltMi-.> li,- wn*
aKain sent lu the castle, and kept until May
Idea. While the_ri« hn wrote ' For thi
Viin-yard " (IUC2, 4to), AAerthrep mnntha*
libertjr be wan a^in in f^ol at Hull, and
later in the year at Spaldinp.
Whttehnnd travelled with George Fox
U{. v.] in DflrbjBbin' in 1683, and ncit Toar
he succeeded in obtaining an order for l^ox'a
releojia from Scarborough Caatlo. Soon aft«r
16(ftt he reiDovwl from Uwstwick to 9wim
tirange. Iti lK7/i he drew up nn addn-w> lo
kiriff and purliameni asking relief f.-ir tbo
Vorkflhiro ((unlciTA who hud been fined and
distrained I CI the amount of 3,^181/. IOji. nnd^r
till- Cdn vetiticle Act.
On ti-2 May I6iii WHiitelnNid wm a^in
committed lo Lincoln CaMie cfaai^;ed with
heinp n. Jesuit. He was then on hia way to
London to see about a l«incy of 300/. in »
chfinopTT suit. In spite of certificateA from
the vicnr and church wardens of Swine, the
constable and inhabilanU of l>wKtwick, and
Wa written declarmion nf allegiance, hewaa
sent to gaol, and when brougln up in March
IBS.*! VTBB asked if he could deny that he wu
a l{<)inu>h prie«t in orders. He WBf> unable
to procurrt counsel, nnd was remanded.
Some time before ,]uly lO^J he was released.
At that date he was presiding over a meet-
ing for discipline nl Fulbcck, when two
jilsticcA entered. Fines were iiuh!t^|urntly
ieviid to tliB amount of 72/. IS*. 2rf,
Wbi(ebi'ad*!i lai^L impHKinmi-nl was at
iIk' Poultry Compter, London, whither the
lord mavor, Sir Kolwrl JcfTeriw, eent hin
on II Feb. lfift?i, for preaching at Devon-
nhirn House. He died on if Sept. lOW at
bin boiiAe nr Fiskcrton, Lincolnshire, and
wna buri^jd at Lincoln on L Oct.
II«Eides the works already nwntioned.
4
4
4
I
I
ntioned, M
Whitehead
103
Whitehead
^
WhitefaeaJ wroln : I, ' The Eninity between
the Two Seeds.' Lomlon, l(Wi''i, 4Ui. 2. 'A
litppiof frrnn tin- Ixinl," I.omloLi, Hi58, 4lo.
;J. 'A KftDit'eAtatian of Truth,' I60i!, 4to;
lliiM »■■« hi iiii''wi'r to ' Folly nnil MuduiBiii
madf. Manift'si ' ( Ashmnlpnri Library), br
William I'iennes lord JSiiyo and Melc-, w Iiicli
^\"bilfln'»rl had n-privi'd in inanitR^ript.
3. ' Minidtorti amoug ilie I'uopK' of 0<jd
(c«ll«lQuftkcM)noJe»uiUi,' J«83,4lo. ()th«-r
fuffitivv iii*!Ct.i* are i» 'The Wriiteii Goapt-t
Labours of tbat Ancient anil Faitliful . . .
Jolin Wliitctiead,' London, 1704, gvo; pre-
face l>y William Piiun.
(Fox's Journal pp. 267.S04, 303.43a; Cbiilk**
LiM aod WtiiiDgaaf Whiioli«ul, Itiii : f^mitli's
C>kt. ii. 909.15; ilrwe'* Sulft-nng^ i. 7^. 76,
331, 347. X48. 349. 3AA-' 300.470, 4«3, 32:i.
A2J, 638, ii. 98. 1U7. 130. 143; PduIwd'm Hut.
of IloMvmcM, ii. 103, for nn «n|n«Ting of Ov«t<
trick M«HinK Uviito- \Vhiitiig'K Uomo^n ;
WhitohoBfJ's Cliri'lian I'rogTfw, p. 23, Two
originni l»ture to Upoi^ l''oxnr« in thn.SwaKii-
m»r« MSS.] C. P. S.
WHITEHEAD. -TOUN (]740?-l8W1,
I'liyaicisn and l)i%T[ipIier, was born nboui
740, apparently si l>ukinlie)d, Cheshire, of
humble parcnie who bad Irft rhi' nid dis-
senting conffregation lo join Ibe Moravians
(1738). lie bad a clai(»ical education, Early
ia life lu- bwamo coniwclvd wiili tin- movi*-
mt^nl of thp W«tli-y«, hnvinp Iwn couvrrl^cl
bv a tnethodist preacher. Aluiihew Maver of
Sttockport (TtbrhaN, -ToAn H>«/ry, IN^O. li.
474). He acted aa a. biy prttiiirbor at Bristol.
Leavin); this vocal ion, be married ond set up
in Bristol «« a lincinlrupcr. Bciu^ sncco;igful
he remoT^d to London, wlifiw bt* joined Ibe
Society of Friends, bi^eaine a speaker in that
bodv, and coaditcttMl a Urge boorduig-cckoo!
At Woudsworl h. Barclay Ibe brewer ofiired
him B liR' annuity of 100/, to trnvd with his
liOn on ibe fontiiieiil ; hi- BCi-fptml. At
l*yd(?n h* PBU'Tt'd ap ampdical siudflnt on
Id Sppl. 1779 <ivl)en bir< agr' is jjiveu as
thirtT-nine), and jrriidiifttid Sf.Il. on 4 Feb.
ijm. On thv death (19 Jan. 17Bl)or,John
Koovstm, M.lK, b(? bi-Mmr- iiby:>icinn to the
London diepenEorv, lhroi.ic-li ibe irilUii.-iice
of JoliD Coaklcy Lettjiom [t|-^-] T*' ^**'*
admitted a licentiate of thi^ Colbrgu of Pliy-
kieinns on 'J^> March US'*. In ITHl ihe
Krinnds pushed bis cnndidatun- as physician
to llut l.oriilon Huspitnl; li« wiut n'tiirni'd
oselpcted on 2S .Inly, but the fllection wiis
dpclan>d not inlid, one vote being bad
throwh a slight informality. H^ arimdi^
the Wesleys as (heir mi'diciil adviser. John
Wiwley thfiHght tiim wfiind to no physician
in Kngloud, uiid was anxious for lii» ruturn
t;0 methodism. Ke [eP: the Society of
Friftids in 17ft4 and af^in become a metho-
disT ,' he would linv<! ijuiited hi« medical
practice, and devoted bimtielf entirely totlie
mini-itry, if Wcsluy would have givun him
ordinalioii. lie iin>aehed tliu funeral Mor-
mon for Wuftley, whieb went through fonr
oditioni in 1791, lifiiio, and nviliHed SIX)/.,
whirh be handful over to the Bocinty,
Wi^iey left bis pniiers to Thomas Coke
''n. v.], \S hitj-bct&d, and Henry M<v)re (i7ftl-
I'*44) r^. v.], giving tliera full discretion,
M bin lltcniry execiitorc, I0 deal with them
OS lUey thougbt Iji. Ilie threo a^m>d lo
briii^ out ft lifL' of Wrslwy, but. to un'at^
the appiHUuace of u proinisttd lifo by .lohn
llampaOD r*|-v.| This lifv, mainly written
and in prone port printM btToro Wesley's
death, vfha n^ully the wurk of llampson's
fitthor (also John Ilampson), who hnd left
tnelhoditm from di^upiKjintmeDl at not being
included in the ' Ir^il linndn-d.'conNtiliilint;
the cuuferenef) under Wesley's 'deed of
deelnrattnn' of 1784, At a tn«>»itin(j of
preachers .Tfinii>s Kojfera prnpo^tod, and thi?
ex«?uton( Rj^ed. that Whitehead, bein^ the
man of most, k'ifliin'. should write the life,
ond receive a hundred guineas for it; for
this piirpOBo he was entrusted with all Wes-
ley's papers. llaiup^on'« 'Ufv' wuv pub*
lished at Sunderland in .lune 3701, t)n
(1 July Whitehead issued ' Proposola ' for
prinling by *iL)>ivriptii>n *a full, arfurnte,
and impartial ' lifo nf Wesley, remarkine
that. ' nolbioR has yet been published whicn
annwiTs to any one of 1ni'>^ ehnraetew,'
With tbe propoAnis was n^inIe^l a document
flipped (1^1 June) by WalfT, Horton, and
Marriott, Wfifley'egenerHluxoeutoT»,»olicit-
ing Whitehead to write tbe life. At tbe
cuufereuct: (opened at Manchester on 20 July)
the arrangement wax confirmed iind Wbil*^
head pUced on tbe bookcantmittee. Moved
bv hiM frti-ndK, ■who reprewntrd that tliP
work would rpfilL'so n hirge sum. Whitehead
now claimed the copvt'ight and half ■b'l;
profit-H. Then bi-gan a wrangle about hi.*
eustody and use of >\'esley'8 papers. On
9 rice. 1791 Ibe cjuartfrly circuit, meeting
removed him from the Imt of preucherh ;
subseqiienllv the aulharities at City lluad
chnEiul withheld his ticket of Dembor^hip.
C'loKf Hnd .Mount hI once undertouk a lif«
of We^lc^Vi without Bcct<s« to his piipers,
wbi<!b Whilebrad di-nitil thi'm. Tht- work,
mainly by Moore, was Ix'gun in Januarj' and
completed in February 1792; published on
2 April, if ]iad tbe authority of conference ;
two editions of leu thousand copies each
were disposed of within the year. At tbe
confvrtmco of July and Auguti 17W) White-
bead was called upon to submit the papers
Whitehead
104
Whitehead
for exxminatioa and siniDfT. His ofi^red
compnimise wha acc^pt^d by a eommittet',
bill tlm (lixpiito went oa ; both paniea be^sii
oivi! ftCtionii, I'roMediiiits wert- stayed ; the
L-mdgn society paving all <!ObU, lunoumiiig
to OTer ■2,000^
The fmt voliuni- of Wliiu-liead's'Lifa'af
Wcdey -was published m 17itS, 8ro, tbu
tBcluded 'Ltfn' of Clinrles Weeley being
iMued sep&ratt^ly in Uir wimx yvar ; tho
Mcond vuliimi' up]wuri>d in 17fH$,8Tn. It
fell uadefct-rvi-iUy Hal, bt-tne in wvi'nr resp'GCt
eupurior lo tlie " Lifs ' by Cnit*' and Motirc.
Ill 179H WhitMir.ail itituraod Wesley's
papers tn thfl rofthodinl; hf»il(-iv)0ni. Bi-fore
tbt>y n>at'hi?d Mooiv's handa|^17D7)80ineha(l
been destroyed by John I'airson ■» * uftele^H
lumW.' Aided by tbe*e maauwripts, Mooru
brnu^lit nut bin ncvr life of VV«alt>y m l8'24-n.
Ni> higbrT tribute can bp paid tn the excel- ]
]enci> of Whitehead's work tbaa tbu conittant
uti'. which Mno^rc inalits of it, frequftntly,
and nitbout ackiiowledjtnurrit, adoplintr ile
Ituif;uDg(i, thouich critieisms of Whii^liead
are not pjiarod. Wliiteln'od's 'Life' was
reprinted at Uublin in iHOli, wicli xumn
audit iom.
Id 1707 Whiteb^nd was rcKlnmil tnniKEn-
bunbip in tlie laelhodiat body. He died at
his n-aiditiui^ I'oiiniiiiu I'oiirt.OId Bt*tblen),
in ItJOl ; tbu 'Ueatk-man's Mafpiiino ' j^vw
7 Miirrli as tbe date of hi« dtfaMi, and
14 Marrb as that nt his inti^rmi-nt in Wes-
ley's TBiilt at City lioad chapel ! llieee dates
HP- probably currcct. but 1lll^ inscription
added ill IKIU give* IH .March m the date
of ilealh, while StovcDBon says he died *at
the end of February,' aud wti» burWd on
4 Mnrcb. Ilis will, dated 'J4 Feb., codicil
2f> Feb., wiw i>roved 15 March 18l.i4. Holt-fl !
A widow i Mary), children, and grand eliildren. '
Hit) fiintiral somiou we< pruuclivd by Jusupli
Bonson fq. v.l There ia no p.orl rait of hi in ; .
' a full-fun^^ti Jlguru in the picture of Mr. |
Weslev'h denthbt'd is Maid lo be that of I>r. ,
Wbitelwad ' (Stbvussos, p, 378). '
Hesiduit the hf*^ »E WttHli-y, bn piihliaht-d :
1. * An Essay on Liborlv and Nocoesity. . . .
By FUiEurtirun' [177.'], \'2mc> (n^n'inM Tt>p-
InJly). 'J. ' MateriaHsm philnsophi rally I
oxamLued,' 177^. ^vo (n^insl l'rti}»tb«y).
3. 'TwnlamBn physio logiciim ■ . . sistcna
nOTsm thiHiriati) de causa reciprocarum in ,
corde 4jt arceriis ciintraclinnura,' I^eydfln,
17WJ, 4to. i. 'To whom it bt-lonRs," 1781,
f<)l.(auualtorhr»ti(kli<.>t>t,iti^ed' Principle'). |
B; ' A ii«])ort. , , . of aMemoircontainmRO
New Metli'id of trcotinff . . . Puerperal I
Fever,' 1 7aa,8vo|lron3lat,ed from the French ,'
of Uenia Claude Unwlc-t, with nntodj.
fl. * A LotUT (in tte DitfiweDce betwewu the I
Medical ^ocioty of Crane Court anil Dr.
Whitehead," I7K|. fli-o. 7. • A Tru.- Narra-
tive of . . . the DiffpTence between Dr. Coke,
Sir. .M'xtre, Mr. lEog«r«. and Dr. W'hit^hwid,
concerning . . . tha l.if.> of . . . Wealer,'
l79a,8vo. 8. * A Defence of a True Narra-
tive,' 1792. 8vo. 9. 'A I-etter to the Me-
thodist I'reachcrs.' 1 79:?, Svo. 10. * Circulkr
to the- Methodist Preacher*,' 1792, 8vo,
[Gomt. Ms^. 1801. i. 2S3; MtrnkVCull. of I'hn.
IR'K, ii. 358; -SmiOi's Csl. of FriamW Books,
1897; 'A'hitfheMi'aLifcof WMlM(|>rDf.ic»),aDd
hi« Triio Narmtirc: Moorfr's Lifs at Wwilejr
(prvfacr) : 8t«v«naon'ii City Road Clwpet, Iti72,
pp. 131. 172. :S7I'. 377: Album JftodiumniinAot-
demi!L- I.tisdiino-IUtAnt. 1S7A. p. 1132.]
A. O.
WHITEHEAB, JOHN (1860-189»>,
ornithitlogisr, the second son of Mr. Jedrey
Whitehead of New^lead, WimblMloa, wa*
born at Altuin-rll Hill, Homimtv, i^ri SO June
1800. Ite was e.lucated at l^ietrw under
tliK l£f V. Kfr. Sanndenion, and at the Kdin> M
burgh Ini^litiilion undetr I>r. Ferj^ uson, who I
gTi?BtIy fostered his taste for natural history.
ExposinfT himwlf too reckloasly in the pui^
suit of his favourite science, be derelopwd a
weahncs* of the luiifn', and wn« compelled
10 winter in th« liliiKadiue in 1?>81-:J, and in
Corsica in IHKJ and lH$>t, when ho began
colloctiii^, and dlecoverud a bird u«w to
science. On hi* irl urn (o England li«- pre-
Saml fur a collect inr trip to Mount Ixina Bolit,
lOrth Brimeo.which Inatwdfrom Octobftr \>*Hi
to August 1888. He brought bock e\amplee
of innny new animals, includinjc no fewer
than forty-five now jpt'cjrs nf birds. Tlw
rcKiills of this trio are fully set forth in his
'Ksploration of Mount Kina Bnlii,' l^ondon,
1893. 4to, In Ih-cembcr 181W be wt out for
the Pliilippino. Tie made nine dilfer«iic
tripx in thofie Jtlaads, and diMOWrvd on
.Mount DatA the tirst knoim indieenoua raatn-
maliau friuun. H'tumint; to England in ls96.
In .laouary 1899 hf slarlfd for ihone isUuKla
asain, iutcLiding lo complete his researctiM
ttiLTc; but the wai'lR-tn-i^ntlic^rnitvd3t«t«t
and Spain inil an end to the plan, and. aAor
wnitiiiK a few uvki hI Manila, he sailed for
Hong Kong, and thence x:t out lo explore
Ibe island of Hainan. The expedition wae,
hownvcr, Attacked by fpvi*r. He with diffi-
culty atruifglwl bacls lo the coajt, and died
at tbu port of Iloi-boii on 2 June 1899,
[Country Life. Jtily 1898; Sp*el«tor. July
1690; infunnali'iii kindlr Mtppliod by Whiu-
he^d'* fiithiir and by Mp.'W. Ogtlrie Qmni.1
B. B, W.
WHITKHEAB, I'XVL {I7IO-1774\
satirist, wa* born on Feb. 1710 in Caatle
Vard, Holbom, where bis father was a pro-
Whitehead
'OS
Whitehead
»
I
p
ap^rQUB tailor. Aft^r atC4^nilin|; n ftc))onl at
liilcbin hi> w«s apprvnticed to u mercer in
tho eitv, but, 8howin^ littl« diiixisition for
busine^, look chambers in tliti Ti-iuplu u u
Uw atudL-nf'. Me w&s, howwer, ubli^ted,
Ajipucatly for il eurio? of yatin. to tnini>rL'r
faureacleiicetotbeiiei){hbuuriug t'lntfljiriiiiin,
turing backed n bill wliich the theenical
uoaager CbBtleH HeolwutKl bad fkilsd to
roeBt. Prom nni>on WhireliBid is Batd to
liavx put tVt.li liiH Qntt. Itt^mrv o Sorts in the
ohape of jtoLitiral sqiiibn. flii* first more
eUbonilw pruductiou, ' State Dunces,' a satire
in liTOic cnuplrt^, wm puhlithed in 1733.
It wa» ioscribl'd to i'ope. the Qnt ot wboM:
' Iniitatiooa of Ilora^« datM from th>e same
VfiLF, ftud whose ' Uunciad* hnd upuwrfd in
l72H, I'ope'a rhylliin, tofretbi'r v.i\h curttiin
otbsr chianctt>ri«tiL's of liia satirical verse, is
pnlui|»a«succusi<full,vr()^rodi)c:eO byWliite-
De«d ha bv niiy c<>nt*Mti[Mirar_v writer ; hut hr>
ia altogether lackitig in concent rat inn and
ill anytiiinf^liktt )>ifri<iiiiiiiiM^'t of iiiirpoMP. Tbe
chi^f 'State Duncn* is Wnlpole (Appiiis):
other* are Fmin-l* Ilure [o. r.\ bishop of
Cbiche^Blerr and th« whig niHtorian James
Itnlph [q, Y.J Tbe poem, which pruvokci!
on ntiflwcr undt-r tha tith- o( "A Friendly
Epislle,' was sold to UtKhley for 10/. ( Bo»>
WBLL in Lifir, ed. Birkberk Hill, i. l'2-in.
reconb) Johnson's rufumi to accept a smaller
aum for bin ' ijondon' tn l73i^,on tlie^rround
that he "would not lake b-xD than Paul
'Vi'hitvhend / nnd adds na absurd apology for
Johnson's 'prwiidici'' agYiinst him).
In 173(1 Whitehead nmrritHl Aniitt, tlf
only da«ght<'r of Sir iSiirinnorton Dyer, bart.,
of ::^painft Hall, KsBex. By this liinu he may
be concluded to have been out af the Flnl,
unless indred bis niurriu^e pnivided him
with the means of ciuiiring il. In 173B ha
puhlishud 'iluuuLTB, tbe satirical poem so
nighly tiiougbt nf by Dd^wmU, but considered
bv Johnson a ' poof perfnrmnnce ' {iiOAWBU,,
£ife, y. lUl). The manuscript is preeerrcd
in BriliA MiLSPum .\ddilionul MS. 26277,
IT. 1 17-20. It cannot be said to exhibit any
adva.nri<! npon iU prpsltfcctaor, nor ean it«
clamorous rituperatioD —
Shall I'opv nlonr Lha pleoleimn hnrrDit bare.
And loot. gilean oo« strs^litiK fool ur koaVft? —
Ify hvid to bu di);nified by it« pretence of
proneeding ftnin a nnt.i-iot whos« hopes are
centred in Fredericit, prince of Wall!*. Thn
KrAonalitica in thi^ Mitirc led to tlii> author
ing flummoued, with bis publisher, liefun-
th>- bar of tbe House of Lordit: but WhJtu-
liead alMCondud [auo Dooslbt, Roiikkt].
AVbetber or not the action uf tbo lord* hnd
bean tntendad as n warning to Pope, wboAe
two'UiBlo^uc8,']738tJ5H%w-f<irA'&/in>i),
hud dime tbeir utmost to make thi* existing
puliticultenEion nnhearablQ,it. at least siilficed
to niuxxlu WUitehcnd for the moment. lie
continued, however, xo maUc himself gene-
rally uwful to the opposition. Thus in 1741
llornce WalpoU mcnlioDs him as ordering
a Slipper for eight patriots who hud tried to
vain to bi-At up a mob on the nt'casioR of
Admiral \'ernon's birthday (I^lterB, ej.
(.'iiJiniiigham, L V2). Ilia nrxt publication,
' TbeU^mnasiad' (li-Hj.isa harmlfA'tmnrk
heroic in thme sburt books or cantos, with
• ProIegomuDa' by Scriblerua Tortiivs, and
' Notes Vanoruin, in ridicule of thw pu^ibsLic
funcy oi tbe day, and dodicutt-d to John
Hniugbtun.cMienf the most celebrated 'Sona
of Hockley and llcrce Uri<fkftt reet breed.' In
1747 he published his lust would-hc political
Mittin-, ' Honour,* in which l,iberty ia iuiro-
duc8daaprepan>dtofollow Virtue in ijuit ting
these shores, unle«e specially detained by
■ Sinnhcpp' (Cheaterfiefd). Almiil. Ibr muik*
time he is stated to huvi- edilud the ' Apology
for the L'.onduct of Mm. 'IVrtuio, (.'onstantiE
I'liiliips' [o. V, !, tirsl pnbliahfd in S vols, in
1748.
Whitehoud bad now become a paid hunger-
on of the ' l'rinci*'s friends,* and iii ihu Wijgt-
tninstereteclionof 1719 was engaged tocom-
pose adx'urtisements, bundbilU, and t:ht! like
for iheir candidate. Sir (i.'iirg>' \'undi-piit.
When a sup[Kir1ur of the oiipoeition candi-
date, Alexander .Murray (d. 1777) [q. V.].
wQs eeiic IL' Ni'wpatn and detained then; for
a canaiderahh* jN-riii(I on tbe cbur^eof having
htuded u riot, Whitidtrud composed a pam-
phlet (HI Iiis oAse, which appealed lo tho
indignation of iho t)oopl(> of Oreat Britain
it« wi'll iLM of the electors of WcBliuinslor,
(SeeexlrHctsap. E.TiioMPsoS; mid cf. Lord
(JKHHtii's Metnfir* tjf the liriifH t^f Oeortfc II,
I'd. hord Holland, s.d. 2K June 1751). Ia
17ol thepriucL'diod.nndin 17nft SVhirchead
published bid ' Kpi^tle to Dr. Tbompsou,'
a physician of diaaotiite habits, who had
Haurrelled Willi the treatment sdopiud by
th« prince's pby.iicians in his last illness, and
whom Whitehead, from whatever mociva,
Dtrives to justify by indiscrimiiiule abuse wf
til" 'college,' A pamplilrt puhlielii-d by
hvin in dcfL-nce of Admiral llyu(j O*"''") '«
s«id by Hawkins lo b« wrilleti in a defiant
ritraiii, Its if an aniiiittnl w«r«i certain.
Within thuse yeara, or thnse immediately
foKowiiig, fiilts tVi dnepest degradation of
Whittihuud'B life. His iKiHtioal intimacy
wilb Sir Fniiicis Hasbwooutnflerwarda Lord
Lu Diapenaerl and other pobltciuiie,and the
fHcility uf bis literary toleiite, uiadi! him an
acceptable momber of the diasipated ctrote
\Vhitchcad
io6
Whitehead
u-i>lluKhi)> of the i;.\cli<}i|uer in liord
u'i» njini^lrj- [17li2-31, to n ' (Input v
aurorsliip ut* ihf chamber,' asont! of bu
CAllinf^ thefDsvlvM tbe ' monks of MmlooQn*
bam Abbeji'find be wu &]){K>niied wcrt'iary
niid uttwftril of tbeir order of ill fame, lit*
liid t.0 iulFur Novenily in coneDqiienei^, for
tbe acalp-buntiiig Katin^ of Churchill found
In him a victim entirely ro ita t««te. In
tbnw (if (!biuTbill'» untinw hv vtu braiiiWd
09 n *di«gTa«( on manhotxl' (TV Cunferenc^,
J7fl.t), M Mhi- oKed I'flul" who i-batlia the
Aftom of thf bliLspbi-iniui^ r'M'i-llL'ni bi^bind
the door {Vfte Cnmlidate, ITOi), and h» the
typo of tbe ' ]»-pt biird ' {ludrpendt^nce,
I7<H). The limtis wen* not ^'ijuij^nuiiab, *nd
Churchill's tcalimony wss iiol retuect^ ;
but tilt- cbargtfs wvro unaiiswnmblL', ond
Wliiteliead ia r^membiTfd for liUli* f\*\:
W\'. hud, liowL'vcjr.iit lli'- tinni, htt-n rewardeJ
for bis aervii'i^ \>\ Xn-mg iippi.iiii1ij<3| through
Sir Francis Diudiwood, probably during his
cbuuf
Butt)
treaaurorstiip
bioeraiihen oils it, wortli 80(J/. a. year. This
enatilod him \tt (■nlnr^n the cott-Ofpn on
' TwickenbaD) C'rommon wbure be bad for
.some year* resided (^in l7*>o Horace Walpole
mentions hiiu as on« of tbe cvlubriliiis of
tlie locality; see Letttr», li, 447). In hia
' Kuiitk- toDr. 'i'liompeon'htidi'VLTibvf, auitu
in Pope's Horatinn vi^iii, th« tnoib'sl (^iimTdrl*
of Ilia rcl iremcnt, wnd bfl appuirs lo have
hfien iKijiulnr both in Ibe cmmtry, where
Jie wiLs known for bis Idndlino.**, and in
[liOndnn Bociety, wliere nmon^ hi» friends
vcrc Tlo^arth and Tlaymnn, and the actor
aJid draumtifl Willliim lEavitrd [4, v.] Sir
John Hawkins, however, sars thrtt 'in his
Cuuv L'niulioii tbvKi was littl*' tu praisu: it
wan dt!.Hn]Lor;', rocift-rons, tmil profane, lid
bad conirBcli'd ft habit of awenrinff in bia
IO«i»|f("r TriiM, wliirh In- r>^riiini'd tii bin
iteat.' fie published vpry lilile in his Inter
Sears— a pamphlet on Cnv^nt (tnrden stBjfe
imutMUmcntionL'd in 17(1H— bnt hewroTi>
B KW fiongB for bis fticnd the actor Iteard
and others. Un 1*0 \}pq. 1774 be died in his
lodeings in KenricitA Stiv«C, Coteiit Ourdoii,
havinfiT during tbe caurxe of a prntnu-tiM!
illness burnt nil bis mutJUBcnpte wiibin bi^^
rt-nrli. In hiit will hn liifl bia hi-urt lu hi*
patmn, [.nrd IjH Des^pflnscT, by whose order-i
il was biiri'-d in llm mnii^deum at lligli
M'ycomhf in lliic^infirhnmsliirn, amid so-
lemnities which unduT tliu circnuisttincee
mij^ht, iiki- the bwiiiMt itwlf. bftTi- bn-n
preiermilted. A collt-ction of bis * L'otims
and Misci'llan^ouH CompO'iltons,' wltb n
lifi.' by Ciiptain KdTrard'lliompMiii, whivh it<
dedicated to Lord Jje Deapunier.atid wiittt^n
in u i^truin of tur^^id and (rcnscU's^ flatleri',
upjir — "' -it. Ijoiidoii ill 1777 (Jt'Oi \\l»
portmit, pitiotcd by Qtinaborcni)^, wae im-
pitvcd by Cnllyer in ]77tt, and pr«Hxer] to
tbtj 1777 edilioD of Wbitebeod'fi 'roeun'
(Bkojii.bt, p. SHH).
[CitplAiti t'>l«-nnl Thotnpson'a Lifa in Pooot*.
tT77; ^ir- John IInwkio»'ii Life ofSiimael Jobn-
Mjn, I'Si, 2nd odtt. pp. 33(1 v^.i ChalmM***
English PoBtJs Tol. jtvi.] A. W. W.
WHITEHEAD, WILLIAM (ITir.,
1785>, i"ict-lBurp«ni, was born av CnmbridsQ
earlv in 171'V Ho wiw hnpiist-d on 12 Ftb,
at St. Bciiolpb'e, in which pari^ hix father
carrii?iil cm tbi- trade of a baker, serving I'eai-
broke Hull in that capacity. Tlic iddcr
^^'^hilph(.'ad, while be«1owin^ a liberal edui'S-
ilun on both his sous, is said lo have liecn
inclined to exlravagance, and lu bave idiiiifly
employed bis timt- In urnamentiDg a plot of
land ni^iir Orunlcbeslor. wbicb lon^c went
under the nnmc of Wbiluh^'M Kolly. Two
vcarj^ bvforu his death bis Gecond aun Wil-
liam, wIk'U fnurtiipn yr-ani of 1^, throiif{li
tbeuitrona^Bof ileory Etromley (al^t^m^rda
l^ird Monitor), and liiRh steward of tbe
uuivi'r^iiy of CauibridtnO, obtainx^d & ttomi-
nation to ^\'incb*8ter Oollfge, where be re-
mnini'd tilt I7;jd. It was the period, u
W'hitfhpad Bftvrwnrd* muj; («"» bin sianzos
to tho Ftcv. llr. Lowtb, in his Life >.,/ Wiltiam
vf W^(ir:finm),'\\\ivu Biggpri.-sidt:dand wbua
IturtoJi tnugbl.' Up in wLJd to have acted
tbe parts of Marcia in * Cato' and of one of
tbe lYotnen in tbe -Andrin.'and in 173^1 to
have gained oni> of the f^uinea prizp« offered
by reterb"rotnrh, on a visit to tlie ttcbool, for
\\\fi best poom on n subject to be given oat
by bis companion I'ope, who chow Pel«rr-
borou^b bimaelf as tbe tbome. This IM to
bis Ijving vmplo}'od by Vo^ to translate into
Ijalin tbe Hirst epiNtlw of the' Kiuiayiin Atan ;'
but ibis t'frurl was not published, and White-
bt-iid, ultluinfrb n cnmpi'tunt wibolar. never
attained to distinclinn a.i a writi'r of Ijitin
verse. In l'^-}, not commanding eufbcieul
intprcst to *-cnre .■Vctit>n lo \ew Coll<in,
Oxfoni, he entered an a entar at ".'latv Hul,
Cambridge, with tbe aid of a smalt scholar*
ftbip open to ibo orpbnn »>nH of (nide»m(!a
of tbe town. He |;rudunlt«l K..\. in liSU
uud M.A. in 1743, and in 174:! was elected
a fellow of liin collo^n. His irmproacIiablM
cnndiH-t, amiable iDUinen),andgtowinrn?pu-
tation a* n noet secured to bim at CantbridfTv
ih<> fnendsliinnf many yoiiiij; men of a rank
euperioi* to his own, conspicuouB amone
whom wrt« Churles Townshend (1725-1767)
[q. v.j, 10 whom two of hi-t early iiocmi are
addressed (ii. 171, 1711). In bis lines ' Un
Triend^bip' (ii. 120), juMly pmimd by his
biographer and acoordiug lo him bigbly coni>
4
Whitehead
107
Whitehead
I
DMMided br Ony, Whil#li««il «)ft«ned wl»t
tbv litltvr dislilii'd u Mtiriciil louchis; but
tbou^b liM wim t)irt>iigh liTij moro t>r Ivm
de]>t>n<li-ni oa liis snHal snperinrs, hiii niLTun!
vrnK not M>rvili>, and bis lack of ambilHin
WHS Inrg«ly iltn^ in M-lf-knowlod^fm (in'e the
linwj, ii. 11';?, aiidrvfuixl in I7'il to his fnuud
Wright), tti 174ii \V}iitL-bfnd,althercquejt
of tbe Earl of Jei»ey, undenook tbv [irivaie
luilion of Ills suTTiTing son. Viscount Vil-
lien, tbeo • bor odevoa ytmn of uga — who
ftftervazds u Lord ianey, ww rvpulwd tmo
of tbtt most high bred u well as one of tW
mo«t fiubionnbU num of bis offt* — snd a
m\wf conpaoinn ^see VlLMKHd, Okohhi:
BcMt, fourtb Karl\ )]q uvordinKly re-
niflr«d to Ixindoii. ftnd fllinrlJy nn^m'nnl.'i
sbandwtviJ bi« fellonsbip, ae its reliiotion
iroiild biivi' nhliicM him to tak« orden.
At Cunibridf^e Whilcbead htid publislied
bis first more impnrtsnt poetic efTcirls, whicb
■bowed btm to have dcliWrntfly formed his
rtyle as a wm*r of vtrse upoi'i Fupir, at n
time wh«n En^linb poetical lit«nilura vriva
at last on tbe very point of widuninifitBraujin
aa to both form and eubjeciA. l1i« cniatbt
'On tbo Oon|ii.T of writing in Vi'r8G*(i741>
ia elegant in v«rjiLfi(-a1 ion iirxl (lictinii. mod
iiiod«tinioat' — two merits whicbAn<mn^W
kbaent in Whitfhpad. It wait rapidly fol-
lowed by * Atys and Adraittn"!* (from Ik'ro-
dotus); ail ' li*roic«?piMl«'' from' Ann BoJwyn
lo Tlcnry tlip Eigblb," tlie reversi> of on^j^inHl
in Ireatmont, b«i( dvlicati' in fwUnfr: and a
readable didactic CRsay n» ' Hidirulf' (l"-*-').
pnKMtins sgaimt lucb as is cxctuuive or
raijiplaceu. AU rhf-iw pit^c•-■, %it wdU a* the
rather Utvr ' Uytnn to the Xymph of Uristol
Bpring' (17')1^, on- in the hi?roic rtiupltft.
Within thtt-ae ywirs Whitehead be<?ame
wvH known in the world of letti-rs mid uf
tbe theatre, and on 'Ji Feb. I7«0 Oarriek
(to whom he bad adilrcMwd a very jtidieiuuB
complimrnt in vere*.', conlainini; a charnc-
t^sttc him ail 10 tbo moruU of tho si.Fitrt>:
Work*, ii. 1711) hrou|{ht imt at Dnirv Ijine
bis tivaody of the > Itoman Father.' It is
foandeJ more or Iron (III romcille's 'Horace;'
bniUomit^lbi'part of IIornciii.s'1* wif.'.»i.*ifr
to lb" Curiatii, and it wvkn 10 centre llie
iatoreit in irDratiun't father, the character
playvd byOnrrick. Thoush it w»«a theatrical
SurcPSA, thiitlTafcisl^ i« but n p'>or piece of
literary work, and in execution ont' of llie
kaat aooquate of Whitehead's iierfunuunou.
Hia second traf;i>dy, 'Cr(it>>ui, Qiiwn of
Athens' (fir«t actt-il on -JO Apri! I7ftl),« ny
cut of the Kuripideiin ' Inn,' with the anpi^r-
nalural elotui-ol Kinii tiil, l* far »ii|)eTior to its
pfwiecvasorinKkilfuIneasof con*tniclionand
in dignity of ilyltr, and dwerres tbe lugb
praiae bestowed on it by ftorace Walpol*
(lo John Chute, Letten, cd, Cuoniiiftbam,
li. 3^:!) and by Mason. Thenv coiistitute
I Wbiuihead'soiilyoaMiysin the traj^c drama,
' unless tbore atiould bu included in tbeui the
j mihttr clurur biirleMitie, 'tragedy in tb»
I beroic taste,' of ' Faial Cfnistancy," or Lore
I in Tears,' spoken in inonologiie by the hero.
A |win>tly with a more seriouii purpoac i«
the cuy idyll, ns it wonld perbap)! bo called
I in thtfse dayif, of 'UTie fiweepem, written in
blank voru. In fonu Whitebtriid'H vena*
' tility was remarkable, and ubuut this timo
he proditcod a smn of tales in (four-root
iambic) venu.', iiom«lhiiig in tbe manii>^r of
IVior, but more nearly p'-rhajiit in that of
l<a Fuiiiaint-, wbicl; possess derided merit of
their kmd. Such arv ' Vuriety, a Tale for
1 .Married People;' 'The Goat'a BMrd,' a frwi
\ vxpviiitiun of une of I'tuednu'n fables, which
playfully disem««-it the ijiHjntion of L-tjiiBlity
btftwut.!! the sexes : aiidotberf. These, with a
. number of vtr* ih toeitif and compliuivutary
pieees, make up an agrvivablc variety uf ml»>
c'dlaiu-oiis Terse; and it would have been
fortunate fur Whitehead's posthutnmii. famo
had li« not been called upon to put a prtt-
t«-nlioua Xao to so unpretendinf; nu e<lifice.
He wrote fittl* )u pnjse— a diBiiiiijition, of
no moment, on the shield of .Y.neax, and
a light essay or two for inpertion in ■ The
World.' Ill .Iiina l"ii-l be ttccampiuiied bis
pupil, l.^rtl Villient, luid I^oril .\unt4iaiu, llie
el<fest son of the Karlof Jlarcuiirl. lo I.eipr.ig,
A tour in Ciermnny and Italy followed, and
tlie travellem dtd iiol rvturu'to Kniflnnd till
Ibi'ttutumn of l7oti. The ' Klptriea' in which
Wkii«head vuminemuratcd iheir visits lo tho
mausoleum of AiigiiHiuR and other place* of
inivtvat have not permutu'nily added to hia
poetic- famifj but thpy wen- not inoppor-
tuuely written. While still in Italv Iw
bail l»i'>n HppoinlfHl by \\i» Duke of I^ew-
CMBtle, ihnMighthe influence of l^dv Jersor*
to the 'two grntMl pateut placea uaually
iimtiil' of M.'LTetary and ntfjistrur of the
order of Ibe Uuth; and when, in fVcemlbor
1757, Colley L'ibb^r puKted away, the Uuke
of Uuvuiisbirv, as lord cbutriberiain, otferv^
to W Uitebwid the poet-luuruatesbip. which
hud been previoii.sly rftfuxcd by Umy [**«
Ukav, Tkomah]. The latlff was to bare
been pflrmifted to hold it an « Hin>-cure; but
Whitvbend'a muse waa called upon in the
iiauAl WAV. and execulM henwlf in % sffries
of hirthduy odea extendinff over lanrv tlurn
a (juarter of a century, us well as of special
vflu)ii()nf> nil occasions aiich hh a peace or a
royal marrin^e. .\ selection of iho birthday
odea is published in the poet* worka, but
cannot be said to call for poethumous cri-
Whitehead
loS
Whitehurst
Udam. In his own day llm »erii» ai lojge
wtjtvixltwc] with much unfriendlk comment.
Jolmsan, whn aevmit to have Cult no [inr-
ttcular ^ntitiuK- to Wliiif-liniid for buTuig
helped t^ maki? the plan m' his dictionary
known lo ChMt«rfieId (BoswBi-i,, f.i/''. «"■
J. Birkbeck Hill. i. 184 ; see nlfio Havkuvh,
Life, Slid edit. 1787, p. 176), coin|)inwl Cib-
ber** birthdny ode* with \Vliil<-hcad*s, In tho
dittdranugfl of thukit«r: for'p&ndnoQ-
Mose is iiiaapporrubl<> ' (i'6. t. 40*2), Jnbn
fiyroii][q. v.], ibt' Luncashln) poet, in 17&S
coupled Wbiit^head'a ' Veraei to the l\;oplc
of England ' wilb Alii^neide's ' AiTptal to cht!
Coiinlrv (irntli'iiirn of Knirlniid us ilUiatra-
tive f>f tlio jiiifioUm of ibe liour (Poemr of
Jnhn B^rom, printed for \\w rin-llmiu Hoc,
18&I, i. 4A!»), (^liiircliill, whohadBiiddenly
Bpniug into fame and wns beEiuntng to pour
forth volume aftvr voUimt' iif furiou* inYeo
tive, in blf. iii. of 'TheOtioHt' (i7rti'i uikk
Btrophispd tW Iaiire»te Bs 'Dulnt'^is nnd Mi—
tliod's dnrlini; 8on.' WTiitchpad but once
mtidt' a public reply lo tbrae unJ other aHiiiks
in • A t'hflrjie to ilie I'opts" (lir.*t printed in
1702). which iulroduws iwA^ <ia a eori of
•epiuel to his i-arly poem on ' Tlie Danpr of
writ login Verse ,' anil, in iLu hu moron* form of
Kchsr^.- from I he Iniinrale ro his brol her poets,
very rensoiinblv and verj- piK>d-hiiiii'>un.>dl_v
explaiiiK and dvfeuds Lii> imhIiIih). In 'A
Pflthdtic Apolof^y for all Ijiureiiiea. paet,
prp«ent, uuu to coioo,' privntslj' circuUlwd
nraon^ bis friends, he put rhe mntrnr Rtilt
morvpliiinly, mil] with the same modesl bon-
himiie. Anil whi^llier or not Iip nctiuillv
cherlshi'd thi^deeiKnof r(>plyiiifl;lo Churchill
in II lonpiT jKx^in, he wa* wi»«? M>on;?h m-vcr
to cany it out, though iLufrajrmi-nts which
niniin axv in pnrt i^nuroua aswvll Aa eaacQ-
tUlljr juft in fipiril.
In tlie year 111 which riinrpliill Imd Nought
to write tio'ivn thn lAiireat4> dunci! and fool,
ha hod produced at Drnrv Lami on 10 Fclj.
hiBcomedy of 'The School fnr Lovers') t76i!j,
■wbici) has lK»eM frroneouely supposed to bt-
loug to the suociea called »L'ntimentAl comedy.
Thii life of liiu pluy is to bo found in the chn-
ractun nf Arauiinia and Modcly, which ii«'
genuinely comic. M'hilu the formw i^ also
iinrai»lni<«lily(iltmcttv«((:rc)KXB*r,iv.640).
The miccMs of this eomady (which was rw-
vivwl in I??'! and 1794) ■pi-mit to ba»B iu-
onaaed fiarrinrlc'B ronfidenco in Whituhcad,
Tirho in the following veum oflieiiilml an hi«
'reader' of plAyx. When in 17fi7 Oarrii^k
■WHS hwitnling aa to theprr>duclion <if fluid-
smith's 'Uoitxl-naliuvd Man,' h« prcvpoBfd
Whil«In«ad, who for some time Bctcd m
render of new plejn for 7>riiry Lane, ro him
as arbilmtor in the difficulty--' of all thu
mamijfaf'a ali^hia to tha poet,' Recording to
the biograph'^r uf ihn loLtnr, Ihat which wm
'forgotten Ihb*' ^Fouhtkb, I^e and Tiwus
of Olivrr GiAdrmilh, ftth ifdit. lhTLii.41).
On ti Jan. 1770 Whitehead's ' Trip to Scot-
land' W8» performed at Dniry Lan?, which
may btt OeMnbcd as a farc« ending lik« an
ext ravngann.
For mflnv voar» aftn hit Ktiim from the
continent XVditiihi^ remained the weloonu
houaehidd friend of I*ords Jersey and Ua^
court, and nv^idt'd in the town houftu of the
fcirmi-r,Hndin the kumineral -MiddliitonaDdal
Xuneham, of which frequent mention is made
in his vento, and wliciwiomv linM by bim on
the gnrden^r, Walter (Mark, are fltated as
still to be s(^en in the groundu- Af^er ths
death O'f Lonl Jcrwr in ITtiS, ami the accc**
MOIL to the litlu of Iiis former pupil. White-
bead occupied apartments in I.^ndoQ, but
Htill kept up hia inlirascy with )y»h families.
lu 177-1 hecollected bis worksin I wo volumes,
under the title of ' Plnya and lAietmi.' A
trafft^dy, oflwrvd to (iarrick. but iwwr pub-
Ibhed ; the first ai^i of in "(Kdipus;' end one
or two other dnitnatiu frogmvnta were found
ntnonj^ hi^ pngxTS at llii? time of hitt death,
which took plaoe in Charles 3t reot , Oroarenor
Square, on 14 .Xpril 1785.
A complc^ti,' edition of Whitelbead'ii wwnu,
with a good memoir by his friend \\iUiam
Atason ( I7;!4-17!)7) [q. v.], was published at
York in 17s8 (3 vols. 8vo). A half-knglb
lifi'-*itrd iKirlmil of Whilebead waa pain(«d
by It. Wilson (fa/. Guetph Bshih. No. 238).
.\nolher, |mint«d bv W. Doiig-hty in 1776,
was engraved by Collyer, and prrflxed to
vol. iii. of Mason's edition uf WhitehesdV
' Work*."
[Memoirs by Mason in eallc<.-te<l edition of
WhitrhnuH'ii I'oami, 3 voU. 1788; Ctialn>ra'a
EiiicLixh I'oRt*, I'ul. xvLl.iGcnMlBSompAccaaat
of ihn Kn^linh Strkg«, vol*. Ir. and v.; Dojla's
OJllckl litrouimp.] .4. W. W.
WHITEHORNE. [See WuiTlloasB.]
WHITEHURST, JOHN (171S-I788),
horologer, bom at Congleton in Ohealura
on 1(1 .April 1718, waa the onn nf John
Uliituhurst, a clock and wntch maker of
thnt plafi'. Hi* i-nrly ediivation wa.* Might,
and on leaving school h« wag bred by hia
father in his own trade. Ili« father, who
wiu a mnn of iiuiuisiiive tuni, uncourased
bim in his paisinn for knowledge, which led
him at thon^^of twcnlvoiu: lo vi«it Dublin
in onbr to inHpecl a clock nf curious con-
struction uf which he had heard.
About 17-*^ be KnlHfml into business for
himself at Derby, where he aoon obtainM
great empluymeut, distJuguUhing himself
I
I
1
bv consTnietiitft Aereral in^niooa pieces of
tawlianietn. BvtMdt;^ 'Hbcr work* Ite tnailn
tli^ olftck for ihft town-hftll, and in reward
v&s enrolled as a burgees on 5 Sept. 1737.
IlealM mudv tliorniometcrii, barometerti, nnd
other pbiloaopiiical luslmments, and inte-
reatad himaelf id contriring wiilcrwork*. He
WM consutC'.-d in uluiost uvery undt.-rtakiug
in Derbjiiliirf anJ iti llie neighbouring coiia-
lieain nrbich slcill In mG)clLanice.piicuDi&tici>,
Olid liyimiiltcN w»R r<H|uinid.
In ]77ij, fto the pasange of the Ml for tlu'
better n-gtilntiriii of Ibe g<)ld coinHgn, witli-
out ftDV toliritaliori nn lii.i part hu was ap-
potot«a •tatupt^r of tUe nnjney-wfiiglil*, i>n
the rccomnnfiidatiim of ih* iKike of Npw-
eoAtle. lie removed lo London, whiTe tbb
rest of his lif« wsw pn»»cd in pltili^npUic piir-
ioiu, and wlicn.' Uw liou»t.« in Uolt Court,
Fl«t Wirwil, formerly the alwJe of Judim
Feiif^son (1710-1770) [q. v.], b«cain« fhe
eooManl rL-^uri of m«ii "of <«cience of everjr
Dktion and rank. In 177^ hD piiblisbcd hi»
'Iiujuirr intu thi> Original iStati; AiidForma-
tion of thi" Kurlh' (London, 4lo), of wbicb ft
second editi^in apppartd iu i7t<'l. cviusidur-
ably enlarged nnd improvt-d; and a tbirtl,
after hisdcath. in 179:;?. Thu original dusign
of this work, wliich h* b»gan l» jin-pnrr
■wbik' living nt. IVrby, was W faciiiuite the
discorery of valuable minerals benrotb tbtt
eartb'a Aurface. He piirfttir^d bis r««eiu«hro
with $o mucb ardour ttuit Uiu exposure be
ini-unvd Iciuli^d to impnir bia healtb.
On 13 May 1779 lie was plwctcd a fellow
of tile Itoyal Society, nnd iti 17S3 be waa
•enl to ••xftinint! tbi^ (]iiinl'»4 Caiigowny and
the volcanic mmains in fb* iiorlb of Im-
land, i-mbodying liia obtien'atioiis in tliR ae-
ooiul edition of bifl 'Inquiry.' About 17f*4
he contrivcid a flvMcm of voiitilation for Ht.
Tboma«V Hospital (IIkrnax, Uiatoiy and
Art of Wnrminff and f'eiitiiatioa, 1»45, ii,
70). Xa 178" lio publisliwl 'An ACtumpI
tnwuni* obtaining iuvariablu .Measures of
I>>ngth, Capacity-, and AVciglit., from tlw
Mviisuration of Time' (l^ndon, jtoi. Start-
ing on tlu' (Luunnprion that thn length of n
wcond pendulum in tb« latitudt* of I.'indon
«a» 9&-2 incbos, hr di^'diicc'l that tbe b'ligtb
of one oaciUating fony-ivfo timeii u minute
iaa^ty incbea, wbile tliatof oniM^Mfiltntin)?
twin w many Uiavs i« twoury iurbe»i. The
diffiarence bi-tuvw^n tbeae two lenjilhs would
thrreforv be exactly fivu fi'ul. Hu fuund,
llowKYiT, upon fX|ifrinii»nt l.bnL tht; actual
difference waa only fiO-SOi incbra owing to
ttie real length of the pendulnm, oitcillai ing
3C6 a second, bi'ing •3]l'l:J<} inclici, lIo
lined roughly, however, dsia fmm wbirli
true leogtlu of penduluinR, the spaces
through wbicb heavj bodiM fall in a given
tirnt*, and itiniiy hiIiit pjirlicular« DL-Iatiog to
ib>> force of gravitation and th*; trne figure
of I lio Lwrth, could be de<)u«Nl.
Wbitehiuai died at bis houM in Bolt
Court, Fleet Street, on 18Feb. 17^8, and wa»
infi^rnvl iH'sidt' bi^ wifi> in St . Andrew's bury-
ing-ground in Uray'a liin Hoad. On 9 Jan.
174ft b« married Elizabclh, daiigbft-r of
liijorgfc Givilon, rector of Trutk-y nnd Hal-
bury in Derbyubtre. llw liud nu surviving
\Vhitfbun>t'ii portrait, vngrnved by A.
Smith fmm a painting by .lowpb Wright,
wwt pgbUr.li.-d bv W, lleilt on 10 Oct. 178**
(cf. t:at. .%r"«rf T^iftn Krhih. No. 7U>.
Another, piiinted by Joseph Wright and m\-
gravf»d by lUll, is prHixt^d to Ins ' Workii*
(Bkomlby, p. 3U<i). Ilia 'Woris' were
edit<?il by Obarles Kution [<]. v.], with a
miitnoir (London, 1792, 4to). In i7i)4 Ito-
bert Wiltati [<j. v.] ^■diled from bis papers
*ObB«rrationa on tof- Ventilation of Itnomn,
ou Chiinueyy, am) Uardcii Stoves' (London,
4to]. A colk-ction of lii* 'Tmi-tx, 11ii]o»o-
pUiL'til und .Mcckanicul,* was piiblifihid in
IHl'i (London, 4.tn|. Tbrw of bis papers
first ap|H'are<l in the ' Traiisactiona ' of the
Itoynl Society.
(Mcmuir bj HuttoD, preGieil lo Wliiieburst**
Works ; Eurwjumn Mag. I788.it. 818-20; Qeni.
3Ia«. I'fili.i. 18:2. 363; Unirsrsal Mag 1788. ii.
2a A-tl.1 E. I. C.
WHITELAW, JA.MKS (I74S)-18LS>,
itatlstiviuu and iiLJluiitkropiat, wiut a nativo
of county Ldlrim, wln-m b« wiia bom in
l"4t». IK- enU-rud Trinity rolltigf', Dublin,
in .July 17(iO, Iwraino a ecbolar iu I76U, und
graduated B.A. in 1771. Hw etudiod for tlia
church, and «fti<r bis ordination became tutor
to thff Karl of IM^'atli, who presented him
with the living of .St, Juraus's, Dublin. He
eoon aftt'm'ftrna obipiincdthemort-mnannera-
tiveJivingof Sl.CaihuriiiuBin the.4anif>riry.
His di'cp interest in tlm jwor pi-nple living
in the *Ubi;rtiBB' in hia immedinii- neigh-
bourhood led bill) lo ftjrm wivt-ral cbarilablo
infililiiliong. the most useful of which was
tbi- Mfiith cluirilnbh* lonii, founded in 1»*0(J,
which proved of immense wrvicc to tbe
wenriiri'ort hi- Coonibe during very dint reMing
pprindft. Mainly owing to bis strong repre-
eeutntioiis the trustees of (ho Kro^Jiniis Smith
fund in IS04 albjcnt^-d i!,(>UO/. to th« founda-
tion of a *i;boo[ in the Cooinbe, at which
foor children were giveji fri-n rducntion.
to wuK iipuuintod onu of the governors of the
L'barler ^cboolmif Irrlniid, iind bv liis energy
and unwi-tirii'd alttfntinn to ihf intcaT*ts of
th« poor li.- wiw enabled greatly lo improve
their working.
Whitclocke
no
Whitelocke
IVrhap* Km moat, impart int wrrice WM
h'la oeasuii of tliu city uf Dublin, which he
UDckrtook ill I7H8, >ail carried thmii^h tae-
ceesfully in th« fucv <tt muuv flilliciilties and
daiigcTK, uublifhirig tbe nuiilu of hii iRTafr-
tigiition in 180.') in hU ftdmirable ' EaMT on
the lV.Diil»ti«n of nublin in I'SW' (UuMin,
8vi>). rpid<>m]C diseaMA wt^m tlieti frequent
in Dublin, but, uad«ternMl by tht» fmir of in-
fection, he personittly innpeci^d ewry hooM
In tliu ciiy and qut-fttioned nearly every in-
habltant, Ilitburto tlio extent of tb« pcpii-
Ulioii had been only vagiii.>ly conjectured.
Ue found in one houM a]on« 10s peopto.
Tbo govemmnit ordorcd iho letinlta ofbis in-
qniryto be printed, whil» the original papen
were deposited in DublinCutle. luloOShu
wu niQO onr of tlip invmbvnt of th« cotu-
tnisAion to inqiiiiv into the conduct of the
Saving board nf Dublin. Ilo rewiwd from
oln Law (1741-181(1) fq. t.1, bUhop of
^Etpliin, the valuable living of Ckstlerao^b,
wmcli li* was alloweil to hold jointly with
that or8t. CftthorincV. Ilo died at a malig-
nant fcviT, contracted while risiling ]mx>c
parishionrtrs, on 4 Fob. 1313. Thi> govonk-
uuriit, conf'Tri-d a ptruiion of 'iOOr a year
upon hia widow.
Tliii work with which WhilelawV nam«
is miwt fri'ijUBnllr auociatvd is tho valu-
Lftble • History of Dublin,' in which hi; col-
Lbonited with .Inhn Wsrbnrton, k-fju-r of
'th« record* in Dublin Ca»tl«. Worburton
did llii> moro ancient portion of the work ;
Whilfllftw undertook thi' modpm part. Both
\Vhil«law u-ud Warbiirlon died, however,
before it WAApubliflhcd.nnd it was completed
liy Robert WaUb [q. v.] Ii wa» publifhctl
inlfllfi in two largo ijunrto volumM. White-
law's otlinr works ir« ' Pan-ntal SoliciludD '
(DuMin, IRIWIP, 12mo); 'A Kyatera of Qi^o-
prnnhy,' nf which thn raapa onlv (i-n^vod
by nimself) were publishwl ; urul ' .\u Ewnr
on the best nn:tliod of (iRccrtainine Areas
of Countries of any comidomble Extt'Ut '
(* Tranaactioni of Itoyal Irish .VcAdomy,'
vol. vi.)
nVbtioUiv .ind WHlfth't I[>*t. '>f Dublin, vol. i. ;
Alllbono'« DioU of l-it. ; Wnlili'ii Oompagxlium
of Irish Bio^iapby ; tSilbortV Hi*u of Diiblia ;
Ragiater ot Trinity CoUfgt. Dublin.]
D. J. O'D.
WHITELOCKE, BUUSTRODK (IdftV
1676), koepor of tlu- ftr-nl wsl, i-ldfit mm of
Sir Jatiie* Whitnlnrli.* 'i-[. v.] and Klien.Ix'l.h,
daughter of Edward Dulelrodi,* of liydgerley
Bulatrodc, Bucl[ingbAmBhir(>, woa bom at
his uncle 8Ir Oeorgs Croke's house in Fleet
Street on 6 Aug. Iti0.>,and pliriotenwd at St.
Dmutan'«-in-ihe-Eaatonl9Aug.(SiHJAaE9
WutisiiiCKB, Li&rr Fauuiieiu, p. 15 ; Cbf-
leetatua Topt)frauAie« tt Omralayic*!, r.
3tJ0). n« was admitlfd to M-T.-hftnt Tay-
lora' school in Itllo, utii] tnatnculat^d at
Oxford on 8 Dec. )6iH) oa a nvniber of
St. John'o Ci.lhjgn {I'wenii, Alttm/ii Oj»-
lUTJMM, i. 1620). Dr. Paraons was Whit«>
lockn*s tutor, and Laud, who was th^^n pre-
atdent of St. .Tohn'* nnd waa tu» fathera
frivnd, took p^nt inleruu in hia oducatioD*
whiiph Whitclocke »iibs>.'<inenLlv requitodby
rcfu*inji to tuku jwrt in the proAHution of
tho arclibiihon iMfmunaJs, i. 21fl). He re-
created hinuelf with music and field sporta,
joining other tnamban of the coU^e to
maintain a paek of beagles (R. H. WnrrB*
lACKH, Memoir* of IfuUtrodr HTiitelodu,
pp. ti-ll). Wbileforke left Oxford wilhoat
a d«vr«v, and wax called to the bar at the
Middle Temple in li!3il He repr«aeot«d
StaHbrd in the parliament of l(t26. At
(7hHittmn» I(1S8 ha was chown maeterof tho
revslfl and trea^nrer of tho Middle Temple,
and in 1633, when the four ioos of court
joined togrtbcr to perform a maaqiM befon
the king tind queen, uv and hiti friend Edwatd
Hydo r.-'prcwntod the Miildl«i Titmple oa
the commitlvo (<'A. [ip. aii-&2; MemnrieU^
i. 31, 53-«2). Whit.-livk.. had 'the whol«
care and eharg« of all the ntuic for this
groat maaque, whifh was so performed that
it MCoUed anv tniifac that eT^^ b«>foro tliat
liiui" linii been'lmard in England.' But while
diHtingin.shing himself socially \w did not.
fors^t his profaatonal studios, aa to wl^h
Scluen g&Tu him valuable ndric*. He be-
came about lUSl ncordvr of Abingdon and
counsel for the corpomtion nf Henley. In
1633 hv v^iEimed by feed no lew than' 310/.,
which dropptxl, liowewr, Xn 46/. in lli« fol-
lowing year, when he was no longw baiaked
by bi» fnthcr's inRuence ( WhitewckB, Jfe*
moin of H'hitflactif, pp. 7i, 90).
Whitelocke had married in 1030, hut lus
wife bccaiAL^ insane shortiv a(t«rwanls, and
in 11)34 he plac«d her under the core of a
doctor, and trHvelled to ulluviiite his ntelan-
clioly. At Paris hfl was received with great
favour by Cardinnl Itichelieu. and offered
the command ofa tronpofhor^e in thw French
service. R»turningtoEoglaQdinJuDal634,
he roaumL'd bis practice, earned sonte local
reputiition by a speech aa chairman of thd
Osfordshiro qiiartdr aaaiioDS, in which he
vindicated thejurisdictlon of the civil against
the eoclcsiaatical coorto, and morv bv op-
poaing the extennion of Wychwood Forest
in tho interest of the grntlciovn of the COUDtV
(ii.pp.lOi-9; MeinonaU,t.fi7,70). Having
thus becouiH |iupu!nr, li<* was elected to tho
Long porlininent an mt'mhcr for Marlow, and
took from tbe flivt a prominent port in its
Whitelocke
Whitclocke
pmc-ndinn. Hi* waa clutinnMi of tlie com-
micteR wnicb maiui^ tbc prowentton of
Strair'^rd, anil wiut t<|>«cially ''iitnutcd witli
llincAndtirt c>f aniclfifl oinetcn U) tvnmty-
tour of tbo chafRv (Rubhwobtu, Triat qf
tAf Earl f/ Utraford. pp. lOO, 620, .W2;
BilLLiE, Letttrn, i. :^7). StnlToTd told n
friend, aptrakini; of tlie cotnmittru thiiV
mniiAged ibe evidence n^nst liiio, ilim
UIvii Bud Ma>-nard osw] bim like ndvocatM,
but Palmiir and Wliitelocka uhxI him I'lko
gr'ii<l<-m<-n, and vet l«ft oal nothing material
tn bp urped ai;ain!^t him {MemtinaU, \. 113,
l!!4, I^). \Vhitvl»cl:i' nbio urvpanul Iho
hill Af^inat the dlMohiiinn of thn f.nn^ par-
liament without its own consent, supporlvd
and added an amondmcnl to th*; ' ki""'' ^-
nwustnuice.'aDd look pan in the proctteding^
ugainat the i)l«>f{al canons drawn up by Mm-
Toctttion (Vkbsbt, AVm of the Ljtiff Par-
liantent, pp. 7'2, 84 ; FoiiarBK, Gratis Re-
taoutlranot, pp. S.fO, *i'i>.
Ill fVbruary 1042 Whil<'Iockc iiiude a
Irimmlnff ipe«ch on thi> militiuqUHtion, lu-
KL'itUig tliv authority uv«r it to Ihi joiully in
kinf[ and parliitnii-iil, following up thiH \>y
a njMH<cb QgaiuHT miaing an army in July
{MemimaU, \. 1IK>, 177). Itut i\n* ilM not
prcAtrnt him from bttcotnin))' a di^puty lieu-
tenant both of Buck ingba ma hire and Ox-
fordshire, from finnlly prL'V*>ntin)f the i*xfi-
eulion of t hi) kind's oommisxion of array, and
ftom raining troojM to occupv Oxford, lie
urged Lord Ssye to make t^t city « |W> I
liamMilary gamann, and was himiiplf pnv
poeed ax governor as beinf; one wliom * the
city, ihfl univernity, and th« conutry t-lwrw
abotilA did well know and wft)ild bf pWaed
with,' Save, bow^Tur, dcotioed to fortify
thcford (.■*.' i. 171. 180, I83>. Whitclocke's
suhawiu'-nt military ieirieea were (light. At '
Brentford, in November \GV2, he marclu^d '
with Iiampdi>n'a regiment (i^. i. W'2). In j
1G44, whim lh^ Bi>*ncialion of thf three
ounties of Oifnrfl, Kurhinerbam, and Bcrka ,
W«» Mtablishi.id, Wbiieloclii' m'R!* one of it* |
gcnvmne. committ»-, and wo-t nronoaed to
oomnuna its ruroea, bat declioea (i&. i. S64,
', aofi, 311. 616; RtiRHWoKTri, v. K73).
H« become instead (^Vtirnur of Henley
and of bis own houM at I'hylliA Courts
which was nuidi.> a garriwn. .\i> Iiik houHP
at t'awley had Ixwn occupi**il utid plundered
by Princo Kupert in th'.' aniumn of ltf42,
Um dumagtt caiicei] bv th>* irar to hta pnv
pertT was very conftiderable {MnnoriaU, i.
188.' 214, 407; ii. M. m, 62; Whitei.ockb,
Memoiraff Whitflitrkf. \\. ySO). \\'hitplocke
wa» on tolerably intimate terms both with
I'^MX and Fairili.\. FVi-x, wlinra he fre-
.^uently prabc*, ooofialTed him in l>ecember
1644 on the feaaibiiity of aeruning Cromwall
»9 an Incendiary, a coufh! whif^h ^Niiitidocke
deprecated (J/nwurtVifa, i. 320. 31^1. Whitp-
lockv spoke against the a^lf-dt-nying ordi*
nance, but C'larvndon deacribes bim a« iu-
etnimental in petling it passed (ib. i. 3oS;
JRrAfilinn, viii. 2UI>. lie claimed kinship
with the Fairfax family, was pn^wnt in Sir
Thomas Fairfax'* army durinjr the si*^- of
UsLfonl in Itj46, and was admitted by Sir
Thomaa to his council of war (.WemortaU,
ii. lU, 4a).
ThtouffhOHl tbo 6rsi civil war Whitelock^t
dt!«cnbe« himself nj« 'industrioualylabouriug
to prumotv nil overtures for peace/ H*
wa« one of lhi> wight commission um aent by
pArliameni t^ the kinji; at Oxford in Jaauaiy
will Miin-li 1(113. In the springof IftM he
mndp a sp.?«ch nt^giug that fresli overtuw*
should he nwdft to iho king. In November
lft44 he was affsio sent loOxford to arrangfl
the pratiiDiiianefl of a treaty, and he wai
one of the parliamviilary commii»ioners at
UxbridfTfi in January IBifi, where be gained
?r«at honour nmun^r bis friends by aricceet-
ully rnmhftting Hyde's armiments abont
the mililiu (Mrmon'trk, I IflT, IPO, 246,331,
382). Hyde, in liit narrative of this trvaty,
deecribfs WhiteJocke oa one who bad from
the beginning concurred with tha pTecby-
terian luadera * without any inclinatioii to
their person* or priitciplea,' the reason being
that ■ all his estate was in their quartun,
and he bad a uatun that, rould not bear or
submit to be undono.' Yel be sluoerely
diJBJrvd peuoo, and ' to his old friends who
wore coinniUsioners for the king ho used liis
^H«oai
intimacT with Hyde excited suapicioa, and
in Jul V 1 ftl5 Lord Savilo accused Whitelocke
and Holies to tb>j parliament of trMsonable
communiir^A lions with the king and bis
counsellors during ihttnejroliations of !fU4.
Hut parliament nc<]uitt<.-d both (21 July
]64*j'), and gave rh^m permission to prose-
ciitw thi^ir accuser {Memorialt, i. 33B, 886,
4f»"-ai; B*Ti,r-iF,/>«^r*,ii.303; Vammonf
Joumah, iv. yiJ ). Whitclocke was nno of
the thirty Uy mL-mbcrs of the OKSeniljy of
divines (12 June H!43). and both in the
a9»i-mbly it-self ond in tlio House of Com-
mons pemtstenl-ly combated the- view that
the preabjrterian "form of church government
existed juir dirino. For that raamn he
•aya ' I did not pass luicetisured by the rigid
nmbyteriana, against whose design I wa^
neld to bo one, and thev were {HBased to
tflrm me a di»ciplo oi Srlden and an
Erastian' (Memorttttt, i. 200, 202, 337, 601,
Whitelocke
Whitelocke
'006). He also incurred the ditplMsure nf
Eh« eamv pnrlv by liis arguments in favour
of tul^raliod {ib. II. **8, 1 IH). In May 1647,
when ihe diitljaiidiiig of the ftnnr was undi-r
dlMciiKsIuii, WliiifloclcB oppoied th(> nsii
policy nf HoUm and \he iin-dliyterian ItiBdeto,
nnd st^parntvd liiitiMtiir from thL'in in tlir'
debates on l be subject, which, lii> &dd«, ' took
Tery w«ll, and crvntwl n" int^iruMt for mi'
wilB the oCh^^r pflrty ' (iti. ii. 146). llo wiw
COIuequoutly 'courted' by Croiinvttll, and
escaped impeactimtrnt in June ltt47 vbcn
tlio army impeiicbvd tbe «li>ven inrnib«rM,
alcliough one of thu chit^f charges ajtoinet
HoUm wius that which Lord Savilp liad
bnjugliL a^iinat Wliilelockc ti\m {ib. ii, 16:^,
171. 17H; Old Pnrl. Hut. xvi. 701. Durinu
thw troiibl«Kl -umm«r of 1(H7 WliilWocki-
•tayod awny from the Ilour^'of Coiumoiis sii
tniioh an pciafiibU-. and iivi>idt'd coiuoiitiin^
liinifieir to pitliitr piirlj l,MetnonaU, ii. 17^).
1\\» rapidly irio.ri3ajiinjf legftL bust&esa, care-
fully recorded in bis ' MMnorialn,' supplied
him with n.n oxchm? for his abeoucv. Uii
1& March UH8 Whitelocku waa appDinteil
byporliamont onvof thi! four comtniBsioavre
of tbi« (jPoal eeiil for one ysar wilh a salary
of l.OIKK. In that cnpacity he swore in the
newly uppuiulvd mrjeftDts-at-law in Nov*ra-
lii-r liVlH.drlivi-ring tli^n and nt tliortwearing-
in of Uhiof-hurun SVildt' long spwcbea on
tudicinl antiouitii*" ( Mrmuriah, ii. i;78, 2H8,
'290, 2m. 341, V2», 4 10, Ut*). TliroiigLoul
the military revoliitioii of Di-cpuibi-r ItilS
be continiifd to net in lii» judicial capacily,
'gludof an holiest pret^-nci- to bti ■•xciwrd
fmm app.--iiring in the house.' At the end of
the month hv and his coUeacue, Sir Thomii«
Widdrinn[1on[ij. v.],discii»«cclwitbCromwfU
thasettltiment of thu nation, and endeavoured
to frsmt* Mimi' compromise between pnrlia-
TDpnt and array. Wbtn it was d'-oiued lo
bring tb* kinff'to n public trial, Wliitelocke
■was oni- of lh<t rommilUM appointed to draw
up D. chaise and consider t!i« metbod of the
trial, but declined to take any port in thu
proC'wdinc*. ai^d purposely K-ft London till
the trial bad bpgun. Hi!iitfit in the House
of Commona during the progress of the trial,
but nu tlitrdayof tht: Itiiic'* execution ho
eaTB, * I went not to the Hou«e, but stayed
all day nt liomi^ in mv study and nt mv
prayers, in tUfi liopcs l^iat this day's worK
miffhc nut so displeJWK God as to briim pre-
iiioicc to this poor atflirted niittoti ' (.Vemo-
riaU, u. 467, 477, 4M, 41*7, -I9H, .'.lO).
Wiiitclocki- was elected a member of the
couneil (»f utai^ of the republic, tbougb di^
rliiiing lb<.> nstrospeclivc approval of tbolati'
proceedings whicn its menibtira were ori-
Eiaallv required to express. IIo was obliged,
however, to declare his disapprobatloa oftha
vote of 5 Dec. 1648 daclarin)? thi' Idog'scun-
ocfttions sufficient, in order lo retain hiit tewt
in lh« iloutfe of Commons (i^. ii. 510, 527,
65-}). Ilv op{>tiM>d, but in vain, llw abolition
of tli» House of Ijunls, and had the duty of
drawing llin act fur that purpose imposed
iipiin biin {U>. ii. hiX). A new jrrvat sval
n*iu> innilri, and Whitelocke was appointed
one nf thfi tJireA commiMiont-rs with Li»le
and Kebleas his collesgavs (8 F<>b. 1640).
lie Justified fai$ conduct by the consideration
that the husin(«a lo bi- undcrtak>.-u was ' the
ffwcutioiL of luw and jiutice, without which
men could not live one* bysaotber' (i&. tL
oL'3). In thi« oHictt lie did considerable scrr>
view to the republic by procurinf: an altera-
tion in th« onth of tli>- jud|^>s which enabled
thptn to act under the new ^vernment,
driiwiny up a utiwlrenBon law, and attempt-
ing fttiini- rrfornw in clianc»ry procedure.
But he felt continually calU'd upon to de-
fend thi- Imv nnd its practitioners again«t
popular pn-judio<>, Miicoeeded in dcft^tlnga
propoiuil to exclude lawyers from parliaiueut,
jiMcl prrimni<'d the act forconductinf^all legal
procwdin^is in Kngiish (i*. ii. b'16, iU, 31,
49. 8S. IIB, 2«0).
Id June 16&U VVlutelocke was oao of the
comtnittee appointed to remove KitiH'ux'n
scniplM about the invasion of Scotland, and
in Snpt<'mlKir Ittol lin wus siniiUrly selected
bv parliaroeiit lo ronpntulftiu Cromwell on
bis victory nt Worcester (lA. iii. :^, itX)).
{>nniwelf gave him a captured horse and
two Scoiiitih prisoners as *a tol«m of his
thankful reception of the parliament's can-
Smtululiouf.' WLitclocliC rwords two Iobk
conferences between liimseif and Cnimwulf,
onu soon after Worcester and another ia
>tnvember \^h2, in the timt of which he
urginl the rt>?toration of the monarchy, and
in tbii sw-ond recommended Cromwell to
make terms with Chirli** 11, in preference to
taking upon himself to be king, lo CODie-
(Jn>:■^Cl^ of this Cromwell, according to
whitelocke, wishing to g«t him out of the
way, proposed to make him cliief commis-
pioncr for tlu' govcrnnititit of Inland, and
finallv ttvtit liini as ainboMndor tu Switlvn
(ft. lii. 372, 431. 474). In April I66&
WhiiHockn opposfil Croinweil's scheme for
the dissolution of the Long parliament and
the devolution of its autbonly upon a pro-
vLiinnal council! created for the purpose (i*.
iv. 4>, When Cromwell dissolved tna Long
parlinment Whitelocke was one of theper-
soni) be sptx:ially attacked ia hie speech to
the house. He ut (Jescrilied lUi ' looking
eouctimc« and pointing upon particular per-
sons, as i:*ir U. Whitelocke, ita., to whom li«
Whilelocke
113
Whitelocke
gave very sharp latiKUBge thougli he namtid
them not, but by his ffftsture* it was well
known that ho 'meant cliem* (1!ls.ncowk,
Sydney J^pers, p. 140).
For ■ few moaiha Whitolocfat- n-mainod
ill Doinplete retirement, but in August lUiVl
he hvard that tllo eoiincil of fttate iat«ndt>d
ti> iiominat« him aa Kinhaiutmlgr to HwwK'ii
in ploceofLardLiBlf.wbohudbeenfiriginnlly
appoiatud. In the nuDit tliLttL'ririK («nDe
(>amwell pressf^d V'}iiti>lnrk<:' to Accept tbt-
post, and, morvfromftarof theonsequtinccfi
of ivfiiMiie ihnn I'mm any desire for tlie dis-
tinction, hti tioally accepted. Ou 14 Sept.
hifl nominittioD woii approvi^d by parliatnt^ut
(Kbbte, Juitmal of IViitflockfg Hwrduh
JSmboMtf, 1. 15, an, lij). Kilt iiintriiclioiiN
•uthofLwd him not only to latim a f^enerul
(rt-uty of amity, but ti> Ciimplo uii ngrovtmsnt
with Sweden for 6i?cunnff tlie fniiidoui nf
thi> Souiid n){aiu£t l>L-iimarK and the united
proviiioes (lA. i. So-90). Whitidocke saileil
<]n Nciv. witha lurRt? roiinuis iind a .wiifidron
of nix abvpo, ri'ui'liiiig (mll)i.>nbiirf;on lo Nov.
Ue retumtid chiougb ( iennauy. liindinff of^o rti
inEnstandon I .Iu)y UKV4. The treaty hi?
negotiated, which w^a Ion;; delayed by the
deain of th* Swedes to anait ihe upshot t>f
tho pcAcn nvgiHiiktiotis between Kn^land and
lIulfaiKl, and by ch^ tlitflcutlii-f whiuh ihu
impeadin^ resignation of (^ueen Chrittina
threw ID ltd way, was signed nn Sri April
]r;<'>4, though dated II April lib. ii. IU8).
In sulstatice it waa little more than a general
»xpn'iwi<in of frifwd«bip Iwlween the two
Btati'ji. Quefltinnfi nnch m the trade letations
of England and Sweden, and the •Uffgtwti.'d
alliance for cho freedom of the Sound, w«re
dUcuaaed but po^t poued, and it wiu uoder-
Btood that u Swedish ombaasodor ivas to bet
teni 10 England to luttlu ihvm. DuHn^his
uLoaion \Vhit«Ii>che ahowttd c(in<id*Tnbli<
diptoiuatic iliill, and sacceedecl in ffainine
thtf udenn's favour. Sin* freelv diacuBwu
with him the atrair.i of Kurop*-, ih-; revolu-
tions of Kiigiatid, iind her own intending
abdication, and heplumei) himwlf on proving
to tho SwL'disli court thai a puriinn coulu
pOBBesa all thn gfraeca of a cava1i<?r. Uis
self-Mtisfnction ia amusingly evident thruu^ti-
otit hii> narrntive, but it« portraits of ChriH-
tina,Oxenstienia,aud other nolahte pe^nvtus,
mad its description of Swwifn and tho
Swndea render it an authority of permanent
mine, and it has br^-u tranNlatvd into
wedid).
Wlutflocke landwi in England again on
July 16Si. and gare an account of his
bassy u> the cuitncil of atato on July
Mfmariah, iv. Il-'j). During his abaence
<m England a new commi^ioti for tho
TOL. LXI.
custody of the great 8«»1 had bevn issued
(April 1664), nnd VVhiteloclte, who wa« first
uamod of llio thr«« commissiont-rs, was sworn
inti) bis oiKce on 14 July 1ll'>4 (Rebvb,
S}pftliih Embtufy, ii. '1Q3 1. At the opening
of til" parliairit'ut of i£S.'>4. to which Iih was
returned hy throu wiv»ml ci>iuliliivncio6 —
BuckinglininahirH, Itt-Jfonl, aud Uia city uf
t>xford— Whiiciocka carriod ihu purse he-
fore the IVotector, Nnd iii hi* upHcung «pe«ch
dwelt on the importance of the trvaty with
Sweden, 'an houourable ].)«ftc«>, through the
endeavours of an hfliioiirablfi pennn bere
pn:»unt OA iheinatrument '(CaifLrtc, Vrom-
uWy, Speech ii.) On6Sept.Whitelocki*gave
a narnttive of liii> iK'i^iiutionfi (o the Loium,
nnd waa votrd iJ.OOO/, for hi« services (Mt-
iHitrialii, iv. 13"). In HifiJiilie Prwli-ciur and
bis council patot^ an ordinance for the m-
fonn iif the pmceduro of the court of chan-
cery which Bcumcd obii."CttimuUe both to
WhiteUicki'andNibiscolletigueW'iddriugloji.
' It would be nf gruat ptwjudiee to the public,'
argued WhitHlocko nti bi-half of both, and be
had akoprivAt':! objections as lo the uuthority
making tlie Uw. As their »cruril<'!!i could
uot be ovcTComr hv argumeni., hotii worn ds-
privcd of ibuir olhce on Ii June 1055 (itf*-
mariaU, iv. tt>L-i>mS; CarU MSfi. Ixxiv. 60;
ef. [nuiiuwiok, Thr lriterrrynum,yf.12A-'i).
Whi)<-!nck<! had, howevi^r, been appointed
nnv of the ciimmiseionurs of thu truiuury
(t! Aug. lAVl), n.nd wa.* permantriiCty eon-
rinued in that post with a salary of 1,OUO/.
?« anmiin (.tfwKTWj/*, iv. 207; Col. State
>ap<-r». Dom, 16fi4, p. 2SI).
Ou 'I Nov. tItAfi Whit«iockfl wan Qamed
on*? of Ihe coinmitt«e for tmdit fiTid naviga-
tion, und he was fre«iuently consulted by
the I'rni^ctor on foreign affairs. Tho
negotiation of thi' iiouimiircial ine-aty with
Sweden, C(»ncluded on 17 July l(5ot(, waa
mainly trusted to bis lunde, and in Jauuur^-
ltJ5fi te was much pr>?««ed hy Urumwidl lo
undertake a second miesion to Sweden
{i\tcmorial9,\v. 'iir.. 219. ?23-rft; Oukrx-
sEtJoHBS, TA^ Hipfniaatii- Itfl/ifi'mtl/ftir^im
Cnmweii and Chariex itiutmiu of Swfden,
1H97, pp. I'M-i?). In thrt parliament called
in 16'lj<l hu again represented Uuokinghain-
fhirt-, and during the illness of ThomftS
Widdrington ho lilW the place of s^ker
for tUn-i.t wtieka, to the grviLt satisfaction of
the hou^^e (IlLiii-roN, Pari. Diary, u. S09,
375 ; MtmoriaUt iv. 1^80). Wbfu the
humble petition and advice waa brought
iu. aud parliamenl. invitrd the I'mfrctor to
t.ake the title of king, Wbicelock^ waa
chttinuaii of the comtnitlee nppointed to
confer with Oomwell, in which capacity ho
made frequent leports lo the houiie and
1
Whitelocke
114
Whitelocke
»renil Rjtcecbes nrgiog Cromwell to aec«pl
tho cron-n. It wsn hImuI lliii I'ltaf, BC-
c^nting (fi liiB own alnl^meat, ihar. White-
locke was moftt iotitnatrt with t.ht>Fnitnclor,
who voiild l»e fnniiliftr with him in priratc,
\tiy uide his ^re«tni')», ami mnko vi>rHi>s
by w»T of diTcrsioii ( Mrui'irinln. it, 2^7-91 ;
OW /'art. JIut. xxi. 015, 71, 11«1. In th«
tt-reinonial of tlio lYotoclor's «*cofni initiigii-
ntion Wbtu-lockii pInvcJ a conspicuoii!)
I part; bo v/tut mimmoiied to tliu iii>w Ilon^o
of LohIh (U Dec. 10-iT),aii<l il wu8 (^-mTnllT
ntjKirted that hn wa« to bi* mn<l>* bnmii of
Ilpnlwr, He etntt's that Cromwell nrtimllT
si^«lapnt«>nt tomak^liiinii vis<-utiiil,<nliicli
he wfiiswl (Me»u,riaU, iv. .Wt, SIS, AllS).
Wlwn Uicliard Croniw«ll siicccvded hi*
father, Whitcloclti' pri'-fir-nti'il thft conpuTii-
latory address of Iluckin^bamHhire lo ibe
new Protector. Kichn.rd, he ndd% ' hwl a
partictilnr re«[icct for me,' n» ihe r^iilt of
which, without any ■olicital ions of his own,
"Wliilp!ocl(p wiw ni3;nin made n commisuoit^r
oflhf frrut Mtil (l'2 Jim. Kl-'itt). In A^ril
1(169 Uichard consulted him on thoquestion
of dlaeolvinft the parliuoicnl thiiit Biuinn',
which 'Whitx'locltn insfri-sl ually oppovd.
He oonaidi<rud tbat the vounR l'rot«;taT
wna bot-nLTcd by hi« nunr nOntinn* iind hy
tbose of niA own council. *I wad wary,*
lie concludes, ' what- to ndriiu^ in thU
IBOialtcr, hut dcclarMl Tny jndgmont honft<tly,
and for tho p)od of Hicnnrd, when luy
advice was renuirtd ' (VA. ir. 'MT, 33&, 343).
The fall of Iticlinnl did not avccfMrily Imply
Mill fall of Wliilr-lorkii. Aa a member of
the Long parliamtnt be took his place
Bfjain in that nMi-mMv wWil il wmt rt—
BtorpH, and was i^Wlixf hv it a member of
tha new council of slnti- (14 May), He
loM, liowftvf^r, ill'.' C'tmmiwtinnJTahip of tho
jpvaf Heal, which was placed in new hands
;14 MaT). I'nrlitinicTit phftr;p'H him to hTinj
Jn a bili for the union of Kn^^lnnd and Scot-
"" Dd, which it wBshfId nwflsaapytorft-enacl,
' Rnd ofn^nnl him tlii' jiot>t of ambaMador to
Sw(-dt'iJ, which 111" ri^nwed (I'A, iv, UTtl, DOS').
Ilifl enflmj". Thomaa Scott (d. 1600) ^q. v.].
Recused hitn of being in comH«pond«nct> with
Charle-s II, bnt thp charp* wmi diseivditod
(lA, iv. 319). In Anpist 1669 WhiHdoclie
was elected pir-nidt-nt of llie conncif of ntnt..-,
[lod, holding that pwt at the lime of Sir
Gi!urf{i* llootIVs insurrection, was dnflblod to
show favour to Booth and other royaltslj,
which «oiid him iii jjood stead at ihe ICesto-
ralion (ih, ir, 35"). Wlien tho army turni'd
out tl>e Ijoni; pnrliiunfol. again (11 OcL),
Wbitfilock.' was onn of the oommitleD of
safety appointed by thr offiottm t" tiicewd
the council of atate. Ac*ordinj to his own
aecount bo aeeefUA the oaBt ofiercd him
solely to prevent Van« and bis party from
com|MU»ing the oTerthmw of roafriotrMj and
niinistrv wbicfa the oflicers wero too mncli
inclinwl to do {i&. iv. 3fi7 ; cf. Lmtow Me-
inoirt, ii. Irtl. wl. lytM). He was appointed
one of iba commitK^ lo draw up a scheno
fur a new constitution (tit. ii. 119; cf.Jtfnno-
riaU, iv. •t^'>'>. On 1 Nov. IGoO the great
««al waa again commiltod to his kc_'jnn|r, and
in n^ccmoLT be coosentsd to intnip writ.<t for
a new pnrliiua«nt (i*A. iv. SflB, 373, 37o, 379,
dM.t]. When Monck d«clar»d for the r»*
»torulion of the Long jvtrliaineiu, 'Whilr-
locke, in company of fjectwood and Des-
Iwirou^h, made a s|)oi>*h to tli« lord mayor
and riimnion council wsmiaff then against
hia deaign.* {Old Petri. IlUt. xxii. 10). Ac-
cording to his own acconat ba di»tnut«d
Mouckt.hrou^'hout,\irf;ed Lambert to attack
bim at nn«> instead 0I allowini: him to gain
time by negotiating, and, liiially pvrceiving
that h<> meiint to restore Charlea II uncon-
ditionally, urged Flovtwood to anticipate
him by oifering to restore tha king npon
ti-rniH. Whiiolocko ofierwl to he Fleetwood's
emissary lo Charles II himorlf, bnt, after at
first consenting, Jleetwond drew back, and
\\'hilel(v;ke« i>jnn was frustrated {.Memorial,
iv. 378, 377, :i81).
When the military revolution collapsed
and tho Long parliamont was a second time
restored, WImeliwhe fuund himsi-lf tn daa-
fer for acting on tbo committne of saErly.
[if eticuir 8cot threaf^nod to have him
han^d with the givnt sMtl about liio neck,
then; wa» n report that he would be neni lo
the Tower, and evident signs of impending
procecutlOEL To be out of the way he tp-
li^>^^ 111 lilt' country, while his wife prepared
for the worst by burning many of his papers
lift. ir. 884, SUB; cf. Comnton'' JtmmaU, vii.
820, 8S.S ; ClarmdM Utate J'apert, iii. 030,
848), Ileoscapcd.howevr, all punJahmi^nt,
and at the restoration «if Chnrli-s II he wa*
cqanlly fortunut^.'. Clarendon rUiAaea to-
gether Wbilelockn and .lobn Miiynard aa
men who. though they ' did bow their kne«fr
to IJaiil and %\\ swerve fniin tlieir olleipftOOC*,
bad yot acted with less rancour and ma1)C»
I lian other men ; tbey never led but followed,
tind were ratlipr carried away with the
torrent than swam with the *tr(!aiD'(£^r u/"
Cht&>\iion, i. 63). This view was aeiieral,
and hence, when Prynne moved that Wbitiv
lockc should be excepted from the .\ct of
Indt'iniiitv, thu motinn was nut carried
(14 June'lflfWV Sir Ri.bfrt Howard, Sir
fiuorge Booth, and other royalists who wenp
under oblij^lton to him, spoke in his favour,
and ic waa also nrged that be bad aont AOO/.
I
I
I
Whitelocke
"5
Whitelocke
*
^
I
I
to the idag, snd Uiat his son Jamcfl, who
had b«m goremor of Lynn iti A\i(;ust ItVitl,
had unOffTlfthpn to secure it for OhArlcji II
(OH Pari. 7/.'»/. iii.347,3o2; ntClanndon
tifate I'aftfrx, iii. -irS). AccnHinR to family
trsdidon tho king demanded 90,(X)U/, from
W'liiU-lockc for his panloti, and ^Vhitelul^ke
Actually paid .10,000/. 'JTiii>, howi-vcr.tseon-
tradkted bv Ibo dedication of Wiiil«lrjcke'ji
hook. ' Wkun ii wiut in th« jmiwit of your
malest y and iLe [lurpoae of ni'-n,' writ"* tJtti
suthor, 'to havo token my small foniine.
liberty, aiid lifr frnm nm, yoii wi-rx pltjused
oat gnciouAly to ba^tnw Cite.ni on mf, nnd
I rostore me to a wife and eixtwa children '
^WHlTBLO^KF-, .VMftoirn of WhiMo'^kt, pp.
451-3). No doubt, however, h** paid iwrai*-
thin^ to \ha kin^;, nnd iu bi« ' Annal« 'hF>
s1«o mentioDR hiLvin^' paid .'00/. \u the Kurl
of Berkshire ii;^ compensatii.m for ibe im*
priftontDcnt of I^odr Mnry Howard in 16fil>,
and 250/. to Sir Robert Howard for tli«
benefit of the lord chancellor in ordnr to
DQt his pordoa pas»L>d undur thu great seal.
Durioj^ the r««t of hia lif'! Wliilvlwki^ lived
in ntirement at Chilton Park, ut>iir llun-
{Ffirford in Willshir.-, which hud been pur-
chased witli hia third wifnV fortune. Tin
di«d on 28 July 167r>, and waa buried lit
Fawley, Riickin?h«mshin>, nr, uccordin^ to
oth«r accounts iLt Chilton ( Wood, .<M^w«,
iii. 1041 ; WuiTEiACKK, Memoir* of Wkttt-
hekf, pp. 4JC, 444).
Whitelr)r.ke mnmed thnw tinuia: Gr«t,
in June 1C30. Ifehfcca, dau^ter of TlioniBa
IVnuttt, ahlffmnn of J.ondon {Memoirx nf
BuUtnde Whiteioela^, n. <io); xho becamj^
iiunuM and died on 9 Mav lit.'{4 (ib. p. ll>7\
Their eldcat aon.. Jumo.!. bi^rn on VA Jnlv
1631, served in Cromwt-U'a arwnrd in 1pi*IbiiiI,
woa chosan colo&el of an Oxfordshire militia
le^ment in IfJfil, was kuightvd by \\i'> Pro-
t«ctor on ti Jan. 1657, repn»ftputcd Ayl*-*-
burv in thu iMirliaisviit of llUO, and died in
170"i (.a. p.ei); Mfmi,riaU, III. If,, 13,'., .111,
St2. 4l:{, IV. 338; Lb Xkvk, KniffhtJ>, n. 422).
AVhit4"lot"i«« murrird, wt-ondly, on V Nov.
]i)3fi, Franw*, nistpr of Francia, lorrl Wil-
lougbby of Parham [g. v.], by whom he had
nitui children (Mfmotrti, p. ]'JS). His eldcat
eon by his second marriage, William Whito-
lock«, cnt^-rtaincd Williaiu HI on his jour-
ney to Loudon, and wa* knij,']iied by him on
10 April ItitiD (Le NnVR, }l.42]). Hh« died
ID IftiO, and Whitvlocko married, thirdly,
about 1651, Mar^idaufcliirr ofoneCorlvton,
and widow o( Rowland Wilson [q. t.] (.V#-
fMoirt, p. 2H2), by wlniro he had four son?
and aereral daiishters (Ln Nnrr:, p, AH'J).
An account of the distribution of his pro-
perty uoong thcM diScrent sons is givon in
R. H. "Whiielocko'fi •Life of "Wliitolocko'
{Mmujin, j;p. 4'»7-fl4).
\r nnonymoiiB portmit of \V'hit<>locke
w»» lent by Mr. 0<.'orp(t Whitelocke Lloyd
to th^ Drat loan exhibition nr. .South Ken-
sington in If-Wtt {Cnt. No. e2(f) ; it was yur-
chosi'd by thtf tmstccsof the Nntianal IVjr-
trait Gallery, Loudon, in lf*fl7. There am
encTQTBd portrait* by Stent and Fnithonn-,
Whit4.-loeke was & very volumiuotia writer.
liia best known work, I. * Mt)inoriaI« of tbo
Enjliah AfTairs from the bepnnini; of iho
liRilI» of Ckarlni I to thv happv If e<(torat ioa
of King Charles II,' wafl first niihli.-»h<-d in
lti^'2. .\ Bwondmiition, with additione, was
piihlishM in 1732, Thn first, i-tlition was
edited by Arthur Aunesley, ear! of Anglt^JKn,
who wos th^ aiirhor of the preface. A re-
print of ihr* second t'riition in four volumes
was publislied at Oxford by the C'larvudon
pTEM in less. The value of Whitelocke'a
work wft» greatly ovoreslimatod by whig
writers of the next generation, who oppoM><l
it to Clarendon's ' llittory of the Kelwuvon '
a* beioR more trotlifnl and iiuiiartiut. With
tbia object Oldmixon published his ' Claren-
don and Whitelocke rnmparr'd,' 1727, Svo.
Ill reality Whitelocke's "Memorials' is a
rntnpilntion pnl tngether af^er Ihe ICcttora-
lion, consisting panly of extracts from news-
papers, partly of ei;lrnct8 from Whitelocke^e
autobiograpliical WTitiuga, and swarms with
inuceumuivfl and auaclirauistos (cf.SANniKU,
Strirlirx rtnil lHuAtrntinm of thr Grrat Ue-
bfUif/H, n. 324). 2. Whilelocke'a Annals
nf ilia I. iff. Only portions of this work
hnve been publisliecl. Manuscripts of it ari)
in the posseocion of the Marquis of Dut« aad
Karl Dp la Warr {Hitt. MSS. Comm. 3rd
Rep. pp. L'02-17). The Urilidd Mueoum
poesceacs WTiitclocke'a history of the forty-
i^ightli year of his age, iutotvuvrsed with
RcHptiire lectures addressed toltis <;hildr«.>n
(Bibl. EgiTton 997, Plut.), and annals of
hi* life from l«r.3 lo l\iW (\n. 4fl92). ITieee
are described iu the preface to It/^eve's edi-
tion "f WhilfliK'lu-'n ' Swedish Embosay.' Ex-
Tracts from the annals and olhor autobiogra-
phical writings are printed in IE. \l. White-
locke's 'Life of Whittdrtcke,' ISrJO (pp. LU,
134). 3. ' Journal of tbo SwcdifU Embassy
in tbo Y'-rtrs UtoSand 1654.' This was first
published by Dr. Cbarli^a Morton in 177d
and re-edited by Mr. tlwiry Heftvn in 1856,
It was translated into Switiisli in 1777 ^'p-
wtla, 8vo). Manuscript*: of this journal and
other pnKrs relating to tW embassy are in
thfl Kritiwh .MoHCiini ( Nos. 4903 and 4U01 A.
Pint, cxxiii, H). Dtht^r manuscripts are in
the possession of the Marquia of Itath and
the Jvurl Ue la Warr {Hitt. MSH. Comm.
\ '1
Whitelocke
ii6
Whitelocke
8nl R«p. |rp. 190-217). 4. 'Not« on iha
King's t\'rit for rhnoeini; Members of Par-
linmiriit, I'i ('ImfU-s II, bointt Disquisitioos
on ihe fiovfrnmnnt nf I'inglivnd by Kin^,
IjrjnU, and Connnoiis,' publisliud by l)r.
Char!.'AM(>rtrtiiiii 17t>tJ(".'Tols.4tol. r/'Me-
momU of Encliiili Ailiiiw ttvm iW suppOMiil
KxTK'diiioD of I3ni1i> to this UUiiil to thtt
end of the Kc-ign of Jamrs I, By Sir Bul-
otrode Will! eloc lie, wiili wmie Acrounl of
btfl Jjifu sntl WrilintfE hy \V. Ptmn, and a
l'f.-facL> by .1. W«lwu..d,' llmM. «■ • ^iMly8
EocIctfiaGtiml iind riril, ro which is aubjoined
&TrputUn i)f Ihu Work of tlie Hessions of tho
Peace,' I7CW,f*vo. 7. 'Iju.-nohnftt. the Spirit,
or S<.'vi.<nil I>i*cp«rw». &c,, with, an Epidlle
to thf> Iti^adftr by W, IVnn," 1711, 8vo.
Other iinpiiblishtHl tbcoloi^ical wcrk* iir«
mtfiitionett bv Mr. Jt. II. Whitelocke in hi»
' Life of W)iil«locV (p. 417),
The followinjt (irv attribiit<.'(l to WhiU'-
locke: ' Monurrhy oMertixl to bu tbt b<»t
I''orni of Ooveniinoiil-,' 1<W>, t^vo ; ' A l*n>-
\>iwa\ luimbly offered for rai.iiiig cniui jerublc
^uiiiit uf Moni'v yearly l» Uit^ Majesty, by
Jameii Lord Morel iiigton, liiiUtnidi^ Whit..^
lucku.' 1070 F, folio i two tmeU on tlio
bmit'flt of rMpwU-ring ■Ici'dii lu Engliind :
'TJio Draft of iin Act for a Ooimly Itf^irt>>r
by thn Lnrdii OomniiiMlon«r». Wbitelocki-aiiil
I iisle,* 1 7M. 8vo ; iind ' A Projiosu) for pre-
ventitiE effCTtnallv ibf Kxuurl of Wool,'
JttOr., fol. 'MyLiird Wliit..lodt,is IteporU
oil Miiebiav<.-I.' L(f-*9, 4tu, is a satiriciU. pam-
phlet 8g^ain§t bini.
in. H. Wbildlockvs Momoini Uioi;ntpbicul
IliHorical of UuUlifdo Whitoloclt*, ISBO;
Lirmi of all tho l.orrff'hwwisllors. 1708, 8vu ; Mur-
ttm'tt prefuce to Whilrlix-kn'ii SiTMliah Knil.i&SBy,
nl*o r«priiited iii ReuTp'^ (xlltioii of llio B&tae
work; Fobh's Jii-lKeo of KnElnnd. IM18-a4. and
DiofjTapliicnl riirtionaryaftlin Jii((^ii«rKtigliii]d,
1870 ; Cniii|iU-ir8 Liv«a of iliu L-jrU CliitncsUorB
acd KeerHira <>! ttie tiraat SmI; nbont fifty of
'W]iit«loeki>'it lei t^n H» printed in l.hn Thtirlo*
&U!U Fk^pera ; Hiat. MSS. Comni., fitb R»p. pp.
H'i~li. TveDty-eight folio \-()liimi>M of papMv
coll«ot«d br Wbit«lock<> uru lii Ui'* puiwuiDn of
tho Uiirquis of £Atli, Hist. XtSS. Coma. 3rd
B«p. p. 190.] C. H. F.
WHITELOCKE. EDMCND (L-SBfi-
1606J, wmriitr, born in (hi' imrtKh of St,
Gabriel, Feni;hurcb Street, London, on
10 Fab. Kj64-ij, was pldest son of Richard
Whit«locI«B,merchaiil. Hit JiuIrc Sir Jamea
Wliitelocke [o. T.l was a younger brotbi-r.
After heinc ciiieiitcd nt .Merchant Taylora'
school undtT Kichard MuLuiuslvr [q. r.J. be
vu i«nt to Gliriit'a College, Cambridgv,
where he untrlcuUlod m a punsinner in
'*' "•nber 1581. iJe acquintd at the um-
veraity a good kiiowledgi- of i h» cla»Kic» and
of Hebrew, and ^duaiod B.A. in I5A4-6.
Hi* brother atlusis thai hn Atudiixl law at
[jncoln's Inn, and he may b<> identical with
' Kdward Whitelock of Bork« ' who, accord-
ing to ih« regiAt^TA of tlic inn, waaadtnitt«d
n student on '25 Ocl. 1&^ (Limxtlit't Jm
nffi,rdf, 189»i, i. lO-J). At Whit«untidc 1587
Wbiit;locko left London on a foreign tour.
Ilv viMted universities in tiermaay, Italy,
atid France. Subm^^iivutly be obtained a
commisMOn an captain of a troop of infantry
from tlie governor of Provcocw (SL Dea-
guierea), aud was »tatiuu<Hl ■uecettn^'aly al
Marseilles and Orennhl^. He aaw some ao-
tivo aorvicv during the civil ware in Frann,
and Boon Apohe French like a nntire. H«
finally retuimed to EiiRland in 151)9, atUr
on abaimci^ nf twelve yiwrs. Thenceforth be
Ppent his time and »ueli RtibtitAnce aa re-
mained to Itim in altendanct* at Elizabeth's
coun, and won a reputation for profiue dis-
play and diMoUitA firing. 1I« waa on temu
of cloKe intimficT with many of the yoanger
nobility, including Koger Uanottrs, earl of
ItutEaiiil. and other follovera of the Earl of
Esat'x, Jtuitand invitvd him lo riett Essex's
houuj in London on •SO Jan. IKOl,the day
iixed for I he Karl of Eesfx's insurroctioD.
IlervinMiiitHlin tb(< hnutuionlv a fow ininuliw,
hut he incurred a suspicioD of disloyalty (Cnl
SMr rrtfier*, llom. IMH-l OtH, pp. 64tJ, 5»6).
ITc was arrcate'd as an abettor of E«Mx'a te-
iHitlioD.and wax indicted of high ir«a«on,but,
thouab broug:lit before the court of kiiif>'s
beiieu, wae not tried, hut allowed to go OB
pan>le tiKforx h** obtained a final di»caarg».
Subsequentlv he came to know Uenrj- Percy,
ninth far! of N<irthnmlwrland[ri.v.]. whom m>
xealonsly aiipporled in bin quarrel with Sir
Frnncis Vere in \W.f2. A chsll«<ngij which
^\"httclocke carried from lUe earl to Sr
I-'rancis led to the issue of a wamot br the
privy council for his njTWt ; but Whitelocke
want into hiding, and ewaped capture for
the time (a. Uotu. Itt0l-3,pp W2-5: MahE-
ilAM, Fu/ktiiiff Verrs, pp. %U-tl). Hu hap-
S-nml, hrnvprer, lo dini- with tlie Karl of
nrrhnmberland and his kinsman Thomas
Percy on 4 Nov, IfJOfi, the day praceding
tliat t^xe<l by ihp enn^pinitors for tlie execu-
tion of the 'pmipowaer plot.' Sti«(ncioB
Aj^in fell rrn WhilelocW. nnd, with his "
hi] rtuffvred a long impriiionment in
Tow.T of London. Xo cvid'-nL'e waa
ducL-diiguinrtt him, and he was rt>Iea»ed
out trial. While a prisoner in tht> Tower be
s[>cnt much time with the Earl of N'orth-
itmbrrhind, who graiitMl hint a p>-n»ion of
40/, ( aftv>rwarda raised to 60/.) AnntW of
NNIiitelocke'e friends wa« KoWrt KadcLiSe,
I
I
;ncioB ■
Whitelocke
117
Whitelocke
^
n
I
»
w
BfUi Mr] of BuM«x [we under ILtlMTTJrPE,
THtiMis, thinl EaKLopSi'sbexI. Mnnnin^-
hata the dmrist iiItnbiil<-» |y Whili-lockt? *
«vil infliiMCrf* ihftt nohlemanV scainlttloiM
Delect of liis wife. \\'TiitcI(iekfl wun on a
■visit to the Eiirl of Su*wt At Xc-wlinll in Eases
in tbt' autiiiDti of UVM* nbeu he nae taken
ill ftml(li«><). llt^was biiried in tllt^ fttttiilr
tomb of bis host nt Botvham.
[WhiiolockoM LiluT Fxinplivtu (C«md«n Soc.),
tip. ir, &-10: Co»p«r'j> Atbcnn: C4iirabr. ii. 491;
Jiannitiiiliain'H Diurji'.] S. L.
WHITELOCKE, Sir JA>[KK (iri70-
1032), judge, was bom ou ^ti Nov. 1&7C,
tbe Toungcr of poslhiimoiw twin soiib of
Ricluml Wbi:i'loi:l(*'. mfrchaut, of Londoo,
by Joan Itrockiiur!'!.. wirlow, dau^htt'r of
John Caltt' of I.iltlo Muiidvu, Hbitford-
ronlchir<>. LLiii iwin-brotb'.T, William, s«rved
under Dmke. and fell nt sea in an on^op-
ment with tbi- Spaniiirdt). Of [wo otbcr
l>rotiifrrn, llirt eldi^r, Kdmund, is spparately
noticf^d. Fur a liberal education and tbe
n)««inK of ■lartiiig in lift- Whitplitck» wah
indebted to Itii* ninlher, wbiae car? and pru-
dence Burmoiiiitvd tlie iliflicidtie* in wnich
she WAS involved] tiy nn nnfortiinaTo tbird
marrifl^i* wilb n ?<{ii>iidllirift niercbnnt named
John I'ricc, Hht- plnccd WhJTclocIto in Jo?*^
Bl Mvrcbnnt Tayl'ir*' kcIkkiI, wbenct', on
n .Itim- l'')88, he wH-s fWifd prol}iitioner at
Si. .John'6 College, Oxford. Ha umtricu-
lated on 12 .July fi>!I<nvinfr. and iriw I'lir-el.nd
fellow of his cillegti in November l'w*9.
Besides tbe clns»ic» and Incic, in which bis
tutor wti» Howlnnd ScardilU-ldfq.v.J^afrer-
warda bishop of llriMol ), ite studied ilehrew
and fbp coCTinte tonf^ics, and un<U-r Aibc-
rico Oenlili [q. v.]' tb« civil Iiivv, in which
be nfroduated bai.-belor ou I July 1394.
Amou^ tbu (»nti>uipijrani-s at Oxford with
wlinm h" fornird lu-iting friendship were
Laud,IIiiinpb''ey(ufterwanlFSirltiin]phrey^
May ^').v. I, and Kaliih fiifl'-rwiirrU Sir lEiiliib)
Winwnnd [(j. v.] In London his tafllo and
■ptitndo for h.>amed resenrrb dn-w him iniu
tn* circUi of Sir llob<>rt Bnif e Cotton [([. v.],
and about lUCK) he joined tbe Society of
AntiquAriM. Hi* profi-ssiotiHl Mudir-* he
purfin<xt Uriit nt New [nn, afterwards al
the .Middle Temple, where b« was adtntlled
on 3 Mnrdi l>>92-.% calhid to ili« bur in
Auuiut lUCX). elected bencher in Hilary term
idlo-19, and reader in the following Au-
^\ist. Hilt reading i)u tbe titatiU*^ agaiaiil
plunilitiea, 2) Henrr VUt, c. B, is in Aoli-
molean.MS, 1150, ff. 1-Sl.
\\'bitHo<*ke WHS appninrpd steward of the
St. John's College esCatea in 1001, steward
of and coiinacl for Eton CVilIcgv on 6 Oec.
1609, «nd joint steward of thft Weatmiaster
CoHere eai«tea on 7 May tttlO, On 1 Auo',
]60tS he was chosen recorder of Woodilocb,
fur wbidi bonnii^b hv wod roturnvd to par-
liament on y Feb. lOOtt-IO, Jle repnsseuted
th» Hami- con atitUL-ncy in lb>i parliomontM of
lUU and 11121-2. In parliauiHnl Iw luok
t he poindar side, and cgpeciallv diatin|ruisbeil
bimndf in the debat'.'* on iin|K)!iitton» in
1610. Ill) also actpd n.i thi' mouthpiece of
the eoBunons 00 the pret^entntion (2-1 .May)
of tlift remonstrance uirttin»t the royal inhi-
bition which ti^rmLnated the discussion (seu
bin speech in Stoitv MS. 298. ff. 84 et bi'i|.)
Tb« siilwequmit prociwdingf drew fram him
IS July) tbe masterly deJence of llie ritcbta
of the ^ubji'cl and dilimiiaiiun of tbi< ruyal
SirerogalivH which w«* lung attribnied lo Sir
lenry Yelvertonh.v.j A reprint of iheargii-
uivnt (from an tuition of 1058) is in 'SLnlv
Trials' (eiU'obbctt, ii. 47T et shh.) A ron-
tumporarr summary ascribed to VVbitelncka
in in ' ParlinmrnUry Drbftti'ii in 1010'
(Camden Stic, pp. IO;t et een. ; cf. Stov:^
-W.V2D7,)r. 89 et #«[].)
In ICl.'i WbJU'lockflV ji^aloHsy of proro-
ffative brought him into sharp collision with
1I113 crown. The ndmini^lmtion of ibi- niivy
stood in urvenl need of reform, and in tlio
winter of 1613-13 a preliminary step waa
lukeii bythu ieeueof a comnii^^iuu invcvling
the hml high admiral (Kurl of NotliiighHin),
the lord chanrellor tKlltwmere). tbe lord
privy (ut'al nnri lord cbiimberlnin with extra-
ordinary powers for the invwtipntion of
abuses unj iba trial of otl'enders, As legul
iidvi*i-r CO Sir Robert Mnnntcll 'q. v.l, who
wa> interested in defeating t hi* invent ijiat ion,
VVhit-eloche drew up a series of ' esci-prions '
lo tbucomniiMiun, in which ho ri>ry strictly
(■ircumscrihed lUe prurognlive. A eopy of
tbe ukojptions ciani> into the bands of tbs
crown lawvern, who nt onCK xiMpi^cted that
they were WbileWke's- Evidenre was want-
ing; but \l\» contemporaneous opposiiiun to
tb(T t.ransft-rof a caufn* in which In- wa* ro-
tained from tbe clianeeni' to the court of the
enrl maralial funiiKhrda pretext lor hiscom-
iniitol to tlu^ i-'luet prison ( li* May) ; and he
was not released until be bad made full sub-
mij"<ion in writing' (13 Junu). IIil- detailvii
acciMint wliieh Whitelocke wrote of Ihia
iiflair is, u n fort una lely, lost; and, us iha
IcfXL of the i-iiMimiMiun iii nliKi miitving, it ia
impossible to pronounce whether his esc«p-
tioiis were tenable or no. In any case, how-
ever, bis incarccratinn waft a flagrant bn^ach
of counseL's privilege, which greatly iii-
ereoted hii popularity,
lu tbo short parluunent of 1614 White-
locke waa tiomtnal«d with SirTfaomaa Crew
Whitclocke
ii8
Whitclocke
[q. X.] and otters to repres«ul tke commons
tn the prc]ji)Cti<tl confun-'nco vilh Uie lords.
Ry rbiuu>n of tliu RuddvutlUixilulioii (7 June)
tliR conrerence nevsr met ; iind on tliL- dny
following WIiILbIocUb Kad Iiim culU'agues
wi'ivMtiiraraciied totJie cmincil chftmber, antl
compelled to miiUo D. holgcaiist oftlwnoU-i' t>f
tliwr iiiri^nflir^l Mjiii-ch<y». Tliim wn* lost n ricli
coLlectioii of miLterial illii9traiivL> of t1i»
conatitulionnlhi»1orj of Eiif;liLli(l (during tliR
■m'lgnt of tlic lifHl tlirw lOilwurds. In con-
itp!ijuetica of the diiifavuur iu wliicb be fttood
at cnurt Wliicelocbe w«8 eompetl«d lo ituf
n.'m3« (18 Nov. 1616} th« raYenioiiof t1i«
king's howM unnjlments' office which he h«ld
jointly with Itnlxnl (iin«irwtirds Hir lt(ib«rt>
tieath [(]. v.], by whom hp wns ijao defeatwd
in tho contest for tliorecorderaliip of London
in Xov*tmbfr 1018. Mn-Aiiwhilp, hnw^vpr,
hia prnfe^innnl i^piitnt ion and pain-n iu-
creased. In 1616 h« purcltaoed th>> fin« Mtntf
of Fftwicy Court. Ruekia^haiushiro. which
gavi' liini lhi>rank uf a ooiiiiTy wa^iiiate. lio
waa pinced on th* commisiion of the jwflce
for Buckiiiuliuinshirx- on 'J7 Nor. IIH?, and
for (Ixfortiftliina on 7 Slay 1(51 f*. (Jn 1:^; Jan.
1618-19 hu was iippuiii ti'd di.muty uu^toe
rotnlnrutn for th>? iili«rtii-.» uf Wt-.tt minster
and St. MarlinVlo-Grand.
Notwithntnndin^ mliTiail inm, '\^'l^itl'-
)ock«ifload, on the wtinlf, widl wich Bacon,
to whom hv owed hin invt^gtiture wiih the
coif (1'9 Juno I HSU) and Bub»i'(|Uont advance-
muiit (29 Oct.) to (lie then luiporlanl I'Oii-
tion of ch\f( justice of the foiirt of 6e,«ion
of Ihu cuiiuty palntiuo of Cb«»K>r, and tlio
frvat. .w*aiims of tin? oountieii of .M onlpomery,
>i!nbigh, and I'Hnl : upon wUich lie was
knifftiN'd, Shortly oflfTwnriiiihii wan i-h'clnd
rf-rorder by each of iIip four bomupba of
Bewdloy in VVnpreJtl*n.hire, l.iidlow and
Bishop's Cast li^ in Shropeliirp. and Poolo in
Cli'Bshire. Difl'erencea with the president of
the council in the Wdsh ninrclii-s (Lord
T^orthnmpton) 1yd lo Whitcloclie's trnns-
fetjsnce from the Chester court to thi' kiii^t's
bonch, whi-re hi' was sworu in a* justict' on
IB Ucl. 1624. 11(1 had aUo a comuiiaaiion to
bear causes in clianci^ri,', and &at one*- in the
Blnis^h limber. 11<^ wjui roiilinnnl iri ulllrn
hy (Tiarles I, by whom he wjis much re-
Kpected. In t]i<^ fullnwinf; autiitnn it fell to
lum, as juiiiorjnd|;<>in hinonurl.tndiacliargi^
the WiardoUB duty of odjauminK term dur-
1 injf thtipUgni*. Tru-scnpi-from thi'coniapon
''be drove, halting onlv at Hyde Park Comt^r
to dine, in his coach from Ilorton, near
Cohibrook,]{ucking'hBcaehire,toW(«tminetL<r
IlaJI, and, nftt-r hurrying through the nwci-ii-
earv fonuH, rL'-unti-ivo uia ccmeh and druvo
back to ilorton.
In November 16:36 Wbitelocke coneumd
with Sir Itaoutph Crew [q. v.] in ducluung'
Iu certify tlii5 Iv^alily of Torcea loaiui. Il«
did not, howo*-er, srrnple to give the king
thf biin«rit of thv doubt in th« c*m of the
6ri^ knights fsoo Oarskll, Sik Thoxib}.
Hie bt>nch at that date cnjoyod as littlo in-
dependence of parliament m of the crown ;
and the remand was Bot allowed to pass
without ttiu citation of (ho judgca to tbe
Hou^e of Lorda to answer lor their i.-»iiduct.
They oVwyed, and through Whitulocke'a
mouth condMccnded to put u faW< gloss on
their ordnr by rrpnuvulint; it aa only in-
tended to allow time for fortlier conadL>n-
tion (see C'obrktt, Statr TriaU, m, 161, and
Pari Ifitt. ii. '2^). In Ft'.hniary l«L'M-9
the House of Commons saw fit to iaquire
into till' nOeaM of tlu> tiunpo««d jewnii* re-
cently diiicovored in CTterVenwftll. Wbite-
locke, asoueof the iudgiw who bad examined
tWm, was cited tojuAtify therclcaM:;, whicb
he did on the UT'^und thnt tlien> waa noeri-
denco that the prieoncrs were in prie«t'a
ordi'PP. 'I'LL- etortuy ftene* which pn.-c«d«d
the dissolution of this p(irliftnient( 10. March)
and the subaequenl committal of Sir John
Kliot ln- v.] and \n» friiind* to lh«! Tower
broutftii: the judges once more into cluaeaad
(billcnie relations both with tltn crown and
with imrliament. Th« nrasion by the three
common-law cliicfs of the iaauea submitted
to them by tho king 'sec HbatUi Sir Bo-
REST, and Walteu, l^iu JotiN] was followed
by the reference of substantially the same
questions to thv untirfl common-law bfioch
(2S .April). The ]<ointa of law were anin
ei-adra, but elereo out of the twelvu judges
xnnctioned prorwdings in tli" 8t«r-c-h«n>b«?r.
Of the eleven ^Vliii^liH'ke wax one. He also
concurred in thepnsill&nimous course taken
lifter tile argument upon the writa nt'AatM*
forjiu*, the application by letter to tl»e king
for dii-eol ions, and the remand of tlic priaoiwn
ponding hit^ nnnwer (Juno). Tbi» wm mttcb
Hgainai WhilelocWs grain, and ul a private
atidivncc of iho king at Hampton Court oti
.Micliiu'Inias day lie obtained ui« cctiaeut to
the enlargemeTit of tba prisonera upon secu-
rity Riven for tlnnrgool (mhaviour, a oon-
cesaion which Ih^y unanimouiily rejorted.
On the trial W'hitelocrlie concurred in the
judginrnt. He died at Fawli?y Court on
1'-' June Hi3± His remains were interred
iu Fawley churchyard, and honoured by
filial piuty with a splendid marble woqu-
Bimil. Hisentateawereeiempted by the Long
parliament from liability to contribute \o
th>- fund for lunkiug reparation to Eliot aud
his fellow-snfiererB.
By his wife <murried 9 Si<pl. 160-J) Eliza-
I
I
I
Whitelocke
119
Whitelocke
I
betli, eldest daughter of Ktlw-nnl ItuUtnxlw
ef Httdgerly Bulatrode, Ituckinghuinsliire,
WbiU)locl(*i liiuJ, will] rvnin])] iicue, n son,
BalslTode, vho ia aepamU'ly iiniirp«l.
Wliitelockij n)tiiifii>d tUruuKtiout life tbe
tut«suid •ccompliAhmcnU of tbo scholar.
His son reoordfiihst on aae occwton bitt Lviiii
Mrvol him to expound from the beach willi
pen{»it:uiiy aod d«{puic<! iJie cour»u of Iv^l
proceediitgs 10 some dislinf^uLiIied foreigtien
vbo haifpfltied tu 1m jirufiunl ut tliu usslitia
{WniTKi-ocKE, .WrtnorliiU, «i. 1732f|j. 18).
Sevt-rtl pBptTfl by him, comiuunieated to
the Society vi Ant i>)nami«, art> )irinted in
Heftine's'liTollection of Oiirimm I)iiicoiirsc« '
trium VirDraio(l7IUP'-l$3: ForRer'a Lif« of
Sir John J-.tiat; y<m'a Lirea of tlie JadeM;
Gjintiner'ii Uiiti. of Koglnad.] J. U. H.
WHITELOCKE, JOHX (1757-1833)
lieiitennnt-goni^ml, Imrn in l?**)", was the sou
iif John \\ iiiieJocke, sleivm-d to the fuurlh
Earl of Ayloahiiry, ond ]iri)Iiiiblr n de«ceud-
■nt of Jlulntrodd Whhelockti fq. v.] Flia
mother difd nl ilamsbur\-, XViltslnre, on
7 June ISOi) (dmf. Mag. ii*Oi>, 1. 'j«». and
WAS liuritKl a» Sarah Lidilmrd <Bliiii> White-
lucke). lltT was lyluciiied ut Marlborougli
KTsuitDar Hciidiil, no* jilniTcd Ij^' I>or<l Aylos-
Dury at Lfwhw-'e miliiary aradcray At t'hel-
I
(od. 1771). Their titles are: (I) 'Of I be aea, and ubuinud tlir<iii(;h Lord JJorriD^toti
Antifiuily nndlltticmf ilerftlda m Kujflaiid:' ~ ;--:-- : — :- .1 ...1 .■ -
('i) 'Uf tlie Aiitiijuity, Use, and iMvileuu
of PIrtCM for ^tudetil-s end I'rofcMora of lliu
Common Law* of Kaglund ; ' (3> ' Of t!n>
Antiquity, Use, «ml Ceremony uf Lun-ful
Combats in EngUnd:' (4) ' Our Certnin and
Definite Topompbicit DimbiieioiiH in Eii^'-
land couparea with those of the (jnseks luid
Latins HJt down in urdur lu they orifo in
quantity.' His ' Lilier I'limt^licuii,' or jour-
nal, wiia oditt'd by John Bruce. F.S.A., for
tht? I'miidlt'n Srnrii-tv in |N*(8. [|« wsfl also
autbocof'A ilUinry of tbe PArlinment of
England and of same Etesemb lances to the
Jewish and oth«r Council^,' which ia pre-
aerved aniotif^ tliv Asliburnliniu mauuscnpU
(stti Hilt, JdJiS. Comm. Sth Hi^. Apti. lii.
^). Ilia cbarKu tu tbe izratid jur^* «!' Cbeii-
ter, 10 April 101*1, is in UurU-iBu MH. (>83,
148,
[TIm litnr Fatnoliimt: Le Noro'a Padigrcea
of Knight* (llnrl. Soc.),p,426; Croka's lie dkiI.
Hist, of the Croki- I'sniify, i, R30 . Croke-llap.
»d, l*;u?h. Cur. pp. 11". 2S8; Whilvlock*'i Mem.
•d.I73:r. pp. I;J^IA, 37; ■\Vond> .Mlirinr Oxoo.
•d. BliiB. ii. uS7, Fa»lt. i. 2m ; Mi-rchnnt 'I"iiy.
tors' ^bvol Rrn.ed. BvbiuDon; Fii>t"r'« Alumni
Oaon.: Pant. Slir. Gent. (Hftrl. Si.e->iix. II2&.
S«gwt«n (llarl. tloc,)v. 133; Li]iH<uii]b'i>])a.-k-
in^hansbir?. iii. HI; Cluttcrbuck's Il«rif<j<rd-
•bim i. J()4 : CafoinE'E IIo
wol^r) lOlS: Ormi-rad's Uhc*htr«. ed. llrNbj.
Drlfi>Kiahire. ii. (lirvul-
i. nS; Mrinbcr- iiffarl, (Official Lists); U'iu.
wood'* Metn. iii. leu ; Ilixt. Hi^-^. Comm. flth
Jlep. Api^ p. .112, 81h Unp. App. J. 638. 12th
n«p. App. i.lTl, 207, ii fiS.and I3tb lUp. App.
vii, T^iiipvd'b'iDr'iLifvuf Bncon.iv. 3i6~&7: Ciil,
Siata l^ijwrfi, Horn. 1611-3,1; NicluiU'n I'mer.
Jartit-i I, iii. B18; Dui^iimeiiU connHciBJ with
the Uitiory of Ludluw. kc, p. 2if>; Carad'-o
Hiae. toU. ij. imd iv.; Cheihnm Miac ii. 3d;
Court audTimrauf JiiDinl. i. 121. ii. IOA.214;
Court ud Tinea gf Cbarlea I. i. 164; Coh-
tMU'a StaU Tmla. iii. '^87. 307; I'ltrl. Hioi, i.
1173: .Stown MS. lOIA. ff. uH. 182; Vitu.-
6d«ct» quomndam EruditicNmorum ac ]Uu»-
n ciimiQL'uinn on en^ifpi in th>; t4tli fuot ou
1 + I>rc. I77y. Owinjj to his previoua irain-
■□K he was «ppointi>d adjutant to a hattaliun
of Hank oompiinicsarew months afterwards.
I Ic WRs promoted lienteoant on 20 April 1780
and ^^vnt to Jamaica with his regiment in
l(t*l'. 8oon aflerwardv he married a daugh-
t<sr of William Lewis of Cornvrnll, Jamaica,
while aiiotber duuf^hU'r woe married to his
brotluT officer, afterwards Sir Kobert Browa-
rigg '\| . V . , who bocuue toilitarv secretsn anii
riuarit'rKi'a*t<*r-gciipnil. MattLsw Lewis, tiia
bit>iher-in-law, wua deputy secretary at war,
and WIiiCp)r.iL'li« is mid It) have owed mucb
to bin iiiHui'iice. Ho obtained n companj
in tbe ^th foot on 12 May 17^, and a
Tnnjoritv i» one of the newly ni&cd battalinna
of the (Jbtb t>u L' Oct. 17Si*. lU went with it
lo the West Indien, and ou ;iO March 1791
bubuL-amelieutfiOunl-toloncloftbe I^thfoot,
tbtin i>lntinn<-d in Jnmnica. In September
I71),% when the Friinch part of Una I>ominf;o
vnt» iningiimeclion, he wasaent thither witb
hiaown n^gimuntrindaomi- other troops, with
the local rank of colonel. He latidcd at
JercmtP on tho K^tb with nearly aeren hun-
dred men. On the :f:Jttd tbv fori at the mole
of L'ape St, Nicbolaii^ ?i[irrL-iiJere<l. On i (>ct,
bo mitdo an atlvtinpt on Tihiiron, but the pro-
iiiined co^iju-rution of Itvnch pliinii-ni fulled
him.nndhuwAB repulei>d. Yellow fever aonn
bruhtt 'iiiLnnd nidnred bis small force, but
atrheendof tbft yearit waajoinwl by nearly
^tight hundred men from Jatnaica. Ou 'J Feb.
I7!M Ii fresh filtt-mnt WB« niadtt on Tiburon,
and proved duucv'^tiil. He next tried to ob*
tain posscMion of I'on de In i'titx by bribing
iiacaaiimniider, l^vatix. but his oitvn were
indignantly refuafd [_Anniiat lirifUter, I7S(4,
pp. 174-.>). On 19 Feb. bo HiormHd Fort
I'Acul, which WIIA nti ob«tiicl<- to iin attack
on l*ori-au-Prince, On 10 May Rri^dier-
griiDrul Wbyt^nrrivi'd with three r(«f[inieut»
aod took the chiof command. \Vbitrl(>c1i«
became qunrtermasler-geaeral, but he slipu-
Whitelocke
Whitelocke
lAted tfasi b« aliould 1m allowed to lend tlwf
print^ipul culuniit in t!nr attack un I'ort-au-
Printf, »iwl did so 'with tlit- |rn>iLtcst g»l-
lontrj' on -1 Juiii'. Hi'^ wiu st-nl hoiDOwitb
dwpntvli'*)', anil Wiijnr<«fierwar<liiSirBr«H)
Spencer exprssspd, on liebalf of thu troow,
tneir huyv t Jiat tbcy mlttlit ni^in mti h titm«r
«n oflic'T ' who torrie.i with him such uni-
verenl approbniton nnd so \reJ1 iwrm-d ai^
Cgtf' l7nn/, App. p, fi7). He ttw iinaa<>
ei. coloDel on ^1 Auff. 1790, coloni.'! of
1 the HthWcsl India n-|,'itnpnt on 1 Sept., and
fbrigadiiT on 10 Sept. After further aer<ric©
ill lh« Wi-sl liidit'H lie was appointpd l)ri-
gndiLT-gi-nvrnl in Ouvm-'cj' on 1:.' Jftii.KyH,
ftntl li(ruleuHnt-^(overnor of PorlamoLilh on
Sit May 17('0. He wii» promoti'J in«joi^
([pneral on IS Jun" 179f*, hiiJ litiutntiftrjt-
«>»ir'ral on M Oct, l^S. Rhortlr aftpr lhi»
lit! vtnf> ELinil*! inEjK'clur-gi'neral of r«iTuiting.
In]ftfJ«5({rnrnil Urn-jfcircl [ wi- HeiumForii,
WiM.UM (Ultit,ViB(:«i;xTlli:BEfiioiin].wilb
only tweU-w biindrml nifrijiiid piini-ilp-ii.w-*.
'■Ion of Bnt'iitw Ayn'5, hwi had bean afler-
WArde forwd to nurrender. The Iinti»li jfo*
Vcmmcnt, in dcfiTi'ncc to iho |)opit1nr cry
itot new markets, dft<>raiiiie«l to send a largf
tforce to recoTcr it, and on 24 Feb. ]fH)7
IjVhitvlocku v/n* nwoitiU'd to the command.
He waa nUo to uiidtTtako the civil (jovrm-
mienloftlK' provini'u whi-n n-covLTwl. More
tlinnfivi'thnimnml im-ii hm! nlmidv ii'i-n fli-nt
ta Itio de )a I'latn, undfT Sir J^uinuLd .\iicb-
muly [q. v.], aiid n corjin wf four thrinifliii!,
un3er Brijrndipr KobcrT rTnnfiinl, which was
on ita way to L'hili, wna tn join ibi'in. Ilc-
inforf!pmOTit* from England would raise the
total to eleven thousand men, of which not
more than eight thonfand wciv to lwpf-rmr>-
ncutly ri'lftined. Whiti-locke. accompaniwl
by Major-nerpKil John Levtson-Gowrr as
second iu coininnnd, n>Dch«d Montevideo on
10 .M«T, and ou l-'i June Oaufurd'n corps
arrivcff. WhilidoclH.' di<l not wniL fur the
troop* fmm Kii^t'"'"!. Ilu Ifft aifTrison of
1,860 men ar Monlevidoo, and on ^fi-O Junu
the army Inndod on thr n^jht. bunk uf the
riv«r, at the Knsnnndn dt- Barnipon. ahoiit
thirty tnilpB below Uiitmnc Ayn-i-. It imi-
eiBt'^d nf iiim- Imltn.lintif) of infiiniry.twoiind
a half ivgimente of cavalry (of which unly
IfiO ni*'ti werii Tnounrt'd), and .lixrifn tiidd-
gtins, and numbered 7,81':! rank nod lilt'.
The innrcli wiitt di-lnyMl by swnuips, which
can»i;d n loM of guus and Ktores. but on
S -Tiilv thi^ ndfnneed guard iindrr tiOWt>r
ronled the C"!iii«IIo, drovu the Spanish troops
bock into Riif nos Ayrea, and took up a posi-
tion ill the ^mtihrm mibiirb. Tbty were
_joini"* '-" •'■•■ ufti'mooM of the Urd'bylhe
zh had butn misled by their
guttle. The town had a garriaon of about
eix thouaund and a population of acrenty
thoiiMnd. It was cut up into »quan!H by
etreetj^ 140 rtinlii apart, jumltcl and perpen-
dicular to the river. It wan iinforlilied. but
ihe Htn.'L>lii wi-rc barricaded. Whitt^lo.-ki>'A
intention bad Itt-en tn e«tabli«h himeelf on
tbo wi'sl nf it, with his left on the river,
land tfiint, uiid bombard it. But be wished
to aavt; time, n» the rainr- wrrr impending,
and to avoid alieuating the inhabitaxit?, so
he dotormined to take it by e».«nult.
At 6.S0 i.u. on the J>th eight battaliou«,
formed in thirteen columns, entered the town
with arnif nnload<Kl. I'hcy werv to make
tlHrir way, if possible, to Ilie rivr-r by parallel
i^trM-t«, and occupv blocks of bnoaea there.
Thev Wfre lo avoid the ci'Mirnl part <>( thw
town, the fort, and the great sijnare, and to
inclinu outwards, if nt all. The columns on
the right cot poiis*^s.iirjii of the KeAiilencia,
thoee on the left of the Plaza de loa Toros;
but iti tb« cenln' the SHth regiment and the
light brigade (under Craufurd) mi^t with
slouter nwistanoe from troojw iu the streela^
and from the inhabitsnTe on thi- topa of tlieir
faouBQB. They found thvmi>elvea i(olat«d,
and tin&blc to advance or retire, ami at
length surrendered, ^'ext morning \Vhitv>
locke received a proposal from the SpanUh
cuniuiauder, IJuit-rH. that hiwlilitieit should
ci-itie, I lint thii {inMmmoii Imtb KJdiii »hoiild
be rostofd, and that the Rritiah should
■■vncnnU" thw province. Montevideo included,
within two roonthn. If the attack wero re-
newed, l.iniers could not answer for lh»
safi'ty of I be iiTisonL'ri«. Of these there wcw
I,t{7ti, and the total IlritiitL lo*a wb» 2,W0.
Doubtful whether a fruh attack would be
ituceessful.and convinced iL&l if it wore (lu>
object of the expedition was no longer al-
lainable, and that thu prisoners' lives would
be sacrificed to no purpose, Wiiitehicke, after
cuiisiill ing Gowor and A uchmuty, arrested
l.inieniV tenii*. The l.rnopit withdrew from
Buenos Ayrcs on the l2th. and from Monte-
videii onHHf'iit. Till,' indignation of aoldien
and tnidiTs alike wa« unbounded, 'ticneral
Wliil^ltx-ku is either a coward or a IraiiOT,
perhaps both !' was writirn up at the corner*
of ih(i streets of Montevidoo (Winmxo-
llAM, p. -JS). 'Snrcrss to grey hairs, but hod
luck to white locks,' bacame a favourite tuaat
among the men.
Wht!i.-!ocke reached Hngland on 7 Nov.,
and on 'M Jan. 1KU8 he wa* broiiglit. before
a courl-manial at CLi'lsija. He was charged
wiib. tirat, excluding the hope of amicable
accommodation by demanding th<^ surrender
of pentuus holding civil oiliceQ at Buenos
Ayrus; eecoiidly, not making tbe military
4
I
I
I
I
*
umofcements best calculnled to ensure eitc-
ceiw; ilunily, nnt uiAhing fttiy offecl lift!
<«iupt 10 co-opertit<! witb or suiijxirt the
ditTeon.-nt columns when engaffod in lLfstrpel»;
fourthly, concluding a trL-ulv by whicli he
tmneCMUrily and Hlifluiffulty Hurreiidervd
the advatiliifji-e Iio hud i^'iiint'd iit htavycoDi,
and dt-liv^red up llm forlrriwof Mi>rit«vidfu.
The trial lBfit«^d«ev4'nw«i:-kj=,nndnn IfsMnrch
tlin court fnund hiiti gtiilty nfnil th>t t'hnrgt**,
with the exoiption of tlut part of the st-pimd
clinrprv wliiL'Ii n*Ut<^il lu tlm urdyr ibut 'the
column.x iihould bn unlondi-d, and tlmt no
firintr should be permnied on anv nccoimt,'
to wlticli llii-yi»tuic!u-d noblimi'-. TJu-y stn-
tenced him lo be truKhit^i.-d. The 8i.iitf-nce
wna conlinned by Ilii' king, and ordered to
be read out to ev«ry n-jriiiifnt in th« J^.■^^■ici■.
\VhiiQlo>.'ke)iadniii<.-btu»ri:viiitii«d<.'f«j;ce.
Th« expedition hnd been oent (imi under the
profoundly fnJH' impn-»>lun tliat thu iuhubi-
tantA would be friendly, fmin tixpi^rii^ncu of
'the diSerenco between the oppretwive do-
minion of Spain and lIii>b)-nii{nnndpTot';cliM)c
ffoverniaent of hin Miijcsty. Thi" i^ea^on and
iDv swiimp* *'nibnm»»sed him. The plan of
AARault wrut dntun np br Gowcr, ami nono
of the other oftie*'r^ r(ii«ed any objwiion to
H. or «hnwrd any dcmbt of its »iif*fa«. Ilnd
Crsufurd fiiltt-n buck on thu IlL-siduiicia, ii«
Pack, who knew the ptnce, advi»ed, tlip town
would probably have beun surrt-'ndorud next
day.
But Whitelockuhmlabown hiniBelf int^om*
pefwit thronphout : iulirm of purpow and
wantinff ill resource, pronp to lean on otbiT?,
yet j«aloiM of bis own anlhority. lit' left a
rearffuard of tiixto^n hundred men idle, on
the east of th'- (.'bnello. dnrinff the UMuult,
and he himself remained passireall day,n)id
wvnt bu'.'k lo liii> hcudijnurtere to dine and
sleep, without mukinfi; uny ■L-rionit tittfrnipl
to Iwam wbat. hnd hHppeDi>(] to hia pohirana
on the riglit. In thv wnrds of the genenil
order, he waa 'deficient in zmI, jiidgmftnt,
and pt^nonal exertion.'
People Bskrd how be eamc to he ap-
pointed. According to Lord Holland, who
waa in th^ eabinel, he whh an opponent lo
Windham's plnn of limited enlifitnient, and
Windhiim wished to ^'t rid itf hitn h.4 iti-
TOector-^-nvml of recruitinp i Memwe nflke
Wkijf i'arhj, \t. lllil. Itiit Windbnm "bim-
eelf mentions that be fiupp-med Sir John
Stuart (of M«i«Ia), and tliu ehoiw »eem» t'l
have been mainlT due to the Dnke of York
("WisoHAJi, Dinry, p. W7).
He npi^nt the rr-st of his life in rixirempnt,
latterly at Clifton. lie died on 23 t>et.
liN^Sat Hall Ram I'hrk, IV?(icon»tield.ltuck-
ingfaansbire, the aeat of Sir Goni Uusalej
[<1. T.l, who bad married Li» eldest daughter.
AnotJier daughter wa^ marripil lo Caplain
(ieoriic Kurdeit, It.N. Ho waa buried in
the west aijile of Bristol (^atlindral.
[(fiMjrginn Km. li. 475; lEfcurdii uf Un- 13t]i
Rtflimi'nt i llrynn Eduard*'* IIi»t. of ilie British
Wcet Jndi«, jii. I.16-fl0: War Office OrigiDal
Corresponilcnfe, No. <a, I'.H.O. (1807. liueoos
Ajrt* iimi MfiiiteriiloD) ; Triitl nt large of
UenrmI Whitelocke, 1808; CmufonVs Life of
Cranlianl; MMnftira of f^ir Suraiicl l-'ord Whit-
tiuuliaiiiL Moiiioira of M. CJ, I^wt« ; tlnkine
N«alp> Ui»eu from th« Itanka. p. o;-'J6 ; Notes
and Qocrit', Itt ser. ii. 2(ll, 4.?A, z. o4,8lti wtt.
xii. A9-i: Gent. Mug. 11)33, ii. 47A-] E. M. L.
WHITER. WALTEJt(I75d 16%>),phiIo-
Ingisl, Iwrn At BirmiDpliam on HO Oct. 17.')8,
was ac setiool under l>r. Edwurds for ten
vears at Coveniry, when- Holwrt llree. M.O.
((], v.l,WB9 II fcllow.pnpil. ] le was admitted
a( Clan? ColleEi'. Cainbrid^'V, on lit Jime 1778
OA siiar, ond Kradualed H.A. 1781, M..\,
17&4, but did not gv out in houourtt. On
-I April I7*<1' he was eWled n fellow of
Clare, probably oil account of his reputation
for clHAairn] iiml philolo^eal knowledge,
lie lived in Eiis rooma in collepc from 17By
tn 1797, Porson wwi one of his intimalu
frienda, and often wrote notes on the margin
of Wbiter'fi books. Wbiler'a n^-phuw poa-
s>.'*sed a copy of ' AthenwHS,' onri' t he nro-
p'Tty of hiB iinele, with these annnlatinns
I WatsiiS, l'iT3tja,\>x\S\'-Ji. I'tinion in I7t*6
uddi.'d some notes ot his own and of M'hiter
to an edition by IIutrhinKi>n of Xenophou'a
'Anaha.'iis' tt/i. p. 4fl). TIu'-tm; were issued
separately from Aalpv's press in 1^10, autil
(JeorgeTownsend adtfcd thctn to his edition
of im.
Whiter was presented bv his colle^ in
17^7 to the rectory of lliinlini^hani in
Norfolk, and held ibt- beuefiei- until lua
dvnth. His 'vtim; of ebincal rieeiirum waa
llii* rrvenw of utrict. Ilnron MiTJiin, in tt
letter to Dr. Sntnnel BntliT of Sbrpw.*hiiry
school, writes : ' I ptiy Whiter. A (ffeet.
etyniolofiist, perhaps the irn-atfiil that i^ver
rivt"l. A genius certainly, hut it seems, like
niiwt einimnt tirtists, disaolnle ' (Rc'TTKB,
/irt* awi Letter*, i. 180). Evury year ou
'ilt April, the day of St.tieorgw (Titular saint
of llardinghitiii church), it was his hamilesa
practice to collect bis fn^ndH at a picnic
under u bivch on u hillock called St. GeoT^'a
.Mount, and to claim from each of them &tl
appropriate noeni in Latin or Enf^lish. A.
specimim of Iiik verses on one of these occa-
sions i.^intbi-'()fntIcma»'r'Mnfra3!ine'(l8l6,
i,St'i-3). He died a> Hardingham n-clory on
a.'{ July 183*^, afrcd 7.') year»\.Voi/o/A Chro~
nate, i X\ig. 1832), and was buried in lCh
Whiter
122
Whiteside
churcbytn] ou 30 Julv, a ItiTge railed-in
tomb b(>inp fn^ctpd to h^is tnemorr. A biwt
cif him is in ib« libnry at Clan; Colk-go.
Whit«r wrottj : I , ' A Specimeii of a
Coouueultiy uu minkitpvan-, coniiiiiuii(f (i.)
NoUft on "As vou likt? it :'' ni.) Attcnijil.
to OXf^in and iUtietratB vuriona PaesagL's
OH II iiKw IVinoipti? iltTiTi'ii from I^icliv'a
Doctrine of ilifs Af.«M:iation of Idi'ns,' 1791,
pronoun Cfci hy Mutliias ' very li-amed nnd
RagHrioun' {f^r*tiil« of lAt, ]"0S rOit. Oin-
logue i. i>p. y8-V>). By iHltHie had collected
8iilHcie.nl mattiT for two or thrvo rolumiM
of m'teii. 2. 'Kt^'iuologficoit MftgDum,' &
uuivcraal etymologicftl dictionary on a now
tilao. Uambndp*, ItOO, [lurt i.; no mont pnb-
inlied. fu hiA iin^fiici! he culHrued ou l1i«
\'alit(! of the jjiiiFV Ifttiguu^f. Tnesc tJows
and hiji word*)>pi'CtiIntiiitiii inU'rentt^ Oi.-or){Q
Borrow, who mads hinaeijuiiintaiuvs and in-
troduced bim, a* understand in K fonjit twentv
lanfpinpui, intn*T<nvi-n|^ro,' lft.M ciJit. vol. \.
chop. xxiv. i^Sotii and Qufrie», Std ser. vi.
J17d; KKArr, fitur^r fiarroir, ii. ft). Joffrtry
Trrole two arliclRB on the ' Et^iuologicoii
Matpium'in the ' Monllity Itevii^w ' (Juut^
and Jui)r 1802), aseigniu^ to Whiior ' much
labour and shrawdDeu, wilb a conuidt-riibl**
shan.' of cpmlulity.' 3. * Etymoliieicon t'ni-
▼ur«alf,or[Jriivwn"jiI ICtvmii!i>(^ii'iin)ictionjirv
on a Npw Plan,' vols, i, lind ii. Ifti'l', vol. iii.
18'J5. ThtKU t iirwf large quarto voluiacs were
Pirdy |irinlrd nt ihi- emit iif lliii TTiiivi.'wil.*'
ivaB. Tli8 first ToUimewasoriginallv i*9ued
in Iftll, and tl)e preface to the Hist vuVimein
the colloctod nlition of ]K22~^ utill Tetains
th« date of lo May l8ll. In tliis work
"Whitpr »et out that 'n)nsonantfl at* alone
to be reiiardiid in divcovi^ring ihu affinities
of words, and that the voweU nro to be
wholly rrjeetL-d ; iLal Iaug^uo{(L')i cuutuin iho
satne tundamenlal idea, and that ihey aru
dLTiVL'd from thu t'artli.' llurun Merino
Mvkd it 'Mil^ndid, a vi'ry fimr booic indftil'
(ftlTLKH. Life and Letlnf. i. IP-'i). -t. 'A
PiiMKTlatkin on tlm Disorder of Divith, or
that Slato rallied Siiitpencli'd Animntion/
18iy. In tlii» lit' tried lo show how the
appari^ntlv dead sbniild ho tfLiat^-d wilh a
Tienr to ibeir rvjitoration to Miv. In thv ad*
rertitement at tbt^ ciid he announfed 'a
iwnfjt of WHAyji lo 1)0 cuUvd " NovaTfiita-
Riina Mvlbolugica, or Ailfinpt.i to unfold
Tarious t'ortioua of Mythology by a new
IVinoplc.' Tlw-sf, and I'lbfir niniiuiicri|it» uf
Whiter, are now in th" Cambridge Univ«r-
«iv Librnrv {Cat. of Cambr. LAr. MSS. ir.
tOi-oi. Mi>g. 1632. ii. ISA; Cockbum'it Lord
fn^v, i. 127-8; three lettani from Wliilnr to
Dr. Samuel Uutlci in Addiiionnl M:^. (Brit.
Km.) 3*&M fC. 200, 20i and S-lfi47 f. I»S (A. i.
234-d. -J.t7.itf): mformatloo front the R«t.
Dr. Atkinsirii, Clate ('oll«^ Cnmtiridgs, «bi1 lh«
Kar. C. S. luitcMii of BaFdinirham tvctery.l
w. I', a
WHTTESICE. JA-MES (I8CM-1876),
lord L'hiorjusticv of Ireland, was bom on
]-J Aug. IKO* ot IJielganv, co. Wicltlow, of
which poritib Iiia futtLT. AVillianiAMiitMidc,
wua ciirat<!. Shortly uftvr Whitivide's birth
bis faiher removed to Kathn:inei>, near Dub-
lin, whem htf died in iHDti. Mrs. Wliit«>
aide was left in narrow circuuBtoncoe, but
elio was devoted Lo her children, attd to liur
ihtt hoy wii.< indebted for much of hid euif
education, lie ciuoo'd Trinitv CoUpge^
Ihibliii.in lsa'i,andgr8duaU'd H.A.in 1832.
In lt^29 hu otiteivd u» a law etudmit at the
Inner Templi>, nnd in IBIK) hi? wa* calM to
ihe Irish bar. Ho did not attempt to pmc-
line durittjf hiM tlrnt yejir, [imfi-rrin^t to etudv
law in tbrt chamliem of Joseph ("bitty "q. v.]
Wbibt iiludyiiif; for the fjar Whiteiside occu-
pied Ilia leisiiro bvrnritrihutin^ tu tJie maga-
zines n series of tketcheti, uio&ily of ImU
persnnnfres.iniich in thi-«tyleoftho'SI(et^M
Legal and FoUticul'of Kichiird Lalor Slioil
[q. v.j TliMB papers, which arewrilU<n in
a. lively niutiniT and evincti consideiabh;
powi-r*. of ohservHliuii, were collwctod and
rrpiihliKhcd in l870undL'rtbe title of ' Early
^Jki'lcJ]i>s of Kminunl IVn^ons.' Amon^bia
subjecifl wer* James ScarlKt, Innl AInngM'
'q. r.'v Tlomu§ Dcnman, first lord Denman
t|. v.], Sir (.'hiirlf.t Wrtliori'll [q, v.], and
hN'illiain Ooiiyngliam, first lorcj Plunkct [q.T.]
Vvom IKi] Whittsidn's progress at bin pr^
fi'HHJon wiL-t rajii:^, and hi- wa# tnado n qucm'a
counsel in iH-iJ. Kapidiv gaining n n.*pula-
tion for an iiloqucncc which rccalli-d the tra-
ditional forensic spK-ndoiin^ of t'urmn.Pliui-
Icct, and Burho, hta speech in defence of
O'Connt-ll in ihu ttaU- trials of 1843 placed
him in front of all hia conlvinporaries at ifaa
Irish bar.
Shortly nft<T tho (VConnrll trials WTiii*-
elde'e Iwalth obligfd him temporanly to r«-
limgdi'h hi* profiwsion. Ue visited Italy,
and, Inking inuoli ititrrf«t na well in th«
afiuirs of the puuinbuln ai* in the aiitiquilieii
of llonic. be wrote and published hia ' Italy
iu the >'iiietVL-tilh C'cntiiry,' 1S48. 3 vols.,
and translated Luigt Cunina'a ' ludicazione
topogralica di Itoma Antlui in Corriitpoii-
denia detl' epoca i»i|Hrriiil» ' iiudor tbp titiv
' Vicissitndeaofthe Eternal City.' Relum-
ing tri urlivnworlc, MhitMidv acted as lead-
ing counael for the dpfenre of William Kmith
O^rien [q.v.] and bis fellow-prisonerB in the
Ktati) trials at Clonmi'l in Ir^lR. Thn-« yean
later (ltj5I) he ea(«red parliameot ai oonMr^
Ill
I-
TEitiTe roemlicr for ErmLskilliiu. In 1859 he
wft8 clioiirn ■* one of tha ntpreaen tat ires of
Jliiblin Univetsitf, ind held ihiB poeiliun
niitil bis eU'valion to lliti bcuLli. Wliitir-
•i<le's striking talent aa u Rpeiiker made liim
Taloable Bccvssion to his parly in llii> Iloumt
CommonB, and on tlic ft>minl:ion nf Lnrd
Derby's first admiaiEiral ion in 185^ be wos
appointed Holicitor-^Mii^ral for irelani^. Iii.*
brothi'r-in-IiLM-, (riir) Joseph Xajjicr [*|, v.j.
Iwioff atloriiey-gcQ'-'ral . In tUa Humo pre-
miar'e mcond guvorumtuit WbilL-HiJe mlt'il
tbe office of atloriit^y-gener«l. During Ihe
libenl Rdminietratioa (1$-'>0-(10) Wbticxidn
WM in opposition; but, des[iitt! the ciaima
of hia profesalnti, he was able* to d<>Toti> much
of bis time to bis parlinnx-ntunr' dutit?", and
loolc AJ) eminent part in th« cniinHela nf thii
conserraliro opposition, llo attaiued a
bich position in thv Hotuu- of CnmntniiH,
yrlBBTe hi* eloquence, wil, and ^>nialily iDsdii
him popular with all parliw. In 1 Sill, on
Ilia Ktum to I»ndo& iiftcr the niarvelloiui
•pcecb in thv ccU>l>rated Yclverton com —
tno moftt famo^us of al! bis forcmnc cH'ortji —
WbJttitido TLVcivvd a reuurkalde compli-
ment, b«ing greet«d vritb gcnoral cbc^era aa
ha eotvred tbu Houbi< of Commous for lliv
first tiniK iiflcr tlir i-tmolujiion of tlio trial.
On thp return of Lord Derby to office in
Wbitvaidewaaa^ainappointodnttoniwr*
iml, bnt sborily aftiTwiudft acci'ptt'-d tb«
lc« of cbief justice of ibe queens bench
in Irelnod, on tbc Fetinomc-nc oF Thomas
liUgloi« Lofroy [q. v.] Wliiti;«idi.-'s talunle
were rhetorical and fort-nsic raiber tliau
udieial; uiid tbuui;h bo bniuglit to his bifrh
iciition grvtti tiir^onal diffiiily nnd the
larm of a aingularly ultracttre periuiiality,
wan not rery siirciu)iful ai> n iu<)^>-. Hn
Hided in tbtt qatien'e bench diviaiou for
t«oy«ar«; but the last of I liesewi-re clouded
by ilUhiwIth. He died at IVijrhtnn on
26 Not. lUTti, and was buried at Moiml
Jerome cemcu-ry near Publin. Ho married,
in July 1*J3, Kow-Ha, daitghter of William
Napier and atjilcr of Sir JoKijih NapitT q. v.],
eomL'timu lord L'hani^dlor <if Iceland.
WliiiedidfV is one of the must lirilliuut
luune)! in the annals of tliu Irii'h bar. K«
WBK miaii])roiii.'li<il in iKiint of itloijin-nce liv
any of hia contempornripfi, and hia pnwerfnl
per«>n«lity, at once winning nml cuminand-
, give liini an almoi«.t nncKamph'd yn~
iiwncv. Ilia forensic etyle bn» been de-
u ■ im pet 1 1 0111*1 y buri-Jnd fiu-i^ an>l
w under a golden avalanche of di^cur^ive
loquence ; ' and bin parliamtnlary orat-iry
bven praiMid by Lord Lytion i»hi.<'p>K;in
•St. Stephen'*.' In ]>ereon lie was tall ami
CL'fully propori iouL'd. There is a Htalue
iR.
of Wbit«3idc in the Iiall of the Four Courts
at Dublin, by Woolner.
[Weijb'd Cum peti ilium of liiiih Bingrsphy ;
Atiniml ReKit-ter, 187C: Dublin Uuiv. Biaf.
xxxii). 32B, 3XXT. 213. Teniplr Bar, siii. 304;
III mtiiiia of Sir Ju<ti-[i1i Napii^r ; Todd'p CataLogua
of ijniittwiiM, J^ubliii Univ. ; L^w Maeuiao aod
RuTicw. May 1817 ; 0'?Janai:an'B Irish Bar;
itmiikcR liecollrctiona of the Iri»h Cliurcli, 2nd
wr,] C. L. F.
WHITFEI^D or WHITFIELD,
IlENKV Irf. 1000?), divine, is (*aiJ bv Ma-
tbcr to have been second »ou of Halpli Whit-
feld nf Gniy'* Inn, by Dorothv, daughter of
Kir Henry Spelman [qvJ "liv wiui mor*-
probably aon of Thomaa Whitfelil. lord of
lilt miiniir of Kiuit Sbeen and of Mortlake,
who wftflliei-ased to marry Mildred Manning;
of Ort-iinwicb on 10 Jan. 15*45 (Ad'Uf. MS.
L'71>H4, f. :»0A). He apwtort to have taken
holv orderd, is deHcribed us n.I>., and in anid
tn have been appointed to the rieh [ivin^ oC
ftcklev, .**urTey, in lOlfl, althouj^h the regi-
Hter there contain* no mention of bis induc-
tion. "Sl&lhcr ( flftt. qf Xfite Hifftland, I8fi3,
i. bWl] say* llial, poe»i?»»in!f ft lair estate of
his own bejide^ Ibe rectory, be put ' another
godly minister ' in at Ockley, and wuut about
preaching in liie ninDh)HHirbiin<i for twenty
years as a confomiist. As Nicholas Cuf-
pe]>per was in^tiCutMl on 14 Sepl. lOIo, and
the next renWr, Hubert Nowell. on Ifi Jan.
IiJ38-y, thin may have been the ca*e. Whit-
feld wrot« during this period ' Somo Ilelpea
to wtirre up to (.'hri«tiiin Duties' (2ud edit,
corrected and enlarged, Ijondoii, Iflfti ; 3rd
edit. 1030}.
In Iti.'i9 Whit Held, who hail lierotne a
nunconformifil at the cainc time v.^ Cotton,
and ri'fuKcd lo read the ' Book of Sports,'
retiigned tht^ rertory, sold hitt i^st«tt>, and,
accoinpanieiJ by a number of his hearers from
Surrpy, Hiim.-jc, and Kent,embnrkcd in Mdy
for New England. In July l(t^^ tbey luiidud
at Ni-whaien, ' tbi- first ubip th«t ever cast
anchor in thai ^ori.' and founded Guildford,
Connecticut, \\ hllfield bein^ the wenltbieat
of the xix vcuh-re \sho puri-haeed the land,
line of the finit boUM^ biiill wan Whit-
field's, called * llio Stone llousa ' (figuniHl in
Appi.KIiix'w ('y<-hi>. uf American Sutgr.)
^lembers increasi-a hut slowly nntil lft48,
wln-n seven 'pillsrs" were cbosun to draw-
up n dnrlrin!^ of fairh. After tlevcn teats
at Ijiuddford, Whil&eld returned to ^ng-
Inild, He settltid at Winclietiter, where he
became a uiemher of t h<.! eori>orut ion. Brook
p>avs he died about 10(50.
Jty his wife, who came from Cranbmok,
Whitfield had nine childmn, luiptived at
Ut:kley between lOlU and 163S.
IsnllkOr of * Tbf> I.ijrht ajiitparing man ncd
's&an toWBrdB the iVrfeci I>mt, or ■ fartWr
DitooTcry of ilir l'n-*tnt St*!*- of ibr lo-
^AiH in Nt!W Koglsnd coocemitM: the Pro*
.oraweorilte (ro^pad ankongst Ukem' (l^n-
'dOD, irKM,4to; re[inDted in *llu8»cha9ctte
IlbtoricKl Coliectionii,' Sfd aer. vol. ir, nnd
in Sabin'fl ' Itq)riiii«,' 18AR, 4to>. Tlua wu
folli>w«-il by "StriTigtli oul of Weakneu'
(!,ondMi, l(iri2, 410 1, ui •ceoiml of the
lurthor piogrvea of ibe Oa«p<«l in New Kag-
Und.
[Brook'a Uvm of tba l^iriiAn*. tii. !t71:
bTBgo's QmmvL Diet, of Fir»t.Swti«rw. i». SI7 :
pnfiiii'i AiiDKlxof Ibi AncricMii I^ult^i, i. lOft;
PYM^ingitar tti<i Two Hundred anil FinieiJi
Annimnwry of tJto SBttlraeat of Quildfunl
iKcwIisnn. ISStf. PP- *^- 7^- )*&• ^^T. a«3 :
Sngglo'a Him. nfOuiMford in Masb. HibL Coll.
'U. 11*5; AppUloa'* CycIot»edi« of Amoricnn
! Siogmphy. Tol. n. : Dnke'a Ami-rioui Biogr.;
infarmnliim from Um Rev. F. Huvhall of Uck-
Uy.J C. V. S.
WHITFELD. JOTIN CLARKE- (1775-
lM.f({), or^iiist and tiimpOBor, Bon of John
CUrko («t 17 S».pU ISO-i) of M«lm«ihury,
'Wiltshire* wm bom on IS Dec. 1770 aI
OliMlOwter, and adopted by UtU'n luilrni in
1614 tho fatnilv nuno of hb inoitier, Am-
UuUin ; and in 1810 ha wui incorpmrntad
5Ia&. Dof. at Oxford, In ISl'l.on ths doath
iif I>r. Hagiip, \Vliitftld wnii appointed niv
feoorof inUMc lo the nniTerii t v of rambridK,
ft pMt which be held unlit his death. To
makr l>.-i»i)r^ for cotiopntilion lie retired to
the viltaf^v of Chebterton, where ho a«t 10
niu»-ic maiiT of 8ir Wnltrr Scott's vene».
In tbi' cvurw of >>ome aiuicable compoa-
dence with the nusiciaii. Scott pl«a(I«d hia
' wntiehud emr,' hut R-einml FTrnttGcd by thfl
great flow of inuaic iiixjiiivd hy hi« balUd«
and poems. He was now and then at ymioa
U* forward Iiik iiianuM--ript to WbilfeM. *0
that words and mufiir should sen the lif^ht
aimultuwouelr {Anntinl Biography). Whit-
fi-ld workfd (uitf li-M itiduMrtouxlr on tho
poeou of UyroD, Moore, and Joanna IJailUet
M-ltinft tlieir words to muaic in some hundred
K>!i)^ and part-itongs. About 1814 be pub*
liftbed two voluinea of 'Twelve Vocal Piece*,'
for which orifrinal mat^al was contributed
bv ibcM and ifiher p(.iet«,
'From ]Kt>Oto IS.i;i Wbitfeldwa-iorpmiit
and ohoinuatiliTofHeivford Cathedral, being
fmjucnllj retatiM^ at lite 'Hinf! ('hoin f'lUt-
tivala to (Hmduci or lo nreside at the piano.
Af lln'Il*Ti.r.inlf«iiT«l of )sa2h"prodiM>td
hiA oratorio, 'The Cnicitixion,* anri at tliat
of IHAI ilsconliniialion, ' Theltesurrection '
philliii (rf. 10 Nov. 18ia>,dau^bter of Henri ' tpnWi'hed l/mdon. l(<Vt). ^\niitfeld di«d
Whiiftilil of llie Burr, Rickmansworth. l m ,
llerlfonUhire.
AUcr a musical tniniiic at tlxford under
I>r. Pliilip Hayeis Clarke-Whitffld obtaini-d
in 17<'^'.' ilie punt nf or^niMt i» the {lariiih
church of I.udtow, and married in the fol-
lowing; vear. In 1793 he took thv Muc.
Bac. divreo at Osfotd. In 1731 he auc-
Ciwded itichard Lau|;Ion aa oreaQist and
maaUT of tlie chortsten at .\rmu^h Calht^
dral for tbi\-e year*; on li March Xl^i^
\ he waa appoittie<l choinnaater of St. Patrick's
Oftthedral and Cbriet Cburch, Dublin, aftvr
obtftining in 17!l>'> lh>^ honoiary degreo of
Muii.Doc. at Dublin rniversitr. nieourliMt
|[lee8 and suiiiilas were written and rarlly
Subliahi.'^ in tn-lund: but the untitled ron-
itwaofxhe country at leuji^th induced him
to nMisn his posts, and, rctuminf^ to Kng-
hutd, uc svtliHl kt Cambrii^o. bevomiui;
onraniat and clioimaal^r to iS^nitr and Si.
Jonn's etdleges. To tlie nuutvtw anil fellows
w<!r« dediiCalod hia thnH" vulomea, 'Sffrioos
and Anthems' (l^mdon, l'*00-i»). Thi^col-
laclion WBi( aflorwRTtlii n*pnnted with naup'
nlemnntary fourth rolume, about 1840, by
Novwtlo, wbo also n.-i-ditiil in varrous fiimu
others nf Clarke W hit feld's Aacr<^ works.
In 1799 narke-Whiifeld wae granted th«
dcgTM Mus. l>oc. C'atnbridgi) adamdcm from
llohnvr. nvar llervfurd, on -22 Fob. I»96.
-V mural tablet records his burial in the
bishop's cloi'tLT!, HervfLTd Cathedral.
WLilfi-lil'ii work wa!> ••xc'llc'ntlT adapted
to the end he had in view, and Co the wanta
of the period. IIi» twores were musicinnlr
and a^rret-ahle, and, lika hU wnfra, attained
piipularity. He did pioneer work in editinff
ttw tcoTt« nt Purccll, Ame, and I1an<li£
and Ilia collection* of ' Favourite Antl>ein«
(1K)>5) and 'S^gle and Double Chants'
|1810,> wcTv compiled with judgment.
[Gkiw's Dictionatj, i. 39&, ir. bii ; prebee
to vol. ii. Clarice's Anibams: Annals of the
Tbrvn Cbiurv, pp. IM el ■«].: Aaniial Bto-
irapby. 18S7. p. 139. Uarfnti^** IIer«forJ, p.
lO-j; CSnttarbodt's HectfocMiire. IKlA. i. IIW:
AU}j Williaiaa's DegreM in Mask ; Wbiirrld '«
mtH:»: private informatioa.) L. M. M.
WHITPORD, DAnn (16:W-H574>,
soldier and aeholar, honi in lil26, was tho
fouftb oon of Walter Whilford Iti- v,\ bi-
shop of Brechin. Hv waa educate<l al
Woslminater.whenlu^ waai-leclt^ a quern'a
scholar oo a mval warrant dated ■2\ March
lflS9-40(OiV. '«fnfe Paj>er*, D-tn. Hf»"
Ifi-M), p. ^t7t, and ntatrirnlaN-d fr>>m
Christ Church, Oxford, BraduaTing U.A. on
30Marchl647,AiidM.A.on UJu. 10a&-
Whitford
"5
Whitford
n
lt)61, Ob tba outbrvali of tli* civil war
he espoused the Vme's cauae and ' bore anna
witli Uie (lurrUon of OxfvnI.' lncoiis<iiut>i)L'«-
he wtM deprived of hin Bni(lfiil.«Uip by the
partianwDtary visitors in Itfl^, snd rvt<iimeil
to Scotland. Tlirrc )iv ai tJichud himsolf to
Charies II, und Uicame an ufticer in his
army. !!« took part in tlu> battle of Wor-
etuftvr on 3 S«pu l&^l, wii» woiindt^d, taken
pri*oti*r, coirrii^d to ttxfonl, and coiivared
tboncB to London, wht-rt' liia friundH' iinuor-
tuoilv olftiiiiK-d lit!) rr^l«iijiH (cl'. ifi. liii'n-'J,
5. 11), lie found himself in n Bl»l<t of
istrws fromwliicli ti" vitm relieved by1f>ii")
Kdwurd Bysshi^ [l-^'-jr '"artpr Iting-of-artua.
He obtain«d employiuem m an usbvr in
Mliitrfriars in iho school of the poft, .lanipa
Sbirltjy [q. V.J, and in November lOW was
entered as a studt-nl uf tin- Inner Temple.
On clic ItoflCorntion he wns rein«tnti-d tn
lii* atudentsliip bv the viitilora, but, finding
bitnaelf disabled from holding it Iit the
CoUt^ rtAlutui>, \iv pirlilfiifd ChurW il in
Uecftnber 16<iU to gmnt him a di*ppn&ation
(1:^.1660-1, p.4S3). Oul'CJnlylOC'Jbuwas |
appointi^dchnplain to l./ard G-tirgn Duugtad's
regiment of foot ii&. J0(J5-6. p. 540). Ila
nftcrwanls bvcnmo cbnplain t<j .luliti Miiit*
lanri, duki^ of Laiidfnlnlf 't[. v.] In 1072
bte olSciated ae minist'^r to tn« Scottish refi'"
tnfrnt in Fmuce {Hut, MSS. Gmim. Otli Hep.
Li. 1481), wid in ll.!7-'J In; wm ap^wintj-d
rectwof MiddletnnTyas in Yorkabiro. Ilo
diuil suddenly in hu« uhaniburs ut C'hri«l
■Chureli on L'H ()rt. 1074, and wiiw burisd on
the following diiy in tht! Houlh Irnnifpi of
»tlii' r-nthrdrsl, m:aT lii* eldi.T lirolbiT, Aduiu.
Whitford was an •tvcellenl ecliolar, and
^blished 'MiiBS-'i, Muscbi, et Hiooifi onw |
Mtant oinnin, quibn.^ aorcet^en; quieoam ;
Wectiora Thnocriti Kidyllia,' Latin and |
Greek, London, 1655, 4Io; republished with
a new titK-paifu in Uh>9. 'ilie work con-
tained u d^ieatiua to Ityaabe. 11l' aUo
tmnjl&tt'd into Latin thnw ti\>uLi»e» by Sir
I'Mward Byithir, witilb-d ' Notm in uualilor
I Libma Nii^hnlai 1 'pton, de Studio .^^liLa^i '
^^L [m-v l.-PUiy, NiciiulahI, ' Nolm inJohannin
^H df> Badn Aiirrn Libellnm d« Amtifl,' and
^B * XottD in Ilenrici Sp^lmanni A«pi)o(;iiim '
^P [tee SpBi,UAK, StR IIbsrtI, which w.ire
^^ pablisb'ed in one volume in 1654, London,
fol. llie la»t hud bewi previously prefixed .
U) Spfcliuttn'B * AMpilu^nu in 1650, Whit- [
ford waa lh« author of an appendix to ■
WisLttrt'fl 'Coniideat Himorv of Hie War?!
in ticDtiand nmlfr the L'onduite of James.
Marqup.a« of Montrose,' 11^60, and of wme
funiulimentary Terse* pri'lixtrd tu Kriuici-t
GoIiiHmith'H 'Hum Orotius his upborn-:
puieas, or loeeph, 1<V>:J.
[Tood'a Alheim Oxna. «cl. Hlvm, iii. 742,
lOIS^lS, 1220: W«leir» Alnmni W«tmon.
1S.12, p. US; Fa«t«r'i Alumni Oxon. 1600-
1714; WaJker* SnfforiiiK"of tho CIbthj, IJU,
ii. 109; ikgU'ti t'a«ti iLfcle*. SmttcaDB III. ii.
890; UhIIoo's Army Lists, IB«2. i. 71 ; Wnorla
lliit. iind Aniiq. of Itaf CollogeM of Oxfmd,
ml. Ontch, p. S13: Msmborti oduitMd to ths
InncrTumpto, \fit7~lWV. p. 37:<.] K. I. C.
WHITFORD or WHYTFORD, KI-
CHAItU ijt. My5-155fli--). -ihc wrt-ich of
Svon,' obtained bis name pn>bably front
\vhyiford, near Holywell, in Hint, where
his uncle, llichani \\ bilford. |HjMu.-»srd pro-
perty. Wood BtatM that he stndied at Ol-
ford, bill tilt* can hnrp buen only a tem-
porary visit, since he was elected a frilow of
ljiii*eni>' (.Viilege, Cambridge, about 14i>5. Ilo
was given leave of alMeneo by bis cotiejfe for
fivH years in 1406-7 that he might attond
William Hlonnt, fourth lord Mount joy [q.t.],
as (■haplain and confoswr, on tlio continent.
In tliat eapucitv be received at I'ari« a lottcir
from Km.*nm(i. Lord Mountjoy'slntor, written
shortly before 4 I'«l>. UP"! proliahly from
tllo Chat<^au Tournobeiis, where Kriwrraus
WHS staving. Krusmus addres^ieti Whitford
tut bis ' (iea.r friend Kicliard,' and cnconniges
him in his study of pbilnaophy. In ll98
tutor, cbatiloin, and pupil returned to Eng-
land ; and perhaps nt this time \\'hitford
vi*il<rd (ixford with Kranmut. Soon afCer-
wardx he br^came chaplain to Richnrd Foxe
\i\.y.\ bishop of WinL'hester ; and l£<»ier, in
)li« ' Lift- of More/reporta that in IciCM ho
enconraiTfi Moro in hU resintance to
ricnry Vll'a esactiona. The speech against
r'ii.ve asuribt-d to Whitford Moundi* apocrr-
Shnl, but, the ctoiWrneM of his friendfthip with
lorg Lb attested by a letter WTitten from
' th« toimlry,' I May 1W(J, by Enumue
during his second vfsit to England. He
sends Whitford a Latin deiciamnlion rom-
nofted against the 'Pro Tymunicida' of
Luelan. Thia Wbil/ord is to compare with
a similar effurt of Morn's, and to decide which
is better. Thu haiiir contains an enthusiastic
eatiinatu of More'n abilities. It statta that
Whitford used to affirm EmRmus and More
to be 'mo alikf in wit, manners, aH'octions,
and iiurauitii, that no pair of twins could bo
found :noru so.' It coticludt-i', 'Koth of ua
certainly you equally love ; to both you are
e<]unlly dear.' The leilur uceura in th«
edilif\n*of these dcclamatioiiH which wero
printed with ihe tranHritiona from I.ucian
(e.g. LucMHt Oi/iCH-u/ii, Ijeyijpu, LWft, p,
ilU). It ff'ruiM the dc^dirslnn' epislle of
Kraflmu»'.i version of the ' Pro I'yraunicida '
(£'«f*mi'0/*fm,l.evde«, 1703,(om. i.) When
uext heard of, 'VN'Litford, tike hia uncle, is
Wlutford
WUfbfd
mmE< «ta>> Wv»l
ll'W
tS^.i
_..' 1 «am4 fmr, i< wUcb tJM k
^ >• t^w Mi of tk» ima.
.< 44 ■wMt in t\m mmfo-
■ - o<irk«,wlueb
'TiVdiit walla.
' tMi"iar«hip liu bifvn
- fialfMl by it^an-w mi
, iiV r r-t,-irm anil iWeet-
II I viaitixl ^Ton
'I ■ Hdil nuiu
■ iH|tr»'fniu'5',
ll>Al VN'tti't-
11(1 n-«t>toit
<Mi<lo<iim|tv,
I 'I At ibodi^
iiollftMluioll
' <>f Mm iliya
I >« MkiihIJuv.
I . 1 ..'.twM M^ry"*
Ifw iHit»«m»k»Mt itfi I- "A .UvW •■wrrT**
■i?^
XMm
OM M tJh« «r SL BmA W Tittor. ih»
•hMlcr M Wlitfirfk. "^ Wnk b d«l»d
38 Nor. leL 4. *A ««te ibr Hmi»-
bolden Attd far tbeoi tkl latw tKe Ojr^Tits
or GoTvtiMaaM of may Cao^ttnj,'priiit«a
by Wyakirn de Wordu, ISJW, 4to. iTiid wm
rvpriotml with * dightljr AlteivJ title in
Ifi.t: bv John Wftjluiil, ftad in 10^ hy
Rohi^rt liMman. A. * Thr Four R^TtlUiont
of St. Rntlsui,' London, IXtl.li'mo. 6.'Ti»
li<ild<-n K|i»ttc of St. Bcruud,* London,
I'M, I2mo. Thia wurapublitbed in l-!>37
■nd l'V*5 ftlong with other trwtJMSOf Wltil-
fonl. 7. < Tbo Crossrune, or A G C. Hem
doDv folowi- two opuscules or amaU wvriu
of Stynt HiiQavi?ntur«.iaAcbe necMMrie ftud
{icatyt«lilt> unlv all CUrietiuu specially unto
ntinuiu jMt*on«, put into KoglTslir bj «
brouar of Syon, lucliard Whvt^rde. AI-
plubatani Roligimonim,' 1537, l^mo,
pEiainl br Wa^luide bvrore No. 3. Itckme
out Aral' in \6Si. H. 'Tba Pomander of
Prarvr,' l&ai9. 4u\ printed by Wynltyn d«
M«>i«> 9. ' llan beg^nuelh the boke ctlled
Ih* ^f^«r T<xin% w till' tjfi- of iKrCKti<ni.
IV NMM cr cuat wLviwir dotbe plsTiiIy
•ffM« in Um pvsMMCi. ImnrTnUid «t london
te FMr MflwM kjr an Kobect Radnun,
jt rn J U w ^ s i* Snjnt PunstoneB jmiytahe,
•«awsCh«i^ lathe yen of our lord
r^l«i.tfctSdv«rXwelw.'4to. Thii
ft«HiMftvMMtlh«LMWnn«. 10. 'A
h^wvoe the
ttJtaa^AMMriBd the parodunne
•4fr iffearitp al^aL Fcr • dn» jnpnncion
Mtevnd br ?Cm. 7 and 45,
IB:, l£ao. 11. • A
of dirvrv
,* London.
X M. ■ An
Vi<M,'Laa-
1^ liiBiBii. IS. '<VClMBMliMn,'Laih-
«dit
hv in itylfi itni3 futtUng tho fined retulermft
into Rnglish of tlif famouB i>ri^iiuil, II tioa
bevT. '4.'<]it^ u'itli hiiitnrirsl inin^ilui^tion hr
Dotn Wilfriii I{ftynal,t).S.B.,'l>indrtn. I*7i.
15. 'Cenaine devoul and OiwHv i)»*lltiiir)!«
commonly called J«su9 l'anlt<>r. Cum Privi-
leglo. Anpo 1683.' It is verj- probobly (wn-
iecturej that thi» fnvonrilc booK of dcvoli^n,
BBOH-n ID nuideni lime!' under tlie litlo of ' A
MMlitaticin GIimouH nttmed Jpsu» l'i^alU*r,'
irasWhilfonl'sL'tjmjKwititui, In li'/iH Oiliere
islicenawl m John Jtidx"!! In the' Statioaera'
Register' 'The Spirilnall CounMilc, Jasiu
Hattent, Jwfu IVi«1|>t, jind \y ()«.' A
mannAcript in the lihrnrv nf Mnnrt-sa House,
Roebampt on, scemtt tg \m i\w b<wk fnten«d
in the ' Stntinntrs' Rcei!it«r,' and is nmrlv
identical with ihework pablished in 1583.
Tbera ifi an earlier pdi lion printtd M Ant-
wnp in lo7>% and nnnif-TYinK later pditif>nii.
Hie wbole question of Whitford's auihonhip
And Ibe retation tneach other of tnaniiscript
and niiiion^ is discit^sud in ' J«9u'h Pnaltt^r.
What it, was iit ita origin aud as conw>crAt4-d
hj tbti Its*! uf many martm iinil cjiirue^ors,*
OT thw Itov. Samurl Ilt^ydon Mnlr, London,
1888. Tliis prime ibn raaniuicripl of 1571,
th« sdilion ol ln8!t, nnd thu modiTti rnriion
of tlie Ptuilti^r. 10. .\ iraneiUtion in the
Bodleian Library of (he 'Speculum It. Miiriir
— The Myrrour of Out lAdy/ wai nlmfmt
certainty by Whitford. It was cs"Ciiti'd at
the reniie*t of the abbcsi of Syon, aiid prlntwl
in 1630, 4to. Cvrlfiin 'Solitary MeditAtioii«'
wm aUci aacrilird to ^VhitfonL by Tanner,
vithoDt any date or oomment.
[Wood's Athtnn Oaon. cd. BUw, i. ISfl ; Tan-
ner* Bihliothaca, p. JBti-, CDopcr'n Atbonie
CanCabr. i. 79 i the tiilrodaclory ninlter of 2. 14.
and I A abovo; Epunii Epistuiie, Loudon, IS42.
pp. 387, niR: DrDroiiiond's Erasmua. i. 144.
IW; 8*»bobin'ii Oxford Hnfor^)^T^^ p. 182;
Mon'a Lifo of Sir TbotniiB iiov.', i;20.pp.3S-
S7; JoRid's Eraanias. i. 188 ; I^ttnniHnd I'lipcnt,
«d. Oairdnor, 1534, Na<. 633, 1090i Wright'o
X.«tt«rB relaliae to tliD Supproiitiion of the
VooaotariM, pp. id. 41, *!i. 47, 49; Anntpcr'a
Hilt, of Bjtm Maniu<t«ry, 1840; Jktoun'n Cat.
of 9yoa library, 1898.]
R.B.
WHTTFORD, WALTER (in»i ?-lfW71,
biahop of Br«cbiii. bom about 1 Wl, wa-i rbe
Bon of Adnm Wbilford of Milntown fnow
callM -Milton l^ckhart), by hi« wife Mary,
ilaughtt-rof Hir Jahivj^ Somervillo of Oam-
buanethaii in Laoarhtihin'. The family of
\Miitford dnriT»8 itA name from thu estate
of Whit.fiml in Iti'nfr>-wi<birp on thwCarl,
which Wnll*>r di» Whitford nbtain^d for hia
aerricea at the battl« of Larua in I2B.t.
I Adam "Whitford waa aceusnd of h«infr con-
^■eemed in January 157S-0 in a ooDapiracy
against the regent, Jamex Uouglaa, fuurlb
earl of Morton [q. t.]
Walter wa* nluvaltM] at CUa»(f0w Uni-
verpitv, where he was l&iirented in IffllJ,
and iiniirwiiH* actwl as rtytont. Ud 10 May
lAu-l h<! vas licenfiM tn pr^acli by the prvs-
bytory of Paisley, and on 3 D»c. IflCfe he
waa pr««u>ated by JamcA VI to the parish of
Kilmarnock in AjTshire. In ItJIO ho wiw
translated to Momit in LI umfriee shire, whar»
hv was adntlted bt-foni 8 Juni>. In 1013
lie wsa nominated on tlin comiiiinMioit of th«
peseo for Annnndale(.MA^WJN, Rfg. o/ Priev
Q>iPMi7, loia-io, pp. i(ij-;!,wii-7,r>r,3>,im;i
waa involved in Bevcral of the fBmily finnd*
with which thu county abounded {ilf, 1611>-
ItJIO.p. a^fi).
On 'JTJunu 1817 Whitford signed the pro-
ti>flt.ation to parlin:nr'nt in support of ihi- liber-
tiiio of the kirk, but bit itufTitrt^l himittdf i^uon
aftwrtobewonoverbythehing, andoii 15 Junu
1619 ho waa notnitiatod a nionib>rr of the
court of high commiwtion. On '10 Atiff. ho
waa constituted minister of Failford in. .'V vr-
abire by Juniea VI, in additiuu to his utbcr
charge. In March 16i'0 he rw»iri^ ths d^
grea of D.I), from Gloagon- Univarsily: and
OR 4 Auff. KUl Mil was confirm«<d in hia
ministry by act »f parliament. In IR2?t his
cunimiwiion of jimticf nf th* peaci* was re-
nowdd^ and he was aiipotntod ronToncr of tbo
■t«wartry of Annandalit (0: Hi2'2-'i, p. liiA).
In Ibo game yoar Jamc<i proposed to trana-
lutebimloLiWrlou iiiMitllutliiuu,but failed
to carry out his intention. I In Sr. Uc.iAn27
bo -Kms kppoiutod oou of the commiaaioners
naminal«d bv tln^ kiTig for taking m«asun>a
againat Lhi^ papi&r^ ilieg. yfar/. &yjV. lifffum
f^f. 1630-;5.% p, ,V.tl), which on 21 Oct.
1034 was expandod into a high commi>>sion
to cit« and ptuiish alL perfons dwL4Un^ in
Scotland concoming whom there were un-
favourable report-* (rt. 1U;JJ 51, p. 94). On
D Dee. l(J28 he waa pwsentwd by C'bftrlt«i I
to till) ftub-di'iinory oi Ulosgow, which af^or
1070 formed Ihe [mriah of Old Moiikland in
Lanarkshire. Ht- removed thither in IfillO,
a dijiputi* a* to tho crown *!< right, of pBtrnnage
preventing him fn>rn taking posts^.sft ion bt'fnre;
and on 21 Oct. m34 be waa noinmaled to
t ho commifiMrinf<^rthp maintenance of cburch
discipline.
In Ui36 "Wliitford was consecrated by thi*
biahop of Brechin a» »ucct«R&r to Thomaa
SydaerfF fq. v.], holding the aul>,dfanrry m
OMnme»<iam until I'lSO, when ho disponed
bio title to Jame;* Hamilton, Ibird marquis
(afterwards first diibe) of Hamilton fq. v.]
On 10 April lil-tli be was crcmled a bunrees
nf Arbr^^ath. Whitford nai^d his episcopal
authority to support the liturgical changos
Whitford
128
Whitford
which UhkriM I biul introdiiced. The new
»ervice-boolc was very unpopular with the
multitutle, und in 165", when Whitford «n-
nouncod hi» iiiiumioii of Kailiagit, he was
thriuit^iit^d iritli vialeiict-. I. ncLctenvd hi>
BAcendt'dlhtt pulpit, holding a hroccofpittols,
hie r&inily and wrvnut* att«ndiiiK him a.na»il,
ftnd TRad tht! «iTvice with cloftod doors. On
his TvCiitn lit) WAN nll.M'iied by an nnrwed
mob, and pucnpfd witU difRcuIly. The minj-
Bter of IVuchin, AU'X&ndi'r Biiwrl,, rKfuniiti^ to
obey W liitford'ftoomnuinds to I'ollnn' hU e\-
fimple. the bishop caused his own ■urvnni lu
!»«3 the sortie* T»gwl«rlyfwm tli*d«ik. This
olMtinacy roused intt>nse fe^Ung ntFainHt biro,
Rnd towards the cIosp i>f the year, nftor his
paUcL' hud li'vii [plundered, he n-as cnmpeUed
to fly to Knfjland. where, with two other
bUhops, hr.< vlol'iilly ijp|i(j»<.-d thb dcoicwh
tnmt^urLT, Sir John Stewart, firm earl of
Tniiiiiftir [<). v.], vhose moderfttion bo dis-
liki'u, druKuij; up • momorial n^^iu^t em-
ploying liiiii nst n commiMioner to treat with
the"Sc!o!a (Uau-LIK. Letlurt and Jounuih, i.
74). On l.*! nw. I4i38 he wa« depoM^ and
cxcchin muni rated by tbti Glu^w osEumbly.
whose ii'ithority, in common with tbj; other
bishops, hr hnd refii-wd to n^oo^iiiae. In ad-
Jition lo the eeclosiaAtical affeoce ofHigniii^
the declinntnrc, h<t wan noctuied of dniuken-
OM* and incontinence, and of ' useioff uf
iDMiie rrucJBses in Lis chamber ' {ib. i, IM).
On 23 Aug. 16S9 hu «nd lh<i olhur Scolti»h
preUli.-jt dn;w up a proteat agaiitut their ex-
cltHJon fn>Tn parliumant {Hiat. M^S. Comm.
»th Uwp, App. ii. ^SA).
On i2S Dec. KUC Whitford was living iii
Jjondon in f{nvi.t novi-rty (H*l[.l.rE. l^tUrt,
i. flSKlj but on 6 Miiy 1042, as a rBcomjje&se
for hi* fluBerioR*. CfiarW rirpirtnled hiin to
the rectory of %Vfilemve in Northainplon-
ithlrv, where he was instituted. In ]lt4') h«
waj* expelled by the parliamentary soldiery ;
he died in thi^ foUowiuK year, and waa butied
on 1(1 .lone tu tbt' uiiddh.'uLslc of the channel
of St. Mu.rp;arutV, Wealminstor, He mamod
Anne, fonrth ()iiii|,'liler of Sir John L'nrmi-
rhael of that ilk, find oivcn of tin; reireiit
Morton {'i^^lV(^^J•.», S'^fruyr of Scutland, 1813,
i, 763). Bt her ho had fivo boui!— John,
Adam, David, WalttT, and Jauieji — and two
dati^htow — llachid was married lo Jammt
Johnstone, laird of C'ornlieiid, and Uhriatian
to William Itennf'tt of Ruins. James re-
mvfj n commission wn unnijjn in th^ Karl
of Chest (-■rficld'tt rofjimentof fool nn 13 Juna
166* t l>*l.Tos, Armtf Luh, i. 79). David
and Walter (r/. lfi^*6i^> are n>parar«tT no-
ticed, lu I'MW Whitford'* widow peti-
tion«d for n vearly allowance out of the
rents of the Lishopric of Brechin iu coa-
«id«ratioD of the sufftwings of her fikmiLr ia
the royal oaiue (Brit. Mlu. Addit. Ji&
•J-MU,r. 135).
Ilia eldeal son, JoiixWiriTFOBD {d. IWJ),
divine, waa preaeiited in 1611, at tlw itutancv
of I.aud, u> the rsctory of Aahtun in Nortb-
uinptiiniihirM, and inntitutMl on 17 May. In
ltH5 he waa ^eoted, and took refu^ with
his fnlhi.Tr. Hv wa» rttin«t«tt>d at the It»>
fltor&lion, and on <*> July 16til received a
^janl of 100^ in compongation for the lo»
of his booka and nthi-r pnipertv {Artt^
Pari, of Scotl vol. vii. App. p.* ^-2). Ua
died at Asht«n on D Oct. IlH>7. lie mnrried
Judith ((f. 6 March I7(X1'7), daughter of
John Marriott of .V^bloo.
The third aon. Aniu WiiiTFOBD (ISlM-
1017), Doldier, bont in Wl\, waa a qa«an'«
echnlar at Westminster Dchool, and in 1641
waa uli'clod tuChrisl Church, Osfurd. wheoM
hr. matriculated on 10 l>ec.,j[pradaaltii|; DA.
on 4 Dec. llUfl. Like hia brother David. h«
vnmlled binjiwirin the roval |iarri«on at Ox-
ford, and was killed in tlie aiege. We wai
buned in the luiiith tranaiqtt of the cathiwIrU
on lOFeb. lfll6-7.
[ScoIi'h F«»ti HmIbm. Scoctt^Bnie, i, ii 6A3, n.i.
17U. ITT. ii. BA1>: Wood's Aihen* Oxim. ad.
UliM, iii. lOia : K'-itb'a CnUloguv of Sfnttuh
Bi«bopa, 1S24, p. 167; R»^i»trnin Maffni Sigillt
Regura Seotoruni. 1620-83 pp. SlS, A13,I63t-
tsat pp. 40. 1£0, 214. 71D; ItniigM's Hist, ol
Xorttiarop'onsbire, nA. Wbjtiley, i. 384-5, 301,
ii. ]'Ja-30;Bailliu'BLotten<ao^lJoamak(B«wa<
lyne Club), vol. i. pauim; Nisb«(,'8 Uerahlry.
1732, i. 376-7 1 S|nttAa«roo4«'« Hiat. of the
Church of ticmUnd l.Spot(iswood« Sue.), i. 44;
CulderwnoiV lli»i, of t.hft Kirt (WodrowSoc.).
vol. vii. pvwim; Hliick'* Hivt.of Urochin, lft39.
pp. JI-2, 303-1; RovV Util. of tho Kirk oT
.S:^tlan(1 (Wmtrow Sm.). pp. -im. H'l. aSS;
Bn]f.iiir'ii AiitiJil™ of ScolUud, IS'Ji, >. 864, ii.
309; Cmwfurd'n DdtcripliwH of tli* Sbirs cf
Renfrrtw. Oi). Rol«rt»oa. IKIH, pp. M-T; )£»'
iimirnQf Ilwiry Gulhry. 1748. p. 16; Imng's
Upper Ward of Lanarkshirv. 1844, ii. 43B;
Hewina's Whitcfoord Papars. iSdS; Knual'*
Bt^.and Cliruu. 1 720. p. 20 1 ; Hamilton'* Utacrip-
tioa of tbo Sberiffdomsof lAnark and Ranfra*
(MaitJaod Club), pp. 18. 70 ; Pitcaim'* Crimiiial
Trinlit. IS33. I. ii.70; Iduniineata Aloia Klu-
guansiK (Miiii.lnnd Club),p<u«iai ; Gmb'i Eecl»-
viusUcttl Hilt, of SmtUnd. 16S1. n. VA, iii. 31,
43. 4-t, H8 : Arts uf l\irltam«Dt of Scotland, it.
668, V. 46. ISO, 1?U. 479. 6Q&. £2B. Tii. 347;
Sptil ii UK's Mwiiuriahi of TniUM{Spal<UaR Club),
piu-Bim ; Pcierlcin'a nceonlB of the Kirk. 1843,
pp. 26-7. B»-I06 ; Pat^rwn'a Hutt, of Ayr aad
Wigion, 19C6. ii. 4*6: Wood'a Hirt. and Antiq.
nf tba Colleges of Oxford, ed. Gnlcb. p. AlO;
Mill.-, (lea ct Hprald. Sod a«r. i. 289; iMoA'a
Works (Libmry of Anglq-Catbolio TheoL), iii.
313, vi. 4S«-6, 19a, 690, rii. 427.] E. L C
<
«
WHITFORD, WALTER (d. 1080 P>,
K>ldii^r, wm tLe nwcotwl »on of W^Iur WLit-
ford (1.581 *-I647) 'ij. r.j, bislioii of Brtschin.
Hv rnuffht on !)]<:■ siilcor tl»>kini{ in tiin civil
war, ailaine'l thernnkof iTolniwl.nnd.onthB
ovwii brow of Cbarli!». took ri^fiif^ ia Ilollanil.
[n l<VI9 TuAC DorinUuA fq. v.], wbn had
taken an active part in lb<3 trial of tb» king,
wuappoiQlt^d Kiif^lifh envoyin llolliind,(in()
naebed 'Vbt: lloeue ou 2it April, Aiuoim:
the followers of Moatroee wbo Bwanuvd in
the stnwid of Ttui Hague the fritliii^ afruliiHt
tfa« rafificide was especially bilttir, aiid a
fldiemo was laid amou^ tnom to miirdor
thn nt-w hnvov. f>n tlm tiivning tif 12 Mny,
as Dnnelaug waa sitting down to Mipprr at
th« Witte ZwtMn, six lacn bun^l into Ins
TWiniB, and whiln afim«of tbi^m ftinmi! bii
serrantfl, Wliitford, after elasbinp bioi over
til* h«ad, paw.xl a «woM through bis IxhIy,
tmA anid, 'Tbiia diw ono of the king's
jiid^eis' (Woob, Ath^n^ O.Tvn. ed. Illiw, lii.
060). The wholfi party. It^ariii)? their victim
dcKa upon (he ground, made ibvir escape,
and Whitford guccpMlpd in crossing the
froDti'.T into tbci^iiaimb NetbiTlaiid*. whurc
htt was ia perfect aafety. All royalis^ls n*-
oeived tbe nvwa of tlii.' murdiT witb un-
hnundBc) Nat utfactioci. Hri*n tlni «tnid and
kindir Nicholas wroto of the ttA^a»<ination
na ' th* dwrrved (.-xiTiilion of that bloody
rillain ' <Ca8tb. Jtetim and Vapfvt, i. 1^1 ).
Whitford nc^ro in panted Montrosf in bi^ Iwt
Scottish '^^pfdition in iBoU, and was taken
pri-fOHtr at'I'T tbu bftttb' of C'urbitidalo ou
'SI April (IIrwiss, WhitefouTii Pnprrn,\i.-x.Y
Ilf waa to liavo b«a bt-h'-adL-d uii s Junw
with Sir John Urry \i\. v.). Sir Franrln Hay,
and oilier royalist othcs-rs, but, while bi>ing
li«d to i-xrcution, I'xrbiinipd tliat he was
condemned for killing Dorislaus. who was
one of thoae who had murdered tlie last
kiog. (Ine of llut magiMrAic-^ [trfsont, \w^t-
ing this, ordered him to bo remandud, and,
inquiry confirming bin statement, ' (he coitu-
ctl tliought (it (0 avoid lImi rf^proarh, nnd m
pTMenrnd the genlleroiin.' Thp pari lie hiul
takvD in th<; murder of DoriKbius wius
' counts tf> him fur riKbieiiii«ui-«!t'( WittMAKT,
Jteedn of Montfiiu', T'lO.'i, pp. LH>8, 4'.t«), and
htt wan girrii fi paj^ to It^avii tlm country on
SS June iAett of Pari, n/ f^f^tl. VI. ii, r'7fi,
OHO, r)«H. I'tiJ >. In August 1W« he was at
tlir c/Mirt of ( "harU-fl (THrRior, AYcff^ /bpflc*,
T. 315), and ten veurs lai-T Downing wrote
loThurloir: • As" for W bitlorJ, I did ((ivB
I) Witt two or llir>;v timeo notic« of liis
gmg, nnd he iun«t bavi- Ixvn taken, but
that it was always twenty-four hours ere an
ordf r could \m bad ; and b<.> nmnirpd bis
lodging urery night, and now he baa gone
VOL. LXl.
tion ' (i&. vii. 4*iO). lit) «ut«red thu Kiinsian
eerviou {Cat. State Papert, Ttom. Itt6?t— I,
f. 16U), but returnftd to England before
D64, and on l-j July of that year pftitioncd
for tliB post of town-major of IluU (ij.
I6fifi-6, p. ftliU). |]«iinl»iHini?ntly petitioned
for 'aid to lieep bis famUv from starviug,'
stdtinjir thnt hv waa disabled by old wounds
(lA. Addenda, 1600-70, p. Q3i>). Evrntiially
be received a commiuion in tho guarrlfl, ni^
hid paternal coal-of-armt waa ehargitl with
tlinx' croaaea pal6e, ' being add«u at Imm
mnjestie's speriall command' (Stodd.vkt,
Smtli'jih Arm*, li. 2IS). Up wbb disnii'svd
from the guards he a papist in 1673 (Won-
Kow, W^>^ of the Stiffrriitgt iif th(^ Vhurcft
i>f tirf>tlftiid, ii, :*32). Jamea II granted bim
u pension on 31 Dec. 1685 {Cai. State
Paper*, Ilom. 1R89-90, p, 3fij), During
lii.'* wanderingaon thi' continent his entt'^rwa
the iJuke nf Savoy *a service, and waa thvnt
wben the last maosncrc of tho Vaudois wna
perpiil ruled. At the elo^e of bij life tliu
rcmi^mbntnce of these atrocities preyod u()on
bitf mind. Ilirbup 13uni<.'( say* ' ho died a
few day.* ht'fnre the parliament met (in
lO^t) I, titid calK'd for muic ministers, and to
ilicni hu dtv-Jared bin foraaking of popt-ry,
and his abhorrence of it for its cruelty'
(ISvBSET, Uiei. of hit Oicn Time, y. 43."*).
Hut according to Wood he was still living
in Kditiburgli in 1691 i W oqd, Atticmr Ojvn.
iii. 1016), His son Cbarlcs was principal
of till) ^cuta College In i'aris iu 1714 {Bn't.
Mtu. VaU. Addit. Ms. *J8ty7).
[KFiironr'ii Annnlts of Pwitl. it. 60; Ctaron*
don's liUt. of the Roldliua, 188S, v. 131;
Cary's Momorialsi of tba Civil War, \M2, ii.
131; Oardiner'n Hist, uf tbe CaDiraanumnltli
and ProHMi'jralfl, i, 73 ; Nidbol's Eleraldry. 1722.
i.3;7; f^toddan's Scottish Arms, ii.213: Whlr«-
locke'ii MvinuTials, p. 460; notes supplied by
HuRbT. Whitford. «eq,]
WHITQIFT. .inilX C1630f-ie(M), arth-
bi-'^hop of Canterbun,', was eldeet son of
Henry Wbitpift., a well-to-do mcrcliiknt of
Greiil t3rim»iliy, Lincolnshire, and Anne
fl)viiHWeilJ bis wife. Af'crirding to FrauciD
Thvniie lie wa« born al Orcal Grimsby in
).'3:i.1, but be biiiukdf declared tliat in If.nO
he renchiid the age of sixfy. In childhood
lie attracted the fiiv"ur of hi" iiiicle, Hi'berl
W"hit(iift,abbntofT.hi^AngustinianmonasiePr
at Wellow, The abbot was a liberal-minded
ecclesiastic, and no blind opponent of the
Kofonnoliim. Noticing bis nephew's literary
proraUe, he undertook the direction of bia
education. Hy bi« advioe the bov wa-<< n-m
to Si. .■\otliony"a school in Lonann, wUitb
had already numbered many dietingutiihcd
Whitgift
130
Whitgift
moa nmong Ha acliolan. H« ludged in St.
Paul's Churehviinl witli TiU aunt, iho wifB
of Uicbniil Slinllur, nnt) of thn cat tii^dntl vt*r-
gen. Shewasa bitted Romnniat. Whit-
gift was out of eympatliT wilh hwr vi«wB.
nn<\ tiho nnikllr dnv h'tra from t)i<- lionsi'.
loilue time tic proceeded to Queens' Collefr?,
Carabrid^i-, biiT 50f>n mit^led to IVmbroIci'
Hall, wlier« ho iaatrii:uUl«d a** a neiitiouur
in May looO. At t'om broke llult his prt-di-
Ii-ctiuu fur tlio mfunnoO niligimi wiia rapidly
confirmwi. Nii^bulas lEiilluy [ij. v.} waa tlii*
maAter.aud bis liret tiitnr was the convinced
urutiHtnnt John Bradford (I.3I0 P - ITlVi)
[a. T,],who aft^rwardfl Rufffrftd martj-rdom.
He wn* nppointiHl a bibU-Krlerk, and en-
dimtrd KA. in l&M~i and M..\. in IftftT.
SleanwhUw his attHinroQnte were rewarded
br hiii «l«ciiou on ^1 May 15tV> to a ft'llow-
siiip at Pflterlioiisfi. Andniw Peme 'q. v.],
thBinaster.shawed much liliinj; for bim, and
(ilthiinph IVmt'V own rclipou^ views were
pliant, hif n.-siitfct«d \Vhit(tif'V adJiereuce lo
the principles of tht- IV-format ion. Durinff
lltv vi»itutiori,of Xho unltt>nil,v byCarrliual
I'ole's delcgalf^A in LIB?, Ppme screened Iiim
from pcreeculioD. Tlimunbout Manr'Hn'iiiu
Wtiirk'ift pumiiM hh nUuHra wbiln t>iiKui^d
in colU'ge tuition.
It wKji no' until lilt' position of thi> pr>>-
toatflnt reformaTinn wa-i Fut^urcd in Kn^rland
by the acci-wion of CJuoen iClizBbi>ith that
Wliit(fift dc6nitclT pntcrcd tin; scrriee of
t)io I'litircb. Ilv <lid uoi taku liuly ordcn
until l.>liO, His firat sermon was prwwhfd
soon afterwards at (trt-at Si. Mary's, iho
unirentty cluircb, on th« t^^xt ' f am not
ashumed of the giofipid of Christ' (Bom. i.
Il'il. Ili:i delivery was iidmimbip, and Iiw
Kputation aa a preacher wa-i madn. In tlio
samp year ]>r. Richard Cox*, bisbop of Ely,
inviii^d Iiim 10 V-romo hi.-< chaplain, and also
collated him to the rectory of IWeraham.
Oftinbrid^cuhirc. In 15IW he procecdod
B.D., and WHS flpi»>int«d Lady iMa^ret
fimfeasor of divinity in the nuivi'riiily. His
irsl Iccttin' dr_>aU with thu idtintilyof th'j
pope mid ,A,ntii'hrLiil. C?aIvinUtic viifw* Wrtrti
in the ftftcendanl in the nniverftity, and
Whilifift tlirrmiihnnl hi* cjirwr adhi'rod to
the dortrinnl thptirif-a of Cftlvin; but ho
never approved the Cnlvjnist principled of
church govornnicnr. In tnnti.rji of ritnol,
however, he seemed for a time iucUaed to
AMept ihp viffWflof the Culrtnista. At 6rat
he aharod the dnuhta of his futuru foe,
Thomas CartwriRht, the leader of iht* I'al-
viniiit* in tha niiivcraity, nn to the snrplicii.
Ou 'J*i Nov. loCI h" signi'd ihi? in'tition lo
Sir Wiliiam Cecil, chancellor ..f the univor-
itity, vnlrvating bim to withdraw liia recent
edict enjoining tb« UM nf aurnlioea in enl-
l«gc chapelt. But thesp objecCioas retlectcd
a poMing phase of WbilgiJl'M opinionn, and
be wa« soon as conrinced an advocate of
j .\R){'ticjin ritual nsof thv episcopal form uf
chntrch ffovemment.
Uu lU June 1&&I3 be was UceBBed to be
oni> of the uniTersitj- pnsschers. On o July
following the umver&itv marked their csusein
for bis Itrcttiros ai La^y Margaret profeaaor
by raiding bis taiuy from iwvnty markt to
'Mi. Academic prefernient flow^ steadily
towards liim. On li April 1-567 he lef^ Peter-
houRB on hi* ■•li>t;lion t<i llto nuutMnihip of
Pembroke Hall, At the same time be wsa
cnMtsd D.P. But h« remuinud at IVmbroka
TTbII barely thre<^ mnntba. 4^ 4 July he '
was admitted master of Trinity Collej^, sod 1
sb ortly afltrwarda li« exchanjind his M arga rti
profeEwarshipforthe superior dignity of r«^i]a
profeMor of divinity. Ilebeld that oflice for
two y«ir»— till Ociobcr 1589. Within th«
same period, on ti Dec. l&OS, be woa collated
. to the third probendal stall at Ely, and his
' name n-nched thv court. Hv was (ummoDed
to prench before the queen. Sfa« waj dMply
impresHMl by his E^'rmon. puuningly declsnd
him to Ur^ hfT ' WhiTi'-||ift,' and gave ordsr
that ho should he ewoni one of the royal
i-hiipUin«. Rut bin chief i-norgiea wnra ab-
sorbed by biei acadi>nii<! dutiea. He sng-
geated a revision of iho statutes of the uni-
versity, wit ha view to increasing the power*
of tb« head« of houges. To tbem was to V
ho proflically entrusted the choice of vice- !
cbaocidlor uud of th« ' caput,* a body wbieh
waa to eterciiw) siipreine anihority. The
I ' caput ' was lo be elected annually, uid to
' tonnist of tho chsncvUor and a doctor of
' each of the three farultief, with anon-rt^^nt
and a re[;ent roaster of arts (MCLLIXORI;,
I pp. 22-i eiiN].) The statutvat pwied tli« great
I m>bI in the Ibrm that Whitgift designed on
So Sept. Io70. The iobcmsl aSiurs of his
collcfpj nlito fixercimd hi« con«taiit atten-
tion. The Oal(iniilic leader L'artwri^t was
a fullow of Trinity: Whitgift waa by nature
a ({iHciiiliniirinii, and, while aympathiainj(
with till' leading doctrines of Calvininn,
uiiido up hill mind lo ostend no tohtrntion
to (lenevan principlM of church govem-
menl. Cartwright had of late powerfxdly
donounctil <-piacopncy, which W hitgifV re-
garded uiitheonlT practicable form of church
(fOTommL'^nt, and had dividvd the colleg*
and ihtt uaiwnity Into two iKistilo csmn.
WhitgilY believed that peace could best M
nistoH'd by the removal of Cartwrigbl. In
Novhuiber IfiiH hit wa« «li-ctiwl vice-chan-
cellor. Taking advantage of the new uni-
versity st«tut«B, he induced bia foUow-m«m-
ben of the 'caput' in Decmnbt'r lo70 to
dtpriro CartwriKlit of Uiu Lodv Manpiret
!irof«ssoralitp ot' liiTiniljr, which uo had held
br ■ ^eftr. This tli>cuiva nv^ liu followed
up in Siri>Ieml»T 1671 by detn^iiig Cart-
^irri^bTa expulsion from liis fellowship nt
Trinitv, which hn hnd hrld for inoiv thui
nine yean. A\'httgift*fl pretest waa thai
Cartvrright bad nut takt-n priuct's OTElvrit
Trithia the Atatutory period. Such displaya
of rvsolutiOD, while Xwy iacrM9ecl hi* ropu-
lAtioD wirh one sisMion of cV- iiiiu'i>r*iry,
ronaod a storm of protest on tlie part of
another. Whit^ft relorti^ br threatening
to naign ihe muittnthip and wiilidruw from
llie univeimitT. Six ueada of house» on
28 Supt. nppualvd u> Bur^ihloy tt) sliow
Whitifift fiOQ»n«iiM-ifiI markof fitvoiir. They
declared ihnt Wbitxift's disciplinary mea-
siUM were wifce and Wuuficiol, aud 1 lint t liv
imivftnitj owed I-o him ' th« rppn'.*hiu(f of
inaoleiice and the maintaining "f leuniinn
■nd w(i)l*duing.' For iIip lim<' bin rn-i-inti--')
aeknovled^ed tlwir doftwi.
Mnanwhde be was preponnf; for with-
drnval if the mifd utok. On 19 Juno lfl71
h« WM elected dean of Lincoln, and wns in-
etallcd in the rath&dral on '2 Auj*. On ^ t Oct.
Archbi9.bop Parker irrontL-d him a faculty
authoriaing him Ia hold with the doancry the
nuett'nkip of Tnnity Colk-gc, tho canonry
at Klv, l-liii< n-cti>rv at Ti'vontbnni, and any
other b«>neSce hti rtiosp. H«had no s^ra!}b^^
about takiuR full a^lvsnlajje nf no valiiabl<> n
dispeiwitinn. On ill Mat 1*>~- hu was col-
lated to the prebaiid of SasBinylon in the
cburch of Lincoln, and, tilthoitgb he reaiRHcd
tbe rectory of r<.'T<.>rAhan] about Au)|[u«t 1572,
be at onee aoc<|pt*d the rectory of Laceby,
l.iDColiuhlru(Ao/M ami Qufru?*, 81b oar. t.
4Sa). Th* clerpfy of the Limyiln dioceae,
wiLb which ho waa tbua associated in many
capacitifJi, recumnil him b» Un-ir proclor tji
convocation, and towards the fita nf 1671!
Arcbbiahop Parker nominated lum to pre<ach
tbfl Latin wrmnn, On 14 May 11^72 no woa
clio«i.>n prolocutor of the lower houw.
Whilifift took wido views of the seriirtv
he owed the cbuich both iiiflido nnd oiitjiide
thctiniveniify. He seized every opportunity
that olTered of cliain pinning ila or^niaution
agaiiul attack. lu ift'if two violmit tracts
(each vatillcd ' An Admonition to the Par-
luunent ') rM!omuu>aded tbp n'ootutittitionnf
the cJiurcli on presbnerinn lines, Thi^ firat
' Admnnitinn' WAS by two London clergy-
men, John Fiflld and Thomag Wilcox fq.T.T,
and the second was by Whitgift'E formerop-
ponent Cartwriftht. Whitgift at oacu took
tip new cudgels again«l Cariwright, and
iaaiied a pamphlet which was entitled 'An
Aiuwcre to a cuncn Libel intituled An
Admonition to the Parliament. By John
UTiitj-ifte. D. of Diiiinitia' (London, 1672,
bv Hftiirie Kynneinan for Humfrey Toy;
black letl*-rj. WhitfC'fl'a tract had a wid«
cin^ulation, and reappuamd nust rt;ar ' newly
atigaumt«il by tha auihntir.' 11*! wmtn with
foroe of bia conTietion that the flpiacopBl
form of church tru«'«'rnm«nl w«« an «iMuntud
guarantee of law and order in the Kate.
CaDwriij-ht readily crossed swords with the
Riastpr of hifl otli-^ to whom be owed bia
expulsion, and his 'It^plve' to Whit^ift'a
'Answcre ' overflowed witli venom. Whit-
gift relumed to tho chargi.> in hi^'Defetuo
of the Answere to the Admonition ' (Lon-
don, I1J74, fol.) 'I do cbnrge all m'jn tioforu
God Hud bis ang«lii,' he aulemnly warned
* the ^dly reader ' at the conclusion of his
pn.-faL'v, 'as tlitiy will answer at iho day of
judgment. thu.t under tbo pretext of xi-al
thoy seek uot to spoil ihu chua-h : under
tlw colour of piirfnetioH iht^v work nut trnn-
fusion ; under the cloak (•('simplieity they
covwr not pride, ambition, vainglory, arro
^ncy; under tht^ outward ahnw of godli-
neaa they ncinriab not contempt of magi-
(•tmt<!«(, popularity, atuibaptietry,and auntby
other pernicious and pestilent errom.' Cart-
wriglit again answered Wtitgift in both a
'Seuoud Hcplio' (15;5) and 'The Reat of
tlie S.'conci Iteplie' (1677), but ^Vhitgift
deumed it wise loahslain from further direct
nllTcation with hi» obnCinate enemy.
In LI?.'! Wbitgift was for a i<«wnd timo
elected vice-chnnoellor of Cambridge Uoi-
vcrrtity. On 26 >rarcb 1574 ho preached
about church government beforo the uucou
at Orecnwich, and bis sermon was printtd
and publiiihnd. In l&7ff ho was a commts-
aioner for the visitation of Kt. Jolin'« (Col-
lege, and in tho tamo year entreated the
chaiiCHlliir of lliH uiiivKrHity (o take effective
ateps to prevent the mile of fellowrdiipn and
scholarship.! (28 Manrh lt>7(f; STB-teH, life,
hk. i. rap. xiii; Mri,i,i!iatiR, p. 289). But
Wbitifiit'sHCUvitiesworeiiowto find a wider
fi.-Id for exi^rciiie than waa offered by aca-
demic functions. On 17 March l'j74-*>Arcb-
bishop Porker su^n^-strd his appointment to
tb« BW of Norwicli, but Iho recommendation
was neglected. I'arker's smjoiu) BiigjTfJftinti
of a liku kind watt autrceaaful. On L'4 .March
K>7R-7 Whitirift was numinalvd to the
bishopric of Worcrwt^T; he was enthroned
by proxy on 6 May l-j??, aud had restitu-
tion nf the temporalities on thft 10th. Next
month he resigned the mastership of Trinity,
which had pn>sp<!wd conspicuously, as h'i-i
succe^«or Dr. Still eloquently acknow-
ledged, during hia ten vear*' vigomun rule.
Whitgift
\\Tiitgift
His pupHi) indudtid ni&nr men who xrvn to
win tiiiitiiKrIiuii in afti^r lifu — nmong ChAin
Fmncu< Bui'OD und Itobort DoTerGUx.iieoond
pnrl of Ks*rK ; l>ul that InttifT only romiitllT
entvriM) the callegL* a montli hpftm*. WTiitgift
l«(t it. \Vliil|;ih stoutly prute8(«<d against
ihe elftims nf WMtminMer ^cIidoI to a nrar-
tical monopoly of scbolarships &t Tniiiiy,
attet thi> mnnnt^r in which the L>ndow-
Bients of Kinjr'a OoUese went moDopoUsod
by BtoD, uid tboM of Nfrw Co]1«{(^, Oxford,
by \Viiichc8t«r. Wliiti^ft sscurad a modi-
licalion of till! WeAtuiiastor luoimpoly, but
that only proTL'dlAinporary. Maraulnyin his
* KwuiY "U Hiurim' iiii!<rui>r<.'i>onl«d thn vtr<-ct,
tfaougli nat thn spirit, at 'Whixtdtt'a action,
and •TTtMiroiixly MWEiied the dUtinftuishwl
part that Trinity Collff^ ba.* played in tho
vduciilionol history of IUh c nuiitry to WTiit-
gilVit oppristtion to the Westminster mono-
poly (M ui-tisu KB, pp. 273-7). Aft«Tpreftch-
iDgfarvwi^!! B^rmoiLs at Oreal St. Mary 'a and
In Trinity Collffid cbapd, t1i<^ new bishop
was eacorted to liia hom4> at Worcwter by a
CBvalcadf of univuraily friends.
WhitKifl diiicliar^-d hi« uiiitcopal ta^ic-
tlons with charoctf-netic zeal. Kv^rv i^uoday
he prcaclu'd t-itlK-r in hiii vatLi.'drttl or iu a
pariah church of his diocene. lie ciiltivatGd
thu eucitity of thv Jiuutn,', und amplured his
inHuHnco to allay dimiiilcn ninonK tli"in. The
Btory ia told that two of hU neinhhnurK, Sir
John RiKBieli and Sir Hi-nry Berkeley, b^
twMtn wlinin iheie Icrnp sk islml a dpotlly fond,
on one occwiiin utrixprl in WorcPHt^reach at:
tiu', bond of an armi'd hand of frionds and
follower". \Vhit({ift ordpre-d the leodera to
bu iLiTi'Nied by hit) ^iiard and to h<! brouf^ht
to hia palace. There he diacuaH«d with them
their pftinra of diaogreement for two hotm,
with the r«-sull that thipy left, bia pr«wnc« a4
fVicndN. Hifi judicial ti^mpcniTiient cauaed
bim to be nominated a ro^al comiiiiK«ionar
to visit the cal ln-drnl)! of Lichfield and Hert-
ford. In both chapters aerioui quarrola
utiTi^ rifo, and Whitgift buccdmImI in ter-
minating [hem,
The oiK-i-n provf-d htt- respect for bim not.
mi-ruly by foregoing her llrsl-fniits, but by
i«aifi;ning to him, so lonj? as he reniainnd at
Wor(;i-ai*r. the riffbt, hitherto I'xerciaed by
th« crown, of fiUinfr tho prebenda in his
cuthedntl church (t Aug:. Ili8!>, Biitmarka
of royul favour did not imperil hi* imh>pon>
denw or bis sense of lh« duty he owed
thii church. Tho (]iiwn'.i fovoiirite, th« Earl
of Leiccai(-r, !>howed little reiipLict for church
P'^rty. and he and his friends w-n: in the
habit of divprtinR tothwMelvMtho incorae-s
« vacant mpb. I.«tee«tcr had ahown ayni-
patby with Cartwrigbt, and hud no likiug
Ibr Whitfrift. Whitgift ixnv aotetnnl j^ piv
tcitM aumunt ihifl nisappropnatioB of •oa»*
siaatJcat rerunuea, and m an elAbonta knd
dt|puG*td apiwch which he pronoiiBoed bafon
the quoen aokmiily warned ber ibmt her
future aaUation d^mid«d on the aecoritT
abf- i^re the inherited Mtatee of the churw
|W»LT05. Lifv qf niA>ktr). Tha qa«an afr*
knowlpdgi-d th>- )u.'tlic» of the rehake. Bid-
it WW not solely eccleaiaatical work that
occupied him whilv bo was buhop of War^
costvr. Soon after lua elevation be ww
appointed vice-preaident of rbe marchM of
Walm in the ahet-ncp in Ir^-Iand of ibe pn^
aidi'nt, Hir Ht-nry Sidney. He held tb*
offioe fortwoyranandahalf, und pf-rformod
D)altibTioiiaadmii)ii>lTal)Vi< dutitisM ithbenc'
flcial enerfTV and i hnroughneas.
On fl July 1583 Edmund Grludal. arch-
bishop of CantvTtiurr, died at Croydon. On
14 .'Vup. Whitgift was nonuBfttad to sueeeid
bim. He was enthroned at Canterbury mi
33 Oct. Unlike hia throe icntnediate pre*
decoMOTB — tVanmer. l*ark«r, and firindal—
be took part in the (vremony in pn^oa
inatvwl oi by proxy. Ilia father bad Ufl
bim a private fortune, which enabled hiis
to reetorv lo thu priuiacT sonietbiii([ of tbe
feudal magnificeace which had cbarartenNd
it in earlier davs. Hv maintained au army
of retainem, Tl<» travelled on thi* occasion
of hilt trii^nnial viwtations with a princvly
retinue. His hospitality waa profuH*. lUl
stahlce and armriiiry were better funuBhml
than ihofte of the richest nobtemnn. The
3ii*en approved siich outward indications of
ijrnity in her officemof Biat*-.and t be friewHy
feeling which ahe hod long choriehcd for liim
incr^'U!>cd after ho wa>i tii«talli»l at Lambeth.
Shp pluvt'uUy called him 'her little black
buabund,' and lr>.-atud him aa hvr confomOTt
t« whom .-Ih" waa reported to reveal • tht
very &ef.rete of her aoul.' The vrbolo care
of thu church wa*) ah^ dm-lariMl, dnliyated
to him (ift.'t She waa fr^xjupntly bis gneat
at I^rabetb, nod until hr-r d-.-slh Ihe amity
between ihem knew no intnniption.
Whitgift held the pHtnacy for more than
twenty years. His pT«dec«MAr Qrindal*
owinf; in part to feebleDess of health and \n
Eart to peraonal aympathy with puritanim,
ad outraged the aueen'^ genxe of order by
tolerating much direraitv of ritual aoWMW
the clergy. Such procc^)uri> in Elizabeths
ev6» spelt ruin for the church and country.
I'he qucoQ eogwlv promiaed Whitgift a ftw
Land on the undersfandinfc that hi- would
identify htmsQlfunmiHtakabiy with the cauv
of Hniformity. Wliiljril't bad no hesilati"
in accepting the condition. From the 6
be ccuceatrated hJs abimdam energiea
1 h,<t
nsiilnting tntl rtKoronxly wDforcIng cliwi- |
Siini) throughout iliechufch's tiournu. Puri- |
doctTine was not UDConeviiinl to him, .
hilt wjili puritan practior whort-vr i( cna- j
flicted wich itie Book ol' Conimoa I'rsyvr |
or tlw Act of C&iformity b« rcMlvfed to
luvo 00 Inioo. To lUimui catbolicisin lie
wiu t]ir«ctlv opposed in regard to both its .
doctrino &Eid pntcuce, but, liK« oil tliv scaUM' .
mimof thi! d«y,he riiffurdMl Itoman cutholi-
euiin in England L-liiutljr u» a pulitk'nl |
daoner, )uid wliilv nupporliDg with Kurhii-
Mum penal tegulaiion of an fxtrcinia kind i
against vjtiliuhca, hu vrtt* content to Ivt ,
others initiato schi-inra for repre>«8ing thn j
exercise of the p«pist rvU^ioa. The stifliiig ,
of puritanism, eKi«ciall>- m tht* raiiliA of thi-
cluT^y, ho reg&nUd u ois piMiuliar ftiDCtion.
III? tint mi-rcly devised the practjcal mea-
BOTva for the purjwflt^, but rr-riised to allow
thv queen'* nunistora to modify tht;m, and
^Med bis «srs to aif^mcntB, tiOTrcver in-
6iKiiitial thv quiirlvr whuiicv thvy vnnv, m
favour «r laxity in the adminijitracioii of a '
coercivi' iKilicy.
tlt« tint alt^p voA In drnw Up in lljSa a
neriea of utringL-ni articles which, smun^
otlivr thiiif^, prrihibit<-<l ull gin'twhing, mad*
inpi or cateciiii)ing in private housisa, and
forbade any ens to ex«cut« pRcli^ifliitical
functionA tmli^«a be iiret »iibAcritK>d to ih«
royal fuprvnativ, plvdginl hituiwU' to abide
in all things by the Book of Couimon I'ravcr,
and aocvptcd ihi> Thirty-uinv .VrUcI'.-t>. The
artickit n-c^ived thi^ qiit'i'n'A sanction, and
were put into force during Whitgift'e first
TMilalion. All cU'r-r^vnirn tvho hc^itat^d
to nsoent to tlu^in were siupf.nd«d ft\im
their duties. On l.ht- nnnivprMiry of thv
qun-nV ftctri'wifin (1" Nov. I'^Ki) ihn arcli-
bi«hou preached at Si. I'aul'aOrosa.and took
for his ti>.-Et (1 Cor. v'l. lO) ' Ratters shall not
inhvrit liw kingdom of Ood ' (the aermon
was pubUaWl in lo89}. At ihsMme rime
La tnccL-Mfully nTVummcDdud that tin? high
commiMaon court Mlwuld he gruited greuily
Aaffncnted powers. By liiBauvi(.-4>thfeT<iwn
drli'gatpd |ij thi> court, which wiu ihrno^
fon^h to consiMt of forty-four cnmmififiioiH'H^
^twvKeoftlifni to b« bieliop?), ull iti? pt>w«r»
in ihv wny of dtscovmne and pniiu-^lung
bentics and echibaiatica. In l-'J84 Whitgilt
dn-w up a list of twenty-four anii-h-rt, or
intortugatoricio, which were to be adminis-
tered by the aoiundL-d court of hi;<b cominis-
^^aion to any of lliu clergy wboui tb« court,
^Kof ita own initislivr*, thimglit good to quea-
^^Btion, TIi« new procuduni ohligMl a »u^
^^■pirct'.'d nitiiislrr to odhwit ujkiii oath (called
HKho oath fj officio) whelhcr he war in thu
^^Itabit of breaCiag the law, and thus li« waa
forced to bmrnne tivtdtitioo against binuelT.
Burgblcy doubted thAwi^dam of nnoh courws,
wbi^ he oxplainvd to Whiljjifl *too much
savoured of tho Komioh inquiaition. and
[wuru] mth^r a device to seek foroflendera
thiin to n^fomi any.' Whiigift. rt-plJed at
length that the procedure was well known
to many courts of the realm, but promisi^d
not to apply it fxc«pt whtiu piivatv n.>uiun-
strancos Iiad failed. Tlie clergy and innny
iuf1ii>;ntiul ryinpalhiecrs protMled against
\\' hitgitVa proui-durB with no gtvat^r "ft"«ct.
Sucli ministers of Kent na were au^^cnded
from Lht! ftxfculion of thvir minittry ad-
drtased a strong rfmon.Mroncfi tn the privy
council. Tluj ministi-ns of SuiTolk followed
the exainpht of their Ki^nli#h colleagues.
L«ic«eter and other members of the council
urged the archbishop to show grealiTmi^dera-
tion. 'WTiitgift peremptorily rifiiMd. Hn
asserted that tht! puriinn minister* wera
very few in number, lie knew only ten
uouconfoniH!*! clergy of uriy uecount in his
own diocese rif Kent, where sixty ministvrit
vut b imiastically eiuppurtcd his policy at all
points. The IIouhd of C'omntonii jiiinixl in
thu attack ou the er-ofkio oath and Ibo
new urticli>K of Kubscription that Whi'gift
iinpoeed ou the clergy, but Whitgill retorted
ibnt tint L-nnipliiiiits came from lawyers
whoati learning waii Kwi limited to wiirrnnt.
any attention btring paid to it. \lv dt^clintid
to bo moved from any of his positions, and
in order to crush adyur!>L' criticism hn caused
to be passed in the high cummiiwicni court.
oil 2.1 Jiui, l-5t}0au extreotdinarilv rignmus
decree — known a* tlll^ KriLr-c!ianil>i'r dscree
— which seemud to render public oritioimn
imp(iNStbU>. >'o manuscript wus to h« set
up in t^'pe until it bad be/'n penned and
licwniwd by the archbishop or tlie bishop of
Ijondoti. Tho preM of any printer who dis-
obeyed the ordinance wue to bo at once
dosi roved ; h« was prohibited from following
his trade tlivnce forth, and woe to sufTur six
months' imprisonnifnt (.A.KIIER, TranMci-ivt
(/ Slatiotur^ CotnpaHy,ii.!<\(i). Elitabeta'a
faith in the arch biiliop was cunHrmiil by his
rigorous action. Ho was admitted a mem-
bur of tbm privy council on 'i Feb. lo8f>-6,
and regularly (iltiTided it.i mct'-tingft thencn-
foclb. The absence of Leicester in the Low
Countries during I681.I, and bis death in
1088, deprii'ed the puritans of a powerful
advocate, and the archbishop of a powerful
critic. Tht! patriotic fervour usciCM by ibij
Spaniah armada also at rengtbened Whitgifl's
hands, and oRicurs of statu ^'rew less in-
clined lo question lliH wi>doui of bill polity,
lu I5**7, on the death of Sir Thomas nrm-
lt>y, be was oflercd the post of lord chancoU
Whitgift
»34
Whitgift
lor, but ilMJiocd it in favour oT Sir Chris-
topber lint Ion, KliojMinttiiudi^ to |nirit«u»[D
coinridnl with Ilia ovrn aiid Riider«d him «
Tsliisble ally. In Bovi<mnpnt ftn:l>;« W'bit-
gift'sreUnlleHapfnUuncy silenced all active
opposition.
Tho arclibipliop vtm not indiflrreal to thti
advaiitagt: of cfT^clive lit«rarv support. Early
in Iftbo hi' rL-cotnmcDdi-d Icichnn) Hooker
[<i. v.] for apiKiiiiiiacai to tins nwit^-TshiD of
tlw Twoiple, and next year he silenced Waltor
Travi^n [q. v.], th» puritan cliampioQ, wlio
wnt anf raiioii lociurer nt thti Temple, and
hftd rinlpiitly denounced ITookcra tlico-
loBicftl vij^wd. IIooktT dcdicnUul to WUit-
j^ft hiii 'Answer' to charges of beredy
which Trnvers broufiht sfratofit him, and tlia
arcbbinhop cTinccd the MrongoW inteieat in
Hooker*« gnat eSbn in hi» ' Ecclesiasticiil
PoLty* to offer a loRicnt justihcation of Ihi;
Anfflican utabli^hiutnl.
MeaifwbilQ th« sctivity of the archbishop
exaaperoted th« piiriians, and, in #pltA of hut
enslavement of the orettv, tlivv for a lime
trJiimphnntly succeeded in defyinjr him in
print. John I'oun' [q. v.] aiid his friends ar-
rangrd forlhKaecivl pubhcalion of aKTiea of
acurrilouB attacks un the e^iscopatv which
■ppaand at inl<-r\iilii during iii^Arlr two
ream under the piM>iidonyra of ' .Martin Mar-
ndate.' The fueilludo Vgan in lo)^ with
tbe iasue of Martin Mar-Pnlatcn ' Kpiwle."
and was tharpiv miiitiiniin'd until thi^t-nd of
!fi89. Throughout, ^\'hit^if^ was a chief
ubjccl of ihu as«aull. ' Tht.- Epistle ' (lOt^).
the I'drliral fif th*- (racts, opened witb the
taunt thai Whilgilt had iievwr repIM to
OartwrightV lnt<-At. conlriliulionH to the pa^t
controversy. Peury's addrcFs to parliament
in 16B9wB8 stated on Mi» titlM-pn^c tr> hi' an
expoeure of 'the hiid & injurious dt'aUng- of
th Ar«bb. of Canlerb. & oiher hiscolIeaRU^ii
of thii hiffh commisHion.' In the ' Dinlojiuo
of Tyrannical Dt-aling' (1'>S91 Whittiilt waa
dtmounci-d as uiore ambitious ihon iVolH^y,
proudtir than GardinLT, mnn- 1 ynmniml than
mnncr. in tbti ' JiifcK'^'nj'urf iitnl Uetiroiif'
(15S)) the pomp which churactotiaed Wbii-
ffift's proorMsaa through his diootM waa
ooUterouAly ridioulvd : ' Is seven score horse
nothing, thinkeet thou, to be in the train of
an En^iiAh prictst f ' Kl(ii:'whi-re the arch-
biahop was uescribt'd as the 'I5eelcebub of
Canterbury.' 'the Canterbury Caiaphos,' 'a
raonatrou« Autidtriftt,' and 'a most bloodv
tyrant,' The aliack roused all Whitgift a
niaentmcnt. Ht.> accepted BancrolV's pro-
posal that mfii of M'f'ni should b» induced
to reply to tlm Msr-Prplate tro^-ta nfl^ir their
own indecent fo^hiun, iitit hv dfn'im-d it his
personal duty to aiippresa the controveTsy
ot all baxarda. }!& personally dir»eud tbe
aaarch for tbeoReodinff libellers, and pushed
the powera of the high commiwion courl to
the extrwmeet limits in order first to obrain
evidence aniut >usp(set(<d p«r«otia, and then
to secure la^puaiahmenl. In his exaui-
natiou of prisoners be showed & brut«l iuao-
lenca which U alien to all modi'm oonoep-
tions of justice or religion. He invariably
ar^ed for the scvereitt i)enaltie«. Of two of
the moat active Uar-rn-lalt! piuiiphlntKen,
Ponry died on the ecoffold, and L'dal ta
pvison. Nor did iui relax his efforta affainvt
older offenders. In tfiOO Cartwright was
cijminilted to prison for refusinfr to tike tbw
ejt-ti^eio oath. In all part* of the country
miniaters met with the same fate. UuL
Whitgift raat^hod tlic conclusion that more
remained to b« done. In 1&93 be lodueed
the que^n to appevl to parliament to paaa ao
act nroridinf; that thoao who Tefus«d to at-
leucl church, or attended uuauchorised T«li>
gious meetings, should be banished. In tbe
ruvult tlie church's stoutest upponcnta left
their homea and found in ilolhuid the liberty
denied them in their own country. By aucn
mr-nt:H Whilgif). wiu iible to boiuit that h«
put an end for a reason to militant noncon-
formiiy.
XttiiT the crisis Whitgift showed with
bold lack of logical consistency that Wr^
mftined in theory well dispoiied to thom
portioni> of Calvinist docirinu which did not
touch ritual or dtM^ipline. Cambrid^ was
still a tiroiiffhold of Calvinist doctrinu, and
tlie Calvinuitic Irailtrs of tliir unireraity
b«g[rud Whil^ift in 159n to pronounce autho-
ritaiivnly in thrir fittuur. He sumraonvd
William Whilaker 'j\, v.], the profeasor of
divinity, and one or two other Cambriilaa
tutors to Lambeth to confer with him in
conjunction with the bishops of Loudon and
Banj^r and the dean of Ely. As a result of
the confentucb Whiij^ifl drew up on 20 Nov.
1595 the so-called LomWth arliclea, nine in
numbiT, which adiipu-d without qualification
tlie ('alviui^t vif%>s iif predvAtinalion and
election. TiiM archbishoji of York (Tlutton),
who wstinot present at tlicconfTi^nre, wroI»
to express appro%-n1. Whitgift ina letterto
tbe vieesihuTicellor and heaos of collefr^ at
Cambrid^, wliil<^ strongly urfrinj; ibi^m ta
allow no olher doctrine to be taught pub-
licly, stittL-d that the propositions WL-rc not
lawB or decrees, but mt-n.^ explanations of the
doctrine of the church (^4 Nor.) The
queen did not appreciate Whitcil^'s attitude,
ami for thn Bmt tinw comtjbiined of his
action. Through Sir Robert Cecil, her secre-
tary, "hn budi.^ the srchbisbon ' siisjM.'ud ' his
pronouncement (6 Dec.) Three days later
I
i
*
c
I
IF"
I
"Whttgift oonBdftitially iaJbrmed Dr. Neville,
tnftflw of Triiiity, that the uIil-U'S muat
not be formally puUuluxl ow'myr to ttia
quMa'fl ditlikt* of tbem. He hail oaly in-
t4nidAd tnlrt thBCambriilgoOiilvitiiste know
that ' he did concur with ibnn in judgiaent
nnd would tn The {>nd, and tnea&t not to
SuDVr any miiu to immit^n | thow ojiiiLimiiiJ
openly or olbtTwUc.' riicri' the intitt<>r was
Kllowl-d to drop. For ihe remainind y*iir»
nf tit« i[ueen'A reign Whit^ifl inniiily con-
fined hie attention tu ndmitiistratlTt> reforms.
Ihtier w»w taken to sectiro a higher fttni)dlird
of leaminfr nmonu the infitriurcltiryy (WIL-
']ny8,Con^t/la,iv..S:^l; Oj^iiav.¥.LL,Nt/Mo<lalui,
a, MS), and oanons were passed in 1&87 lu
prevwit tlis abusa of iwn-nr*ni'-mv. It itt
•aid by hi» biogmphor I'anle that he raagfat
a reconciliniinii with (?artwriRht , But N\'liil"
gift still frjujjht hard for thw iiidi-peinlt-nce
of eoclcsitKtical courts, and, while Krisiug
their proowlure. h» protested in 1 WO agninKl
the growing practice in thr msjiilar crtiirts
of law of grouciuu ' urtiUibiliona' Biiaoending
lie ordnances ot tna court of higti com-
uissioD.
On thrt occiuinn of I'jisen's rebellion in
JanuftFT 1600-1, Whitgift, di-*pil« his pt-p-
annn) fri<?ncl»Iiip for the i?arl, wiifi vraa hia
old tiiipil. tthowod tli4> uliD()L-t Etctivily in
anticipating an attach on the ({uuen. He
■eut from Lnmbetb a email amiy of forty
Itorvcmen ind forty fooiui«n to protect the
court in CBS« of net-d. The archbidhop'a
troc^ of footmen sccurad Ki!«vJi'8 arrrsl nt
K«MX IIouM, and ronductetl him to Lam-
beth before rarrving him to the Towlt,
"V^'hitgift ii(t«'nrU>(l Qiiet-n KlJKubi'th during
her laat illueiu. and wnjt nt her bedpide whea
alio died at Uicbmond on 38 MiLrrh !(']<):> R,
He acted as chief mourner at lier fLiiienil in
Weatniituii^r Abbey. .Meanwhile he was
not iM^lectfiil of hia relations with her sue-
OflMor. Uu attvndi-d the council at which
Jamm VI of Scotljiad waa nroelaimrd king,
sod at ooce wat Thumaa S'uville, deati of
CaaCvrbury, to Rdinhurgh to convey hia
Mtigratulatiana. Hn amploynd tixraa of
obae«]uioii«neM which linv« viixwi^d liiin to
adrer«ccritici!im, hut ho was laerelr follow-
ing the fornui in vo^ue in iLd(ln-««ing dotv-
reigtu. At thckinfr'H invitation hitforwonled
a report on ihe Ntai« of the churth, nnd n.>-
ceived satiBfactory aMuraacea that the king
would prove hid Qdflicy to the Anglican
MtabliihiuKnt. lu .May Whitf^ift met the
^ing for thE> first time at Th<.>obiild!< on Im
way to London, and on "2fi July ctlebrated
his coponatiiin. Thfi puritans hopitd for now
liberty frotn the new regime, and Wliilgift
foand himaetf compelled to adopt the king'ti
auggestton of a conference with the puritan
clergy, in order that the poiniw of ditference
between tlu-m might bu distiuctlv staled.
The conference waa opened at ilampttm
Court on 16 .Ian. I60£-4. The king pre-
aidinl. Wliiigifi. nrtmded aa Ihr ri^tvran
chnmpion of orthodoxy, but it was left to
UirlinrO Ituncroft, bt»hop of London, to t4ke
the handing pnrt in th« diKiissions. The
nrehbishop waa placed iu an eunborrsssing
position by the import on it y of John Itai-
noldea, the lender of the puritan disjiutants
in urging the formal adoption by the hi*adB
of tilt: church of Whitgift * Luiiibcth articles.
JaineM I finally decidud the main p<^iiilit in
the biehiipa' favour.
Whitgifi wa>i rcrlin(,'tln'iuconTpnience8of
old age. In February lti04 he cniu^ht iNild
while travelling on hia barge from Lamheth
In the hinhnp of l/indonV reitidvncc nt Ful-
ham To ccuiBuIt with the bifhona on church
business. A lew day* later — the first Sun-
day in Lent -hi- went to dine at Whitehall,
and while at dinner waa atricken with para-
lyfli^. He was rcmovt-d to Lambeth. 'I'he
king paid him a vi»it a fow duya lalvr, but
his power of speech waa gone. He could
onlvujuculiitv at iulurvub thu words 'Pro
eccii-.Hiii IVi.' He di«J — 'likn a lamb,'nc-
cunliug lo bis attendant and biographer,
Pante— on 2it Feb. 1603-1. The next day
hU body was carried to Croydon, and his
funeral woa tolemni»ed there on '27 March
ltK)4 in great state. A sermon was preached
by ii<stvwm Babington, bishop of A\orct»ter.
In ilie nouth-«a«t corner of the chantry of
St. Nicholas in the parish church of Croy-
don Ih'.-re WHM iu<t up u ninnuitii'nt on which
lay hifl recumbQiit emgy, with hia hands in
tbe act of pmyer : the decoration included
his armnrial bcaringiii nn well as tho«o of
the sees of Canterbury and Woroetier, tlw
dwinery of Lincoln, nnd the coltegaa of
PuterbouK, Pembroke Hail, and Trinity, at
Cumbridne. The monument waa much in-
Jiirod in the fire which nearly diwtroyod the
church on fi Jan. IWi". Thomas ('Imrchyard
[q. T.] isifued on Whitgift.'a death a poem
laillw! 'Ohun-Iiyarda floo<l Will, naff and
heavy Veraca in the nature of an Epitaph'
(Ivondon, liiOt, 4lo; reprinted iu I'ark'a
' He.liconin,' vol. iii. ) Another ' epitaph ' in
the form of a pamphlet appeared anony-
mously in the aatnt- yiMir from the pen of
John Khodea, and a eulogistic life by the
controller of hia bonsehoId.SirGeorg* Paide
[q. v.], WAA published in 1013.
With hia cunt^'inpiiraries WiiitgiPt'it cha-
racter stood very high, in spite of the
rancour with which liu wns pursued by
puritan pamphleteers. The poet Thotnaa
Whitgift
136
Whitgift
Bast&rd, in bis ' Chivstaleros ' (tfiOS), ftpo-
8troplii»»d Iiis 'fxcv'lliiiii worUi ' and purity
(cf. Oahaob, Lin/iif IVooUie, 1621), Ae-
eonUtiff to John Stow, nbo dedicated hia
'AnnaU'tn titm in l(i9*J, he wns '11 miin
tiom for tlii3 bi^nefit of Lis country and tbe
Sood of hi» church ' Camdnt osserla that ' bp
evouily coufocnied bt>tb hi8 whole lift) to
Ood and hia painful latKiuntti lli^gi^ioj of liia
church.' Sir Hfnrj' Woiion t«nu8 him 'a
man of rurpn*nd and Mftcrvd rnvmnry ; and
of tUp primitire temper, an wben tbe chorch
did (IiiiirLKli in biehsKt vxampls of virtutf.*
Fiillftrpronnancedliini 'on>' nf th'' woRliiciir
men tiiat I'vor the En^lisb liierarcby did
ei\joy,' Tiaak Wftlton nMt-rtijd tliat * hV vrn*
tiot«d to be pnideol and aBnbl*', and gcntlu
br naturL'.' Hooker creditod fiim witb
patiKDce. UespilL- Uil- pcnip which lit- maiii-
lained at Lambeth nud on hin visttalionf,
be was not personalty aclf-indulgent. Wb«n
miielvr of Trinity \v? usually tuuk \\\t incali
■witb the undiTBTaduates in thi? polK-gw hall,
and Hhorod 'th<.'ir muJuralu, thrii^y divt.'
Ill lii* latest yi'fiTf. Ill- fr.'()iirritty diiiHid with
his poor ptinfiioncrs ut bin Croydon boiipiial,
and ate tlicfir Himpl» rnr>>. But (In* nni-
mositves which hit ttxciti'd by bia np>routi
OOercion Iiv«d lonf; aft«r bioi, and aiich fun-
(imu in hifl chftnicti;r iw ihrw wen? ovct-
Iwked or deniL^. I*rynn«, in his' Antipathy
of tbe Eiwliah Lordly Prelacy' (IWIX con-
demnad bim not unly fur his upprvstii'iu, hut
for bit lack of spiritual l.<-m]H'r, tiJi i>vid«iii>*d
by the majfailitenw of his lionsohold nnd
hi* ni>uiit*'tiKni'i* "f n pirnm'ti cit' ri^t))ini>ra.
Mapttuhiy, t?t'liitn|; tbi' vii'wsortbi' puritan
hisl'iriau*, calls tiiin 'a niirrow-uiinded,
mt-an, nnd fyrnnniral privet, who painod
power by Hcrvilily and adulation, nnd <*m-
ployod it in piTsocutinii; both tlio:^ who
ftgn.-cd wilhOalvin about church j^oveniincut
and thoBfi who diffi-rodfrom C-alviii touching
iho doutrini) of njjin ibut ion.'
\Vhitj{ifl's( puhliL' witrk ran only b* fairlv
judged in ri>1aiion in hie environment. Th«
miHli'rn conccptiurm of tO'lumlion and com-
prrthcnnion, hy which MarnnSay tr-f4ti>d hiii
conduct, lay nuleidc bis meniul horizon.
3l« conceived it to lj<t hi* boim<ii-n duty to
enfo^>^ the law of the land in eccleMiajli^al
matU^rs st«mly and strictly. Tlio limes
were critical, and h« believed the AtiKlican
estahliAhineiit coulil not vexitt the lumuults
of cutholics on thi- uno hand and pnrltana on
the other unlt^ui they were represjwd auiu-
msrlly and by force. Hia pareoTul accep-
tance of tliM d')Ctriria] lliriorivfl of Hiine of
tile TPvoltinfT clerjjy went in hie. mind for
not.biiiK wli(?n tiw war* i.-iiipigiwj in tL'> practi-
cal boaineaa of gnverning the church. The
poMive obedience of the cleric to the biiUiopd
in all iiuiU>'ni toocliinK diM'ipline and ritual
was in bis eyeA the fundamental princinle of
vpi»copBvr. Active divergence uon uicci-
plinA or ritual a^t eatabliahed by law. of
which the biahops were iole aathoruwd in*
ttTpftfl^r*, placiM theclerffv in the poailioot
of traiton or Mwli*. Much cruelty marked
hiit administration, and Ik- gaiR puriluiiMU
soinuthlng of the advaniafre that cornea of
pEntHcttlion. lln; rtli-ot of hii> policv waa la
narrow thi- bounds of ibechurrJi, but within
thu HmitK liini lui tia>if;ued it be made the
.'\Ti)(litran iviiabliahmbnt a Mnbbomly powrr-
ful and botnoK^neoUB oiyanisMJoo which
provcl cA|>alil« a f'<w years later of main-
taining iie eAiAtence against whaiaectucd 10
be overwhelm inj{ odda.
Whiif^irt wa« unuuirrtoil. Tbroiichout hia
life he encoiira^'ed learning and iiilerofied
bimsolf in education. At Lambeth, aa at
Trinity College, Canihrid)pj, hu took charge
of young men to wbo«e training bn devoti^d
niutth actcntton. According to bia «u>lt»t
biograplier, Hir lieorge l^ule, 'hia bom», for
the lectures and acolutic exerciaa themn
pcrlnrtiipd, mi^lit jiiMly b« account»d a little
academy, and in Mtnit^ nep(«t« RupArior and
more profitable — vis. for murti&l aSairt aud
I luicKperienre that dirine« and othur scholars
bad, wtnK ni^r, and often at the court and
chief (wafjt of jiistief, from wlM^nce they oin-
linuully hud llm puEaafcm and inieUig«iic«
lioth for niuttt-rit of »Lale nnd govoramwit,
in causea eccla'iiasticKl and civil.'
While nt^lcir of Tfvemhnm Whitgift nnd
Murgaret, widow of Hartholomew Fulnetby
of Ihar. place, founded a bible clerkship at
lV■lo^holl^^■^ They abio wttU-d 3/.parannuin
for the relief ofiioor widows of t he pariah of
Clavering in Ewex. Ho gave to TriDiCT
O'dlegv a pivCQ of plalu and • collection of
mauuscriptj. He alM gave a nianuacrijtl of
iht'CumpiutuDsian bible to Pembroke llall,
Kiid a hundred uinrkx to tin- city of C'uilvr*
bury. Under leciera patent from (jneeii
KlixAbetli, d»tei) '2i Nov. iri%, be fottniled
at Croydon a hospital and a free school
dedicated to the Holy Trinity, for d wartlen,
■cliool muster, and twenty Poor men and
women, or as many more tiuuer forty u ^Xv^
rL-veiLUeawouM admit. The alructure.a brick
fdiScu of quadrangulHr form, waa finiahud
unyilSepL 159!l,ata.wlofs;.71tW. lU.lrf.,
the ruvvnutiK at that pirrlud Uitng \iiiU.\t.'2d.
{K-rniiiiuui. Wbilgifl'^^tatiiti-ii.fromaraanu'
Rcriptat Lambeth, wet« printed in Uuearet's
' Cnjvdun,' 17KI, nnd avpsraUdy in 1S10.
The fmindation ia mill maintained, and the
endowment is now worth 4,000f. a year.
The bwpiTal maintains thirty-nine poor per-
1
«
I
Whithorne
'37
Whithorne
, aemii, tuit nuito inn«t« n«eiving 40/. a year
ittid each rmBuJe SO/. Twq soboQU aro dow
E»u{i|Mrt<-<l out of tli« bon«fiiction. The ori-
' im] 80I100I wRa removed to oew buildinga
Kt Oovdon in 1871, and in addiiinn tlii>re
>luu lieeo openad tbc ' Wliitgift Jdiddle
School.'
Tb«> rhtvf tmeis and Aennuiut piihlubed b^
Whilcifl ill hill lifi-tiitii^ huvf bttm a)i>ii-
tionefl. A oolWtion of the^w worlw, wjlh
much that ha lel'l iu uianuecri[>t, wiu i'dilcd
I for the I'urker Socie^rv bv the ICev. John
' Ayre, Cambrid^, lUOl 3 (3 tdIb. Svo).
' Tmm rolumm conl4Uii his tracts Against
Ctrtwright, &ermous, l«tten, aud i^xtracia
from bU determination* and lectiirta. Many
uotps by Whil^ift niiniiiii in nianuMri^t at
Liiuihtfth, in the Taiiuer maiiuacripta at (he
J^idleiiui Library, and in various (.-ollDtMioiw
at the I'uhtic Ilvcurd UlBuq nod ibu Dritiati
iilllJttfUIl).
^^ Portraits of Whitpift are at Lainbutb
^Kpit1nn.<, Ht Ktiolf, in th« Whitgil^ ho*i|iitttl
^Hftt ('roydoii, Durham Casllf>, the University
^H Library, Cambridge, Trinity Colli^gv, and
^f Pei4.'rhoii»(>, Cambrid^-, and tlit> picture gol-
I lery at Oxford, Ilia porli-ait hai been en-
gntred in tho * IlGruologia,' and by U.
^K wLiic. Ueorgo Vertue, Thoaua Trotter,
^BaDd J. Fitller.
1^^ ['l'h« Mfliest bioe'i'pby was ih* Ki-mfHithotic
Life * wriltaa by Sir Q«orgo VauU, knight.
COBuptrollerorhis Orai^w lloustlioldo' {LondoD.
priottHl by Tbnmaji Soodhiun, 1<JI3; another
•dit. lOVd); rDprintod in Wordsworth's Ecdwi-
aft)(nl£toeTnphy,vol.ir. Thernniipiod sketch
of thn xri'hliiKhop in liajik Wnlton'n Lite of
ilookor. But rh''fuUvst account i* .Sirype'sLifu
1^ and Acta of WMigift. I/nndon, 1718, fol,. with
I^H an DOfrrated portrait by Vert 11 e ^lti22, Z VuIh.
^H'Srn, oith itii t-D^nTeil jjortniil hy J. Fittler).
^BSao nlao Hnok'a Lives of ths Archliishopa of
^H- OaBCerbory. ral. v. -, OoopM-'s Atbenie Oiutatir,
^B Tol. ii. ; Cwicvr's Annals of Cambriilgc ; J, Kh»d
Hulliogi^r'A fiiivarfiity of Cambridge from lfi3A
to IS2&, Ci^inbriiiKe, 1SS4. jiiisaini ; liaskeirs
JHartin Mnrprvliito ContruviTsj' ; Arber's In-
Lrudactiitn to tlio Hartin AfarproUta Contro-
Tomj ; Acts of ths Priry OjiiDdl; C«l. Wtato
P«p-n.Dom.lfl7B-lC«4;Colli«T'iiKc<-U«.Hiiri.;
^MSoamca's Elixabcthun Hist.; Fallvr's Church
^^kSinlory; IItwatoI's Crovdon niid I^iiiUlh ;
^^■Hallnai's Cunslitotiainiil Htit. ; OArrawH Hint.
^Hand Aaiiq. of Cravdun, iritli a Sketch uf iha
^PLifeof Whilgift. Croydon, IKIB.] 8. L.
WHITHORNE ur WHITEHORNE,
i'bTKU (/. l.V13-^lo4i3), miliUry writer, ta
di'scrihed ou thi: tilIi>|>nR(?s of his books, first
I as »tiidfnL aiul thtin ajK'fa'Uow'ufllrBy'H Inn ;
buthia name doea not ncmr in the repi^iers
tuilvMI be b« th« I*. Whjtanm who was ad-
mitted a student in lM3(FoeTBB, p. 16).
About 1R60 he wa.<i M>Tving in the annioa of
tb« cmp«cur Charles V against the Moors,
and wa4 pr^M'nt at thf^ sit-ffi.- nud capture by
thw Spaaiardii of ' L'alibbia,' a momiatffry in
Africa, lie also spiiaks of baTtng baen in
Constniiitnopli.'. While in Adricu ne trans-
lated into Engliah from the italtnn ^In-
chiavetli'a ttv-utisu on thu art of war, but it
waa not publisbini till t«ii ymini hitur, when
WbilahoniL' t^nns it 'the tirst frniiettof a
poom soul dill ur's studit*.' It was dedicated
to Qu»!n Elizabeth and was cnciHcd 'The
Art« of Wamg written first in Italian by
Nictiolaa Machinuoil and set forlhv in Eng-
Uehe . . . with an addicion of otliur like
Marciftllii fL'al«« and cxiwriinents . . .,' Lon-
don, 410. Th>.- titlc-pagu ia iluiL-d 'Anno
MULX. Mensc Julii,' but the colophon baa
'MDLXII M*<nM> A]>ri]itt.' Other tdilions
appeart'd in 167-1-'laiid l-j4d.bothiiii]uurto,
wliitehoruf nt-jct produced ou Enj/lisb Lran*>
Ialii.»u of I'abto Colta'e Ituliau vt'naonof tbe
tireek ' Strale^ii'^UN ' by Ouosaiidir, a wTJtw
of tho lirst conltiry i.u. It. was pmitied
• Onoijiandm PInlonico, of tho Gi-npral Cap-
taints, and of bU office . , . itnjinntcd at
l^indon by Willysm S«*8. Anno 1J>6U,'
and van di'diciitt-d to the Mirl m&rabal,
Tfaomss Howard, duke of Norfolk, to Tvfaom
'XS'hilijhome ' wyshcth longe life and per-
pctuall felicilit;.'
[Work« in Brit. .MiM. Liljrarr; Tannei's Bibl.
Ur.t,-IIil.] A. F. P.
WHITHORNE, THOMAS (Jl. 15D0),
ULusical amateur, publiahed in 1671 ' Soag«s
of three, foivcr, and Buo pariea, by Tliomaa
Whythornft, g«>t.' llie collMCtiim conaista
of j<(>\entT-atx pieces, mostly to devotional
words, in fivr inirl-book*. Thpy were well
firinlt^d by John Day, tbt! words in black
••tier. Tnere are copiea at the British Mu-
seum^ Bodleian, and Christ Church libranca.
As waa umoX, Whithomo wmiu both tbo
worda and music. Complimentary Latin
TursM, difTiTuut iiL iNich of the part-hooka,
are pre&xtid ; and Wliithorut! in duly iir>-
mised iimnorlality. la liiOO hi> imbliidied
another collt-clion ttnl.itWl ' Dims, contain-
ing tifty-twn pifcea, some for treble and bass,
some for two tryVlea or two comvia, and Qf-
t'-'-n cfttinn.*. It is drdicated ro the Earl of
Iluntiu^doD from London ; it waa printed
by Thotnns East, and Whithornu's portrait,
at tht) age of forty, is at the «nd of vaob
part-book. The first twelve pieooa are an-
tbumsi only ihu opou lag words of all tba
othnnt HTv giveu.
'^^'bithomewas an amat^nr with an inor-
dinat«> tn^lii-f in bis own pownrs. His works
are ignored in the theoretical treatiaea of
Whiting
'38
Whiting
Morler, R&TcnMroft, *i\d OitmpioD ; nor
vere tbey tnenlioncd by an; critic until
Buni«; deAcribcd thu ' Soiigos,* dismiMictf
botli wonla ocd niu&ic bh * \mly bubarouB.
ilimbaull^ ItocliBtro, lliiak, Dnri.'j, nnA Noget
ftU speak of tlivm with contt<[npl. Tne
'Duos' tre le«i bad, but orw unknown to
biUiogntp])«n, Knd are not mention^ lintti
in Grove'a ' J^ctiuiiBry.' In [In>tt-n iiud
Hiratton'H 'British Musiral Iliot^ftphy 'they
uv nbnurdlv vntitli.'il ' Rmmivo,'
A portrait of Whitlirime, dated \iiP&, in in
tb« po wo wion or Mr. W. II. CummingR (of.
Brumlks, p. ■>:{).
pSTiitlipnio'B Worta in Britisli Moseum Li-
bfnry; Hiirnnj'» Iliitjjry of Music, iii. 119; ilini-
bsult'* Bibliothc» Mud rig aH ana, |>. vii , (jrova's
Dictlonarjr of Uunc and MuMi-innti. ii. llil, ir.
48<, i)l7; i>«T«y'« titntorjr of Kiiglinti Mtu-ic.
Lt38; Nflccl'* Onchic'bui dor Miutik in Kog-
d, iL288.} II. U.
WHITINa. JOHN (1068-1722),qaftkep,
SOOOf Jolin Wliitiu^nf Xailtea, tHMrHmtol,
wb«re bb yLumau anceEtors had lougowoBd
a SDUU e«tntt!, wn« born tlirn^ in idW. Hu
BLoUiur &Urr, dau^iitc'rof John Kvanji of thn
Mine parial), mid Ihh rnlluT n-i>n< onvprtpd ("-n
Juukerism in lUM by John Aiidland and
olm ('jiuiin [q-*-] At tbeir house wcrw
liuldtlififirst mec-tinirsinSoniorBL't. WhiiiuR'a
filtbfirdied in I<V>8. His mothor in DucumWr
1660 niu sent with two hitudrcd others to
fllcbwter gaol for refii»iii(j ihu oath of all^
S'uioe. Rcleosffd dC tliP apriiig uasixca at
iftrd,sb0 nmrrlud iu lUOt MueL-s Urjant uf
Nail«M: hy him ahe bad tbn-e suiu, and
died in Noveiiibi-r ItlOlf.
WIiitiufT was [.>diic:»ted at r^ gTitiiunar
schoot, but wtLs bn^itjj^Lt up sa « quaker.
At his stcptiilh^-r'a dt-ntJi in Ui7'2 hv vn-nl
to live with hU titiw cuardian, Edmond
Bc«k#, at IVrtisbead, aiiduiur thrn- CbmrliM
Marsliall (1637-1898) [q. v.] Ilia sUri-r
Mary, bom in 1654, was now a qunkur
pr«aoiter, and io August 167fi B<a out on a
prMWhiag jouruny towards Londt^n. InNo-
TSinber be joined her in ltiicliirt);>ULm4hin\
They visited quak<-ni in Kcading gaol, and
nwclivd London in DflWiuhij-r. Thonce hu
■ Tatoraed home, while sW travelled north-
ward. On 1 April lH7fi he nyoioud b*:r at
Norton, Durlinm, an.] fgund hur ill ; »hd died
tb«B oil 8 April 107(1. aged tweiitv-Iwo.
isome time after, while in pri*on, bewroic
•Early Piety wcpmplifird m the Uh and
IJentL of Mary Whitinff, with two of her
I'.p.fitlw atlcH.=.4to; 2nd edit. 17H. ll'ino).
J<«Kw after hw rettirn to Xnilsea. AVhitioff
^.f ^'*.?P»**'" 'n III" hi»bo(i'« rn,,rt at
WoU. (38 Itay ie78j for not paying tithw.
llf WAK, bowrver, appointed orontBcr of bis
pariih, and was unmolested tbrougli thit
wintfT. but on as Jan. IfiTfl he waa
nnd carrit^ to lIcbntiTciol- Aftervigii
months be was removed to thn Old rri
allowt-d to walk out, and frometimes to vi
Nailsea. Mauv olherqiuikfrrs wi-rcprifOn^r*,
and on Sundays tlitty bvld meotitigs, which
oiitaidm Ktti'ndfd. in thi> cr^at ball or ia
thn wallei) oiwhjird. MTutinR wan in fre-
quent oorrcspondtrncn with Ixiiidon Frieodi,
wild sent him hnnk-f. Hp wrote much, aod
reed the works of Boehmv, Sir "WaU.THnlt^h,
ani^l oth^'T aulbors. Un Jami» ITs aceeaaion
WbiiiuK rainly tried to obtain his rolwM.
' Liberty of cmnscJ^^iw was in the pwA*,' he
says, * for ii was to lonft in coming out.'
Whi^n Monmouth arrin-d in Taunton,
ASrliitingandhtssisttfr^in-ian-, Mrs-Scoti, in-
ivrriewod bim. Coosidi^rint; the state of the
country. Whiting thoufrht bv»t to itiirr>>ndpr
bimeclf at Ilchcster. TUi'po h>*wi»» speedily
thrust into irons amonir Mimmouth'^ men,
and spent eix wwks chaini-d 1u John }iip9-
ley, another fjuuk(>r. He was ollow^l to ff>
to hie own room afl«r thirtmm wit;k», in timr
In hi' an cyn-wititeas of Mmr of Clieat nxutins
of the ' Bloody aasiie * (Am« Memoir; pp.
Ki'i-B). He i»mnin«! ii oliwi- jirinoner Hialal
tbt! kingV proclamation about the end of
MnrHi \*m.
W'liiiiii^ mnrrivd Sarah Ilnrd on M May
IQiM, and two yvnr^aftcriuovod to a shop at
Wrington. Thpre I'enn often viMted bin,
and held mwlimfs. VVliitin)i's aulobio^ropliy
ends in 1696. Th« remaiiidi>r of bin life was
largely spent tnvelluij; in various counli|^^|
in the soul li of KnKlimd and in Lond^^^^|
wharH he died in the parish of St. ^^^^
1 in the parish of St.
,011 V2 N..V. 1722. n*
buried in the now vanbhed (juakor btkrial-
groiiiiil in Hanorer Street, l^ng Acre, oa
lh« 16th.
.Mnny of AVhiting's manuscripts remained
unpuhl'iAlicd. His 'Catalojjiie of Friends'
Books '( Londun, 1 7(^, 8ro ), ibv fitvc attempt
at quaker bibliographr, ood his ' P«niecu(ioa
Expowd, in BOme Memoin of tlio SufTer-
ing«' (l^ondon, 1715, 4ro; reprinlrd 1791,
Bto), hold iuiportani placvis Iu ouaker an-
nals. II u also wTut«,bw>idM«stnall('rworkj5:
1. 'An Abstract of tht' Lir<>a. l>recept«t, and
Sayings of Ancient I'nihi-ni,' London, 1634,
4to. -2. *Judu«,andtheChief I*rio*t«j*lx)n-
don, 1701, 4to (ibiii vrtv in answer to Seorn
Keith), a ' Truth and Innocency defended,*
London, 1702, 8vo (in answer to anxirsiutM
on thi' quakcrs in Cnlton Mather^ 'His<-
lory'j. 4. '.Mfinoira of Sarah Scott' (his
niucoj, l^ndon, 170M, l2mo; 2nd«di(.17ll.
Bto. h. 'The Admoaithrrs admonished,*
Whiti
ng
»39
Whiting
LoudoQ, 1705,-ito. 6. 'Trutb, tlie strtwKwt
of all,' London [1706], 4lo; Smlwiil. 1700,
4U). 7. ' Till* Kect<» correci^, or Forgery
diwecUd; London, 17l)M, «vo. 8. 'Chriiit
Jeeus owned ut ho 'us Uod tiiid Mkr.' LuadoD,
1700, Svo. He alau vdilud 'titren^h in
WeoKneaR,' nKtnains of his ft-llow prbunvr,
£l)abe(ti f^tirrMlg*^' (l^mlon, 1711, l^ino;
Other «iUtioiiA, 1746, 177i^, 1705; ntprintiRi
iutlie ' Fri«Bds' Library,' vol, ii. i'liilmii-lphtit,
1838); and the ' .Irjiirnal of John Gmtton,'
(Loadon. 17iO, «vo; 177y, 1795, and Stock-
port, 1823 ; Ti'pulilidhud in the ' Frionda'
Library,' l^j, vol. ix.)
[HomouM tibuva uamnd ; BeM«'s Su^riogs, i.
611. 612, 6ia, 6«1, an, ei~, M ; Smi[b*« CiU.
ii. ai7-«.] C. K. S.
WHITING, ItlflTAlU) (rf. ir.3i»), «bbf>r.
or01ai<toiiburr,^r&dLiated.M.A.ai<'iiiubriclgt>
in l-l^sndl>,l). in ].jO.'>. und Ix-caiw u monk
at Glutonbury (.wliL-n- hi; inav i^rt-vioiisly
hftve beeo a Bvholar) during (be ab^jacy of
RteluLrd Bwa (for coDJ«ctiin_-«, more or lojs
SlnusibLb, of Ibi! dat« and place of birth, 5«e
AaQVOT, The Ijatt Abbot of Gltutcmburt;,
pp. 14, 19). lie wuB admilti><i \\< lliu ordiT
of luxilytw in .Sepu-uibiT 1498, sab-dencon in
140(>, deacon in 1^00, priiisl (1 Marcii l.'^Ol
fOAMni^, p. 28, ijiiotinff rofpeli-r of llinliup
Kin^ of Bath and. WttlU). He held fur
•ome liine tlie oflice of camerarius in lh«>
abb^y. On tht- driath ofBoro in Kcbmary
\Kf2'i forty -«vv>.* II of i\k tuoiika gavu tlieir
rights ot'^leccing into the Itand^ of WoWy,
and OS SMarcb 1&2I3 llie cunliua! oppoiiilvd
Whiting to the viinuit tibl)iu::v (docum>?nt in
Ab&ii op Dohiirsbau, ed. llL-arnv. vol. 1.
pp.xcviiM.) ArtoTcnnoiiiai.! invt»t iffiitumn,
iic, on f> April l-'l'I) k<> rttcelved restitulion
of lhpit)inporalitii>8of t.hvabbFT(/>lfe)-#RW
Pai>tr» of Henrv VIIJ, iv. i. M8).
While abbot ue appear* frequenily in the
Mate paper* iia prMenting CnriattaoA ffifts
to Cbe ktug, providing hawk», ka., ni;gotia<
ting eonronung advowvons, and (■ngaKioK
Uy derks and ur^auistA. The proiiurty of
ttie abbey was wry lar^^-, ami thn ubbol Kept
gnat Btato, bnneing up nearly thrcQ hiindnrd
aoiMOf the nobilily ntid i^ntrj- bt'sidw otlLc^r
neatwrfolk; hn ^'nti^nained anoaptimesflTo
handred persous of qunlity at oace, and
every W^dneadny unci l-VidM' fed the poor
of tlw neighbourliood, W'ben he went abroad
he waa nttendvd by mvi-r a hundred iD(>n.
Ha (tnUffiainvd l^^hind, who iu his first draft
spoke of Itim aa * liouio haiie candid ttuiini us,
et aminus muus einguliiris' i^CoUect. v'\. 70 >.
In 1/V34 he tcKik ihr oalii of 9ii[in>niHCy witli
hia prior and fiftv nianki< iLetUr* and
fapert, Tii. 396, 47^ ; tha oatii wua sl^ed
19 ajept., but had a[)parantly bmn tAkan on
1 Junv).
The early invostigations iqwke well of tbv
state of Olastonbury. LayTon, writing to
Cromwall 2^ Aug. Iu36,aaye th&t the mooka
ara there 'so Ktrait kept that th<.'y cannot
oBcnd, but fain ibuy would* {ib, \x. &0);
Mjid u hiu been anggeated that the gladacaa
with which tlio motiltH dcptirti'd ua iha
diuvlution (Wkmht, DiMtUution </ the
MattaxUrift, p. iSfSj is eridenreof ibuslrict-
neea of Whiting's nJe <li. W. Uixoii in
English Jlietfirieal Reviev, fictober It*ft7,
p. 7%'i). The abbot iswrna lo bare hu>m
anxious to be oDgood MMmn with t'romwell.
Ho ihaiika him ' far hia goodneu to thia
house,* grants him a corrmly formerly en-
joyed by Sir I'bomae Mot«, ' wishing it a
1iBtt«rttiing'(/*((cM(iji<//*«/irr*.ix.6!*, lOft).
Ncverthcleflft the jurisdiction of the nbbfty
over ibu town and district was stii^pended
(lA. p. ^31), nnd strict injunctions as to tbo
maiiageioenl of (hu prupurty and obaurvanco
of the riili-* w«T« jfivtii by the viaiton {*ft.
p. Sfi). It wna aiiiiounctKl, howwruT, that
tber« was no intrtition of nupprt-.t-^iug tha
abboy(t6. X. ISC),
In 1636 a friar pri^aching in the abboy ()•••
nouncM ihf * imw fangylW and new men '
(li. p.l2l),and thi«B]ipoars to have ilirecled
the attention of the rourt toullcfn'd f*^dilton
in iho housu (I'A. xii. 264). Tbo propurty
of liw ahbey was ponHlantly bcinft granted
on leanea to CDuniuni (ib. piui«im>, und Whit-
ing, writing ^m his cuJttlo ol'Hl.urinin-Mvr-
Kvwton, Doraot, 26 Jan. lOSH, compluma
that his 'game in C(<rlain parkx in much
dt'cayed by de*poir (iJ.ToI. xtii.pt, i. p.-'K)).
U« appears to liave l^eeo reossured shout thu
sam^ timo by Oromwell ng&inxt any 'faar
of Huppruasion or cha»gt> of life ' | ii>. pp.
'2\\-\'2, and see Sir. C4airdkob'8 notv}, and
at Cbristmaa 1030 hit iMrvauta received the
ustial pn^mnt fWim the king (ib, pt. ii. p. oS8).
At th« beginning of \WA9 Glastonbury
^ras the only rvli^iouii h(iu»i! Irifl. unlouirhiid
in thecouTity, In September a new visitation
was deternilDed on. I'd ]<t H'_>pt. Ijiytun
wroto to Oromwell thrt Whiting, whom he
luid formerly liraised, ' now appear? to havw
no part of a chrislirin man ' (lA. XIV. 11. M).
On 19 Sept. Lnyton, Pollard, and Moyle
arrived at tilastunbury, but, not findiltg the
abbot, wont to Shurphnm, onu of his maaoTB,
whrTH ilii-y found and examined bini, a[^
parently touching the sacceeeion. H« was
tlivii tnkvn back Co Glastonbury, and thi-nee
to the Tower. There has been much discue-
aioo OS to the charge on which the abbot
wna am.'Atod {see SAyDEiid, De Hchimuite,
p. 135, ed. 1623 ; Bckkbt, m$t. of the Jie-
Whiting-
140
Whillock
, p. 239: QoovutfAnnaU, pp. 167-
10^; IjfiitTt and Paptfrji, Xiv. ii. |MMin) ;
biit it u^ma osruin imvt it was not concern-
ing tbe royal supmnscj, but the mcoMSton
to tli« orown (tee tb« cinBmiwioneti* letter
to Cromwell, Wkigmt, DitKtlutitm of tht
Mtfiastrrie*. [». 'iitb: and LrtUi^t and I'aprrt,
irr. ii. 13il, wtierv Msrillac «Mtes tltat
Wliiljng WM 'put inio tlie Tower bM:aUM>
in taking tbc abbev (rvjutircK, TaJucd %\ two
tiun<ir«(l IhoiiMaiiJ trowiut, t)i«y fouud a
wnlli-ii bonk of the ar^ments on iMhalf
of t^iii?«"M Cullinriiii' "J.
On 2 Orl., liy whwh time the abbnt was
aar«i ID Ibe Tuw«r, * bviog but « v»nr wi-ak
man nml itirkly ' {ifi. p. HI t, ihecv^mmUaionGrii
reporU'd to Cromwell iliat xhvy bad coise to
thi: knowledge of I muKinftcommillvd bybim
(ih. p. 101). lu rbo Miuc uomb Croaiw«U
wrol« hm ainiil^r ' retDerobrauceB ' toucbin^
ibo abbot : ' Cvilain persons to bo «cnt to
th'j Tower for ibu funnerexanunatioDof tbe
abbat of UlaaCoa . . .' [for hiflOwncxnniin&<
Ui>u ul' ttLL- abbut, Mc WaicuT.* Oittululion
Ly" iA* Munnnterie*, 11. ■_'U2 1. * The nblint nf
■uloatoa to bo trieu ut (ikslun, and also
fXt^iilftl tbiT" wilfi 111* ouiii|ilyi'vi>. Ciiun-
Bflloru t^i^ivi'evid^tncc . . . itrninat ibi'abbst
of Ijlaston, Hich, IVUard, L*wi!i Komtnw,
Thoa. Moyle. To 8oe thai the eifidenpe bfl
veil sorted and (be iBdictiuenlavrall drawn.'
Later ' remembraTiccn ' reneat tbia, and re-
cord tbv vast fume rei'eivca ttom tliti nbU-y
{JjctUrt and I'aft^r*, xiv. ii. \'>\, 41'"). It ia
Iiuwible tbul a cbari^ul' embczElvuiL-nt tuny
invr' hifn added to ibal of tri'aMiti, but
of tllia ttiero U no cWr eviduaiv (i^ouparu
ni-*QTJ(T, p. 10:^, with til" (iri|iiiiij l«ltrtr»,
!tK.), though till! inonkfl witb Whitinti m-nni
to have bevncharRed wilh 'rolibini^ Gliiston-
bury church.' Tin; abbot wa« nnit down to
["WelU in ebar^ of rollard. lU was ar-
'nigfnod at M'Ala on Friday, 14 Nov.. and
' the next day put to «xtH;utiou on ibo
Torre llil], iiL-xt unto tbe town of Ulaaton'
<WaiciiT, i)p, ;»rifl-(«, I'til -i). At ibo
uiotneiit of bxiH-utiou h»> aaked Iba kina * to
for|riv4-' him htH ^mt otTfncts, and toolt hiu
iWl h wry l"!' I'll' ty.' Tbi- luniilui wlm
aiilTt'D-d wirh biin wcro John Thorne and
KiifTur Jnini.o. Hik limbs witv vxpoa«^d at
"Wells, llaih, IIcheftKr, iiiui liridffwater.
WbitinB wna 'beatifiwl' in 1894J. He
4tpi>carH to bavu bfeii a pioiu man, a good
ruler, end a keeu sportunan.
I IlefliJeB tlir aulhoritiea i)u(ilril in thn t«xt,
IIciirD»')i Uitlnrj iiiiii Arili<)uitip» of QUaion-
bury, IT'i-: Harnct'e History of the Huforma-
tioij; ll'iilwinw Anniil». SninJi-rnit l)n Origine
Sclii'iiiAtia AnglicHQJ ; Lnul. Hint. Rnr. >ii.
7«l-5.] W. H. H.
WHlTLOCE,Mm.ELIZABKTR(I761-
Irfiiti), acin»«,thn tblid flaugbter and flftb
child of RofTTT Ketnble [Q-tJ., wu boro at
WarrinKlna on ^ April l7til, and was ap-
pn^nticiMl lo a mantua^malfrr. After a£-
i|uiriu(; eoin« ex|>erirare in the country <<bi;
wriil with brr two elder Mtla^ra. .Sarah I'.Hn.
Stddons [<|. V.]), and Fhucea (Mrv. Twiw),
to OruT) Xant-, where abe tDad« her lirat an-
pearanw on '22 Feb. 1783 at I'ortia in ino
' )f eri-'Laitt of VeDtc«,' a part hIw rejMat*^ on
I MnruL Hcru aha n-mnined two seas
Slayinjf, throun^ the intluiiic'r- of 3|rk ^,_
ons, Mnrgarel in 'A New Way to pay OIb
Ih-litH,' ImogKii, Ijrononi in * KeTeage,' El-
vira in ' Love makes a Man.' Lucia in ' Cato/
X<ady Touchwood in ' Uouble Deeler,' and
Mrs. Marwood in ' \\ av of the World.' At
\\iti «nd of this |vriod eim wt^nt to VotJt, and
married on yi June 17y.> Charles Edward
Wliitlock, proprirtor or ahansboldor of
tbe Newcaatle, Sunderland, l^ncastcr, and
Chester theatrEs^ him she accompanied to
America, where she playfd principally in
Annapolis, CharleAtou. and Fhiladrlpbia
(wbi.-ru tbu playi."d bt'fonj Washington). witli
aiich auccoM aa to obtain an imli-nrnilHncy.
On IS June 1703 aha made, aa Mn. whitlock,
hisr fimt appr-amno- at tbe TlayrDarkel, play-
ing the Queen in thn ' Balikf of ITi-xtiun'
and Julia in ' Siege of Oalais.' On 30 Aug.
1797 idio Dr«t appeared at New York, at the
Ur«enwich (?irvct rbeatn), u Ieab«Ua in tho
* Fatal Slarringe ' (Urowk, Avterhau Stage,
p. 3ft.'). On ti Oct. 1B07 xlic rvaopouvd at
Urury Lane as l-ilwina in * F*n-y. Hhe waa
aiuiouuvvd D« baving returned from. Antetieai
and bnr n-appearance cauiwd aomo saoBatioo ;
but abe doe« not appeu to hare bom Mea
jnuru than oncw, and is no more heard of
on the Htage. The characters namM are
all in wUicn slie can be traced. She played
otluira, howrTtr, n portrait of her, t»v Do
Wilde, as Margaret in tlic 'Earl of War*
wick' beinc in llie Mathews collection in tlie
Ciorrick Club, lint husband died mW-
quently to JHI:;. She b«r«elf died tin -^7 Feb.
1836. 8ha wua a more than rej^peclable
aolrpBH in Im^mlv. but the n-jiutnlion of bar
aiatbr, Mre. Siddons. to whom she bot« in
voiitb aumit ntM-m bla 11 cv, stood io bet waj.
Iler voice waa th>> ba-^t in the family, but
she droppMl it towards tbe close of a aen-
lencp. Her action was stntucsque a« well
AS powerful, but her bearing lackud .■'ptrit.
[Moil iaformatioQ supfilied concendtig Mrs.
Wbitlock is inacoamia. bcr hasband's dsath
bsiuE antidpatod by more ihnn twinty yean.
and her uwn nt<pciirAi>cr« oanfuBed wiUi iIiom
of h«r s>»ter I-anny. The forvBOJDg facta are
derired tt^nti. Gvacst's Accoontef the English
Whitlock
141
Whitlock
h
»
8ta|i«, CAmpbell's Life of 8id<loiu, Q«nt. Mikg.
Ci. 43«. 430). Fii«;cniM'i Lkm qE Uie K«<inL<lo9,
UoDttat/ Mirror (l»o7, new »r. toL ii.)< Xhes-
pJHD IHrt., GillUiinil'a Unmsiic Mirror, nad
TlwipiAD Miif{. 1*92-3.] J. K.
WHITLOCK, JOHN (1825-170SI),
•jecteil ilivini', Iwrn in HfciS, was iiii> son of
Kichftrd Whitlock, merchant, of London.
Hb mothflr (bom in 169Q) diud at Luig'hton
on 2 April IfMU. and w«« buried tli»r«. A
gm&U hrofs to hiT memory is in vLo church.
Or 23 Junw IfS-lL' Wliitlnrli wu> itduiiLlfd n
pensioner of Emmnniipl roilejie. C«mbri(J(r*'.
(fnidiiiiling R.A. in HUr. ati-l M.A. in KUH.
In trti;1 he raadf'ihftao-qiiaintanKP of William
lieyiioWsrq.v,], which quickly ripened into a
cIoiwfri<>na'«hip.'inlybroKen»fli>rnoRrly fifiy-
tivoyeara'MAiidin^ by the death of Itoyuoldit
in 159^. In the summer of Iftlo Whitlock
w&ff inWtc^ ro pnvifih at. Leif!;hton Buuanl
in U^dfor<lsbire. He nettled there in No-
Tpmher, and in the followinff month was
joiuLHl by Hi.-ynoli]it, the two living iindor
the same root, studying in the same mom,
iin<l writing at the Himo lahlu. lu thu spring
of KWH Hej'tiolils was invitei) to Aytesbnry,
and airreed to ahare the two placoa (AtIb§-
biiry ami Ijcightnn) with hi« friciid- H<>-
fusing ihe ' Knenp'mpnr ' in Iftlt). thpy wore
dpprired of th'-ir mftintenniK-e in both Ibeir
plarw of mini*tn,-. imd (■('fluisl to prenoh at
Ayleitbury in March UViO, and at Lt'iffhtoQ
mMarch'l651. Laterin U!fll Whitlnckwna
prvwat«d to tliu vi4.-aragL< of 8t. Mury'«. NaU
tjnfffaam, bin friend Heynolila Imnff jointnl
with him B» lecturer. In October 1651 they
VRfB both Ordiiint'tl at St- Andrewn Unditr-
shaft in London, and etoabli-^lied tb^ir church
«f)«r Ih? preabvtenaii form on their return
to Xottingham' In July 1662 Whitlock
was indicled nt thetemoas at Xottinabam
for not rittdinf? the common prnyGr, and,
kitbouyh the Act of L'nifomity wa* tiot yet
to fOKti, be was suspended and his chuivh
•Ogneiuml. Thti two frii-nds thrtn sought
nnige out of tbtt town, and shnnil nil <liK-
turunceHandimpri»nnmpnt^[<H3e Rcr\»i.D8,
Wrt-TAM 1 till thp ' ludiiliiimiy.' (if October
168" enabled them to n^turn tn Notlin^fham.
Koottia at litritUesmith rtatewt>recerti6ed in
July 1689 for the joint uv of the pn'-«by-
terians Whitlock, Ileynolde, and John llarrel
( ItiSl-17 13 )[q .v.], and the independent John
Rrther (rf. 17041 [wo under RrrarB, John.
Ifo»?-1681]. A little kt«r tbetwoaeets
had mparate Loiisif, but evm utter the
building of the prei.bvt"''inn chnjMil iiti thf
"rh ftivemont. about 16f»0, they joined with
olh»"r in ndigioug B^rvices.
LWhitWk continued to peach in the High
■"■ " it Chapel until within two years of
hia dnnth. Hy died on 4 Dec. 1709, and was
buried in fit. Mary* Church on 13 Jan. fol-
lowing. He married, on 'J^ March 1053, a
dauighter of .\nthony Tuckney [o, v.], mvc-
ceuively matiter of Emioanuc] onu .St. John'a
Collcgvis, Cambridge. I'oaw-iuttfd of a fair
froperty, h*j wiu liberul lu the uae of it.
lo v/aa succeeded in tbn minintnr by hi»
»on John, who died on 16 March 1723'.»gediW,
and was buried in St. Mary's on '20 Mareh.
A joint tablet to father and son is in ths
cburrb.
Reudea fungle aermons, Whilloclc pub-
liithed : 1. ' A Short Account of the Life of
the H(-v. W. Heynolds.' London, IfiSS ; Not-
tingham. 1807. '2. 'Tb« Grvat Duty and
Comfortable Evidence,' London, 1098,
[PiilmurV Noneonfonnist'sllAmorial, iit. 100-
103; t'jirjwnter's Pros tiyteriKu ism in Notting-
ham, p«»im; The Coofonntst's Fourth Fl6n
fbr the Nnnronformists. pp. 3B. 43-4; Whit-
luck's Lifo of Ui* Iter. Wjllinm Rv>*uuldN,
uiusini; Hayvood and DicktDsoa's Non^^n-
tormist TC«2ist«r, p, 28i ; Cr«8WoU's Cullnctinn
towiirdN n HivLorj uf I'riiitinK in N'ottiiigUani*
shir« ; Wood's Athenx^ ltli«t>. iii. 'J^; Illaydan's
Geoealofra Bedfordieiwiii. p. 387 ; Cat, of Dr.
WiUiftiui's Lil-rar/ ; utimisiiou rpginf.ers of Kiii-
-tDAim*! ('olUgK, CaRibridj:e. j>ur iLo master ; ual-
varaily ragietan. per tiio regiHtrary.] B. P.
WHITLOCK, MILUAM (rf. IftW), his-
torian of I.iclifii*li!, was educated ut Eton
College, and elected to King's CoHeife, Cam-
bridge, in Io37. He graduatud B.A. in
IMl -2, comtoeiiccd M.A. in l&ir>, atid pm-
ceetled H.IJ. in ItWJa. On 18 Dec. I068 he
was presented by King's UoihtKe to the
vicarage of Prescol in Laacanhire. On
3 July 1560 he Traa admitted to the rectory
of Gn'cnford Magna in Middlesex, on the
presentation of .Sir Kdwnrd Thonitou, and
on 10 Jan. 150U-1 he wa8 onllntcd t-a the
Srpbt-nd of CiiTlwrough in Lichtiotd Catbe-
ral. He died in or before February 1IJS3-
1584. Ho was a friend of •fohn Twrne
[q- v.]
Whitlock is chieJIy remarkablo for hia ad-
ditions to the manuscript chronicK^ of Thorn oa
Chc^tcrfii-ld 'q.T.l This record of the hiahops
of t'orentry and Lichlield i.ixt«nded to l.'J-tr.
Whitlock added many details to the exist-
ing clinmicin, and compiled usupplement con-
tinuing it to 15fi(». Ilia manuscripts wer»
used by ilenry Wlwrton [q, v.] in IROl in
his 'Anglia Sacra,' who printed in that work
WhitlocVs additions to Chpatertirld'a manu-
script under Ihe title * Additamenta ad HiJ^
toriam vtiterem Lit«hfuIdonMim,' and hiA
supplement und-^r the litlii ' Continii8tit>
Historim Litclifiddcnsis ab anno MCCCI.IX
ad annum MDLIX.' The earlier date is
mialeading, as Wbitlock's chronicle befruis
nfttr i;U~. Whitlock'a maniiiscrints nm pn^
^jBervcd in tlit* Kodibiftii Library (MSiJ. >ot.
T70 Mul Sai)), aud in the Cottoniati manu-
ranipu at thu Brltittli MtiMum ^Vuep. B. IG
«n<] CloopRlra D. 9).
(C<»p<tr'i Aihen* CsnUbr. i. Wfi ; Harwoffld'a
itunui Elon. p. ]&&; Tntjiii-r'i IliM. DHl -Uib.
|]798:Ii« NflTo'tf l'iMCi&i.'l««. Anjflimcite; Simimi'B
Sibl. StAflbnl. 18U4 : llAnrood'i HisL of Licii-
BcW. i>p. 2^3,240; Oj1c'» CnllMtion* in Hriu
Mn*. Addit, MS. SRIS. f. 10; Stwcoan'n Itvpvrt.
EccW. I»n(lin. i. Old; Williti"B3iirvcj'<>f Oitbe-
tira\n. 1712. 11.1^1,-161 ; WhArton'HAiiKliiiSAera,
ItflU, vut. i. pr«fii(*. p. Slid.] vl. I. C.
WHITMORE. Sra OEOROE (//. IS-W),
lord lUHvor of London, was the third son of
William Whi^lno^t^ (rf. 8 Aur. I*>t«), & Lon-
doH merchant, bv hiK wife Anne (d. 9 Oct.
IfiJ.I), dftujfhter'of Sit William Bond, an
aldtTiuaii cif Londoti. IIo was maatar vt ibv
IIiib4Tdnikb)^r!t'Cnni{)snr,ftndftn23Mav lUOU
became a membpr of thu Virrlaia Company
iindwr tb« itovand clmrtiT. Hp MTved the
ofBco of flheriiTof Landfin in 1621-2, and
WHH Hldi.'nunii of this wiirtl of Fnrrinndon
Within from 2 Junn lfi21 to 7 Nov. 162fl,
when hi> «xcbHnj[c<d to LAURboump wnrd, of
which ho WM uldiTman until Mny 1613.
On 7 July K120 ho and his *-ldw brother.Sir
Williftm Whilmorc, received a ^ant of Ihu
mamirof Bridpwotar Oa«tlo, with Ht'yifrov«
inB-imwrw^tt C'rt/. State Paper*, Ilmn.ltJii.l-e,
pp. 360, rtdfO). la 1631 he wu^ clioaun lord
mayor of London, und mn -7 May I6S2 hn
"waa linightiid. TIia pni;ri>nnt.t which cele-
brnt'-d his entrj- into <>l!icf> rtt? drtnilcd in
a pn.niphlot pri-.Wvod in tho Huth Libraiyp
etiiitliM' l.oiidonHlitslIonor&rium't London,
leyi. 4to), compilod by Thomai Hpywood
(d. laWD [q. V.J (ef. OoftSER, Vollfft^nm,
iv. 2U7). On 6 May 1637 he waa appointed
a commifUiionur Ut c&rrf out tho MaluLv of
H«nr^- V'lII for eoeouraging tha u*e of tbe
loni? bow and suppreesinc unlawful g&mos
{Car. staff Paper*, Dcim. 1687, p. 66).
Whitmore was an ardnnt lovaliat, and on
25 Not. 1641 tbe kinn paswd tlimiigb lii«
nounds at Bnlmy* in itarknfty on his r>>tuni
from Scotland. In ItSW he wns impnBnnt»d
in Crosby lIouHQ aa a dclinqut^iil (ib. 1611 -.t,
p. 403), and, alttiou^h It« was nhorily re-
tanaied, hawaareimpnsanod onL'O Jan. 1642-
IBW for rofMbp to pay ihe taiea levied by
parlmint^nt. Hit ett«t« waa sequeatered for
saam timf', hue ha finally obtaini^d his di»-
charBi* frt>ni thy commiltsfiof )«!([Ui'5itraiio«!i,
luid on t?2 On. 1(WH won commandnd to Uy
his discbarKi^ before the commitlrv for cniu-
founding (Ont. Comm,/or Compotw4inff, 'p.
He diod at Balmea on 13 Dee. 1654, and
was buried at St. AUry Hk^kIhi, Milk
Strnet, on 6 Jan. He married Harr <161ft-
1667), eldsat daughU'r of Ricbanl Xlaoiel of
Truro. By her 1^ had thre« nons - -CbarlM,
(Iporce, and Willi«m~and four danxhlcn:
Elisanstb, married u> Sir John Weld of
Willey: Anne, married to Sir John Robin-
(inn.lordmayorof Ijondon; Margaret, martiad
to Sir Cliarlea Kemya; and Muy
[]loaaeandC<MirtB«7'« Biblioih. CoranV 1874;
IlravoB Gantuiia of (he DnitMl Stwaa, 18tW, I.
238, U. 10^3; Whitiugro'* Xotaion th« Manor
and yftmily of Whitmore. 18a6, pp. 9,9: Rabin-
ton's Hist, and Aatiq.of Ha>ekn«>y. lS12,i. IH-
103: O»nn.D0y'B Guide to Puaaaea, 184d, Ann.
p. »0 : Gaol. Hag. lase, i. 131 ; I'«pya'B JHaxj
iind Oorrpsp. od. Brsyl>roukii, ii. 298. 377. ir.
442 : Funml Smidoo by ^Anthony Parindan,
App«oiled to his Thirty Sorraona, 1057]
E. I. C.
WHITNEY, OEOFFKET (1548 P-
1601 f), poet, ilie eon of ■ Cither of tne «me
namfl, was bom at, or near, Coole PiUte, a
townahip in tho parish of Acton, four milea
from Naotwir.h in ChHshire, in or about
1548. Kifi family, probftblTftpnioK from the
WliilnMii "f Whitney In iferefordshiru, had
been sotlled on a umall ostate at CJoola
PilatM fiino- l^SS. Educated at the neigli-
bonrine echwl of Audlem, hn an«rw!inU
proceeded to Oxford, and ijien for nlonffcr
f leriod to Ma^dAlen(<Collcge, Cambridge; but
le aoeus to havu loft the anivernty without
a decree. Having ndnnti.'d the le^l pio-
foaaioa, bo became in time nndcr-bailiff of
Oreitt Ynrmoiith. Up held this port in 1680
Cbow much pnrlier is not evident), retaining
it till ibm. In Io»4 the li^irl of Leiceett-r,
high aleward of the borongh, made an iin-
auocessful attempt to procure tlta under-
st«ward«lilp for Whitney, but the place waa
given to John Htubba [q. r.] After some
litigation with the corparalion, by which be
•ooms to hnve Vwn badly treated, the di*-
Jute was Aettlpd by a pnyment to the poet of
r>/. (M.*!f»uir, Yarmauih, vol, ii.)
Uuriim hit nwdunce at yarmoulh WTitl-
ncy appeoTB to harii had much inlercourw
wiili th» Netherlands, and to have made the
a{-qiinintancc of many scholant thnn*. On
the termination of bis conm^crion with the
tjiwn, he proceeds] to Levdi-n, 'where he
was in ^reat esteem amoni; bin rountrym>>n
tar hU ingenuity.' On I Murch \h!^ I^e Iw-
came a student in iia tiewlv foundi'>d univer-
sity, and later in the yw be brouffbt om at
Plantin's press hU ' rnoiee of Bmbloms,* the
iHxjk which hug preserved bis name from
oblivion. Of thf? duration of fats eojonni on
the continent thereis no urideiioe. He nub-
lly cwtumvd to Knekni], «nd resided
in ihB neighbourhood of bin btrthplftcc. Al
Itj-lw (or ICofols) Qreea, near Combermere
I Abbwy, he mml^ his will on II Scpl. IBUO,
which was proved on 'JS May ICWl. Ha
I aeeinii to have died unmuiried.
Whitney's repulauori dopenda upon his
^■c«lcbrat«d work, eatit.tt>d 'A Cboi<!« of Em-
^BU«t»fi:4 and oihor I>CTise», for the moete
^^karto gttthered out of Kiindrio whtr-nt, Ens*
^^^ht-d find moraliEcd, and diren iif>wly
^"■d^vijMid, by OrfTrcy Whitney, A worUe
adorntiJ with vnnptie ol' maitVr, bor-h plea-
Mint and proGlable: whemo tboee chat
please tnn^A Hndp to Hi th^ir fancies: Be-
cause herfin, by the oilice of the eio and iho
eare, th« minde mare reape doobl^'delighte
tbrougbe holaome proc«pt4;s, ithttdowed with
pleaMnt devises: both lit for Iho %'<niuouii,
to their incorogiuff ; and for the wicked, for
their adnioni»liinj( uiid auicnduK-nt ' ('i p1«.,
Lcydcn, loflt!, 4to>. Thft book wa* d*!di-
caled to the I'Virl of Li-iuBeH-T from London
j on 28?»or. LW^witU anfpisiUsU) ttifiryiulpr
duti'd Lcydi'u 4 Muv iflStl. Theauthnrrrpeaks
AH if Ihia wr« a i>i>cond pdition ; if so, the
firel was nritten only, and not printH. Ili»
<']nlihim«, 348 in intinb«r, K^oeraliy oai> or
more Atannu^ of six liniw (n qiiat ruin foltowfd
by » couplet), have a dBvic' or woodcut
, prellzMl, with an appropriate- motto. Being
I addr«Med cithor lu his klnsmL'u or friends,
^^ir to aoioo Mmin^^nl oontpmpomry, liif.y fur-
^^■ish aottees of pcTfons, pU'CGd, and things
^^BOt elsewhere n-adily tu V met with. Of
the dwriL"ert twenty- three only are originni,
while twi'iit.y-three are su^gWed hy, and
' d identicnf with, those of Alciati, Pandin,
iimbnciia, Junius, and Faenii. The work
the fintt of itjt kind to present to Eng-
ibmen an adei^uate cxamplu of thv cmbtum
Imokfl that hod issued from the great ponti-
neotal prewe*; and it woe mainly from it,
: U s representative book of iho Rrpiitur piirt
I of vmbluni literature which had prei^Meo it,
that SbakeApeoregkiiwd the knowledge which
be evid4gitly poasesacd of the gnvi' foroign
enibli>imaItstsi}ftfaesixtoeathcentury. Wbit-
ney'a verfww arc often of grout merit, and
always manifest a pure mind and oxwnsive
Icnrtnng.
The only other works which can ho prjsi-
tivcly assigned to Whitney arti: 1. 'An Ae-
couBi in Lsiin of a Viiiit to Scratbr Mand,
oQ* Great Varuioulh,' IfiRO, ii Invoslntion of
which is prinlM in Man.ihip'ei • History nf
Or«aL Yarmouth.' 2. Some verses in I>0UBa*e
* Odffi Britannicap,' lyjydon, IB8fi,4to.
IsntirUft Whitney, a sister of the poet, was
likewian awrilcr of verses. Ilor principU
^Mrorlt, ' A Sweet Nosegay, or Plc-aaont X'o^u,
coutayning a >lundr«d and Ten Phylo«ophi-
call Flowera,' appearad in 1573.
[Green's fitealmflo reprini of the Choice of Em-
blems, lSfl6, acil i.ha mmn «rril«r'« Sbukespmre
and the Emlleni Writtva; Utilrilto's Family of
Whitney: Wood's Athewt Oxoa. i. fiS7 : Rilaon'a
Bill). Aiiglo-Poetica ; Coniar's Collsctao^a;
Cooper's Atii«ne Cantabr. it. 23-1.] F. S.
WHITaHED, Sir JAMES HAWK1X3
(1762-181S), U'luiirul of the flet:t, hom in
I'fU, was thiril SOI) iif Jaino* Kuwkias
nTlS-l^a"!), biah-ip of liaphoe, and in 1773
waa wnLerttd nn thn books uf the IJantfcr
aloop, then on the IriAh Atiitinn. ilt was
afterwards borne on the books of the Kent,
ffuardahij)Kt Plymmith, and flrst went afloat,
m the AldbarouEh, serving oii the New-
foundland and North American stations,
till, on 4 Sept, 177>*, hu- was promoted to
the rank of lieutenant. J>iiruig 1770 he
wax in thb Amaton, on the home station,
and in l>Gcenili.-r he joined the Sandwich,
flagship of Sir Ooorge IJrj-ilges (aflcrwarik
Lord) Itoduey [;j. v.], with whom he was
{resent in the act ion olf ('app St. Vincent on
6 Jan. 1780, Al Gibraltar he waa mad"
(^ommnndnr into th» Sun Vincents sloop, and,
going out to the Weat Indios with Bodnoy,
was present in the action of 17 April 1780,
and on tbo next day, 18 April, woe posted
lo the Deal Castle, which, in a violent tiurri-
cano in the following October, was blown
ftoin herauehorage at St. Lucia, and wrecked
on the coast of Porto Kico. lim cri-w hap-
pily escaped U> thu shore, and Hawkins, afk'r
recovering from a dHnf^nLiiiK fever hroiight
on by th« exposure, was hononnibly uc-
quittod by a court-ninrlial of all blame, and
wa.'' e^'nt to England with dL'■apa^ch1^s, In
July 17(^1 he was appointed to iho Ceres
frtgnte, in which, in too fnltowing spring, hn
took out Sir Guy Carletou (alVerwards Lord
Dorchester) [q. v.] to New York, and brought
him buck lo England in December 17M.
For the next thrtM y<!ar« Hawkins com-
manded the IViae frigait* nt; I^-tth and on
the east coast of Scotland. Ho then studied
for three ypar.t at Oxford, at,r.endiug lecture*
OD astronomy, and travelled on the continent,
mainly in Dftnmark and in Russia. In 1791
hoasaomed the name of Whjtshed, ihit of bis
maternal grandmother, in accordance witli
tho terms of a cousin's will.
lu l71Kt Ue woii iii)|HiiitlMd to tliit .Arrogant
of 74 guni>, one of tne squadron under Rear-
admiral OeorE'' Montag^ii [q.v-i in .May and
June 1704. In I'd'") he was moved into (ho
>'amuT, one of the EhJps which in January
1707 were dcliiched from the Ohunnel Reet
wHb ilear-admiral [Sir] William Parker
Whitson
M4
Whiltaker
(JTlS-ieOfJ) [q. T.I to ranfofce Sir Jolu
Jervi« (ifterwfcnU "Ear] 8l, Vincent) [q.r.]
It IJsbon, Biid lo tn)ut part in the baiiltf of
Cbpe Ki. Vinc«ot, for which Whit«hod, with
thfi other ciiptsiiu ca^aged, roceivod the ^Id
medal and the thAnlu of botli bouMs of pai^
lininent. He aflHrwudi oonmiindiil 8uc-
CMKively th« Ajax and thv Formidable in
the Ch&nne] fle«t, and on U Feb. 1790 wa«
promoted to be rear*adminil. In April, with
hiA tltte in th« Queen Charbite, be coa-
mandod a squadron of four ship* of the Uiw
which WAS sent, om a n'iofonvmi'nt to the
Msditerruieaii fleet, on thu news of the
Frauchfl>e«t haviii); i-scaped from Bro^t. In
the puniiil he rvtumcd off Itreat with Lord
Keith [iwt Elvhixstoitb, Qeoroe Keith.
TjUBD KBlTif]. Ho eoIltiDUl^d in the Chun-
niil lill 1S01, and in ia)»,oii th^^ reiwwal of
the war, was appointed naval adrtser to the
lord lieuu-iisut of Irokitd.to eupvrintoDd Ibu
Birani^tfintTito for thu defence of the Irish
enact and to ortramso thu aca fvncihk«. Ml-
became incHndmirnt nn ^H April 1>S04, anil
in the flprintr of ISO" was appnintud aim-
mander-in-ctiief at Cork. whi^R' hr n-nuiitiwi
for throo yi^nn>. ihi 31 July If 10 he was
promoted to the rank of admiral, Ife w«h
nominntL^da K.C.Ii, onS Jan. ISIS, was cnm-
mundvr-in-chief nl I'orlsuinnlh from January
1821 to April ISlM, was mado n O.C.B. on
17 Nov. 1830, a biironm on 10 May I8W.
baron of th'- kintril'^in of Hanover in 184.1,
Hnrladmiml nflhf! ItMt on H Jnn. 1W4, lie
died at hi" hmine in Ciivciidi^h Square, l/oii-
don. cin2«Oci, If^lO.
Whituhfld'fl portrait, by F. Cniikahnok, ix
in the Painted Hall M Cirfytnwich.
Whiuhed marriiM), in l"yi,t?ophia Hen-
riettA, daiiphtor of Ci\ptain John Albert IVn-
tinck of tiiv ntivy {d. 1775), and had iwiie
two i»on» and four daughters. The eldest
eon yvaa killi-d in Itfl!), wLcu u inid)<hipinau
of th« B'Twii'k. 'ITie j<eciiiid, St. VincKiit
Kef'n«,who BUcr<f?dvd to the baronetcy, died
ID 1870; nnd on thi- dcnlh of l.lio aiKond
baronet's otilv .'"iirvivinit son in tbe follow-
ing year the tiironetcy utwain* extinct.
[O'Brrui''* JJnr. Uioffr. Diet,; itolfe's Nur,
Siofrr. li, 2T1 ; MnrnIinTl'* Iky. Nut. Hiogr. 1.
12(1 ; Sura] Chronic!" (with pnrtniit), xxii. 363 ;
Ocnt. Mag. IBSO. i. Sa.] J. K. L.
WHITSON, JOHN (l&57-lfil>9), mt-r-
chnnt ndvenliirer.wn«born in IBS7 nlGIear-
wcU in Llie parish of Xewland, Gloucoeter-
nhire, and at the ngc of eighteen went to
Bristol, wheto Iw entered the service of
Trenrhard, a wine-cooper and shi))owner.
Tie becamu Trunohard'a first clerk, uiid on
Trenchard'a death married tbe widow and
succeeded to the buuness. When Pbtlip 11
hiid an eoibar)^ on tbc 'EamViah ships in lA8fi,
Whitson fitted out tbe Mayllower lo makfi
nrprisala. ller cruise was succevsful, but
W hitAon. not earing to cany on the bnn-
neaa, sold hr-r to Thomaa Jan)f». nfterwKnls
mayor of Bristol, who has been rrmnwrtislT
deacribed m»t father af Thomas Jameo ( lU^ ?'■
1635 ? ) [a. T.", the navigator. In the Mrly
vojract-* for tbe svttletneot of North Ame-
ri«*, >Vhit.inn took an active pan. and espe-
cially ID sending out Martin Pring [n, r.)
He was also dixtin^uished for hutchiintW
and as a b«aefiwlor lo the town of Bristol,
of which he w«a twice mavor-'in IfKKt and
lOlS. He roprCMnlod Bristol in four nar^
liamenla, being rt^tnmeal in 1006, 1Q30, lUlift.
and Febrnnry l62.>-tJ. He died of a fiill
from hi* bnr><^, and who hiiriifd in St. Nicho-
las Cbutfh.Briiitol.on 9 .March 16M-9. He
was tbroe timea nuried.
[Btnwa's Gtnwris nf th« United States, wttb
liortnit. pp. 1020, 1063, Soj-nr'a MamoirsiirftrLh-
tul ; liiAw from Ur. Ivor Jnines,] J. K. L.
WHITTAKER. [Stw ulao Whitwee.)
WHTTTAKER, GEORGE BVROM
(1793-1817). bookseller and puhli«hcr, bora
ttt 8»ritbniupton in March 1793, was theRon
of the! K*v, (.eorgt' ^'biltiik«r,taasterofthe
grauuuar school. About ldl4 ho btvame a
partner of Charles Law, wbole«aIb ItookM'lW,
Aru Marin. Lane, Loudon, a honseestablisfaed
by W. Ilidw.41 Law (rf. 17116). Whittaker
brought L-apital and enei^ into the busbeH.
Oni? i.'nt<'rpri»e was t.lie publication of •
trauAl^iion of Cuvier'a ■ Animal Einf^dom,*
in Mxteen roluntes, with manv coloured
5Iat«0. In 1824 ho At-rvod as sheriff of Ijon-
on and Middlesex. He published for Mn.
TroUoBC. Colloy Gratton, Ueorife Grolv, and
Mii<> .'litford. Thv last novel of Sir Wal-
ler Scott came out with hi* imprint, and
hie lirm publisliod in London all the early
irulli^ctivH editions uf tliv novultat. In ooo-
jiinctfon with thn Oxford and Cambridgp
bookw.'Uers he producedaserie« of Greek and
Latin cliiAsicft. .Tohn pAyiutColltcr'seditioD
of bhakeopeare (l&ll) was issued by bita.
He pnbli«h4Ml the Pinnock odiicatioiisl pri-
nters and many other cbildnrn's books, and
he was a promoter of reading among the
pw&pic by his ' Popular Library.'
He died at KnuMiigton On I'l Dw, 1847.
Richard Gilbert I'q. v."!. founder of the print-
in|{ tint) nf Gillif.rt & Hi\'inf!ton, married
Whitlaker'fl only .-iister; their son Robert
succiii-dcd to hisuuclc's property and business.
[Ofrnt.Mnff l618.i.9o-S. Nichi.Ii'a llliulm.
tioo«, 1868, riii. 483-4.] H. R T.
Whittakcr
MS
Whittingham
»
P
WHIITAKER, JAMliS WILLIAM
lH7l»), pointer iti Trftti?rcolour*, son
^ _ rohii Wliitlakor, n-&reliout>tinnti, wn* born
Hi MKiLcbMtf^r in IWH, uiil ajipn^nticvd to
ua ciutavvr for calii-o priau>nt. Hi* HubuL*-
^uently look up etcbiiii;, and tbt^ii (laiiitiii^.
a coming Intu h i!iniill fortunf he n^mnv<.-<L
about Ih58 ti> IJanrumt, \niili \VBi*m, wln-ni
he practiaed UmlBrape-paintirifj in waicr-
cob'urs. Francit \VilliRmTopliaiiirq.v.]there
mnAi- htA ari}imiiiIancc.Anrl. b>-in^ st riicVi wit b
tbe abtlitj sIiuwd in bie work, induced him
to become a c*ndidAt<> lor (he Societ)r of
PainteiB in Watorcoloors. He wtu ulcfiti'd
an AMociate on 10 Feb. HHi'J, and a member
on 13 Juno 1B6I, and ubibilud 101 pictiirM
at thoextiibtlions of tbat ticx-i«ty, and Ihn-M
mrorkit at ihe ItovaL Academy. Hi3 <>ub}eRt4
were cbi^y xikwh in tlin Smiwdon dttitrtcti
ftn<] many of h\» Aketcben, opecinllr l]u»»
of roujfL moorland tracts of ground, prj«:«!!<&ed
exr«ptiruial powMr.
He WS8 ari^idrntallT drowned in t)ir nvor
T»ltigwT,nwirlVtl,ws-T-(_'oed,on(JSepl.l87y.
By IiiH wife Hiirali, dAiieht'Hr of Joseph
IJey*s of Manchester (lo wlinm he had bt."eti
•pprvncicHlj, he loft four children.
IRogct'a 'Old WatorcoIour'Soc. 1391, ii. Ill ;
Suiofteld'a Cat, of M>ttjcli<:ai«r City Art Oiillcry,
>'o, HI : Qnrea'a Diet, of ArtintK, ISQft: (:*t.
of llio Jubil*.» Ethibilion, Maneheatnr, ISfiT,
Koa. OM and 972; Trmo*. 1.^ Hufi. 1873; in-
itirniatHm eivon hy Mr. J.G.RoM,I<otur<its)it.1
O. W S.
WHITTAKER, JOHN WIMJAM
<1790;--I^3^l).divinR,a(in of William Whitta-
kcr of Tirndfunl. Vorlt^hire. by bin wifo, Sarah
Suck, WBfl bora at Mat)cho.'ti-r about 1790,
tmA «uc»1»h1 at Bradfonl grammar »cliool
And St. JobnV Collep;, Cambridge, whi^ro
he was adtnitled a pen»ion«r on SI March
1810. ITc vrofl thirteenth wrangler in IH14,
wbeii be wat admitted to a tkrwronl M-
b>wahip of bla coUpjc" ond ''>*>k h'* H.A.
de^n^e. lie jircvcewli'd M.A. in 1^17,11.0.
in IH^L and I).!), in li^tO. In 1819 Ik- wan
a candidate for tht^ prnfft'wnTship nf Arabic
at Cnmbridp', and about (ho Bame time was
appointed examining chaplain ro Cbarlf«
MannerB-Sutton [q, v.], archbiahop of Can-
terbury, who tin>»cnt«d him lo the impor-
tuit TiearaffQ or Blackburn, LanCA«hirL>,in I'o
bniarj \H'2'2. IIo was itomiuatKd hrjnftranr
canon uf Manchiuitur in 1852. Durintf bis
Ticariattjof Itlackbiim th<*pnri«b church wa*
robuiltand twelve new ohurrht-a in various
parta of tbf "dd panah were erected.
His lenminfif was wide, wtd he kept np to
the end hie rc-adinc in philoloay, geologj-.
And astmnotny. His inttrrest in the la^i't-
named subject led litm to iwist lo the format
TOL. txi.
tion of the Royal AstroDomioal Sodetj'.
On<rorhtitnnfiilfillr_-d ]>roject« waaawork an
tht; uebiiiar bvpotln^is and geological time.
He died at dlackbum vicara^ on U Aug.
1654. OntlOJuuu 182-J be marrit<d Uarr
llaitghton. eldt^t daughter uf Williara PVif-
ditn lafterwards creatod n haronpl) of Fenia-
cowle*, bv whom b«- li*ft ninit childmn.
Hi! WToK!: I. ■ An Hi-storira] and OiticAl
Tniguiryinto the Interpr«lalJonof the Hebrew
.Scriptnrps, with Itemnrki* nn Mr. lirllamy'c
New TmaslBtiun,' Cambridge, 1J>19, aad
Supplement, 181^0. It wa* this work that
brought the author undttr ihv notico of rlw
arc:hbi»hop. and marked him out for pro*
■notion. It was ruriiwed in llio 'Quarterly
lleviMw,'xxiii.;;'»l,aaJby Kob^n Nans«[tT.Y.]
in th« 'OtMilluman'a Mnc^atine,' lt>|{>, ii..'i40.
if. ' Jimtilinition by Faith: a Courw of Lee-
tiirfapri'iiclied bproreth.' Universily of Cam-
bridge,' l!*l'o. ii. ' The Catholic Church : five
Bcnnonit on th<- C^omnii- mora tion of Ihi* ICi^
formation,' 18341. 4. 'A Sarie^ of I^ttera
to the ICev. Nirholas Wiieman an the Con-
tont.'t of hi.'i IiiU' I'ublicationfi,' 2 part*, 18314-
I8y7, I». ■ Moiitet to the Htudy of llihlical
Literature,' l>59. 6. 'A Troatise on the
Church of Christ.' if^ii'. 7. ' Letters to Wil-
liam I'jiclea of Itlackbum on the Volunlary
System,' if voU. 1844. Hi- alra published
tu'VRralttingli'^Acrmons.intludinKonopn'ftchi^l
tnthi! chart iKta at rtlackbuni church in IH.^,
of which a grwnt jHimbtr were circulated, and
he coniributf'tl a papi-r on ' .Ancient Etymo-
logies, especially l^sllic,' to the Itritiah Ar-
cnaMilogical AsAoeiatiun, 1650, besidca arU-
cIm (o periodicals.
(Oenl. Mag. 1854, ii. SOC; Monthly Notices
oflhaKoyal ABtroMoiiiicat Soc.xv. 119; Buinna
LaneaHliire, ed. CrosUin, iv. 11; Brit. Museara
and DttLlin Univ. Library CalaWuca; infoma-
lion kindiv supplied by Mr. K. P. 9i»tl, bursar
of Si. John's ColL Cambridge.] C. W. S.
WHITTINGHAM, CH.\KLES (1767-
li?40), • tht: iiinrlL',' priiilcr and founder of
lh»' Chiawiek Press, bom on 10 Juno 1767 at
Stoki- Farm, Caludon or Calledon, in War-
wickfihin?, three mile* from Cuventr>-, wu
tbe youugeitl i;hild of t'harlea ^^'hiLtingh«m,
a farmer. He was aiiprenticL>d to lUchard
Bird, printer, bookwllcr, and Hialioner of
Corcntry, on "Jfi .March 1770. In 1780 he
Bet up a press iu a garret in Dean Street,
Fetter Luik', London, and at first confined
liimsulf to jobbing work; his plant waannoll,
and he was his own compositor and preasman,
olerk and oflice-boy. la 1792 he printed %
kalf-slieet O'f an edition of VoutigV ' Night
Thoughts' and Thomas l*aiiie'H ' Letters to
l>undas.' By the following yam- Eiu Lad two
I.
fl
Whittingham 14*
Whittingham
or tltree prvMcs und Imd produced b number
of small popular rolumi-s. Kin fAmily wa«
KoDun rntliulic, but lin iittvndcd an Angli-
can clmrrti. The firm of Willifttu Caalno,
Lvw-fuundiT!, hud adrancpil SO/, to Touiie
>\liitt:»^liaiu mi commmiriiii; biuiti^ui, mid
bv thiA limn his nnnual bill for type, much :
nf which lit' Hold nt n prviSt, cain<< to >VK)?.
In 171M, I'M, mid )7i>fl he pmducM b-iokfl
of irpecimt-Q Ij-pes for Casloa. la 1795 h>
pnatfH ihi> titlo-puKC and prefdcc to tlu^ ,
•eoond part of I'aiiie'H 'A|(;p of Itoosoa* end
'The 'lotnrtFiuwk' ("i" IM. l"ft'>), ft liurcrly
patriotic dailj- \mywt which va» killed bv ■
the «tamp<lLitv ill its hundred and thirleL>iith
niimbrr. \Vhiltin|,'ham is ftu<\ to hikvv bvun i
tlii'firat l''iiKli»h|trmttTt(»produwa'tiiw'or '
' IiidlapBpfr' edition in iha nhapenf an iMiiAof ,
Tate and Brady's ' IVImt.* in 170r. or ITflfl. |
Thin wiw fitilowi'd bv n ]^iriivRr-b>)ok ffir.Iohn
Bmtm of Conil Street, Striind. la 1707 he
lwiiinTBdtnliirK«rpromi'U'*,\o. 1 1 Wn St rent.
For fli-ptiniitAll, n bonkA4tlh>T of Flopt Rtrm»t
and subiequently of llnlbnm, ^Vhittint;liDin
nruilneed editions of no«w«]rfi 'Johmton,'
itobortaon'a ' AnnTioa ' and ' ObaTle^ V,' and
Itoffri*'* * I1<>uiiroi of Memorr/ ni« first
aziiinplu tif a booli lUiuIrotou with wodd-
cu[« wn-i * l*i[y'« Oifl: a Collection of in-
tcn'Ntiiiif Ttil'.w,* priat4>d fur TLiomiui Lonf;-
mnn in 179t*, followinl by two compuiiinn
vnliimi-91. 'TbH VillniT" Orphan' and 'Thfl
Itaakvt 51al(or.' TIk' bnainew i[icr«n«?d, nod
liB cook a ao«otid hotuo in Pi'on Sin^rt and
beeaiu<> loaaiit of a prival« residence at
9 Paradiae Itov, lalington. In 171*1) he
printiul Graj^'a ' rooina ' ' in a more i-loBn.tit
alatu nf tyjKJcraphr than. theT ever before
awiimod,' and sold tli» wholv edition tu
Miller af Old l\rnu\ Sln-«t, and JaiuM
Aentohonl of Avo Marin l.nni'. This work
•eema to faavo bronchi th>^ liivinf;tiin», John
Miirraji and all tlio lending piibliahnrs to
liini. [Id introduced the plan of printins
noat and compact (Mliti<ma of xtandnrd
ftUthora In rlvalrr with the more expeiutire
Adiliona iwued Dj Ibe bookM^Iliuj; trade.
Thn booksctlsrs Ihrmtened to withdraw
thMT iintronftge, but he took a mom at a
©offi'c- tiouflp nn»! sold ihohriLiks liini^olf by
anclion. With John Slim^w of llm Stmiid,
and (tftcrwards of Pircadilly, li.- brou|rht out
a ^TK3 of the ewayista. in twenty-two iient
Tolumc*, cttll<^d 'Thf>BritishriaMic-H'(IR(W),
Cni&rpo'a ' Ilritieh. Theotre' was the nest
ji>int vantiire, and in li^'ioami- tho ' Britiah
Poota,' not to bo confounded with tho Chit-
wick vdition brouRht out aome rears later.
In IS03 he took aiuitlior workshop at
10 Union Ituilding:« in L^ratlier Lane, x-ncl
adopted Che sign of the 'Stanhope Press,'
alWr the llnl pmaa desMcned by Lord Stan-
hopt-, which he had purdutaad. In 1807tb«
whole business was truefiinvd lo QoamlL
Street. Two yvu% lalwr be )itaxt«d a P'>?^'~
pulp manitfactorr at Chiswiek noder tha
iiii|iHrintend<.*ncu of Thoma;) Potts. Thi\
biminpiis jTTcw rapidlr, and Whittinjhain.
found it neccecary to 0%-e at Ctuswidt. IX*
IcAMyti in 1810 the High Honte in Chicwiok
Mall, leaving the London businees in tb*
oharcc of Robert Rowland, who had beat
bis loroiiian since 17dS; tbe siyte of the
firm was Wbittinfhaai Jt Rowliand. The
High Houco was fitted up a« a uriatin^
oflictt and tMcaDW the fiuuoua ChtawicK
Press, this name beinp fint used oa an tm-
[irint 'jf Ifill. ni« Np<>cu!atioiia incrMMd;
tie bought leasehold property, nod waa
partner witli John Arliss a4 atWtionvrand
bookarllftrat WatHiie Ktrent.
Bi>twrf>nl8I0nnd ]816he waaelAborating
hi* methodii aa n printer of illustrated books,
was 'the first printer to detelop fiiUr
the overlaying of wood engraTinpi for book
ilUistmtion,' and was the first to print
woodcuts perfectly (Warrbs, Tke Vhnrlet
H'MtttTiffhavu, pp.' 50-2). His inks were of
poculiar excellence and brilliutcy. About
1814 Triphook, the bookseller, and Samuel
tb« editor of old
irea». An edition
eld* (laifi) is A
i-bsming specimen of this period. In 181(1
lie begun toW ' iimiticntly successful in small
editioiui of Cotntnon Pray«r' (TiMPBRunr,
Etu^c^op-rdia, p. 864 >. n« moved from the
lligti uou8« in IS18 to more oommodiDiu
premises, Ceding House, Chi^wick Mall,
wbiob had been occupied in 10&'> by Or.
IWby and (bn We«lrainster boy« during^tbp
plag'UH. From 1^19 to 1831 ne was asao-
ciatM with William Tlnshas in on enjiTaT-
ing biuiin<>.Bs at 12 Staining Lane, Ixmdon.
The well-known Chiswick edition of tli«
■British Foots' (1S*2-J), in a Imndred small
Tolume». wa« planned and entirely carri«d
out by him. In \S'i\ bis nepbuw Cbarlat
(17nA-18<17), who is fcmiratolv notiONl, b«-
came a partner iu tbe tliiawick Preaa; tlwy
diiMialvud partnership four roars afterwards,
but r<-iiiaim«l on frii-tidlv tnrinji. .Among the
maHterpiewffl nf Whittinirhain'a later period
are Northcote's ' Fables' (182fl), ecoood teriea
(1K33), thrt 'Tower M.^naeeric' (1829>, and
companion rolumes describing the birds and
animals at tho Zoological Gardens ( 1830-1).
Tho engravings vrer>- ofler tbe drawings of
William Harvey. John Thompson, Jackaoil«
Branston, Tlinmns Williams, and others,
workt-'d fur him lu cnifmvera. H« produced
a great variety of albums, keepauM, and
i»i4 1 npnaoK, tne doohsbi
Weller Singer [q. v.l tbi
atillion, began lo lUie his pr
of thi) ' Vicar of WakcHe
Whittingham
147 Whittingham
lauiUrorJohnPoalenndSuttaby. 'Pudila's 1
lub* (1&34') is a fine bpwritn'-n of IiU typi*-
repby. i-Urly in IWlii! Iiis hi'jilth bepu" to
?Ail, and by Junu tbe nephew took ovor the
coDirol it ChUwick, where lh« iinolt' diiid
on A Jan. 1840. Ilu luTl, amoii^ otbor
kigaotes, one to l;h» I'lJinmuy of Swi'ioncri ,
and ou« to the Printers' l*iMi8ion Society, by
wbich special pvtiHionii bDoring lits numo
weri! founds!.
Ho marriiid Mary MiMirl, wboinvdcceased
bini. He liad no ^hil<lr<>n. XiU portrnil,
pttintiM) by Tboaoaa Willioms, nnw nt Hrn-
ticmt-m' Hall, ii. r«>rrtduC(iil 11* ft frnni.ispii-M
by Wiirwa (T/te VAarlet U'hitth'i/hcnwi).
Il« devol'sd biiDwir t.i fim> printinfj with
ardour and aiic-css, unrl dabbled in many
coiDmorcial H|»-cultittuiia. AU mt.'chutiiotil
Dovcltifs atlrarl^d him. He vru oue of
the Snit in Kufjland to usu a atcam eapsw
in nakinK tlio pfijH-r-piiIn, and to warm hU
workalKips irith Mt&m pipus. U« novvrhad
nn engine for printing, it>* hi; bi-lieved the
hand preM proaiiccd a bfiiler ri-ault.
llnfortnatioii rrom Mr. 11. V. St^tMia. Sea
b1>« Warrun* Til* CJimrle" Whiitinjihiimji, Prin-
toni{Grfilier Club). New York. 1896. wlioro oil
tha nvnilabla Ctcts aro rtcoKU^d. vith many por-
lnitl«. atiiacrapha. wnudcats, bliicks, and other
illiininttoDB. Sm> also NVf> and Quvriv*. 3rd
•w. X. 91, Sth »«x. T. SSO, Hth »er. ix. 387,
4U. 47a; F«ultner'» Hi»t. of Cliinwipk, p. 4fl9 ;
Ni'hnUi's LiLenr>' Anocdotc*, iii. 469,noa Illiw-
miioiis, riii. 4«'J, A12 ; Bigmoro and Wyman'a
DiMi<>t;r. of I'riDtinf;, vol.iti. ; Linton'alVU.iLvra
of Wood EnffTariu?. 1889, pp. 181-2; Briliil
BoolcTankcr. ^oplomiwr IS&O.] H. R. T.
WHITTrNOHAM, ('IIAKL!':S (imS-
IS'tV), 'the nfiph->«*,' printor, nephew of
CharlM WhitlinRlmm (17H7-1&40) |>|, v.],
vftts born at Milchom, Riirrvi'y, on ."«> Oct.
irW. Hid father, Samuel, brother of tbp
elder CharW, wa* a nurwryman. Youne
"Whit t!ni;boni,alwa_vikDowQos' the nephew,
wa* np]tTt^nlic«'d at the age of lifVe«n to bia
imrlr, who had paid for In* i-ducalion undvr
till* Ititv. John KvaiiH of lulingttin. lib waa
aade a frwman ofthp C'otnpniiy ofSlationera
1817, and lb" following yt^nr lji« titicl"
ent him to Paris with lett'-Ta of intrfidiiction
tho Didots. One rwult of the visit was
lit) iiroduclion on bis rvlnni of AVbittlnj?-
luais 'French Clawica' bv tbn Chijiwick
A BeriM of ' Pocket Novels' was also
tasiKid iud»r bin enpurvieion. In 1824 liii^
ItiuJe took him into pnrtntmbip, and thev
timed * KnirkerlKJclier's New York' (lft24j,
^i^src*! Egjin'* ' I.ifu of an Actor' (IftiJfl),
■Bf'h • .Shakes Ilea re,' in tfin volume-* ( 1 ^^26),
F nany othvr booka. The partneratiip was
diasfitrea in 1828, and the younger Wbit-
tingluuDHlBrted a priutine office at 21 Toole's
Court, ('})anci*rv tanc. Ilia flnt. work, 'A
Stinday Book.' bears the dat« of 1820. lie
wbortlv afterwunU made the acquaintauco of
Haail Nfontagu, through whom he knrw Wil-
liiim Pickoriap Tq. t.], (bo bookseller, u li/o-
liingftiend and lu^ociatc in the productiou of
many choice volumes. They uow lie aid«
by Hide at Ki-ntal Grt-cn ctimelery. .\uioDg
the earliest of bi:i books wero Poole's * Worla^
( H^2l*), ' The IJijou, or Annual of liiteratnio
and thtj. Art)?, 'Walton "a 'AngliTj'tliP 'Canter-
bury Tales," Haeon'K ' W\irkK,' and Holbein's
'Dance of Death.' In cnnjunrtion with
Pifkfring \w Iind mimy wotKlcut initial
lettera and omnmenla deAign«>cl or adapted.
Kr did not attempt to rival his uncle oa
a printer of ilhutratod books, but aimnd nt
distinction iu Ieiterpn;ii!i and originality in
woodcut omsments and initials, 111 the vui-
pl'iynn-nt of flnr ink and huud-madf? paper,
and in the artistic arrangeoieut of th>.- pagi'a
and margins. 8onte bookfl illuatrali'd by
(itorgv and Jiuburl Crulkehank uauie from
Took a Court between IS.'iO and \BX.V On
the dvath of hia undo in 1S40 the entire
buitintrai paitHnd into tlii' liaudK of the younger
\Vbittiui;b&m, who carried on the works at
Chisuick ns well as at Tonk's Court until
IMi^, and the bonks prinliMl at both places
bear the imprint of Cliiswick I'res''. Li
1840 \\e commenced block colour printing in
Shaw'H'ElizabtflhanAiuhitcCturu publldied
in 1843. Some of the finest niMimena of
bis work ara to b« found in Sbaw'a piibli-
ciilionn. i'irkfring innurd frnm \»% tipw
premises at 177 Piccadilly in 1841 a prayer-
i»ook, (ini) of (be first of the many fine onia-
mpnlnl voliimpa prinlod for him by Whit-
tingham. hfamn^^l Itogera came to the Chis«
wick PrcM for tha 'ISotes' to bia 'Italy*
(1S-I3J.
The years ISJ-t and 1844 were of great
iinporluni!':; in the annals of tlio ChtHwick
Pn-*tt, uA tlu*y marknd tbtt introduction of
the old-feflhioned style of book production
for which Wliittingliam and fiunry t^Ie
Wire rhiefty rMponsihle. In 1843 Whit-
tingham persuaded Coslon to revire an old-
facrd fount of grcM primer cut in 1720, and
an Ktoa prln; '.luvenal' was prinivd fiir
Pickering and the ' Diary of Lady Wil-
loughby' for Longman iu this letter (1&44 ;
W^- art. lUTHBO^tK, HiJTSAH MaRT; cf.
Heed, Old Bi^luh Letter Foundries, 18S7,
p. 2J>'' ; ^i'jl" "111 Qutrifjt, Rfh wr. ix, 4L5,
472). lie printed Pirkering's fine repro-
ductions of the first editions of the ' Com-
mon Prfty<?r' in 18.44, In 1848 ho licwimc a
liveryman of the Company of Stationers.
The 'leftM at Took'a Court expiral In l»41],
I. 2
Whittingham
and Cor tlirMjreani ftll his pnntinjT WM cutimI
on At Chiswick. In IS52 fas Mumetl to
tht pntaif** tt Tnok'a Coun. which havp
RDUiwd Uw Ohiswick Vrtss down to the
pte*eat day. Amoof; \he Ul^r fine work*
than pnot«d ouy bemrntionL'd the rolumra
of tlM> Fhilobiblon Socielv. Lord VemcMi'a
'Dute'(]fi&4),«DdUie •hreriarium Abet^
ioMmo' (1804). In ISM AMiitUngbajDi
hat his wife and hU friend Pi.-k^nnir. and
in 1600 took hi* tiMnft|nrr, John ^'ilhins
(J. 1S69), inin partwTiJiip, And rMirul from
Mtire work. Tho bonoeM subaequentljr
Mated to Mr. G«org« Boll, tho vdHmown
Loodoo publLsber. The ChUwick Pioi hu
largely contributed to raUn- th« atondard of
Enniili prioUoir in tlwf nincifviith ecmtnr^-,
and it* praductiooH ar>! ai <Ii!>ttuc(it'« m
ebaracter m those of Ba^kfin-illp.
Wbiuio|7h«m diitl >.<n '21 April 1^:70. lie
waa teamed in the history of tlii> art of
printing, of printing ink, and of the nuou-
factuni nf pH[»i-n. Ilt^ waa nithvr bruaane
and severe in manner; flj-Stihiiw' was liis
relaxation. His portrait, painted by Mrs.
Fumival, U now at KtAt inni-nt* llnll.
Ue married, in 18'^, Eleanor liuUej {d.
ISAi} of NottinghotD, who bore him five
chiMren— William, Charlotte, Kliubcth
Bleanor, Jane, and ChnrlM John — all of
wliom wt-n; for muiy years conm;ctwl with
the Chiswick Pn^Ks, Ihf dait^itir* applying
tbttiimlvea to the ]it«rary and artistic de-
|>artn)«nta. Eltcabetb died in 1867. Char-
lotte married Mr. B. F. Stevena, who was
Bpartner in theCliixwick PreftsfTom January
1872 to Auriuft I«76. Charlotte and Kli«a'-
bvCh were ^ueated as artists, and from their
dofligns came the gmatcr part of tbo ext^n-
aire collection of hofden, monograms, head
and tail pieces, and ether eml^lliahmesla
8liU precL-rved and used. Tho engraver of
moRt of the (Huamental wood-blockit was
Mary By6flld (rf. 1871).
[InfonnittioD froiiiMr.6.F.StaT«as. Seanlso
WarTen'! Thn CharLea WhittinithnRia, Print*r«
(Orwlier Clob), Now York, 18B6; Bignian aod
WTioa&'a Uibliognphy of I'rimiai;. vol. lit.;
Atbonamm. 19 Ane.. 2, Sept. 1H76: BrJtuh
llooknwikcr, Sppt^mlur 18fl«.J H. B. T.
WHITTINGHAM, Sir SAMTTEL
FOUI>(I77l'-lK4l). whose Chrialian nainwf
were contmcU-d by himiu^If and bin friends
into ' Samford,' liButenimt-genfiml, uldtr son
and aocond child of William Whitringlinm
of Briittol, wait bom at. Ilrislol on 29 Jan.
1772. Samunl Ford was educated at Bristol
and was intmulijd for tli-H law. llelermined
to b« a soldier, but unwillinf; to oppMu hia
AtWs wisliet during' his lifetime, he en-
teral t«npatmt4lT ih^ mercanTi!- 1i<^>i*t> of
lii* brolhet^-law, irarellint; - , ain.
In 1787 be was enrollerl ai ' i the
mounted Talasteen,a force organised atsauc
the wealthier dtiEMuonachreatened French.
iBTaaton. On his fatbo's dentil, on 1^ 8«pt.
1801 (ued (M)>, at Earl'a Mead, Bri-tol,
Samfoit^ who was in i^pain, becaime iadc-
pcndr^tit, and look titt-pa lo enlvr tho anar.
f^n his return to England he wasgafettpd
enjiign on 20 Jan. 1803. He bought a lieu-
K'nanoy on 36 Feb^ and was brought intu
the let lile guards on 10 March the umo
vear. He went in the military college at
lliglt Wycomt>:i. and joined his K^iment ia
I^oodoa towards the <md of 1801. Intro*
dncfld byTbomaii Murdoch, an infiatntial
merchant, to William i'itt, then prime mini-
ster, as an oBcer wbiMW knowledge of the
Spnnisb language would be useful, Whii-
tingliam was aent by Iltt nt the end of I^J
on a Bwrnt mission to the Pt-'aiOAula. and
during alnt-nn; iiroinoled. on 14 K«b. l^V,
to be captain in (he 'JOlh fool. On hia return
hewmsoompltmvntedby Pitt.nndon IS June
1600 he wu transferred to the iTomnund or
a troop in the 13th light dragoons.
On la Nov. IrOil 'VMiit ting-ham aailed
from I'urmmouih as deputy-assistant quarter*
master-general ortbeforcf!, under Bngadier-
ffunllI«ll^Jbu^ Cratifurdtq. v.l tulfloaedfisc
Lima; bul •m arriral at the Cape of G
Hope on lo Marrb 1807 its destination wks
changed, and on l.t Jiim^ it rr«ched Monti--
video, recontlvcaptun^bySirSamu^'l.^iwli-
muty [q.v.] (General John Whitelocke [<|.v.l
had arrivod to take command of the con*
bined forcM, and as AVhittingham's auJl
oppointment ceased on tho oma^nunation of
tUD foroeSi \Vhitclockv made biu an ultra
aidO'.de^aoip to himself. Ue look part in
the dtssslruus attack on Buenos Ayres and
tn thn capitulation on 6 July, and wili^l for
England on 80 July. He gave evidence
before the general coiirl-martinl, br which
\\Tiit-plnrkp was tried is I^ondon in February
and MarchlSOK, Owing to ht^ hariagserTM
on WhilelocJte's personal slalT, Wnittiiy;-
hiim's pcsition wais a delicate one; bot ha
acquitted himself with discretion.
whittingham was iramcdiately aAer*
warda appointed deputy-aaaiBtunt quarter*
mustar-geniml on tliu i^iatV of the amy in
Sicily- On arrival at Gibraltar, boweTor, be
actoa tempornrily as asiOFtant military ae«e-
tary lo Li'-Hti-nantogenursI 8ir H«w^ Dst*
rymple [q. t.], the governor, and, hMTing of
nproj"cli.vl campaign of the .Spaniards under
Don Kavif^r Caataflos against the Frencb,
obtained leave to join Castaiios as a volun-
teer, with inslTUCtiona to report iu detail
I
laillO M
Wbittingham
Dalrpnpla on tbo pro^ra«t of sITiura. This
vpaciol duty wax u|>[iit>Mr<l fixiui Lome on
a July lf^)H, andon the l^th of the same
miinth U'liittinjtlinni w-ak R|;potiitvd a d«-
!)iirj-AAsi!<titiit qiianermasler-i^ni^ral to tlie
QTce under Sir Arthur Wetlesley, but wus
ordeft><I to rnnttm wjili CMttinoa. Hi* look
put under La I'uiia on It! July 1806 in Uw
victoriuuH battk' of Ituvli-u, and for his wr-
Tice* wa« mulu a colonel uf cavulry in the
Kpautub army on '20 Juh .
On hi» recoTBT? from a sDrisro uttaclt of
rhauinatic ftrv«r, Whittin|fbfuu whh unlit tu
Senile an a misflian from tJic Ihike nfln-
bntadu, and in b'>'briinry \SOif jaincd the
amy oofm of The Dukti nf Albiu^iierque in
La Msncna, where h» took yut in euvenil
ca^'alry al&irs with »aeU di-'linction Thiit ho
waa promoted to bn bricAdier-i^ciicnLl in ihe
Hpsnisb army, to date trom :i Mnrch lHW.
He wan pr«-*ent at the buttle oi Mcdclliii on
5?8 51ar(!ii,wln'n ibt- Snaninli gf'iivral Cin;fltit
wn* (li>fwiT«d by till' I'rencli geiierul Xictor,
Oa l]ii» Oicat'vm Whittiiigliiiiu ri><formvd tbu
routed cavalry and led ihi^m aifniiut Lbn
iiatimy. He ivpurted constantly inrviughout
tbe*e campaiiinit tn Lint BritiKb inininli^ in
Spain, John Huokham FrerEtfi^i. v.l,Oinio thti
.ClJit« and opt^ratiunit of th<< Stianiali rLmiy.
A abort Ump previoiw to Wwllesloy's od-
Tanct^ into Spain Whittinf(ham ioint'd the
Britisii hfud'^ uurtors on thL- frontier of I'or-
tuftal, and bucatot.- thv luvdiuin of i:oiiiiuuui'
fntion with the Hpaaiitli general (jiii--«iia.
Uu '2'* July at TalavLni he was avxervly
wiiundt'd when giilbititiv brin^ini; iiti two
tipanish battalionx to iKp attack, aiiu was
turnt lont'd in Sir Art bur WpUi-alin' V deapatch
or:itt July ISW. He went to Seville lo re-
cover, and livud »ilb the liriti^h minister,
liord Welli>t*lL-y: f-mployinp himself durinif
hia convaleAcence in rramlHtiii^f llundoss
' Cavalry Movement-s' into Spanish. He was
promoti'd to b« major-gentiral in tho Spanish
army ou \2 Aug.
On the a])poiiitinent of Ca^taiios to bt-
Captain-}j;tfn<?rul uf Aiiduliixia, Whiltingliani
Iwcanii' im« of his genernlH of diviwon. At
I»ia-d>vl.vun. -kvbithorlH' w<'nt bySir Aribur
"Wellfisley 'a direction tn SM'stJi^ncml Vencgns
Mbout the defence of Cadiz, he wa&giveo the
aBdofthL' 8pnni»li cavalry, which hu
elled upon Uritisb linea.
H\'hittiDeham M-rred in command of n
force of SpSiiinh cavalry and iufiinlry undt-r
PL« I'ena at the battle of Harrosa, on riManb
ISn, and kept in check a Krencb corps ol
cavalry and nifnntry nbicli attijmptvil to
turn the Barosaa h*eif;ht^ by the seaiTard
l^^aide. In June be went lo I'ulma, Majorca,
^Brrjtli the tide of inspeetor-^neral of divi*
K
tioQ, and, in spilo of the oppoeitinn and in-
lr^ue« of Iktn Un'^irio <. iii-sla, captain-
gnneral of the naWric Ulands, raised a
cavalry corps two thuuMod strone, and
established in Kebruaiy IKl:! a college in
Talmafor the tmiuiog of officers and cadeta
at hiA division.
Oa 21 July lal-J the Majorca division
embarked for thf eoatern coast of Spain to
co-operati; with ihvlruupH under Lord Wil-
liam itt-utiuck from Sicily. In (Vtuber
VVbittin^liamH corps (increased to seven
thuuHiuid) wiiH eniployeil on outj^o^t riiity
with its heJidijuarterii nt Munhaniiel, three
milvM from Alicante. In Mareh 1^18 Wbit-
tincham wa^ (ippolnttil initiX'Ctor-gc-noral nf
botb (he cavalry' aiid iiitautri' troops of his
division. He wan engaged on tlu- 7lb of the
mniitli in tlie niltiir of Xe^nna, and oti the
loth in the lUFair of ConceaCavBa woe
wounded by a mualiet-ball in tne riffht
cheek, and was on both occa^ionH muiit
favourably mentioned by Kir John Murray
ill dutpatctH'«. On 13 April be took part in
the victorious! bnlLli! of t?i<-->lii1Iu. and waa
again mentioned in deepatdtes. When Mur-
my invo»t«l Tarnigonit on SJtinc Whitting-
ham'ti divbiioQ orcnpii'd tliu litfit. < >n Suchet'a
ndvaniw to nlieve the place 'Wbittingbum
vainly sug^sted to Murniy that a corpn of
observation should be loft before Tarragona,
and that Murray abould move to meet
tiuchet with all his force. Thu eiuge wua
raised [sou Mtriut, Sin Joiix, ITtW!'-
laiT]. Murmy was relieved in command
i)f thi^ army br l.oni William llMnlinckinnd
\\'luttineham covered the mrri-at, checking
nnd Topiilsing the French column in pursuit,
and joining thu main army again atCambril^
In July be was ^fiyen thu command of the
Ciivalry of the socond and third army corps
in addition i<i hii> o»'n divixiun.
In March IHU WhittiuftbameacortodKinp
Ferdinand VI [ in bid progress to Madrid,
and wo* prr'wnltid with a luoanie anuH'box
by the king, who on It! June 1H14 promoted
bim to be livutenunt-genernl in the ^pani*b
armv. On 4 June Wellington wrote from
Mnarid to the Duke of York, in anticipation
of Wbiltiugbam'a return home; 'He ha^
bened moit xeulously and gallantly from tho
commencement of the war in the pcnin^oln,
aiid I have bad uvcry mo^on tu be satisfied
with bis conduct in evt^ry niluation iu which
be ba>> been placed.' AVhitlin^-liam waa pro-
mutrd til )»• I'lilonrl in llin llritiiih army and
appuinKd aide-dt?-camp To the prince regont
from tbw date of W(>[lnigtonV inlter.
In January nnd Ftiliruary IBliI Wbitting-
ham gave evidence in Loudon before thn
general ccurt-martial for the trial of Sir John
Wlutdi^liam
»5»
Whittinghani
fiftft»i
riflim
HyyWiHiJiywTomaifciitiMi
ife w aad afta^iBd npaniar d« ha H
Spn wiik tk urtiwar flfd oaki is la
iWfiiiiMwifcrtUflariMh KiiiiMiia
lIlMlIlij li^lii till TT|iMiifc III I'll I ifcil
«f M«f iIlMni i»gmam his nak iathi
fl^MMhtiMT.' nafdvweaaaaa&adhaM
nAucid by loBiiw, Ukd he via at tUt ttate
a pogr owa wUk ui mcnMag fa afly . B«
mmt*d at Dominica on S9 Nami ISSOL Oa
lu dvpanon to uke up tbt apfaiatBaat,
dklad A Dd. 1631, of qaaitcniMier-MMtBl
rcaideot prnffrieton of estates in thv Ulaad
nra him a aword of bonoar. On his Brriral
lo KnjitaiiJ br wu made a lui^t oowmaoder
of the II>nov«ma (tudpliic order,
Wbittin(;bain RachwfCaLcatta un 2 Not.
182*2. He »M Inuy in lf«24 witli the pc»-
uanLions fur ihi expedition to Ava, aaa in
SVrVKmber of lii«l v«ar wilh (he Banackpur
motiaj. (>n 27 Juy ISiS be waa proiDoted
to ba iDajof-ttmuFral, ralainlnif hi* appotat-
nwni a« qu«it4.Tm«at«T-gftienl until a rotn-
iMnil becane ravant. He look part ta tli«
■imn of Bkartpiir, wa> slightly wouDdml on
18Jbd. I^:.'6,but waipKamt'at tbecapKire
oa thn It^tb. lie was nada a knight rom-
»and«n- of the order of the Bath, miliiorjr
divijiiun,on30D«c., fiirhiJi iiervic««at llhart-
pur, and rnnolvM th« thanks of tfas House
t}( Vammnna. In Fi'bnianr ll*27 Iw v.n» ap*
giintai) to cnmiBand the Cawnnor«> divison.
n 1 Nov, 1^40 ha waa tran«Tl-rr«l to the
Miral cninmand, on (n[«hanfr<^ with ^ir Jfl-iper
Nii-holl, HiH Icnuri- of coimQuncl camv tn
an ond in Auj^imt 1WJ3, nnJ he then nct*d
tcn3|>oriu-ily u tnilitarr nvcnMurr ut Iilj» old
Ootumitndor, i^rd Wiliiiuu Buotinek, the
Kvuinor-(CL'n'>fnl, with whom ho n.>cunit.'d tu
Iffland in ]KVf.
Oaarriral in England in Juljhewiu near
A WiUiaa Xapier. m
oonai^rKl thtl
Smmt iai caai «■ tka tiaaniih troopa in
kb ^Ommy^ iW War is tba Finiasoh.'
tal thr ■■>* vaa an^Miid br Sir Rnftns
DhA^ laOWahw IMaWhiuiDgbani k*s
wmftmaai la ■!• een^aad of t hi ■ {(net* in
taa Wiaiwial aad l«««ard I«ian4» of Iks
V«« ladMa. Bm aaikd for Barbadoa oo
S Otae, «i& the laol. acbaoged in a tevr
aaiaka tm (be Mteantivc;, rank nf Ueu-
b 8nit«Ba»r 1630 bo wu
tka eo^iaiad of the Slndnu army ;
on 1 Aog. l&tO, aad
_ on IB Jan. 1^1
■witk ailitan- bononm ai Ffirt
Oaa^ «• A* taBvwmg day, salutea b«U)ff
fcod « the ftiaeipal wliiary stations ot
tkmjnmiimtf. AtiyBttohuin»>niorTinu
|laM ia Aeganiaoa ckoreb, Madras.
^niltia|AaB ■artiiid at Gibraltar, in
J^mrw ISM)^ Doaaa Magrfalwin, elder of
tvia im^ittma ti Tkm nAn de Creus t
XisMMi. iataadaat of tbe Spaaish nyat
aiBtes, W wboB Iw had a largie family, oad
•vmal M Idb Boaa irnv in thv army.
lA'kiUiafhan pnblithMi m 1^11 '• Primeca
Put» dt la Tactaea d« la Cabnllerin loftleca
tndadda.' Bto, aad in ISlii 'A By«t«m of
Vaaeeatna ia Two Lines: ' also * A SyBtan
of Cavmlry MaoivuTrea in Lin«>.' London anil
Madrid, dra. He waa tbe author of wT^ral
UDiMibliabad papen on military and political
suWeta, which an is poaseeaion of th^familr,
A UBt of then is giran in lha*Ucnioir of
Whiltiagham'a SoTioea'(lB6B), wliit^h bj>i
aa Cronttipiecea portrait engrainiid by IL Ad-
lard from an original mmiaturw.
[Wht OfficA IlsMiHs; D*qMt<'b««; Rojal
Vimarr Cal. 1830; QanL Hoa. 1811 ; Mamoir
nf (ho NcTTiMs of Sir SMaatT Ford Whiuing-
biim, Ac, edttad by Maf<v>f[«D«riU Fcnlinam)
Whitungham, CD., flro. Londni. 1868. new mIIi.
Mme T<«r; Routhfy's PealnnilAr War; Wau't
Bill). Brit.; AUibooea Diet, of Enitlbh Lit.;
Cnnuon'* Boftimen'sl Beconbof tha ilalHijib-
land Light InfMiry.] R. H. V.
WHITTDiOHAM. WILLIAM i IMIf*
]571)|. dean of Iturham, bom at OliiMtcr
about 1521, tvt« sun urWilUum Whitliuff-
liftRi, In- hiH wife, a daufflitfT of Haugbtnn
of naii^blon ( Ha;;lil on 'l Tower, I^ncasbirv,
n county fmrn wliii-Ii th« Whittintibam* tin-
^nally rame (I'Uitation of t'heJiAtrf, Ilarh
Soc. p'. 24i*>. In 1->10, mt the ipe of six-
teen, be ontt-rcd Brftii>no*e Colly's)-, Oxford,
iifl a commoner. Kradiiaiiiig B.A. and beinif
ducted fellow of All Souls' in 1546. In IMi
till bceamu soiiior student of Christ Churdt,
commencing M.A. on 5 Feb. 1547-9, and on
17 May IfifiO he was granted IcaTS to trsnl
(
^
Whittingham
m.
^'
tfaie yww. fl« wwit to Frwicf, where
Ke spent bU lime chinQy it tlii^ iiTiivifi.titv ol'
OrlinnB, but he gJ»o fUttedLyone aud ft u-lwi
: Pwiii. wben^ his ftt'tvicea m intcrprttttr
ore oflen niquiFed b^ ibe Kiigli«Li nm-
^or. Sir John Mojod [h, t,] or SirWil-
ikoring [a. v.] Towards thu (-nii
of looS be visiied tbe uuireniittisa in der-
maiiy^ndQeiiL'TH, and, prabublyst tbo cln«<
of bin tbrae y««r*' liave, rplurnwd t'.i l''iiif-
tand in May lAfiS. Whittinghnin bad adnptod
tmiiH prot-sUint rtows, aad tlii> uccvssion
Qiii^en Mnry niinrd hi* proapiict* for thtt
tiiD«. Late in August, bowevvr, he io*de
t&ureeuion, which wrtA iiltimulcly siicc<;>»-
ftil, for the raleaet! of Pt-tfi' Miiriyr [*(r«
VCRUIGLI. PlGTRO MkRTlItE' ; but ttfli^r a
f«w vrKi>k* be hiii»i.-lf f»CApud wi(b difficulty
by way of Dover lo Prune**.
In tba 8pnaf( of IbiA the project wra
«tarl«d of making Fruikrort thuecclouuli*
cal ccnlre fat the Kni^liah i-.xilt^ on the con-
tinrnt, uudWbillingliain waff one of xhs 6rsi
who n-nc)i*>d t.hi- cily on '27 Juiiii li'xVJ,
and 8t oncu sent out i'nTilnlioni' tn ex)!^.<i in
olbflr otiiw let join tbeni [swWhubhbsd,
UivtuJ. I>if1ic!iiliieA.4'ion nmm betweun those
wbowiKhed to UK Kd ward Vt'BHcond prayer-
book wiihout mftt^rial mrKiificntion ana those
led by Wbitlingbam nnd Kiinx, who con-
aid^rM C-alvinism the piiwst form of Cbrw-
tiuuity, and iu^t^tvd on revii^iag tbu prayor-
book in that din^:lioti. WbiltingbKici wa»
COS itf tbuet! sppoinled to draw up a wnine-
book, nnd in- prficiirpil a lcM»r froiii CVIvin,
dated 18 Jan. liWf-'i.wliirh won oversionii'
«f the wavering ndlierentti of tba prayer-book i
tln' cotDpromJMi iulrrpl*;d wii» rudflj dit^
bed by tb« urrival of Ittebsrd Vox [<|. v.',
OVHUiuiicoinpromi&iiig champion of the
yoAyotA. In tbo Du»iiin^ Blruggk' U^
t<n Knox and Ci^x Whitiiiigham was
v»i'« chit'f KupjMjrltT, but hi' fuilud lo ]HT-
nt Knox'n expuUion (Vom Fmiilifjrl on
I March, and is thpreiinon mid lo have
vrn in hi* inib""iini to tli(? ffjrm of diiircli
vpnunent ta^lablinbod nt Frankfort undtr
ix'» inHusncv. Tie wiih, however, pro-
indly didMtisftcd with it. and about
Sept. in the same year he followud Knox
to QentTa (Original Ij«lter*, I'arkur t>ic. p.
760>, He v;*i» bimNelf probably the author
of the detailed account of tb^ »trugiflr>, >•■»•
tilled 'A IiriL<fl' l>i(>cour« olT the TroubW
be|(Onne at FranrkfunI in (K'rnianv. anno
Domini 1554. Abnwia t\w Bonke niT Cnm-
mon E*riiyiT nnd CVri^nrnn ii.-*, inid cootiDUi'd
the Fngli.tbe mftn th<*yi» (rtih>nd« off t^,
anV« Itiiignr,' (•"•'i, 4lo. It bears nopWe
'printer's name, but wat printt>d probably
at Geneva, and in the eame type u Cart-
wright's tract«: onv copy of the original
edition U datr^ HUi.xxiv. It waa ri>printi.-d
ot l^ndon in 1(DJ, -Ito, in vol, ii. of ' The
I'hrnix; 17U8, 8vo; Oj^in iu ]84ti. J^vo (ed.
M'Crieti and in vol. it. of ' Knox'a Works'
(ttuiinatvnp ClubK It i* the only full ac-
cuunt of lbt> Mrugglc axtonl, but it« valuo
is impairvd by ita polfmical object (iiei> alao
M'CbiB. prefC to reprint of 1^40; MuT-
i..\XD, Jl*»ai/ii 01* thr JiffiirmaCt'"*, liM'J, pp.
IIM, lOa, 196; EnslUh Hut. lO-c. x. 4;»-
411).
Meanwhilf nn Itt Dee. Ififii^, and again in
Pwrmber 155<J,A\TuttinHham was elected a
'wninr'nr idiii-r of Uw church at ficneva;
on ift Dee. IMH be was appointed dnicon,
Diid in looK bo ttuccei-diKl Kuox 8s minister.
Uu had bilbvrlo receivi-d no urdination of
any l<ind,(ind dwlurwd tliat bewa.-" litt«?rfor
civil employment than for the ministry, but
Ilia rvlnclaiicu was ovvreuiiiH by CaUiu'o
insistence. On .Man's death mi»t of ibn
t'SlU'H at Geneva rviunied to Kngbiiid, but
Wbittiiighiini n^mniniid to oocapUilv tbe
tnineioiiiin of the '(Jent-va' or 'Bre-chea'
bihli', lu it is <i(t(sn CallwJ, 'breeches' being
the rendfriiignf rhit word iiRually Imnslatea
'aprons' in Genesis iii. 7. He had already
produced a vurwon of tho New Testament,
wbieh wa» iesuMl at Uvneva iu l^o by
Conrad Radius on 10 June 1637, but. lliw
dillfra from tliit version included in tba
' Ureechea' bible, for whicli, an wril iii> for
the prefatory address lo the reader, Whit-
tingham is gvnernily bi>ld to be raainlr nt-
.-ponaible. He nl.in took jiarT. in the reviHton
of the Old Te6tnuieDl, and the fact tbnt he
n>inntued bi-bind to BUpcrvJM the completion
of ibe work when rooiit of thv iraiiAlators
returned to Ens'lund probably justiltes hia
claim to (lii< mo»l impurtaut part of the
work. Thii ver*ion of the Bibln i« in many
respi:ctff nulablB; the old bliick-letter type
»aN iil>amlum<<l for Ttiilinii cbnractprK, Ibe
cttapterB were for the first time divided into
vrrw*, and it was printed in quarto instead
of in folio. It was in n way a ninnifesto of
the Calvinifits; (he apocrypha was for the
first time omitted, as were tho names and
days of »aiiitt> froui ihe tfalomlur preliiiod,
and the mtioal and explanatory noiea were
of a pronounced CalrinislicchDracter. It was
printed at (Jhiihvh by Howbiad Hail in IfifiO,
and at onno became tho moHt popular version
of Lilt- Itibic ill ['iiiglntid. Some uttly f^dilions
were publiflhed before the apTwaranci* of the
autborise^l version in I'll I, four times the
nninlior of tlio (^dition.t of the biiilvopi^' biblo
produced in ISti^H to counteract the puritan
tendencies of thu (ienrvsn version. Fven
after lOU its voguu wu oot oxhatutod, ten
Whittingham
15a Whittingham
' «ditiaii« appfsrinff b(>tw«>n tbat data and
[IfMO. It vnu tliQ bible on wbicb it>o«t
f^^tliAhi^'-'B '!> Kliubfthnn Kn^^lnnd -nvn
brought up, Bsdeven after tlu.* appeanuioe
of the aulhon»«H Tmiou contitiUL-d to be the
fiiTouriie biblu in pamau houMlioIde.
[le*iilcfl tbe truiiiUtion of tba Bible, Wbil-
tiogtiAm whilL- at {■(.■■nuva turned into mutrv
viu-ioim of (lie I'jttilmii. S^veii of llumn wvre
inrluded among ttis fifty-one paalma pub-
li»Uvd >it (Inmtvit in ITiM u pnit ni th«
Senriee-bookwbictiW'bitlinfclukmandhiacnl-
leagUM bad bwn npp»mtvd to dnw up at
Fmnlffort ; the oihwj were revisiHl vfrwons
ot Stemtiotd'a psalms. A meirical render^
ing of thfi T«n ComiuandiiicntM br Whit-
tingliam u a|>p«nded. Anotber eJjlioii in
]fiG8,nowlMt,iB believed to have containMl
iim<< fnwh psaltna by Whiuinftham ; llieM
wtrv- reprinwd lii the cditiuu of 1661, to
vrhicli NVhinitiKhftin alfta contribute a reT"
fiion of tbt} ' ^^o^f( vt i^imcon ' and two of tbe
I,nni'« I'rnver(fi)r other editions we JlTLtAIt,
I>j>;. of Jipmtu'lo^y, ])p. &57-61>. BeMdi>e
tbe»o Whitlitigltnin trnnilBlml fiuir pi>Kliii!>
in tho SnotlUh p^itT, wlitcli do not appuar
in any English edition. ' His inflti«iic« on
the praltor wut, in iJitt flmt plnce, that of
BcboJarly revision of tbe work of Sternbold,
and of llopkins'a wTOn early piwlmii from
kla knowledgtt of Hobr«w; and, in tbv
iPnTond, iotilAlion of French melrea ' (»S. p.
BBl). WbitiinK'liam nlso wrote n preface
to IliillfvV ' Brii'f DeiTlarntinn of tlwi ijiird'ii
Supper' (Geneva? 1550, Hvot, revised for
preoa KnosV work ou prede»tin»lion, which
yew ptibli-'hed at (ifneva in 1B(S0 (K^ox.
Wvrk*, Haiinntvnp (.'liih, v. l.'>* iiqOi a"d
contributed a <io(Hcatory cpinllt' to Good-
man't *Ilow Siiperi'ir I'owerB oughl to be
obeved ' (tieneva, IftaS. Hvo), in which vifWs
Hitailar tu Knox'i^ wen- aduplt'd with r^fard
to (lip * mjfiment of woini-n.
UliiLtintrbam tonk formal leave of the
council ilC Uiiinjva on -"JO ,\Inv IftW (extract
intm eounril-honk in Oriffinat /./•rtfr*,l'arkfr
Soc. p. "65 V.) Soon nftT bis return to
Kn^Iflnd ho wa* in January 13fiO-l af^
pointed to Hlt«nd on Fntiicio UuMcll, sncoiid
•Mrl of Bedford, during his embaasy to the
French ooun. In tbr following year hn bu-
(■7iitjn clmpUin to Aiiibrusf l>inll>-y, t^rl nf
"Warwick [tj. v.', and ono of the ministers
at Iluvrt* or Nfwlinvr-n, whicli w«» llw-n oe-
riiniM hy the Eiifjlish under Warwirk. His
relij{ioii» teal, find other wrvices of a more
wnrtik'' cliaricti-r at the nii'pcof iiavro, won
him peneral praJae (oee t'nt. tflate fapert.
For. I'jtH-It, pusflim) ; but Cecil was obliged
10 couipkin of bi« ncgli^i of coufurmity to
tbe English pray«r-book {Otmiten JUitcel-
ilffiijr, Ti. 14-1 Ji). Neilber biaporilanisDibow-
evvt, nor the dialikv Kltiabetb l«lt toward*
him for his aliarv in OAodniana book pre-
venttid bin buine collated ou Iti July 1903 to
the dc«n«7 of l>iirliam, a promotion which
he ow«d to tbe itrenuoua <iupport of War-
wick and Leicester. On his way to Durham
Ik' preached beforo ch« qiiMa ai Windsor on
■2 S<-pl. IGUa
UoUke Duny dean^ of Elinhelh'a retgn.
whvn deanvTifx, beinjj m'n^ mra animantin,
were regarded aa aeui-aecular |imfiBrmenta,
W'bittinRfaam took his rdigtoos datiM
•ohoiD'ly, hnldiiijT two norricM a dav. d«Tat-
iagmucb time to bis eratomar uLool and
•ong school {LaHMl. JttK 7, art. IS), and
being ' %'ery carcfuU to provide tbe beet
aosga and anttM<aLs that could be got out of
the t|ut.-<_-u'i> cbAjipell. to rumii>h thv qaire
with all, bin)»i'lk- bvuis skillfull in musick'
B^-fo^■ tbe outbreak of the northern rcbcl-
liua in l-VJ!) ho ^tiinly ur^-d t'ilktngtou, lbs
hiKbop (if Durham, to put the city in a st«t4
of defence, but he was mora eucceasful at
N'-wciulIe, nliicli n-airttKl lli« rcbcU. In
\'}7'J, when Uurghley bevam^ lord tmsonrt
Wbitliii|{bam was aaggwt*^, probably by
L«iciei>i4-r, n« bis auroonor in tbe office of
•ecT«(ary. In 1677 ]>>ic«ster also promiaed
Whittingham his aid in sccnring the sm of
York or IKirbnm, boib of which wen
vacant ; but the di«u refused to prosecute
bifi suit.
Meanwhile Wbitttn)fliaro'R iconoclastic
procemlingit in the cathedral, a liat of wfaicb
IS given by Wood, had 'ifT'-nded the hijrf»i-r
chiiTfli party. .Ascarlya^ liW hp hadwrii-
Ivn a long letter to Ijeieester (printed in
Stbti'b's Parfctr, iii. 76-84) protesting
againftl till) 'old popish apparel,' and ^ro-
ci-edingti bad in lotiS been taken against
him for rorusing to wear thv surplicvand
cop" iVamdm MitrwUmitf, vi. 22); WTiit-
t Ingham event ually gave war, allc^^ing
Calvin's advice not to Iwivo the ministry
• for thcaf cTlitmall matters of order.' In
1577, however, he incurred the enmity of
Erlwin -Sandys \q. v.'', tbts n^w srchbiBbap
ul' York, by resisting liis claim to viut Ilut^
ham Cathodntl [16. pp. ^i-7 ; InjunctioM
and Eecl Pnr. <iflfuk'/p Bnmet, p. &5, Sur-
lees Soc.) According to Hutchinson (Di4r-
kan, iL 143-53) and Stirpc {AnnaU, u. li.
ittr) a com in in* ion, whicu do«« not appear
on the patent or close rolla, hod been wnvA
in lo76 or 1577 to examine mattpnt uf cnm-
plaint against him, bul had proved ineffei^
tual because the Karl of Huntingdon and
Matthew [Iutron(152e-lfi0<t) [(i/v.) aid.^d
wit h tbu d<MU agoinrt tbelbird comBiiastoner,
Sandya. A fresh commisaioo waa tsaoed on
i
14 May 1678, includinfr thn thtve fonner j
oomtDiwioners nnd nbotit n dox«u otlicrs.
Ttlf nrt tcWafminiit ^V hitl inghftm Art' pritiKfcl
from lUv tJomc^tic etatt? papers in tbe ' Cam-
den MiKullanj' ' (vi.4(i-l^| ; the cliMgetlial
*be is defam&d of adultrTio' is vtitered as
* portly proved ' nnd llinT, of drunk^nnew «s
'pruvud;' but t\n»v iisBuriiuuaurotoora^iuo
to df!ii«rvi< acceptance, and tliK ren\ gravamen
aninsS WhittinphaBi. npart from his Icono-
cuuuiii wo* tli)^ unnlidilyor hU artSmntiQii.
He had odmittiMily nnt txM^n onlained nc-
•ordiDR to tho riU-s of the cbvircli of Eag-
land, hilt pArliamf'nt li«d ntn-ndy pH.tftr'd nn
act (]3Eliz. c. 12)practicsUyackDawled^iiig
Che vttlidity of tho ordination of miniotcrfl '
whether acoordtug to Kon&n valliolic or the
I of tbo refoniiiMl chiirclien on the con-
leui. Sandys mninluinud thut Whitlinf;-
, bfld not bi*un vulidl? urduiiii^l evuu nc-
tolhetiL-in^vflii nte, but only elected
cbvr vritbuut tbu imposition uf liandi^.
tluiitingdon, hciwi-vi-r, wnil« lliiit ' it. could
not but he iU-tokcn of all tbo godly leamtd
botli at honw and Id all tVi irffirrtK^ r Imrclw*
ftbrmd. that vre should aHnvr of \ho pniiiiOi
massing priest* in our miuistrv, nnd disallow
of tlio inini*UTfi made in a rulorrrn^d cliiirch '
(fih'RypE, Annai^, ii. ii. 17-1). lie suggested
I thestay of Tbo proctodinRg, and this,)i?sidM
^Uwinfflh43wit-i>«tcotirfE!,iiutLmiLlyc()mmL>uciL>d
^^WU4:lf to Kliznbi-thV Iiabit nf ttmipi^iriniDg.
^■\S'biLtinghiim'& death nn 10 ,Iunu lu"l) ren-
^B^dered fiirthi:>r{irii('''i'(liR)^H \uinfvi.'*itivry , Hi-
waA biirii'd in Durlinm (-aihi'dral, whom big
tomb na« deatroy?*! by thn Scots in ittlO.
I]i»will, dfttod 18 April lyTy, is printed in
* Durham Will* and Inventories (Surtees
Soc. ii. U-lti).
In the im>cnpti<.)» placod mi \Vhittin[(-
bani'fi tomb he is said to have been de«cribi>d
aa 'in&ritii* CQlb'^hntu eororit' Julianuis
Calvini thcobiiri ' ( Hirrcwixsow, Durham, ii.
151 1, and thiB stAit^ment hasbt't-n commonly
mpiwlvd, Calvin is, liowrriT, not kni)wti to
hare had a siatpr named Oatherinc (r.f.
UALIffU, Soiw* G^fiilogiffurf, iii. 100
•qq.). no bIIumom to tin- ituppiAed r'Ontion-
uip bas been found in the M'orks of either
Ouvin or WhittinKbam. and chronology
make* ihii «ii[>po»IcioB aloioti; impossible.
Similar objections upfily to the slalement
that ^Sliiitin^liatti's wile way sittiT of C<al>
^ivin'* wif.i; thtt latter wua Idolctle di- Itures,
widow of a i^tmsburj; anabapliiit whom
[Tnlrin marripd in IMO; wh-Ti-an Wbilting-
Bam's wife Oatliprin*?, daughter of Loaia
I^Jaqueman 'and beire to hvT mother bvincx-
ihi- heiro of (M(nler>)n [or rroiilf-ronl in (tr-
\mxxe^ {Geneahffi»t, i, :K)9), was probably
bom not before )&3d and married to \VhLt-
tinRham on IB Nov. 1556. Her eldert son,
Zachnry, wna baptised on 17Aii;f. lor>7,&n(l
her vluiwt douRiiter, Susanna, on 11 Dec.
IJJ.58; horh died younj(. And Whittinnirhiim
wa* nurvivL'd by two fiotm, Sir Timothy
(rf. FoSTBB, AUimni Oxon. l.'J00-I7W) nnd
Daniel, and fuur daufjHilenf. In 15@3 ahn
wa« defendant in a cunouH action fyr >>Iundr>r
(l}fpo»xtion» from, the Courta of Durhttm,
Surtoes Hoc. pp. 3I4-I(>),and Iwr will, diilwd
9 Due. iJiOO, iH print.^d in ' Imrhnm WiiU'
{ii. 18-19).
\X\if: Iraniieripl in Anthony k Wood's baud of
a Itfu of WhittinKiiani, writt«n iibout 1603 by a
pvnoual friend, ''orm^rlr Aehmulrnn TAS. 8A0O
R. 4 nrL b, \» now id the Itwilrinn VtaoA MS.
H.fl4 ; it i> tlio kMii of Wuod'ii arcwiint in lli<<
Atb«DW 0x011. i. 446 »<|q., nod hu* be«n prinl«d
in full, with inniir illiistnitiTP diveim>nntH, hy
Ml*. Kcurm Gn>i-u ill rol. ri. ^)f tb* Camden
Society's MiiK^lUny, IKTI, and nlm>nN an ftp-
jicndix to Pclcr Lcirimrr's 'John Knox,' 187&-
S>?e Bi«n, btMiiileH aulborilin* ciloit iu \n\ ,
Harl. MS. Ift-W t 2a7ft, \asm\. MSS. 981 f.
Hj, Addit. MSS. 2H*A f. to. lUwHiwon MH.
xii. I'. 207 ; tluru's Livie dw Angluis a GoiieTu,
Jfl31 ; Vi«it. Cliwbire, p. 248 (llart. .Sou.);
BiiiDM's Ltucaahire, iv. 4U0 ; Surlecs's Dur-
hnm. ii. 28(1 ; Reg. Vntv. Oion. i, 211; Foster's
Alumni Oxfin. IS«0-i;i4; Le Nero's Fasti, iii.
299 : Cnl. (State I'oppts, Horn. 1647-80. Foreign
l.'.SO-C pctssim; Cnl. Haiflfld MSS. Ii'. 217;
Brioff Diacour» of Trooblw, 167*: Knox's
Wi)rka(llKiinatyiicClnb) passim; G ouch's Index
ii) frtrker Soo. I'ltbl,; Sirypo'a Works petsim
IsoeQenorril Indax); Brook's PijrilanH. i, 229:
KdaVh Puritans, pi. IKH, i. IU-I7; Collou's
Kdiiionsof thoHiblt., 18.Vi.pp. 30. 128; Ander-
svd's Annals of [he Uibia; Dur^'s Old Bibira,
1888; Hollnnd'M I'ealRiist^ of Britain, i 110;
Maitland'n iitvtiyn nti thR Rofonnatinii ; Dycr'a
Lifc^of Ciilviii, IBdO; Dixon's UiHt. uf Churdi
of England, veil ir ; iJnlton's Liwcinns, 1869.
p, 341; Ninetofrnlh Onnliiry, April ISSii; Notes
and Queries, 2nd, lib, and 4lh scr. pursim.l
A. V. ^.
WHiTTTNaTON, TiirirARr){rf. im),
mayor of London, was son of Sir William
Whiitin^on nnd lii^wift- Joan {.Hontmiiixm,
vi, 710). Sir liobert Alkym:, thehistorionof
1 oncost L-rsb ire, in 171^afGiintvd ^^'bitt■n^
loii to tbv family which acquired the uunore
ofl'atmtley,u»<arNtin'ent, in that county, and
Solh're Hopo in HtTtfordshire, by murrinfe
with IliM hcirewt of Jidm de SoDi-ts lowarw
tbp close- of the ihirteonth renturv. Sannel
l-Y«onB (I8061i*77t hj. v.], in >iia 'Model
^lerchantof the Middle A(K«' (1»^«0). g«Te
stroHK reasons for identifyioK his father with
Sir William Wbiltington of INinntlcy, who
married (after ISH^) Joan, daughter of Wil-
liam Moaaell, sheriff of Qloucesterahire in
Whitting^ton
\Vliittington
oOnat
UU, maA widow «r
fiott Miortm,ii. 1 '!:£).
I at the Puntl^ fully with • muk U
hwuim e w vmi • di Sc ww of tiacton ud
Icfwt (Ltmoe^pp^ *iJ^^ ""^ ^* ^ ^"^
flOB of noBc^ Id flufip Miniri], Joaa'a
bntbat, ia 138B (Baun, ^ i;6». A hule
'dHBenltf ■» tnrolnnl io tW bet ihrtthoagli
^hBaa oolr have been lb* thirl son of &
r'WiBiuB ud Jou Uue^ and Iwidly ham
I'fcdbra 1S50, ^lutlingbM <ra alnMl; k «A>
' slaitiiil London olwn m ISTfl (d Ltboxi^
If. 9S,IMd«iw]L Sir WiOun Wbiui^ttoo
I an oatuw in 1AS8, uid ii h«i bMn n^
cwtod that his odenee wu aur]riii|t without
Hcenae TVrfceltyB widow, who aunriT«d bin
nnd died in 1.S73 (OW. /ay. iw*i aaortaR, ii.
:JI7, 32.1, uL 4^). Tbw elded acm, WU-
lian, died withoot i»Be in 1XI6-I> {ib. iii.
S3&), Uaving the e>tat«a to lu> twxt brotbM,
'Kobert, whose dosoradaots Hill hold land in
GloueeMcrahiK.
Noihinf^ ti known of WKittin^'^n'A aettle-
maat and early life m London. Tlie legvod
convfTt* thiT DoiTKeUbin! knt^hl, tiia£tther>
in-law, into a London men;!bant and his
maater, wbich Sir Walter Bfwint acotpta
oa biMorioal bet. Bat hi> fimt antboitie
■ppaa r anea belongs to 1379, when he contii*
Ml«d fiT« DUjl:a to a city loan (Rilht,
p. 034). By tiada a mcrcvr, w« fijid him
•umlyuiK the hotwebold of the Karl of
Den>T. aiirrwards Henry XV, with velrota
and damaitk* | Wtlis, iv. UiO, 162-3). In
1363, and B^in in 1397, bo eat in the com-
nioa coancit aa a Tvpnv<entatiT« of Oolaman
fHrMi ward (Riun, p. &35). Two years
later be became Eurety to the chamberlain
for I Of. towards Ibc di-fence of tli« city.
In March 1993 he was chooen alderman
for Broad Stre«t ward, and Marred as sheriff
in 1393-4 (ib. p. &S5; Fabta^. p. M8;
W'lLiB, iii. (to). When Adam lUmme, the ]
mayor of ISOT, died daring his terra of
offion, tbu king a]>po:nted<B June) Whitting-
ton to fill his p1a<ro until the next election i
(FirtUra, vij. tCA; Faiitaw, p. W3). A |
month Iftlcr Riphard's lonc-dpfi^nvd von-
fMinc'i* (I'.vcended iipun the lords appellant,
ami Wliittinffton had to awwobli- llic city
militia to act^ompany the Idtlf to l'k>3hy \o
arrt-M. thu DuVv of 01one«ater {Axmalt*, p.
1}03). It. would be n«b perhaps lo infer
that lio was a iborough^oinir royal parti»an,
In yitfw of bix lu>t inttmrtinns lo tne mem-
ber* of hi« college, diriM-liiig thirmtopntyfor
itw AOuls both of Kin^ Richard and thf> Duka
of OtoucMt^T, ' hiK Kiw^cinl lords and pro-
moters '(.VomtJiftMn, vi. 7'10). In October
ha WW eiaeled ■■/<■ (or the enaning ycv,
tkM holding oAoa ooBtinnooaly tat a ysar
wmd Cra ■oatha nt a tiai» of great exette-
ia th* dtT, procobed br th« Icioe's
in^ ^PABTAS.it. AiS). ffia
the hmniliatinK auWission ex-
ftoB the crttcrn* (Okeoovt. p. 100).
ffichaid, wbca depoaed, owed Whittinrton
a Ihn— ad aarha, which he was fortunate
wmmA IO ns refaid (Wtlie, i. A4). His
vaafeh mada bim Tery useful to Heury IV
b Ins rhrooic pecBsiaty difficulties. The
■■aal'^ of lb" vnry council rwcorci hi* pn»*
mn with William Bramptnn, another ritj-
■aa, at > tarrtineon 15 June IIOU. and there
wu some idea of summoning him to a ffT«al
covDcil in the foUowinfr yaar (Ord, I^hry
CotmnJ. i. V2-2, IttSV He furnished cloth ot
gntd and other meroriy for the bridal outfits
of llenrr's danf:htet« married abroad in
1401 snd'l4U6,and frrqnently adrancod to
the crown lar^ sunw of money on loan, on
oae ocraaion no ll^ss than tf ,400/. t Lnoxn. p.
87 : WruB, ii. 4li. 44». tii. 6C ; Ord. ptity
Oaimtil, it. 107, \\i}. As mayor of tbi>8iapl6
at London and Calais and a coUm:tor of tha
■"t*^*"^ and subsidy in both jwirt*. lie
good aeenritr for the reparmeni of bis '
iWruB. iii'. ft.'.; DbtojtJ Jtum-j-. p, 322).
leniy V also borrowed from \\'hittitigton
and gave him vsriont proofs of his conS-
dence, entrusting the expenditure of tbt>
funds tvi andr for the nstontion of the
nave of Wealmiturt«r Abber to bim with a
absle eolleafue, and forbtddinft tbe mayor
of I41fi to pull down NnT huifdingK in tbe
city without con«altin^ ^Mlittington
three others {Finlem, ix. 79; Ord. I
Covneitf u. \<Vt). Rut hid knighthood if-
lefT^ndar^ as his bumtoj; the royal bonds.
\S'hittinf^on was msror for th» sMond
time (third if hiit nhort tenurvof the olBoeio
1397 be counted) in 1406-7 (Rl let, p. B65),
and for the last time in 1419-IX)(i£. p. G76).
LycoDs asmrta (p. AO) that hi? TVprBxentM
London in one of the parlinmcnts of 1416,
but n" n>turiis«evm tr> I'xiot (Auf of Mmi'
berMf i. 267-8). In hia but yt>ani he waa
trery active in prosecuting the fotutallen
of moat and aollttrs of dear ale (CbMoa. MS,
tialba D 5>.
On ■'> Sept, 1431 Wbittington made lus
will (Ltwxs, p. W). He atu-nd«d th« dty
elections in tbe autumn of I-U3, but diiul, il
would S(K!m, in tlm L^arly days of the follow-
ing March (|A. p. 71). Mik will wen proved
on thtt 8th of that month {ib. p. M)). In
nccordanct- with it« directions be was buried
on The north nidi' of the high altar in tho
church of St. Michael de Patenioster-chiirdi
in Riola, for whoso eoUegiatioa he pro*
Whittington
»5S
Whittington
I
I
■ ktt.
■I
; an epitaph in sontewliut obscure Latin
deiicrihin^ him as 'llo» intrcAtornm '
* re^a Kpi-ii ot pret,' is [irusurvi-J )>y Scow
(tiL 6). Hia tomb » mitl (rfr.) Ui h&\<a bocii
rifled for iTvatmre in the reign of Edwiinl VI
hr the panoit of th« cbiircli, who nb^tracted
the leoj ID which thn boov vaa lapped.
It WHS rpplnced undirr Mary, but th* tomb
perinhpd urit.h thp church in the great fire
of 1666. Whittington'a execulors wotu in-
itrucf-«l b; hU wHl 1o «e]\ thci hoTiiH> he-
lived ID close by the church with other pro-
perty in the city, and exiicnd I Lc procw-ds uti
a»Mes for 1 liu »ouIa of fainittf^'lf, bi« wifn, bii«
&lherand mother, am! «U other* to whom
llo was bound. Thr old bouse in Il&rt
Htnwt. iiirMitrk l.nmi', wUirJi iiitt^ to hetni-
ditioniilly known 4b Whictin^oa Palace,
Kould M't-ni ibt^refore to buvu ou cUita lo
that diMiiK^liiin. Then- nn tuni-tttl t-n-
vraviags of this liau»<<, which was pulled
dn«\-n <'<Lrly in thi- pr^n'-nl o-itfury {Grnt.
Mof}. 17iH!, rxvi. ii. filft; I.thohp, p. 7fl).
Whittington married (^f(lna*tKv», vi. /48)
Alice, daiijfhU'r of Sir Tto Fitiwiiryn, a
Iciiifcht orcoDsidorable Inndud property in the
sriut^-wc«t«m counties, who on seTeral ocea-
•ion» r>>j>rv»«uti.-d Donwt and Devon in parlin-
ntent, by hui wife Matilda or Maud DATfjfea-
teia, onii of ibe coheiresses of the well-known
SarddhirM family in wlm-h ih* otlW of
cupbearer w«fl hiTeditary (Hi'tciiixb,
i. a»/-8, iv. 174; OLI'TTEKlltTCK. ii. 6-11-2).
8hfl most Eftvo prfHlectMcd bcr fath(^r, who
died on 6 t^pt. Ill J and wa> buri-^d in
Wantage church, wh^ro hi» tomb remains,
for be left only ouo daui^hlur, Aliu,DOr, who
b«ram« hifl heir {A.- Asituoix, ii. H35;
AViLiB, iii 05j. Apparently Whittington
had no tMtue bv her.
The only portrait of Whiitin^on at all
likwlv lo t»- Hiithentic i" the illiiniiiiiitioH iit
the (K^nninjf of th^cnpy of tb'' ordinances
fin* his hospital at Slerwre' Hull which r^
DfCMnM him on his dt-vfilhhed nurrounded by
nis executors and bedetmen, It n engraved
is tbe works of Malcolm (ir. 616). Lysons,
and Iteitnnt. 'riu> fnce i.1 long, (bin, and
amoolh ithuvou. It bna litlU or nothing iu
common with thu portmit engraved by
IC^iiold ICbitmcki- [(j. v.] t-iirlv in tlip Keveii-
teeulh century. ITie chain of nffjce in tbp
lattt-r ii« of i-ixtwenlh-century di'tiKii, anil the
;inal picrure WM prfihably a wnrk of that
tn the iiM iropreasions of the engrav-
_ Whittington 'n rieht hand rpAted upon n
skull, but popular tawte c()m]H^Ilrd ICUtrscke
toaubititute n cat ia thoremaiuder, and the
foRDir BK now L>xci'ssivv1y rarv (Qiuhueb,
Bii^rapkitat Jlitfartf, i. OR). Thewi|iTa«iRg
in Its eecond shape is reproduced in Lysons
nod the 'Antinuarian Jtepertory' (ii. ^343).
Malcolm menlioitH ii timal] porlrnit at
Mi'rcorw' liall, which Iioj^ uiuce uisappoaivd,
in which he appear«d as a man of about
Htxty ' in a fur livi^ry ^wn and a hlsck cap
aucb SM thx v<K)meu of lbi>i )ptitrd now wear,'
and with a black- nnd-w bite cat on the left-
band f id^^ The in^cripli'in, ' K. Whillington,
l<'5<lt!,*^uggi<«t4 thcpn<»ib)liry of its hfine an
adaplBtion of a portrait of Robert Whittmjr-
ton [(J. V,], ihe grammAnan. The pri'wnt
ponmit at Mercen' Hull ib modem. It was
cuffraved in Thornton's 'New History, De-
8crintii.)n and Survey of Londun' (17W).
Whittinprton wsm grwjjlytieof theraediie-
rul city msf^ntv. Thure had no doubt bo-u
Taiifn dixtinguisbt-d inuvora oC |j<)tidc>n. lln
plnye<l a less nrnminent part in the alfairs of
ihekiucdum limn Sir John de l*ult'.-ney [q. v.]
iir Sir .fohij Philtpiii lii. v. |, and ibere is n<W
thing to show thEit (us conlempi'mry repu-
tation ?xt«iuh'db'*vond thecily. Tbcrlirrtni-
clers of bis time who wrofn in the rounlry
never mention bim by name. Hut bii> com-
mBreial suoceee, imnsunlly prolonged civic
cnrwr, and (rreat loans to I be crowu seem to
have impri?«.<ied the imnginalion of his follow-
ciliums if we may uccopl the evidence of his
epitaph and the ultiision to bim in Gregory'a
'OhruEiicli:' Ip. l-'iOl, written not lon^ illeF
bis denib, n* 'tbst fumos mHrrliant, and
merrer Uinhnrd Wbytyndone.' tn a ^entiti,
too, he wns the Wt of the great mediiVTal
mayors, for the outbreak of the wars of the
ro«es uftberyil in a period far less favourable
tomunii^ipnlmagnntL's. Wt he would hardly
have bcvu permanently reineiubered had not
hia benefactions — inostlv postfanntous — asso-
ciated him with some of iho most prorainont
London biiiIdingx,Bndouenf tbii few laedilft-
val foimdations in the city which survived
the It'-fortnstioti. Ao llml iif ibc ntbuildn"
nf tlierhief prifon and the fnuntW nf thfi
prineipn.1 almshouse in London, Whitlinj-
ton's name was n hooschold word with the
Londoiu^rst of the sLiteenth cenlurvt when
many of the scanty facts of his life had
almady bren forgoltoii.
(.'hiidleM, imd surviving his wife, Whit-
lin^on was frou to duvute his wt'Hlth to
public and piiiua oljects. Hn arcbed over
a sprinc on the bank of the city ditch, and
inserted a public ' 1»om ' or wnt"r-tup in th"
wall of St. fiilen,Cripntegntf> (Stow). Thiiv
or 0. similar one at DillinftBgate pnve Robert
Whittington (q.v.J, The pram ninnan, his nick-
nnme of 'Doss* (Ltboss, p. 62). In hia last
termofoflice as mayor Whittington defrayed
thi-tfTcaterpnrlof ihucoMof t hi' new library
of tlir (inivfriani, now the tiorlh aide of th«
great cloister of Christ's Hospital (CAnm. t^
1
Whittington
156
Whittington
Gnyfriarf, v. 13). Wttb otlien ha liaoded
or*-r )>-tul>-uliall Ui tita oarpontinn in 1411,
and be opeoi^d n&kewell Hall for \he &alc of
bnwdclothe {^Lviottii, p. 84 i Bkmxt.u. lOfli.
By kin diriMitions hU executnrn, one nf whom
vu the wpU-laiown town clerk, John Cmr-
penter (I-'iTOr'-l-Mir-ifo. v,1. wlin compiled
tlu! 'Liber Att>uB* id AVhitlin^ton's third
nMjoralt; { I4I!>), oblaiiicd licctiM u> i\- build
N«wg«lo, which lerved as ctly priwn, on
the groiiD<1 th»t it: wu ' feblo, over litirl and
M ooBtugious of Ertc, jut hit cautttd the
d4lh of many m«n' {Fmlera, x. 287 ; JM.
Pari. iv. >^0J. TliL<y nlso contributed to Lhu
nrpairof Kt. Biirtlioloiiirw'n Ilcminlnl ami tbtt
rHtoration and enlargL<m«nt of t»e Guildhall
(Stow, i. 2«M ). Ilut (ln-y wtro directwl to
ii*c thi'btilk ofhiR wi^dItIi for the fonndation
of A hcwpitnl or kIidaIiouhu, and the col-
I«gi*lioo of bin nnmh cliurrli of St. ^lirhaol
da hitt>nuMl«r-cnureb. T)r hii'l tnken Mme
DTeliminarj' «(«]« in hia lifetime, thout;h
ntow-'a authority for tho statpmont. that hn
obtuinml a rwyal license in MIO doea not
appear (Slow, iii. ;(; ef. Lysoss. t>. 84).
In 1411 he |faTL< land fur lliu n'huihling of
the churrh (KiuiY, p. 678). Ilia executors
obtained the conaont of tbL> luvUblsbup of
CaDbirbiirylnthi'nitllfgialidnofSt.MrnliAerit,
which was an archif^isciipnl pt-culinr, on
30 Nor. 14;fJ, and on 17 and IH IJec. issued
A chArt»r of foiindation find rorulniions for
college dedicat«d to the Holy Ohoat and
.e Virgin Mary, to oonaiat of 'firft priests,
onv of whom wax to bo Bia«t«r. 'I'hey wero
til reside ill a buildinjir m>wly erc^cted east
of thu L'hurch, and i>ay uia8H(.-(i for iho soula
of Wliitlttigloii mil! 1tii> wifi-, bin fHtli'-r uiid
mother, Jtichiird II, 'niouiae of Woodstock,
BD(L tlia-ir wivi'n {Alunartir^n, \\, 7>S!I— 11).
f'urther endowments and rules wflr« added
18 Feb. \A-2U {ih. vi. 748). KeKinnId
?eench [q.T,] becamf master in 1481. Thf
college waa aupi»VMed in lOl^.and the build-
ing sold for tiS/., but ila memory >» kept alivp
by College Slnwx. Simiilianeouily with ihe
Aieatinn of Whittinj^Ion (killrge, the execu-
tors founOi-^d {2\ l>Pc. 1424) a hoitpiial ha-
twMH thu church and \V hi Wiiitf ton's house
for thirloen poor men, one uf wliom was to
hv tutor, und wlic>j><i |iraT«rit wrra to l>e
offeri'd for the bouIb of the persoOB tneiitioned
»boTe, and also for tliow of Iho jmnttirs of
the foundtfr'e wife [ih. vi, 74-V 7i, An
illuminated copy of their ordinnnee* is pre-
aorrcd by the Mrrcers' Compnnv, wlio mnnag^
the ho»pila) now removed ti? IlichpiU< \Rti>.
Jjiwry Companift' CommitttQH, 18U4, iv.
80-44).
It has been Wtlttini^on's ainf^ular fate
to bocomc tlio hero of a [Kipulut iiilu which
hu found ao ullimate lodfrniml m the
nurserv, Tbf Whillington nf ibv old hal-
ladi^, chap-books, and pitpp^ play started
IITm OB H po(ir ill'tniatvd orphan in th» west
of England, and made lu« war to Laoina
on bearing that its streets wciv pam] with
gold. Arriving in a slate of desiituliAn, he
attracted the cominiseralion of a rich aer-
cbnnr, oat Mr. Ilugh KitxWarrtii, who
placed him ta a scuUioa 10 hu kitdiai,
whrn.- he sufTerod grratiy from the tyrmnoy
of the cook, tcmpwrad only by the> kindaeas
of his master's daughter, 3ilrs. .Uice. Krom
this stattT of misery he was presratly released
bv a strange pieci- uf good fortune. It was
tfie worthy merehant's custom when sending
out n ship tn let cmch of his Hfmtnts veatan>
•nmething in it, in order that (tod might
give him a greater btesiini;. To the freight
of the good iihip ("nicom Whittington could
only cnntribule bin cat, whirh hi- had bought
for a p^DDV to keep down the vermin in ai»
garrpt. : but the vessel happening 10 touch at
an unknown part of the Darbary OOMI. tlie
kinp of the country, whose palace was over-
run with ra(» and mice, bought the cat for
ten times more than all the freight besides.
31eanwhili< her owner, uoconEcioua of his
(fnoci liirk and driven diiipiTntc by the 000k'*
ill-UML^, stole away from I<padenhalt Street
early in the morning of All Hallows day,
and left the city behind him, but as he
rested at Holloway he heard Uow bells risg
out a merry peal, which seened to say :
Torti sitaia, Wbiuingtoa,
Lord Mayor of Loodoo.
Wherounon he reluniMl I0 his pots and
spits, anu, the t'nlc^uni soon cominc in, raiti^
rii-tl .Mr*. Alicf, niid rune to hv thrice lord
mayor of Ixindnn and entertain Henry V,
afttr liin crntjiiiwrt of Frnnc*, at a KKat
ft'ast, in the cour*i- of which hi* threw into
the fire the king's bonds for thirty-«eTni
ihooMtnd marks. The story of the vejilure
of a cat leading to fortune i» in one form or
another very widely ditTused. It baa bm*n
Ireced In many countries both of southeiD
nud nortlierA Kurope, and occuni in a J'arvian
TtrBiJiii us early ns the end of the thirteenth
rejiturv. Tht- gi^rm of the slorv 8>*eina sug-
gested hy the mention of the custom of iliip-
raasten«iAkiti)Tt ho ventures of the poor wboM
fravpra were thiinghl to bring good luck.
UMan nnd Clouslon claim a lluddhistic
origin for iIk tale. One of tbv reaAons ad-
duced in support of t]ii» view is that in some
of the oldtT versions the cat i» Mived from
ill-treatmoDl hy thi^ person whose fortune it
is destined to make. The Knglish version
lia« more in common with the Sc&ndinaTi&a
I
Wliittington
'57
VVhittington
I
aod ItuMiAO forms ot the ntory lliaii tvitli
tto»e current iiisoutbero Kuroiw. It standi
olnKMl uloDf, liowvviT, in Ei'luctinf; an his-
torical in-rsnciage as tli« cniil ml figun-. 'ITte
•l«gpna' of Whiitjnglon is not known to
Itavn b^en luirrntcil Ijtiforc IflO-V 0» 8 Fch.
lfS(H-li a clrAmiLtic Vf-rsion i-ntirhicl ■ The
Ilislorj (if Uicbanl Whiitington, of hiH
lowe byith, hi« fjreiit fortune, na jrt wm
Silaitid b; ibe prync^-HeervnuiB,' was licensed
or the pri-** (Arbiiti, fsftitionrr*' Iteffi*tfri,
iti. i^>. On Itt July 1005 u license was
grwQted for the publication of a ballad called
*Tho Tcrttious I.yft9 anil nt<^niorable J)»ath
of Kir Kirhiin) WliitlinfTlon, ini-rcur, wmie-
tjme Lord Mataur.' Noitbt^' phLvnorballad
,i> lomrn to bavv *ur%-ived, TIio earlta«t
«xtant refereiiBea to the ' legend ' figure in
Thomas TIeyw-ood's 'If you know not me,
you know nobody' (Rrt j. »c. i.) published
in 1006, and in Rf^niiinont nnn Flntcher'A
'Kniffht of the Rurriin^ i'estle,' which sp-
|M>n.rcd fiv« yciiw lotcr. Both references
imply that »i>nuij« liU-rli'^ bad b«eu (akea
in the lofrend with the historieal facts. The
rariou* altcmplit lo rati:>iuilist.< thfl Ivffi-ud,
by dragging in t lie use of tlu^ wonl ' cat an a
namfl wn ehipii currying cuhU frooi Nl>w-
casth^, a m<'n^ lui miiroiiN )>ii|f |{>'*t i-^n of Snmui^
Foote [^.v.], or by explaining ' cat ' n» a cor-
ruptioQ o£ t!i9 French achata, fall to lh«
^und when thr> r^al character of tho etory
u p«co^ui-*e<l. J-y«)n#'» deft-DCe of the his-
torical truth of the iccideut of I he cat would
hardly call Xur criticism if it hud not boon
«a>rio(itity revived in Sir Walter Beitaiit's
popular history of Whiitin^oa. Their
corn>b<initiTi' proof* miir h" »t ouch diju
mbued. Tho i^vidence of lh<) portraits ia of
course worthleM. The piece of sculptiira
foutul in an old houftit n.t Cilouce^ter M.id to
IiaTB once belouged to tb« Wliittington
family, and figdn^d byCarr (p. xvi), repro-
teoU a omall boy, not ' a fine sturdy youth,'
carrying a noodeacript itiuall auimal, ami
iharo Mcms no mlJsAii;U)ry evideuLM for
attributing the nlotiKtu Liiefifli^nthi;imtury.
The astuinptian that the cat r/in-ttd nn tfin
front tii Ni-wgatv when rebuilt after the
great Are had exiAlvd on t.ht;' building
enoted by Whitt ington's •■xw;utore rests on
k mere mittakA of IVjinant.
pTba fint Mriooii attempt tn ai^scTtaiil and
hnng to«tetlior Uio facts of Whitli'i^n's Vxfa
wu made by Haaiuftt Ly*on*. onn of the suUiora
of ibeUaAnaBritaniiiji, in 'Thn Moili'l Mor<:hnnt
of thr Middle Agw'ClHSO): very little c^cnped
him, but the ndoe of his -wark ii> marml by bin
aecepbiacaof the legend a« genuine l^ography.
The life by Wallar Beeiint nnd Jamee Rice
<t4SI ; Sad ed. IBSf) addx a few details from
thw City Archiveb, butadborae lo Lysgns's tut-
criiieul standpoiat, aod is little mere tJian an
oxpantinn of ht» work eritlmut lii* reftirericc* and
ilacnmiinT*. Tlio (rbirf orif^nftl auihoritituan,'
Lhu folluwin^: Rotvli FArlinmontomm ; Rymcr's
Fcrdcm, nrigirifil (d. ; '>tdiii'iin"«» of tliB Pritj
Cuunc^il.iHl. Nirtilss , t'^ilondnrium iTiquioitiooun
pom Dioriem : Dcron's Ltsoce of tho Eickcqutr:
Iteiiim of Niimea of Mtmbcn of ParliABient.
1878; LiJiU (if i^eriffii, IS9B: Momurticon Angli-
cftDuiD. «d. Caluy, Kll!*, asd Bnndinul : Annalea
Rlcardi II (Ilolls Series); r*liy*n'* Chmnicl*-,
L'd. Elli«; (Jreffory'a Chronicle nud Cbronicle
of Oreyfriara (Caoiden Soc) : Slows Snm-y of
Ix>ndon, ed. Stcype ; Bilej'a Memorials of Loo-
iloo. Al*i Brewer's Lifu and Tiinfn of John
Car^ieiitT, I83C ; Knli?oIm*fl Londiniuu Redi-
Tiram 1 Huichins'a nistoryof Dcreet, :tnled. ;
t'lutlerliiii'k's History of Uertfordshire ; Ash-
ino|p'« History nf HorksliirD ; Wylie'e Uietory
of llrnry IV. The li^nJ is crilicftlly examined
in Thfi». Ktiglitlpy's Tnlrsnnd I'nputap Fielioui,
1831, >V. A. Clouflon'e Popular Tales acd Fic-
tions. 1887. nnd by fl, H. Wlicotley in the pro-
fncc tn lii» mlition of tlin ' Hiolorynf Sir ttichiird
'Wbillii)Ktoir(ByT. II. [l«;0])for tho VUlon
Society, 18S6; compire alw* Itcinhold Kolilcr.
Orient itnd Oec_idoiil (ii. 48K}, and ItAlston's
Huuiun Fulk-Talee. Tbe earliest form uf the
slcjry in the Britisb Muaenm C<:llrotioti is a
hlai-k-letlar ballad of 1641. untitJod 'Lr.ndon's
gtoi-y snd WhittiofttonV renown; or a loukiog
glass for the citiuuBof London ; beiagareraark-
afala ntoiT bow Sir BichnrJ niiiUinKton . . ,
come (o be three timM Lord JJiiyur of Loudon,
and how his rit*e washy a an.' The prase
series begins with ' The famous mid reouvrkable
llinory of Sir Kiohord Whitt>ngtoa, three time*
Lord Uayor of London,' by T. U. isao. also in
block li-tter, a later odiiion of which hoa been
pnpub!i«hKi by ihe Vdk-n Society. The etory
Watne u fevoaril'* »ubj<H!t of cliap-books whoou
imprints iii^lnilr b^rlinburgli, I'nrham, Ciirlitde.
nnd Ni-wMtle-nn-Tyen. Ciirr's Mtotj of Sir
SiebardWliitiingtoii, 1871 . is a modom Torsion.1
.r. T-T.
WniTTINOTON. WHYTYNTON, or
WHITINTON, l{lHJICKT( rt. If>2<n,gram-
muriiin, was bom at Lichfield, and educated
tirat nt the school of 81. John's Hospital in
that eilv {Shart .itxvunt nf (he Annrnt and
ModeniStafer,/ lichfii^ia, IHUt, p. Ill'), and
afterwnrds under John StanbridgD fq, t.] in
th« KidiDidatlnchi'il to thiTfilb'geof 3t- Mary
Magdalen, Oxford. In April lfil3 ho anp-
plicaled tbo congregation of reg«nts at Ox-
ford for laureaiion in grammar, which was
granted him on 4 July enduing. At the
same time be was ndmittod B.A. In bis
mpfrliea( ho reprosentit ihat be bad studied
rhatoric for fourteen years, and taught it for
twelve. This would point to bi:« being burn
not much Inter than 1480. (In his laureatton
ha ae«umed the title of ' I'rotovates An; lift,'
3
Whittington
«58
Whittlesey
I of 4rrogflnc« which gar« oflVace to
oth«t schoUrs, ' in compdruon with whom,'
tays F>ill6r^ ' he tcm but a cneliling' thom.'
A varbn of epigrams eiuued betweeo him
dtiii William llormaii [q. v.], «upport«d br
Lily and AlJrieh, rbu intricaeiui of wfakn
have b»eu unravelled with much ingenuity
hy Dr. Maitland (Earfji PrmUd Book$,
p. Wh). 111*! iK>briquet of < Bom ' was b»-
ecovRO on \Vhitting1nn bv his fow, iu dari-
sivn ftllusioD to a public 'boM ' or wutirr-tap
in lliii city of Ijondnn irhidh had been ori^-
nally set up by Uichanl WhiuinRton [q. t,^,
and was t'lillcd by hjn naoM-. Whytynloa is
■aid by Italf \t> have been alire in 1530 ; but
beyoQct ihat ali in unM^rtAin. fli« ^ntn-
BUlical trvi>ti!i>?.s alon^vitb (hnse of hu old
naikt«r, Stanbridge, bad a wide circulation
(pay-Book ((fJoka I>omf,vo\. i.of Uw Oxford
Hist- 3oci«ty*f puUicaliouf, p. 76). lie de-
•cribfcs cme. of them us * lustA consuetudinMii
lodi liUTiuiL dim I'auli.' i^everal of thvrc an
of gnivt viiliie far illustrating the lanffum^
and uiuinere of thu limu. Thu clii»f of tbem
awthwf-nllHiwing: 1. ' EdilioSccttudftdtCOil-
sinitniD fcnncinnilatt'] pram mat iix-*,' Wvia-
k^ de WonK-, I<'>lL',.lto (lludi. Ubr), I5lti,
4to. 3. ' [hi Byllabarum quiuititai?,' Lon-
don, IGtU, 4f> ( f iiulitC ra«ntiociJi an tidicioa
of 1513). .S.'Whyttbyntoaieditio: Dedina-
tiODW uaminum tarn latinorum quum ftre-
Dorain,' London, lJil7, Itn (Bivll. Lihr.)
4. ' 0|iui:Cu]uDi iifTHbrum et rvcognitiim . . .
de nomiuiiDi ffcnmbu»,* Ix>ridon, )•.». 4to.
5. 'Editi'J du ilcteroclitiB nomioibiui ei grn-
dibiM L-nrnparalioni*,' Oxford. I'll 8, 4to
f BodL Libr.l ; London, 15Sa, llo. (J. ' Acci-
dfJitiK fX StAnbrifi^iann editions ' together
with ' Horvula,' Loudon, 1.J2S, Ito. 7. ' Vni-
garia micclmii oum suia vcmaculis,' Sc. Lon-
don, l(i28, 4la. Ui.'flidi'fitln.*e hu wrwt« 'l)e
difficiilinti- iiiitilim servAndm inroip. admini-
Btmlion(!,'iiIoaF{ with ' Dequaluoruinutibua
Gftrdineis,' bolh nddrcsMd to Wolsey, Ixm-
don, IBIO, 4to. ITiu pruHeatatioa copii'^, in
maaoacript. nni in the Itodieion Library-
Whytvnton wua iiliu^ thu author of tut>
following tnuwUtiodst: 'The tlire bookes of
TultyM OffveeH bothu in Iiilyiii; tonffn i in
englysehv,' l^mduu, 1&H4, 8vo. ' TulliuH d«
Senectuto hothc in Ititrn aiid unglvNiho
long!.,' Londnn, h.b. (1536."), Svo. '• Thtt
ParadoK of M. T. Cicero,' l^ondon, 1S40,
IBmo. ' A frulnfull woric nf LuciuH Aunuu*
Hencca, named the fnrmu and rule of hntipet
lyuyngo,' London, 15H1, 4lo. '-A frnli-fnll
wotlce of . . . Sennpa, tailed tho Myrmiir
or Cilawo of MuntTs . . .' I.rf>iid<m,' 1W7,
Byo. 'Locii Annei Spnecan ad Qnllionom.
. . . The rcmHilyes nf;ayniil all cnaunll
channcea,' Loadon, 1M7, 8vo. ' De civili-
tata nonin . . . jM^r Dm. Rraamam . . .
ICobertoWliitintouirfli(r]iuterprete,'Loadcni,
I>U>1, 8%-o. An earliL-r edition of thia luc
is aaid to baTu ■pptari'd in l-'i^ {BMi»theca
EnumiaHa, 1893, p. 2U>.
[Editiooaof Whytyiitoo'i Worlui ia nril. Moa.
and Bodlwiiui LibnuiM; Wnod'a Atbeiun Mid
Uiiit. el Aatii]. iL 4, 5 : W'artou'a EoKlith Po«-
\n. Kcct. xST. ; BoM»'« lt^«t*r of the tlnir.
of Oxfortl, 1885, i- 8A ; FoaUr'a Alamni Oxon. ;
v. Cue* Haclitt'y Seboola. SclioolbDolc*, &&,
l8SS,pp.60^; Ftnifgenano's Viflwof tha Eck^
li>h Ediiioo*, 171)7. pp. 60l>, «A1.1 J. H. L.
WHTTTLE, PETER AnMSTRONG
(17**9-Ii?yt(), Lancashire antiquary, wa« bom
at Ingl<twhit<' iu the parish of Oonsnaririi,
Laiicoiihin:, on 9 July I'tA'tand was edu-
cated at the ^n^jntoar schools of Oooonarffti,
Waltoa-lo-Iwt, and IVeston. He h«^mn
buBinesa as a baokacU«r and printer at I'r«»-
ton in 1810, and became an actiru concri-
bulor to various joumaK He was int«IU-
gent but ill-educaledfOnd bis work*, though
not without Taluo, abound tu virory. Hv
sfvled him.*«lf F.S.A., but was not a fellow
ol'thf! Societyof vVntiquariea, In l^MLord
Derby, *!< primo laininUT, gare him apen*ir>n
of TM. n year for 'literary aervices.' Afitr
g'Tingupbusini-Miti 18fil,hi!iliv»d *I Bolton
rsomr- yearx, and iht-n removed to Mount
Vernon, Liverpool. Whittle, who was a
Roman catholic, died on 7 Jan. 18tfK. 1T«
married, in Outolwr lr;i;7, Matilda Heari>Mt»
Armstrong, and had Twoiwn<i: Uobfrl Clan-
dius, author uf 'The WayfuTVT in Lbduo-
eh ire,' and Ileniy Armsironp:.
He was thu author of tht- following local
histories: 1. 'A Topographiwi! .\ccount,
&e.,of IVston,' 1S21: vol. ii. 1k;J7, tymo (ihfl
lirat ¥oliiui<- wit.'* pit 1)1 i ■hill under the psau*
donymnf'MarmaaukeTu1k<>t*). f*. 'Marina;
or au lliMoriciil and IWcripiiro Account of
■>uuihport, Ly tham, and Blackpool,' l*roeton,
1S31 . HvD(cinoo.j S. • Architectural Descrip-
tioit of St. Ignatius's Church, Preston,' 1833.
X. ' IX'scription of St. Mary's (^tsiwrcian
Churcli at P<*nwortbam,' Bro, 6, ' Eliittoncal
Xotici'B of Uoghton Tower,' 1845. 6. *An
.Vocfttint of St. Marie'ii Uliapel at Femy-
hiilgh,' 1851. Svo. 7. ' Bbickhum as it ik,*
1SB2. 8. 'Bfiltoii-le-Mftont and the Towo-
ehipa in the Pari&h,' Bolton, 1865, 8ro.
[Whittiti's ProBfon, ii. JS& ; M«-n of Lfao Hiafe.
186£. i^ 835; Johnslona'a Raligiona Hist, of
Bolton, p. 177; Pi«liwiok'B LaneosWro Libiaiy.]
WHTTTLB8EY or WTTTLESKr,
WlLr.L\iM (rf. 1374), archbishop of Can-
terbury, ihouph OoubiUmA u native of the
Cnmbridgc^hirij viUare whoAe n&nM ho bore,
studied at Oxford, wliero he to^ biii doctor's
derree in canon und eivll law (WoOD, i.
188; Qoswis). HU clioicii of miivumir^
mast b«ro tMcm decidKl (nr liim by his
mslemal uncle. Simgn IsUp (aftvnvftrdx
ftpclibishop of Contcrbuiy) [q. v.], l.i whom
Wbililcsey ovod liie eaucaiiou ttaii much
eeclosiaatical promotion. He wuk cn]!at>><l
uebdeftcon of IlunitngJtm in June I'^iH',
mixordiag to n rxcord <]uot«<l by ^Vhilo
Kcnoelt: but if thU bt- eurnt't, ho was re-
aupoinlr^ by lrtl»i> jMitt-iil cm 'JO Jiinu KMU
(Le Nfv«, ii. fiO). fn th*> iilngm- v««r
(1349), wL«D hi« imL']i> bcount* an^hbiHiop,
Whiiiliwy viLi idoHp (lOS^ipr.) 'ciialofl' of
PeUrhouseat CmnbridRe. l"'' lu-Ult hi* posi-
tion only until l.Vil, lIrwii.*npr>'ltf?ndaryof
Llcbt!«ld frtna IWO. nnd of CbifhTOter iiml
Liucolii from iy.')t>, rt-tiutiin^ thi> Iil.«I ilown
to biii uiit<ointinL>ut uji i<rtiuat(> )//>. i. <>:20, ii.
IW). lie bnd iiIao a prvbeml nt lla<iiiiic«
ftkintKM^ p, 7M). Along with his Mcii-
UUCODrj' nui] prv-bfiids Wliilileftey li«lil (h«
beneflnMof Ivipcliuivb.near Komner(l.'i.V2),
Ooydon (ISoS), bd<1 CLitl'u, iKiir IJoche»wr
(A.: Antjlia Surra, i. ri^fi). He is »iilil to
haro acteil for a titnu as bie uni'ltt'ii utoclur
Mt the papal court, kikI wiu> o-rtjtiiily li^rit
on a tDUMon thoro by the king in 1 'i-']3 (t'A. ;
Jfo^ ftW. ii. i!oli; ib-rfefw, v. 747). l»lip
made him first his Ticiir-poncral, thon dejin
of the court of arcti<^, and finolly secured
hiji election [2A Oct. I360J to tho dopondcnt
see of Rocbeeter. nut. it would iwm, wttb-
ottt a bargain willi (hit uiotiks (Le Nevk,
ii. 60t; h^uttrtim Rofnite, ji, 181; HooK,
iv. 224)- The poin.' ^nvti hi* con*(-nt by
war of provision on X\ July following, and,
owing to [slip's infirmitien, Whit I !i'i«-yV con-
Mention was quictlr uorfin'mRd in tbe
cbapel of Che nrcUbisliop s manor-housv tit
Olford, not a iinfili> dioiccsoji bishop K'iiig
]R«Hnt(iifr. ir. 2-i'n Lr. Nbtb. u.a.> Two
v«an later (6 March l.'t&l) be was trans-
utedby Islip'a ittdu>'i]et> to the richer see of
Worc«"tor, nut ikww nut w*ni to hava re-
aided {ih. iii, B8; rf. H-mik, iv. 2-201.
After hie uncle's di-ath in lSni5 Whittleaey
can hardly have looked for furtbor pt^motion,
but fortunt- still stood liie friend. Lun^hnm,
Islip'u mut4>rful siicc«-»or, acceptf>d a cardi-
nal^ hat witliout tbe royal peraiiasion, and
bad lo resign. A mor« colourloM nnd pliant
primate being duidera1«d, the choice fell
upon Wbiltwaey, who wan accordinglv
tranalated to Canterbury by a pupal bull,
dated U Oct. 13fl8 (\.v. Nrth, i. !!•). He
^ived ilie teniporalili^8 on 15 Jan. ISfW,
pallium on 19 April, and wn* nnlbront^d
IT June. Tbi.1 nsuni ff-ast beinr dispensed
ou account of the plague, Wbiltltrwy
>uld hardly hare ntude ais marlt in Che
primacy, evea if he had not rery soon be-
come a oonGrn)«d invalid. Hv was unablo
in (tonsei)uence to take part in the defence
of t1iv vliurch in the toemomble pariiameat
of l.iri, and niMv left liia quiH rofuge nt
Otford (VVii.Ki.SB,' iii. 89; Ilooic, iv. 228).
But Xhv preiMiircof taxation upon Che clerg>'
became »o hvavy that he drugged himevif
up to London fur ibe mi-i-tiug of couvinii-
tiim in IlL-combi>r \^&, and UKLimidtHl tbu
tiitlpittifSt. I'muI'm to iiiaki' bin pryti*»t; but
It; had not proceeded far wh^n lie swooned
ill ihr; arms of hi" i-hajilain, and was carried
nut and rowed to lAmbelh (^P.iiiKKR, p. ;W*0;
"Wiuixs, iii. U7). llelingert^d until -^i June,
when he moilc hiii will. Wqiii^alhing bi»
b&oks to I'eterhoui»e, and tbe residue of hifl
projicrty to his poor n-lntions. ilia regi»ler
appcurft togivo this a» thu day of hii< denih
{An-fUa Sacra, i. 704 ; Lb S'riE, i. ^).
But tiio TMord of Canterbury obits placea it
on tholtrh (,4»fflia Sacra, \. (11). Tliw datfl
in WalBingham (i, ai7)— G July— ibongh
tb« mouth iit obviously wrong, rather con-
(irin.4 Ibi! former aCatemeiit. IVrhnim hn
diod in the night between the two dates.
IIU n-Riiiins wun} tnlcnn to Canlnrbury and
buried in the cathnlral near tbn tomb nf
Inliii, bwtwepn l*vo pitbire on the sniith sids
of ttiis nave (Somsku, Antiquitiee of Cinter-
Afiry, pt. i. p. 134). His epiluplt, iiiHcribud
on brasj, remained legible about. Ili8f!, when
it was read byOodwin; but only a fragment
survived wht^n it wa« «*n by 'Veevt-r, who
puhliBhed his 'Funerall Monuments' id
.... luxnuhitus
WittciIi^My nntns gtmntata luce.
It viat WLittlcMy who obtiuned from Ur-
ban V n hull exempting tbe univereity of
Oxford from thojunfidictionorthe bishop nf
Lincoln.
Tbe story in tlie ' Continuntton of tbe
Eulogium* (iii, U,'S7-8) of the great couneil
I of prelates and lordi< called after Pentecost
(20 May 137'i) to discuss a papal demiind
for a subsidy to be used QKainst the FKiTfii-
tines, in which ih» Black Prince i« repre-
sented as calling Whiltleaey an aw, is dis-
TMWcd of, BO far od thu Uuer la concerned,
by the fact that he waa on hia deathbed nt
iJntnhetb when the iwene is euppoaed to hare
tuhi'ii plmw lit WiMtniinsler. Nor ia this
the only incredible feature of the incident aa
there relatad.
[Rut. Pari., Ryraat'* Findara, orioinal ndit.,
WalsittghAm's HisiDria AuRlicaria uul iIm Eulo-
gium lliuoriaruni (inRolli-Ser.); .AngliaSaom,
«d. Whnrton; Q-oilwin, D« Pruwulibiui Angtiv,
ed. 1743; Wlltiua's CDDcilla Magiua BritaniiitD
et Hibornis: Taoner's BibliotbcxM Seriptoruni
SriQumieo-Hibcmicti ; L« Nvrn'it Fwii iicctraiw
AuglicMUe. t>(\, llHTHpr: P^rkor. D<3 Anti^nitaUt
SoqImJIp nc I'rivilrgiis KcvliHiw CiuiLuAriMiiii :
Ho6k'B lAvn of ttia AKUbUhu|i« of C'untofhury,]
J. T-T.
WHITTV. KM WARD MECIIAEI.
(lB27-l600'),?)urn&IUt.ita»<jr.Mictitel James
XVhitty [ii. v.], waa Iwrn in Loudon in lt*d7.
He TVAs <>((ucatGi) at tbo I.ivL'rfK)ol lii!<liliue
and at Iluiiovcr. About 1S44 Iih bHcaiiu? a
roporUir ni» tin- provinrial prt-as, and from
1846 Ig 1819 hv wiw llm wriUir of th"
parliamfntnrv auinmary of thft ' Times,' H6
waH ihn Lunuoa corresjjondeiit of t\iv ' Lircr-
pool Joumol,' and for S6Te4'a] vearti wrred
Willi Guorga Henry Lewus, E. 1>. 3. Pigotl,
and otliw dUtiiwi^ialied wriUr* on Xha
staff of ilm ' LuauL-r.' Ilia gmat powers
of Barca»im wi-ri' Kml ouspicuoiis m tli*
Bingularty virid and viporoiM «kctcln!9 of
the proc>!i>diDH;ii in parliitini'iit wliicli he con-
tribvUi'il to tliii ' ij«a<lrtr.' TUe prcliminftry
c«ear» hf^axi in lis columns uu 14 Au^-
1855, and tliP fimt Hi-w.-ri|jl ion of iht^ Jebatea
bj" ' Tht' Stranciir in Parliuwtnt'apiHiarwl
in ibe nuiuber for i;( >iir. in that v>yir. A
scleption from tb«ni Tra,* publiatw^ anoay-
mouely in ISSl aa tlie ' Ilistoiyof th'< 8e««
aiim lB.">i'-a: a PaTlinmontary IM rfinpect.'
Tbiwu iirtiulru ori(riMati>d llm luperior kind
of pnrHnincntary Aetcb, iind for piinf[cnpy '
of expri^a^inn and fiilelil y of ili;*(.Tipliy[i liiive
nerer b64>n KiirpaHM.nl. A volume tuititltd
•The Dcrbyltcrt and thn Coalition' ilS5i?
I2mo) U sssipied to Whilty by Alltbone.
A brilliant wri^s of bin • leader' ailides
was coUi'Ctud in ' Tb« Gort-rning Clamm of
<)r«iit llritAm: l*«liticnl I'onmita' (I>in-
don, 1854 : witL additions, lH.»iO, a voliinj-)
wbitfb tx naid tci have mndi* a gn^At. impr«»-
sion on Montalt-mbi'tL. The phnwe 'the
fQvi^mintr clasjft*/ though previously nocd
y Carlyle (Vivmwetts Lrtlert and •SpeefAf^,
1845, ii! l^t, wait idtftitifiud witli WUItly'a
volume; U. Tl. Broufh dedicEilt-d to him in
ISJJC hiB volume vf ' Songs of ibi? Oovcruiii^
ClOMCS.'
Before long Whitty quamslled witb hi»
old fmnds on the ' Tjoaniir.' and be seiMd
the opporiuiiity of satiriaing them in clnviT
epigrammatic sent<.'nct.'S in bis novel of
' IVioncbt of Bobomia, or Pkasea of London
LiFii,' which waa written in a fortnigbt and
sold for 50/. (Loudon, 1S57. 2 vola. ; N«w
York anil Philadelpbia, 1804, with memoir).
'\\Tiittywfwappoiatod editor of tbtJ * Northoni
Whiff piirly m IB."!", but th«s engajfomeiit
terminated abruptly in iLu spring of IS58.
lie relumed for a titue to London, and on
the doatb of bia wife and two cbUdri'o
umigrated to Australia to work on the
' Xnlboume A«iLS.' lie died at MelbonriM,
at Ibu bouH ofa relatirr. »n '21 F(L-b. lAai.
\ ftfw yvart later a handsome mouumt^t
wah erected to his memory by Oarry SuLlivui
the nclor.
Whit ty po«*i>jis#d gn-at talent, and was en-
dowed ' vnih a brilliant «lylt> and apowerful
battvrr of »Arca«l4C irony * {IrtsA Qtuirterhi
lifview, vii. 385, &r.) A slcotch of him
under the namQ of ' N^-d Wexford,* by Jamiw
Iliinnay, U in thu *C<^nihill Magazine' (xi.
-'•^1-;!; reprinted in Y.m'iVk'ssM* Litfrttrjf
UefoHtetion*, pp. S'J.t-t).
t\th«D»uni. 12 May 1&6D. p. <MtI ; SavadiB,
ly, & Co. A OrivQlal DudgaU 1 Jum I88U. pL
122: I>ubltu Heriew. July lUj, pp. 101-4;
jeaffirwon's Novals and NorcliMa. ii. 402 ; ia-
furmation fruin Mil* Whitty of Con<^Tdia.
Blnndcllaandu, IJrorpool, Sir (Mwurd R. RiumII,
and Mr. F. D. Finlay.] W. P. C.
WHIITT. MICIUEL JAMES flTBS-
1S73'), journaiijit, Ikihi in Wwifnrd in 1706.
waa tfio f^n of a maltster. In 1^21 hi-
cntnmenppd Ills !il<>ntry carper in l^ndon,
and nmong hin earlieet friends were Sr
Jnmea Uocon and Georgv CruikBhanlc. Ha
WAS appoinli^d in 182:) to bo tdttorfif th«
'Loudon ami Dublin Magaiinf,* and in ita
first Tolumc appaned tho subfttance of tb«
work uu ' Hobert Emmet,* which liu published
wilb a prefatory not« aigned • M. J. W,,'
nhnnt ISVO. He remained editor of the main-
line until 1827. From 1823tol639h« coo-
triliiited largely to Irwh periodical liT^'ratarB,
and waaan ardent advocate for catholic emsn>
cipation. He pubU^h^d attonymonelr in 18*24
two voliimca of *Talc» of Irish Life,' with
illiisl rations by Cniikshank. Tlie«« storieit
dt-pictvd Iho oiutoma and condilioa of hi*
fc Uo w - conn try men.
Whitty began his CQonectiuu with Livei^
piiol ill r82K, when b« acci^pted tlia post oC
editor of ihu 'Livt-rpool Journal,* stuMit
in January 1830. Ho ^'acatod this position
in F'?brnAry IK3A rrn hia appoinlmfnt as
cbief constable of the borough. Ue had
prrvionsly been 'suporint<>ndmt of the
nightly waicU ' (Piciojt, Mtmoriah of Livf
pKif, i. tini)). During his twelve yeaiV
tenure of the ofBca be porfBCted the omni-
&ation of thv police force and formea an
citi'cicnt firn brigade. On his retJicmBBt hfl
wK* prtfAnntcil by the town council with
tb^ sum of 1,000/. in recognitinn of his ssr-
vicee.
His ronnection with the ' Lirerpool
Journal ' bad not been wholly sewrwl
during this period of his life, end in Ift4Sfc8>
purchased the paper and resumed his btenry
work. For many years be actt-d as the Liver-
pool correepondeuc and i^ent of the ' liaily
toe ' iiauy ■
Wiiitwell
i6i
Whitworth
In IS51 be wu a witaess before
be parliftTUfintArr commiMion oppoirkted lo
Dquire Into th« Kewspaper Stamp Aci, and
he vigorously advocated the abolition of tke
Ituup net, ibf ftdvtTtifti-mont dutv, and the
doty on pBper, On tiie reruuvaf nf tlir^u
iwpiiitH h>- iMUt^d m Xti^H the ' Lirerpnol
Ll»ily Piini," tin- Hml jit-iitiy dnUy papirr pub-
lished In t hi' rniti>dKin{;;dom, in thf>oolumii!i
i>f which during IWll-4 ho walously advo-
cated the cau-xi of ilii> nartJicrn Matvs. The
Owr pttMCKl out of bi» haodH Mnue years
ore Lis dcatti, lull it hA» m^vur ccasMl to
bold ■ promineut place amonir ibu lining
d«ilv pap«r». 'WTjilly'a (luide tu LivHr-
poof ' was publisbvd from tlir ofliL-fi in 186>>.
TW loit lew yenrs of VVhill y'" lift* wpnr
»pent in rcllroment al l*rinc(!'B I'^rk, Livtrr-
pooL lie difd lh«m on lOJiiiii' 18"3, and
■wna buri«d at Aiificid cftinwterj* by tJio nide
of hi* wifi-, tbt> aiBlcr of E. II. Neill, poito-
SMiident in l^ndon of tbu ' {.ivvrponl
Albion.' Edward Micliacl \\Tiitty [q. v.]
vros their M>n.
[AUtsDimni, 14 Junv 1873. p. 763 ; infomrn-
tloD bom Mi-HWhiity. 8irK<l«ard R.RiiMcll.
Kod Mr. J. GrtgMti of 70 Ororo Strnnt. Livar-
pool.J W. p. C.
WHITWELL.JOilX n RFFKIX. Ix)Kd
Hliwabd de WALDHJi (1719-]"97>. [Sec
ORIFFIS, .IflHX (jKlFriN.^
WHITWORTH. CIIAltLK-S, BinoM
Wbitwokc" {]iS7'>-l7-^i3). L'ldt'Et of the nix
aoDs of liichard Whitworth of Illowerpipe,
mni aft»rwarda of Adbajtlon, StnHorlsJiire,
who married, on 15 I>i>c. 11)7-1, Ann*', Oaut{h>
tor of FrancU Moiaelej, rector of Wilmglow,
ChMhirw, WM bom nt Blowerpipi* in lil7<!i,
and baptised at WilniAiow on 14 Oct. in that
jvar. H«ws8 edacaltHl al VWotininsttT (ad-
mitted 05 a qi)C<m'« Khotar in I6IK)). wa*
el«>ct(>d lo Trinity roilfgi-, C'limbridtje, in
JtWl, and became a fellow of that mhiit^Iv in
1700, hanng paduatod RA. in 1000. 'He
was initiated into ibt^ art.* nf diplomacy by
O«OTBreSt«im0T"q.v.],ftndwhilfi William lit
■waa still king )in wa«, upon Sfepn<?y's re-
comnidndQlioii. aimointed to ri-prfH>-nt Eng-
land at tbt! diet oriialisbon onl'e>l*ob. 170:!
(cf. Adiit MS. aififtl, 11*. -iT, S2). After
Bti'jnM'T, he i» said to hnvo iitidwrsto&d the
Bolitirs of the empir.' bptler llian anv Kiig-
liabmsn during the ruiKTi uf .\nTii!. iie van
appointiNl I'nvoy-t'Xtrniiinliiiarj- tti KiiKstu on
2 Sept. 17U1, and retained the poAt for xix
yt»n. In Sent^inbfr 1707, in a-ply to a
^itHtton frotu Hnrlvy.bogaTe Romo infonna-
tiou about l.Ue libmry at Moscow, In Sep-
lembor 1700 ho was cominiasinnL^d to con.-
gratulatH ibv csar upon kit victory of Pul-
TOU LXI.
towa. Peter aeiied the opportunity to de-
mand thtiiustaiiivxL-cuciou of all ihupi'reonA
concerii'i'd in the arresi, and tinpri.tuniiii'ut
fnrdebt of his Loudon onToy.SlotCof. Whit-
U'ortli Imd dilliculty in expLainini; how iio-
poartible it vaa for his royal miiitKaA to
complywith thv czar'* wish; but, tliuotrenders
having r('e4^iTod a nominal punishment and
on act haring been pawed by parliament for
pnMrviug the privilege* of aubaMwdon,
reterwu eventually appeaaed, and ma uei*-
over highly gntilied by the Engliah enToya
oddroaing uiui a» ' ump^ior' (ihu ineidi-nl
in fiitlr tn«ted by \'oltair» in liii> Jlittvtrc
df liuMif, nt. i, chap, nix.} ^SHian Wbit-
wurth t<'o)cFii?i Leavn in May !710)ii«'cxnTisk
maje.ity' pn&cntcd him with his [Mirtrait net.
in diainonda (Li''rTHt;u. ; Ntoirf M.S. 223,
f, 304 1. Un Ilia aecond miAriion to Moscow
Whitworth found Calhuriiie I, whom on hia
former embauy hvi bad known in a much
humblor station, exaked lo the rank of
empri'tv.und, if an anecdote may be believed
whicli Walpole relates upon tboaulhority of
Sir Luke Schaub [(|. v.], the empreoa, after
honouring the cnror by dancing a minuet
with btui, 'Ktjutvwa him by itu- hand, and
wiid in n whijiptT, " Havf vou forgot lillle
Knte."'"
Early in 1711 linvraiiaent as ambanuulor
to Vienna, but his endeavours to ovurcome
the reuii^suHH of theimperial court in making
up their i)uota of troops for service undeir
Marlborough wvreall in vain (MAHLUoUotroH,
lirxpritrhr*, ed. Murray, Tol. r.psasim). On
30 April 17U Whitworrli waa appointed
Kngliflh plimipotentiary at the congretw of
Radcn, where during llie following xummur
were ultimBlely n-ltli-d tlin t»-rm!t of [wjirti
bftwcen the emperor and the Krenck king
(7 Sept.; Uakoks, Traif/t tir Pair, ii. App.)
In 1716 he was appointed envoy-extrnordi-
uary and plenipotentiary at the court of
Priuaia. Next yt-nr lie waa transfcrrwl to
The riagui' (wlii-nce ho Bent long accounts
of nimourKii Jaiobite conspirum-s), hnl re-
turned to Berlin in 1711*. Oti I'Jdu. 1730-
1721 be wan created Iteron Whitworth of
I'iiilnay, in n-cognilion of hia diplomatic ser-
vices, and a IttlK' later, in Fi-bniary 1721-2,
bf wo«apiioint.-d, in ronjunrtion with Lord
Pulwarlh, British plonipotentiary at the fon-
grwis of Cantbray (!*■ '■>- '32). He voictd
tbu EuglisU protest against itie secret treaty
recfittly concluded b(.-tw«i.-n France- and
Spain, and prouurvd the adhesion of Dubois
to another Imaty between (iieat Uritftin,
Spain, and France. Ureal Britain undiar-
took to replnce tJie Spaiiinb aliipa deatroyed
by Byng otf Syranuan in August 1718, but
i«cuied highly ad viintageous commerc iali'on-
u
Whitworth
i6a
Whitworth
^Vbituroetli'a cluplntii nt tbo eon-
^Sm wm Ilichan) Clicnevix [q. v.] Tliis
wnit liU lii*l <li]iluiiintic lu'lilvri-iueiit. Ho
Hfitil'^J in Lnnduii.and was in 1722 roluravd
to purliunwni n» m«ml>vrfor Newport in tlie
Isl« (<f Witflit. Hilt heMth, liowevfir, wiu>
not K^xi; litsphviiciaii,I)r. Arbiithiiot, tiild
Swi^ thatlvcliad practically curM the nmbim-
•wlorVvertigobyapreecriptioiiof Spawatem,
but bis illtii-w. rc-curKd, and ho died at liui
Iioueo in Oumrd yta-cl on SJ^ Uct, 17:i5.
He wna buried in The «>Qtli aislt? of West-
minster AbWyon Nuv.(C'iiBsir.ii, liuriiU
JXr^Ut^r, p. 'lirt). II<> married .Magila)i-un
Jaooba, <!oiinteiM (li> Vaul^mont, wlio diet!
ui I'-'M, but ho U'fi no >«>n« and tlit^j)««ni^
biXMimn n^Ttnct. Iliit will, dated Berlin
2- 13 Miircli 171'2-3, was provf d -m 1 \h>c
by lii» brtithfr, Franci* Whitworth [see under
WitiTWoBTH. Siii Ohauleb].
.Macliv deat^ribes t!ic ambauodor a* a mnn
of li^amini; and \^Mti ^i.'ust!, handsome, and
of p«rfei:l. addri-ss. A threw-quarlt-r- length
nartruit by Jack Ell vb (owned m 1867 by
tguatwwl'>i'la Wurridfpicia IiimliotdiR^if ttii>
hand of hia youthful nBph«w, and » pnpt.*r
addrassod to liini as pli-nipnteulinry at tliu
COOKTewof Camhray \Cat. of yationai Por-
trattn, 1867, No, 3I>( ). Fnun a largi- iniaii-
tity of TioIcK and ini-moranda that hft IrIY in
nuinuiicript but owe piece has bpyn wlwcti'd
for ]>ublicalion, 'An Aircniint of [tuxnia aa it
was in the yoarl"IO. by Cliarlflfl l^ordWliit-
worlh. i'riuted at tiirawbtrr;- Hill, Ki'iS.'
Horace Walpolo.wlin wrote nnndvorlHcmBnt
for tbv book, oUAiiit.-<l till* manuwriptibroueh
lUcbnrd Owi-n (_"nmt)rid({t-* ^"l"' ] = *- imbridpi;
bniieht it frum lliu liiii.' cjlW-t ivn of books
rtflating t" lIuMia fr^nned hv /olninn, a secre-
tory 0? Btepli«n Toya'K [ij. v.J U whs iv-
friiilsd in thu si.'wvnil voliimo of 'Fugitive
'it-ct'A'in I7<!'J, andagain in 17ti5 and 1771.
Nummary lhQii(;h Whitworth's tn-slmitnt in
of a rtiibjcct no intcr».'«inB, his bonk is nf
valuv.and is U'jI uuiii*tlyconipawd by Wal-
pultt tu Molc6wortbs aerount of Dinmivrk.
The- auilturiiifiMi! larval f«ui9 for the Hussian
anii» fi-om IUp ' passive valour* and endu-
rau<?e of the t)ca»intry. TIib atwmut of the
Ru»>^tan naval yard* (of wliinh thi' [wraoitni^l
wa« almost entirely En^li<;h) nt iht.- i-nd of
the rotHmp isapwciallyciinnuit. WliitworlJi
hiniAfll'wflii in.itrumi^iital in I'lOinsimdinR
oTur a number of English Kla»«-blowt>rs to
Moscow.
Thirty volumeB of Wtiitworth'a oHicinl
oorrMpundeiiCH are prwcrved iimonp tlie
psperfl of Kfirl Dc !u Wnrrnt llurkhurst iu
Siiiwdi. .Many of bin iettcra are among tlia
Stair Pupenf (Hut. MSS. Comw. 2nd and
43nl l{i-ps.)
[Walpol«''a oceotiDt ot Wliltirorch piafizadto
Ifap Arcount of Huioiiii, I'^K; QttHK» LewitV
St-rnuia iirnncli'd at ^Vontiam.Sl Oeu 173S, upou
iht iluith of Iliiibt Hon. the Lor() Wbitworth;
a. R CiokaTtniJ'ii Complete Peernp''. riii. 131 ;
Bur1c«'»Bxiiii<!t Feemso, p. J82; Cole'» Alhwnw
Canuhr. xIt. 338 ; WoleVa AInmni Wcatraon.
jip. 2?7, 23B; Luttn-Us Ilru-t Hist. IWnlior,
vi. 07. <fl1,586. 580. ft9«; Bi>y«r'« Krign of
Annc.l73a. pp. 307. 31IR, 4M.«<rt,664; Swiff*
Worlm. ed. SoM. iv. S43. xvi. 423; i'arl. Hirt.
ri, 782; Wwntuiijrtti ["ftpBrii, p. 1 1 ; Wnlpolu'it
Royal and Nublo .Vuthur*. «1. Tnrk. v. 235, and
C<itTe»pi>adcoM. iii. 161, 1«7 ; Pialcertoa's Wal-
poliann. 1793; Ui«t„ Retf. Cliron. Djiiry. 17^*.
p. i6. cf. 1 728 p. 40 ; Kotcs and Quwiw, «th
•cr. iii. ii9, 197. 7rh wr. i. »». 18» . fttoBthly
ftcvifw, x>x 439; Bril.Miu.. CaL ; StoweMSS.
223. 22i, i'Z: (U-tl-ir* U) Robelhon) ; Addit.
M.SH. 28Io.>(1btl«nt bi Sir J. Norris), Z8»U2-IS
(lo J. Ellin), 32740(10 Lord Walpole),]
T. S,
WHITW0RTH.SiBClIAliL.i:S{17M?-
1778), author, born about 1714, wa« the
eldest *on of Francis Whitworth of Ley-
1'Oitnn', Kent, tilt? vt>uiig«r brother of Charlea,
baron Whitwortfi [([. v.] FranuL<< MHilt-
worlh was M.P, for Mitwlii^d from May
\7'J^. lie was flpnniniedftfrenllpman usher
of thi3 privy chamuer to the king in Auj^unt
1 7-f*. survcyf>r-gpnL'ral of woods anil forfsls
in March 17'i2. and secretary of the island
of llarbftdos ; llu-s>? uflire» ho h«lid until his
death on « March 171:*.
Chnrlw Wbttworlli entered parliaiaeTit for
Alineliead ai the f^moml election of 1717,
reprijiwntt'd that pookct borontih in two
paTlianii-nta until 17UI. and then sat for
Blelchin^ly from 1761 to 1708, when he w»»
one* nion?rpliirnt'd for Mi»t-liead. In Octo-
biT 177-1 he migrated to East Loo<j, but at
the«nd of the yenrac^cplfd ihi- bUi wardship
of thf Chilu-rti Hundri'iis, and wa," choe«n
for Saltasli the following Janiiarr, Whit-
worth wa« a crcat student of pariininontary
cu»tomi^ J in .May 1768 \i« waa chosen chaii^
ninn of ways and raeann, and, being rmip-
pointed at tht mevlii7g of the succeeding
piLrliamvn L in 1774, dischar^fed ita dntlM
until his death, lie ruceivwl the lionoor of
knigblbrw-l on 1M Aug. 1708 (TOWWIXH,
CatahV't^ of Kiiufhts^, and hisnamo appeara
ill ihe liFt of those who vntwl for the expul-
sion of Wilkes in I7fil>, He was appointed
lioMtenanl-governor of Gravesend and Til-
bury fort (under Lord Gadogati) in August
17rjS (Gent. May.), and this command he
hrhl for twi'nty ytiant until his diaith. AMien
the we^rem lialtnlion of the Kent militia
was euili<idi«/l on 2:i June 1 7511, Whitworth
heranif* its major. Being chtwim ouo of th?
Tice-presidents of tlw tJociety for the En-
I
Whitworth
I6j
Whitwortli
kt of AiU, Muufocturea, and
ComiiiCTCirt, « it4 mectifis-on 28 F«h, ]7fi5,
be Bupponed the society during tbe rest of
bi< life. Httvlnp; inherited from lits father,
wlio wiia ihv Sim of liis fumily to HvLtlv
then.', tb« ("itate of LeybuuniM (fraaj^, near
Town Mullinf^.io K^rnt, Whinvitrlh ri^iiltfd
tlu-n; until L77II, when, ivilh liin i-ldtvit Mitt'*
<:on^nt, he ohtainpd a private att of parlia-
inifnl H-liicli <<nabl«d him lo sell l.t^lKiume,
aQilhftlK^reupon remoTftfl tft.Slanmore. Af.
the tim? of lii« death he wsa also ^at«d at
ttlBchronl. !^mtru:t. tie d\ed at Itafh on
ti-2 Aiig. 177i*.
VVhilwi^rtbi married, on 1 Junp 1740,
Martba. oldest daugliUir of Richard Shttlk-y,
-who waA deputy raofrer of HL Jamtta'a and
Hyde Park, and ckHirman of tlte hoard of
stomM at htDclfitlh on :^SC}<:t. l/uA. Whit^
■worth left four ilaueht<-r» aiid ihivtis itonii, of
wbum Charles {17-j:i-ISl*51[q. v.], the eldest
aoii, beciiimi Furl Whilworlli. Sir Franc in,
ibt! second imiii, was a lieutenant-rolonel in
tlin rnynl iirtttWy, nnd<Ii«>don 'Jti Jan. 180">,
Xd 4fl; and Itirlinril, wbo was a captain In
royal imvy, wan Wt at aea.
WTiitworth compiled soveml works of
refereact>, which, tliouRb UAvl'ul in thwit dnv,
bavelong boen Eti]>crst>iled. Thi^y intludt^:
1. * Suocessiou of l*u.rliiim<.'uts frum the fte-
«tOTalion to 17lil,' Ij'iriil<in, 17<!4, )^wo.
2. * A Collection of the Supjdipn and Way*
uiil -Means from tho Itevotution to the I're-
iwnt Time," London, 17^1, I'Jrao; thid odit.
1765. if. 'A List oftbeNobilityand.lud^e^,'
I^ondon, 1766, 6vo. To the ItHH edition of ^
DaTid IJoyd'a ' Stato Worthies ' Whil n-urUi
COonribui^tlio 'Characters of the KiiifTs and
QoecnsofKogland.' lu 1771 uptiL-arci ' The '
Political and (.'-ommprcial Work* of Oharli-* \
D'Avi;naut. colloL'l«d and revised bv Sir :
O. W.;' and in 1778, t.lin ihird «ditlon of |
Timothy Cutiningham'fi ' HiKiory of the j
Otixtonu, Aids, Subsidies, &c., of England,
with BfiTerallmprovomcnu suggesti-dby Hir
[Burke's Ex U net Pevmj^; Ollic-ial Return of
lumban of ParliAmoni; Ueni. Mar.]
W. R. W.
WHITWORTH. CHARLE-S, Kabi-
Whitworth f 17.^-1825), «m and h.'ir of
I Sir Cbarli-H Whitworth (a nephew of Charlea
I Wbitworlfa, baroM Whilworth of fialuny
I rq.T.]>,wa«baptiae{lat Leybonrdf on 2ltMay
175± tlKwassducaledatTunbridRe school,
^luH preceptors thfre ineludinf; Jitm>'s Cnw-
^Hjbom [ci. v,J and 'Mr. Tow«rs' {TimOrt'iiffe
^^mAaol iifyiaUr, l^^f^, p. 13). He enbered
^^Be fii«t rerimeot of foot^unrd>i in April 1 77'i
^^^ on^ijnit 1>ecaine captam in May liBl.aiid
' wtacveaiujilly on 6 April ITSiJ appointed
li«ut«Daot-coloiiel of Ibe 104th r«^ment.
nia transf«rvnc« fmm militar}- life to diplo-
macy ia not ea»y to explain, but in tha
Aceounr f^iveii by \Vraxall, disHf^urt^d though
it is by maliciuii8 or purc-ly fanciful em-
broidery, there ia peruaiis a nucli-ua i»f
truth. Wliicworth wu' highly favoured hy
iiat.un-, and hi* nddn-mi Mxci^itml Hvun his
ligur-:. At every period of bis life (]iii>piis,
ditch > ■»««», and founl.wge* Imvn showerwl on
him thpir rpgard. The Duke of i)onM., re-
cently sent ambassador to Fomcp (17S3),
Vinff an intimoti- frifod of Mr, Whitworth,
made him known to the iju^-n (Marie-
Antoincttc), who not only distiuguislietl
bim by flntterini' marks of ht-r atluntion,
but iiiliTcHted herself in proniQliug bin
fortune, which then stood gn-atly in nt^d of
such patrooagt!.' The good oincra of th«
queen and Dorset, acconling to thia autho-
nly, procunxl for Whitworth lu June 1785
ItiN iijipointmenl. ma ••ciroy-extraordinarv and
miiiisitT-plenipitenliary to Poland, of whicb
country the tiiifiirl.iinRic Klanislnu' FoniJt-
tow.ikl was still tbe nominal mannrrb. Ho
was at Warsaw diirinK the troublous period
imm^fliiitidy pnioisiinptlii' second partition.
JIocallHl early ni thai Tear, he was in the
following August nominated anvoy-oxtra-
ordimiry and miniBier-pI^tiipott-ntiary at St.
Pftfrsburjt, a post which ho held lor nearly
twelve years.
Whitwortli ■was well wicoivfil by Cfttht^•
rine [I, who waa then at war with Tiirkuy,
but the hnrmonv between the two couiitriea
wad di«turh';d (luring tb« wintar of I7(*0-1
by Pitt's subscription to the view of thu
I'ru^iiian gorcmment that the ihrt-o allies
— Fu^Iflud.l'ruissia, and IlolUind — could not
with impunity allow the balance of power
111 Kaaluru Europe to bu disturlwd. Pill
bopod by a menace of sending n Ilriiiah
fleet to tbe Baltic to constmin Ilussiii to
iDakv nfiBtitution of its chipf com|u»-st,
( >CMkow and the adjoining territnir a^ far
OS tbe Dniester, and thus to realise uis idi^
of confinitig the ainbitinn of Rusaia in The
south-east as well as that of Franco in the
north-west portion of l^urope. The Itussian
gnvt^mmcnt replied by an uncomproininiug
mfusal to listt^n to the proposal of reatilu-
tion. War begun to Ik' lalki'd of, and Whit-
worth w^nt in a luemor&iiduni in which bit
dwelt upon the strength of the czarina's
dctermsnntion nnd tbti gn-M dioplay of
vigour that would be necessary to overmme
it. In the spring of 1791 ho wrote of a
Fn'ncli odvcnturfr, named St. Oiiiit^r, who
had appeared at 8t. Petersburg with a plan
(•)? invadiug Bengal by way of Cu»hni4.-rL>,
andiu Julv liucooimuuicatod (o (jrvuviUt! u
M 2
Whitworth
164
Whitworth
circamstantiAl account of n plot to bum tha
Snrluh Hfut «t l*orl«moulB l>y lai-uiit of
Imh ■.nil other inci'ndiaric4 in Itiiwinn pay.
Intho nouitiini; Piit had become aUnnod
at tbv opp<Milion to bia Kusai&n policy iti
piirlinronnt, Borhe and Fox both utterini;
pon-errul «|i«ircb^ mgmliut the natunticin •<(
OpMkfvw tn tin* Portfl, and oarly in April
1791 & toeMvnfc^T wm Imi'tily liespalched to
St. IV-tcrsbnrji: Jo k^ back iho ultimatum
wbich Wbiiworib bad on 27 MaJtrli been
ordered topivMrnt to thecmprpM. His rcla-
tioDH with the Kuuian court vrvrv now fnr a
Hbort period eonsidcrably utrained. Cathe-
rine, elated by n>cent victories of Suvnrof,
Boid t<» him witii fin ironical «nil«^i 'Sir,
since the king your mft*ti;r is determined to
drivo mo owl f>f IMentbnrjr, I hope h<y will
pormir me to roiim to (."oiiBtaiumopIw '
(TooEK, Lf/c vf Catharine II, iii. 284).
Gradually, Itrtwi'Vpr, tlmiugh tbo infliifnco of
Madnrnti Gsrepiof.tbu eii^lvrof thefuvourite,
tW celt^braterl /.iibnf, tiiid in consenuencc of
the nlarni wcili'd in Uitt mind of CBtherint'
by the courae thioffs wtfre inking in France,
whitworth moro than recovered bis poEiltou.
Great BritainV inllu'tnce upon the peace
finally conclndM at Jaftsy on 9 Jan. 1792
wiifl. it i« IruL', little more than nominal, lint
"ft^iitworth iiblained floma credit for the
RchieTptnpnt, tHjfL'tliLT vfiili llie cnjea of a
K.B.O" Nov. 17iW). Wraxairaatatcmpm
that the relations between Wbiiwonh and
Madame Qer^piof vrrr. Himllar to tbosc^
between Marlborough and the Ducboss of
Cleveland te utterly inrrvdiblc (w-e Qiucr-
tfrhi litriew, DwemW 1R36, p. 470').
Thu gradual rapyru'-fmnmt betwi't-n tb«
Tiewd of KuMLn and Enf;l(iod wa.i brought
about muiuly by the common dnend of any
wvolutionnrv infrction from the quort«r of
rrnncc. imd in February 179!i Catlierinewas
induct-d to itipn a preliminary tr<?atT, by th«
terms of which she waa to furaiah tlie coali-
tioii with at least aixty-fivr ihotLoand men
in return for A Inrffe monthly subsidy from
tbo Briliak government. TVih trwiy was
jiiBtly rtgiirdedaaa triumph for Whitworth's
diplomiiey, though, unfortiinaliOy, iiwl l>r-
forc tlip date fixed for its final ratificatinii.
by both countrifs, the ciarina was struck
down by mortsl illness (Fi:bru«ry I'Sfi).
Paul I, in his dcalru 10 adopt an orig^inal
policy, refuwd to alfii bis signature, and it
was not nntil Jrnio 179S that ibo outrage
committed by (he l''rwiipli upon the ordor
of the knigbta of St. John at Malta, who
bad choaeo lum for thrir prot^ielor, dispoAed
bim to listen to thp snliciiationa of Whit-
■worth. The latter oblainpd his adLenion to
Mn alliance with Or«ftt "Britain offenaire and
defenBive,wi!b thcobJMtof putting a stop to
the runht.'r eacroachmenta of FnuH!t),inI)o-
c<'rober ]7iit*, and the trwty paved the way
for the r>perations of Suvorof and Koraokof
in NoHheni Italy and tfatt Alpa.
Whilworlh was now at the renith of hia
p.ipularitY in St. P«t«rsburfr, and Paul
pnisst^ tfie British (rovemraoat to rai«p liim
to )br I^t^.•nlK^'- Tbi- r«K(ueet woe readily
Romplira with, and nn 21 Maroh 1800 the
ambassador nas madt' Baron \\'hitworlb of
Newport Pratt in Ireland; but b^fon.' tba
patent could reach him tho csar had bMfi
reconcili-d to Xapoleon. Irritatml. ntore-
ever. by ilto Briluih solxure and retention
of Malta, J'nul abruptly di»Dii*s«d Whit-
worth. and t hi-raupon commenced that ani^iy
corrBspuiideucH which d<*velopl^d into tlio
combiimiiiin of norihera pnwen agiusst
Urcat Britain.
In July IHKi Uii> xeiiiire of the Banish
fnifalt' Freya for opposing thp Priliah richt
of -tcnrrh I^ to strained relations with
Benmark, and. in order to anticipate any
bostib- move from Copt-nhogen, Whitworth
waa degphtched in Au^%t on a special mis-
sion to that capitaL To fiive the grvator
Wright to bis roprewmtationii, a squadron of
niui> sail of ibu line, with five fngatoa and
four bombs, waa ordered to lb« Si^und under
AdmiruJ Dickson. The Danish alinre hat-
t<-ri<-M were aj> yet very JTicomplete, and Whit-
wort li'a arigument!) forthetimo bcinj^ proved
«"(K-tual. lie relumed to Knetaud on
27 Sept., and on G Nov. was made a pi^^
councillor,
tlii< former friend, the Duke of Dotaet,
liad dti-il in July 1 709, and on 7 April 1801
ho married the widowi-d duchi^^ (Arabella
Dittua, daugbtLT of Sir Charles Cope, bait.,
bv Catharine, crib dau^ht«r of C««n Bishop
oi Parham, who afterwards married Lord
Livt^rpoolf. 8he was a capable woman of
tbiny-two, with a taste for power and plea-
»un>, Boys Wraxall, kept 'always eubocdi-
nat* to ber economy.' By the <loatb of the-
duke she came into poeaesaion of 13,000/. a
year, bcsidea the borough of East Oriusteod,
while Dor»ot Huuse iiud Knolo Parit sabae-
quentlr passed into hnr liandii.
Thw feace of Amiens wa^ concluded on
^7 March ISO:?, aiul Whitworth, wbo«v
means weir now fuUvadM)nate tn the situa-
tion, was chosen to nil the important post
of ambassador at I'ftri.t. lli« infltructioii*
wKnj datod 10 Sept. IMJi', and two months
later he act out with a large train, being r^
reived at Calais with enthusioHa: aeonsid«r-
able pL-riod bad elaps<-d since a British amboa-
sttdor had bt^vu ttcun in France. Tie was
presented to Napoleon and Mate, Bonapnrtj-
I
4
4
I
Whitworth
i6S
Whitworth
*
I
*
en 7 Dec, aod eli dajs Inter his wifv wiie
received At t^:. Chud. Tlia duch'-ia, whoff
lisutvur wu very pronounced, Im<l coiuiiiler-
abl« sCTUplrH nbnul callin^r iipnn rlif wife of
TaUcvrand. \n early ii» i3 iAjc, W'liitwwrili
nMmtioiui in a despnTi-li the niiiiuur Hint lh«
first consul was mL-dilatin^ u divorcu from
bis yvih md Ihn aK«ut»j>ti(iii of ihv nn|ii:TiaI
title, hut during his first iwa moiifh-t' so-
journ in Pari* thfini ewtiH'd a lacit ajfivg-
Bifiil to ftVnid dtMif^ivialili- fiiil>Wt>*. Xnpo-
luou ignored the attacks of the En^fUeUprvae,
tite retention of Miiltit, mid tho nrotmctrvil
erncuation of Kg\-pt, while Kiigluiid ki^pi
tiil«un> u to the rvccQt Frt^ncti ■gKf»'**'o"s
in HoUunO, I*i>.-dniunt, Klbii, PiLfutu, uiiii
Hwitxarltttitl. TLi!ltritii>li|;»vc!niu)>t*iit wert-,
however, obatin&te in thrir refusal lo quit
Jlalta autil a guamulm.' had Ixwa si^iod by
thi^ vitriniift powern en»urinff the poMt^Mion
of ih<> iEkiid to tUe knignts of St. Joba. .
Thi" diHii-idiV; which cnnnfilutpd tWdnrkwHt
cioud on iht> iliploinHtii: horizon, waa Bret i
;aiwd by Tallcvrund oil :.'7 Jan. 1803. Three
later was piiblishiic) a report filltn?
;eeof tht! ' Mmiileur' from Colonvl
If vlullBd bten Bont by Napoli^on
m RpAclal n^ion of inquiry to lH,'ypt.
In thtft re|(ort military iiiirinuotiun wns
frvvly int4;r*ipcr^i.-d withrt.'ii:iirk^di»]Hirn^n^
to Knalnnd, in which cotintry thi> document
woH plauaibly imi'rjirfti.'d ar" a pn-fnct' lo a
Moond invafion of EfiTpt by llm Fri^nch. |
TTie AdditiKton miiii»lry conwquentty in-
fltmcled Wbitwonli, (lirouKh (he fvrci|/ii
mint8t«r IlaTrkp«b(irv, to atilfcri hi<> back
a^aiiut anv <h'tnKnd fur tbi- iirutupl ovucuu-
tion of Malta. On 18 Kib. Napoh-on aiuw-
moned the ambateador, and, bUlt a §tomiy
outbunt of rh^rT'irir, crmfhi'It-d with thr>
meniorablc appeal. ' ['niasona-noiiK jiliniil
qiir di- nous coinhnltre, et nnua rARlerons
pnseinhlfi Ifi.t di"*rini^ft du mnndr,' Any
eiRnilica'ici.' that this offer might hare hail
was more thiin iii-ntmli»cd by lite lirat oon-
fiol's observatiou. 'Of aont \h» haKiilrtllea'
^much eommfuted upon in I^nglMnd), when,
in answer lo reproai-lies about Multa, AVhit-
worth hinted at tht! auam«iLtal inn uf French
piwi-r in Pi(.dniont, Switzerland, and elsb-
where.
The L-riaJB, of pxtremfi impoManffl in the
car-'cr of Xaiiiilflctti ('il StJiit arriv^,' aays
I^anfri^y, 'h I'inslant le nhiH rrilinui^ do OA
carrion- '> us wetl as in the nistorj- of £ii|fland,
wAi arrivi-d at on 13 March IMf.fc'), ihi- datti
of the iamoufl scene between Nu|hd<3<>ii iind
tbt> British ambnsaador iit thi> ToLlerit*. At
thf cloM of a vioh'nl tirado lufon; a full
court, interrupl<>d bv aftidrji tu fuTi'ign diplit-
mattttta I'xpn-aaivu of the had faith of the
Dritisb, Napoleon exclaimed loudly to
Whitworth, ■ Miilhour n c^'ux ((ui nc rc^peC-
tenc pas Ifit traitis. Ili> fu si-roai roapoD-
Mbleft ik touti* I'Kunipe.' ' He waa too
agitated,' eaye the amhawndDr, ' to prolong
Ibe funvfriiation : I t littrefore tuadn no
uoawtT, and he retired to his anartmenc re-
peating thrr last phniKf.' Two huiiilrvd
p«op|p Ucarft this convcrBBtion('if such it
can be called '>, ' and I am pcrBuadt>d,' adds
Whitworth, 'that tlie>rv was not n fingle
peraon who did not feel the extreme impro-
prifiv of hid Londiict and tbo total want of
dignity m wi-11 iia of di^ceni'y on the occa-
sion.' T!i8 intwrview waa not, however, &
final uiio (ba haa ottv.n erront'uusly bt<cn
BlHlfd). Whitworth wa» rBCMvwd by tlie
first ciinBul onca again on 4 April, when tha
COTVb diplvmatiijuu wvro kept waiting tor an
audimr^e for four bi)Ur« wbib- Napoh-on in-
ape{!t<2d tnapsHcli?. ' When that ceremony
wna iHtrfornw'd hp rtwiivpil ii«, nnil I hud
every reason to bi* .-iat i.'fii'd wilb his manner
towards lup ' (Whitworth to flawki_'»bnry,
4 April ISOSV XapoK'fin wL^IiL-d to tem-
porise until hi« preparations w^re a little
more advanced, but the nourparitrt honce-
forth hud little reiilsignilieauci-. On 1 May
an iridispijsition prt-vent«l the amboMador
from attending thu ret-'cptian at thi- Tuiloriott,
on 1- May he detnundird his pn«8pnrt«, and
on 18 May Britain ditclart'd war agaiuet
l-'niTice. Wbitworih reached London on
2U May. having L'nct>uritcrp<l th« Frtnch am-
buSHudur, .VndrtyMy, three days earlier at
IJnVfc ((lAHniUl, Traitis de i'aiv, viii. 100-
lol). Throughout thu trying accnvt with
tht> firxt consul, Ina demeanour was gene-
rally admitted to have hten marked by n
dignilv and ilil imfmi.'ifn'!iU worthy of the
Ix-dt traditinna of aristocratic diplomacy.
Irritated by hta failnm to stun bitn by n
displfly of violence (snch aa thm which fkad
»o daunted the Venetian pleniput-cniiiineH
before tbo tnvily of Pnmpo Fomiiol. Napo-
leon did not hoitati! to Hiiggei<t in one of
hui iiiunmla that Whitworth had Imwo privy
to lbs murdur ufPaul I in KuHFia. At 8l.
ilrilrna in July 1^17 Uv alludi-d to Kim with
calmnepa aa 'habile' and 'adroit,' bill h«
alwavs maintaincil fhnl tin- nr^'-'-jiLiHi ver*iou
of thft cid.'bmi' '! I.! March wa«
' plein dea faun ' < -omit pnnt'td
■u S'otfA nnd Qunw, Is:, .^t. v. .IIS),
After his return, not occupying a seal in
either house nf parliament. Whitworth Mnk
for ti-n yirnrv into comparative insignificance,
but in lt<lU, owinn; to bia wife'a connection
with Lord Liverpool, bu waa laado OL
2 March a Ion! of tin- Iwdehaitiber to George
in, and on H Junn vas appointed lord liou-
Whitworth -
166
Whitworth
trnnnt of ttvlaiid, in succ^Mion to the Dalte
of Nichuiiinil, a post wliicli bti h<jld tmtU
()c;toI>fr Ihir. In lb« uanic ninnlli lif wa»
cnailfd ail Kngliali peer a-i Vifcount Wliit-
Hurtli uf AilbuDtoii; on *J Jnn. IHlo h'- wn*
protDotcd tn ihe gnnr] crrAi of llif Bath,
■ik] on '.'A Nov. wu civateti Jtami] Adbuton
and EnrI 'Wliitwonii of AdbftAton. AtUit
Ibv rvvtorutiou of the lk>urboii» in Prance,
which at A political ciprdient lie hiffbly
approved, be vi&iiud i'aris iit April 1^19
with tbe DucheM of [)ors«it and a numerous
tmiii. Ili» oflSeinl cajxaoilv was dt.'Dt«d, but
he w«B g^nt^rally iWnieti to bam bnfn
cliargtrd witb a mis^inn of nbs«rvBtion. lie
*i*it<^ I.oiiii* Will «nd thtt priticv-x, but
canifully avoided any inifrview with Ibe
inini»tiTji. Ht^iwisiti'vIPikris in (lit* follow-
ing Octolwr on hi* way to Nft|ili'«, vrhpTV b«
was rfctived with groat iliatinrtion, tltoit^h
iiolittcn! significnnofl was agnln diKclnimed
for ihfl visit. Hfi iN'fiiniod tn KnpUnd and
FiKttled at Knole I'nrk in I81.'(t, bt4 UbI pub-
lic nppttnrailLV iMinc as OMistant lord sewtT
at the coronation of Oeorgv IV on 19 July
16*21. He d\(^ without iseuc at Knole on
13 May 1820, whvu nil lii« honours bccniiii'
extinct. Ill* will wu* proved on .10 May by
tliP Duulicw< of Dursut, Ilia universal l<?mlt!*^t
Ihe perwoiiBllv Iwin^ ■worn undir "O.WKW.
lilt' ducheHtilifd at Knoleon I Aucr-iitllow-
inff, ami was btiri^ on 10 Ang. at wiihyam,
SiLVtex, twenly-lwo hor««n«'n following her
remains to the );(rave. lUr oiilv son (by her
first husband), the fourth Ihite of IXtrsft,
having <}Uh\ in l9I-'5, bwrlnrgv popcrtvMwti*
matMl at 3o,0UUA jier annum) wu* divided
bclwoeu \ivT two tuii^-in-lnw, thi* KnrU of
Plymouth and Hf la Warr. ' KtKiIn in Ki>nt
waa judiciously bei|U4»l1)wl to the forui"r, bo
bring llin nrlirr itmn of tin* two, nn l)it< ex-
press condition that hi.'i Inrdfihip Ahauli)
i;x^nd6,000A per annum on this favourite
teudence of th.- Swkvilli-* for w^veral cen-
turies ' iSumtJc Herald, ap. Uent, Mttji. \&2%
ii. ft*-).
Whitworth, cccorttinff lo Noiioleoa, was
n 'fort b«] lioinmc-' (Mhrional ilif Snmt^
JIHhm, ed. 1^02. p. 104, April, Mnv, .luty
1817], and tbi>> d>*M-rijiliun i* ronfirnKHl fay
th» portniil by Sir Thoinaa Lawreiwe, an
enipiiviiig from which iippenrs in Doylv's
' Official Baronage.' Then- iii a very fin*
meixotint engrsviug of this portrait by
Charles Tunier. Tim originol fomsoneof
the small collection of Jtrilijh mosterit in the
Ixntrre at I'nrin. A portrait of 'Captain
AVIiitwortb ' of much i-arlier dntu, ongraved
by l{, Lnuriu afli-r A. (iralf, ia identified
by J. ChulutHT .Smith as a portrait of tbe
diploniaUHl {.Vfzsuiinto I'ttrlraU*, p. 80!)).
(Tba bnc acoMiai of Karl MThitvorth hitherto
araHablpislWt ialb»fiilu>tli TolDmeofthn Bio-
Itfftpbfa Unirarwlle (Pari*. 1827). \>j Dr B«au-
champ. A Terv Tttlaahlfl ■npptami'iil lotbiaia
' KiicUnd himI Kapoleufi io \%0^, bviiig lb* l)w
piicliea uf Lord Wliit»ortb aiMl othats . . .
Irom Lb* origi&aU in lh« f^cconl OlIi>-<;.' rd. OMar
Itrowtiiiii;. London. 1887. .S*e *]«> UojU'«
OIHi-inl Itkimmge, iii. Md ; BurkvM £s.LiBL-t
I I'suragi, p. M3; 0. E. C^ok&TnoI'a CouipleU
JVnige, viii. 133: TimM, 17 May 1825; U«iil.
Maff. 1S2S. ii. 74. 371. M7: Asnual R^nlntf,
1800. 1803. 1825: Wraxnll'e Biat. Mamoirs,
IHS4. ir. SI aq. : I'aDllicv>n of t!>n A^i. IBSS.iii.
' 6flU; OcoT^iiui VJrx, i. &M; So:iM's l.ifnof Napo-
I«>ii. V. 39 »<], ; ViMi SjrUrn Frtacti RtrolntioB,
18S7. ii. 3tl0»ii.: Le.-k/* lli»t. af I^lnna iu
Iba Ei];hlpnitti Ccntui^, v. S'O m.\.\ Ali»oD'B
JliA. (mT Europe, \Qli.i('.<r.pnwini: Lady BUa-
iMirhaMCt '8 Talleyrand. \V.'M, ii. &»-ll3. ICam-
land and J<Briaa«'« U»t. G^-nontU-. Tol. vir. ; Mar-
lin'sUi&t. deKmD«d«fiuiat7HU,iii.2D3^i I^in-
ffcyj. Hirt. do Napoli-oo Premirr, 1862, toL iii.
ehnp. i«. ; MorelV Earope wl U U«rolutian Fran-
•T'tMf. ISO'J. vol, ir. pabiRi. A cooaidantbl^ pur-
tt«n a( Wbiia>orths<liploa>atiecorrwpoi>dftn«La
(•TrMTTod MiDoag !!)• Addil. HSS. 38062-S
(lailvrsM ibeDokgorLveds. 1787-00), 33410
tr. 13(;-3 ll^tter* to Jrfmy Brntlian), 34430
(Isllon to Lord .imkUnd. 1790~9A), 34432 (to
\\it. Duk< of l«i^. 1790-91), and 34437-63 (ti>
Lord nreoritlc I791'3),I T. 8.
WHITWORTH, Sru JCXSKPH (1908-
1887) baronet, int-chanival engineer, the (no
ofCharlea Whilworlb <,<!. lii Jan. Irt70), a
adtoolnusier, and eventuullv a consTCga*
tionalist minister, fir»t al. ^^hel1«'r, Leeds, KoA
then at Walton, neur LiviT^iooI. b^ .^samh,
daughter of Joaepb llolae, wnibom at SlO«k-
port on 21 Der. li^US. In l«ir> ha was ient
from his rather'* »cb»ol to William Vint's
academy at Idle, near l^eeda, where he rv
iiiain<.-<l until he wai> fuurt>.t'U, being then
placet) with hia uncle, a colton-tipinnrr in J
Di'pbvdiirfl. Hi! mastered lh« catifltniciion ■
of vvttry machine in thi<plnce, but. like Watt 1
and liabbage, he found that the mMohinnry
was very imperfect, and true workmanship
in ronik^n«nce rery ran*. The prospect of
a regular business partnership was not aUu^
ing to bim ; he wa» ulrradv coascioua of tfa«
t rue bent of lus genius, ati J, being unaUe to
emancipate himM>lf in a more r«^ar manner,
he ran away tu Manchester. There in 1^21
be entered ibe iliop of (Brighton jb Co., ma-
chinists, u a working mechanic. His firat
ainbitiou was to b« a good workman, md
h« often in later years said that the happiest
day he ever had was when he Qn>t eamod
joiimr^vman's wages.
In rebruarj' 1825 be married Fanny.
youngest daugtiter of Itich&rdAnkerB,a far-
p
I
merof TiTTin in Chcrtiirc.iind iliortly iiftpr-
wonl* eniered ilie workubup of Maiidalay &,
!'■>. iu the \\'es[iu inciter ltrtiit;e I'oad, I.oniiloii
[bl-oMil'd.ilat, HcxuvJ. Mau(t)<la,v liooii r«-
ctyaMHtl l)i.« rxoi-|itioiial tnleut, and }jluc«it
him Belt loJnhtillnmp.s<}ii,(i Y'lrktihiriniim,
tbptup't worktumi ui tliHi-nljiljliKlim'-iit. Hrre
■Wliitwortli matlp hin first preni. diacoTery,
tlitl of n tnily planx surfnce, hr mcrin* of
which for all ^inrt.<r.f sliding Ii-xils frictional
Keietsnce mighl be reduced to a niinimiitn.
AftcrlntfTi»*'ondprotrnt;U«31iibournHlii'pP(i-
bletn W'Uilwortb imded bycomplel^'ly ^olviriif
it. The most utcuratc plniics hitlit.'rlo liud
bc«aublaui>jdbj'llrHlpluiiiii),''iinil ibvn grind-
ing th* Hurfitc*. ' My 'i™i ■'•■p." be siivh,' wta.
to ab&ndon fprindinjf For »crft[iin(;. Takittfr
tiru nurfui^cii iii> UTurnti.! im tin- pliminff timl
could mnko rliein, I muted one of ihftm ibinlr
with colouring uiotUT iind nibbud tbf olLtT
oirr il. Hud thv two »iirfiic<w hf'n inn' tin*
colouring matter would liuve Hprt'iid ilwlf
uniforcnly over th* upjwr oni*, Il ni^tpr did
80. but Apnii>nnrd in vjintf and |wilrbi*ji. 11i<>Ht^
tnnrked llie em in truces, whirli 1 ivmnved
with ft wrnpinp tool till the eiirfiiccs bccntno
STEdually tiiore coincidtiiil. ilul tli*! co-
ineidvnco of two sttrfacefi would not ]iroT(>
tbvm to bu plniivui. If tbo omi nt-rv concnw
and th* other convex Mw?y roig'ht Mill coin-
cide. I EOt over thU ditiiculty hv tnkiiig a
thin) surracM and ndjnatin^; il to l>otb of Ihtt
others. Wer\' ono of the InttiT coiiciivo aivd
the other Gonvei, the third plnne coiiti) not
eoinctdi' with both of them. Bv n scric-s of
comperivons and udju^lmfnlfi I inad*: all
thr^e suHarcfl cnincide, and tbcii, and tioT
befoni. Vavvi Ibul I Imd iruu pkuvi^' {Brit.
Amioc. ftau. ISIO; Inti. .Vei-Jian. Knijint^in
pTOT. le-j(J; Presidential A'ldrrfs at (ilus-
ffotr). Till! iia|Hir(jiiir» of ttii» diiwovcry can
luirdly be ov«>n-slininled, for it laid the
foundatiim 6f an entirely tiow Flandard of
accuracy in mcclianicjil rontitnirtifin.
On leuving MaudelayVWhitworth. worked
Bt TlolUtftprti'tV. «tid afterwardis at tbi^ work-
(diop of Joseph Cleiueiil, when.' Uabbngt-'s
calctJiiting marbine « as at Ibat time in pro-
c«mofcon>trucuoii[8(>ti RtTinAt;R.('iiAHLi»].
In lt*ya be letunied to MnriL-heiiler, where
hurt'nivd IL room with stefimponer itiChort-
tou Htre-*!, mid put up a figu. ' Jo»-pli Whtt-
worth, tnol-niakfr.fpom London,' thus fniind-
iingn worksbop wtiich sooTi bef«m« h model
of K mechanical manufncnirinj; t^^iitblii'li'
■lent. The next twenty years were devoted
tnalnlrto tht-imprrjVLTOcnt of miichtHO tools,
incluain^' the duplex luth<;,pluntn|;,driUing,
slottinfT, shaping, and ulhcr maclilneA. 'I'heMt
were all dinilnyed and b!f;hly cummcuded
at the Great Kuiibitioii of IS.'j'l. A nutursl
scqui?! to the di«cov«ry of thi- inic piano waa
the intriHluclioiiofn sviiieiiiof meuFurymcul
of ideal exnt-tness. This wsi elievl^d be-
iwti'H IH^O iind If^jVt by ihi- concirption and
de\elijpmput of Whil worth'* famouBnieiaaur-
iit]; machine. A Fyittem of pliines was to
arriingt^ Ibal of two pnralltd Kurfac)! tbo
one call b(! moved nearer to or further from
Lh« other by means of a Bcrt<w, the tnni» of
which niAaMine the dUtanc(> over whirh ihti
moving plane baa advanced or retired. Ex-
perience! ahowcd thnt a Mi-el bar held he-
iweeii the two pltuies would fall if tli4' ili»>
lance b<.tweeu the t>urfecea were increased
hy Kik incredibly ^loall amount. For mDV>
ing the pl>^le«^Vhitwl■^th uiwd a scraw with
[tvciity threads to an inch, fomiinf; ihv axlo
of a hiTjcii whift dividrd ulung Itii rimum-
ference into five hundred parts. By this
means if the wbetd were turned one diviiiiunt
till- trinvabV siirfiK'c wan adtaiiiW tir n-tin-d
[Jo of a turn of the screw — that is by
Tiriaii '^^ "" inrh. This uliffhl diHi-ninco
wa« found BiiccewtfiiUv tn make the differ-
ence between the steel bar being firmly held
and dropping. .\ more delicate m[tchine,ftnl>>
sequently made and deceribMl to the lii-
Etitntionof Mcehamcal Ku^iueers in IHStt,
niiith- p>:<rL'>'pliblv a dilTereiiuo of oiiQ tw^
millionth nf an inch.
Ily meuoa of this KTadually perfected de-
vice wm elaborated AVhilworth's nyrtem ot
niandard mt^aAUro^ and gangej), which soon
proved of such enormouiulilily to engineers,
nut of alllheataRdnrdfi introduced hy Whit-
worth, that of the urealeM immediate prac-
li^-cil utility was doubtless his uniform
syMtiui tjf H-n'W threads, tiret dulhiitely »ug-
((ested in 1841 (ef. Minutes of i'lite. In*t.
Ctvil Ertifl'netTS, 1841, i. Kj"), Ililherto tbo
iicrew» uiicd in lilting iniirhiner}- hod lK?en
manufactured ujinn no recognised principle
or *y»tf>m : eweh workahop bad u tyjie of ita
own. By colleelin^ on (XTi'nsive ftt^rFriment
of screw bolts from the differeui Euglieh.
work'^hop*, Whitworth deduced as a com-
promise mi Bv'iiru^e pitch of Ihreud for dif-
fereul diametem, and also a mean nnglo of
6r>=, which ho ndopu-d all thniiigh the «cal«
ofaixe*. Tlw advanlagejiof imiformity could
not hv rvfiisled, and by 186U the \Miilwoith
HVslem wa« in (^-neral UHe. The beauty uf
\Vhilwnrtli"8 invcntimifi was first generally
r>'L"ipniM?d at the vxbibitiou of 1861, where
hiH Mchihit of patftitod tooUand inTentinna
gained him the repulation of being the first
mcchnnica! coiislnictor of the time.
Ill l*sVJ Whitworth was appointed a mem-
ber of the roviLlcommiMinu to the New York
Industrial E^xhibltion. The incomplete etata
uf thii machinery department prevented hia
Whitworth
i68
Whitworth
reporCttte ujion it, but be made a joumpjr
tl)n>tigli ilioiiiiliiHrinl iliMrictAof lli«raitr-fl
Stales, aud publiattL-^l upoD tu« returii, ia
COnjuoction witb lii-or^e WAUia{1811-l>'0l)
[q. v.], 'Tltf Indiui.ry of tliu Uiiii^ Sm:e*
in Macliiiiery, .Matiiifuctun-H, and UivCul and
Oninm VII till Ari^.'I^niloa, ISM, ^vo, Whit*
■wortli'* «biirv c<>n«i>>l»il of tlm lwirlv« abort
but imen«ting opcining clmpt^re devoted to
taacblntrrv.
In 1 ^!w he: wns pifsidcnt of the Infltitutinn
of Mt'plianic-Hl Eu(;iiit>erH,aiid8t tbeOlse^w
tnpetin^ dfliv^rM uti AJrlreu in which hiA
favourite projects wi-t« ably aet fonb. lie
di'plori'il tin; t«iidfiicv to oxcr-saive itiw and
weigbt it) ilie moving pane of macIiineA e.nd
tbt' natioDul Iom by over-iiiultipUcatiun of
WXOH and [ml l'„Tiii). Hi* c'oiiti-m|iluti*d thu
~ IvanlARt^ (but mi^bt be derived from dv-
'cimalisitiif wcigbl» and monaiiref.. a subject
wliicbb'il in la^jT t-ohispiipi'r'OiiuStaudurd
Di>ctmal Sleosurt- ofljeitglb forKn^ine^erin^
Work,' His popurs, livn in number, eiicu
ont! »f wbicli Ni^iNlii><-i> n. nn'idutiun iu ita
eubjeut, were collected in a tliin octavo aa
' Miitri'11nnis)ii« I'njicto utt Merbanical Siil^
jerta, hv Ja'tepb whitwnrtb, F,lt.S.,' Jjon-
(lon, iWirt. Wbitworlli bad been elected tn
tlic liovftl Society in l&T)" ; h« wiu cn?At»^l
Lr..D. 'of Triiiitv College, Dublin, in l**H;i,
ftnd D.C.L. Oxford on 17 June ]SB8.
[ii tbe tuLtuiilinm, as a coiiwquiJDCv of tli»
Crimean vor, \Vbit wonb bail bnen requt-iltHl
liy th« board uf 'irdnauco ia 1854 to dtai^
and pivft nri fjilitniitir ftir b Cf)mi>lH« wf of
mucbin*?ry fur manufacturin); rifle rausiietii.
Tliin Wbilwiirtli ilwlini.'d lo do, om be cmi-
Bidered that expi^rimcrls wcrB nxjuir-fd in
ord'T lo det>frininH wliat ruused the diffe-
rence iH'twin^ri grond itnd bnd riflcK, what wua
thf proper diameter of the bore, wliat waa
tUe bi*r. form of bore, and what tho best
mode of niiiui;. before any edi-i|iiatc mn-
ehiniTV could Si< mad)*. L'ltimuti^ly the t[o-
vernmi'nt v/etv induced Iu iTi-ct a nhcwting-
Salk-ry for WbitworLli'n um-. iil Falluwfintil,
laticlieMitr, nnd cxpurimentfl bej^an here in
Murcb IK'>-'>. Tliey*liowrd thiil tin- jH>[iu]ar
Knli'.dd riHuwas untrue in ulnicM!t every par-
tiL'tilHr. In April IbTi? Whitwortb BubuiJtte<l
to iiilicin) trial a rifle with an ht-xiijronBl
barr«!, which in accuracy of fire, in penetra-
tion, and in mnf^i; • (txci-llod thfr Eoficld to a
dejjTwi whieh haixJIy loavee room for am-
jwriaon ' ( 'Awr«, L';j April). Mhitworth's
rifte Wan nut only far jmpi^ricir to any itnmll
arm thon PxiAtiup, but it also embod'ied the
prtncinkm nnon whit^b modt'ni LmpruvLunuiUe
liavu been Dau-d, nuimly, n-ductiuu of bore
(•■loiitHi), nn t-lDnpated' projectile (3 lo 8J
"" ' rapid twist (on« turn in
calibr&^i. mr
'JO incbee), wid extreme ■ccnrnfy of mKn^
fftctun-. Tbift nfle, aftt-r di^inncinf? nil otb
in competitiou, was rejit'ted by a ^ar
committev a> i»\ng of loo email calibre
a military weapon. Ten year» btt«r, ia 1
(that ia,jiut twelve years aOer Wbitwortb
had first iuggMl«d tlM<i-4ficaUbn0.a similar
coratuittee napurtnl that nrillf with a'4<'> inch
bore would ' appear to be the most suitable
tor a mililanr arm * (llit> Ijn^Mvtford arm of
trt-day hna a -30;) bore).
The iuvenlor found *ome coneglatiim for
the pronraHtitiationfl of otHcial procedure in
tbe fact ibai at the open competition pronoiwl
bytbc National ICiHe Asaoetatinn in I860 the
VVbitwurtU rifle was adopletl a» the beet
known, and onitJuty l^'KJtbt- queen np>.-nrd
the tint Wimbledon rout-tinK by liriafcaVVliit-
worth ridti from a mecbnrncal n«t at aniiij[«
of four hundred yards, and bittini; tho buU'a-
oye within If invln^ frum its ceniiv. Tbe
new rifle was a(l'i]>te(l by the I-'pench pOTem-
ment-, aud was K\>nvtally used for tar^t*
ahonl inf^ until the inlMxl not tonoF the Martini-
HL-ury, a ride in which auvecal of Wbii-
wnrth'ii principttui w^ro embodttad.
Ln the cnnslriiclinn of cannon he was
eutinlly successful, but failed lo •wurw tbpir
udoptiun. In 1802 he made a rifled frunof
bi(fh power (a tix-miie ranRe with a -oO-lb.
shell], the proportions of which are almosl
the isuriie lis those adopdil to^ay. But lhi«
g^in, de^}iile irs unrivalled balliatie power,
was rejected by the ordnancv board to 1805
in fa»inir of tb<- \Voi)lwich pnttt-m. wbcrebv
llie progreej pf impniveoiBai in Itritieh onJ-
naiice was retardod for nL-arly twenly vriirs.
It waan,ft«rthfi termination of this 'battle
of (be guna' that Whitworth made th«>
f greatest of bis1at«rdiseoveri«^ Kxpfrivnoe
lad tau^bt bim Ibat bard steel Runs were
unt>afe, and that the safeguard confistcd in
employing ductilu MukI. A guti of hard
steel, in caae of unsoundness, exploilea,
wbemie a gun of duciilu ated indicates
wear by lotiinK il>i shape, but does not fly to
piucee. When duel ile stE-el, hnwuver, is CB»t
into an ingot, ita liability Iu ' hoiiKvcoinb ' or
form iilNctillB is ho great as nlmnet to neutra-
ndf i|« superiority. Wbitwortb novr found
thut I be difliRuLty of nblaininir a lartce and
sound ca^tintc of ductile sU",'! tniifbt be suc-
ceoefiiily nvvrconid by Apnlyins rxtrvmn pr0»-
sure to Ibe tluid motal, while he further
difcox'erod that such proasuri- could best be
applied, nut by ibe sieam-hammor but br
muaiis of an hydreutic press. Whilwortu
»lvel, as it wofi (•t.ykil, wa* produced in tbla
manner about tH7(), and ita Hpecial applica-
tion to the mtinufaciuro of big guns was de-
•cribisd by Whitworth in 1876 (iVw.
oc, IiH. M
Whitworth
i6g
Whitworth
P
ATeck. Ens. 1875, p. ->Ue). In lS8a the gun-
fotindry lK>anl of ibv L'nit»d St«te», alter
payiui; n visit to Whit wort lis lorgi: wurlt* ut
Opeualmw, near Munche»l«r, gnv« it ua llieir
upitiiuii iliiii ikv i<yfit«ni tbiTo cjirrii^il uti
AUrpOMtid nil olhvr tiirtlinti* ur lording, und
tbftt the ' esperiencti enjoy »! hv tlits Dounl
during it-n visit mnoiinl^vd 1o n ri^vulalimi '
iJleport. October 1>^, WftohingTon, Isnfi^
Hvo, p. 14),
At tli« Pftri:* exhibiuon of 1867 Whit-
wortli was awarded one oi the iivit ' Rrniida
pri<( ' allotlcd to Gronl ilrilaiii. In Sop-
leuiber 1808, after wiiiiL-s«iii|^ llit; perfupui-
iincif of OU0 of tbe W'liLtwrirtit tittld-guiia at
CliAIon.-i, Napolt-OQ 111 ei-tit liim the Legion
of litiiiuur, and iiljoul liiti miiu« tiin« bv rft>
euivvd thi' Albert medul of thf^ 8odt>ty of
ArtH fur Ills inetriiuii.'iitft of iui-«JsurL-iii':iit
«ad uttilbrui ntniulardi*. On IH .March IH<>S
be wrote lo Disraeli, nflerintr to found thirty
•cholanliip* of lliu nnnual vhIik.' uf IIXU.
each, to be competed Tor u]ion a bjuiiii nf
proficiency in th« theon' and prnclici^ of
m^-hntiin. Next yenx bis gt-tierous octinn
and bis merila an an iuviritlor ynvm uublivly
Tec«eaiBecI Iit b'la hciag created a burooet
(I Nov. 1809).
His first wife died in 0<-t>>l»er 1870, and
on 12 April 1H71 liu niurriud Marv Luulsa
(b.M Aiiff. 18i>S0,d"iialit.>rof IhuiiMi llroHd-
hurBf, an<l widow of AlfntdOrrelUifChi-ftiilft.
Hliorlly bufore his second ainrna(r^ (tliouifh
etiU retiuoing tbu Firs, Fallowfidd, as bis
Manchester residence!) he piin^hHsed a nent
and ectatu at .StanclitTu, near Matloclc.
Tbere upon qd unpruui i»inu; sit'-, amid a
number of quarries, Iii3 constructed a won-
derful [<Krk, Slid lie ucauirt-d muc'h local
celebrity for hi« gardriia, liia I.nillinj( linrsi'x,
Aud liifi hi'rdof shorthornH. lliBinin tiilliard-
tn.bli?, tiio (n-murkitblr for it* triiu xiirfnce),
bis lawns, cattle pens, and »t-fthb'»i wt-rv all
' mmluls.' Uie interest in artillery wis sliit
univlaxed, hnwevc-r, and be was continiitvlly
makinc new experiments. He was the tin<l
to Mnist.ratti armour-plating iipwnrds of four
iocoes in tbickmiMii, and tlie atvt tu dtiuou-
•trate the possibility uf explodui)^ nnnou^
ahvlU without ueint^ uiy kind of fusG. In
187>1 be gty^ tu tkc world bin iiwii vnntiun
of lb« points at issue wilb th" ordnancp
(leparliufnl in ' M iscvllune ou« Piiuers on
Practical Siibjecis: flnns and ^^^l>el" (l.nn-
don, 8vo). The unfortunate Ireatmeut to
which he was «ubjecl«d wn* due in part, no
doubt, to his plain and inflexible deteTuiiiin-
Tion. * IIu would not modify a model which
be knew to be right uut of dffi-rvuco lo
committees, who, lie ton&iderwl, wem iu-
compambly bis toferion in technical know-
ledge, and who, Mag oUleials, wots liftble
to lake nlfeiiee at the plain if)>eakiagof one
wbD re^rded ollioiaL and infallible w &ir
Ijwm syuonyniouji.' In 1**74 be t-oiiverted
I hi« Dxiuiisiie works at Manchuster into a
limited liubllitv comjianr- Wltilwortb, Imk
, foremen, and others in (Jie Mneem, twentjr-
I llirnn in number, held Vl'J prr cent, of Ibe
shares, and had prnftiral control; no good-
, will was cbai^d, and the plant was taken
I Ht a low viiluiition. .\t tbr wimc lime tim
clerks, drauglitsiatju, aud workmen wert>
I rniyturaffed and asaieled to take shares
I (-J'tJ. I'Bvh). (Ju 1 Jan. 1897 tbu firm vn.9
united with that of Armstrong's of Klswick,
with an uutboristsd capital of upwards of
■1,0<X),(X)0;.
As be advanci^d in age Whitworth formed
the habit of wintering in tho Uiviera; but
he wn.1 nut frmd nf |^iii^ abniiul, uiid in
188o he madt> for hinii^If at Stanclifle a
large winter-garden, hoping that be might
thus ho aldi) to i>pi!nd tbu winters at home.
Hti passed one wmtet successfully in Derby-
! ebint, but in October ISSU he went out to
I Monlw Carlo, and there be died ou 22 Jua.
I 1&.87. Lady Whitworth died on ^6 May
I l^W, and, lliuru being no is^uubyeithurwifo,
the hariinetry beCEiine extiiiel. 'I'he second
Lady Whitworth was buried beijide bur
[ husband in h vault in Durh-y L'hnrebyard,
For many years bi-fdri' bifl death Whit-
. worth made no secret of his intention to
devote the bulk of his fortune to public and
especially educalional pur|>ottes, but died
without maturing any scbcrac. Ityhis will
und uudicit*, alter giving n lurgi* life iulvr«»t
both in n-al ami ptraoiial estate to l»i«
widow, and making both ebaritablu and
IMTioniil If^ciea, he di'vi^t-d and l>-r|(i(-athnd
lis residuary OBtiLt a to his wife and his friends,
Mr Richard CoplevCbristi« and Mr. Huburt
Pnkitiifield DurDtsnlTv, in equal oliares for
their own uae, * they being each of them
aware of the guneral nahirt^ of the object*
for which I ahould myself have applied such
pmperty.' After paying L(KI,OO0/. Im the
Scit<rnce und Art Department in fulfilmenl of
WUitworlb'* intention exprensed in 1888 of
permanenllv endowing Uurty i>cbolnrsbip«,
(be Vgnlerx bare, during the twelve veara
tliat have elapsed BJnoe the Kviiator's dTi^alh,
devoted sums, amounting in nil lo r»94,4IH/.,
t-", <<diicJitional and charitable purpn<te.^. Of
this amount lt)K,t>f8/. has been given to the
Wliiiworrh I'ark and InMituie, .Mancbi'ster ;
llH,8Ifi/. to tbe Owens College (besides an
vtstate uf tho value of 2lt>.4l.l4/. given to tbe
ci)lli-go for hospital purpos.ee); 60,110/. to
tbe .Mancbe^ler Technical School; 30,4077,
to the Baths, Library, and other public pur-
<
Whitworth
170
Whorwood
posea at Opmebftw ; 25,:!lF>f. to otbcr Man-
dtester invtitations wid cIiKritiraf ; lUl,lM>t}/.
to an inMitiik', baths, and hospital at Dnriey
Date (in. wiiicli Whitworlb's wiit of Stan-
diffa wu aitiiato) ; I'2,0I)IM. ro thf. Technical
Schools aiid olbvr insiiiutinns in Siockport ;
and l4,tUti/.tocliunTivsaDd iiutihitioni el»n-
whiTit.
W hit worth's mind was not that of a
logician, but that of an uxptiriuuMilalUl .
A mjiii iif Tifw wiinlit, Iir f-iicouulered Mch
pToblflin in ttH-cIianicB by the ntniarli ' l^l us
try.' Hi» I'XW.'rinifnTJt with rllltik are a
«tnliin J example of t}in manner in which a
miadot tbphifchoBt invptitivptirtWRnuluiilly
and siiri-Iv n'tvancw towards its object.
Tyadoll stud ih&t when he began to work
at fireamu be wax a4 ignorant of tli« rille
' u Fluuur WHS uf lli« micnmoope wlien he
bcgOD hia immortttl rf>nearc1ieB upon spon-
tanenus ecm^ration,' In tbo matter of gun-
nery (liku Darwin in some of_ bis Bp«cial
infestigHtioao) he may bo said to hare
provHl aU thiDKH iu unlur to hold fast that
which woa gwxi. llw ]jatiew», the atep-by-
rtop pro^THSs of iiivtfslj^'aliou, the ccrtaiat^v
witli ■winch ctinrlu.tioiw finr.f. fwirlv ri^adird
are gratipod af< implements, the HV^ttimulic
form in which facte are ' mnrxliJilli^il nncl
rc«ult« nrmn^-i1. all indiciite, aa in tliw case
uf a Darwin or ti Pngteur, ihe capBfily for
taking ]>ains over triflf^s, and tlio ma:i<lvry
uf luipf principli*, which gv to toakv up a
grniu*.
An eiccellent fuU-longth portrait of Whit-
worth by lj. Diiuingi^ii in in the Whitworth
Io«tiltiT.ii at Darley Dale; in the gruiinils
adjoining Btund" n mimolif hie obnlisW (m.ven-
t«cu feet lil^'h ), en-i't<td by the inbabilants
in memory of W hitwortb, anii tinwiU-il on
1 Sept. Ib94 ; upon th-.* p'sWial aiv ]K>rtrait
and oibur medallions, Portrait* of Whit-
worth appeared in the ' Ilhwtrati-d 1,ondon
Xews ' on 1(1 May 186f> and on 5 I-eb. 1H«7.
"VVbilworth'acJCcepliotiaUy blling motto waa
' Fortifl (jilt prnderiB,*
[Memw of Whtiwurth in ilis Proceeding? of
tllr lii9tir.UL)on of Civil RngiDeers. IHfl'-^,
rnl. ipi. pi. i. ; IiivliL of Ki-vlinuicii) Kugimeni
Pmc, Fcbruftry 18S7; Manche^itr L'lomri' und
I'hilosnpti. S(w. Prop. J'J April 1887; Nnt-urp.
27 Jan. 11187; Btu^rnpb.ii. 456; KckcliR Kn^iii.
Jlag.N«( yorfc, ii. 12, liv. laC (by TywIrUIr.
Fraan'a Knsi. Izix. 680; TmDM. of tUe fioyal
Sew. 1H97 i Sir J. Enicnon Tcnni-nl'it Story of
tb« Quitu, 19l}4; Povter's Alumni Oxun. I'lfi-
1886; Smilee'a Indavtriiil Biour.; Sultuu'* Cat.
of Lunnuhirc Autliurs ; Tinit<«, '2-I Jiu). 1HK7;
Mao«b«*ter ExntniixTaiKl Timci, 'if Jait. 1837;
nioatnted Luixiun Nowp. lsK7.i. H9; Dcbieli's
BAroB«ta», 1867, p. 63if ; pnvaii! information.]
T. 8.
WHOOD, ISA.\C (1689-17iiL>i, portrah-
painter, bom in 1&^, pnctieed for maay
vi-nrs an a portnit'|>ain1rr in IJnooln'a Inn
l-'ield^. ami wild u skilful itnitstor uf tbe
iityle of Kueller. lie wo* eapeciolly palm-
niHt'd bf- thu Duke of llttdfard, fur whom Ik*
painted tiUDtfruu* |)ortraitit uf inpmberK of
iht! S]K-nrrr an<l Itiucell families, now at
\Viiljurn .MiW-y; M>Dit> of thrm- wi>m copied
by Whood from other painters. At Cfiua-
brid^ii there are p^>rtniite by ^Sliood at
Trinity Collie, including on« of Dr. l-uuc
Barrow, and at Trinttr Ual). lli<9 portraits
of l«dii-a wcri<: »oui4- of th« bfi^t. of that dat«.
Th«rei8SK'^'^ portrait of Archbiabop Wak«
by WhooJ at Lambeth Palace, painted in
17^tl. Some of hic purtniut wvre engraved
in mexxotinl.noluhly one of Laurent Uelraux
the Hculptor. ctufrnvcd by Alexander ^*an
llawken. WboodV drawings in chalk or
bUckload are inleresiing:. In 1743 he exe-
cuted a surie* of detiguf lo illustrate Butler's
' lludibnu.' \Vhoo«l i!i<-d in Itloomobiinr
Siiuan; on 2i Feb. 17Si. The portrait of
.](i«'ph Sjwnce [(|. v.] nrvfixed to hia * Aneo
doifa' was engravud fnta a portrait by
\Vh.«d,
[Walfolc'i AtKodotce of I^linter■ eJ. Woe-
imm. Kith ananuwript uoiea by G. Scharf;
•'^i.'tiurrH Cat . of ih« Pi«i <ir«a at ^^ oburn Abt.<oy ;
lledeTavc'tt DicL nf Artieu; ChuloDcr ^mitli'a
Ui'irighMouiDtjntoPMtntla.] L. 0.
WHORWOOD. JANE (/I. IWS),
royuUsl, wii« ibe daugbler of on« Kydnr or
Kylber of Kine«lun. Surrey, sometime sur-
veyor of tb<-9<fiiljb>s to Jninejn 1 4C1.AKK, /,i/(t
of AnTMnv H'aod. i, ■2-27). In SepicmlK*
1(U)'(, III the nm< nf ninet«>en, ahe married
Uromt' Whomx>od, i'ldi«c Ron of Sir Thomas
Wborwondof IIohon,Oxford»bire<OllKST£R,
Lan'ii'tt MarrkiQf T^rrn^w, p. l4W); Tfrneb,
VuHaiion 0/ Oj/ordtiiirf, p. 212). In ItH?
and 1(148, when the kmgwaa in captivity,
Mrs. Wborwuod eignaliMrd hentalf by her
efforta to communicatH with him and lo
nrrango his esMtpe. Hhe conveyed money to
him fnmi liiviili«t« in l.undou when be waa
I at Hampton Court in the autumn of ItJl",
! nncl con»ullvd Wiliiam Lilly the o&trologer
(H to the qu«atioit in whot quarter of tb«
, nation Charles could best liide bjm^vlf after
I hia iiitetided tlif^bl. Lilly rccommvnded
, Kss«x, but tiiu «dvic<^ cainu loo tale lo be
acted upon (\ALLt , Jlittary tff hi* J^e and
Tima, p. 39; cf. Wood,' p. 227}. Mrt.
Wborwood consulted Lilly again in 1648
on the means of eireciing the King'a gccsm
from OiriMbroiilm, and ubl«in«d frutn « lock*
flniith whom he recommended flies sad ai^n^
fortLs to be need on tlie window- bars of the
king's chamber, but through various aod*
4
I
<f«nt» rh« ilpsion raile«1. She also auiited in
iirovidiiif; u ship, and ou 4 Mny 1443 UuIimi'jI
liitiiiinin(],tln'giivrni(jri'ri!m Nleof Wij^hl,
wa.» warnwl tliat a nhip had sailed frnm ihi*
TtutDori, and wite wuiiinf; about Qii<)ca>
botoufh tA roiTT thr> king tn Holland.
• Mm. Whorwood/adds thv letter, * is abcMrd
the ship, a tall, well-fdDliioni'.-d, anil vu\U
languagvd gvntlewouun, witb a round visage
nad pix'kliijlfti ID her fnce' [Letter* betKfeH
Ojlonrl H'tbrrt llammowi andtke Cvmmittee
at lierb^ JIouM, 1 70-1, 8vo, pp. 43, 4fi, 4« ;
p. 142: HiitlLtt, Char'
Uttnf Wiijht, pp. 147, loS, Ififl), Wood,
LliXY, p. 142: HlLLlia^ CltarUe I at the
-whn had nl't<>n 6mn hp.r, adcln to this do-
Bcription that she was red-hairi'd {IJfe, i.
'2ii), Affr thn frustraii^^n itf thiftorltemn
Mrs. Whorwood continued tocunvi-yletterH
to and fruQi the V\ag diirin^f th>> nuliirain
of ]d46, and to hatch fn-i^Ii srliemwi. Shu
ia oA«n refcrred to in the king'* letters
und» ihi> dph«r ' N." or '715' (Hilt.ieh,
p. 240; WAtisTAFru, Vindietitwit •>/ Hi'i-j
CkarleA the Martyr, 1711, pp. Ua, 1511,
152-7,191-3). 'I vaDiiol bu ttiopj confidwuc
of any,' »»\^ the kinjt in oph i>f liia letters,
and iQ another epeiUis of tliu * long, vf'itv
diM'oiirM'' ■hn hnd mmt him. Wood idttnLi-
fies Mrs. Whorwoo<l with the unnamsd lad^
to whom the kinf; had entniMed u cahinel nf
jewels which he B«?nt for shortly before hi«
execiiiion, in onl«r thai hu mi^ht givt; ihi-m
to his rhitilrfn (Athr-rnr Oj'oni&ri/vs, n. 7U0,
urt, * llerbLTt '). Uul a Dutu iti Sir TIiuuihs
Herbert*^ own niirrnlivn»1jitf!t tlnit rhe ladv
in qaiwtiun was the wile of j-ir \V. Wliwlt^r
{Hrrueht. .tf«w'«r«, ed. 170:J, p. 122).
The tlate of Mrs- Wlirtrwt>od*H de&th is un-
oertain. i ler eldeat eon, itroini', hiipti'>i>d on
29 Oct, IfrVi, wan drowtif^d in SnpU'mWr
1057, and buried at llolton (Wiwn, Lifr-, i.
226). Her dau^liti^r llianfk married in 1U77
Kdward .Matii«rs, LL.U., choncellur of the
dioreae of Kxtter {ifi. ii. 3Jll, iii, 4€3), IlkT
faij»hiuid ra^n-sentcd the city of Oxford in
ftiur auti^KMijvH juartiiiinttiili' ( KKil-rfU, but,
becoming a violent whig.-wnji put out of the
ronrmiiuiim of the penct* in Jnnuary lOt^.
He dipd in Old Palace Vard, \\'estniinater,
on U* April l(tHJ,Bnd was buri«'d at llolton
on 24 April (ii.i.S90, ii. 4an,4(10,J7tt, 523,
iU. 9y).
[TnrncrV Viaitationa of Oxfonl»liipe (Sari,
Soc.}, 1H71. p.24'J: Uhvt Aatb'.ny \Vu<}a,ed.
Clark; Ath«rtDD Oion. nl. ItlMn ; Lillv'n IltBl.af
hi. Life and Time., fd. \»n.] C. H, F.
WHYTE. [Sw! al*o \VniiE.j
WHYTE,SAML;EL(17:ty-IBlI>,8.rIiool.
loiutur iuidauth')r. born in 17i(8. wuAnatiirnt
aon of Caplftia E>olomou AVhyt«, dvpiily-
govenior of the Towor or London. Inaiiotu
to TiiTBi's an liimiiulf Whytu says tliat ' lio
waa bom on nhij^board appronchinil the
Mer»y [uidl Liverpool was ilw fir^i Und hu
«fv»r twichtxl' (PoriM OH Varimtt .S'MAfeet*,
3rded.) His mother dii<id after f^iving birtii
to him.
Whyle's first coui'in.Frnnpfa Cham berlaiu
(her mother wae aiscerof Whytc's father),
)>>-cam>- the wife of Thomaa yhwidaii '\q. v.J
Thu ^horidan)) vera verv kind to Wliytn;
indeed, lie termed Mn>. slieridau ' th" l'ni.'nd
and p&n-nt of tny youth,' Ho waa plact-d aft
a txHinler in Samiiid Kdwardx'it acad'.'mv ju
Golden l^ne, Dublin (Oii.iir:itT, IhMin, iii.
200). Ills father dii.*d in 1707, and hia estate
passed to hia nftplu'w. who waa Mr*. Sheri-
dan's elder brother, \\'nvle roci-iviujr a legacy
of flvi* hundred pouniJs. On .'( Ajinl ilbti
hf npenod a 'srtninary for thf? institution
of yr>iitii' at 75 (now 7'Jl Orafl'in Htreet,
Dublin, rii- described himself as ' I'rincipal
of the Knglish (Jramiiiar School.* Mr«.
>iht'rl(1an p-Tsuaded her hushrind's siAtera,
■Mrs. iifliecu and Mrs. Knuwles. and other
Indies to send their cliildn^n to be tnuf^hl,
und, *tbus favoured, young VVhyte had a
linnd«ome ahow of pupil» on firgt. opening
hia school* {Mmioira of Franrfu SJifrtdrntf
p. W{). Hit own three children, the eldest
not i'''%i^fi, wiTi' amonf; thetn. Chflrli-s Fran-
cis remained a few week* only, wtiik- ILichard
Brinslcv and his sialer .\ticia wen; under
Whyie « caro es a scbooluiiuler for upwards
of ft vear.
V\ hy to wa£ proud ofbavinijibadthu famous
Sheridan mt ii pupil. But in it footnote to
tinge 'JTt of the tnird edition of Hi^ poems
lif miide N fanciful statement which is the
origin nf th*' tnytli ubout Sheridan and his
briilhcr being styled by him ' impenetrable
diincoA.' lie ri'poftted "the footnote atorv to
Moon' in after years, and Mooni aided in
dilTiising' it {Mrtnoirt, i, 7). .MIab Lufiinu
haa e.xpoiR^d Whyle's itiaecuracy (Afemoira
of FruncrM Shr.ridan, ]i. **■">), whili- Slifridau'ij
iddi'r sister, writing to Ijidy Morgan in
1817, cbargf. thu m.-lio(>l roaster of her child-
hood Willi wilful mi.4r^preji>'nTetion (L*nT
MoROAjt, Mrjnoire, ii. 61). Un the other
han<l, ^Vhyl+■ w/w craU-fiil for tlio kindncos
he r<.^ceived from Tliomaa Sboridnn and bis
wife, and made a subslantial rt^Lurn when
fortunt! frowned upon lliom.
His first work was a 'Treatlae on Ihw
Eutrli^li l^Jknguagv/ which, though printed
in f7ttl,waa not jiubliilird till ISOO. II9
wroif two iragodies and put them in tb(t
iire aflt^r Tbomius Hberidnn bad imdertakeu
to get them reprciy-nted. Ifc was it duetit
vwnilior, and aome of hia rersee appt'ored to
1
Whytehcad
172
Whytehead
177:^ in n quuno entitled *The8b«inroclr,
or llibi'rniuii Ctv^rv*,' ]>nu:lu-al pru[)o«aU
for & rwroru id education bi^iii^ a|»pt-ii<lrd
<knoth«r udit. 1773, Svo). His rp)iulAtioD
Itad led to tEm nfTifr in 17'>tl of tlitt |)ro-
[fiwnnbip nt Eorlieli in thi> Ilib^riiUn -Vca-
d«mv; bul, ibinVmg llixt Tliomnt' Hhcridan
Iiad mea unfairly DVfiriookpd. ho decIin-Hi it.
Hi* ciiftom WHS to make his pupils rvpT\-«i*nt
fi pUv nt tlu^ nnniinl i^Tfimi tint ion. And Home
becnmc nctors in consecjuence. Di'ins' btamed
for I^1i^ li'- wrote in (wlWefence a diilnclic
u>c'IIl.'Tb)^'J'b<•tttn^'w)li<'I) wm gmbU^hcd in
1700. Whvli's son, Kdward Albcnry. who
had bi:<cou]u his pHTtiiL-r. uolluclvd hi« works
in 17tft!, of wliicli fourpdiiioonvferf prinl«l.
Copies were civun as ^tizen to tlie pupiU
who (lintinttiitKlii-d tliHnn^rlTr-x, u'liilt- trttch
' one who foil short of i)w n>quired standnrd
ncvived h\a (tugraved portrait.
.\f)>T t1if> union iH'tvrceii Crvat Rrilnin
and Irelnnd tint attendance at Whyle'n
»clioo1 diminioh<-(] owin^ to Iriih par*fut«
8endin(r their childrvo to Krtf1»nd for tlu-ir
«diioalioD. He dii<d at 7') (jrafton ?^tre^t,
Dtiblin.on 11 Oct. 1811. JliSAon pondnctcd
th« achool till WM, wti<.'ii In; migraltul to
London ond aflerwarda died tlicre.
Wbytv'e workis, in addition to those
named nbov^, inrrlmU-d : I. ' MiHCKllAii«a
Nova, with Kfitnark.* on Boswi'U'ft " Join-
son" and II Critique on IIurRerV "Leonora,"'
1801, ftTO. 2. 'Thfl Bemiti.-* of History."
3. * rh« Jijvenilt' tncyclaptwliii,' 4, An
edition of ' Matbo.' 5. An editiou of ' Hol-
berg^* UnivcrHil Hirtory.' 0. ■ A Short
System of Ithetoric' 7. ' HintJi to the Age
of Kuuon.' 8. ' l^TBcttcal Elocution,'
[aillnrl'a irittory at Dnlilin. Hi. SnO-tri;
' <3«Dl1«ni»ira Knpuinp. 18)1. ii. 486; Alicia
Iiefanti'a Mrmnin of Mr«. I'mnrm .ShrridAn,
pp. 82-6: Thu Junlii, or llic IiiliTior Cnlnnet
laid open.] 1-'. R.
WHYTEHEAD, TIIOM AS ( 1815-18J3),
nuiaioiiary and poi't, born nt Tliorninnby in
the Nortb Hiding of Vorkahine on ao Nov.
1815, wa« ihu fuurth mn of Htinrv Itolxirt
"Whytehead (I7r2-1H18|, cunitp (>f Tlior-
raanhy and nt'tor of Qoxliill, by hia wife
Ifnnnnli Diaiin Trf, 21 Nov. I^>, dannhter
and bBirosfl of Thnnina Kowmnn, r.'rtflr of
Crayk* in Vorkshirp, On th« death of llanry
Robert \Vhyt^h.-(ul on 1*0 Aiif?. 1h18, bi«
widow removed to York wiiL ber younff
family. .\n('r«tlfiidiiig thtgrnmniar school
at Devertey.aud rfndiiijk'i>riviLti;Iyiilon|ifwith
hi8e]dt.rl>ro(bcri:i>lxTHlMOH*IS«y),Thoinaa
waa entered 0.1 a jH-iiitioricr at Kt . Jubn'ii Col-
lege, Cambridffe, m Uclober 18a;i. His uni-
venltjr auc»»:tn)eB wuro remarkable. In 1834
hcwiufir«lB«)l»cholar,in 1936 and )S30h«
won the chancclhirV tjikrliHh niL>dnt with
pot'intion tli« d«Ktli->l'Che Llukt<afliI'Mirr«l«r
nud 'The h^pirc of the Si>a.* In lr(3S he
won thelXubenn prize, with an euAV on' Tbv
HaaemUaoDo bL'twrvn Chrift and Vloseii ;' in
lS3fl be obtained Sir William lirowne'e gold
miilal for Latin and (iroek epi^rnma; or
'( Frli. 1B!t7 bv woM plact^ F*wond in the
elai^mcral rripna, andin ^larch h« wa» choara
srtiiorcIn*sieiil inodallisi. On 13 March be
waselerlcd in afcllow/ibipai St. John'a Col-
leg*'. which he retained unltl hU death. Uo
^diialed B.A. in 1837, and M.A. in 1840,
and waa admitted at (Ufonl mt nmdem on
4 U'C. 1S4I. Lo December 1M,'I0 be wiu* or-
daiiK-d l!) the curacy of Freshwaier in the
laltiof Wi^Lt. Ounog l*yi bf ciimpo>ed an
udi^- for the inMfitlaiion of the Dok^^ of Xorth-
uuiberlaud a» chitna^lor of Cumbiidjre Cai-
Torsity. which waa St-t to mu.*i<: by Thomoii
Alt wood WalmitiWr ii.t.I, and uerfonoed at
the s^-nate houw on ti July 1 w5.
From childhood W'hyl^heut had been n-
mjirkubli- for his eariie»l. piety, and afW
loHK coTiBidemlion he n'^Kil vitl to devote hin-
««ir to miurion work. In l&ll liv accepc«d
the post of chaplain t<o Otisnyo Augustus Set-
wyn [l-V."'. recenlK ap{>oin<v<l bieliop of Now
Zealand, and railed on Ltt IW. Isil. Ue
rmclwd Sydney on 14 April 184:2, but his
health ponipletelv brokw aown, nud, tbnugb
IuirvflcbeiJNc-w2£eiiland,hediedat Waimate,
in the Htiy of I«laiid«, on 19 Mnicb 1843.
Hfl was uutnarriiHl. A tnfmnrinl atone waa
plaeml nvi^r hii< ftrave at Waimat«, and a
niarbln tabh-t erwtotl to him by hi« friend
the l-jirliif I'owis in the chapel ofSt.Jolin'a
Collep', Pfnr the city of Auckland. In the
newchapi'l ol'Sl. Jobn'tC-olh-KC.Cnmbndg?,
wbich wiK completed in 1B4!11, a fulKlength
figure of Wliyi'.'houd uppt-ars on the roof of
tlie choir (WlU-ia, Arriitfi-ture and Ifut.
(^tht Unicenitt/nf Cambridge, IfiSS, u.SoL
W31.
Wniytt'hend wim a port of some merit.
Tbi? widrly known liymn, 'Sabbaih of the
eaitila of old,' is one of wren hymns written
l>y liim for lioly wwfk. Almoal bi« latt act
was to tran«lAti' lliio hymn and Ken 'it Unea,
'Olory to Tliee, my (lod, tLi^ niglit,' into
Maori rhyming Verj«. A collection of hia
' l'o«ms' was publi»li<;d in 1842 (I<ondon,
8(roJ. A »p«'und edition, eutitlMl 'Poetical
Keiaainii,' wiili u memoir, including many of
his letiuff, was prt-iwrwl by bis nephew,
ThomnH Bowman Whytehead, and appeared
in 1877, wiiL a pn-fuo* liy Bishop Ilowaoa
( London, 8ro). In 1 t»-l I 'a serie.s of i-pi«lb»
oil 'Collugt* Life: Letters to an Cndergra-
duate,' were published at Cambridge
UUI.-tKIII- _
]ge after ■
Whyte-Melville
Whyte-Melville
hia defttb in 1846, und«r thv vditonhip of
^ThnmiiE FranciR Xnox [r\. v.] A eooond edi-
^■tiou by \\^iltiinn NsUianivl OrifHn Bppearud
in Ijoiidon in IHJJii. WhvtehfHd'd two prize
fiot>ms were olao printed ui IWU, in ' A Col-
i>ction of the English Poems which hftv(> ob-
tained tbe cliaDcelloi's gold medal,' 0am-
bridg^e, 8to.
[Memnir prcliscd W Whyt*h«d'» I^Ptiml
Sain^ina, 1877; Pnf. to C(>l!«'^ LIfo. 18*5:
Uiwiou Ufih \S7'i,vp. 3:d-l>0; tucker'* Life
of S^lirjrn, 1879; Kurk^'ji I^mlMi (IrnliT':
Jnlimi'ii Diet, of Ujmooluny, 1SB2; rostor'n
AluRini 0x00. 1713^1886 ^ Sluck'v Hi*t. of
ChuK-h MiBuwDftrT Sot. i, 43(1.] E. 1. C.
WHYTK - MELVILLE, GEC1ROE
JOHN l|y;il-I87Sl,novelifir and poet, born
on !0 .luno 1821, was non of .ToUti VVhyli-
MeltillAorSrnLthktniKMsin Fifeabim, b; Iiii
wife CnthuriDP Aime Sarah, youngest dftusli-
tur of FnuicLii Uodoluhiii Usbomu. Gfth dulcv
of IjHtrd». Kob>!rl wliytH [q. t.] wu* biii
greaT-Krandfalhtir. TUa noTHliat was edu-
cat4.>(l at Ktiin iiiidiiir Ktutn, nnd iii |HR9 n'~
oeired a mmmiwiinn in the. ftHnl hi^lilandere.
Bxcbanciii); in 1846 into the ColdBtreBm
giurdd, nt' retired in lf<49 with the rank of
captain, but on the outbreak of tbe Crimean
war in I8&4 he roIuntwMvd forartire ftcrvice,
and waa appointtid luaj'-r of Tiirkbh irn'icii-
lar ctivalry. After pt^ce wan reetorrd he
devoted bimself to literature and field sporif,
specially fox-bunting, nn whitli Utf »ood
cami- rn be rc^rded as a hi^hniichorily, llti
married, oit 7 Auff. lK17,Charlutte,dauKht«r
of William TTanbury. fintt lord Rat«tnan,
bv whom he had one daughter; but his mar-
riod life iTDA unhappy. To that misfortune
perbap* may \ni Irucud ibf.' girain of mi'lan-
choly which runs throii;j;h a.11 Wbyte-.Mel-
viUv a writing. His titurary Eiowen), which
hf. hirD.«rlf wa* nlways inrlinra to imdi-rtnte,
were c-ocsiderable, and would havo brought
bim itreiiler litme had circumetuncra n-qiiin^d
Ilia) to put them to more diligent use. As
Loekei^Lampeoa remarks : ' This notion of
th« tmallnmaof hi« gift muy havo been fo»-
l«ced by bis never baviiij; been a rt-nlly needy
man: h« could always alford to biiiit t!ie fox,
BO iko excitement of ttio chos^u au k ])i;-c<.^ di;
cent noun, which stiuiu]ate.« mti»i uulLoro,
waa denied him.' Ab il vnitf, Whylo-Mol-
villi; di'vutpil nil tlin t-annti^it uf hitc ])nii,
which mnat Uiive bsen considerable, to phi-
loatbropic and chsntahlo object*, especinll y
to the proTtsion of renjiing-rooraa and other
recreation for grooms and stable-boys in
bunlinji; qunrteni. Locker- 1 Jtmp«on ohserroji
in ' ilv Conildt-nce*' (p. 3S'2) that Whyle-
I MelviUft never sought literary aocietv, pre-
mc?n, and connlry gentJemen, l'erhnpe>, bad
he been morp oAiuduou-t in cultivating lite-
rary men, bis reputation an an author
might have tttoot! higher with tbe general
publii:, though he could itciircvly havo bwn
a grvutiir farounto with ri'&der* of biK own
cluM. Jr'rom \u» intimtili^-uiviuHintancewitb
military, sjiortLi:)^, and fitKhtoiiubIi> life,
Whyit-Mulviilf L-ould deal with it in ficiton
without at)y riiik of fnlliiiu into th« ludicroua
exapp-Tat ions und blunder.^ which bC5.ot
mftuv wrirrrx who attempt to do so.
After hia marrinpi in 184T Whvte-.Mel-
Tille iirwl for sumo years in Nortbouipton-
glure, and then r«aoTed toTetbury inUlou-
cestersbire. An acknowledged arhitor of
hunting nractiti- and a critic of co»tunio, bv
was carfieH.-! to a Ikull in hix own attire.
Moat of Whyte-Melvilln's worlcH were
novels, though his volume of 'Song* mhI
Vorst'i* ' contains »ymo lyrics of charming
vivft*^ity and tendemem, and at! hi» writings,
thougli uppLoLing chiu% to sporting men,
have attmctioiiii fur gi-nvrnl readers oUo,
owing to the lofty lono of chivalry which
pMrvadcji Lhi-m and the reverent devolion
expr«asf?d for tht! fair si».\. Throughout all
his works there in evident also nn aflvciioil
ffirclnMipal lorf.njflcctiiigthfltrttiiiiuf,' which
Whyte-Mi^lriUerwceivud at Ktuu in the days
of Dr. Koatc.
Whytu-Mclvitlc was very fond of making
young liorATs into fininhi-d hiintera, but it
was on nn old and favourite horse, theShuh,
tlint h« ini'l hilt dwith, On i> Dec. If^TH be
waa burning in the Val« of ^\^iLto ITorae,
tbt< bounds hud found a fox, aad VVhytu-
Melritle was galloping for a start along the
gross headland ot a Tilough>.-d field. Hie
norao fi^ll and killed him m.<itAnlant>ouHly.
He was buried al Tctbury. A bust was
executed bv Sir Edgar Uoehra(0»(. Victorian
RxMh. No,' 1075). _
\Vhyti>-Melvill*''s falhi-r, who is men-
tioned in TiOcker-Larapson's TrtntiHi-ncea,'
mirvivcd hiin Air livo yoars, dying in ItiH3;
Strathtiinnpsa then pa^std to 1il» kinsman,
Mr. JamcG Bullbur, who assumed tliu numo
nf Mftlvilli; in nddLlinn \^^< his own.
W byte-Melville's published works are aa
follows : 1 . ' Captain Digby (Irand : nn
Autobiograpbv,' iJiM. :!, ' (JentTul Botinc« ;
or, Tbe Lady and tbp LociJn(»,' 18S4.
3, ' Kulu CoVL'nlrv: nn Autobiography,*
IWJO. .1. 'ThM Arab's Itido to Cairo,'
18f)B. 5. 'The Interpreter: n Tale of
tho War,' ISW. 6, ' Holm by Ilouae: a
Tale of Did Xortharaptnnflhirc,* l«(K».
7. ' Good for Nothing ; or, All Down HiU,'
li^l. f<. ' Market Harborougb,' I8U1.
9. 'Tilbury Ifo^: aa Unsui^cussful Man,'
Whytford
'74
Whytt
1861. 10. ' Th« QuMn'fl M*ri«a : ft RomiuiM
of nolTTOod; \m-2. U. 'TLc UUcUBiore:
n Td" of Horn*, ana Ju.J«fl,' ISKi. IV. *Tlic
Brookes of Bnaii>mi.'n.',' 18411. 13. ' Cetine,'
1866. 14. 'Thfl White ila«e,' 1868. 15.
* Itnn^B And I : or. The Skoluton nC Tlamv,'
1868. 16. '.M. or N.,' IWW. 17. -Soitga
and V«rw»,* Irtea. 1$. • OotstralMmd ; or,
A LowofC llusnl,' 1870. 19. '3«n;li«tloi»:
a Tale of itn-Grrftl tinmen," 1S7I. 20. -ThB
True Cross' (a pelijriouB poem), 1873.
'21. ' SatancUa : a Story of Punch««towii,'
1873. L>1*. Tnclc Jolmi s Novel,* 1874.
2a ' Kidinff ItecolWtioua,' 187o. 24. ' Ka-
terfelln,' 1876. 3S. ' Sixttir Louise ; m,
Wnin»n'» KwpvnUnop,' 187fi. 2ll. ' itoaioe.'
Ift7ft. -27. 'KoyV Wife,' 1878. 28. 'Black
but Comely,' 1H79 (po«tliuinoii»).
[Bnrko'a Landed Oeatry : AUibutio'i Diet. ;
Atinoiil Rrft'"*'"'; Bailya 3lHKiwii]e; Loelier-
Iaukwoi]'* douliddiieM : prima information.]
H. E. M.
WHYTFORD. RICil.^KD {/. U9&-
l.'iS') ?), author. |_Soh WiiinoRD.J
WHYTT, ROBERT (irU-lTW). pn»i-
difnt iif tint Rnynl Collc-jfi? of L'hvaiciaua,
KdiiiliiirfEh, Focond sou of Robert \Vliylt of
Bermocbiy, odvoci*!*?, and Ji-nn, daiigbli-r tif
Aniony Murray of Woodt'ud, I'ertlislurp,
was bom in Edinburgh no (i .Si<pt. 1714, t'lx
montlia after his futhcr'a d^ath. IlaTinff |i^-
duntvd M-A.. at Hi. .\ndrews in 1730, h»
w.^eil lo ICdinhurgh to Rtudy medicine. Two
ymn bofore tUia ho liod Buccv«leiJ, by tho
dtmtli of hi* «dil«r hrollier Heorie, to the
fiunily AStatp. Whytt devoted himself in
particular to the RtiiHr i>f nnnlomr iiiidi'r tlie
first. Monro. l*rooet'ding to Lonaf>n in 17;U,
Whylt became a pupil of CUeselden, while
lie visited thfl wanli! of ihi; tinnilnn h<?^it)ilii.
After tlii«h<> attended the lectures of Wins-
Iftw in Paris, of Borrhaa^-e and Albinns nt
Lerdiin. He look tbo de(rree of 51. P. at
RhV-inw ou 2 April WM. On 3 June 17S7
a fiimilnr degree won confemi:! on htm by
the univvrsityof St. Aodrewi, ani) on 21 J utie
he became a. licemtiate of the Roval Collupe
of Physicians of K<linburnh. (>n 27 IS'i'v.
1738 btv viM elect''d to thp fellowship, Rnd
commenced practice as a physician,
in 1743 Whytt. publijihod n pnjy'r in the
'Edinburgh Medical Kssays' entitled 'On
thft Virluta of Limi'-Waler in the Cure of
Stone." This impitr attracted much ntron-
tion, and vrfm published, with additions,
separately in 1752, and ntii llmiugh sertiral
editiotit. ll aUo a)i{ieared in Kr^uch and
Gerninn. Wliytt'a treatment of the atone by
luueirnter and soup ts iinv i-xplodud.
On 26 Aug. 1747 Wbytt was appointed
profeeanr of Um theory of mediciiw in Edts-
our0i L'nirenity. In I7&1 he published a
worlc ' On lh« \ ttoi and otlu-r InTOlantarr
Motions of Animola.' The book attrtcteu
the attenlion of th« phTsiolo};iftt;§ or Europe.
Whvtt ' ibniw atide ilie doctrina of Stahl
that the rational soul is the cauM of all in-
voluntary motiona in animals.* and oacribed
aucb m<>v«m«nbi to *tbe efli^-t of a Kiimulu*
acting on on unconscious sentient principle.'
He had a vigofvus cotitrorvny with Holler
on the aiitgeet of this work.
On 16 .^pril 1752 Whytt was elected
F.it.S. Ixmdon, to thn 'Transactions' of
which be contributed several paper*, la
1766 he gave locturca on chcnustrv in the
univ«rstiviiiulaooofJ'ohDRuthorford(16Ct&-
177U) fo^v.] In 1764 he published hisgWcrt
bookr ' On Xervouit, Hrpocbondriac. or Hys-
tsrie Diseases, to whieii ar« prvfi.^ed boidl'
Remarks on the Sympalhv of the Nerve*.'
This work was aleo translated into French
by .'VchillHCiuillaume Iju hiigati dr- Prmie
in 1767. In 176L Whytt woe madn first
phvaiciun to thi> king in Scotland— 'a post
.specially created for him' — and on 1 Dee.
I i(t3 he was «lected pTBsi^ent of (he Royal
OoUcg« of Pl^ieisjis of Ediiibtirgh : he held
the presidency till his death at Edinburgh
on 1 5 .\pril 1 766. His remainswcre accorded
a public funeral, and were tnlerrod in Old
O^eyfriars churchyard. Ha was twice inar>
ried. Ills first wife, Helen, sister of James
RobertjHin {1720?-i;88) [q.r.l, gnrnmor of
New York, dif^in 1 741, leaving no children.
In I74S be married Louisa, dau({hter of
James Balfour of Pilrig in Midlothian, who
died in 1764. By hia second wife XV'hytt
had six 8urvi\Hng children.
Bc«id(.« the works mantiooed, ^Vhytt was
the author of: 1. *An Essay on ihe Virtna
of LiuK.*- Water in thv Cum of the Stone,'
Kdiuburgli, 1752, 12mo; 3rd mlit. Dublin.
1762. l2mo. 2. ' Physiological 'Esa&ys,'
>jlinhurgh, 1755, 12ino; 3rd wdil. 1766,
I2niD. 3. ' flbservarions on the Dropsy of
the Brain,' EdinbuiRb. 176«, 4to. An edi-
tion of bis ' Work* ' was is.«ued by his son
in I7iif^, and was translated into (iomon by
Qbrisliun Klirhnrdt Kapp in 1771 (Loipoig,
8vo). A complete list or hivdt'taebedpapen
will be found in Watt's 'UibliotbecH nrt>
tanuico.'
Whytt'a son Jolin, who changed hie name
toWhyle, bpcame heir to the entailed esiat«a
of liewrvl Melville of Strathkinness, and
took the name of Melvilli:- in adilitiou to his
own. HewasffTondiatberofCaptain Gcorgo
John Whyto-Mclvill* [q. v.]
[Life and Writii^ of Kobcn Whrtt. M.D.,
by William S«Uer, UID., Id IWis of Boyal Sor.
I
of EldiDlL, niU. 90-131 (vhirli obiatntd lh»
SiAi!i]uas*ll Brolxine Priic) ; tJn«it'4 Siory of
Hie Univ^reily of Kdinbargh, li. *01-2 ; Auitcr-
•on'A ScotiUh NntJDD : ScoIm M»K- I'OI. I>. -'-^ ;
IJnma'ii BpiUti})* in Hroyfri*!* GKnivliyiird ;
Btuk«'B LamlfKl (icDtrr, ]A6Bi BrJt. Mus. Cut. :
Wood's llist. of Rojai CyU. uf Ptiy*. Ediiib.]
G. S-n.
WHYTYNTON or WHITINTON,
ROBKUT IJ. 1520), gr«mmiiriaii. [See
\Viiini:e«TOx.]
WTBUBTf 01 WTBmtN, TEUCEVAL
(15;i3i'-ilKW.->, purilun Jiviii'?, liiim about
1633, WW admictt-d <i scholar of St. John's
CoUi^. Cftmbridiie, on Caniuinl Morton'w
foundation, on il Nov. K^ltt, And was
mklricuUlvd tn e, mnnioaQt in tlii< samo
montli. He proeeeaeii H.A. in IWl, ani^
on 8 April ]5o2 be waBclectcd and admitted
a fellow of his coll«Kt!> A man of §tronc
■protwitftot opinioQS, be sjmpBlliUcd wit.li
tlifi rcffinning lirudcntit-s of Jvdward Via
(jovemmi-ul , niul ofl'-r the aecessi&n of Man-
he judged ir prudent to 1«kv« EiiKlumi. Jn
Mkf 1&^7 be joinpd tW KnKli.ili congrega-
tion at Genera {,I.ivre dc* AinjtoU, L>d. liurrii
18U1, p. 10). On the ac«-*«ii)n of Kli/uljfth
lie iwtumed to Frij^lnnd; in Vt-'A lie pro-
caeded M.A., and in Ilie same y<«r wiw
appointed junioTdean and phi1onnp1iyl<>ctnrer
in his coHeee. On 25 Jim, l-*''9 fl(> be was
ordained dmiooii by KOmiind (irindal [(\. \.\
bUbopof liondon, and on 27 March l-^^tlO
ho reoeived pn*<»l'» onlrrii froni Itirtiard
DaviCB {d. 16811 [q.v.], bi.diop of St. .Vsipb
(SXBIFB, lift of Griivtnl. 1 H-n . Pit. M, 5M).
OD24Feb. 1560-1 he was insulted a pre-
beodarv of Norwich, and on 6 April Itifil
Tva* mliDittcd a senior follow of 8t. John's
CoUeffe. Xu lO'U be ocoure aa holding the
•ecnad probendal stall in llio cathc-dral of
Bochester, wlucb ho si ill posiwsfcod in I-WH,
but which h« had ivjtium'd IjHroni lSil:J(cf.
Stxttb, Annala of the lirfomiafit/n, 1824,
i. 488, 502), On i^S Nov. IfiUl U» vcm
Installed u canon of Wpsinjinster.
"Wibunitook port, as profJorof fhoderffy
of liocbMter, in tlio convo^'arion n{ I fiG2, and
subscribed lb« revised articW. On B >lnrrh
35tW-4 be was instituted lo the vic*irnge of
St. .S«piilcliru'«, Holbnrn. In the eame year,
howi^ver, ht! wus KeE|iieatfrcd on rvfusin^;
giib-ichption, and in ordur lo lualntaio bis
family pmnluyt-d liim^i-U' in hnubnndry. He
WH not, nowever, hardly dealt with, ihu
CCcIeeiost ical au(iioTil.it,-» conniving at his
1tet'{iirif; his prt>b>-nd.i and at hi^ pr^acbin^
in public (Stbtpb, Life vf (Jrindal, pp. 14li.
140; Uffuf I'tirkft; 1821, i. -IHS). In 15ft6
1)0 viitited Tboodore Ik'za a; GeiicTci and
lleinrich Bullini^r at Ziirich to roprMenl
the evil condition of the Kn^-IUh church,
and to solicit Bssistanco from the 8wi)^ ro-
formers. It Tk*fi« probnbly at this rinw> that
Wibuni wroto his description of the * State
of the (Jhiirch of Enf^land.' which is pre-
ser\'ed in thu ^iirich nnrbiva^. He was tuc-
li«rt«d by I be Knglisli ecclctiafiticsof caiiun-
niating the rhun.^b, uii uccusntion which bu
indijfitiuritl^' rc[K*lled, and which in a Intter
dali-d '2h f'eh. l5tW-7 be beaought Bullingcr
lo contmdlct.
InJiin«K>7l Wihurn wosritpdfnrnonrnn-
formity before Arciibiehop I'nrker, tocvther
with f^'hristopher tloodinnn |'q. v.], Thomas
LeviT [q. v.], Thomoti Sampson [q. v.], and
soiDH otliers, and in 15711 bo waa examined
by the council concerning hia opiuion on
th« 'Admonition to the Parliament,' some-
times erroneously attributed to Thomas
Cartwriffht (1535-ltKW) [q. v.], which bad
flplMsitwd in the prfwedinfc vmt [see Wiirox,
1 iioHAs]. AViburu duclaa'd thai Lh« opinions
esprvfowd in I !»■ • Admonition ' were not law-
f«l, but he was. notwilhs tut ding', forbidden
to preach until forthi-r onlrm (.'^tRvi'K, l^^v
of Parker, ii. fifl. 2;iIMl ; Life of firindai.ja.
S&S; i'XRXKK, Corivtp., Parker Soc. p. 843;
(imxDAL, lifnutinftVnrker Soc, p. 348). He
was afterwards restored to th« mini»lrj', and
was preocher at Itocboster. In I6t*l ho WM
one of the divines cboseu for their loamlng'
and tbrological attainments to dispute with
th*^ papiflte. In the aame year he pnblit^hed a
reply to Robert Varrnns ('l-'>4*5-l(iIO) [q. v.],
wLii undnr the name of John Howlct bad
ventured to dedicate his 'Brief Discourse'
to Queen Elisabeth. "SVibwrn's treatiao waa
untitled ' \ Checke or Iteproofe of M. I tow-
leta riitimcly shrcoehin^ in her Mnjestiea
esrus.' Londun, 4lo. J [is zl'sI upiiiiat the
jfNuiItt, however, did not prevent him from
being euBpeuded trom prvachinp in 1583 by
Arcbhi'hop Whilgift Iq-v.] (QrBif rB, Z^frw^
}l'/u'tffifr, lKi!2, i. 24fi, W5, 371,5501. llo
continued under siispension for at le^st five
year*. Towftrd."* tlifl clone of hi* life he
t»ruached ul Battersea, mear London, and,
lemn disabled for a lime from the public
dutiueuf his uini.Mry by breaking bis leg, he
wafl assiAt«d by Hie bard Sedgwick. He
died about }Gw at an advanced a^. He
vriw tniurled.
[Coop«r"i5 Athniip Cnntabr. it. 449 ; Brook's
Lives of r,ha?uriuinf, IBIS.ii. 169-71; Baker'a
Hist, of St. John'iiColI. pd. Mayor, i. 118.286,
S91, 3'2<^; I.iriH appvndnl tn i InrWii Enel.
Msriyrclogif, 18*7. p. 168; Newcoiirl's Ronert.
iCeek-n. iMd. nti», i. o8l; Rliindlcr'it ItoR,
]{oi?hcwtL-i Cathdtlral, 1893; Henurjiiv'* Kovnm
Rdpertorinn. 1898.] 'E. I. C.
Wiche
176
Wickens
WICHE. [S»e al»o Wtcmb.]
WICHE. JUnN \_d. lfiJi»,&vt bishop of
Glouc»>ateT. rScc WaKEMAX,]
WICHE. JOHN (i7I8-17»t), bftpttut
mioiMor, was horn at Taunton, Somt-rset,
on 34 April 171H, Hie jwmitu w.Tf Iwjk-
ti«t«: hiB el'icr bmthw, Q*orirp H'iche
(rf. 2 Not. 1794, nifi'd 78), oriuinally k
mechanic, bt-cnme Mewnrrt of the iun<>Tn>itj
room», Taunton, where his ponraJt, bj
Thorn, was plflc>:xl by the subscribers. John
WidiB wiw btiptJM-u on S-'S Juiii! 1734 by
Jo«f ph Jeileries. bnj<1ist miaiator of Taunton,
from vhocn.nnd fromTliomM Lucu«, baut Ut
miiiii!t'T(172i-lHi<if Trow'Iiridn;!?, Wiltubirc,
he reffeived his early etlui»liau. By help of
th? tC^iieral bn]>ti>t fund hi' Hinilii'il xioo^*
sively (It Tftiinfon, Kendal, and Findem
acadi'miefl. At: Salbhury, wht'ie h« was
Msiatsnt nnil ibnii niiiiintiir to k iWlitiinn'
bapttM congretralion (174S-tf), ha fa«came
acquaiiitEKl and crnTP«]innd"<3 with Thomas
ChuLb [q. v.l Tn 17 IB hp went lo London
to cvusult JosppU BiirrniJjibB [q, v.] and
JamiM Fo«ter [a. v.] nbout. Ti'nring' the
mmtHtry. On tbeir advici* hf bncame in
I)M.-i'Ui)>er I7'l(t mlm!'t«r of a small greneTal
buplisi cun^rujnition ivi Mai'ljtluiio, Atid hi'ld
thin chiirgd till death. His vifws at thi*
time were Ariati. but tu 17<!0 h« became
a Socinisn. iifter rt-ndin^ lh*> nnnn)'moii>>
'Letter on the l,o^o»,' piihli-lifd in I7.'i!>, by
Nfttbaniel Larduer [q. v.] With Lardnw
he eomapoadcd from liii^, if nnl carliLT.
Lardnvr fuiiccd with him about the anthor-
»hip of lhi« ' t.fttter,' but on It June 1768
(six weoJjB befor-' his df&tb) wroi'* to inform
hiui ihiil. ihn ' Papinian " to whom it had
been addreawd nas John Shulv Hurrin^luu,
firet viscount Bnrringtiiti I(j. v.] SoniP time
tiftr-r Lnrdnpr's diuirh Wiclie ubtainod Bcceee
to four of hi§ mnmiKcript Kirnionf (prwiched
1747), and ininsrrihwl mid publishad ih^m
lui 'Two Snbemt-f* of a Trinity ■ . ■ and tho
IJivino L'nitT,' 1784, Hvo, Anions; bin in-
timntv frieuil^ was William llnalitt, falhc-r
of thft «4iaayiat, who had bt-cn pirsbyltnfin
jniniHl«>r <1770-ftO) at Knrl ritroct. Maid-
Kton«. Aflirr tlip MirmiiiKhain riots of I7S)1
ho waited nn titnry T)unda« (uft'-rwards
Krfit Visoount Midvilli-) |i|. v. J, thfii h'iin<-
*t'cret«ry, with a doputfltion from Maidatom?
in HriesUey's interesl. Thout^h liis n-soiircM
wero scanty, he coHivtr-d a conftid^^rnbk
librarr.book-buvinc bein^hia ' only extravo-
SUic«'' Wiobedied at MiLi'JMonu on 7 ,-\pril
1794. He inarrii-d, iu 17M, Klijtabeth Pint!
(fi. 1767), hv whom be had *ix children; his
eldest 6on, ThomaB (</. 11 July ISJl, UfTcd
63), becauM) u Ixiudon hooKMllvr ; liis
daa([hter Marr marriMl in Augiut 1706
John Evins (J'TtC-lB^T) [q. v.], anthor of
IliA 'Sketch' of Chrintiau dKnominalioni.
Wiche'fl portrait (no enpr^v-cr's name) is
ipTvn in iho *Prot»Uiiit Dijuicntrrs Mafpt-
«ne,' 1707.
lie publiabed, besides mnsle amnotis and
tracts : 1 . ' A Defen« of. . . Foati^r':* S<Tmon
of Cutholir Communion. By I'hilocaihoU-
coB," l7oi. 8V0 (anon., answered by Ornnt-
iiain Killi^)^wo^h^^. V.J); and 2. •("ibwcrva-
tiitne on the Debate . . . concerning tbo
Pivinc Unity . . . oddrflued to tiw Rov.
K. W. W'hitlaliw of Canterburv,* 1787, Hvo.
To IViestley's'TliPolopicnl Hepository.' 1786,
V. H."!, he cmtrihutrd 'Obw-rvations favour-
inff thfl MiraculouA Conrepfion,' ai^nf>d
'>aeBraenti;' wrongly attributed by Tbomas
Belabam [a. v.] lo Newct^mr- C«pp<- [q. tJ
Georgfl NVichfl or Wrche (1707-1799),
dicMntine n]inif<t«r nt Alontnn, Lancashire,
from 17g« fo 17fto, wht'n Iw left thr ministrT''
and emigral«dtoAm«rics,wasJohn Wicbe'a
nephew.
[SkMoh hy Jfi^'hna] T[oul»in] in ProtHtant
DUMnitr'ii Mii|ruurio, 1797, p 121 : Munlhl;
Keporitory, 18J1. p. 461; RuH's Mvnoirs of
PriestloT, iaSI-2. I. 69. 1»3. OU. 3S«. giroa ex-
irMCtsfram hiACorrespondinrc furnished IjyJohft
Krar«, his ^'^''d^^n ; Christian Ili^fornier, I^Sfl,
[. 417; EninB'a Kerordof tho Prorhicuil Aatm-
Lly ol' LnncHHliirv At:cl ChMhire. Ifl96, p. 133;
Knitiis V«Miif[M of Prct«fltaat DisMOt, 1897.
pp. IrtS, 2m.] A.Q.
WICKENS. Sib JOHN (I8ir, 1873).
jud);e, second son of J n roe? Stephen Wicltens
of OhandoB Street, Cavendifth Niunrc, 1»t his
wife, Anne Ooodeuougb, dauchler of John
Hayter of Winterboume Stoke, Wiltshire,
v:n» bom nt his fatbur'g houM on 13 Junv
lH]h. lie wn» edupate.d at Elon(under Dr.
KuatL'), where h« guinvd (hv Nuirca«itk'. Sub-
nriiutmtly hr won in 1B32 an open ai-holar-
flhip at. Ftalliot College. Osford,matrii'i]Utinfr
in the uniwrsity on 30 Nov. of that y-ar.
Il>> KTfldunr.'d B..A. with a ' double tirat ' io
Micliaelmaa term 1831, and M.A. in 18^,
but was uti un«ucc!f-**fiil candidate for a
Italiiul fcIlowshLp. Jliiviiig entered nt Lin-
ciiln's Inn, be was called to the bar in May
1M40. His practice wa« of wmuwhat slow
growth, but he gradually obtained repilla-
lion Bj) a conveyancer and equity draftsman;
and when in I8R- n nunilter of leading juoiora
took ailk, Wick«>n<) stepped at a bound into
a largiQ and lucrative court busin««e, wbidi
nffviT dewrted him, lie waa KtainM in
ma^it of the heavy chaucerv suits of the day,
and appeared fruqiicntly Wore the House
of Lord« n&d the privy council. During the
Inter years of Lis caraer at the bar he wm
•
Wickham
'77
Wickham
I
equity oouoAdl to tlie cruasury. ibn <iuti«s
connectad with wliich po«t [iivcluded him
ftvm applying for a silk ^wii even had hn
been ■» iiicUiiPil. 'Vlwy wcm bLdq demiiMl
tnoompiLUhle wiih a N>at in the Houaa of
CommimK, niul bo never lij^rad m a purlift-
mentary i^Anfiid&te.
In l«tW lit- wiw n»de vice-chanceHor of
the county paktino of |j(tnejwU-r on ih«
el^vntion of r^ir W. M. Jsmes to a THcanC
l4rd-iii.itiR>-»1it{i. In 1471 Ito was «ltict«d b
bencher of hi» inn, und in April uf ibat yvur
^fl« ntiB«d lo tSiH betieh as viM-cbftncBllor in
sucot'^on to Sir JoLn Stuurt, and recaivud
Ihtt honour of knighl.luxxl ill dim iMunn Hut
eound knowIodcB nf law, toj^-iher with the
|FKaL utiMfnctimi hv litul pvi^n tn iht* pnln-
tinate court, mi*^d expoctarions which w.*r.>
not doKtined to be fuldlled, aa his health
brolo^ (lowti ivil.hin a nhnrt pnricHl of hiJt
appointment, and h4> died at. hi.i n^nl, Chil>
(TTOvs, nwar Chiclip«t«r, on "J'-i (.M. \H7S.
During hin short t«nuro of offici;. Wicktn«
aci|iiired « r^nutnlion forslowntuts and for
too close an aabcrencc to that c«m law, of
which hx; waAsaackiiowl«dgodciutrr; but
ho was famous for hii intimate acquaintance
with all uutt<>ra r>.-latiug to proctiuo, und hia
judgmenta Wfire mruly ap)wal>!d fnim. At
(ho bar he was chiefly renowufld as an equity
pleadt^r anrl u.* ii writer of npinionA; tiiil.
though no s^'.At npiialipr, h«; p»**p*jtiid » pift
of cWr ami vigorous expression, lo;|[ethyr
with ft tn.'nchnnt. conciiw way of arpiiiinar a
l«ffal point, which rnidfri'd his gorviuc* a.*
an advocate of no incon<iid&rfiliIe! valiU!. In
private l\(v bx w&B n.-murliablu for iho cst«n(
and variety of his literary kmnTltvli^', and
Uu waath« object of the warmest re^ii^hoth
from hia per«f>n/il and pmfii»»i final friends.
Ue was famed for wit aa well at^ learning,
and it waj* oiirrcnt. rumour tbiit his finliira
to obtain a Ralliol t'ellowithip wilh (Iiib to
flomp ill-timed diaplay of the former nuallty.
He marrieii. in 1&4.J. Harriet i'nincea,
daughter of William Ouvfv of ('owluy
Houitc, I iloncpslcrshire. His <f«ii{;hter, Mary
Krskine, ti wifu of Mr. Justice Fiirwell.
[Foster's JUumai Oxtrn, ITl^'-lSSft; Eton
SehooL Una; Lav TIrim, Ivi. II; Holi.-iiora'
JournnI, xviii 2D, TiinVK. 27 Oi;L la'ft (con-
Iniatni; an viToaeans siMenient I lint ho wua tlte
^ffWftigata priu at Oxfard).] , J. B. A.
WIOKHAU. [See also WTKHniM.]
WICKHAM, WIL[.:aM (17rtl-]8W),
politician, eldist son nf Henry H'irltham of
ColUnKl'^y in Yorkshire, a colonel in the l^t
[font ffoarcU, hy his wifa KlimbL-th, daiif^hter
' of WiUiam Lamplugb, rioar of Coltiugluy,
TOL. IXl.
was boru at Oi>tliogl«y in Octobur 1701.
He waa i»duc«ted at Harrow and nt Chriat
Church, Oxford, where he matriculated on
i"! Jan. 177!], obtuinmi n ntHdenUhip, and
became intimate with Charli« Abbot (after-
ward« lAfTti t'ok'bwter) and William Wynd-
hara I'irenville (afterwHrdft Lord (irenvilbi),
H« took his B,A. de^e in 17':<^, and then
tiroCfted.}d to Geneva, wlnire h»* «riidiiil olvil
sw under Amadin i'enlriau, a proftuior in
the Qeneveseutiivcrvil.y, Ilnthengraduated
M.A. iii l-Vbruary 1780. JIu was called to
tliL> bnr at i^iueuln's Inn iu tb« enauinff
Michtu.-lmttH lenn, and oblainod a commis-
»ioiierHliiji in l»iiikru|>U^y iu 17I)U. In (iKciwa
he becama acquainted wilb Khionora Made-
hiine Itnrtrnnil, whiiar fnthtiT won pnifeMor
of luathematitu in the university, and on
10 Aujj. L7*S they were married, Shu lived.
tiiiiii \MiX
Wickham'fl sariy intimacy with Lord
Orenville and hia Swiss riwi'tence and con-
noctiona Ant bronrht him into public em*
ployment. tireOTille, then foreign secretory,
made use of his etrvic^s in a secret foreign
corrMpondence in Auguttt 179-l,ttiid in 17Wi
he was appointed superintendent of aliens in
order to enable him to e.\luud bis foruiim
cnmmunicationN. Hi« letter* were carefully
kept from the knowledge of tb{< diplomatic
aervJOi' p-m-riillv, and only ntncliM Oren*
viiWii band.'* tbmugh r.i»rd KoaaIvh. Itt
October 17W-1 be was sent to .SwitEerland
on an exceedingly confidential mission, and
the fact that hu wo* thus engaged wu oa-
siduouslv concealed from the foreign oflSee,
Wbuu ibe fact bucamu known about the eiid
of 1794 it excit«tdgr»iiit jealousy, and secrecy
being nu lunger attaiDame, lyini Hubert Fila-
gemld (thiiii mini*r«r p1eni|Kitimtiary tn
riwLtterland I waa recalled, and WickWn
was appointed charg6 d'alfaims durin); his
Sbseoce. In tlte summer of ITfl'i FitagE'ralcl
ru appointed to Copenhagen, and WicKbam
bcoamti minister to the Swi»s cantons. His
j correapondooco in tbie post was moet exteo-
; sive, and the information which he thus
I gatbi^rcd forhisgovemment proved very occu-
I rate and valuabl«, particularly iu connection.
I with the condition of I^rorence and the
royalist mowiuenis iu I.n Vgndto. Ii« was
^ in fact the govenimt>nt'4 priacipal spy on the
j cootinent.and bis activity andEUCcees w«r4!
I so great that in I7l>7 the directory foTmnlly
, demanded bis expulaioa on the ground that
I he acted not as a diplomatic agent but aa a
foiQiMiter of inaurrvclion (Mallht l>r Pan,
t'')riv«/«i(n/rtHiV fflr^c ta (Jour tt^ Vitnttif, ii.
3iio ^ He was primtely pressed to ruUevu
I the HwiiM Kovcrnment from its embarrsM-
^ ment by voluntarily retiring, and in Novem-
Wickham
178
Wickwane
ber he thougHt it wise to comply, and with-
drew to Fmnkfort.
In Juniiary 17!)8 Wickhnm retamwl to
SugloDi] and wm appoioted under-tecwtary
ofHtato for thrt bom«iU-ponaiL'nl .wliicti i^lftoe
faftd been promised Mm soiue years before and
kept tiimporarily ocrupiod ituring liis M>rri»-
in Switxuriuid. It wu n busy uiiJ impor-
t&nl pom. |]ia comaipondenoi' wtt^i C'n»t)e-
T«>BgU durinf; the Irisli relwUicin fillx u con-
Kidnrtlilo jxirt of thtj Timt two voIihtiim of tlii?
• AIninoira and rorrespondHiire of Vierimnt
CustltTFiiKh/ nod pwrliuiis of it arw almi to
bo fecund in It^MiVs * Corrr,«poHd"?nce nf I^nrd
ComwalliB.' ^\'ic)(h3m was also privote 5ecr«-
tnry to tin- Duke of I'ortlnnd. He n-tiirntd u
envoy U> tli« Swuts csiitoiitt and ilie Itiuaioii
and Aufltrittn ariuies iti June 1799, while
flCill n'lninin^ hn ])oat at hom(^ and was vn-
tru>l«d wiltj wry uxu-u&ivt powers of nego-
tialiag treaties and arranging auppHea for
the anti-revolutionary forcps. Ul- tmvolltMl
vtjt CiixhaTcn, FljinOTcr, and I'tm, anil
reacbed Switzerland on '27 Juno, ilia n-ifti
narrowly iwcapml captun^ ut the hattle of
iCiirioIi, and was annonnt^^'il in the Pari»
Rpers to htive fallen into tlie hands of the
Bocb. He WM engaged abroad until, earl V
iu 1802, he wm appointed ou Abhoi'n a*f-
vico chief sr-fretary for Ireland. IIt> wna
tbeu BWOTii of tbu privy cuuuoi], and cani«
into pnrliAincnl for lli«vti'»liiirv. Kmimrtt'ii
rising was thfl ('biof «vent of his l«rm of
ofBcH in Irelnnd, hut the position was dis-
taat^'ful to him, and he resigned (-(irly iu
180-1. He would hfive been iwnt in IWW and
1S0;J OR minister eithor to Berlin or Vienna,
but for the obieetion madv by tLo8i> courts
to hU nomination on the ground of h\» being
pHrsonally obnaxious to the French govern-
ment, lie at^cnrdingly riHtinml fmin artivn
nerrice on a ptnaion of about 1,MK)/. p«r
annum. Tlii* wiw ihe conclusion of Wick,-
hiim'R piiblir earppr, ftpr-pt that for a short
time {February IHOI lo March J H07) he was
a member of thft trtawury board under Lord
Grenvillo, and went on oni> or two misxioD*
lo Qermarty in oounection wiih niilKtidieM.
In 1807 he rctind into tho counlry. He
wa* made honorarv D.C.L. at Oxfonl in
1810, and died at Brighton on S'i Ort. ISIO.
Hia portrait hy FuifHr Wongs lo thv family
{Cat. Third I>.fin Krhih. No. .%).
Wv had one nm, llE^Kt Lewis Wicxham
(178l»-ie6-t),whn waa horn on ]9May 17y9,
was educated at Westminster and Christ
Ohurch : having hwn railed to the hor from
Lincoln's Inn (13 May ISl"), lio was ni>-
pointed reeciivfi^-general of GibralUr. H«
waa principnl private sei>relary to Alchorp
when chancellor of the exchequer, and frum
183R to 1M8 waa eliainnan of the boaida of
Btampe and taxvs. Ho published ^rith hia
cousin, J<din Antony ( 'raraer [q. v.j, a ' Dift-
serlation on the Passa^ of Ilaiiuiba] over
the Alp«'(L'nd edit. l.^ndon, IS^,*), and died
in OhwtwrBold Street, Mavfair, on 27 Oct.
H(U {(imt. Mar/. l«S4, li. 7ft4 ; FOSTKS,
AtummOjMt. itl'VlSSO). Uia son, Wil-
liHin Wickham (1H31-I8y7), woa M.l'. for
the PeterHfield (iiTifiiou of HampaUire from
1392 to 1S97.
(C<jrrf*poiifl«n« of the Rif-kt Hon. W. Wick-
ham. 187»; B«rrille e« Harrier*, L'oUectioa ds
M^motKi relatifs k U lUrtdtition Fms^aiaf. vol.
Iviti. eh. scLiT. p. 99 ; Lwky's lliirtorr of Kng^
laod in tlio Kighlwoth Caatory ; LonI Ualia*»>
bory'M CurrespandaDca, iii. 454, 631 ; Lord Col*
chMit«r'ii Diarj : Ann. It*^. 184 1 ; M«moirM«t
Comnrandimcv An MnlloL da Pan, it. 33d. 1
J. A. R.
WIOKLOW. Viscount {d. 1786}. {See
under Howard, ItAxra, ]6^-171aj
WIOKWANE or WYOHEHAM.
WILLIAM »r id. 1285). archbishop of
Yorlc, wa« canon and ch«nc«'llnr of \mk
when on 4 Feb, I2fi2 h« was intjtituled to
the rvetory of Ivinghoe, Buckinghatn^hlm
(lUiNTl), Walter GitTard[q.T.l. archhiahop
of York, having died in April l'*79, Wick-
wnnr waH eli-eti^d by the enapter to enceeed
him on i'i June; h« received th« king'»
asaent on 4 July, and went to tbe pope for
hia pall. NicolaJ) III aet aside the election
by llie chapter, but n« of his own will con-
secrated him to York at Vitcrboon 26 Any.
On landing in ICngland about 29 Sept. m
caused hia cross to he borne btfore him in
the province of Canterbury. John I'eckham
{i\. v.], the archbishop, or3en?d that no food
ahould be sold lo him on paiu of «xcommu-
nic-ation, and hin official and bis met) had a
struggle with Widcwane's parly and broke
the croM (Wtkb>). H« waa enthroned at
York at CliriNtmaa. Tn 1380 he begaa a
viAitalion of his province, and was *p«ctally
t-areful in visiting its mona.iterie.*. On com-
ing Iu Durham he wat refused admiaeion
into tim cathedral prion', the pate being
forcibly kept agninut him. Standing in the
rond.lK.ipronouncedejcconnnunicatiooagainW
tho monks ; appeals weri' made to Komu, and
the dispute laoted diiHng the romaiuder of
his life. He aarain visited Dnrham in p^Hm
in X^^'i, and wai^ about to exirommunicat*
the prior in the church of St. Nicnlaa, when
some of the younger cituenaraised atumnll;
he was forced to flee.oneof hi* palfrev's ea«
was cut off, and he is said to nave bfea in
danger <)f hi;. life. On 8 Jan. 1 2»4 he tran*-
lated the body of St. William [aee Fint-
iimuiBRT, Wilijam], arehbiahop of Y'ork, in
i
i
i
Wiclif
"79
Widdowes
the preMnra of Edwajxl T, and with much
Ht«i«, and OD the nu\r. divy oonftMnteJ
Antony Bek {*/. 1310} [n. v.] to the si>e of
DiirliiLm. HD net which ae la nld lo huvi:
rM|^1IiMl to llir^ day of hiH death. Iluvicig
obtained the hinp's leavft, he set out to lay
his coniplnirits iif;ainst th^convvnt of Dur-
hain bpfor« th(> poj>e. <>n his wny lie fell
eick of a fever at Pontiffoy, osBOOiad the
Cistercinn habit, mid died Tlium on 3S Aiiff.
1285. The RlatomaiLl that lie reugned his
aee tppean morely to refer to his aMum{>-
tion or tbo noDtutio habit durinj; bis lost
illness, lie was buried iu the abbey church
of Poblij^y.
Flmnr-intrid in penton, auiitnni id lif« and
mimnera, and sparing in expenditure, Wil-
liam had a high rvputation fur Mnctily, took
aa little pul aa pi')MibI>^ in rivil alTaini, atid
WIS industrious and atrict in his adminiatra-
tiOD of bis province and of hi» diucvwi, in
irbicb he consecrst«d many new r.hiirc!ie«.
Hiradea, and apeciaUy curee of fever, are
Mud to b&TU boon wrmi^lit at hi? tomb. Itii
made a benelicini riiU>, coiillrmml by the klnn
in 1283, that each archbishop of York should
I«tve a certain amount uf nlociL ou the
estates of the see. Ue is &iiid to have been
learned, and to bav» written a book callud
'Memoriale,' full of Imrnin)^ of all kindi*,
•nparently a kind of commonplace book
(Balk). Elis register is extant at Vork,
(Raiiio'KFjwti Rbor. pp.S17-27; Tre* Serin IL
Hilt. Dunalm. (Suriaw Sac.), pp. S8-69, lian
a long ncenunt of thv quarrnl vith Durham;
Pryoxit-'a Record", iii. 2.'ia •rjq. ; Cltmii. de
Laoeicoft. pp. U\~2 (JtUitlaod Club); S(ul.b-i'«
Hiitoriansof York, ii. 107-8. WykM'a Ohron.
apad Ann. Ihlotuut. it. 281. Mntt. Wr»lmiii*t«r,
ii). A3 (all Uolla Ser.) ; ItaU't Scripit. Cut. Mnt.
X. 72.] W. H.
WIOLIF.JOHN (1324P-l.'W43,reform«r.
[Sew WrcLirvE,]
WIDDICOMB, HEXIIY (1S1S-18R8),
conUKlinii, Ixjm in Ston- ^ttv^l, Tottenham
Court Huad, on M Fub. IB1.1, wtu the «oo
of Jons Ebdaiuj WlJlllI(rc»M!l ^r WiDDI-
CtruB (irP7-1^5-l), a woll-known fiffure for
maay years in LDtidoii, having h>i}n from
1819 to 1853 riding-master and conductor
of *the rine' at AstUtr'sAmphithealre. The
elder Widdicomh, betam he waa at .-Vslloy's,
had 'pUyC'd the dandvlover in pantomim«
to thi: clown of Grimaldi at tbo old Coburg
Theatre. He was to the tasl a wonderfully
7cniog>-loo1(niff man, and was an excellent
ring-msater* (Hlaxca ari>, U/e and Rvminit-
wnyx, IfiDl.p. 13fi). 'Thn »nHpproa«babI«
~Ir. WidiUcombo ' be if called in a uol« to
iie ' Lay of St. Romvold,' who ' preserved
thi' firmcoK of hi4 vmith lo tinag« onlTef|ualIed
by Tom Hill and the Wandi-riiig Jew' (/n-
goltUin/ Lrgen.d«, 189-1, iii. B6). firowninfj
deacribedhimiiia It^tlurtoliiswifo in Augim
1840 aa having a faca 'just Tom .Moorp'»,
plui two painted cheelo, a eham mouMtacbe,
luidluur curled in wirylnngringlKx.' Wheu
there was no evening perfoi-mnnne at .\srli»Vs
htr vra^ frwjufntly swfu at VaiUKhall. lie
died in Kenningtoo on 3 Nor. 38W (Genf,
-Way, l?iM,ii.406).
'Harry' Widdicomb was ontiTtid by his
father at fifteen as a clerk in the Iohl^ rut>m
at the Custom Uoiiae. Against bis lather's
wish be left this employment in 1831, and
obtained an eufra^^emenl at the Mnreate
Thuatru undur Savill» Fuucil. He joined
the Votkahira circuit under Down, but came
to London in 1S3.5 or soon after, and ol>-
LainL'd an viLRagvmi'nt under ADdn3W Ducrow
[(J. v.] When AHtl.'y"* was burnnd down he
went to Liverpool and plnved leading parts
a» n low comi'diait under Mnlone Raymoni],
In March 1SJ2 \in Hrst obtaintKl employ-
ment at a west-f?nd tliwalre, being engaged
by Rcnjamin Wehjlr-r during Buckstone's
abseno? in America. In 18111 bo ht'came
joint manncDr of the .Sbethcld and Wotver-
IiamptoQ theatres with Charles UiUua, but
throe year* later lie returned to Loudon
and was utincipal comedian at the Snrr^
Tliratr.1 from 1848 down to ISfM). lie
fhlayed at first occosionallr and ihtio n^-
srly under Fechter at. {he Lyceum; in
* Rarah'ii Voung Man' in August lS5w, in
Oilbert's 'Uncle Haby' in Novembur iJsflS,
ns (irst gravedigger in ' Hamlet' in the ro-
vital»'>f' llaiulH 'in Januorv 18(11 and Mar
iHfH, in the ' King's HutU^rHv ' in thrt foU
lowing Octobur, as Jacques Strop in the
' liiiaiUide Inn' In Frcbt<-r"ii Mncain* in Janu-
ary IH6.'i, as Cmigongell in the ' Bride of
LnmnK-rmoor' in January ]866, and as
Moneypenny in Roitcicault'a 'Long Strike'
in the ntuuin); September, lie wua last
seen during l^ti? at the llolborn Theatre.
Widdicomb noTcr aituimid to the front
rank, but ho had a considerable fund of origi>
nal humour and was famous for bi^ power
of facial expresuori. IlKdimlin Kt-nnin^t'in
I'ark Rood on 6 April ]Sfl8, and was b^tried
in .NorwfKid rfinHrrv on 12 April.
[?.tA, 12 April 1869'; Oont. Mse. 1869, i.689:
£ni Aluiouac, ]87>. y. 14; Diuly Tclogmpb,
7 April 1868; Blancnard's R4>mi niter ik«s, p.
35S; Ijeltomof Robert Bmirning, 1899. ii. 43J;
Fru»t"« Cireus Lite, 187fl; PpucIi. 10 May ISOD,
^ 226.] f. S.
WEDDOWEa, On.ES (ir)tWP-I(MG),
divim.', bom about 1SS8, son of Thomoa
Widdowes of Uicklcton, QlouceBtorsIui«^
Widdrington
iSo
Widdrington
wu probnbly mncriculated at Ori«1 ColI^i(e,
Oxford, ill ]tf03 -1 (l)ut ibcro are no rccoras
of Orii:l mntricululions at ihftt dftt«\ ffn-
duotol H.A. ai Oxford *iii 2.", F«b. I<t08. M.A.
on 27 Jan. lOU, waa fellow of Oriel iii ItflO-
1621, anil tlirrein waa tutor ta Prynm*, with
wUum Im aftHrwanl*t!ngs{;t<(] in coiilrovr>niy.
Bom in the pariah in which Endymion
I*ort<'r ^i|. V.J fived, he wm patroni«nd by
hiin in Utt>r Tears (pf. CnJ. Ntal/^ Paper*,
Dom. 4 Feb, *m39). In 1019 he became
rector of Sr. Martin C«rfax, Oxford, and,
after resifniiiiir his ft-llownliip at Oriel, he
bftC&mc vic4>principal of Gloiiceirt«r Hall.
Us WW a]»o ctiiiplaiii to Kutlit^trino, diichi3H
of Riickingharo [pr^fnce to Ihe ScAirmtttieai
Puritan, 1631), And ve&f, highly thoiij^ht of
by Laud {^Vanifrlntrir'.t Ifuomr, p. 72). In
16S0 he published a ticrmnij pnarhcd at
WitnL-yVutici'ruiuKthL'lawfulnfituiur church
nulhorilv, for nrdninit)^ and commnndin)^ uf
rittia ana cereuoiiiee Co beautify the churcli,'
tiiuli^r Iho titlp of 'The Schismnt ical Puri-
lan' (Ur ed. liWO; 2nd o^. lfi.11), It wns
answered by IVriine in an appendi.v to hij
'ADti-Arininianiem' (2nd cd. liWO), Wid-
dowes replied in 'llie Lawless Kiieulesa
^^chi)>maticnl Puritan' (Osford, 1U3I1, dedi-
cniod to Etidyuiion Porter, iu which Liu
dtfonded the crmrch'sorderofbovriri(f at tlit:
Holy Name. ThifiPrynne answerpd iu ' I^ine
(lilf!* hi* HHllinus' (IfiSl). lli« scrnnons
at Carfax, thnugh pn|Hi1nr aniytiff th<> royal-
i«t0 and noldiery, raimed occni>ioiinl riotti
amnng tho puritan youths. At Land's trial
it wan stated Ibal \w had set up a window in
his church with a crucitix on it. We waa
jforierou* to the poor, u strun)j; aiiUsuhba-
tarian, dancing with hia flock oii Whit-Son-
day, and worlii-d BiLi'rp,'i'li(;Rlly in his paijah
(tiirinp the siegi- of O^fonl. IIh diiti on
4 Feb, ISil-ft.and woji buried in the chanc<>1
of hi» church.
Wood ilpdrribes him m 'a harmU'ss and
honest man, a noted disputant, well road in
the echoolmcn. and as confominble to and
lealous in the ettublitihtKl discipline of the
churcli of Kogland as any person of bia
time, yet of 80 odd and atranffe partit that
few or none could ha companid with liim,'
(FoBU-r. Almniii Oioii. IJO0-17I4; WoikI'b
Atbente and I'asti; Oat StjiCti Pnporv, Donu;
land's Worka; Athynrfs ahnicehlfraliir* ; I'let-
cfaer'a Church of St, Martin Ciirf«s.]
W. H. H.
WIDDKINGTON, UALPIT \d. 168^),
repiua professor of Orwk at ('atnbriilgf.
Cing^r son of Lewis Widdrington and
ther of Sir Thomas Widdrington [ij. v.],
waa born at .'^tamfordhiua, Norilniuibfrlund,
and educated at Christ's College, Cambridge.
Ho must have txwn a eolb^e acqiumtwce of^
MittOd's, wlioae * Lycidas ' Srat appetnd in
the same Tolume as'a Latin po«in Dj Wid>
drin^on (cf. Madbor, Miltim, new edit. i.
248, OAI ). He graduated D,A. in 1635 and
M,A. in IttSO, and wu electiNl a fellow of
his college. In 1047 ha served the oSice of
laxer of the unireraity. He waa one of tlui
lirst to Btf^ the 'engagement' ia 1660, and on
3 XoT. in that, year he wa« appointed pnhlic
orator. He became regius proiesoorof Orwk
in 1664. In ltif>l he was err«r<'«l D.t*. per
littriu nyitu, Ue was presented to the rec-
tory of Thorp by th« dean nnd chapter of
Lincoln on (> Feb. 1001. His brolher-
fellowa, to wham, eapeeially to Cudworth,
he had lour been oDnoxious, ejected him
frotn hi* ftjllowxUip in ItUil, but he was
rcjitnred upon apppel, ond retained his fel-
lowship, or at teafit residod in eoUege, unlU
hi* death. H** bi^iine l^dy Mar^ret't
fireachcr in lti64, and Lady Manareis pro-
eesor of ditinity on 4 March lH72-Jt. He
was inMitn1«d'lo ihe rectory of Great
Munden, Hertfordshire, on the presentation
of the king, on 17 Dec 1670, and died beforw
■Kl Aug. 1088, when John Cole succeeded
bim in that rectory (CLinrERarcii, /fcrf-
ford»hirf, u. ^Q>. Hie will was I^ved is
tliii jircrfijTHtJve court, on '2 Aug, lfe9.
Rejiidea many Latin letters and nmneroiis
copies of verses in th*i vnrioiw iinirersily
col I'-ctiona niiblislied nn ollirial occations
between 1(l-'i7 and 1t!8£, Widdrintiiton baa
verses prefixed to Duport's 'Homeri Onotno-
lugia,' ltiOt\ and a Irt-atise *^*ir:vnv tuti iwi*
litiTtvnr, {'ccna Uominica, cum micis aliquot
epidorpidum,' lirinted at the end of Thomaa
ii Kttinpis's ' Uf: Chri^to imitando,' Cam-
bridge, 16&8, l3mo.
[Hodgsoa'a Hist, of Kortbumbcrlaad. it. ih
ai'l; ConpL'r'a AlbeUie CdDtabr. MS.: Bodlcioa
Cat. : Dupurf'a Sylvw, p. S85 ; Fish»p« Fanes)
Sermofl (llymer's), p. 79; Konaeit's RsRistar.
pp. -Ihi. 37A. fSfi2 ; L« Nave's Fasli (IlnnJyV ii'.
«14. eSB. C&il. Ofi't; Miiyor's C«niW>.lp ta lbs
Sertnt^wrttb (^entary, ii. 106; PvpyVs Diary,
iei9. i. S2, 9(, 190; Worthii^on's Diary, ti.
100.) T. a
WIDDRINGTON,nOGRRa56A-l(M01,
BuTiedicLinc monk, whose real name was
Tho«ah I'kestox, bom in Shropshire ia
irjC^, studied divinity under VBaqoex at
ItoiifA and was ordained a secular prieal,
but in loOO he made his proreasion as a
monk of the orderof Sl.Benndict at the con-
vent of Monte Oa-vino. Iteins: abnt to Tbi<
I^nglish mtasion in l(t02 he was appointed by
his abbot superioroft.lie Iralinn IVrnedii?tinM
then Bcrviog it. Soon afterwards he was
arreiited and committed to prison. On his
Widdrington
Widdrington
lib«TalinD h« proceedeJ to K]it*ims,wh«rH lie
lield u consul tittioD willi Dr. Oi9r<ird, Fat bar
Jyiui \V!iit« aiiaf Bni.l-liaw (l.^VO-lfilS)
tq. v.l, anil FatlirtJohn .lonps (ir>75-lt!3B)
q. V.J, on rnnning u vaorv intimate iitiinn
■iDOnK the M>ct>rAl cnn^i'^^iiTioiu of Ri^nedic-
tiuM [see livcsLEr, ^icubkui], Al^cr bis
return to the miMion WitMrington, who w<w
mucb admirvd for the cloganeo uf Uia 8t,yle
and Ilia rsxe bnowlcdgfr nT cunoD Inw, 6et
himaelf up u u chiia[iioii of tliu nind'OinnL-d
natli of ntief^iaiicii againiii Uie |iO|ie'» d^noaing
power, and he piiblishtd 8ut(>ral books oil
tbat (iubjwt iitjitmkt ItrHNriiiiii.Sunmx, Fitx-
herbon, nnd othpra. Ho niAinlained his
opinigrid st ubb'.imlj- fw n long I-ime, not-
withiitandiii^ pnpnl ihn'fitn: biic cvcnTimlly
be suboiiited betore hie p«r9gn was nitacked
bv any t-»|in.'M crnjiiirp or ducliirnlioit,
lliidtult acutt-a Uiat at onu titnu 't1ii:«mnti
for his own preservation lay quiet in the
MAnha]s(.>a, hi« di%th bcinc threatened bf
Che rigid Papalina' (Z.{/i>v/ n'iUiam*, p. 168).
lie appears to baTL- spent a great part of
hi« lifi: in prison. lu tho Kocurd OiVicti
tUerrf IN a lettur, lintM iTi tVpl. It)14,
sutliorisinfr the archbiFlinn nf Cnutflrbiiry
to roruovn ijitii fnun thn rlink fcir thu ny
mrery of hid health. C>n 28 D<-c. 1621 ha
w»» fXftmined before the archbisbop at
Lambeth, and ho rht-n denied the corr^t-
aenoftliv »lau-Iu^■ul Ibut bi- bad nn: unfiled
Dr. John King, bishop of I>ancloii, to the
church of U'lmu aUortlr before his dvalh:
hisexamlnati>iiii i.t app^nili-d to ' A Hfrmoii
pnMchod at Payle llratiA hv ItcnrvKing*
(Ijondon, ltl2I,Kvo).
j'ecrfclarj- Conwiiv, writintr to ecCTetary
Calvert on '2ti.]u\y l^-i, vcisWl ttome safe-
gunrd to be di'TinL-d for Widdrinifton and
others, who, liaiinff ta.lien the oath yf ftlk'||!i-
ance, incurred haxflrd from the church of
Kouw if tiii.>y Went Uiyond thti buuiiils of
bis majesty'w protHction, Two dnv* latisr
Widdriu^n thanlipd tho king fnr Iiis c&ro,
and bi.-^giKl ihui be iind otliers who Find t iikrti
tbt' oath of 8lli"'gianrflniijrhr on thnir rflpo-an
be fiirbiddyn to depart the reolm without
license, n* otlii^r*-!*' thvy would br sum-
moned to Iloiuc on paioof excoiuinunic&tion.
At tile tiini^when the QegotUtionn for th«
iipamah uurrii^fL' w<tu in pru^v*« Jauco 1
p-nntixl to Widdrin^loi) n |mrdon for all
oflvucm affHinEt rertjiin Htacutes on religion
iiaiDrHl, and u dii^penHfltiriti to exerciiiH in
Srivate hniiaes the riteft and reA^nnmius of
i»ino worship according to the cugtom of
ihr rfiiirrh of Uome. A copy of the pardon
vraa j'liced in thu hands of Iiiojosa, the
lSpanii>h acabn«aador in England, tiiid it waa
wniig«id that thu pardon itself should be
iaaued aa aoon an it wa^ known thiit the
marriagfl cerentorv bad taken plntv fkt Ma-
drid (ttAjinixKK, ili'f. t>f I-liiytamf, V, Vil).
Chaxloe X confirmed ih^ fftvoiirft grnntv-d by
hiafiitherCo AViddringtoa. In tbela^t docu-
mfint cnnci'rning him in Ibr Itocord IJffice,
conjecturully dated 1636, the king orduiv
iustiwaof the piBTL- and others not to mnl^st
Thomas Treston, priiionwr in the Clink, in
FMpcct of relij-ion, be having by n-jiHiu of
ugti and iuGrmilivi< bien permilttd to reside
in anyplai:« in London iir tiiK i>ubiir)iB utidiT
CBDliou to njtnm to hia prison when poni-
maoded. Ht* diod in the Clink on 3 April
I WO.
Among his works are: 1. 'Apologia ("at-
dinalis Iti^llarmini pro Jure Principiiui. Ad-
Tersiis Eiios ipgiuB Katioues urn Auctoriluce
papnlii'riiieipL'.iftiCciilnresinOrdineadbonuin
ppiritiialo deponendi.' CosraopoH [Lond.l,
I(ill.8vo, ir. 'It-W* llanpoiiMo npolo-
Selicii sd Libellum cnjusdam DoctorisTlieo-
ogi, qui ('iuK Pro Jure rriDcipiiuiApologiiiui,
tanquamrideiOathoIicaj., .r«-piigniin(em. .,
crimiuatur,' Uoainopuli [Load. ]ut2j, l2mo.
'A. ' l)i.4nutatio tb^ologicui dr Jiimm«iito
fIdoUtatiE . . ■ Paulo Papie quinto dfidientu.
In (lua poli«itna omnin .XrgiinienlB, f|Uie ii
. . . lltdlarmino, J, Ort^lzi-m, L. ]ji.-«!ttii. M.
Delano, slii»qitp nnnnullis contrn receus
Fidt;litati»Jiimmeniiim . . . faetu. imnt, . . .
esaininantiir. (II. ^^■. . , . Apoliigi,'ti(.iB K«-
spoDsionis ad Libellum cnjiisdmu lloctoris
'lui.'uluRi I'raifutiu),' 'J jils., vVlbionouoli
[Li)T)d.}, 1*513, «vfi. 4, 'I'lirpili..,' KiU.
At the demand of the Cardinals </<• Pn/^a-
ganda Fide. U. ' .\ cb-nni' . . . confutation
of the . . . Ileply of T. V., who id kwowne to
hf. Mr. Thomas Filrherbert, an Knglish
ji\*itit«!. Wherein also ttre confuted th«
chiefest, objections which Ur. Schiik'k<>niii»,
who is commonly soiil to be f'ard, IMlar-
mine, liulli niaJi! a^ninst ^^'iddrinl;lun*s
Apologie for the Uiglil, »r So»cnii)jiiiif of
t«mporull princvs. Hy \l. W,, an English
t'alfioltki-,' lOIrt, 4lo. 0. ' .\ppendiK ad
1>ifiputation<<in tliealngicain de Junimento
Kididilnti», in quo omnja Arcum<-nra, qiiiv jl
K. Siiarej; . . . pm IVteslate Phnali IVincipes
deponendi, et contra recens Fiactiiaiie Jura-
nMntum allala aunt . . . oxaminanl iir,'
Albiouopoli [Load.]. 1018. 8vo. 7. 'It.
Widdrington . . . ad . . . I'aulitm Qtuntum
I'untiilcviu htvc . . . Suupliniti" «ui adjun-
i git ur Appendix, in quo pLnrimn'Ci^alumiiiie...
qua» A. Schnlckenius Widdringtono . . .
impcMuit, . . . di'lt'guntnr,' '2 pt., .VlbioiLopitli
[Lond.], 1616, 8vo. 8. ' Tha tryal and ero-
ciitioo of Father If. Gamet ... for the
Powder-'freiwon. t'ollert«l by H. W, . . .
Printed in Latin in lOlU . . . and thencu
1
Widdrington
182 Widdrington
tranalal«d. Now [iubluih«d to tank* it
furtWr evident that it la no nnw thinff for
Jwiiits to ciinxt ntiil ban to jueUfit) a li«'
liOnd. 1670, fol. 9, 'Diitciiitsin DUcuaaionis
Dwreti Maipit ConctHJ Latvnuieasis, ad-
TorsHsIj. I^i-'ium nomine Ouilhclmi Stngli—
toni pereonahita, in quH omitia Aivumenta.
quic idcmmcl Ldmuis pro Papali t*ot«stat«
Principes dG|ioDeiidi aduucit, . . . exAuiiiintii iir
& rofutanttir cl qufcdAni epregia . . . C'ar-
dinalie Puronii Artifii'iu . . . detcffunt iir &
refutantnr,' Aiij:u»tai [IjOnd.J, Idlfl, 8vo.
10. ' K. Wiildrinf^oni! last reioyndi?? to Mr.
T. Klti-iWbiTtrt Ri-plv cotiwirninff (.he Ootb
of Allc^iancf^ nnd thp I'npn^ pnwf r to depoM
frinci'f". . . . Also tnunj replies , , . of . . .
tellnrminn in his Sfhiilcki-niim, oiid of I-.
Leeaius io his Sincleton are conluted, aud
divon ciinnini; thins of . . . Peron an) di«-
covcrwl," Ifllft, 4to, and rLond.?". 1633, 4to.
H. 'A X«w Yenre* (Jift for English Cft-
tholikcit, or n briff And clcitre ExplicAtion of
the New Oath of Allfcittoce. IJy E. I.,
Student in Pivinitic ' [Limd.], ItsL'O, 8vo,
AUd publi^liud iriLmiu tliusatnL'yi'ur, uiidvr
the title of 'Sirena Catholica.' 12. 'An
AdioiiidL>r to the late CatholiiTk New Vear's
ailt," lB20,8vo.
[Works in Brit. Mas. Libr.; Cal. State
Pnptm. DoTO. ; Drjdd> Ctiurch Ilist, ii. ilO;
Oliror's C'orawaU. p, .121 ; Snoirs Necnilnpy.
6 45; Wel(ion"a Ohronido, p. 180; T»iiiiton's
lack M..nk«*ir St. BooL-dici. 1668,1 T. C.
WTDDKINOTON, SAMUKT* KD-
WAKD (d. ISMl, writpr on Spain, wm the
Hldwt »nn of Joseph Cook (n.19-lK44> of
NeTvron Hull in NortbiimWrland, vioar of
Ch&tlon and Shilbotile in tiiii flame county,
by liiH wlfo S4irali, danphtcr of R, Brown
and ffreat-iiiect- and co!ifiri.'j.8 (.•[ N'atlinnivl
Widarin^on of IInuxl(^y in Northumher-
Imidi ■Saruliond liurKinul^iTwanl^ u^iauini.'d
tbt! »HUi«- nf \Viildri[i|iton. Samuel fntwred
tbii Enplisb navy on ;tl Dl'c. IftOj. furing
tliti finil. v>t:iini nf litt Keni*ice hv wtu '^ni*
S loved ai^inst thr^ Frtinck hatterieA itnd
otiIlaJi in the npiRliboiirliood of Boulotjn?.
He viA (tft*-rw«rtl* atnt to tW Wiwt rndic.*,
wbera ill June ItiOS lio obtatnod special
mention for liis conduct at Ibc capture of
tlifl (.'oiici'peion, a Itrgw felucca, tlu .savf
much boal Bfrvictron th« coast of (.Vyenne
luid Sitrinam, and on 10 Jnlv 1800 1i«i vm
ajijpninltsl liiMit^'nant Ui X\>a Fntiii*, 7-1 |t<iua.
whilp nervinj; us first lif>ut cniinc with Cap-
tain Hdwnni l!)-vnoId« Siblv in tbp Swallow
sloop, in tlip npighhoiirhooil of Port. d'An(n
in TiL«i:nny, hp led a succesoful boat attack
on the niicrriitre, a Fw-nch brig, 0[i lljSrpl.
j«i« Ub aerred with the eamo caplaiii in
tba NivBwn on tJw esUblialinKnit of peaw,
and with Captain CUarlfiH Daflhwood on the
WinditorCastli', a i'4-^in«bip. The Windsor
Castle bein;^ at Li^ibon during a populareom-
motion, Dom John of Portugal took reCuga
on board her, and Cook wa« in consequenco
»r«!K>ntuU with lh« order of the Tower and
SwonI, and on 3 June I8:M, at the eamac
roquost of thu prince, waa prumoted to the
rank i>f commaiuler.
He retired aoon after from the navy, and
ill 1829 wont to Spain. Aftw ntaidinz thare
for more than three years he puhUsa«d in
18S1 '8ketcbe» in Spain duriii^ the y«an
1829-32' (Ixmdon, 2 vols. f^vn). Th« work,
whichwasdedicatM to Lord Algernon Percy,
baron l*rudhoA, vas the moat compl<-te ac-
count of Spain which had then beeti pub-
liahed in the Eogliah lancuai^c. In iHiO be
aaaumed the surnamo of 'W'iddrington, and
lu 1841J ho paid a »Mond riait to Spain, and
on bin return published bis expmenoea under
the title 'S|Miin aud thu Spaniards in I&IS'
fLondon, I844,2toU. 8vo>,dfdicat4yl Io the
Duke of Narthumbertaad.
Widdrington 'waa vlectvd a ThIIow of the
Royal Afwiety on 23 I>ec 1K1'3, and waa
al&o a fellow of the Itoyal 0«ocrapliic*l So*
ciotT. Ho di4>d at Newton Hall on 1 1 Jan.
l(*5e. lie married, on 18 Sept. 1832, at
Trinity Church, .MarvloboncDorothy.sMond
daughter of Alvxundvr Davis^m <*f Sworlond
Park, NnribitmbirliLnd, but led nochililr«iL
He was succiwded in hie estiitea by hi«
nephew, Shalcroatt FttKhijrbert Jaaron, who
a«<umK(i the sumaine of Widdrington.
[Oent. Maff. I«.l€, i. 305; Btirke'a Ijutdfd
aontiy: Allibuuc'B DicL of Eoglish Lit.;
0'BjToi."a Nnv. Bisigr. 1849- ] K. I. C
WIDDRINGTON, Rnt THOMAS (rf.
16dl), ttpcalipr of the TTouae of Commona j
and commiseioner of the great wu), belonged. '
toaTotuiciirbranchofthowi.'11-known Xorth-
uml>riati family. He was the ehle»t Min«r
LbwIm Widdrinjrton of Cliei.-scboumi! Grange
in thu puriah of Sluinrortlbam, and was an
••XKi'ulor uf hii> fnlher'a will in 1(U0 (llaDe-
BON, Uiff. 'if Sorlhumherland, 11. ii. 642).
His mother wim Knthrriin-, daiighti-rof Wil-
liiim l.ftW!toii of Little I'sworth, en. Ihirhan.
Hilt younger brother, Ralph, is noticed sepo- j
rately. Ae^ronling to Wood {Athtna OTom„\
i-d. Dli^, iii. tMJl), ' at about sixteen ye
age hei^pent somv time in on*.- of our nor
Lolk'gus iu Oxon.,aiid I think in C*m\
bill took MO d(^^-;' pt-rliaps 1m was tl
Thomjis Widdrington o*Chri#t'a CoUokv who
graduated B.A. at Cambridge iu June 10:^
{Adiiit. AfS. ASSS, f. 71 h). He was admitted
to Cray's Inn on 14 Fob. 1019 (FoaiBB, K^.
Widdrington
*Admun(me, p. 1&3), and wu called ta the
ir in (lut* coune. rroiu IQ2/i Lu lOSI ibe
^TepnrK^ cases in tlin court of lrii)g''s bench
ifinrffrafv «•%¥. S8-9; ZffT»*>irNC .VS.
\oe<:i, i. H^tS i » note on 1". 1 nf t]u> liwl-nnTOed
manuscript states that he was appointed
kin^*« rcjwrttT by privy sool in ltil7, hul
this u a nUtake). In November Id^L be
became r«cor(lec of Benrick, whtiro he nd-
drcswd aEDOCch of loyal welfomv to CLarlo' 1
on 2 J uu<- 1 893 ( Scott, Brrvick-upMf Tittvrl,
p. 200; BirsuwoBTH.ll.i. 1"0). la 1834 h«
■nairivd Kntiic«*i dnugliCer of Kivdiiiando
Fairfax, aftenrards second \mnin Fairfax
tq. v.], Hii nniBuowrbich doub(lL<»ji hiflfKnlto
irinfT Iiim into ■prominftncc somi- vpars Eftt^r
{Addit. Mt>\ ■2'J07t), f. 1374). iff wa« af-
pnintrd rwcordrr of Y'ork in HiW, anil iliert^
B^in it was liis duty, on •'^0 ^larch Itl^i), to
bid the king welcome. His speech on tbnt
oecaaion, though fulsomo and t-iitnivagani:,
seems to liavc pl^aiied iLe rovnl tame, for
h« waa kniffhted two doya Inter (Itt^SH-
woETll, II. 11. 680; Urlkb. Elwrarum, \>y.
868, l.W-7; MetrAtFE, li-y^k ;f Knight*,
p, 194). In tbts aatdu Tt-ar lio biH-auiL' uii
ancient and hnni^lir^r of (iray'n Inn, und wn«
Lent reader thnn; in 1641; in S'ori>mb«r
1641 hewa(ielecti?d treiwiir¥r(I>Oi;TJiWATTR,
Gray* Inn, 18Sfl. p. 71; Rcoijale, On'ff.
Jwrid. 1680, pp. -Jy?, 299).
He was returned M.P. for Benvick on
11 March, and apuin on 3 Oci. IWO (Mtm-
ten tf Portiamcnt, i. 4*^2, 4(U). Though
neverprominentindebale.hB wofi fn-ijuently
etDplove<l l>y t\i<: Idin^ p!l^]iIlln*■n^ in cum-
mitlo«a and rr>nfercnre», for whicJi he was
W«U fitted br bi« lepiil kntiivli'dgv. lie dn-iv
uptbcartifli.--iofim|»'ncbnit>ntagHini>t Binhop
Wntii, Olid laid them before the Inrds <jn
20 July 1)341, with 'n. unnrt, (ifrtrrnvnlinjf
•pCVCll (RcaHWfOBTK,!!!. i. ^JiU; I'ari. liitf,
it. 86], 886). On Ife Aiifi. IMo he look the
chair when ihu houso ix'S-iInd itscli' imi a
grand comniiUet? for ri?viewiiiff the prop>3»i-
tions to the kitiu {Cvmmunt Jvurnahi Cat.
State Paf>rr»,T)am., HU/'j-7, \\-*ii). It«wa*
Hnt ns a pnrltamentArr Rnmmi&^ioner (o thu
army onl*-' June 1047(WniiKi.>»i'Ki:, pp. 2r>2-
53). On I 'i MftToh UJ-IS li<* wn."; appointed
commisaioner of the great st-nl {ih. p. "JW)),
12 Oct. he wan raiacH to tlit; df^ri^p of
int<at-Uw and nude one of the kinu'e
iHaiitH C»A. p. 1142; Connmtnii' Journal*).
He ' had no ^nat mind to frit in thu Hou&e
orr')niim>nn' nfti-r ' IVida'a I'urge,' and »eemit
to hare absented bimaelf for soma Wfiuka;
but Cromwell cnnnullwl Hm, lopttber with
BulfltToiift Whiwlncke [q. v.] nnd Williuiu
Lenthall [a. v.], upon the »tate of airnin, on
18 and 21 Dec. Widdrington and "White-
locke spont all ihu avxt day in attempting
to &^nie a Mt ii>fa(;tory M,'hcHiv, and un the
3drd they took part in a fruitless conference
nt the NpvMiti.'i'x liuiiM'. On the ^iCth they
were both suninifined to the committoe for
the king's trial ; but thoy withdrew to
Whitelncke'fl hoii»e in Ih* country, and did
not reium to the house until 9 Jon. (Wiutb-
toriCK, pp. StiO-5, 3ti7).
\Vh«n the great wol of Cliarles I waa rc-
f laced bv that of the parliameul on H tVb.
tI4!>, W iddrington rvlirud from tbu com-
mission, pl«adin({ ill littallb and '*iinj(i»cnipla(
in conseienoe;' tho hntise showed its op-
prw:iarioii by voting him a qucirtvr's sdnry
tnore thim was due to him, and by entitling
liim to practise within the bar {A. p. 378).
Hr^ wo-i appointnl spijeani for the Common-
wealth on t^ .Tniie ItifK). and a nif^mtier of the
cotim-il of state on 10 I'eb. 1(1£1 {Viimnwni
JoumaU). At n mi-etiiig convened by Crom-
well on 10 Dec. 1051 to discuiui tho eolilo-
mcnt of the nation, he advocated some
form of monarchy, nugKl^tiug the Uuke of
Gloiiooster ob king; and at the confurenoe
held in H'hiiuhnll on 19 April 16^3, he epuku
Mrongly against th^iHiiHimling diiotitliitiun of
ihv Luug parliumL'nt( WjaTKi.ucxK,])p.>'>16,
M)4). 111! had bncn put on the niililia com-
mission for Yorkshirtt on 28 Ang, Ifi-M, and
he served on various commilteea during the
Commonwealth and protectorate, eg. tradi;
and navigation, distressed pruloslQiits in
I'iodinont, and Durham Colleg>- (Cm/. State
Pnjxrr, Dora. 1661 p. 381, 1665-6 pp. 1,
100, 218), Cromwi-ll made him ond- tnf^rv
a L'omm issioner of llio great seol on 4 .\pril
10ri4 {ib. lf>«>4, p. 73), liiit dismi^Ked him,
6 June lOoi'i, up<in hLi refunal to cxerntu ihu
orr1inanci*f«r reforming the court of t'liancory.
He iviuainiid, li.iweviT, until lH.50 on the
treaaury commission, to whicti h'.» had been
Ap])ointedin August KiW CW'iitTKijocKK.pp.
6:.'l, 625-7; Cal Stftlr Paprrt, Doro. 1654
p. :.'H4, 1655 p. 3Ul'. 1656-7 p. 19, 1fio8-»
pp. :i.3. .'?l>.t; Hist. .y.'iS. Cowm. fith Rep.
App. pp. '.W, !)f»), and iii 10.^»' lit* alao became
chancellor of the eon nry palatine of Durham
{J}ri'uly-Krtprruf I'tili. Jfiv. 5th Rep. App.
ii. L'.')."!). He repr<'Jii>nt.-d York in the parlia-
ment of 1654, and was re-elected in 1656,
but pr-ferrm) innl^-ad to sit for Northuniljer-
lancl, and was chost<ii oj* 8peakt-r on 17 Supl.
H>56 \i'arl. ili-,t. iii. 14;Ji, 1484; Cummoni^
Journatu, I Oct. lOflOl. He was »o ill in tho
followitig .January Ihat htr had tn he carried
into the hou»e in n eedan-chair, and the
hoiuM^ Hi tirnt ndjoiirneil for dome days, and
afterward?! appointed Whitclorke to take
the (.-lirtir during his ubsenoe. 27 Jon.-ly Feb.
(BvKTOsr, Diaiy, i. 837, 369, 376; White-
Widdringfton
184
VViddrington
lOCKB, pp. 654-5). As speaker lie showed to
no i^'iit udvuiUec in lue butwo (Btktox,
ii. ai,70, U;, I49J; but on ai Marcb 1657
be mnda a lQiirn4!<! ^petL'li at WMcehnll in |
su[»|Kjrt. of l!tn ' |n*til.:iir» unci nilvk'i:i' (of 1
whtdi Sir Philip AVsTwick ihoupht him tha
trua uutliori, nutl «]K>kfl inipr«Mi»ivt'Ij- nt Xh:- \
innufrtirafinn of (^omwell ah lord pmipctor
(ib. i. 3^17; J'arl Ilifi. iii, im, 1516;
Warwick, Memmr*. p. Wl). Aft*r tlio ;
dieeolution of this parliauteiil Widilrin^on
was made lord chief bnron of the exchequer
on iMt ,Imii> 1*J6S (Whitkuicke, jp. o7J ;
BinBRnx, Jteports. it. 106) ; but this office
was TOBlorud to John Wilde [q. v. 7 hy thu
Lontf iiHrliaamnt mi 18 Jitn. IWlO, when
Widdnngton was for the third time made a
emu miss ioiivr of fhf (frt-nl b'wI {CcmrnQJiy
JavmaU). Wf- wn.« nlita elfrtfd 11 inenib<^r
of the council of etnle on :il Dt'c. HJ5(>, and
nf(»in nn i'."? F"l.. If3flO(jJ.) UeinR eWted
for bfitU York and BerwicK in ibo CfWTPn-
tion parlifinionl, he chose the former; he
wft* on tUi' aimmiitw for tho reception nf
(.-linrl«« II, and atno nn thflt for the indem-
Ditj bill (>^. 14 and 15 >{ny 1660).
At iht- Kwiomti<Mi 111* lout all tbc ottiovs
and honours whi<;)i be had jrained since the
civil wnr; but he win rcston-d to iha dpgrw
ofM^rJKaiit nn I Jtliit' IlitiU.aiid waAnjipoiiiti'd
tenjMiral pbanceUor of the bishopric of Diir-
hsm f>a i'l Drc. (l5r«n*i.K, Drig. Jurirt.,
Chronka Ser. y- \Vi: HnroHissos, J[i*t.
of Durham, i. 55S). lie waii returned for
Berwick to tlit.'pnrlinmi'nt of HWl,bnt took
no nciivt! part in its proet^edin^; ha httil
already roai)fn('d the rocordcrHhip of Berwick,
and hu r>."<iirti<.<d ibot of Vurk iu or about
Januftrv IBGl' {Me»tbfr» <■/ Parliammr, i.
5iO; biiAKJJ, p. 3*3»; Cat. State Po/iern,
I)oin.Itl(51-2,pn.i'tl,ISI2). It wa.-. pn.lwbl v
shortly before tiie election of ItWl that hi^s
offur lc> di'dicfttw ' Aniili.Ttii Klmrncwtntin' to
thft niftTor nnd corporation of York wm re-
fused, tW ciiiiseDs liavinjt looked for a more
swbstaniiftl gift (r*iNF..pp. riii xl). In I fifti
he founiled a tree school bI Slomfordham
(lA. p. xxix; Fow, Judtfft 0/ Eni/lonil, vi.
618}. Ho died on 13 Mny imt. and ww
biin«d in Ihe chancel of St. tiili<it-in-the-
Fipld;*, ni'iirhiH w'iA_< ukI dani^hlcr D^irotliy,
both of wbum huil died io ]6j;t. A uionii-
ttmnt was «roct<?d to bin memory in l(f74
(I*BCK, />"- Cur., mi, 1779, p. MH; MaIT-
LAKD, London, ii. 1362; Sth»pk, Survey, ir.
80). His will ix (Int-d I S<-pt. 1tKI.*t 4Ve
abstrnci in Arfhatihgia .TUiaun, new ser,
i. 18). Ills onlv son Thomn* dii«d nt Tht"
Haj^K- in \tim'{Bifrton MS.'IUG, f. Jl-I).
IIo left foor daiichtwrs, all mnrried, \'n.
Frances, to Sir John I.eg'anl. bnrt. ; Cathe-
rine, to Sir Itobert Sbaftoe; Mary, to ffir
Kob(.Tt ilarkham, hart.: and rntnla, ta
Thoman Windsor, lord Windwir (nftwrwards
Karl of Plymouth) [ij. t.] (Caisb, p. ssU).
TliL-niTulict Sir Philip Warwick sums biniwp
as *a goo<l lait.'Ti'r, bnl naturally n cautiona
and timorous man' (Mfmoin, p. 3B1),
Widdrinpton wrote, in or about 1660.
'.Xjkalecia l^borscenaia,* a d«scrtptton nud
hiifttory of Ihe city of York. Iu dis^fust at
hi.i treatment by th« cJtin.-ni! hr withheld it
from publication; but it wa^ edited in 1897
by the llev. Ga'«ar Cninp. His report* of
kmgV bfiicii raKM, 1 -7 (diaries I, are in I Eai^
grare MSS. aft-if, and part* of them are m
Lanwicwun MS.S. 10^3, H)92. Kiishworth
printed from ihcm the nrgiimenta in the ca«d
of the imiirisom'd members \App. i. 18-65).
Liniiira from liiin to I/inl Fairfax ape ia
Additional .MS. l«}70, ff. 1 7-1. \7f, 182. IW,
S45, ^41*. Some of these, with a few otben,
are printed in Johnwm'e ' Fairfax Correapon-
dence'(i. ;i(J71, Hell'a ' MemoriaUof tbvCiTil
'\Vtr' (sec refs. in index), and iVeiU's 'The
Fairfjoxcs of Ifn^cland aaii Aineries' (p. 13).
A full list of his extant speeches is given by
Oainu (iutrod. to Anal. Jmr. p. xxi). An
epitaph on Lord Fairfax baa also Iwen attr»*
buteo tu him [ilt. p. xjtxi).
[CsiiiA. iiitr^Kliictioii to AnnUcts. lilboraorasia:
Fomi'b Jnd^Aii of EnAbuid, t!. ftlS; Coraman^
Journitl!!, ]nS(iiin: other anlhontiot eit«d ia
text.] J. A. 1£-T.
WIDDRXNOTON, WILLIAM, first
Baiuin \Vii)i>Fii\(iTii!t (lOlO-ltiol), was tli»
only flon of Sir Henry Widdringlon of 8win-
hiinie and Widdrincton, Norrhnmbt-rland,
by his wif»' Maty, daughter of Sir Henry
Ourwen of Workni^on in Cumberland. .\t
the time nf bis father's death, 4 ^ept. U<23,
bewa* thirteen yoari'.ouemontL.Hiid twenty-
four day!> old ; he mu*t therefore have Iwen
born on II July 1010 (llecord OlTire. Court
of Wards, Intftiin, putt vturlnn, bundle 3K,
No. 186). He was knighted at Newmarket
on Irt March lt>42 (ifETCALni, Sttok iff
Kniffkl*, p. ]i)I>. From 1635 to li>4U he
took an active part in the adminLstraliTe
work of the coiiniv. of which h.<c was sl>eTi<r
163t^-7, and which he representi'd in both
iiarlinniCTit* of 1 tJ4(l ( Cat. Utatt I'li/trf, Uom.;
luTCHissoN, i'ifip of yortkumbfrUttid. ii.
461 : Mrmbrri of I'ariiamrnt. i. iS2, 491).
Hubud lo iipuloi^'se lothv housv on lONov.
1640 for apfilving the terra 'inva'tinji-rebala'
in di;bate to tho Scots, whose dcnrt'daiiona
it: Ihii tinrtlivni counliM farmed the subjwt
of a pptiiion preoenled by him on I.'S March
1641 to till) commissioners for the Scottish
treaty (CbntmcDw' Joumah, ii. :!i6; J7u(.
i
Widdrington iSs
Widdrington
Jtf5y. Owiwi*. -lih Itep. App. p. 67). llewas
one of iW lifty-^ix uienibiT!' wKosi* nntncA
vtitv ported U4 ' btaraytiK of tbcir couutry*
for votinfC tgainut Llie attainder of Strnifonl
{Pari. But. u. 766). On » Juno 1641 hi-
wM KMit (o tho Tuwer by tJi" Hou«b of
Commnns for brincin^ in cAiitUt» ou the
pnvivuv nifflil wiuioul sutljority, but wiw
releaxs'l on the Mtli (/A. ii. dlS; Cammomi'
JoumaU, ii. 171. 173, 175}.
.\l thu outbn'nk of the civil wnr lip toak
op amu for clie tdna:, anil wus tit consequence
expelled from parliMiui-nl on 'Jli Aug. 1642
(Cmmkoiu' Journalt, n. 7liS). H« i» Mud lo
lia.v0be«ti mad*al)ar(jnetoayJuly(Worioy,
BHfflith Baronetage, iv. :i74 ; Puuiial):, ^a-
nMOf", i*u 471 ; Init «-o (^ K. CfocRAYxeJ,
CatnpUtf Pffi-afff, viii, 13R) : on Ilie l4th lie
wsa in Nowcnatle appaivnllv rKi∫ forces
{lIUt.MSS. C'urm, I'll h lt»-ii. Apii. p. ;t7). In
an array list of 1042 1ib uppc-ara us in^or uf
Sir I^'wis IJi veil's rpfrinienl ( Masvox, Lifr '•/
mUoH, ii. -lii). Tlw Diirhi^M of NV.wcaAtli^
•ays that be wn« ' pre«ident of the eoiincil
of trtLT, and command'T-in-chief of tbi- ihiW!
countiefl of Lincoln, KutUud, and Notlintf-
hiun ' (Life of tt'iHiant, Dukf of AeKvatti';
vi. 1^), p. l<>'i); but this inuet hare berii
Ut«r, prob&blv towarda the end of ltt4a {cf,
Cal. -^lafr P»j>pr», Dom. J04U3. p. 48i»).
Dufplnl^ wnilinernlvN thi^ pirn."!'*, in York«hir<>,
Derhyshiri", find I*incnlnfthlrf>, 'but cbisfly '
et llradfwd,' where he foii^rhf with distinc-
tion und«r Ndwcafilr-, to wlHim be altaclicd |
ilimaelf otoanly [*?e Oav£m>18||, William,'
DOKB OF NeVc*«tle1. In AuRust 11143
he wan piu in comtnand of the ^arrtMrn ai
Lincoln (J,(f(^ of yeucnttlf, p. oti), and h*
WHS unu uf ihv luudt-nt in tiju ruyalut dfAiat
at Honiraatletin 11 (M. (hi« leltt-r to Ni-w- '
ciiiFtk>,dH;«cn bint; the haHk-.wos intercL'pl i}il,
luid i* printid in KtrHHWORTlt, Itl. ii. '21^2,
also in a pamphlet enlirlwl A Tnw and
Ex'wi Nrlntion of tht Ortat I'ietonfit oA-
tMttrd hy the Rirl of Manfhe*tfr. W*\3,
iJhit Museum. E. 71, ti). On -2 Nov. he
"lAu CT«st«d Btron Widdrinfiton of Blank-
ney, Lini'olnatiire {Dejiutit-KefiirT of Puhl.
Itef. 471 !i Itvp. App. p. 1^1), and he wiis oiiv
of the rovali^t iK^blumcn wlio wrolo shortly
afterwards to the Hcollish i)rt»if rouncil
(CtAReriKlM, JlUtnry. od. lS8S.' iit. 2H8;
HcaHwuRiH, III. ii. TitS^). Iln iisiiiaUKl in
the defence of York in June lti44 ( .Makk-
UAH, Life of Fitirfnx, p. 14*1; WHlTtLucXK,
p. 90).
Ailer the battle of Marelon Moot Wid-
diiogtOD acconipiuiied Ncn-caAllt to Hum-
X/OTf, tiMl eventually lo Varts. He sujed
in f^uiee nntil the mimmer of ] (148, retummc
tbon to tha Low Countrii*, wbv» hu joiDeS
Prince Charles {Lifeof StKcaitle, pn. 94~M ;
Vat.State Papcri; Doui HMr>-7, p Bl ; AJJit.
MS. UaWO, f.iil; Viartmiun State Paptr»,
ed. 1«72, i, «!», 4aH). lU wan pro«c»ib.;d
by |iarliaiiiL-nt ou 14 Miurli 104t*, and bis
tiatateiiwerecanti«cateil; on 17 July ht#wife
was eTEUttw) a pa^a to fp) bevond sea i^Com-
ma>u Jimmalt, vi. IW ; l^'iilTEl-OCKK, p.
-lUfl; Cal. State I'opfn, Dom. IBlH-ftl),
pp. Sy, Ml). He crobEed over to Scotluid
with OharW in June IfiBO; tht cominittiM;
of estates reganlod blin att ' wroji^r priucinled/
and ordered him repeolrdly to ^juit the Liii]?-
dom, but DviiniiiullycJfiDrc.^ga Til Lira lenvu
to stay lllAiKonit, Jiittorical H'urli*, tv. 04-
6.*>, Kift-lO, 121, 22-J; f)ABDiM:ii, Commm-
itrallA, i. 204 ; Clarr-uiiim State Visum, u.
Hi'). He foUowpd Chiirlfs into Fnelnnd in
Itiol, but wti» left in Lniiuuiliiie witli Duchy
seir StASr.HY. J* MIS, MMi'llUl F.ARL OP
I^KICBV], while the main army moved §outh.
IliTliy'x fijrrv was routed near Wignn liy
Itobert l.ilbnmR [q. v.] on SB Aug., aflpr
n i>linrp fi^bt. ^N ladriogton wa« wounded
uorlullv and died a day or two Inter i^Okhb-
Kou, iS\U H'ur Tractt, pp. 298-.')05).
Widdrinjiiton mnrried. in lH'Ji), Man',
diku^'lilvr aud ln*iiv*9 uf .Sir AntLouy Thotvld
of Itknkney, and had by her ei^hl sons and
Cwu duuj(hu-n!. Hl' wa< succeeded by bis
fhl>-*t *on, Wiliimn. His d(inplitnr Jan«
married Sir Ciiarh'P Stanley, K.H., T5<?phew
of tlie l>unl l>erby mention^ above (lIoDQ-
fON, Hi-*t. nf yrirtJtutnfifrtand, il. ti. 288;
ATan/cy i'ff/irj-ji, CbetlminSoc. IJI. i.clxxivi).
OloR^ndon deflcrihes him as ' one of the moaC
u:o<:idiv pemoiis of (but e.gv, being near tho
head higher than most tall men,' and apeaka
of his CDtiragi- in very bigb terms (Ut'stwy,
V. 18S, I86-(i). 'Plipre aw portniilsi of biin
by Van Dyck and Van L"0 ut Towneley
(Ntantru f 'o/'i*m, ns above; Cat. Third Loan
J-lchib. Nos. Ii02, 7fi.1).
I HodifDou'v HiM, uf NurthunliorlnnJ, ii. ii.
'2i(>.'£37: autboritiiaicitcil.| J. A. U-t.
WIDDRINGTON, ^HLTJAM, fonrth
Barox W iiniKisoiox (i't7t<-174y), greal-
gmndson of WiUi«m Widdrington, first;
baron Widdrington [q. v.], wa.'^ the eldest
son of Willjnni, ihini baron Widdrington,
by bi« wife .\kl hiui. dau>:hccr and heiress of
t'harlea l*nirf(ix, liftli \t«oouiil I'aLrfax of
Euiley. lie was educated at Morpelh ^am-
inur Hclioi)), find i>urciWt-d htit fathar on
10 Fwb. Irt'-'ft. He jninwl the Jacobite rising
under TLumas Forster (1676M788) [q. v.]
and the Karl of Perw^^ntwat^T Jftpe lUli-
currs, JxuEs, tbini Kakl] at Wurkwgrlh
on 7 Oct. 1716, the dav aft<r tht- PlninfiMld
meeting. J.t wah at £ia iiutance (hat ibe
rebel army entered Luicwhin, whor* b*
counted on support from bin n<l&tjrp') tbn
Townulnj* anil otiwre of thv gentry (Warb,
Jtaitaishire Memorials ([f the ItcbeUion of
I'JIJ, ii. 27, 61 . Ohetham Soc.) lie took no
part in thn flghtinf^ tit. PpMton on 12 Nor.,
and w» oneof tlje tirat lo urge Forst<ir next
dB.y tosumndur. Uu ww brougLl lo l.«ndoii
with tb« other prieonen, tLnd wiu llttlUIltc^tl
of bigh tr«B*onon 9 l-'eb. 1710. llw jilt-ailvd
guillv nt liiit trinl, but appc^ttltd for mercy
on tliB grounil tlmt ' lu bu waa tbo Iwt wbu
look up »roa!, bd Iu> was ibe first who pm-
cunrd i> mnttin); of tliD cbjef persona amon^
th«*Ear in order to lay ih^m down.' He was
. aentvncvd tv duatb, but wne reprieved, and
[ifMndmiltwlrtn ?:,* Nov. 1717 lo the benefit
fthe act of pardon vo far ta life and libeny
iWi concorncd {Lordt' Journalu, xx. 5o71.
^petition wliicb ha presented on 17 Feb.
1719 for an aUowsiice from bin lato wife'a
property to nupport; himself and ' bia di^
ktre»*ed family' was n<>ntiTod by ibu Uoiuu
.»f Common*: l>ul n lalwr (H-tition for llw
removal of bis disu.bilitii>8 waa granted, and
an act to that eilecl wn» pniMM*!! on 17 Mny
1733 (Commoju Journal*, sis. 103 -1, xxii.
B:f,ir.4). H.-dirdot lisihon 19 April 1743,
ap«d Or», and was buried nt Nunningtnn in
\rtrki"biri.', where his second wife bad iu-
hcritud an (Mt&U< [Grnl. Mtff. ItJ.'l, p. 2lH;
Ifotet and Querier, let mr. i\. 050). Vat ten
Lipoaka with <y>nlemnt of bin conduct aa a
niilitaiy lendur, a rulu for which be waa un-
'■fitted by tempi- rameiit {Hi»f, of thp iat* Jff-
&eliitm.'-Jnd odit. 1717, pp. I2ft. &,\) Ungfir
■ Galu di'B^ribi-d liim in l"2K aa 'an infirni
laort of a gpnttcman and a prrfi-ct valctudi-
narinn' (S'TCKrr.iJT, Memoir*, i. 2WJ, Surl«»
Sor.) HL>mfirrii>cl.llrst.in 17(IO.Janp,dau(!;h-
ter and heire»»of .Sir Tbimns Toujptst, bari.
of 9t4?IIn, CO. Durham, and had by hor fwbo
died on U t^i-pt. I7U) lliriMi sotis anil fivf
daughters, lie njurrieil, necnndly, nbotit
July 1718, Ciitlitirin". daiifrhtor (nnd c{>-
heirvsA in ITrtH). nf Hiiihiml Qrabiim, vi*-
count Preaton 'l- T.l, but bad no childrt>n
bT ber; nlm snrvivod liim, dying in 1757
(DoFULAB, l^eeraffe tif Saf/nird, M, Wor»d,
ii. S7S), After bis doatb Lia eldest ion,
Hf^nry Fmncia, was comiiionlv called I^rd
Widdriagton, and. dying at Tunibitm (Irum
in 177+, was confuBt'd wiib biH I'liiber In
obiluariui) (*tv Oent. Mai/. 1774, p. 446;
Aiftn. iteg. 1774, p. IW!).
[Hodooa'e IIJKL of Narthambnrland. ii. ii.
227-9. asa, BfiS-7, 402 ; Hint, MSS.Coitim. lllb
R«p. A pp. iv, 188-73; Lady Cowper'a Diary, «1.
18«u. pp. ra. 8S. ISO : Uowell'i* Stat* Trials, it.
76L-Hfle: U. IS. C[okayno'al Conplote Peurua,
viii. 133-1 J. A. H-T.
WIDVILE. [See WooBTiLLB.]
WIFFEN, BKNJAMIN BARRON
(1794-1867^ biograpber of early t^panifdi
reformer*, aeoond M>n of John WifFen, inilt-
monirer, by hbi wife Rlizabfth t^ l*attijion),
wa« bom at Wobum, Bedfordshire, is 1794.
Hit) elder brolhcr waa Jeremiah llolmee
WifTen [q. T.l lie followed bis brother to
.Icktvortn Mihool in 1808; on Itiaving in
\^i3& be went into bis lather's buAoes, tad
remaiii«Ni in it at Woburn till 1838, when
biK bi*ullh failMl, and ho retired to Mounc
Pl«aaant, uear Wobum. Hix literary ta«te«
were encouraged by his brother, and br
UirhartI TbumaN How of Aspley Guise, Beo-
fordshire, owner of a rfmarkahlo libr»iy
(ci>n('Cted by hie father, Richard How [1 "27-
imi], editor of I^dy Rachel KiivwU'a
'Letiera'). How, porti»y»'d in Wiflen'a
posthunoUB poem, ' loe Quaker Squire,' fir»t
gave btm tbt> bint of an 'old work, by s
Spaniard [one of (he work* of Juau d«
\aldfe<j, which repreaented easentially the
princiiilus of tiuorgu Fox.'
Early in LKIti Luis de Uatit y Rio [d.
13 Aug. 1835, agvd o9) cnms to London
from Madrid, and waa intnMlured byOvorge
Burrow ^ii. v.] lo Joeiah Forster. ^Mien
Wifli'ii main up In the Friends' yearlymeet-
ing in Whitweck, Forster loltl him chat
Usdit y Itio had inquired afWr liis brother
aa a translator of 8nanLsb poetry. At For-
Bter's requv«t he [:allcd on \}»m j Rio in
Jormyn ritr>set, when there at on« sprana
up a lifuloug frieudahip between them, ana
' honcc'forwtit'd Hpnin t<Kik untim ptiamutalon'
of WiflVn. Towards the cloae of 1889 bo
mailo bin ftrvt lisit lo Siwin wilh George
William .Meiandrr, aa a a«putstion to for-
wiird the nbolition of the slare trade. It
waa in the aummcr of 1841, during a riait
of Usoi V Rio lo Mount PleoMut, iluit ' tbey
formi'tl tlio common purpoae to ruscua tnmk
obliriou the works of the early Snniah (••
former^.' In IH-1:2 hearcoiupsnted Alexan-
der a evcand time to Spain and Portugal;
on HIm ri-I.iim be began m>> ))oaik-liunting, of
wbii'li bo gives a mo-it intn-i-^t ing account
{' Nolie.fs' and Eiporiencw,' prinled by Boeh-
rotr in fiMi/.thn'^ tt'ifit-riiann, 1S7I, i, 29-
ri7; aud partly embodifd in I',iTri»o>'«ii/i*).
lie nbrjiiritid »ome unique troa^iires. Many
nre workf he himi<«lf coiiie'l lino for line;
of othciri hu obtained tranfcriptd. Without
bi-s aid lliu colli-ction of ' Ubra^- Antiguas d«
loA KflpaiiolH.t Keforniwlo*' (1847-4^1, ISmo
and 8vo, 'X> voIh.) rould not hare been
produced. Tlie volumw were privaU^
Erinted nnder his cuperintendeDce. He
itnself edited Tol. ii,, the * Epistola Conso-
WilTen
187
Wiffen
I
latoria ' f ll^td, 8vo) bjr Joan Perex, wjtli &
notice of the tuClior in Enj;l-Hh (tfaU notice
u roprintod witli ihe KoglisU tmiutUtioD,
1871, 8yo, by John T. Itetts) aad Spmiiah ;
and vul. xr., tho ' AlfAhoto C^^ti«no '
(1861, Kvo) by Juan dn Vald^N, iti Itaiian,
with modtTn versions in Sponiati und En(f-
livh. Iltp rBinaiiiiiia rulunieH wnrv Kdilrd
by Tsiif y Uift. WiSen wrote alHO the 'Life
and Writitij;)! of Jusd de V8ld(»^' (16ti^,
8to) which accnmpatiii'!* thi' Kn^li^h traiift-
latioDs of work« of Vald^-s byJohu T. UetU ;
ft&d ft ■ BiO'f^pbiiML) Sketch' (lt^9, 8vo) of
CoUHlamiuo Ponce dt* In. Fuuniif, to accom-
pany tbe KiiffiUh v(>r»ioii of hi^i * L'onfe«sion
of a Siuaer,' by thi' mitu^ trall^Uto^. Kduard
BocJunBT baa prmtcd two voluuir* { 1N74 and
1883, 8vo)of tlm 'Biblioihwa WiiK'nisnn,*
contaiiimji livvs nnd writing* of K[iuni)ih rv
farmen from 163), ' nxrcnrdin^ to . . .
\V*ifl"«[i'» plan, BPd with the use of his male-
rials.' 'I irktiiir in bit) ftanHiLnl * Ht^torr of
Spauisli Llt'iraCiire' ri]iok<! of WitTi-n in 1803
«a 'an KiiKlioh qunker, full of knowledge of
SpanLih lilrraliire.'
In «BrIj lifi.-, and a^ain later, W'ifTen had
vriltMi TontM of 6omo merit, but publinhi^d
nothing aepnmtvly. His * Warder <if Ihv
IVrenecs" a|(peawd in Kimlen'.-* 'Tableaux
uf .Nationul CLanicti'r' (1845, ful.). L<dit4!d
by his ^i.iter, .Mr«. Alsric A. Watl*. Tlii*
is reprinted in the .telentlon of bin [hh'^di!*
(uiipubti'^b^l praviou»ly, for the most part)
pven in 'Thi? Brothor* Wiffen' (1880),
edited bv Samuel Itowles I'ftttiwn.
Hv died, unniarriod, at Mount I'leasant
on H Man-h LSU", and was burii.'d in the
Friends' graveyard at Wobum Soiids on
24 March. Hi» portrait 'm givun in 'Tho
Ilrotht-r*. Wilffn.' lli; wnn ' u. ouiall, iial<",
kevu^uyud inan/dplicut'ilvorjraaiaed, aJwaya
tfn*ting unukiT enrb, nnd strict in all obwr-
•VBDc^^ of the Kni^ndH.
[Memoir, hy liis iiifrce M/iTy I-utlinn W,
Wiffen, in BofliiinT'n Bil.iiollir-ua WifTrutuiia,
1874, i. U3Si S. II. PikitiMu's Life iii Tliu Bn>-
lh«fH Wiffbn, 1880: Iloega A*kwf.rtli ScJioul
CataliigUD, 1831 ;SecboliTii's MenioirsuCHrHiiIioii
Gnllet. IHi. M. 73 : Obrrm Aotif^uaa ■!« lo«
Eapanoloa RofonniKlos. lltild. xz. ISS; Smith's
Cologne of Fric«<la' Bitok*, 1807. find Supple^
■nwnt, 1903; Marlio'v C'alAlogite of I'rinucly
Printod Booha, 1841 ; Mon^nd-^ 7 PvlayoH*
Hoterodosoa l->pniiolni. 1880 i. II, ISttl iii, fiTo;
fiiograpliical Catiilot^ii; nf I'ortraita ac Daton-
aluivHonae, 1888, p. 72'.] A. G.
WIFFEN, JKKKMIAII IHJLMI-UH
11792 l.ri.Wi, translator of Tasao, tldiipl son
of Jubii Wltfun, ininnninBvr, by In* vr'iti-
EliEaWth (t^ttiaon), Tvaa Som at Wohiim,
IMfordshin;, on 30 Dvc. 1792. Both his
faivnt« were inemben> of old quaker familiee,
lin father died carly,tcavingalxcbiLdreo to
the moiher'a care. Hta younger brother,
TScnJAniin Itarron Wiifen, in separately
noticed; hi« voungost vlslvr, Priscills, mar-
ried ^Vlaric .Ali-xatid*?t Wuttn [<[. v.j AtUta
a^ of ten Jurfmiah ctitereu the Friejid»'
acbool nt Ackwortli, Vorksliin-, whom ho
improved a taste for pontry and acquimd
Miimtt itktll in wood ungravin^. liisUogulstic
attainmi>nt.i werA due to hi< own Int^r atudy.
At fourleoii he became apprenticed to Isaac
l*nyD«. aclioolmastor, at Epplnp, Essex. Ilia
first appearance in print waw in the * Euro-
pean Saagaziiio' (Oclobar inyy, p, :)08) with
an'Addri-^s lo thv Kvfntng Slar,' vursifiod
from Ossian, Ill-i tin'l coolribiiliiiu on na
nrchcological »nlKi?ct waft an account of
Uroxbourub cburcli, Ilwrtfordnliir", with nn
etehinghy bim.»elf Cl7«t^.Va//. ]SO8,i,40fi).
lu ISIl ho n^urnt-d to AVnburn and opened
a school iu Ijt'ig'hfnn Uond. A hiinl iitiidwnl,
bo made himself at home in chutstrn and
fliihrpw, French, and Italisn, ajid latvr,
Spanish and Wftlsh. In conjunction Tritb
James Baldwin Itrown the eider (q. v.] and
Thomas l£&ISt>a [a. %-.] be pobliahod 'I'omne
by Three Frienda' (iSiy, Svo); iha joint
authoTsbip was oclraowledgcd in the second
edition (I^IC, li^uio). With hia brother ho
published ' Eltr-jjiac Lines' (1818, Siro) com-
memorating Williion Thompson, qunlter
»chon!niii!'t»T of lV»ki.'lli, [.iincasliiiY. His
earlieiit indtipi-ndt^nr vci]iimi.i was 'Aonian
Hours' (lUltl.bva, dedicated to his brother;
3iid t>d. 1)^0, ifvo\. On a viait to the lakes
with his brother in the summer of 1819 he
madu tho acquaintance of Southey and of
Wordrwonb, whose 'white uautaloous'und
'hawk's nose' are de«cribea in htA diary.
His uoxt book woa 'Julia AJpiuuIa . . . and
other Poem*' {1820, l2mo, dwliciit*d to
Akric A. Watts; 2nd ed. 18i>0, 12mQ). In
lliH (tiimniur of 1821 bo was appoinlMl
librarian at Wobnm Abbey to John liiissell,
sixth duke of Bedford.
In 18t>] h>-i».sniNl bis 'Propoaals'forpnb-
lishing by subscription n now translation of
Tamo in 8pcnieriun verse. As a specimen,
the founhbookof tht! ' Jcnimluin Dulivurwd*
was published in lSi'I,8vii, with a diMerla-
liuu ou existing tronslatton^. Kis next vreay
ill vnrse waa » tmniiliiliuti of ' Thv \\Virks nf
GorcDosso do la AVcn," 18i3, 8vn, dedtcati'd
to the Diiko of Bedford, withalireorOiircia
Ijuao de la Vega, and an &*»ay on Spanish
poetry. The publication of tlie completed
vei-sion of 'Jerusalem Delivcped' was de-
layed by a firu in the printing oflicu (which
destroyed the sheets of a quarto edition,
nearly priuicti uET); it appeared in 1834.
dedicftt«(l to Um UuduM of Bodforl, with
ft lifo of Twao and a list of Engliih cra-
udvn (i Tols. 8vo; aooUier edition «aia«
Tear, S ToU. 8vn: rcpnnt«d M^O, 'J toIl
ll^mo; «&d in Botm's series, IM^t, 1 td).
I'Jmo, in addition to Mtrna] American rdi-
tiwuf. Uo^, intbe' NoetwAuhnataiue,'
rrtert to Widen as * the beat admtar among
a' the qualwre* and 'a capita] tmtslauir,
Sir Walter t«ll» me, o' po«t« iri' rurtriffo
tooffuCD, nc aa Ta«n, and wi' oripn&l Tt-in,
too/ litie 't/uarlnrlv* in an ablv article
condudcB that Wi^n, aa a tran«lainr of
TuM, though liv bus fairly distaoced Uoole
and Hunt, cannot hope to contvnd suMNa*
fnllywiib Faiifu (June IS2&; see aUo art.
TURBRRVII.t.B Of TCKBEBriLE, fiEORfiE).
Wiff«n declined tlie djefi^-a of I.L.l>. from
Alwrdwn in ludr. Hi* ' VeT»«a . . . on tbe
Alara«<lu,'1827, 4to; 'AnpMl for the Injured
African.* NewcoMlftm-Tvui-, l&3y,8ro; and
' Versfw ... at \\'ohurM Abbev, on . . . the
elatuet of Lockv and Erskinc,' 1836, 4to,
eotnplete bis poetical ]niblir-atian«.
higlit Tt>ar8 w«re Bpent in tlw oompilation
of hia 'llialorical M«moir8 of tb« lioiise of
UiumIU' 14^, ^ vtils. (portrait and plaCea)
in tbrevkiuiH— ntlax folio (thin j-two copies),
roval 8vo, and deni,r Hvo. For the produo-
ttonortbisband»oiiieworliheuaderetearchet
duriiiff a four monih6' tour in Nnrmandr.
His death vra« BuJden. at Froxiteld, nvar
Wobum, on 2 Alav 18K0; lit; w«» huritil nn
8 May iu tha Friends* graveyard, Wubum
Sand.t, ilurkuighaniHliire; bi# p'>rtnvil- ( IH'J4t
ia prefixed to 'The Brorh.rr.i WiffV-n.' IftSO.
He murriird, on 'Jt< Nov. 1828, at lh<^ I'rieoda'
raeeting-houH. Ijooda^ Morr AVhitehflad
' descended frou the tise of Jlolinshed the
cbroniclcr/ and had three d&ti|;bt«rs.
Reside* the works nbovu noted, he pub-
Uahedn'Oeoifrapbicai l'riin(T'(l*'l-M, ll'mo,
ODi] udiled ' Thoughts on llje Crvuliuu, Full,
and Upgrnttralion,' 1820, l2mo, by John
llumbl&!i, 'a Hwifordshirp peaBant.' A se-
le<;tion of his po(;nis and ballada Is given
in'Tliunrotburs Wifr,-n."
^Life, by hi* iluu^btrr, Mary Imlinu W.
Wiffu). in th» Itrothm Widen, 1880. (Hlit«d hy
H. R. ]'«lli«]n ; Dihik'- Ackd-artb Hiitout Cuia-
loKue, 1831 ; Ocnr. yUifi. 18,30, ii. 1112 i Sguiih'a
CarnlKguc of Frii-nils' Krjolcii, 1867 : Biugr>iphi^nl
Cnt^tii^ue i>t fortrnits at Dvronshira Uaiu«,
ISttS, p. 734: Allibone's Dier.of EDgl, Lit. iiad
Lown'li-n'd Bibl. Mas. (BohoJ. a. r. ' Tai»i.*]
A. fl.
WIOAN, AI-FIiKI) SYDNEY (1S14-
1S7S>, actor, whose futher, a teaehtT of
languntiod, wits nt onv time tMOVtaiv t" tbti
I>Tainatic Antiior^' Snci^tj, vaa Dom nt
Blackbuath, Kent, on 2i >Urtdi 1^14. Ex-
hibiting aoia« talent for muatc, he bvcam*
* a waiulerni); miaatnl,' and aana at Bania-
gata, Mai]gatf , and «l«»wbem. He was alao
an nsber at a Mhool and aiuiat«d his fallif-r
at the Dramatic Aathors' Societr. I'Dder
tbe name of .Sydnejr or Sidney tte wan in
1634 at tbe Ljr«eiun, and th« foUowtng year
iras under Mrs. LotuAa CranatDun Niabett
[q. v.] at the Que«n*a Tbeatra, Tottenham
Street. When John Brabam I q. v.] opened
the nawljr encl«d Ht James's, Wiganjinnad
him, and, nnder tbe name of Sidney, waa on
20 t^«pt. l&SO tbe oHj^inAl John Johnson
in tbe ' HUvum Gent li^mmn,' by Cbarli
Dickens. In 1§&8 he waf^ at a itmall ihe«t
in the Old .Manor House, Kiiifr's Ibisdj^
rhfls^a, ii-hi>rw be play«d Tom Tug in the
* Waterman,' and other musical parxi', and
aang songs bi'i ween tbcacta. With Madanio
Vertris lie apnenr<^d in 1830 at Covcnt Oar*
den as Mr. n igan, playing tbe original Kir
Ottirad (or, according to anoibpt aceotint, 8ir
l>tto> ill Sheridan KnowkVa * Lo%'V.' On
5 Aug. of this year ( TaUU'a Drantatk Ma}/«-
:inr; DUuther account says I841> he mar-
ried the actrfM Leonora I'incott [tett bnlow].
In Boucicauli's ' Irish Holiwa * be played a
Frei]Ch Milrt. Hn waasetmaxItionefScniple
in the revised comedy of ' Court and City,'
-won the original Miffin in Jerrold'e ' Uubblea
nf the Ihiy in March 1H42,aud played Lord
AUcash in ' Kra Diavolo ' and otlivr operatic
parts. Some Aucecss attended bta Monta^
Titii^in ' Martin Chuulvwil'and his French
u&berin'To l^renta and Qoardiatu.' Not
until he was cast for Alcibiadea Blague la
Jerrold's 'Oertrudeji ClurrirJ^ or Wat^-rliMJ
in 1835,' did be tbow, s^ a guide Ut tb« fi<>ld
of Waterloo «i»d n Mfllrr of vmmped-tip relics
of the fight, thi) ntmarkable finish of biii Btyl«.
The iropTBasion he created was strengthened
by hi« |»Honnanc4' in Xovcmber of Bruce
Siney, an adTencurur, iu Hark Lemon's
' Turf.' Mark Meddle iii a revival of ' Lon-
don Asauimnce' folloired. On thu abrupt
clusioff of Covent Uardan he went tu Lhtf
SirHncl,wh«ro he played ll^ in a burleiique
uf ' niUello'and|iinnidi«d Mnm'ailv, and was
on lo Jan. 1844 a dancing-miuler in Pi^kn's
'Madvluti.' .\t Orury Lnae he had pre-
viously played Trip in a revival bv Mocivady
of the 'School for Scandal' At ike Lyceum,
with tbtt KTv-lovft, in It^ and •iub^4iient
years he produc«d bis own * Watvb oud
Ward 'On which be was tbe Chevalier Un
Ouet), ' Model of a Wife' (in which Im was
Pygmalion Itounefoi), ' Luck'k AH,' ' TIip
Loan of a Wife,' 'Next Door," and 'Fire
llunilrcd Poiindii ICrward,' in all of which
he took aoni'i* port.
A perfortoaace of the Princo in the ' Ctn-
Wigan
189
Wigan
*
derolU' of Albert Smith ami Tom Tay-
lor sueii?tl)DDC(I his reputatioD. A» % mem-
b«r of Wctwler'n Rompaiiy hi* amMarvd at
the iraymarlit^t on 2 Oct. l^ii, plnylnjf
Sir Bvnjnmin lUt-Wbiti- in 11 n-vival of lliti
'Sclinnl for Hranaftl.' On I'O Oct. 3817 ho
was tfa« first Oebomt; in Wp#tliiiiil MiLrston's
'Heart and tli'.* Wnrlil,' und on l/i Snv. the
flm {[cctor MaulfioQ in Webster's 'Rousod
Lion.' lie nlfto pla%vd DudUry Smoolti in
' Money,* GoliJIinch in 
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