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\ 



M 



f -^ '"^- f ^' 



DICTIONARY 

or 

NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY 

Whichcord Williams 



DICTIONARY 



OF 



NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY 



EDITED BY 

SIDNEY LEE 



VOL. LXI. 
Whichcord Williams 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO. 
1900 



LIBRARY OF THE 
LELAND STANFORD JR. UmERS/TY. 



FEB 21 1900 




LIST OF WRITEES 



IN THE SIXTY-FIRST VOLUME. 



J. B. A. . . J. B. ATLiT, 

B. B-L. . . . BiCBUtD Baowell. 

U. B Uis8 Batxson. 

B. B Tarn Bxr. Bomild Batnb. 

T. B ThOHU Bi.TNB. 

U. B-i.. . . Uacxkhzie Bill. ^ 

C. B Pbofxbsor Ckcil Bkiidall. 

T. 0. B. . . Ths Bit. PRonaaoB BoimiT, 
F.B.a. 

a. S. B. . . 0. S. BODLOEB. 

£. L 0. . . . E. iBTitta Caklili. 

W. C-R. . . WiLLUH Garb. 

J. L. C. . . J. L. Caw. 

A. H. C. . . Miss A. M. Clbbxi. 

A. M. C-K. . UiBB A. 11. Coou. 

T. C Thohfson Ooopkk, F.S.A. 

W. P. C. . . W. P. COOBTNET. 

L. C LiOKXL CvsT, F.S.A. 

H. D HZKBT Datkx- 

A. D AUSTIM DOBSON. 

B. D BoBxsT Ddklop. 

C. L. F. . . C. LmoN Falsixeb. 
C. H. F. . . C. H. FiBTH. 

W. O. D. F. The Rbt. W. Q. D. Fletchir. 
S. B. O. . . 8. B. Gabdibbb, LL.D., D.CL. 
B. G RicHABO Oab-vett, LL.D., C.B. 



^ A. O. . . . Tbb Ret. Almasheb Gordok. 

; J. C, H. . . J. CUTHBERT HaODBN-. 

j J. A. H. . . J. A. Hamilto!!. 

I C. A. H. . . C. Alexander Harris. 

' P. J. H. . . P. J. Hartoo. 

3. A. H-T. . J. A. Hebbibt. 

W. H.. . . . The Bet. Willuu HnxT. 

J. H John Hotcbixbon. 

W. H. H. . The Bby. W. H. Hottos, D.D. 

A- J The Bit. Adoustos Jtnorr, 

D.D. 

3. K. . , . . Joseph KmoHr, F.S.A. 

J. E. L. . . Pbofessob J. E. Laoohtos, 

S. L StSHET Lee. 

F. L Francis Leoob. 

E. M. L. . . CoLOBBL E. M. Llotp, BE. 

J. E. L. . . J. E. Llosd. 

J. H. L. . . The Bet. J. H. LnpTos, B.D. 

M. MacD.. . Michael HacDonaoh. 

J. B M. . . J. K MACtwNAU). 

£. U. ... SRKRirr MtcxAt. 

D. S. H. . . The Ret. Pbofessob D. S. 

MABOOLIODTa. 

H. E. M. . . The Rioht Hon. Sib Hebbert 
Maewbll, Bart., M.P , 
FJt.8. 

L. M. M. . . Miss Midcleion. 



VI 



List of Writers. 



K. M. . . . 


NOUUM If OOBK, H.D. 


G. S-H. . . 


. Geoboe Stbonacb. 


J. B. M. . 


. J. Bass Mullikokb. 


C. W. S. . 


. C. W. SOTTON. 


A. N-x. . . 


. Pbofbsbob Aured Newton, 


J. T-T. . . 


, James Tait. 




FJI.S. 


B. L. T. . 


. The Rev. Ethelred Tac.nton. 


0. Lz O. N 


Q. Li Gbt8 Koroati. 


H. B. T. . 


. H. R. Tedder, F.S.A. 


K. N. . . . 


. Sfi88 Eats Nohqate. 


D. Ld. T. 


. D. Id-EurER Thomas, 


D. J. O'D. 


D. J. O'DONOOBOl. 


M. T. . . . 


.Mrs. Tout. 


F. M. O'D. 


F. M. O'DoNooHUK, F.S.1L 


T. F. T. 


Professor T. F. Toot. 


A. F. P. . 


A. F. POLLABO. 


R. H. V. . 


. CotoxBL B. H. Vetch, B.E., C.B. 


B. P. . . . 


M1S8 Bebtha Pobteb. 


A. V. . . . 


. Albaoer Yian. 


DA. P. . . 


. D'Abct Power, F.B.C.S. 


A. W. W. 


. A. W. Ward, LL.D., Litt.D. 


F. R. . . I 


Fbaseb IUe. 


P. W. . . . 


. Paul Watebhocbe. 


W. E. E. . 


W. E. Rhodes. 


M. G. W. 


. The Ret. H. G. Watkins. 


3. M. B. . 


. J. 31. Itiaa. 


W. W. W. 


. Captain W. W. Webd, M.D., 


H. B. . . . 


Herbert Bix. 




F.S.A. 


F. S. , . . 


The Be v. F. Sakderb. 


M. H. W. 


. Mabtis H. WiLEis. 


T. S. . . . 


Thohab Seccombe. 


J. F. W. . 


. The Ret. J. Frouk Wilkixsox. 


P. A. S. . 


P. A. SlLLARD. 


E. W-B. . 


. Mbb, Rowland Willuus. 


C. P. s. . 


M188 C. Feu, SurtB. 


W. B. W. 


. W, R. Williams. 


L. S. ... 


. Le8U8 Stephen. 


B. B. W. . 


. B. B. WOODWABD. 



•,• In vol. li. (p- 83, cnl. 1, U. 4-S fttim endi omu H> tm fUlwr ot ih* »ntiqa»i7 *nil hiBtorUn, Mr, WiUIun 
Eeaij Jame* Wealc ; ip. Hi, col. S, L 8) for Lahore rrad iDdors. 



DICTIONARY 



OF 



NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY 



Whichcord 



Whichcote 



wmCHCOBD, JOHN* (182S-1S86). 
architect, bora at JUidstfineon 11 Not. Itsaa, 
-w&s the son of John WliichconI < 1 79U 1 r^), 
III nrrhiu-cl who deit^vd two churcln.-* (Sl- 
■•liiliii and Holy Trioity) in .Msidfttone, thi? 
om Kxcbuigu and Kvnt fini olficti in ikv 
inw town, «□<! rarioiia i-hurvhot, pnntnn- 
•gea, »ai iostitutiona in the couqLv uf Knat 
iBuilJfr, IHJO, xviu. »4S: Arrh. Pu/,!. -V-^r. 

The Eon, oAer ediication at Moidslone nnd 
At King's Collttrc, \jinAon, bc^nmo in 18-10 
Mcittant to his nthur, aud in 1>^ n. Ktudunl 
at the Knyal Academy, Afler prolonged 
travi-1 inltuy. Grveci'. Asiatic Turk<.<y. Syria, 
^iigvpt.nnd lh<- Holy I^nd (IH46-lKiiO),'ftnd 
iMur in Frailly, (JKnoanv, aiid Doiiniark 
fl^'iO). h« took a_piir( nerxli ip ( t ill 1 S5S) with 
Arihur Aiilipit«I [.q-v.] With him ho cnrricd 
out sddilianB (l>SS3> to Lord Abergavenny's 
hoUH, BirIinp.Kont,Dnd in 18d8 built foui>- 
t««it houites on the Mount Klliutt «#lat4 at 
Lea in the anmc county. His Hubsequent 
mwk coii»l«ted laip.*ly uf ofEcu prvmieM m 
the«ityof ]xinduii,«ui:!i a« 9 Mincing Lane, 
24 Lombard Sircat, 8 Old Jpwrv, Mansion 
Hmi*« t'lminlH'ni, thi< Vvw Zwtlitud Jjtnk 
and tha Xarional Saf^ Dnprbiir, nil in Vic- 
toria Strwl, and Drown Janson Sc Co.'a bank, 
Abchurch I>nti(-. Kl^ built th>.* Orand n<^tcl 
at Briiibion and the Clarence IIot«lac l>over. 
aA Wvll M 8l. Mary's Chun-h and pnrsona^'e 
at ijbortlaods, near Bromli\v. K«nt, whert' 
hit &l»o laid out tb« eatate for building. Unf. 
of WhicboordV beat, koo^'n works ie the St. 
Stephen's Club (1874), a cLaMWal building 
witlt boldlr corbelled projections, fiicing 
WMtminatr'r bndtjo (B.aMrr, xxxii. 308), 
He designed the int^'maltittinffft for the liouM 
of parliun«nt at Cape Town. Whichcord was 
often employed as arbitrator in govcrumeiit 

TOt. LIl. 



matli^nt, and he was ono of the aarveron to 
the railway deiiftrtn)i*nt of tbp board uf trade. 

From 1S64 no held the post cif diatrict nwr- 
voyor for Di-ptfonl, and froin 1879 to 1881 
was president of the Royut Institute of 
Uriuiili Arcliituclii. whfiru lie deli vi<n>d varioiu 
»ddn'iU4-ti and papi^fH, ntid wiiM largplyinstrii- 
mental in the eecabliahment of thv examina- 
tion "V^ifm (rida Trnnntirtiont Jt.l.li.A., 
18iS-H0). 

In I8ii6 Whichcord unRucceMfully con- 
tcat«d th« con«titu4.>ncy of RAmataplc in thv 
conevrvativv interval : ho wa^ an ardent 
vnlunt«%r, and became in l8t)9<-aptHiD intbo 
lit Middleenx ortilk'rv volunteerx, forwhich 
lit^miHoda battery m am I y composed of young 
architect-i and lawyew, Hm wrj» elected in 
1848 B Mlow of \\w Society of Antiqiutrica. 

y\ii\ Au'A on 9 Jan. IS8fi, andwaa buri«d 
at Kenjial Green. 

WTiichcord published ' History and Anti- 
uiiilieii of the t'oUegiatt* ('hurch of AH 
Sainta, Maidstone,' with illuNtmlion*, in 
Woalo'a 'Quartitfly Tajwre,' voL iv. Ifi-M, 
oad varioiu paniplileta. 

[Builder. ISH5. xLviii. 1)8; Archit. I^obl. Soc; 
Dicliunitr/.] I'. W". 

WHICHCOTE or WHrrOHCOTE^ 
]ir.NJA.MlN(lli09-li*3),prov(Mjitof King'* 
College, Cambridge, was the sixth mn of 
Clinstriphi-rWhichcote of Whichcote Hall in 
the parish of Stoke in Shropshirn', wLem ha 
was bom on 4 May \l^)i^t^Bnker MS.\\.mb). 
His mother, whoete uaiue wui> Klizabeth, wna 
the daugltter of Kdward Fox of (Iruet in the 
same countv<Sii,TEH, Pref. \oEight 7^tter», 
&c., p. xTi ). " On iT. Oct. M2H lit; was admitted 
ft|w>nftionRratEmmnnueU'oIlege, Cambridge, 
on which occasion his nnmo in the entry in tlio 
ri}gisl«r M e>pclt 'Wbitcbcote.' IIia'calleg» 



¥*• 



Which cote 



Whichcote 



[•■tar wait AMh— yTackmy [4- ^■], * divine 
twkfcvha* ■■t—tiiiBl iiiuii'tinmn buciine 
rta. In 1629-30 be was ad- 

lBLA-,procMdedM.A.in16.1S, in which 
twtarmita W iraa ^ecUd a felluw of ii'm cxl- 
ISvL AceordJv to Ina biocnpbf^r, bn w 
[lM«a*d by Jm WilltMw [q. v.l, bislmp uf 
'*' lbl,M fi Msrrii 1686, 'bolli iVacon ami 
t i ' ' wUcfa brefnUritv,' sa^s Salter, ' I 
aan how to mteoaot for in a prvlato 
OUOM to the ruling powera both ia 
I and MftM ' (A. p. xvit). In the tuna 
I jiar hs iraa nipoioCsd to tb« important post 
Mt Smdfty utcnioaa l«ctunr at Triaity 
rCbvdi in Oaaibrid^, a post wliicli be cuo> 
^fiaaad to 611 for nearly twMit^- vnont. A bout 
' tUa tine be receired also bia licence as uni- 
_ Mty preacbvr. 

HUaiaeoonaB at Trinity Churrh, wbirb 
largely ilteaded by tho u^i^-ersitT, 
rire only in (hr ffimi nf nnU's, but tt wax 
[ihroogb thssG that he attBini<d his chief 
xCoalentpnrary fwlsbrity- It was bin aim 
r^ to turn men'!) minds nway frnm {»n]>>TniRnl 
iil^mentBtian tn the f(n>at morKi and spiri- 
tual realities lying at tbn bai>i« nf all r>>- 
ligioD — from the " forms of words " to " the 
inwards of tilings " and " tho rL'ason of 
them" (letttn,^. lO-*). 

In Ittil he succty-dt-d to the offica of ci>l- 
\6ge tutor, in which [capacity ' ti« wasfnmouH 
for tlie number, raalc, and chiiractPt of hia 
pupils, and ttiu can' bu to'jk of tbuin.' 
Among lho4e who afterwards attained to 
'diacincciun wuro John Smith (101H-lt}rf2) 
Tq. v.] nf tjuser*'. John Wort hinR ton [q. t.], 
Jubn WaUU (1«10 170:5> 'q. v.J, ibt; matho- 
malinan, uiid Sumucl Cradocb. 

In 1040 bo pm-wlod 11.1). : in 1(5-11 bo 
A rftiiilLdnIo for the divinity chair nt 
iOroshani C^oll-.-Ki*. but wag defi'at«d W 
T1imna.t Horton (Wakh, Ore»kam PrafetMn'ii, 
p. Ofj); and in IUI3 wju preeented by his 
colle^ to the rectory of North Cadbury in 
BcnuTMit. Ha thereupon tnarriod (the iiamo 
of his wife is not roconlod) and r^rtircd to hii 
living. In the following year, however, lie 
waa AumtnoTicd hacli to the university by Iho 
Earl of MancheBtcr, to bf Inrtall<?d as provoaL 
of Kinf^'ii (joUcEe in tJie place of the rtjcctcd 
l>r. Samuel Collins [q. v.] HU hononriibla 
chamrter and noriipiiIouH nntitre were sbown 
by the rpluctanct' with which he nt length, 
under cnnsidftrahln prflssure, couBentfit to 
supplant one whom be liijiblv ri-Hpi-cted, as 
well as by the gcnoroflily whfch led him to 
sttpulatft that his pw(lnci-*aor sliuiild (.■nalinue 
to receive a mni^y of ihu slijieml attaching 
to the pmvnitelnp (Pruf Jtc. pi>. .tviii, kU). 
Tbt- art'umi-nt» pra and can by which ho 
ultimatdy arrived at the concluaion that 



duty required liia acoeptaoca of tfae post 

wore commitlod by him to writing ajtd aw 
urint*^! tn Hiirwooil (KixQ* Cotley^ StattUa, 
p. 290) from Baker 313. vi. 90. Alone 
among tV* newly infftallMd beads of nuufli 
at rarabridge lia refu.'wd to take the cnre- 
nanl ; he is even said to have ' prcrailed to 
have the grcat«rt part of the fellow* of King* 
College eiempted from that impo*ition, and 
p[T«er>-cd them in their places ' (TlLWWOSi 
Sermm. p. L>3). 

In July ItUO he was created D.1>. b^ 
mandate : about this time he reMigned bis 
Somer»et living, but was soon aftwrwardajw- 
aented by his collegB to the rectory of Sli^ 
Ion tn Cambridgeabire, which hf rontinnea 
to hnia BA long as h« lived (Pret p. xjm). 
Id XoT«mb«T I8.')0 he was elMted Tte*- 
chanfvllor nf the Hrivereity. and while filUag 
thiii ollice preadied at thv Cambrid^ co»- 
metirement (July 16iJl) a sermon which 
was t he occasion of a uotablu eorroapondenc* 
between himself and bi.t former tutor, Tock- 
ntiy (now master of Emmiinuol), Thirta 
letters, eight in Dumber, were edited and 
publinht'd in I7fl3 br3>r. Salter, a grandson 
of Ur. JefTery, Whicha»t«*« nephew and 
editor; and un ftiialyairi and criticisui of lb" 
same will he found in Tulloch'et ■ lUtios&L 
Theology' (ii. ii9-81). (Jem-rally speaking, 
they reprejent the main point* at iMue be- 
tween n ataUDoh and sblo npholder of ine 
puritan orthodoxy as formulated in the 
Westminster confession, and one whoee aim 
it was Co bring about o fuller recognition at 
the clnima nf private iudgmcnt anil of 'the 
ratlonalily of ChriBtian dtx^trine.' KndeljT 
challenKe'il at the nntset, WhicKeote's views 
eventually resulti'd in a movement repro- 
M'nli-d by the b<:idy knnwn na tho CambndfTs 
Phitouists and, in a wider circle, as the I.iati- 
I udinfttiam, a remarktibie school of wriiew 
and thinkers fur whom Bumot claims the 
high i^redit uf having savtnl the chuieh 
from losing her ustvum chroagfaout the 
liingdoiii. 

In liio^, on tho occasion of the peaea^tlt 

Holland. Whichnule appnam an one ot HM 

contributors to the vol ume of verses (' Olivs 

Pacts ') oomEKwed by ueitibors nf tli«i mu* 

vemity to cefobrata the event, and dedicated 

to Oromweli. Ill Deeemlirr I<h>& he wad 

invitod by Cromwoll to udvian him, in cni»- 

juiiclion will) Uudworth and others, on ibe 

question of tolerating the Jpw.t (^CroMley's 

notelo Worthivoion'n Diary, \. 79). In 

1659 be ojinbini'd withrudwnrlh.Tucknry, 

and other Catnbrid^ iliviigi.>s, in supportilig 

j Matthew Puolu'a Hcheme for the mairitainiBg 

' of students of ' i lioico ability at the IuUtbT- 

j aity, and principally in order to tlie 




Whichcote 



Whichcote 



ttry' (%f« VooLK, MATTHnr; AutoAiogr. of 
Matlhe\c AoftuMMij tA. >raTor, p. ld.1}. 

At tli<< lEMtnrttion \Vltk'hcoU> sbanxl the 
bt« of tltii otbfT lii<fld4 of collff^ea who h^A 
been iaatallMl tiud<-r iiuritftn tDfluvJici.-«, and 
«u mccted, not iritlhiut rMiMuioe on litH 
put, aom fat« pruroHialiip, lii> aveoeeem bein^ 
JuBea Fleetwood [^. v.' of KiIkcIiIII c«^!.*- 
britf. Acrnrdtn^ to a Ifltt^r written by 
.hicbcote liiroMririot^uderdale, oneor th» 
jectioos urged u|^in#t tiim hiitl tMim tlint be 
niM-rr bm>n a feltowoftbe»lOciety(iJltlr- 
7V^^t«• MS. No. ft48). Among tho(» 
oiQ lie IwlJrieaded about tho timi' of thic 
«miii wad8«Diiirt Kartlibt]. v., with wbo«u 
' frequ^nily cont;«poDd»d ^W'oBTItlNUTOX, 
'ary, Cliclbam Hoc., vuU. i. it. mecini). 
\M ci>mpliaow with ibe Act of ITniformity 
Mored bim to murt faTOur, and in No- 
mWt ^'^i^2 lie was Rppointrtl to tbe ciirw 
Si, .Vaiif's. ]llat:kfrinrs. When tbo church 
M^liuiBt down in the (frent fire he rciin-d 
^jlig^vjK Milton, and cjnlinued to rv 
kM'nPwun'^ Tivar* : ho * imwctied rail- ^ 
slant ly, rcliered the pi»r, Itftd ihfir children , 
Uujrbt tn read* at hi* own L-barpe, and 
BUKle ap diBei«uee« auon^ tbo neigoboun ' 
Tn.LOT»y, .Sfmnwri, p. 5l>. [d 1(108 lii» 
'end Ih-. John\ViIl(ina[q.v.] was appcunled 
the l>i«hApric of Clu^ttfr, thvreby vacat- 
hc vimniiie of St. Lawrenro Jewry, to 
b, bv bi<i iiitcrc't, U'bic-hi^ote was now 
iioted. The ehnixOi, howuver, bad to be 
lit, and during the work, which Dcoti- 

Eiwl aoni^Ai^vcnyean, hepreacheil refcularlv 
■7fon,> the corporation at Guildhall Chapel. 
In n lr>l(<^r wnttim to Saucmfi on 21 Uw. 
1670 he givea an account of his sorviees iKith 
to Lili^mturn and to thv church. In 1074, 
aJon^ with Tillot»on anil StiIUnfi;{l<«t, hi> 
co-op^rvte^J with cvrtaln noncDnfotnifts in 
fiirilxrini; Thomas Gouge's dforta to «xtend 
mincati-^n in Wales. 

In ltt&3 Whiobciit" waa at Cnmbrid)^ on 
A vi»it to Cddworth at Chri.it> College, 
when he took cold and erentunlly dit-d, 
Ht! wa» inlorrad in St. Lawrpnoo Church, 
whefe Ilia funpml sermon was prvached by 
Tillotaon on 24 Mar. His epitaph is printed 
ittStrypo** 'Stow'' (iii, -17-8), There wo 
pOTtnutu of him in the provoot'a lodge at 
Ki^ts College an'l in tbe gaUen* and hall 
of Emmanuel, the last b>nng nol'-^l by Dr. 
Wartoott as citpL-cially 'characteriiiiic.' He 
wa« a bcnefufrlor lo the noirenily librtti>' 
■nl alau lu Kiufir's and Emra&nii«l, at wliicti 
Lwl society h*» had founded, before his 
doatb, echolarshipa to the value of 1,000/., 
'bearing thy name of William lArkin, who, 
naliiDg hJRi his executor, eutruiited him 
with the said riu&qic to di'tposa of to 




pions unes at bi» own discretioo' {Baksr 
-If .S. BSD). 

Whichcote left no children ; his axerutoTB 
were his two iwiphevrs, the non* of Sir 
Jeretuy Whichcote of the loner Temple and 
deputy lieulennnt. of Middlesex. Qis sistAT 
Anne married Thomas llayeA, and was lb« 
iiiothiT of Pliileiuon llaye-s, mi&Lfter of 
Childs Ercall tOwE.s and Biakkwat, Hint. 
of Shrtwthtuy, i. 40H n. 7). 

An able i»timat£ of bis mvrits as a dirlne, 
from the pen of Dr. Wistcott, will bi* found 
in ' Mast«n of Theology ,'ed. llarry, London, 
1S77. 

Whiohcotf's works (all publis^ied pofthn- 
mOllsly) ant : I • ' 8f o0opof^/i« ^ayttara ; or, 
Bom« t>elect Notions of that l^eamcd and 
Reverend Divine of the Church of England, 
Bcnj. Whichiole, D.U. Kaitbfully collected 
fn-im him by a Pupil and particular Frirud of 
hia,' London, KwA. 2. ' ATreotisenf IVfo- 
tion. with Morning and Kv<-ning Itaycr for 
all the UaysoflboWefk.' 1697 (attributed to 
lum, but no copy is known loexist). 3. ' Se- 
l«et Svnuons, with a jm-face by the third 
Karl of Shaftesbury, author of the ' Cliarac- 
terisiic*,' 160*^; reprinteil at Edinburgh itt 
1742 by IMncipal Wishart. 4. 'Several 
Di(i«»ititt« [ten in number . examined and 
corrected by hiA own Xol<rS| and publithcd 
by John Je'tTery, D.D., archdeacon of Nor- 
wich," London, 1701. '>. 'The True Notion 
of I'latv in th.- Kingdom or Churcli of Christ, 
stated by the lata Dr. Wbitchcot in a Sop- 
mon lonJamet iii. 18] proach'd by him on 
the malignitv of Voper^-, l^xaminvd and cor^ 
reetedby J.'JelTerj/lJondon, 1717. 6. 'The 
Workii of the learnra llenjemin Whichcote, 
D.D., rector of St. Lawn-nce Jowry, Ixmi- 
don.'4 vol-.; Aberdeen, 1751 (coalaius only 
the discoorees). 7. ' Moral and Iteligioiu 
Aphorixnm: collected from the maouBcript 
Papers of the Iteven'tid and Learned Doctor 
Whichcote, and published in MDCCHI by 
Dr. JeffiTT. Now ropubli?<hed, with very 
large addition! from the TranMript* of l-lio 
latter, bv Hamuf-1 Salter, D.D. ... to which 
am added Eight Liritew, which passdd bc- 
twwn Dr. Whichcote, pntvosl of King's 
College, and l>r. Tuckney, master of Em- 
manuel C"lk^,' London, 1753. 

[Preface to the Ki;.'bt Lottirr* by .S>iH*r, pp. 
xvi->iviii; TilloUt'jn'w .-iermon pMirhfsl at tfio 
Funenl of the Kev*Mind BsnismlQ 'Whichcoi 
(wilti portmilA, I-ondnn. 1083; TulloeVs Ra- 
lifiiisl Theolopy ia ICnglnna in the Sevwit^with 
C«ntiiry. ii. - ; nnpiiliU)'hi>J noies by FnfBt- 
mt J. K. B. JUvor in hi.i Cambridgs in the 
liclpB of Qneen Ann*, pp. 397-306: iBfonua. 
lion kindlj sfford«l by the maatet of Kinmnnuel 
CoUqia.] JBM. 



Whichcote 



Whiddon 



WHICHOOTE, QEOttGE (1794-1891), 
naenkl, bom on ^1 Dec. 1704, wm thu 
nmith ton o( Sir Thoinu Whicb«i>ce, fll^b 
bwonet (1763-1624}, of A*warb7 Park.Lin- 
eoltuluTe, far his wifu Diana (d. \H'26), third 
douffhtvr uf Kduiund Tiirriiir of Fiiiiton and 
Stoke Kofhford. In ]f»03heeniewd Hupby 
•cbool, wbt-n.' b" fiif{g«d for Williorn Clmrlcn 
BlurMdj, ihfl gn»t actor. In December 
1810, on Irarine iluj{by, hejnined ilii> oJnd 
ft»l M a volunt»ftr, and tvwtTcd a ciimrnij*- 
non oseangnon 10 Jan. Jiill. In the same 
year be embarkttl on lbs Pompoy, « French 
{iriso, to join tbcBritUb army in iheHpaniaL 
peninoulo, where faii r«|fiinent,wtrli tbe4;ird 
ftnd the f>fith, formed tlie famouH li);lit div!- 
aioo. He took part in thn bntlli' of Sal]U([8l 
onS April, and in ibe combut of El Bodon 
on 36 Dopl., tbuugli bb nutriment yrojs nul 
vngnfied. Ili> a&iisl«d in ihi> fttuniiiriK of 
Ciudod Kodriso on 19 Jan. l^li', and uf 
Itadajm on fl AptiL On fi Jtily bn Imthith! 
lieiilflnant, aiid nn 2'J July woa pretwnt at 
the battle of Snlnmnnni and nt ibst of Vit- 
T-orift on '2\ Juni? ]i^l-1, whirrw tlm fi2nd car- 
ri^ tbe villofi^e of AlaRarita wilh an im- 
petuoun charge. lie took part ivlth Lis 
nsiiuvnt in liif; combats in tbe Pyrenee* in 
Jiuv and Au^tut, tbe combat of Vera on 

3 Oct., the battle uf the Nivellu on lONoc, 
the hnttl*^ of thft Nivc on lO-Kl Dw., thtt 
bftttl-i of OrtbeH on 1'7 Feb. 1814, orTorhea 
on 1^ March, and of Tuiiloimti on \'2 April. 
HowutlwSrHt man in tbe Kngli^h army 
to enter Toulouse, W'bile in command of an 
advanced picltcr, Jut obtf^rved tlie French re- 
treat, and, boldly pu«hin(r on, ''X-k poflsoo- 
aionof the town. At the close of thL-wartliL' 
ivjjiiuout v.'M plnovd iu ^rri»oQ at Cojitvl- 
aarrasin on tbe Oaronno, and afterwards was 
BBDt to Iri'laad. Wliicticote to^A part in the 
battle of Waterloo, where tlift .Vind coin- 
pletad thu rout of the imptirial ^lard, lie 
wma quartvtwl in I'arU diirinir (bu occupa- 
tion by the allies, and on bin return home 
received tin.' Walprto'j nipHa! and the silver 
vrnr medal wilh nine rlrtBns, hfrorv Ik' hud 
attained his majority. After the pe»oe the 
52nd was ordered to Hiitjiny nay, aad Which- 
cote exchanged into the buffs. 

On 22 Jon. I8IH be obtained hiit cap- 
totncv, and tnl82tj again r!tcbanp„-d into the 
4lb arngoon guards, llf wnn inadu major 
on 21> Oct. 1825, limlenant-colonel on 
28 JuoH 1B.S8, and coloiM on 1 1 Nov. 1851. 
In 1S26 he was placed on half-pay, and on 

4 Juiu- U^lfi" he otlainwl the rank of tnajor- 
pflieral; wan pmmoi.^d tn hi- lioiiIiL^nant- 
general on 31 Jan. 1864, and be<:anie a fidl 
general on fiDcc. Ifl71, In 1N57 he received 
B jubilee medal from the queen in recog- 



nition of his servicea, aoconpuiied by on 
tmto|Trnp]i letter. He died on 3S Aog. 1891 

at MeridtiD, near Coventry, where be ba<l 
reittded aince retiriitg fn»ni active serrice, 
and was burii'd there ou 31 Aufr. 'SA'ith tlu> 
exception of Liriitt^nant-oulonfl Hi-ivill,b« 
was the Inst officer of the Engli!ili army 
"urvivinfi who had been present at Wat ptIoo. 
In 1812 be nifLrrii<d Charlotte Sophia (d. 
IHbC), danghter of Philip Monckton. lie 
bad no issue. 

(Timna, 27 Aug. 18S1 ; CaraaUT Soutdant, 
36 Aujf. 1891 ; Hurke'i Pc«nfte«tHlBamiwtae*>* 
KugbjScfaoal B«gi»ier; Army Lists.1 

E. I, C 

WHICHELO. C. JOHN M. (A 1865), 
w atTcri do L 11^ painter, i« said to have been a 
pupil of John Varlejr [q, v.], but hia nmnnv 
euK^i.>ete nithcr the inUutMice of Joi^hoa Cri>- 
tall [<i.v.J Hi» rarlituti work was of a purely 
topo^apbical chorarter, and Bome of hit 
dniwing* n'ere woifnived for WtlkinMo't 
'Lnndiiin lIliLttnira'and Brayler'a ' Beautief 
of England and ^Valei^.' He bwan to ex- 
hibit at the Iloyal .\cndemv in 1810, eend- 
inff chiolty marine vienn, and for a few yean 
hold the np]>oinlnient of marino p*inler to 
tbi> priucy nyunl. lu 182.'t \\'hichelo be- 
came an osftociftte of the W'atercolour So- 
ciety, and fur forty yuan; bo was a regolor 
conlribulor to it« vxhibitinnx, bin itub}eM4 
biung mainly rcpre«entationH of l^agUeb 
cnoflt and barbonr acenery, with a few viewa 
on Dutch ri^-rw. Ho ui«jally si^ed his 
drawinns 'John Wbicbelo.' He died in 
September 1865. 

[ Red^nnvv's Di^t. of ArtistH ; Rmt's Hilt, of 
ibo ' Old Waty-rcoloar ' Sociay.] F. M. O'D. 

WHIDDON, JACOB (^. ISJJA-lsao)^ 
fica-caplain, n trust-ed H-rvaat and follower 
of Sir Waller liidi'jili, who iipoaha of him 
a-q * a man most valiant and hontst,' eeems 
to have bt-en with Sir Riclmrd Urpynvile in 
bin vnyapr" to Virginia in IBSS. In IWft bo 
commanded ItaU-ijb's ship tbe Roebuck, in 
ibe fleet und^r T.ord Howard, and is de- 
itcribcd as particularly active in tho various 
services which could be perrormt<d by so 
'^mall II vej^scl. He (ouk po6»es«ioa of, and 
hrouKht intoTorhay, t he flagalup of Don Pedro 
do Voided ; liu braug'lit supplies of am- 
miinilion to the fl>-nl, and wa* conwlantly 
employed in ficoutinp duty. In 1B&4 m 
whk sent out by lluleg^h to mak« s pr^ 
liminary explnrafioTi of the Orinoro. His 
object wiiB friinrsted by the governor of 
Trinidnfl, wbii imprisoned some of his crew, 
and praelically obliged him to return to 
Enflaad withoiitthe information he sotight. 
It IS piobftblu that be was with Rnle^ in 




Ilie rnrng» to Ouiuu in lfiV6, llie cupMi- 
tton A^iut Cadiz in lAi>6. nnd Ihe IsktuU' 
Toy«^Q ID 16^ ; t>ut lua tiauv u uul men- 

LEtlvknU'fl laU of lUIogh ; IMmL of tli« 
Bpuish Armiulii (Nkvjr llnconJn 8oc.) ; 
Iul««h'a DitcoTcrw of Uuimiin ; Lfflinrd'a NutkI 
BtK.] J.K. L. 

WHIDDON. Sni JOHN (,I. U76),\ad^, 
wu tho «](lMt son *»r Jului ^^'lliddo^ of 
CbAgfordmDeTnnMbiri^,vr)i>-n>Uiit fntnily lind 
long been csUbliehed. Hi.i ranibpr, wIionr 
imi(l«n nkiDtfiriu Kn^tr. was nUo a autivi- of 
Cbmgford. FT(!ntiii)ie<llAWHlt)if IniK-rlVmpIo, 
•nd WM L'lMtcMi a tvadt^r id the uutuuui of 
<:jr^. rkilintf til mid oa ttiat nocusinii, his 
poiuliueDl was renewed for the fulluwiiig 
be WM a{(Ua «Im:I«<I lo the ottice un 
. 163A, and wu chowo ircosunir oo 
■. I&88. holding tite office for two ytwr*. 
e WAB nomiiintt'd a eeijeuit at tUh cIdsr of 
Vlir* mimi, aud cun»t.il «| i-d by ■ 
writ a week art«r thn k'mg'a death, 
aj^umentit in wiirt duhng Edward's 
are ri-portr;d by I'lowdt'n. Whiddon 
ap|K>tni«d a jud^ of the queen's benoh, 
■ImMt itninG>«lia(olj aHer Mary's acc««sioD, 
br pfttent dat«d 4 Oci. 1(m:3, and on 27 Jan. 
Io6hl-fi he was knightMl. lie woi thu tint. 
jadgQ to ridi* to Wwlmiiister Halt un a horse 
^Idin^ iiivttfud of a mulv, according to 
villus custom. In April 15A7, aftftr thi- 
fUing of Thomaa SialTord (l'Wl?-lfl57) 
[q. v7], be waa M'nt dun-n rn Vdrkuhiri* lit 
try the prisaoen, end it i^ naid that he le- 
ccivml the cnmmiuion of ([eneriil. Riving 
him authority to nim (oKCt to qiutll any 
further HsintTB. It ift ervn fitated that, owing 
to lh>i unsfllli:^ stat<> of the countn-, he sAt 
oo tbe bench iii full nruiour. ilLi patfiit 
was rph'^WKl on KIJEabt^h's occHwioQ. and 
be conlinii(.»J in hii:' oiticv until hi* death. 
lla died m C'lia)rf.>rd on :?r Jan. I'lr'i-ti.and 
was burk-d in tb^ jwrish cburt'h. He was 
twice luarritNl. Hv hin fimt wiff, Antiu, 
O&ughlor of Sir William Holli.^, be had one 
daughter, Jo>n, minrii-d to John Ashlew of 
LooMoa ; by bia a^nnd, KlizntK/th, dauf^fitttr 
■ad oohetrms of Witham Sbiliion, be had 
•on* and seT«n diuigbten. 
(V'iTi«n'« ViMtAlionitof DnTon. 189$; Pom's 
fiiS; I'nncrii Wonhim of Devon, 
p. 593 : Mnchjo'i Divry {Candon Soc.). 
'13: Calendar of Inner Temple lt«cot>d>. 
1899. rul- t- paiaiiu; Iiii(;iliili''H OrigiiiM Juri* 
dicKiJrt. J680, pp. 38, 118. 181, 170.1 

K. I. C. 
WHINCOP, TKOMAS 01. 1730), com- 

Silar, eatse of a Londou fuccily which pro- 
liCed BDVeral divine* of fair rvimte in. the 
HTeatoentb ovulary. Joba Wbiooo]) or 



1 i"* 

ft 




Wincoppwasapnaintedrtirtornf St.Martiu'a- 
in-th<-r it- Id« in Jaiuinry lfl41-2,a post which 
ha reGigned in 101.3, thou^ two yrant Uiter 
he uTHuJied two sermons before the House 
of CamraonK (JoumaU, ii. 99:^). Htit hod, 
Thomas Whincop, iJ.I3., was appointed roctor 
of St. Slaiy Abchorch on 10 Nov. ltJ81, 
preached tji« Spital «ormon in 1701, and 
died in 1710 (liKNX^asy, yoi-um lOfitrto- 
rium, p. :f9r; cf. Cole, Aihetite, Add. MS. 
.>88y, i. '2Hy Tbp coinpiliT may liave been a 
Bun of thie Dr.Wbincop, but virtually nothing 
ia known <xiiii-t'rning hitn khvu that \iv lost 
conjidonihle kumi.i in thi; * Soul hS«& bubble' 
during I7i;i, and died at Tott«^ridgv, wh«l» 
hi> waa bnrii>d on I fScpt. 17;10. 6eTent««ii 
veare after hia death wa.i primed, as by the 
lal« Thomas Whincop.'ScsndMbog; orLov* 
and Liberty : a Tragedy. To which is added 
a l>i»t of all thi> bratuutic Authors, with 
ifouiu Account of thdr Livuis: and of all the 
UrJiinaLic I'ivcm publiithiil in thtt Kngllsh 
languagu to the year 1747 '^London, 1747, 
hvu). 11m work was nuininalty i-ditHd and 
brought up to dat4> bv >[artha Whincop, the 
widow of tbi! compiler, who dedicated the 
volume lo lht> Karl of Middlesex and ob- 
tained a goodly list of subechbei^; but It is 
clear that somo of tlit> articles were pre* 

?an<d by llie biographical compiler John 
lotlleyjg. v.], and it is probable that the 
wholo * Liat ' was thorongldy rcviswl by bis 
band.i (se« Xm/, pp. 2^)4 ^). The dramatia 
authors are divided into two alphabetical 
raivgorLv, tliwu who Sourish<.'d bvforu nttd 
lhQ«>e who flouririied afti-r \WA\ and the 
doubltn'olutansore embelli^bad by a number 
iif soinii tni'dnllinn portraits engraved by 
N. Parr. At the end ia an index of the 
titles of plays. The book is n«^atiy ■rninged, 
but ttannot claim to be mere than a hasty 
compilation, based for the most psH upon 
the 'Engliab Dramatic Poct4' (1(191) of 
(jerard I^ngbaiiie thv younger. \Vhiiicop's 
labours bavo long since btwn morgv-d in 
tliOM of \'icior, Baker, and Ueed. The 
Ilritiah Museum bua a copy of tho ' List * 
with copious maousuript uuti;s by Joseph 
Ilat>lt!wuixl. 

[Baker's Ibnyr. Dram. i. 7-lfi: Lotro's EiM. 
Arcoani of TIi«ilni;al LiUmlura. 1888. jj, 3K0; 
NoiM nod Queries. 8th aer. iv. 9; Brit. Mii», 
Oit. Ths contiociion. if any, betwoeti Thoiniiii 
Whini-op And the VViUinrii Whiacnpp, .M.I.I. 
C176»-I832t, nulinsl iu Davy's Ath<>i>B Suf. 
fokriensrs, iii. f. 3U6, has ai>t Wco discororvd.] 

T. K. 

WHINYATES, 8ir EDWAltD 

CHAKLKS [17ft2-18W»), general, born on 
(! May l7Bi', wiw third son of Major Thumaa 
Mliiiiyates <176&-l»0Bj of Abbotalutgh, 




Whinyates 



Whinyates 



OerowhiR, br C^Uiehne, dsutrliter of Sir 
Tlkomu FrankUnil, htrt., of Tliirklebr Tnrk, 
Yorkshire^ He wu «dtickx«il ut Mr. Nuw- 
canbc'i idlool, llaK.-kni?v, «u(l &t the Iloval 
Milit&ty Attdvmy, WctoWtch, wlitcli ho »»• 
tantd M M odet on 18 Mar 17!l(S. II<> ^vxa 
eomminiaoed u aecand li(>utcnant hi tEic> 
TO5»I «rttlbt7 on ] March 1798, ami lHi:itnii< 
lient^nuc on S Oct. 1700. H^ mtvmI in t.Un 
expvdJtioa of tlwtrear to the Jlelder,atid in 
the expedition Ui SlKtlfim in IHOl. When 
Nadtpim was ei-acunlvd ot tlie peace of 
AnueiUr h« w«nt with kin company to 
Janaieo, and wu mail)- adjutant. On8Jiily 
I>*U>S he Vina pivimoted it«ron<I capt&iti, anil 
came home. Ih; wrrviil m adjutant to Lho 
■rtillKry in tlif allafk tm (\i|)i'iibii(fiiu in 
1S07. In tho f'tllrjwinfr yrar he was posted 
to D troop of ihv lionw nrtillLTy. 

In K'-bruary 1810 li>! c^mbarkafl with it for 
thii Peninaulu, but the Camilla tranaport, on 
hoard nf whlrti hr wntt, ni-arh' f(>i(ndi<ri*d, and 
had to put back. Owinjt to thiit, [) troop did 
not Inketb" fivUUiiaunit lilM^I I : butWhin- 
7at«wasprvi>i>ntat Buucoon :^St^pT.lt<10, 
■ad acted as adjutant to the olGccr comniand- 
inr tbt arttlliT}*. TFc wa? nt A I bncrn on I it Mny 
1811 with foiif guDit, uml th^•ro nru K-Ucm of 
hia doMribing thi« and sub<wqui'nt action)) 
(WinrtyATr-t. pp. 159 mj.) llr and liia troup 
look part in thfl ravniry (ifritir at U«af!rc on 
25 Mav. and in thfi (irl.inn.i nt Fiientea de 
(fiiinui'lo nnd Aldea de i'onto ou tt6 and 
27 Mflpr. 

In I^il;; lbi> troop was with Ilill'ii corps 
on thft Tapw; and at Ribcra, on 24 July, 
Whinyates niadt- mioh pood ums of twi> 
g\UM that thrv Frcoich commandiT I^ll*^ 
mand inquired liin nninr*, and o-ut, him a 
meataf^e : ' Tel! tliat bmvc man that if it lijjd 
not bwn for hnu, I xhiinld hare Ijuati'ti your 
cavttlry' (WinNr*TE«, p. R3). Thi^ caplnin 
of D troop di(-0 at Madrid on 22 Oct., and 
fur tin- tiest. four inDtilhH Wiiinyati-* wint in 
command of il. It diMinfnii<>h(>d itsplf at 
Han Miiniij on 17 Nov., at thi- cWe of the 
rrlr^nt from flurgos, fivf nut of ita gix ^unn 
Ix'itijr injured. O'.'iieralLontfiWbocoramundod 
thfi pftviilry to whiL-li it wm attaoliod, iiPIlt- 
WBTib wrote ol'ths troop that he had never 
witnCMcd 'mora exemplary onndiK^t in' 
quarters, nor mon> diatin^ishud zitaL and 
gallantry in the tiidd.' i 

On 24 Jun. 1^13 WhinyaU-a b.-cume cap- 
tain, and KODwjuently li-ft tlm I'lTiinHuIn in 
March. Uh Htirvir^ thp^^ won him no prn- 
mption, an bmrct nink wosnot givi-n nt that 
tlm>! to second rnprainit. In 1SI4 h.c wns 
appxinlni to thu Kocond rocket troop, and lie 
(OTDimnndod it at Waterloo. Wrliingron, I 
who did act belicro in rock«tB, ordered that I 



tht^y ahould bf left behind ; and when he wa* ' 
told that thia would hroak AVbinTatea** 
Iii^art, he replied: ' Damn hU heart : let my 
ord*'r» be obeytd.' HowiTit, Whinyates 
eventually obtained leave lo bring tbtm intji 
thf field, together with hia nx gun*. Wh«n 
l'(>n«onby'« brigade charg«d 0'Erlon'G corpk 
he followed it with bis rocket aecttono, and 
fired several vollcya of ground-rocketa with 
giHid vlTeci Hgainst the French cavalry 
{Tfatfrho Ijfttfrt, pp. 203-10). Ho llien 
rcjoinvd his guns, which were placed ld 
front of !*ioton'« diviiuon. In the courw of 
the day he had three horsei ahot under hiBa 
was atruckon th<- Icp-. and sen-re! r wounded 
in the left am. He Kcniveif a brvT« 
majority and ihi- Waterloo mecbil, and aRvr- 
warda the Pouineular Kilrar medal «rHb 
cIoDps for lltigaco and Albuera. 

At tho end of 1815 the rocket troop went 
lo England to W r«!duced, and WbisyatM 
woa appointed to a troop of dririT* in the 
army oiocviipatiun, witu which be renuaed 
till 181 R. He conimnndLHl II troop of 
htJiw! arlillory from 182S to 2J July 18S0. 
wli»n bL< IxK'aine regimental lieutenaat- 
rolonel. He was maib; K.H. in 1823 and 
C.B. in IK31. He had command of the 
horm artillcrv at Woolwich from November 
WAX lo May If^lO. nnd of thv artiUery in 
the northern dislrict for eleveji reftra aAeN 
wards, huvjii^ Lecomo regimental colonel on 

23 Nov. 1H41. 

On 1 AprillH.%2 he woA appointed director- 
gpnvnit oT artillery, and on 19 Aug. com- 
mandant ai Woolwich, wht'rt- he mniaiiMil 
till I June ItSnft. He had been promoted 
mnjor-^t^nml on iJU June 1854^ and beeaou 
lieutenant-Kiineral on 7 June IMMJ, and gMl»' 
ral on 10 Dee. 1804. lie wna made K.C.BL 
on 18 .May IHfUJ. Hu hud become oulonvl- 
commandant of a baltaliun on 1 April IH56, 
and was trunsfiTrcd to the liorfie ariillerr no 
22 July 1801. lift wait 'an ofKcer whum 
ability, aan!, nnd fwrvices have hnrdlv beni 
jiijrpait«"d in Ww n-gimiTit ' (Duncak, li. 37). 

lie died at Oheltenhani on "21* I>ee. 1866. 
In 1827 be hud married EUxabeih. only 
daiiglitrr of Samuel Compton of Wood Knd, 
North Riding, Vorkftbire. He left no chil- 
ren. lie bad five brothers, of whom four 
served with diiilinctioa in the anny and 
navv. 

T'ho I'ldiwt, Rf-ar-adminJ TnoMAe Wiiis- 
YATia (1778.|Rr(7), born on 7 Sept. 1778, 
entered llio navv na first-claaa volunt.H*r on 

24 ilay ITfl.l. lie commanded a boat to the 
attack and rnpturp of Martinique in March 
1794, ami nHistad in boarding the fVMeh 
frigate Bienvonue. He ^"aa aUo pTMani all' 
the capture of St. Lucia and (iusdeloup* 



I 



\ 



A 



Whinyales 



Whipple 



[b was in Lord Bridnort'sM'tionof 23June ' medal. Heaervcdvitlitliparmyofoccapfttuni 

79v>, and in tliat iii Hir Jolin Warrvu o» in I'Vancc. nixl madv reporU on »otae of the 

" Uct. ITOct. lie vaa rninmU^'^ned as Kn^nch fMlroweo (now in th« Itoynl Eng^i- 

nnt on 7 8t>pl. 179'.', itnd as com- neers' Insiitate, 01uilbam>. 11a was coax- 

*T on 16 Mny 1«0S. ]» April 18<li he nuinilin^ roj-a) enginf*-r with tlip field tbrce 

wiu npvoiiilwl lo the Frolic, un 18-ffuu bri); in Nvw tiruii«wicK ivlu'ii lb« diKimi<.tl u-rri- 

or 3iS4 toiMi. Hf look hiT out to thp Wtst lorr wa» inTtultH) by iW »t«te of Maint^ in 



Indivs, luid ^peiit lire ]ri«n thi-n:-. iK'iiig pre- 
trnt at tbe recapture of MtirtiDique on 
•24 F>>b. 160d, and of Guadi-loupe on 5 Feb. 
IcflO. 

He wu made first captain on 12 Au^. 
181*J, and on his iray home, in i-barg? of 
convoy, hf wiia atlackeil on 18 Oct. by tlie 
rnilf'j^itat>;s sloop Wasp of -l^ji tons. The 
I'nilio lioil bii-i-n unch dauagt'd in a sate, 
and Hfitir as action of &tly DtinuieM, in nnicb 
more than half h«r crew were killed or 
wootulod, iiicludin^ ber oonimaoder,Bhi}waa 
boonli-il and taken. Sbc was n^orered, and 
the \\'a»p waa tak^n by the Poictiers tho 
Boat! day. Tbv court-martial wliicli Iriitd 



1830. He waa promolud licutvnant-colonrl 
on <J Nov. 1S4(1, and colonel on Itl IW. \^'A. 
fie retired na major-general on 13 Jan. li^AA, 
and died at Clieltvnhani on 9 Jan. 1>?H1. lit; 
married, on 'JR Jan. 1A(0, .Saralt SInmnne, 
wcond daughter of ClinrW \\'balleT of Stow- 
on- ^^' old. Gloiin-titrnihirtt, and bad »ii cliil- 
dreu, four of whom became ofliwn of the 
army. 

Tbi>Kixlbsoii,(')cneraII-'R.vKcisFRAKKLAKD 
WniXT-iiEa (l7'J<t-lMB7), bora on liU June 
1706, enter«d tfae East India Coin]iaDy'a Bsr- 
Tice at llw a^^ of alxtvun, and woe ^atetted 
It* liim ten ant-lire worker in the ^ladruii artil- 
lery in July 1»I3. vUter eerving in Ceyluo 



\Vhiny»i«« for Ih.- lo»« of bin ithip acquitted ani^ nj^ainM tlw Pindari*, he took part in thr 



liim moot tiooounibly, as iiaving done all 
that coidd bo donit (JaMM, \nrtil Hinlun/, 
vi. 1<1A~6:3). In ldl£ ha W(ui appointed to a 
rorrette, but i<he was paid off at the peacv. 
He woj promoted rvar^tniml on 1 Oct. 
!>^ll'>, and died unmarried at Cheltenham on 



Mabratta war of 1817-19 as a suiMtlem in 
A troophorse art lllery, and received the medal 
with cla»p fur Maboidpnor 1.21 l>ec. 1617). 
I'romoted ciiniain on S4 Uct. \'^2-\, he served 
at tbesif^f^ofKittooraT thccndof ihutycar. 
Hv na» prindjial comini»»ur\- of orduimcv 



lo March 1857. He received the silver war , from 1S45 trt !.h.')0, iind then \wA eommaad 
lunlal with five cUajpa. i of llie horiu! nrlillery, mill of the Modnia ar- 

Tlu- fnurfh mm oi M^MOr Thoroaa Whin- | lillery si hricndier. ' He loft India in 18M, 
yal<#. Captain GBoftciii EtBRi.tiilo.f Wiiix- i hayitig*nili'd,iK-ith the higbeni credit to hlm- 
viTr:» (1(88-1808), bom nn •II Aug. 17l^>t, j »elf, everv appointment and command con- 
iil^red the twvt aa fliwt-class volunipflr in nectcdwi'th niscorpa'Cgeneral onb-r, lOFeb. 

l^-ji). Hu becaoivmaiOMR'ncTa) on -"(* Nov. 



^^HT^~, and iUkW niiicrh active cerrice, rhiefly 
^Ki the Mcditormncan. Tn I80'i, ait tieit- 
^Kenant in the Sjicnccr, 71 Run», he served 
Grander Nclsoa in the blockade of Toulon, the 
Voy*!^ to tbtt Weot Indii-<, and the blockade 
of' Oadif; but hia ship, which formed part 
of thu iushorv sr^uiidrun, was si-nt to Ciibrul- 
t«r fiir provLiionii tl»n-ii day* bi-fore Trafalirur, 
He was in Duckworth's artion ofl' St. Do- 
XDtn(ro on 6 Feb. iPtW. In 1WJ7 he nim- 



4). llu becaaivmmor^r 
]864,lieuteD&nl-geDeraloD 14 July l8i)7,aDd 
ffeneral un '2\ Jan. 1872. He died without 
iMue al Rath on 2'2Jan.18S7. On 7 Aug. 1820 
he bad married Elixabcth, daughter of John 
Campbell nf ^Irmidnli-, .\rgTilliJiiiv, 

fWhiayaUt I'amily Ki*otdii. by MAJor- 
r.eneral Fredf^rlck T. Wliiuyatea, IS94. 3 Tola. 
4to, with porlntta (IwetitylWu rapiw privntely 
pciiit4Nl); Whicjales pvdiitrM in Gen^alt^Ht, 



monded the Benri'^re tiloop in the Mediier- | m^v ser. viii. 62-6; Procyedings of Royal Ar- 
znnean and the Channel. He died of con* ' lUlcry luAtitulimi, *'>!. v. pp vii-iii ; Oulonel 
aumplion, bnaiigbt on by hardahip and ex- F. A. Whinyaiee** From Coruiiii lo Rotnuiopol, 
' ,. I 18M ; Uaiiaias History of the Itoyid Ariillttry ; 



posure, on & Aug. If^OS. 

The Bftb son, Major-gi>neral Fnt:tiERlcc 
\S'it.LlAll WiiixtATBs (179.1-I(*1). born on 
20 Au;{. I7!W, waa conimlsaiomed as second 
licntenanl in the royal engioeera on 14 Dec. 
iHtl, and l»«Am» liitiitKnanl on 1 July 181:^. 
lib was present nt the bomhnnlmpnt of 
Al(n*'n» on '^ .^iig. ll^lO, iK'ing in command 
of n (li^Iachment of .'wppcrs and mimrson tlie 
Impregimble. He has tcfr n graphic H(M:ount 
of tlt>^ bombnnlnient.aiul of a confen-uci" wiili 



JfMTords of Ih* Koyal Horim Arlillcry; O'llyma^ 
Maval Biogr, ; K"y»l Kn){ii((»nt' Journal, »t. 31 ; 
inforiDHtTOn fornisliod by Mnjor-geooral F. T. 
Whioy.Hw^] K. M. L. 

WHIPPLE, GEOHOE MATIIKWS 
(]*^'I:J- isyy), pbyciciM, the aon of Oeorjio 
Whipple, a native of rievomeliin-. was bi>rn 
on 1-5 Si;j]l. 1S42 al Tcddin^itoii, Middlesex, 
when- his fatlit-r was mahtfr of the public 
school. He was educaitd nl ibc gmmmoc 



tiw) de? three days aAerwnrds {Jivj/al Jin- school, Kiogston-on-Thnme*, al Dr. Wil- 
ginerrJ Journal, xi. 26). He received the j liams'a private school at Richmond, Surrey, 



WTiish 



a 



mmi M KhA Cafltyi, Landon, ttkiog tde- 
, 0M wiMBe. m the onhuMCy of I.od(1iid ia 
P»i«g tfctr^^n 7Mu», from 4 Jnn. 
h* ound tbc K«w OUervKior; 
ipir it r. hti identiBcd him- 
I «lfwiAtfaiM(inC7«flWt uUblUlimont^of 
■■ — uniitii ■III liiii ill iHili', 
I w Xovflsbo' 1863,and mper- 
ia 1^0. Ii« drvw the pl«t<!» fur 
Wmitm ia U Roe'* * RMMichM in Solar 
ttnmm! 1W&-4 ; improved tbe Kev mats- 
mah0 cMlnaMtU; 'mrcnxei, be«idi» ot)i«r 
MliBil MiatiM, ■ dcvicv fur tesUoff tli« 
4m1c «&•£» «f MlUiiU iS'roce^diitfft lioyal 
A^irtf. iLxr. 4:^): and maJi^, witli Cuptain j 
}i4«T»Mdc in IH7iI, a Mrri«H of jMnilnliitu 
•SMraMnta. miMiled witti Colunt!! llcrach'rl 
^ IWI, M'l vilb Uita«ral Walker In IHBK, | 
ftr diCciBiuQf til* eonMant «f grnviiaiion. ' 
Wiad iirawiiw and valocity wuro hia life- 
law ■Mdr; b* catrifd out nr. llin OVto' 
FluaniBi374a ruuTMligatiiiuuftlie *cup- 
■wnoRMbg-' inreaUKl t.v TLoiitas Ilomnoy 
RoboMOB [q. r.]| and wiiK Goneral (Sir) 
Itidiard Htracliej' in 18B0 Donditcled a re- 
M«rrh til ctood'iiltotoKnipby tinder tho mo- 
C«oroio{[ic«l c'uuucil. comniuntL'utiti^ tlii> rp- 
•ttlU io l\ui Kovnl >y>ci(!l y on 2.3 April Ih91 
Cf». ilil. 4y7). ' 

Wbippit' cniil rilmtml fr«f-ly to m^ii-ntifii.- 
culliiCtionB, fnpL'uially to \\\v * iJuarliTly 
Juunikl' iif IJi.i Mtt«ior'flo((icnl fSoi-iely, of 
whicli body he btcAinu a Diember on IN April 
J^74. Ife ivrved od iu council (1870 to 
18K7), and teXoA la iU foroi^ aoentiiry 
(1884 lj>. IIu Mil also for lonity yeun en 
thu ouuiicil of tliu I'livAical Society of Loo- 
dou, aii'J was I'lvclt^d'a fvllow of [bv lioyal 
AHtiou'tinical Society on ll' April 1871'. 
IIk wkji aaaifttaiit t-iniaiuLT in iiaturul pbilo- 
•opliy Io IliK univ<-n>ity of Liiricliiti(l87ti-81), 
and in tho ociL'nco and art dqiartmisnt, 
Soiitli h.-n»iiiKto>i (187n-8:i and 18K-W»t. 
Tbc magnetic sootion of the ' Itoport nn the 
Eruption of Krakatoa,' publUbed by ibo 
Jioyal Soci«tv in 1688, wa^ compjlfld by bim. 
%Jt died St Itichmond iu Surrey on ^ Feb. 
1899. 

[Mun of ti)» Time, 131b od. I8D1 : Nature, 
16 Feb, 1803: Titnn. G Feb. 1893: Uimrteily 
Juiimnl U'>yal Met core lof^ical 8oci«ty. xi. 113: 
Itnvitl Society's CnU Scientiflc FnpBr*.] 

A. M. C. 
WHfSH, SiK ^\^LUAM SAMPSON 
(17h7-1>*''>3J, lipntcnrint-|t*vni>ra!, IbinKnl ar- 
tillwry, aon of Ittcliord Wbitb, roctor of West 
Walton and vicar of Wickford, CaMX, by a 
lltimhu>r nf William Sandyx, wm bom at 
Korthwold on 27 Feb, 1787. He received a 
commi«»ioa a» lioutvnnnt in ttiu Buiigiil ar- 
tillery on ^1 Aog. 180 1, aud arriviHl tu India 



Whish 

taDMember. HeviMpromatft)lolwca|iUia 
OB 13 May 1 807, and oomaatided llt« n3ck<et 
troop of horse artillei; of lb« rmtn- divutoa 
of tlio (frand army under thd M«rqiui of 
HaalingH in tbe I'iudari and Maeathamrat 
th(> end of 1817 and bB^cinE of 1 j>18,aftff 
which bf! tuok tb<; troop Iu >Iirmt, wbt9r«,oa 
L*0 July 18:^, bo was appointed to aei w 
brigndi^niajor. IIi.i wa« prvmotvd tobotnijar 
on IflJuly 1821. 

He coiomanded the let brigade of b(s«D 
artilk-r^- in the army oMenbled at -Vr*, 
und«r Lord OombtTmere, in December ls5, 
for thu sief^- of Bhartpur. Tbe placa ma 
cuptiired by aitbauU on IS Jan. lif^, aad 
^Nliiitb wttfl mentioned in deapatche* and 
pruiniilud to be lieuumaiit^Mlonfl for dia- 
tinguinlitHl iMrvico in tbe li«ld fnim 19 Jan. 
l)n -}.& I>L'<.-. Itit23 hi! waa appouit«d to eon- 
[Qund the Karnid and Siibiiid divi^ioa of B(> 
tilli-ry. He wah ninde a rompanion of ibe 
order of the Bulb, military divisioa, on thit 
occasion of (he iitKH^n's curon»lion in 1838; 
appointed a colonel commandant of artilleiy, 
with rank of briffadier-Ketieral and tcith a 
Hat on th'> militAry bovd, on 21 Dec: and 
in Kebniary 1839 succeeded Maioi^feneml 
Faithful in commrtDd of tbe proaiaeQcy dirl- 
Kion of artillory nl Ibim Dum. Ue ww pro* 
njoti>d to be TUftjor-f^eneral on M Nov. 1811, 
luid WL-ut uti fuilougb tu Eugland until tbe 
t-od of ]S47. 

Whisli vim nn|tointcd to ilie rommnnd at 
I^^hore of tbe riinjab divi»ioD on Sit Jon. 
\^^^i'^. In Aucitn ne ww ?iv«n the com- 
mand of ihc! Muttau field force, eight thou- 
ftand strong, to operate a^inst Mulraj, and 
1 owarde thu end of tbe inuutb took up a posi- 
tion in front of Multaru The siege eowmeQCod 
uu 7 Supt ., but, owint; tu the dtjii-ctiuo oC 
Siiialift«-K>'klu!«r.Wtiishwiiiidrewhi»f( 
to Tibi, and a period of inactioa folio 
which rnnbled ilolraj, lb« drfrndt-r of Mul- 
tan, to improve hin defenreA and tn incretM 
hisKarrison. In the betfinaingof NoTsnber 
Mulny tbiTw up bHtI.fri« which threMeaed 
Whi^h's camp, aiid on 7 Nov. a Hucooasfal 
action resulted in the dctttniction of Mdlmj'a 
adrancL-d bnlu-riutt oitd thu capture of Sre 
guii«. Oa 21 Dec. VVhinhwaa reinforcad by 
u column from Bombay, and on Cbriittinu 
day woM abbt Ui ot^cupy hut old posttioa. On 
'^7 Dec. the enemy Tirere driven from ihft 
GUburbe, Tbt> ewffa retooi mttnccd on the 
iJHth, tbo city woa captimMl on '2 Jan. IMO, 
and the sie^ of the citadel preaaed forward. 
On '2'2 Jan. all waa r«ady to atorm when 
Alulraj aurreadered. 

IjCKving a elrong rarri»on in Multan, 
Whiab man-htxl to Join I^ord Gouffh, csp- 
turlug tlie fort of Chiniot on 9 Feb., on 



■ ncoa 

>w3T 



,whicli day the advanced portion of Iiik 

lYre reached Itamtiaftar. An!tciita1iiif|:l»ril 

uugli*a ordun>, WkUli gceurtii) tbe fonlB of 

thf i'li'-iiitb at WniintluKt, and nti ^I tVU 

ouuiina&di^ the Isi divUion of I.flnlCi(vn^h'ft 

■mtjnt tlii*bnttlr-of<iuinil. For tusBemcw 

bereceiTed ihcthaiikAot tho TOveraor-gcneral 

of tbe court of directon uf tbe East India 

Company, and of bolb hoiiMvi of parliament. 

^^fie waa promoted to be a. kiiiglit commander 

^^Bf till; ord«r of tbe Biith, mililarv diviiioQ 

^MZvH'lon Ciazttte,'2S Marcli, 19 April. tiJiiiui 

^BtU4U), and waa trauaftrruil tu the conimaitd 

^'of tliK Baogal dis'iaiuiiof tlicamiy in March. 

In October L8r>l Im nji« n)>i>()i]iU'd In lliv 

Ci»-Jboliini division, but bffor*- a-oAiiRiing 

command wvnt bumc on furlout^h. lit- was 

^^jTomoied to be lidutennnt-gcnf ral on 1 1 Xot. 

■1661. H« died at Claridge'e Hotel, Brook 

^BBtr«et, Ijondon.on So ¥*•}>. li^iiS. 

Wbifih roarrii>d, in 1«(W, n dau;;ht«r of 
Onorn*' Dixon, by whom lie left a fiunily. 
Hif< fidest aon.<i. I'almcr WTiiith.froiieral of 
the Beo^al staff corps, servt-d wilh bis father 
~ It Gnjrat. Anotlicr eon, Ilonry Edn-ord 
_ivbi»li, major-i^cn^ntl of tlio BL-nfjal tlalf 
"corpR, Krr&d witli bis father at the ajogv of 
Alultan, and was in ihv Indian mutiny cam- 
paign. 

[India Offic« Beoorda; Siubbd'a Hist, of the 

Boiffal Artillery ; Fdwanles'n Vku- do Ihi; 

Punjab Frontier. 1818-9; Oi>iijth aod Iddq*'* 

The Sikba and lbs Sikh Wan ; LAwr^neo' 

Anba'a Ooniaientiu-ii-H on tlm Punjnli Ciun- 

I^jsign, 1948-8 ; Timos (I/>udoii]. t Murvh 18.33 ; 

^■Dvat. Mag. Juno 1803 ; Men ol i)ie Reigs.] 

■^ R. H.V 

WHISTLER. P.VXIEL (1619-1684), 

phyaician, wT'Uof W tlliaui Wliittlvrof Elving- 

ton, Oxfordahire, was born at ^^'alIU&^utow 

in KsxNC in I61U. 11l- wod L-duviitud at ibu 

Kbool of Tliame, Oxfordshire, and ftjit*:red 

31cnoD Collvgv, OxfunJ, in January IttSO. 

He graduated 11. A. in lllli*. On ti Aug. 1012 

be b«gan the rtudy of pliyaic at thw university 

of Lry(li--n, wli«n* hv f!mduaC«d M.W. on 

19 Oct, IfrlS, liavinf in rlii> inr^'rvalrMiimed 

^mU* (Kford to takeniB M..\. decree {S Feb. 

^Klitt4). llisinaufTurAldiAvrtJition nt L^rdon, 

^KM i» Uct. imO, 'He Morbo nucrili Anglo- 

^HHktjiiuni patrio idiomate indiffpntn voeniLt 

^^^Be KicWt'is,"' if! bia only piiblixbi^Hl work, 

and ia tbir first printed bocik on rickets. IW 

ti-prinUtdit in \!itH. Tbti diat'oae was at that 

(iiitf tbe aubJM-t of mucli active obM^rvntiim 

_by Francia l*rlUaon [q, v.], and a commiitj'p, 

»ri-n in Hiimber, of theColli-gpof I'liyiiciiin- 

rhich worked with him had made ihr- fiiihj.i i 

w>-ll known, tlioudbrilisaon'aeluborate'Trac- I 

tatus de ItariiiTidtiMid not npjinar till Ifi-jO. i 

^^V^'hiatler's theais contains no original obaor- | 



vations. but maoybypotboMa and reports of 
thf< viewa of ottaera who are not named. 
It ia clearly baaed on tbe eorrent dianu&non, 
and irnkfn nutbing from the oriRinality of 
! GliMon'sirreatwork. Ho proposes the name 
I ' I'lbdoMpiancbnoEteocacw' for the diseOM, 
I but no nub«M]uent writAr baa UM-d tbe word. 
He waa incorporated M.D. at Oxford on 
I l^) May lii47. and waa electM a fellow of 
tbe College of Fliv»icians on 13 Doc. 104&. 
On UlJune 1((4^ he wa* eleetinl profaaaor 
of geometry at (irvshom College, and waa 
at the same limu Linacrv rwider ut Oxford. 
III! took can of wounded acamen in rht: 
Dulrh war of 1052, and in October IttM 
waa (k'slrod to accompany Bn)#trode \^'hite• 
|i>ckf [q, T.] to 8u-edeD. lib first caae 
(WiiiTKWCKB, p. 18WJ was a broken arm, 
and hia next a broken l^,and he biuualf oet 
liolli. He «poke Latin and French, and 
I wmti! lAtin versu on the abdication of 
(|ureriCbriatinaofSweden.wbicli are printed 
in the 'Journal of I lie .Swedish Hnabaany ' ( ii. 
I 47-1). In July WW h« Rtumud to London. 
A I the College of I'bvaiciaiw heddivereil the 
llnrveian oration in IW9, was Twelve times 
censor, registrar from 1G74 toIIWi, trf-aimrer 
in IWl'.und in lOdS prtvidenl. He married 
in 1657, and dird on 11 May ]6«4,whde pr*- 
eiduuit of pneumonia, and woe buried in 
CbriifC Cliurcb, Newgate .'Street. Hie bouse 
wan in thfl colIcfreiii\\'arwick l-ane. lie waa 
thought agreeable by Siimuol IVpya [u, v.j, 
who often dinodand aupped with b'ini. fliey 
walked together to view (be rsvogeaof the 

{;reat tire of ]6(Hi. Jolui Kvelvn alao liluid 
lis cunvunation. He waa negligent aa re- 
ffialrar, and aa presidi/nt of the Oollege of 
Pbysicians took little care of il8 projierly. 
Iliit portniil waa preaented in 17(M to the 
College of Physicians. 

[Munlt'a Coll. of I'hvs. i. 2*0 ; Journal of the 
Swedish EmbuHij, l.aiidon. 1772 ; Nomtan 
Moon'eHiktory uf tlir FintTreaiUaoaRickotB. 
St. Bartholomew' a IlAspiul Roporta. vol. xx. ; 
Ward's Omifaara Prvifp™or« ; I'spyp's l>iarjr, 
3 Tola. 1889 ; KTeLya'ti Dinry.] N. M. 

WHI3T0M, JOHN (d. 1780), hookaeUar, 
was Tbi! son of 'William Whiaton [i\. v.], and 
wo^ probably txini wiibin five yeara of hia 
fatbHt's mnrria(;H in I 111*!*, thontih be is 
known to have bofu a voutiger son. He net 
up an a bi>'>ki«'l!fr in Fleet Street, and en- 
joyed the croveled, though nominal, dtstjuo 
t iun of being one of the printers of the votes 
i^tf the Itoiise of Commons, He waa one of 
ill'.' oarliest issaera of regular priced cata- 
!.'(.ni.» (NiCROM. iiY. Ane^. iii. 668). In 
17Uo be bought and Uauitd u priced catalogue 
of Edmund Chibbuil'it librarv. Sbotlly nffec 
ibia date he soeuu lu have Wn in partner- 



I 



■ w$k BenjuDiB Wbti« (rf. UIM). but 
tmAtmmmt\ywiiMnw»ndmctMi\»eA 
■d iimmrj mad otlwr comI^ illustrated 

faL laoottjnaelMfi with Wliite lio itwunl 
is 1749 * Utmoin of iho Urv kikI Writing 
ol Mr. lIliIliBiB Wliiar<ni.' IIi« mother dtid 
ia Juioaiy 1761, Rod his iWtber follnweil hur 
■a tWrw •oMUoc, whepvupon in 1763 
Joba W ai^ ao imoea a 'e«rrut«d' •dition 
vt tlw 'McWKn.' HiB publishinc tritdv 
M«k «u 'hajW* Utvi. With O'lhnnie, 
ttmha^ ami oth«r IwokKller-publisbers, 
WhiMoa bnlc a iMntinff wt in piromoting' 
dK 'Ke* uud Oenwu Uio^rapUicul Dic- 
Itoaarjr,' uaiAd m twdrw volumva at kix 
lUUtagteaeb daring 176I--J. Thv Ilritiati 
MaMUlii pnMMM a copy with a lai^n niim- 
Wr of «Mf||^aal natm and uddcndK writri>n 
tw Whi*b>n. Olhec biofrrnpUicjil mt-moraiulu 
nf BO ifTvat Talun wen? auppliod by Wliiafon 
tq Jotio NicboU, and ackaowlLMlifud by him 
ia fau * l.itirrBry Aoardiriea.' WIiiHlon'sfihop 
waa kiwmD an a m-titing-placu and hoosB of 
rail for nufo of Irttwrv, «nd a cnmic vncoiin- 
Ur n foporttid lo haTc laki-n pliu:i> tlu^rc ho- 
twata Warbarton »ni\ hi* itdvemary, Dr. 
John Ja<?kB/Mi. In 1 7(ti'> M'hiR^m boiifjhtllic 
hhnry of Adam Andfnnn (my2)--l7ti&) 
[(). v.f llu |>r'jbu)ily ntired «oon sfl^ir this, 
and n'jlliinf; fcinliiT is kuown of liiin nve 
thaib«dw<l(in.'lMay )7H0. Iliscld^r brother, 
i Eifir^vWbiatODt U slated tu havi' bunu for a 
timxuMOciatW with biiii in tin- Flwl Rtrcet 
hll»in«^u fXiclMit^, 7'i/. Aufrtl. vVi'i. ^7^), and 
lo liave died at St. AlbunH abmi). 1775. 

[KicboU* Literary AnrAloliuiikniil Lit. tllus- 
tratiwia. inAmx, frwt ; Alltlionn'a Itirl.. nf Kng- 
lUi liuirutoro; Titopirrloy's Cyclopodia. lS4'i, 
pp. 772. 782.) T. S. 

WraSTON. WILLIAM fltlB7-17ftJ), 

divin*-, boni at NorLon iiisto Twynraaae, 
Iv«icL'«l«rBliir»^, on t4 Di^c. JW7, nun tile son 
of Jomiiih Whidtoi). n^tor of tho purish, by 
Catborioe, dausbi«r of Uabriel Rosae, the 
pmvioiu incani[K<fLt, who died in )0W. Th>* 
cldtT WIiIhI'jii hnd bufn u prc^byttriun, um) 
only ju*t fjirupi^d njirrtion alWr th« Itestorn- 
tion. Ho wae, ncffordinf to \m mn, vnry 
dilijcnt in lii« diiUrii, cvuri iiftttr \w hiul ln*- 
enm<> blind, lAni<>, nnd, fnr n tinio, deaf. In 
his hoyliiod Willinm was i>inplr)5i<d lu tiis 
fatlii^'K nmnnuf'-n»i>i.unil tin- ron»>'qni*n!. r^n- 
Snement. ho cLou^lii, In-lped to make him 
ft ' vtilctudinnrian anil fire^lly eiibjocl. to tbi- 
fiatu* Jit/pwAu/flriaci' iUrou((lioiit hU life. 
11)31 fiillier was his only tf^octier until ItitM, 
when bo viui sent to aeliuol ut Tainwiirth. 
Tlio iiuutrr nim (liMirjp^ Antrolm*, wlirMi* 
datLrht«r Kiirh becamo his wife in 1(11)0. 
In lOaiB li« was Kut to Clarv Hull, Cam- 



brid^. He was an iodosirioaa aludsBt, 

Surtteulorljr in iwulieniaboii, hat had lawh 
ifficiUiy m aupportinf; himwU'. w lua 
father had died in Jannnry 108&-6, Uavine 
a widow and mveu cbildzea. Ue Daaa«a 
to tiVB upou lUO/. till be took bia IIJ^ de- 
gTTfi ill 109O. II'< was t-l«4.tud lo a fidleir* 
jthi^j on 16 July lO-'M (-Vemoirt, p. 73). and 
graduated 3)1. A. in liiii'i. He bad Mruples 
a« to tnking th« a«thk toWiUiun aod Han*, 
and resolvfid not to apply to any buliop who 
bad laken the plaoa of on* of the drariv^ 
nonjiimrR. He thorefore vent to WHiam 
LloVd (m:^-17I7) fq- ^0. >«•««? of Lich- 
fiL-ld. bv whom hi^ was ordained dMOOO in 
September 1W3. He returned to Oambridge. 
inleDdin^ to lakepupilii. IleniUfil haT«b««n 
rcganlod as a youn^ man of 1iit;b promise. 
.\rchbiiihop Tillotsoii (also educated at CUrB 
Hall) flirnt a itopbew to ho one of hispuiuls. 
Wliiitou'i ill-hi-altb, however, decidcNiliiin 
to g-ir« up tuition. Ilia 'bosom friend' Ki- 
churd Lnn^htotx woschaplaio to John Moore 
<I04H-I714) [ci- V.J, bishop of Xorwicb. 
Moore had preriaualy fpoi Whiaton !iL, lo 
}wlp him n« n ■tuclent, and now allownl an 
excnnn^ of jdIocds betwt^n WhUton and 
Laujlhton. ftliile chaplain to Moore, Whiston 
published bis flrnt book. IIb bnd been ' ipio- 
minioualy studying the ficiitioiw hypotheae* 
of the Onrtrsiiiri philosophy' at Cambrid^, 
but hi! hod buurd sumu of Nuwton's teciolM, 
and was induced to hI udv the ' 1*ri»Hpta' bT a 
paper of Dovid (Jregory ( ItWI - 170ft) [q. V.] 
Ill* *\<'w TbiHiry "f thii Karlh' was aiib- 
niitted in manuscript to Newton lumfii'lf, to 
Wren, sue! lo Itenllev. It was praised by 
Locke (letter to Molynens of i?a Feb. 1696), 
who thniij{b( that writers who aogge^tM 
m^wbypntlioscsoupbt ro be modt cnmiiniged. 
Wliistdii's Apeculatiou wa» nu'ant to auper- 
sede the previous theorv of Thomas Bumet 
(l<i;jrjf-1710) [o.r.] of (be aiarlerbouse. 
He coufinnMl tliw riarraitie in <lt-ui9>tii on 
Nuwlonian jTroiinds, esplainiiifr the deln^ 
Ijv collifinn with n cumi.it. In I69r( li« wit 
prPAcnted by liishnp Mnom to the viear- 
ag^ of I.nwestofl-witli-Kifisin(;luid in Sof- 
fiilU, worth about VJdi. n rear afur allow- 
ing for a cunilG at Iviesiii^tand. He set up 
an t-nrly st^rrice in a chapel, preached twiee 
II day ut the church, nna gave cat«cbelioal 
leetiires. Tart of the lilbeit of Kiaaincland 
bflon^.'cd to John Itnron (afV6m*anl« dean of 
Norwich), who nffftrtid to Mill bis pn^erty to 
the church for eight yejira' purcDaae(100f.) 
Winston sot up a FubfiTi)'tion, ndvaacin|[ 
W/. hiin%''Tf, and nitimatrly fu-ttledtbe tithe 
upon the vicara^ on being reimbursed Eat 
bis own expenses. HisRUCC^ssorafterwaHa 
made him a yearly preMbt of five guineas. 




Ft." 



« 



which wu of eonaidcmhle importeniw U» 
him. la 1701 Wljutoti v/an ii[iM>lnt«d deputy 
to NeWUin's liuoasitia i>roIei*M)r^iip. He 
publisliLMl an iMlilioii uf ' Euclid ' for tin; use 
of ittuiIriilA. lu iron lit- KucceMli^ Newton 

sft pnfeaeor, and g&ve up liU livitiL'. IK- di>- 
ItvRTvd locturvs ( nff'Twiinlji publiwieii) uimih 
mm h^nuitirA and natural pl)iln>«ophr, and 
K-as atnoD^ tlie tint to populiirii-e llw N«w- 
toniAii tlieoriod. Itogi-r Cot<^ fq, v.] wasv np- 
puio1t;(I to tlie uew I'lumian proreseor^liip la 
iTUtt, chiefly upon Whislon's mwmini-Ddu- 
tioot uid ia tb« nuti year he joiut.'d Coica io 
a aeries of Kietitific eX|M*rii]ieDl«. In 1707 
be WII8 alio permitted Ly thL> author lo pub- 
lijih N«!Wlon» ' Antliiwlicii L'liivpnuili-*." 
'Whlfiton wa» artive in other wsya, He com- 
plMiriK of llii> pni'iicc of ihv tintf m n^iinl 
infi'llowahip >?le<M ions. Thp rnn(!i(!nteaMrae- 

, tim>.'a rPi.-')nimt.'Tidtsl thi'msdves by proweea 
'w ilxinkin^. WhUtoti propoflrd rvfonn» of 

FTario us kinds ( M^mtArt, pp . 4 2, 1 1 1 ). He waa 
also R member xf tlie Society I'or i'mtnolino' 
Cbrittttan Knowlwlif. fnumled by bis friend 
Thomas Hray (1WHJ-I7a0) [q. v.], and wrot* 
a momorial for iwttin^ up charity »cIioo]a 
tluouaitiout (Ii« kingduui. M<.-anwbile Whi»- 

Iton,liKP Newton, haid unluckilybeen combin- 
iaa scitintifii: wilb iLeulogioiI in'iuinv^. lit- 
dt-livBtt-d \\u: IVjylf li-ctumi ill 1707, and in 
1706 lif! wrolt> an ' impprfi'ci ' f»wnr Hpt>n the 
'Apostnltci) Constituiinnc,' which ibw vic(>- 
ehoncf^'llor rcfuwHl lo licence. Wbiston wrot« 
to the arclibisbops in July 1708, iiiforniinif 

kthcm that be vrsa entonn^ upon an important 
Enquiry, li k-d hiin to ibc i-'MiduKioii that 
Bie ' Apostolical Ciin.-tilntiiinA' was' t ho most 
Mend of thf canunivul books of tbo Nrw 
Tcatamctil,' and tlinr tlir arct'pted doctrint- 
ofthg Trinity vras ("rroneoua. Rt-poriH tbat 
hn wa> an Arian, or, a* be call<-d (limiirir, a 
Koseliian, hfgnn to sprv-atl, and liin friends 
Temonstml«d. He told lh«m that ibpymif^t 
u anon p^isiiade tb>- itiiii to h-Av« lb« Armn' 
ment as cban^ bis resolution. Ho wati 
finally au mm onvd bcfor<- ibe beads of bootses. 
Bndb«niilu.'dfroutbeunivvr»iiyAnddt-privi;d 
LAf his professor* bip, 'M Oct. 1710. Wbistoti 
not to London with his family, and to- 
tbe end of 1711 pnblialiKd hja rJiief 
It, 'PrimitivaChristianity Revived.' The ' 
WAS taken up by convocation, whtcb 
voted an addreaH for hU pro^r-rntion. Various 
dalays took place, till in 1714 a 'court' of 
dal^»t«8 was Appointed by th^ lord cban- 
«e1[or for his trial. The proceedings aiminet < 
him w#re dropped aftor the di-atb of IJufon 
Anae. (WbiMon piibli^hwl an aci-ouut of 
the proceedinija againsl him at Cambridfre 
in 1711 and 17IS. Various 'pnpuni' rvlat- 
ing to the prucewlings in convocation and ' 



the roort of d(*le{||ate« wer« pnbliihni b^ 
him Id I7Ifi. See ahw appendices to Prim\- 
tiw Vhr\HtaMitu,h,nA CoKBETi's.VVii/f Tn'aUj 
XV. 703-101. \Vlit8ton wob known to nianj 
tcadtng divines nf ibe time, espi'cially CO 
Samuel Clarkw, trbo had Huc«couttd him a« 
cbauloiii Ui Muon^, and Hoadly, tvlio iiym- 
patliijiod with some of hi* vihwa, but were 
CMutioTiM in avowing ibvir opinions. Wbistoo 
was now a poor man. He atatin (^M^moiri, 
p. 'J'W) tbat he bad a small fartn near New- 
market, and that b<^ n'ceivfd fci)^^ from 
varioua friends, and bad in later veitrs a life 
annuity of "JU/. from .Sir.Io«C[ib Jtkyll [fl- v.], 
and -10^. u ytwr from Quet-u C'lvruliiii} (con- 
linuc'd,it is si3id,afl(.Tlii^r death bylieorgell). 
Tbi.-X',' ineuni^, tojjvther with ' vclijx^HTe, cuiuuts, 
and l«ctut>-»,' ^-ave bim 'such u coiupetenoy 
a» K'^atly coiittnltd him.' ANTien Prince 
EugetiL' come to London in 17ll-li,WhisL0a 
printed a nc^w dedication to a prrvioua >-aaa^ 
upoti the Apocalypao, [raintinff out tbat tm 
pritui^ bail liilfilleu tuime nf tTir propbpvies. 
The prince bad not been awart', lie replied, 
thai lirt .' Iind tlm bommr of beinf^ known to 
St. John.' but sent ihn inteqirctcr fiftcea 
giiineuA. In 1712 Whifirnu made n charoo- 
fcrit»iic aitcmpt to impro^-« his finance. 
Simon I'strick, bishop of Kiy, bad in 170^ 
promised him a prebend which wo-s esjwcted 
lo he vacated upon Thouiu* Turnor'H n-fuFol 
Iotakothenath9[seeTrRXi:K,Tiio)(A», HU.'W 
1714]. Wbifiton Eiipposed (erronmusly, i( 
iu.*>4n\*> that Turner monagvd to <>Tade the 
oath and to keop hii) prebend. In 171^ he 
wrote lo Turner mentioninif thin as a fact, 
and 'hinting' hi« expectations. Turner, he 
thoiiglit.baviiig wronjifullvkept the prebend, 
ouf^ht to contribute to the aupjiori of the 
riabtful owner, Tumur look no nolicv of 
what must have looked like an nttempl at 
extortion. NVhistou kept th(.> &ucrel, how- 
evcr,and in I7.')l np]Hiil<'tl in the coqtorotion 
to which Turner hnd left a fortune, stating 
fiinl bf bad Ici«t \,'2(W. by bis aoqiiiesceuce. 
He wosa^in obliged 'IoaIi down con tcnt4.-d* 
witboiil any compemwlion. 

Whiston was one of th* ftnX, if not the 
first person, to give lectures with osperi- 
mpRtfl in I»Tidi-in (cf. DESiori.iElts, JoHS 
Tit0>riiitxs, and IIe Mouoak. Budgft ^ 
I'nrtid'txf*, p. 9;i). ile co-openitRd in nomn 
of them wiib the elder Fmncis Hauksbee 
fq.v.) Tliff lirHl.ui'KiiKxtronomv. werojiivefl 
St niitton's eoffee-liDUB*' by the help of Addi- 
S'ni ami Slm.-In ( .VrMiwV.c, p, l'07), both of 
whom \\f kni w well. H>^ Biniift.-J ^reat men 
by his frank rebukes. Ho asked Steele oa« day 
how bf roiild *pc»k for tlie Soiitbwn directors 
after writing against them, StL^lcKpliadi'Mr. 
Whiaton, you can walk on foot and 1 cannot.* 




J 



Whiston 



13 



Whiston 



IVImb he KUggeated to Cnig^ that bontuty 
night ha thL'UMt puUcy, Crn^^ rupliL'tl tliat 
M (•InttfStiinii migbl Ix: boiii»l fur a fnrliii^bl, 
but tlmt it would not da far a month. 
Whiston asliiif] turn whitthrr luiliml nvitr triwl 
for ft fortnigliT (Nichih-s IJl. Aaivd. i. 1104). 
W'hiaton'a absolutt' honestv was Bd[iiiU<<d by 
his cniiii^mporariu^ whom )i>''(]iMinn<-rt by his 
^implii'iiy. lie {fives T&rioiLs aaecdou-i) of 
the perpiexilioS into which he brought othi.T 
cliirgyiDuii b,v iii»Uttug iipou their mJcitt^ 
uotiua of rice in high poailioii;). la I'lu hi< 
started a eucitily iur proinoliiig [iritnitivu 
ChriitC.iiLntty.wliitb hi-ld w.-i-kly un!fliii)jn iit 
his hnuse in (.'nicB Strpct, Ilutton Gnrdt-ii, 
for two jean*. Th" ch«irn«in WL-rc iiu<,xv«- 
ftivelT tli« bopriat Jahn Oale [g. v.], Arihtir 
(JdsIow [q.v.] i^srtv-TwartJsspvaKvri, and cbu 
unitArinn Tbomns Kiiilyn [q. v.] («oe W. 
Ci-^Kny'a Hffmi'tm; and for nn ncroiint of 
the suhiecia ilisciiM^d, Wiil-fToXB T/iire 
'fratU, 1742). To this Rocietv he inyit«d 
Clarki>, ILoudly, and Hare, who, Lowev<?r, 
did not bttend. ^Vhiflton ^ntm on parricki- 
larly iutimuUt lermit wiib Otnrkc. I'lurW 
probably introduced him to the lVinc«?M of 
Wftlea (afturwurds Qu^-un CaruHiio), who 
nnjiiywl Whi5l.Oiro ]ibutmt-»-t of s|>e<!!ch and 
took bU peprnofegood-bumourodly. Amonp 
the niembor« of WhiRtori'ii imcirty wiw Thii- 
ma» Kundle ^>). v.] ^aftiTwanla biahnp of 
Derry). Whiston wa» alter wunls shocked by 
heahnif that Kundlo attributed thL' 'Apos- 
tolical OoDflitutioii*' to lhi« fourth cenitiry, 
and Miid, ' iMakia him dean of Durham, 
and tUvy will nut hf writtvu till the fifth.' 
Annthrr nn-uilM^r wint Tbiimas (.'hubb [q.Y.J, 
of whoHo fint book he procured tho publiua- 
tion. H« bait nftfrwimln In altiutlt I'hubb'H 
more deruloptd duiacu. A mom decided 
opponent w«» Anthony Colliiii! fa. v.], 
wliOMt two bookn on the '(iri^iinj^ and 
Iteesone,' &«. (17:;4), and Ihp 'Schnsme nf 
Literal Propht-cy' (]7'2T) are prufedsud ly 
dinjct«d against Whifton's viuw of tlio 
prophecioH. In the first (p. '^7^1 h« pivca 
' an account of Mr. Whimuit hiin^i'ir,' prai«- 
in(i bis inte|;rtiy and xaal. WUiAtoti, ha anys, 
visits persons of the hiffhesL rniik mid • fn'- 

r'ntx t-liv most ijublir. cofl«e-boiia<-ji,' where 
dorpy fly befor<> him. WTiifiton wna 
ri^'alledinpopular^atitnuiionbythnl'occWi- 
a»tical nioiinti'hniik ' Joliii Henley [i\,. vj thp 
'onHor.' Whiston uccuiwd Ilenlwy of im- 
morality, atid proposed in vain that he »hauhl 
aubtnit loa trtal uccnrdiug [o the* rules of the 
primitive church. Tht: bishop of Londoa dr- 
olared that lh«r\; was no canon now in force 
for the punioiw, and HenUy retorted by rt- 
proMfhinif Whiston fur bowing bia knuo iu 
Ck« houMt of Himmou, thai is, atttfuding the 



Anglican a«rvic«s (Wuistos, jVmotra, pp. 
'2\r>, 327. and biB pamphlet 3fr. HenUyi 

littterx nnii Ailvrrttnemmtii, tcith Nnfrj by 
Mr. H'A*>f(>n,'I7l'7,wbidi ia not,asLowndi^ 
MV", ' iilinnat unrvadahle ' on account of it* 
'aciirrilily'). 

M'biston meanwhile kept up hia nutiMH 
mnticft. He nadv varioua nti<MDpi4 lode- 
vise means for discovering ibf longitude. A 
Urge reward for ■ sueceasful att«mpt waft 
ol!'(rred by parliuuieiu. Whiaton co-op<iraled 
with iliiiuphr^v llitton [q. v. J in a achcma 
piihtii>hrd in ^714, which ^'as obvioudj 
cbJiai^rti-al. In 17:20 bo jmbliahnd a new 
plan foundnd on the 'dipping of the nc«dle.* 
improvtrd in 17:il, but al'ttirwardu found 
that hia ' labour had been in Tain.* A 
public aub»cription, however, was raised 
in 17:2] to reward biro and <^&ab1c him lo 
carry on hia rttttearchmt. Th& king gate 
10<l/., and the tot^tl was 470^ Sm. tjti 
Another duin of Ji<X)f. wna raia«d for him 
about 1710, the whole of which, however, 
WOA spt^nt in a survcr of the coasts, for 
which be vmployvd u iir. Iteuabaw in 17-14. 
A chart waa laaiied, which he declare* to be 
ibv moHt correct lutht'tlo puhllahud. In 
1720 a propoMil to nl^-ct hiiti u fellow of th« 
Hoyal Soeitty wna defeated by Newton. 
Newton, aiTiirdiiiig lo Whiston, could not 
bear to be coniradiRted in hici old age, and 
(or the last tbirteen years of hia life was 
afraid of Whiston, who waa always rcadyto 
contradict any one. 

Whiston lectured upon varioua aubjectft, 
comprising tuuteur«, ocUps^s, and aarUl' 
quakes, which li« connected mure or leas 
with tho fulhlmeiit of propheciw. In I72fl 
ht! had ituHli'bi miule of t lie tabcmiicle of 
Muaea and the temple of Jonualem, and 
nftcnvnrd* iMctiireid upon tb«m at London, 
Bristol, Halb, and Tuiibndge AVelU. Them 
lectures and ntbi're preparatory to the Tt^ 
ittoratinn of thv Jews to Palestine (an event 
which he regarded oa rapidly approaching) 
were to be hia 'peculiar busiueas' bence- 
forch. llo cotiiinut^d, however, to puhliah a 
I vavit-ty of pamphlets and lreati»>s ui>ori hi* 
I fiivouriti! lopi[». Ilia most succesaful work, 
the trunalutton of Jc>»rjihiiit, wil.b wwral 
diaaertationa addcjl, appparecl in 17R7, and 
bus )»ince, in Hpitv of defective scholarship, 
been the estahltahed verainn. In 17<'S), om 
the deHlh of bis succ^-ssor in the Cambridge 
rrolV-dfwirahip, Nicholas Saundcrson [q. v,"* 
be applied lo be reinstated in his 
but reccin-d no answer. In his laat 
he took up a few moru fancies, or, 

Eut it, made some new diacoveriuiu 
ecaiuo coiirincud chut unoinliiig the aiok 
with oil was a Uhriattan duty. lie found 



I 



that tbu practice l»d been curied on iritb 

mucli Huccess br the baptists. U*; bad 

httliL-rtu Btti-ndi'^ tbi< servicer of the cburcb 

of Kcifflond, tbnuab in I71'.> Iltmry Socbe- 

Tfiretl [q>v.] Uua Rndcavminji] to ftxelude 

1)im rrniu tlie pitriab cburcb. WliUton de- 

clired oil oS«r from a Iswyt-r tn pnweciittf 

&achfv«.>n>ll Enituitously, Nayinft tbot it 

-troiiM proTA nim to be * n-i fooliAti and oaa- 

cionate M the doctor bimself.' IlcpubUsuml 

• curiou 'AMOiint* of I>r. ' Sncocvorf!ir.i 

^rtoroco^diDga ' in tbls maiter in 1719. (ira- 

^^Btinlly be became utioninfoTl«ble iib«>ut tho 

^^^Lhaouian cra«d, and fiimlly gnvi* up com- 

^Bnunion witb the cburcb and joined tbc ba^ 

^■tiats after TrintlT SundiLv 1747. H>' bi.'ard 

a good cbaracttT of the MontviaiiN, but was 

cined by perceivinp tbeir ' we«liDea« and eu- 

tbtwiasm. H in 'most fnnioii* di»cnveiry,' nr 

ntviral nra diii«»««rT, wo* tbul tbe Tartars 

were tbe loat tribt.'S. Uo was still IwturiDg 

at Tiitibrid^it WtdU in 174(1 wbf>n be an- I 

nniinced that the millenniuTn would ht-ipn 

in twenty yv»n, and tbat tb^rv vrnuM tliirn 

Pno more enmine^tablfls at Tnnhridge 
ells or infidels in Cbriatendom (Af^moirt, 
p. ;t3:)). Tic appears there in 174114 in th". 
Wi-U-known picture pr«flxed to the third 
volume of the ' Iticharaaon CorrespondciMw.' 
Id 17^} bv gave anotber ivTivf of l«ctur«« 
(piiblish«-d in second voUitne of ' Siemoira '), 
abowinp hnw hi-i predictions were eonfimied 
rbr th*" •:«rth(]ual[ti of tint yei»r, and (bat 
^Isry Toft ij. t.I, the rabbi t-wninan, bad 
been foretol<f in tb* bonk of Esdnw. 
j^ Whistoii dirti on 32 Aug. 1763 at the 
'f' hou9« of ^imoual Darker, busband of bi« 
'^ oniydau^blcr, at Lrndon. Itutland, IIowaH 
buriird at Lyndon ix*«ide bis wife, who died 
in January i7oO-l. II* left two sons, George 
and Jobn [q. t.J A youu^ brothi-r, Danii^l, 
■wiu for flftytno yvan curate of .Soreenihiim. 
He agreed witb bin brother's views, and 
-wrot« a ' IVimitivr Cut^-cbi^ni,' p«Wi«bM by 
his brother. H*" TV'fusod prfifftr!npnl.s from 
unwillin^css to make the neceraarx sub* 
script ions, and wiu prote<c.t4-d. it is mid, at 
the sutTffeation of Samui^l Clarke, by the 
ticbcss of Marlboroiif;b (Nifiiot,'*. Lit. 
'A»e*^. viii. 376-7). Ilo in apimrmitly tbu 
Dani«l who died on lit April I751t, aged ^3 
(i4. i. fiOG). 

\Vbi«toa b^longvd to a fniuiliar type an a 
man of very aAat« bat iU-balanced inielli<ci. 
liis leamiuz was great, faowKwr fanciful \u* 
theories, and he no doubt hftp<^ tn call at- 
ICDtionto important points in ecclp«ta»tii'Bl 
history. Thi? clinrm of his Mmplt>-mind«l 
boncfly gives great intt^rest to his autobio- 
graphy; thoiiKb a Urge part of it is occupii^d 
■witli rather liresomL- accoutiu of his wrilmgs 



i 



and careful diivctiona for their ireatmont by 
the fiitnr« r^publJshers, wbo have not yet 
ap-jteared. In manv re*peclJ» hw strongly re- 
sembles the Vicar of Wakefield, who adopted 
bi« priacipleti of monogamy. Hie condem- 
aation of lloadly upon tbat and other 
BTOurds is in the spirit of I»p. IVimmd.* 
{MrtH'jir*, p. 209). It w not impn^bable that 
Whiston was more or leaa in Goldamith'a 
mind whitn hi- wrotv bis masterpiece. 

Wbiaton's portrait, by Mr*. Snrab lloadly, 
is in tbe National I'ortruit Gallery of Lon- 
don. A cbftract<>ri»tic portrait, by II. White, 
is etttrraved in his ' MtunoirV and abm in 
Nichols's ' Litt-rary Anecdotes' (i. 41M). 
Anoihi-r by Vertuo was angrawd in 1720. 

Wbiaton's works, omillmu- a Uvi occn- 
Htonal papi-rs, are: 1, *A New Theory of 
the I'^anii,' &c., lOWJ; appvndix added to 
Bth edit.l73«. 1. * Short Vii-w of the Chro- 
uoloijy of ihu Old Tfelament/ ftc, 1702. 
a. ' Essay on the Ilevclntlon of 8t. John,' 
170(1 (nearly tlie same a<i * Syncbronismo* 
rum A )KMl (ilii-iiriim Series," ITI^). 4. ' Pne- 
lectionRe AHtronomictc/ 1707 Tin Kngli<t1i 
iTi 171'> Htid 172tf). 5. 'Tboacooiupli»hiui.'nt 
of Scripture Prophpcica/ I70B (lloylr b-r- 
luren). tt. ' SermoDB and Kuavt upon eevcral 
Subjects/ 1700. 7. ' I'HBlectionM I'hysio- 
Alaihematicio,' 1710 (iu English in Iftfl). 
8. * Essay upon tbe Teaching of St. f^atius,' 
1710. 9. 'ilbloricalPrsifiiiw,'l'IO(in 1711 
prftiied to ' Primitive Obristianity,' aud re- 
publifihed separolelr in I71ft). * 10. Two 
'|{.-p]ie-(o!)r. .VIJen.'lTll. I J. ' Rcmaiks 
upon I>r. Grabi^s's ' Bmiiv upon two Arabick 
MSS.,' 1711. \-2. ' IVinoitivH Christianity 
revived/ 1711. 4 vols. 8vo (.-ontaining 
ibe Epistles of Iguutiuti, tbe 'Apostolical 
CotutituIJons/ and dissertations; a fifth 
voluiuw, cotituiniug tiio ' Kecngnitions of 
("lempnt/ woji addi--(] iiiJ7l2). 13. ' Atbana- 
sius convicted of Forgery," 1713. 14. *IVi- 
iiiitivn Infunt llapttsm revived,' 1712. 
Ifi. ' Reflexions on an .iLUonymous Pam- 
phlet' (i-e. Collins's 'Discount of Free- 
thinking'), 1713. 16. 'Throe lisaays' (on 
tbe Council of Nice, 'Ancient Monuments 
relating to the Trinity,' Ac, and * Tb.> 
Liturgy ofthe Church of England reduced 
nearer to the Primitivi- Htandnrd '), 1713. 
17. ' .\ Coiirw of Mechanical, Optical, Hy- 
dr<3«taiical, and Pneuniatical Ejiperiments,* 
1713 (w-ith F. Haiikiibpe). IK 'A New 
M^thfid of discovering the Longiludu,*17I4 
(with llumphrpy llirtony 10. 'An Argu- 
ment to prove tbiit ... all Poisotis Bolumnly, 
though irwffiilarly, net apart for the .Ministry 
are real Clerffyroen . . .,' I7I4. 30, 'A 
j Vindication of tbo Sibylline (Jraclivi,' 17IB. 
I 21. 'St. Clemenl's and St. Irenioua'a Vindi- 



VVhiston 



u 



\V hi taker 



Mtioo of the Apostolical Otuiskitutiou,* 
171ft. 22. 'An Awxnmt at a Surwrixing 
Meuor,' KItt (Anotlur in 1719). 2.1 'An 
AddtMa to the J*riDoe8 ... of Europe for 
lb« AdmiMion ... of the Christiitu l!«U- 
pOD to tbtfir Dominions,' 1716. ;^4. ' Atitm- 
noinic^kl I'rincipW of R'-lifjion,' 1717. 
Sa. 'Scripiuru Folitie*,' 1717 (to which is 
wldcnl 'The Su{ipo«al, or a New St:liem« uf 
GoTenuiusnt,' privKU'ljr i)rint'.-cl in 1712}. 
89. 'A Debnw of tli« lti»liop of tendon,' 
17I9[ a second 'Defangf,' ITli). 27. 'Cnm- 
mntsiTon lh« Thrm Cntliollc EpUtlcs of 
fit. John,' 1710. 2*. 'Irfttcr to ih« Fjirl of 
Nottiogbam canc«rning tho Etemilrofthe 
SoaofOod/ 1719, nix cdilinnii; 'lU-i)ly'to 
tlwHiiwia 1721. 29. 'The true Origin of 
tile SaboUiftn and .\thanuiAii DoetrliiM of 
tho Trinity,* 17:!0. 3U. ' The l^nj^itudu and 
LatituOt.* diMOTered by the Inchnatory or 
Dipping XcwHt," 1721. 31. * A Chronolo- 
gical Tublv, C'jutaininit th« ll«hrow, Phceni- 
cian, Kgrptioa, and Chaldean AntiijuitiiM,' 
1721. 32. 'An Kuoy lowatdfroelDnng Hr- 
Tni*- Text of the (»ld TestsmtnL,' 1722 
(' fiupplemenl ' in 1723). 33. 'The Calcu- 
lation of SoUr Kirlipsefl without I'limllnxes,' 
1724. ."il. 'TIip Literal AcconipUiJiniRni of 
Scripture IVophBcii-s," 17:J4 ; (vnnw^r to Col- 
lins's 'Ciroiimu and Ruaaona' ('Siip|ilflmcnt* 
in l"2->). 9H. 'Of the Thunderiinf Legion," 
172fi. 30. * A Collection of Authentick 
Records, IwlDugius lo the Old and New 
Tiwlnnu'lit.'* • {in Kngliah), 1727. 37. 'Tin. 
noreb Covenant, ruvivod,' 1730. 3«. 'Ilia- 
torical Mtunoirg . . . of Dr. Snmii-] Clarki?,' 
1730 (threat cilitions'l. 39. ' Paraphnwo on 
the Book of Job,' I T.'SS. 4(K ' The TMlimony 
ofl'hlcffon viiidiriiiwl,'1732. II. 'Six l>t8*cr- 
tfttiona/1731. ■i^.'AtbnnHsianForgeriea.Iin- 
poaitioiui, and Intoqiolniiona' (by a 'Lorer 
of Truth'). 1"3(}. -13. 'The I'mnilifK Eu- 
charist n-Tived,' 173tJ (af^aiiist llitadly'n 
'Plain Account'). 11. ■ Tho Astronomical 
Year/ l?:*?. 4fi. 'Tla- (Jeuuiim n..rt<» of 
Flariiis .loftephiia, lh« Jewish Historian, in 
English; 1737 (often n^rirl^d till 1879), 
46. ' An AccnunC of the DiBmoniafJifl,' I7.ir. 
47. 'Thtt Lonffitudy found by the Ellipses 
. . . of Jupiter's Hancts,* ir"3H. 18. 'Tho 
Eteniity ot Hull Torments considered,* 17*10. 
49. 'Three 'IVacts,' I74;i. r.l). 'The IVimi- 
thre New ToHtamitnt in Knitlish,' 1745. 
61, 'SacH'tl Hi»lorv of the Olil and New 
Teatament; reduced inlu Annnii),' 174^. 
52, 'Memoirs of the IjilVt and Writing* of 
Mr. WilliAm Whiston, containing sRveral of 
hi« Friends also, and writtt'n by Himself,' 
174W; 2nd edit. 17ft3. 

[Whidton's Mnmoini is the chief autboritj for 
his lifa. BafwonoM abor* aro to the second edi- 



tion. OthM- fieta are raeatiaBad in bla Tntuu 
.See sUd Nidiola'a Lit. A.nKd. i. 4M-aOS. fat 
nutneruos refereaceii to Wliiiton's rarious CQOU^ 
Ter)iMa,aee the Initx tathcfiametroA.JL.8. 

WUITAKER. [.See also WHinacRB.] 

WHITAKEE. Sir EDWARD (1080- 
173r)(,lwmin IdtfO. admiral, waa on 10 Oct. 
1688 aii)>ainle(t lieutenant of the Swallow, 
then commanded hr Matthow (afterwatds 
l^onl) AvhoMr [n-v.] In 1089 bn was in tlu 
>lary, in 1(100 again with Aylmer, in tbe 
Koyal Knlh«rinw, and on l.'S Slay 1090 lia 
wa-t promoted to he mptain of the Dorer 
of 44 guns, in nhich. during tba follcnrias 
three yoni^i, h« madd tfvenl rich ftitta ana 
captured many nf the French priTBt«en. In 
16U3-4 lie was flag-capUin to Aylmcr in the 
ICoyal Sovereign. In lfi9<'>-6 h« suceeasiTely 
coiumanded the Eliiabeth, Monclc, and St. 
Andrew, and was flag-copt&in to Sir Clow- 
dteloy Sliovi'll [q. v.] in the Victory, ta 
169S he was living at Leigh in fls«ex. la 
Mav 1690 ho woa aupointod to the Portland, 
iLti;[ oil 13 Jan. 1701-3 to the Kanelogh, one 
of the Itdy ships commiaeioned on the nna 
day- A month luttr, 1t1 Frli., h« wasap* 
poinHvd mftftli^r-attendant at Woolwich, and 
seems to have held the otfice through thii 
jaar. On 4 Jan. 1702-3 he waa appoiottd 
to the lleMoration, and, a few daya later, 
from her to the Dorsetshire, on« of the Ba«t 
with Itooko in the Meditenaneau iii 17(M. 
In tlin rapture! of (lihrallar Whitaker actml 
08 aidt^-dfMmmp to Sir Oeoign BjTig fq. v.], 
' hi« sliip not bring upon Mrvioc,' com- 
manded the bonta in the attack, rallied the 
meu when pauic-struck by the .•xploeion of 
a nagnzitic, ard hoisted the English edoun 
on the baation. In the battle of Malaga 
the Dorset shin' was one of the rod wiuadron, 
and wus closely 4>ugag«d throughout. In 
17U.1 Whitaker commanded tho Oarfleur ; 
early in 1706 he was promoted to hv war- 
lulmirnl of lh<i lil\i<^, was hnighled, and ap- 

Eninted to cnmmand a equadron off Dun- 
irk. In .\pril he cnn^-oywl the Duke of 
.Marlborough to Holland. 

In I70y, with his flog in the Northum- 
berland, he w«nt out to tlw Mediterranean 
with .Sir John Leake [q. v.], and in August 
commanded the detachment which eo- 
onernted in (hfl r«ducliuu of Minorca. 
Whpn LBakii returned to England, Whitaker 
rc.mnined in command, and tin 2l Dec nrat 
promoted to be vici^admiral of the blue. A 
commisHon of 20 Dec. to be admiral of tlte 
blue seems to hare afterwards bwn canc»II«d, 
and on llNor. 1 709 ho waa mode vice-admiral 
of tho white. In January 1708-9 h» waa re- 
lieved from the command in chief io tlie 



_^ inMa by Sir Qeotge Byngt ■with 

whom Ik remaiaed *e second, till be aaain 
bectine chief by Uyng'i return to Enilaiid 
in July ITOd. In lliu ftummcr uf 1710 h« 
aUo mlunted to England, mid bad no 
farther aea semcc. ife livod afterwards in 
retira-mont, nnd tli«d on '20 \uv. I7!i't itt 
Canhallon in Surrey, where he vaa buried. 
His will (in Soownwt Tlouw: Duciv, iiWi 
wft.<« proTtd on .1 Dm. by bin ni(>co, -Mnry 
Whitakei, epinster, sole executrix. Ilia 
vrifd F.iiukbuth (CilARNOCK, ti. 370) dt<<d 
on \ Si'pt. 1727. The will mentions his 
mepbevr, Capuiia Samuel Whitalcer [i^. iii. 
113), who, aa comnADdmi^ a ftbip «i 
Gibrmltar and Malaga, ba* bueo oft«n con- 
fu!i«d with bis uncle ; and hiit gnind- 
daugbtnr Ann, daiigliUtr nf hi« *nn, Caiftiiii'i 
Edward Wbitakor, deceased, whn if) oruprad 
to be brought up by Mary Wliitak'^r, 

Pnpuntlu (ftax nnd without tlm ddvio', 
tvction, or rantrol of bcr mother.' Marv 
t«<rward9 married lM*r St. Eloy, wlio ad- 
inistiircd Wr will on *2ll July 17Sd. 
[Cluininck'it Biogr, N»v, ii. 36fi; MMOoir* r*- 
Ultn^ to the Ijunl TurrinKton iCAntden Soc.). 
pp. UO-3. lfll-3. 1»6 ; Udiard"* NftT»l Hisrory ; 
jCftDDlnffOBd Bmy'aSiLmT, li. 617.M8: OcnI. 
Uag. 1 736, p. SB2 ; OIBcial Irtlcro, luirl oommi»- 
•ion and varrant boolu id lb« PnUie R«eoid 
I Offlae.1 J. K. L. 

■ WHITAKER, KPWARD \VILIJ.\M 
^n7&2--1618), dinne, hirtorian, and pbiUn- 
tbropirt, »on of William Whitakor of Lon- 
don, Beijeant-at-law, born in 1752, was 
matriculated nt ChrLit Church, Oxford. 
■J April 1773, uud ^oduau-d U.A. 4 FuU 
1777. lie waa institute to lhi« n-clory of 
St. John's, Clerkenwflll, ia 1778, oftenvarda 
to the rectory of Ht. .Mlldn-d, Bmod Htr««t, 
London, and from 17B3 until hiii death he 
hnld itw rwctory of St. Murj- -de-Castro with 
that of ,\U Sainia, CnntiTburv, lit? wa« 
(he founder of tbt* li^^fage for tlie Destitute. 
For many Ti>ar» he n-sidL-dat llftLnm, Surrey, 
rUere he kept a school, llu diid ut 13ri;au- 
roet llill, Loudon, on 14 Oct. 1^18. 
lit! aumerouA works includu: 1. 'Four 
on th^ Uorcrina uf lh« Holy 
ty, tanght thmuffliout the Scripturee, 
and on othftr p«int» wniob havu of ]al« b«wa 
suUecta of . . . diBeitA»ion,' Cant«rbarv, 
17^, 8vo. 2. 'Sermoas on Education,' 
totulon, 178*, 8to, S. '.A. Letter to the 
PiMpIe of tba Jews,' London, 1788, 8vo. 
4. ' A Oencral and Connoted \''i«w of thtr 
Prophecies rvUtin? to tbo times of tho 
Gaatil^a, delivered by our bliJAued Saviour, 
tbu Fr(>plu.-L David, and the Apostles Paul 
and Jobu; with a brief aocouut of their 
Mcompliabment to the prasont age/ Kgham, 



179fi, ISnm. An «nlarfi;ed edition wat pub- 
linhed under the title of 'A Commeiiury 
on the IM'olation of St. John/ London, 
180-J, )*xo. 6. ' Familr Sermons,* 2nd edJI. 
l,ondon, 1801-2. 3 voU. 8vu. 6. 'The 
Manual of Prophi'cy,' HKfaam, 1S0)<, litma. 
7. 'All Abridgment of Oniverwil Flistory," 
].oiidon, 1817, 4 to1&. 4to, 

[BiogT. Dirt, of Living Autborc, 1816. n. 383 -, 
Ilitrlin^'K Tycl. ItilJ. pp. 3180, 31BI; iWor'a 
Alumni Oxov,. 1716-U88; Gent. Majr. 1S18, 
li. -171; rinlu'a Clcrk»well. r. 329: Watt's 
Bibt Brit ] T. C. 

WHITAKER, SiK FRK DKRICK (1812- 

l»tH I, [jfi'micr of New Zpftlnnd, cldMt son 
of FrtfJirU-k Wliitnker,<leiiuty-lieuienant of 
Oxfordshire, waA horn on 'JH April 181:! at 
Itauipton, Oxfoidshire, and br»u(fUt up to 
the prttfefisian of a Aolidtor. In \H3». »uon 
after he bad qnalified, ho emif^tod to Syd- 
nny, ami ihuncpwent on to New Zvalaofi in 
18J0, settling down to practice at Kor^ra- 
rvka, tlwn the seat of jj^ov.irumfMt, and mov- 
ing with thti government to Aurklniid in I h» 
following year. In 1H42 he wtia appointed 
a county-court juilye; hut in 1844 theae 
courtit were abulishod, and lie nnc« more rc- 
t[ini<>d to the practioc of bis profvuiBion. 

In 1845 Hhitulipr waj iippoint4>d an 
nnollicial moiniiin' of the legislaiiv; cnmnl; 
and during the fir«t nntivu war of 1K4<'> and 
1846 hn was callpd uixm to serve in the 
militia,of which ho waa a major. In 18.^1 
he waa elected to reprf»eiit Auckland in lliv 
loffialative eouncil for the province of \ew 
t'lcUT; but lliu council was ("upi'rscdtsl 
bL'fore meeting by thti constitution of 18W. 
I'ud'.T tbu now (KiQBtilutii)R h» was elect(>d 
a mfmbur of tho new provincial council, be- 
coming eumewhat Inter provincial lawofliccr 
Bud II Rir-mber of the provJucia] executive 
council. In 1M3 hewas nominated a mt^m- 
l»T of thy leKnslati\w council, and in IftM 
took hLi *.-ni us such in tb« firitt general 
aseembly of tlio colony. In I8W hv voa 
appointod attoni«v-;7«itr*ni.t iu aucc&ssion to 
William Swiiinsoti (iKKt-ltWl) [q. v.], and 
later in the year liw tjecame speaker uf iho 
legislative council. On 7 May 1856, with 
th« intn)du<-titm of responitiblirgovfimment, 
Whitaker borame fttt(imey-u;e«cnil in tb« 
BelUS»we!l ministry, and," although hefrtre 
the end of 3fay he was out of offico, he was 
diirine .Inue again ailomey-gGncral under 
(Sir) FJIward William StalTord; in thiacapa- 
city he was leader of the government in tho 
legislftlivo council. Tho two main qu«8tion» 
which tbL* goviiniment had to face wer» 
thoM of tba organiMtion of provincial ad- 
mintstrations and of the Adjustmeut of nativn 
rights. Uii 13 July IsOl tbuy were de- 




1 



Whitaker 



t6 



Whitaker 



Atfli«B tW BBWrii of aulTeK&in muA ' 
lb «v tf IMOL WUtaker ww wt «r 

mt f f t— 1 w ito D aw Kt ■ JKigti y withwrt : 
• «Mi a tW afcdwc ; ia Odobcr tkt alai- 

wi Wfcdik* hee— jfBMJLt ai oog of tfcs 
■Mt awj firiod* ai tW cDloaial iMtofj. 
BivUDt fiv UN ■BMnnaaaaf nfacUiDa And 

Move Mltl^BBBtB WW M*Bfll^ CntHSMO* 

HrvM MOB ia TolTrd ia diipstc uritk tlw 
mam t taoe , Sor Gfei|p Gfqrr u te th« «»- 
Ami ctf the Ibon wm, wtoek vm Uwd >1 < 
JH Wight iM» A«Mf ^ CbsMMM S*mpen, 
IMi ad U65). Ercotnlhr h* iwigned. 
S«Mah« 16M [Me WiiSf Sn PKDERtcx 
AiMsnl la iM& Iw WW devud saper- 
iaUa^Mt'rf Aacthad, *aJ ia tiw ••■« year ' 
WW Biabar lor htaall ia tha Ikmm of »- 
fi—loriiM B» M tlw vnaatamm to the 
ataagerftkfeatof gOTtirwaeMfcoa Anck- 
laad la W«Ui^tML Hii wekwrnw fur tbr 
aiwaiiilnTiiia M the laad faad wu one of 
dw dwT kaa of kii poliey. 

b 1987 WUtakw mind ft«ai ibe u- 
aoablr lad tht pott of Npmalaideatf mad 
dovoiad hi— elf to the pnCtic* of bit pro- 
todiM, Mkd to meahoop ia Tariooi boa- i 
MHBt eovaeelOB with tiaiber ukd ffrutng 
MwdlMBMBBg. H« WM Car luajr jrcam 
ia fartMrtfcif widi Tbonu BumbII, and I 
cewrad a lacntJT* private pnetiee, but 
Ih iBTTWfnionn lAd speculations were un- ' 
fclliilwU. aad he dii^ po(>r. A mmn of 
■alirn^ iadnKnr sad ecUTitT, be was % ' 
dbvdar of tho Beak of N>w 'ZeaUad. ihr 
Htm Zealand Sagw CoapanT, the New 
y»i.»i and Rirer Plate L«Bd Mortsag* 
"T"j ukd other local uutitotiiMu or 
Moaeica. Some of hit laod claims, aocli aa I 
ne anttar of tl>e Kaho Hwanp, came bdom I 
tha leiiiaTaiiiiii and were lou aubjact ofi 
■eriMonoiudebair. Id 1^75 be oaee more I 
Rtomed to poliiiOB, and ■v*^ elected for i 
Va^MlDtotM booaeof rvprvc-ntaliti-ai; in' 
flifli inbra 1870 ha became attomPT-^eBeral ' 
ia AdDDtoa's nnnUDent, taking later the 
aortblio of poaU aad telt^apb*. His Uad 
■fll thia jear waa stn-nuuualy oppoaed, aad 
BthgC witbdnwa. t>n ia Oct. 1877 Che 
g o aar aai ew waa defatted, and in tb» 
l UMja l eleccioe whicb IbUawed ha lost hie 
■eat- XUit ttie iaeominc ministry waa ahort- 
lirad, aad vben Sir Jmid Hall formed hia 
adaiaiatiation, \\'hiuk«r became attortte^v- 
aeoaal with a eeat in the lefrisUtiw cotmcil. 
it waa doriiur thb tenn of o1fio>- that h^ 
came iato ooWaion with Taiaroa, the Uaori 
Banher, over fcta wart eoaac aettleaMDCa 
bin. Oa il April 1883; oo HaU'a reMgna- 
tiOD, be becaae prvmier aad reoonstracEed 



theaiBte>7;aa»Se|C 1883 beraMgaed 
to attend to pmate a&us. H* was iiiaiiil 
K.a)LG. ia Febraan ISiyl. Ania in 
Ottotar 18B7 WUMfac nanaed hii old 
pMitiaa «t atlnwiar gaaial aader Sr 
HcB7 ArHain, mxAm ia ibe iMB»ea tiU 
hi* baaltb hagaa t« fidta 1890 ; ia Uwen- 
baraflkaiwr tke wiaiatj i laajgaad, aad 
Whitakar daeiM to nttw 6m oahGc lib. 
He fied at bit oAoe oa * Dae. 1801, aad 
waa bttraed ia Su Scefhoi's owaiety with 
naaoaie knoacs aad aneb aiga of pubUe 
HMHindaB. 

Whitaker bw baea dairrib«I a* ' probablj 
the anat maaitabia public man in S'ew 
Zealand' ^GtsaoKn, opLctt. p. 71), jret he 
wo^ed with WMier efliaet ia aohoniinau 
poaitien thaniraan bolduif pioBiaeat offlec; 
.^ a premier he haid^ aaeewded ; aa adviatf 
to maav viniaUMS ha Jiiflainiii was power- 
fnl aad aAdaat. Ila was aaither a ^fxA 
fyf^kar iwr eoircapaedat, yex be was skil- 
ful in draftiar billa in rlear and siaipla lao- 
Roafe. Rtuden ntKrlv and perfaapa too 
•rvrrelT cDademoa hi> hi^h-haaded potior 
towarda the Maoris. lie was eertainljr pr»> 
niaent in iaatigaiiaff t aaa aar aa which oo 
thor lace diannnlea kha aatieca' intenat, 
Whitaker awRiad, in 1S<3. Aorasu (d. 
1884), nifpdaiigbl^r of AleiaiMkr Sbepheid, 
coIobmI tnaaarsr of New Zealand, and left 
four a ooa ■ oae of whoa waa in partaanhip^ 
with him— aad thtae dauphtera. 

[AadJaod Wadtly He««, 11 Dee. 1»1 ; 
MenaaU'a Diet, of Anstralaaaii Biogntpbj ; Ot»- 
boTDr'a N«v Zaaland Rolen aad 9tat«anin ; 
Ru«f«e'i Hut. vt New Zealand, rob. ii. aad iiL 
pa^in] C. A. H. 

WHITAKER, JEREMIAll (15W- 
IO'^).pariian divine, wa^ bom at Wake- 
field, ^Ofkahire, in ISEW. .■Vftet beint' «lu- 
nted at the rraataiaradiool tha« turner the 
Kev. l*hilip back, he catered Sidaaj-Soanx . 
Cirilen, Cambridge, aa a aiaar in 1916, 
jroats befoie OUror Cromwell In 181 
graduated in arts, and fur a time 
■cboolmanerat Oakham. Rutland. In 1630 
be waa made reetor uf Stiettoti, Rnliand; 
atkd on the efeetieo of Hobuu Paaka from 
tbe rectorv of St. Mary MagdiUea, Bermond- 
eey, in ltU4. Whitaker waa ^oaen m hi* 
stead. ^Miea tbe Weetmimter aaaembly of 
diriiMB waa eoaraBcd in June 18*3, be wa« 
0B« of the firnt iBembeTs elected, and in 
1847 waa af^Knatad noderator. In th» aam« 
year he waa e^OM« by the Hou^e of \jxtAi, 
alon^ with Dr. Tbomait Ihnxlurin, lo examiaa 
and euperintend the a&wmblT'siHiblioatiaaa, 
Whitaker diiYl on 1 Jone 16o4, and waa 
buried in the cbanoel of Si. Marr Maffda- 
lea's Cburcb, Bermoadaer. His epiupti is 



printed in 'A N«w Vi*w of London,' I7(W 
rp. S^^. Wliilei ftt Oakhana be muried 
Che|ihtsibah,ikugkt«r tif Williom Pe*cli>>T, 
m. puritan ininiKt^jT of Oakhum. Willtaia 
WliiUker ( lrt2i»-lfir:i) [q.v.J w»-« liLs wjn, 

Whitaker WAS agood oriental iiuholar, siitl 
anremiltiaK in hU Libour*, pnwcUin^, whtiu 
in Tjomlon. four timee a voek. A letter 
fromliiml'i Cromwell uprwerred am rjnjilhii 
Sloanu niaau<«npt8 in IJio Rriti-ih MmF>iini 
(No. 41M, an. *>0t; b« writes to excii«<> 
niiiuelf frum att«n(liiig ia twnon to pri!i»«Mit n 
Inok to tile Protector, ' baing eonfiuiad to my 
chamber rnd^r BXiretne torrattiitin;^ paineA 
of the Etont!, which furcutli mo to cry and 
inoiin« ni^lil und dij.' 

[LiTiDj Iy>ran bttwMa Christ and dyiug 
CbntCMUW, • fsuLTitl ■ornion Itj Sinivon Ashe, 
1051: Bnok'a Livntof iho Purintn*. 1813. iii. 
ISO; B*!l«f'» Life of Ttli>niA» Fuller, 18'+. p. 
ill; Pmwoek'* Histwpy (rf WAkefi.-!.! OrMnntar 
School. IK92.p, 122; Manning aad Bny't Aor- 
rey, j. aiW. ai4.] J. U. L. 

WHITAKER, JOHN a733-180^), hi*. 
torianofManebnteriMHiorJaiiioji Whitakvr, 
innkccppr, wiu bom at MancliMtef on 
27 April 17.V>. iiud uttfodMl ihu Maochestw 
Cranmuir school from January 1744-JS to 
17&2, whim be ent«T«d Braseaaw Colle^, 
Ox&>rd, with a tchool (•■lilbition. Hu wait 
•Ic«t«(l on 2 ^farrb l7o.t a r<anca«hti« 
•cholar of Corpus Chrii>ti Oolle^, aiid be- 
came f^^llow on SI Jan. littS. IIo prmdu- 
at«d B.A. on 24 Oct. 1766. M.A. on -.'7 F«b. 
17fi8, and 11.1). on ! July 1767. H.> was or- 
daimKl at Oxford in 1760, and acted els cuntu 
•OOOeMivoly at N«wlon !Ii«lh chnpid, n>-(ir 
ItaiichaalBr, 1760-1, and at Bray, n«rkeliira. 
H« waacl»ct«id F.S.A.on 10 Jan. 1771, and 
liter in the year puhli-ihed hla first work, 
'The nistory of Mnnphenter,' toI. i. 4to, 
ftrming boolc i,, and containin); Rriti<i1i and 
Soman pertod^. A second udition of thin, 
in two vol*, octavo, is dat«d 177U, and at 
the 8am>> limo a quarto rolum<j of 'Thu 
Principal ('orrwtionj' to the »ri|;inul mli- 
tioD wan published. Tbfl second volume, 
«Dbncing ttin Suson ponod* wa* published 
in 1776, 4to, and never r&iuuod in octavo, 
and only two of tbs projoct«d four books 
w»r< oomptciod. A tranMriptof AVhttalier'i 
maouficript continuation to iba flfteentb 
century ia preserved at the Obetham Library, 
MancbeBier. Thiti work bu bwn conned 
* an antiquarian romance,' and tVancia Dunce 
~ . v.], on luaring liia aiinotattd copy to the 

ritiah Muaeum, applii^d thd iimppropriato 

3ttbut 'blockhvad to the nuibor. Inipite 
its diduxentDM and unlvnubli; hypothvaQS, 
U is a Taloable and interesting booX show- 

TOL. 1.XI, 



[I 



tag acute imeanh and profound lc«miag, 
B9 well aa bold ima{;inal4on and orit^inality. 
>>onio of ita weaknftisea Wi<ro ably irriliclsMl 
by John Collier (Tim Bobbin) in ' RHm»rk» 
on tb'.^ I tistory of SfanclnrsVr," by MuAClpula, 
1 77 i, and * More Fruit from the samt* L'anater,' 
1773 (cf. Tram. Lnnc. and Chfh. Antiy. 
&ic. IbO-'O. \Vhitakern«l published ' The 
(Imuinn tliitloryof the Itritous aMOFtt.'d in a 
. . . Refutation of Mr. Macpliorftou's" Intro- 
duction li> ihn llinturyiiriiTva.t Itritaiu and 
Ireland,"' 1772, ftro, '2ai t-Jit, oorrectod, 
177y, which would Imvc hi-nn tnn* valuiibln 
if it boil beM>n \pm controversial. For a 
short time 4Noremb«r 1773 to Fvbruary 
1774) ho h>>]il the moroinr preacbcrahip at 
l)erk<^lcy Chap-il, London, out left it owinr 
to a diaput><, eontxiniinif which ba pnbliih«d 
an intemperate 'Statu of tbe Cose-' While 
in London h« made the acquaiutance of 
Dr.Jobmonand Edward Gibbon. Tho Hrst 
volume of tbe lattur't ' Uucliue and Fall 
of tbe Roman Empire' was submitlod in 
nanuseript to Wbilakor, but Uihbou witb< 
h«ld hi* cbaptnr on (^liri.ilianily, and Whi- 
rak^r rircit road it in the pubUHhi-d vulumtr, 
wfaereujion be wrot« inili^tiantly to tb« 
author. 

In L77it he aotirely participated in mi>a- 
aur<>» for tbt- imnrivi.'m<'nt of i\n? town of 
Mancbi;«ter, and iu an angry paper war 
wiiifh uroMi in connwtion with tho im- 
pTovoment bill. During ibo n««t yi-ar bu 
wrotw 'An Odv ' to promote the formation 
of thf> Mancbeati^r retfimenl, iutondud for 
'reducing the American rcb^Iiu' Tim regi- 
ment nover r&nchcd ila destination, but 
was diverted to Gibraltar, where it won ita 
laureb. 

On 22 Au?. 1777 he waa presented by 
Corpus (.'brimi CoH^^ to the rectory of 
Ituan Lauyhorn, Coniwull. Iu IIH? he 

Kublii>liiid ■ Thn ( ;hiirt*r of Manchester trans- 
ited, with Kxptanalioni' and liomark^,' 
prepared nt the request of a roiniuittee of 
jnhnbitAnt«engAffedin vindinitini^thori|;htii 
of the town utralnst thf> lord of lb* mauor. 
For thin service lie re«»ived the thanks of 
the townapeople in 1703. In his 'Mary 
tjue«n of Scola vindic«l«d,' 1787, A ToU. 
8vo, bo wont beyond all previous writers 
iu dttrending tbe queen and incriminating 
bur enaminD. A wound edition i.t dated 
1790, and to tbo Hnmit dale bnlmiga a volumo 
of ' Additiona and CorrectiotiB.' Iu 1791 
and 1794 be announced ihn ' Privatw Life of 
Mary Queen of Scoia,' Tliia waa not pub- 
lished until Goor^e Cbalmere made u*i> of 
tho unfinished manuMript in hin lifi^ of tbe 
queen, 1818. His * Origin of Arianism dis- 
cloeed,' 1791, 8ro, wbUe praiaed by William 





^Vhitake^ 



i8 



Whitaker 



TUi Milderr [q. r.) io biR BatIa leritureB, 
was severolv bottdled b; Coleriaee {Literary 
Rtmaini, )k)8, it. »96). In I7v)| he pub- 
U«>lied 'Gibbon's Ilistorv of tbe DecUiio and 
FaU of flit^ Itoman l^mpiro, in vols. iv. 
T. and vi. revtewfld' (styled bv Macaulftv 
• pointless spite, witU ben- Kt)'i iberw a ju»l 
ivmnrk't: uiid in 1794 'TLo Gouren of 
ilniiuilml ovi^r the AIpii iii<c«rtniT»^,' '2 roln. 
8v«. Tile laller «tw the Btibject of * A 
Crilicit] Kxiiininxlinn ' by Alexsnilvr Fraiwr 
Tnlpf J^rd Wnndhoufllw) [q. \-.l. 1704, 
2 roU. 8vo. In 15*01 be issued bis -Ancient 
Catheilrftl of Cornwall hiMonpAll; soi^ 
veyed,' '2 vols, "Itg, perliaps liia ablust pro- 
duction. 

He died nt Kuan mclory on 30 tict. 1808. 
He mnrriisl Jane, UauKbter ol' llie Kev. 
Jotin Tn-guiiuj, rwitor of MBW^n-iii-Pydir, 
Coriiwul], Hnd htid bv bur iba-u diLu^bton>: 
slifl died on .(O Dec. I's^P. 

Ills wtbt-r works wuiv; 1, *A Coiiree of 
Sermoii.t upon Df^atb, .ludj^iurrit, HrnvMn, 
and Hell/ 17S3; anothflr edition, I8m 
2. ' Th.t ]U'«i Or'iBin of fJm'ernmout,' 179'., 
expanded fmm a HAnnon ngninKt the rennllti 
oflheFreiicli Uevoliition. It wiia denounced 
by SbLTidfti) and othirs in the Ho««c of 
UomuiTOs. 3. 'The Life of St. Neot,' IHOtf, 
Qpon whii^b he was (rn^^-d vrben he di«d. 
llecontribulud Io Hioliard Polwliuk-'a Touins 
rhieflvby[3>'nl!i*nii'nnfT)(?\-nn«birvfl.Tidf"»rii- 
wnll, l.Di; wrote on inlKwhictinnand notes 
to FIIndt'ir» Hihlf>, l.sOO: and ■ Kcmnrka on 
St. Micliiud'i* .Mmmt," in vol. iii. of Pol- 
wheWs ' Cornwall : ' beaidpn articlw in the 
' EnjjIisTi It.'\n«w.' the ' British Cntio/ and 
the ' Anti-.I«cobin llevifw.' Among bin 
contemplated but lUAccompliabod works 
were hisuiries uf ].,ondou and U.xford, a 
military history of the Itoman.'i in ItritAin, 
outvH ou ^Iiukot;]»are, and iUusIrotiona to 
the (tible. 

Hia lotttra Ui Otwrf[B ClialntprR hpt.wp/>ii 
1791 and IKM remiiin in rniiniivcript. in the 
Ohetlifira Library. They .iliow, inffr aiui, 
thnt he hankcR-d after tho wardensbip of 
M«nchp.tr*-r('fine(?i«l«Chiirch, Other b-lttrs, 
Io (ieorge Browne of Modmiii, arc in this 
nritish Mo*fum (Addil. MS. l'Hr«W). I'ol- 
wbele, ItriltOH, VVidcoit (I'eter Pindar), und 
nth«rs attest preat admimlion for Whitaki-r'n 
intcUi^ctual ominencr nnd ronviTsatinnal 
powi-rM. A ffiiod iwirt.ntit, afli>r a miniiiture 
by H. Bonp, U enj^nived in Brittnn*.^ ' Anto- 
hjoffmpliy; 1860, i. 335. 

[I'cil wb" loV Itiogr. Sk*t*bo», iii. 1 : I'olwfiftc'* 
KiTTniniiicMions, i. 83, ii. 1S5: Polwhelt^'s Trsdl- 
t.ionr, p. 152; Clialmen's Bioip*. Uii-i.; Geut, 
Ma^. 1808, ii. I03&: ti^milli'a ManchraC«r School 
Ittgittor, i. IS; BatnM's Lancarbirv, «d. liar- 



land.!. 410; J. E. Bailry'a Manair ID ^p«n ofj 
tho Manri)mtRr I.it<>mr£ Club, IB77; BHUoa' 
Autotiiggr. i. 213, S3.) ; Itrit ton's JtemioivKncan^ 
ii. 170. 205, 379; Boaao luid CoxaXaifn BibUo 
thMn ComubieiiRo, if., and the authoritiM eitad 
thrra ; PiiUtiii* Noliitibok, t. 7? (yi\\h portrait); 
iliv Lifr uf S. Dretr. 1M4, coDtaiDs lecun ttnm 
WbitAki>r; Nietioh'a DIOKtr. of Lit. Tiii. 463; 
Worth iaiiton's Diar? and Corrwp. (Che(han 
Skic.) ii, 337 ; BoiweU's Jobnion (ed. G. B. Hill), 
ii. lOK, iii. nSZ : Iinwria] Ma^siaa. iii. 1238 ; 
Trarolyan'a Lifo of Macaubiv, 1897. ii. «84; 
Southay's Itonor. i. CO.] C, W. 8. 

WHITAKER, JOHN a77e-IW7), 
rckm]>iiM.-r, and n nii-mlwr of tbn miuiR pul^ 
lishinfT firm of Button, ^^^utBker, &. Co., St. 
Paul's CbnTckynrcI, was bum in 1770. H<> 
wait a t<-nrherof miiflic, and orjraniat to St. 
C'lement'e, Kastcbeap. In l>*l?l Wbitaker 
collected and piiblisLM 'Th# Seraph,' iwi> 
%-oliimi-« of nftcred mtisic, for four votcas, of, 
which many pieces are original. He was 
better known as a writer of occasional WMi^ 
inlmdtieed in Diii«)cal plays at the priocipu 
Ibeatreti between IS07 and 1625. Among'tboca 
wkifh a(tainL<d groat popularity wuru: 'Fly 
nwny, dovi-,' ioine by Miaa Oawae on bcr 
d^biit iu tbe ' Hobrow Family;' 'O say 
not witman'H hirart. i.i )>ouf;bt,' ' Oo, Rovor, 
eo,' ' Itempraber me," ' The Little Farmer's 
Ibupbter," ' My Toor Dog Tmv,' ' Th.- Lily 
that bloomfl,' ' Paddy Carry's t'ortiUK,' aul. 
'HoiLWlin*.' 

A iiinrL' lasting claim to eolebrity i« 
afforded by \N'bitakcr's beautiful ^\vn, ori- 
ginully wrillen for three voicea, • Winds, 
gvntlv wbiaper.' Hi< died at Tbaviee' Ibb, 
Ilolbom, on 4 nee. IHt*. 

{art>TB*i Dt^t. uf Musio, ir. 450; Oanaat^ 
Bint of tha Stage, Tnla. viii. iz. ; Quartarly 
Atusieal Hagaztne, 1836. p. '2^9; Oent, JC^. 
16tB. i. 106; Whitaker's probca to 'Tha 
Seraph.'] L. &L U. 

WHITAKER, JOSEPH (1820-1895), 

publisher, iKim tn London on 4 May 18^, 
wn« Ihi^ arm of u kilvt-rAinilh. Attbeage of 
fonrtiMtn he was apprenticL'd to Mr. Barritt, 
bo(ik»ell"r. of FUi(rt Slnmt. Nine yearn later 

Jcixvng Whitnker was with John Witliani 
'arkur [f^. V,] of tlie Strand. Hw imxt vn- 
inrr-d tbe boii^n r.f J, H. & J. Parker of Ox- 
ford, for whom lie became thi? London a^nt, 
nnd opened a branch at 877 Stmnd. Here, io 
IfMU, be oriKJnatod the ' Penny Post,' the first 
ptvnny monthly church magaime, which still 
continiicB in ilii original form, and edited 
an wlltidn of the' .Mdniintt* and ' KTeiuDff 
Church Sp.r\-ica8.' In 1?S0 he projouted ana 

ftibltshod for four years tli« ' IviincationsI 
U'iriM«r ' and * Whitaker's Clersytaan'a 
Diary;' tbe latter iaEtiUtssaudbytMCon- 



I 



I 
I 



I 



A 



of StAtiunuK. He eoinnirnred buM- 
I on \w ovnt aoeounL tm a tbeolo}{ical jjut>- 
Bher in PsU Malt, and retooved in l§oo (o 
310 Slrant], whwre lio pitbliahrd, with tlie 
ftBsUtanRe of Thomaa Delph, 'The Artist,' a 
fine-nrt TVTww. Between 1&5H and l^'iSho 
edilMtliL' * G«nllciBAa'4 Mttni!in(«/ and in 
January 1)^ etaned tlie ' Books«Uer,' in- 
tend^ primarilj as on orf^an for bookMllftn 
and pubUshera, but alao adapted to tiie t&- 
quir«tnent« of book-buTen geii«raltj, Thu 
new montUy journal wait verv- itii«cc«tiful, 
and waa warmly AupportMl bvl-bV bookselling 
and publishing tradu. Witb it, in 1660, wan 
innrgi-<l ' [Vn('» Lttrrarv Advurti^r;' llii> 
i'nrm of (he periodical fuia mmaincd prac- 
ticitlly unallered for oTer forty years. 

Mill namf ha» heromc fnniiliartbTniiclioul 
EnKliah-epeakingrrounlrii'snwingti) ' ^^ liila- 
kers Almanac.' This waa commenced in 
\fi(iK ; thirty-aix thouBtod eopieii of the ArKt 
usu« M-ere aubacribed before publication. As 
an «xatnp1<* of tha wine forethought of its 
origioator, it i» Doticvab!« tbat thv ' Altoa- 
nac,' like the 'Books-idlpr,' baa been little 
changsd aiaco the tirEt uumbur.cxcopt in lliL- 
dinction of natural expansiuti. \vhitiikAr 
had a lance eliare in tlU> nrganisatinn of a 
ivUcf fund, which ultitDat4^>ly rwiched 2,000/., 
for the Paris bookflt'llen) and their luaiatanta 
in 1871. As n diitributor of tke fund he 
\B-a8 one of the first Engliahmt^ who cntcrpd 
f aria afler the aivge. In 1874 he produced 
tbo ' It«terence Catalojrne of Current I.ilera- 
tare,*contfistintf of a collect iun of catalu^ma 
(if books on «nlf- liv HnifliKh juiMiihfni, wit.li 
an elaboratti index. Other edititina of thiK 
luu^ful rnmpilntinn appeared in iH/fl, 1877, 
!.««}, 188.-». IfijSO, and 1891; thr Ut«t. in 
two THTT thick TotumM, Waft publishea in 
ISiW. 

lie published a fuw di<volioaal works, 
among which may be mentioned ' The Uaily 
Roond' (1880, and mnny siiluaeiiuent edi- 
t>OD») and Itidlvy'a 'Holy Communism.' Hn 
vac always a keun and judioioua defender of 
the inlenista of tho booksalling trade, and 
was ntcogniaod as an aarhoritv iipnn copy- 
riglit. In i87fi bft was elected a fellow of 
iheSooieWof AnliqnanVfl. H,> dird at En- 
field on 16 May l^r>. He hod a famUy of 
fifteen children, fif whom the eldest, 

JoB«pu Vebkos Whitakfji (]S45-lfi05), 
bom on 3 Feb. 1845. was educated at Jdox- 
hamiefaoal. Hepntrom-d u lifu of adrentore 
to buftinesa, and, after a voyage! In the KokI 
Indies, i"nli«tt?d in the army, and hecanw a 
full »«rgt!ftnl. at ihi- age of twenty-one. Hav- 
ing purehnaed his disrharge, hit Ant«r<-d the 
office of the ' Bookseller ' for a rear or two. 
At th« invitation of Oeorg« William Ohilda 




of I'hiladelpbia h« went to lUe United 
Slates, and wa« editor of iJie ' American 
Liturary GazutU',' and «ub«ii|uvntly acted aa 
■ub-«ditar of the * Public l<<Nlgtir ' for three 
yuara. He returned to England in 1875 to 
rrmum*- his ranni^liou with the * Itooluelkiri* 
of which he ultimately became editor, as 
well aa of the ' Kefwnjnce CalaloKue,' men- 
tiomed nhovi'. In ISfiO, in f^njnnctitui with 
hifl father, he started the 'Stationery Trades* 
Journal.' He took an active interest in all 
trade quesiinns, i^ypucially tho»« of a social 
and charitable characttr. He died in Lon- 
dunon l^Jun. 189J),in hiafiftii-th ve«r, Ue 
rnamud, in iKiii, an Anieriean fady, who 
bore him two cliiHron, one of whom eoi^ 
vived th« fatiii.-T. 

[Buokarller. 6 Fob. 18S& (wiUi portrait). 
8 June ISO.} {with poKmit); I'ubli^iers' Cir- 
cut»r, 10 Jan,, 18 May, 2& May (with portrait) 
ISM; Atheovum. lU .Ian., 10 Hay ISM; 
Times, 16 Jan. 18»4.] H. B. T. 

WHITAKER, THO.MAS DliNIlAM 
(ITi'O-lWi'i. inpugraphcr, bnro at I'ainhom 
on 8 JiiiH' l7ofl, wM »i>n of Winimtn Whi- 
lakcr (17.W-17W), curate of Rainham, Nor- 
folk, by his wife Lucy, daughter of Itobert 
Dunham, and widow of Ambroeo Alli'.n. 
In 17C0 his father removed to hia ancestral 
house at Ilolmc. in the township of Cliriger, 
Lancaahin>, and the boy was iti November 
T7l!fi pUr.iHl under thi> car*! of the llev. John 
Shaw of Koch dale. In November 1774, after 
spending n short, time with thi* Rot, W. 
Shrepnhankfl of (•rnwington in Craven, h« 
WAS admitted of 8t. John'vt College, Com* 
bridge, and wont into rt'sidenw in October 
177-'». lie roijk the degree ofLL.It, in Xo- 
vember J7&I, intending to enter tho legal 
profeuiun, which (lurpoau wa« tat, aaideou 
tlie death of his father in the following year, 
when he Estlled at Ilolnu). Ho was or- 
dainrd in 17^>>, btil mmainHl without pan- 
I nral charge until 1797, when he wafl licensed 
to thfi perpetual curacy of Hulme, having 
rtibnilt thnt chapel at hia own er\Al in 1788. 
He completed hia degree of LL.D. in 1801. 
In ]SU9no attained the great object of hiA 
wishijs in bt^comiug vicar of the exteBsive 
parish of WhaUey. Lancaahire. The rectory 
of HeY»ham, nuur Ijuncaslcr, waa pruacuted 
to biui in Jnriuary 1HI3. He resigned it in 
1819. On 7 Nov. 1&18 he becnms vicar of 
Blackburn, which brncJic" be retained, to 
gfttherwith WhalleT.untilb-ifldeath, AVIien 
settled at Holme he instituted a snri of 
local literary ehib, He devoted much atten- 
tion to improving his estate there, taking 
especial delight in planliog. He reeeiwo 
thfi gold mtxial of the Society of Arts for 
tlie greatest number of larch treca planted 

c 2 



Whi taker 



30 



Whi taker 



in one year, H* h&tl ercat inflnenw with 
the people of his parisoee, and on eeyeral 
occMiona *TeTt*d it w'lUi rwmJ eff»'Ct in 
quelUiig disiiirbaaces, pftrlicularlvBt Dlack- 
bum in 1B17. For his ' patriotic utrricf's ' 
he wa^ pnwoated with a public luaiimonial 
in April Ift!!. 

III! died at BlaRkbiim Ticaragc on 18 Dpi<. 
1821, nnd wui iulcrrw] at Hulinti, litN I'oliin 
h«in^ made out of a tree of his own plnnt- 
in){, hollowed oiil by his owu dirvctiuns. 
Hii mnrrifd, l.^Jan. 17i<3, l.ii^y, danghti^r 
of Thomas Thoreeby of Laed.*, and left seve- 
ral children, of whom out', Itobort. NovrHl 
Wliitaker, nucceedtid him tt W'hailcy vicar- 
age (cf. FoaiBH, Lmii^n*hire I'fiiii/ri-c/i). 
Tliuni art) portruilo of ^^'llitttk^.*^ bv W. 1>. 
l''rysr, pngravwd in bix ' t!raveii ' anj ' Wbal- 
ler/ and by Jamoa Nortbcote, cn^^Ted in 
' Loidis and Eliavlu,' and a timaLh'r (;u[jy iiL 
the'Oentleman'a Ma^aeint",' IVhruary Iti22. 
A biial was pxocutud by Mucdoniild. A 
monimirnl. nki<«)d byptilitic KiibfiRriplion wjin 

filaced in WhalLey cliurrh in l>*42. Ilia 
ibrarv wan sold «t Sutbehy's in 18^3, wid 
hiiii roin^^and anliqnilu>R, wir.h thf^ OKCt^ption 
of his Homan altars and inscriptinn§, which 
he hMiiu'Athud to St. JohnV CollL'fft', Cntn- 
brid^, w«TH di»per!ied in HiH, 

Towards tho end of last cent urv ^\'hitftkor 
proioct«d tb« Uret of his tupotrrapuical works, 
which lijn){ hiul great fnmn on ni'coiiiil. of 
their Hirholamhip and liturarv charm. Ilia 
works weiv: 1. ' Histor%' of tb« Oripinal 
Pamli nf Whalh'v and IfonoiirofCIiibf^roe, 
in the Counties of Lancaster and York,' 
lf<Ol, 4to: 2nd edit. 1806, -trd edit. 1K18: 
4th Mlit. (enlarged by John (tough NicboU 
and I'onsonbv A, Lyone), lS7if-6, 'J toIs, 
4co. 2. * Hutory and Antiquittos of thu 
DeftneiT of Craven,' 1805, 4to; 2nd edit, 
1S12 : 3rd edit, (hr Alfrud William Morant ) 
167fi, 4to. 3. ' T)(^ MotiJ piT Hrilnnniikui 
Oiviflo annis 1745 ct ]71e; lS()i), l-imn, 
bein^ an account in Latin bas«d on John 
Ilomo'ei ' Historv of tbd ISf^hpllion of 174fi.' 
4. ' Life and Ongiaul Correspondence of Sir 
Oeoree Hddclilfb, Knt,, LL.D., the Pmndof 
th« Earl of Stmtlbrd,' 1810, Ito. C. 'TheS«r- 
inoufl of Or. Fdwin ^andrs, formerly Arch- 
bishop of York, with a l.if*; of the Author/ 
IRIl^.Bvo. 0. ' Vi»io Will'ide IVtn. I'loub- 
man ... or tlio A'iaJon of William coufiflm- 
injT Piers Plouhman,' 1813, 4to, 7. 'Fierce 
tlifl I'longhman'fl ("Ysde, edited from the 
edition ofie&S.' I8J4, 4to. 8. * Loidis and 
Eloi«t«,nran Attcmptto i^l^l!*t^/»^<^ . . . thu 
I.^wer Portions of Airedale and WliarfdaW 
lSllI,fol. (uniform with No. 8). An appendix 
ws« pnbliahud in 1821. 9. 'Tbu History 
of Kicbmondsbire, in the North Hiding of 



Torkabire,' 183S, 2 roU. fol. Thia wm 
portion of a proji»ctt.-d history of Yorkshire, 
to bo completed in about si'ven folio volumes. 
It is thu li'ast MtiA&ciory of hi« topo- 
grapbioH, tbou^b the most orAtentious. A 
Aeriea of thirty-two beatitirul platM, aftor 
J. M. \V. Tiimrr, add to ibi- Tauie and dit- 
tinrtion nf the. work. Some of this artist's 
oarly drawings appeatvd in \Mutalwr's firW 
biKik. M 

>Vbilaker re-edited Tlioreeby's 'Ducatusl 
Jjeodii-nsis ' (:inti edit, with notes and addi- 
tioiitf. 18L(i). He al^ projected, but did 
not tinish, several other works, including a 
history* of Lonsdale (1813), new udtlioas of 
John WbitiiloTsi 'lli.ilfjrv of Manchester' 
and IIorsley'H ' Dritannia Komana,' and erm 
n ni.'w odition of Tim Bobbin's * Lancashire 
Dialect * ^fw>e Collier, Joiik], 

He ^mbliaUed ten occasional eermons and 
a jwlilicaJ "[ii^ijL'li, and wTOt« at It^ast twenty- 
night articles in the 'Quarterly Review* 
between IsiJll and 1818. 

(Memoir, by J. O. Nichols. pmRxod to Mb 
edit, of Hieiory of Wbsllry, 18*3: Sichols'i 
Literary AuodotM and lllastr. of Lit.: Oaat. 
Mag. 1833. i. 83, 105. 312 i AlliUnr'* IHct. of 
Authors, iii, 2S70: BojDv's Yorksbirv Library. 
I8fl8. Wilsim'sMisrallania* (Cbrtham &><:.) coa- 
titin mTfinil iif Wliitakrr'* lett/'cs. Au early 
manti»>:rii)t cainiii>in|iUeubookby WhitakT isia 
thoGhMlMin Lilirnry, Maih.-li«st4ir.] C. W. S. 

WHITAKEK. TOBIAS(^ It»i-106I), 

fdyaicinn, was bom probably ia lltOOor ItWI. 
Id practiaed phvsic firat in Norwich, and tn 
1 Qii-i, whtln ri'sti^ing in that lowu, piibltslivd 
'ntfii v/ifiimeiai'ii,' London, 12mo. Betweea 
lt(34 and lf)3r< he n^movvid to London, «ad 
in 1038 brnucht out his moat important 
work, 'Till' 'Iree of llumnne Life, or the 
Blond of thi> Grapp, provini? tho Po^ibilttia 
of maiuwiniiig Humane Life from Infancy 
to Kxin-ame Uid Age, without any Sick- 
nesse, hy the L'so of Wino' (London, 8to). 
This dt.-rrncii of wini-, which ha regarded 0* 
a univPFsnl remedy affainst disuaM, was re- 
published in Ifi'fi, and Iransiati^d into Latin 
nnder tlift title ' l>e Sanguine Urfp' (Frank- 
fort. 1655, yvo: Uajpie. IWKI, 1«63, ISmol. 
In StptembLT 1(W0 he waa appointed nhysi- 
cian in ordinary to tht< royul oouKvLold with 
n aularv of ('(0/, a yt^ar [Cnl. StaU Papen, 
Doin. IflGO l,p.38l). lu 1061 he published 
' An Kk-uchua of Opinions concerning th« 
SmalliMnx,' London, 1-mo, to which wat> prv- 
5jtt}d liis portrait ongravud by John Chan* 
trpy; another edition appeared in 1671. 
Woitaker died earlv in lOHK, txKforo 21 May 
(cf. A. 1H64-5 p. l-J9, \m^-6 p. 4(M). 

' Tli« IVee of Life ' is ascribed bv Wood to> 
William \\'hitaker, a candidate 0^ the Royal 



I 




r 



Whitaker 




I 



College of PhTUfiana, who d!«d in the parish 
of St* ClemeDt Panics in January 1670-1 
(Wood. Fmiti Oim., ed. Hli*s ii. 17f* ; Fc«- 
■reH. Alumm O-rwi., 1500-1714; MoSB, 
Jtogai (W/. offhyt. i. 2lJH). 

rWhiukcra Worfca; GrHDger'a ^logr. HiM. 
ir. «; W»tt'i BiW. Bnt.] K. I. C. 

WHITAKER. WIUJAM(1.W«-1595). 
iQSiUr of St. John's Collefte, Cambiid)^-, and 
• Uodine divine in the university iu the lutter 
half of the 8«TeDtfi«ntb cent ury, wiu> boni ' ui 
iJiihue in the pariah of Bromley, Lancaabire, 
in \'Afi, bvtnf^ ihu third 8on of lliomiw 
^Vllitllil<•r of thai uliice, by Mlixalintli hi* 
wifo, daughter of Jaba Novell, eM., of Res^l, 
and «i«U'r of Ali<xan(W Nowcll, aeon of St. 
Panl's ' (CoopEB, Athene CantiAr.W. 19H). 
After receiving tb« rudimeiue of koroing 
St his nalivi* pumli dcbnol, hw wr« »ent by 
bis uncle, Alf-xandiT Nowell [q. v.], to St. 
Paal'i school t ni/ondi>n, and tbence proceeded 
to Catobridec, when' he matriculated as a 
pensioner of Trinity ColWgv vn J Oct. Iutf4. 
He wna ffuh«.-qtiently elected a Mbolar on 

itb» Mine rouiidB(i>>n, procuwli.-d B.A. in 
March 15e>-, and on (! Sept. I-IOQ waa elected 
tu a miuur ff llowsliip, and on 25 March 157 1 
to a major feU()W;Oiii>, at hi> college. In 
1S71 ho oommenced M.A. Tbroug^un his 
tfarliiT carver al tbunnivrsitybewaeasi'iBled 
by liiximcle. who (rrnnted him Icams, 'freely 
and without fine' iCiilkiom, N</vkU, p. 3W), 
townni* di'frayin^ bis expenaca. A'nilakcr 
uviiiced his gratitude by di'<licuting lo Nowull 
a translation of the Bookof ('onunmi I'rnyer 
into Oroulc.and a likaversion of N'oweU'eown 
laivtfr <!ali^hiiini fnim \hi- I.«Mn itiIu flroek. 
The marked abilily wir.h which ho ai^ 
(intLlwl bintself when pr^taiding na ' father nf 
ine philoflophy not ' at an nrndemic com- 
tnencement appear* to liare Hret broushl 
him proraincntly into notico. lie also be- 
came known an aa iJuIofBtigablu student of 
the acripturea, the cnmmentalum, and the 
Kbooltnen, and wm vrry ttarly in his rareiT 
nngled out by Wiiil^iftiaT ttinl liinr inajiTi-r 
of Triniir, for marks of anerinl favour 
(Opprw, vul. ii. p. V). On 3 F-.-b. l.j"rt he 
waa irutall^'d canon of Norwich (.'Athrdral, 
aad iu the «amu year was adoiitlwi to the 
dft(rr«-e of li.It,, and incorporated on 14 Jiiiv 
at Oxford (FotnrHR, Atumni Oxvn. 1500- 
1714^ In 15Mt he was appointed by the 
crown to tbu rt-giii« profetteoraDip of divinity, 
t« which Kliiabirlli ahortly af)i*r addfd the 
rhancfllorship of 8t. Paul's, London, and 
from this tinii- hit! ]j(uit iun aa the champion of 
th'' teaching of the rhiirpb of England, inter- 
preted ia its most Calrlnittic senae, apnear? 
tobavo been definitely taken up. In \b&. 



•SSIb. 



on taking part in a disputatioa at com- 
mmicement, lie took for bia Ihi^ui, ' Ponti- 
fex Ronanua cat ille Antic^ristUB, qncni 
futnram Sciiptura prcdixit.' MiaUviurM, 
aspmfeaaor, an«nrards noblished from short- 
hand notes taken by John AUenGOn, a fellow 
of St. John's (Baxur, Umt. *•/ lit. Jain't 
Oollrift, p. 1*5), were mainly directed to- 
wards the refutation of tlm nrgumenta of 
divines of llio Itoman church, c-iipuciany 
llnllarmiue and Tbouiiut Staplelon (1585- 
16!(8) [t\. r.l llo also suveruly criticised tho 
[limoy verxiou of the New Te»taiueul, thereby 
bi>coniing invoked in a coatroTerey with 
William nainuld8[a. v.] 

On 28 Feb. Utt^ Whitaker, on the recom- 
mendation of \Vhitgifi and liurgfaley. was 
appointed by the crown to the taiwt«nihip of 
St. Jobn'a Collef;i\ The appointment was, 
however, oppoaed by a majority of the 
feltowfl on the ground of his supposed lean- 
ings towardii puritani^m. llis nile aa an 
ailniinistrator justified in almost equal tnea- 
suru the appointmeol and ita ubji'Cturc The 
colloga incKOM-d greatly in numbers and 
reputation, but the puritan party gained 
ground considerably in tliv society. Whi- 
taker was B no less resolute opponent of 
Lntlierani«ni lliail of Roman doctrine nnd 
ritual, and under his teaching tli» doctrine 
of Calvin and Ueza came to be regarded as 
of far hiffher authority than that of tho 
fathers aiLil (he Kchoolnicn. 

In lliir diM^luirtfi! of hia ordinary duties as 
master bis a^iiduily and Nirict impunialily 
in distributing the rewnnla nt bin (iiaifiMtl 
roncIlintiHl evrn thosij who demurred lo bin 
I be>jlo{(-ical teaching, and Baker dwolareH 
that tho membvrs of the oolh-ge wewi 'all 
at la»t united in their affection to their 
mnster,' and that eventually ' he had no 
envmies to ovcrcom*.' 

In 1&87 he was crested 1).I>. : and in 
l-'WS, on the mostervhip of Trinity Collegu 
Ciiiling Tftcnnt by 1 Uh urcfrrinent of Ur. John 
Still [ii. v.] lo the bishopric of Bath and 
Wtlls.llv was an unxiiccvsaful candidate for 
the iiosT. In the following year ho pub- 
lished hie 'De Auihorilate Scriplurw,' 
w^lt^•n in reply to Htiipli-lon, pretixing ro it 
a dedication lo SVhitgitl (IH April l-'i94), 
tht> hitter atToTdiug A nateworthy illti'lrittion 
ofhi<< piTMinul relations with the primate, 
aiiilalnoof the Ituman coiitrovGrsialist learn- 
ing nf that lime. In May 159>i hu was in- 
Mulled cnnon vf Ciinlerbury; but his pro- 
feiwirship, mnstership. and rationry appear 
to have left him »till poor, and in a letter 
t^ Burghley, writ ten about aforlnij^ht beforu 
bis death, liti complains patbelicaUy at being 
so frequently passed over amid ' the great 



\V hi taker 



Whitakcr 



nrefertueiitA of aoe many.' llemny |>0MtblT 
u&Tu IxMtn Eudl-nnz from (li>ji!(.-tii}n at this 
lime, owiiiiK to Ihti diitagTi^-tiK'iit willt WJiiU 
pift in which, in cnminon with otliflfB of tlio 
Gainbricl[;ii hL'n>li>, lio t'oiinrl liirawlf involvoiJ 
in cnnnoction with thp prfi*rfliiliim of Wil- 
liun Harrctt [q, v.] In Nciveinber 15&5 bo 
WM depiiteii, aloDff with Hiunnlinty Gow«r 
U[. T.Jt president of Queens' Cotiege, to con- 
liT with the priroatf oti thu rlmwing up of 
the Laiubt'th articli^^. On tins u£ea«ioii b« 
appears to have pressed bia Cftlviuiatic views 
warmly, but without eucooiw, nnil he re- 
turned to Citiubridge fatiguinl and iliKiiti- 
pointei). Ad illnosB ennued by which ao 
Wtt» cjirrii'd off on 4 Doc in tint forty- 
seventh yfiAr of Lifl age. 

Thyru aru two portraits of Whitakt-r in 
thfi miisri'r's iodjje fit St. Jolui'ft Collfi^ (one 
in the it rawing- room, the other in the hall), 
both bcnrinu tlie word*. ' Dr. Whilalnsr, Mr. 
iri87,' and om; at On* Chtttham no*pifal and 
Library at Manchestt^r. lli» nort rail has alto 
bi-'ftn enp'avpd by William Marshall in Tho- 
maa FuIlerV 'Holy State,' ir>l:J, aitdby John 
Payne. Uis epitaph, in Lai in hoxnmelers oii 
a marblL> tabLt, uas Wvu iilacud on thu 
north Willi of tItR inl<?rior i^f tlift t.nLii«i-|it nf 
thi}culk<guchapi'l; it is prinlt'd in '0]iem,"i. 
7U. 

Uifi hopes of preftimient wpre disappointed 
probably owinR to the fact that ho was 
twice married, and thus forfeited in some 
mcasurv tU'i Aivour of Elixala.-th. Thu 
mfiidcn name of hia first wif.-, who was 
ailter-iu-law to LaurL'iict! Chadvrton [((. v.], 
■WEaCulvflrwoll; hi* second v.ifi>, who *ur» 
vivod Lim, wan tba widow of Dudley Fenner 
fij. v.] He lirid rijfbt childn'ii: ont- of the 
8008, Alexander, who wan educated at 
Trinity Collepw, iiftwrwurdu became known 
n9 tht) ' Apo!<lleof Virginia;' a Bfcond, Ri- 
chard, wn« a l(>amed bonkeeller and printer ' 
in London (CnmTOS, AV.ir(r/;, pp. Sal-a). 

No English divinu of the sixifftith cen- 
tury surpQMcd Whilakcr in th'e estinialkm 
of ht« contc-m|K)rarifK. C'hurLon jtiMtly BlyltM 
him 'the [iriJe wtjil ornament of ("ambriilgt-.' 
Bullarmine fa much admired bis (fenins and 
attainrafiilH that Iif- hiid liis portrait »iis> 
wnded in his =1 udv. Jofli-ph Scalim-r, 
Bt«hop llnll, and JKnuc Cnsaubon alilie 
speall of him in tcrmi' ol' ii!tm»t itiiboiindedl 
lulmiration. 

Tho followinB iit a li«( of Whitalter's pub- 
lished wnrlc», those includ'jd iii the udttton 
«>f hia theological treatises reprintud by | 
Sflinuid Driapiti at GDui-^'a in two volum^^n, ; 
foU», in lUlO, being di«tinguiith>^i by nn ' 
Mtorislc : 1. ' Liber Precutn Puhlit^arum 
Ecclesiae Anglirnniv . , . Latine Gnece- . 



quo leditus,' London, 1609. 2. Greek 
VRrnes appended to Csrr'a ' Drmcfltbitnci^,* 
lo71. iS. * Kar7]('(r^liri ■ ■ ■ rp r« 'RXX^wmii 
jfoi Tfi 'I'oi/tni'uc AmXc'cr^ it&oSt\aa,' IjOndoa, 
1fj7:i, K,74, ir,78, ]C{73 (thg On.wlc v^wion 
ia by- W'hitaker, thn I..atin hy Alexaader 
Xowell). 4. ' JoanniB liielU Sariabur. . . . 
a(lver!>un Tliomom Ilardingum Tolumcti 
alterum ex .\nglico »t>rtiioiie conversum lu 
lifiiinum a Quiielmo AVhitakiiro,' London, 
l.'»7t?. 5*. 'Ad dt^c^m raiiouo^ 1-Muiuiidi 
Campiani , . . CbriattoDs resposKio,' Lon- 
don, 1-'>81 ; ft truwlalion of thut by Iticfaaid 
Stock fq-v.J was priutixl in Ixindon in 1006. 
()•. * 'luuBis propoaita ... in Arodomia 
(.'anlalirigi«ii)ti diiiCuinilii.iniin anno flnmioi 
1&R2; cuius Humma hire, I'ontifex Ronub- 
nu« v»t Ule Antichriglns,' London, I< 
7". ' llesponiiioni.i . . . dt'f-^nftio contra 
futatiunem Inannifi nuraii Scoti, presl 
lesuita',' London, lo-SS, 8*. ' Nicolai Flan- 
deri i^Hadni^inta dc-monstratinnpa, Quod 
Papa non cet Antichrislu't ille insignia . . . 
ct carundom dcmonstrationum sotida nta- 
tatlo,' Loudon, Uttj.:i. 9*. ' Fraj;:uii-uia vetv- 
rum hnorcseon ad constituendani Ecclesiie 
i'ontiUciic anMrraaiav cullucta,' Lundon. 
K)8;!. 10. ' An iiitn-iwcrn to a certaine 
fiooUt.', written by M. William liftinoldea 
. . . cntitulpd A Krfutntioii,' liOndon, 
1G&»; Cambridge, \iiOO. 11*. ' DispuUtio 
de Sacra Scriptura eonlra bujiis lenjporia 
pspiKtati. inpnmis Robcrtum BollarmiDum 
. . . et Thomaui .StApl«(ouiim . . . aex qtuw* 
tionibus propo&ila et Tracrata,' Cambridtffr, 
IS^. 1^'.' AdvvT»usT1io. Slftpk-luui An^lo- 
pupistiB . . . deftmkinnem <-rcle.uiasticsB 
uuihorttalia . . . duplicatio pro authoritate 
ul-iuni airaniari^ S. ScrijiLunii,' Cambridge, 
159^. 13*. ' Prnlectianes in ijuibua trac- 
taliir controvpreia de eccWia contra pooti- 
ficto."!, inprimiA KohtTlnm Do-llarmiDUin 
I<ffiiiitam, in septeui quiestiones distribute,' 
Cambridpcj ioSUl. 14. 'Cygnca cantio . . , 
lioc isr, ultima illi us t;onci«adc]eruin,habita 
CuntabrigiiD anno loUo, ix Oct.' Cambridge, 
I'599. ly*. • Controvursia ic Coiiciliis, contm 

tiontificion, iitpHmiit Hobert.um Uellarminum 
cauitam, in sex n itipat iones dist ributa,' Cam- 
hridg.-, IflOO. 111". 'TmcUtii* dij [Wccato 
nriginali . . . contraStfipletonuro.'f'ambridgfl, 
l*)00. 17*. 'I'm-iectiones in cantroversiam 
delEomanoPonllRce . . .adversui»ponlificto«, 
inprimis liobeitum BeUanninum,' llanuu. 
Illtl8. 18. 'E'ra'lectionesalinuot eontralkd- 
larniinumhabitw'i'inCotir. Docker' ]>ij Pro- 

frietatihuB lesuitarum,' CJ]rpenheim, Kill). 
9, ' AdvDrsus unLTcrsalig gratis arsfrtores 
prajleclio in I Tim. U. 4' (in Pel. llanj'a 
'8umma Trium de Pnndefitinaiione Smten- 
tiurum," flarderwyk, HUS). 20. ' Prsclec- 



I 



I 



Whitaker 



•3 



Whitbourne 



tiODM d» SAcmneotie in GetwreM Jn Spede 
le SS. Baplismo ct Euclumtift,' I-'ranMctrt, 
i&ii. 21. * Artifuli do pnptlestiniktiont; . . . 
sihft propotili, VI L. Aodrews de 
ludiciiiD),' Loudon, ItioJ . 

Oder ^K^rka l)y Whitakvr urv L<.vtaiii iu 
muiuccript ; tlii- IlodlxiiLii U\tr»Ty Itaa 
* Commenurii in Canlica,'uid*Pni']flcLiones 
in pnoivm KmstoUm ud Oirintliioa * hy 
bun ; Cftliis ColWe, * Thesen : do HAe Davt- 
diB : de I*ricde0ttnaUoae ; ' and St. Jobn'e 
Cnllrfiv, CniDbridffr, Atrontisu on t-ccl<MiA«ti- 
cal iwliiy {}iii. 11. 8), wliicli Baker {liitl. 
*,/ at. Jahits Cbiieffe, p. I8«) thioki wtt 
probuljly ttttm lu» p«D, ullliougb it le&tu 
M>iD(!wh&l lo i-lTMlianism. 

(VitB) et ntunis cl<icttMiini MBctiniioique 
Tbvolosi Qttillit^lini Vi'liitak«ri nr* d««ariptio 
(b^ Abdiu Aahtoc), ia Opem. i. esS-iU-l ; 
t:pJo«>ji» in obituin ejiMdvoi (h«olo^i k VAriife 
Oudiii vtriaOtKCP ec Lttioe scripU, ib. i. 7Ufi- 
714 ^d (^olle«Ltoa ttt mart than ordioftTy iDte- 
rasc); Lifa bjr OaUk«ii' in I'liliM'* At>ol It«<li- 
Tints, pp. 401 -8 : CbortDu's Life of SowcU. pp. 
3SA-34: .Strrpe'B Life of Vt'liit^rift: U'lkor'a 
Hist, of Si. John*! Oollrgn, rd. Ililnj>or; Halnr 
at.-^. ; Ilejwtmd sod Wrigbt'i Cuinbridgo Uni- 
vennl^ TranACtiooi ; Codper'n AtllfnR CMitftbr. 
vol. ii. - MnllingBr'a HmL of Iho Univornly of 
CainbndRq, toI. it.] J. S. M. 

WHITAKER, WILLLVM (1029- IKS), 
puritui diviiu!, son of Jeremiah Whitii)ii:-r 
tq. v.], was bona kt OakhHin, ICutlnnd, in 
1630, anil in liin fiAotnili vmir was ndnttlted 
A tMinberof ICmiDiuiuHl CuIIe^,Csiiibridffe, 
wbtfe ho bL>canifi nou-d for bts akill in thv 
clanical and onciiiul Innguiiaes. Ukbsrd 
Soldavrortb [q. v.^, otfLatfr of toe college, «et 
bim tbv taiik t>f tiEolatiiiK Euatatbius upoo 
Hoini4, and bo pcrf<irnii-d it iti & bignly 
creUiuUe tnanner. lis took llto degree of 
B.A. in 1&12. Two yean lat«r \w wa» a<l* 
nitced a fidlow nf Queeoa' College br virtui^ 
of a pu-Liamvatary ordinaaco, and id 1644} 
he^Moatcd M.A. mo. oir-mbcr of that col- 
In lti>*>2 lie took orders and became 
lister of llomchurcli, K«$<.-y. lie auc- 
iKdtd hia faihcr in tbe livinii; uf Kt. Mar^ 
'alen, Iti^riuoaclaey, in l(ld4,and lit wan 
Rosw of tbtf IjondoD miniBicre who draw up 
and pnaentwl to the king lli« im-murial 
a^inot tbe oppreeaioti nf tbo Act of I'nifor- 
mity. After bis (jfctment be ii^nthvrcrl a 
iviue con^ffarion, which a-VMi-mhlftd in a 
wU aeeting-bouae in Lons: Walk, ller- 
_>iidse]r. For many tearni lii* lioiiai- wn» 
ill of candidate* in uiviuity, and hu had 
aaiiy forcin divinea under lita care. He 
led itL 1072. 
lie liaa two aermonain Aonpaley's' Moni- 
' iSxamsus,' and in 1074 eighteen uf liis 



■ennoM, vhieh bad been taken in nhorthand, 
were publiaUed by bis widow, with a dedica- 
tion to P'.lixabctb, cotinti.-t« of liJit^tcr. and a 
■ketch of tbe autbor'i ebaracier by TbomM 
Jacomb, D.D. 

(FanenlSormnn by Surniuil Annasley, LL.I>.( 
lft73; A.Jdit. U.S. 6883, f. 164; CuUrny'aUb 
of Baxter, it. 34 i ijilTrntwa lif» of Itaxtcr, 

aK iSS. 4ID. pt, iii. 87, »& : Polmva Nooeuaf. 
oriotUI. 2nd odit. pp. 157, 431 ; banii'a 
iiorantyfir* KminmL UirioM, p. 7U-] T. C. 

WHITBOURNE, Sih raCHARD (J. 

l-'j70-102ti), writi'r on Neuioundland, bom 
at Kxmiiulh iu IhjTOusfaira, waa 'a iraveW 
and adventurer into farejgn ouunlriea' at 
lifte<-n yuan of agv. lliti jnuni^vn «x.trndvd 
to ' Franoc, Spaine, Italy, Sauoy, Denmnrke, 
XorwvBy.SpruwIand, l1i<.'Canani>f>, nnd Soria 
IliLnila. Iiv miulc liia tiritl voya^* to Ni^W' 
foundland about 1S7!) in a veaatA of 3UU tonsj 
fr\'tgbt«d by Edward Cotton nf.Southamutoil, 
Tie rii>ii«d the island again in 1-^^ m a 
Soutliawpton vessel of 5^ tons, and was 
oyC'witncMof.SlrHumphfvyUilbcn'B formal 
annexation of tbe country, tbe cereniouy 
takiiiff place in tlie harbour of St. Jobu'a. 
Iu IbH-j hv paid a third visit in a ahip oj 
which ht! M-a-t part ownif, and 8aw Sir 
Bernard Dmkfi [q. v.j utpturo 'many Por- 
tiigall 9ihi[Mi lA(li5n wiih liith.' In 1^88 
'Wliirboiinie «qiiipp«d a ship at hia own ex- 
peuBC to tierve againsi tbe Spaniiih armada, 
commanding her in person, and on takina 
K*-uvi; of liie Uniilioh auuiiral. Lord Uownra, 
rectieed ' favorable letters ' from him. He 
mudu njvurul otbor voyngm to Nvwfouud- 
land.and occaAiounlly fell in with pirates. 
In IDl L he met tbu famous l*i.<ter Kastun, for 
whom liK tiviluN>|niriilly »uliriti-d a jinrdnn at 
rnurt, nnd in 161 1 enrrmntered Sir Ilency 
Mainnaring. tJn 11 May Ltll*> he mailed from 
KjttKT in II bark (■quipped at bin oi\-n char^u 
beariug a comiuiifrion Ironi ihu court of ad- 
miralty to hutd eourl» of vIcc-Bdminilty in 
Ncwfoundlttuil, tbi.- tint atlrwpt lo cn.«l«a 
formal court of justicv in the counliy. Ila 
procuodud lo ihtj rarinufl harbours, callod 
die muali^ra of tlitt Kii(i;1ii>h nhipa together 
and held courts, in wliicli Im carefully 
in'tiiiri'd into di»ordpni toiutniititl on the 
const, receiving pn^spntments and traiu- 
mittin^ tbvm to the admiralty. 

In Ulltt a whip of Wbitboimii^'s wa* rilled 
' by a French piTste of Rochell,' om- Uonivl 
T^bilo, bv winch ho lo»t morv llian HtHit. 
Ill 1617 lie w(M sunt for by Sir William 
Vati|(han [q, v,^, who was altcmptiug to 
TMtopk* Newioundliuid with AVuUlimen, and 
iti th« year folhiwing wna vntruat'i'd with 
the conduct of a accand detachment of colo- 



Whitbourne 



24 



Whitbread 



niets, who wurv c<»n?^td in ■ nhiii bolntiging 
to Wliilboiirrte Tn Yaughftn'A settlement, 
Golden Grove, now known lu Tn^pnnwy 
Tlnrbour. Tlifc Tcntniw w«« n fnilure, owing 
cbiefly co iLe idlonesB of tlieV^'eUh coloaUts, 
and il oenrly ruined Wliitboumo, who iUiv* 
imtbcticuUy tlial, ' afler the more than forty 
y««re« spent in tbeforvi&Lcl coiirsi^§, there r^ 
naines little oilier fruitw vnlo mv, muiup 
(hit jM-orm iif a good <:tniiicience' and lh^^ j 
ront«nttnent of liealih. In liWO. whilf rt'- 
eidinf{ in Ij.mdon '«! tht- »ignti nf ihnlHldeil 
Cocke in I'atr-i^rnstfr-llow,' he published I 
his 'Di»coiT9'-' nnJ Jli^cuvi-ry of Nrw-fovnd- 
land, with many n-ojnnfl to proniie hr>w 
worthy and beneficiall a I'lanmtion nimy 1 
there bo mudi-, oftor A far Ix^ttor mnnner 1 
thuii now it in. Toiretlier with tbe laytug 
open of OeriiLine l'!noniiitii_'» and ahujir« ' 
committed bv som^ that trade? lo that 
Couutroy, Btid the meaneR (aide doiine for 
refMrmation thereof. Imprinted nt London 
by Felix Kyn^^ton, for William Harrel,' 
4to. Whilbounie'a treatise found favour 
with Jiimee I, and the arvhbiBliopit orC'uii- 
terbiirv and York wvni enjoined by letters 
from tlie Inrde of the council to reeummuud 
tbe work and to iif^iil in niBkiiin t^olli'rtiotiH 
for^Tiitboiime in the •flevemll porUhM of 
this Kingdome ' to defrny tli» cnst nf print- 
ing it. By n pioclnmiiition, diitw! M April 
IC2-, Jam^-6 n-iTi.'riitvd llK>»einjiiiictirin}.and 
Krnntr-d Whitbourne the sole rij{ht of print- 
ing bia book for tw(.'Lty-<»iiu yeans. In \0'J'2 
A\Tiitbniini« iknpjdKmented the original edi- 
tion with 'A Uiacouree conlaiuiniii a lovicif; 
invitation , . . to all mirh a* .■•]iii)l hf Ad- 
TCTitiirera . . , for the ndvaucement of his 
Majeoties , , . PlantnCion in thr Nrw-fonnd- 
Ibnd/ London. 4ln. Some oopiea also con- 
tain a letter from the bishnp to the clerpy 
of bis dioi-i«o diwftinp them lo nicnmmfiiid 
UlO work from their pulpits, and to mak» a 
upecial collection for tlic nnthor. The ' Hi*- 
courso'wax dedinitud lo the kiiiy, with a 
»ii]ipl«mHiilBrT«!ddi'e)ii. 'lu his MaiestiesKood 
Snbiecta,' ond an auiohiu;p-ijpbie.al introduc- 
tion. Tin." niTOiiiit of Nt*wfiiuiidUnd ia ititt— 
restinj? and valuable, full of amtisin^ dtitu'd. 
and written willi n Uteniry skrl! hurdlv tii 
be look'td for in one who had bf-en a manner 
from fifteen yeara of BRe. Tbe ' Dinconrse ' 
had coii*idcrable fiime at ibw tim.-^ of iiA 
aptHiumiioo, and U wv«ral times quote<l and 
refcrrtd lo liy Tuptaia John Smith. Anothir 
edition of tbu ' liitcourse ' was publiahvd in 
16l>:i (Loiid.m, Jto). 

Whilhoume soon uftiT n!Ct>iT«d the bononr 
of knigliihoiKl; hill hi* cireumHtanceii con- 
tinued straitened, and he grew tired of ibu 
insctirity of his lifv ■«b<nv. Un 13 July 



{ 



\ 

4 



1626 RdwKid Dnk9 wrot« to Edward 
Nirhola.% rN>aaunendinff him aa pocnliorly 
qunliticd to command a. ship.itnd nn 10 Nor. 
lie him.ielf jtoHcitoH thn favour of Bulking- 
ham. eending a certificate of hie good wr- 
vio-A and loMea, eiracd hv Sir Edward 
Seymour, John Drue, and a'ti^ht othen 
(Oil. fittittr J'apfr*, Dom. l62o-«, p. 37-1, 
Colonial ir>74 1600, p. 82). On 11 Oct. 
I0;*7 be wrote loll null IVachey, staltntj; that 
hi' bad keen apjKiiuted lientenont on ihe 
Ilonavmilure, undur Sir .John Chudlvi^fb, (o 
hasten the ebtp round the Downfl (t2. I>om. 
l4tL>7-.^. P.363J. Tb.. dale of his doatli it 
unknown. 

A rough draft of Whitbouroe's ' l)i»- 
cnunie,'in mnnn«cript. with many alteration* 
in the author's own hntid, in nrt^jiervi'd in tbe 
British Museum (Addit. MS. Li'olH). The 
'Discourse 'won abrideedand traneUledinto 
Oerman by Tbcodor oe Hry in 10^^. for tbr 
thirteenth part of his ' llisloria America;,' a 
collection of the writings uf exuWrFn of all 
nationalities. It alM> apiiinn-d in a similar 
CDlle^tiun by LevinuB IluUius (Theil £0). 
puhlishi'd in Kt'J^ a| Fmnkfnrt-(m-MHin,and 
in 1634 in the Latin version of D« Bry> col- 
l«ction. Snmi' parts of the ' Discourse' were 
also reprintrti in lf*70, undt-r tho cditorahip 
of T. \\ hitburn, with the title ' \Ve»twara 
Uu« for Avulon,' London, 8vo. 

[Whitboiime'sWorlis: Pr0"9»'a Hist, ofNew- 
roTindliuiiJ, I S9fi; lirown's (ien««)i of thi.* UniieJ 
.Siafs, ISOO. ii. lUiO-1 ; Works of John .'<iaith 
(■^rUr'ii Knglittli Scholars' Library), 1884 ] 

K J f^ 

WHITBREAD, SAMTEl. (K.lfuiglS), 

tiolilieiaii. was only son of Samuel 'Wbil- 
ire«.l (rf. 17ftfil of Sontliill, Bedfordshire, by 
Ilia first wife, Hairiet. daujrhttr of William 
llnytfm of Ivinfjhoe. Samui^l \Vbilhn.-a<i 
the elder r.iime of a nonconformtst faniilT 
in Bedforcisbire, where he inherilml a HDul 
prnperty. Aa a young man he entered a 
London brewery, in tlit) fimt instance as a 
chrk, and in coiirie of time b*Y:iimtt po»- ■ 
eeaitor of tin.' whole? brewery tbroiiffh hard ■ 
work and jjood Inck. After n-iilivini; « l*r|l« 
fortune liu piirchaswl Lord Torrington'a 
SouLbill eahtto in 179ri iLfM^M*, Bvqford- 
sAiW, p, ISl), and for a time aupport«d tbo 
tory in[rrf«t in Uedfordsbire iCormealtu 
C'/n-Mp. ii. IIH). 

Snoiuul Whitbread tbe younger was born 
nt Onniin^on, IVdfordBbirc, in I7o8. His 
early home education waii remarkablo for 
ritrirtncss anproiichin^ suverity,and a iitrong 
religiouEj ehiiracU'r. An only eon, he waa 
lh« object of great partnlal care; at Hton. 
when; hv wun u cuntvmpomry and friend of 
Cborlea Qrey (afterwanU ««vond Karl Grej) 



! 



Whitbread 



"S 



Whitbread 



H wu accompanied by a prirato tutor; 
[tltmcH be woaacnt to Christ Clitircb.Oxfonl, 
knd iDAtriculatMl in Julv 17^. Hih pni- 
gnm ac Oxford not sBtiaJVing bis fntlitr, hi! 
WB» reoiO\"ed to St. John'^ O'ilrgu, Cnm- 
bridf;;^, irhenre he graduatAil B.A. in l7Bi, 
and wae then sentooaforei^ tourthrou^h- 
out Europ«, under the churgi- of William 
Coxe [(l-v.] ihe Itistomu. lie retiiniGd ia 
May 1786. For tie next tbrw yeiirft he 
complotcly di>vo(«d himM-Jf to tbi- biuiiK'»» 
of tbf brewttrv. Ilii laarrisfre in 1789 with 
EliEabf!th,thi5 oldest dmighicr ufSirChnrlus 
(kFlervardit )iot Marl) Uri-r, and Hiitt«r of 
bU old BchoolfeUo'H", inclined his interesw to 
politico, and itt ih'- (■rniTnl rlwlion in )"90 
be WA3 i-Wted afl a wbiij to r-'prf'S.'nr Red- 
ford. Almost itntnediai«ly hv hestn to talce 
a prominent part in the (iebatcn in Ibo hoiiw, 
and in NovembeT I'OOfnergeticallT attacked 
the govemnieiit for wantn cfoioni^yon mill- 
toryprepantions. A speech on l'^ April ITItl, 
in which he severeiy and powerfully criti- 
cised the ministerial policy, attrnctcd public 
attention. J-'rom tti« tirttt h>: nltnchi-d him- 
self cloAely to Pox, who aoott ndinittH him 
to his cunfidviica iu fon'tgn alfairs, und in 
June and .Inly 1701 ho traik a pdrt. in Cliit 

toorrsapoDdenca with Fox's emiEsaries nt Si. 
'FstBnbnrif, who, if not aoMiHlly iixHisUiiff tn 
brin^ug about, were rejoiring «i, the fniliire 
of Fnt'enegolialiona. Mellqwalified bytbw 
special information he poMcssed, ho was cn- 
tni»lt.il wiih utu- of iht? ojipijHiiton moiituiB 
in tb« deb«l« on thol!ussiao&rmnuient,and, 
[Uioui^b the motion imi! luj-t by u coiisLdi-rabiu 
arity nn tliia QCca.«ioii, h>! )^rcnlly diatiti* 
bimaelf. Whitbread now ra|ridlr 
l#rf*lopFfI into a Irjtdiiip iipirit in oiipovition, 
an«l an earnest opponent of every t hi ii^ 
saTonriDgofoppn-Hiannndabtmc. lleprovetl 
faimwlf a constant a<lr(v?al'> of tK'pN) >:man- 
upation, the vxtenuon of religious and civil 
rights, and thve»tabli«hiDfntof aform of nn- 
ticHial tiducaiion. He consigtently {-hi-rislied 
a belief in the pouibiiity of rani n lain inj; 
peace with Fraaci;, and on I't Dim:. 170i! 
slrongrly ^upjvirled I'ox'a mutiou for nendin^ 
a minister to ne^itiute wtlh Frnuct-. In the 
beginnin); fif 17W1 In? jin-ffnl'-ii in*litiiiii« in 
favour of reform fr«im Hirroinpham andnilipr 
great towns in tbt- north nf Ln)|;land> and be 
«xpieued hi* convicrion of the necGsaity for 
foon on 7 May 1793. Towards the end of 
l7Uo, when there was frrent distress and the 
Mof agricultural Ittbouiers rfan at the 
iweat point, Whitbread brought in a bill 
'(0 Dec-) to enable ibc mAfnKtrul'.;H lu !1x tho 
aiiniinum tut well ait tlm mii.viitiuiii wiigf- nt 
ADarrer sessions; this proposul was opposed 
by Rtt and defy»l»d. In 1790 ho wa» vm 




of those who left the house with Fox on Ch« 
ocriLsion of the aeditioua aasembly bill being 
rrfiTTMl to the comraittee of the house, and 
the followinc year he mov^d nn inijuiry into 
tb« conduct oi the iidminiftration (A March 
1797 1 and a vnt<* of censure (tt May), 

He continued eleadily to hnrase the govem- 
ment, support ine Arthur U'Connor [q.v.jon 
his trial at Maiascotie. May 1799, ui^sg tba 
consideration of the Fn-nch overtures for 

ff-ace, 'I Feb. 1800, and opposiof; (March 
^*0\^ the cuntinunnoe of the art for tlw 
Hiippn-Bsifin of rebellion in Ireland. On 
thr (.■yntUifiiiM of ijcno in 1 H02, he expressed 
his approval of rhi! Addinfrinn ministry by 
Btippuriinf; \)ns adi)rv», I" Nov. l**02. He 
waa<]niif tinabh'^ to un^f-rstundtlie ^nF>tabl^ 
character of the pence, and even in A[ay 
1803 srpnroi'vdliiniiiKlf from some of bis own 

{lartyhyimnfinio^ that its contimtancc could 
>p procured through the inierreDlioa ot 
Itu^ia. 

The report of ihe comini*«ioacre (I80S) 
who had been appointed to inquire into the 
abuies of the navul dcpiirtmint set forth a 
case of su^pidon a^cninft Lord MftviHti [»im 
IHsDAS. IIksjh, first Visi-ui'.\rMi:Lvii.i.i{J. 
Whilbn-iid wnsttccpled by hi« party lui their 
instrutnent of attacK on the friend of Hit. 
He coitimeticed pmcei^dinB* by moving a 
mries of rf'»oliition», 8 Ajirtl lN)6, detaiLiuiif 
and altackltig (he whole conduct of tlw 
treoaurer of iho navy, and, despite Pitt'a 
frtn:>riuous eu'Ieuvouni to prevent the passings 
of the resolutionx, they wi-re ailtmtc-d by tha 
bL>u«L' ou thv costing vote of the nipiBker. 
Kni'Oiintgi'd hv ihiii xuci.'pu', Wliitbct'iid im- 
mediately moved, on 10 April, an addrwa 

' to thrt Icing to retrnvo Melville from bia 
pw-tenre and cminriU for ever, but aft>*r a 
ctebnle this motion was withdrawn. Whit- 
brejid now moved tio April) for a select 
committee, and on Ilieir report gave notice 
of moving for the iiupearhment of Melville, 
and of resolutions tu follow aguini^t Pitt. 
Though Whitbrt-nd'smoritm fdrllwimp-iich- 
rat III, of Melville was loai in thpfiitt inelance 
{H Jiinif), and an nmmtilmi'nt in fuvour of 
criminal prnaMiution ndopti-il, it waa aiihae- 
qiiently Hgreed to, and on liO June, accom- 
pnnir-d by nearly n htindrcd niembrr!', he 
ciirried up the impeachment to the bar of the 
]loii4e ol i.ord». His name was now placed 
at the head of ilie vomaiitice appoiiitod by 
the commoiia lo draw up the urticlHft of 
iiiipt!ach]nent,aiid ho was appointed manager 
on the nominatioH of I.ord Ti-in])!". He 
cnien-d on the tusk witli the enei^ of an 
••nthii>itnHl,Hnd thvame sehsion moved for a 
bill of indemnity in favour of thoaf who 

i had bven in otHce under Melville who should 




i 



Whi thread 



z6 



\\'hitbread 



ojvs •viilraoo on Iub Lmptj&cbmeat. On 
29 April 1W0«. on ilw first (fay of llw trial lU 
WKtmiailer ilall, Wliitbrt-aiJ op>-neil aU 
I ^W cltATgc* ID li apeecb of ihtoe liotira and 
''tweatr minutcii. Lutur tii tho trial bo 
odeied hinuelf u a witocM to prava tbe 
mbMaoca of tlw duipw befon the eom- 
Boni, and w«> ai:v«r«ily orowHMEiLiniuwl. lU 
bano bis Kptv on thn entire caw on Id May, 
anaconcliidiMJ'itun ttii.>fijI[owinf{day. Mvl- 
Till« wu ooquitled on all tlit^ oliargM nn 
I'i JuD«. In hi« manogctnent oi' tb« trial 
Whit)*n>ftd appi-arti to liuvu boini aomewbat 
RUwUTful, maa to buve m»i)tf<l on his own 
nethodi in opposilion to tiiv K^iiernl vioirs 
of the maoa^nt and of bin frii'iid KomiUy 
in |>«rticiitiir (Co ix-ii ester, Itinrn, ii. ■')»*>. 
litti dili^-iicu in pr^parini; thu cann won ru- 
nuirkablif, but he m Hutd to liav<i txton i*o 
^ oei'Upipd with diaiilavuig hia own wit and 
I «l'>qut!tK'<>, or, aw tus X>ijcliei» of (lordun vx- 
pKued il, 'with tcuc-liing hix dmyliontn to. 
caucr,' thai his rjn'^-chi'H faili'd In convince 
(HuLLAVli, Mrtn'iim of I hi ii^Aiy Piirtu, i. 
im). lCon-laii(Lion repnrilA lb« r<^nU of the 
trial by hi« cnrtonn, 'The Art|ui(ta1, or up- 
wtCinjT thi! I*ort«r I'ot ' (-JO Jun« 1H06.). 

On the npproacliiiig doalh of I'ox (■Sep- 
temher IUHMt) thu incluaion of Whitbroad in 
the miniatn- won under coiutdomtion (UccK- 
moHAU, Mtrmoirt tif Court and C'alnnrts of 
ffeoiyt iJI,i\ . (iTt),lt[it out hia occa^ioD Lord 
Grey appi'iira wittiout ■ulfu'-icnl wnrntnt lo 
buvp vouchiMl for hia brothfir-in-lnw hariiig 
no donirw for afficv (iVj.) At thii ji^riod ht> 
I OMtainly dt'S'urvcd wi-ll of \m party, for bin 
' attack on Melvilh*, which h»> followed ii» by 
a vigoroLUi fx|ii^?ii[^- of tbi^ conduct ol thtj 
Cuke of Yoi-k, wa^^ pn]iiil«r in (he country 
and ireproved tho poHilioii of ihu whifpi (Lb 
ilKmiiAXT, I^i/f-ii/ Li/rtl S/irnvtr, p. J 15; wu 
art. JOHXSTOVI), A-VtlRKW JTasie^ G'ooueaxe). 
la 1H07 Whilbread brou^rlil in a poor-law 
bill of the moat alaboralii and tiiiwifldy chn- 
rnctiT. Hia apeeeh, dulivorod on 10 Feb. 
lM)7,waa piihlixhircl in pnniiihlvl form. Iliii 
Bcbame comprisfd rho ef<tnbfishTn«>nl of a frL-e 
edurntloriul ayiiifiiii, thv a]ti>Tatiou of thulaw 
of Beitlfment, rh(- i'<)iiAliHalion of counly 
ratsa, and a pucuUiir propoeal for distioRuisli- 
Ing butwiMNi tbe de*er\'inf( and nndcsi?r%'in|7 
poor by thn wwirinjr of badgefl. It eicited 
|COBaidi.-mbk> publir iiit«n-»t, and wna kopiily 
criticised ill tho prtss by .Mallhua, IJoue, 
BowIiMJ, «nd others. The uortions of the 
tuatn acbeme di.ialin(r with i'duealtormud the 
law of aoltUriiiPnt wen* Biibstfqucntly con- 
verted into st'purato bills which pajtsud their 
i«.«coiid rt'aduig; the pnnxJiial aoboola bill, 
under which children berween tbe n^a of 
88TI-11 and fourteen and unable to pay were 



ralitled to two yean* &ee edticktioD, ww 
R^rd«d aa sucb'a nraflicel proposal tbat 
it wa» circulated in lue coauiry for tbe coa- 
aidemtiun of the magistntea. Tbe propoaed 
meuurea, though conl^nine mudt tbac wu 
good and fxhibtting politictu fons^bt, weie 
hurriedly preimrva, and sbowed warn ot 
usuct. knowlMlKVOii I he part of their author. 
Tbi'y were committed, btit Huh&oqui'atly 
abandoned (29 July). 

Wbithroad'fl auitude with rogud to tbe 
conduct of the war and foreign afliura now 
\iiigkn tocfiii»tidiH'iT(.-occaof opialonbeCween 
himstlf and oiIilt l^adin? members of the 
»ijpottiti>>n, and in lAfCcmMT Ibifi hi* hio- 
tliur-Iu-kw (now Lord (irey) priTaiely 
warned hitn of tbe dangers atlt^'ndin^ hit 
ptiaco-at-nny-prico policy. But be wad noc 
Co be re*tr»nRd, and in>d»ted upon moTing 
a peace resolutioa on 2a Feb. !»**, whcr«li 
il wad Etatud tbat tburo was ' nothing in the 
i>ri-3(-iit Miki« of alTaira which abould precltide 
IUB mujvely from embracing tba opportunity 
of coniuinncing nvgntiation*.' O eotge Fon* 
wnby \q. r.}, acting in conrert with Lordi 
Grenvjlle and dny, moved and csrri<»l the 

ErevioUi* que*lion by 211 to 6S, but Wbil- 
read'a following was probably iiicr«^*»ed by 
mietalcc- (ti/f •■/ Lard O'lry. y. IctS), Hia 
action on thiE* occasion cauaed aparty split, 
which resulted in tho prtLCtical dixbandment 
of tho opposition in It^. Thougb Pon«onby 
had li«iMi ai-<><>i)lt?da.*li?ndcr of thfioppoaition 
by Whitbread with cerlaiti rescrxat lona on 
II IW. 1^07 (RpcKlSORAM, Mrmiiirs of tke 
G/url and Ctdiinet* of deorye III, iv. 210), 
vHawclion of the parly, following Whit- 
brt^tid, Kolk^-8ton6, and Hunlcti., bad in 1Sfl9 
completely aAserled its independence {ib. p. 
414) ; and their MTongly czpresacd poltry 
that * peace should bu the cry of the nation ' 
and tho furious aliack on the Duke of York 
catwed open variance between them and 
Lord* Grenville and QrcY iu April l(*OB 
(CoLciiBfTEB, Diary, ii. l/j). Aa tli« re- 
yuliir oppoailioii relaxed ita efforta, «o Wbit- 
brL'ud and bin following ri'doubU'd their cne^ 
gii*H and bei-ame the only forcibla urguu 
of liberal pnnciplvH in the hou&t? (Lb Mai^ 
CHASi, Ltfevf hard Kjirnfrv, p. 115). 

From lilH)9 up to the time of bin dtatb 
Wliitbrviid spoK<- mori) fr«iuenlly than any 
TOnmher of tho llouso of C^mmon^. Ilia 
g|>itniin that ptiblicilv tnui the very esseooa 
of tho British constitution acroiintA for the 
eariH^lttH.tM with which hn attacked nbuscfl 
of all kinds, and the frequent dcbatoa be 
occa»ii>npd on furrign alTiiira. Jlia criticiain 
of Iri)rd Chatham's conduct with regard to 
tlw Scbeldl. fijwrntiond was highly KUCCCaflftll 
nnd grcntly inBplritcd tbo opposition; his 




Whitbrcad 



»7 



Whitbread 









noUaaaDSS Feb. 18)0 for «b address to the 
kint; iwking f»r nil |)«t>i>n Biil>niitlv>l «l uaj 
lime by the Earl nf Cnattiam vroi carried t>j 
serea TOtev, and the mbeeifueiit motion of 
eawnKon Lord Chatham's conduct by thirty- 
three (3 Mnrch 1310). Dt-smte tliecarrvinjr 
of this reaoltition, it is saiil tWt Cliutlmm 
only resigned on Wliiltintad tlirL-uiviiiii); pul^- 
licly to aak wiiplht^r hv wu* »\M uiiD>ter- 
gcncral of ihu ordnance. 

On tliR tumuli K tirociTiling; Sir Francis Biir^ 
der:t'asrrwt,WhitDr4>^d, though generally in 
sympathy with tht< cttr«mlsts, played the 
ptirt of pnident adviaiT to his friend, and 
uTl^vd him not to resist ibe apeaUer's war- 
rant ; he al»o aAirtnod in the boua« thfl 
legolitT of tliv namuit and ihti eomequtiDL 
etM^Dgs. 

He wu orl- of tht* f{'w who uniformly 

d on principlu c\i<ri;ssc<l diEnm>r>jtjation 
of lUo tftrency bill, mid on S.'i t-i-b. 1811 
hi' moved for a eommittoH to inBpi.-ct tho 
joumala of till! llniiMi of liordii cmoTning 
the kioit'o iUnt'&H in IBOJ.and iinndpmnm 
the roniluot nf I>}rd Eldon in 1801 antl ]rifn. 
When in IRll it appeanxl certain i-hnt tlie 
whi^ vrould secure oflice, it wag arran^, 
dmptto objiKtioR M him from th^! Dron- 
vitles, that Whitbread should be swrclary 
of Mate for homo affiiir? (BaousKAU, Auto- 
bios rapAy, vah ii.) The talculatiuneuf tbo 
opposition wi-n», liowvvcr, up<ict by Ihv 
abrupt dptermination of ihf iv^enl tn main- 
(jiin in olTice the Perc«n*sl nJminisTmtion. 

fter PerppvaVft death, Whilbn^ad purstied 
is indwin-ndent ooune in oppo«ilion, acting 

parately from the bulk of nis party. 

In tlw summer of iyi:J he appeara tobavo 
made tho aoaiuiiniunce of the IVincew of 
Wale* iii. ii. l48). I-'rum the' first hi.* ducmvd 
it bia duir to stand by h^r, ' cuiiHidcrin^ ln-r 
S0 ilt-useu as possible, and without any Ju&t 
ground ' (A. ii. Iflo). Although his action wii9 
afaaolntely independent and alienate-d him 
from some of his own relatives (AuoLrtius, 
MtVMtr* oj Caraiiar, i. I'fil), ho waa on 
better terms with the whigs now than in 
IMOO. [n the IloiiM! of Commons he con- 
stituted himM.-lf champion to thu priuiNtisii, I 
and, with his usual eamejtiir>«, allumptt^ 
on all oficaaioRs lo do hi-r M-rrico. Ilis subI, 
faowever, outrau bin dlitm^tion wli«n, in ii 
\taig speech on 17 Miirrb 1S13, ho madr^ 
■ gmiindli**! cbnr^^ against I-ord IClten- 
boroufrhandtheotliercominlssiomTswIiohud 
inijuired into the princesaV eonduct, of sup- 
ing a pnrrion of Mrs, LisIk's cvidfncr. 
this occasion his friends in the coinniotiti 

isurtd him for his rash crednliry, and 
' IJUeuborough intbeHousuof I.onl8on 

March 1613 denounced llie accusation 'as , 




false as liel] in erer^pan.' Whitbread with 
cbamctTiMic obstinacy rpfus«d to adnut 
bitn&nlf in the wronz (//a»MirJ,pp.:*5,274). 
] lis ardour on behalf of the pfince&swas not 
checked by thin cpisodr, and he continued 
to exert Liniself in h^r support. On her de- 
parturo from England in August 1814 he 
wrote t-Apreit«ing *hi» unallurablo attach- 
luttut, his devotiun and x^al fur her n»-Kttt«- 
bliabment ' (ADOLPiiva, Memoirs nfCarolw, 
i. AUC). 

During the last year of 'WTiitbread's life 
his diwia> for pvace, despite all change of cir- 
rumntance on tho CDntirii'nt, dctcrniinol his 
conduct in oppusilion. lie qut-slioned the 

fr>:)Unds of war with America ou 8 Nov. 
SIJ. urged the mninti-ntuire of peace on 
20 Miirch 1815 wbi'lher tht Uourboii dmasty 
or Napolvun should provo succi-ssfnl, prcH 
I'-Ated on •{ April ogtunst tliu di'clnratiou uf 
the allies in congress ngaiust Nupuleoti, and 
on 'I^ April uovtxl an addreee pruyiug thu 
cmwn not to involve the country m a war 
Upon the ground of uxcLiiding a purticular 
pt^rson from the govemnw'nt "I France. 
\N'hen, hnwever, war wn^ actiuilly entered 
upon, liF supported the vot« of credit for its 
proMCUtioa. 

During the Inst few years of his life the 
part taken by Whitbread in the rfibuilding 
and reorganisation of l>rury Luno Thtfalrooc- 
caitioniid him gri'nt an.tiety tind nnnnyitnrt!, 
nod is said to have inaUrlally affected his 
health. On the burning down of I he old 
theatre, ^1 Fub. \H1&, be bi^came a member, 
and Hoou after chniruian. of the committee 
for tho rebuilding of the thciitn<. A bill 
for ita re-erect i<^tn bysubocriptir^n waspaAMd 
through parliament, and Whitbreau sup- 
ported thii iutcrvi!lK uf Drurv Lnuu iu the 
commons, suceeAsfully opjKifllng rhe intro- 
duction of bills for thu (.■etabKabment of 
ririJ tlii-ntrrs, oul" of his (irguinvnls being 
that the more thpntres the worse actors ana 
no one sood play (t> May IBlt, 20 March 
I812J. In IHll and IHI-J li*- wa« much oc- 
cupied with the rebuilding and reorganiaa- 
tion of tbo Ihpatrv, which wa* opened sgniti 
on 10 Oct. 1812. InnoraiioL^ wbieb be 
attempted by beginning the pecformances at 
an earlier hour and by pbiying every night 
lh« wbolf y.'«r niuiid involved liim tu dia- 
putcs and ditfirnliiiM witU othfF theatres 
{Aditit. M.S. 2"9:i.'>, f. 40), but bis moni*- 
tary relations with Shi-ridon wttre tn him a 
source of still greater annoyance. Flis bwBi- 
ni><t.«likf nbHities (uablfii him to slhnd firm 
ngninat t^heridan's powen of perausaiou 
I MoORB, L\fr of ahrrtrlan, ii. 443), but there 
docB not appear to bu any ground fur tliu 
■uggestion that be treated Hheridau barsbly, 



1 



or that fet thia time lia wm tuflttring from 

di«ea80 ortlm bniiii. 

Whitbreuil dii-A by his own band on 
6 July 181 fl, huvinft cut liU thmftr at his 
town hiiuHH, :V» Kovor StRjet. At tbo in- 
quest, liuld the flame Any, the jury friund 
lliat he wim in a deranged 9t«t« of mind &t 
the Lini(^ the act vas committHd : bia friend 
Mr, Wilchwr gttve evidence llmt Li^ de- 
BpnndftncY WDS due to belief that bis public 
life -waa extinct. Ho was buriEid at Card- 
inpoTJ in Bedfunisbin*. Ilijt widow dind on 
'2% Ndt. 1:^10. Whitbraid dipd i)a:ftCfiaL>d of 
Bvc^if^lithri of litM hnjw»?n-, bi« fiilber by 
will huving madfl it coropulnory on him to 
retain a mujurilj of tbe eliartw in his own 
bauds. He loft two son*— William lleiin- 
(rf. 1807). M.P. for Bedford 18l»-37; and 
Sunuel OharU't* — and two dttiigbtfni, Kliia- 
baib (d. 18-Ifl), who mftirifid Williatn, ivighlli 
linrl \Vhldp(jTav« ; and Knimn Laurai <l. 18571, 
wbo marriiH) Oharli^s Sbflw-LefeiTC,vi«count 
Everaley [q. v.] 

In th« opinion of a pood judge of tbftrac- 
ter, VVbitbrcad *wa» madu uptif tbo vii'uifnlit 
of "[(poeition' (Ward, /Jinry, wL I'Ui])m, i. 
40^). IIU L'lo<]ucnu(! was more suited for 
ntlAcIf in dehalt- tbnn cb-ft'tirp. Ijord llyniTi 
coiisid«n*d biin liie Ufimofttbenuaof bad tasta 
and vul^r viTlwtn»'nw, but ulrong aad Kng- 
lisii; hiA piTulinr and forcible Angliciom 
wan iiNn nntfd by Wilberfyrct*. who, how- 
ev«!r,lhoiiffbt. *hc epolif ao if he bad a pot of 
pfjrter to his lina and all hi>> wordt I'Amu 
through it' (W ildeiuoece, f,i/e, v, 330). 
Fie was, in the words iif Ilomilly, 'lh« pro- 
niDU*r of erery lilwra! sclieiui? for iriiprnv- 
iug tbt) condition uf niiLiikitid, ibe zi'alutis 
advocate i>r the opprtsm-d, niiil thi^ iimlftiinted 
opposvr ol' t'vory Etwuiee of t^orniption and ill- 
admininlration;' mit Ino vuiti and nub to 
ncqiiiru any real ascendency over ihi' iniudR 
of wi-ll-«tlucal(?d mtrn (IIOLCAXD, Mrmoift 
f^f Whig J*trty, ii. •13,7). Wbiibroad was 
freiiiienlly portrayed by both llowlundson 
and Gillrav in their politicjil cartJ^ons, and 
IB iiivarinbly distinKiii^bed by a porter-pot 
or some rf-fi-rcricr lo Whitbri'Btl's ' onTire. 

A liiilf-ltn(;th porlrait. of Whitbread was 
painttsd by Thomas (_iain:*lKiraiit;b. An en- 
gravfd porlrait, from an ori^iual drawing, 
nppcan in Adolplms's ' Mfmcur of Oftroline ' 
(I. 4*il); and ttnolhiT entTavnd ponrait, by 
W. Ward, after the pnniting bv II. W. 
PickeragJll, wae published on 'S! Juno 1830. 

[Hansard. IHQa.Lt.mwim; Atinunl HfRiBtcr; 
HonnsTribm^sofiht Public Pr»c8lo the Memory 
of the Ute Mr. Whitbrnad. 1815; .M]lb»niic 
Accoiini of 111, Dfaih „f Mr. Whithmivil. ISIft; 
fiir F. Grfl/B Ijifsuf Lord Or*y; Le MHrcSmmfit 
Life of J^irl 8pencer (which eontaina a alion 



bioffraphy of fVhitbnad, pp. 172-80); Di«ry 
and Cormtipoadvnee of Lord Colchcal«r; Ediu* 
biir(>h ilaview. April IS3S; Uenoira of tits 
Ufo of Sir S. Honultj ; Uoare'i M«inotr«.] 

W. C-B. 

WHITBREAD. THOMAS ( 161l*-l6r9>, 

Jesuit. [Sfe ll*Kcoi"Ri, Tiioiiaa.j 

WHITBY. DANIEL (ie3&-1726), pofe- 

micel di villi! nnd cotnmeDta(or,son of Tliomu 
Whitby, rw:lor( 1631 7) of Kudidcn, NonU- 
umptonshire, afterwarda rector of Uarrow- 
OQ-Huiuber, Linoolnahm*, waa born a1 
Uuabdeu on 2X March H138 (roanuacripb 
notu in Briiisb Museum cnny, S226 bo, 
•M, i>f hiH iMt ThoiMhtt, ii:»). Attve 
attending school at Caatfr, I>incn1nahire, 
bv U'camv in IfHtS a commoaer of Trinity 
Collegia, Oxford, matrinilaring on 'JH Jnly, 
wbuo his nanio is written Whiibie. He was 
i>hiClixl «cli<iiar on IM-Tiine lHoh; gmdual^d 
B.A. on L>0 April 1ii.'>r. M..\. on 10 April 
1(!(5U, nnd was elected fellow in ItWH. In 
the samti yeor he came out aa a writer, or 
rather ompiler.agaiust Itoinan catholic doc^ 
trine, altaeliLng Ititgb I'auliuu^ or Sereniu 
CVen&y, 1).I). ^q, v.J llo wag aufWL'nKi by 
John .Sergeant [q.T,], to whom h<' replied in 
l«tW. Scib Ward [q. v.], bishop of Salisbury, 
made him bis clinplain in ItHiK, giving bus 
ou 2J t)ct. ihu pn'bend of Vatesbury, and on 
7 Nov. the prt'bend of Hiisbom-TaiTanl and 
BurbagR. In liJCS ho became perpetual 
curate of St, Thomas's and rector of St. Ed- 
mund's, Salisbury, flo next wrote on the 
evidences (167 1). On 11 Sept. l(J7:i he wa* 
installed pn^eentor at Salisbury, and at once 
accumulated It.ll. and ]).!). (l3 Sept.) Ud 
resumvd his anti-liomish polemic* in 1674, 
and coutintiL'd to publiab on tlus topic at 
mtervals till I6SD. 

(.'ousidcmblD popularity bad alt.<ndttd 
Wbitbv's earlier eontrovi-.rsial i-H'orts ; Iw 
lo«t it Wputtingforth anonjmou.-tlv. latcin 
I(Wi), 'The l'«.te«1aut Iteconciler.'pleading 
for Muciaaions to nonconform i«ts, with a 
view to their com prehension. A tlercn- paper 
war followed, in which [.awrcnce Womock 
lijt, v.J, Duvid ,r(inner [q. v.], and Swnuet 
ITiomas [(|. r,] took part. In contvmporaty 
pamphli-ts Whitby, nickrnmt-d Wbigby,wM 
unfavourably contriuilcd with 'Hlua Oat«a; 
iruniiral It^t t<Te of thanks were addreaied to 
him. purporting to come from Mtinster aDa- 
baplUto luid others, llie university of Ox- 
ford in convnpAtion (SI July HJ«3| con- 
d»mu^ tbf proposition • that the dnty of not 
offending a WMK brother ia inronsistenl with 
nil buinait nuthoricy of making lawa coD- 
eeming indilTertnt things,' and ordered 
I Whitby'a book to be forthwith 



I 



* 



i 



'na oraonra j 
1 burned by J 



Whitby 



»9 



Whitby 



V 



lavi 



the unirenitf miirshni in tb« «choolA niind- 
rani^le. Seth Word «xiort«(l from Wliiiby 
a retractattou (9 Ckt. 1683) iu which h« ilC- 
ciutid himMlf of ' wa.iil at pruduiica and d&- 
fereuix lo authority,' ivvohed ' all im-Tereut 
ftad unmeet eipnsaioas,' and renounci'd tlii; 
ahoru propoaitiQn and anothi-r nimilar oi)«. 
e farther iasuAd b ' M^And part ' of the 
I'mti^tnat Rooonctler,' urging difi3uiitr>rH lo 
conforiiiity. 

lo 1694 h« pahtbbvd ia Latin a com- 
EHMiilium of «thio8. In lfi89 lie wrolw in 
favour of taking the oaths to William and 
~ 'ary. lie took a Hinall pAit in the 8a>i?ininn 
itrorenr [«»• SiiuiiLOfK, William. D.I).] 
ir pubUahinfT ( 1 6y n a l,atiu tract on the 
livmity of Christ. On 14 April 1^96 hv 
received t)M> prvbi'iidiifTauiiiiiii Rrt^a. Hi« 
m^^Rwn ojHu, whirh has rfttuned n rertain 
reputation to the prwani ct-nturv. in a *Para- 
phtave and Cnmmimlarv on tin; Ni-w Thftta- 
ment,' begun in 1(188 and publi.ibed in 1703, 
■^ I. 2 Tol». ; latwl wlitioti, 1 H2'2, 4to, T>od- 
id^ (Tforlw. iWi. \. 472) thutijcht it, 
with all deductions, ' preferable to an V other.' 
In hin commontur}' he o^poMS Tillotson's 
vi«ir of h«ll tormentA. Faith he defined an 
mei^ assent to Qosp«l facts as true. A Latin 
Appendix (1710) ii! nn nnwiiw attack on llx^ 
critical labours of John Mill fq. v.] Of this 
' Exatnon'ufic was made hy AnthonvCoilins 
[q, r.'' ; it wu rvprintod (I.<'yden, 1724) by 
Sigebert Havcrkarap. A lati>r Lntin disafip- 
tation (1711) rejects the aiilhority of llin 
'ithcrs as intcrpn'tcru of .Scriptnrf , or a.* on- 
titled to determine cnnlnrivt^mies respecting 
the Trinity. Tie had been led to this posi- 
feioD by his anCugonism (1707) lo tbo arvii- 
nenta on which Henry IhMlweli the elder 
[q. T.l baaed bis rejection of the natural im- 
mortality of tho luiid. He madi^ furthnr uae 
' iC ir. in mticismB directed (171S} aRsinst 
}>iOTj(# Bull [q. v.j and (I7S0-1) Haniet 
Vaterland [q. v.] His knowledge of the 
kthoDi waa accurate, but not profound. 

Mi-anwhilc hi* busy jK-n waa >engag«d 
ri7I0-IL) in refuting the Calrinlstic posi- 
'ans of John Edwards (1637-17111) [q. v.] 
[e is tuiislly raiiki'd &» an Arminian, but his 
Htrenuoiudeiualof the imputation of Adam's 
ejn aoan carried him W'vnnd .\rminiait lined. 
In fhr K>nKtiriat)c(>nlrovnriiyhr! wn)l« (1714 
and 1718) in dpfunw of Homily. On the 
doctrine of our lord's doity, irhich lin had 
defended in 1691 nnd hail tirmly upheld 
tluroughout his New Testament commentary 
flTOS), be waa shakm bj the trwfitiM (17)2) 
" Somnel Olarke (1076-I7:J9) [q. ».] Of 
ilii there an: marked evideflces in his cnti- 
^uou of Bull imd Watorlond, but t he extent 
' hiN departure fram ' the received opinion' 



waa not r«vf*«)ed till the poHthumous publi- 
cation (' by hifl expre«i oruer') in April 17i7 
of his ' I^nst Thoughts,' which ho calls his 
' r«trsccatiou,' aud which ' cleartr shows his 
uiutarianixm' (letter of 17 July 1737 by 
Samuel Crollius, in 'Thesaurus Epiatolicua 
LH-i'rojsianuii,' quoted in Wau-ack's Avti- 
trinilarian Bioffraphy, 1^60, iii. 471). 

Wliilby »n/r>)r*tJ in his lalt-r yearit from 
failing night, and employed nn aroaniiensia, 
otherwise he retaioea his faculties, including 
a tonsciniis memory, to n vory advanced age. 
He was ' very well, and at chuix:h [accord- 
ing to Noblo Ik- bnd preached extempore] 
the day before hv died ; and rr^turuing none 
wsji seized with a ftuntjng, and died the 
night following* fSntBS). He died on 
■>4 Slarch I72.>-6, hi« eight v-eicht U birth- 
day. His portrait, painted \)t K. Kni^'hl, 
was eiijiruvuJ (ITOi^) by VandvrUucht. He 
wan .■•hort nnd very thin; always studious, 
uein^ no recreatioii except lobooco, allable 
in (liiipiititiiin, but 111 («'rlr ignorant of busi* 
nssa matters. To his piety and unselfisli- 
ness ther^ Is full testimonr. 

Sykes gives a 1i«t of thirty-nin^ publica- 
tioBS by Whitby, not counting several 
separate sermons, Thechief are: 

I. (againut Itomanituu) : 1. ' llonmh Hoc- 
trincH not from the Ueginning.' ltil>l, 4ro. 
2. ' Au Auawcr to " Sure Fooiiiig.'" Oxford, 
IttfiO, 8vo (with appi-ndix! '.-Vtiiwnr to Kive 
IJueslions'). .3, ' X Dlsmurtie concerning 
tile Tddntry of . . . Home," 1674, Sva, 
4. 'Tha . . . Idolatry of Hoei-W;oMhip,' 1679, 
8ro. 6. ' A Discourse concerning . . . J^w8 
. . . against Hcrvrlics . . . approvi^d bv , . . 
Home,' 1(Wl', 4to. 6. 'Trfalisi.' in' con- 
futation of the Latin Service," 10S7, 4to. 
7. 'Thtj Fallibility of ihu Komau Churcli,' 
1(187, 4to. 8. 'A Demon utrat ion that . . . 
Kome and her Councils have em?d,' ltil*8, 4to. 
9. 'Trv-atiiW' of TrnditioiK," pt, i, 1688, 4to; 
pt. ii. KWP, 4to. 10. ' lrri.iio Dei Pannarii 
KomanGOsium,' 171H, 6vo (la English). 

II. (on the evidencce^: 11. ' .\6yiiv r^t 
fri'tTTtMf , , . the Certainty of Christian 
Faith," Oxford, HJ7I, 8vo. 12. 'Discourse 
conceniintr lli« Truth ... of tlie Christiao 
Faith," ItS&I, 4to. 13, 'The Necessity . . . 
of . . . Kevelatiou,' irOfi, Svo, U. ' *JI 
Xayue?! itrrptia . . . KtiaMitL is to be our guide 
in . . . Religion,' 1714, Hvn, 

III. (ngninift Calvinism): 1&, 'A Di»- 
cnnrse concerning. . . Election and Repro- 
bation,' 1710, 8vo. 16. *Four Diacourees 
. . . Personal FWtion or Reprobation," 1710, 
8vo( includes replies to Kd wards). 1". 'Trac- 
tntiis dc Imputallone . . , Peccati Adami 
posterts eju8, 1711, 8vo, 

IV. (on the fathers}: 18. 'Reflectioua on 



. . . Dodwell,' 1707, evQ. 19. 'Duwrtatio 
daS.Seriptaniruinlnter»r«t«lione»cciin{linn 
FWLfvm Commenurioa,' 17U, Hvo. m ■ A 
DiaeoHne, khowiog that . . . tlie Ante- 
Nkme FKtLon . . , an; . . . ugreuftbltt id 
ih*! Int*n)rclalion4 of Dr. OUrke,* 1714, Svo 
faninBL llobprl Xelwn [q, T.]) 

V. (on tb» Trinity): 21. 'Tn»clat«« dti 
ten Chruti F>eit«1c tulrorsuB Arii et Hocini 
hlETCfMj' 1W1| 4to (nhow* pxtvnfiviK know- 
tad^ of SiM^i«n writ«n). 'J'i. 'A DiA-nua- 
mwt frota eDijomng into llie Doctrini; of the 
TrioKir,' 1714, rivo. 23. "A . . . I'onfiita- 
tioB of tbe Dqelri&e of tb« HabclUaiia,' 1716, 
fihro^ :i4. 'Utuumtianes Modestm in Uiilli 
Dtiftiuionein Fidoi Niciifnn,' 171?^, 8vo. 
S8. 'A Bflply IoUt. Wnlt-rlttiidV tJbjt-ilifiiis,' 
17S0, 8vo; aeeondpftrt ]7:.M,8vo. lM. (poe- 
(iiunioua)''VcrT«p<ii 4j(H^^i)«ri or . . . lioal 
Thoughbi . . . flddocl, I'ivo Dincouriea,' 1727, 
6vo (edited by Arthur Aiihlcy Svlten [u.y.I); 
SnAoA. 17S8, 8to; reprinlwl wi'lh nrUlilion* 
bj tbe Unitarian AMocintion, 1841, 8ro. 

Volumes of liU SBrmons w<>rt> JMUi-<l m 
1710, 1720, 17211. 

{Short Account, by fijilcM, pnififed In Ltut 
ThoiU[)rU, 1737: Wood'* Aiboo«-OxoD.(TAi)D«>0. 
H. lOda : Wood's ATbcn* Oxon. (BIIm). ir. <7 1 : 
Wood'i Purti CUIiH). it. lOS, 233. SSi-S : Din. 
gmpbitt Briunnion. 17^3. ri. 43IS (nrtii^Io It; 
*C.."i.». Pbilip Mornnt (q. t.]); >'oIjV» Cyn- 
LinunLitiD of tin>n)t<!r. 1803, H. 112; Le Nl'to'b 
VaMi (Hftrtly), 1064, ii. 914, MT, GH ; b'oftnV 
Aliunoi Oxon. )SS2, iv. 1612-1 A O. 

WHITBY, StEi'iiBK OP (d. U12), abbot 
of St, MiiryV, York. [Roe Sthphkx.] 

WnirOHTTRCH or WHYTOHUROH, 
EDWAUDir/. ITiOl), ppotvalant publUbor, 
Vw a KubstAntial citi/«& oT Lundon ui tbi> 
midiUa of Henry VIII'i* reign. His bii»inc«!> 
wu proba.l>1v Ibnt of a g"''^!'- ^^ accepted 
with enthusuLSm the doclrinm of tbt' prr^- 
l«staut refurmatioa. In J-S37 he jotMi>il witb 
liiit fvllnw citiwM Kicbard Grafton [ij. v.] in 
arranging for iha difltribul ion nf printed 
copiea of tlm DiblM in KiiKli-tb. In that yt'ar 
flrafion and Wbilrhnrch caufrd (!upii>E of 
the first complnto viT^lim uf lb" Hiblw in 
Engliab, wbicn is linnwn an 'Thnmns Mat- 
thflwa's Bible' and wasprlotpdat Autwi-rp, 
to bo hroujrbt to London and piib1i.4hf'd 
there. \N'hitcbiircL'a name does not appear 
in the raro volume, but bi«initin1», * E. W.,' 
■n placed bf low tbe woodcut of the * I'ro- 
pli«t« EBa?e' r«fie UooHM, JoiiT, 1500 P- 
I5fi6]. tn novombcr 1538 Covcrdalo'e 
comwtt^d Vfraion of tbe Nbw Teatani«nt 
was printfid in Pnrifl ai tbi! frxpfliiee of Oraf- 
ton and Whitcbitrcb, whiiae namesappsar on 
the titlo-pa^ as publishers of tbe work in 



England. SabKqtuRiiIy tbej naolTol to 
reprint the Bngtiw Uihlu in i'aru in • non 
elaborate shapv, but after the wurk was b^ 
gun at lli« Freneb pmw Ibi? Ftwich 
iiient prohibited its coDlinuanre, 
(irafton and H'hitclmrch art up a pnw W 
London, * in tbe riousir latA tbe Gmre Freera,' 
and, with eone aid from Tbomu berthelet, 
thev published the work, wbieb wu known 
as ' the Great Bible.* in April 1539. Xu 
rowor than Mven oditions appeared before 
Uoccmber I&4L Tbeaecocdodition ori'>40, 
with Cranmer'a ' prologe,' aeema to bavt? b«u 
jjrlntL'd indopGniwntly 1^ both Whitchurch 
and Hraftoa. Half lhi> copies Ix-ar tbr- tianm 
of WbiUhurch as printer, and half that of 
rimfton. Tti» tbird, fourth, and fifth edition* 
(Jnir and Nni-eniWr IMO, and May 11MI> 
bwirXVliitchurch's imprint only. Whitcharch 
and (rrnftfin itrintwl jointly tlie N»w Twita- 
menl in Kngliihafti^rKrafnnnitVtoxt in1S40i 
t-lin primer in both Enelisb and I^tio io 
li>'IO; and two royal proelamauoiis on oadB- 
siastical topics on OMay and ^4 Jahr 1641 
raspeetiTely [soe GBArroif, IlirHAU>|f. 

After CVomweira fall, 'VMiiichurch tnd 
tirifton offended thejjOTernment by ilwolara 
uf prutfElant zeal. On 8 April l->43 wbil- 
r;hiir<^b, Oraftoii.nntl six othrr pHntrmwi-n' 
cummilltd to the Fleet prison for printing 
unlawful boLikti; ^Miitctiurcb and (IraftoD 
wero rclciiSL'd on 8 Mav following; {Aett 
of Vriry O-wnw/, od. IJoacnt. i. 107. 12C; 
Stbtpe, Bcfl«»Uutieal Memorinh. 1. i.f/Btti, 
<Jn i^^ Jau. 1M3-4 (Jraflon and Wbitchuicli 
received joinllyanexiiiui^e mlont forprinl- 
iug cliurcb eervice bnokii (IttMKlt, Fiiitera, 
xiv. 7m). On 'JR May 1 S4I! tli.jy w^r.; grmntvd 
jointly an exciUiHive right to print pritnen la 
Latin and Knglish. 

[ii Berular litpmlun? ^\^lilohorch pub- 
lished duringtbe same period on bis own a(?- 
ftiiint ft new edition of Kichard Tavemera 
'Ciardenof \Vyi>edomo'(l&40P); Tmhaixu'l 
tmuslation of Vigo's * Workee of Cbirniw 
([•;rvt!* (1543, nvw ed. 1650); liioniaa 
I'haer'a ' Sewe Itoka of I*r«aideni.yi ' ( 1543) ; 
iioffvT Atfbam'a 'Toxophilua' (1545) ; and 
Williajn llaldwlii'a ' Morali Phvlosopbye' 

(ir.4:). 

In Kdvrard ATs reign Whitchurch was 
("stnblifthed at the sign of th* Sun in FIe*t 
l^lr^'et, uud wofi on terms of intimacy with 
the nrntCRtant liiudcrs. His press was bu»y 
until tbe king's death, and h« wa« oecoAton- 
ally employed by the government loprintolE- 
ciel docum't:nIs. Early iu l^AO niiit^urch 
and Grafton printed tbu limt edition of the 
Book of Common Prayer (Cabdwell, Tko 
Bookt uf Commim Pratf^r, pp. xzxvili-xliT). 
Hereprinted aingle-hnndeid an editioo of the 



Kew Teiuuncat in futuU octcro in 1M7. 

HuiT e^itloua of Ibe pravei^bouli Karl of 

the Psalter in Hloraholil antl Honkiim't ver- 

•iQii Ctttn>i from bta nrt-iM (luring the next five 

I TMn>. He reprinted the Great Bibli* in small 

H^Ktlio in ltV19,antl iignin in fuliciin I'rOU. lit- 

^Hclpw) to pmject and hi> itrinted ttic inms- 

^Jhtion of ErasmuVt psninbimw of th« New 

^nr<--«tuni'nt, in which NichoUia TTdall [q. T.l, 

\ John Old, the I'riiicese Mary, and QtWrs toi'>k 

part ; tbu 6rit Yolumo nuMarcd m U>4-*^, the 

aecuud in 1*>11>. John Rogers was for somo 

I tim« \Vhitchurcb*s guMt at hi<) boiuc in 

' Fleet Strvt*!, iind ha published for bim oa 

1 Aajf. 1546 bin book on 'The Iiitcriin/ In 

1&411 oe ifisaed o oemton l^ Bishop Hooper. I 

Thi* nccvHMtioii t>f (Jii<M-n Afary iiupt>nll«d 
Whitchnrch'a poBilion. He waa excepcod 
froin pardon ia th« pniciftmation of uM 
directed itgainat ihiua' whomfitsodallf^ianw 
to the new eocl«flia«tical regime. i\e pru- 
bably B«d to Oermanr. Ilia naniK vrim 
omitt«d from iho lirt of ftalionprs to wlioni 
Que«a Mary ifranti?d the cbarter of incor- 
poration roastitiitini; them tho Stationers' 
Compauv ill I'VrfS, nor was h« mentioned in 
th» conlinuation of that charter br Queen 
Elizalwib oa 10 Nov. I'jS. But after 
Klizabdth'x acceaaion Wbitcburch resumed 
baaiaen in London, and in IdSO ha pub* 
lisbed a ncv t>dtlion of Tliomaa PhaeKa 
I * Ragiment of Life." Tbin waa his last un- 
j dertokin^. lie is apparently the 'Maister 
Wyehurcb* -who was buriwl at Ctmberwell 
I on 1 l»ec. l.VJV. 

Whitfbiirch married, after 15o6,the widow 
of ArchbUti'jpC'raumvr; ebi- was Margaret, 
nUv.et ofOsiiuidi'r, pasiorof Nurembi-rp. She 
aarri^-ed ^^liitchurch.Kiid murrii'd oiil^Nuv. 
1664 B third liMsband, BBrtlmlom^w Scott of 
Csmhenrellt juaticB of ihu pou€o fur Hum<y 

p. ^4). 

[AnMa'aTjpoffr.AnUq. ed. Harbort ; Btrjrpe'a 
Woriu; nufltera Life of Jobo Ilogers; Dorv'a 
Old Bibtea, 2ad ed. ]8B8] & L. 

VHTTE, ADAM (1817-18791, nntiira- 
list, wu bom at Kdinbni^h oti 'id April 
1817, and educated at tboblghschoolof tuat 
ty. When nuit^ n lad be went to London 
ith au iat roa lid ion to John I-Mward Gray 
[q. Y.J and U-came an oiBi-JM! iii the EOological 
dopulmcnt of tbi3 British MuMium in Decem- 

Vt i»ar<. ii» iiMid tiM po«t till mf):i,wb«n 

mental indiaposition, oonaeqaent on the loss 
of bij wife, nocessitated his retiriTini-nt im a 
peniioB. 

Be nerer permanent lyr«Jovered,aUhotiffh, 
^<ven when au inmatl^ of one of tiK- Sfottiiib 
w^tiuue, hit edited and largely contributed 



m 



K 



to a journal the contmtaof wbidi wereaup- 
plieif by tbo patl«ntA. 

lie wn* a memlfer of the Gntonologiea] 
Soeiety of Loudon from IHbt) (o IKLI, snd a 
fellow ofthoLiiiiietinSocielyof London from 
Decmbor lK4i;t.> IX-'ut. Ut- di<-d at Itluitgow 
on 4 Jan. 1)^70. Hi» work, rxtiL-pt in a few 
instuncuN in which h« wrote to order, baa 
pmred, under the test of timo, to be of ex- 
cwptionol vitliit;. 

lie WAS author of : 1. 'Lintof Cnistaco* 
in the . . . British Museum,' London, 1^7, 
r^iEo. 2. 'Nomenclature of Coleopt<^rou« 
IiL9i>cid in the . . . Uritisb Museum,' pt«. 
I- iv. vii. and viii., Ijondon, lB47-oo, l2n:o. 
A. 'A I'ouulitr History of Mammalia.' 
London, lao'l, Hvo. 4. ' A Cmilributioti 
towanla an Arpimtnl for the Plenary In- 
•pirati'in of Sc:ri|itHr«. . . . By Anwhno- 

fliilu:>,'lxindon, Irtfil, 8vo. R. *A Ponnlar 
liBtory of Birda." I^ndon, 1 SW, 8vo. h.'X 
I'opuliir Hi«tory of British t'nisinc«f«.' Lon- 
don, 1857. 8vo. 7. 'Tubular View of th« 
Ordent and Leadinft Fum ilie* of Insects ' (en- 
gmred by J. W. fjowry I, IfOndon, ^^o7, and 
many subsequent isaiieevindated. ^'Tabular 
View of the Ordv^rs and Leading Families 
of Myriapoda. Aniebuidd, nud Cruslacoa * 
lengniTeabyJ,\V.Lowr>'),Lo«don,lS(iI,and 
BUUirsubaequeut issuM uudalvd. t*. 'Ili^ads 
and Tales; or Anecdotes. . . of Qiiadnijieds 
and other beoata,' London and f^Iinburgfa, 
1889, 8to; Snd ed. 1870. D>>twcen I'^iiUand 
IftTifi he contributed parts iv.,Tiii.,!tiv., sv., 
and XTii. to the ' List of llrilisb Animals iu 
the British Museum.* Tie eontributed notes 
on natuml history specimens to uumi^rous 
narratives of pxplorlnv expeditions publisthed 
Uitwe'.-n 1>^1 and ISSS. 

He edilcd : I. 'A Collection of Hocn- 
ments on Spitiher^en and fircnlatid ' [Ilalt- 
Inyt Hoci^rty's works. No. 18], ISM. -J. 'The 
Instructive Picture Book, or ProgresaiTO 
Lessona from the Natural History of Ani- 
mala and Plants,' edited bv A. \vlii(e and 
K. M. Stark, iari7; 10th ed. '187". 3. 'Spring 
... by R. Madie,' fifth tbouMnd [I8H0J, 

Ho also wrote upwards of sixty papers, 
nioatly on in«et;lM und cruKtaooa, for varioui 
8cionti6c joumalE between IWlfl and IRftI, 
and conlnbiiti-d 'Some of tile Iiitertebrata' 
to the 'SIu.ieum of Nntuml History," by Sir 
J. ICicbardson and othem, Olaji^w (18Cd- 
1862), 8vo; another issue (181!^). 

[Eomin. Monthly Mag. xr. 21(1; Proe. Linn. 
8oc. i. 310; Brit. 'Mu«. CaU: Nat. Iltst. Man. 
Cht.; Roy. Soc Cut.] B. B. W. 

WHITE. ALICE MAUV MKAIKlwa 
(lrt.SS-1884), composer, diLugbterof Iticbiird 
8milh, Ineo uierchant, was bom tn London 




1 



on ]» Mav 1B30. 8be Btudied under Sir 
Willinm Slmnidalw It«iini;lt fq. v.] niwl Sir 
trcorgft Alf'xajidi'r Macffirren [q.v.l, and first 
attractod atti5alian as k conitioser by h quitr- 
tct pfrfomii'd in IWil bytti<.- Musical Siiciisty 
of London. SbehBdaii«<xc«plional musicul 
faculty, find pr^idiioed in rnpid siic^l'SsIoii 
^uarteu, nymplionies, concvnx):*, mud ciin- 
tatu,manyof wlli(^h were heurd at tliocoii- 
crrrts of It'udinir wouietit'tt. A uiittiui^uf Col- 
IiuhV (idi-, 'Till" I'njMtoiiii,' wHJi [wrft)rmBd aI 
the Hpreford Fffiti%-«1 of \H-<-2. She alen nH 
tbw 'Od« U> tb« Nortb-HMl Wind' (ISHO) 
and Kinffsilfty'a 'Song of thn Titttla Bsl- 
ttu]([' (lw3). Sb« compoMd tniiny pia.no 
picc4t«, aongi and davti, i^n« nf tbn moot 
licipulnr of wLicb is th(3 duet 'Maying,' for 
tenor and soprano, the opvnKbt of which 
Hold in 1883 for ii*S3l. All lier work bore 
<b« iuiprods of liigh artimic cHliune. She 
WM marritd to Frederick Mwidows White, 
Q.C>t iu lSl;7,imd divd iu Lundim onJ Dec. 

isai. 

(Timu. 8 D«- ia8«; MuiJcal World,13Diw. 
1884; MuiiMl Times, J>t[iiui.ry I8S^, whnm h 
li« of her coupositioDB, dnvro Dp by hur bus- 
band, is giFMi : tiruT«'a Diet, of Music: infor- 
in«tiOB mm Hicbnrd Uorton Smith, mi^ . Q.C., 
M.A.1 J. C H. 

WHITE, .VNDREW <157(>-105ii), jtsiiit 
misiionnry, b'iriL in I.ctiidon in I57II, woA 
cducfttcd in the Enfrlish College at Uouay, 
wb'Cre hp wa« ordtiined s necul&r pri«<it 
About 16U5. On bis rt-turn to Enf^Und he 
WM UTu^ttsI under the Laws in force B^iaM 
miMionary pricsUi, woa ca/t into priAon, and, 
with furty-Lvuollivr prittBt«,wascOQdeDined 
to perpvTuiil baniiLment in 1006. lie was 
admitted to tbe Society of Josua at Louvniii 
in 1(1^7, wiiM Kgain aenttn Englaud in liWO, 
and 1l<i appf are as a oiiastotit'r in London tii 
mi'J, Un Id Juns lllfl In; yruA profitMt^d 
of tbe fourTOW4. At diCereot iKriod^ he 
waa prefect of studiee and nrofviwor of 
aacraa scripturL', dojfmiitic tliwloay and 
Bobrow ij)lb(i lesuits coUugeeat V&Iladoiid 
and Soville. to lltlfo ho wa« a mitiiontT 
ID tbe Siifl'olk dlHrict, and bo was after- 
ward* iiti(it^mir of tbe DeTon district. In 
1626 he was appointL-d profe8«or of tli«ology 
and GrEN>k in tlio coll«|j:e of bia ord^r at 
l.i6(fe. He wan labouring in this Humpahira 
district in 1632, itiid b<i wim »ft)t to Anu^Ttca 
in ifiSS tO' found tbo Maryland mission, of 
wbicbbs was styled ihe apoilUv IIua(.'i[uin>d 
the DAtiVf^ lAnfuago of tbo Indiana, and wait 
twici^ dvclared superior of tbe minion. In 
1644, having been tuhcm priAoner by a banct 
of mamuding soldiorv, hn was carried in 
chain* to Ijioiidou, tried on a charge of hiff-h 
treason^ under the etstute of 27 KliJtabutli, for 



being a prinst in England, but ma aoqititlcd 
on tb« pW that hv was in this oountiy Vf 
forc« and against his will. He was'sttll 
kept in prison, however, and mod afVerwarda 
b(^ was eondcmned to perpetual bani»h(s«nt. 
After a sojourn tu i he AusirioD Netberlandi 
he ratumed to England, biKam« chaplain to 
a uobba family in the Hampshire oiauieii 
and (iiiHl thent ou Juno 1066. 

He was author of: 1. X <immroar, Ke- 
tiouHTy, Hiid (.'Htxcliiniu. of Lh« Tinut^uaua 
I,aTiguii(r>' of Maryland. The catechism only 
if known U) bu i.'xlsnt; it n-A« found l:^ 
Fatb<>r William McSherry in ihit arcbivM 
of tbe jeeuits at Rome. ^. ■ Narrativs of a 
Voyago to Maryland,' writton in I^lin, in 
April 163'!. A translation into Euglisli by 
X. C Brooks appL-ared in 'A itehktioaor 
tbeCidouy of the Lord Baron of Dallimon, 
in Maryland, near Virginia; a Narrative of 
the first \'oyago to Maryland, by Father 
Andrew White, and eunilry roports fram 
Fatbtfrs Andrew Whil«, John .\lthara,Jobn 
ItrvL'k, and other Jotuit Fatbcrc of tbe 
Colony to iht Si:p«)rior Oi-neral at llome. 
Copiea firau tbe urchivt'd of tbo Jeeoita' 
Cntlvgo at itom«, by th«> 1at<! Mf-v. William 
•McSlierry.of Oeorgetown College.' Thia i* 
printed in Peter tree's 'Tracts reUting to 
tbe Colonies in North America,' vol. ir. rfo. 
]:j (Washington, 184(i,Hvo^ It is reprinted 
in Foley's ■ liecords* (iii. 330-fiI). The 
Maryland Historical Society printed the 
original l^tin with a trarialation, edited by 
the Hqv. K A. Dalrvmple, 1874 ; and a oor- 
rnctird Torsion Is giran in tho * Woodstock 
Letlers'fi. 12-21^71-80, 14V5r>,ii. 1-I3J. 

There is a picture of the baptism of King 
Chilomacon by Father \V1iit« in Tanner's 
' Societal Jean Apootolornm Imitatrix' 
(Prague, 1394). It is mprodueod iu Shea'A 
'liiKory of the CatboUo Cbarch in the 
United States.' 

[Da Biickcr, EiW. des Ecriifainsde la Oom- 
pH^iede J^sus. IS76. iii. \62i ; Dodd'a Cbareh 
Hist. iii. 313: I'loros Anglo- BaYaricos, p, 46; 
rol<>y's Kitcords, iii. 331, Tii. 834 : Olirrr's 
JniuiC (.'vll»<:itionK, p. 321 ; rilling's Itibl of tlM 
LniiguACoi of tho Xonb Americiii IndianB, pp. 
7911.802; Hhon't* Ui»t. of the Catholic Church 
ill iha t;riitrdSutos.i. 40-fi7; Sonthwpll'sBibL 
Scriptorum Soc. Jmu, p. 80.] T. C. 

WHITE, AXTHONV (1782 1849), aor- 
geon, bom in 17H2 at Norton in Durham, a 
member of a family long resident in uie 
■county, waa educnt«d at Witton-lc-Wear, 
and afterwards at Cambridge, wberv be grft* 
dilated bachelor of modiciau fiom Emmanuel 
OoUuge iu 1804, having beon admitlod a pen- 
sioner on 18 May 17!)!). He was apprenticed 
to Sir Anthony Carlisle [q. t.], and was ad- 



U nemhrr of thv Rot«1 College nf Siir- 

»is of En^Und ou tt depu 1^3. lie vraa 
j«ct«(l An at^ifititnt-flur^Miu to tho HV«1- 
minster Jlomiul on H Jutv I^OCt, surgeon 
on ;!4 April \t^^2i^, and consiiding Borgieon on 
S3 Ih-c. 1846. At tlie CoUcpi of Siirjrt'"ii« 
hm was t^lRTltKl a uiitmlwr of f h<i coumril »n 
0S»t. 1827, and two ycara iRtnr, 10 Sent. 
183v, b» WKH nppointpd n mumbpr of tli>r 
oonrt of •'samin^ra in .4ar<^<i<iion to WilliHin 
W»«id [q. v.] In Ifttl be delivered the IIuo- 
terisn oration (unpubliiih«<l), And he becftme 
Tice-preEideol in ISS'J and again is ItMO, 
Mrving tlic office of prt^idKOt in IXU and 
le-ij. He iiIm> filli'd tlHMiilic'.'ofsiirgi'on to 
till' (Eovat Sociely of M iiMciaitH. 

Wliii''i!uir«n-(i ni'Vt-njly from poiil in Iiia 
later years, and ilitHl nt liin hnuiw in PaHiu- 
nent Straet on if Murrh lH4fl. Ab a sur- 
R«oa Iia ia remarkBblu btK:iLuse b« was tbt- 
nnt to exeiM! tlie )iuad of ibo fi-tnnr for 
dtsoiue of tbc! liip-joint, a proreedinf tli<>n 
«>n!>idtT»?<l (o bii no hfrmc that Sir Antlionv 
C'arliHb- and Sir Wiltinin Klizcird tbreati'ncd 
to rBjBirt bim to the College of Surjreontt. 
He porformc-d tlii> opcmrion witli compbrt'j 
aHccew,and sen! tbe pnfii'nl to call upon bU 
opponents. Hi< b^ActliDfr md wasunpunc- 
Inality, and hv otXrn untindv forgot bi<> aj)- 
pointmonlA, yet be earlv acquiwd a large 
and liicrutivt; pructico. 

Wbitrt publixlfd : I, 'Treatiae on the 
Clapue,' kc, I^ondnn, lS4n. 8vo. 2. 'An 
l-:n(|iiin,' ink* tbe Proximal* Cruk of Gout, 
and its Hatioiial Trealmt-nt,' I^ondnn, 1848. 
8to; 2nd edit, ItUU; Americnn edit. New 
Vork, 1862. 8vo. 

A Uire^quancr-len^lh ponmit in oil* by 



T. F. Dickww. engravL-d hv W. \\'alker, was 
■nibliab«d on 20 Xxig. IS'i'i. A likeness by 



BimpAon is in tb^ boatd-room of thu Wml- 

BtnBtvr Hospital. 

r [Oeat. 31b«. 18-19. 1.131 ; Lau<!c>MS4D.i, 324.1 

ICA. I'. 
f WHITE, BL.\XCO (1775-18411, diTine 
and author. [See WniTE, Joseph Blasco.] 

WHITE, CFIARr,E.S n73iH813), enr- 
i:«»n, iinlv Hon of Thomas White (I(J9r»- 
I77tt), a pWaipian. and Itosnmond Ii is wife, 
was bom at Manchester on 4 Oct. 1728 and 
C"!Hc»ti:-<l lh.T.:- by tb« Itev. Hadcliffo Riw^el. 
Ac an eaily ago be wu taken undur hia 
father's tuition, and aufaaAqiientlv ntudintl 
modtcinc in I^odon, where he had John 
Hunter &A a fullow-mudt-nt and fni.>nd, and 
aftcrwanU in Kdinburfrh. lictiirninK to 
.^lanchMtfr, h« jiiinwl liis father, and in 
iro2wsA iiiftrninpnia), aloni? iritli JotepK 
ItaocTx>ft, mnrcliaDt, in founding the Man- 
cfafflior Intirmorj, in which hospital be gave 

TOL. LXI. 




hit seiriMS M auri^r^n for thirtT-«i)E;ht years. 
He was admitted a I'vllow uf thv Koval So- 
ciety on H Feb. 1702, and a niBinl>er of the 
Koyal Colle^ of Surgeons on thu matt day. 
In 1781 he took an actire part in the foun> 
daCton nf tbo Munchfialur Lilerary and Philo- 
•ophicaJ Kocii-ly, and wn* onn of ila first 
Tico-pTPeidenla. In 17HS he gbared in the 
formitlion of a colb-g* nf science, literature, 
and art, in which be and his AOn, Thomajt 
White, lectured on soatomy. These were 
th'' Hr«t of .anch l^'Cturot in ManchtMter, and, 
it ia believed, in the provjnoes. Id cODjun(^' 
lion with his Aon, anci with the aMiatance of 
Edward and Richard Hall, bv founded in 
ITKOthe MBitch>usterLyin)j-iii HcApital, now 
Si. Mary's lIoKpiial.and woe constilting 5ur- 
gi-i>n there iVir Iwenty-om: yean. 

White was equally occDiopliahed in the 
three dvpurCmeuta of modicin^, surgury, and 
midwiferr, and rrtia tin' firwl to intrciduce 
whiit in "liuown us 'conservative' surgen.-. 
In 17tiSbi;ri-mnT»d thv head of the humerua 
fnr caries ; in I7fi9 he first propowd excieion 
of tba hip, anrj vraa nne of tbe first to prac- 
n*rt excision of ihonliouldvr-joint. lie was 
aUi> the tirat to describe accurately ' white 
leg' in lying-in women, lie was widely 
known for bis imccuMful opumTioiis in litho- 
tomy, but especially for the revolution li« 
i^llhclwl ill ihf pruclicK of midwifery, whlt;li 
III* nmnui-il from lu^ini-lmrliiirisni and plac^l 
on a mlional and hiimuta' hn-'^iit. 

Ite Quincey. in bin* AiiioliiogTaphy ' (ed. 
IHowon. i. 3M3), haft an inti:-rcsting personal 
sketch of While, whom be styles ' tne uioet 
eminent surgeon by much in the north of 
Eniflnml,' »Tui givt-jt n duscription of his 
rauiieum of three hundrrd anntomli'al pr^pa- 
rations, tbo greater part of which ho pre- 
aentei) to St. Mary'it llonpital, Manchi4>ter, 
in 1808. A larg« portion was destroyed at 
a fin' there in tVbruary 1h47, 

Whitnhadan attack nf epidemic ophthal- 
min in m03, which ended in blindness in 
1812. He dii'd nt hi« country house at Sa.Io 
in the pariah of Afihlon-ou*Mfr»fy,Cheahirv, 
on 1.3 Ft-b, 181.1. In Ihecburrb of Ashton- 
on-MenM^y a UKmtimriit lo him and Heveral 
meiuberH of his fflinily waa al'terwarils erect wl. 

He mnrritil, on 22 Nor. IToO, .\nn, daugh- 
ter of John BradHhiLw, and bad vlght chil- 
dren. Hia second i>oii. Thnnuw, who died 
in 1793, wBK a physician, and appears as 
on** of the charact.Ts in Tbomaa Wilnon'a 
' Laiicaahin,' Bniiqoet' (Ohelham Soc. vol. 
sir.) Thomjuia non John was high sheriff 
of Cheshire in 1820, and was f'tuuous fur lits 
fox-huntin|; and e>que»trian explorta. 

A good portrait of V^''hitc woe painted by 
J. Allen and engraved by 'VV'iilium Wnnl. 

D 



An earlier portrait, by W.Tste, in prMtrwd | 
at th« MaiichpfltiT tnHrmary, where iherw 
b&L'<o a bust, eitociiled for and prreonlcd bv 
Charles Jordun in ISSIt. Tb>r« im portraits 
of CharW White and his father in (ireg- 
xon's ' Fragments of Lanciishiiv,' 1824, and a 
■view (if WbiluV hausc, Kiiif; Slroul, Milu- 
obesCar, in ItabtoD's 'MBncbesler Views.' 
1893 (tliiit boiiH) Blood on the slt^ nf theTatvn 
Hall, now th.i Frftrt Ittf^reaee Libriirj). 

Ilis works include : I. ' AMount of iho 
To^CkI Application of tli*i Hpunp' in tht? 
8topp«g;BOf Hmmorrlia^.' I76J. 3. 'Cawb 
in Surgery/ 1770. 3. ' Trentiiw on the Ma- 
n«i[oniont of Pivjrnnnt nndljvinfr-inWnniftn,' 
ITSSj 2nd <tdit. 1777 ; ;ird, l7S5 ; rnli, ITHl ; 
an edition printrsl fit WiorcMtfr, MuMnchu- 
sot.rj, 1773; a GLTmiiii trnnalatioii, Li,'ip«i(t. 
177/>. 4. 'Inquiry into the Nftturo and 
Oauaes of tbnt Swellinjj in one or both of 
the Liuwur Kxcreiuitivs which goiuelimes 
liappenA to LviuR-in Women,' 1784 and 
170^ part it.' 1901: Urrinan trnnsliitiun, 
Vienna, 1785 aiid ISfCJ. 5. 'Observations on 
OangTRnfia and Morliticationa,' Warrington, 
1790CTtnli«n vcn-icn, I7iin. fi. 'An Ac- 
count of the Ke^liir Gradation in Man and 
in diHercnt Animsls snd Vi'getnble!«, iind 
from thi* former to llio krtp.r.' I7fifl, 4lo. 
This traniisc on HToliitton ocoasioneda reply 
from Samuel Stiinliopt* Smith, prr^^idcnt of 
New Jersey Collfspj. One of Lia contribu- 
tions to lliii ' W^rnoirs of the Manchest-er 
I,it«rary and Philosophical Society " was on 
the cnHivation of wrtnin forenl irtii's, ii sub- 
ject in which howas much intereBted. having 
planted a larnje collection of treiw at Snl«. 

[Thomas Honry'i pnjivr in Memoir* of Miin- 
ebtntcr Lit. and Phil. Sac, l^nd m-r, lit. :13: 
Smith'* Mancbeali-T t^ehool RfRisUr, i. 181; 
R. .XuKiu) Stnilh'a Cenlpnary of tfoience in Mjin- 
chcRtcr: Palatine Nol'^tnok, i. 113: Hibbert- 
Ware's Foundntiuns in MancbosiM, ii. 148, Kl 1 ; 
ThoraaoQ'B Hist, of Itnynl Society ; Ormerod'g 
Cheshire: Cat. of Sdrgron-goncrars Ltlrr&ry. 
WashingtoD ; noto •iipplinl by Mr. U'Arcy 
Pow*r; information kindly giron by I>r. D, 
Lloyd Bobcrts.) C. W. S. 

WHITE, FRANCIS (1504P-16S3), 
bishop of Fly, iton of Pirttr White {il. 
19 Di!C. Ifil.l), onrate, afterwards vicar, nf 
Eaton Socon, Badfordnliin.', was born at 
Ealon Socon about l^^fi-l iparUh regisfer 
ba^itiA in l'iQ&). His father bad five sons, 
nil rii-rgymen, of whom Jolin Whit**, n.l>. 
(1 570 ?- 161 5). ii leparately noticed. FrancLi, 
after pamltitf through the jrramniaracbool at 
St. Neota, lluntinj;;dr>tishin;, wu admitled 

Senaioner at (Jonvilli; and (^aiua OoiXbgio, 
ambridw, on 20 March l.'»78-9. twrnit Ifi. 
Ho graduated B JL. in 1&82-3, M.A. in 1 586, 



and wM ordain«d pri9»t br thv bishop of 
London on 17 May lft88. Ilia mrly pi«et- 
raenta were the rectory of Brougbton- 
Aatlcy, TjcioojiterKhirt.', a loctureahip at !^t. 
Paul's, Loudon, and the rectory of St. 
Peter's, Cornbdl,Londou {not in NcwcorUT). 
In. ihecotitrovurfly ai^iujii Kumu ho look ■ 
prominent part. Ilis first publication, 'in 
onswur to a (lopish treikiise, enlitulad, 
Wiiitw dTr-iI Bbich,' was • Th.. Orthodox 
Faith nnS Way to the Oburcb/ 1«I7, 4toi 
n-priniffd nl tin- mil of the ' Worhw' 
(Itl'Si, fol.) of John White, bis brollwr. 
Ue graduated U.D. in lttl8. Early in \Gii 
)w WAS employed by JaniM I a« a dis- 
putant against John Kiaher (IS69-Ift41) 
fq. v.], to stay tho Ilomaii catholic teit- 
dunciitf of Mary, counles* of Bnckingluua 
[see under N'rLLlVtts, SiB KdwardJ. He hrld 
two ' conferences ; ' the third {'M May l«231 
wa« untruslvd to William Laud fu. v.] 
Whites ' Ueplie ' lo Fisher (1624, fol.) waa 
dt'dicaltd to Jainee 1, whose copy ts in ibe 
ltrili>h SUfM^um ; it waji mprint>Mi by snb- 
Bcription, Dublin, 182^. il vols. Sto. An 
*n:i)unt, frnm thit othpr nide, is in 'Trva 
Kelationi of ^Sv^dl7 Confepeocw/ 1626, 410, 
by ' A. C: On 14 Sept. 1622 White was 

rivttentt;d 11 th(! dr^anpry of Carl isle (installed 
iJOict.) lie took part, in conjunction with 
Danii'l Fcfltley or Faircloujth [q. v.l, in an- 
otlior diiK'Uf«iou with Flelier, opened no 
2" June lti2!i. al the lioiuih of 8ir Humphrey 
Lyndt', iu Sheer Lnne, London; a report 
wus piihli*lird in 'Tiie Ki^hpr catchi.'d in bis 
owne Net,' 162M, 4to; and more fully (by 
Peatley) in 'The Komixh Fi>>h«r cavght and 
h»ild in Eiis ownf Not,* 1624, 4to. 

In lli'2o White became aenior dean of 
8ion Coilcffe, London, lie waa conwcrated 
biohop of Oarlialeon Ii IVc. Il>26 at Durham 
House. London, by Neilc of Durham, 
ljuck(.'rideu of l{ocJai.'Mer, and thr«« othn 
prelaleis, John (.'osin [<[. v. J pn-acbing tli» 
consecration sormon. Hiselerationwssmoch 
cnnva-Hswl i a }«iU_-T (13 Feb. 1627-S) in 
Archbishop Ussher's rorreopODdettoo ataiM 
that ho 'hath sold all bis books to llillsthe 
broker . . . aome think he paid for his place.' 
It was said that he bud 'sold hiii ortliodoxa 
bookes and boiigfit JesuilV.' Sir Walter 
Earlo referred to the matter in uarltameal 
(II Feb. 1«28), quoting the linei^ui color 
albuii erat, nunc ettt coutmriua albo' (appen- 
dix to ' Sir Francis Seymor hU . . . Spaucb,' 
l(V41,4lol. On 22 Jan. 1(128-9 he WMclecied 
bishop of Norwich (confirmed 19 Feb.) II* 
waa elected biKhon of Ely on \ft Nov. IBSl 
(confirmed 8 llpc.) .Shortly afterwardd ha 
held a conference at Ely House, Ilolbom, 
with Tboopbilus Braboume [q. t.] on tbi* 



SftUwUi quwtioo, and hod much to do with 
Brmbonrno's Bub»c<qurnl iiroseciilion. Ilia 
' Trefttise of the SabUtb-Dny,' 1035. 4tu, 
3nl «]. ICyO, 4to, waa dedicslud l<> Latiil, 
aiid vrn'ctua at tlie command of rbarloa I. 
Wbilu treated Uin ijiiml.ioii diirtriiiAlly ; its 
Iii«(orical aspect iraa assigned t/i Peter 
H'llyn [<l v.] lie visitwrl Ciinibrid(tP in 
I't'L*. to oonaecrate tbe clmpt'l of Pottr- 
houw, and was cDlfirtaincd at his owo col- 
lege, * where with a short spe«:li ho «n- 
ooaraged the young otudttriu to ply thttir 
hooka hj his own es£.mple<.' llii ia<<t 
publication was 'An ExauiinBtion and Con- 
futation of . . . A Brief« AiuwHr to a latu 
TrwatuM) of ihn Sabhatb-Day,' 1637, 4to ; 
this ' Hrinfe Answi-r' was a dialogiio (bv 
Ricttard Byfleld [q. vO't ^^ ''''*'• 'Th's 
LordV Da; m the SdihoUi Day.' 16»6. 4to. 
IlfdiMl at Fly IToujh", Ilnlljoni, inFebritary 
1037-8, and wiu biiTind in St. VilmVa Cath»- 
(Irnl. ]|i» will, daterl -l Marvh 168(1-7. 
moTiid 27 F«b. 1637-8 by bin relict, Joftn« 
\Vhit«, shows that he BUrvived n M>n, and 
left married dimfrhtcra and sovernl ^rmnd- 
childrea; the bulk of bis pruperty, which 
wuaoC Iftrge, went to bi^ ^ndMn Francia 
White. HJ« purtrait ( 102J, ffit. 59), un^mvad 
by Tbomaa CftckBOn or Coxon [q. v.], v.-n» 
pToGxud to bis ' I{e]i!iG* to Fibber, and re- 
priMliioed bv an opponeni' in ' Th(> Aitsweie 
mto tiw S*in<'. Poititj,' 16'JG, 4lo, tor the 
purgoeoof rallyiii(r Whit*? on ihu Taaity of 
tb« inscription and t)io luxury of his attire. 
Anoihor vngravlus, by U. Muuiitiiii wot 
reproduced at Frankfort in 1(132. 

[Fullfr's Worthie* (NiehoU>. 1811, i. I$9 
(uudfir HaattDgTloaabin): Stow'a Sunw of 
Loodi>n (Strypd). 1720. vol. ii. App. p. 137; 
Ormngcr'a Biogmphiral Uiat of lilnitiitnrj, 177.0, 
I. 347: Oorbara'a Uin, and Aatiq. of Kyiiesbury 
aodSt.N(yrt«,ie2<. i. 310-16; La Sovos Fasti 
(Hanly), 1854. i. »4I, ii.47l, iii. 313. SIC; Coxa 
Z.iC«nitur« of thi- SatiWb QuMtloc. 1865, i. 166, 
184: V«nn'^ Biii^rnpliiiitl [lislcirv of Gonrille 
and Caiua College, 1897. i. 101 ' iStubbi* He- 
gisiram S^cram Antjlicunum, 1887. p. 117; 
While's will at Sorm-Mi-l IIotwa,] A. O, 

WHITE, FRAXCIS (rf. I7in, oripinai 
proprietor of While'a Chocolate HouW', who 
may Tcrr probably luivn been of Ualinti 
origin with a namu nngliciHed from Bianco, 
aet up a chocolatw hoiiHo on tho i-Mt Kido of 
St. JaniBH'g Strp*'ti upon thi' situ now ncf ii- 
pied by ' Boodle'*,' in 1693. It waa perhaps 
itfartea in rivalry with tho tory 'Oocoa 
Trwt • at (he west end of Pull Mull. Wliiui'w 
eaatomera grew morn and mora select and 
ezcliuuve, and in 1007 ho chuiigad his 
qaartfWa for othora on the we»l. *iil^ of thn 
Btpeet. A DuuUr of the early ■ Tallers' of 




1709 are daU-d from * While'a Cbaeo]at«- 
house ' in accordant' with StuelnV announce- 
meiit in ihv firi>l uumbiTi 'Alt acroiintA of 
ffallantry, ii!(ta»iur>', iird r-tili-rlaiumeat shall 
Di! under tue article of ^Vhire'a Chocolate- 
houaa; po«Cr<F uniW that of Will's <Joi^e«^- 
houfw; iMming under the Titlo of Grecian; 
f(>rt>[|;ti nnd domealk news you will have 
from St. .lameo's Colfviyhouae.' Wu Wm 
from the aame authority thai th« charge for 
pntraniv at Whitu'swasaiipenoe, tlinchnrct> 
at th« majoniy of coflve-kouaus b^ing only 
onw pfiiny. Francis Whit^ M[i!i|N>nNl in bis 
buaine.t.'^ uritil hiii d«ath in Februair 1711, 
in which uiunlh be vrimbnriiKii in Ht. James's, 
Piccadilly, By hit will he left n aum of 
i.oUO/,, including It'Racii.'w, to liJs sister .\n- 
frala Maria, wifi^ of Tnmaiio Cusanova of 
Verona, and lo hia aunt NicolettA Toma^i of 
Verona. Th<i widow, Elisabelh While, 
carried on the chocolatc-houiw, already eat*- 
blishi.'d <i« the fnvounle resort lu (hw new 
ne*t end for aiistocnitic members of the 
wlug party ; ahe made it equally well known 
08 a plAca for tlie sale of opera atid ma** 
querau)> tiekeu. Upon ber death, shortly 
before 1730, the proprietorship fell to John 
Arthur, formerly assistant to Francis 
White, Th>' fnmous club within thu choco 
late^buuso, thi> history of which is 00 inti- 
mately ix)und up with that of the oligarchic 
rfyivw down to 1832, is beliercd to bavw 
oriirinatecl about lfl97, but thu first list of 
rultw and mL^mbors is dated 17:Ui. Long 
before ilii* ' White'*' had become uolorioua 
for betting and higb play (irf. SnriFT, Eiuav 
•m K'Jwati<m : Pope's 3rd Kpistle, ' To Lord 
llatbiirst;' and Won xm ft, Jink«'M Pnyrnt, 
ulntes ir. and vi. : tlie place last mentionrd 
hiis rfffn-nw lo iho lire by whichthe i;hoCi>< 
late-house was bunied to the ground in 
April 1733, see DaUif Qmrant, 30 April). 
In 1 755 the cl ub waa removed lo the ' great 
house' in St. Jamcji'sSlrefC (i'«ast side) — the 
premises in which it still flourishea. 

fTho History of While"* Glob, 1893, 2 rola. 
4ro (ohipq. i-iii.) ; Timln'a Cluba aud Clab 
Lifs o( Uiidon, 1872, pp. n~]03: Steele'a 
Tntlrr, od. Ailkfti), i. 13; Popv's Work*, od. 
KIwin nnd Coiirthopo, iii. 41, 1^4, 430. 487, iv. 
32t>. 48S: Natbaal R«ri«w, 18S7. No. riti.; 
Aahton'i S<icin1 Life in ihr Rci^n of Aune, p. 
](J7; NntiM and QupHp*. Srdiwr.ii. 137, 7th tMT 
lii. 288.1 T. 8. 

WHITE, FKANCIS BUCHANAN 

WHITK (iSli-l^lM). bounist and ento- 
mologist, bom at lVnh,:;Lt Miircii iHU'.was 
the eldest t*n of Francis White. Educated 
•t II Bobool attached to St. Nialan'a Cube- 
drol, and hy a priTate tutor, in his nntiTe 
town, bo entered the university of Hdia- 

a-2 



bitr^Ii in 1800, niid in 1864 gra.Iuated M.D., 
hU thi^ia boini; ' On Lho Kt^lntion*, Aualo- 
gi(!», Riid ^imilitutliM i?r IiiHM('|j< and Pla.nl!i.' 
Aft-er his raarriage in IWiH he spent nearly 
a year on the coniini-nl, anil thvn •i-tthfti in 
Pt'rtlii, priiwing Bi»T*'rnl mnntho^ howarer, 
almost cvi;ry year, in Botne part of tScoflojidl 
the nntural histrtrr of which ho wished to 
study. Being intltrpeiKJeBl of hie profes- 
■ion, be derottiii biiuii'tf •^Dttivly to thnttudy 
of pl&uM und uiiiinaU, \n» contrLbulbiu to 
t.h« * Knlouj»lo([iBt'« WenkLv IntpUigt'iioiT' 
bi'^nningas parlyasISo", lJ«voi*id ihruu^k- 
■>iii hik Itfn lo t\u- iitigdvof tb« Lfpitloptem, 
inTp<itigntinfi;th«MrdiKtn^ulion,viiriati4}n,niid 
ptruL'tiire, ht- from IWSI mudi* h npitiHl xtmly 
of tlift Hi>inipt^ra,ipf>llpn(injr9peciraenaof tliia 

froup of inseclB from all parU of tlic world. 
n bolfiny 1il> df»"oiwl mnch utti'ntion to 
IocaI diAtrihiilLon,iiltitiiilfl,nmi Uf<.*-hiAtoti(iB. 
and to ' critical 'RToiip^.^iich anthw wiUiiwa; 
and it was his dwirc for exln*mo ncruracr 
and tlioiouKbneM that delayed the publica- 
tion of his ' Florn of IVrthihire ' until aftrtr 
hit dMClt. In ]8U7 lie joined in fdundin^f 
the Perthshire Sociflty of Xatunit Sci^nco, 
of which hi' v/as prvvidviit froio lt^tI7 to 
1872 and frfim 1884 to lWi2, seci-etarv from 
187a to 1874. and yditor from 1«74 to 18S4 
and from ISIK* to |ft94. HiKoimtiuunicHtionA 
to this society, many of which arn prinitid 
in ill ' l'rocii(*diii(ii»' und 'Transaction*,' | 
number a hundred, and it i* by following i 
thi- Bchvmc uiuppi.'d out in his presidential 
addrvfls^s rhat tlio musf^iim of this society 
at P«.'rth bus bticomo ruco)fiii»t'd n* a model 
for nil iiicftl miwcnms. In 1H71 he induced 
the i^ociflty to cHtnblish Tho SL-ottish Nnlu- 
ralist,' n matfniimi which \u- earned oil until 
|ft82. but whirh waji afterwardK niBrRpd in 
the 'AnnaU of 9cotti"h Xnlural llisl.ory.' 
Whitw, who had grflat powtira of endurance 
U ft EQouDtaineer aou was vvry fond of 
iUpineplAnto, initiated tbi^ I'erthahin Moiiii- 
tuB Clab u an oflVhoot from the Society 
of NtttunU Science ; and in 1^74 he wua on« 
of tbe foundors of ihu CryptOKamic Society 
of Scotlitnd, of wliich he act«fd as secretary. 
He waa one of the tiral to rL'C(i(^ii9i; iho 
need for co-oporal i^m among locnl natural 
hiBCOTT societies, and, ftntin? on tliis convic- 
tion, Droii|;ht about thu l^ast uf St:otlaiid 
Union of XotiirftIi»t»' Societiw, oTor which 
be preeided at its first meotin^, which was 
beta ftt Dundee in l!^84. He died at hiii 
reeidcQce, Anunt Lodge, Perth, 3 Dec. IBiM, 
and watt buried in the Wellshill cemetery, 
Perth. Whito married .M»rg:nr«t Juliet, 
dnighterof ThoBjBKC'orrii'ofSteiUtonjUum- 
fries, who Burvivos him. Uc had huuu u 
member of the EntomologicKl Society of 



London from 1868, and of the LinDean So- 
ciptyfrom 1373. A bratizo mural m»inortiiI 
In him haa Ixwn cnK.rtwl in the Ptrtb 
Mujeum, and a ^tAined-gtoaa window in 
St. Nininn'n Cathedral. 

In addition to hU numeri^u« papers mntri- 
buled to the ' Entomotogist's .Monthly Mngif 
tine.' the 'Journal of Botany.' tlui 'Tram- 
actions of the Botanical Sucioly of Edin- 
burffb,' and the jouruals already mcntiouf^d, 
White's writing include' urtich=< on a cock- 
roflch, the earwig, autt, the bee, locust«,and 
^nu-^ioppcrs in 'Science for .\n'(voli!.iii-r.): 
a ' Report on IVlnjfii; Hnmipteni, collect«d 
byTI.M.S.Oballengi>r,' in the aeventh rolumfl 
of \hf ' Kep«»rt>( ' of tiiut evpedition, pp. H2, 
with thrp« plate.', written m 188ft; and s 
' llevision of the Britisli 'W'illowH,' in th» 
'Jftiimalnf lb* LInnMn Soci^tv'for 1^^^ 
(vol. xxvii.') Hi* views on th*' latter ^roup 
are rIko repre^'nteil by a classification in 
the ' London CatAlofptc of British PUuls,* 
ninth edition, 189>i, an arrangement charac- 
tcrinud br ■ wide reco^ition of the exitti-aM 
of bybnditoi among tlmm plant*. Ilia 
separate nuhlicatioiiA wfre: 'Fauna Per- 
thacsla— L-'pidoptera," 1S71, & snull quaito 
niDnognph, intended a» the first of n fttiries, 
but not continued : and ' The Flora cf 
Prrththirv.' Edinburgh, 1 898, with a [wrl rait 
and fid! bibliography. 

[Memoir, hy I'rofcwor J«mi» W. H. Trail. 
prefixrd to Whita'ii flora of PvrtbNhirn.1 

0.3,B. 

WHITE, OTLBEKT (17*20-1793^, natn- 
ruhst, born on 18 July 1720 at the par- 
sonage of Wellionie in Ilaintiahire (of wbioh 
parbli luH gruudfiLiher, Gilbert While, wm 
thiin vicar), wna ihtt nldmt fton of John 
White (]0S«-17r)8). harrister-atr-Uw, who 
married (1719) Anne ( 11IS»3-17.S3), onWchild 
of Thoma.* Holt (d, 17101, r^^ctor of Streat- 
ham in Surrey, llie eld^r Gilbert W'hit* 
nnm-l7'28>, who married Robeoca Laobin 
(J. 176rt, jet*t. 91>, was the fourth son of 
Sir Sampson Whitt! (Itl07-lf)&4) and Mary, 
duughtCT of Richard Super of Ea«t Oaktey* 
Uamp^tiin-. Sir Sampaon waa poaseMed of 
Swan Hall in the pariah of Witaoy and 
coiiHtv of Oxford (an wlale which pawed 
into the female line and wa« Bubsec|uenlly 
sold), and wae mayor of Oxfnnl in Ui60, 
when in that capacity he attended the cok- 
nalion of CharUv 11, and claimed su 
fully the rieht of acting as butler 
kin^. being kuif^htud for his aer^ice. 

John white aeems to have lefl Selboms 

soon nAcr the birth of hi« eldest sod, tha 

nnturMliKl, and to Itavn lived for tbu next 

1 half-dot«n Tears at Compton.neArGuildibrd; 

I but he had returned to Sclborne by 1731, 



I 



^B|4-rd, KliiKbeth ( ltii>4-17>h}), vrt,» B)arri<*d to 

^BCliarlt's Wbit» ( '/. 1 7tl3), appari^riiJv » (.'oitsin, 

^Kwlio b«ld lli« lirings of KrAillrv ftriii Svur- 

^Frntoa (both in Uftmpehirt- }, iMsidva bein|{, 

tlir<'>u);li fai» vrifc, owll(^^ of i Im Itouiso at !>■)• 

lx>nic, built ou luid boturht br tlit; etdvr 

OtIb«rt, and tlien di»tir:KiiiBiii-d m buviuj; 

bel(»gT>d to ono WkLv. riiii< boiitir liue bivii 

sttbHCHjii'oritiv known mt ' The Wnkes.' uiid 

at the deaih of Chnrlea \\'hii« in 1 7lW it 

jMSiMxi to OitbiTt, tlin iintiinklii>l, whu luid 

alrMtdr rraided there for Rome rime. 

^B Gil&rt bad six brothero and four sietvn; 

^Hpnc of tbij fnncrr fvnil rwti nf ttiu Utter 

^Bdied in injjuic^?. Tlioso vrlio jirt^w up werv 

^■iThotDaK (17*^4-- 1797), pn-suniiilbljr god«ou of 

^'Tbomu* llolt (not \iiv rwitop of StrenihBm, 

just uiMitioiiei), but rrcuver t» tW l>ul«^ of 

ll«dford's oetAlo ftt Thomcv in rhc Isl>; nf 

Ely), vhoM proyurty bv inhVntc-d and luinic 

he prefixed to hia ciwa, but !><? did not enter 

upon tbu vuiujinvuc uf tliu k-uuvsl unlii 

17711, wbi-u ni* retired from thr buAinf-Ait he 

liad carried oa »s a wbokHulu irnniiiuDiier iii 

Thain«* Sln^fft, and look up biK nbodn in 

South I^mWth. He wa-i a man of ooa- 

aiderable atlaintnent^, wrilin^ on vnriouR 

subjects in the ' Oentltmun's >Iiiguunv,'and 

wa» elected I'.lt.S. in 3777. 

^K The npxt brotlier wm nfniBmin (I72J>- 

^HlZtM), ibe siicceai-ful piibli»liL-r uf Flsut 

^H£^tr«4>t, who tvf) m-vrrnl >'»ih: liniinmin and 

^Hjubn, who carrieil ou their father'^ biiaiiieM 

^^at 'Tbwllorawt's lliwd;' Hiid I-AltiiiiTid, vitar 

of Nmrton V'alencv, nr-ar S>*)b(>r»(^. 

Th^n cxme John (17:J7-i7f*i ) of Corpu* 

Christ! ColJpjft. Onford, who, tAkinfr ordflrs, 

pnxNwdvd ns cbnplnin io I be forct^s at CSi- 

bniltar; and,doiiblI('s<!lhrou;;b ihv infliit'ncp 

^^Of lL« ginvrnor uf Ibal lortrrsf. Comwiilli-s 

^■-WMA lufaseiiut^ntly |,177l'l jireseniftii by the 

^^uovt-niur'K broiber <arclibivbap uT Cnnli-r- 

^^Epur^r) to tb»i living of Itlurkhuni in I<aiicu- 

^Hafaire, John White hud a ^ironir laale for 

' nntnral bi"t«r}-, ns liii convspondi-iice with 

IJnnxuH (whoflc li-TTi-rs ro biin were tirsi 

printed bv Sir Williimi Jardiiie in Omtribw 

tiiM4 to 6rnith<Jay^, IH41I. mi. 'Jl-iM, 37-10) 

^■Aiid with hid broih'.T Uiluen (printed by 

^^pi«ll, a« below) sbowa. 'I'hiH eon'i'»[Hind<.-ii(!e 

^^tliittfly related to a zoology of (iihniitar 

^^^t'auna VatpmtUll wax niim«d|, w)ii4:b h« 

^""wrote but nevAT aurroeded in publisbiRfr. 

th* manaxcript of tbi' iiitruduclimi fxiiilH, 

and u not remarkabh- for style or loatter. 

Oftherwtof the work, which ba« t'scit'.'d so 

much ciihoAity, nothing mor« i^ known Than 

tbat it WBE compleied. After his death his 

Widow, Bnrbam Mary <17»4~180l'). duiigh- 

xer of George Kreunian of London, resided 



at ^Ibome, keepinff houw for her brotlwr* 
in-law, Gilbert, to the time of his death; 
and hiT #on John, eubeequfni ly in U'edioal 
practice at Salisbury, was for a tiiti*^ hiji 
pupil, and seems to have been one of bis 
favo»irii.e nephews, 

tiilbert'sotherbrDtberB,Fraticit<£.T 728-9) 
nnd Ilonry (I7Itit-17^), were of leMnote; 
but the latlvT wua rector of Fylirld. near 
AiidortT, and thut^Ktracti- fniin hi* diary (in 
yalrt f/H the ParUheJ- of t\ij\eid, ^. K«- 
vifted and edilivl by Kdwnrd Dornii Webb, 
Sali^bur^, If^Ufi) show that in quiet humour 
and habit of observation he wa« worthy gf 
hia more wliibreitod brother. 

Uf tbo sisters, one, Ann (i>. 1731), waa 
married to Thomss Barker of Lyndon in 
Ituttsiid, bv whom fbe bad u von Samuel, a 
frtfiUL-Ml corivj-pondent of his uncle Oilbert, 
with whoflc pursuits he had muchfrympathv; 
the other, l\>;bvL-ca((. I7:j(t), bocaniv the wife 
of Ilunry VVood« of 8bopwyke and Chil- 
vrovv, uviir Cbichuster, at wbicb place Uur 
brother often xlaved on hiH wav to and from 
Itiu^er, nuur Luwes, wbnn: lived an mini 
Krbcctuk (li. 1 7^!l ), l.li» wife of ilv-nry Snookv, 
whom he viifitivl ni'arlv every yi>ar as long 
aaahd lived. Three otlier aunts must also 
b)- noticed : Marj- id. 17<W), married to Bap- 
tist lauac, rector of \V hi! well and A«b well m 
Ituiland.wbttre (iilben passed three montlu 
in 174:i, bL'fore leaviu^ Oxfurd ; Dorothoft 
(>/. 17;il 1, tbf wife of William Henry Cane, 
who succeeded her father in 1727 as vicar of 
^^rlbumoi Aticl KtixuVtb (d. 17f>!{(, married 
to (.'harli-a White^ rector of Uradley and 
Swarruton, as before mentioned. 

Gilbert wok prL-.f<iimahty wnt to a school 
at Fanibani, whose 'sweet peal of bells,' 
bi-'ord At SL'lbomc of a still evening', brought 
him ia the ln«t >eur of bit life ' Bgr>waul« 
nASociationa'and remembrances of hia youth- 
ful days i'/uQioyut, lH9:t, pp. 44^, 449). Sub- 
HKtliiimt 1 y he went to the grammar school at 
Ba^inpstokc, then kepi by lliomna Wsrlon 
(HiKrt !--174r() [q. v.], wbtjee two celebrated 
ftons Win- Whiti- a fellow pupils, and we have 
White's own sXalijnient {Autiijuitiei of Sft- 
hariir, chap. XKvi.) that wiiile at lla.tinj3;atoke 
be waa ' eye-witness ^ofj, perbups a party 
concerned in, undermining; a portion of the 
liiiv (>ld ruin known uit Holy (ihoat Chapid.' 
At Kasitrr I7;(7 be ceems to have been ut 
Lyndon, wlient, aoL'ordint; to tbo diary of his 
futnnibrt/tliT-iij-law (liarker), the depart uru 
of wild geesi! and I Iik coming nf the cuckoo 
were noted by'tl.W,' — an earl; ertdenoe 
nf the nl)&ervant naturaliat'a bent. A liat 
in his own hand of thirty books (mostiv 
clAsaical, but som« reltdous) which h<; loo^ 
back with him to schouL \a January 173i^9 




b In lh« pOBtesrion of bit colUteral de- 
Kcndanl, Mr. Ujutilei|^ Hoh-Wbite, tlic 

Cent bead nf ibv family. In tliu IX-ccm- 
(bltow-iriff III) WUH admitted a commouer 
of Orial Colle^, Oxford, tliougti hi- dul oot 
«ntvr into nniduiicv thara unltl Norvmlwr 
17-10. Ill 1742 h(f paA«>d tlin^ MfrrvMble 
mont-bs with liis uiiclu Imu- at Wliitwvll 
(Brt.L, )i. 1 r^S), bill it mivy hf jtrenamM that 
be Ured with Lis father nl Selborne during 
tht greatet part of t)i« timo wWii bt> wan 
not in ns*idofiCe at Oxford. Un 17 Juav 
1743 be obtained bia ' toatwuar/ and a tow 
duys aflur graduatod B.A. KL-turnia)^' lo 
Oxford, be attended l>r. UradlHv'ii tnftttienia- 
tical lecturer, and in thi* Marrh fullowing 
hi' wa" f-Wti-d a fwlliiw of bb> rollt<g)«, frhne 
hei nuiidM! during the Eutnmor and early 
uutumn. AlttT a visit to Solborac Uv vrent 
bark to Oxfunl, luul ni^in Atlt-tid«-<1 Hnul- 
lev'fl lectures, in S*>pleiiilK!r uiiJ October 
of 174^ be was at ItinKoi^r, tbi* bouse of his 
uncle ir^nookef wfaose wife, (iilbort'fl sunt, 
was owner of the tortoiRe, alwavii aMocinl«d 
■with hifl name. Eiirly in Fi-brunry 174o H 
his iuoth(rr'ii relative, the second Thoma» 
Holt before mGnt.ian«d, died, leaving a con- 
aidemblv v»tiitu, subject to uiintiitiHtt.to <.lil- 
bert'anext brotbprThomns, l"ilt)ert attended 
the Eick-bed, and fimtid kiiDMilf uH'cutoratid 
tmst«« of tbv projH'rty iind^r thi' dLweated'a 
will. Tbid 1(HL bim tn niuct nome monthii at 
Tbonieyinthe ItdflofEly — not bia first visit 
to that part of the ctiiuitry. for he tm-ntiona 
baviti)! .leen Diirleif^b before— and to ffo into 
Ewer, whoro Ilolt bad ppoptrtr, of which 
Uilburt wrote an excellent and biisiuuMiIike , 
account to bia father. The winding-iin of 
tbo aOairs of tbia wtatv took Home tune. 
In connection with it. h« )iatM-d a wec-k at . 
Spalding in June 1740 (letter to Tennnnt, 
So Feb. 1767): but tlia next nmiith he' 
■»•« stayinff with a eoUfirn friend, Tbomaa 
Iklander (elected fellow gf Oriel at the fol- 
lowing EaalcrJiwIiofn-em* to iLflvcben-n »>>nii— 
what of a uatunil p)i9lo.4«ipber, at To(Id>'uheiui 
in Gloui^estershire, retarnini-' to Oxfonl in 
OclobtT to take hi* .M..\. di'pn.'e, Iti tb" 
fulltiwiu)! Ajiril (1717) lie r«-TiicJ di-ai-ouV 
ardeT» from Thomas Seeker rq. v.\ bisliop of 
Oxford, Irtt bin rfiomK at ()n«n, iiitd n't iinii.'d 
to Selbomp, becnminjr, though milici'nflrtl, 
curate al Sn-arralon for bis uncle Cbarlw 
Whiti*. Ijin-r in tli" yi-ar he wa* again 
with his friend Mander in Utoueeirersbin?, i 
and «h£ifliy after be liail a serere ntlnck of 
Unall-pox nt Oxford. In due timi; be wiim . 
ordained prii^st hv i he bishop of UereforJ.on ' 
letters dimis^vr}' I'rnm Risboti Houdly; and ' 
Contiiititfd to milk'* Sdhonie Iuk lioine while , 
doing duty at Swarr&r^n. In the summer I 



of 1700 he went into Deronshire on a riait 
to bis coIleRe frinul and «>n temporary Na- 
thaniel Well*, rector of Eait Allington, near 
Tolnes, atayiug there at least as late oa tba 
middle of S4'pU'mbcr {Garden Kalfndar, 
'2\ Joly I '(Vt\, and brooming well aiiiuunted 
with the district known aa ibe Soutti Ilaau 
(letter to rvnnant, 1^ Jan. 1700). 

In the following T<wr( I7A1) White sent 
the Teraee, originalfy writt«n 'out of tbe 
frM of Cambndin-ahire' (Mulao, in Utt. 
12 Sept. IT'tS), entitled ' Invitation to Set* 
borne, to Mias Hetty (or liecky as she waa 
called in bar family) Miili«. Tbey went 
forwarded through iW lady's brother John, 
who bad boon White's contemporary at 
Orirl. MuIm), ill acknowlMlginit tbmr ro* 
reipt, somewhat severely rriticwed them. 
This rersion dilTered couaidfrably from that 
wbirb WAH lung uAit iiubltJibcd, and it is to 
be remarked that all tne phraf<e6 objected to 
bv Mulso and bis sister in thi* early copy 
dlaappeered fVom the later vor^ion. llie 
long and interesting aeriea of unpublished 
letter* written by John Mulso to Gilbert 
White (extending frum 1741 to 1790), and 
now iu the poaseaston of the Earl of Stam- 
ford, a great -gnndoon of Henry Wliii(>(wbo 
has Kindly allowed tbe preaeut writer acr^-as 
lu thum), giv« no encouragement to tbe no- 
lion nnnounct^d originally by Jeaae in bis 
edition of the'NntumI lliiitoryof Selbomc,' 
and adopted by Bell and others, that there 
waa ever any ^ftry ponicnlar attachn»ent, 
much le« an enga^emeni to many, between 
Heater Malm, who ^iub^equentlv became Mra, 
Cluiponc [q. v.'', and Uilbi-rt Wfiilu. He wa» 
on the most friendlv terms with tbn whole 
of tbe MuUo family, and these leMer& of 
AIuIm), nil of wbiiOi «-t-m tn Iinvn Iw^n most 
carefully preserved, throw mudi ligiit on 
the mrlier portion nf White's career, hitherto 
liiilfi known. White's letters to Mulso wore 
destroyed many years ago. 

In July 17>'il White visited bia siater, 
latc-lv married to )larker,at Lyndon, and was 
afterwards at Httiiiiford. Mulso at tbts time 
writM of his having n pretty collection of 
OiDinrt'ii travrlii, trliii'b iiidctil mn»t have 
covered the greater part of the .toiitb of 
Kngland and a gijiid ileal of the midlands. 
We know that he had been inEH-iev.and he 
must Bi some time have viaited Norfolk. ain«e 
h.> mentirmed to IVnnant |'2Jan. 1760) 
Tuenn a|>pearaRce of i[» cburckfM. Tlie i 
uortbcni limit of his journeys that 
traced in the IVak of Ib-rbyjibifii i letter to 
Churton, 25 (let. 17811). T.iwsrd* tbei-ndof 
I7-il bu bL'eam(^ eiinite to Dr. Hri^tow, who 
had Kuceneded as ricar of Sellfonio, and waa 
for a time non-resldeRt, since 'V\'iite Ufod 



White 



39 



White 



^^atli* p«rK>iiafrif-bouse ; but Ibis wse it tem- 
^■aomT^ amngeinent, and in April 17o2 be, 
^^Bvubtless by virtue of seuiurity as afellotrof 
^^■Jvcollego, to wliioli llin li^^bt of uotuinutiou 
^RbU, exerciani bin claim to tbe proclorabip 
of the unirt^nilTof Oxford. About tbeiAiue 
timu bf wiu nfto a^^intvd Jcjui of Oriul, 
tbe inoht iinportuiit pONi in the collt-gi* uexl 
lu ibe proYCMtt>hip, Trhicli sbowd that tbi> 
iill^'gt^l diMuttiKfiictioii of ■utile of its mirm- 
berii al his rUiming tbe proctorship waa not 
ili?«'ply f^Tuundi-d. On quittiniT hie ofHciw h« 
iinacrtook tbeciiracv of f)iirh>y, ni'Ar ]ti»hop'ft 
AYakhwa, »t whicfi place he resided for a 
year, tad while tbcrcaocording To Itell, »rbo 
bus primed the accounts (ii. 310 -J 6), the 
ii'^IubI expCiiM.-^ of thi> diitv excv^t^ed tb» re- 
c«ipl9t by iiciLrly 201. {iL vol. \. p. xxxv). 
Miil»o*a letters about this liiii»j exprwji' tbw 
wirprwe with which he and others of While's 
fri«nd« r<,-uunlod huacouptancL' of t hh clmrKf , 
though admitting 'it wa» yoiir [i.i\ U.liV. »] 
twntiinuat ibut u clergyman gbnuld not be 
iiHtr itiid niifiDpIoyod.' 

Tliia BHUtiment , lo which be adhered for the 
wholu of his liff, br no means interfered, bow- 
over, with bii« rambling habits, which he con> 
tinned to indulge, ihougb for the UCXt few 
Ti-ars prcciM^ iniormntion as to the places 
li? riiKed a star of »ODie wecka at * thu 
hot wfll* rit>ar llriKlol' oxceptt^i — i* not 
forthL-omin^. Wbenever be went to Mnlw, 
who III thiN timi' had a email cure at Sun- 
\iurv, bt! wiut (ixpictpd to preach a trrmon, 
and the same di>iDaiid waa probably made ai 
other pla«eft. At this time nearly all his 

E* lumeya w^ra to have bt^u ptirforinvd on 
Ofvrback, and sereral paaaageid in Multo'A 
letters show that bu took care to be wkU 
mounted. 

<»n 2 I''«b. K-V* White was at Harting in 
Sussex, whcrt* bin mollicr had )uinii< properlv, 
and waa apparently slayinff with Dr. l)iirti- 
foni tlin viear, iJuTtiford's wife was sister 
to William rolliiia f'l.T.). the poet. Mr. 
Gordon { UUtory of MarU'/iff, p. 208) »ug- 
geMs that tb'^ vImI was to inc^uire after Ibut 
unhappy man, with whom \^ bilu in hia un- 
drr)rnidiiat« day* had bi^^n inliniati'ly nc- 
auatuled. It ^,fuii> very doubtful whether 
Collins had bm-n iiiovhI lo (.'hicbwster to 
rAT\y in ibe jvar. But Wbitp was for many 
■veam afltr f^c^iivntly with hU eieter (Mr6. 
AVoodfl) at Chilgrore, and nt Cbicbfstei" — 
iwuitlly on bis way to and from bia aunt's 
at [{ingnier. tn a Iolt<^r written by White 
many years later lothe '(Jentlemau'i' Mnga- 
xinc' (ITHl, pn. II, 12), the aulhomhip of 
which is voucued for by Mr. Mey Tbomas 
in the memoir pretixed to bia edition of thv 
poet's woriu (i^. XXX, xxxi) and conRrmed 



by B«>II(to1. t. p.lTiii),be status that be had 
not seen Collins ninct* he waa rarried to a 
madbouee at Oxford, and declares bis ignu- 
rance of when or where Collins dii'd, 

Tlut White bad many g"od friotids in bis 
college there can be no doubt. In February 
17>Vj Mulsu wrote to him.'Vouitg Mr. Sbaw 
of CheitbunI would yeitterday have persuaded 
mo that Dr. Hodgt^s [provost of Oiieljwaa 
(leiad, und tou yfiin goiuK to tie provost in bia 
room ;' and two months later, ' You give mc 
pleasure hearing of the stand sga'mst the piT- 
verse party at Oriol ; I would the provost 
ebould live until you succeed him (if that is 
English: it snunde rather Irish).' On 14 Jan. 
17'j7 Dr. Hodgus died, and thirteen days 
later tbt-re was a college meeting, atleiuk'd 
by White, for the election of hie miccL'KStir, 
Cliurdiii, fijurlh sun o( Sir Cbristophef Mu»- 
gruvi' of KdiMihall, was chosen; but it is 
evident that White bad some strung sup- 
ptjrlers. Miilso, writing shortly after, says: 
'.\fi you have not been the man on thisoci:a- 
eion, I atn not sony for Chardia's »ui:c"*ii»' 
— they had been old friends and ac-ain, a 
mouth later, ' With regard to the altur at 
Oriel. I heartily wiah you had put yourwilf 
up from liiL' bcgiuuing, if anything that we 
Ci>tild have done Would have given you suc- 
cess.' A fuw months later tbuliviiiji; of More- 
lon-l'inkney in Nortbamptonsliire, which 
was in tbi; cift of Oriel, fell vacant, and 
I White, as fellow, did not hesitnte to assert 
I his right to it. It was a smnll viearag^, 
and had long been held by a non-resident 
incumbent. In accordance with tho ciltlom 
of the uge. White thought that the pmctico 
hitherto prevailing m-eil not be set aside. 
Musgrave, t he new prin-u^t, was of a dtfrereul 
cipniinn, nnd rivrnrded in hix nn'raoraiidum 
book (which by favour of Vt. Khadwell is 
here ijuoled) under dnt.e of 1.5 Dec. 17*">7 — ■ 
' Morton I'inkncy given to Mr. White aa 
setir. petitioner, (ho* without his intentions 
of serving it, and not rhiXMiing lo ware his 
claiui tlio' Mr. Lttnd \«d. have accepted it 
upon the other more ttgreeable l(-rms lo the 
society. I Qfrf<(>ed lo thu^ tii avoid any possi- 
bility of a miiwoiistnicti'in of partiality ' — 
this last senterne evidently (from what wo 
now knowl referring to the recent contest 
for the provo«»hi]i, when Whit*^ and Mus- 
grare were eompet iters. The provost, from a 
prtijier sense of duty wu niny consider, ne«rly 
a year luler (1 Nov. IT-W) made another 
entrv in the same book, that he ' hinted to 
Mr. WhiLo's friisnOs thnt I waf> ignorant wlutC 
hilt rircnmstann? nrnlly was, but suppoxe bis 
e^tatp incompatible [with the terms of hU 
fellowship] iind bvg'd be might be tufurm'd 
that if s year of groco waa not applied [for] 




White 



40 



White 



intbengnbrtiiDD ... it ctl. not bo gmuted.' 

Tb« BimpiciKiik of the provtut, aiib««<)iiantly 
art «i not, am would seem br a letter of lita 
to 'VV'bita of 3i l\v. 17.'»8 (Bell, vd. vol. i. 
n. xxrviii), went doiibtloAi ttxctted hr the 
iBCt thai, some two mouths t><>fur«, the lather 
of iiilb^rt Whiti; bud dipd. and he, boLni? 
the eldest son, nufiht iiatunlly be pn^-iumed 
to hive inhvrileu prii|H.Tty nf an amount 
that bv Htatut« oreustom would havu voided 
but frUownLip. It u) c«r1aiii that thin wan 
not the cuw. (!i1b«rt'ii ffttlipr wuh ncvur u 
rich man; {»• linil n liiru" fiimily lo i*dii- 
eatt>: he bad raUred on liia mnmafffl frnm 
tbo bur, wbort hi* nracliCf* wim locQiusidvT- 
ahln, and even th» liniue At Helhome (Thf. 
Wmkfx) in which he lived was not bis 
owii^ hitt l>i>lt>nf^il to nrclivtivo. SrronK«r 
evidence to this uffod is oJforded by the laei 
tb«t in I7&U hf borrowed tD<ni»v ( fU/. or ki) 
of his Kon Gilbert, which was not np&ld 
until May 17.>3 (Itell'o ed. ii. :i:)i'), and ft 
CftTcful cxominution of tho family papi^rs 
oudv bv th« pr«M'[it Mr. lIuU-WhitL- abows 
that (lilben'a patrimony must have bten of 
the slundcrgbt. Ilu bud, ind(.-«d, littlomora 
than hiafiiltowHliip uiiil i-vi-iitunlly iiinXorth- 
ftm])mtubiru livins upiiti wbii:b to dfrwiid 
until the death of hi» iinclu Omrli'a in 17li;{ 

Cut him in noHoeaiinn of Tlip \Vnki>i«, which 
s and liifl lather before him hud occupied 
M tenanla. I-jvlh that inh^rllanc^e waa of 
small peuuniiiry laliit? (thu annual rvnt vim 
but ItVR ^uinooa), tboug'h it vena obviiiiiaiy 
the Ibiii^ ho moel dcsirvd, and it was up- 
pnri'Tiliy with (hi) vit-w nf liviiiif at Htdbiirntt 
that nnou after hia father's death he bad 
(fiven up th" ciimcy nl IlurU-y and mw«pl«d 
that of r flrin^lon, an adjoining parish. For 
B abort time be held tfie curacy of W«at 
Dcuuio in Wiltshire, whtT-, ftcrordinj to 
Mulao, be fell lonely and unhappy by reason 
of ita distaoce from SL-lhornv. Mulso'a 
lallersconi^Vuntly allude (o Whitu'ri uurrovr 
Bwans, whili praiMH(( bia economy and 
hoping; for his pri'fermonl. It nii^bt bu in- 
ftirreil rrt>rnt>nc lr-tl.ir CiH .Manrli 1 Tiiil), I liittigh 
this is uncertain, that be liod lahen a legal 
opinion b« to ih" projiriety nf holding liis 
fellowship, and that the reply Anli^t^ed bim, 
oa welt a« others, ihat be could do so. A 
little mtrlier (4 Feb. 175^f Miil^o had tact 
Uiwgrave, the q«w provost, aad oaked him 
U to his own intentions and thottoof th>c< col- 
iege towarda Wliilv, r^^ctivinir for an aiit^wt-r 
that 'it wta in your own [O, W.'aJ breauL 
to keep or leave your fellowabip. fur nobody 
meant to I iini vou out if you did not cluiose 
it yourself.' ^ome two years later the two 
men seem to have been quite reconciled. 
"nniitcwu at Oxford, and MuUowoa abl« 



to write (13 Jan. 1761): 'The pnnwx and 
you be^fin in bare your own fwsla for od» 
another, such aa you had before cUBpetitions 
dividiod you , , . and aa I know you oaretlM 
i;nod of the foundation at h<«rt, it will malie 
you forget what was disagreeable in his elec- 
tion.' In Jonuar^- I7U8 MuKgi^vedied very 
suddenly, and Mulw thou^t that Whit* 
luipht )]« hia successor; but, though the idea 
nuat haveeroMod bis mind I tetter of :iO July 
1768), the opportunity was lost. 

.Monnwhile Mulso, who, bavin); married 
the nivcw of Bisboii Tbutnas, wu npidlv 
riains in the rharch, kept harping on hiis 
frii'nd's pia«pecti<, sunEMttna even an appli- 
cation to thii lord Miancellor for a Uvioff. 
and it soeois that ou the promotion of Sir 
Itobert llenky ["q, v.', to h» lord keeper in 
1757 and chancellor in ]7(H, Wbitu. with 
whom he was acquainted, bad hope of ob- 
tuininf^ ftoniL' prcffnnont in the neigbboar- 
bood of Selborne, which would have allowed 
him still to reaide there. On bis ubde 
CbarlvoV death in I7t}3, application woa un- 
doubtedly made for one of hi.* livings (pt'o- 
babty Bnidley), which were in the pnvata 

Stlrotmitn nf lienley, bv thai time Lord 
_ >irtbiaRton; bui the latter was disaatiafied 
with what he termed ilw 'cold, lingwring 
manner' in which \Vbite had Toted tor 
Kichard Trevor [q. v.], hisbnp of Diirhua« 
in the contoat of i7ot) with Lord AVeatmot^ 
land for lb*; (.'hancellorahip of Oxford, and 
so withheld the bcion- 

Whitc'p desire, wbioh in uo tone time be- 
c.tme a detenuinutinn, to live and din at Sel* 
borne, wu^ 1 he rvH^on why be paaaed bene- 
fic» nfier Iwncfic'i which cnme to his turn aa 
fellow of hiH colli>gf>. Yet liia love of hi* 
Dative place, the beauties of which he aiid 
hie brotbera were at no i>imnll ^tams and ex- 
pense lo improve, did not stay his practice 
of taking long riding journeys — a ' hussar 
pan^ou' MuIkochIU liiui in one of his letter* 
(February ITti'J) — and visiting his relation* 
in Suneex, in London, and in Hut laud, or bis 
frittndu nt Oxford nud other plum. In l|(W, 
having at the time no cleriral duty (More- 
lon-Pinkney being permanently rerved by a 
curntel, he wan absent for «i* months with 
bis brothers Thomas and Benjamin at L«jn- 
hetli, or with hi* sisti-r ( Mr*. Ilarkerl at Ljii- 
don. He undoubtedly took what nowadays 
might be called an ea»y view of some of 
the ducief nf hit< cloth; but tlic tradition, 
which can hardly he ill-fouiiJed, Imx c<iiii« 
down of hiit vepei'ial kindlinuss lo bis poorer 
pari^ltiimerx and neighbniin', wbiW ibv ab> 
Retire of ambition in bis characiet. exc^t 
perhaps in regard In tlie provuslship of oi* 
college, in manifest. Despite bia moderate 



I 



i 



i 



A 



■ineonie, ftod the calls w]iir)i somtt msmbera 
of h'w family lainUi uikhi liiit p'neroaity, bn 
wait Able to vue ho5pit«lit^, ani] relatives 
and rtiends ivere from titae to tiut; ontpp> 
tAincil l>r liim. 

la August 177-' his brotlier Jolin, ubom 
liCcallHEia most coiislnnt corrcspotiil'' nr — 
though few of his lultvn hftvu bwa [ireservcd 
— returned from (libraltar, nml his only son. 
bom in 17'>0. a prumigioff Ud, wlio Lsu ]}K- 
OMled h'» father to tCn((Iiiiicl,viiut n*(-eive(l at 
Kelbome, where he became a favourite with 
hi» uncli' Qilbwrt. White ri'»<l Horace with 
binii and sAnrrallT Inr)kf>l afl^r hi& wduca- 
tioR ; while ' Jack,' as the Dvphuw wm com- 
monly mlled, actt'il as hi» aniAniicnfliA and 
made himself 1,'unemllf useful. Even Laming 
liij iiiicIc'a horfte did not rulHu the owikt's 
temper, and Jack 8ttl)«vqu«iitly juiitifled the 
ffixKi opinion fontied of him, B<ttliliQg at Halis- 
bury in m**dital pracliup. The terms on 
which hewattvrith hi* utbi-r UL-pht^K, .Sam 
Barker, and bia hitherto unpublished corrtr- 
apondtaoe with his uiwt- Mary ('Molly'), 
the daushlfr of Tlimnns, who aftt^twardn 
married ner atuftin Beniamin, the s<m uf 
H'nJHtnin, tttrongly show iiis nlTvction for his 
family. 

Tiiniing to the life which White led a» a 
nariiratint— thf life which cspi-ciully (.-ntitU'e 
him to distinction — w« find that in 17<^l he 
began to keep a'tJanlen Kaleudar'on shwts 
of small letiur-pnpLT etiti-hcd tu^'ulher. This 
he continuiKl iiulil ir<>7,afU:r which yc^ar hi- 
^_ adopted a mure tdaboTiUe fiirni. a ' S'alum- 
^■^i«t. ■ Joiirnnl,' iiivi'Tilcd itnr] aiijiiilitHl l<i lilin 
^KbT I>aiuee HarririKtnii [<}. v.~. and printed by 
^^^Senjamiti ^\hit<>, a cirpv hein;; coch year 
^Eprepared for flllinf; in by An <>hrti-rvi.-r. liotli 
of tbeae dinriea, for so they roay be called, 
^^ arenowinthf libntryoftho Itritish Museum; 
^Kbui thiiu^heuc-h btt« Iwvu otir»orily tiispfutitl 
^K'by iialur^liAtft, and certain excerpts wore 
^■priatvd frum thi- former hy Kulltii. S4^fit>). 
^P aiiil fTitni tliK IkTIki bv l>r. J(4in Aikiii 
~ (l747-Wl>-^);q. ^-lin r7!>f>. and in If<34 by 
j«(we {Glfitnittif» in .V/i/. Hut., 2nd nor. jip. 
1-U*f!0), who ^re also a facHmile reproduc- 
tion of one of it« page* (18-34 June I77fi). 
^Hncitber seotni to havt^ bei.<n *tudied by a com- 
^^mleai- xoolo^st. Vet a close t:xatnination 
^^nf thcM documents is absolutely needed to 
^■attain a trut kuunli-dgL< of White's life. 
^B That be was a born aulurnliNl none will 
diepute; in hi.« earliest letter lo IVnoant 
(lOiVuft. I7G7| he *ays ho wni* nttached Co 
natonl hnowled;^ from bis childhood : but 
.it M no \v»t C4>rtoin thai the liiibit of 
rraiion and rrtl'>ction on wbat he ob- 
sTvv*l grew upon him daily. It haa beeu 
Ited {Saturdaif 3Unew, 24 Sept. 1887) 




that be, like Robert Maraham, the cone- 

»|K)iiiWnt of bie cloein|r days, acquired &0Di 
Srt-phen Hahwrq.T.], inn reclorof the neigh- 
bouriug FariniKUou, who was well known to 
While hinudi', hit> fathrr, and (^nindfathcr 
(letter to Mar»hani. lU Auff. 17tK)>, 'tbetwCe 
for obsorviuff and recording periodic natural 
pheuouivna. This may have been eo, tboush 
from hid on-u Klatrmeiil it is not likely. lu 
thok'titr to Pennant just mentioned White 
litmttnted thmu^ln.iul life' thu wiuit. of a com- 
panion to qtiickni my indu.ttry and Rharpsn 
my iittenticm,' The ' MiscellBneous Tract* ' 
of nenjamin HtilUneUcft [q.v.j art< often cited 
with approval by White, and tbeir publica- 
tion in IT-'JH must have oucourai^ed him to 
]juniuu the coitne be hod early adopted; 
while sdli Inter I he five Utile annual vauimes 
of Sco)inli (17091772), wbicli be was fond 
•if c|U'>tin)f, muHt have had the same effi'd. 
There is abundant proof that in hia youth 
he WHS uu enlhusiusiic spurl«m)in, utlbou|ih 
Hi the Mme time a rellerlive one (rf. bis 
letter Nu. xxiii. to liarringtou ), So keen 
wan lie in liix undrrgradunli; dnvx at (liford, 
a.^ one of Mubo's letters (Itl .\ug. I780( re- 
Tnind* him, that he used lo umcti«e with 
bi« K"" 'ti tiummer, and fetch nown mignint 
binla in order to steady bin hand for the 
winter; and in early years lo »hoot wood- 
cucks, eveji whcu paired, iu March (li^B- 
UlsaTOX, MiMrrllnnif», lip. 217, 218). ft 
musi hv degreea have dawned on bim that 
till- liinil of otiiH'rvsticin ntxtlisl for ihe suc- 
cewfiil jiuTfiiiil of sport, just tm of horticul- 
ture, mi|rht be n^nilered more ralusble by 
till' Miidy of plants and utiimalA on a prin- 
ci pie more or lesa methodical. K\ en in 171U 
wo find him (Dbll, ii. ikW) buying Itay's 
' Synupei* Metnodica Avium et riscitiiii,' aud 
T his was t he book which, in regard to toology, 
i^LTV'_-d him as hut guide to thu last, though 
111! to niiuie extent availed himielf of (he im- 
prorenients introduced from time lo time 
into Ky«(*'miitic nntiiml history by Linnieua, 
Y>^t it would af*in that \\*^. did not seriously 
take up the study of botany uatil i7t!iJ: but 
be then for the rc«t of his life pursued it to 
a good end. 

White was in the habit of payinfT at least 
one annual visit to Loudon, where his bro- 
I burs Thomas and Henjiiminwer«eal«blisilii.^ 
It may be infem-d from his advice ttuh^e- 
([iiiMitly ffiven to Knlph Churlun l-'fl> .Murcll 
17M-II that he attended, of a visitor, many 
roeutiuge of the Itoyal Society and of tha 
Society of Antitiiiftri.-* {ih. ii. 18!H|, Un hia 
visits to Loudon i which seem to have gene- 
rally been early in the year! he met several 
men of high scientific pmitiou. He was 
there in the spring of 17ti7, and then, through 



J 



White 



White 



.IdttoOttltSrajamut, tliepublisWr ofP«n- 
"L-IVWlnt lUAdfl IV»nitni'« perMiniil nc- 
i(of. bu Brst letter to him 4 Aug. 
[767, first printed bv Bell, i. 'J7, in 1877). 
Punnant, bavinfr in bund • nvw edition 
of hi* 'Ilnti»U Zoot«pr' \I708-I770), wmi 
natunlly plcasrd ut l&Iling in with nn ob- 
mtrvHT will) had ku much vahiabUt iufonuH- 
lion to impart, and a rorT(<«pondenw sprang 
up bBLwwii tliPin trfaioh lii«t«<) until thn ram- 
pfetion of the ni'w <3o««]led fAurtli) edition 
(1776), the proofs of which were ivviavd by 
Wliit*. I nfortunnlf-ly I'luniml'a letters 
eru not forthcoming, Uiuufth White's, being 
Miib«vquL-nlly rclurnvd to him. form th« bu)» 
of tilt; Cfliibntvd 'Natural Hiitlonf of ^1- 
home,' There chuuoI bf a doubt that thtv 
were originally wriMcn mvrclTforl'cnnant e 
iiwn uav, without any thoupiit of aeparale 
publication. (Vfioiuwntenthave been ready 
to depreciate I'eutiaiit. koib as a iwilo^st aud 
tut an antiqiiiirvi but wilh hitn Whttr found 
him-ielf on the bt»t of Icruis. praising liis 
candour. Il4> did, indeed, complain to hla 
bmthi-r John in Febniarr 1776 of the »tate 
of lh« pmof-sheeta aont lor rerision, mad at 
another timtt h« cont^ast<^d levers fr^nnrous 
conduct with that of IVunnnt, to tin.- adraii- 
toffo of the former, Ihouab it was the latter 
vbu (^TD Liiu the niucu-pfetwrnvd Sct^li 
(t'i. ii. 41). \Vhit« waa ven cerpmomwiK 
in his corraspoiidence. Mtilw, who alwajs 
wrote to him * >lv dear Oil,' ofli>n proteatwi 
againRt bein? nddnH«cd, in the loiters now 
unhappily oeatroyed, ' .Mt dvar Sir,' and 
WUm mquetitly fae^&Q his letters to hia 
ne^ew in the uuc formal elylu; ytM, in 
17w, in on un|iubliAlicd tetur, acdd by 
Messrs. Sothi-by & Co. in April 1896, he 
gently raliiMl Priiiiant on the hononr, of | 
whicu ibo lafl« wa« very proud, of hna^ 
(•l«;t<Mi to the ACMd<>iny of SrtenOMofDront- 
heim (Tronfllijem), hiimorotuty anggoettnf; 
that henoefortu ht> would beUmriil lobclieve 
in Itiahop I'unlnppidBn'a Kraken and Sea- 
Sttrpf^nV uiidi'r {laiii of vipuhtinn. Hull (roL i. 
p. xli) coninluitiJi of PennaiitH *canl rvcoff- 
nition of \S hiii>'ii diiin)V(>ri(.>F, but ifntonuith*' 
fact that Wliittf in rorrrctiiiK ihp proof" of 
lliw fourth pdiiion of tlip • Rriti^h Zoology,' 
and making additions thereto, would luta- 
rally not inrrodnc his own naini> on evfry 
occasion. In the preface I'ennaul ^enemily 
hut fully achnowlfdfioa White's aervices. 

\Vhiit;'» penonal acquaintance witb Dainea 
Darrinfttcm did not begin until May 1769, 
whi'n lIivY met ta London, though more than 
a yair bvfom thn ]att«r had *ent him n copy 
of the 'Xaturalist's Joiimnl' (an invention 
of narriiigton'ii) ibmiipli iii« brollier Ren;a- 
min, who published it. Tlieri'iipon follow^ 



a aerie* of letters whldi. continued until 
17^, fom the woond pan of the ' Xaiom] 
Hiclory of Selboroe,' ihou(;h tomu 'Iirtlers* 
appear, m in the former iiart conaiating ef 
IVunact's leit«n,t<i bavu iMtfn subsp^uentlr 
addtdby wayoTcoDiplstinglbM work. AVitb 
bis usual penrmity Barrington chnfwto div 
heliere in the migration of Ibe swallow-kiod, 
and, with his nstaal casuistry, attemptrd to 
defend the inuiliun h« titok up. It sevuu lo 
have been nis inllnenre that from time lo 
time dirturbed White's mind on the sutnvcl, 
sending him to search for torpid awaltowa 
amontf the shrubs and boica of Selbome 
Hanger ( Idlers li. and Wii. to llarringt«n ; 
Ji::^!!!, Gieamngt in Natural Hiatoiy, ^nd ser. 
p. Iftl); and, when be had actuully **^w 
their loigralion in progrees (Letter 3Lxiii. to 
Pennant), causing bim to ignore the biguifi- 
canee of his ohserration. The hold that 
lhi« uncertainly had upon bim lafttrd \i> the 
end, for in a letter tu Marsliam (IIkll, ii, 
303) only a few darn before bis death he 
repiidiati^ tfaefuppnsti ion that he had writ ten 
is tfatf ' Gent I em an V MngacitM* sfninst the 
toqiidityaf swallows, as it would iiol *be 
consistent with whit I have aoroetinMii 
asserted to lo do.' This is the moru extra- 
ordtnaiy, eioec through one brother h>< had 
poaitive aKUimncL' of tlw miration of swat- 
lows in southern Sunin, and through another 
brother, the bookfleller, be bad opportunitkcs 
(of which be certaiolr availed himself) of 
knowing what wn* pubU«hed on the suhjecl. 
lie could hardly have been unaware of tbft 
* Euayi upon Natural Ilietorv ' bn:>ught out 
t^ George Kdwnrd* (1094 l'"73) [q. v.J in 
1 1 70, one of which coatauia views on mgn- 
tioa, which m mostly sound.thougb poesibtr 
the remarkable* Discoar*e on tht* Fmigralion 
of British Birds ' printed t<^n yearn later bv 
John IjTgg ($Hli*bnry, 1780), being a local 
Bublimtion and anonymon8,tuy haTecsnped 
White's notice. 

It i« reruin that during his annual visiW 
lo London White made other »clt.-ntific nc* 

Juaintances. He ii found writiii)' to (Sir) 
oseph Bauhs [q. v.] (BSLL. ii. 24l) in ful- 
fitmeut of a prumise so Mrly a« Ihi' springof 
170^. A few months latir that inirepid 
iintumliiit rsiled vrith Cook on Iiih nii^nio- 
nhle rnyage in the auccew of whi<-h \Vhit« 
took the greatest ioterwtirA. vol. i. pp. xliv- 
xlviii), while subaequently he knew Daniel 
Charlod tkilander [q-T.], Buki's companion ; 
the oldiT Forster, the nalurMlist of Cook's 
second roynge, ■« well ns William Cnnia 
[q. v.', the ontomologiM and bi>ianii>t (lA. ii. 
li); Sir Ashton I^ver [q. v.], who formed 
th« enoniiou« tniiwura known by his name; 
and John Ligbtfoot (173ft'17eB) [q. T.} of 



I 



I 



'XJxbridgv, PennmntV Mlaw-tniveller. Il ia 
oridenl., too, that White's RTtnpnthies wcm 
not limited Co the B&iuinl« of liu own coun- 
try, M i« tbown by t\if inter«at h« took in 
his brother'^ zoolosical iDTeetifi«tionB at Gi- 
faraliir, nnil in thoCliinewdoetbroiiglii home 
by C'harU's Eliy, a ion of the vic«r of Sel- 
bome (L«(ler Iviii. (o Barrin^^n), to My 
nolhtag of liia deaire to mx thu tmiUowt of 
Jamaica (LfVtt«r vii. to Uie Huue). 

It ia pi'rliaiM itnpQMibli! now to B«cortaia 
irbvD tlii* nvlioti ol |iiiltlia)ilii)^ hia nliHTva- 
tionn in n u-pArntu work firet occumil tu 
White, or wb«a hv fomivd tlie di-lfnninatinn 
of doing M>. Early in 1770 Ilnrringtin 
must have made some e uffRefition on ihi* 
aubject, to which White nplird on 1*2 Aoril 
in uoiiatiog terms : 'It ia uo uiiall uudcr- 
takiDf^ for a man untnppoilcd and alone 
to begin a natural history from hii) own 
antopais ! ' ^methiii^ luutt aUo bare paucd 
between him and rennant, for th* next year, 
in a Inlttfr tu him uf 19 July, of which onir 
an i>xtnu:t haa beon [iiinlt^ {llztL, vol. i. 
p.xlix},ht) says: ' As lu anr I'ublication in 
this war nf my oii*n, I look upon it with 
ETtvat diHidi'nrp, finding that I ow^bcio have 
bef^iin it twi?nty year* ngu.' In 1(73, writing 
to bio brtithcf John, be savf> liV>. Ji. ^1): , 
' If you don't make liaste 1 shall publish 
before you;* and again in 1774 (ifi. ii.2(*J: 
'Out of all my jouninls I think 1 might 
collect mntl.or rituufth and i>ncb a Mirii^ of 
inoidentB net might prfitiy wnU cotnprehc'nd 
tlM natural histonr of tins district. . . . To 
tbeae might be added Mme rirciini»tanR(!a of 
the country — its moiil rurious iilsnts, its 
few anti(]iiiti<-6 — all which altofn'inc-r mijrht 
soon be moulded inio awi^rk, hud [ tvm>Iu- 
tion and spirits to Mi about it.' The follow- 
ing ynu, Lowt-rvr, he KcvrnM tu have lawiv 
np bis mind, though in ihc spring of 1775 
bia eyos suffered ' from overmuch readiop ' 
(bJ. il. 40). In flctobwr hv wnilw (tft. pp. 
44,46), *Mr. Orimm has not appeared,' he ! 
bwnff the 8wisa draughtsman who evon- i 
tually executed tbt; jriatrs for tltei work. I 
Writing from Loadon to ^m Barker on I 
7 Feb. I77(t, he wait still in doubt, at any '■ 
rate, as to the fi>rm of publicnlion ho whuuld 
adopt; but lit^ had Im-n to Kn< (Iriuitu, who 
n few WBtiks later came to Si'lborne, and 
i* called 'my artist' (lA. ii. 1:?S|, laUing 
Tiew.i of the Ilermitagfi and otW places 
snl»equent.ly engraved forthe volume; whil" 
White declnh^ bin intention ' st^rnft liwi'' 
hence' to publish 'iu mjihi' wav or other' 
n naw edition ot his paiiers on the ' Ilirun- 
dioM.* Those memomblu itiunogmphs, al- 
auwl iJm earlirait m xoological literatnre, he 
bad eommunical«d through Barrlngton, at 



whose instigation they were wriltvo {ii. ii. 
•JO), in 1(74 and 1776 'to the Ttoyal Socwtgr, 
for insertion in the ' Philosophical Tnnsai^ 
tioni.' There they were prinl.i1, although 
verv carelculy, ns the author justly con- 
plained (i£. ii. l]!i). He liad intended an- 
otiiifr pttjH-r, on 'Capniniilgus,' to folluw, 
but Uarniigton, having quarrelled with the 
Society (t'A. ii. 4<t), would not present it 
(iA.i\.-229). In(lu.firi.t half ..f 1777 Whit* 
bad a c«>vere iUneAs (J. .Mul.-to, in litt. 
1 Junv 1777^ which must haie inlerfi^red 
j with his work nn which he had b<-gim Ui bo 
seriously engaged. Moreover, the nnti- 
I quarinn portion— for he had decided t*> 
' include in it an account of thesntiouilies 
of Selborue (ItELL, ii. 1S7) — obviously re- 
iiuir>-d much labour, and he spent a good 
pnrt of (.Mub<*r to that year at Oxford, 
■nvcatignting the archives of Magdalen Col- 
lege, to which tfa» priory of Sulbome bad 
bi--en united nti it* supprvMOn some fifty 
years befon; the Kvnerall dissolution of the 
monant'TieH. In this t»i«k Whilw wimgn-atly 
afeisted by his friend KichardlI7handl«'r(17<')S-- 
18IO)rf(. v.l, the eelebratedfJivektravellf rand 
antiquary', who not only ciotnincd for him 
the recoriis relating to Seltmrne possessed 
br that colk-fre, but also tho.«e whieli he was 
allowed to biirrow fnirn ihu di'nii and ehap- 
ter of Wincliiister. .\l«iit 1779 White Nt- 
came acquainted with lialph Churton [il'V.], 
from whom he receivfil no little Hwinlanei', 
lui appMirs bvihf-ir orn-spondencn tlrst ptib- 
lished by B«ll (ii. lWf-i>:(0). Still, prngress 
WM alow, and he complained to 8am Itarber 
tbat'mucb writing and transcribing always 
hurts me' (i6. ii. laO). Mulso's letters re- 
peatodty urcw gn-ator spifd, but While waa 
not to bt- liurried in the e«i«ution of his 
self-imposed task. Ileeridently deterinined 
ihnt what he had to do hn would do with 
hiii might, and the result justified his delay. 
It was not until January 1788 thiit he 
wrot"> to Ham Itnrker (rt. ii. IfiBtlhat hf 
had at length put bis Mast hand' to the 
book ; but still there was the index to make 
— 'an oecu[]aiion full na i'nle«aini«g(i« that 
of darning of stockings' — and the actual 
puhlicstion did not lake pluet' until iIk' end 
of Hint year, the voltiine li>.-jiriiig on ita 
title-page the date ITfiO, Almost coincident 
wilii iu appearance won llin di-iifh of his 
youngr-st hrniher Hanr, of Fyfield, with 
whom he was always on most atreclionale 
term*, and tlir loss wat cvidf-ntly much ftlt 
by him. The l*ooU wa" nubli-hed by \\ hite'a 
brother IWniamiu. liis Lrnlher Thomas, 
who had b>.-ien t'onj^tiinlly urging the pubU- 
catioN, if he wetw not its primr> instigator, 
wmie (anonymously, of eourw) a review of 



> 



il in the ' Oentlemaa's Slaffuinu,* vhicb, 
speaking of it lii|{hly M it (Uihtvu<I, yttt Ik^- 
tmyi^l lui exoesA of fraternni prnvnlitj. 
John MuUo, whose (aeti? uad rriliciil fuciiltv, 
ori)^nall,v koitti, tn-^ra tn liav<^ h^pn bluntud 
by tlie lazy Ufe be had now so Ion;; led m a 
well-ln-netici'd ccclfaiasiio, oxpn^md lit* ftp- • 
pruvdl ill warm thoiwb uot very mithuaiafi- 
tic teraiN, partly, peraaps, bi'cttiiaii hv secinit 
to have bolorc roiul tbu uniuret liiitmry pOT- 
tion of tiiH 'piect!,*a»cl be biiuetita^d lliat hi» 
Qwn name, lu tbat ai ihu friund at Siiubiiry 
iaBBDtion-il by IliH niillior, did nut'itiaiid in 
a book nf 80 TDucb crt^dil and resp^^abiUly.* 
Tbfl cornjepyodBUCB with Churlnn, whiiiici? 
moit information nf \Vhir«'n lift) at ibid 
period is obtainable, conlnins no laiti'r be- 
tween the biyiniiiiiir of December 17f*6 and 
thu rnd of July 17t^(>, and it wu not UDlil 
Xhfi following OcIoImt that he bbvs li«i wan 
reading the Tjook witli eiTidiiy, ibis being 
uTlvr Wbilt* liad wntlen to him (Kki.l, ii. 
214): 'My book is still a^kcd for in Flwt 
Street. A iivnl. ciiuiu lh<.- othvr day, and 
Haid be understood that thero waa a .Mr. 
Vhiti! wbo bad luU'ly publirbud iwt; bookjji, 
a gixjd oni-. tind ii biiit orii* ; the bad uni; waa 
concerning Botany Bay f ' A Voyago to N«w 
South \VaW,'by John Whit« (no ivlation), 
published in 1790], the bntcer respecting 
pome pariah.' Churton justly complainud 
that the index was not mnTC copiouc. nnd 
the eamu complaint may U' uiaile in ri'^ard 
to fiverv wiilioa i.biit liu>; 6ini-o oppiiarud. 
Soon aA.er thin, Wbilu wrutu Ibut ilxfurd 
■ppKAird t'vrry vrur to rcci-Je fiirthtr and 
further from Sulbume, and it is cluur thai 
the infirmities of ag« hnd cnmt* iiiM)n him. 
For fit le&st ton yt^nnt he had suffered from 
deafness, and bis l«tter!i, though tibowinp; no 
indication of decay in nifntal jKiwer, seem 
to bnVB been writlen at longer inli>rvaU. 
Vet in Marth 17tiaCbiirtou ciinvn.4sed him 
for his votu ill favour of Cjuot^ Crabbe [(l.v.] 
an profuintor nf poetry at Uifiird, and a^- 
pxjarej lo think In; might come to the tini- 
ver»ity In ^iw it. 

Whatever mav have been lie reception on 
the psrt of Wbitfl's family and frh-nd^, ibi- 
merits nf the Imok wen; spwrtlily acknow- 
ledged bv naiuraU&ts who were simnger? to 
him. Within six munthii fif Its appamnrft 
George Montagu i'17.'j1-1(«1.1) [q. \. , hardly 
then known to faints, bul not mnnryeart alter 
reco^li>ed OK n leading BritliJi zoologist, 
wrote that he had btwn'greatly entertained' 
by it (lA.. ii. 336), plying it« author with lii- 
quiriiMwhichwvm>v]Mpnlhftinillv answered. 
Another Iflttemf the anme kind followed a 
few weeks lalyr, tolling Whitv ' Your wnrk 
onwliir^d in me fresh ardour, and, with that 



di.'grei'arenthHstum oeeessarr tosuch inveeti- 
gationa, I jxtrvaded the interior receMea of 
the thickeot wood.i, and spread my researches 
to every place within my reach that Beemed 
likely,' The next yenr broupht another 
correspondent, and one who»e scientific repu- 
tation was auun-d. This was Kub^iTl M^ar- 
fiham of .Sirattou-StrswleM in >^orfolk(the 
place where Stillingfleet had written his 
•Tracts'), Whites at-nior by twelvu ywnt, 
who (inlroduct^ Ui the ii«w work 1^ his 
neighbour, "William Windham the staiea- 
man) wn^tn ibnl ho could not deny bimitKlf 
• the honest fintiiifartion ' of otfering the 
iiuthor his thanks for 'the pliMi#un> and in- 
formation' hi^ hnd tfC^'iTed from it. Most 
fortunately the correspondence which ther^ 
upon began bL-twwn tlicst- two men \« almost 
complote, iben- hting but two of White's 
letters missing. It has bt-en published by Mr. 
SoHtliTvell in tlio'Transflctions of the Norfolk 
and Norwich Naiiiruli»t4'Soeiely'for lt*76-B 
(ii. 13;)-9>i), was thence repnnlod by Bell 
(ii. :!43~303). and White's sidu of it by Mr. 
II art ing UN an ai)]H-ndix to his second edition. 
ilere we see that Whito'H ialerutl in alL 
bnitic)i>-s nf ualiiral hlslorv whi> to the very 
end aa keen as i-ver — for hiB lust letter Ut 
Marsham wns dnt«d but eleven day* bitfora 
his death— whilf every pbnrncl^riatic of his 
style, its uuaifected gmce, Wn charming sim- 
plicity, and it« natural humour is maintained 
at fully as in ihu varliest examples which 
hiivf rome down lo lut, an that, this corro- 
tipondeiice is n litling iie<]uel to that between 
liiiUM.-ll'uiid IVnnaril and BarririKtou. While's 
ple.iuure at Manhaiu'c! approval is unmistak- 
able. '0 that 1 hiid known you forty yfun 
ago!' is one of Whitf'ix-xclamalinn^ to Mar- 
sham, the signiBcance of which may be seen 
when rend in connection with thut paasage 
ill Vi* v&rl\^\ Ivlti'T to Pennant (lU Aug. 
17t>7), wherein he wn>te : ' It ba« bwn tny 
misrortunit nevertoliave hadsuy riuighbours 
wIhibi- Mliidii-ii hnvif It-d tliem towards the 
piirBuil of nntiiml knowledge.' 

Ituring Wbitn's Imit yean there hiaaislcr- 
in-Jnw, widow of his hrother John, contiuued 
to keep house for him at S"li>i>rn«. On the 
death of bii aunt Mrs. Snnoke in 1760 he 
bad become possessed of pro(H'rty which 
could lint have been inconsidi^rable, inrludinj^ 
' the old family tortoiw.' and be was ihere- 
bv enabled the more easily lo gratify his 
disposition toward)^ hocpitality. From his 
norri'siiiindeme with hia niec^ ' Molly,' ths 
Rarkets, and rburtoci^whu svemii to hava 
usually pBWi-d Chruitraus with htm — we a«« 
how opiMi hia door was In memhera of liia 
family and to his friends, de-spitu bis in- 
creu^ing deafness. Mulso, writing to him la 



4 



White 



45 



White 



» 



I 



DMeinb«rl790,wys: * AIoj! mygood friend, 
bow should wo now do to convene it vro 
Ovt ? tor TOii cnnnot ht^ur, nml I cniinril, now 
■peak nut.' Many timefi in rhe corr^poD- 
duam with Marsbsm earb compUinud oT tin* 
hold which 'iho JJitfr procnwiinaunii ' hod 
Mlwn upon himself, but lb«re is really tittip 
•iffn of thp power of 'thi> dflunon' upon 
Whit«, and hm 'NatumllHV Journal' was 
ConlioueJ until wilhio fourdaj'aof his death. 
(>D 11 June 17i^3thi< .•'Oil crfhie uldiitt friend. 
Jiilin Mul*u (who Ijml din) in Sirptember 
17ftI),caiaeto Jv-lbonip, M-here be Etavod for 
ft niiiht, nnd wxt d«j- Whit*' -wtoIp fiii> lfl«t 
Vtt<?r to Marahani, which pnii«l with thi' 
^ords. * Tb(> E(.4«>rin with us is unbt*nlthr-' 
In it b«> wild )u- had hwn aniioy.ii In iKp 
•priiu^ by ft bftd nervous cough and ' n 
wftnaeriog Rout,' His ffttnl illntM inii.«t 
haTe bct^n of short diimtion, though, accord- 
ion ti> n«ll, it was attended bv much sulFeis 
iiiff. On the 2llth he diLH) at his boiiM?. Tho 
^VakM, which hot! eiiicM bwii vivitt-d bv ko 
muiy of bill adminr*. He Um buried amonir 
hie liiiusfolk on thu north &id<? of tb<; chanc<.-l 
of Sclhonw ciiiirih, 'thr fiflh (rmvi- from 
this wall ' as rpcorded on n tahhi ori^nally 
placed II ^inxt it on tht* mit^id", but nine" 
removed within, nnd innpiimprliiTi'ly affixed 
to th« south a-.ill of th« build in);. Tlte Rrsrv, 
boveVCT. i« dtill nurkiK] by the old hcadftone 
bvftrinKth" initial btttcrs of Lia tininv and 
\he day of hi* dfalh. 

Thai. While's * Selborne ' is the noly work 
on natiiial Kiitlory which baa attainted the 
rank of an English cliuuiit? in admiltud by 
P?[i<*ral nwlnmnl ion. «■ well a» hy onrnp^ti-nt 
rriticH.and numerous hiiv4(he«ti the nitcmjit^ 
to discover th* "•■cn:>t of its ever-growmg 
reputfttion, SoAnvly two of thum AgTMt 
and no «^xpUnaiion wliat^voroltfred of the 
ch&rm which invests it can be ncc^ptt-d ok 
in iT6<>ir ifttiBliiotory. If wu (;mnt what Ik 
partially true, that it was the tiwL Uiok of 
Its kind to appear tn this country, aud 
therefore liad no rivaU lo t-iiooiiiitHr hRfum 
ita repntftlion was f-itabli.^hed. we find thiit 
ftloni.' inxiifticK.-nt to account for (he wnv in 
whif-h it ia utiU w^^lonmi'd by ihouAandn of 
readers, to many of whom—oad this espe- 
rially applies to itK Aiocricia admirers — 
•carcL'ty a plant or an animal mentioned in 
it is familiar, or eren known but by name. 

Wliilf wu» a prince amung ubMervors, 
nearly always obtxTving tlii! ri|tht tbin^ in 
the right w*ay, and plaring before ua in a 
fuw wonl<i lli« livinp wing h^ olKervcd. Of 
the hundreds of statements recorded by 
Wliiti', the number wfatcb are undoubtedly 
miatakim may be counted almost on tho 
fitig<ete of one hand. The gravest is perbapa 




that on the formation of honcydew (Letter 
Ixiv. to Barriiigton): but it vras not until 
aome yearn latvr that the iialurv of that 
auhalunce was dlacorered in this country 
by William Curtis (q. v.), and it was not 
made known until IMX) {TmuMetiofU fjin>- 
ntnnn Atrirty, ri. 75-91); whil« we hava 
editor nft.T t-ditor, many of them well- 
informed or otherwise cnmpftcnt judgat, 
citing fn-ah proi>fit of Whitt^s industry and 
accuracy. In addition White was 'ascboUr 
and ft Rentlemau,' aud a phi luwojvlu'r iif no 
m^an dt'pth. But >t set'ins ns thoujih the 
combination nf all thHj»! igiuilit Ji.'h would not 
neccMarily pive him the nniiiif^tioni'd dupc- 
riocit y ov«r nil other writer* in the same tield. 
The secret of the charm must bp aouf^bt 
elwfwbere; but it has been sought in vain. 
Some hhv« a-torihrd it lo his way of iden- 
tifyint;; himself in fi^-lin^ with tho animal 
kingdom, Ihonjfh tot hif> sympathy llwreweru 
notablt! iisot'ptions. .Sonic, like Lowell, aet 
down the ' natural maijic' uf While to thu 
fact that, 'upon the bavtk where you will, it 
takes you out of doors; ' but the same b to 
be said of other writers whoy*-t n^main com- 
poralivuly uudistineuisbed. White's style, 
a Certain bI ifTnt-HS ffiaractrristif.' nf the period 
bein^ admitted. iseminentlyunatTcrl (Ml, eTt.>n 
wlii'n hi- in ' didnctic," as he more than onct* 
aiKilogiseB for becominff. aud the same sim- 
[MLcily is observable tn his letters to mi'm- 
bers of his familv, which could tn?Tir bine 
buen penned with ihu view uf publication, 
mid have never been n^tom-hisJ. Tlif>n, tixj, 
there is the complete absence of self-impor- 
limce or •« If-con*riou«nfiw. The observation 
or the remark inlands on it<i own merit, and 
guinit nnthing beciiiise he haiipens to be the 
maker of it, except it hi; in tlip tinge of 
humour that often delicately pervades it. 
Tho tx.'autios of the work, apart from the 
way iu which they directly appeal to tiatu- 
rnli»ts, as they did to Uarwin, grow upon 
the reader who is not a nutumliEt, a^ Lowell 
ituitilieK, and the more th«-y are studied tlw 
more they seem to defeat analysis. 

Nil piirtniit of White was ever takea, 
and. thoug^h some have p!en«-<l lhems«lvMi 
with a tradition that one of the figures ia 
the frpntispiec* of the (piarto editions of hie 
book was intended to reprwucnt him. Boll's 
authority (vol. i. p. Iviij n.) for otkerwiss 
idenlifyias eaehoi tho^e fiKurps must be no 
cepted. &)i was told bv Francis White, tlis 
youni^oet «m of Gilbnrt''a Tflungest hrothw, 
(hat he well remembera^ bis uncle, wlio 
' was only fire feet three in«hit>a in stAture, 
of a *psro form and remarkably upright 
carrioire,' 

A complete bibliography of White's writ- 



H 



toga vould occupy muij P*^-S oving to tlie 
number of ediTioae uia iBsue» (eiifchtsr or 
noK) through whkh bi« chief work h*« 
paoaML A fuU l»t bu b««n attempted in 
* Sou* tDitiamriea' {or ly77-8 (Oih ser-vols. 
Til to ix.), moA by Mr. Kdwanl A. Muiln 
{A BMiagrnpAy t'f fiiiAert U'htU, ^WBlmtn- 
ater [1807], fevo), who wrote apMrenilj is 
ignonacc of what hod appcarMl ia ' Nutv« 
* Qiwrie*.' Tlie hnt pobticatioti to be 
la tbe ' Account of llwi HouRs-Martta 
'MartlH. In • Wt4>r fmm thr IVr. Hit. 
ben Wfait« to the Hon. Daines BarriDftton ' 
(PUL Tnom. yoL Uiv. pt. i. pp. 196-aOl). 
This buar bear* date 20 Nut. 1773, and 
was'radde'to Ihe Kova) (kKrietv on 10 Feb. 
1774. It IE reprintod in the 'S'utunl Hia> 
torr of !>rllx>nM< ' aa lettirr XTi. to Ibr- 
ringtoD. Next there is *0f ibe Hoilse- 
Swaltows, SwiA, and Saad-Marlm. By tb« 
Rt-v. CilWrt White, in Tfanea Lettcca to Ibe 
Hon. I>ain«s Barriaglon' (0. toL Ixt. pi. ti. 
ff. 396-76). TheM> wpt« tvA to thf «■□>« 
flOdetj* on 16 March 1 < i o, and were remec- 
tively dalwl M Jan. 1776, 38 Sept. 1/74, 
and ^ Feb. 1774 : but the annaal dales nf 
ibe flrat and Ian should be reveraed, and 
White oootpUius of rahnos otber misprints. 
Tbfljr rappmred in tba ' Natural Uiatorj of 
Sa l b ai na ' aa letters xviit. xsi. and xx. to 
Barrin^on. Tbtwe were but fDrcntnoen of 
the tiivat work which bore on it« lillr>pag<% 
*Th« Nataral Hixtnry | and ; Antitjuilieej 
of ISelborae, jin lhe[Countr of Southatnp- 
too : ' with I Enf^rinf^ and an ApfM-ndix. | 
London : 1 priated by T. BeoaleT ; ' for B. 
WUie nod Son, at Iloraces Head, Fleet 
Stratt. IILDCCXXXXLX.' li ia in qnarto, 
Ml ri, 48S4 IS mm'Jtnbered. being twelve 
at iadez and one of vmta. Tfav auihoi^a 
aam« in not on the titl0-pa){p, but appeart an 
*nD. White'oo p. T. It bu an oai^ved 
title-pag?, and terra copMr|>latva, br^idea 
«M iiuCTt«d on p. .'$07. Coatenporarf ad- 
TtctiaeaieDta ^how that it was iaanra in 
boarda at the priot of oti« gninea. and it was 
the onljr Enfliah edition publtahed in the 
antbor'a lifetime. Two yeara after hia death 
than appoared ' K Naturalist 'a Calendar | 
with Obaerrattona in \'arioua Itranchea ] of ' 
Xalural HisiMT; | extract*^ from the papers i 
of th* Ut* I Rer. GUbert While, SLA- ! of 
Selbome, Hampishire. Sfnior Fellow nfOrivl 
College, Oxford. Never befut« publtilitKl. ! 
London : Iprinted for B. and J. White, 
Horace's Head. I Fleet Street. ; 179.'>.' This 
M in octaTO, and oontabie pp. 170 + 6 nn- 
nombered. It was compiled by I>r. John 
A3[tn, whnsignii) tlie ' .\dreniwmrai.' The 
l«xt beffins ac p. 7, and to fac« p. 65 ia a 
eeloBied copperplate by J. F. Miller, after 



Ebner'a pictnre of *.•% Hyhhd Bird;' but 
«o badly done as to mktvpRwnc not only 
the original, but alao the watncolottr draw- 
in^ from which the plat* is eopad. [it 
1^01' appeared -The Worta ia Nataral His- 
tory of tne UlC Rer-^iilbcrt White .. .eom- 
^riainji; theNatnial Ilivloryof .Selbame; lh« 
atuniltFt'fi Calendftr: and M i aee ll an eB BS 
()b*eriaitniu. extracted (roa bt* VKfm*. To 
which are addfd a Calendar and OMerral ion* 
by W. Markwidt, Es>].' lliis was pubLiahed 
in two vohimfrj ociaro by John floe son of 
the elder BeDJamin > White in Y\wi Street, 
who added toe brief alcetdi of hJs nnda^a 
life, whieli hai bean eonstaotly rspriatad, 
and it ia often apoken of a» Aikin'a or Marfan 
wick's edition ; bat whetfaer the latter bad 
more to do with it than allow a oalaodar, 
kept br himself in Sosnex, to be printed 
alongfii^ of that conpiled by Aikin fem 
White's jou mall U doiibtful. Tba eolourad 
plate of the ' Hybrid Krd* is repeated, with 
OOnaideiablr mndiScation of tintinif, from 
the fomer publicatiiia ; but tbi^ ' .\ntiqtii- 
ties' of the ori^al work are omitted. 
S. T. CoI«rridge'« copy of this edition, with 
his manoscript eomments, ia in Ibe Brititli 
Sfttseum. In 1813 two editions appeared — 
one in two Tolumcs octavo, practtcally a 
reprint of the tut, with the additioo of the 
ptKOia* now for the first time publiabed, and 
the other in a ainjfle quarto votume, a iv 
print of the original, toeetber with all Um 
other maitersaMsmwatn added, and tweltne 
Goppi'rplaies instcM of the nine of the aditia 
prvterpf, one of the new ewraringa being tbat 
of a picture presented tobelborDeeborchby 
Benjamin White, and tcmv rational notat by 
JohnMitfoRl(l7Sl-lB&9)[a.r.1ornenbaIl, 
after whom thiE edition is oRcn named. In 
Itilf^appearad another edition in twovolumee 
oetaTo, wbicli is almost a reprint of Iha 
oetaxo of 1813. as is also one published in 
18S&. In 1839 cane out two editions in 
ISmo — one forming voL xIt. of * Constable's 
Mivetlany ; ' the other, on larg^ ?*?'''• ^ 
Shortfeed, esdi being pul)lL«hed b^ Con- 
Btablo, and containing an introdurlioa and 
someiwle^ by Sir William Jardioe ; but the 
dates of the letters, Ih** plates, antiquities^ 
ca l endars, inanT oheervaiionB, and the ptmaa 
■re omitted. t>ne or the otlin- of thasa WU 
rt-iKnied in mifceiedinfr years (163^1S3S«and 
IKIfi) nith a men< change of date on tbe 
title-page ; but, in IK'i^ a vm- superior edi- 
tion in octavo, with additional notes by 
Jardin-s cAmo out as a volume of the * No* 
tional Illustrated Library.' This girca the 
antiquities, and though the woodcuts are of 
poor quality, tbe iiuvrtion of a map of the 
district and the excellence of tbe notes 



I 



4 






I 



I 



% rery Bervicoible; and tt bas nnce 
be^n roprintci) or reiHanl seri^rAl times 
(1879, I8«i. 1890. &c.) line Jardine in 
16&I broiurbt out Another «litiaii conlAiniD^ 
notej by EdvanlJeMU fq. %-.], who,iu ltf31, 
tift<l iinnted in the Aeconil u-tivs of lits 
•fileanings in Naiunil HUtory ' ("pp. 144- 
SIO) H c>tisi(l<-ruli1p nuniWr nf bJllirrto un- 
[MililiAli'il extmcta from 'White'a ■ Natum- 
listV Journal,' which for o 'lint? wii« in liia 
poue»^on, giving alan n fiiriiimilr'> of ana 
vwni of it, comprieine iho week Ic^-:^4 Juoi> 

In Idd-I also appeared oa edition (in one 
'Voluma octavo, but bearing no dalL-) iocttid- 
in\K the aDtiijiiili(-», 'wilh nuifs bv evvvrol 
vniinont ii«tiirali*bi,'wliiiwvre\\'illiam Uer- 
berr (aftorwarda daan of Mancheslcr), Ko* 
bert ^wi.»;t, ami .liimwit Ifvnniti. Tliin in tliM 
In.-*! edition publiKtiril ii|i lo thai tirnf, and 
is commonly known as Ittmaiv'a: but four 
rears after (1^*37) then- npiimrrd orif, bit.'><-il 
npnn it, which is Ixittir Htill, and ii^ kno^'n 
KS Bennett's, since Edward Turaer Bt^nnelt, 
ihouch dyin^ before it left the press, euper- 1 
viMU it, uddinii notes of his own, and otnera 
by Hell, Dani«1), Owen, and Ynrr«dl, aa well 
aa a sclvction from tboM? in Kunuiut odiiion. 
This, witL soBie fair wnodcuts, rc-inained for 
n lon^ whilo tha KUindanl, but ■□ tlmu bv* 
camu out of diili-, whert^ugjon in IH75 a re- 
\~isionof it (initft rated bv a niimlier of copies ^ 
of Uowick's woodcuts of birds, and the Tac- 
simik- from White's journal forniLTlr jfirco 
l^ Jwae) waa brouifbc out with fn^li notes 
bv Mr. Uartiog, and it has acrcral rim^ 
flinco bum rainued, Trith ihn nddiiiou of 
White's letters to AlarBliuiu. It includes 
the sntiquili(^a,audtgkf^snhiKli ruuknjnonif ' 
mlitionii. In 183.1 also Ciipljiin TlmmaM 
Brown brought out at Kdinburgh, with nfites 
of his own, a now edition of the natiiml hL»- 
tflry ODly^ forminj; toI. i, of n. nerira calhid 
'Thellnttsb Library,'Bnd tfai^being stereo- 
typed, has bi^rn ov<.t and orer affain ^clss)l(^d 
with a new tttl<»-pfige and a clumped date. 
Kurlhemiore, still in the same year {18ay), 
there app««r«d an i^dition uf tliL' natural his- 
tory, ' amug«d for roiintf pttrHunN,' vrhiuli bt 
now known to Unvo bw-n done by Georeianft, 
lady Dover [art- Ki.iii», (Ikorok Jauh^ Wkf.- 
BOBB AuAU-,, and is dedicated to her mn, 
n.A[nr}-Ktllis; (afterwards LordCIifden). 
It is U6 6r*t ' bowdli!>riwd ' edition, chietly 
roaukabie for the omission of a few pas- 
MMges; but the intention was good, and the 
book li&8 sulwequeiitly found its way into 
children's hands, it haTiiig been latterly 
odopted by the Society for I'romotinpChriit- 
(ian Knowlitdgn, and uianv timi,** n-uriiited, 
with new iUustr«tion.<i by Joseph Wolf [q.r.], 



and a few notes by Bell ; while it is the foun- 
dation also of A laKe number of r^printa in 
A.m«rica, ranging Irom 1^1 lo thu present 
time, 

A handy edition, inclitditig the antiqui- 
ties, with fjood notes by Illyth, but Terr 
poor woudeuts, which has since been reissued 
MjYi*nil liiuoji, WMji brought, oul in 183Bi and 
in 1^3, a very pretty one, with a fow judi- 
ciuii* nol'-s by Leonard Jenyne. In 14&4 
thi^Tf. vroA ntarterl n seriM of editions of the 
natural hittorr, publisht^d by Messrs. Kout- 
trdgi.*, of whicli the lin«t contnined notes by 
John Ueorgo Wood Iq, v.], of a kind very 
inferior to tbotte by all the pracedlnv editom. 
Brown excepted. Yrar after ytutr tain scries 
ha.1 eoiittnueil, I be price of one of the issues 
bein;* sixisonoc, and that funber reduced, in 
1 87.^1 to t hrKWpenrn for an issue of selections, 
with an introduction by .Mr. llawois. 

In 1875 there appeurcd an edition, with 
iiunirroii.4 illiixImLinn*, bj' I'. ]{. Delamolte, 
with un»ui i? factory note« by Frank Buck- 
land, and a chapter on the antiquiliet by 
RoiindL'll Ptiimer, first lord Selbomo [q, r,] 
The memoir is slight, and lliu fivo new 
letters arv- unimportant. This volume haa 
had a tar^e kbIc, nnd two cbvupor Usues 
since published are very jmpular, as wvll a.« 
one founJud upon it, but printed in AmeriL-a 
in IMI5 under the supenisiou of Mr. John 
Burro ii^hs. 

In \67*i the newly discovered and delight- 
ful cnrTL'spondcnco bLttwctm Wliito and Msr- 
sham was 6rst printed by the Norfolk and 
Norwieh XatiiraliHta' Society, annotated by 
Mr. Southwell and uiburs. and next yuar 
appeared in two volumix the ehuwicul edi- 
' tion of Thomas Bell (I7»l»-l8e0) [a.y.], thp 
pOBuH-srtor and oocnpant formerly for forty 
years of White's house at i^lbome, an edi- 
tion wliieh, from the great amount of new 
informntio'n, it pive«, ihrowe nil others into 
:hu shade. To Belt's edition refereucu haa 
i»vn uhielty made throufjhout this article. 
Uf two editions announcml in 18Q9, onu lias 
a preface by Itrant Allen, witlL illuslratioiui 
by Mr. K. li, tiuvr and Coleridgu's manuscript 
Hiite* friiiu the copy of Markwick'n edition 
I in the British Museum; the other, edited 
by Dr. lIow<ll«r Sharpe from the origmst 
tiianuscript, includu for ttie fintt time the 
, whole of 'The Garden Kalendar ' kept, by 
White from 1761, which is edited by Deati 
Hole, and numerous iUustrntionit by Mr. 
J. O. Keutcmnns, and others. 

A Uermaii translation byF. A. A. Meyur 

was published at Uerlin in 1792 (ISuio) 

under the title of 'White's Beytrftge Eur 

\atiirge*ehichte von Knglniid.' It consists 

! of extracts bo put together as to loae their 




White 



48 



White 



olsry chu&eter, tbougli tlit; name of 
l^t^rA is k*pt up. TN'hile'n first six lotliin 
to Pennimt am condi-niwd inlo sii 'Enter 
Briaf,' whilt' tlm laiit mid' Virrai^buler Brief 
is coropoiindpd of three of thoat- to Bmrinff- 
Uiii, T!ip Irniinlolion i« not viiry accuratr, 
and thh edit^r'n n^marks, whethpr inserted 
in the text Iwtweea britcket« or u foolmitwc, 
ol^en conTcy a onwr, 

SVarloui oUItionK, npucinUy tliAt liy TliODios 
1 (2 roLa, 18771. of Thy Nituml Himory und 
AntiquitiPH of Selborup; uupuUiobDil letters 
and documeora ; n ' Life,' i» yet UDfiniahcd una 
in msnuBeririi. bT White's graM-great-Mphew, 
Riulitp^'h Ho1l-Wliit«, vaq.; »riea of uutiu1:>- 
llsh<>d letI«T« from John Mubo to Ctilbart ^Miilu 
{ITli-Ou) in thf pwsMBtoQ of tho Ijittor'H ralu- 
tivc. William, wtrl of Slnmford; cxtmrto from 
dociiTnaiilB ia Oriol College, Oxfurd. furniahail 
bj Clwrlat LMOCoiot Shitdwell. am.. D.C.L., nnd 
n contribution by him to A. CInrk'* CnllogR* 
of QxCurd, 1691, i>. 121 ; iioouvniuuii Hrtivlu 
' Selborrip' in tho New Motitlily Matfucitifi, vdI, 
xsix., fur D«u-uibor 1830 ; Edwurd Jesae'ii 
Qlrittiinpi ill N'aturikl Histiiry, 'iuii Her., Luii- 
don, IB3f ; C'orrcBpoudeiicu ot Rolwrt AUrabaui 
and Gilbert White, with noios by Thomjis South- 
well «ij[i others, in Tntn«. Norfolk nnd Korwicb 
Naturalists' Society, ii. 133-95 (IS'O): 'Tho 
Puliliflhed Writings of liilbf-rt White,' Xotes 
Htid yiiorin*, 5ih mr. vols, rii-ix. (1877-W); 
'Oilbwi Wliii«(jf t?«lborno' (revi««l|wwjrof thu 
full uriiclo by llichnrd Hooper), 'rcmplc Knr 
Mng:v<tii«', I'ol. !», April le7S ; rrviow* of BtII'h 
wliliun, Nataro, xvii. 309. 400 (21 Mnrvli I8'8) ; 
fipMtatof, 13J'ilv 1878; Articles in iheSntut- 
dny Ituviow, to'.ind 2* ^^(.1, ISH? ; 'Qilbrrt 
Wnito in Siu>«i'S,' by II. D. Unnlon. Zoologiot, 
1893. pp- 4*1-^0 : •' Gilbert White of Selboroe.' 
by W. W. Fi>*Uir. Mix^millan'.* Magiuinn fur 
July 1493. pp. 1S2-9; V.. A. Martina Kiblin- 
pmphy uf Gilbort Whiti>, 1887 ; CItiltrrbucVs 
KoiMOitihi> Pnri»hwof Vyflelil («itrurt*ifroin 
Hoary 'W^itc* I>i.irj>. 6iC., edited by E. V. 
Webb, Sttlisliiiry. 1809.] A. N-jt. 

WHITE, HENRY (1812-1880), bistori- 
cal and educiLtioiial writ«r, boru on 2S N'ov. 
1812, wiw the will of Obarb'S White of Min- 
6ter Stro&l, Rtiadirig. Hn wit? tducatcd 
tkl Roiidirig jfrnuiinar n^biwl und«r RidiKrd 
"S'alpy [q. v.], and proctoded to Triujty Ool- 
]«gQ, Cnmhridif''. lit* abd *tudimL ut the 
iiaJverBity of m>id«lborp. ■wllen^ he obtained 
tb» dugruuuf I'h.l). In i!i« nHrlirrpflrt. of his 
career, after worliinft at Geneva wilh Mfrl« 
d'Aubif^ii'' fur fuino lira«, h«i was chiefly 
occupied with Mholaetic work, and published 
fterenU blMorH-jil tpsi-booltc of considerable 
morit. I'erhupfi tho best known is hi!* ' lli*- 
tory of Fran™,' Kdiribiirgh, 1800, llimo, 
■which attainud an eighth f-dltion in ]t<70. 
J" '*'■•'* tiewaaapiwinUjd to superintend the 



numpilatiDn of iht: ' Calaloifue of ScIentiBc 
i'apera' U»ued by tho iEoyfll Society, and wok 
uogaged In iHI" work until his dtatb. For 
Hoinn ynaro In- also acted as literary critic lo 
the '.\tlaa' durinf! the t^dilur»hip of Houry 
.Tuint>g Slack .<i- v.j 

In IN!" b« publifilied hie moat important 
hook, 'The Maswicn.' of v>t. Uarl b<)li»iiit>w, 
prt-ccdt'il l)r a HlMory of the Itelipinus 
Wars in the Kt-i^i of Charlw* IX,' London, 
8vo, a work of iioniiine rf^ftt-arch. White'a 
n-H^ iho Ski Kuulisih trealiseto ehow that tlio 
mo^atre was ttie roAiilt of a stiddfn revolu' 
tion, and not ^fa long-prwpared conspiracy. 
TUi- iniriLii of his inoiiopaph werw rfcoff" 
niscd by Alfred Maury, who reviewed it 
plnbortttfly in ihf- 'Jotirnal des Savants,' 
White died in London 011 ^'i Jan. 1880. lu 
1^7 he marrivcl KliKabKlh King of Boa- 
lopMi— !*ur-Mf!r, and left iaaiie. 

Beiiidi'ii ihe works nlrvady mt^nliouod, 
\Vliit« wn» tho iiTilhor of : 1. ' Elementa of 
t'niveraal History.' Kdiuhurph, 1843, ISmo; 
lathed. Edinburgh, 1S72, t<vo. 2. • OuU 
lini^n of TTnivcrMi Hifitorv,' Edinburi;h, 
IW.:;, Hvo; loth ed. 1873. l^mn. 3. ' Hi»- 
torv of Great Bril«in nnd Ireland,' Kdin- 
biiruh. 1819, l-iino: t'Oth ed. IKVy. lUalso 
(■ompiled RL'vnral Bchool hi*lori>'f, and b*^ 
Iwdfii ISW and IS03 traunlsted Mfrled'Au- 
bijrn*''» 'History of the lioformntion.' In 
conjunction with Thomas W. Nuwton ho 
prnpartid thn ' flWlalogtii? of thrt Library of 
tbi' Miineiiin of Practical Qwlo^,'|mhl!!-hed 
in 1878. 

lliiformiiiiou klodly (pvun by Mr. H*niy 
White's aon. Mr. A. HofaiogB While; Allibone'a 
BiL-l. uf Kiijtl. Lit. ; Trubner's Amorimn. Knro- 
pean. and Oriertid Kacord, 18»(), p. 12; 
Athcn.-euin. 18S0. i. 68.] E. I. C. 

WHITE. HKNKY Kn{IvE(178.VI80«), 
poetuator, bom in Nottinpham ou 21 Much 
l7Hn, was son of a butcher. Hi* mother, 
whose nnmewaa Neviilfl.cameof a Stafford- 
shine fittniLy, and at one time kf>pt a bo«rd- 
inp-.tchnol for pirla. Th^" linnfl« in which 
Henry is said to have heun bom is stilt 
pointftd nut in Rxchanpc Alley, NoHJnjf- 
liam ; the lower portion romains a butchers 
shop, the upper portion i» a lavtm with the 
sign of Tho Kirku White.' 

Aft4-r Toceiving an tlemontary eduoatioa 
at ftniaU privatu 8cbouli>, be wu at tbn age 
of fourt^f n put to work at a stocking loom. 
But hf chnfi'd nguin»'t such cmploymenl. 
Hi* develope'd lit*mry Iaat<>», and be^^n 
writinffpootrj". Ilojuint^'d a literary aoctety 
and lihowtid promise lu an orator. Within 
a year be obtained more congenial emnloy- 
mtinl; with a firm of lawyitra at N'ottinglUtm. 
His parents could not afford to pay « 



i 



i 



pro- M 



I 



I Toll 

III 

n 



Im wtw ac4oniii>Kly CJ^nipt-Ued to 
terra two yean before bein^ articled. H« 
■ignetl his articles in 1802. His employers 
.ltotii>«<l hi* promiM, and AilviM<(I him to 
inaiy l^tiiL In ten raontba he could rvud 
llormw ' wilh t<4cmblu facilily." and had 
bo^o (fn«k. Sooii arivnrunU lit! acii^uirvd 
•om« knowl«df(eor8paniHh and l\)rtiigueae, 
ftod read many booKs on natunl scionoe. 
til- i^>nlinuni liiit ^ttn-t'it. Kii<I^av<)iirH, ami 
cnntribiitMl 10 the 'MonlUIr I'ret^ptnr' — a 
periodical which ofTonnl pnsua to vouthful 
whtrrs. Subflrtiuemly he aent points and 
easari to the ' Monthlv Mirror,' in which his 
work attraet«4l itiv favonrahii' nolici' oT onv 
of the pn>Driotor», lltnmas IIiII(17tiO lt<-IU) 
fq. v.^, aiidorCape) ImR\. Whitv now deriv 
U)pi!«t n Mtroiig vvangeltcal iii>jiy. He read 
wiVh apprecittCtiMi Spoil's ' Fonai of Trulh,' 
and mnde up his mind to go to Cambridre 
and takt] holy ordvn!. With s view lo rai»- 
Ing some of the needOil funds, be, with the 
aangulneneeH «f youth, preparvd in IKhi a 
ToluiDft ofnoe-ins Inr the pn-ju. Tim Duch^^d* 

if Devonsliire accepted the dedication, and 

td1iiid« •pp«inn'<l in 1803 andor the titin 

'Clifton <]mvf, u sketch in yerae^, with 

itlier po^"™*, by Ui'nry Kirk" Whiti; of Nol- 
tfngham.' In thi' pntfncv White conft-d^t-d 
ibat the verseo came from a very youthful 
pen. Th« work was of raodcwE m«rit; the 
tlu tmem »how«l iht.' intluLtiCEJ uf Uold- 
Kmithii ' I)i!»«-rtt'd ViIliiK<'i' "od "• revii-wer 
in the 'Monthly Itoviow' for tVbruary 1804 
justly rind cmirtfniMly tinid thnt tin" bnyi'th 
vurse vThA ni)i disttnclive. Whitp tt'nt a 
lett«T of complaint to thi- editor, nnd the re- 
virrwer atxi tnoDlh rcpliod in a kindly tone 
that be adhered to his lir»t opinion. Meaii- 
whilo the book come undi^r tho notice of 
Soutlwy, who exaffei.*rau*d it4 literary ralue. 
Olid eneourof^ \\hit« tu n^)ii«nl Limi^elf lui 
a victim of the critic's malignity. Thuuce- 
forth Suutht^y dvcply int«nMt«d himself in 
^V*hilB'a carwr (Sot'THBT, Oonvtpondaw*, 
ii. 91). The vol Lime of ^rovms was not a 
p<vaniary Boeoesti, and Whiter, compolled to 
took elsewhere for aHUtaoce to enable him 
to*^nter (hf univ*:'r«ity, obtained nn iiUro- 
duciiou throus'hhisemnloyerat Xottinsliam 
ti) Chitrk-* SiiUfon fif Kiiie's ColieRe, Oaiw- 
bridg«. :jimtton was iuipr«><«ed bv White's 

Siety. ond procured him a sitaraliip nt St. 
uhn's : Wilb<;rforce and uthirr eympathigers 
gtiarant«ed him a Htnnll i>up|iti-in*-ular>- iii- 
oome, and ho nuitled his leffal employmnnr. 
in )*>! toi>p«>n<l a yearin prcparatiim fortbe 
nnivcr«iiy with a clergyman name<! (J rftinircr 
of Winterinffhiitn, Lincolnghirt.'. There over- 
Wf-irk injured hkA hi-alth, which had already 
fehown signs of weakoBls. 



I Iq October 1806 he eater«d St. John's Col- 
lege, aiu) at oneo distineninhed himself in 
clafisica. At the geaerol coUejte examiniw 
tion at the end of the fint term, and again 
at iht' end of the »unuiier term of IBW, be 
I come out Kr«t of hia jear. Out hi» beidth 
' wns fiiilinf;. and caosaBipliun threAtcowd. 
' The cidleip! pnivided a tutor for him in 
I mathemalK^s during the loojCT vacation of 
I IfiOn. His limlth provi-d un(Hiuiil lo the 
strain. At the beginninf^ of tlie October 
, I'jrm he completely br(>ke don-n, nnd he 
' died in his collcire rooms on HI IM. 1806. 
In It^ld a tablet to liis toemory, with 
' A medallion by ChantrvT and an inscrip" 
I tion by Profwsior William Smnh. was 
I placed above hia grave in All 8ninta' 
I Chnrch, CainI>ri«Ig«, at tliu expanse of & 
', young .\mericau admirer, I-'rancis Uootl 
I fq. T.] of Rostoo. subsequently well knowti 
I in England as a botanist, llie original 
I model of Chnntrey'a medallioQ is in the 
I National Tortraii Oallory. Tb« uii»eum 
nt N\ittingbani powMMw two portraits of 
I W'hite, one (in profile) by T. Barber, and 
I nnother by J. Iloppner. R.A. There ia 4 
' third (annnynioas) portrait in the National 
I I'orlrnit < lallerj*. 

I Wliile left, in manviscript a toum of «n- 
publi'hed ver»e nnii pnme. His relntivea 
placed it. in Mouther's bands, nnd •Snuthejr 
ciitnpUed from It * The lEeuiaiii^ of Heiir^ 
Kirki- WIuIj- . . . with an Account of bia 
Life,' which he piiblialied in two volumes in 
1H07, The vnliime rontainwl ' Clifton 
(irovr' ' and many pneme writtoii by White 
ill childhood, togetlierwilbasftriesof liymns 
and a fragment of an i^ic on the life of 
Cbritt called 'The Chriatisd,' which death 

firevenled White from completing. Waller's 
yric * Oo, lovely Hose,' was n-prinled with. 
A iji^w concluding stanza by White. The 
cbiuf contribution in ^roso was a series of 
twf*lve v*i>nys iiii n-iitfious and philosophic 
topicA chUpiI ■ MelniKuioly Houw.' In tha 
prefatory memoir Htnithi-y i-mplLOMMd the 
pathos of White's short c&ret>r, and wrote 
with enthusiasm of hia poetic i;uuitu. Tim 
'liemains' was wl-II rf'Wive"!, and passed 
through tvu editions by 1*«23. Tho work 
was often reprinted subscc|uenlly both in 
England and America. It was published 
for thci first time in America at Boston 
in 1A!^. Ten of White's hymns wen in- 
cluded by Or. W. ». Cullyer in his 'Sup- 
plement To Itr.Waita'i) Psalms and Hymns,' 
London, 1812, and «(« »till in common 

)1S«. 

Many early readers of the 'ICemaios' 
shared Southey'H high opinion of White'* 
literary merits! In 1809 Ilyron wrote sym- 

B 



White 



5« 



pfttlivticnlly in ItiH 



EngluU BaH« and 



CnlMpcj Wliu ! vhile life mui ib tra apriiis 
And tliy >Muig muM jtitl ahook her jojoiu 

wing. 
The spoiler cane ; ud nil thy prcimiie C^ir 
Iloa •oogLt the grurti, \i> ulrep fir er*r th*ro. 
Tvus ihin« ovD cnninx ipiva [hu fltial blow 
And iiolptd to plant thu vouml tliat laid ihw 

low. 

BjTon elfo wiolo of Wiito lo Dallaa on 
?7 .\ug. 1611: 'dotting iU)idi*lii9bi|fotrv, lu> 
surely nnkn next Ohaturton. It i* nMn- 
nUbioir how littlu Ik^ whs kuowa ; and »t 
CumbridL^ no mii? thnuglit or henrd of ancli 
ft mnn till hifl deatli rL-ndprfd all nolic« lue- 
hitB. For mv own |mrr. I Htiuuld have been 
protid ofsiirfi anufqunintiinre: liipTOrypro- 
)udic?e were respoctnWe,' But SoiiUicyV 
charitable jiidifini'iU, which Byrtt" ("fliofd. 
h&.4 not i^tood tb« teiit of time. Whitu'a 
TerKe flhoWB vver^ marlc "f imiunliiritV' In 
thoug'ht and eKpfo&sion it Iftcka vijioUT and 
britfiiinlity. A promiae of weipln^M in nn 
fiirly and pKiphptic Ivrie. 'A Danw of Coa- 
BUBi|>livcs (from nn tinfiaiabed 'Eccentric 
I>r«mii'>, was not fulfilled in hia Inter cnm- 
pDfiitiun!!. The inutriual dcxu-ri'v wtut'li is 
phnwii in llirt adrlit.iou ti Waller's 'Go, 
lovely llo*e,' in not beyond n njL'diocrc capa- 
cilT- Swch iiijpiilrtrity nn Wiiilf* work boa 
nnjoyeJ la to be attributetl to the pathe- 
tic brevity of his caTV-er and lo the fervoxir 
of tlip evangelical piety whirh in»pirod llw 
^realt;r part of Lie wriliiiga in both vene and 
prose. 

(Sijul^py's Memoir prefixed to llemains 
ISO?: Brown'* Nottia^anubire VTorthte*. pp. 
Z93-99 ; Julian's Dictionary of Hymnologv.J 

8. L. 

WHITE. nnr.Ti (ft. iiotp-ump), 

chronicler. [S»e liuoiuj 

WHITE. JAMKS (l7rW820), author 
of 'Fatstatf'a lyettem,' baptised nn 7 ."^pril 
1775, was the eon of fwmuel White of 
llewdley in Worce»t«T»hiri'. Bom in Ibe 
ttumu y ear oa Cbarloi) Lamb, be waa educat ed 
wiUi him at C'hrUl's llonpital, where be was 
adtnittod on 10 Sapt. 17811 on the pn^scu- 
lation iif Thninnii ('fivenfry. lie left Ibp 
ftchonl on 30 April 1790 in order to bccomi' 
a clerk in the lrva»iinT'« oHice, Afior re- 
maining fur Kome yeart in that pcwvtion he 
founded an adrertising agency nt 33 Fleet 
Htreot, which i« Mill carried on iindpr a firm 
of Iho «auio name. To tlua buitincaa ho 
united that of agent for provincial oewa- 
papers. 

white wma the lifelong friend of Charlea 
t^nib. lie waa introduocd by Lamb to 
Shakespeare'* ' H»nry IV,' knd waa at once 



White 

foAcinatcd hx the oharact«r of Falauti, whom 
ho frequently tmpereouated in lite company 
of hiii fricDds. Ily hia aucce«a in aiutatning' 
the chunicu>r at a auuauontdo ho roiued tliu 
jealousy of bevi-rul Hniull actum hirinl for the 
nccuBioii, and nccoidinit to his friend and 
i>clioiilfe|]ow John MathewCiutch [ij. v.], ho 
waa generally known as ' Sir John ' amon^ 
hi* tnttmntwfi. In 1"9() he published 'On- 
(finnl Letton, &e., of Sir John FaUtafT and 
his Frienda' (London, 8vo). William Ire- 
land's forpeiy, ' Vortigcni,' waa nrodiifvd at 
Drury Lane in I hu same ^t-ar, and t W ' Lotters ' 
were prefaced by a dedieation iu black letter 
lo 'Master 8nmuul In-luund>',* tliu forgvr'8 
father, which wan probnhly wntien by Larab. 
11ie' Lulters'wenholdin ihebiglieateetcom 
bv Lninli, who induc<v1 Colttridgn to notic(» 
tliem in rhe 'Critical Review' for June 
1797, and himEDlfc-otitribuled aa apprfcia- 
tion cif thi-m In the ' Examiiirr' for i» H«'pl, 
1*>10, ' The whole work,' he wrote. ' is full 
of goodlv quip) and rare fancieii, all deeplr 
^laakl^<l like hoar anlitjiiitr.' Xotwitlulviu- 
in|; his entbueiaain, which led him to por> 
cha«A Rvery second-hand copy he found on 
the book<i>*llerti' ulalU and pivaent it to a 
friend in the hope of making a conrert, the 
sale of the ' Li'Ctvrs ' was iueousiderable, and 
they brouglit their author liltle (iinie. A 
fecund edition appeared in 1797, composed 
of unsold copies of the first with new litlo- 
niyft>i«, but the work wa* not r^^ptintod until 
lt^77,wbeo a newedilton was issued with an 
elfihorale memoir (London, iL-mn). 
*^ Wbttn died in London at hi« bouto in 
Burton Crescent, on 13 March ISKX He 
married a daughl^'r of Fauldcr tbu hook- 
M'lliT, and lef^. thny- children, lie waa a 
mnn of infinits humour, one ' who carried 
away with bint half tJiv fun of the world 
when hii died' (JS*«ays of Ulia). Lamb 
always spoke of him with great afTerlion. 
'Ji-in Wiiite,' he said to Le tlrice in 18*1, 
' there never waa liia like. We sliall never 
si'B such days aa thoao in which he nourished.' 
He commamoratvd White's mutual feftit to 
the chimney-sweeps in one of bia most 
familiar es^Anya, and in the msay 'On aomv 
(lid Acl'im ' Ki- (fivtw a ph'ii!«int account of 
White's discomfiture bvI>odd the comedian. 
The author of ' FalstiifrK U-tlen! ' moat 
1)0 dirttingninliod from .1a»f^ White {d. 
ITSW*, scholar ond novelist, who was pro- 
bably a relative. This James WHiite vna 
elected ft acbolar of Trinitv Colle^, Oub- 
lin, in 177 1*, and gradunle^ B.A. in 1780, 
ITi? was well Tery^>il in tht; Orvi'k laofjwijife, 
ndiled one or two classical work*, and wrote 
three historical novels of some merit. To- 
wards the close of bia 1if« his conduct b*- 



4 



4 



4 



I 



I 



eanifl Mcnntrie, oni] h» imitginvd himnlf 
ihc rictUa of acoMf iney. tit- died, iiumnr- 
rieil, ut the Car|M>Dt«re' Aruu in tin: jwrukh 
uf Wick ia Oloucii%ton>liin! on SO olnrcli 
liU'-J, ill tn'eat ilfjilituliiiii. Hn wm cIip 
author of: 1. 'Hinie of « Specific Plan for 
lliH Abolilioti of I lif aUsv Tradi',' 1788. 8vo. 
2. Tonwny ('«stle,' nnd other poems, I^n- 
don, 17**!*, 4tc. 3, ' Earl Stron^oow ; or the 
JlUlory fit litclksrd de Clare and tho IWutU 
fol OfmMa; London. 17^9, 1' vols. U'inu; 
fierrtiftn Imnslution by Geoi)i l-ViedricU 
lkn«ke,lluliiisiadt,l"i>0.8vo. 4. 'TbuAd- 
vpnlar«4 o( John of (Jaunt,' 1790, H vol«, 
12mu; G<>naan tmnBlulion. IlHlmHtttdt, 
1701, 8to. B. 'Tb« Ai!renl.ur»-i' of KiTi(f 
Ricliard Coiur dc Lion," London. 1701, 
3 ¥ol*. I'iain. 0. 'I*tt»^nt to Lord Cam- 
di-n," iri». He al«o tran(v!ftt«l: 7. 'The 
IJrBlioQ of Ctcent at.'aln&t Viirms,* 1787,-llo. 
8. Jfjin Vtmi IlatMiit Sainl'Ktienne's 'Ilis- 
Uiiy of the F'r^nrli ]^>7olutioD,' London, 
17«-i, 8v<.; 2nd t-dit, ITSa. 9. 'Speeclies 
of M. da Mirabeau iho Elder/ Dublin, i7ii^, 
8*0 {Annual Rryht^r, t7W, ii. 1 1 ; ItBfos, 
Rtyutter <ff Liring Authort, 1770-90; it. 
1790- ISWJ; tbt.o/Dubim Gruduatm). 

[Tho T^iKibi. their Live*, tboir Friendi. nnd 
mir CorrMpondonM, by W, C. Hulitt, iS«7, 
pn. 2-1-6 ; Ijifn, Ij«U#r«, aod WritJuK" uf [>«nib, 
M. Fitagvrukl, I88S: Lcltrrs of J^Ainb. ed. 
Afngor. 18S8: Lettrrs of lomb. etl. H«xblt. 
1882-6 (BoWn StAodnrd Literary); Hiuilitt'a 
Mnry oud Charlw LiiDb. 1874 ; Chnrlca Lamb 
Mid tbc lAaydt, cd. £. V. Luims. I SOS, pp. 48- 
60; flimthfv'it I-if« nnd Corresp. 185ll, ri. 28ft- 
287 ; Oftii.'M.ia- 1820. i. 471.] E. L C. 

WHITE, .IAMF.S (l!aOS-l80:i), author, 

bum in Midlothinn in MnrcU 180''^, w«» tho 

yoiingrr «)n nf John White of l>uiimorQ in 

thi county of Stirlini;, by his wife Elizabeth, 

dftiight«r of John Loj^n of Howilua iu Mid- 

lotiuAn. AUer etudr'tag at (iliugow Uni- 

irenity he matriculali'd from Pembroke 

CoIIepo, Oxford, on l5lKfC. 182S,ffr»duntinir 

B.A. inlS27. Ht'serviTcloa curate of Ilnrte-ii- 

I Cum-Boxated in Siitrulk, niid on 27 March 

iIS33 hu wiu! instituted vicar of l>oxi«j- in 

, Warwickahiru. l,ltiniale!y,oU6uooef?dingto 

a eon»idemhle pialjininny on Iht; dciilh of his 

wif«'« fathnr, hw resigned his liyina and re- 

Itired to Bonnhurch in thclaleof Wighl. In 
tbifi rplrmit he turned 111* allwition to litt-ra- 
tuK, in which ho hud already made tMimo 
waays, jcDducjog botwtMu 184c nod 1847 a 
•aeOHliaa of SoottUh hUlorioal tra{r0(1i,.s, 
'Worksof •ome nioric, thou^rb nnty moderati'ty 
aucceofuL Anotbtir tn^dy, ' John Sarile 
of IlgysLuad ' f Londnn, IR17,'>4ro), wA»art4.'d 
at SadUr** Wrila Tbc-atre in 1W7. At a 
lat«r time be brought out urAral hiAtorical 




»k«t«bM of a irapalnr rhameier. «rrittf<n with 
ooiiudcrnble power of ^'eubraliMtiou. llie 
beat known ia ' Th<.' EiKut«4.-uChfi»tiaB C'-en- 
t urifs'(l-Mi[]bur^h,]SfiS,6vo), which raaelied 
a fimrlti vdilinu m I8(U. 

WhitB died al BonchorcU on 26 March 
l&i'I. lEtf miuTii-d in 1839 Kou, only 
dauffhter of Colontd Pnphnm Hill. By her 
he had one Eon, James (Itill-l^Hg), and 
Hiivr lUughttT.i. White noiunwwd a charm- 
ID^ style, and intere^tvd nis reu<li>r8 by his 
cWruoMof thought and hiH ability in select- 
ing; and arranKtng detail. He wola tho friend 
of Charl'e^ Ilickena, who in IMUIook u bouse 
at Bonchurrh fur aomu moutli* in ordttr tu 
be near blm. l)n« of bis tnigedius waa 
dt^dlcBl^d to nickL-ni>. H'm poRruit was 
puinti-d in l^^l bv Koburt 8cott l^udtir. 

Beaidea the works already menlionHl, 
TrVliile was thw author of: 1. 'Thu Villaftc 
r')orliiiii«(i: by a Ootiutrv ('urati',' I>indnii, 
1f>.ti, l:2iiio. :>. '(.'buridi and School: a 
Hialof^te in Verne,' London, IS.IH, li^inn. 
S. *Th« AdrenUirwof Sir Frizxle Pumpkin,' 
London, 1838. Hvo. 4. * The Earl of Gowrte ; 
a Tragedy,' London, l&lS. 8m ft. 'Tlie 
Kiuif iind tbe Commons: a Drama,' London, 
1846, 8ro. tJ. • Feudal Timet ; or tho Court 
of James 111: a bcotlisli historical Play,' 
London, 1847, lUmo. 7. ' Landmarks of 
the Mietory of England,' Ijvndun, I8&!>, 8vd. 
8. 'Landmarks of ih" Hinlory of Greece,* 
London, IS-V, 8vo. Q. * Itobert Bunu^ and 
Walter Scott: two Livee,' London, I8'>8, 
1 3mo. 10. ' History of FVanc«/ Kdinburgti, 
lMM,8vu; and ed. 16B0. II. ' Ilimory of 
EugUnd,' Ixindon, 1880, 8vo. .Some tronv' 
lat ioH!! from Scbilk-r by While were pnbUshvd 
in * Blackwood'!) Mugaxiue,' xliii. ^7, 684, 
725. 

[_Burkii"» Landed Gentry, av. ■ Whii« of Kell«r- 
■lAin i' Ornt Mac. 1862, i. 641 ; Foster's Alumni 
Oxnii. lilA-I8B0; TosKra liidri BmIw. ; 
AUilona'* Diet of Enjil, Lit,; KoWer's Lire of 
Dii:kenH. ii. 301^(5, iii. Itt4.] E. I. C. 

WHITE. JAMCS (1810 ISSS'i. founder 
of thK Jt!xrHelit«8L [Sish JsicEBtL, Ja1IE» 

JuEmiiou.] 

WHITE, JEUESnAH (1629-1707), 

chaplain to Cromwell, was bom in W2^. 
He was admitted a sisar of Trinity College, 
Cambridf^', <in 7 April IftlO, proce'jded B.A, 
in 1(U9, and M..\. in ItSoS. In hia atudeul 
years he rxpf^rient'^d much mental distreea 
owinjf to ri'liifiniiNdiHiriiltii-n, hut ultimattdy 
fnand confloiatinn in the doctrine of tbe 
restoration or restitution of all thint^. On 
leJiTing the univernity be pasapJ at oni;p to 
VVbiteLull, and became uomoetic chaplain 
to Oromwel) and preacher to the council of 

e2 



state. Hii RttrftcUTe |wmm uid witty con- 
verMtttoiitoonmadehiai poiiulur. Hi« pn«i< 
tion in tliu liuuitcilmlduf the l*mU!Ctor bmught 
him into ctunt? rKlnlLoiixliip with hi« DiDiiljr, 
and Wliils allowed liia ambition to (^ m fnr 
a« to ospiru to tbo U&Dd of Cromwell's 
joiingent daug'hter Frances. Il \a »aui that 
the lady did not look upon Lim with din- 
Aivour. Th<! euilc of ihinga camu to Crom- 
WL'U's kuowled^. With iIik lw\p of a liouM- 
hold gpy he maiiu^ed to surprist» thK two nt u 
moueDt wbeu bin cbupluin w&s on btskneej 
befoPBluada.aghterkii>Hiiiy;hKr[i«riil, '.Itrry,' 
•who tnif nuvLT nt a Iom for sora«tbinK to 
Hiiy, ex|ilitiiitKi tbitl fur huhii.- timii jxisl L« 
luid haen payinff liia aildn^ssrii to th.' Inriy'^i 
wuitinff wumnn, Imt boing iineuccessrul ia 
hifl nndeavouFR, be hud hern drivin to 
soliciting tbe Lady Fraoccs's itilertal on his 
bp)i«ir. TIh» opiiortiinily tbus offered wu« 
not neal^'cttxl by fromwoU. tiopnuehinj; 
the waiting woman ivitb her flliubt of bis 
fri'tnd, and^iiiinfi; h^r con»>.-nt to tbomatoh, 
be sent for anoibt-r cbaijkin and Lad ibvm 
morriod at onc«. 

At till- lictcoratiou WLito found bimsL'lf 
without fixed intome, but nbAtiiin«d from 
tliv ri.'1i)^ouig disputvB iif tb» day. It ia 
]trobatj1t> tbnl: bis pupuliLril y i(nin>>d livm 
&omu furta af muinti'nanc^c. In 16<f0 tbtt 
fvlnlv of 'uld Mrs. (.'romwell ' wn» m bis 
bLndii. Flo colIfCtv"! much inforroatioEi 
witbrespBcttolbe9uirerinuHoftbi»di»iienti!rti 
after tbci Ri?«tomtioti, but rcfii<ec?d a thoui^iuid 
(TuineaH from Jam-.'^ II fnr bis maiiuseripl, 
bcinft di»Inctined to (Ii»i4?rvdjt the ealabliflbfd 
church. His manuscript is not known to bu 
extant. While neviT hi lasi-lf conform wit o ihc 
cburcL of EtiK^Iaud. He uruiicbisd occasion- 
ally in an iiidi-|M-iidi*nt cbun'b in Mm-linj^- 
tiousti Alley, Queen Sireul, Lowec lloibLT- 
bitbe, which waa built soon afler the R»«to- 
ntjon. 

WbiU was a conspicuous mvmber of tite 
Calvfls' Head Ctuhatit«nnniial mcfilini^on 
30 Jan., when the ' AnnivefBary Anthem ' 
wiw snng, and wino in a calf's skull w«nt 
tbe round to tbe mi'mory of 'tbo patriots 
who bad rt-lieved the nation from tymnny.' 
He died in 1707. A iflowiwii; cbiiructU'r is 



?'ivL'n of him in the * Monthly .Miacnllatiy ' 
nv 1707 (i. 83 B. I1»-18V tbyn- is u por- 
Invit of While iticorivrtly ftltributed to Van 
Dyck. An vni^aTiDfri^Iireiixfldiohii! work, 
' A PersuiwivM to ?h I c Hie ration,' publiabed 
aA/irhis death in ITOH. 

Mill publicKtioiitt include: 1.*A Funeral 
SermDn on the IXev. F. Fuller,' l^ndon, 
1702. 2. ' The Restoration of all Thing-,' 
(anon.), London, 1712, 177f) (:lrd edit.), 
1851 (in voL iu. of tbe (Jtuversalist'a Li- 



brary). Extraeta firom thn work were puh- 
Usbed in a volame entitled ' Luitetsal 
Uestoration.' with olbcr» of a like natnro 
by ' some of the mi>3it remarkable authors 
who haw written in dvfence of that int«- 
roeliiig gubjuct' (Louduu, l(J0t9). 3. 'A 
I'ersuaaive tu Moderation,' London, ITOS 
{17£lj.°). Thia is an enlai^ment of pari 
f»f Whil«'» prrfiu'tt to IVltr Stcrry'w ' rhf 
liiae, Rare, and Royaltr nf the Kingdom of 
God in tbv .Soul." 

[I'lilcnrr'i Nooiwnfoi-niiM's Mi'morial. i. 311 ; 
PmfiKM^ io White's I^cetomtion, 1*13; Old- 
ni'innit lli»t. of the Siuivrl". p. 436 ; NoCen aiut 
QiK-rioH. Ul MM-. *ii. ^SH ; t'nL of tiUt« Pl^«n. 
1C^6-S. p. 'Hit; WiUua's Diasonlinir CburelHa. 
ir. M7 ; Tiiaieabr'ti Ihary. i. 7: Tho Secret 
Hiit.of iliB C«lv(« n«ad Cluli, p. 10; Oma^r'a 
Bioi;r. IIi»U («>nl. by Noblu) ii. 161; FcpyVs 
Jiiiiry. ]y Sppl. 1660, 13 Oct. 1661 : Admiwioa 
rauitlers ofi nnity Cotlryo; Cambridge, par tbe 
UnAtir; Cjiireniily ragisten, ptr the Regi- 
slrary.I B. P. 

WHITE, JOJIX { 1610?-1660>, bishop of 
TiV'incbL'stcr. wa« the son of Robert While of 
FaruUaui, wberebewas bom in I o 10 or 1511 
(bia brother John became lord mayor of Lon- 
don in iJVtVS: »ov pt-diitrou in MjiN.vino and 
ItRAT'a Hittury of Surrry, iii. 177 ; but Col- 
ifctanea Topoi/rajMca et Gentaloffica, rli. 
'2]'2, says lhi» ta incorrcL't). In 1621, at 
tbu txfrt' of I'litvttn, hi! u'aa admitted scholar 
at \\ iiichester, "-hence h»j proceed^ as 
fellow to New CoH«pi% Oxford (KinBT,j>. 
111). He wiw admitted full fellow in 152( , 
((Tftduatcd lt.A. on 13 Dlc. I">L'», M.A. on 
SOJan. 1 534, 11.1). (P)b(-fore L-iS.! (see ItTMEE. 
Fiedera, x\. SSH), and U-D. 1 Oct. 1565. 
In 1034 \k rvaiguwl bi5 fi-Uowsbip, hmua 
tht-n toaAtiTof Winchfester College, <if which 
L» was toado wardun in February 1.MI 
i\\'tLt.Vi, MitrrJ AMjirt. i.aS-l). Df'hia UfM 
at Winchester different oocouuta are given; 
fttvourabl-.' by Viifi(l>f Jirbm AnglicU, 1619, 
p. 7fi;i, part ty on report nf Chriatopher John- 
son. hi mseir master of Winchnit(*r),who de- 
ficrihi-.i him lift 'aculut) pneta, orator (-loqucna, 
theolggus aolidiLti, concionator ner\'usua;' 
and iinfnvrturabU-by Itftle (.ScrjpM. lirittmn. 
lllit*tr. p. 737). wbodedcriboslkioi wiikMaii- 
dolousAOfff^^tiViOncss, and dubs him'daltana 
aainus.' lie waii uppninied in March 1<>10-1 
a probcndai7 of H'mdie*l«r. ludcr Kd- 
ward VI hu biigsn to attritct attuntion aa 
an opponent of tbe proteisiantH. \lv was 
exauiiiiod bv the council on 2m March 16M, 
when ho admitted receiving ' divers books 
and lotlvn from bt^yond aua,' and waa com- 
mitted to the Tower {Hatfield MS. I 83: 
Aetj P. C. U)50-2, p. 232). 

Ou 14 June fulLowing the council, * upon 



knowK'dgie of snmo butter conformTtin to 
mnttKnof rflipon/tnumr'-rivd lihit tot'ran- 
raer'a coAtod; 'till euche lymo m he mny 
ii^cIsiDje liim' (lA. p. 30S; Strvpe, (WjHwifr, 

!i.2."J3). Oanmcrwivs sjipnrcnilv Mieces«ful, 
nt in the saaie y-'ar Wliue became nctoruf 
Clii>ytrtn, .Siirti.'V.nHilon 'Ji M\v IMShi^waji 
admiiled tathopr^-buuii of Keel i-i^ hull in Lich- 
field C*thedrftl (Lt; Xeve, /VW*, i. tiOl ). H« 
ent<;n)d into ctmirovirwy with Pctur Marlyr, 
and wa» the lirnl. Fuller says, wlin treated 
th>eological ^i)i|mt<!e in vera.- {tvi: list of \m 
worlw b^low) John I'hil^il [ij. v.J, urch- 
dt'ocon of Winchester, PXcommtinicalV^cl him 
'for prK«ohinj{ nati^tv duclriiHi' (I'hii.pot, 
Hrtria, Parker tvir. p. k-J); but White fleenis 
to bnve rvlainod bisprefermenle, and if ftiid 
10 bat'c bc«n inotnini'-TilAl in |m-.'<(Tving th<: 
college of Si. Ulnryal Winrhtwlor, who-n ihw 
a<Ijoinii)f[ coUe^ of St, Kliiabeth, the aitn 
nf which h*' piiTCli(i*til, -kiu^ drstroywl (,»(■■' 
Milker, HVnoA^^^r, i. W-'). 

On thcaccfRsion of Mary ho came at once 
into ptvntini-ncf. ilu sal on sevvrnl of th« 
coEDiniuion« which reMored and denrived 
buliope. Hl- pn>achnl at St. Fuurii od 
:>.*» Nov. IWi.l in favdiir "f iht^ rn'toration of 
ntlijinoiis jirnce-isiDna (.Mu'iivK, p. -li'l. He 

VH» hIitN'*) Itishnp tif Fiinciiln on I Mnrrh 
IfAi (l.F. Nrvk, F^«li; hill .^ee Hvmkk'h 
/(Frfci-o.xv.yT'l.forliei-iioO. wiwcoiiwiTated 
in St. Saviour>, Siuthwnrk, on I April by 
l)onm«r, Tun^tall, and GardiniT (>TOnBH. 
JteyMtrum fiarntm An;;liettnum, ed. IHI7, p. 
IW). and a'wired rvstitutiun of ibc tempo- 
ralitiea of thi- ft. on 'J Mav Ifi-Vl. He watt 
• pfuvidetl ' to the eee by tt*- po]»e in a con- 
»t«t(irT '^n (t July (I{AV!<I4I.I>iti>, ann. 16't4, 
J 5). Ho wsHgranti'dThf- ncxi preaentalion 
to the arrhdoacnnrr of Tannton on "J Xnv, 
(Hi^t. .V.W, Co7M>w,'\Vrll!' MPS, p. 2m). On 
lhearrivalofI*hilii)ll ht-wA^ioneof i:Iio»who 
received him ut t hi' west door of Winchoaler 
Cftlh-dral (C'if. stntr I'aitrt, For. I'j-W tl, 
pp, 106-7). He prearlirtt ut tlit- on»-iiin([ of 
parltnmunt *m 21 Oct, InSo {lb. Vcn-ttnn, 
I.l.'t.j-U, J), i?l7). Hii had aln-nnly hccoun- 
lamoua in ihp pursuit of her^'tici, and on 
30 S».'pt. I-Vif) Im pn^widi'd at Ridli'v* triol. 
He then twittMl tn« ncrtiAeil with his rhanjfp 
of upiuiofi on the doctrine of the eucharist 
('l'M!.'»0lie9. fV/Nivr«Vin nf F.nijlnivi, ili. INW 
«iq.; cf. FoiB, AetM mitJ Mortuvte/iti). He 
wa» Olio of the ffrecriitor* of llardiner's will, 

? reached at tbt* n-quiL-iii inu^ for him nn 
8 Sov. I'jiiS, Olid wftit wilh the funeral 
pfocweiun ( 2S Feb. ITiM) fromSu Savinur'n, 
noutkwark, to WinchmltfT. On 'Jti Mnrch 
IBM hp was one of the cnnwcrarorn of 
Htfgiltald }'ol«. In thi* vntr liv vi^iled hlit 
l^rgti dioceu hy commfuion of the new 




archhi«ho]i nutfln-^ting dttailH in ^rtpi!, 
vi. 38it, and ■.•« Ihxuy'* Hirlnri/ uf thr 
Church of ^iifflanti, iv. 'i(t7-0). IIo retained 
thi) wunlfnchiji of Winclieetcr with thi» 
bidliopric nf Lincoln (cf. (>/. llatMd AtSS. 

V. ni). 

The appoiniin>-nt fo Win(?h''»t*r was de- 
layed till I'hilip'i return to England {Val, 
Ntatf I'ayr,*, Venplian, IfiofVW, p. Ut'l), 
anil when White wiut at Inni nooiinated t-o 
the see the buLlii lor hi» Iranalntion were 
tiiiip tlelared, and worn vfry coi^tlv |/A. For. 
I(i.'i:^H, pp. -I-SJ, 2l»H. '2V2. and V.-nKtinn, 
ISofi-O, pp. 3tiS, 477). Pole, it iasaid, hod 
winhfd to hold the bishopric ix commeadiita, 
and White, whn de.iirr-fl it especinlly he- 
cause of hiEbirthand lonR llegoc^atio^, could 
only obtain it on hi* tiromi-v to pa%- 1,0111)/. 
a year to the ranlinal »f. lane nn lie lired, 
and to his executors a year ait^jr bi« death 
(MATTtlliW Parkkh, T>f Antiij. Drit. ErcJ. 
p. :t-Vl). The conj/^ i/VViVe lo the dean and 
chnptfT was dated l4',July 15o6. White had 
ulrt'iidy rt'ceiv'-d ctittody uf the leiiipornlilivii 
on Iti .May ItJ.'iU, and thf y wem foniiiiliy re- 
etund to him on 31 >Iuv luo? {1«ihi:», 
Ftt'ifra, 3tY.4fi«,4;i7,441,4fK(; cf. MirnTK, 
p, lOSi. 

11m roTitinufd lo pr^aeli (yingtlanlly in 
l»ndon (lA.), notably lieftm! several heretics 
at St. Saviour'*, Soulhwark, on :i3 May 
\ho7, when (Jratwick i-tood up and 'playi-d 
the malapert fellow with" him (White, in 
FoXE, ill. fW^<). He tried I lie same herctie 
two dayii lutvr, and iii ehargi'd by Fuxe 
with frn>itl liarAhni-HH ((irutwiek'a own d^ 
cturatlon iain Foxb, iii. t!6^). 

Un LS Ilrr. KiGf* Im pn^iichwl the funeral 
sermon of Qnepn .Mary, from the test Ec- 
cte-iaslirnn iv. 2, He lipohe warmly of b»>r, 
but charily of EHoihcth ; iind n piiR»a^p in 
which, referring to the pi-eachers of the day, 
be raid ' meliuis est c«ni» vivii« Iione inor- 
tuo,'wa« takvu, probuWv unjustly, to iwfer 
to I be new sovereign. iJe wns at once com- 
manded to 'keep Ilia hoilM-,' but ou UtJait. 
lfnVt-9 hnwanrnll'-d before the council, and, 
' after n j^mid ndmnniclnn f^even Kim, wuif »«tt 
at lybortyand di''oliarfii.-d'(-4i-('jr /'. C. IfioS- 
70. p. l/>'). (tn IH March he voted n^met 
the siipretnacy bill in the House of l>i>nl», and 
on ill March IJiof h'' look part, in the e.on- 
ference in the choir of Westminster Abbey 
between nine ttomanicta and niuo Anpli- 
iMin* (<.W. Staff Pttfier*, Spanish. U^W 07, 
pp. 46. 4U-H, Uom. 1&47-Io50, p. V>7, and 
Venetian, IS58-80, pp. OTi, fl9; sre C\Mt>ft!t, 
Armnh, p, 27; P*Ri«oMs, A Rrrir^caf Ten 
fiffiltc Di^piifatirjM, 1*W4, pji. 77 sqfl.; 
Ill' KNirr. Hftcni of thf Itf/ormtitini; ii. 388, 
."iOti). White (hflar^-d that he was not ready 



to duput*. Ks thvT ' had not ttwir wTTtynge 
madr to be rkiI tiipn^,' and the eonfeiTDee 
InolM up not n-iliiaut disorder. It wu fe- 
newed on :t Apnl, and nt the doac White, 
vith. tlw ))i»hc<p of Lincoln [iee Waimx, 
TbokaS, loI.'t-I.VHl wu ruDOVcd to the 
l^nnr (Actt P. C lS6»-70, v. TS). On 
SI JtuK he wu deprived of hi* biabopnc 
^dvpriTstion formally completed onSO Jnae, 
JiACnTX, p. ^1), and wa« si?nt back to the 
Tower aft«r a new attempt had Iw^n mad« 
to indocn him to take the oath of sapcenaey 
{CalJit4it^Papfn.Spuii*h, lK»-&:,n.79,ct. 
Venetian, l&Ge-^-b. p. mi>. BeJbn ioas bu 
kedtbbenntofaU<SnTTX,.4iuMir,i.IlS-3), 
■ad OB 7 Jnlj bo waa rrbiMed to livu witb 
hta brother, Aldennan John Whit«, ' near 
BanJuIomew Lane.' He was now dependent 
on bia fnenda for mainlcnaiin> (a Aok. 
}o». Cat. StaUfUpen, Vuietian, 1668^. 
p. 117). Uv was Bfaortlj afterwards allowed 
to retire to tli« haoM^ of hi> sister, wtf» of 
SnTbomaa White, at ^uth WambofDogb, 
UaiBliabiiv, whi^rv h« died or lif Jtin- I6H0, 
[''of aa ague' (Machtk, Diaty\. Hv waa 
*" iaJ in Winchester Cathedral on 15 Jan. 
iMd nnojr jeaii belbr* writtan his own 
^«pit«ph. bat thia, though in tbe catbedrml, 
WM BM apfan&tlr pland orer his f^fe. 
Be 'iiaTe mach to^i* wrtaat* ' (Macittx), 
,aadwa« a ben*fartor to New CoU^sv, Ox- 
ford <WoOD, Hittoiy and Antifoitin, ed. 
Oatch, p. 186), aiMl 'to Wineheiter (Woon, 
^Mew OnM. i. SU). 

White i« nHilcrn n{ a* a M-trrv anil gn\t 
man, morv of a theologian than a courtier. 
llu enemiea aocoaed bim of pride and core- 
Xoaaum. 

Verr f«tw of 'fttute'v worku haiT atirriTed 

(rijK,'lh-Stitti Anflijv.]}.7i^). We haT«< 

bia ' IKacflai<^MartTnoD ' (London, looS), 

to which ii added 'EpistolaretroMartTri:' 

both are o o o tfwu ed with the doctrine ol tbc 

eaeharial. Jlia 'Camiina in MatnaKNUom 

^hilippi rcfps com Slaria repna ' at? Quoted 

• hy manT wriier* (e^. FoxB, ArffM and .V«n** 

^maUa, ii. 141i), bat do separate copy ia 

[ knowB to esiat. They -vtrt probably puh- 

in lus 'E]Mgrammauuin liber L' of 

rUeh Pita say*, ' \'idi ali4uando Oxooii 

^«Un>pUr,' bat no copy I* now knows. Ilia 

[' S e rm on preadt^ at the Funeral of Queen 

LMmt* ia in British Jluseam Sloane ULS, 

1678; and an Jnarcnrate copy is priitted in 

Suyp*** * Memorials " (App. Uxxir. p. JT'X 

[Pnibsr details ■» to Ae^trtm will U fonari 
in KoM^a Bsf iif * oS t*DiT«r*iiv of Oafoid 
, OSst. Socl, i tM. Dates o('nr«r«rmsnta. 
I in ftynar'i Pvden, niL zr. , La Nare • Fast i , 



of the B»biipa of 



na's C at alagaas 
3«t alaa Mood's 



Faal) ; (U. Stat* Phiwrs. Dcaa., For^ Spaniah, 
BodTvastisa: Hbt.KSS.Co«na.Rep«.Haifid«l. 
pr. i. aad WeUs CUbedral; Goagfa's Index to 
hufcar ape. PahL poMim ; Acta of the PriTj 
Ooamil, «d. Daaeat; Suypa's EeeUa. SCearariate 
aad Craaner ; Ouadea'a Aastia; Harriii(loa^ 
Bn«f View of the Cbateh of B^ghnd ; BariMt'a 
Iltit.oftheBefannaiior.rol ii.; fmcmttOWi- 
Tftiim of Eacland ; Fosc s Aetea aad Uaao- 
meais ; Bcyiyn's Kerlrsts Rotanrata ; SCilaar'a 
liiK. «f W lachsatar. vol. i.; Paitor, Da Ami- 
qaiu Brit. Eedse.; Asdraves't Tortnns Tacti. 

BIM ; 'Tuiaar's BibitothMs Bntanaieo* 
ibcraica, p. 1 SI ; Wartoti'a Lif'if 8<rT. Biim; 
Holiubtd*>Chrauela.rol iti-: Fuller* WertfaMa, 
ed. Nirbab. i. 4M: Oumui's Itiahapd of Wiiuthea- 
tn; WtMal'sAtbru>OzcfL.; Bridj^tt and Knox'a 
Catbtdie Uieranhj. JSM; Gee's EUnbMhan 
Cl«f^. IS3«,J W. H. H. 

WHITE or WITH. JOHN (J, 1586- 
1593), Vii;p;inian noD««r, uiled with Sir 
Bkbard GrenTiUeftom Plymouth on 9 April 
1665, and wm not of the 107 men vrbosa 
namea are recorded by Uakluyt as ihoM of 
the fint FPttlrre in Virgiuia. Tliey wen 
left by <>rvnTillr on the iJland nf Itoauoke 
under the gotemorsbip of | Sir> Italpli Lona 
[q. V.]; but in Jnno 1AH6, at thi^ir own 
earnest rajnest, tber v«re taken back to 
England by Dn^ ^Vo ycaia laier one of 
tho colaaiats, TlioiDaB Haniot [q. r.^t wiele 
for the «diSc«tion of ICaleffh <at wliloae ex- 
■case the experiment had cfaieny been toadel 
«t 'Briefc and I'rur Itrjujrl of the new 
found landof Virpnia' ( London, 1&88, 6to; 
and Frankfort, 'snntplibus Tfaeodori On 
Bit,' I&90). The Frankfort edition wu 
illostnUed by twenty-three copperplataa 
fram drawtncx fay John Whili>, iiicntdmff a 
• cart i? of all tbc ccast of Virginia.' M-hich 
fonvt'd lht> huM of )be *abeMuvnt ' Map of 
Vinrinia* (Ittl^) of John Smith. 

In July lijt<7 a hondred and fifty new 
Eettlet« were seat out by Ralr^h tinder John 
White, who ia Keoeinlly identified with the 
diauffatanan of the previous expedition (^ 
STKTKxa. Bii4. ni»tonai, 1 ?70, p. 222). In 
Anfnst White wiahed to send boaae two of 
hia sabocdinatea to reprMeM the oeada of 
the eatooiMs. but the wish of tha ooloav 
gwaeraUr was that White- himself sbouU 
undertalte the mimion. He was rwluctanL 
to leare some relaiirea who had arcom- 
panird the expnlitian, but eviriitiinlly oo 
37 AofT. be sailed,aiidaA«rapainrii! voyaov 
reached Southampton on 8 Nor. With bun 
there landed an iadiaa, who waa baptjaed 
in Bideiicwd church, but dard within tho 
Tear. In April 1A88 IUl«ch aent White 
bark with two sinall relivf reaHiU, but like 
sailors, as usual, had ihoaghtk for nothing 



p 



but SpAouh pruEM, Mid, after hnTins bron 
vonitcd la ui cneounier, tlio vex^eU uud to 
put back to Plvmouth 'to l3ie utter di-sl ruc- 
tion of the unhappy culonif^ts.' Hi' luuniwud 
ullimntely, tn Mnrch 151K>, to Nail iiiion VflinC 
be sriilea in bta letter to }laklH>*t to b« 
hi* fifth Toyogi; to tlie ft>«t rndiitJi, in 
ono of tbo nhipfl of a mt^rrhnnt, John Wattes 
(pmbsbiT Sir John Watm [q-v.l, lord innyor 
in ItiOR-i'). tho eiipUin of which iiniiertook 
to luml fliijiulieit at Itoanoke. Un !■'> Aug. 
ihey wviffhed atichur off tli&t islund, oheurcd 
by ihi* »ight of Hiint; iMifiidiiig Muokt', but 
when ti«xt dav thuj wcnl a^iliore, nntkinf; of 
lb* fbniKrcnlonifit« could bi; found. %Vhit<: 
furivvd hock at riyinoutli nn '2'1 Urt. On 
4 Feb. lEOS (Tom his ' house at Newtownr m 
Kvlmorp,' be wrot« a Ictlvr to Hakluyt, in 
wEtch he apologiftt'd for hi-i 'hotnely stile,' 
ffiTia^ detfiihi of hb last voyage. lliia 
^itt>r wiu iirinted in HakluytV third Tolumu 
(ItXKtfPp. 2^S or.). 

In Additional MS. 6'J70 (now in the 
pinnt room at iho Rrittsb Mii*iMim) nt« 
aome watercolour drawing" by Whim of 
Vir^ntan Bubiecta. 8omo of thwtp dmwinga 
oru cupied tu Additional MS. 5iu3. 

I,Stith'* I!i«t. of Virgiuift, i. 'in; Dojlo* Kjig- 
li>h ia Arnvrica, Virpoiu, pp. 91 »n. ; Anihwo- 
logU Ani^cann, iv. 21 ; Wiiuor* Hilt. &f 
ARMrtva, tii. 124 ; r>n(ko'H flaking of Viruinia, 
1801 ; Eohl'c Hapa rolnting lo Aiuorica, Wa^h- 
lagtoD. 1857. pp. 42 (kl.l T. «. 

WHITE. JOHN (iri70-l61G), divine, 
aon of Futer Whitp, viciir «>f f?t.. N"«t)i, 
HDotingdonshin.-. and of ih<- n^iehhou rtn^ 
mrisli of Eaton Socon. rt>-'!fordtliir«>, «»« 
Dom at Saton 8ocnn in ll'JO, and odiirvkrerl 
at Wt. NeoU grammar school, lie waa nd- 
mittod a aizar of QonTitlcandCaiuaCollen!, 
CiuitbridK*)f oa Ift Fub- l-^'^^-O, wiw »cliolar 
from Lady-dar I5*te to Michntlmaa 1691'. 
Slid ^duHt'-d B.A. in lot^OO, M.A. in 
11)03, and l).l>. in 1012. lie wut HUiKiiiited 
Ticar of I'TccleA. Lancashire, and lellovr of 
th« CoHefpale (.Huiirli, MancbHstiT, in ItiOt, 
and riwgned Iheae oHioea in WiOi} on bein^^ 
presentwl by Sir Joba Croft* to llio rectory 
of Bnrsham. SiitfMk. In Ifil I or ItSlfi he 
wn.t made chaplaia in ordinnry to Jamea I. 

\\ hilc in Ilia Mill sp«a}(« of tile' diKlresii'fl ' 
thai bo »ufferod at Kcclex, ' which I was 
never able lo look through to ttii>< day.' It 
is inferred fmm lhii> ihal. Lu vtm in i^ovurty 
ivhitn he ilied, al the ngu of iH, iu KUu, in 
Lombard Street, London. He wna buried 
on -JH May 1616 al tlie church of Ht. Miirj- 
Woolnolb. He left fleven rhildren. The 
eUwt, John, entered QonviLle and Caiue 
College in 1611, af^ed Uf, and become vicar 




of KatoQ Socod; another aon is meottoned 
by Fuller as a dru^iat in Lombard StroaC, 
Ijondon. 

White wrote *The Way to the True 
L'hureh: wherein t]i« prinripal Moiivca per^ 
ttwading' to Itoinaniame are familiarly die- 
■mtml and drivni to their Isbmi?*,' Ixindon. 
I60S, 4ta. Further editions of rhio leanuil 
defimce of the reforojcd failh coom out in 
1610, leiL'.nnd Ifllfi. 

Il was answered at first by A. D. or Fiaho r , 
alios I'icrcv, to whom White rejoined in ' A 
Defence of the Way io iho Trutt Church 
acaincl A.I). hi« Ileply." U(U,4io. While's 
' lJcf«&(»i ' occonloned ' A Piscovery of cer- 
tain notoriouM KhtfiK, Kva^ione, nnd Vn- 
triilba uttered by M.J. White . . . ByW-O.," 
London, ieil>, -Ito. Meanwhile "Wbitea 
original work evoked Tliomiw W'orlhing- 
lous ' Whyte dvud Mlark^ or a DJMWTery 
of nmiu- niiwr >iiule Itlentiihes, Impoaturea 
and Deceijii* whicli II. Whyio hath prac- 
ty»ed in his Hook/ &e., 1010, ito. A reply 
en Worthington wa,« piihlished after Whittfa 
d<^th, naRi<.'i_v in It^l j , by hit brother I'Vancta 
While [(IV-J. afterwards bishop of Kly. A 
third reply to White's original bock wbb* A 
TreatisL- of the Church, in wliitli it ih provi-d 
>[r. J, W. bis Way to the True Church to 
be in<ltH!d no Way at all lo any Church,' 
I8Ifl.4to. 

Jobn \\'bite also pnblished: 1. ' Kn^lisb 
iVradiw, discovered in a L^atine Prospect of 
Jacobs lllcwiDg, a Sermon on Qeu. xArii. 37,' 
Loudon, 1612, 4to. '2. ' Tn-o Herraona: the 
Former at I'liuU CrusHjuu 1 Tim. ii.l.upon 
the AmiivBraary CouiiiicuKiriitifHi of the 
KIdus moBt liappT Sutvession to the Crowne 
of hnglnnd ; tliw' Latter at the Spittle on 
I Tim. vi. 17,' I/)iuinn, 16in, 4co. His 
workawere collected and republished by hia 
brother Knin«[« in }Q'2i in one volume ^Ito, 
with a portrait ol'thi- autlior. 

I FiiUcr'fl Woriliioir, w], Kuttnll, ii. 103 ; 
Wood's Athone Oian. M. Blia*. iii. 'iHi; Gor- 
bniuB EjiieBbury ami SI. Nout», IR20, p.22J; 
Hai»t>«*« FtillowB of Xanchcaier Collo(ti'. i, 104 ; 
Vfiin'fl BiofTHphiiii] Hist, of OunriU« and Cninn 
Coilogfl. 189;. ). 127 : Kwii.^h'ii Ohothiim'n 
Clinrt-li Lilrarieo, p. Hi; Arhi^r'e Stationora' 
Rtigistcr, lii. avi: Granger'a Bio^. Hist I8S4, 
ii. 83; Tlioiv<iil>y'» Ducntns LraiKanaia. ad. 
Wliilakor. p. 2d.)('>tningtncii rf>» peril o White's 
piirvnLn^): Ctita'o;;uca of Brit. Mas.. Uodl. 
]>ihr.. nnil Mitn^linaicr I-'rce Libr. ; note froni 
iho Rev, J. .M. S. Brooke, r«:tor of Si, Mary 
Wwlu'ith.] C. W. a. 

WHITE rrlimi BiuHSKIW, JOHN, after- 

WftnU Arararmn (Ift7fi-I6lft>, Renedtrtine 
monk, was bom near Worcester, probably 
at Henwick, in 1576, of parentj of good con- 



dilion tnd oTthe old failli. Fatlttr OlclcomL', 
tlw jwuic, wan clia|]lnin iir llinlip, nml It 
was mmc likvty lliruti^li biiii tliu youn^ 
"WhitW wa« introduced to Henry Iturticlt. 
[a. v.\ the iesoit Buiierior, wlio i«.'tit him to 
St. O'tntT. ' On -21 tVl.. IWt! be arrived ut 
th* ifi^iiit wminarv at \'aU!idoln], oni- of llio 
esta'bU.'ihtn<>nte foiindtHj by liolwrt I'arsoiia 
(liUT llJlU) [q.v.], which aecuBlomed ttio 
EiigliaL HM:alBt clei^' to ibt- Spiv[ii«h mid 
jeauit influences nwwwuin' I'nr tltf. rfaliMiioii 
of hiiiritri^ueacoDCemed w-iththeBucc«e»ii>ii 
to the Koglifth cmuii. ^Vhit4> vu in&de 

Sn-fitcl over hi« vuoapaDlaoa. During a 
iiiijiernUN illness in thu winter of lilltK-fl 
hp, vnwL'd to bucuiDfl a B«ui>dictiue xnoak if 
bi» lift' w«r« spared. Already Mveral En^- 
lUh youths in Romo, difisatieGed with tho 
BttQmpt« Ibf! jvsuiU wnni making to »acure 
th9 miwtttrv over the Ht'cular priest* At hoiDV, 
luid joined tlic It&liati mouks at Jloiitt 
CaMino and ()l.hi.-r Bi<iii-diiMiin:i m-onasteries 
with lilt! hope nf one day ruturuinK tii Eiig- 
Iftiid. White "wns llie firxt Ifi Iciivn tlie 
aeminary for tli« mnnrifili'riof San Iliajitu in 
Vulladi>lid, April Uit*l<. After a nwntli'n 
poflluUncT he tvai w^nt to Coiiipoi-litlla, 
■when' he wan received as « notice on -Jf} May 
and took llie naine of Au|tiietin(>. In IttlK) 
he M'liH profi-BU'-'d wiiL four other* lone of 
thorn boutK Joha (Lcander) Jone^ [q.r.] ), 
irlMihadfflllowetl him from cheat!minur,v. Uu 
then went to tli« iiniTLT»ilv "f Sii]iinn»;nm. 
On 5 Tire. UMti, in ^pUi'. nt' the opposition 
of ihe Jesuits, Clement VI 11 ffrnntcd fortoul 
permission to th» Kn^lish Bi'ii«dict.tiii» to 
rtrtuni to tlntir eoiuUrv a» miMionariea. A» 
Boon as tlie news nnivrd in .Spain. Whitr 
ivith ihrea ulhi^r? set nut. lor KnKland on 
S6 Uec., and atrivcd ju^t as Elisabeth was 
dyintr. 

Whili- had been appointed superinr over 
his rompouione. He i-e(.iui> to huvi' worked 
at iirel in hie uiiltvi* I'ourity. llv ii* alto 
very likelv the While raenlinntul as a priest 
hauntinK \Vorc*-»teniliirt> ami thi> ni-ijiliinjiir- 
in/ countif-t <WTf^ I'njirr/, Knm. .Innics I, 
vol. xiii. No. 5i)i, The BeaedictineB were 
received wilh opt-n arm* by tln-ir co-rcli- 
fj^oniit^, and ihu hecttlar cler^ );avu ihein 
a i>])i>oiii] welcome as allies in tJie atnuftple 
aifftinBt till' jt'8iiitp. So uinii)' dtu^trt'd tu Join 
their order that it wa.'* soon evident that 
■tep.i must lie taken to find a epol more 
uceseibh* fhjin Hpnin fur ii iniioii»ti>ry in 
vhich Knplifih HuhjeriH cnuld he trained. 
So in the sprint; of l(t(U White set out BRoin 
for Spain to attend thf (f^'tn'ral chapter and 
Wj bcforv his Buperiora the plan, On his 
way he called upon the nuncio in I'aris, and 
tliere it waa ihni most llkdy bi« aiteiition 



was first directed to Douai as a suitable 

position for th«> proposed foundation, it betnf^ 
a university town with rich abbeys close 
at hand, The Spanish abbota agreed to the 
priip»»ul, and ^^ hitv ri^lumed to England 
Willi the title of vicar-(ten«Tal. 

Durinj^ (hfi early pun of 1^> A\*1iite wa» 
en);;a^'d lu n Mrhenin fur purchasing n Uilc ra> 
tion from the government ( WMtmintttr 
Arehiitf, vlii. 99), Oarnett, the jeeuil su- 
perior, bad lately lAihil in a similar attcmptf 
(and did his beat to prevent White's success. 
It -KM vltt liWly about Ibis time that 
While came into personal contact with Cvell, 
who, traditiou assrfta (Wuldox. oiaiiuacript 
Jlifluryt. was av »tnifk with the loyally 
and L'liriAtiaii :<pirit nf thr tiitmk thai be 

Sromiiu'd us tar as in him lay tliat no Bene- 
ictiiiH nhould HufiV>r tlii< panalty of thv law 
for exercising bta priestly functions. 

lu the autumn of \fH& Thomas Arundell. 
fintt iurd Aruiidi'll nf Wnrdour j'*!- t.1, hatl 
taken command of en EncrlUh n^meut in 
the service of the Archduke Albert. II9 
' brought Fathw Augustine Brad«liavr 
[White] out of England with him to be 
chaplain -gcnpral of that rej^ment' {iJotm- 
fid* liriivu; xvi. 30 fw^.) C'onii-rs, a jetuit 
and confessor to ihe Kngli*h foilege at 
Huuui, uli<u joined the camp at Ostend aa 
one of the chaplains, but he by no ntrana 
liked being und<<r lh« command of the B^'ne- 
dictine cbupUiu- genera I. Every means waj 
takim, [hcrt^forc, by the icsuits to iieeara 
White's removal. All other plans failingt 
it was determined to get rid of White bV 

Srocuring the diviuivNvl of Lonl Aruudvll. 
ames Blount, one of I he ofScent, was sent, 
with rvcoiuniciidalionii, 'to blast his lata 
colonel ' at thr Simniih I'ourt.and !titoctHK]t-<l 
SO well that at tlie end of Mav 1006 l^rd 
.-VrUTidi-ll mid alnioiit hnlf of the officer? 
were casIiiiTiKl, and with thttm, of cnunw, 
the cliApIain-gentrnl White. Tlio nuacio 
ftl Hrus-^i-U, Kmng-ipnni.snd William Oilfard, 
dean of Lille, also lost tht-ir postj, being 
favoiirens of Cbe Ik-nedictine. 

Why the jnsuitx wt-rL- so incvnei-d a^inat 
White 19 clear from the history of the fouada* 
tion oflbv uionaslery nt Douai. Parsons, aa 
a meuns to an <-iid, had H.-ciimd I ho control, 
dirt'ctly or indirectly, DTer all the seminarioit 
on the continent in which t lie English sei'itlar 
clergy were ediica1«l. .M. Ihiuni, the only 
collegi.' nominally in tbehaiidaof the clergy. 
he was ahin in power, ut* the preHidont, it. 
Thomas Worthinjfton \r\. v.], ftfld made a 
A'cn.'t TOW of obedience to the Jesuit. Under 
Worthington thu iitatc of the college, both 
material and inlellectual, had b«en reduced 
with ihu express purpose, so the logic of 



I 

I 



I 
I 

4 



^ 




White 



57 



P 



k 



b 



weBtB pruvfw, of lon-i.Tiiu; ihir Htnndnnl of 
itn-Kj-i'iiIurrlfiyy. If thf ni'ii«lii;l.iri>^.*, wilb 
their tradition of learning, were lo bii al- 
lowed to svtilv in [Iniini, it wtviild ontiiviv 
npaet the intt>nttnnH that l'ar»nnB had as 
rccards th" evcular callvgp u.nd tliL> Eiiftli«h 
mission. Th.? RiaUdminiMrAlion would be 
expuwd. aiid students leave the colle|;t> for 
the inoiiutcry. Tho iii:Tr foiindutioii wn« 
made csriy in I60/i, and \Vhit(>. ns vicar- 
general, bail control aver it, althdugh bis 
vorit M chaplain-tfvncrnl and ttir (irfenci! 
of Ilia {Kuitioii kept hiiu iiwny from Uouiii 
till the St.>pt4.'inbL'r of IflOC, wlion he wii» 
actuallv in rivxlcnCM a« i>rior. Wry txjim 
ht' found that Hr. Wortninptnn bad h^n 
appoinkil ioh<.'«d thi> aitnck. [n Janv 10^7 
he wont r.n Itruaw-U Tadt^fi^ni) hiAmnnostery, 
and had on inl«>rTiew with the nunniu 
CaiaSa, wliu lold him that hv eeiit for him 
to counHi't him to li-avn Doiiai, for ihni ' tlii' 
Jesuits and the president will never let jou 
DP quiet/ 

White hfti,l alrPMily found another apot in 
case th^ jt-suits fmocrt'ilMl in driving him nut 
of Poiiai, Tlirouirh thu ptxnd ofilui;)^ of Wil- 
liam niH'ard, an nld dimised cnlli^iatn church 
at DivuU'wsrt in Lorraino wte trunHft-m-d 
to him in DnreHilittr lllOfl. Whitr, IiiiweviT, 
succeeded at KoniR and Madrid in defpatinc 
theoppodition to th»!e8t»bUBhm"nt at Uouni, 
when- Philip Cnv*irel, ahbot of St. VodaatV 
in Arrnjf, promised to build nnd endow a 
houM> for them. The monastery of St, 
Oregory was founded at Duiiiii. wh)<ru it 
remained Houriflhiiiif until thf l*'n-nrh n*vi»- 
Intion. when thf (community passed over to 
En^flaiid and (innllv ocItliMl ut llowiutiih-, 
near Bath. 

Whil« thus t<npig«tl in a life *Ui! He»th 
Struggle White wan able to luOp l!iii ^ocular 
clergy. He obtained, from the mmiificent 
Carrrel. Arra* Cnllenc in Paris n* a hmiseof 
study for the Htigli^h cleruy who wero lo 
devote tbeuifii'lFos to wTilitifif. The hmiae 
wan to btf modt-lk-d iifuir tlii- idcu of ChclsL-a 
College, latfly eauhlishKi for Atiirlirnn 
tUvinni hy Jaitirs I. When Worthington 
wait ri'lnwrnl fniiii biji niw iif ohiiliencn nc 
Parsonfl's death ( Ifi Apri] 1610), he becAnift 
neconoilcd to WhiU*, who inrorrowl th« 
ari'h-prii'st Oeorire Hirlthead fo-v,'] that he 
might deal contidentlT with the president. 
Thus thft eliir)?!,- wore induo-d to forpiw the 
fflievous wrung that mi»guidiHi prvsiuenl hud 
done them. 

\» vicar-gcnernl. \Miiti' was constantly 

Knyland aiip!*rintendin(,' the numeroiui 

who wiTQ working on the niaaton. 

614 iIkto werv otit eighty. TJefortJ 

Pwohs'b death \Miite began hia negctiacions 




White 

for a reunion of all Bcnt^ictiues in Kiiglsnd 
into ouB congregation. 'ITie monks from 
Italy (never more than a doxL-n'} had retired 
for two of thfir iiwn im-n, ICdwnrti Itlaihew 
[q. v.] and Sjidlnr, nn aggregation to the 
jniinast^Ty of We«t mineter, then n-pn-wnted 
by old Father liohcrf (or fiigebert; Hm-kley 
[q. v.] These two were joinwl later on by a 
ttiir<r(llt ]li-c. Itiri9>. who ThLTcfor^r r>pre- 
sonted the old historic English congregation, 
Whirt's suhjt^tn were nuiiieroiis: tlwypo*- 
Mi'»t<i-d houw« And ni<;n. Tho Italians bad 
iieillier; the old KoKlish had only the aiic- 
cesnion. TTlPse two Irittcr wcp- dtwirou* of 
n mii"n, and White enlerml enlhuHiuHtii^ally 
into the project. What would suit the 
snialliT bitdit-s would V- for llu- Anglo- 
f^paniAh mnnka to furnish men, money, and 
hoiJseB. while the orliers acted a."" superiors. 
The iiiciHigruilyof mich an aminpi>nient did 
not seem to sirilie Wbitt-. who, on 13 Feb. 
ItSlU, ftigned an agreement of teu articles. 
His precipitate action was greatly rcBcntod 
by ihi.' rest of hi* brelbren, and fh« mouka 
at Doimi appealed to the Spanish peneral, 
and White wan xiuiiinoiied to Spain in 1612. 
The reftult was thut be was r«-miived from 
hie viL-Brship and John (Leauder) Jones set 
HI) in liin place. The union with ibw old 
Knglieh congregnlion n-osevenliudly brougbt 
about under more e<jnitable terms. On his 
way back from Spain While came under 
the notice of the fauiou* 0«puchin JoHi.-ph de 
Tremblfti, afterwards known as tlieTJrey 
Cardinal.' Tho friur wax lh>'U engagi-d in 
hi» work of nrforminif wrtain abheyn, and 
had lately taken interest in the order of 
Fiintevraidl, ['ndpr hiw iiiflui'Tic*' th^ Abb(!i>R 
l^nuitte de Bourbon, with ht-r cnadjulrix 
Antoinette d'Ork-ana. was desirous of re- 
storing monastic oh*or\'ance in the hon-nes 
of tnonka and nuns suliji^t to her rule. 
WTiit« was rcfommended by lie Tremhlai 
'as on« full of cuaL, icncttty, ability, and 
energy.' He began his work in (Iclober 
101.^, and was so BHCces<<fi]] that he wus 
called to u like work in I be nbh<.-yi( ut 
{'hplloa, Ttemiretannt, and Portiern. He 
hficunie also engaged in a pr<>i'.iCl''d imion of 
the monkA of Kontevraiilt with the Kngli-ili 
nionk>> at Douai. But, although thi-t woiUd 
have been of mutorial advantage to I lie latter, 
further refleciion showed the vicar-generid 
that it would drain the niissiou of men and 
be a tAx beyond thu stroiigib of hi» lOnglish 
moaks. Si lhn matter wax dnipjied, and 
Whilo wilhdrawti, Ho was then sent to 
found u liotii'r' fur Knglinb nionk« in Pari«, 
and for one year pn^ided over ita destinies. 
In lOJt), having nwcll-eamed reputation for 
obserrnnoc, he was sent to tetona the 



White 



58 



White 



iiAC prioiT of Ijnnfpifirillc, near Rouen, 

whenj l]i5 died (>u 4 May 1618. 

Whiri> wflri iifrftnlc,npen-niind«i1 mnn, with 
a •iiifiiilar winning way, wliicli gained Iiiin 
Difttif friendti. DautitloM nnd warm-tii-nrUHl, 
bUgeuervufl ualun li>i) bim iulo Impetuous 
AOtiona wEiich caused diiHcultiea n more pm- 
denc man would liuv<.-cH'n|icd. It iBiHiruupe 
open to gut'-Htion wliclinr bn would havt- 
KuccoodGu sa well a« In? did had hn not had 
Ibi^hulpof »ucb rn(."n iw Jwhti I{obwr1«(l')7fl- 
1610) [q-T.] and inhn (I.fjind/T> •ron<>A to 
Btipply the doficionciea of liis cliaraotpr. 
Tlie only known ]jnr1mit in rcprudncfd in 
tUo ' Downnide Itevii'w,' vol. xvit., Irom tlie 
orifpnal in pobAtrsaion of Miu Tietkoloy of 
ijpetcbk'y. 

ll>o<td*« ChuMh HiatoT)', Tftl. iii.; Tiorncy, 
Tola. [ii. IT, V. ; I/.-W111 Uwmi'ti Ituonion Be- 
ffuipr; Wddoii'K HiNtory (MS.) and Chrono- 
logical lf<it«»; Viy'a CVrUinr Ilriafe Notwt; 
Peyner's ApoatalsiUK Hpit^vlii.-tjiiuru'n in AukIii ; 
Uaibeir'a Ti«p!ivai A rvply to Fr. Ponoas'ii 
Libel, by W. C.; Bwrords o( Ui* Enfili.li C.ilfio- 
lien, i. ii. Urit. Mmi. Add. MS. 212i3; Conon 
US. PliiL oiii. E. II: Tauntuu'ti Ensllsh BIhcIc 
MoriliB of St. Doiiudift ; UmijuuL's Henry VIII 
nnil the Kngli»h MoniuiCcriea ; R- 11. (.'timnt'H A 
J}'Dudicti lie Uartyr; Dovnttido Befiow, Ti>la. 
Xfi. and xvii. ; Atnplofortb Juarnal. it., and 
-mriouttmaitiiiwriplsiiuotad from th«an:hirmof 
thvdJocMaof W^Ktminstcr, the old chnpUr, Uie 
BlonyhDnrt {JMcit) coUeetioiw, iho Tm^istcrsof 
th* coklags of V'/i11tululid, and inanuBcnpls from 
UenlB Oatwno und 8ilo».j K. L. T. 



WHTTB. .HlHN tlwSW-lW''!), pnrliHOTTO- 
Urian, commonly culled ' Ontnrv While,' 
■wa« tile second sou of Ilwiry \VTiito of 
}1cnlliut (tirjw wrJTUn Hcn(lund), in tlu* 
pariih of Ithoscrowthir, iVinbrokeshir«, 
where be was born on 'JO Juno 16H0. !lie 
Biutlii^r wn-t Jaiif, dnuglitur of Ili^luird 
Fletchoc of Jiangor, who op|)carA to have 
b«.'n u ni'ur rt-liitive of Iiiulion! inft^hi^r 
[^ij. v.], bwbopiif L.iml(in(l)ws?i, Ifrr. Vinta- 
tiong.'i. 1 20. and cf. p. 161 ; VaiUAVv^ PtrJ!- 
grrtf'/Pfmbn'kruhtrr.^y. 131, 13t>). \Vhit« 
Wiis dp.irpndt^d fmtn afaniilyof wpatthjnii^r- 
clinuts of cUnt name which had been closely 
id('fitiliiMl for many ci-ntrutinns with tho 
town ol'Teiiby. One of litem, Tliomwi While 
{d. I4il:^), who wn» elx times iiiiiyDF of tltat 
town hot wtTii 1-1';7 and llSliULdL-d iboi-arls 
of Kiclimond and I'tiubroke to f^cotie from 
Tenby ti> Itril lany aftt-r iho haillo of Tuwk.'w- 
bury (1(71), nml wiu in turn n-niirdcd hv 
nwaivin" from the fonoBr, aflpr be had 
MCttiid«-d till- t)iri>n(?, a frrnnt of all hi« lands 
jnthfl nfiigliimurhotxi of Tenby f Laws, LittU 
JSnfftand beif'oid fl'aln, pp. '21Q, 226; cf. 
Owes, rfmhrokt^hire, i. 30). Tbomos's 



brother, John White, ww nayor aeren tlinea 
Iwlwi-cn 1 |.-i2 and U98. TK.-ir tomb*, with 
rcciimbi'nt tifriin^* — ' beamifnl wnrka of art,' 
in a ^ood stute of preMri^ation — ire is Tenby 
church tFKSTOlf.pp. A!A-'2 ; NoRBItS Tetihy; 
UiWB, pp. 2S3-4 ; Anh. Camhr. ith eer. xt. 
180). 

Jolin Whiti% who, with liia elder brother, 
tInllilU, iuatric-ulat«cl at Jesus College, 
Oxford, on 'M Nov. 1607 fFosTKB, ,^/wiiimi 
OrriJi, IWW-ITM), pmcrwlBd thfn<;K to tbi! 
Middb' T^mpli', whore ho was rallud to the 
bar in lOlH, and bi'Cami* autumn reader or 
henrber in Kill. Whito is said to hare 
been a puritan from hie youUi. In \mh he 
and cIvYi-Q othor« formw'd themwlvet into • 
conimiitce known as tbe feoflees for impro* 
prialioTis. A largfo fund was apeodily railed 
by vuliintary coiitrihiiliotia for iha purpose of 
buvin^ up impropriate tithes, so as to mak« 
A bt'ttcr proTiBion for a preaching ministry, 
TbL'ir piucewdiup! wvn\ however, attacked 
bv IV'ler Ueylyii ^"J-v.], and in IK^l' William 
>'ojfH [a, v,\, at the inatigatiou of Laud, ox- 
bibiteo an information n|;ftin*t ih^^ni in the 
exchi^uor rhnmher. Un II Feb. 16^12-3 tbe 
courC decreed tbe dlsmlulion of thr li-ofltnent 
and the eonfiacAtion of oil itti funds anil 
patroiiaH;e to the kinff'»i'»e. while thefeoHeM 
appear in bare bocn cenimrcd in the Star- 
cuamber ( HbTLiv, L)iprianu*Anglieu$, 1(J68, 
pji. I'lO-IIf; UxnmvKR, Hitt. iff England, 
vii. 268, quolin^ E-ivhequer Vrvrvft, iv. 88). 
It waaprobalily diiriiiu thin time that White 
had orcaeion to appar^tifore Laud as couneel 
about a benefice, and when that btisiaees 
•VTbi done Land ' fell ViiU'rly on him on an 
underrainer of the church.' 

On i'<t Oct. IftlO While wft« retiimwl to 
uarliauiuui for Soutbwark, his colleagne 
beintr Kdward Bagshaw fq.T.] {Mtmbent^ 
Pariiamvni , i.4i>4>. When.in thefoUowing 
inoiiih, it wa* decided IhnI there ahoutd be 
a grand commitfeu nf the houit«i to inunire 
into the i ni in oral J tied of Ibn tdRrpy, ^\ hite 
wan at onr<f elected \ts chairman, and he alao 
presided over iin actioR jiob-cuniTuitl e« for 
cfiTutidtritip bow ti> wpluc"' the jtrAndaloiui 
ministera by puritan pruacherB. AVhen an- 
other committeo wo» appointed in Deeember 
lEMi! to relieve plundered ministers, its 0to- 
ceedinffH ^'ot interwound with tho previous 
one, While bt'in^ at ihti bead of the wboU* 
tiKciicy. .\cconliiig (o an opponent<TMOJtAi 
Pi BKL'K, Tht AViP Jfift-orerfr hifcofer'd, lOoO, 

ti. 140), it wan Whilt^V boiut ihal ' be and 
iiB had ejected eight ihnuaaod churchmen 
in four or fire yean;' but according to ■ 
recent esrimnle (.M&ssok) the rnmmittee 
durinjK its whole existence ejected no more 
than about sixteen hundred. With the riew 



4 



4 



^of pabUaliiiig atike n ro;>uri bikI a dffencA 
of Ibe piocivdinira nf th*^ romraitt^^!. Wliito 
UfiUed on 19 Nov. ldt;i ' TIiv Tinst Cmtnry 
of ScniiilAlouft Mali^unt iVicAts, maik and 
admiltcU into Uent-tices by the I'rtskt**' 
(Liondou, 4io). So iDdvocat itr>' the auea 
npoiti^l iu tbib work ttut, accordiiiK to 
ANoocI, Whitu'a own party diuuadi-H nim 
' froni puttiup out ■ Mcond century.' whil« 
another writer (Picrcb, foe. cit.) naji tli&r t1i« 
AQtbor ' wftB uumed to pursuu lib tliuugbUt 
of anr utbur.' No MCond to1uiu« ever ap- 
I pcared. 

WilJi rvfunMicp to tlw cpief'opnry. White 
I adfoCAteal a • root nnd branrti' pfilicj* of ex- 
urpatioD, and two of liie tip?(.'ch<.'s <^ii tUix 
eitoJMt wcni pub!i*faL><]. namely, that dpli- 
I Torod in Juue l&ll oa tlie introduction, of 
I tfac&nt bill for tLe pxcluftioniif the biRbops, 
I widaaotherconMmiagthctnnlof rli^ twctre 
bubopo, delivered on 17 Jan. lCUl-2, on 
wbicn day lie waa also appoint<3d a niombtr 
' of tbe cammons* couimittou to bvnr the 
bMhow' defeoM in llie lIou«e of Ijotde. IIo 
WBaalMoccnaiaaBlly cntrtuu-d with the latk 
I of licenainf^ pMliliciiiiriiix, tind wan ebar§;ed 
Iw Ulo ehurcu parly wiihbeio^ tou rt'sdyto 
I llcenM work* nttjukiiifj th« church (rf. 
j CUBESDO^, HUf. tif Englanii, iii. 'iG). llu 
li gave evidence aeninst Laud on two nccnuioiiit 
^^L — first ^oni; with (Sir) UiHianl IVpve ihf 
^Balder [(j. v.J on '2'2 March KM'Kl.willi refe- 
^Vretice to Laud's removal of Edward Bajifiihiiw 
^P firom tbu readorsbip of thu .Middle Tvuiplc ; 
^^ and aucondlyiOti ■*■ July, tw to Land's at tnok 
I tipoD luiaaelf wbtn b<.' apfxrnn-d bufurL- him 
aa counsel ('TmnbW and TrtiiU' in t^rti's 
Workt, iv. 132-S, a)l-.'i). Towards th'> end 
I of 1643 be published a hook cnlli-d ' A I .ook- 
iag OUss for Cofrardly Goreniom.' Hi^ was 
klao frequentlydffputed by th? Ilouspof Com- 
mons to draft lot t«rs and imp'-nchmenl a. Thii 
ftnt oharler of the oolouv ol' .Maiisiacbusctta 
waa procured protkably under his advice, and 
vaa perhape oci uully dn.h<;d by hiu ako. 
I Hi* aame ai^peara amonft Ibv members of thti 
^^ eonpany at meeting lield boforw thi'ir cm- 
^Kbiirkalion, but bud'd not hiiiiM^lf emigrate. 
I^f ]lfiil.'V>drewnpin Ortitlier 102'<' ibe articles 
< a(rre*d upon 'btrlwwn tb>> I'hmltjruand Ad- 
vontiin-ni for the jwrformance of what ehall 
b<: delvrmined,* and was chown aiiu of tliQ 
umpired to iMitllf; any diaputM that: miffbt 
artiti {CillticlioHt of the Ma«»avhMftt» Ititt. 
Sot. 4tb H!r. li. '2\~-'A), i^uotinir IJbook'b 
Zirat^t^e i'«nVrt«#and Yor:co's Chn>nklf«, 
pp. 09, 74, Hti, IU1~2), While hHH i>onit-- 
times been oinruMKl with Jobn Wbitv, the 
rnlriorrh of noreln-stfr, who was also coti- 
cerand in the settlcmnit of Mauui^liiiB'ilt.'!, 
mud is separatvly nolln-d below. 




H<idi«doii!{9Jan. IG44-5, and wae buried 
at thn Temple Churrh, nt The high altar, on 
the Middle Temple eide, tlie members of the 
Hoiuv of Commona nttomtin^ his funtral in 
a body. The memorial inscription placed 
ox'or him contained the following; vorses: 
l{or« lytXh Jobn. it humiug, Ktiioinj^ light, 
His Dftcne, lifv, actions mmt all Whit*. 

lie w*K 1wi(!f mnrrli'd, his finl wife beio^ 
,lAm-t, daughter of John ap QrifBtli Eyuon 
of Jetfreston, I'tni brokeshire (JPciwAr. MS. 
Ptdijfne*, 10^, penes Hcnrv Ow*?n, E-jiq., 
K.S.A.) Ily his aucDiid wifn, Winlfrwd, 
daoglitcr of Richard Blackvell of Bnabey, 
HertfordKhirvi, \w luid four sonn and five 
dati^ters, who survived bim. His third 
wife, who eurvivod him, was Mary, eldest 
danehii-r of Thoma-t Style of Litrlo Mia- 
.'>pti(li'n,BuchiiiKhanuihire(I)r(iDAi.K,0nj7iiies 
Juridieiaief, ed. 1671, p. 179; cf. PotrTKB, 
AfNmiii Orrtrt.} 

(Viniemporaries describe While as a grave 
and learned liLwycr, an opinion confirmed by 
Lis tW't publi»he<l fiijewhes. Iii» hostility to 
the episcopal system was extreme, and alter 
his dt.-ath his enetuiiMs tried tu dumtge bia 
reuutfliioii br chiirgiii^ biai with ronjugal 
inedelity and opt'o imuumlity (Merairttu 
Aiilirv/.IU Jan. llU4-f)). 

Hi(i elder brottter, OriAilh, who married 
lilieiib^tli, diiuijhl'rr of Itoper Ixirt. of Slaci- 

rnle, wn« hiffh shcrilT of rombroke^hiro io 
IS2Q, aud proved one of the staunobe^i and 
most active parliamentarians in that county 
ihruughouttlie whole of the civil war(Fii]L- 
LiPfl, fV(i7 il'ar in HaU», t. 896. ii. 4, 80-1, 
S-j, 150, lUl ; Laws. LittU England, pp. 321, 
.'w.'i, :^-2:>, .12", asf., 337). 

(WfinrtV Athmiie (Isnn. iii. IflA, U4; Scfcl's 
Hist, of ll]n Purilnns, 1822, ii. 361-6. iii. S3- 
34. 22tl; Jtcliquin Baxtoiiaua'. i. 10: Fnllor's 
(*hiiri7h Hist. 184fi, ri. 67; nkrandim'n HisU 
of Knglnnd, iii. J18; Whiieliioke's Mtmorials, 

f. Vi%\ <V>inmnii«' Jourr.iiln. vol. ii.; MiuMon's 
ito of Millac, ill. 28-30. ink; Ciimbrian 
Jouinol, Tiii. 204, ix. 246; WlUinmi's Euiinonc 
WpUhin^n, p. aU.\ V. U-. T. 

WHITE, JOHN (1576-1(148% called the 
I'ffllriftrrh nf JJorcbpatpr, son of John White, 
who held a leiise under New CoUrf^', Oxfufd, 
by his wife I.kaIk^I. diinfrhter of John Rawle 
Of Li<;hlle1d,wasbnpU>ii.-dBt Htimtontjt.Jolui, 
Ujtfardsbite, on (> Jan. l-''i7'>. lli'i elder 
brother, Joiiaa, was rector of ilorncburch, 
K«nex, 1014-SS, and fHlber of James, a 
wealthy merchant of Boston, MawachiiMtts 
<fiijAj- Arehami. 7'rani. new str. iv. 317). 
i n 1 ft*? h<* entered Wincliealer school, whence 
ho was elected a fellow of New {'oUegv in 
1596 (KiBBT, mneAi»tfr &-Ao/«m, p. 183), 



I 



M 



White 



60 



White 



He ^(luat«d n.A. on 13 April 1A07, M.A. 
on l*J Jan. 1601 ( FysTBK, Alumni 0.rvn. I TtOO- 
1711), lii\ was ftpnoinlivl n-otor of IToljr 
Trioilv, UorebesUT, m I'JOU, and for the rwt 
of Ilia long life wos idt'iitifi'il witb lh«l pldCr*. 
A moderate puritan, tie cirectwl ^renc re- 
fonna iu tlie character of its iuhobiinnl^, 
who FuJUt 118VI! w«n.' inui-h (■iirk-licii by 
hiu, ' for knowUdgi- i-auaed pii>tjr, and pieLj- 
■Imduidufilry, ho 1 hat a iHi^^f^r wiu not 10 w 
■teen in tl»- town. All tW iiblo jHXir wem 
set &n work, and tbf itnpotcnt tnAintained 
by tbe pn>Ht of n public bri'whoune nnd 
Other olIftTtions' {ll'ort/tiM, \\. MO). The 
BBioe ttiitboritj' saye 'he bad perfwt con- 
trol of two thing«, hi« own pnwiw* nnd hia 
SiELrisbioners' puTWBt* which he drew upon 
or hiB pbiiftiiihropic etdft, rtHiilu si Hor- 
[iefaestcr Jul expounded u.!! through ibe Itibit! 
once ami halt ibrougli a^&in. 

About lti:i4 White intorcatcd himcrlf in 
rWnUing out » cotuuy of Hor^il uii:-ii to 
Bttle m MB&jia><rhuM!ttA, wheru such oa wct« 
'HODOOJifurmiHtB uii^ht i-ujo_v lib(.-ny uf i;ou- 
ACi^nce. Thi-^-xiii-riHu-nt nut (irovingat Brat 
Buuceasful, Wbit« imdertouk tQ prucuru Lbcm 
jirhiirl'Tniii! toniispinont'v fiir their nnci-asary 
ojwrations. Tbroiigli bin cxfTlions lh« Ma*- 
inchiufftt^ Compnuy, of which Sir UidiiiTil 
rBoltoiifltiLn vrn.* A chiof phnrfholdtr, wan 
formed, nnd purcha«i'd their intprvst for 
1 .yW)/.. payablo in buius of LWf. at the l!oynI 
£xi'liuu);u cvury Micbuvlmtu from ItSi'y. The 
council for New Kiigland signt-d the Alas- 
eachu^L'tu palt'tit on 19 March \*y2?i, mid 
thi- Wiujf roiiliniu-d il by a iliorli-r dated 
4 Mart-h 1621). John Endecoit [fi, v.j wiu 
W-.iit out urn giiviTiirir. Knincist liigjtiniHjii 
[q. v.] and Saniixd SkWlon were chnstii and 
tpprovi-d by While a* tniiii»tfT», iiiiil MJli-d 
for the iJorclie.iti'r rnlony on I Mav lfi2ff in 
the 1.Jer>rge lionaventiirn. John Winthmp 
['q.v.]9aiJiHlin the Arbclln, \\'bit«' holding a 
serricL' on board before ahu sailed. ^^'Ui1e 
WM n tDLiDber of thii coinpiLtiy, and r>n 
30 Niiv. ht' wu--* niminuivHl nnn of ih«' eam- 
luitleelo value 1 he joint stock. Xn I(i^:^aiul 
lfl3fi he wiif com-KpundinK with John Win- 
tbrop (who ur^ed U'hil« lo visit llie rolcjtiyi 
about L'od-lJni-« and btxikt; to lu< fi>nt, as well 
aaflax iif a utiitable (growth fnr Ubri<li- I><lniid 
(Cn/. fitatr Pajiert, Cnlnnial Set. .\niencp, 
15T-t-l(«J0, pp. 104, 15-^1, lM-1, na. I'l^U). 

In the winti^r of Uliy-;i(» he prv^nrbed nt 
the rip«nin(r of n conRreKufiona! cbnrch at 
the nfw hospital in Pljniftiith. Ho i* rn> 
dit«»d with hatiujr drawn up * the governor 
and Mmpanv's lliimhlt: Kt-ipirst to the re«t 
of their Itret^ren in Hiigland,' London, WJO, 
4to; ATidon thi-raiithoritvoflncpeaM; Mather 
[q. v,],aaweU tm from inttirnnl evidence of 



8tTl«and matter, must be occpptM as author 
uitlw naaajTooat ' I'lmiter^' ]'1>::«,' Loudon, 
IfiSO, 4tQ. This work, unknown to Coiron 
Mather, l*rioce, llutchiason. and BsncroFt, 
historian* of S>-W England, contains the 
earliesL trustworthy information on the first 
planting of the colony. It bus heconif ex- 
ir<tinuly Karcc, but a copy is iu the JJritijdi 
MiueuB), and part of chap. viii. with chap, 
ix. is iv-printi-'d in Aluxandt-r Young's 'Chro- 
ntcle« uf MaKoachuwttH Ihiy,' BuAlon, ISM, 
8vo. 

About I3S5 or 1630 While was examined 
before ?ir John I^ambc [q. r.1 about enme 
pajierH seixcd in his study, and relating to • 
crtn»idtrabli> *ini of monry iwni hy S^Tiitfl 
to [)i. John Stoughlon. This eventually 
turned out to he in part a Ipcnty from one 
Philipiwi I'iit, liEiiiifaihi'd to Whitt- in pio» 
unu*, and in jxirt uishursemenlR for the colo- 
nists in Now England. Whito produ««d 
miuutu t)anicul*r» uf Cht'.-ie in his nott^books, 
and at last, after six months' attendance 
lipfuru the eourl of high oouiiuiMiun, hu waa 
dl-x-'bargi-d and thf infortuant reproYed for 
'iwnttling' (£'n/. State l*apen, l>om. 1636 
and Iti8f>-ll, pii»»in)). In the heuiiuiing nf 
tha Long parliaroeni \\'biiG and manv of 
bi§ congregation took (Im cfivrnnnt. Wood 
callfi him ' ti inndernte, not ninrotie or peerisli 
puritan,' and wiys h« confornjed lo the en** 
muniL's of thp tburch of Kngland. 

\Vhi.'u lhi> war brolio out abcut 1(M3, 
a pi^rty of JVince Kupert's horse hiirat into 
\V kite's houeo at I}orvhi»ti-r, plundenxl it, 
nnd carried off hia book.'i. He tftok refuge at 
tbu Savoy, where he minislt-red until, oAw 
thr (■ifCtlon of Ilnliii'l Ftrallcv [ij. t.|, hi* waa 
api>ointed rector of Lambeth on 30 Si-jit. 
Il>4!i, Slid givf-n thp use of Fwilli-y'* library 
uinil bis own cniild lie recovered. He waa 
cbonen one of the \Ve«tniin«er assenibly of 
divine*, nnd at their opening si-rvicc in St. 
Margaret 'i (i^Ci !^ept. 1(313) prayed a full 
hour to prepare I bcm fortnkinglho covenant 
CWinTBi-ot'KE. Mn/i'/riait, p. "4), He ctn- 
atantly attended the sittings of the ass*^mb!y, 
and sign^id the putition f'irlbv right to n.'fufio 
the Mctanii-nt in *caiidalou» jjenMini*, j«w- 
senled to ihe IIousu of Lords, iH Aug., was 
oni" of I If ntM-twoTA, and in 164^ wnti clHnwn 
on the committee oif accnmmodatinn. 

UlKin till' ih'iilh of Itol)t.-rt i'lnck f(|, v.^ in 
November ltS-17, White wuh df-iigned warden 
of XbW College, but he declined lo go to 
< t.Tfnrd, h'ing * .lick and infirm, a dying man ' 
{ Uriti). FerbopH be rvtumed to l>orehesier 
bfifnrn his d^atb. which took place on VJ July 
1^-11^. He was burifd iu 1110 porch of St. 
Pcter'a Chapel (belonging to Trinity), Uoi^ 
Chester, but no inscription appwn. 



I 



White 



6i 



White 



White taaTTJetl Ann, duighter of John 
BurROii of i^tCTboTOoeh, sirtor of Cornelius 
B.ir^M fd. v.l, and left fotir mbs: John, 
Saauul. JmikIi, nnd Natbaniol. Thi; nldivtt 
vntMnMl tliA miaiAtry. and br^anif! rector of 
■Rinpemtf, IXinwl (cf. lAtrdt' JvumaU, riii. 
36?, V'i, 4St ; C»L4Mr. Nrntm^formUtU tVe- 
moriai, ed. I'altni>r, ii. liTt), 

Besides tli>- ' PUnltrs' i*lea ' and a few 
MparatA rerRinnji and abort tTvaliHc*, Wbito 
was author of: I. 'A Way i" tl'e Tree of 
Lift! Sundry Diiv-ctions for the Proftcablu 
Readin(rol'ilie.Scriptnre6,'Ixiiidon,HU7,8vo. 
2. 'David's r»altn» in yintnn, agnwabln to 
thfl Hebrew, To bo siini; in usuall Times 
Ti> thf! b^ttutit. of tho fhurchfJt of Ohrial,' 
l>oodon. I'i-V}, lilmo. 3. ' A Coinmomary 
upon the Tbres Firal Chapter* of ihi! First 
Rookof Mtwescnlk-d GcnvoiK,' I'Ondoo, 1656, 
fol. TUi' prcjiwrutiou of 1 !i U for the pr«»8 wiw 
entnixt^l lo Stiphen Marshall \(\. v.], but 
aa lie died {l&w) before it was rwidy, a fur- 
ther nott- bv ThouKu Mantoa [g. r.J accom- 
paniod John White jujuor'e uvdication to 
I 1)mj«1 noUM[q.v.] 

SOnxA* Liir« of Tji«Ptiritnn»,tii. 88; Wood*« 
ion* Osnii. *[i. Btiw, lit. 23fl ; Pnitc«"» Chro- 
nota|i»c«t BiBi. i. lit. 1A3, 168. 171, ITS. 183, 
195, 3A0, 2(lAi Uauduit'ii SlioH View of ibe 
Hist. Maaaadiaecua Bay. 1771. p. 24 : Huu-hin- 
■oa'a Bi«L of HuMachiiMUa lla^. I. 8. 9 : Bv\>~ 
bard'»Ht«T.uf Sei>EiieUiid,pp. IA.10A: Rhode 
Uland Riit. Co!), ir. 67: Ever«at'i DorchwiUr 
in 1880. BoatuQ. ISRS.pp. 22-7 . Voung'aChfo- 
aklea of MaaaarhuMtta Kay, pnuim ; MaHaa- 
ahaaetu Hist. Cotl. 4ih n-r. W. ii. ; Math«r'a 
Xear En^Uufl. l.k. i, p. IB; Prynne'j C*nl«r- 
bariwOmmn, p. MS; Wbartoa'a TrutiljlMand 
7^^ sf Laud. i. 174. 17*; Fuller"* Worrhi*. 
iLS40: Mit>-h«ira Wcm miaatw Auembly, ziv. 
98, Ul, 397. -ing: Wood'a Hisl. of th>i> Col- 
]»KM niid aolU. ud. OuUh, p. 33K; Cai. SUtu 
I'apcn. Itam. ]02B-», p. A43, 16)1-3, pp. SAO. 
-(02, IR3a-9i Huteb[DNHlIi»t.of IloriH-t. ti.3T-^. 
ir. 142 : Manaon's Utlton. ii, ^'JJ, &19, 59H, 6DA - 
Applotrtn'H Cyclop, of AmtriMn Bio^. vi. «73; 
AJh bone's Diet. <» Bogl. Lit ; ChnlmcfHa Biagr. 
^n. : BttDCToft's Qin. of An«ricik. i. 2S4.) 

C. F. S. 

WHITE, JOrtK (1826-1801). hisiuma 
of ihe Maoris, son of Francifi Whit*, waa 
bora in Knptand in I8:>ti, nnd went out to 
Now 7<c«land with bia fatlior in ld32,iH-ttlin(( 
first at Kororarcka ; the «ack of that placu 
by tbc Maoris drove them to Auck1an<l in 
1844. Jl« was early attracted rowari^.i tb« 
Maori rac« and tb«ir customs, and was em- 

tloyed by the jioveminent inpositionawbrre 
e came much into contact with thum. Sub- 
aequeacly be wa» frold comniiuioaer at Coro- 
naadel, and received tho appoinimuru of 
offlelal tDIerpreter and agunt for tfa« pur- 



r 
I 



chase of nativp lands; in this last capacity 
be aQQceednd in obtaining for the cohnista 
thp title to most of the Innda roiiml Auck- 
land. .At a lat«rdat« ht> became naffistntte 
of CV'ntrat AVaa^anuL He died sadaaoly at 
Anckhind on 13 Jan. 1891. 

Whitit was employed by the government 
of New Z«a]and to compile a complete hia- 
torr of tho traditions of tlio Maori race: he 
bad coniplelfd four volnmm only at the time 
of hii! dL<ath. Thry npp^arod in I88dwith 
th«i title ' Tim Aiicii-tii. History of tli« 
Maori' { WtsUinfTton, «vo). Hh wa^ also 
author of a novelette, eatitJed ' Ta Kou, or 
thp ^faori at Home.' 

[MoDnall's Diet, of Australaaiun Blofraphy ; 
AiickUnd Weekly News. 21 Jan. ISUl. p. 7-} 

C. A. H. 

WHITE. JOILV TAHOURUIN (1809- 
1H%1), daaMCal scholar, liorn in 180!*, -n-aa 
the second boo of John White of SeEborndin 
llampabint. Hn ntatriculflted from Corpus 
Chriati rolle^e, Oxfnrd, on 26 Jan. XiSO, 
was elect*;d an exhibitioner in the samevear, 
and jmdiuitAd R.A. in 1»m. M.A. in if<S9, 
andB.D.andli.U. in If^Wt. He wB5ordaiacd 
deacon in 1831 ax curate at Swinncrton in 
Staflordshire. llv was iip]iointed n-sdvr at 
St. Stephen Walbrook in I8.K1. and netted as 
astittam masCvr at Cliri«l.'s HoHpital from 
1886 to laefl. In 18.17 liH bpcame curate at 
8t. Ann, Blackfriaro, waa onlaiiied pnest in 
IK.*)!), nnd in lr<41 wan nppoint>^d curate at 
.St. Martin I.iidgale,*'n-in(r until 18S8.when 
he waa instituted rector, llediedat 17Cam- 
bridzv Rood, Brighton, on 17 Dec. 1853. 

\V hil«> was au able claeaical ixihular, and 
publiahed numerous scbotaatic worku and 
critical editions of (.fruuk and Latin authors. 
He b best known [H>rhapK for hi« * Orammar 
School Ti'Sle,' tt ueries of Latin and Or»'ek 
aulbors nuMi commonly nind in schools. In 
cnnjunctirin with Jn-wph Knmonii Jliddlo 
fq. r.| he brought nut in IWi' '.'V Latin- 
Knplish I H<7tionRry,' London, 8vo. founded 
nn Kthan iVllen Andrews's tmrifltution of 
Wilholm Freiind't ' \Vi>rt«rbucb dur la- 
teiniwhen Sprache.' Fnmnd's * Wiirtorbucb * 
was published at Let]ui^ betwvei) 183J and 
I84fi, and .Vndrttws'a translation nt New 
York in 18oL'. While and Riddle's ' Dio- 
tionary' waa largely superseded by thnt by 
Cliarlton T. l^wis and Charles Short in 
lrt7S. A 'Cotlflg:eIjitin-Kn)rii.'*h]>ictionarv' 
of intermediate siie appeared m l^i't, anda 
'Junior 8tudent'd Complete Latin-Kii|[luih 
and £i^i;lifth-Latin Dictionary ' in 18t)0. 
White also udiTed Robert Lynam's ' Hictory 
of the Roman Emperors' (London, IdfiO, 
2 Tols. 8vo). 



White 



6a 



White 



1898; Fwler** Alamni Oxon- 
ITShbr'h Bibliotbeeii Sbifforil. 199( ; 
hcl. of Kng;l. Lit.] K. I. C. 

S, JOSEPH (!~4S-1814), orii>nt«- 
liat mid thi-ologian, was bom at Stonohouac 
(ur, acr^onliiiR to another account, Stroud) 
in nioiicLifU-n-liiru in 174I>, and was the,' sun 
of Tliiiiniu' White, n journevmaH weaver. He 
[Teoeived Iiifi earUt!sl cducutiuii iu uut' of ihi' 
Gloucesl'T chnrily w-hiji)l», and KUu-ted life 
in hiA fnr,h<>r'fleini>]oymeTit. Hiatalentaand 
attainments, howeri.'r, utt ractud thu niitiojof 
AOme iroaltbj neirliliours, irlin i^nahlctl him 
to puriUe his stuaioe nt ICuEcomb, and agoin 
at G loucealor. und tlio JibiTftUly of jnhn 
Mooro ( 1730 180'>) [(i.v.J (afterwards bisbop 
■ of Itaiicor and orcfibishoii of Canterbiirj') 
' ennblocf bim lo wiUT Waclhum Colli'jrfi. Ojs- 
ford, a» tt cotninoiier ou (5 June I7f!5. In 
Bepliuiiber of ihflt year be became scholar 
, of Itis cwll'-'gtf, wbtTi; hi- eb'jrilv ufti^rwiirds 
Obtuni-^l thit Hodv t'xliibitii'H lor Hebrew, 
I U well (iH otlmr pnzvs. U« was fi-Uuw frum 
1771 until 17RK, nnd filhw] v«riinw cotl-^Hv 
4fliec». Ho (rraduBted B.A.on C April I7fiw, 
M.A.on ly Feb. 1773. B.Tl. on 17 Slay 1779. 
and D.D, on 17 T>i-c.. 17S7. At lii* piitronV 
diisire bv devoted himself lo the sludy of 
Syriac, Arabic, and Porsinn, nnd in l"7fi, by 
la uuiuiinioue vote, wm eh;ctfd lo ihp Lau- 
I A'sun chair of Arabie. At iho augHMtion of 
j Bishop I^iowtli tlie delegnteH of tlio Clarendon 
press entruitled to Whitetbn tiwk of cc):uplrt- 
mg and ifliiuinf: an edition of the Fhiloxpnimi 
(or ratber llarklenfiian ) version of t.br: N*«w 
TL-rtamcnt, forwliich Glocester Ridley [((. v.] 
liud tt;f^ taotoriols based on two mnnu»cripts 
vhich he had brousbt from thp eutt nnd 
dftflrwordK i»ri;i!«nt«a to New Colleite. Itid- 
ler'n mati-rjalii were, however, of Httlo viau to 
^\ hite.wLo had botli tu uo^iy tbv mauuHcnutt 
and trrinitlnlii tti» It-xt liim.')'>lf. His edition 
appeared in 1778, and >L>xbibLtvd bulb hie 
BCQolarebip and his ncninn-y in a favoumblo 
light. ; ftiKl Mno-C no other edition of ihia im- 
portant version bos evt>r appeariad, it is tho 
work by wbich he i.< Will remembered. A 
volumL- of conimentij wbieh be at one time 
plauued aa a supplemcut to the edition never 
Appean'd. From 1780 to i7>*3 he wm oc- 
Cnpird ill [irHiwrinif an edition of the Pcraian 
text of the ' Inst 1 titles of Timnr/uf which 
A specimen wim iMni:nl iii tb^ formnr year, 
wbAe the wholft appeared in 1783, at the 
eopenee of the East India Cumpnnv- Tli" 
text was accompanied by a tmruilation into 
BngUjib from the pen of Major Davy, then 
I*emiaa secretary to ibc govern or-gonoral of 
BengiU. In 1783 White, who wa-i already 
oneofthnpreachcraat WhiCehttll Chapel, wofl 
■ppointeid to tlie recuntljr founded Bainptoo 



lectureship for 178-1. bis subject being a com- 
panion bctwf^en * MsJiomotiam' and Chris- 
tianity, wliicb hi« eituditw hud well qualified 
him (o treat. He waa, however, aoinewbat 
dinideat of bis rhetorical ability, and, regard- 
ing the appoiutiuenl as Ihn cbauco of bis lif«, 
hu took the danjTerons step of secretly aaso- 
cintinu with Itimat-lf #<i>mo pi*rsuns in wbos4 
capacuv bo had confident!^, and to one of 
tlwBu, ^umuel Dadcock [q. v.J, a ckr^vnton 
in poor circiimManoea, be entrusted the 
composition of one entire diacourw aod 
iif largo porljons of other*, iuoludittg the ex- 
ordium totbescricj. Tbe result justifiud his 
si'iection of coadjutors ; the aermon*, which 
contaim-d among otht^r matter a court(«ua 
answer to (iiblwn, aa well aa a iwply to 
Humfi, wore grmtly admired when delivered, 
and favourably rvc(*ivtid bv thu pr<N<s; and 
indeed, though the thought is shallow, thu 
iirrangornvnt ie lucid, thu uumner exceed- 
ingly ri!finf^,And thK-]Angua£« eTOrTwb«>r« 
choice und felicitouH, and in tne fifth lecture 
cvi'ii t'xtjuiaite. Tladcoclt, who as newspaper 
writer did Komething to press tb« gah; of the 
book, of which several editionswere speedily 
exhausted, liqit siletieo while praisos that 
were due to nini were lavished on While; 
but hi* silence was not gratuitous, and the 
day wLtMi tome important pivbrmcut ehuuld 
be Wbite'sreword was anxtouiiy expected br 
both. In 17r*7 White was. through Mnorea 
iiitrn'wl, pn'wnh'd by the dean am] chapter 
of Ely to the rectory of Melton in Sulfulk; 
and supposing Ibis to be all that the Unuip- 
ton lectures would pi>3dnoe, ho hurried on 
the printing of a learned work, the Arabic 
description of Egypt br Abdullatif, a writer 
of the bist o-ntury of tbt> ouliphate. Hut 
lie despaired too soon ; for earlv in 1788 he 
waa praaenttKi by Lord-chancoll'jr Thurlow 
to a pwbliiid hi ItloiineiitJir ('athcdral, of 
which ihu value was [-onsideruble. His pre- 
f»rnipnl n'nrai' nono too early. Shorllv after 
tliH jire?f-ntation Bndcock died, and White, 
in bis letter of condolence to his sister, le- 
qneated her to return all letters of his that 
might be found iu Qadoock's papers; but 
Miia Badoock, knowing or gnesaiug the value 
of the correspondusoo, took thv opinion of 
It. Gabriel, to whom her brother had haen 
curate, and who had nomt! daalings with 
White of B naluri^ to givM hini a cluM to the 
relations between the two men. Among the 
paptTH wtw found a bond for tSOO/. which 
\\'nitn at fin^t refufted txi pay, nll^ng a \eff»l 
flaw, and also asserting that it was for help 
whifh had n«Vt-r bL-uEiBCtuallvnuiden5d, but 
afterwards agreed to renew, honing thereby 
to prevent the truth about the lectures get- 
ting abroad. His compUanoe come too ma. 



I 



Gabrtel bad tne«nwbilo circulatiKl tliu sioiy, 
■ltd being chalU'n);«cl from itereral quarters 
lo proJtiou ovtil<-iic« Tor lii» luwtrtiun, ut 
I^Dgtli published ft [it!mbi>rof Wbite'slt-tters 
to Badcocb. fpvinj; irrefm^able orldonce of 
Uu! joint nut)itiritlii|>. nndnlNifiii)i)^Mlin^ that 
yet otlier hands had been cmplvived on this 
duoaurw«. (.iabrirl's pamplilet ran ihrougb 
serenl editions; and additinnni Torc-e wiu 
lent lo it bva KJi?inder from one uf Wbilo'a 
pwttLMuu, in which Gnhrirl was Tinilenily 
atldcked. but bis cban;«A were lefl uuan* 
swcred. Whit« kq>T »ili>nce aa long sa pn»- 
Hiblo. At last, tn 1700, U-in^ conipellm to 
answer, be piiblialiod an aecuLinl of hU literary 
oUigstiDni', ID which he upparontly un- 
(iMvouml to conceal nuthiuu, but lunin- 
tained still tlist ibt^ -"HXI/. bona waA for help 
in a proiec(#d historj' of Kgypt, of wbicb his 
' Abuutliitif ' wna to lie Xlu.-. fortirtitm^r. Flis 
puupblet aeenu to havi! anlUfied the jnihltt;. 
Dut Wbibii did notattwinpt again the rv'ik' of 
popular proieber. 

Bf ttre«n 17110 and ISOObe publi»hed little. 
In tlie Uuer jmf hi« edition of * Abdultntif ' 
at laaC appeared, with a dedicatiou to Sir 
William Scott. Ho had printed the text 
bXt«en Tcnra before, but, not Wmg satLfiliijd 
with it, Iiad presented tb« copiai to Pntilii* 
of JuuB. aftvrwarda famous as Ihe leader of 
rationaluin, wbo iMuod the work in (ivrmiiny. 
WhiteV edition embodied a transliition which 
bad been commenced b_v tht* ^ounner Kd- 
ward Poeocke [nw under Pocix-ke. E»- 
wAjip], but was completed bv While biimclf. 
11)8 IS the onlypnn tb&t evcrr appc^ared of a 

Kwt work oil E^pL which bo euems t'l 
re planned, and which IWoock wnn to 
have njuduivii popular io stvie. The time, 
liOweTer, wai» bj no mi-anx ripv f<'>r xiich 
a worki and the elaborate monoLTaph on 
Pnmpej's RlUr which White published in 
19(M Decameantiqiiat«cla8Wionastbe8ei«DC0 
of EfjTptolody was Bia.rt6d. The rest of 
White's liicrarj- work was concentrated on 
the text ual stuay of the Old und N«w Testit- 
ments, and earned him in 1804 the n^^iuH 
professorship of Hobrew at Oxford, carrying 
with it a canoiirv of OhriMl r'hiircli. Himidpn 
Tarioua pamphleW, in which Iu> ndvorjitod a 
rrtranalBtiun uf tlitf nibW.ii&d propcisud a new 
edition of tho SttpMuifijint, to be bnsod on thi^ 
HaxRpIar-Srriac manuscript then recently 




Ofeek' (IM odjt. 1^08: often reiirinted) en- 
deavoured to simplify aud piiptjIiiriiHt Qrivv- 
bull'e ' Critical Studies.' His last work, 
'Oriaeos (iriK»]iiirhiiuifi> in Novum Testa- 
menttun Synapsis' (l^U) contains a sum- 




maty of the more important reaolta. Botb 
OS & theologian and as a critic he was ultra- 
conser valine. 

White died at Christ L'bnrcb, Oxford, on 
2S May 1H14. Ho married, iu 1790, Mary 
Turner. sisUt of i^tnue) Turnttr {1749?- 
1^02) [<|.v.l, who visited Thibet aa a llriti^i 
envoy. }I«r death in 1811 affvcted bim 
severely. 

Persons who knew MTiIte declared bim to 
he of an indolent disposition, and it in a fact 
that in most of his books be embodivd wheru 
possible thulaboiirfl of others. Ilia ]ingui*ttc 
atiainmont.4 weri% hownvfr, very |^al, and 
conipuns favourably with Ihoi.' of ibt^ miwt 
eittiiietiL oriL-ntulista of his time, with many 
of whom, iiicluding Kih«iitredr' i>«CT,h« was 
in communication, IliaportrAil wa-^nainiod 
by William Pet^irsaiid presented to tue uni- 
versity of Oxford. It wrts etij^BVed by 
Joseph Thompson and appeared in the 
' Kurtipyrtn Magazine ' for October 1798. 

[Nik^liiilsB llluHtnifiuns nf tho I.itamry Jlist. 
of thr KtplitMiiith Cpiitury, iv. 858-85; Gat- 
diner's Register of Wadbam Coil, vol, ii. ; Lan. 
glha'a Nccrologie do J.T.V.; Qent. Mag. 1814, i, 
«260 V. S. M. 

WHITE, JOSKPII BLANCO (1775- 
1841), theological vrriter, wan horn at 
Seville ou 11 .luly 1775, and christen&d 
JooA Maria. IMs grandfulher, an Irish 
Koman catholic, lut the heir uf an uncle, 
Philip Nansle, bad become head of a LtTgO 
mercatitilo liouso nt Seville. Ilis father, 
ofter some early iui*fortuuv#, carried on 
the busineaa successfully, and married nn 
Andalusian Udr of tiublo descent and 
small property. Other Iri.->hmi^n 1)ecsme 
partners in the fauueu, and formed a ' small 
IriitEi colon V,' in which mmf> Kn);lisli was 
Spoken: altUouKb the Whiiett Irannlatod 
I heir riaio*>in(u HUnco and became virtuallv 
Spaninnli). Joacph was put into his father a 
oflice at the a^^e of ei^l. Hu bated ths 
business, and preforrcd lessons on the violin. 
Kin mothiir thou[i:ht commerce de^ading, 
and hnJ !iim lau^ht somn Lutin. At twelve 
he doel&red biH deaire lo b«!ome a priest, in 
orilwr lo fjieiipo ibw counting-house. His 
mother induced hia father to consent. Ele 
wikH nlloweO to attend school, and at 
fnurte<f!it hn was .iK^nt to study philosophy 
at a Dominican colietfe. An accident led 
him to read the work* of Feyjoo (1701- 
1.7(M), who had altockeil the scholastic 
philosophy still dominant in Kpanisli 
eoUe^M. Thif) induced thu hov to revolt 
against the repubtitelfacJiingofliismastvre. 
lie was then allowed to enter the univer- 
nitr (October 17W)). He formed a friend- 
ship with a senior student of litorary tastM^ 



i 



vjvX thnjr Kt&rl«d ft litlls eoci«ty t^ rond 
|iapera ou ' pOBtty wid eloquoDCe.* He kIao 
■ninutl soitiM kuowltMlgw ot Kianch and 
It&lian literature. He was, liowBvtT, Mill 
KtudyiriK tliwUiffy widi ii viow tu the 
prk««thflod, AH'l tiod inkcn the 'four minor 
onlen'st the ag« ckf fourtci-D. .\(. twcnl v- 
ono ho took wibdeivcrtn's onierii, tlioush 
with mmo mibg^ivinSB. Both hie pari^nt; were 
Tery devout, nnd fi« coiDiiLiiiris bitterly ot 
tho Ion? »«!rvioi»i whieli he had beea forced 
t.M n1l(-ii[], from the a^ of (.'ight. From 
fourtefiii h(i liud diiily to ruiid his bKviiLr^ 
nnd to KUKtid an Imur in ' |tioua T«adtn.(r' 
and tnpditatinn. Tiie 'a[>ir!liiu] (.-xiTcijUfl' 
in which hv had afCvrwitrdH lo join had ii 
powt:rfiil fiffnot upon him. ThouK-h they 
excited him so far utitn Bupi>nr»)t hiH ncruvlMK 
about taWinir ordcni, hia taate waa shocKed 
by thu ' olayiog and mawkiah dHVolii^n,' and 
by the material imiffory ^mployod to »t,t* 
mnlalc the- emotions. 

While a Hubdeacon ItltLiico wsk vlAcl-ed 
fellow of tht.' colli-gc of ftlriria & Jeau at 
Puvillo, a poBitiuD of trifling emolument, but 
conrorriiigflome socio) advaota^*. Hi-! be- 
came reconciled for a time to hid prnt'e^"ioii, 
and at ChrintDitis IHOU was ordaintd pn(>fiC. 
He gsioed aome crt4ii hy imrfoririitig public 
exerci»es w cMidiilal'Ct for a Mall tu tht^ 
Oathadnl of Cadis ; and in 160:i was ap- 
pointed, U) spite of Mime intrigiuuB, to n 
chft]^inc7 in the Chaii^I Riiyal of St 
Ferdinand at St;ville. Meanwhile his re- 
rigtouH MrnipW hud been a^ln awakcnL^d. 
He was popular ue u coiift-'wor, and hia 
experi'pnce rdiivinccd him that the aystom 
had demoralising effecte eapucially upon the 
nuiu- Une of lii« two awtera hod tnkeu 
tho veil, fell into bad health, and died in 
COi»sei|iieiiL'e of the unwhnlewomc life in thi; 
oonTent. His indiffnation increased his 
doubl«, and, Ihoufh ho endeM-vourud tn ron- 
firm his (kith by prt-aehinj^ a cormoii agninnt 
BCepttcum, be al latit gave up his belief in 
ChriirfiMiity. Hu mndo the acqualntnnco of 
two "prieitta of similar opiuicras who lent 
bim frwithinkinK books, carefully hidden for 
fear of the inquisition. Kiu inentul strugfgW 
led to a bud illne«^, mid ho waa profoundly 
airccti*d by the deciainn of hla younger 
iM8l«r to enter ' one of the (floomii*sl. 
niuioerietat &<-vill(t.' Sh» had already be- 
come hysterical ; she soon developed mental 
•tnd physical di«ciL«c. and died a few ycata 
later. lUanco obtained leave to reside for a 
time at Madrid in order to esc(ip>-hi« painful 
poeitina. Tbero be wn« uppuinted for a time 
•reliffioim inittructor ' to a newlv foundod 
Pf6talonian achooh Meanwhile ihv Krencli 
were eattfring Spain. Blanco hopedi thai the 



rule of Joaepb Ituonaparta would be fatal 
to the inquieiLion and the reli^ous orders. 
Ill- yifldfd, howi^Tfr, lo hiit patriotic senti- 
ment);, and returned to Seville. Tlwr* he 
wan uppointed at cn^-ditor with a I'rofessor 
.Vntillon of ihfl 'Semanario IVtriiitico," a 
pnper eistabliBbed by the central junta. IIi« 
]K>liciojil phili'jiiophy wa.* not npproved, and 
the papL<r was suppressed. He wan ap- 
pointed, however, to draw up a report on 
the coti»t itutiou of the cortt^tt, and com- 
pelled the iiKiuiailioii to hiLud iiv«r to him 
iwiDB of the prohihitijd bookr< in chnir 
poHseuion. Wbi^n the iidviincR of the 
French forced the jnnia to leavo Sevillf, 
]tlniii:i> White riwolved to escape from the 
country and the pri>Mthood. lie fled with 
Fome of hi» frienda to Cadiz, where be was 
in iiomc dnngdr, aa th<> patriota thought 
that fugitivfta muet be traitors. He claimed, 
however, to be a British subject, and con* 
eliisively demonstnvtisi ilie fact bv replying 
•damn your eyes' to the ollicial who iu- 
quired into his character. He waa nllowtid 
to sail in llx.^ kliiKlish |HLclivt, and reached 
Falmouth on 3 March IWIO. A son of the 

Saiulur, Johu Uuppuer [ij. v.'i, wae rarryinj; 
eiipatchea by the sam» hoai, and brought 
him to London, iloppuer the elder had 
juit dil-d, and Ttlnnca Hhitti was at a loM 
in a strange city, lie had thought of ob- 
taining employment aa a inu^ician io a 
thi»tre. Some EngliAhmen who had 
travwllwi in Spain, I'speeiully Lord Holland, 
John (ioorgc Children f-^. v.', and Ijord 
John Kui^w^il, reuoivL-d liim kindly. He 
iLppliwl to Uichard, son of Lonl Wellealey, 
fur employment at the foreign olfins, Wol- 
Ii-.ilitj intriidU'Ci-d iiiin to the French book- 
tieller Uulau, and through DuUu he waa 
iiilrr'diicivl In mil" Juigne, a French n?fugeo 

Sriest, who had beconm a printer in London. 
uign6 agreed to giva him l&A a month to 
conduct a monthly periodical to lie ndled 
the ' Espariol.' I'tlanco (who now added 
White to his neme) wrote thp original 
mattor, and lllled thu ntst up with Cranalati^d 
documenla, to be circulated in Spain io 
dufencu of ihL> natioiml cauae. The labour 
waa eouHidemhli-, niid RlancQ White gave 
offence to one party by aupportioff tho ind&- 

fi;nd»ncu of tlie .Spaninh colonivamAmerica. 
[e .'iays that he was libelled and setioualy 
threatened with aseaaai nation. Juignf also 
had Irioked him into a very bad bar* 
gain. The pap^r was partly circulated by 
tho English governinent, which, however, 
did not diclalu hiu politics. He conatAntlT 
conaultBd Lord llolluid and Holland^ 
friend, John Allen. The paper was carriad 
ou wttb sncceas till aftvr the final expulsion 



i 



White 



65 



Whil< 



I ofth 

HUTet 

Ie 

I 

I 



of tbv Frvncli. wheu ha wa^ rewarded by 11 
UTe pension uf'-TiU/. a yi-or rrom ihu EnglUh 
govenimciil. llliinco White's bvdltb, how- 
ItKil bmWn down, and liia life vm 
aA«rn-ardji tormftitvd bv rvpcatvd if 
nil coiitiniinus illni^i. Ikaidea wrilinff, 
he had warked bard to improvu but KngliHU 
■Jld to Ivun Oriwli. Hn Itiid itliui ivjiMwed 
biB tbcolo^cfll Btudiea and tiornmn a 
Christlaa again, finding, a» ho tliotiiflu, 
tb*t the church nf Knglnnd hnd cA.it otf thi^ 
corraptioDS which had driven him frum 
catholi<risin. lie took th« Mcrnint'tir in hi* 
pnmJi cbureb iu 1^1:J ; itud, alU-r dropping 
the ' Eapaitol.'si|;n4.-d iht-Tiurly-iiint.- arlnrle^ 
UD 10 Aug-. )>yll I'j iiunlify hiuuulf for 
aciiii^ AK an l.i[k(;Iii<h rltrgyman. He 
setilt><l at Oxford to piirsuu bisstadies. He j 
rvad pr»y«r« ix-ciixiunnlly at Kt. Mary'«, | 
and felt a n;«iritl of hi* relifftous en- j 
ibusimfiiQ. Hp left Oxfurd in \ol'> to be- 
cumB tut<ir to Tionl Hnlhind'a hciii, Hf* Ird | 
an a.-K'«tic lif» in the Rin^nlarly uncnntrt^uinJ , 
atmoftphuivof IlGllnnd ]luu»>.<. Tln.i Holliirnl* 
weie p*r»onaIlv kind to the Iiuti, but hii , 
found his datit>3 as a tutor irkmtne, and 
finally retired from hi« position in June 1 
1817. He lived for a tini« with bis friend 
Jiituea CbrtAlie in London, then atayed for , 
B conpk' of ytunt with il Mr, (.'arlutcu hI 
Littl(! (taiidenden, ll'-rtfnrOstiire; and in ' 
18iL rtflumtHl to Ijttndon t» Uvii nuur 
. the CbristifS' Mi* ilUbi-Hhli di^pri'Mi'd 
him. and Iih frit himself a I>iirtl4>n to Uin , 
rri«n(]i<, who, however. (w«m all to have 
bwn prwntly oltrnctcd by his nminbU- charac- 
tur. in IB'JO hi- waa alowly improving, and , 
waa invited by Thomas Campbell, thun j 
iMlilor of thi! ' N'rw Muutbly,' to vunlribnle , 
article*. The Ural part of his book, ' 1 >ob- | 
lado^s LeLtvn,' appi-arud iu tho 'New ' 
Jlfonthly,' anil tnaih^ him gent-mHy known. | 
H-i wrote the nrtide upon ' Spain * in ilie 
fiupplem<.>Dt I" Ihu ' Kncyclopfdia IJri- ' 
tannica.' Hf ^hn engagea at the end of 
182:! by Rudolph Ackennajui [<^. v.]to write [ 
the chief part, of a ji>iimul inl^nded for 
Spaoiah America, called ' Variedadea.' lie 1 
wu to liave 'JUkil. a year a« editor, and 

IcsrriiMl on th« work till Uctobrr \f<2!HI.\fr,\. 
ifiiS, .'lit"). He gave it up upon bwrcming iii- 
tfirceled in th'-> controversy lietWLvn Soiithoy 
and CbarW Kutli-r ajKtn ihi- iiterLln of the 
Tlniaan and .\nglican cburchM. He pub- 
liehed hia 'Eridem'ea njfninat Catbi^Iiciim' 
in 18i!*'>. It was warmly praiMd by hia 
iciend .Southey. To prore hisindepenaence, 
he drclared that ho voutd nover acctpt; 
nrefi-mient. Ity thiii book and its 8QC[uela I 
I lie kt-eaniB a protestant chaupiou, and I 

i KcandaliHtHl hi' frit'ods at Ilullund lloiuo by ' 
you Lxi. ' 



I 



turning even egainat catholic emancipation, 
though with Aomc he«ital)on. In I81'(j 
the luiiversity of Oxford conferred iho 1I.A. 
dcgrcu upon him in re«o^tilinu of Lis mt- 
TiccA to the fihurch^aud in (k-lober he M'ltled 
at Oxford as a mt-iuber of <>rit*l Oollugv, 
intending to purauu bin »ludiei8. He was 
madi' a uiembcr of thv Onvi common-room, 
and wa« welcomed by the men who were 
»o<in itfti'rwiirdK to be iMdimt nf the Oxford 
' ro<ir(>ment.* Newman {who played th« 
violin with liim), Pusey, Uurrell Fronde, 
and othent WiTe on very friendly tnnna ; 
but hia cloBost friendship was wlthAV'hati-ly, 
Whately and hla friend Nns&au Senior 
vi'tire iaicrei'ted in a nt-w quarterlr which 
was started in ]H2S as tlie 'Limilori Ke- 
vicw,' HLinco WTiito waaappoinied editor, 
aiid Nnwinan wiu one of hia contribntore. 
Tlie ' Review,' however, waa too poiidatrouit, 
and divd aftur two numbers. Meanwhile 
Whiti-'a knitwiidge of tin- uilhoiic church 
made hiin interuBling to the rising party. 
H« wB* oHic-Jnting »■ n clerKyman, and 
preached to the university. Ho explained 
till* uee nf the breviary to I'luajy and 
Kroude (l/iff, i. 4^^). His knowledge of 
the scholastic philosophy, then hardly 
kuown At Oxford, int'_TC8tcd hia friends. 
WUfU Hainpdeu ]iri<flchvd ihc ikmpton 
lectures of ISTJ iiiioii the corruptions of 
the true faith introduced bv the sclioolmoo, 
hn wiLK Ihongiit 1(1 havi^ W't'tt inspired by 
lUanco White. Liddon siivs rhnr the ' germ ' 
of the book is in lllsnco White's 'I'acls and 
Inf(Tvn<rt'.>* ' (an enrlr version of bie ' Here«y 
and Orthotlo«y ; ' see Li/r, iii. 362). Moiloy 
in his ' lt)>miniscences' takea the samp 
view, nlthnugh lluuipdenV friunds denied 
what appears to be at least, agravtiorentativ 
tneut, TliL' geuurnl argument was too fatniliar 
to nH)uir>? a special Mij^-xtion, though 
Blanco White may have drawn Hampdcn'R 
attention to the particular line of itiquiry. 
Hlanco White'slat.ercareerniado itdwirablo 
for IlaiDiiden's opponents to attribute the 
twoV to heti-rodoit inHpirnlion. 

Ulanco White's singularly sensitive chfi- 
racler made his Oxford nsidence uncom- 
fortHlik'. He wae kwnly annoyed by the 
iiMack« of the proteslaut pnrly vilitm hn 
voled for Peel at the elfclion oi 1820. U& 
ihotiiihi that the uuiverJiity gHiiernlly dis- 
likwl him as a foreigner and an outsider. 
Not being 11 fi'lhiw, hu was only ou Buf- 
ft-mncfl in the Oriil common-ronm ; (hr soi^ 
vsnts were imjiertinent, and junior fellows 
took pntcedi'nci* of him, Ilongh rniUery 
from old-fashioned dons slung him to the 
soul; and he was humiliated bv civilitii-A 
tu! (lavouriijf; of charity. When his friendf 




>Vh&tc)y left Osfnrd on liiKaminf^srchbithnp 
ofDublm ml83l,tli9 posilion bocitmo in- 
toLembla («;■;£(/)•, ill, ]'2ti,iVc., and Mi'^zlrt). 
'V^iltfttol; iM»D ofierud him ii home. lie wait 
to live u one of tha familr and u> act aa 
tutor to two liulit, «ori8 of VVliutvly liiiaoulf 
ami of ihf ir emnmon frienil Jwiiior. Rlnnci) 
WTiile ftccordingly wont to Dublin in tho 
Aiimiaor of lt«i. M« liv«l i>n tli" rn'M 
tnetidly TfiroiR wil.!i Wislftly and hU wife, 
and bemo to writo n liisl/»ry of tbo inqiii- 
Hiiion (/.»/<-, i. -197). He fnund ilic »ub|i;ct 
too poiufiil ; but in DUi'i be pLiblishetJ an 
answor to Moore's 'TruvL-ls of an Irish 
6«ntleman iu ttc-arch nf a Kulijion,' chIUds 
it ' Seuiind Travels,' fic. Tbe uaitie expreuted 
hit own hii>lorv. Ho bad bei.-n rontmunlly 
OAciUiiting ill bi« vi«wii, and liin pbyaical 
Baflerings pavo a morbid i iiipw to his matit jil 
troubles, llu bid b<x<n cauviticedby ealhulLc 
wrili'r* that firllmilnii dogmo-t n-j"l»>d iijjrm 
aulliorlty, and by ppjlcstaiils ibat the au- 
tWrityof tlitf c-liiircb wjw itidofvniiiblp. As 
liR wAj) 9(.il1 a (.'hrintian by fiontimenr, the 
only solution trasloaccppl a [lurt^ly rnttonftl 
ToUifion; and thl^, hi< finally concluded, was 
to b« found in iinitiiriuiii>iiu. He could no 
longer Ilto with on arcbbiabop : and in 
Jaiiuarv 1835 hw Ivft IlubLiii fiT Lirwiioul. 
There lift attended tlif unitatiann" servici-s, 
and vme i-^tdaUy di'lifibti'd by tUu prvacb- 
iag of T)r, Mitrlineaii, wtionii viuws he 
thorowpbiy approved (/-i/*,ii.O:!). Nnnrmnn, 
on hearing of bit secession, sent him an 
aficctionat<> lotttT, whirh, howvor, was 
Qotbincr but ' a trro<an, a aigli, from bt*^innins 
to end {Lifff i\. 117). A\Tittt*ly annoyea 
him by cuonauusly long loUetn uf wvuro 
terooiiatrnncp (WlUTELY, Ja/f, i. aBO-DO), 
but cunlinui'd bis fmudly n-Iutiouc. Blanco 
li\'hil« found ciiiijj^nis! friends at Livfinioitl, 
including his biograjikur, John Ilaroiltnn 
Thom [q. v.] Hi sctttrd thi>r* f'lr tbit mst 
of his life. In OctobPr \?<?A M'hately nent 
him 100/., and repoateii tbo s\ft, imaually, 
except in IftS?*, wbcti RlftOifift White n-fi)Md 
it upon obtaining, through Lord Knlland, 
a aum of iilHJ/. from Ibc queen's bniinTy. 
Blanco Whii« R'ems to bov>i btten always in 
waul oftiinnev, in spile of liis pi'usinii. On 
accepting the nnniiity he told Sirs. "VXTintcly 
ibat \iv vnA lit'^iniiirig fur \\\f. HrWi time in 
hie life to be economiral. Ilia pp^at li^mp- 
tatioii wsn to buy books. He bad aUospent 
mach upon a Hon, Fprdinnnd >\'hite, who 
vn* patrnniKed by Lord Holland, and b«- 
CAtae major in tbe 40th regiment {L\ft, i. 
324, 3%). Nothing is said of the mother, 
but a refeivnee to an unbii^ipv and cian- 
d««tint> atlacliment during bin to^l yi-jirs in 
P-*'" 'Life, i. 117) probably explainii tha 



facts. Blanco "Wlitte apeftksof his aon with 
^reat i9ndenio»9. During the Liverpool 
period ^\'hite waa able to do aome dasultory 
work, and he contribulud to the ' London 
and \WiiUnin«lBi- Rt^viniv," then under J. S, 
Mill, with whom be had very friendly 
corrmpondrnet" {'l.^tlen' tii Life, vol. ii.,and 
Theohffieat ftcii'i*a?, iv. Il:i). He also coT- 
respondwl with IVjfess-jr Baden- Powell 
anil the Ameriran nnitariarut ChannJng and 
Andrews Norton. His health rapidly de- 
dined, and be Mitreml forest pain, lie vmt 
reiniived in Kebrtmry ISll to Qreenbeuli, 
the houae of William Kathbone the ycMDffer 
rs«M' under Ratiibosb, William. 1757- 
1809], and died iht-n- on 'JO Stay following, 
Blanco Whil^''^ sweetness of cbararter is 
labowj] hv the warmth and endurance of hut 
friendships. Sontlier knew him before 1817, 
ond later letters (given in Dlaneu Wiite's 
Ai/c"* chow H warm repird. Cole-rijlgB wajt 
another frientlly correspondent. la later 
years »ome of bis ortboifox friends, «nch a» 
Stswmnn, were alifnatwl by hia .secension, 
though retaining a kindly feelinfc. Thorn 
aaya that whorti bit Inft Iniblin mor« than 
one clvr^vmnn ollered Iiira a home {,!•*/«, 
ii. 76 w.) Ilisfricndftwcre nlways trying to 

rri'vide fi?r Lim. John Allen, ua«t>?r of 
Inlwich Collt^ge, procured hia nomination aa 
u fellow in 1831 ; out the final diHiisioa wa> 
hv lot, and Ulanco ASTiit* dniw t\\» blaalc 
(fe-. i. 227, 471). H« was frpquenily em- 
ployed as tutor to children, but admits that 
'the impatiotico ofnn old nervoat invalid' 
nnlilted him for the task (lA. ii. 10 ri.) Uis 
ill-health prevented him from finishing any 
work worthy of tht' remarkable abilitiM 
winch hf clftivrly nosae»sed. He complains 
that be had partly furcutten his Spaniali 
willmiit fei-lintt completely at home in Kb^ 
li.ih. He applies to himeolf tlio speech of 
Norfolk ( Pirhnrd //, art i. «. iii.) upon 
tbe loss of hit native lan^iage i,TJff, i. 176). 
Though the defect hardly appears in his 
style, it is the more n^markablft that h* 
wrote whet Coleridge declared to be 'the 
6nost and moat arandly conceived sonnet 
in our lunniage* (Lelt^of i'HNov. IS^ in 
Life. i. 4:i^l. The sonnet (on < Night and 
Deuth*) hud hcun pubUFihed in the ' Bijou* 
f'T l^iJrt, apjiiinently through an oversight of 
Coleridgv, withont the author's approval 
iii>. 0. 44'i). An amonded version i* pven 
in BUnco White's 'Oiary,' 16 Oct. 1S38 
[ib. iii. 4"; see Main's Trra'tuynf EnglUh 
Sunnctn, p. 397, and TAr^ Hundrfd Ertffti^h 
Sonnet*, p. yW ). Probably he will contimue 
to bo known by it when his othep works, ia 
Hpile of the rtail iotereet of his views, bavo 
been forgotten. 



I 



4 





^^^^Wnoo liVhite's worin we: 1. 'Sernon 

id Spuiiiih on the Erid^nce^ of Christ uniry,' 

^^(Thom, i. 1131. il. '^^rmon in Spanisb 

^Wn rhe Slav» Trade' (TnoM, iii. 174. ISO). 

de E-pau»,' I aoe. 4. ' PpBp»«torv Obser- 
TKtioiu on tlid SCadjr of Iteli^oo, by a 
Clvrmniui,' 1817. 6. ' IjiiIIor* trout Siiabi ; 
hj Dni Leucodio DoUodu,' 182-.', 1 vol.i^va 
(iiartly publiKhsd iu 'Nvw Montbly Mimii- 
xine'); I'nd edit, irilh iiario in ]^2.\ 
fi. ' Practical mnd Internal Evidence a^iBinst 
CfttliolicUm, wilb Oocjwional HtrielunL-s on 
Mr. Butler's " Sooit of the Itomao CitUiolic 
Cliurch/' 1825, 1 vol. 8va 7. 'The Poor 
Mui'i* PrcNrvalirc ft^tut Popery,* 1825, 
1 irol. 8to; several UttT «ditioiH. 8. 'A 

Eittar toCniBrlesButlvrfEmj., on bis Xolice 

the "I'Vat-licol. Jet., EviJwicw,*" 1830, 

8r(i, y, 'Socond Trar^ts of an IrUh 

anian ia warcU uf u Ucliiflon . . , not 

■ Edilorof "CapUiii rtockV M.-niolra " ' 

Thomu Moore), 1833. '2 voIh. 12mo. 

*Tha Law of Anti-It«lif;ioiiK l^ibel ra- 

coofiidered in s I>>tter tn ihc Editor of tl1H^ 

"OhrUtian Examiner," by J, S,-arch.' 183-1, 

1 vol. 6to. 11.* An Atuwur to somo friendlr 

Remarka' (ontbelwt), with ■pp'^odix o'u 

an epigram of Martial aiipposed to refer to 

t'hrimioH lunrtjrs, 1836, 8vo. 12. • Obwiw 

TatinnR on Heresy nml Ortboiloxy,' 1K36, 

1 vol. f^vo. Blanm While also trnniilAlod into 

S|iani«h Porl«H(t'a ' Evidences,' Pnlcy's ' Evi- 

deitcn,' the Book of Oommftn Pray<T, «oino 

of the IIomilieB, and O'ottu's work upon th« 

*Eneli>h CritniDAl Lnw;' nnd supervised 

Sci"s translation of iliv Biblv. A li«l ut 

his contribtillnns to the * Quarterly It^rievr,' 

tlie ' >i;w Munlhly,' the ' Xyondon Itaview' 

of I8:*9, the ' Dublin l/nitvrsily lt«Tii-w,' 

tlu ' Lotidun ' and thu ' London and Wesl- 

minatfr Hi-rit^w.'and tlji> 'Chridtian Toacbvr* 

ts siven in Tboni (iii. 4M). 

Thv * Rationalist a Eempis* (1896) is a 
abort iwlftction of paaiagM fWini tho third 
vnlnme nf Thom'a * Life/ with a memoir by 
Jainea llarwood. 

|Tb« Lif> of the Ibv. Jotioph ItUnco White, 
«lit«d Ly John IliunUton Thom, I84A. :i ral». 
8to. Thw lyintiit.t of nn ntit'iliiLii^mphy, uri- 
ghully addnuni in IrUrm to Wbuloly, eadin;; 
at hia arrival in Encl.-ind, and continuod m his 
death by lettera and nslraeU fmm full diarios. 
Thnm wrute aii f-arlier life in tho ' Christian 
Traeher/vol. iii, Whaiely, who was »ppiir»iiily 
afraid that aMDfl acaodal niglit uriM fnim hir> 
ftiuidihip with a tuutannn, rofuaad to give 
latt«n, and pr>Heat«l posaionalcly aKainm the 
Itfa (MO aRioo hy Thom in Thenheicnl Iteriew-, 
tM7. iv. 82.1 IS). H«Biori'i1« of R. D. Hamp- 
in. IS71. pp. 21, S7: Loclier-lAmpMa's My 



^£c 



ConSJoncM, ISM, p, 98: LitcbUnvteia'i Hol- 
land II<n»». i. UX. i': 183; Mrwoir of T. 0. 
Oltildron. I8r>3. pp. 90, 10«: Modr/a iUini< 
n'M-rnc-*, IRIIS, t. Sfi-8x '^^3-Sl : Ncwaaa'a 
L«uen. 18£»1. i. ISi. Htf. I9i-S. till, liOS. 210. 
319.X7I. ii. 132. 129. I6.i; I.ifo of Whataly. 
ISM,! 178, LN8-»0. Sa^, ii. 32. V2S : LiddonV 
LifoofPutcy. i. llS3-$, m.Wii. ij. JOfl.] L. 8. 

WHITE, Sm MICHAEL (1701-1868), 
lieulenunl-Kvneral, born at St. Micbael's 
.Mount in 1701, waa lh» third eon of Robert 
White, major in llitf :?7th droKOOtM, by hitt 
wife Aone.daughier of Sir John Kt. Aubyn, 
fiitirlhbaninBt 1.1728-1772), ofSt. MichBel** 
Mount. lie was edticat^l at \V«»tniinat«r 
Kfaool, and obtained a corneter in the 34tb 
dragoOQSOn Ui Aiiif. lHrJ4. On' 14 Mir ISOJS 
be vtM promot[;d ItuiiiHtiant. Prucoucfing' tn 
Indiii, ho wan crijjapi'd in active »ervicu iu 
1S09 on iho bn.nl(« of the .Sutlcj. On 7 Nov, 
1815 he attaiufcL Im captaincy, oud Iu 1SI7 
he-vrupFMentatthe capture ofHatnu. Il»i 
wrwl thiouffh tbv Mabratls campai^ of 
1KI7-19, ana at the ai^- and ■.aptiirei of 
Itbanpiir in 18:!'>-0. Lie was pnimot«d 
major on lOJan. IH37,nnd limilenaiit-HioIooel 
on 13 Duo. \^SQ. He commandi^d thuciivnlrr 
Ibmiifihoiit tliv .\rghBn mmpaifrit of I'i-l'i, 
acconipftnytny thu army undur Gcnoral ."^ir 
OwjrjjH I'ollock ^'q, v.] which forc.'d the 
Kbaibar Pa». Ktonned the ht-'ishts at .liigda> 
tak, dL'fvatvd thu ouarayal Tezin. capturoH 
tho poailion at Haft Kolal, and linallv oc- 
ciipi«d tbe Afgban capital Kabul. A.Ufr 
tht- ronrlusion of iht' c-ampaisu, on '2'J iJec. 
lHi2, be VTM nominated (Ml. Iltt Aorred 
in th« Sikh war in 184A-6, under Sir HuffU 
Gough (first Viacoirat Goughl [q. v.] lie 
commanded the cavalry at the battle of 
Mudki on 19 Tfve. 1845, wlieo liia bor§» wan 
wouodtM!. At the battle of Farottliah an 
21 Dec., where hi< commanded a bri^idw, be 
wasvroundfd and hud bislione kilM under 
him, and at Sobraoii ba U-lmvcd with such 
coospicuDUs galliinliy t hut he was nominated 
aidv^fcamp to tbe quwii. On I April 1846 
lie attained the rank of colonel. 

Threw yearn Inivr (lie mcond Sikh war 
hi-gan in the Punjab, and White oomnianded 
the fint brigade of cavalry throughout the 
cnmpai^. At the diautroits aBair ut Ram- 
nagar or 23 Nov. l&4tj, be assailed thu 8ikb 
cavalry, taking the command of tbe cavalry 
on thu fall of Lioucetiaut-coloncl Williain 
lIav*-iock [i|. v.] (In 13 Jan. I8i0 ht wan 

fn»(.'nt at th« d«aHy bought victory of Chil- 
lanwFilbili, whnrv he pmli^ctifd the left of 
ths infantry, and on '2\ Feb. IBIO he look 
imrt in tbe victory at Oujmt. On 20 June 
I8M he rrecived the rank nf major-i^-neral, 
and on 36 Aug. It^GS hewas appointed colonel 



of the 7ili draffootw. On SI Aug. 1860 be 
attailMil tho rank of lieuUiiatit-general, And 
oa 10 Nftv. I«e2 was nominated K.C.B. H» 
died in LondoD at 1& P(;intiri(i|i«Cr«>Hwiit, 
Bayswalcr. on 27 Jnn. Ifift*. In 1816 bo 
murned Mary, dau^liter of Major Myluo of 
tbe 24tli dragoonfl. 

Biuiocluca Coiaub. : Barkor Kud Steaiiitig'a 
W<wtniin«r«r School b#>g. : Amy LUtt ; TimM, 
1 Feb. ISeH; Colliurn'* Uoitod Sorrice Mng. 
IftOft. i. US; ThackweH's SarmtirB of tho 
S««.o4 Seikh War, 188L. pp. 36-6. 163.1 

K. 1 0. 
WHITE, fiiB MOirOIAS <d. 159S), 
naMer uf llie rolls in Ir<jlnnd, dpwrrilji.'d u 
of Whiu>« Hall, nenr Knnclttftphfr, en. Kil- 
kenny, a (leecendaat of ono of tbe early Pale 
wttlen, WM a relativi- npiMrcntly, p<-rhr>p» 
the son, of Jnni«ii "NMiit^ of Wntprford, een- 
llumiin. to whom Henry VIII in ir>lC) 
granted a. lease of the rpctory of Diinkitt in 
CO. KiUtonuy {Vat. Fiant*,' llm. VllI, p. 
1f»l). H<^ ia aiirmiA^d to be identical with 
the 'Xicholas Wbyl' meatiouud in tliv 
rodicii to this will of JantM Biiller. niiilli 
pari of Ormonde and Ossory f MoRBiy, Ca!, 
Intent Ri>/!f,\.MK\). Hit u 'nn'iilioni^d in 
April ISfi-l as a justice of the peace fop 
the counties of Kilkcnnvfind Tippmiry, and 
the foltnwinp VL-ar a.< recorder of the city of 
Waterford (Cal. rhuU, Klix. Nob, 542, 
fli)tt]. Vi*itin|i: Enjrland siihftp<inently, he 
made a fnvuiirabk' impTe^sitin ou Klitabuth 
ami Otti'il. On J Nov. 1.TU8 ihc quet-n 
(liri>ctfld him to bu appointod tu t hu HcuLiichal- 
ship of Wexford and thi> con«ila.bl('»tiiji and 
mlc of l*ighlin and Fenm, in the room of 
Tlioma« liitueley [i|. v.] On IH Jon. fiillow- 
inp ho oblained a prant of the reversion of 
tllv lands of Uunbrody in cu. Wexford, and 
of aundrv other k'Jiwjt (cf. Cat. Finnttf'^o.*. 
]G37, 1037, 1&43, !GG8, l6tJ2, 1672, 1038), 
with initl ructions at tlio aamo time to be 
admitted a privy coitncillor {Cnl. State 
Papert, Irrl. HIii. i. a02, 4U0). It li nnl*. 
■worthy that his adTancoment woa attri- 
buted to the inflnonoe of tha Earl of 
Ormoud* (lA. i. \Q-\). 

Un bis way back to Iruland b*9 had a 
curious intCTvitvw with Iktary Queen of Scots 
at Tutbury in Febniary 1&89, of which he 
sent a de!.ailed account tn Oocil CHatitB!, 
fftuykl^tf Papern.^p. 509-12). DurinR the 
Butlt-rs' war his prop'-rty was plundered, 
and ho himi>clf obli^'d for n tiinu to tnka 
rvfitp*^ io Waterford (Vat. fiiatf Paji^r*, 
Irel. Klii. i. AQU. 412). On 28 May. in 
coasideration of bin lui'sen, hn nbtainvt] a 
grant of tbe landn of .St. Katbnrine's, I^eixlip 
{Cat, riani4, EUz. No. 1309; cf. Cat. Hat- 



jMd MSS. I -IIS), wliere h« afUrwarda 
rstnbliabed ln» n.'Aid<>aco. As Mne«oha] of 
Wexford hti kept a firm hand orer th« 
Kavaiiaghs {OtJ. Statr Pnpff*^ Irvl. Eli*. 
\. 426). and by his conduct at the ue^ of 
CantUMocoUopin .May 1571 won Iheattpnv- 
batton of the' lord jufiiee, Sir WiUiam 
Filzwillinm (I'A. i. 4f>7). In September he 
repaired, with permission from thf elate to 
be absent six montlis, to Knjtiand. On 
l-l Jnlv lfir2 he wn» appointed maater of 
the rolts in Ireland {paternl, 18 July) in 
sucoMiion 10 Henry IJraycott, with con- 
ceasion to retain the oflioe of aenpsrhnl of 
Woxford for the furthrr maf« of eight 
montb», ' in the hope that he may moiv 
offeotually prost>cate those that mtird««d 
hision-in-law. lloborl Browne' (CaLPatrnt 
RotU.i. ti\H ; Smyth, I^^ Officer; p. 00; 
Mwabo under O'llritni.', I-'uoii Mtcllcoo). 
At till* eomo tJmo the lord cbancellof was 
diriit^K'd to acropt a .*»rrpnder from him of 
his liinda in counties Tipperary. \N'atprfonl, 
and Kilkenny for a n-grnnt of Ibem to him 
in fee-ftimple. 

Aft^r his r<>tum to Ireland in tho autumn 
of 1572 A di«pui« arose between him and 
Archbishop Adnm Lofhia [g. r.], on llw 
death of the lord cliancrll or, Robert 'U*e«Um 
[q. v.], OS lu the custody of the gn*X ae*!, 
which Ijoftiis rlaimed es offlcio (Gal- State 
PapfTo, Irel. Elit. i. 506, 508). Tk' incid^t 
caiiwd bad blood bi.^l wi-en biu] and tbe offi* 
cialsof English birth, and was followed by 
disastrous coDsequeaoiM for him. A year oT 
two Inter he supported the agitation of tho 
gentry of the (Vie aftainFt cees by rofniiing 
to fli(fn tho order for th«ir committal [mb 
uuduT Ntjobnt. Hih Christophkb, 1544- 
lfi02l, and drew down upon him the wrath 
of Sir Ucnry Sidney, who d('!»cribcd him to 
WiiUinghiim a* '(he worst of IrisbmcnVt^. 
ii. 117). He ofTort'd an explanation of ois 
conduct to Itiirf^bU^v on IS Junu li>77, all«K- 
inff that he hiwi no intention to impu^p the 
queen's prerogative {Hatjielii .VSS. ii. IfW, 
]S0>, Bitt, 8idn.'y, who from the first had 
disliked him as belonginif to the faction of 
his eneiuT. the Earl of Ormondr-, woa in no 
humour lu bivok oppoeitJou from him, and a ■ 
tliarge being preferred a^tnst him hj the I 
attomfy-goneral. TLumae Snaggle q. t.}. of 
ri^miMiK'sw in llu^ puinitioii of the autics of 
his office and of maintainintf any cause that 
touches his comnlrvtni.'n 'how foul soever 
it he' (Val. ftfatf P^tp^rf, Irel. Elii^ ii. 124, 
120), he was in April 1576 ■iwp*'ndMl from 
tho mastership of the rolla {('al. Fianlf. 
Elii. No. 33C7 (. He found,bowover,a frirnd 
in Sir William Ifrury [q. v.\ and in September 
received pcrmisnun to repair to E&g^Uuid to 



I 



A 



White 



69 



White 



k 



rieail hii uum with Uur^bley ( it>. Nu. 3fi09). 
He •ucceeded in cl«uint{ l)iiu<«-tf of ttui 
charges pntferrod againel. Iiiui by •SiiOj^ ; but 
ntturain^f t(i Irclaiii], ilikI U-ing mimtated 
in bis olSc«, he founj m tiittftr i^oetnj in Sir 
Henry W«lloi> 'q.v J, who pro UiBted strongly 
af ainst A Roncnra&tum nl' a tliousond marks 
that had bwn tUlriwt'd him (C-"«V. Sfate 
Paper*, IrwI. K!i«. ii. 'i'i^). lie wjia with 
tb« army under Ha William IVIhnm [<]. v,} 
inMuastcrdtirinethcsuDtin<.Tof lii-'^O, eorrtv- 
ipoBding fvgulairr thv while with Uurt^liley, 
to whom bK«ent l>r. Sandera'^'iftiictUH bull, 
andanochttr toy after tliu manner of a croMo 
••iijiIKirLing a bookv,' (iiMrnvi-cvd at CWtle 
Luanil iiA, ii. 236), from which it may bo 
inftfrn-ii that *« fur *« lii* wlii^ion wan oon- 
C€rn4\l thprfi was nothing to find fault with. 
Hid toisadventuru iii thu matter of thL> cetMi 
did not pntvent him )ff>ti<'r<>ti*lv iilfadiug the 
unaa 01 Chief-jueticu N ichola.'i N ngeni fij.v.^ 
to Biughlvy \i&. ii. IMXt), mid it vmr ginirmlily 
owinff to this circumM iiiici; tl.jii. Iw wan 
fiercely deaQimc^d by Wallop tin 'a ^ohcit'ir 
fer all traitor? ' {ib. ii. 4I'J>. Kv<-n lilx ttitc- 
CMcful tnanafiemeat of I'ia^b Macllu^h, th« 
trConoTs, aM Knvanngha. ua reported hy 
the council, rvccivt^-d frum Wullop u »iMi«ti;r 
interpretation. 'The raw.if,' lie wrote to 
Walsinffham, ' that isovt-d bim luappn-'huiid 
the bad fi<llowe« w« comMndi^ hint for in 
owr joynt letter, gryvn by mones that I 
dyd openly !u counaell, the end of thw Iiiet 
tcrmc, chnr^ him upon his cwll delyngu 
wilb II* Ijoihe in iinpoynyug and crosyciKe 
owr dayn^ea, that he was a comon advocato 
for trayturs and uwll mun, that he neve^ 
■pjnwht-iidyd, ur cawnfd to be apprcrhended, 
anye iraytor, rubuH. or t-v^-ll dy^pottiil partoa, 
nor vvcr wonldi- ciimr l« tbi- i-xninyiialyon 
orarayiiernetitfiff ajivtraylororcontpvrator' 
{il>. ii. 4l*S). It inif;ht hnv"- Ihh-m iWiued 
bv "^Viillop fuKtc'liMit plhdfti* for hi* loyalty 
i^I h« waa The author (1^. iv. \ii\'2) of tlm 
extraordinary trial by combat in September 
1'>(J-'J butwMo Ttfi((o SlacGilapatrick O'Conor 
and ('.itnor AlacOorinack O'Oonof ( Of/. Carftc. 
MSS. ii. .Itn ), in which both combuiania 
liMl thuir Uvt^a. 

With tbp arrivul of Sir .lohii IVrroi il^ 
difputr in 111^4 White'* pni«pH('l» improved. 
FKVm I'errot h" rvrfiTHd thu honour of 
knifthtbood at hi» takint; the oitth in ('hri*t 
Ohurch on 2 1 Juno. II in jirrAlilude naturally 
inclined biiu to take tbe part of the lord 
deputy in tbu many diapututt in w-lncb tlie 
latter was involved olmoat fWini tbe bepin- 
ninft of his K<^veniment . Out ncitlur bi' 
gratilnd-.i nor hut udiuimiiun of l'i:rn)t'a 
IpXKl quaUcivH blinded bim to the dufecla 
in hia cbamcler (ts£. Cat, StaU Papers, Irel. 




Eliz.tii. 138). Qoiug ihw Leinster circuit io 
the autumn of the same year (lo^4), Wliite 
caut)cdfurty-«t(^Ltof th'L'hundrudand cigbty- 
one priaonitraaput up for trial to he ext<cut«d, 
and 10 tlift fulfilment of hia dutv even ven- 
tured to vijiit llw ri'iluublable Vinuli Mao- 
llngli t)'nyme in hifl fastncfut of linllinacor, 
' wb»r« law never approacbt^ ' {ib, ii. &31). 
In December ho wa.s arnt down into Con* 
naught in order to inveatigate the charges 
of rxlortton iintfcrKid tieainal tbv late go- 
venior, Sir Mcholaa Malby [q. v.J, and on. 
I.j July I5Wo waa appointed a commiasioner 
for couiijounding fur ci'm in that prtivinCiO 
(ili. ii. .'t4'2; Cul. nantu. No. 474r)). In 
^ptember 15ei) be and Sir Lncoa Dillon 
attended tbr turd deputv thltluT, j^njatly.to 
the iinnoyance of Sir Uicfiard Bingham [i]. vj, 
ivhu conlidentLully descnWd tbum u 'ni 
inKlrtiini'iilH ' ill IVrrut'* liandH to dlocoTpr 
anything iignint>i hitn (i/i. iii. 18:^). Dillon 
bi^foiigtii llurchley not to let 'the place of 
our birth M:^aniialiM our failhfnl iwrvico;' but 
the fact Ibat tliey were i-eaarded as wholly 
»ub»»rvicnt to IVrrot rendered any oordial 
action between them and thk.* Knijli^h ik'otiou 
in tbu conned impoasibLi?. tlvervthinfi that 
White did wa« uiiainterpn'tL'd. lliit account 
of the quum-l bi>lwepn the lord deputy and 
MarahEil Uagunul in the council chamber, 
Ibongb certainly ibv fairt^^t, wu* intpu^'ued, 
and an attempt t^vin mmlo to di^privv! him 
of the ciulody of Ituncannon Fort, which 
formi'd pan of his estate at Dunbrody, under 
ibe pretence that ' it wafi unmvi't that tho 
tMrae should ho put into the hands of any of 
itiis country's birtb' ytb. iii. 44',)li. J'urrut'ii 
aucceaMT, Sir William Fitrwitliiinj, Hhared 
the gcnural pn^udjce against him, allttging 
that neilhi-r lir- nor Sir Luca* Dilli.in wnulrl 
set their hand U> any lulterH ' wherein Hir 
John P*'rnjt in iiieiitit>iind nut to their lik- 
ing" (lA. iv. I Ifll. In KiSfl he wn* inrliidod 
in the commi»ion foreHeclingapaciKcation 
with the Htirkrs, whom thu ullegud arbi- 
tiary conduct of Itinghum Lad caused to 
revolt. In announcing the ill-aucceaa of 
thxir el1'ort« to Dur^tiley, he roiunrkod that 
tbere was a generuT luclination tu lay th» 
blatno on Bingbum; for himself, bo afker- 
wnrdu inciined to laki:* BinghaiuN part In 
the matter, asbeingin his opinion 'altogether 
inclined In follow the> mildest course' {ib. 
iv. Itil. l'6S, '276]. Shortly at>yrwftr(la he 
was involved in the revelations of ^ir l>enia 
O'lioiighan in the charge of high treason 
preferred against IVrrot, and I'itzwilliam, 
who wris npparenlty too glad of an excuse 
for remnving Iiiui, caused him in June l-JOO, 
though extremely ill, ti^ be placed under 
restraint, at the same timu taking elfectivB 



White 



70 



White 



meaaures to prevent any personal application 
oil the |inrr of his eon to tlio i^ufeii {ib. 
iv. yiS, 3i54. 'ifi?). Two months Utpr h« 
waa aent over to Kiigland, m«l, iifttr «xanii- 
nation by Sir John Popliam (IMl P-1607) 
fq. v.], wa» coinmitt'Hl to lEiv MnrKhnlHon 
(w. IT. &'>% ^x\. In a Btitisequfiit px- 
nmination m tlio Hlnr-chamber ht< admitted 
that Porrot lijifi cnniplninod llinl the qi]er-ii"« 
fears hampered his wrvice; but otherwise 
nothiii|ro[ tnniiTial impnrlnnco won diciti'd 
from him ( 1%. iv. 4^9). Ho woa not Jvprivtii 
<t1 Ilia office, and, bi-inR B|ipiirent!y (illowi>d 
to ivtum to Irolaud, liu ilii<d llii'm «h<jrt]y 
afte^rwftrclfl, at the v-nA of March rr the Ix^ 
(nulling of April IGl>3 (cf, Cal. l-'ianU, N<ie. 
fi820, &836). 

A\T)ile mnrripil a niecnof ArihiirRn^rpton 
of KiUyuu, CO. Muulh, by whom \if Unil two 
w>im — llioiJiHii, I'diiratiMl at ('iinil>ri(!im and 
dit'd inXovfmber 1586, and Andrt'w, likewitie 
••^)iicGt«d «1 Caniltrid^i.',whi> micruiKit'dhiiti — 
and two dmighli'm, one of whom tnarriod 
Itobert Browne of MulcmiiRii, eo. We.vfr.rd, 
the othtT h('in|T thti wife of Chtnstophcr 
D'Arcy of I'latten, co. .Meath. 

[iluthoritiM as quoted.} K. D, 

■WHITE. ninilARD {d. 1584), school- 
muBtf r and linmaii catliotic martf r, bwlotigvd 
to Ati old Welsh family ofihcuHmi'of Owjn 
eettled at Llanidloes, Jlniitpomeryshire, 
wbt'TU h<' hitnx'lt' WHK aim) iirolmbly bom. 
It i« Paid that- • he was twfnty yoara of tifff 
befoiw hi- did fnime liis mind to tike offfvod 
loltereif'nnfT which he prorot-dciJ roOxiord, 
but left tiiere htinrtty afierwardu for St. 
John'd Colli'fff. Cambridge, whcro \ic lived 
by the charily oftht collcai.'. It wnn wliik' 
at Ibo univemly that his friends, discover- 
ing 'Owyn' to bo iho WvMi fur 'While.' 
hegan to call hitu by the latter name, whldi 
ho iheroafttT adtinicd. He quitted Cam- 
bridm Mion aftvr I'^li/nWlli'M nni*>>([siiLi|i . and 
■»tt. ninself up rui n srhoolnia*t*-r in T'laAt 
PeubiRhfthireaml Flintshire, first at Overtoil, 
then at Wn-Ktinm, (Ir^^dford, Krbiitooh. nnd 
other HeighbouriiiB villager. After follow- 
ing thisoMiipatioii for about sixteen yeure, 
hesppean to havu fallen under the infliLVnc.' 
of one of the lloiiny mis«ioiiers, willi the 
rMult that ho {^oniujtjnrad absenlir>; httnKcIf 
fittm chtin-h. Kur Ihi* hi- yen.- nrn-j-fi-d in 
Julv lof*0, and wbk committed to Itnihin 
gnolbyJud(p' !'iilf»twn. Ihirinnth*>nvxt four 
years he was hept a rlntit' priAoncr. nnd wn.* 
eventually indicted for liijjh treason on the 
ground Thnr hi- hid d>Tlar<'cl the pupu nnd 
not the qtieen to belhe bend of the cuurch. 
With two other fellow prisoners he is said 
to haru bvun icnt bt-furt] tbo coundl of the 



marches at B«wdl«y (^ Ludlow), where he 
wii» tortured with the riew of f iiciimff in- 
formation to incriminate otbeni ; but to no 
etfect. He wait linaily brought Up at Ibe 
\V'rp.\bain assijceji, on Oct. \5^, before 
tiir Oeonra Brunilny, ijimuii Tbelwall, and 
others. The jury, after beinp lockiHl up in 
ibti cbnrch nil niiflit, riQttimi;*! a rwnlict of 
' guilty," and Thi-lwall, in Bromley's abarnco, 
pronounceil the usual sentence, which was 
carriod out in all its barbarity on IfitJot. 
His bead and oiiu of his (quarters were Kt 
lip ou Denbigh L'^nstte, and thi-OthcrquArttirft 
wer^ exposed ai Wrciham, liulblu. utd 
Holt. 

Whitft left bfliind him a widow (wlio 
wasanaltvt! of OviTton) and three children. 

[Tliere are two conlinipomry iwi^oQnta of 
Whitc'ii martyidoiD, om- priot^-J (at ff. l"i6to 
'iOZa) in th« Oonoeriatio EmIwi* Catbolm 
t3r<l edit. Lundon, ISSg) of Dr. J. Bridft*wU«r. 
or* Aqnlpoiitnnud.' This (vhich gives tho datm 
of WhiU' B triiil and execution as 11 and 17 Oct. 
rcipectivelv) bus been fullowed in Chft)l«ncr> 
Calhwli* MAriVM. 1877. pp. lli'-I I- The other 
iiccoimt, Tbich is much fuller and coataiai a 
copy of a letter tiy Wliitodi^fribiiig one of hi* 
triiiU, ID frnm n. rnntfmpnr^iry miiimw^ript pre> 
«?md at tt)« CiitholicJUisHon House, UolywvU; 
it w»N printed in fall by Richanl Simpson in lk« 
Itamllrr, nuir aor. ISeo. id. '239. 306. sud kf 
CtiDTidivr Lloyd in his History of I'liwys FudoK> 
iii. 12S-ai. Soe id*o Willinms's MunteoniMy- 
■hirn Worlhiiw, ptRfi ; A. M. Pnlmer's Wrniham 
Clmrdi. pp. 39. $:f. 71,13P,«i>dhi»Towii. Flrlde, 
■nd Polk of XVritxIiam. np. D, IV. A iwdrfiree 
uf thL> n»yii» of l.lniiidloM (fruni Hnrt- M8. 
(ISC4] tHijireii ill Lloya'a Powys Fadog, r. 69- 
62 1 cf, Dma'a Heraldic Vi/^iationa. i. SLO.) 

D. Li, T. 

WHITE. UirHAliD(lo30-I81!),iurifli 
aiid lii-Htorian, wns son of Henry W'Uit* 
iif Itflj'in^'Klrikr, Ilanipshin^, who died at 
tbo siege of Hnulnpiie in iri44, and whosft 
umiidfalb'T bad ultnnit hnlf the town of 
I!ii»inp'*toUn in hi* own pnaw-Hsinn. Hia 
motli4-r was Apues, dauguter of Kichard 
Oapelin of JlamiMhin;. He wa.1 bom at 
Ihixinirooki! in 1W9, entered Winehester 
acli'TJot in lofiH, and was admitted perprtaal 
fellow of New Collep.-. Oxfonl. in 1557 
(KlHnv, Wini-hmti^i- Sihulars, p. ISI). He 
toolt the defrreo of B.A.ou30 Mav 15."0,but 
nflerwards U'ft the college, am) the tlua 
allnwi-d fnr hia absence havinff elapsed, his 
fellowship was declared void in I'ltU, Shortly 
bi'fortr that liin'* he went to Lniivain ana 
aftt^rward* to J'adua, where he was created 
doctor of the civil end canon law». At 
length, ^ing to Uouay, be was con.'^tiiuted 
the kings professor of tboae laws. He coa- 
tinuid to nsKidu for mon than twenty yean 




White 



71 



White 



I 



I caiw 

■ iam< 



ftl Uovisy, when- he mnmod twice iinci no 
t|iured gn»t Wfjiltli by l-alL wir«. ]{_> unJer 
«f the popo ho was made, though out of 
bill unliiisrr turn, 'inn^tiifictis n>ctur' of l.lui 
iiniverfiitr, sn-l abnut ih& name time be wii« 
crvati-tj ' cnmes pnlaliiniB,' 

Aftf r [ho (IcAl li of his Kcond wifv he was, 
iiy tlUpvasBtitni of Ck'nieot Vlll, ordained 
pticst-i and sbciut tb<; snuio time a cAnonry 
in the cburch of Si. I'etur si Uoufty was 
bMloWpd u|ioo him. In hia faviiurite study 
of Drit i#b histon' hv rrcvived oiicmirnpruiviit 
from Tboiaui tiodwcll, Ijislion uf .St. AmiiiU, 
8ir Hfiiry Fracham,«t)d Sir Franria EnRlt- 
field, foruif-riy privv councillors lo <Jm;i'ii 
Mary; buc cliieny from Oardinal linroniuH, 
with whom lit' tnnii]lsii)«d a coDstant vqttv 

rnilenee (iJnun, C'AKfvA //«/. ii. S-Sil, H<^ 
i at I>OLiav in 1(111, and wan hiiriiKl in 
iIm- rliiirchof St, Jncques in that city (Attdit. 

MS. :>803. li: no, looi. 

Hi* works BTw: I. ',-Wia Ljctia Crispia. 
KpifAphiiim nntiauum quod in n^ro Bono- 
oiensi adhiic uiilHur; a diuereie hacU-iiu« 
intorpn'tAtiim u&rio: nouiasime aute^m a 
Ilicurdo Vitu Itatjinstochio, amicoruui pni- 
cibusexpliratiiu),' Padua, l.*G8, 41<i. Ufdi- 
calvd 10 UhrielopUcr Juhnmn, rhiel" maeler 
of Winchwitvr »chivi! ; rnpriiitod, II^jti., IHlfi, 
lOmo. 'J. ' Omtionff. : i'l> Dcrirculo ariiunt 



pliilosophin. CJ) Di; elcqii«iitia et Cice- 
(vt) Pro diriliis n^^m. (4> Pro doc- 
tontu. (fi) De Mudioruin linibuf. Cnmiiotis 
rfTDtn variaram et anttaititatis,' ArrtiS, 
1696, fctvo. 'I'iji; llrnl two, ilHlivfrcd at Imu- 
rain, w«!re ptiblwliod by <:!mM(>iihiT Juhn- 
KOD, I0&4, 10t>5, and ordered by him to be 
read publicly in Wincliwtcr schotil. S. ' H. 
V'iii . . . >"otiB ad leges DfTom-vironira in 
duodif^ini talitilin ; in»lilutioni.>» juris civilla 
in quutLuor librii): primnm pfirlmi ni|^flto< 
mm in niintt-uor libris,' zipiirt*, Arras, |.JU7, 
8fo, 1.' Mii»tori/inim<Britftnniicilibri(l-ll I 
, . , cum Dotis aniiquitatuw ItritannicHruui' 
[oditrd by Thoniiu W'bitv], 7 parts, Amu 
ftcd Uouay, IWr-KiO', Svo. Thf aulhor'i' 
portrait iit prefixed to tJiik work. 6. ' Onilln 
acptuna du ivlipDiiD Ivp^im Romannnim, ad 
revervnduui Uumhuiin, Itoiniiiiim Nichiiiin 
Mmiirroy, elecium Abbaffm Ilcrtininnuni,' 
Uouay, HiO-1, 8vo. (J, 'Itrevis i-.'cplicut.io 
pririleffinrum iuri.<i rt ronsiivtiidifiiit cirvii 
Tvneraoile sacra tnt'Htuni Eucharist i»,'i)oua.Y, 
1609, Ato. 7. * Ik-: Itriifjuiis pt VLmcrationL' 
Sanctorum,' Uouny, lOOf*. S. 'Brevi* cx- 
plicnTtO Martyrii Sancts fraulic ct undecim 
nillium Virginum Britannarum,' Oouav, 
1010, 8vo. 

podd'a Chun-h Hix. ti. 3^2; Dulhdhrijt'M 
Iliol DonnitimiK!. I813. pp. HA. 160. 191; 
FcBter'a Alamai Osoa, I50a-17H; Orjng«'i't! 




Biugr Hist, of KagLund.fithedit. 1.372; Kirb;% 
.'ViiiiiiU of Wjnclirsiar L'u|]«p>, p. 270 ; l,.oiraiI*fft 
Bibl. Mnn. ni. Jlohii. p. ai»U3; Pita. I)i> Anelm 
Soriplohbuv, p. SOli ; ltccr.n!^ at lh« Kn;|[li)<h 
CatliOlics. I. 416 ; Timnorit BibL Jinl.i Wood'n 
Alhrii* (Ixun. i«t. Uliw. it. 118.] T. C. 

WHITE, aiMM .loiixwy, RICHARD 
n"04-liW>, devotional writitr, was bom 111 
thf dion-rti- of Winchi.-sTtT, of poor Knman 
catholic pareiitj^, in ll'<04, and ontt-red the 
Kngltfih Collep; at Hoimy in Ui-2ii, whi>ii h*i 
adopted thv namu of JuliiiMm, which lie re- 
tHinc^d for tb*- n-iit of Lii life. He was or- 
diiiiii'dprirMl (>a2;iF.^h. le2rt-30. On2.1Moy 
ItiSU lit* vtiu »rn1 from Houav to aseist ^tv- 
phi-'n Barnes a.i (■onf-'.-Aor of tlii> English Au- 
piiNliniari canntiee!>ea of yt. MonicAM at Lou- 
vain, lie nrud in tbnl cnpncity for twenty 
VHar?, and for tliirty-six ycfint after Barnes s 
di'iilh b<^ was prLnci{)al confeeaor to thL-Coiu- 
munitT. He died in the conTcnt on 12Jaii. 
IWfl-^ 

III' left in tnnnuscript a large number of 
devotional tr(;alijK.-s, most of which were 
loet Qt tha time of the Trimcb ltevoli]tion, 
Oil"' of tbviu, unliclud 'The Suppliant of tb» 
Holy Ghost: a I'araphraHi of the " Veni 
t^ancto Spirims,"' wa& prinled at London in 
1H78, 8vo. nmliir the editorship of [he Iter. 
Tliomoi) Edward Rridgi4|., who uppcnd>ed to 
it two other trv&tiitir#, belicvL'd lu Iihtc been 
also written by ^\'hiti?, entith^d ' A Park- 
phras*.* of tht' Patur Nosier' and 'Medita- 
tions on the Ukn»ed Sftcnitm!Kl.' 

(Memoir ly Undraw ; Reconlsof tlio Knjirwh 
Cathoh™, i- 23/] T. U. 

WHITE, KOBEItr (ir»40?-157J), mu- 
ridan, wui4 probably bnm abont 1G4U. Hii 
father, who outlived him, waa also named 
Kohurl. A John White supplicated Miia, 
Bhc. Uxun. in 1&^8, There isaouw nnaon to 
suppose thnt the rider ICobert While wao an 
organ-builder. In 1631, and on acvL'ral eub- 
s'-riumt occnsions until IW*"), a Mu^^tster 
White n-pairud the orpui of Magdalen Col- 
le){e, Uxfitrd. lit- vvh« wrongly idfUtiGod 
by C'opo with tliB compiifler, but may have 
bt^ii hi» falitftr. Thv pnrish of St, Andrew's, 
HollMirn, in l-ViS ' gare yonnf; Whytc ■>/. 
for y" pTi-ut orjmynes wli hie father tnadti for 
y rhnrcli.' This organ wna sold in 1672 
to * Itohert Whitt;, gumlenuu of Wcslmm- 
fttir," and John Tliomas. In iri74 the eltivt 
Robert White had liwn fur eomu timp living 
with hia »ou rI Wfxlmiuftti-r, mid iIh-su 
enirt<.-a may not imprubahlT all rvfer to him. 

The r:n't definilc fiict rttcordi-d of the 
younger AVhito is that, having studied miiftic 
tenyi-JirK.hcf^tdiialedMus, Uac.Cantabr. on 
liJDec. I'ViO. He WBsrequircdfUnder penalty 



i 



of 40a. fine, to compose a oommiiDion mtvIm 
to be aang in Hi, Mtrv'e Church on com- 
ni«nc«inRnl dny. 'Ojnnia {KTpfpl.' wiLwaddiMl 
in th« pace book. In a net at pnrt-booka. 
vrriUwn in IWI, |>rt>«irvfd ul Chn«r Cliurcli, 
OxfoH, White is fityleil • batchelar of art., 
b«t«holarof miimcli;' but in bisownandbis 
wifi*"3 wills'hnK'li.'larof iniisick 'only. Very 
aooD aOer ^raduacinc. and uoc Uter than 
Michftflmiis lolil!, fthiTo Hueceeded Dr. 
CUriHto|tLt'r Tvu [q. v,J m miistur of ihi; 
chorL3t«Ta Ht Ely Cathednil, atid wait {laid 
the tanii' »iilart', lOf., ju Tyo, wlio hud buon 
alfto ctylt^d nr^niiiMt, hud r«;«vtd. Whilw 
probiibly innrrii'd Ellen Tye at Doddinjtton 
not I'liift nri'^Twiinl*. lliv bnptivm of th<>ir 
dauchtor ilIarpprT is rfi^orded iin 'JH Dec. l-S6fi 
at Ely. Hy tmisi hove reaicued bis appoint- 
ment in irjfHi, n-i Joliii Kirmnt [see midir 
Fauh.v.st, Ifit'iiAiioj rocfivud a ymr's ftalhry 
AB niHstcr of the cliortRtt^rs at MichH«>lD)Bs 
11567. Whil*^ wn* apirainttid in or before 
1570 master of the cuoristeTfl end organist 
at W<!8tininstor Abbey; to the fornjor post 
■waa allotted, by djuevii EliiubvtbV fuiiiidti- 
tion, 'a house, iJ. in n-jrard, and 'M. Its. 4d. 
tot ev«ry oiiw of tht> totiriu (Jutreslors, butydi.>H 
ayerely lyverey loi'ach fnif,and « btmlinU of 
wWatc weolmty.' Bptween Iftro uiid IS"."! 
three iIhukIiIbm of Ut>b«rt While were bnp- 
tised ar. St. Mnrpin^t'a, WVattiiinster. All 
these Bpp&rently died diirini;th'-po7<til«ncK of 
1671, and were buried in ifee oliurchyard of 
Hi. Margawt's ; and on 7 Nov, ItiiWrt Wliit« 
mode his will, din>ctin^ he shoolil b*> buried 
uvartbi'in. llv wtw biirit>d on IL Nov., end 
on the :i 1st biawifttmndi-hiT wiH. >ibi-ditfd 
soon nflLT, and k-ttursofaduiinisiralicn were 
takKU out on B l>i!C. Tivo dnnglitprs, Mar- 
gery and Anne, aun,-Lred. Kob«rt Whim 
powifiutrd tbf) cmtJite of 8wAllowHeId and 
winsbtwps ftt Niiiburi«t, West Stwtsox, which 
hi bpquputhed to his wife, From her will it 
utpears tliiit eh« hnd 8i*l<.-rs ntimM Mnry 
Itowley [eee Ttn, C'HRieTOPHERJ and Siisaii 
Fulke, a brotht-r-in-law ThomaH ITawkeH, 
and an aunt Annt' Dingbry. Site leH ibti 
cliildreii in charg« of her mollmr, Katberintt 
Tyo, urobiiblv Hr. Tvo's widow. 

Koburt Wliilr Jci Itiit «horl llfi.* ullained a 
high ntipiitation u a compnspr. Thin part- 
book* Al. CliriBl Chtirch contain the couplet : 

Hnxima moainim noNtranim gloria Wliit-^. 
Til pariH : itlonium ^ei Cu> intiHH niKUc!. 

Ilaktwin, wri*.iR^ in l.'iH], biggins his list of 
great niusiciauH with ^^'bit«'. Morlev uicn- 
tions bim nmoD)^ the famoUR ICn|{liiihm»u 
'aothiaginfttriur' lo the bu^t injutturrt untho 
continent, and juiililieji ilio um of a Hixth 
u tlw beginning* of a uuuiposition, by the 



iiuthorily of White and I.aaans. But aa 
White hud tmbliidK'd noihinf. h<> bacmna 
forgotten anil cimfuMfd with later miuioana 
nnnii'd Whil« (aee bflow), until Burner re- 
discover)^ him. 

In Bamatd'fi 'Si"3ected Church Musick,' 
IIUI, then' is ont) anibem by Whil«>, 'The 
Lord blene om;' but it waa not inclndftl in 
Boycd's 'Cathedral Music.' Barney printed 
another, 'Jyird, who shall dw«ll in Thy 
tubemacle,' from thy C'Itri»t Cburcb part- 
book*. Uums's ' Anthems und Servioea* 
oontsin« a lliird. <U uniisu Ood in Hi» boli- 
Dfiss.' Arkwright'a tHd Englinb Edition, No. 
xxi., luu) *ThL> Lord blasse na' in wore, and 
'O how glorious urt Thou!' All thi^M* ars 
anlbems for five voicojt, excejrt ' (t praise 
<lod,' whii-b i« for double choir. There are 
unprini»d works, generally lo Latin wnrda, 
Jn early maniiscripUi at Bucliingham PaUc«, 
llii- Ilritiah MuRenm, Ibe Royal College of 
MuBic, the Bodleian and Christ Church 
libraries at Oxford, St. Peter's, Catnbridge, 
Tftnbury, and wveral cathedrals A fiiirly 
complete list is given in Orove's 'Dictionary,' 
iv, i^yJ. ^^'hite comtilHted a setting of the 
' i^mi^ntat ions' whicli bad Iwi-u U-gun l^ 
Talhs, and at Buckinnhnm Palnee thnn* ia a 
ciuitinualion by White of a motet by Tj-e, 
Except fwrne fanoies for tin* lutii, no taslm- 
uienlal mufic by White in known. 

WKil«'» printed an thems are niodelsof pure 
polyphony, beautifully melodic themes join- 
ing in harmonies of the richest t'H'wci. The 
warm enlofpcsof Biimey, Ffti9,aTid Ambros, 
and the great value of While's very fow 
known works, have f&itsed gt^neral <-xpi^la> 
tion thiLt bis imprinted works are aUo mas- 
teq)iece8. Nairel, who judge* that Whitit, 
Lbi>ugh supvrior to all bis predccessoni, lived 
a few years too soon for tlu> periVcl union 
of spiritual beauty with format ma-stcry, nro- 
cIttimA that il is a bounden duty of th« Eog- 
lifih nation to edit White's compliCtc wor^. 
Home who have scored various manu.tcnuts 
rt^jmrt les^ favourably, and have fouutf a 
Etilfui'SB which suggests an varlitr poriod, 
and might rather beexpected from the John 
White at Ojtford in 15^8,, In a »t ofpart- 
tiooks at the British Museum (Addit. >ISS, 
1780'J-5} tlii-r* ia a 'Libem me'con.itructed 
upon a ])lftin-«oiig in loni; note*. Blimey 
piigseswd an important manusr.ript, at pre* 
»eut uiidiBcuv i-rable, coiilstning t weuly-aeven 
piocoB by White, of which bn speaks with 
viithusiiieni. 

MAnuEW WittTK (jr. ItilO-ICytl), to 
whcini Hoberl White's works are often attri- 
buted in aevftnrei-ntb-wutHiy maniiitrript^t 
was at Wells Cathedral, a.n'd in 1611 or- 
ganist of Christ Church, Oxford. In laiS 



I 
I 



I 
I 



he WS8 awom • Bentlem&a of the cUii|n;] 
royal, but reftiffncJ oexl year. In lliJ9 he 
uxumulfttcd toe degrees or Mu^. tiw:. and 
Mua. Itoc. Uzon. Anlbony Wooij, in Iuk 
' LtTM of English Miuicisni!' ( Hi/vtl MSlf. 
U) J) 4 in tliv Uoillfi«ii Lihntrvt eonfusf* 
BlBithewwilh Rolwrt Wliite. Tht-culluciions 
(oow at thit Ilnynl Coilvgv of Miwi*') from 
which Itnmimloiimpilt'd his ' Selected Cbii re li 
Musick' contain an sntbcm by M, W'hilo 
(Fo«TBR,/i/MiMwi0.n>wiVi«ti-*.p. Kilt'i ; C/tfOue- 
JJook of the C'AflH Jto^lX^mdea Soc. Isri'). 
WiLUAM \\iniH (y(. I(i'20), of whom 
Dothinc-is rvconled, ba« left coiur antheios 
in Additional .MSS. ^9^7^-7 al ibe British 
Mneeum, anil ainon<^ the ch«ir-biHik» al Hi, 
PeE#r*ii, OanibriduK; iind wiiiif fnnciuarorin- 
Btnunenta in tbp ikdlcian luid Chritit Church 
libnuicB at Oxford, nnd Additiijniil M-SS, 
ITTiCi-il. Onf of tb« 'Soiiip.* br TUomas 
Tomkina {tl. lli-'itl) [n. v.], publiJiud abuut 
ICSa, i« d«dic«led to Will. Wl.il*-. tl.: ulw 
■ bc«& confuited with Knbert White. 
(InlrrMl to Ark«ri«bt'« Old jMij*1i-h liiilion, 
XXI. wbtte the will* of KoIn>rl arm Ellen White 
are pHnlM^ Murlcy'a PIauik and ICusie Intro- 
durtion to Pnu>tie«ll MiMiirk^. ivprint of li'li 
pp. 174. i3S. ■Ut. 2i» : At dy Willjains'tt Muaical 
I>(gr«M. pp. 80, \66 : P'oblvr's Alnmnj t^son. p. 
1614 ; HnrTi«y>. U«n«ini1 lliit, <.f Miwic, iii. 04- 
71; Ambrw'H QQKhiclitv d«r Jklneik. iit. i-lD: 
Rimbnnll's (mHt Kngliflh Organ- buildtra. pp. 
40, 73 : l}ror«>'« ]>irt. of Mimic nnd Muiiciitttii. 
iii. 273, iv. 4^2. 817; Nngsl'i (iG&cbichco d«r 
Mu*ik in Ciiplnnd. ii. 64-B. 287 . Davcy'n Ili*t. 
of KiiKlinK Mtuic. pp. 67, I:i4, U5, '2,1-1, 493- 
XSS.,ttn<l Worki ifuolrd ; itifurmuiioa from Mr. 
Arkwrtght.] II. I). 

WHlTK,K0nKRTCl<U.V170.-*l,dnniicbt«- 
maQandengni^-er,wa(ilK)riiinI^ndonLnlt]l&, 
andbv4.'»mif KpiipiloflfHvidLofrgnnrii.v.] lln 
iru the aiQ»t e$ti!^inM] and iiiduKiriniiE por- 
trait enj{raver of bis time, aad hi>< pUte#, 
which numbtrnbfuil four biindivrl, comprisn 
moi't of tbe public and lilerory cboractors of 
th« period. A largo proportion of them were 
osrauLud t:d viitirn, thu rci<l from pictures by 
Leiy, Kneller, Uiley, ilpale, and othi^rs, and 
tfaev havo ntwaya bL>«n greatly viiluud for 
tbwir acuiiraoy AM likvn^Mjini. tif I be plnti^ 
engmvfld by Wbit« from bis own drawiinr* 
tbu beat aru the purtriiilij of I'rinctt tivor^L- of 
Donraark, i.h[> Karl of .\tblrino, rhn l)iik« of 
LecHjs, and tbe Kail of Seafortb: and tliK 
f^roiips of lilt' aevftn bithops, tlwi biitliops' 
council, th« lonl.i jtiiticet of KngUnd, and 
llio I'ortsm'iutli captuina who dcM^Itirvd fur 
Kiae William. M*; tiijpHvod thu pbttf-s to 
Sondford'a Ai^ciuinl of tht^ fnnfral of the Uuhe 
of Albemarle, 1070: the first Oxford •Alma- 
nac,' 1674; a iwt of portraits of mmibttni of 




Ibw Kawdon family; Ihepln1e« to Gwitlim's 
•neraldry' nnd Kurnet'A ' History of ihc It*- 
fonnatioo,' and many book-titUt* and franci- 
*piK*s. A ftiw iscareo mouotiot portmita of 
noblemen bear Wbite'i* name aa Ibe pub- 
lishrr, and are aMuiiied to have be«n «Xo* 
cutod by bim. Wliitu was citlvbrattd for 
hia original |Jortrait.«, vi'hit^h lie druw in i»eu- 
cil ou vellum with gnut delicacy und fiuiah, 
in Ihi- DiH:in<-r of Lijui^n. I(<i di«id m re* 
diiced circumstances in Illonmsbury Market, 
wbaru !i>.' hud long rcsidvd, in Xovembi.'r 
170.1, A portrait of Wbilo wm pngraved 
by W. U.W orthingion for Wgrnuma edilioii 
of WuIpoli'V ■ .\«fcdiitw.' 

Gboiujb W'liirB (lOt^l? l"3ii), mi'«»tiat 
eDorSTer, son of ICobprt, wan born about 
lw4, and iiiittructt-d by hiit fathirr. Ha cum- 
pMed torn* of thv plalt-s left iuiditii>bvd by 
the latler.and himaelf exi'i-iitr^d a few in the 
iincuianiKTi buCfbeinRduGuient iniudiutry. 
he at an i^iirly piTiod trinifd to l.lin Ii»m 
taboriouB mtplhod of tnfluotinl. A portrait 
of Ji^an-Rapliiilo .Mnnnoyt-r, which lie exw 
cuted in tliiflfttylc from a painting by KnfllfTf 
was (^utly admired and broiLi^lit nim much 
employment. H« b(«amc I ho nbU-^t mpnto- 
tint floffTOver that bad yet npjj^-ared in 
England, nnd wax iho lirst to maW uae of 
thv etchi^i line lo ttr^mgtbcn llw work. 
White's plat(!H nninbf>r about nixty, of which 
theboBtarv tbt'portmit* of William Dobaou, 
Oi-orgr K<m])t>r, hii>hop of Si, Axapli, Tycbo 
Wing, and 'IJld' Parr, Whit<:*, like hi« 
father, drew portraits in pencil on vellum 
with great »iiccc*j; \w nUo practiMrd in 
crayons, nnd latterly took to painling in 
oils. lie di^ at hii^ bonse in lUoomsbury 
on -^ May i7'&2. His plato of tbi' • LatiKh- 
i»(t Iloy'af^er IlaU, a maxti^rly work, waa 
pubLiBliad al'tt^r bU doalbr with laudatory 

fWalpoIt'a AnncdolM of PniiilinK: Vertaa'a 
CulWticiiu in Itrit. Mii»tinL <Addit. MSS. 
23072 f. 2. and 2307«f. JS); l)oiM"» muoiuCTipt 
Hiar. of Bngliah i->igrArcra, In Brit. Miis^Qin 
(Addit. MR 33407) ; C!ialuD«r SiDilh'i Britiab 
M*£wtinco Portraitt.] 1'. HL O'D. 

WHITE, ROHKHT (1^*02-18741, auli- 

quary, the eon of a bordpr famipr, waa bom 

! .m 17 Spill.. l(:«y at tht* Clock Mill, near tU* 

ftiniy Tillsgt» of V'ethnim in Itoshiirfrhsbire. 

I While he was a boy hie father removed to 

r OtltTbiirn in Ui'dt-sdalc. Tbere he herded 

I hia father's cattle, maniieing at tbu 8nmo 

time to ucqiiirt' n knowliddfii! of buoka, and 

flit inf^ bin miud with b<jrder lore. Hia father's 

I landlord, Jniut^ Kllin li]. v.], tin- friirnd and 

corr«BpondentofSirWalterScott,encQurag«d 

^ bim, and mode bim wvlcomv in liis Ubnury, 



White 



74 



White 



I lie spaot tliQ wini«r evaninjrs, copyinf^ 
■wholo volume)) of 111* pnlronV Ircnvurt^s. 
After spending a sliorl titnfi with a weaver 
in Ju<lbiirgli lii> n-luru9d tu employaHMit on 
the itrm. [n It*25 lie found eaiploymt^iit. in 
Jvewcastk' in ibe countiug-house of Kabcrt 
Wut^n, n plumber e.n<\ bras&fouDder at the 
High IJridfje, Whiw rotuained wilt Waisou 
until Walson dit-d forty y«ars later. 

At iS'twtuitlo Wliiii! I(iun<l liinL'aiiJ oppor- 
tunity for study, iiy nluiti-miuuN li\itig he 
wiu( nblt! t<} devote part of his small inconiR 
to tii'H piinLha«n ut li(>oka, anil in tiinL'> liP 
ainumiimtt'cl a lilirar>' containing many rare 
and viiluiil)]'? vdlnmrii. Hi* hoH(lQ>s were 
n.^unlly Piwnt in r«inbli'>fl nn th;* border wiib 
hi* frii'iid Jam(.'8Tt'!fer[(j.v.],the ^sautjhtreea 
pf^ot, i>t<'i!ptng liinwi'lf in bLinltT miiisInOsy 
and gathering knowledge of border lifi;. lli.s 
first poetn,'TlieTyneinouth Nun,' was written 
in 1*29, antl n! the KiijrgMlion of tbc anti- 
quary, John AdBni9"n(]7S7-lSIjJi) [q. v,], it 
wa-s printfiii in ttio Mtme year for the Typo- 
jfrupliiciU Society of Nuwfaitllf. Aftur tiiis 
Lmccesaful essay he <levol<«l btmAelf to the 

DtnTTaTLOiiutid n'prudutfliuu uf lucal legend 
and wmg, C(iritnbiilinf{ In iminr loral puIi- 
licationfi. In 1^5^ he printed for diatribiition 
among bin frii-ml* n pi-ii-m on 'Thn? Wind' 
(Nttwca-ttle, 8vo|,andin IWit.Hlsoforprivftli' 
circtilnlioii.niiotlierpoeiiientitted ' Cnglami' : 
(XcwcBstle, SvoV About this lime, or a I 
litlle fiiriifrr, lie beeiiuiv a niembt'r of iLl- j 
iewcastle l^i^iety of Antinuuries, lo which 
be coDtributed ii paper un the battlo uf | 
Neville's CVoas [ArtJi. ^itlianic, new (ht. i. 
371-303), Kiicuiiroged by ila reception, he 
publl^bM H vulunii- on thr; * I)ii>tory of thu 
Bnttto of Otterbnm' (London, Ifi'iT, 8vo), 
addhifi; mpmoirs iif tin? warrior" engafred. 
Thin wail roHowed in Ii^oS hy ii paper read 
to ibti Xewciwlle SiicieJy on the battle of 
I'hjildoji (ifi. iti. 19r-:;Htij, and in 1K71 by a 
'History of (he Itattle of IkjiaockbiLni ' 
("London, Hvo). Thc^o raonographa wero 
rendered raluablw by \Vhito*» mciiuatit ac- 
qiinintanei> wLlb tucal lejji>nd,iiDd bvliia topo- 
yrapliii'iil knowlwdjfe, which cniiLlcd liJiii to 
elucLjiit.i' mm'h Ibul hillji-rt" hm! n-maiiied 
obsi^iire. H<! di«d unmarried al h'm biniSL' iu 
Chirepiunl I'bii-i-, Newcewlli-.on 21) lu-h. 1S7-1. 

AXTiiie waa also the author, apart from 
oUmt nntiijiiariMn pajH-rti, of '(lOing Home,' 
a poem fl^fUl?". Mvn; "A F«tw Lyrics,' Edia- 
Iiiirgb, l!V>7, ti%o, rt-printod from (.'harlies 
Rogt-rs's ' Modern Srotti«h MinsinL' ISoo 
(for private cirpuUtion) ; and 'Poems, in- 
cliidiuf; TnV)>, Rallads, end Sonff*,' Keho, 
1807, 8vo (wiih a ponraii), He edited the 
' Poeuii and Uiillatlsof John l.eyden,' KelhO, 
1866, 8ro,with a mumoir suppIuuieiLting thai 



by Sir Walter Scott. Several of his aong* 
are to be found in the ' WUifttJe Binkie' col- 
Irctiun und in Alexander W'hilelnw'a ' Uttok 
of :^cotti«h Sang' (1^44). 

[Hrmoir by Richiird Walford in ihp Naw- 
Ciiaile Wcckly'Cbrvuidr, 1 0^1.1802; Mamoir 
by JoliD H<-l90ii in tlie Uairick Adreituer, 
ia S»pt. ISflS.J JE. I. C. 

WHITE, ROBERT MEvVDOWS (1798- 
181)6), HawlimMD profewor of Aaclo-li^aKott 
at Oxford University, boni on 8 Jau. 179^ 
was the eldest sou of Itobert Gosfling Wbittt 
('/. 18 Oct. 16'^^), a eolii'ilur at Ualesworth 
in Sulfiiik, by hiii Deomd wife, rHiubctb 
MeadQws|.ii.^'5Sept.l831}. In l813Kaberc 
waH placvd undrr John Valpy at Norwich, 
where John Lindley Tq.v.], theboiAnirt.nnd 
Rajah Sir JameeBrooW [q- v.] were hia fellow 
iiiipiix, l>n'.*lljnly lHi.'>be matriculated from 
Magdali^n CuHbet^, Oxford, and in the samo 
Teir wan elecleda demv, fcradualln^ U. A. oil 
"U !)«:. If 10, M.A. on -MS Feb. ISii'J, B.l>. on 
21 Nov. 1»3:(, and J>.l). on 23 Nov. Ie43. He 
won urdainod dcatwn in li^'Jl and nrieat in 
iHiJi. In \>^2A he wan elwlvd a felluw of 
MaffdalenOolIege.retaiiiinje bin ffUow-ibip till 
1 84. . From 183:J till IKlO he at-ted a* a cJ- 
li'gi^ tutor. On !•) Mnrdi IH.SI be bocame 

{iructnr, and ou 23 April ["^'M bewaacboaen 
UwlinKan profeasor of Au^lo-Saxon, bold- 
ing- that po«t for thu suLutftble period of 
five y^ars, 

AnRlo-i^xon professors at that time wem 
souietinioH defined an ' dotsoq* willing to 
Icara Anglo-sSoxoii.' wfiite, huwevt-r, wu 
known lu a Echulur bi^fora liu waa elected 
to the chair. He hnii nin-ndy conti'mplatmt 
the publication of a ^>a.XDn and Kngliah 
vocabulary, and only nbandoinpd the project 
becauae it appeared Likely to eliuAt with the 
' Anfflo-Saxou Dictionary-' then being pre- 
pared by JoHcpli Ilo<iwortTi T^. v.] On giving- 
up this design, he lumt-d lu» attention about 
iKt:; to editmg thu ' Ormulum,'a banDoniaed 
narralivu of tlut go^pelt) in varst), nreiMTed 
in a uniqno mauuitcript in the liodleiaii 
Library. The tosli, owing to utlier demands 
on bis time, oeciipiMl iii-urlv twwity vrmn. 
In thu oourHe of Iub rwcarchea be visited 
neniijiirk in IK^?,und extmuKtl bis travels to 
Moscow, where he wa^ anviired and niiffcrej 
H uliort dttiention for visitinf; iJie IvreujUn 
without an ofKrinl onler. Hisedition of the 
'Ormulum'wa* issued in Hs5J fromtbe nui- 
veraity prcai, and in the following year ail 
elaborate cril icism of it was pu tiUshvd Lu Eii^ 
liuli by Dr. .Monidte, a Lreraiaii professor. 

In 183E>, III the und of liia term of office, 
White WB» preseiited to thb viranigv of 
^N'oolley, near Wakefield, bj- Godfrey Went- 



i 



i 



4 



* 



p 



» 




worth of timt paruli, to wlioeu eon William 
liM bad acted aa lutor. Afl»T Wt tit worth's 
death liu luft WoolU'T, and vent tu iMtd 
Vftrbomugli aL Br<H.-klR»by Park in Linrolu- 
nhire, where lie arm) as tutor 1o the harnnV 
gnnd«oi», tn )8-l'J Iiu wm pre«etitpd to llic 
rectonr of I.ittln nnd Great Qlemtiam in 
SoObUE 1)5 ttic Hon. Mra. North, Lord Viir- 
Vmof^'i* «i.«fr,*iiitl on 29 Oct. Ifvlli h« was 
prei^Dted bv Magdalen College lo the roct or; 
of Slitnbri<if)i:9 in GloiicesTtTiiliir^, wliich lii.' 
riiUini.'d until tiiit dvatli. He di'-d uninarriiHl 
at Oheltenhani cm SI .Isn. IBUri, miJ was 
buried at Hlimbridgrc. iti tho cliurcbynrd, 
tiiaar Ihu cbancd >>i>ut!i vraW. 

Hia younRvr brotlii?r, Jons MtiADows 
White (17WP-Ii*rt.t),«»ltcitor, was bom iil 
IIalp<(wnrth in 17W» ct ISfflf, and ont«r*Hl 
into pannership witlt liis t'alher tliert). lIu 
moovwl to I^indon. whenp h" W'ame the 
|ifir(nt>r of T. Ilare:t in (Ir.^ftt St. ll.;l.'n> 
Strtwt, and mee to grest eminence as a par- 
liamentarj folicitor, IIi^ nrns «nf^gi!ci in 
th« preparation of nianv iu(ra»arv» of fwiiU, 
If^J, and coctffsiiuticAr roform, sticb as the 
m-w ttoor law, the comtnututiou of tithte, 
and tlie rnrrunchiHunent of oopyhflldo. On 
iho EubJL-ci of litbet) ha became a great 
ftutlioritr, nnd iaxuM NcVfrnl In-ntisrH nn 
lllbH legislslian. U*; was a aolicitor of thti 
0CclMiasti<?al oommitaion, and di<Hl Bt Wey- 
month on Id Mnrvh I8ti3. On 17 Sopt. 
I Sitd be married at llQlesworlli Anne.daui^li- 
r«r of Robert Orobtro«<. an attorney of that 
pjftc«. and bv lier had u iarm* fmnilv. 

Iteflid«d publications on tithe law he was 
tbtt author of: 1. ' Sumo Itumurka on tbc 
Statute Ijiw of Parish Ajijin-nlifi-",' llnlcn- 
worlh, 1*29. 8vo. 2. ' Itcinarlte on ihe Poor 
T.aw Anw'M<liTii-nI Acl,' Ijimdrin, 1H.*H, f<vo. 
3. ' Parochial Scttlemiinis an Obstruction 
to Poor I.iiw Heffirm,' Ixtm^m, l>i.*tri, ^vo. 
-4. ' Retnorltrt on thu Cniithold Knfrnnchi«*>- 
neut Act,' London, It^ll, i:!iDo. Q. 'The 
Act for Ibf Cotnoinlnl ion n{ ct^rtam Manorial 
KigbiB in roii>pr-ct of Lnn<Ji< of Cii;iy!jold and 
Cuatomarr Tenure,' Ixiuilon, IfUl, I'Jino 
(Grnt. Ma'j. 1H(J3, i. mi; Brit. Museum 
Addit. MS. 191(tf, f. mi). 

[Gtnt. Mac. 1S6A, ii. ]II~I3: AlIitjoiK-'* 
Dict.bfKiifEbsliI.iL;l)Avjr'.Rufl'cilkOi>!li>cliuniiin 
Urh.MoseuinAiJdk.US. 1&1£&. r.02i Blvxam* 
R»j;ist«is of Mat'dalm Coll. rii. 'l^a~'i\ Cojt'n 
BcwilleclioiiH of Oxford, l«»fl, ])p. 2*1^.7.] 

H- !■ C, 

WHITE, SAMUEL (173:S-It!ll),«rLool- 
inoater. [8co WllYTE.] 

■WHITE, STKPH r,\ ( 1 675-1 iM7 f). Irish 

it, biim in l.'V?'), wm « native of Clon- 

lael (HoojiN, Utbcmia lg»atiana, p. L'iU), 



He WW educated at the Iruh seminar;- at 
Salamanca, wbero be was a rcndtT in pbilo- 
tuj]>hy. ll<i joined tint jetfuil^ in Io'J<l. In 

I l(KW be became prol'tsaor of sebola-itie thw>- 
lugv at Ingoldstiidl, and ri'tumcd to Spain 
in llMYiUjkii. I'OK t><>l did not live ihent 
lone. John Lynch deocrihus him na • doctor 

I and «mi.>ntii(i tiPifi.'wiLir nf tlu-ology at In- 
gntdMndt, I)i]liu;^!n, and other ptncM in 

I Oeruinny; n man full of ulmoat every kind 

, of b>arnittg' {('nmlirfntit F'ffvu^, ii. .StW). 
He WBA for a long liiue r^tor of tbt.' college 
at ('asftvl. Ho is cLi*.'fly rcmembiTed for bis 
labours luoong Iriib lutnuscripu prv«erviKl 
in lierman monatteriea, and tna? be oaid 
to havo opi^nt'd that rich mino. Ho corre- 
apondod in a fnmidlv way with trubi>r. who 
iicknuwU-d|;es hjn coiirtefV imd icstttles ti> 
hiif iuimutiSL* knowledge, not only of Iri«h 
aHtii[uili<^, hut iif tho«i- of all naliouK. lln 

1 woa iL (inod Hebrew scholar, 

' In lll'i! Whit" transcribed at DilliRgtin 

I a mnniiHcript of Adamnan's life of St. 

: Cntnmbti, li^nl to him for the piirp'Otie bytbe 
R^nwliclineit of Iti>ichfnan, ana now'pr&- 
serveil at SchaB'haiuen. Tln» is tb? most 
important of thi^ manuscripts uatrti by ICeevcs 
in wtlliij(( thu 6tiitidurd ttAl. wfiiiy Juut 
his tnimeript to I'ssher bpfort- lli^ttl. when 
i\iv latcur pubtislit'il hisgn&t work on eticliaei- 
aslical iinliquilii'M. I'talii-r nrinta a hm|7 
extract from an iinpiihlishi-d litV orCoUiinba 
whii'h Heevea believed to hiive been written 
by Whitis The 'Trrtia Vita S, Brigidic' 
printed by John Col^aii [([. v.] in bU • 'I'riBa 
XliwiroaturRii' vthx tran^'criMd by While 
from a very nhl manuscripl ul Hi. Maguus, 
ltatiflb-in. Colgan calla bim 'vir palnanim 
antiguitittiuiiFciuntiMimuset HiJeniiEBimut!.' 
At tit. Ma^nuA be aliw fnnnd n manmicri|it 
life of St. Krbard, and aent a trnnscrijil to 
I:*shi'r. Al KiiiiMTbciiii Whit« tran'cribed 
for Hugh [toy .Macanward fq, v.] thi^ lifd of 
Colnitm, patron Baint of Austria. Jli^nlao 
cnpit'd matiiiscriplA at Itihcrach and at Met*. 
White wuji loDff ri>»gdout at ^cbuifhaustru, 
nnrt i« sometime?) apokeii of as '.Si\i|djuiiio- 
Ilvlvetitis." Ilii^ Ik'si known worli, llit' 
' .'Vpolo^ia pro IlibeniiA,' xn h«lifvi><l In hav« 
b<-i;u wrilti;n af rarly na liil-'), and was long 
supposed to b>' hwl.. Lvrich (.iwd on impcr- 
foct copy for hia 'Cambrentis Eversiis." The 
ninniiKcript from which the ' Apologia' is 
printed was found in ibr^DurfifiiHdiao library 
al Krit^seU in lt^l7. 

Whit.' tviu in Ireland from 16^8 to IIUO, 
and gratefully acknowlodgue thu kindness of 
I'sftb'T, who oftfii aaketl bini lt> dinniir 
f'i{iiod inodi-i'to ivnui' ), und who admitted 
bim freely to bis hnusrt and library (InltiT 
lo C'olgan). M'hile appears to hnvo been 




White 



76 



White 



ftliv« in 1^7, vhen Colf^n publi«faed hla 
' Trias Tli&umatuiVB,' but nothing U knuwn 
of tiim aftiT Hint il«U>. 

Of Wliite's oumt^rousn-orkfi the foUowin(( 
are printed in titfi ' Ilibliolhcm llintoricn- 

rbilmogico-tliiwlogicM,' Un-uii:ii, ['ID-'J^t: 
. ' UtMerLa.Lto daf^nuitia ImtaaiiaeUbcrt&lia 
iiatur& atquu indok'.' 2. 'DiHtcrtmio quu 
divinn rationtii uuctoriUut ciuilra ^ri>fiap- 
fujinum loci 'J Gar. x. 5 mode&t^ vindicatur.' 
3. ' VitaJohnnnis Jezleri.' 4. 'Si-h«(liii»mii,iii 
quo AiiB:iiMiiii.I.nthr-ri,!iiiprAU|)!<nnori]niquE> 
eententia a MnnicWisrai eiilumnia pru piioi- 
iiircr iiroti.-»tiuitfJi fnciliiiit coTioilimiila vindi- 1 
catur. •*>. 'Scheiliuamaiinq^uoar^uueutatjui- 
bua \ir celeb. Jail, (.'hrislianiis L^rs . . . cor- I 
pursutiiLiciuii^tlUviiidicutumivit.adrutioiita 
triitinam ui'idH>(A fxiguotur.' Wbito's' Apo- 
lo^a pro Hibuniid ndviTsue Cnmbri calnm- 
niuE ' was udiU'd bv M. Kvllv, Dublin, Ic^i^. 
A 'Letter in {•■aWaa,' dated .'U Jam 1640 
?i.S., in which NMiitu fiT«s an at'cuimt of 
bin »tudi>w, In prin1i-il rroin thi' Si, InidO're'A 
manuscript i» KeevngV * Memoir,' Dubliu, 
1861. 

[Memoir of White by Utuhop William ItethrH 
(ISGIj.noEn lo 'VVorlu of AdamnuD, Index 10 
Usshcr'a WorliR, Moiiioir of Colgan in rr>]. i. 
oF tliB UlWer JoihtihI of ArcIiM»lo^- — h)I Iiv 
ItN'rn; KcUy'e notes loWhitn'iAp^'loiitit audio 
Lynch sOnmbrcriMi livtr<n*; IIft(iiin"< IHbomia 
Igiiatiiina fiiid LilVof t'itwiiiirjn; W»re'» Writnm 
at Inland. tO. llBrrii ; Brit. Xui. Cat. i.v, 
■ Vitus ■] U. B-I,. 

WHITE, Sib TUOMvVS (!492-irj6rj. 

fotindi-rcil' St. John's Collt^c, Oifiinl, burn 
at litiadingr (for the Hit«, pbc OijuEs's ICead- 
wiff. p, 40''i M.) in 1492, wtm tlw son nf Wil- 
liam Vhiic nf kickmon^wnrtli, Ilprtfnnl- 
ohiro, clothier, and his a'ife Mary, dxughter 
of John KchhIewhilP of South Fawley, 
Uti(.']iin^;huriiiihii« (Chacxckv, Anti'/ui(U« 'rf 
J/crtu, p. 48t id, pivps It icli man* worth »e his 
lilrthplticti, L'froitL'ouely ). tlu wiu< pruhiiblv 
tau)(ht lin>t at th«< Heading fj^untiur M-booI, 
founded l>y Iliinrp VII, 10 which he pavi: 
two scboIiinibijM ; but bi- wuh hruiiKht up 
' nlmoflt friim iiifnnry ' in I^nilon. IIh was 
Itpprt'iiticed at th«> act- of twi'lve to [lii|{h 
Acton, ft pri^mirH^nt mt'mlMT of t!ie M^'nliant 
Taylom' Company, who left hiiu 100/. on hi.$ 
dfBtb in l(i:^>. With this and tiis stuaI) 
Pfttriuinny In* bejtati bmiinoHii fi>r liiuiKelf in 
lASil. In 15^1 he was first renter warden 
nf tliu Mvrchunt Taylors' Company. From 
thi« lin pa»Me() »n to Hie aenior wnnlfHithiii 
about 1633, nnd was ma<ttpr probably in 
1635 (t'i.oi>iE, Hitfotyif the Mrirhant Ta^' 
inri Comjiimif. u. 100). 

lie appears in VhliS as one of those to 
whom Ukt nuu of Kent made revelations 



{ Letttra and Paper* of Hmry VIII, vi. 5S7 ). 
In 1J^36 he was asaeeaed for ifae aubsidy at 
l.tXK)/-, which ahoirii him to harn been by 
this time a prosperous clothier (for note on 
tho fxoct naturt- of bin trade, aee Clodb's 
Iluloiy of the Aferchrrnt Taylors' Company, 
vol. ii. App. p. 4). In 1541* and l&4o be 
□ludi- lar)*r loans Lii ihi- cities of Covi*ntry 
and Hrij'liil. He n:^ided in the [Mirijih of St. 
Michael, Comhill. and in 1544 was elected 
by tiip (niurt ninlh nldcmtan for Cornhdl. 
On his refii-iinii: * to take npon himself the 
wt'iRht thereof bo was ccunmittwl to Xt-w- 
IfBte. and th* wintlowa of hia ahop were 
ordered to be 'closed so long as he should 
continue in ki« obslinscv' (17 Juno, 
3U Ilea. VIII, Keperlory if, f. 7b i). IIq 
was not loiigrecalciLr&nt. In tLeimme ynar, 
bi'in^ tbfii aldt^nnan, he contributed 900/. 
to tht; oity't luiui lo th« king. In 1M7 he 
wa« sheriir. In Io41(-o0 be aided his guild 
with muuev to purcliasu iho obit n-ut chargM, 
In li'iol rije trnHl-iltwd betw<!«n biacompatty 
and the city ofCovoutry was drawn up, by 
whirli liir)^ Mums brcanie arailabl'it afti-r but 
death for thi' charity loann. Sic. In iri53 he 
was oriL' o( the promoters of tho .Miiacovy 
Compftnv (MACriiRRaoit, ATinaU 0/ Comr- 
merer, ii. 114). Un 2 Oct. 1663 he was 
lini^htcd in the prc«onco of the Quty-n Mary 
by thf Kurl of Aruiidift, lord steward {SIS. 
Coll. Anna, I. 7. f. 74; sw .Maciits-, pp. 46, 
33-j). lie n'aa elected lord mayor on ^Oct. 
ir>>'KJ. Mnchvn n^iirdi th*f Hpletidonr nf hla 
]iaK<'Bnt. 

lie ant on 13 Nov. on the commiwiion for 
the trial of I.ritly Jane (in^v and lurr adhe- 
rents. On 3 Jan. 156^1 he received the 
S]>aiiish envoys, and t.i?n days later restored 
tlie custom of going in proct-ssion to ^t. 
Paul's for the high mass. On the breaking 
ont of Wyalt's robullion lie arrested the 
-Marquis of Northampton on ti5 Jan. 1563-4. 
tl>_- Deceived Mary on 1 Feb. whtn she mada 
hiT iiuprul to Ihv Lnyaltv nf tbr-ciliu'iia, and 
on tiiii 3rd repnifwl t!n' rebftls from the 
bn<l;;e>Kate, Sonlhwark. His prudence and 
ftagarily pr.'S.rvH I^ndon for thft niie4>n. 
On 10 Feb. he presided over the coutmiosion 
to try the rtibcls. In the fiirlbcr *uppr*ft- 
sion of tumult, hu seems to liave come 
into conHict with Uardiner in the Star- 
chaiubiT (cf. C'LOD!:, ii. I'iS, 138). On 
7 March I6i>4. in pursuance of Lh« queen's 
proclaRiiiticn, he issued orders to thu aldor^ 
itii-n III admiiiiinh nil mudi'iitii of tbnir wards 
to follow the ratbolic religion, which he re- 
p<fated with special application in .\pnl. Tho 
iinjiopnlnrity CBU*e<l by thi» po.wihly h>d to 
an attempt to assassinate him us ho was hear- 
ing a sermon at St. I^ul'a on 10 June. Oa 



4 



4 



I 



■ 



19 Aug. be received PliilipfiDd Mary at lli^-ir 
^ntry in italo into tlw cky. His muvornlt y 
'wM#n]arkrilbjPiMynralmiin»t(iiir\-n'){u1nli<'>n!t. 
and bra proclamation (May IfiiH) against 
guase, moms-djincM, und inU-rludi-s. 

At the end nt his year of offifr* Wliitfl (de- 
voted hiiDSelf to acts of benovolenre outsiilu 
ihecily. lIUfriendSirTJiimn!«PoiiC'( 15(17!'- 
I''JfiO) ^I'V.] had rcceuih' foundcil a colK>8^> 
(Trinity) in Uxlbni. \Vliik> ulready hcltl 
land in thunnKliboiirlioudof ()xfiml(£c<r/cr« 
and }*aptr$ofJifnty J'///, xv. L*iWl, mncltlio 
ox&mplt! of Popu tumi>d hiF thoughu lu llic 
WidilwutKttt of a coU'igi-. H<i in Hiitrl trj liave 
teoo direct(?d by a dream to the site of the dis- 
soIvlxI CistJ-rciati hoiiw of St, Bi-nianl oiit- 
aid** the city vnWs (TAri,OB, mantL^rript 
Jlisiory of Coil^f ; I'lut, yatural Ilittori/ tf 
Orfurd*hirt, p, 169; (iRlFTIX Hl-in«n manil- 
Kcript \alivUa», and t'oATEa'a Reading, 
p. 4()'.i). On 1 Msy 1556 he obtainiK] the 
roynl Iic*n.*i^ to foiinil a collef^ for 'thL- 
Ieamingciftbeeci'?ni?«^of lioly divinity, pbiio- 
•opbv, and good nrts.' dedicated totb^ praiao 
and iioROiirof <.)<id,cl>L*UK'S8vd V'irfiiii Mary, 
and Ht. John Uapliat (the patron saint of the 
Merchmot Taylors' t^mpaiiy). Tlio socifiy 
wall tn ennaiwt of a pn-nidenl and ihirly 
graduate or non-grudtialH scbolara (royeJ 

fal<fnt of foiindiition in cillcgo manuscript*). 
n 15/>7 the «cr>pe and niimbrrs of the 
fonndation were ttntarged (& March, -I & Ti 
Philip and Mary : tbrv statulen wf^rt fnrthcr 
roviw-'J imdkT IJr. Willis, cf. Taylor's mami- 
acript Ifuliiry). The i-iulnwrneiit of the 
coUi'fft; connL'cI('d it closely with th« nt'iKh- 
iMHirrmixi of Oxford, hut it wna not a rich 
foumlatioQ, 'ITie staluit^ E'^on '»'eri^ bofled 
on those of Williiim i)f WvWhain for Nww 
CoII^p. Many Ictrera among the cnlli^ 
mantucriptif show White's con>ilnnt cnre of 
tlitcollen) ha hod foundod. In I5o&bo pur- 
duued (Gloucester Halt, Oxford, when! be is 
■aid to hare resided in bi<t later years. Ho 
was rraqutrntly vntiTtainiMl ut Trinity ColK-gu 
(W*ltTO!f, L^e u/ I^jte, p. 123 «.> <llouc«s- 
tar Hall he madu into a Lalt for a liundrtKl 
BCholan. It was 0[)»?iii-<l on St. John Bap- 
tist'a day, 1560. Sir TbomaB Whites asao- 
ciation with Ciimnor is foiuhu^i^ed by tb*i 
fact that in tliiit hnll th<> htvjy of Amy Itob- 
san lay before burial at -"^t. Mary's, Uis lEte- 
rc«T in education was not contim-d to bit own 
coUefce. lie look a cnuflidemblo part in the 
foundation of the M>-rchai)t Taylors' school, 
for which Kicliard Hilk-^ wu« mainlv ^:n])on• 
sible. Ill lofiO he (tent further directions 
and endun-monts to his ooUeg(>. Rut from 
IGBlJ he imflrred nr-vt'rrly from ihe fnliiri|i-o(l 
in the cloth trade. He was unable m fulfil 
the obligation of bis marriage contract. Hu 




waa still nbl«, howerer, to settle Mra<> con- 
eidvrahle tru«(a on diflcreni (owns, the I^on- 
don livery companies, and hix o«-n kindrvd. 
Tbeao arrunmrnL-nla were finallv cnmnlered 
in hia will, dated 8 and -Ji Nov. 1666 (full 
deWil in CLoaE. ii. I7(V>ll. At thi; hn- 
giiming of thi: noxt year (2 Keb. 1500-7) ha 
made further statutea for his college, by 
wliiTh he ordered that fony-three scliolara 
from th« M<'rrb«nt- Taylor's schoo] should b» 
' assigned and named by continual euccfiB- 
sion ' to in. John'aOolIege by the master and 
wardiene of the company and the- president 
and two senior fijllows of tht* collvgn. 

On 12 Jan, Krtl" ha wrote atoiiehinglptti?!" 
to hi« colkffe, of which he d'-Mn-d that every 
one of the MlowB imd scbolars shniiM have 
a copv, cuunntlliiig brothiHy lovo, in view 
donntlRSs of thft religions dilfcn-ncca which 
bad already cauHcd the ce«>&iou of two, if not 
thrif , premdrnti'. 

I.Rter lettern fifinceme^d the jointure of hia 
wife and the performance of choral survice 
in the college chupd (for tbeae we Oi.obe, 
pt. ii. chap. x\v.) H« died on V2 I'eh. IMfr-T 
eithor in the college or at (iloiicwltr Kal!. 
lie wut) burit-d in thu colb-'gu chapel. Kd- 
mund Campion [q. v.J deliverrd a funeral 
ocntioii (culk'gn mauuscripu). 

White died ii pooniHiii. Much of what he 
had inlfuided for hia college never rmched 
it, and tliii pi^ri^ions of hiti will in rogurd 
both lo bin proinTtT and the college would 
liaTe bt'ijn ntill less fully carried out but for 
(be astute managerneni ('partly by pious 
persuasions, and |iiirtly by judicious delays^ 
of hia executor, .Sir \Vi)liniri t'ordt'll [q.V.], 
master of th« rolU (college niiinusrript$ ; 
atid i-f. Citl. JS/ate Paprr», l>om. I5-17-SO, p. 
\\' : cf. art. Kopkk, \Vii,Luir>. 

W bite wan > mnn of sane iiidgmfint and 
genuine piety ; he baa rarely, if ever, been 
surpaeoecl among mercbantji nii a benoloctor 
lo education and to civic bodies. 

There are several portraits of Sir Thomas' 
White, but it is doubtful if »ny wtrv pnint^;d 
from life. A largu picture in the hall of St. 
.lohu'a tVillege is similar to ihosv belonging 
to tho Murcliant Taylors' Company, to Lei- 
ct'Stnr {,»ni OiATfa*. litndin}/. p, 410), and to 
Tierirly allof the towns to which be li-ft bene- 
factions tcf, Hivt. MHH. Vomm. Kcnding, 
p. ^Wl, Lincoln, p. K-H). Smaller portraits 
are in the bursary and the president's lodpng 
At St. John's College, I'rom om; of tht<Nti 
ihnre is a mE'ZKotini by I'abcr. Tradilion 
Miys that for tbeoritfitial picture Sir Thomas 
Whitn'B suil or (whose portroit is in thfl presi- 
di-nt's lodgings at Si. John's College) aat. 
.\n early portrait on gloAS ia in the mat win- 
dow of ih« old library of St. John's Collie, 



White 



7« 



White 



oncuid by Dr. WUlia, pre«ideat of the eol- 
IwB I.'.T7-!m. 

He was l.wiee married. His firat wife, 
Avicin, wlnwn 8umunii< l» xinltnown, di*«l on 
Ufi Feb. 1 M7- A, ami wn.* biinKi in the parUh 
gf St. Mary Aldennary (Macutx, Diary, p. 
IfiTt, On STt Nov. nf the *«mc> yt'*r hciWAr- 
ricd Joan, dau^licer nnd colititrosii of John 
Ltikt' of Londoit, und widow of Sir Kolpb 
Wurruii fq. v.J (tti.) He bad no it^uu. 

Sir TEomas Wfiitf liau fr«<iUHiitlj beeb 
confuted (aa by ImiIiau, Me^norial» t^ Or- 
Jord, St. Jolitin CoIIfp', p. fi) with a luttn^ 
take, Sir Thnroaii 1\ hite of Routh Wam- 
bofoufjii, ClBmwIiirx) [cC. art. WmiB, Johk, 
IM 1-16114')], wuo w&A knig'hted nn iha eAme 
day. and whose wife's nntne, .^kik^^, is not 
uncommuiilyiatorebaiiCLnlwilh Aricin. The 
iifu«iaii is rendered the more oatural from 
the Bid that the Whit© property at South 
"WarDborouf^h cr«ntuallv panccd into tlio 
hands of St. Joh«'s College, Hjcford. Utii 
j^us wajt by tlie gift of Arclifaiihop Laud, 
.who ubluiiwd it fruin William SuudvB ia 
63S{LxvJt, HWA*, vii. a(»!-7i. 
[Among tliB iiiiiMiiicriptii of St. Jnhn'* Cnl- 
H, Osfonl, arv bovitti] varly live*. Eapociidly 
bu noti>.*tiil nro thti Hiatnry of ihn callit^p liy 
Tayliir, It.C.L., the Nativimi. VjLn Mora 
momiiiUitiiii illuntriMimiquu viriTIJutiJibWIiJio, 
OriURn Hist*- *i>d cnpicfl of fun^r<il vcrxt«. 
Qm sIm the Vems on llio denth uf Mr«. Amy 
Leech (Ml Diece),tuidEilinuD(l CampioJi'H Funu- 
rat S<'rmon on Sir Thomu. Haoy IhIw manii- 
■crints onlntii rpfart^iirM to liiui (fur lint nf 
Hi. JijIiu'h Colli>j!»> ninnu«cripl«, xpa Ilinl, MSS, 
Comm. 4th Rop. App. pp. 48-1- 8). for !otl«rB 
of his. M*i Uist. MSS. Comm. CoTontry, p. 100 ; 
Leti«ra«ii'l I'apara, i'or, (inr! tlom. of tlii' Uai^o 
of Ucnrr VJU : Strypv'B Memorials; Mncliva's 
Diarj; Plotn Nntnral History of Oxford^hir" : 
Ftillftr'ii Wtirlhiim, H«rtfi.rJ»}itro, p.3fl , GuIcIi'n 
Hi'lvry ao'i Aoliquiii"* of ilio l'uiv(ir«ity of 
Oxford ; InjTiun n Mecnoriidn of OxfonJ ; CIoiIo'a 
Hiiftory nf tbo Mpri'linTit. TavloTn' Compniiy; 
C')iii«('» History of RcudincT; Wiirtou's Lift- of 
rope; Uutlon'B Hist, of 8. John ItH[ii,isi, CnX- 
itqe,lHW; iiifuniifttionliiiiiily pivfiiby Rvf^iuiiH 
Sharpe, viq., D.CJj., librArinn of ihe tSuitdhitl]. 
For llAl of While's bone fuel ions, too Bint, MS.S. 
Comm- Uejiorlft on inH'nD*cri[it« of towns of 
Southniuption, Itoading, Jjtnroln.iind Corcmlryj 
Oough's CnmdetL, ii. 345; Stow'ii Snrroy, «1. 
SbTTO. Tol i. bt. i. pp. 25J-4; Olodw'n Tlislory 
of UoTclutnt Tnyl'rm Cumpaiiy, pt. ii. oliiip. 
afr. Tpany«n'ji ' Qucwn Mory' did not, lut the 
po«t Aft«rwiin1fl admitted, do juatira to ths 
eharacUtr of White (cf. Mt-moir of Tenuyiiou, ii. 

:;«).] W. H.H. 

WHITE, T110MAS(15M:-'-1624>, foun- 
der of Sion Colltigti, London, nnd of Wliitt' h 
profwBorsbip of moral philosophy at Oxford, 




tbo mn of John White, *a Gloucestenhire 
clothier* (Clodk, Barfy Jfidtmy nf th» Mtr~ 
fAant Taylor*, 1AA8,ii. 8.13), wui bom about 

1650inTrrnpt<'.Street,BrUtol,'bHideecezid«d 
fromthfl WhitMof Urdi'rtnlnhirc,' I W^ entered 
luatudenl of MsRdalen Hall, Oxford, iu 1566, 
cradiiated H.A. -2', Junt- Ia7l), M.A. 12 Oct. 
1673 (BoASU, Jitffift^r </ the Unir. of Ox~ 
funi, i. 279), took holy orders and ' became 
a noted ondfrcqut-nt pmacberof Qod'aword' 
(Woon, Athtaa Ojvn. IHI5, ii. MI). He 
romovud 1o London, and yftut n^Ior of St. 
Gregory by St. raul'H. n nhorl lime brforo 

. beinffiandtiviciLrofSt. Dnnsian-in-the-West, 
•23 Nov. Ifj/fi. In lore Francis Coldock 
printed for him ' A .Sfrmon pre»eh#d at 

I PawIiM Cru»« on Sunday the uinib of De- 
comber, Ifi76,' Fioadon, 8to, in whidi he 
at t wks the rices of the met ropolii< ( pp. 4G 8), 
iDid Hwc-inlly refers to theatre-houses and 

flayKoinff ; and ftlso ' A Sermon pn^acliod at 
'rtwli-fl CrosBo on Sunday lUu third« of No* 
uerober, Ifi77, in the time of the I'lagite,* 
London, 8to. The Paul's Cross prvuchings 
against plays are referred to by Stephen Ooa- 
son 1 1'liriffn wn/ulcd in /Tt« Actiinw, 1580). 
On 11 Dec. l.^SI be received the d(wT«e of 
Hi), and that of U.D. on 8 March f68t-«. 
Fuller Atfctei) that W'hit«t 'waa afterwards 
relalud to Sir Henry Sidney [q. v.], lord 
deputy of Ircliinil, whose funeral senuoo he 
made, being accounted a good preacher' 
(tiWlAieg, 1811, ii. i^WV It was printed 
under the title of ' A CJodlie Sermon preached 
the XXI day of lunt', l.!>86, at Peosehuret in 
Kent, at tho buriall of tlw lal« Sir Hi^nrie 
Sidney,' London, 1386. 8to. In 1588 be 
was collated to tlm jin-bond of Mom in St. 
Taul's Catliudral, and in 1&8D he printed 
another' Sermon at PntjIeVGrojM*,' preached 
on tbLMmwrn'sday. He was appoIntL-d treo^ 
surer of Salidbiin,- on 21 Anril ir»W>, canon 
of Christ Church', Osford, I5ftl,and canon 
of Windsor 1G&3 (FosTEK. Aittmni Oxon. 
I.-iOO-int; Cuxt, Seguter <if tht l/niii. of 
Oxford, pt. ii. p, 38. pt. iit. p. 32>. * In 161S 
lie erect.id n ho4rital in IViiiple St. [Briittol] 
called the Templi! Hujipital, for eight men 
Ancll.w<^wu[ni<u, and orii'mnTinnilon» woman 
were afterwards uddeil by hitn-ielf. He en- 
dowed the same with Itrndn and tenemeiita of 
Iheyeoxly viJuBof r>:*/.,'and in 1032 he gave 
to Bristol certain hnuiufsiu Grav's Inn Lane, 
Iioudon, of the ynarly value of 40/. to bt- 
applied to varioMB chflrilies (Uakkett, Hirt. 
and Antiq.of liri^tol, 1 789. p. 5.i4). He long 
bad friendly relations witu the Merchant 
Taylors' Cotnpony, who, on IS Dec. 1614, 
commenced negotiations fjr lL<a8ing oortain 
gardens in Moorfields from bim (Ciode, ii. 
fi33>. MTiite iji hia will mode tho company 



\ 



White 



79 



White 



» 
k 

» 
N 



aominfttnrs to viglit out of tb« twenty placM« 
pmndfid in tiiA unshoua^a at Sinn Cnltfi^e, 
uid the company wen tXsa conneclvd n« 
Audirora Willi the mornl phlloKiiihy lenture 
which be had founded at Oxford in 1021, 
with aBtipend of 100^ to tfao rvadtr; five 
exhibittoni of oV. oaeli wen) laado for scho- 
lars of Ma^dalttn Hall, and ■!/. f(iY^n to ihe 
pr>iici[Mil as vAl as ulhor^ums dun vi-d from 
thw mauorfjf I<ttii|iil<>ii Hill, Khm^, conveyed 
tolhu iinivi^Kitv ( Wood, Tfift. and Antiq, 
r/Oafvnl, 17W, Vi. S.V,, n. V,. 872). 

Itediihlon I Mnrrli I Bi;1-4, and was buried 
in t}w clianct'l nf 9l. Dunstnii-in-lhi>-\Ve»t, 
Flrt^i Sf.rMt. In («ijiti* of hig vvidrly diffufiM 
b^nefncliotu there was no moiiuoit'nt to hU 
mcmojy until 1876. when Sion Collcgff and 
the trualee«of tb» (!harilU'»al Itrixol cauaed 
one, deaiffn«d by Sir A. AV. II]oiutit.'ld, to 
be erected near his f^vc. Both of \Vi9 wivca 
wen* buried in the notnv <:liurc)i. Aft>T his 
d^Bth the univpraitv of Oxford hfinourod liia 
tnt!iiiorr in a piibltc oralioti dullvun^d by 
Williain Prir« (I-Wr-ICIG) Iq. v.J, ihe lin»t 
r««di;roftha moral pULloaiipfay lecture founded 
bvWbil*),wbi(-iiwiiit printed with aomi* I>ulin 
oni! Greek t^t^b, chitifly by roftmbera of 
^fni;^1H^l■ll Kalt, tinder the title of ' Scholn 
Morali.4 I'liilisophinB Oxon. in fiinftn- Whiti 
pullata.' Oxford. 1(>J», urn. 4to, There is n 
oopy of the boolc in thi> Uodli^inn Librnry. 
At ihv back uf the Itllo-pu^e is a li:>t of 
White's benefaction* to Oxford. Home 
oopies oFtfae oratioa seetn to have been pub- 
littwd aepamlfily. 

'newosaccuiiedforbpingagreatiiliimliKt, 
though I cannot learn thnt at nnce h*- hiul 
mnrn than on« cunt of «ou1h, thn rc<«t bi>iiiir 
dimities, aa false ia the aspersion of his 
bciiwf A gtvAt UBUPor' (Fm-LBB, Worfiieti, 
IHll, ii. iW). .\j^iiut Ibew otxitJ'Rt iurti 
Im uumerous t^hanlir^s during his life and 
l]jr Ijijuut'i^t arv a suRiciL'Dt answer. By liis- 
will, dated 1 Oct. 1023, btmidfJt a loiio: li»t of 
smaller legacies, ho left money for Wture- 
»hip» at St.. I'aulV, al St. DuriKtanV, nnd one 
for the Xowpite priaonprs; but his chief 
dotation w»« 3,000^. for the purchase of 
|)TanUeft ' fit to maho a ollcj^o finr a corpora- 
tion of all the miniatere, par»Dn§, vicars, 
locliirr-rs, and curates within London and 
suburbs thereof; ua aleo for a couveaiu&C 
hOD»a or p]ac« faat by, to nake a conreni«nt 
klmMbouM for tw<>nty ponona, 112. ten men 
aad ten women.' Tliia wim aft^rwarclH known 
ms Ston f^Uege, deaicfned as a KiiiM of the 
clprjiy of tV' rity of London and it«»uburb», 
placing ihem in the same poMtion an mnat 
trtlier calUoKa and profeatiions who enjoyed 
chart«re of incorporation, and with cominnn 
ptivileges and property. All his Latin foUoa 




were lefl to thudean and chapter of Windsor, 
■nd it ia worthy of record that scarctly any 
placi? wliwnce be derived incoiuti ur dienity 
wns forgott*'n. He requested John Vioidi, 
John DowDt-ham, and John Simpson to exa- 
niini> ami pi-rO.-ct hie manuecript nmnnni; and 
lectures ou the ll'.'brt'W6, and print them, an 
Wdll BA a Tolume nf ' .MiM-h^llnmin,' from his 
papers. ThuM two wiiihe,"i wero nol cnrrieil 
out. To the exKilioti* nf John Simpson, hia 
couitin, and one of hia esecufGni arc; chiefly 
due lliH rliartfr obtainud in 10^0 incorporat- 
ing the college, and also thi^ t-rectioii of the 
building nt London VVall iu l(Ji*0, when) tho 
library remainod until ita rvmoval lo ihi- 
nuw building on the Victoria Kmbanbrnent 
in 186<J. I)r, .Simpson was ih^ bnildur and 
founder of the ^rval I ilrurj- which now formn 
ihi- most, fttribin^ IValum of tliu inslituiion 
(Kkadixu, IlUtottf (if tiion (hlhyr, VU, pp. 
8-lt>). 

' In the chamber of Bristol i« hia picture 
with some verses under il, which ond"Quique 
Albod CQsli iKirtamijui! inreuit apenaiu"' 
(Bakkeit. Briato!, p. 6S2). There is also a 
portrait iil Hiou CoIleRe. 

[Inrormntion from the II«t, W. U. Milnian. 
Jlr. \'.. W. It, NicbolMin,und Mr. U. Guppy. Sen 
alw Milraaa'a Account of Sioo CoIIr^d und 
nf iu Library, 188U. and liiit Brinf Account of 
ths Liiir.iry of Sion CdIIi'Ki^ 1M7; La NevnV 
Va&U Kt;i:]cs. ADiglicaiia^. 1H.H, ii. 6t8; Hcn- 
nessy's Novum KeportoHuu I'^vliw, J'mwJi. L'.'n- 
dinotiRn, 18D8, pp. 38, 39, I3S; Madan'a Kailr 
Oxford Prmw, 1806, pp. 121-2: Stowo's Surrej' 
of London iStrrpe), I'ti, ii. \QZ~A.] 

If. B. T. 

WHITE. TH0M.V8 (1.10.3-1(176), philo- 
•opber and conirrivcn>ialiiir, who wrotv under 
the psuudonyiOB of ALBtrs, .KsQhvs, and 
Iti-ACLOE or Bi^.tc'Xt.ow, waa bom Ju 1^3, 
being the aecond son of Richnrd White of 
Hutlon, KwHx, by his wife -Mary, daughter 
nf Kdmnnd Plowdwi fq. v.], thw celebiated 
lawyer. He waa carefully educated in the 
Itoinan catholic n-lision, and *rnt while very 
young tn the Kiiglieh College at Pt. Omer, 
and afterwords to llm cotlxgi.' at Vallndolid, 
whicli be enlemd on 4 Xnv. lOOfl (Palatine 
Nate~liv^, iii. 10», 17"). Subsequently he 
removed to the Kng]i.<!h vollef^ at Dunny 
and, buying cnmpleted his studies, ho WB« 
ordained priest at .\rrn« on »") March 1617 
under Ibe name of Blacloc. He afterwards 




. Aug. 

for I-jiKtana, where aome business ufTaira 
retiuirt^d bis alteutinn, and on his return to 
Douuy in thu eamo year he brought with 
him one of the ribs ol* Thomaa MiuiGeld {d. 



White 



So 



White 



1616) [q. vA who hiwl b«Mi extH!Ute<l on 
docoiint of hm Hscerdotal clumcter (jDoiiay 
Duirif-i, p, 31)). 

Oil 17 April 1021 lie left l>aaay for I'liciii 
in onW loprostf-ulf hi^sturlien in oniion Iiiw, 
and ahtr n fliorl timu Ik.- •wa» Mint by tlie 
clergy to aetlle &oiue aMaira at Uoniip, whc't-i- 
liB waa rusiding on 21 Murcli l'f2-'j-0. On 
liU ri*turn li<> wila n^fniii cinplnvi^d in teaching 
divinity at Douay. In IdAi lie wm seat to 
LiitlHiti, wh<*n' !i» wns unpuint^'d prawiJantof 
ibfl English C^ollfigp. Nnt lon^ aftftwards 
!■(• catot' to Entflaad, uud (ipplit.il Liras^lf lo 
tlw 4>]cprciMi of hi* priitsllv functions. In 
1 OOOhe viaa again leaching ilivinity at Douaj", 
■ind exAPutinp; iLt; ollicc of vici-pre«idont of 
the Entflisli CoU<'(fc. Oa retiring IVom aoa- 
dcmic lift- he settled in Lcrridon, and spent 
most of \i\» liinu in pnblixhin); buokd which 
'nindeaffreat ni.'is« in the world.' Wood 
rolatea thar ' HobtieA of Malmahury had a 
ffrmt rospLK:! for him, und wlu'ii liv UvlhI in 
WMlniinstip lie would often visit him, fi.nd 
he Olid Hobbva but Btlduni purti.-d in cool 
blood: frtr tlifly wiiiiM wran^lt?, sqiinbblo, 
and Bcold lilts younB BojiUiatiTS ' (Afh<^<r 
Onn. i-d. [tli»», iii. 1247). Whiirt di^ at. 
Ilia lodirinfj^ in Driiry Lane on tJ July ItiTtl. 
and WHS buried nn tht> 9lli nwir ihc pulpit in 
thu church of St. fttdrtiTi- in -the- Fields. Ilis 
portrait has bwn ■^nKTa-ved bv \ i>rtui'. 

A\'hit.i?'« neciLliar philosopHicfll and theo- 
logical 'jpitiiuusratM' J nprthostof li'iverearitfs 
from all quarters. Many protcstimt^tcni^itp'.'d 
with him upon cunlrovorwial t'ipj<«, anil he liari 
several m^riou-t ((iiJirTel§ ^rith tnc socnlor and 
ru^^ular cIltrj- of his own coiumiiniH>n, who 
flltfti'kt'd hi» wiirk« willi Rrr-At funr. In pftr- 
ticiUarbis ttvutiEeon ihu • middle sunt e of 
aoulH'pHVr- gn'iit scitndnl. AiiDthcr, which 
drew a persecution upon hiui, wan entitled 
' Innlitiiti')i»'» SarrM"/ Thence the unisar- 
siiy of Douay drew twenty-two propDsilioiw, 
which tJifV CO Di!'.' inn ml uudi-r ceiiBure*, on 
n Nov. IfifiO, fhii^fly nt thi- inKli^lldii of 
GeorRo Leyburti iq. v.], pri-ftiderit of tbe 
Knglish Ddh'-fre, and John "W'nriitT (UiiJH 
1092) [q. T.J, pmressor of divinity in the 
soHiL- house. Ilo was a|Faiu censun^d fwr the 
political scheme eihibit«d in his book en- 
titled 'Ubedit-nw and f loremmont,' in which 
be waa said to assert a utiivpr*nl passive 
obediencti to any i*peci^.« fifgovornmLiit that 
had oblaiucd an e6tablishm«nl. Wbilt's 
object, his itdvcrMbrii.'« inainitalud, was to 
fl»tt«r Cromwell in hiB UMirjwli'm, and lo 
incline bim to favour tlw calhulicM in the 
liopp of their being influeno-d by such prin- 
cipiflfl. Tliese and wrvcrftl otliiT wtilings 
liavinffjfivfii pn^ut offence, iitid the see of 
Itotnc having bwu made acijuanitud with 



their dKnfrernus tendency, «nec»lly when 
White hud attacked the T>opei pergonal in- 
fnllibility. they were laid befnr^ the inriui- 
aition and ceaaured by decre«4 of Ihst court 
diilcd U May lH-'io and 7 .Swpl. lfiS7. In 
the nioantiniti a number of priesis, wbo had 
bcien edoeatt-d in the Enftlith College aC 
l>Daay, BigntMl a public dincUiincr of bis 
principles. Kwnlually White recanted biA 
opinions, and submitted hinuvlf snd biit 
writing* nnn.xsi>rr»dly to (lie catholic church 
and the Hnlv See (Kkssbtt, JteyUter and 
Chromele, p. 625). 

Whitv'aaentimcnlsmnvheb&ataacertAinBd 
from his edition of William RuKhworth's 
' Dialn^uets or the Judgment of f^mmon 
Setue in thechoiccof Jjehgion' (Ptris, 1654, 
l^mo): as w«<ll as from 'An Apology for 
RushworlhVUialogiu-s. When-in theescep- 
tions of the I'Ord* Falkland and Utgby are 
answor'd, and the art.<) of Daillfi discorerod* 
(2 part*, rarif. I0-'*4,»ivo). The*e works ex- 
hibit a Ohrislian without enthiiaiaam, tole- 
rant of doubt and diH<:ust»iun, hut ui tho eun* 
tiniedetenuincd fur citthoHciainnfia^aiafitthe 
rufurmed doelriofg.becuusti ihu uno>;rtAiuli« 
nnd o)i*curitii.!« of ihc SoHpturiMi r*<]uiiv to 
be corrected byaconBlani tradition of which 
a pHFCDanpnt autlumty Hjm guai-ili^l tb* 
dopowu To rely aolely ujion Scripture, as 
Uti* proteitants did, was only, in bis judg- 
ment, a phiusihlo wnv for goinj^ on to 
nlhi,'iitcn. Th-.- ijne^tion, thi^refore, was this: 
• Is it bttt«-r to confide in a church or to be 
nti Hiiiriiit?' ll wua iu eoinu meiwitni by 

i prudential coiisideratioiut that While would 
lavv a luuu dccidv ufvoii tbv cboii^B uf a 
religion I l)B liKUrftAT, IH*t. rlr la I'hittmtphie 
en AitgUlrrre, l*;^. i. 301-13). 

Among WhitKN nunuTouA works ar# the 
following : 1. ' De mundn dialog! trea ; 
qnibuA materia, . . . forma, . . . causMB 
. . . el tandem deflnitin rationibiis purA h 
natui-ad.'proinptisaperintitur.concluduntur,' 
I'ariH, UWa, -Ito. 2. ' tnstitutionum Teri- 
pMteiicnruin ad tnentem . . . K. Digbeei 

fnrH theories. It«m &pp«ndix theoli^pca d* 
irlgine Mondi,' two part*, I.vons, 164(^ 
12mo; 2nd edit. London, 1(>17, 12mo; 
imui>]»i»d into Gngliah , London, 165S, t2iiio. 
3. ' InsliMitionum socrarum I'lmpdtfticix 
inasdLficiitiinim ; hoc vi\, TheologiK, super 
fundiimenris in Ppripaletica IJiKbBwuia joctis 
BXtruclw.paretheorica . . . Tomus aecundns,' 
twK parts, ft.yon*?], 1052,12010. A. 'Mens 
Augiwiini de gratia Adami. Opus hcrinc- 
n'-ul i(;mn. A d conciliationom gratlie et 
lib^rl arhitrii iu via Dighamna acceasorium,' 
l*nri!>,ltift2, 12mrt. 5. ' tiuiestioTlieologicn, 
quoiinn.lo. secundum pnncipia pfripateticee. 
DigbaEanre . . . bumaui arhitrii liburtjw sit 



\ 







•xplicnndft et rum ^raiiie r'fGcacin. concHi- 
jitU,' [l*ari*, IftTiL*^, 1 L'lDo. 6. ■ VillicationU 
Wue de tUMliu aniuiAniiti r>Liitu ratio vpiocopo 
CluilasduiieBtfi [»m Skitii, KicH\Rti, i-Vsti- 
1655] reditu*; PtiHi>, ltl&3, JSmoi this was 
ininslatedM- WhiT« a3 'TIm! Middto Sutc 
of SiniU. f'rDtn ihe hour of Destb lo the 
ciftT of Jmlgm.-nt.' liVMI^ I'Jmo. 7. 'ACon- 
lvm|>Ution of Ueaven: witli an excrcisu 
of Uive., and it ilrwant on the praver in the 
Oaxdeu. By a l.'athi]li(|ut,'^4-ii[.' I^uriii [I»oii- 
.], 1654, l"_'iuo. H. ' Siiima Ituecinii;: 
ve tre» tractntuit <le virtutibua fidei pt 
Ogiip, da iiri iicipiiK ••«riiiniuni, ct <k> 
bus oppofiitis," I'arli, 105-1, PJnin, fV 
liyiU, li'tn... 9. 'Thy sUlf of the 
/iiiare life, and ibe prv!H'iit.',i oMor trt be 
ajil»id*>rvil.' Irnnilnted from tbe Latin, 
London, 1«S1, li'mo. 10. 'Tbe Grounds 
of Obedit>nee and fiovernment. Bt-in^ tbc 
bi-jit ainwiT to a]] tbat has been hituly 
written in dnfenre of Paiiwivo Obedience and 
<m I{mi4ta[in>>,' I'nd ■'dit. l<<>Qdoil, L(f&G, 
2n»(i. SH edit. I^ndon [1685 ."J, 12mo. 
11. 'Tabulie Suifrngialvs do t«niunandi« 
Fidpi ab «-clpsin CalJioIica tij»: occajiioni' 
Tesfene <i'tviupvitut Komjuiie, in6cripia> 
«drersu« folium uiniiii Sant Biiccinic,' l^m- 
don, llJ-55. U'ma (cf. Ad<lif. .\fS. -H.W, srt. 
13). 12. ' Eiiclidi'* I'bv»icii«, sivi* deprim^i- 
niis notumj sKerbfidea' 'F,' Loudon, IAj/, 
I2inn. IS. * KiichdeA MetaphyHtcu8,eivvdv 
Prinripiin Mpii-ntiic.*itaccbeidi>a'E,' Lf>ndf>n, 
iOoH, li'ino. II. ' Ki(i.-rcitii[io Ouomutrica 
(le ijfOtnctrui indirinibilium et priMmrlionr* 
■piralis ad vtrculuni.' Loudon, 10-J8, \'2mn. 
lo. ' ControTii^p»j'-Lii(^ir-i(>'. nr ihn m«thf.id to 
come to Inith indebalesof religion.'rParin], 
1069, l2mo. Ifl. "A Cntwliijuu orCliri*lian 
doctrioe,' 2nd <)dit. onlargM, PuHh. lt3ot), 
12mo. 17. ' 4 'bryp^spis sen Scriptorura »uo- 
rtun in acientiti ol»curioril)ii« Apolaffiiv ^>06 
propalala tulfla geonitilnca,' "2 pann [Luu- 
don), Ififtfi, 16mo. Iti. ' Iiislitutionura 
Ethicarum sire Srniene .Moruiti, aptls ra- 
tionum ninmentis librstffi, toinuA primus 
( — BecundiLt) , . . autlioTf T. Anglti nx 
Aibib EadI-SaxoDuni,'2 voU. I.oDdoD, li^KI, 
12mo. ll>. ' Etelifn'on and lUuutn mutiiiilly 
C<fi*ri-iiiK>ridinKa»d KHMi'tiii^ i.>nch Other. . . . 
A r*'plv tji the ^'indicative Answer lately , 
publi»)^ aipiinM a Ivi'tUT. in wbich lln! 
H^iise of A Rnll and Council cnncernimr the | 
duratioo of Purjfatorv wajt diitciuit,' Puris, l 
1060, 8w>, 20. ' Apotof^ia pro Doulrtiiu mm, \ 
Ifenae CaluumiutortM. .\utliorfi Thotna 
*io,' London, HWI,12mo. 2L 'nBvolion 
Rouon. Wherein modem devotirtn for 
dead is bruu^lit lo tK>lid principles, and 
Bado Faltonsl, in way of answer to JTamos] 
I[uinfonlJ'8 Itemvmbraiicu for tbe living to 
YOU LI I. 



nray for the dead,' Paris, 1661, 12cno. 
2-2. 'An exclusion of «c«pticka fivjmall litU 
to disputt] : being an oniwer lo Thu ^*anit7 
of DofrmaliEioff Thr Jow.<pk Ulanvil 1,' Loa- 
doQ, 16M, 4to. 

[BioRr. Brit. ir. a*itf8; Dodd*. Ohureh Hiet. 
iii. 265, 3A0-6 : GniXixHr'it Bi'^r. Hi«L of Engl. 
5th»iit.ii.3S-J: Hallan'ti L.it.ofRumpe(l8S4), 
iii. SOI ;Lo(uiiju»[i.e. PelPtTwlMji^.r.]. BWk- 
loana* HiU'rwift Uiitoria. et Cotifututio, Oliuut, 
1675. 4to; Lovudca'a Bil'l. Mac. nl. Bihn, p. 
'iOnn: N'mrdl" Uiogr. GiiiitrAlc. U63,Tt. 162; 
pHCxnni'ii Mnimirs. pp, 32S. 293 ; FlowdMi's Ro- 
inariji on PaiiziiEii. m. ^M-'S j R«id's Worka. 
e>l. Hamilton, 6tli *n)it.. ISSa, pp. 9ffB. 9A2; 
Wcldon » ChroDologtCBl NotM. pp. 197, US.] 

T. C. 

WHITE, TlIoatA.S (I(fc«-1TO1?), bishop 
of Petorboroiiafh, wo« tljp ann of IVHr Wltito 
of .Mdingtou ill Kent, and was born thera 
in irt'JN. Iii* father diitl nonri aflvr hit 
birtli, and Uin mother went lo reside witK 
h«r ni>ar kinvColk the Bmckmana of Ueacb- 
bnrouvh near Folkciilnnf, Tbcro seems 
Iittl« doubt that he alleuded tbe (frammar 
school At Nuwurk-oti-Tn-nl for aome tiun>, 
but John Jobn*on ihUi-I-l'-Jh) % v.] oC 
Crnnbrook cluims him aa a scholar of the 
l^iutl'^ School, Cauturbury. and ht> wsa 
admitted at L'acubridgc as rn>ni thu cratnmitr 
Krh(H>l of Wye, aAer three years' fltimy there. 
Tt« wax admitted ii einr of St. John's Col- 
lege, Oambridic«, on 29 Oct. 16l2, and took 
the decree of B.A. in m4tl. I>uri[ig thu 
I'mtt'Morntf be held tho post of luctiirer at 
St. Andrew's, Molburn. 

On tJ July 1660 he petitioned thi^ kinff for 
llio vicarage of Xowark-ou-Tn.'ui. which ha 
oblaini^d and ivaigiie«l in June \iifW, wtu-n 
he was made rector of AUhallows the firent, 
London. Thiit lirinf^ h« hrhl till Ti July 
1679, when he received the rectory of Botlwt- 
ford in Leicwtershire. On 4 June 16i?3 he 
woscreiirod l).l>.of ihenniversity ofOsford, 
and in July following was madt chaplain to 
the l.ady < nfurwunb queen | \ nnu, daoghler 
of Janice, duke of Vurk, on her mnrriugv witb 
Ueorf^, prinfo of llenmurk. He imih in- 
Htttlledurcbdtiiicunof Nottinf;buinuul3 Aug:. 
inA.1. (]u3Hfnt. 168.') he wad fleeted biMhup 
of Pftterborotijth, ■woaoonsecmtud nn 2fi Oct. 
and enthronvd by proJty on 9 Xov. He re- 
sif^cd thi; rwctory of Rotteaford in the samu 
year. The foUowinjf year he with Nathaniel 
L'rvw, third baron Cn-vr ft], v.], biahop of 
Durhunt, and Thomas Wprat [q. v.j, blaliopof 
Kocbt'fll.t!r. was tippointud lo exercise ecele- 
flioi-t teal jurisdiction iu the dioci'tkj uf l/Oit- 
duii durin)^ the auiipeitaion of Henry (Vinij)- 
tnn (1632-1713) [ii.v.] When in April lHnS 
James II iwuea the order for all mini«t<.'n$ 

Q 



White 



82 



White 



to reoil biKsivonil ' DRclarntioii of Indtilgtrnt!!** 
on 4 ^fay ffiMowinp, White was nne of the 
nx l)i!<bup« who with Bancroft, iir('hbi«tii>j) ot 
Ounti-rhtirj, petilionp'l nf^inst it. Hi- waa 
examined wiib his follow petitioners in tlio 
priry council on S June, &nd committixl to 
tliu Tower the same day; was wilh thent 
bmuflht by writ orhnbrMCoqjue to the court 
of kingr'a boiicb ou IS Juno, wns trii'd i>» 
I'ViiUy tbelJ^flh, aiid awiuilt^'d ibcl'ollowiii)^ 
mornitif W' Lloid, \\ imjam, 10iJ"-17I" ; 
nnd Kf.!I, Tuowym]. Willi tUlmr buliopA 
hfi attended on ibe Mnp to (rivo co»n«?l 
on I'-l Hrpt., on .T Oct-, nnd iiffain on fi Nov., 
when lin savH 'wt> parted und«r somi^ dis- 
pleasure.' On llint. occasion lie tDadi> a 
pi<nonii1 pmri'.stAl inn thnt Ii<> !ind nnC in- 
vited litu prince of Urant^e to invade, uor 
did Iio know miv thdt htid done so, in which 
ho appcam to liftve Iwon perfectly sincere, 
Aftur tbe departure of the king he was 
anxioiu fnr & n>f;ency in order that all public 
mattL-nt mijilit proceed in bistnajcMy'H niDac. 
He wns one oft lie eight bishops who atmoited 
tlwineelvvs at the calliug of tbe Cunrontiou 
pnrlianient in 188U, Kfimed tho ontliit ti) 
William and Mar^', was sa^ndnd on 1 Aui;. 
ll)S9. iiml tii-priv^dorhi»iie»onl Ffb.l(i90. 
Till? rfiRiaindor of hif life was itpint in 
retirement. On 'i-i F*b. Hilt') bet look part 
in the connccrntion of Thornnj* IVagftriift'c- 
[i|. v.], nod he »coompauit'd Sir John Fl'h- 
wiele [q. v.] to tbe scaffold on L'« Jan. I6I17. 
Uc is Eaid to haw wriltt.'u the ' Cuntempla- 
linn* Hjion Lifi- and Dfatli,' (tubliaht-d nndr-r 
Sir JoIitiR namo in the BatDD year, which 

Srovoked the JnRoliitcji by " fwmprnpli con- 
emninr tbe dfieiga of uieaAiutiatin? Kins 
AVmiam. 

Whitf's nrtviite charncTcr wa* exotnplur. 
In hilt youtli hii had b«en rem&rkable for his 
physical etrenfrth and agility. There U a 
story ihni 011 oneoccasion.whenaceompany- 
iii([ till! bishop of liochesler to Ofirlford In 
omeiate I.hvri', a tn'opiruf thr (^iinrd insulted 
th"? lwniiiidini}miliHl their ])n.)H;tvi«i. Wliito 
ri'proTed the miiii, who retnliated by clial- 
leDKioK hitii l« fight i( otil. A vtilf 6f{ht 
i'n*iiod, in which White was victorious, and 
th« trooper wne compelled to ask tho bi»bop'a 

fiimlon. The sifiry nmiifii:sl Charles II, wno 
iiu^hiugly thruatened to impeach White for 
hit:h treason for oaaaullin^ one of hia jjtiards. 
WhitL- matiRgtid bin hivhopric with gjvu,l pni- 
difiK'i! ititd cure. AtruffRliiiH hard to r»?form tho 
flbuae of pluralities which hud crtipt in { Tan- 
mr M&S. xxxi. 2H9). He dind un 30 Muy 
I6!>M. nnd was buriMl in fit. Grepory's Tault 
in the precincts of Si- I'aulV, London, be- 
tween B and lOr.H.onlJnne. An account 
of ibu fiuieral and the friction in Gonoection 



with it b«tw»«n tb« nonjnront and the clergy 
nf the CAthedral is conMiincd in a krter to 
th* nrchbi»hop of Canterbury from J. Man- 
devile Atnong tho maniiBcriptA at Lambeth 
I»ftkce (MS.'tf3y. No. 'i-J). 

In his oorly yoftrs ho wu considered B 
ffood preodier. He wrote *A True K«- 
lalton of the ('•onveraion and Baptlsoi of 
Isuf the Turk,' London, 1058. In W will 
he left ICU.to the poor of thrtpariNliin which 
he sbould die, 240/. to Nc'waxk to be l&id out 
in IttJidtt, and iOf. uiinually to bw diiftributi^ 
among twenttr poor pan»hionen above fortT 
year9ofaKewbounI4Dec. inthochiirchporcu 
Khoiild di»tjnctly repwit- the LonVit Prayer, 
the Apostles' (>eed, and the Ten Command- 
ments without missing or chanfpne a word. 
TIm) nwi of tho money to go to the vicar. 
A similar aam Bubjecl, to the hke conditions 
WHS bequeathed to tbe poor of PcteTboroii{;h 
Hud of Aldinjuiou. lie nIt>o left money to 
the poor of Boltesford. He made a present 
lu Hi. John's CuUi'^', Cambridi^, towards 
t1i« carry itiK on of tho new buildings, and 
leC^ an excellent library to tb« cburdt of 
N^wiirk, 

Thftrft am portraits of White in the p«ei- 
dent'sresidenireat MatrdalenCullece, Oxford, 
and in the palace at. PoterbnmuEh, and in a 
L'niiip of ibe'SevenBiibops'inrbeNationnl 
Tonrait Gallerr, London, The last picture 
hae biMtn enKravi'd by It. itohineon, E.O'OOpor, 
]*ii't«r vimdiTliiinck, andR, White. There 
are lar^ folio engmvingB of the bishop by 
J, nr»jientii.n- and K. \\"bit« (Ili88), a 
ijiiarlo bv H. Oribelin, tind smaller portraits 
by J. Onle, A. Ilaelw-«i(;h (with Batch 
Ter«es),.I.Smitb(l'>*».JSlurtand J.Oliver 
(meszotini). Nmith {.VKzotint Portraits) 
incntioaa ftportrait in oval, an^ved by W . 
VincDDt. Oae surrounded by as omaneDtal 
cirouUr border is in the print-room of the 
British Musi'um. iji^lUin from White to 
Lord HaltO'i nmaiuontrthe liritish MuMiun 
maniiBcriplfl (Addit. MS. 205&(, ff. 62, 64, 
08,70). 

I Strickland's Lives of tha Sevta Biahopa, pp. 
132-ilj ; LiTM of t)iu Enftliah Bishops from tbo 
R«8tAratiMi to iliF RcTolntion (Nath. Salmon), 
pp. S23-4; SidottOlh^ni'B Hprnoriuia of Eiag's 
School, C«nt«rbar;ri p- ^1 : Mayor's Admimoos 
to St. John's Collacc Cambridgo, p. 66 : Footsr's 
Alamai; Cal.Slali!pn[ien,I>oin. t«60-l,|>. 112; 
Ncwoourt's Itepertorium.i. 24D; Nichols's Lsi- 
crntorwhini. ii. 'JQ; Wood's F.isti, ii, 393; Lo 
Nitvn's Fft»ti, cd. Herdr.ii.aaG.iii 162; lintcb's 
Coltcclntirai Cuiiosa. 1. 33-5-9, 353. 347, i7«. 
S83, 409, ito- 1 ; D'OyK'i> Lifo of SancKift, i. 
2.itl-7. 3.11. 3.16, 360-1. 373; RmIju's DisiJ. 
ii. 273-fi, 280w. 349 ; Burnot's UiMt. of bin owa 
Titno, 18:i3; Lm's Lifo of Kottlowell. p. 431 : 
Brown'e Annals of Nowark-npon-Trent, pp, SOU- 



I 



I 




301; BookofItirtitiitioiu(R«cordOAca},Hr.B, 
iti. f. 448 ft; ioformulioo fMm C. J>ack, mc|.. 
kutdlf MMnmvnirntiKl hj R. J. Qny, wq., ot 
Ptalvrborougb.! B. P. 

WHITE. THOMAS ne30-1888). C*iia- 
ilisn politlciAD, Imrn in Monlnitl on 7 Au^. 
163(1, WB8 son of Tliomos WLire, wLo emi- 
(frtit'^d from co, \Vc»tmeutli in lUiti, und 
curied on businessaa a leather ut-rcLHiiC iu 
Siontrcal. Od his ni&ternAl side he bt>loii)T(>(l 
lo Oil Kdiuburgh futnilv. lie wrui vdui^tuJ 
Bt tlie Ilt^h School. ^onlT«al, and btgnu 
lift! in K murchutt'e ollici^, but soon turned 
Ilia aLtentioa to jounialiMii. A pupar nwd 
by bim at a diacueuoa doss introducad him 
to th« editor of the ' (Quebec (iaxettv.' In 
18fi3 be fmindi>d the ' r«tertKirough Rc?i«w,' 
and conducted it nntil it^tiO, when he t«m- 
piinirily IcfL juiimklisTn to study Uw t» a 
Dreparatioa for public life. At tlio end of 
tsm yean h* returned lo iournalism. and, 
in {lortnership with his brother, founded thtf 
' linmilton Spwtaior.' Hi* Jiwl jvurnalttil 
connt'clion was made on his return from 
Ko^Und io 1870, vrliuD ho aflsuined coiitr<jl 
of Ue 'Mointreal Qaeette.* Thi» la>tt-d for 
fifUwkyean. 

His firtl public work vru a« a mpmb^r of 
tbe aebool boanle of Pfterborouph and 
Hftnilton, Ontario; and be was for some 
timn roerc of Pot«rborou};h. In 1H67 he 
mads an ansucc««i>ful attvmpi to voter tliu 
Ontario provincial parliament, and i» li:i74, 
187S, nnd ISTO ho mado tliree fruitlocs 
effort* tubewmnifxj to tha Hominion House 
of Cutnmutii!. In 1878 the comttiluoncy of 
Cknlw^ nlcTlnl bim, and he reprewnted it 
for tile KM of hiA lifi*. 

Hi)» «»"fii»l intpiVAts were comnercial, but 
the work with which his name vrtll bo pcr- 
manratly connected in Oaimdina y^jliiics is 
tlw opening ttp of northern and wi^bi'Tii (In- 
twrio dnd tne pniirin Uiroud lo i^mt^rrantB. 
Be maaent to Unliun iii 18(!9 u» thn Rnl 
amj^tioa agvnt, and from hid mission date^ 
the direraion to Unlario of the vtivam of 
emi^tion which till then llnn<vl from 
(.^uiada wMtlwanls oier the bordore of thi> 
United Stat«. In fHrlhcranc.' of his emi- 
iion fk^hpmes be was oat* of the [lionccr^ 
'of Canadian railways, and as iniaiHter of 
the interior, an ^pointoient he ni(?i<ivfd 
in 1885, he wtw respaoaible for thu poHticiti 
reorgaaisation of the CL-nliv of the country 
aftez the aecood Kiel rvlwUinn. Hv died at 
Otiawft on 21 April I88S. Both < 'nnndinn 
honaea adjournal out of respect for hiit 
memory. 

[Cutsdian P4rtiani«ntary Companion, IBS7: 
3IoatTMl Qmbmu, 23 April 1888.] J. B. M. 



Hof 



WHITE, WALTKH (l(»ll-l(iaij, mi»- 
o'llanwous wriu-r, bom on 23 April 1811 at 
Ileadinr in Berlisliins was the ttldesl «on of 
John White, an iipboleterer and cabiaet- 
ninki>r of thnt town. He was oducalftl at 
two local privaw whools, one of which was 
kept by Jo«^pb IluntW, ihc father of thw 
founder of Huntley Si I'almer'i well-known 
bts4-uit mauufaelor)-. 

At tb« agQ of fourteen Waller left ficboal 
mid Wgnii lo li-nrti bin futh«r'it trndu, Spend- 
ing much of hin leifiurein renduigand in the 
study of French and Gennao. He continued 
catHnet-makinfT at Heading until 11^14. On 
Il> April uf that year he sdiled for ttw 
Unil^ StatM of America with bi^ wife aud 
children, is the bopeof earnini; more monvy. 
He worked at his trade in S'l'w Vork and 
Pou^hkGupsie, but wiihoul imimTin? bis 
cireumslancns. He has ^ven a uetailud and 
pathetic account of bis ciperifuceii an ati 
euii)fraot in an uuunymoua article entitled 
'A WorkiitK Man's I ii'collectioaH of America* 
ih'nhf>t'» Penmt .Voj/oriw, 1840, i. ft7). 
[■innlly, on M) May IS39, be n-tuni^d with 
bin family to the old world, wher<> b«^ rejninoil 
biti father's bui<ii)e)L<i. In Uetober lH4'i he 
wrnt to Londim, and, lh« cohini.^-making 
trade beinK^till in s depnwsed condition, ho 
accepted a situation as clff rk to Joseph Main- 
zvT [q.if.]. uulhtir of ' Singinjf for the iliUiou.' 
In t\i' fiillowing year Ur acrompaiiied biui to 
Kdinbunfh, wheru Maimer was cnndidate 
f"r thecnairof m"«ic Whili^at Kilinbiirgh 
AVLitP attended some lecturea lo the working 
classes by Jame^SiiDiison (17Sl-lSrj.'l)[n. v!j 
Simpaon introdui^Kl nim to ChiirU'4 Itichara 
Weld la, v.], then assistant secretary to th« 
Royal SocietT, who oflered him the post of 
' attendant' in the library of that body. 

WliitK entered upon hifl dutie^s at the 
lEoyitl Society's rooms in SomtTEet House on 
111 April l^U4,and wb« othrially con linn od 
in the appointment on '2 May, at n salarjr of 
aOL A year. His work was at first largely 
mMltaniral , but incmased in importance. 
When Weld retired in 1861, White waaat 
one*^' eWted to ibu post of ftMistant secretary 
and lihrurian. In tbia poMtion be met nnd 
conversed with many emin«'nt meu; some 
account of hiK inimvourMwiih theuiisgiran 
in bin niibli>h<->*l ' Journiilii.' 

"ftlule an ' attendant,' or, ns he was after- 
ward* tli'siijriiiilr^l, 'clerk," White btigan 
jn'riiius literary work, lletwaen Iftl-I and 
18iy he wrote no fewer than two hundred 
articles for ' Ohamlwrfl's Journal * (JournaU, 
p. 93), besides occasional pontribuiioos to 
other serials. It was at tbia time nUo that 
lio bagan the holiday walks which fumiched 
the material for all lus best known books. 

03 



White 



84 



White 



Tbiw« walkii he coinnit*urMl in IB/iOwillia 
nnnth'.x trnm^ in Hnnand, n namtiro of 
wtticli be ituMiiilicid iindi<r tb« titlvuf ' Xotoa 
from tiio N'slhdrlands' (C^miiert't Jtunuii, 
18W. vol. XV.) 

\\Tiit<;r»s*ignc(l tli* »4sistftn1-«;civtiirTn))ip 
of the Koyal Society nil 18 Dec. ISjJi', and 
received n. petiuon to 1\k< full amount of his 
salary. Hn rcvitWl ut Bnxlon uutil )\i» 
do&lti, IS July m)S. Ill ]6:iU Im marrit^J 
Maria llaniillun. His Jome^lic lul vrtm nut 
]in|>|»y. HJK irif«ltifl liim 111 Ir^lfj {JuurttaU, 

tip. 'ti7, OS), Ilia anns (>iniKnit<4d, nnd for the 
net thirty years of his life Im lived qiitti* 
alone. 

B«eides contributioDs to ms^rnziaes, be pub- 
lished : I. ' To Mont Illanc and Rnck .\);r'>i')>' j 
l./ODdon, 18^4, l^uio. 1'. 'A I^nnilouc-ra 1 

VVftlklothe Land's Knd,' Loudon. 1 8.V>,8v<>; ' 
end ed. 1861. 3. Thi Knot through Tyrol I 
ill the KuiDUi<-r uf II^*)'*,' London, \SW, 8vo ; I 
2nd ed. 18«S. 4. 'A July Holidiiy in, 
Sftxonv, DuhL^iniu, und Silmia,' Louduii. ' 

l8ft",ftvo ; I'nti ed. Il^ffil. 6. 'A Moiiib iit , 
Yoi-lishire/ London. liCiS, 8vn : 4th ed. 18)11. ' 
fl. ' Xiirthiimbi'rliLiid nnd iW BtirdiT," f^n- 
don. Ifi50, fivo: 2nd .'d. I*lfi.^ 7. -All 
Round the Wrehin,' London, \i*iM, 810 ; L'ml 
od. IHffl). fi. 'Riifltcm Knplainl from th»f 
Thnmi** lo the Ilumber.' Ivondon, iHBft, 'I 
vols. 8vo. Si. 'Rhymes.' 1873. 10. ■ Iloli- 
dayD in Tyrol. Rufiildu, Kluht'iLEtvin, nnd 
PaniJTi!j{gio,'Lfind«in,lrt7fi,Hv'>. U.'UhhidiA: 
aiyioleaa Sour->Sprini;,' ItirminirhBiu, 1881, 
8t0. He pdifpd ' A S*ilor lloy'» Ljir-IkioU 
flrtHii I'nrtsmoiK.h to thfl I'eihn,' London, 
leet', 8vo (the 'sailor boy' was his third 
eon, Jlonry), 

[TI19 Journals of Walter White, London. I K98. 
Svo; Me"uf HioTiwp. tSOt; Athcmrrutii. 20 Jtily 
ISM; Minnies of Ooiini-il of th» Uoyiil .Swioty 
(nupuUielioil I ; private infunDatiun.] H. K. 

WHITE, WILLIAM (IW-HtSTH), di- 
vine, Willi bora of humbii* pareutnije at Wit- 
ney, Oxfnrdfihin?, in Juni^ 1604. IIl^ matrix 
oulati'd frmn VVadhani t'ldlHgt', Oxford, on 

l» Jnly IR^l, groduntpd R.A. on i.l Feh. 

l«:*5aadM,A.on27Junvlfl28. InHlSl'he 
became mooter of MapdAlfln Co11i>f:p .ichool, 
ftom which post he wae ejected by the par- 
liamentarv cotnmiMioncr* in 1(>J8. Several 
of hiH pupilK tltere becaiue ciniuviu. Through 
till- influence of Brian Duppii, [q. v.], bishop of 
Saliahury, he obtalntid iiltDiit ihu ifuiiR' time 
thwrectory of I*«»Hy, lltrJiHliire, wliich Wnod 
MTS he kept 'throiiph the favour of hia 
friends and the <ininllni.-«» of its profile.* 

After thp Ilr^toralion, about I61W, the 
rectory of Apptelon waa conferred upon him 
by the ptl'orts nf Thotna« Pii-rrft fq.v.'^fpn-si- 
dtmtni Magdalen UoUegt- and a former pupil 



of White. He kept both livings until hia] 
dwith, ftT Pii*y. on 31 May I67H. He waa. 
bnried on June in the chancel, whore a 
flat Mon* reconl-* him doath. By hia will, 
dated L'60ct. Ili77, heleft to hU only datigh- 
t«r, b'lijuibeth, hovi»cs and landa at fiaranton 
and ^^'e«lr Wvale, ^ulyL-ct to a cluuf^ ot 5/. 
to be paid to the vionr of St. Mary'a, Oxford, 
un<l his euccessore, for a ratt>chiBm at even- 
ing prayer, 'i'he Iiouh* which hn hsd enacted 
at Puwy he I>eque«lheii to a fon. 

Whil.' wrote wvenil works in Latin under M 
the naniti of 'OuliolTnuiii Phatfriiis.' thte, I 
•Via ad Pacem Hcclesiosiicau],' London, 
1(i60, 4to, i# in the Briti-'h MuitiMiin. Three 
others are mentioned by ^\'oo«j. ■ 

It'oster's Alumni Oxiu. 1300-1711 ; Wood'a I 
AtlieDB Oinn. iii. 1167; Bnrrowsi'a ViattatioD, " 

{> At4 ; Gnriliucr'H Ha^ater of Wa<IhaiD, p. 93 ; 
iioxaa'e Hiat. of Mai^). Coll. iii. 1£8.1 

C. P. a 
WHITB. Sia WILLIAM ^VRTnUR 
(li:t-i4-lHt)l), diploinalivt, the aon of Arthur 
While, who was in the Britiab conaular 
service, and EliEn Lila, daughter of Lieu- M 
tenant-general William Ganiiiiet Ncvilla, ^ 
was hum in 1^:.'4, and educated at King 
Williain'" Collrgi't We of Miui, and at 
Trinity Collep^, Oambridjce. He entered 
thd Consular wrvice on 9 March 1857 as 
rl(^^k to th« consul-general at Warsaw. Ha 
freniieuily acted a* ooosul-geiieral ; and on 
9 Jan. 1851 he became vice-cou6ul, again 
nctinij; as cousut-cpULTal for the greater 
Dart of 18at> nnd m;.<t. Here, wilh stroi^ 
rulii-h BTtDpathieif, ho neverthelees oon- 
IH^irtcd liimwU with "itch jiidgraent as 
to offend Kuwia. On 9 Nov. IJW4 h 
appointed consul at Danzi({, where in 1 
acted also for nix monthit ati Belgian consul, 
and during the war of 1870 look charge of 
French intero'ts. On i!7 P'eb. 1875 ho was 
transferred lo ^>ervia as llriii^h agent and 
consul-general. Thia ]>o«l at laat ({»vb him 
fiomt' Ei^upi) for employing lL>> knowledge 
which for many ycjam pnsl he had been 
acqniring, and laid the foundation of his 
greiil influence in dealing with KsElvm 
nntionalitiefl. Within a f>'w months of 
bis arrival in Serria the old Eaetem 
qiioittion bcfjan to niwumo an acute phase, 
and in Juno 1^70 the Ser^-iana, following 
the lead of llerxegovina. declared war against 
Turkey. Thi'ir iWeai was followed by tin 
irnifi^ri-uce nt (\iuHlHiili[iople in Uecemlwr 
l8"fi. Thers l^rd .Saiishury was assisted 
bv While, and was d«-flp!y imprMsed by 
hia knowledge and ability. Througb th* 
Bucceedin;; Uusso-Turkish war ho remained 
in 8ervin, but on the erection of Houmania 
into a kingdom ho was appointed eavoy- 



I 00m- 



^ 



I 

I 

* 



extraonliDuy «r<) tninMt«r-nlL>'nipi->t«i]tianr 
at Bucharwt on 'i Alarc-Ii 1879. On 18 April 
1885 Whiti? wns nominated envoy-extra- 
I'niiiiary at CoiiHtantiiioiilv, and nos ut onci! 
hfiiiRlit face to t'ai* >» itli a quwttiim nf fintl 
iiDTiortance— thp U-gaJity of the nnnexation 
"f lilsml>-rn Kiniiiii-Iin to itul|piriit in Oofinnco 
of the treaty of Rerlin of )8"8. Ituoaia took 
tbe sround ihiit tlie treaty must he upheld 
at all costs. White wnn Mnvinceii iliat tin.- 
breach of tti« treaty was realty in the imp- 
rests of Euron-; and cv«Mitu«lly ho ciirricd 
Uii* poiai witn ibe representntivi-s of tlic 
Miiwer*. Ilia Bl^rlOll dirvctly contributed to 
tha ccMtMlidatiun of Kulgariun oationalily, 
and the Bul)ptrian» wer* nol slow to peenjf- 
mnp this. Early in ll^J?4i bo woe epecially 
thatiki'O by the Kon-riinnint for hii< nclmn. 
He was creatwf C.B. nn HX Marrh 1H"H, 
K.O.M.O. on 10 Morek 18*3. G.C.M.O. on 
38 Jan. 1K%, G.C.B. nn 2 June IRhS, and 
inrnm of the privy cotincil on 29 June 
186^; be wa« made an lionoriiry LL,U. 
of CamliridKr on 17 .Tun« 188*(. 

llii 11 Oct. IH?*!! White was con6rme<l tu 
apMial a mbassndor-CTtra ordinary and pleoi' 

fn'Ifntiarj- at Ouustantiinnile. Ho died at 
ttrflin, ni the Kaiserhof hotel, on St* Uep. 
1801. He waabuncdiii iho llomanciithulic 
church of St. Hedwiir, Uerlin, oa :i\ ]Jec. in 
the preeewf of n'pn^t-utaiiveii of the whole 
di|domatic nnd |iriUticnl iHidy A Kp^dal 
memorial service wa» bi.'Id at Coiutnnti- 
nople. 

White shoved facility in acquirio^ the 
I&ug^uafi(«)> of tb<i«*- with wbcitu b« liad l» di^al. 
He nnoke I'oUfli like (i natire, and was 
equally couvvreiinl with ItoiiinnniHU. Jn 
Rueliartifit bf would go »ul into tb<' miirhi-t- 
plaee in the early morning; and pick u]} news 
From ih" np«imntn H*- bfwl a facwlty for 
d-n'otin^ iiini.self to all that bon> immt^ i 
diately on hia work; be wm a Rteat reader : 
of neWftpJiperB and hlue-book-s aitied \u» | 
matter with (rreat acumen, and retained i 
what he needed with Dxtninrdinary accuracy I 
and method; iiii^rctullvctiuu uf pitt^oiiul and j 
official occurrences was of the mime precise 
and UMtful i-barocter, and be utilimxl u< ih" 
fnll, and was a|ij>i«riHted by, tbt- correHixiii- 
denla of the prew. lie a^iplied his Imowludf^ 
'with a quii'k inKi^lit itiio mutiv<w and rnn- 
•MjnejiceA whirh enabled him to check in- 
trigue without re^ortinj; to it himself lie 
■w»f a ffreat iovcrof fiermany, nnd is (uiid 
lo have urged Onnt Itrittuii Xo join the 
triple ailiaDCr ( Acirf, 1 -Ian. I^^l, p. A). 
Thu Frvtich prv<^ ]w'vl him ilu^ complimi'nt 
of coniimtulaliog rhemselve* on his death 
as nn the removal of an ohfttaclu to Kruncb 
■mbition and enpanmion (ii. 31 Dec. p. h). 




Mniitei»arried,in IH(J7, Kathttrine.dBiuli- 
ler of Lflwia Rendsior of I^anii^, and left 
thre« dau|{bt«ra. 

[TiiDM, 2flaad30Dec Ifiul.and I nnd a Jan. 
1892: Foreign Office Liai, 1831; Unrko'aPeer- 
*e«, 1890.1 C. A.H. 

WHITEFIELD.GECmr.E (171-1 -1770), 
tivang^linl utid hiidtT nf i'nlriniEtic inellio- 
distc, sixth son and vonnft'-tf chddof Thoniaa 
Whitwheld (./. 27 bee. 171(5, ugad aii. by 
hU wife, Kliiabrth Kdwnrds {J. Dee^mbHr 
1751), wna born at che Hull lnn,<ilu»i-ester, 
on Iti Dec. 1714. Ilia enrlie^t Known im- 
cestor wail William Wbytfeild, vii^ar of Mav- 
field. Sussex, IflOtJ, whose son, Thoman Whit- 
fidd, wa^ vicar uf Liddiard Slelicent, Wilt- 
shire, IIKV4--^>, and «itb"«iui'nllr njctor of 
Hockhampton, OloDci-siershire. Thomas was 
sucwided in IGaS as rtt-torof RocJihamp:oii 
bv hia Mill, Sam lU'l Whit fetd.Hnd Samuel, in 
li'ja, by htfiMm, S&uinel Whitfield (FonTERf 
Ahimni O-ron. ]i<H'2, iv, Iffjlj. Andrew, 
brolherof ihf, Uisl named, hod fourteon obil- 
dtvn.of whom theeldest.TbomaH Whitulield, 
father of Georffe. became a wine men■ha^l^ 
in IJriatol, and later kept thu Bell Inn at 
CiloHcester. The name is uionouCK-ed Whit- 
field. Of VAliil'.-ficld's Lurly years (to 1730) 
a Mlf-accusinj^ history wa-i given by himself 
in ' ASIiort A(:cmitit,^ [740^ limofabridifL-d, 
I7f>(i; TvFKW*s'«/-ryi' incorporates t he wbok* 
nf the oriifintd). Hi* wyll-known squint waa 
the re»uJt of mea^lea in childhood (Vlir.LlUS, 

I). 270). Flu Seems to liuve been a rogninh 
ad, but with go<^>d impultrL'K. His mother 
look paina with bin education. She marriwd, 
in 17^1, tmv LunKdi:i], an impacuniouii iron- 
mon^fer at (ilonct-i'ter. 

Ill l7'i(J Gcorpe went to ihi! St, Sfory da 
Orj'pt school, lie wna fonder of the drama 
than of clasMcal Mudr. and, lnuner a bom 
iirlor, took part t,' ill nirVs clot hea ' ) iu f chool 
plays before ihi- corporation. Before he was 
tifteen he porauadeu hia mother to reinovo 
him from school. Shortly alterwarda, her 
t'ircum8taiK*<?s being "on lh« decline,' ho 
ilMi»led in the public-huun^, IjeromiTijf at 
huiglh 'a common drawer for ni;;h a ynar 
iiT)d u hiJf.' During thia nt-rii^ the inn was 
made over to one nf hia brntberfi: hw then 
tV-li mil with his sistPT-iu'Ian- and left tho 
inn (the same inn wa."* kopt, from 1782, by 
th>' father of llunry I'hillpottti [q. v.], bishop 
ofRxi^tert. After viniting another brother, 
Andrew.at Bristol, he ri:tun)ed lohis mother, 
who, on the report of one of hia acboot- 
fi'llon-a, induced him lu prepare for Oxford. 
lie went back to {k-IiooI, bmamw a cuiTimu- 
nimnt on Christmns day 1731, and entered 
aa a avr>itor at IVmbroke CoUegw, Oxford, 



Whitefield 



86 



Whitefield 



matriculating on 7 Nor. MS3. Among hia 
oontftmpnrnne* wsr WiUlam Shpnslone the 
poet. lie haii {tQCuninr}' aid from I .<tHv Hltin- 
beih EUMin^ [([. v.], tbrniitrh whnra jim- 
b«blj begaa Us connectioa with Selinn Ifast- 
ian, count^M of Hunt iDsdoo [a. v.] 

Before eoiog to Uxroru he ' oad heard of 
aiid loveil the Oxford methodMlK. llix in- 
troduction to Oharle* W«*l«y (170r-178H) 
fq. V.J wii« Ijrought ttfjout by hia ftcndiii); 
WeaEoy ti(itir(>f>rai»uoof Ettliitnplod Huieidc 
CliaHri* W<i«Ikv i-nt liim twokit ; lie fir*t 
' knftwwhnt truftreli|;ion wa«' through ri'ad- 
intr 'The Lift) of (Iwd in tlm Soul of Miui* 
C I fi"? ), by 1 fenry Rooiifrnl [q. v.] He copied 
the metho'liBt practicee.butu'senot octuiillv 
admitted t<t the 'socii-ty'tiU ]7;i'), in which 
year bedatcs kisconvurstou. At Gloucester, 
where he appot th« hkttor half of that vc«r, 
he formed 'a little BOciotr'on tlii> tucthndin 
mod^l. On 1*0 June 17-Wl he was ordaiDe<] 
deAconiit ttloucoivtcrby Martin Benson Tq, v.], 
prt'oched hia first senium al St, Mnrv tit 
UTypI- on -I June, ami gra'liiated B.A. in 
July. Tlio remuval uf the WMlwys puvi- him 
the lead of Ihr- ft^w n-inutnin^ Oxford mo- 
thodiste. During h visit to London ho eon- 
Mired tlia idea of jnininR rhe Wcxli-v* in 
(Georgia, but wan diAKundeil liTfri«'nd». Kis 
first flermon in London wiis on H Awg. at t>t, 
Botolphs, ISifhop^pitc, whero h« cnptirnr*:^ 
1111 autliL'nL'o inclint-d ul lint to sneer at hi» 
youthful lixiUs. For a few weetta (NovemUr 
to l>Hcei]i1>er 1733) lie iifSicinlod for Ohark« 
Kinchin (1711-1742) al. Ihimniir, Hutnti* 
ahiro, and bad rhfl nllVr nf ' a very protitahle 
curncvin Loud on /which li«deElinci!,tli(>itjih 
in deEit, hATinjT maile np hiH mind (:!l l>er.^ 
forCleoifria(CKAi(L>x\V txi.Kr,Jow»aJ, l^(4ll, 
i. fift). ^amos Hcrvey <1"I4 17fift) [f]. v.] 
succeeded him at. 1>uuiTn«r. lilsbnp Benwin, 
Trhom he consulted on Now Year'a day 1 737. 
up|)rov<>d his duiigii. It wa» aol carrii'd out 
for a yi^ar, »pent in uiiMionary preai-hinif, 
chiL'lly in the wast of Knijland and l^mdon. 
For two tnoTil.h* lin vcnit in rharffn of StoiM— 
hoii<)e, QlonnvatctsbiTP (his farewell sermon, 
10 May 1737, -w-iia edited. 1W2, bv J. <!. 
Dim nek, from a manuscript dtwioreTPii in ihnt, 
year). The popularity of hie prenchimr waa 
extraordinaiy: Itts first print'-d jiormon mil 
ilirpii)fU ihnio cdilionii in 17>'S7. He wan in 
coiwtant request for charity Bermons. 

On M Dec 1737 he wunt on board rho 
Whilnker. which did not Ivave the Downa 
for (reonjia till 2 Feb. 1 738. John Wwley, 
who n* iiclifd Uwa! iho chiy b'tforc, would liavo 
Mopped him, but did nor usn the opportunity 
of me<?tinR him (eee Wbulkt, Joiix, and 
WitiTEFiRr.n'fl Hwri-jt, 1771, iv. Wi, for 
Wealoy'a r«cour»c to lot on this occoeioo). 



De made a fbrtniohl'a ttsy at Qibralur, 
whervinf^vr E«eint;Tiifrhma8S,be 'needed no 
other arffunif III nitnJiiKt popery.' The Boremor, 
.Toauph Sabina (16aL»5'-1739) [q. v.], aliowM 
him much attcutioD. Amon^ the ^omsoa 
he found a relij^'oufl society, known &s ' new 
lifchtt) ; ' otbers, belonging to the cburcli of 
SroitnTid, wi'^c known as 'dark lanthonia.' 
The journals of Utsroysge out, tvni to JuBCft 
ilutton (1710-171(51 ^q. t.J, Were printotl 
(17^*-) by T. Cooper. * Huttoo dopn-cated 
the publication as •turn-iililiouit; it ts mom 
cloic to the original than 1 Jutton'a own iiwuA, 
whii^h ran Ifimuj;!] four etUlions in ihi eame 
year. Wh itelit^ld's jnurnaU wtiro too «>g(^ 
litttic for publication, and they prejudiced 
the meihoaiAC cauite. Tlit-ir iuav act an i-x- 
Hmple followed, with more judgmt>nt, by 
.Tohn \\'e*l''y, who bt-jran to publiah hi 
journals in 1710. WliiU'ficld's ( t«oTpa mU- 
Bionliadinoreapparenttiiico.-^lhan \\ etlcy's; 
he was a younijcT man. much more eloquent, 
and unconcerned with disputveaboutcburch- 
manahiu; moreover, he was provideil with 
funds * lot tbu poor of Georgia.' He Bytnpa- 
thiaed wilJi ihu ctdotiixlit, dn'niwl liy Iho 
truEtoue 'the iitte both of rum and alsTee.* 
Hut hrt hi-nrs cmplintic tiMlimonx- to the fact 
that ' the good which Mr. John Wi-^lev bos 
dnm." . , . i« ineTpresaible ' i^Jotutiit/), \\ hite- 
fii^ld Airuok out n line of his own by esta- 
blinhiiig scboula and pi!0}ix:ting nn orphan 
house. To collect money for this Hclirint^, and 
to obtain print's ordiTs, be left for England 
nn 21* .\ug. (hi his rftuni he wx-nt a fort- 
night in Irvland. well received i)v Rishopi 
lluRtcoiifthand Rnndleand Arcbbiahop Boul- 
t«r. He waa nrrlaini'd at Christ Church. Ox- 
ford, on 14 Jan. I7y9 by Martin I^eoson, 
noting for Seeker, and on lettcnt dimUaory 
from Kdmund Gibson [q. v.], bishop of I^d- 
don, who ftcc«pt<«d as title Whitebeld'a a[^- 
poIntniL-nt by tlieOt.'oriiiu trust eee as minister 
of t^avannab. Lady ituntlntidon inten.<«t«d 
httr^olf in his onliniLtion,and brought aristo- 
cralic htinrera to bii> pn<achin^r, among tbem 
th« fiimouB Sarah, dudiefui of Marlborough. 

Lik" Wrml«y. ^Vhitcfietd attended the 
Moravian meetings in Frtt^r l.anc; unlike 
Wysley, he paid visits to leading di^^fenlors: 
I«na€ Wmta [q. v.] received him ' moat cor- 
dially.' lie got into trouble by uronching nt 
St. Miirgarrt*s,\\'estminster, in trie afternoon 
i^f.Siinday,41'"fb.l7S9. Morgan, ibe Friendly 
Society's lectun-.r. bcin({ out of (own, had en- 
gagud John Jnmes Majendie to fiupply hi-4 
plncf. Nol knowing ihi*, the stewards had 
sent for WHiitetield. Majendio was rudely 
siiprseiled; of this Whitefield. who wished 
to ri'rire in his favour, was innocent: but 
the matter gave rise to much angry writing 



I 



i 
i 



against methodifU, coDtisuMl for •oin« 
BonLlu hy ' lUcbard Hooker' (i.«. Willtaoi 
W*b«t«c [q. V.]) in th« ' Weekly MiswUuny.' 
Aeonsequeaco wtui that at Buth atid Briittul, 
^lAro lifl vutwd to prcKch on W'bair of the 
6«onria orphuia^, hU ovi?nures wvki n>- 
J«Oteo. At Halijilmrv' liu risitod f^uMUiiiM 
w'esley, who ftflkt»d hini if her sons ' were 
nottnufingaomeinnovatioaEii] tlii'cbiin;U;' ^ 
he uearod her ' th>>y wi-ni on fnr frDm it that 
they endeavoured all ihey could to ivcoocil)^ 
(liuenters to our commimion' (SnivEXROx, 
MemoriaUt^tAt H«/fy /■limiVy.lS'ii.p.iiO). 
lie began uiMm-uirprem-UiDf; at I'ow Grw ii, 
onKingnwood Uili,nDur KrlHiol.uii 17 I'Vb. 
irifit, Thi* utrvicv cyHVi-r1»?il Tlmuiua Max- 
fi<^ld, afU^rw&rdB John Wftsley's HS§ifitant. 
The pulpiU of Dmlol chwrchwi vtirrv nnw 
flpCTi>yl to him, hui on tiO Prb. he wu anm- 
moned to t h t< chance I lor V court and tbrealoned 
with excammunination forpreatliing-without 
licenM. Bii>hop Rtith-r, to whom hi? ap|ilu>d, 
wrote him a fcvourable letter, prgmisin^ a 
bencfoctioD toniird« thi^ oqihiinn^'C ; ho pive 
flvv ftuiiie«s on W May (,Tn:R»ty, i. l>*'i, 
^33, ail)). He was, howercr, excluded from 
churches, and vviii from preaching iu ihf 
pritvin; only the '(tu^ii'ty' rooms were open 
to him. tlencL- lio thivw hicn».'lf into ihu 
work of outdoor pnwirliiog, alwavH wi'jtriiig 
lull rl^cal rohee. 

V'uiiting WttW in March with William 
Seward (ITOS-l'JU), hnithL-r of Thomtt 
Seward fq. t.I he find uiyl Ilowel Uarrin 
(q.v,} On 2 April tt; laid tbe tirst stone of 
a schoul for tot* coUJitk at Kiiigswood, » 
work tak<>n up by Wi-sli-y in the fullowjnjr 
June. At St, Miirydo (Vytrt.Ulouceeter, he 
hiiptUM'd (17 April) » ipinkiT 'nlniut niitv 
yeure of age.' At Oifnnl ht received ' a great 
ehock'un baring that hi« old frif>nd KinL-hiii 
had reftigned Itia fi-11r>w?hip, and was rf-porti'd | 
to be on the point of leaving tlw church ; be ' 
looked forward to 'dreadful coniKoui.-nc<^rt' 
from ' a necdlen ■eparalion.' No pulpit was 
open to him in Oxford. In I^ondon (-Itorge 
Stcirii'homw, ricur of Ht. Murj'V, Uliiigtoji, 
invite'] Iiim to preach, but the churchwarden 
interfered ; occonlinRly he preaclifd(27 April) ' 
in the chiiM.'hyard, atAndinf;!)!! u l.oniliKtunr, . 
* to a prodigious coacourM' of |>M»plp,* IRs 
fl;^ optm-air sermon at Koorticlds (then a 
led p«rk) waa oa 'it) .\ pril, bi.'for.> chnrfli | 
At moming serrice the Eaine day ho 
lt«ard a violent tiennou acuinst hiit movement , 
by Joseph Trapp [q. v.] at Chriw. Churcb, 
Newgate, and remnrks I hat 'the preacher 
«B0 not BO calm m I wlnhcd him. Trapp 
wa« bni-lii'd up hy thu ' \V«.-kly Mt«cell«uy;' 
Whitefi>?Id hy Kohert Scnj^uve [q. t.] Dod- 
dridge he4rd Whiteftcdd in Mayon Kvuninff 





ton Common, and ehought hiia raah and 
enibusiasiic, 'a wiuik man, much too posi- 
tive" (Ul'UrilHtrvs, t'tirreyi'mi/enix of 7Jm?- 
driiJfe, 182(^ iii. Sslj. Bishop Jleneon, dis- 
approving of htK it int^ntntlnlxMin, 'itlVi-ction- 
uttfly udmotushed' him to preach only whero 
be wiw ' lawfully Rppoiiili.<d,' a sufTgiistion at 
which,replied AVhit<>tii^]d (0 July |, ■ my blood 
runs chill.' lie had already (io March) 
begnna corrwipondfrnco with Itulph Krskino 
fq. V.J, the Scotiish »ocedt-r, whoM Mrmons 
he hftd rciid. \Vhit4'field wrote (1*3 July) 
* My leudiin^it ail^-ctiuni' uwait thu ossociatu 
presbytery' (comlituled U l>ec. 173:5). IL 
liiM \>v*:\\ said that in Whilcliuld*fl sermon 
(tieu- iii. Ki) at £>lul(t! Nnwiiiglon (31 July) 
' to about twenty ihouHand people,' hp ginss 
proininrncti for the firBt time to tho Cul- 
vinifltic doctrini! of election ; but this Mrinon 
('Thu Serptmi beguiling Kve," 1710, 8vo) 
liu bven ConriiiM-d with a Inter sermon ('The 
Seed (rf the Woman,' &r., 1742, 8vo) from 
the same text (TtkkmjiK,!. 1^73). On 1 Aufl. 
Itt^bop Gil)«cin is^upd n pastoral in which 
'enthiL'vtasm,' as iiutitifi'Nt iu Whitefivld's 
jountiils,).') condemned; Whitefield, in reply, 
ollV-rvd (Jibaon ' th^i dlk-mma of pitber allow- 
ing my divine commiMion, or denying your 
own' ( }\'iirk», \v. IS). 

On 14 -Aug. 1739 hii cmhnrliud for .\n]«- 
rica in the Flizabeih, taking with him 
Williain Seward and JoM'ph Perium (an 
iittomcy's ciurlt, whise futher, thinking him 
craiv, hiid jnu hiiu iiuo tlt-dluiu for iliree 
weeks). They landed in .Vmerica on .'WOct. 
and visilud l^hiladulpliia on 2 Nov.; thence 
he visit.cd New York, lie left Pi^nnnyl- 
vaniA on 'i^ Nov. to make hii) way tUrougli 
Muryhind, V'iri^nia.and t'«r*ilinii, tofiiinrgia. 
\\\i preaching, welcome] hy 'all but his 
nwn churcir {Letlfr of Bmjamiyt Culman, 
D.f}.\ was mainly in presbvierian mMling- 
houses and the open air. 1 here is no better 
tcjtimnny 10 its power than that of Deo- 
jamin Krunliliii, wito writc>, -It waswondeis 
I'ul t<j !>ee the cliange soon made iu the 
inannura of our inhnhilnnts ' ^^femoirg, 181S. 
i. fiii). IIh reached Si^vannah on II Jau. 
1710, bringing n-ilh him i,530^. (about half 
CoUnu'ed in AinHrini) lowardi* th<i orplian- 
B)^', for which the O.-orgiii. tnisteefl had 
j^mntpd him five buudred acres of land. 
Ill- at oncv? hir.'d a hoii*c, and on 2o -March 
began a building, to be called Bethesda. 
For the reniuindi-r of his life the mftin- 
ivuiinc« of thiitiuiiliiiiiion waa an important 
factor in bin work, compelling him to travel, 
and inspiring him to pn-ach (TxKiui.i5, i. 
S.'iO). Duriiig thirty yttiirn of itn raaiinge- 
nient he expended on it, from his private 
rveouma, 3^:^99/. {ib, H. &tjl). 



Whitefield 



8S 



Whitefield 



On k visit to Chirlpetoa, South Carolina, 
in March 17-10, )i« gut Into an unwiM! con- 
tmreniy with the comnissnry, Alesaiidor 
GurdeD {lOSi-]"*'^) [m» undi-r iSARDEX, 
Alehashbr'. rpctnr of St. Philip's, who 
Dreacbi^d ac^iiist him. WhitefitilJ retortlnp 
trom n <!iii»cniiiifr pulpit, nml orirrjins thi* 
nuurTOl into ]irint. lie uttdiTtook lo provo 1 hat 
TiUotsoii 'hnfW rio nioro about true Chris- 
tianity thun Muhnnn-i,' tin i'xpn'.*sioii which 
h.- futlittrnd oil Weiiley, ' if I iiiistHke net.' 
On 4 April he wroio an unavailing pniiiOifil 
ofiniirTiimi' til KhKn]H>lti Di-Umotte nl' IHfii- 
dnn, Kont, eiiter of ('UnrVB 1 ti'lnmorti^ \Vtf«- 
iIct's companion to tK-orain (Tvkrmax, i. 
8m)). Ht^vinitin^ Philadi'lphia in April, he 

Jloflded u» usual for tho orphan huii«p. 
'"ronljlin. whom h« omplny.-J n^ prirt.'r, hurt 
advixod kini on oconomic grounds to build 
tb« hoiine nt fhihictelphia, and refused to 
eontributi^ to thi> Oeoririft scheme. But, 
hvnrtij^ Whitetttdd preach, lie 'began to 
ftofteii,' and ronduatd to ^To copper; 
* uiiotliiT stroke' dociatH^ him lo give eUvpr; 
at the finish ht'empli(?d' hia 'pocket into 
tho culk'Ctvr'ii diih, (^ild aud uU. Hiis ful- 
lowiTit in I'hifndt^lphin fouiidi'd tlnTf (17J;i> 
a prt'ahytfrjun c(>n(rpflfrution. Whiteiieltl 
hitnni-ir pnycc-li'il "n. «cIhk>1 for ni-pYir* in 
IVMHsyhania : ' live thou»tAnd nrrrw nf land 
wen* bmi|i;bt fur thi» purptiw, Seward went 
to T<]ii)flund to colk-ct funds, but the pliuk 
nid'-'d with hi» uiHiuiflv death. 

Nominally ili^ Anglican incumbent of 
Savannah, SVhitflitild was Bcliu);iae(ri.ict ob 
n minister at lur){*-, li-avin(( .lum<^ llalx'T- 
shFUn, tbfi scbotdmodliT (a hivmaii). lo ruad 
prnvcrn nnd M-rrminK in Iiik nl;i4H'. llf Inm- 
BelfdiKcardvd thesurplic**; BlwayBpTnyttl, na 
well asprnaclied, extempore ; ennstant ly otTi- 
ciati.'d in disKontinir mrt'tiBp-hoHWii, nnd 
Bevernl tines put Tilly, a haplist minister, 
into hi« pulpit. Visiting ChiirWton in 
July 1740, ho wo* clt«d (7 Julyi lo apfM-ur 
nu 15 .liilv bofortt the rommisHarv to answr-r 
for CL'rtain i rn.'giitaritiw, 't'hicjfy for oiuil- 
tinn ti> LIW5 tliH forui of pnivfru prenCTiLw) 
in thMcommunionhook.' He duly appeared. 
GarxWn and fnnrothjTrh'rgynuin cont>titiil»d 
the cnmtniiisary'f" court. Fivr- dnvs (on ench 
of wtuch Whitefield proadied twice (o Inrjje 
audienciit) u-eiY- ^pmit in ar^iing quMioiV't 
of juri-idiclion; V^ hitefield appealed lo chan- 
cery, and ud ll> July wa« bound unduroalh to 
lod^uhiii n|lpeal^VLlllinatwelvemoutb,dl!po 
aiting I(l/.asguaranlee. TbeappealwaaduLy 
made: hut as it did not come to a hvnring 
within a venr and a dny, (Innlniia^ain »uui- 
mO'ned "W'hiiefield , and, in hia nhBenw. pm- 
nouiiced a dt-creo of siimtrniiion. This is 
eaid to have been thfl Brnt trial in any 



Anglicun ccdeeiaalical court in a Britiab 

colony. 

Whitefield WAS invit4yl to Boston (S«|^ 
Icmbi^r 1710) by ISenjamin Colmaii, D.D. 
(Iti73-1747), of iirnttle J^trept eon^esation, 
a correBpoudent of Uenir Winder q. v.], 
and in clo«f alliance with Engliab diaaent. 
lie preached ogaiujtt th« liberalism which 
waa mnking ita way into llarFnrd ('oUHge; 
ihi're ia no duubl ihnt hia influence did much 
lo stem the tide of dtK-lriual indiil'erpnct) 
among I ho run^^gatiunalista of New Eng- 
land. Hi- Kav<^ Urn- vitality to the Cal- 
vinii-tic position, and this reacted on hisown 
tfaidiing. Hence Wcaley's 'free grace' 
p^'rinon i«f which Wesley hail aent a copy to 
(jarden) dn,'w from Whitefield a ' Letter' of 
rcmninii ranee ('Ji IK'C. 17401, Ita publica- 
lion (March 17-lt>, which Chartf* WlvIc; 
tried ti> avert, made the breach betireen thfl 
' two sorts of niethodi»t«' < W'kslbt, 11 Vntf, 
viii, M^iJl. The peraonol alienaTion wu 
aliPttlivcd : Wpnlcy enya the trouble ' wa» 
not merelv the diiferi^uci) of doctrine,' but 
' rather Hi. W hitefield's manner' (A.xi.463). 
Jt inii)<t U> un'ui-d that thvmwas 'maiiner' 
on both i*idi-», Thefnllow-emof Ww«leyand 
Whitt'lield henceforlb formed riral parties. 

Whilrfn-ld li'fi Chnrle-lnn on IH Jan. and 
rpadied Kalnioiith on 11 March 1741, From 
tliisdnti: III.' ri<a>H<d to write lournaiii; but aar- 
m tire* of his work from his own pen were sap- 
pi led in t 111? ' L'hriNt ian 1 1 i«tory ' i 1 740-7), tho 
' Full Aopount,' ) 747, l:Jiiio,And the 'Kurilier 
Account,' 174", 8vo. To provides preaching 
place for liiin while in L<imlon, hi» rrietidf) 
Tinjciiirud a site a liitle to the north of 
W<-*h'v's Fuunili-rv, and vrecteil *■ larffe 
temporary Bhed' linown an the tabemncle. 
This wiin iipHned nlionh the middle of April 
I7n,atid borami' tlir-h^-adquarrer^of Whih^ 
tield'o lioiidoii work. Il was replaced bv a 
lirii-k building on the ume site, opened' ns 
10 JuBL' 17.13. The Aloortii-ldjt tabornaclit 
»Hppwitt.'d ihe Norwich tabenmcle, i^rivted 
for Jami'd Wheiitley in 17ol, Whitefield's 
Itrijitol labt-rnacle waa opimed on 2t> Kot. 
17'»tl. 

On in .April 1741 Halph Kr^kine wpcrte 
entrcatin;; Whitefield to viait Scotland. 
Thi- incaibert of the ' aaaooiate presbytery ' 
had now (1740) l>pen foTmnlty excluded 
froni the miiiistry by the general sMnmbly. 
KrskiiiL-. wb.t wt:*ln'd Whitefield to caat in 
hia lot: culindy with the 'associate preeby- 
tery/ made it a condition that h« should not 
preui'li in the pitlpilv of thvir ' pereecutors.' 
AgaitiU tiiis limit Whitefield wrote frankly 
1 11 EbcneiM'r Krskine [q. v.] tui well as to Ratpli, 
df*iring lo W 'ncutiT as to I bo particular 
reformatiotiofchiirchgovemaenl,' Eheneipr 



.XwkiiM Wt it * unn?«onatlo ' to scvk to 

dwiitifr Wliiti>fir>l(l will) tlii> tH'ntling orua- 

ilioii, and found a way niiT. oUht- ditfieulty 

"'' II inn not of "our c«rnipl- c\fTry ' hut of 
rihe people,' Whitefield arrived ut Dun- , 
'-rmliiic on 30 JmIj 1741 .m ft visit In 
ilpb Ermine, who at once tuckted hiiD on 
tthfl subject uf his episcopal oniinalion. Writ- ' 
iofT ('ll JuIt) to hilt brother, hi; ullirmK ihKt ' 
\VhiI«fietd told hiin 'hi? would nut liavo it , 
tlmt way 5gaiii for a lhnuiian<l worlds ; ' u» 
for rvfuKiTif^ irivitalionx to [in-Mch, lie would 
'finhnwe ' the nflVr of *a jesiiit priusr. nr n 
Mahgini'dnn,' in onVr to t>.'-«lify nKniii*! : 
them. Hn mr^t and fonfem-d with Ihc | 
'associate prcBbytery' on & Auff. It wiw ' 
OD t.hi* occasioTi ihnt hn ff*vt> hi* fainnns 
answer, when besought to preatrh only for , 
' the Lord** people,' that ' the dBvil'speoplr' ' 
wow in moTti nrcd of pn-achinp. riiiflinff I 
that he was resolved tn Ira iitriclly nenti-al ' 
OD el^ck»iD«ticAl nolitirs, tlit a-tsociutc- pr<'»> > 
bytvr* diMtvowi-d hitji, Adnui tiib U\. v.] 
piibliabed 'A Warninp ' (1742, Il'mo) 
anioit * this forL'ianvr,' to pruvu that 
AVtitcfield'n ' wltohi diirlrine in, iiml lii« a«c- 
cees must he, diaboUi^ul.' Tho ' asaociulu 
presbjti'ry ' in it« «cl of 2."! Tt^c. 1 743 t-nii- 
msnrtea 'tiie kind KCfirtion ' j^iv^ii to Whilt?- 
field amoni^thefinR of Scotlniid. liis popii- 
tarily wm Terr ffrcnt : in thirteen wc«iC8 ho 
Tieitvd Mmv Iliiriy tosvni' and hud liiiae 
opeOHiir aadietices..* His rietractors observed 
tnat 'faff was inflexibk- about tliu uiticl-i of 
e»thrnn|f inoricv ' ( W'AITKr.P.T, AntrciSate*, 
T«71', p. aSI I ; lliey furput to add lUal this 
was n«"")Wiiy fur liiji uwni'vulrrit wlii-nn'^. 
In OctobiT B« wnii the puest at .MelTilk' 
House, Fifesbire, of Alesnnder, fifth carl of 
Lcvcn and fourth «irl of Mrlrillo {d. ITftl), 
the royal commiutoner to the general as- 
Kiuhly. 

Lvavlog (Minburgh on 20 Oct. IT4I. he 

rode to AlHrt^venn}', Monmuuthshire, (1i« 

reaidtfnCR of a widow, i'liztibcth J»[nc» (born 

Biimnll], B frii'ud of Wrwh-y, wbo call* her 

•a woman of candour and humanily' (Wia- 

LBV. W*iTk*, i. ;m ), W tiiti.'UrUl nmrrird hi-r 

on 14 Nor. I74I at St. Martin's, ratrphillT, 

purisll of K(rlwg)lan, CtUtnorEnnsbir". \\<f 

ud mailtf up hi^mtiid to nnrry < 1 11 Ot. 1740i ; 

but no previoa9 courtehip of Mrs. JameA is 

kiiovrn. She was t^-n ymra his [wnior, and 

had r<-ith«r fortune nor buaniy fhi> own ac- 

^counl), hut wa»a' teudtrruunie'aiidawoniuii 

^^■f 6lrDn)7 mind. provL-d mom than oiic<- in 

^HpyinifcirviiiiuitKncM: hIih 'nmi alioiit luahtnK 

^^prtridges' when the Wiliuin^on, bound 

^Bi>r (?«OTgia, aevniM in danger of iillitck by n 

Dutch fleet ( WorlHf ii. 68) ; and on another 



occasion, us Whitcfiuld noiod in her funeml 
sermoD. bailn hi-r hu>huiid 'phivths man' 
(VAn»Uan Mi»eeUany, 1W)6. p. 'ai(*>, Un- 
liappiiit-aa in bio innrnod lift> hns been in- 
furred from the langiiap? of John Bfrridge 
[n. v.], who unworthily calls the wivea 
of Weslpy and Whiteheld 'a brace of 
fcrreis ' (CiLEnMoMj, p, ."JOO); and from tb» 
testimony of Corridiim Wint*?r (174i!-1807}, 
who was'an inmate {17G7-9)in Whit«fitdd'i 
lious* during his wife'a declining dav*, but 
who don* not lay all tin- fnult on tne Udv 
(J*V, jVmwV* •'/ iVintrr, ISO!', p. 80). 
Kh<; divdon 9 Ane. 17t(^, and tight montliR 
afl*'r ber deatb ^\ hiU'Hcld writvi! (1 1 March 
I7ftl1j, "I feiil the loM of my ri;f]it bnwl 
daily.' Tlicy lind one cliUd, John, boni at 
Ilcxion on l <»rl. 1"4;J. bnpt)»-d i>id»lic!y ut 
the Muorfielde tabernacle, burivd ai Ulou- 
tti-ntt'-x OM ^ Feb. 17J4 {Kfffuter of S(. Mary 
decrypt). 

Within a week after bis niarriftgc Wbiu*- 
fifdd start<^d on a misuonarc lour in the 
weBl. .-\t ()louc>.!ftvr and Taiuswick ho 
preached in [lariBh cliorche*, aft<'r long i-x- 
c-luHion. From London be embarked for 
Seollflnd on '2li Mny 1742, n-acbing Uin- 
burj;!] on '^ Juno. His drrond vti^it to 
Sirolbind !>tiinulriti-(l the fs'tTioun revival 
at Cambuslan^, l^nnrkphirr-, jun Ix'gim by 
William MCullotb (_10W-177I), the parish 
c-l>'rpjmnn. Thv ponit^'nts were A«i(ed with 
bymeria and convuhion (Hobb, t'lttt/ffu/ 
S'arrafitf, 1742; reprintm) 184(1), pheno> 
mvua di.'n'>uuced by Ht>L<?den as rencwinff 
the fiXCeAf^n of Ibt- riirniKiinU (FtmiER, 
Iteview. 17421. Corrpfciwndenofi with Wea- 
U-x wiva n'nniniNl in OctotJer.and the persona) 
rejatiotifi of the two Wd'T^ wur* htfuceforth 
cordial. Wbit4>lteld was back in Lonilon on 
H Nov. He pfi-^idcd nt tho first conference 
of Calvinistic metbodisid lifid at Wntford, 
near Ciwrrpbillr [llv^nf», I,i fro/ II. Jlarria, 
1891'. p. 2'SS)', on T, Jim. 1743, prt'cediiiB 
Wesley's conforence by « ypnr ami a linlf. 
it conttixU-d of four cler);^~men, inehiding 
Dftiiiel ICowlaud* U\. v.], iiiul (nn Uynien, 
including Harris, Ilumptirpys, ami Onniok, 
tlnf latter Iw" buving deserted Wesley for 
Whiiefield, At tli« sct'ond ronfen-nco 
(II April) Wbitefield was 'chosen, it' in 
Kngland, to Iw ftiwfty» moderator.' Hams to 
he modenitor in his absenco (fM'yttJ Maga- 
:iiti;\77\, p. HH ; HvOHiat, p. I'-IO). At a 
later conierenci- in the i^amo yt-ar it waa 
iiRTeed ' not to separate from thi* ir«lBbIi»hwJ 
churi'h ' ( Warkt, li, 8S). Five >*ears after- 
wanlji Wlutffield HdioilK in a letter to 
Wesley <1 Sept. 174*>) that lie must. Iparo 
lo (ithiirM tb^^ fonnatiun of ' societies,' and 
give himself to geneml preachinfj {it. ii, 169), 




Whitefield 



90 



Whitefield 



Uence Lq put Ilams in chnrg^ {'27 April 
1748) nf thu MoorBeldi* rnbumnclp nnd oilier 
Kugliah sooUities. An«r his ruptur<:^ witli 
lionrliuidi) (Mar I7G0), llarris aeetded (o 
form an aiidiociitl ion ol' his uwu HlvGii£e, p. 
JJ64), Itowlands licftdin^ thL- inuin tiody. 

In 8(|iI«iuIilt 171-3 I>i>Jdridfl\' prvacLeJ 
M ttie lab«ma«>le, and waa taKen to tuli 
{SO Sept.) by Isauc: Watbi for * ^inUini; the 
c)inntcl«r of B miniMiir, nttd eHpecially a 

I tutor, among ihe di&BRiitGr9,sa low thL'nrby' 
(Hdiip)1RBV», Oirretpanrlmrf nf Thi/driihe, 
1*^29, iv. yA4!. Ni'Xt ninnTh r)oddri(rgi* 
opened liis pulpU at XortbiiiDptoD to Wliilt- 
fic'ld, nml wflft warmly renHurc-d by NAtlmnif-l, 
son of Uunie! NetiL [q, r.], aud by John 

I Bajki-r ( ] B^L'- 1 Vliii) [q. v.] {ii. pp. L7o i"*!.) 
lliev considerud tliat atiy alltimce wiili 
metliodbiDi would pri-iudicL> tbcir n>latioiia 
witli the cetabli'iiied church. OthOTB main- 
tctiiiud dial rK>td-pn<nL-liiiig wait not ]>roi«.'ct«<l 
hy the Toleriilion Act, Uitliard Smalbroke 

tij.v.Jliadcliarj.a'^iigainbt lui^'thudislsin 1743, 
laviac Wliitz-tnOd tsixTJuIly in visw. Taking 
hia wife with hini. whitefield <!)nlnrk<,<d for 
America nt PlyniHuHi mi 10 Aii^. 1744, anil 
reochitl Now York on 'JQ Uct. IIU stay 
in America lastiMl til] 2 June 174H. llis 
sncccjis WW Bchii.'vi'd in Unr face of opposi- 
tion frcini New Hn^iland niiniiilers, many of 
whom wroto slronj;ly iv-«pfciinp hi» irregu- 
lar muthods. T(.':»iliuiuni(.'» nt;uin«t hini ivtru 
iiu»ii«d hy rbe facuUif-t of Harvard (^S Dec. 
17-Uj and Yalo (25 l-'«b. 174-'). TowutJb 
the Huppoi't of bin orjilinri huiiHi! h<i jiun^liawd 
(Mbk!Il 1717) 'ii ptaniitlioiL and fllaros' in 
South Carolina, holdin); it ' imi>o«iHi« for 
the inhttbitanto To inhAi!^t without tho uw- 
oflkYSs' iCitruiian HUtory. 17-17, p, 34), 
an opinion which he rcitLTiiit'd in a lettt-r 
(0 IJec. 174<J) to the Ui'ortria truatee* 
\Work», ii. a08>. The ■ kwfiilneM of kccp- 
inff iilavi.>ii' hi'dcfundi-d (£2 .Marub 17^l)on 
biblioiil (froumlii {ill. ii. 404). 

Shortly after his rt'tnm, I-nJy I [iinlJHgdon 
made* him ( Aiiyiist 1748)oi]e of li^r doutfHltc 
chaplftin*. foUowngr tae coureo bv which. 
before toleration, nonconforming dcrgi,- hnd 
been protoci'td. Bolinj^broka wrote to hor 
tlut llic king had 'represented lo his (jracw 
of Cantorbury ' [IK-rrinRl 'that Mr Wliito- 
isld idiuuld hi> ailvaiict-d to the bench, as 
It only uii>an» of putrinff an •■«(! to hia 
_>rMchinfr* (rimuAX, ii. 1H4). Ihiring a 
vicil of six wef'k.i to Scotland (We|(teuiher- 
OctobcT I71S) tho Bynudii of GUspow. 
I»thian, and Perth piL->]«'d n'iioUitiiiuii in- 
tend imI to exrJndo him from churchen. In 
fiO^'wnlwr he visil'.-d Wnttn on liis d«atli> 
^-^ The attacks on niethodi&m by (iporfp> 
y [q. T.], which began in 1749 



{Enthu»M0m of MfthodUtt and PayUts <w«- 
par^d, ]749~/»l,3pt«.), were mainly dinv;r«d 
apiinst Wbitvfield. Lavin^on had been 
n«ttliMl hy B shaai 'charge* puhliahcd in liis 
name by wme unkitown pemm during 1748, 
and containing methodist si>ntiments. In the 
Unu-(j Mnrray ppbtode [sets Wkslbt, John] 
Whii«-1ield folluwtfd Cbarlea Wealey'a bid- 
ding, (hough he told John W«e]eT Uiit in 
hi* jinljrinMit (Inirti Slurrny wan hi* wife. 
He vii-ited Ireland in May 1751, remaining 
till July, whfin hi.' i-aiWrktwl from Belfaiit 
for Scotland. Tho impn-.taion he made in 
Ireland seems to bavu been very tfutsiton. 
His fonrth viiit to Amoriea ((_)ctober 1761- 
Mny 17'>:.>) was curtailed by liia wish to nin 
from the Georgia tntst«c»i before UiL-ir 
cliartur ttxpinid, c-ertain privileges for libi 
orphan house. Ilia hynm-book (1703), vhich 
in 17tH> had poMed through thiny>stx edi- 
tioiiE, wa« compiled for the new-built taber- 
nacle. During a visit to Scotland (July- 
August l7dS ) a playboiuv at Glasgow agusst 
whiidi bt^ hnd derlnimMl waa pulled down 
{ikots Maijasine, 17&3, p. 301). Detuned ft 
Hn.itilh at LJKbon, on bin way to America, be 
wrote and puhliahed (17ri"'>t graphic acoounla 
of the rfligious obser\-ancee there. On thU 
his fifth vi.*it tn Amcricn (May 17Jj4-M»y 
17otJ) the M.A. degree was conlerred on bim 
(Spptombcr 1754) by New Jersey College. 

Ibu eight ycari! from Mav 17&9 to Jims 
17H3 werw spent bv Whiu-Celd in the I'nited 
Kinf;dom (excepting a trip to Holland in 
17H*-'). Innn-mMrhtilili'li'Ufr |2Julv 1756) 
Franklin wrote: 'I soinf^timeewbh ibat you 
and I were jointly wmployeil by the crown 
to wtllo a colonv on the (thio' [^Earmffeiieial 
Mngazittfi, lyWl, p. 51). Un 7 Nov. 1768 
Whitefield opcnwi tht chapel in Toitcnhun 
Court Uoad (rebuilt lt^»»); at the Uytng of 
the foundation in the urorious June be bad 
ihu uounti'niiiice of Beujaiuin Uroevvsor, 
I).I>. [ij. \.\ Thomas (iibbons J^q, v.], and 
Andruw Gifford [q. T.j, rapresentiDg tlio threo 
«(-('tionKof pnitcKlani diiufnt. llccoiuitantly 
vi.°itedScorlnnd, and in 1 7o7 heard the debatea 
in the general a^ccniblv on tliv vaav of AWx- 
auder Carlvlc, D.D. [(\, v,], proaecnted for 
aitending t^ie representation of th« tragedy 
of ' Iloiiffla* ' by John llotnp [<\. v.] Tn I7fiO 
Whitetield (' Dr.Squinlum *) was burleequed 
by Samnel Footo(q. v.Jin tho ' Minor.' The 
nerformanci; lut looao a flood of diMrri'ditabla 
Inuiponm and cariceliires, Df numerous 
ani mad versions by ^^'lliteti4<ld'fl fritmds, nooo 
wrru in<iri!i-llr(:lt\i- than John Wenli^y'" three 
letters to • Lloyd's Evening Post ' in N^ovem- 
ber and DecemlM-r 17(10. In the 'lEvgiater 
Ortifft' (17«1>, by Josi'ph It^d \a. T.], 
WhiteSeld is introduced as 'Mr. \\ atch- 



I 



I 



k 



light:'ia tlM * Methodi«t * ipuhliihiMl 1761, 
but uever avtMl) ho tiguroH ■giuii e» 
*8quiD(uiii.' These altacks, which wtre felC 
to DO iLuwurtliy, riii84^il W!iiti.-(ifld'8 npulv 
in«tMail iif tiijurin^i il. He wuinrrioudly ill 
«t tliB tim«, and for DMrlj* ft twelvemonth, 
froni MiinTli 1671, wan pmcticiiUy cUnnWwl 
from preaching;. fli> folt, too, the pi-psaum 
of finuncial oblitrntiorm couaected with liis 
pbilantbropir iindi-rtnktnffs. On 4 June 1"6S 
be btarted fiom C>rt-eaock id the F&iiny, for 
hifl sixth voyogo to America. Hiring liia 
stay there of two yean he exeriinl liiiusvlf 
in procuring gift* of bookii for Harvard 
College library-, luixily burnt-d {It'orks. iii. 
307). His prKatbiiifr ]Kintir)i weni ntill 
Itisited, but his popiiluritv showed no dimi- 
nution. H« rcAclKi] KnL'Innd n^in un 
7 July I7fi5 reiir-h enft'chlpd. ( in (i Oct. h.? 
opeaed Lady Huntingdon's cbapet nt Bath. 
Wwley, wIk> mi-l. him in l.ciniton on 1?H Oct., 
deKrioM him as 'mi oM, ol<l mnn, fairly 
worn out . . . Itioiich be h&§ hnrdly o^uu fiHy 
Tears' (Wesley, .^(rRfl/l. Yet be cominued 
nil missionary tours and his open-eir pruach- 
iag. From 17 Jun« 17«7 to 11' Feb. 17«H 
be corrxsp-jndwl wiili .Scckvr re!>[i'*c;linK tliw 
convenion of bis orpbuiiagt! into a college. 
He was willing tlml ibu liret mn^tur should 
hf. «tn .\ngli«in c!i-rgiimmi, biil n^fusitl to 
nnrmw iht.> foundaiinn by cxcludinj^ othi'ra 
in th>>? future, or by making the dnilv UM of 
the common pmj-i^r-bofik a ntntutjiblc obli- 
galion. On tlieAe points tln^ governor und 
cmmcil of Cicorgia won- with him. In A upus^t 
1707 III* att<:nded WVaIcv'* i:oiiii;rfnfo with 
Uow«l Harris. His wife, who dii>d !) Aug. 
1708, woD btiriL-d in ToCtvuham Court Uoud 
chaptl. She left him 7(K>/. Hen|irn.--H.ady 
Huntingdon's college at TrevocRa on J4 Aug. 
17(>8, and hiT cliaiii-I nt Tunliridgu Wells on 
33 July 17d&. His la^it acniionf) in Knzlnnd 
were preached si ICamsgale on Ui Sept., 
flhortlf bt^fore his final embArlfslion for 
America. Uifl aanttant, whom he hift iu 
chargo of the London chapels, was Torial 
Jojw (I "31-179"), formt-rly u HraH^aptain. 

His last public work was the selllemunt 
of u svbfimv fur hi* ' oqthnn Iioiiali iirademy/ 
or llrtb«sihL {?(jl]t^. Ht! might jiroliably 
have nbtointd for it a churt^T had he placetl 
it undor tUw direction of tWstatf ant li'jritiM, 
bur hft h»|ueathe<l the whole inMitiitinn to 
Lady Huntingdon (the main building was 
de*lroy«J by tire in .1mu\ I77;t, and never 
rf built ). Leaving Hnvmiuali on 21 April 
1770, he movLtl ahmit IV^nnsylvania and 
New England, pnviehiiig nunrly every day. 
UIa last letter wna written on :i;i S*!]>t,; \ui 
hat tenaon, two hours in length and full 
of Tfgour, was given at Kxet^r, New Hatnp> 




flhiro, on ii9 Sept. That evening he reachiid 
lliJ! tnaii«e of Jcn&thaii Far8on8O70G-1776], 
nT«t)byt«riau miuisler of Newburvport, 
Hu^MtchuHiitte, whom ho had converted fnjin 
.-Vrmiuiamsm. He wan to havt- preacJiMl 
next morning, and was gning to bud tired, 
hut wait prevail)^] on Iu adur«--ss, from lint 
ataircose, a gathered throng till his bed 
candle bumvd out. During the nij^ht bo 
waA floiK'd with Mlhma, an lie thought; it 
was probably ansioa pectoris (TiiiKMAIt). 
He. died at t>\x o clock in tho morning of 
yo !*«pT. 1770, and we* buried at lii» \j-vn 
desire in a vault beneath the pulpit of tbu 

Krushytftrian mccting-houi^e, Fwderal Struwt, 
i-aburvwirt. Amnni; the pall-U-MnTii wait 
Kd ward* Bum (I"l'(t-l80.'i), renior of St. 
i'aura, N('wbiiryiiort.aft*TW(ird«(17!*7) fimt 
hiibop of the prot4>Atant episcopal rhnrrh in 
Mttssaehustjtis. Tbo irotlin was opened in 
1784, wli*n Ow. body was f'lund perfett ; in 
ISOl it was agnin opeJiod, the fli^sb wa.H 
gone, but the 'gown, c&ssock, and bands' 
rcmainud (TvEitUAS, ii. 60"2i. Later, the 
' main bone of the rigbi arm ' wna Htul^n by 
an admirer and Mnt to England, but restoroa 
iu l**;*? ((*. p. tH^l). At Nowburvport there 
is a monument, erected iu IS'JS (figurwl in 
UxBsiiA). An inEcriptiun to bie memory 
wan lidded In the marble monument, ent.'ted 
lo bia wife in Tottenham Pnurt Itoad chnpel 
(fiiLilKM, p, *_'77]. This monument has 
since- jxTicnod ; tb« charieI,now [190f)] re- 
budding, will eoutaiti a lucuiorial. Funoral 
sermons wfira very numerous. The most im- 
porlaut are thow by Parsons and by \^'e«lvy ; 
ibe latter was delivered both at the tabe'r- 
uuck> and at Tottenham Court l£uad, iu 
aroordance with Whtli-ficld'n own rirtjuest. 
Hifl will ia printed by Oillifs, and reprinted 
by Philip; hr diwl wnrtU alwiit 1,400/. 

Whitefield's unrivalled efTertifts a prenrher 
wecp due to his great power of reiJuiing his 
subject, And to hii liifltrionic genius, aidi-d 
by a fa.-<ciuatLng voice of great compos and 
audible at. immense distancc» (FiuyxLiw, 
Memoirs, 1S18, i. 87j. Lord Uhesi^rtieM, 
bearing him portray a blind beggar as he 
■ottered over the tidgo uf a preoipiei:. 
IxMindml frnm hik sisit and exclaiiued,* (lood 
Ond! he's gonel* (W4ai:t.KT, l«"2,p. 107; 
for a virid drfieript ion of the potency of his 
rhetoric s^e l.trst, Ifi*t. a/ Eniftand, ii. 
Wi^ sq. ; for Lis elfect on Uiirae, GuiDSTOXis, 
p. 878). Hi# primed sermon* by no means 
expbtm bis reputation ; it should be remum- 
bpred that bo preached over eighteen tbousaud 
r".-ruiou8: only sisiy-tbrea wore publi-thed 
bv himsulf, forty-six of them before he waa 
twenty-five ^ears of age. Eighteen other 
aermonii in print were pub]isli«<I frcnn idiort- 



Whiteficid 



93 



Whitefoord 



hand notes. anrevUed. Tbe warmth of his 
expromioniF, nn<! nn incntitioii* fnanltrn'M of 
etAtenK'nt in hU nutAbiormphical irritingK, 
lud him open to hdicula aad undMorvetl 
reproQch. It was {vrimnnlT ni^iiist Whito- 
fielfl chat tbe more persistem allacks upon 
mcthixlUm wor^' leiclk^d. Apart from hii 
eT&agelUtiu work lie waji in niftiiy wayti a 
pion«er. Willi none of tbe a<lminiAtrAtiv« 
getuuH by which WuaU-y lurnud Hti<f||ri^iont> 
[to account, he ant icimtt-il Wi-hIi-v'ji liiiwi of 
action ton romarliablf extent., It»pn>ci*rft>d 
him in lualkini; itriKt"! a crntnt of ninlb'>iii<it 
efTort ; hp wn-t hefnn'hand with bim in 
jjiibli^hinu j»unial!>, in founding.' sc)ii>ol», in 
practiHiii); opftii-nir pnvirhiii|;, nuA in cnltinf^ 
Lfiis preacher§ to a conference. Ilia reliKiouji 
'lierifwiiciil, 'Tilt: ('limtian UiMory ' (begun 
lu 1710), may be lookodupoDnaapredecaasor 
of the ' Arminian Magsxine' (17*8). 

WtiitcfieldV eomplexioii wa» fair, his eyes 
ilnrk bltic and tniall; oriKinolly eleniier. hv ' 
bet^ami? coqmlcnt from Tiis fortieth year, : 
tiiuuKb bi# diul wa# t-pore, and a L'otv-LeLd 
his favourite liisun'. Ijihe Wi^siey, be ro*e 
Bt four; hit) punctuality was ri^id. his love 
of on!i-r extn-mn: * litf did n-ot. think hu 
should die easy, if he tliotight hie f^loves 
w.?n.' nut of tlii-ir plaw ' ( WlM'EK, p. l^2>. 
He was 'irritablo, but snon fippr'ii,ii«' (tA. 
'p. 8I>: his benetieencp wan ibe outcocae of 
[th« epni^rous glow of his afli-ctiong. 

Thu Nnliunal I'ortniir (iaIWy liux a por- 
trait, painted nboul 1737 by .lohn Wonlaa- 
ton. in which Wbitchuld ia depicted as 
nreaebin^ fniiu n pulpit ; i\ rr.-mnli- (ii;un> In 
front of the e?ongre(fat.ion k fiuppuscd to re- 

Rm^-nt liijt wifu, Oth*»r portniite are bjr 
athaniel Hone fq. v.l, engraved hvPi^rht; 
and (ITfW) by .lohn'ftuswl! )]74"5-1808> 
[fl. v.\r'ngravii in tn-^wotint by Watnon, A 
whoWentitb nie«otint (["W) bv I'. Kyte 
ie said by (iilliu to he the b(«l tikeneM of 
him in hist youuger ycar«. HisufGiry in wax 
was executed (during hi* lifetime) by lEacUel 
W\dlfl of Philadelphia, and was civen to 
BetbeMla['ifUe;(i*; aiidlltfr \v«« hv hi.'r»i»liT, 
Mrs, Pat ieticp Wright of New York (rt II. 1.1 h», 
pp. iJ60, .ViH). Orii:atur")s»r»? very numerous. 
Wbirj-lield's ' Works' were ediied. 177 1 -2, 
6 voU, 8vo. by John Uillies. D.D. % v.l 
The onlWtion contains U*tii>rA, tnkciii, anil 
Hormons, with a few pieces previnusly un- 
publiAhed, It dnt-ft not contain the auto- 
biofrraphical pit-c*ti, ilm 'Short Account' 
(1740),tlie wven Mournnls ' (issued between 
1738 and 17-II ; none of ihem rctpublliihed 
in full since 1744). the • ('hriittiaii lliatorv ' 
(1710 71. Iho 'Full Account' <1747), aiid 
the ' Further AcmuimI' (1747). In 1760, 
"^tlefield published ' The Two First 



ParU of hia Ufa, with hie Joumala rCTwed, 
corrected, and abridj^Ml.' The fulWtbiblio 
grapby of original editions of Whitelield'a 
miblicutioTiB will bv found embedded in 
Tyermans ' Life,' He wmt* pr«fftce» to 
•evvriil work; ; notably, a brief > recomtiKii- 
dalory «pi«tle ' I0 an ' AhMract,' 17^, 12mo 
(made by Wesley), of the ' Life ' of Tltomu 
Ilalvburton fij. T.J ; and a preface ta a folio 
edition, 1767, of the wurk« of Bunvao. 
Julian doea not include bim in bin 'Uic- 
tioiiary'usa hymn- wriltir, and tl la doabtful 
whellwraiiv of tbt^ veraes which Iw iumu 
the expreatmn of hiaown fwlinifB are strictly 
orifjtiiRl. Milt allf'nttiond of tnp hymns of 
the Wesleys drew from .Tohn Wesley (wliA 
dnps not name him) the aeomful remarks in 
tb« pr«fft(;* to hift hjtnn-book of I7f^. 

[The 8bon AeeoaM, Jouni&la, Chri-ititn 
History, Full AecuonU Furtbcf Aceoati% nrid 
Letters of WhiUriScld are the primary antboriiiu 
for his biography. The llemoirs. 177'^. Iij 
(iilli>i^«, io .-I carofid pinMi nf work, wbicb baa 
bccu often re-pclitvd. but uoc always improTtd. 
Th« I.if*' nnd Timcj, 1832. by \W,vt\ Philip 
fq. r.] fcrilipiMMl liy Sir Jxiiim Klophen. KiIid- 
burijb Rcvicvr. July 163ft), iv r«ry fait but 
diaearKivc. The Vifo and Trnvfla. IS"!, by 
OledatAfie. ■■ tbo bMt far gi'nernl vrm. Thin LiFit, 
1678-7. 2 vols.. \>y Tjorutnn, i» a lienrlr ex- 
hanaiire roni|vaditiRi of materials. Of bio- 

nhie* puMixliMl in Amarica, th* LifH. 1818, 
. Neiretl, and t b* Life. ISftS, l>y D. A. Uaraha. 
may be menttonftl. A Fnlthfnl Narntire of th« 
Life. M'AQ. i« hy n frimd. but tha Lifo . . . 
by an JrupMniAl llnml, 1739. and (ieniiine and 
Secret Memoire. 1712, arc anonyraoua Urapoona, 
Sn.1 alio Jay's Metiioirs of Coru«lius Winter, 
\»m. pp. 72 *t\.. l.ifu and TimM of Salioa^ 
CuuDKiw of Hu&tiii^>d«n, 1839.2 tols.; nicbunl- 
aon's Ueore* Whitelield. CMileoAry C'iaim«mo- 
rationnf Tnttenbuni f.-mrl Chapel, 1857 ; Wake- 
lcy'i> Aric«dol«t* of Whitoflrld. 1 872 ; IdacaaUy'a 
Whitriield Ane(d«tM, 188«; SiMlfoTtl'a Good 
and (Irrat Man of (Jloueiotcrihire, 1867. pp. 
2^1 *:{.; Gl'nicMierakiro Not«a and QuMiao, 
IBM. ii. : Winvir'd HI*!, of Ani'-riMi. rol. t. 
[Ki.wiui ; Foali-r'a Aliimni Oion. 18RS. ir. I.^O, 
18P2. fr. 1631 : extract from regiatcrof $t. Mnry 
lit- Crrpt. Glaim>t«r, per Rot. W, Lloyii.) 
■ A.O. 

WHiTEPOORD. CALEB (17a4-l81€), 
wit and diplomeiiAt, tlio natural son of 
Colont>l Charles WbilpToord q. v.l, wa» 
born lit Edinburgh in 1734 and educated at 
James MumlellH (ie!i(K>l and Edinhurgh Uni- 
ver»ity fmatriculatinu on S March 174S). 
\l\» fnlh«r BCciuii-fCeil in his objections to 
entering ihe mmiHtry, nnd pinred him in the 
count ine-butiTM> of a wine merchant, Archi- 
bald Stewart, of York Ituikliiigs. London. 
T)imiig 17•^6 (having in the meantime aiet 
up in the wine busineas at b Craven Street), 



I 




Whitefoord 



93 



Whitefoord 




WhitefooM was in Lisbon in connection 
with IiU trade, and sent homo n vivid nc- 
counL of tlio earthquakv. Itenjamiu Frank- 
Un was hi» m^iglilwur in Crawn Strwl for 
come timv; tlivvb<^-iim« inlimitttt, ami Clmlr 
iniimacy IM toXviiiU-foord being cliosen by 
mielbiirue in ITM as ititfrmf<!inry V'twi^vn 
FrAiiklin, (u minijtN'r of Thi> Tnil."!! Smt^-i 
RC VerMillds, Biid the Uriiish Kuvemment. 
Whit^roonl accoDipanii^d iLlclmnl Oswald 
li\. V.J to Parui in April niid »t^rvoil for a 
jear as Mcre1«ry to tbn ccmmiHion wljii:li 
eonolttded tbc ptacu vilb Amenca. IJurlt^, 
1(1 vxymm tiis poor op'inlou of ihc^ pt«ni- 
potentisriea dioeen, (Uscribeil Oswald lut u 
eioipla merchant, am) WhtiKfoifril as it uii-ri! 
■diiiour de bona tnols.* It was not until 
1793 that a penMon of :J<)0/. a vc-ar wnit 
Kciirvd to Whili^foord for liis semices. 

WliiU'foonl's conlributiooa to the ' Public 
Adrerti»*r," the ' St. .lami-Vs Clin>rucli','«n(i 
Other nvwjjipaperji wore niimffronn, hix line 
behl^ |iohticol p«niflaj(a and his nim to 
ravea] the humorous eidr of partir ahitsv. 
The miniMrv would have liked a panipUIei 
ou the Fulkland Islnnds dilliciiltv from his 
|>cn in. 1771. and i( was hu who n.-i;oui- 
uiKndi^d that the task iJiould be as.'ii)(ned to 
Dr. Johason. Tbu bttcr ihouiibt highly of 
Whitvfoori]'* rj>»avs in tho pi'riodic^ul prt^iui, 
and Caleb was oiii! nf tbn giii-Alfi at the 
Shakcapeam Tavern when JnhneoD took the 
chair on 15 March 1773, prior to th« flret 
Mrformaoee of ' She stoops to coimuer.' 
Manr of hia best Mjiiibs, suL-h os ' l'rcpo«a)M 
fur a I'VmuW Aduiiiii»l ration,' ' Errors of th'- 
Hnuw,* ' \Vi-ji!itiiii*tiT ilsces/ 'Ship News,' 
and 'Cro«i ]<)?adinirE,' are in thu 'Now 
F<)HndlinBHi.«pitnlf.ir\Vit*{irR4,i. I2!t»q.) 
The ' CroM HeadingH' deliffhted not only 
Johnioi). but s crilio i>f such taxto ii* fiold- 
h, and onf <io di lli«ult to plevuw ax H iimcc 

'olpole. When Gamck set the fashiou 
of writ ini^csricat lire epitaphs in 1 774, Whilo- 
foonl natumlly tried his hand ; and, ('umber- 
iAnd sat s, displayed more iti-uuturi.' tluiii wit. 
Ooldsmilh, howi^vor, ihoujcht wull of Lim, 
as th slinun in tiie epitaph whii^h he leli 
nmoH); his papwa to bo worHcd into ' K'jtalia- 
tion,' and which was nctHa.11y included in 
the fourth and Bubaequent cditianR: 

Here Whiiefoonl rw]ines. di'ny it irlio Piiti ; 
Thn' lie merrily liv»l. he in now ii grave man. 
What pity, alas I that an lib' ml a mind 
Shnulii K) long ho to Newi|iapei' Knsaj-B coii- 

fiaad: 
Who perhaps to the antnmit of science might 

soar. 
Yet content if the table he wi in a roar ; 
WboMC talents to Ht any Blation Mere lit. 
Yet happy if Wool&ll coiifoMiM] him a wit. . . . 




Whilefoord'n correa^iondence with tha 
WuodfalU and with Jamea MuoberMlL 
(printfd ui the Jl'AitefaortJ J^tftn) is of' 
soinu lilvrary interG(>t ; in Aui^st 170*) he 
received from .lohii Crun, the antiquary 
of York, some inedited onerdotes of Stemo, 
whirh (!mfc hud collected at his rvqueet (H, 
pp. l.':iSs(]. ) I'nUh lived on to patronise a 
Keu<.<nition fur suheequeni to that of hia 
early asflflrifttct Foot* and Garrick. In May 
ItiOo Itavtd NVilkie brousht him a 'letter 
of introduction' from Sir Georj'e.Saudiliui.dH, 
and the painter i« ^aid to have xucvf-al'iilly 
tranaftrred to the well-known cativaa Iho 
^'fuve cxpnutsiun which \Vhit«foonl tboughf. 
proper to the oo-a^on. Whiti^fniml, who 
was a F.I1.S. (elected 17W), a F.S..\., and 
a mi-iuljer of the Arcadian Society of Itome, 
died at hia house in Arfryll Strr-et in Fe- 
bruary 1810, and wait buriiad in Paddin^ton 
cluircliynnl (Whkati.EI' and Ct'K.viNuuAH, 
London, iii. ^>. Hia tine collection of pic- 
tiiren wan »ild at Argyll Street on \ and 
5 May 1810. 

A portrait bv Ileynolds (I7S2). owned 
by Cfiarle* Whitefoord, ceq., of Whitton 
I'addocka, near Ludlow, woa uigrarud in 
noLMotint by I. Jones in 1793, A sketch by 
UL'orev Dance (July 179S) was engraved by 
U'illiiuu Daiiiell, and n drawing- by Coeway 
by P. Ci)nd6 far the ' Knmpenn Magazine ' 
(1810), An nnonymoua portrait is at tbo 
Kioma of the Society of Arta, for which body 
Whitefoord procured portraits of Williatii 
SliipUiy I q. v.] and Peter Templeman [ij. v. ] ; 
he wa^ vicvpreiidcut of the souiely iu 18(X) 
( Tran*. Soc. nf Attn, No, scxix.) 

Whitffoord murried late in life (18(X>) a 
Miaa Sidney, and U-fl four children. Ltis 
eldest sun, Caleb, ;;rudualt>rl from QuiH'n'n 
College, 0«f<.rU (B.A. IWlif*, M.A. Iti31), 
mid became rector of Hurford with Whittoa 
in 1S43. 

[Whitefoord ?apoT«. I8&8. ed.HiiTini ; Gent. 
Ms^. 1810. i. 3aU; Piiblie OharactftRs ISGl-a ; 
Itt^nrll'ii Johnson, iv. 233, vA. Hill ; WitlpQlu's 
(Wrcapondi^nr-e, \. 30, ad, Cunuiucbiim ; >orth- 
cute'v Lifo of Roynulds, i, JIT; Forei<-r'tiO<itd- 
smith. Ilk. ir. ch. xx. ; t'amlwrland'i Mameica, 
i. 3C7 i I^milli'p MiuEitntiotn I'ortreits, p. 774; 
Cun'sSocietyof Dilettanti, IS08, p. 123; Fmnk- 
lln'M Worka, viV .Sfwrb. rii. 212 ] T. 8, 

WHITEFOORD. fHAKl.ES U. KM), 
soldier, third son of Sir Adam Whitefoord, 
tlmt baronet {d. 1727), by Marfraret (rf. 
174^), onl^- daugblMTijf Alaji, seventh lord 
Cathcart, is stated, alrhourb the evidence ia 
far from cuiicluKive,tu have been a deaceudout 
orWnlterWhitford[q. \-.l, bishop of Hfechiu. 
His elder brother, ^ir John, aecoitd burunet, 
became a lieutenant-general in the army 



: 



Whitefoord 



94 



Whitehall 



(1701), and died in 17t^, I^ATinfF a boh, Sir 
John \Miitofoord, third baronet (rf. 1803). 
Tlw third baronet, who i» tiuppoacrl to hftYft 
bNii the origiual of Sir Arthur Wjinlour iu 
Boott'a ' Anliijiuiry,' got into (lif)iciiltii!i and 
left Ballochtnyle in Ayrshire for Whiltfoiird 
UouSi> lolhfiCiinnngatM of Edinburgh. He 
VAS one of the enrly piitmns of Bums, who 
celebrates him ici mtav cumplitiiHiiiarv linrt" 
•>ncloBiiu[ tt copy ftf the ' Lam^'nt for Jnmea, 
Earl of QloDcaim.' and his duuKhti^r ^rnrin 
[CranHtoaii] was the heroini' of tlw ' Braes 
of liaUochinylL'.' He was a well-lin»wn 
fi^irr in t-ht; Scottish capital, and WUA de> 
picti>d hy Kny along wilh hiit crooiei, Major 
^Vndrew Fnwi-r luid the Hon. Andpow Er»- 
kini; {Edinhurffh J'artrait', 1877, No. Mcii.) 
(,'hiirle* Whitufoord i-iili-red the navy in 
lil^j hilt iifttTwards ji>in"d a rtgimant of 
drofroow-i, havinff 'learnt'd his i.'.it'rci»«9 of 
riJinj;' in tliw fiuiimi*' acndeiny of Ati(^<*r». 
Ill I7.18hij wn.*arBptain iuthe roynllriiih ut 
MtiiorCiU 811(1 two j-'NiM Ifitrr wrw (pixetCed 
nidi— lie^■clltnp to hix tiiiclni Lord Oatbcsrt, 
and Baih;d in the Wwt India erpsdition, 
tooU part, in tho dBodly operat.ionii againet 
CarI.hag«»nQ. and in 1711 becamp lieutenant- 
colonel in till' flth marine, Ilpwaa viHiling 
ri'lfttives in Scotland whuH the rebellion of 
1715 broke ouf, iind iramediatfly offdrwl lii« 
•errices to the governnrnnt aa u ToIiiQt*er. 
He wan one of th» vi?ry f<iw ollici-ra in tho 
rovnl army who distiii^uiBhed cbemstlvL's at 
tha battlo of Preslonpaos, and iii« oonduet 
<.«uppli«d tho gfonndivork of thfi chivainiua 
tcOTltBftt V'twoeu toward W'arerlsy iLnd 
Oolonel Tiilbot in the forty-fl«vcnlh and fol- 
lowing chapters of ■ Waverley," ' When,' 



teryof four fl(.'lcl-i>iooea waastonnwl and car- 
ried by the Camerons nnd iht- Stewarts of 
Appin»- The lut* Aloxandflt Steiivart of In- 
veruyle -wa* onjj of the forumrml in Ihtt 
chBrnt'.and, obsemngftti offi<*ftr of thekinga 
forces who. Booming to join the flight of all 
aroimd,retnninfd Willi hiss won) in his hand, 
Bs if determined to tho vi.'ry lost to defend tho 
poet aui^ed to him, the highland gii^nthw 
man oommn-nded him to siirroader, and re- 
ceived for reply a thruni- wliicli hu caught 
on hia urptit. 'Phi! officer wa» now defunc^- 
Imb, and the battle-axv of n gigantic high- 
Isnturwaft tiplifttd to dafib his hrvinBOUt, 
when Mr. Stowart with fj^rtut diflicnlty pre- 
r^ed on him to yifhi. Hp took cbargH of 
his enemy's property, protwjled hii* pt^roon, 
■ad fijially obtained him his liberty nnparole. 
The officer provt-d to be Colonel Whitf 
foo-^ ■ A-fitT Cuiloden it wa« Whitefoord's 



turn to atraineTerynervatoobUinStowBrt')* 
])ar<)oD. KoprwentKiiont to tlte lord juatiei! 
clerk, the lord advocat«, and otlwr law dic- 
nitarias provins of no BTail, he at leng^o 
appli«d lo the T>uk<; of Cumberland in per- 
son. ' From him also be rt:<ceir{>d a potiiirs 
refusal, lie then limited Lis request to t 

Srotoction for St«wort'ii houBC, wife, chil- 
ren, and property. Thia was alio n.-fuft.'d 
by ihf^dukc : on which Colonel Whitefoord, 
taking bis eotamisnon b'oiii bi« bosom, laitl 
it on the table before bis royal bighn««8 
with much emotion and asked permission to 
retire from th" itirrvicn of a »overviBn who 
did not know how to spare a vanijuixbed 
«numy-' Thereupon tlm duke 'gianied tbe 
pnitertion rwjiiired.' 

In Sepleniber 1751 Whitefoord was ap- 
pointed lii'iitenAnl-colonoI of the fifth rep- 
mi^nt of foot, on the stafT in Ireland, nnd on 
2J) Nov. 17n2 he was promoted full coloneL 
Hf! dic-d at flalway on '2 Jan. 17o;). Ue 
dot's not appear to have been married, bat 
he left a son, Caleb Whitefoord, who ia 
si.>pamtvly nolicud, imd al»o. it is believed, 
a daughter. Colonel Wbilefoord's ' lji>tt<>r» 
and Papers' n.-ferriu^ to bis lervicee ia 
.Mirinrcft, Cuba, and in Scotland wi-r** eilited 
for the Clarendon Freaa in 1S98 by Mr. 
W. .\. K. Hi'wifi)'. A portrait in oila is 
in Ihi! pnnwssion of Chijrics Whitefoordj of 
Whitton Paddocks, near Ludlow, 

l,Tln)<Jptir(ilf«i'-t, ed. Mar»liall. 1680, It. 142; 
(t^nl. }Ana. IT<>3, p. JJ1 , ('aiiniaghiini'a Lifraad 
W'jrk t>f Burns, iv. 156-7; Scott's Warorlay, 
Intrw5ai"tion ; Whitdfoord I'npors, ed. Hevina, 
IniroilurtinD mid pp. 1-1 17i Hamilton's Lanwlc 
and Iteufww, 1831, p. 79.] T. S. 

WHITEHALL, liODEUT (llW.'>-1685), 
prtetJWt.-r. [t^^wnd son of RobtTt WTiitohall of 
SlmrpcIilTe, Staffordshire, and of Dorothy 
his wifii, daughu^r of Thomas Iletuhaw of 
Loi:kwaod,8iufford«hirL',wusbomBtAiiien- 
ham, Iluckinghamsbire, ekrly in 1636, and 
wae bapti^d thenion 18 March of that Tcar. 
HiH tuther, who died in Si^plember 1058, 
wafl virar of .St. Marr MBgnnlen, Oxford, 
and from llllO nfctorof^,\ddin|,'ton, Bilching- 
haiOBhire. The pofltaBt^r wat educated tirst 
at W'eKt minster school, nader Dr. Htotiard 
Rushy, whence he was elected to Chriat 
Church, Oxford, in 1(343. Ue arradualed B.A. 
on 2 Nov. I(i47. On 10 May following, 
with other studtinle of Christ Cbnidi, be 
was summoned lo appear before th« parlia* 
uiuntary risilon, and, when question^, tre- 
ptied: 'As I am siimmonml n student ot 
uhrijit Church, my name itself spe-nk^ for 
mo, that I can acknowledge no visiiatJOU 
but King Charles's/ which reply subsequent 



Whitehall 



95 



Whitehead 



I 



Blopment bas convvrl^d ioto un indif- 
fenat dimich : 

Uy nm»'B Whitehall, Ood blen th« poet ; 
If I snhmu the king tib&n knov it. 

He WM expelled on 7 July 164^, unpuruntly 
retiring toliis fMtlier's Iioium! iti BucKniiilisiu- 
•bire. Tliere rcunins into contact with bia 
noi^bouTB, thelngoTdsbysibQ became popti* 
}ai with the TMirliftmentMy pnrtv, flnbmittM 
to ibe committee for reg'ubitiii^ the univer- 
«tv,ao<l WKs by (lietD t'li'Ctei] lo&Mlow^hip 
in Harton CaUo^u in 10>'H). He c'>mpl(!t(<u 
bi« degree of M.A. on IH Nov. 16ul'. In 
1665 he wu ' t«rnB filiuH,' and ho di-rided 
the puriLan diKctpLiittt o( The viiiivt^mity. In 
1857 TTt-nry Cromwell, wriring from In.<liind 
(32 J«iM>>,rw(nie8tedtliecoll''t?''*''thuriliejitn 
allow htm lfavi> r>f abflr-nre, Trithiiut 1oh» of 
emolument, in ordertDprDinBtruclion id the 
univpraitT of Dublin ; thi' [wrmiMion wa* 
gimntnl in the foUowinf AueuAt. He was 
crputedM.B. onfiSept.KV'i7bvleUer!ifri'inlii« 
chArd Cromwell. On SlJum-IGlVihe appenm 
tobavehci'u in Oxford, when be wan lio^nsetl 
to practinp modir^ine. Uewas Mrtninlvthcro 
OD jS Oct. 1070, whoo b« wrote from Merton 
CoUu^ tr> Williftnuon bt^winr for considx^ra* 
tion tor his loeees, he having Iwuit ' wonti-d 
in fjnrit rial), of S60/. a year and ni>arly 1 .OOOJ. 
by theCheftbire mi«idventtira'[PSir Qeorgo 
DoQth's rising], Whitehall was tutor to 
John Wilmot. second corl of Rochester [q. v.], 
at Oxford, and much devot<'d to bim. He 
was sub-warden of Mcrton CoUon- in 1671, 
and in 1077 rwuivvd a Icuu or the Diir- 
mington titEies. He died on 8 July lOSo, 
and was buried in Mcrton CoUvgu cliapul on 
llm following diiy- 

Wood calla bim 'a mere poetaster and 
tim^«ervinit poet.' Ilia work* riinxiMt chii'fly 
of oongiataiatory 0[3e.«, and 'hie pn seearn 
to have been as ready to celebmle Olirer 
CromwcH's elevation to the protMtoratfiaa to 
oongratulnto Cbarle» II on Lis recovery from 
an ague; and n^ually lavish of pani'jryrie, 
wbeuer Ricliard Cromwell or Lord (.'luren- 
clan,whomhHiiailml an chancellor* oft he uni- 
Teraity' (Wku'ii, Aiumnf WrttrtnTi. ]»p. 
119-20). His worli*pf.i»ipM«e«rt«iii rhythmic 
flnency not unnlcaAant to the ear. 

He published: 1. 'Tf;(t^;n-nA»;"»yf«iMi, orthii 
MarriagQ of Arms and Arta, It! July Iftol, 
being an Accompt of ibe Act in Oxqd. to a 
Friend,' London. I(>oI. 2. ' V'iro , . . hrino- 
raii^eimo . . . 1-Muardo Hide * on his being 
raiit^d to the dignity of chancellor of tho uni- 
versity of Oiford), Oxford. 1(H>0? 3. 'The 
CoronatiiHi,' tendon, 10^? 4. ' Liraoia, or 
a DeMtiption of tbe iSdntJnf; uf the Top 
of the Theatre at Oxford, a« the Attiat 




laid hi» IK-aipi,' I*ondon, 1699. ft. • Verses 
on Mrs. More, upon her sanding Sir Thomaa 
Motm's picture (of her own drawing) to the 
LoDR (tallery av the Public Schoole at: Ox- 
ford, Oxford, 1674. 'llir pictiiru preseiived 
In" Mr». More is, however, a iiortrait of 
Tlomas Oromwvll, imrl of K«6ex ^\^'^LPOLB, 
Aaecilotet, 1765, lii. 118). K. ''V.^<rTixnu 
I«))i»i>; mve Icntinm quarundaiu extnuiL'airum 
(nunn^roL'Ah) Kxnlicatio brcviu^eula et clnm,' 
Oxford, l(i77. This work, of whioh only 
twelve copti-s were printed, conKiitrd of 
plates parcha«ed by Whlrrhall in Holland, 
lUiivl rating both tbeUldaiiJ .New Testament. 
Tbe uajorily of lliu [ilates were thns^ fin 
ninny cD«ea reveriurd ) unKraved by Matthias 
Mt'Tiun for a tlt-rman edition of the Bible 
piihlifhed in Sinisibu r^; in Hjyo. They 
afterwards a[ipean>d in • AflM-eldingen der 
voornaumstL- llislorien,* iinldi*lvi«d by N, 
Vui«chfr in A ni Kterdnni . Whit.^hall'ii plalrtt 
appear lo have baen Hpecially printed on tlun 
paper. J'^h was pasted on a tlKft of Mpr 
an which had previonily bwit printed nix 
expIanator^-Terwaby Whitebftil. Hie twelve 
copies wen) haridsomply bound, and pro- 
seoted seTerally lo the king and to noble 
frionde. 7. 'tiratulamini mer.um : a Con- 
cni'iilalnry Vanay upon His SlnieAtJes Ma«t 
liitppy Hecoverv,' London, lfi7k 8, 'The 
Engliiib Kechabue, or a di>fyanc>> to Bacchus 
iincf all hi« work*,' Londoi), lOtJO." 

Whit*>Iia]l contributed one Latin and on.:- 
Knglisli poem to 'Mosaruui Uxouieoaium 
/Xntoijbopin, sivc, Ob Fmdcra Au'itioiis Si— 
renissinii Olivieri lUpviWOxford. iHS-l; one 
lyfltinpoem under his own name in 'Britannia 
liediviva,' Oxfi-rd. 1000|with another Irfitin 

fofrm with the name of John Wilmot, earl of 
tucbefil(!r,ntlaclied, which if> more probably 
the work of Whil.dinll); two Latin and one 
English to 'Kpie<fliB Acndcmtm Oxoniensia 
in Obitnm i?4?n>ni<isimie Marian I'riucipis 
Arausionrtnsis,' Oxford, IfJOL i'our of the 
pieces were reprinted in Kocheater's * Poems 
on several Occasions,' London, IW>7. 

[Vi^ilntions of StaflbrdBliin; (WiUinm .Salt, 
Arc!in<nlugiral Soc. vol. v. pt.ii.); Amarsiuun 
I'ar. Rmc. ! Barrows's R*^, of Viator* of Univ. 
lUon. pp. 68, 144; Fonlvr's Ainnini ; Wood's 
.AthniiM(Bliw), i, col. liix, iii.cola. 1231-2, iv. 
iijIs, 176- 7. i'9 : Brodrick's Memorialsot Mcrton 
ColIegpfOxfoPfl llitt Soc.), pp. 10«, a»a; Wood's 
Fwu t&Hu), ii. roU. 104. I'l, 309; C'Ul. Suils 
Papert. 1470, p. 4fi7: Wood's Hist, and Antiq. 
(dutch), II. ii. .'183-4, £fi8, 616; Wood's CoI> 
lagm and HalU (Gotch), App. p. 313; Lips- 
comb's BaduQuliaQiftliire. ii. 600,] B. P. 

WHITEHEAD, CHAHLES (1804- 
18<t^), pjet, novelist, and dramatist, the son 
of ft wine inerchaDt, waa bom iu Loudon 



Whitehead 



96 



Whitehead 



{d 1804. Ue begsn life oe a clerk io a 

mercantite hotue, but »oon adopted 1it«ro- 
turu 88 bi« iiroresMOD. In IS31 lii^ published 
'Tb>j Solitary ,' a poeni in tiio Sperueruu 
stATiKi, ahawiti^ gt.-niiiiio imii^iiiation. The 
poem won tliK apnroTtil of ProfiiMor ^^'il90El 
in the ' Nflctfs Ambroslaaiv,* and of otiior 
critics of einin«n(,"w. In IH31»uii»fiirt-d\Vliil>— 
head's ' liirefl and Exp1nit«nr Iuh^IiaIi High- 
waymen' (probubly wriltnn wnnp ywtM 
Mrlior. thd k-twr worlhv nf his priviurtinnBt, 
and ' 'ihe AutobJoKrapby of Jack Ketoli,' a 
burieaqme bio^ra]]Uy »f Ihe ImnemAr. whicb 
coniained n retnurkablt; opi»odical slory of 
fwrlouii iutMit, 'Tbc C-onfcMion of Jamcsa 
WiUon.' \Vhitub«ad'a vivid blank*Tente 
dramn, 'TIj* C«vali«,' the plot of which ia 
hiid in RaatonitioiL times, wm produced iil 
tbo Ifaytaarkut TIihuIm on ITi S.^Jt. ISStl, 
with Kllfin True and VandenbotT lU the 
prinoipa] parts, and has bwn mtivwI inons 
than once, n^ttnMy at l-lni I.yt-euiii Tki^alfi; 
in ISW. 

Owing to the eucrcM of Whil«ltcad'« ■ Jack 
Ketch,' Mcism. Chapman & Mall inviled 
faiu to write the lelterprpse to n nmntlily 
isatic of a humorous kind, to which Robert 
Suyiuour \a. v.] wiut to funiiih the illurtra- 
tionjt. pW<iinK inabilitr to prodiie*.^ the 
copy with EuJiicicnl r(.>KulBrily, Wliitebead 
recommciidvd his fritind (.'liarlos Uicktms 
for thi^ work. The publisliera actud oa the 
recommeiidfllion, and tin' ivmill wan thr 
* Pickwick P«pi-n«.' A furlhpr point of 
contact Wlween Whitebi'ad and Dick-'nii 
consisted in \S'hitcboii,d> rcriiriiig in 1^^4*5 
'The .Mitmoir* of (.irimaldi," which had b^en 
edited by Dickens in 1838 under the pAuii- 
donvm of ' Boz.' Whitvbcad'a mnsterpiec^, 
' Kichurd Snvogtt' (IHW), illiwlrated by 
Let'cb, a niuance, partJy ruimdnl on Dr. 
.TobiisoTi'it lifi' <if Sdviigt*, was much admired 
by DickuuR. It wnfidr&[uatis(>d,andtbupluy 
ran for nearly thiriy nights nt thy Siim-v 
Theatre. A u(^w edition of the novel, with 
an introduction bv Harvey Orrinsmitb. wiw 
iniblinhedin |K1«. Included in 'The Solitary 
and othiir Pw.'ias' (ISiy), n collected edition 
i>r Wbitchttad'tt poetical work, i<i hi^ mo^t 
reniQrliable aonncl bi-gltLninfr 'As yonder 
Inmp in my viicatcd room,' which Hanto 
Itoarwtti dflflcribt'd as ' vory lino." 

^Vhitchodd WdungKilin tbiMullwrryClub, 
fifwhirb UnuirlftaJj^rmldanclotbar wits wore 
members, and was nciiuaintctl with bH the 
famoiiH mon of k'trrrs of his day. When 
' IficharJ lavage' appeared ho bad every 
prospect of .""iiccons in literature, hut in- 
tumpttnuicu wrecked bis career, lie went 
toAufttralin. i» li!^o7, with the hone of re- 
oo^'ering' hia positiou. He contriimttid to 



tb« 'Melbourne Punch,' and h« printed in 
Ibif 'Vicionan Monthly Magaaine' the 
' :^panish Marriagt%' ■ fraf^nsnl of povtie 
drama poaaaaaJngcoiiaidenibli? mr^ril. whii^ 
Imd's personal qualilias, deepiie his in- 
I firmitiea of diiiponition, vndiwrvd him to 
those who knew him well, and an admirer 
■>f his litnrary t^ent gave him an aaylam at 
his house in Melbourne, but he furtively 
nmdfi bin i<»cape from the reairictiona of re- 
Hppctabiliry. II# aank into abjeict want, and 
di«d miserably in a Melbourne bwipital on 
A July 186'2. He was buried in a |>nuper'i 
grare, and the authoritios rafusod tlw roq 
mado by friends, when Ibey h«anl for tlie 
time of bis aad end, to reraore hifl renu! 
to a fitting tomb, lliit publi'ber and wanu 
wi'll-wi«htT, George Bfinilcy, deacribed him 
a.-« Ft ' rs-fiiHtl nT-Ii'iUrly man . , . with thought- 
ful, almost p<>nrtral ina nj*i«,' 

Whitobi.'ad was a m><]uent conlribuTiOT to 
luagaxinp*, iiHrticularly to 'Bentley'a Mi»- 
celtimy,* lie aUo imbliahcd 'Victoria Vic- 
trix," ft po«tn 1 18381, 'The Earl of Eutx' 
(l»J3>, 'SniilM and Tears.' a ftorica of col- 
lected stories (1H|7), aud 'A Life uf Sir 
Walter IWegh ' (18o4). 

[ilackciiEii} ntll'fl CliaHe*WIiitrliiMiI, a mono* 
(toiph, '•illi oiiniets from bis works-l 

M. B-L. 
WHITEHEAD, 1>A VID ( 1492 ?-16n t, 
diviiiif, hr)m about 1-1(^2, wait n native of 
Hiimpsbire (Woon), wkwre the Whiteheads 
hud lioniL' landiid jiroporly (Oftt. Iwj. /nut 
mnrtem, Henry V'lt, vol, i. No. 10). Hit 
contemporary, nroii WiiiTEiiu\D(tff. l&5l>, 
wiib whom David ha< U'vu confusod, bw- 
longed to a Durham branch of tht; family, 
WB» from 1019 lo 1540 bet prior, and &om 
I511 lirat db-an of Durham. Hn wua im* 

Etimtvd in (he 6ctitiiiiiiii charges of treaaon 
rviiifiht n);AiiL!!i(htiibtHlinp,Cutbb>'rtTunstall 
ry.T.i, in lflfiO-l,aiid waa i mpriiutni-d in the 
T()wi?r, when' be died in November 1551 
{/.ettrrt and Piifirr* nf flmrtf J'i/I, pouim; 
Ach i*. C, cti. Dosenl, vol. iii. ; Wooi>, 
Ftitti, p. 3m ; Coltfctdnm, Uxford Hist. Soc., 
iii. ■2r>; Oxford Univ. Stiff, i. 62; DllOlt, 
nut. Chureh nf Eitglnnd, \\. 140, 225, iii. 

David WhiUtbead in amid to haT« been 
educiitcd at Bmspnoae or All ^ula* Onllwe-, 
(IxfonI, but hi« nntno does not appear in the 
defective negiflters of ttc period. Thestnlo- 
mont that be wsa chaplain to Anne Boleyn 
hoa alAo not bo«n vcnfli'd, but there ta no 
doubt that he waiilulorloCbarii>«6r«ndoa, 
the yavme dukr-of 8iiflijlk,whodied in IS6I. 
During the wiaUT of 1549 JJO Svititehead, 
Lever, and Elutchiusoit endRavonred to con- 
vert Joan Bocher [q. t.] from ber bere«iM 



I 

aiiu 

1 on ■ 




Whitehead 



HrrcHissos. ttWJa, j>. 146). In 1562 
■niner ilvTWriliud h'lai af ' Mr. WhitelitHitl 
ladlfrv,* tliini^li with wliich llaiUey he 
coniiMMt'il U UDcertain, and on 2-'> Aiig. 
A){^-*ti-<l liiin lo Cvcil u, n i:«nt!idnl>- for 
che TacAnt arcbbishnprir nf Arma|^b, nddinp 
'I tnlcQ Mr. Wliil«Iif?Ml for bU gocd kuow- 
l«d^, spmiil biint'stj-, fcrvt-iDt ^cal, and 
politic wisdom lo be Euost mt^et ' (Ckikiibk, 
ITgr**, ii. 431*). Whitolioud, bowtver, re- 
fused the appoiotuicnt, uid llu^li UoodACra 
[q. V.) beoune arclibUIiop. Un & Nov. fol- 
wwing be took pan in tliu diacuwiun on th« 
••eimmsol at C^cir* huuNi^. 

Soon titer Mary'E an:(.>Ksioii Wliitphfud 
flgd to thit contififnl ; )ii> wu« onf of llio 
handed and Beventy-tiTf whn failed wiib 
Jobn & Luco 't|. v.l from Oravi^uod on 
1" Sept. IMS' Wiiitebead was in lh« 
smaller Teasel whinb r^afJiod (^openbagen <>n 
3 Nor. ; thp extlt*B w«re taken for nnabtipti«t8, 
and soon cx])flk'd by order of tlie kitiff <«i 
refiuiug to subscribe t" l!i« Lutberaji con- 
fiFMion. ThcT (ben niiult^ tbi-ir wny to Rns- 
lock, vfhvtv N\'hiiebcud ploftded ihelr euiise 
before the mafristniles, wbri^i' Littberan re- 
qi)iit)mt:iitv (Lt-v foilud to satisfT, and ibuy 
were compt^Ui-ii lo I^avo in JuDimry. .\ 
Bimilarfute befell tliem at Wianiar, Lubeck, 
and Hitiiibur^, but: tlipy found a iwfugw at 
Emdeu in Man-Ii (I'tijuhote, SimplfJ' 2i'ar- 
rafio, Daale, l^W, pp. liy (.qq. ; i;>i^luM 
IliM. Rev. X. 434-40; Dalton, Lagctana, 
Berlin, 1H98, pp. 33-'j~f>). Mvaiiwbilc an 
attempt vroe being made to found a eliurcb 
ofEDglish vxilca at l''ruDkfort,atid <inl! Anj;. 
1&54 an invitation wta- M'nt to WliiKrhfud 
and utbor exiles ut Emden To join tb« cbiircli 
at Frankfort ; ' un 24 Orlober ciime SlarstiT 
Whitebead toFranckfordfand at tbe r(xiui^t4> 
of theconprcgation b" took tbe chaise fora 
time and prxachcd nppon the epistle to tbe 
itoniftiis ' (K.vux, Kur^, Uaunatyne Club, 
IT. 12). 

\\'bit*)beiMl wu ono of tboMt who wiabcd 
to rvtain tbe une of th« Ku^lihh pruver 
book of 1'%j2, and in tbe famous ' troubles^ nt 
Frankfort took llm »idi; 'if llicfanrcl ('ox 
,T.] against Knox. Aft^r llie expiilaion of 
nox (20 Miircb 155.')* Wbittb«ad was 
osen na-ilar of tlii' rmigwiifntion, On 
Se-pt. he and hia eolWatrues winsia a letter 
Calvin to juffify llii-irprooerdiDgRagaitiitt 
:0X, and txpudiatinif ibu charge of too ri^ 
TOtM odhcrenee to the prayer-book and umEg 
'ligfatauid cro»«C8;' tu(.'i'r i>0-r«niomi.'^, tbcy 
pMaded, wen? really very fi-w, and ibt-y went 
<m to attack Knox'f> 'Admonition' oa an 
' mitngeoiui |iniuiibli-t ' wbicb bad addfil 
'mneh oil to tbe flame of peraeciition in 
England' (Origmat Letttrt, Parker Soc, 
VOL. LXI. 





pp. 756 aqq.) In February 1565-6 Wbite- 

on 1 Marcb by K.iVrt llonie (ir.l9P-l680) 
[u. V.]; tlio cHiiHo is eiiid to have beim bis 
duuippiMTi tine lit at not being niai)i< Wluntr 
in divinity in ™cf*fision tn Bartholomeiv 
TmbLTon [cj. v.] H« rvmaini^l, however, 
at Frankfurt, aigning a lettfrioHtilltngf^r on 
27 fSept. 10.57. 

fin Kiiiahi-'th'* ncoihAsion WbiK-bi'nd rr- 
turned to Knglond, preaching before the 

3u«cn on I'j Feb. 156H-U, taking pnrt in the 
usputadun with the KonuAoatbotic bishops 
una April, and nerving a« a viritor of Oxford 
fnivervity, and on tm> conunLsaion for re- 
vising tbn liturgy (MACHTSf, liiiity, p. ISlt ; 
IIatwakji, AnnaU,^. 10; Gkk, EiitaMhan 
Vtfrgtf, p. ITO), lie i? micI by all bis bio- 
graphers To Keive had tbe tir*t refuiuil of lb« 
arcbbiNhopric of Canterbury, and he abn 
declined tlie msalendiip of tbe 8btot. On 
IT Sept. liSfll he wroti? to Cecil aflmovr- 
ledginghisobligBtionetohim, but lamenting 
tbi' neoe&ftitv \\v was under of refusing tbe 
living b« oftered {Cnl. Ktatv Paprr', l.>oia. 
1547-80, p. 1^5), * So that whether be bad 
any Hpirit uaUt !•:■« of nolu coiiferr'd un hla 
in yt^t doubtful, hn being much c!i-ligbtpd in 
travelling to and &o to preach tbe word of 
God in tlioni' pnrlit uhcn- hr lltuiiglit it wait 
ivanting' (Wood), Ho is repcirtnd hy 
Whitgilt to bavL' frequently deplored the 
exccasos of some ministerf, but bis own 
leaniugs wer6 puritan, and on 24 Alurcb 
I56S-I he was scmicslered for n^fuaing t^o 
siibecrilHt. Fnuicie Bacuu, wliu eullx Whittt- 
head a 'grave divine . . . of a blunt xloicnl 
nature,' and says be was * touch esteerai'd by 
Qupcn Klixabiitb, but nut prvferrwl K'cniiStf 
be wn.i againnt the gtivemmnnt of bi^hopa^ 
also relate* that tbe queen once Maid to biro 
'I like thee blotter br«an.to tbou livMt un- 
married,' to wbicb Whitehead replied '1h 
troth, m&damc, I like you tbe worse for the 
same cauac ' i H'orks, ed. iiipedding, vii. 163). 
Hicliard Hillea, however, In announcing 
Wbitehiiad's dvalL in June 1671, stated thAt 
' ho lived about ttuvrii yearn a widower , , . 
but very Ulflly, bofore the middle of this 
year, V- mnrrii-d a young widow when b» 
waa bim.self about vijiiiry ' {Xun'rh T.'^tter*, 
i. 242). An engraved portrait ia given in. 
Fuller'9 'Holy State' and in ifolland'a 
' Lleruologia ' ^p. 173V 

Fuller mentions Whitehead's' many bookn 
still extant,' but with thetexciipliou of eonie 
diacourKea printed in Whittingbain'H ' HrielT 
UiecourH of Troubli-s at Franlcfort ' (1675), 
they bavtf not be«n Iruceil either in print or 
manuBcript. A translation of Ripley'i) ' Kf»- 
dulls AlchymiR) ' is aecribvd in BemardV 

n 



Whitehead 



98 



Whitehead 



•CntnlotfuB of Aftbmolean Mamiscripl«' tf> 
Daviil \Vliitfi!ic«(],'<Jiict(irorPhvHick' (Cat. 
M'%S: Ani/lia; i. Ml* ; in Hi.«t?K,r«r. A^moie 
MSS. en). 1310, the asmiition » rawwly to ■ 
' i>.W.*) 

[Amborilies ciuJ ; Ijinw). MS. 981 f. US; 
Bwypo'a Wortoi (aoiicr*! index); OoQKli'Blniex 
to Pdfkor Soc. I^l^>l. jM.4Min; Whitlin^hiin't 
BrisffDinTOiim, 1674; WooiJ'» Atlioiup, i. 398 ; 
KnuxV Woi^ (BiiBuatyuQ Clul): Foxo's Acx«« 
nnii MitD. ; Hale, tx. f)l; Fitll«r'B WorthiSB, ii. 
1'2 ; Pnler Unrt,vr'a CuiumanLiirliiH, IA68; Tnik 
n«rV Hill. Brit -Uil, p. 7«2 ; Ucwk'* PuntKnit, 
i. 170-4 ; Parkhtirsfa Ludicra, p. lit : Cbfir- 
loa'u Lifu of Nowoil ; Dumot'a liii)C, of thn I{<,^ 
furiiiHttoii, od. pOTOck ; l^onar'c Alamni Oion. 
ldU(i-l7H: I>ixon's Hbt. Church of Cntfluid. 
iii. 238. 38fl. ir. 696.1 A. t-'. P. 

WHITEHEAD, QEOHGE (lOIWl?- 
I7:i:i), 'jiiukdr, wa* bom ».t Snn Big*, pimsli 
of Ort'jii. W.'jilniorland, in 1836 or IflST, 
ninl pdiicatcd rI Blencoe free school, Ciim- 
bt^rland, niter which tu- uiuf^ht or usher in 
two »i;!i<H>U. H hi>n ahnut lourtpen he lipard 
of the nuakprs, to whom he -wa* chiefly nl- 
tractvd hy obwrvii^r how they wtji* reviled 
by unnriucipWdp(X)]ik. TholiretnicfMinglic 
aitendetl wa* ut CuiJtuiii Wnrd'* at Suimy 
B)ink, n6Rr (irayrijrg cluipel. wht>ro ho liret 
I lieard Georpi Fox (ii. v.] Hi» [in-sbyttiriiin 
pareals, si h»t muoli (cnerud at hia turniug 
qu^er, gnvr aftcrwardB to lovo tho stwiely, 
of which hw molh<ir and w«l«r Ann diftcl 

Afft-r' bearinR hiN te*titin»ny'a|iiiin»l pn)- 
fe^sional minJut^rs in ^V'^>Islrllor<i^and from 
10-W 10 16f>J., Whitehead slnrted H-boiit Ati- 

?i9l Itifii M on irinernnt priuir.!ier rhrnuph 
orksliir<'. LiDColnshire, and Catnbrid^ahir? 
io Norwich. \t Ciimhrid(irc ho nict Janm-^ 
Poruell [q. V.l At. Norwich he viiiit«d Hi- 
chard lloblK-rthom [<j. v.], a prinfincr in tlio 
caatlo, and h*jld mevtingi and public di.*pu- 
tntionit; in opile of viok-nt opposition and 
much contempt of his youth, taacy wvrc 
COHvertttdlrtiiU!ik*Tiwu. In LK-ciMiiher 1654 
hewaa baled mit of St. IVter's Church f-ir 
><pi7nkinfr aftrr l.hi? niermon, and, b«in^ exa- 
mined abont water baptiiiui, wn^ i inprlitoni.>d 
for more t.hnii fiifhf wt'eka; lioon aftar his 
difcharfre, in Marrh lfi55, ho wan nfl:aiM 
Coiiimitti:d lor visiting jiriaonera in Norwich 
CeallL'. Iti Mnv hw wt-nt to Uuldiuater to ae-s 
^oun^ Partndl in priwin; in July, forilHfi'nd- 
ing a paper nrtisiwl t.n tho church d<ior of 
Uurea.SuIlitlk, brhisconipftniaii.he'was com* 
u)itlfitlf<;rTHnlntBiir7St. P<dmiindii. There 
be lay for thri'o moDthi^; «I the ()ct<ibi.'r«',i8- 
sioos be %-ns aci^usM of b«in^ an idle wan- 
Aering fttllow, and fiopd i^O/. On hia reftusl 
be was rt'inottded, and suffered much 



hardahip in pmon fnr fl(l«en mootlis iiDlil 
his friends in Ixindon, ruiinciBHy one Mary 
Sftiinci<?M, A waiting woman to OlivcrCponi- 
well's wife, appealed to tJir I'rotnctor for an 
iiitjiiiry. \Vhlt^!h«ldwa^I■Iaroinedon22Ma3^ 
l&^tt. and again ia Jtuie, but wm nul re- 
icBM-d until IB Oct. 

>Vor«n tn-AtuiVDl now befell him. At 
Sallroii Waldttn he was net in thi srM:kB,ai»d 
at Nayland was coniiumued ' to be openly 
whipiiUl until hia body be bloody.' About 
Mar 1 tS57 he went tu thu we»t of England, 
ine<<lin;f I'lis at (ihjiieeiitBr. 

lie now ( 1 637), aftfr three y«*»' abBClice. 
returned to Sun BiRS where many quakcrs 
had gathoni-d, and large meetinffs wcra held 
wint«r and bumioer on cmg «dp« or on tho 
mooM, until funds for building meutJng- 
houjeawerefurthcominjr- lie visited Swartb- 
more, Nowcaalle, Berwick, Alnwick, and 
Holy Island, thv govi-rrnor of which placo— 
Captain l'hillipp« — and hi^ wife both uMante 
miakora. llcturning south. M'hitehead wa* 
tlir'jn'ii into prison at Ipawich on the auit 
of a clergTinan whom he had ot-ortaken and 
diecourswl with on the road. When eession« 
came h* inwnsed the mat^islratofi by point- 
ing out the ilk-galily of his uocu-Hation, and 
wu« *-n1. hack to gaol, whence he was only 
reli'osad, after four months, on tho diMitU of 
the I'rotwclor. 

On^Aug. 10'iO>\'liit4'head held at Cam- 
bridge a public diaputewith Thomas Smith, 
vicar of Caldocot and univcraity librarian, 
vh.0 had airvadv appeared af his opponent 
at Q meeting in Wciitminstor. Smith under^ 




4 



l^ttftker l>iiiann'il, or n Tnie Itelation of a 
hilerublie IliEpute held ut Cambridgo ' < Ixm- 
don, Uiri!), Mo), and ' A Tingg for the Quaker*,' 
same place and dale (replying to Henry 
Ueunva 'Th.< Quaker no Papist,' London, 
1650, 4to), issnpil ' The Key of Knowledgv 
not found in the UnJTersity Library of Cain- 
bridf^, or a fhort Answer to a Koi>lUh, Slan- 
derous Pamphlet entituled "A Ciagyfor the 
Quakers." ' London, llViO. 4to. This WM only 
one of a long series of public disputes, lutialty 
enlminafingin literary effort, to which. WhKe- 
headwaschollengedal thi«time. Frequeotly 
ihey fAok place in thu pariah churchea, Mme> 
times ill prirati' houses. Thus, he was tt 
Lj-nn on l5Sept. IC'iH, and icgnin on 11) Jan. 
1660, appeatii)^ ugainsl Thomas Moor and 
John IXom, leaders of n. smalt svct of I'ni- 
veT«ttlist« or • Free willi-ra,' aa ■Whitehead 
calls them. In niply to Horn he wrote * A 
briofe discovery of t)ie dangc^rous PrineiplM 
of John Iloriio and Thomas Moor, both 



i 



• 




Whitehead 



99 



Whitehead 



jera of ihw pt-oplr cnMi.-^I MoorvitinB or 
lifefllariana,' Lrmdon, Ifit'ti*, ttf);'Tlif! 
ken no Dvceiven, or tlie Munagenn'nl of 
•nimjii»tch«rgBiiffftin»<tlicmcoiil'ittiil,'|lWlO, 
4to; aiul 'Tlie Ile-Oouiii Horn broken, or 
Innoceucy t-lrvstod ni(nin»t Insuliticr uml 
Impuiknt KaUe-hood,' IGtH),-!!'). Otlii'rdis' 
puUtiona took place at Fullinm and Etlimtis- 
bom. At Peeerboiouph in April 1m)0 ho 
lud to iiM rcM-ued fixim the tnob tty LiunbttrtV 
old soldien (juartered in thn town, rndur 
the pTOclamutioD npiiri«1 0Quv>-nticI>-)i h'- 
WAaaoAD in priflonagidn.and in.Marcl) Kitil, 
vbile in Norwich Cattle, lie ulmoft; diyd ot' 
•roe and paol fov^'r. A royul proctamntion 
relefta«d him after sixteen week»<. 

The finit parliament aft^r the Itestjsrntion 
brought in a bill (1.1 & 1-1 C>r. II, cap. ]) for 
the Buppn-wion of quaktTK un '<Ianif(?rou* to 
the public p«m! and safetr.' W'hit^tiuad, Ed- 
watxl Uut^gugh [q. v.].aud HublKTthoni ap- 
peared before the committee aeveral tiin^Jin 
Mar 1(341 to pniicst u^ainst it« conditions. 
Thev wt-re alunbi'nrd iit (In- baroftlwhtiuw, 
19 .Inly, on the third n^adinjr. Tbo bill, 
■whicli forbade livi.' rjiialcpnt to ai'xt for wor- 
ahip, paaaerl; bur althou^'b ihrtir moi^iin^t- 
bouaea were locked up. were turned iotoftol- 
£ete* quarlcra, or polled down, iho quakcn 
eontioued to meet in l)ie«tn>eUor inprivatv 
liDuaei. 

From tbia tiniD to 1073 Whitehead spent 
moal of )tU tJmfi in prJunn. Oner, nrhilH in 
AMiito Lion prifton, he wa-i chareod with 
beingconcemedin tbeWentmorluntl 'Kipper 
Riglf Plot' (el. FnBorRo*f, Earfij ('uin/n-r- 
imj and Wtstmortnnd FrifniU, pp. 4 »ie(]. ; 
Cat. f!faf/- Pa/>frg,liom. I«0;i-l,pp.tJ32,<i4O). 
He lodged nt tbij liuii', wh*;ii at libvrtv, ut 
the home of Rebecca Travert [o.v.^ in \\'at- 
ling Strent. and laboun>d in auu about Lou- 
don. Wh'ii, under b new act llfi Car. I!), 
impriHoncd qiiaken were M>nt to the mlnniea, 
beu>-ld ini.-*-tinp«onbonrd thi'lranf^iDrt «hii)B 
at Gmvefiend. All thrnuf^h the plague he 
viHitml ibow in prisou. In I'JTU he married 
a nioufl widow* divers years' oldftrthanliim- 
eelf, who wa« ' like a mother to him.' 

In the BpiHng of ItiTli Whit'-he^d and hi<i 
" I'homait Mrtor hml an niidienco with 
n at Whitehall. Whitehead ex- 
thnir uotLsciuuliuus obiuution to 
rMriii|[, and con»H()ui-ut iriabilitv to take 
lie oath of allepADce. In tlio end an order 
raa given on 8 May to prepare s biU for tin.* 
royal ai^atiire wliicb Bh4%uM contain the 
tuunca of all prisoners couimittod before 
SI Jnly. The inAtnimcnl., upon eleven Mtins 
of parcbmeal, and with tho names of 4)40 
prisonera eleven times le^ieated. ia now the 
property of the Meuling for SufTuriugs (cf. 





WtilTKRBAt), Vhrutian Progrfftt). By Ihia 

paidtit John Bunynn was Tpieosed from 
Btnltonl yaol. Deluys occurring in obtaining 
lifitaofthepriAnnern, it. was not until 13 Sept, 
that the docuinetit was sealed (cf. Bab> 
ct-vTs I.ftlrr«, p, 184). Wbtlnbead made 
^nvatexertionaiD obtain the ruletwe of (iiittkurs 
under thi» patent, rititin^ himself C'hehnif 
lord, IJury Sc. Kdinunde, Norwich, and Hert- 
lofd. 

lu little ovor a yi^-ar, bowever, tbia indul- 
(fence was withdni'ivn. On 21 March 167^-80 
Whitulioiid iind TliomnA IJiirr were taken 
from a mKi'^lin^ iit Nurwiob and »ent to gaol. 
When brought before the mngistrulos live 
wtM'kB later, I'nincis Itncon, the recunkr, te- 
funed to allow thn mittimiia to be read, and 
oilered them iLu oath of alb'giaacf. ^^'bito- 
head'a fible and dijfnifieJ defence i» in UU 
' I>ne Orditr of Law and Justice pleaded 
against IrreKulai and Arbitrary I'ruCDeclings 
. . . .' I»ndon, 1680, 4to. 

Whitehead had inunv intvr^-iewa wicb 
Charles n. In IHT-'l he' ]j|.*d.-(i fi.r Fox's 
Iib<.*n(lioD from WorecsUT gaol. On ItiJan. 
iK7lt->«), with WilEiiitn .Me.icl [q.r,], he pr©- 
stnted details of tbo persecution Friotids 
Aitlli'ircd bv U'in^ ronfniinded with papists, 
imd showed how parliament hod prepared 
a apiTinl clause for their relief in tliu bill 
of rosf, hut hnd been prorogued befom the 
bill ri'acbi^d iho npptr housu; on 17 Feb. 
1081-2 be introduced soinf Bri»t<)l quakers 
to report tLu atuto of tilings there; in Ke- 
bniary 168:i-3, with Gilbert Laley [<). v.], 
he described tie sulferings of numbers Id 
nn nnd<T(;mund dunjiteon at Norwich ; on 
l'5 April 1<»A1 they miw CbnrlL'9 ut IT&mpton 
Oiiirt, when he asked for an expluoaiioiL of 
their pcciilior Inn^iiaeti and wearing of hats, 
their own meauwhile hating boea gently 
removed by a courtoflinal and bung uj^in iho 
pork palings: ou 8 .\ug. WKilehcad pre< 
sented an oddreia firom the Hocioty clearing 
thuniKLvus from partinipation in the ' Ityo 
lIouHH ph)!.' Th« last interview occurred 
only II few weeks befom Chnrlf^ft's death, 
wlo^n, ax W'hitidi^iid owns, he left fiftaeii 
hundred nnaker men and women in prison, 
wiibhunaredsmoredeepoiledoftbeirestatfie. 
81iorTly after Jamca iTs acce«sion Wbit«> 
htmd repreaouted this to bim ; thrvo or fonr 
months later, accompanied by Itobt-rt Bar- 
clay,hc]tadaeecoi\d interview. Janoa iosimmI 
(lo Maivli 9t)85-U) a warninL for their re- 
lease. Wbiudicud utiit pmciircd ftom 
Jomea II thn ap[>ointment of two po m m la. 
eioners, who sal atClifrord'aInninJune1686 
and effectually crushed tbe inittuitouij iradii 
of the *informpr.i.' The Mng also granted 
bim a roval mandate for tbc iiay of pro- 

H 2 



Whitehead 



100 



Whitehead 



caaaea in iho eichequer by which (junkers 
wore Qnrid 20/. a moutti and twotliirdn of 
their celQto for ab«ctiict' from lliulr |iAri«li 
cburcli. Aml»l«cl lir Latiify n»J William 
Mntd and by the lord tniaaurcr (Hj-di-. earl 
of Unchtwtwr), he »uccrwii<d in (fitting the 
fee* of the pirn nfPice rediif^ed from the 
'many hundreds dvanmiilod' in tiO!. Tiw 
result of BL-v<>ml intiTviews wirh Jtinira II 
wu a declaration for liberty of cotucietico 
on 4 April IIW7. 

Whi tchwudVeu II liaui?di'(rorts were crowned 
bv tUt! at-'t of tuleratiun piiiiM'd iu the ttrst 
year of WiUiam iLiid Mary. Tliia he keoaly 
»cruttiit»Mi in drnft. niid, btM;aas«the precise 
Htanditig of the quaki>ni wtw obsciin;, drow 
up R fhort cn«i-[i nrul nxwiUTidtHl it to lh« 
cninnjitt<'i=' of thu hrmsf, Many qimki'nt still 
remAiiiinK prisouers, AVhiti.-ht'ud, iutroducvd 
hy Ilunii'l (Jiiun^ fq.v.J ihj? i'l(«"UmHl«i?r, mad*' 
II p'trnonnl appeal to ^\ llliuiu III. Tic king 
woa duly iinprp>w.'cl l>y WhiN-ihcml* rttfi— 
Tvnrji to Ihi- tolnnition of Mnnnonitfifl in 
Holland!, ami ii tew ww^kft later rflciwed the 
quakcra by act. of pnicf. MHiitfhi'ftd iht-n 
Kut alx>ul ubtniuLtii^ au alivratiou of ttie law 
whicli precluded quatii-ra from tnkin;;^ any 
Icfnil AL'ti'ML, from proving or nduiioisterinK 
will*, from telling up their freedom in citirs 
or rnrun rat ions, and in i-uixu; plucue from 
«xereiBiiHJ'Bny cWfnrfl.1 ripht*. Iltthail now, 
hpsidwi Ednnnnd Waller (ann of the poet), 
many iiifluentiaL friends in both house», and 
wfts warmly congmtnlutcd outaido M-ln-n 
Ifiivu to hrinit in ii motion passed by a large 
uiajorJlv. Th<' affirmntion bill, drawn up 
by Sir Vruncii' Winninuton [q. v.l, became 
law on a) April Hiilti. This act, pitsw^d 
rnrHevunyearf. was madt! pt-Tpcluul Jn ITl'T. 
When tliK piill afit nbliginp i^very dissenting 
preaclier tn pay 20«. quarterly was about to 
be renewed in Iffitt, \Vhit«li('HdV inllu>-iici^ 
prevnilf'l for the intrndiictton of & nn^w 
clatttie t'somptiug Friends, who have no paid 
pri^acliers. 

Although the Btalua of the Friends was 
cow If^ltv much improved, a coniplnle miv- 
undenitanilin[; of thuir iL-nets still prevailed. 
In ri?ply to a writ?* of pamphlets by Ed- 
ward iWkham, I).T).. njctor of fiayion 
Thorpe, and two otimr Norfolk rector*, 
Whitehead wrote Iuh 'Truth and Innorencv 
Vindicated,' UJi»9, tto, anil 'Truth iV-va- 
lent," 1701. Jto, Cfintftininir a w.'ll-rrABoned 
and able defence of their civil and religious 

Erineiplex. A little later ho iMiicd, with 
lend, 'TliL' P«ciple cnlkid ijiiokers truly 
rvpro^UivCed . . . witb a llrief Enquiry into 
A Pftniecutitig PsmphK-t lutily <K-livQri.!d to 
iheMenilwrtof I'nrliaiiiiHit stiW' A Wind- 
ing Sheet for Quakeriam " * {by Ktlword Cock- 



4 
i 



too, rector of Wesloot Banoo}, Londoo, 
1712, -Jio. 

\\'hit4hcad'8 ftutohiocTKphy coaaes on 
IH Aug. 1711. Hifl lu>iU!h wm failinff, Imt 
he wa.'i able la present the society's madneB 
to William 111 Dti his return from Holland 
in 1701 ; to Queen Anne on ber Acceonon ; 
to George I oa a Uke oocaeion, and also in 
171fi on th*- euppKSsioi] of the ^cot» re- 
bellion. In an ioterriew with the tVince of 
Wales (GL>orgD It), he u^l;l^d toleration and 
liberty of cou8cieuc«, for which ho bad 
pleaded in perimit with seven English 
aovi)rvi|n>t*- ">^ >liD<l **^ ^ March \7iS, la 
hitt ••iglily-«nventh ynar, and woa burind in 
the quakere' burinl-grouad at Bunhitl Fields 
on 1.^ Mnrch. 

WhiiehMd's first wife, Anne Downer 
(widow of BcDJiuuin Oreenwell |, whom be 
mnrni-il at Pf-t>l Me^-tin)^ in Ch.^rltpnweli on 
13 .Mar 1670, won a minister aa early as 
16H0. i?he travelled two hundred miles on 
fool pr.'ftchintf,«ndwoji prominent in Mttlisg' 
the order of the separate women's roeeliugv. 
She died at Bridfot AuM^H'a, South Strrbt, 
27 July KJtW. Whiteheadpublished a little 
memoir of her, ' I*ietv promoted by Faithful- 
noes.' hi^O, 12ino. llis sc.'coud wife, Aon. 
daughter of C'apiain iticlinrd and Aun (4od> 
dard oTKfadiug.wae, whenaho married him 
at Duvonithirw House on Ifl July l(t8S, an 
ripplian kei-ning a shop in Whiuvhapi'I, ' an 
honest and virtuously inclined niaia.' By 
neither had hr^ any eun'iring i«auo. 

It is almost iuipoHsible to overc»timat« 
WhiteheAd'n shan> in the foundation of tht* 
Society of Fhuude. or his inllueuci' va tb* 
development of national rfligioui* liberty. 
Without the mysticism of Fox, B«rclay, or 
IVnntngton, hv nddn-mtrd lii« rcuIm lethal 
kiinwleuge and literary gifleto eetahliflhing 
the sect on a sound rivi] and political basis. 
Hid works wore almost entirely conirorcniitti 
and nTitten to confute existing attacks upon 
quakers. Iu the titles of his chief writings 
givuu bulow may be traced all the prioei^ 
features of Their crMd. I. 'David's Enemua 
Discovfrri'd,' and i. 'Cuin's Oentiralion Dis- 
i-orrrrd,' lioth Loudon. lRo<% -Itu, uiraiiuit 
Jonathan riapham'p hook^ in defence of sing- 
ing rsahuB. 3. 'Tlie JVlh of the Jiut 
clt'nred, and Cruelty and Tyranny laid op«n,' 
1655, 4to. 4, ' Jacob found in a Desert 
Land," I66li. 4lo. 5. ' A Brief Treati.**,' 
urns, Ito, in answer til Richard Baxter's 
'Shei-t for the Ministry,' 6. 'An Unjust 
Pli-n Confutvd. ... In antwur to a botdt 
L-al]ed Moafw and .Aaron, or the Ministers 
Uighi and the Magistraiofi Piity. by Dankl 
IVmttfU fn^ctor ofStapU-huntt, Kwity I6.'j9, 
4to. 6. (With James Nayler) 'Tlie Tn» 




Whitehead 



toi 



Whitehead 



I 



MiniAtiTs living nf The (>o9p«'I, iliMingiiUhfid 
from ihe False UiniGrers living iipnD TirEies 
ll and forced .MAinlcnnnco,' 1000, 4to, in tin- 
^K BWer to Jobu Ik>wick, n-ctor of^^taiDdrop. 
^H 7. 'The Autliority of th« True MiiiUtn,' in ' 
^^ llaptising with ilicSpiril.' ]60U, in iLiuwer 
to Saimiel JImdIty, a li«i>liit. H. • The True 
LJRlit Bxp«lliiig thti Foxg7 MiAt of thu Pit,* 
1660, in uuwer to Fninrl* DuUh. 9. 'A 
I Serioiis AcoountinXXW KTidrnl KenanoA 

I .... irhflJiQ .... (Juiikvri> cuntiDigoio 

worship Bt .... cl)iirct)eit And rliapnels 
. . . .• 1601, 4to. 10. ■ The Pernicious Way 
orthfi Rigid Pri'sbytrr nnd Auti-ChtiMidn 
3liuialer» lJctectc<].' l(i6:J, llo, in anawer to 
Cpe«awtflt, Whattflr, and Mattltew Cnffin. 
II. 'The Lnw and Light within are ihe 
BMMt mire Kule or Light, which ahcweth Ihe 
righl U8«9 and end of the Hmpluiv,' u.d., in 
anewyr l'> William I3ridi;«, 12. 'TLi- U'on- 
ttcienttouA L'aufti' nf flu- Siilfi-rfTs called 
Qtiskt'rs Plt^aded and E.vputttuliLied,' }GQ4, 
4t^. l.S. 'Nn Kt-minMon witlmiil IJejifivt- 
ance," Iflft'i. Jto. 14. ■ Thp Li^ht and Lifu of 
Christ within, »nd th*- Kxlent, and Klficury 
tht'rMvf Ilemonstrntt'd,' ItiOt*. Ilo, in luiHWer 
Co William Rumet. l'>. 'Tha Divinity of 
Christ, and L'nity of tlio Threp tbit Wr 
Kowrd inll^'avun," 10*19, Jl". With a l*re- 
face by Georf^ Fox, in answprto books by 
Thomas Viiicvnt, William Mado.t, Tboiniu 
nanMon.Kd ward Stillinf^fli'H.ntid.lohn Owen. 
16. ' Ohriat ascended libovp the ClrmdH. His 
Divinity, Li^hl in Man." I'ilW, -ita, rnplyinft 
to John X^'wirian'i' ' Light within.' 17, 'A 
^rious ApoIogT for ihe I'rinciplen and 
Practices of ihwIVoplecallr-dQimlicrt,' 167L 
4to, a^intt Tbomiui .K-nner and Timothy 
Taylor ; pt. ii. by WiUiain Penn. I8. ' Tlio 
>aian- of Cbrittiuiiil v in llii' Trut* Liftht 
aa«rtf!d,'l(f"1.4to. ur'Tht-Uipiwr l'lun)|['d, 
or Thomas Hicks hia Ki-iRitLHl Diulo^un 
bKtwwm a ChriKlinii n.nil a l^unltiT jinived 
an T'nchriplian Fornery ronaiiiting of Self- 
Con(radi('lioii« aud Abu^'x HKain't. thii . . . 
IVopl.1 ciil!.-d Qunkerjt,' lli;-J, Ito. -JO. • Thf- 
Chmtian Quaker,' ]>i73 -1, fol. pt. li. (pt. i. 
U by IVnn); 'Jail ed. 1(W9. tfvo. ropnnted 
Philadol;ihiu. I^!JI, r>vo, i^l. ' Knlhu^ia^ica 
abofe Atheism, or Dirini; Inapirtitiriii and 
Immediatu Illtiminuliun n»»t.Tt«d,' 1(^74, am. 
Hvo. '2'2. ' .-V St-rioiin Si-arch into .Ttirniy 
Tvffl Questions to llie Quakc^nt.' 1074, Avo. 
S3. 'Th4 Qiiaktir'ti Plninni-xN dut*N-(iiit( 
Fnllary,' and 24. ' The Timonma Uevik-r 
Sliphtwi," 1*174, 8vo, in nnswur to 'The 
QiinkiTit ijuibbh'.i,' by Thomns Thrtnijwvn. 
2.3. 'The I-'ase of the (^unki-rs concTiiind 
Oalh« defcndt-d a« KviinK<diciil,' Mi7i>, 4lo. 
20. 'ITie Way of Life und rcrfeetiou 
livingly demoDttrat«d,' ItXiii, 4to. ^'7. ' The 



I 




Real Quaker a Rtiil Prol^scant,' 1679, 4to. 
'^ 'Jud^ent fired upon the Accuaer of 
ourBriMhr^-n," llWl', am. Hvo. "ii*. • Christ "a 
LambN diili'iidcd from 8atan':i liiij^e, in a 
Just Vindication of the I'eople called 
Quaker:!,' 1601, 4tu, in au.«wvr to John 
P<-nii)maii lu. v.] 30. ' 'Hift Contemn'd 
Qiiukerand aisrhriatian Keliffion defended,' 
l(19l',Kin. Hro, 31, 'T\w I)ivin« lAgU of 
C:hrij»t in Man," \m->, sm. Hvo. A-2. 'The 
Christian IWtrine and J^ociety of the People 
called Quaki-ra, ch-and from the Ri-pmacb of 
the lato diTi^ion of a tew . . . tn .-America 
(Aij^ncd by seven othprs),' 1603, stn. 8vo, re- 

Erint«d in S^Wfl'i^ ' History,* tramdau'd into 
liitch by him, l(55,l'Jmo,andintoGennan, 
AuiKtcruam. 1701, l^mo. SS. ' An Autidotu 
agaituL th4^ Venonie nf thn Hnnkn in the 
Ctniss,' ltil)7, Bm. 8to, and 3-1. "ASupple- 
muut upon Uccasiuu of what thu i^naki) 
ca1U,' ItiUll, 8vi>; ihitui^ two in anawftr to 
Charltia Leelio [tj. t.J He also wroie tivu 
Imokit in reply to Francis Buf^f [•!■ ^-l *'*'' 
three answenn; Oeorge Keith [q. v.], both 
apostate qiiakera ; as trelL as innumerable 
epiatlc« and tcstimonitu, or biogTojihical 
account*. Several of hi» sennoiia were taken 
down and printed. 

ITho Christinn Fro^^n-ss of that ancicot sor- 
rnnt Oforgc Whit^hiwd, histnrioiilly rnlating 
bis Ksp'^rirDCC, Alini»Ir;, &c., oililrd hy Jnssph 
Besso, LaadoD, 1726. 9vo, is invsluaMo fur tiia 
quaki-r liistoriiin. Mur-h of it in rcprinimi iu 
'Hifc*'* Memoini of Whitoti^Md, 'I vnis. York. 
1810 : Sfwd's llititory of ibr Kisv, ke., 1. 103. 
IIII.IU. 110. 152. II, 171.287. 40'j, 4111, 416, 
431.463, 467,471 ; Fox's Joornnl. pp. I'-'l, ^04, 
342. 458, 469; 1-Vr|riw>ii's Karly Cuinhorlnnd 
nnit WntLni. Kriendi*; Cnl. Stato Papora, Dom. 
lS;>R-9 p. 1^9. lti63-4 pp aa'2,610, lA6t-A p. 35, 
1672 pp. 'lf^9. 490; .Smith's Csialw^u*; Barclay '« 
Letters of Early Friindi; BMse's SufTarinp, 
piuiiimjGoiij;h'BUi(it. uf llivQiiokcnt; Whilin|["s 
P«r»«ctttiou exposiil; De>.-k and Ball's London 
Frionda'AIcfrtiDgii,np. 17J ssq. ; Chalmi'ni'a Biflgr. 
Diet,; Allibooo'sDict. of EiirI. Lil.| 0, F. S. 

WHPTEEEAD, .TAMKS (1812-188S), 
phy^irinn, born al Oldham in 11*12, was the 
sou of John Whili-hrnd, wlm had ii widu 
r«piitatinii in the dUtricl &ri n hi^rbalist and 
dealer in Gimpien, .lame^, nnvr wnrkiiiR os 
a boy inncorton-niitl.ail'^ndfd fh»v Maraden 
Hiroot school of medicine in Manchester, and 
wn* a pupil first of Mr, C'louch of Lorw 
SlrK*;!, and ufterwaril* of Mr. Lamlwrt of 
Thirwk. H« was admiltcd a lieeDttat« oE 
the .Sncietv of AiK>t1u-cnrie8 of London nn 
11 Hi^pc. Irm, and iin IT, Dec. 183^ l„- ht^ 
camo a member of the CoUe;te of Snrceona. 
He wns admitlwl a fellow of thr l_ViIli.<gc of 
Surgeoniiafl^rrxamiiintion on 14 \nfc. \i*AA. 



Whitehead 



J03 



Whitehead 



ile fnuluftt«(l SI.D. ftt the wiivemiiy of Ft. 
Anarews in 18W, ond lie became q nioinber 
of the lEoyuL College of rhy»iciiiii>i uf London 
in ISW. 

Whitelwod visited France and Genn«nj- in 
1^0, uri<I on his rulum to England in 1838 
lit. begiin to praciine bi» proftusion in Itxford 
Street, Mancheet(>r. In 1^- ho wiu ap- 
points] ili-monitlmtor nf nnnlomy at th« 
Unrsden Street sohool nf n^^icini?, and in 
tfaewae jearbi' mbrriwl Eilizii belli, c]nii)i1iti>r 
of Thomao Hnyward ltAf1elilf(% whi died on 
'JO Sept. 18^11. In ]&5t( he foimdfd.joinlly 
witJi I)r. Sclioepf Mfrei, th* Clinifal Hos- 
pital and Dispensary for Cliildren, whivk be* 
came flulM^rpK-ntlv the Maiiche*tt-r Clinical 
HMpiciiJ fi>r Womi'ii and Children. H« wa» 
kclnrcr on olistetries al the Koynl School of 
M(-<dicine, Eind for fiflix'n year? hn actud aa 
GUrscou to ;^t. Morv'i) llvspilul for Woiuun 
and Children. In 1^*51 ho mnved inio 
Mofltuy Streut, whtre ho conducted a larite 
pTactica nnl il l8R!,nhcn Iwi n-tirml to IJvi- 
on nn eatato ho had niircha.'^ttd nt 8titlnn in 
Surrey. He died, iilTer u long illne", on 
9 April IS^**'!, and t« hnmd in llwr Ardwich 
C*meiery, Mnnchester, 

Whitehead's work« woro: 1. *0n th& 
Caufl^ and Treatuipnt of Abonion and 
SterilitT,' London, IM", Svo; republiflhed 
in Aiui-rico. 1848. 2. 'Un tlioTranj^inimon 
from Pnn'nt to t)ir«|iriiij; of jioino Korin« of 
Disease.' I^ondon, 18r.l, Pro: fJnd edit. 1857. 
3. 'The Wife'* Uimnin, hr PliilothnlnV 
1860, 8vo; 2nd edit. Ifl74.' 4. 'Nofw nn 
the Rate of Mortality in Manchester," 186:5, 
8vo. 5. Jointly Trith Dr. Mcrei, a report 
on childr(tu*s di*Misf». heiunr the first ' lieport 
of the Clinical Krjspilal," M-aneheslet, IS">6, 
8vo. 

[ObituarjrnotiteintkoBrittHliMediuilJouniNl, 
1885, i. 87A: ndditionnl informAcion kinilly 
Bvnu by Dr. Dtvid L'ord Kob»rM. Dr. J. E. 
Piatt, and the Inlu Sir. Ltlnnrd Land ^r AUii' 
ehwl-r J Ji'A. 1". 

WHITEHEAD, JOHN (16.10 lOlW), 
qiialier, wh.* born of imntHii parents at 
Owstwick inlloldernejis, Vnrkiahire, in ItlSO, 
Hw entt!>fT>d thi.' nrmy wli^ii <>i|.>htei-ii, hiiviiif; 
threft yenm before experienced ' conversion, ' 
t\e tirat preached as n qnalicr at Mnlton in 
lleccmlkr HS-W. In Mnrrh or April IfVi.l 
he held a m(^eli]la: at nuiterwick. and in tin* 
Bumtner he left the urniyflnd Bturled pr«?Bcli- 
intf on the inoDni of Yorlinhire. In NnveinN'r 
1U54 lie attempted to preach iu Lincoln t'n- 
thedral, but had to lie reBcned by soldiers 
from an unfjjy crmvd. .\t (i^brtiilinn* heAva* 
in prison nt. [,fiice.iter. Thence he went to 
WellinKbnn>u(fb, ivliere, after the vicnr, 
TlioisAA Andpewi, bad conTctnptuoualy de- 



parti>d, he held forth to an attentive audience 
in the chnrch. A public dispute betweea 
the tvo foUowed, and on 14 March 1U55-A 
Whitehead waa BrTe«ti,id a» a vamut. Ile 
called in a Yorkihire nei^rhbour, Slamiaduke 
Storr, who wn? then viiuttDg his brother in 
prison at Nortbainplon, to urovp that he 
reputahlv tnainlalncd his wife and family; 
Jjiit on tile wiliii-Ka rirfiming to awtrar, both 
Whitvbead and Suirr were roinini(te.l to 
NortliamplonKnol. They were libemted by 
an order from Cromwell in January llk'>7. 

AfttT pTPactin;: in Ilcrk&kire anil I..ondoQ 
Whitehead waa tn Ifi'iS in prison at Uoaton. 
He waa afi^in in prinon at Aylesburv in 
Jannarv ]6ii<)-I fnrrefuiinfrtheoath. I'here 
hewrote'ASniallTr\'ati»L''(l001,4to; 5nd 
rtl. 161(6, 4to>. tin 13 Nov. 1061 Iw was 
arreoted wliik> on a visit to a friend at Bin- 
brook, Lincolnshire, and epcnt ibrve months 
in Lincoln Cft*tlf. l)n .Inly ltMi-.> li,- wn* 
aKain sent lu the castle, and kept until May 
Idea. While the_ri« hn wrote ' For thi 
Viin-yard " (IUC2, 4to), AAerthrep mnntha* 
libertjr be wan a^in in f^ol at Hull, and 
later in the year at Spaldinp. 

Whttehnnd travelled with George Fox 
U{. v.] in DflrbjBbin' in 1683, and ncit Toar 
he succeeded in obtaining an order for l^ox'a 
releojia from Scarborough Caatlo. Soon aft«r 
16(ftt he reiDovwl from Uwstwick to 9wim 
tirange. Iti lK7/i he drew up nn addn-w> lo 
kiriff and purliameni asking relief f.-ir tbo 
Vorkflhiro ((unlciTA who hud been fined and 
distrained I CI the amount of 3,^181/. IOji. nnd^r 
till- Cdn vetiticle Act. 

On ti-2 May I6iii WHiitelnNid wm a^in 
committed lo Lincoln CaMie cfaai^;ed with 
heinp n. Jesuit. He was then on hia way to 
London to see about a l«incy of 300/. in » 
chfinopTT suit. In spite of certificateA from 
the vicnr and church wardens of Swine, the 
constable and inhabilanU of l>wKtwick, and 
Wa written declarmion nf allegiance, hewaa 
sent to gaol, and when brougln up in March 
IBS.*! VTBB asked if he could deny that he wu 
a l{<)inu>h prie«t in orders. He WBf> unable 
to procurrt counsel, nnd was remanded. 
Some time before ,]uly lO^J he was released. 
At that date he was presiding over a meet- 
ing for discipline nl Fulbcck, when two 
jilsticcA entered. Fines were iiuh!t^|urntly 
ieviid to tliB amount of 72/. IS*. 2rf, 

Wbi(ebi'ad*!i lai^L impHKinmi-nl was at 
iIk' Poultry Compter, London, whither the 
lord mavor, Sir Kolwrl JcfTeriw, eent hin 
on II Feb. lfift?i, for preaching at Devon- 
nhirn House. He died on if Sept. lOW at 
bin boiiAe nr Fiskcrton, Lincolnshire, and 
wna buri^jd at Lincoln on L Oct. 

II«Eides the works already nwntioned. 



4 



4 



4 



I 



I 



ntioned, M 



Whitehead 



103 



Whitehead 



^ 



WhitefaeaJ wroln : I, ' The Eninity between 
the Two Seeds.' Lomlon, l(Wi''i, 4Ui. 2. 'A 
litppiof frrnn tin- Ixinl," I.omloLi, Hi58, 4lo. 
;J. 'A KftDit'eAtatian of Truth,' I60i!, 4to; 
lliiM »■■« hi iiii''wi'r to ' Folly nnil MuduiBiii 
madf. Manift'si ' ( Ashmnlpnri Library), br 
William I'iennes lord JSiiyo and Melc-, w Iiicli 
^\"bilfln'»rl had n-privi'd in inanitR^ript. 
3. ' Minidtorti amoug ilie I'uopK' of 0<jd 
(c«ll«lQuftkcM)noJe»uiUi,' J«83,4lo. ()th«-r 
fuffitivv iii*!Ct.i* are i» 'The Wriiteii Goapt-t 
Labours of tbat Ancient anil Faitliful . . . 
Jolin Wliitctiead,' London, 1704, gvo; pre- 
face l>y William Piiun. 

(Fox's Journal pp. 267.S04, 303.43a; Cbiilk** 
LiM aod WtiiiDgaaf Whiioli«ul, Itiii : f^mitli's 
C>kt. ii. 909.15; ilrwe'* Sulft-nng^ i. 7^. 76, 
331, 347. X48. 349. 3AA-' 300.470, 4«3, 32:i. 
A2J, 638, ii. 98. 1U7. 130. 143; PduIwd'm Hut. 
of IloMvmcM, ii. 103, for nn «n|n«Ting of Ov«t< 
trick M«HinK Uviito- \Vhiitiig'K Uomo^n ; 
WhitohoBfJ's Cliri'lian I'rogTfw, p. 23, Two 
originni l»ture to Upoi^ l''oxnr« in thn.SwaKii- 
m»r« MSS.] C. P. S. 

WHITEHEAD. -TOUN (]740?-l8W1, 

I'liyaicisn and l)i%T[ipIier, was born nboui 
740, apparently si l>ukinlie)d, Cheshire, of 
humble parcnie who bad Irft rhi' nid dis- 
senting conffregation lo join Ibe Moravians 
(1738). lie bad a clai(»ical education, Early 
ia life lu- bwamo coniwclvd wiili tin- movi*- 
mt^nl of thp W«tli-y«, hnvinp Iwn couvrrl^cl 
bv a tnethodist preacher. Aluiihew Maver of 
Sttockport (TtbrhaN, -ToAn H>«/ry, IN^O. li. 
474). He acted aa a. biy prttiiirbor at Bristol. 
Leavin); this vocal ion, be married ond set up 
in Bristol «« a lincinlrupcr. Bciu^ sncco;igful 
he remoT^d to London, wlifiw bt* joined Ibe 
Society of Friends, bi^eaine a speaker in that 
bodv, and coaditcttMl a Urge boorduig-cckoo! 
At Woudsworl h. Barclay Ibe brewer ofiired 
him B liR' annuity of 100/, to trnvd with his 
liOn on ibe fontiiieiil ; hi- BCi-fptml. At 
l*yd(?n h* PBU'Tt'd ap ampdical siudflnt on 
Id Sppl. 1779 <ivl)en bir< agr' is jjiveu as 
thirtT-nine), and jrriidiifttid Sf.Il. on 4 Feb. 
ijm. On thv death (19 Jan. 17Bl)or,John 
Koovstm, M.lK, b(? bi-Mmr- iiby:>icinn to the 
London diepenEorv, lhroi.ic-li ibe irilUii.-iice 
of JoliD Coaklcy Lettjiom [t|-^-] T*' ^**'* 
admitted a licentiate of thi^ Colbrgu of Pliy- 
kieinns on 'J^> March US'*. In ITHl ihe 
Krinnds pushed bis cnndidatun- as physician 
to llut l.oriilon Huspitnl; li« wiut n'tiirni'd 
oselpcted on 2S .Inly, but the fllection wiis 
dpclan>d not inlid, one vote being bad 
throwh a slight informality. H^ arimdi^ 
the Wesleys as (heir mi'diciil adviser. John 
Wiwley thfiHght tiim wfiind to no physician 
in Kngloud, uiid was anxious for lii» ruturn 
t;0 methodism. Ke [eP: the Society of 




Friftids in 17ft4 and af^in become a metho- 
disT ,' he would linv<! ijuiited hi« medical 
practice, and devoted bimtielf entirely totlie 
mini-itry, if Wcsluy would have givun him 
ordinalioii. lie iin>aehed tliu funeral Mor- 
mon for Wuftley, whieb went through fonr 
oditioni in 1791, lifiiio, and nviliHed SIX)/., 
whirh be handful over to the Bocinty, 

Wi^iey left bis pniiers to Thomas Coke 
''n. v.], \S hitj-bct&d, and Henry M<v)re (i7ftl- 
I'*44) r^. v.], giving tliera full discretion, 
M bin lltcniry execiitorc, I0 deal with them 
OS lUey thougbt Iji. Ilie threo a^m>d lo 
briii^ out ft lifL' of Wrslwy, but. to un'at^ 
the appiHUuace of u proinisttd lifo by .lohn 
llampaOD r*|-v.| This lifv, mainly written 
and in prone port printM btToro Wesley's 
death, vfha n^ully the wurk of llampson's 
fitthor (also John Ilampson), who hnd left 
tnelhoditm from di^upiKjintmeDl at not being 
included in the ' Ir^il linndn-d.'conNtiliilint; 
the cuuferenef) under Wesley's 'deed of 
deelnrattnn' of 1784, At a tn«>»itin(j of 
preachers .Tfinii>s Kojfera prnpo^tod, and thi? 
ex«?uton( Rj^ed. that Whitehead, bein^ the 
man of most, k'ifliin'. should write the life, 
ond receive a hundred guineas for it; for 
this piirpOBo he was entrusted with all Wes- 
ley's papers. llaiup^on'« 'Ufv' wuv pub* 
lished at Sunderland in .lune 3701, t)n 
(1 July Whitehead issued ' Proposola ' for 
prinling by *iL)>ivriptii>n *a full, arfurnte, 
and impartial ' lifo nf Wesley, remarkine 
that. ' nolbioR has yet been published whicn 
annwiTs to any one of 1ni'>^ ehnraetew,' 
With tbe propoAnis was n^inIe^l a document 
flipped (1^1 June) by WalfT, Horton, and 
Marriott, Wfifley'egenerHluxoeutoT»,»olicit- 
ing Whitehead to write tbe life. At tbe 
cuufereuct: (opened at Manchester on 20 July) 
the arrangement wax confirmed iind Wbil*^ 
head pUced on tbe bookcantmittee. Moved 
bv hiM frti-ndK, ■who reprewntrd that tliP 
work would rpfilL'so n hirge sum. Whitehead 
now claimed the copvt'ight and half ■b'l; 
profit-H. Then bi-gan a wrangle about hi.* 
eustody and use of >\'esley'8 papers. On 
9 rice. 1791 Ibe cjuartfrly circuit, meeting 
removed him from the Imt of preucherh ; 
subseqiienllv the aulharities at City lluad 
chnEiul withheld his ticket of Dembor^hip. 
C'loKf Hnd .Mount hI once undertouk a lif« 
of We^lc^Vi without Bcct<s« to his piipers, 
wbi<!b Whilebrad di-nitil thi'm. Tht- work, 
mainly by Moore, was Ix'gun in Januarj' and 
completed in February 1792; published on 
2 April, if ]iad tbe authority of conference ; 
two editions of leu thousand copies each 
were disposed of within the year. At tbe 
confvrtmco of July and Auguti 17W) White- 
bead was called upon to submit the papers 



Whitehead 



104 



Whitehead 



for exxminatioa and siniDfT. His ofi^red 
compnimise wha acc^pt^d by a eommittet', 
bill tlm (lixpiito went oa ; both paniea be^sii 
oivi! ftCtionii, I'roMediiiits wert- stayed ; the 
L-mdgn society paving all <!ObU, lunoumiiig 
to OTer ■2,000^ 

The fmt voliuni- of Wliiu-liead's'Lifa'af 
Wcdey -was published m 17itS, 8ro, tbu 
tBcluded 'Ltfn' of Clinrles Weeley being 
iMued sep&ratt^ly in Uir wimx yvar ; tho 
Mcond vuliimi' up]wuri>d in 17fH$,8Tn. It 
fell uadefct-rvi-iUy Hal, bt-tne in wvi'nr resp'GCt 
eupurior lo tlie " Lifs ' by Cnit*' and Motirc. 
Ill 179H WhitMir.ail itituraod Wesley's 
papers tn thfl rofthodinl; hf»il(-iv)0ni. Bi-fore 
tbt>y n>at'hi?d Mooiv's handa|^17D7)80ineha(l 
been destroyed by John I'airson ■» * uftele^H 
lumW.' Aided by tbe*e maauwripts, Mooru 
brnu^lit nut bin ncvr life of VV«alt>y m l8'24-n. 
Ni> higbrT tribute can bp paid tn the excel- ] 
]enci> of Whitehead's work tbaa tbu conittant 
uti'. which Mno^rc inalits of it, frequftntly, 
and nitbout ackiiowledjtnurrit, adoplintr ile 
Ituif;uDg(i, thouich critieisms of Whii^liead 
are not pjiarod. Wliiteln'od's 'Life' was 
reprinted at Uublin in iHOli, wicli xumn 
audit iom. 

Id 1707 Whiteb^nd was rcKlnmil tnniKEn- 
bunbip in tlie laelhodiat body. He died at 
his n-aiditiui^ I'oiiniiiiu I'oiirt.OId Bt*tblen), 
in ItJOl ; tbu 'Ueatk-man's Mafpiiino ' j^vw 
7 Miirrli as tbe date of hi« dtfaMi, and 
14 Marrb as that nt his inti^rmi-nt in Wes- 
ley's TBiilt at City lioad chapel ! llieee dates 
HP- probably currcct. but 1lll^ inscription 
added ill IKIU give* IH .March m the date 
of ilealh, while StovcDBon says he died *at 
the end of February,' aud wti» burWd on 
4 Mnrcb. Ilis will, dated 'J4 Feb., codicil 
2f> Feb., wiw i>roved 15 March 18l.i4. Holt-fl ! 
A widow i Mary), children, and grand eliildren. ' 
Hit) fiintiral somiou we< pruuclivd by Jusupli 
Bonson fq. v.l There ia no p.orl rait of hi in ; . 
' a full-fun^^ti Jlguru in the picture of Mr. | 
Weslev'h denthbt'd is Maid lo be that of I>r. , 
Wbitelwad ' (Stbvussos, p, 378). ' 

Hesiduit the hf*^ »E WttHli-y, bn piihliaht-d : 
1. * An Essay on Liborlv and Nocoesity. . . . 
By FUiEurtirun' [177.'], \'2mc> (n^n'inM Tt>p- 
InJly). 'J. ' MateriaHsm philnsophi rally I 
oxamLued,' 177^. ^vo (n^insl l'rti}»tb«y). 
3. 'TwnlamBn physio logiciim ■ . . sistcna 
nOTsm thiHiriati) de causa reciprocarum in , 
corde 4jt arceriis ciintraclinnura,' I^eydfln, 
17WJ, 4to. i. 'To whom it bt-lonRs," 1781, 
f<)l.(auualtorhr»ti(kli<.>t>t,iti^ed' Principle'). | 
B; ' A ii«])ort. , , . of aMemoircontainmRO 
New Metli'id of trcotinff . . . Puerperal I 
Fever,' 1 7aa,8vo|lron3lat,ed from the French ,' 
of Uenia Claude Unwlc-t, with nntodj. 
fl. * A LotUT (in tte DitfiweDce betwewu the I 



Medical ^ocioty of Crane Court anil Dr. 
Whitehead," I7K|. fli-o. 7. • A Tru.- Narra- 
tive of . . . the DiffpTence between Dr. Coke, 
Sir. .M'xtre, Mr. lEog«r«. and Dr. W'hit^hwid, 
concerning . . . tha l.if.> of . . . Wealer,' 
l79a,8vo. 8. * A Defence of a True Narra- 
tive,' 1792. 8vo. 9. 'A I-etter to the Me- 
thodist I'reachcrs.' 1 79:?, Svo. 10. * Circulkr 
to the- Methodist Preacher*,' 1792, 8vo, 

[Gomt. Ms^. 1801. i. 2S3; MtrnkVCull. of I'hn. 
IR'K, ii. 358; -SmiOi's Csl. of FriamW Books, 
1897; 'A'hitfheMi'aLifcof WMlM(|>rDf.ic»),aDd 
hi« Triio Narmtirc: Moorfr's Lifs at Wwilejr 
(prvfacr) : 8t«v«naon'ii City Road Clwpet, Iti72, 
pp. 131. 172. :S7I'. 377: Album JftodiumniinAot- 
demi!L- I.tisdiino-IUtAnt. 1S7A. p. 1132.] 

A. O. 

WHITEHEAB, JOHN (1860-189»>, 
ornithitlogisr, the second son of Mr. Jedrey 
Whitehead of New^lead, WimblMloa, wa* 
born at Altuin-rll Hill, Homimtv, i^ri SO June 
1800. Ite was e.lucated at l^ietrw under 
tliK l£f V. Kfr. Sanndenion, and at the Kdin> M 
burgh Ini^litiilion undetr I>r. Ferj^ uson, who I 
gTi?BtIy fostered his taste for natural history. 
ExposinfT himwlf too reckloasly in the pui^ 
suit of his favourite science, be derelopwd a 
weahncs* of the luiifn', and wn« compelled 
10 winter in th« liliiKadiue in 1?>81-:J, and in 
Corsica in IHKJ and lH$>t, when ho began 
colloctiii^, and dlecoverud a bird u«w to 
science. On hi* irl urn (o England li«- pre- 

Saml fur a collect inr trip to Mount Ixina Bolit, 
lOrth Brimeo.which Inatwdfrom Octobftr \>*Hi 
to August 1888. He brought bock e\amplee 
of innny new animals, includinjc no fewer 
than forty-five now jpt'cjrs nf birds. Tlw 
rcKiills of this trio are fully set forth in his 
'Ksploration of Mount Kina Bnlii,' l^ondon, 
1893. 4to, In Ih-cembcr 181W be wt out for 
the Pliilippino. Tie made nine dilfer«iic 
tripx in thofie Jtlaads, and diMOWrvd on 
.Mount DatA the tirst knoim indieenoua raatn- 
maliau friuun. H'tumint; to England in ls96. 
In .laouary 1899 hf slarlfd for ihone isUuKla 
asain, iutcLiding lo complete his researctiM 
ttiLTc; but the wai'lR-tn-i^ntlic^rnitvd3t«t«t 
and Spain inil an end to the plan, and. aAor 
wnitiiiK a few uvki hI Manila, he sailed for 
Hong Kong, and thence x:t out lo explore 
Ibe island of Hainan. The expedition wae, 
hownvcr, Attacked by fpvi*r. He with diffi- 
culty atruifglwl bacls lo the coajt, and died 
at tbu port of Iloi-boii on 2 June 1899, 

[Country Life. Jtily 1898; Sp*el«tor. July 
1690; infunnali'iii kindlr Mtppliod by Whiu- 
he^d'* fiithiir and by Mp.'W. Ogtlrie Qmni.1 

B. B, W. 

WHITKHEAB, I'XVL {I7IO-1774\ 
satirist, wa* born on Feb. 1710 in Caatle 
Vard, Holbom, where bis father was a pro- 




Whitehead 



'OS 



Whitehead 



» 



I 



p 



ap^rQUB tailor. Aft^r atC4^nilin|; n ftc))onl at 
liilcbin hi> w«s apprvnticed to u mercer in 
tho eitv, but, 8howin^ littl« diiixisition for 
busine^, look chambers in tliti Ti-iuplu u u 
Uw atudL-nf'. Me w&s, howwer, ubli^ted, 
Ajipucatly for il eurio? of yatin. to tnini>rL'r 
faureacleiicetotbeiiei){hbuuriug t'lntfljiriiiiin, 
turing backed n bill wliich the theenical 
uoaager CbBtleH HeolwutKl bad fkilsd to 
roeBt. Prom nni>on WhireliBid is Batd to 
liavx put tVt.li liiH Qntt. Itt^mrv o Sorts in the 
ohape of jtoLitiral sqiiibn. flii* first more 
eUbonilw pruductiou, ' State Dunces,' a satire 
in liTOic cnuplrt^, wm puhlithed in 1733. 
It wa» ioscribl'd to i'ope. the Qnt ot wboM: 
' Iniitatiooa of Ilora^« datM from th>e same 
VfiLF, ftud whose ' Uunciad* hnd upuwrfd in 
l72H, I'ope'a rhylliin, tofretbi'r v.i\h curttiin 
otbsr chianctt>ri«tiL's of liia satirical verse, is 
pnlui|»a«succusi<full,vr()^rodi)c:eO byWliite- 
De«d ha bv niiy c<>nt*Mti[Mirar_v writer ; hut hr> 
ia altogether lackitig in concent rat inn and 
ill anytiiinf^liktt )>ifri<iiiiiiiiM^'t of iiiirpoMP. Tbe 
chi^f 'State Duncn* is Wnlpole (Appiiis): 
other* are Fmin-l* Ilure [o. r.\ bishop of 
Cbiche^Blerr and th« whig niHtorian James 
Itnlph [q, Y.J Tbe poem, which pruvokci! 
on ntiflwcr undt-r tha tith- o( "A Friendly 
Epislle,' was sold to UtKhley for 10/. ( Bo»> 
WBLL in Lifir, ed. Birkberk Hill, i. l'2-in. 
reconb) Johnson's rufumi to accept a smaller 
aum for bin ' ijondon' tn l73i^,on tlie^rround 
that he "would not lake b-xD than Paul 
'Vi'hitvhend / nnd adds na absurd apology for 
Johnson's 'prwiidici'' agYiinst him). 

In 173(1 Whitehead nmrritHl Aniitt, tlf 
only da«ght<'r of Sir iSiirinnorton Dyer, bart., 
of ::^painft Hall, KsBex. By this liinu he may 
be concluded to have been out af the Flnl, 
unless indred bis niurriu^e pnivided him 
with the means of ciuiiring il. In 173B ha 
puhlishud 'iluuuLTB, tbe satirical poem so 
nighly tiiougbt nf by Dd^wmU, but considered 
bv Johnson a ' poof perfnrmnnce ' {iiOAWBU,, 
£ife, y. lUl). The manuscript is preeerrcd 
in BriliA MiLSPum .\ddilionul MS. 26277, 
IT. 1 17-20. It cannot be said to exhibit any 
adva.nri<! npon iU prpsltfcctaor, nor ean it« 
clamorous rituperatioD — 
Shall I'opv nlonr Lha pleoleimn hnrrDit bare. 
And loot. gilean oo« strs^litiK fool ur koaVft? — 

Ify hvid to bu di);nified by it« pretence of 
proneeding ftnin a nnt.i-iot whos« hopes are 
centred in Fredericit, prince of Wall!*. Thn 

KrAonalitica in thi^ Mitirc led to tlii> author 
ing flummoued, with bis publisher, liefun- 
th>- bar of tbe House of Lordit: but WhJtu- 
liead alMCondud [auo Dooslbt, Roiikkt]. 
AVbetber or not the action uf tbo lord* hnd 
bean tntendad as n warning to Pope, wboAe 



two'UiBlo^uc8,']738tJ5H%w-f<irA'&/in>i), 
hud dime tbeir utmost to make thi* existing 
puliticultenEion nnhearablQ,it. at least siilficed 
to niuxxlu WUitehcnd for the moment. lie 
continued, however, xo maUc himself gene- 
rally uwful to the opposition. Thus in 1741 
llornce WalpoU mcnlioDs him as ordering 
a Slipper for eight patriots who hud tried to 
vain to bi-At up a mob on the nt'casioR of 
Admiral \'ernon's birthday (I^lterB, ej. 
(.'iiJiniiigham, L V2). Ilia nrxt publication, 
' TbeU^mnasiad' (li-Hj.isa harmlfA'tmnrk 
heroic in thme sburt books or cantos, with 
• ProIegomuDa' by Scriblerua Tortiivs, and 
' Notes Vanoruin, in ridicule of thw pu^ibsLic 
funcy oi tbe day, and dodicutt-d to John 
Hniugbtun.cMienf the most celebrated 'Sona 
of Hockley and llcrce Uri<fkftt reet breed.' In 
1747 he published his lust would-hc political 
Mittin-, ' Honour,* in which l,iberty ia iuiro- 
duc8daaprepan>dtofollow Virtue in ijuit ting 
these shores, unle«e specially detained by 
■ Sinnhcpp' (Cheaterfiefd). Almiil. Ibr muik* 
time he is stated to huvi- edilud the ' Apology 
for the L'.onduct of Mm. 'IVrtuio, (.'onstantiE 
I'liiliips' [o. V, !, tirsl pnbliahfd in S vols, in 
1748. 

Whitehoud bad now become a paid hunger- 
on of the ' l'rinci*'s friends,* and iii ihu Wijgt- 
tninstereteclionof 1719 was engaged tocom- 
pose adx'urtisements, bundbilU, and t:ht! like 
for iheir candidate. Sir (i.'iirg>' \'undi-piit. 
When a sup[Kir1ur of the oiipoeition candi- 
date, Alexander .Murray (d. 1777) [q. V.]. 
wQs eeiic IL' Ni'wpatn and detained then; for 
a canaiderahh* jN-riii(I on tbe cbur^eof having 
htuded u riot, Whitidtrud composed a pam- 
phlet (HI Iiis oAse, which appealed lo tho 
indignation of iho t)oopl(> of Oreat Britain 
it« wi'll iLM of the electors of WcBliuinslor, 
(SeeexlrHctsap. E.TiioMPsoS; mid cf. Lord 
(JKHHtii's Metnfir* tjf the liriifH t^f Oeortfc II, 
I'd. hord Holland, s.d. 2K June 1751). Ia 
17ol thepriucL'diod.nndin 17nft SVhirchead 
published bid ' Kpi^tle to Dr. Tbompsou,' 
a physician of diaaotiite habits, who had 
Haurrelled Willi the treatment sdopiud by 
th« prince's pby.iicians in his last illness, and 
whom Whitehead, from whatever mociva, 
Dtrives to justify by indiscrimiiiule abuse wf 
til" 'college,' A pamplilrt puhlielii-d by 
hvin in dcfL-nce of Admiral llyu(j O*"''") '« 
s«id by Hawkins lo b« wrilleti in a defiant 
ritraiii, Its if an aniiiittnl w«r«i certain. 

Within thuse yeara, or thnse immediately 
foKowiiig, fiilts tVi dnepest degradation of 
Whittihuud'B life. His iKiHtioal intimacy 
wilb Sir Fniiicis Hasbwooutnflerwarda Lord 
Lu Diapenaerl and other pobltciuiie,and the 
fHcility uf bis literary toleiite, uiadi! him an 
acceptable momber of the diasipated ctrote 




\Vhitchcad 



io6 



Whitehead 



u-i>lluKhi)> of the i;.\cli<}i|uer in liord 
u'i» njini^lrj- [17li2-31, to n ' (Input v 
aurorsliip ut* ihf chamber,' asont! of bu 



CAllinf^ thefDsvlvM tbe ' monks of MmlooQn* 
bam Abbeji'find be wu &]){K>niied wcrt'iary 
niid uttwftril of tbeir order of ill fame, lit* 
liid t.0 iulFur Novenily in coneDqiienei^, for 
tbe acalp-buntiiig Katin^ of Churchill found 
In him a victim entirely ro ita t««te. In 
tbnw (if (!biuTbill'» untinw hv vtu braiiiWd 
09 n *di«gTa«( on manhotxl' (TV Cunferenc^, 
J7fl.t), M Mhi- oKed I'flul" who i-batlia the 
Aftom of thf bliLspbi-iniui^ r'M'i-llL'ni bi^bind 
the door {Vfte Cnmlidate, ITOi), and h» the 
typo of tbe ' ]»-pt biird ' {ludrpendt^nce, 
I7<H). The limtis wen* not ^'ijuij^nuiiab, *nd 
Churchill's tcalimony wss iiol retuect^ ; 
but tilt- cbargtfs wvro unaiiswnmblL', ond 
Wliiteliead ia r^membiTfd for liUli* f\*\: 
W\'. hud, liowL'vcjr.iit lli'- tinni, htt-n rewardeJ 
for bis aervii'i^ \>\ Xn-mg iippi.iiii1ij<3| through 
Sir Francis Diudiwood, probably during his 
cbuuf 
Butt) 

treaaurorstiip 
bioeraiihen oils it, wortli 80(J/. a. year. This 
enatilod him \tt (■nlnr^n the cott-Ofpn on 
' TwickenbaD) C'rommon wbure be bad for 
.some year* resided (^in l7*>o Horace Walpole 
mentions hiiu as on« of tbe cvlubriliiis of 
tlie locality; see Letttr», li, 447). In hia 
' Kuiitk- toDr. 'i'liompeon'htidi'VLTibvf, auitu 
in Pope's Horatinn vi^iii, th« tnoib'sl (^iimTdrl* 
of Ilia rcl iremcnt, wnd bfl appuirs lo have 
hfien iKijiulnr both in Ibe cmmtry, where 
Jie wiLs known for bis Idndlino.**, and in 
[liOndnn Bociety, wliere nmon^ hi» friends 
vcrc Tlo^arth and Tlaymnn, and the actor 
aJid draumtifl Willliim lEavitrd [4, v.] Sir 
John Hawkins, however, sars thrtt 'in his 
Cuuv L'niulioii tbvKi was littl*' tu praisu: it 
wan dt!.Hn]Lor;', rocift-rons, tmil profane, lid 
bad conirBcli'd ft habit of awenrinff in bia 

IO«i»|f("r TriiM, wliirh In- r>^riiini'd tii bin 
iteat.' fie published vpry lilile in his Inter 
Sears— a pamphlet on Cnv^nt (tnrden stBjfe 
imutMUmcntionL'd in 17(1H— bnt hewroTi> 
B KW fiongB for bis fticnd the actor Iteard 
and others. Un 1*0 \}pq. 1774 be died in his 
lodeings in KenricitA Stiv«C, Coteiit Ourdoii, 
havinfiT during tbe caurxe of a prntnu-tiM! 
illness burnt nil bis mutJUBcnpte wiibin bi^^ 
rt-nrli. In hiit will hn liifl bia hi-urt lu hi* 
patmn, [.nrd IjH Des^pflnscT, by whose order-i 
il was biiri'-d in llm mnii^deum at lligli 
M'ycomhf in lliic^infirhnmsliirn, amid so- 
lemnities which unduT tliu circnuisttincee 
mij^ht, iiki- the bwiiiMt itwlf. bftTi- bn-n 
preiermilted. A collt-ction of bis * L'otims 
and Misci'llan^ouH CompO'iltons,' wltb n 
lifi.' by Ciiptain KdTrard'lliompMiii, whivh it< 
dedicated to Lord Jje Deapunier.atid wiittt^n 
in u i^truin of tur^^id and (rcnscU's^ flatleri', 
upjir — "' -it. Ijoiidoii ill 1777 (Jt'Oi \\l» 



portmit, pitiotcd by Qtinaborcni)^, wae im- 
pitvcd by Cnllyer in ]77tt, and pr«Hxer] to 
tbtj 1777 edilioD of Wbitebeod'fi 'roeun' 
(Bkojii.bt, p. SHH). 

[CitplAiti t'>l«-nnl Thotnpson'a Lifa in Pooot*. 
tT77; ^ir- John IInwkio»'ii Life ofSiimael Jobn- 
Mjn, I'Si, 2nd odtt. pp. 33(1 v^.i ChalmM*** 
English PoBtJs Tol. jtvi.] A. W. W. 

WHITEHEAD, WILLIAM (ITir., 
1785>, i"ict-lBurp«ni, was born av CnmbridsQ 
earlv in 171'V Ho wiw hnpiist-d on 12 Ftb, 
at St. Bciiolpb'e, in which pari^ hix father 
carrii?iil cm tbi- trade of a baker, serving I'eai- 
broke Hull in that capacity. Tlic iddcr 
^^'^hilph(.'ad, while be«1owin^ a liberal edui'S- 
ilun on both his sous, is said lo have liecn 
inclined to exlravagance, and lu bave idiiiifly 
employed bis timt- In urnamentiDg a plot of 
land ni^iir Orunlcbeslor. wbicb lon^c went 
under the nnmc of Wbiluh^'M Kolly. Two 
vcarj^ bvforu his death bis Gecond aun Wil- 
liam, wIk'U fnurtiipn yr-ani of 1^, throiif{li 
tbeuitrona^Bof ileory Etromley (al^t^m^rda 
l^ird Monitor), and liiRh steward of tbe 
uuivi'r^iiy of CauibridtnO, obtainx^d & ttomi- 
nation to ^\'incb*8ter Oollfge, where be re- 
mnini'd tilt I7;jd. It was the period, u 
W'hitfhpad Bftvrwnrd* muj; («"» bin sianzos 
to tho Ftcv. llr. Lowtb, in his Life >.,/ Wiltiam 
vf W^(ir:finm),'\\\ivu Biggpri.-sidt:dand wbua 
IturtoJi tnugbl.' Up in wLJd to have acted 
tbe parts of Marcia in * Cato' and of one of 
tbe lYotnen in tbe -Andrin.'and in 173^1 to 
have gained oni> of the f^uinea prizp« offered 
by reterb"rotnrh, on a visit to tlie ttcbool, for 
\\\fi best poom on n subject to be given oat 
by bis companion I'ope, who chow Pel«rr- 
borou^b bimaelf as tbe tbome. This IM to 
bis Ijving vmplo}'od by Vo^ to translate into 
Ijalin tbe Hirst epiNtlw of the' Kiuiayiin Atan ;' 
but ibis t'frurl was not published, and White- 
bt-iid, ultluinfrb n cnmpi'tunt wibolar. never 
attained to distinclinn a.i a writi'r of Ijitin 
verse. In l'^-}, not commanding eufbcieul 
intprcst to *-cnre .■Vctit>n lo \ew Coll<in, 
Oxfoni, he entered an a entar at ".'latv Hul, 
Cambridge, with tbe aid of a smalt scholar* 
ftbip open to ibo orpbnn »>nH of (nide»m(!a 
of tbe town. He |;rudunlt«l K..\. in liSU 
uud M.A. in 1743, and in 174:! was elected 
a fellow of liin collo^n. His irmproacIiablM 
cnndiH-t, amiable iDUinen),andgtowinrn?pu- 
tation a* n noet secured to bim at CantbridfTv 
ih<> fnendsliinnf many yoiiiij; men of a rank 
euperioi* to his own, conspicuouB amone 
whom wrt« Churles Townshend (1725-1767) 
[q. v.j, 10 whom two of hi-t early iiocmi are 
addressed (ii. 171, 1711). In bis lines ' Un 
Triend^bip' (ii. 120), juMly pmimd by his 
biographer and acoordiug lo him bigbly coni> 



4 



Whitehead 



107 



Whitehead 



I 



DMMided br Ony, Whil#li««il «)ft«ned wl»t 
tbv litltvr dislilii'd u Mtiriciil louchis; but 
tbou^b liM wim t)irt>iigh liTij moro t>r Ivm 
de]>t>n<li-ni oa liis snHal snperinrs, hiii niLTun! 
vrnK not M>rvili>, and bis lack of ambilHin 
WHS Inrg«ly iltn^ in M-lf-knowlod^fm (in'e the 
linwj, ii. 11';?, aiidrvfuixl in I7'il to his fnuud 
Wright), tti 174ii \V}iitL-bfnd,althercquejt 
of tbe Earl of Jei»ey, undenook tbv [irivaie 
luilion of Ills suTTiTing son. Viscount Vil- 
lien, tbeo • bor odevoa ytmn of uga — who 
ftftervazds u Lord ianey, ww rvpulwd tmo 
of tbtt most high bred u well as one of tW 
mo«t fiubionnbU num of bis offt* — snd a 
m\wf conpaoinn ^see VlLMKHd, Okohhi: 
BcMt, fourtb Karl\ )]q uvordinKly re- 
niflr«d to Ixindoii. ftnd fllinrlJy nn^m'nnl.'i 
sbandwtviJ bi« fellonsbip, ae its reliiotion 
iroiild biivi' nhliicM him to tak« orden. 

At Cunibridf^e Whilcbead htid publislied 
bis first more impnrtsnt poetic efTcirls, whicb 
■bowed btm to have dcliWrntfly formed his 
rtyle as a wm*r of vtrse upoi'i Fupir, at n 
time wh«n En^linb poetical lit«nilura vriva 
at last on tbe very point of widuninifitBraujin 
aa to both form and eubjeciA. l1i« cniatbt 
'On tbo Oon|ii.T of writing in Vi'r8G*(i741> 
ia elegant in v«rjiLfi(-a1 ion iirxl (lictinii. mod 
iiiod«tinioat' — two merits whicbAn<mn^W 
kbaent in Whitfhpad. It wait rapidly fol- 
lowed by * Atys and Adraittn"!* (from Ik'ro- 
dotus); ail ' li*roic«?piMl«'' from' Ann BoJwyn 
lo Tlcnry tlip Eigblb," tlie reversi> of on^j^inHl 
in Ireatmont, b«i( dvlicati' in fwUnfr: and a 
readable didactic CRsay n» ' Hidirulf' (l"-*-'). 
pnKMtins sgaimt lucb as is cxctuuive or 
raijiplaceu. AU rhf-iw pit^c•-■, %it wdU a* the 
rather Utvr ' Uytnn to the Xymph of Uristol 
Bpring' (17')1^, on- in the hi?roic rtiupltft. 

Within thtt-ae ywirs Whitehead be<?ame 
wvH known in the world of letti-rs mid uf 
tbe theatre, and on 'Ji Feb. I7«0 Oarriek 
(to whom he bad adilrcMwd a very jtidieiuuB 
complimrnt in vere*.', conlainini; a charnc- 
t^sttc him ail 10 tbo moruU of tho si.Fitrt>: 
Work*, ii. 1711) hrou|{ht imt at Dnirv Ijine 
bis tivaody of the > Itoman Father.' It is 
foandeJ more or Iron (III romcille's 'Horace;' 
bniUomit^lbi'part of IIornciii.s'1* wif.'.»i.*ifr 
to lb" Curiatii, and it wvkn 10 centre llie 
iatoreit in irDratiun't father, the character 
playvd byOnrrick. Thoush it w»«a theatrical 
SurcPSA, thiitlTafcisl^ i« but n p'>or piece of 
literary work, and in execution ont' of llie 
kaat aooquate of Whitehead's iierfunuunou. 
Hia second traf;i>dy, 'Cr(it>>ui, Qiiwn of 
Athens' (fir«t actt-il on -JO Apri! I7ftl),« ny 
cut of the Kuripideiin ' Inn,' with the anpi^r- 
nalural elotui-ol Kinii tiil, l* far »ii|)eTior to its 
pfwiecvasorinKkilfuIneasof con*tniclionand 
in dignity of ilyltr, and dwerres tbe lugb 



praiae bestowed on it by ftorace Walpol* 

(lo John Chute, Letten, cd, Cuoniiiftbam, 

li. 3^:!) and by Mason. Thenv coiistitute 

I Wbiuihead'soiilyoaMiysin the traj^c drama, 

' unless tbore atiould bu included in tbeui the 

j mihttr clurur biirleMitie, 'tragedy in tb» 

I beroic taste,' of ' Faial Cfnistancy," or Lore 

I in Tears,' spoken in inonologiie by the hero. 

A |win>tly with a more seriouii purpoac i« 

the cuy idyll, ns it wonld perbap)! bo called 

I in thtfse dayif, of 'UTie fiweepem, written in 

blank voru. In fonu Whitebtriid'H vena* 

' tility was remarkable, and ubuut this timo 

he proditcod a smn of tales in (four-root 

iambic) venu.', iiom«lhiiig in tbe manii>^r of 

IVior, but more nearly p'-rhajiit in that of 

l<a Fuiiiaint-, wbicl; possess derided merit of 

their kmd. Such arv ' Vuriety, a Tale for 

1 .Married People;' 'The Goat'a BMrd,' a frwi 

\ vxpviiitiun of une of I'tuednu'n fables, which 

playfully disem««-it the ijiHjntion of L-tjiiBlity 

btftwut.!! the sexes : aiidotberf. These, with a 

. number of vtr* ih toeitif and compliuivutary 

pieees, make up an agrvivablc variety uf ml»> 

c'dlaiu-oiis Terse; and it would have been 

fortunate fur Whitehead's posthutnmii. famo 

had li« not been called upon to put a prtt- 

t«-nlioua Xao to so unpretendinf; nu e<lifice. 

He wrote fittl* )u pnjse— a diBiiiiijition, of 

no moment, on the shield of .Y.neax, and 

a light essay or two for inpertion in ■ The 

World.' Ill .Iiina l"ii-l be ttccampiuiied bis 

pupil, l.^rtl Villient, luid I^oril .\unt4iaiu, llie 

el<fest son of the Karlof Jlarcuiirl. lo I.eipr.ig, 

A tour in Ciermnny and Italy followed, and 

tlie travellem dtd iiol rvturu'to Kniflnnd till 

Ibi'ttutumn of l7oti. The ' Klptriea' in which 

Wkii«head vuminemuratcd iheir visits lo tho 

mausoleum of AiigiiHiuR and other place* of 

inivtvat have not permutu'nily added to hia 

poetic- famifj but thpy wen- not inoppor- 

tuuely written. While still in Italv Iw 

bail l»i'>n HppoinlfHl by \\i» Duke of I^ew- 

CMBtle, ihnMighthe influence of l^dv Jersor* 

to the 'two grntMl pateut placea uaually 

iimtiil' of M.'LTetary and ntfjistrur of the 

order of Ibe Uuth; and when, in fVcemlbor 

1757, Colley L'ibb^r puKted away, the Uuke 

of Uuvuiisbirv, as lord cbutriberiain, otferv^ 

to W Uitebwid the poet-luuruatesbip. which 

hud been previoii.sly rftfuxcd by Umy [**« 

Ukav, Tkomah]. The latlff was to bare 

been pflrmifted to hold it an « Hin>-cure; but 

Whitvbend'a muse waa called upon in the 

iiauAl WAV. and execulM henwlf in % sffries 

of hirthduy odea extendinff over lanrv tlurn 

a (juarter of a century, us well as of special 

vflu)ii()nf> nil occasions aiich hh a peace or a 

royal marrin^e. .\ selection of iho birthday 

odea is published in the poet* worka, but 

cannot be said to call for poethumous cri- 




Whitehead 



loS 



Whitehurst 



Udam. In his own day llm »erii» ai lojge 
wtjtvixltwc] with much unfriendlk comment. 
Jolmsan, whn aevmit to have Cult no [inr- 
ttcular ^ntitiuK- to Wliiif-liniid for buTuig 
helped t^ maki? the plan m' his dictionary 
known lo ChMt«rfieId (BoswBi-i,, f.i/''. «"■ 
J. Birkbeck Hill. i. 184 ; see nlfio Havkuvh, 
Life, Slid edit. 1787, p. 176), coin|)inwl Cib- 
ber** birthdny ode* with \Vliil<-hcad*s, In tho 
dittdranugfl of thukit«r: for'p&ndnoQ- 
Mose is iiiaapporrubl<> ' (i'6. t. 40*2), Jnbn 
fiyroii][q. v.], ibt' Luncashln) poet, in 17&S 
coupled Wbiit^head'a ' Veraei to the l\;oplc 
of England ' wilb Alii^neide's ' AiTptal to cht! 
Coiinlrv (irntli'iiirn of Knirlniid us ilUiatra- 
tive f>f tlio jiiifioUm of ibe liour (Poemr of 
Jnhn B^rom, printed for \\w rin-llmiu Hoc, 
18&I, i. 4A!»), (^liiircliill, whohadBiiddenly 
Bpniug into fame and wns beEiuntng to pour 
forth volume aftvr voUimt' iif furiou* inYeo 
tive, in blf. iii. of 'TheOtioHt' (i7rti'i uikk 
Btrophispd tW Iaiire»te Bs 'Dulnt'^is nnd Mi— 
tliod's dnrlini; 8on.' WTiitchpad but once 
mtidt' a public reply lo tbrae unJ other aHiiiks 
in • A t'hflrjie to ilie I'opts" (lir.*t printed in 
1702). which iulroduws iwA^ <ia a eori of 
•epiuel to his i-arly poem on ' Tlie Danpr of 
writ login Verse ,' anil, in iLu hu moron* form of 
Kchsr^.- from I he Iniinrale ro his brol her poets, 
very rensoiinblv and verj- piK>d-hiiiii'>un.>dl_v 
explaiiiK and dvfeuds Lii> imhIiIih). In 'A 
Pflthdtic Apolof^y for all Ijiureiiiea. paet, 
prp«ent, uuu to coioo,' privntslj' circuUlwd 
nraon^ bis friends, he put rhe mntrnr Rtilt 
morvpliiinly, mil] with the same modesl bon- 
himiie. Anil whi^llier or not Iip nctiuillv 
cherlshi'd thi^deeiKnof r(>plyiiifl;lo Churchill 
in II lonpiT jKx^in, he wa* wi»«? M>on;?h m-vcr 
to cany it out, though iLufrajrmi-nts which 
niniin axv in pnrt i^nuroua aswvll Aa eaacQ- 
tUlljr juft in fipiril. 

In tlie year 111 which riinrpliill Imd Nought 
to write tio'ivn thn lAiireat4> dunci! and fool, 
ha hod produced at Drnrv Lami on 10 Fclj. 
hiBcomedy of 'The School fnr Lovers') t76i!j, 
■wbici) has lK»eM frroneouely supposed to bt- 
loug to the suociea called »L'ntimentAl comedy. 
Thii life of liiu pluy is to bo found in the chn- 
ractun nf Arauiinia and Modcly, which ii«' 
genuinely comic. M'hilu the formw i^ also 
iinrai»lni<«lily(iltmcttv«((:rc)KXB*r,iv.640). 
The miccMs of this eomady (which was rw- 
vivwl in I??'! and 1794) ■pi-mit to ba»B iu- 
onaaed fiarrinrlc'B ronfidenco in Whituhcad, 
Tirho in the following veum oflieiiilml an hi« 
'reader' of plAyx. When in 17fi7 Oarrii^k 
■WHS hwitnling aa to theprr>duclion <if fluid- 
smith's 'Uoitxl-naliuvd Man,' h« prcvpoBfd 
Whil«In«ad, who for some time Bctcd m 
render of new plejn for 7>riiry Lane, ro him 
as arbilmtor in the difficulty--' of all thu 



mamijfaf'a ali^hia to tha poet,' Recording to 

the biograph'^r uf ihn loLtnr, Ihat which wm 
'forgotten Ihb*' ^Fouhtkb, I^e and Tiwus 
of Olivrr GiAdrmilh, ftth ifdit. lhTLii.41). 
On ti Jan. 1770 Whitehead's ' Trip to Scot- 
land' W8» performed at Dniry Lan?, which 
may btt OeMnbcd as a farc« ending lik« an 
ext ravngann. 

For mflnv voar» aftn hit Ktiim from the 
continent XVditiihi^ remained the weloonu 
houaehidd friend of I*ords Jersey and Ua^ 
court, and nv^idt'd in the town houftu of the 
fcirmi-r,Hndin the kumineral -MiddliitonaDdal 
Xuneham, of which frequent mention is made 
in his vento, and wliciwiomv linM by bim on 
the gnrden^r, Walter (Mark, are fltated as 
still to be s(^en in the groundu- Af^er ths 
death O'f Lonl Jcrwr in ITtiS, ami the accc** 
MOIL to the litlu of Iiis former pupil. White- 
bead occupied apartments in I.^ndoQ, but 
Htill kept up hia inlirascy with )y»h families. 
lu 177-1 hecollected bis worksin I wo volumes, 
under the title of ' Plnya and lAietmi.' A 
trafft^dy, oflwrvd to (iarrick. but iwwr pub- 
Ibhed ; the first ai^i of in "(Kdipus;' end one 
or two other dnitnatiu frogmvnta were found 
ntnonj^ hi^ pngxTS at llii? time of hitt death, 
which took plaoe in Charles 3t reot , Oroarenor 
Square, on 14 .Xpril 1785. 

A complc^ti,' edition of Whitelbead'ii wwnu, 
with a good memoir by his friend \\iUiam 
Atason ( I7;!4-17!)7) [q. v.], was published at 
York in 17s8 (3 vols. 8vo). A half-knglb 
lifi'-*itrd iKirlmil of Whilebead waa pain(«d 
by It. Wilson (fa/. Guetph Bshih. No. 238). 
.\nolher, |mint«d bv W. Doiig-hty in 1776, 
was engraved by Collyer, and prrflxed to 
vol. iii. of Mason's edition uf WhitehesdV 
' Work*." 

[Memoirs by Mason in eallc<.-te<l edition of 
WhitrhnuH'ii I'oami, 3 voU. 1788; Ctialn>ra'a 
EiiicLixh I'oRt*, I'ul. xvLl.iGcnMlBSompAccaaat 
of ihn Kn^linh Strkg«, vol*. Ir. and v.; Dojla's 
OJllckl litrouimp.] .4. W. W. 

WHITEHORNE. [See WuiTlloasB.] 

WHITEHURST, JOHN (171S-I788), 

horologer, bom at Congleton in Ohealura 
on 1(1 .April 1718, waa the onn nf John 
Uliituhurst, a clock and wntch maker of 
thnt plafi'. Hi* i-nrly ediivation wa.* Might, 
and on leaving school h« wag bred by hia 
father in his own trade. Ili« father, who 
wiu a mnn of iiuiuisiiive tuni, uncourased 
bim in his paisinn for knowledge, which led 
him at thon^^of twcnlvoiu: lo vi«it Dublin 
in onbr to inHpecl a clock nf curious con- 
struction uf which he had heard. 

About 17-*^ be KnlHfml into business for 
himself at Derby, where he aoon obtainM 
great empluymeut, distJuguUhing himself 



I 



I 



1 




bv consTnietiitft Aereral in^niooa pieces of 
tawlianietn. BvtMdt;^ 'Hbcr work* Ite tnailn 
tli^ olftck for ihft town-hftll, and in reward 
v&s enrolled as a burgees on 5 Sept. 1737. 
IlealM mudv tliorniometcrii, barometerti, nnd 
other pbiloaopiiical luslmments, and inte- 
reatad himaelf id contriring wiilcrwork*. He 
WM consutC'.-d in uluiost uvery undt.-rtakiug 
in Derbjiiliirf anJ iti llie neighbouring coiia- 
lieain nrbich slcill In mG)clLanice.piicuDi&tici>, 
Olid liyimiiltcN w»R r<H|uinid. 

In ]77ij, fto the pasange of the Ml for tlu' 
better n-gtilntiriii of Ibe g<)ld coinHgn, witli- 
out ftDV toliritaliori nn lii.i part hu was ap- 
potot«a •tatupt^r of tUe nnjney-wfiiglil*, i>n 
the rccomnnfiidatiim of ih* iKike of Npw- 
eoAtle. lie removed lo London, whiTe tbb 
rest of his lif« wsw pn»»cd in pltili^npUic piir- 
ioiu, and wlicn.' Uw liou»t.« in Uolt Court, 
Fl«t Wirwil, formerly the alwJe of Judim 
Feiif^son (1710-1770) [q. v.], b«cain« fhe 
eooManl rL-^uri of m«ii "of <«cience of everjr 
Dktion and rank. In 177^ hD piiblisbcd hi» 
'Iiujuirr intu thi> Original iStati; AiidForma- 
tion of thi" Kurlh' (London, 4lo), of wbicb ft 
second editi^in apppartd iu i7t<'l. cviusidur- 
ably enlarged nnd improvt-d; and a tbirtl, 
after hisdcath. in 179:;?. Thu original dusign 
of this work, wliich h* b»gan l» jin-pnrr 
■wbik' living nt. IVrby, was W faciiiuite the 
discorery of valuable minerals benrotb tbtt 
eartb'a Aurface. He piirfttir^d bis r««eiu«hro 
with $o mucb ardour ttuit Uiu exposure be 
ini-unvd Iciuli^d to impnir bia healtb. 

On 13 May 1779 lie was plwctcd a fellow 
of tile Itoyal Society, nnd iti 17S3 be waa 
•enl to ••xftinint! tbi^ (]iiinl'»4 Caiigowny and 
the volcanic mmains in fb* iiorlb of Im- 
land, i-mbodying liia obtien'atioiis in tliR ae- 
ooiul edition of bifl 'Inquiry.' About 17f*4 
he contrivcid a flvMcm of voiitilation for Ht. 
Tboma«V Hospital (IIkrnax, Uiatoiy and 
Art of Wnrminff and f'eiitiiatioa, 1»45, ii, 
70). Xa 178" lio publisliwl 'An ACtumpI 
tnwuni* obtaining iuvariablu .Measures of 
I>>ngth, Capacity-, and AVciglit., from tlw 
Mviisuration of Time' (l^ndon, jtoi. Start- 
ing on tlu' (Luunnprion that thn length of n 
wcond pendulum in tb« latitudt* of I.'indon 
«a» 9&-2 incbos, hr di^'diicc'l that tbe b'ligtb 
of one oaciUating fony-ivfo timeii u minute 
iaa^ty incbea, wbile tliatof oniM^Mfiltntin)? 
twin w many Uiavs i« twoury iurbe»i. The 
diffiarence bi-tuvw^n tbeae two lenjilhs would 
thrreforv be exactly fivu fi'ul. Hu fuund, 
llowKYiT, upon fX|ifrinii»nt l.bnL tht; actual 
difference waa only fiO-SOi incbra owing to 
ttie real length of the pendulnm, oitcillai ing 

3C6 a second, bi'ing •3]l'l:J<} inclici, lIo 
lined roughly, however, dsia fmm wbirli 
true leogtlu of penduluinR, the spaces 




through wbicb heavj bodiM fall in a given 
tirnt*, and itiniiy hiIiit pjirlicular« DL-Iatiog to 
ib>> force of gravitation and th*; trne figure 
of I lio Lwrth, could be de<)u«Nl. 

Wbitehiuai died at bis houM in Bolt 
Court, Fleet Street, on 18Feb. 17^8, and wa» 
infi^rnvl iH'sidt' bi^ wifi> in St . Andrew's bury- 
ing-ground in Uray'a liin Hoad. On 9 Jan. 
174ft b« married Elizabclh, daiigbft-r of 
liijorgfc Givilon, rector of Trutk-y nnd Hal- 
bury in Derbyubtre. llw liud nu surviving 

\Vhitfbun>t'ii portrait, vngrnved by A. 
Smith fmm a painting by .lowpb Wright, 
wwt pgbUr.li.-d bv W, lleilt on 10 Oct. 178** 
(cf. t:at. .%r"«rf T^iftn Krhih. No. 7U>. 
Another, piiinted by Joseph Wright and m\- 
gravf»d by lUll, is prHixt^d to Ins ' Workii* 
(Bkomlby, p. 3U<i). Ilia 'Woris' were 
edit<?il by Obarles Kution [<]. v.], with a 
miitnoir (London, 1792, 4to). In i7i)4 Ito- 
bert Wiltati [<j. v.] ^■diled from bis papers 
*ObB«rrationa on tof- Ventilation of Itnomn, 
ou Chiinueyy, am) Uardcii Stoves' (London, 
4to]. A colk-ction of lii* 'Tmi-tx, 11ii]o»o- 
pUiL'til und .Mcckanicul,* was piiblifihid in 
IHl'i (London, 4.tn|. Tbrw of bis papers 
first ap|H'are<l in the ' Traiisactiona ' of the 
Itoynl Society. 

(Mcmuir bj HuttoD, preGieil lo Wliiieburst** 
Works ; Eurwjumn Mag. I788.it. 818-20; Qeni. 
3Ia«. I'fili.i. 18:2. 363; Unirsrsal Mag 1788. ii. 
2a A-tl.1 E. I. C. 

WHITELAW, JA.MKS (I74S)-18LS>, 
itatlstiviuu and iiLJluiitkropiat, wiut a nativo 
of county Ldlrim, wln-m b« wiia bom in 
l"4t». IK- enU-rud Trinity rolltigf', Dublin, 
in .July 17(iO, Iwraino a ecbolar iu I76U, und 
graduated B.A. in 1771. Hw etudiod for tlia 
church, and «fti<r bis ordination became tutor 
to thff Karl of IM^'atli, who presented him 
with the living of .St, Juraus's, Dublin. He 
eoon aftt'm'ftrna obipiincdthemort-mnannera- 
tiveJivingof Sl.CaihuriiiuBin the.4anif>riry. 
His di'cp interest in tlm jwor pi-nple living 
in the *Ubi;rtiBB' in hia immedinii- neigh- 
bourhood led bill) lo ftjrm wivt-ral cbarilablo 
infililiiliong. the most useful of which was 
tbi- Mfiith cluirilnbh* lonii, founded in 1»*0(J, 
which proved of immense wrvicc to tbe 
wenriiri'ort hi- Coonibe during very dint reMing 
pprindft. Mainly owing to bis strong repre- 
eeutntioiis the trustees of (ho Kro^Jiniis Smith 
fund in IS04 albjcnt^-d i!,(>UO/. to th« founda- 
tion of a *i;boo[ in the Cooinbe, at which 
foor children were giveji fri-n rducntion. 
to wuK iipuuintod onu of the governors of the 
L'barler ^cboolmif Irrlniid, iind bv liis energy 
and unwi-tirii'd alttfntinn to ihf intcaT*ts of 
th« poor li.- wiw enabled greatly lo improve 
their working. 



Whitclocke 



no 



Whitelocke 



IVrhap* Km moat, impart int wrrice WM 
h'la oeasuii of tliu city uf Dublin, which he 
UDckrtook ill I7H8, >ail carried thmii^h tae- 
ceesfully in th« fucv <tt muuv flilliciilties and 
daiigcTK, uublifhirig tbe nuiilu of hii iRTafr- 
tigiition in 180.') in hU ftdmirable ' EaMT on 
the lV.Diil»ti«n of nublin in I'SW' (UuMin, 
8vi>). rpid<>m]C diseaMA wt^m tlieti frequent 
in Dublin, but, uad«ternMl by tht» fmir of in- 
fection, he personittly innpeci^d ewry hooM 
In tliu ciiy and qut-fttioned nearly every in- 
habltant, Ilitburto tlio extent of tb« pcpii- 
Ulioii had been only vagiii.>ly conjectured. 
Ue found in one houM a]on« 10s peopto. 
Tbo govemmnit ordorcd iho letinlta ofbis in- 
qniryto be printed, whil» the original papen 
were deposited in DublinCutle. luloOShu 
wu niQO onr of tlip invmbvnt of th« cotu- 
tnisAion to inqiiiiv into the conduct of the 

Saving board nf Dublin. Ilo rewiwd from 
oln Law (1741-181(1) fq. t.1, bUhop of 

^Etpliin, the valuable living of Ckstlerao^b, 
wmcli li* was alloweil to hold jointly with 
that or8t. CftthorincV. Ilo died at a malig- 
nant fcviT, contracted while risiling ]mx>c 
parishionrtrs, on 4 Fob. 1313. Thi> govonk- 
uuriit, conf'Tri-d a ptruiion of 'iOOr a year 
upon hia widow. 

Tliii work with which WhilelawV nam« 
is miwt fri'ijUBnllr auociatvd is tho valu- 

Lftble • History of Dublin,' in which hi; col- 
Lbonited with .Inhn Wsrbnrton, k-fju-r of 

'th« record* in Dublin Ca»tl«. Worburton 
did llii> moro ancient portion of the work ; 
Whilfllftw undertook thi' modpm part. Both 
\Vhil«law u-ud Warbiirlon died, however, 
before it WAApubliflhcd.nnd it was completed 
liy Robert WaUb [q. v.] Ii wa» publifhctl 
inlfllfi in two largo ijunrto volumM. White- 
law's otlinr works ir« ' Pan-ntal SoliciludD ' 
(DuMin, IRIWIP, 12mo); 'A Kyatera of Qi^o- 
prnnhy,' nf which thn raapa onlv (i-n^vod 
by nimself) were publishwl ; urul ' .\u Ewnr 
on the best nn:tliod of (iRccrtainine Areas 
of Countries of any comidomble Extt'Ut ' 
(* Tranaactioni of Itoyal Irish .VcAdomy,' 
vol. vi.) 

nVbtioUiv .ind WHlfth't I[>*t. '>f Dublin, vol. i. ; 
Alllbono'« DioU of l-it. ; Wnlili'ii Oompagxlium 
of Irish Bio^iapby ; tSilbortV Hi*u of Diiblia ; 
Ragiater ot Trinity CoUfgt. Dublin.] 

D. J. O'D. 
WHITELOCKE, BUUSTRODK (IdftV 
1676), koepor of tlu- ftr-nl wsl, i-ldfit mm of 
Sir Jatiie* Whitnlnrli.* 'i-[. v.] and Klien.Ix'l.h, 
daughter of Edward Dulelrodi,* of liydgerley 
Bulatrodc, Bucl[ingbAmBhir(>, woa bom at 
his uncle 8Ir Oeorgs Croke's house in Fleet 
Street on 6 Aug. Iti0.>,and pliriotenwd at St. 
Dmutan'«-in-ihe-Eaatonl9Aug.(SiHJAaE9 
WutisiiiCKB, Li&rr Fauuiieiu, p. 15 ; Cbf- 



leetatua Topt)frauAie« tt Omralayic*!, r. 
3tJ0). n« was admitlfd to M-T.-hftnt Tay- 
lora' school in Itllo, utii] tnatnculat^d at 
Oxford on 8 Dec. )6iH) oa a nvniber of 
St. John'o Ci.lhjgn {I'wenii, Alttm/ii Oj»- 
lUTJMM, i. 1620). Dr. Paraons was Whit«> 
lockn*s tutor, and Laud, who was th^^n pre- 
atdent of St. .Tohn'* nnd waa tu» fathera 
frivnd, took p^nt inleruu in hia oducatioD* 
whiiph Whitclocke »iibs>.'<inenLlv requitodby 
rcfu*inji to tuku jwrt in the proAHution of 
tho arclibiihon iMfmunaJs, i. 21fl). He re- 
created hinuelf with music and field sporta, 
joining other tnamban of the coU^e to 
maintain a paek of beagles (R. H. WnrrB* 
lACKH, Memoir* of IfuUtrodr HTiitelodu, 
pp. ti-ll). Wbileforke left Oxford wilhoat 
a d«vr«v, and wax called to the bar at the 
Middle Temple in li!3il He repr«aeot«d 
StaHbrd in the parliament of l(t26. At 
(7hHittmn» I(1S8 ha was chown maeterof tho 
revslfl and trea^nrer of tho Middle Temple, 
and in 1633, when the four ioos of court 
joined togrtbcr to perform a maaqiM befon 
the king tind queen, uv and hiti friend Edwatd 
Hydo r.-'prcwntod the Miildl«i Titmple oa 
the commitlvo (<'A. [ip. aii-&2; MemnrieU^ 
i. 31, 53-«2). Whit.-livk.. had 'the whol« 
care and eharg« of all the ntuic for this 
groat maaque, whifh was so performed that 
it MCoUed anv tniifac that eT^^ b«>foro tliat 
liiui" linii been'lmard in England.' But while 
diHtingin.shing himself socially \w did not. 
fors^t his profaatonal studios, aa to wl^h 
Scluen g&Tu him valuable ndric*. He be- 
came about lUSl ncordvr of Abingdon and 
counsel for the corpomtion nf Henley. In 
1633 hv v^iEimed by feed no lew than' 310/., 
which dropptxl, liowewr, Xn 46/. in lli« fol- 
lowing year, when he was no longw baiaked 
by bi» fnthcr's inRuence ( WhitewckB, Jfe* 
moin of H'hitflactif, pp. 7i, 90). 

Whitelocke had married in 1030, hut lus 
wife bccaiAL^ insane shortiv a(t«rwanls, and 
in 11)34 he plac«d her under the core of a 
doctor, and trHvelled to ulluviiite his ntelan- 
clioly. At Paris hfl was received with great 
favour by Cardinnl Itichelieu. and offered 
the command ofa tronpofhor^e in thw French 
service. R»turningtoEoglaQdinJuDal634, 
he roaumL'd bis practice, earned sonte local 
reputiition by a speech aa chairman of thd 
Osfordshiro qiiartdr aaaiioDS, in which he 
vindicated thejurisdictlon of the civil against 
the eoclcsiaatical coorto, and morv bv op- 
poaing the extennion of Wychwood Forest 
in tho interest of the grntlciovn of the COUDtV 
(ii.pp.lOi-9; MeinonaU,t.fi7,70). Having 
thus becouiH |iupu!nr, li<* was elected to tho 
Long porlininent an mt'mhcr for Marlow, and 
took from tbe flivt a prominent port in its 



Whitelocke 



Whitclocke 



pmc-ndinn. Hi* waa clutinnMi of tlie com- 
micteR wnicb maiui^ tbc prowentton of 
Strair'^rd, anil wiut t<|>«cially ''iitnutcd witli 
llincAndtirt c>f aniclfifl oinetcn U) tvnmty- 
tour of tbo chafRv (Rubhwobtu, Triat qf 
tAf Earl f/ Utraford. pp. lOO, 620, .W2; 
BilLLiE, Letttrn, i. :^7). StnlToTd told n 
friend, aptrakini; of tlie cotnmittru thiiV 
mniiAged ibe evidence n^nst liiio, ilim 
UIvii Bud Ma>-nard osw] bim like ndvocatM, 
but Palmiir and Wliitelocka uhxI him I'lko 
gr'ii<l<-m<-n, and vet l«ft oal nothing material 
tn bp urped ai;ain!^t him {MemtinaU, \. 113, 
l!!4, I^). \Vhitvl»cl:i' nbio urvpanul Iho 
hill Af^inat the dlMohiiinn of thn f.nn^ par- 
liament without its own consent, supporlvd 
and added an amondmcnl to th*; ' ki""'' ^- 
nwustnuice.'aDd look pan in the proctteding^ 
ugainat the i)l«>f{al canons drawn up by Mm- 
Toctttion (Vkbsbt, AVm of the Ljtiff Par- 
liantent, pp. 7'2, 84 ; FoiiarBK, Gratis Re- 
taoutlranot, pp. S.fO, *i'i>. 

Ill fVbruary 1042 Whil<'Iockc iiiude a 
Irimmlnff ipe«ch on thi> militiuqUHtion, lu- 
KL'itUig tliv authority uv«r it to Ihi joiully in 
kinf[ and parliitnii-iil, following up thiH \>y 
a njMH<cb QgaiuHT miaing an army in July 
{MemimaU, \. 1IK>, 177). Itut i\n* ilM not 
prcAtrnt him from bttcotnin))' a di^puty lieu- 
tenant both of Buck ingba ma hire and Ox- 
fordshire, from finnlly prL'V*>ntin)f the i*xfi- 
eulion of t hi) kind's oommisxion of array, and 
ftom raining troojM to occupv Oxford, lie 
urged Lord Ssye to make t^t city « |W> I 
liamMilary gamann, and was himiiplf pnv 
poeed ax governor as beinf; one wliom * the 
city, ihfl univernity, and th« conutry t-lwrw 
abotilA did well know and wft)ild bf pWaed 
with,' Save, bow^Tur, dcotioed to fortify 
thcford (.■*.' i. 171. 180, I83>. Whitclocke's 
suhawiu'-nt military ieirieea were (light. At ' 
Brentford, in November \GV2, he marclu^d ' 
with Iiampdi>n'a regiment (i^. i. W'2). In j 
1G44, whim lh^ Bi>*ncialion of thf three 
ounties of Oifnrfl, Kurhinerbam, and Bcrka , 
W«» Mtablishi.id, Wbiieloclii' m'R!* one of it* | 
gcnvmne. committ»-, and wo-t nronoaed to 
oomnuna its ruroea, bat declioea (i&. i. S64, 
', aofi, 311. 616; RtiRHWoKTri, v. K73). 
H« become instead (^Vtirnur of Henley 
and of bis own houM at I'hylliA Courts 
which was nuidi.> a garriwn. .\i> Iiik houHP 
at t'awley had Ixwn occupi**il utid plundered 
by Princo Kupert in th'.' aniumn of ltf42, 
Um dumagtt caiicei] bv th>* irar to hta pnv 
pertT was very conftiderable {MnnoriaU, i. 
188.' 214, 407; ii. M. m, 62; Whitei.ockb, 
Memoiraff Whitflitrkf. \\. ySO). \\'hitplocke 
wa» on tolerably intimate terms both with 
I'^MX and Fairili.\. FVi-x, wlinra he fre- 
.^uently prabc*, ooofialTed him in l>ecember 



1644 on the feaaibiiity of aeruning Cromwall 
»9 an Incendiary, a coufh! whif^h ^Niiitidocke 
deprecated (J/nwurtVifa, i. 320. 31^1. Whitp- 
lockv spoke against the a^lf-dt-nying ordi* 
nance, but C'larvndon deacribes bim a« iu- 
etnimental in petling it passed (ib. i. 3oS; 
JRrAfilinn, viii. 2UI>. lie claimed kinship 
with the Fairfax family, was pn^wnt in Sir 
Thomas Fairfax'* army durinjr the si*^- of 
UsLfonl in Itj46, and was admitted by Sir 
Thomaa to his council of war (.WemortaU, 
ii. lU, 4a). 

ThtouffhOHl tbo 6rsi civil war Whitelock^t 
dt!«cnbe« himself nj« 'industrioualylabouriug 
to prumotv nil overtures for peace/ H* 
wa« one of lhi> wight commission um aent by 
pArliameni t^ the kinji; at Oxford in Jaauaiy 
will Miin-li 1(113. In the springof IftM he 
mndp a sp.?«ch nt^giug that fresli overtuw* 
should he nwdft to iho king. In November 
lft44 he was affsio sent loOxford to arrangfl 
the pratiiDiiianefl of a treaty, and he wai 
one of the parliamviilary commii»ioners at 
UxbridfTfi in January IBifi, where be gained 

?r«at honour nmun^r bis friends by aricceet- 
ully rnmhftting Hyde's armiments abont 
the mililiu (Mrmon'trk, I IflT, IPO, 246,331, 
382). Hyde, in liit narrative of this trvaty, 
deecribfs WhiteJocke oa one who bad from 
the beginning concurred with tha pTecby- 
terian luadera * without any inclinatioii to 
their person* or priitciplea,' the reason being 
that ■ all his estate was in their quartun, 
and he bad a uatun that, rould not bear or 
submit to be undono.' Yel be sluoerely 
diJBJrvd peuoo, and ' to his old friends who 
wore coinniUsioners for the king ho used liis 




^H«oai 




intimacT with Hyde excited suapicioa, and 
in Jul V 1 ftl5 Lord Savilo accused Whitelocke 
and Holies to tb>j parliament of trMsonable 
communiir^A lions with the king and bis 
counsellors during ihttnejroliations of !fU4. 
Hut parliament nc<]uitt<.-d both (21 July 
]64*j'), and gave rh^m permission to prose- 
ciitw thi^ir accuser {Memorialt, i. 33B, 886, 
4f»"-ai; B*Ti,r-iF,/>«^r*,ii.303; Vammonf 
Joumah, iv. yiJ ). Whitclocke was nno of 
the thirty Uy mL-mbcrs of the OKSeniljy of 
divines (12 June H!43). and both in the 
a9»i-mbly it-self ond in tlio House of Com- 
mons pemtstenl-ly combated the- view that 
the preabjrterian "form of church government 
existed juir dirino. For that raamn he 
•aya ' I did not pass luicetisured by the rigid 
nmbyteriana, against whose design I wa^ 
neld to bo one, and thev were {HBased to 
tflrm me a di»ciplo oi Srlden and an 
Erastian' (Memorttttt, i. 200, 202, 337, 601, 



Whitelocke 



Whitelocke 



'006). He also incurred the ditplMsure nf 
Eh« eamv pnrlv by liis arguments in favour 
of tul^raliod {ib. II. **8, 1 IH). In May 1647, 
when ihe diitljaiidiiig of the ftnnr was undi-r 
dlMciiKsIuii, WliiifloclcB oppoied th(> nsii 
policy nf HoUm and \he iin-dliyterian ItiBdeto, 
nnd st^parntvd liiitiMtiir from thL'in in tlir' 
debates on l be subject, which, lii> &dd«, ' took 
Tery w«ll, and crvntwl n" int^iruMt for mi' 
wilB the oCh^^r pflrty ' (iti. ii. 146). llo wiw 
COIuequoutly 'courted' by Croiinvttll, and 
escaped impeactimtrnt in June ltt47 vbcn 
tlio army impeiicbvd tbe «li>ven inrnib«rM, 
alcliough one of thu chit^f charges ajtoinet 
HoUm wius that which Lord Savilp liad 
bnjugliL a^iinat Wliilelockc ti\m {ib. ii, 16:^, 
171. 17H; Old Pnrl. Hut. xvi. 701. Durinu 
thw troiibl«Kl -umm«r of 1(H7 WliilWocki- 
•tayod awny from the Ilour^'of Coiumoiis sii 
tniioh an pciafiibU-. and iivi>idt'd coiuoiitiin^ 
liinifieir to pitliitr piirlj l,MetnonaU, ii. 17^). 
1\\» rapidly irio.ri3ajiinjf legftL bust&esa, care- 
fully recorded in bis ' MMnorialn,' supplied 
him with n.n oxchm? for his abeoucv. Uii 
1& March UH8 Whitelocku waa appDinteil 
byporliamont onvof thi! four comtniBsioavre 
of tbi« (jPoal eeiil for one ysar wilh a salary 
of l.OIKK. In that cnpacity he swore in the 
newly uppuiulvd mrjeftDts-at-law in Nov*ra- 
lii-r liVlH.drlivi-ring tli^n and nt tliortwearing- 
in of Uhiof-hurun SVildt' long spwcbea on 
tudicinl antiouitii*" ( Mrmuriah, ii. i;78, 2H8, 
'290, 2m. 341, V2», 4 10, Ut*). TliroiigLoul 
the military revoliitioii of Di-cpuibi-r ItilS 
be continiifd to net in lii» judicial capacily, 
'gludof an holiest pret^-nci- to bti ■•xciwrd 
fmm app.--iiring in the house.' At the end of 
the month hv and his coUeacue, Sir Thomii« 
Widdrinn[1on[ij. v.],discii»«cclwitbCromwfU 
thasettltiment of thu nation, and endeavoured 
to frsmt* Mimi' compromise between pnrlia- 
TDpnt and array. Wbtn it was d'-oiued lo 
bring tb* kinff'to n public trial, Wliitelocke 
■was oni- of lh<t rommilUM appointed to draw 
up D. chaise and consider t!i« metbod of the 
trial, but declined to take any port in thu 
proC'wdinc*. ai^d purposely K-ft London till 
the trial bad bpgun. Hi!iitfit in the House 
of Commona during the progress of the trial, 
but nu tlitrdayof tht: Itiiic'* execution ho 
eaTB, * I went not to the Hou«e, but stayed 
all day nt liomi^ in mv study and nt mv 
prayers, in tUfi liopcs l^iat this day's worK 
miffhc nut so displeJWK God as to briim pre- 
iiioicc to this poor atflirted niittoti ' (.Vemo- 
riaU, u. 467, 477, 4M, 41*7, -I9H, .'.lO). 

Wiiitclocki- was elected a member of the 
couneil (»f utai^ of the republic, tbougb di^ 
rliiiing lb<.> nstrospeclivc approval of tbolati' 
proceedings whicn its menibtira were ori- 
Eiaallv required to express. IIo was obliged, 



however, to declare his disapprobatloa oftha 
vote of 5 Dec. 1648 daclarin)? thi' Idog'scun- 
ocfttions sufficient, in order lo retain hiit tewt 
in lh« iloutfe of Commons (i^. ii. 510, 527, 
65-}). Ilv op{>tiM>d, but in vain, llw abolition 
of tli» House of Ijunls, and had the duty of 
drawing llin act fur that purpose imposed 
iipiin biin {U>. ii. hiX). A new jrrvat sval 
n*iu> innilri, and Whitelocke was appointed 
one nf thfi tJireA commiMiont-rs with Li»le 
and Kebleas his collesgavs (8 F<>b. 1640). 
lie Justified fai$ conduct by the consideration 
that the husin(«a lo bi- undcrtak>.-u was ' the 
ffwcutioiL of luw and jiutice, without which 
men could not live one* bysaotber' (i&. tL 
oL'3). In thi« oHictt lie did considerable scrr> 
view to the republic by procurinf: an altera- 
tion in th« onth of tli>- jud|^>s which enabled 
thptn to act under the new ^vernment, 
driiwiny up a utiwlrenBon law, and attempt- 
ing fttiini- rrfornw in clianc»ry procedure. 
But he felt continually calU'd upon to de- 
fend thi- Imv nnd its practitioners again«t 
popular pn-judio<>, Miicoeeded in dcft^tlnga 
propoiuil to exclude lawyers from parliaiueut, 
jiMcl prrimni<'d the act forconductinf^all legal 
procwdin^is in Kngiish (i*. ii. b'16, iU, 31, 
49. 8S. IIB, 2«0). 

Id June 16&U VVlutelocke was oao of the 
comtnittee appointed to remove KitiH'ux'n 
scniplM about the invasion of Scotland, and 
in Snpt<'mlKir Ittol lin wus siniiUrly selected 
bv parliaroeiit lo ronpntulftiu Cromwell on 
bis victory nt Worcester (lA. iii. :^, itX)). 
{>nniwelf gave him a captured horse and 
two Scoiiitih prisoners as *a tol«m of his 
thankful reception of the parliament's can- 
Smtululiouf.' WLitclocliC rwords two Iobk 
conferences between liimseif and Cnimwulf, 
onu soon after Worcester and another ia 
>tnvember \^h2, in the timt of which he 
urginl the rt>?toration of the monarchy, and 
in tbii sw-ond recommended Cromwell to 
make terms with Chirli** 11, in preference to 
taking upon himself to be king, lo CODie- 
(Jn>:■^Cl^ of this Cromwell, according to 
whitelocke, wishing to g«t him out of the 
way, proposed to make him cliief commis- 
pioncr for tlu' govcrnnititit of Inland, and 
finallv ttvtit liini as ainboMndor tu Switlvn 
(ft. lii. 372, 431. 474). In April I66& 
WhiiHockn opposfil Croinweil's scheme for 
the dissolution of the Long parliament and 
the devolution of its autbonly upon a pro- 
vLiinnal council! created for the purpose (i*. 
iv. 4>, When Cromwell dissolved tna Long 
parlinment Whitelocke was one of theper- 
soni) be sptx:ially attacked ia hie speech to 
the house. He ut (Jescrilied lUi ' looking 
eouctimc« and pointing upon particular per- 
sons, as i:*ir U. Whitelocke, ita., to whom li« 



Whilelocke 



113 



Whitelocke 



gave very sharp latiKUBge thougli he namtid 
them not, but by his ffftsture* it was well 
known that ho 'meant cliem* (1!ls.ncowk, 
Sydney J^pers, p. 140). 

For ■ few moaiha Whitolocfat- n-mainod 
ill Doinplete retirement, but in August lUiVl 
he hvard that tllo eoiincil of fttate iat«ndt>d 
ti> iiominat« him aa Kinhaiutmlgr to HwwK'ii 
in ploceofLardLiBlf.wbohudbeenfiriginnlly 
appoiatud. In the nuDit tliLttL'ririK («nDe 
(>amwell pressf^d V'}iiti>lnrk<:' to Accept tbt- 
post, and, morvfromftarof theonsequtinccfi 
of ivfiiMiie ihnn I'mm any desire for tlie dis- 
tinction, hti tioally accepted. Ou 14 Sept. 
hifl nominittioD woii approvi^d by parliatnt^ut 
(Kbbte, Juitmal of IViitflockfg Hwrduh 
JSmboMtf, 1. 15, an, lij). Kilt iiintriiclioiiN 
•uthofLwd him not only to latim a f^enerul 
(rt-uty of amity, but ti> Ciimplo uii ngrovtmsnt 
with Sweden for 6i?cunnff tlie fniiidoui nf 
thi> Souiid n){aiu£t l>L-iimarK and the united 
proviiioes (lA. i. So-90). Whitidocke saileil 
<]n Nciv. witha lurRt? roiinuis iind a .wiifidron 
of nix abvpo, ri'ui'liiiig (mll)i.>nbiirf;on lo Nov. 
Ue retumtid chiougb ( iennauy. liindinff of^o rti 
inEnstandon I .Iu)y UKV4. The treaty hi? 
negotiated, which w^a Ion;; delayed by the 
deain of th* Swedes to anait ihe upshot t>f 
tho pcAcn nvgiHiiktiotis between Kn^land and 
lIulfaiKl, and by ch^ tlitflcutlii-f whiuh ihu 
impeadin^ resignation of (^ueen Chrittina 
threw ID ltd way, was signed nn Sri April 
]r;<'>4, though dated II April lib. ii. IU8). 
In sulstatice it waa little more than a general 
»xpn'iwi<in of frifwd«bip Iwlween the two 
Btati'ji. Quefltinnfi nnch m the trade letations 
of England and Sweden, and the •Uffgtwti.'d 
alliance for cho freedom of the Sound, w«re 
dUcuaaed but po^t poued, and it wiu uoder- 
Btood that u Swedish ombaasodor ivas to bet 
teni 10 England to luttlu ihvm. DuHn^his 
uLoaion \Vhit«Ii>che ahowttd c(in<id*Tnbli< 
diptoiuatic iliill, and sacceedecl in ffainine 
thtf udenn's favour. Sin* freelv diacuBwu 
with him the atrair.i of Kurop*-, ih-; revolu- 
tions of Kiigiatid, iind her own intending 
abdication, and heplumei) himwlf on proving 
to tho SwL'disli court thai a puriinn coulu 
pOBBesa all thn gfraeca of a cava1i<?r. Uis 
self-Mtisfnction ia amusingly evident thruu^ti- 
otit hii> narrntive, but it« portraits of ChriH- 
tina,Oxenstienia,aud other nolahte pe^nvtus, 
mad its description of Swwifn and tho 
Swndea render it an authority of permanent 
mine, and it has br^-u tranNlatvd into 
wedid). 

Wlutflocke landwi in England again on 
July 16Si. and gare an account of his 
bassy u> the cuitncil of atato on July 
Mfmariah, iv. Il-'j). During his abaence 
<m England a new commi^ioti for tho 
TOL. LXI. 





custody of the great 8«»1 had bevn issued 
(April 1664), nnd VVhiteloclte, who wa« first 
uamod of llio thr«« commissiont-rs, was sworn 
inti) bis oiKce on 14 July 1ll'>4 (Rebvb, 
S}pftliih Embtufy, ii. '1Q3 1. At the opening 
of til" parliairit'ut of i£S.'>4. to which Iih was 
returned hy throu wiv»ml ci>iuliliivncio6 — 
BuckinglininahirH, Itt-Jfonl, aud Uia city uf 
t>xford— Whiiciocka carriod ihu purse he- 
fore the IVotector, Nnd iii hi* upHcung «pe«ch 
dwelt on the importance of the trvaty with 
Sweden, 'an houourable ].)«ftc«>, through the 
endeavours of an hfliioiirablfi pennn bere 
pn:»unt OA iheinatrument '(CaifLrtc, Vrom- 
uWy, Speech ii.) On6Sept.Whitelocki*gave 
a narnttive of liii> iK'i^iiutionfi (o the Loium, 
nnd waa votrd iJ.OOO/, for hi« services (Mt- 
iHitrialii, iv. 13"). In HifiJiilie Prwli-ciur and 
bis council patot^ an ordinance for the m- 
fonn iif the pmceduro of the court of chan- 
cery which Bcumcd obii."CttimuUe both to 
WhiteUicki'andNibiscolletigueW'iddriugloji. 
' It would be nf gruat ptwjudiee to the public,' 
argued WhitHlocko nti bi-half of both, and be 
had akoprivAt':! objections as lo the uuthority 
making tlie Uw. As their »cruril<'!!i could 
uot be ovcTComr hv argumeni., hotii worn ds- 
privcd of ibuir olhce on Ii June 1055 (itf*- 
mariaU, iv. tt>L-i>mS; CarU MSfi. Ixxiv. 60; 
ef. [nuiiuwiok, Thr lriterrrynum,yf.12A-'i). 
Whi)<-!nck<! had, howevi^r, been appointed 
nnv of the ciimmiseionurs of thu truiuury 
(t! Aug. lAVl), n.nd wa.* permantriiCty eon- 
rinued in that post with a salary of 1,OUO/. 

?« anmiin (.tfwKTWj/*, iv. 207; Col. State 
>ap<-r». Dom, 16fi4, p. 2SI). 
Ou 'I Nov. tItAfi Whit«iockfl wan Qamed 
on*? of Ihe coinmitt«e for tmdit fiTid naviga- 
tion, und he was fre«iuently consulted by 
the I'rni^ctor on foreign affairs. Tho 
negotiation of thi' iiouimiircial ine-aty with 
Sweden, C(»ncluded on 17 July l(5ot(, waa 
mainly trusted to bis lunde, and in Jauuur^- 
ltJ5fi te was much pr>?««ed hy Urumwidl lo 
undertake a second miesion to Sweden 
{i\tcmorial9,\v. 'iir.. 219. ?23-rft; Oukrx- 
sEtJoHBS, TA^ Hipfniaatii- Itfl/ifi'mtl/ftir^im 
Cnmweii and Chariex itiutmiu of Swfden, 
1H97, pp. I'M-i?). In thrt parliament called 
in 16'lj<l hu again represented Uuokinghain- 
fhirt-, and during the illness of ThomftS 
Widdrington ho lilW the place of s^ker 
for tUn-i.t wtieka, to the grviLt satisfaction of 
the hou^^e (IlLiii-roN, Pari. Diary, u. S09, 
375 ; MtmoriaUt iv. 1^80). Wbfu the 
humble petition and advice waa brought 
iu. aud parliamenl. invitrd the I'mfrctor to 
t.ake the title of king, Wbicelock^ waa 
chttinuaii of the comtnitlee nppointed to 
confer with Oomwell, in which capacity ho 
made frequent leports lo the houiie and 

1 



Whitelocke 



114 



Whitelocke 



»renil Rjtcecbes nrgiog Cromwell to aec«pl 
tho cron-n. It wsn hImuI lliii I'ltaf, BC- 
c^nting (fi liiB own alnl^meat, ihar. White- 
locke was moftt iotitnatrt with t.ht>Fnitnclor, 
who voiild l»e fnniiliftr with him in priratc, 
\tiy uide his ^re«tni')», ami mnko vi>rHi>s 
by w»T of diTcrsioii ( Mrui'irinln. it, 2^7-91 ; 
OW /'art. JIut. xxi. 015, 71, 11«1. In th« 
tt-reinonial of tlio lYotoclor's «*cofni initiigii- 
ntion Wbtu-lockii pInvcJ a conspicuoii!) 
I part; bo v/tut mimmoiied to tliu iii>w Ilon^o 
of LohIh (U Dec. 10-iT),aii<l il wu8 (^-mTnllT 
ntjKirted that hn wa« to bi* mn<l>* bnmii of 
Ilpnlwr, He etntt's that Cromwell nrtimllT 
si^«lapnt«>nt tomak^liiinii vis<-utiiil,<nliicli 
he wfiiswl (Me»u,riaU, iv. .Wt, SIS, AllS). 

Wlwn Uicliard Croniw«ll siicccvded hi* 
father, Whitcloclti' pri'-fir-nti'il thft conpuTii- 
latory address of Iluckin^bamHhire lo ibe 
new Protector. Kichn.rd, he ndd% ' hwl a 
partictilnr re«[icct for me,' n» ihe r^iilt of 
which, without any ■olicital ions of his own, 
"Wliilp!ocl(p wiw ni3;nin made n commisuoit^r 
oflhf frrut Mtil (l'2 Jim. Kl-'itt). In A^ril 
1(169 Uichard consulted him on thoquestion 
of dlaeolvinft the parliuoicnl thiiit Biuinn', 
which 'Whitx'locltn insfri-sl ually oppovd. 
He oonaidi<rud tbat the vounR l'rot«;taT 
wna bot-nLTcd by hi« nunr nOntinn* iind hy 
tbose of niA own council. *I wad wary,* 
lie concludes, ' what- to ndriiu^ in thU 
IBOialtcr, hut dcclarMl Tny jndgmont honft<tly, 
and for tho p)od of Hicnnrd, when luy 
advice was renuirtd ' (VA. ir. 'MT, 33&, 343). 
The fall of Iticlinnl did not avccfMrily Imply 
Mill fall of Wliilr-lorkii. Aa a member of 
the Long parliamtnt be took his place 
Bfjain in that nMi-mMv wWil il wmt rt— 
BtorpH, and was i^Wlixf hv it a member of 
tha new council of slnti- (14 May), He 
loM, liowftvf^r, ill'.' C'tmmiwtinnJTahip of tho 
jpvaf Heal, which was placed in new hands 
;14 MaT). I'nrlitinicTit phftr;p'H him to hTinj 
Jn a bili for the union of Kn^^lnnd and Scot- 
"" Dd, which it wBshfId nwflsaapytorft-enacl, 
' Rnd ofn^nnl him tlii' jiot>t of ambaMador to 
Sw(-dt'iJ, which 111" ri^nwed (I'A, iv, UTtl, DOS'). 
Ilifl enflmj". Thomaa Scott (d. 1600) ^q. v.]. 
Recused hitn of being in comH«pond«nct> with 
Charle-s II, bnt thp charp* wmi diseivditod 
(lA, iv. 319). In Anpist 1669 WhiHdoclie 
was elected pir-nidt-nt of llie conncif of ntnt..-, 
[lod, holding that pwt at the lime of Sir 
Gi!urf{i* llootIVs insurrection, was dnflblod to 
show favour to Booth and other royaltslj, 
which «oiid him iii jjood stead at ihe ICesto- 
ralion (ih, ir, 35"). Wlien tho army turni'd 
out tl>e Ijoni; pnrliiunfol. again (11 OcL), 
Wbitfilock.' was onn of the oommitleD of 
safety appointed by thr offiottm t" tiicewd 
the council of atate. Ac*ordinj to his own 



aecount bo aeeefUA the oaBt ofiercd him 
solely to prevent Van« and bis party from 
com|MU»ing the oTerthmw of roafriotrMj and 
niinistrv wbicfa the oflicers wero too mncli 
inclinwl to do {i&. iv. 3fi7 ; cf. Lmtow Me- 
inoirt, ii. Irtl. wl. lytM). He was appointed 
one of iba commitK^ lo draw up a scheno 
fur a new constitution (tit. ii. 119; cf.Jtfnno- 
riaU, iv. •t^'>'>. On 1 Nov. IGoO the great 
««al waa again commiltod to his kc_'jnn|r, and 
in n^ccmoLT be coosentsd to intnip writ.<t for 
a new pnrliiua«nt (i*A. iv. SflB, 373, 37o, 379, 
dM.t]. When Monck d«clar»d for the r»* 
»torulion of the Long jvtrliaineiu, 'Whilr- 
locke, in company of fjectwood and Des- 
Iwirou^h, made a s|)oi>*h to tli« lord mayor 
and riimnion council wsmiaff then against 
hia deaign.* {Old Petri. IlUt. xxii. 10). Ac- 
cording to his own acconat ba di»tnut«d 
Mouckt.hrou^'hout,\irf;ed Lambert to attack 
bim at nn«> instead 0I allowini: him to gain 
time by negotiating, and, liiially pvrceiving 
that h<> meiint to restore Charlea II uncon- 
ditionally, urged Flovtwood to anticipate 
him by oifering to restore tha king npon 
ti-rniH. Whiiolocko ofierwl to he Fleetwood's 
emissary lo Charles II himorlf, bnt, after at 
first consenting, Jleetwond drew back, and 
\\'hilel(v;ke« i>jnn was frustrated {.Memorial, 
iv. 378, 377, :i81). 

When the military revolution collapsed 
and tho Long parliamont was a second time 
restored, WImeliwhe fuund himsi-lf tn daa- 

fer for acting on tbo committne of saErly. 
[if eticuir 8cot threaf^nod to have him 
han^d with the givnt sMtl about liio neck, 
then; wa» n report that he would be neni lo 
the Tower, and evident signs of impending 
procecutlOEL To be out of the way he tp- 
li^>^^ 111 lilt' country, while his wife prepared 
for the worst by burning many of his papers 
lift. ir. 884, SUB; cf. Comnton'' JtmmaU, vii. 
820, 8S.S ; ClarmdM Utate J'apert, iii. 030, 
848), Ileoscapcd.howevr, all punJahmi^nt, 
and at the restoration «if Chnrli-s II he wa* 
cqanlly fortunut^.'. Clarendon rUiAaea to- 
gether Wbilelockn and .lobn Miiynard aa 
men who. though they ' did bow their kne«fr 
to IJaiil and %\\ swerve fniin tlieir olleipftOOC*, 
bad yot acted with less rancour and ma1)C» 
I lian other men ; tbey never led but followed, 
tind were ratlipr carried away with the 
torrent than swam with the *tr(!aiD'(£^r u/" 
Cht&>\iion, i. 63). This view was aeiieral, 
and hence, when Prynne moved that Wbitiv 
lockc should be excepted from the .\ct of 
Indt'iniiitv, thu motinn was nut carried 
(14 June'lflfWV Sir Ri.bfrt Howard, Sir 
fiuorge Booth, and other royalists who wenp 
under oblij^lton to him, spoke in his favour, 
and ic waa also nrged that be bad aont AOO/. 



I 



I 
I 



Whitelocke 



"5 



Whitelocke 



* 



^ 



I 



I 



to the idag, snd Uiat his son Jamcfl, who 
had b«m goremor of Lynn iti A\i(;ust ItVitl, 
had unOffTlfthpn to secure it for OhArlcji II 
(OH Pari. 7/.'»/. iii.347,3o2; ntClanndon 
tifate I'aftfrx, iii. -irS). AccnHinR to family 
trsdidon tho king demanded 90,(X)U/, from 
W'liiU-lockc for his panloti, and ^Vhitelul^ke 
Actually paid .10,000/. 'JTiii>, howi-vcr.tseon- 
tradkted bv Ibo dedication of Wiiil«lrjcke'ji 
hook. ' Wkun ii wiut in th« jmiwit of your 
malest y and iLe [lurpoae of ni'-n,' writ"* tJtti 
suthor, 'to havo token my small foniine. 
liberty, aiid lifr frnm nm, yoii wi-rx pltjused 
oat gnciouAly to ba^tnw Cite.ni on mf, nnd 
I rostore me to a wife and eixtwa children ' 
^WHlTBLO^KF-, .VMftoirn of WhiMo'^kt, pp. 
451-3). No doubt, however, h** paid iwrai*- 
thin^ to \ha kin^;, nnd iu bi« ' Annal« 'hF> 
s1«o mentioDR hiLvin^' paid .'00/. \u the Kurl 
of Berkshire ii;^ compensatii.m for ibe im* 
priftontDcnt of I^odr Mnry Howard in 16fil>, 
and 250/. to Sir Robert Howard for tli« 
benefit of the lord chancellor in ordnr to 
DQt his pordoa pas»L>d undur thu great seal. 
Durioj^ the r««t of hia lif'! Wliilvlwki^ lived 
in ntirement at Chilton Park, ut>iir llun- 
{Ffirford in Willshir.-, which hud been pur- 
chased witli hia third wifnV fortune. Tin 
di«d on 28 July 167r>, and waa buried lit 
Fawley, Riickin?h«mshin>, nr, uccordin^ to 
oth«r accounts iLt Chilton ( Wood, .<M^w«, 
iii. 1041 ; WuiTEiACKK, Memoir* of Wkttt- 
hekf, pp. 4JC, 444). 

Whitelr)r.ke mnmed thnw tinuia: Gr«t, 
in June 1C30. Ifehfcca, dau^ter of TlioniBa 
IVnuttt, ahlffmnn of J.ondon {Memoirx nf 
BuUtnde Whiteioela^, n. <io); xho becamj^ 
iiunuM and died on 9 Mav lit.'{4 (ib. p. ll>7\ 
Their eldcat aon.. Jumo.!. bi^rn on VA Jnlv 
1631, served in Cromwt-U'a arwnrd in 1pi*IbiiiI, 
woa chosan colo&el of an Oxfordshire militia 
le^ment in IfJfil, was kuightvd by \\i'> Pro- 
t«ctor on ti Jan. 1657, repn»ftputcd Ayl*-*- 
burv in thu iMirliaisviit of llUO, and died in 
170"i (.a. p.ei); Mfmi,riaU, III. If,, 13,'., .111, 

St2. 4l:{, IV. 338; Lb Xkvk, KniffhtJ>, n. 422). 
AVhit4"lot"i«« murrird, wt-ondly, on V Nov. 
]i)3fi, Franw*, nistpr of Francia, lorrl Wil- 
lougbby of Parham [g. v.], by whom he had 
nitui children (Mfmotrti, p. ]'JS). His eldcat 
eon by his second marriage, William Whito- 
lock«, cnt^-rtaincd Williaiu HI on his jour- 
ney to Loudon, and wa* knij,']iied by him on 
10 April ItitiD (Le NnVR, }l.42]). Hh« died 
ID IftiO, and Whitvlocko married, thirdly, 
about 1651, Mar^idaufcliirr ofoneCorlvton, 
and widow o( Rowland Wilson [q. t.] (.V#- 
fMoirt, p. 2H2), by wlniro he had four son? 
and aereral daiishters (Ln Nnrr:, p, AH'J). 
An account of the distribution of his pro- 
perty uoong thcM diScrent sons is givon in 




R. H. "Whiielocko'fi •Life of "Wliitolocko' 

{Mmujin, j;p. 4'»7-fl4). 

\r nnonymoiiB portmit of \V'hit<>locke 
w»» lent by Mr. 0<.'orp(t Whitelocke Lloyd 
to th^ Drat loan exhibition nr. .South Ken- 
sington in If-Wtt {Cnt. No. e2(f) ; it was yur- 
chosi'd by thtf tmstccsof the Nntianal IVjr- 
trait Gallery, Loudon, in lf*fl7. There am 
encTQTBd portrait* by Stent and Fnithonn-, 

Whit4.-loeke was & very volumiuotia writer. 
liia best known work, I. * Mt)inoriaI« of tbo 
Enjliah AfTairs from the bepnnini; of iho 
liRilI» of Ckarlni I to thv happv If e<(torat ioa 
of King Charles II,' wafl first niihli.-»h<-d in 
lti^'2. .\ Bwondmiition, with additione, was 
piihlishM in 1732, Thn first, i-tlition was 
edited by Arthur Aunesley, ear! of Anglt^JKn, 
who wos th^ aiirhor of the preface. A re- 
print of ihr* second t'riition in four volumes 
was publislied at Oxford by the C'larvudon 
pTEM in less. The value of Whitelocke'a 
work wft» greatly ovoreslimatod by whig 
writers of the next generation, who oppoM><l 
it to Clarendon's ' llittory of the Kelwuvon ' 
a* beioR more trotlifnl and iiuiiartiut. With 
tbia object Oldmixon published his ' Claren- 
don and Whitelocke rnmparr'd,' 1727, Svo. 
Ill reality Whitelocke's "Memorials' is a 
rntnpilntion pnl tngether af^er Ihe ICcttora- 
lion, consisting panly of extracts from news- 
papers, partly of ei;lrnct8 from Whitelocke^e 
autobiograpliical WTitiuga, and swarms with 
inuceumuivfl and auaclirauistos (cf.SANniKU, 
Strirlirx rtnil lHuAtrntinm of thr Grrat Ue- 
bfUif/H, n. 324). 2. Whilelocke'a Annals 
nf ilia I. iff. Only portions of this work 
hnve been publisliecl. Manuscripts of it ari) 
in the posseocion of the Marquis of Dut« aad 
Karl Dp la Warr {Hitt. MSS. Comm. 3rd 
Rep. pp. L'02-17). The Urilidd Mueoum 
poesceacs WTiitclocke'a history of the forty- 
i^ightli year of his age, iutotvuvrsed with 
RcHptiire lectures addressed toltis <;hildr«.>n 
(Bibl. EgiTton 997, Plut.), and annals of 
hi* life from l«r.3 lo l\iW (\n. 4fl92). ITieee 
are described iu the preface to It/^eve's edi- 
tion "f WhilfliK'lu-'n ' Swedish Embosay.' Ex- 
Tracts from the annals and olhor autobiogra- 
phical writings are printed in IE. \l. White- 
locke's 'Life of Whittdrtcke,' ISrJO (pp. LU, 
134). 3. ' Journal of tbo SwcdifU Embassy 
in tbo Y'-rtrs UtoSand 1654.' This was first 
published by Dr. Cbarli^a Morton in 177d 
and re-edited by Mr. tlwiry Heftvn in 1856, 
It was translated into Switiisli in 1777 ^'p- 
wtla, 8vo). Manuscript*: of this journal and 
other pnKrs relating to tW embassy are in 
thfl Kritiwh .MoHCiini ( Nos. 4903 and 4U01 A. 
Pint, cxxiii, H). Dtht^r manuscripts are in 
the possession of the Marquia of Itath and 
the Jvurl Ue la Warr {Hitt. MSH. Comm. 

\ '1 



Whitelocke 



ii6 



Whitelocke 



8nl R«p. |rp. 190-217). 4. 'Not« on iha 
King's t\'rit for rhnoeini; Members of Par- 
linmiriit, I'i ('ImfU-s II, bointt Disquisitioos 
on ihe fiovfrnmnnt nf I'inglivnd by Kin^, 
IjrjnU, and Connnoiis,' publisliud by l)r. 
Char!.'AM(>rtrtiiiii 17t>tJ(".'Tols.4tol. r/'Me- 
momU of Encliiili Ailiiiw ttvm iW suppOMiil 
KxTK'diiioD of I3ni1i> to this UUiiil to thtt 
end of the Kc-ign of Jamrs I, By Sir Bul- 
otrode Will! eloc lie, wiili wmie Acrounl of 
btfl Jjifu sntl WrilintfE hy \V. Ptmn, and a 
l'f.-facL> by .1. W«lwu..d,' llmM. «■ • ^iMly8 
EocIctfiaGtiml iind riril, ro which is aubjoined 
&TrputUn i)f Ihu Work of tlie Hessions of tho 
Peace,' I7CW,f*vo. 7. 'Iju.-nohnftt. the Spirit, 
or S<.'vi.<nil I>i*cp«rw». &c,, with, an Epidlle 
to thf> Iti^adftr by W, IVnn," 1711, 8vo. 
Other iinpiiblishtHl tbcoloi^ical wcrk* iir« 
mtfiitionett bv Mr. Jt. II. Whitelocke in hi» 
' Life of W)iil«locV (p. 417), 

The followinjt (irv attribiit<.'(l to WhiU'- 
locke: ' Monurrhy oMertixl to bu tbt b<»t 
I''orni of Ooveniinoiil-,' 1<W>, t^vo ; ' A l*n>- 
\>iwa\ luimbly offered for rai.iiiig cniui jerublc 
^uiiiit uf Moni'v yearly l» Uit^ Majesty, by 
Jameii Lord Morel iiigton, liiiUtnidi^ Whit..^ 
lucku.' 1070 F, folio i two tmeU on tlio 
bmit'flt of rMpwU-ring ■Ici'dii lu Engliind : 
'TJio Draft of iin Act for a Ooimly Itf^irt>>r 
by thn Lnrdii OomniiiMlon«r». Wbitelocki-aiiil 
I iisle,* 1 7M. 8vo ; iind ' A Projiosu) for pre- 
ventitiE effCTtnallv ibf Kxuurl of Wool,' 
JttOr., fol. 'MyLiird Wliit..lodt,is IteporU 
oil Miiebiav<.-I.' L(f-*9, 4tu, is a satiriciU. pam- 
phlet 8g^ain§t bini. 

in. H. Wbildlockvs Momoini Uioi;ntpbicul 
IliHorical of UuUlifdo Whitoloclt*, ISBO; 
Lirmi of all tho l.orrff'hwwisllors. 1708, 8vu ; Mur- 
ttm'tt prefuce to Whilrlix-kn'ii SiTMliah Knil.i&SBy, 
nl*o r«priiited iii ReuTp'^ (xlltioii of llio B&tae 
work; Fobh's Jii-lKeo of KnElnnd. IM18-a4. and 
DiofjTapliicnl riirtionaryaftlin Jii((^ii«rKtigliii]d, 
1870 ; Cniii|iU-ir8 Liv«a of iliu L-jrU CliitncsUorB 
acd KeerHira <>! ttie tiraat SmI; nbont fifty of 
'W]iit«loeki>'it lei t^n H» printed in l.hn Thtirlo* 
&U!U Fk^pera ; Hiat. MSS. Comni., fitb R»p. pp. 
H'i~li. TveDty-eight folio \-()liimi>M of papMv 
coll«ot«d br Wbit«lock<> uru lii Ui'* puiwuiDn of 
tho Uiirquis of £Atli, Hist. XtSS. Coma. 3rd 
B«p. p. 190.] C. H. F. 

WHITELOCKE. EDMCND (L-SBfi- 
1606J, wmriitr, born in (hi' imrtKh of St, 
Gabriel, Feni;hurcb Street, London, on 
10 Fab. Kj64-ij, was pldest son of Richard 
Whit«locI«B,merchaiil. Hit JiuIrc Sir Jamea 
Wliitelocke [o. T.l was a younger brotbi-r. 
After heinc ciiieiitcd nt .Merchant Taylora' 
school undtT Kichard MuLuiuslvr [q. r.J. be 
vu i«nt to Gliriit'a College, Cambridgv, 
where he untrlcuUlod m a punsinner in 
'*' "•nber 1581. iJe acquintd at the um- 



veraity a good kiiowledgi- of i h» cla»Kic» and 
of Hebrew, and ^duaiod B.A. in I5A4-6. 
Hi* brother atlusis thai hn Atudiixl law at 
[jncoln's Inn, and he may b<> identical with 
' Kdward Whitelock of Bork« ' who, accord- 
ing to ih« regiAt^TA of tlic inn, waaadtnitt«d 
n student on '25 Ocl. 1&^ (Limxtlit't Jm 
nffi,rdf, 189»i, i. lO-J). At Whit«untidc 1587 
Wbiit;locko left London on a foreign tour. 
Ilv viMted universities in tiermaay, Italy, 
atid France. Subm^^iivutly be obtained a 
commisMOn an captain of a troop of infantry 
from tlie governor of Provcocw (SL Dea- 
guierea), aud was »tatiuu<Hl ■uecettn^'aly al 
Marseilles and Orennhl^. He aaw some ao- 
tivo aorvicv during the civil ware in Frann, 
and Boon Apohe French like a nntire. H« 
finally retuimed to EiiRland in 151)9, atUr 
on abaimci^ nf twelve yiwrs. Thenceforth be 
Ppent his time and »ueli RtibtitAnce aa re- 
mained to Itim in altendanct* at Elizabeth's 
coun, and won a reputation for profiue dis- 
play and diMoUitA firing. 1I« waa on temu 
of cloKe intimficT with many of the yoanger 
nobility, including Koger Uanottrs, earl of 
ItutEaiiil. and other follovera of the Earl of 
Esat'x, Jtuitand invitvd him lo riett Essex's 
houuj in London on •SO Jan. IKOl,the day 
iixed for I he Karl of Eesfx's insurroctioD. 
IlervinMiiitHlin tb(< hnutuionlv a fow ininuliw, 
hut he incurred a suspicioD of disloyalty (Cnl 
SMr rrtfier*, llom. IMH-l OtH, pp. 64tJ, 5»6). 
ITc was arrcate'd as an abettor of E«Mx'a te- 
iHitlioD.and wax indicted of high ir«a«on,but, 
thouab broug:lit before the court of kiiif>'s 
beiieu, wae not tried, hut allowed to go OB 
pan>le tiKforx h** obtained a final di»caarg». 
Subsequentlv he came to know Uenrj- Percy, 
ninth far! of N<irthnmlwrland[ri.v.]. whom m> 
xealonsly aiipporled in bin quarrel with Sir 
Frnncis Vere in \W.f2. A chsll«<ngij which 
^\"httclocke carried from lUe earl to Sr 
I-'rancis led to the issue of a wamot br the 
privy council for his njTWt ; but Whitelocke 
want into hiding, and ewaped capture for 
the time (a. Uotu. Itt0l-3,pp W2-5: MahE- 
ilAM, Fu/ktiiiff Verrs, pp. %U-tl). Hu hap- 

S-nml, hrnvprer, lo dini- with tlie Karl of 
nrrhnmberland and his kinsman Thomas 
Percy on 4 Nov, IfJOfi, the day praceding 
tliat t^xe<l by ihp enn^pinitors for tlie execu- 
tion of the 'pmipowaer plot.' Sti«(ncioB 
Aj^in fell rrn WhilelocW. nnd, with his " 
hi] rtuffvred a long impriiionment in 
Tow.T of London. Xo cvid'-nL'e waa 
ducL-diiguinrtt him, and he was rt>Iea»ed 
out trial. While a prisoner in tht> Tower be 
s[>cnt much time with the Earl of N'orth- 
itmbrrhind, who graiitMl hint a p>-n»ion of 
40/, ( aftv>rwarda raised to 60/.) AnntW of 
NNIiitelocke'e friends wa« KoWrt KadcLiSe, 



I 
I 

;ncioB ■ 




Whitelocke 



117 



Whitelocke 



^ 
n 



I 



» 

w 



BfUi Mr] of BuM«x [we under ILtlMTTJrPE, 
THtiMis, thinl EaKLopSi'sbexI. Mnnnin^- 
hata the dmrist iiItnbiil<-» |y Whili-lockt? * 
«vil infliiMCrf* ihftt nohlemanV scainlttloiM 
Delect of liis wife. \\'TiitcI(iekfl wun on a 
■visit to the Eiirl of Su*wt At Xc-wlinll in Eases 
in tbt' autiiiDti of UVM* nbeu he nae taken 
ill ftml(li«><). llt^was biiried in tllt^ fttttiilr 
tomb of bis host nt Botvham. 

[WhiiolockoM LiluT Fxinplivtu (C«md«n Soc.), 
tip. ir, &-10: Co»p«r'j> Atbcnn: C4iirabr. ii. 491; 
Jiannitiiiliain'H Diurji'.] S. L. 

WHITELOCKE, Sir JA>[KK (iri70- 
1032), judge, was bom ou ^ti Nov. 1&7C, 
tbe Toungcr of poslhiimoiw twin soiib of 
Ricluml Wbi:i'loi:l(*'. mfrchaut, of Londoo, 
by Joan Itrockiiur!'!.. wirlow, dau^htt'r of 
John Caltt' of I.iltlo Muiidvu, Hbitford- 
ronlchir<>. LLiii iwin-brotb'.T, William, s«rved 
under Dmke. and fell nt sea in an on^op- 
ment with tbi- Spaniiirdt). Of [wo otbcr 
l>rotiifrrn, llirt eldi^r, Kdmund, is spparately 
noticf^d. Fur a liberal education and tbe 
n)««inK of ■lartiiig in lift- Whitplitck» wah 
indebted to Itii* ninlher, wbiae car? and pru- 
dence Burmoiiiitvd tlie iliflicidtie* in wnich 
she WAS involved] tiy nn nnfortiinaTo tbird 
marrifl^i* wilb n ?<{ii>iidllirift niercbnnt named 
John I'ricc, Hht- plnccd WhJTclocIto in Jo?*^ 
Bl Mvrcbnnt Tayl'ir*' kcIkkiI, wbenct', on 
n .Itim- l'')88, he wH-s fWifd prol}iitioner at 
Si. .John'6 College, Oxford. Ha umtricu- 
lated on 12 .July fi>!I<nvinfr. and iriw I'lir-el.nd 
fellow of his cillegti in November l'w*9. 
Besides tbe clns»ic» and Incic, in which bis 
tutor wti» Howlnnd ScardilU-ldfq.v.J^afrer- 
warda bishop of llriMol ), ite studied ilehrew 
and fbp coCTinte tonf^ics, and un<U-r Aibc- 
rico Oenlili [q. v.]' tb« civil Iiivv, in which 
be nfroduated bai.-belor ou I July 1394. 
Amou^ tbu (»nti>uipijrani-s at Oxford with 
wlinm h" fornird lu-iting friendship were 
Laud,IIiiinpb''ey(ufterwanlFSirltiin]phrey^ 
May ^').v. I, and Kaliih fiifl'-rwiirrU Sir lEiiliib) 
Winwnnd [(j. v.] In London his tafllo and 
■ptitndo for h.>amed resenrrb dn-w him iniu 
tn* circUi of Sir llob<>rt Bnif e Cotton [([. v.], 
and about lUCK) he joined tbe Society of 
AntiquAriM. Hi* profi-ssiotiHl Mudir-* he 
purfin<xt Uriit nt New [nn, afterwards al 
the .Middle Temple, where b« was adtntlled 
on 3 Mnrdi l>>92-.% calhid to ili« bur in 
Auuiut lUCX). elected bencher in Hilary term 
idlo-19, and reader in the following Au- 
^\ist. Hilt reading i)u tbe titatiU*^ agaiaiil 
plunilitiea, 2) Henrr VUt, c. B, is in Aoli- 
molean.MS, 1150, ff. 1-Sl. 

\\'bitHo<*ke WHS appninrpd steward of the 
St. John's College esCatea in 1001, steward 
of and coiinacl for Eton CVilIcgv on 6 Oec. 




1609, «nd joint steward of thft Weatmiaster 

CoHere eai«tea on 7 May tttlO, On 1 Auo', 
]60tS he was chosen recorder of Woodilocb, 
fur wbidi bonnii^b hv wod roturnvd to par- 
liament on y Feb. lOOtt-IO, Jle repnsseuted 
th» Hami- con atitUL-ncy in lb>i parliomontM of 
lUU and 11121-2. In parliauiHnl Iw luok 
t he poindar side, and cgpeciallv diatin|ruisbeil 
bimndf in the debat'.'* on iin|K)!iitton» in 

1610. Ill) also actpd n.i thi' mouthpiece of 
the eoBunons 00 the pret^entntion (2-1 .May) 
of tlift remonstrance uirttin»t the royal inhi- 
bition which ti^rmLnated the discussion (seu 
bin speech in Stoitv MS. 298. ff. 84 et bi'i|.) 
Tb« siilwequmit prociwdingf drew fram him 
IS July) tbe masterly deJence of llie ritcbta 
of the ^ubji'cl and dilimiiaiiun of tbi< ruyal 

SirerogalivH which w«* lung attribnied lo Sir 
lenry Yelvertonh.v.j A reprint of iheargii- 
uivnt (from an tuition of 1058) is in 'SLnlv 
Trials' (eiU'obbctt, ii. 47T et shh.) A ron- 
tumporarr summary ascribed to VVbitelncka 
in in ' ParlinmrnUry Drbftti'ii in 1010' 
(Camden Stic, pp. IO;t et een. ; cf. Stov:^ 
-W.V2D7,)r. 89 et #«[].) 

In ICl.'i WbJU'lockflV ji^aloHsy of proro- 
ffative brought him into sharp collision with 
1I113 crown. The ndmini^lmtion of ibi- niivy 
stood in urvenl need of reform, and in tlio 
winter of 1613-13 a preliminary step waa 
lukeii bythu ieeueof a comnii^^iuu invcvling 
the hml high admiral (Kurl of NotliiighHin), 
the lord chanrellor tKlltwmere). tbe lord 
privy (ut'al nnri lord cbiimberlnin with extra- 
ordinary powers for the invwtipntion of 
abuses unj iba trial of otl'enders, As legul 
iidvi*i-r CO Sir Robert Mnnntcll 'q. v.l, who 
wa> interested in defeating t hi* invent ijiat ion, 
VVhit-eloche drew up a series of ' esci-prions ' 
lo tbucomniiMiun, in which ho ri>ry strictly 
(■ircumscrihed lUe prurognlive. A eopy of 
tbe ukojptions ciani> into the bands of tbs 
crown lawvern, who nt onCK xiMpi^cted that 
they were WbileWke's- Evidenre was want- 
ing; but \l\» contemporaneous opposiiiun to 
tb(T t.ransft-rof a caufn* in which In- wa* ro- 
tained from tbe clianeeni' to the court of the 
enrl maralial funiiKhrda pretext lor hiscom- 
iniitol to tlu^ i-'luet prison ( li* May) ; and he 
was not released until be bad made full sub- 
mij"<ion in writing' (13 Junu). IIil- detailvii 
acciMint wliieh Whitelocke wrote of Ihia 
iiflair is, u n fort una lely, lost; and, us iha 
IcfXL of the i-iiMimiMiun iii nliKi miitving, it ia 
impossible to pronounce whether his esc«p- 
tioiis were tenable or no. In any case, how- 
ever, bis incarccratinn waft a flagrant bn^ach 
of counseL's privilege, which greatly iii- 
ereoted hii popularity, 

lu tbo short parluunent of 1614 White- 
locke waa tiomtnal«d with SirTfaomaa Crew 



Whitclocke 



ii8 



Whitclocke 



[q. X.] and otters to repres«ul tke commons 
tn the prc]ji)Cti<tl confun-'nco vilh Uie lords. 
Ry rbiuu>n of tliu RuddvutlUixilulioii (7 June) 
tliR conrerence nevsr met ; iind on tliL- dny 
following WIiILbIocUb Kad Iiim culU'agues 
wi'ivMtiiraraciied totJie cmincil chftmber, antl 
compelled to miiUo D. holgcaiist oftlwnoU-i' t>f 
tliwr iiiri^nflir^l Mjiii-ch<y». Tliim wn* lost n ricli 
coLlectioii of miLterial illii9traiivL> of t1i» 
conatitulionnlhi»1orj of Eiif;liLli(l (during tliR 
■m'lgnt of tlic lifHl tlirw lOilwurds. In con- 
itp!ijuetica of the diiifavuur iu wliicb be fttood 

at cnurt Wliicelocbe w«8 eompetl«d lo ituf 
n.'m3« (18 Nov. 1616} th« raYenioiiof t1i« 
king's howM unnjlments' office which he h«ld 
jointly with Itnlxnl (iin«irwtirds Hir lt(ib«rt> 
tieath [(]. v.], by whom hp wns ijao defeatwd 
in tho contest for tliorecorderaliip of London 
in Xov*tmbfr 1018. Mn-Aiiwhilp, hnw^vpr, 
hia prnfe^innnl i^piitnt ion and pain-n iu- 
creased. In 1616 h« purcltaoed th>> fin« Mtntf 
of Fftwicy Court. Ruekia^haiushiro. which 
gavi' liini lhi>rank uf a ooiiiiTy wa^iiiate. lio 
waa pinced on th* commisiion of the jwflce 
for Buckiiiuliuinshirx- on 'J7 Nor. IIH?, and 
for (Ixfortiftliina on 7 Slay 1(51 f*. (Jn 1:^; Jan. 
1618-19 hu was iippuiii ti'd di.muty uu^toe 
rotnlnrutn for th>? iili«rtii-.» uf Wt-.tt minster 
and St. MarlinVlo-Grand. 

Notwithntnndin^ mliTiail inm, '\^'l^itl'- 
)ock«ifload, on the wtinlf, widl wich Bacon, 
to whom hv owed hin invt^gtiture wiih the 
coif (1'9 Juno I HSU) and Bub»i'(|Uont advance- 
muiit (29 Oct.) to (lie then luiporlanl I'Oii- 
tion of ch\f( justice of the foiirt of 6e,«ion 
of Ihu cuiiuty palntiuo of Cb«»K>r, and tlio 

frvat. .w*aiims of tin? oountieii of .M onlpomery, 
>i!nbigh, and I'Hnl : upon wUich lie was 
knifftiN'd, Shortly oflfTwnriiiihii wan i-h'clnd 
rf-rorder by each of iIip four bomupba of 
Bewdloy in VVnpreJtl*n.hire, l.iidlow and 
Bishop's Cast li^ in Shropeliirp. and Poolo in 
Cli'Bshire. Difl'erencea with the president of 
the council in the Wdsh ninrclii-s (Lord 
T^orthnmpton) 1yd lo Whitcloclie's trnns- 
fetjsnce from the Chester court to thi' kiii^t's 
bonch, whi-re hi' was sworu in a* justict' on 
IB Ucl. 1624. 11(1 had aUo a comuiiaaiion to 
bear causes in clianci^ri,', and &at one*- in the 
Blnis^h limber. 11<^ wjui roiilinnnl iri ulllrn 
hy (Tiarles I, by whom he wjis much re- 
Kpected. In t]i<^ fullnwinf; autiitnn it fell to 
lum, as juiiiorjnd|;<>in hinonurl.tndiacliargi^ 
the WiardoUB duty of odjauminK term dur- 
1 injf thtipUgni*. Tru-scnpi-from thi'coniapon 
''be drove, halting onlv at Hyde Park Comt^r 
to dine, in his coach from Ilorton, near 
Cohibrook,]{ucking'hBcaehire,toW(«tminetL<r 
IlaJI, and, nftt-r hurrying through the nwci-ii- 
earv fonuH, rL'-unti-ivo uia ccmeh and druvo 
back to ilorton. 



In November 16:36 Wbitelocke coneumd 
with Sir Itaoutph Crew [q. v.] in ducluung' 
Iu certify tlii5 Iv^alily of Torcea loaiui. Il« 
did not, howo*-er, srrnple to give the king 
thf biin«rit of thv doubt in th« c*m of the 
6ri^ knights fsoo Oarskll, Sik Thoxib}. 
Hie bt>nch at that date cnjoyod as littlo in- 
dependence of parliament m of the crown ; 
and the remand was Bot allowed to pass 
without ttiu citation of (ho judgca to tbe 
Hou^e of Lorda to answer lor their i.-»iiduct. 
They oVwyed, and through Whitulocke'a 
mouth condMccnded to put u faW< gloss on 
their ordnr by rrpnuvulint; it aa only in- 
tended to allow time for fortlier conadL>n- 
tion (see C'obrktt, Statr TriaU, m, 161, and 
Pari Ifitt. ii. '2^). In Ft'.hniary l«L'M-9 
the House of Commons saw fit to iaquire 
into till' nOeaM of tlu> tiunpo««d jewnii* re- 
cently diiicovored in CTterVenwftll. Wbite- 
locke, asoueof the iudgiw who bad examined 
tWm, was cited tojuAtify therclcaM:;, whicb 
he did on the UT'^und thnt tlien> waa noeri- 
denco that the prieoncrs were in prie«t'a 
ordi'PP. 'I'LL- etortuy ftene* which pn.-c«d«d 
the dissolution of this p(irliftnient( 10. March) 
and the subaequenl committal of Sir John 
Kliot ln- v.] and \n» friiind* to lh«! Tower 
broutftii: the judges once more into cluaeaad 
(billcnie relations both with tltn crown and 
with imrliament. Th« nrasion by the three 
common-law cliicfs of the iaauea submitted 
to them by tho king 'sec HbatUi Sir Bo- 
REST, and Walteu, l^iu JotiN] was followed 
by the reference of substantially the same 
questions to thv untirfl common-law bfioch 
(2S .April). The ]<ointa of law were anin 
ei-adra, but elereo out of the twelvu judges 
xnnctioned prorwdings in tli" 8t«r-c-h«n>b«?r. 
Of the eleven ^Vliii^liH'ke wax one. He also 
concurred in thepnsill&nimous course taken 
lifter tile argument upon the writa nt'AatM* 
forjiu*, the application by letter to tl»e king 
for dii-eol ions, and the remand of tlic priaoiwn 
ponding hit^ nnnwer (Juno). Tbi» wm mttcb 
Hgainai WhilelocWs grain, and ul a private 
atidivncc of iho king at Hampton Court oti 
.Micliiu'Inias day lie obtained ui« cctiaeut to 
the enlargemeTit of tba prisonera upon secu- 
rity Riven for tlnnrgool (mhaviour, a oon- 
cesaion which Ih^y unanimouiily rejorted. 
On the trial W'hitelocrlie concurred in the 
judginrnt. He died at Fawli?y Court on 
1'-' June Hi3± His remains were interred 
iu Fawley churchyard, and honoured by 
filial piuty with a splendid marble woqu- 
Bimil. Hisentateawereeiempted by the Long 
parliament from liability to contribute \o 
th>- fund for lunkiug reparation to Eliot aud 
his fellow-snfiererB. 

By his wife <murried 9 Si<pl. 160-J) Eliza- 



I 

I 
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Whitelocke 



119 



Whitelocke 



I 



betli, eldest daughter of Ktlw-nnl ItuUtnxlw 
ef Httdgerly Bulatrode, Ituckinghuinsliire, 
WbiU)locl(*i liiuJ, will] rvnin])] iicue, n son, 
BalslTode, vho ia aepamU'ly iiniirp«l. 

Wliitelockij n)tiiifii>d tUruuKtiout life tbe 
tut«suid •ccompliAhmcnU of tbo scholar. 
His son reoordfiihst on aae occwton bitt Lviiii 
Mrvol him to expound from the beach willi 
pen{»it:uiiy aod d«{puic<! iJie cour»u of Iv^l 
proceediitgs 10 some dislinf^uLiIied foreigtien 
vbo haifpfltied tu 1m jirufiunl ut tliu usslitia 
{WniTKi-ocKE, .WrtnorliiU, «i. 1732f|j. 18). 

Sevt-rtl pBptTfl by him, comiuunieated to 
the Society vi Ant i>)nami«, art> )irinted in 
Heftine's'liTollection of Oiirimm I)iiicoiirsc« ' 



trium VirDraio(l7IUP'-l$3: ForRer'a Lif« of 
Sir John J-.tiat; y<m'a Lirea of tlie JadeM; 
Gjintiner'ii Uiiti. of Koglnad.] J. U. H. 



WHITELOCKE, JOHX (1757-1833) 
lieiitennnt-goni^ml, Imrn in l?**)", was the sou 
iif John \\ iiiieJocke, sleivm-d to the fuurlh 
Earl of Ayloahiiry, ond ]iri)Iiiiblr n de«ceud- 
■nt of Jlulntrodd Whhelockti fq. v.] Flia 
mother difd nl ilamsbur\-, XViltslnre, on 
7 June ISOi) (dmf. Mag. ii*Oi>, 1. 'j«». and 
WAS liuritKl a» Sarah Lidilmrd <Bliiii> White- 
lucke). lltT was lyluciiied ut Marlborougli 
KTsuitDar Hciidiil, no* jilniTcd Ij^' I>or<l Aylos- 
Dury at Lfwhw-'e miliiary aradcray At t'hel- 



I 



(od. 1771). Their titles are: (I) 'Of I be aea, and ubuinud tlir<iii(;h Lord JJorriD^toti 

Antifiuily nndlltticmf ilerftlda m Kujflaiid:' ~ ;--:-- : — :- .1 ...1 .■ - 

('i) 'Uf tlie Aiitiijuity, Use, and iMvileuu 
of PIrtCM for ^tudetil-s end I'rofcMora of lliu 
Common Law* of Kaglund ; ' (3> ' Of t!n> 
Antiquity, Use, «ml Ceremony uf Lun-ful 
Combats in EngUnd:' (4) ' Our Certnin and 
Definite Topompbicit DimbiieioiiH in Eii^'- 
land couparea with those of the (jnseks luid 
Latins HJt down in urdur lu they orifo in 
quantity.' His ' Lilier I'limt^licuii,' or jour- 
nal, wiia oditt'd by John Bruce. F.S.A., for 
tht? I'miidlt'n Srnrii-tv in |N*(8. [|« wsfl also 
autbocof'A ilUinry of tbe PArlinment of 
England and of same Etesemb lances to the 
Jewish and oth«r Council^,' which ia pre- 
aerved aniotif^ tliv Asliburnliniu mauuscnpU 
(stti Hilt, JdJiS. Comm. Sth Hi^. Apti. lii. 
^). Ilia cbarKu tu tbe izratid jur^* «!' Cbeii- 
ter, 10 April 101*1, is in UurU-iBu MH. (>83, 
148, 

[TIm litnr Fatnoliimt: Le Noro'a Padigrcea 
of Knight* (llnrl. Soc.),p,426; Croka's lie dkiI. 
Hist, of the Croki- I'sniify, i, R30 . Croke-llap. 
»d, l*;u?h. Cur. pp. 11". 2S8; Whilvlock*'i Mem. 
•d.I73:r. pp. I;J^IA, 37; ■\Vond> .Mlirinr Oxoo. 
•d. BliiB. ii. uS7, Fa»lt. i. 2m ; Mi-rchnnt 'I"iiy. 
tors' ^bvol Rrn.ed. BvbiuDon; Fii>t"r'« Alumni 
Oaon.: Pant. Slir. Gent. (Hftrl. Si.e->iix. II2&. 
S«gwt«n (llarl. tloc,)v. 133; Li]iH<uii]b'i>])a.-k- 



in^hansbir?. iii. HI; Cluttcrbuck's Il«rif<j<rd- 

•bim i. J()4 : CafoinE'E IIo 

wol^r) lOlS: Ormi-rad's Uhc*htr«. ed. llrNbj. 



Drlfi>Kiahire. ii. (lirvul- 



i. nS; Mrinbcr- iiffarl, (Official Lists); U'iu. 
wood'* Metn. iii. leu ; Ilixt. Hi^-^. Comm. flth 
Jlep. Api^ p. .112, 81h Unp. App. J. 638. 12th 
n«p. App. i.lTl, 207, ii fiS.and I3tb lUp. App. 
vii, T^iiipvd'b'iDr'iLifvuf Bncon.iv. 3i6~&7: Ciil, 
Siata l^ijwrfi, Horn. 1611-3,1; NicluiU'n I'mer. 
Jartit-i I, iii. B18; Dui^iimeiiU connHciBJ with 
the Uitiory of Ludluw. kc, p. 2if>; Carad'-o 
Hiae. toU. ij. imd iv.; Cheihnm Miac ii. 3d; 
Court audTimrauf JiiDinl. i. 121. ii. IOA.214; 
Court ud Tinea gf Cbarlea I. i. 164; Coh- 
tMU'a StaU Tmla. iii. '^87. 307; I'ltrl. Hioi, i. 
1173: .Stown MS. lOIA. ff. uH. 182; Vitu.- 
6d«ct» quomndam EruditicNmorum ac ]Uu»- 



n ciimiQL'uinn on en^ifpi in th>; t4tli fuot ou 
1 + I>rc. I77y. Owinjj to his previoua irain- 
■□K he was «ppointi>d adjutant to a hattaliun 
of Hank oompiinicsarew months afterwards. 
I Ic WRs promoted lienteoant on 20 April 1780 
and ^^vnt to Jamaica with his regiment in 
l(t*l'. 8oon aflerwardv he married a daugh- 
t<sr of William Lewis of Cornvrnll, Jamaica, 
while aiiotber duuf^hU'r woe married to his 
brotluT officer, afterwards Sir Kobert Browa- 
rigg '\| . V . , who bocuue toilitarv secretsn anii 
riuarit'rKi'a*t<*r-gciipnil. MattLsw Lewis, tiia 
bit>iher-in-law, wua deputy secretary at war, 
and WIiiCp)r.iL'li« is mid It) have owed mucb 
to bin iiiHui'iice. Ho obtained n companj 
in tbe ^th foot on 12 May 17^, and a 
Tnnjoritv i» one of the newly ni&cd battalinna 
of the (Jbtb t>u L' Oct. 17Si*. lU went with it 
lo the West Indien, and ou ;iO March 1791 
bubuL-amelieutfiOunl-toloncloftbe I^thfoot, 
tbtin i>lntinn<-d in Jnmnica. In September 
I71),% when the Friinch part of Una I>ominf;o 
vnt» iningiimeclion, he wasaent thither witb 
hiaown n^gimuntrindaomi- other troops, with 
the local rank of colonel. He latidcd at 
JercmtP on tho K^tb with nearly aeren hun- 
dred men. On the :f:Jttd tbv fori at the mole 
of L'ape St, Nicbolaii^ ?i[irrL-iiJere<l. On i (>ct, 
bo mitdo an atlvtinpt on Tihiiron, but the pro- 
iiiined co^iju-rution of Itvnch pliinii-ni fulled 
him.nndhuwAB repulei>d. Yellow fever aonn 
bruhtt 'iiiLnnd nidnred bis small force, but 
atrheendof tbft yearit waajoinwl by nearly 
^tight hundred men from Jatnaica. Ou 'J Feb. 
I7!M Ii fresh filtt-mnt WB« niadtt on Tiburon, 
and proved duucv'^tiil. He next tried to ob* 
tain posscMion of I'on de In i'titx by bribing 
iiacaaiimniider, l^vatix. but his oitvn were 
indignantly refuafd [_Anniiat lirifUter, I7S(4, 
pp. 174-.>). On 19 Feb. bo HiormHd Fort 
I'Acul, which WIIA nti ob«tiicl<- to iin attack 
on l*ori-au-Prince, On 10 May Rri^dier- 
griiDrul Wbyt^nrrivi'd with three r(«f[inieut» 
aod took the chiof command. \Vbitrl(>c1i« 
became qunrtermasler-geaeral, but he slipu- 



Whitelocke 



Whitelocke 



lAted tfasi b« aliould 1m allowed to lend tlwf 
print^ipul culuniit in t!nr attack un I'ort-au- 
Printf, »iwl did so 'with tlit- |rn>iLtcst g»l- 
lontrj' on -1 Juiii'. Hi'^ wiu st-nl hoiDOwitb 
dwpntvli'*)', anil Wiijnr<«fierwar<liiSirBr«H) 
Spencer exprssspd, on liebalf of thu troow, 
tneir huyv t Jiat tbcy mlttlit ni^in mti h titm«r 
«n oflic'T ' who torrie.i with him such uni- 
verenl approbniton nnd so \reJ1 iwrm-d ai^ 

Cgtf' l7nn/, App. p, fi7). He ttw iinaa<> 
ei. coloDel on ^1 Auff. 1790, coloni.'! of 
1 the HthWcsl India n-|,'itnpnt on 1 Sept., and 
fbrigadiiT on 10 Sept. After further aer<ric© 
ill lh« Wi-sl liidit'H lie was appointpd l)ri- 
gndiLT-gi-nvrnl in Ouvm-'cj' on 1:.' Jftii.KyH, 
ftntl li(ruleuHnt-^(overnor of PorlamoLilh on 
Sit May 17('0. He wii» promoti'J in«joi^ 
([pneral on IS Jun" 179f*, hiiJ litiutntiftrjt- 
«>»ir'ral on M Oct, l^S. Rhortlr aftpr lhi» 
lit! vtnf> ELinil*! inEjK'clur-gi'neral of r«iTuiting. 
In]ftfJ«5({rnrnil Urn-jfcircl [ wi- HeiumForii, 
WiM.UM (Ultit,ViB(:«i;xTlli:BEfiioiin].wilb 
only tweU-w biindrml nifrijiiid piini-ilp-ii.w-*. 
'■Ion of Bnt'iitw Ayn'5, hwi had bean afler- 
WArde forwd to nurrender. The Iinti»li jfo* 
Vcmmcnt, in dcfiTi'ncc to iho |)opit1nr cry 
itot new markets, dft<>raiiiie«l to send a largf 
tforce to recoTcr it, and on 24 Feb. ]fH)7 
IjVhitvlocku v/n* nwoitiU'd to the command. 
He waa nUo to uiidtTtako the civil (jovrm- 
mienloftlK' provini'u whi-n n-covLTwl. More 
tlinnfivi'thnimnml im-ii hm! nlmidv ii'i-n fli-nt 
ta Itio de )a I'latn, undfT Sir J^uinuLd .\iicb- 
muly [q. v.], aiid n corjin wf four thrinifliii!, 
un3er Brijrndipr KobcrT rTnnfiinl, which was 
on ita way to L'hili, wna tn join ibi'in. Ilc- 
inforf!pmOTit* from England would raise the 
total to eleven thousand men, of which not 
more than eight thonfand wciv to lwpf-rmr>- 
ncutly ri'lftined. Whiti-locke. accompaniwl 
by Major-nerpKil John Levtson-Gowrr as 
second iu coininnnd, n>Dch«d Montevideo on 
10 .M«T, and ou l-'i June Oaufurd'n corps 
arrivcff. WhilidoclH.' di<l not wniL fur the 
troop* fmm Kii^t'"'"!. Ilu Ifft aifTrison of 
1,860 men ar Monlevidoo, and on ^fi-O Junu 
the army Inndod on thr n^jht. bunk uf the 
riv«r, at the Knsnnndn dt- Barnipon. ahoiit 
thirty tnilpB below Uiitmnc Ayn-i-. It imi- 
eiBt'^d nf iiim- Imltn.lintif) of infiiniry.twoiind 
a half ivgimente of cavalry (of which unly 
IfiO ni*'ti werii Tnounrt'd), and .lixrifn tiidd- 
gtins, and numbered 7,81':! rank nod lilt'. 

The innrcli wiitt di-lnyMl by swnuips, which 
can»i;d n loM of guus and Ktores. but on 
S -Tiilv thi^ ndfnneed guard iindrr tiOWt>r 
ronled the C"!iii«IIo, drovu the Spanish troops 
bock into Riif nos Ayrea, and took up a posi- 
tion ill the ^mtihrm mibiirb. Tbty were 
_joini"* '-" •'■•■ ufti'mooM of the Urd'bylhe 
zh had butn misled by their 



guttle. The town had a garriaon of about 
eix thouaund and a population of acrenty 
thoiiMnd. It was cut up into »quan!H by 
etreetj^ 140 rtinlii apart, jumltcl and perpen- 
dicular to the river. It wan iinforlilied. but 
ihe Htn.'L>lii wi-rc barricaded. Whitt^lo.-ki>'A 
intention bad Itt-en tn e«tabli«h himeelf on 
tbo wi'sl nf it, with his left on the river, 
land tfiint, uiid bombard it. But be wished 
to aavt; time, n» the rainr- wrrr impending, 
and to avoid alieuating the inhabitaxit?, so 
he dotormined to take it by e».«nult. 

At 6.S0 i.u. on the J>th eight battaliou«, 
formed in thirteen columns, entered the town 
with arnif nnload<Kl. I'hcy werv to make 
tlHrir way, if possible, to Ilie rivr-r by parallel 
i^trM-t«, and occupv blocks of bnoaea there. 
Thev Wfre lo avoid the ci'Mirnl part <>( thw 
town, the fort, and the great sijnare, and to 
inclinu outwards, if nt all. The columns on 
the right cot poiis*^s.iirjii of the KeAiilencia, 
thoee on the left of the Plaza de loa Toros; 
but iti tb« cenln' the SHth regiment and the 
light brigade (under Craufurd) mi^t with 
slouter nwistanoe from troojw iu the streela^ 
and from the inhabitsnTe on thi- topa of tlieir 
faouBQB. They found thvmi>elvea i(olat«d, 
and tin&blc to advance or retire, ami at 
length surrendered, ^'ext morning \Vhitv> 
locke received a proposal from the SpanUh 
cuniuiauder, IJuit-rH. that hiwlilitieit should 
ci-itie, I lint thii {inMmmoii Imtb KJdiii »hoiild 
be rostofd, and that the Rritiah should 
■■vncnnU" thw province. Montevideo included, 
within two roonthn. If the attack wero re- 
newed, l.iniers could not answer for lh» 
safi'ty of I be iiTisonL'ri«. Of these there wcw 
I,t{7ti, and the total IlritiitL lo*a wb» 2,W0. 
Doubtful whether a fruh attack would be 
ituceessful.and convinced iL&l if it wore (lu> 
object of the expedition was no longer al- 
lainable, and that thu prisoners' lives would 
be sacrificed to no purpose, Wiiitehicke, after 
cuiisiill ing Gowor and A uchmuty, arrested 
l.inieniV tenii*. The l.rnopit withdrew from 
Buenos Ayrcs on the l2th. and from Monte- 
videii onHHf'iit. Till,' indignation of aoldien 
and tnidiTs alike wa« unbounded, 'ticneral 
Wliil^ltx-ku is either a coward or a IraiiOT, 
perhaps both !' was writirn up at the corner* 
of ih(i streets of Montevidoo (Winmxo- 
llAM, p. -JS). 'Snrcrss to grey hairs, but hod 
luck to white locks,' bacame a favourite tuaat 
among the men. 

Wht!i.-!ocke reached Hngland on 7 Nov., 
and on 'M Jan. 1KU8 he wa* broiiglit. before 
a courl-manial at CLi'lsija. He was charged 
wiib. tirat, excluding the hope of amicable 
accommodation by demanding th<^ surrender 
of pentuus holding civil oiliceQ at Buenos 
Ayrus; eecoiidly, not making tbe military 



4 



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* 



umofcements best calculnled to ensure eitc- 
ceiw; ilunily, nnt uiAhing fttiy offecl lift! 
&lt«iupt 10 co-opertit<! witb or suiijxirt the 
ditTeon.-nt columns when engaffod in lLfstrpel»; 
fourthly, concluding a trL-ulv by whicli he 
tmneCMUrily and Hlifluiffulty Hurreiidervd 
the advatiliifji-e Iio hud i^'iiint'd iit htavycoDi, 
and dt-liv^red up llm forlrriwof Mi>rit«vidfu. 
The trial lBfit«^d«ev4'nw«i:-kj=,nndnn IfsMnrch 
tlin court fnund hiiti gtiilty nfnil th>t t'hnrgt**, 
with the exoiption of tlut part of the st-pimd 
clinrprv wliiL'Ii n*Ut<^il lu tlm urdyr ibut 'the 
column.x iihould bn unlondi-d, and tlmt no 
firintr should be permnied on anv nccoimt,' 
to wlticli llii-yi»tuic!u-d noblimi'-. TJu-y stn- 
tenced him lo be truKhit^i.-d. The 8i.iitf-nce 
wna conlinned by Ilii' king, and ordered to 
be read out to ev«ry n-jriiiifnt in th« J^.■^^■ici■. 

\VhiiQlo>.'ke)iadniii<.-btu»ri:viiitii«d<.'f«j;ce. 
Th« expedition hnd been oent (imi under the 
profoundly fnJH' impn-»>lun tliat thu iuhubi- 
tantA would be friendly, fmin tixpi^rii^ncu of 
'the diSerenco between the oppretwive do- 
minion of Spain and lIii>b)-nii{nnndpTot';cliM)c 
ffoverniaent of hin Miijcsty. Thi" i^ea^on and 
iDv swiimp* *'nibnm»»sed him. The plan of 
AARault wrut dntun np br Gowcr, ami nono 
of the other oftie*'r^ r(ii«ed any objwiion to 
H. or «hnwrd any dcmbt of its »iif*fa«. Ilnd 
Crsufurd fiiltt-n buck on thu IlL-siduiicia, ii« 
Pack, who knew the ptnce, advi»ed, tlip town 
would probably have beun surrt-'ndorud next 
day. 

But Whitelockuhmlabown hiniBelf int^om* 
pefwit thronphout : iulirm of purpow and 
wantinff ill resource, pronp to lean on otbiT?, 
yet j«aloiM of bis own anlhority. lit' left a 
rearffuard of tiixto^n hundred men idle, on 
the east of th'- (.'bnello. dnrinff the UMuult, 
and he himself remained passireall day,n)id 
wvnt bu'.'k lo liii> hcudijnurtere to dine and 
sleep, without mukinfi; uny ■L-rionit tittfrnipl 
to Iwam wbat. hnd hHppeDi>(] to hia pohirana 
on the riglit. In thv wnrds of the genenil 
order, he waa 'deficient in zmI, jiidgmftnt, 
and pt^nonal exertion.' 

People Bskrd how be eamc to he ap- 
pointed. According to Lord Holland, who 
waa in th^ eabinel, he whh an opponent lo 
Windham's plnn of limited enlifitnient, and 
Windhiim wished to ^'t rid itf hitn h.4 iti- 
TOector-^-nvml of recruitinp i Memwe nflke 
Wkijf i'arhj, \t. lllil. Itiit Windbnm "bim- 
eelf mentions that be fiupp-med Sir John 
Stuart (of M«i«Ia), and tliu ehoiw »eem» t'l 
have been mainlT due to the Dnke of York 
("WisoHAJi, Dinry, p. W7). 

He npi^nt the rr-st of his life in rixirempnt, 
latterly at Clifton. lie died on 23 t>et. 
liN^Sat Hall Ram I'hrk, IV?(icon»tield.ltuck- 
ingfaansbire, the aeat of Sir Goni Uusalej 




[<1. T.l, who bad married Li» eldest daughter. 
AnotJier daughter wa^ marripil lo Caplain 
(ieoriic Kurdeit, It.N. Ho waa buried in 
the west aijile of Bristol (^atlindral. 

[(fiMjrginn Km. li. 475; lEfcurdii uf Un- 13t]i 
Rtflimi'nt i llrynn Eduard*'* IIi»t. of ilie British 
Wcet Jndi«, jii. I.16-fl0: War Office OrigiDal 
Corresponilcnfe, No. <a, I'.H.O. (1807. liueoos 
Ajrt* iimi MfiiiteriiloD) ; Triitl nt large of 
UenrmI Whitelocke, 1808; CmufonVs Life of 
Cranlianl; MMnftira of f^ir Suraiicl l-'ord Whit- 
tiuuliaiiiL Moiiioira of M. CJ, I^wt« ; tlnkine 
N«alp> Ui»eu from th« Itanka. p. o;-'J6 ; Notes 
and Qocrit', Itt ser. ii. 2(ll, 4.?A, z. o4,8lti wtt. 
xii. A9-i: Gent. Mug. 11)33, ii. 47A-] E. M. L. 

WHITER. WALTEJt(I75d 16%>),phiIo- 

Ingisl, Iwrn At BirmiDpliam on HO Oct. 17.')8, 
was ac setiool under l>r. Edwurds for ten 
vears at Coveniry, when- Holwrt llree. M.O. 
((], v.l,WB9 II fcllow.pnpil. ] le was admitted 
a( Clan? ColleEi'. Cainbrid^'V, on lit Jime 1778 
OA siiar, ond Kradualed H.A. 1781, M..\, 
17&4, but did not gv out in houourtt. On 
-I April I7*<1' he was eWled n fellow of 
Clare, probably oil account of his reputation 
for clHAairn] iiml philolo^eal knowledge, 
lie lived in Eiis rooma in collepc from 17By 
tn 1797, Porson wwi one of his intimalu 
frienda, and often wrote notes on the margin 
of Wbiter'fi books. Wbiler'a n^-phuw poa- 
s>.'*sed a copy of ' AthenwHS,' onri' t he nro- 
p'Tty of hiB iinele, with these annnlatinns 
I WatsiiS, l'iT3tja,\>x\S\'-Ji. I'tinion in I7t*6 
uddi.'d some notes ot his own and of M'hiter 
to an edition by IIutrhinKi>n of Xenophou'a 
'Anaha.'iis' tt/i. p. 4fl). TIu'-tm; were issued 
separately from Aalpv's press in 1^10, autil 
(JeorgeTownsend adtfcd thctn to his edition 

of im. 

Whiter was presented bv his colle^ in 
17^7 to the rectory of lliinlini^hani in 
Norfolk, and held ibt- beuefiei- until lua 
dvnth. His 'vtim; of ebincal rieeiirum waa 
llii* rrvenw of utrict. Ilnron MiTJiin, in tt 
letter to Dr. Sntnnel BntliT of Sbrpw.*hiiry 
school, writes : ' I ptiy Whiter. A (ffeet. 
etyniolofiist, perhaps the irn-atfiil that i^ver 
rivt"l. A genius certainly, hut it seems, like 
niiwt einimnt tirtists, disaolnle ' (Rc'TTKB, 
/irt* awi Letter*, i. 180). Evury year ou 
'ilt April, the day of St.tieorgw (Titular saint 
of llardinghitiii church), it was his hamilesa 
practice to collect bis fn^ndH at a picnic 
under u bivch on u hillock called St. GeoT^'a 
.Mount, and to claim from each of them &tl 
appropriate noeni in Latin or Enf^lish. A. 
specimim of Iiik verses on one of these occa- 
sions i.^intbi-'()fntIcma»'r'Mnfra3!ine'(l8l6, 
i,St'i-3). He died a> Hardingham n-clory on 
a.'{ July 183*^, afrcd 7.') year»\.Voi/o/A Chro~ 
nate, i X\ig. 1832), and was buried in lCh 



Whiter 



122 



Whiteside 



churcbytn] ou 30 Julv, a ItiTge railed-in 
tomb b(>inp fn^ctpd to h^is tnemorr. A biwt 
cif him is in ib« libnry at Clan; Colk-go. 

Whit«r wrottj : I , ' A Specimeii of a 
Coouueultiy uu minkitpvan-, coniiiiiuii(f (i.) 
NoUft on "As vou likt? it :'' ni.) Attcnijil. 
to OXf^in and iUtietratB vuriona PaesagL's 
OH II iiKw IVinoipti? iltTiTi'ii from I^icliv'a 
Doctrine of ilifs Af.«M:iation of Idi'ns,' 1791, 
pronoun Cfci hy Mutliias ' very li-amed nnd 
RagHrioun' {f^r*tiil« of lAt, ]"0S rOit. Oin- 
logue i. i>p. y8-V>). By iHltHie had collected 
8iilHcie.nl mattiT for two or thrvo rolumiM 
of m'teii. 2. 'Kt^'iuologficoit MftgDum,' & 
uuivcraal etymologicftl dictionary on a now 

tilao. Uambndp*, ItOO, [lurt i.; no mont pnb- 
inlied. fu hiA iin^fiici! he culHrued ou l1i« 
\'alit(! of the jjiiiFV Ifttiguu^f. Tnesc tJows 
and hiji word*)>pi'CtiIntiiitiii inU'rentt^ Oi.-or){Q 
Borrow, who mads hinaeijuiiintaiuvs and in- 
troduced bim, a* understand in K fonjit twentv 
lanfpinpui, intn*T<nvi-n|^ro,' lft.M ciJit. vol. \. 
chop. xxiv. i^Sotii and Qufrie», Std ser. vi. 
J17d; KKArr, fitur^r fiarroir, ii. ft). Joffrtry 
Trrole two arliclRB on the ' Et^iuologicoii 
Matpium'in the ' Monllity Itevii^w ' (Juut^ 
and Jui)r 1802), aseigniu^ to Whiior ' much 
labour and shrawdDeu, wilb a conuidt-riibl** 
shan.' of cpmlulity.' 3. * Etymoliieicon t'ni- 
▼ur«alf,or[Jriivwn"jiI ICtvmii!i>(^ii'iin)ictionjirv 
on a Npw Plan,' vols, i, lind ii. Ifti'l', vol. iii. 
18'J5. ThtKU t iirwf large quarto voluiacs were 

Pirdy |irinlrd nt ihi- emit iif lliii TTiiivi.'wil.*' 
ivaB. Tli8 first ToUimewasoriginallv i*9ued 
in Iftll, and tl)e preface to the Hist vuVimein 
the colloctod nlition of ]K22~^ utill Tetains 
th« date of lo May l8ll. In tliis work 
"Whitpr »et out that 'n)nsonantfl at* alone 
to be reiiardiid in divcovi^ring ihu affinities 
of words, and that the voweU nro to be 
wholly rrjeetL-d ; iLal Iaug^uo{(L')i cuutuin iho 
satne tundamenlal idea, and that ihey aru 
dLTiVL'd from thu t'artli.' llurun Merino 
Mvkd it 'Mil^ndid, a vi'ry fimr booic indftil' 
(ftlTLKH. Life and Letlnf. i. IP-'i). -t. 'A 
PiiMKTlatkin on tlm Disorder of Divith, or 
that Slato rallied Siiitpencli'd Animntion/ 
18iy. In tlii» lit' tried lo show how the 
appari^ntlv dead sbniild ho tfLiat^-d wilh a 
Tienr to ibeir rvjitoration to Miv. In thv ad* 
rertitement at tbt^ ciid he announfed 'a 
iwnfjt of WHAyji lo 1)0 cuUvd " NovaTfiita- 
Riina Mvlbolugica, or Ailfinpt.i to unfold 
Tarious t'ortioua of Mythology by a new 
IVinoplc.' Tlw-sf, and I'lbfir niniiuiicri|it» uf 
Whiter, are now in th" Cambridge Univ«r- 
«iv Librnrv {Cat. of Cambr. LAr. MSS. ir. 

tOi-oi. Mi>g. 1632. ii. ISA; Cockbum'it Lord 
fn^v, i. 127-8; three lettani from Wliilnr to 
Dr. Samuel Uutlci in Addiiionnl M:^. (Brit. 



Km.) 3*&M fC. 200, 20i and S-lfi47 f. I»S (A. i. 
234-d. -J.t7.itf): mformatloo front the R«t. 
Dr. Atkinsirii, Clate ('oll«^ Cnmtiridgs, «bi1 lh« 
Kar. C. S. luitcMii of BaFdinirham tvctery.l 

w. I', a 

WHTTESICE. JA-MES (I8CM-1876), 
lord L'hiorjusticv of Ireland, was bom on 
]-J Aug. IKO* ot IJielganv, co. Wicltlow, of 
which poritib Iiia futtLT. AVillianiAMiitMidc, 
wua ciirat<!. Shortly uftvr Whitivide's birth 
bis faiher removed to Kathn:inei>, near Dub- 
lin, whem htf died in iHDti. Mrs. Wliit«> 
aide was left in narrow circuuBtoncoe, but 
elio was devoted Lo her children, attd to liur 
ihtt hoy wii.< indebted for much of hid euif 
education, lie ciuoo'd Trinitv CoUpge^ 
Ihibliii.in lsa'i,andgr8duaU'd H.A.in 1832. 
In lt^29 hu otiteivd u» a law etudmit at the 
Inner Templi>, nnd in IBIK) hi? wa* calM to 
ihe Irish bar. Ho did not attempt to pmc- 
line durittjf hiM tlrnt yejir, [imfi-rrin^t to etudv 
law in tbrt chamliem of Joseph ("bitty "q. v.] 
Wbibt iiludyiiif; for the fjar Whiteiside occu- 
pied Ilia leisiiro bvrnritrihutin^ tu tJie maga- 
zines n series of tketcheti, uio&ily of ImU 
persnnnfres.iniich in thi-«tyleoftho'SI(et^M 
Legal and FoUticul'of Kichiird Lalor Slioil 
[q. v.j TliMB papers, which arewrilU<n in 
a. lively niutiniT and evincti consideiabh; 
powi-r*. of ohservHliuii, were collwctod and 
rrpiihliKhcd in l870undL'rtbe title of ' Early 
^Jki'lcJ]i>s of Kminunl IVn^ons.' Amon^bia 
subjecifl wer* James ScarlKt, Innl AInngM' 
'q. r.'v Tlomu§ Dcnman, first lord Denman 
t|. v.], Sir (.'hiirlf.t Wrtliori'll [q, v.], and 
hN'illiain Ooiiyngliam, first lorcj Plunkct [q.T.] 
Vvom IKi] Whittsidn's progress at bin pr^ 
fi'HHJon wiL-t rajii:^, and hi- wa# tnado n qucm'a 
counsel in iH-iJ. Kapidiv gaining n n.*pula- 
tion for an iiloqucncc which rccalli-d the tra- 
ditional forensic spK-ndoiin^ of t'urmn.Pliui- 
Icct, and Burho, hta speech in defence of 
O'Connt-ll in ihu ttaU- trials of 1843 placed 
him in front of all hia conlvinporaries at ifaa 
Irish bar. 

Shortly nft<T tho (VConnrll trials WTiii*- 
elde'e Iwalth obligfd him temporanly to r«- 
limgdi'h hi* profiwsion. Ue visited Italy, 
and, Inking inuoli ititrrf«t na well in th« 
afiuirs of the puuinbuln ai* in the aiitiquilieii 
of llonic. be wrote and published hia ' Italy 
iu the >'iiietVL-tilh C'cntiiry,' 1S48. 3 vols., 
and translated Luigt Cunina'a ' ludicazione 
topogralica di Itoma Antlui in Corriitpoii- 
denia detl' epoca i»i|Hrriiil» ' iiudor tbp titiv 
' Vicissitndeaofthe Eternal City.' Relum- 
ing tri urlivnworlc, MhitMidv acted as lead- 
ing counael for the dpfenre of William Kmith 
O^rien [q.v.] and bis fellow-prisonerB in the 
Ktati) trials at Clonmi'l in Ir^lR. Thn-« yean 
later (ltj5I) he ea(«red parliameot ai oonMr^ 



Ill 

I- 



TEitiTe roemlicr for ErmLskilliiu. In 1859 he 
wft8 clioiirn ■* one of tha ntpreaen tat ires of 
Jliiblin Univetsitf, ind held ihiB poeiliun 
niitil bis eU'valion to lliti bcuLli. Wliitir- 
•i<le's striking talent aa u Rpeiiker made liim 
Taloable Bccvssion to his parly in llii> Iloumt 

CommonB, and on tlic ft>minl:ion nf Lnrd 
Derby's first admiaiEiral ion in 185^ be wos 
appointed Holicitor-^Mii^ral for irelani^. Iii.* 
brothi'r-in-IiLM-, (riir) Joseph Xajjicr [*|, v.j. 
Iwioff atloriiey-gcQ'-'ral . In tUa Humo pre- 
miar'e mcond guvorumtuit WbilL-HiJe mlt'il 
tbe office of atloriit^y-gener«l. During Ihe 
libenl Rdminietratioa (1$-'>0-(10) Wbticxidn 
WM in opposition; but, des[iitt! the ciaima 
of hia profesalnti, he was able* to d<>Toti> much 
of bis time to bis parlinnx-ntunr' dutit?", and 
loolc AJ) eminent part in th« cniinHela nf thii 
conserraliro opposition, llo attaiued a 
bich position in thv Hotuu- of CnmntniiH, 
yrlBBTe hi* eloquence, wil, and ^>nialily iDsdii 
him popular with all parliw. In 1 Sill, on 
Ilia Ktum to I»ndo& iiftcr the niarvelloiui 
•pcecb in thv ccU>l>rated Yclverton com — 
tno moftt famo^us of al! bis forcmnc cH'ortji — 
WbJttitido TLVcivvd a reuurkalde compli- 
ment, b«ing greet«d vritb gcnoral cbc^era aa 
ha eotvred tbu Houbi< of Commous for lliv 
first tiniK iiflcr tlir i-tmolujiion of tlio trial. 

On thp return of Lord Derby to office in 
Wbitvaidewaaa^ainappointodnttoniwr* 
iml, bnt sborily aftiTwiudft acci'ptt'-d tb« 

lc« of cbief justice of ibe queens bench 

in Irelnod, on tbc Fetinomc-nc oF Thomas 

liUgloi« Lofroy [q. v.] Wliiti;«idi.-'s talunle 

were rhetorical and fort-nsic raiber tliau 

udieial; uiid tbuui;h bo bniuglit to his bifrh 

iciition grvtti tiir^onal diffiiily nnd the 

larm of a aingularly ultracttre periuiiality, 

wan not rery siirciu)iful ai> n iu<)^>-. Hn 

Hided in tbtt qatien'e bench diviaiou for 
t«oy«ar«; but the last of I liesewi-re clouded 
by ilUhiwIth. He died at IVijrhtnn on 
26 Not. lUTti, and was buried at Moiml 
Jerome cemcu-ry near Publin. Ho married, 
in July 1*J3, Kow-Ha, daitghter of William 
Napier and atjilcr of Sir JoKijih NapitT q. v.], 
eomL'timu lord L'hani^dlor <if Iceland. 

WliiiedidfV is one of the must lirilliuut 
luune)! in the annals of tliu Irii'h bar. K« 
WBK miaii])roiii.'li<il in iKiint of itloijin-nce liv 
any of hia contempornripfi, and hia pnwerfnl 
per«>n«lity, at once winning nml cuminand- 

, give liini an almoi«.t nncKamph'd yn~ 

iiwncv. Ilia forensic etyle bn» been de- 
u ■ im pet 1 1 0111*1 y buri-Jnd fiu-i^ an>l 
w under a golden avalanche of di^cur^ive 
loquence ; ' and bin parliamtnlary orat-iry 
bven praiMid by Lord Lytion i»hi.<'p>K;in 

•St. Stephen'*.' In ]>ereon lie was tall ami 

CL'fully propori iouL'd. There is a Htalue 



iR. 



of Wbit«3idc in the Iiall of the Four Courts 
at Dublin, by Woolner. 

[Weijb'd Cum peti ilium of liiiih Bingrsphy ; 
Atiniml ReKit-ter, 187C: Dublin Uuiv. Biaf. 
xxxii). 32B, 3XXT. 213. Teniplr Bar, siii. 304; 
III mtiiiia of Sir Ju<ti-[i1i Napii^r ; Todd'p CataLogua 
of ijniittwiiM, J^ubliii Univ. ; L^w Maeuiao aod 
RuTicw. May 1817 ; 0'?Janai:an'B Irish Bar; 
itmiikcR liecollrctiona of the Iri»h Cliurcli, 2nd 
wr,] C. L. F. 

WHITFEI^D or WHITFIELD, 
IlENKV Irf. 1000?), divine, is (*aiJ bv Ma- 
tbcr to have been second »ou of Halpli Whit- 
feld nf Gniy'* Inn, by Dorothv, daughter of 
Kir Henry Spelman [qvJ "liv wiui mor*- 
probably aon of Thomaa Whitfelil. lord of 
lilt miiniir of Kiuit Sbeen and of Mortlake, 
who wftflliei-ased to marry Mildred Manning; 
of Ort-iinwicb on 10 Jan. 15*45 (Ad'Uf. MS. 
L'71>H4, f. :»0A). He apwtort to have taken 
holv orderd, is deHcribed us n.I>., and in anid 
tn have been appointed to the rieh [ivin^ oC 
ftcklev, .**urTey, in lOlfl, althouj^h the regi- 
Hter there contain* no mention of bis induc- 
tion. "Sl&lhcr ( flftt. qf Xfite Hifftland, I8fi3, 
i. bWl] say* llial, poe»i?»»in!f ft lair estate of 
his own bejide^ Ibe rectory, be put ' another 
godly minister ' in at Ockley, and wuut about 
preaching in liie ninDh)HHirbiin<i for twenty 
years as a confomiist. As Nicholas Cuf- 
pe]>per was in^tiCutMl on 14 Sepl. lOIo, and 
the next renWr, Hubert Nowell. on Ifi Jan. 
IiJ38-y, thin may have been the ca*e. Whit- 
feld wrot« during this period ' Somo Ilelpea 
to wtirre up to (.'hri«tiiin Duties' (2ud edit, 
corrected and enlarged, Ijondoii, Iflfti ; 3rd 
edit. 1030}. 

In Iti.'i9 Whit Held, who hail lierotne a 
nunconformifil at the cainc time v.^ Cotton, 
and ri'fuKcd lo read the ' Book of Sports,' 
retiigned tht^ rertory, sold hitt i^st«tt>, and, 
accoinpanieiJ by a number of his hearers from 
Surrpy, Hiim.-jc, and Kent,embnrkcd in Mdy 
for New England. In July l(t^^ tbey luiidud 
at Ni-whaien, ' tbi- first ubip th«t ever cast 
anchor in thai ^ori.' and founded Guildford, 
Connecticut, \\ hllfield bein^ the wenltbieat 
of the xix vcuh-re \sho puri-haeed the land, 
line of the finit boUM^ biiill wan Whit- 
field's, called * llio Stone llousa ' (figuniHl in 
Appi.KIiix'w ('y<-hi>. uf American Sutgr.) 
^lembers increasi-a hut slowly nntil lft48, 
wln-n seven 'pillsrs" were cbosun to draw- 
up n dnrlrin!^ of fairh. After tlevcn teats 
at Ijiuddford, Whil&eld returned to ^ng- 
Inild, He settltid at Winclietiter, where he 
became a uiemher of t h<.! eori>orut ion. Brook 
p>avs he died about 10(50. 

Jty his wife, who came from Cranbmok, 
Whitfield had nine childmn, luiptived at 
Ut:kley between lOlU and 163S. 



IsnllkOr of * Tbf> I.ijrht ajiitparing man ncd 

's&an toWBrdB the iVrfeci I>mt, or ■ fartWr 

DitooTcry of ilir l'n-*tnt St*!*- of ibr lo- 

^AiH in Nt!W Koglsnd coocemitM: the Pro* 

.oraweorilte (ro^pad ankongst Ukem' (l^n- 

'dOD, irKM,4to; re[inDted in *llu8»cha9ctte 

IlbtoricKl Coliectionii,' Sfd aer. vol. ir, nnd 

in Sabin'fl ' Itq)riiii«,' 18AR, 4to>. Tlua wu 

folli>w«-il by "StriTigtli oul of Weakneu' 

(!,ondMi, l(iri2, 410 1, ui •ceoiml of the 

lurthor piogrvea of ibe Oa«p<«l in New Kag- 

Und. 

[Brook'a Uvm of tba l^iriiAn*. tii. !t71: 

bTBgo's QmmvL Diet, of Fir»t.Swti«rw. i». SI7 : 

pnfiiii'i AiiDKlxof Ibi AncricMii I^ult^i, i. lOft; 

PYM^ingitar tti<i Two Hundred anil FinieiJi 

Annimnwry of tJto SBttlraeat of Quildfunl 

iKcwIisnn. ISStf. PP- *^- 7^- )*&• ^^T. a«3 : 

Sngglo'a Him. nfOuiMford in Masb. HibL Coll. 

'U. 11*5; AppUloa'* CycIot»edi« of Amoricnn 

! Siogmphy. Tol. n. : Dnke'a Ami-rioui Biogr.; 

infarmnliim from Um Rev. F. Huvhall of Uck- 

Uy.J C. V. S. 

WHITFELD. JOTIN CLARKE- (1775- 
lM.f({), or^iiist and tiimpOBor, Bon of John 
CUrko («t 17 S».pU ISO-i) of M«lm«ihury, 
'Wiltshire* wm bom on IS Dec. 1770 aI 
OliMlOwter, and adopted by UtU'n luilrni in 
1614 tho fatnilv nuno of hb inoitier, Am- 



UuUin ; and in 1810 ha wui incorpmrntad 
5Ia&. Dof. at Oxford, In ISl'l.on ths doath 
iif I>r. Hagiip, \Vliitftld wnii appointed niv 
feoorof inUMc lo the nniTerii t v of rambridK, 
ft pMt which be held unlit his death. To 
makr l>.-i»i)r^ for cotiopntilion lie retired to 
the viltaf^v of Chebterton, where ho a«t 10 
niu»-ic maiiT of 8ir Wnltrr Scott's vene». 
In tbi' cvurw of >>ome aiuicable compoa- 
dence with the nusiciaii. Scott pl«a(I«d hia 
' wntiehud emr,' hut R-einml FTrnttGcd by thfl 
great flow of inuaic iiixjiiivd hy hi« balUd« 
and poems. He was now and then at ymioa 
U* forward Iiik iiianuM--ript to WbilfeM. *0 
that words and mufiir should sen the lif^ht 
aimultuwouelr {Anntinl Biography). Whit- 
fi-ld workfd (uitf li-M itiduMrtouxlr on tho 
poeou of UyroD, Moore, and Joanna IJailUet 
M-ltinft tlieir words to muaic in some hundred 
K>!i)^ and part-itongs. About 1814 be pub* 
liftbed two voluinea of 'Twelve Vocal Piece*,' 
for which orifrinal mat^al was contributed 
bv ibcM and ifiher p(.iet«, 
'From ]Kt>Oto IS.i;i Wbitfeldwa-iorpmiit 
and ohoinuatiliTofHeivford Cathedral, being 
fmjucnllj retatiM^ at lite 'Hinf! ('hoin f'lUt- 
tivala to (Hmduci or lo nreside at the piano. 
Af lln'Il*Ti.r.inlf«iiT«l of )sa2h"prodiM>td 
hiA oratorio, 'The Cnicitixion,* anri at tliat 



of IHAI ilsconliniialion, ' Theltesurrection ' 
philliii (rf. 10 Nov. 18ia>,dau^bter of Henri ' tpnWi'hed l/mdon. l(<Vt). ^\niitfeld di«d 
Whiiftilil of llie Burr, Rickmansworth. l m , 



llerlfonUhire. 

AUcr a musical tniniiic at tlxford under 
I>r. Pliilip Hayeis Clarke-Whitffld obtaini-d 
in 17<'^'.' ilie punt nf or^niMt i» the {lariiih 
church of I.udtow, and married in the fol- 
lowing; vear. In 1793 he took thv Muc. 
Bac. divreo at Osfotd. In 1731 he auc- 
Ciwded itichard Lau|;Ion aa oreaQist and 
maaUT of tlie chortsten at .\rmu^h Calht^ 
dral for tbi\-e year*; on li March Xl^i^ 
\ he waa appoittie<l choinnaater of St. Patrick's 
Oftthedral and Cbriet Cburch, Dublin, aftvr 
obtftining in 17!l>'> lh>^ honoiary degreo of 
Muii.Doc. at Dublin rniversitr. nieourliMt 
|[lee8 and suiiiilas were written and rarlly 

Subliahi.'^ in tn-lund: but the untitled ron- 
itwaofxhe country at leuji^th induced him 
to nMisn his posts, and, rctuminf^ to Kng- 
hutd, uc svtliHl kt Cambrii^o. bevomiui; 
onraniat and clioimaal^r to iS^nitr and Si. 
Jonn's etdleges. To tlie nuutvtw anil fellows 
w<!r« dediiCalod hia thnH" vulomea, 'Sffrioos 
and Anthems' (l^mdon, l'*00-i»). Thi^col- 
laclion WBi( aflorwRTtlii n*pnnted with naup' 
nlemnntary fourth rolume, about 1840, by 
Novwtlo, wbo also n.-i-ditiil in varrous fiimu 
others nf Clarke W hit feld's Aacr<^ works. 

In 1799 narke-Whiifeld wae granted th« 
dcgTM Mus. l>oc. C'atnbridgi) adamdcm from 



llohnvr. nvar llervfurd, on -22 Fob. I»96. 
-V mural tablet records his burial in the 
bishop's cloi'tLT!, HervfLTd Cathedral. 

WLilfi-lil'ii work wa!> ••xc'llc'ntlT adapted 
to the end he had in view, and Co the wanta 
of the period. IIi» twores were musicinnlr 
and a^rret-ahle, and, lika hU wnfra, attained 
piipularity. He did pioneer work in editinff 
ttw tcoTt« nt Purccll, Ame, and I1an<li£ 
and Ilia collection* of ' Favourite Antl>ein« 
(1K)>5) and 'S^gle and Double Chants' 
|1810,> wcTv compiled with judgment. 

[Gkiw's Dictionatj, i. 39&, ir. bii ; prebee 
to vol. ii. Clarice's Anibams: Annals of the 
Tbrvn Cbiurv, pp. IM el ■«].: Aaniial Bto- 
irapby. 18S7. p. 139. Uarfnti^** IIer«forJ, p. 
lO-j; CSnttarbodt's HectfocMiire. IKlA. i. IIW: 
AU}j Williaiaa's DegreM in Mask ; Wbiirrld '« 
mtH:»: private informatioa.) L. M. M. 

WHITPORD, DAnn (16:W-H574>, 
soldier and aeholar, honi in lil26, was tho 
fouftb oon of Walter Whilford Iti- v,\ bi- 
shop of Brechin. Hv waa educate<l al 
Woslminater.whenlu^ waai-leclt^ a quern'a 
scholar oo a mval warrant dated ■2\ March 
lflS9-40(OiV. '«fnfe Paj>er*, D-tn. Hf»" 
Ifi-M), p. ^t7t, and ntatrirnlaN-d fr>>m 
Christ Church, Oxford, BraduaTing U.A. on 
30Marchl647,AiidM.A.on UJu. 10a&- 



Whitford 



"5 



Whitford 



n 



lt)61, Ob tba outbrvali of tli* civil war 
he espoused the Vme's cauae and ' bore anna 
witli Uie (lurrUon of OxfvnI.' lncoiis<iiut>i)L'«- 
he wtM deprived of hin Bni(lfiil.«Uip by the 
partianwDtary visitors in Itfl^, snd rvt<iimeil 
to Scotland. Tlirrc )iv ai tJichud himsolf to 
Charies II, und Uicame an ufticer in his 
army. !!« took part in tlu> battle of Wor- 
etuftvr on 3 S«pu l&^l, wii» woiindt^d, taken 
pri*oti*r, coirrii^d to ttxfonl, and coiivared 
tboncB to London, wht-rt' liia friundH' iinuor- 
tuoilv olftiiiiK-d lit!) rr^l«iijiH (cl'. ifi. liii'n-'J, 

5. 11), lie found himself in n Bl»l<t of 
istrws fromwliicli ti" vitm relieved by1f>ii") 
Kdwurd Bysshi^ [l-^'-jr '"artpr Iting-of-artua. 
He obtain«d employiuem m an usbvr in 
Mliitrfriars in iho school of the poft, .lanipa 
Sbirltjy [q. V.J, and in November lOW was 
entered as a studt-nl uf tin- Inner Temple. 
On clic ItoflCorntion he wns rein«tnti-d tn 
lii* atudentsliip bv the viitilora, but, finding 
bitnaelf disabled from holding it Iit the 
CoUt^ rtAlutui>, \iv pirlilfiifd ChurW il in 
Uecftnber 16<iU to gmnt him a di*ppn&ation 
(1:^.1660-1, p.4S3). Oul'CJnlylOC'Jbuwas | 
appointi^dchnplain to l./ard G-tirgn Duugtad's 
regiment of foot ii&. J0(J5-6. p. 540). Ila 
nftcrwanls bvcnmo cbnplain t<j .luliti Miiit* 
lanri, duki^ of Laiidfnlnlf 't[. v.] In 1072 
bte olSciated ae minist'^r to tn« Scottish refi'" 
tnfrnt in Fmuce {Hut, MSS. Gmim. Otli Hep. 
Li. 1481), wid in ll.!7-'J In; wm ap^wintj-d 
rectwof MiddletnnTyas in Yorkabiro. Ilo 
diuil suddenly in hu« uhaniburs ut C'hri«l 
■Chureli on L'H ()rt. 1074, and wiiw burisd on 
the following diiy in tht! Houlh Irnnifpi of 

»tlii' r-nthrdrsl, m:aT lii* eldi.T lirolbiT, Aduiu. 
Whitford was an •tvcellenl ecliolar, and 
^blished 'MiiBS-'i, Muscbi, et Hiooifi onw | 
Mtant oinnin, quibn.^ aorcet^en; quieoam ; 
Wectiora Thnocriti Kidyllia,' Latin and | 
Greek, London, 1655, 4Io; republished with 
a new titK-paifu in Uh>9. 'ilie work con- 
tained u d^ieatiua to Ityaabe. 11l' aUo 
tmnjl&tt'd into Latin thnw ti\>uLi»e» by Sir 
I'Mward Byithir, witilb-d ' Notm in uualilor 

I Libma Nii^hnlai 1 'pton, de Studio .^^liLa^i ' 

^^L [m-v l.-PUiy, NiciiulahI, ' Nolm inJohannin 
^H df> Badn Aiirrn Libellnm d« Amtifl,' and 
^B * XottD in Ilenrici Sp^lmanni A«pi)o(;iiim ' 
^P [tee SpBi,UAK, StR IIbsrtI, which w.ire 
^^ pablisb'ed in one volume in 1654, London, 
fol. llie la»t hud bewi previously prefixed . 
U) Spfcliuttn'B * AMpilu^nu in 1650, Whit- [ 
ford waa lh« author of an appendix to ■ 
WisLttrt'fl 'Coniideat Himorv of Hie War?! 
in ticDtiand nmlfr the L'onduite of James. 
Marqup.a« of Montrose,' 11^60, and of wme 
funiulimentary Terse* pri'lixtrd tu Kriuici-t 
GoIiiHmith'H 'Hum Orotius his upborn-: 
puieas, or loeeph, 1<V>:J. 




[Tood'a Alheim Oxna. «cl. Hlvm, iii. 742, 
lOIS^lS, 1220: W«leir» Alnmni W«tmon. 
1S.12, p. US; Fa«t«r'i Alumni Oxon. 1600- 
1714; WaJker* SnfforiiiK"of tho CIbthj, IJU, 
ii. 109; ikgU'ti t'a«ti iLfcle*. SmttcaDB III. ii. 
890; UhIIoo's Army Lists, IB«2. i. 71 ; Wnorla 
lliit. iind Aniiq. of Itaf CollogeM of Oxfmd, 
ml. Ontch, p. S13: Msmborti oduitMd to ths 
InncrTumpto, \fit7~lWV. p. 37:<.] K. I. C. 

WHITFORD or WHYTFORD, KI- 
CHAItU ijt. My5-155fli--). -ihc wrt-ich of 
Svon,' obtained bis name pn>bably front 
\vhyiford, near Holywell, in Hint, where 
his uncle, llichani \\ bilford. |HjMu.-»srd pro- 
perty. Wood BtatM that he stndied at Ol- 
ford, bill tilt* can hnrp buen only a tem- 
porary visit, since he was elected a frilow of 
ljiii*eni>' (.Viilege, Cambridge, about 14i>5. Ilo 
was given leave of alMeneo by bis cotiejfe for 
fivH years in 1406-7 that he might attond 
William Hlonnt, fourth lord Mount joy [q.t.], 
as (■haplain and confoswr, on tlio continent. 
In tliat eapucitv be received at I'ari« a lottcir 
from Km.*nm(i. Lord Mountjoy'slntor, written 
shortly before 4 I'«l>. UP"! proliahly from 
tllo Chat<^au Tournobeiis, where Kriwrraus 
WHS staving. Krusmus addres^ieti Whitford 
tut bis ' (iea.r friend Kicliard,' and cnconniges 
him in his study of pbilnaophy. In ll98 
tutor, cbatiloin, and pupil returned to Eng- 
land ; and perhaps nt this time \\'hitford 
vi*il<rd (ixford with Kranmut. Soon afCer- 
wardx he br^came chaplain to Richnrd Foxe 
\i\.y.\ bishop of WinL'hester ; and l£<»ier, in 
)li« ' Lift- of More/reporta that in IciCM ho 
enconraiTfi Moro in hU resintance to 
ricnry Vll'a esactiona. The speech against 
r'ii.ve asuribt-d to Whitford Moundi* apocrr- 

Shnl, but, the ctoiWrneM of his friendfthip with 
lorg Lb attested by a letter WTitten from 
' th« toimlry,' I May 1W(J, by Enumue 
during his second vfsit to England. He 
sends Whitford a Latin deiciamnlion rom- 
nofted against the 'Pro Tymunicida' of 
Luelan. Thia Wbil/ord is to compare with 
a similar effurt of Morn's, and to decide which 
is better. Thu haiiir contains an enthusiastic 
eatiinatu of More'n abilities. It statta that 
Whitford used to affirm EmRmus and More 
to be 'mo alikf in wit, manners, aH'octions, 
and iiurauitii, that no pair of twins could bo 
found :noru so.' It coticludt-i', 'Koth of ua 
certainly you equally love ; to both you are 
e<]unlly dear.' The leilur uceura in th« 
edilif\n*of these dcclamatioiiH which wero 
printed with ihe tranHritiona from I.ucian 
(e.g. LucMHt Oi/iCH-u/ii, Ijeyijpu, LWft, p, 
ilU). It ff'ruiM the dc^dirslnn' epislle of 
Kraflmu»'.i version of the ' Pro I'yraunicida ' 
(£'«f*mi'0/*fm,l.evde«, 1703,(om. i.) When 
uext heard of, 'VN'Litford, tike hia uncle, is 



Wlutford 



WUfbfd 



mmE< «ta>> Wv»l 



ll'W 



tS^.i 



_..' 1 «am4 fmr, i< wUcb tJM k 

^ >• t^w Mi of tk» ima. 

.< 44 ■wMt in t\m mmfo- 

■ - o<irk«,wlueb 

'TiVdiit walla. 

' tMi"iar«hip liu bifvn 

- fialfMl by it^an-w mi 

, iiV r r-t,-irm anil iWeet- 

II I viaitixl ^Ton 

'I ■ Hdil nuiu 

■ iH|tr»'fniu'5', 

ll>Al VN'tti't- 

11(1 n-«t>toit 

<Mi<lo<iim|tv, 

I 'I At ibodi^ 

iiollftMluioll 

' <>f Mm iliya 

I >« MkiihIJuv. 

I . 1 ..'.twM M^ry"* 

Ifw iHit»«m»k»Mt itfi I- "A .UvW •■wrrT** 









■i?^ 



XMm 






OM M tJh« «r SL BmA W Tittor. ih» 
•hMlcr M Wlitfirfk. "^ Wnk b d«l»d 
38 Nor. leL 4. *A ««te ibr Hmi»- 
bolden Attd far tbeoi tkl latw tKe Ojr^Tits 

or GoTvtiMaaM of may Cao^ttnj,'priiit«a 
by Wyakirn de Wordu, ISJW, 4to. iTiid wm 
rvpriotml with * dightljr AlteivJ title in 
Ifi.t: bv John Wftjluiil, ftad in 10^ hy 
Rohi^rt liMman. A. * Thr Four R^TtlUiont 
of St. Rntlsui,' London, IXtl.li'mo. 6.'Ti» 
li<ild<-n K|i»ttc of St. Bcruud,* London, 
I'M, I2mo. Thia wurapublitbed in l-!>37 
■nd l'V*5 ftlong with other trwtJMSOf Wltil- 
fonl. 7. < Tbo Crossrune, or A G C. Hem 
doDv folowi- two opuscules or amaU wvriu 
of Stynt HiiQavi?ntur«.iaAcbe necMMrie ftud 
{icatyt«lilt> unlv all CUrietiuu specially unto 
ntinuiu jMt*on«, put into KoglTslir bj « 
brouar of Syon, lucliard Whvt^rde. AI- 
plubatani Roligimonim,' 1537, l^mo, 
pEiainl br Wa^luide bvrore No. 3. Itckme 
out Aral' in \6Si. H. 'Tba Pomander of 
Prarvr,' l&ai9. 4u\ printed by Wynltyn d« 
M«>i«> 9. ' llan beg^nuelh the boke ctlled 
Ih* ^f^«r T<xin% w till' tjfi- of iKrCKti<ni. 
IV NMM cr cuat wLviwir dotbe plsTiiIy 
•ffM« in Um pvsMMCi. ImnrTnUid «t london 
te FMr MflwM kjr an Kobect Radnun, 
jt rn J U w ^ s i* Snjnt PunstoneB jmiytahe, 
•«awsCh«i^ lathe yen of our lord 
r^l«i.tfctSdv«rXwelw.'4to. Thii 
ft«HiMftvMMtlh«LMWnn«. 10. 'A 
h^wvoe the 
ttJtaa^AMMriBd the parodunne 
•4fr iffearitp al^aL Fcr • dn» jnpnncion 
Mtevnd br ?Cm. 7 and 45, 
IB:, l£ao. 11. • A 
of dirvrv 
,* London. 
X M. ■ An 
Vi<M,'Laa- 

1^ liiBiBii. IS. '<VClMBMliMn,'Laih- 

«dit 





hv in itylfi itni3 futtUng tho fined retulermft 
into Rnglish of tlif famouB i>ri^iiuil, II tioa 
bevT. '4.'<]it^ u'itli hiiitnrirsl inin^ilui^tion hr 
Dotn Wilfriii I{ftynal,t).S.B.,'l>indrtn. I*7i. 
15. 'Cenaine devoul and OiwHv i)»*lltiiir)!« 
commonly called J«su9 l'anlt<>r. Cum Privi- 
leglo. Anpo 1683.' It is verj- probobly (wn- 
iecturej that thi» fnvonrilc booK of dcvoli^n, 
BBOH-n ID nuideni lime!' under tlie litlo of ' A 
MMlitaticin GIimouH nttmed Jpsu» l'i^alU*r,' 
irasWhilfonl'sL'tjmjKwititui, In li'/iH Oiliere 
islicenawl m John Jtidx"!! In the' Statioaera' 
Register' 'The Spirilnall CounMilc, Jasiu 
Hattent, Jwfu IVi«1|>t, jind \y ()«.' A 
mannAcript in the lihrnrv nf Mnnrt-sa House, 
Roebampt on, scemtt tg \m i\w b<wk fnten«d 
in the ' Stntinntrs' Rcei!it«r,' and is nmrlv 
identical with ihework pablished in 1583. 
Tbera ifi an earlier pdi lion printtd M Ant- 
wnp in lo7>% and nnnif-TYinK later pditif>nii. 
Hie wbole question of Whitford's auihonhip 
And Ibe retation tneach other of tnaniiscript 
and niiiion^ is discit^sud in ' J«9u'h Pnaltt^r. 
What it, was iit ita origin aud as conw>crAt4-d 
hj tbti Its*! uf many martm iinil cjiirue^ors,* 
OT thw Itov. Samurl Ilt^ydon Mnlr, London, 
1888. Tliis prime ibn raaniuicripl of 1571, 
th« sdilion ol ln8!t, nnd thu modiTti rnriion 
of tlie Ptuilti^r. 10. .\ iraneiUtion in the 
Bodleian Library of (he 'Speculum It. Miiriir 
— The Myrrour of Out lAdy/ wai nlmfmt 
certainty by Whitford. It was cs"Ciiti'd at 
the reniie*t of the abbcsi of Syon, aiid prlntwl 
in 1630, 4to. Cvrlfiin 'Solitary MeditAtioii«' 
wm aUci aacrilird to ^VhitfonL by Tanner, 
vithoDt any date or oomment. 

[Wood's Athtnn Oaon. cd. BUw, i. ISfl ; Tan- 
ner* Bihliothaca, p. JBti-, CDopcr'n Atbonie 
CanCabr. i. 79 i the tiilrodaclory ninlter of 2. 14. 
and I A abovo; Epunii Epistuiie, Loudon, IS42. 
pp. 387, niR: DrDroiiiond's Erasmua. i. 144. 
IW; 8*»bobin'ii Oxford Hnfor^)^T^^ p. 182; 
Mon'a Lifo of Sir TbotniiB iiov.', i;20.pp.3S- 
S7; JoRid's Eraanias. i. 188 ; I^ttnniHnd I'lipcnt, 
«d. Oairdnor, 1534, Na<. 633, 1090i Wright'o 
X.«tt«rB relaliae to tliD Supproiitiion of the 
VooaotariM, pp. id. 41, *!i. 47, 49; Anntpcr'a 
Hilt, of Bjtm Maniu<t«ry, 1840; Jktoun'n Cat. 



of 9yoa library, 1898.] 



R.B. 



WHTTFORD, WALTER (in»i ?-lfW71, 
biahop of Br«cbiii. bom about 1 Wl, wa-i rbe 
Bon of Adnm Wbilford of Milntown fnow 
callM -Milton l^ckhart), by hi« wife Mary, 
ilaughtt-rof Hir Jahivj^ Somervillo of Oam- 
buanethaii in Laoarhtihin'. The family of 
\Miitford dnriT»8 itA name from thu estate 
of Whit.fiml in Iti'nfr>-wi<birp on thwCarl, 
which Wnll*>r di» Whitford nbtain^d for hia 
aerricea at the battl« of Larua in I2B.t. 

I Adam "Whitford waa aceusnd of h«infr con- 

^■eemed in January 157S-0 in a ooDapiracy 



against the regent, Jamex Uouglaa, fuurlb 
earl of Morton [q. t.] 

Walter wa* nluvaltM] at CUa»(f0w Uni- 
verpitv, where he was l&iirented in IffllJ, 
and iiniirwiiH* actwl as rtytont. Ud 10 May 
lAu-l h<! vas licenfiM tn pr^acli by the prvs- 
bytory of Paisley, and on 3 D»c. IflCfe he 
waa pr««u>ated by JamcA VI to the parish of 
Kilmarnock in AjTshire. In ItJIO ho wiw 
translated to Momit in LI umfriee shire, whar» 
hv was adntlted bt-foni 8 Juni>. In 1013 
lie wsa nominated on tlin comiiiinMioit of th« 
peseo for Annnndale(.MA^WJN, Rfg. o/ Priev 

Q>iPMi7, loia-io, pp. i(ij-;!,wii-7,r>r,3>,im;i 

waa involved in Bevcral of the fBmily finnd* 
with which thu county abounded {ilf, 1611>- 
ItJIO.p. a^fi). 

On 'JTJunu 1817 Whitford signed the pro- 
ti>flt.ation to parlin:nr'nt in support of ihi- liber- 
tiiio of the kirk, but bit itufTitrt^l himittdf i^uon 
aftwrtobewonoverbythehing, andoii 15 Junu 
1619 ho waa notnitiatod a nionib>rr of the 
court of high commiwtion. On '10 Atiff. ho 
waa constituted minister of Failford in. .'V vr- 
abire by Juniea VI, in additiuu to his utbcr 
charge. In March 16i'0 he rw»iri^ ths d^ 
grea of D.I), from Gloagon- Univarsily: and 
OR 4 Auff. KUl Mil was confirm«<d in hia 
ministry by act »f parliament. In IR2?t his 
cunimiwiion of jimticf nf th* peaci* was re- 
nowdd^ and he was aiipotntod ronToncr of tbo 
■t«wartry of Annandalit (0: Hi2'2-'i, p. liiA). 
In Ibo game yoar Jamc<i proposed to trana- 
lutebimloLiWrlou iiiMitllutliiuu,but failed 
to carry out his intention. I In Sr. Uc.iAn27 
bo -Kms kppoiutod oou of the commiaaioners 
naminal«d bv tln^ kiTig for taking m«asun>a 
againat Lhi^ papi&r^ ilieg. yfar/. &yjV. lifffum 
f^f. 1630-;5.% p, ,V.tl), which on 21 Oct. 
1034 was expandod into a high commi>>sion 
to cit« and ptuiish alL perfons dwL4Un^ in 
Scotland concoming whom there were un- 
favourable report-* (rt. 1U;JJ 51, p. 94). On 
D Dee. l(J28 he waa pwsentwd by C'bftrlt«i I 
to till) ftub-di'iinory oi Ulosgow, which af^or 
1070 formed Ihe [mriah of Old Moiikland in 
Lanarkshire. Ht- removed thither in IfillO, 
a dijiputi* a* to tho crown *!< right, of pBtrnnage 
preventing him fn>rn taking posts^.sft ion bt'fnre; 
and on 21 Oct. m34 be waa noinmaled to 
t ho commifiMrinf<^rthp maintenance of cburch 
discipline. 

In Ui36 "Wliitford was consecrated by thi* 
biahop of Brechin a» »ucct«R&r to Thomaa 
SydaerfF fq. v.], holding the aul>,dfanrry m 
OMnme»<iam until I'lSO, when ho disponed 
bio title to Jame;* Hamilton, Ibird marquis 
(afterwards first diibe) of Hamilton fq. v.] 
On 10 April lil-tli be was crcmled a bunrees 
nf Arbr^^ath. Whitford nai^d his episcopal 
authority to support the liturgical changos 



Whitford 



128 



Whitford 



which UhkriM I biul introdiiced. The new 
»ervice-boolc was very unpopular with the 
multitutle, und in 165", when Whitford «n- 
nouncod hi» iiiiumioii of Kailiagit, he was 
thriuit^iit^d iritli vialeiict-. I. ncLctenvd hi> 
BAcendt'dlhtt pulpit, holding a hroccofpittols, 
hie r&inily and wrvnut* att«ndiiiK him a.na»il, 
ftnd TRad tht! «iTvice with cloftod doors. On 
his TvCiitn lit) WAN nll.M'iied by an nnrwed 
mob, and pucnpfd witU difRcuIly. The minj- 
Bter of IVuchin, AU'X&ndi'r Biiwrl,, rKfuniiti^ to 
obey W liitford'ftoomnuinds to I'ollnn' hU e\- 
fimple. the bishop caused his own ■urvnni lu 
!»«3 the sortie* T»gwl«rlyfwm tli*d«ik. This 
olMtinacy roused intt>nse fe^Ung ntFainHt biro, 
Rnd towards the cIosp i>f the year, nftor his 
paUcL' hud li'vii [plundered, he n-as cnmpeUed 
to fly to Knfjland. where, with two other 
bUhops, hr.< vlol'iilly ijp|i(j»<.-d thb dcoicwh 
tnmt^urLT, Sir John Stewart, firm earl of 
Tniiiiiftir [<). v.], vhose moderfttion bo dis- 
liki'u, druKuij; up • momorial n^^iu^t em- 
ploying liiiii nst n commiMioner to treat with 
the"Sc!o!a (Uau-LIK. Letlurt and Jounuih, i. 
74). On l.*! nw. I4i38 he wa« depoM^ and 
cxcchin muni rated by tbti Glu^w osEumbly. 
whose ii'ithority, in common with tbj; other 
bishops, hr hnd refii-wd to n^oo^iiiae. In ad- 
Jition lo the eeclosiaAtical affeoce ofHigniii^ 
the declinntnrc, h<t wan noctuied of dniuken- 
OM* and incontinence, and of ' useioff uf 
iDMiie rrucJBses in Lis chamber ' {ib. i, IM). 
On 23 Aug. 16S9 hu «nd lh<i olhur Scolti»h 
preUli.-jt dn;w up a proteat agaiitut their ex- 
cltHJon fn>Tn parliumant {Hiat. M^S. Comm. 
»th Uwp, App. ii. ^SA). 

On i2S Dec. KUC Whitford was living iii 
Jjondon in f{nvi.t novi-rty (H*l[.l.rE. l^tUrt, 
i. flSKlj but on 6 Miiy 1042, as a rBcomjje&se 
for hi* fluBerioR*. CfiarW rirpirtnled hiin to 
the rectory of %Vfilemve in Northainplon- 
ithlrv, where he was instituted. In ]lt4') h« 
waj* expelled by the parliamentary soldiery ; 
he died in thi^ foUowiuK year, and waa butied 
on 1(1 .lone tu tbt' uiiddh.'uLslc of the channel 
of St. Mu.rp;arutV, Wealminstor, He mamod 
Anne, fonrth ()iiii|,'liler of Sir John L'nrmi- 
rhael of that ilk, find oivcn of tin; reireiit 
Morton {'i^^lV(^^J•.», S'^fruyr of Scutland, 1813, 
i, 763). Bt her ho had fivo boui!— John, 
Adam, David, WalttT, and Jauieji — and two 
dati^htow — llachid was married lo Jammt 
Johnstone, laird of C'ornlieiid, and Uhriatian 
to William Itennf'tt of Ruins. James re- 
mvfj n commission wn unnijjn in th^ Karl 
of Chest (-■rficld'tt rofjimentof fool nn 13 Juna 
166* t l>*l.Tos, Armtf Luh, i. 79). David 
and Walter (r/. lfi^*6i^> are n>parar«tT no- 
ticed, lu I'MW Whitford'* widow peti- 
tion«d for n vearly allowance out of the 
rents of the Lishopric of Brechin iu coa- 



«id«ratioD of the sufftwings of her fikmiLr ia 
the royal oaiue (Brit. Mlu. Addit. Ji& 
•J-MU,r. 135). 

Ilia eldeal son, JoiixWiriTFOBD {d. IWJ), 
divine, waa preaeiited in 1611, at tlw itutancv 
of I.aud, u> the rsctory of Aahtun in Nortb- 
uinptiiniihirM, and inntitutMl on 17 May. In 
ltH5 he waa ^eoted, and took refu^ with 
his fnlhi.Tr. Hv wa» rttin«t«tt>d at the It»> 
fltor&lion, and on <*> July 16til received a 
^janl of 100^ in compongation for the lo» 
of his booka and nthi-r pnipertv {Artt^ 
Pari, of Scotl vol. vii. App. p.* ^-2). Ua 
died at Asht«n on D Oct. IlH>7. lie mnrried 
Judith ((f. 6 March I7(X1'7), daughter of 
John Marriott of .V^bloo. 

The third aon. Aniu WiiiTFOBD (ISlM- 
1017), Doldier, bont in Wl\, waa a qa«an'« 
echnlar at Westminster Dchool, and in 1641 
waa uli'clod tuChrisl Church, Osfurd. wheoM 
hr. matriculated on 10 l>ec.,j[pradaaltii|; DA. 
on 4 Dec. llUfl. Like hia brother David. h« 
vnmlled binjiwirin the roval |iarri«on at Ox- 
ford, and was killed in tlie aiege. We wai 
buned in the luiiith tranaiqtt of the cathiwIrU 
on lOFeb. lfll6-7. 

[ScoIi'h F«»ti HmIbm. Scoctt^Bnie, i, ii 6A3, n.i. 
17U. ITT. ii. BA1>: Wood's Aihen* Oxim. ad. 
UliM, iii. lOia : K'-itb'a CnUloguv of Sfnttuh 
Bi«bopa, 1S24, p. 167; R»^i»trnin Maffni Sigillt 
Regura Seotoruni. 1620-83 pp. SlS, A13,I63t- 
tsat pp. 40. 1£0, 214. 71D; ItniigM's Hist, ol 
Xorttiarop'onsbire, nA. Wbjtiley, i. 384-5, 301, 
ii. ]'Ja-30;Bailliu'BLotten<ao^lJoamak(B«wa< 
lyne Club), vol. i. pauim; Nisb«(,'8 Uerahlry. 
1732, i. 376-7 1 S|nttAa«roo4«'« Hiat. of the 
Church of ticmUnd l.Spot(iswood« Sue.), i. 44; 
CulderwnoiV lli»i, of t.hft Kirt (WodrowSoc.). 
vol. vii. pvwim; Hliick'* Hivt.of Urochin, lft39. 
pp. JI-2, 303-1; RovV Util. of tho Kirk oT 
.S:^tlan(1 (Wmtrow Sm.). pp. -im. H'l. aSS; 
Bn]f.iiir'ii AiitiJil™ of ScolUud, IS'Ji, >. 864, ii. 
309; Cmwfurd'n DdtcripliwH of tli* Sbirs cf 
Renfrrtw. Oi). Rol«rt»oa. IKIH, pp. M-T; )£»' 
iimirnQf Ilwiry Gulhry. 1748. p. 16; Imng's 
Upper Ward of Lanarkshirv. 1844, ii. 43B; 
Hewina's Whitcfoord Papars. iSdS; Knual'* 
Bt^.and Cliruu. 1 720. p. 20 1 ; Hamilton'* Utacrip- 
tioa of tbo Sberiffdomsof lAnark and Ranfra* 
(MaitJaod Club), pp. 18. 70 ; Pitcaim'* Crimiiial 
Trinlit. IS33. I. ii.70; Iduniineata Aloia Klu- 
guansiK (Miiii.lnnd Club),p<u«iai ; Gmb'i Eecl»- 
viusUcttl Hilt, of SmtUnd. 16S1. n. VA, iii. 31, 
43. 4-t, H8 : Arts uf l\irltam«Dt of Scotland, it. 
668, V. 46. ISO, 1?U. 479. 6Q&. £2B. Tii. 347; 
Sptil ii UK's Mwiiuriahi of TniUM{Spal<UaR Club), 
piu-Bim ; Pcierlcin'a nceonlB of the Kirk. 1843, 
pp. 26-7. B»-I06 ; Pat^rwn'a Hutt, of Ayr aad 
Wigion, 19C6. ii. 4*6: Wood'a Hirt. and Antiq. 
nf tba Colleges of Oxford, ed. Gnlcb. p. AlO; 
Mill.-, (lea ct Hprald. Sod a«r. i. 289; iMoA'a 
Works (Libmry of Anglq-Catbolio TheoL), iii. 
313, vi. 4S«-6, 19a, 690, rii. 427.] E. L C 



< 



« 



WHITFORD, WALTER (d. 1080 P>, 
K>ldii^r, wm tLe nwcotwl »on of W^Iur WLit- 
ford (1.581 *-I647) 'ij. r.j, bislioii of Brtschin. 
Hv rnuffht on !)]<:■ siilcor tl»>kini{ in tiin civil 
war, ailaine'l thernnkof iTolniwl.nnd.onthB 
ovwii brow of Cbarli!». took ri^fiif^ ia Ilollanil. 
[n l<VI9 TuAC DorinUuA fq. v.], wbn had 
taken an active part in lb<3 trial of tb» king, 
wuappoiQlt^d Kiif^lifh envoyin llolliind,(in() 
naebed 'Vbt: lloeue ou 2it April, Aiuoim: 
the followers of Moatroee wbo Bwanuvd in 
the stnwid of Ttui Hague the fritliii^ afruliiHt 
tfa« rafificide was especially bilttir, aiid a 
fldiemo was laid amou^ tnom to miirdor 
thn nt-w hnvov. f>n tlm tiivning tif 12 Mny, 
as Dnnelaug waa sitting down to Mipprr at 
th« Witte ZwtMn, six lacn bun^l into Ins 
TWiniB, and whiln afim«of tbi^m ftinmi! bii 
serrantfl, Wliitford, after elasbinp bioi over 
til* h«ad, paw.xl a «woM through bis IxhIy, 
tmA anid, 'Tbiia diw ono of the king's 
jiid^eis' (Woob, Ath^n^ O.Tvn. ed. Illiw, lii. 
060). The wholfi party. It^ariii)? their victim 
dcKa upon (he ground, made ibvir escape, 
and Whitford guccpMlpd in crossing the 
froDti'.T into tbci^iiaimb NetbiTlaiid*. whurc 
htt was ia perfect aafety. All royalis^ls n*- 
oeived tbe nvwa of tlii.' murdiT witb un- 
hnundBc) Nat utfactioci. Hri*n tlni «tnid and 
kindir Nicholas wroto of the ttA^a»<ination 
na ' th* dwrrved (.-xiTiilion of that bloody 
rillain ' <Ca8tb. Jtetim and Vapfvt, i. 1^1 ). 
Whitford nc^ro in panted Montrosf in bi^ Iwt 
Scottish '^^pfdition in iBoU, and was taken 
pri-fOHtr at'I'T tbu bftttb' of C'urbitidalo ou 
'SI April (IIrwiss, WhitefouTii Pnprrn,\i.-x.Y 
Ilf waa to liavo b«a bt-h'-adL-d uii s Junw 
with Sir John Urry \i\. v.). Sir Franrln Hay, 
and oilier royalist othcs-rs, but, while bi>ing 
li«d to i-xrcution, I'xrbiinipd tliat he was 
condemned for killing Dorislaus. who was 
one of thoae who had murdered tlie last 
kiog. (Ine of llut magiMrAic-^ [trfsont, \w^t- 
ing this, ordered him to bo remandud, and, 
inquiry confirming bin statement, ' (he coitu- 
ctl tliought (it (0 avoid lImi rf^proarh, nnd m 
pTMenrnd the genlleroiin.' Thp pari lie hiul 
takvD in th<; murder of DoriKbius wius 
' counts tf> him fur riKbieiiii«ui-«!t'( WittMAKT, 
Jteedn of Montfiiu', T'lO.'i, pp. LH>8, 4'.t«), and 
htt wan girrii fi paj^ to It^avii tlm country on 
SS June iAett of Pari, n/ f^f^tl. VI. ii, r'7fi, 
OHO, r)«H. I'tiJ >. In August 1W« he was at 
tlir c/Mirt of ( "harU-fl (THrRior, AYcff^ /bpflc*, 
T. 315), and ten veurs lai-T Downing wrote 
loThurloir: • As" for W bitlorJ, I did ((ivB 

I) Witt two or llir>;v timeo notic« of liis 
gmg, nnd he iun«t bavi- Ixvn taken, but 
that it was always twenty-four hours ere an 
ordf r could \m bad ; and b<.> nmnirpd bis 
lodging urery night, and now he baa gone 

VOL. LXl. 






tion ' (i&. vii. 4*iO). lit) «ut«red thu Kiinsian 
eerviou {Cat. State Papert, Ttom. Itt6?t— I, 

f. 16U), but returnftd to England before 
D64, and on l-j July of that year pftitioncd 
for tliB post of town-major of IluU (ij. 
I6fifi-6, p. ftliU). |]«iinl»iHini?ntly petitioned 
for 'aid to lieep bis famUv from starviug,' 
stdtinjir thnt hv waa disabled by old wounds 
(lA. Addenda, 1600-70, p. Q3i>). Evrntiially 
be received a commiuion in tho guarrlfl, ni^ 
hid paternal coal-of-armt waa ehargitl with 
tlinx' croaaea pal6e, ' being add«u at Imm 
mnjestie's speriall command' (Stodd.vkt, 
Smtli'jih Arm*, li. 2IS). Up wbb disnii'svd 
from the guards he a papist in 1673 (Won- 
Kow, W^>^ of the Stiffrriitgt iif th(^ Vhurcft 
i>f tirf>tlftiid, ii, :*32). Jamea II granted bim 
u pension on 31 Dec. 1685 {Cai. State 
Paper*, Ilom. 1R89-90, p, 3fij), During 
lii.'* wanderingaon thi' continent his entt'^rwa 
the iJuke nf Savoy *a service, and waa thvnt 
wben the last maosncrc of tho Vaudois wna 
perpiil ruled. At the elo^e of bij life tliu 
rcmi^mbntnce of these atrocities preyod u()on 
bitf mind. Ilirbup 13uni<.'( say* ' ho died a 
few day.* ht'fnre the parliament met (in 
lO^t) I, titid calK'd for muic ministers, and to 
ilicni hu dtv-Jared bin foraaking of popt-ry, 
and his abhorrence of it for its cruelty' 
(ISvBSET, Uiei. of hit Oicn Time, y. 43."*). 
Hut according to Wood he was still living 
in Kditiburgli in 1691 i W oqd, Atticmr Ojvn. 
iii. 1016), His son Cbarlcs was principal 
of till) ^cuta College In i'aris iu 1714 {Bn't. 
Mtu. VaU. Addit. Ms. *J8ty7). 

[KFiironr'ii Annnlts of Pwitl. it. 60; Ctaron* 
don's liUt. of the Roldliua, 188S, v. 131; 
Cary's Momorialsi of tba Civil War, \M2, ii. 
131; Oardiner'n Hist, uf tbe CaDiraanumnltli 
and ProHMi'jralfl, i, 73 ; Nidbol's Eleraldry. 1722. 
i.3;7; f^toddan's Scottish Arms, ii.213: Whlr«- 
locke'ii MvinuTials, p. 460; notes supplied by 
HuRbT. Whitford. «eq,] 

WHITQIFT. .inilX C1630f-ie(M), arth- 
bi-'^hop of Canterbun,', was eldeet son of 
Henry Wbitpift., a well-to-do mcrcliiknt of 
Greiil t3rim»iliy, Lincolnshire, and Anne 
fl)viiHWeilJ bis wife. Af'crirding to FrauciD 
Thvniie lie wa« born al Orcal Grimsby in 
).'3:i.1, but be biiiukdf declared tliat in If.nO 
he renchiid the age of sixfy. In childhood 
lie attracted the fiiv"ur of hi" iiiicle, Hi'berl 
W"hit(iift,abbntofT.hi^AngustinianmonasiePr 
at Wellow, The abbot was a liberal-minded 
ecclesiastic, and no blind opponent of the 
Kofonnoliim. Noticing bis nephew's literary 
proraUe, he undertook the direction of bia 
education. Hy bi« advioe the bov wa-<< n-m 
to Si. .■\otliony"a school in Lonann, wUitb 
had already numbered many dietingutiihcd 




Whitgift 



130 



Whitgift 



moa nmong Ha acliolan. H« ludged in St. 
Paul's Churehviinl witli TiU aunt, iho wifB 
of Uicbniil Slinllur, nnt) of thn cat tii^dntl vt*r- 
gen. Shewasa bitted Romnniat. Whit- 
gift was out of eympatliT wilh hwr vi«wB. 
nn<\ tiho nnikllr dnv h'tra from t)i<- lionsi'. 
loilue time tic proceeded to Queens' Collefr?, 
Carabrid^i-, biiT 50f>n mit^led to IVmbroIci' 
Hall, wlier« ho iaatrii:uUl«d a** a neiitiouur 
in May looO. At t'om broke llult his prt-di- 
Ii-ctiuu fur tlio mfunnoO niligimi wiia rapidly 
confirmwi. Nii^bulas lEiilluy [ij. v.} waa tlii* 
maAter.aud bis liret tiitnr was the convinced 
urutiHtnnt John Bradford (I.3I0 P - ITlVi) 
[a. T,],who aft^rwardfl Rufffrftd martj-rdom. 
He wn* nppointiHl a bibU-Krlerk, and en- 
dimtrd KA. in l&M~i and M..\. in IftftT. 
SleanwhUw his attHinroQnte were rewarded 
br hiii «l«ciiou on ^1 May 15tV> to a ft'llow- 
siiip at Pflterlioiisfi. Andniw Peme 'q. v.], 
thBinaster.shawed much liliinj; for bim, and 
(ilthiinph IVmt'V own rclipou^ views were 
pliant, hif n.-siitfct«d \Vhit(tif'V adJiereuce lo 
the principles of tht- IV-format ion. Durinff 
lltv vi»itutiori,of Xho unltt>nil,v byCarrliual 
I'ole's delcgalf^A in LIB?, Ppme screened Iiim 
from pcreeculioD. Tlimunbout Manr'Hn'iiiu 
Wtiirk'ift pumiiM hh nUuHra wbiln t>iiKui^d 
in colU'ge tuition. 

It wKji no' until lilt' position of thi> pr>>- 
toatflnt reformaTinn wa-i Fut^urcd in Kn^rland 
by the acci-wion of CJuoen iClizBbi>ith that 
Wliit(fift dc6nitclT pntcrcd tin; scrriee of 
t)io I'litircb. Ilv <lid uoi taku liuly ordcn 
until l.>liO, His firat sermon was prwwhfd 
soon afterwards at (trt-at Si. Mary's, iho 
unirentty cluircb, on th« t^^xt ' f am not 
ashumed of the giofipid of Christ' (Bom. i. 
Il'il. Ili:i delivery was iidmimbip, and Iiw 
Kputation aa a preacher wa-i madn. In tlio 
samp year ]>r. Richard Cox*, bisbop of Ely, 
inviii^d Iiim 10 V-romo hi.-< chaplain, and also 
collated him to the rectory of IWeraham. 
Oftinbrid^cuhirc. In 15IW he procecdod 
B.D., and WHS flpi»>int«d Lady iMa^ret 

fimfeasor of divinity in the nuivi'riiily. His 
irsl Iccttin' dr_>aU with thu idtintilyof th'j 
pope mid ,A,ntii'hrLiil. C?aIvinUtic viifw* Wrtrti 
in the ftftcendanl in the nniverftity, and 
Whilifift tlirrmiihnnl hi* cjirwr adhi'rod to 
the dortrinnl thptirif-a of Cftlvin; but ho 
never approved the Cnlvjnist principled of 
church govornnicnr. In tnnti.rji of ritnol, 
however, he seemed for a time iucUaed to 
AMept ihp viffWflof the Culrtnista. At 6rat 
he aharod the dnuhta of his futuru foe, 
Thomas CartwriRht, the leader of iht* I'al- 
viniiit* in tha niiivcraity, nn to the snrplicii. 
Ou 'J*i Nov. loCI h" signi'd ihi? in'tition lo 
Sir Wiliiam Cecil, chancellor ..f the univor- 
itity, vnlrvating bim to withdraw liia recent 



edict enjoining tb« UM nf aurnlioea in enl- 
l«gc chapelt. But thesp objecCioas retlectcd 
a poMing phase of WbilgiJl'M opinionn, and 
be wa« soon as conrinced an advocate of 
j .\R){'ticjin ritual nsof thv episcopal form uf 
chntrch ffovemment. 

Uu lU June 1&&I3 be was UceBBed to be 
oni> of the uniTersitj- pnsschers. On o July 
following the umver&itv marked their csusein 
for bis Itrcttiros ai La^y Margaret profeaaor 
by raiding bis taiuy from iwvnty markt to 
'Mi. Academic prefernient flow^ steadily 
towards liim. On li April 1-567 he lef^ Peter- 
houRB on hi* ■•li>t;lion t<i llto nuutMnihip of 
Pembroke Hall, At the same time be wsa 
cnMtsd D.P. But h« remuinud at IVmbroka 
TTbII barely thre<^ mnntba. 4^ 4 July he ' 
was admitted master of Trinity Collej^, sod 1 
sb ortly afltrwarda li« exchanjind his M arga rti 
profeEwarshipforthe superior dignity of r«^i]a 
profeMor of divinity. Ilebeld that oflice for 
two y«ir»— till Ociobcr 1589. Within th« 
same period, on ti Dec. l&OS, be woa collated 
. to the third probendal stall at Ely, and his 
' name n-nched thv court. Hv was (ummoDed 
to prench before the queen. Sfa« waj dMply 
impresHMl by his E^'rmon. puuningly declsnd 
him to Ur^ hfT ' WhiTi'-||ift,' and gave ordsr 
that ho should he ewoni one of the royal 
i-hiipUin«. Rut bin chief i-norgiea wnra ab- 
sorbed by biei acadi>nii<! dutiea. He sng- 
geated a revision of iho statutes of the uni- 
versity, wit ha view to increasing the power* 
of tb« head« of houges. To tbem was to V 
ho proflically entrusted the choice of vice- ! 
cbaocidlor uud of th« ' caput,* a body wbieh 
waa to eterciiw) siipreine anihority. The 
I ' caput ' was lo be elected annually, uid to 
' tonnist of tho chsncvUor and a doctor of 
' each of the three farultief, with anon-rt^^nt 
and a re[;ent roaster of arts (MCLLIXORI;, 
I pp. 22-i eiiN].) The statutvat pwied tli« great 
I m>bI in the Ibrm that Whitgift designed on 
So Sept. Io70. The iobcmsl aSiurs of his 
collcfpj nlito fixercimd hi« con«taiit atten- 
tion. The Oal(iniilic leader L'artwri^t was 
a fullow of Trinity: Whitgift waa by nature 
a ({iHciiiliniirinii, and, while aympathiainj( 
with till' leading doctrines of Calvininn, 
uiiido up hill mind lo ostend no tohtrntion 
to (lenevan principlM of church govem- 
menl. Cartwright had of late powerfxdly 
donounctil <-piacopncy, which W hitgifV re- 
garded uiitheonlT practicable form of church 
(fOTommL'^nt, and had dividvd the colleg* 
and ihtt uaiwnity Into two iKistilo csmn. 
WhitgilY believed that peace could best M 
nistoH'd by the removal of Cartwrigbl. In 
Novhuiber IfiiH hit wa« «li-ctiwl vice-chan- 
cellor. Taking advantage of the new uni- 
versity st«tut«B, he induced bia foUow-m«m- 




ben of the 'caput' in Decmnbt'r lo70 to 
dtpriro CartwriKlit of Uiu Lodv Manpiret 

!irof«ssoralitp ot' liiTiniljr, which uo had held 
br ■ ^eftr. This tli>cuiva nv^ liu followed 
up in Siri>Ieml»T 1671 by detn^iiig Cart- 
^irri^bTa expulsion from liis fellowship nt 
Trinitv, which hn hnd hrld for inoiv thui 
nine yean. A\'httgift*fl pretest waa thai 
Cartvrright bad nut takt-n priuct's OTElvrit 
Trithia the Atatutory period. Such displaya 
of rvsolutiOD, while Xwy iacrM9ecl hi* ropu- 
lAtioD wirh one sisMion of cV- iiiiu'i>r*iry, 
ronaod a storm of protest on tlie part of 
another. Whit^ft relorti^ br threatening 
to naign ihe muittnthip and wiilidruw from 
llie univeimitT. Six ueada of house» on 
28 Supt. nppualvd u> Bur^ihloy tt) sliow 
Whitifift fiOQ»n«iiM-ifiI markof fitvoiir. They 
declared ihnt Wbitxift's disciplinary mea- 
siUM were wifce and Wuuficiol, aud 1 lint t liv 
imivftnitj owed I-o him ' th« rppn'.*hiu(f of 
inaoleiice and the maintaining "f leuniinn 
■nd w(i)l*duing.' For iIip lim<' bin rn-i-inti--') 
aeknovled^ed tlwir doftwi. 

Mnanwhde be was preponnf; for with- 
drnval if the mifd utok. On 19 Juno lfl71 
h« WM elected dean of Lincoln, and wns in- 
etallcd in the rath&dral on '2 Auj*. On ^ t Oct. 
Archbi9.bop Parker irrontL-d him a faculty 
authoriaing him Ia hold with the doancry the 
nuett'nkip of Tnnity Colk-gc, tho canonry 
at Klv, l-liii< n-cti>rv at Ti'vontbnni, and any 
other b«>neSce hti rtiosp. H«had no s^ra!}b^^ 
about takiuR full a^lvsnlajje nf no valiiabl<> n 
dispeiwitinn. On ill Mat 1*>~- hu was col- 
lated to the prebaiid of SasBinylon in the 
cburch of Lincoln, and, tilthoitgb he reaiRHcd 
tbe rectory of r<.'T<.>rAhan] about Au)|[u«t 1572, 
be at onee aoc<|pt*d the rectory of Laceby, 
l.iDColiuhlru(Ao/M ami Qufru?*, 81b oar. t. 
4Sa). Th* clerpfy of the Limyiln dioceae, 
wiLb which ho waa tbua associated in many 
capacitifJi, recumnil him b» Un-ir proclor tji 
convocation, and towards the fita nf 1671! 
Arcbbiahop Parker nominated lum to pre<ach 
tbfl Latin wrmnn, On 14 May 11^72 no woa 
clio«i.>n prolocutor of the lower houw. 

Whilifift took wido views of the seriirtv 
he owed the cbuich both iiiflido nnd oiitjiide 
thctiniveniify. He seized every opportunity 
that olTered of cliain pinning ila or^niaution 
agaiiul attack. lu ift'if two violmit tracts 
(each vatillcd ' An Admonition to the Par- 
luunent ') rM!omuu>aded tbp n'ootutittitionnf 
the cJiurcli on presbnerinn lines, Thi^ firat 
' Admnnitinn' WAS by two London clergy- 
men, John Fiflld and Thomag Wilcox fq.T.T, 
and the second was by Whitgift'E formerop- 
ponent Cartwriftht. Whitgift at oacu took 
tip new cudgels again«l Cariwright, and 
iaaiied a pamphlet which was entitled 'An 




Aiuwcre to a cuncn Libel intituled An 
Admonition to the Parliament. By John 
UTiitj-ifte. D. of Diiiinitia' (London, 1672, 
bv Hftiirie Kynneinan for Humfrey Toy; 
black letl*-rj. WhitfC'fl'a tract had a wid« 
cin^ulation, and reappuamd nust rt;ar ' newly 
atigaumt«il by tha auihntir.' 11*! wmtn with 
foroe of bia conTietion that the flpiacopBl 
form of church tru«'«'rnm«nl w«« an «iMuntud 
guarantee of law and order in the Kate. 
CaDwriij-ht readily crossed swords with the 
Riastpr of hifl otli-^ to whom be owed bia 
expulsion, and his 'It^plve' to Whit^ift'a 
'Answcre ' overflowed witli venom. Whit- 
gift relumed to tho chargi.> in hi^'Defetuo 
of the Answere to the Admonition ' (Lon- 
don, I1J74, fol.) 'I do cbnrge all m'jn tioforu 
God Hud bis ang«lii,' he aulemnly warned 
* the ^dly reader ' at the conclusion of his 
pn.-faL'v, 'as tlitiy will answer at iho day of 
judgment. thu.t under tbo pretext of xi-al 
thoy seek uot to spoil ihu chua-h : under 
tlw colour of piirfnetioH iht^v work nut trnn- 
fusion ; under the cloak (•('simplieity they 
covwr not pride, ambition, vainglory, arro 
^ncy; under tht^ outward ahnw of godli- 
neaa they ncinriab not contempt of magi- 
(•tmt<!«(, popularity, atuibaptietry,and auntby 
other pernicious and pestilent errom.' Cart- 
wriglit again answered Wtitgift in both a 
'Seuoud Hcplio' (15;5) and 'The Reat of 
tlie S.'conci Iteplie' (1677), but ^Vhitgift 
deumed it wise loahslain from further direct 
nllTcation with hi» obnCinate enemy. 

In LI?.'! Wbitgift was for a i<«wnd timo 
elected vice-chnnoellor of Cambridge Uoi- 
vcrrtity. On 26 >rarcb 1574 ho preached 
about church government beforo the uucou 
at Orecnwich, and bis sermon was printtd 
and publiiihnd. In l&7ff ho was a commts- 
aioner for the visitation of Kt. Jolin'« (Col- 
lege, and in tho tamo year entreated the 
chaiiCHlliir of lliH uiiivKrHity (o take effective 
ateps to prevent the mile of fellowrdiipn and 
scholarship.! (28 Manrh lt>7(f; STB-teH, life, 
hk. i. rap. xiii; Mri,i,i!iatiR, p. 289). But 
Wbitifiit'sHCUvitiesworeiiowto find a wider 
fi.-Id for exi^rciiie than waa offered by aca- 
demic functions. On 17 March l'j74-*>Arcb- 
bishop Porker su^n^-strd his appointment to 
tb« BW of Norwicli, but Iho recommendation 
was neglected. I'arker's smjoiu) BiigjTfJftinti 
of a liku kind watt autrceaaful. On L'4 .March 
K>7R-7 Whitirift was numinalvd to the 
bishopric of Worcrwt^T; he was enthroned 
by proxy on 6 May l-j??, aud had restitu- 
tion nf the temporalities on thft 10th. Next 
month he resigned the mastership of Trinity, 
which had pn>sp<!wd conspicuously, as h'i-i 
succe^«or Dr. Still eloquently acknow- 
ledged, during hia ten vear*' vigomun rule. 



Whitgift 



\\Tiitgift 



His pupHi) indudtid ni&nr men who xrvn to 

win tiiiitiiKrIiuii in afti^r lifu — nmong ChAin 
Fmncu< Bui'OD und Itobort DoTerGUx.iieoond 
pnrl of Ks*rK ; l>ul that InttifT only romiitllT 
entvriM) the callegL* a montli hpftm*. WTiitgift 
l«(t it. \Vliil|;ih stoutly prute8(«<d against 
ihe elftims nf WMtminMer ^cIidoI to a nrar- 
tical monopoly of scbolarships &t Tniiiiy, 
attet thi> mnnnt^r in which the L>ndow- 
Bients of Kinjr'a OoUese went moDopoUsod 
by BtoD, uid tboM of Nfrw Co]1«{(^, Oxford, 
by \Viiichc8t«r. Wliiti^ft sscurad a modi- 
licalion of till! WeAtuiiastor luoimpoly, but 
that only proTL'dlAinporary. Maraulnyin his 
* KwuiY "U Hiurim' iiii!<rui>r<.'i>onl«d thn vtr<-ct, 
tfaougli nat thn spirit, at 'Whixtdtt'a action, 
and •TTtMiroiixly MWEiied the dUtinftuishwl 
part that Trinity Collff^ ba.* played in tho 
vduciilionol history of IUh c nuiitry to WTiit- 
gilVit oppristtion to the Westminster mono- 
poly (M ui-tisu KB, pp. 273-7). Aft«Tpreftch- 
iDgfarvwi^!! B^rmoiLs at Oreal St. Mary 'a and 
In Trinity Collffid cbapd, t1i<^ new bishop 
was eacorted to liia hom4> at Worcwter by a 
CBvalcadf of univuraily friends. 

WhitKifl diiicliar^-d hi« uiiitcopal ta^ic- 
tlons with charoctf-netic zeal. Kv^rv i^uoday 
he prcaclu'd t-itlK-r in hiii vatLi.'drttl or iu a 
pariah church of his diocene. lie ciiltivatGd 
thu eucitity of thv Jiuutn,', und amplured his 
inHuHnco to allay dimiiilcn ninonK tli"in. The 
Btory ia told that two of hU neinhhnurK, Sir 
John RiKBieli and Sir Hi-nry Berkeley, b^ 
twMtn wlinin iheie Icrnp sk islml a dpotlly fond, 
on one occwiiin utrixprl in WorcPHt^reach at: 
tiu', bond of an armi'd hand of frionds and 
follower". \Vhit({ift ordpre-d the leodera to 
bu iLiTi'Nied by hit) ^iiard and to h<! brouf^ht 
to hia palace. There he diacuaH«d with them 
their pftinra of diaogreement for two hotm, 
with the r«-sull that thipy left, bia pr«wnc« a4 
fVicndN. Hifi judicial ti^mpcniTiient cauaed 
bim to be nominated a ro^al comiiiiK«ionar 
to visit the cal ln-drnl)! of Lichfield and Hert- 
ford. In both chapters aerioui quarrola 
utiTi^ rifo, and Whitgift buccdmImI in ter- 
minating [hem, 

The oiK-i-n provf-d htt- respect for bim not. 
mi-ruly by foregoing her llrsl-fniits, but by 
i«aifi;ning to him, so lonj? as he reniainnd at 
Wor(;i-ai*r. the riffbt, hitherto I'xerciaed by 
th« crown, of fiUinfr tho prebenda in his 
cuthedntl church (t Aug:. Ili8!>, Biitmarka 
of royul favour did not imperil hi* imh>pon> 
denw or bis sense of lh« duty he owed 
thii church. Tho (]iiwn'.i fovoiirite, th« Earl 
of Leiccai(-r, !>howed little reiipLict for church 
P'^rty. and he and his friends w-n: in the 
habit of divprtinR tothwMelvMtho incorae-s 
« vacant mpb. I.«tee«tcr had ahown ayni- 
patby with Cartwrigbt, and hud no likiug 



Ibr Whitfrift. Whitgift ixnv aotetnnl j^ piv 
tcitM aumunt ihifl nisappropnatioB of •oa»* 
siaatJcat rerunuea, and m an elAbonta knd 
dt|puG*td apiwch which he pronoiiBoed bafon 
the quoen aokmiily warned ber ibmt her 
future aaUation d^mid«d on the aecoritT 
abf- i^re the inherited Mtatee of the churw 
|W»LT05. Lifv qf niA>ktr). Tha qa«an afr* 
knowlpdgi-d th>- )u.'tlic» of the rehake. Bid- 
it WW not solely eccleaiaatical work that 
occupied him whilv bo was buhop of War^ 
costvr. Soon after lua elevation be ww 
appointed vice-preaident of rbe marchM of 
Walm in the ahet-ncp in Ir^-Iand of ibe pn^ 
aidi'nt, Hir Ht-nry Sidney. He held tb* 
offioe fortwoyranandahalf, und pf-rformod 
D)altibTioiiaadmii)ii>lTal)Vi< dutitisM ithbenc' 
flcial enerfTV and i hnroughneas. 

On fl July 1583 Edmund Grludal. arch- 
bishop of CantvTtiurr, died at Croydon. On 
14 .'Vup. Whitgift was nonuBfttad to sueeeid 
bim. He was enthroned at Canterbury mi 
33 Oct. Unlike hia throe icntnediate pre* 
decoMOTB — tVanmer. l*ark«r, and firindal— 
be took part in the (vremony in pn^oa 
inatvwl oi by proxy. Ilia father bad Ufl 
bim a private fortune, which enabled hiis 
to reetorv lo thu priuiacT sonietbiii([ of tbe 
feudal magnificeace which had cbarartenNd 
it in earlier davs. Hv maintained au army 
of retainem, Tl<» travelled on thi* occasion 
of hilt trii^nnial viwtations with a princvly 
retinue. His hospitality waa profuH*. lUl 
stahlce and armriiiry were better funuBhml 
than ihofte of the richest nobtemnn. The 

3ii*en approved siich outward indications of 
ijrnity in her officemof Biat*-.and t be friewHy 
feeling which ahe hod long choriehcd for liim 
incr^'U!>cd after ho wa>i tii«talli»l at Lambeth. 
Shp pluvt'uUy called him 'her little black 
buabund,' and lr>.-atud him aa hvr confomOTt 
t« whom .-Ih" waa reported to reveal • tht 
very &ef.rete of her aoul.' The vrbolo care 
of thu church wa*) ah^ dm-lariMl, dnliyated 
to him (ift.'t She waa fr^xjupntly bis gneat 
at I^rabetb, nod until hr-r d-.-slh Ihe amity 
between ihem knew no intnniption. 

Whitgift held the pHtnacy for more than 
twenty years. His pT«dec«MAr Qrindal* 
owinf; in part to feebleDess of health and \n 

Eart to peraonal aympathy with puritanim, 
ad outraged the aueen'^ genxe of order by 
tolerating much direraitv of ritual aoWMW 
the clergy. Such procc^)uri> in Elizabeths 
ev6» spelt ruin for the church and country. 
I'he qucoQ eogwlv promiaed Whitgift a ftw 
Land on the undersfandinfc that hi- would 
identify htmsQlfunmiHtakabiy with the cauv 
of Hniformity. Wliiljril't bad no hesilati" 
in accepting the condition. From the 6 
be ccuceatrated hJs abimdam energiea 




1 h,<t 



nsiilnting tntl rtKoronxly wDforcIng cliwi- | 
Siini) throughout iliechufch's tiournu. Puri- | 
doctTine was not UDConeviiinl to him, . 
hilt wjili puritan practior whort-vr i( cna- j 
flicted wich itie Book ol' Conimoa I'rsyvr | 
or tlw Act of C&iformity b« rcMlvfed to 
luvo 00 Inioo. To lUimui catbolicisin lie 
wiu t]ir«ctlv opposed in regard to both its . 
doctrino &Eid pntcuce, but, liK« oil tliv scaUM' . 
mimof thi! d«y,he riiffurdMl Itoman cutholi- 
euiin in England L-liiutljr u» a pulitk'nl | 
daoner, )uid wliilv nupporliDg with Kurhii- 
Mum penal tegulaiion of an fxtrcinia kind i 
against vjtiliuhca, hu vrtt* content to Ivt , 
others initiato schi-inra for repre>«8ing thn j 
exercise of the p«pist rvU^ioa. The stifliiig , 
of puritanism, eKi«ciall>- m tht* raiiliA of thi- 
cluT^y, ho reg&nUd u ois piMiuliar ftiDCtion. 
III? tint mi-rcly devised the practjcal mea- 
BOTva for the purjwflt^, but rr-riised to allow 
thv queen'* nunistora to modify tht;m, and 
^Med bis «srs to aif^mcntB, tiOTrcver in- 
6iKiiitial thv quiirlvr whuiicv thvy vnnv, m 
favour «r laxity in the adminijitracioii of a ' 
coercivi' iKilicy. 

tlt« tint alt^p voA In drnw Up in lljSa a 
neriea of utringL-ni articles which, smun^ 
otlivr thiiif^, prrihibit<-<l ull gin'twhing, mad* 
inpi or cateciiii)ing in private housisa, and 
forbade any ens to ex«cut« pRcli^ifliitical 
functionA tmli^«a be iiret »iibAcritK>d to ih« 
royal fuprvnativ, plvdginl hituiwU' to abide 
in all things by the Book of Couimon I'ravcr, 
and aocvptcd ihi> Thirty-uinv .VrUcI'.-t>. The 
artickit n-c^ived thi^ qiit'i'n'A sanction, and 
were put into force during Whitgift'e first 
TMilalion. All cU'r-r^vnirn tvho hc^itat^d 
to nsoent to tlu^in were siupf.nd«d ft\im 
their duties. On l.ht- nnnivprMiry of thv 
qun-nV ftctri'wifin (1" Nov. I'^Ki) ihn arcli- 
bi«hou preached at Si. I'aul'aOrosa.and took 
for his ti>.-Et (1 Cor. v'l. lO) ' Ratters shall not 
inhvrit liw kingdom of Ood ' (the aermon 
was pubUaWl in lo89}. At ihsMme rime 
La tnccL-Mfully nTVummcDdud that tin? high 
commiMaon court Mlwuld he gruited greuily 
Aaffncnted powers. By liiBauvi(.-4>thfeT<iwn 
drli'gatpd |ij thi> court, which wiu ihrno^ 
fon^h to consiMt of forty-four cnmmififiioiH'H^ 
^twvKeoftlifni to b« bieliop?), ull iti? pt>w«r» 
in ihv wny of dtscovmne and pniiu-^lung 
bentics and echibaiatica. In l-'J84 Whitgilt 
dn-w up a list of twenty-four anii-h-rt, or 
intortugatoricio, which were to be adminis- 
tered by the aoiundL-d court of hi;<b cominis- 
^^aion to any of lliu clergy wboui tb« court, 
^Kof ita own initislivr*, thimglit good to quea- 
^^Btion, TIi« new procuduni ohligMl a »u^ 
^^■pirct'.'d nitiiislrr to odhwit ujkiii oath (called 
HKho oath fj officio) whelhcr he war in thu 
^^Itabit of breaCiag the law, and thus li« waa 



forced to bmrnne tivtdtitioo against binuelT. 
Burgblcy doubted thAwi^dam of nnoh courws, 
wbi^ he oxplainvd to Whiljjifl *too much 
savoured of tho Komioh inquiaition. and 
[wuru] mth^r a device to seek foroflendera 
thiin to n^fomi any.' Whiigift. rt-plJed at 
length that the procedure was well known 
to many courts of the realm, but promisi^d 
not to apply it fxc«pt whtiu piivatv n.>uiun- 
strancos Iiad failed. Tlie clergy and innny 
iuf1ii>;ntiul ryinpalhiecrs protMled against 
\\' hitgitVa proui-durB with no gtvat^r "ft"«ct. 
Sucli ministers of Kent na were au^^cnded 
from Lht! ftxfculion of thvir minittry ad- 
drtased a strong rfmon.Mroncfi tn the privy 
council. Tluj ministi-ns of SuiTolk followed 
the exainpht of their Ki^nli#h colleagues. 
L«ic«eter and other members of the council 
urged the archbishop to show grealiTmi^dera- 
tion. 'WTiitgift peremptorily rifiiMd. Hn 
asserted that tht! puriinn minister* wera 
very few in number, lie knew only ten 
uouconfoniH!*! clergy of uriy uecount in his 
own diocese rif Kent, where sixty ministvrit 
vut b imiastically eiuppurtcd his policy at all 
points. The IIouhd of C'omntonii jiiinixl in 
thu attack ou the er-ofkio oath and Ibo 
new urticli>K of Kubscription that Whi'gift 
iinpoeed ou the clergy, but Whitgill retorted 
ibnt tint L-nnipliiiiits came from lawyers 
whoati learning waii Kwi limited to wiirrnnt. 
any attention btring paid to it. \lv dt^clintid 
to bo moved from any of his positions, and 
in order to crush adyur!>L' criticism hn caused 
to be passed in the high cummiiwicni court. 
oil 2.1 Jiui, l-5t}0au extreotdinarilv rignmus 
decree — known a* tlll^ KriLr-c!ianil>i'r dscree 
— which seemud to render public oritioimn 
imp(iNStbU>. >'o manuscript wus to h« set 
up in t^'pe until it bad be/'n penned and 
licwniwd by the archbishop or tlie bishop of 
Ijondoti. Tho preM of any printer who dis- 
obeyed the ordinance wue to bo at once 
dosi roved ; h« was prohibited from following 
his trade tlivnce forth, and woe to sufTur six 
months' imprisonnifnt (.A.KIIER, TranMci-ivt 
(/ Slatiotur^ CotnpaHy,ii.!<\(i). Elitabeta'a 
faith in the arch biiliop was cunHrmiil by his 
rigorous action. Ho was admitted a mem- 
bur of tbm privy council on 'i Feb. lo8f>-6, 
and regularly (iltiTided it.i mct'-tingft thencn- 
foclb. The absence of Leicester in the Low 
Countries during I681.I, and bis death in 
1088, deprii'ed the puritans of a powerful 
advocate, and the archbishop of a powerful 
critic. Tht! patriotic fervour usciCM by ibij 
Spaniah armada also at rengtbened Whitgifl's 
hands, and oRicurs of statu ^'rew less in- 
clined lo question lliH wi>doui of bill polity, 
lu I5**7, on the death of Sir Thomas nrm- 
lt>y, be was oflercd the post of lord chancoU 




Whitgift 



»34 



Whitgift 



lor, but ilMJiocd it in favour oT Sir Chris- 
topber lint Ion, KliojMinttiiudi^ to |nirit«u»[D 
coinridnl with Ilia ovrn aiid Riider«d him « 
Tsliisble ally. In Bovi<mnpnt ftn:l>;« W'bit- 
gift'sreUnlleHapfnUuncy silenced all active 
opposition. 

Tho arclibipliop vtm not indiflrreal to thti 
advaiitagt: of cfT^clive lit«rarv support. Early 
in Iftbo hi' rL-cotnmcDdi-d Icichnn) Hooker 
[<i. v.] for apiKiiiiiiacai to tins nwit^-TshiD of 
tlw Twoiple, and next year he silenced Waltor 
Travi^n [q. v.], th» puritan cliampioQ, wlio 
wnt anf raiioii lociurer nt thti Temple, and 
hftd rinlpiitly denounced ITookcra tlico- 
loBicftl vij^wd. IIooktT dcdicnUul to WUit- 
j^ft hiii 'Answer' to charges of beredy 
which Trnvers broufiht sfratofit him, and tlia 
arcbbinhop cTinccd the MrongoW inteieat in 
Hooker*« gnat eSbn in hi» ' Ecclesiasticiil 
PoLty* to offer a loRicnt justihcation of Ihi; 
Anfflican utabli^hiutnl. 

MeaifwbilQ th« sctivity of the archbishop 
exaaperoted th« piiriians, and, in #pltA of hut 
enslavement of the orettv, tlivv for a lime 
trJiimphnntly succeeded in defyinjr him in 
print. John I'oun' [q. v.] aiid his friends ar- 
rangrd forlhKaecivl pubhcalion of aKTiea of 
acurrilouB attacks un the e^iscopatv which 
■ppaand at inl<-r\iilii during iii^Arlr two 
ream under the piM>iidonyra of ' .Martin Mar- 
ndate.' The fueilludo Vgan in lo)^ with 
tbe iasue of Martin Mar-Pnlatcn ' Kpiwle." 
and was tharpiv miiitiiniin'd until thi^t-nd of 
!fi89. Throughout, ^\'hit^if^ was a chief 
ubjccl of ihu as«aull. ' Tht.- Epistle ' (lOt^). 
the I'drliral fif th*- (racts, opened witb the 
taunt thai Whilgilt had iievwr repIM to 
OartwrightV lnt<-At. conlriliulionH to the pa^t 
controversy. Peury's addrcFs to parliament 
in 16B9wB8 stated on Mi» titlM-pn^c tr> hi' an 
expoeure of 'the hiid & injurious dt'aUng- of 
th Ar«bb. of Canlerb. & oiher hiscolIeaRU^ii 
of thii hiffh commisHion.' In the ' Dinlojiuo 
of Tyrannical Dt-aling' (1'>S91 Whittiilt waa 
dtmounci-d as uiore ambitious ihon iVolH^y, 
proudtir than GardinLT, mnn- 1 ynmniml than 
mnncr. in tbti ' JiifcK'^'nj'urf iitnl Uetiroiif' 
(15S)) the pomp which churactotiaed Wbii- 
ffift's proorMsaa through his diootM waa 
ooUterouAly ridioulvd : ' Is seven score horse 
nothing, thinkeet thou, to be in the train of 
an En^iiAh prictst f ' Kl(ii:'whi-re the arch- 
biahop was uescribt'd as the 'I5eelcebub of 
Canterbury.' 'the Canterbury Caiaphos,' 'a 
raonatrou« Autidtriftt,' and 'a most bloodv 
tyrant,' The aliack roused all Whitgift a 
niaentmcnt. Ht.> accepted BancrolV's pro- 
posal that mfii of M'f'ni should b» induced 
to reply to tlm Msr-Prplate tro^-ta nfl^ir their 
own indecent fo^hiun, iitit hv dfn'im-d it his 
personal duty to aiippresa the controveTsy 



ot all baxarda. }!& personally dir»eud tbe 
aaarch for tbeoReodinff libellers, and pushed 
the powera of the high commiwion courl to 
the extrwmeet limits in order first to obrain 
evidence aniut >usp(set(<d p«r«otia, and then 
to secure la^puaiahmenl. In his exaui- 
natiou of prisoners be showed & brut«l iuao- 
lenca which U alien to all modi'm oonoep- 
tions of justice or religion. He invariably 
ar^ed for the scvereitt i)enaltie«. Of two of 
the moat active Uar-rn-lalt! piuiiphlntKen, 
Ponry died on the ecoffold, and L'dal ta 
pvison. Nor did iui relax his efforta affainvt 
older offenders. In tfiOO Cartwright was 
cijminilted to prison for refusinfr to tike tbw 
ejt-ti^eio oath. In all part* of the country 
miniaters met with the same fate. UuL 
Whitgift raat^hod tlic conclusion that more 
remained to b« done. In 1&93 be lodueed 
the que^n to appevl to parliament to paaa ao 
act nroridinf; that thoao who Tefus«d to at- 
leucl church, or attended uuauchorised T«li> 
gious meetings, should be banished. In tbe 
ruvult tlie church's stoutest upponcnta left 
their homea and found in ilolhuid the liberty 
denied them in their own country. By aucn 
mr-nt:H Whilgif). wiu iible to boiuit that h« 
put an end for a reason to militant noncon- 
formiiy. 

XttiiT the crisis Whitgift showed with 
bold lack of logical consistency that Wr^ 
mftined in theory well dispoiied to thom 
portioni> of Calvinist docirinu which did not 
touch ritual or dtM^ipline. Cambrid^ was 
still a tiroiiffhold of Calvinist doctrinu, and 
tlie Calvinuitic Irailtrs of tliir unireraity 
b«g[rud Whil^ift in 159n to pronounce autho- 
ritaiivnly in thrir fittuur. He sumraonvd 
William Whilaker 'j\, v.], the profeasor of 
divinity, and one or two other Cambriilaa 
tutors to Lambeth to confer with him in 
conjunction with the bishops of Loudon and 
Banj^r and the dean of Ely. As a result of 
the confentucb Whiij^ifl drew up on 20 Nov. 
1595 the so-called LomWth arliclea, nine in 
numbiT, which adiipu-d without qualification 
tlie ('alviui^t vif%>s iif predvAtinalion and 
election. TiiM archbishoji of York (Tlutton), 
who wstinot present at tlicconfTi^nre, wroI» 
to express appro%-n1. Whitgift ina letterto 
tbe vieesihuTicellor and heaos of collefr^ at 
Cambrid^, wliil<^ strongly urfrinj; ibi^m ta 
allow no olher doctrine to be taught pub- 
licly, stittL-d that the propositions WL-rc not 
lawB or decrees, but mt-n.^ explanations of the 
doctrine of the church (^4 Nor.) The 
queen did not appreciate Whitcil^'s attitude, 
ami for thn Bmt tinw comtjbiined of his 
action. Through Sir Robert Cecil, her secre- 
tary, "hn budi.^ the srchbisbon ' siisjM.'ud ' his 
pronouncement (6 Dec.) Three days later 



I 



i 



* 



c 

I 

IF" 

I 



"Whttgift oonBdftitially iaJbrmed Dr. Neville, 
tnftflw of Triiiity, that the uIil-U'S muat 
not be formally puUuluxl ow'myr to ttia 
quMa'fl ditlikt* of tbem. He hail oaly in- 
t4nidAd tnlrt thBCambriilgoOiilvitiiste know 
that ' he did concur with ibnn in judgiaent 
nnd would tn The {>nd, and tnea&t not to 
SuDVr any miiu to immit^n | thow ojiiiLimiiiJ 
openly or olbtTwUc.' riicri' the intitt<>r was 
Kllowl-d to drop. For ihe remainind y*iir» 
nf tit« i[ueen'A reign Whit^ifl inniiily con- 
fined hie attention tu ndmitiistratlTt> reforms. 
Ihtier w»w taken to sectiro a higher fttni)dlird 
of leaminfr nmonu the infitriurcltiryy (WIL- 
']ny8,Con^t/la,iv..S:^l; Oj^iiav.¥.LL,Nt/Mo<lalui, 

a, MS), and oanons were passed in 1&87 lu 
prevwit tlis abusa of iwn-nr*ni'-mv. It itt 
•aid by hi» biogmphor I'anle that he raagfat 
a reconciliniinii with (?artwriRht , But N\'liil" 
gift still frjujjht hard for thw iiidi-peinlt-nce 
of eoclcsitKtical courts, and, while Krisiug 
their proowlure. h» protested in 1 WO agninKl 
the growing practice in thr msjiilar crtiirts 
of law of grouciuu ' urtiUibiliona' Biiaoending 

lie ordnances ot tna court of higti com- 
uissioD. 

On thrt occiuinn of I'jisen's rebellion in 
JanuftFT 1600-1, Whitgift, di-*pil« his pt-p- 
annn) fri<?ncl»Iiip for the i?arl, wiifi vraa hia 
old tiiipil. tthowod tli4> uliD()L-t Etctivily in 
anticipating an attach on the ({uuen. He 
■eut from Lnmbetb a email amiy of forty 
Itorvcmen ind forty fooiui«n to protect the 
court in CBS« of net-d. The archbidhop'a 
troc^ of footmen sccurad Ki!«vJi'8 arrrsl nt 
K«MX IIouM, and ronductetl him to Lam- 
beth before rarrving him to the Towlt, 
"V^'hitgift ii(t«'nrU>(l Qiiet-n KlJKubi'th during 
her laat illueiu. and wnjt nt her bedpide whea 
alio died at Uicbmond on 38 MiLrrh !(']<):> R, 
He acted as chief mourner at lier fLiiienil in 
Weatniituii^r Abbey. .Meanwhile he was 
not iM^lectfiil of hia relations with her sue- 
OflMor. Uu attvndi-d the council at which 
Jamm VI of Scotljiad waa nroelaimrd king, 
sod at ooce wat Thumaa S'uville, deati of 
CaaCvrbury, to Rdinhurgh to convey hia 
Mtigratulatiana. Hn amploynd tixraa of 
obae«]uioii«neM which linv« viixwi^d liiin to 
adrer«ccritici!im, hut ho was laerelr follow- 
ing the fornui in vo^ue in iLd(ln-««ing dotv- 
reigtu. At thckinfr'H invitation hitforwonled 
a report on ihe Ntai« of the churth, nnd n.>- 
ceived satiBfactory aMuraacea that the king 
would prove hid Qdflicy to the Anglican 
MtabliihiuKnt. lu .May Whitf^ift met the 
^ing for thE> first time at Th<.>obiild!< on Im 
way to London, and on "2fi July ctlebrated 
his coponatiiin. Thfi puritans hopitd for now 
liberty frotn the new regime, and Wliilgift 
foand himaetf compelled to adopt the king'ti 




auggestton of a conference with the puritan 
clergy, in order that the poiniw of ditference 
between tlu-m might bu distiuctlv staled. 
The conference waa opened at ilampttm 
Court on 16 .Ian. I60£-4. The king pre- 
aidinl. Wliiigifi. nrtmded aa Ihr ri^tvran 
chnmpion of orthodoxy, but it was left to 
UirlinrO Ituncroft, bt»hop of London, to t4ke 
the handing pnrt in th« diKiissions. The 
nrehbishop waa placed iu an eunborrsssing 
position by the import on it y of John Itai- 
noldea, the lender of the puritan disjiutants 
in urging the formal adoption by the hi*adB 
of tilt: church of Whitgift * Luiiibcth articles. 
JaineM I finally decidud the main p<^iiilit in 
the biehiipa' favour. 

Whitgifi wa>i rcrlin(,'tln'iuconTpnience8of 
old age. In February lti04 he cniu^ht iNild 
while travelling on hia barge from Lamheth 
In the hinhnp of l/indonV reitidvncc nt Ful- 
ham To ccuiBuIt with the bifhona on church 
business. A lew day* later — the first Sun- 
day in Lent -hi- went to dine at Whitehall, 
and while at dinner waa atricken with para- 
lyfli^. He was rcmovt-d to Lambeth. 'I'he 
king paid him a vi»it a fow duya lalvr, but 
his power of speech waa gone. He could 
onlvujuculiitv at iulurvub thu words 'Pro 
eccii-.Hiii IVi.' He di«J — 'likn a lamb,'nc- 
cunliug lo bis attendant and biographer, 
Pante— on 2it Feb. 1603-1. The next day 
hU body was carried to Croydon, and his 
funeral woa tolemni»ed there on '27 March 
ltK)4 in great state. A sermon was preached 
by ii<stvwm Babington, bishop of A\orct»ter. 
In ilie nouth-«a«t corner of the chantry of 
St. Nicholas in the parish church of Croy- 
don Ih'.-re WHM iu<t up u ninnuitii'nt on which 
lay hifl recumbQiit emgy, with hia hands in 
tbe act of pmyer : the decoration included 
his armnrial bcaringiii nn well as tho«o of 
the sees of Canterbury and Woroetier, tlw 
dwinery of Lincoln, nnd the coltegaa of 
PuterbouK, Pembroke Hail, and Trinity, at 
Cumbridne. The monument waa much in- 
Jiirod in the fire which nearly diwtroyod the 
church on fi Jan. IWi". Thomas ('Imrchyard 
[q. T.] isifued on Whitgift.'a death a poem 
laillw! 'Ohun-Iiyarda floo<l Will, naff and 
heavy Veraca in the nature of an Epitaph' 
(Ivondon, liiOt, 4lo; reprinted iu I'ark'a 
' He.liconin,' vol. iii. ) Another ' epitaph ' in 
the form of a pamphlet appeared anony- 
mously in the aatnt- yiMir from the pen of 
John Khodea, and a eulogistic life by the 
controller of hia bonsehoId.SirGeorg* Paide 
[q. v.], WAA published in 1013. 

With hia cunt^'inpiiraries WiiitgiPt'it cha- 
racter stood very high, in spite of the 
rancour with which liu wns pursued by 
puritan pamphleteers. The poet Thotnaa 



Whitgift 



136 



Whitgift 



Bast&rd, in bis ' Chivstaleros ' (tfiOS), ftpo- 
8troplii»»d Iiis 'fxcv'lliiiii worUi ' and purity 
(cf. Oahaob, Lin/iif IVooUie, 1621), Ae- 
eonUtiff to John Stow, nbo dedicated hia 
'AnnaU'tn titm in l(i9*J, he wns '11 miin 
tiom for tlii3 bi^nefit of Lis country and tbe 

Sood of hi» church ' Camdnt osserla that ' bp 
evouily coufocnied bt>tb hi8 whole lift) to 
Ood and hia painful latKiuntti lli^gi^ioj of liia 
church.' Sir Hfnrj' Woiion t«nu8 him 'a 
man of rurpn*nd and Mftcrvd rnvmnry ; and 
of tUp primitire temper, an wben tbe chorch 
did (IiiiirLKli in biehsKt vxampls of virtutf.* 
Fiillftrpronnancedliini 'on>' nf th'' woRliiciir 
men tiiat I'vor the En^lisb liierarcby did 
ei\joy,' Tiaak Wftlton nMt-rtijd tliat * hV vrn* 
tiot«d to be pnideol and aBnbl*', and gcntlu 
br naturL'.' Hooker creditod fiim witb 
patiKDce. UespilL- Uil- pcnip which lit- maiii- 
lained at Lambeth nud on hin visttalionf, 
be was not personalty aclf-indulgent. Wb«n 
miielvr of Trinity \v? usually tuuk \\\t incali 
■witb the undiTBTaduates in thi? polK-gw hall, 
and Hhorod 'th<.'ir muJuralu, thrii^y divt.' 
Ill lii* latest yi'fiTf. Ill- fr.'()iirritty diiiHid with 
his poor ptinfiioncrs ut bin Croydon boiipiial, 
and ate tlicfir Himpl» rnr>>. But (In* nni- 
mositves which hit ttxciti'd by bia np>routi 
OOercion Iiv«d lonf; aft«r bioi, and aiich fun- 
(imu in hifl chftnicti;r iw ihrw wen? ovct- 
Iwked or deniL^. I*rynn«, in his' Antipathy 
of tbe Eiwliah Lordly Prelacy' (IWIX con- 
demnad bim not unly fur his upprvstii'iu, hut 
for bit lack of spiritual l.<-m]H'r, tiJi i>vid«iii>*d 
by the majfailitenw of his lionsohold nnd 
hi* ni>uiit*'tiKni'i* "f n pirnm'ti cit' ri^t))ini>ra. 
Mapttuhiy, t?t'liitn|; tbi' vii'wsortbi' puritan 
hisl'iriau*, calls tiiin 'a niirrow-uiinded, 
mt-an, nnd fyrnnniral privet, who painod 
power by Hcrvilily and adulation, nnd <*m- 
ployod it in piTsocutinii; both tlio:^ who 
ftgn.-cd wilhOalvin about church j^oveniincut 
and thoBfi who diffi-rodfrom C-alviii touching 
iho doutrini) of njjin ibut ion.' 

\Vhitj{ifl's( puhliL' witrk ran only b* fairlv 
judged in ri>1aiion in hie environment. Th« 
miHli'rn conccptiurm of tO'lumlion and com- 
prrthcnnion, hy which MarnnSay tr-f4ti>d hiii 
conduct, lay nuleidc bis meniul horizon. 
3l« conceived it to lj<t hi* boim<ii-n duty to 
enfo^>^ the law of the land in eccleMiajli^al 
matU^rs st«mly and strictly. Tlio limes 
were critical, and h« believed the AtiKlican 
estahliAhineiit coulil not vexitt the lumuults 
of cutholics on thi- uno hand and pnrltana on 
the other unlt^ui they were represjwd auiu- 
msrlly and by force. Hia pareoTul accep- 
tance of tliM d')Ctriria] lliriorivfl of Hiine of 
tile TPvoltinfT clerjjy went in hie. mind for 
not.biiiK wli(?n tiw war* i.-iiipigiwj in tL'> practi- 
cal boaineaa of gnverning the church. The 



poMive obedience of the cleric to the biiUiopd 
in all iiuiU>'ni toocliinK diM'ipline and ritual 
was in bis eyeA the fundamental princinle of 
vpi»copBvr. Active divergence uon uicci- 
plinA or ritual a^t eatabliahed by law. of 
which the biahops were iole aathoruwd in* 
ttTpftfl^r*, placiM theclerffv in the poailioot 
of traiton or Mwli*. Much cruelty marked 
hiit administration, and Ik- gaiR puriluiiMU 
soinuthlng of the advaniafre that cornea of 
pEntHcttlion. lln; rtli-ot of hii> policv waa la 
narrow thi- bounds of ibechurrJi, but within 
thu HmitK liini lui tia>if;ued it be made the 
.'\Ti)(litran iviiabliahmbnt a Mnbbomly powrr- 
ful and botnoK^neoUB oiyanisMJoo which 
provcl cA|>alil« a f'<w years later of main- 
taining iie eAiAtence against whaiaectucd 10 
be overwhelm inj{ odda. 

Whiif^irt wa« unuuirrtoil. Tbroiichout hia 
life he encoiira^'ed learning and iiilerofied 
bimsolf in education. At Lambeth, aa at 
Trinity College, Canihrid)pj, hu took charge 
of young men to wbo«e training bn devoti^d 
niutth actcntton. According to bia «u>lt»t 
biograplier, Hir lieorge l^ule, 'hia bom», for 
the lectures and acolutic exerciaa themn 
pcrlnrtiipd, mi^lit jiiMly b« account»d a little 
academy, and in Mtnit^ nep(«t« RupArior and 
more profitable — vis. for murti&l aSairt aud 
I luicKperienre that dirine« and othur scholars 
bad, wtnK ni^r, and often at the court and 
chief (wafjt of jiistief, from wlM^nce they oin- 
linuully hud llm puEaafcm and inieUig«iic« 
lioth for niuttt-rit of »Lale nnd govoramwit, 
in causea eccla'iiasticKl and civil.' 

While nt^lcir of Tfvemhnm Whitgift nnd 
Murgaret, widow of Hartholomew Fulnetby 
of Ihar. place, founded a bible clerkship at 
lV■lo^holl^^■^ They abio wttU-d 3/.parannuin 
for the relief ofiioor widows of t he pariah of 
Clavering in Ewex. Ho gave to TriDiCT 
O'dlegv a pivCQ of plalu and • collection of 
mauuscriptj. He alM gave a nianuacrijtl of 
iht'CumpiutuDsian bible to Pembroke llall, 
Kiid a hundred uinrkx to tin- city of C'uilvr* 
bury. Under leciera patent from (jneeii 
KlixAbetli, d»tei) '2i Nov. iri%, be fottniled 
at Croydon a hospital and a free school 
dedicated to the Holy Trinity, for d wartlen, 
■cliool muster, and twenty Poor men and 
women, or as many more tiuuer forty u ^Xv^ 
rL-veiLUeawouM admit. The alructure.a brick 
fdiScu of quadrangulHr form, waa finiahud 
unyilSepL 159!l,ata.wlofs;.71tW. lU.lrf., 
the ruvvnutiK at that pirrlud Uitng \iiiU.\t.'2d. 
{K-rniiiiuui. Wbilgifl'^^tatiiti-ii.fromaraanu' 
Rcriptat Lambeth, wet« printed in Uuearet's 
' Cnjvdun,' 17KI, nnd avpsraUdy in 1S10. 
The fmindation ia mill maintained, and the 
endowment is now worth 4,000f. a year. 
The bwpiTal maintains thirty-nine poor per- 



1 



« 



I 



Whithorne 



'37 



Whithorne 




, aemii, tuit nuito inn«t« n«eiving 40/. a year 
ittid each rmBuJe SO/. Twq soboQU aro dow 
E»u{i|Mrt<-<l out of tli« bon«fiiction. The ori- 
' im] 80I100I wRa removed to oew buildinga 
Kt Oovdon in 1871, and in addiiinn tlii>re 
>luu lieeo openad tbc ' Wliitgift Jdiddle 
School.' 

Tb«> rhtvf tmeis and Aennuiut piihlubed b^ 

Whilcifl ill hill lifi-tiitii^ huvf bttm a)i>ii- 

tionefl. A oolWtion of the^w worlw, wjlh 

much that ha lel'l iu uianuecri[>t, wiu i'dilcd 

I for the I'urker Socie^rv bv the ICev. John 

' Ayre, Cambrid^, lUOl 3 (3 tdIb. Svo). 

' Tmm rolumm conl4Uii his tracts Against 

Ctrtwright, &ermous, l«tten, aud i^xtracia 

from bU determination* and lectiirta. Many 

uotps by Whil^ift niiniiiii in nianuMri^t at 

Liiuihtfth, in the Taiiuer maiiuacripta at (he 

J^idleiiui Library, and in various (.-ollDtMioiw 

at the I'uhtic Ilvcurd UlBuq nod ibu Dritiati 

iilllJttfUIl). 

^^ Portraits of Whitpift are at Lainbutb 
^Kpit1nn.<, Ht Ktiolf, in th« Whitgil^ ho*i|iitttl 
^Hftt ('roydoii, Durham Casllf>, the University 
^H Library, Cambridge, Trinity Colli^gv, and 
^f Pei4.'rhoii»(>, Cambrid^-, and tlit> picture gol- 
I lery at Oxford, Ilia porli-ait hai been en- 

gntred in tho * IlGruologia,' and by U. 
^K wLiic. Ueorgo Vertue, Thoaua Trotter, 
^BaDd J. Fitller. 

1^^ ['l'h« Mfliest bioe'i'pby was ih* Ki-mfHithotic 

Life * wriltaa by Sir Q«orgo VauU, knight. 

COBuptrollerorhis Orai^w lloustlioldo' {LondoD. 

priottHl by Tbnmaji Soodhiun, 1<JI3; another 

•dit. lOVd); rDprintod in Wordsworth's Ecdwi- 

aft)(nl£toeTnphy,vol.ir. Thernniipiod sketch 

of thn xri'hliiKhop in liajik Wnlton'n Lite of 

ilookor. But rh''fuUvst account i* .Sirype'sLifu 

1^ and Acta of WMigift. I/nndon, 1718, fol,. with 

I^H an DOfrrated portrait by Vert 11 e ^lti22, Z VuIh. 

^H'Srn, oith itii t-D^nTeil jjortniil hy J. Fittler). 

^BSao nlao Hnok'a Lives of ths Archliishopa of 

^H- OaBCerbory. ral. v. -, OoopM-'s Atbenie Oiutatir, 

^B Tol. ii. ; Cwicvr's Annals of Cambriilgc ; J, Kh»d 

Hulliogi^r'A fiiivarfiity of Cambridge from lfi3A 

to IS2&, Ci^inbriiiKe, 1SS4. jiiisaini ; liaskeirs 

JHartin Mnrprvliito ContruviTsj' ; Arber's In- 

Lrudactiitn to tlio Hartin AfarproUta Contro- 

Tomj ; Acts of ths Priry OjiiDdl; C«l. Wtato 

P«p-n.Dom.lfl7B-lC«4;Colli«T'iiKc<-U«.Hiiri.; 

^MSoamca's Elixabcthun Hist.; Fallvr's Church 

^^kSinlory; IItwatoI's Crovdon niid I^iiiUlh ; 

^^■Hallnai's Cunslitotiainiil Htit. ; OArrawH Hint. 

^Hand Aaiiq. of Cravdun, iritli a Sketch uf iha 

^PLifeof Whilgift. Croydon, IKIB.] 8. L. 

WHITHORNE ur WHITEHORNE, 
i'bTKU (/. l.V13-^lo4i3), miliUry writer, ta 
di'scrihed ou thi: tilIi>|>nR(?s of his books, first 
I as »tiidfnL aiul thtin ajK'fa'Uow'ufllrBy'H Inn ; 

buthia name doea not ncmr in the repi^iers 
tuilvMI be b« th« I*. Whjtanm who was ad- 
mitted a student in lM3(FoeTBB, p. 16). 




About 1R60 he wa.<i M>Tving in the annioa of 
tb« cmp«cur Charles V against the Moors, 
and wa4 pr^M'nt at thf^ sit-ffi.- nud capture by 
thw Spaaiardii of ' L'alibbia,' a momiatffry in 
Africa, lie also spiiaks of baTtng baen in 
Constniiitnopli.'. While in Adricu ne trans- 
lated into Engliah from the italtnn ^In- 
chiavetli'a ttv-utisu on thu art of war, but it 
waa not publisbini till t«ii ymini hitur, when 
WbilahoniL' t^nns it 'the tirst frniiettof a 
poom soul dill ur's studit*.' It was dedicated 
to Qu»!n Elizabeth and was cnciHcd 'The 
Art« of Wamg written first in Italian by 
Nictiolaa Machinuoil and set forlhv in Eng- 
Uehe . . . with an addicion of otliur like 
Marciftllii fL'al«« and cxiwriinents . . .,' Lon- 
don, 410. Th>.- titlc-pagu ia iluiL-d 'Anno 
MULX. Mensc Julii,' but the colophon baa 
'MDLXII M*<nM> A]>ri]itt.' Other tdilions 
appeart'd in 167-1-'laiid l-j4d.bothiiii]uurto, 
wliitehoruf nt-jct produced ou Enj/lisb Lran*> 
Ialii.»u of I'abto Colta'e Ituliau vt'naonof tbe 
tireek ' Strale^ii'^UN ' by Ouosaiidir, a wTJtw 
of tho lirst conltiry i.u. It. was pmitied 
• Onoijiandm PInlonico, of tho Gi-npral Cap- 
taints, and of bU office . , . itnjinntcd at 
l^indon by Willysm S«*8. Anno 1J>6U,' 
and van di'diciitt-d to the Mirl m&rabal, 
Tfaomss Howard, duke of Norfolk, to Tvfaom 
'XS'hilijhome ' wyshcth longe life and per- 
pctuall felicilit;.' 

[Work« in Brit. .MiM. Liljrarr; Tannei's Bibl. 
Ur.t,-IIil.] A. F. P. 

WHITHORNE, THOMAS (Jl. 15D0), 
ULusical amateur, publiahed in 1671 ' Soag«s 
of three, foivcr, and Buo pariea, by Tliomaa 
Whythornft, g«>t.' llie collMCtiim conaista 
of j<(>\entT-atx pieces, mostly to devotional 
words, in fivr inirl-book*. Thpy were well 

firinlt^d by John Day, tbt! words in black 
••tier. Tnere are copiea at the British Mu- 
seum^ Bodleian, and Christ Church libranca. 
As waa umoX, Whithomo wmiu both tbo 
worda and music. Complimentary Latin 
TursM, difTiTuut iiL iNich of the part-hooka, 
are pre&xtid ; and Wliithorut! in duly iir>- 
mised iimnorlality. la liiOO hi> imbliidied 
another collt-clion ttnl.itWl ' Dims, contain- 
ing tifty-twn pifcea, some for treble and bass, 
some for two tryVlea or two comvia, and Qf- 
t'-'-n cfttinn.*. It is drdicated ro the Earl of 
Iluntiu^doD from London ; it waa printed 
by Thotnns East, and Whithornu's portrait, 
at tht) age of forty, is at the «nd of vaob 
part-book. The first twelve pieooa are an- 
tbumsi only ihu opou lag words of all tba 

othnnt HTv giveu. 

'^^'bithomewas an amat^nr with an inor- 
dinat«> tn^lii-f in bis own pownrs. His works 
are ignored in the theoretical treatiaea of 



Whiting 



'38 



Whiting 



Morler, R&TcnMroft, *i\d OitmpioD ; nor 
vere tbey tnenlioncd by an; critic until 
Buni«; deAcribcd thu ' Soiigos,* dismiMictf 
botli wonla ocd niu&ic bh * \mly bubarouB. 
ilimbaull^ ItocliBtro, lliiak, Dnri.'j, nnA Noget 
ftU speak of tlivm with contt<[npl. Tne 
'Duos' tre le«i bad, but orw unknown to 
biUiogntp])«n, Knd are not mention^ lintti 
in Grove'a ' J^ctiuiiBry.' In [In>tt-n iiud 
Hiratton'H 'British Musiral Iliot^ftphy 'they 
uv nbnurdlv vntitli.'il ' Rmmivo,' 

A portrait of Whitlirime, dated \iiP&, in in 
tb« po wo wion or Mr. W. II. CummingR (of. 
Brumlks, p. ■>:{). 

pSTiitlipnio'B Worta in Britisli Moseum Li- 
bfnry; Hiirnnj'» Iliitjjry of Music, iii. 119; ilini- 
bsult'* Bibliothc» Mud rig aH ana, |>. vii , (jrova's 
Dictlonarjr of Uunc and MuMi-innti. ii. llil, ir. 
48<, i)l7; i>«T«y'« titntorjr of Kiiglinti Mtu-ic. 

Lt38; Nflccl'* Onchic'bui dor Miutik in Kog- 
d, iL288.} II. U. 

WHITINa. JOHN (1068-1722),qaftkep, 
SOOOf Jolin Wliitiu^nf Xailtea, tHMrHmtol, 
wb«re bb yLumau anceEtors had lougowoBd 
a SDUU e«tntt!, wn« born tlirn^ in idW. Hu 
BLoUiur &Urr, dau^iitc'rof John Kvanji of thn 
Mine parial), mid Ihh rnlluT n-i>n< onvprtpd ("-n 

Juukerism in lUM by John Aiidland and 
olm ('jiuiin [q-*-] At tbeir house wcrw 
liuldtlififirst mec-tinirsinSoniorBL't. WhiiiuR'a 
filtbfirdied in I<V>8. His mothor in DucumWr 
1660 niu sent with two hitudrcd others to 
fllcbwter gaol for refii»iii(j ihu oath of all^ 

S'uioe. Rcleosffd dC tliP apriiig uasixca at 
iftrd,sb0 nmrrlud iu lUOt MueL-s Urjant uf 
Nail«M: hy him ahe bad tbn-e suiu, and 
died in Noveiiibi-r ItlOlf. 

WIiitiufT was [.>diic:»ted at r^ gTitiiunar 
schoot, but wtLs bn^itjj^Lt up sa « quaker. 
At his stcptiilh^-r'a dt-ntJi in Ui7'2 hv vn-nl 
to live with hU titiw cuardian, Edmond 
Bc«k#, at IVrtisbead, aiiduiur thrn- CbmrliM 
Marsliall (1637-1898) [q. v.] Ilia sUri-r 
Mary, bom in 1654, was now a qunkur 
pr«aoiter, and io August 167fi B<a out on a 
prMWhiag jouruny towards Londt^n. InNo- 
TSinber be joined her in ltiicliirt);>ULm4hin\ 
They visited quak<-ni in Kcading gaol, and 
nwclivd London in DflWiuhij-r. Thonce hu 
■ Tatoraed home, while sW travelled north- 
ward. On 1 April lH7fi he nyoioud b*:r at 
Norton, Durlinm, an.] fgund hur ill ; »hd died 
tb«B oil 8 April 107(1. aged tweiitv-Iwo. 
isome time after, while in pri*on, bewroic 
•Early Piety wcpmplifird m the Uh and 
IJentL of Mary Whitinff, with two of her 
I'.p.fitlw atlcH.=.4to; 2nd edit. 17H. ll'ino). 

J<«Kw after hw rettirn to Xnilsea. AVhitioff 
^.f ^'*.?P»**'" 'n III" hi»bo(i'« rn,,rt at 

WoU. (38 Itay ie78j for not paying tithw. 



llf WAK, bowrver, appointed orontBcr of bis 
pariih, and was unmolested tbrougli thit 
wintfT. but on as Jan. IfiTfl he waa 
nnd carrit^ to lIcbntiTciol- Aftervigii 
months be was removed to thn Old rri 
allowt-d to walk out, and frometimes to vi 
Nailsea. Mauv olherqiuikfrrs wi-rcprifOn^r*, 
and on Sundays tlitty bvld meotitigs, which 
oiitaidm Ktti'ndfd. in thi> cr^at ball or ia 
thn wallei) oiwhjird. MTutinR wan in fre- 
quent oorrcspondtrncn with Ixiiidon Frieodi, 
wild sent him hnnk-f. Hp wrote much, aod 
reed the works of Boehmv, Sir "WaU.THnlt^h, 
ani^l oth^'T aulbors. Un Jami» ITs aceeaaion 
WbiiiuK rainly tried to obtain his rolwM. 
' Liberty of cmnscJ^^iw was in the pwA*,' he 
says, * for ii was to lonft in coming out.' 

Whi^n Monmouth arrin-d in Taunton, 
ASrliitingandhtssisttfr^in-ian-, Mrs-Scoti, in- 
ivrriewod bim. Coosidi^rint; the state of the 
country. Whiting thoufrht bv»t to itiirr>>ndpr 
bimeclf at Ilchcster. TUi'po h>*wi»» speedily 
thrust into irons amonir Mimmouth'^ men, 
and spent eix wwks chaini-d 1u John }iip9- 
ley, another fjuuk(>r. He was ollow^l to ff> 
to hie own room afl«r thirtmm wit;k», in timr 
In hi' an cyn-wititeas of Mmr of Clieat nxutins 
of the ' Bloody aasiie * (Am« Memoir; pp. 
Ki'i-B). He i»mnin«! ii oliwi- jirinoner Hialal 
tbt! kingV proclamation about the end of 
MnrHi \*m. 

W'liiiiii^ mnrrivd Sarah Ilnrd on M May 
IQiM, and two yvnr^aftcriuovod to a shop at 
Wrington. Thpre I'enn often viMted bin, 
and held mwlimfs. VVliitin)i's aulobio^ropliy 
ends in 1696. Th« remaiiidi>r of bin life was 
largely spent tnvelluij; in various counli|^^| 
in the soul li of KnKlimd and in Lond^^^^| 
wharH he died in the parish of St. ^^^^ 



1 in the parish of St. 
,011 V2 N..V. 1722. n* 



buried in the now vanbhed (juakor btkrial- 
groiiiiil in Hanorer Street, l^ng Acre, oa 
lh« 16th. 

.Mnny of AVhiting's manuscripts remained 
unpuhl'iAlicd. His 'Catalojjiie of Friends' 
Books '( Londun, 1 7(^, 8ro ), ibv fitvc attempt 
at quaker bibliographr, ood his ' P«niecu(ioa 
Expowd, in BOme Memoin of tlio SufTer- 
ing«' (l^ondon, 1715, 4ro; reprinlrd 1791, 
Bto), hold iuiportani placvis Iu ouaker an- 
nals. II u also wTut«,bw>idM«stnall('rworkj5: 
1. 'An Abstract of tht' Lir<>a. l>recept«t, and 
Sayings of Ancient I'nihi-ni,' London, 1634, 
4to. -2. *Judu«,andtheChief I*rio*t«j*lx)n- 
don, 1701, 4to (ibiii vrtv in answer to Seorn 
Keith), a ' Truth and Innocency defended,* 
London, 1702, 8vo (in answer to anxirsiutM 
on thi' quakcrs in Cnlton Mather^ 'His<- 
lory'j. 4. '.Mfinoira of Sarah Scott' (his 
niucoj, l^ndon, 170M, l2mo; 2nd«di(.17ll. 
Bto. h. 'The Admoaithrrs admonished,* 




Whiti 



ng 



»39 



Whiting 



LoudoQ, 1705,-ito. 6. 'Trutb, tlie strtwKwt 
of all,' London [1706], 4lo; Smlwiil. 1700, 
4U). 7. ' Till* Kect<» correci^, or Forgery 
diwecUd; London, 17l)M, «vo. 8. 'Chriiit 
Jeeus owned ut ho 'us Uod tiiid Mkr.' LuadoD, 
1700, Svo. He alau vdilud 'titren^h in 
WeoKneaR,' nKtnains of his ft-llow prbunvr, 
£l)abe(ti f^tirrMlg*^' (l^mlon, 1711, l^ino; 
Other «iUtioiiA, 1746, 177i^, 1705; ntprintiRi 
iutlie ' Fri«Bds' Library,' vol, ii. i'liilmii-lphtit, 
1838); and the ' .Irjiirnal of John Gmtton,' 
(Loadon. 17iO, «vo; 177y, 1795, and Stock- 
port, 1823 ; Ti'pulilidhud in the ' Frionda' 
Library,' l^j, vol. ix.) 

[HomouM tibuva uamnd ; BeM«'s Su^riogs, i. 
611. 612, 6ia, 6«1, an, ei~, M ; Smi[b*« CiU. 
ii. ai7-«.] C. K. S. 

WHITING, ItlflTAlU) (rf. ir.3i»), «bbf>r. 
or01ai<toiiburr,^r&dLiated.M.A.ai<'iiiubriclgt> 
in l-l^sndl>,l). in ].jO.'>. und Ix-caiw u monk 
at Glutonbury (.wliL-n- hi; inav i^rt-vioiisly 
hftve beeo a Bvholar) during (be ab^jacy of 
RteluLrd Bwa (for coDJ«ctiin_-«, more or lojs 

SlnusibLb, of Ibi! dat« and place of birth, 5«e 
AaQVOT, The Ijatt Abbot of Gltutcmburt;, 
pp. 14, 19). lie wuB admilti><i \\< lliu ordiT 
of luxilytw in .Sepu-uibiT 1498, sab-dencon in 
140(>, deacon in 1^00, priiisl (1 Marcii l.'^Ol 
fOAMni^, p. 28, ijiiotinff rofpeli-r of llinliup 
Kin^ of Bath and. WttlU). He held fur 
•ome liine tlie oflice of camerarius in lh«> 
abb^y. On tht- driath ofBoro in Kcbmary 
\Kf2'i forty -«vv>.* II of i\k tuoiika gavu tlieir 
rights ot'^leccing into the Itand^ of WoWy, 
and OS SMarcb 1&2I3 llie cunliua! oppoiiilvd 
Whiting to the viinuit tibl)iu::v (docum>?nt in 
Ab&ii op Dohiirsbau, ed. llL-arnv. vol. 1. 
pp.xcviiM.) ArtoTcnnoiiiai.! invt»t iffiitumn, 
iic, on f> April l-'l'I) k<> rttcelved restitulion 
of lhpit)inporalitii>8of t.hvabbFT(/>lfe)-#RW 
Pai>tr» of Henrv VIIJ, iv. i. M8). 

While abbot ue appear* frequenily in the 
Mate paper* iia prMenting CnriattaoA ffifts 
to Cbe ktug, providing hawk», ka., ni;gotia< 
ting eonronung advowvons, and (■ngaKioK 
Uy derks and ur^auistA. The proiiurty of 
ttie abbey was wry lar^^-, ami thn ubbol Kept 
gnat Btato, bnneing up nearly thrcQ hiindnrd 
aoiMOf the nobilily ntid i^ntrj- bt'sidw otlLc^r 
neatwrfolk; hn ^'nti^nained anoaptimesflTo 
handred persous of qunlity at oace, and 
every W^dneadny unci l-VidM' fed the poor 
of tlw neighbourliood, W'ben he went abroad 
he waa nttendvd by mvi-r a hundred iD(>n. 
Ha (tnUffiainvd l^^hind, who iu his first draft 
spoke of Itim aa * liouio haiie candid ttuiini us, 
et aminus muus einguliiris' i^CoUect. v'\. 70 >. 
In 1/V34 he tcKik ihr oalii of 9ii[in>niHCy witli 
hia prior and fiftv nianki< iLetUr* and 
fapert, Tii. 396, 47^ ; tha oatii wua sl^ed 



19 ajept., but had a[)parantly bmn tAkan on 
1 Junv). 

The early invostigations iqwke well of tbv 
state of Olastonbury. LayTon, writing to 
Cromwall 2^ Aug. Iu36,aaye th&t the mooka 
ara there 'so Ktrait kept that th<.'y cannot 
oBcnd, but fain ibuy would* {ib, \x. &0); 
Mjid u hiu been anggeated that the gladacaa 
with which tlio motiltH dcptirti'd ua iha 
diuvlution (Wkmht, DiMtUution </ the 
MattaxUrift, p. iSfSj is eridenreof ibuslrict- 
neea of Whiting's nJe <li. W. Uixoii in 
English Jlietfirieal Reviev, fictober It*ft7, 
p. 7%'i). The abbot iswrna lo bare hu>m 
anxious to be oDgood MMmn with t'romwell. 
Ho ihaiika him ' far hia goodneu to thia 
house,* grants him a corrmly formerly en- 
joyed by Sir I'bomae Mot«, ' wishing it a 
1iBtt«rttiing'(/*((cM(iji<//*«/irr*.ix.6!*, lOft). 
Ncverthcleflft the jurisdiction of the nbbfty 
over ibu town and district was stii^pended 
(lA. p. ^31), nnd strict injunctions as to tbo 
maiiageioenl of (hu prupurty and obaurvanco 
of the riili-* w«T« jfivtii by the viaiton {*ft. 
p. Sfi). It wna aiiiiounctKl, howwruT, that 
tber« was no intrtition of nupprt-.t-^iug tha 
abboy(t6. X. ISC), 

In 1636 a friar pri^aching in the abboy ()••• 
nouncM ihf * imw fangylW and new men ' 
(li. p.l2l),and thi«B]ipoars to have ilirecled 
the attention of the rourt toullcfn'd f*^dilton 
in iho housu (I'A. xii. 264). Tbo propurty 
of liw ahbey was ponHlantly bcinft granted 
on leanea to CDuniuni (ib. piui«im>, und Whit- 
ing, writing ^m his cuJttlo ol'Hl.urinin-Mvr- 
Kvwton, Doraot, 26 Jan. lOSH, compluma 
that his 'game in C(<rlain parkx in much 
dt'cayed by de*poir (iJ.ToI. xtii.pt, i. p.-'K)). 
U« appears to liave l^eeo reossured shout thu 
sam^ timo by Oromwell ng&inxt any 'faar 
of Huppruasion or cha»gt> of life ' | ii>. pp. 
'2\\-\'2, and see Sir. C4airdkob'8 notv}, and 
at Cbristmaa 1030 hit iMrvauta received the 
ustial pn^mnt fWim the king (ib, pt. ii. p. oS8). 

At th« beginning of \WA9 Glastonbury 
^ras the only rvli^iouii h(iu»i! Irifl. unlouirhiid 
in thecouTity, In September a new visitation 
was deternilDed on. I'd ]<t H'_>pt. Ijiytun 
wroto to Oromwell thrt Whiting, whom he 
luid formerly liraised, ' now appear? to havw 
no part of a chrislirin man ' (lA. XIV. 11. M). 
On 19 Sept. Lnyton, Pollard, and Moyle 
arrived at tilastunbury, but, not findiltg the 
abbot, wont to Shurphnm, onu of his maaoTB, 
whrTH ilii-y found and examined bini, a[^ 
parently touching the sacceeeion. H« was 
tlivii tnkvn back Co Glastonbury, and thi-nee 
to the Tower. There has been much discue- 
aioo OS to the charge on which the abbot 
wna am.'Atod {see SAyDEiid, De Hchimuite, 
p. 135, ed. 1623 ; Bckkbt, m$t. of the Jie- 



Whiting- 



140 



Whillock 



, p. 239: QoovutfAnnaU, pp. 167- 
10^; IjfiitTt and Paptfrji, Xiv. ii. |MMin) ; 
biit it u^ma osruin imvt it was not concern- 
ing tbe royal supmnscj, but the mcoMSton 
to tli« orown (tee tb« cinBmiwioneti* letter 
to Cromwell, Wkigmt, DitKtlutitm of tht 
Mtfiastrrie*. [». 'iitb: and LrtUi^t and I'aprrt, 
irr. ii. 13il, wtierv Msrillac «Mtes tltat 
Wliiljng WM 'put inio tlie Tower bM:aUM> 
in taking tbc abbev (rvjutircK, TaJucd %\ two 
tiun<ir«(l IhoiiMaiiJ trowiut, t)i«y fouud a 
wnlli-ii bonk of the ar^ments on iMhalf 
of t^iii?«"M Cullinriiii' "J. 

On 2 Orl., liy whwh time the abbnt was 
aar«i ID Ibe Tuw«r, * bviog but « v»nr wi-ak 
man nml itirkly ' {ifi. p. HI t, ihecv^mmUaionGrii 
reporU'd to Cromwell iliat xhvy bad coise to 
thi: knowledge of I muKinftcommillvd bybim 
(ih. p. 101). lu rbo Miuc uomb Croaiw«U 
wrol« hm ainiil^r ' retDerobrauceB ' toucbin^ 
ibo abbot : ' Cvilain persons to bo «cnt to 
th'j Tower for ibu funnerexanunatioDof tbe 
abbat of UlaaCoa . . .' [for hiflOwncxnniin&< 
Ui>u ul' ttLL- abbut, Mc WaicuT.* Oittululion 
Ly" iA* Munnnterie*, 11. ■_'U2 1. * The nblint nf 
■uloatoa to bo trieu ut (ikslun, and also 
fXt^iilftl tbiT" wilfi 111* ouiii|ilyi'vi>. Ciiun- 
Bflloru t^i^ivi'evid^tncc . . . itrninat ibi'abbst 
of Ijlaston, Hich, IVUard, L*wi!i Komtnw, 
Thoa. Moyle. To 8oe thai the eifidenpe bfl 
veil sorted and (be iBdictiuenlavrall drawn.' 
Later ' remembraTiccn ' reneat tbia, and re- 
cord tbv vast fume rei'eivca ttom tliti nbU-y 
{JjctUrt and I'aft^r*, xiv. ii. \'>\, 41'"). It ia 

Iiuwible tbul a cbari^ul' embczElvuiL-nt tuny 
invr' hifn added to ibal of tri'aMiti, but 
of tllia ttiero U no cWr eviduaiv (i^ouparu 
ni-*QTJ(T, p. 10:^, with til" (iri|iiiiij l«ltrtr», 
!tK.), though till! inonkfl witb Whitinti m-nni 
to have bevncharRed wilh 'rolibini^ Gliiston- 
bury church.' Tin; abbot wa« nnit down to 
["WelU in ebar^ of rollard. lU was ar- 
'nigfnod at M'Ala on Friday, 14 Nov.. and 
' the next day put to «xtH;utiou on ibo 
Torre llil], iiL-xt unto tbe town of Ulaaton' 
<WaiciiT, i)p, ;»rifl-(«, I'til -i). At ibo 
uiotneiit of bxiH-utiou h»> aaked Iba kina * to 
for|riv4-' him htH ^mt otTfncts, and toolt hiu 
iWl h wry l"!' I'll' ty.' Tbi- luniilui wlm 
aiilTt'D-d wirh biin wcro John Thorne and 
KiifTur Jnini.o. Hik limbs witv vxpoa«^d at 
"Wells, llaih, IIcheftKr, iiiui liridffwater. 

WbitinB wna 'beatifiwl' in 1894J. He 
4tpi>carH to bavu bfeii a pioiu man, a good 
ruler, end a keeu sportunan. 

I IlefliJeB tlir aulhoritiea i)u(ilril in thn t«xt, 
IIciirD»')i Uitlnrj iiiiii Arili<)uitip» of QUaion- 
bury, IT'i-: Harnct'e History of the Huforma- 
tioij; ll'iilwinw Anniil». SninJi-rnit l)n Origine 
Sclii'iiiAtia AnglicHQJ ; Lnul. Hint. Rnr. >ii. 
7«l-5.] W. H. H. 



WHlTLOCE,Mm.ELIZABKTR(I761- 
Irfiiti), acin»«,thn tblid flaugbter and flftb 
child of RofTTT Ketnble [Q-tJ., wu boro at 
WarrinKlna on ^ April l7til, and was ap- 
pn^nticiMl lo a mantua^malfrr. After a£- 
i|uiriu(; eoin« ex|>erirare in the country <<bi; 
wriil with brr two elder Mtla^ra. .Sarah I'.Hn. 
Stddons [<|. V.]), and Fhucea (Mrv. Twiw), 
to OruT) Xant-, where abe tDad« her lirat an- 
pearanw on '22 Feb. 1783 at I'ortia in ino 
' )f eri-'Laitt of VeDtc«,' a part hIw rejMat*^ on 
I MnruL Hcru aha n-mnined two seas 

Slayinjf, throun^ the intluiiic'r- of 3|rk ^,_ 
ons, Mnrgarel in 'A New Way to pay OIb 
Ih-litH,' ImogKii, Ijrononi in * KeTeage,' El- 
vira in ' Love makes a Man.' Lucia in ' Cato/ 
X<ady Touchwood in ' Uouble Deeler,' and 
Mrs. Marwood in ' \\ av of the World.' At 
\\iti «nd of this |vriod eim wt^nt to VotJt, and 
married on yi June 17y.> Charles Edward 
Wliitlock, proprirtor or ahansboldor of 
tbe Newcaatle, Sunderland, l^ncastcr, and 
Chester theatrEs^ him she accompanied to 
America, where she playfd principally in 
Annapolis, CharleAtou. and Fhiladrlpbia 
(wbi.-ru tbu playi."d bt'fonj Washington). witli 
aiich auccoM aa to obtain an imli-nrnilHncy. 
On IS June 1703 aha made, aa Mn. whitlock, 
hisr fimt appr-amno- at tbe TlayrDarkel, play- 
ing the Queen in thn ' Balikf of ITi-xtiun' 
and Julia in ' Siege of Oalais.' On 30 Aug. 
1797 idio Dr«t appeared at New York, at the 
Ur«enwich (?irvct rbeatn), u Ieab«Ua in tho 
* Fatal Slarringe ' (Urowk, Avterhau Stage, 
p. 3ft.'). On ti Oct. 1B07 xlic rvaopouvd at 
Urury Lane as l-ilwina in * F*n-y. Hhe waa 
aiuiouuvvd D« baving returned from. Antetieai 
and bnr n-appearance cauiwd aomo saoBatioo ; 
but abe doe« not appeu to hare bom Mea 
jnuru than oncw, and is no more heard of 
on the Htage. The characters namM are 
all in wUicn slie can be traced. She played 
otluira, howrTtr, n portrait of her, t»v Do 
Wilde, as Margaret in tlic 'Earl of War* 
wick' beinc in llie Mathews collection in tlie 
Ciorrick Club, lint husband died mW- 
quently to JHI:;. She b«r«elf died tin -^7 Feb. 
1836. 8ha wua a more than rej^peclable 
aolrpBH in Im^mlv. but the n-jiutnlion of bar 
aiatbr, Mre. Siddons. to whom she bot« in 
voiitb aumit ntM-m bla 11 cv, stood io bet waj. 
Iler voice waa th>> ba-^t in the family, but 
she droppMl it towards tbe close of a aen- 
lencp. Her action was stntucsque a« well 
AS powerful, but her bearing lackud .■'ptrit. 

[Moil iaformatioQ supfilied concendtig Mrs. 
Wbitlock is inacoamia. bcr hasband's dsath 
bsiuE antidpatod by more ihnn twinty yean. 
and her uwn nt<pciirAi>cr« oanfuBed wiUi iIiom 
of h«r s>»ter I-anny. The forvBOJDg facta are 
derired tt^nti. Gvacst's Accoontef the English 



Whitlock 



141 



Whitlock 



h 



» 



8ta|i«, CAmpbell's Life of 8id<loiu, Q«nt. Mikg. 
Ci. 43«. 430). Fii«;cniM'i Lkm qE Uie K«<inL<lo9, 
UoDttat/ Mirror (l»o7, new »r. toL ii.)< Xhes- 
pJHD IHrt., GillUiinil'a Unmsiic Mirror, nad 
TlwipiAD Miif{. 1*92-3.] J. K. 

WHITLOCK, JOHN (1825-170SI), 
•jecteil ilivini', Iwrn in HfciS, was iiii> son of 
Kichftrd Whitlock, merchant, of London. 
Hb mothflr (bom in 169Q) diud at Luig'hton 
on 2 April IfMU. and w«« buried tli»r«. A 
gm&U hrofs to hiT memory is in vLo church. 
Or 23 Junw IfS-lL' Wliitlnrli wu> itduiiLlfd n 
pensioner of Emmnniipl roilejie. C«mbri(J(r*'. 
(fnidiiiiling R.A. in HUr. ati-l M.A. in KUH. 
In trti;1 he raadf'ihftao-qiiaintanKP of William 
lieyiioWsrq.v,], which quickly ripened into a 
cIoiwfri<>na'«hip.'inlybroKen»fli>rnoRrly fifiy- 
tivoyeara'MAiidin^ by the death of Itoyuoldit 
in 159^. In the summer of Iftlo Whitlock 
w&ff inWtc^ ro pnvifih at. Leif!;hton Buuanl 
in U^dfor<lsbire. He nettled there in No- 
Tpmher, and in the followinff month was 
joiuLHl by Hi.-ynoli]it, the two living iindor 
the same root, studying in the same mom, 
iin<l writing at the Himo lahlu. lu thu spring 
of KWH Hej'tiolils was invitei) to Aytesbnry, 
and airreed to ahare the two placoa (AtIb§- 
biiry ami Ijcightnn) with hi« friciid- H<>- 
fusing ihe ' Knenp'mpnr ' in Iftlt). thpy wore 
dpprired of th'-ir mftintenniK-e in both Ibeir 
plarw of mini*tn,-. imd (■('fluisl to prenoh at 
Ayleitbury in March UViO, and at Lt'iffhtoQ 
mMarch'l651. Laterin U!fll Whitlnckwna 
prvwat«d to tliu vi4.-aragL< of 8t. Mury'«. NaU 
tjnfffaam, bin friend Heynolila Imnff jointnl 
with him B» lecturer. In October 1651 they 
VRfB both Ordiiint'tl at St- Andrewn Unditr- 
shaft in London, and etoabli-^lied tb^ir church 
«f)«r Ih? preabvtenaii form on their return 
to Xottingham' In July 1662 Whitlock 
was indicled nt thetemoas at Xottinabam 
for not rittdinf? the common prnyGr, and, 
kitbouyh the Act of L'nifomity wa* tiot yet 
to fOKti, be was suspended and his chuivh 
•Ogneiuml. Thti two frii-nds thrtn sought 
nnige out of tbtt town, and shnnil nil <liK- 
turunceHandimpri»nnmpnt^[<H3e Rcr\»i.D8, 
Wrt-TAM 1 till thp ' ludiiliiimiy.' (if October 
168" enabled them to n^turn tn Notlin^fham. 
Koottia at litritUesmith rtatewt>recerti6ed in 
July 1689 for the joint uv of the pn'-«by- 
terians Whitlock, Ileynolde, and John llarrel 
( ItiSl-17 13 )[q .v.], and the independent John 
Rrther (rf. 17041 [wo under RrrarB, John. 
Ifo»?-1681]. A little kt«r tbetwoaeets 
had mparate Loiisif, but evm utter the 
building of the prei.bvt"''inn chnjMil iiti thf 
"rh ftivemont. about 16f»0, they joined with 

olh»"r in ndigioug B^rvices. 
LWhitWk continued to peach in the High 
■"■ " it Chapel until within two years of 



hia dnnth. Hy died on 4 Dec. 1709, and was 
buried in fit. Mary* Church on 13 Jan. fol- 
lowing. He married, on 'J^ March 1053, a 
dauighter of .\nthony Tuckney [o, v.], mvc- 
ceuively matiter of Emioanuc] onu .St. John'a 
Collcgvis, Cambridge. I'oaw-iuttfd of a fair 

froperty, h*j wiu liberul lu the uae of it. 
lo v/aa succeeded in tbn minintnr by hi» 
»on John, who died on 16 March 1723'.»gediW, 
and was buried in St. Mary's on '20 Mareh. 
A joint tablet to father and son is in ths 
cburrb. 

Reudea fungle aermons, Whilloclc pub- 
liithed : 1. ' A Short Account of the Life of 
the H(-v. W. Heynolds.' London, IfiSS ; Not- 
tingham. 1807. '2. 'Tb« Grvat Duty and 
Comfortable Evidence,' London, 1098, 

[PiilmurV Noneonfonnist'sllAmorial, iit. 100- 
103; t'jirjwnter's Pros tiyteriKu ism in Notting- 
ham, p«»im; The Coofonntst's Fourth Fl6n 
fbr the Nnnronformists. pp. 3B. 43-4; Whit- 
luck's Lifo of Ui* Iter. Wjllinm Rv>*uuldN, 
uiusini; Hayvood and DicktDsoa's Non^^n- 
tormist TC«2ist«r, p, 28i ; Cr«8WoU's Cullnctinn 
towiirdN n HivLorj uf I'riiitinK in N'ottiiigUani* 
shir« ; Wood's Athenx^ ltli«t>. iii. 'J^; Illaydan's 
Geoealofra Bedfordieiwiii. p. 387 ; Cat, of Dr. 
WiUiftiui's Lil-rar/ ; utimisiiou rpginf.ers of Kiii- 
-tDAim*! ('olUgK, CaRibridj:e. j>ur iLo master ; ual- 
varaily ragietan. per tiio regiHtrary.] B. P. 

WHITLOCK, MILUAM (rf. IftW), his- 
torian of I.iclifii*li!, was educated ut Eton 
College, and elected to King's CoHeife, Cam- 
bridge, in Io37. He graduatud B.A. in 
IMl -2, comtoeiiccd M.A. in l&ir>, atid pm- 
ceetled H.IJ. in ItWJa. On 18 Dec. I068 he 
was presented by King's UoihtKe to the 
vicarage of Prescol in Laacanhire. On 
3 July 1560 he Traa admitted to the rectory 
of Gn'cnford Magna in Middlesex, on the 
presentation of .Sir Kdwnrd Thonitou, and 
on 10 Jan. 150U-1 he wa8 onllntcd t-a the 

Srpbt-nd of CiiTlwrough in Lichtiotd Catbe- 
ral. He died in or before February 1IJS3- 
1584. Ho was a friend of •fohn Twrne 

[q- v.] 

Whitlock is chieJIy remarkablo for hia ad- 
ditions to the manuscript chronicK^ of Thorn oa 
Chc^tcrfii-ld 'q.T.l This record of the hiahops 
of t'orentry and Lichlield i.ixt«nded to l.'J-tr. 
Whitlock added many details to the exist- 
ing clinmicin, and compiled usupplement con- 
tinuing it to 15fi(». Ilia manuscripts wer» 
used by ilenry Wlwrton [q, v.] in IROl in 
his 'Anglia Sacra,' who printed in that work 
WhitlocVs additions to Chpatertirld'a manu- 
script under Ihe title * Additamenta ad HiJ^ 
toriam vtiterem Lit«hfuIdonMim,' and hiA 
supplement und-^r the litlii ' Continii8tit> 
Historim Litclifiddcnsis ab anno MCCCI.IX 
ad annum MDLIX.' The earlier date is 



mialeading, as Wbitlock's chronicle befruis 

nfttr i;U~. Whitlock'a maniiiscrints nm pn^ 
^jBervcd in tlit* Kodibiftii Library (MSiJ. >ot. 

T70 Mul Sai)), aud in the Cottoniati manu- 
ranipu at thu Brltittli MtiMum ^Vuep. B. IG 

«n<] CloopRlra D. 9). 

(C<»p<tr'i Aihen* CsnUbr. i. Wfi ; Harwoffld'a 
itunui Elon. p. ]&&; Tntjiii-r'i IliM. DHl -Uib. 
|]798:Ii« NflTo'tf l'iMCi&i.'l««. Anjflimcite; Simimi'B 
Sibl. StAflbnl. 18U4 : llAnrood'i HisL of Licii- 
BcW. i>p. 2^3,240; Oj1c'» CnllMtion* in Hriu 
Mn*. Addit, MS. SRIS. f. 10; Stwcoan'n Itvpvrt. 
EccW. I»n(lin. i. Old; Williti"B3iirvcj'<>f Oitbe- 
tira\n. 1712. 11.1^1,-161 ; WhArton'HAiiKliiiSAera, 
ItflU, vut. i. pr«fii(*. p. Slid.] vl. I. C. 

WHITMORE. Sra OEOROE (//. IS-W), 
lord lUHvor of London, was the third son of 
William Whi^lno^t^ (rf. 8 Aur. I*>t«), & Lon- 
doH merchant, bv hiK wife Anne (d. 9 Oct. 
IfiJ.I), dftujfhter'of Sit William Bond, an 
aldtTiuaii cif Londoti. IIo was maatar vt ibv 
IIiib4Tdnikb)^r!t'Cnni{)snr,ftndftn23Mav lUOU 
became a membpr of thu Virrlaia Company 
iindwr tb« itovand clmrtiT. Hp MTved the 
ofBco of flheriiTof Landfin in 1621-2, and 
WHH Hldi.'nunii of this wiirtl of Fnrrinndon 
Within from 2 Junn lfi21 to 7 Nov. 162fl, 
when hi> «xcbHnj[c<d to LAURboump wnrd, of 
which ho WM uldiTman until Mny 1613. 
On 7 July K120 ho and his *-ldw brother.Sir 
Williftm Whilmorc, received a ^ant of Ihu 
mamirof Bridpwotar Oa«tlo, with Ht'yifrov« 
inB-imwrw^tt C'rt/. State Paper*, Ilmn.ltJii.l-e, 
pp. 360, rtdfO). la 1631 he wu^ clioaun lord 
mayor of London, und mn -7 May I6S2 hn 
"waa linightiid. TIia pni;ri>nnt.t which cele- 
brnt'-d his entrj- into <>l!icf> rtt? drtnilcd in 
a pn.niphlot pri-.Wvod in tho Huth Libraiyp 
etiiitliM' l.oiidonHlitslIonor&rium't London, 
leyi. 4to), compilod by Thomai Hpywood 
(d. laWD [q. V.J (ef. OoftSER, Vollfft^nm, 
iv. 2U7). On 6 May 1637 he waa appointed 
a commifUiionur Ut c&rrf out tho MaluLv of 
H«nr^- V'lII for eoeouraging tha u*e of tbe 
loni? bow and suppreesinc unlawful g&mos 
{Car. staff Paper*, Dcim. 1687, p. 66). 

Whitmore was an ardnnt lovaliat, and on 
25 Not. 1641 tbe kinn paswd tlimiigb lii« 
nounds at Bnlmy* in itarknfty on his r>>tuni 
from Scotland. In ItSW he wns impnBnnt»d 
in Crosby lIouHQ aa a dclinqut^iil (ib. 1611 -.t, 
p. 403), and, alttiou^h It« was nhorily re- 
tanaied, hawaareimpnsanod onL'O Jan. 1642- 
IBW for rofMbp to pay ihe taiea levied by 
parlmint^nt. Hit ett«t« waa sequeatered for 
saam timf', hue ha finally obtaini^d his di»- 
charBi* frt>ni thy commiltsfiof )«!([Ui'5itraiio«!i, 
luid on t?2 On. 1(WH won commandnd to Uy 
his discbarKi^ before the commitlrv for cniu- 

founding (Ont. Comm,/or Compotw4inff, 'p. 



He diod at Balmea on 13 Dee. 1654, and 
was buried at St. AUry Hk^kIhi, Milk 
Strnet, on 6 Jan. He married Harr <161ft- 
1667), eldsat daughU'r of Ricbanl Xlaoiel of 
Truro. By her 1^ had thre« nons - -CbarlM, 
(Iporce, and Willi«m~and four danxhlcn: 
Elisanstb, married u> Sir John Weld of 
Willey: Anne, married to Sir John Robin- 
(inn.lordmayorof Ijondon; Margaret, martiad 
to Sir Cliarlea Kemya; and Muy 

[]loaaeandC<MirtB«7'« Biblioih. CoranV 1874; 
IlravoB Gantuiia of (he DnitMl Stwaa, 18tW, I. 
238, U. 10^3; Whitiugro'* Xotaion th« Manor 
and yftmily of Whitmore. 18a6, pp. 9,9: Rabin- 
ton's Hist, and Aatiq.of Ha>ekn«>y. lS12,i. IH- 
103: O»nn.D0y'B Guide to Puaaaea, 184d, Ann. 
p. »0 : Gaol. Hag. lase, i. 131 ; I'«pya'B JHaxj 
iind Oorrpsp. od. Brsyl>roukii, ii. 298. 377. ir. 
442 : Funml Smidoo by ^Anthony Parindan, 
App«oiled to his Thirty Sorraona, 1057] 

E. I. C. 

WHITNEY, OEOFFKET (1548 P- 
1601 f), poet, ilie eon of ■ Cither of tne «me 
namfl, was bom at, or near, Coole PiUte, a 
townahip in tho parish of Acton, four milea 
from Naotwir.h in ChHshire, in or about 
1548. Kifi family, probftblTftpnioK from the 
WliilnMii "f Whitney In iferefordshiru, had 
been sotlled on a umall ostate at CJoola 
PilatM fiino- l^SS. Educated at the neigli- 
bonrine echwl of Audlem, hn an«rw!inU 
proceeded to Oxford, and ijien for nlonffcr 

f leriod to Ma^dAlen(<Collcge, Cambridge; but 
le aoeus to havu loft the anivernty without 
a decree. Having ndnnti.'d the le^l pio- 
foaaioa, bo became in time nndcr-bailiff of 
Oreitt Ynrmoiith. Up held this port in 1680 
Cbow much pnrlier is not evident), retaining 
it till ibm. In Io»4 the li^irl of Leiceett-r, 
high aleward of the borongh, made an iin- 
auocessful attempt to procure tlta under- 
st«ward«lilp for Whitney, but the place waa 
given to John Htubba [q. r.] After some 
litigation with the corparalion, by which be 
•ooms to hnve Vwn badly treated, the di*- 

Jute was Aettlpd by a pnyment to the poet of 
r>/. (M.*!f»uir, Yarmauih, vol, ii.) 
Uuriim hit nwdunce at yarmoulh WTitl- 
ncy appeoTB to harii had much inlercourw 
wiili th» Netherlands, and to have made the 
a{-qiinintancc of many scholant thnn*. On 
the termination of bis conm^crion with the 
tjiwn, he proceeds] to Levdi-n, 'where he 
was in ^reat esteem amoni; bin rountrym>>n 
tar hU ingenuity.' On I Murch \h!^ I^e Iw- 
came a student in iia tiewlv foundi'>d univer- 
sity, and later in the yw be brouffbt om at 
Plantin's press hU ' rnoiee of Bmbloms,* the 
iHxjk which hug preserved bis name from 
oblivion. Of thf? duration of fats eojonni on 
the continent thereis no urideiioe. He nub- 



lly cwtumvd to Knekni], «nd resided 

in ihB neighbourhood of bin btrthplftcc. Al 

Itj-lw (or ICofols) Qreea, near Combermere 

I Abbwy, he mml^ his will on II Scpl. IBUO, 

which was proved on 'JS May ICWl. Ha 

I aeeinii to have died unmuiried. 

Whitney's repulauori dopenda upon his 
^■c«lcbrat«d work, eatit.tt>d 'A Cboi<!« of Em- 
^BU«t»fi:4 and oihor I>CTise», for the moete 
^^karto gttthered out of Kiindrio whtr-nt, Ens* 
^^^ht-d find moraliEcd, and diren iif>wly 
^"■d^vijMid, by OrfTrcy Whitney, A worUe 
adorntiJ with vnnptie ol' maitVr, bor-h plea- 
Mint and proGlable: whemo tboee chat 
please tnn^A Hndp to Hi th^ir fancies: Be- 
cause herfin, by the oilice of the eio and iho 
eare, th« minde mare reape doobl^'delighte 
tbrougbe holaome proc«pt4;s, ithttdowed with 
pleaMnt devises: both lit for Iho %'<niuouii, 
to their incorogiuff ; and for the wicked, for 
their adnioni»liinj( uiid auicnduK-nt ' ('i p1«., 
Lcydcn, loflt!, 4to>. Thft book wa* d*!di- 
caled to the I'Virl of Li-iuBeH-T from London 
j on 28?»or. LW^witU anfpisiUsU) ttifiryiulpr 
duti'd Lcydi'u 4 Muv iflStl. Theauthnrrrpeaks 
AH if Ihia wr« a i>i>cond pdition ; if so, the 
firel was nritten only, and not printH. Ili» 
<']nlihim«, 348 in intinb«r, K^oeraliy oai> or 
more Atannu^ of six liniw (n qiiat ruin foltowfd 
by » couplet), have a dBvic' or woodcut 
, prellzMl, with an appropriate- motto. Being 
I addr«Med cithor lu his klnsmL'u or friends, 
^^ir to aoioo Mmin^^nl oontpmpomry, liif.y fur- 
^^■ish aottees of pcTfons, pU'CGd, and things 
^^BOt elsewhere n-adily tu V met with. Of 
the dwriL"ert twenty- three only are originni, 
while twi'iit.y-three are su^gWed hy, and 
' d identicnf with, those of Alciati, Pandin, 
iimbnciia, Junius, and Faenii. The work 
the fintt of itjt kind to present to Eng- 
ibmen an adei^uate cxamplu of thv cmbtum 
Imokfl that hod issued from the great ponti- 
neotal prewe*; and it woe mainly from it, 
: U s representative book of iho Rrpiitur piirt 
I of vmbluni literature which had prei^Meo it, 
that SbakeApeoregkiiwd the knowledge which 
be evid4gitly poasesacd of the gnvi' foroign 
enibli>imaItstsi}ftfaesixtoeathcentury. Wbit- 
ney'a verfww arc often of grout merit, and 
always manifest a pure mind and oxwnsive 
Icnrtnng. 

The only other works which can ho prjsi- 
tivcly assigned to Whitney arti: 1. 'An Ae- 
couBi in Lsiin of a Viiiit to Scratbr Mand, 
oQ* Great Varuioulh,' IfiRO, ii Invoslntion of 
which is prinlM in Man.ihip'ei • History nf 
Or«aL Yarmouth.' 2. Some verses in I>0UBa*e 
* Odffi Britannicap,' lyjydon, IB8fi,4to. 

IsntirUft Whitney, a sister of the poet, was 

likewian awrilcr of verses. Ilor principU 

^Mrorlt, ' A Sweet Nosegay, or Plc-aaont X'o^u, 




coutayning a >lundr«d and Ten Phylo«ophi- 
call Flowera,' appearad in 1573. 

[Green's fitealmflo reprini of the Choice of Em- 
blems, lSfl6, acil i.ha mmn «rril«r'« Sbukespmre 
and the Emlleni Writtva; Utilrilto's Family of 
Whitney: Wood's Athewt Oxoa. i. fiS7 : Rilaon'a 
Bill). Aiiglo-Poetica ; Coniar's Collsctao^a; 
Cooper's Atii«ne Cantabr. it. 23-1.] F. S. 

WHITaHED, Sir JAMES HAWK1X3 
(1762-181S), U'luiirul of the flet:t, hom in 
I'fU, was thiril SOI) iif Jaino* Kuwkias 
nTlS-l^a"!), biah-ip of liaphoe, and in 1773 
waa wnLerttd nn thn books uf the IJantfcr 
aloop, then on the IriAh Atiitinn. ilt was 
afterwards borne on the books of the Kent, 
ffuardahij)Kt Plymmith, and flrst went afloat, 
m the AldbarouEh, serving oii the New- 
foundland and North American stations, 
till, on 4 Sept, 177>*, hu- was promoted to 
the rank of lieutenant. J>iiruig 1770 he 
wax in thb Amaton, on the home station, 
and in l>Gcenili.-r he joined the Sandwich, 
flagship of Sir Ooorge IJrj-ilges (aflcrwarik 
Lord) Itoduey [;j. v.], with whom he was 

{resent in the act ion olf ('app St. Vincent on 
6 Jan. 1780, Al Gibraltar he waa mad" 
(^ommnndnr into th» Sun Vincents sloop, and, 
going out to the Weat Indios with Bodnoy, 
was present in the action of 17 April 1780, 
and on tbo next day, 18 April, woe posted 
lo the Deal Castle, which, in a violent tiurri- 
cano in the following October, was blown 
ftoin herauehorage at St. Lucia, and wrecked 
on the coast of Porto Kico. lim cri-w hap- 
pily escaped U> thu shore, and Hawkins, afk'r 
recovering from a dHnf^nLiiiK fever hroiight 
on by th« exposure, was hononnibly uc- 
quittod by a court-ninrlial of all blame, and 
wa.'' e^'nt to England with dL'■apa^ch1^s, In 
July 17(^1 he was appointed to iho Ceres 
frtgnte, in which, in too fnltowing spring, hn 
took out Sir Guy Carletou (alVerwards Lord 
Dorchester) [q. v.] to New York, and brought 
him buck lo England in December 17M. 
For the next thrtM y<!ar« Hawkins com- 
manded the IViae frigait* nt; I^-tth and on 
the east coast of Scotland. Ho then studied 
for three ypar.t at Oxford, at,r.endiug lecture* 
OD astronomy, and travelled on the continent, 
mainly in Dftnmark and in Russia. In 1791 
hoasaomed the name of Whjtshed, ihit of bis 
maternal grandmother, in accordance witli 
tho terms of a cousin's will. 

lu l71Kt Ue woii iii)|HiiitlMd to tliit .Arrogant 
of 74 guni>, one of tne squadron under Rear- 
admiral OeorE'' Montag^ii [q.v-i in .May and 
June 1704. In I'd'") he was moved into (ho 
>'amuT, one of the EhJps which in January 
1707 were dcliiched from the Ohunnel Reet 
wHb ilear-admiral [Sir] William Parker 



Whitson 



M4 



Whiltaker 



(JTlS-ieOfJ) [q. T.I to ranfofce Sir Jolu 
Jervi« (ifterwfcnU "Ear] 8l, Vincent) [q.r.] 
It IJsbon, Biid lo tn)ut part in the baiiltf of 
Cbpe Ki. Vinc«ot, for which Whit«hod, with 
thfi other ciiptsiiu ca^aged, roceivod the ^Id 
medal and the thAnlu of botli bouMs of pai^ 
lininent. He aflHrwudi oonmiindiil 8uc- 
CMKively th« Ajax and thv Formidable in 
the Ch&nne] fle«t, and on U Feb. 1790 wa« 
promoted to be rear*adminil. In April, with 
hiA tltte in th« Queen Charbite, be coa- 
mandod a squadron of four ship* of the Uiw 
which WAS sent, om a n'iofonvmi'nt to the 
Msditerruieaii fleet, on thu news of the 
Frauchfl>e«t haviii); i-scaped from Bro^t. In 
the puniiil he rvtumcd off Itreat with Lord 
Keith [iwt Elvhixstoitb, Qeoroe Keith. 
TjUBD KBlTif]. Ho eoIltiDUl^d in the Chun- 
niil lill 1S01, and in ia)»,oii th^^ reiwwal of 
the war, was appointed naval adrtser to the 
lord lieuu-iisut of Irokitd.to eupvrintoDd Ibu 
Birani^tfintTito for thu defence of the Irish 
enact and to ortramso thu aca fvncihk«. Ml- 
became incHndmirnt nn ^H April 1>S04, anil 
in the flprintr of ISO" was appnintud aim- 
mander-in-ctiief at Cork. whi^R' hr n-nuiitiwi 
for throo yi^nn>. ihi 31 July If 10 he was 
promoted to the rank of admiral, Ife w«h 
nominntL^da K.C.Ii, onS Jan. ISIS, was cnm- 
mundvr-in-chief nl I'orlsuinnlh from January 
1821 to April ISlM, was mado n O.C.B. on 
17 Nov. 1830, a biironm on 10 May I8W. 
baron of th'- kintril'^in of Hanover in 184.1, 
Hnrladmiml nflhf! ItMt on H Jnn. 1W4, lie 
died at hi" hmine in Ciivciidi^h Square, l/oii- 
don. cin2«Oci, If^lO. 

Whituhfld'fl portrait, by F. Cniikahnok, ix 
in the Painted Hall M Cirfytnwich. 

Whiuhed marriiM), in l"yi,t?ophia Hen- 
riettA, daiiphtor of Ci\ptain John Albert IVn- 
tinck of tiiv ntivy {d. 1775), and had iwiie 
two i»on» and four daughters. The eldest 
eon yvaa killi-d in Itfl!), wLcu u inid)<hipinau 
of th« B'Twii'k. 'ITie j<eciiiid, St. VincKiit 
Kef'n«,who BUcr<f?dvd to the baronetcy, died 
ID 1870; nnd on thi- dcnlh of l.lio aiKond 
baronet's otilv .'"iirvivinit son in tbe follow- 
ing year the tiironetcy utwain* extinct. 

[O'Brrui''* JJnr. Uioffr. Diet,; itolfe's Nur, 
Siofrr. li, 2T1 ; MnrnIinTl'* Iky. Nut. Hiogr. 1. 
12(1 ; Sura] Chronic!" (with pnrtniit), xxii. 363 ; 
Ocnt. Mag. IBSO. i. Sa.] J. K. L. 

WHITSON, JOHN (l&57-lfil>9), mt-r- 
chnnt ndvenliirer.wn«born in IBS7 nlGIear- 
wcU in Llie parish of Xewland, Gloucoeter- 
nhire, and at the ngc of eighteen went to 
Bristol, wheto Iw entered the service of 
Trenrhard, a wine-cooper and shi))owner. 
Tie becamu Trunohard'a first clerk, uiid on 
Trenchard'a death married tbe widow and 



succeeded to the buuness. When Pbtlip 11 

hiid an eoibar)^ on tbc 'EamViah ships in lA8fi, 
Whitson fitted out tbe Mayllower lo makfi 
nrprisala. ller cruise was succevsful, but 
W hitAon. not earing to cany on the bnn- 
neaa, sold hr-r to Thomaa Jan)f». nfterwKnls 
mayor of Bristol, who has been rrmnwrtislT 
deacribed m»t father af Thomas Jameo ( lU^ ?'■ 
1635 ? ) [a. T.", the navigator. In the Mrly 
vojract-* for tbe svttletneot of North Ame- 
ri«*, >Vhit.inn took an active pan. and espe- 
cially ID sending out Martin Pring [n, r.) 
He was also dixtin^uished for hutchiintW 
and as a b«aefiwlor lo the town of Bristol, 
of which he w«a twice mavor-'in IfKKt and 
lOlS. He roprCMnlod Bristol in four nar^ 
liamenla, being rt^tnmeal in 1006, 1Q30, lUlift. 
and Febrnnry l62.>-tJ. He died of a fiill 
from hi* bnr><^, and who hiiriifd in St. Nicho- 
las Cbutfh.Briiitol.on 9 .March 16M-9. He 
was tbroe timea nuried. 

[Btnwa's Gtnwris nf th« United States, wttb 
liortnit. pp. 1020, 1063, Soj-nr'a MamoirsiirftrLh- 
tul ; liiAw from Ur. Ivor Jnines,] J. K. L. 

WHITTAKER. [Stw ulao Whitwee.) 

WHTTTAKER, GEORGE BVROM 
(1793-1817). bookseller and puhli«hcr, bora 
ttt 8»ritbniupton in March 1793, was theRon 
of the! K*v, (.eorgt' ^'biltiik«r,taasterofthe 
grauuuar school. About ldl4 ho btvame a 
partner of Charles Law, wbole«aIb ItookM'lW, 
Aru Marin. Lane, Loudon, a honseestablisfaed 
by W. Ilidw.41 Law (rf. 17116). Whittaker 
brought L-apital and enei^ into the busbeH. 
Oni? i.'nt<'rpri»e was t.lie publication of • 
trauAl^iion of Cuvier'a ■ Animal Einf^dom,* 
in Mxteen roluntes, with manv coloured 

5Iat«0. In 1824 ho At-rvod as sheriff of Ijon- 
on and Middlesex. He published for Mn. 
TroUoBC. Colloy Gratton, Ueorife Grolv, and 
Mii<> .'litford. Thv last novel of Sir Wal- 
ler Scott came out with hi* imprint, and 
hie lirm publisliod in London all the early 
irulli^ctivH editions uf tliv novultat. In ooo- 
jiinctfon with thn Oxford and Cambridgp 
bookw.'Uers he producedaserie« of Greek and 
Latin cliiAsicft. .Tohn pAyiutColltcr'seditioD 
of bhakeopeare (l&ll) was issued by bita. 
He pnbli«h4Ml the Pinnock odiicatioiisl pri- 
nters and many other cbildnrn's books, and 
he was a promoter of reading among the 
pw&pic by his ' Popular Library.' 

He died at KnuMiigton On I'l Dw, 1847. 
Richard Gilbert I'q. v."!. founder of the print- 
in|{ tint) nf Gillif.rt & Hi\'inf!ton, married 
Whitlaker'fl only .-iister; their son Robert 
succiii-dcd to hisuuclc's property and business. 
[Ofrnt.Mnff l618.i.9o-S. Nichi.Ii'a llliulm. 
tioo«, 1868, riii. 483-4.] H. R T. 



Whittakcr 



MS 



Whittingham 



» 



P 



WHIITAKER, JAMliS WILLIAM 

lH7l»), pointer iti Trftti?rcolour*, son 
^ _ rohii Wliitlakor, n-&reliout>tinnti, wn* born 
Hi MKiLcbMtf^r in IWH, uiil ajipn^nticvd to 
ua ciutavvr for calii-o priau>nt. Hi* HubuL*- 

^uently look up etcbiiii;, and tbt^ii (laiiitiii^. 
a coming Intu h i!iniill fortunf he n^mnv<.-<L 
about Ih58 ti> IJanrumt, \niili \VBi*m, wln-ni 
he practiaed UmlBrape-paintirifj in waicr- 
cob'urs. Francit \VilliRmTopliaiiirq.v.]there 
mnAi- htA ari}imiiiIancc.Anrl. b>-in^ st riicVi wit b 
tbe abtlitj sIiuwd in bie work, induced him 
to become a c*ndidAt<> lor (he Societ)r of 
PainteiB in Watorcoloors. He wtu ulcfiti'd 
an AMociate on 10 Feb. HHi'J, and a member 
on 13 Juno 1B6I, and ubibilud 101 pictiirM 
at thoextiibtlions of tbat ticx-i«ty, and Ihn-M 
mrorkit at ihe ItovaL Academy. Hi3 <>ub}eRt4 
were cbi^y xikwh in tlin Smiwdon dttitrtcti 
ftn<] many of h\» Aketcben, opecinllr l]u»» 
of roujfL moorland tracts of ground, prj«:«!!<&ed 
exr«ptiruial powMr. 

He WS8 ari^idrntallT drowned in t)ir nvor 
T»ltigwT,nwirlVtl,ws-T-(_'oed,on(JSepl.l87y. 

By IiiH wife Hiirali, dAiieht'Hr of Joseph 
IJey*s of Manchester (lo wlinm he had bt."eti 
•pprvncicHlj, he loft four children. 

IRogct'a 'Old WatorcoIour'Soc. 1391, ii. Ill ; 
Suiofteld'a Cat, of M>ttjcli<:ai«r City Art Oiillcry, 
>'o, HI : Qnrea'a Diet, of ArtintK, ISQft: (:*t. 
of llio Jubil*.» Ethibilion, Maneheatnr, ISfiT, 
Koa. OM and 972; Trmo*. 1.^ Hufi. 1873; in- 
itirniatHm eivon hy Mr. J.G.RoM,I<otur<its)it.1 

O. W S. 

WHITTAKER, JOHN WIMJAM 
<1790;--I^3^l).divinR,a(in of William Whitta- 
kcr of Tirndfunl. Vorlt^hire. by bin wifo, Sarah 
Suck, WBfl bora at Mat)cho.'ti-r about 1790, 
tmA «uc»1»h1 at Bradfonl grammar »cliool 
And St. JobnV Collep;, Cambridge, whi^ro 
he was adtnitled a pen»ion«r on SI March 
1810. ITc vrofl thirteenth wrangler in IH14, 
wbeii be wat admitted to a tkrwronl M- 
b>wahip of bla coUpjc" ond ''>*>k h'* H.A. 
de^n^e. lie jircvcewli'd M.A. in 1^17,11.0. 
in IH^L and I).!), in li^tO. In 1819 Ik- wan 
a candidate for tht^ prnfft'wnTship nf Arabic 
at Cnmbridp', and about (ho Bame time was 
appointed examining chaplain ro Cbarlf« 
MannerB-Sutton [q, v.], archbiahop of Can- 
terbury, who tin>»cnt«d him lo the impor- 
tuit TiearaffQ or Blackburn, LanCA«hirL>,in I'o 
bniarj \H'2'2. IIo was itomiuatKd hrjnftranr 
canon uf Manchiuitur in 1852. Durintf bis 
Ticariattjof Itlackbiim th<*pnri«b church wa* 
robuiltand twelve new ohurrht-a in various 
parta of tbf "dd panah were erected. 

His lenminfif was wide, wtd he kept np to 
the end hie rc-adinc in philoloay, geologj-. 
And astmnotny. His inttrrest in the la^i't- 
named subject led litm to iwist lo the format 

TOL. txi. 



tion of the Royal AstroDomioal Sodetj'. 
On<rorhtitnnfiilfillr_-d ]>roject« waaawork an 
tht; uebiiiar bvpotln^is and geological time. 
He died at dlackbum vicara^ on U Aug. 
1654. OntlOJuuu 182-J be marrit<d Uarr 
llaitghton. eldt^t daughter uf Williara PVif- 
ditn lafterwards creatod n haronpl) of Fenia- 
cowle*, bv whom b«- li*ft ninit childmn. 

Hi! WToK!: I. ■ An Hi-storira] and OiticAl 
Tniguiryinto the Interpr«lalJonof the Hebrew 
.Scriptnrps, with Itemnrki* nn Mr. lirllamy'c 
New TmaslBtiun,' Cambridge, 1J>19, aad 
Supplement, 181^0. It wa* this work that 
brought the author undttr ihv notico of rlw 
arc:hbi»hop. and marked him out for pro* 
■notion. It was ruriiwed in llio 'Quarterly 
lleviMw,'xxiii.;;'»l,aaJby Kob^n Nans«[tT.Y.] 
in th« 'OtMilluman'a Mnc^atine,' lt>|{>, ii..'i40. 
if. ' Jimtilinition by Faith: a Courw of Lee- 
tiirfapri'iiclied bproreth.' Universily of Cam- 
bridge,' l!*l'o. ii. ' The Catholic Church : five 
Bcnnonit on th<- C^omnii- mora tion of Ihi* ICi^ 
formation,' 18341. 4. 'A Sarie^ of I^ttera 
to the ICev. Nirholas Wiieman an the Con- 
tont.'t of hi.'i IiiU' I'ublicationfi,' 2 part*, 18314- 
I8y7, I». ■ Moiitet to the Htudy of llihlical 
Literature,' l>59. 6. 'A Troatise on the 
Church of Christ.' if^ii'. 7. ' Letters to Wil- 
liam I'jiclea of Itlackbum on the Volunlary 
System,' if voU. 1844. Hi- alra published 
tu'VRralttingli'^Acrmons.intludinKonopn'ftchi^l 
tnthi! chart iKta at rtlackbuni church in IH.^, 
of which a grwnt jHimbtr were circulated, and 
he coniributf'tl a papi-r on ' .Ancient Etymo- 
logies, especially l^sllic,' to the Itritiah Ar- 
cnaMilogical AsAoeiatiun, 1650, besidca arU- 
cIm (o periodicals. 

(Oenl. Mag. 1854, ii. SOC; Monthly Notices 
oflhaKoyal ABtroMoiiiicat Soc.xv. 119; Buinna 
LaneaHliire, ed. CrosUin, iv. 11; Brit. Museara 
and DttLlin Univ. Library CalaWuca; infoma- 
lion kindiv supplied by Mr. K. P. 9i»tl, bursar 
of Si. John's ColL Cambridge.] C. W. S. 

WHITTINGHAM, CH.\KLES (1767- 
li?40), • tht: iiinrlL',' priiilcr and founder of 
lh»' Chiawiek Press, bom on 10 Juno 1767 at 
Stoki- Farm, Caludon or Calledon, in War- 
wickfihin?, three mile* from Cuventr>-, wu 
tbe youugeitl i;hild of t'harlea ^^'hiLtingh«m, 
a farmer. He was aiiprenticL>d to lUchard 
Bird, printer, bookwllcr, and Hialioner of 
Corcntry, on "Jfi .March 1770. In 1780 he 
Bet up a press iu a garret in Dean Street, 
Fetter Luik', London, and at first confined 
liimsulf to jobbing work; his plant waannoll, 
and he was his own compositor and preasman, 
olerk and oflice-boy. la 1792 he printed % 
kalf-slieet O'f an edition of VoutigV ' Night 
Thoughts' and Thomas l*aiiie'H ' Letters to 
l>undas.' By the following yam- Eiu Lad two 

I. 




fl 



Whittingham 14* 



Whittingham 



or tltree prvMcs und Imd produced b number 
of small popular rolumi-s. Kin fAmily wa« 
KoDun rntliulic, but lin iittvndcd an Angli- 
can clmrrti. The firm of Willifttu Caalno, 
Lvw-fuundiT!, hud adrancpil SO/, to Touiie 
>\liitt:»^liaiu mi commmiriiii; biuiti^ui, mid 
bv thiA limn his nnnual bill for type, much : 
nf which lit' Hold nt n prviSt, cain<< to >VK)?. 
In 171M, I'M, mid )7i>fl he pmducM b-iokfl 
of irpecimt-Q Ij-pes for Casloa. la 1795 h> 
pnatfH ihi> titlo-puKC and prefdcc to tlu^ , 
•eoond part of I'aiiie'H 'A|(;p of Itoosoa* end 
'The 'lotnrtFiuwk' ("i" IM. l"ft'>), ft liurcrly 
patriotic dailj- \mywt which va» killed bv ■ 
the «tamp<lLitv ill its hundred and thirleL>iith 
niimbrr. \Vhiltin|,'ham is ftu<\ to hikvv bvun i 
tlii'firat l''iiKli»h|trmttTt(»produwa'tiiw'or ' 
' IiidlapBpfr' edition in iha nhapenf an iMiiAof , 
Tate and Brady's ' IVImt.* in 170r. or ITflfl. | 
Thin wiw fitilowi'd bv n ]^iriivRr-b>)ok ffir.Iohn 
Bmtm of Conil Street, Striind. la 1707 he 
lwiiinTBdtnliirK«rpromi'U'*,\o. 1 1 Wn St rent. 
For fli-ptiniitAll, n bonkA4tlh>T of Flopt Rtrm»t 
and subiequently of llnlbnm, ^Vhittint;liDin 
nruilneed editions of no«w«]rfi 'Johmton,' 
itobortaon'a ' AnnTioa ' and ' ObaTle^ V,' and 
Itoffri*'* * I1<>uiiroi of Memorr/ ni« first 
aziiinplu tif a booli lUiuIrotou with wodd- 
cu[« wn-i * l*i[y'« Oifl: a Collection of in- 
tcn'Ntiiiif Ttil'.w,* priat4>d fur TLiomiui Lonf;- 
mnn in 179t*, followinl by two compuiiinn 
vnliimi-91. 'TbH VillniT" Orphan' and 'Thfl 
Itaakvt 51al(or.' TIk' bnainew i[icr«n«?d, nod 
liB cook a ao«otid hotuo in Pi'on Sin^rt and 
beeaiu<> loaaiit of a prival« residence at 

9 Paradiae Itov, lalington. In 171*1) he 
printiul Graj^'a ' rooina ' ' in a more i-loBn.tit 
alatu nf tyjKJcraphr than. theT ever before 
awiimod,' and sold tli» wholv edition tu 
Miller af Old l\rnu\ Sln-«t, and JaiuM 
Aentohonl of Avo Marin l.nni'. This work 
•eema to faavo bronchi th>^ liivinf;tiin», John 
Miirraji and all tlio lending piibliahnrs to 
liini. [Id introduced the plan of printins 
noat and compact (Mliti<ma of xtandnrd 
ftUthora In rlvalrr with the more expeiutire 
Adiliona iwued Dj Ibe bookM^Iliuj; trade. 
Thn booksctlsrs Ihrmtened to withdraw 
thMT iintronftge, but he took a mom at a 
©offi'c- tiouflp nn»! sold ihohriLiks liini^olf by 
anclion. With John Slim^w of llm Stmiid, 
and (tftcrwards of Pircadilly, li.- brou|rht out 
a ^TK3 of the ewayista. in twenty-two iient 
Tolumc*, cttll<^d 'Thf>BritishriaMic-H'(IR(W), 
Cni&rpo'a ' Ilritieh. Theotre' was the nest 
ji>int vantiire, and in li^'ioami- tho ' Britiah 
Poota,' not to bo confounded with tho Chit- 
wick vdition brouRht out aome rears later. 
In IS03 he took aiuitlior workshop at 

10 Union Ituilding:« in L^ratlier Lane, x-ncl 
adopted Che sign of the 'Stanhope Press,' 



alWr the llnl pmaa desMcned by Lord Stan- 
hopt-, which he had purdutaad. In 1807tb« 
whole business was truefiinvd lo QoamlL 
Street. Two yvu% lalwr be )itaxt«d a P'>?^'~ 
pulp manitfactorr at Chiswiek noder tha 
iiii|iHrintend<.*ncu of Thoma;) Potts. Thi\ 
biminpiis jTTcw rapidlr, and Whittinjhain. 
found it neccecary to 0%-e at Ctuswidt. IX* 
IcAMyti in 1810 the High Honte in Chicwiok 
Mall, leaving the London businees in tb* 
oharcc of Robert Rowland, who had beat 
bis loroiiian since 17dS; tbe siyte of the 
firm was Wbittinfhaai Jt Rowliand. The 
High Houco was fitted up a« a uriatin^ 
oflictt and tMcaDW the fiuuoua ChtawicK 
Press, this name beinp fint used oa an tm- 
[irint 'jf Ifill. ni« Np<>cu!atioiia incrMMd; 
tie bought leasehold property, nod waa 
partner witli John Arliss a4 atWtionvrand 
bookarllftrat WatHiie Ktrent. 

Bi>twrf>nl8I0nnd ]816he waaelAborating 
hi* methodii aa n printer of illustrated books, 
was 'the first printer to detelop fiiUr 
the overlaying of wood engraTinpi for book 
ilUistmtion,' and was the first to print 
woodcuts perfectly (Warrbs, Tke Vhnrlet 
H'MtttTiffhavu, pp.' 50-2). His inks were of 
poculiar excellence and brilliutcy. About 
1814 Triphook, the bookseller, and Samuel 
tb« editor of old 
irea». An edition 
eld* (laifi) is A 
i-bsming specimen of this period. In 181(1 
lie begun toW ' iimiticntly successful in small 
editioiui of Cotntnon Pray«r' (TiMPBRunr, 
Etu^c^op-rdia, p. 864 >. n« moved from the 
lligti uou8« in IS18 to more oommodiDiu 
premises, Ceding House, Chi^wick Mall, 
wbiob had been occupied in 10&'> by Or. 
IWby and (bn We«lrainster boy« during^tbp 
plag'UH. From 1^19 to 1831 ne was asao- 
ciatM with William Tlnshas in on enjiTaT- 
ing biuiin<>.Bs at 12 Staining Lane, Ixmdon. 
The well-known Chiswick edition of tli« 
■British Foots' (1S*2-J), in a Imndred small 
Tolume». wa« planned and entirely carri«d 
out by him. In \S'i\ bis nepbuw Cbarlat 
(17nA-18<17), who is fcmiratolv notiONl, b«- 
came a partner iu tbe tliiawick Preaa; tlwy 
diiMialvud partnership four roars afterwards, 
but r<-iiiaim«l on frii-tidlv tnrinji. .Among the 
maHterpiewffl nf Whittinirhain'a later period 
are Northcote's ' Fables' (182fl), ecoood teriea 
(1K33), thrt 'Tower M.^naeeric' (1829>, and 
companion rolumes describing the birds and 
animals at tho Zoological Gardens ( 1830-1). 
Tho engravings vrer>- ofler tbe drawings of 
William Harvey. John Thompson, Jackaoil« 
Branston, Tlinmns Williams, and others, 
workt-'d fur him lu cnifmvera. H« produced 
a great variety of albums, keepauM, and 



i»i4 1 npnaoK, tne doohsbi 
Weller Singer [q. v.l tbi 
atillion, began lo lUie his pr 
of thi) ' Vicar of WakcHe 



Whittingham 



147 Whittingham 



lauiUrorJohnPoalenndSuttaby. 'Pudila's 1 
lub* (1&34') is a fine bpwritn'-n of IiU typi*- 
repby. i-Urly in IWlii! Iiis hi'jilth bepu" to 
?Ail, and by Junu tbe nephew took ovor the 
coDirol it ChUwick, where lh« iinolt' diiid 
on A Jan. 1840. Ilu luTl, amoii^ otbor 
kigaotes, one to l;h» I'lJinmuy of Swi'ioncri , 
and ou« to the Printers' l*iMi8ion Society, by 
wbich special pvtiHionii bDoring lits numo 
weri! founds!. 

Ho marriiid Mary MiMirl, wboinvdcceased 
bini. He liad no ^hil<lr<>n. XiU portrnil, 
pttintiM) by Tboaoaa Willioms, nnw nt Hrn- 
ticmt-m' Hall, ii. r«>rrtduC(iil 11* ft frnni.ispii-M 
by Wiirwa (T/te VAarlet U'hitth'i/hcnwi). 

Il« devol'sd biiDwir t.i fim> printinfj with 
ardour and aiic-css, unrl dabbled in many 
coiDmorcial H|»-cultittuiia. AU mt.'chutiiotil 
Dovcltifs atlrarl^d him. He vru oue of 
the Snit in Kufjland to usu a atcam eapsw 
in nakinK tlio pfijH-r-piiIn, and to warm hU 
workalKips irith Mt&m pipus. U« novvrhad 
nn engine for printing, it>* hi; bi-lieved the 
hand preM proaiiccd a bfiiler ri-ault. 

llnfortnatioii rrom Mr. 11. V. St^tMia. Sea 
b1>« Warrun* Til* CJimrle" Whiitinjihiimji, Prin- 
toni{Grfilier Club). New York. 1896. wlioro oil 
tha nvnilabla Ctcts aro rtcoKU^d. vith many por- 
lnitl«. atiiacrapha. wnudcats, bliicks, and other 
illiininttoDB. Sm> also NVf> and Quvriv*. 3rd 
•w. X. 91, Sth »«x. T. SSO, Hth »er. ix. 387, 
4U. 47a; F«ultner'» Hi»t. of Cliinwipk, p. 4fl9 ; 
Ni'hnUi's LiLenr>' Anocdotc*, iii. 469,noa Illiw- 
miioiis, riii. 4«'J, A12 ; Bigmoro and Wyman'a 
DiMi<>t;r. of I'riDtinf;, vol.iti. ; Linton'alVU.iLvra 
of Wood EnffTariu?. 1889, pp. 181-2; Briliil 
BoolcTankcr. ^oplomiwr IS&O.] H. R. T. 

WHITTrNOHAM, ('IIAKL!':S (imS- 
IS'tV), 'the nfiph->«*,' printor, nephew of 
CharlM WhitlinRlmm (17H7-1&40) |>|, v.], 
vftts born at Milchom, Riirrvi'y, on ."«> Oct. 
irW. Hid father, Samuel, brother of tbp 
elder CharW, wa* a nurwryman. Youne 
"Whit t!ni;boni,alwa_vikDowQos' the nephew, 
wa* np]tTt^nlic«'d at the age of lifVe«n to bia 
imrlr, who had paid for In* i-ducalion undvr 
till* Ititv. John KvaiiH of lulingttin. lib waa 
aade a frwman ofthp C'otnpniiy ofSlationera 
1817, and lb" following yt^nr lji« titicl" 
ent him to Paris with lett'-Ta of intrfidiiction 
tho Didots. One rwult of the visit was 
lit) iiroduclion on bis rvlnni of AVbittlnj?- 
luais 'French Clawica' bv tbn Chijiwick 
A BeriM of ' Pocket Novels' was also 
tasiKid iud»r bin enpurvieion. In 1824 liii^ 
ItiuJe took him into pnrtntmbip, and thev 
timed * KnirkerlKJclier's New York' (lft24j, 
^i^src*! Egjin'* ' I.ifu of an Actor' (IftiJfl), 
■Bf'h • .Shakes Ilea re,' in tfin volume-* ( 1 ^^26), 
F nany othvr booka. The partneratiip was 
diasfitrea in 1828, and the younger Wbit- 




tingluuDHlBrted a priutine office at 21 Toole's 
Court, ('})anci*rv tanc. Ilia flnt. work, 'A 
Stinday Book.' bears the dat« of 1820. lie 
wbortlv afterwunU made the acquaintauco of 
Haail Nfontagu, through whom he knrw Wil- 
liiim Pickoriap Tq. t.], (bo bookseller, u li/o- 
liingftiend and lu^ociatc in the productiou of 
many choice volumes. They uow lie aid« 
by Hide at Ki-ntal Grt-cn ctimelery. .\uioDg 
the earliest of bi:i books wero Poole's * Worla^ 
( H^2l*), ' The IJijou, or Annual of liiteratnio 
and thtj. Art)?, 'Walton "a 'AngliTj'tliP 'Canter- 
bury Tales," Haeon'K ' W\irkK,' and Holbein's 
'Dance of Death.' In cnnjunrtion with 
Pifkfring \w Iind mimy wotKlcut initial 
lettera and omnmenla deAign«>cl or adapted. 
Kr did not attempt to rival his uncle oa 
a printer of ilhutratod books, but aimnd nt 
distinction iu Ieiterpn;ii!i and originality in 
woodcut omsments and initials, 111 the vui- 
pl'iynn-nt of flnr ink and huud-madf? paper, 
and in the artistic arrangeoieut of th>.- pagi'a 
and margins. 8onte bookfl illuatrali'd by 
(itorgv and Jiuburl Crulkehank uauie from 
Took a Court between IS.'iO and \BX.V On 
the dvath of hia undo in 1S40 the entire 
buitintrai paitHnd into tlii' liaudK of the younger 
\Vbittiui;b&m, who carried on the works at 
Chisuick ns well as at Tonk's Court until 
IMi^, and the bonks prinliMl at both places 
bear the imprint of Cliiswick I'res''. Li 
1840 \\e commenced block colour printing in 
Shaw'H'ElizabtflhanAiuhitcCturu publldied 
in 1843. Some of the finest niMimena of 
bis work ara to b« found in Sbaw'a piibli- 
ciilionn. i'irkfring innurd frnm \»% tipw 
premises at 177 Piccadilly in 1841 a prayer- 
i»ook, (ini) of (be first of the many fine onia- 
mpnlnl voliimpa prinlod for him by Whit- 
tingham. hfamn^^l Itogera came to the Chis« 
wick PrcM for tha 'ISotes' to bia 'Italy* 
(1S-I3J. 

The years ISJ-t and 1844 were of great 
iinporluni!':; in the annals of tlio ChtHwick 
Pn-*tt, uA tlu*y marknd tbtt introduction of 
the old-feflhioned style of book production 
for which Wliittingliam and fiunry t^Ie 
Wire rhiefty rMponsihle. In 1843 Whit- 
tingham persuaded Coslon to revire an old- 
facrd fount of grcM primer cut in 1720, and 
an Ktoa prln; '.luvenal' was prinivd fiir 
Pickering and the ' Diary of Lady Wil- 
loughby' for Longman iu this letter (1&44 ; 
W^- art. lUTHBO^tK, HiJTSAH MaRT; cf. 
Heed, Old Bi^luh Letter Foundries, 18S7, 
p. 2J>'' ; ^i'jl" "111 Qutrifjt, Rfh wr. ix, 4L5, 
472). lie printed Pirkering's fine repro- 
ductions of the first editions of the ' Com- 
mon Prfty<?r' in 18.44, In 1848 ho licwimc a 
liveryman of the Company of Stationers. 
The 'leftM at Took'a Court expiral In l»41], 

I. 2 




Whittingham 



and Cor tlirMjreani ftll his pnntinjT WM cutimI 
on At Chiswick. In IS52 fas Mumetl to 
tht pntaif** tt Tnok'a Coun. which havp 
RDUiwd Uw Ohiswick Vrtss down to the 
pte*eat day. Amoof; \he Ul^r fine work* 
than pnot«d ouy bemrntionL'd the rolumra 
of tlM> Fhilobiblon Socielv. Lord VemcMi'a 
'Dute'(]fi&4),«DdUie •hreriarium Abet^ 
ioMmo' (1804). In ISM AMiitUngbajDi 
hat his wife and hU friend Pi.-k^nnir. and 
in 1600 took hi* tiMnft|nrr, John ^'ilhins 
(J. 1S69), inin partwTiJiip, And rMirul from 
Mtire work. Tho bonoeM subaequentljr 
Mated to Mr. G«org« Boll, tho vdHmown 
Loodoo publLsber. The ChUwick Pioi hu 
largely contributed to raUn- th« atondard of 
Enniili prioUoir in tlwf nincifviith ecmtnr^-, 
and it* praductiooH ar>! ai <Ii!>ttuc(it'« m 
ebaracter m those of Ba^kfin-illp. 

Wbiuio|7h«m diitl >.<n '21 April 1^:70. lie 
waa teamed in the history of tlii> art of 
printing, of printing ink, and of the nuou- 
factuni nf pH[»i-n. Ilt^ waa nithvr bruaane 
and severe in manner; flj-Stihiiw' was liis 
relaxation. His portrait, painted by Mrs. 
Fumival, U now at KtAt inni-nt* llnll. 

Ue married, in 18'^, Eleanor liuUej {d. 
ISAi} of NottinghotD, who bore him five 
chiMren— William, Charlotte, Kliubcth 
Bleanor, Jane, and ChnrlM John — all of 
wliom wt-n; for muiy years conm;ctwl with 
the Chiswick Pn^Ks, Ihf dait^itir* applying 
tbttiimlvea to the ]it«rary and artistic de- 
|>artn)«nta. Eltcabetb died in 1867. Char- 
lotte married Mr. B. F. Stevena, who was 
Bpartner in theCliixwick PreftsfTom January 
1872 to Auriuft I«76. Charlotte and Kli«a'- 
bvCh were ^ueated as artists, and from their 
dofligns came the gmatcr part of tbo ext^n- 
aire collection of hofden, monograms, head 
and tail pieces, and ether eml^lliahmesla 
8liU precL-rved and used. Tho engraver of 
moRt of the (Huamental wood-blockit was 
Mary By6flld (rf. 1871). 

[InfonnittioD froiiiMr.6.F.StaT«as. Seanlso 
WarTen'! Thn CharLea WhittinithnRia, Print*r« 
(Orwlier Clob), Now York, 18B6; Bignian aod 
WTioa&'a Uibliognphy of I'rimiai;. vol. lit.; 
Atbonamm. 19 Ane.. 2, Sept. 1H76: BrJtuh 
llooknwikcr, Sppt^mlur 18fl«.J H. B. T. 

WHITTINGHAM, Sir SAMTTEL 

FOUI>(I77l'-lK4l). whose Chrialian nainwf 
were contmcU-d by himiu^If and bin friends 
into ' Samford,' liButenimt-genfiml, uldtr son 
and aocond child of William Whitringlinm 
of Briittol, wait bom at. Ilrislol on 29 Jan. 
1772. Samunl Ford was educated at Bristol 
and was intmulijd for tli-H law. llelermined 
to b« a soldier, but unwillinf; to oppMu hia 
AtWs wisliet during' his lifetime, he en- 



teral t«npatmt4lT ih^ mercanTi!- 1i<^>i*t> of 
lii* brolhet^-law, irarellint; - , ain. 

In 1787 be was enrollerl ai ' i the 

mounted Talasteen,a force organised atsauc 
the wealthier dtiEMuonachreatened French. 
iBTaaton. On his fatbo's dentil, on 1^ 8«pt. 
1801 (ued (M)>, at Earl'a Mead, Bri-tol, 
Samfoit^ who was in i^pain, becaime iadc- 
pcndr^tit, and look titt-pa lo enlvr tho anar. 
f^n his return to England he wasgafettpd 
enjiign on 20 Jan. 1803. He bought a lieu- 
K'nanoy on 36 Feb^ and was brought intu 
the let lile guards on 10 March the umo 
vear. He went in the military college at 
lliglt Wycomt>:i. and joined his K^iment ia 
I^oodoa towards the <md of 1801. Intro* 
dncfld byTbomaii Murdoch, an infiatntial 
merchant, to William i'itt, then prime mini- 
ster, as an oBcer wbiMW knowledge of the 
Spnnisb language would be useful, Whii- 
tingliam was aent by Iltt nt the end of I^J 
on a Bwrnt mission to the Pt-'aiOAula. and 
during alnt-nn; iiroinoled. on 14 K«b. l^V, 
to be captain in (he 'JOlh fool. On hia return 
hewmsoompltmvntedby Pitt.nndon IS June 
1600 he wu transferred to the iTomnund or 
a troop in the 13th light dragoons. 

On la Nov. IrOil 'VMiit ting-ham aailed 
from I'urmmouih as deputy-assistant quarter* 
master-general ortbeforcf!, under Bngadier- 
ffunllI«ll^Jbu^ Cratifurdtq. v.l tulfloaedfisc 
Lima; bul •m arriral at the Cape of G 
Hope on lo Marrb 1807 its destination wks 
changed, and on l.t Jiim^ it rr«ched Monti-- 
video, recontlvcaptun^bySirSamu^'l.^iwli- 
muty [q.v.] (General John Whitelocke [<|.v.l 
had arrivod to take command of the con* 
bined forcM, and as AVhittingham's auJl 
oppointment ceased on tho oma^nunation of 
tUD foroeSi \Vhitclockv made biu an ultra 
aidO'.de^aoip to himself. Ue look part in 
the dtssslruus attack on Buenos Ayres and 
tn thn capitulation on 6 July, and wili^l for 
England on 80 July. He gave evidence 
before the general coiirl-martinl, br which 
\\Tiit-plnrkp was tried is I^ondon in February 
and MarchlSOK, Owing to ht^ hariagserTM 
on WhilelocJte's personal slalT, Wnittiiy;- 
hiim's pcsition wais a delicate one; bot ha 
acquitted himself with discretion. 

whittingham was iramcdiately aAer* 
warda appointed deputy-aaaiBtunt quarter* 
mustar-geniml on tliu i^iatV of the amy in 
Sicily- On arrival at Gibraltar, boweTor, be 
actoa tempornrily as asiOFtant military ae«e- 
tary lo Li'-Hti-nantogenursI 8ir H«w^ Dst* 
rymple [q. t.], the governor, and, hMTing of 
nproj"cli.vl campaign of the .Spaniards under 
Don Kavif^r Caataflos against the Frencb, 
obtained leave to join Castaiios as a volun- 
teer, with inslTUCtiona to report iu detail 



I 



laillO M 




Wbittingham 



Dalrpnpla on tbo pro^ra«t of sITiura. This 
vpaciol duty wax u|>[iit>Mr<l fixiui Lome on 
a July lf^)H, andon the l^th of the same 
miinth U'liittinjtlinni w-ak R|;potiitvd a d«- 

!)iirj-AAsi!<titiit qiianermasler-i^ni^ral to tlie 
QTce under Sir Arthur Wetlesley, but wus 
ordeft><I to rnnttm wjili CMttinoa. Hi* look 
put under La I'uiia on It! July 1806 in Uw 
victoriuuH battk' of Ituvli-u, and for his wr- 
Tice* wa« mulu a colonel uf cavulry in the 
Kpautub army on '20 Juh . 

On hi» recoTBT? from a sDrisro uttaclt of 
rhauinatic ftrv«r, Whittin|fbfuu whh unlit tu 
Senile an a misflian from tJic Ihike nfln- 
bntadu, and in b'>'briinry \SOif jaincd the 
amy oofm of The Dukti nf Albiu^iierque in 
La Msncna, where h» took yut in euvenil 
ca^'alry al&irs with »aeU di-'linction Thiit ho 
waa promoted to bn bricAdier-i^ciicnLl in ihe 
Hpsnisb army, to date trom :i Mnrch lHW. 
He wan pr«-*ent at the buttle oi Mcdclliii on 
5?8 51ar(!ii,wln'n ibt- Snaninli gf'iivral Cin;fltit 
wn* (li>fwiT«d by till' I'rencli geiierul Xictor, 
Oa l]ii» Oicat'vm Whittiiigliiiiu ri><formvd tbu 
routed cavalry and led ihi^m aifniiut Lbn 
iiatimy. He ivpurted constantly inrviughout 
tbe*e campaiiinit tn Lint BritiKb inininli^ in 
Spain, John Huokham FrerEtfi^i. v.l,Oinio thti 
.ClJit« and opt^ratiunit of th<< Stianiali rLmiy. 

A abort Ump previoiw to Wwllesloy's od- 
Tanct^ into Spain Whittinf(ham ioint'd the 
Britisii hfud'^ uurtors on thL- frontier of I'or- 
tuftal, and bucatot.- thv luvdiuin of i:oiiiiuuui' 
fntion with the Hpaaiitli general (jiii--«iia. 
Uu '2'* July at TalavLni he was avxervly 
wiiundt'd when giilbititiv brin^ini; iiti two 
tipanish battalionx to iKp attack, aiiu was 
turnt lont'd in Sir Art bur WpUi-alin' V deapatch 
or:itt July ISW. He went to Seville lo re- 
cover, and livud »ilb the liriti^h minister, 
liord Welli>t*lL-y: f-mployinp himself durinif 
hia convaleAcence in rramlHtiii^f llundoss 
' Cavalry Movement-s' into Spanish. He was 
promoti'd to b« major-gentiral in tho Spanish 
army ou \2 Aug. 

On the a])poiiitinent of Ca^taiios to bt- 

Captain-}j;tfn<?rul uf Aiiduliixia, Whiltingliani 

Iwcanii' im« of his genernlH of diviwon. At 

I»ia-d>vl.vun. -kvbithorlH' w<'nt bySir Aribur 

"Wellfisley 'a direction tn SM'stJi^ncml Vencgns 

Mbout the defence of Cadiz, he wa&giveo the 

aBdofthL' 8pnni»li cavalry, which hu 

elled upon Uritisb linea. 

H\'hittiDeham M-rred in command of n 

force of SpSiiinh cavalry and iufiinlry undt-r 

PL« I'ena at the battle of Harrosa, on riManb 
ISn, and kept in check a Krencb corps ol 
cavalry and nifnntry nbicli attijmptvil to 
turn the Barosaa h*eif;ht^ by the seaiTard 
l^^aide. In June be went lo I'ulma, Majorca, 
^Brrjtli the tide of inspeetor-^neral of divi* 



K 




tioQ, and, in spilo of the oppoeitinn and in- 
lr^ue« of Iktn Un'^irio <. iii-sla, captain- 
gnneral of the naWric Ulands, raised a 
cavalry corps two thuuMod strone, and 
established in Kebruaiy IKl:! a college in 
Talmafor the tmiuiog of officers and cadeta 
at hiA division. 

Oa 21 July lal-J the Majorca division 
embarked for thf eoatern coast of Spain to 
co-operati; with ihvlruupH under Lord Wil- 
liam itt-utiuck from Sicily. In (Vtuber 
VVbittin^liamH corps (increased to seven 
thuuHiuid) wiiH eniployeil on outj^o^t riiity 
with its heJidijuarterii nt Munhaniiel, three 
milvM from Alicante. In Mareh 1^18 Wbit- 
tincham wa^ (ippolnttil initiX'Ctor-gc-noral nf 
botb (he cavalry' aiid iiitautri' troops of his 
division. He wan engaged on tlu- 7lb of the 
mniitli in tlie niltiir of Xe^nna, and oti the 
loth in the lUFair of ConceaCavBa woe 
wounded by a mualiet-ball in tne riffht 
cheek, and was on both occa^ionH muiit 
favourably mentioned by Kir John Murray 
ill dutpatctH'«. On 13 April be took part in 
the victorious! bnlLli! of t?i<-->lii1Iu. and waa 
again mentioned in deepatdtes. When Mur- 
my invo»t«l Tarnigonit on SJtinc Whitting- 
ham'ti divbiioQ orcnpii'd tliu litfit. < >n Suchet'a 
ndvaniw to nlieve the place 'Wbittingbum 
vainly sug^sted to Murniy that a corpn of 
observation should be loft before Tarragona, 
and that Murray abould move to meet 
tiuchet with all his force. Thu eiuge wua 
raised [sou Mtriut, Sin Joiix, ITtW!'- 
laiT]. Murmy was relieved in command 
i)f thi^ army br l.oni William llMnlinckinnd 
\\'luttineham covered the mrri-at, checking 
nnd Topiilsing the French column in pursuit, 
and joining thu main army again atCambril^ 
In July be was ^fiyen thu command of the 
Ciivalry of the socond and third army corps 
in addition i<i hii> o»'n divixiun. 

In March IHU WhittiuftbameacortodKinp 
Ferdinand VI [ in bid progress to Madrid, 
and wo* prr'wnltid with a luoanie anuH'box 
by the king, who on It! June 1H14 promoted 
bim to be livutenunt-genernl in the ^pani*b 
armv. On 4 June Wellington wrote from 
Mnarid to the Duke of York, in anticipation 
of Wbiltiugbam'a return home; 'He ha^ 
bened moit xeulously and gallantly from tho 
commencement of the war in the pcnin^oln, 
aiid I have bad uvcry mo^on tu be satisfied 
with bis conduct in evt^ry niluation iu which 
be ba>> been placed.' AVhitlin^-liam waa pro- 
mutrd til )»• I'lilonrl in llin llritiiih army and 
appuinKd aide-dt?-camp To the prince regont 
from tbw date of W(>[lnigtonV inlter. 

In January nnd Ftiliruary IBliI Wbitting- 
ham gave evidence in Loudon before thn 
general ccurt-martial for the trial of Sir John 



Wlutdi^liam 



»5» 



Whittinghani 



fiftft»i 



riflim 






HyyWiHiJiywTomaifciitiMi 

ife w aad afta^iBd npaniar d« ha H 

Spn wiik tk urtiwar flfd oaki is la 

iWfiiiiMwifcrtUflariMh KiiiiMiia 
lIlMlIlij li^lii till TT|iMiifc III I'll I ifcil 
«f M«f iIlMni i»gmam his nak iathi 
fl^MMhtiMT.' nafdvweaaaaa&adhaM 
nAucid by loBiiw, Ukd he via at tUt ttate 
a pogr owa wUk ui mcnMag fa afly . B« 
mmt*d at Dominica on S9 Nami ISSOL Oa 
lu dvpanon to uke up tbt apfaiatBaat, 
dklad A Dd. 1631, of qaaitcniMier-MMtBl 



rcaideot prnffrieton of estates in thv Ulaad 
nra him a aword of bonoar. On his Brriral 
lo KnjitaiiJ br wu made a lui^t oowmaoder 
of the II>nov«ma (tudpliic order, 

Wbittin(;bain RachwfCaLcatta un 2 Not. 
182*2. He »M Inuy in lf«24 witli the pc»- 
uanLions fur ihi expedition to Ava, aaa in 
SVrVKmber of lii«l v«ar wilh (he Banackpur 
motiaj. (>n 27 Juy ISiS be waa proiDoted 
to ba iDajof-ttmuFral, ralainlnif hi* appotat- 
nwni a« qu«it4.Tm«at«T-gftienl until a rotn- 
iMnil becane ravant. He look part ta tli« 
■imn of Bkartpiir, wa> slightly wouDdml on 
18Jbd. I^:.'6,but waipKamt'at tbecapKire 
oa thn It^tb. lie was nada a knight rom- 
»and«n- of the order of the Bath, miliiorjr 
divijiiun,on30D«c., fiirhiJi iiervic««at llhart- 
pur, and rnnolvM th« thanks of tfas House 
t}( Vammnna. In Fi'bnianr ll*27 Iw v.n» ap* 

giintai) to cnmiBand the Cawnnor«> divison. 
n 1 Nov, 1^40 ha waa tran«Tl-rr«l to the 
Miral cninmand, on (n[«hanfr<^ with ^ir Jfl-iper 
Nii-holl, HiH Icnuri- of coimQuncl camv tn 
an ond in Auj^imt 1WJ3, nnJ he then nct*d 
tcn3|>oriu-ily u tnilitarr nvcnMurr ut Iilj» old 
Ootumitndor, i^rd Wiliiiuu Buotinek, the 

Kvuinor-(CL'n'>fnl, with whom ho n.>cunit.'d tu 
Iffland in ]KVf. 
Oaarriral in England in Juljhewiu near 



A WiUiaa Xapier. m 
oonai^rKl thtl 
Smmt iai caai «■ tka tiaaniih troopa in 
kb ^Ommy^ iW War is tba Finiasoh.' 
tal thr ■■>* vaa an^Miid br Sir Rnftns 
DhA^ laOWahw IMaWhiuiDgbani k*s 
wmftmaai la ■!• een^aad of t hi ■ {(net* in 
taa Wiaiwial aad l«««ard I«ian4» of Iks 
V«« ladMa. Bm aaikd for Barbadoa oo 
S Otae, «i& the laol. acbaoged in a tevr 
aaiaka tm (be Mteantivc;, rank nf Ueu- 
b 8nit«Ba»r 1630 bo wu 
tka eo^iaiad of the Slndnu army ; 




on 1 Aog. l&tO, aad 



_ on IB Jan. 1^1 
■witk ailitan- bononm ai Ffirt 
Oaa^ «• A* taBvwmg day, salutea b«U)ff 
fcod « the ftiaeipal wliiary stations ot 
tkmjnmiimtf. AtiyBttohuin»>niorTinu 
|laM ia Aeganiaoa ckoreb, Madras. 

^niltia|AaB ■artiiid at Gibraltar, in 
J^mrw ISM)^ Doaaa Magrfalwin, elder of 
tvia im^ittma ti Tkm nAn de Creus t 
XisMMi. iataadaat of tbe Spaaish nyat 
aiBtes, W wboB Iw had a largie family, oad 
•vmal M Idb Boaa irnv in thv army. 

lA'kiUiafhan pnblithMi m 1^11 '• Primeca 
Put» dt la Tactaea d« la Cabnllerin loftleca 
tndadda.' Bto, aad in ISlii 'A By«t«m of 
Vaaeeatna ia Two Lines: ' also * A SyBtan 
of Cavmlry MaoivuTrea in Lin«>.' London anil 
Madrid, dra. He waa tbe author of wT^ral 
UDiMibliabad papen on military and political 
suWeta, which an is poaseeaion of th^familr, 
A UBt of then is giran in lha*Ucnioir of 
Whiltiagham'a SoTioea'(lB6B), wliit^h bj>i 
aa Cronttipiecea portrait engrainiid by IL Ad- 
lard from an original mmiaturw. 

[Wht OfficA IlsMiHs; D*qMt<'b««; Rojal 
Vimarr Cal. 1830; QanL Hoa. 1811 ; Mamoir 
nf (ho NcTTiMs of Sir SMaatT Ford Whiuing- 
biim, Ac, edttad by Maf<v>f[«D«riU Fcnlinam) 
Whitungham, CD., flro. Londni. 1868. new mIIi. 
Mme T<«r; Routhfy's PealnnilAr War; Wau't 
Bill). Brit.; AUibooea Diet, of Enitlbh Lit.; 
Cnnuon'* Boftimen'sl Beconbof tha ilalHijib- 
land Light InfMiry.] R. H. V. 

WHITTDiOHAM. WILLIAM i IMIf* 
]571)|. dean of Iturham, bom at OliiMtcr 
about 1521, tvt« sun urWilUum Whitliuff- 
liftRi, In- hiH wife, a daufflitfT of Haugbtnn 
of naii^blon ( Ha;;lil on 'l Tower, I^ncasbirv, 
n county fmrn wliii-Ii th« Whittintibam* tin- 
^nally rame (I'Uitation of t'heJiAtrf, Ilarh 
Soc. p'. 24i*>. In 1->10, mt the ipe of six- 
teen, be ontt-rcd Brftii>no*e Colly's)-, Oxford, 
iifl a commoner. Kradiiaiiiig B.A. and beinif 
ducted fellow of All Souls' in 1546. In IMi 
till bceamu soiiior student of Christ Churdt, 
commencing M.A. on 5 Feb. 1547-9, and on 
17 May IfifiO he was granted IcaTS to trsnl 



( 



^ 




Whittingham 



m. 



^' 



tfaie yww. fl« wwit to Frwicf, where 
Ke spent bU lime chinQy it tlii^ iiTiivifi.titv ol' 
OrlinnB, but he gJ»o fUttedLyone aud ft u-lwi 
: Pwiii. wben^ his ftt'tvicea m intcrprttttr 
ore oflen niquiFed b^ ibe Kiigli«Li nm- 
^or. Sir John Mojod [h, t,] or SirWil- 
ikoring [a. v.] Towards thu (-nii 
of looS be visiied tbe uuireniittisa in der- 
maiiy^ndQeiiL'TH, and, prabublyst tbo cln«< 
of bin tbrae y««r*' liave, rplurnwd t'.i l''iiif- 
tand in May lAfiS. Whittinghnin bad adnptod 
tmiiH prot-sUint rtows, aad tlii> uccvssion 
Qiii^en Mnry niinrd hi* proapiict* for thtt 
tiiD«. Late in August, bowevvr, he io*de 
t&ureeuion, which wrtA iiltimulcly siicc<;>»- 
ftil, for the raleaet! of Pt-tfi' Miiriyr [*(r« 
VCRUIGLI. PlGTRO MkRTlItE' ; but ttfli^r a 
f«w vrKi>k* be hiii»i.-lf f»CApud wi(b difficulty 
by way of Dover lo Prune**. 

In tba 8pnaf( of IbiA the project wra 
«tarl«d of making Fruikrort thuecclouuli* 
cal ccnlre fat the Kni^liah i-.xilt^ on the con- 
tinrnt, uudWbillingliain waff one of xhs 6rsi 
who n-nc)i*>d t.hi- cily on '27 Juiiii li'xVJ, 
and 8t oncu sent out i'nTilnlioni' tn ex)!^.<i in 
olbflr otiiw let join tbeni [swWhubhbsd, 
UivtuJ. I>if1ic!iiliieA.4'ion nmm betweun those 
wbowiKhed to UK Kd ward Vt'BHcond prayer- 
book wiihout mftt^rial mrKiificntion ana those 
led by Wbitlingbam nnd Kiinx, who con- 
aid^rM C-alvinism the piiwst form of Cbrw- 
tiuuity, and iu^t^tvd on revii^iag tbu prayor- 
book in that din^:lioti. WbiltingbKici wa» 
COS itf tbuet! sppoinled to draw up a wnine- 
book, nnd in- prficiirpil a lcM»r froiii CVIvin, 
dated 18 Jan. liWf-'i.wliirh won oversionii' 
«f the wavering ndlierentti of tba prayer-book i 
tln' cotDpromJMi iulrrpl*;d wii» rudflj dit^ 
bed by tb« urrival of Ittebsrd Vox [<|. v.', 
OVHUiuiicoinpromi&iiig champion of the 
yoAyotA. In tbo Du»iiin^ Blruggk' U^ 
t<n Knox and Ci^x Whitiiiigham was 
v»i'« chit'f KupjMjrltT, but hi' fuilud lo ]HT- 
nt Knox'n expuUion (Vom Fmiilifjrl on 
I March, and is thpreiinon mid lo have 
vrn in hi* inib""iini to tli(? ffjrm of diiircli 
vpnunent ta^lablinbod nt Frankfort undtr 
ix'» inHusncv. Tie wiih, however, pro- 
indly didMtisftcd with it. and about 
Sept. in the same year he followud Knox 
to QentTa (Original Ij«lter*, I'arkur t>ic. p. 
760>, He v;*i» bimNelf probably the author 
of the detailed account of tb^ »trugiflr>, >•■»• 
tilled 'A IiriL<fl' l>i(>cour« olT the TroubW 
be|(Onne at FranrkfunI in (K'rnianv. anno 
Domini 1554. Abnwia t\w Bonke niT Cnm- 
mon E*riiyiT nnd CVri^nrnn ii.-*, inid cootiDUi'd 
the Fngli.tbe mftn th<*yi» (rtih>nd« off t^, 
anV« Itiiignr,' (•"•'i, 4lo. It bears nopWe 
'printer's name, but wat printt>d probably 
at Geneva, and in the eame type u Cart- 



wright's tract«: onv copy of the original 
edition U datr^ HUi.xxiv. It waa ri>printi.-d 
ot l^ndon in 1(DJ, -Ito, in vol, ii. of ' The 
I'hrnix; 17U8, 8vo; Oj^in iu ]84ti. J^vo (ed. 
M'Crieti and in vol. it. of ' Knox'a Works' 
(ttuiinatvnp ClubK It i* the only full ac- 
cuunt of lbt> Mrugglc axtonl, but it« valuo 
is impairvd by ita polfmical object (iiei> alao 
M'CbiB. prefC to reprint of 1^40; MuT- 
i..\XD, Jl*»ai/ii 01* thr JiffiirmaCt'"*, liM'J, pp. 
IIM, lOa, 196; EnslUh Hut. lO-c. x. 4;»- 
411). 

Meanwhilf nn Itt Dee. Ififii^, and again in 
Pwrmber 155<J,A\TuttinHham was elected a 
'wninr'nr idiii-r of Uw church at ficneva; 
on ift Dee. IMH be was appointed dnicon, 
Diid in looK bo ttuccei-diKl Kuox 8s minister. 
Uu had bilbvrlo receivi-d no urdination of 
any l<ind,(ind dwlurwd tliat bewa.-" litt«?rfor 
civil employment than for the ministry, but 
Ilia rvlnclaiicu was ovvreuiiiH by CaUiu'o 
insistence. On .Man's death mi»t of ibn 
t'SlU'H at Geneva rviunied to Kngbiiid, but 
Wbittiiighiini n^mniniid to oocapUilv tbe 
tnineioiiiin of the '(Jent-va' or 'Bre-chea' 
bihli', lu it is <i(t(sn CallwJ, 'breeches' being 
the rendfriiignf rhit word iiRually Imnslatea 
'aprons' in Genesis iii. 7. He had already 
produced a vurwon of tho New Testament, 
wbieh wa» iesuMl at Uvneva iu l^o by 
Conrad Radius on 10 June 1637, but. lliw 
dillfra from tliit version included in tba 
' Ureechea' bible, for whicli, an wril iii> for 
the prefatory address lo the reader, Whit- 
tingham is gvnernily bi>ld to be raainlr nt- 
.-ponaible. He nl.in took jiarT. in the reviHton 
of the Old Te6tnuieDl, and the fact tbnt he 
n>inntued bi-bind to BUpcrvJM the completion 
of ibe work when rooiit of thv iraiiAlators 
returned to Ens'lund probably justiltes hia 
claim to (lii< mo»l impurtaut part of the 
work. Thii ver*ion of the Bibln i« in many 
respi:ctff nulablB; the old bliick-letter type 
»aN iil>amlum<<l for Ttiilinii cbnractprK, Ibe 
cttapterB were for the first time divided into 
vrrw*, and it was printed in quarto instead 
of in folio. It was in n way a ninnifesto of 
the Calvinifits; (he apocrypha was for the 
first time omitted, as were tho names and 
days of »aiiitt> froui ihe tfalomlur preliiiod, 
and the mtioal and explanatory noiea were 
of a pronounced CalrinislicchDracter. It was 
printed at (Jhiihvh by Howbiad Hail in IfifiO, 
and at onno became tho moHt popular version 
of Lilt- Itibic ill ['iiiglntid. Some uttly f^dilions 
were publiflhed before the apTwaranci* of the 
autborise^l version in I'll I, four times the 
nninlior of tlio (^dition.t of the biiilvopi^' biblo 
produced in ISti^H to counteract the puritan 
tendencies of thu (ienrvsn version. Fven 
after lOU its voguu wu oot oxhatutod, ten 




Whittingham 



15a Whittingham 



' «ditiaii« appfsrinff b(>tw«>n tbat data and 

[IfMO. It vnu tliQ bible on wbicb it>o«t 

f^^tliAhi^'-'B '!> Kliubfthnn Kn^^lnnd -nvn 

brought up, Bsdeven after tlu.* appeanuioe 

of the aulhon»«H Tmiou contitiUL-d to be the 

fiiTouriie biblu in pamau houMlioIde. 

[le*iilcfl tbe truiiiUtion of tba Bible, Wbil- 
tiogtiAm whilL- at {■(.■■nuva turned into mutrv 
viu-ioim of (lie I'jttilmii. S^veii of llumn wvre 
inrluded among ttis fifty-one paalma pub- 
li»Uvd >it (Inmtvit in ITiM u pnit ni th« 
Senriee-bookwbictiW'bitlinfclukmandhiacnl- 
leagUM bad bwn npp»mtvd to dnw up at 
Fmnlffort ; the oihwj were revisiHl vfrwons 
ot Stemtiotd'a psalms. A meirical render^ 
ing of thfi T«n ComiuandiiicntM br Whit- 
tingliam u a|>p«nded. Anotber eJjlioii in 
]fiG8,nowlMt,iB believed to have containMl 
iim<< fnwh psaltna by Whiuinftham ; llieM 
wtrv- reprinwd lii the cditiuu of 1661, to 
vrhicli NVhinitiKhftin alfta contribute a reT" 
fiion of tbt} ' ^^o^f( vt i^imcon ' and two of tbe 
I,nni'« I'rnver(fi)r other editions we JlTLtAIt, 
I>j>;. of Jipmtu'lo^y, ])p. &57-61>. BeMdi>e 
tbe»o Whitlitigltnin trnnilBlml fiuir pi>Kliii!> 
in tho SnotlUh p^itT, wlitcli do not appuar 
in any English edition. ' His inflti«iic« on 
the praltor wut, in iJitt flmt plnce, that of 
BcboJarly revision of tbe work of Sternbold, 
and of llopkins'a wTOn early piwlmii from 
kla knowledgtt of Hobr«w; and, in tbv 
iPnTond, iotilAlion of French melrea ' (»S. p. 
BBl). WbitiinK'liam nlso wrote n preface 
to IliillfvV ' Brii'f DeiTlarntinn of tlwi ijiird'ii 
Supper' (Geneva? 1550, Hvot, revised for 
preoa KnosV work ou prede»tin»lion, which 
yew ptibli-'hed at (ifneva in 1B(S0 (K^ox. 
Wvrk*, Haiinntvnp (.'liih, v. l.'>* iiqOi a"d 
contributed a <io(Hcatory cpinllt' to Good- 
man't *Ilow Siiperi'ir I'owerB oughl to be 
obeved ' (tieneva, IftaS. Hvo), in which vifWs 
Hitailar tu Knox'i^ wen- aduplt'd with r^fard 
to (lip * mjfiment of woini-n. 

UliiLtintrbam tonk formal leave of the 
council ilC Uiiinjva on -"JO ,\Inv IftW (extract 
intm eounril-honk in Oriffinat /./•rtfr*,l'arkfr 
Soc. p. "65 V.) Soon nftT bis return to 
Kn^Iflnd ho wa* in January 13fiO-l af^ 
pointed to Hlt«nd on Fntiicio UuMcll, sncoiid 
•Mrl of Bedford, during his embaasy to the 
French ooun. In tbr following year hn bu- 
(■7iitjn clmpUin to Aiiibrusf l>inll>-y, t^rl nf 
"Warwick [tj. v.', and ono of the ministers 
at Iluvrt* or Nfwlinvr-n, whicli w«» llw-n oe- 
riiniM hy the Eiifjlish under Warwirk. His 
relij{ioii» teal, find other wrvices of a more 
wnrtik'' cliaricti-r at the nii'pcof iiavro, won 
him peneral praJae (oee t'nt. tflate fapert. 
For. I'jtH-It, pusflim) ; but Cecil was obliged 
10 couipkin of bi« ncgli^i of coufurmity to 
tbe English pray«r-book {Otmiten JUitcel- 



ilffiijr, Ti. 14-1 Ji). Neilber biaporilanisDibow- 
evvt, nor the dialikv Kltiabetb l«lt toward* 

him for his aliarv in OAodniana book pre- 
venttid bin buine collated ou Iti July 1903 to 
the dc«n«7 of l>iirliam, a promotion which 
he ow«d to tbe itrenuoua <iupport of War- 
wick and Leicester. On his way to Durham 
Ik' preached beforo ch« qiiMa ai Windsor on 
■2 S<-pl. IGUa 

UoUke Duny dean^ of Elinhelh'a retgn. 
whvn deanvTifx, beinjj m'n^ mra animantin, 
were regarded aa aeui-aecular |imfiBrmenta, 
W'bittinRfaam took his rdigtoos datiM 
•ohoiD'ly, hnldiiijT two norricM a dav. d«Tat- 
iagmucb time to bis eratomar uLool and 
•ong school {LaHMl. JttK 7, art. IS), and 
being ' %'ery carcfuU to provide tbe beet 
aosga and anttM<aLs that could be got out of 
the t|ut.-<_-u'i> cbAjipell. to rumii>h thv qaire 
with all, bin)»i'lk- bvuis skillfull in musick' 
B^-fo^■ tbe outbreak of the northern rcbcl- 
liua in l-VJ!) ho ^tiinly ur^-d t'ilktngtou, lbs 
hiKbop (if Durham, to put the city in a st«t4 
of defence, but he was mora eucceasful at 
N'-wciulIe, nliicli n-airttKl lli« rcbcU. In 
\'}7'J, when Uurghley bevam^ lord tmsonrt 
Wbitliii|{bam was aaggwt*^, probably by 
L«iciei>i4-r, n« bis auroonor in tbe office of 
•ecT«(ary. In 1677 ]>>ic«ster also promiaed 
Whittingham his aid in sccnring the sm of 
York or IKirbnm, boib of which wen 
vacant ; but the di«u refused to prosecute 
bifi suit. 

Meanwhile Wbitttn)fliaro'R iconoclastic 
procemlingit in the cathedral, a liat of wfaicb 
IS given by Wood, had 'ifT'-nded the hijrf»i-r 
chiiTfli party. .Ascarlya^ liW hp hadwrii- 
Ivn a long letter to Ijeieester (printed in 
Stbti'b's Parfctr, iii. 76-84) protesting 
againftl till) 'old popish apparel,' and ^ro- 
ci-edingti bad in lotiS been taken against 
him for rorusing to wear thv surplicvand 
cop" iVamdm MitrwUmitf, vi. 22); WTiit- 
t Ingham event ually gave war, allc^^ing 
Calvin's advice not to Iwivo the ministry 
• for thcaf cTlitmall matters of order.' In 
1577, however, he incurred the enmity of 
Erlwin -Sandys \q. v.'', tbts n^w srchbiBbap 
ul' York, by resisting liis claim to viut Ilut^ 
ham Cathodntl [16. pp. ^i-7 ; InjunctioM 
and Eecl Pnr. <iflfuk'/p Bnmet, p. &5, Sur- 
lees Soc.) According to Hutchinson (Di4r- 
kan, iL 143-53) and Stirpc {AnnaU, u. li. 
ittr) a com in in* ion, whicu do«« not appear 
on the patent or close rolla, hod been wnvA 
in lo76 or 1577 to examine mattpnt uf cnm- 
plaint against him, bul had proved ineffei^ 
tual because the Karl of Huntingdon and 
Matthew [Iutron(152e-lfi0<t) [(i/v.) aid.^d 
wit h tbu d<MU agoinrt tbelbird comBiiastoner, 
Sandya. A fresh commisaioo waa tsaoed on 



i 





14 May 1678, includinfr thn thtve fonner j 
oomtDiwioners nnd nbotit n dox«u otlicrs. 
Ttlf nrt tcWafminiit ^V hitl inghftm Art' pritiKfcl 
from lUv tJomc^tic etatt? papers in tbe ' Cam- 
den MiKullanj' ' (vi.4(i-l^| ; the cliMgetlial 
*be is defam&d of adultrTio' is vtitered as 

* portly proved ' nnd llinT, of drunk^nnew «s 
'pruvud;' but t\n»v iisBuriiuuaurotoora^iuo 
to df!ii«rvi< acceptance, and tliK ren\ gravamen 
aninsS WhittinphaBi. npart from his Icono- 
cuuuiii wo* tli)^ unnlidilyor hU artSmntiQii. 
He had odmittiMily nnt txM^n onlained nc- 
•ordiDR to tho riU-s of the cbvircli of Eag- 
land, hilt pArliamf'nt li«d ntn-ndy pH.tftr'd nn 
act (]3Eliz. c. 12)practicsUyackDawled^iiig 
Che vttlidity of tho ordination of miniotcrfl ' 
whether acoordtug to Kon&n valliolic or the 

I of tbo refoniiiMl chiirclien on the con- 

leui. Sandys mninluinud thut Whitlinf;- 

, bfld not bi*un vulidl? urduiiii^l evuu nc- 

tolhetiL-in^vflii nte, but only elected 

cbvr vritbuut tbu imposition uf liandi^. 

tluiitingdon, hciwi-vi-r, wnil« lliiit ' it. could 

not but he iU-tokcn of all tbo godly leamtd 

botli at honw and Id all tVi irffirrtK^ r Imrclw* 

ftbrmd. that vre should aHnvr of \ho pniiiiOi 

massing priest* in our miuistrv, nnd disallow 

of tlio inini*UTfi made in a rulorrrn^d cliiirch ' 

(fih'RypE, Annai^, ii. ii. 17-1). lie suggested 

I thestay of Tbo proctodinRg, and this,)i?sidM 

^Uwinfflh43wit-i>«tcotirfE!,iiutLmiLlyc()mmL>uciL>d 

^^WU4:lf to Kliznbi-thV Iiabit nf ttmipi^iriniDg. 

^■\S'biLtinghiim'& death nn 10 ,Iunu lu"l) ren- 

^B^dered fiirthi:>r{irii('''i'(liR)^H \uinfvi.'*itivry , Hi- 

waA biirii'd in Durlinm (-aihi'dral, whom big 

tomb na« deatroy?*! by thn Scots in ittlO. 

I]i»will, dfttod 18 April lyTy, is printed in 

* Durham Will* and Inventories (Surtees 
Soc. ii. U-lti). 

In the im>cnpti<.)» placod mi \Vhittin[(- 
bani'fi tomb he is said to have been de«cribi>d 
aa 'in&ritii* CQlb'^hntu eororit' Julianuis 
Calvini thcobiiri ' ( Hirrcwixsow, Durham, ii. 
151 1, and thiB stAit^ment hasbt't-n commonly 
mpiwlvd, Calvin is, liowrriT, not kni)wti to 
hare had a siatpr named Oatherinc (r.f. 
UALIffU, Soiw* G^fiilogiffurf, iii. 100 
•qq.). no bIIumom to tin- ituppiAed r'Ontion- 
uip bas been found in the M'orks of either 
Ouvin or WhittinKbam. and chronology 
make* ihii «ii[>po»IcioB aloioti; impossible. 
Similar objections upfily to the slalement 
that ^Sliiitin^liatti's wile way sittiT of C<al> 

^ivin'* wif.i; thtt latter wua Idolctle di- Itures, 

widow of a i^tmsburj; anabapliiit whom 

[Tnlrin marripd in IMO; wh-Ti-an Wbilting- 

Bam's wife Oatliprin*?, daughter of Loaia 

I^Jaqueman 'and beire to hvT mother bvincx- 
ihi- heiro of (M(nler>)n [or rroiilf-ronl in (tr- 
\mxxe^ {Geneahffi»t, i, :K)9), was probably 
bom not before )&3d and married to \VhLt- 




tinRham on IB Nov. 1556. Her eldert son, 
Zachnry, wna baptised on 17Aii;f. lor>7,&n(l 
her vluiwt douRiiter, Susanna, on 11 Dec. 
IJJ.58; horh died younj(. And Whittinnirhiim 
wa* nurvivL'd by two fiotm, Sir Timothy 
(rf. FoSTBB, AUimni Oxon. l.'J00-I7W) nnd 
Daniel, and fuur daufjHilenf. In 15@3 ahn 
wa« defendant in a cunouH action fyr >>Iundr>r 
(l}fpo»xtion» from, the Courta of Durhttm, 
Surtoes Hoc. pp. 3I4-I(>),and Iwr will, diilwd 
9 Due. iJiOO, iH print.^d in ' Imrhnm WiiU' 
{ii. 18-19). 

\X\if: Iraniieripl in Anthony k Wood's baud of 
a Itfu of WhittinKiiani, writt«n iibout 1603 by a 
pvnoual friend, ''orm^rlr Aehmulrnn TAS. 8A0O 
R. 4 nrL b, \» now id the Itwilrinn VtaoA MS. 
H.fl4 ; it i> tlio kMii of Wuod'ii arcwiint in lli<< 
Atb«DW 0x011. i. 446 »<|q., nod hu* be«n prinl«d 
in full, with inniir illiistnitiTP diveim>nntH, hy 
Ml*. Kcurm Gn>i-u ill rol. ri. ^)f tb* Camden 
Society's MiiK^lUny, IKTI, and nlm>nN an ftp- 
jicndix to Pclcr Lcirimrr's 'John Knox,' 187&- 
S>?e Bi«n, btMiiileH aulborilin* ciloit iu \n\ , 
Harl. MS. Ift-W t 2a7ft, \asm\. MSS. 981 f. 
Hj, Addit. MSS. 2H*A f. to. lUwHiwon MH. 
xii. I'. 207 ; tluru's Livie dw Angluis a GoiieTu, 
Jfl31 ; Vi«it. Cliwbire, p. 248 (llart. .Sou.); 
BiiiDM's Ltucaahire, iv. 4U0 ; Surlecs's Dur- 
hnm. ii. 28(1 ; Reg. Vntv. Oion. i, 211; Foster's 
Alumni Oxfin. IS«0-i;i4; Le Nero's Fasti, iii. 
299 : Cnl. (State I'oppts, Horn. 1647-80. Foreign 
l.'.SO-C pctssim; Cnl. Haiflfld MSS. Ii'. 217; 
Brioff Diacour» of Trooblw, 167*: Knox's 
Wi)rka(llKiinatyiicClnb) passim; G ouch's Index 
ii) frtrker Soo. I'ltbl,; Sirypo'a Works petsim 
IsoeQenorril Indax); Brook's PijrilanH. i, 229: 
KdaVh Puritans, pi. IKH, i. IU-I7; Collou's 
Kdiiionsof thoHiblt., 18.Vi.pp. 30. 128; Ander- 
svd's Annals of [he Uibia; Dur^'s Old Bibira, 
1888; Hollnnd'M I'ealRiist^ of Britain, i 110; 
Maitland'n iitvtiyn nti thR Rofonnatinii ; Dycr'a 
Lifc^of Ciilviii, IBdO; Dixon's UiHt. uf Churdi 
of England, veil ir ; iJnlton's Liwcinns, 1869. 
p, 341; Ninetofrnlh Onnliiry, April ISSii; Notes 
and Queries, 2nd, lib, and 4lh scr. pursim.l 

A. V. ^. 

WHiTTTNaTON, TiirirARr){rf. im), 

mayor of London, was son of Sir William 
Whiitin^on nnd lii^wift- Joan {.Hontmiiixm, 
vi, 710). Sir liobert Alkym:, thehistorionof 
1 oncost L-rsb ire, in 171^afGiintvd ^^'bitt■n^ 
loii to tbv family which acquired the uunore 
ofl'atmtley,u»<arNtin'ent, in that county, and 
Solh're Hopo in HtTtfordshire, by murrinfe 
with IliM hcirewt of Jidm de SoDi-ts lowarw 
tbp close- of the ihirteonth renturv. Sannel 
l-Y«onB (I8061i*77t hj. v.], in >iia 'Model 
^lerchantof the Middle A(K«' (1»^«0). g«Te 
stroHK reasons for identifyioK his father with 
Sir William Wbiltington of INinntlcy, who 
married (after ISH^) Joan, daughter of Wil- 
liam Moaaell, sheriff of Qloucesterahire in 




Whitting^ton 



\Vliittington 



oOnat 



UU, maA widow «r 

fiott Miortm,ii. 1 '!:£). 

I at the Puntl^ fully with • muk U 

hwuim e w vmi • di Sc ww of tiacton ud 

Icfwt (Ltmoe^pp^ *iJ^^ ""^ ^* ^ ^"^ 

flOB of noBc^ Id flufip Miniri], Joaa'a 

bntbat, ia 138B (Baun, ^ i;6». A hule 

'dHBenltf ■» tnrolnnl io tW bet ihrtthoagli 

^hBaa oolr have been lb* thirl son of & 

r'WiBiuB ud Jou Uue^ and Iwidly ham 

I'fcdbra 1S50, ^lutlingbM <ra alnMl; k «A> 

' slaitiiil London olwn m ISTfl (d Ltboxi^ 

If. 9S,IMd«iw]L Sir WiOun Wbiui^ttoo 

I an oatuw in 1AS8, uid ii h«i bMn n^ 

cwtod that his odenee wu aur]riii|t without 

Hcenae TVrfceltyB widow, who aunriT«d bin 

nnd died in 1.S73 (OW. /ay. iw*i aaortaR, ii. 

:JI7, 32.1, uL 4^). Tbw elded acm, WU- 

lian, died withoot i»Be in 1XI6-I> {ib. iii. 

S3&), Uaving the e>tat«a to lu> twxt brotbM, 

'Kobert, whose dosoradaots Hill hold land in 

GloueeMcrahiK. 

Noihinf^ ti known of WKittin^'^n'A aettle- 
maat and early life m London. Tlie legvod 
convfTt* thiT DoiTKeUbin! knt^hl, tiia£tther> 
in-law, into a London men;!bant and his 
maater, wbich Sir Walter Bfwint acotpta 
oa biMorioal bet. Bat hi> fimt antboitie 
■ppaa r anea belongs to 1379, when he contii* 
Ml«d fiT« DUjl:a to a city loan (Rilht, 
p. 034). By tiada a mcrcvr, w« fijid him 
•umlyuiK the hotwebold of the Karl of 
Den>T. aiirrwards Henry XV, with velrota 
and damaitk* | Wtlis, iv. UiO, 162-3). In 
1363, and B^in in 1397, bo eat in the com- 
nioa coancit aa a Tvpnv<entatiT« of Oolaman 
fHrMi ward (Riun, p. &35). Two years 
later be became Eurety to the chamberlain 
for I Of. towards Ibc di-fence of tli« city. 
In March 1993 he was chooen alderman 
for Broad Stre«t ward, and Marred as sheriff 
in 1393-4 (ib. p. &S5; Fabta^. p. M8; 
W'lLiB, iii. (to). When Adam lUmme, the ] 
mayor of ISOT, died daring his terra of 
offion, tbu king a]>po:nted<B June) Whitting- 
ton to fill his p1a<ro until the next election i 
(FirtUra, vij. tCA; Faiitaw, p. W3). A | 
month Iftlcr Riphard's lonc-dpfi^nvd von- 
fMinc'i* (I'.vcended iipun the lords appellant, 
ami Wliittinffton had to awwobli- llic city 
militia to act^ompany the Idtlf to l'k>3hy \o 
arrt-M. thu DuVv of 01one«ater {Axmalt*, p. 
1}03). It. would be n«b perhaps lo infer 
that lio was a iborough^oinir royal parti»an, 
In yitfw of bix lu>t inttmrtinns lo tne mem- 
ber* of hi« college, diriM-liiig thirmtopntyfor 
itw AOuls both of Kin^ Richard and thf> Duka 
of OtoucMt^T, ' hiK Kiw^cinl lords and pro- 
moters '(.VomtJiftMn, vi. 7'10). In October 




ha WW eiaeled ■■/<■ (or the enaning ycv, 
tkM holding oAoa ooBtinnooaly tat a ysar 
wmd Cra ■oatha nt a tiai» of great exette- 

ia th* dtT, procobed br th« Icioe's 

in^ ^PABTAS.it. AiS). ffia 

the hmniliatinK auWission ex- 

ftoB the crttcrn* (Okeoovt. p. 100). 
ffichaid, wbca depoaed, owed Whittinrton 
a Ihn— ad aarha, which he was fortunate 
wmmA IO ns refaid (Wtlie, i. A4). His 
vaafeh mada bim Tery useful to Heury IV 
b Ins rhrooic pecBsiaty difficulties. The 
■■aal'^ of lb" vnry council rwcorci hi* pn»* 
mn with William Bramptnn, another ritj- 
■aa, at > tarrtineon 15 June IIOU. and there 
wu some idea of summoning him to a ffT«al 
covDcil in the foUowinfr yaar (Ord, I^hry 
CotmnJ. i. V2-2, IttSV He furnished cloth ot 
gntd and other meroriy for the bridal outfits 
of llenrr's danf:htet« married abroad in 
1401 snd'l4U6,and frrqnently adrancod to 
the crown lar^ sunw of money on loan, on 
oae ocraaion no ll^ss than tf ,400/. t Lnoxn. p. 
87 : WruB, ii. 4li. 44». tii. 6C ; Ord. ptity 
Oaimtil, it. 107, \\i}. As mayor of tbi>8iapl6 
at London and Calais and a coUm:tor of tha 
■"t*^*"^ and subsidy in both jwirt*. lie 
good aeenritr for the reparmeni of bis ' 

iWruB. iii'. ft.'.; DbtojtJ Jtum-j-. p, 322). 
leniy V also borrowed from \\'hittitigton 
and gave him vsriont proofs of his conS- 
dence, entrusting the expenditure of tbt> 
funds tvi andr for the nstontion of the 
nave of Wealmiturt«r Abber to bim with a 
absle eolleafue, and forbtddinft tbe mayor 
of I41fi to pull down NnT huifdingK in tbe 
city without con«altin^ ^Mlittington 
three others {Finlem, ix. 79; Ord. I 
Covneitf u. \<Vt). Rut hid knighthood if- 
lefT^ndar^ as his bumtoj; the royal bonds. 

\S'hittinf^on was msror for th» sMond 
time (third if hiit nhort tenurvof the olBoeio 
1397 be counted) in 1406-7 (Rl let, p. B65), 
and for the last time in 1419-IX)(i£. p. G76). 
LycoDs asmrta (p. AO) that hi? TVprBxentM 
London in one of the parlinmcnts of 1416, 
but n" n>turiis«evm tr> I'xiot (Auf of Mmi' 
berMf i. 267-8). In hia but yt>ani he waa 
trery active in prosecuting the fotutallen 
of moat and aollttrs of dear ale (CbMoa. MS, 
tialba D 5>. 

On ■'> Sept, 1431 Wbittington made lus 
will (Ltwxs, p. W). He atu-nd«d th« dty 
elections in tbe autumn of I-U3, but diiul, il 
would S(K!m, in tlm L^arly days of the follow- 
ing March (|A. p. 71). Mik will wen proved 
on thtt 8th of that month {ib. p. M)). In 
nccordanct- with it« directions be was buried 
on The north nidi' of the high altar in tho 
church of St. Michael de Patenioster-chiirdi 
in Riola, for whoso eoUegiatioa he pro* 



Whittington 



»5S 



Whittington 



I 
I 



■ ktt. 

■I 



; an epitaph in sontewliut obscure Latin 
deiicrihin^ him as 'llo» intrcAtornm ' 
* re^a Kpi-ii ot pret,' is [irusurvi-J )>y Scow 
(tiL 6). Hia tomb » mitl (rfr.) Ui h&\<a bocii 
rifled for iTvatmre in the reign of Edwiinl VI 
hr the panoit of th« cbiircli, who nb^tracted 
the leoj ID which thn boov vaa lapped. 
It WHS rpplnced undirr Mary, but th* tomb 
perinhpd urit.h thp church in the great fire 
of 1666. Whittington'a execulors wotu in- 
itrucf-«l b; hU wHl 1o «e]\ thci hoTiiH> he- 
lived ID close by the church with other pro- 
perty in the city, and exiicnd I Lc procw-ds uti 
a»Mes for 1 liu »ouIa of fainittf^'lf, bi« wifn, bii« 
&lherand mother, am! «U other* to whom 
llo was bound. Thr old bouse in Il&rt 
Htnwt. iiirMitrk l.nmi', wUirJi iiitt^ to hetni- 
ditioniilly known 4b Whictin^oa Palace, 
Kould M't-ni ibt^refore to buvu ou cUita lo 
that diMiiK^liiin. Then- nn tuni-tttl t-n- 
vraviags of this liau»<<, which was pulled 
dn«\-n <'<Lrly in thi- pr^n'-nl o-itfury {Grnt. 
Mof}. 17iH!, rxvi. ii. filft; I.thohp, p. 7fl). 

Whittington married (^f(lna*tKv», vi. /48) 
Alice, daiijfhU'r of Sir Tto Fitiwiiryn, a 
Iciiifcht orcoDsidorable Inndud property in the 
sriut^-wc«t«m counties, who on seTeral ocea- 
•ion» r>>j>rv»«uti.-d Donwt and Devon in parlin- 
ntent, by hui wife Matilda or Maud DATfjfea- 
teia, onii of ibe coheiresses of the well-known 
SarddhirM family in wlm-h ih* otlW of 
cupbearer w«fl hiTeditary (Hi'tciiixb, 
i. a»/-8, iv. 174; OLI'TTEKlltTCK. ii. 6-11-2). 
8hfl most Eftvo prfHlectMcd bcr fath(^r, who 
died on 6 t^pt. Ill J and wa> buri-^d in 
Wantage church, wh^ro hi» tomb remains, 
for be left only ouo daui^hlur, Aliu,DOr, who 
b«ram« hifl heir {A.- Asituoix, ii. H35; 
AViLiB, iii 05j. Apparently Whittington 
had no tMtue bv her. 

The only portrait of Whiitin^on at all 
likwlv lo t»- Hiithentic i" the illiiniiiiiitioH iit 
the (K^nninjf of th^cnpy of tb'' ordinances 
fin* his hospital at Slerwre' Hull which r^ 
DfCMnM him on his dt-vfilhhed nurrounded by 
nis executors and bedetmen, It n engraved 
is tbe works of Malcolm (ir. 616). Lysons, 
and Iteitnnt. 'riu> fnce i.1 long, (bin, and 
amoolh ithuvou. It bna litlU or nothing iu 
common with thu portmit engraved by 
IC^iiold ICbitmcki- [(j. v.] t-iirlv in tlip Keveii- 
teeulh century. ITie chain of nffjce in tbp 
lattt-r ii« of i-ixtwenlh-century di'tiKii, anil the 
;inal picrure WM prfihably a wnrk of that 
tn the iiM iropreasions of the engrav- 

_ Whittington 'n rieht hand rpAted upon n 
skull, but popular tawte c()m]H^Ilrd ICUtrscke 
toaubititute n cat ia thoremaiuder, and the 
foRDir BK now L>xci'ssivv1y rarv (Qiuhueb, 
Bii^rapkitat Jlitfartf, i. OR). Thewi|iTa«iRg 
in Its eecond shape is reproduced in Lysons 



nod the 'Antinuarian Jtepertory' (ii. ^343). 
Malcolm menlioitH ii timal] porlrnit at 
Mi'rcorw' liall, which Iioj^ uiuce uisappoaivd, 
in which he appear«d as a man of about 
Htxty ' in a fur livi^ry ^wn and a hlsck cap 
aucb SM thx v<K)meu of lbi>i )ptitrd now wear,' 
and with a black- nnd-w bite cat on the left- 
band f id^^ The in^cripli'in, ' K. Whillington, 
l<'5<lt!,*^uggi<«t4 thcpn<»ib)liry of its hfine an 
adaplBtion of a portrait of Robert Whittmjr- 
ton [(J. V,], ihe grammAnan. The pri'wnt 
ponmit at Mercen' Hull ib modem. It was 
cuffraved in Thornton's 'New History, De- 
8crintii.)n and Survey of Londun' (17W). 

Whittinprton wsm grwjjlytieof theraediie- 
rul city msf^ntv. Thure had no doubt bo-u 
Taiifn dixtinguisbt-d inuvora oC |j<)tidc>n. lln 
plnye<l a less nrnminent part in the alfairs of 
ihekiucdum limn Sir John de l*ult'.-ney [q. v.] 
iir Sir .fohij Philtpiii lii. v. |, and ibere is n<W 
thing to show thEit (us conlempi'mry repu- 
tation ?xt«iuh'db'*vond thecily. Tbcrlirrtni- 
clers of bis time who wrofn in the rounlry 
never mention bim by name. Hut bii> com- 
mBreial suoceee, imnsunlly prolonged civic 
cnrwr, and (rreat loans to I be crowu seem to 
have impri?«.<ied the imnginalion of his follow- 
ciliums if we may uccopl the evidence of his 
epitaph and the ultiision to bim in Gregory'a 
'OhruEiicli:' Ip. l-'iOl, written not lon^ illeF 
bis denib, n* 'tbst fumos mHrrliant, and 
merrer Uinhnrd Wbytyndone.' tn a ^entiti, 
too, he wns the Wt of the great mediiVTal 
mayors, for the outbreak of the wars of the 
ro«es uftberyil in a period far less favourable 
tomunii^ipnlmagnntL's. Wt he would hardly 
have bcvu permanently reineiubered had not 
hia benefactions — inostlv postfanntous — asso- 
ciated him with some of iho most prorainont 
London biiiIdingx,Bndouenf tbii few laedilft- 
val foimdations in the city which survived 
the It'-fortnstioti. Ao llml iif ibc ntbuildn" 
nf tlierhief prifon and the fnuntW nf thfi 
prineipn.1 almshouse in London, Whitlinj- 
ton's name was n hooschold word with the 
Londoiu^rst of the sLiteenth cenlurvt when 
many of the scanty facts of his life had 
almady bren forgoltoii. 

(.'hiidleM, imd surviving his wife, Whit- 
lin^on was frou to duvute his wt'Hlth to 
public and piiiua oljects. Hn arcbed over 
a sprinc on the bank of the city ditch, and 
inserted a public ' 1»om ' or wnt"r-tup in th" 
wall of St. fiilen,Cripntegntf> (Stow). Thiiv 
or 0. similar one at DillinftBgate pnve Robert 
Whittington (q.v.J, The pram ninnan, his nick- 
nnme of 'Doss* (Ltboss, p. 62). In hia last 
termofoflice as mayor Whittington defrayed 
thi-tfTcaterpnrlof ihucoMof t hi' new library 
of tlir (inivfriani, now the tiorlh aide of th« 
great cloister of Christ's Hospital (CAnm. t^ 




1 



Whittington 



156 



Whittington 



Gnyfriarf, v. 13). Wttb otlien ha liaoded 
or*-r )>-tul>-uliall Ui tita oarpontinn in 1411, 
and be opeoi^d n&kewell Hall for \he &alc of 
bnwdclothe {^Lviottii, p. 84 i Bkmxt.u. lOfli. 
By kin diriMitions hU executnrn, one nf whom 
vu the wpU-laiown town clerk, John Cmr- 
penter (I-'iTOr'-l-Mir-ifo. v,1. wlin compiled 
tlu! 'Liber Att>uB* id AVhitlin^ton's third 
nMjoralt; { I4I!>), oblaiiicd licctiM u> i\- build 
N«wg«lo, which lerved as ctly priwn, on 
the groiiD<1 th»t it: wu ' feblo, over litirl and 
M ooBtugious of Ertc, jut hit cautttd the 
d4lh of many m«n' {Fmlera, x. 287 ; JM. 
Pari. iv. >^0J. TliL<y nlso contributed to Lhu 
nrpairof Kt. Biirtlioloiiirw'n Ilcminlnl ami tbtt 
rHtoration and enlargL<m«nt of t»e Guildhall 
(Stow, i. 2«M ). Ilut (ln-y wtro directwl to 
ii*c thi'btilk ofhiR wi^dItIi for the fonndation 
of A hcwpitnl or kIidaIiouhu, and the col- 
I«gi*lioo of bin nnmh cliurrli of St. ^lirhaol 
da hitt>nuMl«r-cnureb. T)r hii'l tnken Mme 
DTeliminarj' «(«]« in hia lifetime, thout;h 
ntow-'a authority for tho statpmont. that hn 
obtuinml a rwyal license in MIO doea not 
appear (Slow, iii. ;(; ef. Lysoss. t>. 84). 
In 1411 he |faTL< land fur lliu n'huihling of 
the churrh (KiuiY, p. 678). Ilia executors 
obtained the conaont of tbL> luvUblsbup of 
CaDbirbiirylnthi'nitllfgialidnofSt.MrnliAerit, 
which was an archif^isciipnl pt-culinr, on 
30 Nor. 14;fJ, and on 17 and IH IJec. issued 
A chArt»r of foiindation find rorulniions for 
college dedicat«d to the Holy Ohoat and 
.e Virgin Mary, to oonaiat of 'firft priests, 
onv of whom wax to bo Bia«t«r. 'I'hey wero 
til reside ill a buildinjir m>wly erc^cted east 
of thu L'hurch, and i>ay uia8H(.-(i for iho soula 
of Wliitlttigloii mil! 1tii> wifi-, bin fHtli'-r uiid 
mother, Jtichiird II, 'niouiae of Woodstock, 
BD(L tlia-ir wivi'n {Alunartir^n, \\, 7>S!I— 11). 

f'urther endowments and rules wflr« added 
18 Feb. \A-2U {ih. vi. 748). KeKinnId 

?eench [q.T,] becamf master in 1481. Thf 
college waa aupi»VMed in lOl^.and the build- 
ing sold for tiS/., but ila memory >» kept alivp 
by College Slnwx. Simiilianeouily with ihe 
Aieatinn of Whittinj^Ion (killrge, the execu- 
tors founOi-^d {2\ l>Pc. 1424) a hoitpiial ha- 
twMH thu church and \V hi Wiiitf ton's house 
for thirloen poor men, one uf wliom was to 
hv tutor, und wlic>j><i |iraT«rit wrra to l>e 
offeri'd for the bouIb of the persoOB tneiitioned 
»boTe, and also for tliow of Iho jmnttirs of 
the foundtfr'e wife [ih. vi, 74-V 7i, An 
illuminated copy of their ordinnnee* is pre- 
aorrcd by the Mrrcers' Compnnv, wlio mnnag^ 

the ho»pila) now removed ti? IlichpiU< \Rti>. 
Jjiwry Companift' CommitttQH, 18U4, iv. 

80-44). 

It has been Wtlttini^on's ainf^ular fate 

to bocomc tlio hero of a [Kipulut iiilu which 



hu found ao ullimate lodfrniml m the 
nurserv, Tbf Whillington nf ibv old hal- 
ladi^, chap-books, and pitpp^ play started 
IITm OB H po(ir ill'tniatvd orphan in th» west 
of England, and made lu« war to Laoina 
on bearing that its streets wciv pam] with 
gold. Arriving in a slate of desiituliAn, he 
attracted the cominiseralion of a rich aer- 
cbnnr, oat Mr. Ilugh KitxWarrtii, who 
placed him ta a scuUioa 10 hu kitdiai, 
whrn.- he sufTerod grratiy from the tyrmnoy 
of the cook, tcmpwrad only by the> kindaeas 
of his master's daughter, 3ilrs. .Uice. Krom 
this stattT of misery he was presratly released 
bv a strange pieci- uf good fortune. It was 
tfie worthy merehant's custom when sending 
out n ship tn let cmch of his Hfmtnts veatan> 
•nmething in it, in order that (tod might 
give him a greater btesiini;. To the freight 
of the good iihip ("nicom Whittington could 
only cnntribule bin cat, whirh hi- had bought 
for a p^DDV to keep down the vermin in ai» 
garrpt. : but the vessel happening 10 touch at 
an unknown part of the Darbary OOMI. tlie 
kinp of the country, whose palace was over- 
run with ra(» and mice, bought the cat for 
ten times more than all the freight besides. 
31eanwhili< her owner, uoconEcioua of his 
(fnoci liirk and driven diiipiTntc by the 000k'* 
ill-UML^, stole away from I<padenhalt Street 
early in the morning of All Hallows day, 
and left the city behind him, but as he 
rested at Holloway he heard Uow bells risg 
out a merry peal, which seened to say : 

Torti sitaia, Wbiuingtoa, 
Lord Mayor of Loodoo. 

Wherounon he reluniMl I0 his pots and 
spits, anu, the t'nlc^uni soon cominc in, raiti^ 
rii-tl .Mr*. Alicf, niid rune to hv thrice lord 
mayor of Ixindnn and entertain Henry V, 
afttr liin crntjiiiwrt of Frnnc*, at a KKat 
ft'ast, in the cour*i- of which hi* threw into 
the fire the king's bonds for thirty-«eTni 
ihooMtnd marks. The story of the vejilure 
of a cat leading to fortune i» in one form or 
another very widely ditTused. It baa bm*n 
Ireced In many countries both of southeiD 
nud nortlierA Kurope, and occuni in a J'arvian 
TtrBiJiii us early ns the end of the thirteenth 
rejiturv. Tht- gi^rm of the slorv 8>*eina sug- 
gested hy the mention of the custom of iliip- 
raasten«iAkiti)Tt ho ventures of the poor wboM 

fravpra were thiinghl to bring good luck. 
UMan nnd Clouslon claim a lluddhistic 
origin for iIk tale. One of tbv reaAons ad- 
duced in support of t]ii» view is that in some 
of the oldtT versions the cat i» Mived from 
ill-treatmoDl hy thi^ person whose fortune it 
is destined to make. The Knglish version 
lia« more in common with the Sc&ndinaTi&a 



I 



Wliittington 



'57 



VVhittington 



I 



aod ItuMiAO forms ot the ntory lliaii tvitli 
tto»e current iiisoutbero Kuroiw. It standi 
olnKMl uloDf, liowvviT, in Ei'luctinf; an his- 
torical in-rsnciage as tli« cniil ml figun-. 'ITte 
•l«gpna' of Whiitjnglon is not known to 
Itavn b^en luirrntcil Ijtiforc IflO-V 0» 8 Fch. 
lfS(H-li a clrAmiLtic Vf-rsion i-ntirhicl ■ The 
Ilislorj (if Uicbanl Whiitington, of hiH 
lowe byith, hi« fjreiit fortune, na jrt wm 

Silaitid b; ibe prync^-HeervnuiB,' was licensed 
or the pri-** (Arbiiti, fsftitionrr*' Iteffi*tfri, 
iti. i^>. On Itt July 1005 u license was 
grwQted for the publication of a ballad called 
*Tho Tcrttious I.yft9 anil nt<^niorable J)»ath 
of Kir Kirhiin) WliitlinfTlon, ini-rcur, wmie- 
tjme Lord Mataur.' Noitbt^' phLvnorballad 
,i> lomrn to bavv *ur%-ived, TIio earlta«t 
«xtant refereiiBea to the ' legend ' figure in 
Thomas TIeyw-ood's 'If you know not me, 
you know nobody' (Rrt j. »c. i.) published 
in 1006, and in Rf^niiinont nnn Flntcher'A 
'Kniffht of the Rurriin^ i'estle,' which sp- 
|M>n.rcd fiv« yciiw lotcr. Both references 
imply that »i>nuij« liU-rli'^ bad b«eu (akea 
in the lofrend with the historieal facts. The 
rariou* altcmplit lo rati:>iuilist.< thfl Ivffi-ud, 
by dragging in t lie use of tlu^ wonl ' cat an a 
namfl wn ehipii currying cuhU frooi Nl>w- 
casth^, a m<'n^ lui miiroiiN )>ii|f |{>'*t i-^n of Snmui^ 
Foote [^.v.], or by explaining ' cat ' n» a cor- 
ruptioQ o£ t!i9 French achata, fall to lh« 
^und when thr> r^al character of tho etory 
u p«co^ui-*e<l. J-y«)n#'» deft-DCe of the his- 
torical truth of the iccideut of I he cat would 
hardly call Xur criticism if it hud not boon 
«a>rio(itity revived in Sir Walter Beitaiit's 
popular history of Whiitin^oa. Their 
corn>b<initiTi' proof* miir h" »t ouch diju 
mbued. Tho i^vidence of lh<) portraits ia of 
course worthleM. The piece of sculptiira 
foutul in an old houftit n.t Cilouce^ter M.id to 
IiaTB once belouged to tb« Wliittington 
family, and figdn^d byCarr (p. xvi), repro- 
teoU a omall boy, not ' a fine sturdy youth,' 
carrying a noodeacript itiuall auimal, ami 
iharo Mcms no mlJsAii;U)ry evideuLM for 
attributing the nlotiKtu Liiefifli^nthi;imtury. 
The astuinptian that the cat r/in-ttd nn tfin 
front tii Ni-wgatv when rebuilt after the 
great Are had exiAlvd on t.ht;' building 
enoted by Whitt ington's •■xw;utore rests on 
k mere mittakA of IVjinant. 

pTba fint Mriooii attempt tn ai^scTtaiil and 
hnng to«tetlior Uio facts of Whitli'i^n's Vxfa 
wu made by Haaiuftt Ly*on*. onn of the suUiora 
of ibeUaAnaBritaniiiji, in 'Thn Moili'l Mor<:hnnt 
of thr Middle Agw'ClHSO): very little c^cnped 
him, but the ndoe of his -wark ii> marml by bin 
aecepbiacaof the legend a« genuine l^ography. 
The life by Wallar Beeiint nnd Jamee Rice 
<t4SI ; Sad ed. IBSf) addx a few details from 




thw City Archiveb, butadborae lo Lysgns's tut- 
criiieul standpoiat, aod is little mere tJian an 
oxpantinn of ht» work eritlmut lii* reftirericc* and 
ilacnmiinT*. Tlio (rbirf orif^nftl auihoritituan,' 
Lhu folluwin^: Rotvli FArlinmontomm ; Rymcr's 
Fcrdcm, nrigirifil (d. ; '>tdiii'iin"«» of tliB Pritj 
Cuunc^il.iHl. Nirtilss , t'^ilondnrium iTiquioitiooun 
pom Dioriem : Dcron's Ltsoce of tho Eickcqutr: 
Iteiiim of Niimea of Mtmbcn of ParliABient. 
1878; LiJiU (if i^eriffii, IS9B: Momurticon Angli- 
cftDuiD. «d. Caluy, Kll!*, asd Bnndinul : Annalea 
Rlcardi II (Ilolls Series); r*liy*n'* Chmnicl*-, 
L'd. Elli«; (Jreffory'a Chronicle nud Cbronicle 
of Oreyfriara (Caoiden Soc) : Slows Snm-y of 
Ix>ndon, ed. Stcype ; Bilej'a Memorials of Loo- 
iloo. Al*i Brewer's Lifu and Tiinfn of John 
Car^ieiitT, I83C ; Knli?oIm*fl Londiniuu Redi- 
Tiram 1 Huichins'a nistoryof Dcreet, :tnled. ; 
t'lutlerliiii'k's History of Uertfordshire ; Ash- 
ino|p'« History nf HorksliirD ; Wylie'e Uietory 
of llrnry IV. The li^nJ is crilicftlly examined 
in Thfi». Ktiglitlpy's Tnlrsnnd I'nputap Fielioui, 
1831, >V. A. Clouflon'e Popular Tales acd Fic- 
tions. 1887. nnd by fl, H. Wlicotley in the pro- 
fncc tn lii» mlition of tlin ' Hiolorynf Sir ttichiird 
'Wbillii)Ktoir(ByT. II. [l«;0])for tho VUlon 
Society, 18S6; compire alw* Itcinhold Kolilcr. 
Orient itnd Oec_idoiil (ii. 48K}, and ItAlston's 
Huuiun Fulk-Talee. Tbe earliest form uf the 
slcjry in the Britisb Muaenm C<:llrotioti is a 
hlai-k-letlar ballad of 1641. untitJod 'Lr.ndon's 
gtoi-y snd WhittiofttonV renown; or a loukiog 
glass for the citiuuBof London ; beiagareraark- 
afala ntoiT bow Sir BichnrJ niiiUinKton . . , 
come (o be three timM Lord JJiiyur of Loudon, 
and how his rit*e washy a an.' The prase 
series begins with ' The famous mid reouvrkable 
llinory of Sir Kiohord Whitt>ngtoa, three time* 
Lord Uayor of London,' by T. U. isao. also in 
block li-tter, a later odiiion of which hoa been 
pnpub!i«hKi by ihe Vdk-n Society. The etory 
Watne u fevoaril'* »ubj<H!t of cliap-books whoou 
imprints iii^lnilr b^rlinburgli, I'nrham, Ciirlitde. 
nnd Ni-wMtle-nn-Tyen. Ciirr's Mtotj of Sir 
SiebardWliitiingtoii, 1871 . is a modom Torsion.1 

.r. T-T. 
WniTTINOTON. WHYTYNTON, or 
WHITINTON, l{lHJICKT( rt. If>2<n,gram- 
muriiin, was bom at Lichfield, and educated 
tirat nt the school of 81. John's Hospital in 
that eilv {Shart .itxvunt nf (he Annrnt and 
ModeniStafer,/ lichfii^ia, IHUt, p. Ill'), and 
afterwnrds under John StanbridgD fq, t.] in 
th« KidiDidatlnchi'il to thiTfilb'geof 3t- Mary 
Magdalen, Oxford. In April lfil3 ho anp- 
plicaled tbo congregation of reg«nts at Ox- 
ford for laureaiion in grammar, which was 
granted him on 4 July enduing. At the 
same time be was ndmittod B.A. In bis 
mpfrliea( ho reprosentit ihat be bad studied 
rhatoric for fourteen years, and taught it for 
twelve. This would point to bi:« being burn 
not much Inter than 1480. (In his laureatton 
ha ae«umed the title of ' I'rotovates An; lift,' 



3 



Whittington 



«58 



Whittlesey 



I of 4rrogflnc« which gar« oflVace to 
oth«t schoUrs, ' in compdruon with whom,' 
tays F>ill6r^ ' he tcm but a cneliling' thom.' 
A varbn of epigrams eiuued betweeo him 
dtiii William llormaii [q. v.], «upport«d br 
Lily and AlJrieh, rbu intricaeiui of wfakn 
have b»eu unravelled with much ingenuity 
hy Dr. Maitland (Earfji PrmUd Book$, 
p. Wh). 111*! iK>briquet of < Bom ' was b»- 
ecovRO on \Vhitting1nn bv his fow, iu dari- 
sivn ftllusioD to a public 'boM ' or wutirr-tap 
in lliii city of Ijondnn irhidh had been ori^- 
nally set up by Uichanl WhiuinRton [q. t,^, 
and was t'lillcd by hjn naoM-. Whytynloa is 
■aid by Italf \t> have been alire in 1530 ; but 
beyoQct ihat ali in unM^rtAin. fli« ^ntn- 
BUlical trvi>ti!i>?.s alon^vitb (hnse of hu old 
naikt«r, Stanbridge, bad a wide circulation 
(pay-Book ((fJoka I>omf,vo\. i.of Uw Oxford 
Hist- 3oci«ty*f puUicaliouf, p. 76). lie de- 
•cribfcs cme. of them us * lustA consuetudinMii 
lodi liUTiuiL dim I'auli.' i^everal of thvrc an 
of gnivt viiliie far illustrating the lanffum^ 
and uiuinere of thu limu. Thu clii»f of tbem 
awthwf-nllHiwing: 1. ' EdilioSccttudftdtCOil- 
sinitniD fcnncinnilatt'] pram mat iix-*,' Wvia- 
k^ de WonK-, I<'>lL',.lto (lludi. Ubr), I5lti, 
4to. 3. ' [hi Byllabarum quiuititai?,' Lon- 
don, IGtU, 4f> ( f iiulitC ra«ntiociJi an tidicioa 
of 1513). .S.'Whyttbyntoaieditio: Dedina- 
tiODW uaminum tarn latinorum quum ftre- 
Dorain,' London, lJil7, Itn (Bivll. Lihr.) 

4. ' 0|iui:Cu]uDi iifTHbrum et rvcognitiim . . . 
de nomiuiiDi ffcnmbu»,* Ix>ridon, )•.». 4to. 

5. 'Editi'J du ilcteroclitiB nomioibiui ei grn- 
dibiM L-nrnparalioni*,' Oxford. I'll 8, 4to 
f BodL Libr.l ; London, 15Sa, llo. (J. ' Acci- 
dfJitiK fX StAnbrifi^iann editions ' together 
with ' Horvula,' Loudon, 1.J2S, Ito. 7. ' Vni- 
garia micclmii oum suia vcmaculis,' Sc. Lon- 
don, l(i28, 4la. Ui.'flidi'fitln.*e hu wrwt« 'l)e 
difficiilinti- iiiitilim servAndm inroip. admini- 
Btmlion(!,'iiIoaF{ with ' Dequaluoruinutibua 
Gftrdineis,' bolh nddrcsMd to Wolsey, Ixm- 
don, IBIO, 4to. ITiu pruHeatatioa copii'^, in 
maaoacript. nni in the Itodieion Library- 
Whytvnton wua iiliu^ thu author of tut> 
following tnuwUtiodst: 'The tlire bookes of 
TultyM OffveeH bothu in Iiilyiii; tonffn i in 
englysehv,' l^mduu, 1&H4, 8vo. ' TulliuH d« 
Senectuto hothc in Ititrn aiid unglvNiho 
long!.,' Londnn, h.b. (1536."), Svo. '• Thtt 
ParadoK of M. T. Cicero,' l^ondon, 1S40, 
IBmo. ' A frulnfull woric nf LuciuH Aunuu* 
Hencca, named the fnrmu and rule of hntipet 
lyuyngo,' London, 15H1, 4lo. '-A frnli-fnll 
wotlce of . . . Sennpa, tailed tho Myrmiir 
or Cilawo of MuntTs . . .' I.rf>iid<m,' 1W7, 
Byo. 'Locii Annei Spnecan ad Qnllionom. 
. . . The rcmHilyes nf;ayniil all cnaunll 
channcea,' Loadon, 1M7, 8vo. ' De civili- 



tata nonin . . . jM^r Dm. Rraamam . . . 
ICobertoWliitintouirfli(r]iuterprete,'Loadcni, 
I>U>1, 8%-o. An earliL-r edition of thia luc 
is aaid to baTu ■pptari'd in l-'i^ {BMi»theca 
EnumiaHa, 1893, p. 2U>. 

[Editiooaof Whytyiitoo'i Worlui ia nril. Moa. 
and Bodlwiiui LibnuiM; Wnod'a Atbeiun Mid 
Uiiit. el Aatii]. iL 4, 5 : W'artou'a EoKlith Po«- 
\n. Kcct. xST. ; BoM»'« lt^«t*r of the tlnir. 
of Oxfortl, 1885, i- 8A ; FoaUr'a Alamni Oxon. ; 
v. Cue* Haclitt'y Seboola. SclioolbDolc*, &&, 
l8SS,pp.60^; Ftnifgenano's Viflwof tha Eck^ 
li>h Ediiioo*, 171)7. pp. 60l>, «A1.1 J. H. L. 

WHTTTLE, PETER AnMSTRONG 

(17**9-Ii?yt(), Lancashire antiquary, wa« bom 
at Ingl<twhit<' iu the parish of Oonsnaririi, 
Laiicoiihin:, on 9 July I'tA'tand was edu- 
cated at the ^n^jntoar schools of Oooonarffti, 
Waltoa-lo-Iwt, and IVeston. He h«^mn 
buBinesa as a baokacU«r and printer at I'r«»- 
ton in 1810, and became an actiru concri- 
bulor to various joumaK He was int«IU- 
gent but ill-educaledfOnd bis work*, though 
not without Taluo, abound tu virory. Hv 
sfvled him.*«lf F.S.A., but was not a fellow 
ol'thf! Societyof vVntiquariea, In l^MLord 
Derby, *!< primo laininUT, gare him apen*ir>n 
of TM. n year for 'literary aervices.' Afitr 

g'Tingupbusini-Miti 18fil,hi!iliv»d *I Bolton 
rsomr- yearx, and iht-n removed to Mount 
Vernon, Liverpool. Whittle, who was a 
Roman catholic, died on 7 Jan. 18tfK. 1T« 
married, in Outolwr lr;i;7, Matilda Heari>Mt» 
Armstrong, and had Twoiwn<i: Uobfrl Clan- 
dius, author uf 'The WayfuTVT in Lbduo- 
eh ire,' and Ileniy Armsironp:. 

He was thu author of tht- following local 
histories: 1. 'A Topographiwi! .\ccount, 
&e.,of IVston,' 1S21: vol. ii. 1k;J7, tymo (ihfl 
lirat ¥oliiui<- wit.'* pit 1)1 i ■hill under the psau* 
donymnf'MarmaaukeTu1k<>t*). f*. 'Marina; 
or au lliMoriciil and IWcripiiro Account of 
■>uuihport, Ly tham, and Blackpool,' l*roeton, 
1S31 . HvD(cinoo.j S. • Architectural Descrip- 
tioit of St. Ignatius's Church, Preston,' 1833. 
X. ' IX'scription of St. Mary's (^tsiwrcian 
Churcli at P<*nwortbam,' Bro, 6, ' Eliittoncal 
Xotici'B of Uoghton Tower,' 1845. 6. *An 
.Vocfttint of St. Marie'ii Uliapel at Femy- 
hiilgh,' 1851. Svo. 7. ' Bbickhum as it ik,* 
1SB2. 8. 'Bfiltoii-le-Mftont and the Towo- 
ehipa in the Pari&h,' Bolton, 1865, 8ro. 

[Whittiti's ProBfon, ii. JS& ; M«-n of Lfao Hiafe. 
186£. i^ 835; Johnslona'a Raligiona Hist, of 
Bolton, p. 177; Pi«liwiok'B LaneosWro Libiaiy.] 

WHTTTLB8EY or WTTTLESKr, 

WlLr.L\iM (rf. 1374), archbishop of Can- 
terbury, ihouph OoubiUmA u native of the 
Cnmbridgc^hirij viUare whoAe n&nM ho bore, 
studied at Oxford, wliero he to^ biii doctor's 



derree in canon und eivll law (WoOD, i. 
188; Qoswis). HU clioicii of miivumir^ 
mast b«ro tMcm decidKl (nr liim by his 
mslemal uncle. Simgn IsUp (aftvnvftrdx 
ftpclibishop of Contcrbuiy) [q. v.], l.i whom 
Wbililcsey ovod liie eaucaiiou ttaii much 
eeclosiaatical promotion. He wuk cn]!at>><l 
uebdeftcon of IlunitngJtm in June I'^iH', 
mixordiag to n rxcord <]uot«<l by ^Vhilo 
Kcnoelt: but if thU bt- eurnt't, ho was re- 
aupoinlr^ by lrtl»i> jMitt-iil cm 'JO Jiinu KMU 
(Le Nfv«, ii. fiO). fn th*> iilngm- v««r 
(1349), wL«D hi« imL']i> bcount* an^hbiHiop, 
Whiiiliwy viLi idoHp (lOS^ipr.) 'ciialofl' of 
PeUrhouseat CmnbridRe. l"'' lu-Ult hi* posi- 
tion only until l.Vil, lIrwii.*npr>'ltf?ndaryof 
Llcbt!«ld frtna IWO. nnd of CbifhTOter iiml 
Liucolii from iy.')t>, rt-tiutiin^ thi> Iil.«I ilown 
to biii uiit<ointinL>ut uji i<rtiuat(> )//>. i. <>:20, ii. 
IW). lie bnd iiIao a prvbeml nt lla<iiiiic« 
ftkintKM^ p, 7M). Along with his Mcii- 
UUCODrj' nui] prv-bfiids Wliilileftey li«lil (h« 
beneflnMof Ivipcliuivb.near Komner(l.'i.V2), 
Ooydon (ISoS), bd<1 CLitl'u, iKiir IJoche»wr 
(A.: Antjlia Surra, i. ri^fi). He is »iilil to 
haro acteil for a titnu as bie uni'ltt'ii utoclur 
Mt the papal court, kikI wiu> o-rtjtiiily li^rit 
on a tDUMon thoro by the king in 1 'i-']3 (t'A. ; 
Jfo^ ftW. ii. i!oli; ib-rfefw, v. 747). l»lip 
made him first his Ticiir-poncral, thon dejin 
of the court of arcti<^, and finolly secured 
hiji election [2A Oct. I360J to tho dopondcnt 
see of Rocbeeter. nut. it would iwm, wttb- 
ottt a bargain willi (hit uiotiks (Le Nevk, 
ii. 60t; h^uttrtim Rofnite, ji, 181; HooK, 
iv. 224)- The poin.' ^nvti hi* con*(-nt by 
war of provision on X\ July following, and, 
owing to [slip's infirmitien, Whit I !i'i«-yV con- 
Mention was quictlr uorfin'mRd in tbe 
cbapel of Che nrcUbisliop s manor-housv tit 
Olford, not a iinfili> dioiccsoji bishop K'iiig 
]R«Hnt(iifr. ir. 2-i'n Lr. Nbtb. u.a.> Two 
v«an later (6 March l.'t&l) be was trans- 
utedby Islip'a ittdu>'i]et> to the richer see of 
Worc«"tor, nut ikww nut w*ni to hava re- 
aided {ih. iii, B8; rf. H-mik, iv. 2-201. 

After hie uncle's di-ath in lSni5 Whittleaey 
can hardly have looked for furtbor pt^motion, 
but fortunt- still stood liie friend. Lun^hnm, 
Islip'u mut4>rful siicc«-»or, acceptf>d a cardi- 
nal^ hat witliout tbe royal peraiiasion, and 
bad lo resign. A mor« colourloM nnd pliant 
primate being duidera1«d, the choice fell 
upon Wbiltwaey, who wan accordinglv 
tranalated to Canterbury by a pupal bull, 
dated U Oct. 13fl8 (\.v. Nrth, i. !!•). He 
^ived ilie teniporalili^8 on 15 Jan. ISfW, 
pallium on 19 April, and wn* nnlbront^d 
IT June. Tbi.1 nsuni ff-ast beinr dispensed 
ou account of the plague, Wbiltltrwy 

>uld hardly hare ntude ais marlt in Che 




primacy, evea if he had not rery soon be- 
come a oonGrn)«d invalid. Hv was unablo 
in (tonsei)uence to take part in the defence 
of t1iv vliurch in the toemomble pariiameat 
of l.iri, and niMv left liia quiH rofuge nt 
Otford (VVii.Ki.SB,' iii. 89; Ilooic, iv. 228). 
But Xhv preiMiircof taxation upon Che clerg>' 
became »o hvavy that he drugged himevif 
up to London fur ibe mi-i-tiug of couvinii- 
tiim in IlL-combi>r \^&, and UKLimidtHl tbu 

tiitlpittifSt. I'muI'm to iiiaki' bin pryti*»t; but 
It; had not proceeded far wh^n lie swooned 
ill ihr; arms of hi" i-hajilain, and was carried 
nut and rowed to lAmbelh (^P.iiiKKR, p. ;W*0; 
"Wiuixs, iii. U7). llelingert^d until -^i June, 
when he moilc hiii will. Wqiii^alhing bi» 
b&oks to I'eterhoui»e, and tbe residue of hifl 
projicrty to his poor n-lntions. ilia regi»ler 
appcurft togivo this a» thu day of hii< denih 
{An-fUa Sacra, i. 704 ; Lb S'riE, i. ^). 
But tiio TMord of Canterbury obits placea it 
on tholtrh (,4»fflia Sacra, \. (11). Tliw datfl 
in WalBingham (i, ai7)— G July— ibongh 
tb« mouth iit obviously wrong, rather con- 
(irin.4 Ibi! former aCatemeiit. IVrhnim hn 
diod in the night between the two dates. 
IIU n-Riiiins wun} tnlcnn to Canlnrbury and 
buried in the cathnlral near tbn tomb nf 
Inliii, bwtwepn l*vo pitbire on the sniith sids 
of ttiis nave (Somsku, Antiquitiee of Cinter- 
Afiry, pt. i. p. 134). His epiluplt, iiiHcribud 
on brasj, remained legible about. Ili8f!, when 
it was read byOodwin; but only a fragment 
survived wht^n it wa« «*n by 'Veevt-r, who 
puhliBhed his 'Funerall Monuments' id 

.... luxnuhitus 
WittciIi^My nntns gtmntata luce. 

It viat WLittlcMy who obtiuned from Ur- 
ban V n hull exempting tbe univereity of 
Oxford from thojunfidictionorthe bishop nf 
Lincoln. 

Tbe story in tlie ' Continuntton of tbe 
Eulogium* (iii, U,'S7-8) of the great couneil 
I of prelates and lordi< called after Pentecost 
(20 May 137'i) to discuss a papal demiind 
for a subsidy to be used QKainst the FKiTfii- 
tines, in which ih» Black Prince i« repre- 
sented as calling Whiltleaey an aw, is dis- 
TMWcd of, BO far od thu Uuer la concerned, 
by the fact that he waa on hia deathbed nt 
iJntnhetb when the iwene is euppoaed to hare 
tuhi'ii plmw lit WiMtniinsler. Nor ia this 
the only incredible feature of the incident aa 
there relatad. 

[Rut. Pari., Ryraat'* Findara, orioinal ndit., 
WalsittghAm's HisiDria AuRlicaria uul iIm Eulo- 
gium lliuoriaruni (inRolli-Ser.); .AngliaSaom, 
«d. Whnrton; Q-oilwin, D« Pruwulibiui Angtiv, 
ed. 1743; Wlltiua's CDDcilla Magiua BritaniiitD 
et Hibornis: Taoner's BibliotbcxM Seriptoruni 



SriQumieo-Hibcmicti ; L« Nvrn'it Fwii iicctraiw 
AuglicMUe. t>(\, llHTHpr: P^rkor. D<3 Anti^nitaUt 
SoqImJIp nc I'rivilrgiis KcvliHiw CiuiLuAriMiiii : 
Ho6k'B lAvn of ttia AKUbUhu|i« of C'untofhury,] 

J. T-T. 

WHITTV. KM WARD MECIIAEI. 

(lB27-l600'),?)urn&IUt.ita»<jr.Mictitel James 
XVhitty [ii. v.], waa Iwrn in Loudon in lt*d7. 
He TVAs <>((ucatGi) at tbo I.ivL'rfK)ol lii!<liliue 
and at Iluiiovcr. About 1S44 Iih bHcaiiu? a 
roporUir ni» tin- provinrial prt-as, and from 
1846 Ig 1819 hv wiw llm wriUir of th" 
parliamfntnrv auinmary of thft ' Times,' H6 
waH ihn Lunuoa corresjjondeiit of t\iv ' Lircr- 
pool Joumol,' and for S6Te4'a] vearti wrred 
Willi Guorga Henry Lewus, E. 1>. 3. Pigotl, 
and otliw dUtiiwi^ialied wriUr* on Xha 
staff of ilm ' LuauL-r.' Ilia gmat powers 
of Barca»im wi-ri' Kml ouspicuoiis m tli* 
Bingularty virid and viporoiM «kctcln!9 of 
the proc>!i>diDH;ii in parliitini'iit wliicli he con- 
tribvUi'il to tliii ' ij«a<lrtr.' TUe prcliminftry 
c«ear» hf^axi in lis columns uu 14 Au^- 
1855, and tliP fimt Hi-w.-ri|jl ion of iht^ Jebatea 
bj" ' Tht' Stranciir in Parliuwtnt'apiHiarwl 
in ibe nuiuber for i;( >iir. in that v>yir. A 
scleption from tb«ni Tra,* publiatw^ anoay- 
mouely in ISSl aa tlie ' Ilistoiyof th'< 8e«« 
aiim lB.">i'-a: a PaTlinmontary IM rfinpect.' 
Tbiwu iirtiulru ori(riMati>d llm luperior kind 
of pnrHnincntary Aetcb, iind for piinf[cnpy ' 
of expri^a^inn and fiilelil y of ili;*(.Tipliy[i liiive 
nerer b64>n KiirpaHM.nl. A volume tuititltd 
•The Dcrbyltcrt and thn Coalition' ilS5i? 
I2mo) U sssipied to Whilty by Alltbone. 
A brilliant wri^s of bin • leader' ailides 
was coUi'Ctud in ' Tb« Gort-rning Clamm of 
<)r«iit llritAm: l*«liticnl I'onmita' (I>in- 
don, 1854 : witL additions, lH.»iO, a voliinj-) 
wbitfb tx naid tci have mndi* a gn^At. impr«»- 
sion on Montalt-mbi'tL. The phnwe 'the 

fQvi^mintr clasjft*/ though previously nocd 
y Carlyle (Vivmwetts Lrtlert and •SpeefAf^, 
1845, ii! l^t, wait idtftitifiud witli WUItly'a 
volume; U. Tl. Broufh dedicEilt-d to him in 
ISJJC hiB volume vf ' Songs of ibi? Oovcruiii^ 

ClOMCS.' 

Before long Whitty quamslled witb hi» 

old fmnds on the ' Tjoaniir.' and be seiMd 
the opporiuiiity of satiriaing them in clnviT 
epigrammatic sent<.'nct.'S in bis novel of 
' IVioncbt of Bobomia, or Pkasea of London 
LiFii,' which waa written in a fortnigbt and 
sold for 50/. (Loudon, 1S57. 2 vola. ; N«w 
York anil Philadelpbia, 1804, with memoir). 
'\\Tiittywfwappoiatod editor of tbtJ * Northoni 
Whiff piirly m IB."!", but th«s engajfomeiit 
terminated abruptly in iLu spring of IS58. 
lie relumed for a titue to London, and on 
the doatb of bia wife and two cbUdri'o 
umigrated to Australia to work on the 



' Xnlboume A«iLS.' lie died at MelbonriM, 
at Ibu bouH ofa relatirr. »n '21 F(L-b. lAai. 
\ ftfw yvart later a handsome mouumt^t 
wah erected to his memory by Oarry SuLlivui 
the nclor. 

Whit ty po«*i>jis#d gn-at talent, and was en- 
dowed ' vnih a brilliant «lylt> and apowerful 
battvrr of »Arca«l4C irony * {IrtsA Qtuirterhi 
lifview, vii. 385, &r.) A slcotch of him 
under the namQ of ' N^-d Wexford,* by Jamiw 
Iliinnay, U in thu *C<^nihill Magazine' (xi. 
-'•^1-;!; reprinted in Y.m'iVk'ssM* Litfrttrjf 
UefoHtetion*, pp. S'J.t-t). 

t\th«D»uni. 12 May 1&6D. p. <MtI ; SavadiB, 
ly, & Co. A OrivQlal DudgaU 1 Jum I88U. pL 
122: I>ubltu Heriew. July lUj, pp. 101-4; 
jeaffirwon's Novals and NorcliMa. ii. 402 ; ia- 
furmation fruin Mil* Whitty of Con<^Tdia. 
Blnndcllaandu, IJrorpool, Sir (Mwurd R. RiumII, 
and Mr. F. D. Finlay.] W. P. C. 

WHIITT. MICIUEL JAMES flTBS- 
1S73'), journaiijit, Ikihi in Wwifnrd in 1706. 
waa tfio f^n of a maltster. In 1^21 hi- 
cntnmenppd Ills !il<>ntry carper in l^ndon, 
and nmong hin earlieet friends were Sr 
Jnmea Uocon and Georgv CruikBhanlc. Ha 
WAS appoinli^d in 182:) to bo tdttorfif th« 
'Loudon ami Dublin Magaiinf,* and in ita 
first Tolumc appaned tho subfttance of tb« 
work uu ' Hobert Emmet,* which liu published 
wilb a prefatory not« aigned • M. J. W,,' 
nhnnt ISVO. He remained editor of the main- 
line until 1827. From 1823tol639h« coo- 
triliiited largely to Irwh periodical liT^'ratarB, 
and waaan ardent advocate for catholic emsn> 
cipation. He pubU^h^d attonymonelr in 18*24 
two voliimca of *Talc» of Irish Life,' with 
illiisl rations by Cniikshank. Tlie«« storieit 
dt-pictvd Iho oiutoma and condilioa of hi* 
fc Uo w - conn try men. 

Whitty began his CQonectiuu with Livei^ 
piiol ill r82K, when b« acci^pted tlia post oC 
editor of ihu 'Livt-rpool Journal,* stuMit 
in January 1830. Ho ^'acatod this position 
in F'?brnAry IK3A rrn hia appoinlmfnt as 
cbief constable of the borough. Ue had 
prrvionsly been 'suporint<>ndmt of the 
nightly waicU ' (Piciojt, Mtmoriah of Livf 
pKif, i. tini)). During his twelve yeaiV 
tenure of the ofBca be porfBCted the omni- 
&ation of thv police force and formea an 
citi'cicnt firn brigade. On his retJicmBBt hfl 
wK* prtfAnntcil by the town council with 
tb^ sum of 1,000/. in recognitinn of his ssr- 
vicee. 

His ronnection with the ' Lirerpool 
Journal ' bad not been wholly sewrwl 
during this period of his life, end in Ift4Sfc8> 
purchased the paper and resumed his btenry 
work. For many years be actt-d as the Liver- 
pool correepondeuc and i^ent of the ' liaily 



toe ' iiauy ■ 



Wiiitwell 



i6i 



Whitworth 



In IS51 be wu a witaess before 
be parliftTUfintArr commiMion oppoirkted lo 
Dquire Into th« Kewspaper Stamp Aci, and 
he vigorously advocated the abolition of tke 
Ituup net, ibf ftdvtTtifti-mont dutv, and the 
doty on pBper, On tiie reruuvaf nf tlir^u 
iwpiiitH h>- iMUt^d m Xti^H the ' Lirerpnol 
Ll»ily Piini," tin- Hml jit-iitiy dnUy papirr pub- 
lished In t hi' rniti>dKin{;;dom, in thf>oolumii!i 
i>f which during IWll-4 ho walously advo- 
cated the cau-xi of ilii> nartJicrn Matvs. The 
Owr pttMCKl out of bi» haodH Mnue years 
ore Lis dcatti, lull it hA» m^vur ccasMl to 
bold ■ promineut place amonir ibu lining 
d«ilv pap«r». 'WTjilly'a (luide tu LivHr- 
poof ' was publisbvd from tlir ofliL-fi in 186>>. 
TW loit lew yenrs of VVhill y'" lift* wpnr 
»pent in rcllroment al l*rinc(!'B I'^rk, Livtrr- 
pooL lie difd lh«m on lOJiiiii' 18"3, and 
■wna buri«d at Aiificid cftinwterj* by tJio nide 
of hi* wifi-, tbt> aiBlcr of E. II. Neill, poito- 
SMiident in l^ndon of tbu ' {.ivvrponl 
Albion.' Edward Micliacl \\Tiitty [q. v.] 
vros their M>n. 

[AUtsDimni, 14 Junv 1873. p. 763 ; infomrn- 
tloD bom Mi-HWhiity. 8irK<l«ard R.RiiMcll. 
Kod Mr. J. GrtgMti of 70 Ororo Strnnt. Livar- 
pool.J W. p. C. 

WHITWELL.JOilX n RFFKIX. Ix)Kd 
Hliwabd de WALDHJi (1719-]"97>. [Sec 
ORIFFIS, .IflHX (jKlFriN.^ 

WHITWORTH. CIIAltLK-S, BinoM 
Wbitwokc" {]iS7'>-l7-^i3). L'ldt'Et of the nix 
aoDs of liichard Whitworth of Illowerpipe, 
mni aft»rwarda of Adbajtlon, StnHorlsJiire, 
who married, on 15 I>i>c. 11)7-1, Ann*', Oaut{h> 
tor of FrancU Moiaelej, rector of Wilmglow, 
ChMhirw, WM bom nt Blowerpipi* in lil7<!i, 
and baptised at WilniAiow on 14 Oct. in that 
jvar. H«ws8 edacaltHl al VWotininsttT (ad- 
mitted 05 a qi)C<m'« Khotar in I6IK)). wa* 
el«>ct(>d lo Trinity roilfgi-, C'limbridtje, in 
JtWl, and became a fellow of that mhiit^Iv in 
1700, hanng paduatod RA. in 1000. 'He 
was initiated into ibt^ art.* nf diplomacy by 
O«OTBreSt«im0T"q.v.],ftndwhilfi William lit 
■waa still king )in wa«, upon Sfepn<?y's re- 
comnidndQlioii. aimointed to ri-prfH>-nt Eng- 
land at tbt! diet oriialisbon onl'e>l*ob. 170:! 
(cf. Adiit MS. aififtl, 11*. -iT, S2). After 
Bti'jnM'T, he i» said to hnvo iitidwrsto&d the 
Bolitirs of the empir.' bptler llian anv Kiig- 
liabmsn during the ruiKTi uf .\nTii!. iie van 
appointiNl I'nvoy-t'Xtrniiinliiiarj- tti KiiKstu on 
2 Sept. 17U1, and retained the poAt for xix 
yt»n. In Sent^inbfr 1707, in a-ply to a 
^itHtton frotu Hnrlvy.bogaTe Romo infonna- 
tiou about l.Ue libmry at Moscow, In Sep- 
lembor 1700 ho was cominiasinnL^d to con.- 
gratulatH ibv csar upon kit victory of Pul- 

TOU LXI. 



towa. Peter aeiied the opportunity to de- 
mand thtiiustaiiivxL-cuciou of all ihupi'reonA 
concerii'i'd in the arresi, and tinpri.tuniiii'ut 
fnrdebt of his Loudon onToy.SlotCof. Whit- 
U'ortli Imd dilliculty in expLainini; how iio- 
poartible it vaa for his royal miiitKaA to 
complywith thv czar'* wish; but, tliuotrenders 
having r('e4^iTod a nominal punishment and 
on act haring been pawed by parliament for 
pnMrviug the privilege* of aubaMwdon, 
reterwu eventually appeaaed, and ma uei*- 
over highly gntilied by the Engliah enToya 
oddroaing uiui a» ' ump^ior' (ihu ineidi-nl 
in fiitlr tn«ted by \'oltair» in liii> Jlittvtrc 
df liuMif, nt. i, chap, nix.} ^SHian Wbit- 
wurth t<'o)cFii?i Leavn in May !710)ii«'cxnTisk 
maje.ity' pn&cntcd him with his [Mirtrait net. 
in diainonda (Li''rTHt;u. ; Ntoirf M.S. 223, 
f, 304 1. Un Ilia aecond miAriion to Moscow 
Whitworth found Calhuriiie I, whom on hia 
former embauy hvi bad known in a much 
humblor station, exaked lo the rank of 
empri'tv.und, if an anecdote may be believed 
whicli Walpole relates upon tboaulhority of 
Sir Luke Schaub [(|. v.], the empreoa, after 
honouring the cnror by dancing a minuet 
with btui, 'Ktjutvwa him by itu- hand, and 
wiid in n whijiptT, " Havf vou forgot lillle 
Knte."'" 

Early in 1711 linvraiiaent as ambanuulor 
to Vienna, but his endeavours to ovurcome 
the reuii^suHH of theimperial court in making 
up their i)uota of troops for service undeir 
Marlborough wvreall in vain (MAHLUoUotroH, 
lirxpritrhr*, ed. Murray, Tol. r.psasim). On 
30 April 17U Whitworrli waa appointed 
Kngliflh plimipotentiary at the congretw of 
Radcn, where during llie following xummur 
were ultimBlely n-ltli-d tlin t»-rm!t of [wjirti 
bftwcen the emperor and the Krenck king 
(7 Sept.; Uakoks, Traif/t tir Pair, ii. App.) 
In 1716 he was appointed envoy-extrnordi- 
uary and plenipotentiary at the court of 
Priuaia. Next yt-nr lie waa transfcrrwl to 
The riagui' (wlii-nce ho Bent long accounts 
of nimourKii Jaiobite conspirum-s), hnl re- 
turned to Berlin in 1711*. Oti I'Jdu. 1730- 
1721 be wan created Iteron Whitworth of 
I'iiilnay, in n-cognilion of hia diplomatic ser- 
vices, and a IttlK' later, in Fi-bniary 1721-2, 
bf wo«apiioint.-d, in ronjunrtion with Lord 
Pulwarlh, British plonipotentiary at the fon- 
grwis of Cantbray (!*■ '■>- '32). He voictd 
tbu EuglisU protest against itie secret treaty 
recfittly concluded b(.-tw«i.-n France- and 
Spain, and prouurvd the adhesion of Dubois 
to another Imaty between (iieat Uritftin, 
Spain, and France. Ureal Britain undiar- 
took to replnce tJie Spaiiinb aliipa deatroyed 
by Byng otf Syranuan in August 1718, but 
i«cuied highly ad viintageous commerc iali'on- 

u 



Whitworth 



i6a 



Whitworth 



^Vbituroetli'a cluplntii nt tbo eon- 
^Sm wm Ilichan) Clicnevix [q. v.] Tliis 
wnit liU lii*l <li]iluiiintic lu'lilvri-iueiit. Ho 
Hfitil'^J in Lnnduii.and was in 1722 roluravd 
to purliunwni n» m«ml>vrfor Newport in tlie 
Isl« (<f Witflit. Hilt heMth, liowevfir, wiu> 
not K^xi; litsphviiciaii,I)r. Arbiithiiot, tiild 
Swi^ thatlvcliad practically curM the nmbim- 
•wlorVvertigobyapreecriptioiiof Spawatem, 
but bis illtii-w. rc-curKd, and ho died at liui 
Iioueo in Oumrd yta-cl on SJ^ Uct, 17:i5. 
He wna buried in The «>Qtli aislt? of West- 
minster AbWyon Nuv.(C'iiBsir.ii, liuriiU 
JXr^Ut^r, p. 'lirt). II<> married .Magila)i-un 
Jaooba, <!oiinteiM (li> Vaul^mont, wlio diet! 
ui I'-'M, but ho U'fi no >«>n« and tlit^j)««ni^ 
biXMimn n^Ttnct. Iliit will, dated Berlin 
2- 13 Miircli 171'2-3, was provf d -m 1 \h>c 
by lii» brtithfr, Franci* Whitworth [see under 
WitiTWoBTH. Siii Ohauleb]. 

.Macliv deat^ribes t!ic ambauodor a* a mnn 
of li^amini; and \^Mti ^i.'ust!, handsome, and 
of p«rfei:l. addri-ss. A threw-quarlt-r- length 
nartruit by Jack Ell vb (owned m 1867 by 
tguatwwl'>i'la Wurridfpicia IiimliotdiR^if ttii> 
hand of hia youthful nBph«w, and » pnpt.*r 
addrassod to liini as pli-nipnteulinry at tliu 
COOKTewof Camhray \Cat. of yationai Por- 
trattn, 1867, No, 3I>( ). Fnun a largi- iniaii- 
tity of TioIcK and ini-moranda that hft IrIY in 
nuinuiicript but owe piece has bpyn wlwcti'd 
for ]>ublicalion, 'An Aircniint of [tuxnia aa it 
was in the yoarl"IO. by Cliarlflfl l^ordWliit- 
worlh. i'riuted at tiirawbtrr;- Hill, Ki'iS.' 
Horace Walpolo.wlin wrote nnndvorlHcmBnt 
for tbv book, oUAiiit.-<l till* manuwriptibroueh 
lUcbnrd Owi-n (_"nmt)rid({t-* ^"l"' ] = *- imbridpi; 
bniieht it frum lliu liiii.' cjlW-t ivn of books 
rtflating t" lIuMia fr^nned hv /olninn, a secre- 
tory 0? Btepli«n Toya'K [ij. v.J U whs iv- 
friiilsd in thu si.'wvnil voliimo of 'Fugitive 
'it-ct'A'in I7<!'J, andagain in 17ti5 and 1771. 
Nummary lhQii(;h Whitworth's tn-slmitnt in 
of a rtiibjcct no intcr».'«inB, his bonk is nf 
valuv.and is U'jI uuiii*tlyconipawd by Wal- 
pultt tu Molc6wortbs aerount of Dinmivrk. 
The- auilturiiifiMi! larval f«ui9 for the Hussian 
anii» fi-om IUp ' passive valour* and endu- 
rau<?e of the t)ca»intry. TIib atwmut of the 
Ru»>^tan naval yard* (of wliinh thi' [wraoitni^l 
wa« almost entirely En^li<;h) nt iht.- i-nd of 
the rotHmp isapwciallyciinnuit. WliitworlJi 
hiniAfll'wflii in.itrumi^iital in I'lOinsimdinR 
oTur a number of English Kla»«-blowt>rs to 
Moscow. 

Thirty volumeB of Wtiitworth'a oHicinl 
oorrMpundeiiCH are prwcrved iimonp tlie 
psperfl of Kfirl Dc !u Wnrrnt llurkhurst iu 
Siiiwdi. .Many of bin iettcra are among tlia 
Stair Pupenf (Hut. MSS. Comw. 2nd and 
43nl l{i-ps.) 



[Walpol«''a oceotiDt ot Wliltirorch piafizadto 
Ifap Arcount of Huioiiii, I'^K; QttHK» LewitV 
St-rnuia iirnncli'd at ^Vontiam.Sl Oeu 173S, upou 
iht iluith of Iliiibt Hon. the Lor() Wbitworth; 



a. R CiokaTtniJ'ii Complete Peernp''. riii. 131 ; 
Bur1c«'»Bxiiii<!t Feemso, p. J82; Cole'» Alhwnw 
Canuhr. xIt. 338 ; WoleVa AInmni Wcatraon. 
jip. 2?7, 23B; Luttn-Us Ilru-t Hist. IWnlior, 
vi. 07. <fl1,586. 580. ft9«; Bi>y«r'« Krign of 
Annc.l73a. pp. 307. 31IR, 4M.«<rt,664; Swiff* 
Worlm. ed. SoM. iv. S43. xvi. 423; i'arl. Hirt. 
ri, 782; Wwntuiijrtti ["ftpBrii, p. 1 1 ; Wnlpolu'it 
Royal and Nublo .Vuthur*. «1. Tnrk. v. 235, and 
C<itTe»pi>adcoM. iii. 161, 1«7 ; Pialcertoa's Wal- 
poliann. 1793; Ui«t„ Retf. Cliron. Djiiry. 17^*. 
p. i6. cf. 1 728 p. 40 ; Kotcs and Quwiw, «th 
•cr. iii. ii9, 197. 7rh wr. i. »». 18» . fttoBthly 
ftcvifw, x>x 439; Bril.Miu.. CaL ; StoweMSS. 
223. 22i, i'Z: (U-tl-ir* U) Robelhon) ; Addit. 
M.SH. 28Io.>(1btl«nt bi Sir J. Norris), Z8»U2-IS 
(lo J. Ellin), 32740(10 Lord Walpole),] 

T. S, 

WHITW0RTH.SiBClIAliL.i:S{17M?- 

1778), author, born about 1714, wa« the 
eldest *on of Francis Whitworth of Ley- 
1'Oitnn', Kent, tilt? vt>uiig«r brother of Charlea, 
baron Whitwortfi [([. v.] FranuL<< MHilt- 
worlh was M.P, for Mitwlii^d from May 
\7'J^. lie was flpnniniedftfrenllpman usher 
of thi3 privy chamuer to the king in Auj^unt 
1 7-f*. survcyf>r-gpnL'ral of woods anil forfsls 
in March 17'i2. and secretary of the island 
of llarbftdos ; llu-s>? uflire» ho h«lid until his 
death on « March 171:*. 

Chnrlw Wbttworlli entered parliaiaeTit for 
Alineliead ai the f^moml election of 1717, 
reprijiwntt'd that pookct borontih in two 
paTlianii-nta until 17UI. and then sat for 
Blelchin^ly from 1761 to 1708, when he w»» 
one* nion?rpliirnt'd for Mi»t-liead. In Octo- 
biT 177-1 he migrated to East Loo<j, but at 
the«nd of the yenrac^cplfd ihi- bUi wardship 
of thf Chilu-rti Hundri'iis, and wa," choe«n 
for Saltasli the following Janiiarr, Whit- 
worth wa« a crcat student of pariininontary 
cu»tomi^ J in .May 1768 \i« waa chosen chaii^ 
ninn of ways and raeann, and, being rmip- 
pointed at tht mevlii7g of the succeeding 
piLrliamvn L in 1774, dischar^fed ita dntlM 
until his death, lie ruceivwl the lionoor of 
knigblbrw-l on 1M Aug. 1708 (TOWWIXH, 
CatahV't^ of Kiiufhts^, and hisnamo appeara 
ill ihe liFt of those who vntwl for the expul- 
sion of Wilkes in I7fil>, He was appointed 
lioMtenanl-governor of Gravesend and Til- 
bury fort (under Lord Gadogati) in August 
17rjS (Gent. May.), and this command he 
hrhl for twi'nty ytiant until his diaith. AMien 
the we^rem lialtnlion of the Kent militia 
was euili<idi«/l on 2:i June 1 7511, Whitworth 
heranif* its major. Being chtwim ouo of th? 
Tice-presidents of tlw tJociety for the En- 



I 



Whitworth 



I6j 



Whitwortli 



kt of AiU, Muufocturea, and 

ComiiiCTCirt, « it4 mectifis-on 28 F«h, ]7fi5, 
be Bupponed the society during tbe rest of 
bi< life. Httvlnp; inherited from lits father, 
wlio wiia ihv Sim of liis fumily to HvLtlv 
then.', tb« ("itate of LeybuuniM (fraaj^, near 
Town Mullinf^.io K^rnt, Whinvitrlh ri^iiltfd 
tlu-n; until L77II, when, ivilh liin i-ldtvit Mitt'* 
<:on^nt, he ohtainpd a private att of parlia- 
inifnl H-liicli <<nabl«d him lo sell l.t^lKiume, 
aQilhftlK^reupon remoTftfl tft.Slanmore. Af. 
the tim? of lii« death he wsa also ^at«d at 
ttlBchronl. !^mtru:t. tie d\ed at Itafh on 
ti-2 Aiig. 177i*. 

VVhilwi^rtbi married, on 1 Junp 1740, 
Martba. oldest daugliUir of Richard Shttlk-y, 
-who waA deputy raofrer of HL Jamtta'a and 
Hyde Park, and ckHirman of tlte hoard of 
stomM at htDclfitlh on :^SC}<:t. l/uA. Whit^ 
■worth left four ilaueht<-r» aiid ihivtis itonii, of 
wbum Charles {17-j:i-ISl*51[q. v.], the eldest 
aoii, beciiimi Furl Whilworlli. Sir Franc in, 
ibt! second imiii, was a lieutenant-rolonel in 
tlin rnynl iirtttWy, nnd<Ii«>don 'Jti Jan. 180">, 

Xd 4fl; and Itirlinril, wbo was a captain In 
royal imvy, wan Wt at aea. 
WTiitworth compiled soveml works of 
refereact>, which, tliouRb UAvl'ul in thwit dnv, 
bavelong boen Eti]>crst>iled. Thi^y intludt^: 

1. * Suocessiou of l*u.rliiim<.'uts frum the fte- 
«tOTalion to 17lil,' Ij'iriil<in, 17<!4, )^wo. 

2. * A Collection of the Supjdipn and Way* 
uiil -Means from tho Itevotution to the I're- 
iwnt Time," London, 17^1, I'Jrao; thid odit. 
1765. if. 'A List oftbeNobilityand.lud^e^,' 
I^ondon, 1766, 6vo. To the ItHH edition of ^ 
DaTid IJoyd'a ' Stato Worthies ' Whil n-urUi 
COonribui^tlio 'Characters of the KiiifTs and 
QoecnsofKogland.' lu 1771 uptiL-arci ' The ' 
Political and (.'-ommprcial Work* of Oharli-* \ 
D'Avi;naut. colloL'l«d and revised bv Sir : 
O. W.;' and in 1778, t.lin ihird «ditlon of | 
Timothy Cutiningham'fi ' HiKiory of the j 
Otixtonu, Aids, Subsidies, &c., of England, 
with BfiTerallmprovomcnu suggesti-dby Hir 

[Burke's Ex U net Pevmj^; Ollic-ial Return of 
lumban of ParliAmoni; Ueni. Mar.] 

W. R. W. 

WHITWORTH. CHARLE-S, Kabi- 

Whitworth f 17.^-1825), «m and h.'ir of 

I Sir Cbarli-H Whitworth (a nephew of Charlea 

I Wbitworlfa, baroM Whilworth of fialuny 

I rq.T.]>,wa«baptiae{lat Leybonrdf on 2ltMay 

175± tlKwassducaledatTunbridRe school, 

^luH preceptors thfre ineludinf; Jitm>'s Cnw- 

^Hjbom [ci. v,J and 'Mr. Tow«rs' {TimOrt'iiffe 

^^mAaol iifyiaUr, l^^f^, p. 13). He enbered 

^^Be fii«t rerimeot of foot^unrd>i in April 1 77'i 

^^^ on^ijnit 1>ecaine captam in May liBl.aiid 

' wtacveaiujilly on 6 April ITSiJ appointed 




li«ut«Daot-coloiiel of Ibe 104th r«^ment. 
nia transf«rvnc« fmm militar}- life to diplo- 
macy ia not ea»y to explain, but in tha 
Aceounr f^iveii by \Vraxall, disHf^urt^d though 
it is by maliciuii8 or purc-ly fanciful em- 
broidery, there ia peruaiis a nucli-ua i»f 
truth. Wliicworth wu' highly favoured hy 
iiat.un-, and hi* nddn-mi Mxci^itml Hvun his 
ligur-:. At every period of bis life (]iii>piis, 
ditch > ■»««», and founl.wge* Imvn showerwl on 
him thpir rpgard. The Duke of i)onM., re- 
cently sent ambassador to Fomcp (17S3), 
Vinff an intimoti- frifod of Mr, Whitworth, 
made him known to the iju^-n (Marie- 
Antoincttc), who not only distiuguislietl 
bim by flntterini' marks of ht-r atluntion, 
but iiiliTcHted herself in proniQliug bin 
fortune, which then stood gn-atly in nt^d of 
such patrooagt!.' The good oincra of th« 
queen and Dorset, acconling to thia autho- 
nly, procunxl for Whitworth lu June 1785 
ItiN iijipointmenl. ma ••ciroy-extraordinarv and 
miiiisitT-plenipitenliary to Poland, of whicb 
country the tiiifiirl.iinRic Klanislnu' FoniJt- 
tow.ikl was still tbe nominal mannrrb. Ho 
was at Warsaw diirinK the troublous period 
imm^fliiitidy pnioisiinptlii' second partition. 
JIocallHl early ni thai Tear, he was in the 
following August nominated anvoy-oxtra- 
ordimiry and miniBier-pI^tiipott-ntiary at St. 
Pftfrsburjt, a post which ho held lor nearly 
twelve years. 

Whitwortli ■was well wicoivfil by Cfttht^• 
rine [I, who waa then at war with Tiirkuy, 
but the hnrmonv between the two couiitriea 
wad di«turh';d (luring tb« wintar of I7(*0-1 
by Pitt's subscription to the view of thu 
I'ru^iiian gorcmment that the ihrt-o allies 
— Fu^Iflud.l'ruissia, and IlolUind — could not 
with impunity allow the balance of power 
111 Kaaluru Europe to bu disturlwd. Pill 
bopod by a menace of sending n Ilriiiah 
fleet to tbe Baltic to constmin Ilussiii to 
iDakv nfiBtitution of its chipf com|u»-st, 
( >CMkow and the adjoining territnir a^ far 
OS tbe Dniester, and thus to realise uis idi^ 
of confinitig the ainbitinn of Rusaia in The 
south-east as well as that of Franco in the 
north-west portion of l^urope. The Itussian 
gnvt^mmcnt replied by an uncomproininiug 
mfusal to listt^n to the proposal of reatilu- 
tion. War begun to Ik' lalki'd of, and Whit- 
worth w^nt in a luemor&iiduni in which bit 
dwelt upon the strength of the czarina's 
dctermsnntion nnd tbti gn-M dioplay of 
vigour that would be necessary to overmme 
it. In the spring of 1791 ho wrote of a 
Fn'ncli odvcnturfr, named St. Oiiiit^r, who 
had appeared at 8t. Petersburg with a plan 
(•)? invadiug Bengal by way of Cu»hni4.-rL>, 
andiu Julv liucooimuuicatod (o (jrvuviUt! u 

M 2 



Whitworth 



164 



Whitworth 



circamstantiAl account of n plot to bum tha 
Snrluh Hfut «t l*orl«moulB l>y lai-uiit of 
Imh ■.nil other inci'ndiaric4 in Itiiwinn pay. 
Intho nouitiini; Piit had become aUnnod 
at tbv opp<Milion to bia Kusai&n policy iti 
piirlinronnt, Borhe and Fox both utterini; 
pon-errul «|i«ircb^ mgmliut the natunticin •<( 
OpMkfvw tn tin* Portfl, and oarly in April 
1791 & toeMvnfc^T wm Imi'tily liespalched to 
St. IV-tcrsbnrji: Jo k^ back iho ultimatum 
wbich Wbiiworib bad on 27 MaJtrli been 
ordered topivMrnt to thecmprpM. His rcla- 
tioDH with the Kuuian court vrvrv now fnr a 
Hbort period eonsidcrably utrained. Cathe- 
rine, elated by n>cent victories of Suvnrof, 
Boid t<» him witii fin ironical «nil«^i 'Sir, 
since the king your mft*ti;r is determined to 
drivo mo owl f>f IMentbnrjr, I hope h<y will 
pormir me to roiim to (."oiiBtaiumopIw ' 
(TooEK, Lf/c vf Catharine II, iii. 284). 
Gradually, Itrtwi'Vpr, tlmiugh tbo infliifnco of 
Madnrnti Gsrepiof.tbu eii^lvrof thefuvourite, 
tW celt^braterl /.iibnf, tiiid in consenuencc of 
the nlarni wcili'd in Uitt mind of CBtherint' 
by the courae thioffs wtfre inking in France, 
whitworth moro than recovered bis poEiltou. 

Great BritainV inllu'tnce upon the peace 
finally conclndM at Jaftsy on 9 Jan. 1792 
wiifl. it i« IruL', little more than nominal, lint 
"ft^iitworth iiblained floma credit for the 
RchieTptnpnt, tHjfL'tliLT vfiili llie cnjea of a 
K.B.O" Nov. 17iW). Wraxairaatatcmpm 
that the relations between Wbiiwonh and 
Madame Qer^piof vrrr. Himllar to tbosc^ 
between Marlborough and the Ducboss of 
Cleveland te utterly inrrvdiblc (w-e Qiucr- 
tfrhi litriew, DwemW 1R36, p. 470'). 

Thu gradual rapyru'-fmnmt betwi't-n tb« 
Tiewd of KuMLn and Enf;l(iod wa.i brought 
about muiuly by the common dnend of any 
wvolutionnrv infrction from the quort«r of 
rrnncc. imd in February 179!i Catlierinewas 
induct-d to itipn a preliminary tr<?atT, by th« 
terms of which she waa to furaiah tlie coali- 
tioii with at least aixty-fivr ihotLoand men 
in return for A Inrffe monthly subsidy from 
tbo Briliak government. TVih trwiy was 
jiiBtly rtgiirdedaaa triumph for Whitworth's 
diplomiiey, though, unfortiinaliOy, iiwl l>r- 
forc tlip date fixed for its final ratificatinii. 
by both countrifs, the ciarina was struck 
down by mortsl illness (Fi:bru«ry I'Sfi). 
Paul I, in his dcalru 10 adopt an orig^inal 
policy, refuwd to alfii bis signature, and it 
was not nntil Jrnio 179S that ibo outrage 
committed by (he l''rwiipli upon the ordor 
of the knigbta of St. John at Malta, who 
bad choaeo lum for thrir prot^ielor, dispoAed 
bim to listen to thp snliciiationa of Whit- 
■worth. The latter oblainpd his adLenion to 
Mn alliance with Or«ftt "Britain offenaire and 



defenBive,wi!b thcobJMtof putting a stop to 
the runht.'r eacroachmenta of FnuH!t),inI)o- 
c<'rober ]7iit*, and the trwty paved the way 
for the r>perations of Suvorof and Koraokof 
in NoHheni Italy and tfatt Alpa. 

Whilworlh was now at the renith of hia 
p.ipularitY in St. P«t«rsburfr, and Paul 
pnisst^ tfie British (rovemraoat to rai«p liim 
to )br I^t^.•nlK^'- Tbi- r«K(ueet woe readily 
Romplira with, and nn 21 Maroh 1800 the 
ambassador nas madt' Baron \\'hitworlb of 
Newport Pratt in Ireland; but b^fon.' tba 
patent could reach him tho csar had bMfi 
reconcili-d to Xapoleon. Irritatml. ntore- 
ever. by ilto Briluih solxure and retention 
of Malta, J'nul abruptly di»Dii*s«d Whit- 
worth. and t hi-raupon commenced that ani^iy 
corrBspuiideucH which d<*velopl^d into tlio 
combiimiiiin of norihera pnwen agiusst 
Urcat Britain. 

In July IHKi Uii> xeiiiire of the Banish 
fnifalt' Freya for opposing thp Priliah richt 
of -tcnrrh I^ to strained relations with 
Benmark, and. in order to anticipate any 
bostib- move from Copt-nhogen, Whitworth 
waa degphtched in Au^%t on a special mis- 
sion to that capitaL To fiive the grvator 
Wright to bis roprewmtationii, a squadron of 
niui> sail of ibu line, with five fngatoa and 
four bombs, waa ordered to lb« Si^und under 
AdmiruJ Dickson. The Danish alinre hat- 
t<-ri<-M were aj> yet very JTicomplete, and Whit- 
wort li'a arigument!) forthetimo bcinj^ proved 
«"(K-tual. lie relumed to Knetaud on 
27 Sept., and on G Nov. was made a pi^^ 
councillor, 

tlii< former friend, the Duke of Dotaet, 
liad dti-il in July 1 709, and on 7 April 1801 
ho married the widowi-d duchi^^ (Arabella 
Dittua, daugbtLT of Sir Charles Cope, bait., 
bv Catharine, crib dau^ht«r of C««n Bishop 
oi Parham, who afterwards married Lord 
Livt^rpoolf. 8he was a capable woman of 
tbiny-two, with a taste for power and plea- 
»un>, Boys Wraxall, kept 'always eubocdi- 
nat* to ber economy.' By the <loatb of the- 
duke she came into poeaesaion of 13,000/. a 
year, bcsidea the borough of East Oriusteod, 
while Dor»ot Huuse iiud Knolo Parit sabae- 
quentlr passed into hnr liandii. 

Thw feace of Amiens wa^ concluded on 
^7 March ISO:?, aiul Whitworth, wbo«v 
means weir now fuUvadM)nate tn the situa- 
tion, was chosen to nil the important post 
of ambassador at I'ftri.t. lli« infltructioii* 
wKnj datod 10 Sept. IMJi', and two months 
later he act out with a large train, being r^ 
reived at Calais with enthusioHa: aeonsid«r- 
able pL-riod bad elaps<-d since a British amboa- 
sttdor had bt^vu ttcun in France. Tie was 
presented to Napoleon and Mate, Bonapnrtj- 



I 

4 
4 

I 




Whitworth 



i6S 



Whitworth 



* 




I 



* 



en 7 Dec, aod eli dajs Inter his wifv wiie 
received At t^:. Chud. Tlia duch'-ia, whoff 
lisutvur wu very pronounced, Im<l coiuiiiler- 
abl« sCTUplrH nbnul callin^r iipnn rlif wife of 
TaUcvrand. \n early ii» i3 iAjc, W'liitwwrili 
nMmtioiui in a despnTi-li the niiiiuur Hint lh« 
first consul was mL-dilatin^ u divorcu from 
bis yvih md Ihn aK«ut»j>ti(iii of ihv nn|ii:TiaI 
title, hut during his first iwa moiifh-t' so- 
journ in Pari* thfini ewtiH'd a lacit ajfivg- 
Bifiil to ftVnid dtMif^ivialili- fiiil>Wt>*. Xnpo- 
luou ignored the attacks of the En^fUeUprvae, 
tite retention of Miiltit, mid tho nrotmctrvil 
erncuation of Kg\-pt, while Kiigluiid ki^pi 
tiil«un> u to the rvccQt Frt^ncti ■gKf»'**'o"s 
in HoUunO, I*i>.-dniunt, Klbii, PiLfutu, uiiii 
Hwitxarltttitl. TLi!ltritii>li|;»vc!niu)>t*iit wert-, 
however, obatin&te in thrir refusal lo quit 
Jlalta autil a guamulm.' had Ixwa si^iod by 
thi^ vitriniift powern en»urinff the poMt^Mion 
of ih<> iEkiid to tUe knignts of St. Joba. . 
Thi" diHii-idiV; which cnnnfilutpd tWdnrkwHt 
cioud on iht> iliploinHtii: horizon, waa Bret i 
;aiwd by Tallcvrund oil :.'7 Jan. 1803. Three 
later was piiblishiic) a report filltn? 
;eeof tht! ' Mmiileur' from Colonvl 
If vlullBd bten Bont by Napoli^on 
m RpAclal n^ion of inquiry to lH,'ypt. 
In thtft re|(ort military iiiirinuotiun wns 
frvvly int4;r*ipcr^i.-d withrt.'ii:iirk^di»]Hirn^n^ 
to Knalnnd, in which cotintry thi> document 
woH plauaibly imi'rjirfti.'d ar" a pn-fnct' lo a 
Moond invafion of EfiTpt by llm Fri^nch. | 
TTie AdditiKton miiii»lry conwquentty in- 
fltmcled Wbitwonli, (lirouKh (he fvrci|/ii 
mint8t«r IlaTrkp«b(irv, to atilfcri hi<> back 
a^aiiut anv <h'tnKnd fur tbi- iirutupl ovucuu- 
tion of Malta. On 18 Kib. Napoh-on aiuw- 
moned the ambateador, and, bUlt a §tomiy 
outbunt of rh^rT'irir, crmfhi'It-d with thr> 
meniorablc appeal. ' ['niasona-noiiK jiliniil 
qiir di- nous coinhnltre, et nnua rARlerons 
pnseinhlfi Ifi.t di"*rini^ft du mnndr,' Any 
eiRnilica'ici.' that this offer might hare hail 
was more thiin iii-ntmli»cd by lite lirat oon- 
fiol's observatiou. 'Of aont \h» haKiilrtllea' 
^much eommfuted upon in I^nglMnd), when, 
in answer lo reproai-lies about Multa, AVhit- 
worth hinted at tht! auam«iLtal inn uf French 
piwi-r in Pi(.dniont, Switzerland, and elsb- 
where. 

The L-riaJB, of pxtremfi impoManffl in the 
car-'cr of Xaiiiilflctti ('il StJiit arriv^,' aays 
I^anfri^y, 'h I'inslant le nhiH rrilinui^ do OA 
carrion- '> us wetl as in the nistorj- of £ii|fland, 
wAi arrivi-d at on 13 March IMf.fc'), ihi- datti 
of the iamoufl scene between Nu|hd<3<>ii iind 
tbt> British ambnsaador iit thi> ToLlerit*. At 
thf cloM of a vioh'nl tirado lufon; a full 
court, interrupl<>d bv aftidrji tu fuTi'ign diplit- 
mattttta I'xpn-aaivu of the had faith of the 




Dritisb, Napoleon exclaimed loudly to 
Whitworth, ■ Miilhour n c^'ux ((ui nc rc^peC- 
tenc pas Ifit traitis. Ili> fu si-roai roapoD- 
Mbleft ik touti* I'Kunipe.' ' He waa too 
agitated,' eaye the amhawndDr, ' to prolong 
Ibe funvfriiation : I t littrefore tuadn no 
uoawtT, and he retired to his anartmenc re- 
peating thrr last phniKf.' Two huiiilrvd 
p«op|p Ucarft this convcrBBtion('if such it 
can be called '>, ' and I am pcrBuadt>d,' adds 
Whitworth, 'that tlie>rv was not n fingle 
peraon who did not feel the extreme impro- 
prifiv of hid Londiict and tbo total want of 
dignity m wi-11 iia of di^ceni'y on the occa- 
sion.' T!i8 intwrview waa not, however, & 
final uiio (ba haa ottv.n erront'uusly bt<cn 
BlHlfd). Whitworth wa» rBCMvwd by tlie 
first ciinBul onca again on 4 April, when tha 
COTVb diplvmatiijuu wvro kept waiting tor an 
audimr^e for four bi)Ur« wbib- Napoh-on in- 
ape{!t<2d tnapsHcli?. ' When that ceremony 
wna iHtrfornw'd hp rtwiivpil ii«, nnil I hud 
every reason to bi* .-iat i.'fii'd wilb his manner 
towards lup ' (Whitworth to flawki_'»bnry, 
4 April ISOSV XapoK'fin wL^IiL-d to tem- 
porise until hi« preparations w^re a little 
more advanced, but the nourparitrt honce- 
forth hud little reiilsignilieauci-. On 1 May 
an iridispijsition prt-vent«l the amboMador 
from attending thu ret-'cptian at thi- Tuiloriott, 
on 1- May he detnundird his pn«8pnrt«, and 
on 18 May Britain ditclart'd war agaiuet 
l-'niTice. Wbitworih reached London on 
2U May. having L'nct>uritcrp<l th« Frtnch am- 
buSHudur, .VndrtyMy, three days earlier at 
IJnVfc ((lAHniUl, Traitis de i'aiv, viii. 100- 
lol). Throughout thu trying accnvt with 
tht> firxt consul, Ina demeanour was gene- 
rally admitted to have hten marked by n 
dignilv and ilil imfmi.'ifn'!iU worthy of the 
Ix-dt traditinna of aristocratic diplomacy. 

Irritated by hta failnm to stun bitn by n 
displfly of violence (snch aa thm which fkad 
»o daunted the Venetian pleniput-cniiiineH 
before tbo tnvily of Pnmpo Fomiiol. Napo- 
leon did not hoitati! to Hiiggei<t in one of 
hui iiiunmla that Whitworth had Imwo privy 
to lbs murdur ufPaul I in KuHFia. At 8l. 
ilrilrna in July 1^17 Uv alludi-d to Kim with 
calmnepa aa 'habile' and 'adroit,' bill h« 
alwavs maintaincil fhnl tin- nr^'-'-jiLiHi ver*iou 
of thft cid.'bmi' '! I.! March wa« 

' plein dea faun ' < -omit pnnt'td 

■u S'otfA nnd Qunw, Is:, .^t. v. .IIS), 

After his return, not occupying a seal in 
either house nf parliament. Whitworth Mnk 
for ti-n yirnrv into comparative insignificance, 
but in lt<lU, owinn; to bia wife'a connection 
with Lord Liverpool, bu waa laado OL 
2 March a Ion! of tin- Iwdehaitiber to George 
in, and on H Junn vas appointed lord liou- 



Whitworth - 



166 



Whitworth 



trnnnt of ttvlaiid, in succ^Mion to the Dalte 
of Nichuiiinil, a post wliicli bti h<jld tmtU 
()c;toI>fr Ihir. In lb« uanic ninnlli lif wa» 
cnailfd ail Kngliali peer a-i Vifcount Wliit- 
Hurtli uf AilbuDtoii; on *J Jnn. IHlo h'- wn* 
protDotcd tn ihe gnnr] crrAi of llif Bath, 
■ik] on '.'A Nov. wu civateti Jtami] Adbuton 
and EnrI 'Wliitwonii of AdbftAton. AtUit 
Ibv rvvtorutiou of the lk>urboii» in Prance, 
which at A political ciprdient lie hiffbly 
approved, be vi&iiud i'aris iit April 1^19 
with tbe DucheM of [)ors«it and a numerous 
tmiii. Ili» oflSeinl cajxaoilv was dt.'Dt«d, but 
he w«B g^nt^rally iWnieti to bam bnfn 
cliargtrd witb a mis^inn of nbs«rvBtion. lie 
*i*it<^ I.oiiii* Will «nd thtt priticv-x, but 
canifully avoided any inifrview with Ibe 
inini»tiTji. Ht^iwisiti'vIPikris in (lit* follow- 
ing Octolwr on hi* way to Nft|ili'«, vrhpTV b« 
was rfctived with groat iliatinrtion, tltoit^h 
iiolittcn! significnnofl was agnln diKclnimed 
for ihfl visit. Hfi iN'fiiniod tn KnpUnd and 
FiKttled at Knole I'nrk in I81.'(t, bt4 UbI pub- 
lic nppttnrailLV iMinc as OMistant lord sewtT 
at the coronation of Oeorgv IV on 19 July 
16*21. He d\(^ without iseuc at Knole on 
13 May 1820, whvu nil lii« honours bccniiii' 
extinct. Ill* will wu* proved on .10 May by 
tliP Duulicw< of Dursut, Ilia universal l<?mlt!*^t 
Ihe perwoiiBllv Iwin^ ■worn undir "O.WKW. 
lilt' ducheHtilifd at Knoleon I Aucr-iitllow- 
inff, ami was btiri^ on 10 Ang. at wiihyam, 
SiLVtex, twenly-lwo hor««n«'n following her 
remains to the );(rave. lUr oiilv son (by her 
first husband), the fourth Ihite of IXtrsft, 
having <}Uh\ in l9I-'5, bwrlnrgv popcrtvMwti* 
matMl at 3o,0UUA jier annum) wu* divided 
bclwoeu \ivT two tuii^-in-lnw, thi* KnrU of 
Plymouth and Hf la Warr. ' KtKiIn in Ki>nt 
waa judiciously bei|U4»l1)wl to the forui"r, bo 
bring llin nrlirr itmn of tin* two, nn l)it< ex- 
press condition that hi.'i Inrdfihip Ahauli) 
i;x^nd6,000A per annum on this favourite 
teudence of th.- Swkvilli-* for w^veral cen- 
turies ' iSumtJc Herald, ap. Uent, Mttji. \&2% 
ii. ft*-). 

Whitworth, cccorttinff lo Noiioleoa, was 
n 'fort b«] lioinmc-' (Mhrional ilif Snmt^ 
JIHhm, ed. 1^02. p. 104, April, Mnv, .luty 
1817], and tbi>> d>*M-rijiliun i* ronfirnKHl fay 
th» portniil by Sir Thoinaa Lawreiwe, an 
enipiiviiig from which iippenrs in Doylv's 
' Official Baronage.' Then- iii a very fin* 
meixotint engrsviug of this portrait by 
Charles Tunier. Tim originol fomsoneof 
the small collection of Jtrilijh mosterit in the 
Ixntrre at I'nrin. A portrait of 'Captain 
AVIiitwortb ' of much i-arlier dntu, ongraved 
by l{, Lnuriu afli-r A. (iralf, ia identified 
by J. ChulutHT .Smith as a portrait of tbe 
diploniaUHl {.Vfzsuiinto I'ttrlraU*, p. 80!)). 



(Tba bnc acoMiai of Karl MThitvorth hitherto 
araHablpislWt ialb»fiilu>tli TolDmeofthn Bio- 
Itfftpbfa Unirarwlle (Pari*. 1827). \>j Dr B«au- 
champ. A Terv Tttlaahlfl ■npptami'iil lotbiaia 
' KiicUnd himI Kapoleufi io \%0^, bviiig lb* l)w 
piicliea uf Lord Wliit»ortb aiMl othats . . . 
Irom Lb* origi&aU in lh« f^cconl OlIi>-<;.' rd. OMar 
Itrowtiiiii;. London. 1887. .S*e *]«> UojU'« 
OIHi-inl Itkimmge, iii. Md ; BurkvM £s.LiBL-t 

I I'suragi, p. M3; 0. E. C^ok&TnoI'a CouipleU 
JVnige, viii. 133: TimM, 17 May 1825; U«iil. 
Maff. 1S2S. ii. 74. 371. M7: Asnual R^nlntf, 
1800. 1803. 1825: Wraxnll'e Biat. Mamoirs, 
IHS4. ir. SI aq. : I'aDllicv>n of t!>n A^i. IBSS.iii. 

' 6flU; OcoT^iiui VJrx, i. &M; So:iM's l.ifnof Napo- 
I«>ii. V. 39 »<], ; ViMi SjrUrn Frtacti RtrolntioB, 
18S7. ii. 3tl0»ii.: Le.-k/* lli»t. af I^lnna iu 
Iba Ei];hlpnitti Ccntui^, v. S'O m.\.\ Ali»oD'B 
JliA. (mT Europe, \Qli.i('.<r.pnwini: Lady BUa- 
iMirhaMCt '8 Talleyrand. \V.'M, ii. &»-ll3. ICam- 
land and J<Briaa«'« U»t. G^-nontU-. Tol. vir. ; Mar- 
lin'sUi&t. deKmD«d«fiuiat7HU,iii.2D3^i I^in- 
ffcyj. Hirt. do Napoli-oo Premirr, 1862, toL iii. 
ehnp. i«. ; MorelV Earope wl U U«rolutian Fran- 
•T'tMf. ISO'J. vol, ir. pabiRi. A cooaidantbl^ pur- 
tt«n a( Wbiia>orths<liploa>atiecorrwpoi>dftn«La 
(•TrMTTod MiDoag !!)• Addil. HSS. 38062-S 
(lailvrsM ibeDokgorLveds. 1787-00), 33410 
tr. 13(;-3 ll^tter* to Jrfmy Brntlian), 34430 
(Isllon to Lord .imkUnd. 1790~9A), 34432 (to 
\\it. Duk< of l«i^. 1790-91), and 34437-63 (ti> 
Lord nreoritlc I791'3),I T. 8. 

WHITWORTH, Sru JCXSKPH (1908- 
1887) baronet, int-chanival engineer, the (no 
ofCharlea Whilworlb <,<!. lii Jan. Irt70), a 
adtoolnusier, and eventuullv a consTCga* 
tionalist minister, fir»t al. ^^hel1«'r, Leeds, KoA 
then at Walton, neur LiviT^iooI. b^ .^samh, 
daughter of Joaepb llolae, wnibom at SlO«k- 
port on 21 Der. li^US. In l«ir> ha was ient 
from his rather'* »cb»ol to William Vint's 
academy at Idle, near l^eeda, where he rv 
iiiain<.-<l until he wai> fuurt>.t'U, being then 
placet) with hia uncle, a colton-tipinnrr in J 
Di'pbvdiirfl. Hi! mastered lh« catifltniciion ■ 
of vvttry machine in thi<plnce, but. like Watt 1 
and liabbage, he found that the mMohinnry 
was very imperfect, and true workmanship 
in ronik^n«nce rery ran*. The prospect of 
a regular business partnership was not aUu^ 
ing to bim ; he wa» ulrradv coascioua of tfa« 
t rue bent of lus genius, ati J, being unaUe to 
emancipate himM>lf in a more r«^ar manner, 
he ran away tu Manchester. There in 1^21 
be entered ibe iliop of (Brighton jb Co., ma- 
chinists, u a working mechanic. His firat 
ainbitiou was to b« a good workman, md 
h« often in later years said that the happiest 
day he ever had was when he Qn>t eamod 
joiimr^vman's wages. 

In rebruarj' 1825 be married Fanny. 
youngest daugtiter of Itich&rdAnkerB,a far- 



p 



I 



merof TiTTin in Chcrtiirc.iind iliortly iiftpr- 
wonl* eniered ilie workubup of Maiidalay &, 
!'■>. iu the \\'es[iu inciter ltrtiit;e I'oad, I.oniiloii 
[bl-oMil'd.ilat, HcxuvJ. Mau(t)<la,v liooii r«- 
ctyaMHtl l)i.« rxoi-|itioiial tnleut, and }jluc«it 
him Belt loJnhtillnmp.s<}ii,(i Y'lrktihiriniim, 
tbptup't worktumi ui tliHi-nljiljliKlim'-iit. Hrre 
■Wliitwortli matlp hin first preni. diacoTery, 
tlitl of n tnily planx surfnce, hr mcrin* of 
which for all ^inrt.<r.f sliding Ii-xils frictional 
Keietsnce mighl be reduced to a niinimiitn. 
AftcrlntfTi»*'ondprotrnt;U«31iibournHlii'pP(i- 
bletn W'Uilwortb imded bycomplel^'ly ^olviriif 
it. The most utcuratc plniics hitlit.'rlo liud 
bc«aublaui>jdbj'llrHlpluiiiii),''iinil ibvn grind- 
ing th* Hurfitc*. ' My 'i™i ■'•■p." be siivh,' wta. 
to ab&ndon fprindinjf For »crft[iin(;. Takittfr 
tiru nurfui^cii iii> UTurnti.! im tin- pliminff timl 
could mnko rliein, I muted one of ihftm ibinlr 
with colouring uiotUT iind nibbud tbf olLtT 
oirr il. Hud thv two »iirfiic<w hf'n inn' tin* 
colouring matter would liuve Hprt'iid ilwlf 
uniforcnly over th* upjwr oni*, Il ni^tpr did 
80. but Apnii>nnrd in vjintf and |wilrbi*ji. 11i<>Ht^ 
tnnrked llie em in truces, whirli 1 ivmnved 
with ft wrnpinp tool till the eiirfiiccs bccntno 
STEdually tiiore coincidtiiil. ilul tli*! co- 
ineidvnco of two sttrfacefi would not ]iroT(> 
tbvm to bu plniivui. If tbo omi nt-rv concnw 
and th* other convex Mw?y roig'ht Mill coin- 
cide. I EOt over thU ditiiculty hv tnkiiig a 
thin) surracM and ndjnatin^; il to l>otb of Ihtt 
others. Wer\' ono of the InttiT coiiciivo aivd 
the other Gonvei, the third plnne coiiti) not 
eoinctdi' with both of them. Bv n scric-s of 
comperivons and udju^lmfnlfi I inad*: all 
thr^e suHarcfl cnincide, and tbcii, and tioT 
befoni. Vavvi Ibul I Imd iruu pkuvi^' {Brit. 
Amioc. ftau. ISIO; Inti. .Vei-Jian. Knijint^in 
pTOT. le-j(J; Presidential A'ldrrfs at (ilus- 
ffotr). Till! iia|Hir(jiiir» of ttii» diiwovcry can 
luirdly be ov«>n-slininled, for it laid the 
foundatiim 6f an entirely tiow Flandard of 
accuracy in mcclianicjil rontitnirtifin. 

On leuving MaudelayVWhitworth. worked 
Bt TlolUtftprti'tV. «tid afterwardis at tbi^ work- 
(diop of Joseph Cleiueiil, when.' Uabbngt-'s 
calctJiiting marbine « as at Ibat time in pro- 
c«mofcon>trucuoii[8(>ti RtTinAt;R.('iiAHLi»]. 
In lt*ya be letunied to MnriL-heiiler, where 
hurt'nivd IL room with stefimponer itiChort- 
tou Htre-*!, mid put up a figu. ' Jo»-pli Whtt- 
worth, tnol-niakfr.fpom London,' thus fniind- 
iingn worksbop wtiich sooTi bef«m« h model 
of K mechanical manufncnirinj; t^^iitblii'li' 
■lent. The next twenty years were devoted 
tnalnlrto tht-imprrjVLTOcnt of miichtHO tools, 
incluain^' the duplex luth<;,pluntn|;,driUing, 
slottinfT, shaping, and ulhcr maclilneA. 'I'heMt 
were all dinilnyed and b!f;hly cummcuded 
at the Great Kuiibitioii of IS.'j'l. A nutursl 




scqui?! to the di«cov«ry of thi- inic piano waa 
the intriHluclioiiofn sviiieiiiof meuFurymcul 
of ideal exnt-tness. This wsi elievl^d be- 
iwti'H IH^O iind If^jVt by ihi- concirption and 
de\elijpmput of Whil worth'* famouBnieiaaur- 
iit]; machine. A Fyittem of pliines was to 
arriingt^ Ibal of two pnralltd Kurfac)! tbo 
one call b(! moved nearer to or further from 
Lh« other by means of a Bcrt<w, the tnni» of 
which niAaMine the dUtanc(> over whirh ihti 
moving plane baa advanced or retired. Ex- 
perience! ahowcd thnt a Mi-el bar held he- 
iweeii the two pltuies would fall if tli4' ili»> 
lance b<.tweeu the t>urfecea were increased 
hy Kik incredibly ^loall amount. For mDV> 
ing the pl>^le«^Vhitwl■^th uiwd a scraw with 
[tvciity threads to an inch, fomiinf; ihv axlo 
of a hiTjcii whift dividrd ulung Itii rimum- 
ference into five hundred parts. By this 
means if the wbetd were turned one diviiiiunt 
till- trinvabV siirfiK'c wan adtaiiiW tir n-tin-d 
[Jo of a turn of the screw — that is by 
Tiriaii '^^ "" inrh. This uliffhl diHi-ninco 
wa« found BiiccewtfiiUv tn make the differ- 
ence between the steel bar being firmly held 
and dropping. .\ more delicate m[tchine,ftnl>> 
sequently made and deceribMl to the lii- 
Etitntionof Mcehamcal Ku^iueers in IHStt, 
niiith- p>:<rL'>'pliblv a dilTereiiuo of oiiQ tw^ 
millionth nf an inch. 

Ily meuoa of this KTadually perfected de- 
vice wm elaborated AVhilworth's nyrtem ot 
niandard mt^aAUro^ and gangej), which soon 
proved of such enormouiulilily to engineers, 
nut of alllheataRdnrdfi introduced hy Whit- 
worth, that of the urealeM immediate prac- 
li^-cil utility was doubtless his uniform 
syMtiui tjf H-n'W threads, tiret dulhiitely »ug- 
((ested in 1841 (ef. Minutes of i'lite. In*t. 
Ctvil Ertifl'netTS, 1841, i. Kj"), Ililherto tbo 
iicrew» uiicd in lilting iniirhiner}- hod lK?en 
manufactured ujinn no recognised principle 
or *y»tf>m : eweh workahop bad u tyjie of ita 
own. By colleelin^ on (XTi'nsive ftt^rFriment 
of screw bolts from the differeui Euglieh. 
work'^hop*, Whitworth deduced as a com- 
promise mi Bv'iiru^e pitch of Ihreud for dif- 
fereul diametem, and also a mean nnglo of 
6r>=, which ho ndopu-d all thniiigh the «cal« 
ofaixe*. Tlw advanlagejiof imiformity could 
not hv rvfiisled, and by 186U the \Miilwoith 
HVslem wa« in (^-neral UHe. The beauty uf 
\Vhilwnrtli"8 invcntimifi was first generally 
r>'L"ipniM?d at the vxbibitiou of 1861, where 
hiH Mchihit of patftitod tooUand inTentinna 
gained him the repulation of being the first 
mcchnnica! coiislnictor of the time. 

Ill l*sVJ Whitworth was appointed a mem- 
ber of the roviLlcommiMinu to the New York 
Industrial E^xhibltion. The incomplete etata 
uf thii machinery department prevented hia 



Whitworth 



i68 



Whitworth 



reporCttte ujion it, but be made a joumpjr 

tl)n>tigli ilioiiiiliiHrinl iliMrictAof lli«raitr-fl 
Stales, aud publiattL-^l upoD tu« returii, ia 
COnjuoction witb lii-or^e WAUia{1811-l>'0l) 
[q. v.], 'Tltf Indiui.ry of tliu Uiiii^ Sm:e* 
in Macliiiiery, .Matiiifuctun-H, and UivCul and 
Oninm VII till Ari^.'I^niloa, ISM, ^vo, Whit* 
■wortli'* «biirv c<>n«i>>l»il of tlm lwirlv« abort 
but imen«ting opcining clmpt^re devoted to 
taacblntrrv. 

In 1 ^!w he: wns pifsidcnt of the Infltitutinn 
of Mt'plianic-Hl Eu(;iiit>erH,aiid8t tbeOlse^w 
tnpetin^ dfliv^rM uti AJrlreu in which hiA 
favourite projects wi-t« ably aet fonb. lie 
di'plori'il tin; t«iidfiicv to oxcr-saive itiw and 
weigbt it) ilie moving pane of macIiineA e.nd 
tbt' natioDul Iom by over-iiiultipUcatiun of 
WXOH and [ml l'„Tiii). Hi* c'oiiti-m|iluti*d thu 
~ IvanlARt^ (but mi^bt be derived from dv- 
'cimalisitiif wcigbl» and monaiiref.. a subject 
wliicbb'il in la^jT t-ohispiipi'r'OiiuStaudurd 
Di>ctmal Sleosurt- ofljeitglb forKn^ine^erin^ 
Work,' His popurs, livn in number, eiicu 
ont! »f wbicli Ni^iNlii><-i> n. nn'idutiun iu ita 
eubjeut, were collected in a tliin octavo aa 
' Miitri'11nnis)ii« I'njicto utt Merbanical Siil^ 
jerta, hv Ja'tepb whitwnrtb, F,lt.S.,' Jjon- 
(lon, iWirt. Wbitworlli bad been elected tn 
tlic liovftl Society in l&T)" ; h« wiu cn?At»^l 
Lr..D. 'of Triiiitv College, Dublin, in l**H;i, 
ftnd D.C.L. Oxford on 17 June ]SB8. 

[ii tbe tuLtuiilinm, as a coiiwquiJDCv of tli» 
Crimean vor, \Vbit wonb bail bnen requt-iltHl 
liy th« board uf 'irdnauco ia 1854 to dtai^ 
and pivft nri fjilitniitir ftir b Cf)mi>lH« wf of 
mucbin*?ry fur manufacturin); rifle rausiietii. 
Tliin Wbilwiirtli ilwlini.'d lo do, om be cmi- 
Bidered that expi^rimcrls wcrB nxjuir-fd in 
ord'T lo det>frininH wliat ruused the diffe- 
rence iH'twin^ri grond itnd bnd riflcK, what wua 
thf proper diameter of the bore, wliat waa 
tUe bi*r. form of bore, and what tho best 
mode of niiiui;. before any edi-i|iiatc mn- 
ehiniTV could Si< mad)*. L'ltimuti^ly the t[o- 
vernmi'nt v/etv induced Iu iTi-ct a nhcwting- 

Salk-ry for WbitworLli'n um-. iil Falluwfintil, 
laticlieMitr, nnd cxpurimentfl bej^an here in 
Murcb IK'>-'>. Tliey*liowrd thiil tin- jH>[iu]ar 
Knli'.dd riHuwas untrue in ulnicM!t every par- 
tiL'tilHr. In April IbTi? Whitwortb BubuiJtte<l 
to iiilicin) trial a rifle with an ht-xiijronBl 
barr«!, which in accuracy of fire, in penetra- 
tion, and in mnf^i; • (txci-llod thfr Eoficld to a 
dejjTwi whieh haixJIy loavee room for am- 
jwriaon ' ( 'Awr«, L';j April). Mhitworth's 
rifte Wan nut only far jmpi^ricir to any itnmll 
arm thon PxiAtiup, but it also embod'ied the 
prtncinkm nnon whit^b modt'ni LmpruvLunuiUe 
liavu been Dau-d, nuimly, n-ductiuu of bore 
(•■loiitHi), nn t-lDnpated' projectile (3 lo 8J 
"" ' rapid twist (on« turn in 



calibr&^i. mr 



'JO incbee), wid extreme ■ccnrnfy of mKn^ 
fftctun-. Tbift nfle, aftt-r di^inncinf? nil otb 
in competitiou, was rejit'ted by a ^ar 
committev a> i»\ng of loo email calibre 
a military weapon. Ten year» btt«r, ia 1 
(that ia,jiut twelve years aOer Wbitwortb 
had first iuggMl«d tlM<i-4ficaUbn0.a similar 
coratuittee napurtnl that nrillf with a'4<'> inch 
bore would ' appear to be the most suitable 
tor a mililanr arm * (llit> Ijn^Mvtford arm of 
trt-day hna a -30;) bore). 

The iuvenlor found *ome coneglatiim for 
the pronraHtitiationfl of otHcial procedure in 
tbe fact ibai at the open competition pronoiwl 
bytbc National ICiHe Asaoetatinn in I860 the 
VVbitwurtU rifle was adopletl a» the beet 
known, and onitJuty l^'KJtbt- queen np>.-nrd 
the tint Wimbledon rout-tinK by liriafcaVVliit- 
worth ridti from a mecbnrncal n«t at aniiij[« 
of four hundred yards, and bittini; tho buU'a- 
oye within If invln^ frum its ceniiv. Tbe 
new rifle was a(l'i]>te(l by the I-'pench pOTem- 
ment-, aud was K\>nvtally used for tar^t* 
ahonl inf^ until the inlMxl not tonoF the Martini- 
HL-ury, a ride in which auvecal of Wbii- 
wnrth'ii principttui w^ro embodttad. 

Ln the cnnslriiclinn of cannon he was 
eutinlly successful, but failed lo •wurw tbpir 
udoptiun. In 1802 he made a rifled frunof 
bi(fh power (a tix-miie ranRe with a -oO-lb. 
shell], the proportions of which are almosl 
the isuriie lis those adopdil to^ay. But lhi« 
g^in, de^}iile irs unrivalled balliatie power, 
was rejected by the ordnancv board to 1805 
in fa»inir of tb<- \Voi)lwich pnttt-m. wbcrebv 
llie progreej pf impniveoiBai in Itritieh onJ- 
naiice was retardod for nL-arly twenly vriirs. 

It waan,ft«rthfi termination of this 'battle 
of (be guna' that Whitworth made th«> 

f greatest of bis1at«rdiseoveri«^ Kxpfrivnoe 
lad tau^bt bim Ibat bard steel Runs were 
unt>afe, and that the safeguard confistcd in 
employing ductilu MukI. A guti of hard 
steel, in caae of unsoundness, exploilea, 
wbemie a gun of duciilu ated indicates 
wear by lotiinK il>i shape, but does not fly to 
piucee. When duel ile stE-el, hnwuver, is CB»t 
into an ingot, ita liability Iu ' hoiiKvcoinb ' or 
form iilNctillB is ho great as nlmnet to neutra- 
ndf i|« superiority. Wbitwortb novr found 
thut I be difliRuLty of nblaininir a lartce and 
sound ca^tintc of ductile sU",'! tniifbt be suc- 
ceoefiiily nvvrconid by Apnlyins rxtrvmn pr0»- 
sure to Ibe tluid motal, while he further 
difcox'erod that such proasuri- could best be 
applied, nut by ibe sieam-hammor but br 
muaiis of an hydreutic press. Whilwortu 
»lvel, as it wofi (•t.ykil, wa* produced in tbla 
manner about tH7(), and ita Hpecial applica- 
tion to the mtinufaciuro of big guns was de- 
•cribisd by Whitworth in 1876 (iVw. 



oc, IiH. M 



Whitworth 



i6g 



Whitworth 



P 






ATeck. Ens. 1875, p. ->Ue). In lS8a the gun- 
fotindry lK>anl of ibv L'nit»d St«te», alter 
payiui; n visit to Whit wort lis lorgi: wurlt* ut 
Opeualmw, near Munche»l«r, gnv« it ua llieir 
upitiiuii iliiii ikv i<yfit«ni tbiTo cjirrii^il uti 
AUrpOMtid nil olhvr tiirtlinti* ur lording, und 
tbftt the ' esperiencti enjoy »! hv tlits Dounl 
during it-n visit mnoiinl^vd 1o n ri^vulalimi ' 
iJleport. October 1>^, WftohingTon, Isnfi^ 
Hvo, p. 14), 

At tli« Pftri:* exhibiuon of 1867 Whit- 
wortli was awarded one oi the iivit ' Rrniida 
pri<( ' allotlcd to Gronl ilrilaiii. In Sop- 
leuiber 1808, after wiiiiL-s«iii|^ llit; perfupui- 
iincif of OU0 of tbe W'liLtwrirtit tittld-guiia at 
CliAIon.-i, Napolt-OQ 111 ei-tit liim the Legion 
of litiiiuur, and iiljoul liiti miiu« tiin« bv rft> 
euivvd thi' Albert medul of thf^ 8odt>ty of 
ArtH fur Ills inetriiuii.'iitft of iui-«JsurL-iii':iit 
«ad uttilbrui ntniulardi*. On IH .March IH<>S 
be wrote lo Disraeli, nflerintr to found thirty 
•cholanliip* of lliu nnnual vhIik.' uf IIXU. 
each, to be competed Tor u]ion a bjuiiii nf 
proficiency in th« theon' and prnclici^ of 
m^-hntiin. Next yenx bis gt-tierous octinn 
and bis merila an an iuviritlor ynvm uublivly 
Tec«eaiBecI Iit b'la hciag created a burooet 
(I Nov. 1809). 

His first wife died in 0<-t>>l»er 1870, and 
on 12 April 1H71 liu niurriud Marv Luulsa 
(b.M Aiiff. 18i>S0,d"iialit.>rof IhuiiMi llroHd- 
hurBf, an<l widow of AlfntdOrrelUifChi-ftiilft. 
Hliorlly bufore his second ainrna(r^ (tliouifh 
etiU retiuoing tbu Firs, Fallowfidd, as bis 
Manchester residence!) he piin^hHsed a nent 
and ectatu at .StanclitTu, near Matloclc. 
Tbere upon qd unpruui i»inu; sit'-, amid a 
number of quarries, Iii3 constructed a won- 
derful [<Krk, Slid lie ucauirt-d muc'h local 
celebrity for hi« gardriia, liia I.nillinj( linrsi'x, 
Aud liifi hi'rdof shorthornH. lliBinin tiilliard- 
tn.bli?, tiio (n-murkitblr for it* triiu xiirfnce), 
bis lawns, cattle pens, and »t-fthb'»i wt-rv all 
' mmluls.' Uie interest in artillery wis sliit 
univlaxed, hnwevc-r, and be was continiitvlly 
makinc new experiments. He was the tin<l 
to Mnist.ratti armour-plating iipwnrds of four 
iocoes in tbickmiMii, and tlie atvt tu dtiuou- 
•trate the possibility uf explodui)^ nnnou^ 
ahvlU without ueint^ uiy kind of fusG. In 
187>1 be gty^ tu tkc world bin iiwii vnntiun 
of lb« points at issue wilb th" ordnancp 
(leparliufnl in ' M iscvllune ou« Piiuers on 
Practical Siibjecis: flnns and ^^^l>el" (l.nn- 
don, 8vo). The unfortunate Ireatmeut to 
which he was «ubjecl«d wn* due in part, no 
doubt, to his plain and inflexible deteTuiiiin- 
Tion. * IIu would not modify a model which 
be knew to be right uut of dffi-rvuco lo 
committees, who, lie ton&iderwl, wem iu- 
compambly bis toferion in technical know- 




ledge, and who, Mag oUleials, wots liftble 

to lake nlfeiiee at the plain if)>eakiagof one 

wbD re^rded ollioiaL and infallible w &ir 

Ijwm syuonyniouji.' In 1**74 be t-oiiverted 

I hi« Dxiuiisiie works at Manchuster into a 

limited liubllitv comjianr- Wltilwortb, Imk 

, foremen, and others in (Jie Mneem, twentjr- 

I llirnn in number, held Vl'J prr cent, of Ibe 

shares, and had prnftiral control; no good- 

, will was cbai^d, and the plant was taken 

I Ht a low viiluiition. .\t tbr wimc lime tim 

clerks, drauglitsiatju, aud workmen wert> 

I rniyturaffed and asaieled to take shares 

I (-J'tJ. I'Bvh). (Ju 1 Jan. 1897 tbu firm vn.9 

united with that of Armstrong's of Klswick, 

with an uutboristsd capital of upwards of 

■1,0<X),(X)0;. 

As be advanci^d in age Whitworth formed 

the habit of wintering in tho Uiviera; but 

he wn.1 nut frmd nf |^iii^ abniiul, uiid in 

188o he madt> for hinii^If at Stanclifle a 

large winter-garden, hoping that be might 

thus ho aldi) to i>pi!nd tbu winters at home. 

Hti passed one wmtet successfully in Derby- 

! ebint, but in October ISSU he went out to 

I Monlw Carlo, and there be died ou 22 Jua. 

I 1&.87. Lady Whitworth died on ^6 May 

I l^W, and, lliuru being no is^uubyeithurwifo, 

the hariinetry beCEiine extiiiel. 'I'he second 

Lady Whitworth was buried beijide bur 

[ husband in h vault in Durh-y L'hnrebyard, 

For many years bi-fdri' bifl death Whit- 
. worth made no secret of his intention to 
devote the bulk of his fortune to public and 
especially educalional pur|>ottes, but died 
without maturing any scbcrac. Ityhis will 
und uudicit*, alter giving n lurgi* life iulvr«»t 
both in n-al ami ptraoiial estate to l»i« 
widow, and making both ebaritablu and 

IMTioniil If^ciea, he di'vi^t-d and l>-r|(i(-athnd 
lis residuary OBtiLt a to his wife and his friends, 
Mr Richard CoplevCbristi« and Mr. Huburt 
Pnkitiifield DurDtsnlTv, in equal oliares for 
their own uae, * they being each of them 
aware of the guneral nahirt^ of the object* 
for which I ahould myself have applied such 
pmperty.' After paying L(KI,OO0/. Im the 
Scit<rnce und Art Department in fulfilmenl of 
WUitworlb'* intention exprensed in 1888 of 
permanenllv endowing Uurty i>cbolnrsbip«, 
(be Vgnlerx bare, during the twelve veara 
tliat have elapsed BJnoe the Kviiator's dTi^alh, 
devoted sums, amounting in nil lo r»94,4IH/., 
t-", <<diicJitional and charitable purpn<te.^. Of 
this amount lt)K,t>f8/. has been given to the 
Wliiiworrh I'ark and InMituie, .Mancbi'ster ; 
llH,8Ifi/. to tbe Owens College (besides an 
vtstate uf tho value of 2lt>.4l.l4/. given to tbe 
ci)lli-go for hospital purpos.ee); 60,110/. to 
tbe .Mancbe^ler Technical School; 30,4077, 
to the Baths, Library, and other public pur- 



< 



Whitworth 



170 



Whorwood 



posea at Opmebftw ; 25,:!lF>f. to otbcr Man- 
dtester invtitations wid cIiKritiraf ; lUl,lM>t}/. 
to an inMitiik', baths, and hospital at Dnriey 
Date (in. wiiicli Whitworlb's wiit of Stan- 
diffa wu aitiiato) ; I'2,0I)IM. ro thf. Technical 
Schools aiid olbvr insiiiutinns in Siockport ; 
and l4,tUti/.tocliunTivsaDd iiutihitioni el»n- 
whiTit. 

W hit worth's mind was not that of a 
logician, but that of an uxptiriuuMilalUl . 
A mjiii iif Tifw wiinlit, Iir f-iicouulered Mch 
pToblflin in ttH-cIianicB by the ntniarli ' l^l us 
try.' Hi» I'XW.'rinifnTJt with rllltik are a 
«tnliin J example of t}in manner in which a 
miadot tbphifchoBt invptitivptirtWRnuluiilly 
and siiri-Iv n'tvancw towards its object. 
Tyadoll stud ih&t when he began to work 
at fireamu be wax a4 ignorant of tli« rille 
' u Fluuur WHS uf lli« micnmoope wlien he 
bcgOD hia immortttl rf>nearc1ieB upon spon- 
tanenus ecm^ration,' In tbo matter of gun- 
nery (liku Darwin in some of_ bis Bp«cial 
infestigHtioao) he may bo said to hare 
provHl aU thiDKH iu unlur to hold fast that 
which woa gwxi. llw ]jatiew», the atep-by- 
rtop pro^THSs of iiivtfslj^'aliou, the ccrtaiat^v 
witli ■winch ctinrlu.tioiw finr.f. fwirlv ri^adird 
are gratipod af< implements, the HV^ttimulic 
form in which facte are ' mnrxliJilli^il nncl 
rc«ult« nrmn^-i1. all indiciite, aa in tliw case 
uf a Darwin or ti Pngteur, ihe capBfily for 
taking ]>ains over triflf^s, and tlio ma:i<lvry 
uf luipf principli*, which gv to toakv up a 
grniu*. 

An eiccellent fuU-longth portrait of Whit- 
worth by lj. Diiuingi^ii in in the Whitworth 
Io«tiltiT.ii at Darley Dale; in the gruiinils 
adjoining Btund" n mimolif hie obnlisW (m.ven- 
t«cu feet lil^'h ), en-i't<td by the inbabilants 
in memory of W hitwortb, anii tinwiU-il on 
1 Sept. Ib94 ; upon th-.* p'sWial aiv ]K>rtrait 
and oibur medallions, Portrait* of Whit- 
worth appeared in the ' Ilhwtrati-d 1,ondon 
Xews ' on 1(1 May 186f> and on 5 I-eb. 1H«7. 
"VVbilworth'acJCcepliotiaUy blling motto waa 
' Fortifl (jilt prnderiB,* 

[Memw of Whtiwurth in ilis Proceeding? of 
tllr lii9tir.UL)on of Civil RngiDeers. IHfl'-^, 
rnl. ipi. pi. i. ; IiivliL of Ki-vlinuicii) Kugimeni 
Pmc, Fcbruftry 18S7; Manche^itr L'lomri' und 
I'hilosnpti. S(w. Prop. J'J April 1887; Nnt-urp. 
27 Jan. 11187; Btu^rnpb.ii. 456; KckcliR Kn^iii. 
Jlag.N«( yorfc, ii. 12, liv. laC (by TywIrUIr. 
Fraan'a Knsi. Izix. 680; TmDM. of tUe fioyal 
Sew. 1H97 i Sir J. Enicnon Tcnni-nl'it Story of 
tb« Quitu, 19l}4; Povter's Alumni Oxun. I'lfi- 
1886; Smilee'a Indavtriiil Biour.; Sultuu'* Cat. 
of Lunnuhirc Autliurs ; Tinit<«, '2-I Jiu). 1HK7; 
Mao«b«*ter ExntniixTaiKl Timci, 'if Jait. 1837; 
nioatnted Luixiun Nowp. lsK7.i. H9; Dcbieli's 
BAroB«ta», 1867, p. 63if ; pnvaii! information.] 

T. 8. 



WHOOD, ISA.\C (1689-17iiL>i, portrah- 
painter, bom in 1&^, pnctieed for maay 
vi-nrs an a portnit'|>ain1rr in IJnooln'a Inn 
l-'ield^. ami wild u skilful itnitstor uf tbe 
iityle of Kueller. lie wo* eapeciolly palm- 
niHt'd bf- thu Duke of llttdfard, fur whom Ik* 
painted tiUDtfruu* |)ortraitit uf inpmberK of 
iht! S]K-nrrr an<l Itiucell families, now at 
\Viiljurn .MiW-y; M>Dit> of thrm- wi>m copied 
by Whood from other painters. At Cfiua- 
brid^ii there are p^>rtniite by ^Sliood at 
Trinity Collie, including on« of Dr. l-uuc 
Barrow, and at Trinttr Ual). lli<9 portraits 
of l«dii-a wcri<: »oui4- of th« bfi^t. of that dat«. 
Th«rei8SK'^'^ portrait of Archbiabop Wak« 
by WhooJ at Lambeth Palace, painted in 
17^tl. Some of hic purtniut wvre engraved 
in mexxotinl.noluhly one of Laurent Uelraux 
the Hculptor. ctufrnvcd by Alexander ^*an 
llawken. WboodV drawings in chalk or 
bUckload are inleresiing:. In 1743 he exe- 
cuted a surie* of detiguf lo illustrate Butler's 
' lludibnu.' \Vhoo«l i!i<-d in Itloomobiinr 
Siiuan; on 2i Feb. 17Si. The portrait of 
.](i«'ph Sjwnce [(|. v.] nrvfixed to hia * Aneo 
doifa' was engravud fnta a portrait by 
\Vh.«d, 

[Walfolc'i AtKodotce of I^linter■ eJ. Woe- 
imm. Kith ananuwript uoiea by G. Scharf; 
•'^i.'tiurrH Cat . of ih« Pi«i <ir«a at ^^ oburn Abt.<oy ; 
lledeTavc'tt DicL nf Artieu; ChuloDcr ^mitli'a 
Ui'irighMouiDtjntoPMtntla.] L. 0. 

WHORWOOD. JANE (/I. IWS), 

royuUsl, wii« ibe daugbler of on« Kydnr or 
Kylber of Kine«lun. Surrey, sometime sur- 
veyor of tb<-9<fiiljb>s to Jninejn 1 4C1.AKK, /,i/(t 
of AnTMnv H'aod. i, ■2-27). In SepicmlK* 
1(U)'(, III the nm< nf ninet«>en, ahe married 
Uromt' Whomx>od, i'ldi«c Ron of Sir Thomas 
Wborwondof IIohon,Oxford»bire<OllKST£R, 
Lan'ii'tt MarrkiQf T^rrn^w, p. l4W); Tfrneb, 
VuHaiion 0/ Oj/ordtiiirf, p. 212). In ItH? 
and 1(148, when the kmgwaa in captivity, 
Mrs. Wborwuod eignaliMrd hentalf by her 
efforta to communicatH with him and lo 
nrrango his esMtpe. Hhe conveyed money to 
him fnmi liiviili«t« in l.undou when be waa 
I at Hampton Court in the autumn of ItJl", 
! nncl con»ullvd Wiliiam Lilly the o&trologer 
(H to the qu«atioit in whot quarter of tb« 
, nation Charles could best liide bjm^vlf after 
I hia iiitetided tlif^bl. Lilly rccommvnded 
, Kss«x, but tiiu «dvic<^ cainu loo tale lo be 
acted upon (\ALLt , Jlittary tff hi* J^e and 
Tima, p. 39; cf. Wood,' p. 227}. Mrt. 
Wborwood consulted Lilly again in 1648 
on the means of eireciing the King'a gccsm 
from OiriMbroiilm, and ubl«in«d frutn « lock* 
flniith whom he recommended flies sad ai^n^ 
fortLs to be need on tlie window- bars of the 
king's chamber, but through various aod* 



4 



I 




<f«nt» rh« ilpsion raile«1. She also auiited in 

iirovidiiif; u ship, and ou 4 Mny 1443 UuIimi'jI 
liitiiiinin(],tln'giivrni(jri'ri!m Nleof Wij^hl, 
wa.» warnwl tliat a nhip had sailed frnm ihi* 
TtutDori, and wite wuiiinf; about Qii<)ca> 
botoufh tA roiTT thr> king tn Holland. 
• Mm. Whorwood/adds thv letter, * is abcMrd 
the ship, a tall, well-fdDliioni'.-d, anil vu\U 
languagvd gvntlewouun, witb a round visage 
nad pix'kliijlfti ID her fnce' [Letter* betKfeH 
Ojlonrl H'tbrrt llammowi andtke Cvmmittee 



at lierb^ JIouM, 1 70-1, 8vo, pp. 43, 4fi, 4« ; 

p. 142: HiitlLtt, Char' 
Uttnf Wiijht, pp. 147, loS, Ififl), Wood, 



LliXY, p. 142: HlLLlia^ CltarUe I at the 



-whn had nl't<>n 6mn hp.r, adcln to this do- 
Bcription that she was red-hairi'd {IJfe, i. 
'2ii), Affr thn frustraii^^n itf thiftorltemn 
Mrs. Whorwood continued tocunvi-yletterH 
to and fruQi the V\ag diirin^f th>> nuliirain 
of ]d46, and to hatch fn-i^Ii srliemwi. Shu 
ia oA«n refcrred to in the king'* letters 
und» ihi> dph«r ' N." or '715' (Hilt.ieh, 
p. 240; WAtisTAFru, Vindietitwit •>/ Hi'i-j 
CkarleA the Martyr, 1711, pp. Ua, 1511, 
152-7,191-3). 'I vaDiiol bu ttiopj confidwuc 
of any,' »»\^ the kinjt in oph i>f liia letters, 
and iQ another epeiUis of tliu * long, vf'itv 
diM'oiirM'' ■hn hnd mmt him. Wood idttnLi- 
fies Mrs. Whorwoo<l with the unnamsd lad^ 
to whom the kinf; had entniMed u cahinel nf 
jewels which he B«?nt for shortly before hi« 
execiiiion, in onl«r thai hu mi^ht givt; ihi-m 
to his rhitilrfn (Athr-rnr Oj'oni&ri/vs, n. 7U0, 
urt, * llerbLTt '). Uul a Dutu iti Sir TIiuuihs 
Herbert*^ own niirrnlivn»1jitf!t tlnit rhe ladv 
in qaiwtiun was the wile of j-ir \V. Wliwlt^r 
{Hrrueht. .tf«w'«r«, ed. 170:J, p. 122). 

The tlate of Mrs- Wlirtrwt>od*H de&th is un- 
oertain. i ler eldeat eon, itroini', hiipti'>i>d on 
29 Oct, IfrVi, wan drowtif^d in SnpU'mWr 
1057, and buried at llolton (Wiwn, Lifr-, i. 
226). Her dau^liti^r llianfk married in 1U77 
Kdward .Matii«rs, LL.U., choncellur of the 
dioreae of Kxtter {ifi. ii. 3Jll, iii, 4€3), IlkT 
faij»hiuid ra^n-sentcd the city of Oxford in 
ftiur auti^KMijvH juartiiiinttiili' ( KKil-rfU, but, 
becoming a violent whig.-wnji put out of the 
ronrmiiuiim of the penct* in Jnnuary lOt^. 
He dipd in Old Palace Vard, \\'estniinater, 
on U* April l(tHJ,Bnd was buri«'d at llolton 
on 24 April (ii.i.S90, ii. 4an,4(10,J7tt, 523, 
iU. 9y). 

[TnrncrV Viaitationa of Oxfonl»liipe (Sari, 
Soc.}, 1H71. p.24'J: Uhvt Aatb'.ny \Vu<}a,ed. 
Clark; Ath«rtDD Oion. nl. ItlMn ; Lillv'n IltBl.af 
hi. Life and Time., fd. \»n.] C. H, F. 

WHYTE. [Sw! al*o \VniiE.j 

WHYTE,SAML;EL(17:ty-IBlI>,8.rIiool. 
loiutur iuidauth')r. born in 17i(8. wuAnatiirnt 
aon of Caplftia E>olomou AVhyt«, dvpiily- 




govenior of the Towor or London. Inaiiotu 
to TiiTBi's an liimiiulf Whytu says tliat ' lio 
waa bom on nhij^board appronchinil the 
Mer»y [uidl Liverpool was ilw fir^i Und hu 
«fv»r twichtxl' (PoriM OH Varimtt .S'MAfeet*, 
3rded.) His mother dii<id after f^iving birtii 
to him. 

Whyle's first coui'in.Frnnpfa Cham berlaiu 
(her mother wae aiscerof Whytc's father), 
)>>-cam>- the wife of Thomaa yhwidaii '\q. v.J 
Thu ^horidan)) vera verv kind to Wliytn; 
indeed, lie termed Mn>. slieridau ' th" l'ni.'nd 
and p&n-nt of tny youth,' Ho waa plact-d aft 
a txHinler in Samiiid Kdwardx'it acad'.'mv ju 
Golden l^ne, Dublin (Oii.iir:itT, IhMin, iii. 
200). Ills father dii.*d in 1707, and hia estate 
passed to hia nftplu'w. who waa Mr*. Sheri- 
dan's elder brother, \\'nvle roci-iviujr a legacy 
of flvi* hundred pouniJs. On .'( Ajinl ilbti 
hf npenod a 'srtninary for thf? institution 
of yr>iitii' at 75 (now 7'Jl Orafl'in Htreet, 
Dublin, rii- described himself as ' I'rincipal 
of the Knglish (Jramiiiar School.* Mr«. 
>iht'rl(1an p-Tsuaded her hushrind's siAtera, 
■Mrs. iifliecu and Mrs. Knuwles. and other 
Indies to send their cliildn^n to be tnuf^hl, 
und, *tbus favoured, young VVhyte had a 
linnd«ome ahow of pupil» on firgt. opening 
hia school* {Mmioira of Franrfu SJifrtdrntf 
p. W{). Hit own three children, the eldest 
not i'''%i^fi, wiTi' amonf; thetn. Chflrli-s Fran- 
cis remained a few week* only, wtiik- ILichard 
Brinslcv and his sialer .\ticia wen; under 
Whyie « caro es a scbooluiiuler for upwards 
of ft vear. 

V\ hy to wa£ proud ofbavinijibadthu famous 
Sheridan mt ii pupil. But in it footnote to 
tinge 'JTt of the tnird edition of Hi^ poems 
lif miide N fanciful statement which is the 
origin nf th*' tnytli ubout Sheridan and his 
briilhcr being styled by him ' impenetrable 
diincoA.' lie ri'poftted "the footnote atorv to 
Moon' in after years, and Mooni aided in 
dilTiising' it {Mrtnoirt, i, 7). .MIab Lufiinu 
haa e.xpoiR^d Whyle's itiaecuracy (Afemoira 
of FruncrM Shr.ridan, ]i. **■">), whili- Slifridau'ij 
iddi'r sister, writing to Ijidy Morgan in 
1817, cbargf. thu m.-lio(>l roaster of her child- 
hood Willi wilful mi.4r^preji>'nTetion (L*nT 
MoROAjt, Mrjnoire, ii. 61). Un the other 
han<l, ^Vhyl+■ w/w craU-fiil for tlio kindncos 
he r<.^ceived from Tliomaa Sboridnn and bis 
wife, and made a subslantial rt^Lurn when 
fortunt! frowned upon lliom. 

His first work was a 'Treatlae on Ihw 
Eutrli^li l^Jknguagv/ which, though printed 
in f7ttl,waa not jiubliilird till ISOO. II9 
wroif two iragodies and put them in tb(t 
iire aflt^r Tbomius Hberidnn bad imdertakeu 
to get them reprciy-nted. Ifc was it duetit 
vwnilior, and aome of hia rersee appt'ored to 



1 



Whytehcad 



172 



Whytehead 



177:^ in n quuno entitled *The8b«inroclr, 
or llibi'rniuii Ctv^rv*,' ]>nu:lu-al pru[)o«aU 
for & rwroru id education bi^iii^ a|»pt-ii<lrd 
<knoth«r udit. 1773, Svo). His rp)iulAtioD 
Itad led to tEm nfTifr in 17'>tl of tlitt |)ro- 

[fiwnnbip nt Eorlieli in thi> Ilib^riiUn -Vca- 
d«mv; bul, ibinVmg llixt Tliomnt' Hhcridan 
Iiad mea unfairly DVfiriookpd. ho decIin-Hi it. 
Hi* ciiftom WHS to make his pupils rvpT\-«i*nt 
fi pUv nt tlu^ nnniinl i^Tfimi tint ion. And Home 
becnmc nctors in consecjuence. Di'ins' btamed 
for I^1i^ li'- wrote in (wlWefence a diilnclic 
u>c'IIl.'Tb)^'J'b<•tttn^'w)li<'I) wm gmbU^hcd in 
1700. Whvli's son, Kdward Albcnry. who 
had bi:<cou]u his pHTtiiL-r. uolluclvd hi« works 
in 17tft!, of wliicli fourpdiiioonvferf prinl«l. 
Copies were civun as ^tizen to tlie pupiU 
who (lintinttiitKlii-d tliHnn^rlTr-x, u'liilt- trttch 

' one who foil short of i)w n>quired standnrd 
ncvived h\a (tugraved portrait. 

.\f)>T t1if> union iH'tvrceii Crvat Rrilnin 
and Irelnnd tint attendance at Whyle'n 
»clioo1 diminioh<-(] owin^ to Iriih par*fut« 
8endin(r their childrvo to Krtf1»nd for tlu-ir 
«diioalioD. He dii<d at 7') (jrafton ?^tre^t, 
Dtiblin.on 11 Oct. 1811. JliSAon pondnctcd 
th« achool till WM, wti<.'ii In; migraltul to 
London ond aflerwarda died tlicre. 

Wbytv'e workis, in addition to those 
named nbov^, inrrlmU-d : I. ' MiHCKllAii«a 
Nova, with Kfitnark.* on Boswi'U'ft " Join- 
son" and II Critique on IIurRerV "Leonora,"' 
1801, ftTO. 2. 'Thfl Bemiti.-* of History." 
3. * rh« Jijvenilt' tncyclaptwliii,' 4, An 
edition of ' Matbo.' 5. An editiou of ' Hol- 
berg^* UnivcrHil Hirtory.' 0. ■ A Short 
System of Ithetoric' 7. ' HintJi to the Age 
of Kuuon.' 8. ' l^TBcttcal Elocution,' 

[aillnrl'a irittory at Dnlilin. Hi. SnO-tri; 

' <3«Dl1«ni»ira Knpuinp. 18)1. ii. 486; Alicia 

Iiefanti'a Mrmnin of Mr«. I'mnrm .ShrridAn, 

pp. 82-6: Thu Junlii, or llic IiiliTior Cnlnnet 

laid open.] 1-'. R. 

WHYTEHEAD, TIIOM AS ( 1815-18J3), 
nuiaioiiary and poi't, born nt Tliorninnby in 
the Nortb Hiding of Vorkahine on ao Nov. 
1815, wa« ihu fuurth mn of Htinrv Itolxirt 
"Whytehead (I7r2-1H18|, cunitp (>f Tlior- 
raanhy and nt'tor of Qoxliill, by hia wife 
Ifnnnnli Diaiin Trf, 21 Nov. I^>, dannhter 
and bBirosfl of Thnnina Kowmnn, r.'rtflr of 
Crayk* in Vorkshirp, On th« death of llanry 
Robert \Vhyt^h.-(ul on 1*0 Aiif?. 1h18, bi« 
widow removed to York wiiL ber younff 
family. .\n('r«tlfiidiiig thtgrnmniar school 
at Devertey.aud rfndiiijk'i>riviLti;Iyiilon|ifwith 
hi8e]dt.rl>ro(bcri:i>lxTHlMOH*IS«y),Thoinaa 
waa entered 0.1 a jH-iiitioricr at Kt . Jubn'ii Col- 
lege, Cambridffe, m Uclober 18a;i. His uni- 
venltjr auc»»:tn)eB wuro remarkable. In 1834 



hcwiufir«lB«)l»cholar,in 1936 and )S30h« 
won the chancclhirV tjikrliHh niL>dnt with 
pot'intion tli« d«Ktli->l'Che Llukt<afliI'Mirr«l«r 
nud 'The h^pirc of the Si>a.* In lr(3S he 
won thelXubenn prize, with an euAV on' Tbv 
HaaemUaoDo bL'twrvn Chrift and Vloseii ;' in 
lS3fl be obtained Sir William lirowne'e gold 
miilal for Latin and (iroek epi^rnma; or 
'( Frli. 1B!t7 bv woM plact^ F*wond in the 
elai^mcral rripna, andin ^larch h« wa» choara 
srtiiorcIn*sieiil inodallisi. On 13 March be 
waselerlcd in afcllow/ibipai St. John'a Col- 
leg*'. which he retained unltl hU death. Uo 
^diialed B.A. in 1837, and M.A. in 1840, 
and waa admitted at (Ufonl mt nmdem on 
4 U'C. 1S4I. Lo December 1M,'I0 be wiu* or- 
daiiK-d l!) the curacy of Freshwaier in the 
laltiof Wi^Lt. Ounog l*yi bf ciimpo>ed an 
udi^- for the inMfitlaiion of the Dok^^ of Xorth- 
uuiberlaud a» chitna^lor of Cumbiidjre Cai- 
Torsity. which waa St-t to mu.*i<: by Thomoii 
Alt wood WalmitiWr ii.t.I, and uerfonoed at 
the s^-nate houw on ti July 1 w5. 

From childhood W'hyl^heut had been n- 
mjirkubli- for his eariie»l. piety, and afW 
loHK coTiBidemlion he n'^Kil vitl to devote hin- 
««ir to miurion work. In l&ll liv accepc«d 
the post of chaplain t<o Otisnyo Augustus Set- 
wyn [l-V."'. recenlK ap{>oin<v<l bieliop of Now 
Zealand, and railed on Ltt IW. Isil. Ue 
rmclwd Sydney on 14 April 184:2, but his 
health ponipletelv brokw aown, nud, tbnugb 
IuirvflcbeiJNc-w2£eiiland,hediedat Waimate, 
in the Htiy of I«laiid«, on 19 Mnicb 1843. 
Hfl was uutnarriiHl. A tnfmnrinl atone waa 
plaeml nvi^r hii< ftrave at Waimat«, and a 
niarbln tabh-t erwtotl to him by hi« friend 
the l-jirliif I'owis in the chapel ofSt.Jolin'a 
Collep', Pfnr the city of Auckland. In the 
newchapi'l ol'Sl. Jobn'tC-olh-KC.Cnmbndg?, 
wbich wiK completed in 1B4!11, a fulKlength 
figure of Wliyi'.'houd uppt-ars on the roof of 
tlie choir (WlU-ia, Arriitfi-ture and Ifut. 
(^tht Unicenitt/nf Cambridge, IfiSS, u.SoL 
W31. 

Wniytt'hend wim a port of some merit. 
Tbi? widrly known liymn, 'Sabbaih of the 
eaitila of old,' is one of wren hymns written 
l>y liim for lioly wwfk. Almoal bi« latt act 
was to tran«lAti' lliio hymn and Ken 'it Unea, 
'Olory to Tliee, my (lod, tLi^ niglit,' into 
Maori rhyming Verj«. A collection of hia 
' l'o«ms' was publi»li<;d in 1842 (I<ondon, 
8(roJ. A »p«'und edition, eutitlMl 'Poetical 
Keiaainii,' wiili u memoir, including many of 
his letiuff, was prt-iwrwl by bis nephew, 
ThomnH Bowman Whytehead, and appeared 
in 1877, wiiL a pn-fuo* liy Bishop Ilowaoa 
( London, 8ro). In 1 t»-l I 'a serie.s of i-pi«lb» 
oil 'Collugt* Life: Letters to an Cndergra- 
duate,' were published at Cambridge 



UUI.-tKIII- _ 

]ge after ■ 



Whyte-Melville 



Whyte-Melville 



hia defttb in 1846, und«r thv vditonhip of 
^ThnmiiE FranciR Xnox [r\. v.] A eooond edi- 
^■tiou by \\^iltiinn NsUianivl OrifHn Bppearud 

in Ijoiidon in IHJJii. WhvtehfHd'd two prize 

fiot>ms were olao printed ui IWU, in ' A Col- 
i>ction of the English Poems which hftv(> ob- 
tained tbe cliaDcelloi's gold medal,' 0am- 
bridg^e, 8to. 

[Memnir prcliscd W Whyt*h«d'» I^Ptiml 
Sain^ina, 1877; Pnf. to C(>l!«'^ LIfo. 18*5: 
Uiwiou Ufih \S7'i,vp. 3:d-l>0; tucker'* Life 
of S^lirjrn, 1879; Kurk^'ji I^mlMi (IrnliT': 
Jnlimi'ii Diet, of Ujmooluny, 1SB2; rostor'n 
AluRini 0x00. 1713^1886 ^ Sluck'v Hi*t. of 
ChuK-h MiBuwDftrT Sot. i, 43(1.] E. 1. C. 

WHYTK - MELVILLE, GEC1ROE 
JOHN l|y;il-I87Sl,novelifir and poet, born 
on !0 .luno 1821, was non of .ToUti VVhyli- 
MeltillAorSrnLthktniKMsin Fifeabim, b; Iiii 
wife CnthuriDP Aime Sarah, youngest dftusli- 
tur of FnuicLii Uodoluhiii Usbomu. Gfth dulcv 
of IjHtrd». Kob>!rl wliytH [q. t.] wu* biii 
greaT-Krandfalhtir. TUa noTHliat was edu- 
cat4.>(l at Ktiin iiiidiiir Ktutn, nnd iii |HR9 n'~ 
oeired a mmmiwiinn in the. ftHnl hi^lilandere. 
Bxcbanciii); in 1846 into the ColdBtreBm 
giurdd, nt' retired in lf<49 with the rank of 
captain, but on the outbreak of tbe Crimean 
war in I8&4 he roIuntwMvd forartire ftcrvice, 
and waa appointtid luaj'-r of Tiirkbh irn'icii- 
lar ctivalry. After pt^ce wan reetorrd he 
devoted bimself to literature and field sporif, 
specially fox-bunting, nn whitli Utf »ood 
cami- rn be rc^rded as a hi^hniichorily, llti 
married, oit 7 Auff. lK17,Charlutte,dauKht«r 
of William TTanbury. fintt lord Rat«tnan, 
bv whom he had one daughter; but his mar- 
riod life iTDA unhappy. To that misfortune 
perbap* may \ni Irucud ibf.' girain of mi'lan- 
choly which runs throii;j;h a.11 Wbyte-.Mel- 
viUv a writing. His titurary Eiowen), which 
hf. hirD.«rlf wa* nlways inrlinra to imdi-rtnte, 
were c-ocsiderable, and would havo brought 
bim itreiiler litme had circumetuncra n-qiiin^d 
Ilia) to put them to more diligent use. As 
Loekei^Lampeoa remarks : ' This notion of 
th« tmallnmaof hi« gift muy havo been fo»- 
l«ced by bis never baviiij; been a rt-nlly needy 
man: h« could always alford to biiiit t!ie fox, 
BO iko excitement of ttio chos^u au k ])i;-c<.^ di; 
cent noun, which stiuiu]ate.« mti»i uulLoro, 
waa denied him.' Ab il vnitf, Whylo-Mol- 
villi; di'vutpil nil tlin t-annti^it uf hitc ])nii, 
which mnat Uiive bsen considerable, to phi- 
loatbropic and chsntahlo object*, especinll y 
to the proTtsion of renjiing-rooraa and other 
recreation for grooms and stable-boys in 
bunlinji; qunrteni. Locker- 1 Jtmp«on ohserroji 
in ' ilv Conildt-nce*' (p. 3S'2) that Whyle- 
I MelviUft never sought literary aocietv, pre- 



mc?n, and connlry gentJemen, l'erhnpe>, bad 
he been morp oAiuduou-t in cultivating lite- 
rary men, bis reputation an an author 
might have tttoot! higher with tbe general 
publii:, though he could itciircvly havo bwn 
a grvutiir farounto with ri'&der* of biK own 
cluM. Jr'rom \u» intimtili^-uiviuHintancewitb 
military, sjiortLi:)^, and fitKhtoiiubIi> life, 
Whyit-Mulviilf L-ould deal with it in ficiton 
without at)y riiik of fnlliiiu into th« ludicroua 
exapp-Tat ions und blunder.^ which bC5.ot 
mftuv wrirrrx who attempt to do so. 

After hia marrinpi in 184T Whvte-.Mel- 
Tille iirwl for sumo years in Nortbouipton- 
glure, and then r«aoTed toTetbury inUlou- 
cestersbire. An acknowledged arhitor of 
hunting nractiti- and a critic of co»tunio, bv 
was carfieH.-! to a Ikull in hix own attire. 

Moat of Whyte-Melvilln's worlcH were 
novels, though his volume of 'Song* mhI 
Vorst'i* ' contains »ymo lyrics of charming 
vivft*^ity and tendemem, and at! hi» writings, 
thougli uppLoLing chiu% to sporting men, 
have attmctioiiii fur gi-nvrnl readers oUo, 
owing to the lofty lono of chivalry which 
pMrvadcji Lhi-m and the reverent devolion 
expr«asf?d for tht! fair si».\. Throughout all 
his works there in evident also nn aflvciioil 
ffirclnMipal lorf.njflcctiiigthfltrttiiiiuf,' which 
Whyte-Mi^lriUerwceivud at Ktuu in the days 
of Dr. Koatc. 

Whytu-Mclvitlc was very fond of making 
young liorATs into fininhi-d hiintera, but it 
was on nn old and favourite horse, theShuh, 
tlint h« ini'l hilt dwith, On i> Dec. If^TH be 
waa burning in the Val« of ^\^iLto ITorae, 
tbt< bounds hud found a fox, aad VVhytu- 
Melritle was galloping for a start along the 
gross headland ot a Tilough>.-d field. Hie 
norao fi^ll and killed him m.<itAnlant>ouHly. 
He was buried al Tctbury. A bust was 
executed bv Sir Edgar Uoehra(0»(. Victorian 
RxMh. No,' 1075). _ 

\Vhyti>-Melvill*''s falhi-r, who is men- 
tioned in TiOcker-Larapson's TrtntiHi-ncea,' 
mirvivcd hiin Air livo yoars, dying in ItiH3; 
Strathtiinnpsa then pa^std to 1il» kinsman, 
Mr. JamcG Bullbur, who assumed tliu numo 
nf Mftlvilli; in nddLlinn \^^< his own. 

W byte-Melville's published works are aa 
follows : 1 . ' Captain Digby (Irand : nn 
Autobiograpbv,' iJiM. :!, ' (JentTul Botinc« ; 
or, Tbe Lady and tbp LociJn(»,' 18S4. 
3, ' Kulu CoVL'nlrv: nn Autobiography,* 
IWJO. .1. 'ThM Arab's Itido to Cairo,' 
18f)B. 5. 'The Interpreter: n Tale of 
tho War,' ISW. 6, ' Holm by Ilouae: a 
Tale of Did Xortharaptnnflhirc,* l«(K». 
7. ' Good for Nothing ; or, All Down HiU,' 
li^l. f<. ' Market Harborougb,' I8U1. 
9. 'Tilbury Ifo^: aa Unsui^cussful Man,' 



Whytford 



'74 



Whytt 



1861. 10. ' Th« QuMn'fl M*ri«a : ft RomiuiM 
of nolTTOod; \m-2. U. 'TLc UUcUBiore: 
n Td" of Horn*, ana Ju.J«fl,' ISKi. IV. *Tlic 
Brookes of Bnaii>mi.'n.',' 18411. 13. ' Cetine,' 
1866. 14. 'Thfl White ila«e,' 1868. 15. 
* Itnn^B And I : or. The Skoluton nC Tlamv,' 
1868. 16. '.M. or N.,' IWW. 17. -Soitga 
and V«rw»,* Irtea. 1$. • OotstralMmd ; or, 
A LowofC llusnl,' 1870. 19. '3«n;li«tloi»: 
a Tale of itn-Grrftl tinmen," 1S7I. 20. -ThB 
True Cross' (a pelijriouB poem), 1873. 
'21. ' SatancUa : a Story of Punch««towii,' 
1873. L>1*. Tnclc Jolmi s Novel,* 1874. 
2a ' Kidinff ItecolWtioua,' 187o. 24. ' Ka- 
terfelln,' 1876. 3S. ' Sixttir Louise ; m, 
Wnin»n'» KwpvnUnop,' 187fi. 2ll. ' itoaioe.' 
Ift7ft. -27. 'KoyV Wife,' 1878. 28. 'Black 
but Comely,' 1H79 (po«tliuinoii»). 

[Bnrko'a Landed Oeatry : AUibutio'i Diet. ; 
Atinoiil Rrft'"*'"'; Bailya 3lHKiwii]e; Loelier- 
Iaukwoi]'* douliddiieM : prima information.] 

H. E. M. 

WHYTFORD. RICil.^KD {/. U9&- 
l.'iS') ?), author. |_Soh WiiinoRD.J 

WHYTT, ROBERT (irU-lTW). pn»i- 
difnt iif tint Rnynl Collc-jfi? of L'hvaiciaua, 
KdiiiliiirfEh, Focond sou of Robert \Vliylt of 
Bermocbiy, odvoci*!*?, and Ji-nn, daiigbli-r tif 
Aniony Murray of Woodt'ud, I'ertlislurp, 
was bom in Edinburgh no (i .Si<pt. 1714, t'lx 
montlia after his futhcr'a d^ath. IlaTinff |i^- 
duntvd M-A.. at Hi. .\ndrews in 1730, h» 
w.^eil lo ICdinhurgh to Rtudy medicine. Two 
ymn bofore tUia ho liod Buccv«leiJ, by tho 
dtmtli of hi* «dil«r hrollier Heorie, to the 
fiunily AStatp. Whytt devoted himself in 
particular to the RtiiHr i>f nnnlomr iiiidi'r tlie 
first. Monro. l*rooet'ding to Lonaf>n in 17;U, 
Whylt became a pupil of CUeselden, while 
lie visited thfl wanli! of ihi; tinnilnn h<?^it)ilii. 
After tlii«h<> attended the lectures of Wins- 
Iftw in Paris, of Borrhaa^-e and Albinns nt 
Lerdiin. He look tbo de(rree of 51. P. at 
RhV-inw ou 2 April WM. On 3 June 17S7 
a fiimilnr degree won confemi:! on htm by 
the univvrsityof St. Aodrewi, ani) on 21 J utie 
he became a. licemtiate of the Roval Collupe 
of Physicians of K<linburnh. (>n 27 IS'i'v. 
1738 btv viM elect''d to thp fellowship, Rnd 
commenced practice as a physician, 

in 1743 Whytt. publijihod n pnjy'r in the 
'Edinburgh Medical Kssays' entitled 'On 
thft Virluta of Limi'-Waler in the Cure of 
Stone." This impitr attracted much ntron- 
tion, and vrfm published, with additions, 
separately in 1752, and ntii llmiugh sertiral 
editiotit. ll aUo a)i{ieared in Kr^uch and 
Gerninn. Wliytt'a treatment of the atone by 
luueirnter and soup ts iinv i-xplodud. 

On 26 Aug. 1747 Wbytt was appointed 



profeeanr of Um theory of mediciiw in Edts- 
our0i L'nirenity. In I7&1 he published a 
worlc ' On lh« \ ttoi and otlu-r InTOlantarr 
Motions of Animola.' The book attrtcteu 
the attenlion of th« phTsiolo};iftt;§ or Europe. 
Whvtt ' ibniw atide ilie doctrina of Stahl 
that the rational soul is the cauM of all in- 
voluntary motiona in animals.* and oacribed 
aucb m<>v«m«nbi to *tbe efli^-t of a Kiimulu* 
acting on on unconscious sentient principle.' 
He had a vigofvus cotitrorvny with Holler 
on the aiitgeet of this work. 

On 16 .^pril 1752 Whytt was elected 
F.it.S. Ixmdon, to thn 'Transactions' of 
which be contributed several paper*, la 
1766 he gave locturca on chcnustrv in the 
univ«rstiviiiulaooofJ'ohDRuthorford(16Ct&- 
177U) fo^v.] In 1764 he published hisgWcrt 
bookr ' On Xervouit, Hrpocbondriac. or Hys- 
tsrie Diseases, to whieii ar« prvfi.^ed boidl' 
Remarks on the Sympalhv of the Nerve*.' 
This work was aleo translated into French 
by .'VchillHCiuillaume Iju hiigati dr- Prmie 
in 1767. In 176L Whytt woe madn first 
phvaiciun to thi> king in Scotland— 'a post 
.specially created for him' — and on 1 Dee. 
I i(t3 he was «lected pTBsi^ent of (he Royal 
OoUcg« of Pl^ieisjis of Ediiibtirgh : he held 
the presidency till his death at Edinburgh 
on 1 5 .\pril 1 766. His remainswcre accorded 
a public funeral, and were tnlerrod in Old 
O^eyfriars churchyard. Ha was twice inar> 
ried. Ills first wife, Helen, sister of James 
RobertjHin {1720?-i;88) [q.r.l, gnrnmor of 
New York, dif^in 1 741, leaving no children. 
In I74S be married Louisa, dau({hter of 
James Balfour of Pilrig in Midlothian, who 
died in 1764. By hia second wife XV'hytt 
had six 8urvi\Hng children. 

Bc«id(.« the works mantiooed, ^Vhytt was 
the author of: 1. *An Essay on ihe Virtna 
of LiuK.*- Water in thv Cum of the Stone,' 
Kdiuburgli, 1752, 12mo; 3rd mlit. Dublin. 
1762. l2mo. 2. ' Physiological 'Esa&ys,' 
>jlinhurgh, 1755, 12ino; 3rd wdil. 1766, 
I2niD. 3. ' flbservarions on the Dropsy of 
the Brain,' EdinbuiRb. 176«, 4to. An edi- 
tion of bis ' Work* ' was is.«ued by his son 
in I7iif^, and was translated into (iomon by 
Qbrisliun Klirhnrdt Kapp in 1771 (Loipoig, 
8vo). A complete list or hivdt'taebedpapen 
will be found in Watt's 'UibliotbecH nrt> 
tanuico.' 

Whytt'a son Jolin, who changed hie name 
toWhyle, bpcame heir to the entailed esiat«a 
of liewrvl Melville of Strathkinness, and 
took the name of Melvilli:- in adilitiou to his 
own. HewasffTondiatberofCaptain Gcorgo 
John Whyto-Mclvill* [q. v.] 

[Life and Writii^ of Kobcn Whrtt. M.D., 
by William S«Uer, UID., Id IWis of Boyal Sor. 



I 



of EldiDlL, niU. 90-131 (vhirli obiatntd lh» 

SiAi!i]uas*ll Brolxine Priic) ; tJn«it'4 Siory of 
Hie Univ^reily of Kdinbargh, li. *01-2 ; Auitcr- 
•on'A ScotiUh NntJDD : ScoIm M»K- I'OI. I>. -'-^ ; 
IJnma'ii BpiUti})* in Hroyfri*!* GKnivliyiird ; 
Btuk«'B LamlfKl (icDtrr, ]A6Bi BrJt. Mus. Cut. : 
Wood's llist. of Rojai CyU. uf Ptiy*. Ediiib.] 

G. S-n. 

WHYTYNTON or WHITINTON, 
ROBKUT IJ. 1520), gr«mmiiriaii. [See 
\Viiini:e«TOx.] 

WTBUBTf 01 WTBmtN, TEUCEVAL 
(15;i3i'-ilKW.->, purilun Jiviii'?, liiim about 
1633, WW admictt-d <i scholar of St. John's 
CoUi^. Cftmbridiie, on Caniuinl Morton'w 
foundation, on il Nov. K^ltt, And was 
mklricuUlvd tn e, mnnioaQt in tlii< samo 
montli. He proeeeaeii H.A. in IWl, ani^ 
on 8 April ]5o2 be waBclectcd and admitted 
a fellow of his coll«Kt!> A man of §tronc 
■protwitftot opinioQS, be sjmpBlliUcd wit.li 
tlifi rcffinning lirudcntit-s of Jvdward Via 
(jovemmi-ul , niul ofl'-r the aecessi&n of Man- 
he judged ir prudent to 1«kv« EiiKlumi. Jn 
Mkf 1&^7 be joinpd tW KnKli.ili congrega- 
tion at Genera {,I.ivre dc* AinjtoU, L>d. liurrii 
18U1, p. 10). On the ac«-*«ii)n of Kli/uljfth 
lie iwtumed to Frij^lnnd; in Vt-'A lie pro- 
caeded M.A., and in Ilie same y<«r wiw 
appointed junioTdean and phi1onnp1iyl<>ctnrer 
in his coHeee. On 25 Jim, l-*''9 fl(> be was 
ordained dmiooii by KOmiind (irindal [(\. \.\ 
bUbopof liondon, and on 27 March l-^^tlO 
ho reoeived pn*<»l'» onlrrii froni Itirtiard 
DaviCB {d. 16811 [q.v.], bi.diop of St. .Vsipb 
(SXBIFB, lift of Griivtnl. 1 H-n . Pit. M, 5M). 
OD24Feb. 1560-1 he was insulted a pre- 
beodarv of Norwich, and on 6 April Itifil 
Tva* mliDittcd a senior follow of 8t. John's 
CoUeffe. Xu lO'U be ocoure aa holding the 
•ecnad probendal stall in llio cathc-dral of 
Bochester, wlucb ho si ill posiwsfcod in I-WH, 
but which h« had ivjtium'd IjHroni lSil:J(cf. 
Stxttb, Annala of the lirfomiafit/n, 1824, 
i. 488, 502), On i^S Nov. IfiUl U» vcm 
Installed u canon of Wpsinjinster. 

"Wibunitook port, as profJorof fhoderffy 
of liocbMter, in tlio convo^'arion n{ I fiG2, and 
subscribed lb« revised articW. On B >lnrrh 
35tW-4 be was instituted lo the vic*irnge of 
St. .S«piilcliru'«, Holbnrn. In the eame year, 
howi^ver, ht! wus KeE|iieatfrcd on rvfusin^; 
giib-ichption, and in ordur lo lualntaio bis 
family pmnluyt-d liim^i-U' in hnubnndry. He 
WH not, nowever, hardly dealt with, ihu 
CCcIeeiost ical au(iioTil.it,-» conniving at his 
1tet'{iirif; his prt>b>-nd.i and at hi^ pr^acbin^ 
in public (Stbtpb, Life vf (Jrindal, pp. 14li. 
140; Uffuf I'tirkft; 1821, i. -IHS). In 15ft6 
1)0 viitited Tboodore Ik'za a; GeiicTci and 




lleinrich Bullini^r at Ziirich to roprMenl 
the evil condition of the Kn^-IUh church, 
and to solicit Bssistanco from the 8wi)^ ro- 
formers. It Tk*fi« probnbly at this rinw> that 
Wibuni wroto his description of the * State 
of the (Jhiirch of Enf^land.' which is pre- 
ser\'ed in thu ^iirich nnrbiva^. He was tuc- 
li«rt«d by I be Knglisli ecclctiafiticsof caiiun- 
niating the rhun.^b, uii uccusntion which bu 
indijfitiuritl^' rc[K*lled, and which in a Intter 
dali-d '2h f'eh. l5tW-7 be beaought Bullingcr 
lo contmdlct. 

InJiin«K>7l Wihurn wosritpdfnrnonrnn- 
formity before Arciibiehop I'nrker, tocvther 
with f^'hristopher tloodinnn |'q. v.], Thomas 
LeviT [q. v.], Thomoti Sampson [q. v.], and 
soiDH otliers, and in 15711 bo waa examined 
by the council concerning hia opiuion on 
th« 'Admonition to the Parliament,' some- 
times erroneously attributed to Thomas 
Cartwriffht (1535-ltKW) [q. v.], which bad 
flplMsitwd in the prfwedinfc vmt [see Wiirox, 
1 iioHAs]. AViburu duclaa'd thai Lh« opinions 
esprvfowd in I !»■ • Admonition ' were not law- 
f«l, but he was. notwilhs tut ding', forbidden 
to preach until forthi-r onlrm (.'^tRvi'K, l^^v 
of Parker, ii. fifl. 2;iIMl ; Life of firindai.ja. 
S&S; i'XRXKK, Corivtp., Parker Soc. p. 843; 
(imxDAL, lifnutinftVnrker Soc, p. 348). He 
was afterwards restored to th« mini»lrj', and 
was preocher at Itocboster. In I6t*l ho WM 
one of the divines cboseu for their loamlng' 
and tbrological attainments to dispute with 
th*^ papiflte. In the aame year he pnblit^hed a 
reply to Robert Varrnns ('l-'>4*5-l(iIO) [q. v.], 
wLii undnr the name of John Howlct bad 
ventured to dedicate his 'Brief Discourse' 
to Queen Elisabeth. "SVibwrn's treatiao waa 
untitled ' \ Checke or Iteproofe of M. I tow- 
leta riitimcly shrcoehin^ in her Mnjestiea 
esrus.' Londun, 4lo. J [is zl'sI upiiiiat the 
jfNuiItt, however, did not prevent him from 
being euBpeuded trom prvachinp in 1583 by 
Arcbhi'hop Whilgift Iq-v.] (QrBif rB, Z^frw^ 
}l'/u'tffifr, lKi!2, i. 24fi, W5, 371,5501. llo 
continued under siispension for at le^st five 
year*. Towftrd."* tlifl clone of hi* life he 

t»ruached ul Battersea, mear London, and, 
lemn disabled for a lime from the public 
dutiueuf his uini.Mry by breaking bis leg, he 
wafl assiAt«d by Hie bard Sedgwick. He 
died about }Gw at an advanced a^. He 
vriw tniurled. 

[Coop«r"i5 Athniip Cnntabr. it. 449 ; Brook's 
Lives of r,ha?uriuinf, IBIS.ii. 169-71; Baker'a 
Hist, of St. John'iiColI. pd. Mayor, i. 118.286, 
S91, 3'2<^; I.iriH appvndnl tn i InrWii Enel. 
Msriyrclogif, 18*7. p. 168; Newcoiirl's Ronert. 
iCeek-n. iMd. nti», i. o8l; Rliindlcr'it ItoR, 
]{oi?hcwtL-i Cathdtlral, 1893; Henurjiiv'* Kovnm 
Rdpertorinn. 1898.] 'E. I. C. 




Wiche 



176 



Wickens 



WICHE. [S»e al»o Wtcmb.] 

WICHE. JUnN \_d. lfiJi»,&vt bishop of 
Glouc»>ateT. rScc WaKEMAX,] 

WICHE. JOHN (i7I8-17»t), bftpttut 
mioiMor, was horn at Taunton, Somt-rset, 
on 34 April 171H, Hie jwmitu w.Tf Iwjk- 
ti«t«: hiB el'icr bmthw, Q*orirp H'iche 
(rf. 2 Not. 1794, nifi'd 78), oriuinally k 
mechanic, bt-cnme Mewnrrt of the iun<>Tn>itj 
room», Taunton, where his ponraJt, bj 
Thorn, was plflc>:xl by the subscribers. John 
WidiB wiw btiptJM-u on S-'S Juiii! 1734 by 
Jo«f ph Jeileries. bnj<1ist miaiator of Taunton, 
from vhocn.nnd fromTliomM Lucu«, baut Ut 
miiiii!t'T(172i-lHi<if Trow'Iiridn;!?, Wiltubirc, 
he reffeived his early etlui»liau. By help of 
th? tC^iieral bn]>ti>t fund hi' Hinilii'il xioo^* 
sively (It Tftiinfon, Kendal, and Findem 
acadi'miefl. At: Salbhury, wht'ie h« was 
Msiatsnt nnil ibnii niiiiintiir to k iWlitiinn' 
bapttM congretralion (174S-tf), ha fa«came 
acquaiiitEKl and crnTP«]innd"<3 with Thomas 
ChuLb [q. v.l Tn 17 IB hp went lo London 
to cvusult JosppU BiirrniJjibB [q, v.] and 
JamiM Fo«ter [a. v.] nbout. Ti'nring' the 
mmtHtry. On tbeir advici* hf bncame in 
I)M.-i'Ui)>er I7'l(t mlm!'t«r of a small greneTal 
buplisi cun^rujnition ivi Mai'ljtluiio, Atid hi'ld 
thin chiirgd till death. His vifws at thi* 
time were Ariati. but tu 17<!0 h« became 
a Socinisn. iifter rt-ndin^ lh*> nnnn)'moii>> 
'Letter on the l,o^o»,' piihli-lifd in I7.'i!>, by 
Nfttbaniel Larduer [q. v.] With Lardnw 
he eomapoadcd from liii^, if nnl carliLT. 
Lardnvr fuiiccd with him about the anthor- 
»hip of lhi« ' t.fttter,' but on It June 1768 
(six weoJjB befor-' his df&tb) wroi'* to inform 
hiui ihiil. ihn ' Papinian " to whom it had 
been addreawd nas John Shulv Hurrin^luu, 
firet viscount Bnrringtiiti I(j. v.] SoniP time 
tiftr-r Lnrdnpr's diuirh Wiclie ubtainod Bcceee 
to four of hi§ mnmiKcript Kirnionf (prwiched 
1747), and ininsrrihwl mid publishad ih^m 
lui 'Two Snbemt-f* of a Trinity ■ . ■ and tho 
IJivino L'nitT,' 1784, Hvo, Anions; bin in- 
timntv frieuil^ was William llnalitt, falhc-r 
of thft «4iaayiat, who had bt-cn pirsbyltnfin 
jniniHl«>r <1770-ftO) at Knrl ritroct. Maid- 
Kton«. Aflirr tlip MirmiiiKhain riots of I7S)1 
ho waited nn titnry T)unda« (uft'-rwards 
Krfit Visoount Midvilli-) |i|. v. J, thfii h'iin<- 
*t'cret«ry, with a doputfltion from Maidatom? 
in HriesUey's interesl. Thout^h liis n-soiircM 
wero scanty, he coHivtr-d a conftid^^rnbk 
librarr.book-buvinc bein^hia ' only extravo- 
SUic«'' Wiobedied at MiLi'JMonu on 7 ,-\pril 
1794. He inarrii-d, iu 17M, Klijtabeth Pint! 
(fi. 1767), hv whom be had *ix children; his 
eldest 6on, ThomaB (</. 11 July ISJl, UfTcd 
63), becauM) u Ixiudon hooKMllvr ; liis 



daa([hter Marr marriMl in Augiut 1706 
John Evins (J'TtC-lB^T) [q. v.], anthor of 
IliA 'Sketch' of Chrintiau dKnominalioni. 
Wiche'fl portrait (no enpr^v-cr's name) is 
ipTvn in iho *Prot»Uiiit Dijuicntrrs Mafpt- 
«ne,' 1707. 

lie publiabed, besides mnsle amnotis and 
tracts : 1 . ' A Defen« of. . . Foati^r':* S<Tmon 
of Cutholir Communion. By I'hilocaihoU- 
coB," l7oi. 8V0 (anon., answered by Ornnt- 
iiain Killi^)^wo^h^^. V.J); and 2. •("ibwcrva- 
tiitne on the Debate . . . concerning tbo 
Pivinc Unity . . . oddrflued to tiw Rov. 
K. W. W'hitlaliw of Canterburv,* 1787, Hvo. 
To IViestley's'TliPolopicnl Hepository.' 1786, 
V. H."!, he cmtrihutrd 'Obw-rvations favour- 
inff thfl MiraculouA Conrepfion,' ai^nf>d 
'>aeBraenti;' wrongly attributed by Tbomas 
Belabam [a. v.] lo Newct^mr- C«pp<- [q. tJ 

Georgfl NVichfl or Wrche (1707-1799), 
dicMntine n]inif<t«r nt Alontnn, Lancashire, 
from 17g« fo 17fto, wht'n Iw left thr ministrT'' 
and emigral«dtoAm«rics,wasJohn Wicbe'a 
nephew. 

[SkMoh hy Jfi^'hna] T[oul»in] in ProtHtant 
DUMnitr'ii Mii|ruurio, 1797, p 121 : Munlhl; 
Keporitory, 18J1. p. 461; RuH's Mvnoirs of 
PriestloT, iaSI-2. I. 69. 1»3. OU. 3S«. giroa ex- 
irMCtsfram hiACorrespondinrc furnished IjyJohft 
Krar«, his ^'^''d^^n ; Christian Ili^fornier, I^Sfl, 
[. 417; EninB'a Kerordof tho Prorhicuil Aatm- 
Lly ol' LnncHHliirv At:cl ChMhire. Ifl96, p. 133; 
Knitiis V«Miif[M of Prct«fltaat DisMOt, 1897. 
pp. IrtS, 2m.] A.Q. 

WICKENS. Sib JOHN (I8ir, 1873). 
jud);e, second son of J n roe? Stephen Wicltens 
of OhandoB Street, Cavendifth Niunrc, 1»t his 
wife, Anne Ooodeuougb, dauchler of John 
Hayter of Winterboume Stoke, Wiltshire, 
v:n» bom nt his fatbur'g houM on 13 Junv 
lH]h. lie wn» edupate.d at Elon(under Dr. 
KuatL'), where h« guinvd (hv Nuirca«itk'. Sub- 
nriiutmtly hr won in 1B32 an open ai-holar- 
flhip at. Ftalliot College. Osford,matrii'i]Utinfr 
in the uniwrsity on 30 Nov. of that y-ar. 
Il>> KTfldunr.'d B..A. with a ' double tirat ' io 
Micliaelmaa term 1831, and M.A. in 18^, 
but was uti un«ucc!f-**fiil candidate for a 
Italiiul fcIlowshLp. Jliiviiig entered nt Lin- 
ciiln's Inn, be was called to the bar in May 
1M40. His practice wa« of wmuwhat slow 
growth, but he gradually obtained repilla- 
lion Bj) a conveyancer and equity draftsman; 
and when in I8R- n nunilter of leading juoiora 
took ailk, Wick«>n<) stepped at a bound into 
a largiQ and lucrative court busin««e, wbidi 
nffviT dewrted him, lie waa KtainM in 
ma^it of the heavy chaucerv suits of the day, 
and appeared fruqiicntly Wore the House 
of Lord« n&d the privy council. During the 
Inter years of Lis caraer at the bar he wm 



• 




Wickham 



'77 



Wickham 



I 



equity oouoAdl to tlie cruasury. ibn <iuti«s 
connectad with wliich po«t [iivcluded him 
ftvm applying for a silk ^wii even had hn 
been ■» iiicUiiPil. 'Vlwy wcm bLdq demiiMl 
tnoompiLUhle wiih a N>at in the Houaa of 
CommimK, niul bo never lij^rad m a purlift- 
mentary i^Anfiid&te. 

In l«tW lit- wiw n»de vice-chanceHor of 
the county paktino of |j(tnejwU-r on ih« 
el^vntion of r^ir W. M. Jsmes to a THcanC 
l4rd-iii.itiR>-»1it{i. In 1471 Ito was «ltict«d b 
bencher of hi» inn, und in April uf ibat yvur 
^fl« ntiB«d lo tSiH betieh as viM-cbftncBllor in 
sucot'^on to Sir JoLn Stuurt, and recaivud 
Ihtt honour of knighl.luxxl ill dim iMunn Hut 
eound knowIodcB nf law, toj^-iher with the 
|FKaL utiMfnctimi hv litul pvi^n tn iht* pnln- 
tinate court, mi*^d expoctarions which w.*r.> 
not doKtined to be fuldlled, aa his health 
brolo^ (lowti ivil.hin a nhnrt pnricHl of hiJt 
appointment, and h4> died at. hi.i n^nl, Chil> 
(TTOvs, nwar Chiclip«t«r, on "J'-i (.M. \H7S. 

During hin short t«nuro of offici;. Wicktn« 
aci|iiired « r^nutnlion forslowntuts and for 
too close an aabcrencc to that c«m law, of 
which hx; waAsaackiiowl«dgodciutrr; but 
ho was famous for hii intimate acquaintance 
with all uutt<>ra r>.-latiug to proctiuo, und hia 
judgmenta Wfire mruly ap)wal>!d fnim. At 
(ho bar he was chiefly renowufld as an equity 
pleadt^r anrl u.* ii writer of npinionA; tiiil. 
though no s^'.At npiialipr, h«; p»**p*jtiid » pift 
of cWr ami vigorous expression, lo;|[ethyr 
with ft tn.'nchnnt. conciiw way of arpiiiinar a 
l«ffal point, which rnidfri'd his gorviuc* a.* 
an advocate of no incon<iid&rfiliIe! valiU!. In 
private l\(v bx w&B n.-murliablu for iho cst«n( 
and variety of his literary kmnTltvli^', and 
Uu waath« object of the warmest re^ii^hoth 
from hia per«f>n/il and pmfii»»i final friends. 
Ue was famed for wit aa well at^ learning, 
and it waj* oiirrcnt. rumour tbiit his finliira 
to obtain a Ralliol t'ellowithip wilh (Iiib to 
flomp ill-timed diaplay of the former nuallty. 

He marrieii. in 1&4.J. Harriet i'nincea, 
daughter of William Ouvfv of ('owluy 
Houitc, I iloncpslcrshire. His <f«ii{;hter, Mary 
Krskine, ti wifu of Mr. Justice Fiirwell. 

[Foster's JUumai Oxtrn, ITl^'-lSSft; Eton 
SehooL Una; Lav TIrim, Ivi. II; Holi.-iiora' 
JournnI, xviii 2D, TiinVK. 27 Oi;L la'ft (con- 
Iniatni; an viToaeans siMenient I lint ho wua tlte 
^ffWftigata priu at Oxfard).] , J. B. A. 

WIOKHAU. [See also WTKHniM.] 

WICKHAM, WIL[.:aM (17rtl-]8W), 

politician, eldist son nf Henry H'irltham of 

ColUnKl'^y in Yorkshire, a colonel in the l^t 

[font ffoarcU, hy his wifa KlimbL-th, daiif^hter 

' of WiUiam Lamplugb, rioar of Coltiugluy, 

TOL. IXl. 




was boru at Oi>tliogl«y in Octobur 1701. 
He waa i»duc«ted at Harrow and nt Chriat 
Church, Oxford, where he matriculated on 
i"! Jan. 177!], obtuinmi n ntHdenUhip, and 
became intimate with Charli« Abbot (after- 
ward« lAfTti t'ok'bwter) and William Wynd- 
hara I'irenville (afterwHrdft Lord (irenvilbi), 
H« took his B,A. de^e in 17':<^, and then 

tiroCfted.}d to Geneva, wlnire h»* «riidiiil olvil 
sw under Amadin i'enlriau, a proftuior in 
the Qeneveseutiivcrvil.y, Ilnthengraduated 
M.A. iii l-Vbruary 1780. JIu was called to 
tliL> bnr at i^iueuln's Inn iu tb« enauinff 
Michtu.-lmttH lenn, and oblainod a commis- 
»ioiierHliiji in l»iiikru|>U^y iu 17I)U. In (iKciwa 
he becama acquainted wilb Khionora Made- 
hiine Itnrtrnnil, whiiar fnthtiT won pnifeMor 
of luathematitu in the university, and on 
10 Aujj. L7*S they were married, Shu lived. 

tiiiiii \MiX 

Wickham'fl sariy intimacy with Lord 
Orenville and hia Swiss riwi'tence and con- 
noctiona Ant bronrht him into public em* 
ployment. tireOTille, then foreign secretory, 
made use of his etrvic^s in a secret foreign 
corrMpondence in Auguttt 179-l,ttiid in 17Wi 
he was appointed superintendent of aliens in 
order to enable him to e.\luud bis foruiim 
cnmmunicationN. Hi« letter* were carefully 
kept from the knowledge of tb{< diplomatic 
aervJOi' p-m-riillv, and only ntncliM Oren* 
viiWii band.'* tbmugh r.i»rd KoaaIvh. Itt 
October 17W-1 be was sent to .SwitEerland 
on an exceedingly confidential mission, and 
the fact that hu wo* thus engaged wu oa- 
siduouslv concealed from the foreign oflSee, 
Wbuu ibe fact bucamu known about the eiid 
of 1794 it excit«tdgr»iiit jealousy, and secrecy 
being nu lunger attaiDame, lyini Hubert Fila- 
gemld (thiiii mini*r«r p1eni|Kitimtiary tn 
riwLtterland I waa recalled, and WickWn 
was appointed charg6 d'alfaims durin); his 

Sbseoce. In tlte summer of ITfl'i FitagE'ralcl 
ru appointed to Copenhagen, and WicKbam 

bcoamti minister to the Swi»s cantons. His 
j correapondooco in tbie post was moet exteo- 
; sive, and the information which he thus 
I gatbi^rcd forhisgovemment proved very occu- 
I rate and valuabl«, particularly iu connection. 
I with the condition of I^rorence and the 

royalist mowiuenis iu I.n Vgndto. Ii« was 
^ in fact the govenimt>nt'4 priacipal spy on the 
j cootinent.and bis activity andEUCcees w«r4! 
I so great that in I7l>7 the directory foTmnlly 
, demanded bis expulaioa on the ground that 
I he acted not as a diplomatic agent but aa a 

foiQiMiter of inaurrvclion (Mallht l>r Pan, 

t'')riv«/«i(n/rtHiV fflr^c ta (Jour tt^ Vitnttif, ii. 

3iio ^ He was primtely pressed to ruUevu 
I the HwiiM Kovcrnment from its embarrsM- 
^ ment by voluntarily retiring, and in Novem- 



Wickham 



178 



Wickwane 



ber he thougHt it wise to comply, and with- 
drew to Fmnkfort. 

In Juniiary 17!)8 Wickhnm retamwl to 
SugloDi] and wm appoioted under-tecwtary 
ofHtato for thrt bom«iU-ponaiL'nl .wliicti i^lftoe 
faftd been promised Mm soiue years before and 
kept tiimporarily ocrupiod ituring liis M>rri»- 
in Switxuriuid. It wu n busy uiiJ impor- 
t&nl pom. |]ia comaipondenoi' wtt^i C'n»t)e- 
T«>BgU durinf; the Irisli relwUicin fillx u con- 
Kidnrtlilo jxirt of thtj Timt two voIihtiim of tlii? 
• AIninoira and rorrespondHiire of Vierimnt 
CustltTFiiKh/ nod pwrliuiis of it arw almi to 
bo fecund in It^MiVs * Corrr,«poHd"?nce nf I^nrd 
ComwalliB.' ^\'ic)(h3m was also privote 5ecr«- 
tnry to tin- Duke of I'ortlnnd. He n-tiirntd u 
envoy U> tli« Swuts csiitoiitt and ilie Itiuaioii 
and Aufltrittn ariuies iti June 1799, while 
flCill n'lninin^ hn ])oat at hom(^ and was vn- 
tru>l«d wiltj wry uxu-u&ivt powers of nego- 
tialiag treaties and arranging auppHea for 
the anti-revolutionary forcps. Ul- tmvolltMl 
vtjt CiixhaTcn, FljinOTcr, and I'tm, anil 
reacbed Switzerland on '27 Juno, ilia n-ifti 
narrowly iwcapml captun^ ut the hattle of 
iCiirioIi, and was annonnt^^'il in the Pari» 

Rpers to htive fallen into tlie hands of the 
Bocb. He WM engaged abroad until, earl V 
iu 1802, he wm appointed ou Abhoi'n a*f- 
vico chief sr-fretary for Ireland. IIt> wna 
tbeu BWOTii of tbu privy cuuuoi], and cani« 
into pnrliAincnl for lli«vti'»liiirv. Kmimrtt'ii 
rising was thfl ('biof «vent of his l«rm of 
ofBcH in Irelnnd, hut the position was dis- 
taat^'ful to him, and he resigned (-(irly iu 
180-1. He would hfive been iwnt in IWW and 
1S0;J OR minister eithor to Berlin or Vienna, 
but for the obieetion madv by tLo8i> courts 
to hU nomination on the ground of h\» being 
pHrsonally obnaxious to the French govern- 
ment, lie at^cnrdingly riHtinml fmin artivn 
nerrice on a ptnaion of about 1,MK)/. p«r 
annum. Tlii* wiw ihe conclusion of Wick,- 
hiim'R piiblir earppr, ftpr-pt that for a short 
time {February IHOI lo March J H07) he was 
a member of thft trtawury board under Lord 
Grenvillo, and went on oni> or two misxioD* 
lo Qermarty in oounection wiih niilKtidieM. 
In 1807 he rctind into tho counlry. He 
wa* made honorarv D.C.L. at Oxfonl in 
1810, and died at Brighton on S'i Ort. ISIO. 
Hia portrait hy FuifHr Wongs lo thv family 
{Cat. Third I>.fin Krhih. No. .%). 

Wv had one nm, llE^Kt Lewis Wicxham 
(178l»-ie6-t),whn waa horn on ]9May 17y9, 
was educated at Westminster and Christ 
Ohurch : having hwn railed to the hor from 
Lincoln's Inn (13 May ISl"), lio was ni>- 
pointed reeciivfi^-general of GibralUr. H« 
waa principnl private sei>relary to Alchorp 
when chancellor of the exchequer, and frum 



183R to 1M8 waa eliainnan of the boaida of 
Btampe and taxvs. Ho published ^rith hia 
cousin, J<din Antony ( 'raraer [q. v.j, a ' Dift- 
serlation on the Passa^ of Ilaiiuiba] over 
the Alp«'(L'nd edit. l.^ndon, IS^,*), and died 
in OhwtwrBold Street, Mavfair, on 27 Oct. 
H(U {(imt. Mar/. l«S4, li. 7ft4 ; FOSTKS, 
AtummOjMt. itl'VlSSO). Uia son, Wil- 
liHin Wickham (1H31-I8y7), woa M.l'. for 
the PeterHfield (iiTifiiou of HampaUire from 
1392 to 1S97. 

(C<jrrf*poiifl«n« of the Rif-kt Hon. W. Wick- 
ham. 187»; B«rrille e« Harrier*, L'oUectioa ds 
M^motKi relatifs k U lUrtdtition Fms^aiaf. vol. 
Iviti. eh. scLiT. p. 99 ; Lwky's lliirtorr of Kng^ 
laod in tlio Kighlwoth Caatory ; LonI Ualia*»> 
bory'M CurrespandaDca, iii. 454, 631 ; Lord Col* 
chMit«r'ii Diarj : Ann. It*^. 184 1 ; M«moirM«t 
Comnrandimcv An MnlloL da Pan, it. 33d. 1 

J. A. R. 

WIOKLOW. Viscount {d. 1786}. {See 
under Howard, ItAxra, ]6^-171aj 

WIOKWANE or WYOHEHAM. 
WILLIAM »r id. 1285). archbishop of 
Yorlc, wa« canon and ch«nc«'llnr of \mk 
when on 4 Feb, I2fi2 h« was intjtituled to 
the rvetory of Ivinghoe, Buckinghatn^hlm 
(lUiNTl), Walter GitTard[q.T.l. archhiahop 
of York, having died in April l'*79, Wick- 
wnnr waH eli-eti^d by the enapter to enceeed 
him on i'i June; h« received th« king'» 
asaent on 4 July, and went to tbe pope for 
hia pall. NicolaJ) III aet aside the election 
by llie chapter, but n« of his own will con- 
secrated him to York at Vitcrboon 26 Any. 
On landing in ICngland about 29 Sept. m 
caused hia cross to he borne btfore him in 
the province of Canterbury. John I'eckham 
{i\. v.], the archbishop, or3en?d that no food 
ahould be sold lo him on paiu of «xcommu- 
nic-ation, and hin official and bis met) had a 
struggle with Widcwane's parly and broke 
the croM (Wtkb>). H« waa enthroned at 
York at CliriNtmaa. Tn 1380 he begaa a 
viAitalion of his province, and was *p«ctally 
t-areful in visiting its mona.iterie.*. On com- 
ing Iu Durham he wat refused admiaeion 
into tim cathedral prion', the pate being 
forcibly kept agninut him. Standing in the 
rond.lK.ipronouncedejcconnnunicatiooagainW 
tho monks ; appeals weri' made to Komu, and 
the dispute laoted diiHng the romaiuder of 
his life. He aarain visited Dnrham in p^Hm 
in X^^'i, and wai^ about to exirommunicat* 
the prior in the church of St. Nicnlaa, when 
some of the younger cituenaraised atumnll; 
he was forced to flee.oneof hi* palfrev's ea« 
was cut off, and he is said to nave bfea in 
danger <)f hi;. life. On 8 Jan. 1 2»4 he tran*- 
lated the body of St. William [aee Fint- 
iimuiBRT, Wilijam], arehbiahop of Y'ork, in 



i 



i 
i 




Wiclif 



"79 



Widdowes 



the preMnra of Edwajxl T, and with much 
Ht«i«, and OD the nu\r. divy oonftMnteJ 
Antony Bek {*/. 1310} [n. v.] to the si>e of 
DiirliiLm. HD net which ae la nld lo huvi: 
rM|^1IiMl to llir^ day of hiH death. Iluvicig 
obtained the hinp's leavft, he set out to lay 
his coniplnirits iif;ainst th^convvnt of Dur- 
hain bpfor« th(> poj>e. <>n his wny lie fell 
eick of a fever at Pontiffoy, osBOOiad the 
Cistercinn habit, mid died Tlium on 3S Aiiff. 
1285. The RlatomaiLl that lie reugned his 
aee tppean morely to refer to his aMum{>- 
tion or tbo noDtutio habit durinj; bis lost 
illness, lie was buried iu the abbey church 
of Poblij^y. 

Flmnr-intrid in penton, auiitnni id lif« and 
mimnera, and sparing in expenditure, Wil- 
liam had a high rvputation fur Mnctily, took 
aa little pul aa pi')MibI>^ in rivil alTaini, atid 
WIS industrious and atrict in his adminiatra- 
tiOD of bis province and of hi» diucvwi, in 
irbicb he consecrst«d many new r.hiirc!ie«. 
Hiradea, and apeciaUy curee of fever, are 
Mud to b&TU boon wrmi^lit at hi? tomb. Itii 
made a benelicini riiU>, coiillrmml by the klnn 
in 1283, that each archbishop of York should 
I«tve a certain amount uf nlociL ou the 
estates of the see. Ue is &iiid to have been 
learned, and to bav» written a book callud 
'Memoriale,' full of Imrnin)^ of all kindi*, 
•nparently a kind of commonplace book 
(Balk). Elis register is extant at Vork, 

(Raiiio'KFjwti Rbor. pp.S17-27; Tre* Serin IL 
Hilt. Dunalm. (Suriaw Sac.), pp. S8-69, lian 
a long ncenunt of thv quarrnl vith Durham; 
Pryoxit-'a Record", iii. 2.'ia •rjq. ; Cltmii. de 
Laoeicoft. pp. U\~2 (JtUitlaod Club); S(ul.b-i'« 
Hiitoriansof York, ii. 107-8. WykM'a Ohron. 
apad Ann. Ihlotuut. it. 281. Mntt. Wr»lmiii*t«r, 
ii). A3 (all Uolla Ser.) ; ItaU't Scripit. Cut. Mnt. 
X. 72.] W. H. 

WIOLIF.JOHN (1324P-l.'W43,reform«r. 
[Sew WrcLirvE,] 

WIDDICOMB, HEXIIY (1S1S-18R8), 
conUKlinii, Ixjm in Ston- ^ttv^l, Tottenham 
Court Huad, on M Fub. IB1.1, wtu the «oo 
of Jons Ebdaiuj WlJlllI(rc»M!l ^r WiDDI- 
CtruB (irP7-1^5-l), a woll-known fiffure for 
maay years in LDtidoii, having h>i}n from 
1819 to 1853 riding-master and conductor 
of *the rine' at AstUtr'sAmphithealre. The 
elder Widdicomh, betam he waa at .-Vslloy's, 
had 'pUyC'd the dandvlover in pantomim« 
to thi: clown of Grimaldi at tbo old Coburg 
Theatre. He was to the tasl a wonderfully 
7cniog>-loo1(niff man, and was an excellent 
ring-msater* (Hlaxca ari>, U/e and Rvminit- 
wnyx, IfiDl.p. 13fi). 'Thn »nHpproa«babI« 
~Ir. WidiUcombo ' be if called in a uol« to 
iie ' Lay of St. Romvold,' who ' preserved 




thi' firmcoK of hi4 vmith lo tinag« onlTef|ualIed 
by Tom Hill and the Wandi-riiig Jew' (/n- 
goltUin/ Lrgen.d«, 189-1, iii. B6). firowninfj 
deacribedhimiiia It^tlurtoliiswifo in Augim 
1840 aa having a faca 'just Tom .Moorp'», 
plui two painted cheelo, a eham mouMtacbe, 
luidluur curled in wirylnngringlKx.' Wheu 
there was no evening perfoi-mnnne at .\srli»Vs 
htr vra^ frwjufntly swfu at VaiUKhall. lie 
died in Kenningtoo on 3 Nor. 38W (Genf, 
-Way, l?iM,ii.406). 

'Harry' Widdicomb was ontiTtid by his 
father at fifteen as a clerk in the Iohl^ rut>m 
at the Custom Uoiiae. Against bis lather's 
wish be left this employment in 1831, and 
obtained an eufra^^emenl at the Mnreate 
Thuatru undur Savill» Fuucil. He joined 
the Votkahira circuit under Down, but came 
to London in 1S3.5 or soon after, and ol>- 
LainL'd an viLRagvmi'nt under ADdn3W Ducrow 
[(J. v.] When AHtl.'y"* was burnnd down he 
went to Liverpool and plnved leading parts 
a» n low comi'diait under Mnlone Raymoni], 
In March 1SJ2 \in Hrst obtaintKl employ- 
ment at a west-f?nd tliwalre, being engaged 
by Rcnjamin Wehjlr-r during Buckstone's 
abseno? in America. In 18111 bo ht'came 
joint manncDr of the .Sbethcld and Wotver- 
IiamptoQ theatres with Charles UiUua, but 
throe year* later lie returned to Loudon 
and was utincipal comedian at the Snrr^ 
Tliratr.1 from 1848 down to ISfM). lie 

fhlayed at first occosionallr and ihtio n^- 
srly under Fechter at. {he Lyceum; in 
* Rarah'ii Voung Man' in August lS5w, in 
Oilbert's 'Uncle Haby' in Novembur iJsflS, 
ns (irst gravedigger in ' Hamlet' in the ro- 
vital»'>f' llaiulH 'in Januorv 18(11 and Mar 
iHfH, in the ' King's HutU^rHv ' in thrt foU 
lowing Octobur, as Jacques Strop in the 
' liiiaiUide Inn' In Frcbt<-r"ii Mncain* in Janu- 
ary IH6.'i, as Cmigongell in the ' Bride of 
LnmnK-rmoor' in January ]866, and as 
Moneypenny in Roitcicault'a 'Long Strike' 
in the ntuuin); September, lie wua last 
seen during l^ti? at the llolborn Theatre. 

Widdicomb noTcr aituimid to the front 
rank, but ho had a considerable fund of origi> 
nal humour and was famous for bi^ power 
of facial expresuori. IlKdimlin Kt-nnin^t'in 
I'ark Rood on 6 April ]Sfl8, and was b^tried 
in .NorwfKid rfinHrrv on 12 April. 

[?.tA, 12 April 1869'; Oont. Mse. 1869, i.689: 
£ni Aluiouac, ]87>. y. 14; Diuly Tclogmpb, 
7 April 1868; Blancnard's R4>mi niter ik«s, p. 
35S; Ijeltomof Robert Bmirning, 1899. ii. 43J; 
Fru»t"« Cireus Lite, 187fl; PpucIi. 10 May ISOD, 
^ 226.] f. S. 

WEDDOWEa, On.ES (ir)tWP-I(MG), 
divim.', bom about 1SS8, son of Thomoa 
Widdowes of Uicklcton, QlouceBtorsIui«^ 



Widdrington 



iSo 



Widdrington 



wu probnbly mncriculated at Ori«1 ColI^i(e, 
Oxford, ill ]tf03 -1 (l)ut ibcro are no rccoras 
of Orii:l mntricululions at ihftt dftt«\ ffn- 
duotol H.A. ai Oxford *iii 2.", F«b. I<t08. M.A. 
on 27 Jan. lOU, waa fellow of Oriel iii ItflO- 
1621, anil tlirrein waa tutor ta Prynm*, with 
wUum Im aftHrwanl*t!ngs{;t<(] in coiilrovr>niy. 
Bom in the pariah in which Endymion 
I*ort<'r ^i|. V.J fived, he wm patroni«nd by 
hiin in Utt>r Tears (pf. CnJ. Ntal/^ Paper*, 
Dom. 4 Feb, *m39). In 1019 he became 
rector of Sr. Martin C«rfax, Oxford, and, 
after resifniiiiir his ft-llownliip at Oriel, he 
bftC&mc vic4>principal of Gloiiceirt«r Hall. 
Us WW a]»o ctiiiplaiii to Kutlit^trino, diichi3H 
of Riickingharo [pr^fnce to Ihe ScAirmtttieai 
Puritan, 1631), And ve&f, highly thoiij^ht of 
by Laud {^Vanifrlntrir'.t Ifuomr, p. 72). In 
16S0 he published a ticrmnij pnarhcd at 
WitnL-yVutici'ruiuKthL'lawfulnfituiur church 
nulhorilv, for nrdninit)^ and commnndin)^ uf 
rittia ana cereuoiiiee Co beautify the churcli,' 
tiiuli^r Iho titlp of 'The Schismnt ical Puri- 
lan' (Ur ed. liWO; 2nd o^. lfi.11), It wns 
answered by IVriine in an appendi.v to hij 
'ADti-Arininianiem' (2nd cd. liWO), Wid- 
dowes replied in 'llie Lawless Kiieulesa 
^^chi)>maticnl Puritan' (Osford, 1U3I1, dedi- 
cniod to Etidyuiion Porter, iu which Liu 
dtfonded the crmrch'sorderofbovriri(f at tlit: 
Holy Name. ThifiPrynne answerpd iu ' I^ine 
(lilf!* hi* HHllinus' (IfiSl). lli« scrnnons 
at Carfax, thnugh pn|Hi1nr aniytiff th<> royal- 
i«t0 and noldiery, raimed occni>ioiinl riotti 
amnng tho puritan youths. At Land's trial 
it wan stated Ibal \w had set up a window in 
his church with a crucitix on it. We waa 
jforierou* to the poor, u strun)j; aiiUsuhba- 
tarian, dancing with hia flock oii Whit-Son- 
day, and worlii-d BiLi'rp,'i'li(;Rlly in his paijah 
(tiirinp the siegi- of O^fonl. IIh diiti on 
4 Feb, ISil-ft.and woji buried in the chanc<>1 
of hi» church. 

Wood ilpdrribes him m 'a harmU'ss and 
honest man, a noted disputant, well road in 
the echoolmcn. and as confominble to and 
lealous in the ettublitihtKl discipline of the 
churcli of Kogland as any person of bia 
time, yet of 80 odd and atranffe partit that 
few or none could ha companid with liim,' 

(FoBU-r. Almniii Oioii. IJO0-17I4; WoikI'b 
Atbente and I'asti; Oat StjiCti Pnporv, Donu; 
land's Worka; Athynrfs ahnicehlfraliir* ; I'let- 
cfaer'a Church of St, Martin Ciirf«s.] 

W. H. H. 

WIDDKINGTON, UALPIT \d. 168^), 
repiua professor of Orwk at ('atnbriilgf. 

Cing^r son of Lewis Widdrington and 
ther of Sir Thomas Widdrington [ij. v.], 
waa born at .'^tamfordhiua, Norilniuibfrlund, 
and educated at Christ's College, Cambridge. 



Ho must have txwn a eolb^e acqiumtwce of^ 
MittOd's, wlioae * Lycidas ' Srat appetnd in 
the same Tolume as'a Latin po«in Dj Wid> 
drin^on (cf. Madbor, Miltim, new edit. i. 
248, OAI ). He graduated D,A. in 1635 and 
M,A. in IttSO, and wu electiNl a fellow of 
his college. In 1047 ha served the oSice of 
laxer of the unireraity. He waa one of tlui 
lirst to Btf^ the 'engagement' ia 1660, and on 
3 XoT. in that, year he wa« appointed pnhlic 
orator. He became regius proiesoorof Orwk 
in 1664. In ltif>l he was err«r<'«l D.t*. per 
littriu nyitu, Ue was presented to the rec- 
tory of Thorp by th« dean nnd chapter of 
Lincoln on (> Feb. 1001. His brolher- 
fellowa, to wham, eapeeially to Cudworth, 
he had lour been oDnoxious, ejected him 
frotn hi* ftjllowxUip in ItUil, but he was 
rcjitnred upon apppel, ond retained his fel- 
lowship, or at teafit residod in eoUege, unlU 
hi* death. H** bi^iine l^dy Mar^ret't 

fireachcr in lti64, and Lady Manareis pro- 
eesor of ditinity on 4 March lH72-Jt. He 
was inMitn1«d'lo ihe rectory of Great 
Munden, Hertfordshire, on the presentation 
of the king, on 17 Dec 1670, and died beforw 
■Kl Aug. 1088, when John Cole succeeded 
bim in that rectory (CLinrERarcii, /fcrf- 
ford»hirf, u. ^Q>. Hie will was I^ved is 
tliii jircrfijTHtJve court, on '2 Aug, lfe9. 

Rejiidea many Latin letters and nmneroiis 
copies of verses in th*i vnrioiw iinirersily 
col I'-ctiona niiblislied nn ollirial occations 
between 1(l-'i7 and 1t!8£, Widdrintiiton baa 
verses prefixed to Duport's 'Homeri Onotno- 
lugia,' ltiOt\ and a Irt-atise *^*ir:vnv tuti iwi* 
litiTtvnr, {'ccna Uominica, cum micis aliquot 
epidorpidum,' lirinted at the end of Thomaa 
ii Kttinpis's ' Uf: Chri^to imitando,' Cam- 
bridge, 16&8, l3mo. 

[Hodgsoa'a Hist, of Kortbumbcrlaad. it. ih 
ai'l; ConpL'r'a AlbeUie CdDtabr. MS.: Bodlcioa 
Cat. : Dupurf'a Sylvw, p. S85 ; Fish»p« Fanes) 
Sermofl (llymer's), p. 79; Konaeit's RsRistar. 
pp. -Ihi. 37A. fSfi2 ; L« Nave's Fasli (IlnnJyV ii'. 
«14. eSB. C&il. Ofi't; Miiyor's C«niW>.lp ta lbs 
Sertnt^wrttb (^entary, ii. 106; PvpyVs Diary, 
iei9. i. S2, 9(, 190; Worthii^on's Diary, ti. 
100.) T. a 

WIDDRINGTON,nOGRRa56A-l(M01, 
BuTiedicLinc monk, whose real name was 
Tho«ah I'kestox, bom in Shropshire ia 
irjC^, studied divinity under VBaqoex at 
ItoiifA and was ordained a secular prieal, 
but in loOO he made his proreasion as a 
monk of the orderof Sl.Benndict at the con- 
vent of Monte Oa-vino. Iteins: abnt to Tbi< 
I^nglish mtasion in l(t02 he was appointed by 
his abbot superioroft.lie Iralinn IVrnedii?tinM 
then Bcrviog it. Soon afterwards he was 
arreiited and committed to prison. On his 




Widdrington 



Widdrington 



lib«TalinD h« proceedeJ to K]it*ims,wh«rH lie 
lield u consul tittioD willi Dr. Oi9r<ird, Fat bar 
Jyiui \V!iit« aiiaf Bni.l-liaw (l.^VO-lfilS) 

tq. v.l, anil FatlirtJohn .lonps (ir>75-lt!3B) 
q. V.J, on rnnning u vaorv intimate iitiinn 
■iDOnK the M>ct>rAl cnn^i'^^iiTioiu of Ri^nedic- 
tiuM [see livcsLEr, ^icubkui], Al^cr bis 
return to the miMion WitMrington, who w<w 
mucb admirvd for the cloganeo uf Uia 8t,yle 
and Ilia rsxe bnowlcdgfr nT cunoD Inw, 6et 
himaelf up u u chiia[iioii of tliu nind'OinnL-d 
natli of ntief^iaiicii againiii Uie |iO|ie'» d^noaing 
power, and he piiblishtd 8ut(>ral books oil 
tbat (iubjwt iitjitmkt ItrHNriiiiii.Sunmx, Fitx- 
herbon, nnd othpra. Ho niAinlained his 
opinigrid st ubb'.imlj- fw n long I-ime, not- 
withiitandiii^ pnpnl ihn'fitn: biic cvcnTimlly 
be suboiiited betore hie p«r9gn was nitacked 
bv any t-»|in.'M crnjiiirp or ducliirnlioit, 
lliidtult acutt-a Uiat at onu titnu 't1ii:«mnti 
for his own preservation lay quiet in the 
MAnha]s(.>a, hi« di%th bcinc threatened bf 
Che rigid Papalina' (Z.{/i>v/ n'iUiam*, p. 168). 
lie appears to baTL- spent a great part of 
hi« lifi: in prison. lu tho Kocurd OiVicti 
tUerrf IN a lettur, lintM iTi tVpl. It)14, 
sutliorisinfr the archbiFlinn nf Cnutflrbiiry 
to roruovn ijitii fnun thn rlink fcir thu ny 
mrery of hid health. C>n 28 D<-c. 1621 ha 
w»» fXftmined before the archbisbop at 
Lambeth, and ho rht-n denied the corr^t- 
aenoftliv »lau-Iu^■ul Ibut bi- bad nn: unfiled 
Dr. John King, bishop of I>ancloii, to the 
church of U'lmu aUortlr before his dvalh: 
hisexamlnati>iiii i.t app^nili-d to ' A Hfrmoii 
pnMchod at Payle llratiA hv ItcnrvKing* 
(Ijondon, ltl2I,Kvo). 

j'ecrfclarj- Conwiiv, writintr to ecCTetary 
Calvert on '2ti.]u\y l^-i, vcisWl ttome safe- 
gunrd to be di'TinL-d for Widdrinifton and 
others, who, liaiinff ta.lien the oath yf ftlk'||!i- 
ance, incurred haxflrd from the church of 
Kouw if tiii.>y Went Uiyond thti buuiiils of 
bis majesty'w protHction, Two dnv* latisr 
Widdriu^n thanlipd tho king fnr Iiis c&ro, 
and bi.-^giKl ihui be iind otliers who Find t iikrti 
tbt' oath of 8lli"'gianrflniijrhr on thnir rflpo-an 
be fiirbiddyn to depart the reolm without 
license, n* otlii^r*-!*' thvy would br sum- 
moned to Iloiuc on paioof excoiuinunic&tion. 
At tile tiini^when the QegotUtionn for th« 
iipamah uurrii^fL' w<tu in pru^v*« Jauco 1 
p-nntixl to Widdrin^loi) n |mrdon for all 
oflvucm affHinEt rertjiin Htacutes on religion 
iiaiDrHl, and u dii^penHfltiriti to exerciiiH in 

Srivate hniiaes the riteft and reA^nnmius of 
i»ino worship according to the cugtom of 
ihr rfiiirrh of Uome. A copy of the pardon 
vraa j'liced in thu hands of Iiiojosa, the 
lSpanii>h acabn«aador in England, tiiid it waa 
wniig«id that thu pardon itself should be 




iaaued aa aoon an it wa^ known thiit the 
marriagfl cerentorv bad taken plntv fkt Ma- 
drid (ttAjinixKK, ili'f. t>f I-liiytamf, V, Vil). 
Chaxloe X confirmed ih^ fftvoiirft grnntv-d by 
hiafiitherCo AViddringtoa. In tbela^t docu- 
mfint cnnci'rning him in Ibr Itocord IJffice, 
conjecturully dated 1636, the king orduiv 
iustiwaof the piBTL- and others not to mnl^st 
Thomas Treston, priiionwr in the Clink, in 
FMpcct of relij-ion, be having by n-jiHiu of 
ugti and iuGrmilivi< bien permilttd to reside 
in anyplai:« in London iir tiiK i>ubiir)iB utidiT 
CBDliou to njtnm to hia prison when poni- 
maoded. Ht* diod in the Clink on 3 April 
I WO. 

Among his works are: 1. 'Apologia ("at- 
dinalis Iti^llarmini pro Jure Principiiui. Ad- 
Tersiis Eiios ipgiuB Katioues urn Auctoriluce 
papnlii'riiieipL'.iftiCciilnresinOrdineadbonuin 
ppiritiialo deponendi.' CosraopoH [Lond.l, 
I(ill.8vo, ir. 'It-W* llanpoiiMo npolo- 

Selicii sd Libellum cnjusdam DoctorisTlieo- 
ogi, qui ('iuK Pro Jure rriDcipiiuiApologiiiui, 
tanquamrideiOathoIicaj., .r«-piigniin(em. ., 
crimiuatur,' Uoainopuli [Load. ]ut2j, l2mo. 
'A. ' l)i.4nutatio tb^ologicui dr Jiimm«iito 
fIdoUtatiE . . ■ Paulo Papie quinto dfidientu. 
In (lua poli«itna omnin .XrgiinienlB, f|Uie ii 
. . . lltdlarmino, J, Ort^lzi-m, L. ]ji.-«!ttii. M. 
Delano, slii»qitp nnnnullis contrn receus 
Fidt;litati»Jiimmeniiim . . . faetu. imnt, . . . 
esaininantiir. (II. ^^■. . , . Apoliigi,'ti(.iB K«- 
spoDsionis ad Libellum cnjiisdmu lloctoris 
'lui.'uluRi I'raifutiu),' 'J jils., vVlbionouoli 
[Li)T)d.}, 1*513, «vfi. 4, 'I'lirpili..,' KiU. 
At the demand of the Cardinals </<• Pn/^a- 
ganda Fide. U. ' .\ cb-nni' . . . confutation 
of the . . . Ileply of T. V., who id kwowne to 
hf. Mr. Thomas Filrherbert, an Knglish 
ji\*itit«!. Wherein also ttre confuted th« 
chiefest, objections which Ur. Schiik'k<>niii», 
who is commonly soiil to be f'ard, IMlar- 
mine, liulli niaJi! a^ninst ^^'iddrinl;lun*s 
Apologie for the Uiglil, »r So»cnii)jiiiif of 
t«mporull princvs. Hy \l. W,, an English 
t'alfioltki-,' lOIrt, 4lo. 0. ' .\ppendiK ad 
1>ifiputation<<in tliealngicain de Junimento 
Kididilnti», in quo omnja Arcum<-nra, qiiiv jl 
K. Siiarej; . . . pm IVteslate Phnali IVincipes 
deponendi, et contra recens Fiactiiaiie Jura- 
nMntum allala aunt . . . oxaminanl iir,' 
Albiouopoli [Load.]. 1018. 8vo. 7. 'It. 
Widdrington . . . ad . . . I'aulitm Qtuntum 
I'untiilcviu htvc . . . Suupliniti" «ui adjun- 
i git ur Appendix, in quo pLnrimn'Ci^alumiiiie... 
qua» A. Schnlckenius Widdringtono . . . 
impcMuit, . . . di'lt'guntnr,' '2 pt., .VlbioiLopitli 
[Lond.], 1616, 8vo. 8. ' Tha tryal and ero- 
ciitioo of Father If. Gamet ... for the 
Powder-'freiwon. t'ollert«l by H. W, . . . 
Printed in Latin in lOlU . . . and thencu 



1 



Widdrington 



182 Widdrington 



tranalal«d. Now [iubluih«d to tank* it 
furtWr evident that it la no nnw thinff for 
Jwiiits to ciinxt ntiil ban to jueUfit) a li«' 
liOnd. 1670, fol. 9, 'Diitciiitsin DUcuaaionis 
Dwreti Maipit ConctHJ Latvnuieasis, ad- 
TorsHsIj. I^i-'ium nomine Ouilhclmi Stngli— 
toni pereonahita, in quH omitia Aivumenta. 
quic idcmmcl Ldmuis pro Papali t*ot«stat« 
Principes dG|ioDeiidi aduucit, . . . exAuiiiintii iir 
& rofutanttir cl qufcdAni epregia . . . C'ar- 
dinalie Puronii Artifii'iu . . . detcffunt iir & 
refutantnr,' Aiij:u»tai [IjOnd.J, Idlfl, 8vo. 
10. ' K. Wiildrinf^oni! last reioyndi?? to Mr. 
T. Klti-iWbiTtrt Ri-plv cotiwirninff (.he Ootb 
of Allc^iancf^ nnd thp I'npn^ pnwf r to depoM 

frinci'f". . . . Also tnunj replies , , . of . . . 
tellnrminn in his Sfhiilcki-niim, oiid of I-. 
Leeaius io his Sincleton are conluted, aud 
divon ciinnini; thins of . . . Peron an) di«- 
covcrwl," Ifllft, 4to, and rLond.?". 1633, 4to. 
H. 'A X«w Yenre* (Jift for English Cft- 
tholikcit, or n briff And clcitre ExplicAtion of 
the New Oath of Allfcittoce. IJy E. I., 
Student in Pivinitic ' [Limd.], ItsL'O, 8vo, 
AUd publi^liud iriLmiu tliusatnL'yi'ur, uiidvr 
the title of 'Sirena Catholica.' 12. 'An 
AdioiiidL>r to the late CatholiiTk New Vear's 
ailt," lB20,8vo. 

[Works in Brit. Mas. Libr.; Cal. State 
Pnptm. DoTO. ; Drjdd> Ctiurch Ilist, ii. ilO; 
Oliror's C'orawaU. p, .121 ; Snoirs Necnilnpy. 

6 45; Wel(ion"a Ohronido, p. 180; T»iiiiton's 
lack M..nk«*ir St. BooL-dici. 1668,1 T. C. 

WTDDKINOTON, SAMUKT* KD- 
WAKD (d. ISMl, writpr on Spain, wm the 
Hldwt »nn of Joseph Cook (n.19-lK44> of 
NeTvron Hull in NortbiimWrland, vioar of 
Ch&tlon and Shilbotile in tiiii flame county, 
by liiH wlfo S4irali, danphtcr of R, Brown 
and ffreat-iiiect- and co!ifiri.'j.8 (.•[ N'atlinnivl 
Widarin^on of IInuxl(^y in Northumher- 
Imidi ■Saruliond liurKinul^iTwanl^ u^iauini.'d 
tbt! »HUi«- nf \Viildri[i|iton. Samuel fntwred 
tbii Enplisb navy on ;tl Dl'c. IftOj. furing 
tliti finil. v>t:iini nf litt Keni*ice hv wtu '^ni* 

S loved ai^inst thr^ Frtinck hatterieA itnd 
otiIlaJi in the npiRliboiirliood of Boulotjn?. 
He viA (tft*-rw«rtl* atnt to tW Wiwt rndic.*, 
wbera ill June ItiOS lio obtatnod special 
mention for liis conduct at Ibc capture of 
tlifl (.'oiici'peion, a Itrgw felucca, tlu .savf 
much boal Bfrvictron th« coast of (.Vyenne 
luid Sitrinam, and on 10 Jnlv 1800 1i«i vm 
ajijpninltsl liiMit^'nant Ui X\>a Fntiii*, 7-1 |t<iua. 
whilp nervinj; us first lif>ut cniinc with Cap- 
tain Hdwnni l!)-vnoId« Siblv in tbp Swallow 
sloop, in tlip npighhoiirhooil of Port. d'An(n 
in TiL«i:nny, hp led a succesoful boat attack 
on the niicrriitre, a Fw-nch brig, 0[i lljSrpl. 
j«i« Ub aerred with the eamo caplaiii in 



tba NivBwn on tJw esUblialinKnit of peaw, 
and with Captain CUarlfiH Daflhwood on the 
WinditorCastli', a i'4-^in«bip. The Windsor 
Castle bein;^ at Li^ibon during a populareom- 
motion, Dom John of Portugal took reCuga 
on board her, and Cook wa« in consequenco 
»r«!K>ntuU with lh« order of the Tower and 
SwonI, and on 3 June I8:M, at the eamac 
roquost of thu prince, waa prumoted to the 
rank i>f commaiuler. 

He retired aoon after from the navy, and 
ill 1829 wont to Spain. Aftw ntaidinz thare 
for more than three years he puhUsa«d in 
18S1 '8ketcbe» in Spain duriii^ the y«an 
1829-32' (Ixmdon, 2 vols. f^vn). Th« work, 
whichwasdedicatM to Lord Algernon Percy, 
baron l*rudhoA, vas the moat compl<-te ac- 
count of Spain which had then beeti pub- 
liahed in the Eogliah lancuai^c. In iHiO be 
aaaumed the surnamo of 'W'iddrington, and 
lu 1841J ho paid a »Mond riait to Spain, and 
on bin return published bis expmenoea under 
the title 'S|Miin aud thu Spaniards in I&IS' 
fLondon, I844,2toU. 8vo>,dfdicat4yl Io the 
Duke of Narthumbertaad. 

Widdrington 'waa vlectvd a ThIIow of the 
Royal Afwiety on 23 I>ec 1K1'3, and waa 
al&o a fellow of the Itoyal 0«ocrapliic*l So* 
ciotT. Ho di4>d at Newton Hall on 1 1 Jan. 
l(*5e. lie married, on 18 Sept. 1832, at 
Trinity Church, .MarvloboncDorothy.sMond 
daughter of Alvxundvr Davis^m <*f Sworlond 
Park, NnribitmbirliLnd, but led nochililr«iL 
He was succiwded in hie estiitea by hi« 
nephew, Shalcroatt FttKhijrbert Jaaron, who 
a«<umK(i the sumaine of Widdrington. 

[Oent. Maff. I«.l€, i. 305; Btirke'a Ijutdfd 
aontiy: Allibuuc'B DicL of Eoglish Lit.; 
0'BjToi."a Nnv. Bisigr. 1849- ] K. I. C 

WIDDRINGTON, Rnt THOMAS (rf. 
16dl), ttpcalipr of the TTouae of Commona j 
and commiseioner of the great wu), belonged. ' 
toaTotuiciirbranchofthowi.'11-known Xorth- 
uml>riati family. He was the ehle»t Min«r 
LbwIm Widdrinjrton of Cliei.-scboumi! Grange 
in thu puriah of Sluinrortlbam, and was an 
••XKi'ulor uf hii> fnlher'a will in 1(U0 (llaDe- 
BON, Uiff. 'if Sorlhumherland, 11. ii. 642). 
His mother wim Knthrriin-, daiighti-rof Wil- 
liiim l.ftW!toii of Little I'sworth, en. Ihirhan. 
Hilt younger brother, Ralph, is noticed sepo- j 
rately. Ae^ronling to Wood {Athtna OTom„\ 
i-d. Dli^, iii. tMJl), ' at about sixteen ye 
age hei^pent somv time in on*.- of our nor 
Lolk'gus iu Oxon.,aiid I think in C*m\ 
bill took MO d(^^-;' pt-rliaps 1m was tl 
Thomjis Widdrington o*Chri#t'a CoUokv who 
graduated B.A. at Cambridge iu June 10:^ 
{Adiiit. AfS. ASSS, f. 71 h). He was admitted 
to Cray's Inn on 14 Fob. 1019 (FoaiBB, K^. 




Widdrington 



*Admun(me, p. 1&3), and wu called ta the 
ir in (lut* coune. rroiu IQ2/i Lu lOSI ibe 
^TepnrK^ cases in tlin court of lrii)g''s bench 
ifinrffrafv «•%¥. S8-9; ZffT»*>irNC .VS. 
\oe<:i, i. H^tS i » note on 1". 1 nf t]u> liwl-nnTOed 
manuscript states that he was appointed 
kin^*« rcjwrttT by privy sool in ltil7, hul 
this u a nUtake). In November Id^L be 
became r«cor(lec of Benrick, whtiro he nd- 
drcswd aEDOCch of loyal welfomv to CLarlo' 1 
on 2 J uu<- 1 893 ( Scott, Brrvick-upMf Tittvrl, 
p. 200; BirsuwoBTH.ll.i. 1"0). la 1834 h« 
■nairivd Kntiic«*i dnugliCer of Kivdiiiando 
Fairfax, aftenrards second \mnin Fairfax 

tq. v.], Hii nniBuowrbich doub(lL<»ji hiflfKnlto 
irinfT Iiim into ■prominftncc somi- vpars Eftt^r 
{Addit. Mt>\ ■2'J07t), f. 1374). iff wa« af- 
pnintrd rwcordrr of Y'ork in HiW, anil iliert^ 
B^in it was liis duty, on •'^0 ^larch Itl^i), to 
bid the king welcome. His speech on tbnt 
oecaaion, though fulsomo and t-iitnivagani:, 
seems to liavc pl^aiied iLe rovnl tame, for 
h« waa kniffhted two doya Inter (Itt^SH- 
woETll, II. 11. 680; Urlkb. Elwrarum, \>y. 
868, l.W-7; MetrAtFE, li-y^k ;f Knight*, 
p, 194). In tbts aatdu Tt-ar lio biH-auiL' uii 
ancient and hnni^lir^r of (iray'n Inn, und wn« 
Lent reader thnn; in 1641; in S'ori>mb«r 
1641 hewa(ielecti?d treiwiir¥r(I>Oi;TJiWATTR, 
Gray* Inn, 18Sfl. p. 71; Rcoijale, On'ff. 
Jwrid. 1680, pp. -Jy?, 299). 

He was returned M.P. for Benvick on 
11 March, and apuin on 3 Oci. IWO (Mtm- 
ten tf Portiamcnt, i. 4*^2, 4(U). Though 
neverprominentindebale.hB wofi fn-ijuently 
etDplove<l l>y t\i<: Idin^ p!l^]iIlln*■n^ in cum- 
mitlo«a and rr>nfercnre», for whicJi he was 
W«U fitted br bi« lepiil kntiivli'dgv. lie dn-iv 
uptbcartifli.--iofim|»'ncbnit>ntagHini>t Binhop 
Wntii, Olid laid them before the Inrds <jn 
20 July 1)341, with 'n. unnrt, (ifrtrrnvnlinjf 
•pCVCll (RcaHWfOBTK,!!!. i. ^JiU; I'ari. liitf, 
it. 86], 886). On Ife Aiifi. IMo he look the 
chair when ihu houso ix'S-iInd itscli' imi a 
grand comniiUet? for ri?viewiiiff the prop>3»i- 
tions to the kitiu {Cvmmunt Jvurnahi Cat. 
State Paf>rr»,T)am., HU/'j-7, \\-*ii). It«wa* 
Hnt ns a pnrltamentArr Rnmmi&^ioner (o thu 
army onl*-' June 1047(WniiKi.>»i'Ki:, pp. 2r>2- 
53). On I 'i MftToh UJ-IS li<* wn."; appointed 
commisaioner of the great st-nl {ih. p. "JW)), 
12 Oct. he wan raiacH to tlit; df^ri^p of 
int<at-Uw and nude one of the kinu'e 
iHaiitH C»A. p. 1142; Connmtnii' Journal*). 
He ' had no ^nat mind to frit in thu Hou&e 
orr')niim>nn' nfti-r ' IVida'a I'urge,' and »eemit 
to hare absented bimaelf for soma Wfiuka; 
but Cromwell cnnnullwl Hm, lopttber with 
BulfltToiift Whiwlncke [q. v.] nnd Williuiu 
Lenthall [a. v.], upon the »tate of airnin, on 
18 and 21 Dec. Widdrington and "White- 




locke spont all ihu avxt day in attempting 
to &^nie a Mt ii>fa(;tory M,'hcHiv, and un the 
3drd they took part in a fruitless conference 
nt the NpvMiti.'i'x liuiiM'. On the ^iCth they 
were both suninifined to the committoe for 
the king's trial ; but thoy withdrew to 
Whitelncke'fl hoii»e in Ih* country, and did 
not reium to the house until 9 Jon. (Wiutb- 
toriCK, pp. StiO-5, 3ti7). 

\Vh«n the great wol of Cliarles I waa rc- 

f laced bv that of the parliameul on H tVb. 
tI4!>, W iddrington rvlirud from tbu com- 
mission, pl«adin({ ill littallb and '*iinj(i»cnipla( 
in conseienoe;' tho hntise showed its op- 
prw:iarioii by voting him a qucirtvr's sdnry 
tnore thim was due to him, and by entitling 
liim to practise within the bar {A. p. 378). 
Hr^ wo-i appointnl spijeani for the Common- 
wealth on t^ .Tniie ItifK). and a nif^mtier of the 
cotim-il of state on 10 I'eb. 1(1£1 {Viimnwni 
JoumaU). At n mi-etiiig convened by Crom- 
well on 10 Dec. 1051 to discuiui tho eolilo- 
mcnt of the nation, he advocated some 
form of monarchy, nugKl^tiug the Uuke of 
Gloiiooster ob king; and at the confurenoe 
held in H'hiiuhnll on 19 April 16^3, he epuku 
Mrongly against th^iHiiHimling diiotitliitiun of 
ihv Luug parliumL'nt( WjaTKi.ucxK,])p.>'>16, 
M)4). 111! had bncn put on the niililia com- 
mission for Yorkshirtt on 28 Ang, Ifi-M, and 
he served on various commilteea during the 
Commonwealth and protectorate, eg. tradi; 
and navigation, distressed pruloslQiits in 
I'iodinont, and Durham Colleg>- (Cm/. State 
Pnjxrr, Dora. 1661 p. 381, 1665-6 pp. 1, 
100, 218), Cromwi-ll made him ond- tnf^rv 
a L'omm issioner of llio great seol on 4 .\pril 
10ri4 {ib. lf>«>4, p. 73), liiit dismi^Ked him, 
6 June lOoi'i, up<in hLi refunal to cxerntu ihu 
orr1inanci*f«r reforming the court of t'liancory. 
He iviuainiid, li.iweviT, until lH.50 on the 
treaaury commission, to whicti h'.» had been 
Ap])ointedin August KiW CW'iitTKijocKK.pp. 
6:.'l, 625-7; Cal Stftlr Paprrt, Doro. 1654 
p. :.'H4, 1655 p. 3Ul'. 1656-7 p. 19, 1fio8-» 
pp. :i.3. .'?l>.t; Hist. .y.'iS. Cowm. fith Rep. 
App. pp. '.W, !)f»), and iii 10.^»' lit* alao became 
chancellor of the eon nry palatine of Durham 
{J}ri'uly-Krtprruf I'tili. Jfiv. 5th Rep. App. 
ii. L'.')."!). He repr<'Jii>nt.-d York in the parlia- 
ment of 1654, and was re-elected in 1656, 
but pr-ferrm) innl^-ad to sit for Northuniljer- 
lancl, and was chost<ii oj* 8peakt-r on 17 Supl. 
H>56 \i'arl. ili-,t. iii. 14;Ji, 1484; Cummoni^ 
Journatu, I Oct. lOflOl. He was »o ill in tho 
followitig .January Ihat htr had tn he carried 
into the hou»e in n eedan-chair, and the 
hoiuM^ Hi tirnt ndjoiirneil for dome days, and 
afterward?! appointed Whitclorke to take 
the (.-lirtir during his ubsenoe. 27 Jon.-ly Feb. 
(BvKTOsr, Diaiy, i. 837, 369, 376; White- 




Widdringfton 



184 



VViddrington 



lOCKB, pp. 654-5). As speaker lie showed to 
no i^'iit udvuiUec in lue butwo (Btktox, 
ii. ai,70, U;, I49J; but on ai Marcb 1657 
be mnda a lQiirn4!<! ^petL'li at WMcehnll in | 
su[»|Kjrt. of l!tn ' |n*til.:iir» unci nilvk'i:i' (of 1 
whtdi Sir Philip AVsTwick ihoupht him tha 
trua uutliori, nutl «]K>kfl inipr«Mi»ivt'Ij- nt Xh:- \ 
innufrtirafinn of (^omwell ah lord pmipctor 
(ib. i. 3^17; J'arl Ilifi. iii, im, 1516; 
Warwick, Memmr*. p. Wl). Aft*r tlio ; 
dieeolution of this parliauteiil Widilrin^on 
was made lord chief bnron of the exchequer 
on iMt ,Imii> 1*J6S (Whitkuicke, jp. o7J ; 
BinBRnx, Jteports. it. 106) ; but this office 
was TOBlorud to John Wilde [q. v. 7 hy thu 
Lontf iiHrliaamnt mi 18 Jitn. IWlO, when 
Widdnngton was for the third time made a 
emu miss ioiivr of fhf (frt-nl b'wI {CcmrnQJiy 
JavmaU). Wf- wn.« nlita elfrtfd 11 inenib<^r 
of the council of etnle on :il Dt'c. HJ5(>, and 
nf(»in nn i'."? F"l.. If3flO(jJ.) UeinR eWted 
for bfitU York and BerwicK in ibo CfWTPn- 
tion parlifinionl, he chose the former; he 
wft* on tUi' aimmiitw for tho reception nf 
(.-linrl«« II, and atno nn thflt for the indem- 
Ditj bill (>^. 14 and 15 >{ny 1660). 

At iht- Kwiomti<Mi 111* lout all tbc ottiovs 
and honours whi<;)i be had jrained since the 
civil wnr; but he win rcston-d to iha dpgrw 
ofM^rJKaiit nn I Jtliit' IlitiU.aiid waAnjipoiiiti'd 
tenjMiral pbanceUor of the bishopric of Diir- 
hsm f>a i'l Drc. (l5r«n*i.K, Drig. Jurirt., 
Chronka Ser. y- \Vi: HnroHissos, J[i*t. 
of Durham, i. 55S). lie waii returned for 
Berwick to tlit.'pnrlinmi'nt of HWl,bnt took 
no nciivt! part in its proet^edin^; ha httil 
already roai)fn('d the rocordcrHhip of Berwick, 
and hu r>."<iirti<.<d ibot of Vurk iu or about 
Januftrv IBGl' {Me»tbfr» <■/ Parliammr, i. 
5iO; biiAKJJ, p. 3*3»; Cat. State Po/iern, 
I)oin.Itl(51-2,pn.i'tl,ISI2). It wa.-. pn.lwbl v 
shortly before tiie election of ItWl that hi^s 
offur lc> di'dicfttw ' Aniili.Ttii Klmrncwtntin' to 
thft niftTor nnd corporation of York wm re- 
fused, tW ciiiiseDs liavinjt looked for a more 
swbstaniiftl gift (r*iNF..pp. riii xl). In I fifti 
he founiled a tree school bI Slomfordham 
(lA. p. xxix; Fow, Judtfft 0/ Eni/lonil, vi. 
618}. Ho died on 13 Mny imt. and ww 
biin«d in Ihe chancel of St. tiili<it-in-the- 
Fipld;*, ni'iirhiH w'iA_< ukI dani^hlcr D^irotliy, 
both of wbum huil died io ]6j;t. A uionii- 
ttmnt was «roct<?d to bin memory in l(f74 
(I*BCK, />"- Cur., mi, 1779, p. MH; MaIT- 
LAKD, London, ii. 1362; Sth»pk, Survey, ir. 
80). His will ix (Int-d I S<-pt. 1tKI.*t 4Ve 
abstrnci in Arfhatihgia .TUiaun, new ser, 
i. 18). Ills onlv son Thomn* dii«d nt Tht" 
Haj^K- in \tim'{Bifrton MS.'IUG, f. Jl-I). 
IIo left foor daiichtwrs, all mnrried, \'n. 
Frances, to Sir John I.eg'anl. bnrt. ; Cathe- 



rine, to Sir Itobert Sbaftoe; Mary, to ffir 
Kob(.Tt ilarkham, hart.: and rntnla, ta 
Thoman Windsor, lord Windwir (nftwrwards 
Karl of Plymouth) [ij. t.] (Caisb, p. ssU). 
TliL-niTulict Sir Philip Warwick sums biniwp 
as *a goo<l lait.'Ti'r, bnl naturally n cautiona 
and timorous man' (Mfmoin, p. 3B1), 

Widdrinpton wrote, in or about 1660. 
'.Xjkalecia l^borscenaia,* a d«scrtptton nud 
hiifttory of Ihe city of York. Iu dis^fust at 
hi.i treatment by th« cJtin.-ni! hr withheld it 
from publication; but it wa^ edited in 1897 
by the llev. Ga'«ar Cninp. His report* of 
kmgV bfiicii raKM, 1 -7 (diaries I, are in I Eai^ 
grare MSS. aft-if, and part* of them are m 
Lanwicwun MS.S. 10^3, H)92. Kiishworth 
printed from ihcm the nrgiimenta in the ca«d 
of the imiirisom'd members \App. i. 18-65). 
Liniiira from liiin to I/inl Fairfax ape ia 
Additional .MS. l«}70, ff. 1 7-1. \7f, 182. IW, 
S45, ^41*. Some of these, with a few otben, 
are printed in Johnwm'e ' Fairfax Correapon- 
dence'(i. ;i(J71, Hell'a ' MemoriaUof tbvCiTil 
'\Vtr' (sec refs. in index), and iVeiU's 'The 
Fairfjoxcs of Ifn^cland aaii Aineries' (p. 13). 
A full list of his extant speeches is given by 
Oainu (iutrod. to Anal. Jmr. p. xxi). An 
epitaph on Lord Fairfax baa also Iwen attr»* 
buteo tu him [ilt. p. xjtxi). 

[CsiiiA. iiitr^Kliictioii to AnnUcts. lilboraorasia: 
Fomi'b Jnd^Aii of EnAbuid, t!. ftlS; Coraman^ 
Journitl!!, ]nS(iiin: other anlhontiot eit«d ia 
text.] J. A. 1£-T. 

WIDDRXNOTON, WILLIAM, first 
Baiuin \Vii)i>Fii\(iTii!t (lOlO-ltiol), was tli» 
only flon of Sir Henry Widdringlon of 8win- 
hiinie and Widdrincton, Norrhnmbt-rland, 
by his wif»' Maty, daughter of Sir Henry 
Ourwen of Workni^on in Cumberland. .\t 
the time nf bis father's death, 4 ^ept. U<23, 
bewa* thirteen yoari'.ouemontL.Hiid twenty- 
four day!> old ; he mu*t therefore have Iwen 
born on II July 1010 (llecord OlTire. Court 
of Wards, Intftiin, putt vturlnn, bundle 3K, 
No. 186). He was knighted at Newmarket 
on Irt March lt>42 (ifETCALni, Sttok iff 
Kniffkl*, p. ]i)I>. From 1635 to li>4U he 
took an active part in the adminLstraliTe 
work of the coiiniv. of which h.<c was sl>eTi<r 
163t^-7, and which he representi'd in both 

iiarlinniCTit* of 1 tJ4(l ( Cat. Utatt I'li/trf, Uom.; 
luTCHissoN, i'ifip of yortkumbfrUttid. ii. 
461 : Mrmbrri of I'ariiamrnt. i. iS2, 491). 
Hubud lo iipuloi^'se lothv housv on lONov. 

1640 for apfilving the terra 'inva'tinji-rebala' 
in di;bate to tho Scots, whose dcnrt'daiiona 
it: Ihii tinrtlivni counliM farmed the subjwt 
of a pptiiion preoenled by him on I.'S March 

1641 to till) commissioners for the Scottish 
treaty (CbntmcDw' Joumah, ii. :!i6; J7u(. 



i 



Widdrington iSs 



Widdrington 



Jtf5y. Owiwi*. -lih Itep. App. p. 67). llewas 
one of iW lifty-^ix uienibiT!' wKosi* nntncA 
vtitv ported U4 ' btaraytiK of tbcir couutry* 
for votinfC tgainut Llie attainder of Strnifonl 
{Pari. But. u. 766). On » Juno 1641 hi- 
wM KMit (o tho Tuwer by tJi" Hou«b of 
Commnns for brincin^ in cAiitUt» ou the 
pnvivuv nifflil wiuioul sutljority, but wiw 
releaxs'l on the Mtli (/A. ii. dlS; Cammomi' 
JoumaU, ii. 171. 173, 175}. 

.\l thu outbn'nk of the civil wnr lip toak 
op amu for clie tdna:, anil wus tit consequence 
expelled from parliMiui-nl on 'Jli Aug. 1642 
(Cmmkoiu' Journalt, n. 7liS). H« i» Mud lo 
lia.v0be«ti mad*al)ar(jnetoayJuly(Worioy, 
BHfflith Baronetage, iv. :i74 ; Puuiial):, ^a- 
nMOf", i*u 471 ; Init «-o (^ K. CfocRAYxeJ, 
CatnpUtf Pffi-afff, viii, 13R) : on Ilie l4th lie 
wsa in Nowcnatle appaivnllv rKi&int; forces 
{lIUt.MSS. C'urm, I'll h lt»-ii. Apii. p. ;t7). In 
an array list of 1042 1ib uppc-ara us in^or uf 
Sir I^'wis IJi veil's rpfrinienl ( Masvox, Lifr '•/ 
mUoH, ii. -lii). Tlw Diirhi^M of NV.wcaAtli^ 
•ays that be wn« ' pre«ident of the eoiincil 
of trtLT, and command'T-in-chief of tbi- ihiW! 
countiefl of Lincoln, KutUud, and Notlintf- 
hiun ' (Life of tt'iHiant, Dukf of AeKvatti'; 
vi. 1^), p. l<>'i); but this inuet hare berii 
Ut«r, prob&blv towarda the end of ltt4a {cf, 
Cal. -^lafr P»j>pr», Dom. J04U3. p. 48i»). 
Dufplnl^ wnilinernlvN thi^ pirn."!'*, in York«hir<>, 
Derhyshiri", find I*incnlnfthlrf>, 'but cbisfly ' 
et llradfwd,' where he foii^rhf with distinc- 
tion und«r Ndwcafilr-, to wlHim be altaclicd | 
ilimaelf otoanly [*?e Oav£m>18||, William,' 
DOKB OF NeVc*«tle1. In AuRust 11143 
he wan piu in comtnand of the ^arrtMrn ai 
Lincoln (J,(f(^ of yeucnttlf, p. oti), and h* 
WHS unu uf ihv luudt-nt in tiju ruyalut dfAiat 
at Honiraatletin 11 (M. (hi« leltt-r to Ni-w- ' 
ciiiFtk>,dH;«cn bint; the haHk-.wos intercL'pl i}il, 
luid i* printid in KtrHHWORTlt, Itl. ii. '21^2, 
also in a pamphlet enlirlwl A Tnw and 
Ex'wi Nrlntion of tht Ortat I'ietonfit oA- 
tMttrd hy the Rirl of Manfhe*tfr. W*\3, 
iJhit Museum. E. 71, ti). On -2 Nov. he 
"lAu CT«st«d Btron Widdrinfiton of Blank- 
ney, Lini'olnatiire {Dejiutit-KefiirT of Puhl. 
Itef. 471 !i Itvp. App. p. 1^1), and he wiis oiiv 
of the rovali^t iK^blumcn wlio wrolo shortly 
afterwards to the Hcollish i)rt»if rouncil 
(CtAReriKlM, JlUtnry. od. lS8S.' iit. 2H8; 
HcaHwuRiH, III. ii. TitS^). Iln iisiiiaUKl in 
the defence of York in June lti44 ( .Makk- 
UAH, Life of Fitirfnx, p. 14*1; WHlTtLucXK, 
p. 90). 

Ailer the battle of Marelon Moot Wid- 
diiogtOD acconipiuiied Ncn-caAllt to Hum- 
X/OTf, tiMl eventually lo Varts. He sujed 
in f^uiee nntil the mimmer of ] (148, retummc 
tbon to tha Low Countrii*, wbv» hu joiDeS 




Prince Charles {Lifeof StKcaitle, pn. 94~M ; 
Vat.State Papcri; Doui HMr>-7, p Bl ; AJJit. 
MS. UaWO, f.iil; Viartmiun State Paptr», 
ed. 1«72, i, «!», 4aH). lU wan pro«c»ib.;d 
by |iarliaiiiL-nt ou 14 Miurli 104t*, and bis 
tiatateiiwerecanti«cateil; on 17 July ht#wife 
was eTEUttw) a pa^a to fp) bevond sea i^Com- 
ma>u Jimmalt, vi. IW ; l^'iilTEl-OCKK, p. 
-lUfl; Cal. State I'opfn, Dom. IBlH-ftl), 
pp. Sy, Ml). He crobEed over to Scotluid 
with OharW in June IfiBO; tht cominittiM; 
of estates reganlod blin att ' wroji^r priucinled/ 
and ordered him repeolrdly to ^juit the Liii]?- 
dom, but DviiniiiullycJfiDrc.^ga Til Lira lenvu 
to stay lllAiKonit, Jiittorical H'urli*, tv. 04- 
6.*>, Kift-lO, 121, 22-J; f)ABDiM:ii, Commm- 
itrallA, i. 204 ; Clarr-uiiim State Visum, u. 
Hi'). He foUowpd Chiirlfs into Fnelnnd in 
Itiol, but wti» left in Lniiuuiliiie witli Duchy 

seir StASr.HY. J* MIS, MMi'llUl F.ARL OP 

I^KICBV], while the main army moved §outh. 
IliTliy'x fijrrv was routed near Wignn liy 
Itobert l.ilbnmR [q. v.] on SB Aug., aflpr 
n i>linrp fi^bt. ^N ladriogton wa« wounded 
uorlullv and died a day or two Inter i^Okhb- 
Kou, iS\U H'ur Tractt, pp. 298-.')05). 

Widdrinjiiton mnrried. in lH'Ji), Man', 
diku^'lilvr aud ln*iiv*9 uf .Sir AntLouy Thotvld 
of Itknkney, and had by her ei^hl sons and 
Cwu duuj(hu-n!. Hl' wa< succeeded by bis 
fhl>-*t *on, Wiliimn. His d(inplitnr Jan« 
married Sir Ciiarh'P Stanley, K.H., T5<?phew 
of tlie l>unl l>erby mention^ above (lIoDQ- 
fON, Hi-*t. nf yrirtJtutnfifrtand, il. ti. 288; 
ATan/cy i'ff/irj-ji, CbetlminSoc. IJI. i.clxxivi). 
OloR^ndon deflcrihes him as ' one of the moaC 
u:o<:idiv pemoiis of (but e.gv, being near tho 
head higher than most tall men,' and apeaka 
of his CDtiragi- in very bigb terms (Ut'stwy, 
V. 18S, I86-(i). 'Plipre aw portniilsi of biin 
by Van Dyck and Van L"0 ut Towneley 
(Ntantru f 'o/'i*m, ns above; Cat. Third Loan 
J-lchib. Nos. Ii02, 7fi.1). 

I HodifDou'v HiM, uf NurthunliorlnnJ, ii. ii. 
'2i(>.'£37: autboritiiaicitcil.| J. A. U-t. 

WIDDRINGTON, ^HLTJAM, fonrth 
Barox W iiniKisoiox (i't7t<-174y), greal- 
gmndson of WiUi«m Widdrington, first; 
baron Widdrington [q. v.], wa.'^ the eldest 
son of Willjnni, ihini baron Widdrington, 
by bi« wife .\kl hiui. dau>:hccr and heiress of 
t'harlea l*nirf(ix, liftli \t«oouiil I'aLrfax of 
Euiley. lie was educated at Morpelh ^am- 
inur Hclioi)), find i>urciWt-d htit fathar on 
10 Fwb. Irt'-'ft. He jninwl the Jacobite rising 
under TLumas Forster (1676M788) [q. v.] 
and the Karl of Perw^^ntwat^T Jftpe lUli- 
currs, JxuEs, tbini Kakl] at Wurkwgrlh 
on 7 Oct. 1716, the dav aft<r tht- PlninfiMld 
meeting. J.t wah at £ia iiutance (hat ibe 




rebel army entered Luicwhin, whor* b* 
counted on support from bin n<l&tjrp') tbn 
Townulnj* anil otiwre of thv gentry (Warb, 
Jtaitaishire Memorials ([f the ItcbeUion of 
I'JIJ, ii. 27, 61 . Ohetham Soc.) lie took no 
part in thn flghtinf^ tit. PpMton on 12 Nor., 
and w» oneof tlje tirat lo urge Forst<ir next 
dB.y tosumndur. Uu ww brougLl lo l.«ndoii 
with tb« other prieonen, tLnd wiu llttlUIltc^tl 
of bigh tr«B*onon 9 l-'eb. 1710. llw jilt-ailvd 
guillv nt liiit trinl, but appc^ttltd for mercy 
on tliB grounil tlmt ' lu bu waa tbo Iwt wbu 
look up »roa!, bd Iu> was ibe first who pm- 
cunrd i> mnttin); of tliD cbjef persona amon^ 
th«*Ear in order to lay ih^m down.' He was 
. aentvncvd tv duatb, but wne reprieved, and 
[ifMndmiltwlrtn ?:,* Nov. 1717 lo the benefit 
fthe act of pardon vo far ta life and libeny 
iWi concorncd {Lordt' Journalu, xx. 5o71. 
^petition wliicb ha presented on 17 Feb. 
1719 for an aUowsiice from bin lato wife'a 
property to nupport; himself and ' bia di^ 
ktre»*ed family' was n<>ntiTod by ibu Uoiuu 
.»f Common*: l>ul n lalwr (H-tition for llw 
removal of bis disu.bilitii>8 waa granted, and 
an act to that eilecl wn» pniMM*!! on 17 Mny 
1733 (Commoju Journal*, sis. 103 -1, xxii. 
B:f,ir.4). H.-dirdot lisihon 19 April 1743, 
ap«d Or», and was buried nt Nunningtnn in 
\rtrki"biri.', where his second wife bad iu- 
hcritud an (Mt&U< [Grnl. Mtff. ItJ.'l, p. 2lH; 
Ifotet and Querier, let mr. i\. 050). Vat ten 
Lipoaka with <y>nlemnt of bin conduct aa a 
niilitaiy lendur, a rulu for which be waa un- 
'■fitted by tempi- rameiit {Hi»f, of thp iat* Jff- 
&eliitm.'-Jnd odit. 1717, pp. I2ft. &,\) Ungfir 
■ Galu di'B^ribi-d liim in l"2K aa 'an infirni 
laort of a gpnttcman and a prrfi-ct valctudi- 
narinn' (S'TCKrr.iJT, Memoir*, i. 2WJ, Surl«» 
Sor.) HL>mfirrii>cl.llrst.in 17(IO.Janp,dau(!;h- 
ter and heire»»of .Sir Tbimns Toujptst, bari. 
of 9t4?IIn, CO. Durham, and had by hor fwbo 
died on U t^i-pt. I7U) lliriMi sotis anil fivf 
daughters, lie njurrieil, necnndly, nbotit 
July 1718, Ciitlitirin". daiifrhtor (nnd c{>- 
heirvsA in ITrtH). nf Hiiihiml Qrabiim, vi*- 
count Preaton 'l- T.l, but bad no childrt>n 
bT ber; nlm snrvivod liim, dying in 1757 
(DoFULAB, l^eeraffe tif Saf/nird, M, Wor»d, 
ii. S7S), After bis doatb Lia eldest ion, 
Hf^nry Fmncia, was comiiionlv called I^rd 
Widdriagton, and. dying at Tunibitm (Irum 
in 177+, was confuBt'd wiib biH I'liiber In 
obiluariui) (*tv Oent. Mai/. 1774, p. 446; 
Aiftn. iteg. 1774, p. IW!). 

[Hodooa'e IIJKL of Narthambnrland. ii. ii. 
227-9. asa, BfiS-7, 402 ; Hint, MSS.Coitim. lllb 
R«p. A pp. iv, 188-73; Lady Cowper'a Diary, «1. 
18«u. pp. ra. 8S. ISO : Uowell'i* Stat* Trials, it. 
76L-Hfle: U. IS. C[okayno'al Conplote Peurua, 
viii. 133-1 J. A. H-T. 



WIDVILE. [See WooBTiLLB.] 

WIFFEN, BKNJAMIN BARRON 
(1794-1867^ biograpber of early t^panifdi 
reformer*, aeoond M>n of John WifFen, inilt- 
monirer, by hbi wife Rlizabfth t^ l*attijion), 
wa« bom at Wobum, Bedfordshire, is 1794. 
Hit) elder brolhcr waa Jeremiah llolmee 
WifTen [q. T.l lie followed bis brother to 
.Icktvortn Mihool in 1808; on Itiaving in 
\^i3& be went into bis lather's buAoes, tad 
remaiii«Ni in it at Woburn till 1838, when 
biK bi*ullh failMl, and ho retired to Mounc 
Pl«aaant, uear Wobum. Hix literary ta«te« 
were encouraged by his brother, and br 
UirhartI TbumaN How of Aspley Guise, Beo- 
fordshire, owner of a rfmarkahlo libr»iy 
(ci>n('Cted by hie father, Richard How [1 "27- 
imi], editor of I^dy Rachel KiivwU'a 
'Letiera'). How, porti»y»'d in Wiflen'a 
posthunoUB poem, ' loe Quaker Squire,' fir»t 
gave btm tbt> bint of an 'old work, by s 
Spaniard [one of (he work* of Juau d« 
\aldfe<j, which repreaented easentially the 
princiiilus of tiuorgu Fox.' 

Early in LKIti Luis de Uatit y Rio [d. 
13 Aug. 1835, agvd o9) cnms to London 
from Madrid, and waa intnMlured byOvorge 
Burrow ^ii. v.] lo Joeiah Forster. ^Mien 
Wifli'ii main up In the Friends' yearlymeet- 
ing in Whitweck, Forster loltl him chat 
Usdit y Itio had inquired afWr liis brother 
aa a translator of 8nanLsb poetry. At For- 
Bter's requv«t he [:allcd on \}»m j Rio in 
Jormyn ritr>set, when there at on« sprana 
up a lifuloug frieudahip between them, ana 
' honcc'forwtit'd Hpnin t<Kik untim ptiamutalon' 
of WiflVn. Towards the cloae of 1889 bo 
mailo bin ftrvt lisit lo Siwin wilh George 
William .Meiandrr, aa a a«putstion to for- 
wiird the nbolition of the slare trade. It 
waa in the aummcr of 1841, during a riait 
of Usoi V Rio lo Mount PleoMut, iluit ' tbey 
formi'tl tlio common purpoae to ruscua tnmk 
obliriou the works of the early Snniah (•• 
former^.' In IH-1:2 hearcoiupsnted Alexan- 
der a evcand time to Spain and Portugal; 
on HIm ri-I.iim be began m>> ))oaik-liunting, of 
wbii'li bo gives a mo-it intn-i-^t ing account 
{' Nolie.fs' and Eiporiencw,' prinled by Boeh- 
rotr in fiMi/.thn'^ tt'ifit-riiann, 1S7I, i, 29- 
ri7; aud partly embodifd in I',iTri»o>'«ii/i*). 
lie nbrjiiritid »ome unique troa^iires. Many 
nre workf he himi<«lf coiiie'l lino for line; 
of othciri hu obtained tranfcriptd. Without 
bi-s aid lliu colli-ction of ' Ubra^- Antiguas d« 
loA KflpaiiolH.t Keforniwlo*' (1847-4^1, ISmo 
and 8vo, 'X> voIh.) rould not hare been 
produced. Tlie volumw were privaU^ 

Erinted nnder his cuperintendeDce. He 
itnself edited Tol. ii,, the * Epistola Conso- 



WilTen 



187 



Wiffen 



I 



latoria ' f ll^td, 8vo) bjr Joan Perex, wjtli & 
notice of the tuClior in Enj;l-Hh (tfaU notice 
u roprintod witli ihe KoglisU tmiutUtioD, 
1871, 8yo, by John T. Itetts) aad Spmiiah ; 
and vul. xr., tho ' AlfAhoto C^^ti«no ' 
(1861, Kvo) by Juan dn Vald^N, iti Itaiian, 
with modtTn versions in Sponiati und En(f- 
livh. Iltp rBinaiiiiiia rulunieH wnrv Kdilrd 
by Tsiif y Uift. WiSen wrote alHO the 'Life 
and Writitij;)! of Jusd de V8ld(»^' (16ti^, 
8to) which accnmpatiii'!* thi' Kn^li^h traiift- 
latioDs of work« of Vald^-s byJohu T. UetU ; 
ft&d ft ■ BiO'f^pbiiML) Sketch' (lt^9, 8vo) of 
CoUHlamiuo Ponce dt* In. Fuuniif, to accom- 
pany tbe KiiffiUh v(>r»ioii of hi^i * L'onfe«sion 
of a Siuaer,' by thi' mitu^ trall^Uto^. Kduard 
BocJunBT baa prmtcd two voluuir* { 1N74 and 
1883, 8vo)of tlm 'Biblioihwa WiiK'nisnn,* 
contaiiimji livvs nnd writing* of K[iuni)ih rv 
farmen from 163), ' nxrcnrdin^ to . . . 
\V*ifl"«[i'» plan, BPd with the use of his male- 
rials.' 'I irktiiir in bit) ftanHiLnl * Ht^torr of 
Spauisli Llt'iraCiire' ri]iok<! of WitTi-n in 1803 
«a 'an KiiKlioh qunker, full of knowledge of 
SpanLih lilrraliire.' 

In «BrIj lifi.-, and a^ain later, W'ifTen had 
vriltMi TontM of 6omo merit, but publinhi^d 
nothing aepnmtvly. His * Warder <if Ihv 
IVrenecs" a|(peawd in Kimlen'.-* 'Tableaux 
uf .Nationul CLanicti'r' (1845, ful.). L<dit4!d 
by his ^i.iter, .Mr«. Alsric A. Watl*. Tlii* 
is reprinted in the .telentlon of bin [hh'^di!* 
(uiipubti'^b^l praviou»ly, for the most part) 
pven in 'Thi? Brothor* Wiffen' (1880), 
edited bv Samuel Itowles I'ftttiwn. 

Hv died, unniarriod, at Mount I'leasant 
on H Man-h LSU", and was burii.'d in the 
Friends' graveyard at Wobum Soiids on 
24 March. Hi» portrait 'm givun in 'Tho 
Ilrotht-r*. Wilffn.' lli; wnn ' u. ouiall, iial<", 
kevu^uyud inan/dplicut'ilvorjraaiaed, aJwaya 
tfn*ting unukiT enrb, nnd strict in all obwr- 
•VBDc^^ of the Kni^ndH. 

[Memoir, hy liis iiifrce M/iTy I-utlinn W, 
Wiffen, in BofliiinT'n Bil.iiollir-ua WifTrutuiia, 
1874, i. U3Si S. II. PikitiMu's Life iii Tliu Bn>- 
lh«fH Wiffbn, 1880: Iloega A*kwf.rtli ScJioul 
CataliigUD, 1831 ;SecboliTii's MenioirsuCHrHiiIioii 
Gnllet. IHi. M. 73 : Obrrm Aotif^uaa ■!« lo« 
Eapanoloa RofonniKlos. lltild. xz. ISS; Smith's 
Cologne of Fric«<la' Bitok*, 1807. find Supple^ 
■nwnt, 1903; Marlio'v C'alAlogite of I'rinucly 
Printod Booha, 1841 ; Mon^nd-^ 7 PvlayoH* 
Hoterodosoa l->pniiolni. 1880 i. II, ISttl iii, fiTo; 
fiiograpliical Catiilot^ii; nf I'ortraita ac Daton- 
aluivHonae, 1888, p. 72'.] A. G. 

WIFFEN, JKKKMIAII IHJLMI-UH 
11792 l.ri.Wi, translator of Tasao, tldiipl son 
of Jubii Wltfun, ininnninBvr, by In* vr'iti- 
EliEaWth (t^ttiaon), Tvaa Som at Wohiim, 
IMfordshin;, on 30 Dvc. 1792. Both his 




faivnt« were inemben> of old quaker familiee, 
lin father died carly,tcavingalxcbiLdreo to 
the moiher'a care. Hta younger brother, 
TScnJAniin Itarron Wiifen, in separately 
noticed; hi« voungost vlslvr, Priscills, mar- 
ried ^Vlaric .Ali-xatid*?t Wuttn [<[. v.j AtUta 
a^ of ten Jurfmiah ctitereu the Friejid»' 
acbool nt Ackwortli, Vorksliin-, whom ho 
improved a taste for pontry and acquimd 
Miimtt itktll in wood ungravin^. liisUogulstic 
attainmi>nt.i werA due to hi< own Int^r atudy. 
At fourleoii he became apprenticed to Isaac 
l*nyD«. aclioolmastor, at Epplnp, Essex. Ilia 
first appearance in print waw in the * Euro- 
pean Saagaziiio' (Oclobar inyy, p, :)08) with 
an'Addri-^s lo thv Kvfntng Slar,' vursifiod 
from Ossian, Ill-i tin'l coolribiiliiiu on na 
nrchcological »nlKi?ct waft an account of 
Uroxbourub cburcli, Ilwrtfordnliir", with nn 
etehinghy bim.»elf Cl7«t^.Va//. ]SO8,i,40fi). 
lu ISIl ho n^urnt-d to AVnburn and opened 
a school iu Ijt'ig'hfnn Uond. A hiinl iitiidwnl, 
bo made himself at home in chutstrn and 
fliihrpw, French, and Italisn, ajid latvr, 
Spanish and Wftlsh. In conjunction Tritb 
James Baldwin Itrown the eider (q. v.] and 
Thomas l£&ISt>a [a. %-.] be pobliahod 'I'omne 
by Three Frienda' (iSiy, Svo); iha joint 
authoTsbip was oclraowledgcd in the second 
edition (I^IC, li^uio). With hia brother ho 
published ' Eltr-jjiac Lines' (1818, Siro) com- 
memorating Williion Thompson, qunlter 
»chon!niii!'t»T of lV»ki.'lli, [.iincasliiiY. His 
earlieiit indtipi-ndt^nr vci]iimi.i was 'Aonian 
Hours' (lUltl.bva, dedicated to his brother; 
3iid t>d. 1)^0, ifvo\. On a viait to the lakes 
with his brother in the summer of 1819 he 
madu tho acquaintance of Southey and of 
Wordrwonb, whose 'white uautaloous'und 
'hawk's nose' are de«cribea in htA diary. 
His uoxt book woa 'Julia AJpiuuIa . . . and 
other Poem*' {1820, l2mo, dwliciit*d to 
Akric A. Watts; 2nd ed. 18i>0, 12mQ). In 
lliH (tiimniur of 1821 bo was appoinlMl 
librarian at Wobnm Abbey to John liiissell, 
sixth duke of Bedford. 

In 18t>] h>-i».sniNl bis 'Propoaals'forpnb- 
lishing by subscription n now translation of 
Tamo in 8pcnieriun verse. As a specimen, 
the founhbookof tht! ' Jcnimluin Dulivurwd* 
was published in lSi'I,8vii, with a diMerla- 
liuu ou existing tronslatton^. Kis next vreay 
ill vnrse waa » tmniiliiliuti of ' Thv \\Virks nf 
GorcDosso do la AVcn," 18i3, 8vn, dedtcati'd 
to the Diiko of Bedford, withalireorOiircia 
Ijuao de la Vega, and an &*»ay on Spanish 
poetry. The publication of tlie completed 
vei-sion of 'Jerusalem Delivcped' was de- 
layed by a firu in the printing oflicu (which 
destroyed the sheets of a quarto edition, 
nearly priuicti uET); it appeared in 1834. 



dedicftt«(l to Um UuduM of Bodforl, with 
ft lifo of Twao and a list of Engliih cra- 
udvn (i Tols. 8vo; aooUier edition «aia« 
Tear, S ToU. 8vn: rcpnnt«d M^O, 'J toIl 
ll^mo; «&d in Botm's series, IM^t, 1 td). 
I'Jmo, in addition to Mtrna] American rdi- 
tiwuf. Uo^, intbe' NoetwAuhnataiue,' 
rrtert to Widen as * the beat admtar among 
a' the qualwre* and 'a capita] tmtslauir, 
Sir Walter t«ll» me, o' po«t« iri' rurtriffo 
tooffuCD, nc aa Ta«n, and wi' oripn&l Tt-in, 
too/ litie 't/uarlnrlv* in an ablv article 
condudcB that Wi^n, aa a tran«lainr of 
TuM, though liv bus fairly distaoced Uoole 
and Hunt, cannot hope to contvnd suMNa* 
fnllywiib Faiifu (June IS2&; see aUo art. 

TURBRRVII.t.B Of TCKBEBriLE, fiEORfiE). 

Wiff«n declined tlie djefi^-a of I.L.l>. from 
Alwrdwn in ludr. Hi* ' VeT»«a . . . on tbe 
Alara«<lu,'1827, 4to; 'AnpMl for the Injured 
African.* NewcoMlftm-Tvui-, l&3y,8ro; and 
' Versfw ... at \\'ohurM Abbev, on . . . the 
elatuet of Lockv and Erskinc,' 1836, 4to, 
eotnplete bis poetical ]niblir-atian«. 

higlit Tt>ar8 w«re Bpent in tlw oompilation 
of hia 'llialorical M«moir8 of tb« lioiise of 
UiumIU' 14^, ^ vtils. (portrait and plaCea) 
in tbrevkiuiH— ntlax folio (thin j-two copies), 
roval 8vo, and deni,r Hvo. For the produo- 
ttonortbisband»oiiieworliheuaderetearchet 
duriiiff a four monih6' tour in Nnrmandr. 

His death vra« BuJden. at Froxiteld, nvar 
Wobum, on 2 Alav 18K0; lit; w«» huritil nn 
8 May iu tha Friends* graveyard, Wubum 
Sand.t, ilurkuighaniHliire; bi# p'>rtnvil- ( IH'J4t 
ia prefixed to 'The Brorh.rr.i WiffV-n.' IftSO. 
He murriird, on 'Jt< Nov. 1828, at lh<^ I'rieoda' 
raeeting-houH. Ijooda^ Morr AVhitehflad 
' descended frou the tise of Jlolinshed the 
cbroniclcr/ and had three d&ti|;bt«rs. 

Reside* the works nbovu noted, he pub- 
Uahedn'Oeoifrapbicai l'riin(T'(l*'l-M, ll'mo, 
ODi] udiled ' Thoughts on llje Crvuliuu, Full, 
and Upgrnttralion,' 1820, l2mo, by John 
llumbl&!i, 'a Hwifordshirp peaBant.' A se- 
le<;tion of his po(;nis and ballada Is given 
in'Tliunrotburs Wifr,-n." 

^Life, by hi* iluu^btrr, Mary Imlinu W. 
Wiffu). in th» Itrothm Widen, 1880. (Hlit«d hy 
H. R. ]'«lli«]n ; Dihik'- Ackd-artb Hiitout Cuia- 
loKue, 1831 ; Ocnr. yUifi. 18,30, ii. 1112 i Sguiih'a 
CarnlKguc of Frii-nils' Krjolcii, 1867 : Biugr>iphi^nl 
Cnt^tii^ue i>t fortrnits at Dvronshira Uaiu«, 
ISttS, p. 734: Allibone's Dier.of EDgl, Lit. iiad 
Lown'li-n'd Bibl. Mas. (BohoJ. a. r. ' Tai»i.*] 

A. fl. 

WIOAN, AI-FIiKI) SYDNEY (1S14- 
1S7S>, actor, whose futher, a teaehtT of 
languntiod, wits nt onv time tMOVtaiv t" tbti 
I>Tainatic Antiior^' Snci^tj, vaa Dom nt 
Blackbuath, Kent, on 2i >Urtdi 1^14. Ex- 



hibiting aoia« talent for muatc, he bvcam* 

* a waiulerni); miaatnl,' and aana at Bania- 
gata, Mai]gatf , and «l«»wbem. He was alao 
an nsber at a Mhool and aiuiat«d his fallif-r 
at the Dramatic Aathors' Societr. I'Dder 
tbe name of .Sydnejr or Sidney tte wan in 
1634 at tbe Ljr«eiun, and th« foUowtng year 
iras under Mrs. LotuAa CranatDun Niabett 
[q. v.] at the Que«n*a Tbeatra, Tottenham 
Street. When John Brabam I q. v.] opened 
the nawljr encl«d Ht James's, Wiganjinnad 
him, and, nnder tbe name of Sidney, waa on 
20 t^«pt. l&SO tbe oHj^inAl John Johnson 
in tbe ' HUvum Gent li^mmn,' by Cbarli 
Dickens. In 1§&8 he waf^ at a itmall ihe«t 
in the Old .Manor House, Kiiifr's Ibisdj^ 
rhfls^a, ii-hi>rw be play«d Tom Tug in the 

* Waterman,' and other musical parxi', and 
aang songs bi'i ween tbcacta. With Madanio 
Vertris lie apnenr<^d in 1830 at Covcnt Oar* 
den as Mr. n igan, playing tbe original Kir 
Ottirad (or, according to anoibpt aceotint, 8ir 
l>tto> ill Sheridan KnowkVa * Lo%'V.' On 
5 Aug. of this year ( TaUU'a Drantatk Ma}/«- 
:inr; DUuther account says I841> he mar- 
ried the actrfM Leonora I'incott [tett bnlow]. 
In Boucicauli's ' Irish Holiwa * be played a 
Frei]Ch Milrt. Hn waasetmaxItionefScniple 
in the revised comedy of ' Court and City,' 
-won the original Miffin in Jerrold'e ' Uubblea 
nf the Ihiy in March 1H42,aud played Lord 
AUcash in ' Kra Diavolo ' and otlivr operatic 
parts. Some Aucecss attended bta Monta^ 
Titii^in ' Martin Chuulvwil'and his French 
u&berin'To l^renta and Qoardiatu.' Not 
until he was cast for Alcibiadea Blague la 
Jerrold's 'Oertrudeji ClurrirJ^ or Wat^-rliMJ 
in 1835,' did be tbow, s^ a guide Ut tb« fi<>ld 
of Waterloo «i»d n Mfllrr of vmmped-tip relics 
of the fight, thi) ntmarkable finish of biii Btyl«. 
The iropTBasion he created was strengthened 
by hi« |»Honnanc4' in Xovcmber of Bruce 
Siney, an adTencurur, iu Hark Lemon's 
' Turf.' Mark Meddle iii a revival of ' Lon- 
don Asauimnce' folloired. On thu abrupt 
clusioff of Covent Uardan he went tu Lhtf 
SirHncl,wh«ro he played ll^ in a burleiique 
uf ' niUello'and|iinnidi«d Mnm'ailv, and was 
on lo Jan. 1844 a dancing-miuler in Pi^kn's 
'Madvluti.' .\t Orury Lnae he had pre- 
viously played Trip in a revival bv Mocivady 
of the 'School for Scandal' At ike Lyceum, 
with tbtt KTv-lovft, in It^ and •iub^4iient 
years he produc«d bis own * Watvb oud 
Ward 'On which be was tbe Chevalier Un 
Ouet), ' Model of a Wife' (in which Im was 
Pygmalion Itounefoi), ' Luck'k AH,' ' TIip 
Loan of a Wife,' 'Next Door," and 'Fire 
llunilrcd Poiindii ICrward,' in all of which 
he took aoni'i* port. 

A perfortoaace of the Princo in the ' Ctn- 



Wigan 



189 



Wigan 



* 



derolU' of Albert Smith ami Tom Tay- 
lor sueii?tl)DDC(I his reputatioD. A» % mem- 
b«r of Wctwler'n Rompaiiy hi* amMarvd at 
the iraymarlit^t on 2 Oct. l^ii, plnylnjf 
Sir Bvnjnmin lUt-Wbiti- in 11 n-vival of lliti 
'Sclinnl for Hranaftl.' On I'O Oct. 3817 ho 
was tfa« first Oebomt; in Wp#tliiiiil MiLrston's 
'Heart and tli'.* Wnrlil,' und on l/i Snv. the 
flm {[cctor MaulfioQ in Webster's 'Rousod 
Lion.' lie nlfto pla%vd DudUry Smoolti in 
' Money,* GoliJIinch in thv ' KokJ to I'uiii.' 
and Tntll« iu 'I«ov« for Love.' At the 
Olympic h» nppt'ort'd with Mr^. Mary Anno 
Stirling (<I-v.l, playing tli« hero of 'Mon- 
sieur JacquRA, a musical comedy by Morria 
Bamott, a cli»racl*r cr«atwl vinvmi yt-nrs 
prpvinnftly by the author. In this part bo 
raised bis reputation to it« heijflit, ll«ni 
h'' prmliicod his ovn ' Law for Lailie-s.' In 
1&18-SI bt- wail at the Hnyraurket with Jlr. 
and Mrs. Cbart^» Kean. IIer*> he enactod 
the Olo^vn in'Tw<-inii Niffbi,' Boamnta in 
the ' Aferchnnt of Venice,' one of 1 he Wit«he» 
In 'Macbeth," and Tom Purple in Jt'rrold's 
' Houmknoucr.' Win AoUilio Tnliun Dut'ard 
in the 'First Night' (' Le Pere de la 
D^butunCn'), svun ul thi PrinCL-se's in Oc- 
tohvT Ift40, wtis one of hi« fm<-»t. impersona- 
tiona. At the Olympic he produced in 1850 
his farce 'A IVnd Tnk»-in,' Juinine th« 
Kcul anJ Keeley conihinfllion at the l*rin- 
C«w'fl, he appeared on 2H Sept. ISftO, the 
openiBff niRht, asthc original Tom Itawlinffs 
i&Bsyi« Btimard's ' Platonic Atlaiihtnetii^.' 
H? was aeeii aa 1>Hnc iu ' ilamli?t,' as Or- 
lando, and OS Or. Cains iu ' M«rry WivuM of 
Windsor.' On 4 June Irtfil hf vka» the first I 
Richelieu inSloua'a 'Duke'a Wager' ('Mllo. 
d»B#H«iW.''). On 2iF.-h. ISoLMVieaiiwiw I 
rhA fii^t rhStj^aii-K^nnnd in thts 'Corsicaa 1 
Brotbeni,' on n March thp first Ittchard 
noenrd in Tom Ttiylor'fi 'Our Clerks,' and in 
May the tirn I'aul' Kainibuul, in 'A Lucky 
FridaT.'a part he repeated by command at 
WiutUur Cn«tlu. IIl< had uIkio played l-'aul- 
eonbritlge in ' Kinj? John.' Ai the Adelphi 
he WB8 in Jiin« I^TiS the firtt Pi.TiiiLT in 
Boiicicault'« 'OwiHi-iAvf.' H« wanabo hi-mi 
aa Jonathan Wild in'Jarli Pheppard.' On 
17 Oct. IfeoS hn oppniid thw Olympic with 
Planeh&'H *Camp and Taylor's ' Plot and 
Puaion ' (in which he was the hero), had un 
oriffinal part in PalEnivc Simpson'* ' IToada 
ana Tails' on ^0 June IS^I, and was the 
liriit Thornbv in hi* own and Talfourd's 
• Tit for Tat * {' Ia-s Maris me font, riri- *) on 
23 Jan. IST,',. On 14 May he ol>taiu«d 
anoth^ conanicuoue ^ucirves aa tho firet John 
Mildmay in Tavlor'i' ' fStill WaWr* run dwp." 
Hfl also playpfl Joseph Surface. In 1i^d7, 
on th« plea of lU-health, be took a b(?neSt on 




hi« ntimDMit from the alag:e. on which ha 
reappeared at the Adt-lphi on 17 Mari'h 18G0 ] 
as Sir Paul Pagoda in the ' Ben^tal Tiger.* 
He wiu in May 18-')9 the original Horace 
Cbetwvml in the " Hointf- or the Hom*',' 
on adaptation by Taylor from *P4ril dans 
la OeuiKun;.' On 2fl Feb. 1800 ho was the 
first Sir Rirhard Plinlimmon in Watr« 
I'hilliwi'g ' Papyr Winge,' lie also look pari 
in • It, i an ill Wind that blow* Nobody any 
good ' and other pLeces. On ySJ Nov. Wigan 
op>>nod the t^t. Jamea'a with ' L'p at the 
lEilU,' in which lie wa» Mujur ^itunyhunit, 
After playinp the beru of thf- ' UIh of St. 
TropvK, hn i>l rt.-nf;tlicnLMl bis n'putatinn osi 
tlw h«ri> of ' A .Si;n>nof Pajmr' (• Lw Pntteft 
de Monche*) in April 1*61. In May IBfiS > 
be wan, at tin.' Harmark«(, Dr. Bertmud in 
Lady Onflerin's' Kin(ws>-, nri^pyatid C»unt«r 
Spy.' The following year he gave, with 
hu wifL*, a wiri""" of r^indm^ni in London, On 
24 (tot. lAfl" he open.^d tlm ni-wly *-rocted 
Queen's Theatre in ]..oRg Acre with Charles 
Hl.^adc*e ' Double Marriage,' adapted from 
his novel of ' While LteK.' Iu tnls Wigaa; 
was Captain Uaynal. On II May 0^8 he 
rvappnarod OS iLe Munjuis du Bdlctcrrv in 
the ' iVior Xobleman,' Selhy'.'* ftdaplation of 
' Uu Ocutilhomnie Pauvrv.' in which he bad 
previously bn-n M'rn, mid plnvfl Hir Anthony 
Ahnnlute. On the opening of the Gaiety 
on .il Dec. Id68 be waa Adolphe Chavillar<l 
in * On tho Oardn.' an adaptation by Alfred 
Tbomp«on of ' L'lCwiamoteur.' l)a 1*7 .March 
l»ti9bcwasllitlmeiater llarfthal in Kohert- 
»on'H ' Urvoms.' In ihv'LiruChaHe/nuadapta- 
lion by Oxenford ojid llorar<- Wigan of ' Le 
I>ramu de la Rue de la Pai.\,* hs wa^, at the 
Mime Imiubt, Bfrtrand Alvimar, on 11 ftet. 
For the benefit of Cliarle^ Malhcws ho played 
Danclw in the 'Crilic' In the 'Man of 
Quality.' an alteration by John HollingsbMdj 
of the ' R«lap«e; he was Lord Kopplngton 
on 7 May 1670. On 8 July 1875 in the 
'First Nfgbi' and 'Still Waicre run tltiop* 
he took a farewell benefit at Uriiry I.«nft , 
and rvtiir-d from the stage. AAer giving 
u few privattt reading*, hi* w«» iiyen nl, ihe 
Gaiety at an aft-irnoon nerformance of 'The 
Houm or (hu llouto and the ' Bengal 
Tiger.' In the aiiinmcr of 1878 he k-ft hi§ 
bouse, 33 Bromptoo Square, and on 29 Nov. 
hr di«(l at ^6 bandgnte Itoad, FoLkestone. 
He was buried in Keasul Uruen cumeiery 
ou 8 Dec. A good portrait won engraved 
for ihu ' lllu«trat«d London Xews ' (14 Dec. 
1S78). 

Wigan waa on admirable artor in a r&ther 
narrow groovu. He lacked robostoew and 
breadth of style, and could ncrw play &. 
modem gentleman, which part he could not 



Wigan 



190 



Wigan 



I 



even dnnu. His mfihi^ -vnn moAeWiA to 
somii ext«ul upon that of ItoufTf', n bnllintit 
Frencli ftctor of the early piirt of the wntiirv. 
Humour and jJAtliofl were, bowever, inaiiUy 
at h\» command. He waj* ft Frtncb iouc4ar, 
ant) his greftlMt micccBee* were made in 
Fntuchmmi nr chanotera in which he apoko 
■prenoh at brok«n En(ftUh— TourbiUoit in 
'ToParpnli<iLntl(luanlmnif,'OhAtHau-ICenAi]d, 
Talmn Diifard, Adolnhe ChavilUn), Htfct'ir 
Mflulton in ihn ' Ttouiwd Lion,' ami thn 
Maraiits do BclliHiTrfl in thft ' Poor Noble- 
num. In the piece lust nntned hif CDnquofil 
of huniilintion itrid hi« cRbrlft to bide rrora 
the world the depths of his porerlj had 
extreme patho;). AmMig pur<>ly Kngli^h 
obanu-luri, hi» Jubn Mildmay in '^till NVaters 
run dtMu' may count us hia masU'rpieCC. 

\o list of his pl&VA, ffiftny of thp-m im- 
printed, is obcaitiablo. The followtnff, in- 
Clud<>d in rariouB acting editions, arv in the 
•Britieh MtiBoiini Uiiliil'.'>ju" : ' 'Loan of a 
Wifp,' It ffirci! in rtn(^ act : 'A Model of a 
Wife,' in ona act ; ' Kivo Uiuidrcd Poumls 
Itiiward,' II cnmio drama in twA acta ; and 
'Tit for Tilt/ a comedietU by Francia Tal- 
fonrd and A, Wignti (.iRninLrr lfir»ri). 

Wif^an't* wifp, Li^ukuba WioAsf, known 
a? Mrc, Alfrpd Wlp*n (ISOVIRSI), waa 
dniiftJitcrnf (^ncott, a showman, and hi* wife 
Eliza both. It (IfniRhtcrof William Wallack 
and flifttepof JaniM William Wallacit [a. v.] 
Slie wna at the ouI«et a rop^aiieerand per- 
litttaet oil Rtilts. II(>r first appraraneo in 
Ltmdon toL'k placi'OiiOJuly I'jIH at rheEn^ 
liith Opi'ra Ihniite (Lyceum) na Chimpaneee 
in a panComiine drama cntitK'd ' La IVrouM-, 
ortht! n.-.«.)ltit.' Uland.'foundedon KolBi^bue. 
Hot molhur. Mre. Fiiicult, vr&a CmLia and 
J, P. rofiUi' l.n IVroui"^. LiHiiiont Pincof.t 
abo took part in tlio ballet of ' Don Juan,' 
wan I {Hnymmir in ' Midiu",' iho Crown Princfl 
in ■ Ah I WImt a I'lty,' end Julio in ihfl 
' DoTil's BridBu.' Sim wa» iip\t at Drury 
Trfinp, at which her nnclp, Jnnie» WallacM, 
wn* Mtagv-BUiBager (lP:;<l-t<), tiluyinit panto* 
ninifi, utility, and walking laaio>^. She was 
oil 10 March \^'2" the nret Antoinette in 
• Comfortablft LodginfT*. or I'aris in 17fiO.' 
On 10 April she was the first Uonna Mensia 
in MBcfurtanc'ft 'Boy of 8antillani*, or Oil 
Hlas und t!i« RobbtTs of Asturia,' oti I May 
Clara do I^rpniso in 'Turkish l*Tc-rs.'nnd on 
IT) Oct. Ilonry (iertuaine in Ttompeon's 
ndaptaiion ' Oamhk-r'B Fate, or a I,apse of 
Twenty Yaars,' .In Iftil she was with 
Mmp. Vestrifi a(, the Olympic. wh<Te hpr 
Catherine Seton, in a hurlcsciue on 'Mary 
yiieen of Scota,' attracted attciilion. In or 
afcjoui 1830 8lR. married Alfrjd Wigan, whose 
«/-mr by agveral yoara alie was, and whom 




dbi* had nil' iiit: an innt-wi. WIimi 

<9 April I- I ' >ct>um opened under 

the K^oy iniiii.i^'<'[iii'iit. Mrs. Wtgan spoke 
a« a polic«-in$]>i<(-uir of fairies the openins 
lintw of Oilhi-rt A Becketta ' Forty Thieres? 
in which Wignn was Miutaplia. Sbu had 
« plump Jtzurx, a bright «ye, und a mass of 
dark hair, out was not otfienN-isf attractlw. 
To her husband and his as«ociattt and part- 
ner, Itohson, nhe was of neat Gerriee, aa eha 
had Btaffe knowledge and jVstV, tbonifb with 
no special i>xpOBitory capacity. She trx^, 
aftor h«r marriage, aome important parts — 
Mnt. Candour and Mrs. Malaprop [both 
of which she over-aecentuated"!, obtained 
nnplnuw a.-. Mrit. YcUowleaf in the 'R-ngal 
Tijrpr.'and Mra. M'Cannin ' Up at the Hills.' 
Xler l)p»t iwirl w«* Mm. Hector Stermbiild' 
in 'Still Waters run deep,' of which Mrs. 
Melfort was the oiiginal expoaent ; in iliia 
■he outpIay<>d It^r pnvleocaaor and Mrs. Stir- 
lin;^, wha aliw took the part. Sho Euppurit^d 
her husband at motitof thnllmatriMat which 
he appeared, and acquired a reputation in 
Frencliwomen. As an exampl" of tV im- 
cnnsciotunvAS of some perfnriuers during 
their acting Mr. Archer relates the story 
tliat Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Wigan, 'haTina 
made aomc mistake in a cue at the end (» 
an important sc^ne, played the whole ac«Be 
ov<>T again in bU»irul tinconsctouaneaa of 
their blnmhT ' (Mark/' or /-(wtii, p. 00). She 
died on 17 April 18■^^. Her fiiatw, Ellens 
lilizabetb Pincott, plavpd on 14 March IHIi 
at Coront Oarden t^e Dnke nf York in 
'Richard the Third.' 

{Tbii iui«t wtiieh ordinarily Knrronnds tlie ba- 
einnine of titwitncul cai«rr« ■■ m the ease nf 
Alfted Wi|;nu, and in a Ics« doarve iliat of hi* 
wifii, thicker ihiin tisnal. and t.ho notices eon- 
tribntMl prcaumabljbr luinnclf b> rarious perils 
dinalf are unlike and sDmetioies coumdioto^. 
Thii foregoing biography is drawn from penkmal 
kii>uw]«dg« and primle infonnatiea. OeiiMf's 
Aoceunt ef the Englitb ^laec; Scott oad 
Howard's Bkiaehard; Thwtra. 1884; MarUfa 
Jonnial of a London Playeoer, pp. 61, 191, 231 ; 
I'lucnn'i Dramurif LiaL; TliMli^n>l Tinea, TOl.!.; 
Ci>Iu'« Lifo and Timiw of C. Kaan; Scirtia^ 
old Drur.T lAue, 1. Sm ; Dulton Cook's Ni«hts 
nt th« Ptav, 1883; TiilUx'i Bnunnlio Magaxma; 
Men of the Time ; Meu of the Reiga ; Shophetd^ 
Plays and Poems of Charles Diflketu ; Era Alma- 
nnrk, varionayeanj Kra, 8 Bvc. 1878, 10 April 
1884; Daily S^w-, 19 April I8M.1 J. K. 

WIQAN, I10R.\CH(18l8?-lR85).8Ctor 
and adanicrof plars, horn about 1818, yo«n- 
ger brotncr of Alfnrd Sydney Wigan fij.vA 
acted in Ireland.bnd wu« first fi«>)-n in Dublin 
tm 1 Aug. 1853 as Billy Lacknday in ' Swwrl- 
hearts and Wires.' Hesubaeq neatly replaced 



p 



I 

i 



'WebbasKinuBruinin tlie'Qood Womaoin [ 
thoWood.' Quitting Dublin, he inii(1<>, under 
the nunvof nnnvvrc, hie fini appearance in [ 
[^nilon on I May 1851, at the Olympic, as '. 
Paddy Muriihyin Lever's extruvafro-uza'Ttte 
Happv Man.' llcwtu (lie originQl O'UaflVrty 
in Tajlor's ' BligbU'd Bttinif.' I" Oct., but 
failed to vrin acceplonce as u rt'pi'ei^titative 
oflmbinon.nncl miido nomnrk fur Tour years. 
On 6 June lt**i8 h*t wna, as Hdmc** WiBan, 
tha 6rst SmTthew, a bairdresAer, in Taylor's i 
'Gornif lo tlw Had,* to the PetiT VotU of 
Rflbson, and nn i Div. th^ fintl SmnnThlv | 
Bmirk to Robaon'a Aaron BurrLiiOxenforda j 
' Porter's Knnl.' Afttir playiuf; Abiltr Khan 
in fl, J. Dyron'a burle»qiiti of *Ma2<«ppa,'i 
Horatio Cotlus Uric-^'i-brac in Tay'o''* ' l^y- 
able on l>eniftnd,' Mr. Ounutngliam in Tny- , 
lor's ' Jiiuo Points of tht? I^iiw,' llii" H«roo de 
DeauprA in Maddison Morion's ' lliiobaitd 
tn Order' on 23 April l^M. uud WUliain 
lIop«rtb in Taylor's ' Oirintiniiit Uinner,' be 
producad at thv Strand an adaptalinti from I 
tho FrpQcb, fnt.illi'd '(tbweniilion iind Hir- 
tation,*on 1*6 Sept. 18(50. In H.T.Oravon'a 
'Chimney rnmpr' hv »«». 21 Feb. lJri61, thf 
ori^nal Solnmon Probity, anti dtirin|r a 
temjKirary illness of Hobson plnyed Peter 
ProbiCy. His 'Cbango for a Sovprcipn' wrs 

S reduced at (he Strand on li IiLarcb. On 
[) June ho was the first STmWom, an 
imaginary InTalid, in bis own ' UliarouD^ 
Woman' ('A lri*nl«' an»*), anil Buli»«)iifnf.ly 
acted in 'Jack of nil Tradpfl,' an adantntinn 
of'|j« Ritmon^'iir'byll. NeriHoandFli>rBnc« 
Haydnn. Hia * Friends or Fort,' an adapts* 
tion of M, Sardou's ' >'f>s Intime*,' was given. 
At tJie St. Jamos's on 8 March IH(t2. and was 
the bent of bin adaplatioac. }?till at thn 
Olympic, hn* was, 14 Not,, the first Fnsell 
in ^^at1H IMiillips's ' ('amllta'a Uufbaml,' 
ftnd on 10 Mur<:blbt^ ilr^l Rhiitb in 'Taming 
B Truant,* hia own adaptnLion of M. Siir- 
dou'a ' Papillone.' In Taylor's 'Tioki'l-of- 
Le&ve Man' lie waethf original Hawkshaw, 
a dfflA'CtivM, OD it7 June iyft3, his Jlrst dis- 
tinct ftciinp AuccMS, On I Nov. IHIW h« 
undertook the mana^mcnt of the Olympic, 
nt whirh house alone ha hnd been s«en in 
London, prt>dnc:tng on thi- opi'iiing night 
Taylor's 'Hidden Ilfind,' and Iwo fiircea, 
Oxenrurd't> 'Oirl I left Wliind mn* and 
Sladdiaon _Mor!on'ji ' i\y Wlfr'n Bonni-r.,' nil ' 
of them adaptations. In Tnvlor'a 'SpitUng : 
Day,' 4 March 1«B-^ he wiin '(h« first Jloik- I 
lam, and in hii own *A1«raya fnt^ndi^d,* ! 
S April, the first Troiect. In a rcTtfal of 
•TwplftJi Ni(^ht ' he wa* Sir Andrew Aruc- 
cheek. On 30 Junfl in Taylor'* 'Serf, or 
IjOTe levptu oil.' he was Khor, an old serl'; 
Comaby V'a in Oxenford'a 'Ck-a Stick ' (' Lc 




Hupplicfl d'nn Honitn«') faillnwed vn 9 Nov. 
In • LoTe'« Martrrdom,' by l<eirMter Iluck- 
ingbam, 26 April 18<J0, he was Trevelyao. 
In a n'Tival of ' Money ' he playod Graves, 
in a second of ' Frozon Ueen ' Lifut«auit 
Orayf^rd, and in a third of ' Londrin Assu- 
rance ' Sir llarcourt Courtly. Hu hud now 
resigned the Olympic to Itenjamin Ncitling- 
beim \V«lwt+-r [ij-v.], whoso acting manager 
hi! Femaiiifrd. Il» was, 21 Oct. iiyff?, the 
first Pttrcy ChafBn^on tn Maddiiwin Morton's 
' If 1 had a Thoiwund a War.' and on 2 Dec. 
in ' From <ira%*o tn CJay.'by Ben Wobsler the 
younjp<r, Cornelius Tultenbom. In Coyne's 
' Woman of the World ' (' Ixw CnitlimMs do 
la Vie*) he was on IH Feb. 1368 tlw; first 
Cioldrn Bird. Inspi>ctor Jftvert in th* ' Yel- 
low Posiiporr ' [7 Nov.) an adaptation of 
' ljesMw'imbi(is,*wfts another Niiccess, 7 Nov. 
'Tlic Life Chaaci,' an adaptation of 'l>fi 
Praino liv la Hue do la I'uix,' by Wiffoa 
and Oxenford, was produced at the (taicty 
un 11 Out. 18B9. A mulodrama by Wlkbh, 
i-ntitleU ■ Itag Fair,' in wliicb hr p!iiy«:! n 
uljea^jiack called Briglitside, was given at 
the Victoria on tJO May 1872. At tbeOaiety 
he was, on H Dec, thf> Doctor in ' Awnlcinir/ 
Campbell Clarke's version of 'Marcel.' At 
thft rfrvi\-nl at thi^ Vnuiiorilli! of the ' Road 
to Kiiin,' Wigan was Siilhv, 1 Nov. 1873. 
In a performance nt Druir iLane, for Web- 
ster's bunclit, of tha 'Scuool for Scandal' 
)iii was Rowley. On 24 .April 187'> he 
opened, as munaf:er, the llolbom Tlwalrit, 
retiomiHl tbr Mirror, with n revival of the 
' Hidden Hand.' Malthy'a ' Make Yoorwlf 
at Home,' and Kenney's ' Mnids of Honour.' 
Hp wa*. 20 Mny, the firm tnRptetor Walker 
in the ' Detective ' (' Le I'amcide '), adftptihl 
by Clrment Scott and E. Manuel. Ilia 
fpi-culatioii wn» not too succcseful. and the 
theatre passed into other hands, lo lie, after 
fruqut'iit ebuiigus of name, demolished. A 
oimpliitii'nlary liKnefit on hi« rvlirement 
fr-im managemmit was civen him at Drary 
Lnm-- Wignn iiUoactod at the Strand. He 
dipd, on 7 An^. iSi'it, nt Sidnup, K«-nl, at 
the house of his son-iu-Iaw, and at the re- 
putwl up' of 67. 

Wi^onwas a quiet, stolid, undenton^tra- 
tive actor, wlio^o chief success was obtained 
in deti.'Ctive ports which culled for no die- 

iilay of eoiolion. Rowley in tlif ' Hchoid 
or Scandal' buited him exactly, and showerl 
thn meaflurn of Iiin inti-lli^enri'. He vfnn a 
fiiir linfTuiat and triini:]ared many pioc«A. 
The followiTit^ nmwnr in Lacy'a aoting edi- 
tion: 'Always Intended,' a comedy in one 
act ; ' The Best ^^ay,' a comedy in one net ; 
■The Chnrminf; Woman,' ft cortiody in three 
act« ; * The Hidden Himd,' a drama in four 



Wig. 



an 



192 



Wigg 



kota, edapUta ftnm 'L'AVeiile:' *Fri«adi or 

Foe»,' a comedy in four nets, from M. S«r<l«u ; 
*Tbv l.ifu (.'ijutu,' n drniau in fivu nct^;, lii* 
Oxeiiford ami II. Wigfta; 'Obsctrtalioti i>.nil 
Flirtation.' a rometiv in nm^ act; 'Tlvn K^al 
Ktid tlin Iilfvil,' a tMinrrlv in mm net; 'A 
Kouthcrnffr juat amv.-rH,* a furpc in emu net ; 
'TBtning llieTrttant.'u comedy in thri?H nets. 

[Pemnnl kBowledtto; Uiitorr of Thenli'o 
Bc^. IhiKb, 1876 : Scntr. nnd llownnls Olnn- 
cliard ; I'lttroi-'n llramatic Li»t : Km, 8 Au^. 
1885; SnnfUr Tiim*. v«rii>mi vmm ; Km AItob- 
antk, I88G: ^forlo^'s Juarnitlof a I^ombn PIaj- 
gi»r.] .r. K. 

WIOAN, JOHN ntKl«-l"a'l). vIi.THician 
and «.utli»r, von of Williitm Wignn, nictur 
of Keosimrton, MiiUllcitex, ws» born on 
SI Jan. 1005~ri. In 1710 Itr vaa nilmitlfld 
to Wt'ttrnitmli^r nclioiil, nni\ tliinncn iir'ww^Uwl 
to Ciirisl t'burpfi, llxfon), wh*>re lifi matri- 
culated 0)1 lo Juni! 1714. lit! (cruduRtod 
B.A. on ti Feb. [71ht-]SI. M.A. on 'J-J ilnrch 
1720-l.itnd.M.B. and M.I>.(« July) in 1727. 
Somn* ver>u?« of liia ticciir amnrij; tlm acodemi- 
nillAnii>ritalinn!>nn thr>fW[;hi:if Qii*icn .\nnc 
in 1714, and of l>r. ItadcIifTt- in 1715; bi*- 
iidoa thouc hfi WTON' iha lint-" on th«* dcatli 
of Dean AMnch wliicli are piiblitihcd in Vin- 
cent Bouni-Aodition of lli'/dL'tinV [icvoms.ttud 
four «l load of tb'.- ■■xiLTci*'* in tfie ' (.'nrmina 
tiii4dra(feaimalii»"{i.l*,57->^.ili'-.'l,and UH-o) 
■re ascribod to him. (Jn T> Oct. 1 726 h;' was 
ailmittjil 'prinripiil of \m«-Tum Hall, Oxford, 
and aliout iho flamn time vim appciintiod 
Becretftr? to the Karl of Arnin, the chan- 
cellor oi t!i« iinivorwly. 

lie was admitted a randidalo at tilt; Col- 
}eee of Phyucinna nn 12 April 1731, and a 
fallow on ;i Ajpril 173^. when liv rvnifrncd 
hia office at NewInnfTall ami SiittlMl in 
London. Hu n^ftdud in Crai;; C'mrt. lit! 
wim elertivl nliy.Mcian to We*tminj»ttsr Hn«- 
piial in 1733, and retained liia oflicR thi»r« 
until 1737. In n.'W In? ncoompanied his 
frientl MrfaftfrwardaSirEdwiinliTrdlftwiiy 
(q. v.] to Jamaica, in the double capacity of 
pny4i«iAn nnd sccretftry. TI« there mairiDd 
Mo^, daughter of John Douce, a pUnLer in 
the Inland, and widow of Philip Wheeler of 
Jftmaiir«, and by lurrhndunc iluu^hler, Mary 
Trewlawiiy Wigan. He died in .Jamaica on 
G Dvc. 1730, uf^itl 43. HJKmumorial, ablncrk 
marble iiuicrit>ed «lab, ittiU fxixlK in ihu 
cathedral nhumh of f^t. Catherine, Spani-ih 
TowTi, Hiti poHntit, a tliree-quartnr leilRth 
by Hni^rt:fa, w in tha posawwinn of rhft Rrr. 
W. W. Ilan-ey, rector of Gwelme, Oxford- 
Bhire. 

l>r. Wigan was well known in his day iw 
a writer. ,\» tarly m I7H< be published a 
ittoaof a treatbe uponthi- care ul'fuTers, 



from tJie orintnal of Lioa|tinu» ('l>e CunwilM 
l-'ebribus ctntimiiA Liber," e<liled by J. W., 
171>S, t'To). Uia name will always be held 
I in rcitpcft bv admirera of Arvtnua, Car 
bis splendid jblio edition of that aatlior, 
which wat iuumI from the ClareodoD FreM 
in 17:?3. Maittairu iK)uipiled tb» index to it, 
and a great part of the expeoiie wax de&ayed 
by Dr. Froind, to whom it is dedicated. 
Wbirii HoHrhnar-- published bik edition of tha 
Kame aiiihnr in 173.5, ha arailed hinAelf of 
^\'i^n's labours, and made n bandiKmidi sc> 
knowledf^m<^ntoftheoirratnsc«nce. Wigui 
compiled the index to 1'. Petit* ' In in.-* 
priorea Ari^ttei Cappftdoci« libToa Commeiy- 
larii,* 1726, 4lo; and had a ibace in editing 
llr. Freiod's works ( Oprra Omnia Mn/iiM, 
ediu?d by J. \V., 17.13, ioL) Iksidea writinjf 
the * Life of I'reind' in choice Latin, he trans- 
talcd the ' Iliston- of Physick ' into Latin 
and pr^tlxod to l!i4 folio edition of 173^ a 
long ftlcaic ode, dated 16 July 1727, which 
hL< tindoompoHud va Fn-indV apjiotutiaciit aa 
physician to the qiiei-ii. 

tLintofQueenaSchoUiwof St. rater's, Weat- 
minsier, by Jotaph W«lob: Foftcr'a Alonini 
Oxon. IJftO-171-t; CarmifiA Uuadr4g«siinalia ; 
C*t. Urit. Mus. Libr. , Munk'a Coll. of Phn.] 

w, w. \y. 

"WIQQ, LILLY C1740-1S28), botanirt, 
wwn bom at SmaUburah, Norfolk, On So Doc 
I74t>, bcingtbn Muoiapoor ahoeniak^r in 
that village. He received a good villsee 
edii^Ation, and wasbrotufhtuptobiA faibera 
trade, but nemovt^d to \armouth before 1m 
was twenty, where until 1801 he kept a 
amnll sclioul in Fight in){ -cock Itow. tlu 
aconircd aome ktiowli-dKe of I.«tin, Ureek, 
ami French, wa^ a skilled arithmeticinn. and 
wrote a bcnutirully nttat 'coppi?r]>lati''band; 
while hifi love nf I'lotany ana skill aa a ool- 
b'Clor procurerl him the nct|itnintanc« of Dr. 
.Tohn Aikin, Tliomax Ji^nkiniuin Woodward, 
Sir James Inward Smith, and Dawaoa Tur- 
ner. He won chiefly d(.-roted to th« study 
of vUgm, in wliicli he setfrns to bavo initiated 
Dawson Turner. In ItSUI Turner engaged 
liini as a euhurdlnAlu clerk in Mossrv. Gui^ 
nevH lV Tiimer'a bank at Yarmouth, a pn ait ion 
which bu occupied for the rest of h\a life. 
For ni-arly twenty year* Wigg was colWt^ 
ing material for a history of esculent plants, 
x'lme of which E^xiste in mnouicript in llie 
hotnnical dt^partment of the HritiiOi Ma- 
Eeum, while a manuscript ' Flora Cibaria,* 
cnn.*i*lin(f of fxlnicl*! t'romhook»of travel, 
with a pencil ski>tch of the compiler taken 
by .Mrs. Dawson Turner in lH>H, is at Kew. 
Wigg tA»> studied ihu birds and fishes of 
tlie Norfolk coast. He wa.4 elected au iuao- 
ciate of the Linnean Society ne early aa 



i 



^ 



Wigginton 



193 



Wigginton 



» 



I 



1790. Smith mcknowUKlgeii cotiLribulionA 
from him lo * Engliali Botui^,' ntylinf; him 
' a miiit iiig«niuu» nnd ticvunit«oh''nrvvr . . . 
«minentl7' altilful in detcctine-, a^ woU as in 

fre»<>Tving, tcpiwitncnsoruianiitr qIkic;' nnd 
>ftWSon Turiir>rTi(imi>dfift4vrhiin Furtinfnnw 
Nftccaria) AVi^gbii. Wi^g died at Gnat 
Ytnnoiith on 28 March laiS. 

[^JJamoir b; 11. O. QUmpMite in The TnUi^ 
«euoaii of ihB Norfolk KatuniUtls SodMjr, H. 
2tO-Ti, G^'cit.HHg. 1K30, vul. 1] a.&B. 

WIGOINTOil, (ULES (/. 10»l~I5i)7), 
divino, borualltuiidlo in Nortbnmjilonihin?, 
wu educ&Ied st Cambridge, undi-r tliv m- 
tronsge of Sir Waller Alitdmav {'I*'] "f 
mniriciiUlod lu^ a sisar of Trinity Uollrga in 
UclolMir ima, and in liKJfl wiu pli-ctt^d n 
«cliuUr. H« proceeded B.A. in ir>ij;^-0, and , 
wu tubeeauonUy elected n fi-Uow, cioiwittt- 
MAndini,' t ui^ simng oppiMitioii of Ihn innMtt^r, 
Johji Wliit^^ft [q. V.J, aAerwurds arclibishnp 
ofCUitt!rbiiry,wriodiiililci>(lliii>puritHn views. 
He cc»nmetict?d M.A. in 1^72. liAvirijr made 
jtrvnl iirojrrnw in llii* sludy of divinity, Ureek, 
and Ilcbrtiw. <.>n 3 •S«■p^. \'>79 lie wn* in- 
stituted to the vicsra^ of i^Hibt-rahin Vork- 
«)iir«,on chcprMratAtion of Trinity Colleee, 
but found liis CalviniHiu m unpupuW 
thpre M at Cftmbridg(>. In lliH\ tliR arch- 
bishop of I'tirk. Kdwui Sandys [ij. v. I, wmte 
w^vertly cimritrtiing \uk pnu'fio."* to hi« dio- 
ceirftn, WiUiam Cbaderlon [([. v.l, biftbnp of 
4^<>«tfr, rfiijiirkiiiii'UelabiiitrtjIbiiotlobuLld, 
hut In pull down, (iiid by what mconshecnn 
ti> overthrow lb*- »tat« ecclesiaMiudr (I'eck, 
Df-tiii^rata (hiriiHia, 1 779, p. 1 15), In 16S4, 
when in Ijoodon, lie wfm apiKiiiLlt-d lo prtiicb 
before the jiid^t* in tbi? cliurt^b of St. IJuh- 
«t«n-iD-thi>\\\'St. Inruntial ion uf this Cuming 
to the knowlpdjffe of .\rrhbi.sbn|> Whil.gift, Im 
sent ft pursuivant lu Wigginton in the dead 
of niffbt, while hi* wax in Ix^d ai. \\\* Indj^ncs, 
who lOThade himtopraarh, and rtvjuircdbiin 
to give a bond for his appearance at Lambeth 
the neit day. I'pnn In.* apptraraiici.- be wiw 
tvodered an onlU t>x officio 10 iinswcr c«rt4U0 
articlps altoEHbi^r unknown to bim, and, on 
hie rufuMl, ibf arcbbinliop, iiflcr r<.>Ttlinc and 
i-L-proacbinghim.comuiitt^Hl lilm to liie (lattv 
])oufi«i wbere he remained nino wc^'ehs all but 
An« day. On hi> releaw he whio sdtnunisht'd 
iioC to preach in the provincp without furibar 
license. 

In tbt' followinp vear, upon the informa- 
tion of Kdward Middleton, Whitgift gave 
orders (o Sandys Xa proooitl afjainst W'lgsin- 
ton, and ho was in conH-Mju^iicu citi.'d bL-Jon.- 
Ifrton and deprived of his Itviriff. In 
, while visiting Iiondon, he was appro- 
lended by one of Whitgift'o pursutvanle, 

roL. LSI. 




cerrioil lM>fiir« the archbisbop at Lnmbotht 
and, on r^fuHinfr the oath agvin, woe com- 
millod to ibQ W'bile Lion pTtfton, wher4> he 
wa« londtKl wilh iroufi uid treated with 
gmat aev«rity. He wa« removed lo another 
prison, and, on failing ihroiigh illiieu to 
obey a citnliun of Ibn nrchhiabop, he was 
sentenced to deprivation and di-frnidiition, 
in »piti< of (he iiil(*n.'i-)uiiun uf lli« earlii of 
^^'am'it^k mid lluntingdnn. 

Upon bis reh'ose and recover)- bi> n'turned 
10 Si'dU'rjrh, hut wn* viclndcd from ibo 
pulpit of htB fMmier charg^^ Uu llivrviipoa 
prtacht^d «( his own house anil other phioos, 
gullH-ring lar),-!.' coticre^tioua to hear him. 
Ou lejiruing I bis, Wnitgift iii«ti^iii(^d 8andya 
tu issue an atlachmunt, and Wigpnton wait 
arn-jiti-d by n punmivniiL at Jlurougli bridge 
and conveyed lo Ltinciuiier Cifitle. Tti«ntM» 
on '2>i i''L'b. 1-')B7 ho dv^putuhvd a Ivltvr lo 
Sir\Valti-rMibimav,«iiHcitinghi9(itoistflnce. 
Hewafi n?leaaed before Uecember l&S8,furiii 
thnt montb he wai n^iin amvtfd in l>indon 
and bmii^it Ix^forc the hiffh com mii^i^ioners 
at Lambeth on the charge of bi>inp concrnwd 
in the authorship of thw Mar-lVlate tracTa, 
Though ho dt'iiiwi the accuBation he declined 
the oatb tendered to him, and was committi-d 
to the UaIvbo»»e, whijre he long rwmained 
in con5nt?meat. 

During his iinpriaoDmcDl hv was nearly 
involved in Ibn piininhnmnt of thtt fanatic 
William Macket [([. v.], whom he mat at 
some timtt during a Tieil to Oiindle, ihcir 
common birthplace., He became a diaciple, 
and was uNo the confidant, of anolber en- 
thusiaaf. Edmund Coppinj^r [qv.] About 
Kaslvr \.f>9\ llackt^t came to London and 
viitiled Wigginton in prison. Wipginton 
madcUacki-t and C'upping<.-raeijuuint>.-d,aiid 
t.hi-yliotlifiiund a common pause for lomentn.- 
tion in the iiia-jfliciency of English occWi- 
astical and Mociiil n'fnrin. It i;* dniiblful bnw 
fur Wigginton was privy to the after pm- 
ce(.>din^ of the two vnibtMiaKts, which ti'rmi- 
nntod m thi.' aiiicide of Toppingi^r and the 
cxccuiion of llacket, but a puuiphh4 en- 
tilled 'The Fool'a Bolt,' put into ci rt, illation 
hv thum, ifi Mcribed to him (^rurrt:. Anttah 
of the Jit/vrmation, \V'2'2, iv. 95-8), and it 
is probable that his conDnument alonu hin- 
demlhiinfriirtiinvolvinghini«eirmoredee[dy. 

About Ifi'jy Wijrpnton was reslorea to 
the vicuruge of SwlWrgh by (he dintrtiun of 
Itnrgtilt^y, and on 4 .\pril Ift07 he wroie to 
hid benefnctor, proposing the eslablifbment 
of a seminary to fiimish roin flttwl for con- 
trovcrsy witJi Ibo prieals trained in the 
Ittman cailioiic collegea on the continent, 
and presenting him with a manuscript treatise 
which hu had coinjiofted against the papists. 



i 



Wighard 



194 



Wight 



Riitl which he proi>o«Ml to atyle * A juin of 
Kidle* agmitut th» I'hilialjnM of flome' 
(Zmtdenme MS. M, irt. ](^>. 

lliedalti of Wij^inlon'a drntli it iinkiio^irn. 
While in prison Iw conipOEecl * A Treatifle on 
PiwlMtiostion.' If« wu kIbo the author of 
*OileA Wigginton hio Cftlivhi.>ini>' (I^nilon, 
16G9,8vo),Bn<I of Mveraltfaeological treatises 
m liHUiUKript, fonn«rl>- in the poMession of 
DtWMO Turner Tq. v^ An Biilogroirfi letter 
upraMTved in iV- Driliftli Museum {Lant- 
downe MS. 77, art. 61). 

(Cooper* AtbvDie Cantabr. il. 32«-^l: Bao- 
craft's I>«iijreTi>ui Po^itionit itcd ProoeMUitga 
pnbKlllKl mikI pnirruct] within this lUnd, 1840, 
pp.t4i~7d ; Bruvk'HLivuauf thtfPuriiaiw, 1813, 
1.418-28; II«Tlya'd Asms RediTinu. 1670, 
pp. 304-7 i Nfil'» HUl.of ihe PuriiiiM, l««l'. i. 
S7T; i^trjpp** Lif» of WJiJmift. 1822. 1. 350. 
A84, iii. 210; SulcliAc'» Aiiaworo unto Tlirock- 
niOTloD, 1B94 ; i'UIi's Uirf. «( SedUrgh, 1976. 
p. 17.) E. I. C. 

WIOHARD. WIGHEARD, or VtO- 
HARD id. IK14), iirrlibi»hoi>-el«;t of Cmi- 
torbui^-, WM u Kuniitih priwd and one of 
DoumliMlit'* tlercy. He whb uoiuiaal«d to 
the arcLbifihopric with the oweDt of th« 
JSiulisti church by ihe kings Oswy and 
Egbert, and was wnt, bAtrinffitold and silver 
TOMoIsi to liomt' for cunevvratioii. iio dii-d 
of tli« plnguD in lIoniR in tl64, befan; hi.t 
nonaecmtion. He isdeacribed aa very learned 
in ecclmLtutical discipline. 

[Bedva Hi«t. Ecdea. iii. 39. ir. I : llftddan 
aod Stubbi. iii. 110; TanDir's Bib), p. 773; 
Dirt. Chr. l)io(^. ir. 1 176.] M. B. 

WIGHT, KDBEliT [1706^1372), bota- 
niit. was born nt Millnn, Diincm Hiil. En«t 
liOthian, on JmIt \~M, being the twelfth 
nf fonrlepTi cliildien of n writ«r to the signet. 
lIcwn-tNlnr'nt'.rH at tll(^ hi^ ochool and uni- 
versity of I'idiuburKb, having among hU con- 
temporarv etudi^nla ICobcrt Cbruti^on and 
Gror^ Wiilkur-.\niott, and took out his 
RiirgKon'it diploma in IBIO, graduating M.U. 
two y«ira lat+T. Ilo w*nt on nfTpral vdvafjes 
ni siirp.'on, including oki- tt> .■Vmn-rira, bt;fi>r* 
(intering the K/ist India Company's service 
in 1819, bnl laM>w rerr^' liltU* botany before 
hi* ftrri>"ai in India. Hp -wan Appointed 
asi^inlant-surgiKin on 25 Hay l^lt). and at- 
lachpd IOllie4'2nd nativt^ infniitr^' citalioned 
nt Madro-s wlifire ho employed nativi!> to 
colWt plants, and obtained cupiva of Will- 
danow's 'ypt^ciwi I'luntariim/ dTfoon'a 
• Synop«iii,' and Linol^'n ' tii>iitT« Plaiitarum.' 
A coUecrion w?nt by him to Profoasor Kobwt 
(.iraham in IH*2>1 wan IonI iiI twa; but onv 
fomii^l at Samulcotta, Rajmnundry. Vpllore. 
Bud Madras, nurb I'd Dr. WjUium Hooker at 
GlaagQW in 18S6, In that year Wight was 



appointed to suoned Vr. Shut«r as mat aralial 
at Madias, and for two or thra* yvtir% bad 
charge, as such, of the hotnnicul lestabti ahi- 

mvnt then, employing native draugb 
making an eitonoiTi' lour in the sout 
provLoeee, the route of which is mark« 

the mop in Wallicb's 'l*l«ni«r< AaiJ 

Itariores,' and coUectiug and distritnidif 
among botanists a grt«t number of dunlc 
cai«a. In 18^8, on the abolition of lii» 
oStee, Wight was appointed gamaoD aurgi^u 
ai Nunpatam. and thoroughly t-xplorcd thai 
neqtlibanrhoiHl und Tanjorv; but in 1H3I, 
havugsttainedthemnkofsurgeononi^JFeb., 
ho c«)nlraot«d iungln fvv«v, and canut lioai* 
on thrf>^vean furlough, moit of which he 
itpent in VrdinbiirKb. llv thpn begMl lb* 
publication <i1liif> inatenalfkin W.J.Ilooker'a 
'Botanical Miscellany' (ii. and iii.). and 
af)«rwards in biit 'Companion >o the Bo 
tanica) Maguine' (1835' 6). i.^uing aUo 
some coloured plates iu c^uarto, under the 
titlf^ of 'Illustration* of Indian Botany, 
principally of [lie tSjutbern fans of the 
Peninsula' (Glasgow, I8;(l}. but was pre- 
vented from coutiuuing lL<? pubHcattou by 
t)if expeniv. 

]>urmK this furlough Wight was noinly 
'■crujiied in |ini|>nrini;, in rimjunclion wilh 
(ieorge Walker-Aruott [sob AH.\ort j, what 
is certainly one of hie chief works, the * IVj- 
dromus Florff^ renin^uln> Indin Oritntalis' 
which J. I). Hooker and T. Thom«on. in 
their 'Introductory Eaaay totbe Flora Itidica ' 
(It^Oo), describe as 'the most abbj uud valit- 
ahle contribution to Indian botany wbiih 
has over a]>p&iired. and oui> which haa tuv 
rivids in tb>- ttrholi- domain nf botanical lila- 
ratnre.' Only the first volume, however, was 
pnbtished, canning the vrork down to th» 
(>nd of the 1>ipsacace(e. It dcecribiw sonn 
fourteen hundred species, and in ls;i;j Wight 
issued a litho^piriccalalogueof2,4UUApocies 
eaura<Tatfd m it. 

Defur« hii r«tum to India Wight mule 
hiniAtlf laaater of thu art of UtlKwraphy. 
in 1B31 hevraanttavfaod to tlteaRnlBatirn 
infantry at Bellary, and miurhed with them 
to Palntncolla, ni-Jir rajw- Comwin. a dis- 
tance of some spven hundtvd mili«. He 
then planned a systetnatic teriee of plalea 
to illustrate- Ainslio'^i 'Materia Me<di«a,' a 
scheme which be never canivdoul, but in the 
coune of whicli he pubhsheil vari<^us papi-nt 
uD oUicinol plants in th« ' Madras Journal of 
Sci>iuici!.' Seixed witbaoevent attack offivvrr 
in Tlnnevelly in 18S6, >\'ight was obliged 
to pay a NhorL vinit lo Cvylon. In llir sarai* 
year ne was traiiRferred to the revenue d^*- 
partment, with the title of supwrintemifi t 
I of cotton cultivation, to inqair« into and re- 




Wightman 



^: 



<rt nn tlia cultivaiion of cotton, tobacco, 
B^ntitL, an^ ochor ii»«fiil I'lntilii, und in this 
CHi'stcity hn hiul chiir^'v from 1^42 to IS60 
of nn p'xppriroeiitiil cotton furm al t-'oiuilm- 
tore. Ill l^ltiHlM'bt^n thr wiir '.'f lii»' IIlu>- 
tratious of Indian ItntAnT'wilhcfllourRil.and 
'Ictmes Pluitaniin Indiro Orii'iitttlis' with 
iincoloured, qunrf) plntv-nj but, Ttiniif;li tlw 
Mndraa povemmtsni. eubscribi'il for liftf 
no[>>«9, both worliM i^Rlnilod a eonsiili-nibSir 
loM upon Wiirbt, who in lS-17 siattMl his 
' SpirilH^utn Npilglit-rrfnue,' a seWtion of a. 
tnindrM platvii copied from tLu»u in the 
* looiiiM,' ill tlirt hfii>a of |iurtly n^imbuming 
Itimaeir. The * tconua' mn to Hxvnltimsa 
(IttStMJdt.COTitnitiinfiinalloviTL'.IOdiilnLoa, 
ftnd during hi!) <>nTim [ndi(in«iP!?erftf iliirty- 
live years lie dcscnlx^d n^nrly tliroo iLoti^nnd 
spccit^t of IndiiLti plnnts 

Wight remuiii^l at Coini)>atore I ill March 
1M9, when be ratJivd. He tlii^n imrcliiond 
Gmifley Lodm, near HetMlinj;;, fornii;rlr thti 
roftdeiice of Mitfonl tbc historisn, and de- 
TotMl himwlf E<'nlo\islf to fdrmin^ ihit Itmd 
BtlDvhod U} thiDproueny. lu I8(l! tind \>^-J 
he cont ribut^d articles on cotton farmin); to 
ho MlardtiniT's Chronicle,' and&tiiu 18B5 to 
HfVt lie ^ve> ^reat Assinlance in the editing 
of EJwiml John Wariuf;'s ' I'hnrmauopceia 
of India-' Wight diwi »t OniK.li-v cm 26 May 
1872. He msmol, in M^H, tfm dau|^hter 
of Lacy (Jray Ford of the Madras medicnl 
board, who. with four con* nnd n dnnphtcr. 
surt'iri.'d him. H« was ilectt-d ii f<*IIow of 
the Liiinpftii Society and n, member of tho 
Iiii]>'--ria] Aoidvmy in 183:^, and a futiow of 
Ih.' Kov-tl yoci.-ly in 1K55. 

Wiplit's chi*r works were: 1, 'Jlliisira- 
lifjii" <■! Indian Rotany,' (ilnn^iiv, IHlll, -Ito. 
2. ' PrtKiromuit Klonc IVninnulm Indim t>ri- 
entalis' (witli G. W. Walk-r-Aniolt). vol. 
i., Ijondon, 1S;J4, Svt*. 3, *C"nlributiitiiB en 
the Uolany of India,' with ihc assi8Cani:« of 
WJker-Amott, A. i*. Hi- L'nndoJIc-, and Ni»» 
Ton E«vnbeck, Londmi, IHIH, Hvo. l. 'IlKis- 
tralioos of [ndisn llotany,' 2 vols. Madras, 
1S38-50, 4lo, wilh 181*' colourwl plotw. 
ft. ■Ii'on.-Hl*hintufHinlndi»OriMiI«lic,'(ivols. 
Madras. lxSA-08, 4to, with IJlOl i]kti-»: 
Systpinntic [ndi-x, i-fumitliHi bv Dr. Itii^ih 
fii-phnrn, printed hy tlm .Madras uovcmnHiit, 
1<?57. 'I. ' Spicilegium XvilKhwrn'iine,' .MftJnm, 
lK*6&l,4to. 

(Mtmnir. by I>r. H. (Vghnrn. with Uthogra- 
phic piirtrnil and ful[ liihliogrHj'hy. in Trans- 
uctioDft of lbs itutanical .Sociolv at K-linhiirgh, 
xi- 363 i Uodmll N-nd Miles's M^dinl Offwon 
of IlMliH.] U. S. )l. 

WIGHTMAN, EDWAHI) {J. 101:.'), 
fHiiiitic, ua* thobint person burned for heresy 
in England. Ue ia aoid to havi! been of tlui 




aamo &mil^ as WUlijun Wightman, who 
purdiancd in I'Ai tho manor of Wyhin, 
pariah of llimkh-y, LeicHsitwndiJre (BrKios, 
Dffcription 0/ t^irrjiUrMkire, 1777, p. 287). 
Ln llit^ warrant am! writ for b>" t^xecntioD 
he is df^erihed as ' of the pciri.th of Rurton- 
iipun-Tri'nl,' StafTordKbirt'. In ihie and 
n<>ighhoiirinf; pnri.«h(-s wcro h>dd p«.Tiodic 
meeting of puritan divinc» for k'clures and 
rotift-ruuci;* [st-o IJR t D»i[ t w. W I lliau , I rt7 1 - 
lOIS]. Wightman i»r«i"nitcd himself on 
thi>ao occasions aud vt^uIilHlt-d anabaptist 
vivw4: thi! purilanH witi' for trtatinf^ htm 
tenderly, bupint; to rir;ln(;t' bin i'm)™ bv 
argnment. Wigbtman, howpvt-r. nwhwl on 
dMtruclion by prvMintin^t a |H*tition Xt> 
Jamefi I at li^oVAton, nppuri'ntly in Mrtrcli 
IKl I. Kinding ihai \w was from the diocest' 
of Coventry nnd I.icbtiidd, Jiinn;-* iwnt htm 
to W»^st miiwliT to Kichanl Ni'iU^ [q, v.'., 
then bishop of that see. * with l!c^m^)and to 
commit him to tho Cialvhouse, and to tako 
vxainiiiniions of hi» seveml npinioiiJt nndur 
lii« own hnnd.' N'eile was one of tho jiidftes 
•if liiinhcjluiiJL-n- Ix-fHito [q. v.], the lusl 
heretic burned in Saiitlilield. From tlicbtt- 
flinub]^' of April to ibf middle of Ot'lobtr, 
N<>il<^, V'illiam IiHud [n. v.], th<-n bi« chap- 
lain, and 'other Ipsrned divineii,' hbld con- 
fiTi-nrmi wilb Wigbtninn,who ■b''«Mm»*^vcry 
day more and more obi4iinat« in hU b]a«- 
nheniouH hercsiea.' Jame^ ihi-n ordi?r«d 
Wigbtmnn's romovnl lo l.icliTicId for trial. 
Aflop 'diviT* day*' coiirvrr-nc", but to no 
purpose,' at Lichfield, Wifrhtmnri wn.t trii-d 
in ihu eoneistory court : the trial occupied 
' sundry duyx.' Kenta-ticn wiis ul li-n^^tli 

f'liblicly pronounced in the calht-dml (14 
tec.) bvNeilft, who'lih-gjin l.hebii>'iiii'"witli 
A aermoii and cnnfntntionnf hix bliiAplii'niif-« 
against the Trinity' (Cnl, Ntnte J'njifn, 
Dom. Ifiytt 40, pp. 83-.J). Thcw d«tai I* are 
IbunU ill an apologetic statviuvnt by Ncile 
himhLdf, furnishi'd twrnty-tteven years after 
thu I'xeculion. Ncilc Iuy» strvs^ un his utiti- 
trinilarinnJHrii, but tb» lint of bin upinion*, 
06 detailL>d in ibi' commission, ahows that 
in addition tci buldinc nnnbnpliift view«h" 
claimed to be himself t no promised pa rarh'trt, 
and lb w person predictou in meisianic pHv 
ph^■ci^^*. Th^yipbiliii* l.iiidsey [q, v.) diiiinitt-* 
the account of his ' ten biireoies,' partly on 
the firniind of thuir inconsistency {A}'oii><jif. 
1774, ii. *>3; liutorifiil View, 178^J. p. I'fliif), 
but the case ia not without parall«1. Tho 
nature of his pttreonal claims shows that 
niHtfiouii fauatii'isin bud tiirm-d Iiih hi*ad. 

No date appears on the printinl copiivi of 
the romiTiinsiun and warrant for his execu- 
tion, hut the date of the commiHsion waa 
9 March lOll-li' {Cal. State i'aptr: J)om. 



Wight man 



196 



Wightwick 



1611-ld, p. 133). Neite mt» tbat on Ibe 
ftrrivnl of iho writ iliivch-d to the (thcrill' nf 
J.ichBeld, also dated 9 Mareh Ittll-l:! 
(Co>BBTT), Wighhmui v,-^ lirotij^lii to ilu- 
itAk«. Tlie fire 'scorchci) liiin n litilv.' and 
' bo cried out that lie would recant.' Tlicre- 
upoiL thtf crowd roecued him. thomflulvi'^ 
g»ttin^ ' uronrlicd Ut imvit him.' A form itf 
nrantiicitin was pr<>(u>ai(id to him * wliirh he 
thiTii ivntl iiiiti prof<»9i*d, iMffnn? h'.- wrm nii- 
rhained from thn iHakfi.' !{*■ watt rttinitlrid 

vrecVH' wai« Again bmught huforo the cimi- 
sistorr court to recunt ' in a lecal way.' 
This ht' rit-clined to do, but ' blii»nh<.-mi'd 
more aadociotiely than bofon.r.' Tim writ 
woD r<^newfd, ' Mint down and execatt^, and 
he dicid bLa<i|i1ini]inir' {Vatfndnr, ut stipru. 
iy:JiM0,pp.5^J-&). Pullt.TMyphirwu!'b«rin«l 
•in the next month' aftor tin? exwutinn 
( l^Mari'blOI'i^lufLi>t.'Bii-'- Wallac'supiK)«i'8 
th<> diit« to bavt- bfim 11 April I'il'.'; tlii!i 
«-aa the Saturday between Good FritUyand 
Hiu>t<ir day, Nvil* aflirmx that ]<aiid * wut 
with infl and araistnd mo in all tb«) proceed- 
iii^ . . . from th(i be(;innin^ lo lb(> end.' 

[The >'urratipc Uiatory •! King Jniiicn, 1 0>M . 
pl. ir., eirot th? ci'inniiwioi) knil wnmnt (m- 
priutod in GnDi»bi«ld'i Brior Hist, of tbo Ii*>- 
viral of t.lio Arian HfivKic. 1711); FiUl*r*» 
Chnreh Uiirtnr/, ]6.i6, bk, ». ntfi. i (npnntcd, 
with the warrant*, m Cobbi'U'f Stat* TrinU, 
1809, it. i27): Wallnco's Aniitrimuriait Blogr. 
ISfiO, ii. 63i. iii. fiS'i (villi reprints of th« >iir> 
mntti).] A. Q. 

WIOHTMAN. HiB WIl.l^lAM (ir^iU- 
18(i!i), jmli(e, came of ftji olil DumtriMahim 
faDiily. IIl> wuslbi- aun of William WijiLt- 
jiinii, fit'iilluinnn, of Ht. ('It^metit'ti, Ijitudon, 
iind vrt» born in 17S4. ](« wna an undt-r- 
Br«daateofUnivoniitvColl>'p*,()j:for<i,wln.T« 
W mntricutatt'd nn '2^ March l^ll, and on 
2\ June was electa to a Mich*.'! exhibition at 
Qupon'A (.'nlh-pe, RTadiifiiinp li.A.on .30 Mar 
l»0<%and.M.A. oii:):{<lct. IHlftl; from li^jtf 
to 1863 he »-»» an hnaorary fellow of hi» col- 
]«^ On -iL Jan^ IHDJ hu i*ntvnHl Ltnculn'it 
Inn, and, aftor aoiin' yeu-ri. of pnictii-e ns a 
ttpocial pluaiK-r. hu wam calli'd to thu bar in 
ISil. Ill lH.'Hlh«trafwffrrt«i himwlflo tlio 
Inner Tomplcandjoinud the northarn circuit, 
Ut,' wa.^ known an nn r\fiiprioiially sound 
and pbar-liF^'ftrtfid lawyer, and fors/'Terftl years 
held the importBiit post uf junior couoe^l to 
th«trcunry. Ho wu Qppnmt':<l u nx^nibor 
of th« cinninission of 1H3U upon the practice 
of the cominon-law courts, and of that of 
18S3 up'ini tliu pro|Xic«l fur u uritniiial l&w 
di^fMt. Ill- was engaged in niaiu' culMbratM) 
cura, parlicnlnrly the proaL'Cutions arising 
out of thi; Driitol riota; but. OWtn^ to BO 



JL. 



nlmost excemre nodoity, ww tiltlu kt»wn 
except to hi* profeMton. In Frbniary 1^1 
lie was promoted to a j udj[<!«h in of thr q umn'i 
bL-nch. on the resignation r>f .llr. Justici> Lil- 
tk-dalc. and wm knight^ on 28 April, and 
hii«n' be MTvW B* n judffr for nrtirly lwt*ntj> 
thrrcyrars. Whilu on circuit at Yorlc, on 
1) ii^i-'. 18(i:{, h* waM MiK^I with an Bttarkof 
n]x>ptcxy. and died mtxt day. He utarritwl 
in I.^IMJ a daiiefaltr of Jameii Baird of \jtM- 
wadf, n^ar Ivlinburg'h. 

Witjbl man's pn'-.<.ttninHnt i)iiiiliti*« a^ a law- 
viT were acdurary and caution. Afi a jnd^' 
lie had deep learnint;, a facnily of lucid 
reanoning. and hbiindnnn" of aywd aenv, Il» 
wiiH courteous, tirm, and dii;nilifd, and aild#d 
(frMlly totlwiBtrpngth of th«' coiin of which 
\m wim a tnfiuhiT. He had also fn^aat 
haoioiir, coiLiiderable litcrarj- i^flit, and w»* 
widely read in Knjjlish letters iCAHrBUt, 
Av/uf/io^rapJiy, ii. 310 ; CVoXw Jtrj^r*, iu. 
■2iO). 

[Poai'sLii-eH of thf Jnd««s; Ocnt^Ma^ MM. 
ii.'ZAI); Timo.ll I>t«. ISRS ; ATVoaMa Ufo i>r 
Urnuifin; Aluinai Oson. ]7I^188S: Lincnlti'i 
Ian AdruissidD K^gistvr.] J. A. B. 

WIGHTWIOK, ()K(lUnK{ 1802-16721. 
nrchilcrt, -'<on of William Wi^btwick (rf. 
1811) by his wif« Anna Maria {177i^I^UM), 
dAnfrhicr of Ahwandi-r Tavlor, was horn at 
Alya Bftiik, Mold. Flint, on 'Jti \»g. ItHK. 
He VA1 eduoitf'i at Wolverhampton irram- 
mar schwd, and privatvly undvr Mr. I.'^td at 
Tooling. Affcr profi^Aaionai pupilayv under 
Kdward Lapidffo and *n mlucational tour 
11f*2f»-(lJ in I tat V, hi! enlvr«dlbt? uHlct-of Sir 
John Anane, an<f in 1^20 opened practic« at 
llynioiith (wb^n* fur a tinw h<> wa« in p«rl* 
Dftrahiti with J. Foiiblnn), liarinkT already 
enictea Belmont IIouw for John Norman in 
that noiphboiirbtjod. I11 IWtti ho denized 
the Huurh Devon and Eaat L'orawaU hot- 
pital : this was followed by workit at CVedi- 
ton church in IS'iSand ibit rvJtlomiianorUie 
chnndiMt nplKlmi. In I'lymouth hA carried 
out the t.mni-hall (1830-40). tho congrega- 
tional chnpt-l, Ciiurlrnny Slm-t. ( 1K(S), Bud 
thpCnttnnian Library (IftoO). Heda&imed 
the episcopal chnpvl at I'lnnbinu. n«nr raU 
mouth, in IKII, and St. John'^ (..burcb, Tre- 
fclothaii, in l(*14. Wijjhtwick, whose terms 
foreinploymcnt arc to be wen in tltw ' Jour- 
nal oflhti Hnynl luKtituti! of Hritlnh Archi- 
lectit' (,1S!J1, p. 161; reprinted from the 
'Architect,' 1S50, ii. 2ft^, retin-d to Clifton 
in IA5I, and KiihoHitueiitly to I'ortiafaead 
(ISA0I, where he died OB P'July ll*75. H» 
waii buried in I'orlifdieiad churchyanl on the 
]^Eh. lie married, flrat, in 1^^, (^arolinit 
(m0fr-l»U7}, daughter of WiUiam 



I 



, ( arolinft 1 
1 Uamao- ■ 






of BuckUniJ MonarlioTiiin; »n(l,»Mondlv, in 
jBiiiinry 1>«18. lubvltii (ft. iy«L't, <lnuglil«r 
of SuiniD^I JacIisom, wim Min'ivcd him. 

Ilf was B copious WTitvr, and publbbKl, 
besiilr<s mtny pamphk-ia and two ptay*: 
1. * Select Views of Jtoraiin Aniinuiues,' 
\SS7. ^. 'ICemarks on Tbeatrett/ IKKlj. 
3. Ski'tcliM of n Prnctuin^ Amliiluct.' 4lo, 
1837. 4. 'TbePakceof Arcliitt-criiw/Bvo, 
IftJO. 5. 'JIodtTti Enfflish floiliir ArcbJ- 
tecdirc' iu WifilrV "(Junrl^rlv l'ii|i<>r!' on 
Areluierture.' IMri, -Ito, pr. vii'. ti. 'Uinta 
to Voiins- ArcbitMts,' Bvo, Iflfl (tiOiin ri*- 
printcd). ' 

Hie «B8ay on Sir Christoplier Wren won 
tli(> mcilal of Iho Rojnl Institute of nriti»Ii 
Arehitt'CU for tlie frtutioti Ii*.'i8 U. ilv left i 
various mADuscriptA lo tlint bojy, i 

[Arcbit. Publ. Swei»iy'« DirtioTinry ; R*J- 
gnvv'a Dictionary of .\riiM4i Ri>«b«> aud Court- ' 
ber't Itibl. C'oruub. : Ikuuw's Cull. L'ontiib. I 

P. w. ; 

WIOLAF id. 8W1. kiiitf f-f Mi-rcia. sue- 

caeded to hi* tbnmo on tlir dll^nIh of I.itdt>i?an 

Slifi {A'li/h-fituvn Chnnikt'; up. I'ktiiie, 

'ottuMrHln lirit.'x.lii'A). At thf tim* wlieu ] 
M'Jrcia wa)t Gihauetifd bv victories uvcrEut- 
Aiiglia, Kgbf!rt(rf.8:«l)'[ri.v.], king nf WV*. 
aex. was extending bU rulu over Southern 
Britain, and in 827 or ."^SH li« (irerniii Mcrciii 
and drovo Wijrlnf from his ihronr. Shortly 
aJterward*, tiowpvi-r, urul pn>lmbly owitig lo 
danger on Ihn" Wplsb bonitrr, Wiglnf wns m- 
iton-d to his tliroue by Kgb'Tl its un iindur- 
kinjT of WVti.'M'x. Hi? n-iitnrd lliirli^'ii vnrn 
(Will. SIalm. OmIq liFtjvm. p. ISl', KdrI. 
IIi»l. SorO, <Ii«d in R8ft (Fi.nit. Wlo. np. 
Pirrum, /. p. p. W9), and wan bnrieiJ at Iti'p- 
ton(>A. p. 038). Wiginf marriwlCyiM'thrytli, 
and left n aon Wigmiind (fl.) 

Several cbartprs of Wiglaf ap" extant 
(WlLllSft, Coivilia Afnff. Hr!t. rf. Itihem. i. 
176 H^f].>, including two to tUn nininiMnry of 
Ilumtiitry in Wori-psterithin-.of wliii-b lll^ll■^^^ 
Tannt-r supposi-a Wiglnf t<i bmc been iht 
fouiuliT {Xiititia MtmuMtica, Worrrtf.) 

[lu wklition tp Llie aiitliurttin inmiiinnRl in 
Lhe l«xt, SM Bmit7 of lIuDi iocdtju's Hint. Aaitl. 
in Pctrie'a Moo. Brit. i. 733 ; naimar'n L'b^larie 
d«a BoglM, A. p. 792 . Ethalwirri'a Clirnn. >4. 
p. All; Dti(rd«l»'e JUonast. AurI. i. 668-9. it. 
lUSseq.: Qraea'ACoDqiiHStof f^ngiand. pp.-l!l-V, 
and Mnkiogof Euf:Uiid.p.433.1 A.M. C-k. 

WIOMOKE, Rabots or. [See Mon- 

TtMEU.] 

WIOMORE. wnJ.IAM (1509-16G5), 
Jesuit. [S«u C'ampiox, WiixiAM.] 

WIONER.riKO]:fiE\VILI.r.\M(I^i' 
I6^l),cliAmist, waArldcst «on of Jnlm I'liomas 
WigiieT(rf.le<5r^, pastor of the bapiUi church 



Bl Kin^8 I.ynn, of wliich he wrote a ' Brief 
History' fnun itx fnandatiim in I0K7 down 
to 1^1). Bom in the l/ondon Hoail, Lynn, 
nn 19 Oct. leUl', Ofirgp was edueatt^d al 
l.rnn grammar M-hno). II'! norly aliowt-d a 
liKiDS for chemistry and science generally, 
,\t the iig>r of ■tvcnl'vrn hi* btcnmu clerk lo 
n pnvute banking tirm in Lond^m, where bi> 
rptnaiucd for bvo vcars, giviiiji;, bowi<vt>r, all 
litH b;ii*un] l.ottci^^nlillc work. After buann;; 
bim give u seieutitic leclnre .Mr. l-Vnnk Hill* 
uf Depifortl olfttri-d him a povt in liia rtiemi- 
nil world", tvtiiTt' hn minninml fur four vfan*. 
During the latter part of t bo lime he took 
out iwvprni pjil«>ntx for w'wagt* trrntment, 
whi<-h led to n ronnertinn with tlift Nrtt.ivti 
tiuniio Company. In li?7i be k-giin busi- 
nf** on hiji on-n nccount a* an unolyst in 
Ureal Tow^rStreel. IIiMook nn nrtive pari 
in pmtnoting the Sa]« of Ki»od and llrugfl 
Aet ijf 187*1, H© wftH tlio foiindor of the 
Hociety of I'nbtic Analynta in 11*76; wa« 
honorary sfvrelery of the aocicly from the 
couimencvnii^ul (ill IHt^^i, wluro li« was 
ol-Mited pK-flidcnt ; and etlil«l I be * Proce*d- 
ing« ' in }ii7^t, and, in conjunction with Dr. 
Jnbn MuttT, iKe ' Aniily»t,^ l)tenffici«lorgiui 
of ihi' Bocietr. from iU origin in Is7li till 
bis di-iitli in IKH4. In 3KM9 hf wii!i awarded 
(Lpnieof jive hiinilreddollarr<by the national 
board of trade of the Initod Sta(t-s for tliu 
draft of un act to prevent adulterntiou of 
food and drngt! without liaiupiTingcumiuorcs 
nnnofpwarily, and an eway on thii* Kubiecl. 
Ill li^l ti>.- uctvdat) jururat ibe Inlernulionsl 
llealrli I'^Jthibition, South Ki-n«itiglon, and 
uudLTtouk lliu annlvjii^ of Bonie liundreda of 
food Aninp!r-H nhibile^l. Hi* wif)? died iri 
January 1981, and from that time hi* bi^lth 
gnvM way; \i- die"! of BlrictnTi? of the o>ao- 
phagiifi on 17 Oct. l^J, leaving a son and 
K daughter. 

Wigitcr vftut one of tb? enrlieat public 
analvKU. JIu iicl«d ns onalyM for I'lum- 
*t«id, tireeuwicb, and Ui^ptford ; be wa* alw 
comuiting i.-hL'miFt To the Tbamaa eonaer- 
raiiry board, and in ibfun capacitiea h« tn- 
cjuttitly gave ovidence as an expert witneafl. 
11b wan u fidlgw yf tbp Cbemit-al Society 
and of the Inittilute of rin^mislpv. In INW 
lu) pnbU»tipd, in conjunction with Williain 
Cameron Sillar and HoWrt Gwr^fe Sillar, a 
hook on the ' A.U.(^ Jvjwagu I'roce*)*;' and 
in 1^*78 * Senaide AVali-r,' un ab*(nw"l of a 
series of reporia upon ihi? water-supply of 
cnant resortB, {irAviuu«ly pitbli»lie<l in the 
•Sanitary Ki-rord.' The Itoytil ."^^iety'fl 
*Catalojxun' (down to I'^St) eonlninti a lut 
of twenty-one nanf-rn nnbli.^lti'd by Wigner 
aloiiH, um. publielied in conjunction with 
Profesaor Arthur HcrU-rt C'fturcb, F.H.S . 



I 



Wigram 



198 



Wigram 



and thrvt' with Robort Marluid. NdatIj 
all nf ttiaiKf )>iip<*rii [t<>a] uitli rarioua poinU 
of analytical chemiALrv, 

[Jonm. Chfluical Socivtv. 19S.t. xtvti. 344 
(obituary); Analjnt, 1884. tx. 193 (obiiiui7). 
X. 4S (pmMnntial addreMi of Dr. AITrcH Uill) : 
BriL Hu». CiiUl P.J. H. 

WIORAM, Sib JAMES (1793-1B6G), 
vivtf-vhniii^-lldr, wa« thi^ th'xnS tHin, \iy liin 
MOonJ wife (Einanor, ilaiifdit«r of John 
Wntt*), of Sir lioljart Wijirnm, n nwrchmit 
and nliipowner, of Ijon<lnn ittid Wtiifiint,who 
wo* Si.r. for \V«xfonl and Fowey, vta 
created 11 barunct in ] HOt), hiid di«l nn 6 Nov. 
1830. IIi» eldur brotlior, ilie bt.'coad baronot, 
uaiuued tbo numc of I'itiu-yfiprum in ll^lC;: 
anotliur ItrotLiir wus JuMph C'uUoa W'utroni 
fq.v.] Bom at Iii« fatliera residence, W'aU- 
lianutovr House. Euetp on 6 Nor. 171*3, 
Jaint« WQ^L'ducatvdprivntfU'Midni Trinity 
(!nlli'f[f,Ciimbridire,wherelieKraLiusledli.A, 
u fiftlv wrunglor in l^ilo, Rained a foLlowfiUip 
twoyi-nri«lntnr,aiid(iroci-rdrd M.A.in lfll8. 
Beiof admitted u xtudeiit uf Linvoln'n Inn 
on 18 Junt- lf*|.'l, he venn railed lo rliH bur 
ty that society on 18 Nov. l8lS>, and, atlncli- 
ing himMlf to the court of chnncery, piir- 
aitcd his prof(u>eion witli tnuoli indu^iy. Tn 
MicliuelmuA vacation l!^')-l Iil> attained tb« 
rank of king's 4!oun»f), and. bein;i invited to 
tbt! bench of LiiicuUi'if Inn 011 15 Jan. \>i35, 
111* tii'ik hin seat anBiicli on iiO Jati. fnllnwin(j;. 
Wipruin was ilip aiitlior of twi> IcrhI works, 
hi« 'KxHininJiliun of tin- Knii-a of Imk no- 
KpecCing tli'^Ad[ni.««ian of Kxtrinnic! Evidence 
in aid of the Int*rprctntiwi nf ^ViU»,' find 
puUiched in 1831, Kiivin^ run chmu^li four 
nditiona; while in iHJfl afpeared his ' Point* 
in tlie LiLTC of DiecoTi-ry.' ThwL> useful 
publicQiioEij' l«d to an iiiti-rwitiiiir eofTt-suiin- 
dence with some of the Amcrifan jiiJges, 
amon^ wliom was Dr. Story, tliu emiUL-iit 
onmmenlator. 

On '2S Oct, 1S18 he nuimed Anne [d. 
1844), (Uiigliter of Uiclmnl ArkwripKt of 
Willi-rstfty, Itorhyahirc, and fn'^nddftu^hter 
of Sir Hichard Arkwriffht [<]. v.], whose 
fiiniiU' had also con»id<>rabl« property id tlie 
nvighbotirhood of Lcoiuio»t«r in ilereford- 
flhire. Hupporled by this family interrat, 
Wi^ain fought a conUMtcd vk'ci i'>n for Lw>- 
juin-ittT on tiiry iirini'iples in tWI7. but woa 
dttfL-ntt'd at tho poll. IIu waK, however, 
rntiimi'd for tlu* bnroii);!) without upponicinn 
at th'^n^vt fti'neriih'lctrtinn, nn:iMJiine li^H, 
but bad litllu ojiportiuiity of dislinBiushinjf 
hinuelf a» a parliaair-nrnr^' rlr-bator; for — 
having <?njoyGd a dJetinguisbed lead in the 
oourtaof fiiuityforspveral vcarH— on:J60ct. 
ring lit! wa« nisL-d to the bench uadiT 



tJie act for the belter ad mi nidi rat m>d of 
jiutice (ri Vict, Co), which provided for th* 
appaintment of a BLvond vicfv-chonceltor. 
}[« wna aworn a niMnbar of th» indidal 
conunittM of thn privy council nn IS Jan. 
]H42, and raotivM tb« coatomary order of 
knighl hood the name nnnth. Wigram. 
wbo»(! decn»M wnv remarkable for ibelucid 
eipMit.ion of th« l^al principle invoiced 
in the coaea be had to adjudicate upon, was 
compelled by ill-lieall!i, reatilting in the 
lotiu loM of Mgbt, to retire from una beneb 
in Trinity vacation IHoO, when be woa 

Sruntvd a pi-'Dsion of ^500/. a year. He 
ii^ on 'J^ July 1^16, leaving a family of 
four Bona and five daui;hl«ra. A rrayon 
piirtrnil by Hir Oeorue Kiohmoad, Il.A., is 
at Trinity f'olleire, Cambridge. 

[Liaoolo'a Inn Rwiaten; Otflflol R«t. Mam- 
ben of Pari.; QradiMii Cantabr. t800>-l«S4; 
I^wLiatit: Fow'b Jodiieaof KflKlud; tetth'a 
I^irliameata or Sngtaad ; Foster'a Baria<Mt>([B ; 
obituary noticca in tha Law Tiawa, (imo. Mag.. 
aad Ivi«r Joamol-l W. R. W. 

WIQRAM, JOSEl'H COTTON (1798- 
I6tt7t, bishop of itoclitf-i.T, born at Walt- 
hamsl^w on £0 ncc. \~QA, vrnn the 
fifttientb child of 8ir IJobert Wigram ( 17-U- 
1H30). Sir Jamos Wifiram [q.v.] wa« bis 
elder brotlier. Joseph Cotton waa educated 
by private tutors, and proceeded to TVinit? 

wraruih'r in lH->0, .M.A.in 1^23, and D.D. 
in I8ii0. He was ordained deacon in 1832. 
snd priw>l in lli» vwtr f'tllowin);, and in IWi? 
woa appoiiit<:d asaiatont preacher at St. 
James's, Weatminster. In the wime rear 
be wa8alsocho«enK>^retonrof thv National 
Society for IVunolintr theliducation of the 
Poor in the Princinlea of the E^tublisbed 
Ulidrch.a iHi»t wliicii Uv retained until \tj3&. 
On Ha -March of that year he vtba appointed 
n^ctor uf I'^!*! Timed in Ilumpshin*, and in 
ISTiO removed tn ibn iwclory of Si. Mory'a, 
^nthnmpTon. On 10 Xov. t^7 he was 
collated artrbdt'BCon of Surrey, and in 1800 
was conaerrated biahnp of Rochester iu 
succession to Oeorge Murray [see under 
MCRItAT, I.ORR GBonciB, 17ltl-]S0.Vu Ho 
ditid in London at 15a Orosvenor ^MJuaFe, 
on tl \pril 1867, and waa buried on 
12 April U-Mde his wife in the pari*l) church 
of Latinii, I-insex. On \-> Feb. 18S9 be flur- 
ried Suaan Maria id. 27 June 1804), dan^b- 
ter of IVtwr Arkwriiclit of Will«ni]ey in 
Herbyahire. By her ha bod 4x sona and 
three daughters. 

R&«ide-« aermnna and pam^hleta, 'Wigram 
wa& the author of : I.' I'ractical Kleaieatary 
.\rithnietic,' London. lH.t2. l2mo. ST. 'Geo- 
graphy of the Holy Land,' London, 1^33, 



I 

4 



4 



4 



I 



8to; 'Mb ed. 18M. ^. ' Praclical HinU oa 
lht> Fontuition bdJ Man&g«'iuent of Sunduy 
SehooU,' Loiicloit, 1>^, 8vu. 4. « The 
ColtH|[i!r'i U&il}' Fauiily Pravew,' Cheluift- 
r«>n), 1862, 12mo. II» also suIbcUhI und 
jirraiig^d * Datlv HTiniut fur llm Mouth,' 
London, ISM, fol. 

Uis youii)^r In-other, Gborgk Vjcesihva 
■WuiRiu (1H05-I8"i»)i cxejreticnl writer, 
born in HsOo, w«« (be twonlietli chUd o( 
Sir liolxTt Wip-nra, iind th«* foiirt^-^-nrh hv 
hU second wife. He matriculated from 
(iiicpn'sCflllogc, Oxford, on l« Dec. l»-2«, 
flttd wiut tntcniled lu tukt' ordi^rs in the 
church of Knglftiid. lie. however, joined 
ttu) I'lymijuth Brcthrrn, und d«vot«d him* 
awlf to the siiiilj- (if ihf biblirHl lexl_ In 
1839 ho published ' The Knjrliflhman'i 
Ore«Ic ConcordaiiCM to tiiw N\'w Ti.i<Univnl,' 

in 1H44. ABd an indax in Ike following 
TWIT. Tliij>work, which eitp»rM)il«(l ' Thw 
Concordanco lo thp New Testament ' by 
John Williams (1727-1798) [q. v.], wn« 
bued on Uiu • Concordnncft ' of T^. SonmUlt, 
and comprised &n alphabetical arrantfement 
of cTcry ■word in tho Grwk t-ext. Ic wns 
folliiWfd in IfMH by "Tlii- English [nan** 
llibrew iiud C'haldi^^) Concordance of tlio 
Uld T{.-«tiitn(.'nt.' Loudon, 6vo, a work <m a 
siuiiliir plan. In IS*»7, with W. Chalk, li»! 
edited 'I'lifl HebraiRtV \'acle Mecuin,' the 
tint ttttfmpt at n cgmvlet« v«rbal indvx tu 
tb« conL'nt* of tbit iTiihrew «nd Chaldee 
Scriptures. WiRmni died on 1 Jan. 1879. 
He marTi<.'d, first, Fnnnr ( rf. isail, daig^htcr 
of Thomas Olierbupy JUigb, end secondly, 
Cfttfaerint, oulv dauHhler of Willimn Pur- 
nellof AvondalL'.Bud auut of Churk-;) ^tew- 
Mrt Parnell [ij. v.] Thn-i^ cmnininmrative 
voluuifa cnm|io&ed of bis sennons und KlkTS, 
^'TjlitlMl ' MrmnriulH of thu Minintrj- of (J. V. 
Wigmtn,* wurt! puhli^hi'd in ISBO and IHC-I 
(FcXTEii. Aiumni 0.nm. 1715-1880; Men of 
fkf TiiMf, l)^e:._l. 

[Burki-'n Piicntg^ nml IlAronrlazi*, a v. "Filt- 
«jgr;iia ;' 0«nt. Miig. IfHt'i i- AA9 ; Allilmnn'* 
Diet, of Eag;l!kli Lit. : FuxlsrV ludoa Erak^.] 

R. I. C. 

WIGTOWW. E*Kr, op. [See Flkuino, 

Sir MaLCWI.M, r/. 1.^00 P] 

liWnrraAR (<f. 5J4), fir»l kinK of the 
of WiKht. wa» iht? n«-])lirw of Uurdic 
I|q. v.] Tit! ■t*iaft to have first come to llri- 
Mlq with bif^ brother l^tnf in r>U {A.-S. 
VAran.. ap. Pkirie, .W«n. Hitf. Brit. p-.TOh. 
and to IiRVfl connuered the nritons in a 
bnltli* pictnrvMHoty di'scribei] by Henry of 
Huntingdon (.HMf. Ant/L, ap. l>nntiE,'Lc. 

I. 711). Nothing' more ia known of WUit- 




gor until a^, vlimCflnlieaudCynric[q.T.] 

banded ovnr to him and to hia liruther ihu 
Islti of Wight {A.S. Chron. I. c. p. 301), 
which llifv bad conqucfvd four vcara bttforo 
(KiMKLVvKKn, Chraii., nn. Pktkik, I. i-. p. 
•VX'I). Wib((i&r himB<>II wiui prubnbiy a 
Jute (FwR. Wio. ; also Stm. Ditski.m. and 
AssKK, ap. Pltkib, 1. r. pp. 5."»0, 074, -ItW). 
Gr«-iMi, wlio with Fm>M)an (Aorwurn Cnn- 
gtie»t, i. 10 n.) dotibu llie story of W'ibtgar, 
thinks that Cerdic's conijuest of the I«le of 
Wi)^ht wuK not in hie own iai<trtist, but in 
that, of liis hIUmi, for the new settlers of ib^ 
itiland wi:ru undoubtedly Jutvs [Mahiiiff o/ 
I-rirflaniJ, p. 90). Wilitgnr rrilinl honourably 
iWlM.. M,iI.M. 6'Mfn Key. Attgl. p. 2f, 
Knf;l. Hist. S'ic.) fur ten Tcsn;, and, dying 
In Ml, waA buried in \V ibt^rabyrig, tb*; 
moderuCarLBbrook(.ii.-6',C4rc>n.,ap.FKtaiB, 
I. c. p, aos). 

Tho a.'wriptionbjthi'' Anglo-Saxon Chn>- 
nicle' (lA. p. :i3y)to Wihl(ffli-of certain laws 
conceminf; the church, which wcro con- 
llrnied in 't^ti, i^ nn obrious wlip, whlob 
Wilkins repeals (Concilia, i. lot*), but the 
wbulu Ktory of Wibtgur is open to doubu 

[AuthnritieN qnoted In the text.] 

A. M. C-M. 

WIHTBED i.t. 72SI, king of Kent, was 
the (trcat-RTeat-pTandfton of King Ethdbort 
trtri2f 4!16) r^.v,] Uv bof^n his n.-ii(Q, after 
a period of disputed ruin, iirobably about thii 
f>nd of 090 ("Bkiib, Hist. ErcUs. up. PtrrRiK, 
Mnn. lii-it. i. 242. 1'Kl»>, [1« ik^iuik to bftv« 
shared hi* throni' for some tiroB with a cer- 
tain Sucebhard or Wseblji^rd (.Beui^, !<k. ctt, 
p. 2551, wliom Mflitliew of Wwiniinater 
callH his brothiT ( /■Vojm J/Ut. i. 34B). In 
Uy4 (Hbs. Uust. Jlift. Aiifft. ib. p. 723) Inu 
[q. v.] Ivd an cxiK.-ditIun agaiii»t Kent to 
avenge tho death of his kinsman Mul, but 
Kioji Wiblrud auccevdvd iu appvugiiifj hiit 
wrnth with a liir^^i money fine or wergild. 
Ii has been conjecl tired tliat the Kubmissivci 
attitude 'jf K«>nC. wna dun !■■ tin* drlVjit of 
ituftllie.'i.Knjil-.Anjtliannd Es-wx. Wibtred's 
reign was long", pvnceful, imd proepvrou'*, 
extending over Ibirlv-four y+'am. lie died 
on -l-i April 7-_'.> (riEtm, he. ei(. p. i«i(). 
VViUtred married Wt-rburcrn and li;fl thmi 
mm ii(/.'\, who inhvrit<;d bis kingdom in 

Surerul extant charters aiu-ai Wihtred's 
loyalty and munlGcencti to Iba church in 
Kf^rit (Wli.Kiss, Ctmriiia, i. .")6 st'q.) Tho 
most fnmous of ihesu ia tbc nn-cnllKl ' Pri- 
Tilcp; of Wihtred' si^nirin;^ frpvdom and in- 
dependence to the churches and monast^rtcA 
of Kent. This was eonflmiril by tin? king 
betwflCQ G&Q and 710 at a Keuti»b wicoa 



Wikeford 



too 



Wilberforce 



ht^M at RnccancHtl, prubnbly Uapcliild. near 
Hinin);lHiurti<-in KenI (llADDiJI and .StcIIBS, 
K'uitrv-ils, lii. l';ifi ^^q) 

Tu Willi rcil also Tftcowi-niii* of our^'iirlifst 
exirnir coiles at Inw. It whb drawn up ul a 
' convention of (pva.t im-n' lipid nt ll^rKliain- 
fttcde or Hi'Wted.n^nr .MaidfltniM>, in r.lii' fifth 
ir of the king's reitrn, imd was cliivfly 
FccclMiastifAl In chumMtT. \\. wns Mill found 
neeenarvkl iho close of t lie seventh cpntiiiy 
to prohiDit 'ortcriiij^ to dcvil»,' Tho codfl 
bIso n-tfuIaKta ih'.' n-kl ions uf the lofxls with 
til" dilliiri-nl clnsjic* of tJie unfree. Qtid t-Ti>n 
CotideHcmuU to rDJuln ibu iii^l- of ibu born 
by i^lnitifi'TX wlii'ii oil' llio Ijigliways (it>. 
pp. 2;J3 eeq.) 

[.S«e, in ^dditinn tg the (•hicf uithoritica i:\X*A 
in ihL- trst, the Anglo-.'^ion Chrun. in Hatrto'* 
Woo, Itril J. 'I"i7; nHniisrVI.'KiUiriiidnii tinglw, 
tfr. p. 7Hd : Honrr "f Ilantingdorrt Ui«t. Anul. 
r'A. |ip. ;-i;u* ; WillUm of Mnltnf^'iiir/s (>*-■"« 
]{«giini, pp 23-4 (Knjtl. lli'i. Sni*.), 'I'liorjx^'ii 
Ancient Luw» and 1ui<tit. of Euuland, i. 37-13 : 
Urccn'c C'on>iuP(rt of KngLimt. pp. B, 21.] 

A. M. C-B. 

WIKEFORD, UnnKUT nn (rf. 3:1001. 
nrcbbUliop nf Dublin, iKMiiil to liaTi^ ht'lnnml 
to the familr of H'ickford or W'vkeford of 
Wicltford Hill, K«t« (D'Altox, p. \V2 ; cf. 
MoR^XT, iVuftf , i. Uaa-4). He wuH u i'oUow 
of Merton Colleffe, Oxford, and a doctor of 
luwa in 13-14. llu Wcuuiu ■ king't) cl'/rk, 
mill in cir iK-foni l3(iH wiut Hppiiitilrd nri-li- 
ib'acon of WincheBtor (KmiiK, Finlera, 
Jiwort! pdit- in, ii, ftt'iO, Sl>2; IjF. Xkvr, iii. 
2*>). Hrt nlw) held other pn*ferments in the 
north snd went of England, and wnn nrl- 
mittiid by Urban IV to a prebend of York 
in I-irt) I'n 18 May followinij he wascom- 
miwioned to nrran)^ wittiWL-npf.-'Inti^, dul(« 
of Brubaiii, the pay for bis army while Berv- 
infc under Edward III in Frant^fr, and in 
]-t7I bu vtui u^in »L-ut on 0.11 i^inbnisy to 
FliuiderH <ICtubh, /■It-rfi-rtf, I{*icord edit. lit, 
ii.W»2. 920,031). On 7 Marcli 1372-3 ho 
n'liK HppointtHl ('(iiiKlitblit nf llortl'-Hiix (iV>. 
]». !f72). He hud nwRTiod this pMt Iwfore 
Snjiirn- ia7.'>(i'A.pp. lUSO, 1H391, On \1 Oct. 
1:17.^ lie was promoted by papal provision Xo 
lln> archljishopric of Uiibltn. On 1?< July 
l.'i76 he WHS appointed clianfi-llor -if Irf'lnmi, 
nnd be ■nojs reappointed ou tJt! .'iept. 1^77, 
nfter lb* noccK'ion of Iticburd II (Vul. Pat. 
JMlt. p. -27). 

In I:t81 lie jieeins to have paid a viait to 
l-;ij)(liind to inform ihu kiiifr ind council of 
Ctiriiiinmrtttera to Ihu advniitaf;i! oflhe kiii^ 
undpriweciui- bunitiL'iittorinipurtancL'to liim- 
wll'iiiid hi« a^ ((5. p. 383>, but ho rannol 
liare aiiil buld the olficaof chancullorduring 
of 1377-»4, «» be wM reap- 



pointed to the otHce ou 10 S«pt. i'Mt (ii. p. 
in't). Ilf was relifved of the ollire befot* 
27 .Ma»;h of ilio foUowinf; ywir (ib. p. .WOi. 
He (tied on L't* Aii^. IHttO. AcroMinfr lo 
Woi^I and tin* iittulo;7u<ii^. Ho left to Merton 
LVille|;e «lt«r-c1u1h« fin* the high nitnr; ac- 
cording to Astry tliey wore for the ball. 

[Coiion'ii Kukii Kcv'Viiiee UilMraiRi-. ii. 16; 
Brodrick's Mvmonals of Merton {(>i'. Ilist. 
Sae.y, Car. IVl. Holla of Kiciuir.! II; O'IUdi- 
Kiin'a Livm of iHo I^rd I'lianci-tlors of Ir«1iind, 
i. 43-fi9: D'Alton'a Ardibjiahupa of UnblJr. 
pp. 143-r. ; Riit I'iir. inC«iiC. Hitwrniw (It-^Mnl 
PuUl ); Ryrarr'n KnvUrn (Rrcinl I'uM ) m, ii. 

ELtbim ; L» Ncvr'n Vn»' i C-cl. .^lial. ; Ia>¥<:I1«wV 
iber Mun^riim IIilianii<-i>runi ; Wnrr'a )li»h-)P« 
oriraliioi[,ed.Ham«.l W- K. H. 

WIRES, THOMAS (Jt. 1258-1273), 
chronicKr. 'See Wyke*.] 

WILBERFORCE, IIEXIiyWILU.VM 

(1S07-1kT;JJ, Iliniiun riitbolic ioiimnljil and 
auibor, theyounjreftt ann of William Willwr- 
forrefq.v.], win bnm at Cluplinm on '-•:;-'N?pl. 
IftO". Koh«rt T^aae Willx-rforty 'n. v.] and 
Satnnel Wilberforce (|. v. weri* ni,* eldvr 
brothL'r*. When nine yc«r«oId Henry WiJ- 
liam wn.i entrusted to ibo can* of the Uev. 
John 8a,r^nt, re-clor of GratThflin. Kn&aev, 
and at Ihv njiv of liftveii bo wd$ Inmsferred. 
with his brother Snimod, to Ib*^ ll*v. K. It, 
i^pTRgi^, Mi-bi] lodlk piipiU at Little Boundii, 
BldbonMigb, Ki-nt. He vnx afterwards 
(^ler»^tl at dricl CnlleBe, OKft)rd. mntrioti* 
lalingcn K! March I^l'Hand Roinginto re»i- 
dencL' in Sricharlniiw ti-rm foUowinjr. nuntij 
aportionof four lonjt vncafiooH be rt-ad with 
John TIcnry (afVrrward* Cnnlinal) Sewnaan 
[q. v.l 111 IfvTO Ik* (zntdualvd IJ.A., bcins 
plocea in the first clnas in oIaabics and iti 
tlu> second inmalhumaties, llu was admitted 
a student of Lin«>)n's Inn in t8.*ll, but hn 
L'ontinued to roeide at Oxford, where hn 
gninMl tli« nilvrt.on th^ojiical prixe, and 
^dusted M.A. in \t'X\. IIa wni at on>- 
limo prmid»nt of the university dttbatiDg 
doniety, called th«^ ' I'nion,' and for wvltsI 
year? took a prominent part in its debates. 

At the fiU|;j^-»tion of Newman, WilU-r- 
forco abandoned the study of the law and 
took bolvordera. In I8U4 be was anp>inled 
perpetniil cnratfof Bnin*gTOvr,on toe Kbirts 
of liie New l'ore»t : in Isil he brciini- vtrjir 
of Wiilmer, near IVal: and in 184^ be wai 
presented bv tbn Ion! rlimHcellor, nt the in- 
afancu of the piince consort, to the wnll- 
r-ndowi'd vic'iraiTM of Ivasl Farb'igh, near 
MnidBtoiip, which some year* pr'-vimi-Iy had 
Ufn ln?ld by his brother Itobert (.■Vsiiweu., 
I.'ff of Iluihfip WiUi^rfaref, i. i'i'l). t^ven 
yvare later he resigned bia vtcaragv, mid on 



I 

II ■*""' 



15 Sept. 1H50 kti und his wife were received 
into tilt* KoHimi catholic church i BrowNTI, 
Afnii'f "f ihe Tractarian Moxriiunt, 1B(JI, 
pp. 17o, :in}. 

In 18.W he accepted the officj of iwcrotary 
lo ihe Oath'tltc iM'once AnKiK'tntioii, iht^ii 
lately rniimlerl ici Dublin: and from \'^'A 
lo IHtU htt was propm-tor nnd filitiir of t ho 
'Catholic 8citnilnnl,' a I.Qiid<^n new.^paper, 
ftfterwkrdt called tht; " Weekly itejristw," 
ji«diM) nn 'SA April IS7;{ aX. lij» r.'ftiilpnc4', 
ChcHlcr HiJiim.', Siroud, (j|ouw.'sliT»hirv, luid 
Yen* hiiried in the iJomiiiicuii monustury ut 
\Voo<iclie»Ier. 

W*tlb<;rfc>rci( tn&rried, on '14 July 1834, 
2jbrv, fntirth daii^hlttr af liis fonrn'r Uitor, 
Rev, John Sirgrnt ; hy ht-r Iii; liaii insiip 
iBTe flrtiin and four dauphters {Fokteic Petli- 
ffrttf* iff Ymkihirt lamiUetH aho died on 
'U Jan, \H~f^ : hur nhlcHl hxbIot, Kniilv, -ithm 
tlt« v.-irti of her huehuud'a brother, bishop 
Wilberfurce. 

FIv wax llifl niithnr of: I. 'Thel'artirhial 
Syntcm ; iin Appenl to English L'hnrvhmen/ 
London, IS3H, Svo, l'. *ltt.>ft«on« fnr «iib- 
nittinij tu ihe C*tholio t'hurch : a Farewell 
l.«tter lo his Parishioners,' London, l8ol. 
8to; 0th edil. 18')5. This jiavo ri*e to eon- 
Hiderablii contfoveraf. 3. ' I'rnselytigm in 
IrehiTuI,' I^tnduD. ISij:;, lOmo: buiuK iifor- 
rewpondi'nce hftwfM>n WilbiTfitm'. and llifi 
VkPV. Ah'Sftrider Dallas on tini subject oftlie 
Irish chiiivh missionB, 4. 'On »oiiie KvpntJi 
prepar(iior>- to tha Engliuli lU-formalion,' 
III AK'hhiisboti Mariniti^B ' Kssay*! on Ifeli- 

gion und Lileraturt',' :!tid 9er. 1(SI>". G. 'Tins 
hurchnnJlbcEiiipirw: liistvricailVriods," 
Londnn. IS74, Sto, with portrait, o.nd a 
memair of the Jiuthor by Juau Jluary .New- 
man, D.ll. 

[Mnnmirby Newman; Mujiley'ii Reminiitcencn 
of Oriil, |<H.<Kiin; Aiii). lii-ff. 1873, p. 138; A*h- 
well's I,ifo of Bishf.p Wilbfrforc*. iii. 478; 
BowJuna I.ifo of Kiiber. p. Sflfl; K»tfr'« Aluninj 
QzOH. 171^~I8S«; Tal>l«i. 30 April 1873 p. AO, 
iithI :) May p. A76: Tinies. UA April IhH. 
W«hU RMiKlvr, 26 April I87S p. 2SI. iiad 
SMay'p. 28«,I T. 0. 

WlLBEttPORCE, IlOnnnT ISAAC 
(160:2-1^.J7 1, aroKdiiufou of thu Imat Itiding, 
thv iv«i>nd won of VVilliiim Witberforcti 
[n. v.'j and Barbara Ann, chh't't dnuehliT of 
laaic Spooin.ir r)f IClmdnn Jlall, Wurwick- 
Ahir4>, wa.t horn at Claphum nn lO Dei;. 1^02. 
His brothers Henrj' Williiiwi nnd Kniuufl 
arc noticrd se]iaratt4y. He wiu odiicatpd 
chielly by private tutor* Jn hi* fnibcr's house, 
jind ]natriculftt'!>l lit (Irii-l (V>ile|ji», Oxfnrd, 
on IJ l-'«ti, IHM. In lf*L'3 he look a firfit 
clajM in both clasaics and miilhcmiitic*. gn- 
duating B.A. in 1824 ud M.A. in Id:;?. 




Very early Hr onme under the influence of 
Johu Henry Newman iq.v.]. wh'i was at the 
tim'3 L-xunin(*U' pumniuiint inllutinc! on biM 
college. Willjcrion^e waa eliTtenl a lellnw of 
Oriel in l(*i'(). Newman, I'uet'y, Keble.Tho- 
mna .Mo/.Ihv, Frt^drric l((i)n-rH iitftiTwanlk 
Lord Bloch lord), nnd IlJcbard H itrrell Fronde 
were thenceforth unions bi<« cullea^nea^. In 
18^8 hi.' was clcoled nub-dean nnd tutor. 
There were three tutors in all, Newman and 
Fronde bcin^ the ofln-r twn. iMhciilliis 
followed \Vilberrorc«'ii uppuiuinifut, Kd- 
weird tlawkins (1789-l8S:?t [ci.v.] had just 
b<-un pruiTioU-d tu Uiu pmvoKl»hip uf Oriel 
(2 Feb. If*:;*'). From I he oulaet the uew 
proTnaC objerled to I he (Tiiurdi»iiHhip in moral 
t(ii(Irt![iiri»>iii Hsnvllos imiincipliiiiirvuiaUt^rH 
which the thrpe tutors soetned tn exercisfl 
over tbeir pupils, und th« fricliou betwwu 
tlte bi^nd and liiit i>litfl' anoii li'd lo an «p>-n 
rupture. TheDglen.iibh'caii.'e wh§ ihn claim 
of the tulorstniirranpe their table of lee turws 
a^ fl>>t>nied good to iliem. A Irm^ ind«ter- 
niinnledi<>cus«i<in continued liilJuue I8<*1U — 
shortly after \Vilbcrfor<;e'» appointment a.i 
clati«teal examiner for thai year. At tlint 
dnte the provost announced that he would 
«eiid uu itK<re pupiU to Nuwiuun, Wilber- 
force, or Froude, IW ihiaarrnnffement Wil- 
btirforcu's tulorebip grudnulJy died out ag hia 
old pupils w^nt out o( rfhideiiee ; hut it nav 
not i>niir<>lT nC an end till \KH. In the 
autumn nf that year bereiif^ed bis tutorship 
to travel on tbe continent, und di<l not af^in 
rvtum to Uxlbrd a&ve a« »ele«l preacher in 
I §40. 

The poeittun which Wilbcrfyrcw occupied 
in the opinion of hia conlemiwrariefl nt the 
end of uis aeaduinic C&reer was dt'servedly 
hi^h. Alwaya of ijuiet and uludiim* luibltn, 
he bad becnioe, in tlie words of Thomas Mox- 
ley i^Hrmininmirr* i>f Oiirt. i. '22^), 'n nclio- 
lar and a chcnlofrmn.' In rhoiie CApn^'ilii^vi he 
was treiierally consulted during the rest of 
hi« Life by mon of action like \i\s brother 
Sarauol ( afterwards biabop of Oxford )[q. v.], 
and al»o by the leaders of the Iractanun or 
hi^fh-trhnrcii pany with which lio had \cta~ 
duallv become idetitilied ( l^REVOitr, Auto- 
hioyrapky of Iiaitr WtUiamii, y. 39), For 
aouie time nlxi biii tbou^hta bad turtiwd 
more nnd mure to the church as a career. 
Ilr had lH*i-n ordained oti oljl-nining his fel- 
lowship iflubsifinentlv takinfr priftst'n orders 
Lfl Jk-e. ISl*H), and in l?iJH Newman olfered 
[LffJi-r* and CurrftpimfffHrr nf JnhH I/rnry 
Aeinncin, i. l8iJ)iop'epurftle Litilemorefrom 
hi» own parisli of St. Mary's and to hand it 
over to biui u» a separate eun.-. This he did 
not aee his way to accept, and Lord Hrougbau), 
wIiD had bceii allied witb his father on the 




Wilberforce 



301 



Wilberforce 



i«l«r»!-trnd« quoiinn, oflV^rf^l w jirnviile for 
liiiii. The rumour iliat tlroiigb&ni ottered 
hint tlie hisbnuric of Oalcutla (Letters ((/ 
Vanun J. 11. Miiiley, p. 2't) dots not t&tta to 
rent (in aiiv solui IViuiitintiDn ; but in April 
1*82, nt'LorWilbcrffiroo'-'n'tumfnuntbccoii- 
tiiii'nl. Bniiitrltain pri'WHlrfl )iim to t lit Uviuf^ 
of Easi Farlh'igb in Kunt. This preffrmfiit 
lit- n:'Ri.-pti<i! ii^iniiDct. tl».- iLilvicv of Xtiwrnnn 
and Fmude {/j^l^m and CorrMpoH/ifnee, ti. 
I4.'(; Aiifohioffmi'AififjMfip H'lV/iVinM, p. 39), 
nndln-lilfiiTfiglit vi-ftr*. Wiiliinftf>-winontha 
t>i IiU in&liltitiori hu murried Agnes Evurildii, 

Id»M!Oii ott]u' lCa.1t Hiding. Al'ior Wiiriucbitu 
twocliiMr^n liisirife died in Xuvembf-r IKU, 
hndoii^O .Iiilv )i*^7 liu murrirtlagnici. ]iU 
ftwisnd wir<? wafl Jilup, dHii){iil«r of Digby 
I^'gard, and he livrA Imppily vrilh livr till 
iiliL' dim) cliildli'^K in 18'i;!. 

In IA4il Wdt)t?rf<»ri-'' (■nchrtiiffrd tlie lirinf; 
i(f Knat Kurldigb f'lr ibar of Iturlon AirnL-a 
in Ycrkuhin.', Thi- fdllowin;^ >■'*"■' Arrb- 
di^ficon Wmiicliftin, tbe fiktliitr of bis first 
wil*!, r^wijfiiod tli» nrcbidinpooBtw of Ibit 
Kiwt Kidint?, and \ViIWrfi»rc(! iria.'* a]ipoint<'d 
in bis Ktead. It wna the lut preferment llitit. 
he wnR to r<:ieoivo in tho church of En;;1and. 
N«wniiiti's influence over Willjerforve did 
not survive thf-irjnint tuloi-sbip of l)rit I, and 
from l!i34 Wilbprforce was iVowji much 
inlii ibf lyitiipiiiiy of lii« lirothcr SiiiijiimI, 
in (!o]labomtinn with whom he wrote the 
'l.ifo' oftheir fnltier. piiblisbed in l8Se,«nd 

L4dic«d thflirrmhi'r'N'IiflU'rii' wbicli appi^arud 
1840. ])«t shout IfSiy be bf^nn a corre- 

Flpondniee which was to oicr«iNe n rriij-lal 

^fffeet oa bi« carver. Ilenrv ICdward Manning 
fo, T.]had in June lM;)a fit-en presented by 
Wilbwrforcf'a brtitlier HsniiK-1 lii thw nrctory 
of Lavint'ion. tn tiie November following 
bv murried Caroline Snrgnmt, two of whiwu 
vistOTS wnri- mnrrind re'pi'-clivrly to Wiltior- 
force's brotherfi ."wimuel nnd Hi^nry Williftm. 
In 18S7 Mrs. MunninRdiyd, ami n fei^'year* 
IftiiTlhft future fiinlinnL wn* li^d by Itrvht^rT 
Wil berforce'sreputnt ion for theological leu ni- 
ing and for diainttreoterlm-s.* to turn tn hrm 
M to a confvfwor for reliitf from iho doubu 
na to the siirtipieiiey of the church of I'lng- 
Und for enlviLtion which hud iLlruH'ly bcj^un 
to bfflHt him. Ovfr fi biimlrvd Imteri wera 
written dtmng this rwriod by Manning to 
\Vi] Iwrforvu — most uftliem bi-nrinii thu nui- 
tifin ' under [lio wal ' — in whit^h Manning 
rvvenled his whole mind to bid cnrresiion- 
d»*nf. whd.' ri'Cft;;ni*iiif{, in the wonl* nt hit 
biopiiphrT (PuKCKt.i., Li/e '■/ Ciirdinai 
Mannii'if, i. 5U2), ' lioberi \S'Lll»orforpi!*'* 
■•' ttHpcriurily and docptT roading.' 
•erforce replied witfinrjjuuienla, 



afterwards with pIcNS for •)(•)&¥ m the act 
of seceuion whtcb he saw Manning ww 
contemplating, and for miud time ha waa 
eui?i'e.s9ful. 'J will t4ike no tt«p,* writw 
Mauuing at tha beginning of 1850, 'now* 
I hai ran jmrt luu from yuu, no long aa I am 
able in coiit^HKnoe to be united a* in loire, ao 
in labours with you.' But tha Onrfaam 
judgniKnl. WB» prunouncMl in Mnrch of the 
Mine year, and wa-f considnr«d by moat of 
the tmctirians to asoari tho rigot of the 
frown m drciHe t hr- 1 oachin? of tb^ church of 
I'lnglund in matlers of faith an well a» of 
di»ciplinv. Gladstone (lYVCELL, i. 5U0 «)(].) 
tried to induce the leaden to «nter into 
a covanant not to take any OTert M«p for a 
certaiti sptNcified time, or to announca ihfiir 
tulentiou of doing no. (tiadiiloiie kaenia to 
havL> convinced himself that Wilberibm 
aujuiig utbvrs would be willing to sign sucb 
' a eorenont. It was, however, oroniptlv o— 
I jucldd by Manning; and in .May 18^ a 
derlnnttion iippMTvd baarinji; the oaam of 
.Manning (then nrohdnacon of Chich«uer), 
WiUjaHon*, and Dr. 'Willinro Henry Mill 
[((.v.], rrgiuci profcMor of Hebrew at Can- 
. ortdge. explaining tha aenw in whicb alone 
. the RtfTnatonM wore viUine to admit the 
rovul ^upremacyinmallersoireligiDD. They 
slated clearly tnat ' we do not, and in con- 
science cannot roclmovledgv io the crown the 
pnwnr recently ezarcified to hear and judgv 
in ajipimt the internal Htate or tnerita of 
niiinlual (pD-ntiiin* touching doctrine or dis- 
cipline, tht! cnfltody of which is cmmmitted 
to the church iilona by (ha law of Christ" 
<PoKri:u^i.t'fll). A copyofthisdeclatalion 
was aent to every clergyman and laycoaa 
who hnd taken tJio oath of supremacy. It 
»ii;i, bowtfver, with no rv«pimM!, and (he 
result was lo drivu the two niinctpal aigna- 
tariua a step fiirthvr furwaiu in the way of 
Kece-uion. ■ If you and 1 bad btwn burn out 
of the KnpUsli church,' writes Manning to 
Wilberforce in Dwember IKW, ' wf should 
not bnve dnuhted for 60 murh a.4 a day 
where the true church is;' and on tl April 
in thf following year Manning was reoeired 
iuto the church of Uome. The change, 
tbougb it did not lessen the intimacy 
biitwevii the two, vet altered their relaiiro 
pnttilion*. Henceforward Manning, instead 
of seeking WilbiTforcc's advice, a^ssumed tho 
pirl of IrttLcrher. The revival of the churcli'a 
fiynodiral nirtien in c^nnTocation seeined for 
B"malime tti olTer to Wilbrrforoea tinm*tiia 
which he coiihl follow, and hia brother, the 
bishop of Clsford, who iw wirly as ISOO had 
!"'fn rei\»on to drend hi« brother's secaMion, 
did all that ho could lo keep him Bteadfut in 
Anglicanism {Life ivf Samuel WiUter/onx, ti. 



I 



Wilberforce 



"3 



Wilberforce 



* 
* 
* 



SG3). Thu iufluencs of lUa wifo, loo, was 

nlwaya Kxerled is &TOur of bis lemauiing in 
communioD vr'ith tliit ehurct in whicli bo 
hiul bn>*n linMiglil up: but with bur lieulb 
in 1853 ii berame evident tlint tbo Ust, 
barrier hud ilifniigH-iir'^. IUn hoait on tlio 
rtichttriftC, mibli!)hM<l itilheaaine VPCUjCaiiM^ 
luaay to k>r?shudnw tku Mt'ii wliidi h« vtm 
about to tiilcn (l.innos. lA/f t>f l^H*f>j, iii. 
:!8&) ; iiBd tbttre was eooie I«lk of a proeecii- 
tion, btit none cAini'. Tbf rumour waa auIIi- 
oiiMit Ui dolny WilbfrforeoB Kt^eMioa for n 
few wt-ek& ; but CD !M} Aug. ]H54 ha; wrote 
to the srcbbiubuu of Vurk rbni, wLII'i he 
trtunvd bt? ■IkjiiIO alw!i_v» b« under ft loyal 
obedience to \\w i|uefn, 1 1<' could do lunger 
ailmit llmt »bi- wmt ' iDiirt^itK- in nil ■[linlunl 
iliinti.4 or cnuaea," and taat ha niufli therefDre 
reoiill bia BubE^riptiou to tltatjiiGen touching' 
the iiiiiiri'inai-v, nod «» n imrnrwiiirf C"in«>— 
quencn reriijrn \\\v. [ir<ert.'rn]i°iita of whiub he 
considered the ■iibtrriplinn n,ciitidiliini(KlR- 
WA.T Biwrns, HiAfiiiyof thf Trtii-tnrian .Vorv- 
nirnf, app-) Altbough in this Itilter he »pnke 
only of putting; bioifsclf, 'a* far ajt ii"^*ibl«. 
in the ixisiiion of n nii-'n; Iny nwnibt'T of lb*? 
church,' ht« 'Inquiry into the I'rinciplcs of 
Church Aulbunly,' whieli uppmn-d hood 
aftin-, left no doubt na to bi« intention to 
ffllhi-n- ^Unnicic into the chureh of liotne. 
Utl 1 Nov. \H!H hu n-iw recwivyd at ['ariii, 
his milt ive for atlowini; Win rr^'tptinnro inke 
pUc^ there rntber than in England beiii); 
the fear that the pnblicitTnift' to bi- frivcn 
to it ill the Inner cnnc might injum the 
pMitJon of hia Anj^lican friends, and pani- 
nuUrly that of hi:: brother ^uiuucl, to \rhuui 
li(t was lendi-rlv attiii-Ui'd. 

Wilberforce did not lung survivw his se- 
^'^IBsion. Kor nearly a year, »uenl hy biiii for 
'An mofX part in traTel, ha iiraitated as to 
whether he »In>iild bwiim" a priest ; but nt 
lenf^h th.^ eiiTrt-ntieti nt' MunniMtr nnd others 
preraiied upon him to oSm hitsself ss a 
candidate for orders. lie entered in 18fi5 
M a MudfUt ill the Acudetuia Ecclmustica 
in Ui>mi>, bin e!i|>enBfs bein){ ditfrayed by 
tlift pope. Ho wa» alrvady in minor onlitr!>, 
Ktid w(w within a few we«!i» of L>i>inff or- 
dained prji><!t, when be wai! attacked in (he 
lir»t davB of IH^? by fpiHlric f>irrr. Hi- «Ued 
At Albano on '.i I'eb., and wrb buried at Home 
in the -St. Hayrannd Cbnpel of tbe cburch of 
8. Marin :ti^pra Minerva, whu^n* a labl'-T Iiad 
bi^en placed to hift tuetnorv. lie left bv bis 
first wife two (Wins: Wiliiiini Francis Wil- 
burforce. rwctor of llrodvwortb, i]e«r Uon- 
oaater, Yorkahire, and Kiiward WilVwrforcr, 
n raafilirr of thu auprutne court of judiciitui-u 
in Ku({land, both of whom am »till llYing. 

Robert Wilberforce's audden death de- 




prived the Koman churdi of a valiiafalo re- 
cruit, lie waautterLv without pt^noual uuibi- 
tion, but with a ffreat uower of identifrinfr 
hiniKelf with nny cnusiOw took in bnnd, nnd 
hiFtarnestneiutaeeisii to hammaden profound 
inipmwiun on nil with whom he raiiu* in 
eniitni't. At the Raino time, he waft beitfiT 
trained iu tbeological and other academic 
learning than citbL^r Nowman or Mnnnini;; 
aud ch«re U little doubt that had be lived 
he would bovehecotneaa ptominintalii^ure 
in coiiiroreny a» onj of bu fellow- wevdi'rv. 
ilia own aecfUiaioR waa a heavy blow to tlw 
church of Enplund, and thu all'jtn^it in hia 
Iiwt bonk— on church aulbority — to ili"i«lix>y 
the position of those who nphuld ilie royal 
8U[ireniBey im logical BTouutli* rctnaini'd fur n 
li>n(f rime unnnowf^red. 

WilberrnrcR wan all hw Ufa a laborioua 
writer, aiid nllhouch hi« piibliiihrd writingn 
nhow nn^igiiKof brilliancy they heur .^^videnco 
of much industry, and of rare in expression. 
Bc«idea tunny pnmpbleta, Bomons, and 
charifi^ li«* publi*b«u, in con)nnclion with 
his brother Samuel, a ' Life of William Wil- 
berforce " (5 vols. l!<J»l, the ' Corn*poiidencB 
of William Wilberforce' (■■'^O'- ""*' li 
abridgment of the lirsl-natn<.'d work (lCi43). 
lie wnji ul»» tb« nnlhrir nf one of tbe bymni 
in the 'Lvm A(]08tnlica,' Ilia other works 
are: I.'l'hB Five Empire,' IKll, u sketch 
of ancient history, the Hvc cmpirc*i being tbe 
AK«yrian, ihi* Persian, the Gre«k, the Itonuin, 
and theOhristian. 2. ' RutiliuAand Lucius.' 
1842, a romuuce of tbu days of L'oiitlanliiK*. 
:i. *(;hurph (^Murla and Uhurch Uiacipline,' 
1*13, containinff anfumcnts in favour of a 
rrvivnl nf cuni-xiiliim. 4.. ' Tliti Doctrine of 
the Incarnation of our Lord Jeaua Chrisr.' 
1K48, an appeal Inr unity of tfarliinff aniniig 
ohtirchmen, fi. "Tho Ooctrint^nf Holy l^p- 
tianri.,' ima, a Bommary of tbe tractariaii 
doctrine on bnptismnl rc^cncnilinn n« diralt 
wilhlati-r in thuGorbamcase. 0. ' ASketch 
of the llislury of KraAtianiun.' I8ol. in 
which liret ap[ioar lh« iMf;n;< of lh« auibor'o 
diutaliKfaetion with the theory of the royal 
supremacy, 7. 'Tba Doctrine nf the Holy 
Kuehari«t,' 18M, in which the dottrine of 
tlifl real presence tnxtas to many to he 
athroned. tj.' An Inquiry into thn IVinriplvN 
of Church Aulhnrily.' iHfil, ar^uinfr that the 
b'litbop of Itnmu ia alone the successor of 8t. 
i'ejier and the primate of tllii univenal 
church. 

[Chiircb'a Ojfnnl Movitmnl., 1871 ; Mwitey'a 
Romiiiiw?tiucni of Ori-I. 18S2 ; A^hwell's l.if» 
or Sninnot Willyi-rforoe. ISRH; Irflteffi of th« 
R*r. J. J). Minlpy, lir In'a >i*ler, IBdA: Kirwnn 
firowQ'H Biiiiory of the Trftouirian Movement, 
188(1: PrevoBt'B AuLobiognpby of Isaac Wil- 



Wilberforce 



ao4 



Wilberforce 



liuoi. 1803: Life of Edward BoQTcriel'nMiy.lnr 
CtanOB Irfddan and eantinnstom. 1692 : PuKell ■ 
Idftt of Cwdina] Manning. 1809; Auno Mor.ln/it 
LoiloniindCoiTespoiMloacvof JobnI]»nry Now- 
niiD. man, £ii.mitjr infomuiiaD. Mp»d»liy ihut 
^DdJv furnMbocI t.y tJw lUr. W. F. WiltMf farce 
: Hutrr WilborforD*.] F. L. 

WILBERFORCE, SAMIIEI. (1805- 
1873), succcssiTcly bisliop of Oxfoivl and 
Wiucbestisr, lUs third win of WilUum W il- 
bcrforce [q-t.] nnd tltrhats Anm^, ^liUitt 
daogtiter of lesac Spooiier of Klwdon Ilsll, 
AVftrwicki^hip^, wik« bom at OUjiliatn on 
7 St'pt, li>l>5. iUiben Isaac Wilberforce 
[q. T,J waa bis «ldeat broilitT: Kt'iiry \\ il- 
liiim wilberforcB [q. v.] wiw biti yout^^t. 
KumufI waa {iriralelv educat<^, brinff tlia 
\y\ipi] suroMsiTeljr of th« Kur, G«org« Hod- 
»un of ILoisemorv, Ulou«!8t«r»liIre, aiul of 
tlie Kcv. K. tspraage of LittU llounds, IMd- 
borou^h, Kent, lie inatricaUt«d at Oxford 
on S7 Jan. IH2>i, gniii)]; into rMidanM a# • 
commoner nf Oriel in thft Micliaelmaa terra 
of tha Mime year, and gruHnatwi U.A. IHM 
(flrit clflM« ill tnatht<inatic» and ^'cond in 
clasaics}, and M. A. lHi'^>. La(«r he received 
tbu dfigreo of D.D. in 1K45, and was madi? an 
hoDomr^' fellow of All ^tiU' in 1^71 . From 
the age of f>ixt«>«o he -km deaigned by bis 
fatljcrrrortkpcburcb.aiid lookdoiiicoo'sordvra 
00 21 IW. I^2^4, bning appainl«<] curatv in 
oha^ of Chfirki'ndoii in Oxfordshire. Me 
bad aiarniN],on II June in the urns year, 
Emilr. r!dc«t daugbtvr of John 8ar^nr, 
rector of Lavinirton, Sussex. Hia wife's 
sister, Cnrolinp, married in Xovcmber 183^1 
llenrv Etlward (afl«r*rardB L'arduisI) Muu- 
ninjrLq. v.] 

WilGrrforci-'E «tay at Cbeckiiidou did nut 
exceed wxtrt^n montlui. An otTer of iIim 
liring of ICibcheEUT, LRUi.-asbir«, while be 
wa» yet in dwcon's order*, wa« dn-cJiniitl by 
hia lB,tlii>r's advice, but af^r his ordination 
as prie«t {'JO Dec. I8:f9) Di»bop tiuinner of 
Winchr«l«r, who cnnsidorril hiin**lf imder 
oblifmtioQB to the Wilberforce family, pr^ 
soQtcd bitn to tbc rectory of Brif[;bstoo« or 
Brixton, litlv of Wj^kt. Hu vm tnductod 
on I'J Jan. ISIO, uud remained there for lea 
JWTB. Durinff lliat period hi« g'lR of elo- 
OUMiOe began tn all rat't at ip.iit ion. Ilia father 
nad IniinMl him ia bis childhood to tho habit 
of piiblk- «]H-akin^, and whvo at Oxford be 
hu been a prominent member of the Oxford 
UiiioD, then rccenily founded. Ilia ^-isita- 
tion Mrraon dt-livr-rwl at Newport in 1833 
was printed at the bUhop's wish, f^oon bis 
SerriceS as a preacher came to be in much 
regoeM, and wilUin a few v>'ar» he receiTed 
oflwaof belter livin(r«at 'I'unbridgv W«lls 
^ol.. At Brigbstone, loo, he made 



■ t:»-gg^ 



bis first appearance as a writer witli tin 
'Noto-tmok of a Country Clcri^man,* and 
after bis father's death in 16iU hv wroto tho 
'Lifu of William Wiiberforeev' in eonjanc> 
tion with his btothnr, Itobrat laooe Wilber- 
force. Uonog the wme period be pntpaivd 
for ibe press the 'JooniaU and Letters of 
Uenry .^la^ty(>,' n»d contributed freutientlT 
tothe' British Ma^axine.' He also dia much 
work on behalf of the Church Mieaiooary 
Society and the Socit-ty for the Proportion 
of tile Gospel, two otfiaBisations whtch he 
tried toimitv. lie wasappointod rur«l dean 
of the northern diriiion ot the Isle of Wi^rlit 
in I83U, arcbdem^on of Surrey in IHS9, and 
caiwn of WinebiMlvr in 1840. At the doM 
of 1840 he resigned the liviof[ uf Urighatonr, 
and was appointed by the bishop of Win- 
chewier U} that of Alvenluke in BampeluR. 
He left behind him in the late of Wi^t iba 
name nf an eameet and naloua fnrisb priest, 
end of one who had oonapteuoua talxnt for 
organisation. Before bit mipration the prince 
consort made him oneiifhi* chaplains (o Jan. 
IRIll, andthoagare him a ]>n(i]tit>n of influ- 
ence at conrt which he was to bold for many 
years. Two months lau-r he underwent the 
great sorrow of his life in the demU of lus 
wifii ( 10 March 1^1). Her death put him 
into posMHsion of ber estate of I^vington, 
which gare him the position tlie own<>r^ip 
of land in England rarelylaib to bring with 
it, and further marked him mit from the 
crowd of counlij clergy. 

rpon his migration to Alreratolte Wil- 
iM-rforce quickly boeame known to a widt^ 
public. iLis new cure included the garrisua 
town of Goeport, with the naval hoepilol at 
Haslar and the Clar«iio« victualling yard, 
and he thus cume into contact with many 
men who were afterwards to leare their 
mark uiHin Knglisfa hiatorv. It wa* t» bai 
expected that be would soon receive fiirther 
promotiDn. In October l^S he was ap- 
pointed sub-almoner tn th^ qn^en, and !«» 
years later (9 May lt^5> be was installed 
dean of Westminster. Oreville writes of 
him early in ](M6aa* a very quick, lively.and 

Sieeable mao, who is in favour at conn/ 
mnained al WeelmiusUsr Abbey a few 
months, being appointed to the InKnopric of 
Oxford in Oi'iober 1^5. He remained, «»- 
baps contran,- to bis own expectation, biSBOp 
of Oxford for nearly twentv-firo jt*n, and 
it was in this ollioe' that tae chief work of 
bis life waa done. 

The task which he found before him at 
bis entbranement (13 Dec. ISto) waa no 
light one. On I Nov. in the year of hia 
appointment Joita Henry Newman fq-v.} 
baa been received into the Roman ehonib. 




I 



Pusey's two ircan'Muspeiision From pKachliiJt ' 
bi'fortj ihw univcMUv wnn just turuiiincctl. 
ami he tiail Uken Newm«ii"s plare ait bead 
oT lliL' imciarinn pirly. Iinmfdial<.-W afti-r 
\Vi1lb>?rfiiriN?"« Oiritiiil eWtiun bv tin? Clirisl 
Church chuptt^r he rrwivcd t, Irtter from 
I'usoy cf)oimirnling nii tli« ' clran^zpnt^xi' ' of 
his bavinf; been ' ralb'f) to a pi<« wliirh mnnt 
of all r«quirt.-» sujwrualurHl K''^'^-' <""' ^'J'")! 
no furtluT in iW wrtvof cdnpraliilalion thnn 
to montioa lliai (jod's jjfovidencfl bnd bt-en 
shown in tlin freedom of Oxfonl from nticli a 
bijibop 'aJt BOOie wiili wbicLi we hud bfi^u 
thr«iti'ned'(/>{/i- f/A'. li'Mfr/o/vf, t. .tOO), 
Thi- ])rL-K'iicL' ill the diiX'(.'i=<.' uf u aubordiiiott- 
w» inuL'l) iiiclimHl to uiiiriuv — a sutionlinali-, 
too, whosi^ loaet word or di-L'd viWi ctrtain at 
thul timr- of rt-i'mvinjr tht- nltiMiliuU iif Uir 
public— rendered tJiP bishop's pnait ion exMp- 
tionallT ditlicutl. MorroviT, iho (li«ci-fii> it- 
Sirlf wn^ iilti-Hy uiiiirxniii«ii. It liad Inti-lj' 
l>pfncom[detedbj'lUL'Hddilron of ibecfliinlv 
of Kuck» to tho»*> of Il<irki> atui Oxfwol, of 
which It i-nnriiaind in Iti.'ibon llagnlV liitio, I 
and th^iiiC[>ro« wan <>o nmnll that a liunvr 
grant wok at lirsl r>t((tiircd from thcftcclci'iiw- 
tical (;omtui**iofiws to make it up to S.OIX)/. 
K year. But WdbL-rforco contriVLtl to dispol 
sll diHicuUifi'. Vnwy was tv dealt with 
.that, altbntigb the bishop nrivntciv inliibitM 
Itim fur twu vvurR from ail tuinislnitions in 
thtf dtOOeaii(<!]ic<^t nt I'um-vJh RirUiihin*), b(? 
vet Ritcceeded in Eninini; his c!anlid<mc«, ami 
r in the end l'u»i?y dfclBrvJ rh«t b» Itiid r>— 
OfiTud mnre ttupptirt fnnin Wilberffirt-n than 
from any ot her biobop on the bonch (Liuuojf, 
Life of I*utfy. \k. :!'>*(. In other diui'ioan ; 
niaUi-rn Xwt worliod a «.-hnii((t' which wm al- 
most a revolution. lle.sid(istrunsformingtbe | 
old method<i ufcuiiliruiaiiuii rind ordinuliun, I 
and iiifroiiuciiig the .'.vstem <if I<*nti-n loi*- 
eions, he cumufLled ttio nirat dt-ann lo us- ! 
wnibitt tlieir clirr^' in nyiilar ('liHprrr>, niifl 
thcniai'lvps to rai-iT rpculnrly under hb own 
preeidvncy. lli.' istabli-biMl dioci-eaa «vci9- 
IiM for thA biiildini^ cf cburr^ii^, the Au(r- 
ajenlation of benefici-s, tbe provision of addi- 
tional clt-rgy, and thu- rditcalionof lh« poor; 



lupcrviai'd with inuidi iiialuus caiv the i^Kta- 
blisbmi-iit of »oniL> of llic curliest pcuti-stanl 



wi 

^■nfitLThuudi<; and liiui^L-lf found'-x) votlugej! 

^Vfor tht- IrniuiuK of tbf<ihi({ieHl xluileotd al 

Cuddesdon, and of niitioual Ncliooluinalers at 

^^ C'ulbam. Adilnl lo I bin, h« wan for soinit* 

^^tiniH chaplain lo the llnuso nf I^trdA, lord 

^^ligh ulmont-r to the qiippn (l847-tI9j, and 

' at all time* an iti<1i'fAli)itibU- pri-nchfr and 

coUtttorior ibeprincijjal raiBstoiiary bodies, 

u well lu A conxpicijoiia fi^iim in ^Hnt-ral 

I society. Some idea of lUu cxiem of his 

^LMtivtty in diocesan work ma; be formed 



from the fuct that the total amount ex- 
pended iu ihe diocese during hi« cpltioopato 
on 'churches, oiidowmcnts, scbooln, biDiitte* 
of mercy, and piirMDnngohousea' was up- 
wards of two tjiillion pound* (iwe I-A'jhth 
Charfff to the CUrffi/, ke.) 

WilherforcflV itilliii'iu.i', however, (.•xtcndeil 
far bi-yond his own diooeec. The vr'ar of bis 
fl«viitii)n Iu ihv we was onv m whieli sevf- 
nil frrrat qui-stiors aft'i^tingbolb chiir<?h and 
state en Rie before the House of LnrdK, und 
in ibi- debates wliich followed Wilberfoice 
Diudf his mark as a debater. ' I think the 
bouse will be very much uiVdid of vuu,' waa 
the comment of the prJ nee ^oiixorl 'e aeuri'tiury 
after ht-aniig the biihou's sjwjeHi on the 
oornlaw bill; and lhert![itfer bo v;as alwava 
H jiowi-r to bi? reclioned wilh. Allhou^h for 
the mo>:t piirt he coiilined himself to Cfrcl^ 
siastivul uiiitc^'i'i', such as ibo posilion of ibe 
foloniul rhureh, thr- miuiufti'iuent of epi- 
scuiHilnDdc-apiiiilareNiatfs, tbelawofrbureh 
huildingo, And the eontroversy which raj(ed 
over the eiitahlishment of the papal hier- 
archy in FriKlnnil, ihere were many other 
Aiibjt'Ctii ill which he looli a peculiar interest. 
.Such were the law of charitable trusl*. thu 
prf'Vention of cnudty to women and children. 
ibe treatment; of prit'jHi-i-B, and national 
education. I in all lliese subjecTs tln' H[>uw< 
of Lonls heard fi-om him an able and 
«l(H)iii-nt prrMi-nlatiou of tin- church's view 
of the matter in hand, while liia frvqiient 
etposition iif currvtil businoss in bisdioce»au 
cbar^fji did mucii to iriitlruRt th>.: country 
clergv in aH'airs of stnte. But thu public 
ocl with which bo is mo«t identified waj< the 
reform of convocation. Sinct? 1717, when 
thfl two houses of the Canlerbury province 
entatiiihHl thvmseives in bopele» euuiroversy 
over Bishop Iloadly's Btlaiik on the non- 

^'^^o^8, no hcense from the crown to debate 
)adbeen£;ivi'n to theui. In I^i'il Lord lied es- 
dale mivited the ijuesiion of reviving the 
rifjlit* of cjnviK'iitioii in the Housti of Lordii, 
with T.hfi sunnort of Willmrforce and Disbop 
Blomfield ol London, but he was opnoBL-d by 
thr archbishop nf Uanlerbury, John lliril 
Sumner U\. v.J. on the jiround thwt it would 
only lend lo endless dtscitssious. In ltto3, 
when ibf (.iorhiiui judf:uunt [sLt! Gouhax, 
OtoHGK {.'OKNKi.ius] hud (jiven de**!! olTenra 
to t.be advanced party in tbe church, Wil- 
borforrH ivaoUed uii a dnterinined uttemut 
at the revival of the former power of e^.n- 
vocation as a synodical body. Convocatioa 
met aa usual in \Mt'2, expirclinj* to be pro- 
roRUed as usual aAertbe transaction of merely 
formal business. BulWilberfurceasWi ibst 
it should petition the crown lo bu hearH 
upon the clergy di»cipliae bill tben [wnding. 



i 



Wilberforce 



3C6 



Wilberforce 



umI h* fiiiaUy«iicce«deil in cftrrrinff bit point. 
In the BwaatiaM parUunvnt taa been di»- 
•olvwd and crmvoeatmo witb il. On il« rv- 

•Metnbiintr.Wilbfrforof, taking wlraDtftiiB of 
l^ubnp I'hiUpiitLii'B ^Knnt th«t tiM pfubibition 

r'n*t the tranuction of biii^in«M appUml to 
sltention of cMnoiui and not to tfiacu*- 
{vioa, utecMded in pralon^np iu SMsion far 
} mrnnl dmCsm PuiLLPorn, Hb!(st]. By 
ikeepioK the nattrr mitst ffvnn the public 
ll&tU it wiu ripe, he ctntriv«d (o I«t imdvo* 
[■cation, in bi!> own wortU, ' fed il« wny tn a 
nfriTBl of it» fuDCtioiut' \Li/ev/S. H'l'lber- 
forrt, ti. 170). Hift nction met with no aiip- 
poR either frnm thv tnvoAly auTemmeitl of 
Lord Ab^rdm-norfrum Ihearcubinliop. Uat, 
tt lenf^h, in 1K5!^, be euccmMlml in irinBtnff 
over the irchbitliop \ili. v. '2ti^\, wltobaii till 
theBCOTuiMi-nily^pp'i^^i'beexl^OBiooof tha 
^ttaasa, and, with liix approval, ita diMU»* 
^'fiOBS McanM moi* and mon wide until, in 
1800. ic maoimoMljr addnsaed the crown 
for license to altvr tb(> Iwentr-nintli canon 
on th« eubiect of sponmn* in hapti^im. Tb^ 
lictinrt: w»j« granted the following y««r, 
In tbis purticular caae no ll^)7i«Ut!oo fol* 
lowed, but du« offeet was given to a iimiiar 
licpnM? gTanted in 1B6& for ther ftn>cndincnt 
of otbfrcaatnu,and «inc« tben tlteconvoca- 
tiona both of C^anl^rbur}- and York bare re- 
eonred a portion of their ancient autborily as 
Um proper orgaiu for th« ax pre — ion of cwri- 
I Ml opmion. Tb tb« n<>^iatioiia which \eA 
\,%0 tbia reform Wilberforcn wa«, as app«ara 
ftnva th« Irttcra pnblithi^d afW bi» duth. 
tbR rulinz nnrit, altbough be gladU availed 
bimorlf uf Lbft historical Wrung of Biahop 
Phillpotts and Hr. Uenrjr lIoai«. 

All Wilbniorw'* tact, bowerrr, was not 
mffeient to prevent Kim Cnnn falling into 
mat, Ihoo^ tmnpOTarj, unpopularity. In 
N'^iTf-nibirr 1847 the aae of Henfeiil waa 
otTiT>.-d by the prime mioistCT to R«nn Dieh- 
mn Uampdcnjit. t.1. rh^n n^ina profeaaocof 
divinity ut Oxford. Ijuillani)>d«ne opinions, 
M diQwn in bis writings, w^ro rlitta8t«fnl 
to all bi|;b-cbiirchniini. Tltey had be«n cod- 
dvinn»l by ciinrocatton of the nniTrrititj 
in l.^ttt, and an attempt in 1^1^ to repeal 
the statnl« of condemnatioti bad fniled. ihi 
the intended appointiDent being annaunced, 
atcpa were taken by tb* binbop* i.i protmt 
amuut it, tbe remnnstTanne to Lord John 
Kl]tte]lbetngaisnt^bylhirte*>iioiit'>ftweot]r* 
ait Kiwliab prelates. In this remna<i trance, 
of wbieh Bttbop PhiIlpott« i^as the tnaia^ 
•priiig, and Itisbon Kayi- of l.ineoln the tntMt 
active sijmatory, Wilberforce joined. Peli- 
liims fnllowed from clerpy and laity, both 
for and against the appoinimrnt, and Wil- 
berforce wrota to Lord John expreaaing no 



opinion a« tn Uanpden'a oftbfitloxj, 
aaking the prime lainitiifr on tb« fttooi 
expediency to reqium bin to diiprove 
cbargvs againtt luai bdore his enoaeriBtioB. 
To thb t wq iwt Lord John did nr< arctda, 
I and artietes far a proai itu ti o w Wr-re drawn 
; ay by W. H. Ridley. E. Dean, •ml H. O. 
\ oung. all benetici^l cli-rgy in the dioceai* of 
I Oxford, lite matter thiu ome befia« Wi3- 
b<*rforce olfieiaUj. :he redorv of Eweltn«, 
which wad atiach«d in Hampwn'a proAaor- 
ibip, being within htidioeeae. TbeKntatep 
< uf thv prooiotan ander the Clergy INacipKiN 
Actof 1840 was tn sive uotiCM to the buhnp 
that thfl articles were about to be filed, is 
nrtlm' that hn raigbl, tf h" thnueht Gt, laena 
' letters of mqneat trsn-iiniiting the ensa to 
the court of arche«. He prirately pr om i wd 
. to do ao, being under the impreiMon that 
Batnpden waa about to ask for trial is aletier 
tolxird John Ruw^ll, which he waa nmorted 
to ho on Th# point of puhli«biRg. On 18 Dme. 
Hampden's letter appeared wiibnui the anti- 
cipated request for trial. On the following 
day the leiten of reqneat to tbv ooort of 
arcben for Hampden's trial were Mgned by 
WUberfurce. who informed Hampden of tbit 
fiict(»i.L4<''>41. OntbirfoUowingday(17I»>>e. 
li^7) he again wrote to lUmpdea. tie sent 
a Itiit of qiiivtiona an point* of floctrine, to 
which he invited Hanipden's allinDruioB. vk- 
' inehim »t the same lime to withdraw tbe in- 
culpated writings, and stating that if he did 
flo the article* againai bin would be with- 
drawn. Hampden repliedaatisfyingthetaa- 
; dared tMt,butgaTe BO anawtrto'ibudetfland 
' for the withdrawal of the writinga. Later, 
it camfi> to Wilbtrforce's knowledffe that 
that book by Hamndrn on which the pn» 
aotern of the writ laid most atrtsa waa b^ng 
Rnld, if at all, aininst tbe author's wish. 
M''anwhil<>ihi>arrlihiRhop wrote priv8t*-ly to 
( Wilberforce uriHng bim Btronglv to qua^ 
the sail. Finally Wilberforce withdrew the 
' lettenof request, and approaebed Hampden 
with a view to obtaining from bim tbeexpor- 
gniion of the offending pOMigcs fraoB hia 
writing*. In miuideration of hia aaseni to 
' tbia expurgation, he offered to procure tbe 
I witbdrawnl of I he biihopti' n^monatianne. 
I Although Hampden did not accede lo 'WU- 
berforce's wishw. the bishop wrote to bim 
\ on -2^ IVc- \M7 that on thi" whol<? he enn- 
I sidered bb assarances sativiactory, and that 
I be would use bis inflnence to withdraw all 
I opposition to his eonwcratioa. There ran be 
I little doubt that bv his vacillation tbmuubout 
thoprocvedin^Wilberfum- laid hiitisi'ir open 
at the time to the rharre nf facing both ways. 
I But fromtbo letters tn bis brother pnblished 
! 10 his ' Life' (i. 494-7) tl i« plain that the 



VVilberforce 



807 



Wilberforce 



itioa wu nttUv tat oa Tool by Xebl«, 

amjr, and other laaounof thu irMTiuriuiu; 
It it wnaLht-y vrlionuggwitvdtltitt Ue should 
• ae Ilsmpdcn's (lirtcef*n to bring liim Xn an 
'ftbjxriition of tliv duc)ri|K-« impiilrJ tn him 
trithoutniiit; ivndthat ir wAdhfr&iiseWilber- 
forct' wss tvally convinced ibitt IfKinpdv'n's 
opinions hftd Wtu iiiii!rei>n-*riiti'<l tliul th-. 
ItftltTH of nxiui^t wuw witbdmwQ {ib. t. 
44r.). 

31^-jiMvr)iklu NuwrnaoV aeoc«»iftu was be- 
ginning to bear fruit in Wilberforcti'a own 
family. In 1843 his wife's tietei yin. G. U. 
Kydirr and hctr btutband vev.n rt^neived into 
lli« Raman eliurch, and in I8ii0 bis broth(>r 
lionry and liiswifw Mlow«d. TIioiikxI war 
came the secession of Henry Edward Slan- 
ning^i- v.], hiabwther-in-law, and the rector 
nf nm nwa parJsli of LavingtAn, and in 
ISM tliat of hiH guide and oonnscllor, his 
brotb«>r, Robert Ijaac, the list beiiiff com- 
pleted bv the reception of hi» ivntAinin^ 
brother William in IWI, and of Iiis only 
dauijliter and her husbaud, Mr. J. IT. Pji>, in 
ISOH. A» « cousequouco, ihwv wbo remem- 
bered only WUberforci-'a vacillationa in the 
UampdoQ cow put aside liis repesud de- 
nunciations of papal aggression and 'the 
deadly subtleties of Rome ' (sea his CAarj/e 
of li^ol) AS axprasstons not to be tiilii^n 
lit«nlly. They considered that he ws^ only 
watching his opportunity lo follow the other 
mcmbpre of his family into the ehareh 
of Kyiai*. The uickuume of ' Sospy i»m ' — 
finally fnstencd upon bim in consequence of 
I>ord WMtbury'sdoBcnptionin thu iloiueof 
Lords (15 July l^'^U) nf liis synodical judi^- 
tneni on ' Elssaye and Reviews ' ns 'u wull- 
liibricatvd auL of wurdu, a wnti-itce m> rttly 
and saponaceous that no one can ^anp it' — 
both expressed and did KMnetbin^ to confirm 
the public's impreMion of his capacity for 
evasion ; he himself declared, with cbaract«r- 
istic iiuickncss, tliat he owed bin sobriqui't to 
the iact that ' (bouf;b ofivn iu hot water, he 
nlwayscame wit with clean bands.' 

Tba suspiciuns of his nncMnCy, howuvi'r, 
which w«r« cauRvO by tb« drftH^tiinu to 
Kome of ao many members of his family 
soon di«d awav. [n tV> coatroveniy which 
ORMW in 18d<) brer the book caltrd ' R<uaya 
and Heviews' [see Wiluauk, Uuwi-u>'i>J, 
Wilbcrfonie won much popularity by Ik- 
ginniii;,' the fray by an article in the ' Qusr- 
l«rly Kfcvivw ' condcmninij the book. Afti-r 
the privy council deniiM the bishop's right 
to refui^r institution to the anlUorii of the 
<rolumtt,h<.>procuTt.-d thesynodicali-jondemun- 
tiou uf tlie>iiiuncir*<Wt>ion hv ihf lyinvociw 
EiODuf Caulerbury, and sucreAafnlly defended 
the action uf that body in tbu House of 



I^xirdA. !Iis action on iho cas« of John 
! William Cotcnso [q. v.j cauMd him to be re- 
' cnrrU-d with mi.nv fiivoiir than liefoiv bv the 
low-cluirch party, one of whose spokesisen 
hailed bim io ISO- a» 'our iuvaluuble 
cliiimpion in the conflirt with intidoUt^ ' 
^Li/^^ of S. U'illfer/v>rr,u\.\,n. 1); wbdt* 
Ilia services on the ritual commission of 
1867 did much to disarm their distnist of 
bim aa a 'Romanisur.' Hence it was 
genvimlly expeel^^'d that on the promotion 
of Blidiop 'rail to the archbishopric of 
Canterbnrr in 1658 Xw would rocetvc the 
diocesL* of ]»iidoii thereby left vacant. 
This, however, was not to hi', and it was 
not until tbu* bishop's reiu^nation act of 
1860 had vacated tlie see of Winchosler 
that Gladstone wrote to Willxtrfon."*! that 
th« 'linio had coni<^ to .val the general 
verdict' by ofPttrlng him the vacant tec. 
Krom a money point of viuw the transla- 
tion ofTered no nd\-Antafrcs. the income of 
the set beins burdeni^d with the pension of 
the retiring bishop, Charles Richard 8umner 
[q.v.]; hut Wilberforce saw in it an oppor- 
tunity of more i^xtended work, and he was 
enthroned in DiM.'«mhur 18G9. In bts new 
po«l he initialed, ami during the rumainder 
of his liffl presided over, the revision uf the 
New Te^tain^nt, a joint rtmimillatH uf both 
houses of convnnation being appointed for 
the purpose in Febinary 1870; tlie revision 
was completed in 18^2. He also piwsed 
thinujjh c"jnvijcation in 1870 a clerjty resig- 
nation bill which became law in 187:!, con- 
trived to alby the agiiatiou for the disuse 
of lli4i AtbanBHtan creitl, and arranged with 
fltadstone iu 187^ the omission of the 
bishops from tli« siipmne court of appeal 
in'itituled by the Judicature Act of that 

J ear. But the end n-as now near. His 
hM public appcaranc« was at aconflrmation 
held by him at Epsom College on 17 July, 
Twodaysafter he was thrown from hiD horse 
while riding wiib l/ird Granville on the 
Surrey dowua at Abinger. and was killed oi] 
the mot. He was buried, in ueeordunee 
with his own wish, at l.avington church- 
yard by the side of his wife. Ilia surviving 
children are (1) Emily Charlottr, the wife 
of Mr. J. II. i'vc.ni.-'niiiinwl nbore; (^) Regi- 
nald Ciorton Wilberforce. who succeeded hiui 
in the pOMcssion of Lavington : (3) Enu<itt 
Roland, now biiibtfp of Chichester; and 
(4) Albert Basil Orme, now canon of West- 
minster. 

Wilberforce was at once too energetic 
and too resourceful a man to have justice 
dons bim till after Ins death. In spite .of 
the accusation of ambition ofb?n brought 
against bim, It is plata that the interest of 




Wilberforce 



Wilberforce 



rohiindi nt BavUnd diMU mnfmA U> 
IMC ThfwtiHiti. rt» !"••. •• h" "wJ* ■ •» 

Maty man,' )>'it^ -i rlnirpJinMn of cJm cyjn at 

rflMB whnwbivH lor I'ltn^mnniai Imi 'hani tn 

afCbwof Rnninii •lui-rr.n'-^- ' I Uiti-- 
cbii. <" tnpt Ui UoniKUiM tlm uiiun n 

(tf VKTK mimsM. cIm Iwt tvnrtl* 

2r riw HnuiB of L — '-■ ■' •"• 
,•' <ili, Bmi dw wttr 

«d J ^f nh* fMej •■•-~~'-L,L 

Ii*l (Rii< iiiinMtnil chfonghaat lii> 

Ql^ V " riRw. I><! m ^Midl to 

«• m rlu* Afiiiio'nathiiUc inii«>tiiiMttc a. 
nmm nf infuwatf lil" mtn & church which 
IUkI ant wt ttbalum aC th« fit^ u'' 
(3«0Riu tinu<*. MaoM he «u Im? fato-l 
1^ l£a MMyliinil pwcr. who mw r 
hidtnM dMnnwM vn«tuio »««rT 
«liMinrfVnm tluia. whtla rhu Ann eliU'U'h 
kmillf huul with whicH Ue nil*d l>i» liiorM* 
itirrwd np afpunst hira oiiifl; JMioaBiflk Y» 
Iw Iiv«t dawn cha Cmiia^ ■gua^ ■■■^ ■n^ 
«UM u b* iw«m4 M « • p«mlur nr 
dwi luiw-nawntw of iIh Sogtiik «p«n>-i 
MtA. wid ihB antau tn wbam 8eacuh» j 
JrtUmml. taA AMfwa hUjopi aMmBr 
iMorMil Cw adviee and cooBiil- DcOM*-! 
fermrfbr hi-*xMBpI»th«p«»«tarjd»rf, 

• htfhop, who iM now MmrtM la he. m ba 
wd.'tto nhtMpruv « "il ifb«"*l "d 
nliffimw agBMf ht ha £ocm*. Id Bnr- 
hhA • Liwi «* Tw.W« TKwd »«.' h« » 
^UM 'tba RMaeDer trf tha epMcopMc' 
ll hM ftdlen ro f**' <"«" *a "o*^ "k* 

• ceanl««» ehmage m WUbnface* wraoRht 
d«m« hii lifc. •»* io tk« '"irf" f^ «?»* »^ 
hMd ffwoli*'' oppormritm of faUownf k> 
,H^, 'few would 6mj that be WW the 

umitm p»«I«t« of hb •««.' 

Ap«t from hi* twivTolaiii* tditrnm of Ih* 
'Joimua^ and Uu«n of B<«]r lUnra' 
fq »T,hi.ih»r»iatl»'Ufc*rf hWiktbar 

chjirK«, vnyeMttum^. •»! Jh* Uh«. WO- 
betforet WM tb. uilborof: I. 'Nol*^ 
.^ B Coantrr OerOTinwi,' Lorioo, Iffl^ 

12mo,n«n«1 ion ofihofl •«««,' wt«ii*rf 
l« ill(utnl« ll>* practical wgrkinn <.f the 
Aofflif-An Mrochi«l"Trt'^'(M*HrAn»tfi(M, 
IR3S p wO). y- ' Kncli«ri*tic» a Mwioal 
ftff tiinmuilip»nt«]; with m Introdiirtion,' 
T/mdoD, I83P. 3:»iiM>; immpfuuj e^juoo*. 
.1 ' AK»t**«*- »"<* *'^' Sunday blone*. 
lino, fflm*.; nomBFOUt edtUana in EagUnU 
nml Anwriea, mid TurtioM in French and 
(Wman. 4. * The Mocks I»l»Bd. and otlicr 
l'iinW«;i»40,I8nio: (a »<w»lM 13»h edi- 
tion ■ppc*rwl in 1880). 5. ' Uirtory of the 



Mml And AVv i 

The biabop'* I 'i:r-:.in n- .ar- 

■' " ■ ' incmuwi lU) -r.i;>TT3*Bi of 

:in ^if r*!!^!^' la Jul* !-tiO 



ntJ. ELA^, ii Duw Ui 
l: OoddodoBfUd 

'jy ih* «aw 

.j««. A f»- 

Uw lA^oau Gmilerf 




nml LuntU'O. 1 - 
A. pun nit 

mW*. trw Ijwor.; 
thd Thi-il-->cic,i 

srtisr, in 



[Ufu .If auBiial WttharfMor, S tuIa lljf 
;t« «•■!. br Cmaaa AahwvU. Xwl aad SH W 
die bialMpV •Ml. B. &. W awfam > : Tk* liU 
<tf anmoiri WilbafoKi. br Ua ««. K- O. WiU 
lM d U i » (nmaal bvtt Iha atnw, with adilt- 
t»w)^ laM: Tbomw Mi^-a T -'n'l ii ■_ 
UM; Lactam W J. LlUilir. IMA; Lifr and 
LffiMa of DMft Ghafch,a4ted b; ka ilnad*- 
tav. imi. UIihn.Jahaaeaa.avi 
of K. P. Fvaar, tSM: Bsnna'a Tnln 
&B, tSSflL with poKMit . Taailj inf _ 

WILBEWOKCE, WILLIAM <^I75»- 
1^13^ j h i k Bi hre y iat . hora in tiw HMl 
iSowt, a«U.on il Aqg. 1769. was iIm oSiy 
toncf Bnhm WilhariiRe br hia wife EtiaK 
belh, dboflur of ThooM Bad of Bartoa. 
OsbvdahiMu Of time otb«f children a 
Jaa gh w r alaoa wachaJ aaloritv. Tba 
kmujr h*d kog haan aritled in YuHuhinv 
■ad took their aame Croa the townafaip of 
AViIhrrfiMw, f^bt nulaa va^ of Vorh. A 
William Wilhafivce (iW tirei who odoptwl 
that BpeUing) was eagiged ut the Baltic 
tradt ud WM twice mKjv tit Hull : Iw alio 
inherited a landed eatate from hia toother 
(bom IiaTTra). Itobert* the jMtnger of tbia 
^iVtUiam'* rwo aoBa, wiamruii.T in the huiue 
atUnU. BoberfaaaD,^\'iIliam,ai-er)'dR]ira)A 
child, was Hmt at the a^ ofBaren to thf^ Uull 
(n^minar wbool. laaac Milnrr fq. v.'\, who 
tUcamf luber at the erhftsl in 1 7m, rrporta 
that \\'ilbeTibrT« a»cd U:> b«> put on a tabid 
to read aloud at an esAmpl^ lo oth«r bojra. 
In 1768 bis bthec ixvd, and be wiu after* 
wards aent In bis uncle William, who had a 
hoiue at ^\ tmbWoD. Tltencr hcf aiUMtd«d a 
•ebool at I'iitn«<T vtiich ' lauglit everrtLini; 
and nothing.' litt moCber brought him hack 
to Hull upon hiMnnf that his aunt, a »i*trr 
of John Thornton, was pvtrcrting him to 



j_Sl. 



» 




* 



'; ud placnn] Iiiui under llin Itov. 
K, T^n*kelt, inn«t<<r of I'ocklinpton ^ainiDnr 
Bi:liool. He fpryoi liis ini'tli'Kliisiii, b('i;«m« 
prtiernll V pr.piUar, au<t v. hs sjiecially mlmiwct 
for his i<iiiging. Tli<iiit;li idli', lie liiA ^ull in 
CumiMMitlim, uhI iMLrnt miicli Kiij^Hitli 
pwtry. In Oclohpr I77tl he won sflnt to 
St. Jytm'ii L'ijlli-|{«, CambrHli^. ill* cnind- 
fdtlier and uncle vrorti now Hcud, nnd an was 
Iifir ti> n f-irtuni.' imder bis molb^r'n eole 
f;unrYUan.4h][i. firt wm already coniiptcuoiM 
IW bis bwfiic&lity. There woa rdwajf< 'a 
(trent Yorkttbiro pit-' in bis rijoma, to which 
nil fri*>ndii wens wclcomw. Thou^li tifvcr 
'" wliiit tbi' world cull* lin-nliims,' lii- plavf J 
cards and took hii> p&rt iu ulh<T ^ui'inl 
ainiiseiiienrji. Up uax ijnick <>:iuiit;h to di> 
iyvil in L'laflairal examinaliono ; and tlie i-id- 
fwltowK court cd him andpnint^dtjut tii>j 
uaneiM of study In a mnn of fori i)ii^. Ho 
Iind a Elit;hl uccguiiiiitnnce with I'iti, liin 
Clint •'III piirary at CnmhrlilRp, DiirinK Iiis 
minijrily liU biioinffA hnd bivn i^ntra^^rt'd 
to hia cousin, AM Smith (Ktandsou of Lia 
niiiccriiBl irmnilfathf^r), Flopive it up upon 
ri-n<hint( hi» inajoriiy,anddi-t>-niiin>tdlotake 
ti) public lifiv llo stond for lEull at tli^ 
Rrneral eW<;lton of 17*0. Tbov hiindn-d 
iW'Oifn nf Hull wore employed on tin' 
Thames, and WilbL-rforey wont tu LtMidon 
to addre6M tWtti and Krvi.' Ih<-i» i>up|K.T« ut 
Wappio^public-bnitiM'.i. Hi-ofren mM I'iti 
at tliut tiin« in IIh< (;nlk>ry of t)i(< I[ou>M:> cf , 
Com mono, Hnd thny fiirmnd a, Instinf* friend- i 
whip. Tn September I7(*0 Iib wo* fW-t'.-d for | 
Hull. He flhnrtKl the (ffincrat distontont of 
tb*- pt-riod, and cnrTio in a« iiu uppiiiiE?n( of j 
tlKiNorrh ndmintatration. lit! spent S.IXKV. i 
or l',Ot)tJ/. iipi.ui tliM uWllon. On arrlvinff j 
in London Ue wii» ^fnr*rnllv w*"]ci>tn»-il, mid j 
Iwcunif al t>ni3ti u nu-nilwr of five ohibti, | 
inirltidiny; ' (iiM^arn-KO,' n, ^mallolith in which 
tbe iutiiuucy with I*il( became Rtill rlnacr. 
\Vilberrorei>jotn<>d for a time in the ^mbling 
Bf. otiier clubs, whi^ro he wa* wi-lcoincd by 
n«»K* S^lwyn, Fox. Sheridan, and their | 
fripndji. ir>- pa VI' up the pmclice upon win- 
ning' ftOO/. one niB-hl fnjin int-n to whom ibt- 
foaa WM aoriotm. llii biugin)^ nna prai«-d ■ 
by the I'rincii of N\"aU>9, and he was tamoua I 
«« A mimic — (^pfviuilvnf l.iird Xurth — until 
Lord Camden ndvinpd him to give up the i 
dang^rouaart. Hi? bud nubmieeou bia own 
proporty. and Hjwnt bia holiday? for Romo 
vear« at a hoaso called Itayrigg upoa 
Windermftre. 

In «i)iit» of big politic, liii> firet voi« woe 
with llw unVfriiOH-nt agtiiuHt lb»i n-ulwctiou 
of Sir Fletcher Norton as uneakflff; and hf. 
vnted wilh pain affniniit n lalnr ul.tack by 
I'itt upon Lord North. In general, however, 
TOl. Lit. 




be acted witli Pilt, whom he gnpportvd 
atroTijrJy in tbcfollowinfrRlruc'elcs. I'llthad 
rooms Ml the huuxe at Winibledon, which, 
nftt-'T hie uncle'd death, belonged to Wi]t)er> 
furc*'. Tht-y were upon thu noat cunlidential 
ttsnus during Pit! ft change Horn bin of the 
twchwiuer and through th« coalition mini- 
atry. In tht; iiutumii of 1(H3 Wilberforce 
went with I'iti and Fdwnrd James Kliot 
Cnriwrwurds Pitt's brother-in-Uw) to France. 
Tbi=y .i|fty<-d At [{hi-ima to pnirti*»- ibeir 
French, and were ofterwnrda presented to 
till} kin^ and cjuern at I'*onioin«bli'aii. I'ilt 
became prime miniitler in Uecember. \ViI- 
bcrforce atood by hiiu faithfully durtti|{ 
\]iv »lru^lo in thu uarly pari of 17^. and 
nil ibe diNsidutiiiii of purUameut ue.ut lo 
j Yitrksbirt; to stand in thi^ samifialct^^tsl. On 
'2ri Mareh he xjKiko lo a county ufi-ting at 
York, dtrnoiincing tli» c^dalttion wiih auch 
' Huccoea that he w&b at oncu riMjuosted to 
■tand for tbcronnty. He wan again rli-ctvd 
for Hull on 31 March, and on 7 April was 
triuiDphantly cho»r-n mMiibi-r for YorliBbJri?, 
for which hH idecied to «ii. WilbiTforee** 
success made the (rrealer impreMioii na it 
impliiKl the rorolt of the fn^cboldcrf ogninat 
thu un'at county families. In the ne.vt par- 
liament he&upported Pitt with undiniiniahe<l 
it-al. Fox tuld biin in one of tbit debatei 
that br- ciilled everything;' in ve<^tive" Hffainst 
bin friend which was not ' the groBseoC 
Mattery ' ilWt. Ili-t. xxvi. .1011). 

In I^Jti be remarks that it wait ' nicrcifii] ' 
that he was not briiii|7ht inti) oHirn nC tbia 
poriod. Had he bt-en in nthc b.- niuld not 
Jiavv made a lour which bad a profound 
eltect upon bis future life. He i*tarti'd in 
Oclobur 1784, with hi* mother and sifttirr, for 
It tour on tlu' continent. They settled at 
XirH, whert) tbt-ru were many Eii){ht<h n'si- 
ilpnt". Witbi-rfrirce ntumcd to support 
Pitt's pro])Ooa]flforreforin byi*«bruary Ii^"i; 
and aUer the seiMiion wmt abroad a^nin iiud 
met biH mother at Ofnoa, and broug^lit her 
back thruugh Switaerland to 9pa, reaching- 
Wimbledon on lU Nov. In all the» 
joumvyx hu waii accompanied by Isaac Mil- 
ner. They read Doddridge'* ' UiM>and Pro- 
greea of Kelii^ipn ' tovctber, and afierwarda 
studii^l the tireek 'lestament. Tho result 
wn* \ViU)erforce'B 'convurvion,' and a ri*o- 
lulion to lt%d henceforward a strictly reli- 
gion* life. He coronninicflli-d \iw new jflate 
of ntind to I'itt, who r«tceiv**d ibc muiouncn- 
ment with dt-Hcate kindn^sn, and, thnugh 
not couverledi was not in the left»t nli^natcd. 
Wilberforce, though ho iboiieht that bifl 
change would make him le«soia party man, 
continued to support his ftiend tliroudhoul 
the pra-rcToluUunury period, cfpecially in 



W'ilberibrce 



310 



Wilberforce 



tbe French tnuly, llw iiii)i«ni:)imrnC ofj 
nulRiffn, ond the regmcT qneAlion. Mean- 
while Jobn Newton (1725-1807) [q. v.] bw- j 
camo hi« fiptritiMl hdvlMrr. 

Ill the Kfloioii uf 17tM ho carried ibrougb ' 
tbp Uous4> of Commons h bill for amrnilinf; 
tbe eriininal law. It wiu rvjirci«il iu the 
House of Larda aft«r a iJutrp attack by ' 
Loiijfbborotipb (Pari. Hist. xxi4. 1»6 203), i 
lhoii)fh cnuiir romplitniTits wi-r** \md lo | 
Wilht^rfirre's honc^olpiit intcntinnB. Tlin 
clik'f provUion wiw ihut tl«j IkhIii-k of nil 
folons— not, Hi. tiitlii^rtn, tlww of murderers 
alone— eboilld be pivvn up for disseulion. 
Ilaneing vm to bi' Aub^ritiiK-d for buminjif ' 
in tbe csee of women. (Hlier changes ofj 
mofe importance were iiniler cunviil'-nktion 
by hilt suppoiters; but hi» attention was . 
w»on ilirecleti ti) other siibjactA. lie aliw 
earri^ throufih the House of Commons a ' 
bill for (111- rti^i«tnitioii of voters in county j 
^)ectinnA. After the seiuion he spent some | 
lime in iht'oouniry meditating and furmiuft 
plan* for his future lift;. Hf ifAolved to 
start a sociul.v for the reformiiliuu of man- 
ners, i>ii the i)i<:>del of ihoH'iil ihe end of the 
Bwvenfeentli centurj*. He pceured the co- 
operation ofeevernl hifbopH, obtsini-dR myiil ' 
proclomatirtn (1 .lunp l(i^7l n^ainxt viee, , 
and Hlitrted a ' ftiieielv for pnforeing'' it. He ' 
took an nciivc part for mony years in ilie ' 

IiroceediwRs iif i lii>. MH'iet.y, yf which Btilby [ 
'iirtt-u« [i^.v.], binhcp of ijondon, wa» after- 
wanls president. It was p^tienlly kuotvn ^ 
n» tli>' ' IVnclumntioii Siicielv.'anil tiiHlituttil 
proGt>>dinpt n|fain.«t blaspliemoiiA and in- 1 
«]ecent piiblicaiiotif. The 'Society for ihi? 
Siippri'Ation of Vice' (riiliriilM by Sydney 
Smith) wns founded in IHOlJlo carry out Ihe j 
Mtmc oliject. It apparently Ntpcrseded lh« 
older »ociety. In \tV7 Hannah More made 
AVilberforre's acquainlnnro at Ttath. and 
prunuuHL-ett him to b« a uioM exlrnordianiy 
young RenI It- man for talent and piety, ' 

Tile attention of ptiilanthniplMa wu be- i 
^itiniiiK to b<* dniU'U to the imeKlion of 
elnverj", tlranville Sharp [fl- ^-j had won 
llie Sotnenmtt cnxe in 17"^- Thoiiuti ('liirk- 
aoTi had wriittn his yrite eawiv in 17.'"'), and 
wii« beginiiin;; lo ligitate. fie npplipd to 
WjllxTforiV, M'lio rv-pt-ivfid him synijimhcti- 
eallv, and Itnally, at a dinner parly pivea 
by Uenni'l Ijnnfrtoii frj. v.] to some of the 
pLTwiiH inti'r««ted, announced his willing- 
neas to take up tlie cuusn in parliament. A 
Fummtttoe, ctiielly of uunKcrs, of which 
Shnr]> wa» preaideut ana Clarkson a nem- 
br, woa tlion frinni"d on 22 May 1787. ' 
^VilberfnrceV biograplierit hnv« imflicienlly 
»l)own that he was iilrcady interested in tht 
matter independentty. Ho had, it is sutd, , 



wTition about tlavtry in the np«r« ' ia bu 
bnvbAod.'and in 17f^1liad talltra to Jamofl 
liimsay (17»3-17W1) [q. r.J, whow book on 
slflverr in 1 7h4 rxciiwl much interest. Chris- 
tian l!f;uatiu» l^lrobe ji. r.1 lestiSra that 
lUmsay's friends. Sir rbariM Middleton 
(sf^urwards l»rd ItaHmmi |^q. t.] and hi* 
wife, had (.URgeatetl t'j WrlbeVforce in 1T8II 
10 take npthoijueetinn; and Im friciid John 
Newlim bad hirowtlf Iws-n a >U» i-trad«^r. Htt 
was tliH9 prepnri'd to sympiirhiw" with the 
nf^ilmlom, ibmipb moiWitv doubiinc' hi» fit* 
nesA for h'aiii-n>hin. W'illierfnree •'latftAlIiat 
['itt recomuieo'leilhim lotukepHriinoK'Dtarr 
arTipii, and that hi^ made up hia mind at tbH 
foot of a tree in iloKviiod l^rk <l'itt*s 
country pUeet, wben> then' is now a aionn 
ik'al, placed by I^ird SlaBhoue, with an iu- 
acriptton. I'i'tt lold him dliRFOBD, p. ISJt) 
that he must not ' low timi-, or ihe qiiMtvon 
would lie tokvn up bv anoihur' Ik>ih Fox 
and Hurke had liatf intentions of Aamfi 
suiaelhinf;. Tiiis wna in I7>^7. It is plain 
llist. fta Wilbtrforre liitn-ielf anid. many eir- 
cumstances bad iiin;ed bis utteution lo n 
question already rxciliuK intrrrnl ; and it 
tK>em!i lo matitr very little bow (ar the 
applieatioQ from CInrfonn and bi» fripudo 
ntfi^etedor hastened hif dtviiiion. It in alnn 
undvntnble that, in ncreplint; the parlia- 
nh>ntarY leadership of the cau.^e, hp was 
rvally acceplinK an hoiiourablo pu»ition id a 
movement apjitvived by enlighlemrd men of 
all punie.«. His true pniw is not that ht- 
wiisihe utdept'ndeni orifrinator <>f tbe afnla* 
linn, but that he was sdminbly fitteil to 
repni-sent and slimiiliile thi- national con* 
Mri'-n>i>>. Hiii independent position, hia bif^i 
principle^ nnd the f>iii);iiUr charm of cha- 
racter whicli made him pitpular even wiih 
hi* antajioni^ts, luiirlcd htm out as an ideal 
leader of the cause. Tbe committ^-e C*r- 
muiiiL*d iuJ'*iitndent, and employed Clarh- 
Miii to co]|«-t evidence. Wilberfirce coo- 
ducti^d Ihe pnrliiimvntary campaign in 
hnruiiuiy will) the eouimillef, but did not 
arliinlly join it until 171H. 

I'stt conKeuted tliiit evidence up<in the 
African tradit should he read Iwfore a com- 
mittee of the privj- council. At tho end of 
17^7 Wilberiorcc endeavourvwl lo prncure 
tbe in&erlion of aome prorisionE af^unst the 
slave trade inlo the tr*-atv wliirh was thMi 
bi'ing negoiisied at I'arU by Witliatn Eden, 
first lord Auckland [q. v.] Though tStt 
iipppjved, uolhiti^ came of iliis fwe Iptters 
laljmo AvcKI-ush'* Jouma/n, i. ^30, aSK. 
2?r,, 30.V S>. In January 17>>« Wilberffjm- 
bad a dani^erous illneaa, which NpiMireatl* 
implied ' a loial dccny of all the vital func- 
tions.* He nilirfd to Ualh in April, hi* 



I 



4 



I 

I 
I 




Wilbcrforce 



It 

i 

I M 






iTiyBicUiiB dnclariiiK' tlmt he rnnM not lart 
a rirtniElit. I!h m.MriTvil by'« mciclvnitt' 
uao of o])i!im,' whirli lie ttft(»rTi-iirda found it 

ec>-"wan,' to takf for twealy voare, tUuugb 
withotii irw'roAj'ing tliedfMi'- Mi>»nwhile I'itt 
imdertoolt llie cause. A resolutloii laovcd 
bjr liim VIM nii&*iid (0 May), pk-dj^iiip the 
Ijuuse to (k«I witli tlio I>la^'e tmdv in l!ie 
following session ; nndan net iiu|ku>ing mnav 

'striotiuriH ay^m \.\k rrulSc- wiu nlito p4u>su(l, 
^ri lipite r>f aoiiii? n})|iositiiin I'roui Tliurlnw, in 
;lic tiaiisa of lUtnls. As BOfin as ho was 
li«ittiT, Wilbi^rforrn piwptrod biniH'ilf lo 
carry on llie strn^(;l(>. On 12 May 17.Si) ho 
moTwl twelvv r<5Kiluti<in)i condt'iiiiiinK tlie 
alare trader in an Hiibrimln xpi-cch of i!uti> 
boursandaliair. Thevnureiiupponedbyl'itt, 
DurlfO, nnd I'ox, omlc/irried uitliQUt a divi- 
fcioii. Tht- plaiitt-m, boweuir, ubtuim^ leave 
to produce wTideiicp nt llic bur, and the 
matti-r WQE ]iosrponf(l till the Doxt session. 
Durtag tbf folU>wiii){ UK^iillid Willjurfoi-CL' 
waa in const anlcouKuluilrm with bis friends, 
](fl{»t uix-ii buuc.- fur bis tiupportcrs, bad tUu 
committt-B Ui (lin<^ wilb bun niYklr, and, 
witli Williiim Smitli CI7utf-]8:ir() [n, v.], 
COndiictc^t till* fXHtniiiiitioni [►po.onally in 
The nejciion of 1700. In tlii> Hiinimei' h» 
fdajp<l with his friend Tbomo!> (tiAborno 
<.17'*i8-]846) fq. T.] nt YoxaU LoOffe. iiwi 
workwl nin*" bouFR day at ^tlin^ up iho 
evidence. III 17(U hfftT*ivc>Jo dying m«s- 
fto^L' rri'm Johti \^~L■Hk•y (d, 2 Murcbt cii- 
C->i>ri)f;ing bim lo jirnMrvrn!. On 18 April 
J70I h« uakud Ifuvi-' to Imnjiin abill fur the 
libolitlimiif till- iiluvi^triidf. but, aft frndi'bFtth) 
tost ins till :t-'!Oi.iii.,tht> mot inn wiu reji-i:r('d 
by Iftf to KS. Till" iilKjbtionists wtic nindi 
discounif^>d, nnd Wilbi-rforcc proposed uii 
out-of-doom R(rit«>ion by coiitily lufotiujt^- 
ITw also joinud in the Sii-rrn I^'oiiu Compnuy, 
Biip^pstwl by (.iruniilk' ;JbHrii, of wbicli 
Ill^nry Thornton wns cliiiiriniin. 'Aachhry 
^locaulny, aftorwnrJft \Vilberrorce's moat 
«nergp|ic liwuti-'Uiiiit, wji* iIih Uml ((iivi'ni'ir. 
Tlio alarm caiuw) by the troiibl<>^ nc St. 
Domingo iii tbn nutumn of I79L wiis on- 
fuvouniub) to ilif abatitioni-it^. Willi.*r- 
fiircp isp'nt the I«t»'r loonlhB of the year al 
Yoxftll IiodfTii and Holhli-v TcmpV, tbuSuAt 
ufThoinitK Itiibiuij^on. tie cnme to town 
at tbf> end of tilt' vi-Ar, and pre]}Bred fur h\» 
isolion. I'itt bad bci-n Martlid by thu St. 
DominK'^ irouble^a; and thu kiiij}, who had 
Iwea piviioiti^ly faiuitrubU*. vriis now Rtraiigly 
opposed to u int-HKure which wuidd Ix* «|>> 
jmiTod by the .Turobins. Ilia opposition 
nuule it im)>ouililii lliat the qut-stioti slionld 
bo taken up by ilio rainLitry. WillN^rfom>, 
Jjowt'vur, was streDKt hcned by meetings and 
ftetittons, and propasftl u motion for aboli- 




tion on -2 April. Th(! dobste lasted till 
t>.:iU A.M., and I'itl Hpoke with vuch «lo* 
quuncu that for ' tbo last tWL-nty minutes he 
»eein«d to lx> really in»pln"d.' X motion for 
entdual abolition wad carriod by 'JAH to 
8A, Dundax ocoepted this propo«id, and on 
23 April it was decided by i-'l to i;i:;,«f)tT 
a »lt8rp dvbate, ihtiL the date of abolition 
fthniild bf! I Juu. 17!ttJ. Thi- luclica of the 
opponents wure now couliiifd to tlvlay. The 
DMOllltion was tinully coiumunicuted to the 
IIouM of Lopdj in May. There, Itowever, 
it was decided to hear nvideucv ut Ih^ bar 
of the house, which involved a postpoiiemoiit 
to the iit-xt Nvwtiun. TIjit «('sj(iria, iiccording 
lo Wilbyrforcp, endnd the hmtas.'yinlt ii])tm 
lbi.1 i>Iiivti trndtf. AlllioUKh the supporters 
of t.h» tmclfi had bi'cn fon:*^ to tuke tu a 
policy of delay, the zeal of il.-^ oppoiientA 
rather nlurltpneil. 'flu* war hod raised other 
niiRstioiiii of ahftorbing inttrrst. and fears of 
the revolution streugtbuned the ob«truc- 
tioniint'. 

In L79^ Wilbetfon-e proposed a mutiua 
with a view to bofiteuin^ th.' action iif the 
lloiiM'of Lonli>,butLt was rtjecU'd by sixty- 
one to (ifty-lbriv (:iil Feb.) A tii*iii»«r<« fur 
uboli^hiuR the supply of flliire* lo foreiffn 
jiowi-m wii« thrown out (IJ .lone) on the 
ihlnl readinghy thinv-on<! to twcnty-nino. 
Wilberforce succeeded in 17^1 lu carryisft 
this limited lucfi^ure through the llou^ of 
C'onimoQf; but it was thrown out in iht^ 
loida i'J May), on the excuati of wuitinf( for 
ihu Tvaull of the (cenvral inquiry, in which, 
however, no progress whs maa«. Id 1795 
h>nvc to bring in a bill for abolition wag re- 
fiixid in thi) cotnroon>> bv seventy-eight to 
Hixiy-oiie; and in Kt'G, though ht^succoedcd 
in cAfrjiii;; the same ineniurw to u third 
reading, it wanl.hon rojectcd (lo March) by 
se^eniy-l'onr in seventy. Enouifh of his 
Bupporttrs to hare carried it were, as he 
L-oinplnin.«. atTetiding a iinr comic opera. 

\\ ilberforce bad been deeply jfripvi-d by 
the war, and was forced for a lime to oppo.w 
hU friend*. He tboiiglit that I'itt, though 
not desirous of war, had not k<'un:«uiricii'nlly 
pacitic iu his conduct of Degotiations. A 
por<onnl appeal from I'ltt prL-vented bim 
from speahiug in thi« suum; in the di^bato 
upon the king's message at the birginuing of 
17t)3. Aftvr the foil of Robospii^rre in 1791 
he considered peare to be poMibln. In tha 
dabato on the addresB (30 Deo. 17M> he 
prop<jsed an aiuendineiit in fsvoiir of pvace, 
and he spoke again on behalf of tJrey'i* mcH 
tifin for peace on 'J& Jan- 17Hr). I'ltl was 
much nrtected by this dMertion, and his 
sleep, it is suid, was never broken uxcopt 
n]M>n (hi« occasion nud by the mutiny at taa 




Wilberforce 



313 



Wilberforce 



Nore. WilbHrforw's BgrepnmrC with tW 
opposition wa.i leinporary. Ttinii^h lir> hnd 
hwn made a citiKvtiQf France in 179-'. along 
wilU I'"niMl<lin, It'-nthftra, Paitic, nnd otlwr 
unconp-'uinl peri>oiii), iie ww thoroughly 
KDli-JncoIiin. IIi* liij-arlily ftup|>ortc(l the 
cncrcivt' iii<M^un-» bruug-lit in ttt iho end of 
I7tl5. A mt-etinifin np]KMiitiunlothem lind 
bfwn Hiiinmuufd Kt >urk for \ Uec. On 
limniiff of lh<- piKii Wilh^rlVirvf rfmilvKc] to 
ntletid, entl travi-Upd down at fuU Bpped in 
I'illV cjirrinp', lii« own iiol Wing trmlr. 
The n^l>rini'nW of ihfi nn-aKiiri'-H lind mt*t m 
lb* iiuildliall, wlien Wilberforce ii]]p4!Ari3il 
and finrriril hy n large niiijorily nn adjourn- 
ment to the C'astlM ilill, tK' rt-iriilnr ylacv 
of mt-etLDR. His opiioiiirnT!! doclinti-d to 
follow, but )ur wiu iiC(;<>iri|<aniiHl bv a initj'irity 
of t.hp lucHTiiig, lo wlioni lie ilclivervd 'a 
moat incomparnblo RpeoL-b,' und Inynl ad- 
drwrni wero unanini'MiKly votc<l. TJiu |kt- 
fannance was supptwcd to hiive (fiwally 
t>lruni;lli(.'m-d th'i [^uvcmniiMil. In tuv fol- 
lowing Juni- 111' wa* ngiiin cttH'ti'd for Vork- 
ohire. 
WilVrforcc wannow tlioroHRJily reconciled 

10 Pitt, whom In? bfllioved tn be «in«>n>ly 
anxious for peacH, nnd had many inlitniit^ 
ronvenuitloiiH wttli him diirinR thrt critical 
I>eriod which followed. He was a conslaiit 
ttti*'ndiiiii at a eomraitti'i! upon th« Hanic 
itusLriutloii Acl. ML-unwIiik' liu had tini«ti''d 
a book u\Hni ' Prar-ticai f'lirintiaiiilv,' wlncli 
was |iiil>lishi.'d on 12 April 17'J". Cudi*ll,liifl 
|iithlL«]irr, Vfot.iin-d oil hm piilttrii; Iiiii nsin« 
totheworlt To print fivf? hundred cnpii?^. In 
aix month* "..Wl Iiad Iteen sold. Fifteen 
editions were piiUiiifhcd in l%nglond b7'I?^!>4. 
and tweiiiy-livt? in Amwica. It was trani- 
lati'd into Frpneh, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, 
iind Cienuan, anil may Ih* inki'n a* the inani- 
feeto of the pvnnffelical pnrly of the time. 
ItnrlK- wtw fnidlMhav' tluilii-d it dllri1IRthf^ 
la"! two day* of hia life, and »iint a ^fralufiil 
iot'«Mifri'. 

I In i!0 Miiv follow in); Wi I iH-rfnrfn married 
Rarh«ra.\nn,eldeHldanirhtprofIsiift'-.Spnnni'r 
of Eimdon FIntI, Wnrwicksliire. From IT&J 
till hi* ninrriH|ii» Willn^rforw had occupied 
apartments in Henri' Thornton's hontie al 
Iliitt'TSfa Itise. Ho now took ItroomfielJ, 

11 houKu on ihe «outli-wi'si «idi' of Claptinm 
Common, close to Tliornlon'*, then re(];nrd«d 
iiM n ruftiic rL-tirtriniTil. Ili« hL-ndipiurl'.prH 
during the pnrtiiiinftitarv HeK.iioii \r^•n• at 
hi^ UuuMt in Palaru Vunl. At Claphum hp 
wan tim niont clifttinguiKhi-d mcinbrr of th(3 
ao-cnllftd 'Clapliam neft.' including Thnm- 
Inn, ChnrU" Grant (l74it-lfSi:i) (q. v.]. and 
Uill his dfath in I"«i) K, J. Kliof, 1'ilt"» 
faroibet-in-kw. Among; 9ther supporierti 



■want Zachary Maciinlar Tq. v.j and Jmntr* 
Stephen (I7ft^l-1K:W> iV ^'O- '^'"> '" '**"" 
mnrrtfd hie aistvr, the widow miacv 17P7 of 
the RflT.T, Clarke of Hull. In the summwr 
Wilberforce ofi*?u utaycl with *;ii«bom«? am) 
Rabinf;tou. Hih limllh took him occmoioii- 
ally to JIuth or iho nri^hbourhond. Hin 
lirst visit with hix hridn wa> to Hannah 
.Morf, In 1 71t-'» he had risited ht-r at Cowslip 
Grt*n and di»cn>imid her plana for schoole. 
In I70t*, finding himwlf in be hcht^r than 
hi- had snppowd, he agnwl with Ht-ury 
Thornton to allow ht^r 400/. a vear «k a 
Fuhsidy towards her rarious good W"rk». 
Ili>WA9 larith in his ohartliea even to the 
injury of his estate. IWidus eon(ribiilini;l'* 
thr cniitc of abolition and to mnnv of iha 
favouritocNUH'S of his parly. hE> had a number 
of n-gulnr annuitaiitx, and wa» com^tantly 
lictpintr pcritonfl, not always much d'-^terrimr 
help, ill varioui dif[icijlti<.«. He look a part 
in the foundation of vartotH eociRlii-a yrrf 
muted by his jtarty, ofiiwcially the Church 
MitLsinimrySocir-ly, which washmt di>ru:«se>l 
at hi<( house in Xovt-mbi-r 171)8, undth« Riblp 
Ko(^ii"(v, "■Mahlijihi'il with hi" co-operation in 
Irt);*. Hi' wa« flIso<Ni-op<^rBitng in lhi»*Sn- 
cifty for bettering the Condition of the I'oor,' 
sintred bv him with Sir Thoma* Ikmanl 
[q. v.^ and K. J. Kliot in 173«. Till* 
' Christ inn Observer,' the organ of ihft Cli\i- 
hiim ¥Vi:\, lir»t iiptiearcd in January 1801, 
and he oontrlbuli-d to the i«r!y numbm. 

Diinngthe purliamenl elected in ITSethe 
alxilitiitu (lUi-ittion had made kIow pirigresa, 
l)n Q Anril 1707 a dilatory motion propowd 
byt'linrii'ii Kllin, in the interest of t ho planti»ri, 
wasfjirrii'd by03tft03. Il ncomroondnJ thai 
the colonies them»ulve« should beinKtmcted 
to introduce mcaKurrs pr«rparing irraduaJly 
for abolition of the irfi'U*. Pitt, in opposing 
the motion. dci'Inn-d that everroni* wa* nciw 
ngn-iid thut tin* trade should bu sbfilisbeil. 
till I'l May, hiiwfv^r, WilbfrforwV motion 
for Iwivc to introduro a hill wa« rejeriDcl by 
8J lo 74, \ miijority of ►*< lo H3 rejected ■ 
similar pnpoflol oti 1 .\pril ITD/Swhen Wit- 
bi'rforce gained an ally in Canning and lo"t 
nm< in Winiiliani. Finally, on 1 March I7in> 
the hill wn4 again defeated by til |o Hi. \ 
bill for limiting th<- nn-a of the t\»ra trade 
wart thrown out by a fuiall majority in ibe 
iliniHe of Lords on ii Julr. lu spite of tli««A 
Inilua-)", Witbcrfonx' was ponrinced Ihai the 
ciitiHa was gaining ground, and that I h" aboli- 
tion wna only a ({uestLon nf time. For llu* 
ri'inainder of (hi* {Mrliaraent, however, the 
qiiefltion woa not hronght forwani in thi* 
hon«e. The indifl'erenoe of Addington and 
of tht> majority of the hou«c, and an illneM 
of Wilberforce himself, prtivented liim from 



4 



4 



I 




\\'ilbt!rforce 



113 



Wilberforce 



i 



proponaff any molion. il« was still ex(?rt- 
ing biiii4r>tt' in various wsya, and espccLnUy 
i<j |irfv«iit nil osleuiiion of tlit) »lavtt irnOf, 
anticipalfd in consul] ii«nci? tif tW cession to 
Kii^land of Triniiliul at tlio puncu of Amii'im. 
lln lHJ|it!(l for a liciiM thnt iIih iifiii^ D)i);lit 
It'od Ui a et'neml convpniion of the nowera 
fitr l.lii.' nbijlitioii of t1ii< olnvt- ir'tdc, mul 
ihoiiplir th"'' if I'ilt I"**l Iw*"" if iitfif^ thia 
ecliemv wfjuld tiuv« 1w«i [irupos*^<1. 

^[AnrnllLi-r nifitli^rft ititrrr-iifil lilm nttliU 
time. TW i;i>nural ilUTre9.i caused Lini to 

Sinnd 3.000/. mnre tlimi his incomr ji) 18(>!. 
c was ftiuioiiH oil nil i>cca!*ion» fur jwiice, 
and it) Mar IKJ.t I'ouitd liinisi'lf iitruiii tatiufi 
with Fux mill finiv iif.'uini'l tliL' riTniwnl nf 
tbe war. ilt» did lii» In-M Iti kt^]i Pill and 
AddiiifTton upon frifiidly lermc, and cii- 
lliuniniit.iratlv luliiiirrHl llir miiipiniiimitv nf 
I'itr in siiiipiirtirifr tli« nt-w miuiiiirv iu iHtW. 
Addintitoa. however, wua not irii*tw-ortliy 
Jti rt'iraril lo tlit- iilnvi- Inidi-, and wlirn tlii^ 
liruacti took place WiUx-rforiTi'. wlio still liiid 
<'onfidi-nti«l ttilhH with PiU, was irrutifitHl liy 
lii.4 nlil friend'i* nccK-'^ir'n to pn»<-r, niid nnly 
anxioti^ tliiit nn cnulilion slioiild tie mode 
■with Fox. \Vi1b<>rford> wan roclci^itil for 
Vurl(»Iiirf without o|ipiH<itiiin in July \^'l, 
ond iu l8()l a^aiii tirou^bt rorwrndcIiL- aboli- 
tiuii of \\vi elurv Iradi-. (.'ouditiotiH liud 
twCviine ingn' faviiurabl'-. TIk* (iiiti-Jfti;o|iin 
nentimt'nt wliitrli bad Hniriintcd llit" la^t pnr- 
linmi^nl ira* n*) lont'^r a domiiinnl fBftr>r in 
lb4>fiitiiAiioTi. 'lini Irifh m"nibiT,<introtliif«cl 
hytliPiininn werenliuosl iiitntiimoiislyau'ainst 
tlic .'•liivc trndo, and public opinion had bonn 
(frwlly iiUon-d, Tliu jibdlilion coininiltcf 
ai^ain bet^aine active, aitd nns jolnod by 
ItpiU|;Liiiii,Z. Mav»iiluy,Rtid JaiiH!H.Sl<.>plicii; 
and in the nt-xl yejir CUirkwiii was aiiptiii 
Btdu lotuUe part in ihe af;ilHlion,afteraloQ^ 
illnt-iu'. Rvi-n tbii Wf->t Indian inli-n-al wnk 
aniil to 111! rfindy for a fivi* years' au.'*]itinfiinn, 
A mectin^f, however, of planters decided to 
otipfWf ovt-ry tnni*iir«! again.M ttie tradis 
(17 May 1801 ). WUberforcollieii bi-oiiirht iu 
\\i<i bill, and The first rcHdin^ was citrrivd by 
li4lo^l>. ItwHficiirriitd thruutch llt<' l[»ii»u 
of LViniDioiiA, and I lit- third rt-ndiiig; pansed bv 
4iO tn 3^1 on 27<)iin(v Ii WH»,h<)W(;vcr,a|rain 
thrown <iiil hy tlip HiiiiJii' nf l^ird*. I'itl 
bfldsiippftrt'^d tlw nboliiinn wftrnily,bijt. dis- 
ai)[Hiinli-d Wilbtrfiircy by the 'tme blot' cm 
hH h.diavionr in thfcawHif. lit' proiiii*^] to 
pritliibiT by royal proclamation inv supply of 
♦IftTfjt lo ilui conijiier^'d colonityi. Tlir pro- 
clamation wa.4 dt-laved for n year, and then 
only iwuwl nn \\ ilberforee's threat of pnr- 
liamontary action. In thv »i-H«iciii of t80.'> 
Wilberforce asnin introduced tliu hi!!, but 
by aoma miand venture the second reading 




was lost u''* Feb.) by 77 to 70. A irainful 
dilliculty with I'ltt was raised by tiio im- 
wcachinwit of I.onl .MelTiiU-. On 8 April 
IHUTt Whilbrend iuovikI the resoliiliona for 
hiscensurei. Pill movciIthcpn'vioii^tjiieartoiJ. 
WilbiTfiirc", who bad been Jeeidv iiwved bv 
rhescaiidal.fipoke a^^inst Midvi]{L<,aiid after 
a division nfliKS on riicb "iilv. a lai-linKToli' 
a^ainiit ifoviTnment was given hy the speaker, 
wilberroree'shiffh charnctt'rfur impurttnlily 
p«ve fffi-Hi wvijiht to bii* vi«WA, and hi* wa* 
said lo have inBuenced forty Totes. Wilber- 
force had been on friendly tcnn* with Mcl- 
villf, allhoiijili IIk! duduy iu abolialiing llii> 
iilnvA Irade Imd lieeii greatly due to Mel- 
ville'i! flL'liini. lie declint-d lo join in ihu 
dopitlatirin who carried up the final cesolil- 
tion to St. James's, and npon his l&«t uifd- 
in^ wirh Midville, iibifUt. IHIO, lliey ahoiilc 
liamU hf-artiiy. '\'\w impeachment, however, 
woiindiid Piir deeply, and was ihyiijfhl to 
Imvx hiisl<>nfd hi» di'iiih. Dnring tlir* fol« 
lowin)^ nidnihK Wilberforce often saw Piit, 
and they had nllectitiiiiitn conventations. On 
Pill's dniftth (23 Jan. ISCMl) Willwrfnrre Irifld 
In rni^e a private subscription for paying; hia 
debts. Ik had prcvioiii«lv taken pnrt (in 
1*11 > in raising li.OIH)/. 'to rwlieve l^tt'a 
einlmrnt^'iUients. iind had to oppoMi a ans- 
flt^'stion ibnt ihiK sum should he part of tliu 
debt ullirnal*-ly repaid bv the nnlion. lie 
waa one of the h*'arera {\i the banner which 
preceded ibe coifin at Pitt'* fmirral. 

Tilt- newtrovcmmftnt of FoxandUrenvillo 
wan K'^nerallv in favour of abrdition, thoneh 
the opfmsition of two m<<mlH-n< pruvenled it, 
fnjin omn^f nd^jpted by \\xv cabinet. Hesolu- 
tions in favour of abolition wt'iv carried by 
ll.j to U on 10 Jniiv lSOt>. On the di»- 
ttolittion nf iHirliaoieiil Wilhi-rforco Wft5 ajfain 
returned Without opposiliou for YorWhin- in 
Novpmbi'r, and iirti-rwnrdi' linishi-il a book 
upon the slave tntde. Ir. wa* piiblii^hed on 
31 I>ec., and bad n markwl "fleet. Tb" bill 
foraboli*hiiif( thi^iilav*' Imde waa intrnduced 
in the Kouseof l^orda in Jautiari- !S<.17,iind, 
tbotiph still opposed bv a few bifP^L'^, the 
acL-ond ruadiiii; waK curried by 100 to 3il. and 
it van Kent lo Ibu House of t'ommnnft on 
10 I't'li. riKin=cI ^rnfi heard apiiin.tt it durin^r 
lb(T fiilli;'.', iini M.'i-li. On "IW I 'eh. the chief 
df^hal' tiiok phin, when Homilly, as soli- 
cit or-Kemral, nuid'- an i-liHiuent coiapiirisiTJi 
bctweftn Napolftnn nnd the ' honoun-d man 
who would that day lay his bend iipim his 
pillow and n'niember that the slave trade 
was no more.' Willwrforce was too much 
utieeled lo be conscioii* of the chwrs with 
whit;h ihi'housit sn^eted him, audi h>>inot!na 
was carrifil by ^^H;; to IfV Tbc bill finally 
received thi) royal UBsenl on 25 Uarch 1>^ 



Wilberforce 



214 



Wilberforce 



tust beEore the ronfinatton of the minUlry. 
The ' African fmlitutiou ' was fouiut^ upon 
tin psuin^ of die uct. in uM<-r t'l promoM! 
rtlM eflVctivc applicftt.ioD of t!in meaiturn and 
tb« eujipnuwiun of tliu >\uvk t.ruilv in forvigo 
cuotitrii^. 

Wilbcrforea was hf^neeronli the object of 
um'iiii' rif«}wct. H* won ir-gnrditd a» tlie 
aiitbori»<',d inrtrpivter rtf iKe nationiil cnn- 
BcieDCO. In tlio t;i-n<>T(il olwlion of 1807, 
however, hd )iik1 ^o »tAiid « »fver«- cMnt«*flt 
for Vnrkbbire a{;ainsl l^rd Milton iind Mr. 
I^nci-ltcs, who had hmi hi» cnlltTipiii.' from 
1790 to 1800. A MiliwriiPtiou of (H.4H/1 
twaH raised lo pay hia oxp(.>n9t>i». The poll 
liulud tar Htltvn duya> and ar tht* end hw 
hAd ivcwiTud ll.KIO voIhkU) 11,177 for Lord 
MiUnn and li),08!> for Ln£cel1». Muir of 
hi» siipportvrs iniii»t<^l upon piiyiiif( I'li'ir 
flwn i-xpiiLiM!!!, and ihn Hum finnllv »[>«»t on 
his biihuf ma :^fiOOt^ whiU liia opponenta' 
cbarffM wen* ivckotied at SOO.OOO/. Atlvr 
nn nutnnin at Clnnlimn, hn hi^l a danffi>ruiui 
ilhiesa. lie dpiridod in I he ootiri? of tho 
ooxC Tpnr to pve np th.* Clopham linuw and 
Mttled at KeiiMntjloii lior^, wlipre he coidd 
iIikIuuvq hiA piirlinnir>ntAry duties wirh Icsr 
npsraUoi) rE^>Ri hiK fiimily. !le nU» udvv 
upttiabousf in I'alace Vard. tnltins' lodgings 
in tho uuiulibourhou'l. KL'niiiiiirtui] Ooni 
bpca.me a fmnoiis plaf of rrsort for lii» 
nunierouHfnt'nd»<and rliitntn. Hi> 8pnnt the 
t-arlj* hi>«r» in nrirute and family praywa ; 
biit n. ' thronp 01 vi*iror9 ' homn at breakfast- 
ticDB aiid cniilinued throiiKb thi» day. His 
fiienda odmitled tbnt liiH pfculinr taUnts 
were display >:!d to nioM iidvanlaxt'inltiMipii)^ 
np an * ext<^nitiTi> though aunplD lio<(pitiility^.' 
KuDiinKton uas otill in the coimti-y, and 
hi« portion was full of ' lilacs, lahuniitius, 
ni^htinttiih's, and i^wuliuwe.' llj^ brullier- 
in-law Jftmi--.*Stfp!i*ii na* a r.l(i*r nrijrliliOHr, 
und ho waa couritid iioi only by his fricindn 
hut by llw I'-ndtTn of copit'ly. In 1814 Mme. 
di! Staol waa inviicd by th* TDuIci* of <>loii> 
e«sl«r to nn?ft liini at dinner. She knew 
him to he tlic> 'mniit n'li^iouA'nnd now pro 
nounced him to be ol§o the 'wiitieitt raan 
in Kntcland.' He frit it right to withdraw 
from the 'pay and irrf!%ioui( though bril- 
liant ' sociitv, which woji too exfilin^r- At 
Brighton, bowovtT, in Ifil.'J, Iil' fult bound 
to attend the princt? re^ut at the jwvilion. 
Tll«^ prince's couriL-»y chnmiL'd him, and no 
OCCB*ion of oHWicu wii-H givi*n. Thp cWlhs 
of Hcary Thumton and John Bowdlerthe 
youit^r [q-v. 1, n fsvrmriln di»cip1e>, in 1816, 
uai of hie ai9terinlKl6,wnre (uriniia loues. 
UeanwhilH thu imivvrKAl adtniration and 
Nspeet did not di-irmct him fmin hia tnain 
oceupalioas,whicb, after the abolition of the 




alare tnde« bceame more multifarious tl 
bffoK. Ho «|iokt> with nuthontr upon 1 
of the exciting nuetitions of lh« uay. 
olfendixl manv ot his reh^iMif frii^ndA an 
c.iipoj)pdhim»f1r to much alntiK- by vuppirtittf 
cutliolie nmancipat ion. Jl» was doubtful in 
1§^ hut in iMH di-fcndMl the nilbotie 
claimi iu n wrigblr Kjmoch {9 ManJl)^ 
arguing' thai to uicliidf- tliom from p«rlit- 
ment wa$ now to miiiiituin 11 n!>eh'w> irrita- 
tion, Tn the AcanilaU nhi'^nt .Mrs*. tTl&rlce 
(1803-9) he tried lo Uke a middle cuura* 
with the help of Thoniton and oih>-r«. and 
to secure the n^i'i|^nal ion of the Doke of 
York with tho k>B«t pos^iblv cxpiMurc. El* 
otfL-nded lli" nival hniily, but, ihongrb (he 
motion Huiipurti^Ll Lv Imu wiu rrjifCled, tha 
dukf'ti naignalion fulRllid \m purport. Iti 
IHIO, again, he volM againat ftovrmment 
on the inquiriM) in regard to the Walch^ven 
i>x]>vdicioa, and wisht'd t't nprimand Itor- 
dt'tt iiiNtmd of tti-ndiiif^ him to the TnweT. 
(ienenUly he bi<td the pneilion of the inde- 
pendent uDipim, himI his amiabh- connaeU 
wero rccei\'ed with mncb reapect and little 
adhesion. Ilia health, ner^ir »tn>ng, wa< 
tried by the troiibk' of r^priffiitinp n Urge 
(-■•jnvt il utiiicy. A* earlv as 1S(J2 his cousin, 
Lord Carrington. had tlioii^ht the work too 
lutieh f'jr liim, and had Hiifr;;>.'fcivd ibv adTsi»- 
ta^> of n clow Mronjth. In lt!^12 b« finally 
decidi^d to retire, when a rote of thanks 
for bis wr^'ices dnrini; twcntvcipht y«ant 
WHS poued at a rounly meeting C2A Oct.) 
For tDQ rest of his psrlinmentnry career bi> 
ULt for Brnmber. Meanwhile tlw idavery 

Juntion was alill occupyine much time, 
le had bven convinced that a bill for the 
rpgi«traliun of »lave« in the Wl-sC Indies 
wail a ueceMory complement to tho abolition 
of theelare trade. In I'^liJ he pn»«d lb* 
nwwwity of this in<-a.'<Hn^ Hjwin I'erw^vnl, who 
received the proposal faroumbly. hut wm 
nsSBSsinated directly nfterwurds (II May I. 
In IKl:! hf was fm-atly occupied by another 
matter. The renewal of the charier of tho 
Kiint India Comijany wonld give an opjwr- 
lunity for 'intn^ducingr Christian lijibt uit» 
India.' L'pon the nreviono renewal ID ITWi 
he had proi)ot>ed clauMa enabling the eon- 
imnv la employ rfligioufl toachen (printed 
m t,>/f, ii. S9S); and he hud boon inlenrstcd 
in the plnn of K'jlicrt Hiilduni' { l7(t4-|H4t!> 
fi). v.] lor the founding; a miaAinn in India. 
Wilberforce bad consulted voriiKiv friendu 
in 1812 and in IMU, *atirr«>dup pelitionK.* 
and examined witnesMS in the llonse of 
Commoiu. Cutlentogh, after mmdc dilK- 
cnltv, wa.1 induood lo npprovv, «nd on 
'2'i June Wilberforce apoke for two hoiiri 
wiih hie uld eloqticnce ui suppon of Cu«tle- 



J 



\V i 1 be r force 



215 



Wilberforce 



» 



rt^Acli'it nuMiIiilion (liiit npiMfclir-x nil this 
ffUbject w«ri* piiblif^ht^d separately). Tho 
result vens ititf foil 11 tin tint) of the bi»hopric- 
of (.'ctoiittii, Hist Ik-M bv TliomA8 I'tiiiMinw 
Middleton [u. v.] Tlii? slavery uupHtion wob 
n?vivp<l by \he i-vtMit(n>f 1814. I'Iil^ Africnn 
Jnsiitutioii ri'solvtil to poAlimut: 1 1.« rL'^iatra- 
tion bill in order to ptvjui ("or a ^■■iiLTnl ciiii- 
vontiun. WilbtTftircc iiiiplicd to l^nl Liwr- 
|>ool and tn Cnallureniili 011 the nulijiHrl. vnil 
WHS family cliMppoinled Ht thi' nfUcniM^ uf 
Knv i<iiti»ractary Mipnlntioii l>v llin Fn-iu'h 
(PiT eminent in IkH, Hi- afliTwaniH had 
mi Iff vie wo wilb 0\v Kiiipirgr Ak'xnniltr <m 
l)ie AiibJMt. On 17 Jiiiti^A m<'^iiii)^'wasti>Od 
in I'reemiuioiis' Hall, xrlien Wilberforce, as 
' llio^rt?Kt fiithiTcif niircmiBc,' wan r-nlriislcd 
>Tiih « mLitloii lo itn^ ILmnf of Common*. 
lie ApukeetlL-ctivtfly in lb*' honBeoiid carried 
nn A(}(IrrM to tlio imncn TCfiviit, and all«*r- 
wardfl ID nii]i.'udi]|i-ni 10 ilic ii(|iln'>>» npoti 
the pencil. Ilt-calleij for pptitious. of tvhii^li 
tBoru ibnii L'iifbt luiiKlrod wilb uouly out! 
million »ifiiimiiri» wt-n- jin?*iintt'd. Ilt-uUo 
printed n letitT lo Tailcvrand which vas 
vridi'lv circiilnh'il, Tu 11 ■']'■'« n<l r>'|>(i<'<I rl(-x< 
lerously nnd t-vasivcly (w^? bin Icit^ra in 

WlLKCRKriRCi:'"' CnnrfiJ'onJrmf, Vx. 1>I+1. 'Jflo). 

On K» No^, VVilhirforre hcArd ilinl thtt 
French ^ov^rnment limi proiiiblTt>il the slnvu 
tndf north of CopL' FormoM. Snon nfter- 
wiiril"! Nain)l«>n, on hi*; n-liirn fnmi KIba, 
procljiinifiJ 11 total nlmlilitni, whir.Ii wiu 
afterwtrda iiccepleil by the povernmi'iit of 
1h(' rvotntiitiiin. I*):!.' r^'t^ilmlion bill hiul 
nieaiiwUiV comi^ up a^in in tli)< bpgiiuiing 
of 1HI5. The Roveniment declin'wl to «ip- 
porr it,ril(birughWilb'*rftirc''offiTi-il inn'tnm 
fnr s(i«b sup|>ort 10 appnk nn ihe coin hill. 
Stephen hiTi-upon rfsipnerl hi« frat in pnrtia- 
m")nr. Wi!lK.Tft>rd- iWliirvd iliiit ilie reruBiil 
implii^d Bit iinwillin^nt»3 of povcmmeiil lo 
suppijrl any iuviLeurt.'e for itupri'vinc llu'cun- 
ilition of (h« iiliivf-H, und C(iiiHiili>ti-il hiruN-If 
nt libertv totak<< up tJm qn«Htinnnf emnnci- 
inn. "tn 171>2 (7'nr^. /fw/. xxi>:. 10.'i7) ho 
RmphAlically d<'nt<>d tbal Iw nnntom- 
"fptateil imineHiiiteenjancipation.fom'hich lie 
(Mtnifffrid the nr)tr>n^» to In- still unlit, llo , 
ftpoke to the Miuw t'llect i'vi>n at ihv tiuif ai 1 
llMftbolilian of the trade (17 MuL-h IHU7). 
Ic won iK-'Ciitnu uvidcril tlmt n-^nilitlions | 
which wera tbe nvf^-O'Ut^y rt-null fif >iiip]iri*»<- ^ 
■nff ihp a1a%'e trade could only Wd to 
enianoipniion. lln wiik not a« yft prupan-d, 
howvpf, for 0. (liivct Bgilatinn, During th* 
fipxt jvan he hod much corredpondL'nce with \ 
Chri»Iophi-,i>mpi{n>rnf UaytiiWitHHUriiRfE, ! 
(.hrrttpondentf, i. ysy &c.l Wilherforci' , 
trii-al to obtain bio rcco^ition at tha eon- ^ 
giei» of AJx-la-C'hB[ri.-llu, gave lum guod . 



advin-, prociin'd Mrliunlnmxli'ra, profeaaoai, 
and gnvem^nAf* for \nin and hin peopl», and 
furmt'd plane which came to iiocliiii^ 011 
ChriutopliL-'* dcoth III ill"' ^^n<i of 1821. 

Wilberl'tfCf Mipported ilic govtmiavtit 
during IL0 trilicul pi-nod which f-jilowed the 
poofc. A «pt!i'ch in favour of lliu I'orn bill 
«f l8|o, wliicb hn hud lu&di' df'rr much 
liVMtatiun, raiii'od ihrcote of p<>r»inal viiv 
lciii!«!. iiud his hoiiKt! Ill Kiut>in^t>in Ijnn- Imd 
to btf piiTiflnnrd for a time by soldiers (/.//'i', 
V. 217). [ti It*l7 ho wn« iin lb" wcri"t coin- 
miltetj which nmiidert'd the popular dijy 
cnnlvnt, and R**'^ ''"^ wt^ighl of hi» autho- 
rity to tb." flii>>p>-n->inii fif ^b^^ llaht-as Cnrpns 
Act which followed. Il« waa actacla-d hy 
7tiird(MH27 Jnnc 1><17) iw'tlic hoiifjiinib]'*! 
and reli^iouH nrtabei-.' 'Mn; liuuse rcix-tihrd 
llio rudenoBa. One of bia last co]w|jicuoiia 
nppOAraneeB was rimscd by the (j(K>«n Caro- 
line lroublt« in If^iO. When, upon ibv 
qiu^n's Ktlum to Kngland, t'asllere«ftli 
moved fur a cmniitlcvof inquiry, Wilbtr- 
I'orcc obraim-d an HdjnumnicinL of Uit; ili^hatv 
(7 JiLQu) in ordur to give time for an ar- 
ranfO'incnl, He cnrrii-il nn n ni'^rotintiru 
with Itrongbum, which was only hrokfii otl' 
upon ih« qiiwliiin of th» rMtonilion of tb* 
ijui'ttn's nninv I1.1 the litnr|jry,a dvmund uf 
which he p<>rsaiially nppiY>\ mI. I In 'I'J June 
hifCJirrit'd a re*)liiTioii in IIk-ITousc of Com- 
mon! rrcummi'itdiiiit thcijui>cn not lo iii&iet 
upon hi-rclatin»,aiiilwasoni- of four nirmbi-rs 
who on :jy June con\cyi'd thie reeolntion to 
ber. Hroiiuhiiin nppi'^ini U> Imto giri>n him 
a«!iuninc«'s of hercons^'nCtwhidi enrotimged 
him to Rinke this fniillvH proposal. 

\Vilbftrforei-'i» htwllh wm bi:«oni!n(f weak. 
At tbo end of ItSiil he wa« moch arii?ve<l 
by tho death of his oldest daii^blcr(30 Dec.) 
'ihou;ih adviood to avoid vxciting worli, hv 
ttfill took part in the ({rowing ng^ilalion 
agdiiint slivury. Ho wiuli: in \6ii'2 an ad- 
dreM to th« ttnpiTnirof Ruiu^in, Mhichwas 
Mat to all thu tnembt-rs of the Ifftislaliirfta 
in Franci', Itelgiiim, Spain, and Po^(u^a!. 
He made an abit! r^prccrh aj^inat the intro- 
duction of slaves into the Cape (IJ*') Julv), 
and in Marth IhiJS imtiiod an ' apix-nl,' which 
was follow&d by the lormaiioii of the ^Viili- 
alavcrj Society. A motion agniDst slavery 
by Sir Hiuuine Fowull Ilnxton [i\. v.], on 
15 Muv, WHS mat by msolationB proiH^H-d by 
Cannlni; in favour of anioliorntion of tbo 
Hvittein, wliioh \V il Iwrfonm i»^rMiindi-d hi* 
fdlowL'T^ to accept. On IB March 1Sl*4 he 
nKiiin "pukw vigoroiiHly upon slavery, but on 
tbe lOtli woA tuk>-n tta-rioii.ily ill. He rnade 
one more speech upoiL the eanie topic, and 
liien had another Attack, which made his 
r«liremoiit BeWMiry in K&icli l&io. iU; 




C 



W'ilbcrforce 



zi6 



Wiiberforce 



bad almilT giv4>n thd Wd of the eaose to 
Buxum, wlroni he now requesU-d to move 
for a new wnl for Rr«mber, H*" r*«rtlT*d 
to iMVtt London, uud bouctit » littlu pro- 
pertv of 140 nt-rvs at llu{liw.>od Hill, nt'ar 
Milf Hill. TImiv Ii« livt-d ijiiieily, enjoying 
hi* jt»n!en awl visited by bi» friend*. aIk^Ii- 
intoili wcol to Me liioii and de»crilH'd Uim 
u lb« ' modt unuiubl« of men.' No one 
* tnurbi>d life at eo nuLtir [minlx,* nnd bw liud 
itill atl tlm cliarm nf voiitti. iin 1^ May 
18^-10 bi> R>a<lf> bU lut piibli^ appvanncp at 
a me«tia|; of ( hv Atiti-Sla%'vrT Society, wlwn 
ClnrlcitoTi wiif, alan prMu^nt and mnritl that 
WilberforeetbouW take the cbair. In 1831 
be had to Iciiv*- lli]H>wood in con»«iuenoe 
of a jm-al diutitiution of fonune. Tne de- 
laiU an- not given. Six prraons, on^ of 
them a ^V•■8t Indian nnd another hh old 
pulitii-al 0)>p'jtii^nt, I^ird Kitzwilliam, mnile 
ntTiTH wbicli ' wnitld have at onn- ivaton^d 
bU fort uni-.' 'Wilbi.-rfi.TL'v. bow^vi^r, rr«t>lved 
to liMcl It '(lMi|;U(rul asvlmn ' with his wif* 
undcrthe niofsof hiB two sons— Itolwrt. now 
ricnr of Utttt Farit-i^li in Ki>nt ; aibdSainu>-l, 
^vicnr of BriebtonR or BriKton in I he UIh 
fof Wipbt. Wilberfonw di» iilwl h\* timft 1)» 
twecn tli« two. Hif< wcond daughter died 
wwn afterwords, In May If^SJt h» went lo 
Uath. after an attack of inHuenxa. llin 
strength, tiRWfver, declin<'0, nnd in July he 
waa mov^l ro Iximlon. He ihero heard of 
the aecond readin)^ of tbc> bill for thr aboli- 
tion of ainrprv. He ifTHdiiall)' )>ecaro« 
wimker, nnd difld on 1*0 July \>*S^. Hv bad 
choBeo .Stoke Newitigtun, wln-n- his i«i*t^r 
and eldest dmij^hler wi>«> buried, a." the 
pln«e fc^r hin own grnve. In rompliancd 
with a requisition sijrnwl by nil intmb»!nt of 
(larliuiiitnit whos» nnuien coulil bp nbtained 
in the limT, be waa burii-d at Westminster 
Abbi-y on ■!> Aug. TUt* loni chancellor and 
thtt K]'icak><r of till* IlouSf of f'ommon« wore 
amonBrtle pall-lieaptTs. A KtHtuowiu placed 
ill \Ve»lniiM«t.T AhU'y liv jjulilii; auliscriiv 
tion.n colummras erected iiimemnry of him 
at Hull, and a county (i»ylimi for thi* lilind 
w«» fouiid.'d in hi* honour at York. Wil- 
IwiTorce was bur\ivt'd by Li» f'Uir sons: 
^Vdliam (A. ITS'y), llob>Tl. Unac fq. v.J, 
SainiiH [ri. v.], Hi-nry William [q. v.] Uw 
two ilauftKlers clieil tx^fore liim. 

An early jiortrail of Willwrfiinn' by Jitbn 
Riaintt ['(- v.] is in [>ri!uu-i>M«n of tlit* family^ 
nnnther of Eiira. nynd II, painted br Jo&n 
Huf»^lt, K.A., in in ibc Nntioiinl Portrait 
Oalliry. r/>n(lf)n : a later prirtrail ninfinish^d) 
by Sir Thomas I-awrence and one by CVorife 
RIchmoDd [q.v.llh-lonjred to Sir It. II. Inj^ll.t, 
The Lawrcnri^ picture ia now in the National 
Portrait QaUerv. London. A fifth portrait 



' ^aUo br Lawrence) in in th« romhinatioa 

rwrn ofSt. JobiiV Collpf^, Caiahnd(ie. Tbe 
statue in Wi-.-ttminMiT Abbey i» aaid to be 
Ti^ry lik«, but almost a caricature 

One n>o«t obviou* cliarac I eristic of WiU 
berfon^u waa th« Mngulor pLTmnal alirac* 
tir«neM of which hia bio|;ra|dier» omft-aaMl 
their inability to fi:i\'« any ndnjuati? deHTip- 
tion. The * Kecollectidiiii' by John Scan- 
drt-lt Mnrfonl [q. v.] nod ihF< article in 8ir 
Jaioi'K >Stc-[dien N ' Kctlr-KJai'tirnl BiriemphT,' 
founded on p-'rsonal interciuirse in bid lai*f 
yearv, i;iv>> soiw- impn^wion of tbe sini^lar 
vivacity and plnyfuliieA* which qiialifiird bin 
to be a favourite of eociely in hia early davs. 
I iliA trnnitparent kindliness and simplicity 
I made bim, like t'os.. luvablu even to iiii^ nn* 
lagonials. Jit* freedom from the eoanu^ in- 
dtu|nM>c«9 which ftuiiiL'd Fux*s private lifv 
impbed also a (vrlitiu imliliK-^i^ fortlie Miig^ 
fiame of politics. He i-seapod ciinlauiina-^ 
tiott at tUc COM of standing a^idt from tfa«i 
world of comiption nnd di-votinjit himiflf to 
pun'Iy l>bihinifar':)picHlmeaeuras. Tberbann< 
iif but rbamettT itiahlr-d liim to take tliv 
part of moral renror without beiiij; moraw: 
nnd the n-lif^ioiis views which in other meoi- 
ht'r* of hia Beet wt>n> p.'nerally rejpirded n* 
(;liioniv, if nnt pbariHsieal, were Ahowii bv bia 
cvnmple to be eonipitible with indoinilnble 
gaiety and Anciabilily. Tbou^fh profoondlv 
convinced of the comijrtiou of human na- 
Hirt! in genural, bo loved almost every fKt-' 
tirulnr liiiinnii lH'iii|f. 1 1 is rutniDnlinary' 
breadth aud quiekneafl of symjiaihy 1m1 la 
hif taking part in a vast variety of uii<W- 
takiiipi>, wbieh taxed tbn M.ren^h of a deli- 
cate conMitiition aud prompted on alm<iM 
rfckb-M prnerowty. 'Ihe slavery niiitfition 
happily concent nitud biii powen u|>on one 
main question of tbe day. His moreoue-t 
vidfd suppnrteTf. who wmctimes lameiittd) 
rheversatililywhicb prevent i-d him fro Riron^ 
fining bia powers to one ohjtvt, perhaps failed! 
loobwrwnowituich lii* inlIitenc<^eveniTtihai\ 
dirwction wai HtrPn(tt hened hy bi-i si-nsihitily 
In otlivrcbiitna. He couIO not be r>~')iKrded as 
nfunntir of om- Idea, Hcbelda unii)iifti>asi> 
tiou in bis time as one wbo waa e<)iuilly nt- 
.4p'-cted bv his tory allies, by sucb orthodus 
whiga as tlrnunbatii and Svduey i^milh. and 
bv Hiicb radieaU as ICotuiily and U«utluiin. 
liis ndationft to hit own family seem toi 
have been ]>Krfpcl,and no ni»e had wann«r/ 
or mnre lo^in; friendEhips. Thouitb mmc< 
iitjucliciuiis adtnirvrt tn<'d to raisi' bis ment* 
by depreriatinf^ the riaims of his alliM and 
I preilecessors in the Rnti-«lavery movement, 
I It may aafi-ly ho aaid that there are few 
i heroea of pbilontbropy whow carerrv will 
I belter aland an impartial invest igation. 



I 

I 




Wilbrord 



217 



Wilbye 



» 



Wilberfonw'swoTVciire'A IVbcIichI View 
*>f the I'r'>vftiliiiir l!i'lijrir>ii* Sy*l«!m nf Vm- 
rpssed ChrUtiaiis in tlie Ilijilicr und MiJdli- 
ClftSSf* of tliUOinirrycuDtrneriil wilh U<>al 
Clmfilimiilv,' 1707. Hvo, and ' Appeiil lo tlie 
ICfliffion, .fiiiitic^, And lliiiuunily of tbr In- 
liabitotitH of thv Brititih Kinpin^ ou Iwhalf 
of [lie Nejfro SlavM iti the Wwt Inilics,' 
1823. Two or tlirffl sptvchi's ntul iiddrt^ysi'*' 
wi!rt>nlK<iputjlUliK(l.H(id in IS.1Mii>> ' Fnmily 
Ppayera ' were edired by lija son Robt-rl. 

(The oliii-fimthcihtyforWilbfirforceimh* Life 
hjr Ills •onu Robert iMinciiiid Sainiiel Wjlberfonro. 
IB3%. S Tols. ivo. This is rbif-tly ti ten*^ of 
lrittTfl»nd ntrnris flram privat* jonmnlMind, 
tl)OU|{)i il Jiad a Inrg^ cirntlntiori, in nol n nuKlrl 
bioizr-iph |>, A * poodaiupd 'oditinn in I vol. 8\-o, 
Ity Siniiiel Wilbeifurro, nppMrtsI in ISQtt. Two 
voliimw of Corr«ti>'jndri>o« were piiltliihrd l>y 
hiBtons in I84O. Jha Rwollec-tioDf by Jdin ^. 
Ilarforl. wtiirh had Ijixn unwl by the wnj* in 
tli« Lirp, wpTi- pul)lii>h«d in 19A1. Thu PnrntD 
Ckpfit^Willinm Wilb«rforrc(l8Pr'llli»'«i»'n« 
HnHMndnbCft nnd t'nmily lottm: it incliitlcs 
ih» ' Pilt iinil Willisrfofpo ■ priv.nlniT ]innlcd 
I>y Lijpii RoM)t>»ry, nUo in 1 99'. wliicli i-outdiiis 
early t*tt«n from Pitt nnd nci interestiaft cba- 
rncloruf Pilt br WiltiL-rrmvo. Oilier iiutliori- 
tic8 Kre Ifi*' Wilberfurw' in Sir J«iii«iHij'plipn'* 
Easiya in Et-cWiiuilical 6ioi;rftpby : J. C. Col- 
quliuun**Wilberfnn'e. Iiii rHeodH iiiiil liisTimm, 
IBdft; nod J. -I. Otinit^yB Kamiliwr ^ket-.'h oi 
WilWrfore* 1838. Wi'lliiim Wilberrorv-e. by 
John Stucgli tun, O.V. {iiS<\\ gme-i & i^ood 
■Bmniary. M/iny Irtt^nt to Wilt'erforce nro in 
W. RobertH's Life of Hantinb 3Ioro. !$oe nli<ci 
ClAr)i*on'ft Abfjlition of the 8)iit« Trnilf ; M<'- 
noinnf Itnmiliy. i. Mi. S»JS. it. 140. ilHH, Si't, 
3M,iii, 1-17S.354.32S: Life of SirF.Duxlan, 
IBIS. pp. Ti. IIH, 117-30. Ul. 329.] I- S. 

WILBRORD or WILLIE RORD.Su XT 

(6'>7■^;(^),ur>•lll]i>!lOp<^f rir.Tlil imdaposllp 
of I-'ri^in. Sfc Wli.i.iiiituKH.J 

WILHYE. JdlJN (/.l.>lW-t6I-l),mnHi- 
cian, woo probably u iihIIvo of tlm fB.stAm 
countHtH, w)kuiv xhv nuinit wascooiiuoD [cf. 
TaLLlH, Tnf'MA«}, A John, son ff John 
Wilbyi'orMilbvL'.wasbapliwrd iti8t. MBry't>. 
Bury St. I'Mriiotidi), on 1 il Jnn. 1 ri7;?-3 : 
and (mother Jnbti. son of Thomiis Wilbre, 
on 27 S*pt. The muficinn'n wilt v, litiwovcr, 
not lo bf* foiinil in nriv of the pssttrn pro- 
bftte courts. In J5l'.S lie piiblishvcl his lir«l 
«el of iDftdrij^ls: thi- wortj i» liodicntod 
(' frDmlbe AngUKtiitu I'Vyurs'l toSir Charles 
Oavundieh (iw* under Cavi:sdi*ii, Sir Wii/. 
LIAH, 1505 I'ViTj- To Jlorlttv'jt collt^tiQu, 
' Tb* Trinmphrti of Drinna' | ItWll, Wilbye 
nontribtitpd a six-roin^d miidrifpil, 'Tho Liidy 
OriiutH WiiH dijfbl in nil ibt' trt'iivori^it of 
diiiana.' Fli» nifond at-t of madrigslB nn- 
peored io 160>^ witli a dcdlcatiou to tnv 




Udy 'Arbt-IU' Htutrt. The dpdicatianii 
faroiir thp fliippn&ition rhftt Wilhyc vn* wn- 
iipctod with Suflblk, Lt'igliton'a 'Tuars or 
I.nmi>ntftcion« of a Sorrowful Soiib^' (l(tK) 
contains two pieces by Wilbye- Tbwe were 
all hid piibli^hrxl work*. In 16:!^ I't-ttdmni 
(CbmpUat (fentlnnan, n. 10J\ utciltiuiia 
W'llbytf atnonji the Ix-st KnffU^li miuiL'iurs. 
Noiljing firrtliLT im ru(;ordttti uf htm : U'\» 
naiiif duBji not orrur in the cheque-book <if 
tho L'hiipel Itoyal, or in ihu pL*cor(is of I'lthur 
iinIvi!Riily. Il i* Ktdl innn? tiii|{iilnr thnt 
Bcarcely any mnnnwripl; cotnpositioui hy 
liiin nriy pfH'rvf<J. TIiiTe anj iinlbptnK in 
Thnmaj* MYrifdl'i* 'Tri.*liti(p Hi-meitiiiin ' 
(nrit, Miw Addit. MSS. i'UarL>-7) ; another 
antlu'm nrnl iwo Lntiri inotirta on* in ibn 
pari-books wriuen by ]laiiion<i (of Hawk- 
don, HnrySt. i'>iinonds), now in tht> Hdd- 
Ir^inn Library. Wilbye is not rDpn.*(nicd in 
thp great collections prL'.«frved nl tb« lloynl 
Colbpe of Music, from which Itarnaril com- 
pil'-d his ' HLdivtud L'hurcli Miisick ' ( KUl ). 
In Itimbuiilis 'Voral ('sH-.Mijaic' {iKi'J) 
nyyvATvil a madrigal, ' Thu NiKhtiuBalo in 
.Silent Night,' nnid to b« nwribfi to Wilbyif 
in n uiamistript in the music school, Osforil; 
no Mudi pi.-c*- i" inpHtidnMi in th" ciilnln{;iit>. 
Thp onlvinMrunK'otfll iniisii: by Wilbye now 
vKtiint io in an alius jiarl-book (Jlrit. Mun. 
Aildlt. MS. :i94i*r), ona of a »ct wliioh in- 
cluded lUr^-t? of his 'Fancies' for viul* : a 
Tolnmi> of ' l^KSons for the Lut* ' app<'ars in 
lh<> lyulc-cataloguu of GostUug's library iu 
1777. 

Wilbye is generally regnnled as the 
KTr*BtrHt of FCnirlinh niadripil rompnitT". 
llis two Bfilfl contain nixly-fotirpii'o^P.nlmnst 
ttvery one bpiuf; nf the biclii-*!. beauty. 
Among the very fine*! arc' rloni iniv.^ mr 
fairest [lowers,' ' Lndv, when I behold llii* 
rn»e» sprout inp." 'Sweet honev-suckindbcca,' 
'Slay, C'irjdoii,* 'Thus siiitli my Clori* 
bri;rht,' ' Adieu, swm!L ,\inftrvl!.is.' Tliev 
have alwuys rvtnaine^l fnvottrii i^e : Fluyfonl 
udverltM*d tht^to for iwledurin|(the i'oininnn- 
Wfjhh; tliiiy were on the repertory of ihe 
.\(;ii(l»my uf Ancirnt Music and tbij Aiii'i»-nt 
(jViiicertJi during the eighteenth n'niury; 
Uumey, writing; in 17^, describes them 119 
' mtirh flnng;' the Mndrigol 8oci^tT. from 
1741 CO the present day, has specially kept 
itioin in rerocnibraiiw. ' Flora pavo uio 
fairest tlowers,' pcrhaiu ihu vm- iin«st. is 
Rtfnl.ioned amout; the pieces »ong at a 
Su.'tKCX liarrcKt-honiD about ]fl,SO fLvKK 

UrRIIINGTOX, /'/■'jJW mif li<,tfhaiHi\ ('iimpIiitM 

n'prints of both setn, in score, were iaoued 
by the Musical Antiquarian Society (1841- 
IS-lti). Tlie fourteen nuniheni for three 
Toicv* had been reprlutiij ia score by Tbonius 



Wilcocks 



3lS 



Wilcocks 



Wnnvn in I7W; wvwnof thtMwnrfnrniTiflTfd 
for fix voices in Vincent Novelln'ti ' Snidiee 
in Mnilriffallim SciirinR.' Tbe finest pi»c« 

'iftvcbe-'n inriiiflp(i in all mutlpipiliftn col- 
lectioD^i some mny bo found iu tb« great 
publtrAtioOA of Tliomus Wnrr>-n (1765 and 
17fl!tl. Bland (ITBfO.li. \Vfl.b(I8()!J),GwiH 
(I«lfi), Clemfnti (c. LS-JD), H«muel Wi-btw 
(1830), Bnd nlfo in lb« cbi.-&p piibliL-uttODS of 
Kn'rubl (IH-341, IUt^m ( IKVi), Kin[[ (IK-'H'), 
llullah (1841 and IMti), Jlimbault (IH4J), 
Torb' iind TnyU.r(lRW), Olijilmnl <l»4ri), 
.Tihw]>b WaiTi'n (lS6tS), in ' TIk! llonnonist,' 
• Arign,' Novpllo's 'Mueical Titoes.' Cnr- 
wen'd * Totiir* Snl-fi> Up[ytrr<>r,' (."Tinner's 
' Mudri^le,' 'The Cvclopffidia of Music,' 
CoswllS 'Clinir-book/ Itooiev's 'Standard 
MadrigttiB,' * Tli« Cbnir' (August nnd >*o- 
vvBiher liSlirt), and JJoUirls'* '(.'anit'ion y 
CcTddar' The two Lai in motcW won- printed 
ill Arkwriytit's 'Old Knirliidi Kdiiion," V'»I. 
xxi. (i8!l8); tliey, luud the contribution* to 
Loii^liiou's cull«ctioi], an teen reduabLo than 
I be urcubir work*. 

Najrtil iOcnehirhte dfv MtutiA' iu Emjhmd, 
ii. 14^) dfPiriUui WilbvrV miidritfiiln iu> 
' almn:4t tiH model wofUa, vlifiAP parl-nriiitii; 
i« a]w-iiys intcrpntiiiif, wliQti>? linrmnnic 
oolourinf; in of tlm inr»t ;diu*inf; viirii'ty ;' 
nnd pmi»e« tli*- them*'* Cur iht-ir inbvwiit 
beiiiJtv and suimbloncM tn tbL' words, lie 

• adduct^H <>» e]K-ciiUf[iti of i\w nm^vs of p\|irus< 
■ftion at Willivp's cumniiuid, ' WWp, mini" 

•m-DB'uud ' \Vljiit iiutKlctb all ihia Imiail,' 
til'' ii|ji[i<ii>iti> I'mnliiinA in wbirb uri- ilt-jkifii-d 
witli ciiuni f.\i\\\ 1 nnd [i<dnt(t nul ihnt W\\- 
-tyc'ft frofiiiciit iitleinpt«.ic word-iwiiilinff ilo 

ilMJt inl.(.Ttp.re with iIht orennic unity of tlio 
musical construction. lltilUb {Itiitvry 'jf 
Modern Mhm'c, ]Wl, p. 7) ciswrlt'd that 
' (be worl<« of Wilbv; and uinuy of Liit enn. 
temporaries are barSly leM fnmiliar to our 

f;rn(.'ni(iuD tlioa tb«y wun) to tltuir own;' 
lul tbia ■tittiimiftit nil bitif^nr bidds f^iud, 
owiii;j lo the mufb incwBHed cultivation of 
inKlrumontal muAic tind the oantequent de- 
cline of madrigal-ainginf^. 

[Wilbyo's Works; HankiAs'u HtHt. ofMaJus, 
c. I«l ; Hiiruey'ti HiHt. of Music, iii. 8G; Hritiab 
iitid I'oruien Iteview, 1814, p. 40B; Qroro'ii 
Diet, of MuK)?, ii. 191-3. iv. 433; Rimlanlt's 
Uibliothfii M<iHric>ilian», pp. II. 2H : Vnvey'a 
Hi*\. 'if Etiiclivh .Mii^if. |>[). -iir3. :illi. 219, 344. 
309; i itfoTmation from Hr, Arkvright.] 

n. D. 

WILCOCKS. JOSKl'U (Ifl73-17.-i0). 
■ ucve&jiively liinbnp nf (]]oucej>l«r and a{ 
Boclicater, born nn 10 Dec 1873, wb« the 
fOn of Jiweph \Viloocl«, a pliynirinn «f 
Bmtol. Ke entered Merchant Taylors' 
«cljool oa 11 Sept. l(f&4j and matrtculutwl 




tmm SI. JohnV C»lli!]^ Oxford, on V-'i F«b. 
Iflfll-L'. Fmm IBM till 1703 he held a 
di-'mvebip ai Maf^alt-a CoUcpw, and a 
fi'llo»-»hip frf>m i:03tdl 15 F»>b. 17lM-l'. 
Ue ^duated B.A. on 31 Oct. Ititl-V M.A. 
oil 1>H June HiOS. and H.L). and DM. on 

10 Muv 17Cm. lie wtis for sonit> titnu 
cbaplain to tlie Knc;l>idt factorr al Lisbon 
in Loo, und to tlio Eu(;1ish trmEiBHKT. and an 
hia return wn» H|ijH>inli5l cbiipluiu-iii*urdi» 
nary to QeorRi' I and preceptor fo tlie 
datiKbtcirH of thn Princv of WhW. On 

11 March 1720-1 be waa instnllt^d a pn*- 
btndnry of Wt-stminster, and on 3 live 
1721 bt- was diTi^i-cratKl highop of IJloii- 
cv&lt'r, holding liie stall in c/mm/^'tam, 
Oti ^1 June IT^il h(< was iiir'talled d^^an of 
WeslininMor, and on the mow day wm 
nominat<^^d binbop of Itoeboster. He stVadily 
ivfii»L-d fiirtUcT promotion, dccLininf^ «ren 
ibi; urcIjbi>bopric of York, and donrt<fd 
liiin'M.df to fiompletiug tbi? west fnml of 
Wpiji minGl(.T AhbcT. He died on 26 Fvb. 
17'i^i, aiid was biirit-Hl in Wi-»tniinalef 
Abbey on !J March under tlw couaUtory 
court, wbi-r>' lii» H»n frvrliil a monnmcnl to 
bJA memory in 1701. He iharricd .lane (dL 
'J' Mnrcli 17Ut»), the daughter of Ji^n 
Milncr, Kriil-<b consul at Uabon. There ia 
a portrait of W ilcocks in the deanery of 
Westminrtrr, wbicii was enRraii-pd lij 
(Iravi-, and another in tbi* hall <.>f Mugda- 
k-n Collfoc llr>iiuMiAbrd aeviTulwrmona. 

His only son. J wc I'll WicrmK* (I7il- 
I7!H), turn in noun'* Yaml, \\V«I min«fw, 
on 4 Jan. irL'.*) -4. was ndroitied upon tb« 
ftitndution of Westmin»l*r »rli*ml in I73H, 
and wa» elttct^-d to Chri»t rhitrch, Oxford, 
in I74U, raQtricuIat inff on 10 Jun« and 
paduntinff B.A. iu 1744 and M.A. in 1747. 
ri^i>e8»^ of a (HiiuiidM'able estate, he mo- 
destly di^voied bia property tn acts of hent- 
ficL'nci?, and bis lime tu atudy. Ha waa 
tilt^rled a fi-llow of the Society of Anti- 
qnariea in 1705. While reaidtn^ at Rotn« 
htK piflvnnd bi-nevoliincw wx)n tlin aclmirn- 
tion of i!!^Ipracnt Xltl, who styled him ibn 
*blea»«d heruUck.' For lii« uee of Wm(. 
minMcr »ebool hd prcpan-d four hoolu of 
'Sacred Kxercisee,' which reached a fifVh 
t'ditirtii in 17'<5 (London, Itso). llw li»«I 
fur MJtuc tim*- iu litirlon. >ortbaniptoiii>hin'. 
nudafterwardsal Lad}' I'lace.near lliirlt^vin 
BL-rlii^htrL-. He diod unnuirriL'd at i bv Crowu 
Inn, Slouch, oil :i'.i iW. I'Dl.and wav burivwl 
in WwtmiDstpr Abbey on 31 Ikv., in bi§ 
fnttn^r's vault. Htj left b>diind luvparirtl 
for thn press a. work founded on iiia rr«i- 
dence in Itome, entitled ' Itoman Conwna* 
tiona, or a Short DdMription of tlie An- 
tiquities of Xlome ' (Loudon, l7tU-4, 2 vols. 



I 



I 



Wilcox 



219 



Wilcox 



8ti?'), whicli eonlnin* mnnv nutotMOKmp^ii- 
pal clelntls. Kf liMjucaiht'ii the si^^conil udi- 
tion lo Brown, lii» publishiT, II n|>pi-nri-cl 
in lift", wirh A m<^nif>ir liy Itirkir-iTaffi?, 
Itrown's stjccpsdor. Wjicocks was olsi> Mm 
author of 'An Accnunt of 8i>mc .Snhtcr- 
ruivouaApurtinenl.*, with Ktriieco.ii IiisLrip- 
tioDB,i]iftcoven<<lnt Civita Turcliiiio in Italy,' 
}itiblit>lii:<l ill ' PliiluHOjiliicftl Traii'^ctious ' 
in ITiWJ, miJ rfpriuii-d in the hih-ouU Bilition 
of' Itoman ConviTsntinns.' Sumu vitscs by 
liiin itpp-iirvil in 'Cnnninn QiindrH^itrolninliu.' 
A pnrrriiit flujn'ftVf^ hy S. l>lul)i]H fnim a 
|)aintinR by Heniamin Wi'«t wus iirelixi-d l« 
tti« itocoiul editinn of ' Itonian (.'iHivi'rna- 

^ lions.' 
llCoiiiiiMiMi'a MerchHDt Tii^lun' School H^. 
1883. i. 313; fofri^-s Alnrani Oxon. 1300- 
1714; NdtMt and Qupiics. Ihi Hrr. sii. 'i87; 
W«Ich*« Aluiiiiii WcftinionFi^ IRA2. |>. »l ; 
XTtnocH Hist, of Rvbrster. l!ii;.;)|i. li'J Bl; 
wnnni'a R^, of lln^dalon CntWr, l^TU. ti. 
120-7; Elli<»OriKin«l LpINw, and wr. ir. 82(1; 
WiiliiJori;'§ Ilrst, nf Wtdtmiiistcr AlA'i-v, I*il. 
|>p. 173. 33.5 : :^tAiil<-v'» jhnt. Mrm. of \V*>4- 
tnitistvr AM-PV, lK8?.'p, ^'fi , .A.nn. FCcg. I7fit, 
i. SO; ChwHitr* Wp.niiinrfiff AM>cv !{oir. ISTC, 
Bp. 81. 313, 3HK. .189. -1:21. Kirrlic aun. ^6 
MitnuirprplisMl lu Kocimi Coiivcrsiiliiiiiti. I'tf' ^ 
WeleliV Alumni WtwimoiiaM. 18.)2. iff. 33:^, 
323; Fi>it«r< Alumbi Oxon. 171 <1-1H8(} ; Oeni. 
171*1, ii. 1257; MHniiiiiKniiimMT*«IIi»t. 
ili-Mj. 180*. i. *(J7*; BrUi«li Crilio, 1703, 
T.if4.8].] E. I. C. 



% 



I 



WTLOOX. THOMAS (IWfl p^KJOS), 
piiritim liivinie, bom nlfiiir 1.*>+H. wo«'f«llow 
or scholar in ami b-^for*- liXtJ' nf St. Jobn'fl 
(.'olli?j(f,Uxrord(F"!n-Eit,^/ifmni'O.r<iii.I60O- 
71-1, ir. lti:}Ul. Wood mvk bo found his 
'in lb'3 nintricnlit of (lie university 
Tit. S. Jo. JtApt. in tb(^ year 1561;'' 
hifl nunc, howi^vur, ilova not occur in l\i<3 
univrniily ri-Ki*rcr of ipntdunt^s. I'pon 
leaving Oxford he becaraf^ a 'very pniiiful 
miniKUT of OodV \\'f>rd' in Hont-v l^nm*, 
fjnni^on, perbajw in fonntTl ion with All 
Hali'jws' Church. Ja 1575 ho took part 
in the conipoAilion of *An .\dnionition to 
I'arliaiuent, tli^ clncumi^nt in ^^'htcb liiu 
puritan party in thr- cbnroli of Kn^lnnd 
cliMtrly uKlaivd tbcir liosiility to t-pirfo- 
ttoey and demanded a cijn.-tiluiLdn withuut 
bi#lio|M. Bancroft {Surrry, p. 42) nanu-a 
Gilbfy, ^>atnuNlJ^, I.«vi?r, Kicld, and Witt-ox 
aa the compilera of tha ' Admotiitiun,' witli 
iU a^compainyin); ' Vi«,iw nf AbiiavK ' in 
the Proyer Book ; but Ki>^l(i nnd WiIoo» 
-won.' held rivponeible for it by tbw au- 
tborilMM, bi-eanfu? they inado nn attc-miit to 
^reat^nl it to parliament t Bbook, I'uritan*. i, 
.oLOjiknd wcro eommiltoi to Nuwguto,? July 




1A72. Arcrhbi«hop Pnrknr, hni'ing rpocived 
a letter from tlie i'ri»onen> dclivt.'red by ibcir 
wiTM chur;;ing btm vitk cruc-lty, nt-nt bix 
cbnpluin P<-ftr>OB to eouft-r wiifi il-jui <m 
11 Sept. llntoh (I'/j. ii. IS.^-9U| priiUa tlie 
cDnlvivtic" from mnnuticript authority. The 
pri*.)nirr« wknuw it-dgn n-spi'naiibiUtv for ibi-- 
'Admonition' and confess thfir d'ysire for 
iHiunlily "f n)inii>t<.T« und otbtr piforms. 
Thoy nlso wroti* n Latin b'll^r to Rurgbley, 
lUtyil :i .Sept., asking tn b-» liberulwil. It is 
printed by t^tryyi-^Amtnl*, n. ii. -IW). Un 
'JO Ucl. 15";i rlifv were brought bi'fnro the 
Lrhnl mnyor and. court of ald(.Tni«n, charged 
under thu .\ct of Uuifonnily. and e»D- 
tcncud to u YFar'ainiprisonnifnl. Tlii-y Venn 
vi^itfid by frinndK nnil r-ympulbl«<.>ra in iboir 
continoinenl . Sandys, biahiiii of l^»idcn, 
writinfT In IturgrhlL>y,<5 An^. Iii73, cnruplnina 
that * tbv ciiy will uuvur boijuict until tbesc 
aiitb»ra nf urdilion, who am now I'sHirniwI 
ax guds, as Field, Wilcox, C'artn-riabt, and 
Otbt!r«, bi.i far n'lnovwl. . . . Thf [tt-(ii>h' n-aorb 
unto iIk.-di aa in p^ijiery tht-y wt>re nimt to 
run nti plljjriniaH''.' At ihei*iid of thw yvar'a 
ini])ri»u^nini-ni tbcy pi'tiriunef) tin? roiincil 
for ri>li>a»^, and appealed alno lo the ICarl of 
I.ciL'r»it.-r. "Wilcox woe given hiif liberty 
bofore the end of lu'^, but di-iirivi.-d of his 
pOdilion in Honey Lnne. lie prf-acbed 
wlierv hi L'ould, and for lliv (fri-atLtt jiart of 
ten _^t^ars vi-ry fpijui'iitly at lliiviiigton in 
tIertlWrdhbire. In 15(7 he was beibn) 
Avlm«r, binlinp or* I»iidun, for cuntnmacv. 
The bi.^bri]} exnretetrHl an opinion that lie 
might b«* Ufiel'uily eiapbiyed in the north 
l,rtTRTPB, Par/rfr'/ii. £:«'!. In I'»(*l h« waa 
convened before the eceleAin»liual (.vurt^, 
and again in 1501, when he suffered & lerin 
of iuipriiiouEueiit. llu di\*d in 1U08 in tlia 
fiftv-ninth vear of Km age. 

lJuriii|j tlio latter port of Id^ life Wilcox 
enjoyed u greril rt<piilalinn hm an adviser of 
those perplexed in cnnacienoe, and for his 
knowledge of fa»uiii|icul divinity. Ilq inain- 
lained a l«rg<> corresponiletice, of which 
only a sfnrill part found ita way into priiil, 
Rroolt priiitM two letter« to Anthouy 
Oilbey, which throw light on the his- 
tory of Ihe re!i[;iou* troublea of t<'>7^^ 
157-1. and mention.'* that Sir Pclwr Wont- 
worth [<).v,] wa« one of Wilcox's inlitnatf^ 

XVtlco.\ wrks author of : 1. 'A Summaria 
and Sliiirt Mtfditationx tnucbing l.'«rtuiiie 
Points of Christian Ridigion.' London, 1K9, 
Hvo. 2, ' C«mfor<biMC'i' or Tablv cootaioinif 
tbe Principal Word^i and Mattont whieb an: 
tnmprebended in thw New Testament,* Lon- 
don, if>7fl, H\t>. 3. -The Tnfoldinge oS 
Huodne Unlnilbeii and Abtturdc Pniposi- 
tioua propounded by Banialdr, a faruurar 



Wilcox 



»o 



Wild 



<if rlic Ijberrint, by Tho. Wilcnx.' I^ndin, 
I'Vl.t^vo. i. 'A ItluHsu forCiami'-iiers.Bnd 
tiHin^tv for «udi nt dclighl ill t.'arJi's itnd 
I'icf.'Luiidoii, KiSl.t^vo. C, 'TlicSuMance 
of till- JiordL-fi Sii)<i)fr tliorlly >vi>tl soiintllv 
(utt fnrth toi^Jllitirwjtli l1ii<pnuei|HLll I'iiinl<>H 

■ n iW l-'onlr>ni*rtiic.' Not cinled, hut yinr- 
bnWy prjniwi iti I-li*!. London, f*To; n*- 
iMiiii^il iifpiin witli till- tmrii>lMtii)ri of lli-vi** 

■ Sf-rmmia,' Xn, Ji Iiplnw. li. * A Comfortnhle 
Letter fiir.\lllict*'<l (.'wiiciencw*, writtvn tnn 
(lodly M«n(ri^«tly inwchi-fl llmi Wny," I.011- 
tlou, lot*!, lOin". 7. 'An Kspoeition nfwjn 
thtf R-PiUf or tin- CanticlL'D, o1Iii>rwiiu.> i-rllod 
Hnluuinn'ii S'Hig,' Ijondoii, 16S5, -ho; I'nd 
wlit. loM7, 8vo, y, 'A Itight (iodly and 
Lffflnii'd KxiKwitioH upon I lie who It tlooko 
of l'»Jilniw, London. I.Wi, 4ti»: L'nd c.lil. 
L'^OL 0. 'A (.'lirifiliiLti nnd Iji'DrDvl E.f 
noEicioii iii>')ii LTrtniii VonR-" vf lb'.' I^'iitli'li 
rhajihT of llii^ l'![tistli» of ihut blessed 
ApiiBllt! Piiiil U\ lb(! Kuumus, and iin'Duly 
upon v^w*-* IH, IH, L'O, '21. i>>, ii-V Lon- 
don. ir>87, 8vo. 10. *A Short vet Sound 
rotnmwit uru> ; wriHeii on thni wortUii- 
Workt! cjillfd itic l*rt)ri*rb''-'> of Salonimi ; 
iinil rimv jmWifliL'd for tlit" I'rofitt' of 0<nI« 
Pfioplf.* London, L*^l, Itn. Tlic dwlicn- 
tiou i* to I.odv Itiicnn. IL ' Thrpe Lnrjji" 
Letten> for t!ie Instniction nnd romToi-t of 
«urb ne 8n> dUln-^ud iii C'onstiioiiL'u by fvvl- 
ini( of Sinm* nnd l-'cBr*- of Ood'jt Wralli,' 
London. L't^ti. Hvo. V2. ' X Sliort yi-t iriK- 
iind fiiillifiil Narrrilioti of the I'Viirfnll Kin- 
ttwt Ml in tbp Town of Woolmiim*.' in ihf 
Coiintv of Rfilford, tin- Ktlh of tvipti.^mbfr,' 
London, I'll'i'i, f^vo. On iiji(r<* '>' opniirs 
& list of recent (irf% on© item heinfl ' tbp dp- 
eiroyin'f of fitrnt ford- 11 jion- Avon rwifw in 
«ni> vear." ]'i. 'The Simimc of a Sermon 

fnHFiclirdiilSoiilliwflKtli'Ptliirlitttbof ilftrcli 
rm,' L.iiid.m, 15»7. U^nio. 14. 'A Dis- 
course toiicbint; the Hoctrinp of Doubring/ 
'0*mbridgi>, I-'jiJ-*. 8vo, Of ihi'sw worke. Nob. 
7, 8, 9, nnd 10, coinjirisinji \VikiixVfxpo»i- 
lion»,'wvro istiivd iti n colluctvd edition by 
bij* «on-in-law, John Iturgpii, m* ''nn- Work* 
of thnt lute Ki'vernnd nnd Learned Oivinp 
Mr. TbiiEniia Wilroc5t«, Slinii"t«rof Uod'g 
Word,* Irfindon. IrtiM. f«L 

Wilcox nUo trnn>lntod: 1, ' Jolm Foiin- 
li?in bin Cfil''<~hi.'*inp.' liondon, 1R78, 8vo. 
'2. ' Tliwu rro|)oeilion« or Sjieeche« [of] 
thn(<^xct-llonl Mnr. Mr. JolinCulvtn. . . .'To 
^^'btch elfo in added qu I^xpo^iiion uponlbat 
Pan of the Car^chisme which is appointed 
for the llm-u mid fortiulli Sunday in nuni- 
btr.* l.ondoii, lo«0, Hvo. .'1. • .\ Treatie of 
llie !_' I 111 relic, contniiiinjr a Triw PiiicoHrwj to 
linowe ih*> True ('hundi by and to diacttnif 
the Romiiih Church, and bU other 



Falw A*MxnhIiM nr t.'ount.'rfet Cnngngh- 
liiino, written by M. Ik-nrande de Loque of 
Itolpliiiiee. and dl■<li(^^tt-d nnio my Lord lh« 
Vicount of THivanf,' l^ndnii, UtSl. Svo. 
Thi.» Willi reifunied in lot*^. without tb«' Ad- 
monition' lotfav ri-ftder, nnd with iinuwlitlp- 
riign, bi'ginniiig ' An Kxceltent and i^aine 
•iftCDursft of the Church.' 4, *A OiM»\irw 
of thnTrueand Vi»ibU' Markr* of thfCatho- 
liok (.'hiirch, bv Th. lifu.' I.ond<in, 1&82, 
ICino; rtiwiied l&ii. b.l 8ro, fi. 'Two 
very I.nariu.-<l fifrrann* of M. IVia, togeiher 
with a abort Sum of thv .Sacrament of the 
Ijordc* Supper: wlieirfunto i:« nddtKl a TnM- 
tiw of ihu Siiliiiianci' of the Lords Supper,* 
I>indi>n, lob's, 8vo. II. '.\ Kf«)kcof Itcnram 
ihxi IVit»l, ro Ileum ill g tlio llody and HUmkI 
of CbrtHle, writlt-n in Lntiuu lo t'hnrles the 
jprreiit bf^inir Eraperoiir. iibovB seven bundrt-d 
y(>ore« Fi2(K- : bikI (rantliiti'd and imprinted 
in ihf KnKlisb limirm^ Anno IMniini I.>)W. 
Sinri! nbii^b lime it bulb bwii n-vicwod and 
in miiny plac<*« com-on-d and nowtr newW 
piiblUbed for the proHte of tbe Keadw,' Lon- 
don, l-*iK'_>, ^tn. The trHnnlntiiin wu.<i madp 
ori^innlty by William Hugh at BLiibti]] Kid- 
ley'* deiire. WiIcokb r»ri»iiin was rwiMwpd 
by Sir lIiimpbn\T Lvnd in Ifi^S. William 
liopkiiiA L'dilion, l>wdon, Ht-'Sd, givea an 
aeciiiint of all earlier editions ovre|)t that of 
Wilcox. 7. ' Mi'dilatiimi uiioti llic lOl 
I'ltnline written tlr»l in Frftieh by I'hiUip de 
.Momay. Lonl of I'lefwifl." London. L'>09.8>-o, 
K. ' .\ Worke conceminR tbe Truiu-«so of 
ChrUtiun Hitti^inn, written in Fruncb. . . . 
Hy {"bilip Momny, l^rd of Plewi* Marli*. 
Be^nnv to be tniiii»lnt«-d into Knzli^b by 
tlini boii>i lira bin and w^orthr '^•••ntleman, 
.Syr I'bilip Sidney Knipht. nii^ tit bJo rMjiicrt 
Uniidu'd by Arthur (fulding. Sinoj whiob 
time it biitb bene reriewed. and is now tlie 
ihird liniP publielin), uiid p<ir|[(.'<d froiM 
Kiuiilnrt KnnltvA reaped li^retofMrw, tliorow 
Ifrnomnce, Carelesness. or other Cormptioo,* 
Ijiindon, ItlOJ, 4U). Tho epiiitb' di-diratorr 
to IIi>nry FniderJrk, IVince of Wales, u 
eicned ' Thomae Wilcocks' fnim l>ondon, 
17 Miiy ItMU. The very popular * l!!|ioi«o 
I>rop of Honey from the Rook Christ,' at- 
tributed lo Wilcox in tin- Britinb Mii»rnm 
Library Cntalni;ue, was br a Tbomai^ Wil- 
cox, bom I'li-'l* (Wi'-S^S Jlutorjf of Di»- 
trnliny C^utvArf, iv. 22fl). 

(Itrook'n Lirta nf ths Puritan*, ii. ISS-ftS, 
i. Sie : VfooA'a Atlicrift Oxoii. »4, Blinf. i. 691 ; 
Tanner's Itibliothren, p. 77-1; NtAl'x llidor; itf 
th» Puril-in*, i. 231 ; Ammt* Tvprigr, Autiq. aA. 
]Ierl*rt. Tndvx. *ab ' Wi(«ix;' lodrx to Sirype"* 
Works. 6iib * Wilcox.'! «■ ''^• 

WILD. [SeoaUoWiLDB.] 



WILD. CUAIILES fl78l-!835K wnt*T. 
colour Rrtiftt. n-n^ born in I-iiidon in 17SI, 
nntl appliudhiusvlfftpeciully lonrcliitectiinil 
Muljjecla from the bi<^iiinin); of hiit cftn'Or. 
In rarlv vmitli he wiut urticlud to Tboiuaa 
Mftllon' ('1748-1804) r). v.] In 1WI3 li- bi-Rnn 
in exhibit in llio Itoyiil Acntlvinv uith twu 
view* of Clirint ('hurt-b, Oxford. Itillnweil iu 
lft06 by drswinps of Wt'stmiHfllvr AblwVt 
and in 1808 of York C'atliwlnil. On Iu Feb. 
Ifrttm he wiiH clf'CtMl an aiuiMiat^of the 'Old 
Wulernolour ' Society. becomiiiK n full im-iii- 
b»!r on S Jtmn ^^*^\2. lie s-non gate np liia 
uii.'mbi.-TMhiii of the society, but was n>-elec1wl 
on \'J Feb.lH:il.b«inKm«do ireMurcrin In*; 
nnd KLvrrUry in 1h27: (be Utter post he 
IrnnHtVrrvd In Htiberl liilltt in the sanu* yrnr. 
Thv niun(« of bi» vuriuue i»iihlti>ht*d workit 
indicntv tlir (f^nrrHl naturi- r>f bi« itiibiecta, 
thou(;b the tiluAtntions, bcinp mostly in 
nut.lin«, give no indicaliuu of bis |H>w>'r4 att 
a culoiirijit. T!i>- iUiintrHtiniiA which he«iti>- 

fAim] for Pynt-'s ' Itjyal lt(wid»«iic(.'s ' ipub- 
ished I81fl) wpri*, hiiwvu-r, nf]ircnbu"til In 
colour ufitr th« ntylti of Acknnnonn'fi ' Mi- 
crocosm.' The ori);mnlB wpn* timmi^ his i nr- 
lit>«r (exhibited work?. 

Hi* nix. series of worka cm the Enplisb 
i*tLthedrnU were published tii< followfii ' Can- 
icrhurv.' M17: ■ York." IHtW; •Cheater,' 
18i:t:''Li<baiR' li<l3; -Lincoln,' 1810; 
BTid' W«rcfl6ter,' H23. 

Ilin tntveU on Ihi; conllnwit n'aulletl in 
Ilia ' Rxamplejt nf the Kcn1ef>iastical Arclii- 
ISCtureoft be Middle Arpi ibi»fly in I'nuuv,' 
_.., .'■ta- •» voliimc, published in lH.'W, of 
'Heit^iil* ill llelgium, (if-rmnny, nnil Francf. 
A miBccSliinemid pollccttou.entith'd ' Twelve 
lleaiiliful Siwcinmnfl, frtira the Citbedralx 
of Ktig-land,' hears no dafe. • Arpbilcctiirnl 
Orondeur' appenrod in 1S37. and consists of 
conl iin'nta.1 akptches 'elrhi-d by.Iobn k> Keux 
and otbem under tUc direction' "f (.'liiirli* 
\Vi!d betwpcit ii^'27, when bia nigbl bi*gan 
to fail, nnd IKM, when li# becRtne hlinJ. 

Wild died on 4 Auk- K16 at .V. Allm- 
marle StrBut, I'lccadillv, wlierp he hnd lived 
since 1)3:^, leaving.beftides other iuue.Janm 
Williftia Wild [q.v.] 

[Roget's 'Old Wiirorpolonr' Sociflly. 3891. 
puviiii ; IteilKfuTt-'n UiftinMry ; Hryrtn* Ukt, 
f( F-"iittfrBHnd Kngrnvwr*; 0«nt. iiliur. ]H3fi, 
li. 1*1-1 P-"^^- 

WILD or WILDE, fiEOKfJK (1610- 
1005), bbbup of Derry, born 9.1an. MKH'-IO, 
was ami of llenry \\'il(l,il fitife^ii of l,nndon. 
lie entarud Mert-hant Taylors' school in 
mm, Niid wa» elected scbolnr of 8l. .Iubn'» 
Collefre, Oxford, in IQ-2S. H« mutriculiited 
ou 13 Xor. 1029, waa elected fellow in 




16:51, aad gnduated B.C.L. on 7 F«b. 
Hj;t4-ii, beinj; incorporated al C'linibrid^;^ ia 
the 8H.EUL> yi'Jir. Mu was rbanluin In Laud, 
wbo never forgot bin old calle|j;>!, und waa 
by him proauntodtuibe viMraKfuif St. GileSi 
Reading, and in J(>40 lo Iho n^ntory <if 
Iliddenden, Kent. When the civil war 
broke out be iH-canif preJtchiT to lh« biiigut 
Oxford, and thu depn^e of I).(M„ whs cot- 
ferretl on him tut 'J^ Nov. 1647. Wild 
preached 'm !^t. .Mnrj'.t before 'tlie jrri-iit 
ns^mbly of the Ilouii« of Corauions' oa 
a .Maroh lIMlJ-.t, nnd publixhetl bis aermon 
a[ Oxford. He was turned nut uf hiit 
ffllow»bip by the parlianieiitnrv visitors iu 
li]-lt*, uiid was ^■({nucEered from bin [\v\nff 
nl Itiddenden, but coiiliniied to ollieialu 
wborevor be ctinld durinp the Cominon- 
weullli. ill- preni-bed in London at St. 
Orej[ory'fl ou li> MnrcU I';.'J4-.'i (Kveltv, 
Diari/), hti<X ugain uii U't Sov., being the last 
Ncrmon allowi^d in Acbnrch nnd<TC*r()niwel]'ii 
proi']amalioo. * So pathetic was hi^didcnurst; 
that it drew manv ti4m frnin the auditorv ' 
{iff.) After This Wihl conduntixl tht'cburch 
of KnpUiid Bervicemid nd ministered the com- 
munion n'gnlarlv in B hon«i^ in Fleet Street 
(A. a Ang. ItSoO. H Ott. 18W; Mowo»i). 
After the Itc^tomtion he wa<i made bishop 
of iJerry, and wns one of twelve prelates 
conftecraled by Hramliall in 8t. I'atriek'*, 
Dublin, on ii7 Jan. ItJdO-l. Jeremy Tavlor 

Eini-achifl. Wild rejiiib-d in liin (ii>e, to which 
le WBB an act i vo hi iiefarl or, giiiiiji away WX)/. 
u v*>ar and prfrichini; rnnoCiinlly iMossom). 

Wild had h-en conoid I'n-il a wii in cnrljrtr 
davB, but was eximpwbai of an aacwtic in hiit 
old Kjfi'. Visitinp Ihiblin Iu attend parlia- 
ment, he died of hyart dmeufe on '2n Dee. 
iKIto. and wn« hnried in tbu cboir nf Cbriat 
Chwreh Cnthi-dnii. Wild w«g uumurried. 
and IXHineathed the little he bad Id \iiriouH 
churi(abk> purjjoM.-^ 

[RobiimoirH ReR. Merchant Taylor*', i. 9& ; 
KruTcr'n Alumni Oxun. lAUO-liH ; Lnuil* 
Works; W*ir«"ii Ui*1i'>|<i<, fd. Hniri* ; CuLton'ii 
F.iBii F-l-eleiiiTi- Ititiemicii*; I''iin.-r*l Arrmo'i 
preitrhcil ut Ctirint Cliurch, ]><tl>!tii, on I 2 •Inn. 
lOGo-lr, liy ll"licrt MuMum. D l>.. tliuilenn, «h» 
^iircBeHod Wild mt bi^hup of Ih?rrj".l It. B-u 

WILD. .FAMES WILLIAM (1814- 
|Stfi),ii.rrhitecl, xon of Charles Wildfri.T.], 
was born nn tl March 1814, In ]f*3i) hi- 
was nrticled to (ieorRw Ila^vi Ll-^O. undt-r 
wbiitn he rnrm-d his attention to Gothic 
studiK«. and at the conclusion of hus puui- 
lagtf was enlriisled by hiH miuiter with Uie 
dcfigninj; nnd building of n country churcb, 
Independent j>mctie« rapidly follownd, nnd 
W^foru l^tl Wild bad built six rbuwhes, 
int-ludiiijf (.Viute« cbnrcli, Wfaittksoa; St. 



^ 



Idureneeai fM>utliaiii^on,an(lIIwton. Tliv 
&nt ind IkhI mn of ^oroittn tv\>*>, St. Lau- 
renee » Mrlv English. At Citriat Church, 
Streitthnm, lin «itbN>q(K>nily uttrmpti^l a 
llvEflntiiin mutiu-r use'l also bv hira in St. 
Afiirk's Oburdi, Alexaoiina, snJ in St. Mftr- 
tin's M-liooU, EmU-II Sln-tt, l»nfloii. !Ib 
rRlivfl on ibe etmplti dfL-uraiiou and wide 
brick-w.tll apace* apiiro|iriiitc to tliis Mlytc 
to 9i;curt' n c1)Bnet«n«lir biiildiox at thv low 
figure (il. n Bittias) to wlncli hiit omplovure 
n»triclL>4] liini, \a unanl»l liu kvi-iily ru- 
)^rvll«id tht'ir (Wire tu mibi^nlitiiitn pn>firiely 
to cost, espMiftllvaa osliibireil jn tltenuitnc- 
tiitn (if clour ilMMnil.iijn and tlm dtnnaud 
for gnlli-rii-». 

In i>*iJ Wildjoinwl llie expeditioawhicb 
thi.' l(in)r of Prtissin *'nt Aur luidi^r I>r. I,*j>- 
aitts lo Kjrvpt. t'rijui that dniv until lt^l8 
it" n-a» cnnliiiiially abrtud, trnvt-llinff and 
Mii-leliinR in Epypt.. Synu, THrln'r, Un-uce, 
Italy, and tfpuiii. lie u tuiid ro Lave twen 
the ditooveivr of the nauthwl upon ivhicli 
lIiL* great pyi-amid wm constructed. 

R<!tiinime in im8, ho re-sumed practice 
v^ilb ihe unovfi-DU-'Utionwd church at Alnx- 
nitdria nrnl Hctidoix oL Kmli'll Stn-'-t, build- 
itia at ttip name tiiof l!it' water tovrvr at 
(lri*Ht Urirn^bv, nlwi in ilit" llyxnntint- iif vie. 
In 1A51 hi' wiift nppointMi decorative atcUi- 
twt to lUe Cirwt Kshibition, and in l.^VJ 
ma rclftinod by t lie Sonlli KoHfFin^on Mu- 
trtim a* an i-xptrrt un .^rabiun art. During 
Itiij) i>nipl(M'ii><-'nt hi- tlf»i^iied a.nd carried out 
lhi'BollinaKir<.'i-nMii«i-uni. ihuuTi'hltocturul 
CniirtM lit S<iulh Ki'n.iin;iti>ii, tlic Ilritiah 
lei^iinn at Teheran, and the taett'rn and 
wwifiurn (Tiilb-riif* of ihe flnrtictiltiiral (9ar» 
di'im. Thn Hi'thnul (irecn Miifisiitn is with- 
out th* forecourt on<-1 ctiitipnnilr iiil«iu1i<d by 
the architect. Ih* iVsij^ncd bnt did not »ee 
ejii'cijled iho coiKuUir building at Alex- 
andriii iRoyiil Acudemy, |J^70), and the 
pmp'.xMd exhibition biiildin^w on the itite of 
rhi' imperial Iiislitule. In 1878 Wild waa 
flppoinnd cLirntiir of tlji^. Soiuiu Miuisiitn in 
I.itii'iiltrN Inn l'*iidi))i, wliiuh punt he held till 
hin death in that biiildinjr on 7 Nov. 1803. 
l-'rilnrgi'ini'til" of th'- niuHDum had been car- 
rifed out under IiIh din-clions and from bis 

[BuitdiM-. ISfiJ, Uiii. Z8<; It.I-B.A. Journal, 
1883. is. JJ.5; Time*, II Not 180X1 P* W. 

WILD. JON.VTH.W ( 1*182 ?-1 73.'.), re- 
ceiver nf .stolen Roods and informer, waa 
bom at Wolvorhainiiloii nboiit ]U8l*, his 
fathM- \tvittfc a wi^r-mtacr. .looAthan bocatni.'' 
a buckle-maker and miirried. Aft«r tbe 
birth of a aoti hi) draortod hia wife and went 
to London to ply bia trod'K, but getting into 



debt bo waa dataiood in tb« Wood StimI 

priNon, when) hu mmaintMlarancconsiiUfrvldr 
time. He vna them brought into cnatact 
with many thiuvve and other criminals, in- 
cluding one Mary Milliner, with wlioni, on 
hi^rvleaae, heopen^abrothelin Lewluioor'a 
Tj\ne, which tncy aubaMuentlr i-ju^hangrd 
for ft publi(^•houK in Cock Alfi-y. Cripple* 

fiiti-. An acquaintance formed with Cuurlr* 
[itcheit, a conitAblewbo had been do^adt-d 
from the olSoe ofcily marvhal and wlntthrn 
liiinl by hlackmailinf; thievM, led tn a nart- 
neriibip Wln'«t;n iht* two, in which Wild a» 
IlitL'lien'd 'nan' dcspoiliMl thievps of their 
pain- imdttr 1 lirvats of arrest. Wild, how- 
rver, gradually diaftociateil hinu-elf frotn 
HitL-hen, and built up n connection of hti 
own ikinongthe thicVcK, offering to aell any 
goods brouifhc lo lum* and to band ovrr thu 
proct'i>Is leea a comtniMion. The ach«m^ 
prortpi^rvil, and it K^ing found that owners of 
ftfolen pnj|ierty outbid ordinary dtvlvn. 
^^'iId onmurngod hiA thieve« to at«al from 
pi'moEifl u'liom thry with ablu lo identify in 
order that be might opt^n up conimunira> 
tiouK with them for tho n>lum of their 
gootU. ^'hn gmwth of \Vild*)i htisineM led 
to tht' pBffeiiig of n statute (Q .% 6 Annr c 
.'{1, fci-ct. Ti) by which rece'iTurs of «to!«n pOK 
poriv wtTP mado acc<i.t.oarie«. This act was 
LarJly u deterrent to Wild, who now, io- 
Mirad of receiving thinga atolen, caiior-d perw 
aoub who hud hi-vn robbed to bu informed 
that goods which might ponaibly turn out ti> 
bv thuire had been di'iained by a dealer, nnd 
would be resiOnisl on pnympnt of a cnmmiit- 
sion. Thu evasion of the law ■»u-cc<td>!d, and 
H'iiii opened his honae a« an oRico for th« 
recovery of 'loet' ppoprrty, wh*re, nftiT 
Uiking iift for inquiry and other formal i tin, 
he would, after a decent delay, announc* 
that the miesing article had been Irucud and 
WAS to be had for a cprtoin price. Hi* huai- 
ness incrvoaed »o mucli thai lu- rvmoi-ed it to 
larger premises in the Ohl Ilailev, and lolnr 
he opt^ui^ tn'd branch officer. In vain did 
Ilitclion publish a 'Ul. pamphlet openly 
denouncing Wild, 'Tlie Kegnlaror; or a 
Uiiiciivery of Thiwes, Tbicr-takers, and 
Locks' (riMK-ivers nf etnlen good*): Wdd*< 
hiiiue co^linu^■d to bv the lirat resort of tlw 
victima nf hii flyAt«m. For while a part of 
Iii» lime H'n§ thus occujiied in restoring pro- 
perty, the remainder went in armu^-iug tlm 
prvlimiuory operation of tfalarlng iu He hi>- 
CumL- the iMUiing Hpint and hMd of nlugc 
coqioraiiou of ihii'vcs, whom he organiMl 
into gangs, to each of which was allotted a 
«pi'ciiil sphere nf work. Tlicrp was one for 
foch of lh« inaiti roadE lo London: one 
attended churcheSf anotlu^ cntertaiiuarata 



* 




I 



aud public futK^tiuns, wliik a ppocial brindt! ' 
niui traiiieO fnr domestic Acrvlco. SvAte- 
linusrs wiiiv lukuii fur ihv i!toriii|; of (rooiI«, | 
n dtart' of inwlmiiii-ji vem kept for lit* alt«ni- ' 
tion nfwatphes ami jnweJlery, and a »Ioop 
WHS piirciiiwinl, whirli ciwrrvitl ii> thit coti- 
f ini^nt pmnerty iin<'lnim«l or dUficuIt to dis- 
puse of Bl M'tme. 

n»itii«l>ly Willi WM not merely an lion»*t. ' 
citiicii but au tiiNt rumt'nt of justice, ilc 
atwavB appMired in public vi.'Aring n Isr^il 
cunt lud with n ulver flaS* ns a tnkeu of | 
ttuthorily; and while siipt-rinttuding the i 
pHrformanco' of h'a iiilmi b<; wuuld oflvn 
vtl'wt thi- capture nf »oine unincorporated 
l1ui>f. Thpre m no doiilrt ihnt his pracoed- 
inp» wm- for a timo tolrratr-d by ^h';)^> in 
niithnrity on account of th« 8>Trices b« wm 
irt A poeilioii to render, for wbllti fair in liia 
(l^alin^ with lim otvii i-r^jtl iirf-ii an Inng hm 
<^tj rvmainM Inyal l<} liim, he madn merci- ' 
IJevi use of oth^r crimiiiiili« in nerve Inn own 
endi. When imn «f Iiib own ffnng w-as 
ormted he iiad witot'^sw at command to 
proTo the culprit'in innwenw, and Hjimlly, 
yrhxQ it wa« d<e»irabli< looblainact>ik<'icti<ii3, 
I hi- an me w)tnc»ws vn^re rt^ady to awoar to 
I he pri^oDE^rV guilt. Muru than onvu liu ' sold 
human blood ' by obtaining the conviction of 
the innoci^nt, bnl. on rh? oilier hand, hi' 
bnJiighl nittnli-rxTB In jiijilii."'.* wilh no worse 
motive thnn llio hope of giiin, Instanceti of 
ri.-b«ll)on n{jain!it Wild'a authority by hia 
(iatelliti-fl wiTi' iKit. rare and wcni' notvr fot^ 
givi-n. Hi* (jrai-'lici? with «ueb oU'endvrs 
M-aslowait until oncof his pfing was on trinl, 
'n-boBi ho would tbcn iiii^lntut li> iftvu bln^V 
wvideniM and to obtain pardon by denouncing 
the rebcli its accumplicfs. On oiii' u«:asi(.>n 
Wild Kbot dntid on thr- hixhwiir a rauliiiou^ 
diariph'i and cluiiui'd honour for hjivmg rid 
the world of n i>roiinclrvl. Ilti bimnnlf 
(•fleeted ihn arrt'at of Joseph niake (lianf^ed 
on 11 Nov. 1724), known as 'Blueekin,' thu 
coni|Mnion of Jnolt Shi'ppard [iti^SHKlTAiin, 
JoHKj, both of whom had ruaoiinc«d his 
I end (.■ml lip. and was wriouBly woumlii-d by 
Blako lis ho !»iood in ihv hail-d'nik. The 
incident wns mnde the mibjert of ii hallKtl 
^nlitU'd ' Xtin'tpitva Oarlanil,' priiiti'd in 
Svvifl'n 'Miscellanie*.' Wild flattered liiin- 
aolf that bis xi'nl in Iraokiujr down (•rimiimitt 
when it p^-rvi.il liio piirpiiKr-iib«ciiri>d hii own 
mnie-H, and in Jantinri* 17^1 he petitioned 
ihe corporatism of l^nndon for a f^anl of itn 
frt'udom in ri'coenition of hi* serricoa in 
thief-cat chinjjf. lie paid considerable sums 
for m'-ntion of his name a<i ' tliiof-taltt-r 
fr^mcral' in the ncwupoprm and iu bmad- 
ahe«ts piibliihed nl the i-iceciition of noto- 
rious CTimtnuIs. Vi-l in Mnrch 17:^4 he 




was craving the protection of th« Earl of 
Dartmouth af^in&t the jjerieculionof inii^ri* 
straleit, who bad vitcoiiriitr(.>d ai'virral thieren 
to swear against bim ; and in another Ivtter 
hv heggr4 to be allowed to pmcurn the re- 
Htomtion of properlv of which thu earl had 
been rohbed on thft hif^hway. In .Tnnnary 
I7'2'i hi* inu^iiitanct^ wb« invoked by ono 
Johnnnn, the captain of hi* ilonp, wlio had 
bwn nrre^led, ^ildcame at the call, and 
prOToki^d n riot, c-nahlinf; Jolin«on toe«cu|>e. 
An information wax laid uaniiuit him for 
resiling .rohnson, iiiitl, after be hud liidilfn 
for chret; wwbs, he wai" uji I'l I'eb, nrreelcd 
nt his hoiLw and curninitted t'> New|fatH. 
Wbilu he ni-innincd tln-re an information of 
olcven articles wa* laid against, liim, hut he 
continued to carry on his bnsineiks. nnd, 
among othffni, n-ceut-d i1il> visit of Calherint? 
Stathatn, who pnid biin ti*n piiin^aa for pro- 
curing til': roiit oral ion of somt' lane of which 
dbh- hnil bit-n rohbed. When, on I"> VaVi 
h« was pat on trial, be wnn indictid for 
Rt*alirK lilt" anmn lace, but wa<i BCi|nitt<.'d. 
)lflWfti)tlii-n indicrod a^nin for having re- 
ceived a reward for reJHoriiin the lace, Biid, 
brin^ found guilty, waa sentenced to ditath. 
.\fter a vain ait^'Uipt at auii'iLiu by luuduiiitai. 
Wild waa b^nifed at Tyburn on 24 May 
l72->. His body was disiuturrud from St. 
I'oiKTUft chunliyanl, and thu akull and 
akeleton of the trunlj, which were Beparately 
prewrve<I, were exliibiled as late as 18(10. 
Four nnonvmoiM enprnvcd portraits are 
mentioned fey Hrondev ((■'"/, pp. 2W, 4d8j, 

The CBTi'cr of Jonathan Wild has t*oeiv<^d 
mueh attvttlion in lilei&turc of n kind, hut 
aeldom or never with any pn-t<nr»! Ut ar^ti- 
racy. Ftelding'ii satire, ' The HiRtory of iho 
[.ifeofthe late Jojinthan Wild tbu TiriKat,' 
liaii scarcely nnvcunnection with ihet'poa;- 
motiM lii-rri ; and in .^insworth's novel, '.luck 
Shi'ppunl,' Wild ii« a AulHidiary cliiirncler. 
Contain Alexander Smith's ' Mumoirs of tht? 
Lifat nnd Times of iht- famous Jonathan 
\Vild ■ lire lai-gely apocryphal, and thu i^amti 
mu*t hr »uid of (he iiuinttnius bio^-Tuphi'-ii 
which apihmrcd abortly after WUd'a execu- 
tion. 

[Th« muot Inutworihy account of Wild in tn 
jAi^kuiii's Neirgnta Calra-lar, IttIR, vul. li. Sci^ 
:il»o Thu Life and Dmtli of JinnMlinn Wild, by 
EI.D..h[eC!»kio.ruBtico R.(?LordRuymona. 
who prwridtJ at Wild's triiil). IT'iS; Thom- 
biiry's L>>a<lon, ii. 472; Chroiiiclm of Nuw^ie, 
i 415; 'Vr, ©rftHtiriwl I'riots and DrawingK in 
Bril. .Muv. Tol. ii.] A. V. 

WILDorWTLDE, ROBF.ItT (Wm^ 
I O'y), puritan dtviuvandnoet, couof Itobert 
Wihl, a shoemaker of i^t. Ives, Iluntingdoni- 
shire, wu born there in LCIOU, After Mven 



M 



Wild 



234 



Wild 



■t a prime Mhool «t St. Irea, lie wu 
iulniittM) ■ viinr bI .^r. Juhn't Cr)ll»g«, Cun- 
hriilun, rjn -0 Jttn. Ki'tl-if, mill wax vhuwn 
Bchnlar in Irifli. 1I« (frmliiareH B.A, «t the 
bi^inninf[«>f HWO, M A. in ItCW.iin'i B.D. of 
Uxlortl on I Nor, HU'J. He wa.i civiitM 
IJ.D. per litierat n-^iat <m i> Not. KWO 
(FrwTKR. ^/wMiwi'. ].'i()l)-17U; Mator, ,W- 
»ii**ioM to til. Jukn'» i'oll. p, y). 

Wild, who ndiiipti-t) elrotii{lv purit&n ticwo 
in ,v<iutli. Willi inilucied iuU> (li« living of 
Ayiilioe, NorlUninptonBliire, on ^2.1uly lliM 
hy ordiir of lliu ]l■>Ul>l^ nf C'ummoiiM. Jt 
iH KtutrKi tliiit t()in|)i?l il ive fterminiB wen 
prearh*'d liv him i-el f und another divino before 
tliii ]>Tiw.miHlii>u wim mttd)<. Wil-i], on b«inf( 
naked the nwulr. liuraoroii-ly rcplii"!!. in pun- 
ning Hllusi'in to tin.- niiiiii' of thi' bynvfice, 
' We h«vfl diviiinl il: I )\n\ti thu Av nnd be 
the Xoo.' Perhaps Wild's dil I y 'Afft*! poor 
K)lotar,w]iilhfr will, tbmi p^^ ' tlieliut liti« 
of which run*' Ave, Avf. 'listhitlii?r,thilh('r 
wilt I (;o,' contnins an nllnsinia lo thisHp- 
pi>inlnK-tit US it does to ihc iinwlTti'd ywirs 
pn!C«ditii|,' il, when Wild was appaivnlly 
usher in a J'rco Kcbool icf. la«t vi^ne). It 
in a i^luvor iiiiitalinii or an olOi-r notii; bv 
unntlii^r bund, *Hulloo my feiicy.' ihti ori- 
tciniil six fitnniuiii of which wi-ru lict-DM^d 
for piibrn-iLtioik oil ;U) Her. list!) (.Vbbrr, 
Tranmrnpt, iv. 41*). Wild's biillad ia w?t lo 
the saiot* liiDti, and mu^t have })«En nvritten 
in I'Vbruii.r>- or fttwrh 1611. It d^'picts the 
intfUfMlf iml iinreat nf a Cambridge ]^^adlla^^^ 
'Hie ballad wna ilhiHtrnttd by three cuia 
{ AwSm/v/Ac UaUni!», iii. tl^W.IIrit. iMu».), not, 
rfprodiii-td by ihe Hulled Snciclir (ed. Eba- 
wDrtli. vi. 4-VJ). Il uppcun-u luidcr thu title 
of 'Tlir- Shifllfs-t Student' in 'Wit aiirl 
Dpoltery, a ("ittleeliim of I'ofins by ihu nmsl 
Uyliiii»d \\\ir, »r III.* ])in'<l-,imdim. KMil. p. 
Si.1). The only oiber iirodut^tion of Wild a 
early years is 'The lii^neiio'' (n eoniwly, 
London. IIJ'^I, ito). Il bfJiro atnin/ traci*-«, 
particularly in ibv character of the Book- 
worm, of being by ttii' ^Aini.^ iLiicbor ua 
the ballad of 'Poor Scholar,' although the 
wrilPr'H Hciitioiia I one aocoiinlfl for the 
widely (li§8t'tTiinalL-d doubtn of 'wa being 
thv wotli of n «obfr piitilaii iniaiater. 
WiM'a reputntinn for irrciriiliir wit. in fact, 
gave his frifiid Uiclinnl lluxtrr mi iuiit:b iin- 
i-ndiuew thnl on flnft of his jntimey« from 
Kidtlermineter to London b.i visited Ayn- ' 
hoe, inteudine u rcbiiln'. Hi- arrived on a 
fti«t day, and, Mealed in t1i« comer of the 
c;hurch, heard the aermun tlirou^h. .\t the 
end he di'sireil >Vild to r«buke liim sharply 
for bavinff given heed to tale-bearing re- 
ports. 

Despite hit preibyterlmn viows, "^ViM was 



a roycUil, and from 1000 onwards cc1«br«t«d 
lh« IteMoratian in a lunf> eerier of poena 
which wef*; iiwikmI as brcMKlvulcB. *Th» 
Tm^edy of rhriatopher I^re' (no plae« or 
dalp, 4tu) wn» BPparwntly not writteo iinlU 
ItittO, alihoujih I^vi' vrni ^xffnttA nearly 
ten yuars before. Wild's'Irer BoreaJe. Al- 
Ieinptiti(^ ,Som<*thing upon the Succt>«*ful 
and .Muichless March of the I»nl OvBifil 
Or-ofjii- Monk from SeolLaiid to J^ndou. Bv 
a liural Pen,' wa« priiilpd on St. Gdot^^a 
day, t':i April (Loudon, ItiUU, 4to), and al 
once bccinic onormoitely popular. Dryden, 
who ealls Wild ' tbn Wulmr of the city,' 
aaya 'I have seen them rf>4idinfr it, in \w 
midat of 'Changi' so vehemffutlr that iheT 
]oeL their bargains by ihf candlca' end*.' 
lVpy», wli^ first nend the poem in AuguM 
16tj:i, in half ashamed of not having «i.-en il 
liefon\ and says, a littlo grudgingly, that b» 
likna it 'pretty well, but not ■<> well ac it 
waa rriid iip" iTHttry, ii. iW). The reci- 
lation, by 5[r. I'etling, of many of Wild"* 
other 'good v*rwB' formed pari of hiMt'hrist* 
mas-day enti-rCHinmnnt four veare later I A. 
iv. 2ftP'b John Oldham, in \u» 'SatTr- on 
the .lesiiint' llt^l, p. 3). also coupled' Wild 
with Wiihi-r. The p>ipitlarily of Wild't 

I>oi}iuBi-vokvd uumeroiis imitations, an»v.-t>ri>( 
iluf^l*, and vindiciilinns. One oT tiie latter, 
' A Scourge for lheLibel]er\London, IH*":!). 
asserts that 'every iiiifaihered thvit that'* 
thn^wn abroad* ii atcribntcd (o Wild (cf. 
Ca/. Jitfitf J'aper*, Dom. 1(503-4 p, 379, 
l(il!4.6p. 144), 

Hut Wild'a royalif,!. \ii.'ws did not n^oder 
bifi theologionl opinions ttdrntbh.' by tbow 
in atithoritv. IJe was cjeoced in I(4t2 by 
the Act of trnifonuilj'. -Apparently be lired 
Dl Aynboe n rear or two aft«r Itifia. p«u. 
iiiarily nimistcd i»y t!ii« Cartwright* of Ayn- 
hne. bv his suncessor one I»ngman. and by 
8ir John Baber [q. t.J,1o ^vbom, for u timelv 
gifi of ten crown*. Wild nddresiW 'Ht" 
Orsteful >'flnconf<>rmi:il' ( littit')). Mis msm 
of ironical syupalhy addreiwed to Calamy in 
his imprisoimient (n.d.) in January ItSK) 
called forth uumemuK anonymous nttackf. 
uRioiig' thota a pwiidonytnous po.-m l>y Tlu- 
dibras (Oeorge Sai'hpviTtdl) 'On Caiauy's 
Tmprisontneni and Wild's Poetry" (broa'd- 
Htd<-, ti.il. ; the original tnanitscripi is in 
Additional M.*!. •JH7:<t*, f. VW\ This waa 
Biii"w.>n.-d in ' ■' YourServant , Sir." by Italpbo 
to Flnditiras,' and 'llndibnia unitw<»vd by 
True de Case.' ^^ dd's ' F^swy on the Da» 
of York's Victory* was lirt-nsMl by Ro^vr 
L'Estrangf! on 111 June 1(105. Tlid * Loyal 
Noncoiiformiat, or un Arccutnt of wliat be 
dure swear, and wliat not,* print<»l in UMG 
as a broadiiidct, ia the Butin<lesC both in tuMtv 



t 



itl 9«nt)ment of Iuh compniiitionfi. It wui 
answered in 'Tlie Scotch Itidcllt! Unf()ld»>d,' 
l(KilJ(^o«/c.rJWn;/«J.,nnl.Mu-.) In IWiH 
waa pubJwhfid an 'Ingt'tiinua Onnt^ntion ' 
bptwiwo Nnlbnnk'l M'nnk-^- [ij.v/l nnd Wild; 
t!u3 ivii!» reiiwnefl fts'Tln^ l*nir (jiiArrc^l by 
wny of Letter between Mr, Wauley, a Sen 
ol' the Clitirch, Km) Dr. Wilde, n Noncon- 
formut.' In Vi7i Wild nddnrsied lii-i 
' Uumbli^Thanlcs for his Mujesly'it Urucioua 
Deelarauon of Liberty of Coiificii'ncu' to Iliu 
kinjc ( London, 107J). It called forlh aHVcral 
roplivs, Ou the Mvao event his alao wrote 
in [ircwe «nd VKnin *A l.ttltir . . . u^utn 
Occasion of his Mnjeatjr'a Tlednratinn for 
I.ilxTtT of Conscience,' togvtiier with his 
' Poeiica Liwntia' find & ' Fripndly Di^bn-M 
bflweeu u ConforiDist and a Noucoufonuist ;' 
thes* fllso cvoki-d numerous rejoinders. 

At this time Wild WM livinpnt Oundle, 
Northamptoiiabire. He wni indicted in 
Julv Ififllt at Warwick and Coventry As«izes 
for keepinfj; a conventicluCCii/. -SVo(« J^i/wr#, 
Itoni. irjli^ y. p. 43l>). Kis final pooiical 
vliort wui ' Vr. Wild'ji LnsL Legncy, or u 
foem sent with a (iuinufv to .Mr. B. IJ. for 
a Nfw Year's Oifi,' 30 Dec. 1678. Ha died 
at (}undl<! nf a tit of upiijiK-xy, iim! whn t.btiru 
buried on 30 July 1079. 'A Dialogue be- 
twern DeulK mid Doctor Wild," and 'A 
Pillar nn tlie (irave of l>r. Wild' (not in 
llrit. Mu».> apiieared shortly lifter (both 
folio. I<i7i}). 

Ily hvf wifv, Joy«f. Wild bad at Icot-l two 
»cn*, both of wliom, it is said, wew coufurm- | 
inji mini8t<;ra fcf. Fo«TEK, Alumni Ojdh, 
1«X)-1714). Wild'x will,dat«d mi 10 Aug. 
167^. rontuined a Fingiilnr be<|nei)r tn hir^ 
nativK pnri-b of Si, Ivus for a sermon to be 
preached annually on Whit TiKwday ; aa well 
as for six bibles, for which twelve native* 
wera to CASt lot« upon the communion table 
'with three dice ia a Hawctir'on^lLi* i^uidday- 
The lottery was duly carried on for some 
time, but i» now abandoned. 

Wild'a lat«r verse is larpdy oleKiac- Hi" 
eatirical effort'* are. however, morfl rharfto 
teri~tif. I)tu>id«>H ihifn alrt'ody mentioned, 
the chief are: 'A Horrible, T^■rribU^, nnd 
Tmtibbmouw* Historical Xarration, or the 
IkBlalionof A f'ock F''ii<lit fought alW^iKbech' 
(London, 16W, fol.; reprintvd in Culton'i^ 
• Compleat Ganic-*tcr,' llWO) j ' The llecanta- 
tion of A Penitent l*rot«a», or tho Chanije- 
ling' fsec art, Lee, Nathaxiei.!; and 'TLh 
Poring Doctor.' ' Doctor Wild'c I'oem In 
JToi-a Fert Aiivimm . . . or a Nfw ^on]{ t.y 
an Old Friend from an (>ld Poet upon the 
Hopeful New I'nrliamvnt ' (two ediliotts 
1t57U), ifi probably hi^if biit. mm« doubt at- 
tnclH» to ' .■Vn Exclamaiioo. a^iuat Popery,' 

TOt. Lxr. 




or 'A Broadside agaiiibt Popery' (I>oadoa 
I [14 Nov.], 1678>. and ' Oliver 'Oroniwel!> 
fjliost, or Old Noll newly n«vived' (n.d.fol.) 
Tile second edition of ' IterDoreaU-' (Lon- 
don, 1661, 8vo) and the third ( 1005, 8vo, a 
printer"* rrror for Ititif*) eoniAined tn-ttutj 
others of W' ildV poems. This oolh'vtion yrtB 
AUfcmcnted in the »lilion of lOM (London, 
t*vo; rfprintvd 1070, bvo; 1071, SrD,An un- 
AuthoriM-d eilitiori; and with tt new title- 
pa^'u, H>74. »vo). A few of Wild's naem.4 
Wire iiicliiilfld in ' Hii7a« rbvniH) tn iWlb; 
beingftCoUertion of Choice l*oems' (I<ondon, 
l(Jrt3. ''vo), mo»liy by John Wiltiiot, eeCDDd 
eari of Itofliwri-r [t\. v.". spx-iral of whoec 
productions wyre ascribud to Wild, 

CopiL't of thf poem* und lht> numerous 
broadsides which they called forth a» in 
thi* ' Luttn^ll Collection ' (vols. ii. and iii.), 
the ' Hoxburgb(>' and ' Bofrford Ballads,' and 
in a collection of poetical sheets numbered 
C- 20, t 2, Dt the British Museum. Wild's 
own pounu were cditod with ftii blfitorical 
and bitwraphical preface by tin- I!ev. John 
Hunt (London, 1870, 8vo).' 

[Works nod nnthantics aboro mentioned; 
Pooms. nidi preface, od. Hunt: lUkcT's Uist. of 
Ni>rthBTnDlon»hii'o, i. 562 ; Calmny'a I'almer, 
iii. 26; Ivvnact's Rcgificr. pp. 194,865. 632, 
937: Wo.>vl'» Atiifow. iii. ISi. 691. 1107, and 
VnMt, i. 512, ii. 33 ; SimiL'« I.ifa of Wrjdcn, p. 
41; Drydoa's £§siiy on l>mn)ulii; Poetry, xv. 
2DC-9; ChAlniors'sllio.^. Diet.; Lowndcvt'sltibl. 
Miin. V. 2919 ; lluliit'o ilniulbonli, 6.S6, And 
CollHctionE, pamm ; Bibliutlto» Aiiglo-Pwticn. 
p.41G; pArish rcgi«t«r of Oundle p*r tli«Tieap, 
Kev. A. K. OldroyJ.] C. F. S. 

WILDE, yiHALPKKDTimM AS(I81P- 
IhTH), lii-ut^nant -general, of Kirby Can« 
Hall, Buo^y, third ton of Cdward Archer 
W ilde, solicitor, of ('uU.'Lte Hill, (incen St ft-i-l, 
TiOndon, by Marianne, daughter of William 
Noiris, WHS bom on 1 Nov. 1810. Hu waa 
A brotlii^r of I*nrd Penxance and nephew of 
Lord -chancellor TruFj. Kducat&d at Win- 
chester school, where h« was a comDion«r 
from 1834 to 1837. be obtained a commls- 
nioii as ensiftn in the East India Company's 
army on 12 Doc. 1R38, and joined tin; loth 
Muonw nntive iniaiitry in April ISM). He 
WA-i transferred to the 19lIl Madms native 
infantry in Jnn«, ww promoti-jl to b» lieu- 
tcnnnt on 9 July ^S42, qualified aa inter- 
preter in Hindustani in March 1&43, and 
si-rved with hi^ n'^iment through thet diA- 
turbances which occurred tliat year oa the 
SlAliibar coast. 

In January 1347 Wilde waa appointed 
adjutant, and in I'ebniary quartcrmasterand 
interpreter to his rcgiiu^int. lu .March 18>'0 
be was truuferrcfd to the adjulaucy of the 

tt 



Wilde 



226 



Wilde 



Rrd Punjab inranCry, anil qnalifiM as m- 
lorpreler ia 'Mucu. In April lft5l be wn« 
appDinlfl ioeonn in comnmnd of th« Itli 
I'liiijab infontry, aiuJ \r%a Ln commBad of 
Ite r<>;(itncnt nnd oiht-T Trocipa nl tb« f>ccu- 
vnlioti of t-Iie Italiadur Kbi-1 vulluy, Kohut 
Uiklrict, ia Nort.-R.tH.ir, roiL'L'iviiijj; {lie lkank» 
of govi>riimL>nl rordofi'iitiii^ a tnghl attack 
of ft Vnly ijf Waiirii u|iiiii l!m fori of 
RaliiKiur Kh«l. Ho Aurc(>eded to the com- 
itvund of llir n'jfimi-nt on IJI frVb. ISo-'i. 
Ho WAS prnmot^d to bo brevnt captain on 
1*2 Dec, took part in the attack and cawturv 
of t!i« villiipr of AUftli-dnd-Khan in 18A4, 
vnti proinuu-d to hn captain on S3 Kov. 
18of(, and WILD llintikfd by tho government 
of ludia for xaluablo service in tbe great 
iinmdittton of the Indaa in lliat Tear. 

In Mnrcli 18-'>7 Willu ciiDinnndod tbi» llU 
Punjab iufaiitr)' in thr expi'diiioiiutulfr Bri- ti 
gadler (dfterwarda Sir) NoviUp Chamberlain 7 
■^inattkoltusd&rUnlucbis.wliuwLTv totally 
dpfi'ati-cl, and hIn^i ibntu^lioiit the Indian 
mutiny. Ht* was at tlic »ifi[v of Pdbi, and 
in Ib'i storming |i!iirtiMii wliicb cnpttired lh« 
Delhi m/tpuintinndpnlaot'on 16aii(120St>pt., 
when he wfw wimndpd. Ilslonli pnrt in llir 
actions of (Inncari, I'atliitli. and Mainpuri in 
l*ixuwbt'r, and in that of Sbamsftbad on 
27 Jan. liisoS. He was proinolod to V* 
brovL>L major for liJ« ftfrviccs at iVlbi on 
19 .Inn., nnd wii* lbanti>-d by go>ernniL'nI. 

Wilde commaiidod bis rt-^iiuL-nt in tbu UrsL 
victorious a«Knitlt on Ibti ^nFnnnrbmi'nts iu 
from of l.iipknow, at thfi sii'iro of tbnt plare 
in .Marcb IH.IS, led n utorming piirtv at tb«' 
capture of tbe Ri-pfim'/i piitnoc on tlit; Mlb, 
and wa« nevcMy wounded on tb« i'Ut at 
llie attack on Goal Manjid, in tbo k(^art of 
ibu iMty. Tbis Hvcurud iJie cupturu of L»ck- 
■lOw.Knd in .Maybe went on leave to England 
lo rt>cruit bis bvallb. IIu was mcntiunctl iu 
despatcltco, promo! I'd to bit bnrVt^t Usutpnant- 
coloni^l on 20 July, made n companion of 
ib« grder of tbe Bntli, tnilitnn.' divinlon, on 
16 Nov., and received tbe mpdal ■with two 
cUisp*. 

Wilde Kitomed to India in If**'!*. In 
MarcU 1900 b« comniaiuled I1I& reg'iciient in 
till espadition a^int<t (Iir .Mab^ud Waziria, 
and wai tltiutki>u fur bis wrvict*. H<? wa* 

fromotwl to h" rn^irneiital i"BJi>r on 18 Fi>b. 
StJl.andon^March lt<i'13hL' wue uppointi^d 
COtDmandanl of tlio <;'ir|>« of cuicUii, nnd 
commanded tbi^m in tbl^ cspodition 10 Atn- 
baln aaaiiu>t ihu Sitana atid Alandi fnnatice 
in IWiJ, Un '-"O July he ti-a« prrnnotcd to 
bti colouol in ibe army, mado an aide-de- 
camp to the (^uMtn, and was given tbe com- 
mand of tba si>cond brigade of the Usafxot 
livid fore**, whlcb dutroyed tbe villagea ol 



Simna and Mondi. He van pmrnotftd to ba 
n-(;imnntal 1 to ut*-o ant -colonel on IJ ~ 
I8ti4, and on K l-Vb. in ibf following yixr 
i(ucc*wd(>d lo tbe command of tbr Punjab 
irrt-fi^ular force with tlirC rank of bngadirr- 
pt'neral. 

On 11! June 18)16 Wihie -n-aa made a com* 
nanton of thu ordi-r of the Star of India. In 
imm b« commandi^d tbr fiidd force in th^ 
Haflira Black Mountain expedition, r«rivnd 
tho lUnniiA of goTornmi-nt for hi* Bei^icc, 
and the medid and cla^. He was promot^l 
to b^- n knijtbt commander of the order of 
the Itath, miliUiry diviiton, on 'J June l(Wd, 
nnd lo be a major-freneml on 18 July. Ou 
bin tlnal roEnrn from India iu if*7l u frood- 
wrvice pension woii beotOTred npon hio. 
In LS"? be wan appointed a nuimbcV ftf 
the roiincil of India, and promottHl \mi- 
tenant-Kenoral "n 1 Oct. I'^".. He diwl .in 

Feb. isrw. Wiide marri.-d. In IfttWl. ICJlm 
Maruiirot, third daughter of Colonel (jodfrry 
T. Greene, C'.B,, royal (latw Bengal) eti^ 
g'meers. 

[ Dvfpntvbo* : IndU Offico Reforda: Ann. Re- 
([ialer, 1B78: Tiinp«(I,oii(lon).l) Vrh. ISFS ; Hi»- 
l':)rii^nl Itpi^irclinf Ihaf'orpKof GaidiHi ; l>ebr«lt'4 
Kiiii-htujji'; noto from C. W. Bolgatv, eaq.; 
Medliv'ti A Vdir'ji Cumpaignio^ in India: Hot- 
mivn's Niirr.itiTi-uf thoSip^of D<>1hi; MkHmdu'i 
UUt. of tbe ludinu Mutiny.] B. H. V. 

WILDE or WYLDE, JOHN (1690- 
l(WU), cbinf bfiron of the •■telu^quer, wofi tb« 
■on iind bi-ir of (.leorg-** WvlJt' of Kvaipevy, 
WorceKl'ir^hir*', «erjeant-at-I»w, who r(-|if»- 
si-nted Dmitwiidi iu iiarliauR'nt, by bis wife 
Frances, diiiight4.'r of Sir l-Mmund F1uddl^*> 
Ion of Saw.Mon, l.*anit>ridg4sbin?. Bora in 
I'ltK), be niatriculatt-d from IlHllinl Collc(pi<, 
Uxford. on 18 Jan. Id0i>ri, ocnd U, and 
RTftdtiated RA. on 20 Oct, IflO? (twin; 
incurpomied at Cambridge I60S> and M.A. 
on 4 July 1010. lie brcamo a stmlcnt of 
thelnnfrlVrnple nliout Noi-eniherlOOS, and 
was called to tbe bar in Wi'2, was elected n 
bcQclier in 16'2#. nnd created a si^riivnt-al- 
law in HV-iti. Ue woh appointed under- 
stewardof KidderminHler by th« n«vr cltartcr 
for that bornngh tm 4 Ang- 1636 (BniTox, 
Hilton/ iif Kuldrrminxlfr). He seried for 
Droitwich in Ibe parliain^nls of Hi:!0-t', 
lBi'4, KL'-1. 1020. lfi-'8-(l, and March lo Msv 
leiO. In thft parliam-nt of 16".*tj he loot 
part in tbe debate againi<t thgDokeof Buch- 
inf^hnm, when he arcnie^l from Ilracton that 
comtnoa fame was a i*utlieivnl groiuid for ao- 
CUMitiou {Part, lliit. ii, 53), 

On :J1 Oct, lOJO Wilde wan wturned as 
one of the knights of tbe iibirv for WorceBler 
to the Long parliament. Ifi< wan cbiuraun 
of the committM appoiotod to prepare the 



I 






peAClin)i>nr ojpiinst the tliirtiN.'n biKhnps 
Hcenied in making tlie new canons, whict 

m 3 Aug. Jt>4l he pmsciirod M Ihc Iloiue 
of Lottie. In December hu pn;M(k'(l oTOra 
committjm of inquiry as to a plot to bring 
in the armj lu ov«rawu llic unrliaint-iil, and 
on l> Jnn. llUl-2 lit! moa ciiainitiut i>f the 
Crtmmittpe of tbe liuiiae appoiilTod toail in rite 
GuildbjU, t.'>n()nn, lo ciio^iilcr lln- snfi.ity nf 
f bijigiiom ami i-ity, and tlii^ pivpervation 

if the privileges of porliBment, whicili nwre 
thrca.U'ni-il by llir^ Rcirur*? of tlift incmlmr*' 
pnpurs luul th« king's (]«niand fur llie arri*6t 
of ttic! tilt) memb<.Tft. Tho sam« montli lie 
mpurttKl « cuiifwrvnce wilb ttio lord* rvsucci- 
int tlif action of ihe atlorney-freiieral, Sir 
K.lvvanl Herbert j^q. v.], iinct coniluL-tud tbo 
inip(*At'!imi-til of l]*'rbi>rt whicb wiw nnlMrt^cl 
hv thfl romTnr,T)3(/'flr/. Hint. li. fe!>r», ICr.-JO, 
ll^U. In tku samu yt-ar, un tbo ouibriiitk 
of tUri civil war, Im iiiib"cril)eil two linraiM 
anil thpir mnJntenanCR for thf dcftnci^of tbe 
piirliami^nt (.Vn^w ani/ QitrrU'. 1st. r-vT. xii. 
333), nnd on 2A May ]0»J t\v li.ins^ grnntwl 
hini leftve to biiv armH form>^r]y b^ilaii^in^ti) 
a MCUMnt, LonI Windsor, for bis oirn u»<e 
and the uia of the county of li\'orc"*ter (Own- 
mont' JoarnaU, \\. 5U0). An ordinanca for 
ninkintir sutii! faction tu ^i-rji-anl WilJo and 
Kir Willian) StricUlaml for Idmos tlipy siuft- 
taiDed tiy ihe king's fViror-x wqh reail find 
TOCOmmitT^ on t"i April WU.'i {fnl. Statx 
Paptr»\,iMiS. five dayp Iniir ilm .lansr- ninller 
WM referred to a cnmmittt^e to consider wbat 
reparation should br mnilo to blra {Com- 
tiwiu JvurnnI*. iii. 'il). TIk; (.-nniiaon* n> 
(■oinmotiiled bim for appointment ua di^puty- 
li'.-ul'juiint ol Worci'stt.'n'birv on 18 Marrb 
Hi4l-:J, ami hi- w»» niaile n ai^iiettralion 
commuaioDcr fnr tUnt i-onnly in April ttM3 
(r7i.) In Kebnwrv lfUi-3 Im was n-cmii- 
monded for the pwt of nUief baron of rhti 
excbeaucn' in tb'j uneii^c).«3fui proTHtsitioni) 
mBd>> by the cominorm lo tin- kinR^Cr-AnRN- 
vos, iii. i^'). lie was one of tliu twenty 
nieuihi.'nt of purliamcnt who were Ihv ruem- 
b«r» of ibe WestaiinstiT ai>4i'mbly which 
met on I July lU4:i. 

Thv parliament, nt Wilde'a itn^(;«etion, 
ordered a new jiwnit. mtiil in ihti placii i»f that 
wliicb Edward, lord Lytlelt™ ["q. v.], had 
carrit'd lit tlm kinji. It wiib rwwtlved to 
i^ntnut the nevr #if«1 to nix amimiaaionerft, 
comprijiiiii; Iwo lords and four commoners, 
ftml on 10 Nov. 1M:S AVildv was elected aa 
one of the latter. Uy succostiive votes lhe«e 
comrai^ionrrf, notwithntamlin^ Ilie ' sell- 
dpnyioff ordinanci',' rctiiini'd lb'_- cnatody of 
Ibt' seal for tbret? veiir«, whi-u on .'iO Oct. 
Itf46 iJu'v surrt-adered it to the speakers of 
tha tvru bonsvH. Wilde was one of thv 




monitgera on thi> part of ih» pommons ( where 
be Aul kept Lis 6cal)in tbe impeachment 
of Arc hbisnop Laud, who*- trial commenced 
on 12 March l(}l-'{-l. UtJt RjiLVobcs ngain»t 
tbe primate were more conspicuous for poli- 
tical and relijrious mntnour than for lugii- 
ment and Rood la«te. He oerviol on must 
of the princiiin] commitleoa of tbe hong 
parliamtnit, II" wax tnail^ reconlwr of Wor- 
cester in July llS4ri yCamnuuiit' JnumaU; 
WHirELOCKB, .Vemoj-in/*. pp. 77, lilt*; Utat" 
Ti-uiln. \v. .'lAl -/j!I«), The crtnuiion* f^rrontcd 
him an ailowancQ of it. a, wi^]: for biB 
mrtintennncc on yJumi U'A't [Joui-naU, ir. 
10 1), but ihii* ordwr was disi-hiir^'d on 
•M Aup. 1041^ {ib. p. lUit). Ou l>J Jiuie IIVKI 
tbvr ordm.id a commission iituhir tbu ^at 
Aeal to iftMue to bini anil utbent tu bub! n.uix<is 
in ibfl counlieK of (iloiiceiiter, Monuir>iitb, 
and llerufurd. and ini^trucled thu county 
commit t''t!s to pay him KH)/. for hi.-t (-xiN'twun 
{ib. p. 5f*l I. Siihs«t(Uently be was onltTfd 
to ({0 lbt> Oxfonlnlnre and Hampshire cir- 
cnilfl. A^ Jud^t of a-^'^iKe h<! dnea not soom 
to bare acted Tery scrupulniiiilv. lie cou- 
demned ('aptnin John Hurley to be handed 
at Winchester for cnufiiiiu: a drum tu bo 
bcnicn for ' God and Kin^ LltarW nt .\ew- 
port, I»]« of Wi^ht, in urdvr to rescue his 
captive sovereign. At tbe samp limn hn 
directed the grand jury to ipiiore tbtt bill of 
indictmifnt upiinnt Major Erlraund Uotpb for 
plotting lo murder the king. Wood {Faeti, 
t. %UI)iilate«tbat be received I.OIX)/. foreucb 
of Ihesi' traniuction^ adding thnt it 'was all 
on« to him whether lie Iiuil^ or buu(j uul, au 
he Rot the belftvod pelf.' 

On I Oct. 1(110 Wildu was granted by 
parliament n mtent of pri-cedenru — eipial to 
tbe rank of uing's counstd— and whrn on 
12 (let. tbe parliaroi-nL took upon tbem to 
till tbe vacancies on the judic.int bench, they 
appointed him chief baron of the exchequer. 
I)u 11 Nov.,iniAkihclini kdve of tb« bouse, 
he returned them his thanks for \\w appoint- 
ment, and then rL-ccived tbe tLankit of the 
houiu} for his many faithful and grcAt ser- 
vices upou all puulic occasioiiti ( CVimir»na' 
Juurnain, vi, 70). Ho was sworn into office 
two davit later, and si ill mhiini'd lii» position 
when the king was beheaded; hut thoiifih 
notninat4)d by parlinnnrnt a member of the 
high court ofjii-Uirp for th»- trial of the King 
on 1 Jan, ItU-S-y, he, like the other judges, 
took cfiK not to attend any of its mcctiu^, 
and his excuses woreftlloweil. H«, however, 
t'lolf the new oaths ol'olbee uniier tbe Cum- 
monwi^alth, und wasclccirdn member of the 
hrst council of siJiie mi l^ IVb. folh>win|( 
(I'ft. p. UI; WuiTtlxnKB. pp..1J3-Hlj, lie 
was plnt'i>d upon nuinvruus committees, and 



Wilde 



*28 



Wilde 



wu r»-«]««(ed on VJ Full. iDMtotlio neond 
rouncil of ktalo. wliicli luted till lo Feb. 
Kiul. Ho was unoot the militia commU- 
Hioni^nt ffir Worcmlen'liin' on SftSi'pt. KJtSl. 
^\Tien f'romwL'll aflauincd rlie |)rDt«eti>nte, 
in DiTJ-mlHtr Hi-I.'i, li^ilid nol^ for fome tinre* 
wril.vi rcQiwii.rnniiinie U'ilHeftftrhicf liamn, 
but ap]ioint<-d William Steele (ILutuKKP, Jtf- 
port4). WiMi- k<rcnl_v fi'll ihiB «li/lit. ond 
tliere is a letter of rumplaint rrom bim, dated 
\'2 July iy.")4, o[ldre*«i'd to Wliitflocke on 
hu rutiim frum ili'j Swi-diiili fiiibniN>,Y, who 
sa^H llmt it wuH * n umml reward iu MUch 
X'lmm for ihd b&tt services.* nnd adds that 
ho miivwl ttii^ Prittti'lor fill Wildf'n IwLftir, 
'but to nn fllectf the Ppwtecinr hnring b 
dialilie to tlii< MTJi-nnt, but t \w fnxmnd thmvof 
I could not li'Arn ' (Sw^tliiih Eiafumt*/, ii. lltl). 
He remained out of judicial emijluvinent 
during fhtu remainder nf t^i!iv«'r Cromwell's 
lifit, Biul it. ii* pn>babl« lUal lio ivtipod to liii* 
\Vorce»lersliire estate and tacit nart in local 
afTaira. IFo acted lu jiiftiec or peaco, and 
wa» made & coniPiinMonvr for raUing llnj b»- 
fieasment in the county in 1658. 

Id liiuhard Cromnuiru [iarliamuut, which 
Uittvd from January td .\jiril KiriH, Wilde 
BAsin sorvvd as memlHT for Droitwjch, and 
tovre presented » pftilinn prnvinfc a rn^tom-* 
tion to IiiR former njGce at' chief hamn, and 
for payment of the arreara of 1,300/. due to 
liim for hia ealarr. The former was refnAcd, 
but tlm Ijitlvr was ^nLntl^d (Ucrton, Diary, 
iv. .190). Orilba return of the Uump parlia- 
ment, oa 7 May 1*)50, tiv rmumud bis place 
aa a unembrr, and on 16 Jtine fnlUiwiiiK tli<' 
boiifi^ orden'd rhal Lord-cliief-baron Wild 
(sic) and oflier justifV" (jo tli« circiiil. He 
was rcKlorttd by parliament to bi.1 former 
port of chief banm on 17 .Tan. 1(569-130 
{ WuiTBLOCKB. Mrmnrialt, M. Henry Kcoto, 
p. 673) ; but tbe ktiie T'.>turned iu May, aiid 
appointed Sir Orlando Dridgeman [q. v/| in 
liLii place. In cotistvjiiencQ uf hie huYtng 
AMUted Ihx lortl.i iir nfveral cQmuiittetm of 
the Convention pnrlijuncnt. Wilde eKcaped 
further tiuostion, and, nUwdvi-d bv tbw Act 
of Indi'mnily, Un retired to biii honae at 
Hainp8tead,whcreliedied in iWQ. Hewaa 
buried at Wberwotl, Hum p.^h ir<>, tbe Mat of 
Cborlo* Wcj*t, lord De la Warr, who bad 
married Wilde's only dauffhtcr and beiriiw, 
Anne (CoLLiNi*. I'rerayr, t. ^37, ii. UMl, v. 
24). WiUb/i* wife was Anne, eldeiit daugU- 
ter and coheir of Sir 'X\ioa\i\» llnrries, bnrt., 
M.l*., BtfiJBtiiit-ftl'liiw, of Tung Uastlr?, Shrop- 
fthire. '\vilde*a(!linrncter has beEii variously 
judged J AVbitelocke de«.TilKi!i bitii n« leanwd 
in bis prnfwiiion, Imt- of more reiulini^ than 
depth of judjimeiir, and as eAecuting bis 
"^-ewiib dilig:>:rnce and justice. Claren- 



don calls him an infamnufl jud^, and Bii 
ton KpealiK of hi» tinwum^ sp«.-eclte9. 

[Cal, 8t»i<i I'apmv, Doin ; Vna.fi'a AJuebdE 
OxuB. lAOU-l'II: Muaon's Lif*' r,i JAiUan-A 
Kow's Jtidiirii of KngUiul: iNa>!i's Ifislurr ufl 
WocDMtamtjin- ; ViKiiatian of \Vi>rc**i6rili»;'T 
WUliftnua WurCMtar»>hirp Slciabcn'.] 

w. R. W. 

WILDE. THOMAS, LoKB Tsrno (1782- 
I^fiS), lord cbaiict;IIor, bom in Wam'iclt! 
Sonarc. Ncwpite .Street, l>indon, on 7 July 
lim, was »<-cuiiJ sun of Thomas Wilde, 
attorney, of Liwtdmi and S«(rr'>n WaiJen, 
Kmu.\. by bis wife Mary .\nn, bom Kniftbt. 
lie waN unclit of LonI IVnzHneirnDd youuuer 
brother of Sir Jobn "Wilde, I).O.L,,wh<» w*a 
called l'> ibe bar in l)«Ur>, was jud^adro- 
cate fmm Iftl6 to ISift of New So)itli 
Walea, and chief juniice fmm 1827 (bcinf{ 
then kni^bted) of tbe Cape of (.ioo<l Elope, 
nf wliicb be WM alM> from IWVt prwideut ol 
the Ie):isl&tivc rouncil until hi» dvBlh, kar- 
ine iuuc, on \'-\ Uec. l>>&d. 

Wilde war vducatvd at St. PaulV scboo), 
which he entered in I78i> and quilted in 
I7V6 to \m urticlwl lo bis Cither. He K'aa 
ndiuitied attorney in 1805, and for soma 
veare practiced aa Kuch an hifl own account: 
liul in MntT-b 1 Hi | be entered himself at th* 
Inner Tftmnle, where lio waa cnllod to tbe 
bar on 7 Ireb. 1817, having alrvadr for two 
ycurs praetiKd ta a c^rtilicaled >]u;cial 
pleuder. Wilde bad non<j of tbe personal 
advantages wbtoh heighten Xhw effect nf 
oratory. Uc woe tbick-eet and nf no prwt 
staturt-: bi" fi-nturrjt wi-re invgular, his voice 
was tinmuNcal, his delivery monotonous. Wu 
bad even an imp<^imeut of apeecb, which 
he evaded rather than overcame bv the me 
of synonyaui, but he had uo lock ot nervoui 
lOnglUh ; and hia msatAiy of tbe technicali- 
tlett of pleading, hit connL-ction and experi- 
ence, joined to ;r"*a1 natural talent and eqiul 
induf i ry, rendi-red bis success only a que^ion 
of litm-. Ilelained in ]>^20 ffir the defence 
of Queen Carolinf during i he pmjrri'iiit through 
parlianiient of tbe bill vf pnins and penalties, 
be readily siinnounled tin- Tm-juJice with 
which be was at first received by Itruu^bam 
and l>i^nmnn,aud distinguiabcd him»eU in 
cross-examination. 'Jlie celebrity thus early 
gained opened the way to an B\I*7n«iT»» 
coinmon-lnw []nii;tii*e. In 1^4 he was made 
aerieant-nt-latv {VA May), and in Trinity 
term 18i?7 he wae adraticed to the rank ci 
king'* sHTJiiknt. 

t>n ."il Slay lf«tl WiWe wa« returned In 
parliiLnient in the whig intereat for Newark-' 
on-Tn.nl. This Sent, which be carried only 
on the fourth contest, he lost at the p'niMW 
election of December 1831*, but rocoverrd oa 






Jan. 18;ir> aiiil ratninH until tito dlMaolu- 
r>nof?:i.(urie IHII. Tii th^nexr parluiment 
L> reprt'fented Worcester. I-iltonoMl gn-at 
iwyctv, Wilde wit* mififtcil tf) c^TTy the 
_Ioii«.-of CommoiiH bv^loriii,an<l at lint he 
IConfinud iiim»L'lf lo the di scum ion of jtoints 
or dvCikii ill lliL* ucusureo for ihe reform of 
tli(> repress Illative ev^teiii and tli« luw of 
bull km pier. In I81V1 lir dii^plnyc^l more 
miK-our tiiim il^oiir in ihii miiljliii); speech 
Illiwliich lie supported LonlJiilin Hufttall*!! 
nnjtiun for u tdintnilU-e mm Irinli eLurcli 
tempnrKliliea (i April), On tha rotam of 
liis \mriy to power (I* April) h>- at first dtj- 
^oi<>-i hiin.*.']foliieflvtOfU-clion petition biwi- 
ness, and in lS3tj lie served on the Corlow 
Htrctionpeiilioa commilbee as logul noinineo 
(upuointisl Ili l-'ub.) to cxBiniue wittiG««e« 
vf ttliont fo\t.»toi roXina {Vvmmotit' JournaU, 
xci.43). On the qiieationof priTilMeraiaod 
by tbe K^t^t (-'^o (if •S(oL-t(diilL> r. Haiisurd 
[see Mtockdalk, Joii;?, mid cf. ilitruBD, 
J'ari. Df dates, Urd eft. xxxviii. 12t'9, xlviu. 
•'ITiG) lie mninlninttd from t!ic first tbe liiglitML 
poseilile vinw of tbe dignity &nd mitboricy 
of thv House of CommDnf. PtjndJnp tlio 

Jue^tion lie euccu'ded Sir Robprl MnnHey 
lolfe (afterwards Baron Crannorth) [q. r.J 
iM Mlkitor-ftenoral (2 Doe. IB^'UtljUnu was 
knighted (19 Fvh. 1840). 'iV ienitiou be- 
tTtreon tbe iloune of Comitioos and the court 
of ftinwii's Ix/ncb wan tiipn extreme. Wilde 
vriut pntpnri'd for tbe timor vicdiml iii«(i«iir^», 
and, tboiiffli bU OTPCiaivit zonl wax ciirbf^d 
on the wliole bv liie altomey-penernl [see 
Caupbeli. Joiiv, firet RsRos Campbell], 
be WAS nut tu b-.^ wiihlu'ld from (ipposin^f 
tlio If^ii^stative settlement of I be queatiou 
'^11 (he piidautic gruund ibal il involved a 
tarit waivprof tbe priviliiKe llint iliitUrmed. 
Of tbe |irivile^a of liis own order bo was 
110 Vm j)>sl<>i]8 Ihsn of th<MK-of llic lin«ii« 
of Common.t. He ercn np]>o.^-il, and ruc- 
ceeded for a time in obetnictin^, tbe adiui»- 
«ion of ()itei-n'A cuunttel lo I'ljiial riglilx of 
audience with 9erjeaut#-ai-law in tbe court 
of common pleBii. On tbo other band, 
revert'Dce fur lliu jicist did not blind liita 
lo the demenUof Wf«lMiii*ter Hall ait a 
forum, und it waa under hia mtfijiieej that 
(he Unl Hiepx wi.-ro takvii towurdn llii* cun- 
cvntmlion nf the conrta of justice in tbe 
Htrnnd (Hanhakl, J'ari. Debntet, 3rd wi. 
1 vii. 1 Iti:*). I Ic iiii<?ccfd>>d CnnipMl as 
attorney-^'-'neral on "t July Itftl. but went 
out of ollicc on Ibn fall of Lord Mel- 
Itourne'ri adiuiuistration in ibo following 
Scrifeuiber. 

Wilde was one of the earlicet conrorts to 
Kowlmid Hill's SL'lipnie iif poHtnl rffurui, 
which be introduced to tbe IIOUM of Coa- 



mons on 27 Junv I84R. IIv aUo supported 
the meai'ure of the same jf&T for the mora 
viTpctual sutJt>rcs6)on of tbe elavetTode. IJia 
profeiiaional Icnnwicdgt; and aLtill showed to 
advaDlago in ibv digcuiisions which txtx^e on 
tll« n-port from iho commiUee on ihe forjitid 
exehtiquer bUl« (\ A|iril lH4:i). ibe reversal 
of the judgment apamst D't'omiell (li .Sept. 
IB44), and thu nuLVtion of prlTilege raiAed 
bv the i-aae of Itowjird r. (iiHutett |.30 May 
lH4Si {ih. Ixi. V2i-:i, Isx. -mi, IxxTi. 2O07, 
ixxx. 11)99). 

On the formation of I^ord John ItiiA^ell's 
ailmiuint ration (July J(*4y) Wilde wa* to- 
appointed ftttorrrv-ecncral, but, ia coiiue- 
quence of tbe sudil(tn death (tJ July) of Sir 
Nicholas Conynpbnm Tindal fo. v.1, be wiw 
at once odvaiicvd to the cbiei-ju«tioi-ebip of 
the court of common pleaa. iia HO Oct. liu 
vu awom of the privy council. The chief- 
juKiicLisbip, fur nliicb the t-jcpi'rience of a 
lifetime had eminentlv lilti^ btiii, be ludd 
if}X littlu mure tliui four years, bein;? in- 
duced in IHTiO to BCCKpt, tlic ^.<at Heal on 
tbe failure of the gove.mmenl. othorwiM to 
Hiipply ths ptace of Lord Cotteoham [see 
Pkitb, Chaki.i» CnaiBT0P!LEK, llrst Eaei. 
OF CtjTtEttM.VBi]. Ue was aworu lord cbaii- 
Oillor on 15 July, was at the Mime, time 
created Uaron Truro uf itowvs, Middkiii'x, 
and toot; his seat in the llouae of Lord* 
accordinfr'y (Lordi Joumah, Ixxxii. 322). 
NotwitUi'liindinif bia agn and i ni'); peri e nee 
of er^iiity bii^inn^-i, he proTi^ a rompetvcit 
chancellor; but hie auoceas was achieved at 
the co»t of intcnec! *iludy — his iudgmenta 
were icivnriubiy n'ritti'n^and !i>h health 
suffered in couBequencc. From the burden 
of ofticv hv was roImve<] by tbe fall uf tbo 
government in Febniury l)^'J; nor was it 
ri'impuexrd by Lord Abfrdf«n. lo 1853 ha 
iTeaNnd to nLlend tJm Hfiu*i' of l.oritt; and 
after two years of Kulfering he died at hia 
residenco in Eaton Square on i I Nov. 1 805. 
Ilia rumains w<Tw ini^TTHJ in ihir Dunmore 
vault {see infra) in the churchyard of St. 
Lawrence, m-ar lUin^ate. 

To Tniro'a initiative were due tbe creation 
of the court of lordft juxricea (l-l & l"i V'k-I, 
c. 83), the aubetitulioii of thi^ ullice of vhiuf 
cl*rk for thnt of mnAler iu chaiicury, wi(b 
some minor chant-ery reforms, and Ihu Com- 
mon Jjiw Proctnlurr Act, lS-'i2. Hin judf;* 
mii<nt« are contained in ' Common Hench 
Kwports,' Tola, tii-x. ; Clark's ' lloueo of 
Ijords' Cases," Tol. iii.; Miwnaf^bti-'n and 
Qordon'a ' Keporia,' vols, ii-iii. ; and l)e Ges, 
Mainuigbten, and Gordon's 'lUporfjii'Tol. i. 

Truro cndowi.'*! St. J*aut'i( wAionl in IS-M 
with 1,000/. in coniiols, iLe interest of whii!h 
was to be diatribuifd in prixL's. Uis law 




Wilde 



330 



Wilde 



librmrj wu> pmacntml hj liia widow la tlia 
I-fouae of Lnnla. Hi* ponmit. tiy Sir Fmncis 
Gnat, is »l St. TkuU kcIiijijI: another, by 
Ooodenon, itlt«r tirant, i.i iii the KBliniml 
PtR-cnIc GnlWry, London. An tMicmving 
from ft Rkrtch-|K>rtrnil, dono vrhilu ru> WM 
BL ihii bur, id iu ibf) Itriiisb Mukuid. 

Truro ninrried tirici': linil, o» 1H April 
1B13, Mary. ilaiiKLtcr uf William Wileiouii, 
Mid widow of Williiun Itevoynes; Mcondly, 
ftn M Au^'. l^io, AuifUBta GmmA D'Eet**, 
dftij(;1iti,-r tt( Aiiji^usliis Fr<.Mi.Ticl(, duko of 
Suiui'T, by his roarrin^e, void under the 
lloynl Marriage Acl, with Lndy AiiRui^ln 
Miirmv, sooond dmiji^liT'er nf Jnhn, I'ntirlh 
ttsrl 01 Ounmore. Uy his fint wife ha bud, 
with a datii;liti.-r, two *on», of whom th« 
•ildur, Churles Itobun Claude, euocectl«d as 
mooni DaroQ Tniro. By his second wife 
ho had no Uenr. 

[Law List. ISOK. p. 41 ; Kidn-'s Brit. Merlin. 
1818 p. 390. 1 8 J3 p. 404, 1828 {> 403 : .Si. rntilo 
School Bog. cd. <>iLi^lii]<<r> p. 196; Ann. Rcff- 
1827 ii. 2S0. ISIS it. 101, ]8iO ti. 2BC. 16fi« ii. 
810, 1859 ii.4Iltti flmt. Mr*. 184.^ ii.AeO, 1846 
ii, im, <11. I8fi5 it. nil : TiiD«». 13 Nov. I9$J, 
30 Jitn. 1800; Broughnm'x Autobiogm^by, Ii. 
381 ; AniQulit'i Ltfii of Lord Uoutnau; Lord 
Qun;il«ll's Lifu, wl. llBrduiut!'*, ii. 128; Mem- 
"bert of PurliAincnt, OlUdAl Lltta: Memoir of 
M*tllirw Dawnport Hill ; Polloclt's IVrwrnJ 
SAmvin^raDrvn. i. IM; B^illiinliat*** RxpvFii)De«a, 
«d. 188.1, p 271 ; Miuining'ii .'v'>rrieii'iad IiOgem : 
Pu!litJK'« Ordmif Oie Cuif; flrorillo Mengnirs, 
11. iii. I2j; Liii*- Mn;;.Aiii] Liw Iter. ir. I «i rwj. ; 
Xicholt'it H«nld and OenMluKio't n. 1^38; Ij«j?d 
itWirer. Ii. 41.91. lOfl; Luw Be». xxiii. lilS; 
]l«uijet*ii Biour. SlceWlien; iiurlm'* IVriK*; 
Foster's Psemfri]: G. K, Cfoksyneya Complete 
Feemee; Foaa's Liro;, of tlio Judgva.l 

J, M. R. 
WILDE. Sib \nLLIAM ^ 16U P-1K711), 
iudf^, bom flboiil imi,wii» tin- son of Wil- 
liam Wildv, a l^ttUoi) yiutn«r rv^idinij: in 
itrt*iid Ktn*<il. Ilv WON ivL (init a uiember 
of ClilTord'B tnn, liul was udmillL'd to iht' 
Imior TBni|.].t on 13 F«b. Itl^'y-.HO. Hw 
■waa cji]1b(1 to the bur on 21 May W37, and 
on 21 May lB-'i2 liu bocnto" « bcnclmr. On 
a Nnv. IH'ifi lift WHS ftlpcted rftcf>rder of 
London. In lUOU he faroured the Restora- 
tion, nn:l wiw returned In thft Convention 
farliaiiieut for the eitv of London. In May 
ijtlU bi^ WHS ){nigbU'J, and on ItS 8ept. waa 
CftiU.-d u bfirutiei. In March llWl h» wa^u 
IHiriiiiruitntiiry candidate for tliu cily, bul 
iDtft with littlo support, tho oWtors retnrn- 
in(f four piirilnn mi-iHliKrK (Vnl. Stall' Pnprr*, 
Dotn. I(ie0-1, pp. ri37-tO). As recorder h« 
waa placed on cbo comipiMion for the trial 
of the repcitlcs. On Tj i)cr. Uifil lit' was 
maAi tt aetrjeaiit-at-law, and on 10 Nov. n. 



< liii^s HTinnt, Wbilv mconbtrlw nwdsd 
I in ureal St. Rartholomew Close, and ftft«r- 1 
wnrd« at Ltiwisham in Kvnt, and at Qold- 
.ftone, a nanorat Ash inth« Mmo county. 
On 10 April 1608 be was appoint^ a jud^ 
of the vommon pleas, and on T2 Jan. IbT^-^ 
wu rviuovi.'d to the bine's bench, la Ke- 
bniary 107S-» lie poaaed at'utenc* of death 
on Laun-ncu liiit. Koburi (in».<c, and Htionr 
llwrry, wiHvic'tHl of th» miirdpr of tjir KJ- 
mund Berry Godfri.^ [q. r.l, on the peijiunl 
t««tiinuDy of Wdluim n«ill»« [q. v.], ami 
on 16 .\pril he approved thft roaviction nf 
Nathaniel ICeodioK for tamperiuf; with tbe 
kind's cvidonci', on the i»ainc man'* pti- 
deuci'. luDii'^iatvly afterwards, according' 
to Burnet, bo diMoTL-wd TVdloe's treacbeiy 
aud told him ruuudiv * that hv was a p«r- 
jurad man, and ougut <o come no mon 
into court, but ^o \\avae and repent * 1 Hut. 
•jf ku OvH Time, lHi\1, ii. 190). In »mM>- 
qiience his patt-nt was revoked on 2U April. 
IIl' dital shortly after hJa dismisal, ou 
23 Nor. ]ti79, and was buriis] in tbfTt^mpV 
Churrh. He was thrice married. Bv hia 
sfpond wife, Jane, dau{;l>trT of Felix AViU"n 
nf Kttiiwoll in Middlesex, ho had a son Failix, 
who Bucciwdi^ him in tlie baron«>tcy. On 
rSU Oct. 16fli' 1.0 married his third vifo, 
Fmncvs, daushirr of Thomas Darcrod of (li* 
city of IiOQaon. Br h?r lie hail a second 
son. ^ViUiam, who inhiTilvd lus eatate nt 
Aah. NritbiT "m had ina1<> isauc, and on 
thi> den-tli of Felix the baronetcy beaam» 
<*xtinct. 

til 1631 AVilde published in Xorman- 
Frencb the ' lleports of divers special (."ams 
in the Court of Ktnf^'s B«nch,' compiled by 
yir Urnry Vt'lvt-rlon [i]. v.j A »«:oml «di* 
tion appi-an?d in 1(574, and a third in Enj,"^ 
lish in 173^. A fourth edition was piiblinhcd 
at Dublin in 171^*, and the lint |>art iif * 
fifth ediiitm in London in ISiO. Wilde's 
olHcial iiddn<«a to Ch«rl«8 H in 1601, fy» lii» 
pa.4aa^ from tho Tower to W~hib>hall, waa 
priDled in the same year; a copy is in the 
Hritiih Mu^tnim Library. 

[Fu«>V Judcas of Ei^'lud. 1864. rii. 193-^; 
Cb<»»Icr'» London Mnrringt Lieencos cd. Foster; 
Biirke'K Extinot Kironnteieii; Wood's AUtsiMB 
Oxon. od. Blis». ii. 177; Tuwnseod's CauleciH 
of KiiiftiiU; IVpyR*a I>iary aad OorrMp. tA. 
Knivbro'ike. i. 137; F.velyoii Diary, ed. Bmy. 
ii. B3; HutitMl's Hint, of Keal, 1778 U T4, it. 
£77. IHSU i. Tci. 'llh; Oal. Stiite Pkiper*, l>oat. 
lC39-;i; Col)ljca'e 8!Ale Trials, vol vii-1 

K 1. C. 

WILDi; Sm WILLIAM BOBEKT 
WILLS C18I5-1876), surp-on and lri*h 
antiquary, wm bom in IHIA in the small 
town of Castlerea, co. Itoscommon. Iliv 



* 



ndfttlliL-rr Itnlplt Wilde, was ilie sou of 

Durliant ia«rcliiiut wlio,(m be i n f^ appoint eil 

^ajjimt for some pru^rty Id Ko^cuuiuioti, 

Mrltlqil lit ('iuitl>'r>'«, aoii marrk'd an IrUU 

ls(ly nnmc^ O'FlTiin. Ilia father was Dr. 

Tltumi« WiliK', vbu iinil nn r'\t>tiu>ive gnnif 

rnl prtclioo in tlio dUtrict, nnd hU tnodu^r 

was a Misa Fynn, n menabi-T oT nn old tinl- 

j wAy ffttnily. Having' hc^n ttliicntpd lit the 

^Bfoyal acliool of BuuK^lier, aud afcorwards at 

^Bthe UiocLwiin school of Elphin, lit- hocui h\a 

^■■urgicul etudk^4 in DiibUu iu l83tJ, wLi>n lie 

^H ivits appi^iiiteil a reniiii'iil pupil in St«i!iecii>'H 

^^ H'jspital. Aftor olilainiiif* fiiit diploma us a 

i>ur)rt-oT) III 1837, lin n|it!iit iiliin uicintlu tn 

charjfii of an inTalid patient on board a 

yacht. This Ivd to tht> |jubli*.'nlioii of his 

flMt bnftk, 'Thfl Xiinralive of a VoTiip> to 

Maili^iru, TenerilTe, and olong the Suorea of 

tho Mediterranean' (I>iiblin, ]«40, 2 voU. 

8ti>; 2nJ odil. Oiililin, 1314). Hu nubw 

qiientlT spent three yean m ihe Btndy of 

tlii> aural nnd ophthalmic branchiis nr his 

profes-iiun iit l^^iuloii, Itvrlin, and Vienna : 

and, Hottliii^ in Dublin in IMl, lie soon 

VttablishLHl u lurgv' and lucrutivc pructiir 

M an ociditit aiid nnrint. fie applied fUl- 

Sret thoiuaud pounds hn eaniod at hispni- 

feuion to ruundinfr the St. Mnrk'n Ojihtlialaiii; 

Hospittil, l>ublin; nud thniui^hDut lti«cark?er 

frarv hiH services gTUtuitously to tho poor, 

fttilictrd with diiwaKt^B of tho eye or L^nr, who 

\i.«it<>d liint in largo uuiabers fruiu all parlx 

of Irt'land. 

Wtldv was devply dwatud to tL<> adTaiii'L- 
tu^nl of RK^Iical seii-nr*. llnfitundisl «ni! 
mliled tha 'Dublin Quarterly J<mniiil nf 
^IiMirasl Sciciifw.' Ilin work*, ' l-.pidrmic 
Ophthalmia' (ISr.I) and 'Aural .Surgery' 
(ItsW), extended the boiindariee of two oV 
Rcure and intrifftt*? hninL'hcf of wi'dionl 
science; and obtained for him in l^-'t'-i the 
■ppointmonl of Kiir^eon-oculiifl in ordinury 
to rbe fliiWR iji Irwliuid— 0- pvst wbicli wait 
Kp)*ciully crested in his honour. lie wr<'te 
fvverat bookit and mocuzimi aniclu»on ollit^ ' 
bnuu-'heift of mi^dicine mid snntoiuy, and uUi'i 
»u uiitunil history nnd ellinoI»(ri,' : but ii in 
in llif lii'ld itf Irixh Nntii{iiiticx nnd InjuK | 
grapky thai lu> won. a.tn writer, hisgrear^'ftt j 
renown. He wrole in throe v.iluiuvs a de- | 
•criplivc •Oiitfilri^iirt of rh>- CV.nri-nl* of lbi» , 
Masentn of the Hoyal Irish Academy'— llie 
firrt volume appt-arins in l>^''iN — which i* ii 
moQUinciital work of archieoIo|jricAl erudi- 
tion and in«i){ht. Hif) IopoKm[>hical wurkit, 
* The BeaiitiL!s &f the Boync luid tbo Bhick- 
w«ler'(IS4y)und' l^jiidbCorribftod lyough 
Maak' (1^07), deal wiih .Iktricla rich in 
9e«!nic atlractioJix, hitilorii; iiiii^KJation:!!, nnd 
anciquarinn ireaanres. He aloo pnhlishcdin 



I anCiquarinn li 



1849 hid intorestiiig little book on ' Tlw 
CloeinK Yearsof the Lifeof Dean HwUt/witb 
the objL'CL of refuting the slatt^iient that 
.Swift wan insane at tins end of hi* oartK-r. 

In 1841 Wilde was appointed medical 
coniuiiiu>ii;ntir for the Irish crfiiKtix. InconrnTC- 
tion with t.hfiCi^nfttiarejvnrt. of IWil ho wroto 
H blue-book on 'The Epidemics of Ireland ;' 
in it ho givi'j ah iKroiint of the pi:-.*ii- 
lencM by which the country was reconlld 
I to hare been visited from the earliest timfg. 
' In 1861 he wa* liniffhttd by iho Irish vicv 
roy, ihe Karl of Curliale, for his serviceo l<> 
atatiitticiil ecieiiiM-, (M*|iccially in conntH.'! iun 
with tlio IriHh o-n.-'iiit ; Hiid for hts lahiiunt 
iu antiquarian nnd arcbaMdn^icol fields the 
IJtivitl Incli Auidt'inv pn^M.'iili«<l him in \H7H 
with thft {'.'unningham cold medal, the 
hi^heet honour in its gifV. He diod in Diibltn 
on 1!) April lrt7rt, and was buried in St. 
JeromfiB cnmetery. 

Wilde married, in tK51, Jane Francisc* 
Elgre, dnitghtcr of in opiscopaliiin chTgy- 
ninn, ond left two «Dns — William Wild«, n 
journalist, who died in Lnndon in 18U8 ; and 
'Mr. Dscar Wildu. 

L-iDT WiLBK (^IS^B-lf^Oii), born nt AVex- 
fonl in \Si(\, f(;;ll under the iuQuence of tlio 
imtii>iiali:>t di>irtriiirj< nf 'Thtt Nation' about 
1^4^, and comributed to it pruee and verae 
under the pseudonym of 'Speranza' iinlil its 
"iippfiwion for sedition in ISIf*. Tin- last 
issuu of thai journal contained an article 
from her pen entitled Muctji nlea est." nppcal- 
mi[ to the young luvii of Irvlaud Lo take up 
anua, and the crown relied on this e^say 
ill its unsiiccuaGful prosecution of the editor, 
Charli'S fiarim DulVv, for onlilion. Sin* re- 
inoYiMl to l»ndon after the death of her 
liii«hnnd, was pmnled in ]^*9() a pension of 
rtOJ. a year from th« civil li.it • in ircoiput ion 
of her services lo literature,' died on It Feb. 
1800, and was buried in Konsal Green cem^ 
lery. Ainoug bur published worlw are: 
1. 'I'oeuiH by" Spi^mnxii,' 1871. a. • I»ri It- 
wood frrjm Hcundinavia,' 1884. 3. • An- 
cient Li-gi!iidi>, Myntir Charmn. and Snper- 
Btitinns of Ireland' (2 vols, 1^7), which 
lucludu* a pajter by her liuxbatid on ' The 
Ancient Kacen of TrclaniJ,' read by him tn 
the anihropolopicnl ireL'tion of the Uriiish 
.\MnciDilii^n at Belfast, ISTl. 4. 'Ancient 
Cures, Charms, and Luiffce of Ireland,' 1 H!K1. 
fi. ' \ote* on Men. Women, and Itook^,' 
1891. <;.' Social SliidiiV IfiOil. She alj.0 pub- 
li*hed in IBi^O — writing the concluding por- 
tion which had bocn left unltimht'd— h-r 
hiutband'ii ' .Memoir of Oabriel Heraiig'T,' a 
Frenchmnn who resided in Dublin during 
the last qnurler of the ciKhtoenth century, 
and woii «ti authority on Msh antiquities. 



i 



Wilderspin 



23a 



Wildman 



IDabliD Unirenit)' MaKvtiop, Maj 1S75, 
wfaich coDtatos a |)iiKr»it uf {jir William Wildo: 
the Iribtt netnpapfr-i, A|)nl IS'S; porsonul 
kDowl«dg».] ». MacII. 

WILpERSPIN-, SAMrEt. (1792?- 
lUBy), joiiil-fiiutiiii'r (^r thtt iiifuiit t>c!>nol 
evsttiin m Knfrland, wastli^ nnn nf Alt>x&ndBr 
Wilrlftrepin, und wna bcirn at HijrDse;', 
MiddWex, in or altoiil l7i):J. lie b«rnn 
lilV' ns & clerk in & merckant's olHci% but left 
tbiit oC('iii)fttion to dt-voto bintucir to iW 
(ievGla|imt!Ul of infant »i.-hi,KjI#, Uo wm not 
iha oncinalor uf lli« avi^lpiu, thi> crvdit of 
whicb i» gi'iiL-rully x<^'<^" '(> Oln-rltii, piulor 
of WaliilMcti iu AliMiCM, Kiidf in (treat 
Britain, lo Kobprt Owen [q. v.; of New 
Ijuiark. Hut ^vbcn ljnn\ lirfiiiuhnin niid 
Others resolved m nppn nn infant srhodl st 
BrewiT'e Gpuen, WeeiDiiuster, \\'iIderBpia 
tbrenr liiiii»flf into tliu muvemi^t.Kni) npi-niHl 
oiibi^uwnaccnuRl in IBiOa aimilikr inDtitti- 
tiou at 8|illa]Ge1d«. Tbe ditEcullies be and 
bis (leroled wifeliikd to cope wiih in tbeir 
lint att«m^lB are amuHiniflj- lold in liia 
* Early niflcipline.* From rliis time liis life 
was iipent in exlundin^ thi- syi'mm of inraTit 
Hcbools over tbe L'niled Kiii^om. At the 
iavitutiuu of David Slow iq. v. J liv ^tq 
HOme lecture* at l'iJiribiir)^li and lilaogow. 
FoplwoypsPfl (IS'KMl) he wns hwidniiuitcr 
of the ct'ntnil m(Klfl Ekcbocil in l)ubliiii, lit* 
jinallj rucpivcil ti pension from (rLirttnimcnti 
and retired to Wakuflyld, Yorksbirc, ulwiut 
1&18. l{p died tbero on lU Mareb ISI56, 
ftnd Tvii» buried ut Ibc ncigbbouring cbuivb 
of Tliorncfl. 

Wildi'rspin wui rwlct) married. By his 
Unit wife lit- bed lUn.Nt duughlora, ]li« 
Bi3cund wiff, a widow niuned Uowdinp, kiit- 
vivfii hitn, ami di»«l in IS"."). He w«« a 
loan of aniall £iuti]r<>, hut v^ry aVrt, ami in 
publt<t apeiLlLiD^ used a good deal of action. 
He was iklM A fuarlou rider, and th« ono 
reor«ation be allowed hiinstilf wa« occualon- 
allv to follow thL> hounds. 

Wildt-n^piu wrotv: 1. *0a thu Importancti 
of «diieatinff tbe Infant I'oor,' 2ntl I'd. l.nn- 
don, I ^^1, tfvo ; a third (idition appealed in 
\Bi'j aii ' Infant I'Jditc-al ton ; or, ItnniaTkii on 
!bo Importance,' &r. '2. * Earlv Diarinlinn 
illustralod,' I^ndon, 18;{'.>, ll'nio; 3rd ^-d. 
1H40. :J. "A Hywem of Kd»c*tion for tli*. 
Vounji,' Londoti, ISIU, tJTo, 4. ' A Manual 
for the InstruL'tioii uf Young C'biblrcii ' 
(conjointly witb T. J. TL'rring:ton"(, I>ondon 
find Hidl/lti^.^ Sv,t. F>. 'Tliu Infant ^ys- 
ten) fur I>i!Vl- lupin ^',' &c (in this ho collx 
himaelf 'iiivt-ntor <if tbe ("y^twii of infant 
trainini,''), 8tb ed, I^ndnn, 1852, limo. 
Discijtfei of Swi'dijnburg maintain that it 



waa from th« ' n«w church' wntutgv be 
formed bis system. 

[T.^it<-!i's Practical Eduationtats and tbtir 
S_i>i*n»>i. 1878, pp. iSSSa; Wilrtcwpin'n furn 
writiiig«: Illnckvood''! Ma^. xxr. 393 ; Rulusi. 
Uwen'a Autob. ; inf<:inn«titfQ from tfa« Rrv, 
W. O. Boull*^, Mr. Ubrirtopher Todd of LoMgl»- 
iMnwgh, Mr. Jaawa dp«r«, and Itlr. S. 1. 
HodaDo.] J. n. L. 

WILDMAN. SiK JOTIX (Ifi21.6-lfi93), 
politician, bi:>rn about ]t!:>],wa6,Bixordin(rto 
Clapciidon, ' bnid a stfh'dar in tht; univcreitjr 
of Cftiubridp.*' iiifMthn, xiv. ■iH). lid 
seems to bnTeaorvud fork time inSirTbomAi 
l-'uirfax's lir«|purd8, probably abotit IdJO. ■» 
il IH bint«il that bn was nol odd of that body 
in tbe days of fiffhtin^, and had curtainly 
riuiM^d to biiloiig tn it hr the auluoin of 
1(U" (fff. TAf 'inumph ftnimrd.by 14. Ma*- 
tt^rson, ltll7, tto, p. IS), In tbe autumn of 
llUT^wbcn till.' i>ii]dinni of tlin ni'w laodfcl 
bwum» Huxpinous nf their leaders for na^u- 
lialin;f witb rbarles I, and ttiynf rv^mont* 
nppointfid new 'agnnl.i' in plaoo of tba 
'agitators' elected in the pr«Tions Mar, 
Wildman was the chiff insri^tor and tha 
f|K>ke«mui uf the mQV«ment. il«- publisbwl 
a violent attack on Cromwell and the chief 
ufficurs. entitled * Putney I'mjtcls,' and wa» 
probaldr tbe author of the manifesto ealW 
' The Case of the Army Stated ' (cf. Ciarkt 
i'aptr*. i. 3l7,3.'»tn. At the tnwtintt of the 
l^'ncral council of tho army at Putney, on 
'Is Oct. mi7, the fire agents who reprp- 
sentt'd ibedJMentiuntreirinn-iit^wcrt'ftccom- 
pitntvd by Wildman and nnotber ciTilian. 
The soldic-rs, explained Wildinun, ' dt'sired 
me to bu their mouth,' and hv atoned on 
tbi-ir behalf that tbe t-ngaifi>mt-uCa enlemi 
into with the kini; aboufd bu cuic<U»l, 
monarchy and the I Ioumu of Ijorda abnlialied, 
ond manhood aiiirmge eetnblished. Ue ahn 
demanded that tbe olKccrs should aompt 
the '.Vprwiment of tlit> People' joat pot 
C;»nh by the five regiment* (ib. voL i. pp. 
xlviii, 240, 268, 317, SUtiy. 

On I8JaD. 1048 Wildman utdUeutmianl* 
colonel John I.ilbume \<\. v.] were informed 
Df^inat: by Qeori^L' Mastorvon, mini^tur of 
Stiinv«litcb, fur promoting » aedilious [mti- 
tion, and summoned lo the bar of thr 
House of Commons. Tbn liou«<' commit l«l 
both to Newgate. Hail was refused, and, 
in spiteof frequent petitions for their rrf'**?. 
they remained in prison until 2 Aug. H>*8 
(.4 Dfvlnratiof) nf Me I'rotvedin^t of Lit 
tenttnt-rotonel John Lilburne anit hu At 
cinte»,'\<Si^, ilo ; Cvrnmoru' JvitrHeU»,V.' 
-ID'.t). Wildmati'a sjieech at the bar of 
the hmiBe wna \ery ineffecliT*, and iho 
pamphlet hv published in answer to Mn^tvr- 



Wild man 



233 



Wildman 



I 
I 



gon'ii diftfjiM, entitled 'Trnih'* Trinniph,' 
WAS tlt'rUivi'ly rrrutcti by MastcnoD in the 
'Triurupli ytniiiei].' 

On tne rL'l«isH of the two ntiaonera a 
m^etiiiEof ibv li*vpllvre tonk plaou at liw 
MAg'a HeBd tarem, in wliieh, aays Litbiimp, 
•thejast end* of the w»rwere a* exactly 
Uid open by Mr. John Wililmnn «» entp I 
heanl in my lif«,' and tbe partr a^ed lo 
oppose th« cxcctilion or iVpoaitioii of tho 
king till lilt! fittijiuuetitul pri»riiil>-s of tho 
futurw constitution were settled. To that 
*mi a now ' Af^niuorLl of ibu IVoplw' was 
'3niwii up by alj(t<>Hii rfprBftb-iilHtivfB of dif- 
fafunt puniL's, but, uftur long dcbntoa in the 
ojiincilof oiiiwrn, it wiip ho iilt«n*d Ijy llip 
otRaen thnt Lilbump and ollu-r Ipailf'rs of 
the levellpre refuwd to accept it, Bnd pub- 
li*ii(sJ in Mfty ](>19 n rivnl ' Agrwmeiit/ 
drawn up themaelreji. Wildmiui. howerer, 
was probably eatiified, for he abandoned 
furtbor AxntntioD. * Ky old ffllow n.-boI, 
Johnny Wildman. where art thoaP' wroto 
liis former rwsociaip, Kichard Ovwton [q.T.^ 
' Uetiold, a iniglity Rlonu ft-ll from thv akiua 
into the bottom of tho sea. and gave a 
mighty plump, and (^rvat was tbv fuU of that 
atone, and »0 furewell Johnny H'ridmiLn' 
<OvBKION, Defiance of tie Act of Partbm, 
iftitt, p. 7), Xliout iho I>ej{inninR nf ItUy 
Wildman was major in the n'pinipnt of horae 
of Colonel John Heynnldn, bnt did not 
neeorapany it to Iri^land in August tB4!] 
{Vtarkf yis^.) lIi.-iiri-ferrcdniiODCT'niahin^ 
to fl^btinff, tini bL-eame one of the j(Tnatest 
«iwculatDr« ill til'.' furf'^-itcd lundv of royulijttti, 
tleticy, and [laiiint.i. Ili.^ jmrrhik'-t-* of land, 
vither for hiingitlf or forothtrs, weruseatiered 
ov«r nt li-n*l tw-t-ritv rouni if* ( Val, of Cum- 
ijii'«M//.»-r.>»i;wimJ(ni,',jip.lO.'i3, I7eO,.1IOO, 
*^20] : vi. LifrnfCMhwl ll\ttrhhwn,i,i\. IS«o, 
ii. 171). For himoulf hi- bnuf^ht in IfiW tho , 
manor of Becket, a»ar ^hrivt-uliam in Berk- i 
nhirp, nnd other lands (idjoining it. from his 
fmnd Harry Maneii (1.1S0S5, Berki^hirc, ■$. 
3W). In I6&1 Wildman was elected mem- 
brr for Scarboroiieh, hut ho wae jirobably 
one of thoxe t-tcIuiIiHl far mfuitng thu engage 
ment not tonttempt to alter the goremnunt 
{Old Pari. nut. XX. 30.'>. By the end of 
1054 he WM plotting the overthrow of the 
IVotvctor by means of a combined rising of 
TOTalisU and ItTpUer*. ConM-qui-ntly ho 
wsa arrested on 10 l-'eb. \H!>\ and cent 
pritooer first to C'hupalow Castle, and nfter- 
wardl to the Towur. \l the moment when 
ba waa Mixed \ui wan dirlulin^ to h\* »ervanl 
a ' Deelaratton of the free and WDll-Bfri?ct4'd 
people of Knglund now in arinx againtt ihn 
tyrant Oliver t>omwelI, eftq." (Thi'blob, iii. 
1*47 ; WBiXKLOCKit, Memorial*, iv. 183), On 




96 June ItUUt a petition begging for Wild- 
man's relo«»owMprwcnted to the Protector 
by various penona engaged in bu«inr««»)wci]- 
lsrit»ii0 witii him. and on giving securitr for 
lU.OUl/. hii w«it prorinionntly s«t free (C\il. 
State Paper/t. Dom. IHftii-fJ, p. 3Wl. 

For tliin rest of the I'^3tectora(e Wildman 
Up^ out of primn, though he »till continiu'd 
to intrigue. He was in frequent communi- 
cation with n:>yalist URenta, whotu lie ton- 
Irived to penuadc that hu wns working for 
the king's cause, and he ftignt^ the adilmtif 

I 'resented to Cliarlos II on behalf nf the 
I'vcllers in J iily 1(156 (Oi-*Rr-.\noK, lM>ct/if», 
XV. 101; Clarendon Stfitp Papers, iii. ;{ll, 
315, aai. aHJ). it U pretty certain that 
Onimwell'a govprnment wern awan' of thnw 
iuiriguifK, and it ia probable that Wildmou 
ptirdiaaed impunity ny giving information of 
t,omv kind to Tliurloe. For tlii^ ruiAon h^ 
wa* nut trngted by Ilvde and the wistr 
royalUts (ih. iii. JtW, Jlfl"; flut. .V.W. Comm. 
lOtli Hep. ri. ia7). Ui8 political object 
ill thif< complicated web of treachery was 
prrobably tu ovurlbrow Cromwell, and to 
set up in hia place either a reiinbiie or «. 
luonari'hy limiti!d by eumo elaborate ooii- 
elituiion of hiji otm dvvt*ing. 

Ia Ducembsr 1659, when the anny had 
turned out the Irfing parliament, Wildman 
W(i5 employpd hv the council of officers, in 
riinjundionwitliW'hitelockf'.Fleft wood, and 
fithers, lo draw a form of goremment foe a 
five state ( Whiielocsj], Memorialr, iv. 385). 
.\t the same time bewa-Hnlnttinirl no verthrow 
the pitle oft he army.aud olTered tn raL<»o three 
thousand horse it* Whifi-ioclie, who waa 
conHinblo of Windsop Castle, would declare 
for tt free pommonwwilth, Whicetocke di?- 
clined, and Wildman, seeing which wav the 
tide wan running, helped Colonel llenry 
Ingoldaby to m-ize the cnstle for tbe Long 
porliameut. On -'8 \)tx. lti-*0 the house 
promised that the ROod serx'ice of thost> who 
had asjLited Ingoldahy should lie duly re- 
wnrdtd ( f Wiinond' Journals, vii, "AH; A 
IMter concrming the neruring of lt'indaor 
Castie tu tkf Parliiiniruf, l*iW, 4101. 

At the liestontlion Wildman, rh&nktt to 
tboae rect-nt t'xplotts nnd to his boatility to 
Cmnwell, escaped untrouhh-d, although an 
information asuinst him waa prcitontcd to 

f.irfiainent ((hmtnona' Jaumais, viii. (Ml), 
n ]{jt!l complainta were modi} that thJa 
oDioials of the post ofSce were bia creaturaa, 
and be waa aceuMd of suspieioua dealing 
wilh tho lett«ra ({'al. State Pnprrn, PonL 
HJ^W-I p. 400, im\-2 pp. fiBfi, m.)). Ue 
waa alwi HUMpwlwd of complicity in the 
republican plnta agnin.^t the government. 
asd ou 36 Nov. 1061 he was examined and 



Wild man 



»34 



W'ildman 



oummitied to closu iiniinsiMimcui {H^trton 
Ms, •2'A'A, f. (Jo; Kiatyiir, JiiyUUr, pp. 
GG7-(Kk.'k Kor iiuarly eix vvnrK liu wait it 
■titJMBr, tirsl ill thu Tovrnr, IIihk hi St. 
lary'a Island, Scilly, and finally in Peo- 
dt'iiniit Ctwlln ((.W. Stottn Paji^rf, Vofa. 
16flS-ti. pp. iKK), 288). Hifl raptivirywM 
iCbarod by uih son, nud, nccordine to Uurnvt , 
Pie »ytnt )ii» time in i-tiiclyinj; luw timi 
' vhyac. After tlie fall gf Clarendon, on 
1 Ol'I. ItHJ", Wildman was released on 
rivutg eecurity to ttUeuipt iiotliing against 
th« ffowrnmoat (ifi. I(i(i7, p. o01*J. In lle- 
ceaiWitWBA cvun nimmirtd that liv niut 
to be ft member of tin? oim«iiilt-e of mr- 
coiiiils about to bo rppoinletl by iwirliu- 
mi'tit., tliroiigli llio inflitfiio- of ttii< Ihikv of 
Kiickinglmm. Sir Williain OriVfinm- es- 
nrpM.'d bis wonder iit lliu prnposal ly I'ppya, 
tVildnian hiLVin|; bn'i'ii *n, fnlai'^ fi-]l<iw let 
evei^'body.'ond Sir.Iolin Tullnot openly de- 
nounced ^\'ildmaii to lh« House nt' Com- 
lons (pRPTs, Diary, 8 Dec atifl 32 IHt. 
1667). The •cli«ine fell tbTOU^b, and on 
7 July Irt/O ^ViIdmalI obtnincd a lic-.-njrc lo 
trawl abroad for liit liwdib with lil» wif*? 
and son {Cal. Staff I'aprm, Uoin, HJ70, 
II. 'i'ii). Ittit Lis inlini&cv with Bucli- 
in^hiim (-tiiitinit>-d, and lio wa» oni^ nf 
tbtt irustui's in wliniu on '2\ Dec. W"*" the 
un«iil(l portion of Di.icl(iut(!iain'« pstatv wiis 
reeled ^ ffirt. MSS. fV-miJi. I2tli lU-p. vi. 
218). 

On his rtMura to England Wildman 
]iluujr«d ono) moiv luiu [Kilitiuid intn^'iii-*, 
thoiiijli keppiti); bim.'H'ir nt (intt cautiously 
in tbi' ba<.'ki,Tuiiud. lu ibt plots fur artuttd 
rfisistanoit to l.lii; liing whirli follnWi'il tin' 
difisflluiionof CliarleH Ila Iniit pnrliBmmit in 
IfiWl lu' apponre to Iiav* playeil a coiisider- 
abl* part. 'Wildman wan cloM-ly a.'isociati'd 
with AlRemon i^idimy, bofb of whom \vere 
difltmstod by ibt.' leaders of thcv Scottish 
lualoinieiit'i, and by tliir Eiif^lish nobleuiun 
concernHtl, aa too rtrpubticun iii tbtir iiimt). 
Wildniandrt.'^'iipaniunirfi'tutolicpuhliebuil 
at thi* ttiti<*»f I 111! intondi'tl tiuiirn-irliriH, nnil, 
tlioii^h not onp of thn 'public raanfltrore," 
■waK privately consull^-d upon all occnsiune' 
and applied unto i\i« tbf-ir ' chiof oracle ' 
[In/ormalw»» at lo thf Jttfc House I'lot, p. OO 
frd. Killli; Vr.aori^o:S,I.i/eof]iof>rrf Fer;}U«f» 
pp. 145,431), H« waa hU') criKlilcl with 
eufnr<?ntin>i the ahtaiifiniLriou of the king' a»d 
IJultv of York, 'whom bt" ospni-a^fd by thu 
uamuof Hta^K ih.il ^vcrtikl nollitMnipAlrii,but 
leapt over lUl the fnnw« which tlip rare and 
wiwlum of the authors of the cuiiKlilotion 
had miuln to roAtrnin them from committinir 
BpoiU" <*. pp. 7^. -Iiy, 434). On :!6 June 
1663 he was comtuittcd to tho Tower for 



cotuplicity in the li j'e llotw) pIot,bm allovred 
out on bail on '2A Nov. followiiij», and finally 
dUcbaivvd on VI Feb. Ifltf4 i LtTTBRLi;., 
Diary,i,'>m,'2Sy2,\M\ ; Thr Prowiiin^tupon 
tkt baiiiitf/ the I/ird Brna^on Cifrrarii . . , 
Mqjor B'lWmaw.&c.folid, l(W3). The cliief 
mtORfis a^inM him wn.^ WitliAoi Howard, 
thini lord Howan! of JE^nok I q. V.*, who 
I<utiliMl that Wildnmn iindcrtoolc lofiirniAh 
th« rcbcla with some {,'uns, which tho dis- 
covery nf two dmull tiild-piec«* at hi* Iiotimi 
B'!emed to coufirw (Kvrnet. Oirn Time, ed. 
AirVf il. •'Ki.'l; SlltiT, Jiye JIoMHf I'M, eJ. 
lliiW, ii. 107). 

When the nt-ijin of .Inmi-ft II b«^an, WilJ- 
niftii, nndiitcmsl by his narrow csoape, 
«nlured into conimu mention wiih Mon- 
mouth, and was hio chii'f af^-nt in Eiif^lnDil. 
Ht! Nvnt. a ct'rtnia Itobort Cra|;e|,aUiu Smith, 
to MnnmoHlli and the English exilus in 
lloUand. Aecnrdinp lo Cngg, Monmouth 
complnincd of Wildman 's bacKwardiir-is 19 
providt! miincy for the expedition, uriiw 
thmt hf ' would govern vviTyhody,* ' Uked 
roUilnp of ar}bi)dy> doin){ but hi* own,' 
and thought 'by liuvpiug his own niuse- 
Rtriujfs fa&l and piTsu*«Un(5 «lh«ni lo do the 
uBiiii; ' b« wwuld liindiT the pxpedilion frtjai 
eamti}{^ till wluit 111- imnj^imed tin- rijiht 
HMuuu. Wildman, on tho ollii^ li>iml, com* 
plaiijfd that Muumouth and a little knot of 
trxilt't* vrtTV Tt'AoWfd ' to conclude the Krbiiun 
"f the |:ovi>rnment of lliv nation wilhoiit 
the kntiwlcdf*p of anv of iho people in Enj;- 
land, and that lo ih.xis day they knew not 
what he inltndt^d t« wl up nr d*'c]aro' 
(//(>(. .V.y.S. Comm. U>th Kap. vi. ;iy4). 
Other deposition* reprwwit him as advisiufi 
Monmouth to taks upon him iht- title of 
kinfi, and (^ncuurn^n); him by citing the 
example of iho Knrl of Itichniond and 
Hichani 111 (y'V*^"' JJittoryof tbf Jifr 
Tfoun/i PM, by Ford, Lord Cirey, 17**. 
jp. ya, 1 l-l ; cf, MaCAFLtv, Hitt'tty •>/ Enff- 
'nud, ii. l:il, l'eople'n edit.) .\ll urooiinla 
agrisuthat hu drew bfuik at the lai^l m<>m"nt, 
did nolliiitg to \p-X up \\iri promiM.-!] rising 
in London, and refused to ji.iii Alonuioiulh 
whfii hf- landml. At lhi> be(;inninK of June 
IB^to Wildman fled, and nn order for bis 
npim-hension wns published in the 'CJawitf' 
fnrl-J-Jnnf! ]ti^.'>, followed on :^( Joly by 
n proclamation tfummoniug him and olherv 
to surrender. Wildman, who had ei>Oiip»d 
to Holland, remained llx-rctill x\\n evolu- 
tion, probably n-iiiding at Amati^rdimi. IIu 
wn>^ disaatififiL'd with tlie declamtion piib- 
I'lihed by thr I'nncp of "range to justify 
hu osp'dicion, hgarding it as d<rni)!n'->1 o 
coneilati* iho church |)aTty in Kngluiid, 
and difsiring to make it a comprvhenaiie 



I 



Wild man 



235 



Wild man 



I 



iaipdxchinvnt of ttio ini«f{OTeninittiit. of 
f ■liorli^A ftn<! Jaineo. The Far! of Mac«lca- 
fi«ld, JjOtd Mordauiit, nnd oilu-rx ■ u |iporteil 
Wlldman's vit-w, hnl mori" moilorstd routi- 
6eUorspivvaU«d(Uui{>*iST,if«^»ij/J«i>w« II, 
»d. Noiiih, p. aol). Willi lrf-.irl .MhccIw- 
Jivld AV'ildium «iiibarkotI on cite priaGci's 
doet and iatide<l ia KoKluud. ilt> wrote 
many anonvitiouB ^umplili't«i on ibe crisli, 
ML in Uie Ounreutioa {inrliauifiil culled ID 
JanuRryldSOMmemberforWootiouBiuwett, 
nnd wiu n frwiuvnt. *p«jiki-r {cf. Gkxy, 
IMalft, is. lis, 70. rO, Ifri. :^:i6>. 

In the procwdin}^ ii){ainsL Itnrton «tid 
Gnhain.CMn^d wiiii ftuhnnntion of tsvi- 
denra Ld tb« atate irtnU of tb« Uitu ivi^ii, 
AVildtnBD w»:< [inrliciiturly ai'live, bniifcirif; 
ia the repori of the couiBiltiee a)i]>uiatud to 
inveftliyatv the cii»<', and rcpr-'viiiiiig llus 
eommonB nt a conforvnco witn the lords on 
(lie Hubjvct (WoTi^i, Lifr nf M'tfUnm III, 
App. ii. 11); Hilt. Mas. 6mm. \'2\h llcp. 
vi. 261). Oa 12 April Utt'O lio waa mod^. 
no<itina)ili.tr-Kr!n)Tnl ( f.'a/. Stair Vntir*, Duiii. 
16S9, p.' 6&), Uiil ere lung loud coin- 
plointa wero madt* thnt Im.- ivsm luin); lii« 
pn.^ition to diwrcdic llie tniy ndben'nla ni 
Willinm III by fictitioiiii letli>rs which lie 
pretfiided to linro intorc^^pti-d ; nnd thcrw 
were also reportJi that tit- was iiitrigiiiii^ 
Tfith Jttcy)bito emiMoriM ('lJAr.RTMPLB, M^ 
mvir0 of Orent Britntn and Jretnnd, od. 
lliKI, Hi. 7". iU, i:il, 184). Acc».r.linglv It« 
WHS emnmnrih- diBmissedfromliiBjitHi about 
tbti fill] of Kubruary li>01 (LtrTTiiKi.i., />i'ii(-y, 
iL lf*r, 102), Wifdman, however, had Iwen 
ninde n freeman of I.ondan on 7 Dec. )ti89, 
brrnmcan a]dt>rman, and wa^ Icnif^hu'd hy 
\^'illi«m m in company witU olber nlder- 
mrrn at Guildliffll] on I'Hi Ic-t. liillL'fLi! NnvE, 
Km'yAt', p. jyfl; i.umiELL, i. 01 J, ii. mi). 

Wildinan died on '2 June 16iW at the tga 
of fpvonty-two (I.[;rTiii:i:[„iii. 11:2), and was 
buried at ShrivenhiLiii, Hfrk«liiri-. By hi* 
will, uccordinp to iIib epitaph on li'is noini- 
nMmt in Sbrivenbain i;liijrL-h, hn dirvcted 
' that if hU eXf^cutom Bliniild think fit rlipn^ 
should be some stone of eamll price set near 
to his asliei, to ai^mify, withont fooliab llat- 
tery, to his poaterily, tliat in lliat agti there 
lived a man who spent the bei^t part of hit 
days in priaoiui, without rrimrf, iHiini? con- 
scious of no oirfBic*! t'>wardti man, for t Jiat h« 
BO loved his God that ho conld i-ervo no 
man'a will, anil wiKhml tli<t lilx-rtv nnil hn{H 
pinew of hia crvunfrr and all mtinliind' (Lt- 
wm, Maijnn Itrilanma, ' Berlfsliire,' p. 3H7). 
Msraulay ifi lfa.<i favonrahle. After dt^- 
scribinjf a fanatical hatred to monarcbv as 
tlip mainitnrinff of Wi Idman's aiPecr, he fttlda : 
' Witli \\ Udmait's fonaliciam was joined a 




tender i-nn< for his own wifiiy. \\v had a 
wonderful skill in fnii'ingtbi! rdg;.* nf ir>ia- 
»on. . . . .Siicb was hit cunning, that thougli 
alwfiTA jilotiinfT, ihou^h alm-aya known to 
be plotTuifr, and though loag malij^anlly 
watched by n viiidiciiv« ffovcramtrnt, he 
cludtid uvery dnii|^r, uid dit^ in hi.t bed, 
after liavinc set-u two generations of his «c- 
cotiipticca die on tLufpillows' (^Hist."/ Enij- 
iawl, pi'opli^'ii (idit. i. 2ri6; rf. Durieu, 
S^fiil, cbun. iii.) There is an enf^vt'd piit^ 
trail uf Wildntan, by Faitliome, with ihti 
moito • Nil Admirari.' 

WildBJuii married, first, Frances, daiigh- 
tor of Chrisiophcr, fonrth lord Ti-yitham 
(CoLUSS, J'ftrai^, vi. W; cf. ili»t. MSS, 
C\imm. ]4r!i Kfp. vi. :;al>); his svcond iviff's 
namu wu^ I.iicy; ehn |t-litionv<l in 1001 to 
be al!i)wt-d lo shar" her hiiiband's impriwn- 
mcnl {Col. Stnte I'afifr*. Uom. 1(J«JI-1>, p. 
^•VJ). IK- had a nun, .lohn, whi} tDnrruid i 
Kleanor, daughter of Kdward CIiuIm of 
Bfthcrt'den. Kent, in 1676 (CHiaiTKu. l/rn- 
t/nn .Mnrri't'jr /.iVvBitmi, p. i4G7 ; l.K Nevk, 
Kwi/htn, p. 43S*(, and (lied without issue in 
1 7 lU, Iwivinp bis estate at B<»cki'l, Htrkj^hire, 
to .fohn Shiile (afli-rwnrda first ViHconni 
Barri nf;tnn ) [ se<< ti A KK I VEi toM, .In 1 1 X 8 1 1 riK-]. 

Wildman wa« tliw author of nntn^rotia 
painphleta, ncarlv all of iheui either anotiy- 
mousoruiiblishpclunilerpseudonriiui: I.'l'ul- 
nt-y IVyeots ; or tlic Old Serpent in a New 
i-'o'rm. By Jnlin l.uwmtnii,' HU". '2. ' Tho 
Case of ihf Armv slated," lti47 (Clarke 
Pavrr; i. «47, BM). ;[. 'A Call to all th« 
SoUliiTu of t-lio Anny by iho Fnn' IVupIe of 
Kn^lnod.juslifylnf; lUe IVocecdinf-s of the 
Five Hcpiments,' ltU7 (anon.) -1. ' Truth's 
Triumph.' im** {iinswervd bv Ueor^re .M(i»l it- 
sou in 'The Triumph Stained.' IMS). r>. 'Tbn 
Luw's ^utiveiviun ; or Sir John Maynnrd'K 
Case truly stalml. By J. ilowldin,' Bi-IS 
(cf. I,1I.I!1.'BM:, Tkt Pictm-r of tlif i\mnriluf 
State, lfi49, pp.H,l9). <i. ' l^ndou's Lihwr- 
ties; or a Learned Argument b«twepn Mr. 
^ktaynard and Major Wildman,' KUil. In 
the 'Tw/-1t^ Oottt^rtions of rnpTH rtdiilinij 
to the i'rej^ent J unclure of AUhirs in Kit^- 
land' (iUiSH-li. 4lo), ther-.' an- sfVL-ml paui- 
phlela nrobubiy wriltvn by Wilduittu, vi«. : 
V. H, ' 'len Seasonable l^iieries prtvposed by 
an Knglifh (icnilrman al Amsterdam To 
his I- Vii'ii Jii ill Kiiiflniid ; ' tL 3, ' A l^itler t« 
a Friend advising in this Kxtrsordinary 
Jiiiiclitr*- liMwlofntu lii*" Nnlitin fnim .SlavcTy 
forever;' and, Tiii. fi, • Oood Advicn before 
it hn too lui«', Iwin^ a Breriate for the t'on- 
vention.' Thn*!* iraclfl nrr aliribwted \o 
Wildman, jointly with others, in ' A Collec- 
tion of 8lAtn Tracts, published on occasion 
of the late iievolutiun and during the Ksign 



Wilfonl 



»3« 



Wilford 



«rwaii«a tn* (irm, s wb. fai>. Tit: 

* A MrmiTTial (roiK tb* Eoctuk fVnestuiU 
ta ih^ frinrr and i*riiiCM»<il'l)raa^'<t. I); 

* A Ih^mop uf tEie ft^wwrfinyi of ibe Late 
Fkriiuneiu in Iua$l«wt,' «atM> l68D(i. SOB); 
■nl ■ An EiMiiit7 or D ii eo B W Wtwrra » 
Twamam at EoiC aaA m Knight sf tke Shiiv, 
npo n lli» Fnmguiaa of ftnaaeiU/ fte. (u. 

ri«thurki> ■ BMB n tW utid*.] 

a H. F. 

WILFORD or VII£FOItD. Si« 
JAM1>- , ir,l>i?-\5a0). dttmAa of Had- 
dn«too. kim ftbMrt ISIA, wm Um tUnk 
•on of Tboou WiUbtd trf Uwcridgc Etu, 
bir Ui fint wife, ElnWth, daagfctvr of 
Walur CblepBptf of Ba ^bti y. TW baihr 
«Be oc^mallr bom Dstnabii*, bat bcr 
JcBoi's gnad&tlier Jiaea vw Ai'riff of 
LoadM m 14W. anl fa» nMi-nndB Ed- 
■■■ Itii nrnril if Oriel CoUm^ OxEirl, 
fioa 1807 tD ISIO. Sr J«M« wwkm^ up 
u » loMier, and feofbt m tLc FrscIi wmi at 
ISM^ WfaenSonenet invaded. gEeotload 
in Septvmbvr lolT WiUbrA w«a a ypo tatwl 
pnvoM-nanfcal of tbe EafcUflh arai j, fongfct 
•t Piakw on the lOtb, and wa« bwhted br 
tlM Pntertor at Roxbnrgb* on 9ft &pL He 
remaiiwd no ihr borSen, and in April IMS 
was oa« of tli« captain* narcBi^ Lander 
Cbitk, tbcn in l&«riiah bands. In that 
^TT*^ ba tsnd mider niUi«n. htri Onr 
de WDlon, ai tbe eaatnn of (Uddinfton, 
and was ivcnomiendaa br Givt to the i^i^ 
■aser u riTTBiv of that tOoMbold. (^ 
3Jm bf captiiml I>«lkoitb. aodbeCnvlba 
and of ibr nodth took op bi« dotwa aC 
Unddioftun. TV allied Freneb and Scoli. 
at Snt ander ITKhC and tbsB lutd^r De 
T bjtrawa , were alraad,? nreparvd tn attaek 
Tladdingtoo, and for iwanv eifbteen nontha 
the town Blood aangv* ilwuonaofUw 
facilliaat defen«M of tbr eastturv, and it 
bnt«d in Opian Folwdl's * Fwver of Fama 
. . . wbvrmato ta uldcd ... a diacoorce of 
tbe . . . gerriee done at Haddinfton' <1jon- 
don, 1S7S. -ItoV Accxxdii^ to FalweU, 
VTil&trd 'wasMidi a one ai frat i^rli in nialnn 
of a cowardlr beoste a eoofagaont aan;* 
atrly in l&ld. bowcT«r, wben Wniling an 
•Mndtvn Dunbar C«ft]« wiibMmtofwnr's 
Ben, tbay daaertcd him. and b« waa woundad 
takm priaonn (Fn,wvu, p. 55; £i(. 
fBimmrd VT, p. ^24; it » not aaej to 
) Fnlwell'a and Edward \Tb atas^ 
naota, cai wlpcb tbn state papera throw no 
Hgbl). RoliaalKd addatbat^i^onr«Mptar 
w 'aGa a eoigne of the eo nnti y of Basqite 
eaOed IMlicoac that won no laaU commen- 
datioa for that Ua good happe in taking 
»acb a pnaoner whoae name for bis oftan 



afprntad prowB* waa ao fiunona anuiDj the 

WtUbtdwaaappMatlT-excfcaa^ in N«- 
l ui b ai IMS^amTinKat ¥«fb*vis7 wnak' 
on tbe Slat of that aaotb \»mttmU MS. L 
50*L Boide* thm fanow mmey pavvenEa 
isaifo him tat hia mrntt*^ be ww uo t Kebl 
I5l»-a> irtmntad the aanw of OtfaHL Kent 
{AH* P.'f. 1&47-O0, y. 379). Ha-diMl in 
the fidknriajr Xaiember at 'tbe Cnttdied 
Frian, and wmm emrnmi to bs bcn^wd nnto 
Little St. Banbdloww teide Si: AMfconr**' 
on tbe 2ttb. the faanal aeiaan hei^ 
piradud br Vilea Gtorerdala (Macaxat, 
Kw^pf^iaU; Siow,5«T7.ed.3tc7fe. 
bk.ii. n.lSlf. A portimit iaodaoa npaM 
bebw^ to Ibe K«T. A. W. Uall. & m- 
pcodMedas UemU^/mt* to vol. it. of tha 
* Otnodogitf ; ' a awOw pinate banaa in the 
eonncal room or^OeetM [I«apM(J'g/«i 
€MdQ»enn,*tkm.\L^40i,*7iL An 
ateno of WilCocd'a wiD h firaa in lbs 
■OenealofMt* (it. S), Bm widow Jofn, 
danchtarcf John Bantt, waa 



iseoi 

. jnnigTf ft rat b t i f. Sot Tmbus 
WlLMn^or WixsMBB (ia» •-1«M rX bam 
abort tsaov waa MB of Tbamaa WiUbed hy 
kia aeoond wUe, B«ae^ daaghtcr of WtUiam 
Wbamnbnl! af rVrfchm^Hm ^am C^eily 
waa Mcond wiii of Airhlwhgp £dwia 
Sandra T^ t.j He aim was bia ^bi np aa a 

bu pvtibun in JOlafe J^ iii , Dom. Elis. 
eexxx. 114), waa in I58S in oammand of a 
compaoT at Oat aw d. Re was a ativm ailvo- 
cate at Kagliah imwfcwnBi in iha K«cb(<r- 
laada, and aevenl of hi» Ictaamto bb patzoa 
Waltt^baa at* qnatal farr Vocle; ( Vmted 
AWjb Hanrf a. i. 37&. 37(Sv 3^ :^ : c£ Li^- 
tmtfr CWmp. pp. 4a 70. aot: HtJbM 
MSS. it. 3i,Xi.r. 387>. Ht ww bn^htod 
bv WiUongbbr in the Lew GDoauim in 
liM (MBTCiLn, p. 137). la Sntmnhv 
158B 1m -wm* aMgiatMl manbal of the «xp^ 
ditien to be Jeanatdied to Fraaea {Afta 
P. a \SS»^90, p. 41&: Cml. Stmit Pmpm, 

DiML Addenda. I6ea-ie», p^ sa»^V Ib 

the foUowiaR nNnkbhe waa mnda liertanant 
of K«nt>aad in \'T\ I tiii iiiawmiiiaiBat 
the adauoahjr wocfa in I^nar Havbonr. Ib 
Ism he wu f!Dv«raar of Cbmber GWila; 
on 17 Maftb l-'iW-.S be waa. an P n Omi^ 
tntiodnct ian, adinilled a BM^AtfirfLinraln^ 
Ian; and in JoIt 15M was niMMHiiiMiml 

iRncKK, xri. 379^ to iiiiriwmitial law in 
k4^t. an^ to aneet aad an warily fTWin 
Tacraata and oibui — • eoamiaian with 
which • no Qtbar ■laniii of Eliaabatb'b 
leisncatt be eoMpaied in point af T J ah n ei 
and iUegalitr ' (Uuxui, C'«w>. Hi*t. i. d41)k 



Wilford 



337 



Wilford 



On f* J^P'i' "i^ Caaox ajtpointed him colonel 
of t lie Kiiptiah force mroaing France to liflp 
ilenryof N»rBJTW,butinOctol)i?rlti!t7 bv wh* 
■f^'m in Kii^ltind, surT«vitifC nil th« coatlea 
in i1k> IKjtriw : »ud in August l&yS, wn an 
■Unn of a Sjvnni^ih invasion, lii> wan nnmi- 
tiatvd wrgeaiLl-iti&Jor of the force to bo ■»- 
u-iiitiUd lo vaecl it. llE^ di<-rl about HKI-I, 
vrulmbly nt Iur miitior, lltHlcliitfr in KvrI, 
luivimf niarriwl Mary, only datiglittr of Hd- 
wiml royniiig)>,Hii<l li'uviug u eon, Sir Tiin- 
mii", who iiuo.-e«dr-il him iiuil marrit^il Kliza- 
beth, eldojti riaiiRlitcr of Sir Edwin Sandv* 
[q.v.i lip miiitt bii liUtiuKiiiMml fniiu ihrve 
Conlempomry Thamaa WilfordH or Wits- 
fords: ori>> n-BS muter of tli<i Mrrrhntit 
Tiiyl'ir*' (_Iomp«n7 (Clohk. Enriif IlUt. and 
iVr/nr'Wu/A, passim); another was furmuiiy 
vmra preaidcot of ttif<^ompiiojof trndtrs to 
^pcin and I'oniifiinl ; and tlii> lliLnl wok a 
recusnrit who») naine frequently occurs in 
tbL- fliato pnpors and acte of tbo jtriry 
council. 

[Authorilira cited; Oal. 8tat» I'sprr*, Com. 
ScoLlish.fd. Thorpe ftod I^nin : Hkmiltoo Pnpan; 
Ael» iif iho Privy Council ; Lit, Rtm, of I->1- 
mrd VI [Koxlurfilio Ulub); ytrypus "VVrirL* 
(0«n«cal Index) ; Oouxh's ladia to Purbvr Soc. 
PubL : Services at Lord <irfly (Camd. Soc.) p. 
47; Knrii(it> Ili»t. of Th« KEiforninlioii, ii. li. 
e. 7: Uiuud'iKftU.i. 333,ili.46,7d0i Ilionut'M 
Kmcx, ii. 31; IkfryV K«at OcDoalogiM ; Fii> 
TnilitB Mio. Cl«rC. (Hnr!. Soc.) ii. 9fiBi Qhriiic 
loijtiBt. i*. 1-5; Puttcn's Kipvltoion into Scot* 
l/inil, I.VI8; Archfc-at. Scot. i. bl-m-. Diurniill 
nt llecurrcnta (Bnnniifj-nn Club); IjWiIoj'ii }lt»- 
iwy ; FroufloV Hirt. of Ktij;Iii:id.] A. F. P. 

wiLPOBD, JOHN if. irss 17-a»l. 

boo km- Hit, was actively enjiaiff-d in hi.* |ir<t- 
fdai^ioii iu 17l'^ when he Wk^Q i^uin^ a 
loonflily clrcula.r of new IxkiIih, n riroutn- 
otanre which would iieem to pn>c1iide hi!) 
id^ntificiition with tho John Wilford who 
iflnwred .Mcrchiint Tiiylors" echool in March 
1717. Shortly aftor 1730, vrhen fortuneit 
were brinit mudc in thi- trade by books 
issued in weekly parrs, Wilford, whuwi place 
of butincrM was m the Old Ilailer, entured 
ihti mnltaof publishers, but obtained nomone 
than a pn^ariomt fmilin^; af^.i-r 1742 \\v 
drops out of notice, hul ho may verv po*- 
wbly bav'i Iwt-n the John Wilford of South- 
umproQ StrPdr wlm diied on 2 •fun. 17Si 
xG-ni-Mai. l"tiJ,p. 40). 

From Miin^h 1723 to Duoumbcr 172fi 
Wilford isaiied in monthly part8, At thn«- 
IwMce cncb. a well -compiled price-list 
called 'A Monthly C'nialoj^ic or 1iciu<nil 
ItepisttT of Dooliii, Seruionn, I'l/iT*. and 
Pnnipbliilft, printed or reprinted i^itber at 
Luuduii or thu two I' lurcnitivii.' Appvudod 



to mnet of the numbers are 

frintin^' various worlu by Bubficrintinn. 
luring 1 7U1 -2 be employed Thomut Stack- 
huusu (m77 17->2) [q. v.j Hpon 'thewliole 
woriiH' of archbLthup Htr William Dawea 
fq. V.]. with a preface and lifi> of the author. 
I Id ordvr fi Kwnll (tie ibird Tolume to ihu 
' rw|iiired siw, Stncl(hciiin<> cotuploined that 
I Wilinnlbiid iusirtvd upon hip 'padding uul' 
[ Dowf-i'-i • Outitviof ihc; CIospI ' with n wt of 
; miscellaneouti prayers by various uulhors. 
In I7<t2 in hi.'< scnrcc ' 15ookbiiid(-r, itook-i 
printer, and UooUi^Utir n.'faiud,' Stocbhotia 
Hives a cotnicttl accoinit of Wilf'ini and 3 
fidluw-piibliehcf Kdlin di^piitintr. at the 
Onstlt: Taieru in I'ntrnmi'tnr Kow, aa to 
wliclbcr tbero waa money to be mad« out of 
a Uonmn histury in wi.<>>kH' p&ris. l^dlin 
Btron)jlyadvoratt'dlhentt*'mpr,hnl Wilfiird's 
talk run all upon tbu remunerative proportitKa 
of dtivotiotial trac-I> and family directoro. 
I Uurine lite summer of 17.'il Wilford 
arreted by a k"*'"^'''^"" me&seiij^er in 
I HqiiPiice of his name beinjron the titie-[ 
of an oppcksitioD enuib, HwiSl'i auouymouH' 
'Eplfitlo to A Lady,' containing; a furiouK 
attack tijjon Hir UoWrl " Brads' [Waliiole],! 
Wilford referred the niotter ImjJi to l^wtool 
I UiLlivor, und (he matter was eventually 
' dronped. tboii^li not herire Swift's respon- 
aibility hud bcuu bi'lmyed (»«l' I'lt.sixoroN, 
I Mfmi'irt, i. 17] ; i^iw.wd. Elwiii iindCourt- 
I hope. lii. 31l»«.) karly in 1735 Wilford 
publiiihed l.>r, John .Arnmlrong'-i ' EaMy fu 
Abridging tho Study of Physick.* Uurin^ 
(h(< same period liu wa'4 pnllUhcr of tha 
'Daily Poel-Boy,* and a sliarer itj Ciirll's 
vcmuru with I'opc'i i)uut)i-uuuuthoriped 
' Leilera.' The advt-niMinent to ibis work 
ill May, KullitjR forth the name..^ of Pope's 
titled corn!9>[io»di III*, wan lutld to Wa breach 
of privilege, and Wilfont wni< summoned 
witli Citrll tu attend in tli« IlnuHe of Ixirds, 
wh<>re hi^ wn.4 e^camincd but disclaimed re- 
Bpoutiibility. and after a Kecond attendance 
on 13 May 1735 be was di»charjfvd. UuriiiK 
1711 Wilford itautd in weekly pnrt* to an 
uxtensivo body of subscrilieni ' MrinoriaU 
and Charack-i'x, to^'cthcr with llieLiTcaof 
l)iver» KtniuiiJit and Wurtliv Per»<jU6 
(lt«.X>-l"40). collected und com'pili'd from 
ubovv I'jO dift*«i>'iil aiilhorK, Keviaral scarce 
pieceflnnd some original MSS.roiniuuniciit<d 
t o t he editor ... to which is added an appi-ndix 
of mnnumenia] initcHption^' (I>undon, 1741, 
i(o; 'price \l. B«. t>i/. In frheut«'). Tbu 
' Livc.^ (ftome 240 in number, ooe-thinl of 
them being llioae; of lsdi«v) itri^ for I be nvwt 
part dmwu from funeral sermon*, Imil u few 
are burrowed from WoixJa 'Athenic,' 
TLoreaby'a ' Leed«,' I'riuce'* ' Worthies of 



Wilfrid 



»38 



Wilfrid 



D«Ton,' tnH nimtUr works; wlii!/" on« or 
two urv aliriJKtHl from rvgtilar 'Lires' by 
Wnltou or otWr hiofropfarn. Wilfonl a*- 
iiined t)u' cn^it of editorahip, aad the boob 
iiiTnmbly koowii t» * WilforJ'a Lives,' 
but it \rns in rvality tli« work of obtcuro 
compiliTM in hi» uav, chief among whom 
WM John Jon« (1 (00-17"0) '(\. \.] Al tho 
tintP of puUicalinn Wiironl wait living at 
the Thn^> Imt.'M in Liitls Britain, still the 
Btronghold of rliL> bfjolt««'llinE Imdp, prior 
to tb« toigrntion to I'dtemast^r Uttw. 

[NichoU'a Lit. Aercd. rol. ii. paaEJni ; Pnpc'a 

• Worka, td, KIwin and Oonrthopp. vi. 4-iS. 113 ; 

P<IIWIIllai'l Bibl. UbdiwI, ml. Ilghn; Trmpi-rlajr'a 

■Cychtp^dinof Printas; Rob«i1«'i> Earlier Hiii' 

tary of Kn^ioh Bookwllinft. IHSB; ThoTnnd 

Corll rapTTK. 1879, p. 100; Lundoo MaKmitir, 

i». 5I2,>.2«0: BriuJIm, Cal.l T. S. 

WJURID or WILFRITH. S*ist 
(6ftl-70ft|, bishop f>{ York, tins Hon of n 
lorthtimhrian tbrgn, is said to bare been 
bom in (hJ4 I K\0«rTt, c 1 ; \w wiw i.hiriyor 
'o,bout thirty' in fiftl, Eddiub, p. M ; ItiAt. 
E'vlrr. V. 1*1). In his foMfteemtli year he 
•MM a hondMoic and vn^iU-mhnncivd lad, 
fond of arm», honefl.ond Sue clothes, but be 
wa^ not baimy, for hp had an unkind st«p- 
mothnr, and tit- wiolivd to i-au-r a iii»nar>u>ry. 
Hi* fntli'T !>cni hita to tlio court of Oswy 
[q. v.], wherp he plwiSL-d tlit; imut-n, E&atliR^ 
fq. T.T, who dent him to liimli^larne, Tlioueh 
he did not n-ccivo th*^ toninin' ihfire, he dia- 
chargednltlhedutiwofanovii?i',leaniingtlie 
psaht^r by he-art in theOallican v<.'n«ion, and 
iLudviiig oihur books. Owinji; iloiibiluss to 
tlK ■iiii'^ti'i influence, tin desired Xo make a 

riil^iiDufft-' to Ki'iDv. Eanl)R-d Kent liim lo 
itr i:i>n!'in, Eiirconb*^! of Kwit, ihat he 
might Rnd & coinpiinion fur him. At Ear- 
onbnrt's coiirl hi- rontinued liis aacfttic lir« 
atidicamt thi^ Ilrtman psalter. After spend- 
ing a yeur in Kenl he Vri Knf;'"n'i '" "''>3 in 
company with Bcn^^lirt llivop "?*» Bksk- 
mrrj. TThyv parted at Lyons, where Wilfrid 

}>n>Inri(rfd fiis slay with .Annomiuid.iht' arch- 
fiflhop.whooffftod, if he would remain with 
him, lo ndiipl liim a» bis eon iind givo him 
Win nier4>. the dau^httT of Dalfinus. count of , 
the city, in marriage; hiit he would not gire I 
lip the- life that hi> had chown, and want on , 
to ilone. TbwB the pope'n nrchdKacnu ' 
Doiufac« instrocttd him m the Easier qiies- ' 
tion and the Benedictin'; riilc, nnd intro- . 
(linTfd him to Evigcniiw 1. lie returned to 
Tiyoiifl, rowjired the lonaiiro from the arch- , 
lii»hop, and stayed with him nbOHt tlirco ; 
venTs. Tho puny ot Ebroin, mayor of the I 

f'alace toClollmirelll.king of NoiiMria and I 
turpundv, beheaded the archbtsliou At \ 
ChaFon-tur-Saonu on 28 Sept. 658. Wil- J 



I frid neerly ahared hia Git« ; but wbmi it was 
found that be waa an EngUshaun, a ft-llow- 
' countryman of Quaen IWtbitd, he was act 
' free [ieo undfr Baiuilda". He Ty-rufiM-d to 
Nortbumbriaaiid found A fc-hfritb j^. r.\ who 
wu then mlio; in Deim, abvAdy conferted 
to the Roman «ide in eccl««u>tinl mtltMs. 
Alchfrith gnvr^ him land for a monastrrr at 
Statir>rd, probably Suunfonl on the D^rweot, 
and in or about fWl expelled Kata [ii. v.T, 
Cuthbert (*/. (W) [q. v.l, and Ifap otbw 
Columbite monks bum Uipun, and ipiw tlm 
UKmaalery to Wilfrid, whtj, probably in riii3, 
was ordained priest Ijy Rmbop Agilbert, 
then on a viiit lo Norlhumbria. 

Early in 0O4(»*wTaiid Alchfrith helda e^in- 
fer>-nei^ at Stmntmfislch.lai^roath-d WhitliT, 
todnit^rminf the dispute between the lixma'n 
and Culiimbit« parctaa. WiUnd wan pul for- 
ward by A^lbert as the apokc^man on the 
ItomaB aide in oi>po«ition to Biabop Colman. 
Huar^adnbly.adoptin^aooBtemptuouAtonn 
towamn bin iipponent. The oonference ended 
in the victory of the Iloman party. Oolmon 
Ivtt Northiimbria, and Tnda, hia siicoef»or. 
dvin^ of tlio plapiie, Akhfriih obt4iinf>j the 
election of Wilfrid as bixhup'forbiui!M-1f and 
hii people,' which inetLiin (hat hi* luw whs tg 
be at \ork. Al his requert Alchfrith sent 
him to Oaul forconvecnition, for he is »aid 
10 have declared tliat he would nof receive 
conHtHTBl i'>n fonm bi«hops who were iiuarto- 
decimaii[i|'EDi>ir9,c. ]S),ad the Celtic clergy 
wi-r- iiiifnirly styled. As ii veums probabW 
that boiii .\rchbi»hop Deu^edit and Dnmian 
of Kochester wen- tb>>n di-ad. and an NViui 
was an intnider into AKiUxTt** bi^hnprip. 
there would not bt- any bi.ahop in Flnpland 
whose eon<iecratioii w<Mild htf held canunteul 
by Wilfrid except Boniface of E»*t-.\nfflifi 
(UamilT, p. 'J4I, but rf. ;>t/«. J*oe. iii. Rk;). 
ferhaps befortt the end of the ycflr(l'i.rM- 
MER, Jir^f, ii. 317) he was 'coitfwrated 
'bi-ihop nf York' (F.Miu-s, u.s.) bv A^fiUirrt 
and eleven other bisfaom at Comptfrffne, und 
waa, aeeordioff to a Galliean custom, Ifome 
alofl by bb eoosecmtors in a i^lden cliair. 
He cl<^laTLid hia return to IvngUnd, and 
meanwhil'; Oswy upyointed Cendda or Cliad 
[q. V.J biihap I'a hiK itUcv. In OWf, not 
hnuwinq' that his Me had been tako-n from 
him, ItH !«ft flftul with eeveral cKi^ to 
n'tnrn home. His ahin wa.* siranded on the 
eoii»t of Siicspv. The heathen South-^^axons 
threatpmid t« kill ilie crew and paaseiip-rn. 
Wilfrid's men beat them off. the tide ros^, 
Ihr ship Hoatvd afirtiin, and Wilfrid nnd hia 
company escaped with the loss of fire men, 
and landed al Sandwich. When Wilfrid 
found tliat his bishopric bul been gtv«n to 
Ceadila, h» retired to Itipoo. On the invito- 




Wilfrid 



»39 



Wilfrid 



* 



^iioA at Wulfbc-ra of Mordu hv dlgtlita^iid 
imiHirriTial futirtioiui in tlint kinifdum. and 
WulfnePR gave him landa on which he built 
mofwsteriox, «no bi'tn); nt LicFifiitil. \l-ii 
at the Mqtiest of Kglwrt of Kent he or- 
dained priests uud deacons in lu« kinifdani 
during thf vncuney of lh« metmpolirnn fi>^. 
When visiting ('antorburv LegiLthered round 
him Mveml fi>liowprfl, Eddi or Eddius r<l.v.], 
hifl futun^ biograpKLT, .-EoDn.aiid Putia.[q.v.], 
all iikUled in th>> Itomiui method of chanting, 
and hn dIro had in hi» rtrLioiK! many inaHOUA 
and Otht>r nrliKnriM whom lin t-mptiiywl in 
buildinj; ehiirchci ntid monnstfrips. 

WlifH.irrhhi^liopThi-odorcfri.v.ldi'privi-'l 
CcftildninfiiHl, Wilfniiregrainftflnisnifthojmc. 
Obwv, who fell sick toon aft4>r«-iird6, re- 
quntod him lo OCT aa his guide tn Itomo, 
but thti kinjir's die«i^ of a pit^iiuNge wns 
rrustmled by his death. Wilfrid sent repre- 
fwintotivt.-s to the syrn<3 held by Thuodore nf- 
Hertford in S;Dlemhf-r ti7.'l, ami tht^y no 
doubt opposed the archbishop's flch^mc for 
an incn:ai-u of tho rnisi'Opatv (Bright). 
Wilfrid admin isle red hia dii>cpfin diligently 
and with inagnilieL-nuB, remving th« eons of 
nftWiM aa hi* pnpiU mid, ihough «Mi>l.ic in 

^MVftnonal faFibit.t, ki>i>ning great ntjiie and 
nieii£i]g much, epe>cially on buildin^pt, for 
gt(to w«re ahowere^ njion him. For a time 
King EoirfVid showed him favour, and he wos 
till- spiritual ndvi^M of thp quopn, St, Kthel- 
dr«da [ii. v.] Ilu nnd lue fullowurs cum- 

Filotfd tlw rnnvt-rsion of tii<^ North umbrians 
rom iho Coliimhite to the Itomiin U!>n(;BS 
and iier^-ice".iind lnlmiliir«d ih" RunfidiclinM 
ru)« into thr> moniuititrit'it. IIir cathndral 
<;hvirch at York hnd become ruinous ; h« gn^-^ 
it a now roof which li'i co\*crtd with lead. 
(ilkd the windows with ^iass, pUiiti>red thfi 
walla. furnished th') altar wit homamr^nt« and 
vL'»cU, and vndowtid ihv churi-h with hind». 
At Uipon he built a bnsiltcan church nf 
dressL-a stone with munyi-olnmnsandporrhce. 
To ita di^iiMlion ciinm Wpfrid and hiti 
brother, the imder-king .Rlfwine.aTidahhots, 
prince, nnd (•aldonni-n of thi' wholi- north, 
and Wilfrid made a cTi^nt fea.it for al I rnm^rs, 
which lasted three dnvB- For this clinroh ho 
cauacd to be written a cnpy<>f rhc ^cispi-Is in 
tuttersof gold on purple vellum, and placed 
it hi a case of gold stnddcd with jewels. At 
Hcxbau alao hi! built a diiirch, thu liku of 
which, men said, wna not to be seen on this 
side of the Alps. His diriccsc isl/.-nded over 
all lltfmiciii and [>ttini, and in (i7S also ovur 
liindsTj. 

Aflcr a whihj Wilfrid lost Ecirfrid's 
favflnr, ][p hnd *'nf;oiinii^d Klheldreda in 
Persisting to live tm a virgin, and about <t72 
^Te her tb« reil. In addition to this per- ' 




aonal gnGnuicor Ecefrid becanft jralnu4 of 
his power anil wcaltJi, itnd this fu«lini,' was 
fncourarvd by his second wifo, Kormenburli 
or Inuinlmrg*. who disliked herpredec«'<or'fl 
ndvisi^r. Tn «78 EtJgfrid invitedTheodore to 
risit him, and the arabbi&hop, ill ctinjiinction 
with rhrt kinf, and without conanlting Wil- 
frid, decreed that two avvr dto«iM» should 
l)t; miidi- in Dcira and lliTuirin, luid that 
LindM'y should apiin he made a separate 
dioet'se, loAVLUff Wilfrid at York aa otie of 
ibur bisliopa wliu were each tn Finv<» a sub- 
division of hi* form.-r hishoimc. Wilfrid 
appeared bi-fore th*- king and rhendorc at a 
pimot, nnd nxkvd them wfar they had duno 
him this injiirv. They replied that (hey had 
no charge against liim, hut would not alter 
thi'irdeiit^^ Knowing that he o.idd not 
liopy for redress elsewht-ro, ho iU'cliir«cI that 
lio would appaa] to Itome. Thin wiw ihv tirst 
limi- that nncli an appL'al hiid been mndt- hv 
anElnglishman. His words "'or-.-rvceivetlwit)! 
dt'ridioii. When he had left lOnglund Thcn- 
dore conseerati'd thnM bishops in Wilfrid's 
church at York, and divided his whole 
bishopric brlween them, ono of them, Boea 
[n. T.J, hating hi* mv at York [tee under 
TllEOIHJTtf]. 

Kc^fHil, anxious to prevent Wilfrid from 
reaching Uomt\ armnjjcdwithTheodoric III 
of Neustrin and Hbroin to Lave him waylaid 
at Qucntavic, or Klaples, tin? usuul landing- 
place from Kntfloud ; bulth^'irmen byraismku 
caught \V[nfr»i , Ihe di^iiri ml bishop of Mercia, 
and Wilfrid esciLped tnem, for hi; liad ehoMin 
to land in Frijiia. There, with the king's learo, 
he prwti'hed to the hejitln'n pcnpJo nud hap- 
(i«inl miiny, remaining theif ongiigvd In this 
mii«»ionarT work during the winter. Kbrtiin, 
who had a grudge against Wilfrid bccatiso 
in the days of his power the bishop had hrlpi-d 
Uogobert 11 of .VustmsiB to return from esile 
in Ireland, tried to hribi- H\<> Uina lo deliver 
bim up, hut the king re-fused. In thi^ spring 
of 67a Wilfrid wi«nt to ilio court of Uagobert, 
who received him honourably and oHVrcil 
him ihi* bii>hopric of Strasburg. Wilfrid 
would not remain with him. Ilewasenter- 
lainL>d by the Lombard king IVrLtarit, who 
told him that ''nvoys had come to him fn^u 
England oUeriug him a brthc If he would 
keep him from goiug on to Rome, hut that 
ho Wl refused to accept it. He rMohnd 
Itomo in that year. A council was held by 
.Agiitho to decide on hia appeal, at whii'h 
Theodort! wiiit npnpsonted, and Wilfrid ap- 
peared in pepflon. It was diicidod that ho 
Mhould W retitared to hia bishopric ami \\it) 
intruding bishops removed, and that be 
should, with the adricu of a council, appoint 
others to be bia coadjatDrs. At auothwc 



i 



Wilfrid 



340 



Wilfrid 



Bonacil b4-]<l in Mudi «aO mgmiast the nooo- 
pbrmtOT, Wtl&id wu pnaenl u bUiap (rf 
Vorit, ua wpoha for the fcith of tbe EngUili 
BfiMB*, Scou, uid Vietn. Rfl art o«1 for 
EofUnilt ukin^ wiili liim th« dccrw* oT 
l^m oonscil lo vxhibit to Tbr-odore uid tbe 
king. PuMDK lliruugh Oftul, be found HimX 
Digobert lMdb««iiBlua.«ndinrt vrith wm^ 
duwer oa MCOdDt of th« help tbu lie bwl 
pnTiooBlr ciren bim. 

On arnruiff in Kadaod Wilfnd tbowed 
tba iearm to Eccfnd. bat tbekiuc and bu 
coaiwillor* Mud tbat be bkd boogU Um«, 
and pat bin iu piisoa at a placa called 
UromoiB. Tlie qaeen appropriated his reli- 
quary with iU ooolcnta. kept it in ber 
chamber wbvn ibs ««« at boni«. and took 
it with her wlien she vent out driving. It 
ia aaid that whil» at Uromma Wilfrid K- 
•tond to health the wife of tb>^ binr'fi teere 
vita had ehat^ of bim, and that ibe reer* 
nAiMd to keiep htm anj hm^r in pruoo. 
He waa then mare eloealr unpriaoned at 
Dunbu. In Qtfl, aft«ran impriaontaent of 
ntn» montba, Ua rsleue waa prvcured by 
Ebba [n. »-> abbew of Coldiiigham- 

«>n hw n-leaae Wilfrid aoogfat aheltor in 
Mffcia ; but lb« kins, aniioua not to oHend 
E^&id, who wa« hit brolher-in-Uw. b«de 
him depan. H» went lh*^oe into We^aex, 
but there tbe queen of Centwiae waa Eor- 
oKMibuTh'a aiBt«T, w ha was toon forced to 
quit the kinfcdom. II« fiaallv took reftiffc 
ui SoMes, where the kinfr Elnelwalcli pr<>> 
miaed to keep bim in auety. KtLclir&lcli 
and hia qnevn bad been baptaaed, but thvir 
B«oplo vera heatheo, and, tbongb thvre was 
a amaU monaMteiT' at Boeham preMded over 
br a Scot named Dicul, refiiaed to li»t«D to 
tne monk*. Wilfrid at onw began to preach 
to tbci people, who wero in are*'' trooble, 
for a three rears' drought had own followed 
by a teiribU famine. They could not e«U 
■D the aaa, bwpg afraid probahty to venture- 
into deep water, and ao only caught e«U. 
Wilfrid had a number Qf their Ml-neujoitjed 
togutb^r, and hi« men went out to 6mu with 
tbem, had a Urge catch, and bo taught ihr, 
peoplu U) fish. In ivturn the Smilb-Saxons 
liKleoftd to hia tJ»ching, and, as the drought 
broke up on a day on wlitcb he had bap- 
tised a larjpt number, were conTinoed of iU 
truth. Etliplwalch pare him the land of 
pighty-eevcn famili^a in the peniiMuhi of 
Seiaey. Iiifl own estate and naiideiiee, and 
WiIfridbaptiM>dBllhiBnewt«nanta. Among 
them wei« SflO bondmen and brindwomeu, 
whom he eet free on their bAptiBm. Ho 
built a mooartf rr at SoUey. W bile h» wa« 
in SvMBX be befriendml an exilftd mituber of 
the royal hoUM of Weaacx named CndwalU 



(0O0P-688) [q. v.l who ri*w Ethelwvk^, 
ovema tbe cDaatrr, ad abou 888 bM«n* 
king of (he Weet-SuoM. Otodwmlla nn 
him for Ood'a serviee a temnh part of tbr 
1«1« of Wight, whieh he oooaaetvd after be 
became iang. WiUMyUeea over tUa aew 
tRTifawy hia oepbew Berawim, eeiidiag with 
him a priest to bein him m mieeioB waA, 
and to the law of the Engliib aeUleoieiita 
that reoeived the goiffl waa erat^eLead 
tbroa^ hu 'uuxmiDaiialitT. 

Id W6, wb«n Keayrhi wb« drttd, Tbeodont 
waa tecoociled t-o Wilfrid at LMidan. Be 
wrote lottBT* on bin behalf to Aldfrid. tb« 
new ktar of Northnmbria, fHUrd. abtM* 
of Wl^tby. ud Etbelnd of Slerda [tarn 
under Thbodobb> Aldfrid r^itofnl Wil- 
frid, not indeed to bis former btsbopric, br 
UndMT, Lindialane, aad llekbam kad be> 
oome aepMate dioceMs, bot naly to tbe aee 
of York, from which Boia retired, and to ifat 
monamerr of TUpon. For five yean he re- 
tatntd his bisboprie, but be waa not content 
with his change of position. In QBl bf was 
augend bj the king's wish to make Uipon 
an euaoopal aee, and by a dentaod that be 
should acjonwledge the validity of the de- 
ertw* of Theodore for tiw ^uliiliriiiion of hie 
old dioceee. He quarrelled with the kin^. 
left York, and took oha-lter with Ethelm) 
of Meroia, who gave him the biftb<mn<: of 
the Middlis Engliefa, or of Leteeeter. Whilv 
he was at LeiMater in 603-3 Saidbert, one 
of thu English missioasries in Friedand, 
came to him and reciuved (MnMCtation fnm 
him, an evidence of tbe iniereet which he 
look in (Imi misMon carried on ihpTe under 
bia old pupil WiUibnrd [q. v.] lie aent an 
appeal to Poiw Sergiiu, and, probably in 
conwquence of a papal rvmoiutranoe. Aid- 
frid in 7U:f held a cnunril at Estieield or 
Aiist«rficld in the Wust Hiding, which waa 
•tiendvd by Archbuhop UnhtwalJ [0. ».] 
and nearly all bis tuffiragam. WilfnU waa 
required to give bia aaeeot to the decreea 
of Theodore. He anawerrd that Iim would 
do so * according to tbe rule of the canons,' 
a remirvKtion nhich rendi-rml his wuMit nn> 
gatorr, fnr it mrant that he would not gin- 
up hu claims, which had b«en anprov^ at 
Homo. He reproached the coiinril with pre- 
ferring the decrees of Theodore to tbe ordi- 
nanceeof three popes. It was at last decided 
that his monastery at Itipon only should 
be left him on eondilioD that he would givv 
n written uromise to abide (here quietly und 
not to fuilil any tr|ii-o'>Lial functions. He 
waa thus 10 pronounce hie own depriiraTJan. 
He indtgnanlly rvfiiTCH:! to Comply with this 
dcmanrl, and appealed to the apo*lolve see. 
He returned to Mercia and thence iet ont 



ir ttranp, Kthelred promising not to Ai-Marh 
bis moaofiteries in Mercia before be heard 
how hi« npiMMiI WA» doci<k-d. In euiiA of 
hUwventy years li'? perTormoil tbtf j'mrBi!y 
on fool, tnkiiiff with him Acca [ij. v.], tla*n 
B prtett:, M his companion. Bi'Turi; lua tle- 
p&rlura Aldbolm [f|. v.], then abbot .if Mal- 
niflelnir^. wrato n It-tlor lo Wilfrid's clar^, 
«xliurtin({ tlinm Ui be failbful lo him {Gtjtn 
PontifiewR, p. S36). On bia way he vii^itAd 
AVillibrord, then srcbblsbop of Utri'-cht, who 
WOA carryinK on thfi evang'^UAntinn of th« 
XmiaiiE. lie reached Rome in 701. 

Soon aft«r hi» dmva!, Bnhtwdld's npn- 
fOaUilives slso cain« to Uomo to uccuec liim. 
John VI held a synod on his case, al which 
Wilfrid vrOB pnweuC, and his puljtion was 
read. Iliii opponenU accujutd hip of w-Ltin^; 
at nougbc la» archbishop's dticnwa, bur. hfl 
was proQOuacod blamolera. It is said tbat 
ihe proc^edtiifi^ in bis c(u>e ltu>lt^ during 
ftiur months und through sevunty sittings. 
Finally, (hn ]>opi> confirmtid tlti* uec-ipiinn of 
Jiis prodprfiMorB. and wrotB to Kthi'lnid and 
Atdfrid Ihnt Brihtwnid was to hold a «ynnd 
and <'«dr'iiv(>iir to comn in a satisfactory 
avitlemenT, aad that if he faili-d lo do to 
both parties w«re to appMr at Itome. Wil- 
frid desired to end bi» dnyti ui Humv, but 
was biddt-n by the pope to rtfturn to Kiiit- 
laiid. Un hi« wfiy Louiu ho wel6 tieizi'd wich 
a sevf-re il!n>-»« and cjirriwd into Memii in a 
fltate of uncouscinuarieufl. He nf^^^'rwurds 
told Acca that the archangel Micbavl bnd 
appMrcd to bim, httd promised that he 
auould be spared for four year« icori', and 
direct«d him to build a church in honour of 
rbe Virgin, llo landed in Kent in 705 and 
■waa reconciled with Brihiwalil. ]I.- ri.i>it<Hl 
Kch-drL-d.rhi'n abbot of Bardneyia Linnnln- 
jthire, and Kthclri'd wroli- lo hiii sLicr><KVir 
Coenrt'd [q-v.] on hie behalf. Aldfrid.how- 
wvitr, In wFiom Wilfrid nent mevienKers, re- 
fuged to alter hia dix^iAiou. Ilt^dicd shorrty 
aAerwardfl and was succeeded by Kadwulf, 
to whom Wilfrid si-nt meAscugers from 
Hipon. Kadwulf badd ch'-m Inku buck word 
Thar Wilfrid waa to leave hi* kixigiloui 
within bix days, but ho wu bimaelf driven 
out after a reign of two mnntliM, and wa» 
MKMOiled in 706 by Aldfrid'A son Onred 
(fiS7f-718) [f). v.], who nt once held a 
<-ouncil on tliu banks of the Nidd to decide 
on Wilfrid's cnm- The abbess .KlHaed having 
announced thai .Mdfrid on hi« drathbod hod 
<]eclan^ that if be Lved he would fulfil tbe 
pope'rt commands oonccrning AViifrid, and 
that if he died she wiu to charga hia son 
to do so, it waa delermiiipd to carry out 
Aldfrid's wt»b. Thu kinff, hiehopa, and 
noblea made peace with WiJfrid and n- 

VOL. LXI. 




stored t« him tlie see of Hexham aad the 
monastery of Kipon. The dispute tliuro- 
for«> i^di^ in n compromiso by which Wil- 
frid surrendered hi* ctaiiii to ^'orkfrocMivin^ 
instead the see of Hexham; while on tln^ 
other hnud Iho si'licmo of i-ri'cting Ripon 
into an fptAcopal i-tw was dr^ipiiiil, and thw 

iK)*M.',«*ion of tilt' church was secured to htm. 
II Hpite of htD fijiiiriiln lo KoDie bv was not 
in eo good a position ns that in which bo 
wM I(tfl by Tbr-otJon-'n «iiWivicion in (J78. 

While Wilfrid wa* hiahnp of Ilcshnm a 
foolish clisrge of heresv was made again»t 
B«de in his presence, '/liis drew from lieda 
his * l<eller to I'l^win.' which liu dcxircd 
should he read before Wdfrid, for Jurruw 
was ill the dioMSS of llcxlinni fBniuiiT, p. 
•il'SI: I'lCMUBB, J9*dc. i. Ititrod. App. i. 
p. cxlri. In the orticlu on Bcdtr, sa well 
as hj SUTii, Brde, Apj). p. Wi, aud lUtNK, 
Fn»ti, p. iiy, this incident is ernin«(jii>i|y 
conni'ctod wilh another Wilfrid, who was 
bishop of \aTV from 7tfl to J.I'J), Karly in 
the Gpringof 708he waaHttised wilhaicktiL-ti*. 
11m n-covfrnd, and about a yenr and a half 
later, in 709, raiuh; his will by wonl of 
mouth hI Itipon, dividing all hia treosurx 
into four parts, of which hti oseijnied lli« 
most valuable to tbe cburclu^s of ^t. Mary 
and of St. Paul at Home, and left the ntliFr 
tlirti; 10 tbe poor, lo the ]jrovoeta of Ki]iuD 
and Ilexlinm fnr thit Wnnflt of Ih^ir mono^i- 
tcriea, and to the companions of his f%\\ii. 
Ill) annouiicird to bia monks that (Jeotred of 
Mercia had sent to invito him to como to 
him about matters connected with his .Mcr< 
cian mooasteriee, arranged for tho election of 
an abbot to succeed bim ni Kipi>n iu ciiso 
he should not live to return, and bftd^ ihe 
monks faruwull. lio was agvin seizud with 
sickueaa at bis monastery at Oundht in 
Nort liamfftonBliin', and died while the monli.i 
w«-re singing Paalm civ. 30, on a Tburvduy, 
probably 3 Oct., in bia seynntj-sixth yi^r 
(on thodattt wy Brjoiit, p.433n. 1 ; rLLK- 
MKR, Bfdf, ii. .laS). He wss bMried in liin 
church at Itipon, and on epitaph, nacorded by 
Ttcdo, was set up on bia tomb. Archbishop 
Odo is said to have removed his body to 
tlftiitprburv (Prefnco tu I-^ITIIeoodk's VUn 
S. tVa/n'ih' uy. Itutoriam f>f York,'u 10*.>>, 
where it waa translated by Lanfninc, and 
moved a Hicond time soon afterwards, on 
12 Oct. (rt. pp. 225-6). St. Oswald, how- 
ever, is eaid to have found hiabonpaat Uipon 
{iff. p. 4112). Eadmer alleges that tbe bout>R 
found at itipon woro those of tho yotinp.T 
Wilfrid, and defends the Cani«rbury cluini. 
which is said to have been Bupparttnl by 
boavenW signs (£&. i. 23&-7,ii.31-i''). Arch- 
bishop Walter de Grey [q.v.] ttac*lat*'d I he 

B 



Pipon relic* in 1230 {ib. ii. 480), and from 
tliHt lime llie daim of liipon nru b«ld to 
be oHinhlJslivi]. An uia of WilTrid was be- 
iioT^d ti> hf Kt York ( Faltrin JtaiU, p|\. '22\-'2 ; 
V/ironietiii fie Ahinffilort, ii. 47). 

Of ItnlliRiil intrllvct nnd ri|]YtrouA and 
conslnirtivfl poniiis, Wilfrid hiiilt up llm 
ijonuoey»ti.'in in Engliind in pUw of tin* 
ttsogu of thel.'rthinibit*' ctnirrh, in the oTer- 
tlirow uf wbicti lu* bad ao iav^ a ebtm*. 
WLilu b*; clung too niuoL to power and 
vvatib, be ufi-ii ibem in Ood's serviice, sod, 
tliOu^'U bt! ri'fused lo sacriHcc tht-ni wiiffn 
Uioir aum-iidur wns nuccsMin" fyr tlio well- 
iMtinfT "f til" cliiireb, tlm unfair tre«tunMit 
which ho rt-reived ia a vnlid <?xBu«t» for bis 
refuuil. Hin «n}ii.'alH to Jiomn were con- 
trarv tn iiatinnftl wntiment : hut be is nnt to 
b« blatDed for Mfkiog ju»lic« at th« onir 
triljHnat nt which ho could ho])it to obtain 
it. CnnTng<^ouB And firm nf pur])OH>, Uo v.'w 
neTpr dnnnted by danifrr or twix'i-uliitn. 
His tempor wn.t nviThmrin)^, imd lie was by 
no metrnn confiliatorj' towanis his opjx*- 
n<mt& Yet hf? was lovablo ; his mrniks rmd 
clergy wort- fRithful to him in hi» (nuililes, 
and reftnxdM him with tiliftl ulfcction. 1I<; 
was n holy iib wl'IL ua ii inn)nii4ici.'iit prelme, 
mid his iiiiiiaiiinfirj' work in Frisiii anJ in 
Hu£«cx,<!iirried on in tbv midEt orbu trouhW, 
<'nlillc« him to n hi](h phicv ntiinng thu 
fflthoni of the cbun-h. Tlio dnv of St. \\'il- 
frid'a deposition iu the ' tnleiidar' i» l;J ) let., 
which was not Iho day of hi« d'-atii, for in 
"W it lull oa a Satunlny. His cult was 
wide]/ npreod and npfcioIlT provnilod in the 
north; biBba»niTWii»ili»pfnyi'dnl thohatili; 
of Ihe Hlitndard in li:i8(Joi(!i or IIbxiiauI. 
and his huI wuh held to cum murruin iu 
cattlo {Trt* Srhpforeif, p. 4-10, Surt«M Soc.) 

[Tho prtme nuthnrity i» Kdili'» Vit» "Wilfridi, 
the vrurk uf it vtronn iMrLimin mid iiol nlwiirw 
nreurttte, hot of ;rrMtt Tuln*'. a« KJdi knew Wil- 
frid Trull, ntii] couhl lourn iilmtit him frHUi Acm 
[l. y.'] iind TittU-rl, Wilfrid's kiuvnittn. wh-i bu>i 
r«w-ired fmrn him ti full iircount. of hi« lifo. 
Jjddi liiu! aLt*»s t-i tlucutnnnta, which wtro uo 
doabt at Rippn. with refereacu to WilfrMV up- 
PmIs. ISildi'p life has bean pHntod bv Mttiillnn 
(AA. SS. n.Slt. woe. iv. i. fi7(l»q(;.). V Gulo io 
his Qiiinilth-im Scriplaivg, nnd by ICainc in Uia- 
loriikDN tit I'ork, i. 1 aqq. (Kolk 8cr.) It yrnt. 
UMd bjr Ui'hIii ill tiis Iliftl. Scclat.. wbicb, IxviidiMi 
Konttorrd noiiciw, hiuf n hriof life of Wilfrid 
llih. r. e. ^9^. which ^rv botuo muctors col 
metitioniS-l lij tlitdi, miil mnkr* aoTrnl iiiipur- 
Ittnt omiwiaiipi. lt«>Ja evidrntly nrotv in vym- 

Ktby wilb Wilfrid'* opponcnu. Hi* nccoiint 
4 been c^mparod with rho I.irn hy 1-^iti, hy 
Mr, WcIIb, in the Eiiijl. Hi«l. Rnx. v'l. 536 wn- 
'Hw metriotkl life of l^rilheRodo is merely a virr- 
•ion of Eddi'i worL Archbiiliop Odo is mid 



by Rndmer to huTtt pot forth a Life of WiUiid. 
but this ['rulnihly refers to Friiluitode'e hfo 
Vricirn at Udo'a rrqaeet, and to which CMu 
proluiblj «Qppl)«d the prefue (lltat. of York, 
Tol. i. Fnf. p. xl). EiraoKfr's LiCr, printtd bjr 
Mntjilloft. Rainc. and others, is not of oridnal 
valtw. I( is fullovfrl in IliAloriau* of York 
hy a sorninD for .St. Wilfrid'* rfur. WillUm nf 
Malmf&burrV ncfount ot Wilfrid in hi» Geaia 
I'oiHiflciiiTi (liollH Srr.) is 0»rtW"dIy pn|idriw>l 
from I'Mdi. Pnlnr of Blot* tr rota n Life, pr** 
Hi?TT«d in LeIanil's time ni Ripoa (CoUeM. lit. 
110), bnl not nam known toextnt; som^ oxmwts 
KTP girna hy LeUnd. The ImsI mndam aniho* 
riCtoK nro C'lnon Briirht'e Early Kufil. Cliurrh 
lli-ii. 3ril fdiT, IR&7. Mr. Plaromt-r's noiM to b'n, 
Rcibi! {Ipp. Hint-, ami lUine's art. ■ Wilfrid' In 
Diet. ChriitiAU Bio^r. and hia earlier Iriosnptay 
in Frtsii KUr,] W. B. 

WILKES, .IciTTX (1737 170-), wllii- 
cian, Mtcnnil oon of Iiinud Wilkix*, m*ll di3- 
\\UfT, of Clerk*iiwell, by 8anh, daughter of 
John Ueaton of Iloxton, was l>nni in St. 
John's .Sunnr<».Cli'rkcawcll,OH 17 Uot. 1727. 
Uniel \\ ilkts wiw eon of LiUce U'ilkes, 
chief yeoman of the rcmorinjr wnrdru'be t») 
ChorU-s II. oiid ifrnndson of KilwarJ Wilkw 
of Ijeipblon Duuard ( Visitatit/tt *>f Il^/utd- 
thire, llrirl. Soc.) Uu tbrov« by hia dlsliU 
Icry, Olid lired in llti; ntyK- of a L'ily uutnal^, 
keeping hia coaeb-ikad-iiix. llu waa Iiotpi- 
lablo and fond of Icttvrvd sucii^y, and, 
Thougrh a churchman, tolerant of diwcnt in 
hi« wife. 111' die'l on 31 Jan. 17U1. leaving, 
be^drts John, two sons nnd two daughK^Tn. 
Sarub, the ulder daiitibter, wan an cccenlrio 
recliue — proto^m of the >fi*s llavisliam 
of Dickons'! 'urmt Exjivcia lions-' Her 
•iater Mary was thrice married. ILwfon, 
tho yaunfreet son. succyedwl to ihudistilLury 
biiaini^w, niifinriniif^fKl il.and died on 19 Dv4, 
1803. without isi'Uf. The eldest eon, Israel, 
emii^rated to th*> V'uitod Stales, and dirvl nl 
Now York on Sft Xov. IHO-^Iaavinfr issui* by 
bis wifo, Kliiaheth Iteronthieii (cf. Itiuiu, 
JJie.t. iif Aiiiei: ftitH/r. ' \Vilk«», Chnrliw. 
lloar-ailniiral, l'.S.A..' wbo is tbcru described 
(lA iicij!i«w of John Wilkes). 

\V]llit!V was iiiitiativl in (he rudim^'uts of 
Irnniiiitc at n privaln school at Hin'tfonl, 
wliiM* he ahoww! such qniiikness tliai it wa« 
decided to itivpbiin « li)Htnil«du(--iitiuTi. He 
WAS sccordinglv placed under the charge of 
a presbyterion n]inist«r, Locson of Ayles* 
bury, iVuckinRhanwhir^, from whom hi- r>r- 
cviTL'd sound instruction in the classics and 
ntinctui^ of heretical, especially A rian,thn>- 
lo^y, which prL>di8pD«cd tiim to fruethiukiiw'. 
From Aylefoury lie proc^d«d to the uni- 
versity ai lipyden, whom ho waa entered on 
S Hep't. 1744 (Pkacock. /yjw&M Stm^ts, 
Index Soe.) Atnoiig bia oantcmporariH al 



Wilkes 



»43 



Wilkes 






that fiLittoiis snd much fniquentn] Heat of 
levniiiig vivtfe Al.-mnfW f.'Hri)l« fq. r.j, 
WiUifttn Dowdcswflll (l"il-l""5) [((. 7.], 
•ad ChkrliM Tciwnatii-ncl [q. v.]; 1)iit Km 
especial IVienda wi-re Andrew Rnxier j\. v.], 
tb«n ut Vtm;ht,iuid Baron d'llolbooh. lie 
remained abraad kttt thnii two yonn, put 
of which was Gpeot iii iraTel in the JChine 
liand». It u not ]iTOlMiblt> thnt lit^> dcrvoUtd 
biintelf very «eriouit]v to oiiidy, biti mtvr- 
CCKirae with his iDtvllectii<il M|iials brace^l 
ht9 fiu'ullica, and bo n^lumml U) Enj^hind 
with Hut tone and beartu]{ of a scboLir and 
a ^ntlcmao. 

Wbiiri «till under ago* Wilkes marmd, in 
d«rervnr<> to bis fath^rn wish(4, a woman 
t*-n yvan bt« senior, Mary, dmi^bter Ulid 
beireas nf John Mm-I, n wonltby London 
giooer. The marriitge plan-«l hini in pan- 
maiion of an iwtnte at AylMtbiiir. thn [ire- 
beodiU faouM and dcini'#no, worth 7Wii. a 
yMr. Ilia Arifv had a Iiund8<jni« jointure, 
sad (iTsator oxpoctatirmtii — ber mi>ilirr died 
O(il4Jan.I7tiywonblLH),y0<J^.-buLWiLk.V* 

,bit4 did not accord with lbn principles of 
le ladies ^bo wont botb litricl. digsi-DU-ni, 
andiii a few yean n itiriinriil ion wmtarrnn^ni 
by uiuiiiil! cuiisont. Wilki-s n<tairir.d the 
Aylctbury i^Ulc nnd thu ciirtiidy of his 
only U't'itiniutn child. Mar}-, born imli Au^. 
17&U. ili)« wife siirn^ndenKt hor jointuru 
for an annuity of lUiOi. In I7A8 she HOt^fbt 
the protection of tliu kiiic's b<.>nch uf^tuEt 
the persecution by which Wilkf* wan rndea- 
vourioK tovxiurl I'rum \i€r th>i flurrendtr of 
her allowance ( HrHRfiW, liriK.rir, i. iti'l}. 
lo AuriL 1741) Wilkes waa utn^ted F.ltS. 
Un 19 Jan. I7S4. lii< wu admitted into lli« 
Subltnw Society of the Bnt'f .Stoaks. 1li» 
mocItTitiM w«re litererv and mkinb. With 
Jobn Arwiitronff (1700 "17701 [q. v.], Thomaa 
Brewitter fq. v.], and John IiuU-Slciduion 
r*ee Stbvkxso.v] he early formM durable 
mcudfihips. Under tliu liniisliod rmif; Thotnna 
l'ottcr[ii. v.] he ((Tadiiatiil in ihn faabtoEiiiblv 
vioea. DySirl-'ranciiiDnahwoodtaft/TWords 
Lord JjQ lies pen cur) lip wa» iiirolled in the 
profimeand proHigare canfrat<>niily nf Mod- 
ineaham Abb«y. Thi« sot included Uobert 
Lloyd fq. T.l Charlie Chiirehill [q. v.],und 
I'aol \Vliiii;h«nd [q, r.], all of whom b»- 
CAme hiti fast friends. Ani'mjif tlnriw mntiks 
of Tbelsme none sunvnilBn^l liim^-lf to lh« 
orgie with more of the u-oe lUbAlaialan 
abandon than Wilko*. Their pueiilo mnm- 
meriM, howerer, be d«»pi«'-d ; and on 0119 
oceaaioti lvrrilli»I most of thom out of their 
wtta by lettiujjf liKwt- nt the appropriate mo- 
ment iu I bi> (.''jlobration nf th« metff noire a 
,tMl>oon dcckiMl out with tho conventional 
lia of Satan, which he bad contrived 




to secrete within tho building (JonxsTOir, 
CkrtfMl, 17U7, i>i. 241 ). 

In 1754 W'ilkea svrrod ih« oQicv of high 
ttheritl uf Duckiogliaiushire, and cont<4tj-d 
(April) unsuu'(:s?> fully thu parlinmvntaTy 
tttprewnt ill lull of !ti-rwiL-k-<iM-Twit«l. Iu 
1757, by amm^'iiient with I'ilt and Potter, 
be «ucotW<dt)d tlio latter (0 July) as Ml', for 
Aylmbury. This aUKir, with thf! Th^rwirli 
contest, coit him 11,000/. By further judi- 
cious ouility hn iii>curisl hi^so^it ai. the jrcti<_— 
ral ulection of March 17U1. ilia political 
int«n-st eorv«il him to make auienda to 
Jobaioa for a piece of BUperciIiou» mticism. 
The'Orsmmar' preKxed to the lirat t^itinu of 
the ' Dictionary (KAS) contained. coDci>m- 
in}{ the letter ' II,' the Btrangi' dirloni, ' It 
seldom, perbsps m-ver, begins our but the 
first tyUublv.' wh'.-n'ou \Vilki)H bad com- 
mented ill the 'Public Advertiwir: ' ''Hie 
author of this obwrration must be a man of 
qiiii;k apprvlii-iiiiion and of a mONt coinprv- 
hoiuire ffeniiia.' Thou,^h Jobnwn totik no 
nntiee of the Knerr, it had rankled, and 
WiUci^s WAK glad of a» opportunity to lalvo 
the wound. When, therefore, hv luirtKHL 
(March 1761^ that Johnson's black aanrnni 
I wa* iu t be clutehe« uf tlie prees-^ag, bo used 
hia iiiHiience at the fldmiralty to procnn' htn 
I reU'neti, iiiid Lu eiicnnHlcd. ^\'bcll, however, 
he L»mt' tn iisk fiivouni for btmself, the caso 
I was dit!ert^nr.. It)' had entered parliament a 
loyal supporterMfl*itt,ai>d he had Kiven proof 
of loynity At no p<iniiU cost. With Pitl'a 
brotber-iu-liiw, l^onl Temple, be wu eloM^y 
(L'Hociati'yl in the urfi^nisation of the Buck* 
militis, of n liich \w was appoialvd colonel in 
June I7ttl'. 'ITiroiiKh the Drolher*-in-lnw ho 
hoped to obtniu i-itber the cnbtuisy at Con- 
vtantLiiople or the ^>vi-rnomliip ot tjii»bM;. 
We witfl diuppoinitHl, and attributed his 
wnnt "f mjct-fiut partly u> IStl'a inditfereocc, 
hut much more to the malign intloonco of 
Lord Bute. That be Mriously disappiDTod of 
Bute's forei)^ policy, and also ci uu arstem 
of f^>vt!riiment, diero is no reason to iwubt : 
but luortiiicalion probably added vtsour and 
vdiiom to thu ■ttucki> with which be tiamsaiMl 
IPjo favnunte. lie bc|{a» with anonymous 
* ObwnatioRs on the l'ap<<r^ roUtiTi* to the 
Hupturt! with Spain laid |j>-fore Villi Houses 
of I'arlinmenton Friday, l.'O Jan. 17(52.' The 
pumpblet app-'nwi in .Nlnrch 17U2, caught 
th« public CJir, and clamaged the gOTemmeat. 
Wilkes followed up his advaatooe ia cIm 
' Monitor.' In two numbers especially, XI>7 
\ {2-2 .May) and ^jOO ( 1:1 June), be pointed an 
' ahi ious moral by refijrcnce to Count Bnilil 
I (the fuvouritu ui the kins of Saxony), Mn- 
I damede I'ompadour,and uer firiendtlie Abb6 
I de Bemia. He was answered bySmollett io 



I 



Wilkes 



344 



Wilkes 



tb« * Briton ; ' and TouniJed in concert with 
Chureliill i» rivnl nrgftn, entitU-d *Tht> Nitrtli 
BriloD,' of wbicli tbc first Damber appeared 
oD 5 JuDL-. Th^ title vm adoptiMl in irony, 
of wbich abundftut uie was made in the 
earlier numhrre. The 8cot« were magni- 
&0d, and felicitated on tbcir tnumpU in tbc 
peraoQoF Ibe favouritu over tWir bcrwlitarr 
enemiM, the Knglisli. Hi<iirr Kox, Mnlirax, 
Biiil Mnnofir-lfl wf^rtj r>^r«M-n(fil m* Iliile'* 
faithful henchmt'ij, (ktinpanivina wen oa- 
tenlutBoiiJiIv (i'-tini-nUii bwlwci-n GfiFK" III 
and Kdward ill, br-twoon thfi Princp« 
Dowufter of Wales and Queva iMbelU, be- 
tween ttuU- an<l Itoffer Mortimer. Th« at- 
tack wu reinforced by an adaptation of 
William Mountforl's 'Foil of Mortimer,' 

Sru£iu<ed (13 .Marcb 17(l^i) by an ironical 
edication to Hut^. Nor did Wilkir* diti- 
daia to flf at lower f^nio. He lampooned 
Ilo^nrth, quiziL-d 1/rrd Tulbul, Itiv tluwanl 
of the liouachold, and establUhed a repuu- 
tian for spirit by uxuliauiiiu^r ptstul-iliota 
with Istm on Ikgibot IJfatU (■"> Oct. I7t)2), 
He satiriaeil Uis quondam fribiid UAsliwootl, 
tliw liicl(l«-(H clmiioollor of tlw t>xchi«r|iit<r, 
wlioRo rider tax prored ronre damaging to 
the );oTemm«>nt than t]ii>|>pai!« of Paris; be 
ineulted 8amuol Martin, tli^ i^ecretarv to the 
Irea^urj j he even Hlooiped to ciiat a jibe at 
nitte'4wn,a men' lad. ThL'siiccMdiD^ftdroi- 
oiitratiun, in which BuU-V infltMuca was bo- 
lii;Tnil Ic bi^«fiU pftramount, f«red CYcn worxc 
[sBu (iKKSTiLi-M. OhohoeJ. ' North Briion * 
No, 4.') {:J3April IVfiJlJdfall with t!ic»pH.vh 
from the throne preredintr the niceni arl- 
joumment, nnd CDanict«>ri«ed a pauoj^e in 
which the p(tac« of Habertsburg was lreal>;d 
na a consequence of the peace of IVria, as 
* the nuMt abandoned instance of miniateriat 
•ffrontor; «Tt>r attempted to be impoted on 
mankind;' nay, even insinHatod that the 
king had bucti iniluct-d to cuuntcnnncu a 
dtilib^nite lit?. 'ITil* resentment of 1]ih king 
and the court Intiw uo bounds, and the 
law uflicen* adviMid that the article waa a 
aeditioUH libel. Proceedingra in the opdinary 
course wor^, liowijvw, precluded by the 
anonymity of the publirntion; and accord- 
ingly the two warroDtx which were issued 
by tlif aeorclario* of ataf* (Kercmont and 
Halifax) for the npprehen&iou of the auihors, 
prtutent, and publishers of the allf.>)^ed tibvl 
and the Miiurc of their papvM i-ontiuned 
th« nniiioK of the urint»?r» only. The wecrv 
torias had no higher jurUdiciion tban juf- 
ticM of the peacv,ancf a» n jui>ttce'M warrant 
wa* Tftlid only ogaitut the pcraonn namod 
therein, there was thus in fact no 'n-arrant 
under which Wilkee could be lepiUy ar- 
rested. The piiaters were first apprtiheudod, 



I and, on the information of one of theta, 
! WilltM was talii^n carlr in the. forriioou \tt 
. SO April, on hia way from the Teiupb lu lu* 
I house in Great Uiyirfrc StPrct, Wcstminater. 
The oHiocrs eoleredthe bouse withhim.Bod 
John Almon [q. v.] calling about the wme 
lime, iha newa wa» carried to I^rd Temple, 
who at once npplitvU for a bnb«a« rorpo*. 
Wilkes waa muanwhile tak&n before tht^ 
siwrn^oriegi. Hi- jMirriMl fhi-ir qupctions and 
protracted the eiarainalion until tht> liabeaa 
corpua had boun Krantud. There waa, bow- 
erer, unme dnlay in the actual i.vue of tbi* 
writ, of which the aecreCariee took advan- 
tage by cotniniEting Wilkea to the Towm 
under a wamat it'hich direci&d him lo be 
kirpt cloae pri»oner. The din-clion wu 
obeyed to tbo l<ilt«r, nvitber hia legal ad- 
viaers nor the Duke of Uraftoo oor Lord 
Temple bein^ permitted to see him. Temple, 
a* lord-littulcaaDt of Uuckini;liiim»Iurc. re- 
oeieed the kinjt'a eipreas orders lo ronci-l 
Wilkcs'e cummissiuD in ihu militia. He obeyed 
(fi May), and wa* tht-n biin»clf diiiiRuuit«l 
from tht: lieutenancy (7 May). Wilk^^'s 
hotine bad meanwhihi been thoroughly ran- 
sacked, and hia napera, eren the noat pri- 
vat« and personal, Mized. 

There wer<^ not wanting nrecedcnU (see 
Addit. .tf-SS. 2L»iyi-a) which, but for pri- 
rile^^ of parliament, wonld have given a 
colour (though no uioru) of lenlily to the 
action of the aecretaiiea; but the arrvat of a 
member of parliament inauchctrcamstancea 
wm* a wry f^mi'Q matter, and accnrdingljr 
on the return to the writ of habeas corpus 
Lord-cliief-justic« Pratt discharged Wilkes' 
OQ thofpxinnd of privilege (6 May). Actions 
maintained in iVilkea a name by Lor-J 
Tofflpla wen atooceinatituCedagainat Hali- 
fax and under-aecretarr Wood, the chief 
a^nt in the a^izurt' of \Vilkc«'8 papers. The 
action against Halifax waa dt-dovcd until 
November 17(59 (aee below). The lattvr 
nwulted (6 Dec.) in a verdict for WiUtea 
with 1,000/. damasi'a Thu affair gave rise 
to other fluciWAsfiiT aAtions by per.4ona wh<> 
lind sudered in a bimilar way at (be bands 
of the gnvi^mment ; and thus a procedurv- 
essentially identical with that in umi in 
Franc* under Irttres df rarhrf was linally 
ubroguied [»ce PtUTT, Cit4.iu.E9. first Eaal 
Camiies; MruuT, Wiluam, first Karl 
MuignuMt]. 

Kgri-moiit, by whom ha had been trnatt^ 
aujiercilioufO? during the examination, 
\V ilki-s ri-solved to chalUtin so «oon a« bu 
fthould be out of office, fn tn« meantime bo 
went to Prance, where in August be waa 
himself chnllcnged by a Scottiah ofEoer 
(Forbes), who reseal«d tbe maooei in wliicli 



I 



the ycotch were 1rt:fLt«d in tho 'Korlh 
Briton.' WiUtra acc«pted tlin clmllengo oa 
condition tb«t E^ramoat fibould have pre- 
cedenc»; und tliM punctilio »usp«id»d tlifi 
mSur until Egrcmont's deatli (,31 Aug.), 
when th« Hcutchmui wtu no longpr forth- 
oomin;. 'W'itkM retorned to Kavland oo 
38 8«-pt., uid r«ntiwed his attack on the 
goTi^rnment (12 Nov.; in tin- 'North Briton' 
(No. 46), En^mont's succesBor w&t! \Vilkwi'» 
old friend Sandwich, but Witkta gaiuM 
nothmg by thti cblUlg1^ 8aiidwiL-b in ofBcu 
yru a diBerent b»iu|^ from the jollv monk of 
Modmenham. Thuru fell into hin handa 
an indecent faiirli-Kijiin of I'opi^V ' I'*ssiiy on 
Alan,' entitled ' An Esaay on Womnn,' 
iln(licnti><i to It fn«hiunable &nd frail b«uuty, 
Fanny Mmrav, and jntmiiOied with noTc« 
aoccilwd tu Jtiiihop Worburlon, and nn 
appendix of t>liu<pheniit>» coiilninintT (inttr 
OHs) an obaoeno imraphnuw of the Wni 
CiBSlor Spiritus. The work was pseudony- 
tnous; but Wilkcft'd prinlrre d«posod. and 
their evidence was corroboralvu by stmhh 
of W'ilkesA pap«n, th&t it had been print«>d 
b^ Wilkei's dirttitioD at his privulu pnsHa. 
Tno whole edition commalM of a (ioxrn 
copies, of wbich one or two bad been stolen 
bv wi'irkmiTti, tlin rtwt bad rvmaiiit'd under 
lock sn<l key. The author B]»pt^a^tl to haw 
hattn Thoniiw Polttr. A manuscript (neither 
Pnttt'r'« nor Wilkes's) of a pot-m wiili the 
Bune titlv^is iu thv Uritith Mtueuui (Addit. 
3IS. 30887). It locks the dedication and 
notc«, bogiQB with thu wurdu, ' Awake, my 
Sandwich.' and is in fact i-tilLndy ilioMmrt 
from the poem inscribed to Famiy Murray, 
of which QUI' of ibt- fi-w iiikliint cxivinpturs, 
beginning with the worOa 'Awake, mv 
Faiiny,' is in the lijcv Library at the Uoutb 
Kensington Mimonin. Tlits xpiirious piite 
was, however, printed under U'llkea's uaaif 
during his lifetime, was not disavowed by 
Iiim, Lnd was thus incauiioiuly accviited by 
JjOrd Mabuu i^IIUtor^ of L'lUflimtl fruM thr 
I'eaet nf Vtrtxht, v. tiOl tw thu original 
poem printed at Witken'ii pr»M<. Another 
impoMure, a^criliud on the titli^page xn 
• J. W. Senator' (in thii r])iloi;u«t 'Julio 
Wanlovi, Senator of Lticca'j, api>e«r«d in 
London in I76-'i, 4to. 

When parlinniprit met (Ifi Nov.>. th* 
IIouseofLordij, on the inuliuti of Suudwich, 
ineliidod the Lissay and * Veoi Creator' in 
one ceusun- as q brt-ach of privih'gw (in ai- 
tribut iog the nolen to Witrbiirlon > and as an 
ob«eu»« and impious lihi-l. Un iha «unit day 
the commonn, in reAtwiv-ie to u royal meMage 
conveyed throneh fipor|re lirenville [q.v.j, 
consigned the ' North lint on 'lNo.45) to the 
hands of the common hangman to be burned 



as a seditious Uhc], Wilkes pleaded hia 
privilege, which he oll'eml to waive in tli« 
courts of law if it weru scknowledgfHl in 
parliament. Tlie houen nJMted bis offer, 
and resolved that aeditioua libel wa« not 
covered by privilsgo (23, W Nov.) The re- 
solutions of the common* were endorsed by 
tliu lords (1 Dec), Pitt in the oue housu, 
and Shelhume in the other, joinini^ \i\ the 
censure upon Willie^, bul muintaiuing' hta 
privilcgr. A iitroDgly wordt^d prot«itt auaiuKt 
the surrender of so important a security for , 
froedom of speech was «iit«ml in tEii< lords* 
jouniaUhy Templeand other pe<irs ('ii) Nov.) 
.\ dauuvriiugi wound in \\\v slomiich neceired 
by Wilkes in a duel with Samuel .Martin 
(10 Nov.) enabled bim to avijid oppearance 
to a citation by the IIou.h- of Uommone. 
During bis convalesceDre he nailed his 
colours to the mast by is!iuiii(; from his pri- 
vatB press a collective reprint of the ' North 
Itriton.' On lb* night of Hec. a Scottish 
lieutenant of marines was nrrestod in the 
Dtli'ropt Is force an enlruiiL-v into his house 
with the intention of a^tiaiitting him. 
Ab>jut Christmas \ViIkr« slipped ulT for 
I'aria. Thenco he tratumidi-dio ibi* speakwr. 
Sir John Uuet.a medical t'ertihcata of ill- 
b.-a]tli (datwd 11 .Inn. \1VA\. The epenker 
rvud the C4>.rtificate to the hnu^e, but ob- 
served that it was entirely unanthenlicalcd, 
and Wilkes WB« thereupon expelled (Iti Jau-i 
A copy of the cnriiticnte, duly aulhcuucnted 
by two notaries and the ilritish i>mlui»u.n(lor 
at I'aris, Lord liertfurd, which Wilkea sub- 
acLjuently sent lo Uie .xiit-ulo-r, ^i\ri ignoral; 
but a motion sfUrmin^ iheillegalilTof grne- 
rnl wiirrantN, in utipport of which Pitt exer- 
ted his full strength, waK only dvfeat«-d by 
a narrow maiorily (17 Feb,) Wilkes ejt- 
pre««ed his irratitiide to his stipporters in * .V 
Tetter to a Noble Menibi^r [TempU'l of the 
Chihin A Ibemnrle Street '(London, 12 Mirrh 
I7G1). Mnanwhile, on ^1 Feb., hti hud bevn 
convicted before Mausfield on both cluirjiw 
of libel— not us author, hut as responsible 
fur thfi printinjj and utibliuition. These 
jimc^edingn be reviewwl in nn ' .\ddnvs> to' 
lh« Klectors of A vKinbuty ' (dated I'uris, 
'ii Oct. Iiti4), allrihnting llii- ronvictions 
(unjustly) to thu partiality of the judife. He 
did not appear to receive jiidgineul, and was 
outlawed (1 Nov.) 

In Paris Wilkes was received by D'llol- 
bach and Diderot as u brolber in arms. He 
was also countenanced by the French cnHrt, 
and made a B^iire in thexalons. lie lodged 
at Dr«t at the lli'ilttl de 8nx>-, nfterwardx iii 
theUneSt. Nicaiae, where h<divid during thet 
ffreater part of 17(M with a courtesan named 
Corradini, in whom Lo discovcrtHl all the 




Wilkes 



346 



Wilkes 



cliarms of ttie llvdicofiti Vvnox. WiUi Hot, 
afl+T performing the last offioiM of fri«iul»hip 
for Cburcliill ftt Boulogne, ba trarclled tn 
[talv, xiKtnHinff pAti of iht- carnival of ITtUi 
with Wtnckcuuhua »l itomv, aud tlinv 
montba (Ajiril U> June) at Noplc*. Tbcre 
fao bccnmu mlimaTv witli Junius UoHWvIl. 

liiiriiigliisiilay inltnlv. WtlkviitritlMlwitll 
a projt^li-d'HiMon' of England' (Mtiinfrii), 
.iiic) im <>ilitii>n vf lli» wiirltn nf ('hunrliill, 
who had tnadf^ bim \nn li(«rnry executor. 
DiMert«d by bin nualrw*, b» rvcroMwd ibu 
Alps in Juiy, pusin; a lUj {•2i 4•a\y^ at ibe 
Onnde ChartreuM, where he recordeJ his 
fAvournbk- imprMdion or tho monks in thu 
Tut U>r^' book. Ac tbc in [^naitKry be fvll in with 
ItOnI AbuagdoD Tseo DcicriE, Wili^poiiht, 
fourth Ekri. of AiiisoDo:«l, with whom bu 
visit<.'(l Volt aire at I'eniey. Intheautuniube 
returned to I'aris, and fstsbliBbed himself fn 
tlii< Kuo dca Satiilo I'hrM. Fnueh society 
waM uneonj^-iiiul lo bim, find ha felt tba 
pressure of p<!L-unifl.ry uuibamt^sineDt. His 
p*>n bniiij^hl. hitn in littlf. Hla habits Wfrn 
pittravnfant ; hifldniigli«T'ef>ducat ion, which 
be vrcnitd nn tio accniitit n4^^Wt, wim vx[»>n- 
•ive; Mid in nnlicipalirin of his 'luilnwry Ivi; 
bad aettled his entire itro|>erty upon her, 
lie waa lai^^tily beliohk^n to Lord Temple 
and the lIockiDgbam wbigs for the means 
of anb>ti!<t«nc«>. Iln alfto appear* to hare 
n!C(<ivi?d nccuional xiibvutilioua from ibu 
Frrtii'Cb goviTHmftnl. ( WatpoUajut, 1. 2 ; (Ull.- 
LAKPiiT, .yUmoim aur la V^evaltire l/Eon, p. 
l(iti). (Jn the return of ihi' whign to power 
ho had hopc-t of obtainini; a panlnn and a 
pension or place: but n visit to Londoa in 
Afay 1706dt«il)u»ionr'd him^ andhw rcMimfHl 
to ntrie. There, on C'haihau'a acciwt<ir<rt to 
pow«r, he was «ncoora^cd by Colonel Fiti- 
roy, brothiT of the \)a\w of Uniftou, to r>.^ly 
uiu>n Cimfton's inleresi in the n<Iniiuislmtion 
of which he wac the nuniinul htiid. lie 
thiTi-fiirt- rrtvisili-il Lon^Jiin Uiwiinbi I hi:' rJiwn 
of October and soimdfd firafton, by whom 
be waa biddvn write to Chnlhaui, Ln Chat- 
ham, bowf'ror, Witkf.i had nn faith, and h<t 
was, monfOTer, loo proud to aolicit a favour 
from one by whom he bclievvd himarlf to 
have be«ii neglectnl in ihu poHt. Wt occurd- 
inply wrote to Grafton (1 Mov-l Grafton, 
by ChiLthaiu'ii advictv i|.'iii>ri'd liix U-Itur, and 
Willo-s n-t iirncd to I'uris. Thure In* !vUev.;d 
KiH mind in a Ion(*thy epistle to Grndoii 
(12 Hi-c.), wliieh wiLN piibliihfii In pumphltit 
form both in London and in Paris, and waa 
reprinted in Ik-rlin. H" continued In r«-»idn 
in I'uris fliirinj; ilif gr-^nrer pf>rtion of l^iij, 
workiD); in a doHuliory way at his history. 
II11! aol« ri.'^tnlt of xWm labours wa« an ' In- 
tndactioa to the lUslory of Eagluid, from 



Ibe lb>vq>lulioa to th« Accvvaioa of tfasj 
BrnnftW)ckbin<VpubltnhMat Ixtiulonial76fL! 
4to. llie edition of CburchiU. was ab&ndoiMii 
[4ecCnrRCiitLt,CnaRLns> MMnwhiV, im- 
pativnce and impecuniosity deteratiiusi bin 
to end bia exile at all ooatK, and in I>eceinber 
he wC oat onco more for P^nglasd. Be tr»- 
relled by way uf IloUaod, made a abort ktay 
at Ltfjden, and reached London on t) Feb. 
17f(8. H<> hired ■ houM at the cornifriif 
I^rince'jt Court in the immediate virinity nf 
hia fomter reaidenix' in Grvat GiKirge Stnet, 
Westminster, and. b-'inp i^oKHi Iw- ihe go- 
versmcnt, addreaaed binitwlf to ibe kwK- 
Thtt courso bo took must have bM-n inTonded 
as on afl'ront ; for iiureead of prewntinff a 
petition he made his application for parooa 
oy a lotti-r, whivh his Mfvant handvd in at 
III) ok in); bam House (4 .March). Uftht-lettvr 
nn notice was taken. At the subsequent geno 
ral elwlion hu appeared on tbe buating^ asa 
couditlnie for the city of London, of wbich 
hb fri-tndfl had pureWod fur him the in*- 
itoni. 1 \n fniht) to carry that hvaL, but wai 
returned ('JS March) Jor Middlesex faj aa 
imnien<u> majority. Ilr then 8um>ndRvd to 
hi* outlawry in the poun of kioff's btioclt, 
and at'ler a formal arrest was committMl by 
\,iiT<\ Xanadeld to the king's bench prison 
('J7 April). lteiw«en the court and the n^J 
he waa n-ftciied by Ibe mob, but contrived to 
slip otr and continue the jouroev- From 
hi* Cell h(! imiund (/> Alay) a cpiritttd ad- 
dress to bJB constttuenla, an4 for Bona 
daya his aympatbi8«>ra ronifrx^itnl in in* 
creasing multitude tn the vicinity nf ih« 
iraol (Hi. George's Fields). On lO'.May the 
mob was dispersed by a di'tachmont of foot- 
guards, not without low of life. Tbe troops 
were publicly Ihankod by the secretary at 
war (Lord barriu{;tun). ()n 8 June Willie's 
outlawfv was reversed bv Lord Mansfield on 
a techntral point, but the prior ronvictiona 
wen- nftirinmi, iind on 18 June be wai s«n- 
lenced to one year and ten monlits' imprison- 
ment, wxclu»iv'' "fib" time Iw had alrmidy 
Rpent in fjaol, fim^ 1,000/., and required on 
hi« discharse to enter into rHcoifniaaaceain 
1,(K)0/, withtwowirftii-jiinMW/, pBob for hia 
good behaviour for seven years. Agitinat tJiis 
sentt-nrc ^^'iIke« appe«le<l by HTit of error 
to thi: Iloiue of I»rd». Ue ul.-^> prMunled 
to till! Hiius« of Commons (U Nov.) through 
?Xt Joe'.'ph MawV'y [q-v.] a p<!iition which 
not oiilv tntv>TH-d tlii* aaiue icmumi a* ih* 
writ of ermr, but entered at Inivre into the 
mrriis of his cw}. He was stmnBly ndviwd 
by Omfton to abandon the petition, but he 
had now declared war & otiiranc^ ngainst 
thf govrrnnii-nt, and he was not rbt< man lu 
hesitate, lie therefore preiacd Ebrwatd t!u 



« 




N 

1 

I 

] 

1 tl. 



ETwrliameiit&Ty proceedisga, while be availed 
uimwiirof tbJoibuadiuit opportunitk-s which 
tliM Ikx ruleti of tbt> kiii^'x bfiicK nriaoii 
oiForded of carrving nn ihc i-ampuign in the 
conntTy. }I« Imd ciicceirdcd in i»»iiiii)^ n 
' IjStter on tha Public Condnot nt Mr. 
AViUws'l,! Nwv.) and &n ' Address ' to hi* 
coustitaeiitd (3 Nov.) Ilis ucxt «1rii wos To 
pFocuK fto autbentic copy of Lord Wey- 
mouth's inHtnictioiiH to the chairman of tlii' 
Lambi'th i|iiart<'r Mfsiona, by which hu and 
hia bmlbtT autfiktraU^a were (.•iiiomeJ lo 
inaho prompt u»« of the militnry in ihi' urcnt 

lOr n rint. Thi-M? iutitnicUuiiH wito datn] 

fil April, fitUy ihre* Wftpka bofon* rhe 'raas- 
»civ,' ii» till' iiflair in St. OvoryvV Fit-Iiln 
ni'aa now oiilh^d. Wilkes pwicnred rhpir in- 
sertion, wiih some iaUa minatory remarks of 
his own, in the 'St. JnmiV.o (lironick-' of 
10 Vvc,, and in a i>ubiw<qnfiii ndilntiM to hit) 
Confltitiitiils (17 llnjc.) ncknowledpwl him- 
tt\t rvtiponsibXis for tbcir publicntion, Thu 

^-writ of error wai diinijisii^d vn I'J Jan. 
760, and the pelition shAred the tmrno fate ; 
thv artido iii tho '.'■I. Juinv&'e Chrouidu' 
vtiia voted litwllous liy butii houses, mtd 
Wtlluifl wiia aniiii expi-Ued ihe ilouse of 
Commons (■!■ Feb.) lo piv>' a rohmr a{ 
lenlity lo theexpulftinn, aecDun! wan taken 
orall ui» previoui wtrence* and his prei^nt 

EieitioDU It coQdemn(.-d criminal. 'Ihe un- 
inLSM of this trvAtiiieiil was ably expoaed 
I by George Grenville (now reconeile<l with 
liLunl Ttimpk- ) in a apuech full uf cold und 
|<li*piL<''inimle cotixlil'ulionariAtn, tin- ptihlii^a- 
(tion of which drew from Willies an iinpTB- 
«imii» ' Letter ' (nee infra) whit-h ruptured 
hia rt'lationx with Toinple for ever. The 
exjialHion led tia a conflict between tb« 
I'ltictor* (if Middh'SL'x, wlio at onLXirt.--idi'ctcd 
Wilkeo, and the House i>i {'oiumons, which 
^not only annulled the mturn, but resolved 
[17 Feb.) tliAl h[) 'woh and ia iiicapablu of 
looinig elfclud a member to serve in tUia pn?- 
|BL'nl piirliikint'nt.' aanuIU'd two eubseqnent 
tunu, and ovi'iilitnlly dvclanid tho h^'atvn 
itulidat<<, f'olonel Lnttrpll. duly elected, 
" IfitiiKl thu rotTini accordingly (13 April^ 
in.it thivte unconflritiit.ional pntcMdinga 
Eilione wer^ oresented to parliament and 
"kitig. WillciM found a douf^hly chnm- 
'pioo in Jiiiiiua; tite govi-rnmeut a dull 
apotnj^El in Johnson, to whoso ' Falsti 
^AlarcQ ' Wilkes rupliod iu a epiril<.!d ' l^llvr 
to Samutl Jiihiutoii, LL.i).' (Lomlou. 1770, 
^Bvo), The matter waa also handled inother 
pnniphU'tji [>u->^ MKKRiiiiti, SiK Wii.i.hm]. 
On 10 Nov. 17tiU WilkiVs action a?aiait 
Ijord Halifax, loos delnyt-d, in the first in- 
^jWnc4', by If((t3 emcuie, thi>n by tlie effect 
^Bpf the ou'thiwry, waa brought lo trial, and 



i 



Ml 



raaulted in a verdict for Willtes witli 4,UU0/. 
damages. 

On thu formation of liord NorthV atlmini- 
Rtratinn, the opposition made of W'i]ki>A a 
rL'f^uliir cfifcai dt bfifailU. Rut a resolution 
that iti miittors of eh-clion tin- House of 
Conimau» is boundio judge according to the 
law of the land waa defeat^^d in both housc«, 
though Chalhatujoint^ with the Kockioit- 
ham whiiija in its nupporl. ("f> Jan., U I'eb. 
1770'i. Tiio qncfttion wa» revived on Wilkea'a 
disrharfnn (17 April 1770), aiid Cbatbam 
proposf^ a bill for his relnatatement (MayJ. 
The motion was ii*-|^livrtl, and a fnrinvs 
conflict between the two hniiM>s was tbna 
avoided [see WaiwjS - WnKrwoBTii, 
r;ir*HlE8, second MiWinsopKoimsniUM]. 
Chutljam then su^'&^'d an address to the 
king lor an immcdiatediasoliitinn, but failed 
to carry tbc Rockinffbam whin with him. 
Kven before his di»cbargt> Wilkea had been 
elected {17 Jan. ITUOf aldcrmau for the 
ward of l-'arrin^'ju Wilhoul, The city in- 
t^re-ii waa strongly on his side, and on 
14 March 1770 the lord mayor jiresuutijd to 
tint kin^ thn renionut raiic:(: of The livery on 
his bnhalf. It waa oontempluoualv dismissed, 
and iillier remonstrancM phun-d ttm Mma 
fate. Annual notinnA on the suhject con- 
tinued Co be made in the I louse of Com moos 
during the remainder of the parliament. 

WiTk«s bud L-ntvn-d tbv kin^'it beticli 
priiKiu a niini.-d nian. He lefr it free firom 
I'mbarrassaient. This prosiitiroiis turn in 
hisnAiiini wa* due to ibn UtH'rality of hia 
sympathisers on both sides of the Athiatic, 
wisely directed bv a commillce of ' »up- 

Jorttir^ of tli« bill of riphts,' over which 
ohn Home (afterwards Iloni-.' Took*) pro- 
eided [soo Tooke]. In discharKiiif WtJkei's 
variouH liabilitiev the coiuiuitiee disposed of 
upwards of I7,OD0/. >Vilkea had also hia 
nwanl in other ways: hv was the idol 
of llin populace, his pnrLrait ^^'aa exposed 
in dinn windows, dccurati^d trinkata, and 
danftled bcforv alidimis't*. II« was able 
lo lake a villa at Fiillmm and nnco mom 
to live delicately. If he had 1<>*1 bis old 
political connection, if the agitation which 
the opposition carrted on iu ois behalf woa 
merely deaij^ned lo vindicate The coii.ititii- 
I ion, a civic carucr wa« open to him ; and br 
hia elMClion to the office of alderman hL- had, 
in fact, bi'cn iuvilod to stand for thu 
maynrally. In 1771 the threatened inva- 
sinii of a citv charter by the bill f-ir cm- 
bnnliinu; Durfiam Yard (llin Adelplii) «mhtt> 
lort'd till- city affninst parliament and the 
court. \\'ilke8, of ci>ur«% ranped liiniKelf 
on the side of thu malcontents, atnutl 
supported Lord-nuyor Brass Cn38by [q. 



UtlT 

■A 



io tlM ciOQt«at with puliauent which atom 
ont of OiH publication of ri7[)(>rl8 of thu ile> 
lMit«8, mad tlt^fied witti iinpuuitv tb« aiKaker'N 
ciltttinn to the bar of lliii House of Com- 
tnotWi on thu ground Ihnt mm hjni; bk hio in- 
cjtpociiy woB tnaintauu'd be wu not vrithin 
the Jurtsdictiun w( the houce. He wm 
£leet«d •bcrilT of London and Middlesex in 
tiw MBe year (:^4 July ), and court«d popu- 
iuity by (liMvllowinfir t)ic AtttuduiCu of th« 
niljtury at executions. II0 abo diwoun- 
t4!iiit.nc«Kl lh« trying of prutonen in cbaina 
and chu tdciiifi; of inonov fur Hdmiuion to 
U« court of Uld Bailey.' Un 'J-i Jan. 1772 
be was uriweiitud by llio cuminun council 
with a sUvtfr nip warlli KKV. in i^cujfniliun 
of his (K)rvic«8 to iIik city in the dispute 
about tb<> dvbati-r. In this and tl)«> foUow- 
ioft year bu was retumi'vl at the bfad of the 
poll for tho miivoraliy, but won reji^ed by 
Uie court of ■lilMnni-ii. Thu al'lvrmen wfto 
probably influt'noiHl in ttome dof^e by the 
attadk naadc u])on him by Iloma Tooke [for 
details MO Tvokr, Joiis Hobkb]; but rht^ 
uuquMtionabld aerricea r^nd^red ny Williea 
to tlw popular CAUBo insured his election on 
the third return iti Uct. 17~4>. Purliaiuvnt 
Waa then just diuolved, and at the ensuing 
gvaitrel election Wilkes waa once moro re- 
turned for Middh-fc-x |in)Oct.) (Ill :■ Dr^r. 
he took bin eeiil without apposition. He 
continiifd l'> refire«ent 31iddl(«ex ihroiiRli- 
ouC tho rcmaiudcr of Lia parliamentary 
career. 

>An obelisk in Ludgate C-ircua comme- 
moraCN Wilkiu's muyorolty. It coincided 
with the definitive mlnptiou hy the giivem- 
nont of the policy uC coercing Amurivu, 
aAainut whtcli Wilkc* pn-w-nli-d tu llic^ 
kinf{ tho remonBtrBnce of the livery on 
10 Aliril I77ri, K duty which Iwdivchiirgdl 
with such dignity and tnct that, lht> kins 
was uh&rmetl, and confesJted thni lie bnd 
never known sn wt-ll brtxl 11 lord mavor. In 
Decvmbvr 177U he nas clecti.'d to tlm ofiice 
of city chnmbiTliLin, whi(!h he held with 
credit for thv rem uf his life. 

Ill parliament H'ilheit Kupporled the 
acbemtt of eomiomic reform adopted by tbo 
Kocktngbaui whi^, huL wi-nt fur In^yoiid 
them by hiBpropoaaU for the n^ietribm ion 
of wain i'Jl March l~7li)i which anticipated 
the Aelient feat urea of the bill introdnci-d bv 
Pitt in 1763. ThrouKhout the struggle witL 
Americn he opposed tiio meaaums of tlie 

gtvemment will) rigour and periinaciiy, 
n l'« April 1777 he pleaded ihe 
claim of lh<.- Britieb Slnfleum to a mon- 
liberal tri'uliuent by lltn iintiinu Iti 17711 
(10 .March. i'Q April) he supported the LiU 
lor the n-!ii?l' iif diMcnling ministors and 



•choobnaitcn firont tin limited Mibacriptiaa 
to the Thiny-nine articlee of rvligioo m> 
quirMt by Ibe Toleration Act. During tbs 
Qonton note in June 1780 be wna cotu^ 
euous by thnitruint^iuandcourBfrr with whtch 
be aaaened the auiboriiy of ihe law. On 
theretamof the wbigs lo power the ^ruon 
(Vom the journals of the llotise of Comnoo* 
of the recoid of bis incapaciMtion, for whiek 
be bad made annual nMltons aince hia n- 
entrance into parliamenit was at Uogith 
carried (A May 17i^:^>. lie look a troog 
lim- in opiK)»ttioa 10 t'ox't I-jut India luU 
(B Dec. 17 tut), and on Pitt's acosuuan to 
power f;ave him independent aappoct, ktl 
DTokn with bim dn(:iiiit'i^ly on ihw iiiiinai h 
ment of 'VVarrvn Ilafititi^ (0 May 1787). 
He did not ent'k rtM.di'ction after the diaeo- 
lutinn of 11 June 1790 

In his declining years Wilkes had a villa 
at Sandown, lull' of Wight : and two town 
houses, one in Kensington Gon?, the other 
in Orosvenor Square (comer of !South Aod- 
k'V Street). }I« di«i, a* be had IivinI. in- 
solvi.'ut, at the latter re»idenc« on M Uec. 
1797, He wos interred in Orosvenor Chapel 
without other memorial ihau a mural tablet 
bearing 'he inacription: 'The Ueroaina of 
Juhn \\Hkei*, a friend to liberty, bom at 
London 17 Oct. 1727 O.S. : dinl in this 
porUh.* I] is dauirbter Marr died immarried 
on IL' Mnrch 1^01*. Wilk'ea had also two 
natural children, a son and a datieblcr. 

Wilkes was rather above tne uiddli 
height. Ilia features were irwfrnlar to the 
point of tiglinc**, and n squint lent tb<.-m a 
sinister exurcMion, maliciously exafTKerated 
in the cvk'urated caricature by Hogarth I ten 
CaUtUyuf of fhr tlutk lAbrary, v, 17, 4-1"). 
He wuii painted by Pine {Ctit. TMird Loitm 
Exkib. No- H7W), and with John niynn and 
Ilnnie Tooke by MouMon {Cat. Outlpk 
Krhib. No, 8:^1); a portrait of Wilkes and 
his daughter vrnapnintc^ by Zoflfany (Cat. 
Sectmd Loan KfMth. No. ttSl). A skuicb of 
him in chiilks by Earlom is in the Niitiona} 
Portrait I tullcT^-, Loudon; nugraved ponnil« 
aru in the llritiHli Museum. 

Wilkea bud 6ug manners and an inei- 
iiuuflibln fund rif wit and humour which 
made his soriely nroeptnble even Io tbcua 
wliu, like Gibbon and Johntton. ibomiiKblv 
fJiittriisted hitn ((iinnoK. Mine, lf'»rir«, ed, 
Sheffield. 1«37, p. (H».: iiwv. ell. Life 0/ 
Johnson, ed. llirkheck Hill, iii. 54-79.89^ 
In hia vicEu' hv wa» by uo mvans etngular; 
and his tender allVction for his dau)j'bler and 
the cont^Tancy of his friendship (pruvetl 
uinong oibem bv U'l'^in, with wliom Imh in- 
timacy, bepnn in Franre, wag renewed in 
London and termLiiatt.'d only by death) «ni 



Wilkes 



249 



Wilkes 



* 
» 



I 



redeeming trails in his character. Ilie A^e- 
tliinkiug was only ekin-dwp; and wlmn to 
Thurlow'it UACveration, • May lio<l forget mn 
when I forget mv sovereign,' he muttered 
the ri'tort, * God forget you : Hell spl- you 
damned Qnt.' tbere was juai a suftpicioD of 
MinceritT m the grim pleasantry. ili» pArt 
, Ib puliliu lifu lifi ulayetl with courage uid 
-ttiboaixteni;)- ; I>hI tiiere was a deeper aeoAO 
tisn appeared on the Burfocn in hin arch 
dcnlnl t liat W wiw over m Wilkittt. Hy nature 
nnquefitionably he wan nn demagogue, but 
B man of fashion and d dilvttjintv ; nor ilid 
li« po«u«fl4 the K-ttHy ♦loqnence which is 
diuacteristic of the bom leader of tW 
muaes. His apeecbt^a wcrL-alwAY^ carefully 
{jrvpari'd, and »ai«]t too much of th<a oU for 
popular ell'ect, Ele retained his dilcttiLn- 
ti»m, and t-^cially hi» iiiti^n^jt in ^'rvm^h 
aud llnliiiu liti-rnlure and painting, to the 
laat. Townnl^i tlic cloec of hia life lie con- 
fum^d u boou ou bit)lLutihile<t by two Edi- 
tion* do luir : {I) 'CV. Catnlln*. ReiCenAuit 
Jubanni'8 Wilkes, Anglua, Londinl, 1788. 
Typi« Jiihunnift Nichols' (thrt^ hmidri-d 
copies an vellum, one hundred on line 
nap^r, 4lol; {'2) ' &to<ppai!Tnv x"l""'"IP'^ 
tiSuto!, Joluinnea Wilkof, Anglnn, receniiuit. 
Londini, 17W. Tytiia Johannia XlchoU' 
(three copii-s on vctlum, ono bundrud on 
V.RO paper. -Ho). Jlo mQd« some way 
with a tranhtatioii of Anarreon, whicD 
WSH admirvd by Joseph Warlun, but iv- 
nininril nnpiiblifthiHl. hoini- Iriflt'S in versft 
areincludrd in ' Letters from the year ITU 
to thf year 1791! of Jnbn Wilki-n, pun., ad- 
dreAfi'd to bin daugliti'r,' published wiili pn*- 
fatory memoir at London in 18U-I, '2 vols. 
\2iao. Ilo WQjt probably author of the Eng- 
liiih rerstoa 01 ilonlangcr'a postbumoua 
' Itecberchfs aur rOrigine du I>e»potisnic 
Orluntul,' piiblicboil at AniHtiTdam undi>r 
the title 'Tlie UrigUi and rrogreM of De»- 
potism in the Oriuntul and other Empirra 
of Afrii-n, Plurttpi", and Aini-rtc",' in I7(U, 
8to, Tbf French original had been printed 
in tb« pri>viim« ytms at bis private prvM. 
lli» nro.40 15 nniformly m-r%'ons, idiomatic, 
and lucid. .V collection of 'Epigrams and 
Mij)ocllan4:ou« Poems ' wn* nddcd to a privnH; 
r«.*print of the ' Kstiav on Woman ' (London, 
1871. 4to). 

Bvsidi.-ii t hy two Muiiit ors menl ioned above, 
AVilktfn a]i|H-ani to hard writlrn Nun. ."MCI. 
SAS, 373, and 870-80. The foUowini; are 
th«pTincipiilcniI«cttT<> mlit inim of I In* ' North 
Briton : ' • Xna. 1-^B,' London, I7t!3, '2 Tols. 
]2mo;'Nofl, 1-lfl, with cxplnntifiiry notes 
and index,' r.ftiidrin, 17ti;). 8<'o; ' No*. 1-4S, 
revised and corrected by the author,' Dublin, 
1766, y vols, li'mo; 'Forly-aixnumbeta com- 



plete with atplanatorv not«8,and a collcctiou 
of all the prcxrwdinint in Uie Houw of Coin- 
mnnfl and ronrts of WpalmiriaK'rj' London, 
1772, 4 vols. l:Jmo. With the continuation 
by Binglcy, Willcfd had notbine to do. 

Collective editions of WiUiess ' Speeches 
in the House of Commons' appeared at 
London in 1777 and l786,8vo. His ' Speech 
in the House of Commona, fl -Mhv ITtSi, rr- 
spvcting tlio Inipescbment of Warrvn Hast- 
ingA.'ap|ji>iirfd in pnmphlei format London 
in 17fi7,6vn. The speechiis in which as cily 
ehamhvrtain hit pn-wMitiMl the frH.?tloni nf tli« 
rity to difitinguiKlifHl pirsons are printed in 
'Correspondence of thi' late Jobn Willn'n 
with bis Kricuds, in which ant introduced 
Memoirs of his Life by John Almon,' Lob- 
don, lyOL'i.4 vols. t'vo. 'fhc same compilation 
contains the ■ Introduction lo ibe History of 
England from l he Kevolutioii lo 1 be Acc^Mion 
of Ihc Brunewick Linp,' and < A ^nptilenuMit. 
to th'j Miscvllanwus Worhis of Mr. Uibbon' 
<reflcctinns on the acceptance by Gibbon of 
officu under Lord Norch). 

WilfciM bimMdf failed 'Irf^Itera between 
the Dukt! of (iradon, thu Earls of Hulifax 
and Ecreinoiit, Cliathaiii, 'IV-nipIt^, Talbot, 
Mnron mietoiirt, Hieht Hon. Henry Itibon 
Legge, Iti^bt Hon. Ijir John Cnut, bart^ Mr. 
Charli.'* Ohiirchill, Stontiii'iir Voltaire, the 
AbbC W'iuckelmann, and John Wdkes, Esq. 
With Ksplanalory Note*,' I'titt, 12mo ; also 
'ALettvrto thu llighl Iloti. CtcorgvOren- 
villv ocoaAiontnl by Ibe publication of the 
iipeech he made in the IIuuhi of Commons 
on til* motion for rxpi/llinn Mr. Wilk<'S, 
Friday, K«h. 2, 1709, to which is nddud A 
I.*lter on the I'ublic Conduct of Mr. WJlln-* 
first publishi^ Nov. 1, 17ilft. With an 
Appendix,' London, I7ti», 8to. ' The Con- 
Irovcraial Letters of Jobn Witkt'S, Esij., tlio 
Itvr. Joha Home, and their principal ad- 
lifn^nls : with a supplement containing 
material nnunvmuu»< pioo.-s,' appeared at Lon- 
don in 1771, i:Jnio(cf. the l^ttfr* ofJutiita, 
Nos. l-liv and the privatu oirriMjmndfnce). 
Wilkes's disrie«, with frn|fni<'nlM of aulo- 
bioprapliy and much inediled correspondenoa 
ana other papers, are in .Additional U88. 
!IUWJ& ^'W L oitiL-r miirellnnrt^u* n'maina are 
Hcattfred through Additional M.SS. l:iI14, 
li7777-**. 'i'OL'o, 1^176-7. ^9194; cf, Addi- 
tional MSS. .1204*4 ir. Itil ot eeq., aSOM f. 
•M7: EK^rt^h .MS. *J[.")tf, If. Ill, 411; and 
StowH MS. 37:; : alto Hist. MSS. Comm. -Jni 
hep. App. p. IW, 3nl K.-ji- Apji. p|i, lL'4, 2^3, 
4 IS, 4tli Rrp. App. pp. P.\f7 et Etq.. Sib Uep. 
App. p. 267, lOili Keii, .\pp. pp.:V>7,"ll.'^-]^^. 
]4ln l{<.'p. ,\pp. i.: nl^o i'a\. Itelvoir Castle 
MHS. iii. 3. 30 : 15th Itep. App. ii. M-W-fiO. 
From Additional MS. 308116 Mr. W. F. 



Wilkes 



aS« 



Wilkes 



Tsylor paUisbed la leSS (Harrow, l^mu) 
Wilkfi'smoeoufit nf liis life al>M*fi in l"ftl-6, 
including his relatioDs with hie mistreu 
OoiT&diiii. The book is vntitlMl 'John 
WiU(e#, l**triot: aa uiiAniibeil Autobio- 
gnioiij.' 

CTlw priDeiptil sotborltiM hnTo ulnail; Iweo 
iwUMUd, otli«n an as foUom : Lipacomb's 
BnckiiiC^anisbin, ii. 2«. SI. 44 ; C«l. Suto 
P^ptn. Don. 1067 p. 374. 1M7-S pp. 4^ C*^!. 
iee8-9p. 2tO: P«p7s's V'wty, 19 Snpt. tflfiS: 
Aotobtognph; of AkzA&dvr Osrljtu ; Nicho's's 
Iijt. ABMd. Bad IlltuiT. : GraLMsg. 1761 p.44, 
1761 pp. 124, 62S, 605, 17eU p- i!>, 1TV7 IL 
1077. 17dS i. 77, 1802 i. 88£, 1B03 ii. 1104, 
IW5 ii. USS; Add. Reg. 1763 pp 133-47, 
1765 p. 174. I7d«p 183.1709 pp. 83-1 11. UU 
ISO, 18S, 1771 pp. 69 ft SM,, Gfl, B3, OS, 101, 
in2 Cfaroo- p. 131, 1773 ChnD. p S8. 1774 
pp. 15^7. 177i p. 101, Cbron. pp. ioe.7, 137, 
X&5, 1780 n- 190, 17117 Cbron. pp 68, 369; 
AIidqb'ii Pv'ii. K«e. 1767-3. 177<i-7'i: Comtn. 
Jmtni. xxiz. 666, 669. xuii. 196, 173, 234-S, 
334; Lords' Jotirn. xxi. 417, 426-30, xuii. 
i9^^Z; Pari. Ilwt. xv. 1354, sTi. AIl-OJI, 87S, 
»->4-T6, STJii-xxvi.; Cavuniliflha Debatav. l 
4ft-lft&.226~37. IUl-33.6ie-4&; UovdllsStatfl 
TmJ«.six.08-i-II70.I.t62-U18: Almon'aKist. 
of iha 1st« MiuQriljr, vi^l. )!.. inJ Anvcxlotn. i. 5, 
ii, 1-311; Chi«iT(l«l(J'ii I«rtie», e«l. ItUhon ; 
JI*Eon'« I^oiiini, Tii. 13. 134; JdlniHin'ii li«tl«ra, 
•d. BtrklMvk Ilill; Farmi-r'* Plnin Triitb. being 
* gSBDino NATnitivc of rho Mfrlinalu irnute nM 

of ta prwuro n, cpy at ibo Rwuij nn Wnraitn 
(1743); Kiditolt'a Gomiino aiul Succinct Nnfra- 
tiro M • ranndnloiw, otNU«n<>, atrd txeei-A\ng\y 
pToCinp J.iM, entitlnj An Ksuny on Womnn 
(1763); A Com^luie rollpction of thv Qviiiiine 
Papem, l^ettcrit, &c, in ibn^tau nf John Wilkea, 
1-jic. (Purik, 1767) ; Tb« whulo Awounl uf John 
W<tk«*, K*j., from tli» Ume <jf bh Iipinj? choa«n 
SI. P. fur Ajlealniry till hiii duptkrlura into 
Fmiin (1768); A Narmiiro of the I*ro>-t(>diDgs 
aniuBl Jolin WiIliM, tJs^. (1768) ; A C'alUi-tion 
or all Sfr. VTilkoa'a Add»i»cs to ttic Qcai1«in«D. 
CImkjT. &»■] FrMtboldort ot MiildrMcx (1769); 
£iigliab Libi^ny : b4>mg & Cullprtion of inuiriw't- 
ine Tncts from tha yean 17(12 to 1769. nm- 
tftiaing the Priviito Corrwpondi:niT. Jyoittini, 
^WMDM, and AildrfiKnM of John Wilkm ; I.ifv 
and Political WrItiajtK of Jolm Wilkw, Ewj. 

iHirmiiiKhAin. I'R'.i), Wiilpnl<-"» MrtiioiRiof th« 
trigiiof llmr^nlli.fsl. I* Miir<'liHnt . ri-r. Ruaaell 
Brtrkor; WbI|<u1«'s LvUrr». vd. CuaniiiifUain ; 
W«tnoli''a Joumn! of llio Ncifrn f>f Dpfirne III. 
*■!. Doniii ; CnuIcN^k'* Idfc nf jfolin Willc-i. Voq. 
(1773); Qn-nvtllo Papcrn, atLSuiLib: Wiuljur- 
ton's Works, Sappleennnt by Kil»crt. pp. ■i'i3-.'I2, 
Chathnm'a Corresu. ; Grafton'a Autuliiojtmpbjr ; 
Burku't Wurk». ed. 1852, ill. 119, HI; Prior'a 
Ufa of Burke: I'lior'sLir^of M&lone; Stcphets's 
Lifoqf Ilorue Tookc ; Nicboil'a H«!C<>li<<^tioii»B.nd 
RelWtiMD*; FilxRiaunce's Life of Sbiflburno.; 
ll«iri»'« Ijfe of Lord-cbanoellor Hnjciwicka; 
Wiockelnmnu". LeUrra Fum. i. ISA. 243, 2l6, 



2(13: IHdcroi's M^BioiNs;, tl 913: StgrnTt 
Soywaar da U Kbs Saint-HoDort, p. 6S ; Wbita- 
bau's Poenu, ad. Thunpaoo, p. xxxiti ; WnxalTs 
UiaL uid Pntb. Mem. ad. WhafttUj; B«ttr'a 
BflBiaiMeDces. Ithad. i. 73; Oaorffiu kn,!. 312; 
BroBKllAin'a HiaU Sketches, Sri axr. p. ISS; 
l>Llko ■ Papont uf a Critic; Rogan'a IIiat-OI*«a- 
ingN, 2Dd Mr. pv. 131 (itaBi{.; Sell? WftlHoa'a 
Biogr^pbiaa of Wilkes tad Oofa4i«tt, and Ufa of 
Warburloa ; Fraaor Raa'a Willccv, ShatSdaB, 
Pox ; Piuganild's I^c gf Vilkea Bad Lifa of 
Soairell ; bfaarpa's I^mdon and tha Kiofdom. iil. 
71 at aoq. 1 London's Roll of Famu, up. 1 7 at aa^.; 
Oragorv'- Jobo Wilkaa: a Political Kefoniwr of 
tha HghtovDtb Centurr ; NolM and QueT>«a,lAd 
aer. i. 3«7, 4tll »c». v. 47. **h aar. riii. 2M. xli- 
4fi:i; Adojphiu'a Hiat. of Engtaad; BisaM'k 
lli»t. of the Kviitvcf OeorgellliUaasej'aRiat. 
of England; Martm'ti CniBbigitft of PHralaly 
IVinlcd Bouku ; Hiilkott and Laisg's IMet. ^ 
AooD. aad pM-adoo. Lit. : LAvadra's Bibtiogr. 
31aniMl,Ml. Boha. Brit. Miu. CaU] J. M. IL 

WVLKSS, iacnAItD(I09l-176O),au- 
ttquarv nnd phv«icinn, bom nt AViUeoliaU i& 
StalTordabire on \ii .March 1(S90-I, was tbo 
e>\A<i9t sou of Iliclianl Willie* (1(Hn-lT40) 
of WilleiiUnll by hti> wiA-Lucretta((/.24 July 
1717), youD^e^t daugbti-r of J»nits AxtvU-y- 
of Wuudi^aioQ, StatTordi^hire. He wba hIu- 
cntad at TriMitltam and at Sutton in War~ 
wickshire, am) einerpd St. John's College, 
Oaiubridgff, oa 13 Miifl-Ii 17W-10, beinK ad- 
mitted a echolor in I71U. On tt April 1711 
lie commenced atLvndiiig tho lectunrs of 
Ni'i:Lolu$ .Saunderaon [q. r.~, afterwardit I^- 
caAiui profw^ur of matueiiULtic)-, and formed 
a close fnendabip witli him. Ilf f^duHiM 
B.A. ia January 1713-14 and M.A. in 1717, 
and wii» nWltid a fi-liow of St. John's on 
m Jan. 171«-17. C)n 4 July 1718 he «-as 
chosen Linacra lecturer at the college. Ue 
took d<<eocm*s onlcrv. hut, finding no prefAr> 
mi<nt, he bej^an to practise physic at Wol- 
verhampton in Febroan,- I7:W, resipned hia 
fellowsui[i iu 17'2S, nod became vuiinent in 
his profession (c(. S icuOLa, Ilfuntr. ••/ Litt'rO' 
ture, ii). t!75). In 172.5 he received a for- 
tune with hi* (trill wife, nnd Mplllifd on his 
]iai«<mal efitale, where he dii>d in 17H(), and 
WBH hurivd at BilstoiD on 4 March.' 

He waa twiw married: first, on 24 June 
Xl'lh, to Itacliel, dau^'hter of Uoland Man- 
Inve of I>.-iKhs Hill, Abbot's Uromlt-y, in 
Siairorddiire. trhe died tn May \~>**\ atid 
in October lie married Frances {-i. 'M U«c. 
1798), dau^htor of Sir John Wnrtteidey, 
hart., niid widow of llmgham Ht-ndixh of 
Eaei Hutn in E»ex. Ue had no Jasoe, and 
"was »iic(*viidi'd in his estate by his cousin, 
Thnraaa l*netl. 

His portrait, engraved bv Qr«iiger, la in 
Shaw's ■ Historr of Staffordslure.' 



« 



Wilkes 



151 



Wilkes 



n 



I 



WLlIiM ivu the nnthor of: l.'ATrentiw 
on DropBy,' l*ond«o, 1730, 8ro; new ediu 
1777. 'J. 'A Letter to the GentUmnn, 
Vwmpn, and Omziun uf llif Cuunly of Hiaf- 
funli'liirH on thoTrfalmwn of tlie Di.itt-mper 
now prevalent amntKr Homfd Caul«i, and 
iUProvenlinn md ('nrr,' liondon, 1743,8vo, 
H« contt^mplnted a new etlitinn of liutlor'a 
' Uudibras, for which he mndt! notw, itnd 
wroto purt. of K hi*lory of Staffnrdahirfi, 
which is preferred in m&uuscripi la llie Salt 
Library, togftbcr with a tmniKriptinii by 
Cuptain Ffntyhougb. made in I8:ii. Ii was 
discovered bv Slabbing Shaw Tq. v.] in iJV'J, 
and incoqiont ud by liim in \i\« ' Ilistor)* of 
Hliif!i)rd»bire.' SevKral Ii-ttitrf, writlen be- 
tween 1746 and ITftT), from Will(i!gioChttrli« 
Lyttfflton [ij. v.j. ■AiTwnrds Wbt^ji of Ca^ 
liale, are nrcm^rvM in the Rrifish Miueum 
{Stotre MS. 7ri3, IT. TO. 24l>, 1!48, 28C). 

[Shaw'd Hiat. of Staffordahiro. U98 1801, 
Tol. i. pr«fiVM). vol. ii. pi. i. pp. 117-0. SDa; 
SiTnTn-'x Btbliikthcni SUfT.ird. 1H94; BiiWit 
Uitit. 0f St. J'uho'e ColL 1809. i. 303, ii. loua ; 
AdmimuR* to St. Jidui's (Joll. 1S98, ii. 194.1 

E. L 0. 

WILKE3,SlRTHOMAS^1^^4fi?-IW^i), 
diplomntist, l>om alioiit XMh, U «aid by 
Wood i J'O'^i', i. 1**) to have been a native I 
of Sussex. Thu Oxford wjrirtiTs do not 
Buppiy bis fathi:rV uuinv, and the faiiiily 
oixiim in inuny i-iuTitir* and in many 
forme. Bin;b as Wikes. WylkfB, Wwbt-s. 
Wrcki^, and nthrr riLriatJonn. A lUcliaril 
Wilkes ([/. IfiSH) wAH inosu-r of ChrisiV 
Collvffe, Cambridge, froni l&4^ Co 1653 
(COOPBB, ^fAoM Cantnhr. i. 102, Mft) ; n 
Tboinu Willii!* reprettenleil Chippt'nnain 
in tho ' rofonnation ' parliamr^nt of 161^9-35 
{Official Jictum <tf M'-mf/vn »/ I'dr/. i. ^70), 

I and another Thomas \V'ill(D«, haberdasher, of 
London, was fined '200f. in IH'A fur nifusinj; i 
to wrvB KM «h»?rif!'(WHioTiiEnt.Er, ('Amn. ii. 
fjl^). The diplomBtisrcomreenwd in Ififtl 
to tru\'«lon th«rnntiiii>nt,nnd&ttvrii)K'ndin)( ! 
,6i|;'ht yeAm in Franri^, ficnnany, and Itnly, 
■•li^ returned to En^ilsnd and settled at Ox- 
fonl. wlior* in It'w'J he broaroi- probationer- 
fellow of All !!!oulfi', KTaduatinjf ]).A. iu 
February 157^-3 (VVilkca'd slaii^ment in 
dil. State Papero, l>.im. 1591 4, p. ,'J&8: 
Jirr;. L'nic. Oj.tm. a. iii. '2'>). Ou lij March 
followiiijf Dr. Valentino Dalu [ij. v.l, an «x- 
fullow of All Soula', VTHK ap].HjLril<vr ainba*- 
sador to France, and ha inviiod ^V'ilkes to t 
b«oiniw his Mjcirtury. SoniL* objection to 
bia libflenre wiu raiAi>d by the fellow.^ on thi> ' 
^^ jjTOiind that Wilkeawna ' not a fellow, only 
^K a probationer; ' hiit a li-UtT from fh« privy 1 
^V council, sent on '2i ilay ul Duli-'a ri'i)ueal. < 
^ pToducdd tho requiaite liccuse of ahaence I 



(Prt/. State Ptipen, For, 1872-1. No, 901 ; 
AvU P. V. Isrl-G. p. 107 ; Larudomt MS. 

B9a,f. inil). 

irn>m the flrrt Wilkea was employed on 
important and delicat« negotiations at Paris. 
Ill April iri74h(] was inetrucl4)d by Klisa- 
I Ixtlh to convfty n**nrantrea of her wupiiorl to 
■ Honnr of Nafarre and the Due d'.Mcncon, 
who had bi*en nmjnUid by >.hi? <|ii>'>-ii-it]oth<*r, 
I Catlwrine dci' Mpdici {Ca/. Ntatf Paptra, 
For. 1672-4, Nob. lyttO, l.m'i). In July 
I AioTi^rtn ri-v»-«!<'J the nep>tiation tn CatJia- 
I riiie, who wi>uld have arrested \N'i1kee but 
' for I be interventinn of the kinp of Xavarrc j 
aa it was, Wilkf* had to li-ave France, 
' and on 10 July (jalherine wruTe to Elixa- 
huth bltu-rly uLXiinnif him of in«tij{aTing 
Alen^im nuil IVavarrt? to rebel. Klixal>etb, 
OH uauat, threw the whole rv!]K>tieibilitr on 
bur ap.-nt : and in A^ij^ibt »-tit Wilkve back 
to Catherine with an order 'to cli-ar him- 
self or never aee her face again.' Ilu had 
an inti!rvit>w vrith Patlmrint- nl I^ynnn on 
7 f^ept., and at tempted to allay h^r auspicione. 
Hewasatloweil to remain in Frsnce, thonch 
he di»trii«t«d Cathfcrinfland wa.? alarmed tor 
his oafetT {ib. Nov. 1640 sqq.; UarL MH, 
ISsy, f. 18). 

in Ftfbrimry L'Ti-C Wilkes waa sum- 
moaed to Knttiand, whert-, on llifl I6th, ho 
ri'ceivcd 'letiera and inslntilioae to Count 
Fn.nlfni-k, |uiln.tiitrof tln' Ithine;' thn object 
of this nfcrht embacsy wna to indiiou tho 
*teclor to K-iid an nrniy intn France in aid 
of thoKuifii'.'notpiiindi'rCondC. lie returned 
in .Vpril, bnt in Aiij;n»it was again fpnt to 
Ilcidelbcr); to accompany the fWtor'-* in- 
vading army, lli-fon- it utarl-d Wilke* wii« 
rei]ue<ited by the elector and Cond6 to lay 
their plans in pi^rvun bi-fort; IClixitbeth (10. 
lo74-7, Xo«. 1^7, 611; JtatfirM .VA'A'. IL 
110,120). Havintr HccampUshed lliis mis- 
•ioii, Wilkw rctHrni-d to flrnnanv and fol- 
lowed thft infadiii^nrmy into France, bftinp 
'mounted and iLrmed at his own chnriro' 
iCtil. Sftite I'aftf'r*, I)om. l,M)t 4, p. Vim). 
He remained with the Huguenot army dur- 
ing ita variouH luovKmi^nt* until thtr oonclii- 
fion of ptiBT'i bijiwtt'o Coiheriiio arni the 
Iliijpinnots in June I67lf (I'i, For, 1674-7, 
Nob. 801,811); ha thdn r«Ium«d to Kng- 
InnJ with l.li>^ roiumend»ti<mii of Con<16 and 
Alenfnn, and on 18 July waa sworn one of 
IIh' four i-lerks of ibe privv p'nnicil {Arft 
P. C. 167fi-7. p. lfi«). Smi'n afterwards lie 
w»9 urauted the office of queen's printer. 
whioh b." i*oId to Christopher Barkfir [q. v.] 
tcf. Hatfifld Mas. ii. 1871. 

In December 1577 Wilkes was sent on 
another important miiviion; Iw woa to con- 
vey to IMiilip 11 * a clear nnd aimpla Btat«- 




meat of EUxabetli's intentions and dmgae * 

Ilio Nothfrlanda {Cat. Simanrat A/A'A 

llSfi8-79, pp. STjO, fl-JH! larud. MS.m2,t. 

'Ot ). lie WM lit rviift:»ent that Uie qarreii'i 

IbrU had b»eo always directed towanlH 

afing tb« Ni-tlicrlandi loyal to Pbilip, 

_ It that thu onlv mmirdy was concilittinn 

And th« recall of Lion Jonn of Austria. If 

Fkilip adopl«d thew ncommendal ions, 

Eliubuth would join with bim in |iuttiu^ 

down th>-i«bel«i but if not, olie would not 

be able lo reftvio frotn Lulping I hem. 

Wilkes wa4 nceived with mow coiwiiji-ra- 

ition tlian might have boen expwt«<I, hut 

Onljr l^ly be gut wu (hnt Mrnduzn, 

b« D>>w Bmbuwador to BngUnd, would 

llring: Eliilip'v bii-wit. Wilkw rvtunwd by 

Way of France, reaching FncUnd on 16 Feb. 

ir.77-«(WAL»ix««AwV' Diary' in Camden 

Muctliany, iv. ftfi ; Cni. StaU Pnpert, V«n«- 

timn. 1668-60, Na. «^, {)om. Adilondo. 

lB6i-77, ]ip. 632-3). On 4 April he waa 

tent to Don John to oflir EtisiiMth'ainediiw 

lion between him and tlif Nvihcriandji and 

.adToeattt a ecamtion of hostilitiu: ■□ ca«e 

tar refuMl he wan to (hrcalvn lliat shu would 

Lgire all the aid in her powi^r to tti« tnmir- 

I'gflnts. Ou ihu way h« cunfvrred at Antwerp 

with t.hi! FriiiCA of {)niTiff(T and thn cmincil 

of state, Ihm John reluaed the protrerpd 

mediation, and <mi 'J9 Auril Wilk(<s returned 

(i6. ; Cat. Simant^/u .VA.S. 16tW-79, pp. 673, 

67»). 

For thf) niMt seven yoan M'Ukca woa 
EUpii-d ID mattvn uf doomvtic poliL-r. In 
nary 1i)7!S-0 an agreement was made 
nea thu fuiir clurkaof tha privy council 
hy which r.ncii clt^rk xhcMiM only hit in itt* 
tendnnc;e for t^ix tnontba in the year, 
TiVilUen'ii month" Iwihr Mny-Auj{ii»t and 
November- Dcoptnlwr. In Ot^tobcr I'Jfll he 
was employed in ■•xuiuininK priHODersin tb« 
Tow«r, una in Mnrch 1081 2, as a rcvrtird 
for Ilia flervices, tht ouecn induced the 
wardon and tcllojWH of \\'inchwiter Collrgii 
to ^Eit hur, in Wilkus'^ bvhalf, a Ivntki of 
th« luintuiiuK^ «nd rectory of l>(iwnton, 
Wiltsliir*' : (hvy ruluctunily aprowd (o this 
■in^^ulnr ])nip<u>iil on ix^nililioii (lint it wu 
not nindfl a prpcedi-nt ( Ca/. Sf^l^ Paper», 
Uom. ]5HI-9*>, p. J"; HoAitK, M'"lrrn 
Wild, vol. lii. ■ DfiwnTon,' pp. .ti'-.'/i. 
Wilkcii appoinied as his vicar nis cousin, 
Dr. William Wilk.'S (rf. IWITI. follow nf 
Merton Collegv, and afterwards chaplain to 
JamesI, and uiithor of'Ubvdienco.or Ecf 1l- 
■iuaticul Union' (Ixiudori, l<X)9, Hvo), and 
of *A Second Mtimenlo for MaK<^''^t^'*' 
(London, 160S, 8vu) (sl-u Woud, Athnnf, \\. 
46-7; Foster, Alumni Oaow. KKW-I?!!; 
Bbodbics, Mem. qf Merton, pp. 270-3; 



Cal. StaU Papert, Don. IWl-l, p. 1^ 

In November l-'SHS ha waa aUtving with ^ 
Tbomaa Lucy at Charlecot« tnquirin^ ieto 
the coitspirMty of Sociffrville, Ardsa, and 
lEall, and on 2& Oct. 1.S84 be wu returned 
to narliaoipnt for Dowatoo. 

In Jaly 1688 WtlkM waa sent la report 
on tha state of the Netherlaadt. Leioeaxer 
had urged the aeWtion of as wiac a politi- 
cian aa could be found for this important 
mi-uion, and on 7 Aug. he wrotn: ' nylkes 
hath exceedingly wiselv and wel bi^Ycd 
himMlf. tier majeatie Juth not know what 
a iewel eho hath of him. I would I salTend 
a great pavue ] had such a on»to join wilb> 
alIhB^^ (Ln/eetUr Corrftf. pp. 360. 38S). 
Wiikea rvtumod to KnfrUnd early in 8^- 
tember, but he was immediately i*l^'1«cted to 
siicc4wd Henry Killigrew as Enshah mem- 
lnjr of th»- council of etat* of tie Netbe^ 
lands (li. p. i.-fi; Ad* P, C. ISfttt-r, p. 239} 
his in«tnictinns are in Votton. MS. Oalba 
ex. 7D, and .1rf</if.itf& 14028, feet. 'Al- 
ways ready to follow tbo camp and to laoe 
the guns and drums with equanimity, and 
endowed be»idu with kvun poUtical insigbt, 
he was more competent than moat mrn to 
unravel the confused akmn of Netherland 
{Hilitic*)' jMon-KY, TTnifrd Xrthrrlanda, ix. 
DO), lie was strongly in favour of breaking 
entirely with i^pain and of Elizabeths 
aeceptAnce of the Mvcreignty of the Nctbi^r- 
lands; a * Discourse' which he wrote in 
August 15H7 against the propoaed treaty 
with Fhilip, urging that ' the true policy ot 
England is to maintain the indejiendeiice of 
thu United l*rovinc«8,' is extant in the re- 
cord ollice {Cal. Stat^ /'«/»«•»■*, Dom. lS8i- 
1500, p. -i;t9>. But he came into coUiatoti 
with Pami-vrld by savine the life of *th« 
violent detuorrat and Cafviiuct' Kein^ult, 
and bv maintaining Leiceater's authoniv a* 
governor (AfoTLRy, ii, 107 n., 221-6). t-ei- 
cester ill re<]uited this service : he quarrelled 
with all his subordinates, Buckhurst, Sir 
John NorriH, and olht-r^, and his cnntitr to 
Wilkes was es|>eaully bitter becauae Wilkca 
hod made a viTy candid cxpuwura of Leioea- 
txr's rriiHtakeH and intrigum in hia reports CO 
the English government. In consequmicB 
I,''iri.'»t4<r rin'iiljili.ii mnliriou* ri']i-)rli» tn the 
olTpct that Wilitea bail spnlien evil of Burgh- 
tey and lhivi«on. The suKpiciaus proceed- 
ing.* of Sir William .Sr.niil.-y (IM8-1630) 
[q. v.] and lEowland Vorlie rti. v.], Eliiabelh'a 
parsimony, b-r lujiport of JrfiOf'Mpr in hil 
most fdJ^wh arth, and the hatred of Leicester, 
determined VVilke» to Wve the Netherlands 
with Hir John Noni* in July irig7. On 
their arrival in Kngland Norris was for- 
bidden the quwn'n prusunce, and A^llkw 







* 



wiu throinti into the Fleet, pruott. * Stt»ly.' 
wrole LutcoeicT, 'tliKm wiu never a fuliter 
crfBtiire, n more scclitiouB wretch, tlmii 
W'ilke!!. Mu i* n villnin, n c]<n'il, wilhuut 
Uith or n>lij[ion' (Mhtley, ii. 160-5, 185-7, 
886-7. 23i. :J77-9). 

WiU(«» iii<l not rvmkin in priiton lon^, but 
the Queen'* displeaaure forbade bis reeiiDtLni^ 
his duties u clerk of t)io connoil. In .In- 
nuaiy 1587-8,uidagiLLiL0ti 1^ July, be seti- 
(iontid for reattiratian to favour (Vol. Slate 
Paper*, Dam. Iu81-d0, ^jj. ■1C7, 502). la 
Auguitl ht^ wu aent oa s oiiMioD to Alexan- 
der of Pamii (Acts P. C. 1588, p. 218), and 
OD ^^ Oct. hi* wax rtttTiriieil lo pRrli nine tit fur 
^uthampton. The donlh of Leicester re- 
mori^ bU bittereet foe, »n<I on 4 Aug. IW!I 
be rc«uni«:<l hi* plftce »s clrrk of the cnuncil 
(lA. IMy-W), p. 11). In May I5«0 ha wm 
Ogttin Bent to the Xetlierlanos to rpnuw «nil 
amend the tKfttieii with Knf;lan<l (inRtruo- 
tions ia 0>lli"i. MS.(i&\hit I>, vii. 1^1, 143). 
lie remained thcrt^ fonr monthK, malting 
variaUH propu»il» U> the staler and rpceivinK 
their uiitwers in October {Hart. MS. 28", 
ff. 186, 173. ITU, 179, 183; Collixs. Lt;tt<-n 
auii Afev%oriaU, i. UUI-16). Itn t -Tan. 
Ifl9ft-1 it waa reporled that he wiis to bu 
aworn «»cri_'tary tit i'lnlf{ Hint. HfSS. fiimni. 
4th It<-p. iipp- p. .i-'ifi). Fconi Murch to July 
ISy;! h« waa employed ia an winbtiwy to 
France to obtain some toiN'mt in fpiartknteo 
for (hu hi'lp wilt lo Henry of Na«arr» by 
KIiMht^rh; during this miseion Henry, rt- 
tnenibi'riu^ Wilkvo'sc-nrly fevrvivts, hiii^hlvd 
him, On 19 tVh. lfiU2-3 he was relumed 
to parliauiunt for Suutliatnptoti, and in July 
he wa* onco iikitr i^ttnt to tlin Fntnr.li king 
* t^ diflaunde him from revolt in religiun, 
and, in cam hi« ronvt-rsion should bu jwr- 
formt'd, to deal with him for a continuance 
of his conjunction with her majesty ajjainst 
Spain, and. for tnftttcreconCL'minphorinifips 
in Uritiany, in which nutf'iliotioa be obtained 
an alliance with her majt'sty, oHenaive and 
defunsivu, ofniiniit thu king of Spain' (C'al. 
Staff Paprrt, Doiii. hJiH-t, pp. ;K)9-4()0; 
instxitctiotifi in Cff/iTK, M.S'. Cal. B. ix. 3-^ 
41). In Sept»>mb»"r l'J94 hK ■w-a* jtwlncted 
for an impor(.ant erabajwy to the nrclidiiliH 
at BruMela ' relating to the Spanish pow.-r 
in the \i>th*rlandg J ' hfl wft,'* also to com- 
plain of the treasons of Dr. Lopei and others, 
and to domand th« extradition of 8ir Wil- 
liam Stanloy, ('harleH Paget. Holt, Uillord, 
and Dr. Wortliinffton, (Jn 14 OcL the orch- 
diiku granted lum a passport, couehud in 
aurh ttroui that on the •'lOth the Kagli^b 
council declined to proceed with the nego- 
tiation. This svema to bav9 btutn a pretext:, 
the real ceiuon being the hostility of the 




Dutch and I^nch to Eliabetb*! propoJinU 
(aeo Vottoit. MS. Veepaaiaii C, Tfiil ^»4-40 ; 
lliUtifld MSS. V. 11-12, 10). 

I'or ilm neit three yean \\'j]ke« wiw occu- 
pied with his duties aa clerk to the council 
and niatti-TM of domiwtic ptilicv, but in F^ 
bruary lo07-8 he wna despatchi'd on anothi^r 
emboMy with Sir Robert Cecil to the French 
ItingOnatTuplions in futton. .T/.S. Julius F, 
vi, 94). They landed at Pii'pjw and pro- 
ceeded to Itonen, whiru Wilkes, wbo had 
lieen ill for some limt*. died on 2 March 
15U7-M (U0LI,IS«, Lttter* and MrmnnaU, 
ii. 01), hearing a widow. Margaret, daughter 
of Ambrose Smith of London, by hi* wifu 
Joan, diuighler of .fob n Cop of Coggnahall, 

Fxf* ( VikH. Lrirr'lrrMrr, 1*119, p. ftS). In 

addition to Wilkca'a vnluniinoua de«rar«hea 
in tlu' p-c4rd oflice, Uottonian ana other 
maniiHcriiitii in tht; Uritii^h Miiiwum, he wrote 
'A Jtriefe and Summary Tmclati^ Rhuwine 
what iijiperteineth to the Place. Dignity, aud 
OJRco of a pounctllourofeetfttc in n Monarchy 
or other Oommonweallh," dedicated lo Sir 
Itobert Cecil, and L>xtant la British Museum 
Stowe Ma. '2^. 

[Brit. Mud. CoMaii.. Barl., TARkdowne, and 
Addit. M.SS. paasini; OiL .Suti> PapMY, i)oin.. 
For., and Spanish Sofiea; Acta of the Priry 
Couaeil. ed. Dastnt ; Ualfletd HSS. rol>. ii-viL ; 
Hist. KBiS. Oomm, 4th Rr'p. ni'p. [>wti>ii]i ; hey- 
c'ftler Corriup. and Caaiden Mifcollany, vol. ir. 
(Cnlnilea Hoe.); Colliiiaa Ixittcn nnd Mrmo- 
rialH, i, 373. U2.^-7, 329, 3J0 ; DijcmiV Com- 
plant Ambasaador ; Currcsp. of Sir Hunry Unun 
(Hoxbur^Iie Club) ; OfUclii llut. M.mb.of Pari, ; 
i>'[i«rei>'a JournKls; C'4mi]i>n'<i Aiiailcii ; Wood's 
F«sli,i. I»S: Foilers AlamuiOx-in, 1601)-I7M; 
Metercn's IliBl. ran rier N<<d»rlu[idt! [vu, 10 raia. 
Itrixln, 1*48-63 ; Wogenanr's Valnlandsctw H!kL 
21 vols. Ainatvrdam, 174ti~S9; KsiTyn de L«t> 
t^nhDTR'M RolatioDH poIilii^UM dos Pay*-Baa nt 
dr rAnjrUfi-.rrc, 10 rol*. 1892-91; Uoil^y's 
Uaii'.«l SuUidrlaads, voL ii. ; Fmude's niat, of 
Kiigbini.] A. F. P. 

WILKtE, SiH DAVID (\76&-}M}) 
painter, was born at Cults, on thti bunks oi 
Eden W&tor, in the countv of Fife, on 
18 Nov. 17h5. Up i-umu ot nn old Mid- 
lothian Block, being the third son of David 
Wilkif, niinit>Ler of Culls. His mother, a 
third wife, waa I^ahelln, daucrUter of James 
Lister, farmer, of I'itleisbie Mill, about a mile 
from Oiilw, Will(ip'»ort(*ticbia9 was mani- 
fest almost from his infancy. IJ u ' could draw,' 
he soya of himself, 'before he could rvad. and 
paint boforu hecould npull ;' and he began early 
toadomlhewall!*ofhi"nur*erywithrudecar- 
toona, and to scrawl upon the Hr.f>r primitive 
portmila in chalk of thu visitors to (he nause 
or the adjoining kirk. Soon ho went on to 



Wilkie 



»54 



Wilkie 



the stTKDgd Bgant of tl>e Itigli road, the 

aoldiers and Bailon, Uw podlurs, ihe 

», and to tnuis&r tlwir [nc'.iirw to » 

jtlUlhiok hi> oArriei) in his pocket. Atepven 

tbeivatwutG he was sent to cchool M Ht- 

ir, where h« continued hi* Kodios of 

teliaru«t«r. L'pon the after^report of his 

dIMIows iic vik» quiet uid kindir, Iwd 

tt gkBiM, but rv«dy to look on anuaeu, ' hia 

liaiiila in hia poucbe*,' and much incliDed to 

' liu a ifro»fe on th« ground with Ui^ flati; 

knd p«acll, m&ktng quiier dntwiti^a' (Cl'X- 

XIBOIUlf.Xfrt, 1843, i. 13). Sumtftimcfl hta 

^Stadiw would b<d portraita of hia arhool- 

uteo, to bi^ trucked against was ormacblfia. 

U the G>iaiDK-ac«iaent of 1797 hw Ivft Ht- 

lic for Kottkt, two miles funhr-r up tha 

len, and here ha remained fin«cR or 

jhui^n monllis under John Stntchan [q. v.], 

rwurds blihoji of Toronto. Strachan (l&- 

ibea hia pBpil aa 'tbe moat aingular 

Flcholor he ever attAmpbcd to T«ttcli,' and 

•aya that 'allboitgh quiet and demure, he 

kiu) on eye and an ear for all tbo idlo mis- 

lief that woa in haad'(i^- i- 14). At Kettle 

Imrttad aoioGlliiii^ of weariuf; and sboe- 

akiug, and developed a oMchauicul turn 

r making modkila of milla and carriogea. 

A sktMoh-book of this date prea uvideoce 

of his ruling pauion, but a<rt>n)> little ini)i- 

jCBlion of hia future honl. It includca a por- 

Itrait of himself, in which ho i-t dhown ae 

'round-feoed, and aomewhat chubby.' 

ilJs father would doubilua* havu prftfttrced 
vthat hia aoii should fallow hu own calling. 
EBut by Clie tine the boy wai> fuurlocu liis 
fiintilv hiid rrluctn.iitljmiivi[i(^i<d thi-iuM;lrea 
that IiiAbtnrlwaci set on paint in^;. Equipped 
with an introduction from the F.iirl ot Lertin 
to Grargc Thomson [q. v.], the secretary of 
the Trustees' Academr of t)^Kfa, he set out 
In November irtf9forEdinhurff}i. Thesptwi- 
muua of hia powers which be carried with 
Iiiin for credeiiliala were not cocixidcred re- 
markable, and bis patron had tu iiitervene 
in order to vecure hni aduiasion lo l\\% »chnol, 
then presided overbT.Tolin Graham (17.54- 
1817) [q. T.I Young ""ilkievlnblifihcd him- 
sftf iiptwo pair of ftlair^ in Nichnl^n.Streflt, 
ad eiraighcway began the itohimluovelex- 
rience of druwing from the antique. His 
, ellurta were apparently only moderately 
BueceMiful, for tliefu la a nloaaant legend that 
a matter-of-fact Calla older being down ooa 
of th« boy'i) performancoa faiiwl to reoogniae 
Ita rvik-molance 10 a hutnan foot. ' A Toot I 
it's niair like a liukf' [i.e. a tloundnrl juiid 
tlua candid critic Bui it i« recorded that 
Iba yoiug anitt was already temarkable for 
an luiiuual determination to know every- 
tlitng about tlio olgecia wIuqIi be draw, a 



natter of ito amall laipuriwice. Ataong hta 
follow-etudenta were John IVimcX fq. r.l, 
afterwnnU oav of tbe mo^t eucceeaful of lua 
engrovers, and Sir WilUant .\llan fo. V,) 
In tbe ijt. James's Hquare Academy WiUcte 
was not without stioeuMa. (.>ne ot Lia nic- 
turee waa a scene Awn ' Macbei b ;' anotricr, 
which saiioed him a ten-ftuinen premiutn, 
depicted 'Calisto in the Bath of Diana,' sub- 
jects which seem unexpi^t«^l ttreludna to llir 
* Kent D»T * and ih* • IVnny Wedding.' Rut 
through all the«e iwavs hiKartwa* pn^i^'s*- 
in^ in its foregone direetifln. Ilii^ applioa- 
Iton waa tntenae, hia cuUns of tbe cast and 
life unwearied, an^l at * trystea. fairs, and 
market pUoes * he was always industriously 
furnishing hifl 'Mudy of ima^nation.' 

NMiile at the TniEteea* Academy h>* madu 
•omeprogieaainportTa,it-)iaintiiijf, niiuiaiitra 
and otherwise; and he eiiivutod two small 
illuaCratiie pictun!s,(Mie borrowud fVom Allan 
Ramaar's 'Gentle Shepherd,' the other fruin 
the 'UougUis' of John Home. But in 1804 
be finally took leave of the Kdinbui^h nc-hoiil 
and rcturuvd to Cull^, lu befpn almost im- 
raediati^ly, witli a che94 of drawrtr* for eit*>el 
and a larger canvas than hitherto, hi,i fir«t 
important compnajtion. lie bad ht>sitaied 
between a country fair and a fit.'Id preach- 
in|f,b<it ultimately decided upon the fonu'rr. 
He had his models round about him on the 
couuirj'i'ide, and into ' Pitlcaaia l-'uir.' us ic 
woa ultimately called, be introduc>-d M>nTnl 
members of Iuh own family. 11 Ls fath-r in 
particular, wlio waa reijn-SKiited talking to 
a publican, waa only ingeniously eonaoled 
for tliat equivocal proceeding by tbe au^ 
geetion that he was wanting the other to 
keep a decorona bouae. ' ^tleaaie Fair ' 
brotteht great IrKal renown to the young 
artiat at tbe manae, and a diacentiog »pae- 
wifo predicted that aa tJierc had been a Sir 
Uavia Lindaay in poetry, m in painting there 
would be a Sir David Wilkie. What waa 
more to the point, Wilkie sold his work to 
a I'lft gtiitlf'iHHri, Mr. Kinnear of Kinloch, 
for '2hl. Ha then tried his fortune as a por* 
tmit •painter nt .\berdeen and two orikree 
miliar pla(V8 with small aucceMi, and ou 
30 May 1^0 be embarked in a Leith pflcki.it 
bout for London. With him be carried f^'ir 
sola a amall picture called iho ' Boutiiy 
Money; or, tbe Village Uecruit,' which h« 
bod painted at (I'ulte. * 

By tliin timu be was in bis twentietb year. 
Ai^r a preliminanr sojourn in Aldsat^ hn 
established himfelf tn tbu parlour of a coal- 
merchant at No. 8 Norton bcreet (now Itol.*- 
over Street), Fortlaod itoad. lie bad £>]me 
letters of introduction, one of which, from bir 
George Saodilonds toCalebA\1utefoord[q.r.^ 



» 
n 



i» printvd in the 'Wbilefoord I'apere,' \^9i \ 
<pp. ^60-1), and prompci'^J n laicr picture. | 
it wa« l')0 wnrly iu lli« year for luin lo bf^gria 
111* tituilies &» B prolmlioner at the BCAilemy, i 
Int witb the atf«iglancu of a Channf; Crowi 
denU-r lie fomewliut inrnttund In* »in>)l 
fuii<U by flcllincr the 'Villaffo Recniil. ' for 
0/. iihorily nflvr ho bv;nin lii» hi.U'ikIiiiii'" 
Al t)i4 ncftdeniT. ^inin^ hm admiMinn vith 
a drawing from tW Nioby. At 3omCT»«t 
l[ouHn tic tpfTilily made fnoiids. Ho wut 
intnxluccd to t'liwli, soon to bo the oew 
ke.?per: to [''luxmcn, Nollekfiis, luid West ; 
and lit! found e^nipathutic coiit^-mpontrieA of 
but uwii age in John JkckBoii, Alulivad*r, 
^'illtnm Collins, and Hajduu, tbu li»t not 
Clllindv well dixjx>iMd al ibtt oiiUrt lo lliu 
' WW, tall, pale, queer." and quirt Scotfira&n, 
witb 'aomi'thiiig in bim,' of wbosw ndvvnt 
be WIS itpnrikiic]. lliil lltiTdon iinon found 
thai Witkie, who, aa he laid a friend, vna 
coiu-incfd thnt 'no pictcin- cnuld pnMija^ 
real nmrit nnleMi it was a juM Kprra^^nta- 
lioii of nature,' would not int^^rfer* with his 
own ambitions a4 a history naintrr, and thi! 
pair sii'-'-dilj- became fast friends. Meau- 
wbili! Wilkio p>5ac>d from the condition of 

fr'jbatioEit.-r tu ibal- of sliident, nitvudvd 
Jell's l<?ciiires on anatomy, nnd pit to work 
upon a ni!W picturt^.of whi[;b hr. bad alcpady 
niado a timiQiinury »tiidy at ICdi nburtih. 
Bj the lo.'itnimenti'ility of a friend, Sir. 
Stodart, the pianoforte-m niter of fioldea 
Bquaro, tliis '•ffort. 'TbeVillajro Politiriann,' 
wa* broufrht ti> ihenotire of'i be Karl of Mans- 
field, who aprted, not vpry deflnilcly. to pur- 
cbiutu il, vtii-ncuuip1<*ti-d,f')rlli>;inud(7«t ?iiin 
offifleetipiiincaa. !lv March IfeOtJit wajiallbut 
tinishod. and Lord iluigrave and Sir Qcorgv 
Itoiiiimfint, tij whom il wii.'* pniii>i-(l en- 
tbu^ioiiucaUy by Jackson, immi^o lately gave 
Wilkie commiwioni*. When ultimat4>ly it 
found ita way to tho wall* of ibe academy, 
it was tbo picture of the 5'ear. Crowds nir- 
roundciil it at all timi>9, and varlotu ollVrs 
were mndti to the artist by would-bo pur- 
cbasera. Lord Mana&eld, however, held to 
bis bnr^n, tbouf*b, uflur eomc uiiituemly 
Kafniliag, bn eventually paid Wilki« a ftiiiu 
of aiA I<h». 

Wilb till* KiiL'ci.** HO onf 8*era<-'d to havo 
been more p^nuintdy a-itonisbM than t.hii 
arti«t hitseelf. and llavdoa, in his 'Auto- 
biojzrapby' (TAYi«n, i/fr, lR5.'i.i.43),piTos 
•namu»ingaccouniofbi5rci:eplionofthQfir«t 
favowmbl'- pri>*§ nolici-s. Butbis evtm nature 
was not unduly 'jxaltod by his f^d f'jrtune, 
one re>ult of which, acewrding to the above 
aulliority, wafftho d<»tpalch of a conHijfQment 
of fnmiu" flni'rv to lita mother and KinU-n nt 
CaltA. Presently he set to work vigoroiialy 




upon Sir Gwwip* Ik-^umgui's commwaion, 
*The Blind tiddler" (alttrrwardBpn-wntedby 
its owner to the Nallonat <tali*ry\, which 
wa« finished in 1H0I3, and exkibitiU in lK07, 
otrtaiDiufc a succcaa wlitcb could not ho nuaU- 
fiwl by tho highly coloured clainic xuhjuctM 
wliiob, iiivonliiij; to report, ucademiriealonay 
liitd thou^htfidly ining on eillirr side of it. 
Shortly aftt^r the opening nf thf exhibition 
Willti.' went to Culti., wh»-r» he fell ill. But 
he waabock asain in ^TicinlwriWorkingi-acerly 
at new and old commissions. One of tli««-, 
' Alfred inth.>N.'«r|].-ryriiColtftB.V'''l>7, for 
tbohiirtoricalooll&ctionof Mr. Ali'ianderDa- 
vison, i« now in thi^ Xorthbrook GalWv; 
another waa 'The Card HaytTs' (I80S>, 
painted for the Diikeof lilouceKler; n thirrl, 
'The Rent Day' (lSO*i),for Unl Muljrave, 
for wham he tiad aUo exnriitrd u '.Suodar 
Mornintr' (ISOtf). Other picture.* ext^utwd 
about ihittim-* were 'The Juw'eIIarp'(lfiO!*l 
for Mr. .\ini.'>li-y, *Thii Cut Frnfipr'( I8th») 
for Mr. Wliit bread, and ' A>*irk I.aily vi«il«<l 
by bur T'hy»ici.'iii' (lWi*t), wliich wa? bought 
hy thi> Marriuianf lAn^downe. Commisaioos, 
indeed, seemed to bare poured in iipon Iiiin. 
* I belicrc I do not exaggerate when I aay 
tluit I have at Ifast forty iiiclnrvji buspi^e,' 
he told bis brother John in India. By \a> 
vrmber I 'H>!> liv hud bu«n elvclod an U£Sociale 
of the Iioval Academy. Hi* home was now 
at SuI'b kiiVf, FlampHtead liond, where ha 
re«id«<l until he remoied to W Ureal Port- 
land StnicI^ Cavendish fvqunrc. By this lime 
his eircJe of BO<|uaintanees waa exionaive, 
I We hpnr of his visits, oilbcr profeMiouat or 
friendly, to varion* country scats. In 1S08 
he is painting tbi; Man.'hioiiess of I.an^ilnwno 
at ^uulhampluu Cnetlu; lat^r 011 he 19 at 
1 -CVileortoti willi Sir flenrgn Iti'iiiimont, or 
j tourinff ill Devonshire with Mnvdon. 
, In IRIO hi^ prepiirril for exbibition, but 
, did not exhibit, n piciure called 'Thp Man 
witb a Uirra Cap; or, the Wardroh"- Kan* 
aacked,'the rcfl-4on for itd withdrawal beinii 
nppanintly the fear entertained hytbecouncil 
of the academy that it would fail to auittain 
hisreputalion in lhit» lino agrunst the riralry 
of Kdward Jtinl [i). v. J Hut at ibe i-Iom- «»f 
September in the previous rear he ha4l hcean 
one of hiji mi.mt iimhilioiis L'aoTasea, 'The 
Alehoii-^e Door,' later known as 'The Vilbifre 
Festival,' and now in the Xaiional (tallery, 
for which it win acquired by parliament in 
\i^i\, with the rest of the ^Ui^ratein col- 
lection. L'pon this ho laboured for some 
months. Then ho fell ill, nrubably from ovei^ 
work. He was earefiilly leiuled hy Dr. 
Baillie, mitrrating for liis rnnval'scenri* to 
I be bmise iif h i« ph v«inan'«Hisler, M it-s .loanna 
Baillie, at IV'indtniU Hill, Hampslt^ad. On 



II F«b. lAII be was i-lect«(] a njtX Ma- 
demieUn, and in this jruar txhibitml two 
pictnrM, * A Ilumuroua Scenn' an<l 'Por- 
trait of A Oamekeeper.' Tn May of tho fol- 
lowing ywr tli« ' Alrhomm I>nor' wiw «xhi> 
biled, with A number of other pictures, in a 
separate Wilkie t^xhibilion, nt No. H7 I*aU 
Mall. In Addition iri * I'itlewur' Fair' and a 
otimbor of pictures wbicb bad appeared ott 
die a^etnv wall», tliia includM Mvrral 
■tadiM and original aketcbes. Althougb 
it adrancn] tiis reputation, ib was not a 
Ananrlal suceest, and bi^fore the nontb wua 
out tb«* nrtidt bad to pay ii2l. in order to 
rtieaae the 'Village Feetival/ which had 
Im0D Beised fur the rviit of the room, Tbi« 
toddentr Bcrordinir to report, pre rise to 
thfl ■ubaequvnt and raorw Miirc«iutful pninliiig 
known aa' DiWminitif^fiirlifrnt.' Rut pprham 
ono of tho nirmt interesting circumManDL>6 in 
cooaection with thia entwrpriac wu Iho an' 
nouneemotit in the catalogue Uiat Abrahan 
Itaimbacb ft}, y.] waa engraving the ' \'illa^ 
Politiciana. 

Attho Olid of 1812 (I Doc.) Wilkie'sfatber 
dt«d, and in August 18|.'} his moth^^r and 
hia siatpr Uolen joiiivd him in i/indon iit 
24 Lownr I'liillimorw Piace. KpU-iinfrton. a 
hoiiw^ which be had taken in 1**13. aud whtro 
be continued t'l nwiit'- until IHI'J. In IHlfl 
he exbibit«d * Blind Man's Hutf,' and was 
eo^ogvd vn 'Tli« Hagpiper;' 'Duncan Ciray; 
or lli*^ Hefuajil.' and the reminiwi^ncc of hi* 
firel. visit to Uuk'b Whiifffoiird, ' Tb& Letter 
of Intr™lu<:tinn,' which now beloTsps to Mr, 
llalnh lirocklutjank. Ttiu [nat two fiffund 
in the exliihitiim of lfil4, aft«r which he set 
out on ft riitit tn Paris with llaydun, duly 
chronicled by the lattvr, with iniicb graphic: 
description of bis companion's queer Scotch 
CButions and wondermenta. 'The greatest 
oddity' in tbut Paris of oddititw, Acc/iniine 
to ifaydou, 'was unuui'stionably Uavid 
Wilkitt. His horrible trcncli, his stranKO, 
tottering, foi^ble, pnUi look; his carrying 
about bin prtniA tii make bnnf"i>ia with print- 
•elleTA, his r&solure detprminnlion m«vur to 
leavfl the ri;slaiimnl» till br liud got nil bis 
change right to a oenlimr, bis long disputes 
nliDut aoua and demi-eous with tbi' damr liu 
evviptuir, whilst luadami^ tried To cheat him, 
and ax she pn^iu^^d her pretty ringed lingers 
on hii4 arm without making tbc leant im- 
pn'fisinn, liur ''Maia, iMoiittiourl" and hlii 
Scwtc-h " Afiii«, Miiiljime !" were worthv of 
Moli^re' (Tatloh, Li/e of Haydon, 1865, i, 
354). 

At tho bfginningof July they raturned 
to Uiiglund, and to * Distraining for Rent ,' of 
wluclb the gi>ni'Bi8 baa bc'^'n given. It waa 
finiduid in this year, and bought for six 



hundred guinnaa by the Bntish I nit tit at ton, 
who exbioited it in 18t&. In the aBtne ynar 
WiUtieTieitod Brighton with Haydon. But 
a mare important tour waa that whicb h« 
took in the aulumn of I0I6 to the Netber- 
landa with Itaimtmch. who engraved ' LKa- 
training for Itvnt.' It was upon tbi» ucn- 
sion that Wilkie had the odd experience of 
repeating at Calais the mt^advvnturs ofWtl- 
UainHagaTth[u.v.] lie, loo,wa3arreat«dfbr 
akutcliiog Calais gate, and carried before tba 
mavor, by whom be wan poI>t«ly disiniaaed. 
He still solicited subscribers to the etigrav- 
ingM of Ills pictunw wherever he went, aa 
at Paris; but it may be aA4utn«d that the 
Dutch sad Flemish achools of pntuiing 
intfreatcd him mon> iVMirly than the gaU 
leriea of the L.ou\-re. At all event*, hit 
letters to Uajdon were declared to be ' full 
of freah and close obsorration,' which could 
aoarcely hare been said of bis Frxocli diary. 
Scotland waa the swne of his holiday 
wanderiogs in 1817- Hera b« beeamt: ac- 
quainted with Dr. Chalueta, and wan in- 
viu.>d to Abbotafurd by8cott.thcn vrriting 
' lEob Uov.' ' J bHV4; my hand in ibe mortar- 
tub, but 1 have a chamber in the wUl for 
vou, bi-judea a ran«t hearty welcoma. t 
lia^'c also one or two old jnckifts with au 
foot in the gravei, and know of a herd's hut 
or two tottering to th<* fell, which you will 
iiod piclure»4uf,' said thuishirra. Ancitber 
notability he tnet waa James 11^^ <tT7(^ 
ll^j) [q. v. j, who was pleased to 6nd him so 
}'OuiLg& man. At.'VhhotafoTdWilkiepninted 
(for Sir Adatn Ferguson) the Roolt family ia 
till* pirb of luiutb-conntrv peasants. Thia 
work WAS exhibited in iMS, at tlie close of 
which year be completed for the prinn 
n^gent one of hia most popular effort*, ■ Tha 
Scotcli, or I'enny Weddina,' now in Iba 
royal collt'ction. *Thp Keadingof the Will' 
(at the Rnacolhck at Munich) and several 
sinaliier pictures followed. Ueanwhito, th« 
indefatigablti artist was slowly canying for- 
ward a larger work, which had brun oom- 
miaatoned by the I>uke of Wellington, ' The 
Waterloo Oaitette; or, the Chetsea IVn- 
sinni^rR nwding lUe tlaiwtte of tho Ilatlle of 
Waterloo/ begun in 1817 and finisltM) ia 
18:^1. It appears from Wilkie's 'Journal' 
that it cost him ' full .sixteen moutb«* con- 
stant wo^rk," and the duke paid him tweha 
hundroflguinuAs, chamcterist ically counting 
out the money himself to the artint in 
hnnknotes. The picturi- was exhibited in 
1B2'2, makintr ni.>ariy an mui-h i>lir as Watiir* 
loo itsi'lf. According tn the painter's critics^ 
it marks a second manner in his work, q tran- 
sition from the influence of Ti-nit-ra to the 
influence of Ustade. In July lti2'J hti weul 




Wilkie 



='57 



Wilk 



le 



^ lin to Scollftnd, l.lie» butung with «xpec- 
ittoii of the arriTal of George iV. Wuldo 
p((«ii milking tliiiiifts fur a piclun< of Jfilia 
Knos prpartiinfr, ami Iip bL*« cnllMited thn 
mtktcrifllH Far k lueoieato of tliv 'Kind's 
Eotranca to Holyrftod.' The prepftnition 
of these liFO pictUTM occupied bini tor eome 
timi^ ro conip; the former bein^liiiifthcidoDly 
in m-J, tli.i iMH-rin IS^SfJ. But in 1823 bi; 
exliibitcd u porlrnit of l.h« Duke of York, 
and niiotluT of hw own fijtecial BulyL-cto. 
'Thn i'arijtli IWdlf,' b«|iiPRt Ii«h1 to iJie 
Nittioiml (ialk'n- in ]H!ii hy\,nrt\ Colborae, 
wlinse (TiimmitLiiiiR it was. It is n rurtlivr 
Craniiitinii picCum ns to *tyl(?, but nlso onft 
iif ih« finust of hie works, Olher eH'orts I 
which follrtwetl the ' I'ariili Hondle ' in iNl'.l I 
wwro 'Tbe Gentle-SliepLcpil; or, iheCotw^ 
Toilftt,'*ftmtij{glpr» otti-rintr Hun Goods for 
Sole/ and 'The IliKhlniid Family.' The iiwt , 
named was also tbw la^t picture uc fsliibitcd ' 
before be tcH: KDffland in IB^ri. | 

llewasal KdiDburgbL-ulK-ctini,' inati-rials I 
for John Knnx at ibe »-ml of I8:*4, and wiut ! 
mvally culvrtaJnvd bv the Hdinburgb nr^ 
ttsta. Out be wa.i tiuinmnruHl haMilv to lion* 
don br bis uiother'a illnivtii, and faibtd to 
reach it bftfore sh«> died. Tlis motber'sdeath 
woe followe<l by that of an older brother. 
Janiti*, who not long before bad rvtuniecl 
from Canada broken in health and means. 
Close upon this second boreavemwit csin^. 
Mrly in ]I^'J.\ tkUntts of tliK dfalh in India 
of fail eldost brother, John, a soldier: and, 
to crown all, hi* favourit" siitor, Elvlrn, U»l 
hm ^fiancf un ihi* day before, her intended 
marriagR. Thfui^ things, besides sorrow, 
si«aiit moniiy canw for AViUcie; ond hi» 
bctUth, never that of a mbust man, failed 
under tbe alrain. I'ariiiand the Lmirro, and 
«*■«! Talma, pmrcd powvrlei* to restore bia 
mercies, and be lurned his (aca in Claly, 
viaitiog Flnrvnce, Kotuv. and Xuplus in suc- 
eeaaion, sending many pU-vant l»-tt«rM to 
l^og'liitl] frii-nds eoncurainR hia traveling 
imprvasiona. Horial acid artistic. B<it mis- 
fortune iunnwtid him abroad. II in nrint- 
wilwrs, Kwnit & Itobineoo, beemne bank- 
rupt, and hi'alth refiiMd to return. Jle 
visitMl HiTciilaneum and Pompeii, wroto a 
note to Ohantri:>y from the crater of Vem- 
Tiua, wandered on Ui Boloeiia.Parma.I'&duu, 
V«nic«, then to Munich (wb«r«t, wiib »itvcw 
difficulty, he wiu pi-rmitl«d to inspi<et in thd 
Bavarian palace hia own ' Itiiiulinf; tli« Will*), 
Dnwden, KcpravitatinfrattJiRclnspof ISiJH 
to Home onc« mon<, in time to eat n Christ- 
moji hagjfis with Hevem l.hf artiil, and to itc 
fitaatad lati-r (W Jan. J8:i7) by the ScottLsh 
artreadentsoitheiinnenal city. lulbusum* 
m«r of 1827 hia bcalta was eu'lGviustly v«t«^ 
TOL. LXL 



' biifthcd lo allow bim to paint ; and at Omava 
b» «et to work u^i^-n the 'I'rinccae Doria 
WBsbin^ I'ilgnnis'Feiot.' Krom Hwitxvrlanil 
hp proci-cdL'd t'.> Spain, theSpain thathf-niV!- 
forth »■> powerfully influt-nr*'d hi# style. At 
Madrid in aeren montiiR be pniTiTol no 
fMww than four picturw, two of which 
were 'The Maid of KarafratM ' ond th* 
•fJuerilla Council of War.' When in May 
l«3ft he left Madrid, Tiiitin, Vclnsguei, and 
Murillo had becuuiv his chief inodvrs. tt is 
poaaible, aa alleff<^ by toaiiT, Iliat bta benllh 
miulethe minnu- flnifb of tlu^ Dutch nifUind 
no longer cou^eninl to him ; but thu ' un- 
pOKDhud j^me preaen'e of Europe,' as ha 
aiy1i>d l.bt' arl-nclie-s of Spain, mu«t also 
cnuntfor raiicb in directing tht! new develop* 
mtrnt of bis f^iiius. 

He Wft^s affftin in T^ondon in June 1828, 
aflt-'r a thn^» yeare' abfieno>, talking <mthn« 
.Miwticidly af Suanish and Italian art, and 
undervaluing his earliwr rucuo!«<!S. In the 
exiiibition of 1829 were eight picturoa in 
tht> new tnste, tbw ' I*rince«« Doria," the 
' .Uaid of SiimgtiMa,' the '(.TUi-'rilla Council,' 
the' I'irterari,' and four olbere — one a pyr- 
(mlt (thL> Earl of Kullic). Critidam woa 
fre«ly bMtowed upon Chi» fn-jth d<n)artnre. 
But the artist bad mudL- up bis minJ on tbe 
aubjiTl, and (JiKirgi- EV binight four of tbe 
best plcturfs. The ' I'.ntranee to HoljTood ' 
waa resumed and finished ; and ho Huug 
himself with ardour into the ' Ihvacbing of 
Knox hvttffv tbw Lords of llic Conffrofiation, 
!(» June l.>)9,' which waa exhibited in ]H3Q, 
and is now iu the National Oalltir^-, having 
befni piircbaM-d in IB7I with thn I'ael col- 
lection. In 16-10 he wa-t tnadt; painter in 
onlinary nt iho death of Sir Thomas Law- 
rencii, retaining ihis nlBce under William IV 
and Victana. lie escaped being elt^cted pre- 
sident of the Itoyal Academy in tbi^srt raw year, 
thai post being oHVred to Sir Martin .\ti;hi'r 
.Shee [q. v.\ who in some respt'cta waa bell«r 
fitted for the decorutivu part of thu dutiw. 
Wilkie's more imporlani picl urea for the nr\t 
few years maybe brieflr enumerated. Thev 
ar*. ''Columbiw'and 'TfieFir»t Kurring,' l-^SS 
(National Galleryt ; ■ Pftep-o'Oav Hov'o 
Cabin,' 1^36 ( National fJalK-ry 1 ; ' f be Duke- 
of Wellington writingft I >o»pat eh,'* Nai-oKon 
and tbii I'opeinConference at FontQinebleuiJ,' 
both IWlti; find 'Sir Havid Htiird discoTcring 
the Body ufTippoo Haih,' 1*19. ]n Juhd 1>-30 
lie watknigbted. .\ »^ar later he moved from 
Phillimore Place loViruirnge Place, Kensing- 
ton, wh>Tt>b«- built a ' beau idfal of a studio.' 
In ISyi) he went to Scotland again to collact 
the mat^ciaJ for a ni*w Knox; but got no 
further than a sketch, now in the Scottish 
Academy, in It^llf be had eight pictures 




i 



Wdkie 



Wilkie 



aiiiiiniB !■ ii nil I ill f Hi ■ i 
■f «f I j«wU«i.i^drB>te wrata- 



rM^ccri 



MS a V* 39^ 



wwJiiriia. UckMTCwbs 

«,fr«fld,MA I Wlllilll, Ut 

bvByTwd hwU* aMMBBd w 

aJMliwIy Mkpart fitur ci <hi DMdk 
iitiinl. lM>faT«lBfidifchagcMfciMto»fcia- 
9mj «■! tacmiK hibIv. whow «wk ««• 
■■mtr '"■"•MriWkMMMhr of wt taiMtv 
•■i 9|KL tiamfkij tp— faay. his won 

u>l*ftMl83&: Tiitf ihiiri in iMwiani rtn.M 
ia hi* Jmlnp— Q* thnoeh boch of Am* 
{■riodft. Ax the Kattoiwl GftUerr • eaak« 
■MTHW qf th« 'Bliai Fuldlar' witk iha 
'Pte«*BMdfe.'ftiwltlieBaflbM»wilh lb* 
'PrmUwWKbu- «m1 Fta^lV BwV 
0■l■l^* »Ul iUwtnto tW enUbim of kb 
■■■av bictv ikaa p^« of ihiiiriffiiii. 
S« ififinat i^lOT MT» «wb tlwtr adw- 
cmm; hsL it M pcofakUe that th« baat 
•siaplBB of ha* cutinr pvicxl will loogisn 
bMub their pgyhrily. His wxstk» ^to 
bn ij wpMiBaneolty rit^^Ttd br Bunwt. 
Rumhoeh, ShacpM, ami otben. 

TWk u a portnit of WHkte. br lunueU^ 
■ft tw«olv-auM, in th« Xatioml l^)^trait 
GftUnr ot Loalan. AaotkcfiWbidi npre- 
Hautum in t^Mk aoml ^ -was oihAiMd u 
the OaelBli Exhtbtiioa of 1^1 hf OiIoimI 
Diivid V^ illu*. Tber* sr two ponnia ia 
tlu) Si-Dttifth Xatiooat Portait GaUocr— ooe 
bT Sir WilUuB B^aAtj, bMunBdwilV ^■ 
ituaUr uf WooJbaak, aMr Lam; and an- 
(rtber. v n mumi by lh« Dab ofrauetraeli, 
of WiuM aad Ilia no&bar, paint««l by bisk- 
MlftiilSOa. 

fTba •UdAuiI aatborilj far WUkia'a lifo ia 
AiUn CaaaiaghMB^ Btogi^hr. 3 voli. Lt43. 
Them is a)M a btkf Baauiu b/ his femtt*. 
Bai^Mcb. ia tJMt «Tit«c's 3l«mai» tod BaeoU 



iMa4\ IMS. Sm aim 
WObObm, 1848 : Tom Tbf- 
W ■ lifc rf »! J *M. IW ; Ibdcnva* DvcLof 
AaasM I Baata^ Oaaiiaaisiaa of Ouniaicbttt^ 
LMk ««L m ; •«& tat «■ MlMitabU oompamia 
j of V3kM«»l BapMK Haaliu'i I/*etun* cvtlw 
I OMie WnGOK IMl, pfi. ST 1-31 1.] A. D. 

I W1LKIIkWlUXUI<17il 177A'tl» 
Saacbik H«Mr,' inn if fsr^g '*'iHni . ■ fsr 
•X Ecbba, fahah of Uabaaj^i 
«nSlh^l7iL f U waaadacaled 
m n^ii. rnbb 9d»d aaa Ediabaqh 
ITanaMkr* barwiaic —■» hia co l l ug* ana- 
a Jofea "t — . DKTtd IInai», WO* 
giibwfcia.MJ Hfci ^loiitfa. Hublfer 
4teiiif danf feb aaBiealam, b« saceBMkd to 
ti» M»|iwi ttmm «C a fima at fUwn^ 
n^^Mikiaw BBabaifh. Tbas ha caniMl aa 
a tha iaaHMtt of Us time siMeaa aad bin- 
aritfa— tatjagat tbsaa— tiiaahistttJias 
farifaMiMWiTafibaafcaiAof SflOtkaJ. 



i 





hr tb» faasbylarj' of 
Lialithcw aa » May 1745. k« eaabiaadL 
«bd» waitaif fe a el«rs«. tba nrntiu «c 
Qtotatate aad teiaalitr aKneaUaict. Oki 
17 MaT 1753 ba was naouited. mdar lb* j 
|al I iiMgi af tb» Eariof UalanUlg, 
la Jobs Chdktia. parisb waiuer of 

iaKSBbal 

Kilauaiap aad 
«fnaiaaaUj 
.to pat off bis biC beCsfa I 
tbaaaifct inaawbai laamd tbt 
I riTi mlifitn tn ITfiBbewaa ap-] 
of BManl pbitnopby at j 
ba dad aaaad wnthy] 
to sacBsaM a 
m moa^ai hrmaag. Bebrri Tet- 
•aa af bis atadaata, cahifbH bim in 
a MWiirial aclapK- (FESsnant, Ponu, f. 
3^ ad. Otoaan). Ia I'M tbe naJT^tsitj of 
S(. Aadrtw* e safar w d on WiUna tb« boaa- 
rarv de^iM of DD. Stajeci lo agae^ bt 
wmfaned bit to— tilBliDB bjraxeBMiTS obtb- 
iog ud abcBid ihiaiiig amaoMkaata. Ba 
(fiedoalOOet. 17r§. 

Rngai4ad bv bis cvUefa bMtidt a» tba] 
ableat of iba distiafili*i' d sladMti 
dar ()Lwuazui,X$fr«^AdbiBMrK^ 
cuatinuad toimiansUereaaiBBpemieaW 
bis origiaaU^. rtaatfcaNa ttUaammltB, bm 
cooTarMtiDBal powaE, tmi to tktA tbfla br 
hia«ecaaltiBilT«adakitaa>TbabkiiciLr>:E- 
aj^, L^^So^.' -V. -1 1887^ M«t- 
vsa biffl St Alax.1 vl«'s ia 17A). 

Obszim Towadband . - :<CJ (<i. »-] oo» 
Md«ml ibat BO maa ai hjs BOfaHBtaaea * tp- 
ptoacbed m noar tba two u l iwam of a Kod 
aad a brut*' jJutaUatrmphm ^ Dr. Ai^t- 
otdrr Car^, dun. x. p. SMi CrcdiMi 
wilb patainoavt Wilhia vas 



3 



Wilkin 



«59 



Wilkins 



bftrttAble without oatentmiou. He had, he 
lid. learned cconntuT Ibmu^ii bin h&vJng 
KshukcD liandM wiili poverty up to ibu verv 
|3bow.' At liuidutii Le l>elt prnperLy wotlli 
t.000/. 
In nfl? Wilkin piiWii'linil 'Thn Kpi- 
(TonTtu]/ in nine bnokn, boAnil nn th(< fourth 
book or tbe 'Iliad,' and n-rittcn id biimic 
cnnpUtit in ili^ tnnnner nf l*op<>':t ' ]lotner.' 
To a second edition in 17f!J he appended aa 
ingenioua npolot^iflic ' Itrvaui in tbp ninuiii^ 
of Sp..'[i*«r.' On lUe uptKuiruiicv of lbi» edi- 
lion Hume warmly i-iilof[iaBj 'The Kpigo- 
niod* in a httrer to llm 'Critical Ki-viuw,' 
complnirliiti llint tho jminiAl hurl uiiJuIv 
d(>preciitt«?d tHn pof-m when first publiahed, 
Wilkic Iia« n" ptinuinit right to l»" cJiUfil 
' thfi Scotl inh Ifnm4;r.'bn( asa mi^rftnchieve- 
tnt^at ja rene bi« ' epic ' is creditable ; it hu 
n fair measure of f!u'?ncv, its iraap?ry i» apt 
nnd atron^, nnd if ts hrii^htint^rl hy nrcasional 
feiicitie* nf phraiM>, ileacriptiTe epithet, and 
aniifht'tira] di-lineution. In 17tl8 Wilkie 
uuhliiflied atmall volumoof sixtvfTi'Fttblefl.' 
in iambic tetramcior reminiscent of liay. 
with an added pithy uud pointed ' Dialoiruo 
between thi^ Author BudaFrieinl' in dex- 
terous huroics. The eucteenth fabl«, ' Tho 
Har>> and the E'lirlnn' [i.t-. rrab], in a miNibti! 
exerci.te in the vernacular of Midlothian. 

[GhnlmetsE Knfrliih I'ooU: Aodenon's Bri- 
tiflh PtottM i LiTM of the Sooltiab Poeu, bj tba 
ffociatT of Aiioi«nt, SejtJ*, pt-. jr.: Hew Scolt'ii 
t-'nsti Ete\. Scot.;. 110: Cliaiii1ieni'BBi'>i[r. Dn-t, 
oi KmiiMAt ScotsmrD ; LiMMrC's od'tinn of Fer- 

fioamn'li i'at\tati, nnd hiK KilxTt l'»rg\i«aon in 
'awnw 3o>jU Sariiw, 1808-] T. B. 

WILKIN, StMON n7W-lSfi3\ .-clitor 
of the ' Works of Sir Thfin us Browne,' born 
«t CostMjwoy (Coiwi>t), Norfolk, in I79l>,w»<i 
fion of William Wilkin and hln vifo CWilia 
I>»tcy, dnai;ht«r of William Jaconib of Lon- 
<lon, I.o*ins hi« fnther in I79t'. ht> went to 
reitide at Norwich with lus guardian, Jo,«..'pli 
KinRhoFQ [q. v.], who superintetided his 
education, lie iH'^rami; |iTofici{'nt both in 
anoientaud ni'id<>ni laiiffiiajfi-x luul in ifHueral 
literature. When of ajfe he ram« inin an 
ainpU fortuw", nnd devnli'il hiin»i.df Innruly 
to natural bij*torv, esperiftUy enfomnloffv, 
mill hi* flue colleci'un of iu«ectB ultiniBleiy 
c*me into iho p<i»*crt«ii>n -^f th*; Zooio^icftl 
Society. He was electt-'d a fillow of thu 
1 junenn Society, and n niL'mbcr ot tb-* Wer- 
nerian Socittiv of Kdiiiburi;h. Throii(;b tho 
dicastroiu fuiiore of larite |ia|ier milU u-itii 
which he W&sconn^-cted he loKl bin property, 
*udBOonafl<!rt-itFubliNhml hiin)>i:<lf in^i>n«irli 
M B print«T and puhliaher, irrwtly rai^in^ 
liiB chamrtur of the Norwich pwf*, and 
isstitn; K>me very emdite xvorlts. In I82£ 




he publtah-id u * Catalogiui of tfaa PuUie 
Library and Gity Librajy of Norwich,' Nor- 
wich, Hvo. HiH editi»n of Sir Thomas 
Urowne'a workf occupied the lei»iirt' of thir- 
ti-va ycont, und ho spanvd no pains in th^ 
odintiou of niHiiiiNcnpr« nnd enrlv editions 
fn as lo produce the best no.<uuhle tftict; »il» 
intht^rxnminationaTidtitihsitionof Urowne's 
vast pon^apond^nw^ in the librarii^ of the 
Itritisli MuM-uin and the Itodleian. Th« 
work, which w(w published in IBflK in four 
volumes ( l»ndoii, ^vo), and was reiMKUL'd in 
ISohn'a ' Library' in 1852 (•'{ vob. i, w«« imi- 
nuuncud by K-ibi-rl Southuy to be ' the beM. 
reprint in tbu KiiKlikh luiigiiago.* 

Wilkin vnui the means of eatsfaliahin^ the 
Norfolk and Norwich Lilwrnrv Institution, 
aa vruU as the museum which now holHs a, 
foremost, rank among; provincial coUeetions. 
IIr alw) wrote I hi; catitchi'inn on the use of 
the jflobes for Kmiock'iiserieaof 'Catechisms* 
(- partii, Norwich, l«i*3-0, li^mo), and con- 
tributed the introducron' chapter and illus- 
trative nore4 to the lifi:; uf hi-> jiuardian, 
eniirlwl '.Io*-pb Kinghom of Norwich: a 
-Memoir, by .Murtiii Hood Wilkin.' Norwich, 
l^-jii, Svo. 

In ]A2'> Wilkin mnniod Emma, daualit^ 
of John Culley of Co.*.*y, and in Ihe latter 
part of his life he removed to London, resid- 
ing al liaiiipsiead until bis death on '2H July 
ISdS. He mu buried iLt his niilive Tillage 
of Coswy, 

[Wilkin's Works iu BriLMu*. Ltbrury ; Atbe- 
meam, ISS'i. ii. IBi ; privtuo iiirorin;\ti(>n.^ 

M. H- W. 

WILKINS. Sni OIIAULES il7ii)?~ 
li^6i, orientoliat, born at From«, Somi-rnel, 
in 1719 (or in 1730, for coniemnorary 
authoritieii diHVr an Co bi» iij^ nt ileatht, 
WW thn Bon of Walter Wilkinn of that 
town, nnd hi* wif« Marl ha Wray, niece of 
UoberC Jtoteman Wray [a. v.^ thf enffniTDr. 
In 1770 be proceeded to JieB^al in tlweei^ 
vicBofthi^ lva»r India Company a« a writer, 
and became Bupurinteadunt uf t he company'« 
fB<rlorii'8Dt Maldiih. 'About l77H,'he writea. 
hi.* ■ eurionitv wa." excilod by the example of 
hia friend Mr. Ilalhed to tiommence the 
Htudy of the Sanskrit' [see HALiiEn. Xa- 
THANiKt. IIhassktI. The veniaoutars he had 
of coiir)>Bprovinus{rflt.iidied,and lie also took 
lip IVnian. Hi« first important work wit* 
t-be Ifrndinfc jiort which he plaved in e«ta- 
blivbini; lulso in I77«) a pnnti^ngf-preM for 
ori^'ntiil Lnnftuntfi^. Ilrra he waa not only 
organiser, but also (tu thv word^ of na]h«d) 
'metJiUiiiyUt.eiiKraver, founder, and printer' 
of tyiiH for ulphabiits so elaborate and di*- 
linct from one aiiol her njiBiinf{«li nnd Poruiim. 
Ilfl aled ou-operated with Sir \\'i]liam Joumi 

i2 



i 



Wilkins 



>6o 



Wilkins 



[q. v.] in the fhondstinn of thr Asutic So- 
ciety of Uencnl. LeaTinir Iiniia for lie«ltfa 
in K^tl, tui n-Milt-d W « time «t Rath, cm> 
cuptfcd with tnnBlAttons from the Sui9- 
Icnt : Bud Uter on at IlAwkhurat, vhorc 
hv comiDJ-ncvd the fonnfttioo of a fount 
ol Nngori typn lor prmtin(( Swuikrif- 
Bnt in 1^ hv n^«Bt«r«d Um terrioe 
of thn 1-Jut Indin Ctnnptuiy a« librariui, 
an office tb-n ttAlkblube'l mainly for the 
cnvlod; of urttrnt«l nuinuitcnpL* takrti at 
Berinjmp&tAin and ebewheiv. (hi 
wUblisnineni in ISOS of the cumnmy's 
college At Hail^ybniy he a«!i*p«^ the 
offices of examiner aoa vieitor, and con- 
tinued the diitiea without any int^rmiMion 
up to hi* death in LoiuIoq on 13 May IHIW; 
hn WM iiiierrcJ at 'the chapel to I'ortUnd 
Town.' Mid iMirirait was Minted in IuUt 
lif« by J. ij. Middl«ion, ana a u<-uoliQi by 
J. Sarlain wili puhlialicd in 183U. 

WilluDfi wag twicL' maniud, and luf^ thti-v 
daught«n, am' of iht-m Iwins iniimed to th« 
nnmianutist, ^VUUam 9Uislen (,17^4-1834}) 
[q. v.l 

Wukins'a literary achmvanuBta wen re- 
connioitl by bi» Iwinjr elwt«d F.It.S. on 
12 June 1788, ami cri-afed D.C.L, Oxon. in 
IW6; while in \f*-Jb the Koyol ^ocielv of 
Literature awarded him their medaf ax 
'princops licternturn StDScriUB.' Ue was 
knifflitiil ill 1HJU, and wa» alM an aajtociat« 
of t^e InMitut du Fnuce. 

AVilkina wiw llw fimt Kiii[lii>l)man to jpiin 
a thorough ^aap of Sanskrit, and w auch 
WM frreatly «elwmed (a» may be ttwii in 
extant corrwpondtjnce) Ijy feir William 
Jones, who utatpd that ' hut for ' Wilkiiis'a 
* aid hf would never have lcamw3 ' Snnakrit. 
Iti Indinii epi((r«phy liw w«» i-spi.-cially n 
pioiifrer. being tbe first Kuropeim to ntudy 
Haaakrit ioseriptioEig, which were uniu- 
U>lliK'''lo *o the {landil* of hiK dny. Of five 
aniole* bv him in tha i>Br1ier voliimea of 
' Aaiatic Kotwarchoii,' four iirv f>n this etib- 

J'BCt, one of primary imporrunc* to the real 
liltory of India, which elill bas to be 
written. 

Boaidei them uticlea hv publisbed I be 
toUowiug works: 

Traiislalioni from tlio Sanskrit: 1. 'The 
Bhn)f(i vtt(lf(itn,' oiih of (Im ruo-it mmarkablo 

thiloHOpbti^ikl pocma of ihti world, iuued in 
lOnrJoii in 1 7^(1 bv thii iCimt Inilui Coinnany, 
with (in inlmdnrtorv letter hv Wnm-n llast- 



inRS (republisbed I'n Firncfi by J. V. I'ar- 
roud, I.S7), 2. ' HiwpiMhin," "Ilftth, 1787. 
3. ' 8torv of ^'akuntalii, from the Muhnbliarara.' 
1793 (in 'Oriental Ilepi-rtory *), and )7W6 
(B«naraie). 
Onmmatical and lexical worka: 4. '>'ew 



Edition of Richarfwn's ** I>«ratan, Amhic^ 
and EnKli^h DtctionKry,"' 1^<06, Q. '(Iram- 
mnr nf ibe SuuikHta LaiiKUif;'?,' cotumtincifd 
in India,ontinned at Hawkhunt.ond fisaHf 
tMunl mainly for iim at HaiU-ybiiry 'm ISOt^ 
6. 'Kadicsl/ flf the San^krita IjongJM^' 
(from nnci>-nt sources). 1$15. fie alvoooiD' 

Jil^ in I79R a raialogue <4 Sir WiUina 
ones's manoacnpts. 

[Qwia. Ma?. IMA. ii. 97-^: En^liah Cyclopi. 

I nnd I'ntny Cydopwdia ; Anniuil K«)pfli«T (br 

*°f ISM: CenUaary ToloDe A>u>tie Soe- Bengal: 

letlrnin JonrtMl Ahmt. On snbkl .Society. tftSil. 

vol. X ; pPvfaMH ta t^ir W. Joaw'a Sawntala. 

■nd to WilUae'i Sanakrila Oimnmar.] C. B. 

WILKINS, DA\TD (1685-1745), 
acholar, waa bom of l^imtao parenta^ in 
10;^. Hia true nane wa« Willie, which be 
tatini*e<] m WilkiuM, and tben aiiKliciwd 
into Wilkioa, a name alrcjidy renowned in 
thu iivnon of John Wilkins [q. v."), bishop 
of Chejtter, lie led for aomc joflta the 
life of a migratory eludout, vi^itiniJr Berlin, 
Itomo, Vinnna, Part*, Amsterdam, Uxf<<rd, 
and (^mhridse. Oxford denied him ihv 
U. A. decree (28 May 1712); hut at Cam- 
bridfro he was created D.l>. in October 
1717, ond appointed lonl nlmonrr'n pro- 
feMor of AraW in 1724. Becides Anhte 
he was verwid in the Hebrew, Chaldaiff, 
Coptic, A niiitniaii, and Anfrlo*Saxon tangOM 
—a width of erudition purchased by a 
certain wnnt of accunury. Wilkina wa« 
ordalni'd in the church of ETi){land, and 
found n patron in ArrJibixliop Wake, wbo 
made him in ITl-*^ librarian at Lambeth 
I'nlace, and reworded hia aer«il>4 wilh the 
Kentish joctoriM of Monffuham Parva 
|;I0 April I710> and (ireat Chart (ll' Seol- 
1719). both of wbirh he resided upnn uis 
(:nllfl.tion in Novt-roUT I7I9to the rectories 
of Ilmjlfiffh and Mnnkit Eleifih, Suffolk, and 
lh'> plarenf join! eommisMry of tli« arclti- 
cpiseopal d'-otit-ry of Docking, Eekx. In 
the same yernr he was ap{K)inted (ii Xov.> 
domestic chaplain lo tliv urimnte. To thrmK 
prefermenta w<?r*' added inn twelfth prchand 
in the church of Canterburi- (20 Jon, I73{>- 
1721) and thu archdeaconry of Suffolk 
(19 Doc. 1724). Oa 13 Jan. 1719-30 h» 
won electwl F.K.A. 

Wilkins died at Hadlmgb on 6 Sept. 1746. 
Itis ri'iiniin!* wrrt? interred in the chancel of 
lUdlr'if^h i-hurrh. H'lg portrait is in Lam- 
beth Palace libmry. H« luiirried on 15 No*. 
1725, Mariraret, oldest daufthicr of ThomaA, 
fifth lord Fairfax, of Leeds Ca»tle, Kwi, by 
whom he left DO iMue. She died on 21 May 
1750. Her brother Rohmt (alterwarut 
seventh Lord Fairfax) ta auppoacd to hivft 



Wilkins 



361 



Wilkins 



• 



^ 



purchwMKl ihn grmter part <rf Wtlkioi't ma- 
niiMTiptd. The printed tH»lii vreru tUs- 
perwd. 

Wilkins wa.4 lilxraritin at Lambuili for 
litilc more ibsn three yrant; bat dtiritif; tluit 
tiini- ht; improved nnd Oiopli-twl tiibson'n 
<.'alnli)giio, luvilaliio compiled a M'liaratucalu- 
logiie of till! mnniucrinU. He contributed 
th'.' Lutiu prt'fiici^a to Cliamberlayne's polj- 
gloi. etliliou of tho Ijords I'mj-t-r, and 
Timner's ' HibliiAlicni RTituuiiioo-IIilieriiica' 
[m>u CKAXRKici^V!(B, JuHX ; atul Tixxeit, 
Tiui«»8, itir4-173.i]. He oditwl lb.t ful- 
lowin}; wurks: (1) * J'sraphraMiN Cliuldutca 
in I.ibnim ('bmniporam,' Arnsl^nlam. ITKi, 
■Ito; ' Novum rostQD)<'Qtum.'Ef^|iCtuin,Ttilg<i 
Copticum.'UxfftnJ, 17lit, Jto; • l**>>^'s Anj^lfi- 
j:^a\o^iclc KcclesiaiilictG et (Jivil?s ; ncct'tJuot 
Ijinm Edrartli Lfttinn, Oitliclmi C<iiiqm'»- 
torisOnllo-Normannicir.frt Hfnricil IjitiiiK'. 
Sul>jiiiii;i<ur Uoniici llvitrici rfpttlmnnni CW 
dex \'ci>^rnai Stalulomm Kc^t AnglJa'quA; 
Mb ingn.'Siu (julivliui 1 usqu« ad annum 
nonnm llcnrict III Mita sunt. Toti opf<n 
pni>mittiturL>ii>3crtatiu KpifitolarisO. Nicol- 
aoni lb- Jiiri' Ki-iidiili Vil."riiin Saxonum,' 
J>nnflnii, ITi'l, fol.; {'2) 'Jnhaiiniii Svldt'iii 
Juri<icoiisulti Openi otnnin t^ni <Nlit« quftiii 
inpdim.* l^ndon, l''J!'>, IT^R, ;J vnla. fol. 
/3) ' Ijiiinqiie I.ibri Moysis l*n>plietie in 
Lingua jKip'plia/ London, 1731, 4to; (41 

* C'Jucilia Miiffuif Untuiiiiiii? ii llibcrulie a 
Sjnodo Wroliioiieniti *!>. 41ti ad IjOndinea- 
Min A.D. 171'; scvifduat Cotiatilulioiiw i>t 
Slis nd HUlii^rinm ^>^l•■>in? Anj^licann itptK- 
tantia,' Lnndnn, 17>'t7. 4 voU, fol. Hia sob 
JCnjtlish pitblicution eet'tn* to bnv« bfvn a 
'Somion jircncV-H at tb« t'oruu^irralioii of 
Tliumiui[Uuwerit],LordIti9liopof ['iLicbfWti'r,' 
Ijondon, 17'.% -llo. Ho W-(t in tnanii.'Wnpl 
an 'llitluricul Account ul" ibi? (Jliiircb of 
Hadleigb,' wbicb passed into tW poweasion 
of his aucn^ssur in ihti liviiij^, IJr. Tatiiivr, 
and nu ' Hikturin KctIi'miu Alt!.iuii(iniin-.' An 
AH orientalifit Wilkina did Uburiutis piunet>r 
work, and tbit iiiBCCiirncy of bis (cboljinsbip 
iTUfl larg^'l^ durt m tlif want of a(li>i|uatj! 
appnratuB. Hi* fnnKj p-wts fhiffly upon iho 

* Cimcilia,' a innfinitict'nl tnnnunu-nr of k-an\- 
tn^ and industry, ev«u yet only rury par- 
tially supeneded bj Iladdnn and Stubb»'s 
'Ctitincils and Kcclediimucal Dociiiounta rv 
latitiff toOrrut llriiam njid Irwlwid/Uxford, 
1860-71. 3 Tola. 8vo. 

[For corrMpnadeiHW of and conMning 
WilkiiM, nep Tlicanur. Kplalol. Ijti'nui. Leifsig, 
1*4-. 4to: I^CK-n 10 and rrom Willium MicoT- 
MR. D.D., ad. NichnlE (18(ru); Addit. ilSS. 
61S5 f, 313. 6I9II ir. 87, U7, ai68 f. 22. 32416 
r 23B, il&5<i.t. 2ll,Si26f),ff. UO. 164, ISO. 
i<8: B«n11. tib. Taonar Ui. xaxiii. f, H; 



Rlat. MS8. Oomm. 8th Hiijt. App. pp. 4fl7-9, 
8tb R»p. App. i. KM), lit. 111. V2, lltb llap. App. 
ir. ISl, To ibu libura-mttutiuncd L-prrwpun' 



dann dihj be added m authoritteo; Ni«liui»'a 
Lit. Aoeicd. and IlluaLr. ; Ilcnrnc'ii Kcraarla 
and C»ll«ctlou« (Oifurd UtvU Sve.); Adebin^'s 
Muhridal(y% i. 664; /cdltr's Univ. Leiibia; 
ilirachitix'BlIiiit.-LilU Uumlbucb; RuMell'a Lifa 
ofCitnliflalMfuufaDii.tHl. 1803, p. 61 : Cuop'Vs 
j\jinBlB of Cambriilg^. ir. IHS; GeDL Mag. 
l7fG. p. &0i; CliruD. List of 80c. of AnLtq.; 
Urrxlil nnd (.••nivilogiil, wi. Nichols, vi. 406; 
Addil. M8. lUUtlS, f. 1G«; Pilot's Bndbigh 
(Lciwratoft, l»M). p. 2D6; NnVaild U«D. Bicp. 
Diet., ml. Toikp . Itio^. Unir, ; Utialrnvra'a 
Uioer. Uct.; Ros«'it Biuiir. Dit-t.; (2unir«iii4ra'g 
[t«ctiercli>Kk Mor lit Ijin^ue ct In Iiilt^tore de 
I'Egjfple, p. 8U ; BiU, Toimirr. BriL rol. ii. pt. 
if. p. 73; Le Neve'* l-'uMi Eool. Aujil. ; Allen's 
[lintory cf Lttmbnib, p, 169. ToddaCat. of tha 
Ari'iiii'jjiKupal luiiiiiinmiii n iu tli« tilniry at 
I^mhi^ faW«, prtfaci': Hiutittd't Ktnt ^fol.), 
iii.'iol.iv. HS. (i2'.'; MomiitB Kssos. li. 38tl ; 
I>]<rndeai'« Bibliagmpbcr'a Maaanl, «d. Boha; 
Brit. Mm Cnt.] J. M. E. 

WILKINS. (lEOUGE (Jt. IflO?), 

dmmiili»f luiil |iiiiDpti]i-l.tvr, wmm a bnck- 
writer of hroall account, wbD9o works and 
careiT are r»!iHl"red of inlc-ivnt by bin prorvs- 
aiooal BHWciatioii with ffnyit writers of thn 
day. Tb« burial rw^i-iler of tlie parish of 
St. Leonard, Slion-diicb, wbieh frns beea 
consult^-'d bv (h))pn.-SL'nt wrilvr, att'_-s[a thut- 
'Cli'orgHWilktiift tbt! Poet' ditfilal Holywell 
SiTwel,Sluit'?ditch,on 19 Aug. It>03,audwa8 
biiriifd in lh« chiircbyani nii ihii !tem«> dav. 
Tho Wintry leavoa no doubt thai Wilkinft * (he 
Foet ' was a victim of t h« plajjiip. Holywell 
Stnsct. where hi» UvmI. wait a ItTouritv plare 
of reiiid^?ii«' at tb«^ time for actors and pUy- 
wri^lita, who frequitnt«rd tha noijAbourinff 
C'uruiii Thi'atru. No otln?r reference tolhia 
man baa bi*en discovered, and no extant 
writings Clio bu assigned to hini. ' 'IIil- I'uut ' 
O«orgi.t Wilkiii» nitiy buve biwn fntlmr of 
thii dmmnliat and pampbleteer. He cannoc 
bo identical with fiini. Thv lalttrr'n publi- 
caiions all apju-ared at a data ^ubseqnfnt to 
the burial eiiiry of ' the Poel ' iu UjiX), and 
Dunpof themcan bo w-^rdiMl oa posthumous 
works. 

The earliest extant book which bore tho 
mwpi of Oforcf \Vilki«» ou the title-page 
wa« 'Tbrne JJiwrie* of jtarltary : I'laguu 
Fnmino, Civill Warn-. With a rttlatioii q( 
tbii ih-nth uf .Maliuiuet the lal« Kmperor 
[i.e. Alimail .\l Mansur] and a brivfe repon 
of tlw! now present Wiirs Iwiwiiutr thi- tfirve 
llrorhiT*. Printed by Wfilliaml I^onea] 
for Henry Uossoii, and btv to Im sold in 
l'Bt«r Noster Howl-, at the signn of the 
Suiiiia'(Iirit. Uua.) The tract (la prwti) 




Wilkiits 



Uilkins 



hit 

Ml tW 

■WW «r M««ib «r vbdl 

A»ift » 



•n» 




laa 



•■I- ••■vAiyrte 



««ktfei 



■w pewccAd nnL , 

r tW this of 'IW 

w mil «b. 

Dnna,* 

• HnM M W VSBHUMRW 

^UiM VuM«fe,' wim«^ 







L> TW 



■T» 



■w utniW tW 




^^al« IW Cams* m» sL^ MC| 

-Mr* 



ICM* ( to teO TkbfL I'M* »faA M I 
Mlff.4M. AmtMimt'tuk^rmim'm 



liiitMl^lggt 



ilnAc 

IW (nataf r«rt «r «mI 

)wOT i »B^ ar tvcmttnuwd 

TW tw flavB ai» * TniaB 

* P»idM^' kkk of whJdt 

a MISl Jiasvaf tWi»- 

p« s '^Tsna of Atbnn,* 

kjv SWfaMmr, mar W«« 

iV |M (!)«£«> a Skmk^ 

tfk. TWfciBlwdiMU 



I 



"TBiw 



it Wnb ■vMMaUa far tW 




MnK witfc tW 



that pkr 

iiL ud T., «Ba 

Smw a atU^no* 

Slnttof 

to UTlkiut. 



tw 



iWiaiaiiiirf 
tWvfertW' 

Awwiahyiiiiiiil 
TIB- kgr tW kibn c — Bi a v wvs 
WilkWaaaat^dWa£m«k. Ir 
fv MhlkaiMB aa 31 Jalr 1407 (Ann. UL 
867% aal wm pahlaiM nadw Um titb 
of ' TW Uiamtm ci Enibn* Macug*. Aa 
M ia mow plkTd W his Maiwrtw SavaaabL 
itjr Ocane H^lkois, LoodoB. Pnaud for 
U0MKvViaP*at,'iaOir,4to(BHcMa».) TW 
diaaa wad faMrJ ^ tW storr nf Walter 
Calirerlejr To. t.\ wlud ••r^-d aboat iW 
aa*e linw ur iW fbc of a belter ksAwn 
dmBia,*TWVi)riBkiMTra^y.'T1iifauclKir- 
Atp of * TW ¥ork:ifai» TracnlT.' wbtdk ww 
aUo actud by tW luas-VplBven. wns Craniln- 
inad br TbuoiiU I'kvm*, vbaa W 
U ia ItiO^ to ShaWspran. lu 
lit not hnovn. Wilkiiu'icbsiiia, 
nwlelj expeateil, fvoved 



w tW 
i«<-FnBhB.- Tbai 
la'nndM'WftWea' 
MspMtni: is ■ MhUj tWft «r nillkB 
BowUt. oaa of Vnikiaaa ooUaWnton ia 
•TWlWTaUeof AaThnv BwBA&niWf** 
let DdiM ia aW I t , ■■! I Jh*r4ac»t. ItMtt, 
■*.ir&-300; BBjrlaiB T^iiaMfT m »^ AW 

TW pta; bf* Fteiriea - «a« aaWAtd mw . 
Tr\titiawiv ia MO^ iMmaniarilT afka^ i 
watil* Wiibaa ^Md on A a wotA raOad 
' TW Paiafid Adnatana of ftrielM, Pnraoa 
ofTyiv.bahivtWTkaaH'Htaty gf tWIta; 
uf PV-nriea a it was lacelT piM BB lri br tW 
wwt br utd aacMBt Pmi»* J«W 0««w.* At 
I^>n.lnn. Printed W T. p. fbrXae. Butur,* 
l*j(.^, 4tg. Two nrpie* of tb« morel arv ia 
txtau:ae* — oaa, iap«rGKt, ta tW Bntiab 
Minniim : tW acWrtnuMa. ia tW pBbW i 
library of Zaticb. TW ZaOcb «V|r. wkick ' 
«-aa nanated %i Ol daJMuy W PMteMr 
TvcW Uoiauiwni in 11%7, wiu a ia<Ara 
bV Jobs Pajne CotWr, baa iW Jt^atina, 




Wilkins 



«63 



Wilkins 



n 



* 



which u wanting in the British Musuum 
copy ; it is oJ-lft-weil to * MBi«t»«- Ueunr 
i-Vrmor, J. I', for Mi<)(tle»dX.' There ia mucli 
ill llie nov^I that i\ovb not nppear in- thf p W, 
but at some pointit 1I16 novo! fi:il)o'n'8 lue 
pU; Tsrfantim. Tokiu^ etdv-nntage of thn 
exceptional popularity of tho piny on the 
Bti^ WilkioM, tu un euterpnung hsok- 
■wnt^r, doiiblleiw aou^'ht extra profit by 
elahorating a proas vt-mun of tUu plot. Ii 
!»« hf-'ia argiii-il llint Wilkius'a iitivt^l was 
iin(lert«lcen in a spirit of lioiitilily LuSliuktt- i 
flpeue, and was iseui.^il in ord<>r to iliminisk 1 
ptiMic tnt<-rc.-ii in ttii> pin}*, whirl), although 
It i,>ml>ij<li«d ooiiCnbutioDB by Wiikins, waa 
pulilisbt'd 118 ^hi«ki.-»i)eAr«'» »olc work. But 
ihf appr-ttraiicit of tlie novel niiKht not uii- 
nalunlly bt< t<xp>:i-tt<d 1o oxcitt.- xhlitional 
tntereU in ihi- Ihuntri(«l ropresvmalion of 
tho piwc. In liny caiit^, tUv rivalrv betwei>a 
till' puliIUhed novel niiii tlm piibiiiiHix] play 
was not (liMtiawJ to cuuko :>hukeHi(fart; any 
pKciiiitnry iiijupi*. The play of ' I'criclc*,' M 
the oorrunt It-xi provtw. was publiolifd «iir- 
rsplitiously, witlmiH ShdkfSinfiuv'a apnroTul 
or nnent, anil fmm the puulicBtiou uu dv- 
TiTed no profit. 

[TycUo MommMn's and Colli«'i« Icitrodnerioni 
lo SuttuBwa'* reprint of WilkinM'x Aitvnaturea 
of PsridHk OtdrDburg, )8A7: Cullicr'* Bi'>iVii>- 
STBpbieal Cfll. : Ward's History of Kiiftliah 
jbmnatii; LilvraCiim, IBStt; I'lniiy'i Lil'' <>f 
Sbmkospean; L^fl'aLifour8hafcM]HMrv; t'lmy's 
BiognpbieaL Cbraiiii^lc of thr 8tago.1 H. L. 

WILKINS. OKtiHfJK (i78.>-l86li\ 
divine, born at Xoiwicti in 17S5. waa *on of 
William Wilkin^ (t"45U18tfl), niid younger 
brother of WiUium WJikins [q. v.J Hewu 
edu«sl<>ii at llury St. IMmuiid's {{niniitnAr 
achool : then»-. in 180.S, ho poiwetl to Caius 
L'ollegi-,CnmbriJgc.((mduutin(t B.A.iD 1807, 
M.A. in 18IU. and IM). in 18i>4. 

In 1S08 \Villtiti!« U-ijamu ciinitw nf Plum- 
isti>a(i. Thi-nLi' h« itmi-pedtKl to lladlvigh 
under Dr. Kay-nnimmoii J, utic1poft.hu Korl 
of Kiiuvniil],iiuil innrnt-dliixilnughli-r, Amelia 
Anriol Hay-Druroraonil, in Si-ptemb-jr 1811, 
h&vinir first run nwny with h«'r tn (trwriin. 
llu btciitni; ricar of l.i^xingtoii on 1 Diic. 
1813, of Lowdham on lil Jan. 1^15, and oil 
a Nov, I8l7 of the important pnri*h of Si. 
Alury'it, Nottiiisluuu, which wan tiitn pos- 
-W^Med a popiilatton of twciity-cight thoii' 
tand aoiila. In 182.1 hv wan colIul«d by the 
■trchbiKho{i of y«rk In the jirBboudal stall of 
Normiinton in Southwell rolk-frintu church. 
I^ord BLdon pn-^entwd him to ihti lyt^torv of 
Wing in lHa7, maiiilvon thfl sirenjTth nf his 
book 'Body and Souf,' and on 24 April 18.-):^ 
Willcins becAino archdeacon of NotUnghun 



in Rueivfiftlnn to William Barrow 'q. t.] In 
le>y9 Wilkins rwignM all his prcfernifnts 
invcdring cnro of sonls, and prnvA him!>tdf up 
to on assiduous discharge of his archidi^ 
conal diititift. He Bcc<'pt«l, however, in 1843 
ihe rectory of Beebtby, Lincoltiitbirv, and 
held it till his deAlh, but oerer rt«ided 
ihcrv. 

lu Noltiugtiaiushire Wilkina workul hard 
for more than Iiaif a caniurv, hnildinjj two 
chapfiU of <<tL«v in Nollin^liani itself, and 
commencing n thirtl. while he roUirt^'d 
'2.(NXI/. to rvstore St- Miirj-'^rhurch and pro- 
vide Hiuin^tt for two tlioucand jn^opli-. 

Tftll, arttTe btith in body and mind, and 
of a fini.* prt-st'Qco, Wilkintt w&a famous for 
hix pulpit oratory. Tbe latter part of his 
life waa spent at Southwell a* last canon 
reeidHntuir}-, There hs dovoCftd hini»oIf for 
mnnv years to the rviiloration both of the 
»<frv[(?o« and the fabric of Souf hwvll church, 
llu di<.-d at the llvaiduueo, Southwell, 13 Aug. 
IHCVi, and waa buriiKl Nonlh-enat of the 
ehun-'h. Of bif sons, Henry St. Clair is 
nitlin-d wpartifrly ; nnothtT jion, .1. .Murrmy 
Witkinn, was the laflt rt-'trior of 8outhwefl 
colIegiatR church before it became o cathe- 
dral. 

Wilkins wrote, beaides vaiious aeriDoD&t 
chargi.'*, Iett<-r*. and addn-asM: 1. 'LiOM 
addrctised tu Mrs. Hay I>ruinmond.' Uad- 
li^igh, li^n. 4to. L'. 'History of ths I)«- 
sCructionof Jenu^lem aacounucled with the 
Scriptun- I'mpbiTii*,' Nottiiigbsm, 181fl, 
8vo. 3. 'Body and Smil,' I8-J-2, 8vo (this 
provoked some coiil roreriy, ei*pi^iallv with 
Rf'v. J. H. Browny, ftrt^idcacnn iit Ely). 
i. 'A Brief llarinonised Kxponitioii of ihe 
{:oiip-.l.' 182:1, 8vo. o, ' Tho Villagf Pastor.' 
|M2r>, l2mo. 6. *Tlirmi 3coro Years and 
Ttn,^ I86li, 8vo. 

[Le NeTc's Kaati Eccl. Auftl. «1. Hardy; 
Fcattrr'i Iad>*x Eccleainstictu; Graduati Cnntabr. 
IK0U-S4: Nottinghain .loiimol. 14 and IK Aug. 
18a£; Ounriliuii, tit Aug. 186&: Oliun-h Mag. 
D'cember l**fi ; pereonal koowleds".! 

M.G.W. 
WILKINS, KENRY ST.rLAmn*2«- 
18S.iii),grn.Tni,»tjnofOeoriffi.'WilkhiJ.(l78&- 
IfilV)) [i|-v.], arrhdi'aponot Nni-tinirhani.WftS 
horn on H l>ec. \>*2S. After pa>)sine through 
ibi; military Cfilk-Ke of the hast India fVmi- 
puny al Audiscombe, ho received a commis- 
eion as lieutenant in the Bombny engm£«rs 
nn 11 Juno 1^7. The dnuv of his further 
rommitdious were; captwin, iT Aug. 1858; 
lieutrmant-cotone], I March 1867; coIi>ni>tf 
IfiAug. mW; ioBJor.gen.Tal, 21 Dec. 1H77; 
li<!iitenant^eDeral, SI Ik>«. 1878; general, 
11^ .Tan. ISw, wh<-n \w relinjd on a penvJon. 
lift Mrved with the field force from Ad«a 




Wilkins 



<64 



Wilkias 



■^iiul tlie Arabs in l^^ Hv coauundcd 
till- ri>b1 rii((ii>fTr* tlir>>ii^li(iul III'? AbvMii< 
nian rimuaiun »f I'^l", u»> mentiMnvd mde*- 
pilfhi mr ]»ril NnjHrr of Mjitftlnli^ for lii« ' 
'InVftliuliIe ftU'l iiiifKiriaDt ftrrvic^ daring 
lliK npnlilioo,' wnuninrMoXvil ni(i<!^<v«-amp 
to tba qsMB, witJi llit- rank •>( roluovl lo the 
•rar, iumJ rvci'iriil >lii- innlnl, 

An wnnplitlinl ilrnti^liirtinan and lulist, 
M'ilkim wa*«tDi>l<nM in arcliit<xtiml nnd 
tOfpamrittfl w'>rii* III (bit pulilic wurkA de- 
ptltnWQt of Indift, «i)d liia desisos were 
nnarkabic for llinr liliicu ana liOMltT. 
Ammt/f ihiMii amy Iw nuU-d : iit Adeu,lDe 
mt'irulioii uf tlu^ aiitK-tit Uiiki iu thtt Tft- 
wiillft Valli-y, tilling from about OOO i.l>- ; 
at llaiuti*;, tlw ^ovi>niui«uitand tbe public 
wurkit nferetnrhtu i)ii> aUo won iha $ni 

ft'ttut in n con)|H>Uli'>n by hi* di-jii|r» C>r lite 
IiirujMuut icennral lio»|tilAl]: ut t'unn. tbo 
Hawuon hwipiiitl. Lliu Drccui collL-gii, tbv 
Jtrwiah •ynafr<if[uii, «nd ibc inMiiitolruni of 
tba SiuvKin family ; or IDiuj, iho |mIiic« of 
tbo n-Kit K»t\i , «J IHM'jopur, (hn rtwlora- 
lion and atliiplal ion of anciiml biiitdin^ to 
lh« n-rininniriita of n now ilation, 

Wtltttn* ]iiiMhI]w1 ' ICccnnnniirine in 
Abji»inia,' IW-M.iind ' ATrvaliw "n Mouu- 
lain HtMula, hive UmmU, and Brid^<_'e,' IfTll. 
II«WH tDgwwt in tin roviiiuu of ib'-lali^-r 
work when no AM auddonlv, ■>» 15 Dec. 
IBIHl, at bis midvnee st (jueL-n's QbI<!, 
8o(illi K"'n«iiiKti)ii. \Vil)iin» mttrriiril, in 
1H5S, Vifd.'l., diiupbli-r itf Onli>n«l Colin 
L'ampbvll .Mcliityrv, CJt., of the 7titb bigb- 
landt-nt. 

[Iliijal Knitln^nra lloconi* nm) I'rofcuiotuit 
T'lpTi. wl. xrii. (1864): l>f>*patirhc« ; Timw, 
Dn-i-mUr Ititt; Mctninr by Uoiifral Jotia 
Fullar, ILIC, in KovhI Knginnon* JnuruHl, 
IWT.l It. H. V. 

WILKINS. JOIIX (]6l-I-|i(7i'). Iimhop 
of CbMlvr, WHS tliu bod of SVbIut Wilkins, 
an Dxfor'l goldHiuilli, ' a vi^rv iiiueiiicwit uiiin 
Willi a V4TV tiifcbAnirall liead. II" wn^ 
nitirb for tnriuir of t^'ijwrimuDte, biii] bi« 
bond ran mnah upon t.bi> nerpi'tioill mntioti.' 
llo tnurrivil a dnuRbtvc of Jotm iiod [q. T.] 
' ihi- dcc«logi»t,' at wbo»(^ lioiiso at Fawsk'y 
in Noribami>iou»liire Jubn Wilkin» was 
boru in \tili. Wnlltir Wilkinm n|i]y.'iini to 
bnvH diuJ wln'n bis sun wiin yoiiu^, unJ 
bin widow, bv a M^oud iimrriii|{i!, IwM'umu 
tbii mollicr nf WhIut Pope [<!• v.] 

Jobn Wilkiiis'n t>nrlr cdiiwitiuii wm di- 
n-rted by bi^ >rmndfatli«r; hi^ was then 
B«nt to a privutv school in Djcford bejit 
by Kdward SylviiattT. 'thr common drudf^e 
of rill' univi'witj," wbfiicf, at ib« tfiirly ii^e 
of ((iirti<ei),he wu eitt-nrod nX New Inu Hall 
on 4 May lQ2i. Migrating to Magdulvu 



^:?E 



liall, wlwn hi* t«]<ir vw Jate Tmitm 

'q. v.l he gnidualMl B^. la lesi m^ M* 
in ItiSI. After acli«B w « ntov ai Qifari 
for a U-v Tttn ba inotflrden. Mad i 
ItEOr vicor of hi* BiUTc panfc ot Fa 
but, on n-alHin)* (h*l he ooaM 
iiilt:r«4i« belter by atladnckiiBMtf lai 
»oiu> of influcnect, fan n«a|pMd bii 
and bocMiae •umesin^ prinae 
to WiUIan FiMowa. ffn4 VHooaat Sawi 
8f 1h 1 Grarge, ei|ffath lord Berfe-lrr : s 
tbo prino* [«1atine. Cliaria* L«wt*, ■ 
of ChuriM I, and vhler brockr »r 
Rupen, wbo, d«|wived oC ham hwuBmy 
doniaioDA, waa luuliiur in En^aad ia Um 
b<^ nf obiunin^f h*w lo wcorgg dea. 
Wilkiiii is aaid to barcMca !■■<]« haa di^ 
kiu ou account of hie proAciMKy ta aMht- 
□tatica,to wliicb and tu •ciantlfic panaitoh* 
devoted alt lu« l«uur«. In 10^ hm |wh- 
Itabed anonymously his first «T)rfc,wh«iEai 
b^ attMnpt«d to pmtv ibat th» moon »^a 
babitabltt world. In a »ubseqa«tit tSiti 
lidded iicluigileron ib* poMibility of it I _^ 
reached by volitaiioa. A weond irork^ahm^ 
ing llii> probability nt the earth baii^ a 
]>lan•^t, Bppi-anHl in MiHi. During hisaUy 
< ID l»iidoii Ha a cbaptaJn be v-a» aa aetin 
I promottT of the wrclilv m«elin^ irbicb, an 
I vartr a* lt)J<%wvn< bi-ld by 'diven worthy 
, prrmns inquisiliiv into nalnral phUo»opby 
Bod otbur Mrl8 of human Imniinp. and par- 
ticiUarly of what bAlh be<-ii railed the oeir 
pliiloaa)iby or <>S[M'nini-nUl pbiloMphr/ 
Tbfim gntherings of pbiloac^hera, thr'lA* 
visible CoUivf ' of Itobert Borle, vrere tb» 
be|iinniti|isof the lEoynl 8ocif(y. 

WilkJDF adhered to the parliamonlan- ude 
during ibi- civil war and look the corcnant. 
In Aoril 1048, having pmviouiilj qualitiid 
binifdr by taking hie B.D. deffree, he was 
made warden of Wndhnm Coll^ire, io the 
pIuL'v of tho ejected Dr. Jolin Pilt, by the 
vi»iLorH H{i|Miinti'd by parliament to Ktorm 
the tmiverAitT of Oxford. Il>> did not gm- 
dnaln DO. till lt« Dec. 101^, having beoa 
ilijip«niii'-<l from taking tbisdegn-«- within tha 
Btntiititble time 'in coiisuqiiuiico of his at- 
lendiinre on tbo prince eWior,' Tben, or 
at a lulvr[it!riod, Wilkinavidted Heidelbef]^ 
to wait upon Ibe prtiiiv, wlio ba<l bem r^ 
Ktontd to his dotninions by the peace of 
\\ Hiit;>huliK. 

Wilkina iit nnrn-rook a It'adingpasitioDia 
the govertiment nf ih<! university. Hb b»* 
Mime a nembf r of Tht varioiiti di*IttgnciMand 
commitliics nppointvd to carry out the will 
of the piLrly in power. Hia HiibftcHntion to 
the I'Dgagirinviil luid MCiirt-d bim iho mip- 

fort of tlin imIependHnta, and on 111 Od. 
052 Ut! was niaou one of the five ooaaus^ I 



Wilkins 



265 



Wilkins 



eionen nsfund hv CmraweU to <>xecitle the 

office of filiKiKvIlor, John Ow^u snd Thomas 
OcHxlwin being amniiff hi* <'ol)rJif;iii^<i. In 
HU'16 Ik increiLs«tl hiE inHuence by miuTjiD^ 
Ilohino, widow of I't-tpr Fn-uch', cAtinn of 
Cbri&t Cliuroh, and bjflt-r of Crouwvll, frwm 
whom he oblAini.'d a dispensMion to retaiu 
kifl wardenship, in spite of » eututv against 
marrijigf. 

As wsrdon of Wiidham "WUkinB pxeroiaed 

, a wtae and hecitilirfnl. rule. Tho cuVloEv 

quickly beratnf^ the ninsT HouriAhin^ in the 

itiiiviTsily. Tliu txraUere gtiidly placed thmt 

r Aiaa under t!ie care of one who utrovL- to bi* 

aniut. Voiilhs uf promise wereatlraciod 
by his tt-firniiii; ond veraatiht}-. L>uriag hit 
ward>>iuliiptLti colkffi; miiulM-n-d uuiouff il6 
aJuuiuiC'hrislopWrWren.Sitth Ward, John, 
lord Lovoluce, ^r Johzi l^onhnm. Sir Ctiarlc^ 
Sedley, Tliomaa Spratt, SiiuiiK'l IVrkvMind 
"VS'IUiikiii Lloird. Musical parLiea were held 
ill thtt vollugu uud fon-ign arlUltiti welcomed 
there. Several uf ihe Lundoii ' ])hilosi>pht-r»' 
haviiii; migrated to Oxford, ihi^ wi'L>kIv 
iiKs'tiiifirH w<(nt n-Hiitnud within tht- wardijn » 
lodging!-. The London aociiMj n-giilarlv 
corrvijmiidt"*! with the Oxford hr»nch,whicu 
counted uiiiong its mi*ml>crs 'the most in- 
quisitive' membors of the iiniveMity. Pry- 
minent among these wore Scth AVard, 
liobert Bovle, Jjir W. I'l-tty, John Wttllie. 
Jonathan (ioddiml, Itnliih * rtalhimt, ami 
Cbristophur Wrt-n. Of thifl hriltianl group 
Willtin.* WH« rill* cotitru; and iip dtweirea, 
more than any oi.httnnan, tolH?i>»rt'«tti(>d tfao 
foundnfr of thu l(o>ai Society. 

Jduiiy royiilU.ts were dwply attached to 
IfiUiins. * He i» John Kvoiyn'e "dffatB and 
Ftecellont friend," with whom he »upa at a 
XDdgnifio'Ut uiitiTtaiumciii in WndhamHall 
(10 July lti5-l); whom h« gi»-s to bi-ar at 
bt. Paul'*, when ht* preacbwl in llio nivshv- 
terian laAhionbt^fore thr lord mayor ( 10 1'Vb. 

SB)i ind to whntn, at SaTes Court, ho pro- 

Mmt"ran)bu7nitiKeglasee," Wilkins's 
serrieM lo theiiniv(-r«ty w«>re confidi^rnblc. 
mnd Evelj'o observtis that "be tooko great 
|Minj( to prtiiiTve thu universilies from ihL- 

rorsnt, BacrilL-gioiw ComiuandiTs und Sol- 
n, who would faine have dttmolinh'd all 
bUcm uid pur»i>ii« that prBti-nded to Icam- 

On 3 Sept. 166t» Wilkins rpfiigned the 
warit><iii<hip tif WadiiniD on hisappointmunl. 
byparliiim''nt,nn iht^ pcMlion f>f thi; fellowB, 
to th« raaBt(<r»bip of Trinity t'oUeye. Cum- 
bridgo (17 Aug. 16^). lid had b«cn in- 
ooqwrated at Cambridge in ICKjd; h« was 
reincorporated aa D,U. on l>i March itiott. 
^^ At I'rinity • be mvivud Irarnitig by rtrict 
^^L.ifXAuinations at elections ; b» waa much 



A\i 

^_ moi 
■ fou: 




I 



bononnd tbera and hcArtilr lored hy alL' 
At tbu IWtorotion, notwithstanding an 
earnnat petition from thi^ fellows of hit 
collene, be was deprived of hie niofi'er&bip, 
whifh had b«'« prfimist-d ro llcnrj' Feme 
[q. tJ many years befon>. 

V^'iUlina lost no lime in making bis peace 
with thu rovaiisi parly. Ilia moderation and 
geotlenetss lu tbe paiit hud i^eciirej him many 
powerful frienda at court. He wdh made a 
pmbendary of York tm 1 1 A ug. 1 tKIO, mid in 
ihe snmeyDar rector of Cranford, Middle?ex; 
und probably litma of Uic coUegialv churcli 
of Itipon, ihnngh oome aiilhoriii^s give 
ItMiii as thu dale of this sppointmenc ; be 
vacntt-)! the fL-elory of Cranford in Hii'^ on 
being presented by ibe king to ihu vii;anige 
of.Sl. Lawrence Jewry. He bocame preacher 
to Omy'a Inn in 1W1. He had to conti'nd 
for n whilu with llm nol uiiualurvl dislike 
of Sheldon, the chief dispenser of the royal 
i>n.-fL'riiJi'ut ; hut, by ibo iutenontion of 
\Vard, now hiahop of Kxelt^r, this wa* 16 
a gn-ai extent removed. In ICiJt! be was 
iniideviearof I'lih-bmnk, North ant pi nnsliirv, 
in Ifitl" prtjhendnrv and j)re<?<?nlor of PIxeter, 
; and in lllUW preV-ndnry of Chamberlain 
I Wood in St. Taul'tt C/illit-droi, 
I l>urin(r the eurlv Tears of Charlea II'b 
I rvign Wilkins too^ a luading part in th» 
! tbunilalian uflliu lioyat £k>ciety. Tbo found- 
ing of a * t'olh-dg.' fnrthe pnunotioiiof I'hy- 
sicu-MathemalicuU E.\pL'nm'jnt8ll Learning' 
wa» diwusM-d at a ni<n-tiiig at. One* ham a 
College on Uf* Nov. ItWO.when Wilkins wu 
appointed chiiinnan, and a list of forty-one 
ptTftons judged likttly and (if 10 join the <liv 
■ign waa dmwn up, At the next meeting 
tlie king's approval of the scheme was noti- 
tii.'d, and on 1:^ Dec. it wa» re»^lvvd that the 
number of the society should be tixed at 
fifty-iirv. lu Octubvr 1001 the king ullerud 
Ut become a membiT, and next year the 
sDciely waj* incorpornted iinder rhe niunii of 
the 'Uijyal Society,' the ehurter of iueor- 

iioratinn paii.iing the greht seal on IfiJuly 
W2. Wilkins was its Hrst- secretary. 

TUi-rn are numerona ri-ffri'no-* to Wilkina 
atthtap«riodofhislifeinEvelyuVandl\-py8*i 
■ Diaries.' In July Ittllo Evelyn writea: 
' i. culled ut Uurdiind, wlww I found Ur. 
Wilkins, Nir W, l'etty,aud Mr. Ilooke coji- 
i iriving chariula, a wheel for one lo rrinractsH 
in, and other mecltanii-'nJ invi-ntionK; pitT> 
hapa tbnvt; aucli tn-rsonB together were not to 
b** fimnd eljiMwhen;.' tn JftriO Wilklna's 
viranigft-hon&p, goods, and ralnable lihrniy, 
on well as Ihe manuscript of his work ua the 
' Heal i'harafter,' were deWmyed by tho 
great dre of LondoB. 

In ItitiS, by tbe iafluenco of Qeorge Vil- 



Wilkins 



366 



Wilkins 



tins, iMsani duke of Uuckingbkia, WilkiiM 
VBi mwle bishop of (rbuetrr. At his con- 
XCwtioB (16 >ov.) TillnUuii, wb» kad mar- 
lied hMKMdMighter, Elinbeth Fmich, wu 
the pmener. Aftvrwnrds ibfra wmii 'n. 
■unniaou« dinm^r, witeni were the Duke of 
Buelungluiai, jud^, wcrptwiw of >tat«, 
lonl-kccprriCOiiRcri.unMemrn, and innumer- 
able otber company, wbo wen httaonrin of 
litis incomiiarable niun, univvrMlly hclovvd 
b^ all who Lnvw biin ' (tlvELl.S I. Wilb his 
bubopric he beld tbe rectory of Wigaa it 
eomtumdam, 

A«abia)i<^p, \Vitkiaii«how«dfrTvat UiiieDCT 
to the tiDm-onfurmiBtA. Pliant himMlf to 
the r»}iiin.'nH>Dte of tho Act of Uniforoiilv, 
br eirttcil ttlfl inDuMice with eooBidprabU 
Euce«u to induce the ejecttnl niinUt>-n to 
conform. ' Many ininiM^ro vrt<K bmugbt in 
b^* Wilkitutft Koft inlerpn>tation of the terms 
of conform itT.' lleioiiied with Sir Matthew 
JIalp and oincrmoacnte mm in ltl66 ia an 
aborlivf ntt«mpt to bring about s compr^ 
hctision of tbu difiM>ntenk In the ntne jefli* 
liw and Co«ia of Durham wetw the only 
bi)>li<>fin wbo supported tbe act for t b<- divorce 
of Lord IfooB. In 1670 ku uppoMil the 
«eoond convRnticle net in a longf ^K^cb at 
the risk of loeins Ibe royal favour, in which 
he stood to bif{h tbnt it w»» reported that 
the king purposi-d to tnalcc tiim lord trea- 
«urrr < I'EPT-, Diari,. Ui March H«i9(, 

Wilkins died of 4(ip])r(<»»ion <if ih« urine 
at Tillotfun'i) houw m riiancery l^iio on 
lU No¥. lU7a. lie was buncd in St. Law- 
rence Jiiwr>* on 12 l>w.. William Lloyd 
(nftirrwards binhi))) at St. Auipti's) pn-acb- 
iotf ibe funi'ml sccmcn. Tiil"iK'in vrutmf- 
poinlwd cxocuUm- lotlii- buib<ip'»wiU, wliermn 
uuaoiea were lefi to tba Itoyal Socioly and 
Wadbani CoIWa- 

' Wilkins huiI two chnrurierialior, neither 
of which waa calculated to mnkt> him gttnw* 
rally admirtti : linif , lie avnw>-d modemiioa, 
and WM kindly atl'wt«d towards diMenters, 
Ear a comprehension of whom he 0]j«nlyAnd 
oarooetly DOBt«ndi!d ; eecoodly, be 1 bought 
it right and reaacmtble to submit bimjcit (o 
tbu powam in being, be tho«u powers who 
they would, or Itit thrm he t?«liil>lished how 
they would. And this making bJm ready to 
Hwoar iilltfgisnce to Cliarlt'it ]I afler h« waa 
reatnrpd to the «rown, aa to the n&urpiira 
whil« tbey prerailed, hf was chnrgifd with 
beingTariousoni] imMi-ady in hi.i priuciplcs, 
with having no principles at all, with Uob- 
bism nnd everytliing ihat is bad. Y«-t the 
tfT«at.p«t and bi«t qualiLies aro ascribed to 
hitn, if not uiuuiimously, (it least by many 
vmiiiwnt and good men.' Tillotaoo aaya of 
-him ; • I think 1 may truly say that there 



an or have baen few in this afjts and raCion 
HI well known and prvatly m u maut ^ aad 
favourvd bv *> nany p taaona of hi^i rank 
and qualitr and of ainffular worth and emi- 
nence io aU the ]«anKKrpn>f>w<>ni>.' Bumet 
qwakx equally highly iff biro. * He waa a 
man,' be says, * of oa (nvat a miod, ns tme 
ajiiiigcmeor, as emint-nt rirtuc-a, aitd of as 
good a soul a$ any I ever knew. . . . Though 
he martied Cromweir» hiatrr, yrt made no 
fMhnr iiM of that alliaiicv but to do good 
offing, and Io cover Uie univeraity »*f Ox- 
ford from the soumea of Owvq and Gou^ 
win. .\t Cambridge ha Joined with those 
who studied to propagate better tbiniglita,U 
(ak« men off from b^ng in |Mrtii« or fixmi 
narrow noti<ma, from ituper«tii ioua oonreita 
and fieroeOBU about opinions. He was alaO 
a great preaerver and promot«r of <>vp««i> 
mental nbilnaopbT. Ha waa naturtilW am- 
bitious, out was the wisext clercrman I erer 
ktkew. He wa»n lovirrof mauKtnd, aad had 
adelight in doing good.' Aalbooy k Wood 
says: ' Tie wn^ a person (^'ndowed with rart 
girls: bewasanulvdtbt-olo^t^t and prescber, 
a curious critic in ftcveral maiiera, an -^xeA- 
lent mathematician nnd axpttrims&tittt, and 
An« an wmII Mrti in mecbanisma aud new 
philoMphy, of which be was a great pro- 
moter, n« any miin of bi» lime. \lm uittt 
highly advanced the study and perfection of 
astronomy both at OK^rd and London; 
and I cannot eay ibat llierre was anything 
deficient in him, but a constant tniiid anil 
settled principles.' 

tn ]HT>-iu Wilkin* was 'lustre, strong 
growne. well si-tt, and broad-slioulJrwd 
(AiBKUi), and in bis manaeis rvBnod and 
courlM>iiJ>. There are sereral tHirlmit* of 
him; two original paintings being at Wad- 
ham, and a third pninle>(l by .Mary IValc 
belonging in the Itoyal Society. 1 here an 
engmviogs by A. Blouti-iing, U.Whit«,aiid 
Stun. 

Wilkine's wgr^s are aa follows: 1. 'The 
Discovery of a World in the Moone, or a 
Discourse lending to prore that *lia pro- 
bable there may be another Habitable 
World in that Planet,' It^jJ^: to the third 
edition (itUU) i-t added a ' DiKuur«» cuo* 
cerainp ibe I'uafiibllity of a Pnse&ge thither.* 
Wilkimt oblnined Meveral binl» from lb* 
notable 'Man in the Moone' (Itt:^^) of 
Bi»linp l-'rsncix Oodwin |^€j. v.] There can be 
lirile doubt that the hern"^r.f Itobf^rt Paltwkll 
'I'ettir Wilkitie' derived his surname from 
our nutlior. A French translati'm, entitU-d 
' Le Monde dans La Lune.' was publiibM at 
Houf-ti by Lf Si>-nr i\o la .Montagiie in 165fi 
(uotu from O. Maupin of Nantoe). iL. ■ A 
Discourse concerning a new Planet, temling 



* 




•to prove that 'tis |>robiil>le our Bnrth U oii« 
of tliv l'lftn*tit,' IBJO. Thi* tppfftti-d as a 
eecotid book lo ibe ' Discovery.' y. ' Mi-rcury, 
or tli« 8eert-l fliid Swift Mc»»cnp-r. Fitii^winf^ 
how a Mail oiuy wiih Privacy an J Sjiwd.com- 
mtuiicAlv his Thotiglitfe to n I'Vii'iid %t any 
I>ialancc,' 1041; n very i d gun Jouti work on 
)Oni-]itiij(rtt]i!iy and uodr^ uf rapid torre- 
Bjiondenct!. 4. ' Ec-clpsiaBles, or a Dtfcounw 
conct-'niiiig Uid (Sift of Vruiwiiii))^, a» it falk 
under the liule* ol" Art,' 1040. fi. ' Motlie- 
raaticul Md^iclc, or tbe Woudunt tbut tuity 
b# |>crfnrm«i bv Mc-oliriDical ( JcnmH ry,' 
]&tt). U, ' A i>ificourBe conrvmiD^ t iii- 
Beauty of I'rovideuco in all tbi- Uiiggi'd ' 
J*ii«aage8 of iv,'lti49. 7. *A Uifcwjurse ton- 
iruin;; the Uifl of Prayer; fetioiriiiK wliat 
It is, ^'liervin it cuusitti!, and hciw t'ur it \» 
altainiible by Indiwlrv,' 1603; u Fn-iuh 
Iraaslaiioii by l^e Sieut de la Moulafriie 
appuur«l iu 1<)C5. d. 'An E^^ay (owanls a 
rral CharactKt and a PhtUiMiiplitrnI Laii- 
ffuoj^,' to wbicU was appended ' An Alplia- 
beti'Cal Ditilionary wdiTvin all Kiiglii>li 
Words lu'oording tn tlinir varioui> sijniifica- 
tlons ar» eittiw referred lo liieirjdaL'fn in tbe 
PhiloAOpbical Tables, or i-\iilninrd by sticb 
Words as ar« in ibase Tabli-a,' Itim. This 
ii VVilkins'd most impi^rtant work, in pro- 
paring wliicb bv was nesixtud by Jobn liuv, 
FraneiA Willnj^;hhy, nnil many othera. It 
was sugnested by the 'Arh ^ignorum' of 
Ct?arj[e riDlRiimn. Tlie aitllinr of lliin work 
' vtK n b'&mE'd ntati, but with a vein of 
romance about him' (Hk QiriNCKir, i, lili-7). 
9. ' On tbp Princip]<^» and iJutits ofXatural 
IMitfioii,' two briokf, Uirtf, witb a i>n?foce 
by Tiliot-iion. I n i his work t hi>r« arc t boncbtc 
wbioli antictjiatL' tbo argument of liutlvr'e 
'Analdgy.' 10. ' Sermon* (lit) preaoVd 
upon Btveral occastous,' 101^2. wilb a preface 
bv TillolKiii, wbpn-in be viiidii:^t4-)i Wil- 
kina'n character a^aiiiBi Wood. Wilkitui 
also pnbli^bi.'d a ft'w si'Damtv stTniotia, $oiUu 
of which wirrtr^priMt»'a ti^KftliiT at dilTcri-nt 
dates, and contributed a ' Ui^certatiuucula 
do Animalibii:* in area Noschi conKrvatis,' 
in vol. 1 of Foolv'n •Svnojwi*.' KiCO. Wil- 
kin&'s inntheniAticftJ aiidptiilaiopliii'iil works, 
oonipriainff I, 2, S, Q, and un abi^tract of K, 
wan published in uat) voluuif in 1709, with 
a short lift! of th« author. Tliey wero re- 
priiilrd in two vo!iinii.-i> iti 1MI2. Tlw prufivcp 
to 8eth Warcl'a 'Viiiriiriip Aradi^nimrnm,' 
1054, i« eithur bv Wilklna or John Wallb 
[*M Websteb, Jo'iis, 1610-168-2]. 

[Aiibny*s LiFea ; Burcet's Iliarrtry of hl> Dwn 
TJi&H and Lifr cf Sir M. Halo : Woml's AtbeOK 
and Lifn and TiitiL-»; Fuj^>r'ti Life of Srlk Ward; 
Evelyn's Ihary and Worts; r«pye*« Dinry ; 
Hamoriali of Kipon, rob ii. (8uH«e» Soc.); 



BridgvonD'aHiiit. Church and Uaaor of Wtgani 
L« Nev<''a Fs»ti; Fosur'i Alumni Oxoairntai; 
^pnu'a. Birch's AVald'a, and Thomioa'a Hia> 
tvrJMi of Ihe JEuthI Suci*ij; lIcAniii'a Laiio- 
lofl aad Dtorltrs: MartiudaKs! Life; Aoffitfits 
Life; Hcory'fi Lif«;Calamy~S Account and Con^ 
titiuatiuu; WtUunhL/s Ufa; Keliard'w Hii>t. of 
Koulaud ; Gardio«r s Jl(%i»(«m of Wudham ; 
Jnckaoa's Hiat. of WadhJun CoUtgo; BojIa'b 
Works; Cal. Slala I^p«r« ; Ulkl. US8. Comia. 
Rppwrw.1 F. S. 

WILKINS, WILLIAM (1778-1839), 
nn-hil^Hjr, eld.-.it wm of WilUnm Wiikint 
1^1719-IeilU), an architect of Norwich, wna 
horn tlnTcon 31 Aiig. I77>. Hi* brothi-r, 
(f«urgeWilkii]H<17t'A-ltW>),iK tioitced tttps- 
ratelv. lli» futber, who built (be museum 
of till' Pbili)>ophicai Socii'ly ot Vork and 
ifxlorwd Norwich Ca^tlr. wa» anlborof ea 
' l^May towards a bi&lor}- of tbe Venia Ic«- 
nurumof tbt Itoniaiis uiid uf Nom^'icliC'iuilu 
. . .,' printed in ' Arrbii(i!i>(j;ia,' xti. IIW-MI, 
and of various other uutiquarian and afitro- 
nntnicill pajii^rs (orii Arrhtrvloifia, (tcinrml 
Index, and Oent. Ma</. IPS'), ii. -I2li). 

Tbe son rec4>iTed his early education at 
Norwich gmminnr school. J]« entered Caius 
College, Cambridge, as a scholar in 1798, 
groduati-d B.A. na sixth wrangler in 1800, 
and thu iicAt yiinr, bvuig oiw of Wi>«t's 
Irnvellin^ harhi-loT«, Martfd on a lour of 
four years in tJrpcce, Aeia Minor, and Italy, 
during wliirb b" was eli-cl*-*! a fellnw of 
Cniii-H, In li^4 111! be^n his arrhittrtiinil 
career by a Clreek design for Downing Col- 
Iv^iponicme of which, co.-ring over AD.flOO/., 
be earrii'd out between IHfj7 and It*!!. Id 
I^UU be both dciiffned Ilailoybury Colb'ge 
for tlio Ea!l India Company, and buili or 
added to CHlM-rlon House, near Worksop. 
Thcsii works were followed in 1807 bj' the 
iipirit iif Vnnniiiith church, wbicli cro.'tl \,MilU., 
and wBft cnvered with tinned nheet copper, 
in 180W by tho Doric entrance lo the Laww 
.'VMi'inblv ItooniR at Hath, and by a villa at 
North flerwick for Sir II. I). IlamiltOB. 
Grange Pnrk, llanip!>birc, designed by Wil- 
kin« in I'^OO, wa« built oullie siluol'a houia 
hv Inif^o Joiies. part of which was relainad 
hiitalterL'd. In 1811 37 Wilkini> altcmptvtl 
I he Udtbir DiHiiutvr in l>ird Uoaebery's b>iii»e, 
Dalmeny; in l^iehebegan Lonl Fnlmoulb'a 
S<!Bl, Trvgotbnnn, iifar Triiro, nnd in the 
Mame> year hn was again engaged at Cam- 
bridge in tbe alterations of the P<-r»< scboni 
for ihc Kitrwilliam roller tion. Thi; Nelson 
column on tbe sands at OorlesTon, Great 
Yarmouth, was itndcrlaki-n in 1H17. pro- 
bablv from & dcaicn made in 1^08 for n 
similar (unexecutea*) monument at Dublin. 
In ihs sane year '\V'ilkiae also began Bol- 




Wilkins 



368 



Wilkins 



liuiueU churcli, Notiiit(:)i»iiu1iire, and ob> 
tainvd th* prMuium I'nr thi- nitt'utnal mnnu- 
B«nt to th« armv, estimated to cnot 300fiO(yL 
A d««ifcn wliich \Vi!kiii9 prepuvd «lK.>at 
. 36IA for new buildinfr* ^t Oaitiit Colloid vran 
' not carried out, but Csmbrtdgv a^un pro- 
■viAeA Iiim 6tnpli->vinciit in \'^lti, when h* 
d«ei^Dt.'d tlie bridge at Kiiiu*x, for which 
coIId^i.- in lsi>-j he ol>t*iued iu competitioD 
llii: commiKtioii to erect tho hall, provoM't 
lod^e, library, and aXoaa wiweii lowarda 
TnimuiiigUin ^trt'rt. Tht.'!>e buildio^, ciHf 
CbivihI ill n ImxtHTil (lothic xivlir, fi^cuml for i 
their desij^ur fiirtlicr inetnictionfl, han|nlT 
iinfullilliil, tu f^ilbteisi- JuDirsCiibb*!' (.'laiwi'^ 
building; an the went side of tlie cntirt [se^ 

Wilhin* htgtn in IBl^-l the kin^'* rourt of 
Triuily, aluo an essay in Ciothit', and ."-tartt-d 
in tht* ume year and in the Mme styl? tb<^ 
nvw building at Corpu« Christi, inii-lnding 
thecbapel.sincealiertid by Sir Arthur Hlom- 
iield. It i*i [io»iblD ihat in tbi' de^si^ of 
tUuvv buildings lliv arcliiu>ct owed much lo 
the taste and asAislnnCf of the Itev, T. Shel- 
ford, 11 fullow yf ihif folli'iiv. Wilkine wa* 
not alwiiya nufcfHaful in biscnmpeUljiMiflfor 
CsDibrid^' building In ISJ'J hie dt«ifp 
for tti« cjfi*«Triifnrv wa* plan-d jift^oiid ouly: 
in l82o MtifiKre. Itickmim k iluicliinaou 
faee JCk'kii ^>\ Tiiuxih{ de^feuted him in n 
tiCKign for ndditioHA to St. Joliii's Collt-rt'. 
and in 18i^ be tiwk part unstiwwMfiiily 
io the comm^tition for (be i>vt>>n«'iijn of 
the Uulveriiiy IJbrar^'. Thin con)[ietition 
.proceeded to a MiconJ stage in 193U, and 
again to a tbirtl iii I{S30. Wilkin», «rhu 
yrm ujuu(xe»fi'[il tbmughout, pubtisbiid his 
second dnign iu 18^1, aud also an ' Apprnl 
to the Fwnate' iti iln favDtir. The work 
iTfts ealruetad Lo atid partly carried out by 
CharlKM Itobort CorJo'ndl [4.V.] WilkiiuV'9 
latest denign for thi^ uni%-ersitv van thai 
«ubniilivd <183rj) for the ViUwillinm 
Klurtciim. Twcoty-icTen andiiterjflcoinjwted, 
andOeorffeBosovirq. v,]na68uU'Cted. Mwin- 
whilo Wnitina hod i»fa currying out impor- 
tant work in ].^nd«n aud eleewhure. In 
18"2"J-0 he di'*i(n»<'d the L'nirwl TniTt-rgity 
Club llouite, Pall Mall Kast, in conjuuciion 
with I'. J. tJandy-l'L-iTinc, who also collabo 
rated with bim iu a oioiIl-I of th« propoiH»] 
*Towi'r of Walerloo,' Sf'O feet biKli, exhi- 
bited at ihfi Jtiyal Academy in 182t}. 

'Fhft I^ndon UuivHr*itv College, Gower 
filn-rt, which js perhajia \VilkiiiM'» gn.iaiwi 
work, waa deniiHicil in lH'i7-H. llutwaDliy 
il is a building of great dit,'nily, hut ila iii- 
^tjniol anangvmenls an* ill coiinidured. Hi. 
' Oeorne'a IltMjHtal (rt'marknble for tht- use of 
•quant colutimsj foilowed in 1827-a, and the 



Xatinnal Gallery in IB-'IS-^. All tliew Lon- 
don wurka nm of a wtvera claMUc typv, »ao 
ceasfnl and 11 n pretentious. In the .National 
Ualhtry, which woa Kubanquvntlr altcned by 
Kdward.MiddletonBarry[().v.],Nvilkiiuiwa* 
liampen-d by the necewuv fwr iutroducini; 
tbi' portiry) fnim (^rllnn Houho and bran 
alteration m the allotted site, 'llie gallery, 
u ori^naliy dosign«d, with a broad flight of 
ftleps down to lh« l«t«!l of the founiainrond 
with a i;roup of 'V'eiietkan' IiorMM ha the 
crowning; fcaltirv, would uudoubl, in Kpite nf 
the vt-xaliutu cutidilioua of the gtiremmont 
i which included the proTiftoo of roadwan 
throujEh Ihf building to girK accem lo tw 
harrorks behind), havedaneffreati^rjuflti»t« 
Witkins than the facade which now exittA. 
Th* price wwi restrict.'d lo 70,000/., and tha 
buiMing was ael liairk wisely, though to the 
Huaoyance of tl»e architect, lo clear the view 
of St". Mart in* Church, .\liont Ii^l"< \Vilkina 
made ailemtions lo the boits*r of the I'JuH 
India Comjuiiy in Iioadenholl Street, having 
biwit appoiutvd arcbil«cl to tb« company in 
1.h:>7. Iu l828healMreporti^ontliecenLn] 

Eiun of ^■hv'rlj'.tmo ehurvli, and dv^igned the 
ou*e at Jl^Iaiiub, Norfolk, for K. l>)nibeL 
Iu \'d2Q he addi-d the portico to King Weston. 
SotncTfct. ]!<■ cAin|H-tM in IB:M for th* 
duke of York'd coUitoii, and in IA% for the 
Houses of Parliament. .\.fter the latter ooni- 
pi'tition hr altacke<l ihti plans of bis rirala 
and the decision of the committee in n pool* 
ptiltrt signed ' I'hil-archinLedM.' 

He bk-anie in 1(^17 a mvmbtr of tlie So- 
ciety of l>ilottanti, was elected Mcociatn of 
thu K'.iyal Academy in l&'2i, full member in 
]»:^6, and prolusaor of archit<H-tunt in 1837 
in HUL'cvesioo to Sir John :4oane [q. v.J 
Wilkins, who lired fur many yi<nrs at So 
Weymouth Strvet.Loudon.died an htsbirtlt- 
day, Ri Au2. 1839, at bin house ' Lensfleld' 
at ('nmbidage, and was buried nnder the 
sacrnnuin nf the chapel of Oorpua Chriati, 
whirli he had eri^ti-d, 

An a commemalor on Vitruviua Wilkins 
hoA eanied pasthunioua cmlil for his intvr^ 
pretatiou of the much vexinl passage in book 
V. which In-nls of the Snuuilli hnpttrf*. Uo 
waa wrung In llu^ dvlaiU of his interpreU- 
tion, but was the first to eiprv#s th« riew 
( ridicidi'd in Mnriui's ' VilrnviuB') thai, they 
wert a d*rvice fiir correcting un optical if- 
lu>i<jn, and tht- means adopted to secure the 
curvature rubieiinently roDlirined by Penac- 
thuniii and Mr. K. C. PcnroAe [oee Pbiis»>. 

-rilORHR, JoMVj. 

Wilkinfi'K imblished works were: 1, ' An- 
tiuuitit^nof .^ll^;nIl (inncia, 'Cambridge, 1807, 
fol, '2. '.Vthenienaia, or Rrmarktt 00 tlw 
lluildingv of Athena,' ISPi, 6td; 1816, fill. 



'Tli«ripil Arehilfrtiire of Vitniviiut* (* 
trfiniiIatioii,willi[)latt»>. lyl;?,fol. end 1B17. 
4. ' ProltwionM iVrfhitwtoiiicip' ((msms on I 
Qr^ll and Rmnaii iirtUintcture), W2i, mitl 
I637,4to. 11^ nUo wrote in ' Anihirolojtia' 
(1801, iiv. lO.'jj an accoiinl of ibe I'tiwr's 
Chapel at Ely and in the '\>?tii»tn Monii- 
mt^iila' (to), iv. OnmlwidRi'. 1809i a paper 
on John of Tadua «nd tin- Porta lloHoritt. 

[ARhltectural Publishing Scwiutja Diet. ; 
a«nt. Hag. IB3!). ii. 426-7; Atlieuwum, 1839, 
p- 6S5i Arcbiteot. 188*1. pp. US-ll; llaildcp. 
ISftl. xiii. <ftO; Willj« Will ClarV'i Aroliit. 
IfiiitiirT of Cutnhridgo; iurormatioa tmm Rov. 
W. H. WiUciM.] P. W. 

WILKINSON, CH.VULES SMITH 
(1*43-1891). gt-i'lo|p»t, was bom in N'.irlli- 
wnjiMnshirB in lP»4.1, liin fatlitT. I>9vid Wil- 
kinson, beioR an ungiiit-i-T who had been 
issociaM with liftorge .Stoplicnson [q. v.] 
in driiipiin^ tlifi fipsl lofomyt i y i\ Th« 
friintly went nut Iti Audlrnlia in ISSli, 
aettlin); in M-'lhoiirnf, wlieru tin* boy WB* 
vduu'ttt^. In I^*-''y li" wi« n[ipt>int«il for A 
linit' on ihp (i«.*oIri;?icAl survey of Viclorin, 
and lie survi.M'i-J tlif district Irom nortli nf 
Kn*^ Strait to lUllarat in 18R1 ; tbe Ca\K 
(Hwaj- niijuntoin in 18*53; and worked in 
the (Tiild district of the Irfiffh Rircr in ISfifl. 
Hr>r(i hifl ImuUh fuilvd, auu lie spent thre>e 
year* iii the Wiurjja diitlrirt rrcruitiTig. In 
if'7'2 he poJUM.^d the examination hbu lictiuwd 
snrvvyor. and, after ivpnrtint; mi the tin 
mint* in the Xtiw Enplnnd diittrict, was 
Bppoiiitod in 1*^71 jjeohigical surveyor to the 
depart lufot of lands, and the year following 
Boreminenl ffi.vloffi«t, Iwth of them for ?Jt>w 
South Wali-s. After bt'-coioini; a jjOTem- 
ment oHicinl \w look nu ucIIm} purt, until his 
death on tf.*! Aiiif- IS!H, in exKibitions and 
iDOUnniiwionn of ininirv, and must of hi» 
. gpolog-ical wiirli it cmliodiwl in otficitti 
TCporU, but ft list of his ftpporato nsperewill 
bo found in the 'Australian CatalopiR' 
(Ktheridge and .Inrk). He was elected 
F.O.H. in 1S7(S and F.L.S. in \^U ww 
iir,*Hidei)t of th(! LinneAn Socioiv of New 
South WttlM in 1J*81, nnd of the Iloyal So- 
ciely of that colony in lH8f^. 

[Obituary notice* Qiiurt. Joiirn. Gi'ol. Skx:. 
xlriii, Prw, p Si.Oool. Mnji. ISSI, p. ft'l ( Vith 
es^mTod portnit), nud Mining Journ. 17 Oct. 
1891.] T. G. R 

WILKINSON. IIKNRY (1610-1675), 
canon of Christ Churcb. Oxford, son of 
Honry Willtinwjn (UWS6 1617>, by liia wifa 
Harah, was born at Waddesdon, Hiic^kinf^- 
h&m(!hire, on 4 Marr.Ii 1609 10. Hiit father, 
H who wad (.diwlt'd f«ll(>w of Mertou (I'ollttge, 

^ft Oxford, in ICtS^, woa created B.D. on 7 July 



I 

Soutl 
^m ment 
■ deatl 

^■^twpoi 



1697, and vu fton 1601 (ill but doath on 
19 March l64ft^-7 rMtor of WaddMdon. 
He waa cIiomu one of the Westaiinst«r 
divittM in llil.'J, imd pnhli*hi*d ' A Cat«cbi«in' 
(4th udil, London, iea7,8To).and ;The Debt- 
Hnok, or a Treatise upon Horn. xiii.8'(Lon- 
don, ItiL^rj, 8vo). By his wifu Sarah. daii^b- 
l«r of Arthur Wake of Salcev Forest, Norlb- 
ataptonEhire, and eiGlvr of dir Isaac >\'alco 
[q. v.], )iv hud nix 9u>ua nnd thrw daught<-ni. 
Henrv Wilkinson the younger matricu- 
lated from .Ms^nl^n Hull, Oxford, on 
14 Feb. llt-J2-f), age^ 13, ^duated R,A. oik 
•JTt Nov. 1026, M.A. on 11 June ie:,tl. and 
B.l). nn 10 Nov. Ih;1h< Kothr, Aluntni Oron. 
loOO 1714). Ho preached in and abouC 
Oxford, although not, Wood aaya, without 
'ifinls oeaintft tho at'.tiouM and ui,'rtain luctt 
of lliH tiine».' For a sermon altnckiug tomft 
of the (Ceremonies of the church. preach43d 
at St. Mary's on 6 Hvpi. 1040, Wllkiniwn 
wfMKiiwiH'niled from bis divinity1e<;tnre,aud 
from all bia priuttly fiinctiune in ihi? uni- 
verHiTy until hcMhuiiM n'mnl, Ht^ npjM'iili-d 
to tho I'Ong parliatneni, and in Deoembrr 
IttlO waa rpslored by the rnmniiltee of reli- 
(irion of that body, who ordcrtid th« iiunnon 
to he printed. 

Subsequently Wilkinaon removed to Lon- 
don, wa* [i|HJ<jinled minlstvr of St. Faith'a 
imdur St. I'nul's, chosen a member of the 
Westminalfr asetimbly, and in 164'5 became 
rectorof St. 1)iJii>tnu'H-in-Mii'-Kaitl. Iti lt)46 
\w yvn^ one of the n'lx preaeliera di'ttpalched 
by the Lnng pArlinment to < t\ford, where he 
wa« ch<w«n Kimior fellow of Maffdilen. an<! 
deputed a parliamentary visitor On 1:^ April 
l<i4H he wa-^appointtid canon of Christ Chureh 
uu thu exutilKion of Xtr. Tbntan« IW. Uo 
waa cnated D.D. on 24 July 1649, and elected 
Margar*! profoMOC of divinity on 12 July 
1H.'jL>, which office he tilled until IWW. In 
lf^<^4 he )>erved on the uotumiiision for dect- 
intf scandnluiiN miniatwm tntm flxfordshirv, 
lift wat known in Oxford aa * Lnnff Harry' 
or 'senior' to distinguish him from Henry 
Wilkin*w ( linit-1600) fq. v.] 

After tbe liestoration be woa ejected fh>m 
hispr-nfvssorxhip by the king'Mcommissionera 
and loft Oxford, Wilkinson pivached first 
at All HalinwB, Loiuhnrd ^>trL'et. and aft«r- 
wardif at Claphain. A cunvontido of v\xty 
or inon' pemoim to whom hii van pnmching 
was broken up at Caraherwell in Aujpist 
1665 (OtV. SUittr Paner*, Dnrn. IB(U-fi, p. 
53y). Xftftr the'innulgencp' he took out a 
licenae on 2 April 167:^ for his house or the 
schoolhonw at Clanbam to ho a pr^wbytorian 
mrctinj^-houae. lie was well known and 
liighlv appreciated around London aa a 
preacliur, and wheo ho died on G Jun« 1676 



Wilkinson 



»70 



Wilkinson 



•illHr M Onftiatd at Putaof (Wood mjs he 
hmii toib plaoM oMntioMKl), hi* hoAf wu 
ftfl'M^-** DT nknr hnadreda of penons to 
Pnuitci' lull. MM tiMDC* to iU bariol in 
Sl DaMUn'a Ctiiireh. 

Afleoftltnff to Wood he marned ' a boly 
woman eall«l iltv LadjCarr,' anH in Lib will, 
frrtai h April 11'A, be laviitioiu ooe mq 
and lorci (iau|;bt«f«. Wrjod aLu) mnarka 
titat bia TOioe in preaching wiu «hriU and 
irhtnini;, mu) )iu aertniiu full of dire cHttt. 
tgmoa.j«t adffliu tbat tw waa ' a (P'hI scbo- 
br>MjloaeatiideDt,Bndani>xoellfnti)r>'ai:hi?r.' 
Soma elctpae venett wera piiblisluTd an a 
btoadaida abortJj afi«r bit dMlK <llriti«b 
Mnonm) Willciiuon alv> piiMialicd three 
MHlMa MriDorui enwhed before pnrliani«nt. 
Cum appear in SamiMl \nni-At-y'» ' )(om- 
\at Euraae/ 1001, and ' Supplement,' 1074 
(npabliabcd in 1844). 

\htv\'» Liru of tbr Pnnun*. iii. M; 3Caa- 
■on'K MiltAo, ii. ASS ; Wood* Atlirru* OaoB. iii. 
290, IR28 iv, t.1*, 3}4, and hi> FArti, pnuim ; 
WalkfTi Karlj BvfiMirf of Halifiix. p. 8 ; Lipa- 
conira IliiL of Huckn, i. IW, fiOl : PaliDMr'a 
Nimcoiiformiit'* MfWimal, t. 241; Bnrrowa'a 
Vt«iljition. rp- DO "■■ 4BS. &K, iVl; Wood's 
Lif« awl TimM. i^. Clark, I. 130. I<7. >i. 9«, 
317. 47A, A13. IV. BO. 61 ; CaL St«U P«pen. 
Darn. 1471-3. p. 278; Bloura'a R«B.of Maff- 
<lal«ii Coll. li. «. V. 101 : Wnlker'H Safbringi of 
tlwClaMr.i. 13^131,133, 136. 137. 140: L» 
N«n'a Futi ^kUi: AdkI. iii. 519; ColnniT'* 
CuniiaoAliofl, ii. 01.] C. F. S, 

WILKINSON, HKNRY (1616-1090), 
priaeipal of Magdalen Knll, Oxford^ son of 
William Wilkiiwon, curate or cbaplain of 
Ailwick-lfi-.Scr«.'t. Yorksbirt', was bom there 
in ItJtO. Juhn Will<in»oD (</. l»0O), jpriiicl- 

Sl of Mawdakin Hall and president of Mag- 
bm Collage, Oxford, i» atatud \iy Wood to 
have bc^n bin ttnnlir. 

After tomif time apont at Edward Sylvea- 
ter'« Bohool, Osford, Henry matriculated 
from Maffdaicn irnll on 10 Oct. IH^t, Hf^^d 
17. H« frraduated B.A. on 1^8 Not. l<JaA, 
BI.A. on 'J(i May IGSf^, and became a noted 
tutor and d«nB of bi« houM. Wli«n tlie 
civil war broke out, Wilkinson left Oxford 
and joinfM] the parliamont, took tbi? cove- 
QRIlt, and bucnmi! a pn'iti'lirr in much r>.-- 
queat. I r<> waA appointed locturor nr miniati^r 
of BuckminsTer,Xi»ioc«teT8hire, in 1043. and 
wa* in»riiut«d vicar of Epping, I'Usex, on 
30 Oct. 104:). Dg was appointed one of tbe 
parltnmentarT viftUors of Oxford University 
un 1 May 1(>17. He was crvaled ll.D. on 
14 April lOJti, fellow and Tico-preaiiWnt of 
Uagdalen roll<!|^ on iTy Muv, principal of 
" ' "gn Hall on 1-i Aug. laia.aHd Wlijle'* 
of moral philoBophy on 'li March 



IIUA. AatraarpaftuuBanama^WtOciBHa 
eatertaiami Cma wvll, Kai r&X, bmI tlw atftv 
eootmaodtn^ at Ma(rdab>n HaD oa IS Mqr 
ItUO, an<l, prmcbioft be<o«« tbcn aaxt 4mj, 
'prayt^d ha!rd f'>r \ht amy' (Blokui, Ay. 
"/ .Voffitaien CntUgt. foL 'ii. pu criul H« 
s^'-mt 10 have bees alaetad a pcabaMarysf 
Woroeaur io Juir 10-j^. bni ww •efcrm- 
•UU«1 (Li Nete; /'**'• &«JM.,dUvA tK.85lL 
A aobuy of WH. for prndM^ rc^aUrt ; at 
t'arfav W1U Tot«d Ima br Um ■w^m-iI of Mate 
on -27 .Mar 1S56 (Ca/.'£Ka£» 'Vp'n, Dds. 
|ii5;-K0, [,. 37>'i, and Aftdit. MS. OTM, UL 

.\t rHiford WilktiWDn wma bnowa M 
' Dean IlarTj * to diiitinfrui»b bida &oia bat 
twoaont«mponnes,Ceary WilkJnaoan&M- 
1&17>. ud the latt«r's aon Itmry hoiO- 
1675) [q. v.] Chaneeltor Hyde, on hu '' 



tation in 9^pt«oiber 1061. ailill^iaiiiq lam 
M ' \\t. Dmb.* diidad WiUdaaan Cor th» 
Donconformity of his bonKi and eomplauwd 
that it eootained only ' factiooa and de- 
bauched pcnooa ' (AVooD. IJff mtd Tu 
nd. Clark, i. 4, 14, 4I'>). Wood adda 
lliccbancellordt-clared he was afraid U' 
to hia hall. 

The priDci|Ml waa ^ect«d from MafdahA 
Hall bv tlw Act of ITniformity. altum^^ 
Aome <tt the hnads of tbe uniT^nity 
to kvep him tber«, ai he was a food 
plinarian (AtAeme Ox-on. ir. S85). After 
a^ain prenehiofc for a ebort time at Boek- 
Iiua8t«r be returned In K*««ix and settled at 
Gocfintd. Tbcxe, during an interim in tbe 
ricars (1689-7^^, he Beems to bavo offi- 
dated at tbe panah charch. The viaitation 
book of th» arcbdeaeotuy contains uod«r 
dale of 9 June 1671 an entir of bis dtatinn 
tfw not neodinfc divine service according to 
the rubric. On 19 July be wa« pronounced 
contumoriouK and excomnunicated. Afl4r 
thewcond indutfrence be took out on 16 Mav 
lfi"3 a ticenso to bo a prmhyt^rinn teachn 
at Hosfield, a« well aa on*' for his house to 
bcapr«sbytfiri8nmeetin|;'lioii.>u>, In 16TShe 
rwmnved to the nfit.'hb'ni ring parish of Sibic 
Ilodinjirham, wh^re his library woa diMrainttd 
on tiii rcfiKiinff to pay the tavi for unlawful 
prenching. In November lUSObe wait \Wm^ 
bI liront Cornard in 8adulk, wbere he i»- 
maini'd until bis devlh on 13 .May 16(HJ. I]« 
was buriod at Mildin;;. near LarcnhAin, in 
the*arae count). 

Wilkiiii>oiimnrTii^, 6rst.Klii:al>eth,daafh- 
ter of .\nlhonj (.iifTurd of Devonshin;, who 
died on 8 Dec I6M, aood 4 1 ; and, Mocindly, 
Anne. Flu bad issue by both wives. 

Retidc-s wmoBi. Wilkinson pMbli<hcd 
several worlis in halin. The chief arv: 
1, 'CoocioaestreaapudAcademicoSi'Oxiioidf 



Wilkinson 



*7" 



Wilkinson 



1654, 16mo. '2. * Br«ru Tractatiu deJiire 
Die! Doaiiiucac,' Oxford, 16&J. 8vo. ;;. 'The 
]l.)p« of Glorv,' 1 )!ifo«l, l(Jo7, «ti>. 4. ' Con- 
eioniw twx lul AciultMnieos,' Oxfonl, ItlSd, Svo. 
6. 'Th^Ckupe! KrabsBBv/nxrord, 1(158, 4Uj. 
6. ' De ItnpotciitiB Libcrl ArWtrii nd bonum 
BpirituRl", Oxfora, lfl:VS Rvn. 7. 'TlirHe 
Decads of S^rmone,' Oxford, 1660, 4to. 
8. '1^ Doclrini* of Contentment briirDv 



n 



I 



explained ind pniClicallT npnlicd,' Lntidnn, 
Ifiil, 8vo. 9. 'TwoTrenlise*, M-'Jndon, 



I 



£ro. Hu d«o had n Itiiiul in compiliuf; t!ie 
Catalogut Librorum m Biblioili. Auliu 
lUunliileDie,' Oxford, lOtl, Itiiuo, aitj wroU' 
nn&oM to Henry Huret's ' Inability uf llic 
IIi(l[li«t,'&c.,Oxfftrd, lflr»ti,Hvu,andN!cliolas 
C1ajt**tt's * Abiiae of God's Orare.' tJxford, 
1669, 4to ; »» ■wpll aH an olflffv in vtrritH «p- 
peiidi<d t/) hifl funeml Bermon (Oxford. 16Q7, 
evD) on Mre. Margaret Corbtit, daughter of 
Sir N'ftthanicl Bn-nt [q. r.] 

[VVDod'n AthhnirOxon. tu.^i'i.iv. 274. 284; 
Pivlai^r'ai Noil CO n form if I '■ Meiiiarinl, t. 241, iil. 
130; Unviil'* K'unRtfliciil Noiiwnforniiatii xn 
Yi^afX, p. AZR; Kcnn(.-i*i( Repater, pp. 7:1. I'ii, 
213, 'iU. 487. 737: Woiid'a Ufo and TimW. od. 
Clark, i, 117. 407. ilS. 440.433, ii. p. fiii; Oil. 
SLAta Pap«re. Dom. 1660-1 p. 2 1671-3 pp. 
Mi, 6S7. ^S9 - Niila[>ii'§ CoIWiiodk. i. 7<10, 76A ; 
Wood't Hint. *nil Aotir). «(3. Gulch, p. QH7; 
BuTovs's ViaitmiDii of Oxford, pp. ILO »., 519. 
667; Le N^e's FubIi Efcleai Aogl iii. Ji33, 
687 i C&lamy'ft Coutiiinntion, iii. C3; Sumnton's 
Sarmoo prtMiehnl !it iho funeral of bia wifo, 
EtiMbeth WilWown, Oxforil, Ifl.SO. 4to. with 
eJeffiiiL' varwa by sftrnral linnili. inrlmling Eirir 
hiUMnd'B : BUisV Acf nuiil i^f (iruut MiltQii, pri- 
Tat*ly priftt*d, Oxford. 1S19. where Ucnry ncd 
John, ID,I>., an atU»i bnthan.] C. P. &. 

WHiKINSOJf.JAMKSJOHNOAHTil 

(1813-18ffiM. SwL-dMiborgian, born in Loo- 
aon, in Acton Stn?t!t. Oruy'e Inn Lauu, oa 
S Jun« 1BI2, wa» tli<! liUlost flon of 

J»MBB JOHS WlLKISHOS (d. Ifl4fi), cldp* 

von of .Mahlo Wilkinson ofthu city of Our- 
h&m. Ifi'onTerf^d Gmy'a Iiui on 26 Xot. 
180^, and afterwards practised tu a special 
plead«r. IIcivaAiilso n judge of the cotmty 
palatine of Durham: hi.' married Harriet 
Kobinaon of Sunderland, and died in I84i). 
Ho was tliu author of: 1. ' Thu Practice in 
th« Art of KeplHvin/ London, 182.'i, Wyo. 
2. ' A Troatifiu on tbo Limitation of Actions, 
•J^alTectinj; Mvr(.'7iiilil<*nnd other Contractii,' 
London, IHiH, Sto. 3, 'This Iaw reUiting 
to the I'ublic Fnnde,' London, 1839, I2iao. 
4. ' Thfc Law of Shipninjraait relates tJ»the 
Uuildin^lU^ffiftlry, Sale, Transfer, and Mort- 
gage of British Ships,' Loudon, 18-13. Bto. 
■ Hk SOD vru8 euucaltid at a school in 
Sunderland, and aftem-arda at a private 



school at Mill Hill kept by John Charles 
Tborowgood, and at ToCterid^ in llert- 
fordahirt). About the age of sixtoen he was 
appreotici>d by his fallier to Thonia* Lntgh- 
ton, Mnior durgf^on of tin* iuSnnary at 
Newcastle-upon-jVne. In 1332 he cane to 
London to walk the bospitalo, and in Junv 
1831 he hucaine a member of the Royal 
L'oll^e of Surjjfeuna of l-^iglnnd nnd a 
lieuntiuti' of tlio London Apothpcariea Bo- 
cinty. (Jon Vinci rig liiin^>flf nf the merit* of 
homiEOpatliic treatment, ho estahltfdied hin)« 
R'df luf a bomoDopalhic doctor at rooms in 
Wimpole Street, and recrived Ihi- honorary 
dtit^reo of M.D. from the unirenity of I'hito^ 
dcliiliia. 

Wilkinson poaresaed the tuuperametit of 
a myAttc. Hi- wns nttracled by the writ inga 
of William Blohai 1707-1S27) [q. v.j. and in 
1839 edited hi'! • S.>iirs of Iuuuclmicu and of 
Experience '( London. 8vo (, wtl b coiuiderablH 
atlvratioui*. .\ lulumi' vf his own poems, 
enCitIi>d 'Improviwitioiid from tlio Spirit' 
(Loudon, 10mo>, which a]tp<>^red in lA"!?, 
»li(nivt'd tunuy tnuy.K of BInke'a inlluenc«. 
Karly in lifi? Wilkinson m-a* introduced by 
hi« niAti-mnl uncle, GeorceHlakiMou Kobiu- 
Bon, to thft writings of Swodcnborjj, and 
ha becoms a member of the committee of 
the SwBdenborg- Society and of the aub- 
committ«e for promoting the issue of a 
uniform edition of SwHrbmborR'* works. 
From 163B be dt'voled his Iiterar>' energiea 
tuthe traiuilation and ttlucidation of Swooen- 
botg's wriliog3. When in 1840 he began to 
viintribiiif. to the 'Monthly Misaiine,' tho 
originalityof hia pbiloi^ophic intMlect imme- 
diately uttracled attention. A paper which 
appcAred iti 1841 dealing -with CoIt!ridgi-'« 
comments on Hwodonbbrg'a ' (Econnmia 
Re^i Animal is' and hia * Do Cultu vt A more 
Dm ' j^int'd th(.' admiration of the .ImRrican 
writer Henry Jjunii«, fnllicr of the novelist. 
JiuDM correflponde^ largely with him, and 
two of bin workit/TheCliurchof Chriat not 
nn Ecclpsiaatid.^m " (?nd i.-dil. I85tl) nod 
' Christianity ibe L.ogicof Cn;«lioo ' (16(>7), 
werf compoAod of k-ttcn ongiuaU v aildri'MtHl 
to Wilkinson. In 1843 and lHi4 Wilkin- 
son published hislrunslaliouof Sw>!di<n1>org's 
'Kegnam Auiiualv.' Thefie volumes were 
followed by fiirtber initislnl ions, one of 
which, ■ OutlinLvi of a Philoaophic Argument 
on the lufiuiti-,' won him the frienuahip of 
Emt-rson. Wi)kin!ion'i( translationa were 
iirccimpiLiiiitil bv preliminary discourse* which 
wfirc dflckro*! by Kmrraon to ' t^irow all con- 
loniporaryphilosouhT of Kuglund into abode' 
(Ji^ri-A^taticf.VeH, iHS'J.y. 86; cf.EiifimA 
Traits, 1 8')7, p. 1 *C). Bwudes enjoTing the 
cdteom of Emer»OD, Wilkiainn was intimate 




Wilkinson 



172 



Wilkinson 



with Ciul/le, Juum Aotboar Froaclr-. Die- 
keoSt Tuno^'wii, uul the OUt'liant*. uitl was 
Hho frii-twl of Kdffard Au);ustus Freeman, 
who vu ft Rilftlirf . 

WilkioMMi WM R cooAtderftble traveller, 
beiDX ID I'ftrisdariDirtheravolutionof 1^49. 
mad w»§ v«r>><rd iu Icglarnlic uiil Sauwiinavuui 
litcnture. He was a aunber of the lee- 
Uodic Soctpty of Copaahura, «ul corrv- 
■oonded wilK I)r. Rudtwn^, UDe^^-andiniivian 
}iiitlolo^i». Jle Tuited Americ*, and waa 
■baut l^SdO thtt English oorrwpoodAttt of 
sev«nl N«w York aod BoH«l pwera. Uis 
wrliMl abode in Loattoa waa ai 3fi ChaKh 
Bow.HampMMd. AboutlSidbetookuphia 
abod« in frinchler Road. Duriog tal«r )i£e, 
whil« still CDaintainiu); liis iiitonwt in iiw9- 
denboTfrand bU wurk*. li» Jev(iivdalarg« part 
of hi* time to olher subjccta, cliiefly of a 
medical and racial cbaract'-r. lluwasavsr; 
strong opponent »f mccinaLion, publiahJDsa 
Urg«BUiaberoftrac(Eoa thu &ubJL>ct, and lie 
eOad«iiiD«d t-iTii!«>i-tinn with csjual wTimtr. 
He died at i Kinclilev Koad on 18 Oct. 18!)t>, 
BDd wa^buriMon^fl Oct. in Wf«r H>miMt«ad 
cenia>terT. Uti 4 Jan. I ^ tO tii> marrii^l rmma 
Atlit«>, Jauirli<i>r of ^^'illi&m Manli of Diw, 
Narfulk. IW Uet he had a mn and thrtw 
daughters. A but and portrait of Wilkio- 
»n ar« al the head<iuarter» of th<^ Swndm- 
bodw Society in Blouiiubur>' Street. 

BMtde* tooae a1n»dy mftit ioii<-<I, Wilkin- 
•on** chief work* were : I. ' Emauuvl Swe- 
dflnbors: a Biographv.' London, 1849, 8vo ; 
Sod •dit. 1888. 'i. 'the Human Body and 
its CoBSection with Man,' London, 1851, 
8vo: Sod i-dit IMDU. 3. 'The .Mini.->try of 
Health; treatioff of l*ublic M«>liciu« and 
PublicFrwilom,'London.l**57,ll'mo. 4.'On 
the Cure, Amet, and Itolaliou of Small- 
pox by a New Metboil,' London, lt!(U, 
8vo. 6. 'On Human ^ii-nce, tioud and 
HtiI: and on Di^'ini- iti-velalion and ila 
Works and Octi-neta,' I^ondon, lf$76, 8vo. 
6. 'The OrcHlvr Origiiw and iMuvaof Lift 
aod Daatb,' London. I^^'>, ttro. 7. 'Oanttea 
aeeordiog toli«rosiu: a&ludviu the Church 
of the Ancient*,' London, IrtiW.Sro. 8, ' faia 
and Osirb ia tbu Book of Itespir&tioas,' 
Loodon. 1>J90. He alao edited thi> follow- 
ing worka of Swedeobot^: 1. * The Doctrine 
eosOGTning Chaiity,* ix>n<)on, iSHO, t*vo 
(ttaD^ation of Si. ± 'ThL<I..aBC Judgment,' 
Tyondon, lli^9, »vo. 3 ' Ifcjclrina, da Chari- 
Ute,' t-(.iidon, 1840, f*vo. 4. 'The Animal 
iCingdom conmdcred,' London, 184^-4, 
3 Tola. 8vo (triitixktion of 6). li. 'OpUft- 
ctila quvflam ari^umciiTi rhilosopbici, uone 
primiim wlidil,' l^snaon, 1847, 8vo. 6. • CKco- 
nontia 1^-gni Aaimalift,' I^ondon, 1817, 8vo, 
7, 'OuUiiUM of a I'hilowoplucal Argument 



no tba InGnite and Final Canae of CraaCaoo,* 
l^iiidon, 1S40, 8ro. 8 * Hieroj^yphu: Key 
(•) Natural and Hpiritoal Myatenea,' Landan, 
184r,dTa. &. ■P<uiihumou<Trart%'LaDdoa, 
1847, Hvo. 10. 'Tlie l3.-n.-r^tiv.. Oi 
London, 1853, 8 vo. 11. 'Angelic Wii 
conceminj; the Pitine Lciro and Win' 
Ivindon, l-^'i. nto. lift waa alnn aMoeii 
wit k J(tn ^\.. UJat Utlin in tninaUit ing Sweden- 
boric'a * Uivinn Love and Wiiulntn ' |18IKI> 
into Icelandic, and contributitl a * IMv of 
Swedenborg' to th« ' Peony Oyclop»dia.' 

[iB&maaliDO kindly given by Hr. JuaM 
8paira: Tlmea, S3 Oct. IM9: Diihtm Unir. 
Mag. naw B«r. ISIS, tii 673-93 : T^rel's Iloco- 
n>«itlacaaoMBtiigSved«ttborg.l877.i<. llVS-k; 
Tbomaoa'a Bwgr. and CritintI 8cadie«, ISM. o, 
MS: FraMc'a Jiagasinc. ISJV7. Ir. 17S: GU- 
chh-t'* Lifcof lllakc. 18<i3.r 123-4. 34%, All>> 
botio*> Diet, of EokI. Lit. ; CVmep. of CarlyU 
nod Kmrrwn. )K83, ii. 303; GamaU'a Williatt 
nUkx vPottf.>liu Mooognpha, No. 23). 1993. 
p. 7«.] E. LC. 

WILKINSON, JOHX (irsS^lgOS). 
'fallwiraf the wiiitli StaffijnUIiin* imn trade,' 
waa boni ai Clifton. Cumb^>r]and. in 17^. 
Hit* fal-ber, leaac Wilkintion, had a email 
farm in Cumberland, but was atM> a work- 
man or overlooker at an iron furnace in the 
neighbourhood: hewa«a ahrowd, intt^lIi^At 
man, and vent hia niu tu the academy nf I>r. 
Caleb Kotiirrham [q.v.l at Krndal. In Jnly 
1738l8aactnnk outapatent foralaundreat'a 
bos>iron, and, bavins migrated with his 
eldest son John to BUckbarrrtw, near Fur- 
nets, tber bejrnn to mnnnfitcture thotv 
aniel«i, thus laying th« foundation of tb« 
family fori u net. 

About 1748 John loA hia father and got 
employment, lini at Wolverhamptoa waA 
theii at BiUton, Sialfonlsbire, where ho 
vventually succeeded in oblainintf sufficient 
meaiiN to enable him to build ih^- first blai>t 
fnroace in that ^ud to which he gare th« 
name * Bradley Furnace ; ' and there, after 
many failurea, hi^ Anally auc<'eed»Kl in au)>> 
etitutiiiK mineral coal for wood-cboreoal in 
tli« smelting and puddling of iron-ore. In 
tlie meantime Isaac WiUunsoa had moved 
his work* to Bcnhnm, near Wrexham in 
Ueubigbfhtre. TtK'n^ after a »bort period, 
he wa& about 17ut! joined by John, wbo 
constructed an improred plant for borirtg 
cyliudera with ocruraey; tlteve new cylin- 
ders were from 1776 employed with trreat 
benefitby Watt in buildinKbisSoho engine*. 
John iMTamt* manafn^rand owner of the Bet«> 
ebam works from 17til-tj ; he next set up 
a fofffo upon a much larger M^ale at UnMeley* 
ni-ar Bridgnorth,andG<oa>mi.-ncvd the m&oit- 
fsctare of wrought iron ; and it is said Hut 



^ 



Wilkinson 



»73 



Wilkinson 




I 



t 



tb»(init ^nf[in»ct>mp1ete<larSnhowMon1cred 
by John Wilkinwjn u> blow the bellows at 
"the llr-iftelfv ironworks. Ili« improTed bt-l- 
low8 nnd lh)> <'XiLii(I(>tl iul> that he ma<Iu of 
<:oal tn plitop nf cbarrroat in all his founilma 
cn&bted Wilkinson lo mippUtiE most of hi» 
ri%-al« in Cuiilbroolii)Hl«, wail* his inipniv«(l 
botinjf applipin(v>s proved of the. (freatest 
vslu« in ilie cons tract ion of cannon, lln 
wxm obrnini-tl onlt-r* fwiin tli'' govirnment 
forBwivels, howiixore, mortars, and ehtflls. 
Many of tLt^cunnons tis>.<d in thuPt^nin^'ilor 
"WBf were inatJu at Borehuia and Wroselev. 
A nnnntitr of artillery material iit also Mid 
If} imvo hrvn i^inugglivl Ltimii|;Ii (down Lbe 
■Severn) to i-'mnt!!'. For [jurprtiws of tmn*- 
{lurt. hariiif* pxpmmenti'd with Iiik fatbor 
many yucB li'-fori' iipniL an iF>n bi.wf, Wil- 
kinson built imn h;tr^* to parrv casting- 
d'lwu tli^ St'Viim fruoi bin Coalbru^kdalLi 
worka. Th<Tlirwtrifttii-MibiirK^»«.ii«liiiiirli«d 
near Broeeley on 9 July I7S7 ( f.'nif^tat 
Stftif/. bcxxiii. :i76), ' It answer"" all my ux- 
pedalions,' wr»t« WJIkitfon, and ' it ha^ 
cnnvinoed tLe unbeliever*, who were 999 in 
ntliim-uind ' (SuiLB^. Men qf Invention attd 
Jnduntry, 1884, pp. ^2 »(j,) 

In the meantime, during 1770 Wilkinson 
(dlielly iiiKtrigim-rita.1 iti ciullu^ the 
Hu tbe Rrst iron brid^ to ttie coun- 
—that over ihp Si^viim iH-tween Madolvy 
iLWil llr<»i*!t*y. In the foilowinjf yoars, nt 
his nen* addiiional works nt Kradlpy, Staf- 
fonlnliirp, Wilkinson c&tt tubes and iron- 
work, and aldo erpotod Ibo fir^t larfje 
■wnrking nteam-enfrinx in l-'rance in connec- 
tion with tbt" Paris watcrworkit. IlJi pat<<nt 
of 179U (No, l"iWl for nniltinK Wd-uipi.' 
ia of groat importance. Jamea Wnil Lad 
■uch a bigb opinion of tbu work dono itt 
Coalbrookdale tbat bn t-nnt. liia miii to Htiiriy 
tbj*r« in May Xl^i. A claiin to the inven- 
tion of thn bot-blavt bus l>wn wl up on 
bulialf of Wilkinsnn, Bnfl in l-''-l3,<liirin(f tbft 
trial of Nrlmn r. Bsird [s«e Niiwos, Jamix 
BK*riiO!(Tl,it wftswiight t-f) allow thfttWil- 
kuiHon bad made an experiment al Bradley 
in which the air sitpplicd to a blaat'-fiirQace 
wu» previously beat^d. Th>! diu« of tb« «x- 
perim«nt was vsrioiikly a»3ig>ied to the 
years 1705-0. but tho'jndL'n held tbat no 
pn-vioiig uie bad Itnen «i>tJiljlii>htMl iwet! Itr^ 
jyort of the Trini, Edinburgh, l»43, pp. 21, 

fis-KW, it);i-L>io, niuj. 

H if necnm 111 ated wealt h alonr* mado 
AVIlkin.'On it grwot local figuro. lie culti- 
vated with Auon^i n ^rt: bundred-ocre farm 
at Brymbo.ni?ar Wrexham, where heissaid 
to have erected " tbn-»bing-mncbinr> worked 
by •t«um. Ill 1787 be »i'ut uj tlie Swiiwty 
of Arts a specimtm of hemp grown from 

VOL. LII. 




#c«d« distributed by the East lodta Company 

{Tram.w. 171). In 1791 be sent to ibfi umo 
society an account ol bia coke ovena near 
Itndlfly (tfr. ix. Mi). In 17U0 he waa bigfa 
flberilf for DcnbltrbahirB. lln i<tiU4>d num«M 
roua tokens, both eilvgr and copper, and 
ulxo 'guinon nolvn' for privato nrciilnlion, 
wbjoh bud a wide cwrTflnrT in Slaffonbhire 
nnd .Sbropubirw. Tbaugb ne could b>> very 
)^n«rou.s 10 tlioite who servrd him well, ho 
is nut depicttxl as an amiable fifiure, and 
i*.>.'m.* to h»v*t bL'wn not ovcT-scrupnloiis 
whether in bin truatment of rivalfl or of his 
own n'lativts. lie was inastateof coiutant 
feud with hi" brother William, who mi' 
gTat«d to Fran<!e at one period in order to 
oscapo this frutcniul por»i-c:utian, nnd made 
largeauma tben? by (iio inlrvdiicttou of coal 
for the manufacture of iron. Arthur Yoiinc 
wrijlv in 1794 of 'MonHitiur Wf.-elkiuaong'B 
onltiancB fneitonca nmr Nnntwi and el«i— 
wbyrw. 'The French say tbat tbisEngliah- 
miiii taiii^ht tlii-in t<i bi^n< cannon in onli<r 
to (rive liberty m America.' A bla»t-fum&ce 
ia s'ill knowu in France as a ' four Wilkin- 
son.' William Wilkinson died in 1S08. 
There was another brother, Henry, and a 
Bi«tor Maty, who was married to Jo««ph 
i'riwtley on :i3 Juno IJIU; aftor tbu ue- 
struciion of I'rieatlev'a property at llirininff- 
buu), John Wilkiusou ccuno (um'urd wiui 
Hubxt.aatial awiiilanc for Iiik brothor-in- 
law. The local celebrity of John Wilkinson, 
who wan viilpirlv r«piil«d an atbeiiit and 
a disciplfl of Tom taino (of. Kenyon Papers, 
Ilitt. MSS. Conm. 14th Uep. -\pp. iv. 
536-7), found vont inannmbor of humorous 
baUadsL nome of wbicli ere still uxlaiit in 
'Grinmnp mado Easy ' (Oswestry, n.d.) and 
similar rvpertorie? ofthu Welvh border. 

The'^at iron-master ' diod at Hradley, 
SlanbrdabirViOn 14 July lSO^,aiid waa buried 
on '2'> Aug. in an iron n>f[lii al bi» will of 
Cnstle 1Iead,nMr rirenton (whencA bia r«- 
mnim bar* tbrp« time* since been removed). 
His first irifc, .Anne ^MawdRlcy), whom he 
married in 17A&.ditd on 17 Nov. ITG^.arod 
23. Ill- mnrriiMl Si.>eondly, in 17113, a Mi** 
Lee of Wroxetcr, 'wirh an ample fortune.' 
Thi.' bulk of his immente property appears to 
have biion Wt dur'ttig iwolvu ii-oorsof littga- 
tioii Ix^tweeii bin nephews and hia three 
iUcgitiiuutu iwUH (tix Lords JoumaU, 1823, 
pp. T<'0 a and 177^/', wlinro the &cls dis- 
rlofi**d reveal thai Wilkinson's domestic 
arraiip'm>*nts wrr" of n rrry pwultar cha- 
raclwr). A portToit of Wilkinson bnnj^ in 
the town-ball at Wolverhampton ; another 

iiottrait ia in th^ ]»o*sc*-ion of Mr. Kdward 
lonas of Wellington, and formerly of 
Brymbo. 




Wilkinson 2-1 WHkinsoa 



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',-.' , -ir.o- tU" Fr'-noh ■V-'Cription. and tlie favnur- 

"A iij.ii.-' t; ;irr:v-l w Al-x ir.'Iria in 1-21, rih'.- r-<>]Ci'.^na.-iHi-(kdit indiicwl theaiitbor 

dr.!, ;i.:i\.'.tii' <':iiT<i lii- ii--yif, ?[i-Jit f-vvlv._- t-i -;v tIi- w.irM his most important bi)ok, 

■,-.r- ji. Iii.'-.;i* fir.d Niliin. Al'i.r d-vn'- ■ Manii-.r* anil Custom.* of the Ancient 

ir./ r '.;.,'■ ^.:c.'- f. t!,- .'ir.|iii-i'i.iTi '.f Arahio. K.'yjitiuTi*' l^I vnU. Lnndon, IS37^, to which 

h'.'li '].•■',:—.> i-Ti'I w-i"'>ii. li- vi-i:ed in l^i^rj twn iiMr-' T.ilumes on Epy-ptian religion and 

t!.i- ■■-i-''-rn '!'->rf of ('i>|i-r NiiIn:! in com- mviholiw wfn- afterwards added. In thi* 

j,!ijiy witli Ii. Uurtoii. Hi.'! account of this standard work the statements of ancient 



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ritora about Kgypf, lopiiIiiT with the 
resiilU of modem excavulions and resaarches 
condiiclud by llic author and ottii-rs, wun* 
lucidly urruwed, exptaiucid in n fiuciiiatiiig 
atvie, And riclily illii»tniled with plana, ett- 
gnivitj^pt. uud L'uluiirwd pluti s. U ilkineou's 
reiiiarkablv atquaiutttiuri- with bulaiiy, JOiv 
lofjv, and the tachniqua of the arts, toother 
wiLu hU ROmmNnil of nncitint. liN.>n>tunf,g»vi! 
himaniauefiualificalinn5tnrtbptiv^iiTmpntof 
thU subject ; and it vas «;)inon-Ied9<.>d tliat 
he iiiid brniijrht to light inany nt>w fuots con- 
occtud with Egyptian mumen. Iiisl^jry, uud 
nligioii. l\w work brought tbe uuUior luto 
general notict-, bolLi a» a MTant ftad as a 
popnlai writer; and on 26 Aug. 1699 a 
kiugblbood ■KM conferred on liim by Mul- 
boume'i administr«lion iu rt-i-o^iiition of bin 
aervii'cs-to litt-mt uw. iiublic at ifintinn having 
bwiL pr«Tiou!<ly callua iu llu- I'act that hiaiv 
oe&rcaes, imlikf tha*c of Champollion, Kotel- 
Uni, and oth^nt, had received nn assistauot! 
from rnverameEit. 

In 1830 be published o paiier *0n tbe Nile 
and tli« PrMvnt imd Fornivr Levelsof Eoypt' 
ia tbe ' Journal 'of t\w Geo^phical Soat'ty, 
of whicli hv was that year idetted a fellow ; 
and in 1^42 he tT-Ttsitud F^^pt and made a 
' SurreyoftbeVallevof cheSuirunLukMiiid 
of D part of thf fialir-el-Farff,' which ap- 
peared in iLu eame journal in 184^; and in 
lS4i'i b» aldo publiHiiHl an (.-nlari^vil wlitinn 
of his topogniuhy, with thu title ' Moslem 
Egytjt and Tfn'h'if ' (li vols.), in which, 
beaiiteii an abundance of aiwbnioln^CAl and 
topographical iuformation, tbe very fullest 
directioriK were given for travollprs, includ> 
ing a good vocabulary of inudoni Arabic. 
ThiA work wa« afterwards iot^orporatcd In 
Murray's $itni» of handbooks, and was fra- 
qufntly rpprintetl. Tovmrds thi- .>nil of the 
same veor 1im Htunvd for Montt-negro. and 
Bpentl*Uin travelling ill rouRhiliot country, 
Hersvgovina, and Bosnia, whero hp fnirvevcd, 
slcetchftd, and coHtrctod inscriptions, £>ur- 
ing hta slay at Moflrar be mftdr an attempt, 
unfortunatuly iuefiectual, to mitigate the 
eruettieA pnwitiit^d by Turks and Montcne- 
gritu in their ware. UU accoiinl of this 
journey, which appeared in 1848 (2 volii.), 
oontaina valuablu noteo on thu mannt'Dt. 
traditions, and condition of th<- pi^]ili< h« 
visited, a» wull aa carefully rnmpiled bit- 
lorical notici-j). and gives an siccnnito biatorv 
of tLu Paulii'ian h<;reqr, at well aa fltbe,r 
valuable dii^nMnions. Sotne of the political 
forticofts of that, work hare since been v«ti- 
fied by events. The winter of 1&18 1) Ue 
Again spent in K^y?^ '^"^ Kubia, and the 
results of this jourouv aypcunid in an article 
tlieGeogmphical ijociety's 'Journal' for 



1851: 'On the Country between Wodr 
Halfah and Jebcl Berkul/ 

For the winter of IKllVrjO Wilkinson re- 
turned to Italy and studied tbe Turin papvru^, 
iu which l^'hnnipollion had first detected tbn 
royal lines, wtiich had been pieced togMhrr by 
Seyirorth and i>diled by lAipaius ; and owing 
to the fact that llit: latlvr bad omiltvd to re- 
produce tbe wrilin); ou I he back (*f t hi- p.-ipyrus, 
\ViIkini>on judn-d it wi»<! io publiith a fnvh 
fiiwimile, whicli wan printi^I by eiibscrifUion 
in IhSI and issued tof^ether with di;ti<«rta- 
tionit by Wilkinson and Hincks. A sbort- 
tn;atiae 'On (he Architwture of Aucienl 
E^pt,' which wus published by subscrip- 
tion iu l^!•'^0, contains some of the results of 
bifi studies in tliu Komau muaeums in 1849. 
On :;y Jun^ I8.j2 hL- was created U.C.I^ of 
Oxfonl University. 

In 1^54 he publisbttd ' A Popular Account 
of tbo Anci&nt Egyptians,' whicli wiu an 
abridged isdiLion oi bis larvur work brought 
into uniformity with Ijiuo s ' Mr>d>-ni Egyp- 
tians.' Iu 1830 he vi&itvd Tbcbns for the 
lB«t time. He met with a aunstrokp, which, 
however, did not pcnuanantly injurtt him. 

On l<t Oct. 1866 ha married, at Llauover, 
Caroline Catberine.eldestdeuffhtcr of Henry 
Lucas of U plands, U 1 am oi^nn shire, authors* 
of a work on ' Wtods and Wild IHower*,' 
which appoared two yoan later. In \iVi' he 

tubtisbed a eompanioii bo thi^ Oryitial Pnlncw 
!|iyptia» coUratiuns, called 'Kgypi at the 
Time iif the I'horaohii,' ami also made im- 
portant contrlbutiond to the nnte^ itppbndcd 
to iiBwlinwjn's Irnnnlalion of Ilerwlotu*. In 
ISW there appcawd hi* treatis^i on ' Colour 
and TaiiUi,' in which some articles contributed 
by him to tin- ■ Builder' in 1S55 were in- 
corporated. Hi* purpoM* in that wort was 
to bring before the English public, canon* of 
tasto which he had Iriumt m bia studies in 
continental mns^um-a; hut it alvo shows that 
the author had heon influenced bv Uuskin. 
He lay* down artistic principles in i", with 
nnaHualprpcision, endpsTourstodetecticstb^ 
( ie vTTon in a variety of English usagus, and 
pl^nda eameally for the Sunday opening of 
museuEns and galleries. 

In I860 he was in Oomwalt, and t^oolri- 
butod a ^per on tbe antiquities of Redruth 
to the 'Transactions' of the Koyal Institu- 
tion of Cornwall. In 1831 be made a collec- 
tion of shells iulli^Hayof Codiic, and in the 
foUawinf[ year published in thft ■ /fwlogist ' 
(vol. xxii.) an account of u new Ilritiah 
oyster which he had discovered at Tenby, 
when> bo was then residing. In 1867 h« 

SWdod atK'C<-Mfully in the * Axchieological 
ourn&l ' for the preaervatioii of an nncient 
gateway at Tenby, tbe destruction of which 



Wilkinson 



»76 



ilkinson 



wu tlmiuaixL Vuiottt otlur p*fer» mve 
contribat«d by biin to tb« ' TruuMCtioiu ' of 
iha Bojwl Soaglj of Lttenianr, uid lo ocher 
lilcruy umI tdeati&c: jwriodicftb. 

He died Kt Llandorenr oa 'JO Oct. 1875, 
•ikI wu buried thmn oa 3 Not. IIm eolleD- 
tkm «f tafiqniti<« «M p w n ted br kiat to 
HuTow wbool in I864,moeoiBpraiM witb «n 
ebbflnu CMtMXogae Anyn up W hisuelf ; a 
mon Dtodoii dmeripcii>a b^ Dr. Do<]s« wm 
Mblithfld b; the Mhool AuthoriliM in 18^. 
Other rutiqiiM colleeied by him are in tb« 
Brittifa Muetua. 

[ObhauT KcRiMi is JoanHl of Roral G«o- 

. mpbietl Sodttj ftod Archw>loK>cAl Joarttal : 

FiMterB AltmiKi Otoo. I'l^ISM: Bowaaad 

Co«fU«r'a Bibt. Coranb. ; LitU of che Re;«l 

tSoefelj.J D. S. H. 

WILKINSON, TATE(I731>-lS0S).««or, 
llic *•!!> uf lb'- IJfv, John \Vilkin*nn, D.I),, 
and hifl wifu, Onice Tat«. th-* dsugbtflr of an 
■tldrniun of GnrlisV, wiw bom on 27 *Jct, 
1730. HU fathRr. a rhapUin to the Savoj 
and to Frc^nnck, prince ol Wales, was rector 
of Co^y in Glamorfffttifbiri', and bad other 
prsfamwnt. Tat« WilldDaoB waa educated 
at AchonU kept by a Mr. B«lla« in Chiuvh 
Lane, (!'helw«, and s Mr. Tempwt. near 
"WaadflWrtrth, and in Xor^^mbor 1753 wii» 
aent to Harrow, when-, huvint; prfjvioualy 
dicplajed aonu! akill in mimicry and aome 
tatt« for the 8tag*-^« bad indi'ud. throutrh 
a chance intimaejr, been admitted to re- 
hi.-«r»ala at Coveat Garden — ho played Lady 
Townky and oth«r part*. Hia father wiu 
transparted to America in March 1757 for 
eontinuinfr to nolifiDnitu- mnrriaf^i-^ at ihe 
SaTOy by bis own license, in defiance of the 
marriaf[<! >r.C of '2(1 (l«or)ivi II, ami di^l nt 
Plymouth, where the togmI had put in dur- 
iag tb« vnyRov. A commianon oHprMil Tnt«> 
by influi^ntial friends was declined, in spite 
iif tU» pn>to«t« of hia father's friend, Joaas 
Hanway 'a. r.l, and uanp lejuana wem taken 
from John Kicii[q.T.l, who <1 ismiaeed the lad 
aaincapable ofbi^roinjr an actor. HLsehirf 
Mtemy waa MarfiraTet WoHinglon, who, irri- 
tated by bin imitation nf hfr. iniiMM an hi.^ 
diamiaial. TheCTinpany all but Shntertook 
ihe part of ilift It-arling lady. Shuter, fi>r hin 
benefit at Corent Oarden, on 18 April 1767, 
brought Wilkinson on m tIip Fine (Jcntlc- 
man m ' Lelhe,' when lie was announced as 
'a penoB who had never appeared.' Thi* 
part ho rep.!(ited for Bencraft.'B benefit on the 
39th. (Jn hi» arcond appearanre he waa 
denned, and did not venture to makeanoiher 
e^|Brim<!ut. Uu nristocratic palroiio, who 
were nnmi^roiu, i^ffi him an on^raifemeut for 
■•autumn from Uarrick, whom Lis imita* 



tJem, etpeetaUy iJiai «rf Fool*. deliffht*d. 
Meantime he became a sharing member of a 
emuanTunder Wi{n>eD,ai>dop)>nedat Maid- 
almw a* Aimwell in ihe ' Beanx' Stratagem.' 
He playod other pane with liltl<- anceeaa. 
and on nnMaiinn at Dnuy I.Ane onder Oar- 
rieh was tnaitd ae a tapavtoiDeraiT. Oar- 
rirk inlrodooed hia to Footo, who, after 
hpariBg bla inutatioaa, look Um to Inland. 
A ffvvt causht on the joomer prevented Uc 
appeannee tor eooie weaka. lie was a 
tntoooovaleecvDoeaadentertaincd byfri 
and beeame extremely popular in Du' 
Near the end of I7ri7bi-a]^i«aredwith Foote 
at Smock Alley Theatre oodar Sheridan, 
playing the poptl in Foota'a cntertaiaiBeat 
'Tea.' Hia imitations gave great daligfal, 
and he obtained with Oarrich » Imve an eo- 
|^a|iem«at at thre>> nuint^aa a week. His imi- 
tations of K.vws wire highly approTed. He 
acted CadwsUader, Foul*-'* part in 'The 
Author.' aftor Footf'ft return to I<unduiL Ue 
tlwn won acceptance ms Oth«-llo, which bi- 
played in the manner of Spmngor Bany 
[q. V.J. and iiwM iraiteiiooe ot Mrs, Woffin^- 
toii, t^parkf . and Foote. Hi* manager Pben- 
dan hi- t'r\«t ! v oflt-ndwl by oflTerind to itniutE 
him. For bi» benefit, on 3o Feb. lITtB, be 

tlavevl ]tastinfr> in ' Jane Shore ' and Queen 
)nilnli>II« in ' Tom Thumb.' His aoctal and 
Aniincial Aucceeses in Dublin vrvxn equdlT 
cooepicuoiis, and hi: ret umed to London 
ISO fruinea.4 in hi* ptx-kt't. He was at*" 
ITftged to Garrick, who rftfwwtl to 
for the tine he had been awsv. On 8 M^, 
for a benefit, he played in ifath na OUiA 
and in FooleV 'Tea,* Through the i 
of fashionable friende ht> whs r 
i'ortsmoRth, where the fl«eb wai 
tionMl. Here, in addition to parte alreadr 
named, he was seen between 9 Jane anil 
14 Aug. 17.S8 as Romeo, llotapur,' l«rd 
Townly, Itichard IIT, Castalio, Horatio, 
Essex, Li-ar. Hamlet, UrestHS, Oamyn in the 
* Klournin^; Bride,' Lord Chalkatone> and' 
Pcinichio. 

WilktnM>n'a first anpearanoe under Oarridl 
at I>rury Lone look place with Fi>ote oQ 
17 Oct. in Koote'* twixict force, ' The Di- 
Tersiuns of tho Morning.' In tliia he a 
IIouiiOH, and gave imilntion^ of Sparks 
Capulel, Banr in Alexander, Sheridan 
Otfirtn, and of Kool«-, snil mheri!. "n* 
wore ma eucceeaful that. Spurku compIainaA 
Their withdrawal by tnaungeriAl o " " ' 
to a riot. They were then recom- 
Oarriok imlimill injr, ia onlt.>r to pocify 
to bphimi^plf imitated. Qarrick called 
nnd Wiliiinwn at the time * th« Ki, 
Wilkinson wa.*genemUT but unjuntly « 
of ae Foote'6 pupil. Fo*r his b«-nufit Waoinl 



iaBi 



then Ma-' 




J 



Wilkinson 



277 



Wilkinson 



^^ mt 



llo for the flnt tine in Ijondon, ud u 

Lady Pi'ntweiiel greatly to 0»rrick's(lL>lif{ht 
hn took ort' F(>oU', with whom Wilkinson 

d hud diflicult}'. 

Aftt^r nnolbwr summer sooson in Porta- 
mouth Wilkiiiwn, whom Uarrickhad tukuo 
into favour, rpajiiwareJ ot Urury l^ot! m» 
Mrs. Amlttt in tho ' GunfflilfnicT,' und oa 
6 Nov, 17M jilarKil ItnjuKt in ' 'lami-rlanK.' 
On Oarrick'H odvicf? lie then revisitrd Dublin. 
arriving on 26 l't<c. 1 7 ''9, rend wut •riig»tf>^d 
at Smock Alley Thenth', wh^iie lie nricd in 
oppoeition toFoote, who wasat Cixiwytrwt. 
Jleplayifl withmiicli snocfiM in man^ minor 
parts, gave UIm iniitntione, and received for 
LU benefit a InrciT etim than had at that 
timo h«t-ii Inkcn 111 th« tbentr«, Hbturiuii{( 
to Kii^lund he waa Li)gug«d at WinchMler, 
whpn> many milittu r«gimcni« were q^uar- 
tortd, On ^4 Nov, 1700, in tWtv's coined v, 
'Thtt Minor,' he made bis tirst appearance at 
Coveot Garden. Ub played tbo uufl patt^ 
in llm pit^rf iu> Kiiotit wha i-xlitbitiag at Urur^ 
Lftufi— Shift. Hmirk.aiid Mrs, Col»— and dtdi- 
vered the Ppihiffin-, imitAlinf; Frtoli> himmdf 
to the life. He a\»n imitated Garrick, wliu 
was RO incvDHed t)ui( hi.- ni'v«'T Jiguin xpoko 
to lb« offendt-r. Foote tried vory hard to 
frighivn Uich, th« manit^pr, our of making 
tbe exptrimeiit, bnt faiW. Amonf^ other* 
\ViLkiiiiK)ii iniiitilvd wns Wbilefield. liuh- 
MS]ii<?ntly he miulc liiA first aupearance ill 
Uath, wh«re, ob everywlica*, av wae vi-ry 
popalnr. 

Ilefiixin^ a three years' eii^Rgeintitit at 
Covenl Wsrden, hv joinwl Footi- (tn nhnni 
hi; had bticocnr- rttconcilt^d) at. tlni Hiiymnrket, 
appearin||; in Juneatiijhift ami Dr. Squint 11 m. 
and in July vm thn 6m Tetvr I*rimer in 
the ' Mayor of Uarmtl,' a pari in which he 
imila^d t^beridaii. Next year Uc was tht? 
Ur^^olcouduK in Footv*« 'Tracedy li la 
M^^ in wlikh lit! was assialcd by mute 
actor<4 dreM>e(i ridiruloui'Iy in hi(;h irajrudy 
Vtylif. n>- )md ill tli« mt'unliine ^lUyeil lor 
the iinit time in Norwich and York, niiching 
Edinburgh, whwrn h« opi-n^l on I'l Fiib- 
17ftl in lli>! • Minor/ playing siibserjutintly 
BuTee ill the ' Itebearedl/ Major Sturgeon, 
and many other comic and serlona ^art^. 
Other places were also visited. Wilkinson 
bad mudo in York thencqnaintanco of Joseph 
Bakvr, tka proprietor and manager of a 
newly built and unlicensed tbcatxc, who 
tiionctiivi.'d a strong liking fur him, cuufid«d 
10 him the luanHgemtriit of bis houtitt, and 
spoku uf him &lwavs us liia adoptt^d aon. 
lukki^r had htm.-ii-lf wm an actor, nnd wo* 
a painter of church interiors and of rheotrical 
scenery. A sugg<'stion was mudi' lo him 
that ho ahould auociitte Wilkinson wiili 



hitn in managemenT. Willunmn put, in 
course of tinte, fourteen hundred pounda 
into th«i spvculntion, and became partner 
with Uaker iu the maiiagemeiit of surural 
Vorkahire theatrt's unil of thu ibealru at 
Nuwcttello. Hilt diiiut in thi» cuptioily was 
made in York in January lilhlait Corioiuniu. 
In October 1768 ho niarritd, in York, Miaa 
Jaiiir Ihtughlr, nnd thn fulloM'tng year hu 
obtained at. the price of hOOl. patents of 
twi-nty^jnv yt-am .iich for thir thealn>8 in 
Vork and Hull, liiker diod In 1770 in debt 
to tb.- extent of a.OOO/., leaving Wilkiu- 
fion Aole manager nf ihn theatres in York, 
ilull, and Newcastle. The liist-uamed Wil- 
kinson abandoned a year or two later, and 
optined in it« Head a new iheain: In Lc«d«. 
lie guvu pc^rformancea iu tbc race week at 
DoDcaster, imd al other limt;» at Beverley, 
Ualifajc, E*ontefmct^:^belIield,aiid WakvMd, 
lit tho summer of 177- be n^vi^tcd Dublin 
and nulvd at Cruw t^trui:t ThuaLrv. Visile 
to Dublin, Birminghani, l^diuburgh, iiliu*- 
gow, Norwich, &.C., wero more or less fre- 
quiintly miulf, and On l-'i Jan. 1778 hu 
reappeared at CoventGitrden, playing Ca plain 
Iroufiidfs in thv ' BmlWrs' nnd Don Manuel 
in * She would and nhe would nor,' biuiides his 
ciistomarv partx in I be pieceo of Foote. 
From this vii«ir hu to<tk the name ho bort- of 
'the Wandeiing Patent**.' In 17^0 and 
again for a short time in I7B1 he aildcd to 
his other rvspoueibilitii-H tbe msDUgemeut of 
thi- Kdiuhtir^b 'rbi^tiln*. llr^ broke liiit b'g 
for the second time in 1 788, and wa^ thence- 
forward pn^vMilt'd from playing juvenile 
chnractera. Wilkinson diyd on Id Nor. 
IHOll, leaving five surviving children, one of 
whom (John Wilkinxnn, lik<; hinuetf an 
actor, and during soinv Tt^ars a membi-r of 
the company) succeeded him in manage- 
ment. 

Concerning Wilkinson's powers oa an actor 
little is known, so complett-ty uvursbodowed 
are tiiny by hi* n-putntiim a.i n mtinic- lie 
played 11 large muge of chiiructor-.i, from 
Haintet. Li-ar, and lIom<.Hi, to Ttityee and 
Mrs. Uole, and won acceptance I'verywhor* 
until bis Inter years. On his last appeur- 
anCL' at Corent Ganlon, Iht; djtt« of wbicli 
\i unmentioned, ho was biss(3d by the public, 
tbe wrath of which he disarmed by a tactful 
apology, ilia tuuceM in tragic cbAractcrs 
Ueneat attributes to his catching the manner 
of Uarrick and Moasop. His rvpniation 88 
an act.iir wan chiefly derived from liis [)i>r* 
fonoancca in the plars of F.iote. ,\b a 
tnitnic be can bare iiail no superior. Camp* 
bell calls him one of the raost extraordinary 
mimics that ever lived. Cburcbill in the 
* Uoftciiid ' apirftka of Wilkinaon and William 




option [q. v.] m •bodows of t'ooce and 
Woodward, nod uya Ul-oalurcdljr : 

With net a nngla conie power ondutd, 
TIm flnt a mor* meM miinii:'* mimic Mood, 

but fonntO nohiH-iiiw^ntlv « mow favAiiritble 
opinion. Wilkinson vau^bt llie very ayfti&t- 
Mnoe of tho people be imitoted, uvea, it is 
Mid, wh«a l£ey wore youn^ and good-look- 
iaif wnraon. Plain biruKlf, be could lunkp 
hiinself look like I'Sp WoIBnglon. His 
miraicTriiw itivulrttd him in endleM qunrn-U, ' 
liiir. his rictims, with ibe exw-ption ol" 
Qnmck, alw«T« fiidvd by ftirgiviiiK Kim. 
As a manager \it> was pn^-mplan', and the 
York circuit in }ii» day m « rucruituy eruund 
rivalled Bath »nd surpimnd Normch. He 
nfonned sbuaes of thMtrical use^, espe- 
cially iho iwKonnl iipplti?«tinnii of ilii^ actots 
end salt or trckctfl to iniliviiiiialpatronB.and 
wan hoiiourable and liberal, lie engnjivd 
every performer of distinction or notorietv, 
bom Mrs. Siddon« to dancing do^s, and, in 
ipite of tlie caprice!) of f'^rtune. mndt mone'r. 
A man of good birlh nnil udiirurioci, ii gour- 
tnol, k friM! livi-r and ii huinourLst, he en- 
joyed mat popuUriiy. CbiLrles Matht-ws 
th» rider speaks of him a» ' it polished 
^t'ntkmaa' and 'a Chcdti*rlletd.' lie had, 
nowwver, a curious metbodof spwioli,j''dling 
out. Aft from a. bn^, disconnccied pornAeH: 
b\.'bind fi gruS' ninnner he disfEtiis^d a kind 
diapoDilion. In later years, with impairrd 
faeutb, lit! t^Tuw nivtoucholy. Ills iiortrait 
by Atkinson i» in the Matliew« colk'ction 
in tbo Oiirriiik Club. 

In 1790 W'ilkiiiion published bu) • Me- 
moirs ' in four volmaefl (York, 12nio; Dub- 
lin, 1790, 'lid in ITO.'i bin ' Wnnderinj^ 
I'att^nlflp, or n Hintorv of the Yorkshire 
Tbentreii,' in four simdnr voliiniM (York, 
lymo). Thrtc, though they hnve hci'n fra- 
quuuily sneered at and condemued, are 
amon^t tbo most nmusiug and trufitiTorthy 
tbeairical docunit-nrs we poesesa. In ihem 
lie includes] *)me of Foole's farces in whioh 
lie wan in the h»bit of niipeariuf, tiigvlber 
with till? ■ Mirror, iir Actor's TablrtI, with a 
Rax-iow of ibo Old and Now Tboclricftl 
Schools,' and olh4;r nithcr miitiMdlauenii* 
matter. * Original Aiipcdotes r^^spc-cting 
the StsK*' Bod tin* Acor* of the old Hi-hoMl, 
with ItirDinrks on Mr, Hfnrphy'a I-ife of 
(Jurrick,' was priutod po&thiimoiiBly about 
1805, Iwing msde up irnm articles contri- 
buted to the ■ .Monthly Mirror.' OnJv 
twelve tonies ure luiid to liovu been Struck 
o9', and, like all WiUiiusoii's books, it ii 
tcarce. 

[ParUcolara of WilkiaMn's life are rirawn 
prinoipally ttom bis Uemoirs, Rtid of lii> 



raaaiignnciit fiMm bis Wnndering FhWHse. 
Mudi infuraistiDO it supplied iaCeaeM'aAaeotnt 
of thn l>n«li>h StagP mtid llitchi^oek'a HiBl<nv«l 
View of the Iri4i Stage; Dibdio's Aanals of 
ibc EJioknrvh J^isgo; TbaBpian I'wtioawy: 
Mifka^-l KalU's nonioiaMiBiMa ; OXeeffo's 11^ 
c«>llertioii> ; Jtaraaid'a Itetrospactjon of ibe 
Stige: Cisrk RumII's Rcpraaantuirc Acton; 
Georgian Km; Stirling's Old Drury Imat; 
Brjno'a Dii^. ef Paintfirs- Lowe's BibtipftT«iAy; 
Foster's Alumni Oxon. ; Ciiiir«liiU'« F^etical 
Worits.l J. K. 

WILKINSON, Wn.MAM (rf. 1818% 
tlteologics] writer, tnatricubiled as n sixar of 
CJaeeiia' Collejtv, Cambridgp, on 12 Nor. 
1508, proceeded B.A. in l871-3. and com- 
menced M.A, in 1575. In I.'i79. while ad- 
ins aa a scbooliuaMer in CaiubridK^, be pub- 
linhcd 'A Confutation of certaine articW 
delivered iinto the Familyc of Love, with 
the exposition of Theoiibilu.*, a supposed 
Elder in the sard Family^.' London, 4to.a 
tn-atiso dinKt«a Igsinut Henr«- Nicliolae 
[ij. v.), the faiind«r of the ' Fauily of Ixive.' 
ixw! criticifnis of notes collected out of 
thirir ^rM|vl by John Young (//. lOft'O 7i\. v.L 
hirfinji of Itodie-iter, were prefisea, and 
Wilkinson himself added a nkctch of tba 
hiPtorv of the niovfmf^t. The book was 
dedicated to Kicliard Cox {I500-I681)fq. v.], 
bishop of Elv, who pn-fixi-d a cummenJatory 
note. In id^O.whilr r^t^idiu); in l>judon in 
the parish of Ht. Itntolpli, he published ' A 
very godly and K'nnit'd treatise of ihi; Exep> 
ciw! of l'"(wtyng, dfewrrihi'd out of thi* word 
of God, %ery nee^ssar^e to bee applyed unto 
oiirchiin.*Iif« in Knglmid in tht'«<> perillaiix 
daves.'lxmdon.flvo, dedicated toI.adyPh^t 
nnil Edward Ciirey, one of her tnsjeetr's 
priry chninbcr. On 3 May lfi88 be received 
a diapensation to hold, tbougb a lavuoan, 
tilt- prcliond of Fridnvthon>e in York Cath^' 
dral, in whicli be liad U*en in»ialltMi on 
31 Jan. 1587-8. lie died in 181.1. Td 
Wilkiofon may u1h> bo am:ribvd au undatvcl 
tronaUlion br"' W. \V.' of M. I^uther's I'ra- 
face on the Epistle to the Romans,' Loo- 
don, Rvo. 

[Cnopur's AUienie Cantabr. it. 179; Siiype'i 

AiitiaIh of the Itrfi>m)i»titi». IH24. ii. i 466, ti. 
m, 300; Amtn's Tvi-ograjiliiral .AnlinuitifS, 
t-i. Ht-rbi-rt.] E. 1. C. 

WILKS, JOHN frf. 18JIJ), swindler, w» 
t1i>^ only Mtn of John AVilkn, bj his wifc 
lsabell«(-/. 19 Jan. l^WV 

His father, Jons \Vii.KPfl76fi?-16rj), at- 
ti^rnny, bom in I7t»l or 17<3.'i, was soa of Mat- 
thew Wilks, miniAlcr at WhitelieUl's tab«r- 
nsdu in Moorfield?. He was an attnmt*y by 
profeisiou, and on 31 July lUiH) was retunied 



^ 



tn ■parYxunent for BostoD in UncolnelnrD in 
tli«) radical int<-n-«t, tntnininf; liis xwit until 
Jfi:^7. 1 [<• ffirimid coUectiniw of bonka, workii 
of art, und autdfp^pbB, which wore sold aftor 
his doAtli hy Miswrs. ^^otln!bT & Wilkinson. 
For tnort! tlian tireuty years be ivas lioiiomri' 
Bdcretary of 'Thr I'roU'stant Soclcly for tbe 
Pp'tisjtton of Ki<ligiou« Freedom.' He wasa 
mttmlM^r of (be Ktatistictil nnJ Zootogical so- 
cioti'PA. He died in Loudon, nc ]ii» ru«iduiicu 
in lMn*burTSqurirH,un:^6 Au^. 18^4, and wiu 
buried in Kenaal Grpt-n ct-mettTr. Boaidw 
his von JoltQ Uh l*-rt Uin-n diLtiffhten*. Htt 
WBA tlte author of * An Apal<^v fnr the Mis- 
tunutrv Sociely,' London, I7W, Si-o ^Ornt. 
Mau. 1FM, ii. R!>9V 

The son John rollgwed liia futher's profe*- 
Uoi) M nn nttorncT. Tn ]»:J'i lie I'-Arncd the 
Dam-< of Uubble \Vilks' bv flx>alin([ a num- 
bi-r of joint-stock compinie<i, all of which 
wi>r« tinonciAlfAiluivs. On 13 Jimn 1^26 ht.> 
was returned (o parliament tor the borough 
of Sndbiiry in .SiilTolk in tht^ whijf iotcnst. 
Jn April iS2t^ \iv rvitigiu-d liitt sent, and 
shortly sitcrvrardft ho ivii» chnrgedbylort'the 
lord miiyor with furtfvrv, hut wa« UL'ijuIll'jd 
on the non-iippi^iiniricpiirihi? priiHi'cm:i)r. On 
hid rL'kiB»j hi3 ubtainc'J the iioei of Turi^i cor- 
re^lionilr'nt totlitj ' Stntidnni/nnd Ki^ncrl bi» 
conlrlbutiona to tlifi London papi'rs*0. P.Q.,' 
Dratmiui of retrieving bix fortunes, hi^jiprpad 
false reports on the I'firis brmr^c. and incon- 
fcqiivnoe was ordervdbv the hvid ■irilw! polii-i- 
tolcKLveFntncewithinfourdnys. |]i!t fricndii. 
bowBTcr, »bLain(.*d thv ruv<x*uti'jti by llii'ir 
interc^Asion , and he «pxt fonned a joint- i 
stocli compnny lu establish a oi^n-tpaper cn- 
tilliMl'Tlif Ijoiidnn and l^iri*(''i)iir((*r. Afltsr 
the ioumal had apjHutrvd for a few montlis 
Wilks Bed, learinff the ilebln of ihe cn- 
terprm in \w paid hv im KnKlinh parinnr. 
Sbnrllv after he eTnloilcd n second cnnipimy, 
to llnancc a moiuMy mnpzine cnlk-d 'La 
lievue J*rorearaat«," a project which proved 
mori: profifubii- to its tiiithor than to th« 
caii4i> of n^ligion. Aflvr funning' au un«u(!- 
ceMful I'aria I'ari^cl!! Uelwery Cumpimy, ho 
rt'ttirned to London, and, M'tllln^ in f^urn-y 
Slrtwt, Striind, atti-mpti-d I" IViiutd an Aii- 
thow' tnslitntj?. Ilia Inat pniiecl wai ihu 
e«t«lili»hni(;nt of a fraiidiilnit fhirirsl rw^n*- 
trynlbw. U^fon* hi.^ lalesi dishonesty vrivs 
di^lected he died suddenly at Chplttrn, on 
17 .Fan. 18-lfi, leaving no properly tn com- 
pensate hU Tietima. 

Wilks waa the authorof : L ' A Uhnslian 
Dioi;raphii-nl Uiutinnary.' Ixindou, \SJl, 
l-nio, 1'. ' Meinoira of Qtieen Oorolino," 
London, I^2l\ i vol*. 8vo. S. 'llinitca: a 
PVa^ant,' Ivimdon, l8tJ3, 8vo, After his 
roiura to England he waa & conataol con- 



tributor to 'Freaer'a Mafrtiiue,' aupptyinir 
reminiacvnees of LuuiN-Phliippo ana u'ther 
notable FrencUnwn. 

[Onot. Mag. 1816.1.619: Mutaaand Ouer^as. 
Wh wr. vii. 180] E- 1. C. 

WILKS, MAUK (17(H)?-18S1), lieu- 
tonant- colonel in tbe Madrafi army, bom 
about I7ti0, was a nativf of the lale of Man, 
and vniered tbo Kast India Coinpimy'd aor* 
vice. Being at one tima iut«?nded fur thu 
niiiiiiflry, be rmx'ivud a cliuuicul education, 
iLud in eouse<|Ueuc« wttnt lo India at a lat«r 
&f^' than wna u^ital. He ohtaineH a cadet- 
ahip in 178], ami on '2o Sept. I7H^ rvceived 
a cnmmisflioii in thi* MndnLsarmv. In 1786 
h» b«i»iin' d('piity-«ecri'tury to iiio military 
board, and in thn following year si'on-taty 
to ft diplomalio mis^inn uncler Sir Uarry 
Clnw [i|.*'-] to lh« "ullnn of Mysore. In 
17Srt he wajj appointed fori-ndjittnntat Fort 
8t. Ueurf^, and on I! Murch 17^'J ho was 
prontott-rl lientcnAnt. and scrvfd m aide-do- 
cvmp to tlie goreni'jr. Frum 1790 to 1792 
be acted as brlf^de-major and aide-d^-camp 
IoOoloiiol(aflorw9nJ«<ica(;r)il),Iftmi?«J?taart 
Ve under STr4BT,JAiJl5s,<i. 171i;tl during 
ibv war AiruiusC Tipti <Sntb. tn 17^ hi' was 
Qjtsistant iidjut ant-gene ml, ami in 1794 wan 
npj)oioteil SiuiLrt 6 militarj- awrwtary. Frim 
Ifi'y lo 17'I0 Wilks was on furlough from 
h'ld hi-aUh,and during his ab*cnce.on 12 Oct. 
1 7^>i, be rvcentjd his captaincy. Un hia rw 
turn bo itcr^'cd auoccssirely nn military acere- 
tury and private <mcr«l«ry to the (lovi-rnor. 
Lord Clive 'sf^ Clivk, KDWARn, Kaltl. or 
l\>wisj. jl« wa« uext appointed town- 
major of Fort St. (lenrge, and in l-HOi; br- 
caoK' military eccwtarj* to the raniinander- 
in-<-birf, Ltfutr<nnnl-t^-ntfrnl Jamex Htiiart. 
From 180;l m IH(>** he Ber^■ed an political 
r^ii'iili'nl Ht the court of Mywire, attaining 
thr rank of mnjor on '2i S>.<i)t, l.*^!, nnd of 
lieutennnt-coloubl on -1 April l&S^. In ibiit 
yrnr ill-health oblij7»d hiin to tjiiil India, 
and ou -JO Sov. 181:2 ho wa* npiioinltid 
poveniur of Wt. Helena, arriving in thu 
itikndon 212 June 1813. 

lli« ndininiitfralioii as jrov^-nior wa* wl»e 
and enlightened, and personally he wa.<t very 
p[>P'ulaT. ITt> iniprovf^ the condition of 
B[frii:ulmre in the oniony hy introilncinjf 
b-ltcr iDPthud^ of ciilllTBtiuD, and by induc- 
ing the KnAt India Company to »\tt^t tlx; 
uyictn of land tenure. WilkawaB governor 
nn rhft arrivni of Xapoleon on 1.") Oct. ISlii, 
but 131 the next year was relieved by 8ir 
Hudson Lowe [n. v.] lie won the eateifin of 
the emperor hy itin ahilit v of Iiin udministra.- 
lion, llerutunted to !',ii;(knd and tftired 
from tUu company's service on \fi Oct. 1818, 




Wilks 



380 



Wilks 



littvin?ivceired tht> brern null of rolonel 
od4 Junv I8U. 

Wilks't) fADti^ rPMs diir^flv nn hia ftdml- 
rable wurk, 'ilistoiicsl .Skctcbee of tli« 
!>)Outh or Imlift in nn Attempt lo rmce tlie 
HiMlary of Mysoor.' Tito first Toluiua wit» 
publt»!ied iu IM(I (l»ndoii, 4to), And tW 
(tuiuind and cbinl iii lt^14. A Mwond editiou 
ia two volumea waa publuhed at Madrta in 
1807. For tba imrly histoi; of Mvtoni ha 
had accMdi to the alat« mcord*, wiiila lie wua 
himself 11 pan'icipalor in the later pvenls hv 
<]««cnlw<^, bikI from hi* official empIoynn-utM 
woa poeeeswd of nn ample lraowll^dg« of 
gUt« transaction*. Hie ni^tory ia wriltwi 
with rare impnrriAlitv, Kn<l in a style nt 
once situple and iiit«reating. li won liim 
the praise of 8ir Jauifia Mac](into»ti [q. r.], 
who *]iolte nf llm * Histnrieal Sltficlit-s' iw 
'the Unit bonk nn Indiun liision,- fouiule'd on 
a critical examination of tcetlmunv fend pni- 
babiUlv.' 

WilVft died at Kelloe lloua^ in flprvick- 
ehln.', thi> rL-sidtiici: of hia soii-in-Uw, ou 
10 Sent. IKU. Ilcwa-ilwicp uiarxittt. ll't> 
second wiff.', whom liu inarriod at Balh on 
Itt Ki.'l). li^lS, ■WHU vniingt'jit ilau^litiT of J. 
Taubman of Biilh. \iy hia lirat wife he had 
an only dAii;[liter, Laura, married al Riith on 
22 July li^l7 to Mnjor'gencTal Sir John 
Duchaii(r/. lsr>0)Qf Kelloe. SL« was famoiia 
fnr her beauly, on which she wa» coinpli- 
m^utL'd by Nopolft^m. 

]WiiIPS (he workA mentioned, AVilks won 
th« audnjr of ' A. Ktrport on the lutorior 
.\<]miniiil ration, Ri';toiir(?i'.'>, anil K\pt^iiiiit)im 
of lliB Ooverninenl of Mysnor,' Fort Wil- 
liam, IWK, fill.; nvw (>(lit,,Bun(^a]or«', I^tSl, 
five. He was afpllownfihsKnyal Society, 
and WBs for vomv yi^ars a vice-president of 
the Aciutid SociiL'ty. in whow * TmnMctioiiB ' 
he published Qiiaiialyfti^ol thi' nhilosopliical 
work of Nosir itddiuuf Tusunliittd ' AUuk 
i Noseri.' 

[Geal. Mas. 1813 1. 282, 1817 11.178. 1831 
ti. 4fi9, \m3 u. 9t; Philippart's tjul Indiii 
Mililwrjr Culrtidnr. lan.i.UO. UoIwbU and 
Hilee'a ludiati Army Ltot, 18311; Meinoin t>( 
iho Life of .Sir James Mm-tintwh, 1838, ii. 69: 
Jllai^kwvod's Mill;. 1834. sxiv. tS; AltiL>t>i3«'* 
Diet, of KngI, Lii.: Asiatic Journal. 1833, new 
trr. ri;1.Tiii,; lirooitu'B Bint, of SL IJclena. WH, 

pp. a ;«-««.] E. I. c. 

WILKS, KOnKRT (I66r>f-17.-W). actnr, 
■ dKiicx-udiint nf n Worcceler family, the for- 
tune of whirh wiT/* smniuly impnirfd hy 
(ho oivil war, was t be second eon of lulward 
Wilks, who took rofujic in Dublin, and Ix- 
came a pursuivant of th<i lord lieutenant. 
Tbeactoi'a grandfather. Judge Wilks, is »aid 
to bare raised a troop of Loru for lbs king, 



wliicli Ilia ^nd-«inc1e. Colonel Wtlkt, wlio 
ia uia;nl ioniKl by Clarendon, comiuaudMl. 
Born nl libthfambani, near Dublin, in imio or, 
lUTonlint; to another account. 1670, KobeK 
Wilkft riTi'ircd a fjood education, und was 
appointed, on the etrvu^th of hir eoIigrapliT, 
to a tlerkahip in the ollice of nwcretary Sir 
Itobt-n Southwell .ij. v.1 Oo the outfansJt 
oftlie wariu Irelnnil Wilks wan compelled lo 
join the army of King William, but, bein^ 
appointed clerk lo th<- i-Amii, took no part ia 
aciivB conflicr. Uejoining niK ofHce, he ■eon- 
traded nn iutimncy wilh llicharda. a come- 
dian, and after playiiift privately thr C-oLmcl 
IVdro] in Drydeii's 'Spanish Friar,* mode 
dii) firtt appeamnoo on the stage under 
J(»eph .\ebtury ^q. v." at the Smock All«y 
Theairc-in Doci-nibi-r ItiUI as Utbello. '{'h^re 
bein|c no regular company, the porformanc* 
(which was to commemorate the dvfual of 
the ^tiiart i-auM in Ireland, and t>i which 
the public w>!re admiiU'd i^alis) was con- 
ducted by nmaieiiri). princtp&IlT ollicim. 
Wilkx's Kuc^ieiis in tbiHwaa aucb as to indnee 
him to adopt the Ntajife, and to b-ad lo the 
oatublitihiiienl. of the Smock Alley Theatre. 
A life by Daniel tt'llrvan, which haa besn 
discredited, aseifnia tW perfommoci!) to 
.Tantiary 1(18^, and ttayalhat Wilks had tiro, 
if not more, children by a Trifo ha hAd pri* 
vately married, and that b<.<ih ho oud bi* 
wife, expelled from their respective homa, 
were ^IxdiiTcd by a .Mr. Cope, a pjldsnuth. 

Somewhere before ltH)6 Wilks visited Ixwi- 
di>u,aiid was vn^of^id by-fobn Kich [»).v.] al 
lo«. aweek,oiit urwhicii lir hud to pay ^. Ihf. 
to bi? taught dancing. The only (lart tra<.«d 
to him at tht- Theatre nii\^l it I.ysippiu in 
the ' Maid's Tragedy.' W'hile in l.oDoon hff 
murried Klixalie^h, eldest dauf;bier of I'er- 
diniindii Knupinn, town clerk of .Southamp- 
ton and Btewanl of the New Fore*l. liy her 
hi> hnd 1% iu>ti Itoberl— who was lel^ iu the 
care of an iicior named Itowen when Wilka, 
with hi* wife, returned lo Ireland — and •oow 
ochur ehddrcn, all but une of whom di>'d in 
infuin-y. In 1(IH8 Wilka jdaved in Dublin 
Sir rrrderick Frolic in Etnerep^'s 'Comiral 
lievtufc, or Love in nTub,'CourtalI in'Slw 
would it ohe c/)idd,' and Dnrimant in the 
' .Man of tin- Mode-' Si) popular Ji4 he be- 
come in Dublin that nn reiuminf; to Lon- 
don in the nulunm of 169f} in company with 
Oenrpe Kurqubnr ^q.w], to whom lie allowed 
himself R coiietnnt and loval friend, b« had 
to make an escape, (be Duke of Clnnnnd^ 
haviufj;, it i» mid, iis^ued a wiirrmnt tn pre- 
vent him Leaving' the kingdom. 

WilkHn'jiiipukredal DniryLan<* at ft salary 
■ •f 4f. u» I'alHiiiede in * MnrriHico % Ia Mode.* 
tn 1 09fi he was the nriginnl f^ir fUrryWiltktit 



^ 



Wilks 



aSi 



Wilks 



in FftrquUor'v ' Conaiont Couple,* tbp conKpi- 
cuoiif* atic4%!iHor which llii; autlmr AltrihiitiMl 
to him, nml in Di^t-inU-.r w/ui ibt' orijfinal 
Aguni-inuou iii ' Atliillfs, or lplii^<:uiu in 
Aulio,' Hdjij)lf>il liy Riyer fivjiii Hneim-. lu 
1 7C0 hi* oriffiiiiil jmrtii wi-n* I Vd rn ill 1 he ' I'il- 
(Ttim ' (alterpd by l'uri)uhn.r t'r>nn Flultlmrl, 
Fnwtnnn in ftiininhy's ' KrforiniMi Wife.'niiii 
C«ptnin Br^Hair in 'i.'oiirTAbipMa Mode;" in 
17Ul, Cflrloe in ' buve makeH n Miin,' Kail- 
ton in liiikor's ' Ilmmmr <>f tlu- Aj;r?,' Taris 
in tbe ' \ityia I'roplielesii, or the l-'ote of 
Troy,' Sir Uarrv WiWmr in Farqiihor'« pii^e 
)H> niuaod, and I>uko of Lnrrain in Mn. 
'JVrjtler'a ' Uuhsppy Penittnt ; in 1702 AI- 
mcrickiii thu • Generous Conqueror,' Cami)- 
lev in the ' I'lincral,' Ytmii(f Miriibet in l[i« 

* fncouHtant,' Lionel in th<' ' Moilish Hui^- 
biui(],' l>i*n iV'irw la lbt> ' I'liliw Fm^ud,' and 
KliW Woiililbrr ill thr'Twin Rirfils'i and 
in 1703 Kf^ynoKi in ' Ttinbridc-j \Viilk»,* 
Fiy«h*ricli in irUrfcyV *OUl MimIi^ nml the 
New,' Rellmie in 'love's Contrivance, or Lb 
MMecin matimr^ Uii," Wilding in ' Vict- Jte- 
claimfd," and .lulio in thi" ' Patriot.' Ha also 
playwl \Viliuon» in llif ' Itovpr.' Rfowa in the 
' Fojc,' Hind Oroi-noko. In llw «yu«rtn nf 
170J*-4 he was on :i Dt-c. the first VounR 
Bookwit in Stetle'e 'Lying t^vpr;' on 
20 Jun. AndrainuiLt iu ' Ilmvm 1Ii4> leveller,' 
hr 'li. H.;' and on fi Sfnrcti Norfolk in 
fionkfl'e 'Albion tjuivnii.' lie aleo playi'd 

^m Aniintor in the' Mnid'aTrnpi-ily.' Alvianiltr 
^B ID the * Rival (J<ii:t-nV ArbncuD in ' A Kin^' 
^^ and No Kind,' CeUdou in ' StTtet )<iivw,' 
and. ftl court, rtolabi-lln in ' Lovo fur Tyivc ' 
and IVregriiif Wury in ' Sir Solomon, or lh« 
Cautious Cotcomli;' 17t)4-5 viw bim ■» 
Uottwin in ihr ' Kuyii! >Ifn.'!tJi«l ' iind Theo- 
dore in Ihe'L«iviil Suliji-cl.' ami 17U6-lt a» 
^^ Vaiontinitin. Tbi^ folluwiu^ ori|{inul purt» 
^ft -wf^rHiibuipLhiyi-dduriTig thi! lwnftc>a»on»: on 
^H 7 Dec. 17lH ,Sirt"liarl«&FjiBy in ihe'CurclifM 
^B lltmhandt'un :J.S April Cjijitjiin Clpriiiirmt in 
^B the * Tftndcr HiiiibAnd,' on :t(t Oct. Bloom in 
^^Lf Hampartiid Jlentb.'un 'J:f) iS'ov. Sir Janii'a 
^^Cfcnrtly in tlw ' n4^*Sft Tnl.W nn 3 I>pc. 
^^ Perolla in ' iVrolU and Izadora,' on >* A^ril 
VtJ 1706 Captain Plumi- in the ' tlciTuilinft 
Ufficer,' and, »onie time in 170*^, Farvwell iu 
the • Fasbionable Lovw." 

Owen Swin*>yorMaePwinnT [(i.v.lopttnt'd 

the Ilayniarkrt on Ifi Out. I70o. bi» coni- 

^m P*tn> having b<>«n !itrt>rr?thenFid by a dtilach* 

^H tnent of avtont fmin I>rury I.'itif. Among 

^* iheae was "VVilke, who msdi' bis first nppear- 

a.nca on tile -tkh »m the ['rinrn of \VnI>?« in 

tlie'Flrar I'artof Kinp (Ifinn,-IV,' Hf>re he 

remaini^d two years, play in(; Hamlet, Antfrny 

in'.ruliiu Cnsnr,' MacHurt, Lon^nzn in the 

* Spaniab Frtftr,* HoneM*, tli« Copper Cup- 



tBiR, Kosex, Colonel Careless in tlie * Cnm- 
mit.tti-,' Dorimnnt in the ' 3lan of the Mode,' 
JnffitT, Mnriuo Junior in 'Caiua Mariua,' 
Truewit in the 'Silent Womuu," Castalio, 
Jiipitc:r in ' Aniuliilrii'on,' Cnrtfz in thu 'la- 
di«n Kiopri-*!",' \ incent in ibe* Jovial Crew,' 
and othtr parts. The diarartpra he origi- 
nat*fd inc! iidi-d B*^Iv!l in tbi5 ' I'Ulonic I^aoy ' 
on -in Nov. 170lf, Abdalla in Mrs. Manley's 
'Almyna' on IU I'ee,, I'alaniede in ' Mar* 
riflg.* ii 1ft Mode ' on 4 Feb. 1707. .\reb*r in 
the' Beaux' .Slratngfin' on t^Uarcli, Careleae 
in tbi- ' Iloubk- dullunl' on 1 Nor., Arib>-rr. 
in Kowe*8 ' Itoyal Convert ' on i6 Nov., and 
Ijoi-cI Wrouglove ut the ' Lady's Laal Stake 
on 18 Dec The tbeatro beinp then devoted 
t.11 iiyvn, Wilksi Hpiiran-i! at Uriirr Lanu aa 
Hamlet on \o Jan. 170K A round of comie 
charBL'terK, wilh eumv few 8uriuu« purta, waA 
aaitifTiied bini, and hri wn.o, 81 May 170!^, the 
original Artul<an in TliedWd s ' I'torsian 
I^rinc**!",' on -t IVc. Ccloiiel Hlruht^im in 
Baker's ■ Fine I Jidv's Aim,' on 1 1 Jnn. ITW 
Yonnjt Oldwit in' iCival FooU" (wiapted by 
Ciblwr from Fleteher*i« • Wit ai several 
\\'eapouH'). L. IciUua in Ilennis'a ' Appiua 
and Virnrinin,' and on 12 May Sir GeorRe 
Airey in ilr«. CeiitlivrfV ' Itusy Hody.' In 
answer to complaints from the principal 
actora of tLo invajrre valiiriea lUlowed them, 
the palcnlApa put forth fTati'menlii, aeconl- 
ing to which WHkn'fl rerciptfi. inrluding bia 
benefit, cnnn? to 2991. 1», orf. He waa 
allowed r>i>*. awi'ekn.^sta^t manager, Wilks, 
with Ciblwr. iKijnJet. ana Mrs. UldfieW, now 
jointtd Swinev in the manaf^tnont of tho 
llaymarkei. The houAe opened on '2i) Sept. 
ITUlf with Pi^tterton as tlamlot. On tna 
'2'2ad Wilkv played I'luutv in thu ' Uecruiting' 
Dflicer.' On lil I'ec. he was the first Faitl^ 
ful in Mn>. Cuntlivm't) 'Man'ii Bewitcbvd,' 
and tm t^U April 1710 I^illiarin in ('harles 
}flhtieon'» ' Force of Friendship.' HeiiUyBd 
alwi Oliielln, Ilt'ury VI in ' Iticbard III,' 
and many other parts. 

The companies rennitinp at Druiy Lane, 
Wilka cn-iit«-d ttiere th«i roles of Colonel 
Uaveliu iu ' Maqilut.' •iO Dt-c. 1710 : Kash- 
love in ' Injun-d Love,' 7 April 1711; 
Volutil in lilt.' ' Wife's Relief.' altered from 
Shirley by*'- Johnson, V2 Nov.; Colonel 
HoKtion In Mri^. Centlivre'a ' Porplexud 
Loven*,' I!> Jan, 1712; Ar»»f« in C John- 
son's 'Sucecwiful I'imte.' 7 Nov.: Major 
Y<iiiii({ Fox in Churlew Shadwcll'it' Ilumoun* 
of the Armv,' I'O Jan. I71»; Jubn. in 'Cato,* 
14 April : Chaucer in Uay's * Wif..of B«tb ;' 
Aj^amomnnn in C. Johnson's • Virfim,' trans- 
lated from Itacine, 5 Jan. 1714 ; Dumont in 
'Jane Shore,' 3 Feb.; Pon Felix in the 
' Wonder,' 27 April; Modelyiu the 'Country 



Wilks 



281 



Wilks 



*.* 4 Feb. 171& : Sir Georgn Truman in 
Jtocle's 'Drummer/ 10 March 1710; atwl 
dlV-c 1717 Hvaitlj in Cibl>«'»'Noti-Jur«r.' 
He )ui(l nl»o Imwii M>pn ut IliilaJitnr, Ihimc- 
triuM in the 'lluniiiiirouii T.ioiitpnantT' I'^r- 
t3tn:iiiil in Xhv 'Tempi.it,' anil Ciwno. A.t 
Urun* Lane WilkRKmaiiwd until Ho9au|Mm 
'h'w uvntli. His orifpnNl |init« during the 
r'nmain'li'r of liia star, omiiiiiig a firrw in 
piw?< which failed or an* completely for- 
fP>ttoii, ft^l^ Dnn Carlftti in t^ihbcrV ' Xiin«na,' 
founded on tbe'Cid,' I Nor. 1718 (it bad 
btwn it/cttA MX vfara Mkrlier); Sir George 
Jnl»u» in C. John!>«>n'ii ' Mn»q<»nidc,' 10 Jan. 
1719; nt'llamar in T. Killiim'w'ft 'CUit- 
CbsV 14 Feb.; Mumnon in Vounj^'a ' Bu- 
airia,' 7 March ; Kur^tiou in Southenm'a 
• Apartan Damt*,' 1 1 Doc. ; Kumenea in 
Ilnglw«'s'3ii*miorUamfisfus,'17Ft'b. 1720; 
Krankly in CibWr'a' Itefunal,' 14 Fub, ITtJI ; 
Curios in Vonnp'j ' Ki>veni[c,' It* Aitril; 
Vyof in Ambriwii lliiliim's ' liritoii,' lO rVb. 
17^2; Sir John FrfRtoan in Mrs. tVntlixTe'a 
' Artilicw,' 2 Uct, ; Slyrtlo i« Slwlt-'t ' Oon- 
8Cinii0 Irfivpn*,"' Nov.; Orlnndo in ' I»yo in 
aF<»reHt,'a!t«rt>dfroni' As ton lik* it," U Jan. 
I7'2!i; Pntiphtn in nill's ivltrri'd ' llmr}- V,' 
liDvc.: I'hninrteiinUiiy's'Uuptivi's,' l'>Jan. 
1724; Antony in Cihbor'a'Cjirsar in Epvpt.' 
fl Dee,; ItcllautEie iu .lame* Moon.' Smvilir'* 
' Itlvnl M'>d>-V 37 Jan. 1727; llfntiqwE in 
(luf ' Doubla Falsehood,' aseifrnt^ hv Thoo- 
b»liJ to SlinkwiwMin', IS Hit. ; Irfird Tnwnlr 
in the ' Provoked Husband.' 10 .Fan. 17iS': 
Mwrilal in Fieldinc'd ' Lnve in R^-vuml 
M&f*itii>ii,' III Fi>b. : Gainlnro in Miller'd 
'Flumouraof Oxford,'SJan. 17yO; Masini«m 
in Tliomaon*!) '.Sophnniiba.' 2S Fi>b.; Jasnn 
in C. Johnson's ' MMwa,' II Oec. : Lord 
Modcly in Roden's ' Modieh Couplo," 10 Jan. 
17112; and lU-llaiiiAnl in Fit-ldine'* 'Modern 
Ilmibandj'L'l Feb, Tbi4wa»hisInM original 
clmrnotor. Amooff yt.T\s of which bo wax 
not. cheori|{inuti>r vr«n- Minibcll irithi'' Way 
of thi' World," ibn Prince of Wnles in tho 
'Secniid Part of Kinjf Hi-nry IV,' Anrnnip*- 
Zube, Buckingham in ' IlRnn- VIII,' Alta- 
morit. iu ihu 'Fair Penitent, and Ilastitijfii 
tn'Ricliard III.' 

Wilkn died at liis house in Bow Street, 
r^vpnt Garden, on 27 I'Vb. 1732, and was 
bnried at midnight (,by bis own desire) on 
4 Oct, at St. Pfflnrn, Coveiit Garden. A 
prologue to bii> mt-tnory was oiioken at Drury 
Lane on lA (let. Mrs, Willcs, bom Klizu- 
bcih Knuutun.bad died on 21 March I'M, 
and waa Durind in Hi. IVul'*, Uovwit Gar- 
den, vrliere her hnsband raided a mnnum^nt, 
rill innrriod iif^in, on 20 April 171'), Mnry 
Fall (bom Bpowne}, a wionw with four 
children living, who survived him. 




Wilka't ituoa wae lonf ftasoeiaied wMi 
I he raanagam«nt fint of the Hajmarkitt mad 
then of Urury Lane [far the complex maa*- 
DHrial rhangva twlwoon 1705 mod 1709 
iUcu, OMiusrDraBK\ In 1710, by an wr- 
mnjpimwnt with William Collier, M.I*_ the 
chi«f lesaee, the management of Drury 
va« assi^ed to Wilks, Do^trett, and Ci 
The mnai prOjtpcmus pitriod of Dniry 
manaffcmenl then bt^an. B«TtfHi Boolli 
(<]. v.] w&a auociated in the maiuurement 
early in 1711, and Steele took on 18 Oct. 
1714 tho place of Collier, lo whom tbe 
lieetiM was grant«>d, the raanagvrs then cna- 
aifltinii of Stt<«iu, Wilk*, Oibbtir, Itof^ac, 
and Booth. In January 1720 the tbeatn 
wan iKtaporarilT abut and xhr licvniwa n- 
roknl by the liukc of Xewcaatle. th« loni 
obutnbcrlain [ho SrKELB, SlB Kichjlrd}. 
By the acason of 1720-^ Btwie waa 
dead and Booth disqualified from acting. 
Afl«T 8te«li''i' dpath a rmtpnt was ^rranted 
lo Cib)>er, Willui. and B'Xith, empowering 
tl:«>ra to pve plays at Drurv l.aDe for a 

fHriod of iwcnlT-one years from 1 .Sept. 
Tii2. Wilks'H aliare rame nt hii* deitlb into 
iV hands nf his widow, who appointed JiAn 
Eltv* [<). v.], the portrait-pat mvr, her ruprs- 
scntutire. 

Cibber. whose • Apology ' is Ur^j ooeo- 
pted with Wilka, though not esttmatinj; 
very highlv Wilks's judgment or htit corrDct- 
iieict of Htvli', divlarcs him lo have been the 
most dili^-nt. laborious, and useful n^^lor 
lh«l liiid bwn 00 the stage for fiftv yeajm. 
Hi» unfailing indn.ttry ia stlributrti to bia 
nmbitiiiti for f&tne, in search of which he 
wna unmtnilting in labour. By exampln 
and authority he n-buke-l tiegliganee in 
others In thc'Sp<Ttator' Wilks i!»i«»?ciiil!v 
commended a.t .Macdull', Sir Harry Wildair, 
Mo?ca,iind thi- Priticeof Waleain *Tht< FinI 
Part of Mi^nry IV.' I)aTiosdec1an>a tli^last 
to have bptrn 'one oftlie moat lo'rfoct oxhi- 
bitiont! of thp stage,' and aaye that th'* Hol- 
Kpur i)f Booth WAH not su|)erior. I>a\ie^ 
priilsefi bis Ctutalio, which was, however, in- 
iHrior to ihai. of Cibber, and his .Vniouy in 
* Julius dwar,' in which he showed his fu*- 
tomanr fault of rvstlessnesa. Hi* Othidlo 
ia anoxen of with disparagement by Cibhrr 
Bud by Steele. In Haralei, Castaliu in ihf^ 
'l>rphrin,' Zipharc-*i in ' .Mithridattm,' Kdg«r 
in ' L«ar,* Norfolk in 'Albion (Jiiuens,* l-'tucx, 
Moncnea in ' Tnmerlaue,' and Jaffier in 
' Veuien Pru*en'wl' be won rec<ignition. 
But though his tragic conceptinna were 
praiftrd fur sorrow, tenderness, and rcsigna- 
tiuu, hi* grMtte^t triumphs were all in 
comody, and especially in the comedv of 
Fan|uliitr. Elis chief qualities as a come^iaa 



^ 



V 



were eaae, Hprigiitlineu, and di«tioclioo o{ 
Riiuin«r, which caused him tu be accepted as 
a model of behaviour in fiiabionsblu Huc-iuty. 
Cuncvming lii» rxlalitmit willi Fanjiihar 
(whicli were uniformly jrnoA) it has beeii 
said bj some vereiGur wiibiiut much mm$a 
of proportion : 

Farqnhar hy wriiins gatn'd himsolf & 
(iiinio. 

And Willi* bj- l'arqoliu< gnin'd im- 
raorbil fam*. 
i-'an]uliar, who tuid boon mnre than once 
pecuiiiarilv indeltttd to Willis, commi-ndiL'il 
ti> Lim uii liis dvatbliud bi» unilinii dau^li- 
teni. So well wan lite trunt faltillnd tiiat 
the {TirlB weru iwd to bare lost tn WilliH u 
aucfipd fatb«r. Aiduii;^ tli<w(t wliirui Wilka 
bnnetited by a aomewhnt lavisli gcncpoaily 
(to which it was duv tknt, tliougli in rncvipl 
of nn income Inrgt! for tliu limw, be itft lii» 
wife almost without proviitioii) vras Uicbnrd 
Savage. I)r, Julin^^n pmiiwil Wilkn fnr hh 

Crosity iu cbarartf^riiilic Un[ri>age. ' To )m 
ane, generous, and candid i» h very IiLj^h 
degreo of tntint in nnycMi-, but tbooe qiialitiuH 
deaerveslillffreatei'nraiscwhi-mlieyarermmd 
in that condition -wliicb makes nlmoNt cvory 
Otbor nan . . . C(^iiiein])luoiM, iiiiolvnl, 

Ktulant, selfish, and brutal' ( Works, ■viii. 
7). Stoolainthu 'ym-ctatfr' (>o. 370) 
spe&kii of comnii-niliiift Wiihafgr represent- 
ing the tendernt'iisnf a liiiHbancl and a father 
in "MaclH'lb." the contrition of a reformod 
Jirodignl in " Menry tbo Fourth," the winning 
niiDpleiiF-Afi of a young man of enod tiatiire 
and wcaUh in the " Trip to thi- Jubilee'' [Sir 
Hflri'v Wililair]. iho officiouMKittA of no 
artful servant ^Mowa] in the "Fox."' la 
Uii.''TttlIvr'(>o. 1^2) hw EytsaUt of Wilks 
and Cibbisr »« ' thu Vml uf the im-w^nt hIak*^ 
. . . perfect QClura in ibitir dinui^'ni kinds,' 
and ilmwM a [mmtli-l betw''>'ii them, the 
moiit eienitieani phrase in wliicb is that 

• Wilks uiun eiiiKular talent, in representing 
thegrac«ft ofnnTim-, Cihbt-r thedi^fonnity in 
tbe affectation of them,' The oul? charges 
broiiifbi ii^inat Wilks as a manager were 
a certain impctuosit),- in cooiuiand and mam 
favouritism towards actor* aiicb aa Mills, 
bit) gn-al fritrnd, wlioM mtdiocrity and jiro- 
prietT of conduct ap]K'ali-d tti birn moni ibiin 
llie brilliiiiit tultint and irfBpularily of life 
of A biiru alitor itiii;h ft< IVmth. 

A portrait of Wilka was pnintf^ in tbc 
year nf bi» death by John EUys or Ellis 
fq, v.], and waa engraved by J. Fabor (*et< 
QMiTii, (Maloffue). 

WiLii*«W[Lr9{ji(.l717-]7l3),a nephew 
of the preceding, appeared at Drury Lane 
on 17 Oct. 1715 as hir Oeor)^ Airey in the 

* Busy Body." He waa brod as on attorney ; 



Wilks tried rninly to tliMuadi; liiin from 
I adopling th« stage, but aeni him in 1714 tO 
A^bbury, the mantigur of the Dublin Thvaire, 
whom III! ur^Ml to nhow him his fanlta. 
According to Chetwood, William Wilka 
p!aTi*d unii MMson at Smiiclt Allny, wiui itn- 
^ gajETi-^d at .'to*, a week far I>riiry I.ane, and 
Bied before he was tfalrly. llis nam« ap- 
' pears in (J^neflt to Tresiel in (Sbbet's ' Iti- 
; ohard III,' Octavio in '^e would and aho 
would not,' Fnrevvt-ll in 'iSir Courtly Niw,' 
Verdone in ilie ' l-iillu French Lawyer,' Med 
nrag in 'Love Tt Money,' Dapncrwit in 
' I^iitvM in a Woud.' He hud a ueocOt on 
•>T Aiiril 1719; other bcnetits to WiUcs'a 
brother, the ndiL'r-Uwpcr. wen* given un 
fi Jun*. iriflnnd 11 May 17ia Oull Nov. 
; 1719 W. Willis WM the first 8icinius tn 
Pennis's'Invnd'Tof bisCoiintry.' Ihi '2 Oct. 
' 17ii; hi> waa the nriiriiinl Fninwell in Mrs. 
' CentJivfw's ■ Arttfire.' On 7 Jan. of the fol- 
, lowing year be played Fenltniind in tho 
I * Twrniw-it,' and on '(July I7?.'i was the first 
I Young Clilford in Theophiliis Gibber's altera- 
t ton of ' King Henry VI.' The last part to 
I which hi* name i« found is .Sir Harry IVau- 
mont in the first representation of Mrs. Hay- 
wood's ' Wifu 10 be Lui ' on 12 Aug. 17:i;i 

[Therp iire early lives o- Wilks. all untrunl- 
wwtiiy and nioslly ooutmdieiory cf each otbec. 
Thrsa lires, one anofsmoiis and dedicated to 
CUlev Cil'ber ; a seeurid l<y IlmiiH O'llryan, and 
a third by Curll. aascrlliii; that ibs two other 
were uiiwi>rlh)' uf erwlil'; siatemeuta mriifled to 
by .M>iry Wilks, hi^ rsliet, and by Willm's bro- 
t&er-in-lnw, Ales Kiogsloa. tveru ismti^l witbiti a 
yoar of tile actor's death, ami went Ihmiiph i-a- 
rioTiJi ndiiions. .41! srn tio« •onnss. Ciblmr in 
bis Apnlu^ supplies ttiuch infiirmation.oflpn in- 
Bwnmte. Thr !■»«. iiPconnt m thnt in Chet- 
wood's Oon«nd HiHtory i>[ tlio Stuf^p. Livns 
appear in Oalt'i LiT<-!> of thu Pliiyi'tv. imi] the 
Oeorpinn Em. The b.-i of clmracturs is taken 
fiuin (.Jentatu Acrtiuot (if tho Ho^liah Stag,, 
Sw also UATan's Anuals of the Enirlish .Siaj;!!, 
ed. Low«; Itoswell's Johnson, ed. Hill; Ilitcti- 
Litck's Irisli SUgv ; Cliiilniors's Uriii^h Kb- 
B"¥i*'fl; St«>ol*'s Theatre; OflDniogh^ni bikI 
WhutloyV London I'nst and Piescnc; Clnrk 
Uiii*oH>IteprmentMl.irdctoni;IliMiD'iiJli^ory 
«r lb* Stnxn; I,aw«'s ]{il>lt<ic[rnphiral Anontinl. 
r>f Eitntish Thcatriwl I.iicmtun-. Jn iho book 
Intt )uinif-<I i> mrnlinnnl ' Tn I>ia1>elioitlaiini«ni>D, 
or Ihp Prra-i^mps nl cho Thmliv Royal, l.'rury 
Lane,' 17^3, Ito. which appuart to deal withtho 
resignntino by Wilks bf tho part of Sir Hatry 
Wil3»ir.l J. K. 

WILKS, SAMria CHAItLES (1789- 
1872), evangilioal diviiie, bnni in 1789, 
was i>nn of Samuel Wilks of Nuwinffton, 
Sam-y. His grandfather, Samuel \\ ilks, 
like many or.ha' membi^n) of the ftmily, 




Willan 



384 



Willan 



(WUind ihfl Mrrrin of tlw Ensc India Con- 
Muiy, nnu liitfU in llie <wafi(l«AC« of llif 
airwlon. and fur mKiiy wan oon<luci«d iKe 
•DCrnl oiirrt'"i«nnJitirH of tli« coiiijany witli 
IndUii [<rinn*>> mtdoilicra; Iio wnAcunwulKid 
Jill Indinii nirair* liy Durki' mid l-iurd Nurtli, 
(wrrrjjMimlcil with Wnrrrn llii«lin|r« (cf. 
AM. MN. :>Hi:ill, 11". :W7. aiW), iiiwl wn« 
Huti{iHt'nHi.-il lit n wiliii-aa at liJH tml. llr> 
rotiix'd ill I7'«2, wIk'u tlu' dirt'Ctonnfrmnlwl 
kim • Iilx<r«l jxiriiiion for lii'i*. 

Siimuol Cliarlo* wns I'dnotted Tor tlio 
church, mntriciilittird frninSt, Kvlinimd II«.lt, 
Ox/urd, 'ni H Jiiii« IHIO, ntimJ :!l,aiid (tn»- 
duaUHl It.A. II) IM4 ntid M.A. iti 1^1(1. 
WLilf on iindtTKradiiiili' \w won in I1KI lUe 
wramiiitD of tl)i> KcM-i«ly fnr IVnonnCiiiff 
Cbrimiiiii Kiiiiwli<d^ii for nn ' Kmdv on \\w 
8i([nfl itf Coiivnniiim nnd lincimvoniun in 
Minisl«^n af llio Churcb,' wbicli wo* pub- 
liHhad in IHt4 ( Lc>tidun>Hvu), and reaobi'il a 
third •iliiiimiii iHilO. Mn t(ii>k bnly ord^n, 
olTachiii^ Iiiin^i-lf to \\w 'C'lnpliKiu Mfct,' 
Aiid it) LnIiI «ii(vii»Iml Kiu.'li«rv MucuuUy 
Ig,T,] u fldicorofthfi 'CliHiitiiui Obacrver,' 
ton oraan of Ihn 'm^i.' In I'^t" hn ilf 
dic»t«a to bin ' friend ' llunnah Man (q. v.] 
two ToIuiOM of *ClinitliaD ICMBjra' (t/m- 
doD, 12ino). Aiiolliirr friuiid was Cbarlea 
HinoQii [4), v.] Ill It^ ho p<iMi«h'<^ a 
now fldition of Lord THgnnioiirh'a * Me- 
moir* of Hir W. J'HifN,' to wliifU ha pre- 
fixed n lift' of 'ri'i^imioiil)) [■!■>• SltoRB, 
Jtiiix, lint lUtioN Ti:i<J\HiivTiij. lU coq- 
Limiiil li* ndif- llin 'Oirittitin OImitvit' 
iiiilil IH<V>, wlifn III' wax aiicrwdi->l bvJohn 
AVillJikiD CtiTinin^'batn [(j, r.i ai*d retired to 
tho livintc "f Nurittlnf, noar Soiitlinintiton, 
to which 111' liod bwn preKnted in lu-i7. 
H«wa« tho author of tuMy tracta, wsay», 
•od IvUvrs of a rvltffimia and llivoloffival 
chancier, moally npnntmJ from the 'Cnru- 
(ian Obaatvor ; '^ lit! also acquirvd coniider- 
able lU^ittiililiR liiiuvrlcilii'*. and mnintainiHl 
■niiuit prt^viLliiDi rclifriouH npinion many of 
the new tiitwn prii]K)iin<U'd liy {n>ologit>t». 
Ho diml at Nurelinc on lyi Dor. Irf?:!, in hia 
WKhfy-fourth year, t«aiving •t'Vt-rol children. 

[WorkD in lint. Mua. Libr. ; VtmX^t't Alumni 
Oson. 17N-lttK6i Trorat^n'* Liftof MaeaolajTi 
ii. 228; private iofiM'niiiliiin ] 

WILLAN, ItOBERT (I7ri7-18l2), 
phyniciiin and dcrmnlolojri*!, wa* bom on 
12 Nov. \7hl at Hill, nenr S>dh*>r^U in 
Yorkshir>>, n-b«re hie father, Koburl WiUiani 
■Willan, M.I)., oncof tJio Soci6ty of Friends, 
wa« in practice. IJe waii educated at Sed- 
berffh fcramniar school, uiid comim-nced liia 
ineuical studiuo ui KdiEiburvli (n 1777. (tra- 
diuting M.iJ. on ^^4 Jud« 17UU (^'Ll. M. I. 



ipilvi 



da Jecinoria Inflanmatioo* *). Be tka 
vUired Lrmdou and atti*niled lictunaa. la 

17K1 he settled at Darlin^rm. wbe» W 
piildi»htil a omall tract TWiiii 

lions on ibt) Sulphur Wt - A ' (Sre, 

\lh-2; ondodit. 17M5: oeri «J.u lalS). If- 
Kioa aftvrwarda rcmovvd 10 Londat, aad 
waa appointed pbynciau to tk« I^lUic !>»• 
pcnaanr on ttc Mtabli«hmmt in tkif euijr 
part of 1763. Ua raatgned thi* a|niiiiBii»T 
in I>eoDml>er 1603, wneo tfca g m a ii CB uf 
thi- charity named him oonaoltillf pk^FWeiB^ 
niadi> him a lifn gDwrnor, and pVMmted \am 
wit h a bandBomv pieca of plalv. His 
tice at tJte di^enaair was my n 
attended, and the ntnaber of to* ^w^ 
lar^c : many of lh»m flubM(|iinitIy sttaiwd 
to iiij^h n^uiation. H» wba udmitt^ a 
lin'itliatu of the College of 1' ~ ua 

*.M Marehl785. He was I hr^ f' . - ^^ 
in tbia country to arraD|« liimw of the 
skin in a dear and int«Ujgible mannrr, and 
t'r fix thfir numcnclalui>< on a satlsfiirtnfy 
and riBMiral Lasin^^Aa early a« 17KI M 
had be^it to allend to the «'k>roentaiy 
fiiniiii oT rruption ; b** aongfat nut the on- 
^nal acceptation of all the Gn-c-k, Ronaa. 
and Arabian term* applied to eruptive dt*- 
eaaca, and he finally founded hie nomen- 
clature oa thia basis. His arrangement tad 
nononclatufv wcire prohnhly decided 
17B9, a« in lltu foUowiog yt'ar bis cl 
tio» wa« laid be^fure the ilnlii-nl Sririet;, 
London and honoured hy the awanl i>f the 
|-'alhnriplliaii|ii>ld medal of 17iK>. The prac- 
tical Utility of bia simple elawtflcntian is 
evinci^d in the fact that., notwithstanding 
th« great adTaaoes made of lau> yvmn in 
ciitaiieaus medicine, it is still uied hy ibe 
profeasion for all disfrnn^tic piirpo>»e«. 

Ill 1794 he edJEwJ WbitvUuritt'a •Obecf* 
vatiotis on the Ventilation of Itonns' [sae 
WiiiTBUfRFT, JoHS], and in 1790 com- 
menced a HerM» of tuoiitbly reports con- 
taining a brief account of tho weattier 
Olid of tb« pretalciit dimuutea of the metri>- 
polifl. These reports were publiBhcd in the 
'Monthly Muriuiiii.',* and were o^nttnned 
until IkM), when ho collected tbem into a 
«maU volume and published them QQdvr the 
titlr' of ' ICfiH^rtM oil the Diseas** of Loudon.* 
HOl, \2xao. The work is prcf^nt with 
orifpnal and important obserrntions, Mpr> 
ciuUy on poinl« of diagnosis. His great 
work, 'The Ifi-scriplion and Tn^ntno'iit of 
CiituiivoUB DIm-uh^s,^ London, 4to, was issued 
ill ports. Tbti (ir»t imrt apprnred in the br- 
giooinf: of 170^, tlifl ntliere at long and 
rarying intervals; th<> la;l. which wiliiui 
lived to st>« through tlw jire.*», in I80S. A 
remaining part, on *l\)rngo and Impetigo,* 




Willement 



* 
* 



viApuUishefl a«panitL>ly after his di'stli by 
Itw relative. Dr. A^liby 8tnilh, in 1S14. He 
was elected a fellow nf the Society of Anli- 
quaries >n 17(11, nnil a fvllow of xht lloyaX 
So«*iny nn 23 Fub. IHOft. 

lie EoDK r«BideiI in Bloomsbar>' ijquAre, 
but wlitin, in 1810, «ympt;ninii nf piilinnnary 
oou^unitiiioD and dropsy developed, h« went 
to Maooint. ilo died tlier^ on li April 
I812,a«ud W. 

Be^iidtfA the works mentioned, Willan 
wrote; 1. 'TIiB Hiiilory of tint Ministrjr of 
3nxi» (Thrist, rotnljin«ii from {\i« Namtious 
of the Four Eranfrelifitfl.b^R. W.,' 1782. 8vo. 
2, 'On Viiwinti Iiiorula,iim)|' wilFi coloured 

Elaten, Iiondnn, i90R, 4to. Ilia * Miacel- 
loeouB Works, comprieing bu Ini|iiiry iut" 
the Anlii^nity of Smnllpoi, M<-a*les, mid 
Srarlet Fevur,- Rpports on the I)i><i>aiieH of 
I^ndon,' and (lettur)iBd papi>rH on tni^dicul 
8ulgect«, wi'TD (siitod br Dr. AAlibv Smitb, 
London, iHlii, t<vo. 

[Mnnk. Coll. of Thy* ; Q»t. Brit. Miw. 
Library: Ocnl. Mk^- 1SI2, J. &0i: Rwortla of 
the Itoysl Socioly.J W. W. W. 

WILUIHAD or WILHEAD (J. 7m), 
bishop of Hrpini-n nnd l''.npli»b miwi'innry 
in Gormiinr. wis n. Northcimbrinn. probobly 
educalt'd ai York, and a friend of Alcuin 
J. v.], BA the letters of the latter prove 
BRTX, Monumfnta Grnnama- Iliftorica, 
Script, ii. p. 37i>). 1I« laboiinyl for aomi- 
tiin« nt Dokkum in Frivsltind, when- St. 
Ronifftoii WR* nmrtyrwd ( t'ifi S. IViilrhadt 
R'irrijpi firrmi^n*u ad an.7^^,iii*ct.ArueAart') 
Srniieivii Arrhicpumpn, sp. Peitrx, loc. cit, 
p. 380>, hut had to fli'p for hie life. Som- 
moned to the court of Charles the Great, 
liL* was by that monarcb despatched to » 
district on tliu bordure of Krio«Iftiid and 
Saxnnv, abrmt Dremen, ratlod Wi^ifRicidia. 
Ilcru lie wufi very »ucce»(ful, and in liio 
»Heond yejir pnwtiaclwl thw Kaxotis to n«wivit 
ChriHtinnit.y (I'A. p, a*l). During' the re- 
volt of WtduUind, bowp«!r, ii Inr)^ jiiirt of 
Saxonv fi^l! awny from Ohristianity, ajid 
WilleWl was mpiio coiDpelled to fles fr«ini 
a ppnteciilion in wliich mnny of bii) fol- 
lowers perished {ib. pp. 3H1-2). lie visited 
Rome, and ogtcnt aomc years in ry-adin^ 
and writintf at Epliimacli and tdaawhere, 
but uiliomtelv ri*liirned to bia work in Wi|f- 
modiu. After [bo i<ubmi^ion of Widuklnd 
Kaxonv ni^tdn n^-Hivwi Cbrl^lianity, *nd 
AVilleiiad vnw r^nsecmted hiahop of the 
iliocmm {ih. p. M8"^), nppiirentlv in 787. H« 
made Br<tm<'n the Bsat of thft hisliopric, and 
built ibere St. Peter's church, wliieh wiw 
df-dicatHi on I Xov. 7K9 i«A, scf not^"). 
About u week later, while viitiling liia dio- 



OCM, WillL'lisd fell ill at IJTtlu plies bulow 
Veffwafk, near Itremoi, and di«d there (»6. 
p. 984, set' tial«). Willehad le thought to 
have written «om« Lnatiaeci, incluoing a 
commentary on the cptBtlea of St. P^ol, 
which are Iwlieved to be extant, the lattvr 
in prim ( WBinnT. Itioffr. Hrit. Lit. i. aiS*), 

[Till' btwt odirion 'if Willtfhvl'a life by Aiu- 
chiir, hiahop of Bremen, \i x'WiW. of F^^rtz ahiiv« 
quolpd ; for ntb«r nditiDiu »c« Hardy's OiwcripL 
Cut. I. ii. J93.1 A. U.C-a. 

WILLEMENT, THOMAS (1786- 
1871), heraldic wriler and artist in Uaiaed 
g\Mi, boni in ITKft, obtained the appoint- 
nteut of heraldtia nrtiiit to Ooorgc FV , and 
on 17 May 18^^ was elected a fellow of the 
Society of AntitjuarieB. SubtuMjuently be wu 
styled artiet iu ttained glaa* to (jutwu VLo> 
lo'ria, and for many years h« carried on 
busini-M at '2'> Ureaa Street, Qroevenur 
Squafi^. To him modem jflais-paiiiti-rs are, 
to a coDfiiderable extent, indebted for the 
rariral of tlieir ftrt. In IK4n be piircliaaed 
the estated at DaTinfrlon, near Farersham, 
Kent, contJiitiiiiK the freehold land, church, 
and donative. He died at Darinpton Prioiy 
(in lU March 1871. Ilis wife Kathfirine, 
daufihtcr of Thomoa GrifEtb, died 4 Aug. 
1^A2, aawd^. and wa« buriml in UavingtOB 
church {Ardiaol. Cantiann. xxii. 2N6}. 

Ilia works are ; L ' fletnil Heraldry : the 
.-Vrmorial limit^in of the Kiii^ and tjiiiuinH 
of England, from ooeval autlinrities,' Ijon- 
don, 1821, 4to(cf. I'b. xxii. ]'M. 194, xiiii. 
121), 2. 'Heraldic Xoticiw of CiuiC^rhnry 
Cathedral; wilh (ienealo){ical and Topo- 
gmphicnl Not«H. To which ia added a 
chronological li*t of the Archbi«hop8 of 
Canterbury, with the Blaiou of their re- 
Mpvctivv iCrau,' London, lii'J7, 4tu. 3. 'Fnu 
Simile of a contemporary Itoll, with Ihe 
Names and the Arms of the Sovereign, and 
of the Hpirilual and IVtnpornl Piwrt who aat 
in the Parliament lieid at "ft'estminater 
A.D. ir)|i),' Lrmdon, 1821*. Only fifty-one 
oopioH printivl. Index i&DuM .leparately. 
4. ' A Roll of Arms of the Reign of Richard 
the SsconJ,' Ixindon, 18W, 4lo. Twenly- 
flve copies printed. iV ' A Ocmcine Account 
of l\\e principal Works in Stained Glaas 
Thai havi' he«n executed by ThomiUi Wil- 
lement,' privately printed. iMudori. IH^IO, 
4t<j. 6. 'An Account of the Reiflorationa 
of tbii Oilbgiatn C'iiujHpI of St, (Iwirinp, 
Winrlsor. With some Particulars of the 
Ili-raldic OmamenlB of that Kdilice,' Lon- 
don, lf»4l, 4tn. 7. ' lliittoricid skf^tch of 
the Parish of Davingign, in the county of 
Kt-nt, and of the Priory there, ' with ptatoa, 
London. 1B02, 4to [ef. ib. xxii. 190 sqti.) 





QUw, and Tnwinpi of Early Rr."«*a ' i l>iii- granted pcfmU«un u> Mcrpt and wear tlw 
doo, IB6-V, fn]. Mr nlnn nontributM to ord»>r of St. K«nlui«nil&nd Mrrit, third elaH. 
' Archieoldfriu ' and to ' Archseoloffia C«n- In 1^11-12 ba eoouiuuuk>d the Lenrat 
tUna,' And liiri ' bATwldic collations, nuna- brig in tlie North S«a, «fa«ce he eaptnral 
and other i-sliuble books' are at ' Mr»ral cf tho enemr'a priTttai^n; b* vaa 



Davington priory (A. rol. xxi. p. xlii). 

[AOMavam. 26 Hitreh 1871. |>. 37A ; Kent 
Ilcrald, 23 MuKh 1871, p. 7, cot. 8; Lnadon 
Ditoctorr. lS5:!.p. 1006: Lowndes's BibL Man. 
ad. ilobn ; Uwlin'i I'nTAt^lv frintol Itmtka, 
IU4, pp. 378. 483; Monlr'a Hibl. HenJdJai, 



-- ^^ _. pnT»t*i;rt; _ 

an«ni«-ard« in th« Bacchus on the &is!i 
Btation, and on 7 Jane 18U be vm madv 
a captoia. 1q ldl7-l(i be ootninaaded 
tb« Chrrub on tti« ooaat of Africa : in 1819- 
iS-id. th« AVye m ibe Nonb Sua ; ia 16S3-7, 
th« Brazi^D, oa the South Aiuiiea]] and 



ST. **ii^;.^-?.t^e^!!i'!'r ll^f/J^i* '< AJncan itaiioiw : and in 16Sa ibe Dablin. 

~" aj flag-csptaiu to S;r Urabam Edvn Ua^ 
mond '(]. T.}, ua thecout of South America. 
In Febniarv 1^4-^ btt cooiinianotiwi tbr 
Vanfcuard oTt^U fcons, in whii-Jt. aftur s few 
uonibH in Ibv Channtil, bs went our to th«i 
M^dili^minf^an. H<9 d:i-d at Malta od 
2il Oct. 1»16. WiUes married, in 1*14. 



MS ; ProCMdiDM of Uic Bodotj of Antinoitn^a, 

2Dd aer. ». U5.) T. C. 

WTLLBS. OEOROE WICKEXS(17«i- 
1816), captain in thci navr, son of Ijett- 
t«naat John WiEles of toe navy (1753- 
17&7), who l<Mt a Icjfnt Gilimltar'in 17)-2, 
waa bom in 17^, and in 1791 entert.-d un 



tb« books of th(* Royal William, fla^hip of Aniit^ Klbm, datigbtcrof SirEdmimdiLacoD, 
Sir I'utET I'urktT ( L7l'1-1i^I 1) [q. v.Jat Spit- but., and left ij«ae, taoog otltcn, tb« pre- 
bftad. In litMi hi> wa^ borne on the hoolra mmiI Admiral Sir O«org« Omauuuioy WiUfs, 



of ibe Fairr sloop, commaDded by bis mat«r- 
nal uDcIrt, John Irwin, whom, intrlj in 17B7, 
be fallowed to th« Princ« Ocatgi< : in this 
Kliip lie was prewnt at the bnttlf of Capv tit. 
Visceat [aM Pakebr, 8ib Wiixiau, I74.V 
1B03J. lie was afterwards with Irwin in 
tho Lively, B<Mton, Formidable, nod Qum^n 
Charl'Atv. Uu was in ihe >Suocif#4, willi 
Captain Sbuldbain I'tard [q. v.;, at the 

blockade of Malta, and thv cupluni uf tho .__ . _ _ 

OiafiTM^^UX on 18 Feb. 1800, when ha wm V.i Feb. 18|4, and wa« »dufat«d at "rrinity 
MVerely wouiuled; be irus Elill 'tn the ^uc- CoUeKv. Dublin, when) he obtained hoaonn 
oeas when she wnj< tnlii^n by Oanteaume on I in coIVge nxaminRlinn* and graduated B,A. 
ISFcb.lfttl. rm 4i Not. 1801 he wu pro- I in 1888. RomocivedilxtliAniirary degreeot 
noted to the rank of lieiil«D«nt; scrrad in LL.D, in 18B0. At fint b« read for tlia hi 
ibe Sophie sloop ; in tho Active, one of the in tho ohsmbera of Collins, a wetl-l 
•bi|n which poWd the UarJauellee in Fe- Irish counsel, but in 18it7 be came to Iion^ 



O.C.B., who pomecusa portrait of lua Cither. 

[O'ljyrne'i Nar. Biogr. Dirt. ; Manball't R^. 
Nav. Biogr. rli. (npN. K iti.) 349 ; inTonia- 
tion from Sir George WilW] J. K, L. 

WILLES, Sir JAMES SiLA.W (ISl-t- 
ls7Sl, judge, waa the son of James Will«w,a 
pUy!<iciu*i of Cork, by hi< wife, Elixobeth 
Aldworth, d&ughtor of John Hliaw, mayor 
of C(jrk in I'iK. lie was born at Cork on 



braary 1807 [m« Dnciwonrit, Sir Joitj 
TlloHAa], and in the Spurtaii, with Captain 

faftiTwanlx Sir) JaliW! Urviitou [q. r.J 
During 180&, in command of iIk* frigate's 



and joined the Inner Temple. He br^-a^tv 
ft pupil of Thonaa Chitt,v fq. v.}, anc 
then persuaded to come to tlie Kuglinh bar, 
and nut to the Irish, as be had at firat iiH 



boats, be wns Tn(MMl«dly engagt^d in Htoria- j ttfoded. IHa unnuariiii; industry and lucid 



ing batteries or dnBtroyiageoealing Tcasela 
in the Adrialicor among the loniiui IidaadH. 
II« was Klill in the Rparlan when, in Naples 
Bav on 3 May 1810, ahe ongngod. defeatud, 
and put to flight a Fnuico-Ne^jx^litan aqua^ 
dron, carrying in ibe aggregate ^o guns and 
1,400 men. ' 1 wna myself,' wrote Br«n- 
ton, 'wounded about the tniddlL* of the 
action, which WImI two bourn; but my 
place waA moat ably supplied by Mr. 
WillcK, first lieutnnfiiil., wIkwi^ miitit b«— 
eomrs more brilliant by errery opportunity 
he has of showmg it. ite is, without 



mind soon mode him learned in frtrfign as 
well as in Kii|,']i>di luw. For fooie time he re- 
mained in Cbitty'a chambt'ni as hU Mdaried 
aaaietant, and also obtjiined good eniplojr- 
meot a» a itporial plp«der Hi was calfod ta 
the bar on 11^ June ltS-10, and beoamv a load- 
ing junior in the court of ezcheqoer, wliers 
from ISJjl ho liuld the post of tubman, 
'lliougli a mamher of the home circuit, ba 
rarelr practised exwpt in London. Already 
widi^ly known n» n Ifanind and scbolarly 
lawyer, he nlited John William Smith^ 
' Leading Coses^ with (Sir) Henry- Snger 



I 




I Wl 

^ th 

H 

cr 

wl, 

^* 

^ COI 



. Ji- v-,!. ihe tUJrd etUtiau tii IK40, 

Uld thi' fourth It) l?*o6 : and, vuunjj iia lie wsk, 

wu selL-vtvd by Lurd Tniro lo bn a iiivmber 

>r UiH oommiflsioii on comnina-Uw [irocedure 

'^In 1850, and looli a large share in drafting 

th« Oominon Lnw Proci^diin.- Act of 18tM. 

He vntB laA^eA principally f>nritlix] to the 

crodit of till.- tliora»i;h ivforin in procedure 

wliich wftii ihuB i^fl'i-i't^d. !^iilui->iiii-tiT.Iy be 

, wu 1 member of ihe IndiflQ law coiunibiiiou 

1861, and of Ihe Englbb and Lrifttt law 

cammisaion in ISGH. 

On the ri^eij^alion of Sir William tleary 
Mault) [c[. T.], Will«i»BiirCL^itdi:il hiin in th« 
eommcm pleaH on 'A July IB>J5, though be 
bad ntvvr bucomu u (iiH^ctrH caunsfl, and was 
kiught«d in Au^iikI. Hh wmn onv <if lb« 
int. judges apnoimed to try rlection p^^i- 
tlooN, nnd laiu down the nilta of pmclicv 
afterwiinl* gi'iwrnllv followed. KjwjiMlg- 
m'-'UU an; more philosopbia, more cAaaT, or 
Bior>! li-Jini^il tluin hi)-, nnd tlipy nrw vtf?- 
cially aut horitncivf! in caeaa nn mervantito 
law. On 3 Nov. 1871 he waa sworn of Ibe 
prJTT RQiindl, and it was in contemplation 
to hare made him a member of the judicial 
commtlt'w. lli» health, howcTcr, had saffercd 
from a lifetime of overvrurk, and, though bu 
lived mucli rctiriid and only mixed in literary 
8iocit.-ty, he was unabk- tu t-cciLn.' the Qui«t 
needed to prevent thf i^ratluitl appmu:!! of 
tBtimiua breakdown. lliiiilutia<iai>nrnminal 
judgvadded to the strain upon a mind uatu- 
j-VaUjT emotional and (>qunllv nniiioiiK to do 
justiCBsnd Bhow mercy, t'or years he had 
Boflend fVom hoan dimtaM and gout. He 
returned in August 187ii from an exceed- 
ini^Iy heavy nraiKo at Liverpool to hi.* hoiiw, 
Utterajiool, WaH'ord, llertfordshire, visibly 
depreeadd and ill, and on S Oct. »hot liini- 
acu. Bo wiM biixied on 7 Out. at llrompton 
cemetery. 
In munner WiUea was aomevliat prim and 
and hw alwtiys n>tnined an Imh 
il ; hut, although nccnMonnllypf-ciilinr in 
Mdrt, b« was moat courteous, and was ea- 
Wened emitlly by lAwyew and by mi^rcnn- 
tileEnim. lie married, in It^'^U. Helen, daugh- 
ter of Thonuu Jennings of Cork, but had no 
children. 

{Tinwa. 4 Oct. 1873 ; Lnw Joarnid. 5 Oct. 
1873; ^idion' Journal, 12 0[>r. 1872; ii%yt 
Mag. 1873. ^ B89 ; BallaDLjoe'* HxpFmni-iw, ii. 
Al.aiKl Robtnaoa'tBendiaadBar; Ctt. Dnbllii 
Univ. GmdnatM; life of Lord OampbMl, ii. 
»33. 337 ] J. A. H. 

WILLES.SrR J<>HN(l(Jf« 1701), chief 
jonioe of ilip common plea*, came of an old 
iVarwickwhlru family, and wa<i the s'ln of 

J John Willes. rertor of Itt^hop'a Ictcingt^on 

^■ttnd* canon of Lichfield, by his wife A^ine, 



i 

I 




dai^ter of Sir William Walker, nayar 
of Oxford, iia was bom on I'D Is'ov. L(K6, 
went to Litfafltild free graouuar c«liool, and 
on '2S Nov. 1700 became an undergradiiiitu 
of Trinity L'oUcgu. Oxford, though only four- 
tMMi veara uld. lie gni(Iunl«d II.A. in 1704, 
ALA.' in 1707, B.C.L. in 171ft, and D.C.L. in 
I7ir>. lln wtu aUtu elected a fellow of Alt 
.SouU'Collyge, 

On 20 Jan, 1708 he enti.Ted at lancoln'a 
Inn, and was called to Ijin bar in Jiiuw 1713 
and joined the Oxford circuit. Though a 
man of ' iplondid abi!itit;s' and praru de- 
meanour, lie was U>oei> and indolent, and 
took more interest in politics th&u in law. 
Still h« tnu^t have ttuou attaini>d a good 
position in bia profession, for in 1710 lie was 
appointml a king'a eouneel. On \'2 April 
I<l'l' hi» was elected membiT for I.ntiiieesloa 
the return Ixing amendml by iuurrtinu life 
namu by order of the huufin on 17 3iarch 
17l'5-4. He held Uiis Mat till 17u>tt. He 
vras a staunch supporter of Walnole, and in 
17-0 claimed ai the reward of liis services 
tberolicitor-^m^rnlHhip. Ilnhad inpnrli^rn- 
Inrfpveti nwu«tane<> durin|; the prooeeiIiii(,'8 
against Biehop Atterbury and tJio bill for 
imposing adftitionnl laxalion on the JtomaD 
catliolioA. His requi'et was refused, but he 
received n judgeship on the C'litater circuit 
ill May 172W, and theiwby loar his bm\, but 
waarvturued for Wwymoulb and Melcombt' 
Itegis on U June, taking the plam of the 
previous member, \\'ard, who waa expelled 
the houKC. ill' Hprnt so largif a sum in con- 
teeting this seat that ha i^ubi>'X)uently sat 
for W wit T*<.oe from 33 Aug. )7L*7 till '173", 
wlieiv idertion* were Icse costly. In Fe- 
bruary 17^!^ he was appointed chief justice 
of Chvtiter, and in January iTM nUornny 
general. He was then ^uighLvd, and on 
!J3 Jan. 1737 succeeded Kir Thomaa Heere 
[q. v.] in the chivf>justicoship uf the fiommon 
pivas. Bt^iu^' diiiaji]ioiiiled in his hop<>6 of 
thii cbanci'llurahip when Lord Ilardwicke 
NiiceeedMd Talbot in 1737, he abandoned 
Walpolo and allied him.'ii^lf with I^ord Oar- 
ten-t ; but Ktill htiding bis ambition unlikely 
to be grntifled, he cwiried the Pethama, 
and finally nitached himself to Pttl. In 
174fi h« endfiivonred to organise a volun* 
teer regiment of lawyers t'j ;j;uurd the royal 
family during the kiu^'n abseurt? (H. Wai^ 
FOLB,' Letterr, od. Cunningham, i. 410) ; but 
this eervica waa notacceptabip to thecrowu. 
and he biled evtui to get his r.ommi»4ion as 
colonel. On Lord Hardwicke's reaifftLatioQ 
he again hoped for the diancworahip, 
iJiough, occoriJiug to Walpole, l-l Feb. 1740, 
he had refused it in I7'tt> ; but, owing to the 
kinjt'a DtgwtiDoi to his private charactur, the 



I g rm n wftl WM wt ioui ecwHiiirion aad bt 
WH aoljr tMiiMa WBiior oonmiMicHwr. Tbia 
■mngvaHU Un«d fioai 19 Nor. 17M to 
90 June I7a7. He wu Umd nffum) tbe 
eliaiieeUoTalup in ib» idmhuMntioo of Pitt 
«adN*wea*tl«,but, indb ctw l W de t na i id tii g « 
peerue w • condition of ba aeeeptBDOB, 
wbicn th* king wu ugwtllina in gnnf, ha 
''> ov«r uid Jlob^rt f lenley i nfter- 
. fiprt E»rf 'jf \iirtliiti(r("n) ^(j, t/ *«• 

itpfOiMtA, llu mnrtiliiralirin ^linrtenec) kU 
life, ftod for •otB« tune before bi» death he 
wu un4bl« 10 ffi into court, lie died on 
la i>oc 17^1 It bU house in BtoomsbuiT 
Suukn, Ijondoo, utd wm boripd at Bishop ■ 
lelua^B. Though pr>liiicall>' an itascru- 
uilouM tntrifcuer, b« wv * Uw>-»r of gnat 
learning and a jud^of ability. Hi«MTerity 
to attifnwjii led to bia court being abort of 
fcuKineM. and bia deciaiona of importance 
are f^w, havLOff ngard to the lougtli of time 
during wbit-b he waa on the beach. He 

firfMde<l at the trial of Eliubelb Caaaioit 
q. ».] for ix-jjurr iStatr Trial*, %.\x. 'M-2\, 
and prcaerrea a long aeriea of reports of 
CMee decide] befoiv the common plrM during 
Ills ckistjtutiMahip, which hi; int^ndi^l to 
I yablilh. A- aeleelion Utym tbom, li-ith other 
caaea, «M published bj Cliarle* Ditrnford 
in 1799. 

Ue married Uar^ri^t Brcw«tcr,a Isdrof a 
Worceaterahire family, by whom hu haa four 
«ona and four diiuu;bti>r«. \\t» «^v>iid *oii, 
Kdwar^, K'trnmeajudc-e of tbo kitiK's bench 
in 17*W. Ilin porlmit. by Thomiui [lu'luin, in 
in the Nntioiial Portrait OuUery, Ixtndui), 
and ba« b^en enKrawi] by Fnlivr mid Jo)i»- 
aou; another nortrtiit by Van Imo wai? 
«ugnvod by Vertue in 17-M (Bkuulki, 
p7374). 

{Voat'i Utm of the Jodeei; Walpolv'aSfe- 
moirt, i. 77 ; Harris'* liunl Huilwicltv, iii. 139; 
CorrMpondenee of ilm Knrl urciiathau, i. 33A; 
CWmpbeira LivM of tb« Chief JoMtine, ii. 26fi 
<«lwrh eonljtinii Mvernl injieciuadp*) ; Clovw'a 
Aoyal Marj. toI. lii. ; Pari. Returos of M«niben 
at ParliantMit, IH78; I'oiiterd Alamni Oxon. i 
IbgiRlar of Linroln'a liiii] J. A. If. 

WILLE8 or WILLEY, HIOirABD 

< fi. ICfiB-I')7.11, poetical writer, u imtiv" of 
Pulham in Dorwl, cntMvd WincliMtpr Col- 
leni LU \'>M, and in 1604 proceeded to New 
' O^leffe, Oxford, where Iuh hi^\A ii f-'llowithip 
from 1GB6 to KiS^. After quilling the uui- 
vionity bo tniv«U«i in France, Genaauy, and 
Italj, At the univeniity of Miiinx he (rra- 
<Iuate<l M,A., nnd on S June lf)6o waa ad- 
mitt^-d into (be Society of Jesua. Ha waa 
nfterwarJ* iocorporafea al IVmijiii, where 
firofeaiior of rb(*torir, and in 156U be 



lie wua pr 

tunght Urock at Trier. 



l(etumin|{ to Eng- 



land, ha wmma to ban naovDoad Rwai 
cal holiciam, for on aapolicatiaf; for meafpan> 
lion at OaJbrd on :M A|iril 1574 his 
waa granted on condition that b* 
ptorenioB of ooofocmitT and aeknowl 
the <)ueui aa anpntne goromor of the 
Ush church. On 16 Du. 1&78 be ira«ii 
porat«d U.A. St Oanbridgci. 

Willea wia the author of: 1. *lEieardi 
Willej IVieniatiua Libw ad OolielniiUD Bn. 
Burleifbnn anratum oobiliM. ordinis equi- 
tem, L^ndini ex bibliotheca TotielUoA.' 1 liiS, 
8i'o. '2. ' In siorrm noematum Ubrtint 
Kicardi WiUei »chu1ia m cuMod«m. eocMM 
at^. pueroa colWij Wicounmkt apud Wii^ 
toniam, Londim nx biUiotbacs TattelltBa,' 
1 Siil, K ro. The poem* of Chriatoplitn- John- 
son or Jooson [^i}. v.] oo the college and it* 
founder yrmn printed at the tod of the book, 

Wtllea haa been identified with Iticfaartl 
W'iUes, the editor of 'The history of tnuuyl* 
in tbe VVe»t and YjuX Indtr« and other 
cornlreye lying eyiber way towardec Ibt 
fruitfiill and lyche Holaccni-«. \» MuflOOllia, 
Persia . . . with a diaoonree of the north- 
w«<>t fiaaaagg- . . . Gathered in [tarte and 
done into Eng1y.tbe by Hidiardo I-^en. 
\ewly set in order, aiiraeated, and finished 
by RichArdo VVilles. fmpruited at l-iondon 
by Iticfaard lugge,' 1577, 4lo. Dmlicat«d to 
Bridget, counteae of Iledfnrd. Tberv am 
atfiu three articles beariuK Willes's name io 
Halcluyt'it ' ColUtctiimof Voritg"* ': i. 'Cet^ 
taino Koport A of the prouince o r ( 'hi na learned 
tbmiigh Iho PortiiRala there imprisoneil, and 
cheefly by the relation of fJalwtto Ppreia. 
Itone out of Italian into Eu);lish byJEichard 
AVilles,' 1590, vol. fi. 3. 'Of the Hand 
lapanand other lille Ilea in the EattUc«aa. 
By R. Willea." roL ii, 3. 'Certaine other 
reasons or arftuuMmts Io prooiie n pueu* 
by the NnrthweAt, learnedly written hy 
.Vir. Uicbard Willua Qmitleman,' 1000, 
Tul, iii. 

i Cooper's Athenie Cantabr, i. S98 ; Boan 
Courtney'* Billiutb. Oomnb. ii. 889 ; Wnod'a 
Athfinie Oxon. eA. BIIm, i. flA; Wood'a Faati 
OxoQ. tA- Illin, i. 196; Raft, of Uair. of Oxford 
(Oxford Uift. &'^.). u. i. 1S2. 378; Tannar'a 
Bibliotb. Bril.-Hit>. 1718. p. 776; Vinan'a 
ViaitAtieasof Coronrml, 1(187. p.&A7; Kirbv'a 
Wiuuliceter SeboUra; Foley's Kecocda of tha 
Society of Jieos, t,>). rii.] E. I. C. 

WILLKT. ANDREW ( 156^-16:^1 >, tioii- 
troveraiAl divine, bom at Ely in 15(U, was 
•on of Thoroaa Willet (IfiU ^ IW*). who 
began bis carevr aa a public notary, and ofB> 
ciaied ai such at the coniecraiioD of Arch- 
Inabop Parker. Lute iu life be took holy 
ordfirs, becoming rector uf Barler, nertfnrd- 
shire, fourtwa Dlilw from Cam(n-idg^ Ue 



i 



was also ailmitUxl to tlie {iftlLtirtibpnilal Htall 
of Ely in IfltM) by bis pHtrun, liialiop Hichanl 
Coxc>, with whom Uw Inn) in-vti n»aoc'i4ted u 
«ub-Atiiion«r lo Edwnnl VI. 

Andrew had one brmlier and four sitters. 
Art«r alt4.-ndini{ tli« o•>lll^ffmtn »chacl At 
Ely, be univrud Cambridsro fnivt-rsity at the 
age of Hftneu (IM Junu l'>~')i be lint went 
Co PuterhouAf, tbti tnastcr of which wki Dr. 
Aiulrflw Periie [q. v.]. Ilia godfather, but in 
the Mine rear mmovL-d to Christ'ii Collet^-. 
Ill* ivns i|uic:kly (^hwlMd a (•cbolar, ^nii)tml<Hl 
l(,A. in l.VtO, WttS elected to a fellowship nt 
Chmlmus I'ViM (whrn only I wi>nly-«n«), 
jiMC'-^diil M.A. in 158^1, and in tbfsameyiwr 
wa/" incorporated a mctobcr of the university 
of Oxford. Ji«conliniiedtopiir»iK-hi8»tudii!'-4 
with ftuch xoal and asaiduitv thai 'in a&hort 
tibke he hud not onl}' gaimid a good inetuturv 
of knowWg(i in thi! learned lonfpits, but 
lik>.'ivi8« ill ibe art» nnd all neci'V^ary litem- 
ture.' Amon^ tlio oth« fellows of Christ's 
wuruCiitlibiTt liaiubridgi-, WLlliuin I'urliiu», 
Kram-i* Johnson, and Gi^orgia Uowiihsia 
[q. v.], afterwards bicliop of Dtrry. All but 
tnn l.iot of lh('»»' whd- [turtlanK, and it iit 
nil^iticHnt that Willet's choben friend was 
CJeorp? Downliam. 

Hiinfaihi-r had hflpn preAanled bv Ri«hop 
Cox, the pafroii, to the living of llarlev in 
northt'iist IIcrtfordFluro, and only fourteen 
miWa from Cambridf^>. and it was huro that 
WtllHt (tiiAnt hifl vBCationn nt his father's ref> 
tory of KarlfV, oftya accompunitd by l>jwn- 
hnm. He.' lOdli holy onli-ra in irtS-'igiind wna 
ndmitted oa 'ii'2 July 1587, on the prpaeniii- 
tion i>r the qiK'en, to tha pri^bendnl xtall at 
Kly, whin!) hi3 father had ru^ijfnod In lua 
Ia»our. 

The year following 'ftillet quitted tho 
university, and at Michiwlina* (1538), on 
his mniTini^ with Jneobinc, n daiif^hlBrof 
hiH fuiliL-rV frivnd Dr. Ooiid, jirorost of 
Kinu'^, rvU>ii]ulihed bin IVllownlnp. lie 
quicHly eomifd fnine as a preacher of power, 
V«pncinlly in (ho handling of controverslea 
with the papii-tA. He waa *6lfict«d • to reoil 
the liH-'tiire ftw threff yt-ars together' in the 
cathedral chiircli of Kly. and for one year in 
St. Paul's, London, ' with binufular upproba- 
tion of A nto^tt fn-qiiunt auditory.' In the 
aame ^ear he was nresi^ntud to iIk- rvctory 
of Cbilderly, a Hmall rural parish in Cniii- 
bridge-jibiri*. now dc])opiilaled. Tbla livin;,' 
be held (ill \o'M. Iltt (rmiluntiil B.D. in 
1501. and D.D. in 1601. On the Intterorsn- 
(tion iwf wii» cn)lt-d ti|Kin (with hi« friend Dr. 
f if^orgfl rownham and olhei«) to ' answer tli* 
K»inLty Act in the commeDcement house.' 

He woii admitted in 1M7 to iho rectory 
of Qruisdea ParTB in Iluntingdoiublrv, but 

TOL. UI. 




alnuMt imm«dial«l}- r«mov«d, by exchange 
lo Barley, hia fatKer having died in April 
169'^ in hia eigfalv-vighlh ymir. l[t> waa 
iniilituted on Sfi Jan. IFtUQ. He npent by 
fiir the greater part of hia minialerial lila 
among bit pariabion«rs at barley, b«ing 
rector for twemy-tbree years. Here it waa 
that be i«iied almost the whole of his long 
lift of books and pamphlets, which, with nino 
that Htill n;inaiiicd imprtnled at hia death, 
numb'Tod forty-twu. Ilu made it hU practira 
to p(odtic<' Boni« ni-w biblical eoaimnnlary or 
theological work erery hftlf-vear. He read 
with avidity and remarkabW digiMt ion ulmoot 
4%Terything bearing iipnn the aubjf>cta of 
which be wrote— church councils, fathers, 
e«elMitMtical hirtory, civil and canon law, 
the leading Mboolmvn, and chief religious 
writings of Lis own time, whether on the 
llomnn or protiMlant side, at home or on 
(he continent, llitt coniemporarJen spoke of 
him 05 * walking library/ as one that ' must 
write whilu he sloepa, it being impossiblu hu 
should do so much waking.' The secret of his 
litf.<rury succees lay in tfav method and »gu- 
Inrily with which b« ordi-rTid liin daily life. 
He spent eight bonre a dav in hia stiidv. 
Bishop llnll of Exeter (who Knew him wi.dl) 
Mtlngiwd Willet an 'stupor miiiiili clnrus 
Uritannieuft' (aeeIlALL,.\on^'*flijiy), Fnlli^r 
modelled 'the ControTersiiil Divinp' of bin 
' Holy Statu' upon him; and in his 'Cburcli 
Hi.itory' notes him a.i having Leon 'a man 
of no Uttid judgment and grt-ntur industry, 
nut unliapi>y iiicontroviiritie«,bHt inorr' huppv 
in comments.' But Witlet was i-erj- far fmiii 
beings recluse. Hewiiachiipbiin-iii'-ordiDHry 
and tutor to IMnce Henry, n» well a» a m- 
<]uent preacher before the court. He waa 
mneh admired by King Jamcj, yet able to 
udnpc bimiMlf to hi)< rural parishioners. A 
good specimen of Willet's village preaching 
U preserved in his 'Th^aurus EccWiw '(au 
exposition of Kt. John xvii.), which i;i>nlairM 
thesubstoncfl of eaposiiory afternoon lectures 
addmesed to his parisliionrrx n1 liarlwy. 

Wiltet"* son-in-lftw hits drawn an interest- 
ing picture of his life at Itarley with his wife 
nnd family in the old timber rectory-house. 
' Ho ounte down at the hour of prayer 
yii AM. Y], taking his family with him to tbti 
diundi; thero M;r%'ice was pubhoallv rond 
, . . .' From the church he returned to hia 
studies till near dinneNtime, ' when his 
manner wan to recniate hImscU' awhile, cither 
pUying upon a little organ, singing to it. or 
else sp'>rting with liis young childrttn.' llw 
freniiently exercised himself by cutting down 
timber or choppLug wood, lie nnd his wifo 
kept open house, and 'nt liiii tabh' he was 
uhvays pleoUDt and deligbtfut to bis com- 

V 



Willet 



a90 



Willet 



iMUijr.* Afterdiiuierbe tool(tiisiirtna«brOftd 
in kit poTub, or »n«nded to the hiubuidi; 
of hiB gknleu or liU gl«be, wbioh eonsiatcd 
of •ijct^-one acre*, moro or Iosa, scattend 
intermizodly among llm common Bvldn. Tck 
ward* ev^ninf; be Tvtumed to his Btndtes 
till npper-time. Willi^t persuaded Dr. Pvrms 
to UftTc bv will nn annual aum to tbe poor 
MJioUn oi' tlie free ecbool rouoded io the 
TiU^^ oT Barl«7 by Arc1ibijib'>p WArhan 
vluB rector; and k » to bia influence witb 
hia friend n»om«a Sutton [q. r.] that we awe 
that ' moit^rpiccu ut |nt>iestanl Engli^ 
cbn ri I y,' (1iart«r)>otiae. 

It was during bifi r^idinice at BarUy tl»t 
Willet got into trouble abuul tbo Spanisli 
niat«b, 10 wliirh be vnu atrongly opposed. 
Vaier carv of Sir Ji»lm IliKliain of Bury 
St. IMmiimU ho lu^nt lf>ttfr» and annimfntu 
to tlifi jiii>.tic£i) of Norfolk and 8unulk, b^ 
apeokiog liberal oiijiport (or tbi? king from 
parliatnent, at ib>< Hamt> ttmt; nrf^in^ tht^m to 
protetC agmintit tlie marria^ (Sf ate Papert, 
]>om. James I, xciv. 79). Willet liimsclf 
ureevntv^d a copy of bio argumeBla to the 
king, and, thereby incurring bis high di^ploa- 
sure, wn* commitl«d to priion uudvr tbo 
cuatoily of Dr. White (ib. Dom. 14 Feb. 
1616). Ue appears to bare bwtt luleasud 
after a moiilb tt imprt!»onnH.-nt. 

Willet was alwavB a welcome jrucst at the 
houaes of biii Tritinos and aviglilfourii, among 
wboni he ret'koticO Sir ricorgw Gill, Sir 
Arthur C'op^H-l (afn'rwardv Lore Capel), Sir 
Itoland Lvtlon, Sirltobort Chc»t.;r (of ICoy- 
sIod). lli) own comment on bia fuiluru to 
obtain high allic« in the church i.iMid to hate 
been' tbutEomu on joy prom'jtiotii!, while Dtbera 
mairil tbt;m.' Toward* ibi.* cloia of his life 
he was admitted < 10 Jan. 1013) to tlti; rec- 
tory of IWd, n pnriaU Adjoining that of 
Barley; but he only held it Anmntbing over 
two years, n»ignia*g in fatoiir of bis eldest 
iK>n, Andrew, who irea admitted on 10 Nov. 
HJ15. The year before his death bo was 
prMenled la the rectory of the flmall pnriab 
uf Cbi»hill I'urra, across the border in r.s&ta 
(how civilly joined to Cambridge). 

WiUec'e death wu»t hff rcAuU of an accident. 
(>o hit rntiini bum« from Ijoiiiinti hi* hooM 
threw him near IToddeMlon. Ilia Ingwas 
broken and wax »vt ea badly thnt mortiBca- 
tioei cnnuwl.ond ten (lava later be died at 
tbo inn lo which be had oeen taken (4 Dee. 
1621), io hi* fiftv-iiinth y«ir. On 8 l»ee. 
he was buried in t lie chancel of Barley parUli 
churcb. A fineeSigy and braaswereplaced 
bThls paritibionera and friende over the place 
01 bunal. Thn ef&ffj (which ii atill in good 
pmerration) shows a priest, full-length, 
drcased in liie doctor's robe*, with square 



np, nifT, and acarf and -vMrini; ■ 
^ There is a ponnit oif Willet in lh« fifth 
, editiMi of uia'^ynopMi I'apiami,' patiltshcd 
in 1630, TUs u probably the better like- 
aeaa, bearing witaeas to hit eon-in^Uw'* 
descripti<in of him, that ' be w»a of a fair* 
fnnth, ruddy compWxion, temperate in hi* 
diet, fasting often.' 

Of his eighteen chUdrea. nine aims uip| 
fonr daugbferrt aurrtv<-d him. Hi« wiJow 
was buried in 1<$37 by hia aido, IIi« Kon* 
. Ilenrv Willet {J. 1670), who lost a foeliinv 
of .'lOO/. by lu« lo^-altytotbe king, was a^ips- 
rently ancfutor of Italph Willett or WdUt. 
[q. v.] A spoeial linnse was granted t<i 
aiiolbec- mmi. Paul, in 103(1, fur ■ reprint of 
the ' Synopaia I'api.^mi.' Tlir* fourth s.iii, 
Tbomaii, is separately outiceil- 

It has bera cuatomsry to clami WiU-t as ft 
puritan Ceee Brook's LireM aud NntCA 
PttnttiHn), and to tilaoe bim 'among noucnn- 
formist«. if nut in in<>ran]atof theaeponititfis.* 
An examination of his moat impurtanl w»rl, 
' Synopsis Papi^mt,' aa well as contem- 
porary eviJence, prorm that Tuplwly wa* 
only stating a fact when Im clainxil ihsl 
Willet ' was xvalously attacliL-d to tbechutdi 
of England, not a grain of purilanunn mio- 
gliug itself with hia conformity" (Iti»tiMrin 
Pnnif of Drietrinnl Calnni»m '*/ Ihr (^unk 
of Englandt. He appeared as • witntix- 
against Edward Deruig before th« Star- 
cnamber, when IVring was aocrn^ o[ haviti|f 
spoken paUicly against the in.'>titutiou >:if 
godparents. lleworehiflWclMiafliical roU«, 
liifl scarf, sijuare cap, and conformed u> thu 
use of the surplice lu the adminiatnttion uf 
^ diiino aervioe; eaid the daily office, and 

Cintvdiiceiuwtotheoick ■<> enl fli-'h d'lring 
Dt. In doctrine he was TalviaLtt ic in ten> 
I ilencyand a strenuous opponent of the papti 
I claim*. But he was stroiiglr oppov.-d \n nil 
* separatists,' whether on the Human or frr^ 
church side. TbereiKnoquestion th:it by hi* 
writings and example he cheeki-U the sjirvai 
of the puritan revolt ai>d eoulirniHl many 
doubu-nt iu their adbeisioa to the church of 
Ensland. 

Willet puhliabed his mt^fmnn optu (the 
•SynMW)isKpiMiii')in ISW, adding the 'Te- 
traatylfln' two y<«rs later. Tlii? armonrr 
of weapons ngsinKt t he papal theory at one* 
took a foremost place m the controreraial 
literature of the lime, and rapidly panrd 
through eight editions. It was deatgned M 
a reply to tlie scholarly and vlabunte trealiso 
of Uie jeMiit flellarmine. lie aeoks to coo- 
fuic the Utter by an appeal to 'acriptun*^, 
father*, cntiiiciN, tinperial eoiiat iliilioiis, poa* 
tifical decr(«ii, Ihcir own writers and our 
nmrtjTS, and the consent of alt ChriitiaH 




fc 






inm* in thewocld.* lie ofGrttts that tlie 
cliurcli o{ Bariud approves tlti' fint Totir 

{{riitirnt couBciM, *wb*freunto n!iu> may be 
iiddffd tile fifth; ' and be TnaJDtaitu tlie ixm!- 
tinn of Juwul in rvgnrds tliu nucwuilj of llw 
episcopnl onler. lit: arpics gtrentinusly 
agaiaai tbe idb&s, and iiiTviiilis aj^inst thu 
m^tcvul priwliiHi of ri^uarding the touts m 
s vicarious and solitary Bscriiicu, at escli [ 
ctrlt'hrftliou, of tlie one ctODing dcittl], but 
nlwiiys li'dj* 'lUttt CliriM i« prMionl wiiU all 
His Jjt'iieiiU iu ttiu sacrament, llinl thu elo- 
iiK.-nt! of bri-iid and winu nru ni)t bam und 
nuliw! *ifrii» of lli« liiidjr uml bUuid of I'hrisl .' 
II«- fiirtln-r enfonx's, amoni; oiIilt pninla, 
' ciiiir('»s>ion to lb«i niiiiislnr bffiiri:" rt'CHfilion 
nfthft hnly rominiininn,' und dc^Jiirefl ii wstt>- 
rntivn of 'j^clly di<>L-iplini> in rmr cliurcb.' 
Thf- ' HynoiwiU' and liin next pnnpipnl wnrk, ' 
'Tlu' fle.tapU on Koniun^ !iikvi< rct^Jm-d a 
pliicpjn tbwulo^jical literature, Bt-nid'-slwinp 
ft iht'piJopiftn, Willcl. wm ono of rliin furomost. 
biblical t^xiual critic* of liia day, (Ino of 
his enrlicr works, n century of 'Snored Etn- 
bU-im ' (prinl4^d about \b9l ),deit«rvv4 notice j 
lis beiii^ ouF> oF tbc rar^t of Knffli^b booVs 
(,9vvi'\\Si:{.'{)U.lER. itilitiographicitf Arcniint 
'if Ii«re*t Jiuvha). Il is rtfernil («by Fmn- 
cie M(;rva (J'alladit Tamia, laOH) iu iIih 
fiillowinf; ttiniiH: 'An ihii Lntiiisbiivo l.hi'ir 
emblnmniisi.s, Andrrna, AlcinliiA, fic, no wp 
hiive ibi'sfl.tjeotfrpv W'bitnev, Andrew Wil- 
t, and Thoma.^ Combo.' AVillctaomblcma 
n in Latin, wit b ]''rif|;li5k rendering. TlitTy 
enjoved b wide circulation, and, from the 
iuurM*d ltkeuv«8 to tbt* lypfxaud uutt;^'ry tu 
be found in ' I'it(;;rim'i! I'p^Tviw.'npjit'ar tu 
bavu hivn diU^t'Dlly read by Diinyun. 

111.! le-tuf.r litcmry procliiclfnnK nf Willrt 
DTE? mainly pa^in^ oontriliutionR lo the 
'qiieolittns of tb" hour, SevnrsI of his works 
hftvi' beiui IrauKlnled into 1>tUch. 

The followinif full sud correctetl list of 
hi* workii is tolii-n from thut (ituririneom- 
pictf) piven by Dr. Puler Smiih and pre- 
fixed to the'lItxnplA in Ijevif,,"from onotber 
in <.'uWa manuHcript 1 in ihi^ Hritiidi Mu»<!uin, 
and otbi-r shorter liat* nnd fimt pdilioiiit. 
Only twenty of Wilk't'a worltfi are in the 
Hriliitb .Muxeutn: . 

In Latin : 1. * Da nniinre naturi et viribna 
(jvn-Kfitini-* (]nn'dami partiu flX Aristolelis 
ftcripti.i d<-f:i'rpt*p, partim cv Vr-pi philiMoplitil 
id est rntionis tbesanris ilepTOmptrc in ustim 
<_'«Hti»hn(rit-n*iun).' Cauibrid^je, I.VSS, 8vo. 
In Latin aud English : 'J. ' Dt- univerviili cl 
lOVissLmi J III I ic'! rum V('i';iitioii'','(..ftmbndgC, 
C90, -llo. 3. 'Sat-Toruin L-mbk-inatiim cen* 
tiiria nnfl,' (^mbridgH [rirc-a loSHJ, 4tij. 
4. 'Vo Conciliie,* 6. ' Do unirersali grntia." 
*De gnuia gvom humano m primo 



panmlo collate, d« Umu Adami, pcccato 
origina]i,'ld09. 7.'KpittialaiiuiUD.'d. 'Funi!- 
br«s concionitMi.' 9. ' Apologim Swenisstmi 
Itegifl dofensio.' 10. ' Ituburti nQlIarmini do 
lapsii Athinii, pixTJito orij^iuali, pr.'edt*! iiia- 
tioBiR, ffratiA, c.t libom arhitrio libri, refnuu 
ub Andrea Willuto,' I^^ydun. lOl^, Sv). 

in 7''iifflish : ). 'SynopAiit PnpUmi, or a 
General View of Papistric,' I'AH, -Ito; 2nd 
rdit. IfJOO, fob; ;)rd edit. I«14 ; 4lh i-<lit. 
1630; Otb ediU I(B4 (a thick folio of over 
liiOO pa^es); now t-<iit. in lO vuIa., *.-ditod 
liv Dr. John Cuniming, Lundmi, IHIU. 2. 

:>nd edit. IBO^. ;i. ■Telriifltvlon WplBnii, or 
I''oiir Prirjcipni IMIiirn i.if rnpi^trio ;' Ktiu- 

Eltimeut to "SynopaiH,' l.'dlfi; afierwarua 
DundiipwithfolioedilioiiKafibe'SynopKie.' 
4. *A Catholicon: ICipo^ilinn of St. .lude,' 
IfiO-i, 4tfl; Cambridge, 1011, fol, fi. 'A 
Itt'lf-ct ion, or Diai-oursp ofaFnlne ItMcclion' 
Idefenci- of 'Synopsis' anJ ''IVlnwtyloii'), 
London. I'i03, 8vo. tt. 'llanuonie ii;>on 

1 Samu'jI.'Camhridije, ItJU", 4to. 7.'}Ic^apU 
uponl^xudii*,' ly»jndwn,]WW,roI. S, 'liexapk 
upon Oanifl," HJIO, ful. 1). ' Ilexapla iijjon 
Uumnn^,' Cumbriduo, 1t311. 10. ' EcL'K-sia 
TriiimiiliHo.-i (on (!<ir(iniitiou of Jameii I): 
Ksnositi'in of l'2'2 IWlm," I'nd «lit. Catn- 
hriaj;e, IftM. 11. 'niirninnir! ujnin I und 

2 SiimUfl,*Cfttnbridg«, liJU. 11*. ■ Thi'snurns 
KccWiro : Exposition of St. John xiii.,' 
Cnmbrtdro, IlIU. 13. ' Ilcxapla npon I..e- 
vili'Cii^.' London, 1031, fol. U. 'Kin^' Jnincs 
hbt Judicuient by way of (^oonscll, &c ; ex- 
tracted from liissjieEcbeH.' 1042 ((.'ullfct ion of 
iiulltiai] iintnplilHn, Itril. Muh.) Tbe folbi'Mr- 
ing are undated: in, 'LiuboiDUxtix: an 
Anxwer to Kifbanl l'HrI(«.'« "f Untfi'n-iio»« 
Co1b^g»/4Tn. ID. • Kpitbalumiumin luiglish, 
by tbe nothorof Lirabomnslix.' IT. ' Liwdnio- 
mneti^iMto. Irt, 'Fiincnil SiTmoii.' in Kiig- 
Ii»h.' 19. '.\n Knglish l.'al^cUisuie,' I'U. 'An 
Aniilogic: Catalogue of Cbarilnble Works 
dono wiihin spucu of 00 yean*' (ivigui of 
ICilwiird, Kli):>it)<-t7j, and Jauii'it); bound Up 
with Jifth edition of 'Synopais.' 

[Lif- rtud DtwHj of Andrew Wiikt, by I>r. 
P»t*r Siriitb (hia »yn-in-biw>, riesr uf Barkw^y, 
1610-17. mini^iftr of ftirlfvy. 164;-I662, pr«fl3t»J 
lo the Alb Hliliun of Srnopsiit IHpiimi], 16>tl. 
roprwluced (whnlly or iii pttrt) in l-'nllorV Abo) 
JtcdirirnH : lUrkfidale's Bomombranur. IteKiB- 
Inr* oE I'arisli of Uarloy ; Dcoda of Hialty Uc> 
qui-«t9 an-l ChuritiHi K«giRi«T of Cliriit's Col- 
l<^e. CAtnbridga; Strypo's Aiioal* (Oxfuid ed, 
l»-28). iii. 441, 'It^O.fitft, (!7i): Sowcouttn Repert. 
K»'1. ). 80i>i Wood's Fiiaii Uxnn. and Athene 
Cixou. ; Brit. Mua. Add. MS. 6836, f. 69 ; FuUer'a 
ChD^'ll Hi«tflry,bk. x. S 36 : Fnlkr'ii Worthioa, 
i 238, Iliatory of Ciimbriilga; Bnitham'a Utat. 



Willet 



Willctt 



•ad Antia. of C«d. Ctu oT KI7, Swl M. 1SI3. ' 

tZM : Bnnk'* Lena ofPwriUo^ ii. 284 ; Gib- 
M* EI5 Epiaeoul RMontt. IMl. pf>. 41i. 
*M,*Ui TtttUdV* HiaUrie Ptao6^ t77«. ii. 

5«-«i I J. r. w. 

WILLET. THOMAS (IflOfr-ie?*). fir«t 
BATor of New York, fnonli >na of Andrew 
Wulat[a.T.].WMbQni la Avwwt lOO^.in the 
fvctory^bouMof Harlcj.nnd w-MbttpliaMl on ' 
UwmlioftlieMliKmoDtb. IJubtberilyin^ > 
whsa he WW od\j Biztcen ;e«ra of kfp*, he 
kppean to Inve coatiniied M naide witb hli 
wtdowed tDotber and malcnuU ffnadmotlu^ 
till Ii« cam* of Ag*. Shortly alW It* JDinml ^ 
the Moood puiitui exodos, going first to I^cy- 
deti, Kod then to the n«w Plymouth ptaats- 
tioti. Qowmtir Bradionl mvntionii mm a» 
' kit boneat jmmg nun t)iat rame (mm I^t- 
den,' as * beuig discreet, and one whom tlier 
0>uid trust.' In 1633, after ht) liKil brcomv 
a aaeeeaful trader with the Iadian.4, he watt 
Bdmltted to the h««dom of the cnlony. snd 
married a daughter of Major John Brown, 
a leadina oitixen. He shortly aft«rwari« be- 
eant« a lugo ahipowner, tniding with Now 
Amacerdam. lie wa* elected one of the 
aasiMant roTcmora of the Plynouth colony. 
Aa a proof of his worlli of diaracior and oom* 
raaoiliii^ nbilities, he was frequeutty chosen 
to BPttlfl tiisputoa bctwn-n th(.> rlral colonics 
of Kn^Unrl anil Ilnllanil ; h" ■!•'> bMcams 
captain of a mititary companT. Early in 16W 
be lefi I^tTmoulb, and, estaolishiiu' himwlf 
in Rhodo Island, became the founaer of tbi- 
lownof Swanwy. Ac«>inp«nyinytlie E'^uk- 
lish commander Nicholls, bt {[^atly contri- 
bntvd tothe [)«ac«allesum.>nderof New Am* 
aterdam lo the Kni;li>h on 7 Sept. 1064; and 
when tbD coluny nM.'cived tho nami' of New 
York, Captain ^Villl•t wa« anpoinLvtl the firat 
mayor (in Juno ItiCo), wilh the approval of 
Englixh and Diilch nlikir. The ni-xl y«arhe 
waa eWUil nld<>rman, and bt>cAnip Tnaynr a 
•eoond time in \W7- Shortly after ba with- 
drew to gwanJH!y,and hf^ru, (iflvT hnTiii|{ lo»t 
his first wife, he married tbe widow of a 
clefvyman namod John Pruden. ile died 
in 1074. at tlm age of iixly-uine. tic Um 
buriiMl in an oliscure corner of ihw Litile 
Neck burial-KTOUnd at Itiillnck'n Cove, 
t^waiiavy, Hli{jdi< IklaiiiL IIin dcitrcndnnte 
weronunieraiit.andinrliidrdColonelMariniu 
Willet, tliij fri'ind wf Wanhinjrton, who him- 
self b<'eain(> miiynr of New S nrk, wliile th« 
' Uofotiiy Q.' of tW poem of Olivet Wendell 
riolmea was Thomas Willcl n gn-dt-^ruinl- 
daughler, and the i^oat-grandmotber of tliu 
poer. In his rclig-ious news Wiiletwoaan 
indupundcni. 

{A foil Bcwtint of Wiilof, with a«tborlti«s, 
by Dr. Charles Parsons, is giren in the Uaga* 



■US of AMarkaa HtAMnr, xrVi. S3S at 
mho QoTa m o r Bndlbrd* Hialerf ; Bn 
maurj of ^flw Vork. i. M et 9t^. 521. TU:* 
ytn. 3i. J. Ijuab's History of K«v York Oitv. 
i. Ml.] J. F. W.' 

WILLBTT.RALPn (in»-1795>,book- 
colWtor, waa the elder son nf ll^anr Wil- 
I«tt of tbe bland of St. CbristOfiher, who 
marhcd. about i'lH, Rttxabcth, eldest daufh- 
Ivr of Colonel John tkanluy of the ialaaa of 
Nevia. I»r. .Andrew Willet [q. t.] b»lon|r*^ 
to ibie family. Tbeir propecty in KngUnd 
was lost through adberenea t/j Ibn caoM of 
CbarlM I, hot their foTtuoes were npaiinilj 
in the Wmt India Hilanda. ^ 

Ralph was bom in 17U>, and matrientsiedl 
at OrH-1 rolI*v^ Oxfrinl. 00 23 Jane ITaDM 
agrd 17. but did not take a degnf, and he^ 
was admitted student at LiaeolB's Inn m 
4Jan.lT.tK.9. Onhia&tli«>r'«d««th in 1740 
the ealatM in the West fndia i*1anda cans 
to him, and for the rest of his Itle he wia 
able to jmcify hts taste for books and pic- 
turea. liis town hooae waa ia Ikeaa SttW, 
Soho. and in 17&1 be boocht the eatata af 
Merly in Or««t Canford. Dor^'t, where hs^ 
b<^an in 1 73:!, and finished in 1 7*10, a 1 
bousi'. which »oon proved insutScient 
collections. In li7'2 hr built two ' 
thatnitheaoath-eaEtbeiiigalil)rarT(a 
with fsQcifiil de>>i^9 in arsfaesques and fr>- 
ooeal'-ighty-fourf'Y't long, twenty-three wiite. 
and twenty-ihrv« hich. A printed account 
of this room and a new of the liooae aiv ia 
Uuichioa's ' Donel ' (2nd i^lit. iii. 1 ^) ; rievs 
and plans are also in Woolfe an<l Oandoo* 
continuation of CampbuU'a * VitruTius Rn- 
tannii^us.' 

WiUett's librarr was remarkably ric^h in 
varlv-pnnled boolts and in speciluettS nf 
block-printing. Many works wore on rGlIna, 
and all were in the finest CDoditioo. Ile 
po«»i>a«cd also an adimir»ble colWtiun of 
prints and dravings. whil>^ liis ptftnrw in- 
cluded several from th« Ortesn« ptUrrr uid 
from Roman palaces. .\ dcsrnptKin of the 
library was printed in octavo, in rrench ssd 
Enelish, in 1776 ; it was reprinted by John 
NicnoU, with twwityfive illustnttiun^ !if 
the design.", in folio in ^7M. A 
of the iHioks io the libmrv was <) 
by Wilh-tt among hi* friemJit in 171H>. 

WilleU was pnckt-d as ^burilTuf Dontt il 
l/liO. lie was eWted I'.S.A. on IS Ow" 
VH-l, and KR..S.on -JX Juno 17<U. He die 
at MerlrllouaitwitlinulUiiiiPonlSJnn. 1711 
whuo ike estate and the rest nf hi« fnrlur 
pasaad by his will to his cousin, John Willrtl' 
AdTe,wno took the name of Wiltctt, and vss 
M.P. for Now Romne/ from 1796 to IMft 
Italph Willcttwaa twice married, lla fim 




William I 



393 



William I 



* 






■wih, AnnMlxillk Robinaon, dmi 00 XO Dec. 
177d, B^ 60 ; ■ (ablet to bcr mvmory and 
that of h« liuolmnti w on tlm voiith tiidf of 
tiu> cliancel of Qreat Canford church. Tbe 
BGcond wife, whom he moixiwl by •pwlnl 
]i(;i'nsi-at lit* hmt^c in iJennStrffton mMfty 
17^, was Clmrlotte, daugbterofMr. LiQcke 
of 4'Ierkcnwcll, And nidovr of 8ntnu«l Stnitt, 
assistant clurk uf tbe Ilotiw of Lords. SIio 
di«^ilui UniiuSire*! on II Mav JSlo,fkg6d69, 
and was biiri»d in tliu south eluiHlur of Weu- 
ii]ini>tcr Abbrv. 

Willetl'fi pifftur&s vrepfl suld bv Pct*r 
Coxv Si Co. on ■'il Mnv lrtl3 and 'iwafol- 
lowinp^ daviL lIiA libmrj war M)ld by 
Leigh & yoth«bron 6 Dec. 1C13, und tlii- 
■uitr occupied *-vcnIcin d»r». lie had been 
II pBlruu of Owrg Uiouysiutt Kbret [q, v.], 
who apent the eummcn of mAny v'hr* At 
Morly, lis librnry containinff ' a eopioiis col- 
Iccliuii of exotics' by him. Tha bota.uical 
drawings wsrc sold by Leigli Jfe .Soihuby on 
20 and il Due. A liet of tm pricvs rfaiiaed 
Ht tbijt Mie, nincLt^n daya in all, wn? pub- 
lished in ifU, lUe louil bfiiiK i:(.5'.ly/. +?. 
Hit brioko of prill tHpHiuwd iiiKterlh^ bamnit>r 
onaOFfib.]Hl4. llonry lUIpU WitUlLade- 
scenditnt. of ibt* inJiiTitor of bU projK-rly, wbo 
died in The .\lbnny, I-ondon, in Itecemlxir 
1857, collected coins and picliirc», iricliidln}} 
twenty-sit painting* n.nd »lj€t<>bL-8 by Ho- 
garth. 

Mlljsi-rvatiiHiw on thf- Oripn of Printinfr,* 
hy Wilk'tt, viaiv incIudL'd iti ' Archwologia ' 
(»iii, tiSfl-TiO), find mprintM ill Newcaatk in 
1A19, Ah reoanlfl tho birthpUcc of tbe craft, 
Willettd«;ii:leclinfa\'oiir<ifMn.inx. AwTond 
poplar, ' Memoir on thft Origin of Printine," 
was included in tWaaini^c;nll(!ctioii (xi. tJlW- 
8lB),ondwasr>*print«-d at Newcaslk'in Iftlr*. 
andaoain in l^'iW. A (bird paper, 'On Bntisli 
NaralArchi toe to re, 'also appeared in pp. 164- 
109 of th« vk-vL'cilh Yuluuie of die ' ArchoH)- 
togiN.' 

IFaal«r'a Alnmni Olon. ; Hutcbina's Donrt. 

" edit. iii. U : C'hwtsr'a Wa*inin»tBr Ablwy 

„'. p. 489; Licooln's Ian B«r. 1. *17; Oeui. 

ttng. I79J, i. 109-70; Nirhnta'a Lit. Anml. 
Tiii.2'9. 158i Mnyn'i Bibl. Iltiriwt. pp. I:>t~a ; 
PuUonay'i Sotany, li. 288 ; Notua mid QutTiva, 
2ad »er. tiii. 337. US. i2U-l.] W. P. C. 

WILLIAM the Cosuuebob (1037 P~ 
10B7), Iting of Eiiffland, natural iton of 
Koburt II. duke of Normandy, by Ilorleva 
or Arletl«, daughter of Fnlbert, a tacmtfr of 
Fa1auii3, wbsaco bo wiuciilk-d Mbu Biu^turd/ 
-was born at FalaiMi in Ul^r or I02ft ( WtLt.* 
OP Jvui^nts, Ti. iL', vii. If*, 44; FkbI!M4-V, 
K'/rman Cvn^ift, ii. &ii*l-90). His njotliar 
al«o bore, probabfy to Ilobcrt, Ad«UiJi, wife 
ofl^nguemadof l*oathieu(ii£.; Arvh<9ol(^ia, 




xxri. 849). AJter Itobert'i death iIm nai^ 
ritKl HiTmio of CoDtcvillc, by whom abe 
bad (Idu h). T.j.biKbiip of Ittiyfux, Ilobvrt of 
Jlortain [am Huutais], and a daughter 
Mnml. Wlmrn llobcrt wim n;Lting out on 
ht!i pilgrimaf^ lift cniiAcd hia bird.s to vWt 
WilUamas hiseucci>e*or, and to awearfealtv 
to bim. .Afcortlinply nn tbi) n«;w» of hut 
death, in 1U3^, WilUam becamtf dul<i-, having 
B« (luardiana Alan, count of nrittany, Oh- 
bcm tho aei)«aubal, and Oilbon of Ku, and 
being uudt^r the char^ of one Turold. Dis- 
turhancea broke out immi-diutplr. Manrof 
]ii« tonls wmt dialoyiil, for Lbcv ilnpisvd biia 
fnr hia birth, thpy built rhemftv-h-ed t'nrtrfuueB 
mid committed acta of viob-nc*:. Alan was 
poi«on«;fl, and Oilbert and Tnrold wef' niur- 
dt'red. An attempt was made to seize Wil- 
liam's person at. VaudrL-iiii; ll<ibLTn,whoBl<>pl 
ill hi« room, wat alain, but William was car- 
ried off bv hi<i mollierV brother Walter, who 
concealed him in the dwellings of some poor 
people. 

Aa William pn^ older ho proved himself 
brave and wise. By the advice of but 
lordn tie a|ipointed &a hia tfumniian Kalpli 
dfl Wacy, wbo had slain Gilbert uf En, and 
gnve bim commiind of 111* fiiirri>ji. Wliilethe 
number of thoae who wpm loyal tn him in- 
creased, many were secretly disloyal and in- 
trigxedwtainstbim with lli-nr)- 1, the French 
king. Henry couiplaintil that the bordttr 
fort roM of Ulliirea waa an annoynnce to him, 
nud the duku'a coumtellora unli^rid ila de- 
struction. The caiitellari, W'illiMm Orinpin, 
only yielded the place at "William's expreaa 
rotnmnnd. Tbe French burnt it nnd mnd«^ 
a raid in the Hiemoia, The governor of 
the country revolted and gnrriaoned Palaise 
afjainst the duke, but the eaxtle was taken 
and he waa baniehed. William and bia 
counsellors advocated the adoption of thP 
triive of Uod whiuh was ac-cejiU-d by the 
NorinaiiH at the crmncil of Caen in 104:?. In 
1047 Ciuv. the lord of Rrionne and Vemoiif 
stm of llie ciinnt of llnrpindy by Aiklizu, 
daughter of Ilichanl II of Normandy, and 
the diike'a companion in boyhood, hoping to 
gain tbe whole, or a go^wl pfirtpOf hiacoitftin'A 
duchy, conspired against him with the lords 
of the Cotentin and Besxinjiiicifing them 
not to obey 'a degeneri]il.rljuiitani.' The 
eoatem, or more Freurfi, portion of the 
duuhy remained faithful to W'illiam ; the 
western, or inore'Scandiwiivian, portion re- 
belled. An attempt Vaa made to aeiw the 
dukf? at Vakignes ; lie narrowly e^waped, rode 
alone through the night to Itye, and t.henoe 
reached Falsise. lie went to Poiaay to meet 
King Henry and obtained hia help. The 
duke and tho king joined forcesaDd defeated 



William I 



»94 



William I 



Ue nhdt m V*1 fa HimM. ^ C»m. 
WilUnB ibeo took Btumae. Ue ondoed 
Gi^ to ROftta in bU eamt, aad kftenniniB 
•nowfd him to go to Bamtuijr ; U» ocb«r 
rebel Inrdi wen pnauhea I17 Sua uid bjr 
tb« dastmcttoB of tfa« cMtU* wtudi tlt^ liM 
batU wiLboot licenae; tbe lard iriu lud 
■lliw|i<iiil to Miw tbe (hike was bBpruooed 
•t StoHB uid diftllbMft. Thedakftvictoty 
citabli*hMl h'ci power tlirouffboui Nonnimdv. 

In Mum fo; Jfmr}'** Lvlp William m 
l(U8 jrnncd Eiim in » wir against 0«(A«y 
3Iart«l, ctiimt of Anjou. Tbe doke wu m- 
•olvcd to take kit plus u arp-emuunl amoiv 
bit buona in battle, ana abowad to muck 
dann; tbat the king waned him to bs lees 
adrvniunjiLo. Tliougfa, ao far «• tlu* Frmcb 
were eonontied, tbe eampai^ was abnrt, 
it led to a war betweea WHUam aod 
OenfffVT, in wbirh the tlake Trgaiaad Dam- 
frrmt and Alen^ryn. rortrcaaes on tbe border 
of Msioe, th^D Tirtualljr uad«T tbe role of 
Otaifnj. ^\'bilc beeiegin; Domfroot be 
challenged Oeoffrv; to a perwnul combat, 
but tfafl count, thotiffh br acc«-pt(^ the 
challenge, retreated wilbout mn-ting him. 
At Atcufon the inlmbltants jc«red nC AVil- 
liuin br Iwating liid'-* "o iboir walU, and 
callinfT hitu 'tanner.' In rercnge he ^^ut off 
ihi' lian'ls anil fi-et of thirlt-LwD iif lh»m. 
At iLm crtiil of tho war lie mined forlifica* 
lionn ni Amllri^^■s, in MainBitaelw In 
IO»"iI Willijim \-i"it«l Kn^^^Itind, BnT*niuEt 
hivr fouml himself at homit amonj^thc Xnr- 
man» and Frvnehmt^n of lh« court of his 
eoiuin, Edward tbe Con&mor ^(\. r.\ who 
probably durioa bis visit prouiMd that be 
should meeeed him. Uetnwhtle he was 
with the advice of bid lonlK socking to marry 
Hattlda, daughter uf thp Count of Flandem, 
an alliancv ofgroat political importance, both 
on iux<>unl of the; <!(Hint'« powrr und ihij 
situsticiH of hiF domiDiotiR. The uarriagc 
was forbidden liv !>■« IX iit thv couo(.'il wf 
Ilcims in 1049 'iuwundir Matilda {d. \(»A) 
KoA LASrB&irct, and in coniwriueace wu not 
eelebnl«d until ]0>'t3. Malgtv, archbishop of 
Rouen.ltii^ dalte'fi uncle, thrvat ened, and per- 
hup« pronouno'd, eicom muni cat ion agninst 
the dul4>>: but Willinni gained over l^oniVaiic 
to hia aidf, Hq^ tinall^ Aicolas 11 granted a 
diappusation for tho marriagu ia \05Q, In 
aoootdanci' with t)if jiope'aconimaBdiion this 
oeauton Willinm buJlt tho abbey of St. 
•Slrpht-n at Conn, 

An iiniinporlant mvolt nf the lord of Eu 
was followed in lOSIt l.y tlii» mvoll of Wil- 
liam of Ari^oMt, one of the dokc's uncles 
and lirolher of Archbishop Matgin". Tltis 
William, who had ron*tftntlr beim disloyal 
to bi<i nnphcw, was upheld oy tbe Fceacli 



king, who ■atrtiJ to ihs nlicf oi Ampm 
wbea itwaa tanattd tr^lbadake. I^amail 
figliting in |ttnoa aguBttKa liege laid, the 
dak* ka th« aii^ for a i^ilo to Williaai 
GiCnd. The Ftvnch JvAtod in a afcirmiak 
at &t. AabiiL, sod retired without r«Uemf 
tbe pU«^, which *urr«4idcn?l lo tbe dukr. 
ne ^aniacn made as aliject •aktBiaBaii.aad 
William allowed bis und* to Wve ihr 
dacby. Jtalous «if the alann kingly pewir 
of the duke, llemr of France fbnaed a 
leago*- BgaiBfl htm with some uf biei 
Taasal< and iar&di^d the ducbr on botbl, 
(rf tb« Seine earlr in 1QB4. To aeeC 
pHMiing danger, AVilliam also divided 
force into two bodies, and hinwelf led 
of them to owrate against tbe ^TtBion < 
manded fay ue king on tbe left of tbe 
giringcome of his lorda the oommaDd < 

wic» which was to ojinoa« the army li .^ 

the king's brother Eudes and othert on liu 
right of tbe river. Tbe array of Eudcf wu 
snrpfised and rooted at Mortrmer, and ae> 
of Its leaders, tiuv, count of i'utitlueu^ , 
taken prisoner. Wiiliam, who vkm nu ' 
king's army when be heard of ihe %'ict 
bis lords, sent one of his followerii to climl 
a tnw or rock near tbv French camp hy nifli 
and announri! it to the kin^'x >niiy,'iuul ai 
bearing tht; news Henry haatily rctnat 
into Knutoe. 

Peace was made with Fraocfi in lOofi, . 
\\ (lliam, with tbe kin^s good-will, tumt 
on ibf Count of Anjou. lie onUrvd that 
the ff'rtification of Amljrier*.-^ »h<iald W 
pressed forward, and sent to tr>ll Gaxffh^ 
thai L« would bv there within forty da^v ta-j 
me*t him. Geolfri'v of Mnyt-nn'?, w 
town lay near Am^iin-s. t-ntrr-ntod tks 
counts help agaiimt ihc Normun*. ^ 11 
count promised tbsl it idtnulil bi- given, but 
allowed thi- wurlcn to br complet *.■<]. Hv tbi'l 
besii^ied the place in coi^iinclion with tbi 
Cuuntof Aquitainvftuda forcvfrum Bnliaatt 
Willinm at once pr<'narcd lo go In iu r^li*' 
and on heanng that lie was coming GeoT 
ratMcl the siege. (ii^-olTivy of Jlaymne, wl; _ 
bad been taken prisom-r by tlte Normsni^ 
renouiict-d hio fealty to thii count and did 
hoiiui|;v to William. Abuut tliin time also 
WUliam received hoiuagv from tiuy. count 
of Ponlhiuu, who, in return tnr h\» reW«^ 
from priaon, bound hiiiiM-lf lo do ihv duke 
military wrricc (Ord, Vn. p. iVti^), 

Willinin wA«i highly difplea«ed bv the im- 
Aeemly life and extravagnnre of Arvhbislio^ 
MsIk't, and ofton rvproTed hini both pnb- 
lirly and in private. lie wan nliut angen>d 
by the lino tost his uncle bad tak^n witk 
reference to his marnage, and funbcr ana-. 
pijcted him'of complicity in the revolt ' 



)voU of hi^ 



William I 



*9S 



William I 



» 
w 



bcntber Wtllium of Arqiuw. Aeoordinffl,v b« 
toiik iHlvnntage of lite viail ot n pii^nl legate 
to Xamandr tu tlopoiHt tliu nirlibieliop, nct- 
ing in tliiM Ml miiiutri with tlii' li-f[Hlt^ nl a 
»\nc^A heM »t Hoiien. He hsnislifj Maimer 
to Orueniwy, and nt nn McUViasticiil council 
ht'H in 111* presenw in the umi^ yar (UKVi) 
caiued the elortioa of Maiiritiu», a I-'rvnch 
monk of 1-Y-citinp. A man of Wming nntl holv 
lifv, to the see of Rouuu. After about three 
vears of foacc, Itonrv for the third lime 
iiunded Nunnatidy, in cntij unci i<m villi 
U<H>trnv of Anjou, iu Aiiirus't lUiJS. The 
ana's did mucb damagL^ to tbv country, m- 
vAfiiiif; I hi- llirinoi* and ibt- Itn.«in, and 
burning C.'apji liefnn", n^ it »!«[U4, WiUiam 
could gather u sullicii-nl fvrci* to ini-^'t t)i>-ni. 
While thHr anriT wiui crowing llw lYivi; 



nod after the kin^ and tlii.- vim^nnrd had 
l.WiIlinin, nt. tht* Iii'imI nf a 



I^V already croMwd 

Mn«ll eonii>nnT, fiiiddonlv fell on tlin Te<- 
I mniiider nf l:b« army at \ amville and cut it. 

^H to piM>:8 boforn tbt' eyes nf thr Icin^, who 
^f wnv ptuvtititvd by the ming tide from nend- 
I iag luiysu'ccourtohiflmcn. Un thi«di»a«tDr 

lliv kin^uiid Uoolfrcvspwdily rrlunifd hotne. 
^ Tliedt'utbsof lli^uiy and (Vmiit (Jc-offrf-y in 

1000 Bwiirt'd William fnim furtbor attuclis.. 

for Ili-nrv's «iiccc»«'ir, I'hiii[i I, wft!> younp;, . 

Aiid his irimrdian 'v. iia the C?ouri of Flanders, 

Willinm'sfatber-iii-kw, wliily tlicni-n* Count 

of Anjim, CitotTny the BcordfJ, w** far lew 

fiowvrl'iil than hi" iiixdv hud Veon. Willisra 
ind uiaile himself feared nr^ ri-speplcl by 
fen-iau pijiveiiy, niid wtu ab»olul(; iua»tvr in 
liii diiciiy both in' tliirijrs t?acb-^ii»tiral and 
fiTil. lie baniiibvd sevefRl lords ivbum hf 
>u«i(wti'd of iliKaltW'lioit, not alwfl^fi jii-«l!v, 
forlie^M>nieliinng acted On false and amlicinus 
'■ ncLHSJitions. Among nili'Ts. he ilepo«'»'d ntid 
l>aniiKhis1 Itobt rr.iihhot ofl^t. Evroiil, brother 
iip;b («A ICftll) [<\. v." of OriiHlm^nil, 
lie had not bwn (rondiimn<.-d by »yiiiidi- 
ImI auLliorLty. About two year* later Itobert, 
who hnd laid hit *caM before Nicola!' II, ra- 
(iimod lo Nonnandr in cumpniiy with two 
carditinln, and wt-iit with thi-iu to Liileboiinc, 
whereihe duke then wns.to claim liis abbey. 
William wa* gnwilv enmp-d, mtd d'^dared 
that, thonfzh he Troiild rcceivihelejfal*?)), he 
would promptly biiD|,' on thM hiirhe^t oiiV "f 
ili>i> ni.<4ri>»M'or>^»l any niAnk of hii>diinhy who 
dared to make a cbur^ ucain^t him. On hesr- 
iD{l[ Ihii Kribi^rt Irfl tii-; dochy in bait>> (i/j. 
p. iftii). At a council held at Caen by the 
duke'a authority iii ILKtl , it whs dt-ereed that 
evcty evening ik bidl t-bouldbu nin^ us an 
invitation to pnyr, and n «i|j^nal far all to 
Bhm their doors nnd not to go forth s|;uin. 
This wan (be origin nf tin- corffw which A'a* 
nfterwnrds introduced iula England. On the i 



* 




k 



k 
^ 



I death of Geo9rey Msrtel, XS'iUiani, who had 
lot no opporLunitT ^lip of gaining nowet in 
Maine, was enabled to pru^ecutu tne claitn 
tolhnt land which bederivedfmm an alh.-^>d 
grant to hi« ancestor Ilfvdf or lioUn. Tlt-rlwrt, 
t hi! vonng hrlr of the la«t count of Maine, in 
the ncipe of galninft ^■^MAion of hi.i inheri- 
toncv, commended himselfand his country to 
ibedtikein lOtUiitwusagiywUhat hcshoold 
marry one of fbe duke's daushter^, that if 
h? Al>n\ childleM WiUisin slioiiM have Maine, 
and ibiit the coiiniV eldest fritter .MarjnruC 
shuuli) marry William's eldeoc Min Itobert. 
Herbert died lininarrifd in IfldS, when Ilobert 
was Btil) a child. The pt-oul>- of Maine were 
unwilling to Fubmit to W illiam, and vera 
hi-aileil by Wnlter of Slante*, who claimed 
the Cfluntn- in ripht of his wile Itinia, aunt 
of ] lerbert. William ravaged thv laud, and 
cninp«>lled I41 Jfanx to unrrvnder, while a 
Nonnan army ra>7iged Walter'^ own H'tth 
tories find forced him to siihmit to the diilce. 
Both WiiltiT utid Biota died middcnly, and, 
it if said, while they were with the duke at 
Faliusc. In at^er years |William*s enemiM 
OMvrted Ibut be had puitoned them (1% pp. 
487-8, KU). (Ji-oHrey of Mayenue continui-d 
for a while to reeiBl Ihu duke iu Maine, wlw 
iMini.dii'd him )iv taking Maveniie. Hubert's 
intended wife Slaryaret was hroughi to Nor- 
mandy, and died tberu before reaching toai- 
rinscablo agv. 

In i(XU, when Cannn, count of lUittanyj 
WAS threatening to invade the tluchv, Wil- 
linm i;au5'L'd Ijuy "f l*unthi'.'u lo d'.-liver to 
him Harold (itfi^P-UHiGj [n. v.], then ear] 
ol WeswA, who bad been sliipwp'cked on 
tbecoaHl of I'onlhieii, Taking llnrotd 'with 
him, he frighti-ned Lhe Itritons away from 
before IM, anil compelled Conim to Bor- 
render Tinan. Before Harold wax allowed 
to leave Normandy William obtained an 
oiith from him, nwom on some r^^licH which, 
it 18 *nid, were conci-aled from him umil 
after the oiitb was tnkm, that be would 
iipliold tliu duku'H einim tn nuiroeiM] to ths 
Hitglikh tlirone on the kiiig'n death i'»ee uiiiW 
IIakoiij, u.b.1 William, who wt\a a liinKman 
of Kdwnril tin* ConfesKor {b'tfb h'-ing d**- 
scended from IKike Richard thF> I-'earlres), 
having thus obloined an oath from ilnn^ld 
a.- w.dl aa a promi».> of tlic «iiect-**ion from 
Edward ( Will. ok I'oiti ti»,p. I Ut< ; Kai^hkh, 
col. 3.J0; Wii.t, OF .M^LMR^nrity. fiVrfa 
Rtf/um. ii. e. ^i"*), IiearJ with unger thiit 
iuimediatLdv on Kd ward's (ie.it h Harold bad, 
on (J Jan. lOlW, bc«n crowned king. TI18 
tidingMCnmr- to Inm when be tva* going forth 
to hunt near llnuen, and he determined, on 
the advice, i|. in ».iiil, of hi* pviic»chal, Wil- 
liAin iMtiosbem («f. 1071) [q.T.], to talie in^ 



* 



William I 



196 



William I 



mediau KtioD. Ue vent a meaMD^r to 
llaroti), cftlliitff od hita to fulfil lii» oath. 
On bit refuMl the duke, hj the advice of bU 
•pedal coonaeUon, nunraoaMl an nmmmXAy 
m bia barona to meet at Lilk'liofuu!. 

Meanwbilrt lis mat Oilbert, ftrcrlid«aeoa of 
liaicoz, to obtain the Banction of the pope, 
AKoAndM- II, for hi«propq»«>dw»r. In aOdv- 
tinn to WUliam'f rUim, fqandMl nn Vin&bip 
sod Uw beqiiEst of Edward, ^Vlllisn)'e boi- 
iMMador adv-aocod tbe perjurr of Harold, 
and tb« caus«« oroSoioeeiTen by the Kag- 
Itth, Biich 4« tbe ripulaioa of Archbiftbop 
Uobert of Jum(iy««. Tbe duk«'s ambaawdor 
doubtleu protuiMil thai hu maater would 
improTo tbe eodniaatical condition of Eng> 
ltui<l, and bring it tpto cloae obedi«nott to 
the Roman see (Will, op Poinrns, p. 124). 
^•QTertbcl'.^u) h:: mvt with viuit^ut oppusiliun 
from tamaj of the ^nnJiuAlu, on l!it> [^tiind 
that tbecburcli t'bould aui b&uci ion eUugbt^r ; 
but tbe dukif'* cM.ii*t: wu PFpoiiwl bjr Arch- 
deacon Hildebraad (Orcgory VII), and, act- 
ing on his advice, ttid popw sent WiJlinm 
bii Ueaaing, a rin^, with n ndio of St. Peter, 
and a eonsecntM banner, w that bis expe- 
dition had BOmpthing of tho character of a 
criuade (Mi/»umntta Grworicna, p. 414). 
'The barons at LillobooDe obWtod to the pn>- 
poaaU made 10 them bv Willium Fitzo^oni, 
and the dulin obtaimvl pmmiMm from them 
of Rhips and men bv prsonallr soliciting 
each barnn Mn^ly. lie received aTisit from 
Karl Toiitig [(|. v.], and eneoannd him to 
uivsd«Enf[iaiid in May. AsbeoiBairedbelp 
flrom othrr lands, he Kiit emhusiea to the 
Geroian Vtog, Il^-nry, and to Sweyn of Den- 
mark, and issaidhiniMrll'toharcinft I'hilipof 
f raoL-v.wLijwuDudvvrti'UjhiNpruj^-cl. Vulun- 
tt!^n from many Unda, and opi^cially from 
France and Fluiiders, juiopd liim, in tlm liopc 
nf pliindi-rnnil of graiita of land in Fiigland, 
ana ho and hia lords set about preparing a 
fleet. DurinK these prE^srat ions bis old 
encmv, Connn of Brittany, diftd, poisoned, it 
wu believed, by his cbamberlalii, though 
Witliain was afttrwanU acotisccl of having; 
p<riicuied him, but that was probably mere 
nbuse(WiLL.oTJrHl);oE6,vii.%);ORD. VlT. 

ii, 534). Ill a council thul \w huld in June 
w- HOpiiitili-il Laiifraiic abbot of St, Stephen's 
at Cat-'H, &iid ohorllr iiftorvanlH wns pnttcnt 
ai tlin comM^cmiiori <if .MntildHV I'liuri'U in 
that ciiy and the dedication of hii- duughCer 
Cicely. 

The Norman fleet aiuemhlpd nt tht^ mouth 
of the Uivo in the middle of AtiRnst. wa» 
delav'd tbL're for a month by contrary windn, 
and eailfd, with name losses by sbipwn-cli 
ami di-Hertion, to St. Vali.Ty ubout 1:^ S^pt. 
There ir. vraitod for a south wind for fifteen 



I 



days, duriiif whteb WilUsa ntaJt eonslaai 
prayera for the decind wind, and finally 
catUMltbe lelics uf ISt. Valeiy to be borne la 
, a solemn prpt»«mon. Un th« 27tli the south 
wind Uvw sail tbe flert nfled, Wniiam ei»- 
barkinE in ibr Mitts, tbr ship giTm hnn by 
his tri/e, vhoro he left in durp; oS lite 
dtidiy. The paseafe wsa made by nigbt, 
and a landiofr *" elTerted wilhoiii r«-«st- 
ancv at I^venseyoo tbe :A*tb, the tlunTday 
after the baule of Stamford Ilndgr. Tbr 
story that ibe duke 00 landing fidl m tbi> 
ground, and that this was tiime^ to a luehjr 
onen either by 'WilUam him«-.']f, ur a nilDr 
crying out that he took •seisin' of the kin^ 
dom, ID probaUy an adaptation of the sCivrjr 
of Csasar'a landing in .\frim ( Fri:km W, til. 
407). Hifl army perhapa consLited of froia 
twenty-five to thirty ibousand men, but no 
r~rtain Ktlimstf iKpoNtiblit. llr- fnrtilM'd bi* 
camp at Hsftinf^ and ravaged the country. 
Hanild inaiTb«>d agalttii btm from T>mdoaon 
II Oct., and took un \i\n poi^itinn nn Tb« hill 
af^rwards called Haitle, eisht pities* from 
Haatings^sodmBMiTOpasijedbrtwefo tbrai. 
On the morning of the lllh the duke r- 
cciTed the communion, armvcd hia annT in 
three divisioas, bimsvlf taking command of 
the centra, which was compoM^ of NArmans, 
the 8oldi^-n of Uritiany and Maine con- 
posing the lef>, and the Fn>nch and Fl*^ 
mings the rifiht wing : rowed that if b« was 
Ttctorious he would build a monastery on 
tbe place of beiil<! in honour of 8t. Martin, 
aad made an address to his annv. lie rodf 
s horse ^ven him bv Alfonso Vl, of Lmwi 
and Castille, and in the courw of tbe batUi* 
showed gr^at personal courage aa well as 
good generalship, Uu was thought to ]» 
slain, and a panic eitsned: hebarM bia bead 
so as to bo ri'cognisL'd and rallied bis men ; lua 
Miorse was kitlt-d by Oyrlb [<]. v.]; he nlew 
: Gyrlb and mounted another hora4>; thn^ 
{ iiom-s wi'rt>#lain under him, but he remained 
unwoundi^d (for the di^lails of the battle see 
I FasKMiy, U.S. pp. \&;-&i». 750-73; at- 
■ tanked in Quarterly ft<-Mi«c, Julv I*®S; dc- 
I fended and further attacked in £nfflisJt llut. 
'f Review, Lk-tober 181*3, January and April 
\<i^\\ OaiX, Art (/ War in t\f Middtr 
\ A^t, pp. 14il-(!»; Hoi-XD, Fntrlai Englintd, 
pp. Sr>2 ana.) The Normao victory war coin- 
itlt'tfand Harold waatdain. Afifrthv betll'*. 
William rnmninedfor Hre davH at llaitingp, "^ 
when, tiiidiiit; tliat the English did not eouii? 
. to ntli'.r tbcir fubmieaion, he marctted t^ 
Homney, and avenged some of his mr-n. wlw 
hiid been flain tnere hf^foro the battle; 
thence be marched to Dorer. when- ,he re- 
n)iiinH>dnboutawi*t'k, then went »'>rthwanL>, 
being dtilayed a abort time near C&nterbwj ] 



I 

I 




William I 



291 



William I 



i 



I 



br illnfWi itni] tlit-ncn went on to Soutli> 
wnrlt.tho line of his march being marked by 
tavaR'.**. A »kin]iieli took piiice «t SoutK- 
wiirlt, tn wliicli liP ftfit ftrp, and, tlndinj^ tliBt: 
London did out makv aubmiAsioii, he turned 
Kway, mftpclu'd t5iroii(*li Siim.'j' und IKnip- 
tiliin.', and qu to Wutlingibrd in Herkdliire, 
when.' ho received tho »iibini»3ion of Arch- 
bieliop t:l igaiid [q. v.j.and or»&^L-d t hir Thsinc*. 
Aftfrfurtber ntv«gp*<*e«f;ny/. //rV. Jint'eir, 
January IMS, on 'The CoiujiutotV FikX- 
pHntii,' n mi|;gi-Al.ivn puper, though perliapit 
Hoeking to provi? too much j, ho Stully CAmo 
to fii^lumpstood in Mf'Ttfnrdthirv. T\in 
Londoners, ondinff th4>msnlvfa Hiiimiindi'd 
by devastated lanaE, Babmitti>d (o bim, and 
lliegrfftt meu who wi>rc in the oitv, Kdffar 
AlWling [q. v.l. Aldred (d. lOWl) [q.v.J, 
archbiaboT) of York, and (ilherf, came to 
him,and mvitod him to llsaumL^ the cmwn. 
Hf. Tvcf\vv<l ch«m i^ciou^y. KoftiHing to 
allow iiftigond, irliose iHMition was unca> 
uuiiical, t'j cvitiwcTfit'.' bull, bv wac crowTivd, 
after taking lln' corrtnalion odih, Ity Aldred 
St Wcstioineler on 2'i Deu. Tha ct-niinony 
TTRi) dixtiirbi.ll by but Nonnnn giiarda, who, 
mliitakin^ the slmuts of the peoplt! fi>r nn 
in8Mm?ction, urt iin^ to biiildiiiR« rtiund Ihc 
abbey. Tli« p^nplt* mshed frnin theRhiirrb, 
leaving th^ km;;, tb<< bishopp, and the clergy 

J in ffTPflt fpnT. 

r Li cuiiiK-iiuciice of this alTuir Williitm div 
(eriniHed to curb thfr power of the citicena ; 
be left London and EtavHl for wmv davH at 
Harking in Kmox, whiUi fort ificH t ton h wfiw 
raised in thi> cilr. At Barking possiblv he 
prnntpil bin cJuirtKr tu l^ondnn. H« rocnvod 
thf. rtiibiniiuioti of lhfign!«t mRnofth^) north, 
of Earls Edwin r(|. v. J and Mortar [q. v.'], of 
Coprige [q T."!, AVftUUcof [q. v.], and other*. 
Succe>>cltng aa king to the cmwn landa, be 
confiscated the tanH.* of thoxc who had fought 
againM Iiini, mid. holding tbut til Ihu laity 
bad incurn-d forfinlore, allowed tb« laud- 
boldars gcnurr.lly to rcdivm ihi'ir lands in 
wbnirt ur in part, rtfcciviiig tht-m back an a 
grant from liimaplf. l>uring hia whole tvign 
Tiepunishpil r<.'i«i»tiinc*bycnnfi»cntiou(FBKB- 
VAS,iT. Qi i». Karlv in lOtiThttM'r'Otiton a 
progress through var^iouB parts of the king- 
aom fnrthcpikrpo«e,a8it«ci-mN,oflakingov«r < 
coutiscaiod fsla1t.>B, t>«labliBbiiig ord«r, and 
streni^ht'ning his powt-r by setting on fottt 
tku building of chsiIm. ila luut with no 
opposition, and showed indulgence to th« 

IHiorcr and weakw people. After iimnintinf; 
iiM lircitbiTOtld, whom hi* madt- imrl nf Kent, 
and William Fitio-ibfrn,whom ho made earl 
of llerel'ord, as rcKenI, and giving pusU to 
otlit^rit, ht> visirM KormnndT in l^ent, taking 
-with bin wrenil leading I^ngUshmen. Ue 




was received with great njoioing at Rotien, 
biild hia court at ttostar at F^amp, wb^re 
hti dUplayiKl the apnibi of England, enriched 
many N'orman chiirrhfts with th*>m, ntti^nded 
diMlieiLttoiiw of rhiirt^hes, and seui Lanfranc! 
nn an embaAsy to Itome on ibc alTain of the 
duchy, 

William ntturncd to England on 7 Dec. 
During his absenci) dislurbancL's had broktin 
one in Kent, in Herefordshire, and in llm 
north, whtTu Co[)MgiN whom William had 
made tmrl, waM tilain, and an invilntiim hiid 
lM>i-n Ht'nl to Sweyn Et<lriih>an of Denmark 
to invadf Kugland. Thu Kcniiah inaurrec- 
lion had bei^u quelled, and William mado 
many onfiKcntion*. In the bopv of a%'ortin^ 
Danish inrnfiionheaentnnembna^y toSwc;f^ii 
and to Che archbiebop of Uremen. lie a]'- 
poitit^d ft m-w enrl in Copsige's place and 
laid a heavv mx on the kingdom. An in- 
surrection, beaded by 1 larold's oonsnl Kxtjter, 
hikving brokttn out in the west in UMit*, Wil- 
lipni marched lhith«r with Kiigliah Iniopa, 
ravaging as he went. lie compi^lk-d Exfler 
to siirreiulLT, hnd a ca»tlu built there, and 
Buhduedlhewestcouiitry. HidieU gathvrvd 
III Vurk, and the king, after occupying 
\\tirwn"k, wlien; ICdwiii and Morcar, who 
were concerned in the revolt, made th^ir 
[H-acc! wirh him, and r*«»iving the Niibmi*- 
«inn of the ceniral districts, ndranred to 
Vork, which niadu no rv«ii>taiaT Co bin. Art 
ho returned he visited other parlM nf tbo 
(.'ountry, and caused casUce to be built in 
various towna. About thi» thtf- hw dismiiiaed 
his foreign mercenaries after niwarding them 
lib«?ra]ly. Knrtyin HHKt Hobert orOomines, 
In whom he hud given an earldom north of 
lh<tTi'i"«,w«e slain with hh men at Diirhaui, 
and a revolt in favour of Edfar was made at 
York, where the castle was besieped. Wil- 
liam marclu'd to its relief, defeated the rebels, 
and caused a second ciivtle lo be built to 
curb the cilv. Harold's Min«, who, uniling 
from irelan(i, had mnde a mid uti th« west 
in lb* pr«:'fding yi*iir, again cnmi? over witll 
Viking crews and pUindered in Df\'onshin'. 
Thr-vwrr«protnplIr put toHight ; but it was 
dnnbtlej'R in Conner tinn with their cxpt'dition 
that the (leet of Sweyn of Denmark, al^er 
aniae ptundoring dcMi-ntfi, sailed into th#i 
number in September, and bi-ing [oini^d by 
Kdgar, Wnlihi-of, and other Entfliau leadi-m, 
burnt York. Othvr nvtilts broku out, in tha 
w»st where the rebels were defeHtwl by ihw 
bishop of Coulancet, on the ^^'e1sh border, 
ami in Htafliirdnhire, liw inuvcni'-iits b*^ing 
without conoert. William, who was siirpriiwd 
and enraged at I hi* nvns from York, marched 
into IjimWy, where the Danish uhips wvre 
laid up, doBtreyed some Daoifih tiotdit, and, 



William I 



S98 



William I 



JenvitiK a Torce tli«n>. crushed tlip n-volt la 
WlafTitrikliiri', am) i-nttrr-il ^'ork witlioiit op- 

£!j»itioD. He tbt^n laid vtsle sdl tbe coualr>' 
)lwi^-i) York Htit^l Lhirham, l>»minf|^ crop«, 
[■Kttk, boiu<^, and |>Mp<.Tiy of all kinde, ao 
llt&t tbe wbole land watt tiirne^l into 11 <I<-M-rt 
mid tlii^ iwoplu purUhf'tl with bungnr. Afttir 
h(«pin)i (.'hrtatiiu* uuid the ruiiu of York, 
lie narcbed to ibt> TtvH in January 1070, 
ivoniveil thi- riulnnUvion (if Wallbnif and 
otliers, camming further ravagi's, returned 
lo Y'ork, ond tbcnci' m-t out for C'hontwr. 
'lliR winl«r woirht-r m&ile hia marfb diffi- 
cult ; eoiD^ of his mvi d'-sertwl and many 
liorishwl. The fall of Ch.-*t.-r .-ndwl the 
rttvull in iLat di»lri(.'t, and wii6 followed bv 
ruvof^ iu Cbtsbir*-, Shroi>^in*, ^tatTora- 
oliirv, and Di-rbviiUirc. Tbv Daiitflb Heet 
IiaviiiET !■«» hril«-d lo leave tbu t^oart after 
tbe winter, ail reoiMancc iras at an end and 
thu coi)<|iivst of England waa compleltt (it. 
pji. •lllO-i'il. 

A.t JCasivT two li-gutt.'e came to Eiiiflaod 
by Williama m^utuit, and oii-r rviuuiiiEHl 
with him for h year. Their cnotia^ vnablud 
llini to cnrry out piirl of litit policy n*itb n-- 
tfect to thf> rbtirwh. Stigntid wiis de|Kwi'd 
nnd Lanfranr wan tncidu nrchbi^hop in his 
plttci*. Thn-^ other Kugliah bishoju, nod in 
tim« many ubbotn, weri* siao deposed, uid 
Taronoiea nrere filled up by forfifjn prelates, 
only two B'Hn Iwiog occupied hy ii»iiv<.i tti- 
ikluiya by ihi- )-nJ uf 1070 (r^rnns, ('oM»ti- 
tutionai nUtory, i. Sd2>. As bu had duQH ' 
iti Normamly, tn alio in England, William 
(^ncrallv triod to appoint men of leamina 
Bnd good characl^r : he avjided simony, and, 
though hia appoint nu-ntxt wn^ not aliruyii , 
KUCfiewful nnd hi* ublotswere nnl jtenerally , 
ftu wnrlhy as his bisbop«, thu prclotv^ that ' 
lip intruJuccd vxv. tuten locvtbvT, uieu of 
1 higher fltump than liiMr predecessors. At [ 
the same timi', bis clian|^:s enlaili^d mucli . 
hanUbip tin Ki]);li*li (Oturchmt-n, and hia ! 
fhiirch ntipointmentfl were often mode aa ' 
rewDnls lor s<.<citlnr iwrticu. All disorder 
viu Abhorrent In Iiitii. Hi> iron Tnii.4i<<rful in | 
bin dcaltng« with tlio church as la all el«e, 
imd, tbouph election" wvr^t often made in 
Mclotiibtticiil, ossctublies, bU will was evi- 
(Itiiitlj not leiuobeyedtb&aiucaaM in which 
liis prasonal artion ia niort appari-nl. Willi 
LltnfrBDC hi' workiil til fiiil ari-urd, and bit 
gcn*»rttl poliry may ho dp&cribed aa that of 
prtrnniaing tlw church a* a wparatw di'part* 
niL-nt of (rov<Tnm<>nr iincW tb« direction of 
thi* orrhbi*h"p «» hi* vicf(p;n.'iH in ercle- 
Biaslicul mall'Ts, in ojipa^ilion lo the Kof^- 
lifh KVKti'tn hy which ucclc^iu^lical atid 
civil ulfaLrs wi-i-a larRely ndinimstered by the 
MmG auchiner}'. litis pulicy workud wuU 



in bi« tim^, bat it wiu neceesmry 10 iti 

siurceM ibai ibr throno and thr »*■«■ of L'«n- 
tvrbury should be tilK-d by mea of Itko nuad 
and aims 10 tbo^e of Willinm and Ljun&anc 
William upheld I^iifrunc'd claim to tbe 
obcdieuctf 01 the Nee of York hetruuMft it *rM 
poliltcally cxpedittnt lo dt-pn.^)iH the pnwerof 
the northern rae(fO]>olilao. In >ict.N}nJance 
with hia i>yBlen) church councils wer* held 
(lij>iiiit-l from, tlioujih gvnorally at the uime 
time aa. the BwuUr rounciU of the rralui. 
lie also w.'pamtfd vccWiast ical froiu fccular 
jnn5dicii>in, onlenti^ that no bishop ur urefa- 
deacoa should 1 benceforwaril heitr vcirlir- 
oiutical plena in tin.- hiindn-ii rouM. but in 
courts oftliL-irowu, and ttbuuld Irr them by 
ranou law, oK-diunce Ikxuj eulumu) by 
excommuuiciiliDn, which, if tieri-s«ary. would 
be backed iipbvlh':civili«ow.T lA.pjv -IVi-X). 
Although he firougbt the church inlu clitMrr 
rclnttoos with llMpauncv. frum which hu bad 
obtained help bAtL in \i\» invnsiun nnd liia 
(■ci:lu«ia»licaT urranmffl<>ulfi, Ira wili for fmm 
b<>ing «ub!*<Tvi<.iit I" [Hipt-i-y About 107ri • 
legate eatue to him rromllregorrdroianding 
ibat liv sliixiM do fentty to tn« pap» and 
fwnd IVt*T'.'i pi'nre. Iln n-pliwl that be 
would send the money aa hii* preducvMotl 
had done, but wnuld not do f>-alty, for li« 
had never promiy-xl it and hia prvileccKVif 
bod not done it (I-iSFBixi-, All. lOJ, Thf 

fiopv blanit^^ him fur Lwifronc a neglect vt 
lift Hiiinnion.t to Komi* ( .l/iinKni^nfa <7fV* 
goriatia, p. 3(17). He laid down ihrcv nilca 
as ncceuary lo his kitikcly richls: hu would 
allow no Itomnn ponrin lo be itcknowled^'ed 
in his dominions a* anoHtolic wjtbuut bia 
oimmaad, nor any papal letter to be receiTed 
thnt bad nut buen »nown 10 him ; no ernod 
Tnight make any eoACtmcnl that he baif not 
Miiiciioiied tinil previously ordained; no 
ecclesiastical eenfture was to be pronounced 
Ojninst any of hi? barons or officer? witbum 
bU runwenl. All thtn|f«, tem[ionil nad 
spiritual, dcpendMl on bis will ^BAtiirE^ 
tiUioria Aororum, col. >'tt2). 

Extending tho lict-nsc (luit thoy had r^ 
ceived from William, the Daius bad not 
aailH in May IU70; and tbeir appearanee 
at Kly vncnumtfed a revolt or Lhe fiia 
coiirtHi-. Ttiey left En^tland in June, b«l 
ill" rt-'volt coniinued, nnd was heade<l hy 
JJiTuward [((. v.] In 1071 the n^bel* held 
the Ule of Ely, and the n>rolt, ibnugb 
■Hiilatnl, liMcamn neriou*. William in per- 
non ntlacki-d the inland with ;ihips and a 
laud force, lie reducwl it inthecourMof 
(tin y^-ar, piini>hrd the rehi-U with* ii)utila< 
tion or lifelong im prison men I , fined tba 
monastery of Ely. and cau'^^d a pastW to b« 
built in iia i>r«i;inct. £ai'ly in 1073 he «u 




William I 



399 



William I 



I 



in Normanily whi-re ho tield a ptrliain«nt 
KDil itddrt'SM'd an cccWUsI ical svnod. He- 
lurnirifc <o ICii(j;1aud lie iiivadeil .Scolland, 
4ar Maicolm had bwu nivaginff- tin- north, 
Ud miuli< Iiix court u rofii^o lor WilUotu'it 
«n«mieii. 1I<> iul«an<-i-d tu Alwritetliy, wliriv 
Uftkolm did bim liomnfr^. Ou his ri-tuni 
hn fonndud n <;«■>< Ic «t ttiirltim mid (.-om- 
mitled it Co tht^ biciliop to hold d^iiiiist tlie 
Scots. 

The ciliMns of I*'' Man.i liiwing', after 
domestic coufticM, calltd in Fulk, count 
of Anpii, William iit 1078 hii iin nrmy 
iaigvly fximjiojied of l^nglieh into Miiin>.>, 
'VUti-'d it, rpcctred the »ubmi!)siuii of tlio 
e'Ay, dL'fvttdi'd Win dlit't n^^uitial l-'ulk, »uil, 
having made pfaeu wilh Iiiiu, n-Lunicd l<i 
England in 1074. 'then he apaiii viaitod 
NonQflnd_v, nppnT^ntly Imiviii); l^nfranc aa 
hia chii'f nrprrji«iital i vt- in Kngland. Uuniig 
bifi ahsence ltAl[jh<tUfldcr [q. v.].e»T] of Nor- 
folk, nnd UogiT, vnA of Il(rrrfiirH, c'tncpir'nl 
apiiti-it him. Wall biiif, v/hn vraa coiicunied 
in th* coiiBpi racy, went to Wiliiam in Nor- 
rnandj-, coiifofc^^-d, nnd anUed fcrgivi'iu*^. 
The rebels were ovenbrown in tlie aWniCt! 
of the king, whr>. n-tiiminf* to England in 
1070, round lliv ]>niii«L n«vl in lliu lliiiuber; 
it hod lii-rn iiiviled qvht bv tlie n-bi'ls, bnt 
ativT plundorinf; York tliv Dunv'i vuilt'd ulf, 
for llirv diirvd iiol meet tli<* IciiiK- ^^ illiniii 

{iiiiiiithed tiinm of the ri'lKtlm ilint ht> Lad in 
lii pnn-er, blindinff uud miUiinlin}; the 

Brihoti fill lower,'' nf Karl I{al]i}i. and in May 

iy"y caiwfd Walllnjorto bi? beheaded— the 
onlv capital puTii»litDciit that lie infliclf'd 
diirmtr (lis Tvign. I'wf'My aliout Ihi* time 

(FhekmaS, u. a. p. GOlh) he kid waate a 
diKtrict ill IlampEliiru (.■xtviidiuK for thirty 

miU'H or mum to for in llw ?it-w Kunsit, in 
order to gratify his Iot<? of bunting', driving 
away tb^inhabilfto tmi till ili-otrovin^jc'i II ri;l]i-)> 
and hoiiaoa (Fi/iii. Wtu. an. lUlOi NVi'll. or 
Mafji. iii. c. 275). 

Hoping 1-0 seize Earl Ralphs who had 
iped. to lirittany, and aUo to unlarKv hiA 
imiona, he croaaed In Normandy and laid 
sfcge tu I)u1. awnar'iii); not I'.i di-jiurt until ' 
aarn-urieml : but I'hiliji of !•' ranee canw 
thi; httip nf (!nnnt Alan, and WiiUam Bb 
liJaviiij; bii> cumi|i nt^d :nii(;h Irt-aaiint in t'' 
hands of thn mfmy. Uf mndfi pi^aRe with 
lh« count, and in,IU77 with Iliilip. About 
Ihat linif hLn''U1(Mt#oti,JinU'rt (lCr>4r''-!l:tl|^ 
[q.v.], demandvd iliatAorniandyand )Iaino 
ahotihl be made ovit to hitn. nnd, ou AVil- ' 
liam'i* rcfuiMil, rubeUed and all«mpted to 
seize ICoii^n, for he had a pniiy in tbvdnohy. ' 
William ordurud liii< arnvi, but h« fb-ii fn>ut 
Nomiandy; hia mollierni-iil hiiu minpliea, and , 
Williatn was in canst.-4at.-na> bigh); dia- - 





pU-ased with h« (Oau. Vix. p. 571). With 
rhilip'i help Ilotk-rt «itabli^t-d himself at 
tierberoi, near BeauTata, end Williiiin Ll'- 
sifgedhim therv early in 108(1. In a ••kirniioh 
hcni'ntti 1 he >valU W illiaiii wiu imhurst^d and 
wounded in the band by hta aon. Ilo roi&ed 
the »ic-gu, and was persuaded by his qu<^n, 
litH lurd>i,and Iho FVt*neh king to W reconciled 
with Itobert and his frierds. ( In the murder 
of Wnlcher [ij. t.], btsliop of Purham, he wisnt 
Bishop Odn To j>nnish tliff in!iiirgi.-ut!«, and 
»lionly aftiTwardswntllobert witban army 
into Sirnlland, for Malcolm bad aj^ain liueci 
luvadinff >'ortltuiuberlnnd. lU-waoin l-inp- 
laml io 1U81, and Iloberl a^in quarrelled 
with him, and iinallv left him. In that Tear 
he made an exjwditioii into Wales, fnvil 
many htindrvd etLptivea there, rereivwl the 
aubml.vsiitn of ttiK WrUh prinres, and is anid 
to have made a |>:Ijrnma)(i- to St, r>avid's 
i.i.-a, Chrm. an. lOSl : ilR.\. uy Ucxi. 
p. :?07 ; Atm. Cmnttr. nn. I07l>). 

William was agnin in Normandy in 1062| 
whi-n Im hinrd that hi» lirotber (Mo, to 
whom hij bnd committer) the regcney in 
Kn};land during liis late fn^uenl vioitd tit 
thkt duchy, wiia about to makoan expedition 
into Italy, lie crci««>d in hasi'.-, cauj^hl 
him ill tlio Ifle of Wijflit, oiid. hnvniff 
t:atlK-iT.-d his Irjrdi^. laid iH-fon.' ihem hiH 
eomplainta ngnin»t Odn, acciuiing him of 
uppni'tLHinn onil mi^tgoTemmciit in hi» absence 
iittil of II di-«inn lo lead abroad forei>s needed 
for tlif! defence oCihe Ifingdom. He caufu^d 
bim lo be arn-sted, and, wln-n Odo objected 
that h« was a clerk, replied that he was not 
arreelinn a^i^hop titil oncof hiit uarls whom 
he had made hia vtct-rov ; bii kept him in 
prifoii until his uwd dealli was neiir.tn »ptto 
of the nt^ioii-nltanecti of tli« pope (Obb. Vit. 
p. 047 ; iL^iunt^nta Orfnuriami, pp. OlH, 
•i7U>. y^Hturnec) In Niiimandy, where in 
10^ ditJ^^^^uiH'ii Matilda, f»r whont Uo- 
mourned oH^^k^^kpurrectioo In .Elaine, 
headed by nll^^^^^^wuuont,cuu»fd him 
Iroulle, I] e M^BB^fc^^MPy "fllfrff . 
Hubert's caatle, burBBflHwlion pirui^j 

(.-d by his lorib. who carried !t on Tor ihtvB 

w'ilhiiut HUCceiiK. 

OP Canulu the ^nlnl, king of Pen- 
leni-d to invride Kiigland in U)8<^. 
Riithered a force to meft, him, 
cr<iav to Etifflnnd, and, i)nnrlering his 
soldiers on his vii<i.-jiIh, waMed the eoiiata, 
thiit. the P'iiie» mijjhi find 110 6ustenauc« on 
landing. The invft.Mon wntt not- made, and 
Willinm dismiKKed part of hiit force, keepinjf 
•omi; pun with him during the winter. 
After much di^cimjiion with hia Inrd^ at a 
court Ihut he held at Qloucokter at Ohtiat* 
mas, bv urderod a surrey of his kingidom. 




William I 



300 



William I 



This BBrvey, tb« object of which mcdu to 

'^^iBVft been to «Mertaiii ortd Apportion tvt^ry 
ladholdvr't) liubilit; wich rvt'pi'Ct to taxation 
and militarv ftervict>,c«iiiied much indignation 
amnu^ rhfl Knfflish ; ittt n'siill« are i>mbodi<Mi 
in DiimcMiluv liuok. Willinm n^inainml in 
Enf^land, held his fourte according to cus- 
tom Hi Eastrr ICI^fl at Winclititt'.'r, mid at. 
Whitsuntidf! at WftBtminstir, apparently 
tiarelled about thij kingdoin, aud on I Auk. 
at a frrc-ai. fift^mhly at Salisbury reqiiir«l 
that all men, wheibor holding iiuincd lately 
of the crown or of a ini-fn« lord, i>lioiild do 
fealty to bim. AU pKtHiiil at ihu ait&embly, 

[*wkow men soever tJiev wen-,' did so. Tlie 
doctrina thuH uttabliKficd, Ttist tli« f^-alty 

IqwiikI to the kiun could nol bo overridden 
lyr an obligfition to any inferior lord, aaved 
Kneland from thn wnnit. nvila of frudnlijini. 
William hi'avily Uned nil a)^iiiJit wbom he 
could bring any chdrgv, true or fulsf; ; stayed 
in t-h« I»l" nf Wtfrlit whilii thit tnont-v wa» 
beitif collected, and then sailud off with it 

t'to Normandy. 

A lonj^-tHaiidinj; diRpiire nx to the right 
to (he Frt.>Dch Vesin csine to a hciid in 
10^7, wht'n th* Frt-nch RurriBon in ,Mftnl<?* 
coniuiitt«d »oniP ravagtMi in l!ie dulte'« 
dominions. AVilliam. who had becomi- ini- 
wit-ldy llirounh fat, waa hI Hotiun ftewking 
to redu(><' his bulk by medicine. Hearing 
that PhiUp hud compared him to a womaa 
in childlji'd, lif "W'nrr bi» aiwrfinl nalh, 'by 
this splendniir and rasiirri'ctHra nf (Jod,' thai 
he would liRbl n hii]idr(><I thniinnnd mndW 
when ho went to hiit Hmrohin^r maw, Ko 
invaded the Veiin in AuRuat, ravaged the 
land, fnlcrvd Mantf? on llin 16th. and burnt 
it. As htt rode through this town his hfir^e 
threw him forward in the Koddlf, and he ro- 
D'ivud iin iniiTual iujury. llu was car- 
ried to Itouen. «and waa' taken front bta 
iwlocu to ibf p?iory of i?!. Ultvuhh fur tb[i< 

,tiike of (|uit!t. Them ht^ waa altcndtKl by 
~ " , bishops, aent for Anaelm [q, v.l, who waa 
unab]» to pi Id him, n-jienlvd ivi' luit gina, 
and ordered thrat his treasurw should he diatri- 
but»d between thu poor and (^hardies. He 
direct^ tlist Ilobert nhouhl supo'vd him in 
Normandy; expressed his wish that his son 
'X^'illiaiii, who was with him, inipht succeed 
tiiin in Kuglsnd; left Henry, who was also 
with bim, n sum of mon'*y ; and ordered that 
Ilia priaoni^-n> fJionld be rtdiMiaed. He dit'd nu 
8 Sept. IliH bird* forthwith ixvie olf t«i d«- 
fend their lands fn>m pUindor, and hia eer- 
vantv, nfler M-iKiiii; all iht-y could find, left 
hU bofly uncared fur. A Imif^ht named 
Ilerlwin liad it l^mnj to Cnon and burittl in 
St. Sti-jihen'a, the Conf^ntiror'.^ own church. 
TliQ ceremony was interrupted by u ckim 



made to the land on whicb ibti church was 
built, and William'a son Uenry and the 
biahopa prvwoi Mii«fiod-ihu claimant's da- 
mann. The monument rauted by William 
HuAifl to hU fallmr waa deslroved by (b« 
Hufiuunoti in Itityj, and the kmsa bonea 
wcrt> MattiT<ed. A Uler tomb was dp«trm'ed 
in 1793, whim thn lant bone left waa loat 
^FHKBaAV, a. 8. pp. 7:iI-3). 

Willium ws« of middle beicht and ^reat 
mnsenlnrMnrngth; in latt-r litu ho b«i.-amr> 
ver>' fat ; he had a eiern counteuaocu, and 
rhf front of hia h6nd waa bald. Jlia dn- 
meanoiir was atntely and his court splendid. 
He waa a man of iron will and rwmarkabl* 
geniiie; no coneidt'talion could divert bim 
Irom Che pursuit of hia ainiH, and hv was tin- 
flcrupiilotis as to the means be employed to 
attain tbtftn. fn a hirgi' dcfjrvo his acliieve- 
meula were due to hinuelf alonp. Despiatd 
in hill youth bv the proud and renfJen bandHH 
of hill duchr. Itn nimpdli'd tlteir obediaflj^^l 
and respect, became sixon^er than his neig;li- 
boun, exk'nd*«1 bis dominioos bv policy and 
war, conrpiflTRd a Vinffdnm far richer and 
larger tlinn bis durliv, forced if) pMKila to 
livf> i|iiict!y and ordi^rly nndrr his rult<, «id, 
dyin^ja powerfidsovert'inn.h.'fl his dominions 
in ppaL'p to hi« sons, lie waj, religious, wan 
rejiuiar in devotion and liU'ral to monaa- 
terii?*; he fulQlled bin vow by building 
Uallk Abbuy, which wim not linlshod at his 
di>alb ; he innd<* no ftain out nf the chureb, 
promoted many worthy occlciiaslica, and 
was hUmeless m his private lif<^. Though 
not dclifrhtin^ in cniclty, he was callous in 
human sufleruig. In addition to his two 
sij^al acta of cruL'Iry, the derastalion of tbi> 
north and the making of thu New Foreat, ha 
oppressed hia coiifjUi-red peoplt^ with b«vy 
taxe^i and broufibt much misery upon tbun. 
While affable to those wbn g'tre him no 
ofluncv, he was stem beyond boundt to thnw 
who wilhatood his will, waa mecoileaa in his 
punishments, and though, with one excep- 
tion, he took no man's lifc by acntiMtee of 
law, indicted blinding and shameful mutila- 
tion with terrible fn^quency, uspecJally on 
mi'-notlho lower ols«. JJoving 'tbe'tall 
deer as though lie had buen tbnr father,' he 
decreed that all who slew dear afaould b« 
blindi<d ; hia foreM laws tronbled rich aa 
well DA poor, ' hut he recked oot of the 
haifi'd ofthum all, for tbeyneeda moat obey 
his will, if they would have life, or laadt of 
goods, or oren hia peace,' 

Ilia rule was strict, and he nut down all 
disorder with a atn>n|; hand. That he bad at 
ouv limi! some desire to gof cm the EngUah 
justly may bo infer^^d Rom an attempt b« 
made to luora ibeir language; but hia eo»- 



William I 



30 1 



William II 



I 



quest brought tcinnt«tion», his ehnrnrt^r 
aeeniB to hkve dntenoratvd as he met with 
raaiKlAnce, and, though lio wu alwujra rcady 
Ui bUow his own will to ovcrrido jiuiTico, bu 
bvonmw moTn tyrannical a* lie ffjvvr oldt^r. 
He amassed pmat richeit by opprt-sgion and 
btjpam-o uvariciou* (for hi» chumrtHr g*ni*- 
nilly, WW A.-S. VJiran. an. 1066). tike all 
his race, he was iiddtcl«'d to Il'^thI nublli*! ivn ; 
hia op|»reMion generally worw thn garb of 
h-nlity, and was for that r^uson «pmally 
OTiRding. Adoptinff the rhiirnet. rrif ilii^Uw- 
Tnl aucoutsor ot tlit; Confcasor, he mtLintained 
Ki)){lijthlaw8aQdiu»titutioDii,continuinf;.ror 
<>iample,tbe tbroQ uitiual eourt-iof the curlier 
kinjrn ; but W rjith Ili«(e courts. an«i indeed 
fill t-hfl hiirhfi" niJiPhiiiL'ry of povi'mmcnl and 
nd mi nisi rat ion. 11 foitdiil olinracliT, though hn 
Vc\it Knjflish ftiiditlisra in subordinsiion to 
the power of the cmwn (for his usu of liipil 
fictions in dealinf; with Kngliitb lariiU, hin- 
FnBBH&s, iv. A-9, V. 1.1-51), Nor does his 
surname, 'the Conqnsror,' hsmI by Onlrrir 
faw OnDHiticra Vitalia]. prove that he 
tnid Mt^'Hs on the fad that he gained and 
hi^ld )Co||(l(uid by thu sword, for tht; term at 
thill litiiu sijiinifk'd 'an acqninT' or. in lejral 
|ihnu>w^ifi(ty, ' a pnreliascr. \lft is generally 
callfld ' the Bofltard' by c«iHeni]K)rary writers, 
«nd aflw iht! ■rrwMion nf WUlinm ItufuK 
is often diHtinpiiiHhod fruiti him by \m.n^ 
called 'the Great ' (lA ii.n. ii. fi3U«). Hi» 
H laws in rhfir fiilh'r fiirm (Tjiohpk, Lav*, 
^P p. 4(10) cannot be acrept^d as (^niiine, but 
™ iho ahott. voraion print+'d by Bishop Sliibbs 
(^Select CJiartcn; p. HO), and v:iven with some 
variations by Ilovedcn (ii. yit5), apparently 
repn>sentt> vnactmenli* inaJi.' by iiini on 
difffmnt ntraxions, and hirt confirnialion of 
Canute's law and his n'RuIatioii of up^ieiila 
(ThoRVR, p. 480l an- ino't probably crniiinn 
(mw Atiibhlt'H Pref. lo lluti. Hov. p. ii. HoUs 
Her.) Uoveden, npjiarentlyon tUw authority 

»of Rsnulf di^ Cilanvilh^ [q. v.], itays that in 
the fourth yt^ar of bis rei^ William caused 
twelve meji from pncli ahirc to declare on outh 
tho cnslom^ of the kingdom. Thei^ Bet-ma 
no reaaon to reject this tradition, though the 
pretended reeultt' of the inqui'#l cnnnut be 
Kccirptedatt zi'iiuintt [for Williaai's chiUlTt^u, 
see iindt'r Matii-b*, rf. 1083J. Aaserliona 
that hi> had tmy itlfifit.Jmate rnildren or whn 
^m^iihful to hu wile lack hi!<toncAl btuiA. 

^L* |Ttlb life of Williitm isoihauaiiri'ly T^laiMl in 

^1 PrMinanV Nr)Tin«tj Cotiqur*!. voIb, ii. jii. ir., 

^M with wbieh»houldboroadBisbo]iSiiil)b!i'!iCanu. 

^H Hist. !. ee, !), Il.nnd rcfdrcncc mayba inado 

^^ to PulKra*«''a brilliMiil, tlioii^b iiut ulnrays 

IraBtwonhy, Normandy an<l Cnitltind. vol. iii,; 

lAppunbvrK'a Engbind nndor Nnrman Kingis 

tmmi, by Thoifc, and parts of M. d« Croial'i 



» 



LsDlranc. Tha principut cirigin«t authoritiM 
•r»: Will, of Puiiien, tb« Coni|ucir'>r'ti chnplaiiii 
•xi. Oite«, violently aDii-Eoiili«h, eoJinir about 
LUS7 ; Will, of JnmiAgw. oil. DucheMic, though 
moch of lib. wii. ia tl>« «rork of ltti\terl of Torigni, 
•Jtor 1 1»1 ; A.-S. ChriML *d. Plumaier. For tha 
battle of Hasiinj^a: rhellAyeui upMtry; Out of 
Ami«nsap. Mon.ilikt. Urit. j the noeinof Biahup 
Baudri, pii Di^1ift1«, ap. UJm da la Swi^a iIm 
Aoiiq. da >'onnandie, ar, i873. xxviii; a 
liltlo later [<,>m« Oiderio, oA. l)u(h«Mie, and, 
bttter, rd. Prevail ap. SoeiitJl de I'llmoireda 
l-'»nee : 0«oft«y Oaimar'a Trench Faem (('timn, 
Anglo-Norm. vol. i.); Klor. Wijt. ; blfiiliner'M 
Hilt, ^ft>v,, mI. Miipin; Will, of Malmn'bury'n 
Gi'aia 11. gom (Ryllo Scrl ; Syni. Duadm. ( Holla 
Str.) ; Wace'* Roman de Ron (temp. }l«n. II), 
e>l. An<lrcwu ] W. H. 

WILLIAM II (rr. 1100). kintr of Enp- 
latid, third son of William II, duW of S'or- 
maudy (afliTwiirds kiup of Enjtland : wii 
WiLltAM TilEt'o!CQUHitnR\undhia wifeAIa- 
t lids of Flaudem [n. v.], wna probably bom 
betwti<n Itl-'rfi iind lOfiO. He was educated 
and liuii;bted by Lanfranc ''q. v.] In 1074 
or 1077 lie and one of his brothers — cither 
Henry or Richonl — had a quarrel with their 
elde«t brolht-r, Itoberl [too KOBS&T, Dlkb 
fiF NoKK^vny], which aenred as a pn-iMt 
for Roberta rebellion B^niinsl their faclier [for 
dotailB see IIrxbt I]. In the war which 
followed WiUiuiD fought on hin rmhi'TS side, 
ajid was wounded in a ekimiish ratOerberoi, 
1070. The Connunrpr on his doathbed de- 
cUnnl that William had ulnays U'-.u a 
dutiful Kin, and sent bira on H Sept. 1087 to 
Enghind with a leilw t>j Lanfranc desiring 
iht' ercbbiahop to make him king 'if ho 
deemed it iui(rht justly be done.' William 
sailed from Touqut^s, taking with him two 
English prUunvrs whom the dyinj; Con- 
oaeror had just rpl«a»ed. Morkeiv, earl of 
Korthunibria [n.T.], and Wnlfnnth, brother 
of liunild. lie b'd them' to Wiuch<>«t«r, 
and there put them a^ain in pruon, wbefH 
he kept them the real of tlieir livue. On 
2ti Kept, Lanfranc cron-ned bim at W'eat- 
minster. 

The new king was of middle ln'ipht, rauarc- 
built and strong, with a bmnd fortdiead, 
eyes of varying cnhmr and marked with 

, white apecfc^ yellowish hair, and a com- 
plexion io nuhfy thtit the nicknamf derived 
trom it— *Iiufu«/ The llcd'^i* used by 
eonlemporariea not only as au epithet to 
disllngniah him from his faihi^r, bur evun ait 
oKtibstitutefor his real name. Immediarely 
aficT fai.<i coronation he retunied to Win- 
chester, to make from ihu trenaury there a 
lavish distribution of giHs to thv churches 
andaloiR to tho poor of hia realm for the 

. good of his father's eoul. He returned m 




William 11 



303 



Willjam 11 



h^fp Climtra«» ill London; and ii *ri>tii» tu 
liavi^ bi-cn on lliia 'wetmioii tlint ho rt'nior'.-d 
thv i-nrlilom of Kent, to liiii unrif , Odo, biiiliop 
of Bayeux [q. x."], and, ■cconHne to onu 
■iccount, mnao ]vta justiciar. Tin* kina'i) 
clii'tf niitltrtter and cnnfidimr. Jinw*-TiT, was 
William of Si. Caliiid, bi^liop of Duflmiii 
[•dftC'ARnxv; Wiir.uM UK". Wirliin iUm' 
aioutba Udo vt^ at tlic head of a ploc 
fonncil br th<- Nominn b]iron<i in En^liinrl 
lo (Ivthront; Willium itufiui, wliose ti^ni- 
pt<r van loo etera and niaiiterful lo pltriue 
tlti^ni, niid M-1 li'ut ' iDorv iraciftbli-' bruthur, 
UuliK Jiitlwrt of Norniaridy, in bis [iIbci*, 
and till' Tilol. w»8 wrnvlly ioini-d by the 
biihiip of l>urhain. ' Whnn Inn king under- 
stood thps.T tliinga, and whiit treason they 
did townrds liiin, th'.'n wiis bi> prently dis- 
tiirhfd in bi» mnnd. Thon bi- M-nt aftfr thp 
l*'njflbb men' (in cootradislinclion to ibo 
Nomiiin*) 'nnd wf fortli to them hi« n»ed, 
ftnil priiyi«l tl»*ir lidp, and prntnl'^itil tliom 
ihe be^t Inu's thot ev«r were in this land, 
luid rhar hi- wotitd forbid all unjust taxa> 
tion, and ^iv<> Iheni back th«ir woods and 
thfir bunting.' A crowd of enthuKiaatic 
Krmli'limuu guthcrvd rouitd him ia Loudon 
itnd fullowtd him tn ottacJt ihi? atronnliolds 
of ihL- rebels Ju Kent. Tunbridgi' Cofltle 
•wrw jitiirmi-d, IVvrnsny stani-d iiit.n itiir- 
rendnr. ncid (ido forrpd to promisi" thai hi» 
chief forire*!, Jloehester, sboiiid be givt-n 
np without lyMPtancp. Odo, howovt^r, was 
fnlic III hiti [irouilii.' [for dvtaiU <K'e UooJ. 
'Vim enraged King thi>n isaued a ac^cond pn>- 
i'liimnti'jUi vumniuuinj; To Lis uid 'uvury 
inun, Knnch and KngtiAb, who wonbl nol 
ha cfLlltid nilAiti'f,' lo an Engliebiriun thu 
Diosl iibniMi'fiii of fnltlirtn. Hinrki-d l)v thn 
incntoHii of torrfs wiiioli this appeal bmughl 
him, by llie arclibishop, and by moft nf th« 
Undowwrrs cif Kt-nt, wlio«<t i'.<t«le* OdnV 
followers bad bt«it ravofiing, ^^'illtBIQ laid 
ai^^ to liocheater (M(iy 1088), won its «iir- 
^jradi;r, and bnni^Lud Odo fr!>ni tlie rvulm. 

■^ Thn Engliib cUnioured forOdn's d«ath ; but 
Rufus had nromiMd lilin nnd all the Ho- 
cbmter gnrrtHitn their Uvr-d, and would not 

( bmalt hia knightly word. On '2 Nov. tbe 
bishop of Diirbain wan tritwl bi'fun' ihp king's 
coHfl nt Sfiti^hnry. He refused to acknow- 
ledjrw its jurisdiction and appeaU'd laliomc: 
tlic kiiiR ivjropcllcd liim to give up Durham 
vOHtlc, and then Ivl bitu follow Udo over sou 
[^for deta'la see UAiiii.Ei', William hr} 

Thus ai'Kun^ in Cnglnnd, William laid 
before n j^ieal wuuicii nt WiuclLebttT, ol 
Easter lOOO^n proposal for ihu inra-^ion of 
Normandy. The council nnnniniouhlv tUf 
svntftd to the projef t : but bBfom William 
'"okUie fii^d he securvd a foothold in th'j 




duobj by olb«r manna. * By kia cuaniug at 

by his tniBsunM' b'l gnincd #<fv(-m1 caAlcs 
on its eastuni vide; 'ihr^rein Im aoC hit 
knigbts, and tbvr did luirto upon thi- land, 
luLTrying and bunting.' I^ing lliilip of 
France came to ptippnrt Dukx Ito*M>rt, but 
was induct to «'iliidraw. Tor ttit* I >vt! or 
for the mtckl«' Ircaiiure' nf ib«; Kncli'h 
king; and liouen itself would hav«j falli-n 
into thv bunds of William's soldiera but for 
tho uciion of Ilia Toung«st broilier Henry 
fsee HcXRV 1]. William hima*lf went ic 
N'ormaiKly at Candloma^ 1091, ftxod bit 
headi|uarteni at ICu, and was t^jMredily joined 
by such a crowd of adherents that Kobert 
haalnnwl to cump lo icTniR. I(v a trpatv 
nuidt! either at Itouen or at Caen it wa^ 
«Kr>-T<] that so much of Normnndy as bad 
am'adyaoknnwli-ditrtl William's ruin nliuulil 
remain .lubjecl to him; that lb« twobroibtY* 
should C'l-oiierale lo necorpr such of th«t 
faiher'a tymturies a« Itobt'rrt had lo*t, tii. 
the Cotentin, which be had sold to Henry, 
and Maine, which had thrown olT the Not^ 
man yoke; that these territories, when re- 
gained, flhnuld belong to Kobert, esi?ei>t two 
furlruatos In tho Cotentin—t-'bcrbouTif and 
the Mont St. Micliid, which William i-lainird 
as tho pritw of bis help; and thai if nitb<T 
ltob«rt or William dii-il r.bildlms his domi- 
nion.^ should pas^ to the aurrivor. King 
and duke attacke<l the Cotentin in Loot 
1001 ; in n month They had won it, all hut 
thi* .Mont .St. Michel, aiid eren thi^ Henry 
was forced ta sum^nder after a niego of fifinen 
days. In August ^^'illiam n.'tiirued to Eti(f- 
I.tnd, and at on<^f marclit.'d againai the king 
of r^cols, Malcolm III [q. v,}, who hu] in- 
vaded HngUnd during Ilia ahaisiicft. Mal- 
e.nlm wan induced tn do homage to the Kng- 
lish king n( the ' Soot-water" (the Firth of 
l'orlh)bvthi' mtslintion of Robert, who had 
come to I^ngluud with Kufus, and of £dgar 
the .Ktheling [q, v.], who bad ju*t U.-tn 
baniinbed fr-^m Konuandyat Uufus'siiutiga- 
tion. Just before Christmas the king auti 
tlio duke again ijuarrwlled, and the duko n*- 
Itirofd home. 

In 10£>2 M'illLam 'farod north t« Carlisle, 
and ro«l<>red the city and built tbu castJl 
nnd drove out Dolfii) (who lill (hen hel 
tbe land), and sot tb« casile with his menl 
tlion hi- turned south again, and sont mani 
chiirliab folk, with wives and cattle, todw»l 
in tbe land and lilt it.* This restoration nf 
a di'surlutl city and coIoni««liou of n disirirt 
which had becoow practically a ut^man**- 
land LK the one good ifvd done for England 
by William the lU-d. His »ol« utrrit aa a 
ruhir wan that he kept bis realm in peace 
with D strong hand, and * woa terrible l»4t 



^ 



thi«vp.4 an<) mbbcrs;' but tho peace was 
Lollow ; on« ctjiM of 'tlii^vc* and robUi*'- 
formcil «n excfption to his 8»>Vfirity, tht! 
knights and spldiefs (if Iiis own personal M- 
lowinp, wliom hi* 'rtuHi-red Tii rftvikf|>> thP 
lantjiF of llii! country fulk wi'L impunliy.' 
IIi> ' wu» ntwAVis Ki'kiug nubjucts iif cori- 
tiititi-iTi, iimi coiilriviiijj pruK-uci;* wlii-reby 
lie ntiglit bea|< Uii uionev. Ah he wan krt-u 
in cxaciinj^, »o lutt wu piyxli^l in di»tri- 
biitin); bts ill>^itlen p;nin« ; diKplnytnif thu 
rlawfi (if n bftrpy, the mtmvaffiinca of aCleo- 
putm. «ik1 ihi? shnmL>1iiMi)n»H uf \«tih.' ' Hit 
whj* wry cit^rii nnd cniel over his land and 
Ilia ni)>D, xnil with nil his ni>igkbour», and 
%fr\Terribli.'iandthr(mgb(;vilmrn*8Poiiiw<^tji, 
whtck were ever pLeoflinif to bim,aiid tUrougb 
his own covet oiiantas, lio was cvlt torm*nt- 
tinir thtt pecrple with suldimiifi; luid with 
nnfffl'i*. foruttmuub tm in bis days alt right 
fi-1) down find all unrig^ht, fur Uod nnd for 
tilt- wurld, upro«u.' (>f kia |rnvHt« lift; it is 
impo<.siMi> Irt speak, Tbe one infiuenee which 
li'jld Kim in chvck wntiremuvud by Lanfrunti'ii 
dniih on 24 Mqv KM). Then t-i- forth 'iiad'a 
(>hiircheabobroughlI()n-.audnllth{>bishQi>ri(.'fl 
iind (thtincu-x, whu^e fillers dii-d in liin tim<:', 
liH rithi'r sidd for nionav, or hiild in hie owa 
h^ind, sind spt tbem to ninu.' 80 nbjerl woif 
ibu tiTrttr h(; inspirwd that when nt Chrinr- 
jiios lUVJ ibe bishops iLiid iicnbleA it Ibst 
plock<^ up cotinigc to make si^mo effort to 
olitaiu th'i appointuiuuL uf a ni-w priinutL', 
thi'v o«k<-d l!n^ king, noi tuaniut ihr-ir de-sin?, 
bat la giro them leave to ofler jmblit: prayenj 
I-Iiat he miifht bi- Iwd to (frnnt if, » rt-qni;*! 
to which ha flcnmfully occtidi^d. At tht; end 
of Febni&ry \0&d ho f«U sick ut Alvi<ston« 
(Gloiice*l<'r«liir«>; Imwuctrried toQIouoeA- 
ter, and therw, belii-viiig himscir at the point 
of df^nth, ' ha made miuiy promiaes to Go<] to 
l«ad his ovru life Kright und give peace and 
iKcarity to liod's cliurcUes, mid never more 
to wU tht^ul for money, nud to hiru all ri^ht 
lawK ami)ng his pnople.' ![•■ b>>}i>in In.i rti- 
forroalionbyinvesiingAnsfilra wiilithpar«h- 
bisbopric of Catitertiirj- on tt Mnrch ^for 
delailsfl<?ft AssKi.M.SitsT]. By Koater, how- 
ever, he had recovered hia health, and forth- 
with 'hf' forsook ull thu good Iaws that hi: 
had promiwd us,' 

Malcolm of Scotland now sent to demand 
the fulCUuent of iho pri>miM« which Kufus 
had made to him, Uufus anftwrcd by in- 
viting or fiimmoninc Sliilcolm to cume and 
Kpimk with him at (ilmitx'iiL'rr on 24 Ati^., 
and sending Eadgnr to ««»rt him thither 
■ with micklo worsliiji.' * But wbt-'U bo camu 
lie was nM. diwm.'.d worthy oit.her to havp 
speech with our king, nor to receive fulfil- 
ment of the promises which had buon mado 



him, and so thay parted with inickle diacofd.' 
Tlu) consniitHtif*) wiih thnl. Mnlculm on his 
rvtuni home invaded Northiiinlerland, Hu 
was intercMjitt'dnnd siniti on 13 >'av. by ilic 
Mnwbrays nf^' Mti^oi.M 111 and .Mowbray, 
RonEKT Uhl, whereupon the Scou chi>»p a 
nf-w king, llonahl Mi*n<?, who drove out Mal- 
colm's lirigltsh or'^'ormna follu'wtfts, and 
coiuK'llcd his children by his English wife, 
Si. Miir)nLn'{ fq. v.], to ecek i<h«Uor in Eng- 
land. AlaU"olio*a uldKHt son lluiirnri [sm* 
Dlxc'as II], who wns already iit the Eng- 
lish covirt, at onci' did homage to William 
for the Scottish crown, and soon won il by 
Lfavhflp of followers whom William ullowed 
him to rollect in Knglnnd: but hy the vnd 
ofthe year he was slain, and Donald rtfStOK J. 
William wna too busy wit b I be aflairs of Nor- 
mandy to heed those of Scotland. At Christ- 
mas lt)Vt3 he received an embawy from his 
bnithor Uobcrt, colling on him to fttlfil his 
part of the treaty of 1U9I. WilUiiuiut onco 
rcaolved upon an expedition to Nnrinandy, 
and aumuiouud a jfreat council to meet him 
on Ooiidlcmoaday (l09-i)nt IIiMliii^x, wkerL< 
ho propoe«i to embark. Contrary winds de- 
tained him tlmni for ftx weeks. lie watt 
present at the consecration of Kactle Abbey 
on 1 1 Fuh, He hod already ngected, aa in- 
sufEcient, the cnnTribiition which Aost^lm 
had oU'ured for the e-tpeases of the comiuf; 
campaign ; he nowanswered Ansehn'^ n-iuoii- 
slraiicesontlientnloof theiTulmbydedarinj^ 
ihiit he' woulddonoibin^for' thi'iirclibishop 
uulusii bribed by a larffer oflering, and wiien 
.\ni»eliH refiisc-d lo iiiak« anv furCJier olfering 
at all, drove him away witfi wonis of ituult 
and luitn-d [iVtr details see Axsei.h, .Siisr). 
On Ivi March \\ illiftmcrri8*!(l into Normandy, 
Ue had un interview with Kobert, but tLvy 
could not ttfrri^e ; ntnseonndmoetinglbecase 
was laid bt-fortt the gu&ruitor> of tlio trvatv 
of t09I,nndthpfie unanimously di-clnredWif> 
liam guilty of h^L'a:^h of faith. He, however, 
'would not ark(i»wled^i.i tliiii, nor kmp the 
conditiom^i'and the brothers part«d to make 
ready for war. AVilliam fixed liis he^d- 
qiinritirfi at Eu, For a while th« luck wool 
against him. I'nTmcnts to niercc>Daric« and 
bribes to ttncmies exhausted bis treasury. 
Heavy taxes were imiiusod on England, but 
thoir proceeds came ici (00 slowly. ,\t bml 
' the Tang bade euU out twenty thousand 
Engliahmento bi^lplitm in Normandy.' Whvn 
they HMmbled at Tlastiugs, however, Ronulf 
Flambard [q. v. J, ' by tW king's command.' 
took from each man the l/"!! ^hilliiiga pro- 
vided him by hie shire for his expenses, and 
A(>nt the men l>ack to their homes, and the 
10,000/. over oea to liufus. With part of 
this sum Itufusftgoin bribed Philip ofr'ronce 




William II 



304 



William II 



to withidnwhiirappoitfrnm Robert. Whb 
part hfl etMdiw to bare bribed hU own Nr>r- 
mui adberenta lo trarr}' on tbe war for him, 
while be bimeelf returned to EngUod on 
29 Dec. 

Kartf in lOOfi a queitioo uroM between 
WUlism sod Anwlin ni to tbe tatter's rif^ht 
to uknowlHl^ one of tbo two rivtl popes 
without tlie kin^''ii iN>rmu*ioD. A (treat 
couaciliDft At ICiwkio^nftin. 11 MKrch,num>- 
nalK to discUM this iKiiiit, but retdlj, in 
WUliAu'a iDiention, U> bring Anaelm to ruin. 
Aneelm, however, frored more then ■. mstdt 
far tbe king, and ■ ' tmoe'' wu made between 
tbcm, to lost till :fO Mar. Mranwhile Rufus 
pvcretly mdwivouriMl lo obtain AnMrlmV de- 

firivation ^m I'opir L'rina, tbrouffb the 
e^t>.' W&ltvr of Albaoo: liiit I'rbiin and 
Waltj-r cmi^ht him in bia own trap, and on 
no Mnv he wa» foioMl to make formal r^ 
conciliation with tbe ])ri[Dflt« [for details aoe 
ANiBiJi, S*i»r}. Tbruughom the- tpring 
William had bewn unaucceufullj eadmrour- 
ing to brinf; the Earl of Xortbumbcrhuid, 
Jtobert of Mowbray, to jiwtioe, fint for an 
act of robbery, and next for a detianoo of tbe 
rOTal aulfaority which wa< in fnrt part of a 
wideaprfiad pb^t neninM the king himself 
[fordetaiU see Mowbhai, KosKicr itsj. In 
Jiineth".' kinfj uiartbed Upon Northumber- 
Und. He took Xcwcaatle and TyDemouth, 
nndbeiicged Mowbray in Hambotougb. Bam- 
borooffh, bowcvi^r, proved hard to win; so, 
after building a tower orer a^iut it, and 
IwarinK a utrrmg force to continue the siefp, 
William at Michat-lmas turned aoiilbwani. 
He was irn-l by lidingv that the Welfth had 
taken Sfnntgomcry. Uw at once anmmotied 
bta boat, mart.-hn] 'into Wales, and br 1 XoT. 
was nt Snowdon; but tbe Welsh withdrew 
into tbcir mountnini^ out of reach of bia 
cavalrT^; ao he ' went hoinewmrd, for he «aw 
that he could do no more there in the winter.' 
Mmnwhite Mowbray bad been captured, and 
hta <»pturfl bn>k« up the plot of which be 
vaR ihe bmd. Ua lH Jan. 1006 the king 
held a great court at i^iibory, and meted 
out stem piini*bmcDt to tbu traitors. 

In theipHng of 10&6 RoU-rt of Normandy, 
hariag taKen thu croM and wanting atimvy 
for hia crnude, pledged his duchy lo Wil- 
liam — whether for tlw jeara, five yeara, or 
•imply for tbe tom, wbataTer it might bo, 
of hia own abaonce— for ten thousand marka. 
The raixing of this almost paltry pum was 
made by tbe kin? (in excune lor levying mcb 
' manifold ungvIcN ' lliat lb* lay l*ron9 had 
to fleece their under-lwnant* to ihe utter- 
most ; and it is said that Mttoe of ihe binbops 
and abboia vent ur«d on a proti.-»t against the 1 
royal deaunda, which tbey declared they | 



conld not satisfy witboot driring to deifatr 
tba poor tiU«(« of the soil. WiUtam's oCous 
then aoMceMed thAi ibcy abouM nb the 
ahrines M the saint* instead, and ther dared 
not refiue to adopt tbe ta g g ml km. Is Se^ 
tember Rufua wi-nt lo Normandy, met tto- 
Urrt, paid bim the atipulsled aum, and was 

If-fi in posacMion of lite duchy. Ua 

eve (4 April 1W7), be returned to England. 
[nunodiatelr a/tcrwards he held « 0** 
council at Wiiiilmr; ibi^ be mareh0atBt« 
Wales and brought tbe Wetah 10 snbmtaaioa, 
but otilr for a moment. Scaroelj had hs 
turnip nis bock when th<-y roae mote de> 
fiantly than ever. He set nd* at niiilmiiiiaiir 
at ibe head of a host of mingled hotM and 
foot, * that he might stay aU the m^n of 
VVal^i ; but be hardly succeedud in raptuT^ 
ing or »laying ooe of them,* wbDe his own 
axmy sunered many loMea of ' men aad 
hones and otbrr toiDga.' In Augu* 
came back lo Eogland and held anof 
council, at which, for the aecood time, 
r«fu»ed AnM-lm'f nijuest for leare to go la 
Koine. At a council at Wincbeatcr, os 
14-16 Oct.,he met the same requeet hjteU- 
ing the archbishop that he might ffo, bat 
that his temporal itiea j«hould be seised if ha 
wt-nt. Though this tinw be sili<nlly aceepled 
Anwim's blessiag era they parted, lie atrriad 
nut his threat: and when Aas«Im wratfilo 
him from Itome he refused Ui rMeive the 
letter, and swore ' by the Holj Fan of 
Lucca' — his customary i»tli — ibat if tbe 
hearer did out hasten to quit his '^on iini ^^ t 
Ilia area should be torn out. 

About Ihe time of bis Anal quarrel with 
Anselm (August ICK)'), William had aaac^ 
tionedanez]NMitinnof the /Etheling Badgar 
into Scotland, for the purpose of dvthraniag 
Donald Bano and estabUstibig aiMither Ea£ 
gsr, the -iitheliog's Mpbi-w, on the throne. 
ThiseitpedllioawasBueceaMfuI.nndWilHaina 
claim lo caprBiDaey over the -S^ - »ii 

was acknowledged by the »•■»- ' ^a 

Eoaut], ^'ilfiam now addn^-v-^v, ,., i in tip 
of France a dpnand for the cession of iht 
Vexin, the land for which William tin* Coo- 

Juentr had died fighting aguiim the soma 
ing. Such a demand wa« in edecl a dorlai»> 
tion of war, and on 1 1 Nov. William crowd 
the aca With his army of mercvnarif*. lis 
made, however, little progreas thnni^hoQt 
the winter, and in January 1006 he tamed 
upon Maine, which in lOOl' be had promiMtt 
to recoTBr, or heh> to r«corer, for the l)uka 
of NomAndy. It was a uying of Bufos 
that 'no man can keep all his pronitM,' 
and this promise wsr one whicb be had 
shown no dosire to fulfil until 1006^ when 
Normandy passed from bis bcotlwr'a hand* 



I 



fe 



i 



* 



to litR nwn, and whon Count Oia.4 nf MninSf 
d(-siriag to tftlie the rrose, sought to ucurc 
tlir jipiirc rtf hirt ootiniy diirinf; bis abstmce 
by ackaowledginff the etizeraincy of the new 
ruWof XonniitKly mid roi|UC8ting hitt liet'iiio 
to d«pan. Williaoi iin«wvn-d by a domand 
foe tn« absolute aiirreniler of Mainv, and, 
whi^n EUb8 refufvd, threatened him with 
mittimt war. It wa*, howurer, not till Jutiu- 
nry 1008 that fap found tima %n fulfil the 
thrrat, nnd thvu ha t<i»k iittl-'prrnDnHl Hliiirr 
in tliR war, which wba carried on inr him 
rliivfly liT lloberi of Bellpme [q. v.' On 
i;8 April Klias -was captiirwl by Urlb'-ine. 
William imaiediately sumiDoned all the 
Inrcos — ' Frt'iich. Biii^iindLnn, b"lL-rai»h, Bri- 
tish, aad mea oX other nei|fhb»uring lands ' 
—who would come to bim for his liberal pay, 
to metil liim at AUm^oii in Junu for tbu isoa- 
ijiiest of MaitiP. lie bpnit^ed Lo Mana, but 
waa forced by lock of fodder To rfki.^e th» dlege. 
Ill August, liowuvvr, boiul' ratliiT obscura 
negotiations ended in the surrender of I he eily 
lo him, on coudilion thut he should sot Elias 
free. Willinm <!ntcn<d !.*< Mnn* in tri»mph. 
Ou hJa return to Kouen KUhh wa-t bfoupht 
b"fftn* bim Hnd pniiKi^^d to wnter his sltvic", 
with the avowed oWect of tlnrtiby fviming 
bis rwlorntion to the couiitsliip nf Main-e. 
At ilit> in.4tifi:Ation of Rnbcrt of Mouinn 'mc 
BK^rMO!tT, UoBEKT DH. rf. 1 [ ISV William 
refuw'd his requeist, Klia* then Jfclap.'^! Iw 
would ^trivt] to rvprnin bis buritagn by forcu ; 
William acomrully Imdn bim iM'gono mid dn 
his worst. On '27 Sept, the Rpd King ngtiin 
Attacked lln^ Vcxtn. !!•< whji jnined by tb« 
Unke of Aiiuilaine 1 but Tlimigh the war 
tln4(n>d on tbraii|;h tbn winter, the aLliea 
Rould make no i\m1 progiVM against th<> 
stnbbom resist nil (;e of the Krencli, and at 
liu.t Knfiii* BjfTi'oH to n tnico. ■which enabkd 
him to return to Kngliind Ht [-iu(fl>T( 10 April) 
10tfl>. At Pentecost [hi -May) he ' hejd h\» 
court for the (Inft time in his new building 
at Westminster,' the building of wbit-b tlnj 
prdMut WiMtminstcr Hall is (be snoiM^itnr 
and represent ativo. In Jiim.' KUiis regained 
noMPssion nt I^ Mans. 'I'liis nowB r^acliM, 
\VilliTini *■ lii,< wa« ^'tiing out from Claren- 
dnn to hunt in Tb^ N<-w Kf.n-«t. I^l^ att 
spurs t" bis horse and votle tiH'ulixicstraight 
to Sontliftnipt<%n. sprung on board the first 
chip he Baw, and, though it wa4 n. cnzv old 
VOWt^l And a storm waa galberinj;, ba<^ tlie 
crew put lo sea at oncis. In vain ihoy re- 
monstrated, ' KingA nt-ver druvvn,' MLid 
Kufui^ Next morning he landed atTouqiiex. 
He rode to It<mii<;vilit.>, n)u*len.-d bis t-ruops, 
and marched upon I.e Mana. ft.^ ciuilW 
were Htill bvld by the Karriscms which he 
bod left: there. EUaa, thus placed between 

VOL. Lit. 



two fires, cToeuated tlie city and withdrew 
to th» sonlheni border nf Maine. Knfus 
followed liim and laid Bicge to hi^oaHtte of 
Mayet, but after a uarrow escape of being 
ki1lf.-d by a stone thiown nt bim from its 
walbi he was persuaded by his followers lo 
ratae tho aiege. He then n-lumed to I<« 
Man», and punished the atihudrul chnpt-'r 
for having clnred, two yean before, to {di<H»n 
tliumselvM a bishop without his leave, by 
driving out the caniini> n-hu had c<)ii*<.-n(pd 
to the election. The bishop himself was 
nixosi'd of having p-Tmitti-d Klias to use 
the lowera of the cathedral as boBi=« of opi-m- 
tion« Bgainat thecnsile. William bade bim 
pull ihii towerd down, and hi' aeoms to have 
been ultimately compelled to execute tlte 
order. 

At ^Iichiii'lnici.4 William returned to Eng- 
land. At C'hnslmas be held hie court at 
fjloucoster ; nt Kutcr 1 lOO he was at Win- 
choetcr; at Whit»unlidt; at W'l-fttiniuntijr, 
In the course of the summer be received an 
otlcr uf ihc duc:hy of A(|uicaine, to bold in 
pli-<lK(^ during iln TiiWa intended alii)i<n<-e in 
the lloly Land. lie then ordered lb*! con- 
struction of n litrgi* lli-et and thf- Irvy of an 
immeiLin host, with which ho prepared tn 
cross the sen, ke^p ibe returning Piike Ito- 
bt'it out of Normnndy, and win for himnf^lf 
the mastery of all western Gaul from the 
Channel to the Garonnf. ' Where wUl you 
ki'ep ni-xl Christuius?' Bak«d oiw of bis 
rompanioiifi at a hunting party in the New 
FoniB; (seumingly at Broekcuhursl) on 1 Aug. 

• .\t I'oitiitrs," w«a William'* reply. Rut 

* thereafter on Iha morrow was the king 
William sliot off wilh nn amiw fnim his 
own men in hunting." These wonls of tlu' 
Knglish ' Ohrunicle ' sum up all tliiit is cer- 
t&inly known tn to the infinni?r of tbc liL-d 
King'* duath. Whether the arrow was shot 
by Walter Tircl [q. v.] or by some one else, 
whetb«^r itwiu aimed at thu king or bit him 
by aa:ident, remains undetermined. Ilia 
'own men' dispi'rsvd at oncu, and it was 
left lo [bu uniuaiilry of the neigh bour1u>od 
lo wrap the Weeding corpse in coara«< rloths, 
lay it in a cart, and bring il lo WinoheKt^rr. 
There next day it waa buried, • out of reve- 
rence for the regal dignity,' in tbo cathedral 
under the central townr; but nn religioiu 
wrvice acoompnnied or followed the buriaL 

All hougb'nosoven-ign ever did mnre, both 
by hit> public and private conduct, to duscrvo 
and provoke excommunication, the church 
hftil sparijd Itufue hitherto, probably from 
fear <it g^^iidiiiK bim to yet further depthn of 
wickedness. TbepopeindiN'd Imd tbrealentid 
him once (April 10H9^, but bnd lx«n induwd 
by Auselm to refrain from e.xecuting the 



William III 



306 



William III 



Uuut. But novr the dorvy of Winebe«t«r, 
baobad bj Uie EnglisU peo[ile,cUra<l lo dwide 
for tlMtmMlren, uid to net oq itieir dt<ct'>ioa, 
rhnt the dead mm was beyond thu pale of 
Chrivtiknrullowahip. TWysaid no au&*,tbey 
tolled no bell, they sufTt'Ted his brotliAr and 
his friends to mnkf no ofTirin^HfortlM) toul of . 
(lie kiiur of whose lift! and rei^ tlin KnglUb 
ohronicW givps this terriWo BUtnmnry: ' 
' ThoQ^b I luwiitai« to any it. all tbingi tli&t j 
we loathsoms to God and to eamesi nieii 
were cuMotnary in tliis land in bis Tiiuf: j 
and therefore h« wao loatbsome to welloigb 
M bU people, and nbominable to God, u his 
4<iid flbowud, forasmacb u ho d«|»rtod in 
I lie inid«t of bU unrifhioouuieea, Tricbout 
repentanw and witbonl eipiatvuL* Tbu (all 
of the catbifdnil toir^r imwii y^nn Intor 
confirmed tbe popular \>e:Me( tluit b<^ who 
UybenBatb it vox unfit forCbrislijin burial. 
Tr n^cnnt tiniM the lU-d Kiag'N touib — a 
black marble slab, of the fnroi known «» 
iJa-^'tfii'ir, and vrithniit nnv inscription — has 
been nitnoTfJ into tbf lady-r hnp«l. He was 
unniarri)><l, imd bi:> kiu(;<Jom and the ducby 
of Normandy wi^k mu:A by his younger 
brotb^r Henry I [q.''.] 

[William U Iuih b»rn n axhaiurtlTrly dealt 
with by Fr*mwn in hi* Nonn'in C»fti^ii»j>i (rol. 
V.) nnJ hi« Rfiign of Willinni Itiifnii thxt it i« 
Deedlcw to uivc livre ingro than u brief ename- 
mtion of the chit'f orifin*l nutboritiM: thr 
Englioh rhronifir, I''«(lmi«r, Klorfnw of W-.r- 
ewtw, Owloneiw Vil.di', W]llinfn of MalmiK- 
bnry.nnd Huoryof BDHtingtlon. l-'orthfrninnr 
iiulliorttte* Bc« Fnieuian'a fooLnotmi and »(>• 
pgndicun] K. N, 

WILLIAM III (in.V).1702). king of 
England, ScuMuiid, nud Ireland, ^lu horn 
on i Nov. Iti.v0 at lb" Ilaguv, in the Btad- 
bglderV njmrl me ut •) in x\i« old natnce of tbe 
counts of Ilrilhinit. William Henrv, as he 
vti^ nnin«d in a bfiplifiniAl 8er\'ic(i ocl>i;bFat«d 
witb inopport one pomp, was tli«po!<tbumoii» 
and only child of Willinni II, I'rinco of 
Orange, and Lis consort Miiry la. v.], tlm 
eldest dauRbliT of King CborlM l' uid 
princtiw) royal of I'^igland. At the time 
of bis birth tbe prosijects of tlm bfuwe nt 
Or&ngo HMtQtMl liopckKsly diirlt&ni^d by a 
■baduw wbieb vi\» to dominalo tbe wbule 
of bis Toutb, Eight days bftforc hisbirib 
hix futluT liiid Miildt^nly died, in tbe midst 
of Mhf ro*w for rwleRniing the failure of bis 
recent cow/n/V/n^desipiedtoniifletboinitbii- 
rity of tlif' «radh/)lderate at tbe cost of I!ik 
proviucinl libonipti and pe&oo, Altboui^b 
the Ktat i?s-Generol wt-re tne aponiWH-s of tW 
young prince, it was inevitablo that the 
opporluuitv of bin falh«r'« diuith iboiild be 
eetied by tnv vcalthy and powerful province 



of Ifolland, under tbe giiidanoe fton IftU' 
onwarda of tbe fat^^bted mad rctolpt'-l 
grand pensionary, John dt Witt. Withoul 
• cbiaif the frienda of tbe bous« of Oraae* 
could r^ttheirbopea merely on itatraditmnal 
hold oTcr tho naawn, ou their UolTiaM'c 
antipntbiei anintt tbe exiatinff rtljwu^ aft'l 
on tiie anpreaeaeions uxcitud by its atf^tri 
of the defenitiTe powers of the Cotninoa- 
wealth, and of ita land forcee in jtartieaUr. 
Yet tbe Rowlwill of b<itb jiropir and anar 
tow-ar>U the young prince increased vith bis 
growth, ' ever preeasing nome rerolalioa in. 
the stati>, when he ^onbl rnme to tbe y*«» . 
of aspirins, and uianacinjf ilie treDerml aSec-j 
tiona of llie j«L-uplc ' (' Obtcrvations ufcm 
theVnit'-d VroYioixs,' Sie.,TK3iviM, H'vrtM, 
i. 7:1, 107). 

Toother with public bojMM and ftwr*. 
private j*MJou*iw were rife round Williaia't 
(•radb-. The claims to bt» sol<? ^<mrdiiuiship of 
bia bieb-fpiiiied but uncoiiL-ilint'jry molHr 
w«n'<li"[iuit^ hybi.4 intriguing granduotber, 
the Prino^iH-dovi-a^rAuialiii.lxim CoimUM 
of S^lm^-Itraiinyfidd, and by bis rttmlib' | 
unHe, lb« great elector, Fn'tlericb 'WilHui 
of Brandenburg, until a niniprtinii»etus»ign»i 
the chief but not undividid autborily to 
the princess royal. Penwna) nmbilim^ 
sapped tb« loyalty of rhe oollal<tral brancbe^ 
of tbe bouHi of Nasaau to bis intemts^ 
and bi.<i reMiunjw Were impaired by a rat 
debt contTuttod by bit fatliur, and by Iwavi 
jointurv* jMiyablc lo bis mother and rraail- 
motbfir (lU'RXUr, 1. -Wi). Yet even u hit 
infancy, wbcn tbi; calaniilic.H of ibe fifSt 
Anfflo-Uuti-h war ablated tbu pmrince* 
(ItiTi^, autumn), 11" Witt with difii(niliT 
thwarlt^ a »cbemn for notninatinc him 
captuin-generiJ of rinlland, Zealand, sad 
oiber provinces (Vas KmpES.ii. 153). Is 
1&'j4 Cn>mwvll made the conclusion of peirx 
conditional upou the adoption by the ttatr* 
of Holland of tint Act of Exclunon, wbit^ 
Ifouud them in no event to appoint the 
Prince of Orange or any of liia iMscL-ndaai* 
stftdboldcr nr adminti of Ihotr province, ur 
to Tot* {>->r him ns cvptain-frenerol of llw 
I'nion (Ga«I>IM:b. Vintrn'mti faith anit Pr^ 
tfftoratf. it. 3ttl,;ir;l). Although in ?<f- 
tembiir I'XW this act wa» nivi>ked, owing to 
tbu Iteatoration in Rnj^land, the coon^ction 
between tite Iioubvs of Orange and Stoart 
increa»i>d republican joalout-ii'^ in l(ollan<l. 
anda jirtiJLTl fcr ending the young prince ua 
11 pncilit^ uiiitfion lo bia uncle, Charlai U, ia 
ldti», was apwdily abandoued (PovraUb 
i. 371). 

Of William's education liia ino*her re- 
tained tbe chief control till her death »a 
1664, ereo afkcr in lOttO the et4tesof 11 




* 



* 



land, ivhilti i^nting un itltowatice, had 
^jMHUued a nomiiiKl jiiipcrviMon. Tlit* chiuf 
""•MOCiiLtesof William's earlydnys wer« Pliiiip 
Stanljopu (afli^rwardfl liret Karl of Cbester- 
field) [ij. v.", *oo of bill ini>tl;«r'« intiinat'r 
friend T^dy StanhopH [«ae KlRSiloviis, 
(JathkbixeJ fZorcH, f.iff of M'a!ton, p, 20 
ADcl nnte), nnd 'W'iUiBin vivn Odylt, thi» snn 
of li«r ctitnL'ii coiinwilor.the sieiir de Bever- 
■waflft. In (Irtohcr IHTO his mother nccnm- 

Soniud WiJIiam to the iiniTOreity of L*y- 
en. On her di'nth the iiiterf'croQco of 
Charles II cniised &b undivided dUpiito as 
tn \\\i- fpiivdiaiiAliip of tht> priitcQ. Mean- 
while l)e Will suDslitiitcd »« hta tutor in 
i\w plAC(> of hia natural iinrle (thn tiiMur dtt 
ZavWiocu, who wns murried to an KngliHh 
wife), ona Johan van (ilicnt, a poUticnl Biip- 
porler of hin own (Phxtai-ih, i. 1711), nnd 
rather later took a pt-rsonal part in his poli- 
tiool instruction (/A. ii. I0-I8). Willinni's 
main ofForts aa a Etndtnt were drrTotfd to 
till! mjwl.Tj- of Inngiiftj'p*, in which he at- 
tILiDE^d to an uniinual nrrtficii>nry, cpciikinf; 
Diitrh, French, Ensrli^fi, and Oernmii with 
«(]nnl coflfl, hfgitic* undcrstandinp Spaniah, 
Italian, and Latin (Bdrxkt, iv. W'i). In 
1666 tbccriticAl Charles dc Kt, Evremond 
[q, Y.] declared I hut iiotxireun ofthi>prineu'§ 
Affi and qtinlily was fver miutiT of an f^nod 
D turu of wil'dEEvon. i. 20); but mtuT 
ohaerrera w*rw innrn iniprvxrad by hin in- 
difTerence !« all atniifit>ment<t I'^oivpt hiinr- 
inf^, Ilia fnifinl and tempemto hatjiis, and hi^ 
ffpave self-control and imp'?nrirrnhli> rcsorve 
(Twuri-E itp. TiLiiLi,, p. 7; in lf!(iH de Ovirr- 
Tillfi reporiM him to Do Witt as a master 
of diwimulation). 

With a miliinryplot formed in lOfirt for 
restoring to William hit> fathn's functions 
ho can have had little nr no wiricfm : but 
when, ill 1007, th« Huglish war had ein(l<>d, 
lio Witt deeinwl it ■•:ii|>rdit^nl. to assent to 
Ilia udntiwiion into the c.-)ijnril of state, white 
ttt the "ntDp tim«t indncinn the provinces to 
assani hv the net of hfirmonv to tho per- 
|wlitiil i-dirt. By this the eladnoldcmtv wiui 
nbolishfd in [Inlland, and onparatedfororer 
fn)in the captain-genera In hip in that iiro- 
vinc, and, *o fur us its rote was coiiCHrnvd, in 
tie union ut lar^^UnoRKTAX pKi:t8Tl!RBR, 
pp, 3](>-E7: V\T(K*MrK>i,ii.2I0). Ths bar- 
gain was too unequal to bn likely to last, 
more i?sp0ciatly aft+r, in lfi<)H,thp prince had 
Inkirn hiP *i.'at in hi»4 quality of mnrirnivr of 
T'lu*hinff nnd Vert-, un Ihu BoUtarr iioble 
amoni; tbo state* of Z^-aland, and liud, on 
<;oinpl<rtiiight<<<>iifhfGenlhyear, b'^ii doclarvd 
Iflf Bit* (iX, p. 217). Tcmnln had not bnen pre- 
[vented by (lis co-ojitTat ton with l*o Wilt In 
tlie conciuMon of tbo triple alliaucv (KWH) 




from judiciously protnotinjf the iiit«re8iB of 
tbo prince; but it was with th« object 
of rmbroilinfftbftn*lationahetwftin England 
and (hu proTinc«9 that Chailea II was 
ansiou<i to attach William morccloMly to his 
own hoiisi'. Accordingly, in Kf70, the prince 
vinited Kngland, wliore Charlea. on 30 Oct., 
received him at Wbitflhalt (llAitsis, i. IS), 
and wumcil him not lo allow himiwlf in n^ 
li^ouA matters to lie led by nuch fa(^tiou8 
protectants as bii! DtitrJi blgckh«nilH (Hrit- 
RKT, i. JJ02). Willinni, who mad« q fnronr- 
abte impreesion in Ent^lond by his assiduous 
pi^rformanco of hia rfli^ous dntic'-a, gained 
no other advantage from bis risit except an 
honorary degree at each of the univer- 
aiticM. 

When tltH imminent danger of a French 
invasion at last found crodit in iho Notluif 
lunds, u widcsproRal d^-mand arv«tv for tlie 
appointment of William as captain- and ad- 
miml-g^Q^ral. partly in h'jpos of slill con- 
i-ilialing ('hfirUd, partly for the sake of an 
Orange Ibadcrsliip should war prove in- 
evitaSlp. De.Wiri reluctantly awn-ntetl to 
William')) appointment as cnpl njn-fiencral 
for the coming e-ampftijrn (S^ tell. 1072), on 
condition (bar bii^ pcrmnni-nt appoint-mt'iit 
10 that office and the ailmirally should be 
deferred till the completion of hi« twenty- 
sticoad yuar iu Kovemb«r (Vait Kamfex, p, 
■I'll), (In I'J Jiini> till- PVnch army, fi»0- 
fnld the Ilntcb defeiiBive forceg iu etren^h, 
and with v««t fKorvi-s in it* n^ar, rrowi-d llw 
Khine. William thereupon abandoned the 
line of the Ys^el, nnd within s f'-w weeks 
the provinces of Ouelderland, Utrecht, and 
OveryMwl were occupied by the inTaders, 
lie h(w been censured for diviJinp his forced, 
and the credit fur the measures of defencv 
itilopted in Holland has been ascribed to De 
Will, to whom the prvvious disbondnient of 
balflhp armv WOK r-ntirely due ( I'nSTAr.ta, 
il. 2ftr>, atifl).' William, nlthoufrh not indis- 
posed to ne)^tinti(in, mnintaincd a firm dis- 
cipline amonff his troops, and carried nut the 
preparations for resistance in an unfaltennfr 
spirit. Soon thcprjnular>>xa!»perAtion Afr»''>'* 
1)11 Witt knew no o'lunds, nndthe eatablish- 
ment of the Prince of Oran^< n^ the chief of 
the republic became inevitaulc. At Vero in 
Zealand, and at Dort in his own presence on 
liO June lft"i!, the perpetual odict wua div 
cUred nholinV'd, and tliH jirinc" proclaimed 
ntsdholdiT, mplain- and ndmirnl-p-nrral j 
hia formal election by thy Zealand and HnU 
land «tnt('«, and Tiy the States- fli^neral, fol- 
lowed early in July (seethe medal, implying 
that ' William III' duccei'ded by heri-ilitary 
right, in lii^Unre yumi»ma{ifUf, ii. L*7(5), 
Tn« di«ord(?r» which followed culminated on 

X 2 



William III 



30S 



William 111 




f90 Amg. in tk« ■order of the ImUwn De 
t\'iti. Tbe eotdncM of WillMn'i rB*po«m 
rbcBcequcMedbirlleWitt to JBttifj boi to 
aeople bu been kbAunify Uu»ed ■« 
iBf ngniKadc ( FoinAUa, iL US) 1 n 
aia* uoeefftttiii wbrtfaer bU peat bob kl 

BafM wobU hare nvtimtned Om Aut 

9f tba pifpalaes. Aooonliiifc to RarsK. Wit 

turn klv>ji •poke of dw Dorder 'whli tlia 

hflwUtf bonor poMnUo' (i. 507t; bat b* 

^eO B fr— ed to (kMffTtlle that, tbcmfe^ be g«*» 

uo ofier for tin? d^vd, tbe Dews of it r^ 

li«.-ted bim I .Vimmret, p, 4**1 ; ei. I'onoJTB. 

Jitmitim, p. 4UI). Tichclur. «ba had 

fiabelr ac^oMd CoTDcliiu de Witt of hinn^ 

bim for iba m—Mnnion of WtUIatB. vftt 

awarded a pauMO (Vat KjOirey. iL 247). 

De ^Vitt WM Mieeeeddd as giaad pcoakmaiy 

br Cafpar Fa^, wbo benoefbctb booaiM a 

finn aad entbiubitie Mpportcr of the atad- 

fhtaUiK. Tbe atabtlil; of Ua gow mtB t 

i wu furtba inaured far extauJT* ebanfM in 

Ibe nagUlnc; of QoQuid. aod hj • general 

mosvatr (8 Nov.) wbirti put an rad lu Uur 

ttril troablea (A. p. 250). 

Ilaaawbtle tha canpaijrn of 1673 bad nut 
ooane. WiUiam. while rneMaf tba 
French propoaala of peaee, hmI 
rrfusinir t« yi^'ld to thr pr*a«arv pat opoo 
liim by th« Cnelisb env»«i. UuckintfbatB 
ukd ArltDgton, ^a>d Mofluded an atluBoe 
^tb BraDdfnbuTK (MayK and a d<.'febEi%-« 
leafTiir with the MBperor; and in the nrw 
field-mare hal, Oeai]^ Frederick, coudi of 
Waldaekfltad foDndacapablrmiliLarr piid^', 
afterward* equally tnuted aa a diplomatic 
adnan (Mfi.i.ciC i. ■'!'.'. (VI), With tb« 
wiibdnwal nf IjOuUXI V it h^arar> r-Wr (bat 
tbecafflpaigo would not prore decisive : and 
ftiiaU]r,Uioiigb LuxftDbm^rvlisird Woerdeti, 
the ai«9« of which bad formed William'* 
first (^OD«iderablt aflioo, thr progreM of the 
Fivnch waa aiupprd bv a (uudea thaw. 
Thna Ibe T«ar endt-d with a rw^»'«rT of eoo- 
fidenoe; but 1073 bef^an leas favourablr 
with tb» defartioo of tlta gnat alKtor, anil 
in the apring thrr« Ficnch amin were aftain 
in Ibe Dvld. T1t04i|;H Maoiilricbt was loat 
4 JuIt), WillinmV capture nf Naanlen (iV^ 
lember) coDplptdy corered Amsterdam. 
]{« now coounded d^-fiuitive trvafira of 
alHanee with the empire and Spain | October); 
and rrenlrinf in the worda of Ti>inpl« 
(Jfrmmr*. WTJ-if. |i. S>*-J), -like anotlHT 
Toting- Scipio, to save hift Crtunlry h_v ahan- 
d'Miin^ it, opened tha way loto tlie Low 
IJoiintrics to tfan tmp*>riali*ta by uniting 
with ibr-ra in the ei^fp- and capture of Bonn 
(November). Of all thvir conqiiiiit* in tb« 
Nelhcrland*. the Frenrh now r<^airu>d only 
GraTeandMaeatricht. £arlpitil(J74EDglaiid 



cooeladBd a w fa r a t e peace with tbe UsttfJ 
I'mmacaa (Fabraarr), moA asMa Teaaple r^ 
afpaand at tbe Uane to aid WiUiaa in 
ncgwliatiog a auiuM peaea. Brandenb ay 
hariag rvtmrnd to iba aBkaee, FraBoe waa 
kfl wuAoolaayHtpfunbuttbatarfiwvdtn. 
The aaeeeH of tba |Kinet ia arreetiajr th^ 
atgrewiiM of Francs' waa tnrmnird by lua 
elMtiaa to th« ctadbaUsBtea of thf thtw 
fibwalcd prmaoca; la OtMldiw be waa 
ofltftd bat ntattd the MrfrH^tr a* dakn 
<Vu EuirKt, a. 961 ; cf. GorKTiLts, p. «8f 
- William told the wril«rthat be- had at fin* 
inclioed to aece^ tbe oSer>. But air 
in Jaaaai; of thu vaar, throagb Fagpra 
iauu9»,tbefir«caic«bailbDea takm loi 
w™ltiHg tlw ttadliiifilwilf fif iwlitai 1 ' 
atipera aale iwritwliim ; aaJ Ibe p 
b»rin|r been •d<^ed by the ttatea of 
land a Febraar^, those of thr 
■cvrinoea ia which be was ttadbolder 
lowed Mtil {far the den*e of tb* vtat** ti 
HoUand aee TwM\ uiu voL L App. p. i- ) Witli 
tb« aid of aawtitational ammdmenT* m 
aetCfal of Uwee pmnncea. b/* bad now 
aectnvd a 6m cootral orer tbeir affairs; in 
Frir*Und and (IrnninpMi, where fata cotub. 
Ili^nr> l.'a*rmir of NaMan-INcx, was beivdi- 
tary rtadholder, the moM complete de&renca 
wa* paid to bi« wttbea. 
I In 1674 the war, now pnlirriv dvlon- 
lifsed. prroTed in the main farouratilr In tiiff 
' Frrorh; but in the Uo-hIv battle if Seoaf 
' in llainault (11 Anj;.) b^twt^n WilUaai 
' and tbe veteran Cnode, both sidr« cUi 
the lictoiT. Tbe Frendi carnal owar 
\ ifTMtiw nnnber of priwoers bin Wi 
maintain'^ ht# mntion. He fiilcd imm*^ 
diatcly aftt'rwarai ia Ibe aieffe nf Oiidvuardr, 
but in October rceorerrd iirari^ (ns inthn 
baltif of Sntt, tee l>rc d'Aciluj:. Let 
Prinrta Je Omdf, vii. o<K. wb<'tt" a iitnmi; 
atlnnpt is made tuehowihat WilUam ou^t 
not to ltav« claimed the victonr; cf, bow^ 
ever, Temflb, oj. pk S?1^, and (ioranuji'R 
JfAaowae, p. 4^). fnarillioK, DfHwilh- 
araadiar thi» onMtiitfactfirT rampaige. U> 
coQclii^ either an unfavourable or a eept- 
rale pnec, William sTMlly Tr->4-nled Ar- 
ItDfiton'a Iectuiv6 to tb« contnuTF' iTdkple, 
p. 387). Arlini^ou acrma alao to have autf' 
geMed to WilUam a jonmey to Knsland. 
ahoutd peace be oOQcfoded ; but in March 
1673 TvmpK' waa broequrly (ordered to Mop 
anvBiK-h pcujttft (fA. p. 4(X)>. 'iH)!- princ» wa* 
imlijmant at this blundering ali«mpl t/M 
hrWx- bim into nubaarriancy. Charlee, whose' 
w&T!) were n«rer more rmok'-d than at ibia 
I p«nod, tried to work on AN illiatn bv eoroT* 
' more pliabU than Temple, auch aa Sir 
' Gabriel Sylvias, and it penuadc hia lo 



J£. 



» 



pwtctf by nrfruiitfr thnt thw vinpvi^r, nol I upon between ihem for a pentral pwrv 
Vraiire, wan r*'nllj in b« frnivd. ThesR i (TEHrrE, pji. 45o-<>) wiTr, linweTPr, w- 
Htu<[n)!ls 10 tlijlacli William from the bouw ji'clt^d ut ViTduille!', anil the treuty of 
of lUbAbiir^ o^ntiniied on thv part of bnlh Jaauarv 1078 baa^l on tbem ninuiiieil it. 
tlifl EnglisbKiicll'HiicbeoveniiuunUCbrou^ti d^iid Ivtlwr uwiug purtly lo the fiilflw play of 
\H7') and ]ttifj, unci htui the efit-ctof mitking^.%itrI«H II, lnaT cliinllv t>i the i)iiciMrt>»«s of 
ih\i war la.uguii>Ii ia tliu caiiipfiiffiM of iboM iHa Frcndi anne in {vlandenn in itiu vtirin^;: 
yenrs, . of IflTfl, U» tlii' revival of iIih Freticfi ri'- 

lii tlko carlivr part of 1675 William wadxpubltcan party in llnltand, iw suspiciinii^ 
«tT>iebi?d by tlm i>itmll-|i(jx (iwu hiM bHLer of dynastic designs, and tu tlii' inlriijiiei of 
to WaJdeck, announcing his tcrnvery, ap. I Ii.(iui(t wirh tli.- wliiir nppnRition in KuRland. 
Mi'[.LT:H, ii. 247; utid thv m^dnl with (lu*^Thus, when William hod niac'licd tlif llnptiu 
inorrinCion *(Jod Mvestlift ["rinci'nf itranjr^,' with hi« wif(!(l''*ce'nb<-r), wrinnsdi.'iappomt- 
in Jiiffoire yMvutitnfifvf, ii. Ifi). This \iuentii awuiteO him. A treaty for th« Irniui- 
was tin! nrc«-*i<»ii on wbicli Villiftm Ri'ntini'k 
I afterwards Hret Karl of ]*orlliind ftj-v, 1) en- 



I aiierwaruti iirtt ijari oi j uriianu i <|.v. i| eii- 
tlfatYtl hiiu*>ifh' to IliK princu for lilV by bis 
4k'90tjn» <>ir MaC4C'Lat, ch. vii. ; tbeHorv 



/^i/c if Carttar*'*, p. Bli, William waa iibln! 
t') tiiliv |Mrt iu rht' uiiiiiipurtaiit campai^D oi 



ftr of X\w V.nf\\»\i troop* in the Frcufh irt 
lli'r l>iitch wrvif- (Julv) proved of no avail, 
and three davs bitforv riia Mingniiinry battli> 
vrith I.iixumburg (18 Au^.) iIih peace of 



told r«(lier differvnlty in M't'OBMlcKrf' Nimeguen va^ C'lnc-lnilcd. Having witb- 



dravn to bi» hnntinK-scat Uicron.hc trcat«il 
situation uk ont; in which bu could no 



. _ _ ^ . __ ., ^ . >h lb« 

1675. Before tukinK the field in Itl7ti he\l"f>g'^r i«l<^fi>ri- (TKMPr.B, u.s. «. 472), A? 
e^iuudvJ Tfiui'U on the quuetiua of liia luur- amntteruf bict ihiBpeucL'EL-vtiR'd his primary 
rinfiie with Iln* FrinciMW 3Iary, Ihf eldiT objtx^t, tbir iiil'-nrily of ibn Inrritories of tho 



uniti'd prorinnns; whilp lh« Ineeaa of Spain 
niid tht> i'[Dpir<>iiiKt)fi«'dht^po]lr'r,iui(lniHrk<'ii 
hini mil as (ht^ li^nder of a fut.ure allianco 



<lau(;hter of Jamet), l>uke of York [sue 
J.tMHs [I, KlN*<i riK K!fei-*\nl. M»rri«(irb«d 
lieen pn•Sw^Rd upon tilm by tlif titatiw of ibe 

Imivinrtf* wlnrn they hiid made lli« stud- Lagainit thw agnrefwive policy ol' I'raiicB. 
iitldi'nili'hi-wdiiur}-; iindtortn Enfrli^h mar- Aftr-r the pt-jici' o( Niini*giifln Williani 
riajie per*onal, &•, well ait political, reason^ conliini^ to wati'li very cIo«elv the pm- 
inclinciJ him. Temple huvinj]; sntistii'd himXprwis of Knirlii^li porities, chipHy throuph tlie 
both an (o ibv pi.-rt!oiialily 'jf tliv prinL'ut» | mmliuui of llenrySidnov [<|. v.l, uuibas-«ador 
iind as to the ^raatlity orii.-r unc-l«'« throne, • M. tttr IhigutT rrc)m Ui7!l, and to npnoM tho 
bo dettirinint'd on prooending with hii^ suit intripieB of the French utnbattMdord'Avaux 
^Tempi.K, .Vrtii'iir; |i. 41'*). T\\f ram pnifpt /with thu ri'pnblicHn pnrly. lit- (.niv*' acordinl 
of Ifi70. in which he mi-eivi^d a mii^kei-ahot , wH-i-prinu ai ihi' I lajrtii' to rfio l>uke of York, 

in Ibc arm iil the *i*-gi? of M«^-^(^il■h^. was and treated Aloniuoitth wilh dim-rt.'vt kind- 
iiot !)ii(Vi'^fiil:lit!Wi).-4nn4hli- to riHicvei'irh<.'r\ nci^rf (SinXRT, lHanj and Ct/m^v'tndfTKf, i. 

Vnlt^iiciennes orCambrav, andiu irain offered 'GSt; but hi* utterance* as to iw propmwil 
liawle to LouM, who waa ajmin lif;urmg at < extfliiaionof the formor from tbL-tlironi'weni 
\\\v head of his army (|Il-J(N'KT, ii. 114). In not allosvlbvr coiiMsli^nt with one another 
April Ii(77 \i« marched to thi? relief of St. (lA. i. 143, ii. !:?()). At the lime of the crisis 
OiRi'T, but waif dcfcattrdi II ApriUhy thuDuku < tOBO)hL>ofrt'rtidto voniulo Kugland, doubt- 
iif (lri>-niis ul Moiiii-u«t«!l, uotwillintAiiding^'^tJbi wilh a view to tho tiii((g«4ted compiw- 
n dJAptay of fnvat perwnnl bravery; and his mieeof crt'niinff him 'protector' or'regviit' 
nll'-iHpl on <'barlvrui (.iulv) wn« UkowijM on t\w noininat xuctrruuticm of his falbi>r-in- 



iinsU'H'eMfiit. 

In the middip ofOc1'jlH'r]6"7,»'nconragpd 



law M king' ( I'A. ii. 177; cf. BniSLT, ii, 270, 
and M.\e,iVl.A¥), Swtini' of bio wvll-winbew 



bv Danbv's ftMunrnci's cnnve-ycd throii^h\t bought that he flhould havp romu aoonerj 
Tyrople, ne embarked for Kngland on his when heactually arrived in Kngland.inJuly 



niamnp- «iit. Noiwitbttandin^ thorffnrta 
of Charb/a 11, who in I he course of the 
kumtnur had »ent I^ureuce Hyde [<[. v.1 to 
ihe Ilag^iic; to iirgn his vitiwn, the pniicrt 



l^^^l,thlI! situation had coinpbtlcty ohaiijfed 
[«eo Jaui:e \\ . Sidney, who had he-sn re- 
cently aujieri^rdt'd at ibo IliiKut^ by Skidtrin, 
(0 tli<9 di»»Hl infaetion of M'illiam and the 



nmved m linnlimtl polilicHlly unpltidged/ »tal«s and othwis, hud urj,'eil the visit agaitint. 
(as Iu ihu tranMctionH which ensued sl^d the prince's better jiid;7mcnt. IIcwiu*grn<^- 
Makt llj. The marriiiKi' vras anb>innu>ed\rallr!*nppoK>-() tobKan^loualiii-n^'ufieChiirleM 
on 4 Xov.; in the negoiiaiionfi conremin); a^in=!t the French in the defence of tho 
lliB m*at** which were carricil nn (liirinffWil- ' .S|>nnish NetluTland* (Lvttkbi.It liritf Kr- 
liamH vuit, be h>*ld hiB own a^nnt th<> I tatian, i. lt:i); and he certainly about this 
designs of Chorlee, TIlb coodiiions agreed/time made no secret of his apprvlieiuions of 



William III 



310 



William III 



'tioDlTlLLS, XimaiTet. p. ir^l. Hat hi* 

ilPwAuiK wiUi MoniDoaili at Taabridn, and 

Ihbaoeefttaoeofks iofiuiion fnm uieeitj, 

^"•■•"'■-1 bjr • foj-»l tOBBiOBa lo Windivr, 

- Ji'&IoW lOfpicWMU of tiifi DiJu of 

^. .- ,-j.^iiKB, Hfe ofJuwum //, i OKO. 

Haltboogti tbe kiDft MMKM utlMfetrntedkioi 
witfaouy eoofidiuMMfBcBxer, ii. 41€>. Oa 
bia nrluro to IfoIUod nx\y m Aajpiat be 
•Mumd Uw tiuuw^reacrai tliAl bo aocnC 
uulentkodingesMtod bolwoeotlMMveicigiu 
of EiutUadBad France ( D'AT4rx ap. Kiopr, 
li. .<U4). With llut kid uf WaUvck bv a»- 
flidaoDsIy carried on bu pcbenwa for a 
y.\umr%n iillUn(M> nsainvi Fraoee, a baaU 
jbr witicb v&A fumi«b6(l br th« aaaocUtioa 
ioniKMl in iUtfl b«tw(«D tbe uniiol pn>- 
viaeat, Sw«den, tb» «mpir«, aod Spain foe 

'tb« fuintenanoc of exittiiiff ireatiea. Ilia 
actirity afrainal I<cinii wu lotenaiSed by tbe 
i'tancb occn|Mtion of the priDciptlitr of 
OlBMV in IW'i orxl tbo encroacbtaeota upon 
tJu ubMjr uf ilflintiuliitaiiU in tlie foUow- 
iwycar in conuvctiuuiriib l\n Gnt dnoon- 
ttaotia iMt't.r.tR, i. \i^>\ cf. TsEvon, i. 174; 
duhnK tbe ounw <tt his lifir be ouly Inter- 
injttrnttj brld powoMiioii of Orangw, anil 
n«vur art fool there). In tbia year be 
otiiTitlriiialv nui'lo known to D'Arnax a pnn 
poaal whicfi bad bcvn communicated to nim 
for tb« aaaaaaination of the kiiie of Franc« 

i(ABiaoiB, jMfenat de la h'atitm Britan- 
Wfw, tc., IWS, p. 4f<2). At no pirtMl of 
kia Uaidltolderali) waa bo uare ^rieroiuly 
liampond l^ tbu uppodiiun maintiuaGM 
agaioat tiia pHlinr by AroKti-nluiii and by 
nmorities in J^eaUtnil and other proviacee, 
and totXAgrtA both by Jl'Aviitix and Iht* En^ 
liabanToj CbadlejKli ( Bl!hkst, ii. 447; ^ 
Mt'LtKB, i. 227, n-ho rpfcri* to \V40K»aa«, 
vol. xr., in proof of the eMoriioo l1iat not 
«ren in 1660 were tbe provinces nearer to 
dvil war). In 1084 Loui« proci-cded to add 
I0 biaAisalian 'routiioiia' tlio atincxutiDn of 
X.uxuniburf[, ao aa to secure tlie broadust 
buia of po«8iission for tko propoavd trucL>, 
Til" Am«terd«io niat;i*trali'S rfjfcred llie 
tttad)iijldi'rV«tippli(riiti{>n furagranl enabling 
1)i:u It) raUii iiLxli'i.in t iiuiiMiiid Vfm ; Liiml'ih- 
burir fiapitiilntod ('la p^Ttftfist irrfipurablp,' 
William to W»ldwk, 10 .June), and a truce 
for twenty ycorrt waaconc1i]diL>d on thi^basi* 
of viioting cDD(]U<3sts, to wtiicli the empitror 
■ceadpd at Rntisbon (AiL):(-uit). Thua, when 
the rvign of Cliarli^e II came to a cloae, iho 
KuropMn po^ilion nf l-'rance wan atrongttr 
than ever, and Williiun's laboun bad to be 

Lriincoromenoud. 

Till' am^ouaofment to'V\'iniain by Jamen 1 1 
Tbia brotber'n diwlb and of hia own iictes- 



aaoa waa ooU (I>At.sntrLc, ti. appaadtx, f. 
cxzxix); but aotbiaf bad a« f^ oeevrrtd 

to raadar friendly nlataaoa b e t w wa t^ca 
iapoaaibtet and Jaaea waa by no neaiM dia> 
poaed M amnoiier tbe eantnd of bic §orw^ 
poiiej to Vnate [m* Jaiizs IF. U'Uliaa 
at ooiie de^ansbad I>yki«li lolCagl 
a apedal auaaida of «(»i^n»tuIatiaB,ol 
from iloaaioatli a pcoaiiM tbat be wonld 
|«it bom tbe|MroTinoe»and'ae«*Tatir*aeaiaM 
kiag Jamea ll4ff t^Jamt* 11^ ii. SS-2), and 
•rat asaurancwa thai b« irould do all tbat 
thf? latter could 'X|>^ fn>n) bim, 'aanf la 
ivli^pon' (Sti»'Ei, Iitan/, kc, ii. :H9). AJ> 
tboo^ both Ar^li's and MoBBMMlb'a ex- 
peditMMia were prvpaied at Amatenlam. t-Trrr 
leaaonabto effort waa made to preveur ihetr 
aailin^, asd before Monmootb's dcparttuv 
the ttadbolder aent to England tbe ibnt 
Soottiab refiimanu in tbo serrice of '' 
states. Banllona tdieipe for imnsfei 
the succeason to tbelMncoas Anne, 
(tonally upon her coDrrraioo to lUimu, waa 
not taken up bv Janu« (MjUtrfts, ii. ^, 37; 
and »uv ii. p. h'A^ ae to ite Ji'TiTal early in 
16^); and Skelton at the lla^e loudly pro- 
claimod tbe ftouncUiatioQ b(n.we(m iho kii^ 
and lliti prince. 

In July James'a victorr orer lioth insnr- 
n-rtinn«i was nnuivd; and the loyalty «( 
AVilliam, who had sent o\*t the tbre« ItW- 
hsh in the wake of tbe three f^iuttish regi- 
ments in tb«- Dutch service, and had othnl 
to oommand them iu pcreou, Lnd not bmi 
without ita efiifCt. On 7 \ua. the old 
treaties Uitwcen Kuglood and the Nether- 
lands were renew evl, confumiably with 
Jaiaes'B tncli&atton to nainiain a poailion 
raavmhliitf; iiidi-pi'iiih-on) as between Fnncv 
and the empire. As late as t>clobcr Witiiara 
showed hU anxiety fur frit-ndly reIatiuns,bT 
ctciaring out with MniT*K consent tht^- whofs 
ofber nousebold, in which reports bad het» 
Mt on font that giVTe rise to dintnut in Eng- 
land (^1UXK£, V. 'Ail n.) llut, stimulatMl by 
French ioBurnce, the catholic zvol of Jam» 
woa bti^uning to work it)> vr&y, and tbe r^ 
votalion of the edict of Nantes (^Octobar) 
din?ctly aJTvcti^ bis relations with his son- 
iii-lnw. White in Holland WilU&m sbd- 
tert^d the Iluguenat refnrees, and preveBt«4 
u cuuntcr-penecutionoftaeDuicbcatboUea; 
he failed, notwilliMonding Mary's effim, to 
induce James to intervene on behalf of tbt 
inhftbitanls of Orange againat tbe agitmaiqa 
ofiLo dragonoadea (MiJiVBB, iii. 16^). R* 
the close of 1685 it waa obvioufi both thai 
the soeds of distrust had been sown ab«k 
betwrwn Jaint^ and William, and that Loait 
had recn^S(!d in bim tbe d&termined adTM>- 
sarj- of hjB Engliab as well aa of bia £ai»- 



William III 



3" 



William III 



I 



^ 



policy. Yi^t for Bomo tiioe further 
Wiltiain nut oiilv ounlinuiul In avoid mvitij; 
einifle of ofTeniv, but tliroufih Foje-J Mviset! 
iniKlL'ntioti to Iiir ]mrliaiii''nUrv fm>n<U in 
Kii^land; hcwiis, liowBTiT.ariiuHftii ofnolw'ni- 
inc u |>n>te«lant relif^outi W^ue by Jauii>«, 
inio whom Skclton km liUrttturn from ttm 
Jla^ueinslLlliHl (livers otli«r 6(u>picioDs( Jaou- 
ur^ ltI8tt) (Kiorr, iii. IMi). tcuinoun of a 
Hecrcl Aiielo-Fr«iicli iillia»c<' continuod to 
lie rift!, ami William 'a ro«&M4;e to Ibe Btate4 
of H'llland tbrjiifirh VagiA (1 Aii^;.) eliowa 
him t<i Imvi- by tiiin liuin i;atu|ili'ti'ly tnia- 
irustLil J«tned U>'A^al--\, iii. 22i>). HU 
inMlIng at CIm^-^-s (Augiinf) wilh tlm i^'itt 
elefttor of Rrandt-nhiir]^, which irnsi chit* flj" 
eonccmed nitli thv OrrniK^ FUcci>»>ion 
(Dbotses, Iii. 3, 80.11. lind tin cniinection 
with the coutemjiararv con{;lu»ii>n of the 
lettguwof Aiijfgbiir),', tbi-nipiiliciinfflorwlitcb 
Fn-ncli policy succfiKl.-d in borli cxHfgem- 
lliig ana perverting (ii^e Jmikixk, I)ir Au"/*- 
bnifffr Alli'atiz n/ti iWJ. Miiiiii!b. 1803; and 
cf. Klopp, iii. 217; MxiurMiV ucvomii, 
cb.vii., liho thi^scnf didhI modern litBtomti*, 
errs nccordiii^U I. WiUluiii bud no coiici'm 
villi this (lefi.'iiiiitre coiiijiact, and was at tlie 
tiinu still anxiom to avoid any uvort ael , 
trhtch mi^bt hav<- ]ia»ti-nrd rbi- ai^llon of 
Jam^. t'liJonhti'dly, bowt-rar. liie iiiistniBt 
trut) ^fradually ripeninff luwards BctiGit on 
bin own Account. In tlic Ktimm^T of liVStf 
tli« prei^nct at the IlaKiieof Oilbvrl Diiruti 
[q. v.], boflides counteract inj; the efforts of 
aiiylber viBitor, Willifliii iVnn 'q. v,], in 
favour of n religious toK-mti-m iu Knpland 
wLiuli tibould pri'wnt tboou]iiipi>ti-i]ct^'ut' ibu 
ehiircb,bJ to u full ronnidKratioiioftht! nil lift- ' 
tion tberH (Itittso-, iii. 136}. lo Junuury ' 
1(1S7 the Manjiiiif i]*.\1b<'Tinr nrrivvd n» ' 
EiigliaU flmbu^widor, with iii»trucl i'l^ua to 
I>pr»itOfl'« the princ*- and princM of the ei- 
pi/ilipnnf in ibi^ir f>wn inlTiifltit of tbe rfpcal 
of the ToEt .'Vet. lie obtainnd tbe removal 
of Burnet, but it was a long time biffori' be 
paw vilbvr prinof or ptinceKt ii'fi. p. 173). 
About! he tune ofd'Atbuvillc's arrival, Dyli- , 
velt WUK M-iit to England, wi^b instructions 
wbich lluruel naj-fc werv Jrawu by bim, but 
v,-^rv in£[ilrod by a b-mafidf intention of im- 
iiroving n^lntioiw with tljH kitiir. On 4 April, 
in direct ditregard of William's adviiv, 
Jamps iMiit-d bi» HrBt decUration of indul- 
eenr<?; and. arrordiiijr "> Itumi^l, (rS. p. HMM, 
William waa ep-.-^jdilv implored by ewveral 
e]W((rymen and frii'mi* of tbe cburcb, who 
afterwards weie anionic bis bitterest eoeioieB, 
to come to her aid, llu mndo no secret of 
liis opposition to tlic supprLtfriuti of tbu pro- 
[ t«ataatierurity Uwii(ii. p. 170: andHosit& 
^^JACX ap. M&l'jiVLav, cli. rii.) Dykvell, 



tlurough whom Snndorland had boned to 
convert Williiiin to I.ho reltf^oua uulicv of 
Jameii, by holding out a promisR of ' cloacr 
inradurcif' iigflioBt I'mnce, novr directed bis 
attention to brinf;in(^ about an undcrstand- 
iiijf witlj the leadiun; adversaries of lb« king's 
mi'aaurei). I u .M ny tbe Pri ncesa A nn« ; 
Bsstired WiUiam and ber aister of ber adlie- 
rcneo lo the prottstunt fiiitb ; io Joud J)yk- 
velt brought back k'liuni vsproMiiig eo'nti- 
deuce in tins priuce, and fnim Se|jifuiber 
onwards tbivo wire fulluwvd up by visits to 
tbe Hague fn>m aonm >if (lie wrilen. [Tbo 
further transactions uf tin* year m87 and 
tli» earlier half of 1(58S, iitTei^iiiK tb*" rvU- 
tioHfl betwe^'n .fninM and William, an* sum- 
mnrim.-d under Jahks II.] Although pre- 
parations for ati osuoditioit wt-n- in pro^n-»« 
in Ilolland from March onwards, when a 
grant of four milliono of florins was made by 
tbe states of Hollaod, tbc-^tiidboldcr's action 
was rtill purely executive; his corrwpon- 
dnaiM mentions no dcDnitc plans; nor, per- 
haps, were any »iieh actually in uxistviice. 
In Sfay bis potiularily was iiiereaa«d by 
rumours of » Je^igu uirainKl bis life (see as 
to the fiiippOHed n'V<'liitt>iiiA of (imiiitfi^ldt, 
M.izriu:, ui. 10^1. Early in ibu eamemunlb, 
or near th.- c.h>»i- of April, Kdwanl Ituiwdl 
loTterwacds Earl of tWordl [(). v.JwaAattho 
lluffiii', and to biin William signitied his 
willingncM to nndorta^p an nrnicd expedi- 
tion to Englniid, providinl be receivvd a 
^gn^d invitation fj-om a limil^^l number of 
re«poii!*tliItjp'>rFu[i*. Tbe ni'wsof the second 
dec1amtii>n of iuduljii'iict! (27 AutjI), and of 
the proeevdiiiK^ agaiufct ih" biHinps which 
(fiisuiil, si-i'mHHl that date iinl l.iibav>>nrriv<Kl 
in liuUand (TiLilLL,p, in».; Tht; iiiana^ 
uii!iit of tho business was, by the jprincv's 
desire, enlnisted lo Hrary Sitfncy (BmsBT, 
iii. 277); and on the day after tbe aei|ui(tal 
of the bishops (July I) the invitation, sij^ed 
in cipher, waa .tafely conveyed lo Williuu by 
Admiral Herbert t'for a summary of it »«e 
JbUcAvrar, chap, ix.) 

WiJIiam, who, agreeably to a rcmonstranoe 
in the latter of invitation, caused tbe nmyer 
ftir the Prince of Wale* to bo oniitI<.'d from 
tbu English service in the princ/'»>*H cbapel, 
now bad to ovurooniv Ibe uuwilliu^iiivss to 
engagT! in the ejqiedirion hrill fi.-lt at Am- 
Btenlain (see KiiOJ^r, iv. :J7, as to bia dls- 
CitsAion^ with the friendly burgomaster 
M'ilsen), and, while tolling the ultiouito 
py^ponxibility upon himself, to carry on bia 

Ere^oratioiiii with nn much si*crocy as possi- 
ie. Through Ueiilinek he aecuiwlfrom the 
new elector of Brnndtnburg, Frederick HI, 
HH well an from the Duke of Cvlbi and the 
Landgrave of Iledee-CaaBel, tbe promise of 



William m 



312 



William III 



uoopt Bmoamin^ to ten thousand tnfin, to 
be left beliiml iinditr tlii< rotnmnml of WhU 
drck IDBUTBKif. W. 1, 30; ]£aker, toI. ti. 
•pMimix). On -1 Aii^. the pniyer for the 
rnnOD of Wales wax ^•^,1I0ftv^ in r«ply In an 
intlif^ant inijinrv by king Jaiuvti (('ukke, 
ii. iMll; but tlie'pre|mratton8eantinu(yl (Br« 
the Kr«I>t>>c description in MlCtTLAl), siid 
fmm Knf;lanil cumc further promioeaofaup- 
porl, t4))(eiWr witU x^cntDCAnt ovflrttin.-* 
from Sunderlnitd, JJarly in Septenulicr Wil- 
liam wae reciilli-d fpim Miti<i<:n ov tbt tidiaga 
that the alatM of Holknd luid with more nr 
luM prnce mMtlvcd lo Riip^mit liia enteiTirifle. 
U'Avaiix'n rfTortu to crwitt- h b'-ln-f »t thv 
Hn^UL- in iin An^lo-Fn*nch AlliiiiK?« had 
roiilnbutod to this result; as a matter of 
fact, Jamen was lu far an cvtr from fallinf; 
in with thv desitfos of Louis. Aocordinirly 
the latt4>r tiim>-d to lii» plans a^inst tlia 
empire, and declared wnr a^inKt it by liia 
tiutnifiwto of -Ji Sept. William's bftuda wore 
now fiet*, and oti thv SOth hv ifiaiicil his de- 
cl&ralian, whi<:)i, drnwii up by i'*n|^l, nraa 
abridged and tmiulnlL'd into Engliab by 
Burnet ( iii. ItlMl ; and lT. Kknxki, iii. 19:* ; 
and Hakbis. ii. 08, for a full ftuminary of 
text uid addition), 

Jomea, who hnd d^'liru'd a laul offfT of 
allianoo made by Lnuitt, on -1 Ucl. madu 0. 
onnciliAtoiT comtnunication to the 8tate*- 
GenvrnJ through d'Albi^rillA (Maziihe, iii. 
2(»3); but the lime for word* bad paowd. 
The GXprdition on wtiiarh WilHumwiut about 
ti>KlJirt WAS directed a^iiist a fj;ori;rnmoiit 
vhicli had ^'jcctcd bis advice, tint a^iiiHt a 
hostile power ; and the expoctatiuu of LauJe 
tbAt ha bad at lea«t inadc .<>urf n conllicL )r>* 
twe«n Kuf^luud iind iho uaited proTincea 
wft* to prove a miKati-ulntlnn {m-v ujh wholu 
argniTiiviit ufbli, \\. iu Ki.opp, vol. iv.; and 
cf. ibe view* of Lmiroii*, ativeree to Ihoae of 
d'AvBux, op. UuLSBbT, ii. ion, Tbo exp«- 
ditiou lijtfl the 'urmpalhy of ibe Vatican 
and the Waldi'iiw^, of Brnndenhur^ and of 
Hpain ; it wag in thi< iuIereM of lUv Eiij^iiith 
nation, and of all tho n-orld f^ttva Louis 
XIV ' (Mi-LLEK, ii. ;.'•_'>. 

William's iinnada crmaiiti-l of fifty men- 
of-war, with uiorrlhan firt hundr<^'d Irans- 
porta, carrying an armv of f<iiirt<>tiii thou«and 
men. Old Maniluil Sc'hflm^it'r;^ won ^wcond 
in oommaitd; iVntiuck was bv Wiillain'ti 
sido: iiinont; the Rn][li.4inien siiiroundinK 
liim wero aewral eldest sons of i;r«at noble- 
man, together with divoM notal>l(> agitatora 
and adventru'era (cf. SlACtfLAY, ch. il.); 
the noAt induential Scotsmen were Sir 
Jainu Dalrymple (Stair Aititaii, i. 75) tad 
William Car»tare«, wLow shrewd advim 
vaa beacefonb nevtr wanting- tu William in 



Sooitidi mallun ; Bumot attoaded tlwprinee 
as his chaplain {Own Time*, iii. 30\\. Ub 
10 Oct. (O-S.) William badu farwwoU 10 tlu 
atatea (if Hiilbind, and in tli" ^■reiiing' n«nt 
on board at Helvoeldlurs. On the lUth tb^ 
flf«t, tinder IlerNirt'* i:»nimand, net ail, lail 
in nid-<yhanniel wo^HCAitMred by a^torm, aiid 
had ifradiially to find ita way back lo llej- 
voetmluy^ On I Nor. it opiin put to cca. 
aud on the luonilnjt of 5 Nov. a vafe landiu^ 
was oStMited at Bnxham, «otith of Torfau 
(BtriufKr, who gives a atrikjitic dwcriplioa 
of the prince's conduct dunnff the Toraj^ 
and on landing; HiriN, who waifamldieriB 
WilUam'M army ; )fACAi:iu.T;cf.Mi'(!oxaic«, 
Life cif Carttarea, p. 34, u to the perritw 
held at tb4,< head of the army liefom it eo- 
campedK the prorreaa of erenia up tn llu! 
second Higlit of Jamee (23 Dec) Wu been 
sketched under Jaubs I[. 

iJu 18 Dec. W illiom arrived at !?t. Jarai«>, 
whither * all the world hast4.-ned to sew bita ' 
(Hvei,t:c'. who was prti^tiui, thousbt him 
'very otalelv, ferious, and reserved ). Tbr 
Iwotuld lli^lit of Jum<.-» II bud rumplelely 
allrrvd the Hiluntion. for bisi dt-l bnincmrnl 
had formed uopart of William'KdeAign. (la 
tlii'ir circular toforei^ powm, (.telgi-tr, ihf 
Statt»-Cieiic-raI had declantd their grant of 
means for tbe expedition to have beeo ooo- 
ditionnl up<^nila not being directed to this 
end, Kuipi'. iv. 30:!). Tin' euggfMion that 
he should ansutne the throne as bv right trf 
con<j»'-!«t wa» ut nno? put asidf. 6y tbo ad- 
vice of the lonts an<l members of tlte parlia- 
ments of Charles II, whom William hail 
called tijgelhor after James had k^f^ ioK 
liocheMer, a ronTentian parliament was 
Eummociud for 7 Jan., iind in Scotfautd fur 
14 March. Mt.-auwliil»^ beasanra^ the fxe* 
cuiive, and ecirly in Janiuu^- hod tbe Mli»- 
fnction of recetYinfc the conffratnlations of 
the burgomastr-r of Atnflteraam, wIki hud 
arrived with Dykvelt. 

Diinng lh« fcarlicr delMtcs in tbe c4a\'vn- 
lion parliament concerning tbe state of iLe 
nation, William maintained a close reserve, 
and wa-i cliurued with exhibitinft a morosit}' 
of temper whii-b heightened the ptt-vniling 
dissati&l'uction (EvcLis, Z>uiiy, '2& Jan.) 
Wiieii, on the rwjnction by tlie lords of tliv , 
plan of a regency, tbe rjuestion an to tli^ 
vacancy of the throne awaited decision, he 
rceognutpd that it involred tluit of his iie>' 
Bonal poeition, and, at s meeting of the iwe 
groups at the Karl of Devonshire's bou»«. 
caused s hint to be fi^ren that he was noi 
prepared to become his wife's genllemaa- 
uthet. Halifax's proposal lo place WilUaa 
alone on the thnme, though it may hata 
commeocl4>d itself to liiia (Uuumpt, iii. 391 h 



William III 



3»i 



William IIF 



I 



p 



m«t with DO aupport. ; and Afarv'* Itttter to 
Dnnby, together with Anne's (Imea-owbI of 
tb(< exertions oi" Iiw nfct-nts, fnmisiiefl tli« 
ii« of ft aettleoient in aori^rdAiio- iritli 

lUiau's viewB. AAer a plain etpreesion 
ofthain to Halifax, Danbv,SLr«W3biinr,iin<l 
otben, ilii? coiiffteEicu ixiiwwii the two 
houHca on ti Feb. ended In a reaohilion that 
tliu ifaniQU wa-t vauuni, and that thu IVitiiM' 
(ini! rrincttis iil'()niti(p3 t.!i(iiilj l>f diicliiriTl 
king und (iui.'C!ii. The dudnrulion of right, 
drawM ii[> W n ("onimittit" "f tin* ouninoiii', 
rfcajiit.iilnii'il ihfl cricvanfes ajrninst ihi' 
ftovercint'nl ot tlio liitw kin;;, and oriU'n'd 
ihf siu-ci-viiinn, nUe-r tW (l(-i,v(iiii' of William 
and Mary, to bo to her iaaitc, then to ihi.> 
I'rincesi* Aiiiip and hvr iwiU'. imd tfn-n to 
thai, of \\'iiUiiin. Mary arrivt^d i'rvm tUe 
llii^ueon ll' I'Vb., and o-u the following day 
ill ilii> banqueting hoiiso at Whittthnllr the 
dechiratiou HHVtiiK biH.-Drva'3.the crown wiis 
formall^r tendered to hercrmsort and herself 
by Uulifax in lliu namv of thu ustatcF uf thi- 
rj-alm, and iicriipli'd. Winiiiina pravity of 
bi>ariDg oncu more alronply iraprtiBSPd ob- 
atrriTTs (Kykltx, TUnty, 21 I'lib. For nn 
account of thu tranBartinii» in ih« conven- 
tion, se« Bt'KXirr and MAnucXT, nud the 
enmmnry in Uallak, Cooftitutitmal Uutory, 
chap. XIV.) 

William mot his first parliament with a 
body of couusLdlura furinud out uf t.ht> cliiv f 
itu-n who had hi-lp<»l Ut bring alMiut, »r ral- 
lied to, hia gcvernmcnt, llie whiga nizes- 
anrily securing lh« ({rt'iitcr nhiri! of ihc 
nubnrdinnte olficcfl nf Atati', while IiIh chief 
Dutch foUowen were proridud with pUcvs 
in the household. The oatb of allcgianro 
cauved no tt-rious diilicultiea except anions 
the t^df/T^. The coronation of William and 
Mary was colvmnised on 11 .\pril, DiAhop 
^'iimpton of Iiondon ptrforming the cere- 
mony and Ilurnt't pn-uohiiig thv FiTiuon 
(KVRI.TK, limrti; l.v nRKl.l.,Jini'/ Kflafcuji, 
I. 520). William failed to obtain from par- 
liament more thiin n temfioranr uttt.lctneut 
of bin Wftvnne. rtr an Bs-sent to the rf-ligious 
policy which ho bad ut hearf ; for, though it 
]>a««ed the ToK^rotion Act (2-I. Mny), thi; 
comprehensive bill wa^ BhcLved. Iho bill 
of rishls (:e!o Oct.) reasserted in a lL-fp!>la- 
live form thi' xubstancc of clio declaration 
of right, including the ord»^r of auccessioii 
there eetahlishvd, without naming the houeo 
of BrunnwiL-k. In Scotland Ihw convention 
met on 14 March; and after thu throne Iind 
been dechia'd vacant and a t'lniin of right 
Toted, showing forth fiftwn n-asona why 
Jamea had forfeited the orown, Wiilimn 
and Mnr}' were pmclaimiHl king and qnei>n. 
In Bccordaoce with Carstaros's ' Uinta to the 



King' (iM MoOoRXici, p. 9B), William's 
oaaent was jriren to the net nhnli>ihin|C epi- 
scopacy in Scotland ri July); his desire to 
elTert a union lwliri'(^n the two Icin^df^ma 
iu cliurch and atate had to bu indefinitely 
postponed. The death of I^undee at Killie> 
cranltie <:!" July ItWO) was followed by a 
general laying down of arms on the part' 
of Iho clunri, pi'ndiug tho hoped-for arrival 
of James in person. tJn thw othtr Uiind 
Willinni WHS miiidi blamed for neglecting 
Ireland (Kvki.tx, Jiiartj, '2 .Man.-h), where 
JfimM opened a parliament which declared 
ilHi'lf iiidi'tietident of the ICnglish, and where 
Rttnn Lnndi^ndcrry and KiiniHkillitn nlone 
held out for tho new govemnient. liut, no 
coiirtiet look plac/- between James's force* 
and those of Schomburg, who arrived in 
Aiigusl. 

Tlic KngUsh parliament having on 19 April 
promised lo Biinport U'illiam should he dt;- 
cUre war agniaet France, it waa declared 
ncconliiigly on 7 May. A few days later 
( 12 .May) ihfi foumlation, of what was not 
yet known ns the ' grand alliDiicc' was laid 
br n Iniilyof nlliaiien b<ilnri'<-n the united 

?pnrinceB and ihi; empire. To this treaty 
Viilinni ncc>^ded n« liing of England Oil 
9 Sep[. IflHfl.in a document nuithiT counter- 
signed norcoinmtirieat»>d topnrliament ; and 
in iho next year followed the accciMiionn of 
Spain and 8nroy. Tho purport of the com- 
niict wna the mnlntennm-e of the Ireatir-j of 
\Ve$tpluilia and the I'yrvnees ; but a isecret 
arliii'le underlix>k to Niigipurt the etnpernr'a 
claims to the Spaninh pncce^i^Lon in the event, 
of the death of the reigning king (for this 
artieli! aeo (iRiMiit-oT, i. i71 m, ; cL ftj* to the 
beginnings of the 'grand slliannie,' KtJiPP, 
iv.-19-J: MPLLKR,ii. 67). On 27 Jan. IB90, 
seriously dinhcHrlt^ned by the violence of th« 
whigs, more especinlly in insisting upon ex- 
ct'plious to his project uf indemnity. Wil- 
liam prorogiii-d purliniumt, ami xliortty 
afltTwards it was dissolved. Its sueceAaor 
nwtt on 20 March. After ohtnining a mora 
fatoumble, but still only in part pi-rmnnenr, 
Eeltlement of his reveuue (Bvknbt, iv. 77), 
carrj-ing through a broad net of griice (not 
of indemnity) accounted by Macaiuay (chap. 
XV.) 'one of his noblest and parest lilies to 
renown,' and hejping to bnaa about tliei 
dropping; of Ihu much-vexed abjuration bill, 
William prtirogiied parliament, and, though 
pressed lo proeeed toSeoLland(S^«i,r ,^wM«/l■, 
I. 144), took his departure for Ireland 
(4 Junr). Buniel (iv. 8.1) desGnbes him iis 
'viiry cloudy' on the nivvions day, doiiblluaa 
in part owing lo I'uller's discloauree of 
Jaeobite deaigns (MAC;irr,AT, chap, xv.; aa 
to the alarm with which Portland uid other 



William III 



3M 



Wiiliam III 



iriends of the kinp regarded bis Irisb jour- 

nBY, "We ('til- 'State Pa/^rrt, Dota. Hi"^- 
1690, Intrnd. », xxvi.and U-tit-nt there cited). 
Pravision had been itinile by p«trliainviU for 
the conduct of Lhu inivumtuifnt hy the quMrn 
during hilt Bb«v»r« in llu-ir jr>mt name* Iktue 
Maht II]. After l&oding at C^mekterpia 
(14Juii«) ttnd prticmdiiijtlo Bvlfut (mv tn-o 
oontennomrv ■reoants ap. Trevor, vo). u. 
App. it!), ^Villiam aseumm tbv command oC 
hia forces, anil marched tovards ttro^hf^da, 
croesius the Bo\'ae and It^ving the tovu to 
bii right. (!>n 90 Juno ho wd« facpd on tb« 
Other side of the rivor by iht- [nah-Froach 
amty aaderJamM, inferior in numlwra toliia 
own : and oo 1 July, fording the Bo>'nn,drovu 
the Iriah into fliffht, lh« French coveting 
their retreat and u« eecBM of his advcmrr 
[MHt J&IIW nj. Detightvd tu iiud thL* eutrtuy 
netott; hini, he diapUvMl his usual cnura^e 
in the action, in which he y<raa ElJehtly 
-nroundcal, ti^-ther w ttfa rxlmonlinary en- 
durance: he WIS ninfttff-ii hours in tlie 
Fiuldle. A fnlan rumonr nf liiit dfalh having 
reached Paris, the belU of Notre-I>ani« were 
runR {for contempomry eulhoritiee on ih* 
■battle see MACAtaAT. chap, xvi., and lUxKii, 
vol. vi. «pi>pik1ix; cf. HuBxmr, iv.^XJl, and 
LrmtKLL, ii. 71 ct al.) Droj^hcda fell, and 
Willium uLttrtd Publiii, vthvev lie receivij 
the ncwi of the di-fcal of the Analo-Uulf'h 
fleet at Beechy Head, ralloTretl hy ihnt of 
Ijuxembiirc'e victory nt I'lpiirtw. Ili .1 
vnnccd on Limerick, hut, nf'eran iiii ■■ 
ful assuult (iT Au(;.), ruised iis siejjp unn 
Bailed for Kn^landp wlicrw he wn» w«dl 
received ai liriBtcl (U frifpi.) Tliw yictory 
of the Hoyne had effectively prcvenicd 
Jatnvs II fivin inoliiiiif IivIkdiI' a »t^•p]ling- 
Atoni! fur the nroiwiuest of Kii|;laiid. and 
the n^dticCioQ of the ieliuid wae compluted 
}rv |)m; Dupiliilutidti of I.imiirick (.July 1601), 
tfie temifl of which dhow tlmr, aftt-T the de- 
parture of James, the Irish fought only fen- 
their owii Iinnd. 

U'illinmV chief energies were now directed 
to raiflici^ the vravs and means for the con* 
linenial war in support of the 'confederacy 
jibroaii,' wliicli in his speech of ^ Uct. he 
vigoruupulv coinmcndud to iiarliametit (Kbh- 
XBT, iii. '.VJU>, On IH Jan. WJl he set 
out for FloUund, ■where, after a perilous 
landing (ntltXBT. iv. V29; cf. Cal. State 
Pnf>rrt, ham. ItiW^I, p. 2ft0), he met with 
a upletiJiil receplioa at the Hague, nnd ad- 
dnesfwd the eongrt-iw of allies in the tone of 
their acknowle^vd leader (Wacexaak, ap. 
Klopp, v. 2y8). Hut before ho could krioK 
lip the force of fifty thcuBaud lueu collected 
In- him, Monit lind ful]«n (0 April) ; and 
tftotigh after a risit to England, in which 



be haughtily ii^mI down the infudieuf 
of I'recion's dincloMiirva, lie restUMsd ifc* 
campaign, it remained devoid of remit. Xhf. 
ing the wioier 16*.II-L* he retnaitued inteaL 
upon the great Kuropuao stniggTfl. Parlis- 
lufnt votnl the jtolMax tliaL wa« to rnsU« 
liiro to take the field with n force of liity- 
four thousand men. lit* prorogued it, hen»- 
cvertlM Feb. Ifiyi), aftt-r for the first (iro^- 
using his pow(.>r of veto, in order lo protm 
the crown againit a im^w clinrgie (ht« actua 
as to the bill for securLmr tixt.'d aalariM t<i 
th* judge* is espUitn.-l by 3JiCin-*r, chaN, 
xviii.) Ileforc the dissolution Morlbomngh. 
who had conc^rti-d with Janice a mrir% of. 
opeisiioiu, beginning with a motion in. 
lurda for the exclunion of nil f.ir> ~ 
from thfl eervici? nf England, wn.i dij 
rp)iu all his em|>l<_>yments, and & nipiat* 
ensued of the fntndly rvlattmui bvtwi«en llv 
80v«n-ignB and tbePrinceaaAnae(JaniuiryL 
Little impurtancti c»n at tlit* ttm» baT» 
been attached by William tn an iticide&l 
w)iirh, besides leadinj; lu the political aiitf* 
throw- nf one of his most trusted 8cottish 
advisers, %vas to east a de«p abnJuw um 
his own fnrno [sec I)\i.RTMfLE, Sih Jniix, 
fir^i LMiLor .STtlll; Aod Dalrkiii'll:. Hix 
.1ami», first Vlsc-ofST Staihj. WiHiwn'i 
I'.-Ui'tof II Jan. l(>i)'-> to Sir Thomas Living- 
Dtone, wliirh Mnctioneil a rignniua irvat- 
meni of any highhind rebeli failing to teke 

< 'i iiitnpe of the indemnity grant'^I to surh 
Ii'iiild come tn hy 1 Jan., and th« oddi- 
1 iii[i;il instmoliona signed by him onlO Jan-. 
]ir(>ve tliAt b<! wishnl on exiLmpIi; tn \m 
Hindi' of I he .Maedonalds of (ileuooe, if their 
case could be distinctly show-n io fall out- 
side of the iudeniuiiy. William's re^oa- 
Aibtlilv ia not (iireete<l by the glr«s«s put 
upon Iiis ordviB hr the mailer of Stair, who 
waa attending bim ».* joint secretary for 
Scotland ; nnr is it reasonaldi^ to preas tha 
Iit«r«l meanic^ of the term 'extirpntinn* 
emplojred by him as to the treattumt, in* 
pDnicolur event onlv, of the Macd'inalda. 

While he could not be aware of titi? inelbod 
by which hiitonlera were to bv carri«I out, 
the tine of action which iu a certain rml 
hti up|)rovt.-d mauifutly fuiifd to Mrikn hin 
aa uxiraordiimry. After liaving bfvmne 
known at Paris in March and in Ixnidoa 
ill .\|iril IHOS, tliK iiuisMicn) vras in the fol- 
lowing year discussed in the iSootiiali p«r« 
lian)t>nL by the enemies of the master of 
^tair and his father, the lord pri-ji<lenT ; Imt 
it was not till April WX> that the king 
granted a commission of iarjuirv, whnMi 
report, issued :!0 J une, e.ioneraled him while 
condemning the master of Stair. The Utter 
having reeigned ofiiMv '^^'illtaIn tflwd a 



lutter freeing htm from all coti»vqueneM of 
lii« cunni>ctii>n vritli the matoiacn^, atu) COO* 
Teyinf no disapproval of nnylfaiDg but ibe 
method of its execution (for I lie r*"jiort aee 
OirifareJi Pajten, p. S.'ie j for tlia ' Scroll of 
DiacliurBe,' i'AOKi's Thr 3Vr Examrti, p. 
74 : H-ti ib. p. ti9 nn to x\\« tract ' Onllienus 
KvOivivuti,' published after tbe uppointment 
of tliu cnminiBaion, dntl dourly •iltird Bt 
King William). 

\int\v in 16i)iJ llio hlilf-discnveries whioh 
had tr^d totbedismtiuuil of Marllorougbwere 
ill sump iniMLSure diacrediteil by Ilicr *?sp(Miire 
of th? fictitinusoi>ea of • FuUtT & plot,' Suoti, 
IjoweviT, Loui»XIV, [milling [larlly to KnR- 
!i.*li diwonicnt and diploTfllty, partly to ttit- 
countrj- being biired of truopit tiir Williuui'i' 
ciun|in.if^i in Kland.'rs, p^uipped a powerful 
expi^dition for tbe inva^ivn of Kn^Hsiid by 
Janie". Bui the di>fear niirt dt^wl.niction of 
llic Frencb flwt nt Ln, Ho^.? (ID and 
21 Muy) landed the last nrniadH vwr i\»r^ 
patcbecL by Louis tt^in«t ibig country, ttnd 
It bud not fvew (UDC««d«d in drawing Wil- 
liam out of the Nethtrrl 1111(38. Ilori'hf fftiU'd 
to ruiso tboBJL-go (.'f ^(lmu^ iwliich wa» taken 
cm 23 .Iiirii-}, ami, throwing hiia^df in tho 
Mcsyof LuxemburK'e adviiticu up'^tu DniKM-lc, 
■WW* (h*r<;i>ti!rl by liiiii tJl Stmiiliirka (3 .Vuk.). 
wherv^, bowflTcr, tbe Iossi'b of th« l-'n'otb 
were Bucb as to stay llu-ir ndvaiir:t; (ibv 
coTTcrtlwws of MncaiibLv"* and olbfr dt- 
»criiitioiw of tbe battle ore impugned by 
SIfLLKH, ii. Ift^: BPo it. p. 103, as to Wif- 
liam'« Bwrnn* for tW denili, in Norember, 
of Wuldt^i-k, who mado Ilif dispoftitions for 
thubatilu). A<cwkafc*.rSttrnlcirlwol''riiicU 
oRiiNT nann-<l (Iraudvril wna executed in tlie 
I'ngliah camp, biLviiiff confiMSSL-d a dvsi^ 
upon William'n lifr, in wliiirh Ijouvotii aud 
liiH Don wnre said to bav« been involved, iind 
of whicb Jame4 II and biii qiiei-ii an* «ratrd 
to huYo been awore i_RiHSfrr, iv. 170, and 
Macaclat. cbap. xix. As to Louis XIN's 
ignonuice of the plot, sec Drtr/e der Ifcrzo' 
pin 2'Uuabeth Charlotte tx/ii Orfltim an dit 
A'«r/«(-ji((*« Sii/iAiV, 1891,1. liVl). Oiil'4 March 
ltii)8Willian WW buck in llollanil aftvr his 
pnrliumfnta^ teMion, and soon coulVoiiCtrd 
till? Fren(;h forcM, mmrly tloublo Iiii> own in 
Bumber, cotntiiaiidwd by I.cjiiin XIV. Itut it 
was not until aftprihe tiejiarture of the latter, 
who had declined a battle, thut Luxemburg, 
nflpr Iftkinfflluv. coiildnircniptbvadeciflivH 
action to dnve William out of urabant. The 
battlL- of Keerwinden, or LntitU-n ( IS July), 
in which WilUom gave remarkable proois 
of personal valour, is described by iMacaulay 
SA the most sAiiguinHry battk* fought in 
KuroTH-durineth(i*i:v<'nti!«iil.hcentury. Uer- 
iricklud colWted two hundred voluntecn 



for on attack ou the wrton of William in 
tbUbttlle(KLOrp.viAM-l). Thouflb Luxem- 
burg was viclorioui, liii^ lorrible 1om«s pn*- 
vented a pursuit. Willlaui fell hrti-k upon 
HrusaeU, and was soon rfinforced; but he 
neither ventured on a M-c"nd b»ttlv nor in- 
terfered with tlie captunn of Charleivii, soon 
after which lie returned to £ni;ltuid {'iS> Oct.) 
The two yeara' campaigns had refilled in 
mainlainiuK a bulaiice of success betwi-on 
the ftdvir^rit-s, iind in the latter part of 
l<ilU an iucliiiaticui lowards p«tti;e va<t rimt 
«ltown liy t!ie sficivseor \aeu iti, vt. 237). 
In England the tnries ind lht> oounlry in- 
terest weru likewise beginning to (jmw wcnry 
of tluj war, whilo iLo whigs and thu mer- 
canlile eliihsen Wl■^^ prepaivd to k^i-p up tbe 
FCn^lisljiirmy.wii bout wlinse aid tln^siru^gl*' 
in Ihn Net1ierlnnd» iiiu«t have collup«d and 
ill va^ion btHTime pn»«ible. Thi? incrvMe of 
tension between the political partitas nind« 
it. iriore and more dilHciilt for \\ illiaiu to 
govern with the nupgiort of both. In ibn 
wintrr session lU&i'-S the place bill, which 
pmhihited the lennre of niiy ollice under iho 
rrowii bv n inemb'-r of [Kirlitimi.'iil chosen 
oficr 1 l''i!b. Itti^a, and which would Lave 
altered I he relations of oil future purliiLmems 
to the crown, had bei'u rejertiMl liy a narmw 
miijority; tothe pussingof the triennial bill, 
which OS «tn*'rided would buve terminated 
the ^ittinp parliamctit nn Lady day ]6tM, 
Hnd limited the duration of all tuhs-Jtiuent 
parliami'iils in thtpc ytars, tbe kind had re- 
fused bia absent, thus for the wcond lium 
mitking usp of his powtrr of veto ( 14 .Man-h 
ICKiy ; B* 10 William's interview with Swift, 
Ront by Temple to urg« him to a.-wnt to Ihit 
bill, see .Swift's own account in his 'Ant<i- 
bioBTapliicjil Auwduti.-*' tit Fotistbr's I-ifr, 
1. lit). But though h« had thus oppoitad the 
wishrti of the whigii, the nepe»ities of Ilia 
foreign policy, which be plainly put hcforo 
jiarliament when opening the sewjou on 
( Nov, (Kirirspr, iii. tffl.il, imd tho increased 
violence of the n-rangleji butween the two 
parlies during its course, sirengtiiened bin 
uiclinalinn to truet Ibc slrongcmnd better 
or^niscd of them. The Iricnnin] hill wiis 
ihi* lime rejected by the I'ommonB. To o, 
new and far 1<mui drantic place hill he iojudi- 
ciijuily refused his aji.<)ent, by this Ihirrl viiv-. 
of hti» power enwipemting' the toriee, und 
running a ai^rioiw risk of losing his supply 
^ rifcemWr). The storm, however, blew over, 
and tb« f«inainder of ibc session was occu- 
pied with tbe provision ofwjiyf and nieuiii<, 
partly by a lottery loan of I ,<JlKt,0(H);,, and 
tbe incorporation of the subscrilifrs to a 
further loan of 1,200,000/., under th« nanw- 
of the govLTnor and Dompany of tbfi Bonk of 





William III 



3t6 



William III 



Bfutancl [tte Patebutt, Wiluav, W5S- ' 
1719; saa Mostabv, Chablrk, Eakl or 
ll*urAXl When, OQ Ij.i April 1694, t\u> 
litUeetablL«hin<;thoBiinkuf Eogland luivin|^ 
ructiivuil Lht) rural ■M'-nl. parTiainntit wu 
f fomffued, tha tninUEry was already beia^ 
tmnofonaoi] into u whig iulniinii>l ml ion. Tbi^ 
Dukn f>f Slm-wshiiTT [aee T*l.w*T, CH*Kl-t»^ 
liod at la«l accepted a Mcrvtarysliiii of »t»tr, 
and MonUfiii voit stmn aftorn'ardit appoint!^ 
clioncollor of the exchequer. Yel the cam- 
paign, which William oprncd at the hwiii of 
nearly niuety ihotuand luuu (May), led to 
no tv^ult. Ilie Fre-ach contnTini^ to avoid 
A baitilu with bi« »ii|i*Ti<ir numbers, wliiU 
the ttvoflon of Marll^irough frii»lraled an 
attack on Itruct (JimiL'). Itiit William's k4v 
tivity wax nowh«rH relaxed, and in Uctuber 
IIoinsiiiK rould nddrea the oanffresa of allies 
at thi! Haifiie in tennfi sa confident as tlioev 
in which on 1:^ Nor. I hi- kinji a|iiwii]ixl tn 
liis own pnrlianieni for coniinueu eupport 
( K KSXBT, vi. ti7-2 ). II*' won, hiiwpv«r, cUnrly 
alfMtly di^pniwd to lii^ten to ovrirtiires of 
neiice. nnd the inint neitotiations (inducted 
bv DykMi nn ni» behalf HUfr^i'M thi' hcfrin- 
liin^ orii'-siimioii!! in hi* policy wliiehaere 
nflt-rwurdf- to h-nd to tbo partition treulicS 
(Klopp, vi, :W(i). 

In the new fteosion William, warned by 
thefBCenlhpeflkdnwiii)f rh(''LAiicaplun'pliti' 
prosecutions, (Itili-rmiitcil lo aroiil fiirl.lifr 
opp^wition to n iriPiiAure Hiipported by ih^i 
modenite m'/n nf ixith pnrti-*", nod ciji'iiliwl 
the royal MaHitlothifuifniiin! bill t:J2Jtfc.> 
At this Tery time he was on the eveofH bjM 
which w^nBL-d likely to cTidanffi-r »urioii«ly 
tho BUbility nt hia rule. (.)ji 'Ji^ Dec. ijween 
Mary[t].T. dicdof ihesmall-pox. William, 
who bad nut ulways lieeii kind ot fttilhftil to 
hi« Vfifi', Imd of Into years bnd uivpreiTedfnied 
npportunitit'F fur n.'L-%'ni»it]ij; ihu cuiupU'te- 
aewt uf bi-rwlf-oncriliritiif iVvotinn, iind niit> 
eetvly moiimtidl»r]oM(st'p Bl'iiset, iv, L'll), 
OS lo bis aDxi<fiy nnd faintinj;« diinnn her 
loit illnf-«A, And hia crimph-ri^ sonlii^ion fnr 
toiao weeks after Ijer dealh ; ct'. SA/fn'*J»t/y 
C'orr^npfiHittiirr, p. 21H). Hi4 roplii-* to tho 
condnlxntt* of the houRes bear ibe luipree^ 
of geiiiiiiieKTief.und, iudrrt-rinict'lo her wish, 
he conNvnted hi ii pernonul reoiincilinlioii with 
the I'ririCfWi.'Vu lie 1 January HVJo). Ileaftfi^ 
wards shnwL-d a con^istenl kindncsa I'l her 
fu-n, Willinm, dukt! of Olouce^U-r, till bin 
dAQth in l"CX^», The rumours of his own rr- 
inarriitiie, which were rifo in IQQG, ^dually 
died out. 

In accordance with the provision made 
in tlir; bill of fi|];ht.«, lif> forrniil bn-nk 
ensued either in the reign or in the exi^tiua 
parliament. I)ul iha Jacobites were much 



rtn , 
■ncT 



encouraged br the qiMea'a d«Ub, wUA 
became iha at^aal for tbo reviTfti of pbl* 

agttinHt thf lif« nf ibn kinfi. ^! ■'- 

growing diftaste for bts war ; 
rannivaj nf a modormtinf; icill.^..,.. 
death of n&lifojt (^FebroAry ) 
lory factioiiancss. Oodolphin wn,. 
torj amnni; tbe seven LorcU jn&ticrs naiM^ 
by 'V\' i I liam on depart iiig fnr 1 loUaml 
{M Mtx). On what«rer buu bo mipbt ui- 
timaiely conclude peace, nioetvs iu his earn- 

riai^ was of the utmoot hnportuicv to Wihfl 
turn : but thoogb be look 5i unur ( I HejK>kA 
he was unable to follow up il« iraptar* W 
u victory in iho field. (.V^ to the runooraf 
lb« annihilation of biumHlf nn<l his am 
whicb raacbed London ehr)rttv brfnrr. 
Cnr^titrrt J'aprr*, p. l''»9>. On fi Nor.' 
fjuiellr ratitied the renewal of the 'gn 
alliance.* without any reference to the secnC 
iirticlr IKlopp, vii. 118), 

The Triennial Act madi^ it trnpivsihlr tn 
po«tii!»m a i^neral elerlion beyond l'E>(!, 
iiiid William rejiolred forthwith' lo ctuplai 
every niesni for se<'iiring thu n-iurn of • 
homogcneou* whift Hon*o of Coinmnn*. IW- 
sidet making m&uif-'st his (goodwill to ikc 
heir-presumptive and bor heir^Amtirxnt ( Ixr- 
IBELI-, iii. Wr-S), he ■howt-d bim^elf anl 
the court in various p*rl* of the couoiry— 
&I Newmarkel.at Altliorp,at J^tAmford— ud 
held srjnM-lhinff Itk« a pm|ire« in thu w««t. 
Kvtdyn nientionii his hofty dep<iriur<~ frms 
Uxfonl, where he hsd been vi-ry c'ldl* r^ 
ocivfd. Th>' wbolt'eiidiHi with a'pi 
display am n^»d by lionmev^ll'-'n 
in tit. James's 8uunrc for the rti»»t i.ir:!. :: = 
{LCTTHKLt, iii. hrt-S-lli; Lf,n'n^ton Pa;-'J: 
p. i:W), lliscxt^rlionswcre rfwiirdeil bi lit 
rctuni of a decided whig majority. 

WUIiiini'.t sjK-ech on the np«min|C of ibe 
ne\T paxliutiicnt (lvr..v.vt:T, iii. 7(>:t) slMived 
his d>*l(-rinination to utilise it for a VtS9ton 
prosrciirioii of the war, mi as to mob 
jios«)ble n sub^taniiMlly sattafactory pesiK 
111- f.htAinwI A iiiipply Aiitficient tu proTHi* 
for an army nearly ss lat){*) aa thnt coin- 
ntniidetl by him Jn hilt last campMikii, s^ 
though A heavy expi'iiditure was Dccei«itatecl 
ftjjout this time by Montagu's act fi* 
renR>dyiiig the depreciatioii of the aUver 
r^iinage (Jntinary lltlNl). In return th" 
king mHgnaiiiinoujly— for the air wa* fliU 
of plot" — iKwenled to a hill abating tli* 
rigour of tlie |)rocecdinga in trials fur hi^ 
treason ; nnd, in answer lo nn addrv«s EruiD 
thi> commrirn, promiiied tn ivvoka grants of 
land in Wales made to Pontand (Janusryl 
tin 14 I'Vb. a plot which had bran roralol 
iu the previouR year, but poatimned m iu 
execution owing to Wtlliatn'a deportui* te* 



WiUiam III 



3<7 



William III 




I 



e coDiinent, was disclosed to PortJnnd. 
e ilesicn of the plot, for wbich Sir Oeoi^ 

arclay [q. v.] Uad brought ovat a Bpeciu 
if ffcuerHl ■iin(^tion from St. OcmiRin, And 

hicli bul bwu joiiioil by Sir John Fenwick 
[ij.v.j'i lUiJ olliunt, to tbe II umber of forty in 
all.wu to fall upon tlii! l(in(;ul a fi-rry iiuar 
Tunilmiii Cln-Kii fiu liiswByfnKu Kensin^on 
to Hidiinnnd Partt. Berwick, wbo haJ 
'tiy iirrivcil iii [inndim lo mipHriiilt^nil 
plan of inriislon, the iirogrf^BS of wbich 

1BM wstchvil from CBiiiiR,un tliedi'icrli'.in 
t&AMUMihfllion [iloT- at ijnci^ witlidrcw. 
frhe a^aiioa iii LoDdon was very ^rtMit 
(KvELTS, liiar^/, i<i I'Vb.). dnd, wliile topa- 
miTv» wcr<; quickly taken for the defence of 
tbe i^a>l< and Calaii was bombarded (Marrb), 
an iuw)>i;iut ion w«« foraiod for the defence 
of (111! Itiiift'a person, and jrenenilly joinud 
throughout tile roitntrr, orc^n in I^nCMhiiv. 
Willium showed perfwt «ilf-coutruI in iho 
coiime of the proeeedinffa which followed, 
neither interfennp with the course of jualictf, 
nor [iiir«uiit^ the cbar^'it of complicity made 
ogainBt Shrewsbury and others by Fenwick 
on hiJt nrrcHt [June lfl9R; nes the enrlifrof 
the y^mon letter*, vol. i.> In the midst 
of these proceedineH the kin^f willed for 
llollnnd (7 May). IVforeproropiinKpiirlift- 
ment he bad need hi« power of veto once 
mnri', ncainst n hill itnjKr^in^ n qnnliGcniion 
'if liindvd cstJitu upon iii<.-uibi:r» uf thit 
lloofi' of ('oinmonA (10 ApriH, but had 
mMMilL'd to the bill embiKlyin^ tlm futile 
Icirv m'hcirn! of ti Imid liftnk ("27 Aprils 

iTie financial flmbarmaBiiienlswliiirh marked 
thi» veur in Kiit^lund nnd the mon* Meriniia 
dii*tTei«rt in Fmnce lin-ranered the cnmbalanl!* 
durinc the campai^ of lttt>6; and Wiiliam 
■wiw further inclincil toward* peoct', '^vnn if 
\\a conditions should fall »horr of the original 

SroiTTttmnic of tliL' 'f^rand ulliaDcc,' by the 
efeciioa of Savoy (Jtiite); bv the litcHic 
leiulencifK at Amsterdani ; liy niitlnki'n 
0ui^icions t hat the f mperor ilfsiTt'd b mparutu 
trfulr ( Ki.opp, vii. :i.')H, .Vi4 t; i»«d poMiWy 
by a knowledps of the Yrill of Charlai II of 
Hpaiii (nflcrwnrds d**tmyi'<H in rtLvunr of 
ihe eleptoral prince of R«Tam (ift. p]>. 360, 
419^, In the fummer and autumn of 163tt 
infoTmni n^i^tiAiiuns woro cnn-ii'd on by 
his direction between Portland and ItouRiers 
<*ec liRiM i(i.OT, vol. i.) lint bin views re- 
mained unknown to hin Kngli^h advisent or 
to pArltament and public; and when on LU 
' pril l(t97 hci pron)eiied parliutni'nt, hi)) 
b (KEyuBT, jii. 7.'U)dwiill on iIih fimi- 
■witJiwhirh the financial diilicultiiwbad 
twen met, and every mark of royiil favour 
deeeended on the whicr junto now in cnntml 
f the govenusent (Mai'IUIat, chap, xxii.) 



When h« returned to Holland (24 April) 
peare recolifiiions were on the ]>oiMt of being 
opened a; Kyawyk(May): noniitiiarvopera- 
tionii took place, and the peace of ({vitwyk 
with Fraucu wa* acIiiHlly concluded by 
England, the united provinci?'*. and Spain 
on lOScpt.Ctliueinpcrurdefinitivelyareeded 
on JH> Oct.) So far an Kugiand wa« con- 
ctTiifd, thii^ ptacu iwcured, together with » 
miitual rei-loratiuii of trrrilorii-*, a promise 
by Lioiiia XIV not lo nupporr dirivlly i:>r in- 
dirt«etly ibr enfimif<i of Willinra (whom In) 
thuerero^ieed nRkin(;),whoevi-r they might 
b^i but it included do enga^enteut for iho 
bani.iiiinent of Jamrii from France. Th«t in* 
leresis of the empire were onlv uartially 
mft; but. n barrliT treaty prnvit^iKl fur thn 
safety of thi> frontitr. and a rommE<rcial 
ineaty wa«arran;ieJ with France in the trade 
inlenj4t« of tht^ united provinces, hinMolidtuds 
for which William wuii at no paina to con- 
ceal (G&IHIII.OT, i. ]Sti), 

No rofttrviicu wan mada in the trpaty lo 
the question of ibo Kpaninh Kucf ••mioo ; but 
this uinii»iou little troubled William's Enjf- 
linh subjects, wilh whom the pence was ge- 
nuinely popular. They arcordwd the kin)? 3D 
.•xccU'-iil n-cr-prion on liiii return to London 
on 16 Nov. (William to Utin^iuji.Bp. (iBIK- 
nr.OT,i,IS7; cf. F'',vKl,TX./hnry),Hud crowded 
to his court fit Whitehnll on Tha»liHj(i\in)[ 
day on 1 J)ec. (t'A.) The fuiidamentaL mis- 
understanding between William and Eiigliflh 
public upijiion, howi;vt.T. speedily mnnifeitted 
itself. In aniiouuciti^ thi< pence to parlia- 
ment in his (lueuing s[>eech,on Sl)rc.(KKV- 
NfTT, iii. 74C^, tin d.-rlnned liis conviction tliOC 
Knglnnd could not ni preiiont be nafc without 
n hind funv. .\nngita(ion fordiituruiaineot 
liad been in nro^reiw already before bin 
return, nnd Ilarley's motiuit curried on 
10 ])ee.— fnra reduction of the armv to fiv.* 
thousand, or with gurriiiouB fn>meig(it to ten 
thou-wiid, tucn, gnvu modfratt^ ttvpressinn to 
the general opinion. Hiinderland,.iiinpo,*.'^l to 
bovesuppOTti>d th(^raaintenaiici-of tnefoTceJi, 
was drivuii from ollice. ^ViItinm delaved 
the reduction, und » motion for racatini; 
grania of crown lands made /linoc the revo- 
liit'inii wa« i-viidiil (February). It wan 
while thus nt is.que wilb lii« parliament Ibnt 
lie fogngi-d in nesol iat ions wilh Louis XIV 
on the enbjt'ct wbich nci-upied liim ahovtiHlt 
others, vis. the Spanish KiicceMtion. 

Willinm'A relations with Louim had en- 
tered into a couneous »tage ; his amhaasador, 
I'tTtlund, was politely rt^otivi-d in France, 
ttUhougk James still ji-inained at St. Oer- 
mnin; a coiK-emiiaii to proti'Stant feeling was 
made in the matter of the princi|wlity of 
Orange (Cinrstom J^iperi, p. Si3)i ancf iLo 



■ 



William in 



318 



William III 



Vrmdx BabuMdor, Count i» TiUird, wu 
entertuBed Iff WiUiftm at XevmaritM. Hen 
And at rvu tiw noectwo uf tli« Spuiuh «<ie- 
rwiino wu, without tke ktunrleagv of p»r> 
Ikment, iitfavaidtv putbed ibrwud wuh a 
view fi) llw f iicwiinn of th» t&tetanl priaca 
of lUrom to at 1m»I the andmu of tbe 
SpanuA tBOMiehy (Ommbuh, L 390,310). 
a aebna &t«iiiwI br William alrwdv im 
t^ prartous T«u- (OorKTiLU, if^MNnt*, 
». 513). Loom, altboa^h his infasaBador 
Uarooart. at Ma<!nd, vu prvaniai; tha 
French cUims ta the SptuiUh intuniunce, 
wa» gndiullj braajtht to cgnced« lh« prin- 
eiide of iU ptnilion ; anil in ktiprabrnMoii 
of tlw death of (liarles U of Spain. WiUiam 
bbooral kard to haM«n a coacltuion. kMp- 
ia^ the Kent m far aa poutble from the 
aiBperor and the >^panMh fp)T«rnin«nt ( f>r> 
nan Lettert, ii. 189), but labouring hard to 
obtain for the former the aoUd compvnialion 
of tLo Milaneie (GatULOT. iL IStl). Ouly 
a tvw days beforv tba ngninff of th*) treaty 
at the Hague (II Oct.) itwafl«oairDunic(ite<l 
by William to SooMn, and br bin shown 
to four otlii^r raanben of tJie mlnUtnr i l>ut 
allhoogfa Vernon, as secretorv of <itat«, d<>- 
dinad to girr hi* immnt fur th* alTixinf; to 
it of the grai teal, Honen, while nutiag to 
Ihv king tba objectioos of bitnwlf and hU 
CoUMgues to the treaty, forward^] to him 
tha Beeaasary conmiMion for ulrnipotvu- 
tiriM ; aad, hann^ h«en siftnea hy them, 
tha tiaaty waa ratified by William at the 
Loo before the end of 0<;tober (lee SoinntJi, 
Joiix, hoRO SoNEHS; for tbo text of the 
lr»»ty •"••? CiRiMRLOT, vol. ii. appi-mtix i.) 
In omi>r to defeat the project nf a French 
«uc«eMion, he had abiLndonwd tli«< chieif went 
purpnaa of the 'prand alliance;' and had 
obtained no tan^ble advaotafcea for England 
to atand him in tt«ad in the day of rcckoninf . 
The nvw Llaun of Commoju, though it 
had b(^c^ mturncd under a whig goTenuneat 
uud vl«cted a whig speaker (sir Thonae 
]<itlleton)f at otic« ftbowed ibelf unwilling 
to reapoad to tlto kinz'i opmiing a<Iinnnitian 
nji ti) tiK! Mi-r^-Axity of Koeiiiug lip thn nntiiinKl 
armamrntfi by IdikI ana bi« |Kk?i*.<;kt, iii. 
7W), nnd n-imUfd in n-ply lo limit thv land 
forcRi to B[!VAn thousand men, all of whom 
werw to he nativt'-born Englishmen. Moved 
in pflrt bv hi« nlfcotion for hit PiUch fool 
BuarJiii VVilliam told Heinsiu!) that he wa^ 
being ' driven mad ' by tho doings of parlin- 
nont, and not ubs(Min.>iy 5i>okii of withdraw- 
ing to Holland (GuiMUi-or, ii. L'I9, 2'5;t: c(. 
Somera to Shrewsbury, in Shrewsbury Curre- 
tpoil'lrniT, p. ^u'l ; Wkt.l^K'M, chap. xv. n.) Hi> 
aetnally drafc^d what waa to be his la.1t 
■paecb from the throne (tho manuscript is 



I marmd ia iIm Bntiah Mnaaun). B«t<ia 
1 Feb. he gave his aagmt to tfcenopnal ia 

a candid wad digntfiad sp t a alt (Knoxi. iu. 
7TA\ aad the howe nplwd with a loral ad- 
! iam. It ahomld bs noticed chat pailiiaiiiT 
had only fited the total of men aadar ana^ 
and thai it wma left to iho erowa whetW 
thia aboald Ui;|elT' oonaiu> of cadraa of iw^ 
BMOrta. A tew otya aftcrwmnlB came toa 
nawa of tb» death (0 Keh.) of iW etectoial 
Bciaca of Barana, whom CTharlea TI of f^aaia 
bad acknawladgad (14 Nov. lOW) u hif 
heir. WUliam aoon found that LotDs had 
so intentian of acting npoci tbe aaerac ankk 
of the flm partition treaty, vhic^ ia ihi 
erest of the death of tbepcinoe, trassCwnd 
bis claitns to his btber (fiKUiBLOT, ii. ^1 1. 
and at once began to lalw ihon^t of a 
frr«h combination. H« mad* one xsum 
attempt by a m««*agc to the contmnn* to 
retain his Dutch guaida (18 March), but 
the prenoos qnenion was cmrriod wilb> 
out a dtmioa. The appijintment , bi</nn> 
the prorogattoQ of pariiam«rit (4 >Iay), of a 
commission to oonfidvr his grants of for&tted 
Irish estates increased tbe pxiatiaj tensica. 
tie had slr^sdy admitted some tariea iota 
ibrt iiilmiii:*tniti»n : hut of far deeper per- 
sonal importance to him was tho reaignaiiiMi 
about thi< time of all his office* by Pen- 
land, who rearntt^l th>' continui^d rim' in tb» 
royal favour of AlWmarh.- (sfo Bckklt, i*. 
A\2-, and cf. KtPrEL, Abxold Ji»i-»»n- iis, 
first Karl or .Vlbehailli:). Duriacr hij 
absence in Holland (:il May~ldOct.>lii3at- 
tfintion was abeorbud by tbe neffotiations Uk 
tbe second pertition livatr, irhtcb, ivhfu in* 
torchanging bundly letters with Louis \[V 
in Noremberand iWomlwr, he describi-d at 
completed (RayKR, to). Ti.app.) It had bMii 
formally Bubmitied to the nbinet council in 
16P9, but with an iinmistftkablo intimati>ie 
&om Portland that it must be taken nr left 
as it stood <ece ftardneke Papers, ii. 3!>0t. 
It was actually signed in London on 21 Feb. 
1700, a month later at tbe Hague, aod wat 
nut communicnl«d to parliament. iVltbou^ 
the second |<ariiLion treaty ffur the text fee 
(1RIII8LOT, vol. ii. app. ii.j, in giving Milaa 
to France, gruntrd her tiTm* neither esc<*- 
sive nor i>{\uai to thofie which s\\v had at fim 
a>k<>d, its cndilion* \wk not really »tts- 
fftctory to Witiiiirn, and would nut hatt? 
been accepted by him but for the wcahntM 
of his position nt home and the aliKence of 
any undeniandtng buiweiMi him and the 
ontpemr. The rnnlioal ul^uctiun to the 
truaty, howaTer. lay not in ila actual tenu 
but in the inhnrcnt imprnlNibiUty that, und^ 
the cirrumsCAiirea of its conclusion, it would 
erer be carried out. 



i 



p 



The winter aeiwion 100Q-17aO proved, in 
}]'l8 uwn words to HninBiua (GKinnuiT, n. 
.S9H1, * til* inciwt <lijttnnl ' rvifr I'xpt-rk'iu'ccl dy 
William. For the failure of tltP Dariea 
wt tiffin ■>nt nnit ihd fupwUlioii sent to r«wvi*r 
it (June lM!>OFehriiiiry 170O), which pliinp-sd 
the whole of Scoclund into the wildest ex- 
citCTnriit, he \VM not reHponsihlf, sllhotigh 
in lOdinburxh his |irPt<fiiCT veas loudly (!i>- 
inunded, ft'Iiilp ut tliB same time every 
oljlLH[iiy was licup-'d upon Lis niLtuo ((.'ai-- 
utrtrm Vitpert, p. .tltH, Juiih and Julv 17001. 
IHs di-airu for il tinion wiUi Scollnnd, which 
lio imprnitst-d iipnn tlui lonlit at lht<r>iry time 
wli.in thpy were remnnstmtinij neainnt the 
I)ari>;n«ettIuint'tit,H-a»diBTnL'tn(.<Bnyoppu(>«d 
to the spirit wrvadiiiff Kiiffliith roraraorrial 
aa well as reUgioiis Isgifilution in this nge. 
On th*^ nthi'r hand, h-:- w(i< pf-rsonnlly c^n- 
c«m>Kl in \.\w ipicKlion of t]i« triHh gmiit^ 
on which the commons* comtnisnitMier* — or 
the four of the wvrn who f igned — rt'portt'd 
15 tlL'c. InySt. with then-'sult of h bill ofrb- 
Biimplion b^inf; immcdintc^ly pa^ed by tho 
comitioii*! whi<.'h vt.'et4>d the lands tu trusleet 
and for t he moat part voided the grants. Th* 
KnrUof Portland (tLroiish his el-hIi VbcoiuiL 
Wiind stock), Itimmcy ^'''"''y ■'^i'!"iy), ami 
Ifuchford (Zuteslein). and the king's (ormer 
raistrfusj Ln^lvtlrkrii'V 1 had Iwn>-iil>'(ll>T what 
hadbei^n to snmt- oxt'^int n miimppro print ion, 
but could not, without ditihoHour to both 
king and pnrliiimmt, be proclaimed ds surb. 
Tho bill was tackeil to a laouoy hill, iu order 
to prevent its reJMtion in the House of 
Lrurd^, whfro, howortr, it wae postied by tha 
kina'a own oeaire(Mny; Hrp.sfrr, ir. 4.'i6 ; 
«f. mLLAU.rkap. XV.1 The nest blowniraed 
n{^a.initt him urim an nildrivti for tlii.i n-moval 
from hia councils of hi&!>Linpn»pdohipfBdTiHnr 
ill riw^unt tra nunc t ion*, lue Loid-chancellor 
Homers. ThU wn-^li^nt only by n tinnnwnift- 
jority, nnd soon iifierwards Soraer* resigit'^d 
«!. tiie king"* n-qucst. Finally, nn nddrMS 
having been earned a^unat the iiniph>y intent 
in the scnriiv of tlit^ state of anvpersi.in not a 
tiatLVGofKntfIantl,withttit!t>x(vptio]i(>fl*rinoi< 
(i«orj^ of Jtenmark, Witlinin aviidud re- 
vfislvingit bypmrosiiing parliament (11 Anril'i, 
for th(! first tune in inuny wmuoiik without 
II *p.'«;h from the throne. 

Tlin di-atb (.<M) July) of \\w Dukp of 
nimicMtcr, of whom \\\f king, hi-i gruirathcr, 
had bi-i-n iitimislakiiHy fond (we JkMLIX 
I.KwiB, Mfutoi'r of H'iHiam, Duke '•/ Gluu- 
reiter, ed, W. J. Loflie, 1^1), uiarlo it 
necMUry to taktt immediate thought of iha 
eventual aaccewion to th« princu'it niotltor. 
William's intitrest iu Ibe riainio of thi? hotise 
of Hanover wudiown in this year (Oclobur) 
by bis reception of thi< Klwtrvw* }5uphin and 



her daiigbl«r the Electreaa of Brandnnburg, 
both at thB \/M ami at the llagui' | Klopp, 
rii, "i70-r)7l ). in thi.'»nmf viMrht!iritvrvt!in«d 
against DiMiinark on bi>half o( Sweden and the 
p^iOGc of the north, and English *i^jm'1j( took 

EiTt in tlift not vftrj' wverp but ellertniil 
[)mbtird[neutofC'op«nhagfn(JuneV Willinm 
had not long rLlnmcd from Holland to 
Kngland whi^a tlie news arrived of the dimth 
of Charles II of Spain (I Nov.), and of \\w 
ht^qucst iu his will of iliv uutire Hpsniidi 
tnhrrilaiu-e to the dauphin's youngwr son, 
Philip, duka of Anjou. A fortnight Liter 
Luiii* XIV hnd mndir up liia mind, and tb^ 
spfiond partition treaty (to wMoh tH" om- 
peror had novtr iu'fi*d«l, nlthough a KMcrwt 
ftrtiol« trft him two roniithsnfter the d<wth 
of Charles II for thu pHrpwe) bad hi.-piiiiw 
woatv paper, WilUam.wIio lind hnped that 
Louis would at l^^it fora time kL>ep up the 
appearance of adhering to the treaty (■'.■)< his 
letter to Ilcinsius. 12 Nov,, lltXKE, vol. vii. 
app.), wail fully aware of the general di.spfwi- 
tioi) in England to uequiesc*? in Charh's It's 
wiil, and cuuld only trusi to th« action of 
II()li«iid for giving him time to draw over 
his English aabjk-cta tu the right side (m« 
hix U^tti-r to th.' same, 10 Nov., in llant- 
ideJce Papen, ti. Mi). Bui Hullaud vury 
speedily droptwd th« trt-aly. WUImm tln^re- 
font r<:iumeJ to the jwliry of the gruad 
alliance, which h« wa« to carry to a eufceas- 
ful isAue even bcforo Jjouifl XIY's final 
challoiigv. For the moment he felt the ne- 
cewity of governing with, the support of tha 
tories, and with tliis viuw admit Ivd Kuvlleltt4^^ 
and Clodolpbin into ullici; and dissolrud par- 
liament (iJccuraher). 

In the H'liiw uf Commons of llwi new 
pnrtiamflnt which met on \S Feb. 1701, tlu) 
tories had a large majority, aawax »ltown by 
the i>li'c(ion of TIarley na spi'Jiker; but the 
siippo«>ition of Burnet [iv. 47-1) that corrnp- 
tiou secured a strong support for the policy 
of France »ecms unwarraiilttd. A reacttou 
ngainst the general ocf|uiesci-*ucB in lliiO sac- 
couilon of Philip of Anjuu is peri.'uptibh-- 
iilrt-ady Ja 1701 (new ' Thi? Apparent Danger 
of an Invasion,' in nnrtei/in Misf^llaiiif, vol, 
X,) ; and, iboogh Witlium wn* iinabli* to prw- 
vent tlif? rivognilion nf I'^hilip a.^ king of Pimin 
by the Stnlet-Goneml, this reaction was in- 
creased by Ihf^ st^ixurc of thf harrier fortrwwi's 
by the French (tl Ffb.) The whigs were in- 
clinod for war. On a motion (21) Feb.) for 
the ri-eogiiillou of Philip, llarley advocated 
Imving the matter to the judgment of tho 
litng, and an address was vot^ua giving htm 
virl.unliy a frm- hand in his cirorts for pre- 
serving peace. He improved iho opiiorlunily 
hy communicating tt> parliament a hrtter 



William III 



3M 



William III 



from M«irort u tn a contcmpUied invaaioa 
(KHncer, tiL 792). Bui wliilu WiUimni 
awnwil prvpKrtKt to trv«l parliARiAnt with 

bouBW cltoiu* to ftttttle down to « tMiMitct of 
debttte on the whole siihji-ct of hU famiga 
poliry ia the imxt, including a diwuMion 
of llif ponition truitiw, conuocted in the 
CMnmous with ab«olat« recklewaM* of tODe 
and Uii^ua^^. Addreaaas by both boiuct 
(21 Mi^h). iaveiKliiDK buih afpiiml tli« 
policy of the in^tKH and the clandeetlntf 
toMbod of iheir conclusion, vmw followfj 
by bliul«nii(c reAotatMos fur the inipearh- 
raent of I'ortlaud, Somera, Orford, and 
Halifax (M^ni'MT'iVwIiich inTolved ih# two 
liouoi^-^ in rontiirt.and finally broke down on 
tlti.-diB»olution ormrtiameiit. Tlirftc tran^ 
aclion*lielpto*iplain why Willtaui yielded 
(April) in hb cabinet council in retumiBK, 
to a letter from Philip annonocii^hifl a»iw- 
aion^arcplr Addreesinir bimaB kintr of -Spain 
rpririI\'«iiii*Ki:?(M:T, iii. HOI). Onlheolhcr 
iioiid, tW growing ]H>pular feeling that thv 
faeliou'DvM of parliament waa obacuriog the 
jtituNiion found (.-xpreAsion in the Kentubpet i- 
tJon(8ign(Kl:29 April); and, tboMghlhiMwaji 
TotMl acaiidolouB by thr c^tninon.s iho king 
ivuencou raffed to prvnent toboihhouHe* tbn 
memoriala nf tht: Statei-Gcnrral ( 13 M«y> aa 
to their immediiLiB daugrr. Meanwbilv the 
dsbalca on tbe Act of rV-ltlnment had been 
carried on throog'h the seasion, and the ad 
reeeiredtbo royal asaenton 1'2 Jiin*' (fnr an 
analyxi* *«(< IIall^H. phap. xv.> With l.b« 
■kill of the wliigs William h»d ^rciirrd the 
iiltimat49Huec«Mionof the Imuiioof Manovi-r; 
but ibe aocuritiea iuwr'ed in the act by t\w 
tories were unmijitBknbly in a Uffm moojiure 
intended 4»r«iioii«trani'v»«giiiii»t theBjBtem 
of govemmeDt praciiu-d by him, or imput^^d 
toliim. On 'Jl .Tnne heproniguwl jiarlia- 
moiil,aftcr Hie common* had votcil ail address 
leaving it to bim to support hiii nllies by a 
luting peao.' or a necessary wur (Kexsot, 
iii. blO>, and on ;{U Juni" hft pmborked for 
Holland, leoring order* for Marlborough to 
follow him wiih BH Knglish army. 

IIi^ had thus carried through bis main pur- 
pote; and tlio otTorlK iu wliich he herfupon 
cainged (JuIt and AufpiHt ) ri;*ulled(7 Sept.) 
inflieninewal of th<?'Bniiid alliance' — unnmL' 
norr first used (Vo:t NunKDEV, i. 144, ItM). 
Thtts the die was cast beri>re Willinm Viifv 
of the decea«e of his fatlii>r-in-Uw, James II, 
and the rerngnilion by l^iiii XIV of tin- pr<- 
lender of St. (Jeriuam M king nf EnRland 
(6 Si-pt.) Willinm at onca withdrew lii» 
ambassador, the Earl of .MnnchMter, from 
I'aris.and thoeltyof London i*t the example 
of a luval addreoB denuuncing the indignity 






oSined EobimbytheFrenehlDnff, WlKahe 
rvtamed to England (4 Now.) be foond thu 
coantry ailaffle with naentmeai, and ad- 
dnaaea in Tuious toneis pouring in from all 
iridca(BtrB]tEr,iv.643). Theapinl of factiou 
was, however, br from extinct: nnd finding 
aomv of the lories whom he caoaed to becoo- 
aalied iut<.-nt up'n continuing ibe inpeadi- 
ment*. be took the advice of Soisere (Hard- 
K-ftote Papen, li. 4.>3)and diseolred parhanent 
(11 Nov.) Iluring Lhr <tlect,ion« lie thia tin* 
bore himself with oiotion : but their rMult 
encouraged him to truti himeelf once mon* 
to (he wbigs, and to begin tninafbrming thu 
gOTemmem in this aeoM (December). 

The admirable upo^h, iwid to have 
written by Somera, with which ott 90 
WtUiam opened hu last parliament, waa 
lowed bv loyal addreaae*, uid the Uag 
onoe laid before the boutea the treatieaof 1 
' grand alliance.' On 9 Jan. I "0:* the com- 
mons brougbt iu a bill for the further securiiv 
oft be king's person andofibe [in>tii)tuit <««-• 
cueaion.and un the following aaTdetermtDHl 
tliat the imiportion of the land furces ooo- 
tributed by KncUnd should, in aceordaww 
with the 'grand allinncv ' intRtiHo, bH fort* 
thouaand men. On IKt Feb. the lords passa^ 
a bill aent up by the commons for the at* 
tainder of the pretended Prince of Wales: 
and after mucti debata the eecurity bill, 
which imposed upon all persona erofiloycd 
in church or etalo an oath abjuring the 
ti-mler and acknow bulging Willinm aa 
rightful and lawful king, which in the 
inons bad been mndo iihligatnr>- by a siniflK 
vote nnlv, vma likewif>e paased on Hi Feb. 
FurtherAilEcultiechndbeen caused by the in- 
sertion in this bill of a daiue rvlatire to the 
Princeaa Anne, whose aocceuion WUIiaa 
was in mmo quarters unjustly suppoMd to 
\i«w with disfavour (St*xhope, p. »!►. 

During the whole of this winter hia health 
bad boen bad : he had cuni^iilted many eoai- 
nent phyaii'iaiM iu difli<reiit partH of Cnnpi' 
by letter; at ihe (tagne he had remAincd 
in seclusion, dixtiirtRMi by rumours of a r^ 
newad design against his life (see K torr, ix. 
410, as to taeeac»oof the dnngeroua Coudi 
BoscUi from the Baatille; and cf. LcsinatM 
Pttpert, p. 2.'58). On his retiun to England 
he had to far kept up the Mppearai>ei! of 
IkiaUIi as to ride and even hunt nl llnrnptoo 
I'xjurt : in his last letter to tleiii/ius, of 
^ Fi'b., it was the health uf hiatnutedfriend 
liiat i-RgHged bia soliL-iLude (thin letter coo* 
cIikIm the aeries in RiXKE). On this very 
dny his favourite horve Sorrvl, which liewaa 
ridinff through the nark al Hampton Oouit, 
Etuiuuled on a molehill, causing him to fall 
and break hia ooUar-bono. He waa taken 



J 



William III 



3«i 



William III 



ti> Kensington the »ua» nialit. No aerioua 
alarm f^erma to liave been felt at ttie time; 
8D<1 on *J3 F<.<b. ht Ktmt a meswifrv <o both 
liniiP^H, 'm reference to a niotinn liT Nnttinp- 
hiuii for (he calling of a new parliumvDt in 
■Srolland, rocommemJing a utiinn bi-twiion 
the two kingdoms (BuiU(L-r, iv. .'>5t)>. An 
acceMJon of pain nn<I weukiirM on i Mnrc)) 
indiicL-il liiui to grant a cuminissiion und^^r 
the ){reat seal for ffWiiig tlit- roTul asaftit to 
the bill f'jr lliu ntlitiudiT of t1io ])n.-ti.']idt'r 
nn<l CArtiiJci oihtsr billit. On fl .Mnn-rh hi: hnd 
■what Runiet calls 'a sliort fit of tla ague,' 
and froiii tliu folUiwinj; duv bad to lo.tjp b'w 
rrtom. Four days afterwards, when Alhc- 
marle arrii'cd fnnn Holluiid with a satis- 
fflctorv rrjiorl of iho progress of atl'nirs. iho 
liinif niceivi'd it apatheticallvi and &noii at'iur- 
wards «uid, ' Je tiro vers mn fin.' Ou the 
sumv dny Tenison and Biinn-t wtTc in aitPtid- 
aiice; aud on the following morning, Sun- 
day, S March, having' received the sacrament, 
bu badf riin.-WL'II losiiieral Kuglivhlurdsniid 
to Auveiijuenjue, coiumitti>d his private Upj-s 
to ttitf care of Atbomark-, ui>kwl for I'ortland 
but WRH iinnlile to Hpi-ak In him nrtii^uIntiTly, 
and betwfijn eevi^u oiid eight o'clock, while 
the cniniii*iiidalorypnij-iTWJW lM?inp said for 
bim, died ((UrHNKT anil .MAvArt-At ; for lh>r 
inoideiit ol the tiDdiii); of the gold ring witli 
Blary'N hair tied to the king's It-ft arm, sou 
alsu KESifcr, iit.83i). Tin; autopty ehuwcd 
dt«tbtohaverp9ti!lcdfromanarute pjeuriay, 
probabljr comvHc.'alf.'d by the inllainmiulion 
ofonn lung. He hadalwtijKlii'en Aalbmaticftl 
(see Hi. p. 833, tbp report of ihe ninu nliy- 
sicians and four i>urg<*onM vrhncondii[-t«-ii the 
post-mortem examination; and cS. I'r. Nor- 
man Moore's letter to thi.' Ath^»<eum,7 Joly 

On 18 Mai^b the prifjr council rwolved 
lo baiy \S'il1iaiD dL-wntly and privntely in 
M'oiftinidJlcr Abbey, to erect n moniiutent 
lo bim and bLs (|U«eT] Ihere, and to set up a 
i4lal)i(? on horitehncli In »omv public 'placo 
(iA'TTRKl.l., V. liil) ; nil uionuroent, bnwever, 
■wa*) erected in the nbbpy (the king's wax 
efligV) "p'^n whiirh Mii'bi'lr.'t ninralisets in hi* 
IAmu XIV, lHy4, p. 170, may still be ceen 
there). The funeral look place on the night 
of 1- April, wht-n the remniniweri^. without 
the slightest attempt at pomp, laid in the 
vault iindor Henry VII'* chnpcl in the 
abbvy (BrRSjjT. iv. Vj70). Tht; King'n will, 
on Ibe contents of whiclx conjecture had 
fwLdy cxercinrd ilevlf (Lutikeli^ v. 150), 
WM opened in May ; it left the whole of bin 
inheritance to bis yourbful cousin, John 
WiUiam Fri»o, hereditary otadholder of 
Fricititnd and Clriuiingen, whom ^VilliaIn 
bad ill vain wished to succeed bim in bis 



own Htiulholdei«te»(VAK Kam pex, ii. 334). 
A codicil bestowed a huge legacy upon 
Alb«*mnrle. 

William IIFV chief title to fatnfi cnnflisi.4 
in hi» lucid pvrwption, from first to last, of 
tlir poliiii'al tAAK of his life, and in the 
single-minded coosistency with whicb be 
dtivoted him»rlf to itSAcconiplishnLeul. This 
tiuik was, in a word, to »avi; tht^ united pro- 
fiufes from being overwhelmed by France. 
The iiiililury leadership in thu crisia of the 
Fntneh invasion lie aHauiued a* belonging 
to bim by inberilance. But, the extremity 
of peril piwl, be mc'igniiMsi that the peril it- 
flelf remained. To avert it he mndi' Iiim^eir 
indispenublfi m the leader of the Europan 
conlitionagainjit I^uinXIV; totxttabliHh that 

{osiliooouau enduring bofrift be muunt*.'d ibu 
Cnglisb throne; to maintain it he digested nil 
but unbearable provocal inns, \\'it li the sfLmo 
purpose primarily in view, be accepted a 
disoppointing, and couLdudcd a temporising, 
pvacu; he entered into haxanloiu UDgags- 
menta involving him to Kriotta misunder- 
standings with his ui.'^ir but clcar-fiighted 
F^igli^b subjeeta, and in a bappicr hour n-- 
kuic tbo Kuri>ptjan albaucu of which at bis 
deatli Im b-ft ICiiglaud the foreionst member. 
Although his acceptani^e of the Knglt«h 
rhrone wan primarily due to his solicitude 
for thu safety of thn unite<l provinces, it re- 
duced their own inlluence in ihc atfairs of 
Earopo. and during his ovra lifetime impaired 
the cht'ri«b(.-d iud<^p*.-iidvuc<.i of their condi- 
tions of giivemment at home. Fn rvturn, 
bis atlirclion fur bis cuuotrrmen was the 
main tiourre of bis unpopulnriLy in England, 
lliis unpopularitv wu probably not so 
marked a» bus men alnrmed, except in 
Jncobit« regions of the country, and in 
tbose spheres of court and political society 
where ui» Dutch followers wore begrudged 
favour and office ; but it certainly tiicruosud 
in bis last years, embittered as they wrre by 
diMippoin(mentji,sorr<)Wfi,and failing health. 
Willi his purliamenta, and wJlh I be claeses 
among \\\s subjects n'pnwcuted by them, h* 
was fr(-i|uently at variance, because to them 
the purposes of his foreign policy remained 
imperfectly InfeUif{ihle, while he had littlv 
or no sympalliy with thpir conc^-ptiuns of 
govemmeut in state or church. Vet, owing 
to Iho circumM-nnces of his position, and to 
\m willingnve^ to postpone all other con- 
aidemCiona to (hut nearest to his heart, (he 
power of pHrliumvut grew under bis strong 
rule, and the system of [uirty govemuiunt 
advanced under a king who, with ri'sson, 
detected nothing so much us faction. AleisS 
paradoxical result of hiaroign waii the ' mili- 
tary tinge' imported by nim to EngUdi 



WiUiam Ell 



3W 



WilHam ni 




aoSB^' Tb« dwhiiiihwiif wfcleb tnmbLid 
wim M a im ly WW nofc to Ib imiKtfld io nor 

ton — "^ Th ffroKti i^ ffritu* 

fiii.- He wo hjr pntfiUe- 

Idm - -.-.^ ., >^ -ur wpMfwir laif •£ lu* 
hMC aiaspe M Um fl«M of biliU, wlwt> bs 
ftpMtadl^ wnvad Ui hi^ panmul onang* ; 
•••fHMnl h«tnttktb»gi — i rw rfchgte^ 
flMMtmmiMHMlan of bia tJiDM*. uiit EuaaaV 
diBpU^x] cuwuawi|witi<iM. . Irt.'fiiiiii»l lon.aiwl 
Awi. ffn ihn ttMr faui<l, h» rbirlpoiw tba 
iiRTj, ■n'i r.-ififr*""! fli»r li"" >iiil nut unilwr- 
MAiiil *f% a/Tunt f IfALsrarut, iii. :^ri. \\. 
WW DOC Jlia KluU itMt \w CTwld gn* but. 

■Mb diwn fffRwt to hw vwwii of mfifiniu 
poBn, faw win n ont nnl* tlut tolamtioB nf 
wWu ia Ro^Mwl. M Wf»Jl u m IlolUiid, bn 
mi ft li OMb tuol fTOOMKcr. bol aUa ■ com- 
pPtlwmioa from wUeh boa tb» EaitlMh wd 
ibii floDttub diimbM wn* nww. In bU 

EtKMUl t^niMta hn afrnw to ban* bpKn » 
ilvtnUt, ' nucb yotmamA with iIm bali«f 
n< ntMolnU dMinw' fBirMnet. It. SU; at 
iMUrt «f Mf i)MA«w o^ (Mmm, ■mhjib) { 
wU* Ml UinabuMi IO tonm J ehmfc 

MMliaMM llibd l<> aflVo-t ttut riffalUTtTof 

b icBfimia obMT'. '"oKJiiri. Jt</« 

<j^ ff^iif/if4iM, p. '■-' ! I ' unmpnUric; 

w:t' idi dU^faida iueMf^cffab- 

nKi"' ' ir pnlitiai IJm biKbar dnmi 

ftM<n»im«nU bin WM, dBrniff mt Ufoinw, 
p«l tn Wvn in tb« i]nani. If* raaJily 
MMcwiod binui-If willi Ihr wax^ of opininn 
■fainrt riw pnxrnM" "t prorjiaitT mad iin- 
nonliiy vhich ia«rkpil tlw !■«[ ItuCnan of 
bis r^ifn (KiotitBT, iii. 745». Ho Aowad 
warn irnpftthr with tli» atrnio^ of pn^ 
iMUniun m HwiutwrUnil nnj Tiiiiw, uid 
WW a bind fn»n'I ta tlw> frr^mUat n t ame m 
b lM[Una I /h^iA Mom Ancrw,DaB.1(B0-l, 
Entted. p. xUii ; «f. C. M'nw, IKrlmn dm 
M^fltt PintfHmi<i lU Fnmrr, Vmtii, 1858, 
I. S9l aaqr].) 

IIm |MnoA4l monltfy easnot b* btU to 
have n««l thnva ibn bml of hia a^e. 
MacamlBf hma nttnmplnl I'l invnt with a 
■■BimanMl faaln liiR A|T>ction wfairh in his 
blOT ;«ai« bn Inwnt to dedicate to his faitb- 
(U aao MlC^acriteliMf wife ; bnt till withia 
• ymr of ber dmb (sknmtimry Cprmpam- 
dent*, pp. 10 *c^.) be hnt aDjwne aort of 
flpKtal reUti'iDwitfa Eliauwtb viUim (after- 
wanU L4ily Orkney) [q. r.L tibo arowed 
fluiatnaa or lus mrUer tnarn«d davB. Tbfl 
anggMtioiM an to liJs C'>nviTiii]iliM with a 
fow cfaoaen intimntet at th/i l.oi^ Iuit^ littl« 
or no aignilicance. A qitile unwamnlable 
Utirnrcution, cnntelr accepted b; ao calm 
an bmoriaa as Lofd Btaabopfr, fam baen put 
Bnmet'ii awkward Matement (liL 133), 
* be had no Tiee but of ooa aort, in 



- " - u"* i^^i J — r 1 1. I " ''~ 

XlihaaA at h» fatw ymm im ma^ > 
Bwo Mfaiaf l thMllii..be 
nwa l ii w aina uw Bsavj^p^cs 

NBthrond did . 

W • witbdmwal 

t&atw 

and 

-hit nb 

eowpivta Monal BWL b 

wont fWw on wbaw hm mmU nij:; btf !• 

priBWFw d Ml taariUkniaaHAhaae in T^ii 

•nd Hnn S dw y (Wnwij t, Yvfavd 8b 

KTTiiaw of Saawis aad. to'i^ IwM 

niiu-b ntta^inw tm tkv waaBaek- iif 

Unil. l\e diftlilKd 

gmialtt? bi b 

pmna ta ufctw 

Ahfanugb wDBle ta 

all fomf tmi abnw (dt 






after Byw i J iV be bad a 

fcv hia nwia 
faiB vaniHl w I mail a 
hia aawanatiaa, Xacart^T. ahaf 
Thnogbcmt cb« gemMa part of baa 
ba bom Uwadf caJatly bat& oaikahaar^ 
nctan- and Ja tW bca of bopw dlfeaW 
(dl Snanr, ir. lOS. aftar ehe Bama «1 
the r^m^ at Am at^B oi TlwHaJ). i ' 
rantly drauicd bnm Ua ral» uT Usioj 
pixefft wftra ripMr aaaand nqaind Vi 
'justice and exuBplo' (C kw rf i w iW>^ 
|). 3.11 ). (.>■ Lh> otbar hai A hk i wbtwJ 
niapaaitiBii HiMnfli a an Ban froaa caaftMf 
^ofohaty br bis naBHSs aa4 ia bai laitr 
jwn thia oinrilfiiignaM tnaritaakly daS'*"^ 
rated iatn moniiiiiiaaa Hta extraaraiBan 
appBcatioB to boatna^ of whaeii UaTafaaa* 



neocd, am£ viaA was lhcilttai«i 
iimiiiiwj iif ailiniiiliinfj atiia^ yU i ^ ini 
faia diiragard. of a^Sar "Bmraet maA 

boaiaaB of all aottt. T«t ba dJaBkad 

filnAUTw of life tmn more ; hn mmd 1 
or barmn^aranfebnakfraai 
■Bdyaaa n aaw w &ifMXspoleon. Hi 
wa« hU one dneninn, doabtlew faolb 
account of iu nlitanaess aad baeaoat, : 
witbataodiiiff it* ^tigitt§, it aMWed to 
htfl health, which be liked to trmi is 
own way (cf. OttiirBLOT, i. 196). In 
earlier manhood be earned on tni^puindl' 
at IKaian aad Dlb<^ honttny awt#, latud^ 
br prdhMtu* at bis helond eomtrr palw 
of the Loo. On this Koulagtiin Pilw 
wu modelled, aa altered tmm the birt 
which ht.- bad boti^hi from Notciaghftnli 




William III 



3»3 



William III 



1889 (Evetvx. Diaty. 2.'. F«b. 1600; Nop- 
den'ii map of the nortli-wosT. of Europe still 
vetuainii over the cliimneTpi«» ii^lh« king** 
(falleiy, togt-thpr with the diiU-bsiKl ahww- 
ing the uuiirivr wbt,'iic« the wiml was Wow- 
inif whidi JdigliteJ I'oter tli« Qrwit on IiU 

fmvittv vic'tl tu WiJIiaiii iu 160^). In hia 
&ter yejira hr reiiidifd much nt Hunpton 
Court, which he aUo Ijinrely uuproTL-u; in 
building h<' wit> occiuiirinally extmru^autt. 

The dehilily of William's comtituliou, m 
which the ewd« of tlioMisn loni; liirkM, 
eccoitnrtt for tlio grailual pWiral Cflllap.>TH 
vrhkl) iDteosified tun triolt* of his lost yoarH. 
Hi* bodywM wcttk and tliin, ond iras ("nund 
after diMtlh to couCain a quite uousuatly 
smali quHutity of Mood {Rffirt, M-i.); \i\* 
ctAtur^' was smnJl, ubuost diuinutivii. Vet 
it wan imponsihli* 1o louk upou iiini n-ithout 
being struck hy iho ht^li spiril uad iiit''l- 
Ivctiial {Knvt'r jH-rcvplibii* inhiM i-oiinlifiiauce, 
ilh ils a^uilini' nnie, thin comptvpAed lijiB, 
iitTciii(r I'yw (liy which Borwick rwrng- 
him wlieo oonfrontAd witli hitn afVer 
I'osTAUB, ii. Vfy). In big youth 
„___ thick IjTOwn Iiair. Ev*lyii [jhnru, 
4 Not. 1U70) thouslit hitn in face much like 
Ilia moth«r and hii uncltt Hvnry, duke of 
GloaEXtttier. Ainou^ thu iitimeroufl partroiu 
of him rony hv luvniioned one aa an infant 
with his mnlber, by Ilonthor-it, IdoS, nt the 
Ha}*uf ; junjlhvr, nt tht; ag« of hivui, by Cor- 
neliuii .Iaiumqi vnn reuh-n, in Iho National 
Portrait Gallery : aad a third, at ihu a^ i' of 
tea, in tht> Mniiriti<btiiH iit th« Itoi^ii'i;. The 
pnrlrait ofhimal thcaeeof three, aUTibutvd 
to Ifenibrandt, i«. consMHtwd doiibttul. TUi 
Mrilcinfr portrait of him in Armour by Wis- 
•inic at Keufiinjilon I*ahioe was, tO}[«tb«r 
-withlb^ comp&nian picttiiv of Mary, paint i>d 
■t thi- Ubkho f'-T Janit;« U. Another 
port rait of nim aji l*rince of Orange, by 
kni-llor. is &L« nt K«iuiiigton. Of n 
pnrlmil nf biin (A.) aa Madhold^r, litW, 
«rp|>licaai PaDsfaanger is doubtfully uitri- 
but^ to ^Viuin^, liy whom ia another 
port mil at llnmpton Court. From the 
period after his accwuion 1^ the throne date, 
amon^ others, tlioM by Vollcvcns or Wi*iing, 
Bod by \'iui a«r Sehuer iu the lla^kt:> ^u^ee 
3tIUDicipal,aud by Si^hi-Maiid G. .Scltalckcn, 
•lao at iiui Hagu«: two by Jan Wyck iu the 
Kalional Portrait Gallen-, two by IvntUet 
■t KonEington.and one* by him At HatOt'ld. 
At th» Hague are ako biutt^ of him by 
Verhulst and Blnmmendael. A marble 
•tatuo of him was tvt up in thi- i^rvat luill of 
ttie Bank of England in M'MlfJent. ifa^.v. 
40): another at fluU in 1734 to his tn«mor>' 
u 'our great dtlivftrcr.' Tb*- erjii/'itrriAii 
•tatuu at Peter»lield waa erected by Wiltiam 



JollifTe, U.P. ; yet another, &tned in the 

annals of Irish faction. slAndu in the middle 
of College Grrpfi, I'ublin. 

[More cumpIiMoly, perhaps, than in th« com 
of any other of our •ovw^ignji, tho parnonal 
biognphy of William III is nbtorbrO iu tfaa 
history of bis political nciirity, the niat«riaLj 
for which aro still gmvinff unilcr the !it.iidoal'a 
knadii. Th« nttenipt* to rurninh a cunnscied 
uc«>iiQt of bis life nn<l cbnraeter hare not bean 
ntimaraiiJi. Hn wa> dii«f1r koovn to pootert^ 
through Hurrna'* panial but not dUiii^oaooa 
nMauni lOm Time. rol. ii-ix., here dlsd in ed. 
1832). (lutil Uncnuhy, doiug notfait^t by halrcs, 
uatallifhtnl hiiQ as the heru of his gnat whig 
ryif^. WiUidm's history is here carriMt ott, in 
the iwiwd porttou of the work, Iu the poseo 
of Kyivyk, in the uDr<<vi»>d to the socoad 
Daricn expedition, with fragmsota on th« period 
]6«9~n0], and on tha king's dmih. Earl^ 
lieaLiumts of th» mibjoct worv the whig Boyora 
Hist, of King Williaai III, 3 vcb. 1~()2 (.in- 
cluding Ihsl of Jutncs II); [{l3hr.p Kmnet's, 
fi'nning vol. iti. of Tbo Coni|'l«it Hut. of Bag- 
land, ilW; ]>itnwOtCunliuu]ttioti(ThieBapte, 
1734-5) of 1h<> Hilt, of Kn^land by Rapia, 
who hod biraivlf narrated tha expedition of 
1688 in which hi- took port, ptiniedaavoU. Mil. 
of TindfU'A TrAoalittioti ; lUlph's Hist, of Eng- 
land (rol. i.) n-ii; I!«rri*aNew llisiL of I lie 
Bdgn of William IU (4 tqU. Ihiblio. IT471: 
and'Smollctl's lltitory. The Political lEeiaaru 
on th" Lifu an'i lli^ign of William III, printed 
in rol. X. of the Horlolan Misc^llaziy, vorc eoni- 
posed during the rsign of Queen Anne. For a 
eunovs Jacobite history of tbs rsign, entitlivl A 
Light lo the BUnd, »n Hist. MSS. Cooao. llth 
K«p. Trovore Lifo and limes of William IU 
('2 vols. 1S35) e<wiyiH] a mora psrsonal fnrro of 
nairaiivo. The cboptvia cooccrnins William's 
reign in Hallom's Conatitailonal Hixtnry are 
among the moat valuable seoCionit of Ihn work. 
Thoro ia an ablo sketch of tko monarch in con- 
trait to Lonis XLV in the lint n^nme of Van 
Phiol'M EfHuis sur lliiatoiro politique d<a dtimion 
nMes, BnifBela, 1367. lo the Kuglish transit 
tioi) »f Ranke's Eoglieche Gcschiehta the ni^ 
uf WiUiani and Hary, and of William, which 
form a most importaat part of the work, orcopy 
vols. iv. and v.,b«^idaa ample iUttstntioas in tho 
Appendix io Tol. ri. By far the moet cist'onte 
survey, aa<l rindioitinn as a whole, of the 
Earopnao policy of William III, however, is 
OiiDo Klopp'fl monnincntiil Her Fall dw Ilaiiaes 
StUJirt, ¥■>!». i -ix., Viruna, 1875-H. In riew of 
^\*tUinm's family ami political coniKCtion with 
the faoase of Bnnd^nbtirg. I)roy>«n's(lc.viiichli> 
derpT»nsiiach(!nPolitik(rolB.iii.3-iv. I,18Sft-7) 
ia uMful. The docnmmitJU'y iafoRoaiion ia 
Dnlrymplc's Memoirs of Oreat Brilnin and Ire- 
land' [I'^Or ^ rob. 2ad edit.) baa not been 
alivRuthur wperseded; DaUymple loppliea a 
goniTOiu estimate of the eflbilaef WiUiam's life. 
Amu:^ reoent namtiTea may be muntiuDed that 
in Brweh'e OeKhiehte tod England, vol. rili., 

t2 



William in 



314 



William III 



OdiIm, 1SB3, wad tbe ■umiiur; in XWhivrs 
EagliMho QMehkbt* im 18. Jiihrhiuidart(Hain- 
tMtrg mmI Leipcir, 1896). WUIiftin'a own letun 
eotMUitntc llw |<riiuU7 inal«riala Tor » kiM»irl«d|:e 
q( tl>e notiTH of Ilia utions. The nuwt impor- 
tant rablioftlioiu MoUinin^ his ?i»n*p(XDJ«ice 
am, fur iImi [-trioil op to 1SH8. fhf ArchirtK on 
OorrMputKUnc* irtMita do In Maiaira d'Omiige- 
Numb, edited bjr G. Orutn *nn Prinslcrer. 
2d« weTir. h Tula. Utrecht, ISAT-Afti vti, for 
the ivouiiiidar uf hu lifo tma April I8-}9, iba 
Arrliief Tnn d«ii Rudspatutooiri* U*in«iii<<, 
tdiudbjrll.J. VM der Utim. 3raU..thv Hague, 
1867-80' Vsitous estracta from ihe Hrinuiw 
corr««|<ondpnc« lta<l Woo fnria»lf |nibltabad 
hy Grimblot fnni n Froocb iruulstion owda 
under tho direction nf t^ir Jain«* MiK^kintosli, 
by tittiTratiitc, nnd b;r ItanLti in liii> .A[>]>«a(lix. 
An iunduabl* culleetioti •>£ diplomiuic |mp«n 
eoocarniiift ih« hietorjr of th^ unitrd ^vortDeoi 
haia ]069tqlfi97 i« ^kiiwa continuniign of 
Aiucma. 1 voU. Amatenlam, 1S9&-i)9. Fall 
nm i> nuule of lli« d<>cuniuiitArv niiltsriala for 
WiUintiiB oMcr iu Wai'i-aiiaTs Vaderbutdacbe 
RiMiiric, of vbii^li tlir flni mnty-onc Tolames 
were |>utili3li«d kI Amaterdani in lil9. Thr 
l«Uen p>i>«iMUy 093 forviK" aiEjiin' pNiaerT«il in 
tho privuiQ cabiMt kiwviisa ■ Kins William's 
CIWBl ' Kt Keniiitgtan. to wbich Uiilryni|ile «m 
fpanteit BcoMa, i«r« cnhndaifd in ih« Calendar of 
3tiit« I^pon, DomiHtie SciiM, William and 
THary, toI. i.. ril«d beloir. A \Mjn niunb«r of 
l«tt«n I'T Willinm ars (OOtMDed 111 Mnllnr'a 
Wilbt'lni IU roo Offl-iicn nod Qtarg Friodmb 
voa Witidacfc. 2 vul*.. Tbe l]»t^t, ISTS-SO. Ilia 
i"iinv«piiridonra witli l'iirti«ni), Iranstnlntl frnm 
tbo l-'n-'Dcta vrigiiMla Kt Wvlbock bjr MachttiUH-L, 
wu litrgoljuMd bj HUatntaf ud otW hin- 
torintw, itnd in part reprodwad W firimbloC; 
••a nl*o n« to the Dukr of Portland'a pnpon in 
H><t. US^. Cunro. Iltti R«p. app. piut r. 188V, 
imd lolb Ibtp. app^ pnrt iv. ISU?- Among tba 
oilwr cullMlioni ennmined hj chm cnmmiaaloD, 
that uf Uorrient ooDLains not fewer iban twaotj- 
twoorigioAl loUen by Willinra <fllh Rep. iSSsy 
iimny cnrioua p«rti«iUra arc to \mi fgnnd in the 
coUcrtion Aua don Briufcn dar H«rza),'in Klixa- 
b«lb UIiDrldttc von OfImiu an di« Kurf»falin 
8opbip yea Hntinover, ndit«il )>y K Uudfrnann, 
2 T»la. Hnnover. 1891. Tbo'Spcnorr Bonw 
Joiirnnla, pnntivl mrt un Apjiendix torol. ii. of 
Miw U. C. Fuxi^mfL'a Life mid l.«tli>n of tba 
Am 3Iar<jiiis of Halifu. 18M, recurO eoRToran- 
tinnb tK?tir«en lhfi Inng and Halifax, nnd mM 
■oniaiiitvr-itiDg obaemUoDa byUic latlvr. 

Tbe folbiwine luv araoD); tha aoxuvt* or t«eon- 
dnrj Kutboritiee for lb» sercnl purta of WiltlAm'a 
nuvcr. or for ^p«cial Aspects of it : — Affair* of lie 
V»iU4 Prorimr** anrt Ala rftalitnu to tktM : Van 
Kampcu'ii Goschiichto det Nicdorlande. rot. ii., 
llaBiburg. 1863 : i-f. I{izot'» Iliatoiro M^tnlliqna 
da la lUpubliqwi d'Hollnnila, 2 rota, and mppl. 
Anvtetdiini, 1688-00. CMdii'tvd a»J jjouth up 
M tht ddttth (if dt ll'ilt. tfiTit: I'ontalVa Joba 
d« WiCI, 188S, tranaUtvd bj S. E. and A. 



SuphnMn, 1 ToU. Lc«doii, IMS. 

air up to Ik* pMor of Simtfmtm : hmm{ 
Sir Witllnm Temiilc, Ace.. ]eA$-72, aid tfi 
of Sir Wilhdm TomplK, 1672-9, in Vi 

2 Tob>. 17>>(>. Mamayt and mvtrrieJ Lfff: 
under Uakt II. Striifffft^ iri/A Ffamv: Xi 
riatioiu da Comte d'Avaux. • *•*]: PrirM. t] 
Miill«r, u> ; >^. vaa QroTtw- H -n 

I^ttw aa Uimtii^d<« pBi»». \\sti 

da la Fnaoai RowMl'a Hl^ii 

01 da MD AdoiiBlatnitioa. 4 viU. FWrin. IMU; 
Mfmoirai da J. H. d« GourTtlle, P-r\ i*M; 
tbi MMc. tdL i. Pariis 1 8O4. nuu 1 
and tbe Alemoin iJ I»iiih;it»ii, ,Si 
I'omponno. OppMtJion m HiJIhh-: 
as. »oL xr. Gnnrinn intrmt in t 
Diarj und Corai ap ondwicg of ! ' 
Iltoaouwa, Z rola. tttS. /.' 
Uwkintodi'a B«vw« of tUr v.nu>r,.T . i ..' 
Ravolution of IftSS, 1SS4; Munra'a Hm«» 
da U [UrolntiMD en lltSS. 4 rob. Fwii, INI. 
Correspondioc* of Hrnnr. 1-lirl (if CUnrato. 
nnd Lttoraaea. Eail of* KocIimi|», &c. ^ 
Singor. vol. ii. 1838 i Elli* C«Rvt]«iui«s. 
168$- 8, witb nous hy Ktlts, % toIb. Urt. 
Pitprra of th« ?jKtU of Dniimonth (llth bf. 
npp, part ». 18S7( and Liii'U«iy (Nih fti- 
npp. pnrt is. tSM), and Ui* Iioki,- of [«■ 
(lltb Ilep. fWUt rii. 1888); and a«e «Uir 
JAMKii II. /wKlflfb o^ ^jt* r#ij^a . Errfja^ 
Diaij, rol, lt>., and LlltntU's Utter 
wd*. i-r. Grturat potttiMi AtW»ry ff 
rtiffm: Calendar of Trcuaiiry Pap«n, nb'ud 
J. Rodinxt')!!. 1558-1696 (186S), lOST-l 
(1671); CoriwpotidencanfCbarlea Talbot, 
<if S)ir«wab«nr. «}. Oosa, 1821 ; ct tba C< 
tiuiia uf tbe nlarqnia of Orownde (ITitf. V^ 
Conun. Tib Brp. 1879^. of tb* Ihibe '-.' M'^ 
bontofth (8tb ICtp. 1881), of tba I'll 
RaOand (13th TUp. app. Mrt v. !»-' 
Mr. S. U. La Fleming (ti. app. pir 
ISPi))- containiae mnny iMwa-IeUar*. aihl 
Barl of LoBMbla (13th Hep. part rii. 
f'hr lAfjrtnv t619-9i: Calea-lar of .Stata i^- 
Domntie Saries, William arA Mnrj, adMaill 
W. J. Harrlr. rat. i. (1S9&). 11 F«t. t..«t. ^,j 
l«»U.Tol. Vi. 11898) Mar leViUO, 
.MS(^. of Ilonsa of Lord* (l 3tb I{<>p. 
1889, IStli Rvp.app. part r. 189-1. nndliiii] 
app. piutri. 18941. Inthtifairi.- l^ajx-raotJ 
biahop King (lit It'P- 1^71). of lUe MAnjoMi 
Ormonde (a.*.), of Sir Willixm intihf>r1<ert as 
llic Knrl of AncaMer (18tb R«p. part ij. iRMk 
D'Araus'a N^gociationa en Irlaodr, l( 
PtkTir,lSM. IritAetinpaignufWiBittm Laanal 
Reporta and ExtncU from th« Diarjr of « I* 
bits, dtod by Rank<>. rol. ri. app. tiui Hiti.4 
the Ware in Irrlnnd. br nn officwr of thai 
cited \j tdMenalnr. Srotiui ajfairt i 
M'Oorinich'i< Slatv rapon> and Lrtt^n'ndJ 
to Wdliani Oir»lar", Mtnbnrnh , 177*. 'fi 
EVincipal Sturr'* Willinm Cnniart*, Wi^i 
Papers of the Duko of Argyll and Sir 
Mennw (llitt. M.*^. Comn. 6Ib Rvp. isntd 
>Iarelinu>nt MSS. and Paper* (^ Uw Caa 



William IV 



3»5 



William IV 



«l SmUoIiJ (U(h H»f. npp. part iti. I8B4); 
Qnbiim'i Anaala And CormpoiidiuvB of i\w 
Vitouunt and llie l-'irKl dd<1 tSeconil EnrU (if 
Stair, vol. i. IS7fi; Mm-loiy* Life of Iho I'iwl 
Viscounl Suir, J873; Marnicre of 6!ea<">t : 
M. ; MniiUnd rinb PubliL-nUoiiii (vnriouti); 
I*«(j^t'H New KxAmen, IS' 4. Admin'utlrfitiuni 
vj Marg: •«« nmler Mkuv II. i<niia*4i>* 
J*((rf f lb9i) : MSS. or Lord K«nron (Hist. MS5. 
Oomm. Hlh Bep. npp. part iv. 18S1). Sif>it 
of !sat.tKr ( I69-'M ; Exacl AccuMOt of tli' Sipgo 
of IJ.. viih ft F<?fe«L Diary of tJw CampiU|i::i 
in I'luiniont. 1605. frosi f696 'o mrf o/ rfign; 
J«Di«3 VenioDB L«lten lo tl]« Ihika of Slif»»-»- 

LHlen of Willinm III ftnd Louia MV, niid 
of [hair Mini«t«rH, 3 folt. \9\%; *«b iiIko 
D'Atuux'b Ncgociiktions rcktivfti k Ik Sucranioa 
d'>^>a^e, cd. Kllgni-l, 4 vol*. I'nriii, 1636-10; 
L«iiiigion Pnpiini. nA. SutUn, l^&l ; Slrniaiiet 
du .Muri^uU te Tvrcjr, vol. i. ; Collodioci Puiiiol 
«t Mommcnin^, I'nris, 1828. Tlte //{trti/ton 
Irtattu ami thi /vunttalMit of tht 'grand ollt- 
mor,* *;0/; c£ C. ron NOTrIen» Eiiroti&ieche 
Oi>aebtchte im 18 Jchrhu'idert, vol. \. Diia- 
•eldorf, 1679. Darten irondUt . Diiln-mpl«. u.a. 
tdI, iii. ; Btiiton'fl BiNi. of Scotluitd, 1689-17^8. 
vol. i. 1863. Clanatf peruMl. '•/ rettfn.- i^lnn- 
hope'n Bdfpi of Queeu Aiior, IH70, chnp. i. ; 
Sardvidie State Papen (u.it.). vol. ii. from 
S<HBen Papan: seo ftlao U&rlef LMtu-s uid 
IMpen in tnceoltcctioaof tha Ihikeof I'orilanil 
(Hiat. HSS.Con)ni. 14tlt£«p. app.part ii. 18C4f 
■Willi A fpw other pApen {ib. Ifitb Ru|>. npp. i-an 
3>i. I8&7X '^'"t >o°>« ootM ia the coIIkiioji <jf 
EmA Covpar (i&. IStb B«p. iipp. put ii. 1888.J 

A. W. W. 

, "WILLIAM TV 07tVi-l«:i:). liing o^ 
lOretit Britain tind Iretaiid, tliird non of 
43«x)rgc IIIandoniUqiit'CTi.L'knrlotto^^ophia 
<rf M«cklenbm>;-Stivritz, wns boni in Duck* 
jnifliun I'aluco on the morning: of '21 Aug. 
170^, DtiO wn# bsplisvil by tbe arclibialtop 
«f C-autifbviry (Tbonia.« Hcckfr) lu* Williuin 
Bunrr. On i April 1"70 Ii«> wasnnmii)uttHl 
■ Itiii^hl tif till} Tl)i»tlc. IIiK 9KrIy yt^Hn< 
were pQBHed for ihv most pan »t Jvt^w, wfiiirc 
hv wan eiliiaitcil under the cliargu of Ur. 
John Jamt^s Mnj<>n(lir> fw-c rnidcT ^ajk\'»ie, 
IIkkkt W'lLLiAM^aiidJlBJor-iftMH'rtt! Hud*, a 
Swiss ^-itli ucomniiwion in thcnrmyt^f Jlaii- 
ovtrr. Wliile William vrttn Klill u uliild lliu 
Itiiig, his father, deteriuiniid that Iw nhmild 
serve in tin; navy, iiml on hi.4 Tisit to IWls- 
moutli in May 177^ Itud nrr)Ln({>il with Cap* 
tain liolwrt iJipby [f|. v.^ rhar }w. .should, in 
duv timr-, ^ru lo si'n wirliliini. Ilt> nlso Islki'd 
the tnartornverwuh Sir Sainui*l^aft<mviirdH 
Vi«couDt) Hood, ttiea commisiiioiier in thu 
dockyard, to trlioni Ite wrou-, I:; July I77B, 
Mking him 'to write down wliat ololLot!, 
necttaaantft, and books be ouglit lo taW . . . 
Hti has begun geometry, «ud I uholl have an 



atlention to forward liiin in whatever you 
nay hint ux ]tropcr to bo dono bcfon- )w 
cQivr* into that n^lorious iiroffiuion.' In 
May 1771) it waa onrangod that the hoy 
»hoiild embark ou Ijoard the IVincv Ut'orgi*, 
nigby'fl Hafffthip, itiid ott Hit? :?7th Ihi^ king 
wrule to ifuod that Lu hud ' kM an hair* 
trunk, rwocho-tA, and iw-o cot* done up in 
one. mat to h» didivered unto you for the 
Ufte of iTiy yoiinffwidor. . . , 1 flatlvrniywlf 
you will be pleni<i*d with tli'> appearancv oC 
the boy, who neither want« resululicn nor 
chMirfulneM, which e«eni nwi>«*«r>* ingre- 
dients for tlione who enter into that noble 
protest ion.' On II June the king wrolo 
tt|;ain, intniducinj^ Mr. .Mnivndiu, ' who i» to 
uttfud invKonon Iwiard of ihe Prince (jL-orpe, 
to pttrgui.OiiBcIiu«ical <tudioH. Tim youiig; 
luidHhiiiintin will he nl thf dockvanllM^Cweeu 
one and two on Monday (l-llh). I d**irt' hw 
inity he received without the )>inulL<f»t markx 
of parade. I troet thtt admiral will ordin* 
him immediately on board. . . . The younjc 
tnftn gon u a Miilor. and m «ti>ch, I add 
apiin, no uiarki* of distinction are to be 
shown nuto him ; they would d^troy my 
whole ulttu.* It had, however, heeii pro- 
vided toat he «hou!il be allowed 'a small 
placu iDOdu with light suilicicnt for fultuw- 
iiift hi> jitndi^.' 

As soon oa he arrived he trax «*nt on. 
board itiu I'rince Ui^orgL', on wLlmsl- buoka 
lid wuM iK^nit' lu* an 'iibl" seaman;' Henry 
Majundie being bonm a^ « midehipmun. lu 
Iht; I'rinci' Ucorgw lie took part in thii 
AtigUHl. cniiflp of ihu Channel ileet under 
Sir Clifcrlea Hardy (1(16 ^-l/BOj [q.T.\ and 
in thi; ruliisf of GibraltAr i» January 1780. 
On 1(^ Jan. J7H0 he was rated midehipmau. 
The familnrfitory of hia having; beon i^oen 
doing duty hn u mi<l»hipiuau by thu Spaniali 
admiral, Don Juan da Lanaara, belong* to 
ihiti time. Lnngura, who bad been taktu 
iiriiion<T in the nrtion off Cape Ht- Vincent 
[.<k'n KlIllNKI, <iB(>KfiB ItKVPnES, IjiRn^, wa«, 
while at Gibraltar, paying a vi«it lo I'iffby 
on board the i'rinco George, and it said to 
have cxdaimed, when the prince reported 
bis boat ready, 'Well dots (Jreal llrilaln 
merit the empin> of the eea, when the 
liumblej<t Ktation* in her nnvy an- cvipported 
hy princes of the blood' (Dbixxwateb, 
Sies/e of GiOraUnf). The broad facte of the 
«tor\' arc probably historical ; but it niav be 
doubted if any Spaui^b admiral in I7i$0 
would have apokea of Groat Dntain aa 
meriting the empire of the sen. Otlk'r otones 
told of the Karae time — the prince's quarrel 
with a midiihipmiin named :^tiirt, 'and hia 
tight with Lioutenant Moodittuf the tuarine* 
—are probable enough; that Sturt and 




waiiam rv 



WilUam IV 



•ktwsbytte 



lb 




w bdiv iMko is Ik ^^doH «r 

tkttfwv. Mid had UcB CMxiad off to tW 
vBlcMMve far fc w w Cif st VsbsIhII or 

nwraa' . W pttnfUy •»! Hm laA ta &m 

oT^ C^mI lb!t afar (^) Vmi^ 

Otatf {^ T.] b Amim GiBT mired 
.(ma tw fn™? . md ■ <aiag ■» awi » 
fanwvO dinv totbs oftm^ to wbefc U 
initad Tiriatt WiIEbh, vfo is «id ts ku« 
Minad bodi bort jmJ neata by Ralvaw 
t»tke icaMof 'TW Ew' ia a lflnf>-wiade^ 
faMtTiiig wpttAt tha M «f • xtej gnal 
ma^ idaOar «peeckc« Thick W Bade diBBBg 
aloBfBfc. la a Tiut to Lead« aftar thb 
Ii« » laid U> bare faUea dectdr ia lova wUfa 
a ifin F a c te a ci ^ dt ri be tt »i a jriri of bx- 
tora, wboB b« moU Wva amncd bat far 
'ths iniqiuKnu Boyal Starriagc An,' br 
vUeh tlie luiiff ws* CBlii*^ iwpaosibl* 
(Rnm). Hut hifl &tber thought the bcr 
waa banariiic hkv a .voaaf nd tail cut 
abort fail bAltdaj hj aendtag Mm hack to 
Ua ^ip » cztTCOktly piobaUe. In ihe 
Rrmct ucon*^ 'WiOitBi was unta ant at lb« 
Mcood rdin of Oibialtar under Darbjr. and 
aflcTwarda wmt out to Nnr York, whan% 
in March-April 17?S. be narrtnrlr eaeapea 
bna^ ki<lnap|ie<l bj an affent of Waabaw- 
ton'a OViTEis*, pp. *.i-n ; Sr.iJtC8, Wa^ 
w^tm't Jfritint,*, \m. -Xi). AA«r ihb it 
was probably thought thikC h« would be 
nffT tn & sM-goiag abip, sod h» wat lont (o 
tho Warwick, (bm eotnmaiidMl by Captain 
(team K«itk Elpfainatone (afterwards l<nrd 
Keitn) [q. t.] On 19 April ho was nomU 
tiat«cl a K.Q. On 4 Not, he was mnre*! tn 
the Barfleur, the flagship of Lord Ilood, 
with whom bo weol to tbo W«sl Indies. 
It WK8 at tbii) lime, while still at Now 
York, that be road« tb« acquaintance of 
Kclaon, then captAin of cba Albomarlc, 
whoae iot«nao loyally gav^ him, it mar ba, 
a too favmirable opinion of the aon of hia 
kiiv- In the West Inclim they saw a gvnd 
dsalof cftch orJicr,and ihi^ princi> oven then 
formed u high opinion of Xt^Uon'a character 
and ability. On the other hand, XelMra 
wrotv of th'» [irinCL- : * Ht< is a seamaD, which 
■>! could liftrdly fiuppo«e. lie will be a 



. aid • aanaag^ oBBi. Ha ■« 
k ta JalaisiBad avctv «nK0 daU iane b 
tiM kfan thqr ahall fie^ovidnd far, « b 
ia ibB ji d f ag^ tia. A va« dal aTaMb 
baa Ihb taken flf faiaa aft Jn^ya; k te 
biiBii 1 i 1 iiiiaa ud byifa> n wii n ,ani l thaB— 
flf Atnbtr wme lo miixwrn bta ika 
afislHiU. "rfraa liii Irrwa it 
Towa. They ara all Ughh- T ri lJ ah ri' ' wU 
kin. With ibe beaK t«npsr aid mat ^ 
■ ea a a, ha caanoc &il of bnw pk^v* 

Apra I7SS. wba. the Bte£«r laft JaMia 
far Ea^aad, is waa tboi^^ waQ tibt tb 
imer akooU aeecft kfaa mvtiauni «( ib 
nwBor </ Havana and rtait thai liMa 
Ha anw riin y ly w«nz am hamri tW Fortaala 
fri^at^ and. m company wkb (fan AthraKk. 
arnvvd off HavBan OB tk# Ibreaoon of U M * t . 
IWfrinaa iMoedialaijln^dMl, andcra cnl 
Hln%«id was teeaivad on dbota wilk pjt J 
hanDtat. OntbaMoruagartbe IllbPnacr 
WiDian i»4ahari»d in tba F<»CnnCr,aai 
bafart noon mdaed dw finrflesr, vltiek 
amred ai ^ilhawl on $7 Jnae, wbM tW 
rayal laiifakifman wne diacbaimd in tb 
akora. 

After thia far aaaify tvo jcnrv hi in- 
; Tv^tled in Oennany an^l Ilaljr, gattiK iM> 
: uai^ KT^aa, qMm-U wHb gHnUeca. aad 
ectaoglaBanci with yoaAg- -waaeB, ttD, « 
hia ntiun to Eogload in tha enmoKr i' 
, 1785, ha paaeed his examination, and wai a 
; ooee, 17 Jtua, prDrao*«r) t>< N> ?(put>««t 
of the Hebe, carrying r 
of ComcDodotv Jolm l^ei 
I and conaaandcd by Captain i.aw.tni i i^m»- 
hroo^ [q. x.X who had the rspatattfln rf 
' being- cat of the soMKetL ananaua n ' 
lUiTj. In the fdlowiiig Bi^rdi he 
appoinlMl to the IVgaana frifpitti, and 
lU April was proEBOtad to b)> her cap! 
In the Pegvstts ha went to the W<*»i Ii 
whare be wu again aaaooiat«d with NcbHSf 
and formed a ooondeiable itignc of in- 
timar-T with hitn. The two went coBStaativ 
to^thvr, \Vhi>n Neleoo was marri<.<d :h- 
pnnca garo away th^ bride, an<! ' 
aSeetioute and loyal nature was < < 
won. ■ In evcty nmct, both aa a nuin aai 
a prinoe, I lore luBi,lie wrote to hia hralbv 
on Feb. 1787; and to Captain WiltiiP 
Locker [q.v.}, on the same day : • Uia Itoral 
Iligbneaa kuepn up !>lrict dibciplinci in hb 
ship ; and, without payinii^ him any LMmpli- 
Dirnt, aha i>i oii<* of the first oidotvd frigatia 
I hare seen. He hag bad mora plagna with 
bi» officen tban enoueh: his iirst lieatniani 
will, T hare no donbl, bo l»tikr<' (Xicous> 
i. l>l•^-!5). The prince's quarrel with ki 
firat lieutenant waa perhaps a natorsl mult 




Williajn IV 



>3 7 



William IV 



I 



>|ir appointiog an officer of irEperi«BC<^ tocoo- 
[irol or keep out of 8crap«8 a Koir-willL-d and 
linioDatecl jnuns; capiaiu Uwe ScHoiiB^nto, 
iAV, 17o3-lt^l8j. iliit Sfiliomberg wiw 
lot thd itnlj oflinrr of t)ie l*<'gu>uii who 
iim<! rhd prince's nile intolerable. So far 
'om cQiisiaoring it mi Itouour und a privi- 
10 Bcrve iiiider his commaml, llip lieii- 
,ts m&du what interval they could to 
out of the ship. They enid openly thnt 
no officer could serve uiidur the prince but 
tbjit Aooner or Inter he niiL«t he broke.' 

In c<iant»iu[iicu of llitt priiii:«'» dispute 
with hU tinit lieutenant, ^telsoii sent tiie 
PegOBiLt to .TiuniLicu, vrhcrL' thit commodore 
emuotlied iniiH<-i> by uppdiiiting 8cbomberg 
tA «n<)ther »hip; after which the Pesn^us 
went to Qut^V-c mnd ilience to Jilnglnnd, 
■when- she &rriv<'d in the end of December. 
'T n-turnerl trcim I'lyniuulh three dai's ago/ 
Nelwjn wrote on '27 Jan. 1788, 'and foimd j 
Prince Willium evervthinE [ conld wish — | 
respected by al). . . . The I'eRaaiie is allowed 
by «'\eryonL'toboonc of the best disciplined ' 
ships tliiit I'ver cnuio into I'tymotilh. iiut I 
ihi! greut folks ftbove now see he will not bo 
a ciphtT. ihuruforu umny of thu rising people 
Ta\)nt Kiihtiiit 111 net NtiljordinHt« lo litm, 
which \s not »o palatable ; and 1 think u lord 
of the utliairnUy— tliiW'.T, pru^iimftljly — ift 
hurt to 4i^fi him ao able. oJ'it what hu hue 
•aid iiboul him' (Nicuu^it, i. IW). On 
I March 1786 l*rince William comtniMioDud 
thu .Vadromedk, ntliclivd to tha Ohannel 
Heet duriiifT the atinuner and afterwards Bent 
out to the W\-8t ludiea ; shu urriMid ut Port 
Itoyal on lli Nov. At thts timt; the prince 
aeaumed inomof the state of royaliv tluiu ho 
■* ' hitherto bieen iilloweil. tlnSoNov. ht? 
aUvw 00 board the Kiiropa. Comoio- 
Gwdmi'b QRf(ehi|j, the royal »tandntd 
Mnf( hcistod, the shins firing a rornl mliite, 
muuung yards and cuveTing. On 'i Uec, he 
landed at I'ort lEoysl with the (Standard in 
the bow of his boat, and wa^ n^'ccired on 
»hD» ' aJi u prince uf thi^ bluixl.' His order- 
book, too, is very precipe and detailed as t'l 
dre«, conduct, Jfcc; ond thyiigh tlit* wveral 
instruci ions wore not uncommon, taken all 
together they give the idea of n more 
ftlrinf^ent ctiqiu-tt<; than wm cnatomnry, 
especially in a fritralc. On 1*0 May 17^ the 
prince was created Karl of Muii»ler iiitd 
Ualtu of Ularoncc and ^t, Aiidri'ws. On 
3 June the Andmmedu was paid oil" at Port** 
mouth. In the folluwinf; May the prince 
W9H u|ipijinted to coniinand the V»lin.nt iu 
the fleet gnt together in consenuenre of the 
dispulu with 8pHin relatiruto N'Wtka<^ou»d. 
TTiti Vdlianl wn.? paid off on 27 Nov., and on 
a Dec. the Duke of Clarence was specially 



promot»d to be iwir-fldniraL The ptro- 
motioD marked tJie end of his aerriou afloat^ 
suoceiisiTe admiraltiea and the king beins 
determined that he should not he etaploye£ 
Tlirit during llic i.-!wv«m yi-ani miicv no had 
entered the na\-y, nine nf them in Active 
seniee, he had learnt his bueiuees, t^ere is 
DO reason to doubt; but, notwitlutamJing 
the ealogies of Nelson, there is great reasoa 
to donbt his ability m an oSeer, nor doca 
anythina iu his wholo liietor}' Kugge^t that 
he coula poBwibly bare made an elGcient 
admiral. Thai the tdmimlty riMMgnised 
thiH would wem oirtaini but to thn king 
they probably represented ii as unfltting 
that a prince of the blood ahuuld be vxpotied 
to thr> risks nnd dangers inseparable from 
naval warfare. 

The period of his command of the Valiant, 
and itie certainly lh\i!< aHbrd(<d tliat he was 
ioBBglnnd or in Eiigliih waters during the 
•omner und aiittimn of 17{K> (of. Nicolas, i. 
3^-}f), are interesting as efltabliiihin)^ the 
falsehood of e. romance pablished iu Leipsig 
in l>f^>; ihio purported lo he the cuofefsions 
(if ("aniline von LinAingen, of an amour with 
William Ki^nnini^ in April 1790, continued, 
with much :»'iitiini-ntii! |[iv<--mnkin^, through 
1780 in Auffuet 17i)l. when the love-aick 
pair marriefl, and til) Aur'I'b' 179l', when 
the tniuriagK wn^ consummated. It was 
shown at once that thi.' wholv vtury, wtuch 
haa been received in (iermflny as historical 
[Allgrmfinf DrutKke liio^raphK, K.n. ' Uin- 
iMiigr'n, I'liToline vnii '), \n iillrTlv uiiHup- 
ported and incredible i Times, 24 JimelSfiO; 
Wfttmiiifttr Iltvietv, October JHftOJ; but & 
r«feri'»ceto the dates f^hown that it iflimpos- 
«ible, and that, wlietlier intentionally or on 
hyateric hiillurination.it is wholly untme. 

It was in the end of l7Worlh« beginning 
of 17111 that the Duke of Clarence formed 
tbe connection with Jlni. JurJut. whieti 
conliiiiiiHlfor ralher moretliKn twenty ye^rs 
[see JooDJUJ, DorotubaI, and pave rise to 
much f^KJidiil and public ill-fi^ding. Tlie 
duke was appointed ranger nf Biishey Park, 
and at Busliey Mrs. Jordan lived in tbe 
tntenrois of her thentricAl engaeement.s and 
was there recognised as the miitress of the 
duko*a household, taking the head uf the 
Inble at dinuor parties, with ihe'Prineu of 
Wales — when pre»*iit — at her right hand. 
Tlie duko is said tn hareallowed her 1,0001. 
n veur, and Mn<. Jordan spnUir of hi* unfail- 
ing liberality; but the facts that during 
these yeaiK eh* oontinned on the stage, in 
receipt of lar^ sutna (7,000f. was named as 
her professional inconie>. and tliatons«puat- 
iug from the dukt- in ItsU t>he was reported 
to be iu Very needy circumstances, gave riM 




t 



William IV 



328 



William IV 



to the populnr belief thit thr daltx litd brvn 
living on h<r c^minio*; ilmt Alti> kepc him, 
not lie her. This appears iacom.^:t, out the 
matter was and still is vdW in uyH«ry. 
It WM, howorer, admitted that vraat of 
mctwy led to the lepamioa. Then wait no 
qiuuTcl ; utd, indoed, Mn. Jordan'^ lutim 
rxfer to the duVe ai generoiut and aB«%- 
tionaU, bat obl^ed, moch agatiut hu will, 
to leavt; hm-. It wM r4iBd that he inl«ad«u 

' to niftrrv an heireas — ntiv heireoa ; two were 
particufarly named ; and h'w «upp»M-U t^w 
tinn bv them fnrait^ the siibWt of nuini>miu 
ballscfs, more or lees scumloos, by 'IMer 
Pindar ' And othera. 
Bat it was only wbea •ome teondsl- 

i moogen could make capital ontoTtlie dake'a 
errors or tx-ceot rtcilic« that b« appvanrd a« a 
public cliitracivr. In the begiuuing of the 
war he eameitly desired to Bene afloat, if 
OD]y u aTOluatcttr; but his applicaciona for 
etufdojment were ignored or reruivd. JjAtar 
on ae residi^d prutiy oonEtantly nt BiuJin' 
'and bronglit ui> liix numi-rniurliildnMi with 

[Veiy tender aRection; with thf m, and for 

'them, he Mvinddentinly tolire' (CtRrvtLLi:, 
iv. 2). H« i» raid also to have bewi well read 
in naval bistory, even in minute detaiU 
(BARnovr, Li/fqf AiuoKt-pp. iii-iv), and his 
correapoodence with narnl officers — Nvlson 

.snore especially — Uapmof that hi> continued 

p-tn take veir great interest in the narv, and 
followinl ifiii coiirw of vrcnls with alleii- 
tton. These letlera tell of professional in- 
t«Ilit^nri<, but on other matters his inca- 
piKity WHS ofton nninfully appart<ni, the 
more so as then and lliroughout his life be 
had iL mAnia for mnkinfr speeches without 
any n-jiitrd to die fltiiess of thinjfH; as when 
in ItiOO-l he delivered a coursp of lectures 
on the wiukttdnLi>e ofuduUcry ti> thi* ilouau 
of Lordsjundiiipresenworhist^tdfrbrolhtT*, 
ileacribcd an adiiUerbraa 'an insidious ami 
di-siunin^ vtllftin, who woiiti.t t-vvr bi; hv\A 
in tliiigraw and abhnrrenp* by an enlightened 
md civilised SQciety ' ( J\irf. JlUt. vol. sxsv.) 
Tliere wm, indeed, very often • nide common- 

tWOM in his remarlu; but the rambling 
iner in whieh tliey wen.'' tacki^d tOfti^thor 

'andoitenMl made Iheu sound like foolish- 
Den; and the total diarvgard of times and 
■MMnis and the Icolings nr prL<judit:i'9 of his 
arara excited an aii1n|{(ini>iu whldi took 
revpnaie in nicknaming him ' Silly Billy.' 
In BOcVi ctrcuttntancw bis iiniinnt ion* in 
tin* navy wprii Hltln mon'' itian nominal. 
Hw was made o vice-ndmiral on l^ April 
1701 ; fin lulmiral ou 14 .\pril 1709; and, on 
thedeatliof Sir I'eter ParlaT ( l"i'l-1811) 
rq. v.', admiral of the tleet on 24 Dec. 1811. 
Hits last promotion, though to the Duke of 



Claivace lilUo mare than so eauty honoor, 
was a matemi wronff tobis bftfifV nDioen; 
, for the rule was then, as it ulwaye had been, 
that tbt'r^ could be only om- admind of the 
fleet, or, as he was called in hii<: conuniaaiiB, 
eommandiT-in-chicf; so timi, the [KMt b<«nf 
tilled by the ilukv. it coald not n>ward the 
ieiriceA of anv olht^r admiral. It wu not 
till 1621 that GfOT^ IV renutdied tbe 
grievance by intruduring the anmieit 
aDomaly of two cnmrnandert-in-cfaieV, and 
pnmicitKi) till- Farl of iji. Vioeent. Aa ad- 
miral of the rtwt, howev<»r, the Duke of 
Clarence, wiib bis flag on board thv Jteon 
frignti*, eommandiNl ithe escort, of l^oui-* 
XVlIl on hU return (o Fnuicc* in April 
1814; and in Jun>', with his Hog in thv Ira> 
pregsftble, oonimandcd the fleet nt Spithead 
when reviewed by the prince rcgvnt and the 
allif^d sovercigD^ 

The duath of the IVincvm Charlotte in 
1617, tlie flutter among the kini^'s younger 
ecme, and the duke's marriage on l'<July 
1818 to Adelaide, flde^il daughter of G«»rge. 
duke of ^xe-Coburg Meiningen [M>e Ant- 
LAinn, QriKM IMwaurr'. brought bim mo- 
mentarily before the public eye. The w^r 
after his marriage he spent in ICkaover/bilt 
in 1820 he remniril to Rushev, ivhcn b* 
ooiitinii<>d to reside in social otwcuriir till 
tbe death of the Ihike of York in Jonasrv 
1^27, which Iel\ him Iwir to tbe throne (the 

{'oini iiicoineor the duke and durtiee«, which 
lad hitherto been 30,500/., wa>4 after con- 
siderable upprHition niwd by parliatntrnt to 
I .SR,AO0J!.), and his nreepUnce in April of 
the office of lord high ndmiral in the Can- 
ning adminislnlion again brought hint intn 
not ice. 

In making this oppointment ilii-n.' wok ao 
tutenlion to revert to ihi' gnvemment of the 
navy by one man, vested with all the power 
and prcTOgnLivtis attached to the ofnce of 
lonl high admiral, anil thin whs ricmrly 
stated in the patent. Thy Duke of Clarence, 
with no indiiidun] authority apart (W>m hia 
■ council,' wa« to he virtually tirj^t lordof tb« 
admiraJty, under a diffrrvnt name, and with 
an OKCi-ni ionnlly strong hoar<l. now called 
the ' diike'.i council,' at the head of which 
wiLs Sir Gt-orgc Cockbum, It wa« euppo«ed 
thoi the duke, who had not been in active 
service for nearly forty years — years, too, of 
grvnt vrcntH and ckaagee— would n^dily 
ML-ijLiimce ill this arrangement, but tliis he 
absolutely refused to do, just a« wlim ■ 
young captain hit had refuoad to be dry* 
minu^d bv an old lieutenant. lU' wiiihrd to 
be lord ^gh admiral in fact as vrvW ma in 
name, with the result that between him and 
bia council there were oootinual diffmneo* 



-i 



William IV 



339 



William IV 



'n^hich could not olniiys ba quivtly HvttlMl. 
tt ilwa lint, intlecfi, Appr-nr that ht^ fvcr 
■ ncied coiiiHer to the (IcciEiom of tlie onbim-c 
I on (^ni'«iftn» of imlicy, thotirli the fn.i:(lon) 
'>f bis Hpeecli and tLe eccentricity ofliU con* 
I diift f^ve rise- to many rt-ports : siicli ns tlint 
ill Septcmlier 1&J7 liti wroiu to Sir l->]\viinl 
^j t'odrmnton [q. v.] tti three witrtis, 'Go it, 
^1 Tied,' 111: III ^TL'ntvr lungtli, 'Go \n, my dt'iir 
^Bjfril, ami HiUA-Hh rliK^fiIuiii>i>-ilTiir)i«,'iiiLt(>ry 
^Hirhich n ttnowledgr ofthf dultos cnnre§pon- 
^■<lptiL''! is "iilfitficiU tn n.'fiitf, i.'Vi'ti witlwut 
I tlip apiTiho coiitrwliciinn jtivm it- by >»ir 
William C'odrinpt'jn ( t'lTZti liluLii, i. 1"0). 
It wns out of mjitrers of delflil mid adniini- 
Qimtion ttint ditlicullicA arose. He rt;fubed 
ift bi- bound hv thf liinitotionsof fhepfttent. 
llv ordered dupurcnH'nUil oomDilMiotin with- 
out c>iiifti.iltiiif( lits coUeap;uPM ; if lii? ac- 
<tiiftiTit''d tlicin with it ftftcrwnrds, it was 
raihi-r tis a luAltcrof ci>iirti>i>y tluLitufolj]!^- 
tion. He- ordered jii'oniotions nn tin- wliiin 
of llitt tnuim-nl ( WoLLiMiiu:!, ir. (S52, (WO; 
cf. BtCKixniuM, i. 4(, and I'njw'cri'*] tlicin 
to hv miid(>, ' You're u dumnfid fine ffllow,' 
hi' iiiid tivt (inn lioulannnt wiiti hid Kpiin him 
n yuTTi of atlvenlurH ; ' go and tell Sir Oeor^rw 
W* to pr>jmf>(e you at ome,' Cockburii r»- 
fuseil. ■ Wu know ijnilo a.* mucli nbout you,' 
hp ?ftid, ' an his roval ti)^line!u> <loi'«, pcrbnii* 
I more, but if we wlti' to promote all the 
" ^ninnvd tinv fcUowf" iii tbc eenicv, wti 
fihould In- very slinrt of lii-iilMiiiinU.' 

On cumpHmtiruly Htnfill pninlH like these 
llicri-vvns II ^rt'nl dfiil nf friclinn ; hut maltent 
fani-? to a head in tht> summer of li*2f*, when 
f he iliiltw vri-nt on board Ihe UoyftlSoveroitii 
yaobt, hoisted th« lord hijfh (idmirH]> flag-, 
I and a^iimpd military conimnnd. (.'ockburu 
rpnniti''tnitcd in a letter which tlio duke 
pronoumti'd • di»ri:»pi'(;iful uuil iia{H.rrtiiii>]il.* 
The Duke wrote to WeUinyton, who hud 
«itc«f<'dcd ufi primv iniDif^tiT, dfeirin^hitD to 
ask the kiiijjf in ri^rnovK Coikburii frmn the 
ttuuncil and appoint Sirf'liaTlps Pnp:et m hif 
reom. WiilHnjjton and, aflerwords, lbs king 
both took Cockburn's view, thnt the diikc 
bad no nulhiirity to exercise military com- 
muid ; ami the "duke aicniLd to yi«-I(t tin- 
point ; but a few days lutt-r hi* weal niund 
to I'lvmouth in the yacht, again hoisti'd the 
lord bi|;h nduiiral'K llutr, and put to m-ii in 
eommitnd oflhH (Jlianuel tliwt. Thi«l»r<iu(tlit 
on him wry jftron;^ letlcru from both the 
kint,' and I In; priint! iuiui«tfr, and un 11 Aii([, 
hi! ri-siffnwl, 'conceivinfT that, with the im- 
pHdirni'iitx thrown and inti>iidcd lohrivv been 
ihrown in ihft way of thi' execution of my 
<ifrn't\ I cDidd not liavB done justice either 
to the feinit or to my country' {16. i. WH). 
uring his short t«rm of office hv Lad 



'distin^uiHWl himixdr br makin); abi^iird 
apferhes, by ft morbid otfirial nrtivity, and 
by a general wildneiw wliieh wb« thought to 
indicate irwipifiut insaniry'(f^HEV]t.i,B, ii. 2). 
Koraiiiue liedix>pped back into something 
like hia former obscurity, but li^orf;*) Iv 
diitd on -20 June 1S30. and the Duke of 
OUrenee oucceoded as William I\'. llo ia 
Miiid to hare ucpreMed d wish that thu ' oltl- 
fwhiiint'd ' ana expeiiiiive eoronatioii rere- 
inony mijrht bf? nrcifnuiited : it took place 
mH-ntiinllv on ^ hopl. IH.tl, ilie')Ut Inv, which 
amount'-d in the ca»i^ of his predi^rearor to 
24U,OOC/„ having Iwn cut down bv laborious 
■■conomy to ;MI,tMHW. The ni>w king ' ihn^w 
himaelfintotbearmsoftheDukeof Welling- 
ton — who WM still prime ministtT — with 
the ittrongett eximiseion." of euiilidii-ace and 
esteem.' Wellington, who had not been 
able In tolerate him ns lord high admiral, 
wu» dfUghtfd with him as king, and lold 
Oreville ' that he was sn rfaaonable and 
traelublt] that he hod duuu mori* bu»in<r»M 
with him in 1i-n ininuleN than withdi'oi^e IV 
in aa many davif.' He preaid&d ul ihu 
council ' v^n' drcrntiv, nnd looked likf a 
respecinhle old admiral* {it. ii. .3). • He 
began inimediatelyto do gond-naturvd thing*, 
to pwvide f>ir old frionds and prof-iiSjiional 
adhereul*. Th^re was never Hnythin^; like 
the enthusiasm with which he wn* greeted 
byallraulcs: though he has Irulted about 
both town ami coniitry for «isty-foiir yearn 
and nobody ever turned round to kxik ut 
hiro. lie cannrtl alir now without n mnb, 

rnlrician an well as plnbeian, nt hifl beela. 
lot in (lie midfrl of all this xuceess and good 
conduct certnin indicatinns of -ilnuigentwt 
and oddneiii pi-ep ont which are not a little 
ftlanning. and he promiees to realiiie tliit 
fearif of litit miniitlerE that hu will do and 
Any too much, though they Hatter them«ulres 
that they have nirizxiL'd him ' (iV>. ii. 4). Hu 
hiid, iti fni't, rtll iiin life, whfU on nhore, 
afi'prtPil the mnnners and langunge of th« 
rough and hearty tar; and thi«, ndded to 
much natural lanhomif, led him to dn 
kindly things, and to «•! the etiijuetteof tlio 
L'oiirt nl defiiinei', 'The king's good nulure, 
siimplieilv. and allability to nil about him 
are eertamly very striking, and iu hi» eleva- 
tion Le J'M'i not forKfi anyof hii4 old friends 
and cnnqianionit. He wa* in no hurry to 
take upon himself (lie dignity of king, nor 
to llirciw i)fl' the hahitu and tnaiinera of a 
fldiintry gentleman. When Lord Clii'ster- 
field went to Bnahey to kiw hiK hand and 
bi- pre-wiired to the (jneen, he found Sir 
John und Lady Llore there lunehinp, and 
when they went away the king calli-d for 
iliuir cairiage, handed Lndy tiort; into U 



William IV 



330 



AVilliam IV 



uid stood u t ho door to me then offl When 
iMtd Howe cnniG over from Twidcenbrnn to 
Mw Lim, be saiA tho quwQ WM goiag not 
driving, and Blioald " drop him " u hii ovra 
lMU)wi'(iifr. iL 6). Cin-fUU ia full of stories 
of K similar kind, iiDd adds, * bo oa^bt to be 
made to unditmiuiil ihal tita auaplicity 
, de^noratas intovalgaiity, and ifaat witliout 
dopU'tin); from liis iuitiir«l urbanity Iik toay 
Ci^ncluirt lura»>If nn as not to lovrn the 
chamcter with whlcli Iiu is invwtcd, ami 
w)i icb liwtlongs not to him but to ilie country ' 

Uut h« ncrerdtd Itam tliift.anilcontinnpd 
to tliL' end the mme garrulous, bomclr, 
kiad-)iettrt«d old man, food of niakinff> 
«peeclies, wbich w«ra guiernlly uncalleu' 
fOTt and frfiqiu-ully abaurd; 6«rce in hia 
diidikoa but noi vinilirlive, and liubli; to 
wild bunta of p«*»ion, wh«u wliat liitl« 
diOTity raoiiutica waa thrown utterlv to the 
wioda. Onia of tbo ntoet esiniurdiiiarr of 
tliMe tuippifii«-d wirliin a vcar of hia death. 
He had iitwaTs dialikeJ the Ducbeea of 
Kent, who, cm Iht niilF-.had not «nd«»*oiired 
to conciliate Uiin. ( irihii ducluaai'sdikughlpr, 
th« JVincesB Victoria, lie was extrerewly 
fond, and ono of Ivis mL-vancw ms that 
hftf mother wf»ulcl not allow her to come to 
Boe him as often as he wished. Tho dinlike 
efttae to a hoad in August 1830, when tie 
discovered tliat ifw duchi'«» bad appmpriat«d 
a suite of room5 ia Konaiiiglon I'lducc, 
which ht> hnd cnU-)forica11y rBfriwi! tn hIIuw 
her; und at WindMir, on the Hat, at a 
dinner of over ti hundrt>d |teople, to cek'lirMtit 
hia birthday, hu broke out in ono of thu 
irildwt and most outra^voua apeecbes that 
ttten be ever utt^rfd : and thiit, with tbu 
docbesB sitting ni.'Xt 10 Lim, in tho post of 
hnnour, at his rijiht hantl. Tho Winces* 
Victoria, who wuh prpst^nt, burst mtu Icar^; 
tho c<>tii|iaiiv broUv up iu di»niay, aiitl thl^ 
doch/'As opiJemd her carriage. A port of 
leconciliation ^vas, howevw, palchod up, 
and she con.vnt«l lo romnin till the next 
dav (i«. iU. 37-1-6). 

l*olitically tbf^ conduct of aflnirs was, 
of courte, in th^; hanO» of ihu xue- 
ceaaivc adminibtrntioiis ; and Ihaugb it 
might hnro bcon euppoK<.<d ihut hu wiiidd 
nsent l.hit c<nilro1 i»T.iii-h tlifv Bsi;n'iM'«l, 
quite as fltroncW as Iw had resentt'd in- 
terfwrencB on Mwtrd his frif^tv or nt (hi' 
ailinirnltv. h» did not do no. It would 
appear tliat in this ciuc he really undvr- 
et-Qod that ihc control was, in tbu vorv 
csoeuce of thelhing, inseparable l!rom ihe poi^i' 
tion. lie had, tou, lived so long apart from 
politics [bat hu can scarcvly Uaveuau any very 
strong feeling, even on reform, wbicli wan 



the ongrannfT que^^tion of tha surly pwrt 1 
ofhisreiga. It would indoed ajip'-a.r thai 
hiA peiBonal opinion waa iti favour of it i- 
be IumI, from bis youth, intwroAtt-d bimcclfj 
in the condition of the poor 4^Nicoi-U, L 
i'Mt, and parliamentary reform may ray 
well have K^N^uinl tu him n, iitrp townnls tts^ 
unelioration. Thii^. when, in Novr-mfaer 
1830, the Doke of WxUington resi^ 
king accepted l^ord Ctvf^ and the 
and their stipolation that reform ^0^ 
a cabinet measura Ta*f. linsT, L'ltiusv 
stxondEiRLl. The Reform Hill, bnughi ia 
on 1 Mnreli l^MI . passed the second read* 
itig in ihL- IIuu8v of Commona by a majonlj 
of one (SUSto UOlton the 2-2nd; and ~ 
in oommittee, a hn^iilo amendment 
carried by a tnajorily of ••■gbt, 19 A. 
Grfj pmnoaed an appeal m rh^ country. 
The oppoettion.Bssimitn^tbat the kingmmi 
he advpTN- to n'fonn, deplfir,-*! hi» wtakpwi 
in ' negleciing ihe opportuuiiv to en 
pata himself from tn« thialdon of 
whigB.' Tho hiog, bowvver, coosii 
(bat'in calling on Urey to forma mi! 
he had pledged himsstf to aoeept refoE 
that the virtual didmii^sal of them wudd 
be a diaboneat violation of an implied cun^ 
pact. 

l>arUainent was diamlred on S2 Apnl, 
oni in tha new Uonse of (.V-mmons tbe 
Ueform Bill wns passi^ by ■■% lnrgt> majoiitv 
on 22 8ept, It was, howi'rcr, thrown ma. 
by the lords 00 H Uct. ; but wan bronchi in 
again and pnased by the commons carlj 
in tbe next session. ±i .March IriSi. Il vii 
again rdrcted fay the lords, nnd tm thi 
lung's tviusnl to swamp the hostile majuiit; 
by the creation of a large bnlch of potn, 
Qrey nvigned. Tbe kiu^ appealed ta 
HMlin^ton, who was unabl« tu forai a 
inini.<*tn>-, and Grey retomod to offiea « 
tho understanding that the king wouU 
mak<> the new ^r^ if it »hould be fovfll 
nt'cessar.'. A circular letter from the kiof 
In thu tory p<— rs did away wiib ths 
■KVessiry ; a hundred ofthom amented thsBH 
Helv«a from tho divikions, and the hill b- 
came law. In otbvr points in which, at 
Ihn timi-, tlw king was bUinod as havini 
shown wealmess or ignonnce, it appran t; 
later ti^rhts and, iu juirtieular by nls own 
* Stati^mrnt of hia maje!4ty'» general pi^ 
ceedio^, and of the pnnciulej hv wluch hi 
WHS guided from thi- periinl of hU acvv*iaa^ 
ISSD, to that of th» rcct-nt clianp ia th» 
admioialration, 14 Jan. lK:t.~>' {f^ocuuK. 
i. 3U : l-'TTZonLVLP, ii. fISl), drawn up^ 
Sir Kubert !'«■!, ibat he wa9 really giiidBi 
by conEtitntiomd principlea and the ^aiinfS 
ui an bonourabU gentlamui ; while bis 



William IV 



331 



William 



position of forei^ policy and his fore- 
ca«t of the coursv of utVairs in ibe east, 
which was pretty exaclly vmBed in 
IS-UJ— tbreo venTB after bia iM-alli — af<Tve to 
show that tliuiigb uuused to public life, un- 
Tcrsed in counly tf iijuvlUt and ihv convun- 
tionahtii'Hof Loodoo sociHtv, and griuvously 
wnnliii(riu rciiccnce and eelf-vonitaand, bu 
had atill the inaUncta of a Kint'.mtnan, and 
was vary for from the fool, or imbecilei 
which it iMicnmv (liv fnsliioii tu reckon him. 
lie had n-poaredlj exrtn^aed a wish, 
dictntvd br ais bati«d of the Duclieen of 
Kent, tbnt hi? might Hta till the PriiiecM 
of Victoria raiue of aw6 — 24 May 1837 — 
»o that the dticheas might not be regent. 
Hia wiab 'ecus ju»l acooiniiltt^htnl. Hv was 
taken serioiuly ill cm :^0 .Muy, and— Ihoiinh 
with accasioDal ralUea — grew pfldually 
worse, till bis doith uu tliu Liarly moniiiig 
of yo June 1837. Hh wa* buriwl'ttt Wind- 
sor ou a July. By tlio qia-cn Uo had isHUe 
two dauj^hten, Imth "f whom died in in- 
fancy; lus niecf, tlin I'rinceiut Victoria, thna 
succcwdi-d to the thronf*. Ily Mrt. Jordan he 
had ten diibln'n, whom from thw first ho rc- 
cogniaed, and to whom be nave the name of 
FitzOUrcnce [ace Jonokx, iJouorit kaI Uo 
regardi'd hi« cunnvctioo with Mri). Jordan 
aa fully sanctioned by cuatom, and wicirty 
made DO di^culty abuut ucroptine tlicnume- 
roti9i ' haiiliird*,* a« Gr«ville nlwayn calls 
thtiia. Ui» eldeal eon, 1irar?c Aiiguittnii 
Frederick FittClarenoe, earl of Monster, i» 
noticed seiiamtely. Once eetllwl at Buahoy, 
ho led a ruj^'iilar life whii;h^at any rait* lu 
comnariAon with that of his elder lirothers 
— mtgbt be callud moral. In old agv, and 
inlluencAd, ]>erhap9, by Cbn nue«n, be wiu* 
certainly iituiraaeBd by a feeluw of religion ' 
which catalortbd ana siutainod hix dying 
hours. 

■ Of tlw Tery Dumierouv portraita of Wil- 
liam n', the nioiiTworrhyof noti; are r 1. As 
H boy on the Pnnco George by Ueitjumin 
Weet, fttigravcd by V. Green. 2. A portrait I 
08 Duke of Clarence by (iainaboroiiffh, of 
which there in a *ery rare mezEotint by H. i 
Dupoiit. 3. By Sir M. A. .Shw, cn^ved 
bfXi. Tjinier. 4. By.Sir'ninman Lnwrnic", 
•agravtid bv .T. E. Oiomha. 'j. Bt Sir 
David Wilfii.. fcf. Cat. G"fii>h E^Aii>. p. , 
112). The National Portrait liatlirry has a 
wati*rcoloiur half-leniftb, painttT unknown 
(pnrclinwd July 1898). 

[Tho •cvaml Lirw of Williiini IV hy John 
IVatkinB, O. K, Vr'riaht,nii(] ]ii>ht,rt Uiii«b an 
uf very ricnder natSority, bajna for l.ho moxt 
port mera comiiiladcius of OOMip and vcnudal ; 
that by Itfr. Percy Fitagi^rald (1884] ii \itUer, 
bnt ita Talue ia Mrionaljr im^mired by tha iiIinoaL 




total wnnt of datM and nfiTeoen. The Kuudt 
impnrtiat Life by \V. Uardiu); iti of Rroat»valiia 
than icy (uiprclii&CioiM form would eng^ost. Th» 
HAval i>art.of The kine'« life mny be rend iii Mat- 
»liair. Roy. N«T. Itiogr. i. I. and Kilfr's NaT. 
Biogr. i. 339; idiipa' lags and par-bDoks, fet,, i& 
the PaMia n«c»rd ODIao; tho llood pApnrs. by 
fttvour of Viacuani Kood ; Niculas's l)Bapatefaea 
and Letter* of Viwouiit NaLoon (>m Index in 
vol. lii.) See «l«o Iloidpn* Life of Mr*. Jo»* 
d»D ; WhIdoIvii iliKt. of Enfflnnd f'lnvo ISIfi; 
Moloswonh'B ni*t. of EopTiind from 1630; 
Malov's UbthHcal BoCDllactiotm n( the Rmga 
of Wdlidui IV; Tho OrcviUo Mamoim ; ftU- 
iTwir* of Bnron ^t&ckmar, rul. 1. ; Duko of 
BiitkinghAm's Momoirs of the Cbui-ta nnd 
CUhinctaof Witliani IV and Victoria; Joumul 
kopt WThomiw Raikes, 1831-47; Corrwo. of 
KnrI Orey irith Wtlliam IV ; Torrena'i Lifp of 
Visi-nnnt Mrlboitrnc; I)e*[i«itcbes,&«.,of Aitbar, 
Duk*! vf Wrliiugtoa, 2nd sor. edited 1^ bis aon,. 
vols, iv-ttii.] J. K. L. 

WILLIAM THE LTo»ai43-I2H>, kino- 
of Seotliind, second sonof I l«(Lry of Scotland. 
l^icollK.'CBV, lll4?-llW],waftbornin IMS. 
iJis fatht'r ditul tn 1lo2. His grandfather, 
Ihivid I ^n. v.], was gnccpwled in 116S by 
Malcolm IV [^q. v.], VViliinm'a eldi-r brotiier. 
It ee«aui pro1>aDlD that he began his military 
wrvico in Malcolu'a wara ftgaiunst l''crgiu,. 
tho chief of Ontloway, in lltM, and against,' 
Sumerled, lord of tht.- lalus ^q.v.l, in 11(H. 
llfi app«ara tn hare m'tM ni' g'nnrffinn nf tlio' 
kijij^om during ll<U-5, Malcolm TV died 
urnnarrii-d on it Dw. 1186 at Jedbiirch, and 
on '2i Dec. William wag crownwl at .Scono 
hy Richard {d. 1 177 ?) [q. v.], bisliop of St. 
Andrews. 

In IKWi Willtiim went to tho court of 
Ht^'nry IT at '\\'ind<ior. in the hope of obtain* 
ing t he rulroci'«»ion of ihu earldom of Nortb- 
iimberland, which liad lji>r-n oi-dwl to ficnry 
in 1157. iltf did homagt! for and r^reiifd 
back the hiimnir nf IliinlinpJoii, but was r^ 
fusL'dtheXorthumbprlandfflrMom. Whothw 
in tin.' hop" of obtaining it by hia serf ioM, 
or eager for military glory, he acrompanied 
H«iry D6 hia TBssa]"iii (hit fii-f of Hunting- 
don to Fmnoc. Thouj^h he ia said to bav<4 
distinguished biui>«lf in the war, he did not 
long remain, and a violent rpiarrcl bn)ko out 
belwuGU him and tho Knglisli king ^cf. 
LnrLETON. Life, iv. '2iiO). Sonn lifter his 
return, in 1 Ifit*, ho aent jin erobafl^T to Franco 
lomakviiii allliinoo with l«[)iiis VU. This 
ia the ^rst dlHiiict and autkenlit^ notity.' of a 
league between Fraace and Scotland, after- 
wftiidfl antedated to the time of Charlemagne. 
At Eaater 1170 Henry held h court fat 
Wind'ior, when William and i;i« brritbrr 
I>uvi<) were pnuk-at. William and David 
hodi did homage tu Henry '• »on at hia oor 

1 



I 



I 



I 



probtklr 1 
llmBlisgdrai. wliirh Willun bow aunrn- 
dacd, b^ tW fonn of »uluafFod»t»a to \u» 
bnKtMT. 

In 1I7<\ ftftvr B«ck«i*a norder, tlwy Tl 
WW ccMkfraotad b]r a fonnicUUv eotwpiracy ' 
«Dr lus thiM Miw, m tUiaam wiib the kiogv 
of Fnncv and SeoUaikd. Id n-ttim fvir liia 
kid ti»> joun^ H«B17 mntrd NN illuuu ilir 
•Mrldtin of >orthuinberUnd,«iitl liu bru'lii-r 
Divid that of CVmUrul^. \Villiam at foev 
atWniptvd to lalt« ponBi-tiitui uf ibe rocaleil 
«af]dMil. II0 waab^ ttw EncUab boidcni, 
4Mt iallvd IB Xhr w«pM of W«rk antl (.'-ailale. 
Iticlutil i)<> l.iuv [if. v.\ the Eaglisb jii»- 
t triar, rrtaliated ty a raia on eolitliwm Soot- 
iabtl. and tOieetfAiA m obt«iniii|^ a truce, 
irhicU vat nxurttei tiU tbe clow of L«nt 
1171. This <<oabk<d kiu to trni a rcinforofr- 
meat to the south of EBgland, wlierv I>and, 
(«rl of Iliiniiu^tlon, ira«F.M.iMiii2 Itobett d(> 
IVaiimoHt. carl of Lx-tcMVr i.rf. 1 IWl "'JjVv' 
Afcaiiisi n^rarv. On tU* •xpirr of L>?nt Wil- 
liam invaded Northumbi>rlaDd. wasting the 
country round Alnwick, which wax hla bMwl- 
anartrri. The Y<>rk*hiTi< iMrooa, M ty 
Raoulf dc (ilatnillo [^. v.], camv to tlw 
rMctii^ of Nortltumhertiuid, ami on 13 July. 
whil» rilling with a aaiaU band of Ibllawi-re 
IMAT .Vlnwick, William was Iak«^ Tin>>oiifr. 
On SI July he 'vnu bnKi|rht to Ilt^nry at 
Nnrtliami'lLiii. tird, il ts »aid, vadrr a borseV 
<Mltv- llt^ was confinrd for a liuc in Kich- 
itBotid TaitKbut warwoii ivinovvd toFaluM* 
in Norniaiidv. ThtTc, «i H Uw. 1174, he 
a^iv«d, as (do pncv of his relvMv, to tbe 
ignoamiioiiN Inutv of KnlaiAc. 

It* terms wen" : (1) William bccampliwv^ 
I of U«*iirj a^inn't vvrtv man fur all his 



fief of ! and hia BOQ aguiut hitn. Tlia 

i>r Scotland waa netvv ao ekiirlr slated a 
wonU, and the tenna contraat Atr-mnly with 
Bcior Bad aubBOttwot obmb of ambtinwaa 
nnnace. 

Next v*>ar. no 10 or 17 An;. Il'.'i, 
livatv iit Falwm? wa* <.x>nfinn«*tl al Ynr 
and William, vrilh the Scottish htti 
elenry. J'J homaffP tu Ilirary. Bni 
cuiiiM^il of Nonhampton in Jiuiuar^ 
bvUl by Cardinal Pvlreleonis, the p«[ 
Iv^te, ihi- SeWtiah wrt Ul.*s, rvlring 1 
tvrtui of the ir^-aty or which llie 
chnnJi wa^only bound to ■clfiiowlt 
same anlgwtiou to tbe Llogli^li 'm^ it 
bwHi woiit to acknowledge in the day* 1 
HraryV predfccBMrs,* and taking n ' 
of the rirsl claima of the sees of Canierl 
and York, declined to etibmit lo vHber ot 
tbe Kiiglish arcfabiabopa as rheir Eaperwrv, 
and Henry iH-rniilied ibem to demri wilh- 
ont n-qiiirine ihi-ir fttibmiseion. Thtj popv, 
.\lexaI)de^IIl,»u[lpoT1edtfaeSo»tti■>bbi*hup^ 
and in ftn»i*i*r to a letter — extorted or poi* 
fibly fof^ed — from William, in -which Ik 
asked tbe pope to tvfognlne the aoMuaai^ 
of York, wmie to tli» i^oiti»h bi^hon ou 
3) July 1171} firhidding' them to do io 
(UiUUlX and IJTrBiis. Coineil*, ii. L'l-il. 

In 117r< William fnundt^ the abbrr of 
Arbroath for Trronenaian Uenedictioeftfrom 
KeUo, wbow a^ibot sum^ndered all claim of 
juri»liotion over tbe nea* nlber, but its coo- 
M!cr«lion was deUiM till ll97. It wa< 
dMlicated to St. TltomaB k lleckel, whom 
William bad known when at ibe court of 
Uearr at tbo commencement of hia reign, 
and who bad been apecuillr cnmniended to 
William by Pop*- Alcxandrr III (MatennU 



I 



I 



laada, and took an oath of fealtr to bin /or Uutvrj uf Arctef, ItoUa Ser., v. t.'13), 

■ ' ■ •" - »• - — ',^^ alibough William's conflict with tb* 

pi)p>' sbows be did not aocepC tbv bi^b- 
church [}(Klrintf of Becket, the dedicatioo 
can hardly hare been intended olberwiM 
than as a side-blow al llfnrt' IL Arbroath 
was bis only por^nnal foundation, and there, 
oa vaa natural, be was burird. Befanf hia 
d<>alb be bad enriched it with thirtT'lbne 
narinb churcbtf. lands from tbe Forth to tbe 
Xe*».and the cualodT of the Ttr«cbennacli, 
the ucmd banaorof suColumba. ArbroBth 
became one of tbe ncbe*t monastenea in 
Scotland. Tie sssoeiation with the great 
Scottish sunt and the gnat lIiijLrIi«h nutrlyf 
andoubtodlf had political as well aa re- 
ligioui OKitivee. 

About tlkia lime lM>gan the conti'^t be- 
tween William and tbe pope as to the see 
of Si. Andrews. It waa a .«ti>p towarda 
the complvtu wvcranire of the cbarcb of 



BS hia Ii«^ lord and to bi* s>m Henry. 
<2> Tbe bUhopf, ^bo(«. and rlerpj- of Scot- 
land werv lo lake tbe oa'b of f^-alty in like 
manner. (•1) WitliAm, his brother David, 
and Ilia tMrons ntfrred that tbe church of 
Scotland ■hiiuM U* subject lo the cbnrch of 
Knflanil, as in thf days uf bis prcdecenors 
xbe kings of KnglnTid. (\) The baroius and 
■otJier men of SciiUnd were to do homiifD 
and fealtr to Henry ami bin »cm. (■'>) The 
caslli'a of Rnxbnri^h, .It^burfrb, Kdiubnr^li, 
•and Siirlirwwere to be delivered as pledges, 
.and certain noblei and their lieirs as boMages. 
-16) When the castles had been delivered, 
William and David were to be liberated. 
The nobles not present when tlie in>aty was 
nade were to agree to the Mime temi», and 
ihaaepreaenC promiMd to assure their doing 
r«o. The bisnops, earl*, anil hamns pro- 
mised, if William reoedis) from the terms 



4lf the tnaty, tbey would side wilb Henry | Scotland from tbe church of Eagland, and 



Will 



lam 



23.1 



William 



its ccimfiiLriLlirK itidftpdndenca btoii of lUu 
rliihiiM III' Jiotn». Oil rh<- demtli of liUhop 
lUcharil [»"« KiciiAUD, d. II""?-], Johp tin; 
t^cot, an Kti^liHliintin of }{ri!Al. Irnniiuif aii'd 
archdeat'on of St. Andrews, was t'Wtml 
bishop by tlii>cliapt«r: tiu William, t\v\t\n^ 
the rirnmi>tinn nf hi.i own oliajiltiin Ilngli, 
obtiLuieil IIukIiV comecratioa a& ^ishoii. 
JoLii np|ii-Al(.-(l in pcTsoti to Atexandor III,, 
who HeiU Lim back lu Hc-ulluid wilb u leKBlu- 
Ak'xls, n llomuii Hiilideacoii. A council at 
HulvnxKl liolil ill 1160 annulk-tUlu-u^jmnt- 
inwit of liuj^li am) conliriii*^ the election of 
John, who was consecrntut] nl Ilolyrood by 
\\\t uiirli- Mnlilii'W, Ijiiiiioii of AlM-riWii, on 
Trinity Sundftj- 1 iMJ, William n^tiilUied by 
bnnisliiiiif John, llip bishop of Abi"rJ't>'n, and 
[heir adherent!*, nnd piir Tliigh in poftAetuion 
of the set'. John reiumed to Jtoroi', and the 
pope jfranlfil t.lie nrchbiMhop of ^'ork |^w.* 
lioiiKB, rf. 111*!; Ipj^jitim* pcfwi.'rs to exc-inn- 
muiiicatH V\ illinm and place .Scotland undBf 
int«rtlict, but John ieeaid to hart^ intorrcn^Kl 
ADii previ>mt.>(]l tb^^ir i-x^ciil ii>n. In tlie fol- '• 
lowing year (II»<11 Willitim of St. Curiltf 
[bw Caailep], biithop iif Durham, faik'd in 
a pt^rsitiini'il inf<^r\i(-w willi tlm Scola king to 
ulU'ct a wimprotnise, and tbi.' ngiw ie^nad il 
mniidnt<> to thr klii^f t<i iiiMnll Joliii withtn 
livcnty dny.i under j>ain nf uxroRiniuiLLL'nlion. 
Henry II,ftC«)rdiMp In llovedwn, now inti-r- 

Scwed, and William, who vi8iti.-d Ttonn- in 
'ormaiuU', beLauie i\-cmiuil«d lo tliti Uohop 
of Abcrdi'on and to Bishop John, and oDlTi^ 
to CDusL'nt lu Jubn beiim uppuink-d t» any 
vacant biiiibopt-ic ; but tbc piip.- wus not 
aatiatied. and ihw nrclibiahop of Yorlt vx- 
Commiiniratj,'*! WiHinm and pinoi'd liu kiiiff- 
dom under intcrdjct. Fortimnlidv for Jicot- 
land, Alf Kiindpr III dit^i! bpfory thi' c!™!* yf 
tlm year, uttd biit ^ucceis^ur, Ijnciii.'i HI. ac- 
cepted the coinprotniBe Ali^.vander had re- 
fused. In lt$.S John voa u.ppointM bishop 
nl l)iink«td. ilujih rtiecivtMl fr>tm ih« pnpe 
the see of St. Andrew:* and William iIil- 
Ooldi^n UoM), ibu annual gin. of lb<T pu])u lo 
tEiB HKjnarrh who ubij'.vi-d himself the most 
dutiful Btm of tlip church. But tlif dijyiuta 
■w to Kt. .\iidrwwM wiw not yH ovor. Wil- 
liam ag^in riunrrelled with Iliahop John, ami 
Lucius III fjummoned both Hi»bop John and 
Bif>b<ip Hn^b lo Uont'e. John oh^red, hut 
Hugh refused lo come, and ill Ll^ wits 
auBpi'ndi-d for conlutuacy from bis 9'* by 
Clumeiic III, the fiucceasor of Lucius III. 
At laat a ai'ttlement waa effected by which 
John (tecuTi-d ibu BM- qf Dunh'-'ld and tho 
rvvi-niii'itduH to him before bi« coniH>cntt ton ; 
and Hugh, who Hurrendered the *«j of St. 
Aiidn-w* into thy handnof thepop", r«:fiv*d 
it bock firotn hiro, and went to lEomc to be 



ahioIvtHlof bis coDtumncy. Up diud ihcm 
of the peAllh'nop in August IIU^. 

In April I ti^O William '8 kiiuiimn tio^r^ 
KRCitnil Hon of I be Karl of Lcict^ater, Ma" ap- 

5oinI«d bishop uf Si. Andruws by the king, 
uim WitiK pteii»nt mid 'not conlrsdicttuj;,* 
but hi.i ronsivnition was delaynd till tjent 
119H. This long conflict was t-¥en yet not 
fiitirelr wound up. It B«tu« cImt, how- 
ever, tuut William had EubstucitiaUy gained 
his p'liiit ivo far nt indriK-nilenc*.' of the 
church of Kiiglaiid wa« concerned, and u 
bull of Clement 111 on 13 Mareh I18M 
gi^ialisud ]»!• triumph bv d'.ularinf; that the 
church of SfollaadwBsOirt-ctly nubjucl only 
to tb? »!D of Romo ; that no one except the 
|Kipi< i>rn li-KAtr. H latr.rf Khtiuld pronoNUCO 
excommunication or interdict a(min.4C ficot* 
land, and that no on<.' thonld hold the office 
of t«^at>;<-xn!pt (tScotlinh nuhjiTl or a depute 
a iaIiTe c.orp&ru mi of the i)0[i<'. Thiit bull 
wus aftorwnrdu conRrmeil oy CceWline HI 
and eub0eqn<mt pope-t. Thf indcpfndenc«- 
of the nine Scottish bishoprics Irotn aaj 
claim to jitmdiciion by the Enfflinh boeoof 
York or Uant^-rbtiry was fxpn-'sijlr n-eog- 
nis«d. Galloway alone was left a Hull'mgiui 
of thu tvv of York. 

The iiid'"'ptMidcnci' of the church was 
apet'dily foUowud by the restoration of tlip' 
indcjit iidi-Ticeof ihu kinf[dnni. ICichard Cienr 
d»; I.iiin, having uncccidi-d to the En^Lish 
crown on the death of Hvury II on (J .luly, 
surrendered by the treaty of tliuilerbury i)t> 
'j hec, ilU'ii all claime Co ihtr superiority of 
^icolland. The considersliun for ibis trt-Bty 
was thu imymi-nt of ten thousand merks, 
euuiviiilent to UK>,000/. of ]>rvseiit value, 
wliich liichard urgently n^tjiiiri'd for his 
prnji^ct'il crunada, Ky the term* of thti 
iniaty Uichard ( 1 1 reatored to William, Iting 
of Scots, bis c*»(leeofllosbiir;ih and Hcrwick* 
Nc^'otifttions for their rcptoration hud been 
opened the year before llj^ dculb by Henry, 
but he inndc it a condition that SroMniid 
should puy a Kuh^iidy of a tenth fur i\w 
crujtade, and the baruuit nod ricriry rffiised 
to iicc(!pt the condition, ii) TJa fn-i-d Wil- 
llnai from itll obli^'aiinmi which Henry bad 
* extorted from him bv mi-nnx of his cap- 
tivity,' with II salvo ni his right to all his 
hmtfier \falcolm Imd performed to former 
English king^ for hii^ lands in Kii^jland; In 
other word*, he renonnccd thf treaty of 
Falaiae. (i) The luarchett of Scollaml were 
restore^d as ibev had been brfnv William's 
capture. (4) llichurd rcslored to William 
the earldom of Huii1in([don, and ell other 
fttua to which be bad right in Kneland ; and 
(li) delivirrxd np all evidences lie had of 
homagi; paid to Henry hy the barund m 






William 



334 



William 



€imrgy of 8eotlaad. Tlie nivin^ of tlu tan 
^ouMiid mftrks itmu-i) nn t)ii> muon of 
WiUinni ww vflected br Kid of tbe preUtes 
nnd barunn in fell uiAmDljr »l Eilmlyurgb in 
1 IliO, wliiL-li isoDO of Ibo stops in the hutory 
of Uj* riw of tlin Scottisli |iarli&ment. 

In huenntravrtny with tliv pope mid in 
tal(iiiiiiiilvniit«tf<»orit)»nuc«iu)ity of Kicbard 
CCDurdi? Linn, Williittn tiud iiliown hinuwlf 
■n abU> dipIoinaliHl. He •lid >u aI«o in lliat 
^¥oimI« subject for modiff-vsl dirlomarv — 
rojil matTunouy. In lltM AVillintn bad 
nud" propotAlii ofmairiai^ n'ith hU ctiuin 
Uuiwis, daughlirr of Otho, the duke of 
6axoDy, uid ffninddnnf;ltti.<r of [Irnrv It. 
n<-ary a^rvtid, out llie popo, Luciiu ll, va- 
riiM.-[l Ibi- nt^caABftrydinMnMtion. Two^reon 
labir lluoiy oflbnd uiin iht; 1i<nil of his 
couitn Ermengnrde, d8Ui|[bli>rr>f I b<! ViHcotiat 
«f l)«*nniont, and, thf? olTcr hai*iD;:r be^i^n 
■ecaptcil, tliuir murria^- wa* n-k'brulL'd witb 
trmat jMRip at Woodatoek in S.rptHnil>er 
ItWf, Ik«id(<B licr {lenonul dowrv of 100/. 
• ymr ntid tbt? iH'rTiM-<iorr»rtv knigbt*. thi) 
roatlf of Kdinbiirjrb was rpstori'd to Scot- 
land wt&n inducmi^nl. in thn tiiiirTiagi>. Ily 
tUa Gn^IUli 4'onn<%tinn nnil the r>*nuncia- 
Iwn of till* Hc<itii*h lintOHgo by Itichnrd 
Ofniir cl<^ Lion pifice tictn-ocn Erij^Iand and 
Hcotlnrid wii?* lo-eutwil for a ccntiirj-. 

Alrcuuiv ill thn latw y«ar» nf Ilnnry H 
M'ilJinin had boifuri to iisu tbo oppnrtunity 
wliicli mom itmiraiblc rtilnl i<i:i« wiili England 
^av(' bim to siibdiiF) bin rebolliouB outlying 

Snjvinces, nnd to fxfond lht> willed boun- 
nrii's of tbi: Scoltisli liin^om. In Galloway 
tlw! <l«Alb on I .Ian, IlH5of liilbort, who had 
mainlftini'il prncticul indqir^nd^nco both of 
EngUod oud t!>oorlaii(], Ivd r'> a dtspulvd 
■UCMMOD, and Gilbert's n'-)»licw ttolaiid, 
the ton of Ucbtrud, wlioin (iilbiTt hud mur- 
dered) sc)]nir«il thi' Inrdabtp. luolaml hail 
isurEed a daughter of Kichn.rd df Mnrville 
\a. T.], cotiBtaljU' of Scotlnnd. and wii» 
bvourtsd by William. ITtinr}' II n><]iiired 
liV'illiam to bring t'oland to the EnRUsli 
court, whore hi llHtt bi; took the onth of 
fi-flliv. nnd |^avi> bts tm» as boatagca tbat be 
woiifd iibid'' thii deciiioa of that court aa to 
tho olnim of hix coui<iirL Duncan, tbe aon of 
Gilbert, lo iI-il- Innlihii) of (Ititiiiway. Tlia 
claim dnc^ lint wm to bavo hw!n pressed, 
and on Henry'a dt'ath in 1 lf<9 William ((are 
tba earldom of C'ftrricV, t!n*n parr, of Hallo- 
WRy, to I>unean on his ceding the lordship 
tht' remainder to [{olnnd, lliiiK aecurin); 
to v»&sah and dividing Ihv robclliou^ pn>< 

BCC. 

Tn IIfi7 William tumrd his attention tn 
the north, wb^ro six yt-nn b'.'foro ]>onald 
Baai; commotily called ilacWiUvMa, wk> 



baavd bw dhuou oa Lie dasoenc fron 1U> 
coin CuMnon [q. r.\ h*d ruMNl * foraaidayi 
rebellion and wuBoppoibsd bj muTBortl 
noble* in )Iora\-ia, the nodvm alura* of: 
rerneM, Elgin, and BaaC Ho had 
Itoaa and waat«d Hovay. In tiur -i: 
1187 William advanced with a large 
to Inv«rueu. He wisely included in it tfa 
Galwegiiuu under tbeir chief ifoland, thim 
briu^ou'tbeC'^ltJiof thi* s>7Uth to opiNMc x\» 
Cetta of tbe nnrtb. In the battl^^ orSI July 
at thv Muir of Maoipm'v on thv I'ppff 
Spoy, probably in Bailenrwh, MacWilliam 
was dewaled and slain. Uw dt-ntb pot an 
ettd to Cbc n-vnit, and no guienU highland 
risinff took ptuce durinj; William'a Kiga 
until towotxls its cto«e Gulfar^d, ■ nw nf 
MacWilliaui. made a raid from Ireland in 
tbe winter of 1:^11. Ilv was Jefcnted in the 
following spring by tbe Karl of Atboll and 
William Coinyii, iffirl of Burban, vcho bail 
been given Ihc command of four thousand 
mea detached from WilliamV nnm forve. 
He rctiinied in ibf ■pring of i2l:i, and waf 
finally bt^travd 1>t hiA followore and fiUin 
by thr- tlnri of Bucban in June of llul year. 
So oompletely were tW Moray hifrhlandi 
BubduRd tnat William waa able to udvaaoo 
further north and make Oaitbn«M, wl 
then included Satherland. sul^fect (u 
Kcottidinmwn. Earinarald,sonof Mad< 
inrl of At luill, and grandnophew of Atolmlni 
Canmuri', luu) become nilr rarl of (.ttkOBff 
including ibe Sbetlandii and Caithneca, is 
1158, by Iba deoth of hi^co-««rl Earl Kojni* 
wald. He held the ialnndd under the bug 
of Norwnv and OaitbneBs under tbe king w 
Scotland. l>ut hiivii8iahgetooitherwa«eect« 
stantly iJi«piiu>'I and almost nominal. AAa 
losing the ^^h(■Il(md9 owing to hia particigia- 
tiuii tn a diepul'j abou^ tbi* Norwegian throne, 
lie in 1I9H inradiHl Aloniy. William went 
with a gnat (aree a^-inst bim and recovertd 
Moray. Hnrald tocjl; to bia i*bipe, and Wil- 
liam dMtraypd bin rastUi at Tliurso. The 
wind drove Handd back to Caitluusas; 

thn-w himself on the merer nf William, <_ , 

allowed him to retain half of Cailhnanoo 
condition of his Riving lus md Horfin as ■ 
hoalaffc; hi> conferred the other half on 
Harafd I'ngi, a rival claimant to both iiirl* 
dnniE. Evennially, on Earl Harald's refiia- 
Lostbecondit iiinx in)poM>d bv the Scots king, 
W illiam sold Oaithneaa to Ite^nald, aon of 
Somerled, king of Man. Ketpnald ovcftaa 
Caithness, but wns defeated by Harald. In 
1302 William again invaded Oaithneaa, ftod 
{Airald waA forced to Aue for peace, w! 
wa!! (rranttMl oncondition of hix j 
fourth |>enny of his dura lo t 
Idun^^ amounting to a tribute of t wo tbotuand 



aaoo 
IdilT 



William 



3i5 



William 



^«ilvsr merVs. Four yearn lutor Uu&ld died, 
and wa« 8ucecvdt»d by tbree aaot, DaYid 
aiid John divided tW Uattlmeu poaaesaiotu 
of their rather. WilUarn Kod oiicu moro in 
ths yi-ur of liiM iWth la ronJie nn cxpMlitiuu 
Againiit. tliia unrnlj- provinre, but John, wlio 
"Wsa tbeo kuU carl, siibmittod to bioi, aiul 
gave liif dAUghlCT and lii>iroA<i as a hnstaffe. 

Among the early ^cotlUh kings Wiliiain 
inu the chiof found«r of biirKlis. AlmoAt 
aU tho chief iowii« o£ modera Scothmd, 
with th» eiception of Aberdouii. Edinburnh, 
Slirline. and tbti bifihvp'ii burgh of UlawDW, 
tn«r»i their rvnct Utn or th^ grant of privilege* 
to his reign. Perth, DundeL'.Arbrnalli.MoQl- 
rmse, Elgin, Korrc*. Kitilort". IttuifT, Nairn, 
jHViTnwa, Lanark, Rmherglpu, the anf.'ienc 
riTalofOIae^iow, Ayr, and humfritwnfCTiiTuil 
clinrti-rfi granting alviiiys privilpgiw of trndn, 
ood frtim^mlly tbn Tig^il to coiiini»n as vivU 
BR biirKeM IsndM. To Aberdeon, originally 
A bUhopV bur^h, and to all his bar^reBsea in 
Moray and north of th« Mount, ^'illiam i« 
supposfidf on tlio e^ndimcd of a einfjlc cbar- 
ti-T, wliivh Qppuan never to Jiave been acted 
on, to have granted a '&e(!an»c' id imitation 
of thu ilanseatic l^a^U'ei which mitfht havy 
In! to a court of northern buivhs nimllar to 
the court of the four burghs m tliL' south, 
Tht' rpioarknbU' exlrn«ion nf Hi'" burnliid 
spirit pointfi unmifitakahly to the );r(iwtl] of 
trade, and to the wist' policy that led the 
hiug to rely on the chief cmtrca of tradts for 
pecuniary aid. (ind bvfore long crettted the 
third «t«l* of the rpalm. The fir8t-fmit«« of 
thie eysUtm wtn; Rat he red when it tho parlio- 
montof Ft.iHinc thobll^gh»r^antftd^^ illiam 
an nid of liix thousand menu. Under tho 
dixgnise of feudal forms their craatinn waa 
the first fftop in tht! overthrow of tiie feudal 
ayetetn in Kcotland. 

Williftm ■wus a vigorous Icffislator, and 
tbou)i]i ntily frainu'^nts of luf> law) remain, 
they abow the fcaracter of bif> legislation. 
With fi<rw fixccptJoni>, which deal with the 
regulatiiiii of trade, the laws mudi- relat-e to 
criminal law, its better enfflrCFiiif^nl tbrougli 
the king's ufGciTB, and tlio gmdual HubHtitu- 
tion of NormflTi feudal for tlio oldor Cultic 
ciutoms. The king Rppean> in them, as <lri 
many of hiA predeoesaors and succMHirB, in 
the character of the protector of the labourers 
of tbc p-ound npkinst tb« oppres&ion of ih« 
nnb]«s. It was ii]>t-ciu]Iy provided that equal 
justice was to bn duiii; to poor and rich, to re- 
ligiouitniBnaodhusbnndmL'ii; and that barons 

Y and otbere when tnTnlUngsbouhl notqiiarter 
tlteniaalTes on tho eoimtrT,bnr pay thRirway ; 
nor wlien at home were they to lire off their 
Unant^ lanitlA, hut from thu- produce of cli«ir 
lown laiid^ thoir rents and dueii. 



William was not uniformly aupnorted 
by the church, and iu the early period of 
hia reigu was even dr^scribi^d as its oppr«a«or. 
But aU<!r hia duath the Scottish flccleaisfitical 
nhrontcli'rM, Wvnlun, Fciiilim, and Bower, 
united in pminng him as a great kin; and a 
good man. A certain btrtngency and su^ 
picion in the law Trilh reference to pricatn 
perhaps reflects his qoarrel with the pope, 
ootnd laws or deciatoiis in particular cases 
prcRerved as precedents with rej^onl to tim 
Oftlwcgians auowthnl William made a com- 
promise a« to their old cui>tom of purf^tion, 
of which they wen: allow«d an npLion in 
lien of the ncrw Normnn law of trial hy jury, 
but he inaiKt^d tliut the king's writ sbuuld 
run in fiallowayandbeenforoed hvthelncol 
oilicLTS {sergeauts or mnirs) uuJer s<jveru 
pen^ltiis. 

TIi'^ n-lations of William with Kngland 
afV«r the accee^ion of lEichanl I nay lie 
Imefly told. In 1102 he omtribnied (wo 
thousand laerks toward* Ricliard'a ransom, 
and r«m[iined his frlmd till his death, al- 
though itichnni, like Ueorv, steadily refused 
to restore the three norttiem couotiea to 
rl^iMitliuid, ur o'en NiirthumWrlaud. fur which 
Wiiliiim iiffiTi-d (ifti-eii tlmtuMind roiTkn. In 
lldi'i a proposal was etaried that William 
should marrn- his cldvst dauglit^'r to Otlio 
(' aft t'r wards the EmpiTor Oliio IV), ran of 
lleurj', duke of Eijaxoiiv ; UthoV muihur wm 
Matilda, daughter of tlenry II, and he wm 
tlius nophuw of Kiehard, who was to milce 
Uim his heir. The Seottijih baron**, however, 
objucii'd; Dur was a meetiitg at York between 
Williiim and Flubi-rf W»lli<r [seu Httbsrt'], 
th(> archbishop of Canterbury, whnn the 
project was so fur modified that William 
was to cede Lothian and lUchnrd Nitrthum* 
bwland and Ihirham to Otho, more success- 
ful. Tlie Scottish quoen wa« now pregnant, 
and William preferred to wail for hie own 
heir. Soon niter the coroiiatioQ of King 
John in 1190 William sent omlnsMdorB to 
dirnand ri-nlitutioii ofllic nfirl1i<Mni countiea. 
John replii>d that if William would cnmo in 
piT^on lie would 'do him right iu this and 
nil his demaiidii,' and acnt the bialiop of fJiir- 
ham [see I'HiLir, d. 1208 P] to conduct lum 
to Not liugham, whcTL- tlit'y w*re to mc«t on 
Whit-Sunday, William declinedlneomeand 
threatened war. John then plnced the north- 
ern cDuntii}!! under thu charge of William 
d'KbLutvillaandwent to Normandy. William 
collected on army, but warned, it was said, 
by a vision at Dtinfernitio", dt<tini«ai^l it nilli^ 
Alt entering England. Ho declined again to 
meet John at \ork lu Lent li^OO, and nego- 
tiated with Philip of Franc* for the mart^i^^ 
of hie son with «. Flu&i:^^u^awfc. 



William 



336 



William 



at ltii£, John sent in tiic und of Octobur ttw 
binhop of DTirluim And Hi-vpntl n»blf«> willi 
li!tters of Rmfe conduct, and William iit laitl 
cnn)ii.>nt4Hl to mwt tho Ett|{li*li kin^ nl. Lin- 
coln on '22 Xor. 1200. fiti did hnmagt! tn 
John, ' Mtviog hiH owd rii^hls,' &tid r?tiew<>d 
his dcmkbd for tbo norlltum countirs lu jmrt. 
of the«t;. 

John promised to ^\c hi* reply on Whil- 
•Stiiidaj' 1:^01, but iiiitvad of coiaplyiu^witli 
the denuind, wbtr.li waa not to be expected, 
htt bcKsn thf i-reclion of a bijnlvr fwrtruu al 
Twi>«iirrioiilh, on tin- Kiigliah side of the 
river, which William twice deslroved. A 
ptM-»otiAlconf<.'rvoc«'Rl Norbmii, nhich itmvi-d 
'vi'ithoiit DMidt, is inent.ionftd by Forniin as 
havitiir tkkcn jiUcl-iq U'Oft; but it isdil&cidt 
W tit in rhi.* mtorvii'W witli Jnhn'H known 
mov omfiiCft during I:fLKJ-l, A Btat« of a.riu(Kl 
nuutnilil V ro|i resell led ih'; pavilion of the two 
oouu1rif« till 1200. Willj&m wiu loo uucb 
occupied tt'itb the atfaiin of bis own kinf^dom, 
John with thu Fn-noh wnr luid hi» conti'xt 
with thf uu[jf, fur[i)M!ri bn«iililie0. lu Augiut 
1200 Joim advanced with il lurpe uniiy to 
Korbnm, jind William b.'d iii* rorc""* tu IVr- 
wirk ; but nnitht'r the Scotiiah nor tho Eng- 
lish ban>ji3 were iitcliot>d to fififht, and p>.>iici> 
yvM mndo. John on^^af^cd not to ri'DiiUd 
Tweedinouth; William agreed topny tifteffji 
t hoiiMtiid aierk<),gaTi' hofltaei.-ft, &aa ddivert'd 
htH duuf^iter«Mar(FaT«t and uabellik, for whom 
John promUcd to Qnd suit nbloliuibauda. Ac- 
cording to the i^ottLsh chroniclers the cMfr 
«u tu be oinrnod to thi- heir to tht; Kiif^liith 
crown, but this is not stated in the Knglish 
accounts of ihu Intaly, and wus exprvealy 
denied by Elubertde tlurgh [q. v.], who mnr* 
rifd Margaret after tbi^ dealri of Iving John. 
Williuni and Jiibn axot at Durhmn in Fe- 
bruary 121 L'.nntlafrerwnrda at Nil^hBm.whl^^« 
tjuven Krnienffurde isxaid to hare 3««istedin 
iiof^tiatinc ]M:ftCi.', T1j<> dai e« of tlic tn-raty a« 
given by bofduu and the ' I'nteni Itotb ' do 
not afltird materials for checking it. but 
thu treaty was luadu iiniiifdiuU'Iy hi-foru 
the viail of I'rinw Alexander to London, in 
iho epring' of I21i. It was ai^n-fd that on 
ihodi-uth of ritbrrkinK till- 111 liErr should »up* 
port bis heir, and William tn^nted John thf 
mairiai^ of bi» sou Alexander within apenod 
of six yc-ftrs, pmvidwl ths mftrriagi'watnot « 
disparagement to the lion of a Scottish king. 
Ilorh Williiini and Ak-xbiid<>r {.ook an oath 
of fealty to lii.'riry,lhy w>n of John. Alcxan- 
der,tli(;bE.'ir-au|iurent of \\'iUiam,did UoniagB 
lit Alnwick for thu ICngli»li tlufs which his 
DntUtr rwiguwl to him [m^ Alkx*KDKK If]. 
Il ia not clear why William yitdded so 
inuch Ui John, whost* tbnum wiw nlnindy 
beginning to totter. Something was no 



re wea 



doubt diM 10 bis age aad infirmity. Poisihk, 
too. his (English wifw, a couno of John, atf 
huvt) vxords«d Roine influenw over hvr npil 
hushuiid, and «be may not uiinaturallv ha«€ 
preferred Knglidi marriafr^^s for lior ^aujilii 
tt-w. But tb* graniingof thi' marnngcof W 
Eon Alaxftndi.T to John is noLeasv tnKxphua, 
and »np"nrs morrfnVourabl'J to tlic tI«w that 
he acliiii>wl(Miged John iw bin »up«;Ht)r, iw>t 
onI> rorhi>En|;lijih fiofs, but forliifcktug<litiD, 
thnn many other matliirs which hav^ Ij^^-n 
preased into itc support. Hinbop Snibbein- 
clinea to adorpt it. and points to nuinen>u!" at- 
U'ndBneeaof^Williaio al the EnglUb court 
from li7fl lo llWf, aad his meoting Uirlianl 
at Canterbury in 1I8SI. lint, on th« oihrj 
hand, the treaty of Cfttitorbiir\- uxprealy r» 
licvi>d him froni Ibe treatv of j\lai!>^, and thn 
only honiagv hi.- paid tu John was at Linrofai 
in law, when hiit own right vena optviaJly 
saTod, Tbi* homaj^ of Prince Alexandif 
for the KngliAb liMf* appi-ars to bare hwa 
paril> drviM^d to aolvt- lhi» qncJUion 
Scottiiih aidf, Hit, according to Fordiiu, 
vtipulatfd that the Imuaca should he , 
in fut.m- always by the heir- Bi»p»ivut, and 
not by tbe> king, which would hare nr<>vrtitwl 
liny umbignity es to ib naiun' |cf. Srcna*, 
(\m^tifutifinnl Hittonf. i. 556 n. | 

William died HI S(iriingr>n4I)ec.1:?] I.atid 
wftibiirird at Arbroath. IIi>> mm wiiscruwrud 
at Scone on lh« following da^-, a vrlmtj 
which shows tliat hU death must ban antici- 
pnu-d. lie had two baNlardii, Ito>M>rt aad 
jlcnr>', and several iIl(!gitimat/> dauirhtoi. 
whom he married lo Norman nobl«<s (wttlvl 
ill Scutlnud. Ilia Icgiiimatednughtcr. M■^ 
garet, was married bv Henry III to HubtR 
do Burgh, enrl of Kent [q. v.lond Ju-Nt^ctar 
of Fngtand; and iHabetla to Ijogor Bigod, 
fourth earl of Norfolk fq. v.l 

l.ittle is known of Willinm'e pemul 
cbanictor, much of hiji charact>T aj« ■ nilcr 
and bi« public aotn. He secured thp fiw- 
dom of the S<^otli*hclinrch frrjm ilependenn 
on any English bisiiop. and itii lib<-nii-.'> fron 
tho flpgri'-HMOM of this spe ..f Home. lie fmd 
the X'ottisb kingdom, though not so Aif 
cisivi'ly, fnmi Dw rs»»alage lo the Englifh 
king, which had b'.'cn the result of hi* cap- 
tnrv at Alnwick, lie uxtfndod th« ar- 
knowlwiw-d boundaries of the SMtMi»h 
dom, both in 1 bo fotith and nonh, 
he failed to recover tJie northern 
eartdoiuji. H« improved the low, tai 
founding so many burghs took an im 
etc'p Lowardfi the develnpmrnr of the COB' 
utitution, Till old n^^e orertook him be did 
not aliHnk Jrom railiiarT' cxpedit ionii, wh^Ii, 
exevift Ju his mishap at Alnwick, wwt 
usiiAily sLicceasfuL But the iuor« \m h^ 



William 



337 



AVilliam 



»oTT U MudiiM], the more donbtfkit it appears ' 
wlietlier tbi? name of thv Lyuu tnny aoi 
liave bwndMttlotliPaprUUnt vf lu!iiido]ftitig 
it in 1ii» arma rstber thaa to nin- tii«ciiil 
itkill or proweM in wivr. ^Vi<•cll)m in |H>!i('v 
rather tnikn miltlarr g^iniua or jwc^onsl 
bravery appenn to )iav>- W>-n Li« It^nding 
characl eristic. 

[This long life of WlLLiam the Lyon, which 
dovnrcii n »epftral« monogiuph, cud onljr bo 
nndentood hj |>ificia|; ii^lhfirScnltiah, Kugliith, 
RoniAi). and .Scnndinarian euurctt. Fordun nnil 
Itowcrs SiJOtichwRieon is Ihfr b<-*t Soctiinh 
untiioricj. Wviii^iin in brt*f. !fcini>-thinM mn-v 
he glmned fram lb« Obn>nicle of Arvlrotci unJ 
lAneKoal, and th« V«Lu> Re2i'>t''i'ti nf Arl>r<t>ith. 
Tho awnntii gr Uvs xnil tlia uuMDiblins, noircBly 
yot pRriminnitii, of Willium. riiiJ Mrcntl iui- 
imrtADL rbiirli-n ure in Act, rar). 8mI. (Et*fnnl 
i>d.)viit. 1. The KiiKli>li cbronid«ra lAHsUtft, 
H'n'cJeD, ami lUa lo-callvd Ben«dictua Abbas, 
are eonti-m^rary, and raluablA for the i«luliona 
b«t««m Willirtui And Ibc KiiglUh king. The 
muflicl as lo ih* hoo of St. Andrewa t* in 
iho I'upal RecotJa colleetpd in ^tnbbs ami 
Uiulilana Cuunrils, vol. ii. The conqtiust of 
C&ilhnMfl >« giren by I'Dnlnn, nnd more fully 
by Bower, but tbtir nrcountD requirv to In* utitJ- 
[iletnonttHl by th^il ui t-hct Ofkrioy S*i(ji {.Inscph 
AndnvjiiV tmmULiun. p[i. xxxix-xliv), iml by 
MiinckinUii'yonikL'V'ylli* HiKorle. Of inojfrn 
writ-i.T^.IIiiilrji's.^niialnitHil ItnUcrtttAn'aScotlanJ 
under tlio Eirly Kinjfi an llio bevt. Ilill- 
Itnrtrtns a^^count nf William in hU Uiiun- of 
Kcotlnnd is uti^tiiifiictnry.] X. M. 

WILUAM (I10:»-Hi'01, only eon of 
ITenry t, kin^ of Knfjland and hia Krat wife, 
^lutiMa or Scutland [q<v.], vtas burn iu 
II03, Edward the [!nnff:».«:)r [q. v.j waa 
tfttd to luLTL' pruphviiiet] tbut ' Eogluiid a aur- 
rviwn Hbould I'inl when lb" prvijn Irvr, 
wvered by the niacp of thnw^ furltin^ii from 
its Bl<>ni, tliiiiihl Im' pr»fti*d in n^in and 
should b&ar fldWiTS ami fniit ; ' anil thi' fiil- 
titmenl of this prophf-cv vils looked for in 
William, na thfl ' fruit; ' of th>_' promised * re- 
iugrafting' — in olhvr word^, a* iho oH'cprintr 
of a marriage wMch had reatortd ihe old 
IDnglirh bl^od roval t'j iLl* ihmu'jiii thepor* 
»Aii of Ills mntiiitr. .\ceordingly, I >rd>'-ric 
(fivM to him, find bim uUhib jimon^ the dt'>- 
ecvndnnt* of tbti Nnrninn ennipirroi'r ihu old 
Knglish tide of */Ethelinj;,' and say-i that 
• the English n.'(pirdL'd him a* Inwfiil heir to 
thr realm.' In F<-bruiiry IIKI In.' wm bi*- 
trolhud to Matilda, the infant (laughter of 
Fiilk V, count of Anjou. Aa hut father's 
dosiintid sucwssor, hu rc-ceived Uiu homage 
ofthoXoTmsQ hnrona in Jllo, and that of 
Ihe Knglifih witiin on 10 or '20 March 1110. 
IlKUfiit to Xorroan'ly iiBiiin in Mav llUl, 
and wna nuirried to Mattlda, at Ijaieux, in 

VOL. LXI. 



June, when Fullt irttlwi «|xin the young 
conple the coiiniy of .Maine. On M Aug. 
William was with his fa.ther at iheharili* of 
JtrOmuU*. cummouly, but wrongly, call>!d 
Brenn(^Till(?[*eefEESRrIj; after thi- fight hm 
r(?ittorwil tins capcunid horHe of his cousin, 
William ■ ill): (.^itn,' IhikH Ibilj^rl'e son f«e<e 
lioiima; IHki: or NuiuiJt.iuv], in whosi^ bi^ 
hitif th(! wiir agnitMt H«nry bad b«i>ii iindor- 
tuki'u by I liti Fnmch king, l^uio VI. Knrly 
in llifOI^uis and Henri' mad*- pt^ac. and 
Louijt invt-^tcd Williotn with thi? din^hr of 
Normandy. I.ln the ci-emng of '2!> >ov. 
Henry and William miImI from ItarHeiir fur 
Knglaiid, Thi' UingV «hip put lo Hca ISrst ; 
bia aoii folhiwt^d, with a tnun of piy young 
f'impu.ninns, in ii fint' nt.w Tes«'l CTAlled the 
' Whitn Ship,' wliirli hntl hvisn built bv nn» 
Thomaa Fit«St4'phen aa & present for the 
king, but ofli.TfO, nt llitiry's request, to the 
Ktlicling in^rmd. Pn*u>nsripr«, pilot, anal 
crew bad all alike been drinking iind making 
mt-rry, and wot« in no saft^ (Condition for a 
nocturnal voyage. They ran tht; ohip on a 
wt'll-known nxHi just outside thi' harbour's 
lunuth; hursidi! waaamaabed; the nihuliiig 
was put into a smati boat and niigbl have 
rclunied safe to land, but b^^nritig kiit half- 
wfttt-r crying to hiui from the «inking Bbip, 
he insisted on returning lo fetch her; then 
otliur« ovi-rcniwdtHl the Vial, and it sank. 
Smdi wait IIh- lain told bv tbt? oi»h Kurvivor 
of Ihe wreck. Henry of Huntingdon in hie 
'History' c-hnrgw 'all. or ulmiwl all,' the 
viRtimp with the mo.4t ahoeking immorality ; 
but in another work, where he is avowedly 
speaking more wpivinlly from the mornlist'a 
(Kiinl of view, \u; itneaki of iht;m in wholly 
different terms, ami. dilating on the charac- 
tvr of Willium in pnrticnlar, tD^cribe^ lo him 
nothing worw than pride, love of pomp and 
splendour, and an ^SK'-Tuiiticiprii ion of future 
gr>«tnfj« KM king. The rtorv tliat William 
opimly thnialened to 'yoke tV- Knglish like 
oxen lo the plough, if ev«ir he ■hfinhl n*ign 
orer ihem,' re-ita upon no authority. 

{Eiiglisb Chronicle; Will, of fttnirnrebriry's 
(itjitx Ilegum ; l-^m«r'<i Hintoria Sororum ; 
Henrv of Huntinirdon; Syniwri of Durham; 
Ourv.'Ciiit, (ftilinUolUSer): Klor, Wig, (Bngl. 
IlifcT. -Soc.) ; OrdoricuB VitaliM (So*-. Jii I'lhat. d« 
Franca) ; Freaiaaa's Nornuin Contmext, vol. r.) 

K. S. 

WILUAM, DtTtE OP Cf wi:cEeTEH<l*;89- 
1700). [S-e under AxxE, 1IK^5-17 14, queen 
of lirei^t Uritain and Irehind.] 

WILLIAM AUaUSTUS.DrKRoi- CrK- 
D&UI.4ND (17:!1-I70&), military command- 
dpr.lwrnon loAprill7il iO.S.tat.I>-i(X'*ler 
HoQ3e in London, wa^ the third son — [he 

X 



William 



3J8 



William 



soooDd son had died in udkncy — of Qvotg* II, | 
then prince of WhIm, by CorolttM^ daughter ^ 
of Jobu i^'rcderic, matffnvv gf Bnodeobur^ 
*M».* On2~Maj- l725,vhen tlieordernf 
tlu Bfttli wu niTlved, he was aomuuled firet , 
knight, and oc 15 Ju!y 172tl he wu cmtixl ; 
Baron of Alderncy. >'iM-ouni Tremston, KvL 
K>t K«tiiiiiigton, Mitniuii of iterkbun|Mt«*d, 
and Duke of Cumbc-rUad. H>; wva made 
\mig\ti of thudurlcT ou 18M»7 1730, aod 
ia«tallo(t on IH June*. 
Qsy'e fabler wum ' iiiwDtvJ to nmutu ' the 

{oiing fh'\\ifb in \~ii'i~t\ Jenlcin Tbotnaa 
iiilipp [ri. v.] was bis tutor, uid tevam to 
have found him an ai>t [iiipil (A«e Xo.8 of hid 
£il«y ami Slei/nnt Z-ttiri i^Uert); Stephen 
J'oyntx [i|. v.] wsA gDvvrnor und steward 
of lus huncuhuLd, aiid hv atum sUyed at 
Poyutz'ii If.ni'^ at Miduliaiu. William wtui 
lh« fuvourito r>f his paronta, and thoyirialicd 
tim tu 111- turd hifih it'lmirul. Uv was th«tn- 
fonxnlucnle^d for the navy, bul his o«rnta»tes 
were miHlary. In 1740, vhen Sir John 
NaTri»i(l6flO?-l749) iq. v.] na* rtrdured lo 
tnteiuept theFrfnchnndStinnifili tiaetH^'Thf 
Duke,'aB he wan hnhitiinlly CJtUt^>d, tuvvti in 
the 'Army List,' joim-^! thi' tiacpthip iu< a 
VoluntMr, and at>rved on Ixianl for enme 
montho. Rut thf fl'-ct wai windboiind in 
tbu Chaiinul, and hu luadu ii'i furtL><r trial 
of a nAv.il career. 

An act nf parliament had buen passed on 
14 June 1 739 ompow-riiijf thf kintj I" si'ltlc 
on him nn inconin of \rtfi(KU. a voar from 
lUe civil liftt. On '2S April 1740 he had 
boon madfi colonial of thv Coldslrnnra guard*, 
and uu iH Feb. 1741-^ he was trausferred 
to the Ifit ^fuards. liVhcn ho cfttQo of ftge, 
on lf> April 1741?, Uo took his K«at io tne 
Jlotiiin of Lords and on 17 May be was 
Bwom of the privy couiioil. On 31 Dm, ho 
was pnini'it nl ui^'ir-fft-npml. 

In .April 17-l;i he accompanied tlie kinif to 
Uanovor, and in Juao thity joined the aUii<d 
army on the Main. .\t the liattlo of Pet* 
tiiigen ho was ou the lefV of the fireC lino of 
infantry, und, n* Wolfo VfTOK; lit- ' bohaved 
oa bnvftly as a man could df>. Hv tiad a 
mwluit-ball thrati^li the calf uf his leg. . . . 
He f^TU hia orders with a groat dual of 
oalmnws, and M-emnd ijtiilo unconc«m»d* 
(Whioiit, p. 46>. WTien the sui^eon waa 
aboat to dn-SB his wound, the duko told liim 
to atttjnd first ^r\ a I-'i^oncli officer near liim 
vluMfi wound was more Berioua, and who 
wai more likely to be ncfrkctod. JK- waa 
promoted licul^-uant-gi-tioral on 2S Junn. 

Barly in I?!!) it was proposed that ha 
abould marrr a deformed Danish prioeeos. 
ite waa v«rv unwilling, and coiiKiiUed Lord 
(Mbrd (Sir "Robert \\ alpole), by whose ad- 



laAtnb- 

efimi J 

leoaDM 
hi< ir^l 



JUrru 

m 



Tic« b« ipire bis consent oa oontlilMM rf »• 
cniring an ampl^ and tmineidiai* lalaMiiJi 
ment. Aa WalpoLe foiviaw, the p rofa B 
dropped (/£rjttutMonHva cjf XTorvcv jrc^ 
l^etteni, vol. i, p. cxxxvii). 

Ue bad aakra leare to mrw in the 
poign of 1744 m any canacitr, bnt hi< 

%ue«t waa ratht^ nharply rvJTuaed. V^'ba 
leoenl Geowe Wad^ "ji- v.} ronipied the- 
oommand of the Hritish troopa at iLeeorfof 
that year, the king wiflhiil to appoint Jobt 
DalTympli!, seoond earl of Suiir q. v.] ; hot 
Stair refused to Mtrre under Slanfial kiinip* 
eg;^, who was to represent Austna. Th* m- 
oonvcniiincr of co-ordinatv conuouuids bad 
been abundantly abown : and by Cbvstur- 
field's dexberity at lh» Unique it waa ^VM- 
tually arrangvd that the duke' should harv 
the boaotary commaud of uM thcalllMi ttum 
in the Netherlands, with K.mifrM-^ adiatm 
(Treiw Ptipen, pp. lOO kc.) On 7 Marrh 
1744-4) Ih> waa made captain-gi*nf!ial 
BrHinh land forcBS at homo and in the 
an olTice dormant eine« MnrlboTTmiHi'afll 
He l«ft EoglHttd on o April, and, aftrr tujl< 
ing the llaf^ue, arrived ut Kru-ss^'U aai) w 
sumed command on the lOth (^]*t N.S \ 

A wetJk later n*w« came thnr The YratA 
nmiy tmder Marshal Sn.\e had iDr««fil 
Toumuy.and on tbcdOlh tlit< allied vmjiA- 
vancE>d to raise th<' Kieve. Its DOBiBil 
(ttivn^h waa nrer finy tnooaand mrro. iu 
^flectivestren^^habonl forty-throe tboBSM^ 
On 1) Mny. hnrinp taken ten dapi to mink 
lew tlinu lifty mik-«, it futiod th^ TrmA 
army drawn np in its fnmt at Fiintwnr. 
four niilM oa»l of Toumay. (>n »h<* di* 
before the duke bad writ'ton : ' I catsmi 
bring myself to VieIiQVi> tlut nncmy wilt «i^ 
for iw. ... 1 cjumo) come at any wrtiw 
know1edg>e of the enemy V nutnbtr : b>l I 
have concitrrine infonnatioa that tbeW' 
on thin aide tJii' Sehrtde doe« not «xMi) 
1 hi rty-one bat talious or ibi n T'two Ml uadjia'^J 

waa bad. The whole Freiich army l injiinJ 
of 108 battaliono and \\\2 miuadronii. indrf 
the»i 00 iMttoIions and 1 10 sqnadrona, 
about forly-jHTVf'ii thousand n>*n, took tart 
in the batUe of Fontenny, fnushl ' ' 

Ithwbeanconunonlysjtid tha: 1. 
waa against altaclnne the Frrm-h xv. lU'' 
prepued position ; ' but ilm ardent ctis' 
of theliiiko of Ciimberlatid and the 
deuce of the EuKlinb would take no 
4 ^:spAli^-*c, i. G!)). The dwpatobe* 
thitt tbtHwa» not thflcaae; th« allied geivn^ 
wero unnnimoua for attack (^EnsliA iEsf** 
rkalSevtew, sit. S^). In thf bntilc ib 
duke was far from bfiins a mere litalardd* 
Oa the contrary, h<? tried to do too nod 



'He 8&W anil examined, and ffave his orders 
witb tHe utmost calmntfesand {irfcisioTi; but 
hie iirdour for Lbo ^ut vnd be wiia pursuins; 
carried lilm to nil [ilaci* where tlieru was lUiT- 
tbing: to be iotui, thut bu migbl puvb the 
Qxwution of it, bikI bv b'lK exauiitln Hupporl. 
Iii& orien.' Po vrrotu his secretftry, Sir 
Kverard Fawlcein-T {Fom'yit Offior Pajirr*). 
Ho WAS on the fioid hpfoni^ fi a.m.. iniiiiirittg 
of Brigadier lu^old^by why Iijh 'jrdors for 
the cnpture of a rod^Mibt hin! not \hxn eie- 
cuted, and KiTiag fri^^li veibal ordere, as to 
the tenor of whicli ho and Ittj^uld^by &ftof- 
ward« diffurod. Hu iiisieled on accompimv- 
iug tliB Britiiih and JIanoverian iafuitry m 
tbdr aUackupon tJiol-'n-iicbcfiilrf bi-twucn 
thi* rudoulit and FonU-nov, nud riiinuiiiMl 
with then tbroughont. I'bilip Vorke, whose 
brother wiut hU aid«-de^anip, wmtv: ' H« 
wtui tbn wliiib' Juy in rbo iIiIcWkI of (he 
Sri*. WbfJi he saw the ranks breuking, lie 
rod« up and L-ncouraf[ed thw soldiert in thi' 
mc*r. ninyinj; nud i-xpnrwivi; terms; called 
th^m countr>'iii*n : tbaf it was hi» hi^he«t 
glory to bo nr tboirhitnd ; tlmt ho scorned to 
ex^se tLi?m to wore daiip.^r vban l«j would 
bo in himself: put tbcminmiml nfRleiihiTim 
and Itamilli'.'s : iu xliun, 1 iim eotiviucsd lus 
piresencF! and intrejiidity jjreatly contribuwd 
to our fomiiip ou no well' (Coxu, L 238), 
John (AfttTwiinl.-* Kiirl) r.i(ft;iiiiirr lH-v.J, in n 
Bltor to the Briii!«h mini^ttT at tin; TTngTii?, 
[■aid : ' On je Buis fori irpnipfi ou il se forme lik 
[nn iTTiiTid cApitaino ' ( iWfor Papert, p. 1 13). 
Till' aiUud artiiv Ml buck on. Ath, luid 
je uo further attciupt to rwlieYe Toumay. 
I BriiLifb kbuat'd the Duicli for iboir do- 
tftftt, lUid tbt'ir n-ApcclivK ciiinniiitiditra tvyro 
{at Tariaoce, Cumberland beinir mo(!t con- 
^<»nu)daboiiL th*> protection of inmidero, and 
^lldeolt about the places of Ilriiiiault. 
(8, a« 80on as he wa« master of Toumay, 
ad\'antap! of this divcr^iictf. nu 
threatened Moos, and at ttio Mtmo lime sent 
I^i-wendabl to !>urpriM> Glieul. Ll wan bikeii 
on ID July, and mo alliud army, now only 
half the &treugtli of the I'"twiidi, rftn^aLed 
behind I3rui»t:1s. t^iuce was left t.i complete 
Ftbe con(|Utij>l of K)aud»r» without iotwrrHp- 
Ltion, and bytlio middle nf ()ctob>^r he hwl 
tbi», Itad tahiti .Vtb, and bud placed 
troops in winter (|uarr«r$. 
Bv tost time the Drili^b troopa were 
led elsewlitn?. The defeat of Foateooy 
the call f'lr reinforcc-iucuts from Eiig- 
ad hnd holped to dei^iJe Oharle* Kdwaril 
make hU voaturc in the lilgblanild. He 
1 landed on 25 July < CXW.), juid on 21 S^ipt. 
I hud routed Sir John Cope [q. v.] at Pres- 
>npaitii. Tlirxtt days aflt-TwsrdK ten balta- 
ions of Britisb infaotry, recalled from the 



Netherlands, arrived in tbe Thomea. Tbe 
n^st of the infantry and mont of the cavalry 
followed isttrr, und I hu duke hunself roocbul 
London on 18 Oct. 

At tbi; end of October nn army of four- 
teen lhoiu>uiid mttii vfiut funuwd at Nnw> 
cofltle under Wade; but this included six 
tbuuHuid ]>ulcb troops, which hud capitu- 
lated at Totirnny and itliwwhcre, and irbich, 
on account of rrancb remonstrances, wera 
nnt alkiwfrd to serve in the ti«ld. In the 
middle of N'ovembur, when tbu rubel oimy 
hud euteri.>d England by tbe west C0B«t,a 
second army won formed in Btafihrdahire 
und»r Ligooier. lie fell ill ; the duki; was 
ollowud to take bii place, and arrived at 
Lichfield on 28 Nov. IIw hiul nutainiilly 
lO.oOO foot and 2,2(K) horso, really about 
two-thirds of those niunben (Blaikjk, p. 
JI4). Tliry wi-ry dintriljijtod between Tain- 
worth anil Stafford, with a van^^uard at 
N»fwciistte-und+*r-Lyne. It was uncertain 
wh»thor the robde, who wt-ro lien clou to 
Mancbetter, would make for Wales or Sot 
London, and, though their ntimber wu 
burvly five thouaand, tbL'ir aioveiuuiita voza 
quiclcer than those of the Knjilisb. 

On 3 Dec. tho duko advanced to Stone, 
hoping t(i fall in with tht'rii ; but thi.-ri' bit 
learnt that tbt-y had ffiren him the slip, and 
wen) murchingoa Ut-rby, wbicb they reached 
next day. He liun-icd back to E^tatford, and 
ibtMice to Coventry, to inUTcept th<'m ; but 
on lbo 7th news reached him that they bod 
bupun their retrvut. Ho mountud a thou- 
jiand foot »oldii-ri on borsi^s of the country, 
and Bet. out bi pursuit with them imd with 
hiH cavalcj. On the 13lh hi* wax joiuwl at 
Preston by OglethoriM^ who bad been de- 
tached by Wade with three n^Rimenteof horse. 
It wQ« not till the 18th thai hv succi^ednid in 
ov4r tailing the rebel army near Penrith. 
There was a sharp action with its roar- 
guard at Clifton, but the attempt to cut it 
iiIT faik'd. An a conleinpni-ory ballad put 
it: 
Then tliK foot Rot ou horseback, tho news giva 

attrauut, 
Bnt that wonld not do, so the borsciDan dis- 
mount. 
A fierce flght then eusa'd by a sort of owl 

U^t. 
Where none got the day. 'bc.caDie it was night. 

(Ai-TM and tAf Man, IT-lfi. TIio different 
accounts of tbe action at Clifton have been 
car«fully collcctt-d nod compared by Oban* 
cullor I'cr|fu.>ioti in tbe Traniactifit* of tho 
Cuinfierlaud and Wettmotvland AtUi'/Karian 
and ArcAaoiojfical Socteta, 1»8W, pp. 186- 
338). 
On the 20tb the rebeb r&>ent«Ted Scot- 
si 2 



1 



William 



William 



Unt], the grnifoB thi')* bod U(t in Cftrlls1« 
Rumaitcred on tliv ■'iOlb, and on '2 Jan. thn 
duke KL'l oul for I.oatlon. where it wbs at 
that time lit*1ieved that n French inriuiinn 
tmm Dunbirh was iinininvtit. It was left to 
Waiie'g array, ur ratlier lo iLo English part 
of it, now under HuwUt-'b cumaiand, to 
toWow up thi' ri'Wl*, who*e Miiutiers hiul 
be«n r«is«d bv Teinforc^mCTils lo nin« thou- 
nand. Thg^'hiul UDdvrtakvn the M«ge of 
Stirling C'lRile. Ilnwl^j* marched from 
Edinburgh to raise the Bieci', sod on 17. tun. 
was heat.n bI Knllnrk [»c^ ft *WI.kt. IlBSltv]. 

The duku was at ojioe sent north to tv- 
place him. On tbo 2^th Horace Walpole 
vTTirta: 'ThoKmit df'pondence ii upoo ih« 
duke; the •oldi^nt adorv him, and with rca- 
Gon ; he has a lion'i> courage, vut vigilano*! 
sud activity, and. 1 am told, great uiilitAry 
ipTiius' (JVYM-', ii. 4). lie ronchod Edia- 
niirgh i»i the UOth, atid next dny tho unny, 
Mimiuvlint rciiifor^red, was again cm the 
march for StirlinR. Thw ^'bt.■l^ did not wait 
for hiui. Chnrlcs l^dward waj* forci-d, itiuch 
a)ifiin»t hin will, to rain^' the eisge and retir» 
to the bighlaudii. The diiku (-ntnn.'d Stirling 
on 2 Fob. and r«rth on th<> (tth. On lh« 
Slbacorpaof five ihouMnd Ileuians, sent 
to replace the Dulch troop#, arrircd at 
Luith. They were placed al J'erth and 
StirliriK ty Kuard thti sniithem issues from 
the hi^lilanua ; uid oa iIk JOih ibt.> dukd »(.'t 
oiitwilh hi» artnv for Abt-nWii, which hn 
n^achcd on thi^ 28ih. On his way he isMUed 
a proclamation at Vontniee on lh« '.f4th, 
summoning all t'oncenied in the robcllion 
to aubniii and deliver up their arms. 

The army remained nearly #ix works at 
AWrdu'ju, iuuctive I'xcept fcrouipoijt affair*, 
hilt cdllecling flnpplies. At length the 
WftQther allowed it, un >> Ajjril, to move on 
luverni'**. Thi; Spejr wns passed on the 
1:2th, and on the 15tb, the duke'e birthday, 
there was S dayV hull at Nnirn. The roWl 
army Wiis a*.ifmblftd on DriimnBsie Moor, 
tunc CuJloden House, Hve miles vast of In- 
vemeas; ard lU l<'ndi"r:t KixitA l\\o oppomi- 
nity fur a ni^ht surprisu. lint the march 
liKjK Jougur tlian lliey i-xpccti'ii, Ihc attGinpt 
wad abandoned, nnd the nebula niturnu'd lo 
Uii'ir |W)»i[ion on Chu mour, weary nnd dis- 
heartened. The Knglisli 1*0011 followed them, 
und about I r.». yai Itf .Vpril tki; battle of 
Culloden began. 

The duke a army consisted of three regi- 
meuM of hofKe, flneen hattnlions of foot 
(eight of which had fought at FontenoyX 
and about tifccen hundred highlandi>r9, inalt 
about 8,.S0<) men wich i-iyhlwn jriina (-Sh>f< 
Jfatfnzin'r, ITItl, p. UUii. Tht; fitrtf wq« 
little larger than at Fulkirh, but it was much i 



better bandied. Ilawley had attaekudirid 
his cftTaliT, which was driven back apoa kii 
foot ; the duke used his cavalry to cots Ili 
own flanks and tbreaten tho«« of thn eneiDj. 
Ilawlty bad left hia gunt bt'liind : the dnlu't 
gima were distributed by pair<^ brtw«m the 
iniknlrv batialioni>, und thf^ir fin> an nlM 
the kignlanden as to jiiMvokv I hem to aarjit 
piecemeal without w<iiting for orden. Bal- 
talioBn op]wrtunely brought up from ih 
f>«eond line and vefem* prr>l'mged tbr ifo 
line, and took the higblanderx in flank ■* 
thr-y charged. Tliift time the Kngludi la- 
fanm- had the wind at ibvir backs and lbs 
men had bcrn told «aoh to iim> biit baywMt, 
in haud-lo-hand fighting, nut againrt his 
own assailant, who could parrr it with hi* 
target, but aguinst thu aiaailant of bis riphl- 
hand man. 

According to IVallo, thi- masLnMBasie 
of tbu ruKd army, it numbered oboTe et^ 
ihoitMind On the rolls, but there wen 
many absentuea tliat it was not po«sibk 
bring fivo tliotiwind to thw Held (UoMt, 
Xia). Lord 0,>,)rge Murray (1700-1"«3( 
[q. v,^ reckoned it as not abov« seven tbon- 
eand lighting men, of whom only l.^wrR> 
horse. The right wing and centre of tip 
highlanders charged first, and had lane 
t\ivce««. Tboy broke lhiT.>ugh ibe ict«ml 
liKwoen the two n^inicnttt on the left otf 
Ibe ti ret line, capturing tlu> two guns tkcfH 
for a lime, and killing or wounding! '2t)7 tan 
in those two regimenlii. But they w«fl 
repulsed by ih« second line, and HMttend 
hy the dragoons. ' The left wing did oat 
attack tho «nemv, at least did not gv iff 
Bword in hand, imagining they would h* 
Hanked hy a regiment ot foot and soas 
hor»e which the enemy brouKbt tip at tktf 
time ■ {Lorkhart Pn)>rr*, p. -Vll. The lett* 
i« iinsigiii.id, hut wii« written tiv I^ord *!i«>or|[e 
Mnrmy.sw AtholeMSS. Hiii. yffis. Ci-t-t 
lilh Itep. App. viii. 74, and IImme, p. ;f. ■ 
The (li*con1>-nt of the Macdonalds at b-u:. 
placed on the left may have cooled ibeit 
ardour, but that lhi>y ' :«tootl moody, motion* 
It'iij, and irrv^lute to fight* t,Siixiioi% iii. 
."iOI!) is coiilradictetl by several wilnnues. 
Thedukfl liimtt.'lf wrote: *(*pon the ri^ku 
where I bad plun>d myself, imoinniag thf 
greatest push would be there, they csfflr 
down three se^"t"ml tiin™ within a liuniirv'J 
vnrcU of our men, firing ih<^ir pistol* oii'l 
brandishing their swords, but tbo llvyab 
and Pultency'a hardly took their firrlocki 
from their shoulders, so that afU<r ili'wi 
faint attempts they made off* ( JfViW 
Pttvrrif, p. 443 ; ff. JoHSsiOSX, pp. 1 44, XSS, 
and .Maxwell's narrative). 
The battle was decided in leas thtn Uf 



i 



William 



34« 



William 



W: 



Ml hour. One part of the beaten tumj fli»l 
vest to Inverness, pursui'd ami mercifeuly 
Aalirvd by iho Kiiglii'Ii bonu ; tbi> other part 
UmI Boiiih to Kuthveii in Hadenoch. The 

I duke wrote: 'I thinli wv uiut rvclion thv 
rvbolit Iwt t-xK-o tliuuHOiid men upon the field 
of hattlf! and in the pursuit, as few of ihoir 
wounded ffijt off, aniTwB haw 1322 Frenr-b, 
ftnd S^K rftbf-l, |iri.«inera* ( H'Mf&H Papers, 
p. '141). The loss gf the Er^^IleIi troops 
Till: iioltlien, elated at their Ticiory, greeted 
the duke with crit!» of 'Now, Billv, for 
I'lMndirre ! ' Hww warmly they foU towards 
j their 'young hero' may be Seen in a letter 
irritten shortly aft I'rwarde by one of Cob- 
liiim's ilnt(;i.ioti«, prniiiiipr hi.i fairneu atid 
Ilia rare nf ihem. and adding, ' Kad he bet-n 
ut Falkirli. those brnre £ngli»htuen thai, arc 
^_^ now in tlieir grRV)-)> hiid not bi^eii lost, liiH 
^■prescncit doing more than Gve thousand 
^^ TDf'ti' {Li/on ill ^t<jurninfi,\. 38CI). It« for 
' liij part wm ei^ually pleaH'd with them. 
Iteplvinu to Li(fonierV coti^atnlatiunii, he 
nflid : ■ Sure m-vtr wert' Mtddierw in 8ucb a 

k temper, Silence and obedience the whole 
time, and all our nuinajurre* wore pi^rformpd 
vitbout thi' l-_'u»t c-unfiisiuii. I luujtt own 
that [vou] have hit niy weak aide Tchen you 
i>ay liiat the banuur of our troope is r«- 
,^tor«d. That p]<>n«(>i> Iwyondnil thehniMuir* 
e me. Yon know the rmdinewl always 
und in the troops to do all that I ordervd, 
,nd in return tlif love I havi- for them, md 
,t 1 make mv honour and repiilalion de* 
" on iht-m' {.Stoter Ma. U2, f. 113). 
Tht> army udvunced to Inverness and 
lialti^d thi-re. On the 17lh an order waa 
iesuud: 'a captain and tlfly intn to man.*b 
inimedinlMr to itn- Jicldiif luitllc, and.w'urch 
all cottapps in the neighbour hood for rtbels. 
Th« oiHn-r nnd tiimi will tnkc notiirp thnt 
the publi<;k ordi-rs of tin* rebels yeatprday 
were to give us uo quarter' (CiMPUtLi^ 
MACtacmax, p. 2D3). A com- of iWo 
orders, big^ned by J^ord Oiaoive Murray, was 
aaid to have been found in Itio pocket of a 
vrisomsr (cliuy are givi^n in full in the Scut* 
Magazine, 17-10, u. I!I2, and arf referred to 
by Wolfe in a letter written ou the' diiv 
nftt-r Iheballlif; but cr..-lMmeKnn, II Mnn.4i 
ISilO). I^rd KilmannTck and otheia after- 
wurdsdeclan^d that tliev bud unvcr heard of 
any fineb orders, but tht^y wer>' not primjl 
fnicie incredible. It i-i stated that Murray 
bod warned flu- Hi-fjiiiiis when llicy nrrivrd 
that, uuIi^M iherL- wu» a c»rtel for exchange 
nf prisoners, they would be put to the sword, 
iind l\\vs duLi.- refuiu'd a cartel (JoilX>TOXB, 
US; and cf. Wai.poi.k, Lvttero, ii. 4). 
Ut even OMumiflg that the orden iron) 



fc 




Ifenuine, they referred to the heat of action. 
To ujtc them nvxt day as a means of rouatnft 
the viodictlvcuess of ibt: men »jnt to svaicii 
for woundwlrebeb'wasinexe(isable,aud ren- 

I dor8 the duke rtspoiuibli! for tho atrocitlod 
which took plaoo (Lyim in Moumirtg, Hi. 

' 66, &c.) 

I At IoTpm<M« the duke was joined by the 

I lord preaidem, Dimcnn Forben (16f'J)-ir47) 
[q. v.t. with whose awiataace a prodaiDatioa 
WAS drawn up calling upon all magiatratm 
to search out and neize all rebels who had not 
rabmittcd,and nnv perMins barlxiiuring tbum; 
'but as one halt of lb« tuagietracye liare 
buen either aiders or abettors to this rebel- 
lion, and the otheru daro not act tbtougli 
fear of oJlWidiiiji their chiefn or of Iianging 
tlieir own noueinR. I liopF) for licilfi nvm 
thum ' (Cumberland to Nuwcustle. 3U April, 
AdMt. .ifS. Bl'?07,f. 12H). Of the lord nre- 
sidenl he wrole: ' Ab yet we are vastly fond 
of one unotbfir, but I f»ar it wont last, as 
hfl is 03 arrant Highland mad ne I.'* Stair 
or Crawford, lie wi-ihes for lenity if it 
can bt with anfcty. which he thinks, but I 
don't ' (I'A.) He is said to have replied 
to Forbes's expostulations, 'The laws of 
the country, my LorI ! I'll mak« a brigade 
give lawn, by (iod!' (Lwm in Mourning, 
iii. 68). 

He wax Rrmly convinced, Itki; Cromwell 
in Ireland, thnt 'mild meaaupcs won't do.* 
Tbej' hnd lieen tried and bad failed. He told 
Kewcostlo, on \ April, 'You will find that 
the whole of the laws of thi» ann'^nl king- 
dom must be new modelled.' Ho made 
fODit; suggest iour> LimNclf, and sent I^rd 
Findlaler to l.rfindori to advise on the legis- 
lacioD necdud to break down the clui systeui. 
To >iipj.M>rt nr suppb-mi-tit tlir inngistmlejt, 

fiarties of tnxipa were sent througliout the 
■■[fhlnnds to tiunt for rebels, plunder and 
bum their linusea, and drive off tln'ir rattle. 
He shifted his heiid(|uarterB and the bulk of 
his troops on 1'3 May to Fori AngUAlua, as 
that was a more ccnind poiut. On "2^ Juno 
Lord (.iranby wrote from there : ' 1'he duke 
Ktiiit a dotacbment of a linndrcd of Kiiig- 
ntun'i* borsi-, fifty on borii'ba<-l( lunl fifty on 
foot, into Ctlenmorrieon's country to bum 
and drive in ejillle, which tfiev 4xecut>Hl 
with great expedition, returninz in a couple 
of days with a thoustind head of cattle, alter 
having burnt evf^r}- houM^ tbty could find. 
The didie ha*^ now shown tba gentlemen of 
Scotland who govo out that the bigbUnda 
were inaccei^ible to aav but ilieir own 
people, that not onlj'the utfantry can follow 
ri-btd higblauders into their tnountaintt, but 
that liomti upon an ocenition commanded by 
him find nothing irapractic&ble' (HutlAntL 



m 




William 



MSS. iL 190, Hut. MS8. Oomm. 13lli Bep- 
A». V.) 

HU oeitfral orders iiliow tl)«(. lie tried to 
maintain etrict disciptina. but irooM cm- 
idojocl in tLis w«y vrrinf aum t« inti)iH-li«ve 
in soma cases. Tho ilriving' in of cnltli? 
cauBBd iridveprvad KuQuriDji; but, *« l^>rd 
Qcetgo Vttmy bad d^cUrRd, re/uitiui«e 
mi|^t be kept up 'u long m tbare were 
cmtt1« in the aigliiimd« or meal in the low- 
laads.* Nor vttu lU risk of raoh naistiuicQ 
pMC. In tha middif of Aucost Locb^ony 
wu SBSuriog Cbarleft Edward tlwt iiit could 

* very aoon make a flying anny of mhont two 
t&ouauid men,* and woh ofr»ring lo surpruw 
Fort AuffuatitD (ULAlKiF.,p. \'2->; rf.MrK.RAT 
ov BitauuoToM, p. -135). The stories of the 
duke's purwiiiiU bnitalitvcolW-U-d by BUbop 
PorbM (ZycM in Mauming\ An: iniTi' liMinay, 
and onijr provti the balnxl be had inspired 
[•ee WoLTR, JajiiwI. The cijwi of Stewart 
of InreriiAliyle aini &lacdooAld of Kingi^ 
bur)[h mhow tliaf.hnrdaahe wiu, be was not 
alwny# dt-nf to ii^p<'alr«. I>uncati Forb«« 
ynoXe of him to Sir Johu Cope on 21 Judd: 

* Ilis patience, which 6urpi^scs in such years, 
is •Hiual lo Lis fire, auJ iu all probobility 
will do verv great serA-ice to tuc public ' 
iCttUwUn Papt-rf. p. L'80l. 

iliii tnn<; liecuiinf harNliitr a* timf> wi'nton. 
On ^n Jiino \w wrott^ : ' I find tbt'ni a more 
■tabborn and villainoiiK tietof ivretrhestban 
I itnaf;in<\1 cnuld exist;' and on 17 July: 
'1 am sorry lo U-avf this count r\' iu th« con- 
dition it is LU; for all Ihe^^od t\iAt wc havf 
dou<! has bcL'n a litlK> hloud-lL-ttiiij;, wliich 
baa only w<-nkMied (he madui-M, but not at 
all cured; and I tretubb for fear ifaat this 
Tili< «pot mny i>lil1 Ik- ihf niin of this iviand 
and of nur'familv' (Addit. MS.327ty^,{. 
380; COXK, i. SOS). He ii>irli<rrste<l hi« huc- 
cew; the cliin eyst^-in, rnisht-d under hia 
heavy heel, never raieed ils bead nfrBJn- 

lie left Futt AugiistuA on 14 July, and 
reached Londun ou the 2/itli, when lie was 
n>C!ivi<d with ffcnBriil rnjoicintf {UdHAX, 
Ltmdr/n in tfif Jacoin'fe Thhi.', n. 14S-R.5}. 
Tb«i Ihanks of ])Hrliait)"iil Iiwl bw-n voted 
for Ciilloden on 21> April; nnd nn 4 June an 
act hud be«i p«««ed vcttlinf; ?fi,O0O/, a yoar 
on him nnd bislioirn, in addition to his in- 
come IVoiu the civii list. The freedom of 
the city of York waa prpMntrd to him on 
23 July, and that of London ou 6 Aug. He 
wa« made ran^rer of the great park at 
Hmndeor on 12 July, and colonial of thit I-Jtii 
dngOODa (a rcKimont nrvrly fifrnit^d out of 
Kin^ton'i) honv, and dinlianded in 1 740) on 
0Sept. Jie had bwri elected chancellor of 
tbo university of 8t. Andrews in Maroh, 
Kandiil'i^ oratorio, 'Judaa Maccalneus/ wu 



written in his honour. A gold medal «m 
struck to ciHBnieiitomt« tbe victory of Cit- 
loden, and issued to tlte piincipal offieen 
i^ngagod^biii whfibcr tlit^ wae donebytkt 
gnvemmenl is doubtful. On tfaa otnans 
was a bust of the duke, on the rorcne t 
fifjun' of Apollo poiutina to a druon pierorf 
with an ans^w, witb the le^^na, *Ai!CaB 
est, iliceL, periit.' .\mDnf^ the nuui^ -nam 
writl«n,onIy tho»o of Collins n(%dbe'sa]iicil, 
' How sleep tbe brave,' aud the ode on the 

Eopular sup>T8titions of the lu^hlands. T^ 
um (i&w. of ilyde l*»rk wa» runanied Cui>- 
berlaod Gate, aiid the diiku'ti bend b><aiai? ■ 
tavern sign in worj country townt WuuitT, 
Rmbmd wtder tie Haugr t^ J faj w u wr, p. 

But th« ■(ream of entire and inrectivtvof 
which there are many cjiociinens in (Ls 
' Lyon in Mourning,' soon spread ttom Scnt- 
tand to Ixndoa. Tt was oDCOurapKl by tb" 
Prince of Wales, who was verj joaloiu ef 
the duke. It did its ivork tnoct eflectivelv 
by &st«ninff on him ttic nickname of 'd* 
butcber.' Acvonlintf to Horace WalpoK 
when the nropoeal waa made to elect hun ft 
freeman oi some city oompauv. an aldenaas 
said, ' Then let it beoftbe llutcli^r«'<l Aut 
1746, hftttrii, ii. 4-'H. In n caricaturv ivluca 
bt-«ra the dote 10 Itec. I74tl lii« is rvpi*- 
^<mled OA n calf in thn gear of a buIdMT 
(Uril. .Mn». No. £ft4>t), and others, ptfrbspt 
(urlicr, pict iin- him ad a. butcher, when be 
loDt his sword in a disiurbanoe at the Ua;> 
market Theatre in 1 7-lt>, iiomr one cried om : 
' Hilly the butcher has lost his knife ' (Lf^ 
in Mattnting, ii. ^6). 

Ul- had hopod to rc*um« bi» command ii 
Flandera, but I'rince Cbarlea of Ijomioe 
was sent unuxpectvdly from A'icuina to taks 
bit place. 'l\iv campaign of 1 74it, like tb* 
previooB one, went ill for tbe allte^. aai 
they wore poahi-d back to the Dutch, fijoo* 
tier. In l>«cember tbe duke wimt to ibe 
llaguB to concert opeTVtiona, as be ww to 
command in 1747. Ha Bgntn ombiolced for 
Holland on 1 Feb., and towards the oed of 
^liiivh tht' alht-d army was aaaembled e«t 
ofBrisla. li WM to have numbered 140,000 
mttn, but was in fact under a hundml llioM- 
Hand. A Frt-nch army of about the eaiM 
rtn-nglh, under Naxe, lay ra4:ing it, betwrea 
MnlinPA and I.AUvain; while there was ft 
detactied corps of lUbaea thousand men at 
Nnmur under ClennoBt, and utoth'^r of 
twbnty thouBand at Ghent under Lowen- 
dahi. By ibo middle of May the l&tler 
corps had taken possession of all Dutch 
Flanders, and pivpaiXMl the way for ibt- in- 
vasion of Z^fland, 

The alarm which this caused unon^ the 



( 




DiUcl) led to the rerlvttl ot tlie stadliol- 

btrI*, whicb wii» made liereditary in the 

ilouae of Orangv. Tliis inti;ni!il n-voluiioo 

''Mlli the wiint of vuiipliiiK t;ri[i]}]e(l Cuiulier- 

n(l*» tnoTpmenla. Tie barl hopud lo rccovor 

'Antwerp, but tlia Frencli pr*wiutii>ii>« and 

rtbo Dutch ditnt^rinrAi tnntle him rP'iinunce 

that design. Qe then wiabed to sttaclt (Im; 

TreiicU ill their position l«'liind The fiyle, 

rfcnt }ui gentnU luuiigbt tlio liak too great. 

Ilifl tioopa sutured much &oin iiicknCM, ftnd 

Baxc, wlioflc laaij wiui laucli better supplied, 

'wisWd t't |>n)li<iig the ttituatiou ; but in tW 

bf^nnitig of June Louie XV iuincd tliu 

»nnj', Bod th« siifg« uf MHi^tricul wo* dtv 

Aided on. Sase wiw nnmllinjt to commit 

himself to thiii siege while- thi.> aIliL-« nrmninvd 

lO cither tn interrnpt hiin or tr> mnrch on 

" L He ekiifullv drew ibem lowards 

thi, fore^tullw! Ib^'tn in tln' xtmng' 

porition which th*T Iiojh'd To occiipv bfr- 

tween thnt plac« nnd Tongres, and di>l»&l«d 

them in the hfttile of Lacffclt — or Vul, as 

(lie En^Hsh colled il — o» 2 July (N.S-> 

Sftx*! had about iL'fi.CKK) men. thf. nlliM 
ninety thouauid, of wliicb nbuut Xvii ihuu- 
tMtnd w«rr Hrili*li and t.wi-Jitr tbous&ud 
Hanovflrians and Hesgituis iu firitisb par. 
Wfailfl holding in clirck the Aiu'trinns, who 
wore on tbo right, and the l)iil<;h, who 
were in the cyntnr, Saxe dealt his blow 
Asainst the lett. ThL- h&mlctof Lnrflclt iroK 
taken and miiLkcn four times. Al'U-r three 
lioiirft' ob»liiia(e (i^htiii;^ a fifth nsfiault wiia 
made! upon it by nearly Iwfiity-fiio ihou- 
Miind men. At ihi; Mimo tims The French 
CBTalry charged mid routfd mmn Duldl 
Mtiadn>n» drawn up on Ihc right of it. 
Tneeo in th>pir Right Kwi^t awav nnme tein- 
forcemeiitfl that were (doming from iho r*» 
serve, and the thiltp himself was nearly made 
prisoner while trving to rally tbcm. Lseffelt 
waa loat, and the left wing rotrfflteit on Mai.fi- 
triclit. Tho right and wntni relin-d Borh- 
ward, but Ihu FrKiicb punuit was Black, and 
(be allitd army reiiniiod nest day on tho 
right hiinl* of umj Mi-iiw. 

The whole bnint .if thn battle and mne- 
tentfaaof thi' loss hnd fallen upon the Anglo* 
Hanovi'rinnH; and the cliilie was nAk''d to 
explain how it was that hiTt', as at ifocour 
the year buftire, the Auatriaus had found 
ihetuMhi'S uuiible lo take- any share in it. 
He had an fault to Snd wiUi them, but b« 
owned it cotdd he wiahed ' chat bo great a 
pro]iorli»n of (ha whole force had not been 
employed to strenirtben what waa itself bo 
Terr rtrong, but that part of it had been 
made uae of i>n the left,orat least been Ikept 

^^ SB • KHrve to follow occasions ' CCoXB, i. 

^B|408). For this be waa himself responaible. 









Aa Uorocii Walpole wrote: 'lie behaved as 
br&Telv as usual, but his prowesa ia so well 
Lirtabliiihiid that if. growa linui for him to 
exert other qualltiwi of a general ' [Letta-t, 
il. (t2). 

Till' Fn^ncb lost morvnion ihnn tlx* allies, 
mid thi'' Tictnry waa not decisive r-nouffh for 
Suxe lo attempt the siegv of Maeetricht, 
Ho fell hack on an all<fmative which he 

EL;rsonally fa\ouied, tbe itiese of I)erg-op- 
oom. This waa begun by Xiiwendolil OD 
14 July, and Inalvd two mcoiilw. Thu duke 
waa preMed by the Prince nf Orange to 
march to ht riHef, hut he thought Mavfr- 
Iricht ofiiiiirv JTupoilanci'. 'FLi-n- was fric- 
tion bptw(?en the two hmtharE-in-law. In 
August IVlham wrote: 'Our two young 
hera*'s i^ree hut little. Dur own \s open, 
frank, resolute, perhaps basty ; the other 
nseuiriug, pedaulic, TTitiocinating, and tvBR- 
piou.1 ' tSTAsnopi:, iii. .^12). However, tho 
Dutch troops and others to the extent of 
nearly half ni« army were gradnally vi'nt off 
\xy Cumberland for the defence of the l>utch 
frontier, while 8aie made eoiTesponding de- 
tuchmciiu to reinforcv Liiwenduhl. Uerg- 
iijxZoom waa taken on IG Sept., and toe 
euiopiiiLTi ended soon afterwards. 

Tiie. r'n-iirli wished for pivii't' ; and Saxe 
suggeiited ihrniigh l.igonier, who bad been 
made prisoner at Laeffelt, that 'it would be 
very glorioufl for his most Christian majesty, 
aa well a» for liis royal liigbnesa, that peace 
should be made at the head of tho two 
armiei!.' Thu duke liked thu idva; but the 
Hritiab government preft-rn-il lo leave the 
biisineM to diplamati«ts, and sent out Lord 
8wndwich. A new cainpaign oji^'ned before 
terms were sottli>d. Early in .\pril 174S 
Saxe inveirted ^Isestricht wilh more than a 
hundred thoti^nnd meji. Tb« allied army 
aeaiimbled at Itoermond under Cumberland 
amouulod at that time only to thirty-flTe 
thoiuaad men, and could do iiothing lo eava 
the place, which was still holding out, how- 
ever, when preHminariea of peace were signod 
at Aiv-!a-(_^iiipflE>^ nt the end of the month. 
The duke went to Hanover in August, and to 
Engliiiid in September, to nrmngu about llio 
redufi ii<n-* in rhfi RriliAli fnrf'-s; oiherwiso 
he ix'main>?d with the army iu Holland until 
it was broken up, after the final sigtuture of 
peace on 18 Oct. 

On Ilia return to England be lived chiefly 
at Windaor, somotimeaatthe Ruigoc'sCaow 
Cumberland) Jjodge, which he enliirged, and 
sonetimeB at Cnnhonme Lodgr, heing sp- 
pcnnted warden of Cranbourae Chase on 
20 Oct. 17'M. With theawiifltaitceafThoiiuA 
Saadby rq> v.], whom he made deputy imoger, 
ho grcally improves^ the poHc, expemlly by 



I 




\ 



^ 



pluilBlmnnaf Kcot<*h fir* and n>(Jant (Mex- 
SISB( History of H'tudaur (irtal Park), and 

>llC beirsii tilt- rgniiaiion of Viivinia Wairr. 
He wiu Bti ardent EUpnoner of hnrae Tneing, 
Hid ultitOKlolT bv Lad lh« Urgvst and brat 
•lud in th« fiinf^lftin. Kc)i]i*« and Herod 
wpre br^ io bis btabtee. He made the 
ooun« and foundpd the meeting at Amoi 
{Qmirterl!/ Iieviete:,xlix.iW\. Al ihc Mine 
titne he wft» mloiis in tbo discharge of ht> 
duliM u captoin-ei'iirral. Hu fuut»d4>d a 
lio(i}>itiil for invalid iwildiem rn-ar Uucking- 
Imm IIuUM-, nnd lie prncared tlif> pasting of 
a bill tu iin>li^ prnniiitiim rmin luurvrt. 
He • plucked a very axM ffather outof tlw 

tcftp OS tli'j ministry by forbi^dins any amiU- 
cation ff>r pn6t.i in tbf> armr lo be made to 
anybody but liiinself ' (^^'JtuoI.c, Letter*, u. 
65) ; and b« did lii* bott to mot out abuM« 
and to w'Riirr> dimrtplinf^ and cfBcif^ncj. 

But )ii» elTorls in this direction added to 
hi« unpopularily. He wu« raid to be irtav 
iag the »oldi«rs 'rather like Oenuanv ttiui 
EngliahiDf^n.' The chanffea made at hu in- 
ManM in tb).- Mutiny A(.'t wvru ttroiigly 
opponed in uarUanifnl. Tin- ' Itftnt^mbmuctfr,' 
vditvd by James Kalpli [q. v.], and ipEpirt-d 
hy lliB Pritiri* of Wiiltui'ii riiloriu at Ijiwenli-r 
lIuuHi*, aiLncked bia niililnry reforms and . 
liitni'i'It', nnd ]ii>int«'d Io pn-o-denU tif nm- 
bitiouN younger sons. The writer of ' Con- 
stitutional Queries,' whigh appeared at the 
begiiiniii^ of 1751, and was burnt by tho 
]iiuiuniun,d)'firiili;ly aitkvd 'wkctlitjr it luitflii 
not bo prud^^t to n'flcct on the fatal tn- 
Rlanc-es nf Jotiu of LaiicaMer and (.'rook- 
bai'ki'd Kichard' (WALroLE, (jetnyt II, i. 
4951. 

On 20 March 17.-.1 -ihf IMnfw nf "VValea 
died, ai)d tlit! qiiRfltinn of regency, in caae . 
Ihn king should die before liis urandximtame 
vi a)fe, wu raided. Tbv king -wichc-d th« 
duke to be regent, but tbe ministers de- 
murred on account ofbia iin|iopiilfirity, An 
act- woft pused providing rbat the Frince^s- 
downfccr of Wale* »Iiould bu regent, but 
should bu advisud by a council on vhiuli the I 
didte vraM to linve a Mtnit. Hi^ V.-M dtv^ply 
mortified. There waa oln?ady a rnolness 
between him and Nencasllo, which lind ori- 
rinsted in diflV-rencea btttwM.'n liie latter and 
Sandwich during the Aix-la-CIiapelle nego- 
tintionfl (CoxE, li. Il<l),uiid fium thi» time 
forward he wnu hontile to thv IV-lhumit. His 
political friejidi* w^re tbe Duke of liwifoi'd, 
eundwirh, and fspccJally Henry Fox. Tbt- 
kiiij( [biiiiki'il I hi' hitler fur taking tlu.- duket'ii ' 
part in llio (lt'hat« on tlift n^gency bill, and \ 
Boid, 'The Kngliidi ore bo changeable; I do , 
noiknnwwhytbtiydiilikehim. It J* brought , 
about by (he Scotch, the Jacobites, and the [ 



Will mm 



i:ngli*b thai do not lor* dimpltae.' It 
Novenher.wlieatlie dnlw hsd a fall ic kittl- 
ing and hl» life wm« for Ktme da.V8 la daitm* 
the Idn^ waa in gre*t di*trn«k, and loU^ni 
* he has a bead to nude, to nde, aa^ t-> 
direct' l.W^^'MLB, Orttryr It, l. IX 
He was elected chuieuUor at the nti . 
of Publin, in meca—km to hia brodier. <n 
18 May. 

^\ hen iLe king wrnt to Haoover io th<r 
sphng of 17->5, the duke ivaa appotnivd oik* 
of the lonU jtuticw (iU April) oa wccemA- 
of tll* c-riliral fitaie of ftffiuni and the pow- 
btlityof a Kn'nch inraaioD. Be wu for df 
clarin^ war at once and blrikioff the fiot 
blow; hilt, though ho«tiltties were carried 
on, the d.-rlflraiion wa* def.-m-d till d*« 
came of tbe l-'reucli d*»cent on Minorea.! 
Mayi;n6. 

Snce the drath of the Prioca of WaU 
the jealowy of the duku bad become bor 
interne oo the part of hi« widow and her 
circle. I'ilt acted with ihem, and in the 
debate on the regency bill he had gone *> 
far aa Io auj^ttnt that, if the duke were ia 
becotne Mile regenl, liis mnUtion * mialit 
fxeite him to think le»i of pr«>tectin>; thsn 
of wearing tbt; rmwn* (Htajihopi:. it. 131. 
]tut the duke took PittV measure Jtulfirieiiilt 
to nd»i«- Fox, at the end of 17.1-l,nf>t to 
placehlmself inoppoaition toliim byaccept- 
mg a seat in the cabinet. • I don't kno* 
bim, hnt by what you I.-1I me I'ili b. wbn 
U wMircc, Lo 15 a mBn'vM'Ai.potj:, (ievrvt IL 

i.atwt. 

Ill Xoveinber 17')6 Htt bcy^atoe Mcrrtaiy 
of state. He wan lient on pushing the vis 
in America, and in Jannani- I7f>7 two h^- 
land rrgimwnls were raised for Bcrvico tbnv. 
one nf thenu by Simon FniiHT, master of 
I,ovat,who hnd fought in ihe reVI ranks at 
CuUoden. I*itt hu,« been highly praised for 
having 'devit<;d that lofty and ffeneTOiu 
scbcmu for removing the disaOectiou of tbe 
bifc'hland«r» ' (Stashopk, iii. 18, iv. H9), 
Hut the duke had M>mt! share 'm it, for tii!! 
propowil ivns contained, with others, in 'a 
pkn Ic.r tiUTjing on llie war" which w■^ 
fiubmittt>d to him in May 17o<6, and nhirb 
hw m-nt liy Lord .Mbemarle to Pitt in IV- 
ceniWr Tbe fort ia, troops wertt liadlyneeded 
in America, and gould be ill s|Mir(H) fmm 
houii;, and, uA the author of line plan n- 
mariied, 'No men in thi^ island uv \---<^ 
quabtied for the American war than 
Scots hi|:blnnd{<n>' (Aluon, Anrtviotr^ ,-j ■'« 
J-arl uf Vhttlhvn, i. liO! ), In lUe * Cumbef 
land Papers' there is a li-it of oOicera for 
Fraser'a n9f[imc»l endorsed by the duke: 
'These papers delivoTv-d to me by the Duke- 
of Argj'ie on ihe l^od Juituir^ 17&T, and ap- 




William 



.345 



William 



' prQCPd nest day by rhe binjT ' (s«> aha Wal- 
i^LK, (jeoiyt II, ii. lai, »i»cl Addit. MS. 
;t:2rt7i*, tf. -Jl, lil, 72). !:i(,'lit ywirs Iiefnre, 
wlien the Duke of Bedford thought of wnd- 
in;; out highUiidwit n» colonist* to Xovn 
I 8cotia, Cumberltuul hud promiiii-d hii support 
to the acheme, 'ax it » much to l!»e wiabod 
that tlie^u [Hjoplb tnuy bo divpOHcd of in hucIi 
a niautier as to Ije of Kwrice to tli* (lorern- 
nif-nt instead of a dutrimifDC to it' i^Bf^ord 
{.'arrrnjionJrnrr, i. ttQ4). 

On other points the duke and I'itt were 
opposocl. Hniinvor wos thn,'>t<>ii('d with in* 
vanion <)winj{ to ic« connect ion with KiiglAnd. 
and thf V\n^ wi^e<l the duke Co conimima 
thf army of olwervntion fcirmi-d lo fovi-r it. 
i'itt v,an aiiti-IiaDOTeriuii, unci fiom histym- 
iiectiou with Leicester IIoum- Li- wa^ indis- 
post'd to HWi-U thf dtiku'tt ariuy. No Kriti»]i 
truopA aiul iiot inii'Ch uiouev could be ol>- 
tntned for tlie defence of tianoter. Tbo 
king dt^liltud Pitt and Tumph', uud was d^ 
tenuined to gvx rid of iheiti. and thi' dnhe 
uiiwiedjiy persuaded liin futtmr tu takt iUh 
»li*I) br-fort' h^ liiamHf left Kn^Utid. lie '\» 
evt^n said to have made it a condition of hin 
ni'tfptniici' of n cnmni»nd to which he wno 
|iprHiiiiftlly dislncliiH^ tH'At.PULE, Gnrsf Tl, 
li. IS6). 

On 9 April 17fi7 th« dukci sot out for 
Ot-ruianyi and joined Lis army at Biolc-feld, 
It nunihered abiut forty thoustiHii loeii— 
muinty llaciovvmiii-. IUbhijiiis, and Ilruns- 
vritK('rx--inid iitOd tliflitu- of tin.! l.i]i[ii!bilU, 
west of the W'eatir. Fred<!ri<:k the Gi'ftat, now 
EnKliiiid's dily, hnd sironfjly iirRi^d ihnt tliB 
arniy •liould iictvaiirct lowurds tho UhiiiK to 
MTpjxirl his fortress of Wflsel : but I be Hano- 

,Tenan tniiiit<tcrfi, by whose advice iht- duko 
to be cuidid, iuBiMi;d that it should 
" nc itself to the defence of lh« tlectoralc. 
The l*ruMiau garntoii uf Wosul, thcri'foru, 
evacuated that plect?, and joined the. llano- 
vt-rian nnny for a time; but in the middle 
•f Jiilv it nitK rallied nwiiy tri Mti^dxburf;. 

Tn tne beginnin(f of Jiinelht! French anny 
nndiT Murebal d'Eslrfus, bavinR crowed the 
Ithine into Wpfltphalia, ndvnncd fron Mon- 
ster tinon Bielefeld. It wan double the 
«ln-nff1li of lh(! dtikr's armv, and tbf lallor 
retired acroH the Wl-si-t. 'I'lit* i'reiurh occu- 
pied lles»e, nuascd ihe Weser higher tin, uud 
iDDved noriliwiiixl ujiou llamivvr. There 
was an action between the oulpOHtH of tlw 
two armie!) at Lndferde on '2-i July, after 

tivbi'iTb lb« diikit dritw huck to a ooKifioQ 

I behind thf>TiIlB|re of nu.<<tF!nbeck. llt» right 
Tru> coverud by the Runs of Ilnmeln, bis lefV 
Tfftt''d npnn snwf woodid hH^hrs, and he 
liud a swamp in bis front. Jlere be wufi at- 
tftcked and ui^-fcali-d on rhe 26th. AdvaucJofc 



throug'Ii thB wooda the Fr«ic1i tumt>d hi» 
left, cuptun'd bis principal battery, and 
forcwl him to retreat. Rur. nif>anwhih:; three 
lIunoviTinn bsttulions, which had been sent 
roundthe woods lo ^iianllhr K'f^. flnickuii- 
pxp9cl«dty upon the right Haul; of the l-'n-iwh 
cAlumns^ and caused so much confusion that 
at one time KstK-i-Jt aleo K»ve urd'-rs fur ro- 
trtut. Hence there waa no pursuit, and ihw 
dukeV army retired in f^ood ordor. He bud 
loat only twelve ImndrtHl innn, hitt hn mudi.' 
no further attempt to check the Frennh pro- 
gmw. llt^ was bimwlf in favuor of joininjf 
the Prussians, hut in obfdii'nceio ibe kinj;*^ 
inotrui'tiuns be reireat^d slowly northward 
upon 8tndi>, when- the 1 lanov^riun archives 
and treasury hod been placed {AJtiit, MS^ 
.'lasrj. fol. ;i8l. and Vtaniifrlnnd I'nptrra), 
It was bopfd lliat iliu Fn-uch would nat 
follow him, but would passoninloBranden- 
btirj?. 

^^ hfii ih« news of thti lattlo ruachi-d 
Kn|ffiand,lhel(in^, who had spent all biHOwn 
Miviu){B upon ihit^ army, told >ewcastle that 
' he had xlood il as hntg as be could, and he 
oiust ^t outofil US welt as he could:' Im 
c>>n!d do nolhino; mono for the kioft of 
PnisAiii, but would let him know that lit' 
wss obti^d to make his own peace sepa- 
rately, US ifU'Ctor, lie WTotc to the duku to 
the frame eflvGl ou 11 Auff., and eent him 
full powiTA to Ii-eul with the French com- 
inauder, binding him st^' If, as elector, lo ratify 
and otHU'r\'i.- anv ocmvciitioH thi.^ dtikeohould 
siipi. On the l(tth he added that the duke 
■liould not Bjfree lo the surrender of thtf 
troojw without IcTting him know, and that 
he wished the negotiations lo be prolon^d 
till it wns ascertained how the idea of ft 
separate punce was regarded at Vteimn. 

The British ministers at first agreed that 
ibi'y ' cuuld ^'iru no ud^icu about tho tn- 
It-nded neutrality,' since (hey wen- not |>r«> 
pared to after elhctual aid to Hanover. Pitt, 
who lind ri'lnrned to oflice with Xewcitstle 
at the end nf June, would not bearofiLttudinff 
British tronps ihilber {GrvnvUif I'aytri, u. 
i'(Hl). Sucb British troops ns wercavnitablH 
were to bii tent, at his itiiilancc, ou lh«^ 
fruillcM expedition to lEocbefort. Frederick 
luid been bi'uien at KoUin on IS June, and. 
there were ruiuoura that be wu* trniiling 
swcri'tly with Fniiice. But he denounced 
llieiin ruiniiiiro im calumntei<, pnilr-iiii>iltif{iiini>l 
the intended desertion of him, and marched 
westward njjiiinst llie French. The British 
mtuisiiTit changf'd their tone, and began !»' 
urge upon the king that bia separate treaty 
was both imprarticoblc and disbonoiirnble. 
Up to 10 Sept, the king maintained that iw 
knew what be was about, and oftvu repealed. 




4 



William 



34« 



William 



*it ma OTtr »it1j thu king uT Pniwia.* 
Bat by the l&lh h« hod lf«rnt thsi bis 
echgne foond no favour at Vivona, and bul 
hutn bron^lit to send Frederick tb« •tronjMt. 
^^imruioe* of suroorr, uid to Buggeet Co 
Ciunb^rUtul that b« iiliould marv^li up t}i« 
£lbfi to MaK^cbtirit, lo co-opfratu vtln ilie 
I'maaiom, or in i»me tAhet way gire oeca- 

Slion to part of ilia Freocb Brmy (Addit. 
8S. 33872 fill. 426, r.lfi, :S2S7h fob. 1, 
III, 200, 530, 541, 33i74 fob. 7fl, fll). 

It -wan too iat«. On ^ Hvpt. tbe conrtn^ 
tionof KlcNit«r-Zi:Ten had be«n s^;ti«d. The 
duko bad hoped tg be al>l(> to maintain him- 
self ot Stad<' with the snppon of Bntiah 
obtM in tbe Slbe. Dut his oominanicai ion 
with tbaaftwoa viit otf: thp Krencb armT, 
DOW under lEicholieu. bad k>en nuM-d to 
more than thre« tim^s bin own iiumkirtf, ood 
lie tniftht soon be forced to surrender. Tbe 
kioaof iK'umarli.&ttbercqui'St of Uoorg«II, 
hod AenI Count LToar to negi>tiat« between 
thv twu ooBimaniUn, and ihi< count had 
brought about an arrangt^ropnt, of whirh hn 
was BO proud that ho could oecribe it to no- 
thing sliort of divin>- inspiration. Ilmtililint 
veiB to eeue, and the army of oljwnation 
wa« tobBbTOk«n up. Th<^IIanovfniin iroopa, 
ezocpiin^ thv (garrison of ^tnde, were to 
croM the Klb«; uod the oth«r troops w«e« 
to be Kut home lo their own states, ont not 
to lay down their arms. 

Ma])ole()ii hftii lilanMiil tht* (.vmrention aa 
for too favourable to the dake'« army (Cbnu- 
mrjitairrtfVi. SiVS). The Frrnch goremment 
decliu'ed to rvtify it a« it Mood, and Richoliou 
overstepped ila terms by trying to di^nrin 
the n<!i««ian troops. But it was it peat blow 
to Frederick, whu relieved liimwlf charac- 
teristically by mocking verses (fEwrrrw, 
xiv. lOJ). In Ku^laod it met with the 
strangest ^otidt^rannlinn, iind from no oue 
Store loudly than from tho king, who threw 
111* who]*' blame of it upan nia eon. He 
UBUTed hifi English ministers that it was 
diieetly contrary lo his oiders, ihat his 
hofionrand hi« interest worasacrificcd by it, 
and that if aiiy other uioa in tho world hod 
done it, ho should concliuli>that be had been 
bought by Krancii. Ua lut tluim notify his 
diflapprobattuti to tlm duk^, and hi* surprise 
that It ahuuld hiivR he(?n rarripd into execu- 
tion without viuiltng for his rat ilication. Its 
inecntion had in fart hpen HURpcniled by tho 
duke owing to tticbelieu's action, I'itl, 
whilp lie frei'ly allowet) tliat tlio duko hmi 
fidl powers lo do what ho had doii>?, wii« fur 
itett ing t li>c convention aside, and felling upon 
the French at once ; and on 5 Oct. ths kmg 
sent ordiTS tn his }Ianoverian inininlers to 
' ihat course, on sfime pretext or othpT, 



' unleM the ri*lc of repriaola was loo 
iAdMt. MS. S2(<7i, inia. 148, 165, 
*48). 

Br tbia time the duke htd laft th- army 
\ br Enjflaad. lie bad not sltowa nitich taleat 
or vigour in the campaign. Thotwfa a good 
soldier, be bad nerer hod tbe iatnitioti of m- 
geoeral, aor perhaps tbe cmlmiuHS. Ocomll 
WW told tbai 'his bead tamed' bat£ ai 
Hutenbeck and at LaafUu Alwan stou, 
bu bad now became corpuUnc and bad loat 
his activity. H« was in bad health, and tbi 
old wonnd in his leg gave him tnmltlp. flat 
it most also be rvmembered that ha 

overmatched in nnmb'-i^, his trui>ps 

cohesion, and his bands wore tied by his iS' 
stnictions. \» r^arda tb« oonr^n'tion, be 
justly matnisined : * I have acted, as it s^ 
[teared lo me, most agreeublu tu hia nuye«^< 
I orders, and for the good of that army sad 
I country that his majesty bad eatrasted ta 
j my care ' (^. 82874, foL 3ftr>>. 

lie rvacWl London on 11 Oct. The Inne. 
' in on interview of onlv four minutes. t<^ 
him 'that ho had mineJ h'vt country and his 
army, and hail spoiled everytbing. and had 
I hurt, or lost, bis own n-pntalion.' The duke 
gave the king a written ■ justification ' (of 
j which there u a copy in the CumlrriaxJ 
PaptTs), bul the king handed it over to lui 
I Hanoverian minister, .Munchbauaeu. At 
cards that tiTOaing be eaid nponly, when tb 
duke came into the room : ' lU-n? is my wai 
who baa ruined me and dif^gncrd himselT 
(WAtPOii,Gror(Mr//,ii.24y>. That niphttb- 
duke aaked permission^ through Lady Yar- 
mouth, toredgn his milttarv appointinents. 
The king sent word bv the ()iike of Dcvoa- 
sbire that be winhwl iiaa not to give up his 
regiment, but the duke nc^Iied 'ihat kit 
butiour would nut permit him to stay n 
service at preaenl,' Hi* resignation toA 
etleet from 16 Oct. In order that, it mirtt 
b" final, Pitt pcvssad the appointmentof a 
succafisor. The king at first denurnd, 
Mving that ' if he had a mind to be tv<nfl< 
ciled to his son, nobody bad anything to At 
with it ; * but be soon eotuetted, ond L^ 
nier was made commander^in-chiof a^ 
coloru>l of the 1st guards Ivfiir^ rh>- i-ndaf 
the month {Ailtli't. MS. 3287-',, fol». 5fi. \^ 
1J)>*; BfdI/mrd CorrMp. ii. 27r>>. 

Wolfe's comment at tbe time waa: 'TIh 
dukc'ft reetgnation may b« ivckoaed la 
addition lo our misfortunea ; he acted > 
right nori, but tho cotmtry will Hiffv Vf 
it. Wolt'e had Mraetlaiee oamplainied 
that the duke'fl notions wen aoRow, ant 
coing beyond jwrfection of battalion drill i 
but lie tiiou^rut well of hia ahaTitira aj 
spoko of hlui in 17£fi as • for erec don^ 






iioblo and f;ea(!T0ii9 actions ' (WBtnRT, pp. 
398. 152. leO, 179.331). 

The dake retired to Windsor. H« made 
no aUumnt to vindicBte liimsiHlf to tlic world, 
and said no word agaiiul the kin);. In 
August 1760 hn bnd a strolcu uf (iiLrulysis, 
nad Waluoln drnwH a touching picture ul' 
liim at hia fathpr's funeral in rlovL'mber 
(^iMlert, iii. Stti), ill' Iiatniiil ovrr lo hi* 
' siitiin tliei flharf> thai fnll to him under 
viU of Geoi^ie II. Givingnp bie room* 
8t^ Jameft'it P«1ml', he Uynk .ScIioinh*-rg 
Etaue in FoU MalJ,aiid in January 17U1 bu 
lOUght thf> Huke of l)L>iiufort'» liOUM in 
UpiMT (.troaTonor St^!eL. (lis nepbew, 
GtKirge UI, treated liim with muc^U con- 
BidiTation. A t th» Icing's mtirriium on 8 Sept. 
1761 iiut (luU« saTr awiiv iht; lbrid«, and a 
araftflrpfarda DP sMod sponsor to the infimt 
incL' of WbU's, aft<!rTriLrdt; liHorgo IV. 
Hu wiut 11 wnnn fni-nil, iiiid n-licd I^rd 
Albfrnarlc look Havana in I7li'2, bw wruta 
to biin : ' Ko jny can tqiial min'*, and t 
etrut And plume niy-telf ftp if it vas I that 
)uui taken thi> Ilarannah ' (AlbbMABLG, 
1, iii)). IIu sbart-d I'iti's disapproTsl of 
the pt'iici; of I'ariH nud hi« lioitilttT to ibe 
Jlute mini^tn-, and ho broke with Fox. 
Ho was uri-dilud willi baviiiK brout^bt abi>iit 
the fall of Hut* in .Vpril 17U3, and liia own 
popiilarUy revived with the growine outi- 
j pa.tbv to i^crjtflnif 11. llv wan m unity liOMt ill- 
^Kto Butis'* (»iirccs.*or, (IrttiiTilfe, and waa 
^■disappointed that I'itt did not replace him 
^Hin August (Chatham Corrfupoadtnee, n. 
■Sa, 31:^), 

^M uis ailments increased. 'lie bad grown 
^■•oormoufily fat, bud cjiaplt-iuly I'J^t lut ute 
^~ ofoMi^ eje, and saw liiil iiupi-rt'eclty with 
I tbi! othur. IIu was asthtualit:.' t» October 
I liM hail two fir* itL Nttwtnarkt-t^ finving gnno 
tbithcr afaJnKt advice to »ai> the maich be- 
tween lleroti and .Vntinous. Ahscesaet 
fonni-d in bi» wonntlfd Up, atid incisinnH 
bad to be made wbicb he boru with ex- 
traonliniiry furtitnde, inj;isttD|^ on holding 
the candk' biuieulf lor tlio surgvon (At.Bi> 
1I4RLK, i. l^f!, 1M4). Oni'Uaiarch 17(35 
Wnlpulu wrolu that bo bad fulk'n into a 
lethargy, and there wen; no 1i(i|K-a of him; 
but be rerivpd, and in April the ltingtiimt<d 
lo biin for help in gut ling rid of bis innii»ttfn<. 
In .spite of bin etate of hen 1th he irndt^r- 
tcHili tbo iu«k, 86 soon as the regency bill 
had hL-en salisfactorily settUd. On 12 May 
he went to see I'itt, who waa laid up 
wilb the gout, at llayeft. An intricate 
negotiation foUuwod, which, though it failud 
aa regards Fitt, resulted in the Kocliingham 

ralioa in July (Aldbuablb, i. 
giving tlw duke's own account of 



tlie eorliAr stepa ; Grfnvilk Papen, iii. 173, 
&c.; GvAms, AvtiAiogrnphy, rp. 40, &c.; 
Sficrattlf Lfttey m l7G5--t!, ed.- Batoson). 
Oil tiO May, in con&etjuence of ilin riott> in 
London, the kin^natotxlhimcaptiun-general, 
though ihb mmutors wiahetl to uppoiuc 
Granby. 

He 'diod suddenly on 31 Oct. 1765, after 
dinner, at hi* bou«t> in t.*p[wir (Ironvviior 
Skmet, baring cnmn up frnm Windanr and 
gone to court in the moninig. The imin^ 
diato cause of death wait a clot of blood in 
the brain, apparently owing to ' two rery ex- 
traordinary prtti-rii oiural bon» which wi>i« 
situated at the upper part of the dura 
mat*r' lAdd^t. M.S. 3a96i, f. -J-IiS; 
Grmrille Pajyere, iii. 105). He was buried 
wilb military honours on !) Nov. in W'lait- 
minHl.ur Abbey, at tbn west end of 
Honry VH's cbuptl. Ilia death eaitsed 
general regret, and niouniina wns worn for 
him in Loudon beyond Lbe timo prescribed. 
Hi; whs unmarrivd, and If^ft no will. Lord 
.Vlbnoiarie wan appointed arlmini.^tnuor to 
his estate, and njlatned a few of his tettent. 
Tlic rest arc said to hare been burnt by 
bis sister, I'rincew Amelia (Albemaklb, 
i. 'liA) : but tbcrn is still a great mms (l:fU 
biuidlits) of ' (JiiuibL-rluud l^piTs ' at Wind- 
sor i'astle, eonsiMtng mainly of letters and 
etatenipnts tent to the duke, but containing 
hIho drafl* »if bis own leMwrn. 

His cbanvrtiT bns Iwen carefully drawn 
by two men who knew him w«ll, 
HorA£u Wdlpnle Myi> : 'His understanding 
was strong, judiciouti, and penelratii^, 
tbou;fh incapable of resisting partialities 
and pii[ue«.' Jiv was proud aud uufurgiviug, 
artd fond of war for ilA own «ake. ' lit; 
despised money, fame, and politics; laved 
gaming, wouit-ii, and his own fiLvoiirites, 
and yet had not one hociahle rinne.' Tbo 
shades in this pictnro are softened in a 
ftU[)pli>menTorT iiketch (\VAr.rnr.R, Ororgfll. 
i. H9, and (J(^iye 111, ii. 2l>l). Lord 
Waldegruve wrote in 1758 that be bad 
'strong parts, grvat militant' nbilitire, un- 
doubted citurap^',' hut that hisjud^nivnt wan 
' tor) mudi guided by his passions, which 
are uft.en violeut and ungovernable. . . . Hi« 
notions of honour and genefoailyaie worthy 
of a princd' (WAt.riBoaav*, |>. 23). Of 
recent osCitnat^s the faireat ifl that of 
Macatilay in )ii« second essay on Cbatliam. 

A biiff-li'ngth portrait of L'uuil».TlftMd, 
painted by Kcyuolda in 17S8, is at \\'indwr 
with a replica in the National Portrait Lial- 
lery, and has been eugravrd »i>veral times. 
There are manv ofliers, among which may 
bo mentioned John Wootton's picture {on 
horseback at Uulloden), «ngraTiHl by Baron 



^ 



William 



34« 



William 



in 1747 ; oii(>Ui«rof CumtMirluKl nt CiiiluJm 
b^ C. 11uli|K {Cat. Afeand Loan &Aii>. 
^o. '^1 ) ; K iliird by W'oolton ond ThotBoe 
Hudwin, (.'njfrnvi'd hj Jfilm F«lwr,ainl n half- 
leiiBtU by 1>svk1 Aloher eiigrcvt^d by Faber 
ill I'M. M<:>ncr liAd a pension ot'2liOl. a 
jmr trym Ibe dtike (Hkqxlkt, Catalofftu ; 
CUALOSEft SiUTH, Itntt*A Afeszotmta iW- 
(rniV*). 

A projiosal tva: an H)ue«tmn utaliie, to hv 
pui up by public subscription, fell tliroiieli: 
nut in 177*) one wiw«nM;t«<t in Ciivt'iiutBli 
Square by Uieutenant-geiwral AVillittm 
Scrcilr. li wiu tak«u iovrn in 1^4)6. 

[Th*rf nro [»-rt Mogr<iphi« of CiimbcrlMtd. 
nMtlwr sckhI : a Li(« W Andrfw HniilBreon, 
pubUabed in 179S, und HiKturical jjcmuira, pub- 
liallMl tnl767. The latter brant do nnclior.inamt, 
but rvfureni-i'i in tlio foutnot«> (p|i. lf)4, "iW. 
397) identity rhe vritiT an T(.ich«nl Rolt [ti. v.] 
Tliou^'i) ilt-wri(li-n, il. cnntjiin* guoil mnt^nali. 
CanpLiell-UacUvlilnir* Williiim AuKuatu*. Duktt 
of Canibnland (IH7fi). Knaiitsof extrurm frurn 
his 2«n«ral unl«rH io l74A~i, aog^''*"^"""^ by 
many luvful ooira. Tb» N»woa«tl« Con^Bpon- 
' dmro, in cbo AdditioHl 31&i., Briltth Uuwsia, 
cont&ins many of his iMLen; thoM written frwn 
I-'l.inHi>ni iir« nmong tha Ko**i£n UlAes pAjirn 
at thv Piiblir R«vpd Offlce fMiliiury Avxitinry 
R^p*fliriiin';. For hii lilt pn*rnllY. ner W*l- 
polc'i. \[r>[Kiini of (i«>r([n fi iinil ()t»rj|(o III, 
and hii Lottcn (Cuaiiinghjiin's cditioa); Lord 
WaId»graTc'« Altmoirs; CoicV Prlham Ad- 
1iiiatslniti(>n ; Lord AlhnmaHo'ii Merooirs of 
Bockioaliatii : On-nirilW I'spprt ; Chiitbiun Cor- 
fupondriKH! : IlActfinl CorrtMavdeBce : Harria'a 
Lif^ of llanlwirki- - WrighL* Lif« of Wulfs; 
Wi-iloii I'lipew {1*1 Ai>i>endiT to lOih R»p.)> 
BDil Trevor Piipirs iPih Aj'prudii tfl Hlh Rep. 
of Hist. BlSfS. I'lMtnii.) :Sljiulicipc'f Ilist. of Kag- 
laud ; Unylc'" (H!1«isl Bunirini;?; Gent, Mng. 
17(6. p. A43. For itiu rebelliou: Smts Mug.; 
CiiUodi'n I'npcnt: Home's i]i#t. of tbo l{«bfl> 
lion; th* hym in M<inniing(l81)»-"); Blniki^'s 
Ilincrapy of Vrincc Churk* Kdwnid ; johnatoiio'a 
TUraioin; iMnnvrcll nf Kirkconnrll" Nurnitivo; 
MonionnU ■■( J»tiii Mnrnty ul llrott^lilun. Fnr 
liifl cnnipntitn» Hlrond: Qvnt. Mtur. K^^. 1717. 
17u7 . .^ Itni'f Nitrntiiro of ihi- liit« tHnipaixna 
in iivrninny aud Flandttrs. }'.'i\ (a Mvi-ra criti- 
ci>m, wnttrii by Qvoi^v Tunasbeud, who was 
ant nt \tia nid«it-dt^■falnpJ : E^pngusc'a TliEloire 
lU MniiHce, ('on)t« de PUs; Voltniru'k Si^clf do 
Loui* XV ; Journnl of the Koyal United Serriw 
InMiinlion, iKXTiii. I2»T : Cnrlyle's Ff«d«rick 
the nrciil ; KrooEiHrd'it Qeacbii^blc dc Kric]^ 
in llmuiuvei", &o, ; Katulvr's Alius iler merkwur* 
digiucn Sf hilni'htfn : Koauei'i Comtr do ■.iiKm; 
and Kiclmrd Waddinglou'a Uncfr* de .S^pt An*, 
ISn. vol. i.] K. M. U 

WILLIAM HENRT. first Dvke of 
(iLDUCin'TKK of till' litlMt creaticn (I7-I.3- 
1WJ6), tbird son of Frwlt-rick I.oui>, prince 



of Wales Tq. v.\ by .\ugiista, daiq^fatwoCl 
Frederick fr,duiii-of 8axe-(toTUa, wm bnra. 
at Leicester Uou^u oh 14 Nov. 1 743. IVinnf 
William, as be waa alylM during his laiao- 
rily, was ediictt«d wiUi the unw atrvt- 
■11411 and III th« saiiM aMlueion as his eldor 
broLhiT, Gwwge 'William Fre<lenck (after- 
wards (.laorgo ID}, whom he resembled a. 
tha sobriety of liLs charartt^r. He was nn- 
dcntncKl to be the kiDg's favourite hrotKer,. 
and ahared with the Iiulte of York (Ed- 
ward Augustu6| the fuuction of leading 
the bride 1o the altar at the mi-al nnptiaU 
(,8 Sept. 1701). In 1762 hi* was eirttrd 
(•-•7 Mav) and in»toIled (22 S™t.) K.G. 
In 17tJ3lio waxa[ipoint4.Hl mng<>r ofTtaiapUm 
tV)urt. In lift* In- wan created (19 >'>v.i 
Duke of Gloucester and Fxlinburgh and fju\ 
of t'oDiiaught.aiid awom of the privy council 
(10 IJec.) He took bis wat in the llmuw or 
Lords on 10 Jan. 17(ir). He nuct^etided the 
IMke of York (Si.pttrmber 1 7»7 ( at n 
Ursiiboumi] Chace, and in Januatr 1 77 . 
appuinti'd warden of the N«w Fxjrwit. 
was aim appointed in 177) chancellor of tb<> 
university of Dublin, waa elected K.RS, ia 
17«), aiij r«»iv«l the dejrref "f LI*l>. from 
theunivenity of I'flmbridj^ in 17S7. Intbr 
army he was commiMimietl colonel of the- 
l.'Jth n-^iawnlof foot on 23 Juiif 1766, of the 
3rd n-jfimenl of SoiA guards ou '} Jan. 17(9*. 
of till.' 1 si. reffitnent of foot guard-t and niai'v> 
ffi-niTnt on ^ Marrii I77U, geturnal on 35S^ 
i77J, and ficld-mnrslial in 1798, 

Olouoeeter niAiried.on (J Sept. 1 76fi, a Udy 
ofequal beauty and wit, Maria, dowauvrcouD- 
tew of Waltlegmvi:, an illogitimatedaofbter 
of Sir Edward Wolnole j^t^ W*lj»i»»iti, 
jABE8,»«WudElRL\V4U»EnRlVB]. The rito 
was soltiinniM^l in M>i-n't bv her rhaiJaia 
at htr house in, Pall Mall, no nthr-r penom 

the fHurt had its aiiitptoions, uniil^er (a> 
pB«in(r of the Itojal Marria^ .\ct, wli»a 
symjwitby with CnmbcrlAiid induced Gbin- 
ceslvr lo notify his prior otfenotr to the king 
(Hi Sopt. I77i) [««■ Henuy Frcdbbics. 
Dt-KE OF Cdmubbunp and Stkathum]. 
The kinf; at once bantitliMl him from eowt. 
and dirif'tpd au ini]iiir>' into the vatklitvaf 
tbfi mnrriuKf. The dukv and diicheM wet" 
awiirdiDply examined before three conuni*- 
»iinn-r«on i3 .May 1773. Tlicy awore totke 
fact of rhe marriap*, and iIh validitr nv 
allowi-d, thoupb. vi the chaplain wbo hail 
oHiciatod wa.4 deod, it remained uiialieM<d 
by any tbird pony. It was not unlP 177S 
thut f)rovi»ion was made fur (In* i<isi|i; of tbt 
oiftrnuge. Part of the inter^-rniua wri^l 
■«■«■* sp.nt by the diikr and ducheaa tteoii 
chiifly in Italy. In .Ume 1780 UlotKBattr 



( 




I 



I 



„,.„._ reitortti TO ihe tnynX favour. Hie 
Inttr life was BtAiniKl by an ninfmr with tlie 
tiwi-bwtt'fl liuly of th«' be<]chnmbor, Lady 
Almeriii Uftrpt'Dttr. He d'\vA on '2'* Auk. 
'THOi'),nTni was biiTiL^d in Hi. Oioreft'sf 'liappl, 
"Windsor. By iht; duclies!., wlin dinl in 
1807, fil(»uc.*ftUT left issue ; ( I I Sophiii Ma- 
tilda, hnm on 29 May 1773, ditd unmnrrinl i 
on '2V Nov, 1 844, liavinjr for luanv yuArs ht*W | 
ilierBngPTShipof OreBiiwidi I'iiA; 1,2) Wil- 
liam I'redurick [q. r.] i 

la^ni. M«a. 17*3 p. 61-2. IHDA li. 7S3 : | 
.AuD. Keg. 1805, Chrun. App. p- lit), IKIt 
Cliron. App. p. 2S6; Court unJ Ciiy Kiilwiiliii-, 
T7B3-9 ; Sicolaa'* Bril. Knighthood, vol. i'., 
Ctupoi^. Lilt, p- lx»ii; Lortih' Juurnnl. »«xi. I ; 
<'i>Uin9'a PffBig*. «J. Erydj:<«, 1, -IS; O- E- 

aokBync]«t''iiiipIft« P«r*ee,iv.W; Wal|»jle'«i 
urtirtiTu (if tliH IlfiKu of Gmriia 111, «l. Le 
Marchntit, rcw*«l by Rossell Barker; W«l|wle'» 
Jaurnnl of ttio ni-ij(ii uf Goorgo III. od. Dorari ; 
Wlilpolc'e LrU*r«, »il- Cunmngimni ; Jlri. Ilft- 
JftTiy t Corrocp. oil. Ijvly LI«ii"Vi:r; Grein-ille 

■ PHpur-, cd Stiiilh; AuchlandV Jnnrnnl. i. 463. 
li. 231 ; Corn Will lis'* C*>n-i-»p, cl. Rita; I'ri- 
vittd I'lipore of William WilL-orforc-, p. lO.'i; 
Jlint. HSi, Conira. l4Mi Krp. App. iv. 32*, 
.623. Uth K^p, App. vii, 3(10; AddiL MS. 
eaOB, f. U2; Josse"* Memoir* of the Iteigii 
ofClrorgelll-l J. M. It. 

WILLIAM FREDERICK, secrmd 
IHtck ay GLorcnaTBK of the Inteet crautiuu 

■ .{IT'e-liliiWl, only now of \Villiiiin Henry, 
tirst link*! of OlouccMerfn. v.], was born at 
iVodoli Piiluco, Rum*, on 15 Jan. I77H. At. 
Canibridjri-, wht-re for somii timt* hi? riwided 

.at Triiiitv l,'olk'(ff, h: rvaived the de^rew of 
M-A. in "I7fl0. iiiid tliat of LL.P. in 1706. 
JIo WM nlwidet-'iud utiant.'vllut ">f tli« uuner- 
nitv on tH^ Slardi lRll,nnti Installed in offii:'' 
on 2l» Jiinet fnllnwinp. In 17^7 he "il* 
elucU-d F.IE.-S. He wn." ^tylfil I'rinoe V^■iI- 
linin wf fiIoHC«?st':r tiriiil liis fallKtr's il4.'alb 
\-J& Aiip. lf<0>'), when he succowb-d to thu 
duk<-(lom of I i!t>ucc«tor nnd F^linburjilij nnd 
pnrldrtm of Coniiuiiglit ; but it was not until 
1816 that, l>fi«^ only prfftt-grnriil^on of 
Oforfffl IT. liB waa ollowwd tlie style of 
royal liiftbn'.-*?. 

Ci !duo<-*ti-r enlRrwd tlie army with a cap- 
tftin'« coBQDiisaion and llm rank of colonel in 
the lal: regiment nf foot gruards in 17i^9 
(11 MrtrcU). He was niad« f«l! colonel im 
fi IVlj. 1704. find f'TvcA with bin regimt-'nt 
uiidprSir WiLlinm Krakine [cj. v.jin ibe en- 
suinK onmpaigii in Flandofs. He vroB «]>- 
poinl*^ (3 M«v) to lb« command of th« 1 16th 
reg^iment, nniS (liy lelttrr of acr^'iCe) to du 
duty lis olonel nn ibe alaffujid giiiKTal nflici-r 
throughout the nunpaign. In 179.j be re- 
iceiveda major- jTi^nerara commission (10 Feb.) 



and tbn colonelcy of tbo 6th regiment of 
foot (8 Nov.) In thu expedition to itiu 
Hcldvr in 17(^ btf cummandcd a brigadu 
under Sir Harid Onnda^ (l7a.».lH20) [fj. rA 
and b«bared witlj gallantry in thu actioDS m 
HlSept. nnd 4 and li Oct. ' Uk wuniii L-on«<^ 
quence advanix-d to Ihe rank of lifliitfrant- 
^eQiiral (13 Nov.) In 180*} hi! was mud* 
colonul of ilif ■'Jrd n.'K'lmcBt of foot ^tinrds 
(31 May), in IHOW whm advanced to the rank 
of e«»tiral (2') Ann)), and in If' Hi to that of 
BeCl maralial (Mtiy). Ik' was t-lei'Utd K.O. 
on 16 July 171H, and rvc-iTed ibL-ensions in 
FiHndi;ri'(:?7.luiy>,buC wasuot iiiMulb'3 until 
1*9 May IWIl. In IHUf. his nllowauc« viaw in- 
crea«ea to 14,001>A He woji nindo a pri%*y 
conncillor, being diipenaed from tli^ oaili, on 
1 l-'eb. 1806; wa» invosii-dG.C.n, on li» April 
iHli'i, and G.C.H. ou I'J Aii({. fiilUiwJn({. In 
1798 ht' wft,s appointed raH^Br .if BaRahot. 
^%alk,and in lf>i7 governor of I'ortsinoutli. 
He was nominattid in IfiAl cruwii trustee 
of the British .Mut^L-uui. In gi-nend polirica 
betook litHe part, but i]i«trngui-.li<>d biiu- 
«.'1£ by Ills earnest advoaicy of the rights of 
thtf n<!ffro Ixjlh in parliam«'nt and us praai- 
dsnt of the Afriwin Institution. Ibiriugtbo 
n-dency be ncted wiiJi th'* oppofritiou, and 
ndhentd to the i^nke of i^oasftx nn ihc lTr(<iich 
wilL the princi* rojjuin occasioned bv Priii- 
ci-t« Cbnrlotto'ft r«fu>tal of the Prince of 
Orangtf. Hu nftcrwanls look the side of 
the <|iieen durins tlie parlianit^niary pro- 
coedmga against h«r. Ho sniniorieil catbrx 
lie emancipation (9 Juno 1«8), but voted 
against Earl CtTev'a tiifonn bill ("Oct. 1831, 
J ;f April IMSif). 

Uloiici'stor's intfitleclual |K)wrrs wpre by 

no means of a bifrh order. Hi^ lifo waa 

btamelc^a, and uiudi of bis inooniH waa 

i>pt.'ni in chttrily. He died, without issue, 

oit 30 Nov. IH.'l4. Hin remains were inturrtil 

in St. Goorgu'a ('liajiet, Winddor. 

I (il(mri-»!.-i:married,Btbupliinjf!iam Houca 

on a.'i July li^lft, Mary, fonnb lUiinhter of 

I Oeorj{L' III. Itora on -'Q April 1776, she 

pai»fd li'tr childliorxl and early wotnanitood 

' at ^N iudaor C'aslli'. winning jjolden opiiiioiia 

I fronmll whocami^ in oimtiicl niih her. At 

the age of tt-n she startled Mis* liurnMy 

I by 'the elegant cumpiwuro ' of ber miinner, 

nnd at twvnty charmed ber by ber e.vlr«ni« 

uratiouiiuosa {Diary a»4 Letttn o/ Mwiatne 

(i'Arblnjf, lfrl;{, iii. 42, vi. 137, lOH, 177). 

Lord MHlmeaburr in 1801 thought her 

manners perftd {Dt'ai-iet and Otrm-p. iv. 

(14), Her marriagt! witbGIoun>8ler woatbo 

result of nn early mutual altacbnieut, tbougb 

for reasons of giaio it was defenvj until after 

t bo hand of the I*rtnce«s Charlotte waa dis- 

poatd of [see CMJatjjTTE ArorsTA, Puix- 




William 



35° 



William 



cma\ EMiMea yeut of imffj wedded life 
fbUowtd, aimagwtiiditk«duJn>uid ducbfu 
Urtd Car tin: moK put in rattrvueac, ocou- 
. fjittg thanaelrawitli Twiom ahiUnthropic 
»benw, After ibv diikr'« dmiA ihe dnefaMi 
limd in atUI gvMler MCliudon, darotisg b«^ 
wlf almost eotinlv to gcxid worlcB. Ske out- 
UtwI all licT bmih*T« uid ■utoit, rod diad 
nt Glouceater llonae. Park Lute, flo 30 April 
Iti-'tT. Iler mauit» wen intend in the 
roTDl vault at Wiiidiar {(lenr. JfM. 1887, 
i. ^■iS; UisKiFi MABTUtxir.iNiyr.&eft-Ae*. 
lr<70i Ubs. Deiaxt, Cbrrup. «d. h^^ 
i«laiu>T«rX 

[Aaa. Bag. 1794 p. i». Chroa. p. 68, 17W 
CImtn. Anp^ {If. !■(& H Mq., ISDGCtoiKi. p. 173. 
1818 p. 208. 1634 Chroa. Ap^ p, 347; Otad. 
OaalaSr.: Nieolaa's Brit. Koi^bUiood. rot. ii. 
Chron. list, p. Ixxiii. voL iii., Cfaroa. List, 
p. XXX; O. G. Chroii. Li^-. p. )t ; Umii. Ua^. 
179< i. 87.^. 131C ii. 7t. ISSJ 1. 8«: B0711I 
KalendAT. 1833. p. i»A; W&lpoU's Lccters. «d. 
Cunningbaia, vi. 440; U. K. ClQiaytM>] 'a Com- 
plete Potraev ; Orrrillo Mpmoin. nl. Iwtp, ii. 
S. 16; 11. 1. awl & Witberfonv's Lifi: of Wt]li«m 
WilbOTforca; Z. IboiUaj'a Latter to H.B.H. 
tho Dak* of OIduowUt, Uli; Rouillya lEo- 
notn; BacHngfcam'i Uemofaiof tfae C^rt of 
EagUnd during Ibft Rc^d^, i. 2S6. iL SSS ; 
BuduaKham'a Mtmmin of ih« Oonrt of 0«ur^ 
17. (. BO ; BuefciD^Hia'a Court and CabinMs of 
WiUiaa IV aod Vietorii, i. 363, ii. Ofl, 93, 
Il«, 145; Ifadanw D'Arlibv'a Diary, Til.Slj; 
Colebwtar'a Diarjr ; Diaiy of tbc Tinaa of 
Oaoi^ IV, ii. 179 ; Bronghan'a Aatobiagrapbj'. 
Ii. 232, 404 ; ComapODdMiee uf Piincaaa Li«v«n 
and Enrt Orev. ed. Le StiaOMi ii. Sn. 381. 492, 
4BR ; Raikra'B Joninal. t. 3U8 ; Hanwud'ri Pari. 
D«baiea. i^ 231, viii. 665, x. 1179, xviii. li)6(t, 
sxiL fi06, xxiv. Ill, xxTiii. SIO. now aer. tir. 
1151. xix. 1 189, Snl wr. riii. 339. xii. 456 ; tliat. 
M8.S. Comiu. 8lh Itap. App. ii, 13'. l4Ch flap. 
App. ir. 625.] J. H. B. 

WILLIAM FmnMBBRK, Eakl opIIgkb- 

rOBD (</. 1071). rStd KmSOSBBSH.] 

WILLIAM Malbt ot MiLtrr (A 1071) 
Companioii of tho Conqueror. [ii«e Malet.J 

WILLIAM {rf. 107C>, bislKip of I-ondon, 
b Xormuti iiriust, uuil one of the clerks or 
ohaplaiiu of Kdwanl Ibe Conft-wor rq.Y.], 
ma chosen biabop of London In 1051, during 
tlia abavnca of Karl Oodwin [q. t.], ia place 
of Spcarhafoc to whom Aroublsliop Kobert 
of Juntiigea [q. vJ], liad rufuiMtd cona«ci«> 
tion, and via oonaccraled hy Itobert. On 
the r«tum of (Jodwin in Swpt«mlHiT 105^, 
he tied from London in f'>inpiiii7 with 
Koberl (A.-S. CAr>m. 'Abingdon/ sub an.), 
but, aa ae ynn popular on aocoiiut of his 
f;aodnM9 of hunrt, ht* was aoon rocallod 
ami winstotvd iu lii« see [Flob. Wio.) The 



CaiK|iun)f'a ehamir tn London is addnMiSJ 
to bun aa well aa to tU*- {Kirtrvcce, Iiia atm»^ 
coming first. Ha was perhaps, in or abool 
1068, one of ihrvr commUeioQers smoinud 
to srrsB^ the gvneral re<l«mpLion crjr tba 
Kngltsli of their lands (Frbbxaji, NwwKm 
OamqueM, iv. Sti, 7^>). He cona«crat«d Laii> 
franc to tbe ten of Cantrrburr in 10!^ 
WM DTCteat at the couocil tbat Las- 
franc odd in London in 1076, and died in 
thai v«ar, Tht- cittzeoii of Ijondoa ore m] 
to liaTc lonp kept his day. lionoiiring him 
doubtlww for bin coiinw:tioa witb ilic C«i- 
quurorV cEartor, and they pla^nl u laudatory 
vpiiapli 'in but tomb in tiie middlt^ of tbr 
nare i>f Sr. Paul's Church (eopiwl by Gofr 
WIS, /V /Wai<V/<&iM, pp. ir4-ii"i. That is 
spite of bin nationality he waH n.-«Loivd to lia 
see is a suflioient witnen tn hiii biph eka* 
nacler. The Conqueror enabled bim to (f- 
tatn •onto land* that belang^ to bis eev 
{NQrvuin i'on^. v. 741). 

[AuihoriUfe qvot«d; Will, of Malimabaf;^ 
R«at)i IVintifT. p. M n. ; Vita Lanfnutci. n. 3M. 
«1. GUas.] 



Lanftwnd. p. 3M, 
W. H. 



WILUAM HE St. Carii.bp or Bs. 
Cal*!-' <rf. 1096). bisbfp of Durham. [i» 
Carilet.] I 

WILLIAM OP C'liian^KK (jl llOO},p»t,] 
vnu a pupil iif Anwclm.proboDlyat Bec,aW 
beoameaBenMliciinu aonk of (JbtNtt^r,wbd 
was found«d from It&c in 109?. Tic vrMe 1 1 
posm addressed to AuEclm on hia elevatVn 
to the MO of Cant«rbiuT, which An^Im ac- 
knowled^ in Ep. iii. 64, and «Uo au £]i»- 
G«dion in vlegiac« on bie death, printed ia, 
Ilalusf'a 'Hiscellflnea.' iv. ITi. ^u i^ pi^j 
bably to be distin^ruiebwl fmni the abbot < 
CbeattT wbnruliHl I12U1140. 

(Tanncr'a Dili lint liaoa. p. 8M; Bale's SoiaL] 
X. 42 ; Hla, Do Soipp. p. 19«,] M. R 

WILLIAM OiFPARD {d. 1129X bubv] 
of Winchester. >See GirrAlto.J 

WHXIAM (d. 1136,»), archbishop 
Tyre, an Knglishman by btrtb, wa& pri 1 
the Holy Sepulchre at Jenuatlem wb<ii K 
iialdwinllaDdtheprinceaofthe Holy !_; 
appointed bim arehbisbap of Tvre, ' in - 
spring, in the fourth year afrt-r lUat city «*■ 
n.«turwl to the Chn^'lian faith,' i.c. 11*' 
Hf wait the fiiat Latin i>ccap«ut of the 1 
Odd, who had been cnns^ciated to Ic wU, 
■WA* f\\\\ in the hands of tho in'6d«>lfi, bal 
dieil bffnro it WM won ( 7 Ju!yll24i. Wl 
liam was oonaeented by Gormond, the m-j 
trinrch of Ji^rusabt^ and imiDediatelT wut w 
Konte for tun poll. Houuriua II nTe it lokia, 
together wiui two commemhitorv l«tt«n^ 



I Btl 



Allad B July (probably 1128), to the 
and po(}pli> of Tyro, the! other to tbu 
,rch. l.ln Lbi rnturri ^Yiliillm w«s iic- 
companied by Bifthnp fJilwi nf Tiiflculum, 
whom the pop'.' cbarjjwd with a latter to ttu 
patriarch of Antioph, bi<ii1in^ the; inttt'.r re- 
eign tbejurisdiotioii which he wqs ille^itlly 
excroiaiti)? ov«r c>.TTniii wes which wetf pro- 
ntfriy suffragiui!) of Tyn?. in 1 lt!i>, at Acre, 
Vvilliam grantt'd th« ciiurch of St. Mary at 
Tttu lo tiiu cuuoiis of Uiu Hoir fM-pukhrt-. 
IUj whneiuteii Lw» chariwrs in lUiO. Ilia 
fniirth siiciwMor, the i^M historian. Arch- 
bishop William il of Tyrn, ivLtli whiim bu 
tiiLH somfltiitu^ bwri ooiifuspc!. my& he was 
'commendable for bin lift- and morals.* An 
his immMialr:^ imoeouor, Fulp.h«r, had )ie\A 
tbe BOB ot Tyre for twelve yearo wlieu tiiected 
natriuvh of JiTiualcm on 35 Jiui. 1147, 
Williftm must have died bolwwii 2JV .Tan. 
1134 and !'•'> Jan. 1136. s date which is 
fnrthGT corroborated by the circumstann^ th&t 
hv and Kernard of Auliocb divd about th« 
Anm<^ time, and Bornard in known to Iiave< 
b(.-cn ])iilriarcli of Antiucb from ubtnil Junu 
1100 to 113.'! or llSfi. 

[William of Tyre. I xiii. c, 23, xir. cc. 10. 
II, xvi. e. 17, Ti. 0. 23 (BecBQil das Hist, dw 
CroiskdM, Hi't UcoicloDlanx. vol. i. pin. i. ii.J; 
Rotnir*'* Cnrlii1iiiT«< dn Saint-S^pnUTa (I'arix, 
1840, rcprittlvil in Mignc'a PalToIo^a, vol. vtv.). 
No. 67: Uohhnnles Cb&it^B du Terre-S&iniu 
prcm-nant do VAblnye de Jorapliat (Bibl. dw 
Eoolas fBuii;aiM8 d'Attiones et do Somf, Urn:. 
10. Parts, 1880). Nos, xvii, xri'ii : infomuitiun 
kindly giv«in by Mr. 'P, A. Archrr J K- S. 

w n.TjAM or CoHBEiL 01. 1 136), «pcb- 
bi-sho[i of UiiiiLprbury. [See CoiulBlL.] 

WILLIAM DE WAKRtWAOT (•«. 1IS7), 

bifihop of Exeter. [Sw AVarklwut.] 

WILLIAM OF MALMESBrRVfrf.lUS?). 

historian, was bom botwD«n lOfK) nod 
1096; II tn-ati»c a^cribod to litm contains 
the BlatfiufiiL that ita author waa bom on 
30 Nov. 'Tho blood of two nees'— 
Nonoan ami Kii^liKb — waa mingled in Wil- 
liam. He callfl himwlf a ' cnmputriot ' nf 
St. Iluii9tjin Lq. v.l, which may m«an that 
he w»fl horn in ^totoersct ; that his homo was 
in tbo south or weeC of England is implied 
in the fact that ho was brought up from 
childhood in MolmcabuTy AbbJy. lie wba 
alreodr tituru iu the time of Abbot Uodfrev, 
i.o, bcioro 1105 ; ba evon spudu of himsuif 
aa havinii witneMed there an arenl, nf which 
oiht^rfiTidenca ahnwR that tht- date cannot 
havi! b«an I«ter tlian ]09fl, Elsewhen.* he 
tit=f A expresBiooa from wbirh it hafi hoi^n in- 
ferred tliD.t bo aseiBted Godfrey in the for- 
BUtion of tlu) monastic library ; but though 



this IS not absolutely imposflibJa— auppoaing- 
clie asastanc<' litnitiiu to such email iimtt«rs 
as a clever and uludiouH boy of uinv or ten 
miffbt well be capable of— it is more pro- 
bable Tliat the paMagu rwfvrs to bi« loboura 
in after years for the incrcasr" and improTe- 
ment of the work which Ondfrey bad 'T'?(tuii. 
Strongly urtn^d on by his fftthtr, ^Villiam 
become a diligent student. He heard lee- 
ttiTta on logic, he studied medieine, and 
' &mu<ched deeply ' into etbice ; b<it his chief 
bent was towards bi-Mory. At his own or 
Ui-s fitthcr'H expcrnse he prvicurod 'Dome hift- 
torien of foretgu naliutt^i;' tiien be ' wt 
about to inquin^ whether anything worthy 
of the rnmembmnce of po»tiTity etmld he 
found among our own ppoplt\' ' Thence it 
came,' he aays,' that, not tuttis&ed with tb? 
writingB nf old, I htj^an to wiit.- tnr««lf. 
His '(iwta Regum ' nnil ' Gi>AtA PontiHiciini 
.\n;?I()rmn ' were both finished in 1 1^5, By 
that iiRii' he had secured the patronarc of 
llobert, earl of Gloucester Tq. v.] William 
WAS now, and aproTVTitly had been already 
for tome yearn, libruriou of iiis monnelurk'. 
Between tl^U and 11U7 he complli'd a 
largL- coIlecLiiin, still uxtaiit in a volume be- 
lii^ved to he written bv hi* tjwn band, of 
iiiati.'rialB for tij^torical and legal st.ndy, 
coitifirining I'xciTpIs fnmi and abridgments 
of various old writers, and a tmnHcri|)t of 
the lEoiQsn law-book known ai 'Ilreviarium 
Alnrici,' with notes and additioua from 
otlii-r wurw-*. Between 112^ and liyO at 
latent, probably not later than 1135, Ik 
wrulf a trealiso on the hib-toTy of Olaston- 
bur^', and Uie live* of four Hftint* connected 
willi that bouse. Ill one of rbeae liveti ho 
ii})>«k« nf Glastonbury as the minster 

* wheri'in I am a profused aoldicr of hcavco,' 
and, oddrmsinc its monlu, he calls liimwlf 

* yonr sf^^rvant dj" doTOtioa, Tour brother in 
the fellowabip of God's soldiery, your sou 
by aH'ectioo.' This may mean that be bad 
lelltT^ nf ooiifralttrnily with ibe Glaston- 
bury monka ; or, poatihly, thai hi- was for a 
time a rufiidmimcmhcrof their community, 
in the prologutt to a comni<-nlary on the 
' Lamentations of .Teremiah," BTittVa wben 
he was, he says, ' forty yeiirs old,' he speaks 
nf having ' amnaed him.'«''If with history in 
his younger days,' and feeling that ' more 
ndvaiifod njfc ond less prosperous fortune 
now call ' hini to more solemn subjects, it 
is possible ttict this 'lesspivisperouet fortune* 
may have involved a tvuipomry exile from 
Malme^burv, during whicli Im found iiiliell4'r 
at Glastonbury, and that it may have been 
caiunl by some ditHciiltr with IJoger of Suli^ 
buri- [q. v.], who held Malmeftbury Abbey 
as an appendage to his bishopric for at least 



William 



35" 



William 



iburtatn ymn bofore liU Amth in Deoeaiber 
11.tO. In Jonv llSO.bowflver, WillUm vn 
on 01W occmsiun in Itocur'a coraptuijr. 

WilliARi ivema to D«Te bwm pr«e«nt at 
tlie couucil liplJ by th* lq[iit« Il-nrv [am 
ilEXRY or BLOin'j((tWinch«it<Ton?J'Aii(r.- 
I Sejil. 113U. After i{o|;c«r's deutb the 
monlu of MalaMabdry obUtin<^ ^H-IU) leftvi? 
' from Uuking lodeet ut abbot. Tbevcbwt' 
a munk named Jobn, who died witbia a 
Yur, and wns auowoded by oos IVier. Tt 
-•«etii« tbat al >^cb of tfarae elactinmt Wil> 
luun ini|;ht have hecame abbot, bad be d«- 
f-«ired it. lVt<?r nccnmpciiiiral .]<ilm on a 
* Ubortou* journey tAwards Rome,' of which 
%ViUiam wrote an ' Itinerary ' from PeUT'a 
iTeport, In a fraf^enT of tbis ■ EtinArary,' 
[■praagrvcd by Leiaiid, William nya, ' L'uleu 
\ wIMiive deoaivM me, I have prorod myself 
i« man of ingenoone mind, in timt I i^ve 
place to a oomntd« in the matter of (be 
abU>t'a ofSce, nhicb I micht easily ba>'« 
•obiainM for mj-scir, more than oiiw.' Ha 
may hav«nooc|>tMl tbeprecentonthipinalead; 
for in later limes tbuiv wac a tradition at 
Slairaesbiiry thai h» had bi-i>n pTfCPnlKr mk 
-well as librarian. Meanwhile, be hod gooie 
back to the fuvourile piirauit of bis vouth. 
Between 1135 and 1140 Iia had made two 
reoeiuioiuof thf ' itesta Iteffiiin.' In 11-10 
bs waA at work upon a n«w uook, tb« ' Ilia- 
[toria Novella," and u«oa a rvvisiou of llw 
'Oesta i'oDiiticMm.' 1l<t wa.t |tresent at tlw 
council at WincliiMter (7-10 Aiiril 1141), 
in which the Empnwa Matilda 1 1 IOi-1 1B7) 
fq. v.] waa BeknowUHl|r»>d as * l^dy' of Kng- | 
land. Matilda's eacave from OKionl in De- 
cember 1112 is ilio lalcvt crent wlitch he 
inentioiiH; [irobably ihorefore he died in' 
]I4». I 

WilViamwaa 'a man ofgnwt rvadin^c, un- 
bounded industry, rerr forward acholarsbip, | 
and of tboujclitfiil Tvutearch in maay rt^ons ^ 
oflfarniiifl;' (Stubbs's pref. to ffr*tft Iti^tm, 
vol. i. p. X). If he VMS. esK-eptionally ijiuill- 
■fiedibi^ wu* nUoexcepliomdly circumstanced ' 
for the pursuit to wnich he chiefly devot.^d 
but powers. Tb« two great abbeys with 
wbicii itt nai ho closely connected were 
irt-flsure-lionsea of malrrial of all kinda, 
<locum«nt«n,' «iid tnitliiioiial, for the eariy 
hiitorj- of Rngland ; and frum the niimborof 
Rut-bors with whom he show* himwlf ac- 
qiiain1«d, even in hia early works, it la 
evident that, what with thelibmri'-^of ll«ww 
two huunes and hi* private means of prnenr- 
ing book!!, he bad, while still a very young 
man, rccwma to a mtic-U wider fit-Id of reading 
than WM open to most of hi« con temp nrariea. 
Ilia (joci*l ailvaiil.u((K« were enttnlly preat. 
Notwlllistandin^bis tnaiioetlc cuucalionnnd 



proftfttuon. h« had awn tBom of th» wM 
than manrlaymen of hLttime. Hisakvttb 
of town and c-^unirr in rlin ' Gasta Ptnti* 
flcutn' ifhow that be hatl IravnUml not ocIt 
over a cuntiderahle pnrc of ihn aoatb sal 
vrt*t of LJizlind, but aa fitrn<mh asC^dMik 
and Yorlcsnire, ant) as Car e&st ad St. Im 
anil, probably, Kury St. KdinundA. Hm 
facilitirt for aiaiuirinff information, bolb 
orally and bv nsadinir, were enhaneed hv tiii 
tuL'l tluit liU mixerf origin gave him' tJw 
rommaiid oftwo lani^ajfea btttid^ the I^tat 
in wbirU he wrote. (la waa, tnonow, 
f«|iec4nllv fi>rtitnatu in tbrev of hIa aoqoatni- 
anrr-s ; itie i>olitJoal bi«lory nf the rv^fn* \4 
Heur>- I and Hiepben camu tn him at tt* 
hand from ihrw; '»f the fortjinost actorB ia it 
— Iloffer of Salisbury, Henry of \\'iiM:b*'««r, 
and iCobert of t>Iouce«ter. 

William'* must important work ia ike 
'Oeita ICiyum .\ niKirum,* witli ita mu^ 
the 'llisloria Novella.' The 'OvataKtyuai' 
hefnm at llio besinniny of English hi>i.in, 
and wna onriBallv inli^nded to end at i^ 
year 1120: out t^e author carried on Vn 
work fnr five niofd years before be bT\)ii^t 
it to a oonclusinn. and in bis two Ut,-r r*- 
erosions be tiled it< (enniriatJon at 1 1^7 A 
The*' later n-oenaiona contain no a<iditioa# 
of any jtreat importanc*. except a iledicatiM 
to Earl Robert of Olonccalvr.and a feri-ao( 
notten derived from the hint nrr nnd cliarten 
of (ibisionlmrv, and ih«y diiit-r fr^m e«ek 
other ehieily in the position ||;ivr-ii to tb« 
di^lication, and iIm number and exteat ft 
these (ilaHlonburv- iDaesttons. Both diiSn 
from the lint version mainly in thi*, tfaa: 
the strong tanguogv usad bv th^ author in 
bi« youtli concerning the great pervona^af 
the past — c«periallyth0 recent past — i* eofr 
•iitemhiy modifled by the greater eauiioa, 
matur>T judgment, or deeper charity of tii 
more advancL^d agv. To our Vftii kn^iwl^die 
of the period compriaed in the tirec two boola 
of the 'Geau' <V.D. 440-lOiM), 'his imk- 
peudent coolributJonit are,' Biahnn Stubbi 
My."), 'infinitesimal.' Of the third book 
( lb(Mi-*i")the same authority obBerre*; "Coft- 
fltdoring tlial he mu.«t have be«n acnuaiiiifld 
wttb many to whom the main ewnta of tlw 
coDijuest were mailers of per«oual nwol- 
leclion, we mi^bt exp>K-t murb inon- than 
w<' find of anginal iiifonnatioii,' ulihoarii 
there is enough of this to entitle bim lo 'tW 
difliiiKuixhedptaoeora primary and htin>-%t. if 
not always absolutely tro-itworthv, authoht» 
for tbepenud;' white some del a iU of foteijca 
arlaiTs.>iiic-li tis the aueceaiion of tbo Scandi- 
iiaviati kings at this time. and. more r>|vo 
cially, the account of the early AurrtiDiv 
are of c«uid'-rablo iuterast Bnd'imp<>rtwic«v 



William 



353 



William 



id li&vr no! fa«t*>ti trari^ to anjr nxtiint 

5iircB. For the men of Williani Rufus and 

111," early j-vars of llcnry I, contoitii'^I in 

>k iv., Williiim w prnptioally a pont«ni- 

jornry Buthorily. and from the ope&iiif; of 

:>!( V. 111.' is *triptly a oontcmpfirftry writer. 

[^lit tliruutiLout lba>t' rwo book^ hU narra- 

ti^v is curiously incomplolu snd lll-umnKsd. 

11.1 L'lik'f viiluo of lliis part of hin work Iwe 

tbe illustrations of character and of tbe 

rL>l(Liions of Tlin Nonii&n kin^ 'with 

Irllick t!it^ nnmitirc ia intMn|ienied. Much 

of tlw iTit/rest and importaTinc whioh at- 

tnclicH to tliL' ' Gostd K^niim' >in a wholu i* 

lif^rary ratln-rthRii hiBtorical. In t heearlivr 

book», «9j)«citiUy tko second, Wiltium makee 

confliderabteuM of the older bftl lad Hternturp 

of Enffland, wliicli in its oriijinaL nhape is 

entirely 1o4t. In ibe same portion of his 

■work more particularly, but to (wmc extent 

i\»o throughout iln mIioIk coune, li« fre* 

}ueut)y breaks the Requence of L'TGDtA to 

BTiUTtain his rvndi^nt wJlh ii etrinif of uii»ei.d- 

iririia'* tab^s «omi! utl^rly frivolou.*, winie 

uurioija as ilhistrati'infiof zDcdiievul manutra 

tjii] hnbits of ihoit^iit, mimy of a chiirnctj^r 

Fwliich has ju-^ily brought upon the ir narrator 

[ tliP n*pri:)nch of b*?inB ' n pn'ody wwallowcr of 

ivcty wonder ihat he could ptik** up from 

rery quarter,' moet of them totally irn?!y- 

nt to his main sut^oct, but ull of them 

slated with ibi.' fuciiily of a most^'r of itic 

krt of Btory-1 1^1 ling. Tbe.ie storioa doubtI«i» 

' plpad in no stnall dep^n to win for lliu 

'Oosta lli>gunt' till; plac^ whidi it hfld, fntm 

Brat appearanr.e down l.o tht> clos«! of the 

liddW n^C^ti, as ' ii papular and etamUrd 

history' which othi>r wnl<*rs u*'d an a foun- 

ition for tlit-ir work, as WilliBm had u."*^ 

oda foe the e-araf^ purpose. But the ' OckIa 

togum'is i.>otiilod to il« fame upou hiKiier 

aiinds. In it ^VilliaIn ' deliberately aot 

bim^elf funivard w lho5ui»«ttor af thuvuno- 

ible lifde ; and it ia acldom that an anpinint 

[of tliP HOTt comi'Ji m near lut ho did to tbe 

nliKnti'm itf bin pn'tftiMoii*.' ' \W may 

lirly olaim for him the rredit nf hein^the 

Bt writ«r uft'-r Bedt^whoattomptvd tojiivu 

his dotaiU nf darts and <-ventR aucb a 

^Btemalic connectioii, in tbe way of cause 

id con fliq nonce, as enlilh^ tbcm to thi? 

imt> of Uifttorv.' \\'Ii«tcver bo thfl worth 

tbo ' Oi^stft Itegum' a!i ori^iual materiiil. 

|b8 a Step ill Chtt working out of tiLFftori'j- 

raphy it hax a moiiiunental value' (t:!^rBRa, 

\c. pp. i-Y, x). 

In thv * tlistorin NovoEla,' which taic?» np 

le thread, of tho narratire whero it wa.^ 

Iroppud at the conclusion of tho 'Gesfa 

" t>gam,' the la«t t«n yearn of Menrj-'s r^ifni 

re rapidly ruo over, and Uic period f^om 

TOL. Lit. 



D»c«iub«r 1136 to DtMembn 114:3 ia dealt 
with at greater lenrtb, but in a desultory 
way which abows tliat the book is little 
nore than a r.nllf'^tion of not^A, or UrAt draft, 
which the author did not live to put into 
shcpe. Ioijwrl'w.'l a« it in, Iiowivor, it hoUla 
a foreiuDst place amon^; our matoriiili' for tho 
history of Stephen's reign. The printed edi- 
tion* of tLo ' Oii-«l(i K^'^uui' and ' HiHturiu 
NoTella' are by SaTiln ( iScnii/crt" ftott 
BrdoTii. London', 1000, Frankfort, 1601), 
Hanly {Entjl. Hut. Sar. 18-10; n^pHnted in 
Mitiyu'a Pa/r»/()yia,vol.clxiix.),and l^cubh<i 
(lt,.l[-iH«r. 1^7-itj. 

AVilliam'a other extant works, original and 
compiled, are : 1. 'Geeta J^ontiticum Anglo- 
mni (»*i! above), * the foundation of the early 
ecdesiantical kietory of England on whicli 
all WTittTS have chiefly built' (II.miLruN, 
prof, p, x>. Tlio first four boolts are printed 
in Savile's ' Script on*? popt Hedain,' tW lifth 
book(* Vito S. -Vldhelmi ') inO ale's ' Scriptores 
licrum An^licaruui,' vol. iii., and Wharton '» 
' ,'Vaglia S«Mrra,'vol, ii,; all livi? bookK ar>' ti— 
printed in Mi^v, vol. clxxix., and ibe com- 
plf'l'i wiirk ha)i bt'i-n editiil from William'n 
nutogmpb innnuficripl bv Mr. N. K. S. A. 
Hamillon (liolU Ser. 1m;0), :•. 'Vita !S. 
ntini>tani,' printed in Stiihbs's * M»tDorinU of 
St. Dumlan' (HotU Ser. \iy7-\). 3. ' Vita 
S. Wulfntani; Wbarlon, vol. ii, ; Mi||^e, 
vol. clx\U. 4. ' Du Aniiuuilutu Ulastoni- 
ensia KecIeaiJB;' (tale, vol. iii,; Wharton, 
vol. ii. ; lluaroc'a 'Adam of Dumerham,' vol. 1. 
."i. ' Fraifntent of n Iri-I.twr on .lobn .^^colUllJ' 
Galea preface to 'Scotuade Diviaione Na- 
torsw' (IHKI); Mignp, vol. cxxii.; Stnhbs'a 
prvfnce to 'Geata lipgum.' vol. i, ft, ' Ah- 
breviatio Librorum Amalarii de EccWia»- 
licisOffieiis:' T^anibtitb MS. SsO ; All 8oul8 
Coliegi* MS. L'H; prnlogue and epiloifue 
printed in 1*. .Vllii'n edition of the 'Potcr- 
minatLO Juannif I'urisienais dc- Corporu 
Cbristi' flB8t!); ,Mi)(n« vol- clxxix, ; and 
8tubb»'a prafiice to 'Gcitn Itej^um,' vol, i. 
7. ' liibnr df Miraculiii S. Mariiv;' C'otliin 
MS. Cleopatra C. 10; ostrar.te in Smhhs'a 
preface (o ' Oesta Hepurn.' \*ol. i. 8. ' Ex- 
ivlnnittin l.amrin tat innum IliAreniiic ;' Cotton 
MS.TiberiusA.xii.; Bodleian MS. tkM$: ex- 
tract* in Birch's 'Life and Wntiugs of Wil- 
liam of MalmeAbury,* and Stubb«, un above. 
t>. The great historical and legal coUeetion 
nln-ady uicnLioned; Bodlviun 3IS. 8ulden 
11. l(t. IIK A similar collection nf attmll 
tri>atieeB on various 8ubjecl«, Harleian MS, 

The following are also ascribed to Wil- 
liam : ll.'LiberdeMiracuIisBeatiAndroic;' 
Cotton MS. Nero B, 1, Arund.'I -i-i'J. Hai- 
U-iaa 2 ; extracts in Birch and Slubbs, as 

A k 



^ 



William 



354 



William 




ftboTfi. IS. 'I'ftMin S. lodrtctit' BodMtn 
Mi^lVigbTllS; vjctnci* in 8tabha ii# ftlxiv<>. 
iS. A culWctbn, naJe on lbt> luuni.- prio- 
ciplns u 9 and 10, of ntnall ibralogicol tran- 
ti«»: lUllinl Toll^fp- MS, 79, 

Willwm's Ifist worli* inrliiiled: 14. A 
'Lifi-..f3t- P»trick.' 1.'. A' l.ifi- of St.Br- 
nifpuii).' Hi. Afhronicleof j»rt of lltprwijn* 
of Ilenry I, referred to by William iiimwlf 
u 'ti«t libclttili (inilnts Chronic* tliili xoe*- 
bulum.' 17. ' Itiu>.Tuiuii] JohumiU Abbots' 
(uonbore). ld(Meorditiff toLi>laiul)kpo(<m 
in flftoeo booln, * tti* wenv qiutuor enuige- 
lUttmm.' 

A copy of the 1t>tl«r8 niul trontifirs of St. 
AtMelniiiuWilliBin'MlinndM-rititifriiftinljam* 
b«th I>aUc!> Ubnry MS. S24. 

[Wiiliuu of Uitlmoahitrj u the nlo orifitwl 
Kutbori^ for hi> own bicgmpfay. Th« histgiy 
of his life and varkM bu b<4iB inTHttgBt«iL l-y 
Ih" It«T. iotin9Iuup> in Uiaprebcoto liu Iram- 
Imian of tht OnciK Rwvni (Lvndoii. 1915). l<jr 
Mr. W, do Gtot Itireh. in bin Lif« and Writings 
of WtlliiuD of M«lmiwbiit7' rTruuMction* of tliii 
JBuj'itl aix, of Liivreliin-, vol. s. uew wr.), and 
bj Mr. Rnmiltan. in bit ciliMoa of the Grata 
PontiAcum. IL bao be«n wocfcod out iu fall tutd 
iniu<it« d«tiiil 1>y Kshop StttbtM, ia tb» praGuM 
to bin editioa of the Oeota Hefjun, on which 
this article i* l«wd.] K. X. 

WILLTAM (ll.'SF-im), 'saint and 
mftrtyr of Norwich,' was th« md of Wen- 
Atan, fV siibotnntial farmor, niid E)vin& or 
Elvivii, datt^bter of a nifirrit-d priest. Ilo 
woA born apparPDllr at I EftTOTtnzlnnd, a ril- 
Ingr aino mil-.'s north of Norwicu, ou '2 Kcb. 
Il:t2 or 113;i. .\t tlw enlertiiinmenl which 
Wen^tnn ^nre at HavGringland on ihc! occa- 
sion of tbi^ ctiiUl'i bnirfiam, a mnn who wrn* 
twdergoinjrppnnncf WHS fret'd from the fetters 
lio WM compelled tn w«>nr br tbi? tfiidd^n 
snnpnintr of th** iron ringtt, much to t1i« 
woiiiiftr of ibe brfltanders^ The child was 
brought up wilh jFre«t c«re by bis inothor, 
iLiid K Mtid to h&vi' been conspicuous for h\» 
dt^votiDri.t and reliRiou* tt^ioperam«>nt from 
hts infnn'TT. Ar flij^bl vcars old (11-12) ho 
xriw opprt'ntitrwl tn k akimior in Norwicli, 
with whom he rpmained till he wiia twelre. 
IUb moth«>r Infl by t li ts time bfcomo n widnw, 
and tin AAi^t hrotlu-r dppp.irato hnre bei^'n 
already ia minor ordere. While in Xorvricli 
Wiilium liTtd with a mnntiamod Wulward, 
bis mother EIrina presumably atill cod- 
tinuiii^ to reside ut ITan-rin^inTid. The 
mast rr-«k inner bad fn^aitcRl disnlinr^ with 
tbp Norwirli J«wa, whicu b^m^ht thr- yoiinf; 
apprentice into intimate r.-latiuns willi them, 
Hu conHtuit vinitB to thi*m, wd nn» tnhl, dix- 
teased biit nnnle, one fiodwin 8turt, the 
iiaband of Liviva, his mother's sister. God- 



win apMatm to haT0 held •"^t-- K..^.^i 
Xorwioi, and he forl»ade hi- 
attythinit mont to dn witb . .■. *i 

20'Mjmih 1U4, the Mr.ii.lfty tx-forw t'Af.t 
astranp' tnun who rvpree^'iiii-d lilni-'r' U 
the conk of William, the arcbdeu' 
wtcli. and whoM- uamo is not rr 
CAllfd iipnn Rlvina and otfcriHl to i«k'- tL* 
boy into the archdeacon 'k kitchen if hp r^M 
eomft at ouce and enl4>r m^fn th- 
lliepUioe. On UWina*E o)(j-ctin^ : 
nn ei^tagmtenl., thvmyxtnnons stnutiruf {in.- 
\'aili<d on bur to comply Ky <tt)«ritii> hr* 
money, tifbti;b «ltn accvpled. N''- 
atranper called vrith Willinm up ; 
Livivn in Norm-Jcli to iaforai her .■: -.!..■ ir- 
raB^em<'-nt that had Iwvn inadu. SbL>,*ii*pB«)- 
tng sometbing wron^, »ei her daocli 
watch the pon*, and the «torv 19 tUa 
were loMt aeen enlcring' a Jew 'a hi 
Norwich. Aflerwarda tbu lad was 
•Mnalivo. From tbi!* point till itn- .li.^ 
of the boy'ideed body llio vvide:. 
happened i* in the hight-st degr-- 
worthy, and the mom it in tarfWif^ted 
atronger becomes the iinprt^^on Upon ll 
tr-adtr That the details of the atorr wen t»- 
venttrd to *Tvf a l)urp«we, and that nor*- 
lianoitcan beplacecluimnthem. 11 » htjwait. 
howiiver, aom oa to tell tlint. a CInuiiu 
woman, wiio acted as a servant to ihe. 
into whose hoiw? Livira's <la(ifrtit«r 
trnclced h«T eotisin, saw thmuKb ■ cbiik < 
the door of the innrr room n boy btSttv 
to a pait, But other hi>ar«ay ovidenwi' 
dmlar.'d that the Jt.'ws had dcliberatelTmiir-l 
dnnnl llioohilil, jiboni bia head, and WoM^l 
it with thoma. piorocd bia li-|> ^uim, aatj 
poured hot watw over tlwj Uxly to nuwif 
th« blood. Tho moti-re for the cniMti| 
further asaecled to ha^'<* been the inrvBtMij 
of oarr^iii^ otit a ritMtl munler, that in 
sacriflcing tbe bov aft n viitim in etuat" 
with what was belien-eil irj bu a n-l 
rite of the Jl-WS. The day. it njint 
metob'Te"!, wan lb>* Tutwdav I 
tbal if till! day before tlir 1'. 
in till* yifflr, INl, fell on tbu Wedi 
On tliflt day the Jews, wc ar« tuOcdd tol _ 
lefl the dend body in thp houfie wbilat 
Itt'pt thft passOTer arcor-iine to ll 
serrancee. OnThiiredaT.liow. . 
suited what was to bt- >)<■»•% >, 
on their next »t«p. Accnnlitvn , -n 
l-'ridaT two Jewfi alipiwd mit of the > 
liomD^aek, carrying with tbfnj the 
and m»iu4[Mlloluuigit <ipan aIrM inMn 
hold Wood, near Norwich, aiid tbew ]«A* 
The further dt^aiU of the rer\- iu)pn>hiM 
story may be mmmI over, 'ilw bodT«> 
discoTend on faster £tq. it jj esidlW 



* 



many pmplc fW>m Norwich cmvdoil tn loolc 

at it, NeT«nbeless il remuaed unboriad 

till Eo^tor Mondny, &nd tliin wkm put into 

tlii> groitnd withutti any p-liffioiL-i ccT«m«nv. 

On KnaterTuosdayGodwiuSlurtiiiidltofavrl, 

llio lUiuTyr'tJ brailtLT, id<-Dtiflfd ibu body, and 

wheii llio Kiutter symid of thi; dinoMiiit iim- 

etunblcd a Hay or iwo latur, (lodwin the 

prii'Rl liniiiffliL fhr inritU-r Imri.in.' lint bishops 

and clcrpy, and in nn inflaminiitorv flinMrh 

cliurBi'dtIi>? Xorwitli Ji<u-g with hEiringmur- 

derrd hU ncphtrw n> a CJirislinn victim, imd 

claimed vengeance upon them fvi^ii to tti<! 

exiCfit ore\I«n!iiriutinri. Tht' binhop of the 

di<x'«<^, Kbonrd, f^ovuii to luivo dim^liuvt'd 

the story. Th* Neciilnr clergy as a body were 

divided in opinion an to its Truth. Amonfc 

lb« oitinttiM nf iVorwirh nnd «vwi aiwjnjj this 

m'jnkfl in tbt> doigtt>r thi>r<> was a l&rge party 

cf Bceptiia who were inultnvd to denounce 

III)' wJi()b> albiir iti> nil iinpoottin'. Ritt eo 

elubljornly and rebciupntlT was iho truib of 

•1 story ad vwntfd by tFi* Prior William 

urbfl [fl-Ni Wii.i.i\«. IWrtf-U"-!]. who n 

lar or two later Ix^cauie bi*hnp of S'orwicb, 

liat in th» fnd nil oppof^ition wa» stAmpod 

down, a till n larnecmp ol iiilrn-jK-s apniii)f up 

lit the siiceej*ivi? tombs of t!ic ' martyr." He- 

bud biH.-ti buri'.'d oriiriiiully ui Tborpu Wood, 

whence bt- wa* tratolatftd to llic tnonkn' 

cemelery, and iifitrwurdB in the cbaptftr- 

brmse; tbpnce he whh n^ninvedlo iho Houth 

side of the nlmr. When 'Iltotna* wrote his 

lift- nf VV'illian], William's romaiua lay io a 

cliupcl on tliR north side of the all&r, but 

nil' linn- b<.-fori; tho diHolulian uf tb« 

lOiiaflturiia they Iind b«ii placed on tb« 

Tth itide of tli« rood-Ficreun, and an altar 

^Ct«d ovor tlx^m. Tht* itllor cnntiniipal 

attract visitor.=i and pilgrims down to 

iv mid[3lH' of dm fiOi-fiitli wDtiirr. In the 

eantimo nthiT l)oy ^int-^and tnnrIyr«wore 

jscovered elsewhere, the *e viral IfRpndACOa- 

rning tlwrir deaths nnd mimclesbeinjif eri- 

intly borrowed from the Norwich proto- 

[The ooly anthflrity for lh« lif." of St. WtU 
im i» n monk of Norwich, Tlionuui of Men* 

L>alh by name, wboH'CurionBWork was priutcd 
tiis Cambrid^ UniMraily Pntas io !H9fi. 
ndn* th« joint •dilur*liip of Or. Jeatapp and 
V- JamuK, from a tweilfth-wntiiry manu«oripi, 
rbiuh thore is some rciu-na to think ptwiMl 
aAtir rJic nathijr*H eyo itad hand, lociitfiilallj 
ho Tularnn tlirQWs s'lmi' miK;h Di-oded light 
pou ibv liJAiory of Enst Ang^lia duHng tho 
^ga of King St«phiM).3 A. J. 

WILLIAM OP TfiwuvT (rf. U-U), arch- 
^liop of York. [Sfio Fjkhjjkbebt, Wil- 

usiri 



WILLIAM opOo?(ciiiis(<£. 1164?^ uatu- 

rol philosopher, was bom nt Ctincbea in Nor- 
mandy in ibc latit f|uaTtrr of tbi> eleventh 
ccDlury. Tht; nanii- ' Ue CoiiiduM ' ba* boi'a 
Anglicised into tihelley, which itale ^'ivcK 
aji vVillium'a alias: iiudt-r it William ap- 

Kar* in variouji bib1iogni|>hi>-K and vatn- 
ifiieH. Halo, moreover, in hia tioti^hook 
(Srldim .vs. 04 II) »tnlc^ that Wlllinni was 
born in ("^irnwall ' ut fert-ur,* piving IWion 
of Btiry as his niithonty. 'Jlivre is, bow- 
ovttr, no rcASon to doubt that in- wait Imm at 
Concbea. 

Wntiitf; about 1144), William describes 
himiiiilf M one who hn» bwu i<n mon! than 
twenty years a teacher {Ura^maficoa, p. 'JIO, 
and Sen A A BSi:nuiUT,JoAafmr^ Saiv»i/en'r/wvi, 
pp. 2'J, 7>i, baa shown that Chartn-x, niul 
not Paris, an wns once Buppwed, was the 
Bcbool to which bu boloDgva). At Chartret) 
be wo.t laught by Kemard SyUx-nfi-r, and 
ber« in his turn he laujrht John 'if rfaliebury 
[q. v.] in 1137-S {Metalap. u W). John 
calbi him the most iioooiB|ili0he-d grnmninnan 
of hia time, nnd deacribeis his l«achini; in 
dt^tail. He fftllowL-d the method of Bernard 
of Chart res, bnaed on <juintilian'« recontiu^n- 
dalinns. Th« lectures covered the whole 
tii;Id of cliii*^iv[d Latin, with ijiuwtiuiifi on 
paraiug, scansion, and conatniciion. There 
was dailv prai'tici- in Latin prow and wne 
Com|)i»ili(>n in itnitntinn nf cliiMtcal modpls, 
and fnfoin-nt disniiK>inn amoiip; tlw pnpils on 
aet. BiibjHrts, with a view to tin acquisition 
of JiuvncT and H«'^nt diction (Rasiidall, 
Vnii: if Eurom. i. (!5). In bia encjolopndie 
■wai^, * Do Phdosophia,' which is iQcaniplete, 
bis teaching' ou the Triiiily and ihu Atouu- 
ment sbovstbe influence ol'Abelard; but it 
was nut till aflor Abulnrd's coudetnnation at 
tlif^ coimi-il nf Skiih, 1140, that William's 
heresies were noticed. William of f^int 
Tliierry firet detect li1 lh«m, and pointed them 
out to'lleniard of Clftirvaux (.TissiBB. Biht. 
Pat. Cifterc. \x. 1J7). Aa a consequence of 
this attack William withdrew from public 
teaching, and found protection at thv court of 
UeotJ'rvy the Fair, count of Anjou, where be 
T4iU|;ht thi- fuiurv M<-nry II and his brotbera. 
lie rewrote the ' I'hilosopbia,' admittin); his 
errors, and tht' cumytod vcrsjon, ropubli^hed 
in thu- form of a diuUj)fu« (* ilragmattcon'), 
waaaddivased to the count. He died eithc^r 
at Paris or ouar F.vreux, pmbably in IIM 
(Boiiirin', Itetttfi!, %m. 703 H). 

Resides the 'l*hilo9uphia' (printed in three 
editions, and with ibrc" fal*c oacriptiona to 
llcdu, William of ilinichau, and Honoriiis 
of Autiin) and the ' Dragmaticon or I>ia- 
lugtio' ipriiiiod at Stmeburg la lfi67 an tbo 
work of one ' WilMmua AnvponymuK Philo 

A A'i 



William 



356 



William 



■enluM*), he vmlr aI«o gtoMM on the 
'llanRu/ part of wbtch luve been DTUiti<d 
Htbvworkof Ilonoriiuof Autun tnlJOUAin'* 
' CEarm in£diu d'AWUrd,' Aw. pp. a4t^ 
Mq., awt m coomkeRUrT oa Bo«<iiitua 'De 
OrffiMUtime Phibwoph'iK,' whieli Jourdun 
Juwm W]** »» the fint Tfkl conmentArf othfir 
(ban mere t:!'^"^^ <^n thiB {lopuUr irork 
(Sotiret rt E'iraitf, vol. nx, pt. ii. p. 67). 
Ilia li-n(l'-ncu4 wfTf Atron^lT piatonutic atul 
KolUllc ; tbe most inurmting of his Hpocu- 
littoiM arv prrbiip- iVhw wbicb (lervJop tbe 
Ejiieunui atoutic tbvonr and a lh«orr of 
tbe anltpode*. 

[Tba «on|tlJeat«d biblioenpbieal hbtair of 
WiUiMo'i waft bu bMD Bimv*Urd b; Mr. B. !>. 
Pool* in Hofwc and lliU'e lUal-EocvUojndiB 
a«d ifl hu lUaiuntiaBB of tho But, of Madisval 
Tboaghl. wh«r» fblt nbrwcM m»j ba foand. 
pp. 134 aaq. iii'it. Sw alio Aatoitia Char* 
laa'a linlUaana da OonchM. I'arw. I8£r, 8ro.1 

M. B. 

WUAJJlM t.B WrccMiiB (Jl. 1160). 
biographer, waa chaplain lo Hobert di< Betun 
(d. 1148), binlinji nr Ilprr-ftm), and wroU; a 
eulogiatic lifo of the biabop, which ia printed 
ioWhartoD'e'AnKliaSacm'lii.SL'-.'). Maau- 
wripta are in ih« KritUb Miiaciim (MS. 
Cnltoa Juliua U, ii.) and at Lambeth (M^. 
l&l ). He became prior of tho second Ll&n- 
thony Abb»y, founaed at (lloucvater hy hia 
patron Ibibt^rt di- Ili-lun, who wa* ita fint 
prior, lie wrote aii woLl n biatory of the tots 
of Ytolcncn and injiutin- perpetrated oa hu 
mooaMtety by Mtla, constable of Oloiiceatrr. 
He aeem« loDuTe treated hi^ monks barabtj; 
foraidfldby Milo'a «r>n Itoi;t.T, who had been 
otTendod at tb>5 narrative of bin father's 
miad(?eds, the^ expelled him from the uonaa- 
u*i7. Ileiaaatd tobavepasaedlbaretnainder 
of bin life in retirement at Fromi!. 

pVriKht'a Bio;^pIiui Brilannicn LiLontria, 
Anglo-Noruuui Period, p. 317 : Tauoer'o Uildia- 
theca BntAnnu-IlilmrDiea, p. SM,] W. B. R. 

WILLIAM OF Ypbib (d. llflflP). orm- 
ni«>ii*ly i-i.yl'-fi lliB.1. OF Kf.xt, wiw »wn of 
Philip, couDt or viscount of Yprw", Tounjp:-r 
•on of IMn-Tl. I, foiinl of I'Tsndi-rs, Suffer 
(Vila Ludop.. fr'nuai, chap, xxix.j calls him 
'Quillelmns BuetiLrdii!/ and later writere 
BKMlly any rhat bo was illcgitirttflt^', but 
there eeems to bu no other conleiuporary 
authority for the aattoriion, unluas it be one 
document ijuoted by (ialbort of Bruges, 
which dMcnbes him as ' spiiriuii, to -wit, bom 
of u noblu fatlitTundamothorof low degree, 
who cnnJM] wmil all bar lift' ; ' atiil Ker>'yn 
de Lfitlonbove (Hist, de Fiandn, i. .IfiB) 
thinks that ibis n^fum lo a lawful union, 
only ritiated by the disparity in the condi- 



tion of thff partita. >K11liatii had a bialkcr, 
or half-brother, named Tfacohnld Sofd. 
William ia called Inr contrraporarr wntaa 
' WiUtan of Vprea' and ' William of \jm^ 
Loo (near Furtie«, in \\'e*t i-landeT*) waa a 
plaee of which Philip had been lard, has ia 
which bn bad in ID9S ce<l*!<d naiMt of kii 
seienorial ri^ta to a conreni of «umu r> 
gaUr dwvlUng ibi-n- in m moeastefy dadi- 
eated to St. IVt«r. His son appr^ra Xo ban 
inherited bi« eautosat Loo. hat doi hia mk 
and titl<> ; in a charter dated LI 18 be 
himself simply ' William, soa of 
Philip.' He was mamrd to a nM«« of 
meotia, widow of Count ICobi'rt II of Flan- 
ders, and mother of th<* reigaing Coaot 
Baldwin MI. In 1119 dementia, aMuy 
that bi«r aun was about to die ^-tiiMlna^ , 
wiMbed him to be siicoeed«l by h«r iu«c»'f 
huaband : Baldwin, iKxwvTRr, »oi 
hia auocMaor another couain. Chaiiea 
mark. On Baldwin's death on 17 
1119 CbaH«« b*cam« Count of tlai 
and in 1123 th<> privileffea of the 
! Lno weiv confirmnl jointly bv Cbariea aai 
AVilliam, m-hom Chul/>H odifly calla 'nr 
nephew ; ' Ibey were really 6ni caoaiBa. ihi 
t March 11'27 Charles was munUred al 
UruR««. William at onn* claimed tbe conntT 
of Flanders, foreibly oc<^upi>•d Yprea awl thii 
neighbouring towns, and t>xtortcd hoBiaj(> 
from ihrir inhaliitantn, and &ont the nu^ 
chanta who wer^ aeftemhled at the fair of 
Vpiea. On 6 Marrb he sent u meonde la 
Bcrtulf, the provoat of Brugna, who -mm 
known to have instigated ihe mnrder M 
Charles, gi«ctingbim openly aa bis ' inliaara 
friend,' and reqneAiing hia support. (H 
9 March ft party bpnt on avnnRing^ Char^M 
foti^irvd Bruges and besieged the provou ta 
th<! ciladcl. On the ]8th tivo knisblc r» 
dt'avoured to maki< thi£ parly acknawlodf* 
William us count, by teUiiig then thai 
Flanders had been granted to him by >'■ 
overlord. King Louis of France. WiUiu 
meanwhilo had 'unfurled hia bwuien, w 
lord and count of the land, af^nst all who 
refufted to pay him the rewniies due to iti 
sovereign ; and bearing ibat ont^ of CharirsV 
murderers bad been captun-d at TiniuanBt. 
be claimed ihu rig-lit of nunislitng bira, amt 
cau»ed bim to be haogea at Aire oa '^' 
23 March. 

On 20 March Louis came to Arras to pu- 
miiifl the claims of the comptjtitora for ib» 
Flemish euccev^ion, of whom ibei« wen 
already two lieoides William of Yprrs ; ivi 
on the "i'izA he adjudged ihn fief, nut lo u; 
one of these three, bat to AVilHam ri(!». 
eon of Robert, duke of Nonunndr ^' 
This was against the iuter^aat of 



I 

I 



&toif 



William 



357 



William 



I 



» 



uncl«, Xing' Houry I uf EuglnDtl [a. v.], who 

llifrpfurB Mnt to Flmidera annluer of liia 

nephews, SteptiBn [sue Stui-iien, Kixa op 

EsoLAltnl, to fprni n IwmiiP willi ttiv noliW 

n^ainst dlito. This league w&a Joined by 

Wiilism of Vpree, As enriy bg ii-l Miircli, 

incWd. It. l>Hi3 bL-«-D reported nt RriigoH tlmt 

King: ileury Imd funiisheil William with 

three hundred knights and 'not nd of money ' 

to hi<lp hJiu ill laiutvrinK FUiidura ; but tlii! 

truth iHHins to ha that WilliBJii had i-eceived 

from Rtrrtiiirs family fivu liundrvd [jouitdH 

in Kn^lixli oin, i(U)li.'ri from t)i« IhIk couul'a 

trenaiiry, and ha rcprfiaented tliis as a yrift 

from tbv CiiKliKh kin^i in urdvr to cuiceiLl 

hi.i dealin)^ Willi thit trnitocvi. (In April 

Louia lUL-i William at Wiuendole, and vn- 

4lt;Avoiuyd to brin^ him ro nffroL-mftnt with 

OUto; ' liiil lht> unlnwrnl count diiulained to 

Agiou with tilt? true count, or to make any 

'ttnriB of poti«c with him. for he di^piaod 

linn.' Nl^<ct diiy William learned that Iti^r- 

tulf was hidden nt-ar 8i. Umtr in tbe houso 

uf vuo Alurd. IIu liret vuJnly ftt'orcLcd aud 

then burtwd the hiHiite of Alord aud that of 

bis daughter, and carried tb« daughter utl' 

to Vprvs, thri^ti-iiin^ to miitilnCv b>'r and 

misqbII Alard'it poABe.iv'ioni) unless Dertulf 

were piven up to him nn the morrow. Next 

morning Aliird wnt Bl^rtlllf in custody to 

ypres. Williara vim just poing to preaide 

at the trialof one of It'ertiilf* nccomplicoa, 

Gay of Steenword. (Juy and Berlull were 

hniigeil tliu^aiiu! day in William'n pre^enrit. 

BertiilTH last words were an immimuon 

tliit> Williiim had b'^'vn privv In tlio plot for 

wliir.h hH sent t3iom to ihfi gallows. On 

^tl jVpril LoiiiH and Clito attacked VpTe«. 

William manlu-d ont with ihroo hundred 

tinittbts to meet t]t«m: after a thret' hours' 

tiffhC, the citi/.L-DB, nccordinp to a secret 

agreemvut M'bich they bad luadi.' with Louie, 

opened one of their gates to the French; 

Williani Hed, but was overtaken, captured, 

and impriHun^id, tirst nt Lilte, t hen at Ftrnji^eii, 

and then at I.ille again. In apring lliJH 

Clito wiM fxpelled from Mrugt^s and Ghent 

by a new rival, Thicnrv of Alsace; and in 

Mtircli he rek>a»ed ^ illiam aud propoKd 

thnt ihcy »1iould make common cause ogninst 

Thierry." On i7 JulyUlito fell inbattlu; 

und on 'J'2 Aug. a charter of Tbieirv, oouiil 

of Fkndfira, wiia witninmud by ' Williiim of 

Xoo ' (iJuciia.vi;, //i"*/. ilf fiwiViM, pn'tivM, 

li.tm). In I ISO * William, eon rif Count 

iliUip,' wiUnt>M-il n lE^ant lundo to tbe 

moiiafllery at Loo hy Thinrrv and hi* wife 

Switithild. William oud ^wonhild wens 

somehow akin (poasibly half-brother and 

»ister); 'many evils befell tbrougli iSwan- 

liild'H Ltinafotk,' and William 'was secretly 




of hur party, lK>causL* of their rulalionship.' 
After b«r di^Hth, which occurred in 1 1 ISO, av 
was compellod to give up the cattle of Slnys, 
which hit had held for soinw time in defiance 
of Thierry. In 1133 Tlii^r^ drove him o«t 
of tlandero, and he took reJuge in England, 
ot^mingly in tho bonscthold of SUiplicn. 

Stephen, ou hie occiiision to the crowa 
(Docomber 113d), engaged afore*; of FlemiHli 
merconarius, tot WillJum ut tlicir lioad, and 
took him for hiitchii-f L-onfidant, much lo llm 
dijtguBt of Tlie baroiiB. In 1137 William 
aciHimimnind the king to Normiuidy, and 
while there plotted with him to camur« 
Itobert, earl of (Jloucsester [q, v,] \\'Uen 
Oeolfrey of Anjou invaded thtt duchy in 
May, William endeavoured to intercept him 
«i Lt Gn^Itfrangcr, bill fnilcfl bi_«(iii«e the 
NnrmariN would not act. nith him. hi May 
ll.'t8 be went to Normandy again with 
Count Wttlcrun of Mculnn, and ihcy at- 
leinpli^ 10 restorxt ."Stephen'* authority Ihero 
hy force. In July they gathered a great 
hoel to mwi auolher Angi'vin iiivaeiou, aud 
when (JcoftVey retired without tightmg, they 
turned their arms against E^rl ItoWi at 
Cat-n, but. withont niii-O'Jia. When Stephen 
heiiiogRd Deri^tea in Juno 1 1^t>, he sent Wil- 
liam before him with a Ihrealening metwags 
to its gaiTiiu>n. At the battle of Lincoln on 
'J Fob. 1141, >S'illiam shared with tbe Count 
of Aumale the command of the second divi- 
sion ufStuphen'ii fuTci^s, which, aft-.TrupoIliug 
11 flanli ntlack of I be empress's WeUh auxi- 
liaries, wufi routed bv bvr EngUsli tniopa. 
fjikw all tbe oilier Wdm on Hlepbtni's side, 
William fled ; ' he,ing highly Fkillod in war, 
and seeing tbe imposaibilily of hnlping lbs 
king, he rceervt'd his aid for a Iwt.ttr ownot^ 
tuuitv.' The kingwa« madepnsoner; Wil- 
liam joined tho queen in Kent, and helped 
hiii to raise frenh forcva, with which iu July 
they beueged the emprefts at Winchester. 
In ^leptemher ho and hts ticmings Rurprieed 
and capliirrd iva bundivd of the em])T«ui's 

fartisan-i near Whcrwell Abbey (Joiix OP 
Uxii&iii,p. 310, ItolUed.) In tha buttlv 
near Winctifnter on 14 Sept. he captarcci 
Ilumohrey de Dohun id. 11S7) fq. v.], and 
led tlio Fleming*! in piirjinir of itohert. of 
Olnuceeier till tbey surrounded and mads 
him prisoner at Slockbndge. In November 
Itubert WHS cichiingL-d for Stepbon, who 
ihcrefori! i-ouNtdered himself indebted to 
William for hia Ubernliun. Later Meminh 
hiot oriiinii awt^rl- t linl lie rewarded hia 
liberator with the earldom of Kent, .and 
many English writers have ncceptKil the 
Rtalomenl, but it Ih incorrect. The con- 
temporary ' Ueneologia Comitum Flandriw' 
says that 'th« king panted to his deliverer 



William 



35^^ William 



the wlw>Ii» proviniv of Kent in poieeesion, 
whilv Oi-rtiiHi of Cntiti-rtiurr spcaku nf him 
ftn b<;in^ nlrcwlv 'in unjtut occu|>atioa of 
KvDt ' wlii-n ICobert wu irDpriHiDiil in his 
keepiii); ID Kochfc*t«>r CaHlie, &□<! even u 
li«vin^' lutil 'all Kent committtM) to his 
clwr^ ' r-arlv in 8t«pliun'ii niga; %ai it is 
Ccrlun ifanl Su-iibnii did, hi *uni« lim« b»- 
twten Il34> nnu 1151, provide liim with 
lurgo rRV('iiiit<ii from cn>wn land* in Kvnt: 
but in nn di)rtimi>nt nf the period does ho 
lw«r (Ik> (ill- ofi-wrl, «ad there is ton vvi- 
df<nc> thni in IKiO nr IftttT h« wm still 
merel.T ' Wiiliitm of Vpran' (UorsD, Ahc. 
Chart'm.f. K); IHi(-*Hi:i,, ilut.^ St.KatAe- 
rine't JloppH«I,'p\*, 100- itj. 

For ft few yruri) iift«r Stephon'* regtora* 
lion W'illium wiut ' a fear uiu • Lflrror lu nil 
England.' It tns^ h«v« boeo iu 114^ tliat 
be and tbrne othor distinguistiM bandits 
tlir«atenod to burn Si. AlbanH Abbtty, and 
wcrn boii{;)ii nfl'bv a valuablit ftift frnm its 
treoBurj- (''(V*Ca Alif/atum S. AifMini, i. W; 
cf. ItoirxD, Ofioffrri/ d« ManttenUe, p. 306). 
On anntbiir ijccaaion Stephen Bent luB lo 
dfinnnd n contribution from the monks of 
Abingdon; Willioni brolm open tb«irtrea- 
surQ chest with a hntcb<>t ana seizinl the re- 
qiiirod sum (Hut. Abingdon, n. 29'J). .\t 
tlw! hvight of bifi power Williiun became 
blind ; and Ibon ' flod t-nli([bt<-nt!d bin heart/ 
and he itct bimacU' to distribulv in good 
wotIih ibi* vri-sllli whicli h'l' Irnil iicr|iiiiwJ by 

iiluiid<>r and bloodahed. In 1144 nr 1346 h« 
buodnd a ('iHterciun nblx.'ijr nt lloxtoy in 
K«nt (Tassbii, Nof. Mmatt., Knnr, vii.; 
Mon<t*t. Awfl. V. 41)0, 401). In IM^ he 
Jninfid with Queen Matilda in endeavouring 
to ri?L'"ncile Stetibi-ii tiud Arebbisbop Theo- 
bald [ii. v.] "When the fibboy of St. Berlin 
(Flanders) wa« buntc dowu in ll&'J, Lu 
eoifiTi'd iicarlj ibf wbihle expend of it* re- 
buildiii^f. Ilenrjr 11 on bis accMalan in I)e- 
cemb^^-r ll-Vl bttniolieil Slr[>IiiTi')i furttijiii 
tfooTifl from Enffland ; but be suficred tlwir 
blind old leader to receive bis Kentish re- 
venui'« lip to I'VM-er 1 lA" ( Pipr IMt 2 Ilcn, 
II p. (Vi, « Hen. II pp. H>1, 102). It waa 

Cbabty not till tbvn thai Williiun went 
k to Lou. There he »o«uti to have re- 
tained aom« properly even during bia exile. 
for n ^nT madtt hy liim in the abbuy of 
Obtirtnarain of 'uttine Iniid in tbe pariiib nf 
Iioo which Erembnhl Siratin formerly 
rented of tbw natiie Williiiui ' m wilin'>wd 
Vr Qiifen Matilda and her ann Enatac^!. 
i'blsKranl was confirmed, al William's ri'- 
quMt, by t'uunle** Sibyl uf FUnder* and 
bar son, oa n^gentji for ibec^untwho woa 
ab«ent on om^ncle, in 1157 (OnJlui Vhri*- 
'■'mti vol. tii., in&trumeula, col. ll'l, wburv 



\ 



* Ilnlduinos' i* eridMitlr a ccribe's «crBrfa> ', 
■ Philippns.' For the dati- cf. ib. ml*, fiiafk- 
MO, and toL t. col. 2U). Wtllum'k 1mi| 
•enn yean were H|.irnt in thr Bkonaatny of I 
Sl.P«t«rat U>o,vbicbbeboiitA«d»la:^7| 
that be cane lo b« re^ard«d {mmrntamij, I 
•ee abore) a# \\t fouodrr. A ooaMrian uf ' 
du) dates isdimtMl iu ibf pip» nill of 1167 
(pp. 101-2), tbe ' Centvlo^ Goa'itaa 
Fundriw' (]•- li^8), and John of Ynna (». 
IM*y>. points to 3 165 as thf ^««r afhisikaU. . 
\\r- vnu buried oa 2& Jan. m the rnnimTal { 
church. 

[ Wulier of Teroaunw and OallMvt af V'V*' j 
(Acta Saociomn. 9 Mareb - V^r^^ rri. m. ; 
Aligiiff. voL cxlvi.): Gvmal min Ha»- 

dris lud Juba of Ypns (Bin- j Donad'i 

Thwaaros Ni>vu9 Aneoilotcruui, vol. iii.); Li 
?IIirs'a(Mti«.'-J«) Notitia Bcol.-aiartiai tWIpi. nr. 
IU. ISO. 131, Ul; Onler^cuc VitoIiB. vuLi. 
r^oe.dat'Bist. dv yniac<M: William nf MaIbw- ' 
hvTj'f Ilistoria NorriU. U«nr;r of Hunlii^iloa ; ' 
(iirrMo of (^tarbory.] K. K. 

WILLIAM nK Tract (>/. 1 173), maide»t 
of 'i'homaa Beckei. [See TiucT.j 

WILLIAM (1(».'S?-U74), trialiap of 
Norwich — his surname appears tn TanviB 
foms OA Turbis Turbit, or d« TurlN>nllt — 
was one of the boys whom Herbert lU 
Losinn [q. v.], bi«bop and f<>iin>Wr of lb* 
cathoural and mt-'uaiitvry of Nor^-ich. inok 
uiidiT bin protection to \» •■dticated in tlw 
monastic ecbool ai the iK-ginninjr of tbs 
twelfth cenlury. llf was t>viilf>nily a lad 
of great promise, and Hihbop Herbert hr- 
fltowed upon him much personal care ami 
instriiclion, and watched tiia propmsa in hk 
stiidifA with peculiar inten^M. The yavat 
William acquired much facility in writio| 
LalinVLTeu.pus»<?d through the luinal couth 
of the triviusa and quadriviiiin, and rem 
read Arifltotla's topic« and the oaicirones 
uTidi*r bin patron's aye. ili< nppe&ra soon t« 
hare been employed aa the M^hoolmaaler df 
the moniuterr, and in dun c'>ur»u wu ad- 
mitted IL1 a prof^.is^ ninnh araon^ lbs 
bretliren. When Ili*bnp llvrWrt died ia 
111!), Willinui OAn hurdlv hhve In«u man 
than twenty-tlve years old; but not many 
years aAer llisliop Kbonrd's coiMrcratioa lo 
the 6i'K, hi« namt: appears a« w-iimv-tjiing a 
cbartur of con6rnriatuin, beini; ihon sub-pfio* 
uf the munoi^Tery. He inuet faavo borom* 
prior Ix^fort- Kbrirard'a episcouatG was half 
uvpr, for already in 1144 he sDow«d himself 
a rory mtMilerftil pi-nntiK^ iq fbe cmmnt. 
with & TondrncT lo afi<u^rt himu-lf ti» antnst 
the bishop, who evidently did not coMiaibr 
co-operate wii.b him, .\t the K«<(ter <ixnai 
Iiuld ibis year, the aimouDCumt-nt by a 



¥ 



»6cn\as ciergymim ibMl a. ChrMuiu boy tad 
brttii niiircli>n!d by the Norwich Jews, and 
hin body mimculiju»lj- dificavertMl, ])rudufft.>d 
ti pr<ifiiuml M-nxiL( iiid. Prior William at. 
onci> throw ihe wliol.! weight of his int]iioiii'4> 
iuto the BCJ1I0 tu supjiort tliv truth uf llit; 
«toryf*f.? Wit-tJAM, li3:>?-1144]. 

At ihe dioc(»aD synod held next yvur, iiii 
imauct^essfiil Eitt<.'iB)rt v/m niadu to n^vivi^ 
tht! agitation ogniniil vhe Norwich Jene.and 
to bniijr about a geDeral t*co|jnilion of the 
' inuTlyrdota ' nf ihu iiiurdiutiil bov. JiuC 
aljoiil ihiK tiuie IIihIkjii Ebnrard rmi^ned his 
ksshnpric, anti tin- Xorwich moiiks, bringing 
•ODin pn-Knuri' In bvrir iipciii Kinu Slttplit'ii, 
VTRrc. allowed to elect rheir prior to iho 
biehopric of Noi^'ich, nntwilbi'Innding »oim.' 
«tTOn^ oppn&ition mirntd by n pnrty at ih^ 
head of which was JoUn de C'aineto, (ho 
sh"rifl'(Tn"SiAti iiv MdXMOUTH, bk, ii. J ITi), 
Tli*liop Wtllitmi wasdcc-nniiiigly cnnsecraiiid 
bv Arclibii'liitp 'I'bi^biild ^Lome tiniL' in II4(!. 
riis promotion to thf opiscopnlo, mi fur 
frtiiii tiiakiiiLT hiiu n.-Ux in hi* uitoru to pro- 
mote the cult of the boy saint of Norwich, 
rnihcT HPrv(-d to gtiiuulatc hJs seal. Hv bortt 
down all ojjpoHii ion ou the part of the Nor- 
wich sceplicB, and removed iUl- body of Uio 
littlit niiirtyr no fcwrr limn four liini-si from 
fine hurinl-p!npr> to nnnthar, and fach. tiiuo 
to a position of gruatur honour in Iho cathi^ 
drill, and in I IHh hu founded ori'l constcraUtd 
thti iu<.-iiioriiil chapt^l '0^'•^t. \Villtum in thi* 
AVood ' on t.ho epoi where Ihc hoy'fi body wm 
auid Xv huv'.- bot-n di5eoY(ir(.'d. Souiu traei'a 
of I he i-luipid !>till n-main on Moiiseliold 
Huuth about u jnilu froni tha city of Nor- 
■wieii. 

DiFhop Williiun a&siHted at the consecra- 
tion of nilary. bishop of ChicbenttfT, in 
August 1117; oi* Ocoffrey of Monmouth m 
bifhop of St. Aimph in 1 lo:i ; and of Roger 
I'unt I'Evcqiiu tti* archbishop of York at 
M'L'stmiftM(tr Alboy ou 10 Oct. U5i. He 
vah e.\ni> one of thv sixteen English prelatea 
who ii.twi!<lvd ul thi; (■uronalion of Henry II 
Hi \Venlminst«r on ]1> fee. 1164, 

Meitnwhito John of SiiUiibnrT [q. r.1 had 
Icinctiivfl n high itpiniDiiof liijiliop Tiirb^, to 
twhoQi many of fiia lettere are addressed, 
^Bonn.' of Ibvtn of con«id(>nibli3 intf.>rest. IIo 
to hATo taken a prominent part in 
VfcnUng Dffaiaet the impo^tion of scutago 
:11S6. Tlio kinj; nMurocd a not uncour- 
Iteoiu luiswur, hut the »cutag«, ho &ud, utuit 

E»id(J0IIX0i'S41JSBCllT, i>). I2H), The 
np wiu pnweni at the Bubiniiuion of 
[llugli llitf'^i ^>^t i^'l 'if Norfolk [q. v.], in 
Tay 1 Ifii , and hiH name appHars among the 
l^gnKLorifii ultcvl iits u clinrlor which lli-nry 
['then, granted to the prior^'. Two monttis 



laturwufJnd him attending the great eaundl 
hvid at Northampton on 17 July. Diirinj; 
iho nuxl fiv« veani wb huej no morB of him, 
but wbeu Bvciift wx* rom^trrjit id art'libiahop 
of Canterbury on 3 June 116:i, Ihe bUhop 
of Norwich w«« amoiiK thosK who took port 
in the ceremony. He wait oni* of foiirt«;n 
bUhop« who aru aaid to have recognised the 
'ruAtoms' At thi; council of Clnii-ndon in 
January llftl (E»ToN, p. 07). Wlivn Arch- 
bii>hop Thonofls rutractud hiii usaeut. lli^hop 
VViUiam and Joixuuliii, bitihup of Sulisbur%*, 
threw them»>?1vt;«> ut the fet<t of thi^ inditxibltf 
archbishop, but could nut more htm iRoa. 
linv.i.-J-h). 

When Becket took refuge with Lniiia VII 
in Frnniie, Bishop WiUiiim n-iurned to hia 
dioci^iw, and, dnirin;; tlia yean that fnllnw<?d, 
Bhowud hims«lf ou all ucctuioiis a most 
vrmttich nod unconipromi«iiig|>srli«aaof the 
nrchbi^hiin. In f«ct,h<> wnAihrtonpandonlj 
Kngliih bixhop who froui lirst to last nev«r 
wavttr«d in his fidi^lity to Bi^^kct. As far aa 
he wan personally coucpriieJ the cri»i< camo 
oa early ss lltjti. when the archbishop had 
buen two years in oxilo. Ilobfrt di- Vaux, 
a aub-tenant. of Hoger Bizod, fatlii^r of tha 
powerful Hugh, wurl of Norfolk, had appa- 
ri-ntly«ar|v in th« riMgn of Henry I fciunilMd 
a houHe of Augustinian (lannua at IViitney 
on the Nar, a lew mih>a frutn Lynn, and this 
man's frTiind»on, Wdliam dc Vaiix, was now 
prior of tliu mona«t«ry. Lndur [frcai pr«8- 
Hure exercised bv Karl Huj^'h, who claiuied 
thvm ii» lord uf tav fw, tbi- prior had wuokly 
NiiTreiidt-red certain 6atatcs of the ranna-«t4;ry. 
The canons reeistsd thi> claim, proLealed 
ngainat th«t siurniidi-r of I he isl.iiU'«, and up- 
pealed to the pope to dende the mutter. 

In June 1 WQ Alexiiiidcr HI excommuni- 
«it<>d the carl, ond it now hifAme Ihe duty 
of the biibop of Norwich to promulgate the 
papal decrac. To do so at euch a moment 
waa to incur the certain di»pl«a»uru uf iha 
king, and to bring upon himself the lierc^ 
nnimo&ity of ono of tlifi moKt tiowcrful enrla 
in Knjfland. Diit Bijihop William wiui not 
the man to hesitate or play the craven. En- 
tering the cat hud r a! church i)f Norwich with 
hii pn.Moral Ataff in hU hand, he inounti'd 
the pulpit and publicly pronounced the wn- 
Ivnco of vxcommiinicntion against tho 
mighty earl, and, having thus discliarged 
what he believed lo be his dutr, hf laid bis 
elaflf ujioii thu high oil nr and cok-iunly JtiGcd 
any muu, king or noble, la taku il iiway ; 
then he lumed his back upon the episcDpol 
pnlaci*, and oiintt iniir't tdok itp bin n.-Hidunctg 
with the miTika in tlw Norwich priory. The 
sentonc" (igainitt thi> <turl wax Hiib«equeutlj 
annulkd, and on his aubmiisioD he was a1> 



William 



369 



William 



plred. Daring the thrm montlis followttif; 

jeeltet's return hu kupt up u frutiui'iit corre- 

aoe with BUliitp William, ftitd in a 

ItUff of 9 Dw. h« annnuticed liia intention 

Rtf SOOtlTigttiDfc Ills fnitliful frirnd at Nur- 

[wicli. Tlire>- wwka later (2l» Iff^.j lit> was 

lunlered in Canterburr CatbednU. Uii>bi>p 

'William'a memonal «lef;uica on the date of 

ths primate's auuaiiiatMUi are to be found 

in 000 nanuM-ript of ihv * Chroaiele of Q«r- 

TSM of CaBtfrimry ' (i. "^2). 

After tht! dvath of Archbishop Thomaa 
wo hear veri' litlU- of BUhop Wiliiwu. On 
9Jiin" 1172 a liiuutroiu) fira broke out in 
■Norwich Catbe^ml, whitb wmiijiht ^ruac 
deslruction in tlio church, and Iradiliuo baa 
it iljAt the bifhor'" l»*t days vrcrv uddcnird 
by this cnlamity. On ihw oihrr lumd he 
lived to rfjoir^ at thft ranoniutlion of hiii 
fHmd thn arohhisbou by Alexander III 10 
ll7!t- He di"<l in January 117-1, llishop 
SVilliam bad 1 hi: reputation of bein^ a leanted 
and accomplished scholar in an tfft which 
bad not a fi-wof «uctiinen. At hii siiglgeB- 
tiun Thoiuiut «f Monmouth drew up his ao 
count of lb*- ■ Life and Miraclea of St. Wil- 
liam of Xurwicli.'aiiid from this aut-hor we 
Ipnm that biA patron was celebrated for his 
e1iK|uen(;e and ^Ift of epuocli not only iu hi« 
own dinci-w, hul fiTi'u al llomtr. Tliat he 
waa B cT«dutouii and nuprKiitiouA person 
cannot be doubted. lie can hardly^ be i»- 
^nrded oa a f^-at prolate: bo certainly VHf 
nul u niau iu advance of hi* age, and but for 
hit Rteadfastand unwarering fidelity totli« 
great arcbbtahop to whom Uu clunf( with tbg 
tenacity of a fanatir, and bin luring so Tehe- 
nently forced upon bis dioceee the cult of 
tb« boy sainl, thri nlory of whoau reputed 
martyraom ]iroditc4<d nuch widespnea and 
dnndfuleflectj* in the afli<r 1tmpii,w« should 
haxo known vltv lilllu ohout him. 

[Ainc^i BloBicflelU'.* darn (Htst. of Vorfblk. lit, 
47-t) iiiurti information on the mK«r uf Bi»hop 
Wittinni tiuruina Us IikIiI. hdiI lunj' bo fimiid in 
Quull'urn and Synoudi'ii Life arid L^ttimi or 
IJorl>rrt de I/viuf^. 1871. Vfil. ti. ; The Lifnaad 
UiraclM of Rt. Wiltiiuu of Norvioh, nd. A. 
Jcawpp and M. K. Jnniea, Canthridg* Vnn, 
IKHB: and in the M«morinlBof Thomas Hecket, 
•apecially voli, ri. vii. (RnlU Seri**), On tho 
cauons of Pentaey b«i Kytoa'a Jtiuprary of 
ilcnrr H, p. SA n, 8w, too, John of Salisbury '■ 
Gpiail«H, lid. Mifcno. Tho dat« of \hr fira in 
th«oalh«dral it dorirnd Adri a manuHcnnt in 
TrJn. Coll. Caint<r., a mannscript whieh Hardy 
thioha irna oumpilitd by a Norwich monk (Cnl. 
iii. 24).l A. J. 

WILLIAM OF Sr. Ai.b*!(» (_fl. II7P), 
tiajfiolo^i-ii, waA a monk of Ht. Albans. Pro- 
heblr on the translation of the relic* of St. 



AmphibAluB tnll7H,'\Viltiani,at tbenqMtf 
of Abbot Sinoo (IIOA 11^^, wnM tk 
lives of AniphibaluB aud Albitn. pnnlad la 
the 'Acta SS.; Juni". ir. 149. AVtIlian fw- 
twea to irannlatr faun ■ Saxim author. At 
bia request bis prose waa rentified by ItaM 
of SL Albans [q. v.] Ueber I AWf. SnU. 
^nfi^. p. .'^>t coniertiirea that AVitliamnay 
beidenti&edwiib Witliun Manelltb«jasii(. 
who vainly tri«d M 8uccef>d to tbe abbacy 
on Simon's death (G«»ta S. Albttm, mi. Iw^ 
199). 
[ Hardy's I)ucHptt<r» Cat. t. 5. ) IL B. 

WILLIAM ay I'srsBBoRoroir (jl. \\i»\ 
theoIoRical writer, »-as a ottlirc uf Hmw- 
bomugh and a monk of liatOMiy. 11« m ii»- 

frobablv staled bv Wood to lin% <■ 't..,i,.„j ,( 
»xf-irti'in llfiy(//i#/. and A»l- Mj. 

Boiston of Itury (Taxser, p. xl \ ^..:.. ...ai a 
doctor of thvolc^, and natnea bia 'Otb- 
mentary on th« Sontr of 8cm|ra,' • llomiUes,* 
'DiBiinetMaa,* and ' t:u}>hrB&tica.' Tbei' 
works were Men at lUmM^y by 1 «land ( Omhl 
de Script. Brit. p. i(iA), but ilie \»M aloBs i> 
now known, in the) Iliidlruan MS. SupiV A ■- 
an. 44, formerW belonging to lUmserAbbey. 
In his not«b<x'>k {SfltUn MS. 64 B> IhU 
mention* aUo ' InterpretoeioBea Voeabnlfl- 
rum,' which be knew m>m a llaBMy copy. 

[Tannn-'s BibUolkrca, p- ^'*i B«l*t <<■■ ^\ 

Pit*, p. 25«.] M. a. 

WILUAM I'lmTKruKt (rf. IIMFI 

hiograpbof of Bvckoi. [Sn> FtTEt^Briim.] 

WILLIAM FiTZoattKKT (d. 1 180), dew 

gOgM. [Sou FlTXDaBBUT.} 

WILLIAM OP I-osacir*3ir (<l. 1197% 
thuaceUor to llicbard I. [Sw Lo.vucUAJif.] 

WILLIAM OF NEWBtntou O l.-»-J IWifl, 
historian, was hom in 1 1^ at nr near Bfii^ 
linfTton in Yorkshire. Luland ( CalUrtat^A, 
ir. 19,37)ch1U htm 'GuliKlinus Parva5,'ai)d 
Inter wrilem have aaumed rhnt tbia suniaB* 
ib a tnnslation of * IVtil ' or * Littltt,' bo: 
there ia no known anthrtrity for it in aay 
lanffuaffe. .\ thirteenth-century mannarzipt 
of WiinaDi's llifttory <ltocll. iMS. Ilawlinnn. 
B. 192} \ixi» at its bef^^inninii a murb mhfa«l 
rubric which (>p4-tDS tu rvad ' l.ibvr Sanct* 
Maria-'Krotris WilK'Imi.MonachidenoKifllL' 
O, J, Vosaiua (/fc ilulon'riji LntinU^ 1. ii. 
c. ft\ ) mentions an hlFtoric-iil work whK-b be 
ftscribee to 'William of lEtcraux, n Cisterciaa 
monk of Itiioliefordp,' hut whieJi is, m fact, 
tlie 'Ilistoria ICvram Antilicarum* ni WU- 
liani of N''n'liurf:h. Tutting ti>tzi*thrr thia 
mialako uf Vosiiua atid ihu rubric ()U0ltd 
nhuvu, .Mr. Howlett auggesia that the lattiT 



I 



\ 



sboiild be Bmeaded tbus; ' Libvr Hiiuctw 
Mariffi do [PI, Clifotiicon Frntris Witlelmi 
mon&chi dc Kuffonh;' tlist (be hietonan'B 
fiimily may bnve como from Uuffortli, ni34r 
York; thnt Li< mav thereforv bavu been 
cnllt'd ' William of Jtuflbrtli/ and Ihat both 
the ' blundering rubri«itor 'and Vofwiua iiifly 
haVf'tramf'jritiiHl Willittm of Hufiortli, cfttiou 
of Niiwbiir(tb, into ' Willinm, monk of Kuf- 
ford,' a Uistercian nbbey in NolliriKbiitiwbire. 
Thitro id. hnwi'Vi-r, im evidfiicr' as tn thu 
origin of \ ossiue'a mistake; Mr- Unwlftt'n 
enieiidfttion of tli« rubric in lUwliriHon MS. 
B. 182 i» tncri.ly ootyoolural ; and the rubric 
ti» it atandu, tbou^b obaciin.-. mipht be inter- 
prRled in aiiotbtT wnv; il migUt mean ' ibe 
twnli I'f Hnitbur WiKiam, oionli of St. Murv 
of Itiiffonl.' nnd rofcr, not to llio auibor of 
tht' bistory.but to an aciual or former owner 
(if tbi- viiUiuLi', or to a brother who had given 
it In KutfoTd Abbi'V. 

Tbe aiitfior'j" "oln itxoprtained Aurnam^ U 
dorivod fmm thn place of his almoat lil^v 
lonK abodt^, an Auguxtininn priory v*Xn- 
bluncd in 114fi at Newbiirgb, near Cnx- 
wold (Vorkshirt;). At Newburgb William 
WW brought up from bovbood, and tbere be 
Bpunt \hv Tval of bi» life. David I'owel'e 
Btory thai ho was once a candidate for the 
sue of St. Uavid'fi rests on uo authority, 
and is intrinxtcally nlmn»r. impniuible. Care 
ijlutt. JMt. a. llf)r>] aavA that, <na some will 
have it,' William iivej till Vim, and thin 
statctni>ni hft« bocn rcpt-wied by lainrwritera 
whbont Cave's i)ualirvia({ words; but it is 
boselftft^. All the uvidouce oa t« the dali? of 
Willium'! d(,-u(b pMr» to show that h* died 
in, or ■vvT\ soon after, 1108. Somo illness 
or inlirmity had inciipacilalod bim furaotivv 
«:mjilciymt-ril. wbrii, at. l!i« d«*in! of Krnald, 
abbot ofKievautx, he becan bis 'Himury of 
Eniflisli AlTiiini,' Tim fiftrontli cbaplvr O'f 
the llr.ii bonk containa a nienl.inn of Itogv^r, 
abbot of Byland, as ' still alive, having t-om- 

tletctliibnnififty-AuTL'in years of rule.' Ibyii-r 
ecamia abbnt in 1112, resigned hi llMl.and 
diwi in 11911 (Mimatf. A»ff{. v. Smi, 3S3, 
3M ; BVBTOX. Mvniut. Ebor. p. Z^). If 
till] ptuisa^e above quoted waa vrntten, am 
Sir. llowU'tt thinks. V'fo re Rop'r'a n-Bigna- 
ti<'in, Williimi ha.-< miidt^ Koj^it'ii lenure of 
oflicB too lonif by ihrt^o years ; but fmm tbf- 
context it MH.'ms i>o*«iblc llmt William may 
^H have only meant t iiai about tift;y-flf vpn vi^nr* 
^Hiiad elapsed sineo Iloger wag made abboi. 
^■^ If thin be bi« mt-Aning. and if liis ruekotiing 
be correct, the words cannot linvc Wt-n 
vrittirn earlit-r tbnn 1I9K, and in tbat rnsu 
the whole of Williaia'w biiilory would ewm 
^^ to have be^u put into it« prwa-iit form in n 
^VTOiy fuw montns; for it ends abruptl^r wUh 



a rvcord of an event which took plac« in 
May 1198, and »howii no traw* of latpr rf^ 
vision, I'robablv it was brought to su end 
by the author's dealh, 

'J'lu! work apparwitly put into writingwith 
iiMcb iu>totii*lunf[rapi<iitymust have been tho 
fruit of many years of proparatina ; it b^ars 
nil signs of hasty rompoxil ion. Uoth in sub- 
atancc! and in form it is the finue^t bistoricul 
work left to ue by an Knglinhinitii of the 
twelfth ccntwry. KmatdfHayH William, 'bade 
me write down, for the inslrnction and ad* 
monition of posli-rity, the memorable things 
of which niir own limws hnve b«en so full.' 
The spirit in which thy author Mitercil upon 
Ilia task shows itftdf in his prvface, whicli 
contftinda vigorous denunciation oftbeinjnry 
done to hifltorie truth by Oeofl'njv of Mon- 
mouth [*\. v.] and hit! followers, and B kwn 
criliirism of fbi? fictions which tbi'V naliDiid 
otl'on their contemporaries as the e«rly Nmlory 
of BritHJn. For Wrlliniii that hi.ilory brgina 
with (iildas and llirda. Aner alluding to 
' those who have earned on lh« writis of 
dates and evente fmm Bicda to our own 
day' — by which, though he nowhere name* 
tbem, be probably means Symiwn of Diirhani 
and ilviir>' of iluutingdon — he states how 
hit pnipo.ti^s to lak>- up the work enjointyl 
upon him, ' briefly running through theliin«4 
from th>.' coming of tbi'Nnrmiins lothe di*ath 
of FIfnry Lforajtmiich ns 1 know that others 
bare brought down the story of Kngland 
thus far, and beginning a fuller narrative 
with the accession of i^teplien.' Accnnlingly 
his first book cnnsiitsof ashort intrrtductory 
akelchof tbu histuryfrom lOlJlJ to Uys.and 
a iHCkre dt'taili'd accimnt of the years 1136- 
1 154. Book ii. covers the rvlgn of Henry II 
from hi* accewtim to 1 1 74 ; book iii, contillties 
tlii« story to Ilftnry'ft death. II80; book »v, 
deals with the reign of Ulchnrd 1 down to 
his second coroiiotinn in 1194, and book v. 
dt.*alii with the remaining years lo May I I9tt, 
For the [rumework of book i. William wems 
10 have usL-d Honry of Huntingdon; the 
account of the Scottish war of 1173-4 in 
book ii. may tie bafied upon tht' piK-m ofJordan 
KanljjBm.', but it ii> inurwIikHly that William 
nnd .Ionian worked from the RBin« muterials. 
It has Ix'vn stigp<>slfd (SrirnHs, Itinnariam, 
pref, n. \i\\; Howi.ETT, i. pref. p. xxTiij 
that tlie chapters in books iv.und v, n^>lnling 
tn the alTaim of I'lilextine arrt Rummarised 
'.■ithor from lint 'Itinerarium Kegis Iticardi/ 
or from nFn'ochpoem with which tlir'Il ine- 
rarium' is closely mnntwied. and which has 
r»c»ntly bwn pubU^lied in full by 51. Gaston 
Pari?, under the title of 'L'Estoirw du la 
Ciuerri' Snintw, |Kir .^robmi"*.' Tb*r» ar* 
chronolngicftl r<^ii>ona for doubling wbetbcr 



William 



William 



WniiMa mh «v«rhAv» aeea eitber nf tti«M 
WDtka in iu prMent bnk, thoach It^ mav 
poatibly have utd teetu to mi uMlier edition 
oroneorbothaCtlKn. Except bt wo pwwgvs, 
bowevsr, tbe rwemblanen iMtween Willukm's 
Meaant ol cnuading tOBlMn and ilial given 
in tb* poetn and II10 ' Itinerariam' is uarcclT 
close enoairfi to iramnt the aKuoiption chat 
he bocTOWwl from (•ither i»f tli«tn ; in jtonie 
daCails it dil!>T» from thRia both. The two 
jwtnarnr wberc nlonu William and Ili« * Iti- 
aeraniim' nn; in cliMte verbal agmenent 
(UovrLETT, i. pp. XX vii-viii, ^49,329; r^Tmas, 
pp. Ixix, &, 54 ) hart- nolhing corrupnndins 
to tbi^m in tbu Frcncb pceo; tbey boto 
occur iu the ftnt book of the 'Itincrariuni,' 
wbicb Bppeai», froa iBtvinal uridi.-i)e«, to 
ba<r« been writt^ni aotna ytmn earlier thao 
tihe reit of Ote work in its pteaeot tana. 
Into this firel book of the ' Itiaerarianit' bow- 
avsr, then i» wurke'l u|i at teaat one docu- 
nest earlier eiill ; tlit> verbal coincidence 
abovn iDpntionttl ina}* thi'refiint be due, not 
to Willinm having copied from the 'Ittne- 
nriiim,' but to Ibpir naTtng each indepen* 
neatly ropi*>fI frrm a eotnrnoa aoufoe [ed art. 
IticKARD i>E TuHrLO]. Soiae other details 
in WilliamV fourth and fifth books maj hare 
beL-ii derived, orally or o<berwi»e, from the 
kiii^'V rhaplain, Aniw-lm, wko«e infonoation 
waa aim iuhkI by lialph of Coggwball and 
iRogw of Hori-.l«n [u-t.] Yet tbreiifthout 
oil ijis live bookM Williani is pnctirally an 
ori^nal autlinnty. Ilia narmlivMof ihi- firnl 
twenty yearn of tin' n-jgn of Jli-.ury IE (book 
ii.) — a ^■■riud for wliiob our other materials 
are pbrliculnrly meagre and unutixraclory 
— is vDtin'ly independenl of all otb>*r ex- 
tant writer*, and «o are many important 
nassagea both in the eurliur and thu later 
books. 

The value of William's authority in those 

parts of his work which cimmit be traced to 

any known source mny be ^iigtvl hv his wajr 

of luiug materials the orifpn of nluch is lut- 

certained : n way which is something uniqoe 

[among English writursof his a^. lie alone 

[gives us, not ao much the facts, or what 

"mssed for facts, as the pbilosoph; of history. 

His facta liidHMl are not always t<xacL, and 

his dates are rarely »o. Like William of 

Malmeabury [q. v.J, Williitia of N»wbiir^ 

purposed to write, not a chronicle but a 

, ustory. Unlike Malmmbury, be did not 

* deli])^rat4:ly set hinwalf forwnrd as the .luc- 

, Ooeaor of thoTenerable Bedc.' That he came, 

■A some respects, much ncsivr than Malmcs- 

bufy to Bchivvittg that m«itiou may he partly 

duu to tlie |rroal«r moaeaty wbicli seema to 

have kept hun from cluimin^r it. As his work 

shows no trace of acquairitanc« witb that of 



.Malmesbarr, it waa probaMv not &ina tfci 
latlnr.bnt Jirvctfinini B«tU, that be resting 

hi£ inspiration. Tli« K>-niua, indeetl, wu 4 
a hiicbor order ibau .HaluiMbuTT'e. Hu d^ 
nuncifttifW of tit-olfrBv of Momnonlh, la 
itself a striking proof uf indepeadent ihocyhl 
and critical iiowfr, is f«r frum eonstftntflV 
hia only claim 10 tb^ title frivi'n him by 
PrMmao, of 'thu falhrr of liiistDneal crite 
ckn.' He duals with hia nuueriaU io the 
true hislorioal spirit, lie has tb^ trno bi*- 
torian's instinct for siftinx wlitml from chaff, 
for pvroeivinj; the relali\'e importano! of 
things, for seising th*.- ealirnt poinu sad 
brinf[inf{ out thp aigniflcaztci* of a story in a 
few simple iKmau«*,wit.bDuL i*t raining aft« 
piccufeaqiwoeaior dramatic t'lTect. Heoer* 
stoops to SOMip, or to rHlat« a stvry tamljtix 
eoterlainiDvnt. Nor doea he ever indulge ia 
1ei^[thy preaching or moralising ; but obsv 
two passages show that hi* idtia* of nomlity 
OD oertaia poinU were extremidy 'drid, 
rising far above a mere paa*ive ■icct^ptanr'' ef 
the ecchwastical rule* currunt in bii dsy. 
Hi* |ioltltm on- oqtuillT indepundeui. Tit 
judgineDlB whieh be paajw^, very briefly sad 
sobM'ly, on men and tbiuf^ ant' oltui qatt* 
eontrsry to those of the majoritv etd sf 
the mont intoUiffent sod Ix-eL- in formed tt 
his eoniempurarie.« ; but they itrv alwsys 
u'onhr of ooosideraliun: far ho Inob U 
characters and events from a staadpoial 
wholly unlike that of the ordinary monattis 
climniclec or court liinloriii^frapheri sod ha 
•omelinies throws npnn tbem, cither Iran 
bis special soitrcvs of information or »imply 
from the quality of bin own mind, a lifht 
which Ivods to modify considerably tie 
L«[imnte which might be formed ' (raa 
chro&icK-rs and court hutoriuns alone. Us 
treats of * Ijtgliah sflairs ' in no nanw 
tumper ; whenever his subject comes inie 
ronlact with the history of another race tf 
nation, he introdacee the new elemeut ud* 
his narrative with a careful suauaary of iba 
K-At informatii^n about it that ho can otitsiik 
He pays some attention to the ikm^isI tJde of 
' luHtory ; and hi» inti>'re.il in phykleal |ihrtte- 
muna u remarkably intelligt-nt ; tohimtk^ 
arc not, ss they were to most man iif hii 
dHy,Eim[dy wonders or ponaaCa,batmBtt«B 
to be in vent i gated, raasont>d about, uvl 1^ 
corded for intttnietton, nut curiosity. lie 
l^dU, indmid, somv marrelloiie tales of tba 
fiiipematuntl; but nn some of thrst? he ex- 
pressly sBsoends his judgment ; and sU ef 
thcu he relates, not as mere marvtU, hut u 
matters for which there has been biou^t 
Ufure him such an overwhelming wi>^lil «r 
vulumcuf lostimony that be feels bnand, lif 
bis undeftaldng to put 00 raooid all i^ 



William 



363 



William 



can of *tbe memorable tilings gf our 
(le,' not to exclude titmn from \n» pa^m, 
TbocrawntiigmjirvL-luf WilUumV book u 
)■ ftct that it wu written bj a luau wliow 
tiola lifowaa pii£»i!tliti h remote [ill luYork- 
|jliir<< luoiinitti-rv. Save fur out- virit loHodrii^ 
£q. v.] at Finciiale, there ifi nothmp to mdi- 
• ihm WiUiiun BVpr, from ttii- tUy wlivn 
entftFffi Xowbnrgh priory tin a rliilfl, 
irnvelled furthtT froni it than to tUc neigh- 
llotirii)^ roonastcrirAof hyldtid Ami l{i<<v*iti. 
~/itii ihtjir abbots he vms in close couuuum- 
bn; and they, agnia, wcru in conftlaiit 
itvrcuur^^s wilh thi' whetu Cittorciau utder, 
ifhicb, tLruughtiiit almost thu t^nlire pen<>d 
BuvLT«J hy William's worlt, playud ri for«- 
iiiitit jiiirl in thi- t^t'clriiiHiiliuil, polittcn], nnci 
K)ciiil history of Filmland and of nil wMtem 
Suroin?. Throuph thum. therefoa-. as well 
is lliroiiuli the rt-l>tii>nH wliii^h w<tiv diiiilit- 
ue» miiiniaini'd betwiion NV-ivburffh and the 
lothiT Aiimmlinian hoiiHee, Willinm ctmld 
lobtain.ru hi> ovidiinrlr did,ct)roiiiL:1r!8, leci^r^, 
Uid copies iif Ntute documir-iitH, and oUo tli& 
>ral information which in many caaca he 
BXprtw4y Navn hi- iwt'ivi.'d from miin who 
sd trarL'lleil in I'nr iaiid*, or whohadlhem- 
t\\t:» li>-l(.H-d iu tht.- luukiiii; ufhiijlory. liut 
o couht liuVH iin infiti> )>i-i-s(>rial i-xiH'ririH'c 
Bf tlw DtitbidL- world, and, mvc io thU iii- 
cliri'cl ««v, hiinlly nwrt* "itportuuiries of 
centner wirh that world, thuii Hii>da him- 
self. The man wlin in such circiim!itani'>*s 
ctnild coniii'vw such o worlt qa lh« ' Historic 
Herum Ati^jliciLrum ' muitt huvu boi-n indt.'cd, 
a« Mr, Ilowlelt says, 'a man of unuaual 
mural L-luvutluu, inonul powvr, and elo 
fjiience,' and he uiu.it have ht-cn, too, a Ijom 
lii^^toriaD. 

ijt'liiiLii (C"Hrrtnru:a, iv, 19) saw in tLo 
libriirr of CJuwiis' (lollpge, Oambridge, an 
' Kspliinntion of i\w Hong of Sonjr»i' '" 
wliirh wii.t npp<_'Tidod A noto stntinff that 
' Wjlliam, who waa born lit llridliagloii and 
bt!Oiimc a canon at Ncvvbur^h, wDle and 
brought it out wUhin om.- yuar, at thu dve'im 
of Uoper, iilibot, of Hyluiid.' Acoording to 
Ball' and Pits, William wrote also a ' JJook 
of Cfiminenluric.-i;' of tlii* iiothin|;i« known. 
Bale's imd I'itj^V attribution to him of a 
vroric ' on tliu kinRs of l.ha Kn^liiih ' la erro- 
neous; andiin i^ I's.ihi'r'ninfntinii (Mearsp, 
p. HU\) of 'William of N fwlmr^h'a book, 
" l>.' Itt'biin Tt-n* Sanctji',"' the book ro 
ferr«d to being really the 'Itiacrarium Uegia 
Kirardi; 

The only iiompluto print^-d edition of Wil- 
liam's extant. wi»rlc«, connisliug of thi- ' ULh- 
toria Ki-rum AnKl>canim ' nnd thrto hpf- 
mon», i). byT. H..-anii'(3voU. Dxforti.lTHh. I 
Thi! ItisLor}- kas bwn edited by &fr. H. C. . 



Hamillon fur thu Engtiah lliatorical Sorietjr 
la vob, ISiJIU, dnd In- .Mr. H. Ilnwltflt for 
tht! Holla Series ('Chmnicles of Sicphon, 
Henry 11, luid Richard L' roto. i. aod ii. 

I [In the preface to hi« first rolumo of Wil- 
liam's Hiilnry Mr. Ilawlrir Iirh cnlWtcd Iho 
aruiUbIa [DfuriniitioD nliiml.Wi Ilium— for whieh 
■lio vole oriK>)i'<l i»>un:o tx ihc Rixtorj tUnU — 
discaSBcd tlieoooipntiLiouorthflworl:, an<l gi<r«a 
an ae™uiil of ihi- nMuiiucnplv.J K. ^'. 

WILLIAM nr. LrjCESTim. or WILLIAM 
ui.' Mo.M id. U13), theolugian. studiud at 
Onford, ami aflertrardB proot*ded to i'aris, 
where lif tiiiight on the Mount ^?l, Ociiuvievo 
lK-twi*n 1170 and IIHU; he Bt^iii* Id hi>v« 
(ahon his iianii< of du Mont from ihie fact. 
He aftrrwardu btMamochaucfllorof Liiiiiolo, 
an oflifiii wliii-h Iip li^ld in ll!):i and I'iOO 
(Le Nbvk. /iM/i', ii. dl ). Here he continued 
hifi 1i-!(iirijni( with ((iKnF Kucr<!j>», iinnibi-rin){ 
among hi^ piipil.^ Girahliiii ('ainbrensis, whom 
hi- hn<t previously met in Paris I fliR, Cam ait, 
//<• Reitu a ite (i^tis, iii. S), Ho diiid <toon 
afttr Kaelfr l"Jiy. 

Al(rxand«r Ncckhnm has ^rtma rersM in. 
hit> honour in hi» ' Du Laudt.< Supivniin-.' 

Hill works aro: I. 'Siniilitadiiies' CMS.S. 
ill Balliol ccxxii. and Mertou rclrii. Col- 
legia, Oxford, and IVlerhousiH, Cemlirid(te ). 
'2. 'Siimma dit ollioio Baci'rrlotU' (M^S. in 
Cains College, Cambridge, Itodl^ian I.ibrnry, 
New CoIImc xciv. i.'26, rxlr. f. fl4,and Cor- 
pus Chrirti Colletf.'. Oxf.jrd, cuidx. f. I00>. 
'A. 'XuniPmle'(M.S.'<, Balliol College cexsii. 
f. 48&, Marlon C.'oll«^< (.'vlviL f. 4, and New 
Coll^«, Oxford, xcviii.) 4. • Concordant ine.' 
.1, *&>lli)Cta aiijwr psallerium cum eeholilB' 
(MS.IVmbmlti>t'nlli-frc,l'iinihridji«>i. (1.* lio- 
tneliffi ' (MK. iu (.'anihridge Univertity Li- 
brnryl. 7. ' Sprmones do lempori* nb ailrentu 
a<I Potnimcftm Trinilaiiif.' ft. 'KxiMwitiones 
evangeliorum.' l*. *yneculuni pteiiiluniim' 
{My. in I'embrokp Colleg*-, Cdinbridne), 
10. 'Sp<!culuiu puiniteniia' iMS. tn Corpus 
Ohriati ColIrgfjCmnbridge). 31. ' DoSacra- 
mHDtis Ecr.lt'fliFR.' 1^. ' F1orn« Duptcntis?.' 
Ii't. ' Provprbta i-t alia vurba Rtditiratoria lu 
ordin* dUjwsita' (MS. in Now CoUi?(re, Ox- 
ford, xcviii, 59 f>). 14. 'Carmen alpbabo- 
tiim glnPAntnin.' 1<V 'I)eadv«>ntu Domini.' 
10. 'Exposilioneeepi^tolaruiu.' IT.'Deboui- 
tatemiilicruni.' 1h. 'Adigiiti^am moniftlM 
lib. i.' li). 'Jntroductio ad artetu rnncio- 
nandi.' i'O. ' liu uiiraculia •Siinclorum.* 
21. ' Do uliiDiuatioiic t-rroruni du <|uibuMlaiR 
c{UH> in tH-v.l-HW i-untantur et leguntiir' (.MS. 
in Ilodleinn Library, Oxford). 22. * Distimv 
lioiu-s I ln-olo^ricroH MS. inCorpusClirimi Col- 
lege, Oxford, xliii. 1). i!S. * J>e tropis liber ' 



William 



3&4 



William 



(MS. >'«w Coll^sr, Osford. 27 A). SL • Qot. 
dun Tenoa gloM«ti.* 

[Wnght's Bioemphift Dntutaia Lit*nri»; 
Tunrr'i Bill. BnL-llibrrQ. p. 361; BodinakT'a 
t>i« Unirvrnibt Wria nnd dj* Frend«a u <Mr- 
•albrn in MHlaUlter. Beriia, 187S. |>. llXi 
Cuac'a Cal. ItSS. io colIcKua «Bl)Kiti« Owxi. 
OxSaii. IBM,] W. E. R. 

WlIJilAM M AiKT or Mallet (J. \ 19fr- 
1316). Ii*ron of Curry M»Uci. .S.-«Mii^.] 

WILLIAM OP |UiiHBT{/. 1210).bafn»- 
gimpber and poet, «-m a Dilive of iistowT 
anil ft monk m CrawUiuI. Uia carliMt worlc 
ftppeu* to bare been ■ foem in IO0C heza- 
melera (Unie. lAbr. L'aynbri'i'fr MS. IW. xi. 
7^ ). whick wiM writ t^tn jimbabl; nt tlio rimti 
nf tint tnt(i»l8li<ini>f lliervlicn of Sl.lluthbtc 
in 1 1 Ifci, anil wa* dedicates! to I Tenrr of Long- 
diunp, abbot of Crowknd(UiK^ll'30):e(»D« 
extract* from it havn liawn priniM by Hircli 
in ' MeoiDmla ofSt. Clutlilsr.' and by Seiirl« 
in ' Tnj^lf and ihd Hi«t*>riii CniylaniJeiwi*,' 
p.3S. It ia bawd principally on relix's Lih. 
Tbf) BtaC^ment in lh« ' Annalva Kurgo- 
fipaldinj^nAM,' 1237, that one }IeDrywmt« 
tliis lifv, i« uo doubt due Io ilie fact that The 
miBuacript conlaioa works by Ilenty of 
AmrtDcbM. la Ui» aamt i&auu»cri)>t ar« 
TWrae lifM of thfl royal aaints Fremund and 
Edmund, and aim of 8t. Birintu, wbicli 
Inland aacribe* to bim. I'be lifs of BirinuB 
iadedioatodloPc1«rdc»RooIiM[q.T.],lH8bDp 
uf WiDclieatvr ]2U>^-St*. Baroniiu is alvo 
of opinion tlinC Willinm wrot« tho prote life 
of St. Edmund printvd by Suriua ( I ittt Smu^ 
torum,W. 121). William also wrot* : 1. A 
prows ' TraiwUlio S. Nruli ' fouud in aoveral 
manuacript*, mid printMl in Wbitaker and 
m ihft'Ana 8H. July, Tii. fkJO; it wa» 
written by him firobably in 1213, whi-n th« 
abbot Ili-nry tranalat^d bin rt'liiMt. A veree 
lifu primed by Whitokvr is also from liis 
l»an. '2. A prou Ufo of Waltlii^of, probably 
wliL>n Abbot Henry Iranslatvd bis relics in 
l^ll). It baa b^en printocl bv 1''- Michel in 
•Cbroiii<]Hws Anf;lo->'(>nnim(l«t,' from t!ie 
Ilrjiini MS. Bu!, whtri^ it ra fouud iu a ciis- 
order>>(l arrnnpeinpnt. This Donai muim- 
script, 111! of wliicb d<'al« with Wnllbeofa 
lifu or dr^alb, liaa iHwn analyMKl by Dr. 
LiL'bermann (0*ift\iili*ehe Gf»rAifht*tfitfiir'i\ 
who poditivily anorilx'ji to >\'iUiaiii two nf 
tL" pieces in ii,and I Links the it!&t may also 
he by him, t-xcept thr ' Minicillu Waldi'Vl,' 
A work, * Du VitH ta .Moributt PhiloHO|>lia- 
rum,' nddrpMi>d by oue William lo a fnend 
nntni^d Guthliu', wii» et'cn by Lfland in lli^ 
library of St. I'HidV [Cvllrrf. iii. -17, wnd 
Droiv^r.K'ii Ay. Paul's, p. 288), and hiui n\m 
' ascribed to William of llanisfv. Dr. 



Scobfai, hown-er, inclia<« to thiak Um it it 
by William of Mal M ah iiry , asd fW it ■ 
i^mwal with Harteua BIS. 3000, oT wMtk 
tb* bit laavca am now gone (GhM Btftm, 

t.esliit. 

In Lplaod'i opinioo Uie wtvia oaBada 
and laidon aaenbed to WtUiun of ITaaMij 
were piobaUr ifae worii of Brihslimb tl 
Ratpaey {Colird. iU. 3S). Hm 'Tnadbfii 
Sariaburienaia,' foaad in eoajniKtifla witb 
William's worka in tbe da wOuywi Cottuaisa 
Mfi. ViL D sir, and ia tb« Cambridge US. 
Ud. xi. 7A, it aM-ribed by Matth«w IVni 
(CArun. Jtf^'. iii. 180) to Ilearrnf Anaaeha. 

WiLU&M OP Cao^UMi I'd. UTPXabbpt 
of Itamdey and Cluny, h»a bmo eoollMmdad 
with t be abore. He was prior ot Sl 3iailia 
dct» l^r^ beraiiM abb<it nf Kun*rT \>r tk* 
interwt of Beebet lll<il>.and in 1177 «*i 
madt* abbot ofClunyiM'A/. titmittr.f. IOiUl 
111 died at L'hariiu on 7 Jan. 1 174* {i%rm. 
J{amt*iffmt). 

[Haidyn D..cripii»- Cat 1. 2W; TaSMTf] 
Bi<iUoitic«,p.3«i: Wliitak*r'tKt.X«ot; !C 
Aiehir f. alt Gmehi AukaMl*?. xtiii. Zftl^.l 

WILLLAM TiiKTitorrksE < if. Ii30?1 
poet, wa« flrttt called Adgar. Working 
tbe inftanc« of one Qr^goty, be tran^aii 
aome forty or forty^nft tales into ocic 
labic Atifrlo-Nonaan vi>>«e, from \\t* \* 
collection of ' -Miriicltwi oftbfl \'irj(in'' 
he found in tlw * altnarie ' or bookeaaa 
i)t. IVil's. His work in tbe t'liartaa 
612 hiu! biTn printi'd by NvuWo* ia 
Bier's 'AItfranaO«LAche l)Ibli<.4LL-k,' IfidS. 

(Wurd'aCat. of Romaone. li. ^^2; UmtrnW* 
Btadicn xu miUoUlttrticbai] Manrotr^;*t'4i4 ' 
Kiiikcrlirlie AcadfTinie dor Wiw- 
Sii(iiiif;«1ierichl (I'hil. Bint. CLufwi. 
Heft 2, p. 917, and Bd. cxt. cxir. cx^m . i 
Ad|[arltgcnden in K. VoltinuUer'« Rntnaav] 
FonchiintI«<>.*->»3.] X. B 

WILLIAM OP SAi.\TE-M»!UE-EoT.tn {i 
1:^4), liii>Uop of London, woa a Nc 
tirictrro, ii. 1(36) who was probably borfii 
the littV iftwn of Saint i^M^rv-K^lua ia r' 
Cot<'nlin. The latintpod foroi uf the aai 
is 'iijanctiD Mnriir I'Vcleaia,' mi that k 
descri lu'd by Mailnx and oi her ••■rlinr writ* 
a«* William of St. Marj'd <:iiarrh.' 
liam'A mollMTwas appan^ntly atill alirv 
I19D, when cbe and ber wn wi-rt- 
tw boldiiijj; a pniftion for their liM>a out 
tlieniiinorofS«inU'-MC:rp-E(tUw(ST4rtet«>5, 
JM. tijyirr. \aiat. vol. i. p. clxxvil, Saiati 
Mon>-Kjili*e was a royal tonniir, and mani 
wholookllipirnnin" from i I -Witp inth^roji 
nervicf. In llfnrj- ll'sn-ipii \VilIiflnia{>)it*^ 
from 1 li*y onwards as * cliTinif. ramrnt.'aid] 
u^i-tu!i to liav« biim an active and inufJ] 



William 



3«5 



William 



aeirant of ili» liiiif! (EriDN, Hiiterarji of 
Ilmri, 11, i>p. •*Ti3, -lil, 2m, 'JSit n.. S»H n„ 
293, irXi II.. -JlWl. In Fehrii*ry 118" Hvnry 
U'vot abrcHwI. \\ i]linni,wilii Hi. IIiiKh, liiitfaop 
of l.mc-iilUil'oUnwf-d, wirh tlia kinirfi liarnt'sM 
and horsv!^, Railing from 8c>iitbi<m]it(>n \ih. 
p. 277). Savo for hi* ri-tiirn to Kn^loniJ in 
tliefciiriogof II 8jS, when he visited CUr<jQ<lon 
{Of. pp. 1*».5, L'eMf. ho, like lliifrh, prohobly 
rrm>iii«d abroad till Henry's d«Aut, aa in 
118H he witnMScd a chartAT «t Aleopoii (*ft. 
p. :^^>, And to July 1189 lie vrttoewed a 
rorallutterntAui {ib. p. 2W); (iBar. CaXT. 

i. :i«)). 

AVtlliiiai Twv inio promitwncw in Ri- ' 
cliArd I'rt rt-ipi. On 16 Sept. 1189 Richard, | 
at tb*? council oM'iiwKell, gave bim the | 
prebcDd of [lubort Wfllt«r ui the church of ■ 
York, aitd uinde hint dean of St. Martin's, | 
London ( IJoh. IIov. VJiram'ca, lii. 16 ; Bekr- 
DiCT OP pLTEitnOBOcnii, ii. 8fij. (Jeoffrey, ' 
tlutt of Vwk, objected to the former promo- 
tion (Uoo. liov. iii. 17)f but to no purpoM 
(W'alteb of CovMtrBr. i. 37d). Before 
110.1 William alito Tv^c^ived a prebend in 
Lincoln CatbednU. Jlu gavL-fn^'atollunocto 
(iinildii* r«inbmui«[n. v.], who wrote a long 
Itittftr to St. Hugh oi Lincoln, duauunciufc 
Williflin for wronffing liiin in tbi- mallnr of 
his church of Chi'<*t*Tt/iii, (.KfordsliirB (HiB. 
Camhu. Optra, i.'2t>V,'Mi-). Uimldu* speaku 
of liim a* * curi» netiuela ft familisris rt-gx»' 

'^pera. i. 2G1). Ilo U aUo di-scribed by 
chard htni«i'If a« 'protftnntariua noater' 
'(Rds. IIov. iii. 200f. Undtr Hichard I ha 
was employed hotli a* jiiMttciar and a* a 
tTii>mber of thR oxnhequer. In llU^t he had 
a clerk for the busineM of Om Jn-n* (Kon. 
II OT, iii. 2tVt, 266). He waa clnscly attached 
to lliibfiit Walter [see IIubkrt], who him- 
aelf had formiTly been protonotarius. He 
Ti'coiiiiilwi Uirnldu!) Oambrensia with I [ubert 
{Opera, iii. aSS). William oocompanipd iln- 
^^en on his ridil to Hicliard during hia cap- 
tivity in (Icrinmiy in IIOH {lioo. IIoT. iii. 
'20H_i, IV-fermtnt was heapi'd upon liini. 
Ho was oppiiintwl Itiwii^r oi tlm furfKitfd 
lands of Geoffrey, the "inp'^ brother, until 
3 Nov. lHiM, when ti«ofln<y'8 laiid>t were 
TC«tored(r'A. p. 37+). H.i also had rharire of 
the abbey of Olastonbary. the honour of 
Wallingford, and other lands in thi! king's 
hands. He was made guardian, lu return 
for five hundred marks, of Itobcrl.sonof Kr^ 
bert FItcHanling', and had liet'iisti to marrv 
him to onu of hi* kinswomen. Jle is 
oaid far Fosa to have been eheriff of Surrvy 
from hto 7 Hichard I 1 1 l»^t-ll»6], though 
hi^ name dnei not Rppenr in official liitis 
(Lift o/Shfrif*. P.R.O. p. 1.%). Hp wa- 
made r«ctorof Uarewood, York^m^Satuti 



Curia JteyU, ii. 332), and catwn of St. Paul's. 
On lBSept.ll9H*M lanfitioneK-gisKioardi' 
bu wan eloctud bishop of London. According 
to the amount gi\-en by Italph I)ic«to, dean 
of SLPanlV, he wa<,fttllicelo'sowii rcquo«t 
(lliCKTo, ii. 106), on 2:i May IK* eonae- 
cratfid hiiihop at. W('Hliiiiii-.ter in (he cliapt-l 
of St, Catharine by Hubert Walter, nroh- 
bidhop of CanttTbury, ihirli'fln bishops being 
present (I'i, ; Oo(ir.i>iHALi., p. PO). William 
wa« prfsent on tbn i;?!!] at the coronation 
of John (Koi). Hot. iv. ftH, HOI. During 
thia and the Hfw ft.w- yesrs rariouit coii- 
ceasiuns wore (rronlcd liv John to William 
(Jioiuii Carfarum, pp. f?, 01, 64, 01, 134, 
136,140). 'William waa preMint on 10 Sept. 
1 200 at I lie council at WcstminBter(Ilicpro, 
ii. Ittll), and wilneMcd thi* homa^ done by 
William, king of ScfitJi, to John, oulaido 
Lincoln, on ya Sov.U>(XKl!oo. Hov. IT. HI |. 
In December 1201 William, with Hubert. 
\\'alter, crowed to Normandy fDlCBTO, 
ii. 173), at the king's rwinest.'and on M 
March liJOI wua present nt John's third 
coronation with faabella at t^iatorbury 
(Hiw. Hov. ir. \00). On 24 Aug. |-.*ft'S, 
lluliert Wali.TbcinKilI,WiIliamcon8ecniled 
at Weatmin8t*'r William of I(loi», elect of 
Linixdn, despite the protest of Gilbert, hijihop 
of Hocliealer, who disputed bin right to con- 
Mcnite (Rw». W'aiv. iii. 139; (iiK. Cambh. 
iii. 304'). However, in \iHJ6 he al»o coneu- 
crated Jocclvn bbhop of Bath at Itea^ling 
(Koo. Wnwn. iii. 18K). In December I:>04 
William rvceived formal eonfirraation nf his 
portion ai first in dignity amuug the biibopa 
of the province (CaL of Papal Ttrffisfert, 
Papal J>itert, i. 19). A diplomatic minion 
to Kine Otto, John's nephew, wiu entrusted 
to William in 12(M (Co(iOK»KJ,n,, p. 147), 
but fvems to have bad little result. On 
the outbreak of the quarrel between John 
and Innocent II T. afli-r the death of Hubert 
Walter on 12 July 120ft, and upon John's 
mftuwl lo accept Stephen Laugr.on as arch- 
bishop, the nope iiisued a mandalu on 27 Aug. 
1 207 to the bishops of London, Ely, and Wnr^ 
ceaterio exhort the king to i^<cive the arch- 
bishop, and, should he refuse, tn place ibe 
kingdom under an interdict (Oil, of Papal 
HegUtert, i, 20). The three biflhons fonnany 
pronounced the interdict on 2.S March 1208. 
The king at ouco confiscated all church 
property, and banisbtJ them for five Tears. 
ThL'y left the country secretly for I'ranco 
(Koa. Wbsd. iii. 222). The chronicler com- 
plains that while all ihccvilsof the interdict 
feU on Kiigland, tha archhitfbop and the 
three biahops aoioumed abroad, ' onuumodia 
viventM in deUciia: cum lumim Tiderunt 
venieatam, dimiaerunt ovc« et tugeruat* (lift.) 



William 



366 



William 



tlxmi^ tenUied, Wniiun wu m «nn- 
•untl^r fmpto7«d ■» beuvr of tb» (Mpkl ot-«r- 
iufv« that ha WM frr^a»DtlT pweinf^ to anil 
{ra betww in EngUnd uid ibeooacincxil under 
M&ocoodiu-t ftmn John. Th« hutonr, Uiere- 
tm. of WiUim between 1308 ut^ I2LS U 
tb* biAtorr of tkcMt B*gotuttioiti. ImoeMit 
iafltnetecT'WilliBn tlul &fanu)d John fulfil 
«a itw e i pwit with him, thr tmi-nlict wan 
Id be rrUif^ <^;*;>- -^i"' I"- bk. xi. No. dl>. 
Botweeo 14 Jaly snd H !jn>t. ISri^ and 
■gUB fflf tbfto WM-Iu attfT K nepr., Willinin 
lud nJe-eooducI to temain in England [Itot. 
tit. Vat. i. f^); but aftf^r k««pin|; William 
and his fi'Ili>w-bicha|>« waiting for twu 
moatiw, John in (h^end would notMetbem 
{Am*. War.^.ifW). HMinr.dakeaf Suosnj, 
and <>tu> of Qifi-manv allcjnpled to eSMt « 
raeoaeiliujon (lA. ) fuialljfOn 12 Jan. liK)9 
Innucent wrote to John thnel^ninK ?scatD- 
municstion within ihrry monthj. The three 
bishops were ordered I0 see to rJifi flxecntion 
of tfa» smtmc* {Bpp. Inn. 111. ii. IKV): 
Roo. We.'cd. p. sat). Rut. thouith the kinz 
remained obstinnte, th« thr«e b"i»hop» Red 
without annonncinfr tb« excommnoicalion 
{A.) On L* Oct. the archbishop, with the 
hiitbnptfof London and Kir. cam<^ to Dom 
unduriafe-coaduct, TbckiOffweDt toC'hil* 
bam; th«> arcli)>i*hop and hiiooM ncroaaed, 
as nil negntiatioiubnikf'downftiKKT.CAXT. 
ii. lOS, 106; Aftn. Wm. p^. iWt. SM; 
OocwnBALL, p. 164). William w«Bt with 
the bifbop 01 KIt and l^anRton to Home 
(Uoo. Wion». iii.':Ml). William and the 
biebop of Eiy rrtumod with Paadnlf [q.v.] 
from Kom« to France in January ISIS, to- 
gatlnr with Lancton, und publiF)i<.*d ibv een- 
t«toe« oF dMiri«itjfln in a council of Kn^nch 
bulioM. Pliilip AuguEtus prepared to carrr 
not tilt:- papal ordi'm 1 1too. W B>CD. lit. 342^ 
In I'VhruiLrr li^l.l tho pope imui^] a mandate 
to \^'illiaiu and his compaoioDB to soapeod 
from thL-ir offices ftnd bonefloM all eccle* 
eiaetie« who had in aa^ way anisted (he \aag 
lUtoe bii ext^mmunication (Cal. of J'apal '< 
SfgUierg, \. 37). The king. frigliion«d at laat. ' 
sithraittMl to Paiidulf and Duranil on 15 Mar. 
Annng the conditioos of Eiibmiteioa was 
rwtitiilion tu Willinm and tlit- othiT vxilwd 
lM«bop« (Mtrr. Pasis, Chnm. Jfo;. ii. fi43; 
Ann. litirlon. i. 219. i"^ ; Ann. H «|., p. 263). 
On 16 July AVillinm, with Lnn^lon nnd the 
otbcir biithops, landed &l Dover. On '20 July 
th«v nb^olved ibe kintr at Winohrstrr (Koo. 
Wkhv. iii. 260). William rcemved 75<U. 
from Jrihn for bis loasea, and to make amends 
for tbf> lomtofhishoaseofBiahop'sStortfoTd, 
wbtcli tlK> kinj; luul demolishrd in 1:^11, 
John fptve liim and his suoccasora tho manor 
of Stoke, near Ouildfbrd in Surrey (Nbw- 



{i-oiHT. Rf^p^H. Kffl i. 13). Ott SVJan 

: JilM, Jobn having at last fulfined the na- 

I lUtiong, th<f lDtr^du^t wa> rctmoTad Qixn. 

I Paris, Ct/wt. MaJ. ii. STB). On 4 Hsi* 

' 1:^1 A John, tot^ber with tnanv utagmmM 

KctjrUttd. t'.K>k thr rmea ax the hands o( 

, Wiiliaiu ofljoadaa (WaLTESOF Covxmx, 

11.219). On 1 N'oT. lt;U William wuOM 

' of ll»w«c(iun«-U<in> of thv kinjf wba iiliimJ 

I him tof^rant freedom of election ta cbtiR^« 

i l.'^rraw^ /*■/«■/ CAarfrr; o. 2*W>, and m 

la Jane I'ilA to erant yf^rnn CarU (■ 

p. 296). Lnder llcnry Iir William o»-| 

tinD*>d to ba mtnuted'with drlicatc dt| 

uatic bosincM. On 16 Jan. 1:}I7 be 

comnuasioaed to anforce t)»9 proTtuou 

the agreeiaeol nude hetween Ifo^-n tiftmn- 

nria and John aa to bar dower {OaL hif*l 

Ji^jfitttn, i. -IS). On 3 Jane ba aariilrd ^v 

the di-dieation oeiviaaDiee of WoreMter C^ 

thedral (Ann. H'orwt^, ir. 409). In 1311 

he was asumir tbcee who ontmaellMl the amu 

ofllenrr IlPitftncandohnrrtfr and the chanrr 

of th& iomsta iSel^rl Ckart&r», pp. ."W6-«), 

and nn n Ctct. \tlf.\ the king appouued Uau 

with Ualph Pinc^mr*. to rvcvuw all hai* 

Minrndered by Llewvlvn of WalsfA^bfib 

i-lW). 

On i'O Jan. 1;^->l WiiUam miened in H. 
Panl's his bialiopric to tbn l^i^te I^niolf 
oaatcoiu]tofDldatT(^VAi.TKKOFConD(m, 
ii.S-l^). Tlie Wavi-rUy annalist praifwa bia 
as a man of no little atithoritr and fir^al 
humiliiT, who eoidared much daring t^ 
intt-rdict to jymkrrre tho Iibttrti«« of tba 
church {Attn W'av. ii. itt*!). Hci retaiBflil 
to himself 100/. \Ann. IhtmitnpU, tu. W), 1 
and 'took upon liimH'lftbc habit of a canoa* 
regolar of bt. Uarth*!!.' an Austin priorr ia 
Km«x {Newcopbt. Jtfp. Errt. i. II'). (la 
6 May 1221 the popi^ cnnRnncd (o NVlUiaai 
the aaaigniDent of tbe manors of Clactcat, I 
8outhrainf1er,and Witliam.with tbeoonical 
of the dcian nnd chnplf-r of l-^>ndon, on aj 
mAudato to the carlinal-ari.<hbi»hop of l.)ui> 
tcrbnry and the bishofts of Winch^reraoil 
Rovhceter. to receive bit n^ni7natt•'>n. and te' 
make a grsnt to Lim out of tlto gonA* of Ui 
fbmerMe (rW. /'n;ia/ Rr^^tert.i. ii\\ Dr 
died at St, Osytt's oa 27 Marth 1234 ( Axl. 
War. ii. 2ft>; Newcoltht. Hep. EeH. i. 131 
lin fiiundi^d a chantry of uoe pci^ in Iht 
church of f>t. Panl, to 'pray Cor th« aonlaBf 
bimKcIf and bix eiicoeasors' (rS.) 

[Anoal* of Waverley. Barton, IhitMUpl*. ib 
AanaUa Honastld, MeeMriala of Wali«r ol 
Corratry, Bomr of Hovedtn, Benedict of I^t«^ 
bofoaffh; Ralph Dinto'a Open Bistoriot. foL 
ii.: Cofgeshaira Chroo. Aafdieanaai ; Flw 
Biitorianua, tdL ii. 1 Chnm. Johaanta da Oa» 
Bsdea ; Gwraae of Caatvbaiy, toL ii. ; Slatt 




William 



367 



William 



Faris'i ChroD. Siqoru, rob. ii. and v. (ftll abor* 
arc in iJnIUSflr.J ; Newcwrt'it ftrpertoriutn Ec- 
cl«ii.irtic-um LuniiiniTiin-, col. i. ; Itoser uf W*in- 
dmtir, v<}l. iir. (in Kuiil. Hi«t. Son.); hibvt d» 
AnlinuiM Lpgiliu^lin <'mni!<-n Soc): Whurtoo* 
AiJfjIi.i Siurni; riinlwiu. Da FriesulJi-UH An(tU» 
(17 — ). p. ITS; Kyimr'* Ka-dctJi, vol. i,; Hoiiili 
Cnriftnini: Kviitli l.iitfrHnim PiUiMttium; Epi- 
atuLelimiiooutii Ulin Mignu'sPntixikigiu I^tiiiik: 
Ciil. of rnpiil ICngi^li-r*. I'spol Lott<T», pU i. ; 
Foss'sJadses of Kagl»nd,i. 416-18; Stuplelori's 
BotPliSrufCTirii Nonnnunior ^ WilkinV«(.'oni."nift, 
^i31A-2fl.] M. T. 

^t WILLIAM TUB Ci.Erax(/.l->08-iai'6\ 
^^^biflo-Normftn poQt. wa? llm autlior of live 
HH|^^Qni)Bn-t''rrncrli wurltH. Tlif iii«»t iinportnul 
^i» A rommiCA bnlnnfring to thn Artliurian 
oyal«. cbUl><1 'Frf'giis t>t OtH'ienai!, on i.« 
Rnmui ilii Cli^vftlii-rau bfl ps<rH,' which wus 
editixl by I-'ranrifuiiio .Michel forllifi Abbots- 
ford ID i^il (4lo). It n-Intps Ibc »lor\- of ft 
flhcohcnl rniirh tintni^'d KrAg-u^, Trhn, Rtrucli 
WlCo admimtinn of Aiiliiir ancl hin court as 
th«j poMcd on K hunt , pcrHunded h» pbn-nts 
to olluw liim to try his fortuiiee as n Knight 
of Kiiijt Arthur. Ho went to court, nnd, 
thuu^ti n.'cuivvd with ridicule by euui'.' 'if llii; 
kni(;hl.'«, wm comratMioned by Arlliur rn 
fight tilt* gigantic ' CTievalier au Li»u," TIub 
hw (iirLrnmiu'llinif rh» knight t<i g" tu court 
and Hiibmit. Hut in the coune of Iii.4 mi.-'- 
fitm ho had met with CiaUi?nBe, wlio became 
BO cnnmoun-d of him that vrhcn he coldly 
rapuWd her iiJvanci'.<( iilie luft luT fkthvrV 
castle iti despair. Stricken wilU reuiorst 
and uwkikenvd luve hv wuul in t^misl of ht-r, 
and aflcr varioiLi adveiitun-A found har. 
Relurniiig lo Arlbur'a court, FK'ffus niid 
Qaliwnnn wind up llm nitnnncu with lb>'ir 
hniipv mftiriage. 

wlUiiim H-rntB n.l«> a 'Beatiarv' (extant 
in MS. Itoval 10 K. Tiii nnd MS. Cotton. 
\»f\i, A. vii), in which in the article on the 
dove (hero m an alluftion to the inti-nlict in 
Kii^Iuud whiili places th« lituu of compMi- 
tiou of liie book ill llVS. Tlm'lWanlde 
Diuu,' a HrmuK pocin, which liDlon^s to the 
end of hia lifr, coitf.aiiis comi* iiiit.iipoki.*n 
«irirtiire!» on tha AlHffensian rnisade, nnd 
refuTS to tile dvnth of Lguia VIII iu hts ex- 
I pedHiiin to the sourh ; a mnnuscript in pr^ 
wn'ed in the Uibliot^^que NaUonale ut 
Paris. liolb the ' IWtiary ' and iho 'Bc- 
mnl ' iir« urinted in Baihacon's 'Fabliniuc 
et Cr>ntes (faris, \^^^}H, Toli, iii. and iv.) 
Tliu ' nt-sinl ' bam al«o butin edited by Kmst 

Martin (Hoi Iciyffll)- 

Tbfl two fabliaux be vrrote must belnnfr 
to an >itrl iiT poriud than thia last. Un«,caUrd 
*I<a MallR llnnt«,' seems to bo a Irind of 
satire and dir«ct«d against the king of Eng- 



land, the sting of it lyinff in tlio title. Tlu* 
name anbicct was treafml by Hugh of Cam- 
bray. ' L« Pn-tr« I't .\ltBon, on Ta Filli> ii 
la liourgeuise." rc*lale« the trick iday«d by thu 
pnriL'iiTHufu girl on hrr pri^'st -lover. They 
((■i^ui'd iij^ent lo hi* iidvnnccs, but 8ul>- 
Miiuled a prostitot*^ for tlnir dantthler in 
her rriitm. Ttii- priusl did not fimi out his 
niatalitt till tlio morninjr. 

Tbe noteworthy feature about WiUiaui'ii 
works is thfif democratic character, l-'rfcus. 
a ehepberd boy, becomui a kiiij^bt and 
marriea • lady <K rank; the king is Iwiltml 
with Bomo aoami^fiil accionn by ihi< tale of 
'LaMallfHonte^'andinthw ' IWiiiit dfUi.-u' 
nnd'Lt! Pretrcet Alison' the papacy and the 
prieiitbiHxl ant iv«|i«ctivuly nllnckcd, 

[The bu«e ooeouat ofWilliaui luiil his works 
is in yol. xix. of ihs Ui^loir^ Littcmit* dc U 
Fnuice cuI1l^l^nc^ par \e* Bacii'dicliiis du !!l. 
Maiir.c[»n(iniic«^Ar[b-iiMombmHd«l'lD«titnt,pD. 
75-I-6& (Ainaurj IiumI). i^rv nUa Wriglit, 11 
lttof>raptii^ Brilannini l.itorariii, Annlii-Nyrmiui 
Peririd, aa<l Jfartin'ii fEmst) Le Bosant lin Uieu 
mil cinw Einltllang iibpr dou Jlichtttr imd ■eino 
wiuimtlicbvu Works. Ualle. 1809.] W. R. R. 

"WILLIAM DK LoxiiKspf:R, third K.\B(. 
OF S-tU»BL'RI «/. ll'l'U). [Sea LoMiBSP^d.] 

WILLIAM DC FoRs or d£ Fubtirub, 
Eari.op Ai.nnHARi.K(r/. I:?4i>),waetli|i»ooof 
HnwiBir, cnuntciw of .Mbcmarlr, dauprfat4>r 
of William lu Gnw, earl of Albi-mnrk' {d. 
1179). «on of Kinir Stephen, anil the liL*t 
rtprxm-ntativo of ibi; cldiT lino ut" the lords 
of A lb«iuarlt> representing Adcliin, tlit* ni^xe 
of William ihu Conqueror. Ilia father was 
William de l''ora of Olnron, Han'ise's 
fitcond husband [for her first huHbnnd m» 

WnXtAM Iip. M AN-RF.V1I.I.K, K*KL Cll' KnSKX.rf. 

118dj,who tookhif^mnn-niiual nnmctrom the 
village ofl'ors ( Latin, de Fori ibus):iu I'oilou. 
Ho wft.«ft military ndvintiinr who abaredas 
one of ihe obief cooiiuauders of llic lb:ct in 
Uichard IV cnihade. wns married lo llMwiw 
on hi» ruturn in 1190, and died in WW. 
Ila\viii« soon married her third husband, 
Baldwin dc Bfihunc, and probably died 
durine Iiin lifptime. 

William de Fore the yonnpir wns alrendy 
a tnau on his stepfather's deatli on 1-S Uci. 
Iil3. He wa« soon (i.4tAbli?>b>>)) by John in 
the lands of the county of Albentarlv [Itol, 
Lil. Pat. p, i22), and in il'16 tbe whol- of 
his moi licr'fl tistlnles wen! fonunlly confinnid 
to him {Hot. Vartanitn, y. IKH). 'Hin n>o«t 
important of tlieiw wai> llio lordship or 
wapentake uf Holdenii.-**. the true seat of 
the Albemarle power, where tht^ lu-ld ten 
knights' few {Red liwk «/ Rnke^uef, it. 



William 



3^ 



William 



4fiO)i then wm« •ituted their cutis of 
SfciliMA antl llir funil^ roundatiun of Menux, 
R Cutvrciiin Vmim. Tlirv had nlaoimroirt^Lnt 
c*Ut«i in L!i)coliitIiire,ia<'ravt;ii.ai]<iCum- 
berUncl. nu-y wtv ^omeliiuea (Itrscribrd as 
MfUof Hol(lr'rnBMiKiBHiX(iEft,p. 0^(, KolU 
Sur. ; C'Aron rf* Mrlta, ir. 107). IlBwist-'a 
&tb«r bju) bet^n ctvaTwl Karl of Vorkahini in 
1136. But itiev vtvT-s more often callMi 
•«rU of Altwmurlr, a name taken fmm thi^ir 
Xorman coiinly of Aumile, from wLicli tWy 
nrtginally obtainfd romital rank. AiimAle 
had beon lost with Nonnandy under John, 
and Willinm ihn vouuRt-t is pcrhap* the Rr«t 
of hi» hciwm wit\i vrlioin lu« onee foreign 
title bad an excl»>ivnly tCDKliah sifini Heat ion. 
In t'he quarrel between John bii<1 hit barona 
llw youii^ earl supported thp kin^unlil the 
defection of tlif l^rtndonere (RoQ. Wksd. lii. 
300, EnRlidh iiist. Soc.j lie WM one of 
ihi- tweiitT-five «x«:ulor» of Magna Chart*, 
thniinch pntbablr tli(> least boaUle loJolio on 
ibe Lin. On ll' Aug. hitims inadi- conatabln 
of SpftrborouBih C(uitl« {Rot. Lit. Pat. pp. 
152, I'M). On war breaking out b«twe*Tn 
king mid bawas in Scpt«niber, Willinin 
Weol over to John's nide, being theonlr one 
of the twi-nty-Hve who fought fur him 
(Wamerof Cuvotbi, ii. 226). He took 
part in John's di'vaotating niftrch from 8t. 
Aibanato iho north (Roo. Wbjtd. iii. S48), 
and WM mad* wanien of the castle* of 
6«iiTey, Uockinffhiuii, and Rythaia (i^> iii' 
8JB). But ou tbu oapt ur* of Winclie«t»r ou 
14 June 1216 br IfOuifi of FfitTjco, William 
■weBB back lo uxv side of the triiimphant 
barooB, though their aiibaequcnt disasters 
oneo TDor© brought him roirnu to ih") king (cf. 
Jiat, Lit. Pat.n. 109). Hocontiniied to sup- 
port Henrrlll. and was on 17 Doc. madu con- 
stable of liockiiiBham and Simvev Castlefl. 
Ti« shared vrith hisclowacaociiLte Ifanduloli 
d« Bluadovill, earl of ClientMr fij, r.], in the 
long aifge of Mount Sont-l, Leicpflte-rahirf, 
which began aft«r Easter 1217 i Uemixo- 
HVBOB, i. 2W), fought ou "20 May ar the 
battle of Lincoln (.Vr/row Vhron. p. 131), 
and in August jointxl iu Hubert do Burgh's 
n*Tal virlory over Kustnru tbi< Monk oH' 
"Dvtfj (Mait. Pajuo, Vhrtm. .Vajora, iii. 
'_'8-(l). 

William had won eo atroug a position 
during the years of disorder that be was io- 
flie^Hwed CO submit himself to tlio rule of the 
young king's ministers. He waa the mast 
eonspieuouB ropnuenlative of the feudal re- 
action towardtt the ancient ideal of local in- 
dcpi;ncli.>!nco for each individaal baron. Dr. 
Stubbs in doscribing him ai a ' feudal adven- 
tuierof the worst etnmp' (Congt. Hitt. i. 5S1) 
U not too severe on lus character, though he 



I rather tgnonea his anc«>ilml poaitiaa tn tk 
I country as repreeeniattTe •>■ his buxW'i 
houM-. Aiming at reviving the aeparvliit 
poliey of the Aoglo-Nurmaii bamnafre, WIl* 
liatn found hia chitJ" alUm in f'slkn dt 
' Breaut^ !l'^-] ***^ '^* other fnn-ign adna- 
turvn whom Jubn bad cwtablifbed tn t!v 
country. As early oa 1219 .Mlwmarlr haJ 
■faowD hiiihoalility to Hubert ile Buryh[n.*.j 
tbi? jujrtidar, and had bf-fn ilrclarfl a rvb-l 
and excommunicated by the l<-gat>- Pir y^ 
sistinflinntlcndinga prohibit-d toumam^nt. 
But tne i^-al struggle began tn li^>, wh^ 
thf jujticiAr callM on the barna* to nut- 
rendf^T lo the crown th>^ ruval castles which 
bad remained in their futiidn aittce lb* 
tmublM in John** rv^ign. William n*ftisedl» 
BurrendtT hia two ruyal castli** of Kockin|> 
ham and f^uvey. and fxe^rXt^ hlmsrlf la 
»tn*ngtlK'n the lortificalions of tlu^ latfr. 
HowtfVtrr, imuediat«lv aftrrbic 5>t-cnad i!ori>- 
nation on 17 Mar, the young king tnarrhed 
in person ■gainst the two castle-s. Tbe rw 
rifiouA fled in terror, and on 28 June WilUain 
waa compelled to make a formal Furrruder <rf 
hi* oiatW, and to plf^lge himself to oubniit 
to the judgm(<nt of his'peent. He probably 
bought on his excommunication by takiit^ 
the crusader's row and submit ting himsiif 
to tbe legate. But many roinplaintaagaiii^ 
him seem to havr Imtcii bruughl, ana the 
barons adiudml Bvthnm to William de 
t'nlville. William tberefort prepared to i 
siat to the uttermoet the attempt to HUB 
him, and before the end of the year had rtA- < 
lected A targe force at Bytham, tbe cenUr d 
his powerinSonth KcatoTen. At (.;hri>tmis 
WiUiam attetided Heurr's court at Oxford. 
Thrnce, without note or warning or auleoiB i 
d^-&BUce, ho fled U> Itylbam, and rove in i 
volt trarly in January 1*J21. lie plundeffdj 
tbe country far and wide and cruelly uir- 
tured his pri»nn("r» (Koo. Wkjtd. ir. *W-7l. 
ri« atiacki-d the castles of Newark, Sleafonl, 
and KimbolloD, but was dis^rraoefully re- 
puWd {DungiapU Ann. p. Ii.3). I If' :•- 
still summoucd lo great councils. and p^>f- 
to set oA'to attend one at WeatiniMtiT. Hi»- 
urer, he next captured Fotheringny ^ast)^ 
'i'hence heiiwoed lettera. directed totbc mayon 
of En;rli^h towns, whirh^niotcd utfr eoodnrt 
and ' hilt {fici; ' tn merchants ' as if be alom 
riilpd nrer the re*lm'( Walter orOoTiami. 
ii.247). It wM»,uyii l>r.Stubbf>,'anaHitni^ 
tinn of fondal or rora! stvie worthv of lu 
days of. Stephen '(ttn*/. ji'iV^ ii. 33). Oo 
26Jan.Panduif hf-ld a council at St. IVir*,ia 
which he excommunicaUrd AllH^marle for tk» 
aecondtimiT. Thcgreatcouncilvotedaspwisl 
HCiitago of ten shilUuga on erery knix^ht a fM, 
callea the' Scutagiumde Biham.' An anay 



•w&s Qt once eqalpped lo bring about tbs 
rt^h' I'.s drfeat, and nis old essociat«, tho E&rl 
of Clu-slcr, hunrlly co-opBrstml with tlie 
king'N forcen. I'lindulf biraself w-conijinuied 
thn kin^ on liiii rxpedlLiun. Ttvllium wiis 
t^fiii'lfiiu'' for fix lUjH, mid on 8 Fi^b. wai 
cnitt.iired wilh the holp of lh« niacbineit 
ewtted aRninst it. Tint purison wiw im- 
pri*oiR'cl, the whol(> stnirtiitv hnrnt down, 
und Williiuii, aow a fu^itiro, was fonrt-d to 
talio Mutictiiary lit FotLiit&iiu Abbey (Dun' 
etaplt .Uvi, \>. 61). IlotlieresurreDderedlo 
Waller dt.- Givy ^<|, v.], arcbbinhop of York, 
niid tliL-uorllioni barons oti thu cuiidinon thai 
)m hfiotiUI be re^lorf^I to Aaiiotuarv if the Vin^ ' 
ivfiifli'd I'j admit liim to murey. iVudiilf ni>w 
inl.crvst'-d liinmnir in pmcuriiig tiiuy tHnun i 
for him (Flares Hist. ii. 1?3>. Fin wna ])ar- 
donwl oil condil ion of lii» iroit'K "'to Mxilr for 
six yiiTPi to till- Holy Jjiind ( If'un-etter Atin. 
p. 113; Roy, Wekd. iv. IW-S. oomcted l>y 
ilArr. Pari?, CAron. Mqjom, iii. flU-1). 

Alh^mnrle did not ^o on Rninadir, and was 
NutFii-rei] to n-iDnin iinmnleiiC«!<d in Kn^flnnd. 
The return of tho Earl df Chf.'«tcr to b is old 
[Kjlicv of opposition doubtk*s made liis posi- 
tion more BocurCr ftnd late in i'2i^, whoa 
ftvih iillaclu wvn madu bv (be confederates 
on Hubert de Burgh, >^■illiam was once 
murf titronii vnuuf^b tu joiii in ope;ii re^ 
^V'Hifiii. llr wiw a-wociatod witli Kii)lu>a do 
}reant{, Chiuter, and otherH, in a auddcn 
ttaclc on the Tower of fjondon. On the ap- 
cli of the Iting the confedentos, who bad 
liled in tbeir assaulr, fled to WaJthBin, 
rhoro Lanpton pcreiindrd thctn to attend tho 
ling (Koo. Wesd. iv. ili'-.H). They proteati'd 
&t they aourhl for noihiuff but lo remove 
Eubcrt do Buiyb from iiiu juMimnhip. 
leiiry wnnt to jS'orlhampton to keep (Jhriat- 
iH, whilt' Albt'Oiurk' undChoBCtT oaaeublud 
nth tfa-'ir fnlluweTa at l<eiceilt4ir. itut tlicy 
iciTtained tttat the king's force was larger 
id accepted l^an^ton's tiropoBjil« to putch 
ip ponce, Thfty sHrwiiffiTtxl rhi'ir cfutle.i 
ind honours to the king", and both parties 
Bnd'.-d the Cbriatmn# fcA.»t toi^-lher at North- 
^vnptou. Next ve«r (liJiill, when Falkea 
iiu.» bcsit'^ed at lledfon.l, Albt-marl^ ioined 
rilh C'hwUT and I'uU.T d'.-s Kochmt lu pro- 
saing lo kuppurt the liiii^, tlioitgh llieir 
' atlLtude was vi^ry auspicious. Thoy ap- 
lb"'riiri!H«'<iri)ril,biit, liiidingthumiwdTwi 
eluded from Henry's counfiels, went home 
diagiut (Duwfnj'h Ann. p. S7^. 
After Falk<>«'n fall, tli<> hopes of the feudal 
irty expind. Ilencefonh AlbemarlB ac- 
Bptcd the ineTttnbti>, and livod m an F.ag- 
8uinan aod loyal aubjoci. lie becamo one 
jftbe king'a council, in vrhich capacity he 
— )Vit to elTiict l''alliL«'ii rvcouciliation in 

VOL. IJtI. 



1^6 (SituftLET, Soi/ai Letten, i. C47). Oa 
t! Jan. l'iS6 ho rvceircd a roral grant to 
maintain liim in thti liinge wrvicu ( ii»t. Lit. 
C'/aun. p. \i}. In lJl'7 be wiw c'nntml all 
th<? libi-rtii'S in lluldemcii^ t'xcrcisfd by his 
prudncfSMoDsiind wint ncquillfd iiii hi* aliare 
of lh« 'wuta^P of Bytliatn ' whir.h had 
hitherto Iwn reckont-d a« due l<i tho royal 
crtlTi'rs (, Wft^ Lit. C/fti4A.j\. \7-J). On II Frb. 
1l'i'.> he witnessed Henry's third rviasue of 
Miig^iiii Ciiartn (Srl/t-f Ckartrr*. p. 354). In 
Si-pU'oiber IJiT he waiiseni asQn amboMmdor 
to Antwerp {Fadera, i. 187). In April VI'M 
he aCL'onipauied Henry 1U lo Brittany, and 
in Dctober, when the kiiin went bonif, litt 
was lell behind with the Karl of CheMer and 
Willinin .Mambnl ilh joint (MininMiidcr of tlm 
small force! that remained to assist the Count, 
of BrittBiiy fltoa. Wejjb, iv. ai7). On 
An|7. and \h Oct, 1^1 Albttmarlo wno 
one of six Kniflisb earls wbu were twicti 
summoned to (.Jn-gorv IX'» proj»H:t«d coun- 
cil agninpt Frederick \\ (Cai. Papal Tetters, 
lUW-J3y4, p. 196). 

In the autumn of 1241 Albi'marle at last 
■et out for the Holy Land. Alt: v;a» accom- 
panied by his old oasociatc Peter do Mauley 
[q. v.j undoiht'rKufzlii^h uobli/e. Albcmarh) 
aitdbia fncnds took sliipin the )l«>ditfrrani>rtn. 
On 20 March lii42 he ditid at sea, eilbtT on 
hi«goin|{ to, or on liin riitnm frotn.JeriMnlem. 
Tie wa^ unable to i>flt ei^ht daya before his 
death (Mait. Parim, iv. T7-I), but thc>re in no 
reuMn to aay thtit he woa starved to death in 
prison. Paris calls him ' mile* slrenuiMiinus,* 
and be certainly bad few mGrits auve mili- 
tary OQOfl. Ue was, Luwover, a friend of tha 
inonka. He made (grants to the Cistercian* 
of Moaux ( Chrvn. de Aleba, J. 302, ii. 27, 4"), 
Ibr- mtidt importiiiit bcin^i; tb* 'barony' or 
close of Itefortli, made before liifl departure 
on criiwidi'. Mr- nlxo made grants to tlui 
nuns of Nun Keelinif in lloldi'nxt^ (Pot'li- 
sos, HflifemeM, i. 3^) and the monks of tJt 
BeCK, Cumberland. 
! Before 12115 William married Avelina, 
second daughter and cobeir»s of Uicliard de 
Uonifichet . Sliti died in 1289, and iit de- 
srribedii»'iouUeraduiiral)i!i»pidiihritudiuis' 
(Matt. p4Ri». iii, 624). Thf?ir eldest sou waa 
William do Fors, last earl of Albemarte 
{d. 12tW)[q.v.] 

[RuK>r of Wvadurer's PLorps llist. (Ka|{l. 
Bi»c. Sgo.) i UatU Paris's Chroa. ilajors, Flom 
Hist., ADoals of Dunstaple and 'Womutcr in 
Ann. Hoaattici, B. ds Coggeahalt, BiBliangar, 
Oxeoades, Waltn of Covtvntry, Il«d Book of Ex- 
chMiiar, Reja] Letters, Cbron. da Mdsa (oil in 
Rolia Ser.): Jtynifr's Pcrdcn, vol. 1.; .Stobhi's 
Select ChartPP!i; IluUiU Lit. Patsntitim,- Rut. 
Lit Clatts.; Rot, Carlarum ; Poulson's Hist, i>f 

B B 



William 



370 



William 



I 



HuUniMM. i. SO-3 ; O. E. C[o^Ti>el'« Con- 
plM« pMngn. 1. 68 ; iMyle'* ni!iri«l Kiroati^r. 
t. SO . DuRdkU'* Ihrooago. i. 6U 1-) T. K t. 

WILLIAM ov Uboohbdi (rf. 134Srx 
canonist, waa an emioAiit Wluruf oit cano» 
law lit Oxford during ih>? fi»t Iiaif of the 
tliirtn-iitli roiilun'. ItetwiM-ii l*J4l un) U-l'V 
IiB WA» ttrincipal advtxralo for Willinm of 
MuntpeLlicr Ln tlio }iLi}fntir>n kbniit tiis elcc- 
Uoo to tbe *w of CoreniTv And I.irliflr-ld ; 
«Dcl Bucb weif^t WM ftttttcued to bb tdro- | 
cur that tlio bisliop-i-li-ct, bntnitG; in 1245 
of Willuii]i*& dnaib,gavG upbucbuin(M.iTT. , 
I'ABiei, VhroH. Atoj. iv. 423). According I0 , 
Mr. HiujhdiiU, liuwuvcr, tbo canoniitt in 1350 1 
ghw bid IikH or ItouM* al Oxfortl to lit« prior 
mid i^onvonl. of Sbi'rburnt!, who to ItfiS-'i Hold 
it tu Ibn unirrniitv ; it in imw No. '{-'! Hit;li 
Stn^t, and ia still called 'Drawda Hal).' 
M'illiuffl ttUo appears to hare bwn rector of 
Htmttuii Audb>y, (Ixfnrdiibire <Ca/. Pap. 

About ] '2ii9 Willinni wrote, fur tbe iiae of 
bin pupils, bit* ' Summn AurRti,' on nlnbomtA 
Ireatiw ou canon Ian*, wbich was bI ill (quoted 
u ftu Autbority, VTl^n nt Boloj^o, somu epn- 
tiiriMl«tBc(BBTniiANX-Iloi,i,wM,/J<'rCVV(V- 
prcctM rf«« ffemeitien Jlftfit*, vi. ViZ, V2A: 
AlbLUCVS ObXTILIS, Laudrf Arad. 1005, 
p. TiA). Two miiniiDcripIs nra extant, at 
Calim Colle.gi!, Cambridm) ('WvxJjiiHi.irii, 
y/ritttshrift. xi. 7fl), and ol now nrp nt l.nxpm- 
biirg (Stadtbibliolb.'k, Xo. 10.*.), at Touts 
<U<;KiiiDt:, Oit. MSS. p. 51U>, and in tbe 
Vatitan (STnVHSftOS. Votld. Lat. Lifil. Vat. 
p. if>?3>. None of these nuiniLicriiitj* appoar 
to be perfofti extracts from tbo Caiu* manu- 
tcnpts an) printed in tbe ' Koftlitb llixloric&l 
Ili'vifW* (xii. (i4.')), and a full dcacTiution of 
tbe work ie givwi in Professor F. W. AIbji- 
land's ' Roman Uaiiou Ltiw'(lKU8, pp- 107 
eqq.) 

[Aothoritiea citM : Raebdall's UnirvrailiM of 
Europe, ii. 374. 470.] A. F. P. 

WILLIAM ov DcRiuu {d. 1240), 
nputed fotmdor of Durbam Hftll, now Uni- 
verwty Collf^e, Oxford, was possibly born at 
Diirbam and oduaitcd thL-re or iii tbe neigh- , 
btfuring inoriBfltery of Wearmoiilh. pniceitd- 
ing tbence to Oxford. lie atibttmnantly 
aludii'dnt l^unK, wbt'rL'bobc-cainca'fnniosiis 
uaKiit-T' (M*Tr. 1'aRIs, L'hr'm. Mi\i- iii. 1*5*^; 
cf. I>»:.1iri.i:, ^Artrr Umi:Paru.\.\\'<). lie 
It^ft. llmt univrnkity >ii 1^2!>, after tliK' riuls 
Iwwwn the fttndenrs and ciliiens of l*aria, 
and is >«id to bavo ' bt«adrd o migration to 
Oxford.' Var tlw latter sliitPinftnt ihero 
HORis to be no oridenco ) It h)iiiDAi,L, Uniivr- 
W/w n/ Eur»'}f, i. 470), though Williaoi'a 
three companions menitoned oy Matthew 




Puis, ineluding Nicholas du PiunhuDl^ 
NictioLA«l, w«re prorided with niiif— 
<ihipA at Oxforrl, and it it nut unlunlvalfe^ 

William went ihitberinuuiwur to HuiT 
iiivilAti>:>n of 14 Jnlv 12*.A* to Pari* 1 
Ifefore U'37 b« bad bvwnne 
liiirbam; li« b) id^nt!6ei) )>v !<• Xev« ' 
William who is atAlfd in an iiucriptin 
window in Univerwty t'<dl«>ffe t-o baval 
arcbdmnm of Durham in 1211), bat thU da!j 
iMprobablvamiitt&Lvror 1249; I«>.-Iand. Tsa- 
Der.atiddberaliercionfiu^him with Willianl 
i^birwiKid {'\.y-\ and be i^ also identified wiltt] 
a William as^ Ijunim onid to havu Iwvn arch* 
deacon in \'£i\ (Lu Nkte, iii. SOi; ils,^- 
BAIX, i. 470>. William waa al«i rector of -] 
Wearmoutb ( Val. Papal I^tten, i. 2.^ 1 1, aad 
wn« (granted by [ticbard I'txir 'q. ▼/, bikhiip 1 
of Durhftin, * with tbe muent. nf ih/cbaptcf ] 
and oonsont of ihe kiiiR-,' curtain right* oiw 
The town of .SimderliuHl ajtd mosor* if 
Wfeoniioutli and • Soj»hor ' {ib.'^ At one linr, 
according to Matthew nana, hv wa£ arch- 
bi^op^oct of Kowm.jirobiiblT before or afitf 
tbo epiKopatf of I'imtp de "tVilmiea. «hi 
held lixax we from Yl'Al to 1l*45. \U 
n\*a rhaiilain to ihepnpe (t6.) Aft«;r Nidw- j 
liva de I'arnham'A election l<> I Ih> bt^bopnc | 
of Durham in 1241, WilUam'a ri^ta on* I 
Sunderland and WMirmouth wpt« collvd ni' 
qiK'stioii. lie iippt-alt^d to thv popo, and ti» 
case was beard by I'ii^rrw de Couaieii.Dff" 
hi6bt>p uf Albano. and tlio cordioal of St. 
LAuft'iioi*. A oompnimiBo wiu reseb«d \ij 
AViltiainand the bishop of Durbam'apnjctcr. 
and oil 22 l)nr. 1248 the pope taaufcd inm 
Lrons a mandate din^cting tbv bixli'-vp t£ 
t"-'*'. H"S'i "f Norlhwold ' <j.v. , and tbt an*- ' 
dwitfon of Ely [bba Klk , Nicnoua op ). wt »= 
siiir«r him to be molested on aeeoimi of ^:-- 
riehti*. On hi* way home, bo weTw. Wilh*» 
di»d at [{oneniMAtT. Pakib, Chroa. -Vip.i 
0) ; Uitt. AaglontfA, iii. IJ"; in tjjp • .\bfarp- 
viatio,' Jli$t. Annlorum, iii. SH, hi* ii «i 
to bftv»i di«l 'traiuialpinanv,* a st.ii.;tr..T;; 
odoplod by Ra»liduU, tbou^b app]- 
wft» onl}' ooiuiii^f fmm Lyons). Vr ,; 
PnriaBavsM'illiam 'aboundi-d in grea: n- 
venu«», but was gapint: aft^r f^attr/ wkiri 
Smith interpreta as the biahopric of Durhw. 
■uffgMtiiiB that to obtain it was tbf .i).jtct«f 
his Tisit to the popt. — 

»y bis will WiUijun left aio 

Oxford I'nivenity to b« iuTcst«d in ._ 
for the Baj>port of ten or m.>rw masttw J 
art* studying theology. • Tlie nmrwiil* 
placed the moDL'y in a cbest and ucd tf 
" partly on lliair own busincfts " and 1 
in " loans t/j othera " which wvre n«t 
paid' tl{x*Hl)Ai.r-. ii. 470). Thaw _ _ 
uvidoncc tbat William of Durham ivXtuU 



tho nM«t«n wlio bt^nofili^i) by lii« hcqu(>4r to 
Hv« U>geth*»aiiJ form a st'pftmtecrtJUiiB unity, 
and he CBlinot be regunli'ii in any wny nv tlic 
fuunJiTr of iIk^ colk-giaiv e^'utc-iD [»«<(.< Mkr- 
Tox, Waiter ar.], but. liio iMiieroction wait 
tKu first tlint wns t>iibwtiiit'iil1y evolves] intu 
a citllvgi* or hn.ll. Thi« Tdok plaoi* ulxnil 
llW), whftii fouf msfltprfl foniird a cnin- 
munity that niw thi- micleiis of Urii»fr»ily 
rrtllrtf. Mill li'fjnUyMvlrtl'Oroat T'nivi-isitv 
lla.ll. The iMculitr of tilt! ohginiil hall is 
doiibirut, ftiiil till- pri'senlsitc in High Street 
waa uol Bciiuirfd lilt IM-^ : U wa« cu,ll«il iLe 
' coU«(:^ of williAm of l.lurliam,' but hr early 
as 1-S74 It occufHsv 'auEAntiirri'lam niirhnm, 
nmii- tliiivi-niiti'liiill' {Varlulary •/" AY. 
Fn-testridef. Oxf. Hwt. Soc. i. 344). There 
WilliiLm of Durliiini is uxpn-nly nntu«il IH 
ilfl fniintlpr; hut threp 3'i=-arR Inl^r, in nrAfX 
to st^cure tboevocatimi of a lawaiiit intoih** 
rovfll oouiteil chamber, ' iV; mwler? m\'\ 
(wrKnUn of IJniTprftlty flraf dt>TiMi1 thi? im- 
pudent fichi>:i iif 11 royal foundBtinn by 
Alfred tlift (irt-at. which liiw now heMim' 
port of tlie law of I'^iiKlnnd by a decision of 
tho court of king''s Eencb* (TUshdali., ii. 
47'i). This tJclioii wH^not iSuuUrdittcnMlilod 
until \7'1», vfhen William Sm'itli (IB.'ii:-- 
173-'51 [q. V.J puUisbud hie ' AanaU of L' Di- 
versity Collpgi-. Proving William ftf !)gr. 
hara ihft FouiuIlt" (N^'wcasIlp-upo^-TJne, 
Srot, the bwtt. of early collpge hijilriri«P. 

[Ki^id<« Smith'aAnaiiUsbfn-a cited, >ae Malt. 
I'liriii'ii Chriin. M>jon, ili. 168. y. Ot, Hi«t. 
AnKluru'ti, lit. «7, 311, Anatoy's Hnnnurata 
Ac-i»ii.'micn, i. hf,, 87, li. 400, 566-8, 780, and 
Moil. Frimt-iacunn, i. 66 (R/^Ilo Scr.) ; C«l. I*apii1 
lA^nm. 1198-1301. p. thX; Li) No«>"b Fasti 
EpcI. Anffl. ; Parfcftr"* Karly Hijit, of Oxford 
(Oif. Hist. a«-.), pp. 52-4; Hryan Twyn*» 
ApfiloRin. 1622 ; WowrnWlpgc^ and Halle, v^. 
Gut^-h, pp. .17 snq. : HiM. MSis: Coimm. *th Hep. 
App, ii. 477; Sir H. Mftxw#ll-Lytc"« Hi»t, of 
Otfcnl Univ. 1889: Clarka CoUokcm of Ox- 
ford ; nAslidall'§ UniTerailiu of Kumnr.] 

A. r. r. 

W I IjLI AM DK IjosataviXf oall«d E.^ki, 
Sau»buby (12I2P-12M). [See )-osoB- 

"WTLLtAM OP \omsoH*u (A 1251), 

Frnnciscaa, [See NoTTiXciiAji.] 

WILLIAM ov Youk (d. 125fi), hi.'ihnp 

' Salisbury, wba in li^ti ^mnlvd 10/. for his 

Epentea on an iter intYi LinrolnHJiirc (fVoM 

!//», ii. 119). On 10 J<e^t. lJi>7 ho wait 

JciAlsdaajiurtic^ftwirhthfiiiAticGAitinerant 

ient and iluatinifdoo: no was aeliii^ in 

is capacity in Ilj^ liberties of the biahopric 

' Dijrlinm (iJ. p. 21iJ) in the same roar. In 

|£34 Itobert do Lexiaton and AVaUiun of 



Vnrk were apparently the twosMiiof jndgea, 
and pivsidfld in the two braiichot) of the court 
of common plra» (Fm«). In \2&it be wiu 
ju»ticu itiiieraut at \Vorc«8<t.T, Luwds, CiIou- 
ceater, and Launcestoii {Annale* tlr '/it'V- 
ktfberia, i. 07 ) : and tn 1 2^0 at Bedl'onl and 
St. Whniw { Annalrx tir I)un*tapliti,in. l.'i&; 
M.\TT. Paris, C:*rT>it. Jftr/. iv. 51). In this 
Intti^r ytinrbv wrs nt thv nvad of the section 
of the juati<7eii which mado nn it<-r in tha 
Boutherapartof England, undi^r the prL-lvxt 
of r«-dr«aAin^ grir-vnnc's, but n-^lly to collect 
iDODRy (Mati. l'.iHis, iv, Sll. rheehronicUir 
ffiveA him the title of provost of ileverley. 
Fines wen* Ivvied before him frowi 1231 to 
12ay (UugH-U-H, Originm Juridirialen, p. l.T), 
lie wiktsapiinim iter in 12J1 at Bermwidiiey 
( Ami.iltr li'aifilein , ii. '-i'JH I, snd Oxford i_,-lnn, 
rfe The^akufifria, t. 11:^1. Ill 1242 ho was 
omi of thu king's two iV'prvHvtitBlivvs sent to 
th<- piirliamt-nt of 2U Jan. to auli for money 
and cnuiiBol for the Krencli war (.Mirr, 
I'MtiB, iv. ]f*tit, and wlii-n thi* liiiin deported 
fnr (iiuicony he, ihi* arcbbinhop of Vorlt, and 
William de Canlelup^ were entrusted with 
tho custody nf tho n«lm {Ann. de Dumta- 
plia, iii. I-');!). When on 2 Nov. 12JIJ Ifal'-rt 
de Qing^bam, bishop of ^^alisbuTJ^ died, the 
canon)< of Saii?bnr^, auxioiu to piupitiute tliu 
king, elected William his succea»oi-4,H Dkc.) 
(M.^TT. I'inis, iv. 587 ; Ann. dt Dunxtapiia, 
iii. 170). tlij" election wiw confirmed by the 
kinn lh4t day after, and hini cnnRt'cration by 
Fulk, bishop of London, look ptae^,tbe l>iiti- 
Blnbli) aiiTinli«t ihji, on the 7ih (iii. 170), 
the Winoheftter annalin tliP 14th (ii. Ul) of 
the Julv following, lie »till seems In have 
rutuiiieu hiH judicial utiiec (ot in I24d bo 
gave jud^ent aifainRl: the priory of Dnn- 
Htablf! in tb« <juL>stiL>]t of thi> iteiflin of tho 
pantiiTua in KaiiHirortli and C»ddington 
{^Arin. df Dumtajtlia, iii. 171^). 

William wa» preeent at the meetiueof 
biftbrips nt DimstablftonSl Feb. 12-' I to pro- 
test against Archbishop Jloiufnce'a ri^Ui of 
visitation (Matt. Paiit.«,v.22.»), but wavered 
on the r|ite«tion of Tvlusing tliu kinj^'s de- 
inand for a tenth in 1252 (t^. p. i]2t]), though 
he took piirt in thu uxcommtiniratidn of in- 
fnu^toni of Ma^na (.'harta by llm bithopii in 
the same year (nDimis, i' .lOTi), He waa 
one of a dvpnlntion of four Mnt during th« 
pArliamnnt of .^nril l2'i>S tn thr> king from 
the bishops in parliament to aek him to allow 
liberty of ecclesinatical ciMtiolu (Matt. 
I'lRls, V. y7y>. Henry repUtnl by propos- 
ing that those bi!ihO[ie of his own appoint* 
mirnt tslionld resign— a hil at Williuin him- 
ftnlf— anil reminded Willisui that Iw had 
'exalted him from the lowest place.' He 
di»d on 81 Jan. 1306 (ib. v. £46), ^latth<jw 




William 



37» 



William 



Pari* nrUlOM tlint bn inourrpd gr«at un- 

Sio]niUriiy ly in(r»tJiioini: tin- tmlom (if 
on-iiiH nvory iin<)t)M'iiuit in nilend «r tba 
cniirt uf hik DTorlonI, ' to tlio fnvat loes and 
ilmniMgo of lliA iiilijis-tit BTiil tiin little nr no 
(Tain of till* ovrrlgruN.' lie U n tvpKul court 
nnd SHculnr tiiiUup of lli» iwriuJ, l>egioniog 
Ufa nrul nurly i<Dtliii)f it m I he kiag'aHr- 
virw, lhi>iitrt> li" iMH'n>* to 1i«vi>*liown eiKMif^h 

lu(l>1H-nilr-lli>>, on OD« OOPMioil at liMWt, to 

draw Jywii on him tlio king'* r«-praacb<*H, 

(Anthorttiw Wtei] in (he t«sl : Oixtwis, D* 
Pmtutllxii Aneltir. 1015, iv StfU; L« Nvrr'a 
Faall, •>!. Uunlv ; Kom'i JikIkm of KngkiK!.) 

W. E. R. 
WILLIAM nt: Kntta nr nit Foktibcs, 
K;kKL nr Ai.tiCHKKLii (d. I'itX)), wns th« 
ami of Wtlliain ilu Van, carl of Allx'innTle 
(J. 124:?) [q. v.J, and of IitN wifr Avelina of 
Mivnlflclict. Ilr was born bffoiv 1^20, and 
tnarrti-d I1iri»(itia, youngiT ilAUjflil'^r of 
Alui, lord of (iallowar. Ou Alan'it death 
In W8& f/>HNWN/>A< HmwJ<, p. I Ml his ilof 
fbll, arenrdinff to fpiidal law. Id hi« three 
datifhiwtii- I'hrwi wen', bratdM CbriatiDa. 
Iti-I<>n, wiftf of Kiiflvr dii Quincjr, i-arl of 
WincUMlorOU'-''^ UWiKowundrriirixct, 
tUun oa,d. I:;l1t'. and IVvorguila. wife of 
John d« lUliol \.l, V>tm [<>^vn llowrvfv, 
the $*tt» and iMrluimua Oalwwianii pre- 
fiXTicd lo h' niU"! by ThooMa pf QallownT, 
Alan'* UMlard wti.' Kinalljr AlMander tl 
look up Uia eaiw »f .VlanV dnufihivrc. In 
A^l ISSH b« inviidcd lialluwar and de- 
tfteud Um puiiaus of lliomaa. ll« divtd«d 
tb« iMd anoac tb« tUrm' iTobeiri) (Mjitt. 
l'kRta.(3bfwi..Vm«r«.m.3tU>. Uracdbrth, 
until ('brittina'admtli in td4<A. WiUianTtr* 
luaJIjr nilnl a ihiril of QaDowar. tbou^ 
bia puMMaion w*> br noOHvns undi»turbmL 
IW hU falbw'a (Uth in )^t:9 Wtlliua, 
«bo ana alnady a knisbt aad of fUU aoe, 
wwtl o«c« nm>n»nl ms E*r1 of AUmbu1», 
MteclO(V.aaUaivlW. Inl^MlwngMd 
Uw Ml«r of (VBMMUtFaucv addra wd by Uw 
Bll^i4 «ia|;Mt«s to Innomi t\' (FfrJfrm, 
L mV In ite •■»» jraw «. lony <iuaml 
Wt wvrn bim ajad tia «MMt of FkHmtoitta «ma 
bfuucfal tu • M t iifcc<B r r caa el aaioa (l^o^ 
ti^Ammmh^^lTOy ^a 1^« b« n»d« a 
neli aaeowl n»nMr>> '<n*b iMbrlU •!» iM> 
mo (1^ 1937>, dauckiM of lUMwm da 
IMvui, aari •>< IVraa u^ kirl <tf iW bh 

ofwigkt( r>a < .uw y ■«—<.. B^. io«. isn. 

U AwMt IdU k» tuok T«rt m »B taihoi^ 

taUtUl kM ihftU W na sk#n# of C>B- 
CUtUaCMK 



■UGCOB 

foanjn 



Albemarlft took a pmmin<wt afattMtnllv 
Mod iwrliMDrnl at Oxf'^nl in 12AS, lU'n* 
appointed niw of the kinf^^'s atandinif coaad 
of fiftaan {Iturttm Annate, p. 449), and aw 
alao one of thp tw,-nt_v-foiir r>lMrl)^ lot»«t 
<>f thoaid to U} given 'to tb<« kins (tft.p. WIL 
In tb« former oapkciiy tw wnne^cd ike 
royal promiae to agr**- to tb^ pirxjittj 
rafomia {ib. p. -InU). lift wks artivi; aniaic 
Henry IlIV PoitvTiii brotbci>>in-UH' (/Jm- 
*t«f>te Aanaia, p. 'JUi), und sigiici] the lettar 
which the cMiffdt>nt«v4 addiv»M<d eu Pv^ 
AlvxAiidrr IV cuinpUiniu^ of ihem ( Rurtm 
^NWiVi, p. 460). (In til Mav I:>59 he a>> 
M*(Milorntifvtk(.>peac«witb Frano-i/'ir^^ra. 
i. aA4}. In 12(10 new«8 again in Ftwccan 
aomo legal buMoeas (ilorM Hut, u. 4S||> 
Karly in Jtin<? hr> di«d at Amit^na (i2. i 

^n. Ijttmtin, p. r)4 ; Ki^^ijiftt » Itaf ^ 

327). He was buri«d nt ibw familv foot 
1 ion. Thornton Priorr- Hi* h(-an wwbu:.,,- 
in the prwbytorr of M<niux A bbt-v. the othcf 
fAtnilTbotu«,next lo the timibuf his daueh* 
tpr Cchn-n. rfc Mrlm, ii. 106). lit, vuAt 
kvqufKiA to the cnniin)) of Thornton, andm 
tlH< m<>ukFvf Moiiux. Williua nf Albv^sEH* 
nuat bedi«tin^n>br<1 from nnutber nilliua 
do Fortibus, lonl of Shepton Mullet, who dial 
in lL'.'i9. !.'*Tin(i widow .MaiiJJa utd bv 
daughters as coheirs (OiirNUanum O ia ma , 

Br I«beU» ae Redvimi IViUiaiB bad fin-j 
obildrt^n. Tlw w»u died early. and vvr-nttullt [ 
his daufibter Arelina {b. :/o Jan. ll'St)) bv-] 
can* hnma of the wliola eUai^-. incr«H^ f 
in 1368 bjr tkv aoqaisitian of • third af Om \ 
LandsofRickarddtiMiintliohet ri|.T.j,fancbr I 
of tba aldrr Avelrns, h>T gr^ndrnfTntf {€*l\ 
Gmemionmm.f.i^i. Beaidm tliia laaktJb. 
bi*r motner, had becniDo to 1363 aolp WfafB 
of tb» farldom of Ociratt and tlw lonbkip I 
of the We of Wigkl [a«« RsDntM, Four 
of]. AralinatbiubniaetiierKiMtl 
in tbe kinvdan. <>b 6 AprO 1309 tkowaaj 
nwmadtoU^uj UraTouagvraaaEdBBri) I 
eari of TM M ff a T [we Lascajcm;. Eamm 
Ktu arj. Sk 4M ia NotnWr W% 
iWrxB, & SftI) wilhoMt iaMi*, «wl n> 
batWd « Waa tw i Ml ar Akhvr, trim bo- 
bMvtiM tagfmm iMiiiii n tkrpMhr 
tcnr. 

l38a.MffiMt«By JMiiki I MCo«tf«rf 
Um« nd iHwai li wl LmIt of tfe life 
«f Wifkt. B«r fcpa^ aT bar 






pacMMaBjrtei 






tetUakanta* 




(£«•( ^akanfKV.«.O.Utta«|^towl 



■WUaaT 



^sa^^K. 



^ 

Pc 



J^wA^MT. ed. llali, vol. iit. pp. occxii-xv; 
Itoi'Sn. ' Surrvmiur of the Islo of Wight' 
ill Oejifitl. May. tor May IS?"). 

Matt Puris'ii Citron. AUjorn. Ann, Dunft^p1l^ 
T«wkasbury. Burton, W}>keB, and Oeaey in AnD. 
JilonuctJL-i, ]lol ilixik of the l^iclioquur. Chron, 
o MolsH (all in Iton" Sor.); UjnuTii Fn-dnra, 
Culondariiim l>rnoftl{)gicuin, Exc«rptA o Rui. 
Kiiiiiim.Cnt. Hot. OoTtwTiin (»ll K&-ord Cunitn.) ; 
Rot. I'lirl. vol. i, ; I;h1. Patent ICoIIiil DugiUWs 
Honimlivon. v.: Duf^iiU'ii Biironniic, i, 84-fl; 
I]<:>jlr!'iOI1ii-iiil[Iiiruiiikgi-.i.37: *'. K, CJokiyneJa 
Cuiii|ilr't« Pc^rjigo, i. no, ii. 102; Poulnori'ii 
Hisi. i>f ni>IdL-fiio», i. 33-9.1 T. F. T. 

WILLIAM KF WickWAXK or Wiche- 
JliM [ft. k'^ro, arr-liliiahop of York. [See 

"^VlUKWlXH.j 

WtLLI.dJU DP. Valgkce, tititUr ICiBL OP 
{Pemhrokb ('/. llBOl, WHS llw fourth aon of 
^iaabellanf Ai)|;oiili^nii<,wii3tiWorKillgJolill, 
by heri^ccDudliiuil)iiii(], llu^hXof LiLsiKQatir 
4M1UIII of l.H Mnn^lir. Mn ItKik Iiis HiinitMiif 
from bU binliplB^-o, th« rL«u<rvian ubb^y ff 
V(il*rtici* (Kl'im Hint, iii, 1172), » few milpji 
luiiith of Liwitniin. In MatoIi 12-1:!, when 
ITiijjh X provided for tlie porlilion of his 
lands nft«r liin dfatb, among bis numerous 
«hililn3», William wati aMiKiied cis his sharv 
Montignoc in tlie Angoumoiii, and Bullai; 
aud OQuapagnuc tii Lu Muvliu C)'. K, C[o- 
IATSE), Cmi>f>lrfe Peeragt, vi. 20i"). Th.> 






<leath of Isab-'lla in 1210 and tli« ilvittieraio 
fort imp" of Hu<ir fnther»(lertbel'rvnch cod- 
Uftst ol" I'oirou li'fr lli« pm.*n<iftti of the 
■youDj; L(isi(jiif»n» very glnoniy in tbeir own 
liome. Accnrdinjrly in 1247 thrpw of tliem 
■cheurrulLy aci't-iiU-il ibi' ■ll^(IllIiotl of their 
' .iilf-hrolht.T Hcnnr III to eeUblieb tbom- 
Ivo« in Knu:laii<l. WillinLu vrctit tu Henry's 
ourt alonK with hi.i brothers Guy and Aymer 
»(>0 AiMBK. d. 126(1] nud Iiih eislar AHct', 
iui«qiJt'n[ty ihft wif« of John ti.- Wiin>tiui>, 
mrl uf Surrevor Warenne ( 1 2^] N KiOJ ) [i\.fA 
Thi>y liimWl ot Pincr nlon^ with tbu papal 
le^t« William, carilinhl-birtlLOp of Stibino, 
nnd wt-re most afl'ectionately received by the 
king, who now miidi.' it hi* chief cure to pro- 
cure for them ampin pnniaion. Williani, 
tboii){h Ktill virj- young aitd nriLy4>i aknifflit 
(Mati. PabIS,' iv. G2"l, obiained a (jreat 
posilion hy tb« rirli match i^hich his half- 
lirolLL'r urmn;jt«d for him. Tin 13 Aiif;. 1247 
ha nnit tiinrrii'd Ui Jonn dii Miinchrn*!, ihn 
■«inly BiiniviDfTohilil of the -riiohby Baron 
Warin d(i Miincht'nf!! of SwnnstrimU' by hia 
first wifp,.lniin, fifth dancrliTernnil tiltimntely 
'Coheiress of Williani >far6bal, first earl of 
IVmbroko ['!■ "^'-l •'•■""> and hi;r only (on 
John were already dead, and the whole of 
liAr share of tho great Marshal inherilnuce, 
4liYided IqIo fivu jiortiuus on the death of 



Eiirl Aoselm, h»T last bmlhtT, in 1245, was 
thonifore noiiiallv Iwlonfjinfr to thf^ brirl<». ll 
included the casae and lordship of Pembrolce, 
poMcssion of which i;*Yi' ht'r u sort of clniin 
to tliti palatint! etLrldoui. whoNe reguUan 
ri;;ht» shri was thuit vnublfd to L-x^rcise. The 
Iriah liburly of Wi-xford wii» hi*r ulhiTchiuf 
•bare of the MarKlml i-Matcn. Thi-.w lutttrr 
were delivered lo William and Juan on their 
mnrriB((« Amy {Cnl. Due. Iri^lnnd, 1 17 1-I2'')1 
p. A5A\. NiimeroKfl othi-r granta werft bi-- 
at owed on tlio voung roiipte, including on« 
of 600/. a year in land {Cat. Hot. I'nt. p. 21. 
For other gntnls up to ii'iH, including tti« 
castle of Godench, thi> kfi>pcr8hip of tke 
luajion of Iluyford and Kuciulou, and itie 
wardeoship of tbt^ town and castle of Hert- 
ford, see r><tri.c Official Haronnfff, iii. H; 
/^«/uii f\ir/rtrKwi, pp. <)ii-72, 811-8: JCj*ernfn 
e Hot. Fin. pp. 2le and 2K4 ; Vat. Hot. /'at. 
up. 2i-30. In 12->1 his custody of iicrt ford, 
Hiiyford, and llui'iidori v/tm t^nverted into 
the lordship of those pDt§6t>^ions)* 

It soon TOCiune thti chirf nmhitioii of Wil- 
liam to puthim«df in thn position of tliB old 
Earls of Pembroke, ll has been niiiph dis- 
piitod when he bocaim? Karl of Potabrokw. 
Tb<; iirobability seems that he was never 
formally cn^aKMl L'arl, but that, as exercising 
all iLtf right.-' of unrl ov>*r the 'comitatu*' of 
IVmbrokft as protector of his wjfu's luheri- 
taiiCF, he was loosely called ' Earl of I'em- 
brokw' very ch;c anion ally in <rarly yfars, but 
mor<! fn'ipiMirlv n« his pfisition l)ecanie ninm 
established, itisownnoiritiou sepms lo hare 
been that hi; claiinwl tito comitat us n» an in- 
heritance of his wife (e.g. Jtot. I'ltrL t. ytf-2, 
.%: cf. I'lKH, Contt. IlUt. <.f thf tluMfit^ 
Lvr»U, pp. 00-7). He is occjisimmlly callud 
earl in ntlicial documents from 1201 onwards, 
and i^ utm> eulk'd 'coinL-'> do \'uK-nvtu' in 
I'Vbrimry 12r»i ( Iiillr» Oa»ei>tti,i. .*IS8) and 
in 1258 '{ Jfntvr/py y*n»afo. p. 34it>; but no 
chron if! i.'r oalU hnii I'.nrI of IVmbrtiko until 
12ltl (ItiniiA.vfinR, ]i. 2<:, Itollft ^er.*!, and 
even up lo his death his usual title is 'Sir 
William do Vnlcncp, brother [afterward* 
uDtIo] of the kinff,' It is the same with hia 
son, Aymer de Valence [sv.e Atmhr, //. 1^124 j. 
who ianot uBually de^criltid im <.-arl until tlio 
death of hi» mother, the real countess, in 
1.317, Thu probabilities /(MiTRiWt that Wil- 
liam wati iit-MT much luuni iIiiiti litiiiar Karl 
of Pembroke, while his near kinship to the 
crown made the need of such a till^ less 
rf-cf-Wftry (cf. however Mr, (i. W. Waiann'a 
remarks in Complete Teerage, vi, 206, which 
ulso point, to a negative conclusion: Nioo- 
tAs, Jiijt, I'etraijf, ed. Court hope, p. 370, as- 
signs the title to about 1204; DoTl.C,<lg<.>^a\ 




William 



374 



William 



Williun'a alien origin and ricb tnarnKg* 
involrod him in oh iitipopnlnritjr which wns 
«>on int«a«ifi«:ii l.v hi« uriJu uik) Tiolunoe. 
Iletirv dublied him knigrit on 13 Oct. 1247 
in \Vf>!.lminatGr Abhuv (Matt. 1*aui«, ir. 
AlO-4). Tlioiigli xttll *»rjilvt4!n(>retviribiia 
iaperfectuB,'biseaffi^mes^ to win dielinction 
in taiirnamontM \nn him ti> brntik t.U>' king'n 
ordoni by tttiving tn hold a. jounl abnut 
NorlbsiDpton (iA. iv. H49. cT. v. 54). Hu wnx 
'ogivffitf DdjuUtiiK' on 4 March I24.S st a 
touriianttnt at Newbury (I'A. v, 17, 18), but 
won 11. si|?ns1 triumph in I24U at Brncklry 
(i'6. V. S3). Uv wait always much nttAcbed 
U> wich wncnunteni, and ransacltfii Llieroiiti- 
nent toprci<!urucbtiii!o homt yDfjmlv ICet^jter 
uf Pulfl. litr. 40th U.-J). ji. 30h). Ou 2 llrt. 
]l>40 he vofl appointed joint Ambafiimdnr to 
France {/V/p/-n, 1. :J70). Hi* father baring 
«li<^(l on crunaftc, h« took the cmfia on f! March 
1250 (Mait. Pakin t. 101 K This gnv« the 
king throe year* later an irxeuio for advano 
in^ to him I'.^KK) marks from the crusadtog' 
funds fJlolc* (tntcou; i. ."ttW). 

In 1iJS3 NViUiun nrcompanit-d Kichanl ilv 
Chire, Mvenib I'arl of (>li)uct^!tl<>r \t\. v. I, to 
Prani'o on lb»> oi-ciiaion of Gilbert of Clare's 
iiiamuKe t<> Willinitro iiitcn Aiica of Luii)^ 
nan. He vob dfifpat^il in a toiimatnent, and 
riilicuh-d by ihe Fr-jnch for his cftV'tn inRcy, 
if a hoittiht wilnftfls cnn bft tmst.^'i \il>. t. 
;Jll7l. In Noremher l:i.Wand S^ptpmber ll'-ll 
hp WUH in Ai]ui(aiDe with Henry III, wherp 
hiB i'x|K'naes gare cxoitM for fo'sh' fnnntR in hi* 
favour \,R6>e« GiuetMs, i. '>\'>, »14. -IIM, 466), 

In l'-'55, on th<» diiith of hie fathcr-in<1aw, , 
Warin de AlunchfU«i,tb« kin^gsrv Valence 
the cuatodT of the h*ir, bia wife's half- 
bn}tlti<r, William do MuuchcUEi {i. liiW) 
fn. v.] Strange tak>a am told by Mfllth«w 
Paris of his Iwutfulneee, pride, and violence. 
Hftrtford and il« iir>i^hbfiurliiK.Ml wvrn «sp»* 
ciallv espoafd to bi^oiitni4rea(MArr. Pabis, 
V. »4:i-4). 1l» lior» rpt-ciul ill will to the 
monks of St. AllMn.t 1 il,. v. H-Xi). His dmds 
wwanotonly iinlawfuL but nnWniehtly. lie 
■driaed Henry to untU'rtakc bisrafhe^t mefl' 
Borva, ancb aa tbi- ncvi^plaiicc of tlie Hiciliaa 
crown for bis t.on Edmund. His close uao- 
ciaiioR Willi tbv l^nl F>lward was rogRrdpd 
aa an evil omen ( I'A. \. t>79). Iln joinod hi* 
braihorAymcrinhii-qunnvtwithArcbbiahop 
Boniface and Ihti Snvnyardx, for which he 
[neBrr«dexoommiinirntiun. TtutthiA,thMi2h 
it mnibi him odious to Queen Etettnor, did 
not doHtroy hia influi-nc** at court. 

Ooiitlictinf; interests in West Waleobroufifat 
^Villinm into violful opposition to Simon 
de Montfort [q. v.^ In 1:^7 his steward 
raided Ijcicfstrr's lands (ib. t. tl34). As \ 
Simon became bo«tiLo to the crown tl^ '. 



muntty became more intense. In the 
pftrlianwnt of April V2^>>^ he callfd Simon u' 
'old traitor,' and a jMrrmnal eucuntrt w»i 
with difficulty prevontt-d. McAnwhiU');ran 
wvre «lill luvi^im-d uik'Ii him. Naiumlly n 
cry was more (icni^ral amonf; thi> barons chaa 
for tLu expulsion of tbv PtMtuviu*, and Wil- 
liam wa» looked upon a* thi- cliicf of the 
^nff. Itow much confidence IJcnry placed 
in tfii-m i<i ^hown br William and twoof hiR 
brolhi'r.'i btiin)^ put with hin brot ber-iu-law 
War>.'nne anjonc thu twelve nouiinf«« of tha 
kinf^incliidi'd in th*i n'forminj; cominilt«(jf 
twi-nty-lour up|)oiiit<:d by the Mad parlia- 
ment. All four refusied to swear to onwrvo 
iho provisions of Ox fr>rd, and aAer fn!*h alter- 
ratioiia between William atid Simon, lUe 
Poitevina Bed from Oxford. Unable to reach 
lhwr»a»l,(liey thn'w tht-miM'lvejiinlo Avinrr's 
raslle of WtAvtJwy at Winfiheeter, whither 
thny were pursued by the barons, .\haii- 
doned by Wan^-nne, William and hia brotbm 
were forced to negotiate with the 
Not illiberal lorm» were offerwl th 
they agreed to withdraw from the realta 
abandon th'eir castles if tliey werv alloirtd 
to remain po)fH!»wd of xXumt londe, and iv 
taku xtx thou«and marks of th'ttr IruwuK 
away with them. "William's sharo of tki* 
was tlir»H' thousand marks. On U July thny 
received aafe-condncts and wi-nt to Dnrerl^ 
way of London. Kilber there or at Win- 
chester thi.'V were suspected of attempting tii 
IH>iiionBomeofthftKible«alabenqHet(Min, 
Vris, v. 7011). Tbeir ba^nafre was enarclifd 
bv the ciuteuan of Dover, who eondaestcd 
ilieir \alunble», while other nuns fonod at 
the Temple and in other houMS of rplisin 
werv alto solzud (ib. v, 704 >. If Mattwir 
l*arus account be literally true, it sn^t^siti 
that tbi! barona were not very Mrrupuhuis ia 
n-npectinff the tMnditton* nrranued at Will> 
cbester. OnllJuly WilliamandbisbtotlMn 
crossed the Channel. ll«mr« de MontiiiK 
followed them, and, raising; troops, kcft 
them for some time in a state of qtuui-otip 
at ]touIo^;ne. Their plight was the wcne 
fince Queen Man|:an.'t of France resenbvl 
their hostility to her mater and her uucW 
lift. V. 703). At last, however, Looif IX ax- 
tended but ptot<>ction to them, and, releanf 
them from Boulogne, aUowed them to cna 
Fhtnoe to Poitou (A. v. 710). In ftopUaJ 
their enemies dqwived William's wi& ilaui 
of part of berestBtM^aUowiiiglieroalysa^ 
of ber own tnberiianee u the b»d paweawd 
before her marria^:?. lest she ahoold aead 
aupplite to her exiled husb&nd (u(. r. 731); 
she 1«A England ia Advtat aM jotaed her 
husband (A. v. 672). 
William's exile from hia 



( 




I 






cliit not 1a«t long. In tht^winttr of lii-JIt- 
JtifiO, when llonry HI umi Hidioii ik* Mom- 
ibrt were both at i'arbt, a rucoacilintioii. was 
eflectfid. Hcforv Ili-nr^- left Kiiclitnd on 
1-1 Nov. I113 bugged Slcnua ti> uuSii: turzBB 
with his brotheni, and the dtyilU of Ajmer 
on 'I D'.-c. at I'arU mad*.' Bfreument l-uh'.t. 
WilliJim arid Simtiti jmtchccT up 11 ituiicx, tin* 
t'.-rniK of wliich wen- aftprwards disputed 
( lii;ii«sr, Siinu't rfr iMtinff«rt, p. S.'iO, pritiln 
an mttintfiting dociimfnt tViim lln» Arrhivps 
NutiotiuU'Sr which givi>s full d^nilsj. In 
3"Vhrii!ir\' \'2><0 hi" «iis tiicol' H(-Tin''itftp<'nts 
in iiirsotiatiDg with tlio French {J-'n-rtera, i. 
;i(I4). At«3«t Eastt-r VJiil William retunit-d 
with Edward to Hu^lfttid, where h« wai» 
allowed to land on Bwcariu^ to ob^jr the 
pruviiiiuni (Kl8iiAF>ui;ic, ji. J), Kull« Sit.; 
rlorvA HUl. ii. JOtJ), and on 30 April was 
fillip rMtored by Honrv ill at l^^cIl«sl€r 
(CV*V. i/w(. Pff(. p. 33;'I'ai'1j,UL. 74-'5. ia 
nen> a year wronirj. In l:!G2 William affain 
Blti.'udt.-d liuurr III lo Francs \,Failfra,\. 
421'), wherti lie niconcilud tin* king with thi? 
SOTing (lilbert of Glout^eiitcr \,i:Mit. (ikkv. 
C»KT. ii. 216). On 6 Feb. IU)W he «a^ 
again anibaiuuidnr I (1 Louis (_Iit>>/nt J^ttrrn, 
ii. 2a9|. In ll'lfy ih« J.ondoncrsdevasMUfd 
hjft land-^lWysiH, p. 141). Early in ll*t;4, 
nd^rlMward'^ilircetioue, hodL-va^tatcHl (Ll- 
country round Lixford, and in April was 
with iliinry at thn siege of North ani pi -in. 
On IJ ^lay \\r. fnii^lit for \\w king at lA-nrr*, 
Iteini; Htationed with Warnnnn under Kd- 
rd nn the right wing. He wnn on? of 
0W3 who i!xra])cd aftor the bftltio, with 
^WarwimH, to I'evynsev, wlii'no*' tht-y crosiwi 
to Franco. In linpland W'illiniu's p-w- ' 
lion* were now fyrfi-itL-d, thi> uuetndy uf 
'pmbrokp Castle hping OK (i Juneeonmiilttd 
<o (jlouLr«i>r<('o/. Rot. Pat. p. 35). Early 
in May lyiwi V\"illi(im Imidnl with Wan-niH- 
in I'cmibrokfBhirL' with a atrong force of 
bowint'ii mill ImiKhls {I'lore* Jlwt. \\\. 

\ H« jninpd Edwnrd and OIoiici'-Mit 

»nd U>ok n larg" shore in the royalist n^slo- 
ntion.pnrtioipntiiif,' it] tlio nicEPof Glouce*tfr 
in Jnni' ( il'itfal Lettvrr, ii. 'J>iH), the attiii'k 
on Ki'nilworth on 1 Aiij?. {LJirr ile Ant. 
X^/bu».p. 7Jt,and in ihubitlk-of Kvi-»hani. 
JJi-it year, in Muv, Ii»* irjintnl Han-piiK in 
aitftckiug \\w nionltci nnif townnmmi of Itnry 
St, Edruundit (i'unf. Fr.oR. Win. ii. I97|. 
Hf was abundantly ren-arded. Ilia Innmcr 
iaitdii and oiMtlfw w»t>_' r>?«tor*id. lie was 
nted the wardshipof HaTttrfordwcot diir- 
Hunipbn?y de Boliun'a minority, and 
forfiMt^d ffitct<». including that of 
h'w brother-in-law Miinehinal, were trans- 
fcm-d to him (fur Kriint-t aftw IL'fSo, «ee IM. 
Cartarum, pp. 97-9). Ilinictifurth hv rt-- 




maiDed a good Eaelialinuu) (Ann. D\autap!e, 
p. 400). 

On iA June \'J&^ William renewed his 
cruMadiT'fl vow at Northampton, when Ed- 
ward hiiaftolf toolt the crou (Wtkks, p. 
iltt). He waa in Irehind in tbf sprinn of 
1270(01/. Doe. Irebmd, 1252-84. p. I4l), 
but on 20 Aiiff. he aaiied for the Holy Land 
, with Edwara (Ann, Wine^tUr, p. Il)f)). 
' H" camo bark to Londnii on H Jan. 12J11, 
enmewhat wiriier I ban his nfpbew {I.tbtrde 
A>it.J^gih\u,\: 106), bringing with him from 
I I'alotcinii a t>ro».4 of )fiild iind frmmiliLt, which 
j uhiniateLy becamti the property of Wiwt- 
I niin^ftr Abb<y ( Tf4lamr»ta t'etujita, i. 100). 
He wail one of the executors of the will 
drawn up by Edward at Acre on IH Juue 
' 1272(/lr(/ffAi, i. 4S4>. 

I'ndt^r Edward 1 William davol*d mudi 
I energy to incrvAsing the limits and the jnri»- 
dtctiuu of l\w IVmbruku palatiualv. Tlus 
I only indudi»l tlu! tvgion WLwMm .IlilfonI 
I HavBU and the Urietol Channel ; but Wil- 
I lijim strnvf to •wtabU>h h\» Hiipn-inacv' orpr 
' all the neighlinuring mnrchf^rs in a diiitric.t 
wimewbat widrrthanlbpmodt'ni IVmbroke- 
' fchin;. Hp was hiL-!|it'd by bis appnintmcnt 
on 12 May I27r> as constable of Cilgciran 
Castle and warden of St. Ciiaira during 
pleasure at a r>?nt of 10/. [Vffiut;/ Kf/'er 
0/ Pitifl. Kec. 44lh ICep. p. 277j. This at- 
tempt invulvbd him in a fleriue of lawsuita 
witliQiiift^ti Kknnor — to whom \hv bnronv r>f 
Haverfordwest bad been Iranflferred— «nd 
olhers (see Cal. i'ai. IlolU, llJHJ-Oi' pp. ;fSO, 
;)!»«, 121)2-1801 pp. 11). 114; Hot. I'arl. i. 
*J-2, St, 1S8). In Archeulield and Uweiit 
he imprtivi>d his poaitlon when in .Itily l:;75 
\\>i obtained di«peucatiou« for murryiug hi<i 
daughter Uabella to John de I'lnMin^ 
[12(>2-ISia) [qv.l. lord of AbtJvav.-nnv, u 
minor ((■«/. I'apal J^tfei-*, llfl*v-lS(l4, p. 
iW). On July rj82 ho received the cus- 
tody of Alwrifavuniiy for tho rest of bii" snn- 
in-lftw'.i minority (('«/. I'attttt JRoHa, 1281- 
1292,0. yOl. 

>Villiain'a cetalc^* in Watca gar* him ft 
tiarticularimpnrtoDceduring the wars sgaioM 
Llewi-lvn. (.)n 6 July 121S2 he vaa ap- 
poinlvtl romniandi-r of tho army of West 
Wnlen, which on Iti-i:. musterbd beforn 
him ot Cunnartht'n {Pari. Writt. \. 2-*7, 
244). Thin Ti-itr liiii koii Willinm wii« i^hiiu 
near Ijlandfiilo 
s/n/ffr, p, 2fl2 : >v»Ht«,p. 
p. llX)), Mm was Again immmonrd n^iiitisl 
the WeisU on 2 May 12HH at Carmiirtben 
l/*nr/. Writ*, i. 247j. In the same jvar hi» 
eapturc of the Suowdoniiui ntrongliold of 
Hera BKured the surrender of Uavydd an 
Lirutfydd (.UiaHAKOBimi-^^V ViwSMVtVb^i 



fiilo by the Welflh i,Atm. IIuh- 
W; AV»Ht«,p. 289; IIi«ua.vijkb. 



William 



376 



WUIiam 



1m< buili atid citdowml n haspiuJ tat (hf rick 
■ml juviT itt Trnhy (cf. Cai. Papal LetUrt, 

ll9K-i:ttn.|>.:rfj3(. 

Yalrtun- WD* iHiiiBlly pnuit>ing in oilier 
tlirvcliuiit tlian in WbIm. WtllianniBMiui- 
cliniisi, whi liA'l noon fC'it Inrk liii Ivids, 
iJie<I ill l:.''*^, wli>*n.*npon Vnlence and his 
wifii conlfMitd ilio U-gilimiii-y wf Dionyaia, 
lii» ilituKlit^-r uul lioirn^ro, bii<1 oMaiiwd 11 

ti«|iiil bull lo wi lutdL' h«r ritflit*. Tli* 
>iiiti'>[i of WorofaliT, howi'vpr, {•niiouocvHl 
\wr Ii-(ti1tmiiti', anit Kdwitixl who irrilntei) at 
liin iinclf'n III! Ill 1 1 wiling ari«in]it. tn makt.' iLe 
pO|ni'« initliiirilv oti.irriili> itut only th« epi- 
Mnpnl bul alao tlit^ myitl iiin.»iliclion. W il- 
llJim and Jonn f^t notliinfc by thttir KClion 
( U'-t. J'aii. i. 18. 38); hwt William received 
nuiuttrouft ({tbdU, including, on II Npt. 
127''', till' ciMlivJy of tli<:- lii-ir* of Uctgtr tie 
SonU'ry, on t.))t^ condiTiriii of raying iioid« of 
lli« kin|['A d«btfl iJtefutf K'rfitr of Pitht. 
Jlrr. lull K«i>, p. 277, ir.tb Itcp- ]>. Sl^'V 

Williiiiti WAA OIK* of l!Mvram ro council, 
and rcpHitcdly took an important ptrt in 
carryiuKOut bii poUoy iu A<|iulaiitir. Wheu 
Fdward inlcrvcnwiiii 1^73 in favour of the 
R'}intuuno uf l.imnitiis in iu war againil it» 
viwjmntt-jut, WniiBm on a Si-pt. Tri-at to 
Limo^H and reccivet] tk<> citiKens' fealty to 
hU iinelf (LkNiii^iK, Philippe it Ilardi, p. 
7&). Roturning to Englanu, he again vi»itis] 
Ajr|uitaine in 1274, nwiving- prolvction for 
lluti ]><irpoa(! ou Ifi Mav {Deputy Kf^fr fjf 
I'M. Hec. 4:ird lU-p. p. &51>. iL- rwiclied 
!iimo|^« on » July (l,*X(!i.o«, p. HS), and 
on 14 July InrAiv^ud i!io viscuunltiis'B rastle 
of Alio (' Majiin (')iroii. |j(TmnvIo.i<>nj(«« ' in 
Hoi''UUi;r, xxi. 7Ftl, 7811. He itoa also 
ready la figbt « diifl nn b<.'half of Kdward 
aninat GaMon nt n^nm <r&. p. 784). On 
11 Jan. 1276 he again received letters of 
protection aa ' ahoiil. to go b^ood »en on the 
Icings buaineea' {I-tfputji Keeper of fuit. 
ifA-. 44tb Hep. p. U'77). When tlie treat v 
of Amiuns of 1279 cedtd tbv Agenaut with 
certain ridhl^ over the tjuercy, and the 
I.imouain to Edward, William vrne ap- 
pointpd bin n"pln'w*» itgvnt In takv ovn 
lli« ceded distnct** {Frrdfra, i. fl7-l). The 
Ag«naic wax oftnBily transferred to bim on 
7 Aug. ((.ANOtaiH, "p. 434). \lv oct^-d aa 
eeoeecbni of tbnt district for Home time. 
Hinwork in t>ii:> rapncity ii commemorated 
by the oew bostidc of Valt-ncod'Agoo, which 
probably oweti its foundaliDn hikI cMrlaiiily 
it« nonit! to him (Cl bik .Suhbrkb, Etmi tur 
If* UoMtidm, p. -<i8 ; ICdnard isau«d atatutee 
for it in 12;*;i, Fa-dsrn. i, 6.1ft). Tlie Aqiii- 
tAnian caslU> of Limnusin.afew miles north 
of Agen, ill anotbor momonal of the family 
JBRlETi, Hittoirt de r.Ayenau,\.\'J&-V). 



In tlu ktUr |Mrt of 1279 WUI^ w 
»iit ambawilnr ta AiAwoo «f fWjh «» 
pmituBdr tiat kbi|F to join iaibc M^ 
Pmitrie (Ktdfra, u &7fl>. WiUiaaa 
prQ<>ctiotta on roiae mbnwj at» it^ 
intVt. I^%?1 ApHi 1^811 (wkn h* w 
compaoied Cdw«rd|. 21 Nor^. (as fUnt u 
OaKony with ibe kia^), aoSM. ife" 4^ 
taction roMwed on sLaria^ f 1 1^ i^V 
and 1"J Jan. i'JSS ithtn - ay ta JH 

the king I ( Cat .Paf. K. ' ~ --JS^ fm. CL 

•*33, 2.ir,-i.",?, J61, ■_• 

From Sfpicmbrfr ■ nimr I3?9 W 

liam woAoov of lh«ii«f{i>i(Ai<>rv(rf'tli«tT*«ty 
of SolisbaTy with the Stut« ( ffuC //«, 
«nrf;. i. 107). Tn 1^1 Md laU^WMM 
tli» border boaiwt with il>w gnmtt cnl a* 
tbeScoluak Bucoession (.fvrfrrVf i. 79(- 
RtsnfciroRR, pp. SS3. 355. StWL In 1 
he waa teat to 8outh Wal<t« with 
Digod, ««ri of Norfolk, lo »aw*i in 
down the WeUh reTolt ( C^/. iW.'' JUi^ 
l:^i-190l. p. I.Mi. Jli£ \mm pmrUMmMarf 
aummons wa< oo 'J7 >or. l'J^&{J%ri.WritK 
i. 879). 

<>a 26 Dec. 129^ William and » In^ 
number of hie foUowen raceired Ivitao W 
proti^tifin for a y«>ar on goiaif b«TO*d ■■ 
(iA. pp. 177-&). He -wm fteapcicEwd mk* 
more to Gaacony, where EdwanTa a&in 
bad DDw b«eoiiie daapenu*. He died at 
Uayonnc on 19 Jium. His maafau awn 
transported to Engtonil and boried io Wmi* 
miniit(.'r Abbey bHwwn the south aaibula^ 
lory and tbe chape] of St. Kdmaod, who* 
his monument still remains. It U ua altar 
tnmb under a canopy, bearing a rtvnmlMit 
wooden eSgy, eorend with ooppRrgili.witk 
arms and otiiainMit>> in l^itnogva enaiatL. 
Tilt' head 18 floured in Doyl« (ili. 8). TW 
tn-wription, given in Gout's * Seputdtnl 
Honumonta ' (i. 7 S), at tributes Ui him Tirtnai 
bunlLy tussled by biit ntrpfr. 

His widow, Joan of IVmbrokv. dj^ ia 
1307. Sbahold istil lier d>-atfa P.>tnbrak* 
and it« dapendenciM, OinlfrricL and Wexford 
(Cal. Inq. pott mortem, i. L'28-D). Tkur 
tfonH werv : 1. John, who died in 1^7, aad 
was buried at Westmitutf^r ( Ftvm HtMt in. 
49). S. William, who was idain on 17 July 
1282 by Ibe W.>Ub near IJandeilorawt. 
y. Aymer (rf. 1321) [q. v.], who suocMdcd 
tliem. Tbeir daugliteia Wen* : 1. Manaret, 
who died in 127fl, and wb« hurird at W<«- 
minitlef. -2. Agnea, who married I a) Maurice 
Fitzgerald (rf. l368) [aee iindr^r iMixaBUiA 
MAir&JCB,ll»4P-l2fi7]u6)UuifhdeBalii<l: 
(c) John of ATeBn&4; she died about I^IU 
3. Isabel, who married John de IIosLia^ 
<I262-1S13), through wbicb maniago ilu 
Siasxvaifii funllY' uUimatBly acquired thi 



* 
* 



John Cfimrn the younger id. 1306) [a. r.] 
«( liiidi-'iifwli (EUeii.vLK, /laivnngf, i. 770; 
Archtoloffia ('ambmixii, 3rt3 iwr. vi. 2ftfl-71, 
niJcls (wo oilier!^). 

IMntihow I'lirin'ii Hint. Slnpni, rain. iv. r., 
Fliirm IIi»L rul*. ii. iii.. Riah&uicvr, Oxeuedcd, 
HMirun. t'f Kdwnnl I ncd IvlnAnI II. AnnjtlM 
MouiuUrj, Coutinonlion of (Jervu»o of Cuotet^ 
Xivty. Ku>>l LoiCvn of Heury XII, vul ii. (all iho 
tihon in Holls SerlMJ ; Liber de A otiquia Logi- 
Ims, Ri«bana»t'» Clirou. de Bello (boUi inO-nia- 
d»n Soc.); il^'itiingburgli. Trirer, and Continua- 
tion of Horcni^o of Wotv-AsLer (the throo in 
Kngl. Uiit.Soc.); Ujuicr'»l''ivdera.vol.i.(It«n>txL 
wl.) ; Kolla of I'nHiaini^nt, vol, t., ParlinmnDtaiy 
Writ*, vol. i.,CaltjtidiiriiimRotii!orainPBlnntiiiiii. 
('al(iD<[nriiiin KoCiilornm t'iirt*nini, Kti-nfpfJi * 
Jlnt. Kinium, Tol. ti., Cnlondnr of Dociirnrntu 
rrlaliag to IreUud, Culcndar of Piipnl L«I(ct», 
119S.I304, (Wrudnr of I'Rtoiit rtolln, VilAU 
U07, uud 12(3-60, \q Uiq Deputy* Ko»|wr of 
I'ubl. Kcc. fArd to 4»th Uep*. : Uiisdsl«'i 
Bimmn^B, t. ;74-(^;0,T.01lrk'»■Ka^l»o^PaIn- 
ll^<Al: ' lu ArL-tic(>l(^*i CamliTvuaiB. 3td Mr. vi. 
2«3-72; G.E. C"(i)lMyno]'e Complptu Peamfte, 
vi. 20-1-7; Do^lc'i. Offli.-inl Uiirudii^jf. iii. 8-9: 
It6Kiiint'8 Siitiundi- HoaLfiiR \ I'ltulJ'fi Cleochii'hte 
Ton England. vtAs. iii. \v.\ T. F. T. 

WILLIAM OF Ware, or WELLLA3I 

WAftKE. GtHRO, or Variws f^ 1300P>, 
t>bilusui>bLT. li'jrii ul Wnrv tti lU-nfordsIiirv, 
«[iii-rcd till- FriLiinsciin onlcr iti Ida youliv. 
He wBii S.T.I', of I'ariH, und ^wtA most of 
))]» life tliert?. According to itw \u*UiT\»n 
of the FrarK^isp-ftno, 1ii> wns a pupil of Alfi.x- 
II ml er of Ilalfs [q. v.] SrtviTa! nut IjMrJlii'i* 
concur in rallinir hint the tniialtr of li^uiiit 
Nootus [we I>i-x«. .loAXXW Sccrrvs], ulio 
Went to I'aris in l.tUJ, and ho is Iwico mvti- 
liuiird iu rliy wurks uf Sl-oiu*. No early 
diuliorily is forlliMtoiDK for the atntomont 
that liu studied ac Oxford and wns prufi?«8or 
of diTiriitv llwiy in 1301. \\y later writers 
lie WM called ' doctor fundatiis.' IIb wrotu 
ciiininenlnries on tho evntencrs "f wbicb 
many manuscripts htf. PXIint, e.g. at Oxford 
Morton Coll. MSS. 103, 104, at Toulouew, 
TrrtyL-c. Vii'itnn, Florunci;, and I'adtia («(>« 
JjiTTLB, Orn/ Friartat Osford, p. 213), Tan- 
ner namrsolherpliiloiioplLical and tbcoto^icftl 
yvQtk6 of wliich nomunii.-^ripiK nre Known. 

[LitiU's Grey Friar* in Oxford, p. -J13, nrid 
nulliiiriii(i» th^rociird; Slnmtra'.i SuppliiiiiiriiC 
to Wadding, pp 328, 331, 692] M. B. 

WlTJiIAM OP Wheailby or WiiBTLEr 
{Ji. 1310), divinn and aiilhor, MH-iiiii to hav« 
studied at Osford (probable in l;tOC)randin 
I'arid about LWl. Hv (auKlit at Stamford 
ill 1300 and at Lincoln in 131)1, and was 
o.1bo rector of Vateabury in Wiltshire, 



Ilia work* ww : 1. A eomnientary on 
BoftthiuB's * De Disriplina ?fchola«tic<jnini ' 
( MS-"*, iu Exeter Colk-m'. I Ixford, No. xxvtii, 
nnd IVmbrolierMl'Cg:'', Cambridge). '2. An- 
other 'Super DiviBioneB ejusdwm,' 3. A. 
commentary on Boctthiiia'* 'IV Oonanla- 
tione Flii]t»opliiie ' (MS.S.ia Kxeler CoUe-gi;, 
>'o, uviii. and Now College, Oxford, No. 
cdxir., and in PumkrolK' OoUegt>, Cam- 
bridifu). 4, 'KpiiktolHi nd diveraoa.' 6. ' Do 
Htgnis prognoEticis stiTilital ii*.' 6. ' Duo 
bymni dv vitn t^l uiiinbiiii M. Hugonia fipik- 
rnpi Linrolnienai.4.* Thp fhroa lut are in iIm 
manuscript at NewCoUeBw,Oxfonl(celxiv.) 
(ranner's Bibl. Brit.-liih. p. 760; Bemard'a 
Ont. MSS. AnsH» ut Hibrrniv. ii. 24, 1A9 ; 
(.'oxt'n Cnl. lkL<S. in Coll. Auliituue Oxon.1 

W. K. B. 
WILLIAM OF LiTTMSOTYis (rf. 1313), 
thvolojpcul writer, wii,*, according loLuland, 
A native of Lindsey; according to Bale, of 
Littlington in Cambridpwliiiv. Me became 
ft Cariui>lil« of Slntnford, and took the d»^ 
(fr*e of doctor of thtolosT at Oxford. On 
iho dt'ttth uf Hrnry do Hanna, in 1300, h« 
micci-wlrtl liini a.f [irovincifll of ibo order; 
and in I.'I03 when Gerard of Uolognik 
arrangrd the divi«iiiTi of Hniflond inl-o Iwo 
nr^irini'rtp at llin council "f Narlonnc in 
1303, he opposed it. H« was vx communi- 
cated, anu subjected to a four yiiars' 
Iicuancc, which bo spent in teachinR at 
'arU, In 1301) ho was rondi^prorinciiil of 
the Holy Land and Cyprus at (lie council 
of liHnoa. III! dii^l And wiia buritd at Stom- 
ford in 1312. Ha wrote a ' Comuivnlury on 
St. Miiltliow,' which wi'ius al one lime to 
IiaTP been extant at New Culleiff, Oxford 
(T.vkni:B: but cf. CnxK, Cnf. MSS. in OnlL 
A»ii*que O.roit.') Bali^ and I'iia mention 
otlivr commentaries and tiieolngicnt works 
by him which aw not hnown to bo extant. 

[Balo'H ScriptorB«, iv. 79 ; TunuDT'it Bibl. 
nnt.-Uib. pp. 3.i7-8; I'ic»,p. 83*; Villiara da 
St. l^:tit<iiDi>*s Hib!ii)tli(i*,-a Cwmcl.] M. B. 

WILLLAM ns Shbpbbhbvbu (JI. 1S20?), 
chronicler, [^e Suli-kppikvbu.] 

WILLIAM OP Exeter (7?. l;WO?),writer. 
[Sea KlKTER-j 

WILLIAM DE ArBRMiyxB (J. 13.%), 
bishop of Norwich. [See AitBKiHJiyB.] 

WILLIAM OP fovBHTKv (Jl. IStJO*), 
Carmelite, bora at Coventry, waa Inmt', and 
went by (be name of CLaudna Convr^rsm^. 
Balu pciifflCHed copies of works by him on 
the iuAtury of the Carmelites, whicL &ro lost. 
Hale UKLTilios Lo hiui al»o an * Elucvlu\.vvnk 
Fidtti,' wliicU. oecm* 'wa t&'wk^ tajbwaw.'wst* 



William 



378 



Williams 



(tua. Ilndl. >fS8. Uud 32 K 44, E 1», and 
L 47), and lias been iirinled ob ibe work 
of Anwlm. It hn* U-i^n nlso siwribnil to 
Honoritu of Aiitiin, (>ui)i«ri. NoTi^^nt liiuit, 
•uneven St. A ujpiBtJim. I!ale ascribes tu 
WtUliun 'Cftrminn DiviTAit.* 

I^Bttto'- Script. BriU i- 461 ; Vaiii« dd St, 
KUc-nuu'ii Kbli'ithBcaOtirw*!. 1. 596 ; FabnL-iu*, 
BililiAlli(<ca, f.W. ' Ansolniiu.' ' Banorins.' ' Oai- 
Urf n. ; ' Tiuna-r's Dill. f. 366.] M. B. 

WILLIAM or Bkbtox (^. 137tf), chim- 
ceMoT of Oxford. [Soc llsBioif.] 

WILLIAM OFAi.swiriirf.I44»),b»liop 
of Nurwicli. rSo«! Alswick.J 

WILLIAM OF W0KCB8TBH or VracEe- 
TEH (i4!6:-'-l4U0''), Bhfonicler. [&.■« Won- 

OEetTEB.} 

WILLIAMS, ANNA (1706-1783), 
Iioet«5< Rod friend of l>r. JolinRon, the dsugn- 
tor of Zscliflriiih Willmm* [n. v.', -wt* Ijorn 
at UhuDinarket, five miles from llaverford- 
ivi.<«l, ill 170d. Id al^LT^e&rftKbc (lw<>ll with 
rapture un the tDciuimt'K of KlioxiiiHrkel. 
iShn was whII Minimal hiI, acquired I-'ivuch 
and tlolian, and wu pc^SHC^iid ' nf nioru 
tliiin iinlitmry tnlt'iitiiann litnmtiin-.' Alioiit 
J7*-'7 fllie rump to I,oiidon with Vt fattier, 
and (Hijuyud tiivlown tifm, Wliitnlierfallmr 
aatonu tliv CbarttTrhotmK tihn YiKitcil liim 
conMaatl^, helped l^lApheu Gray [<l-vO i» 
his expenmvDts, and was llip first, wliil« a^ 
ststing Iiim, to obwrvc and notify ' the 
eiiii»«ionoflb«el«ctri(;Al spnrkfroma human 
body' (^!\tUcr-ilanif*. 17li6). Sbo lost her 
sight alK>ul 1740, but worked on to support 
licrself. tiftrticiiliurly cxwUintt at 'tbeescr- 
ciHu of ui'T UL-vdlu.' Slid alao mudL> u little 
mouov by a Imiii'latJon froni tlie l''n-D(-h nf 
the ' Life of ibe EiD|ipror Julian,* by J. P. 
Itenfi di« la Blfitprii*, wbicb wii« published in 
1740. For two y^ant dhc lived with her 
father in the Chartarhouae. Aft«>r his expul* 
Bion hiT fftthcr commHnicatod their di.^tr»-!s« 
to Dr. Johnson, whose wife then ^pressed 
a desire to know her, and a closo intimacy 
followed. I>r. JoUiiwm in 17G2 pr^vuilvd un 
Matuntrl Mharp (rf. 17"^) [ii.v.j to uadi-rtake 
an operation upon her eves. For ^aler 
convwiieiiCK it wiw pirfonnrd nt Johimriri'ji 
house, hut was na.'<urce«iful,rBaalting in total 
blinrl neM. 

From tliat lime whenever h'- )ind a hon.^e 
Mis^s Williams lived with him. In 17W 
MiM Williiinift wa^ with Johnson in Gowph 
Sjunre, but at the close of 17'iS hv wna 
forced tn g'lva this hous« up, and she went 
into lodfj^ings. In 1703 i>lin wiis living apart 
in Boll Court, Fleet Street, aud it was John- 



son's practice to drinlc tm with bar onrr 
□i^ht. lLwa«th«n that tioldsmith.'apdii- 
lM(ed mun,' said, to BonveH's mortifiealioQ, 
'I go to Miss WiiUain*.' In the fullnwing 
AtigoKt I)a«w<*ll had ' mad* good hi» tillr 10 
be B privileged num.* In Fchronry 17'50 
Jolinsimwa* living in Johnson's L'-ourr.Flpcl 
Stiwt, and tliere 'an apnrlmcnl va die 
ground floor' wns jjivm Iht. She had a 
room in hi.-< hoa*tf at A Bolt Court, wben^, 
jio lonii n« bt"r str^nRth laatvd, she watchrd 
uver tlie eKpen*«. 

Iler cudK-elioa of ' .Miacellaniefi' wtik advrr- 
tii>rdiHl7/iO,an(isiih8eriptions — 1it^ nhiUinga 
for a quwtn volunii — 1^ (*«■ obtained ditnog 
KOmt* y«'iiri!. H-^r li-mliu^' frit-nds put off ilrt 
compilation from month to month, but oilwn 
took il up, snd it wan piibliabtHl in 17tirt by 
Thoma« Paviea aa 'Mifio^llaniM in I'rute 
and Verse." John«JucontriblJ^•^lllle prvfacs 
and serrrnl pieces, and Mrs. Thnile care 
•Tli« Thre- Warnings.' Tlip origiiuil draft 
(wliiih fiiiit appeared in the flfallnMWs 
Mngazini^ fur 1. W, j). 40) of the v«i»« lij 
Minn Williams to Itichardson on bis novrJ 
of 'Sir Cfaarlea (irandieon'la among Joka 
Forster's iiinnuscripts at the South Ki-ntinj^ 
ton Mu<^pnni. It rnulainb orrectiuni in 
Johnson's hiiiidwritinar. Oarrjck gaw Iief 
a heni'Et, with Aaron ffiiraplayof 'Mctcpis' 
on '^2 Jan. 17^0, and shv ik aaid 10 liai» 
received the Mitn of 200/. The profits af 
tho *MiAC-elIani<'8' increased her litttottOT 
10 uboul ^lUO^. Iler annnal incoin« «a> 
aisted of iho interivt of this num. an allow- 
anco of 10/. ptw annum by Mrs. M'^n-'t^ 
from 177ii, and a yeftrlv pT>;*enl from Laar 
Philippe of PiutOQ CmtW, and othtr WeUli 
Indies. In 1774 she waa a pctirioitif dr 
Hetherington's chanty ot Chris-t's Hr>f]aial. 
but fail«<l to Merure a grant, as its heorfci 
wen* denied to oatires of Wal»« In i|in« 
of her blindnesjf, SliM Williamn yuA visit* 
to frii^nd« both in town and cau&trv. t4u 
and Johnson went to fftrcr'a lit-ing of GaMM 
Mfiuduit in the Biimmer of 1704, anil Mn. 
Percy found her '» very af^retfable com* 
pajiton.' From 1776 her hf^alth d«li»fd, 
tier natural peeviahuess increaiwd, ftnd A* 
griiduitlly wa*ted away with ' pituiloti* 0^ 
fluxion,' As a coTiM.'qu«ncc- in!rp«fiuol dis- 
cord rwipned ffTim about 17(S amoUj; ih* 
ft-male tnmntea of T)r. Johmvin's bouse ia 
Boll Court. She died them 'from mot 
innnitinn * on fi Sopt. 17**3. Her litll-? laV 
Manw (iJOW. of ibe M. pw c*mt. rtock wd 
lo7/. 144. in cofch) wiiJ* given by her, it is 
said al Johnson's i<ugi:ffition, to tb^ Ladii^ 
(^barily School fnnndi.'d in Kinr f^twrt. 
Snow Hill. London, in I7t'2, and ww « 
Puwi* lUrdeiiA, Notting IlilL There ■!» 




Williams 



379 



Williams 



r-m htr fonr mIvcf irn-iFpoon^, sitcrAr-ton^ 
uud [lortivil : prtibably llut bv Miss \ivy- 
nolils, wbicli was of^erwsrilfl ecij^ftVird 
(a>m^vr, ii-2 March 1800, w. 311-11'). 

Jolin*mi BJtiil: ' Had ake liud good tiiiniitur 
and prnmpt elocution, hwunircrMl cimo«ily 
itu<J coRiprMlirneivo ktiowl«d(j<! would havi^ 
niBdfi lii>r the dfliphl nf nil that knew lior.' 
Lodj- Kntgllt, Miss IIawkin», Hniinah \l"rt; 
Misa Talbot, and Hoole concur in pmising 

(Frnton'sPombrokeihiRi.pp. 197-200; Noiwt 
And Uiirn«*. 3nl Mr, i. 421-2. v. Ini^li ; Uittit. 
Xiig. i;S3, ii. »<ifl; NiRbnUV LiL I1lu»tmtii)n>, 
T. .61-3. Tiii.2lfl-IU; NicbiiU* Lit. AlitKXIotw. 
ii. l7ft-8-l. BiM<Ai-ll (Onikor's t<(lii. 1H18). po. 
43. 74. 101, tfti, i&H, 1*0, BiH««l!, wl. Htll, 
i. 33:2-3, 2il, 3M. 300. 4:11. 463, 1 1. 6.280.^-27, 
iii. 4K, M», 132. ir. 235, v. STB; Jo>)n«nn'a 
Lctlcn (ed. Hilli, i. Ji-T, 150. ii. 74-7. 293. 
331-6: JotinKiniMi ftfbMilliiniM, tsj. Hill. i. 
lU-ln. 401-3. ii. 171.6, 2I7-lB.27fl; Roberta!, 
nnriuiili Moi*. i. 1(1; Lutienuf Mrs, Cftrier nnil 
m^H Tiilltit, n. ^lil. 22A, iij. 13S-A: Cunniuu;- 
liuut'i LondoM. ml. Wlimtloy. i. 2IU-I7. ii. ^36. 
nn4 ; Lvfilie iLod Taj-Ior's t$ir Jc«1iuh Iti^jrnalcU, 
i. 121.1 ■W.l'. C. 

WILLIAMS, SiB rUAllLES ILVN- 
lirUV (ir))K-1769), »iiriri(3il wriU-r ami 
(Uploinali-it, bom pmbublv at i'ontyHOoI wn 
8 Due. I70t*, wa» ttie tliinl ^im oi" .fi^liii 
Hftnbtiryfluio'wn n» Major Tl«iilmry of I'lmt. 
3" 1'o.jI, or l'(]»(y]K;uI, ticat K«w'pi>rt, Moii- 
mo lit hell ir(\ 

TlH-rnllK-r.JoIjiiHu[ibury<l(KM-17M),wa8 
descctidtd rrnjnUHi({t^rd(;ltiinbLiry{ /f. llW)), 
■wliosL- duscLDdunla weru seiilvd at Ilanbury 
llnll in Wurci-iit'l'nbin) di->w n tn llic middlii 
of the fixtei'iitb century, ('appl llaiibiirr 
ptircliiiw'il an i^fatp at. IVintypool in I6*li>, 
and hf-aaa dfvt'Iopinp tb« ininworJta tlieni- 
diirinf; tlia last twenty yenn of Klizalx'tb'B 
reipn. IFo nsidi-d mainlr at KlddormiiiBttT, 
but. brvili Lv uod hie »t)i] Joliu and bin gnuid- 
Hou Iticbard frequentiy iiispucted llie works 
BL I'untj'ponl, wlicrit uni seveml meinonalB 
of thwii. LVpi-l Haiiburv (7fi:i(!-]7<l4), -ini 
of the lafit-mcti(inn«d ftiirliard. dit'd nnd 
wa* biirird nt KiddiTmiiKtur in January 
il7(H, leaving- the I'nnrypool wiTntii to hU itnii 
_ .. 0. By his marriucf in 1701 to Albinia, 
inglitfr of Sir John Soiwyn of Matsnn 
(wboee rauk of ' major * was probably r<l>- 
tainiid in tho militin), Joliu llanburt' ob- 
taiut.'d a fortWHii, which hi; <h^i;iilrd to oxpi-nd 
upon dpvelopiiiy Itis estatu aL I'outypiwl and 
tul^ ironworkn. Hl' built a house una took up 
Ilia KsidnncM on thn upol , |{ri-«tly increautu 
output of iron by rDpanfl of improTc- 
atBt«, and ia aaid to hare ' iavetkUid the 
ptnethod of txilling iron platM hy mvans of 



(-ylindcR). and inl4<odiic4>d die art of titmiiiK 
into Eugliuid.' lliruugh tlio iuti-reat of bis 
wil'u'a family liu was (.dcclud M.I*, fur 
tiloiiewiler in 1701. and r>'pri'iir(ili-ij iJii) city 
in the thren iiun;tH^dinf;pni'1iamenU',but was 
'3«''fL'iittid in 1715. llif adli«wiun to tlin whig 
iiiltn'«t ^'Aii confinn<.il l>v lii.^ lUMTond mar- 
fingc. in July 1703, to llridgel (rf. 1734). 
iddi'St daughter and colieirt^fd of Sir Kdwarn 
AysCQUgb, kill., of SlallinftfaorouKh. Linculii- 
«blr«, a lady wbo was bigh in favour with 
the Diichtuw of Marlbor<MU)jrli, uid who alto 
brought him a f^rluue | lO.OCX)/.) In -Maroh 
1720 ho was c-hoecn M.I*, fur Moiiinouth- 
nhirf, and riiiii iniifd lo tvpniiient iht! ciiuiily - 
until his d«!uth. When the South SeaCom- 
pnuy viiu rtcon'triifi''d nl'nT tbp gvmt 
crikih of 1721, HanbuiT ^ran anpointni oni! 
of the uuw directors, and im Marihoroiigb's 
dpstli in Juntj 17^ b'- ri'-lH a» emu of him 
frxttcutorii. Hir «p(i)ti> liltio in parliament, 
but wa« chaiiTuan at tewml comniitttvit, and 
was rc*p<^'ctcd for lii.* buxiticws rapacity. 



Whi'ii ihi.' (K,-hi«in rome in ihouJtitrparty he 
oppast?d Walpnic, voted a^aitLxl. thu lle-saiiin 
iruupK in 1730, and thv vscin' bill of i73-'j. 



Tbis WI1.4 oil'- of hia UnL a[j]jraranf<'S in I he 
Iiuueii, lit! died un 14 Jmit- 17'(4, and wa« 
biirird in Tn.'Vftliin cbnnrb, roDtvpnnl {tt'fi 
I'ont vpool nnd I hi- H (inlmr. family lu H flfiw- 
»Aau: * Locfii lieyulrr, l\""7t'>). 

In 17^0 he fame inforaloKucyof "CI.OOO/, 
by thv dvHih of hi<s friend Charli-ii Williams 
oi' Ciiorleon, wbo had tied from England 
upon killing Moriian of IVnrhi's in a dutd, 
a4id aiuuMi-d a fijrLuiii' in liUHHia. Ilanbury 
smootb(!d lliB wav for "Williams's rt'lum to 
Knglaiid, and Williamji, In hhnw liui ip-ati* 
tiiih', gtood endfntbt'r lo tho major'fi eoti 
Cliarjps, and left tbe hulk of lits liirtunx to 
his frirnd, with remnindvr to his godiioa, 
upon the condition tlmt (he Mtl^r should 
assume the name of AVi1tiunis(cf. Chester, 
ft'f^tm. Ablirjf Jieiivirr', p.^SOO). ITii" con- 
dition waa fullilli!d i» iitJO, wbi'U (.'harl»?« 
Ilanhur)', having attAJnud his majority, as- 
■umtHi thr? dlyltt of Cbarli-* Ilanbury Wil- 
liamH, nnd riToiv^'d fn^m his fnlh^r ihti 
e!>lote of Coldbnjnk I'nrk, wbii?!i hud licwi 
purchaot-d out of thn \^'ilIintn^ bt^queat. 

As the prospective heir lo a la^e estate, 
Charles wa> »nl in 17vtl lo Kt«n, wiions he 
iiumlM'-red among lii^ fmtid.H Henry l*'ox, 
Tlioma* Winninglou, I-yttelton, linlpli 
'lliickni'SM, and Xtvnry I'uildiug. Fiidding, 
HL-curding l« \Val|)olf, dcjjeudttd on WillinniH 
for a ruinea whcitcvor he ncMHled one, nnd 
roi^ulany submitUsI to him lii» pl(n'». The 
mamiRcript of ont" of thfiw, ' The Father, or 
the Uooa-natured Wan,' was lost bv Sir 
Cbarlf« in 17G4, and ■«»» -mA wSv.'wii^.'i '***- 




Loml BmmIm 

bt IW Hack knb tfctf W 
«M« Ik foitait a( kia oU fi>«l 



two 7— i ffwn imm wn< 
II4M DwfiHH*, aid BOB f 
ll» fltfoZSa to W^oK 




Ib Jaa»i7 1746 WiOmm:* em (n«< 
WtauB|Mi ditd ; simI hy wmy if 
■ MM Imikt'tift dametkate ■Atoalt ■ wiwiiw — tmf^ 
bet wn Mv»- to Um coart of Jhttimt • itaf vkkk h» 



Williams 



38< 



Williams 



I 



I 



didnrit fail to attnbultt to cowardice, 
hii (mlirist, !iowi!7»T, siirprUftd his friendB 
Vy penning escellenC despatches, Knd wnt> 
lon marktfcl out for prontolion in the dijilfi- 
alie 8i?r%'ie«. Henry Vnx demanded for 
Im tlie pobt of envoy at Turin ia yliict^ of 
iTillfttvM. (k-vunil of liis li^tlvra to Fox 
11747-H «re priiitml iit lus collected wurka, 
and <N^ntain wi-ll-wrillen and onu-rtiuiiiiig 
[■pictunjs of tlm ciiiirt lifij in th" !«nirtlliT Ger- 
,ftTi prinripatiries, the fair nf Leipiip, nnd 
tliefuud betwetiii Saxe-ljothanml Mt-iningi^ii. 
In July li4fl !i» wn* coiami*sionftd alonff 
with Jybii AnetU tlieyoanger[q.v.], ItBrlur- 
ftL-iLrm<<. to carry tbf order to the ronrffrftvc of 
AiLfpiicli, find earlv in 17'V). at tlie repeated 
instance of ll>>arv I'ox, he was named t^nvoy- 
e:iInLonliiiaryat fliTliiiiuifUct;iM>iDn tol^^e. 
JIiH pxtivtnc nrtitriiu&M in oi-t^nt intf uuT. bnwiS 
dUpK-Daed l'"rpderirk,and, iifl be said in n Iciur 
to Vox, 'it wuru vaiu to cuiitund with »o 
ini|j;liry n nrinw.' Tin- king of IViuutis de- 
manded hut rvcall with snm^! acorbity, and 
ill IVbriinry ITTil Sir rii!»rt>'« wilh on!i*red to 
pTflCM^d tn Dresden lo llii; n»irt nf AugUB- 
tiis III, elector of Saxony Bnd liinn nf I'li- 
l«ncl(ficeDHorpRS,v. iv. 241; Ti'm.K. WiV. 
^/"i*rM*tta,ii. l8(Ssq.) Stonpinu; at Ilanovpr, 
en roiito, ht- wfl5 dcspatchwi byCicorgc II to 
Warsaw, wlicrf ihi* kintfof I'oland woilinld- 
jng his diet, his object beinpto engage tlic 
kint'e vote for tho Arcbdnlie Juaepb in viuw 
of tii^ eWlion of n ItinR of tlni Kmnan* (for 
Iii-i Rnrre-apondnnre with Ncwraail.' on this 
eubject, sew Arl/lit. MS. .'ti;yi.'y pnwimj. 

In 176S lit^ k'fl r)r<*>^('ii Bnd whs wnt to 
Vienna to demand the Bsi-iMaiice of that 
court in case I'russia Ebould proceed lo -^T- 
trtmitiex aflur ptoppiii;f tliw Silesiun loan. 
In his triple capacity at> mininter, courtier, 
aud ^OLt, he composud an cuiftrummatic di- 
fttich in Latin \\\Mn l[i>^ iCiniiffMN Maria 
Theresa, which wejit the rnunil of Europo 
Kod WHS tnsgnilii.'d into n (fruut diploinutic 
COUp. Walpnli^ Miid llmt ^^'iMiam5 was 
StsquiEjs than complimenle; but Vgl- 
pnu«d the writer n» a most elej^nt 
— ^ifta. SirCharlws liud met thtj ftreat 
wit at lierlin in September 17nO, and 
adroitly flatttir^d him, ' l.'onvoyfi 
d'Anplelerre m'a fiiit dn trft«-bisiux vera 
BngltLis.' wrote Vnltairf to d'Arjretitftl ("Ber- 
lin, aSSrpU IFMi-rrt, IH?'.-^.*.. xsxvii. If^l). 
After a vi-iit lo Mngland nithfielnsenf I7nS, 
JSir Charles was Bff&in appointed to iJrL'sden, 
«nd attended theliitiR of I'oland in ]7'v* tn 
Warsaw, wberp, upnn eapouflinff very warmly 
the inlorestsof tho I'oniatowikis in respect lo 
x\\K dixpti^ition of thu ()»tnig, be CAtuu to an 
oi>eci rupture willi tlie Saxon mlniiiler, Count 
Briihl (sec Wia correspoudcnce of ScptemlMir 




1754 in Addit. MS. 3?B59 ad &n., N«wcaatle 
PnjK'ra). 

Tbiii event tenninut«d bin miscion to the 
court of Dresden, but early in 1765 he 
v.a» d-.'»pHlcb»d lo St. Petersbur); with tlie 
idra of fom'nrdinp the deftien of a triple 
allisnoe between Oreat liiitani, Aufitriu.and 
HiiAMH. Hi* corrcjipondenci! witli Ijord 
Iloldernesti from St. Pvlvr»bur;r, dated 
Sept ember mnd October I7iiri, iBin.StowvMS. 
'J'to, and ontuiiui detaiU of tho lai^ bribes 
whiih ^'i^ Charles adunnisltred to the great 
ehnneullor. tho vim -chancel lor, ihe seere- 
tariMii ijf the culb-^o- fur fon-iRTi afl'aira, 
and other minor olHrinIs, and /"xlraordiniiry 

Smrticiihirs n-UtinK to the Eniprei^ Klixa- 
hetb. As siieciesfwr to the dnil niid inetG- 
ci«Dt Ouy Dickens, and us ii briUiani rourtier 
OA well ft» a lavish di«]ienser of bribes, Wil- 
liama at flrst carried 111! beforu him. and ha 
wrote to Iloldemess thai he waa reimlvt-d to 
employ Well the honeymoon of bU eiubawty. 
Ho rapid in fact waa bis success that on 
ao Sept. 1755 (within sevi-.n Wffl<s of his 
arrival) a trtiity was si^ed at St. Pelera- 
burg providing for liflv-five tlioiisiind Hiia- 
^ian Irviops to enter Kuslitih pny, L'nfortu- 
nivlt'ly ill thu inl»"nnl FrsdericK, tliorouahly 
ftlnmied, had flrtcr*-ltv nfiered terms to Knfr- 
Isrid, while Maria Theresa hrid druwu buclc. 
In uiiiee of tWpmiitewliieh hehnd<'\p>Tled, 
\VilH«iu»"iitlVort«w'iTi'cyldly acknowledged, 
Aiid be was ordered to reviT*(- bis policy. 
This unjust treatniL'ul, weighing upon a loo 
snngtiiiie and prrbapD vnin Ifniperament, un- 
hinged hia mind. He UngiTed on at St. 
Petersburg, amid hiitnilialiona of all kinds, 
nntil ibo summer of 17ri7. He then set out 
for home, biif broke down cuuiptvtely at 
Hamburg, and, nftor a partial n^coTer}-, coif 
sequwit upon hiti rulnm to Coldbrook, re- 
lapsed once more into a state bordi-ring npoo 
insanity, and died by bit! awn hand on 2 Not. 
1759, 

WilUama was hiiricd in tlin north ai^le of 
"WestminsltT .\bbcy on 10 Nov. His will 
wo* proTpd on 1:! Sn\. 17^9 by liia brother, 
Uuoi^ llanbun,-, Ui whom ColdbMok and 
Ih* greater portion of tho rrul islnte reverted. 
Hv a^suni^d the name of H'illiaiijs, and 
died in 17f>4', leuving isAiie, wheiic« llm 
pre&ent family of (.'uldbrtjuk are descended 
ll\i:tiKK, Zitin'/fl (i'-nfiy). Tiie n-inninderof 
his estate Sir Charles left in tmsl. for bin 
daugbt'TP* l''n»nrK!i ami Chiirlolle. The elder 
daughter visited Stniwljerry Hill in July 
J7M, and eliarmcd Horace Walpole by a 
sketch of tli« rawlle, whiph dbe made un- 
asked and eubmitced to bis apnrobutiun. 
'filiv. ia to be married to Lord Lssex in u 
week/hu wrote. Uec ma.«vM^"4,\«a'^'^'*.»»- 



Williams 



38^ 



Williams 



Ann^ Onpel, fourlU Mrl of H)m«k, hiok piftrt! 
nn I Aiijr., and slio dit-J livii vcart Uwr in 
cluMbirtli. Tbi> m^iviiid ilaii|{lil«r niairicd 
Robert, w>ii of Itinry Boyle. fiarl of Shnnnan 
Iq. v.], • commoildrf in tli» navy, wbo wiw 
rtrownod in the \S'Mt Indipfi in 177U. Sir 
CbuxU's'a widow surrivi'd liini IW(>nlv-two 
Yearn, ami was bnriod in St. Krusmiw".* {.Jhapi'l 
\n Wt'Uniinftler Abbey op I't) Dec, 17el. 
Hkt lar^ estates pnsjuMJ to her graiidMn 
Oi'orgv, lil'ili cur) of I'^st-x, wliu awumed 
tliM nam* of Coninjj^by ^CoLLIKS, Fetrage, 
iii. 878>. 

Himbury Williania was notorious for bii 
f^nllantriia inluwn.nnd in tbp (.'o»ntrT( at 
CVildbrwUi for fr»livil.x™ whicli, una nmnlU-r 
Mftio, rivftllffll thoi'^o of llouf^itoii. RuvVa 
alluded to liim as ' Ihf pntiishfld courtier, t1i« 
votary of wit, and nleaaiirc.' Wolpolfi ro- 
gnrtli'd bim tm a model for th« gilded ynulk 
of liisduy. Johiiwn, acnirrjln^f to Boi!iw»!l, 
spoltc coiiU'Tnpliintiiily of 'our tivelv and 
(•"(.■jfiint iboii^ii t«o liceutinus iyriek bard, 
Ilanbtiry ^\'illiiims,find wiid be hml no fame 
bill from boys wlio ilrankwiili liim.' Jolin- 
aoii himself ^ind once prcnnrod n. reply to a. 
(taliri? iifKJU lI).Tvoy, wLtcii wa» attributvd lo 
Willitirns, lull when the real author woa 

fmvwl to bo tliL' garrotcur wlio wroI« ' Tb« 
'ool.'llio .lohimouirtn inijL«i]tr ivii« not di.*- 
cliaiigcd. His nroLsional vrrse forms a not 
unworthy link l)"'l"wecn I'nnr and Gay, nnd 
trtiwper mid Cnaininp. Yet tlu' writing!' of 
lliinljury Williiimn were nn[ tliou^br to 
come Lin to the aparkk' of liis oonTcrsation. 
of wbicii f^^mv idwi iiiuy pi-rliaps begutUered 
from till! .-Hrli.T k-tlers of hi« fru^nd IIora«^e 
M'alpnie. 11'' wus ii rt'-uI band ul badiiiuKt'- 
Upon llii;circtim«tiiii(:i', oiicii admitti-d by liiii 
Consin <teorgp Selwyn. that he bad attended 
a certain public (^wcolion, bi- [jruduiillv 
reared a eii]H'ri>tructure nf fable with which 
lie kept tbw Mmpany at White'* in nwrs of 
lauuliter; Sclwyn wns too j^od-hnmoim-d 
to luternipl tiuch a rick etruam of ^otesque 
annrdole, and tbi- nioriut won^ paMtrd round 
and re-edited until they were uiilf b(;U*vi3d 
to h<- Itui- {SwHOTA, Lit. An^fl. ix.'JM). In 
addition lo White V, Sir Charles wa« ono of 
the oriBinal mfiiibTtidF tbeHociety of IJilet- 
toiiti (C'irffT, UUtonj.y. 10). 

A Inrpj number yi lii» piffcc*, enpeciolly 
the po]i(ii?jil Mirirefl, appeon-d first in an 
vpbeiueral form, either an bulladB or in pvrio- 
dic&U. Only fiinr of bia fteparntidy iMupd 
'Odes' nr« In the Uritish Muwuni^'Aji 
Odit til S, roytitu, E*q.' (174(1, 7 pp. fol.), 
' An Ode to til'' Aiillior of tlm Conquered 
l>Hcli™»,' ' An Ode on the Marriage of the 
I», . . . of M. . . .,' »ud *Thr L'n'.'mburrassud 
.-(JoaotvntLDcc,' » Hutirq on WilliAni Pitt, 



dtinbtfullr ■■cribod to WilU«DUi(alI in Ihlio^ 
1746>. Th-' fi»t attempt «t a rollectivf 
intftie of hi* Tumea was inadn in ' A ('olI"«- 
tinn of I'o'-nifi. I'hnrJpallv ronni^iin^ nf tlie 
most Celebrated Pieces o^ Sir t'harlee Um- 
bnry William*, Kt. of th>- Bath' 1 1 Hindoo, 
\^t^'^, 8vo). The Uritish Mutteuui biu at-opy 
with some Valuable aDDOtulionA bv lloraoB 
VVal|KiK'. The miiricul pi'-o--* in llu'* vulume 
reappntr lu the latej- (ISS:?) Ltsut^ of WU- 
liami-'s ' Workif.'btU occordinc to Walpolf, 
who had rxorllt^nl meaJiA of kniiirinfr, tliu 
followinK* are cerlainlv not br him: ' What 
Oo'jd I.onl Rath, pnm jwilnot now,' ' Or- 
phi uii and Hecate,' ' A Marlboroufih [tu* 
cUee»'a(iliofil to Orator rilt,'*The L'uen- 
iMrraMcd CoiinU'iiAnce,' ' Short \rnt^*' and 
*Tiir Water.' Coarse though the laigi pi«e 
is, it i» surpnsM'd in this respeet bv aomo 
wbiph nro undoubtedly by Sir ChnrW, e,^, 
'U I.inculut Joy of WoEunkind,' or ' O^ae* 
ral ChurchUl'a Addrt-u to \'euus.' The od- 
tciiableiiuapx'slicRtaniaF.caUod 'The ^^tntes- 
niiin' (th>! Karl of lltith}, ounlMJninf; thw 
lin«'8 : 

L«nv« n ViKok her* nod then jn eft.-h p^ge 
Til onml ihe fair de«d> of Li* ^alJ) ? 

Wlicn yig ciirutiou thr acl> of hiif ag«, 
Lickve n blank for bis honoor nnd tratii! 

Wal^olf! Btrun{(lv iocluiCK to re^rsri] m by 
Williams, thoiigli h« bad bMinl that they 
were written by Dr. WilUun King: of 0»-- 
ford. 

• Tile Odi-H of Sir Charl« Hanbnnr WU- 
liauia, Kniffht of the Uatb,' edited bv J. 
Ilitiwn in 1 . 7.5 (London, 1"»0, I'Jmo ; 17«4, 
li'iuo),i» little moru than a rcpriut oftlie 'C»l- 
loction'of 17ay. In March l7Stithe nun- 
inilteci of tbc Dilettanti Society had in con- 
ti^ninlation to nuMuli itonie imilitvd poem* 
by ilanbur}- Williams; but 'no nuuilution 
wii* ever srriv»id at ' in th« matter. The only 
fairly complet/" <>dition of Hanhnry Willianu 
i§ thiit issued in three Tolnmes, sniiUl octavo, 
ill l.«:*L'.a5'TlieWork.iiof ibeHipbt llonoar- 
ahl(■Sir('haHea^Elubu^y^^'llliaul)t, K.IV., ,. . 
from the Oiiginals in the I'oMi^uiion of liij 
Grandson, the Rlffbt (Ion. the Karl of ERaex, 
ivilh Notes by ITontce Walpolti . , , with 
I'ortruittt ' (London, 8to). I'nfortunately the 
lii-rforiiinnni of ihia work diM'_i not come up 
lo the pTomisi;. It was roUerably '-dited hf 
the bookseller, Ed-n-nrd Jelfory of I'all Mali, 
who liAd on 21 June 1822 to publish an 
Qpolo]^' lo Lord I^ssex for having oontuielnl 
hi» namo wilK the pnlilicntion, denoooooil 
by tlifi '<fuarter!y 'adcouloimug 'speeioBB* 
of obscenity and blasphemy uon* IwrhUi* 
than wu hnvo before ttea collAcind into nw 
publication.' Carlyle sabMqueotly spolu of 



Williams 



383 



Williams 



b« jMruHul of liince voluniw ws in «x«rciH> in 
pswimmintr in tbe elnp-pnila of rin ifxtinot 
lj^a>erBliuu.' Wlwn ucc^sion olfcn>d| it is 
truo thdt WilliAinii wtA not. avcne from 
liceneo as gross bs Wycborley ''ver indulged 
fn, but Midi (li'Tiunmrioiis n« thost.- nrc ob- 
lurdly beside lliu iuiirti,aQj tin.- ' Quiirtctly ' 
"1 a mucli better critic wben it rt^iuiirks (in 
Lpril \i57) ibut Hniibiiry Williaitiit bad 'thL* 
r-al Tfin forwriliiiK Kijuibs — b* hnd uai«ty 
-the quality wliicb is found in iUl- lighter 
rtPM'S iif CuiigTOVc, or the plnvfiil usgrti of 
llifi "Twoppntiy Post Bag.'*'^ Thn three 
^yolumtw uf 182:! iiicltiibj n quantity of mis- 
cplliin'-iMis blttfTR n:id pros'' pli^Oi* by Wil- 
liams including lii» 'Sketch q( (be Jlistonr 
of I'olund down lo 13*2,' writtpn in four 
letUT* to llyiiry h'ox. TbcsHf wre written 
uainlr to divert t'ox during fbt> long ftren- 
\ilii^ nt Hollnnd Houhp, nnd not as a se^Tious 
[^uLribution to bi^iorioLl hnowloilirw. Tbt' 
rritcr's best oaear in prose (not inrliitled 
■ill iL'.' ti^lk-cti'd ' Works') vtab hii pavur U) 
Itb." ■ Woiltl ' (H«plemb*-r I7'i4. N.i. 37) il«- 
SLTibinir tbu dttily martyrdom of a lady-com- 
liiLiiion lo ft rnnbiimitlitH danip. Ni<;h(48 <It*- 
acribfii it oh tli» longest and nTobablr tht> 
fijpet of the pi-riodipBl iwinya of tlic day, 

An nil pnrtmit of Williams hv Anton 
Tkafa^l Me OKA was presented to (hi.* rtational 



I'ortrait liftlb.'ry in Noromber I87S by tbo 
ividuworGuiioralC. It. Vox (of, Cai.Stvond 









Lm„ Kxhih. No*. l!7o, 2«8, 4lfi). Cox« d.r. 
»cribt« two p'lrtraita at tbo linuse which 
Hir CJiKrl*--* biiiU fr.r bitnauir nt Uolilbroolc, 
,A few Tnib!3 Boui.h of Abt^rjravftnny. One 
in full drncM, with the gnui^ia of tite 

lull, [inintod in 1744 (cnjfrnvcd for tho 
• Work» "of J K-1-2, and also for (Joxe's ' Tour ') ; 
another flmullcr portrait, repre^imtinf; him 
K''Bmn^ hi^ clii-<jk upon his right hand and I 
holding; ill hla left tho poem ' Isabella' | 
( Walp<;b/« watt u ruplica of ibis). At Cold- \ 
brimk, nlio, ar>- ]K)TLrnit» of Mnjnr llniihiiry, [ 
t-'ipi'-ti frum tlioBH at !'ont\-|iocil. A Tiew ' 
of (.\)l'l|jn.ok wnx iiiKri»vif(I by W. Bymu ' 
aftflf Sir Richard Iloarc 

(The hdIb trustworlhr aronunt of llanlmry 
'n'illiauut ia ikot irirca by William Coio Id bin 
Hiatoriiitl Tour tii Monmout h»hirn (Mndon, 
I8UI. 4tu}. TIii» is hupplcmtintrd in important 
phnicukrs by WUIianiii's own Worlw, liy ihi> 
Lalli-re of Hor^ca Wftlpoln. and bv WilliiimH'« I 
Pipkiijiutiiii Ci>rr«<!itiuni)oiirH in itin Brtiinh Uu- I 
spiini (."^owo M9S. 2j53. 256 i.odAddit. M3S. 
Otiue. 6811-13. IAtt;i!, ■IZK-It)-Z. a-iTlO, 32717. 
»'ilV&. 9282^3i». 3-:;hA0-i;. Traosfripta from 
hiN Intter* forminf; 103 pn^icB 4to 'taW of iate- 

'Stiii2 infonnation nnd aoMdotss of the coort 
of 81, iVcrsloirg ' ytetv njiioiig titf Eiirlof Aah- 
Irtirnlwm'H niNniiocnpls (lli»<t. MStf, Oomm. 8rh 
Hep. Ap]>. p. 14 h) 8*9 hIbo Cre&iy'a Eminent 



KtobiADi. p. 2f9; WitliMmna Kminast VreUIf 
mso; Williama's Bid. Hikt. of VoIm. mb, 
pp. 138-S : ilntdiiMiiii'!) Di'Kt'oMxtiirD Biojtra- 
pbic*. 1890. App. p. 23i WiUmmaK Munuiuiittf 
(hire; IkigwelU Jobasou, ed. Hill. v. 208; 
Jmkc'h UcorgD Sclwyn. I8SI.', i, Gft-8; Warbor- 
ton 'a Mcmoii'* of llorare W&lpolo and his Ci>u< 
tcmpontri'-ii. ii. 110-22; WoriUy Moatngii'd 
L«ltt'», ill. ISO; Ficldjng'e NotHe. od. Stephen, 
introd. ; Carlyln'it IVi'tlrrii.-k thc'irwit, vi. "24.5. 
2fll, Til. 23,2*. a7, 19. 'U-i: Tnlilo's HmC. of 
Pruuift. 18S8. ii. 175-6, 201, 20-.'. 2CJ-G. S44. 
■JSfl : Wright'a Carimtaro Hint, nf tlio Grorjiin; 
Quarterly Beriaw, OtoUer IB22: EJintiorgh 
Itvview, October lft33: SuiyUi'ii L«i-tur<'H in 
Uodam Hist. toI. xxriii. ; Kllioit'a Witty nnd 
HumDrone Side of Eoglisli IWlvy, IS80;" Brit. 
Mits.('Jil.l T. S. 

WILLIAMS. OIIAIILES JAMIiS 
BLAJSILS (l8Ui-l8iHy», pbyiiiciiin, djrhth 
child of the licv. Uftttd Williamii (1751- 
1830), was Iwm ou 3 Feb. Itja*, in thi- flun- 
gerford almahouK in Wiltshire ; hi* father 
was wudvD of thu ulmi^boiisu and curato of 
lleyteaburv [»e uiiditr Wuxiams, Jixtv, 
17(fe-]Sfl8^. Hig mother, whosi* maid«n 
Miuiin wiM itlivi WilliiLtnit, wa» dnoKhter of a 
8ur^f!»n in Chepstow, ^lonmoutfaabin'. Fli» 
fatlior was a aucceseful private tutor, and 
wJiicated him at home till ho cntcrod thp 
university of Edinburgh in 1^20. Il'jwa* 
thcro a meid^'nt pupil of Dr. John Thomson 
(170'>'184tJ)[4. V.J, and wuaiulluvitcediii hiB 
rfftilinu by Ur. Bralmnt «f I>i>vir™, then lim- 
ine in l^idiuburKh. Wbilo a etudfut Iko tiub- 
liniit'd ill tliH ' .\nniilxnf 1'biIn»ophy 'for Jiilv 
18:23 n paper on the low t^nmntiiiCinn of a 
candlo. His inaiiffural diii»i> nation for the de- 
gree of M.D.fWhiohhetooliin 1824, wna'On 
the Blood and its Cbangea by Kespiralion 
and Secretion.' Ho then camo to London, but 
in 1^1*6 wtfut on to i*ari«, wber« he worked 
hard at drawing aa well an at medicine. He 
atteudud Laonuec'a cliuiuuo at La Chariti, 
and htwanin a moRter of tin- iiiiw nitti hodx of 
physical esaniination of the nhest whioh 
that jfToat teatdier bud introduced. In 1827 
he rama back to Ijondnn, and niLbliHhr>d in 
1828 * lUttDital Expoeitiou of tlie ITiysical 
.Signs of the DiscAses of tbo Luncra and 
Pleura,' dedicated to Sir llenry Jlalford 
\t\, v.], of which a third edition appeared 
in 1H3S. Ho iravtillud with (iilhflrt Elliot, 
(M«coDd earl of Minto [q. v.], to Swilxwlaiid, 
and on liis return mrirrled, in 1S30, narrier. 
Williaiiift .lenkiit*, dnii^btrrnf Jnitiua Jvn- 
kina of Chepstow, and, having received the 
liconse of ttiu Col!**ge of PbTsiciana of I^on- 
don, began practice in Half Moon Street, 
lie wrote in 1833 ten articles for the ' Cyclo- 
pn^dia of Practical ML-dic inc,' and in 1835 
was elected F.II.S. tit ktiwxwVTO.^'*?^*!* »^ 



Williams 



384 



Williams 



the nanbiBucAl Khool, then eKutina in Kin- 
oerton Stiwr, «a dtsewes of tb« cowt. lo 
IKK) he. RuccewlMl Juhu Rllio1«oa [q. V.I U 
profeeeor of roedicina And pbysicun to Uni- 
ri*nilj Collvg«, and inovva to Holies -Strevt, 
CareniliAh ^uare. Tin wrote in 1^40 ihu 
pert on dii^cosM of the chest in Tweedie'e 
* liibrarvof Mcdicine.'ftnd in L$40«-iM«Ieoled 
B fellow of the CoUe|[e of I'hTiticiaiu. lie 
wu early in life posMtMed with tlia ide* 
th«t ho could improvQ the exuiing state of 
thin^ in the medical world, and loon after 
his ftdmiMiioti ondcavourvd to alter the eon- 
atitution of tliu college, but rwmred littht 
Kopport. He bt>c&in<i a ccnwir in llM6and 
1B47, and delivt-ri-d thf Liimli-iati Wtunm 
on ' ^uccMsee and Failure? in Medicine ' in 
186'2. Hv tuok purl, in 1^1 in foundins 
thi't ConAumptinn Mivipital at Hrompton, and 
continued throii^h'iut lifi! to dn ail he could 
fnrit. In ItSl-S W piiblip>hi?d n conciMBiim- 
Ina^yofmedi(^int■eIllitl^'d•P^incipIl»ofM^di- 
cine,' of wbich & second edition appeariMl in 
1848, and e. third in 1S66. When tho PaTho- 
logioal I^ooietr was fonn^ed in l^U hu was 
elected it« tint president. lie moved to 
24 Upper Brook Hltvut, and n-ns there eo- 
gsgecl in an extensive iiractitre for Tuiuiy 
years. Hu woh chitillv cunsulled m to dis- 
Muea of the cheiil, but wm not negli^nb of 
otberparlsof medicine. Inl860tbelhtche»i 
of Someraet, disturbed by the painful and 
to her unoxni>ct«d drath of h«r son, Lord 
St. Watir, from anearinm of tliu aorta, 
printed for privnte circalation an account of 
the illni;s8, with n.-fli<cltuns oa the conduct 
of Willinmn. He brought an action for 
lihfil, ^itb the rosult that tbo osporBiona 
wrjrw unixwirvvdly withtLrftWn. Hix of thft 
chief nhvflicians of the time — Wntaon, Bur- 
rows, Jenner, Qnll, Qunin, and 8)bson — and 
thrco of the chief «iiT;g«on»— Kci^iMon, 
I'aget, and Erichsen— iMued an opinion in 
support of Williams'a diafnoBis and tre&t- 
tDt-tit of tUo case, and ho hiionU publijihed 
an ' Authentic Narrative ' of the w-hole cir- 
L'umrtiuucL^s, which rDU(.'hud a sucoud I'dition. 
Ill 1871 with his itOH, l>r. t?!iarle» T!ieo<]ore 
Williams, be publiBlied a general trealifie on 

(lulinoosrv consnmptiim. From I873t(>187fi 
10 was presidfnt of the Royal Mediral and 
OhiniTKical Society, and in 1874 was ap- 
pointeiT physician uKtrnordinary to thi'-qucon. 
Id 1^7S he g^ve up practice and retired to | 
Cannes, wLeru hv continued a«troDomil^Al 
Htuditiii. for wliiuh he Imd had a liking all his 
life. Before leaving London he rosda an 
attempt to alter thu constitution of the 
Koyal HiiuiifLy. A committee wa» appointed 
lo consider hm views, hut reported against 
th«iD. Hu published his outoniography, en- 



t itled ' Mrmoirs of Life and Work,* n laN, 
aad died on 2$ March 1889 at CkoDes. A. 
romplete list of his works is priated Ja tha 
* Catalogw) of tbe Library or the Surgmn- 
Boneral"* Offioe, United .Stated Ann?,* 
vol. xvi. 

[_Mfmoirs ftf Life aad WoHt, 1884, witb pw- 
Intt ; M«Riair bv Sir E. IL SieTeJtiag io HeAecK 
Chirxirgical Tnmsactioiis. IStfO.j S. it. 

WILLIAMS, Sir CHARLES JAUKS- 

WATKIN (IS'Jii-l)s84). judye, bom on 
23 S«pt. 1828, was the «Idc«t Aon of F«<ier 
Williams, rector of Llansannan, Dtiobiffb- 
shin (afterwards of Llaofrar, .Mt;rionetli- 
shire), by Lydia Sophia, dau^t«r of the 
Rev. James I*rice of I'latt-yn-Lysiwn. ]*en- 
bitfhshirv. Aft«r leaving'Kuthin grammar 
s^ool he studied modidne under cricbgea 
at University Collep Hospital, whei* 
won the gold medal (or conpantire 
totay, and act«d for a tine aahonMHr 
He became the lifelong fritnid ofStr Hanr 
Thompeon and Sir John RuMell Iteyoolds 
[q. v.] But he soon detarminnd to aljattdon 
mediciae for law. He spent a few u^nns at 
St. Mary Hall. Oxford, where be malricuUl«l 
onl May lH6l,but he fouodthe place aDCon- 
gooial, and UE>ver grBduat«d. 1^ the san* 
year 0*''> he entered at tbe Middle Tsit- 

rle, and read in the chambers of U 
.loyd, the welUknuwn special pi 
' When called to the bar ihret. yean )a 
practised inlbe sttno branch 'of tbe 
sioD, and in 18o7 puhliRhed ■ An Io. 
tion to the Principles and IVactic* of 
inir in Civil .\clion» in the Supn-me '. 
of Law at Wefltminsler.' This worh 
blished Ljia reputation and broughtfaim 
practice. It oaDttnu»d inuso sa the Biandard 
t#xt-hook for students at tho Inns of Court 
till the pa-wingr of the Judicature Act*. la 
18t'ii) Williams was uamL<d ' tubman ' of the 
court of cxchoquer. He wpnt first tbe hoiu 
circuit, and auerwarda th« soutb-eastem. 
He aoldom led, and was never amhitioas of 
leadinu', and relied upon lofficslity aad clMr> 
nesB of stHteiceiit rather tbaa upon rhiToric 
or declamation; but he wasremarkflble for* 
certain dry humour, andwasqiute indilfc-roB! 
To bofitili- criticism. Ho look ^ilk in lUTi, 
>I«madea speciality of tinancial anduiercain 
tile cfldes, such ss that of .\iid('rson r. MoriM 
in 1876. In Thomas r. Tbe tjiiwsn, in which 
htT had Sir John (afterwards Lord-justtce'l 
Jlolkerfq.v.], Sir Richard (afbcrwanls Lord- 
justice) llaggalkv, and Charles Svnee Chris- 
toiihor (aftonvordfl 1 .ord) Bowen agamst bim, 
WiIli»His vindicated the titio of the .■tubjwE 
to sue the crown for unliquidati^ domaces 
Tvsulling from breach of cootract. 




Williams 



38s 



Williams 



MR&nwbila 'n'tUiams had eiitfTed pnrlia- 
[Spent, 19 Nov. 1968, osliWrHl member for Uie 
Mvbi|<libomugr(i8. ir«sfit for t!i«( consti- 
taeacytill 1880, wbea be was elected for 
'^aruHn-onsbJro. A« cArly 4i» 18-54 lio bud 
iblishedapompblei ontbe ' Law of Cburcli 
kt«s,' and, thougb b)nt»<.>lf a cburcliiuan, lie 
Dn 2i May 1370 iaovi.'d u rt'suliitirm in the 
Ijloii.-if of {'uniniuua in fiivour 'iflhc ilineitta- 
|l)li»biiit;nt uf thi vburcli hi Wn1t>3 in a 
i]»tn'l] which iliiplavi!)! roiDndiTnUlit know- 
|ledgn of ecclt^iartical bUtopr. Thn niolinn 
I'm" tjppiiJtud l)j- Mr. 4.i)ftd»lon(<, and lost by 
""' against fnity-fivf- vot/-9. Tn 187^< Wil- 
havM did ^food st-n*ice as a membt-rof Sir 
lenry (aftcrwanU l^rd ) .lAOicVft eommitteti 
for«i^ Loans, When Mr. Gltuistouii tv- 
tumud to office in 1880, he waa oHi?r«d liut 
luctined tlm post of judui'-iiiivoaHL-dintml. 
\ijv**ml)flr of ibe »niu« yeur, on tbc }irf>- 
sotion of Sir Robi?rt Luixh to a lord-juatire- 
ibip.biMHon- ill-Ill <T,\Vil]4ainN,wn»appointud 
the vaiMint pui-Hne judK^ship, tiiongli lie 
b&d recently madf a public di'daration ibat 
lie wouli! U('4nr iicct'jit suiOi an iillic". Ki* 
& maul, painstaking, fair, and iii'leppn- 
J«nt j'ulp'. Iti- cdnnirtiv] in llii< judipiietit 
[of tbe crown cnst's rffturvfld in uphnlding the 
onviction of Slfi-tt in co-iinectitm with tbe 
lurder of thi^ i.<&r, AK-sandcr Tl. In Sun- 
V, lUcbarJson lit" dt*cidt'd that a parunl 
I sends a child Lo acliool without f<ae In 
Lble 10 lff\ta\ pi'uulty. Hi» judRmeut in 
iraporl.iiTit CUM of priviVgi- of cnunwd 
CMuiistur r; Loaib), when be nonsuited tbt; 
plniiititf, wii» upln^ld by t\w miporior court*. 
To the (council of jud^jt WitiiAni.48ubmiTl«d 
p«|it<ra'lvocittin([ the abolitiun of distiuc- 
|ion» Vftwyn the common pleaa and i>x- 
clieijiier divisions, but tbe rt-lention of the 
^filiitif>*hipr*. lie publicly fepudinted thoir 
Jeeiaions aiitiouiiccd iji Novcmb'ir IWi, di>- 
Jaring that nothing: less than an act of par- 
ant ihould OVLT induce bim to deprive 
ii.priJOner of tin* ri^ht of iiiitkinu'' a MlMU^mHDt 
a jury of fart* not given in eridence. 
Villiuiiisi did i<x('<*nqnt work wdiMi eitting 
vitU ]ilr. Juacirc> .Mathew an th«! tribunal of 
asMrco. In niai priue bueiuew bis know- 
^ and qiiiciini?*! of apprrhonAJon wltc 
svklaable, bnt bis judgments ia complicated 
■sea of law wi^ro anmetimea difl'iue and 
Mely reajioiied. 

Williuma died aiiddenly of lieart diHeaae 
the ni||;bt of 17 Julv 1S8-1 at Nottin^ 
llftm, where b» was 011 circuit with ?l]r. Jii*- 
fLopL'a (afterwards Lord Ludlow), Tie 
hnri»d at Kpn«al Crew cemplorv oo 
July. 

Rnsidivt tbe'nrorltB mentiooed, he published 
1.863 ' An Essay upon tlic Philosophy of 
'TOl. LXi. 



Kvidi^nce, with • DiMnMion eoacemina tbo 
Belief iu Clnirvovoncu;' of lhi« exeeil(>nt 
book a second e«Ulioa was iajtintd in IHnTi. 

Williams was twieu married, and left 
several rhildr«n. lliK fimt wifi', ll«rtiri(>ttA, 
d«u|;hter of William Henry Carey, «mi., and 
ni*?i:i? iif Vic^clianeelior Malins, died io 
If*64. In tlip followitiff yrflr he marriml 
KiixMbrth. daughter of Lord-justice Ltittb. 
wlio survived him. 

[I'rivBlD informilioD: TimDs, 19 and 21 July 
I6HI, Uw Times. 311 July \89*i A a«nenitiun 
of JuJg™, hy thrir liflporirr (W, 1?'. Moliisyn), 
pf). 2ll~i;;' Fiwter« Alumni Oxou. I71A-I8ti<); 
Brit. Mu*.41at,L <'jimnTTonnnd [linliigbMerald, 
40L-i.]B81; A R(iniinii<Mncn(prubiil>ly liy Ohief< 
juMioe Wuy of South Aii»Traha), r*prittt«i fnan 
the South Aujiir.iliitn KcRiater.] <}. Lk (i. N. 

WILLL^MS, DANIliL (lft43?-17]6), 
nonconl'ormist ilivinv! and benefactor, was 
bom nt i,or n'-nr) Wrexham, l)enb)g;bshire, 
ab-aut una. Nothing in known of hi« fslber 
or of his education, but hv was well eon* 
uoci-.-d. His mother wa« probably a daughter 
of llngli Daviea of WrexUuin, ^uidfalber 
of £^liiphL>nDBrie8((2. l".*J9t.raLnielerat Run- 
bury, whom Williams in bis will caIIb liia 
' couain,' and maki's ar^HiduarylegnliM). Ilia 
MKtt^r KUxnbvth (*/. .rmmiiry ^"LiT-H) innr- 
ried Hugh Hobfrla "f Wn;xliam, a landowner 
uud currier. He says biniself that 'frotu 
five yeara old' he did nothing Iiul sludy, 
and 'b(.>foT<.' iiiuvteen ' was ' n-gulurly ad- 
mitted a preacher' {Drfiiii-e 0/ notpei Tmth, 
Itt93, pref.) Visiting about 1684 I,ady 
Wilbruliam (rf. 2 Nor. 1079) nf Wwton, 
near Shifnal, Shropshire, he anutpted iht; 
oflMf of a chaplaincy to the Countess of 
Miwth (Man-, d. HW",. daughter of Calcot 
Chauibreof iJ^abigb). While in her service 
Lp prcachi'd regularly to an independent 
congregation at Dn-ghi-da, a survival of 
CromweH's ctarrison. In IIMJ7 be wascalhd 
10 the conpp-pntion of Wimd Street, Dub- 
lin, onKioiillv iiidfiit-nil>'igt, an rulhwguu Io 
Samuel Marsden [_'l. 1677), a modnrate in- 
depi-ndent. From l«82 Io lfl(*7 fJilbt-rt Kule 

ttj. T.1 waa Williams's roll(>ngiie, and from 
iim Williiuns learned bis admiration, always 
purely thi'«ir«tioBl,ot'thcpn-shyt»-rian system, 
aDdle-tcepl in the matterof non-nmdence)of 
the Scottish universities. In \{S^'A Joseph 
Bojio [q. T.J also J4>iRed WilHamti. and tor 
aoin« years the Wood Street congregaliiiii was 
slronf^ly manned. Ita ministers met those 
of oth«rdiM«fiitiiigeon^irgiitti)niiin A n<*u(ral 
association formed (IftfiS) by Samuel Wintirr 
[q. v,l Bui on tbe outbreak of the troubles 
of IfiR", Itule retiinifd to Scoltand, and 
Williams, who had so excited the animosity 
of Rommi catholics tVia.*. Vik >OR.«a^'(. V-w. 



Williams 



386 



Williams 




life in dnnger, mule bis ir%y to IjMMlon in 

Il» rvaclied L/mdon at ■ criricft) moment, 
wliMi Mro&;c«floru won- mftclft to induce the 
diswntfn im ■ hodj to endonm Jamea'i de- 
«lanition for liberly of conscience, by n 
united tildrvw of tbnnki>. At » oonf«r«-ncn 
convened for tlw puqMBe, Williams urgeil 
hiB brvtbren to dtacoantMuncD any arbitrary 
powi>r of dicpenMlion, whicb would AfTorrl 
niliufby'iiMMareadwtructirt! of the liberties 
of tliL'ir counlrv.' II« carnt^ tho m<-eting 
with him, tnd tficd tbo policy of kia party. 
Tbo revolution of 168H bad nn more earnest 
chamjiion. and, tbou^'L be tievcr aonght pro- 
miiiitiio^ a* a public miiti, hi* sec urate know- 
Iim)^ nf men wu of muc)i «prvici' to Wil- 
liam III in dfulinif with IHhIi alTaini. Sir 
Charlp.^ WoUcIey (d. 1714i \q. v.], who had 
known him iu Irulund, mud bo ' talked hko 
a privy roimciUttr.' 

WillintDB vrvm intimnte with Baxter, and 
■nppliod fnr bim «t. tlnj Ttmilay nii>rchanta' 
IcctiiTi*, i'innerV Hall. At lon^h, nn tbe 
df>Bth <IVcember 1(187) of John Oakes, he 
aticiNM'ilifd himiuitiiini»t(-rnf thopnubyterian 
(.•on(rr*B«' >"n at Ilnnd Aller, Binhopsjralw, 
foiiniJ«d by Thnmiw Viiicpnl '<\. v.] lie held 
t.hi« cburgv t ill doatli. Hi* prmching i» »uid 
to hn,ve boen iinpoliibt'd, for lii> wad n<^Ter 
n nmn of k'tt><rti, and hie vruut uC I'snci 
ttifnliigkCJil tminint; wna tlin tni\in riiiuii of 
iht! HtiHiiiciona of his orthodoxy which 1«i 
to einbitt«*rpH ilinpiittw tiinoii(( tha T^^ndmt 
diBsent<*n», rasrinfr fnr n>Ti'n ycnrft. His ron- 
tfrenation aIoocI bv liim itirniisli'mit, and lie 
kept Ibcm in *irictr order. Theophilus Dor- 
riiiKlon Iq. v.] prints n jwremplory letter 
thri^nLentiLff public exeomniunication to 'a 
rich widow' who had left ble mL'oting fur 
that nf John Shower [<|. v.] (liUtentrr* 
Iiepreffnfe<l . . . by themftUf, 1710, p. I ; 
rBurint«il in l-iRWis'.i /Cn'/li*A PrriJiytrrian 

BjoywfflM, i;2o,p. ia4). ■ 

On HnxlLT's <li;nth Williams and Thomas 
WoodcOflk {d. Ifiitfi), nn px-f^tlow of Jenns 
Colle^Q, Cambrideo. were rtvul candidates 
for tliP Pirini'rn' llnll lecture; thp toIm wi«re 
vqual, iLucE Williumn was elected liy lot. lli,> 
took up Maxtor's controversy [see Hove, 
\s. lOCEO-ITO'f] against alle^ nnti- 
noiniauinni in llie works of Tobiiia Otup, 
l),t). [q. V.I. (ind wi\8 iitlndced by a colleaRiii] 
{.'(rtiirr-iibiii, TboniHK CoU' (16l?7f- 
IrtG") [fj. v.] Till- iiiihlir-ation of ]ii« 'Oa^pfl 
Trilli. Ili9:.'. Hmo (wUb tbcpreflxed com- 
raendntion nf !iixt(<ii'n prc<)byt«nnn»), founded 
on liiH li;ctiir*!(, wos the eig^nal for gi-ntral 
oontrov«r>y iit in 'inlurlcy moiiiMit, tho 
pToabyteriun nnd moot of tbi> congn'^tionat 
iiiiniaters of London baviug ^uat wnterMd 



(lUBO)tBto a ankm.ondcT' Uesds of Agn»- 
m-mt,' drawn up by IXowe. >' 

Mather [g, v.] wtdI* agaiuat WUliami. 
weoad edition (also 1G0:;> of n'Uliam's I 
was counts rs'ijcned hy forty-tixmt 
terians (see Winiams'e letter to John Has- 
frey ^q. T.l, Add. MS. AJ^fi, fol. I i^), H«^ 
upon TMa£ Ch&uncy |q. v.~ withdrew t IT()rl. 
loWI) from tbt? ' uniim,' ^avicK hud befon 
it a paper of piceptioiut to ^\'iniam4'« trn- 
mcnt, Btfrned bv six ctrngrggalionaltfts. ~\s 
J)e««nibrr 169:! a n^w srriea of doetriail 
anicle* was added lo th*' > Hcada of .^piv- 
ment,' and publi^t^l ha 'Thw Affr*<ein«'Bl is 
DoclriiiL' smnii^ ibe DiMtrntin^ SXinUietsia 
l^finaoii,' 1(SU». 4to It faiM to Mliafrlk 
liondun conf^Tv^lioniliKla, wbn in 160a \A 
thv ' union ' \ wliicb w3h oat broken in oilwr 
parta of the counlni') and stariwla 'fund'af 
theirown. Williams, who wasfreelyaccuMl 
of Armtnian views and of Socinian positieas 
on the atonement, wrote * A Dttfenoft ' (XfOt, 
4to)affatiH>t Chaiturv and nt hers. llefiinh«r 
publisned * Man madf Riii;ht4-otis,* 1 3B4, ISna 
(lectures at i^nn«r>' Hall). Itefuiine ton- 
si^ the Pinnfr*' Hall l«<crureAhip, he wif 
di«nis»ed (Ansust If.WI) by a vote of lb- 
siihscrihers. With him left'Wiliiani Beat 
D.D. [<^. r.^, who had hold office aion iW 
institutmn (1(173) of the locturv*, Howv.aai 
Vincent Alaop \q. v.j Thaw!. with 8i 
Annesley fq. v. J anci Itichard Maro Hi 
were appomted to a new lectnresliip [\ 
day and>i»ur> at Ssltare' Ifall (cf- HiM«i\ 
of the rn/Mi, 1608). 

Villanout attacks wen? now made vb\ 
WilliftiDB, who was accused (IROot of im-J 
morality. Ho courted u)voeti^liott,ai>dm 
eiffht weeks a committee nf pntAbytmHl 
ministers sal in Annotley's meeting-house f 
LittlftSl. Helen'*, Hislionsgalp, examioiii 
into tbe minutest particulars of Williamtr 
conduct from boyhond. Tlie committer r*- 
nart<^l to the (^neral bodr, wbo on % A(iJ) 
\$QZ found Williams * intirely cImt to' 
innocant.* Grateful to Kdmund Calaa^t 
D.D. (q. v.]. for an important piM«ofcn- 
deuce procured by his moans, Willianumad* 
him his unii'iaul at Hand Alley. On <b« 
failure of the attack upon Williams'a ip&r«l*> 
th^ chargi* of aocinianiiing on the ai«er- 
mciit wrui peraiateutly ureaaed by St^pbrs 
T*nhb [q.r.j Lobb invoked the authnritrof j 
Edward Sl-iHinpfleel 'ii. v.l, wbo, on btiinf J 
iippenlpil tn.t.honjht Williams mnreorllw 
than Lobb (cf. STiiXiNorLTET, /)Vt*. \7VK\ 
iii. 2, i!72>. Lobb then ruioted Jf.nnibsn 
Eiiwurds, D.D. [t-v.J, as ajcain^ Williaia*., 
K(lwar«!« wrote (»* Oct. lOftT) to ^\'illis 
taking his aide. Ho was oover suspecMdof 
heterodoxy on tbe person of Christ, and ilivlj 



Williams 



587 



Williams 



lifichBt that Ptmcan Ciimyng, M.R, who 

Bt iliscovpred lb(* tii-rtwy of Tliomiu Kmlvn 

[q. v.], was his olmanf^r for Iivtand. Hid \&M 

Bubliciitions in this coulrowrsy were 'An 

\nKW«rto the Rfpnit,' 1698, Svo, end ' An 

Snd to Discord,* Lo99, (ivo (of. Xblwit , ii^e 

'AbV/, 17l.'!.n. 259). 

In 1700 Williuns rcviniled InOaiid. In 

roi he iutcrestL-t] liiniielfitx the <ie[l Inmcitt 

gf JaueH P<^rcu [q. v.] ut Camhriilgu. In 

'larch MO"! he hHatl»i) n joitit. luldrr'jui from 

the * three dunominatiDns* on the ncce^sinn 

l>f Annn: it wnn Ih" liriit 'K?c-iwi(jn on which ' 

'th[>ihi¥<>bo<1iMthii!<Brte(1t02v>thirr(CAi.Aiir, 1 

Aln-tihj-mrnf, 17I3, p. Oil). Williams op- 

nn»eA the bill njEoinut 'ocfiwional con- I 

fnmiity,' ajid did his utmasi, 'nithoiit avail, 

to pri'vi^nt the oxtt-nsion { 1704 ) of thtt sacra- 

nipntiil t"s(. to IreUiiri. ChIhiuv, in 1704, 

fBubmitteil to him the manuacript of thu 

■*introdiiit.ion' to the nocond part, of hia 

'Ht*l"(?ni;i' f>f MQ<ierriti> Nnuconfurmilv.' In 

tliifl tructftti.' Cttlamy frankly declnreif for * a 

iiw?r iiidf|iviid>;iii5i.'h'.*ioo' of church (rovoni- 

icnt.; knowinff that WiUiHin.*, nlrtuM iiIoiih 

imoiig l^ndun miniitlcK. held 'iho diviii!> 

right of ijn?sbyl«ry,' hr b-iRffi-tl for Ink criti- 

iMuis. WilliuiDS Tt'plifd that thn ptililicat ion 

rns ' »ftuomih\f^' (ind thorefore he would not 

KDAwer it, thougli hp ooiild do i>o 'withoM<>.' 

Mf diploma of D.l> (dat.-d 2 May 1709) 

roflrtRHt to WitliamBfroni Edinhurfih, and in 

lie!iain*>n]niilfafrum<.nu^!uw4>uusJlverlKHt). 

[p lind written to William ("amtanyiffi. v.J 

lecliiiint; the pr^pusyd hDiioiir. A pmpfJSHl 

br ft iiGiiconforiiiiAt nrnd^'iny at lE<>\ton wan 

liscuuiitfliiani^ed by Williftiim, who wra.i in 

kvtiur ijf Hi^iuiifiif divinity sfudpntii lo l^ot- 

iid for ihtir education. Id' wam unsioiii* 

)r thi! I'xtahltithtnfint of a re-iidentini dJIi'jte 

EdinhuTgh, and offewd .JOO/. towards the 

itimnted coat. 

Williams hud ton^ been inliin&t« with 

obert Uarley. firsl oarl of Oxford ^^]. v.], 

ill>,aoon af^er Ilia acco»i»n Uj jwwi'rnTlO), 

lered WUliiuaB l.OOOA for distrilmlion 

Imnng diAM<ntin|{ iiiiniHlnrs nit rcjvHl boiititv. 

He dt'cliuL-d thn Iwon (Cii-tsiT, 0*rw Life, 

%. 471). H<* diiitniiilt-d Oxford's loyalty to , 

fehu Hiinovpr auf ccBsion. ((n tln> aee^-wim ' 

(ln'cn^ r Williams n^in headed the 
'thre« denominations' with n loyal nddr(;as I 
the tliroiK" {i8 .Sej>t, 1714). ThU was ] 
kia hi!it.puhtic A<;t. Km health till ITUUhad | 
ei'n Rood ; ha now rapidly dL-clini-d, lonving | 
lost of his work to Jolin Kvaim (l'*0.''- i 
1730) [q.v.^hi* uMJatant from 1701. Thf 
iftremstic picture uf him by .lulm Kok ( I«93- 
I7ti9) [q. v.] a^ 'the fimire of a man in ' 
ck sitting alun«Htn lnrj{v wainscot table, ' 
loking a pipe . . . without moring oitlter ' 



hia head or eye* to see who or what -we 
were . , . the Rfvalett biindli? of pride, 
affl'datiim, ojid ill maimers I bad eii'er met 
with' (.Vontkft/ Rfjsoiitorj/, 1821, p. ]»4; 
Det^nthir^ AsaaeiattoH Ittpeirl, iHfW, p. 1.19), 
rftfMK to a pcrigd (KK*) when 'bodily dis- 
orders in^atly embili'-red lifo, and bi')f&n, in 
II manner unusual to bim, to sequeatvr blm* 
(Wii.flns-. ii. 207). 

Williams died at Hoxtoii fwlicrv he had a 
hollft■^ with 'a larji;!' court,' in which, whan 
l-'oi \isiLfd him, sMO'd his coach) on l>^ Jan. 
17lo-lli. Evans pr*ached his futntrai urir- 
tUDH. Hi' wna burii'd in 'u now vault.' in 
llunhill KjnH.i.iicJir tliBriiy Itcud i-nlmnce, 
west aidn ; bis lomh, with ila Innp; lAtin in- 
Hcriptiuii, i« td^pt in yoi>d rtpair by bis trustees 
(for the inflcnption, bchi I>bi^ib, p, 8-'t, and 
Uaumt, t'ontiniiatioH, ii.Hrtl), His portrait 
(iw which il in difficult- to we the philanthro- 

{istj was preaented in 1747 to Dr, Williams's 
>ibrar)- by thedauglil^rsof John Mortim {J. 
I7-Irt), lini'ndraw'r, un original truatcfl: an 
engraving by Jann'o (.'nidwull [g. v.J ia iu 
onniL' copiM of the first edition of Palraera 
'Noncotiformi«'B.\Iennjrijil,'17"^,ii.*M0. H« 
married. Brat (license dated HI Oft. l(I7r»l, 
Eliznbeth (xhe eigns 'Elijtiv'), daughter of 
SirUoli..rl Mor«lilli of Or^n UilU,Kildare, 
aud widow of Tlionias Juxon (d. 2 Ont. 
Ifi72) of East Sheen, parish of MorlUke, 
Siirrev. whow daughtL-r and heirL>M, EUm- 
belh \^4, 17:^2), married, a# h«t ^^rcoud hiu< 
bntid. John Wrnn<T((/. 1715); to Mrs. Wynne 
XVilliaiii4 in hill will K-ft n ifilvtT basin 'as 
having been her father's.' Tho tir*t, Mrs. 
Williams diLSJ, without issue fay S\ illiamii, 
(in 10 Juiii* KiEIH, agi'd iti', through K^it-f at 
tho deal U of her sister .\lice, dowager coun- 
(lamif Mcmmlmtli. Ilfl married, secondly, iii 
1701, isMic {d. 1 Jan. 17^9 40,1, vldt-r daugh- 
ter of tleorge Oiiill, a Huguenot refugee 
merchant, and widow of Fnincia Barlmtead 
(son of John Bark&ltiad kj.v.^). by whom aha 
hod a ^n Francis and daugntere Mary and 
ICliiabi'lli, but noiii^ by Williami>; b«r por- 
trait, wit li several portrait xnf the Hark«(rJM:I», 
was given (I'.'JO) to Itr Williams's I.ibmiy 
bv lleujituiiuSUi-ppard (lirr grandeoii). Her 
sfster SJuBnnna was married to Joseph Sten- 
netl [i|. v-l, th« ■Hvi'Mtli-day baptist. 

Beaide.s the works noi-'d abovf, and iintnc- 
rons fiinyrnl, thanksgiving, and other tvt- 
inons, Williama publi.*hfd: I. 'Tbt- Vanity 
of OhiEdhuod and Vouth . . , SurniouM to 
Young Pcopli!,' ItJOl, 8vo. 'J. • A l^etter to 
the .\tilborof a Discounts of Kroc Thinking,' 
17IH, Svo fdefends lh« elurnitv "f Iwll tor- 
ments). 3. 'Some Qumea relating to the 
]IiLI fur pmvMntiiig the Urowth of Ha\vAn\' 
17l4,8ifo. H\a'«\\\ i\««*\tt.fc vixatuw'A'W' 



Williams 



j88 



Williams 



MfraC tm worin * «U Mteh M M« oot ooe- 
tisffSiMl,* 11 Mated tai«mli far xwo tho«- 

Miid ymn, Fir« of h» ImmJc* wen M he 
UBBJUtad into I^n. and No. I abota alao 
iBlo WtJali. Tfane u a cullecCiaa. of his 
■ Pnc«ittl DUeonnei,* 17A(-fiO, & Tok Bm. 
Th« 'Oovppl Truth * wM tnosbtwd inlo 
I^tin hr il- A., Bod pobliahed u * Vsrius 
Evaagvlics,' 1740, 8to; niisatd with fl*« 
oUmt }iim3M b^ Williuu, twuIftiAl br 
JuMS DeUbsai (rf. 1770f in 'Tnctatus 
Selvcti; 17eu,8vo. 

By Wtb bia Buma^ei WlUtami acquired 
eonuiWfftbla proprrti««, wul while in Inland 
b« had bma tb« Kcipknt of bandMUM lega* 
cira. On liimurif tu* iwnt cora|MratiTelT 
liltle, and havinif ni} cQildren he deroted 
tbf balk of bt» oiIalM (Mtimalrd at TiO.OOO/.) 
to charitjible tuea. His will (daiml 'M Jane 
1711 : codicil. '22 Aug. 17U*). bt-aidca pn» { 
Tunnii r^r hi* widow, nuinvroiM legarim, be- I 
quottU for tbe ponr in vsnous placae. i>o- 
dowiiii>nt> fi)r j>n'»l)vtiTi*n chti[wU nt Wrfi- . 
ham and Mumham, Kiwes, for 8t. Thonaa*)) 
]ioNntal,forl)i-'univ('nilii.-» of rilaagowand I 
Catrmridftc, MitMncliii^-it". ntid for mlMioii ! 
■ociuti«s in Scotland and New KiiKland, (roes 
on to Dominalo as irustcv« tliirtiven prr»bT- , 
turiaii uiuiften (of wkom Kven took tG« 
coruM^rTatire side in the noD-sabacriptifla 
controveny of 1719) and ten lavmen. Tbe 
truata wtrr chii>f1y for wJialiij>tic and ri'H* 
gioufi purpooea (incliidiog an itinerant 
pre&che<r in th€> Iriili lanfrnagc) und for n 
libmry. Afti>r two thoiutond j«a.n (ori>«rIi«r 
in tbf uTent of t b« auppreMion of proteetant 
worahip) tho incomi^ of tbe propcttr is to 
rc-vvrl to 1bvciu<.-«orKdiu1iur|tbaiidGla9|fOw 
to support almahotiBfj. Interlineations in 
ihu will and tbo fact tlia( tbi' codicil wiw not 
atlcjiCrrd li-d to ciitnplic-utAd contentions with 
iho heir-at-lttw, \\'illiflmfl'8 sister, Mrs. lio- 
bwrts. A clmiicorv »uit wiw b^gun br tbu 
tniate^'H in 1717, and olhRni followed. .Mrs. 
Koberts at Ivnglh accepted, tn entisfactinn 
of hor claims, an anciiiiry of 601. (a wt- 
mnnitiil cbsrgo on lbmru)>t),Bnd on ^i) July 
1721 a decrt'o of tlie rolln court c'tablMh'-d 
rbo will. Tbt! Iriui wait Hdmitiisti-ri-d under 
ihti ilin-rtious of tbe court of cimiici-rv for 
about llO rean. It bus 6iucv bvun luoilitiud 
bv tbr> i-niViwed schools c:oinmi!'.'uoni^ra eud 
tne charity commiBeionftnt. RurHarics at 
Oarmartbiin CoHujp', Taliinbl" scbnlpimliip 
tenable at Olaa^w, nmj divmiCr acholitr- 
■bipe tenablti in any approved t^ieoIc>RicaI 
coilApe, are, within certain litnitM, rfgiltatfd 
by tho iriisttwa. 

In ftddilioii to his own Iibrun* ^Villiamfl 
bud purcbomi (for ov«r bWt.) tbat of Wil- 
liam Hn,l«i', l).l). He directed th« purchaM 



«r areecioa of a * fit cdiftcg/ sad a pamHl 
oIlML a yasr to a fibntiui. DiAe bof^ 
it tniffht beeamo * the cuMflaalwt Cbnn ia 
Brium.* To Oilaaqr is dne the eaCaMUk- 
ment of thp librmij oa a inor* iavpertm 
scale tlMU Williotna had is vi«w. la Sep> 
t«rab«r 17:^ a wii^ wks pimfaaaed ia Bed 
Croa^ Slr^i-t. Tb<r b<iildit>ff was eoifluri 
by Bubacnption, tbesam aanotiooedb^diaB- 
txry being inauffidcnt. On n D^c. 17J9 thB 
tnuiMs DTR met in tbe librarr; a Itlxarua 
was appointed on ^ April lf.?0. HU lh> 
McetSMia of unilsriaaa in IMS fron i]m 
' thrae denomination ' [sen Yatsb, J^ 
tbe Bad Ooas SiT»t library <aM . 
at its fmnt tn Protrttanl litJjierttfr'M X 
suu, KIM, p. -tlfil wad the h>^diiuartrni 
I^ondon dtMeni. n-rrv wwre kept tbe Loa-' 
don diMeoting nguti^n of Uirth and Uptiun 
(now at Someraet liouie). Among tnant 
importjint addilion«to tfaf> librarr wvre ll» 
bNiuenl of nearly two thousand %'oliuat4 Iff 
William Harris {16"5'*I"40[q. v.], the gift 
of 2,H30 volnmvs from the callvrlton uf 
Georiae Henry I^wea 'q. v.l. »nd the defuii 
of a th«uonbic CoOmi ion l m tbaasaaj 
voliimca) by Cbnatopbur Walton Tq. r.', li 
1864 the library (then r^ntainins timl<r 
thoueand books and five hundrra toIiubm 
of manuBOripta) wiui removed to t^upOfarr 
preniMa in Qaeeo S<|ii&rc, Bloom»l>urv. ^ 
was tnuufeired in I K73 to a lu-w Wldoi 
in Grafton Stroet.W.C.ondin ISSJOtorai- 
Tera'iiy Ilall,<!onlou ^uare. W.C. Amoaf 
ita treasures {Hut. MSS. OomiH. 3nl Krf. 
App. : AtAfHtruiH, iti D^^. 18T4i af tip 
original miautca of tin* Weatm'i 
wuibly, a Cdl' tir^t folio Sbakcep: 
rtW Oufrin, I Hhu. It^iH, p. 4-17 |, atij ■ 
of ihv face of Oliver CromwHI, takm 
death. 

[No adtiqUAtc lif« of WilliMimi exbta 
.Sormon, hy Rntns, 1716. Tma Copv f 
Will ... of Daniel William*. ITr 
wkl h app<-n<Iic«9<. 1801); Dvfov'a Ui-i 
Lir«, 17'" (■^°<bimtad to James Pviri-, 
Conriuu-Ttiuu. 1727. ii. B6S; Calatiiv ^ -- 
IHSO (rawtini); Cklamvs Funeral Serve 
Mi^. WiUiamK. IBBS ; l.ife by Harris, rr 
to Pnnitfral Discourses, 1738 ; P.i' 
ciiiifiiniiistn Memorial. 1803. iii. i) • 
Diwirntin^ {'biirrfisB of London, tM»f<, 
MorpKi's Acocu'ir of iho Lif*, wiJ AU 
ihfl (list, of I)r. WiHiamsa Tm« in 
RopcFiiitory. 181* p. 201, 1816 p. 's;^ 
prjtited in 'PnptnreUtinic to . . . Daail 
liams,' IKIS) : AnaEtrong'M Appaodti to Xtf' 
nonu'it Oidiiinlion S*r*-i*<i, 18X9, p. (iS; C«. 
EJiiihiirith (imluaCM, 1858. i>, ^SO: J^Hf 
Presbyterian Knod aik\ Dr. (tanwl ViDiia 
Tnal. )8B£, Urrsdnlc'ii Iligc.of tbe PiW»t^ 
in England, IB89, p. 471 : A. N pAtaitesOtl 



Williams 



389 



>ViHiams 



I 



_ aMOBfcmitr of Wrsshnra 1 1880]. pp. I«. 33, 
S7, AS. ttS; iTirorntiillon kiartiT furuitbcd from 
tht Offlpi- of Armn, J>ul)lin CmiU, pir «. I). 
Biirteh'iclt, <-»«). . »tid by itvo Rcr. F. U. Juiiwi, 
Ur. Willinmii'a l.ilimry.] A. (i. 

WILLIAMS, SiH DAVID {ir,!i»? 

161.'i),iuiigt*, Ijoni about l.iiSO (Jonbs, JlrerA- 

nc'ksAire), wiiji tliL' lliini nnd youniT'-'st fun of 

C'wilym nji Jolmvclian, naulMtHiilial VHixuHn 

of niaunnewj-ddln tliL> puriHh nf V*rradf»lltp, 

]!m.'l(ni)i^ii)i1>iri:. Sir .Icrliti I'ric*' [([. v.], tlii' 

historiniij was first {""iiinin to hiii father. 

HnTiiii^bwniL'irnitTvda student oft I'le Middlo 

Tt'iiipli- on -Jl June I*rfW(wlii-n In.- w<W di- 

ficrib^d AS th«8t.-cotidBou of William WiUtaum 

of SimdbplvL'f, bt was culk>d lo the Itur on 

10 I-'eb. l.'TtS, and *.,tv«1 iw LbhI nwier in 

loUt, and double l^nt roadiiriii 15H-1. Wil- 

llunfl 064)11 irt'd much wtallh l*y thL' «xt.>rci«i) 

of liii profi>i(*i»n, and luiisl (irivu I'lijov.-d a 

larpr lopnl i>raclic*, for hi; wili recarder of 

Urvcktt'X'k rruin 1587 t'» 1(K>I, and his nnmc* 

fti'pi-iint a» rroininr of ('iinnartln-niin 1(1 July 

liibi( Corfu/ration Ilrvordt). Fruui^.Iiine 

IWl ti> lu Aiiji- ir>9-*i iw WB* llii.*i]ii«ijn'»at- 

tfirnev-pjuKml in ihi' cmirt of grcal flt^-iinnn 

fnr llie cnuntiv* of Oarmnrlheii, Cni-dlKaii, 

Poiiibrftk-*. KfT't-ittirtck, mid liadnur. IT>'OPc.n- 

ionally argued bt?fort?tLt? Slar-ctiniub*r. lie 

fwiiiillcfl to thBdeprwtif ftL'i^pant-at-lBwoo 

Nov. \'i^'-\. Olid ufttr that dniv Lis uhiul' 

ipears as priicti.-iiig in tbn rimrt nl WV*!- 

iastur, wbyn.' bfl itritued in Ilmwti v. I'oaier 

r tli4> lie foil dim t (rt" KliKalH-llil, nnd in tlii) 

larl nC i'Rinbmkt* o. Sir llt'ory Ilcrklpy. 

Willimn" •crviid ii» M,1'. for nnfcknockin 

i- fourjiftrlianH'nt* \U^\ fi. liiKll 7,I-')>^-l>. 

d UW-8(0/ftm/ Jifturut). Uii 11 .June 

July) Io98 Burghlcr wroK^ to Sirliobert 

" : ' Aa for cboicf 01 a burua ... X ibiuk 

»y][ or Williama may supply rbfr (ila^e . . . 

ythi'V bviiiou uf small living' (Puck, Z>e- 

d^rata ('Ki-i'i*»rr, p. 18'J), Thmij^li Willianm 

Inotnrceivi' the appnintmi^nt at thiaiinip, 

IhnMrt.i'Mii'in cif.Iaincn I by wn« kntpbted 

iSiLfuly lfH):i, and on -1 Feb. follow) nffwa-t 

[tputnti;d fifth, or au additional, fimsiie ju«- ' 

of thi> court, of kinfr'j> bi-iicb, atid was 

m into oHict' seven days afterwards. On 

Nov. 16I.W Itiilpli. lord Kiire, prvsidt-nt 

Wole*. wroce couiiiluiiiiriff of WiUiaui»'« 

citv in allowinR reciiMiiilstu lake tliK uatb 

itkfrinncc in a tnudiltcd fonn ut rhi- la^t 

lereford aaaieM. On il Jan. ]rtl(»-ll WiU 

wM plnrL-d on n commlfRinn with Sir 

Iward Plirttipfi t^. V. |, niaetor of tfav rolls, 

Pi'ter ^Varhurton {^q. t.], imd othew, to 

iir c-aiiK>w in cbaiidTT. 

"Williatnsdie.1 on ■J2.fiin. 1(512-13. FU'Was 

|l«iTi.'d in ih« priorj'chiircliof St. John thu 

Brangetist, Urecknock, where a aumptuoua 



monutiifnt Mtill rxisL'^ 10 his memory, bnt the 
monument in Kin^'Ston Uu^uii^ cnureti, re- 
curding tlit- fart that a porlirmof hi-iffnuiru 
WHS bnritfd there, is no louifer lo be found. 
His will, made an lu Feb. ll11L-li!, wan 
proved uu 27 Jun. IiU:J 13. An otl-]jiiJniing 
of Uiejudifeiii jireiervedat the manor-house, 
NVthur Winchvndon. Buckin^hamiibiri;. 

WillinniH ut iwiil to hiivr Wen eiinrRioualy 
rich. His landeil poB*ej*ions were extt^neive. 
In ludl hi' bad ]inrcliit«<'d Inndx in VHlrad- 
fflllrt and ll''vynopk, ami in l8(H) lie bought 
the Gwernyfed estate (Joxw, History nf 
liitvknfjck^hirc). Uy granl or purchase ho 
aUo Qujuirud many manors in Brecknock- 
»hire. Itadnorshire, iler*.'fr)rd»hir(f, (.lloucftS- 
Ivrjihip:, and H'.'rit>hirtf, wliile it ia probable 
thnt hi* Hi-cond wift? broutrbt him the manors 
of ShiHurd und Gulof<n>. and ihi.^ CokcMhorptt 
i.'Sliito in OxfonUhirv. liy di?ed,dated l(Jia, 
bii uavf ihf iJTcat lithen of (j wenddwr, which 
hud beL'n grantod to him by the crown, to 
triiiltH-H to 111- i>pi-nl in various nharitabJe 
iiHi-a: ibu unnuul incomi' is now 1^^/. Mm 
miidti his jiritu'ipal n-^idenci* iit Kingston 
lIoiiM (now calh'd llam (?oiirt, Dampton, 
once ibe residence of the Kmpn-w Mntdda), 
on the (idfof theTbHrncK. in Kingflton Bae- 
piize, Ik-rkithire, to the church of whi^h he 
j(uve a ni'w belltower lI>A%BXPORT, AnnaU 
"f ikifwd»kirr\. 

WilliimiNinarriedtwiw, tirst, before Io7&, 
JInrRTin,'t,yotinirf»t dauRlileruf Jtihn Games 
of Abfrhriiii, ItrW'knnckfihirf. a dt-Hcrndant 
of David Oain fq.T.] of Nfwton: by her ho 
bud nine §onji and two ilauRhters, 01 whom, 
howivfrfOnIvfournurvivml liim. He married, 
secondly, at- Xinstit'>n Bag^mr.e o-n. '},% .June 
l.i»7,I>orotIiy,widowofJohTjI>fttton of King- 
ston, and dauffbtcr and cobeiresti of Oliver 
Wellshorn of I'^st MaunnT, Borkshiro {litf 
ffurtr), 8he was buried ai fvingftifn Itn^puze 
on JO llfc. ItWlt. Ii« will beinjt proved in the 
prerogative cniirt of Canterbury on 1 Fub. 
following. 

William.t'fi eldest son.Sir Henry [d. Itl-Stl"), 
was father of Sir Henry Willinmsti/. l<li'iL')j 
who waa ert^nted a baronet on 1 May 1B44, 
and left two sons, Henry and WnUur, the 
sHcnnd and tbinl liaronol*. On thrt dpath of 
SSr WollLTin lOtH or lliltft, ibe baronetcy 
became nxtinct, but was wrongfully tmatmaea 
bv tile Uev. Gilbert ^\'illtiiius of Rose llail, 
rtBrtf<inl)ibtre,nini nwidby btsaott and grand- 
son until the latter's death in 1708. TUo 
iudfce'st bird sou, Kof^rJWldnacendauta.wbo 
inturniarripd with the Coamhaa and Lnaden 
of that county, mid spread into Berkshire. 

tJi>aes'% Ui"t. of lireeVnovkshir* and Burkr'a 
tistinet BatoDPtAg^^ wlticb aro, bowavet. on 
aoma poiitta T*ty inaccurala; Clftrk'* Osnealo- 



Williams 



390 



Williams 



I'url. Hist of Wain ; FoM'«Judi:eH: prrAwiiH 
formatioB. suppliad by .Sir Edinicd Luuler Wil- 
liani*. knt_ of The Itnk*. Altriactittu. kmI br 
IL J. T. Wood, ewi., t»rriRt«r-Kt-Uw, ot Liiwola ■ 
Inn.] W. R. W. 

WILLIAMS, U.KVm (rf, 1791). ttVUh 
liym n-vri It? r, K>n nf Wtlliura ltlivii,wafl n 
uative of CarmartheDBbire. The year of bia 
hirtti it Tnrti>ii»]j jriv«n ii» 1713'(fitnii hi« 
lombstoDe) mid 171H (from tbu wcond part 
of * Uorfolc^ld jm JUhrbyll Heiao '), Ud Ihe 
ri«e of th« mvitiodikte bi*b(.-caiiioont>uf clieir 
• exlioTltrs,' ftotl acted for n Lime o* one of 
tlio supi'ri[iti.-ndi-DCa of \iie O&rniBrthcaabirG 
»incLetir4i. Hi wu iitiiu at-iit 'III ■ miMStim to 
Bala (Methodittia/-th Cifmru, i. 4^7 1, I^aav- 
in|{ li'm hoMic nt t.lnn rynvdd nnd hu cm- 

finrmfrit 11.1 n tiilnr, hf «rftlf>d at Linn 
)eilo Till V Uuai, OlamorginHbira, a* innster 
of "lilt of Mndam Ititviin'ii NchnoiB, nnd Kub- 
ftoquftiuly kept Bc]utf)l ar HaftHnW, Mon- 
mmitlwliirv.otiil Tre Witling, nenrPetenton 
super K\y (l.latibedr ,v Fro J, Olamorgaii- 
sbire. At I'ttergfon lit* joined in J777 lb« 
baptiMn, bcin^r amonft the Qnt. members of 
ibo cliurcb furmwl m Cnws y I'nrc, UuOiud 
at Peteraton on I Oct. I7[M, and wot. biirit'd 
iborv. His vitv wot tbu duiighter of a 
proHporouA farniiir, and lit-r want of oym- 
patliy with Uer huflband'ci puniiitft wa.^ the 
(K'Casion of niiicli bickeri!i(t. vrhicli, Iradition 
nlt«if>'B,hroii(fhr alKiiitbi*rvtirfmpntfrom the 
inetDndist body. Tbt-v hnd oik- *iii, lnni«d, 
WillianiH, t^-bo u^imlly calkd himaelf 
' !>Bfvdd Wilium,' wo* 11 jiroliilc wrilor of 
ri^li^ous olfgifs ; Iwi-lvi! uTf. n^iirdi>d iindt^r 
Li« uniuo ill ' Llyfryddinftli y Cymry' be- 
twenii \7tiii mill iri'^. But iK-isbcal Itnown 
an a wriler of hymns. Of itiAse he publislitid 
» fir«t ctillfction iibfHit l7(t'J ((.'armiirtben). 
under llip titlf^ Miorfnlodd yiti Mliehyll 
Soion' ('Joy in the Ttnts of Zion'); a 
•ecoiiil part wni< io*iiod in 1777 (Curainr- 
tben), a third aud a fntirth in 177^ (bixli m 
ItrMon), whiltt ad Eu^liitli tranAlation uf- 
peared at Urocoii in 1779. Tlio four iinrla 
wurt' pJiUishud a» oue ut llrwin in 1"H2. 
UlhiT collcotinDi! of hymnfi written hy him 
wen' ' Difi-rioti o I'Tymm li.'rhydu-ritt'ljth ' 
(' l^rapjiintts from the Fount of Halvalion '}, 
1777 ; ' Tclynnii i BUnt yr Addewid ' 
(• Harpa for thf ('hildrt^n of IVoiniw '), 
Bpwod, l7tf'J: 'tlwiui'r Diffygiol * (* Win*- 
for ihi' FKincinf;'), CannartliLn, 1787; nnd 
' Yr Udgorn Ariun ' [* Tht' Sihrr Truinpi't '>, 
Cftrninrthen, ]r>4t. Some of iIlo iiioHt popu- 
lar Withh liTinns arc by ihia writer, in- 
rludiii^r lilt-* ).ij-caU«<l minirw' hymn ' Vn y 
dv^i^dtl muwr a'rtonntm'f,' In tbu RilJows 
o^Great Waters'). 




(UriflUha'a Hkocs Kmnwyr Cynra; Uj* 
fnrdduwtJi y Cjmrj; Elrrt Lowiaa inU 
SiBsoMofWalw.] J. E.I. 

WII.T.TAMB,DAV!Dar38-lfH0).f. 
der of the Royal Lit«r«r\- I-'iind, wb» 
in ] 788 in ft houM colled Waen WnrI 
now occupied by tlu* CBrjwnters* ,\ 
Watford, pariidi of Ki;lwv&ilan, OluiicirE—. 
fthiwtMorieain (iirrfijjr UwHnMailfSl Ma' 
1800). Hi« &tlier, a Calvinist in re 
•nd an unfoitusate vpeculalor in minis 
miitera' tools, died in MG'^; the bmilycou- 
iu«l4Klof onefurriTiogaooaud ttrodsu|rlucn 
{i6.\ Ilia «ariy educfttiou hnd Ix^n panlj 
undcrJobnSmith,Tiearof Bg'lwTfiilon.pArtJr 
uiidt-i- David WtUiamo, dta««ntiiiff muiiatar 
of Watford. Hif father on bis deathbed stade 
hiiD pruinifu tu «nt49- Oarmarthf a Acadeny 
In qualifv uR a diuenting minister. Eu 
etudied tiiere, with on exhibition from llw 
lx>udon presbytorian liuanl (176S to Ohrist- 
moA I'^Of under Erou Davi«», a pupil of 
John Knm>^ fq, v.] The acadviny, Lit&eflo 
Calvtni«t, hoa oegun to ocoiiifL- a beterodoi 
T«pat(>. From February lfS6 tbp Losdni 
eoiijTrej;(iitional board wnt no ftudenta, owi^ 
10 ttiv nllv)n.'d Arianivju of Davius's nmiffili'. 
^tunnel Thomu. UanM himaetf nMipiM 
hilt chair in 17i>9 undor Fu»picion nt Ar- 
miitianuiin(JBBeilT,iVflir^/i-riVin/'i(W,l>^>, 
pp.47, 4It). Williona vae ordained tn 17W 
to ll]« chnrf^ of th» disMnt in({ con^r^alioa 
tttKrom^, Somermt,nna))tip(.-ndof 4Jif. Thin 
waa the cong'^jt*'''*'' from which Th'Jtuu 
Morgan {d. 174S) [q-v.]. tho deiat, bad been 
di*mii<*ed in 172U. VS illiama's tlteolontml 
views did not prove Mtiafacton'. In 1701 
hu n-movfd to thi- Mint mvetuig, Eutw. 
foan<liKl by James Pelree ^q. v.j Hftv ht 
wsa rt«rdaiDL-d ( Annual Stvyrapky, 1819. f- 
^B). }lr ]in-]ian!d ' A Liturgy on the Pria* 
cipleB nf the Christian lleligmn,' wbteh » 
said to have been adiiptiil by his coagraa- 
tioti (/A.) He aonn quaTntdii-d trith ' elder 
membere ' who objwtM to hi6 opiuionn. H* 
retorted by hndinf; fault with their mnnlf. 
Hy way of ail 'accommodation 'he left Exvta 
about 1 769 to take charge of a waning eon- 

?n>k;aiion in Sonthwtwd Lane, Higliftate. 
liddlenex. To this congregation tlia father 
of John Wilhes [q, t.I imm to drive in a 
(.-•«>'li-nnd-Mx i/fmt. Mag. 17961,1. li!6). la 
thiF> cbarjte be appeara to havB remaincvl till 
3 773. His withdrawal wa9 ascribed dt 
himjtc^lf TO ' till? tniri^uea of a ladv,' and to 
no rejection of revelation, 'whidi ho had 
token for ffrBntcd'l,MoKiiia,p. 4). IIi» wr- 
ce»8or. in 1774, was Joseph Towere [q. v.] 

Ilia firflt publieation, *The rhiloaoohft, 
in Tbnw Couvenati'iiu',' 1771, 8vo (dwli- 
cn>t«d to Ijord Manatield and IBidioi) n< 



( 




Williams 



39» 



Williams 



* 



burtoa), CQutaining & project of cburck 
rvCorm, draw Lho atU-ntioii of John J«b)> 
(1730 I'Wi^^o. v.] Witli the eo-operaiion 
of Jolin Lee (1733-179;*) \i{. \.] a propoaal 
M-Qfl set on faot for opening u cbupel in 
l>)nili>n witli an expurgnted |>myer-book. 
Williams wns to draw nttunUon to ihu pkn 
tlirougb tliu ])iilj1iv iiApcro. Hi* cuuimuni- 
ciiiions to thp'I*iibfic Advertiser* — repuH- 
li&hed as ' Essays od I'uWic Wonship, I'nt riot- 
wtH, iinil ProjfCi* of lU'frtnniitiftii ' (nimn., 
1773,870; ind edii., witli appciidix, 1774, 
8to)— wcr« so ddetic in toiu- ii« to put im 
ond to tliu Mcbume. 

A Uule far the dranifi led lo biA t^ 
qiiDmtaiKMi witli David (iarrick [)}. T.]. 
whom ha tiict ul till* liouae of iv ho»tt*»m 
• tliB w\ts of iUl' lime.' 'With this lady lu> 
vixitvd Hunry Miuw(>]i [4- v. J, tli« iictor, who 
nttrtl>ul»d hit mijirorliiiw!" to CJarriek'a neg- 
Iwt. Williams wrolt> to iht- papuni i-m- 
hodvi'if? Mo4t*n|rii vii-vr, hiit thi- c«uiuiiini(!n- 
tioii waa nni printed [ii. p. 5). Three 
months later (prof.) ht> |>iibh«lii.'d lilx kpi'n 
but tniciil^^nt 'tii^ltcr lo David (larricit ' 
(anon.). 177:^, Hvo. According to n note 
by John I'hilip Kt-mblo [i\.v.] in the Britiuli 
Miieeuin copy thuru waf a ucoud edition; 
WiUinmA, in an odvortisL'niKnt at thu end 
of bit) ' Luutun.*,' l"7',l, vol. i., Llaim* the 
authorahip of the ' Leller/ and atflrms that 
tlip,n' was 'a anrreiilitiouH udition.' Morrin, 
who reprints the' Li-llir' nith a wronjjdittn 
(1770), esTH ic wiL" wirbdrawTi from snlu 
iib. yp. 6, y-t). In the * rrivare C^mjupon- 
ucnce of David fSftrrick,' 1831, i. -lAT, i» a 
U'H«r {-2 IJct. 177:^), »!(tued ' D. W—s," hint- 
ing that the niibliahed ' Letter' wa» by 'o 
yvunjf iiiHU wlio is uiaking biin<ieir known 
'u« a 6rit-ratt? ^niua. . . , Ilia name if 
WilUams. llti in iutiinato at CupUuu Pyt-'n. 
(ioldi^niith knuuN him, and I liavf- imm bim 

fo into JolinEoii'g ' (cf. Ji'tiCr* and Queriei. 
st eer. vi.&77), Jainvs IVmdcn [q. v.], llie 
edilnr of the 'Correspondi^nt'c, rails ibu 
writer (evideutt.T^Villiains hi tnwlf) an 'iLrTr> 
gmnt boy ' ( ibe oripnfil lelT^r i* in the Fnr- 
»t«r CoUuclion at Soutb Kensington). On 
MoMop's dealh (IK Nov. 1773) Williainfl 
wrolu lo (iiUTJcU, and rf-ct-ivud a touching 
reply (Ibe letter, dated ' .Vdeluhi. 177:5,' is 
pnntvd in tin- ' <_'ardii!' Weekly *lail,' ut 8up., 
from thf oriKimil among WilliHnis'a paptrs 
in the nnHSHs^ion of Mr. Joseph Evans, tbc- 
Bank, CneqjliiUy). A »lorv told hv \'\lz- 
gerald ( Lift o/ (SarricJc, ll^fiH, li. 354)" to the 
ulItjGt that Williams broui^ht to the Ilay- 
msrkcl ' some ywirs after ' a farre too coarsp 
for representation mav aafelv ba ^e^^lected 
(of. C. V. T^agart] iii Athi-naum^ Iti Mav 
1808, p. 701). 



Ill 1773 WiUifinu toi^k u Iiouh<! in Luwrenea 
Strtet, Cbelaea, married u wife withuut a 
furtuiiu, aud Htt up u twhool. Aa thu fruit 
of hi>« taiuiiitr^' be imblixht^ a volume of 
' Sdrmons, cbii-flv upon Reliji^ous Ilypocrifly ' 
[l"71],8vo. His vdiicdtiount idea», founded 
on tbose of John Amnfl ("omeniua (l-'iOS- 
1671), lie embodied in bis 'Treatise on Edu- 
cation,' 177-», Kvo, Biink-lejtming he snbor- 
dinatvd to scientific trainintr tMuwdonaticBt- 
hoiid knowltdgn of actiiat t'uda. llemadt? 
a iiovel applicutioii of tli'- druukcn bvb>t 
plan, ohtaiuioff from a workboiiM a ' lying 
□oy' us tin obii'ct-lcMon, IIih school pro- 
■•[H.-r^'d lM.'yond hid expectationn, but I ha dmtli 
of hifi wife (1775H} for a time unmanned 
liiin. Hn ti»re hiniM'lf nwiiy, ' limviiig bit 
scholars lo sliill for tbeniAcI veil,' and 'aecluded 
bimHlf in n distant country' for 'tnauy 
monthx ' {^Annuiil Hiugrayku, ut nop. p. SO). 
fie went to Buxton, according to 'Orpheuft, 
Priest of Nature,' 1781, p. 7. He never re- 
turned to Chttl.-^fH^, 

In 177'1 Benjamin Franklia 'took T«fug(* 
from H politicAi atorm ' in Wilbams'e house, 
aud bocamv iuler>t»ted in his Bi:ii>tbod of 
teaching arithmetic (Lecture* wt Edueation, 
17B9, iii. 24). Franklin joined a aicinll club 
formed at Ciielsea bv William^. Thomas 
Beutky (1731-1780)' [<i. v.l and Jamee 
Srimrt (1713-1788) ftt. v."^, known as 
'Atlienian Stuart.' At this clnh Willianut 
bmacLed the scheme of a soeietv for reliev- 
ing diatre««ed authors, which F'ranklin did 
not encourage hini to pursui'. ll wan noti^d 
at the club [bat mo«t of the members, thobigb 
"good men,' yet " m-vur wont lo church.' 
Franklin regretted the want of 'a mtiouul 
tVrtn of devotion,' To supply this, VVilliaina, 
wilb aid from Fniiiklin, dn-w un a fonn. 
It was printed fix limes before it iiatislied 
it-i projerlor* (Morilim, p. 12}, and was 
eventually publishi-cl i\a * A Liturgy on 
the I'niversal IVincipIes of Religion and 
Morality,' 177G, i*\o. It docs not contain 
his reduction of the creed I'J one nnicltf. * I 
lK.-1ieve in Ciod. Amon.' It was translated 
into Oerman bv Hchoeiiumaun, LuiuzLg, 
1 7«4. 

<.>n 7 April 1770 (aeo advorliaemeiit in 
Moriiiiii/ i'i*»/,2Nov. 177(1) Williams u|wnml 
for morning service a vacant chapel in Mar- 
^rct, Slwet, Cavendish Square (tlie build- 
ing was renlaer^ in |k58 by All Sainta', 
MiLfgarel Street). u»ing hie liturgy, and 
reading Iwtonw*, wilb tcxu usually from 
the Bible, aomeiimes from clwaic authors. 
He got ' about a score of auditors ' (Annunl 
Jfioiirnph^. ul sup. p. 2fi), who wcm to 
have beou persons of dialioction. Tb» 
opening locturu wt. YiVJCv^iA. 'Owfwik A 



Williams 



39^ 



Williams 



!&■ KtafRT wm mt to 
. Orbi amdio Vobatrv. wfco mumrmai kpT**- 
> OBliv* W tt u CT ia hwl Frenefa *ai end 
Si^^ mrwtttrlT (A. p. »: for Vol- 
ttainV latter m fiill mk Cantif U'ltkkf 
MmJ, «k m. I Sir Josnh B«aki [q. t.J 
•Dd Ituiitfl Chuka Soluadsr [i] r.] * now 
Mill th'n peefed into tho duf^X, uul jrot 
awav M fut u tWv ikcvtitW c«iald ' ( .vr- 
tuin»fBotai^\^\S,a\.«:). WiUiftiM's 
' Lvctor Ut ikv Body of I'mtesistic l>i»- 
Mnteca.' 1777, 8to, ii a pW for audi brvodth 
of loUntioo M woaki legally cover such 
•arrice* ■• hi*. All the expmM* ttU on 
WiUiuBi, wko wu nred from nun ott\j 
br tho sabaeription to tu» ' Lieetam oq the 
Cniraiftl PrineiplM ud Uutioa of BaGcion 
and Morality,' 1779, 1 voU. 4(o. 1%«m 



Ftvdtsieli tbe i iW ««ne T««r, and wxih the anno oWmL biJ 



■ne««BeT««r, and aniii the aanioOMM^bi 
timnaUted u>d published Vi^tnin^c'7kMOI|| 
OB TblantwD,' * Ignomnl Phitoonphcfr,'] 
' Cammtuiaxj ' on Boeearin. In 1 7i 
iiiilBd * A I^JUl of Aaanctntiun on 
lioBal PrinoplM:' and on the 
eonoiT uaocialiutw fur |Hrliain«ntary i 
bp pabliftbi^ liU 'Lrttcn on I'l^litiral !>-' 
brrti ' (u)on.>. 17S^. f^vo (traoslatcd mio 
Ftvach br Briamt, 1878, ^vn). Briwot \ru 
tb«n in I..oadoa condoctino' the LvKVm. 
RoUnd Tiittad London in WtSJ, when WU- 
liams nude bb aequaintanw. 

\\'illianu'» pnbbcatirtas at thii period ut- 
dude ' L>.-tt4m concfniins; EtlucatiuD.' 1785, 
Kvo; *I[o?ttt lEeoollfrtioo* on a Tour lo 
Chehfnbani'iuMni.^l'dJ^. @vo (tv?lT<'rdi- 
lion* in the hudc Tear; n rjil fa^^r diiufpvwiUp 



lecuma (crilicat ntht-r tlun constractire. | min, rpproduKJ in French, IK:!^ f*vni; 



and BOt aioquent, tboiwU mil writion* 
wen ntA at MaignrM btreat in li<6'7. 
n« expniaant it nid to ban lasted four 
yaats, but it ia pnshable tbiu after ika aaeond 
ymt the wr ri ca * wen not held id Mamm 
Blrv*^ ; tWv vrm truMfenvd.on tlw advice 
of Robert .MelvUle (1723 ISOO) [q. rXtom 
room itt tlw British coffee-boos*, Caariag 
Croa*, Melriltc ^TiofT a dinnw in Brewer 
Streetafter aervioe,* with excellent Madeira' 
(Aiatuai Biojiraphy, ut aup. p. i^ -. Orpheus, 
ui sup. p. 1\ mtiniat«-s tlut aAer Inrin^ 
Harfnret Street tht-rt) was n h-cl um, IhiI no 
woruiip). Tbff fitBi^nent bv Thonua KotDor- 
ville rq. v.] tliat M>'lville looV litm, in tbe 
period I"7»-8fl, to the aerrioi* in ' Portland ' 
Hquan {Own Li/#. 18t)I. p. SI7> is no doubt 
due to a alip of m«moi7-. SoaM^rrille'a 



L«irfHraa on Political Prim-iples.' t7t*9,8TD; 
'Lecturea on K(liii-»ti»ii,' I7KS*. .t vnl*. f-ra; 
' LeaauBS to a Voun^c Print-ti ' (,anon.j, 1790. 
8yo. 

The idea of a ' litprmTy fund ' to aid *di*- 
traaaad talKOta' was again au^gested by 
Williams in a rlub nf fix persona, fonned 
on the disoontinuanoe of his Sunday li;ctiin» 
(l7A)),and meetinfat the Prince of Walet* 
rortee-hoiiJtf, Oouduil Sireec, Amoof it* 
orifrinal membt^n, besides Williams. ireK 
Captain l'homa» Morris ~ftee under Mouu, 
t'nxKLXS]. John (innlnor [^q. tJ (vicar ri 
Battorsw), and perfaa[vi Jolin NicWl« 'q-*'] 
{Anaual BiagrapAjf, xit iup. p. :^; the wriisr 
of ihe article mis anocheri. Fruitl«e» sp- 
plications wenmade after 17S3 tol^li i^cho 
ihoii^l. tlw ln«tt(^^ very imj^ortntit ), Frn, 



l\uther state ment ihnt the 'dtNpeniuo ifhi* i Burke, andSirJiw-pL Bnulis. An adrcrtif)^ 



flock* was due to Williami's 'immorality' 

becomiag 'notorious' bmou n groundless 
slander. No faint of it is conveyed in l)i« 
satiric UmpooD ■ Orpheus, Priest of Naturi',* 
1781, 4to. which alKrnim on thv contrary, 
that Williams'* prinriiiWwere loo strict for 
his hL-«rvt«. The app«llatioo ' Priest of Na- 
ture' is said lo have been Unt ^^^n him 
by Franklin (Moreis, p. U): 'Orpheus' 
aacribea it to* a Socratic woollen-draptrr of 
Corent Qardim.' Gr^goira aRtrms | HUi. dn 
Sret^n tlrliyinun'r, t8i'N, i. SiiJ) that he had 
it from Williams that a number of his fol- 
lowers pB«aed fr«m deicni lo ntlioiam. 

Willianu now supjiortTvl hinixelf hy taking 

SivatvpupiU. After thespeeohof Sir George 
ivile [i]. v.] on 17 March 1773 in favour 
of an amendment of Ihe Toleration Act, 
Willisiwi piiblialted a letter on 'The Nftture 
and Kstent of Intellectual Libt-rly,' 1778, 
Kvo, cisiminff tliAt rrtli([iiiiiN tuhtmtiou 
nhould be withoiU TeMtictlan. It was 



ment was published (October 17^>, 'with 
no malvriai ediDet.' Hie dt^ath in a deblon' 
prison <l April 1787) of Hoyrr HydrnfaaiD 
[q. v.l led ^^ illioms to prtva the tnaticr. IIm 
riob, not beine iinanimouii, was dissalved, 
and ano(hpr(Qf ei^t membc^rs) foraed. At 
il» first raeelioff (spring of 17**^) the oonstt- 
tiition of lite Literary Fund, drawn np bjr 
Williams, was adopted, each meODber 9ul>- 
scribing n gnini<a. An tdvertisenent 
(10 Mar 1788) invtied fUriber aubaerip- 
tioos. Thu first general nieetins to elael 
officers was held on Tuesdar IdlUay 1790 
at the l*riuc« of ^^'al«■ll's coffetf-hoitiw. In 
the course of twelve years 1,7.18/. wa» dis- 
tributed ainon^ lUA pwraODx (Ar^rntnt >>^ fir 
Inntitution, 17l)A; Ctainu of lAteratwt. 
l»Cti. p. 101 >, The aooietr was incorporated 
19 Mar IHI^ : in IMS it bicune the Royal 
latenry Fund. It now poaa e aa e a an tsooBie 
exceeding 4.0W1/., half from inveatnunta, and 
half from annual coniribot ionA. The iaati- 



"iwered hy Mwiasaeii Uaifea ^^. v.'\ \n,\\a.'ufi(B. VjAA* a. very high place %taaag iha 




Williams 



393 



Williams 



* 



philnnrliMpicageHciMof (lie couaWy ( Royal 
Xiteraiy J-wi Rej>ort, 1899). 

At I li* instance of Dr. nnoper tif Pwit-jr- 
(Joetre aad Mortnin «!' Trmli-gur, Willium* 
»iiwlcrtool( to writ*? a hinlory nf Monmniith- 
shirD, anJ in 179i visitwl thu county U> 
coiled materiuls. iShorily uftrrwnnlft Ito- 
Inttil, during kls second term of oHice as 
ministtr of the inlerior, invited Williamn lo 
Pnria. He wt-nt over uboul Au^'tut 1792, 
w»s miuli? ft FrPiicli citiion, am! remained 
till the ^xoctitiun (*2I Jhii. 1793} uf Luuis 
XV'I, a iii'.-n'iir'' wliicii (n* •triiii|r'v tJcpre- 
cnCrrl. Whilp in Paris he published ' Ob- 
servations siir In rlunjiiVri? C"ii«titiiliiiii iIp 1b 
Franci",' 17SK1, hvo (Mnudru waa thr tmns- 
laujr into Frenrh). He broiiRht with him, 
on his n-tnm, a h-tu-r tn William \\\nd- 
hiun Oreaville, baroa Greu\'illB [<[. v.], hom 
Lvbrun, minister of war, who wishuil to 
make Williams a rardium r>f nommunitra- 
Lioii Iwtwfou the two govemmenta; but no 
notice w&a tak^n of it. An Fn)rAf;emrnt 
pn>Tiousl}r vDlurvd iuto for oumpbuiitf (he 
citiiiiniintioti of Hume's ■ Uistoiy of Entr- 
laml* wns nunuellud, owiq^ to ibe politiL'al 
odium inciirrxl by hi>' viwt to France. His 
■Hiiitory of Miinniouilishiri'," 1790, 4to,with 
illu*trRtion« driiwn and imrtly i-nffrniwl by 
his frifnd flardnor, and a wxy modeat in- 
troduction, is still the standard worlt on the 
suliji'Ct ; unfortunately it ha* no indi'x. 

AAiT the in-ac'.' (.tf .\mii.'ii* (ItjO:?) be 
H^uin vi.iit'tl l''riini'e. [I wasaurini^ed that 
hi! had been (jnlrtitted with vimv vuiilidi-D' 
tial nii»"iiin by ibc EisKli-^li k*'*''"""*"'^- 
Bt;forn Uiavinj be had [lulilitbed 'C'laime of 
Lileraturw,' l"*02, ^to (now wlil., with rat— 
moir and portrait, ISI ft, I'vo), an authorised 
account oft he Literary Fund, Oti his rt-tiini 
he issued one or two nnoiiymou.i ptilitical 
tracts, ^howin^, it is said, a diminish'"! 
confidence in rerolutionnry methods. Hia 
authorship of somu aDurLvrtiou^ publications 
is drmbtiul. (Hi internal eridenCB ht* i« 
eredited with 'Ef^eriu,' 1803. 8vo, iiit«nd«d 
M a lirel volitmtt uf n p-riiHliral derotod to 
political *'i;onomy. His iwriiniiiry resourew! 
failed him. 

Hi* had unflVred from paralytic atlai.-liH, 
and had a severe e-troke in ll^ll.from which 
time his faciilti><s diiolin>*d. H<; was invited 
to take up his abodo in the house of the 
Literary Fund, .'tOliemirtI Street, J^ohn. and 
tliurn ho rtiraainwl liU his death, regularly 
atti^ndin^i thesDciety's meelinss. At n i«|i*ciii] 
tneetinfr of the |^nL*rnl eommilt<:-e, held with- 
out WilliantaV knowlrdfin on :fi> July \S\h, 
it was resolved tn offer him W/. cvtrry t-\x 
mouilis, as evidence of thi- conimitte«')i ' ai- 
tachment to the fir^t principled of their ao- 



ciely,' Only one instalment was paid before 
his death on :i9 June 1816. A nwond instal- 
lment wa.4 handed to his nieri^ and honae- 
keeper, Mary Watkins. On 6 July bw wan 
bmnH in St, Anne's, Sohn, wh<?re i.* a brief 
iosicription to his mvmory. A poetic tri- 
bute by \>'illiam Tbomaa Fitifrerald ['!■ v.] 
U in the '(ieiitleinunV Ma^utino,' 1617, i. 
445. Hia portrait hv J. F. Kigaud, ILA., 
waa preactntod to tlifl Literary Fund by 
Mlu Watkins in 1818; it wtm «nfiraved 
(1770) hy Thorathwaile. A bust by Kirhard 
WrBlmncnU wttB prwwntf-d tn the LitTsry 
Fund by the scnlptor, A ailhnueite profile 
is (liven in the ' Gentleman's MojiBiine,' 
ISltl, ii, 89, and badly r'^produeed in the 
'Annual Biography,' I81S, i). 10. He was 
tall and slim, witblar^a^guilincnose, ^itiall 
in<>uib,and small eyes diileplyst^t: careful, 
though phuii, in dress, and latterly discard- 
injc a wiff. Fitzgerald {Lifr nf Oarriek, ul 
sup. ii. 300) mvulioua his 'dcvp purple 
velvet BUiL* A (tood son and a wanu friend, 
be was Eucial in d!s{in»itiuu, 'but hatctibuuf* 
l4>rouii noiMi' (MoKRis, p. '201. Hiit will, 
dated l(t Jiilr 1811, luft his papers to his 
ex'-cnlori.,KiclTard Ynt.'sllTffll-lH.'MUq.v.], 
chaplain of CheUiMi ilospitnl, and Tliomas 
Wittingbam: bi« other property to his niece 
and bouwkci'per. Mnrj- Wiitkins (_rf. Tj Feb. 
1815), who reiuovwl from Uernml Street 
lo IjOWer SJoani- Street, and afterwards to 
King's Koiid, CbvWa. 

(liiiittiiii; Ke{Mirsl« seTmonit and a few 
trams, all niH known writings are chronicled 
above. The British Miift'iim catnln^^iv 
o.^'cribeH lo him (without probability) a prs- 
fatory letter in WeUh to Ine VVelsh tninsla- 
lion ^I7Bi'), l2mo) nf ■ EpiMolary Comwpon- 
dence' withi^udemnn by .Samuel I'ike[q.T.j 

[WilUiima \fft n itianusctipt autobiography, 
ll)» orininHl of whii^h was (18&U) in lh*jpoMN- 
aion i>f his gretit-grnii(!nepbe«. Mr. 'Tboinaa 
JrijlciiiN, I'ant veiling, i)(iwliti». ThiM waa nsod 
for lli-o msmnir in Annnnl Kiogtnnbr, ISIB, and 
more fully by 'SloriDD,' ia Canliff Weekly Hail. 
■11 M'ly 1890. vbo wiir ttic * rcruf^ dnft' of 
•R. ]),>' intimoir in lirtit. .Mnir. lRt6. ii. 8S. 
JUunHs'n Qoaeial View of the Life niid Writinna 
. , .. drawn nyt fur thn Chmniifiie du Mols, 17Q!f. 
((iriwrnlunMo pnrlii-ulnn lodjieliYan iutimnta 
friend. Public Chanictdrs of I7fi8-». 1801. p. 
41^2; R^iM nnd ThainaoH Hants Kglvsi Aiini- 
bjnn) Cvntni. 1876, ii. ■ilHundrr ' Wiil^wd*); 
WilU of Williums (proved 10 July 181«> mA 
]IIisan''iitkliis rpraTcdfiMnrch ISIA); inf^mia- 
ti'iii from FriiicipHl Evaiia. Carniarthpn, and 
from A. Llewelya Itobotts, teq,] A. Q- 

WILUAM8, D.\VIl)(1792-IW.O).(t«>- 

logist, son nf John Williams of llarr^,<iW- 




Williams 



394 



Williams 



lie natJ-iculnitKl from JeausColle^.Oxrord, 
on ^ Uu. ItJiU, procwdinj; B.A. in 1814 
and M.A. in 1821). Prior lo this be wu 
onUiRed, and iu imu was pri>aeDt«d to tJie 
TiCftra^ of KiiwHTon oHtl the rectory of 
Blculuu, both ill ^■^lui.T.'K.-t. Tli« tull<-r place 
appears to have bei'H hia residenct', bul he 
died Bt W'ealun-HU[iur-MKrt) •»i 7 !iv^\. I$u0. 
H*> w»»«li<tt^l K.G.S. in mi'rf, ami in 1831 
piiblififaed Ilia Qr6t piLiiLi*, and cualiQUtni to 
write at inlwrrKts oit u;i^oiiviciil aiiljiiwttt till 
1^9. Thirty-one Hci^atitiR papi>ra appear 
under his nam* in thi^> lIoy>l Society's cala- 
tof^uo, mo^t of thcru relatin); lo the soutb- 
weat of KuK'uiid, and e-'Touttwa treat of the 
geology of CorriflTtill ttnJ Uovon. He was 
uridonily a careful observer, but held views 
M to tua origin of cortaiu igneotu rocks 
which would Doi hu guncrally acci'ptud m 
the present day. 

TRojal Soo. CnU «f Seientiflp PapcM; Boase 
and Courtney** DiLltuthvca CuruutiimiMn: Qoal. 
3ia(t. ]»;><), ii. &ij.] T. U. B. 

WILLIAMS, EDWAllD (Jl. 1650), wns 
the author of an early dvscriptiru work on 
Virginia. Thi- book, which was tiuillMl 
•Virgo Trimophitua, ^t Vireinia truly 
valued,' was pnbh^th^d in Ijuudun in 1(i>>0, 
4lu, A si'conil udicion ajipeun^d the aama 
year with thi* udililioii of a ('.hnplifT on tht< 
•Diacoverr of Silk-worm*,' which lii«l wiw 
ilIbo publishi-d svpuralvly, with a dudic-ation 
to tliu Virginia inert' lum In. TW»eC4>nd edi- 
tion woA reprinted in rolam» iii. of Force's 
'Trscta,' W*.liinglrin, ll<«. It is doubtful 
whelJier Willianwt ever visited the connirv 
which be exi'dled so highly; indeed bis 
inionmce of th« g('^>graphy of its coast led 
hiRi to formulate schemes of advanouoiviit 
not promising of fulfitnienl. 

[Williiiroa'B Works ; North Ameriemi Rei-k'W. 
ISlfi, i. Uy, Allil)ui«i'aL»-t. urBuKtishUl.] 

B. P. 

WILLIAMS, KDWAIII) (176(>-I81S), 
noiiconfijrmiiil divin*, wna bom at Olan 
Clwyd, near Denhifrfa, on 14 Xor, 1750. 
His father, a fanuvr of good position, sent 
him to St. Aaaph graminsr school, and hi^ 
waa iutendod for the church. But hu cumc 
as a lad under thu intliiiMiet) of thK mnth(»- 
disla of ihf district, aiid, whilo Htudyinf; 
urilh a clergyman at l)«rwfti (proWdy 'h>* 
curat*", David El lis, who tranalatBti several 
booVit inlo VVeleh), attciidwd their mi,<utLn{[s. 
Finally, he joined llii; indi^pendent church 
at Denbigh, beg'an to preacD, and in 1771 
entered the disjtentinK acudifmy at .Aberpa- 
venuy. lliii t3rjt pastoral charge was at 
liosS, where he wus mJnioter from I77o to 
1777; iu Suptumher of ihu latu-r year b» 



setlJed at Oswestry. Whiui l>r. Beojamui 
DaviMlen Abergaveony for Uomn-rton, the 
ncAdemy wae moved in May 1 7^2 to Os- 
weatry, and placed under Williams's cam, 
At th« «nd ol 17tfl he gave up both church 
ajid academy, and, with tho new yoar, com* 
menccd bis ministry at <!arr's i_jui€, Bir- 
mingham. Iu 17U:f he wa£ appoiniiKl first 
editor of the ' Kvangclical Muga2in«' noil 
n)cvirt!d the dep-ee o? D.I), from the uuivei^ 
Mty of HtliiihiirK''' "" 1*)'^ nirmingham in 
17tifi, becominfT in Svplemb^r theological 
tutor at tlie Ilotherham academv- He died 
at Rfltherham on U March lHl3. .\moBg 
die^entio^ divloe:! he is known at the ad^tn 
eat<' of a moderate furai of CalriDiam, ex- 
pounded io his book on the *£i([Utty of 
l)ivine Government' (ixindon, IBISy. Il« 
was alto the author of a diaL-ourse on the 
'Crcisa of Cltriiit ' (Slirvwsbury, 1792), an 
abridgment of Dr. (fwen's'Commcntarvon 
lltthrewB,' and a contioversial work on liap- 
tisoi. His collected works were edil«d hy 
Evan Diivios [q. v.] in four Tolumes I Lon- 
don, I8ttl>). 

[ WilliiLtn*'* Eminent n'tlshmva; MolhodiA- 
■aeth Cymrit, iii. 1H4; (Vlimir* Hjaturv of 
OswrKlrv; Hniiea Eglwni Annibyiiul ITjraro, 
tv. i'.] ' J. E L 

WILLIAMS, EDWAUn iKItt IPifij. 
WuUh Imrd, known in Walea as 'lolo 
Miir^'nnnwc' wan born on 10 March 1740 
at P^non in thv ^risfa of Llatt Carfan, 
Olnmorganshire. His father was a ston»- 
mason : his mother, whose maiden nana 
was Slathews, wa* of good birth and edu- 
cation. As a lad ho was too weakly tn 
att<'nd achoo^l, and irvm the a^e of niiw 
until I us mother's death in 1 770 he worluxl 
detiullorily at his father's trade, and, with 
hi» laoth.-r's aid, mnilr up hy perelstenl study 
for bis lack of sclhioling. On hor death Im 
left Gl&mor^nnihire, and for about aeTea 
yeam wnrk'rd as a Journeyman mason in 
various parts of Knjcland. lie then retamed 
lo Walex, and in I7fjl married Margaret, 
daughter of Rees Koberts of Marychurrfc. 
His occupation interfering with faia healtli, 
be rivE up ID ] 707 a liookei-tlcr's shop at Cow- 
bridfie, bul found the confinement irksotna, 
and took to land surveying instead. Fie- 
iningtilon, iti tlie vnli- of Olaraorfpui, now 
became his home, and from this centtv hs 
made looi; expeditious, always on foot, in 
search of manuscrinii bearing on Welsh 
history. Iledied at rlemUigBtoa oo 161>ec. 
\f^2H, end was buriixl there. A tablet wu 
ertwtod to his memory tn 185«*. 

Williams was not only a man of gr^ 
powens of mind, but aUo'of rcaadiahhi in- 



t 




Williams 



i9S 



Williams 



de)>Qi]<leii(» of disncter, utd u a self-uo^ht 
^^L'uiuiB BttracU-i, oil l)i« tiiiIa to IiOinIou, 
u igood iJeol of Doticc from Utc luuii of Iviton 
of Ilia day. He wafl dietiitguUbeil by auuiy 
orif^iniil tniit#. liv lived impurely, drcaeeu 
i|iiiitiitly, and utt no atont l>y uionny. A 
kct'ii opjioDont of iJnverv, hf renounoed wme 
projwrty Inft Ut ti'iiu by iilsvi--]julding brotlivn 
in JaniAicA, and in hia ('awhrid^e shop ad- 
TDitieed for wiU- ' Kiwt Iniilia sugar, uncoii- 
laminBUd by human goti-.' lie went a uni- 
tarian and iu warm Byitipailiy with the curly 
rflTolutJonArymoveiiK-iit in France.-, and thus 
CAute into cuuiaci with Prientloy. (tilbrri 
Wnkt! field, nud David Williaiiii. ilia iiide- 
potiduncu it< •*.'•-» iu iLc wav iu which, oti 
i>r«»»iiliD^ to the Priiicw of Waliv an odiK mi 
bis marrLaj^ in 1795, ho appeared before 
liim with thtt l«-ul.hc*rn apron nnd truwvl of 
hiN craft, Soulbey hi-Ul ' bard \ViIli«ms' in 
gtest ruttpwt, and cave hioi a place in 
'ILftdoc' tp. 70 fif .-.lil. of leOft. *I(ilo, old 
loll), be who knows,' &o.) H'la *l*maii. 
Lyric an<3 I'luloral,' werv published iii Lon- 
don in two roluniiw in 1 1 94, and tho list 
of Bubscribers, including on it does the nanwa 
of JCobpft l{ail(«8, Thomat I'aino, and Han- 
iiah Mure, showa how widu was the cirulu 
of hia patrons. 

Il wiu. huwvrer, iu WuUh Uteraiure that 
WilliatnA playM hia rnooc impurCanC port. 
lid had iabcrilHl Irmu John Drcidfonl \d. 
1780) [<i.v.] thti Uirdic trBdition* vrhicb had 
(frown into a «yM.*!m in Cilamorpan (.though 
not •^loewbpre reeogniseti) diiriii|f I be p^^^- 
vioui throe ci'ntiirice, and oocoptod them aa 
genuiiiu ndicsofthv ngv of thi; l>riiids, em- 
bodying eiiAtouB to which all WeW) burdji 
should coiifcrui. ThiB vivw he expounded ' 
about 1790 to Dr. Williiim Ow.-n I'liffhe 
[ij. v.], who udoptL'd it and gnvp it publicity 
in 1792, iobi^pn-fiif*- to (h»--IIeojic Ek'fiiew' 

IBee p. Ixii). loin alfto obtained for it in 
791 the fliipport of Dafvdd Itdu, the leader 
of Ihp banb of \c.rlh"\VaU-» (.-Irfy.)/ t.uvi4 ' 
Ant/kiyf, IN^, p. 11). In thin way iho'ptiP- ' 
sedd' niid its ccrvuiORiiw woo a n><^ogniaed 
pla«e in Wi'l>h literary iifit. Th« dociinK'iit»> 
bearing upon the tiiibjeor «vre nittinly rol- 
k-ctod by KdAvard Ilavid ^i\. v.^ and prepared 
tor pithlicniion by lolo. I!i» Iri'.iiliiii' ' Uyfri* 
lUffii V Ileirdd' ('The Mysu-ry of Hardism') 
wuK slmiwi rendy for the pr^ss at hia death. 
Though iJie banlic cviiti'm, of which h« was 
the champion, is knuvi-n to be a modern 
fabrication, it w(i» ncwpti-d in good faith by 
lolo. Other baniie )ia|ii^nt t.f bis were u«od 
aft«r his d«atb by John Williamit ' ab Uhel ' 
( 1811 1 6d^> 1 1|, V.J in ihu eonipilalion of 
'Barddas,' lolo was <ine of t3i« thiv« editor* 
of the 'Myvyrian Arcbaiology" (1601), for 



which be collected aud transcribed ouuiy 
manuBcnpts: the Welsh MbDuscnpla Society 
uubbsheu in 18-ltJ what was muanl by the 
bard to b« a conlinualioQ of Ibia work, 
tuuler Lbu titiv 'lolo M8S.' (U&ndoTcrri 
ruprinted nt Liverpool in 1886). Iff puh- 
liidR'd no original Wclsli v«ree save ' Salmau 
yr Eglwyi" vn yranialwch'('I*»alins of tho 
Church in the itcflert'), Merthvr, iMl-j \^h\A. 
L-dil, Mertbyr, 1^27); a second volume ap- 
peared at Merthyr in 1&'14 ('.^iid edit. Aber- 
ystwyth, li?-'j7 1. His manufrcripifi, many of 
tlietn stilE unpublialii-il, are at LluDovur and 
at the Uritish Muwum. 

TAuasix AViLUiMs (1787-tWr), lolo'a 
sen, WB» born at Curdill' ou 9 July 1787 
at i'ltinungHlou. Wv edited 'Cyfriiiacb y 
Bi-irdd,' SwaiUM.-a, 18^, l^nd edit. Camiivon, 
1874, and thti ucond roliiinr uf thi;' Snlmau' 
for the pri'as after hia fdlher'o druth, and diil 
Ih^) sauiu BtTvice for thv lolo MSS. as far 
b» p. 4iU, whrn tbi; wurh wiii> iiitrmjpt«d 
by tiis illnetu. Jledit^d at Merlhyr Tydtii oo 
16 I'Vb. 1M7- \\\» own works were; i. A 
poem on ' Cardiff CastliV Merthyr, 1^27. 
2. ' Tlie Doom of Colyn i'olpbyn, London, 
1ISM7, n poem in three enutos, with copbua 
hiatorical notes. 

[The prnfwyi tA ' Punma Lyric nnd I^ulnral ' 
is Ur^y auiubiogniphicul. Klijah Wimug'i 
'Il««oitection* aod Aa»dot«« of Kdwnnl WiL- 
linni*.' London, ISAO.is a •tor«liotis« of pi^nui'Al 
fact". For tbo history of tb« 'Oorsedd,' see 
J. M'trri* Joac» in 'Oymm* for 1B96. Tbo 
Cardiir lilimry calnloguo giiros bibliogntphicivl 
dntaiU.] J. £. L. 

WILLIAMS. EDWAUlt (17*fe-ISa3), 
aniiiuary, aon of Hdwanl ^Villiams of Eaton 
MaacotI, ^^hroptibire, by his wile Barbara 
Lotitia, daughter of John Mylton of il&lsTon, 
woa born ai Eaton .Ma«coIt, aud baptised at 
Leighton on 8 Sept. X'^'l. He was educated 
at ICvpton eehoof, uulriculatcd from Pum- 
brokt! Cidli^, (>\for<l, on 'i^ Oct. l|7y, and 
griiduBted fi.A. in 1783(.>[.A. I'STJ. He 
suhfifqiivntly obtatne<l a f<>llow»hip at All 
Souls' ('oilegp, which he btld imlil 1818, 
Kntering holy orders, he waa appointed by 
hi« kinsman, John Corlwt of Sundome, in 
1786 to ihii peqieiunl curacit'« of Itatth-lield 
and UHingloti iii8bropt>birL- : aud oti IHJuno 
1SL7 All SfiiiU' Coltcgti prMcnted him to thu 
rrctory uf C!icli<ticlil i» Kent, all of which 
livinga he held until hi;t death. 

At an early «g« Willinnit Ijocame int9- 
rftiited in the stuny of antiquities and topo- 
graphy; and, tbouch be tfid not print any 
work*, he loft behind him a grt^at many 
ZDauuhLTiitta on the histoir anu anliquilioa 
of Hhropshire, and executed beautiful draw- 
ing! of all tho |iur\«U tli'«.vi»Mi»^'Oo»-'s£«^^'S^ 




Williams 



^ 



{[etitlenvn'a N«U, uul tlinmi>iiuDii<nt«iii IIm 
county. lie wMalfln n gnod claaaical Bcfaolftr 
uiiJ iMtauUt. 

Willianiri )^vo oonaidonihle aAUfiunt^e to 
Jolm Unckdole BUkewKj in bin '^^beriira of 
8liropshirti ' and 'lliittory of 8bn>wstHifj',' 
and to Arclidi.'ttcon Josepli llTioley in liU 
'Agnculiurulfiurveyof ShroMiiir«.' During' 
tlitt ImUT yi-ani of lii« life \\ ilUatiw di>coit- 
tinuud litM uittiijuariui piimiilA, nntiila^vottM] 
hiniaelf ontirt'lr to lii» pnn^olLiul duti«)>. Itv 
dit-d imwiirriiHl al bin nsaidttttciti. Colon T«r- 
TAcei, ShrflWHkury, on 3 Jan. 1838. and waa 
buriw) mi 10 Jjin. in Uattlffiold vbureltyard, 
on th« Hoiich di(]>- of tho church. 

Williams k-ft iium«r»u» manuscriptE rr- 
Uling to Ins n-Koitrclir-K in Hii-Apnhiro. niiii 
most of tlivDi {iii»Mdai his death l» Willum 
Nncl-ilill, Ihiril lord T'lerwit'k. Almost all 
WiUiatoii'd naniutcripts in Lonl Burwtck'fi 
coUwtion were dispersed by ulv in iH49. 
Two of WiUiama's mAniucripts nr>^ now 
iu tb« British MuMum Libnrr (Add. yiSS. 
2l2ae and ai-ia7): theae ar^ dmwinfr* of 
inouumvtits atid iiiHcri;iI iuns, from cLtircbi-if 
and rliitiK'U ill Sbmiwliin-, 17S):i-lS03, witb 
coptdUii mdexus. 

Si-vi<n voliitn<'« of bU innnuacripta, ^'bicb 
paj«d>»d from Lord Berwick's jnsat^aetoii to 
tlialof SirThouia*l'liillij>p»,wi-n*p«rcbii»eid 
at Sir TbotoM I'hillipm'a aalc on 2U Atay 
ISH" for iLw yiirewabuiy I'roe Library; 
tlir*e ate a tran»nript of tho cartulary of 
Ilaugbmond Abb(.-y. with au Liidux of namra 
aud plai-ra; four folto voliimeji of binloriiral, 
topo^phicalt and gt'iiealo^icsl coUeclioiu 
relating to HIiro]whifv ; and two Inrgat rnlit> 
vnlmnca of collections for thu ' History of 
Shropshire,' 

Uttier volutntw of Williftin*^ manucwripla 
were: atrauMjript of the cartulary nr.Slirew*- 
btiry AbbtrT, wilh an ind^x ot namf« and 
pkL-i»; tnuiiMriptHft^>») 1&lShro|isliiTV parish 
regiBteri" ; a volume of monumental inscrip- 
tiau«, noti's of BfBgim. and eucLracIs from 
nx-oniM ; and a list of lh*i [tUntt of Sbrop- 
ahire. 

[OeiU. Ma^r. 1S33, i. ISI-J-3, li. IM: Soma 
Acoount of ttin l.ifi! aiul ('linmi'tcr nf the Inte 
Rrv. I'^dwHi'iI Wiilintiiit, 1833; Fo'trr'n Atunini 
Oxun. i; l9 ItJbti: t'u>icr'K Imlei Krclco. p. I'Jl : 
Flecchtr'it Kiatlu]i<>ld Ctiurcli, [>. 2A ; [«-iKhlcn 
■III) DHltleftBld Pamh KvKi'^^n ; KdUowob'* 
Kal'ipiuri Jourmil, 9 Jan. 1(133 ; Shr««(Bbury 
Chroni^'lu tl and 18 Jati. IH33.1 W. G. D. F. 

WXLLLiMS, EinVAIlU ELLIKER 

( 171i;i-lM"J), the friHnd of 8hcllry, waa born 
uii l'7 \\it'A 179-% His fmber, n mfrcbaut 
F' I<?iit ill India, ilii^J before bia son 

" .; ninjorily. Williaois waa for a 



the nary, biit about 1^11 nbtained aomliy 
oommifiMon in the hViat India f'ompanr'a wr- 
Tic«, and spent aererul VL-are m India. fV>^ 
smsing talpntaa a drau)fht-*msn, Iil< d«TOI«l 
mucli of Lis fipan linif i» malting dnswia^ 
of Indian »c»«Fry and an-h itvct urr, miHt of 
which arc still pnwervml. On or just bilbm 
liiN n-turn b>- itnittHl bimaeir to Ibe lady aftsr- 
wnnh c^Ubratt'd in Shidluy's rene, and in 
l^^''), p«rha|xi in ^onlt<^qll*•nc•? uf lomn* lu*- 
tainc<) by the failure of an I ndian bank, took 
up his neideocvwilh fa^rnt 4 ifiievn, whrr? b'> 
rcniL'WM) aMiuainlann> with n hrr>th^r 1n>tiaR 
officer, Thomas Medwm iq. v. J. a kin^nias 
and ac(]uaintance of 8hrll^y. EdwanlJohn 
Tndawny [q. r.l joined their circle, and. 
Mrdwins stories of Sbi>llpv made bim and 
Williamit r»o1v0 to sm-h the povt out. The 
Williamtm arrived at I'isa in th« surotuvr 
of ISL'I, and .soon bM^me intimato ^th tho 
ShfllfyH. Manyof Shcll-iTs Inter ]>»pnu srv 
adilniuH>d to Jaii» WillianLo : nud AVilltama 
co-opemted in SheUcy'a pursuits, writiaf 
down a Iranalnlion of Siiinoca fniin Sbvll^'y^ 
dicintion, ropying bin ' Hellas ' for tbe pnss, 
and even cnmpn«ing a traprdy und^r lii« 
ti)tor<hip. Hei» thw 'Milohior of Sht'lloy's 
' float on the^rcbio.' Hi* preTioui»*j[tieri- 
enc« in the navy combinod with Shelley's 
pajMiun for tlu- tvn to t'lffct ibe construction 
of I hi' i!l-*tam*<l yacht Don JiiaB, in which 
both porished on thmr return from L«f;boni 
to Lerin, 8 Julv 0*22 [*rv Shkllrt. I'ebct 
BtwiiB], 'VS'illiiinD left a son, afterwards 
emwloyeil in ih«« home »«?rTic" iif tbe E«»t 
India Company, and a daiighior, marriml to 
a son of Lei^b Hunt. Both had childran, 
now lirinf^. Williams '# body wa^ crrmau^ 
in tho samu manner nn 8h«lley's: the aslies, 
preserved by his widow during; her p«B- 
Imctvd life, wen*, by kor din^ciion. intvmd 
with hnr own remains in Kensal Clre«a 
ooniptcry. 

[Btographips of .Sh^-lW, Dowdsn, Medaia, 
and TrrUwny; pfiratD iaformatton.] B. 0. 

WILLIAMS. Sir F.DWARD 

VALGHAN (I797-1876}, judjre, bom in 
1707 at QuMin's Hquan, &vswat4'r. was tbp 
nbWt HiirTiiiuK *on of 8erK-a»i Jobn Wil- 
liams (]7.'i7-]?'10) [q.v.] lln wa^cdiicaied 
first at W'incbrstnr, Hnlerin^ tbe school in 
1808, hut wHa romored theiice to West- 
miiuter school in IHll; hen* b« p(w^ 
himsolf nn apt cla«sir. lit* entfr*^ Trinity 
OolleBC, CarabridfTe, ns a acliolar in 1S16, 
and tuence gradiiatvd IVA. ISi>0 and M.A. 
1824. On leaving Cambrid^ Williams 
entnred Linctiln'n Inn as a atudt-ut, and, afbsr 
rvadinfT in the chanber* of Fatteaoa and 
'\V!,«m'<}'WA^<«aa called to the bar on 17Jun» 



Williams 



397 



Williams 



1823. In 1824, iiieoiijunetioii witb l'n,ti<^ 
Mon, h« brou^Kt out n S(t]x «dilion of his 
fatlutr'a iiotLtf on ' Sauiidur^'e ICopurte,* &nd 
eslubliitli*^ )iU repiiiftlion kh k liiwy^r by 
the pulilicalioa of this main rppoflitnry of 
COJnmon-lnw li-nrning. Hit tirft joined ihi- 
Oxf'inl circuit, wherrt hi! soon fotind wtirk; 
but when Sout h \\' alpi woe d(>tached and b6- 
camf an indeiiendenr. circuit, hr l.nivtUiyl on 
that uud the uhuAt^r circuit. IiiI^Ja{>fkt.'iir<!iI 
the first fdition of Willinm^i's ' Treali*!' on 
the Law of Kx(H;iito»iiuiJ, AduiiiiiKtraU)r»;' 
tbiit (ffeat le)ial work |ja>.'<t?'it [tiri'itLch iieveu 
ediuuiis during lit outhor'n lifeliim-. nticl 
rumnins »tiU the Hliiudurd authority vn th« 
subject; it has justly been dpscribed aa one 
of till" oioet Mn und correct works that linvw 
ever b(>eii published on anr le^rn) mihji'ct 
(CuiTTt, Practivf, u. 510). fa October 1846 
Williftins wa» inad<* n piii«ne jlldg»^ of iha 
court of com moil plfiut, andn^ctived knij^ht- 
hood on 4 Feb. 1>U7. At Westminster 
Hall, Aittiiif; I'n Itam^o, hu van soon ac- 
knov.'Iedgi;d to be oue of the mosl powerful 
con^titiieints of thv court, and ho probably 
gave occiwioa to fewer ir-w trials on (ho 
ground of misdirection thiin any of his 
brutbrL'u, his prufuuud learning combiaMl 
with an unusual amouni of comniiin-guriiM- 
maltiii^ it almoEt impoRtiibh' for him to go 
wroiiR (jTiW*, 10 Nov, 187"). Ilia jud|i- 
m'-nttf wcro gi'nerally dhort an.l olinoot in- 
variably Bcciiralt* and concisi-. iind, with the 
caution of a wiw judf;o. he decided uothing 
uonecwwurily. Houii- of lits niun? iiuporCuat 
jiidginenta mar bo found in tin- follnwUig 
cawa: Earl of J*hrfw#hury >: AaU, CB. 
NS. 1 (Korean Catb.irit; l»i'«iibiliti.-«); IWdm 
V. Buniess, I It. & S. >^7r iwarranticii in 
charter |iiirtir»>; .tobnenn v. Stiwr, I" OB, 
NS. 30 (inensureA of dnmagfjn in troror); 
and Spencei r. rfpence, HI L. J. C. P. 1^9 
(applitTition of rule in Shdloy'* cnw). 

Williams rutirvd from the bench la 1865 
owin^ to incr^nsidg deafness; this fttHiclion 
alouu prurenlod tii4 furthL-r advancLimi>nt. 
Un his retirement he wnn crealcd a privy 
councillor und a mcmhE'rof the Judicial coin- 
mittee. Ii« died <iii 2 Nov. iK"-') at (juttin 
Anne's Gale, Weatminster, and was buried 
at \Vof)ll«n, near Dorkiiiif. He married, in 
\H'J6, Jane Sfarfrnn-t. cijfhth dtUfjhti^r of 
tho Hev. Walter Ha^ol. brother to this first 
Lord Bagoc of Rlirbfidd, Startordshire. by 
whom he left »i\ sons. Uia flA:h i>on is Hir 
Kolnnd Vnufiban Williams, at present a. 
lord jusTic*; of uppi-nJ. 

In his cUoici- of worda William* waa 
fii#t idioiiK, and hia deliven* woa somewhat 
laboured and t^mbnmiftHid. In addition to 
his great legal attainmRnls he was a flne 



scholar and man of Iflttera, and at Weife* 
tnin«t«r liveil much Jn the society of Desfl' 
Alilman. Ruchland, Trench, and L'iddell. 

A portrait of the jud^in oils, by Snnt, \a 
now in ibf f>otMciv»ion of the llev, Edward 
Vuughan Williams. 

Williama edited Burns 'Justicn of th» 
Peace' in conjunction withSetjeant U'Oyley 
in IW)0,ftnd*aHunder*'» Uttjuirt*' in I8J5 and 
1871, in addition to hia works mentioned 
above. 

[Timoa. .I Not. 1875; Law Mag Rer. 1878, 
p. 303 ; .\1unini Wi«lmumtiicnriiiiiiuw, p. |81 ; 
'VVo<ili>)-cb'9LtvMufEDiiiioiitSerjrimli'.Tnl,ii. . in- 
formal ion kindlvAt&rdcd bySirKokod Vaughao 
Wilianii.] ' W. C-Ji, 

WTLLLAMS, EUKZEU (KW-I8S0), 
historian and genealogist, eldest ion of Potor 
Willinmn [([.v.], was born at LlandiTeiloK, 
CannikrThenshLn>, in 1754, and eduwitcd in 
the free grammar school of C'anaarthi.'n, 
.\bout 177U, while he waa yet at achool, he 
ad»Lsted in preparinfr for publication hia 
father's 'Annotations on the Wei^h Ribln ' 
and hi^ ' WvUh C'uncordance.' He wan 
matriculated at Jemiik Collofp". OxfonI, on 
3 April I7"'j, and graduated B.A. in 177fi, 
M.A. in 1781 (Foster, ,^/w^^^I Ojun.t He 
beonnic curate of Tndech, and wn# ordained 
dt^acon in 1777; subsequentlv be acc«|;ied 
the cnmcy of Trtaworlb, Oxfordshire; and 
in Dncemler]77>*he wan admitted to priest's 
orders. Soon aftcrwtnln hf wa* chownj 
socoiid masli-r of the fjraininar school at 
Wallin^rford, Herkahire, und lir nl«> undei^ 
took the cure of Aclon, a village in the 
nei^bhoiirbii'x). In 171^1 hf was appointed 
cha|tlain of her ranjcBty'a .thip Catnoridifi?, 
then Tinder the command of Admiral Keith 
Sl^'wari. and he bccnmc tutor to Lord 
liarlies (afterwards Karl of (iallowayl, wbo, 
wae nephew of the admiral nnd midsliipmon 
in (he same ahip. 

After beiuR two or Uiree yeara at aoa Iia, 
at thti reijucKt of LordGalloway,rHlinouiahed 
hi« chaulaiiicy and Iwcame tutor in his lord- 
ship's lumily in Galloway Houm'. He w«« 
•flitrwards prr^ientcd by Lord-chancellor I 
Thurlow to the virnra^*- of Cnio-c«m- 
Llamwwe!, Cann art he u shire, lo which ho 
was in»titiir«!d on 14 r^cpt. 17(<4. Ooinp lo 
London, he became evening Ivctun'r nt AU 
Hallows, Lombard Street, and chaplain and 

firivate secretAiy to a gimtU*m&n namoil 
ilalieuar. He aaiiiited in inva>ti);"<int.' thtt 
pedif^eu of the aucostore of tbn Earl of Gal- 
lowav, for thu puruo«v of t-Btiiblishinif bia 
lordflliip's claim to Itip English ]vet.rB(fi'. and 
ultimutvly bis Ubonrs were crowned. 'w^W 



Williams 



398 



Williams 



lofieil Account of LonI Onlloway's FBtnilr,' 
nnil this waa followt-d by llire** other worlw, 
eatiUt?d * Vivvn of ihu EviJ'-nw for Lord UbI- 
icnr»,j,' *Note« on the Stats? of Kvidenee 
respectitif the StowutA of Caatli^iuUIc,' nai 
' A Coutitirr Staliimcnt of Pmofit.' 

On till' dftdtli of hij< pRtrnn in 179f> Wil- 
liamB reiDovtM) to Chiidwell St. JlBryV. Fswi, 
of vj-hich pfimli lit* liraniiu) th« ciiralt': and 
ill uOditioii till held th«appoiiitni«nt of chap- 
lain to tliP |j«rri«on of Tilbury fort. Soon 
ailcrwards be published nuonymouslr 'Nau- 
tical Odes, or Pnetioal Skotchw, designtd to 
oonmemonLtu lb<> Ai^liii^vemeotA of tho 
BritUIi Nsvv,' London. IHOI, 4to (rf. Anti- 
Jof^in Rfneie, l&Ol, ix. 1G&). On 14 July 
|8<)5 Im was iiiductMl lo tbn rtcaraj;*) uf 
LsmpeUT, Cardiganshire. Tb^re hti opened 
a gramtnftr Kchotil, wlwnc" young roi;n wwrc 
admitted to holy orders. After mipi^nntciid- 
ing [bis seminary witb p-eat success for 
nearlv fourteen yvar>, be died on "JO Jan, 
1830.' 

lie married, first, in 1762, Ann Adelaide 
Grvbcrt (rf. 17fl6), n native of Nancy in Lor- 
raint); uticondly, in 1796, J aue Amelia Su- 
ffent, daughter of St. Georffo Armetnins of 
Anuadiitr, n«iir DruiutiiiJi, (;o. Lfitrim (shu 
died on ifillGC. 1^11). 

IliB 'Eniflidh WiLjrks' vtrv publiehed in 
London, t RIO, 8to, wirhamemoirbyhUiian, 
St. Oeor^p Artnstron^ Williams. Thfme works 
compriw: l-'HintK (»I-VmslE«iii HinhLife,' 
an uitflntshi^d ])oein. -2. • An Hi.<tnric«] Kway 
on th« MtttinerB and Cuatomn of the Ancient 
Celtic Tribes, particularly tboir Msrriam 
CcremiDnies.' -H. 'An Iti^ioncml I'^ray un tho 
Tasio, Tnlenta, and Lit^^rary Aeqtiiaitions of 
tti<_- Druid* and tL'j .Yuciviit CVLttc Bardii.* 
4. ' liisloriMlI AnMdntes r^Utivt^ to Iht« 
Energ-y, Ileauly, and Mtilody of the Welsh 
T/iii^uii{^ and its Allinity to tbit flrirntnl 
Lan^un^esandthn«e of the South of Eurapn/ 
6, 'An Inquiry Jnto the Siltintinn of the 
Oold Minc« nftheAncient Britons.' fl.'llia- 
tory of theBriton«,' 7. 'Account ofaVisit 
to rhe Xortb of Iwiland in 1787.' 8. ' Pro- 
logues and Gpilogues-' 

tSlARtoir by his son; Bowlands'* Cambrian 
liogrophy. p. 3] 5.] T. C. 

WILLLAM3, FREDERICK SilEETON 
(1820- l>*fl6), congregAtifmal divine, bom at 
Newark in 1629, ^as tho second son of 
Charles William*. Hia mother's noaiden 
nanlQ waa Smeeton. 

His father, Chabld* WitUAMs (17fl6- 
1806}i congrai^t tonal divinu, bom in London 
on 18 July 179C, vra* Iho jion <if a fureman 
in an cneini! factory. After workinfr in his 
fiithin^a facturv Ku enti.'ri<dtbu vstabtisliineDt 



of II bookfellor in Piceadilly named Sbarpv, 
and soon became [irincipaf manager. Rt- 
soUing to vutvr thu miaiflry, hu studied at 
Rothtrell and at lloxton Academy, and ac- 
CPptodacall to Newark-up-m-Trcnl, wliuaee 
in IHSS lie remoi-cd to Salisbury to miiunt^-r 
to the ooa^r^^cm in RtuUes Street. In 
Ifi.15 he wvat to London, and w«» for twelve 

C-n pdiior to ilie Relifiooa Tract Sodety. 
ides editing many of the society's perio- 
dicjili*. such an the ' Visitor' and tho *Chri»- 
lian S[»;ctHtor,'he wrot«»<>ri-nty-flTedi»tinct 
publications for tho society during his term 
of olHn-. Some of them bu'camu popalar, but 
as they wrera putiliabed anonvmoiiHlr many 
cannot he identified. In 18^ Willumare- 
Hiovyd to St. John's Wood, and stibKoqiinntly 
became pastor at SihbertJift in Northamiv- 
toiishire, wlii.-a' ht> died on 16 June 18w. 
.Among bi.>lpublioaliL1nKWl^^e: I. 'TbeSeren 
Agi?5 of Engtaad, or its Advancement in 
.\Ti, Liloraturc, and Science,' London, 1H.16, 
tivo. 2. 'Curiootiies of Animal Life,' l/ca- 
don, 1848, I(imo. 3. * George Mogridge : tail 
LifOiCbaracR'r.auit Writing;,* London, 1&5^ 
Hvo. 4, ' Dogii and thfir W«y«,' Jjondon, 
18fiS, 8vo. 5. ' The Firal Week of Time? 
or Scripture in TlmminQy with Scinncc,' fjDn- 
dnn, 1^63, 8vo {Oonffreffa/icatal Year litiak, 
ISHr, p. 326>, 

Thf^ wn, Fredoriok Smffcfon, was edticAt4>d 
at Unireraily College, London, and mi«Tvd 
Now Collejte, St. John's Wood, in Ift&l, as 
a student for the miniAtry. In 18A7 he 
became paM^or of the n«wly formed coagt9- 
gntion at CUiighton, near Birkenhead, bnt, 
reeigning thi? chargo aume yean; la(«r, b0 ns 
sidf^ for a time with bis father at Sibber- 
toft. Upon tbv formation of ibu Congrc^*- 
tinnnl IcuitHutA in 1601 Williamn b«carae 
tutor in conjunction n-ilh the principal, the 
Kfv. John llrown I'ntnu, and remained in 
that position until hia death. He died at 
Xotlingham on 2<{Uct. 18^^ and was buried 
in the church cemetery on 30 Oct. lie left 
a widow and eiglit children. 

Williamswas widely known as a writer ott 
Kuiz]i«h rnilways. In 1^'i he publishvd hi* 
most important work, 'Our Iron Iloada: their 
Hi!>tory, Const ruction, and Social Tnflaencu* 
(Ixmdun, 8ro), which reached aorvi'iillt edn 
tionin 1HS8. In 187(1 appeared'The Midlaad 
Hailway: its Rise and Progrees' (London, 
8vo), which atuiii#d a fifth edition in 1888. 
Tie was also tho author of several religious 
pamphlets and of ' Th« Wonders of tbo 
UeaTena,' Loodon, 1802, 12mo; now edit. 
1860. 

[N(.tUnf{ljam Daily Express. 28 Oct, I Nor. 
1886; Coiiigr«0Ui[Kial Year Book. lS67.P.2fl0i 
Allibone's Di«t. of Bngl. Lit.] R. L C. 



WILLIAMS, IJKOHdE (1782-1834), 
nn, was biLptievd at CatbiTiogtoo, 
opshire, im '2i Nuv. 176*2, Ixjlnj; th« 
voanppr son of Jnhn Willinraa, vicar of 
CatherinifloT), Witl»m« wb* •■ntttn-d on tli9 
foundation nt Winrhftit<>r in 177^, wh*re he 
wa8diMJnKiusbt>dforhisn«citatlonsofUomer, 
which lie hnd U'rtnit from bi« fnllKT. And in 
Novi'Diber 1777 entered Coipua ChrUti Col- 
lege, Oxfocd, with a Hampshire acholarahip, 
Hfl gndtittl>'d I). A. in li8],aad b&cuno « 
fellow nf hU colWe, and then iitudied medi- 
cine at ^^t. Barlliolomew's Hoi<piial. proceed- 
ing il.A. in I7sriaml!ll.l). in 17S8. Hnthen 
began tn pp«<«ise in Oxford, and in 17f*0waii 
cbown oatfol lh»pli}i*k'innH to lhi> ItacIclilTs 
InArmai^. On tlift dpjith of I*r«f(".wir Jnbn 
Sibthorp [q;V.] in !79tJ ^VilliumB was ap- 
pointed TCjfiu* and ShiTftr<I ian profi'«8or of 
Dotany; but in tbin cnjiartty it Uoa bc«n said 
^Lcf him that he, ' allhousli nn el(>(faDt BCholar, 
^BiBdded nothinff to hutatiich! wioncL-.' On the 
^^BmUi of Thomas IIornHbr [a. v.], Wiltiamti 
^^VUfolfilOchoBdnlladclifTo libmrian, bc^ioff 
tbo lirtt physician tu bold iIil' oIBl-p, and he 
C»rTi^^d out a »ch^Dli> lo devote the ItadclUTe 
Lihrarr to bookt> un uodicini* aud physiology, 
pn'pnringnti indnx i.-atnln|;uf' of tlin cnUi'C- 
tion. In 1S32 li«* became yice-preaidpnt of 
Corpus, and on 17 .Ian. IR.'U hn dii-d at his 
Tuiaone^ in Hif^h Sirvi't, Oxford. Williamft 
WM baried in llie cli"ir<rhyard nf St. I'eter's- 
in-tlifr-Eut, Oxford : hn is commcmorateil hy 
■OLODUiavnt in Corpus CliriKli CoiKfrt.' Cbupcl. 
HebeqiiMthed -^OOAto improre the buildings 
ID the Oxford Botanical Oardcii, Williams 
tMCanifl a fellow of tfat? Linnean HnrJ«t.Y in 

■ 17flf>. and of the Itoyal College pf Phveiciana 
in 17rW. 

[OOKt. Mag. 1834. i. 3S4 ; Munk'o Cull, vt 
Phyai ii. 167 : Kirb/s Wincicater Scholars, p, 
fiS9; Foaler'a Alumni Oion. 1?1£-188«.1 

O. 8. B. 
WILLIAMS, GFIonor (181+-1878), 
divine and topograpber. bora at Eton on 
4 April ]^14,waA^o^of abooltsolli^randptib- 
liaherat that place. He w&» oducnti'd on 
the foundation at Eton, beinff in the first 
form. Iowi;r Hcboni, in the olwrtion for ldi!0, 
and waa adniitlt>d Hrb»tnr on lli Hnpt. 183U. 
He bad tbe mont«m in IMJ as captain of 
the acbool, and obtainwl 9^7/. fSr*pvi,TOX, 
Stm Luts). On 14 .Tuly ]S3l> he whr nd- 
mittvd to « BcliolarBhip at Kind's College, 
Cambridgo, nnd vm a fellow from 14 July 
I8Mto 1870. IlegraduatodD.A. 1H37,M.A. 
1840, waa admitt«B, ad f^ndem at Oxford on 
10JunoI&l7, and proceeded H,I). at Oiim- 
ikldgein IH4». 

In 1837 WilliamH was ordainod, and on 
Sept. 1338 Ue was appoint^ by Ktoo 



College tn the perpetaal curaciea ofOnat 
Bricet oud Wattisbatn, wbicb h(< ht'Id until 
Micliaeloin.'* 1840. He w-bj" appointed by 
.Vrdibisbop Howloy to accornpany Biahop 
.\lt>xiiui!rr IM C-haptain to Jcru»uU>iii,and wa4 
in that city from IMl to .May lS4.'i. He 
thi-n n^v^ ax chaplain at St. Peterebai^ 
(lH14-n), and it wa."* throiii^h liolding thoae 
posts that h»! became imbued with lb*.' desire 
of blunging together the Greek and Angli- 
can charcnes. In 1B40 be look up ols 
residenco at Cambridge, where bo filled tbe 
post of doui of arts el bis collugti unlil 
lft46, and of deen of divinity from 184R to 
1860. H« rontribuled to "the 'Christian 
Remembrancer,' tbe ' Eoclesiologist,' and the 
'Guardian.* 

Willinins was a.ppointed warden of St. 
Columba'a CoIIfgp at Kathfamham, near 
Dublin, in 1^0. The <!ol]i>g» wiu mainly 
hunt in fiistpnci by th« liberality of Lord 
Jonnrieorgn dels P'wr Bftrwford^q.v.l.arch- 
bishup of .'Vmiagb, uud when, in 18^3, the 
warden joinr-d with Arcbdoaeon Deniaon, 
Dr ru8ev,»nd oth.-rs itj protests tiguint>t the 
action r>t Bishop Gobat, tb« thf« hi»hnp of 
Jerasalem, for fittvmpltng to seduce from 
their cre«d the adherents of thii (irpi'lc 
church, the archbishop called upon him to 
reaigo. An nngrv corrwtp()n'l''nce then en- 
suod on the position and principli» of Wil- 
liam*, and Ine jirchbiehop severed his con- 
nertion -with t-ho institution, but Wtlll&na 
retained his post until \i^^ {Vorrerpondmtx 
relatire to U'/irdm "f St. ColutiUin't Colliyr, 
lgfi:t: 3rd edit. 1M4>. From 1854 to 1857 
ho was vice-provost of Kinf'a Coll>'gv, Cam- 
bridge, Ktid iu I8-W be acted as pro-pmctor 
to tbe univiTsilv, but h" incnrreMi aome un- 
popularity, and luB nomination a.s proctor 
wn.-" rrjftrii-d liv tin? B(>nate on I Oct. 1880, the 
nnnplacets bemg 20 and the placets :J6. 

Tn IH'irt Williams took femporury charge 
of Ourabrnp Colli'gv, and wsa &ppoinl«d an 
honorary canou of that in^Iitullon in 1884. 
He made 'a Ion); and aiduous jdumHy in 
Knftsia'io 1860, with u vi>!w to Hpreading 
knowledge of the biiot-fili" nvailabli' for 
foreini communities at English iiiiivprattiee; 
Aiid lie prinim! in that year a French tract 
on ibu project to ectahtiflh at Cambridge ' dea 
h'it>-]!t?rii-H en favour des Strangers' of the 
firwk nr Armpnian rhnrches, but tbe scheme 
pn>vi-d ttbortivo. 

,\ft^r a tonr in the East with the Marquis 
of Bute and several years iu n_-nidi'nco at 
Cambridgo, Williams was preswjtcd by hit 
college on 9 Feb. 1860 lo the important 
vicarage of Itingwood in Hanipsbini. Ho 
was Lodjp Margaret preacher at Cambridq^ 
in. 1870; and w«a ctviXj«&. Vmnwr] «».xt.«vc& 



Williams 



400 



Williams 



of Wiaoheiter Onthetlral in 167-1. One of 
I thit Uft dead« of lii« lifn wtu to Mnd 
itb lifiuitare to llu> clerical declaration 
apiioflt wu- with IiUssIa. ](•> dU-d audd^^Dly 
at tho Churob Form, llarbritl^-, onv of tlio 
diuwliiM of Ittngwood, on Itt Jaa. 1878, 
taa wu buried at Harbridgu on I Feb. 
Williams wu endowed witli a nobl« pr^ 
MiuB and digniliMl voice. A rercdos was 
vrecb'd in Rinijn'uoil rhurrh im a tnr'nional 
to bis memory, & '(ieorge \^'illiamii' prize 
for distinction in tbc tbpolof^cal tripoe was 
foanded br bis fViends al Carabrirlfre, and a 
bnnse tabtel. witb a ponrsil-buat in relief, 
daaigned by W. BiirgOM, it.A., waa placed 
in the third »ide-cliap«l 00 ibe flmtili «idc of 
the iiavo of Kini^s OoDege cbapvl. 

No KiijflUb writer baa mrpaMedWilliaou 
ill accurate knowledge of tbw topograph^ of 
Jerusalem. Hobroiigntout inl845aTolume 
CO 'Hi* Hulv Cttvi with IIlaMralions from 
Kketebaa bylbe Itt-v. W. F. WitiJ.' A m. 
cont] edition was I'ntitkxl 'Tlie Holy City: 
M^Hid I'dittou, with AddittiiiiA, iur-lmling an 
ArcbitectunJ Uistorr of the ('hurcli of llt4> 
Ilolv S»p«lrliw by tne lt«iv, ICob^rt Willia' 
<1S-19. 2 T&U. 8to). For this work he r*- 
ceived from the kinji of Pnuaia a medal for 
literary mt'rit. 

Williams inrilcd Dr. EmiQte I^jerotti to 
Cftrobridge, aasiaied him in preparing hts 
vork of ' Jeruealuoi Explored* for the press, 
and n^riKiK] it during' ]iriul.i»fr. TIii; author 
was acciued hv Fer^sann and others of pla- 
parism, and WillJnmc d^fwndwi bini in ' l>r. 
Picroui nnd hia .\jWAilBiit.i,' 1864. H« puV 
liahed in ItMH a collect ion of ' Sernioa* 
preached at Je^usnll^n1 in 184:2 nnd IK4:{,' 
and mipplied the JDtrwIuctina 10 William 
Wey's 'Itinerarip* In JcruMtlom and Gom- 
uoMtqlla,' printed for the Koxbuncbe Clnb in 
18B7, llm deaeriplion of 'The lloly Ijind : 
TraTuls in I'alwliiivfnim Dnntu Kwrsbiiba,' 
aniiotiiiriKl in 1849 u^ 'prnparing for publican 
tion," never appeared. 

Williams edited in 1608 'The Orthodox 
Churcli of tb« East in the Eighteenth Cen- 
tury,' correepondence bt-tween the eantem 
palriarcha and Ilit- nonjiirinj: bi»hopA on tb« 
rvunioiL of that cburvh and the Anglican 
communion: and he edited, with a long in- 
troduction and an appendix of illiixtrntivu 
docutiif iilii. fur the Hulls Suriee, in 1872, two 
voluinas of ofHcial com'S^randence of Bishop 
R«cl(in|;toii, He whk one uf tb» Iwn cnlK* 
logiier* of ' Mnn astir Cartularies' for the 
catnloffue (if manuscripts at tlie C-'amhriilffe 
I'niversifj Iiibnin.', vol. iv., and hudpseribftd 
the Uaumgartuer Papers in toI. v. Other 
miscellancoiia writinffs ineliided many arti- 
elea in Smith's dictiooanea vX. *Snve, aiul 



Roman geagraphy. Christian bic^rapbT, and 

Oliriatiau ii»tii|uiti««. 

(CrtinKr. Tiiir. I'jl. 1897-8. p. fiW ; FoMr*! 
Altimnt Oxoa.; Aeudcniy. 3 Kb. laTS. p. W; 
Onjnliun. 3U Jan. 1878, pp. 111. I&l. 6 Krti. 
pp. I9>V^; infonnattun lciD<ll)r gir«B by Xt. 
F. L. Clnrlie, bnrBar<lnk at Kiai;'* Collif*'.] 

w. p; c, 

WILLIAMS, GFX)ROE JAMES (1719- 

18U5), wit and corrwponclent of VS'alpoIr 
and ^Ivrrn, known aa 'Oilly WiUiani^' 
bcvn at Deulou in LinooUuhiro in \7ii*, wu 
a younnr son of AVilliam I'eere Willianu 




a daughttr of Williams'* Mxler, he obtained 
on 8 Sov, 1774 the poet of receiver-gvocial 
of excite, which be held until 1H)1. 

Williams wa^ one of thu f^yrol and wn- 
tie*t of hie si-l in Irfindon society. He wm 
flni- of the fntnou!> parti* guarr^ cODsirtinff, 
besides himself, of Gwirpp Selis-yn, Di3t 
Filgt>ciinib(i, and llomce Walpote, wUo mnl 
at fllated periods in th.' year at .Strawberr}- 
Mill, and otuiituted wt'ial Walpolo styles 
hirt ■ nut-of-town party.' In November 1751 
WillJamsiofonuedSeln^ntbat hehaddfatnd ^ 
Ijord ItobcrtBcrtictoput him unfor Whiti»*»: ■ 
' Uon'l let nn\ raeiuWr ^luikc hu hoad at bb fl 
for a wit." (t was not, hnwe^-er, until 17i4 " 
that 'dilly Willisms " yna el«icd. When 
Whiii^'it iKtin 'd>w>rted' in summer after 
piirliamenl had risen, Williams oontinned 
to ra>-et him friends 'at wit and whist' ia 
(ie.irg« Se.lwyn'.t Thumday Club at the S(af 
and Garter in Pall Mall, a fiii-oucile leeott 
in tbo piut of Swift and of Smollelt. 

William* was the steadiest of all ^vra'a 
eonv^pondents down to the cUmt of ited 
In March 1709 ho sives a humorou» aceoimt 
of WsIpoleV CuAlleof Olrnnto,' theoinpio* 
eossorcumpleliauiand \m furniAhf^an amu»* 
ing picture uf Rrifilitliidmstotie in th«>txtte> 
of the et|^liteenlh <M]!ntury. lie adopted aa 
bit( mnliou Hentiment derived from Sir Wil- 
liam Temple, ' f )ld wood lo burn, old frirwU 
to converse witb, and old boolu to read.' Ht 
wcms, however, to have dropped out of bts 
old circle, and little is hesru of him after 
1770. He died in rievelond Court, St. 
James'a, near the house when his old mend 
Selwvn had lived, on 38 Nov. 1:^05. Ue 
married, on SO July 1762, Diana, daiichWr 
of William Covi-nlry, fifth earl of Coven- 
try, who Bppeaw to have died early withoDt 
issue. 

In pM^mher ITi^l Horace Walpote wnt* 
of 'the charming picture lieynolds painted 
far m© of Edpecumbo, Helw'yn, ana Gilly 
Wllliane.* Tbispicturawaaboii^tbyHefiiy 



I 




Williams 



401 



Williams 



'Iiiibniicliere at the Simwlierry Hill fiflJe for 

"Ifl?^. 10<., and is now in llit- jjofutt'scion yf 
J*ord Tniinlj>n. tt wii* i-iiijrLtvmi in Hul- b\ 
GreothftohfnrWriglit'Bodirionol'' WalpitK-B 

I J^elten,' nnd iit rt-jiroilui'Hd in Ciiniitii^luim'& 
«(lit-tnii And in .leasea 'Selwyn.' A meitrn- 
tiiit was executed by J. Sooll for tba ' Hii- 
graving* of Worli* by .Sir JnahuA ICMiinlds ' 

' of lH0^, ani litis 19 reproduced in tbv ' Uis- 

I tory of While'*.' 

[OkqI. Mag. 1805, li. 1176: IlurkVa Fiitinct 
B(ir»(ivUgi», p. 570; WnlpnU's Coftsi^ nml 
Hemoira of the Rei^ of Goortro JII ; Wiir- 
burton'n lioraeo Wnlpolc and his ContiMnpn- 
ntrirv, 19>^l ; Jaatc'* Solwjn nnd hia CaniBnu 

IpOTsrio. 1841, voIk. i. »ud il. p;i>»im ; Dubnnti'K 
iloT»c« Wtblpole. IKilO. pp. IGG. ::Ofi. 211; Hid- 
toFj of Wliito'«riiilt; ntitsaClev iirij CuBniriic 
hum'* London, iii. 3tfA.] ' T. S. 

WILLIAM3, OUIKKITH (15U9?- 
1672), liislii^p of (>Mory, born fit TrevL'ilian 
in tlio pamh »f LUnrug, iii.'i\r Curiiurvoii, tri 
IfirtO or 1690, wiw iJii- son iif n fr-iHholdi-t in 
tht' mri&li. Hb raotlicr wiia a dosi-uadant 
of tli« ftnuiiint limM'^ nf I'luiinj-nydil in 
An^leiu'v. IIr TnrKriciilfttt^d (mm ('hrit^i 
Chiircli.'Uxford.on 1-5 .lune IBO). Ilewiw 
eent thii.h(.'r b^v bi'« uncle, but his mint takinf; 
H divlike CO him, bis mnnua af Hii|tport were 
cut off, Throujrb tho kindness of .fohn Wil- 
litLniH (I-Wl* iy*^0) [q. v.], nriiTwiirds nrcli- 
hi!<hi>j> iif Yiirk, hfi idiluned i]in]il<>vrn''nt itt 
II CumbridifH as n jirivate lulor, and waa ad- 
^K iniUed toJiiau<>(.'iin<-f{v,urlii<n(-t;hi?l^ni]ita.ted 
■ T1.A. in m>r>-0 nnd M.A. in IfEOO. H.t wnn 
~ incorporated M, A. at I Ixfonl on 10 July I«10, 
pniduftlcd BD, iit Ciimbridijc in )4)lfi, and 

Sro[-eed*>d U.H. in KWI. lit* was ordnintid 
(sacon bjr thi' hisbop of I{ocbesT«ritn(l|im-st 
!bv iho bi»!iup of Ely, evrvint; as curutv at 
Itanwell in MiddUit^x. In lfjU8 ]\f. waa 
cnMUDlvd lu ibi' ruolury uf Foxcoll in JJiick- 
. iBghainshiiv! by lf«riry \VrioIb»^)il'ey, tbird 



earl orSoulhampton [n. v.^, and afterwardii 
St-lVti-r'. 



bixiainu Ipctun-r nC St. iVterV in ChijApsid« 
and at St. I*iiitVs Cfti-hmlrjil for fivo yi'ani, 
Ou U Jiin. iyil-12 lie was Instituled rector 
of Si. Bi'nnr-t r^hiirvhofj in London thronah 

. the inHuence of bis patron, John Williuiii.t, 
and resijirncd the rectory of Foxott. lie hud 
plronijf lui;h-ehurcb!'>'in])uthieH,whicb «ni*fd 
tbo diilikt' of Ibit puritanii, and nf^er tlin 
appuunuK^uitf hid first piiblictLlion,'rii(ili<'S(>- 
lutionof IMiiti?,'lb«-y prL-vailt-d on John Kini; 
(IS50Nlfl21 ( [q. V.I, bishop nf Liindnn, to 
»itK|ii*u<l him in lOlli. I|n wits nlto bound 
over to ajippdr nt Ni'Wgat.^ to an.iwi'r thf. 

|Cliurf^i» bniufiht Uf^ainit blni, but was dis- 
cliarjjeil by Tbotnu Oovsntry (rtft<'rwBrd.i 

ll^nl Coventry) [^i), v.], who eitrwLted the 

I cecofipniMiLCvs of his accujon. 
VOL. LXI. 



Aft^rhts suspension, from which hu wna 
eventually releawd on ap|ii>al to ilie prero- 
^iiivi.' court, hL- rcsigiMrd hi.4 living, retired 
fur a Bbort tiuie to Ciuabridge, and, on Lis 
re) urn to l.oudon, found firieiids in t.hi^ arch- 
bi^bob uf Canti'rbur^', Qt.'orj^- Abbot, imd in 
tbi! fbancwllor. Sir iTiomii.i Kjifrlun, who 

fri!Htnted hitn tolbenwtoryof Llanllccliidin 
_'urnurvonj<biru. IIlto hv In'vunic) iuTolved 
almnat immadiRt^tv in a diapntn with bis 
diocBBsn, Lewi* lluyly [q. v.], bishop of 
Bangor, a acron^ puritAn, to whom bis ceclfr- 
siiuticat viewa cannot have been acceptable. 
Rayly wi^ihedbira to e<xchan^ hi« living for 
anoihur.aiid.oiL hi« rvfu^al.preventtMl article* 
against hioi e.t ollicio. Williams appealed to 
IJiu euun of arcbi.-K, and Abbot caniu to hia 
ni^cue, reprimanding Uavly, and giving Wit- 
It&iDS liconsu to pruBch clirougb several dio- 
cwas in his pr'.jvuK'u. 

Four years later, bowfl\'er, finding bit 
poaition intuWablc. aliur a Tieit to Cam- 
bridgi' \\iT n-tiiniitl lo Iiundon, nnd in lOSG 
bt-'cami* doniefltic chaplain to Philip Herbert, 
Rrat wirl of Montgotm^ry ( iil^iirwnnls fourth 
Eftrl of Pi.'mbniktt) [l. v.], and tutor to hi« 
children. In HJ-'O be was preaented to the 
rectorr of Trufdrncth in Angk-acy. On 
17 Jufv i&2^ he wail iimtalled prebendary of 
tbceignth stall at Westminster (cf. C'al. Stat* 
Papert. Doui. lOl'S-y, p. IWi), and on 
lis iMnrrb t(I.S4 he wiis iuatitiited dtiao of 
Bangor. About W^ he was appointed a 
royal chupbvin. Ho was on Uib point of 
bi'iiig noroinat(>d tutor lo Prince Charles and 
the Duke of Gloucester, but at the last 
moment liAtid, who diidili^d him in «pit« o( 
their tht:<dogicul sympathies, obtained Ibe 
nppoigitmcnt. of Brian l>uppa [q. v.] ia5tead. 
Williams aUo stales that ' bt-ioru bu wus 
forty veara old, he narrowly e^capt^d lieing 
pleclc'd bishop of St. Asaph,' prahikbly on the 
df«th of John Hanmer (1674-lRil)) [q. v.j, 
but on that ni^cosion ateo saw another pre- 
fi?rred to him ut lh» inKinnc'.- "f Laud. 

tn Itt-li hf! was rai-ted to th** Irish see 
of Ossory by a puteni dated II Sept. lie 
had nwignt'd bi» rnvb^nd a fow moiitb« 
byfore, but retained hia deanerv i» commen- 
ilum till his dt-ath. tin 'J^i Sept. hu was 
coniiixmtud, but in less than a niotich hti 
waH forced to Hy to Engl&Qd by the oul- 
br<euk of ibi- IrUli rebellion. li» uune to 
AjiMtli'iriin in Nort bamptoiuihirv, wb«rw he 
po^<tpsaedahnuB4>,and where he bad settled hia 
wife And children. On I.Ik^ nighl of hie ai^ 
rival he was arrested hy a troop of hone, 
under Captain Flaxon, and carried before 
the parliaintntAfy commissioners at North- 
anpton. Ilia position waa peritou.s. for he 
bad with him the manuscript of hi*< Vvk.!- 




Williams 



ttuai •witfevnHtizaiaaB'tCliwkrtaKniV- fl^l 

-" ' r- '"'■!"•" 

BMt .a IMS WpifMhfcrf' h»' V»mSmm 
BMn.ariW iJnnik BihUiMig das » t 

UiaiBg.afcM <fc Ifchh. whwiiy Thiy • 

— vhpwWr— 'Ihiiwl TS^amm •*■ 

Gndmm .t. x.], n«ttlod -)^ 
•litdfc itM iMiiiilutm tirHp16p».i» 

Ui-tb amaatimm. abat tutmAtg mm». iJ 



<CWk4 ISIS, -Ito; ISa^An). 

mi < btf WwwnmaMbr tb 
Vjj, Bfc yaMiMd» ir— d Wfllhiw hmik 

tmniTTT I "lihli -II yiii^tiiyL I 

hrtks HriaBOttfv rawi^fcg 

ii* wmL, awl in A» tJ^iwiag wiatm a^ 
laand 'Jum Jft^Macii ; ths Biste «f 
Kno h«fc is ChyRk and S^m, mmtai. 
isK W Ood; iiiiM<j. «wh*d b^ bkb. 
nd. (btrdl-v. viaiEeWMl bf ik Tmfc : and 
tin WldRBrfOMa of A* Faebno tir ikn pr*- 
•BsiM ParfioMat « Wmt^mmw' {Otr- 
toti, 1441. 4lo). 

p^Mhftad. fca waa ■■■liijiJ. »y tJa tkg to 
tfj to feviac o««r ka patraa, tkt BmI of 



PwMnHPfc NfMnJMf fia Eahh m lasHt 



AaMwIcB ked.aadia iaecsMd Mai ^h» 
mhorutiom ikat b was farced to tiCfa* , 
hMCilr ia fffnrt dmad tlws &• mtt weaU : 
dtfiver Um iitUt tfca Wad* oC fsbaoi. ' 



«ial amtlkaUuiii^tf«c;«a<X« 

'»-.i :» '«wttpoQr|idla|pdfnaih« 

u I maoo. vfaa ."amw to LMidaa fn «« 

-tiMidA.' and. aamr ttevad To <• l» a^ 
LBMida la XwihaiapiiM. Bv tW 
oteanaai a. paia ts 1 
I hEfini. arinee^ j^oattr a— r.^^— < :■• 

."«*• Ba i i a iTifc ii i ad to ite ibj^ 

w^.^.« .- '^'~n m il I 

b lou i» vHttd 'hgfcTi nd kd M 

:ai«rnaw wich tW Itxagt and «i 1t» 
'" mil ^imMJf in liwih— _■ afmi i 
>u i-iMHoL Ihi^aa Mynca '^n* .Ufaa-a 
'^u 'sbaBlBg tlM roymtiate tu' ihmi. fe 

to naah b r l a ad. md ■>- IMT-wm 

WBaviUBdiatattiBBBafV'ji __. — liiin, irtf 
mUis. ffa naadtd Tii tfiM^iiij 'Bi*?ti 
TwdgriTJMMiaayaai.ahmfca 
*— -lar a 'fa TtMallti rrf tiM 

liwa £aa ivnaMtiM* bat ub his 
WafiMh EB fifla on a MnaO palnTO* 
4Mid tlMK. ha ^« tafan pna^arkvl 
i^a HiMlMt, win EvUad hia iTdl b^l 
aal laft kin tn «ik> kia war had to Da 
m • dHliteta wadilJaa. Dr. LoAw 
Mitad Um wA VBHW to ^tm-B^i 
d»a^«Bd ka Maaabd'tt tlM 

&t fca t I |g | a< tfct I 

df •TinBHa ftcna.^ tia < 
9dU baa lie dnwad to tana hii 
■BdpaH«laa M tbn aaa: b«B 
aiiii— taaawTBafaafc Aaaaiwftlialaiff 
ftca >ku^W tad lalM- fami wiA tW 

<D wiaeh hmwm bitwm. kr pnn7 ■* "^ 
«■■<■» fiitfE. JkAvn|aigHayk««MBp»- 

cB M^mt paMtT. wHc^ Ui * Bmc AaC>> 

HBHK Sv fMHk UamMaittaat^aBSciBk 
aCRME hna*aknUa IJTiag b Luaarfbor 
it Uw^mitm^^^uimmM: fatdb 

mB «■ as «Ar af 0«b'? 

■KayaBoa !!»«■■«■■& 
Ia MSI, «tea CkaAa hh MRb* m 
WoceBAtf. Iw fiiii'hiil Mtaa ifa jadiv •> 
Caanr. aad ■laiitiHid lar fc Hit i infii* 
cvwlMHMa O^ ba Htiad Uanlf ^J If 
^^btt. Ha— fa laiiiMM^lMMttlaiitht 
■OrartAabchmc* piat^. >at aaaft fcd 

t«0. wfcifc III iMJ^ >a Ti*Bl.fcal 

|]ol7bMdtkai 

rk auS 

Bhda'a, «•« IW I 

Udy ferthakiBf. 



at aaooal 



Williams 



403 



Williams 



Rs IfaitBar cetelinted the event bt llio 
pnblionttim of bU ' 'O 'A»Tijf>i(rrrJv, HiB Orvnt 
AnlLcliri-it r^vttaleJ * (Lmijon, IRflO, (ai.), in 
whirli bi> triiinipliBDtly ohowed antichnst to 
bn ' ni'ithcr poni' nor Turk," but th« Wwit- 
niinnieF aB«emb)y of divines, wliom ho cba- 
ractorisod in the titl« n£ a ' collect^l pock or 
luuliitudo of lijrpocnt icnl, bunaictU, bla«i)lii-» 
mou3. au(3 moat ■candalou.H w-icki^d men, Ibnt 
Lilve fultillvd nil tb« {irDpLLvii;6 of ibtj &rip- 
tui*, wbiob bitvt* fiin-.p(jki-n of tbr coming 
of tbu great vVnticbridt.' 

On repkirinic to bin dioc««o lie Eound bU 
pnlare and catnMJral in niins, iind wm im- 
niL-diiit«l}' iDTolved iu uumerous tuwBuiU tn 
bis i^ndf^nvoiin* to i«cov4>Tlbualii>nat<.-dIiLn(la 
of tbe Bee, in wbicb be wu gvncnllv uiuuc- 
eeiMful. In \tUii h<j publisb^d • Tbo TersL-cu- 
tion and Uppiv-«.'*!iin df Jobn Buk', Hih^bop of 
OasonTt *>«" of (irilHtb Wilbatdn, tbut wm 
called to thesuniH Riiibopric ' (I>md<m,4W), 
nn nnim«t«d aittobii ignpby, ti> which heap- 
ponded n dtssn-iptinn of the dUtreaaed condi- 
ti<>nurtbL>rk<r(;;-»f hi<i JiuceK*. Sotoestato- 
inent4)in theapp'^ndix drew down tiiir<H-nAure 
of tbit upper bouse of convocation at Dublin, 
(ind hft wiw reduced to pU-ad that, they hud 
inadverteutly clipped iu. He Bptuit oomidtrr- 
ablc BUma in restoring bis cathedral and re- 
pjuring thi! duiiagi] wruuKbl by tbo rvbtiU. 
For •ome years be b«ld the prebviidary of 
Ikfayne in bis dioceM lit eomm^ndam, o.x- 
cbanflrinfT it on 21 Feb. 1871-2 for thv pro 
Contor.«hip, which, hownTiT, b« nvigin-d on 
14 March. Rumoiirn of bid death were rife 
in 1671 iCfil. Stuff rni>xrf,i)t}m. 1671, pp. 
SS4, 441 ), but he di.>d nn i^» Man-h lft72, find 
wa« Imrii^d in his cathiedral itt Kilkenny, fie 
left propf'Tty to .mdow almMhoti««» for eight 
poor \pidoTC.i to \m Hrectvd in ih'^churchyard 
of the c«th.'dral {Aiidif. MS. t'SOl!^, f. 118), 
and also bequeathed bis lunda in Llunllvcbid 
for the beoelit of iht^ poor ( «<7*. 0/ Cfianlu 
Comm. xxviii. 47rMJ, 491). By Uis vfife 
Asne hr^ left ituin-. He ivtm not alwavH on 
good terms with her, and in October 16.31} 
abe brought a suit for utimony ii^in«t him in 
tbo court of high rommisston, but tbt> caw 
Inrmiiiati-d in a leconcUiatiQU [ib. ltJ35-B, 
pp. BS. ft6). 

Besides the works alrt-odv mi:-ationiMl, 
Williams was the author of :' I. 'The De- 
light? of the Saint;:^,' London, 10:^2, 8to. 
2. 'S«ren Uoldtm Ciutdl^tickiet, holding Uiu 
Seven Un!at«et Lirijla of ChtMtJan Reli- 
gion," London, 1027, 4to. 3. 'The True 
Church, shewed to all Men that deaire to be 
H^mbent of the tijame,' London, 1629, fol. 
4. 'The Rijrht Way to the Best lieligion,' 
London, 1636, fol, 6. ' Seven Treatiaeiv«iy 
nuoeeBtry to be obMrred in tbeae tot; bad 



' Days, to prerent the fleren Loet Viali of 
Ood> Wrath, that (ho Seven Angela are to 

fiourilown upon thu Earth,' London, 1661, 
bl. t). *Ttte Deacriptiou and tbe Pmclice 
of the foitr moat ftdminblt^ Boasts explained 
in Four Sonuouf,' London, 16U3, 4cu. 7. 'A 
Tnio liclatioD of a Law Proceeding, betwixt 
. . . Urillith, turd bishop uf Oasorv, and Sir 
El. AyaUue,' U.mli.n, IClK,4lo. 8. ' Sovrrnl 
Suruuna on Solemn Dccnsioas and TreatiM^A,* 
I^ndon, 1665, 4to. 9. ' Fotir TreatisM,' 
Ijiindon, UW$7, 4[o. To lilm aUo ha.<> bi'cn 
lUfcribed ' An liUaniination of such P&rticti- 
lars in the Solcmne L>.-a^ic and Cori^nant aa 
conc'em the Law ; proTine it to be destrao- 
tivf of th« Lawes of CnjirnDd. both Ancient 
and Modcnic,' Oxford, 1044, 4to. 

[Willianm'* Workt ; Ware'n Irivti Bifchopa, ed, 
Ilni-ris. pp 4'Ja-7; WooiI'd Atli«nii- Oior. tA. 
Bliw, iti. 9&'i-9\ NutM and Queri«. Ut wr. %. 
2ii. 429, 6lH Mr. vi. 3(M; foiter'a Atumni 
Oion. IfiOO-ITl-i; Onive.1 and I'riinaHiiiL. and 
Antiij. uf Kilkouiiy C'alhulnU, I8S7. pp. 39, <3- 
45; Wyon'n Hist, of Gwjdir I'amily. 1878, p. 
!)" : Dwnn'a ITL>rakli<^ VisitnlioBB. p. T1.1 ; Itaat'a 
CharL-h of Iralaii'l, 1840. i. fi'ib. JilJU-S. AflS.'l ; 
Walksr'a SuffVringa of tha Clergy, 1714. ii. 2 ; 
NVwceurc's Ropait. K&'Im. Lfindin. 17ll>. i. Sol, 
921: Ijind'a Work* (Libr. of .Anglo-Catbolic 
Tbwl.), IT. 435.] E. I. C, 

WILUAMS, GmPnTH(17efH838), 
Welsh bard, only son of William Williams 
and liL» wife Catherine, daughter of Morgan 
Griffith, was bom at ITalcid Oleu in the 
pari»b of Llan UL'hlig, Carnarvorisbire. on 
:; hVb. ITClt. Not lon^ after hii birth thf; 
family mnvL'd to Uwyn Cuiyu, Llan Berio: 
his htbor dttrd coon afterwanhi, and ^im 
he hod buen a twelvemonth at Echool he 
waa forced to seek employment na a farm 
hand. After serving in various farms at 
.\ngleaey be found work in 1790 at Lord 
Tenrhyn's quarry, and henooforward foU 
lowed for thirlv y<«ri* the occupation of a 
ciuarrymmi, holding sobordinato offices aa 
liu grt<w uldur. IIu murriud. on 21 June 1794, 
Kliaabetli. daughter of EllU Jones, and in h. 
few years moved to her homo at Braich 
Taiog', Llan Di^giui, whrn' hii s|»-nt thtj rwt 
of hi!) day.1. He died on 18 Rr-pt. 1838, and 
was buried at Llan De^. 

' Gntyn Puris ' (auch wiw his bardic tilltt) 
won hu> first triumph as a bard in 1803, 
when the Qwjmeddigion SociHv awarded 
htm thuir medal for his ode to tlie memoiy 
of Ooronwy Owen fq.v.] In 1808 he 00m- 
posed for Lsdy P«nrbyn. a WoUli clogy upon 
ber husband; two years later he waa tbe 
winner at St. (Vaaph euteddfod of prizea for 
an ode on tbe n.>yal Jubilee and another to 
the mcmorv of Queen Elizabeth. Some of bis 

DIl2 



Williams 

|KK>m!> woTP printed hv PaTydd Ddti ISrvri i 
in-t'orph y Hainr' (IfilO), nnil in ISIGhe 
puttlUhtsl a rnliimp nf Wehb vpT*e himHt.'lf, 
entitled 'Frrwyth Awim.' In ^^<\\ lit- a^fain 
won n pri»> for tm fwle (o ' Adricultuw.' 
DurtDK till- rest wf Liis lifc lie wiie le** xitc- 
OAisfiil ; hirt od<' on • Bi'luliMtnr's Keiut' 
<naa eecond ai. UeabLgli in l^'i'*, but wu 
printdd with the wiiini>r'A in the 'TrniMC*- 
tioiu ' of the ei«tedd(b(i (ChMlar, 1830) ; nt 
DoaumAris aleo in IXK h« took tlie Bwrand 
pUce til iho rompcliltun fur l>h« brat odv on 
the ' Wreck of t1i<» Kcith*.*>iy Castle,' Ilia 
ktiow1>i>d^' of the W<>1ahnietrMwss thoruu^f 
but hv iuul f»w of l.lit' K^l^ of a puot. 

[Tlmrti )■ B full nMirnoir, with a puFtmit. Ln 
lliu OwUdlnrwr for IBS* ; )ati«n which p«»«ed 
botweiin ihn p(ii>t Ani) hia hrotkrr b«rili> vill U) 
fuuD'l ill AJ|i*>f uwcli AiiaWf, FruTS !<■■'*. l^^i.] 

J. K. L. 
WILLIAMS. HEI.KN MARIA (1762 
1897), «ut>ii>r»M, dmighter <if t'li«rlp» Wil- 
liams, an oHict^r in tliM urmr. wn* liom in 
London in ITtJJ, While still a child, appa- 
rontly on lh« rk-atli of bpr fntlior. lii-r family 
mored lo Iterwick-on-'iViMtl. ' wiiere Iwr 
ao\e instruction was derived from a virtuous, 
amiat)ii.-,Hiideuii»ib1u mother* (Kir Pis), In 
17S1 she camH up to London, bringiuj; willi 
ln)t ' Edwin and Eltruda,' a. leeandarv talo 
in vpm", whirh Dr. Andrew Kippis [q, v.], 
an old family friond, undercook to nee 
through the prew, himself writiud a short 
introduction. Itwa» published in I78i>, and 
waa ao far saccawful a« to induct- her to cou- 
tinuo a literary canstfr. Uimn^t th* next few 
yvan* aIil' produoi'd auvcral puoms. iBcludinn 
• An Ode on the Peace ' 1178.'!) ami ' IVni ' 
0'^)> which wore pnhliHhed by subscrip- 
tion and bniiiirlit. in coniidprnliln pn>ht. 
These, with nilmr piPWH, wer** inc.liideil in 
hf-r ' PoHms' piibli<ilie<l in 1780 (2nd edit. 
1791), in whicli wiu« aUo An vpi«tli; Irt l>r. 
John Moorp (172B-lffO:Jl [q. v. |, uxpresalng 
Itpr grabitudt.- fur his friendship and hia 
ntu.'utii)ii to livr diiriiie n sorioue illtWM. 
Wlie waa at this tiiut- living ' where Kppin^ 
xprcwdii H woody wast4>,' at Grange Hill, 
Esaex. In 17HB xhtt wtmtovttrto France on I 
a Tisit to har elder aister, Cecilia, who mar- 
nod Athann»9Co(|uere1, a protestant mini- 
ater; and from that time aliii for thft mosr > 
part resided there, intermilletilly at first, 
but ftflorward* continitnu'^ly. She adopted | 
with enthusiiidm tliv prinoiplcH and idne^ of , 
the rcvoliitioii, and wrote of it with a fer- 
vour that amounted ulinoat to trenr.y. Sha 
became &c<iuaintr>d with many of thu Irtail- , 
in^ Qirondiatfl. vr&s an terma of intimacy | 
with Madame Roltin4,wt«tktQWtt\uto\iruii)n i 
by Kob&spierre l_tt0TU OtUiWn Xiwi »&a •«» 



Williams 

in the Laxemhoarg), and narrowly esca^ail 
the fair of w» many of hrr fri-^nd*. 

Itotb bttfurt! bt-r arrest and after ber reteBK' 
nhe frwely wrote h«r impressions of the evcai 
which ahe witnei««l or heard of. im 
fr«qni.*nttr formic] on very impeHectf 
6ided, and garbled information, tm 
bT'theentbiuiwinnf i>rl>-v>T,b«dly ed 
woman, and nttetwd with tbe cockauRiMai' 
of i^oronce. It waa in l hi* nature of iVi^ 
that auch writings should make ber bubt 
VDomiai ; and while some of tbeee cootentid 
tbemoelvefl with di^nouncinfcb^ workua* Do- 
scnipuloua fiUiricalioiiB, others attocknl bn 
reputation aa a woman, and oocuoed beri^ 
caTTTinf; hor love of liberty to a detMtauv 
of all (-unMraiat, I»l'b1 or social. Shams 
apparently living at Fans from 17M lo ITVd 
under th«pTot«;li'rti "f .loha lliirfunl .St«» 
['J. v.], wli'i Had de*erl.ed bis own wife for 
lifir. Wolfe Tom* myt thL-ui walkitu; thr<?urb 
theTiiilfrimon 10 J illy 17iW>, and llm-cdan 
Itttffr dined with tbem. ' Mias H. M. WiU 
liamfl.' be wrote, 'is Miua Jano Bull roD- 
pletcly \Aut«bic^r.\HU3, ii. BC>-7 1. Intpilt ' 
of bT intrigue with Stone, and of. it i»nil| 
anorber with Captain Imlay, Mi«9 Willioou 
rutaiiti.'il, with ber relieious seutimenl, h*t 
■sAicinli'Mi with th<.< protestant set of h<f 
aistcrs family: and thvtradiliou ofherwhiirb 
remainud to lli« vounj^r mefnhen of il WM 
n of one to admire and love. And in fsci 
ber wTitinffB are very much what miltlit fe 
eicpocKid from n wnrm-hearte<l and igDonM 
woman. The honestywith whichsfaewrot* 
carried con>-iction to many of hrr reodm: 
and thorc can b« little doubt that her works 
were tbe soarca of many (irroneout opiniow 
08 to fuLls. which have b^^u lately 
AM maitJTii of history, instea<l of— as 
really wore, is their onjfin — tho wilful 
renresr'ntation* nf interasted portiea. 

In 1 SI 7 .she and Stone took out letten ol 
natural iaiit ion in Fmiir", it bxing ihonoA* 
cislty 1 htil orronfmuBly^ noted that aho wu 
bom in London in 17'bt. » date contrary to 
allavailableevii)enc4>,and.ihown tohe ofasurl 
by thu publication of * Edwin and Eltmda' 
iii 178i. Uiirinff her later year* she iwiddil 
much at Amati:rlam with her nephew, Ath*- 
nnse f^nrmt Lliarles Coqiierel, pa»toi ihrr* 
of a rnnfrf'-i^tionof rn-nclipnilealaiiUL ^b* 
died in Parit on l.'> IW. tS:>7, and was bmui 
be*idc Stone in Pftre-l-arlwisi'. Hrr jot- 
trait was paintod by C^ia* Humphry; bikiIIiA 
wa« enpraved by It. Sc.itt in i7M (B8i>»* 
LET, p. 147). A lithoKTnphed portrait u 
Mid (fieat. Mag. I>^-W, i. .173) to have bwn 
published shortly bt-fore ber death, T«n 
smaller ones of an earlier date are in tie 
','^vv<ij&'VL.-w!Mm ('^riat-rooia). 




Williams 



40s 



Williams 



I 



Li 



IJesid^a her cullticUMl |M*eti)^ utiil aevenl 
occasional pieces iu wne, ^iaa WilliuitiA 
■wrolf'Juliii. II novel* (1700. ivola. l:.'iiio), 
Mnd t.lin Mfirv, Miiil lo bu fr»m lif<-, of 
• Peroiirow, thfl BoUows-mendur ' (IfiOl). 
nmv b«'*l l(tii)wn in it* iid)i,|it»tii>n I'or tbe 
HlaRc OH "Thfi Ijidy of Lyons' by tho first 
Lonl LyUoii, Slit> w^s on lentiK uf cilice 
friendship wi ih Itfrniinliii fie Suiii[-I*ierrM, nt 
whose'lauWt ^'l^|EiIliL'' nbe iseu«d » Tei> 
nion. in I7ti5 (iiumenjiiA rdiiions^ &ntl sbo 
tmasluled othiT worki<, includiui^' tliu 'Tra- 
veU'of Von lIumboMl iiiid oii« of the tales of 
J. lie Maietru. Itiit il wim by her pulitiuU 
writings that Ak' wnM b«ut known, and tlH^8«•, 
even nnw, nm worth reading, not «!■ hiiiiory 
of pv«nt«, but of one, nnd Ihnl mi important, 

fhaflfl of npininn and thought, Tlu^y im: 
. 'Letters written in Frnuix' in iliv Sum- 
IDM of 1790; I79C, 12mo. 2. ' U'lten con- 
tAJninjr A Sket^Ji of the Folitice of Kmuce 
from the aint of May 1793 till the 'JHh of 
July 1794,' ITSR, 2 vot«. !2mo. 3. 'Uitere 
.from Frainct' contaiiiuig many New Anw- 
dot^s relative to tht< Frvnch itsvolution and 
the prv«cnt Siute of b'lvndi .Mniiuers,' I79*-8, 
4 vols. 12ino. 4. 'A Tour in Switzerland, 
or a View of ibi' pri'^-iit Stalo of ihu Ui>- 
vtTiuni-iit*i nnd .Mntiriiw nf ihoHtt ('anions, 
vilh L'omparutive Sketchi* of thi> preEcnt 

it»t«ofI'Qrie;iT98,L'vnU.yvf.. 6. 'StfUUfji 
tic Stflt*' of Jl(inn(^n< nnd Opinions in th'^ 
[ch itepublic towardi* the clow of the 
EiKhtcentb Cfnt.ury,' IH<)I, -J vols. 8vo, It 
ia in tlii« work ibut lOie liii« fiivfii h bintory 
of the revolution nnd counter-revolution ftt 
Naples in 1709, nnd a L-nticLi>m un ibu oon- 
du<!t of NVImih, l««fd on ber bi*iori-, which 
18 distinctly faist' in fverv detail(a copv in 
tht- Uriliiih MitK>-uni, Ad!lil, MS. ."M.'titl, i- 
enrif:bt^d with Mivcrul niLtnf^ph nnlee by 

'elson). K. 'Tbe I'olitical und Confidential 
'CJorresnondftnce of Louin XVL' IftOS, 3 vola. 
8vo. This called forth 'A Itefulalion of the 
Libel on the !lkniory of the Into Kinff "( 

ranee, publifhud by llulcn Mariu Willianiit 

iiider the title of " Political lind 4'aiiliden- 
tul CorrL-JspondDnvc of Luui« XVI," byA.F. 
Bertrand lie Molcvillt!; tranHlnted front lli« 
ori^nal manu»;ripL by It, C. Dallas,* 1804, 
Bvo, in which nul. only (hn wcirk thu« 
■peciflcAlly niinii>d, hut all Allies Wi llinmV.1 
earlier works are severely condemned ; ^hs 
her«elf i* rcri-rnyl to iw 'n woman who««u lip* 
and pen distil venom ;' ' whow wtvicbed pen 
hoB Decn lon^ ucoumiiliilinR on ilM-lf dis- 
grace after diM^Tacf hy writings of a xiniitnr 
nature' — similar, Ibiit is, to tha prt-senl 
'scandialntiiipriHluction.' 7. ' A XamU ise of 
th« ICvciilit whirh have taken pUcf in Fmnce 
from the landing of Napoleon Bonaparte on 




the 1st of March 191G lo tlic Kfslomlion of 
Louis XVUI,' iBliJ, 8vo. 8. ' Letter* on 
the Kvvnta wliich liavi* passed in France 
aince tite linHturul ion in \Hlh,' \tiia, Svd. 

[UbdI. Mag. lam i. 37». 386 ; Mii^nud'x 
RiuKr. lIiiiTttrMlle; Alger's Knttlliibniau itt lb« 
Frvnch Kovolution ; Julioo's Uymnolagy ; C. A. 
(.'EXiiicnii** Sourenira <lc la Kerolntion, Lradnit* 
dn rAn)tIai»iK« H. >l.\V., with an intrtidnctioQ; 
•vurks Eiiinitnl in texL] J. K. L. 

WILLIAMS, HENRY 07^-1867), 
toiseionary, bom at Notiint^ham on 11 Feb. 
1 "iV'J. \vu8 llif l.hinl win of Tbooia.* \\ illinma 
(^1751 ISOJ) of l'Iuuiptr.;Uull,N.Jtlin(,diam, 
bv his wife iIttri-(17o8-18SI), sinter of John 
Mar»Ii of St. Thuiuu«\ SoliDbury. (>n 
]U May I80tf he eutervHl the navy aa ntid> 
Fliipman, following the profession of his 
t(nindfitthfr nnd tbroa maternal uncles. [I« 
fierved under JiJr JoMipfa Svdiii.*y Vorka 
[g. v.], a friend of the family, in llio Bar- 
Hi.'ur nnd Chriitlinn VII, under Captain 
Lind-«y in tlifi Maida, under C^itiitain LoKac 
in the l.ialatea, under Captain lie Kepe in 
the Ttaci; l[or«c, under Captain Na«h in tbe 
Saturn, under Captain (al^erwnrdH Admiral 
Sir) Henry Hope [q. v.] in tho EndviuioQ, 
and iindt>r Captain VViilpolu iu the Tuanuri). 
At (Jupenhngen in 1807 be servi-d both 
ufluut uud luhure, working at the land bat- 
ttrries, and wa» told olfou a forlorn hope od 
the r.vi: of the capLtulntion. On IS Fi^b. 
lyiO betook purt in the attack made by the 
br^ut,* of tbi- Chmtinn VII on nine Freucli 
Uunbr-alH ill the Kiuijuo Uo«di>. In thu 
tialalea ha was pn'sent in an engagi'Uifnt off 
TainutavL' oil '20 May li^ll, butwi-eu three 
KngliHh frigates muU-r ('apfuiu { Sir) Ubnrlea 
Marsh Scboniberg [i}. v.] and three French 
vitiiwIh v( ■niH-rior forcf, receiving; a wound 
from which lie never completely recovered. 
For thin nervit^e be subseuueotly obtain'cd a 
war mednl. He mw furfnir wrvico at tho 
Cape, the Mauritiu.", Mndra.-, und Calcuita. 
He toolc pnrt in Ibc lii<t unvnl engagement of 
the war that bijtwtrvn the Kndymion and 
the United HiaIeK frigate I'n?*id«nt. He 
wiia placed on board the President with a 
priie crttw, aisd nearly perithi'd in a kbId 
while carrjiiif; hep to Bermuda. Ilia peril 
giiveriHHloieriuiis reflections, undeveDtually 
changed the course of hig liff. He was n>- 
tired on half-pny with tho rank of Ueutenant 
on IllJ Aug. lHl,"),iind in lHL'7 was removed 
from the list by an udwiraliv order atrikiug 
off retired olfiei'i-a who bad lalieii bolv ordera. 

In 1818 Williuiu^ marrii-d und took up 
bin abodw at (^heheubam, wlmiH-ein IBrKlha 
removedlo Balden, and in ^ptember ]H'*l to 
llnnijmlead, in order to remaio near Ku. 
brother-ift-lk'w, FA^Vhi^ ^\«t»,Ti '^w**. 



Willams 



4«fr 



Williams 



■AnecW' 



■ ll I II yilill.iil I 
h»Ib. B» nOii far N*« 



d <UteB •■ T A^, I iil'i Bo^B* 
• m lOIUklSA ftftiiwi itiihi 1 S?*»w^ 
n^ mi Ifante Mchnl tlK Ait dl 
Ti'iiifi — ■ ; r»J»ctUlhi*hiTigiiJ 

«fthab*Aa«c TWwlMlafe«ni3fbranr 

fta OgAMJMMi— ij^iwiiiT 4ln»]< lad 
hliiimiiiMliiiiliwiiiiM lifli iir n ll 



ff 



Iraa tW M««M ■■tm of tW 
fins th* Wt«IiBBat«f tbair own ■gcatt. 
It Ud hithHMMftedoQthe wifantin ifail 
llwwkj-fivClkriitiuritymM WimmrriW 
ibr Kiuittnnit of* aaa m rp of ciTil»»t'M>a. 
bat ftfter Uw ftdYent of WiQuuM ntifiou>( 
IckUd^ WW rmid«d M [cdiaimmfT to oUirr 
nutnKtKtn. Daring the fint part oT hU 
vgoam W'illi&mB wis protectpd dt Ote peat 
cbi«f Hongt, whcs Imwpvw, n-munpil a 
ItMtWn. In 1886 be iru ^inrd br hi» 
Itfotber Willita, and early in MucIi'It'^S 
Ihe chief UoD«i died. Even durins hia life- 
time the misBioiuncs bad uader^tiv c«um<< 
It>tv trial* and alarm*, but after hlft <Wlli 
nalt4>nib«atDe8oniucbworK iha> tbcTWQt 
to Syiiacy all tb*) book* And »lnn-« that coulil 
beniared^eipM^ingererTday to be robbed of 
tb«ir poM«s8ions and pi>rbapi put tn doath. 
An intrq)ii3 act of Willinmn'.* impmvrd tl»>tr 
|KMil40B. Hearing ibal two of the lendiTig 
tribM were prcpan-d for wAr, he battened to 
tfaepUMwhtTL'thi'v were euvaojped, and on 
S4]urcb ■tirri^drd in nabtog peare. H» 
oehieTemtint made a deoti imprrvsiun on the 
MaorWiUld the tivatv, whicli waMralliM th<< 
pmc* or Hokianga, wm Imi^ remetnberpd in 
thuir annals. After Ibis time tho mUsion 
made Kood pro^^rcM ; manyconvonswetvre- 
ci'ived, and tliecmeltyof the native customs 
rMmarkablv aoftened. The staT ion wn» rvin- 
forced bym'fihnii»i(inarii-)',a]idiu l8.HtIS.H. 
Foni, tlw fintt iiimlic-itl miBsinnnrv, arriTed. 
The miasion wna exrendt^ tn tin.' Hot l-nl»ire 
district, the Waikato Kiwr, and lin- Urty of 
Plenty, ftnd I(ir<>r, in 1 rl-'iSt, to the east, cnnat 
BDtl I" Otnki in the south. In IHSSParwin 
viaitedlba alAtion durinf^ lun voyafrc of the 
Bnagle and eipntSMHl in bis 'Journal ' higb 
adniimtton for lb«> mtuionariea and their 
WOrit. In IMl (j«orge Xm^wMm ■'?«\'W'i\\ 



(lflV-l97K)^<if.T.''waj ap[^>oinlnl liral blibop 
ofNrar&aiand.aaivpi'tnjnLrly ar^ed by ibc 
bntb^aW tUiaiaa, and i» 1h4^L hrapptiiilnj 
B^UT' WiUiuBa arcbdeacon of Wainiate. 

la tW iMantiiDe N«ir Zf.iilaad bad ba- 
eamm • ftilirii pnBearian. Ttx- tmtr nf 
Wiilay, eoodndvd oa 6 Feb. 1840, wlii<^ 
i£ed tb« queen's wprvmacy, traa onlr 
1^ tb« JlMwi ebwb at 'WtUiasu* 
em im am OMttaM. Tbajr wer« reluctant to 
l a rw d w tiwir nKbpsadeocn and wmv 
MiBBktad tn natat Wtbe Uosnan ratbotic 
\mkmf ftfaUiar. Williams rit^WMl inch 
xntiawabln appmhenaion thn watablUhmeat 
of ft inUMWftta, bat be realisml cWriy (be 
iwiftiiii ■! danitrr of juiiu-ixnt ion by Franca. 
Man tbfta four hundred /HmUartreatiata wtn 
i^iMd in tb* ni'xt ihrve nioaifas lar^y 
tbnMwbtba instrii mentality nf Williams,*^ 
mvoUtd Uuougbout iho ronntnr intrrrl^ir- 
iMg lb* tribaa. In the result, Itonfwr, the 
■HMOOftriea wuv oonfrontod wit li & new cIm* 
of £ffienlti«« viaiBff from the rapid intluiof 
foloattts, and from tlip iinscruptiloua dr-aUcf^ 
of aooM nf tbv inuairmitta 'A'itb the nalins 

Tb« inereaainff fncliou led linalU- to iha 
ootbrmk of IleM^ war in 1M'>. and Wil- 
liaou fonnd bta poaitinn rery difficult. R^ 
fn*inc to abandon his naliTeconTenr,lifi v»» 
called a tnilor tn hi* fkcr by a Etnliitb nHinr 
and inciirrpd miioh ill-will and obtoouy. Tbe 
common aentimeni waA not abarvd, Dowanr. 
by tbe povMBor. iJobert Fiiiroy [q, t.], 
wbo apoke of bim a£ Mhv trivd, tbeprorn, 
the loyal, and the inderatigable.' Ui:' m- 
flwfnro waa eouMantly uaed to mlnre Ina- 
<]tiillitr and td nMlraiutbo Maori cbiefK.wbn 
at one litne had tbe wbite flectlemenlji al- 
moiit at Ibrir mvrcT. Ilia per»Ha»ionR altau 
pr^renled tbe whok* Monri nation ffom m- 
(tAKin); in the war. When tht' nativM 
Monntnl Kororarrka in March 1845, WiUiam 
brought off tbe wituudi'd captain of tbe 
llaxard, Oommnnder Itnbertaon, to hia ship 
at tbe riak of hia own lifv. Tbeef- M>rvi«t*. 
however, received no imme<liftto n-coKnitico. 
.\fter the condusion of peace Firimy ira« 
■upLTvedtd by (Sir* (Irorjp* Orev, who at 
lirat fihowed himaelf extntnii-ly hostile, tn 
JuiH* I1I4U in a secret deepatciitotiladrtoneT 
then colonial sMrelarr, he nrcu^ed the Dii>- 
sionarica, and wpwtahy \VilliBiDF, of beo^ 
thd refll cause ot iho recent eiuiflict. 

Thi« wa*, bowet er, onlv tbn prelude ra a 
ninre Kcriouit cmitmv-t'ray m connection wiib 
th<^ artjuiMt ion of land. New ZejUand bung 
a country with a climate united for Ruro 
iieanit, many of thrniisRinnariea' dcacRndaata 
Ixjcame farinert-. and acquired land bpfioo 
the uniiexation of tbe colnnv to ibe rrenra 
W \9At). In 1843 tlwir <:latiuit ven detvt- 



I 



^ 



I 



i 



nine<{ and siknctioned hj a court of land 
cloitue inatit.ulifd by Fitiryy. (in»j-, bow- 
«Ter, in hi* sivret ilejipiiTrli, unwnminlublr 
stalml tlutt these acquisilion* hiid bam iiii- 
juallr mad*', and would rit[tiiw tn hp. en- 
forved tiy troopa. In reality m relativt-ly Iitt^U 
fticv bml be^n pftid, tlif nrttive r»<:-t)io>l of 
trauafLT liud bvrii cun-fully fullowed, and ttw 
Kittkirit were in ])eflceable piuAe^tsion. Wil- 
lijuna imli^antly dumandi-d an imjuirr into 
Onty'* cliargifjs, ■wliirli wii* rtfusfd, iiiiu Sel- 
wyn, who was opposed to iho acquisition of 

Eroporty.diR'Ctwithiit thp till«^tk!cd»«li'iiil(l 
b i>urri*i)dercil uncoiiditionally. WilUama 
refused to obey unl il Grey's cbarf^s had lii-t-n 
wtnmincd, fearing tlint c»mp1iiinr;>- wntild hfi 
nsardvd as no acknowled^meut of prenuus 
BUKoaduct. TheChurch Minsio nary Society 
in comioqucncu r(;lucUnt]yi>L'verfd tlteircou- 
n«ctionwitbbimcm:.'0Nov.I8iy. I lis brother 
William, howover, visited England in ISol, 
and. convincod the cuiiiiiiitti-i* lliiii tlivy had 
Iweii ini«l&d in their uctioti, unrf thi?y pftMed 
« roeolutiun in May I'nliryly i;xon'.Tannglhu 
miHionarii.-)! from (irt-y's charfft-.*, TUpy. 
bavrerar, onnAidfired lliat ^^'i)liaIlaE had dunu 
wrong in refnsinK obf^iencv, «»il di-chn<il 
to rcsdncl thoir rc»»liui"n in reirnrd to bim. 
They were besot from all sides nilb appvwlH 
on bi« brhfilf, and on IS July ^'^•M lie was 
n-mstatvd at tliu pergonal n^quest of Selwyn 
and of Hir (IcnrnH Clri-v, who by that time 
had larjrdy oimliliud liis pn'vioiis opiuiuiu. 

Thi- chining yi.-nni of Wiliiains's life wer« 
[inint'wiiat naddeniKl by the df^nlensian of iho 
Maori church fmni its lirst fervour, and In llm 
bitU'r warfart' bctwL'fn lh« si'itlyrs and iha 
IJativert. Uurinff ihe war which brok* nut 
in If'tiO he lived quiotly at Pakamlca with 
Buinc of hii< il>.'i<.ci>iidtiiili«, iijiin^ hin initiiience 
1ft [ireservc the neighbouring tribes in loy- 
alty. Xif the- inGrmilits of ago grew upon 
liiiii he pcrforuied his journeys by wa in a 
small Ti%s(>l nnroL'd tlie ICainbnw, to aviid 
th(> fntigiiti of hind triLVflling. lie died at 
Pokaraka nn IrtJnly IftH?, leaving a high rt*- 
pulalion for t'hri^luin aeal- His inliimnco 
■wiih the Maori* wn* virygTffir.aiid wandue 
to his upright cbamet^r and to liia perfect 
com pre hen? inn of nfltivcccri-mnnirsand cu»- 
tomit. Ill I87ljihe Maori couiuiuiiitytTeotud 
a great stoU'U cniss to his memai'y in the 
churuhyard ut I^iiihia, the fccnt^ of Iiis lonj^i'^t 
[nliimrM. It wnn iirivi-ilcd by Williaoi Our- 
den (.'owic, biahon of Aucklnnd, on II .Tan. 
Oil ^Jiin, IHlrt wtllianiB marrird ML-riiitiH'- 
<rf. IiJ IW. lJ^79), daughrer of Wright Toid- 
IiainofNottiiitfhBni. Uyher hi>hnd inxsons 
juid four daughters. 

Uis vouug«.-r brulher, Wjluam WiujjiNa 
(1800-lt>7»), first bisliop of W'uiapn, born in 



leOO, matriculated from Magdalun Hall, 
Oxford, on :; June Ittiil, graduating B.A. in 
1H2S, and njccivin^ llio ut^grwe of U.C.h. on 
:i July IHaI. Hh was ordniuitl by tbu 
bii^hop of London in l(^ii4, and, afl^r aiiend- 
iufi Homt! lituo walking ibebospitaU to gain 
modicai knowledge for missionary piirposi*, 
bd [irocoudcd to >ew Zealand in tr^i'lJ. He 
vraa appointed archdoacun of W'aiapu by 
Svlwyti m 1913, and waa C0D8Ccrat«o first 
hipihop <vf Waiapu in lHd9. Uetween 1833 
and l6Hi he auiisied in thu n)vi»ion of tbu 
Maori trnnslnlion of th« Llibl<! and nniyer- 
bo'.]l<. Il'i diud at Nupiur in ltt7l). lie 
married Jana Nelaon, by whom hi- had lhrv« 
sons. Tho uldosr, William Lmnard, i^ now 
bialiop wf Waiauu. William Williams waa 
th« author of: I. *A Dirtionarj- of tln> Ni^w 
/•Mtland language and a Concise Oranimar,' 
Paihia, 1?>U, rtvo; 4th cd. Auckland, Ibf^H, 
tivo. 2. ' I'hriitianity among the Nev 
Kmlaudvrs,' Lo^rdon, 1867, 8vo. 

I Lifu uf llrnry WillJHcn* hy bis iKin-iii-Uw, 
nufili Ciirletun, 1877; SlockV JL^Iory <jf tha 
Church Uimioaary SiK-. IM9; BtirkesColnntat 
Gi^Dtry. IflSlfi, p. ^SS.coTTijj^-ndap. sxii ; Vfntur'a 
Alumni llxon. ITld-ISEtfl; Rundcn'* Hiit. of 
Nuwitmland. IBU'3. Tdl. i. pamim; f^h^rria and 
U'allncDS Early lltxt. of Xew /enUnd, ltl93, 
[■EUMiD ; (inrnnnV Edwud ijihUin Wakcfleld, 
180«. pp. 212, 275; Three Luitcrs i.by William 
Willians) addruMod to ffca 1-Wl of Chi<-h«it«r 
ri:lKiiin Co ihii cbaic* brought ug«.iu»t tb« N«W 
/«alnnd miaiuu. Ititfi; DarwidnJoiimal daring 
Ihn Vr.yazv of the Uiagle. IS'JU. |>p AOQ-IA; 
Citrti^in* Bishop Si-lwyii. 1889; Mihs Tut'k»r'« 
SrmllnTn'CnjfsaHdSoulharB Crown, ISSft; Lady 
Martin'* I inr Maori*, 1881, pp. 36. t4 ; Jawba'a 
rimrch liisl. of Nr<w ZmiUnil (Colonial Charob 
Hiaiorii-x), 1887; Tiijlor's Paai and Prwoatof 
NVw /eaiiuid. 18611; Taylor's New Zoaland and 
it* lnliabit«rjts, 187(1, pp. 533-5.) K. J. C, 

WILLIAMS, HI GinVILLIAM (177.1- 

18i'[l), landM!iifii--piLint«T, ihe only child of 
("aiitain Williama by his wife, a daughterof 
Cohini-I l-t'wi*. dcputT^ioTCTuor of (JibraU 
lar, wa.1 bom in 1773 on board hi^i father's 
ship diirioR a voyagv to th« W'ini Indiii'. 
IjOMng both pan-nt4 at an early age. be waa 
brought up by biti meTurna! grandmother 
and her »L>ci>iid bii<ibaud, Ijunio HulKni, a 
m<-uib<.'r of an idd Turin family, al (^raigsiila 
UouHe, Kdinburgli. His grundfal Ikt, dis- 
covering his talent, cHcouragi'd him r.o be- 
iiitnf It iwiiitrr. For sumo years he nainttTd 
highland land^ape, and in 1nII-I2 Iiepulc 
lii>hrd *ix Inrg" engravings of acenea in tha 
north, while many nf his <-arly topographical 
drawings appeared inth'Q' i^cott. Magaiine ; ' 
lint, an fxt«'ndt-d tour in Italy and Orteco, 
from which Uv relumed in 181S, gave hia 
work its particaluT c!bai*a\iet,wa&vi«tti»;\>B.vMi. 



Wiiliams 



408 



Williams 



the n&me, 'Qroetan WiUIaoui,' bjr wlueb ho 
LN funiiiarly known. An account of hw 
tnreli!, in iwo OL-Uiva t<)1udi«». ajipt^irotl in 
IS-iO. Wriltrn in llm fonii yf Ir-llnn.. aii<( 
dedicntod to John TlmuKin (177^-1)^0) 
[a.v,] wf PmWin(ii>(on, iIm- ■tdwciI intvntloii 
oj tnp work was not to pntcr into disp^iiiw- 
tions upon arcliicologr unH histon-, bm to 
dcwrrilie tV foiintricft, ncrnery, mid [k-ojiIm 
as ihey appeared lo him. The iltustralioiis 
were engruvt-d bv Liinr* from drawings by 
th« sutlior. Ln 1>^'J'2 Williuni!) h*dd nn cx- 
hibltioa of watt-rcolour*, alito tb« result of 
liis tour, which nitnictcd itiucli nttonrioD 
and waA flatly amilaudrd by tlie critira 
of ihu (lay. Dcpictinp as they did iheBplRo- 
did ruitiH und luitii>itii occnro nf firvvh hi»- 
Tfir>-, ibpy fell in witti thp taste ol lli^ timi', 
oocl llie catiUoKiiH i«iinH wilU iinnuiiniifl 
from lh(- rlnMiC!* nnd thn Rrt-at Fiijiliah 
pwtx. Bfltwiven I.**:!? and 182i> hia ' 3*?I«cl 
Vipws in rJrw'ci'' ajipnared in niiiubem, 
tMu^Ii ro'itniiiiriE; six p1ati>8. Althoti^U he 
painted a few oil picliire«, his principal and 
mort' charact*ri!tin work wa* MCfCiited in 
Mntttrcoloiir, which he bandkd in broad 
wafthea of tranipaKiit colour ovtfr a CAt«- 
fully drawn iH-nnril (lv»ifr&. In Uii' Naltonal 
Gatlpfy of Scoilaitd h'- is represi nt«d by lie> 
twDun twenty and lliirly typicut uxanipleB, 
and in tlwhii'ioriral colli^iionnl South hun- 
einjitoii bv fiv« drawinpi*. three <if which epb 
dalfd before I8U7, atid rvprpsent his earlier 
style. Willinme was an oripinol mctnVr of 
the Asoocialtnl Arti«itin Walercfiloor( IflWt, 
And nn BSsoi>iarf of thp Itoyal Inntitnrion, 
Edinbmvh; but luwardH l\w viid uf bin lift- 
hp look a (fr(?at interest iti (!n> prrjpt>.*i-d 
BtmU^mutioti of thw Stotiish Afadymy und 
thi* iirtint niutiKTiiitco iif th>- iTiHtiliition, itn 
arrnnir'^iiif!nl which waa compleCed a month 
aftwr hi* dpBlfi. 

Shortlv ftff.pr hifl rclum fmm thf Kast he 
marrifd Miss Miller nf (iarnock. a wealthy 
lady of good family, (ind morcd in th« bi^t 
Kdinbiii^h^ociirty.wlnTi'hewnatixcwdinttly 
po[ju]ar. I'rwfpsimr Wilson in lliu ' Noct»"ft 
Ambrocisnir ' miikrs lh« * Sht'pln-nl ' wiy of 
Williaoja: ' A* lor I ho man hiiniii>r. I likf to 
look on litm, for hp'it gotten n sran' balil 
plirwnohijiiriil lit-nd, tlm faro «' him '» at 
nnre jfootl-nntnrfid and int<>l linvrt ; and o" a' 
t]i<_' painlvn 1 Ut-ii, hin nininnpre seems lo be 
The inai.«t the mninnors o' n fKinlli*mnn nnd 
K man o' the world:' and Lo^nl Covkburu 
acK-akft of him ax warm-h<rnr1ed nnd honour- 
able, of giii^^lariuodcity and alitioft ffmininu 
pcntlen^sa. Mo difd on ^JSjiin** 18l'9. 

A ijortrait of Willinmsbr W. J. Thomson, 
Ji.'S.A.. was (^nuravvii by CVIutommiw aad 
?iubJiiKli(-(l in 16*i7, ftTi4\Va\ V^i^\T \\«nri 



Kn»huni is iu)w in the Nationnl Poitnil 

(lallory, lADdan. 

[Pritntf information ; Kdjnbtirgh Att'-ail 
Rti^islrr. 181C; Lockhart** Petcr> LDltL-nklSIV; 
Edinburuh Mams'iio. 1822 ; Norte* Anbra- 
BiMa-, I«;i7. l-"rd(Vkl.uni"»aiMiorialt. IfcH; 
Hriili-y** A Comturyof ^Irti-tK. Ulaoeow, IIMv,- 
Itwlnrave's and Hr<an§ I>ii;tit'initri<« . Cotj- 
logVM l'>linbur|cli Kitiibitiona. lSitS.I6,Six(i»iL 
Nktiuaal Oa))e^, Bostli Konsiuetoii TWwmin.l 

J 1. C 

WILLIAMS, ISAAC (lfi02-l^<iAi. i-ve 
and theoliyian,t bird son, with thre« broihu n, 
of Ibmc Lloyd Williams (1771-lH4t!».cb«a- 
L-rry barrislpr of Linroln's Ian, who marni»d 
Annv, vldcr daughter nnd coheirew of 
Mattlinw DaTivs of Cwmcynfolyn. near 
Aherv»twith, r4rdtgan>ihin% was l>nrn iWe 
on U Ih-K. im-J. Tb.i family lived in 
Souiluimptiiii Stro(il, Itloomaburr Squiir, 
London, and WilliamsV parly yean ynn 
apvnl under the inslructiou of the Ktr. 
Mr. I'olifhampion of Eton and Kind's Ciil- 
iHge. When rolehsmi>too moved lo W«r- 

fll>«d•^n in Siirrt^y his pupiln follnw«d his. 
'rom 1817 WiUtauit wasut Harrow, wkera 
\w became conspicuous for his skill in Ijitio 
vvntt-, and on 7 Juno 1821 he nuuricuIatMl 
fromTriuilv tl^Uegf, Oxfonl. FromSJuw 
\Hi>'2 tulS^it be held a acholar^hip on thii 
fouiidntinn, but from the 6rsi hv liTixl much 
anon^ thf m«naM>rifilCollof!r«'. Intbriua* 
niwr ol 1 8-.?;! he was inlroduci^d to Joho Kehk 
at Abi'rysl with, but this acriuainranrmhipiiid 
not ripen into a clow inliinacy nniil afTer 
Williams had |L^in«d in I8i*3, with a \*rm 
uf * much •.iri^inality and power,' tb« chan- 
cellor"* (iriEe for l.«tin vorae, the »uln«cl 
beiiii; ' Ar« (leolo^ica/ In that yoar aaa in 
]8l'-i hi! wi'iit ti) mad with Keble at Soulb- 
rtip, Uf-Hrl'airfonl.andumnng'hiscompaBioai 
wrn- l{i(.'liiir.I Iliirn-ll Troudi' ami Itob«t 
Isaac Wilbirforce. lie accompntiiMl Fwiiidw 
to his fniher'e rectory at Durtington, nMt 
Totnr-H, IN-ronshire, in 1H25, and mada 
scqiiainlanct! of t lie fuiuilv of Champei. 
of U«rLini[ton Hoube. ^bf bnwh*n 
and llioma* Keble oxercisvd irrrat intlwaw 
over biin. and tlu^r intercourse shaped In* 
afn-r-life. 

Williiiina.in Lfa« hope of tfetlins: a'doubi* 
first.' read very hard in cloaaics and malbe- 
inntii^H, labonrinf; severely over the huicr. 
A seriona il]ni--w ihrr-iilcorti hi* life, and, W 
bis studies were iK'reinptorily stopptnl by 
Dr. Aht-melhr, he was obliged to roalipal 
himself wiih 11 pavtbdegrt-e. He graduilid 
B.A. on I'o .Mav l»'X, and proceeded 3IA. 
in 18.11 nnd It.lX in 18S^. In De«enb« 
18:?!> he waa ordains] deacon by Chriotoplitf 
'ftviOfli^'^^.'s i^jA^Mi bishop of (i louocAlcr, hit 



Williams 



409 



Williams 



* 



curacy heing that of \Vii)dni))li-«iisi-Sh^r- 
bome, within drjviD^ dietanro ofBisley and 
Pttirford inCilonci'Ati-rshiro, Tlirri- hi> nho<ie 
for Lwo years mtt;nt oa tliu Mu<lv of Hebrew 
and the writing; of Knclilh poetrv. 

Un 30 .Mgi;r 1831 Williama obuinod a 
felluwghSp aL Trinity Callv^tt, took prinl'i 
nnlcn, uiid wunt into rvf^idL'nce na tutor id 
ISillJ. Hi- wan inn<]« dttatt of l)ii* coiinwn iii 
J83.%iuid ])bi1osopliv lecturer in 1832. From 
18!U to IMO Im wn» rhetoric h-ctonTpand 
vice-prcBidimt in 1841 and lK4:J, whon he 
ceiamd to btMutor sod left Usford. William 
John CotM'land , q. v,' cnwf to dwell rbt'r»; in 
iti^'2, aiiu the two lulors beciimi; tht! chiensi 
ofsllicB. Tbey wi'resooDn^ckoDfdamoiifitbe 
IdHdiii^ tmciarittiu ut O^tford, antl ihrouf^h 
their intlueuce the churchouiDiibip nf th« 
eoDcee hecamu of n' much inoro An^licui 
type. Kuuiidell Ptliiirr won au upvii Rcho* 
l&rahip ul the colleire in IMiBO, and deacHp- 
I lioiu of tho scholure und tutors from that 

^^ Y*uir to |S43 Hre givrn bv bim {^MrmariaU, 
^F i. 114) and bv IVhendarj- Frederick Mey- 
' rich ('Narralivn' in TIort'* Urmtn-inU of 

W. a. ytarriiitt I. In WiUinmii, f&\s, I'Almcr, 
there was a df>tii;iency f>( th« <lron^ Knil 
muily qnalitif'H rcquitilc for n tutor, but I10 
poffietts^ mnnyacjuiivmenis and an intettNo 
vein of morDlity. lUs 'shy but warm rem- 
peramvut ' wut> ullii.'d wiLh '^n-'ut m^dculy 
ntid hutDilitv." Tin- mlln^o hiKturiiin iitvl''" 
him aa u tutor 'Ion good fnr this world. 
lIiH niht wax tito Htrirt iinil his utanilard too 
hiffh to work with' ^Bi.akihtox. THm'tij Cid- 
Ir^, Orfuril, p. -liil ). ThiK wa* true of the 
maj<.« nl' tli« miderpnidunt^'* at Trinity diir- 
inRtbese VBBTS; but thecolleni? midoulUfilly 
nunibtTcd a dislinfruish^l roll of scholars 
who wvre muck iMiiiefited by his imiuiug 
and example. 

Soou sftvr hit seltloin^nt ul Trioily Col- 
le|(e William.* hecamt- ruruti; lo John I [cnrt- 
Newman at St. Mary'd. Osford, and at a 
lalt-rdalv he was in cltarigp ofthp cbiircli at 
Littlemorp. About 18:13 he bc)^n tojtrther 
with Froude and Keble, who were ftfierwards 
join^ hy NVwman, to i»tnd vi.-r*e» to th<> 
' British MnEazinc' Tbese wcru publiihed 
in a coll'-ctcd form undor the title of ■ Lyra 
Apostolica ' at l>i'rby in X'^R, nnd paMtMl 
throti)(h tiuEtiiToii* edition!*, tbK piiiima of 
Witliaiuii brin;.' diFtinfrniehi'd by lh[> Circvk 
letter (. IW* (^onlributioTu ti> ttii; miifptEini- 
included, from iKi;! to IK'17. iranalaliona 
fnuu thn Pariiiinn bn^iinry, whirfi had ((Tvat 
inRuenro nvfr mniiy writfrs of hymna, fi*i>i!- 
cially Chandler and Neale. Alioiii this time 
he wrote wnme reviews for tliL> ' British 
Critic.' 

Williams WB» the author, in the * Tracts 



I 




for the TimM/of the adebrnted tract No. 80, 
on ' Krsvrvti in oomniunicstiuK lieligiooB 
Knowledge,' which excit^^d, through lh>-titlo 
mtliLT thati through the Giibstance of the 
tnurtpAo much irritation and alarm, lie was 
thesimplestof men.'nlirin^fWKl modesttsvi-ti 
to a fault.' and never uiiticipalMl the wide- 
spread terror vaitscd by Ihe word ' rewrru ' 
(MOBLBT, Jlruam*crn<.t'i, i. 4;iO-8). Tr»CU 

numhcrud wO, on the ' Prayer Book,' and 87, 
in explanation of that on rravrvn, wert* ul«o 
hy him. These pappra on • Rwierre ' dnsw 
fiirch much censure from thi> pulpit and ihe 
pre»), but hin ito1<' reply to boAiiiii rriltcism 
WH^ in ' A Few Itemarks on the Charge ' of 
Iti.ahnp Monk.wliOM- conduct in coudL'mning 
I be tract without adequate exaiuinniiou of 
■M ar|.'umi-nt« Imd raiaed in the mitids of 
Williamit and hts friends conBiJerablu in- 
diifnation. 

Thw intimate aasoeiatton with Ihe tracta- 
rians brou^lit forth fruit in the ek-ction fur 
the profe&sor9ht|) of poetry at. Ilxfiml in 
1*41 -:i. Kehli' was retiring from the poet, 
nivd WiUiainii, alntadvnreog'niaed iisapjnuioe 

Sodt, was p-iierally cORiiidiTed hih xucceiwir. 
ninfn (inrlWt [q. v.], a man of diatinction 
at the univpri^ity but a Mudrnt frniltlcM of 
poetry, was iiominatt^ in oppofition. I'r©- 
pnrntion^ for a Afrht were made, lloundell 
ralmer Uvomiiii; secretary to thii Loudon 
co]nmitl(« for Wiliiuma, and haiiMB ri con- 
troversy Ju the 'Times' with LoriT Aehley 
(afterwanlii l^nl Hliaflivltiirv) ov*ir the con- 
teal (Selijohnk, Memrtrial'/i.Wii At,). Tho 
pr<»]>rct» of \V iliinms seemed bright when 
Fum'v provoked ifn-aler opposition from tho 
evan^TEdical parly by nn imudiciou* circular 
complaining of his friend bL-ing ojjpoeed for 
hu church principles. Uagul, the tiUbop of 
Oxford, antl Gladstone were for the re- 
lirumcut of boib (.'undidatee : Newman, 
tbough 'always agaitiM thr uLandiuf;' of 
William?, thoupbt that he oujrht not tneivo 
it up liifhtly. Williiim* decided to with- 
draw, but moaniime an a^;&mentwas mado 
for «n iiifitrmn) comparison of vol4.>e.whea it 
appf-ftr>-d that niLrhcrt had Wl and Williams 
t!i;j supporters. This was thw first defeat of 
the trnctariaR* n* a parlv (Chitkoi!, Ox/urd 
^vremen^ i)p. 'l'\ ti; I^f.wmjn, if«ers, ii. 
8o4--H4V \Villiaiufl, much wiwndfd in npiril 
by tho di-feL-tion of i>omL> of his friendii, 
willidrfw from Dxfonl and from public life. 
From the Michaelmas term of 1843 Ite was 
i>(inc>-od<>il at Trinity ColleRe us classical 
tutor hy Arthur Wi-M IlnddAn in. v.] NVw- 
mau ni IMU bad dedicated to Williams the 
' Chureh of the Fnthfm.' 

Williams marri^-d at BisloT. on 22 Juno. 
1842, CaroVitte, \Wn4 ^>^v<c\ ^ ■feft'SaMfc 




Williams 



410 



Williams 



ArtIitirCliiiinp«riiowii« of Dnrtin^UtD Hdush, 
and aeltlvd io DartiDsFonaitcuratfl toTbomas 
Kcblft. Tbea•h*^^pmnin^'<^ until lS-i>*,wh«i 
he rvmiiTi^d lo Stinohcombt!, iwtar I>ursli\T, 
th« parish of his brttlier-iii-law, Sir Georjj* 
I'pevoot In. v.] \ houw.' w(i.« built for bim 
oenrthe viurnffe, and he ^>nd*^n.•<J tht* cliTi- 
caI RSaifitaiire in th? parish thjit his boalth 
poruitti'd. K. \. I''n.t-miin, wb'i «■»» iiiu- 
mateas a Atholar ond fellow of Triniiv ('ol- 
I«gv with bim, wi'ni that same yoor {IKJS) 
to live iit'iir Stinchcinbi''. En Janunry 
IftlQ Williams h'ivi>re<l botweon life and 
d(*iith, wh<>n Pufvy itnd Mnnninf; «^t<nt, a« 
ihey thought, tfl nee. him fur tlift Inst limf. 
Aflvr this illneMhc spent hi» life in stricl 
r«-tin>niont, «»liicAtinf; hilt *>n» and writing 
ptx'try, sermons, and other works. Newman 

Sitid him n farewell vixil at Enstar I Wo. lie 
iet] at Stijtobcombe ou 1 May 18G.'i, and wm 
buried in il^ churchyard, where a monument 
WM erected Lo h't* muinorr> A tttuiiiud-frlus 
wiiidnw was iilarwl hy iiiilMrri|itif)n, n» u 
uifmorinl t'f liim, in Trinity rolkxe fhHpfl. 
Hin widow Hind at Ashh'worth r«^orv on 
1 Feb, ItififJ. Ho Ifft aix sona and one 
daughter (rf. 1871), 

TTtepwrn* of Williami* include: l.'Tho 
Cathedral' (anon.). 1**^; Hth edit. 1839; 
rtipLihlishfd, with the Rev. William Bcnham 
as editor, in l^^. Soukj part of it had ap- 
peared in the ' Hritifrh .Ma^aiim*.' Ii waa 
written M a d^cription of 'the ratholic 
andanoMtolicchtiM'h in lli)glnn(],'cuniii>ctin^ 
tho wliole Gothic striictorc wilti the various 
poinl« of religious doctriru!. '2. 'TUougItU 
in Paat Year*' (nnon.t, IWtS; litJi Hit. 
1&52. Tlif orittiiial ndilion was tliework of 
th« |>nM'i(>iiM IwiilvH yofim. I'lix i)wu« in 
18S2 woa auirniftuted by « acrtinn entitled 
'TTie- Sids of the Ilill.' i.e. Htinchcorohe 
Rill, as widl ail by 1ii« school cxfrciM^A, tho 
' Ars Oeolocica,' and the iranttlatioTin from 
ihi' npc«'k and Latin hrinns. .H. ' IlyninB 
traiislntt^d from iho tVrislnn JJrcviarv' 
(iinon.l, lt<M): anntlit-r ^dit. 1H74. Th^y led 
tho llev. John (.'Iiiimiler to jirLKluct.- his 
•Hymns of the PriiiiiiivM Hliurch.' A «i'^ 
liHition from thorn, tutllli'd ' Aticieiit Hymns 
for Chililren.' ap{it.-un*(l in 1843, with prcfacv 
eigtwd'!, W.' 4. 'The nuptisirry, or th« 
Whv of Ktwrnal Llfi- ' lanon,), 1S4"J; pt. iv. 
1844: tilh fidit. im:i. Thiit voliimf at- 
tacked thv chutvh of Romy, and provoked 
filiaht ditfW«'ni:<"' of opinion with S'rwman 
[vt.MtizLKJ , J!fmsTiiicf7t<f,i.-JM>). •'i.'Hymn* 
nn Tbf Cat»>clii*ni/ 1M8, tt, 'Sncr*^ Verses, 
■WLthPictupe8,'-|«irt«,l&4.J. 7. 'ThBAltor,* 
with numerous d lust rat ioiia (anon.), 1847. 
Said 10 havf himn ctippreased on affcount of 
Iheimperfwitionaof thMillualrationei&DOlhcr 



edit. 1M9. 8. *Tb« Christian SdioUr* 
(anon. I, l«Mf>. 0. 'TheSoren Days, or the 
(>lcl nnil Now Crvation ' |aooii.>, I860. 
10. 'The Christian Sea«on«'(anan.), 1d&4, 
di'ilicnt'-d tfl hi« sister. 

After tht! donlfi of WiUiam* their was 

foblisbed in lHUtt-70, in eij^ht vo|uu>l^•, hi* 
I. ' rK.-votional Commeiitarr o» the Gomel 
Narmtne.' TLtrsi-hadpr>;viuu«ly upuearMu 
(i.)' Thonghts on tbeNtudyof th>? Holvtkxu 
pvle,' IHl:^: (ii.) 'llnrmouy uflhe Fimr)iviui- 
fffilisU,' 18.'»0;'(iii.j 'tliir Lord's Nativity,' 
J844; (iv.) 'Our lord's Ministrr: .Second 
Year.' 1«48; (t.) 'Our l^jrd't ".Ministry; 
Third Year/ 1R»!»; {vi.)'Tlie Holy \\f*k' 
1843; (vii.) 'Our Lord's I'assion/ I^H (« 
s«lect.ion from rJit 1am two npn«ar^ in IpUb 
aa ^Itaily EveniR of the Holv W«elc'); 
(viii.) 'Otir LordV llesunvctiou,'' lf>4o. 

His other writingH in pro»» included: 
I'i. 'Some Medilalions and Pravern to if 
plain tlie l'irtHn% by Bot^tius a Rolswert in 
''TheWayofKrenialLif.-;' lau. 13. 'The 
Apocalypse, with Note* and lU'llf'ctiant,* 
18r,2 (n«w cd. IH73), 14. • 9«.'nnon8 on 
the F.pi<itlrt and Ooii|M^l for osich Snndar 
and for sntue of the Chief FestivaU,' 1S5S, 
2 vols, irniform with it wo* \'t. 'Sennotu 
on the Epistle and Gospel for the Saints' 
Day* and other Holy Hayn,' 185ft; new 
iKliliona for whole verier, 187-'^ and 1880. 
Itt. 'Sermons on the [.Male] Characters of 
thi' Old Testament,' ItiUS : new tidibODa 
IHifJ and 1>479. 17. ' Fumalo Charactan of 
Holy Scripture,' I«i9 ; new edit. 188*. 
18. ' U<.-);inniuKor ihi.' Book of Genesis,' 1841. 
Ifi. 'The INalms inti-rprt^ti-d of (JhriMl,' vol. 
i. L'^4, lufl iintiaishe<l. '20. ' I'lain Sennoni 
on fh*' Cfttrt-Uiiim,* la'il and 1882, 3toU. 

Willionis stanni, with tho hope of * itoatli* 
inff t)it? nlnmi* of many ' over the desi^i of 
tht' trarurian^ a wriM in ton volumn of 
' I'Isin .Sermons by (Jonlributon to tht 
Twit* for th*- Timw,' 18U0-48. Copeland 
being his joint editor. His own contribu* 
tions are indicated by the lettrr ' It ' in a 
table at thv ■■iid uf vuliiinv z., and from this 
seriefi were judilishM in IKSl nnd 1«82 Jiia 
' Plain 8i.-nnoi]F un ihu L'at*-*chiem.' He alsa 
wTtitr ' .V Short. Mi'w^ir of the Itev. FL A. 
Snclilin^' <,18^V2 and l^VI), and c<dite(l 
Hiirklin^'n '.Siirtnotiii, Plain and I'raeiical' 
(l8.Vil. A volume- of 'Hetftrtiona* from hi* 
writings catoe out in imO, and n evcood 
c<]ition of his * Autohiof^pby,' a airaple, 
unatl'ected narrative, i;oR)ncucvd on 10 iW. 
1851, was called for witbin a flaw wwda of 
ito rr»t publication in 1802. 

Tbe name of Williams will alwayo I* in- 
cluded * oinonff the soundeat, the most lor- 
in^, and the moat thougbtfuJ of the devo* 



« 



p 

* 







I 



* 



in tlio cliureb of KntfUud 
(A. W. Hndrliiii in thf. ffuanlian. 'JO May 
l**Kft, And Hadii/ni* liemaitu, pp. 527 -S). 
He waa ciiilowcd xr'xih ■ tru« povlic ^\h, 
though Iiii» lincA Trere BomKines lackinff in 
vigour of expresfiioa. Th?y wert.' compuwd 
in a ' lower iind sjiddcr ko- thnn thi> ' IJhrift- 
tian \'>mr ' of Kebl«i but were full of sweet- 
nesa and fs^meslneba. Several ofhi^ hvmnft 
ari) in thu volumu of ' Mvmiii AnciLMU aud 
MolWh,' and »ix of Ihein aro said to be in 
commnu use. 

[Ai:iJ>l>ioKr»pIiy, mA- 8rr O. PiwvMt, ISM; 
irclnnnn s r»tnily MiLtr> -fulv It'SA. pp- 60-03 ; 
ihUuiirlfrly ICi-viow.ittxir, :i.VJ-«lt; Dmu 
'diBTRk in ir.iJiJBn"* RuniBiiin, fJ. xri ; Cliutrh's 
Oxford I^Iovcineiji, p|i. 67-^0 ; FuvierV Altimni 
Oxflu. : J. H.Ovprirmin JuHftD'eHymnolaBX, pp. 
iaS2-»; Q«nL Mag. 182S i, 'iST. IS.^a i. 330. 
18-12 ii. 311; (iufinlifto. 10 Mitv l«6Ji p. 46'^, 
17 Mhj PP- AuO. JiO». fiU4; Weleli's lUrrov 
S<;l)iKil, p. CO; Nt-wmon'H LaUeT*. ). 271. 411, 
4au. ii. G3. 76. 84; Miller'a Siagare uf llio 
Churcli. pp. +74-5; .Mei'hoBs'B E. A. fropmnn, 
i, 43-40; ilnlketl snd J^inir'* Anon. I.iteinvtnrn, 
1. 71; pTcrod'ii Oxford Mvoioricii; inrcrmaliDii 
from th*" [tev. II, E. I). BUkimon of Trinity 
Cullpg... riiford, nnci frtim the lUr H. A. WiU 
li'iinK of Hillcotc. Dortin«.) W. P. C. 

WlLLlAMS,JANEfl806-1885), WeUU 
hisloriun und iiii.icpllanwjuftwril^rigetieTftUy 
knuwii flji ' YsRaffll,' waa tli*^ ilaugbtttr of 
David nnil I'.lpiinor \\'illi«mi of Iiili-y Strr>?t, 
Ctiel-WA, wJuTii Am' wft.1 l)firn nn 1 I'Vh. IKW. 
Her fafher, who held an tLppnintmcnt in ttn? 
niivv olfic'.', ^-n* di-scitTidcd Irom Hcnn* Wil- 
Uanis ( I»Jl'J I'-KStl) of Y*piifctl, nu»r New- 
town, Montgomertf shipi?. a convert end friend 
of VavnMjr rywL'll[q.v.i,wilb wk"ui in IIM 
he, Itichard Iluxtir, «iiii oiIk-w, signed a re- 
moDsc niiiCE! un bcliiiU' of tbu niinfiufumiists 
tX lhi> WVUti Ijimli-r* iijjwin«t Oliver Urom- 
well's BaBiimjJlinn ofaupn'mi' imwer. After 
thtt tteitTnnilian \\'iIliiLtn« fulfiTi'd miichper- 
■ecntion. and hix naiw i'> »rill Irnditinnnlly 
•nociut^'d in ,Mopl(.'cnnen,e}iire with n. mira- 
culoiw crop of mnu yt-iircd wheut, which wu» 
regarded as n iijmciul MiMiug bi^stowod on 
himi Wll.MiSia, J/f/nf. W>,rthii-*,^\>.'M\y~'\)i\. 

Owing to Llt yfvak Imnlili, Miss Willinnw 
«mnt the Bmt liuif of In-r lift> at Nemiild 
rplen, nenr Tulj^rth, Brpcnnshirp, where 
ah*^ Hopiircd u kiiiiwl^'dgr iif thr Intiguii^' 
and H tafltfl for the lit#r«tnrc of Wnlca. 
Ilyf» «he iilso miide tliv BC<iuninlanct'of Liwiy 
l.liitim <-r, who irirr<idnc'*d hwr U-> many lite- 
raiT frifiuU. From l*1tS onward she livfd 
in Londnn, first at » Jlnns IMnce, and nflcr- 
«ardii ht :JO')nl{ky Cnwcttnt.riirUKa. where 
*he died on li> March 188o, iind won buried 
in Brompton wmotiTy. 



^e wu the author of lliv following worka, 
\hf \Mcr of which show much titemrr aklll, 
and are written in a clvrir imd vigurouis 
sIvIb; 1. ' MiscelUneou* F<wi«ji,' privately 

friuleilal BrecknoL-k, 1824, 12nii>. 2. 'Twenty 
^ay<i on lh<- IVueticnl lm]injvi*iiii*nt of 
God's IVovidentiul DiFp^'naation.^, h^ Wi-ttntt 
ti> ihi- Moral Difciphnu to the Christian,* 
I.rfindon. Ih3H. S. 'Artegall; or, lU-marlt.-* 
on the KeprjrtB ol'the Comminionero of In- 
quiry into thf State of Kducation in \Vale«,' 
two editions, Llandovi^ry and I>oudon, IB44, 
8vo. 4, 'Clambriftn Tnkn.'iineriesof Welsh 
sketches with nuoierouii original poi-m.-' intur- 
sneraed, Brst published in Ainitworlb'a 
'Maguinn' for IMO-'iO. and reprinted in 
IHdl' under the title 'Celtic Fiihl™, Fairy 
TalM and Iwegends.* 6. ■ The Literary Re- 
mains of llie Itev. Thomas Prico ('ITST- 
I84H) [q. v.], with a .Memoir of hix Life/ 
Uantlovery; 18r>l-ii.2 voIb. Svo. (J. 'The 
t)ri|{in, Riiu.', und I*rocr''w of the I^jper 
People; for my Litdo Friend«,'with i>ight 
coloured illnstratious hv Lady LUoover, 
London, I860, 8vo. 7. ' Tlw* .\ntobio^niphy 
of Elimbetb Uaris, a Balacinva N'iiT$e,' Lon- 
don, IpTi". 2 vols. 8vo. 8. "The Literary 
Women of Knarland' (down to IWK)), Lon- 
don, IStll, Svo. y, 'A History of Walea 
derivL'd from Authentic Suurci<»,' London, 
1H69, 8vo, Tliin work, the Pe*iilt of much 
research, not always, perhaps, HufHciently 
criticnl, is her best production. It comes 
down lo The end of 1 no Tudor dyna«Cy, and 
remninii, even to thin dav, the hmt histo^of 
WbIh* in the English langnaffe. 

'A Uiworyofilie I*nntih of tUaobuiy * by 
Mi»» Williams appenrrd in ' ArclnBoIopa 
(Jnmbreniia ■ for l(i(0 (4th vat. i. 306>. Jn 
IMa she tranflalM from the original 
Krench un cssuv by Pr. Carl Mever, on the 
compnmtive p)iiIci1offy nf the Celtic Inn- 
gunges, whic;h was fiiih«i>(juentty giT<E>n the 
pniniiiT poKJtion in the lirst number of the 
* Cftinhrian Jriiirnnl ' (l«o-l, i. 6). Itrinley 
Richards, in the preface to hia 'Hongs oC 
Wale«," «cl<nowledgod her ' kind und valu- 
able aid' in the pn*)iaraiinii of hif) work. 

She id to be disliTi{|;ui)i|i(.-d from u fontein- 
porary nf the snnti- name, who, IJliu lurai'lf, 
wo* licilh 11 friend of Lady l.lanovi-r nod n 
writer on ihe fultilore and miL'^ic of Wales. 

(M,\R!«t Jaxk Wii,i.ia»k (i"!'f>-lf'7a), 
Imm in irOA, was the second flnughter of 
Itew HilliFiiBS id. im^l of Aberpergwm in 
till' Vale of Xrftlh, (ilftmoreaniihirc, by his 
wife Ami Jenkins of Fforest Vstradlellte. 
Sonthev corrc»]MJnded with Ilix-^ N\'i)liam» in 
1f*02: while hi* son, William WiUiams i'L 
11.1 March l8ijo), who wiut a coiiAidt^rable 
iravelU'r luid Unguiet C_Cttimbriaiv 3««i.nM>X>vv. 



Williams 



412 



Williams 



ISO), veoB tlu! flnr. to »ug^<Mt, in 1^86, the 
format ion of tItBlrN>l»li Manu-Nrripts Society. 
In ll*^ 7 Jniii' niJuli- « coll>-i;tioH of Th« 
fairy lal>^oftlie Valeof Nenili, which were 
firnt publinhcd m rlns siipplomentnl volume 
of Oroftan CroherV " Jri»n I"«iry l-A-jtviid*' 
(1H28, iii. S07 ct eeo.), sod subAL-qucmlv re- 

SiuU'd ill nil iibmtgcil form in tliu ' Fuiry 
ylholofty ■ led. lB.^U,|>p.. 114-19) ftf Tlmmas 
Keightlev (]7S9-lis7i) ^q.v.J.al wboeuBu^- 
gnuticin l!n' ciilli-nfiim i>i-«-tiu til hiivi- fewjiJon- 
ginullvniftde. She and lii>riiiHler went regiilnr 
•ttpniiiint* nt tin- Ki*t*"liif("UH lipltl Ht Aber- 
I^Ti^ny tinilT t!ie pnt ronni;'! of Lady Dim- 
over, and at lUti fourth anauat me«tin^ in 
OctoU-r 1H.H7 (not 1^;-(W, «»5tAI*d on thelitlc- 
page ; bt-n i)Wm Oumer, November 1*J7 ( «he 
w«H an-tirdcdlhopmeforllie beat col Wtionof 
iiiipubliKh'Kl H'l-Uli music. ThiH v>ai ptik- 
lialied ill IH44 midtif the lillti of * AmrieiU 
National Aiiv of Gwt'nt and Morcnnwc* 
( Lbitiduvvrv, fol.), with \Vt>Uh won]* and V 
fflv translationa euppUt-d by t:roftnn Ooker 
and otll9ni> This «roU<^tion, nbigh le ar- 
nnged for the hnrp or pinnoforto, waji formRcl 
by noting down tbo various uirs from Ibe 
ftnn^ ftf I hi; p«t4«ntry. chiefly in tb*- Vole 
of Ncuth, thi) bvst known of tbu aJn thus 
n-soui-rd bfinfi 'Y lleryti I'ur' nud 'The 
Muid ofSki^r.' Mii« Wi|]iiLniMi«ub»M]ui-nlIv 
not#il down many additional iiim (wliich 
aft«r her death were delivereilto Lady Llnn- 
over with a viow to publiciilion). and shu 
ftlM rendeivd much assistance to John 
Parry (177t)-l8r>l) [a. v.] wheu prppariop 
Iht^liwli-ditioiirif hi-' WfUh llNrprr'nWfi), 
US well us to Itrinlof Hiehoril^ and John 
Thoni»« (17(t:»-lH71 ) i-j. v.] for their n>»p«c- 
tivu «)ni*ption« of WeUh MinfTB. 

In C lctob«r limits, at thrensuin); nisU'ddfod, 
another prixi.' for the h*!*t nrmnpcmcnt of 
any Welsh air for four voices wo» awarded 
to Miss Willtoma tSerfn Gomer, XovembtT 
IbW). Sh« wii* «l*o a luoM skilful pluyi-r 
both on the harp and fniilar, while she was 
divcribed by Henry I'otbt^ritiU Cborley [q.v.J 
as l»!ing ' ill lii^ day the moat nxquisito 
amateur i-inirer bo hud ever heard ' (AH thu 
yearRouni!.?A)rt. IHtVt.p. ISl ; cf. HuXBr 
RiciiAKn, I,etttr». pp. ;!■*, AOi. 

She died in 1873 at Ynyslas, a house close 
to AbernerfTwrn, in which t\\k-: had »pcnL 
mo^t of ner lifQ, and was buried at At^p- 
ptTfTWm clmppl. 

A fikdtch of her a« a youngr piri, with a 
fi^tar in her hand, va» renniduc^ Jn tlitt 
■ Ib.-d Urugun ' for Junr 1883. 

[In nddicion 1j^ iUl- niithorltii^eitod, infomia> 
tioD «-■■■ kindly auifpboJ a* to Jaao Williams 
CYRSar<;ll) by b«r nic<;e. Mtta Hleaiior M. Wil- 
liams, Ayleetone Hill, Hereford, «nd ih« Hon. 



Mias Emma Lnnra Stutv-IieAtrrr. who »*re IW 
(■xvcutTioa of lti>r will; *•« al^o Not«a and 
QiiMtw, 30 No». 1889 ; Old Welsh Chip*, p. SIS; 
and PooU'n lllu.«trntni Ilisi. of HrMwoahirft. 
As tu Jatie Williniiis nf AlwrprrirwiD, iafonaa- 
iHiD was kitidly ■ui<|<]ip<l br hi> lloQoar Jodft 
Owilyia WtHinnisi iircui<othe IricerATj f{«maiu 
nf ihe Jl*v, T. I'rice i Cuctihottnavr). ii, 95; 
itiohop Thirlwair* I^t«r« to a Fricix). p. 0; 

Mii«riftn»}. pp. U3. 180.] ' I). Ll. T. 

WILLIAMS, JOHN, IUbok WtituiiA 
or Tn*MK (l."iOlJ?-|.V>Il). born about IWO, 
was th'' M'4'ond ^n of Sir John Williams of 
Itiirfiietd, nnrkioghatDghire, by his wlfti 
Kliinboth, dau^liTiT nnd coWir* of Uichani 
More of Iturtleld. ilis fatbur sprang ori- 
eiiially from Glamori^anabirp, aixl wa« a 
Kin«mao of Hiomat t.'r»mw(<11 atiae Wil- 
Itamb, whose tervicK John Williiuii««ntVRid. 
Ho is alfo di'M-ribod as a servant 10 WoUey 
and U> H«nrv VIII (Lek, Hut. of Tlume 
Oativk, pp. 4I0-1.S). Itn It April l.'u'Sl be 
was apiHiiiited n clerk of the kind's jewvls, 
with a Mlar^,' of twenty marks, in sucoes- 
' eion to Thomas Wvalt {Letter* and Popen, 
. iv. fi4lK [-^l \. On « March folUjwing Iw 
I wae uiadu reoaiver of thi- knds of Edward 
' Ktaffi.til, third duke of lluckiu;rliam [<|. »,] 
(hi b .May I5SI ho recaiTnl a imottn rever- 
I sioii of lb« ollico of principal clerk of the 
; kiDfr's jewels. In lfi& be w-iispliinnilon Ihff 
cotnini«sioii of ih« pi-ace for O-tlop], Uxfurd- 
' shire, and IluckiR);lmmshin>, and id April 
[ 153tJ lie was a^Hxriated with Cpomwell in 
I lliMoRice nf mauler ur Irpasnrvr of the kind's 
jowela |iA. s. 77<J[lt). During the norT.brm 
mbftllions of that year he was * calh^i by lb» 
council to hear maticrs and kocp a re^rister 
nf BcciiMiiiond' (»». xi. 8>iy). On 15 Ocl. 
1A37 he was prf»ont at the chriMening nf 
iVincw Edward, and un 12 July \'}!$i< waa 
panted the receivership of the binds of 
Woburn Abb>.-y. He hnd himself acted as 
visitor of th>; nmiiasturirH at \Vinche*t*r 
audelwwhcro. InXovembeT he wa« pnck«d 
for ahi-riU'of 0\f<inl«h:n-. and in l&Stt oh- 
tniiu'd some of ibu laniU of the dtasolvfd 
innriai<t«Ty i>f riit. Mary, Thame. lie la flaid 
to havrt 'hf*n ki»ijfhu-<i on 18 CM. Ifi*7 
(tl. E. tVOKMSEj, O/mpMf I'rrraiff, viii. 
1 40), hut he is ftn>l so etyh-dincontfmpomy 
do<.-umeiiia on :ni Sept. 1J>30. The dusalit- 
tion of the f^reater monsitlcrifs brought bint 
further frrant« of land (see I^tttn tfntf 
I'apert. voU. xiif-»vi. paNsini, psp, xvi, 779 
[211), and anCmmwella attainder he snc- 
cwKied MS sole kuvper of (he king'i jcweU. 
On rhriatmas eru IMl then' was a f^raat 
6n- at his bouse in {■Usiiigspiinl. during 
which many of tlu; jewels were atolsa 



I 
I 



Williams 



4>3 



Williams 



(WsicrTHEAi.ET, t^hron. i. 133). Strype is in 
error in UAwrtin^ tlmt he retained tho miutur- 
ship uf rlic hinp'a joweln iitilil ITi.Vi (Kmt. 
Mrm. 11. ii. 7ti}, ^VilliAnlAhllrin^ i'X«hRnf[B(l 
it in 1544 for the trL-osiirership oftlw otirt 
of onffmrntiiTionii in siicci-^iiMi Ii Kilward. 
tlrnt buroti North <\. v.l. und th« keeper of 
the jowel§ in Edwanl \'i's Tei^n btfing Sir 
AiiOiouy Aucber. 

Tw Williams'it t«iiure oFllii«iffi*^B af« due 
the innuni(?rablu ntrurencpg to him in th« 
stall- pHimn «(ii! HO la of itm |irii'T munfiil : 
but hfi was without raurh political im- 
portanus und h<> was not L-v<>n nanD-d ni* an 
AAsistant oXM^Htor \a Kenry Villa will. 
On 4 Oct. l.M' he was returned tw parlia- 
ment fnr Oifotilithirc, whiph lui hiid rftprfi- 
seiiled in l-'ilJ and continued to represent 
until hifl olovation to the peerage. On 
10 Oct. I.'i49 ho WM (wnt with Winiffield to 
arrvat the protector, Sonitovel, a.nd necure 
Edward Vis pereon at Windsor. Early in 
16&J he ^ave oflV-ncu by payinjr ihv peu^iions 
due from t\w nu^mentalions crturt to dis- 
po««utt!>ud DiunUs Qiid i;hanlry pricttii with- 
out corw nil 111)1 lln' privy counPiI. On .■(April 
lie woe Eumtn'med to sppeiir before it, und 
on thn flih h>- wiw riimniitltHi iii tin- Flw-t 

firifinn, whflrp. Iiowpvit. h^ waj* allnwed for 
lis ht^nltU'^ niikf to walk in the giirdving 
and ntci^iv viBit-* frnm his wif" and chil- 
dren. On -'ii May, however, on uiukiiitr his 
aubmi<«f>ion. he w&a provitiiunally releancd, 
nnd oil 2 Jiiii'j wae umiilfd full lib^Tty. 
He reUintil hin ii!lir>\ nnd in March lfiri2-3 
TBCeived the ciountiLl's letters in favour of 
hi* ^^^•el^H^^il^n to pArlinnivnt fur Dxl'ijril- 
shire : but his lompnrarr di.ti^aee and 
Teligious con»?rvuliiiin mu'V him Wfilmmw 
MaryV nccMsion, which ho did not a little 
to help, linmMialely after Edward VI's 
d(«itt iSJiily) he went down to Oxford- 
fihire. und on ihe loth new* reached Ixindon 
that Lb wa* prnclutmiii^ Mary. A few Jayi 
lat(3r lie wuh taid lo luivv> mx or seven 
thouaand iiiiKn rfmly iu Niirthamptunidiirfl 
(o Tuaintain hr-r cause. XorthiimDarland'e 
HlWMly cidlnpiii rt>nd(iri>d thrlr ■■mployntanl 
imneceiwary, and nn £2 July WilliaujH WM 
urdurvd to disband them. On the i?itth ho 
iTindnct'Nl the l'rino-«« Hliialwrh through 
London to Somerset i'lace, and on 3 Aug. 
Iw wuM-nt to suppreaa ftome coumottons at 
RoyMon and in Caiabridgeahiro. On 19 Feb. 
1553—1, after Wyatl'a rebellion, he wai 
«cnt to fetch KiiEnbcth to court, appamntly 
from Hitttifid. She oent WiJliatna back, 
pluudin^r eiekness; hut on 20 May he con- 
ducted !ifr fnim Brentford to \VocKi»tock, 
where ahe remained fnr a time in hia ciia- 
tody, until the CDnsideratioa with which he 



trMt«d h«r caua«d hej- tnut«f«rvnea to the 
ki-epinff of Sir Henry Redtngfield (1600 f- 
inwDfij. v.l 

Meanwhile WjUiama had bP4>n ercoted 
Ilaroti WillJAtas of Tharae— partly as a 
reward for ]ii» jirampt o-dherence to Mary, 
nnd purely ba coutpentiauou for the loss of 
thft ln^ii»un*r»hip of the court of auf^mea- 
tationa, which the (jueen had naturally 
aboliiihi^d. Tbe creation wait dnubtle«a by 
writ of suniRions to parlinmeni doted 
17 Feb. lBJ>;i-4, and thf pruccwdinfp' mwi- 
tiuned by the Dhrnnielers under date 5 .\nril 
With luHridy iHiiiEriniilorv (MsCHtN, p, o4 ; 
CAnm. Qi'^^i Jane, p, 72; G. E. CfoK.w.vB], 
CnnpUt" Prrmi;r, viii. 14(1), On 8 Marcll 
16M-4, a.1 .'ditipiff of Oxfordshire, he con- 
ve,ved Craiimer, Latimer, and Kidley to 
nwnit their trial at Oxford. He wa« presirnt 
in the «me capacity at th« i-mwntion of all 
three, and also examined John I'hjlpot [<J-v.j 
(Crasmbii. Wurfif, vol. i. pp. xxii, xxiii, 
Ktix; HiBLBT, HV*», vp- -'93,295: Hin- 
CIIIN80.V, Workf, p. ix; I'mtroT, Workt, 
p. 49 ; Fo.xn. Actnancl M"a. ed, Towu»eadi 
passim). He was nUo cUamberhtin to 
Philip 11 (cf. Chrvn. Quern Jam, p. 82). 

(Iwitiji tn hill kindn</»" to Elixnbeth, 
WilliiunH remained in favour al^er her 
acceMinti. He was one of the lords aj^ 
pointed t.o nttwtid her to London in Novem- 
ber 1558, and in February ISM -9 Ll* wm 
appointed lord pre_4ideat of Wal&s. He 
was kIbo in thut year made u vioilor of tb« 
Welsh diope«i« rtnd of Oxford nni^-nmitT ; 
but biH health was fsilini^ in Mornb, and ne 
di«a at Ludlow Ciwtle on 14 Oct. 1569, 
beinfc attended by -Inlm .Tewel Jq. v.] (after- 
wards hinhopof .Sulisbury), lie was buri»d 
on 15 Nov. in the p(Lri»li church at Thamn, 
where there is an inBcription lo his memory. 
An epitaph composed br Thomna Norton 
[q. v.] I* primed in Tottvl's edition of 
Surrey n ' Sonf^A and Koiinfta.' I.Vio. 

By hi» will, dnted 8 March 1558-9 and 
pnired in l'>iiO, WillianiH li«ft thr> n-otoriea 
and panona^s of Brill. iJakley, and Bor- 
stal] in Buckint^hanishirv, and ]^u«ton 
Weaton in North nrapton*hir^, lo lug exe- 
cutors for the purpoae of founding; a free 
flclionl at Thame. The school b'uildinmi 
were bejifuu iu 1574, and an account of tuo 
foundation, privately printed in 1576, is in 
lh« Bodleian Ubrnry. Among the alumni 
of Thame acbool went Dr. John FhII, 
Sbakurley Sfsrminn, Antbony i^ Wood, Ed- 
ward Poeocke, nnd llmiry Kinp, bishop of 
Chichester. Willintnii alan hequeatniMi 
monvv to the nlmshouiics at Thame. 

Williams marritid, Rret, Gliznbeth, (buffh- 
tcr of Thomas Bledlow and widow qC kjar 



Williams 



4M 



Williams 



drew Edmnntlft of Cr-'sVinf TetnpK K^Mtx. 
She diod on 2a Oct. liViU, mid wbh buried 
on 4 Nov, at lUcot, Oxfoni!hin» (MArilTS, 
pp. 114, ^104). WilliaaiK marri«d, Mec<JU<lIy, 
^Urgaret, daughter of Thomas, first baron 
WontwortEi [t\. r.J; liv lufl au i»Auu b,v ber, 
and !ihe inamed, a«condIv, on 10 Oci. 15fHI, 
Sir William Drury [q. v.], and, tbirtllv. Sir 
JanMOronn; 5)11; HUrvivKil until ir>S^ {wi- 
AeUP.C. ToK XT-xvii.puiiitD). Dy bin first 
wjf* Williant'^ hud i»*Hn tlin>e Mitu : Juhn, 
who died unmamnl, and wiu* buried at Si. 
Alpbe^, Utidon Wall, on iH Feb. l.J5(S-ll, 
Lis funt-raJ Si^rmon being (irvactiiid by Johu 
ViroQ fq. v.]; Hoiiry, wlio married Ann«, 
I daughter of lleDty St(iffi>rd, first baroQ 
'StatTord [q. v.], but ditrd without iasiiu on 
: SO Aus. loi>l : niid Frauds, who di»d un> 
mamed. The bsroay thua bezant? BXtlnnt, 
if it waacnaliHi byjml'-nt ; if it wiwcrvnlDd 
hy writ, it fell into nbe7nnc<> between hiji 
: two da.ugbt«r«^ Isabel (who married Richard 
WenoKin, j^int-crnncifiithur of Thomafl, 
secoad viscount Weaman [q. T.J) and Mar- 
{[anit (wlio marrit'd .Sir Ilenry Norria, a^er- 
' wnrdfi llaroii Norria of KyL'olu [q. v.]) 

[Gal. Lottcra itml Pnpcn of Hvnty VIII. ed. 
Brvvor and OiLiidner. vuU. ir-xrl. piiwin; 
."tale P«i»rs Henry VUl, II t«.|» : CaI. Staift 
Pspen. Doiu. 1547-80. nod AddnnJa 1547-«S; 
Acts of ihu Privv Couai;i1. ud. Dai»e]ii, vols, 
i-viii.; Hntlteld MSS. i. 444; Lit, Rmd. of 
Edmud VI (iloxburgliH Club); Miiehyi/s Dbiry; 
. 'Wriothealeya Clir>ii.. Chrun. Queen Jane aod 
f'^tuMi) Mmj. and Narr. of the Refurmntion 
((itnidMi Sr-io,); Sirypp's Wrwks lg«nefal indMi); 
Cough's lDd<^t lo Parker So?. PubL : BaraM's 
Hint, of the lUformatioti, rd. Pr]«o<^k, passim.- 
I'oxo's Acton and Uati. «d.Toirns«nd ; C)trlisle's 
Endowed G-rsuunsr Schools, ii. StS 14; Off. 
R*tom Members of Pflrliamont; R G. Loin's 
Ui*t. of Tlinnio, IHR.'t; iMvenport's LonI Iii«u 
Icaantv ami High ><lii.>rtft' of Oxfor<lithin>, p. 37 ; 
li.isi'iorSlicritTH, lttU8; O. K. C[oknyiie]'e Com- 
plBtt- Pi-cniKf, viii. 1W_I.] A. F. P. 

WILLIAMS, JOnN{l.'«2-H!50),nrch- 
binhop of York, camti of an anrii^nt Weldi 
familVi thf eldiT brench of which is now 
repreiontod by Sir Richard Ilpnry WiUianw- 
Bulkeldy, ban., of I'ourliyii. OaniurvotuliirD 
(BrBIK, /VrCit^e). Uewna the sMOud child 
of Kdmund Williaina of Conway, and of bis 
wife Mary, daughter of Ovren Wynno of 
Eg'IwH Bach. lie iit said to hare been born 
on 25 Man^li, and w«i! crrtaiuly baptised on 
27 March l.Vi^, II.> was educated nl the 
gmtntnar scIkjoI nt Ruthin (BBBUlUJil, iVo* 
tuifAt>fAreH/tiM/t<rfi Ji'Ufiat>u,m. ii,i),vfbiaico 
b» wu) transferred to St. John's Colleg«, 
jtCambridee, in 1698 (Bases, I£Ut. of th* 
OoUeffSofSt.John tkeEeaaffelut,eA..}la.yix, 



p. 1*61 ). Kefore lonj^ be nve oOetiOB to tba 

paritans by tinboldinfC the disoiplini! and 
censmonieit of itin church, while hr- gavr •sjual 
offence lo their opponejiis by atteodina lh« 
atTmonsof thopnritonWiUtam Perkins r^.v.] 
at St. .Mary'a. This allitudv oi aloofueaa 
from extreme parties vrtm characteristic of 
bim dnriufr tbv wbuU' of his lift.'. 

WillimnH lu IMOl took th.- dcjfn-w of B.A., 
and ou 14 April VQO'A was admitted to a fel- 
lon'uhip in hiH <Mllfp!. Ho took bia A^gnm 
of 3I.A. in IfiO-'i. He must have been or- 
dikined not later than that year, io spite of 
nackf't'.i (lUrKRT, Life of WUiiama. \. 18) 
atatemeut that his ordination took place in 
the tw»ntv-.si^v<;nth year of his life— thai 
ia to say' l(JO»-y -a.s on 17 Oct. Ifl03 he 
was ioatitulvd to llonington, a poor Uviii({ 
iu Suffolk, ou th'.> king*' prL'seoialion (Bebji- 
iiAM, pp. 9, 10). Jaaifj< had no doubt bsta 
informiid of Williams's character, so 6uita>t 
lo his own, and liis imputation as a pr 
led in 1610 to his b<'in^ invited to pr 
bi'f'irc the hint;. Being in this way brooghl 
to the notice of Cliancrllor EllcsniLTe. be was 
offervd a chaplaincy in his household. Wd- 
liaus, howftTCr, asked that this appaiottaeBt 
mig^ht bo postponed till atV.'r he hiid ful- 
tilled his ooliffBtions lo liU umvenily tm 
proctor in 1011-12, and his requeat'wu 
promptiyconcedad. Alrctady.in l<ttl),An!b- 
Dishop Bancroft had conferred upin him the 
archir^acoiiryof Cardi|fan(BuKl>iiia, p. 10), 
and on 'A 'Sat. 161 1 h« obtaiticd the rectory 
of Onil\on L'uderwooJ on the binjrV pre- 
sentation upon his surrender of IIoiiin^OB. 
There fieenis to have Ix'cn mmii informality 
in lh« KTOJit, as on IU Jiilv 1U12 he was 
presented a second tine to t^ie same liv^ 
by the Earl of Worcester (ib. pp. U. 1^, 
Tn the latter ptor, as sooa as ht» dutw* as 
proctor came to on end. he eutervd KUea- 
mpff's household. The streain of liis pro- 
motion did not slaekeu, and on 5 July in 
that year be b<yanii^ a prebendary of 
Hereford (16. p. 11 ). [n Ifil.*! ho (rmduAted 
B.[)., and on 10 Uct. h" was installed in lh« 
prebund of Laftrd in Lint^oln Cathedral, 
holdirg it in addition to thai at Ilerefofd. 
On 20 l)nc. 1(^13 he was installed prec-entor 
of Lincoln Cathedral, iliv prebend of KiUhy 
b<'ing annexed to the otBce. On th« mam 
duy, haTttig relinquisbed iha prebend of 
Laffiud. he was auo inittsll«d in tlut of 
As^rbyia tlw aams eathedrit] (Lb Nbtb, 
Fatti Ecvl. «d. Hardy, ii. 8fl, 103, 162). On 
4 May 1614 be waa inatitnlc<! to the rectory 
of \VaIprav« on the preaeatatiou of Uidianl 
Neile [f^. r.J, then biahop of Lincoln, holding 
tl in coniuiiotioa with his olhor living m 
Graiton URdcrwood. On 16 June lOlU hs 



( 



1 

] 



H 



WAft iiuititnted to the first pra'bend in Peter- 
boroii^h Catb-'dral < Bkuiha.m, p. 12). 

Not rtiily this iirriiiniilnrton ^f i^f!He<iiiu<- 

ticoL I>ene6ce5 but the aamoa of liU pntrons 

[show that Williftnii« wan ftnythiiiK but u 

jiuritiui. His palrona wcpo itumciently 

tiumerouBAndjiowerfu] to enabli* him, wbi:!! 

EllcsmiT*' tiicd on 17 Murcli 1017, ly n-faai- 

to i-oiiluiuK ill th« bouatibold of the lord 

keeper as chapLain to his aucvcasor. I [uviiij? 

itekvn tbe ilrKTVU of O.l), in lllIT, li« rntimd 

^for u tim« to Wnlpava, but, haviiifc bemi 

.ntoied chHplsiii to the kini;, hv wus bound 

to n-^idii lit court during mrt of the rear, 

and Bccompaaied J&iut« to Scotland in 1018. 

Ilia widf nitding and rcudinc** of spercb 

fwjoii inadfl bim a fiivourit* wiili a king wbo 

•was a lover of diRCumive con Tergal ion. On 

10 Svpt. 1019 be was ruwardt-d whb lliti 

dueni*rv of SalUburv, rtftoining,rii.'vcrth«lfw, 

^LiA other prcfernw-nu, 

Williams was Hwnrv tliitt if liti vriKbml to 
iwep llifi fnotinft hp liacl painfd nt court Ui*? 
favour of BuckinKhain was iudiepeusable. 
Hf accordicijflT ttifik lb" oppitrtimjl v inl820 
of BAiintins Hk fnvniiril*' to ^in the hnnd 
! of f.»dyL'«thi?nnL« Itannere, tbe kinp linrinfr 
refused to allow ilic marrinpe to tako vi\&c« 
^^«nl«sB she renounced the lloinau catliolic 
^nwli^OD. The lady gave iray under tl]« 
^Bdean's persua-tiouf, tltough abe reaumod ber 
^Bearlier rreed nftrtr lier marria^. To WiU 
^^liamfi buneulf ihu progroes is court favour 
' brouciit lli(t dfiiHcrj of Wf-ntminjitM-, ti> 
•whit-h he WOE collated on 10 July IBiJa He 
liiui nlfi'iiHT n^kfd BnckinKhani for it on 
"12 Mitrcb. when lie itxplained thnt. he pre- 
ferred \Ve«lmin»ter as more auitable, not as 
mon^ prohtable, than Salitburr. 

Tbe chief advantagi; of Weadninsler to 
AVilliams was its proximity to W*hit«hali. 
In 1C21 be took odviintuf^ of thistoKivii 
politicitl coundK-l to Iliicking^liain, ndvining 
oim to throw ortr the monopoIiHts, who 
wen* iinanilnl by ptirliatniml, mid to divort 
attention from liis own part in the mono- 
poli«!* by piiltinir himselfat the bpud of the 
movemenr for ibcir r>-TOPAlion (IIackp-t, p. 
00; Bee Oakpik£U, Jfiet. ff Lngi. iv. SiJ). 
Biieh a<lvici$ revt-nls tlm worldly wisdom of 
tbe man who (j[av« il. It pointed to n career 
of influence in th« tl^vernmenl of Ibt* state, 
nnd Jatae« sek-cl'id liim for chr lord-koupur- 
ship after Uacon':* full, lu titof.* when thi- 
court of chancery dt^mnndcd the shrewdnesa 
whicli w<mld tjiinlify n jiidf^ to ndministdr 
equity upon Renernl principle, it would 
probably have Iwen difficult to make a better 
choice; and thoti^b it wan nearly Hcri.'n1y 
yoan sioci! a clergyman bad hold the oHice, 
ths feolin^ of tho day did not rebd againft 



the appointment. Can difficulty, indeed, pre- 
mttiii-d icitelf. AftvT Hacon's di«gnca [**" 
Bacon, FiE.\3iriBl there must be no more 
tukiiiKof bribes, or even of feus which would 
bf-ar thcnp]Mr«mnceof bribv4i, and llu- praHts 
of the place would therefore be coii^idl-mbly 
curtailod. Jamcjt mnde up ihe deficiency by 
appoLDiitig WilliiunM lu ihu biifhopriu of 
Lincoln, to which he was elected on H Aug. 
Irt21. On 10 July, after tho congf d'Slire 
had been inHued, the gnat wwl wn« placed 
in liis hands. To aroid (Titical rptnarki, 
n>pm.'inlly rnrni tho lawyrrB, it wiis given 
out, on hl.4 own n><]HeAt, tluit h>- held thr 
post only on probation, and thai touie of 
the cominon-lftw jiidp'it would »it with bim 
as aesisiauls ( Oihala, y. I'UO). .\» no charge 
was ever brought ngaiiiBt bim in connection 
witU hit proawdtngs iu cbiiuccry. it is to bu 
presumed tJial he acquitted himself well ou 
tho bench. 

There i* a Mury which uiuy bavu a kcrnwl 
of troth in i(, ihaV Williams gave liia itupport 
I'j Laud's appoint tui-ut to the hlsbcipnc of 
St. Uavid'.i ajiainxt the hliiK'" wi«li, und tt 
huji bH!U BUfTRtuttod bv Dr. Bli.^ii, in hi8 not,efl 
lo Liiijd'x ' Hinry,' (hat WiHimns was in- 
tereiited in th(> mat ler, bccauw he wnntMl to 
kiwp the desnery of Westminster in com- 
mf'nifnm.nT\i\ fi-ari-d U>st l.nud should reouiTo 
the appouittnent {the story is diKtiswd in 
GsBDrvEB's IIitt.o/Enffitint[,ir. I.%), How- 
ovvr this muy havu been, Witliuios was al- 
lowtsl to kee« tbi! d*'niiery nn<i also hi» 
prebend at Lincoln, lie was not conse- 
cmtt«3 US bislmji till II N'uv., Imvinc refused 
to be coimei^rfited by Ari'hbi:<hop Aboot.who 
had accidentally killed a keej'wr whenahoot- 
ing >'.:t .AiijioT.OiioiioB, 1JVH2-1633]. SVil- 
linms based bis refusal on the objvciioei which 
might be token to his own |toaitioQ if he: had 
been consi-criitcd by one (ainti>d with blood. 

On l?l Nov. the new bishop wo.* employwl 
to open ihu proceedings of parliament which 
had met after llie Hujumerudifnimnicnt. In 
the aubsaquBTit dUpute his voice ttos given 
tin thn »i(iri of moilvTHtioii, James liavinff 
cliumc-d that parlinnifntary privileges were 
liuld by grunt from bis ancefetors, Williams 
rconminendi-d him to add that, they were 
now inherent in the persons of tht: mvinlmrH 
(Cnfmla, p. 263). lu Ki'JU he showed the 
iuime anxittty to avoid rittk iu u letter in 
which he waroed IVince Charlmt agnini^t 
thd daiig«r» attending his projcct'.'d journey 
to Madrid, at the Miine lime pointing out 
to Ruckint^ham tlie loss of popularity To 
ivhtcli hi- wimld bn exposed if any nann 
happened to the prinre (HackBT, p. 116). 
Wbyn Charli.'i» bad beun driven, after bu 
arrival in t^pain, into an iiigsgement lo 





Williams 



416 



Williams 



Ts1i«rO tli« Ronuin catbolic* fnim tho Open- 
lion iiftliB penal Uws, it was WilUamB wbo 
arjfiujd KWiiv Jnnir>)i'iic>~>tiicii-ntii>u«nliJ4<cttoiui 
1^ confirm hy hU ni^mtiirti the articlu in 
^vhicli t!ii« prniiii«i» wiw ernbodi<^ (Oar- 
DiKBR. Hut. 0/ Eiiffl/tn4, V. fill). ■\Vilii«iin', 
bowevvT, Btood in the way f»f & prtiposal of 
lilt- Spanish unboMiulorathat thu kins i>lioulil 
ruHtniii thi> judoec bom •Uowiag the insti- 
tution of proroeainjia offAinfit Itoman p«tbi>- 
licH, urging that thuiii^i hi* coiilil diBinjiiec 
with thi? i»««Tii(it>n of the hiw, he c«m!d nnt 
anier ii to be permaaeDlly dian-gDnlcd. IIo 
Ml f«r prfrnili*!! m Lo get tlir qiK-xlloii (niKt- 
pnnwl, am), ihoujih tlw pardon «Tid disiiATisa- 
lion wt'i* got n^adv, tliy ninljiiwiii'dors wi-rt; 
Told rhnr thi-y tiiu\A not bi> nindi- public till 
after the marrio^ bad taken nlaoe. Wil- 
liams's obj'^t in tndiii'ini^ tin) Icinff to ftign 
tU« anielea, aiiJ in (ulj^oqueotly inducing 
him not to givo ell'L-ct to thi'ui at oncp. Toa 

Snibably lU'intly to gi^t the prince home from 
pain, with the question of jierformancfr titill 
open. 

No uticb Kcbeming oould avail Willliuiui 
•when.aftor the prince's return, hiii vote aa a 
cotnmiiwiont'r fur SpatiiKh ollaim wtin given 
e^ainat a war with Spain, iherehv pifiuiing 
t\in king, but ofTendiuK Buckingham and 
Charlo*. The vot«, hrtwcvcr, was one which, 
wbdher politic or not, must have been • 
conecietitioua one. Wtlliatii<i hnd no more 
wish to promote wnr abroad than liu had to 
promolo aiiarrels at hoote. It did not follow 
that Williams wniild lot any chanco oecape 
him of rt-iiaininif Kuckicigliain'i favour. On 
a'l Marih lli2t Jami^s having at the instaiic» 
of a u«w parliamunl doclund tho Trvatios 
with Spain iit an p«d, the Spanish amhas- 
eadurs did all iu ihair power to draw him 
back front thi* nath nn which lir wiui i.'nli-r- 
injT. Th^'y inuiiced him Co givu a private 
nndienctf on 1 April toCarondeUt, the arch- 
deacon of Camhrni, who ns»iire<! Jatnes tliat 
he was now a mere tool in ISuckinghiunV 
handa. Williams gaw his opportunitr, and 
inronut.*d the priuc>> of C'urotidfletV auJti-ncc, 
of which ho had obtaini>d knowledge through 
Carondclet's mi»lTt.<M, who actvd ui> <iuu of 
hta apiaa. 'In my Aludiea of divinity.' h^ 
told Charles, ' [ huva gleaned up this maxim, 
it ia lawful lo inahM UMt of the sin of another. 
Though iJie deril make her a ainnar, I may 
malcH good nm of her slu,' ' Yoa,' answered 
Charlea, *do vou deal in aiich ware?' ' In good 
faith,' replied the bishop, ' I never saw lier 
face.' Further information was derived from 
(-'aroadelet himaeir. WttliamA ordered the 
nrrai of n priest in whom Carondelet waa 
interested, and the arditkocoii, coming to 
bim to beg for hia reteaae, blurted out bit 



belief, derived from Jamua liinu«lf, thai 

riarliameat would soon lie diamlved. Wil- 
iama «*«:• thux aliln to supplv Riickinghaia 
with a (K)mplete flcorr of the intrigue, 

With the king Williams had ever bwin a 
ptmonrt ^rattt, and it was from tbf haoda 
of I he episcopal lord keeper that on '2\ March 
16;JJ>Jaroi-A received the communion on fais 
deathlted. W*iib the uew king Williama 
waa not likely to remain long in favour. 
L'hark-s was unable to Rppreciatv Lia merils 
aa a councillor nf [uoderaticin, while Wil- 
liams's defect! of cbaiscter were certain to 
revolt him. Un 10 July headvified thn king 
against the adjournment nf pArliamemt to 
(Itrorii, having no belief that the project of 
I driving the liou&e of Common:^ in grant a 
I supply which they had practically refused 
nlr»;o>ly would m^.'^ with anything but 
failure. To arjcue thus waa lo ofTcnd not 
otily Charltvt but Iluckingbam, who wanted 
supply to coable Iiim 10 »cad tho fleet lo 
C'oauc. 'Public necessity.' aaid the duke, 
* must sway more than un« man's jealottsy.' 
Later un, when a diut'ilutinn had bMKO rv 
solved on, be (rave fresh oflence to Charlea 
hy arguing againal it. WilluiniK, in short, 
had played the part of a fandid rrilic, and 
neithur iluckitigham nor Charles waa in- 
clineft to pur up with an adviser wlio re- 
fused to accept tlieir projeots for more than 
thpy were really worth. If it be truetbu. 
the Ion] keeper boit«tf<d of his own popu- 
Inritv Bs enabling him to hold his own againit 
the Iavoiirit4', then' was more than anougb 
in his onduct to «xa«per«ie Uuckingbom. 
Tbp only question which remained waa how 
he wiu to \k gut rid of. In the end some 
one remembered that Jami^t had lUuign^l 
him three years of probation in ihe lord 
k>'t"(H'r's offic'!, The thr»'r vars wrrw mors 
ihitn expired, and, without any fiirtlier ex- 
planntion, Wiltismxceajs^d to be lord keener 
on 3/i Ocl. With him the laiit chance oi a 
eompromise between king and Mirliament 
disanpearod from the counsels of Charles. 

Williamit is next beard of in uublic life, 
when at the opening of the parliament of 
lOl'd he, logeth>:r with four ulner membiira 
of ibe liouiM of IiOnlts waa found abaenl 
from his place, doubtless hy the king's orders, 
but waa recalled lo bi* xrat by the detO^ 
minntion of the hou.^e to which he be- 
lonpil. In the dispute which ensued over 
the ' petition of right' he cliaracteriMically 
playea a mediatory part. Ou I'l April lie 
pronounced sgaiiiit Ine king's claim to UB- 

?ri«on without fttowin^ cauM ; but on 
6 May, when the petition itself waa before 
thv lords, he propOMd to amend it by a 
new clauae * that 00 freeman be— for not 



I 



Williams 



417 



Williams 



tiidjng iiion«y, or for anv other cause con* 1 
to Mn^K Carta antf ihi> atkfratutiilL« 
teii iipun, mill tlif iru)i inlxiitinn of tlit? 
imp, to b"' declared by voiir >riijp8ly'fl judp?s 
n any such mutter itit is lieP^ri? in>-iitiiiiii*d 
— -ioinrinftnerf nr ilptnmpd " {Jt/irl. jWA". tii^K), 
fol. tiVl). The intenliwa of such a claii*'? i« 
easily to bo diwomcd, but it wiii* lackinf^ 
in cU-Arntvs of expression, probiLbly because 
nt^itlier WilHatnB nor any nm' i-lsc could, 
without giving offencrt to oiin wde or the 
ol htr, expres* clearly what was iu the minds 
of many— nait]«^lyi tliiil lliu kiii^ tthoutd re- 
tain tfi« iHiwwr of ini]iri*«nirig filTfndprs 
aniaiilly dniipRroiia to the stotp, while ahnn- 
doTiinK tlio prjwHT of inipriit'inini; thcmn 
whom hp only fanried to he danjfproiiB. 
The Iloiise of Lords ilself, in spite of its syiQ- 
pntby with Wiitinmo's oft'ort, pnoMv) his 
ciniisc over in favour of oni* prnpoced by 
Kichnrd Wetiton (afterwards first Knrl of 
ronlnnti) 'q. v.], in which tlie in1<'n»L0ti of 
ptrliami>n1 to leave »overei(rii power to tlie 
Kin^was indicated without atnbiRuilv- This 
clauKO. in turn, was criticisi-d by W'iHiatn*, ' 
who, after it had bpen rejecled "by the eom- 
mons. refused tu support it uLk'se he vuuld 
hi- ronviiin-d ihat it ' did not n-fltTt nor iitiy 
way operate u|M>n the petition.' Later on 
■whun, on thi' innlHiic nf Ihn romtnonp', lln" 
pelilion had heen presented to tin* king with- 
out amendment iind had rereived an un- 
satiafactory answer, Williams on T Jan« 
Bnpfioncd a propo»al for u bctk'p reply- In I 
162*1, as in 11(26, he rnnged himself on the I 
GJdi) uf the vouimoni, but not till he had 
exhausi^l all the reaources of dipIomn<:7 to i 
■ avert a mpturi.'. 1 

' TItf Htri'S.* of conflict hod convinced I 
Biit'kinifham that it was worth his while to i 
win batk the miin whom he liad discanli^d. 
Bi'forv^ the end of May thoni had boon an ' 
inteniew between WiOisms and the mother 
of tho diike. followtd by ono with the ' 
favOTirite himself, to which thw dtMnifsed 
lord keeper ur)rod the adoption of a more 
coneiliatoi'y politiy towards thu puriiuni>. 
At ftonie Inter dnie hi> uppfar^t lo havf KUg- 
pesttd a n^onciliatron with Eliot, and a 
eomproitiini' "U the diKpulu which had spriinff 
lip (nfter the kinfr's assent had been given to 
the 'p'-firimi of right *) on the question of 
tnannce and poundage. 'Williamsalito.'with 
that loie of intrigue which dogged tLe 
st0|>4 of Wm stfliteMnanship, rooonmeiided 
that bis own restoration to favour should 
be kept secret in order that in the next 
eviwion of parliAmunt hn mt^ht advocate 
thia cotnprouiis» with more aulbnrity ns iin 
indopandent momhcr (IIackit, li. 80, 83). 
Huckiiighitm'H murder, huwuTvr, put an end 
VOL. LXl. 



to Williams's chance of rehabilitation at 
court. 

In Lii>HpiM!miAlcliancterWilliHm«show»d 
the hatred of e.Ttremea which marknl his 
polilic*. In 1027 one of the vicars of 
tiranthmn atti^mptinfr tfl Twmove tho cnm- 
munioTi tnble to tue east end of the church, 
thti pari*Iiion<?r» rtpi*ftlod to Williams aa 
their bishop. Williams decided that, accord- 
ing' to thi; rule of the injunctions and canoits 
reiori-inir to such mult<.!Dt, ihe tublu ou^ht 
to stand nt the east end, but shoiihl bn 
moved fiirthiT down when the cimmunion 
was administered, n-miniliui; ihe yminff 
vicar that when he bad gained mora esperi- 
iMH-i* lin woidd ' Iind no nuch ci-rn-mony eiiunl 
to Christian rharitv.' If Williams had liiid 
liis wiiy, ont' of the chief stumbUng-blocka 
tn an understnndinjf hetwt'on the crown and 
the uuritnns would have hi?en nvertt'd (sec, 
in ariditinnio the references given in U.iKin- 
XEe's Hut. i.f Bnijlitnd, vii. Ifi-18,thi> ccrti- 
licHte in Stotf Papers, Dom. cceclxx. S3). 
In KiS.'t \\\Ki question of the position of Ihe 
communion table came up tiffuin. By Wil- 
liams's advice the ohancel of 11 churcJi in 
Lttio^tvr which bud bt^^^n used as a library 
wna restored to it^ proper use, and in 11 h-tt.r 
to the mayor (Wiiliitnia to the mayor of 
|jt?i<'<-«[iT, 18 Si'pt., iS/nfi* f\\j>fr*, Pom. 
ccxivi. 12) the bishop gav« his n^aiums at 
length for following the precedent he liad 
c«tAblishi<'d nt Cirantham respecting the posi- 
tion of the communion tahlv. It was, 
however, Laud and not Williams who bad 
influence with the king, and on 3 Xov. 
Cbarlea issued hia dei^ision in thtt ca«» of 
St. OreiforyV, that the [communion table 
shoidd b<- j)ermun>-ntlv V\xnd hI. Ihe eiist end. 

Williams's chanced]' rallying thomndiTatn 
swtifin of Land'" o]ip<inents was reduced to 
nolhing hy Ins own lanll. Ktlt since 1B28 
n Star-chnraber prosecution, in which he was 
charged with hi-iniying si-crets as a privy 
councillor, had hana pending a^innt him. 
In l(i3;( the inoruhty of one of hm witneoea 
was a.wiiiled, and, in his itaf^ernGss to defend 
him, William* aeluiilly i^looped to i>ul)orij 
false i!vidcnc<! in favour of a man whnjte 
teiiliraonv lie nt«i'di'd (fitafi' Ptiper*, Doui. 
rrrlvii. l04, cpclsi. iM), ccclxii. ft4 ; sts> 
GiBBiNRR, Ilinf. of Ent/latttf, viii. i'5a, 
n. 1), In IB.'V'^ a fre.oh prosi-cution against 
him was opened in lh« ?3tar-cliaiDher for 
subomarion of pcrjurj-, but Williams bad 
friends at court wliii hod a quarrel with 
Laud, and in November he had Lojhn* of a 
pardon on In* consenting to anrrender the 
deanery of Weatminnler mid t« give 8,00fl/. 
Finding Charles irresolute, Williams nlfered 
in 1030 to hribu m<)v« vs>iT^\««,^MV Nsv '^**"- 

If*. 



Williams 



418 



Williams 



(^ CbilM mdmei Im CDunti to tk» 

«Bd |W»rfafJ.Jl0MC«.TMtmJfS8. 

imxxx. Sot. 47, 48). 
1b NonaWr 1638, tke jmc n wliidi 

to u «^ be fhiiflheJ ammmomkj ' The 
OiIt Tkbk, Ksa« nd TUa; « » book Mttii« 
iMlb faic view* « tW pMiuOB ol the eom- 
■■nioii Ttb'T, trbidi wu lionued for hw 
imii llirfm f TT "*'i T , mil wm* eridentlj 
iiiUiadri M ■ TVfij io Uvrhit'f ' CoaI from 
tba AUar/ UcmmsJ on o Mmx. Ui« M?el»- 
MMlirtl poftitioa wu lUaagaJ by hb nortl 
UL On 11 JuIt lUi; be wMMntanwii bj 
th» Star-cbunbiT for guhmwriaii of perianr 
to • fin* «r KMXKU: to tfatt Ung ud of 
1 JM) mftAs tA Sir Jobn Sloaaao, vbom be 
luij dao wn w u twd- ll« ww altp deprivvd 
of tb# pnfit* ^ nil bit faoiMficts, and was 
ut be ini|riBODad duriog tbe kinr'a plimiiWL 
Hw hi|^ coonHmoo wna inritvid to su^nnd 
bin tnm the eziiiiMi of bis function, an 
inTtUiton complied witb on :J4 JuIt (Ui*t»u- 
wuBTii. ii. 416; centcoee of tasfta/itm, 
Jitatf l^perw, Dom. ooIxit. 43>. 

Williams WM sent to the Tower, where 
Laud uflenid him &t<vdt»in id iho kin^'i 
iiuni< if be would surreiiiler his biafaaprie 
for oae in Wales or Ircluid, and pre up his 
other bcnrOcva. B« aual alao acxnowlvd^ 
himi^lf guilty of the ebarge bcongfat agitaM 
hitn.Atiil to haveerrvd in wrilinK 'The Holy 
Tabic, Name anil Thiop' iLanA&fA yt^SH. 
mxxx. fol. ^A). The tettat, AicUlxd — ai 
leaal id part — by eecWnastical partiannAlnp^ 
were n<jt aoMpted, and on 14 F«b. 1039 
Willianifl waa again boforo ibt^ Star-rbaraber 
on a cb«nre of navinf! iii his bouse at Buek- 
ien d.Ttaia Ittlti^r* writlrn br (hfaaldtnton 
in which l^ud was stvled ' the little urcliiD ' 
and 'the liltin niHddliai; hocos-pocua' (aw 
OSDALItB^TVtN.tjkMBERTl Will JAina WW OOn- 
damned to pav 5,000/. to the king and SfiOOi. 
to Laud. 

When the Short parliitmcut met in 1&40 
an attempt B««ms to have been made to 
come to an und<.>r«taii<lia^ with Williams. 
Ill* in iii^nl of ax lieiiif; Ml Ijunhrth citi 
;«) April, and nn 3 May ' Thp Holy Table. 
Namv and Tliinf;' wa>> call«K] in, it is said, 
with Willinmiji ronflnnt (.Vo/cj 0/ IntfUi- 
ytnce, Mbt Si ItosainK'baiii to C'anway, 
May 1'-. fitaU Vnpfr; Horn, cccclii. Hi, 
eGCclui- -ii). Farliaitit'iii waji, bowTTor, diii- 
wdved on o -May, ami \Villiauia remained in 
tho Towi-r. Hiv'provpvci^i'tinnut here been 
impnirndby ibudiJKOvervnmniif! llampdm's 
paperanf iilBtt<?r from Williams aBkinfrllRmp- 
•len U> movi- in rh« IToum- uTCynnnona that 
fUobifehup otigtLttoluv^«Ui&writtotitin tho 




Hoin*0rLatdft(ilv) Whan tlm X<onit paHia- 
m>^l met lb« gcn ar mmtmi foncinl tlii-ybal 
funnd a way oat of the difficulty by *et 
to WilUama a writ rmp<iwrrinf{ him 
his Mat ODcnnditionof biitgivinf^ baill __ 
rvaderbimwif aaaphsnatrat the end ofl 
parliaaMit, unlnw th4^ bin^hod in thi^mc 
wbilfr granted bim a pardoo. Tbi> Uom 1 
Lords, bowerrr, intm<;ncii, and ou 16 Nar. 
ordeivd bii uneoiiditioaal relcaatf, upon which 
the kia|[ relieved him Crotn tKe olhrr cuiue- 
qudUHS of tbo fvnunee acninst him in ik« 
Star-«bambFr. Williamaa fii>t usi- oriiial 
reeoTP t ed aotbonty as dean of WV^Eminstrr j 
waa tQ permit lli*> reinoial of ihe comuiiittim 
tabW at St. Margat¥>t'a to thi^ middle of tluj 
charch, tbat it mi^t be need in thai km- 
tkm by thf> llooae of Commons on tiu; ^'ad 
(Cemmoni' Jtmmal. ii. 3J). 

In the ITou«>' of Ixtrds of the i/Mg 
parliament Williams'a ploiv was maik^ oui 
ID odiMiice as the leadi>r of the paiir aim- 
ing at a compNMiM* bctwec^n the admiren- 
of^tbc Book of CoiDiDon IVayer as it Mood 
and tbe estrone puritans who dfaired to 
get rid of it alto^Mhur. He waa naiaed 
rhairman of a commit t re appnintrd on 
1 Maicb at ibe mutioa of the niuiun Lonl 
Sarc and Selc to conxidrr ' alj innoralinns 
in thi^ church cotKerain^ r<-Ii|rioD' (/•«i4' 
/mmo/, if. 174). Tbe committee appointed 
a SQb-eoBimitt«e. which also placed WS> 
liams in iIk' cbair, and in wliidi btoad- 
minded prelates, such a>i. t'Mhcr, MoftoB. 
and Uall. sat with Sandirrsoo, repreanuiw 
tba Laudian iwciion of the rhurrb, IM 
BaytJB and MarEliall, whose leuiisn w«( 
distinctlv tnn-arda prv-vliytorianiain (llAOUtt 
ii. 14«). " 

Before the result of theae delibenliuol 
ootild aT>p<-ar, Williams waa involTed la tlw' 

Eolilioal whirlpool. When, on 9 May, four 
isbopawcrecoasaltedbyCbarleaontiieqMfr' 
liun whetkvrht'OOuldvMii^cii-nliouslyjpTvbie 
CDn*eut lu the bill for St mlltird'e a'ltaiaikr, 
Williams was the only one who declared in 
the alHnnativt'. T)ix Kroutid taken by him 
wait that the hint's public oonAciencf- mif^t 
beentiefif-dby tlit< opinions of tbe judffe« fTcn 
if hi* priTnt* con« ienci- wire not {litraffari 
Letter*, u. 43i»: ILkket. ii. 101). On th* 
othiT hand he urjrml diaries to reiM-t lbs 
bill rnkink' away bi» right ofdisaolrmg par- 
liament iiulesswith (be consent of parliaBWnl 
itself. Wlun tlw bill h&d been pused. VO- 
liamasawclearlvwbat itaoonsvqnenceswoatd 
he. ■ AVill it tic pMsible,' be aAked Charlia. 
' for your tna-et lie^^ to do you eervtoe aoy 
morp?'(iA. ii. 16d). 

The excitement which prevailed in tin 
porliaineut and in the ooanlry eoold not iU 



i 





Williams 



419 



Williams 



» 

^ 



i 



bare ii.ti intliience upon Williftnis'A com- 
ittee. On 24 May wiUiums, who again 
iptred to B biffh pnlkteal poAitiou, spokfi 
It the biefaopa' vxcluHiun bill in coin- 
in lliB tloiuw if LoivIh ( I'arl. JUmI. 
8. 794). On 1 July he hrnrmKhr in hU own 
bill for 111* r»jfijlat.ion nf bishups, proj>o«ing 
l^at nf» hiihop should nh^Um from pivaching 
Or iilirinld be jn Ft in.' of lh>> peace unle«H lie 
'lapiwne'l, as In liis own on-si-. ii> bt dMn 
[of Westminster. Bishops, tuo, wf n> to have 
hv iVAiAtant^ for juriiJiclian and ordi- 
nation. In casiO of an (!pisci>pul vacancy thn 
bitliop* WL'rtr to prL>aeiit tliive natn^B to tint 
king, fmcu wliicli \w mi^lit chooso one. 
Tilt- reiimiiiing clauiip* ]irrmd»d for explain 
n-fonux puod nnoiigh in thenuelv«a, bvit not. 
likely to li»ttdniitti-i]liytliotii>whoweTOcr>'ing 
out for llm abolition of <>piHpn[iacy [l^trr^' 
Jfmrnnh. iv. iW. iW, 308 : Fi'LLKK, Church 
Hiitory, «l. tR4.',, ,-!. 20K ). The bil 1 wo» read 
twiceand rpfoiTi'droacnmmitl'n\froniwliioli 
it ncTiTi'tiiBrRwd. Willinmacombini'da btiliff 
tliatdweluin^bwnHldoMlyhoBtreriRthenpdhy 
a reform of abiH^es witL a kwii «t:iie'j of tht? 
importnncr of pt^raonsl rondliation, and did 
not fail to urge Cbarled to do hie best to win 
©TOT EawT and ManrlieBf-r lo htx nid^* 
(Hacket, ii, lfJ3>. Cliark's, who in his nobi>rer 
momentn desin^d rorciliattrm in 11 bi^hbttiI 
■way, tlioiigh ht<«Iuifedngninsr it when it was 
tniiiJ«lnlf>d into dptail, reeolved to appoint 
lri9hn|Mwho.-<Qnaini't> would give «it ielnct Ion 
tc hinmorejiiodcraleoppoiient*. iiiidon IDw. 
tmnalatod Williams to thi' arthbishoprie of 
York. 

Soon after thp U9t>-nnmedevt'nt took plar^ 
Williams'* fjlitical lift! came, at It-a^t tern- 
»raiily, to an end. Rcing.on -^ Vt»c. Iftll, 
iBultcu by a mob on his way to th*> Honw 
of Lord.*, hft wa* mifficiently ill-ndviced to 
preat'nt to the king on thf i?fKh n pcotpst 
»\^i*'A by himself and eleven other biabops, 
declaring thai a,t lhi\v could not- attend the 
bouse witbuut danger to tb«tr Wfvs, all M 
* laws, nrdrr*. vole*,' &c., ' made in tWir ab- 
pence were null and vniil' (Lard/ Joumah, 
iv. 49ii). On tht.> JMJlh the common* at onco 
tmpeaehed ihe twclvo biihops of high trea- 
■on, with the objiTt of jp'tting rid of thwtr 
«#, and Williamn, litu- the rest, wa.* cora- 
milt^d tn the Towftr (i/>. iv. 49", -WB). On 
fi ilay 1642 he wna relftafied on bail on con- 
dition thah be would 'not go into Yorkshire 
during thediatrarttntifi t!ifr«'' (I'A, v. 44, 4t>l, 
H" prt'fprrt'd, however, forfeiting bi« Imil to 
carrying out thin condition, and, escaping to 
York, where the king was, w&e »nllironed 
M archbitthop on 27 Jun« 1S42 (Hesdham, 
p. 131. 

Whtm the civil war broke out Williamii 



fortilied his haiiJte ac Oawood, but on 4 Oct. 
Bed from it at lh>! a])proacb of th« youngOT 
Hotbam (II.1CXET, ii. IBB). Having taken 
leave of ihv- king', hv made for his native 
Coaway, where lie did hU b«(tt. to ad- 
viinc(' thft king'a caiL<w, fortifying 0»nway 
t-^afllle at liiii own (rliargrt and orjfiini*ing th*" 
militia (('A. ii. :;07-I0). On or before 22 Nov. 
104.1 b*' 'ijb'wmI commiintCBtimiE with Or- 
mond*?. <tn Ift llec. be wrot^ to Ormonde 
wfU'oniiiig tbe arrival at Monlyn of a por- 
tion of thL> army which had lit-en released 
from service in In'Iand by the coMation 
with the Irish confederate*. Uri ]9 Junt< 
VVilliaina i<how«d tli&t bo htd no lovo for 
Sir John MeniiM [<\. v.], appointed govi-mor 
of tbruc countiea in North Wales by liiipi'rt 
on bi« way to !lliin>t.iin Moor. On '20 April 
lfi4.5 he mentions the oppoinimenr of Sir 
John Ow«n — uo friend of his — to the govem- 
mpnt. nf Conway (Thi^ I'nfrtiblUfii-tt Corrr- 
tpondfuty; leta>efn AfvhhUiit'ji If'i/ti/rm* and 
fAr Mnr^titM nf Onnnnd.vfi. Iteedhan], I8tt9), 
I'ftraonngwi Iioaiib' 10 Williama made their 
influence felt uf eourl. He was summoned to 
Oxford on Ifi Dec lrt4l.rcnchingthe city in 
January KU."*, when the I'oyalif'i piirliamunt 
was in ita second session, though as a bishf>p 
he liod no longer u svaX m it. IJu ia said to 
have told the king that Cromwell waii his 
innsC dangvnuis enemy, and had 'the pro- 

p«rtii^ nf all evil hi-ilxts ' ( Ilji'KET, ii. lM2). 

After Williams's retnm to Wnh'f.OTJ 9 May 
Sir John Owen, on the j^ouiid of a K'tter 
from the kin^ dau^d 1 r\ng, Il)4II, seiwd 
(.'onwiiy Cattle and tn.ik pnu^ej^aion of tbv 
property which Wclshmi-n had deposit^ in 
It, 111 lhi.> bidirf timl it was safi- in lhL< hnnd^ 
of Williams ((*, ii. 2l8l. (Jetting non^dnw* 
fruni tho king, hie countryinen put him for- 
ward aa Ihi-ir leader altiir i\w di*Rster at 
Nnseby. Williams made terms with the par- 
liamt-ntary coin ton ndifr llytton, oti condition 
that he would re.^oro the pliind(<rcd goods to 
the owners and help him to take thu ca»tle, 
w(iicl)*iirri'ndiT.4l on lONov. l(>4ti(Mytton 
to Lonlhall, 10-1 1 Nov. inllKCDitAM's Nutiiri 
(tfAfThtiishofi H iWfUTM.p.tttl; see Tamtrr MS. 
lis. "Ii. .'tSO. Thy d«i«(tof IsDcc. ioGAit- 
DIHKR's ilrfnt Cit'ii H'ftr, iii. IS!!, and iif 
18 Nov. iindor MvrroN.Tiiouvf.are both in- 
correct ). 

Thar Williams's action should beivgardfd 
as t reach '■mun by royalist tradition (B>;kiv- 
HAM, p. iW) is only natural, but it i<tdilti- 
cnlt lo see that his conduct was other than 
j list ttiahl*; at The timi- when the king wax 
alnmdy in the hands of the 8cot!i, and 
resistance hv iHolutcd po»ts a* useless as it 
wa« hopflvsa. Williams hiiiu>elf continued 
to livB in comfort, aa he *«*» y**™*** ** *■ 



Williams 



4JO 



Williams 



CDUldenibl<> amouil' of lauded jiropBrty pur> 
ohawd bv him in thn ni/i^libitiirhnnd. Ho 
died of a quin^ nt Oloddai^h in tli<< turiiiU 
of Kulw^-rliiitt, Canuirvoiwhirp, nti 2" M(irt;li 
lO.'JO, ttiul was bim«d nt I.liin(]<-trHi, where a 
inijnunn'iitiiN>(li);vwri9 erected tolii»int«niorv 
[»A. p. 80: IlArktn-, ii. ±:i*). While lord 
Ivt'ei>ir h« !i«d rvfiun-hafwi ibf family pro- 

EMTtv, -n-liirli •li'M-i-ndfd to his nophcir tlild 
eir, Sir firilTHli WiUisniH. 
Sbvpti portriiil.4 of Williams ftn? described 
in Bi-ftdhnm's 'Xotici^' (pp. [<[-5>. Udc 
aneribfd tn Vnn Dyr.k i« iil iViixwera, near 
Ithyl: iwo, narrilwid to roradios JanMi-n, 
nre til ilovtnfrhnm Hall, ntisr Mnlion, York- 
Bliir«,aud at Ponrhynf^WTlft. Three atwn y- 
moiiJsporlraitsareiilBishopttorpe.St. Joliii'n 
Colle^, Cumbridifc, nnr! KinfrHinni", near 
Ciuit«rbiiry ; wliil« a fourth aiiouymaus por- 
trait Iwl'in^ (ti the dean nnd chuptcr nf 
"Wffiittninator. TTn-ir is an I'-u^fruvod pnrlrail 
in IIu-diiigH ■ Dkwih of Wimlmiiwter' (after 
JfuinM>n), and nrherx by HoUnr, U. While. 
Vkq derGncbl, and HoubntkHti. 

Williftcna's bi^'nefactinim ivpn> considenibl«, 
AnaoDif them wo* hi* gift <>( 201 W. I3t. 4il. 
for hulldinf( tin; library of Sr, John's, Cadi- 
l»idg« (IfafiAr M.SS. xii. 6'i; Uarl. ^fSS. 
Urit. MuB. -. Wilms ami Cr.*RK. ArehiUf- 
tuml HUt. "f the V'ttlt^f of Catnbr, it, i70 ; 
infiiruiat i'cn coianninicat«d by J. W. ('lark). 
lie also founded in the iiatnii nolIftipT two 
f«ll»wshi]iM iittd four deholarsliips (IUker, 
Hint, of Sf. /.i/n*. <>d. >lnvor, p. 3aS; M-f 
bIbo ib. p. -M}). Ill Wi-i hv Immclit land of 
whirl) thti nint was to p> to the nGOV nt 
Honin^oii, his first parish. Hv founded 
another chnritv at WnlfrrnTi?, did much to 
improve the pnlaire of tho bishops of Lincoln' 
at iJuckden, and mad» nvvr n ■uui of moripy 
collected by him for the uae of the poor of 
Lincoln (l)EEDil.t.M, pawim). M- punolli-d 
with cedar tho ccilin;; of J^niiihleni ('linui- 
ber. Weetmiostor, »nd put new punellitiR 
and ghua in Lincoln Collcire Chapel. Oxford, 
where bis anns orw (luartcrud on the shield* 
of thei Cfiling. 

I Thn miiin nomre of iRfonnntioB is the gar- 
OUE ]{f» hr Btiihi)[i Jithn I[.u'ki>t. piililiahcd 
under tho lilln of SeriniA R«Mr4ta, 2 pta. Lon- 
don, 1693. fol. V'alanbis fn^t* ran be oblJiinod 
from Beedliitm'a NoticoH ofArchltishop WiUiani^ 
priratttly printisd, London. 1809, and Ujiuub- 

lianis and llie Manjuisof Ormnndn. at«o pnvaUly 
priiitM] ia l»G»; thaw aro copiwof both in ibc 
BciLiHt Muipum Library. Manj of Willia.ma'5 
iott«n are lo be found in Oibala.] S. R. O. 

WILLIAMS, JOHN Cl«3fi?-170fi>. 
hiflhop of ChitiioaWr, born about l&W in 
Xortbamptoiiahire, matriculated from SUg- 



Mil- 
iootti J 



dalen Hall, Oxford, on -H June 16fid, gn- 

diiAlinir R.A. on 14 Drc. Ittfiri nnd M.A.os 
11 .1un>- Id-'iA. Hi-waaincorporati-dat C*m-I 
bnd^ in IISf!U, and wbj< erraled 11.1). nf', 
Cnmbridfce, fitmifii* rfffiU, in llS90. On 
i S*pt. I<ir3 hv wni inflt it medio the rectory ' 
of St. Mildred I'oullry.and on 21 8q>t. ItlSSI 
WHS cullat*^ to the prvbi-n'] of KiigtDvrr in 
St. PfttilV .\fti!r tha ri^volulion be becanw 
cliaplaiu lit WiUtaia and Mary, and wae yrv-, 
fi-rrwd to a jiKtbvnd of Catilfrbiiry. In ieW.V^ 
and In lOm he w&a Hoyle loclurer, pubUib- 
ing his cermonn wpnratffly as tbev wijtp dp- 
livcr^il. A colli'clive edition appeared tn 
L70H, On i:) i>M. UWfl he naa conwcratod 
bi»bop of ChictiesTi-r. He died in I>ondon 
In timy's Inn on 2t April 1709, sod wo* 
buried on 'JS April in the church of SL Mil- 
dred Poultry. 

WiltiaoL wiL* well known aa a Tolumii: 
controversialidt, writin)? with equal vet 
mvncB n^fBinat Itoninn catholic* and 
senlera. .-Vmonir hia works were: 1. *Th»' 
History of theOunpowder Trra*on,' Londnn, 
Iii78. A\c; mwedit.-*. Ili7it and lttf*l. 2. 'A ■ 
Cal^tchism truly reprewnlinjr the nocfrinw ■ 
and l'ractic»* of the t'hHreh of Komi',' Lnn- " 
don,lfi'>«,f-vo:3nU'dii. 1713. l2nio. 3. 'Th* 
Difference between the Church of Englnd 
and tho Chtirch of Kome." I*i87, Uo (ra- 
print«d in 173!^ and lu 1K3(> in rol. iii. of 
the ' Knchiridion Theologicnm' of Edward 
Cardwell [q. v.] 4. 'A brief ExpocttiiiB nf 
the Cburch rnterhism,' lyindon, I6WH, (*Tai 
tiiiw edit, l*f4l, l2mo; Welfb IraasUtioii, 
1699, Hvo. f>. 'A Tnif KiipreM^nUitinii itf 1 
the IVinciples of the Sect Known by llw | 
name of M ugKleloniBnn,' London, lOfU, 4ti». 
Three letter* from Williamd to Stryp* kk 
preattn'od among thw Ifanm^rten p«ppn> ia J 
the Camhridge University Librarv {Cat. ^j 
MS8. v. 60, *8). 

[VfooA'* Atliitnm Oson. nr). Bltaa, ir. 7e«-7S:| 
BarW»LifoofTillotJ.OD, ITM. pp. !91,22»,a3I, 1 
321: Lo Naros Muniimenta Anf^liean. I*0'»-j 
i;id. p. 178; N'rwcourt'«Bepert, E.'cl(i». UMLi 
£08; HennKNv'a Sortini Kepert, l-'.eel^ii. IKllt.| 
pn 48.28»: li>"eTe"«Fafti.wl. Hardy :FoiW«" 
Alamni Ovn\. I&OO-ITH; Evelyn* lliaryan* 
Corrcip. td. Br.iy, i>. 393. 339, ni. 369.] 

E. LC, 

WILLIAMS, JOHN' (17*7-lT9)-t, noa- 
conformiat divine, the aon af a tanner,' 
bom at Lampeter in Cardignnahire 
2-> .March 17it(-7. He was educated at i 
free ftchoolof thetownraiidenteredtlie( 
brinn academy ui Cannarthen when ninetKa 
venrx old, to i|ualify himself for the nAos 
of nonconformist minister. .After com^Ielinc 
hia eounte he bncaroe classic&i tutor m tk 
establl-ibment of a echootmutvr 



, noa- 1 
r, ««»A 

re otfl 

attm 

iCam^ 

o«tMni~ 




^ 



tuiu(;t>Bm, naiDi^l IIowoll. In 1763 he lie- 

cuttjo iniiiuTvr of a con^ri^gation e.[ Stomrt-rd 
ill i.incoiuxhirt', bdcI in 17->6 rfmon.*! to' 
snotiitT chur^'t' itt VVokin^liiiui in Itcrkiibira. ' 
lliTM h>! cojiiiililtnl a wor1< vrliith ta*l C'«t 
him raiinr vpiir*' Inbour, * A CoiicordaoLV to 
tlm lln.ii-K Ni*w Ti-nlHtueiil, wilb na Kntilisli 
Vflrsion tn <?aeh Word, and sliort CflivciiI 
Notts '( Lfiulwn, I7fi7, 4to), wliirli mtv«iity- 
tvfo vrnw Inter was suiHTScdi^d l»y « sirailnr 
compilaiifJii by <-)»'orp>.' Vit-fsiniup WiRnuM 
[occ under WioBAM. Ja-iKrH CiiTTofi], Thfi 
'Short {-Eiltcal Not«a' were chiefly fwr- 
niflbud by Grcjiorv Slmrpe r<j. v.] Tn l"fi7 
AVillimuit ni'Utovod lo Sydt'iiham bs minister 
to t.lie con^rti^ation iWre, reintiininK till 
170-j, whi-n.liiKliiighi^cuncn^titiiidcuniaii- 
in); "till thf! li-Hsa of the chapel having hx- 
pirod, he rtii^ifrtivd thi- puslorulf; and B^ii'iit 
tb'i! ruumiiidLT uf his lill- ill Uliti)^uii. In 
Kill luid 17M'2 be wrole two treali»efl on 
theWylBhlradiLiotn;oiic«niiiigtlit!diBcover>- 
of Ameririi, wbioh by l.!it' iiilrri>«t they 
lUtiiiM-d may hnVQ atiniuluted Soutbiay to 
writu liis wn'm ' Mjidiic.' \Villi«tOH died on 
IB April 17SW at bis bouw in (.'anonbiiry 
~ f, Islington. 

Di.'sidfi! till- •Concordwnet!' Jiud sovemi 
lOiM, Williams, who liod received the 
of IiL.D., wfls the author of : 1. 'A 
,., Enquiry inio ihu Aiitlw-tuicity of tht- 
imt Bnd S>-<riiiiJ {riiH|Her» of Sf. MaLIIimwa 
Q3pel.' London, 1771, 8vo ; 2nd tdit. 1789. 
The 'Kni[iiiry' dn-w forth savrral n-pUcc, 
includtnfT nnt hv C'lmrlea lUilliley [ij. r.], 
•nd anotbeT tiy *• illiain MH^ei^ r().V.j in tlic 
second vuliimo of tiii* ' Iliscoufwi on thir 
icripturai Doctrine of l be Atonement/ IfeOI. 
'. 'An AddrcM to th« Opposere of the 
"ruivstaut ]>iNt>'ntinu AliiiifcU-rti' Apiiiieutioti 
r Hi?li<-f in tbi* MtLt1<.>r of Hubacriptian,' 
'.IiODdoni 1772, tivo. !i. 'Tboii^bu va tliv 
4Mimn iknd'Mi thumnat Kalt'Oiiul and NntumI 
-^etnod of Teaching tb« LHnKUBges.' I^an- 
doiii 1 7^3, 8ro. 4. 'An Kiiijiiiry inl.u tbi: 
Truth of the Tradition concerning lhi> Dis- 
lovery of America by I'riKce Mndojt ab 
L'u Owyiifibl,* London, 17fll, ftvo. 
0. ■ I''im!iL-r ObstTValions ou the Uiscovery 
].of Amfhca bv I'rince Mddop, wiili kn Ac- 
count of II Wel^li Tribe of Inditiiiis' Lon- 
don, 1791', Bvo, (t, ' (."lencnl Krform, or 
!En;*lanil'f> Salvation,' l^uiidon, 1702, 4lo. 
7- ■ It'fiTjarkii on Ilr. W. IMI'k Arpfuiiii'iil.'" 
for the Authenticity of rbe two Kiret 
CbBptcrB of Muttbijw mid Liilo-,' Ijotidwii, 
,J7H0, l^vn. 

[Cambrian Rt-giater, iii. laO; VVilliamt'B 
Eminent Welahmeii. 1932; AUibune'a Did. of 
Enitl. Lit.: Gmt.. Mii^. i;d8, i, 640; Wituar's 
"iaL of Auarica, i. 310.] E. 1. C. 





WILLIAMS, JOUX (l-aZ-IftlO), law- 
yer, born at Job's \^''ell, near CarmartbuB, 
on 12 Sept. 17o7, was the fon of Tbomas 
WUIiume of that town. Ho won t'dutaied 
at Ihe vrainmar »cbool of Carmarthen, malri- 
culuti'jJ frunJoeuaOolleini Oxford, ouLUtVib. 
177M, uii){rAt«d to Vradbaui Collegia on 
•ja Sept., and waA admiUod a Kcbol&r on 
5;t Swpt. 1(74, jfriidiiulinK Jl.A. on 17 (^t. 
177««nd iI..\.on 11 .?ulyl7!il. Fie waa 
elected ft feilow of Wadbam onSOJimwITW. 
H» filled thi^ office of librarian in I7i^l and 
17^2, and of humanity K-ctur«r in i7rS2, and 
resigned hi* fellowship on WJiine 17112. Ue 
begun bid work, the »iudy of law, us a i^tu- 
d-t^iit of tht! Middle Temple. lie became a 
pupil of (Sir) Gcorgu \\ ood [<i v.J, at that 
limv wi^ll known a* a i>pe4!ial pleader, and, 
after supcesflfully prneliBinf,' us a Kirouiul 
pleader on big own aL-c4.<uui, he wa» calli^d 
Ui ibo bitr by llie bencheri* of the Inner 
Temple on 2;t Nov. 17^4 He went the Ox- 
ford and'i.lbl Carniiirlliitn ' cirruiln, tlu' ()s- 
f>ird cndinpf by ammgeroent before the ■iMil 

Carmarthen' beg^"' "" '-' ■'""^ '""** ^" 
becameaie^cantHLt-biw.and in lHC>4aInnj*« 
seri«snt. 

In conjunction with Ilichanl Bum [q. v.1 
Willtami^ bruuffbt "ul lb>.* lenlb vdinon o* 
Sir Willinrtt Ulnckotone's '(.Vimmenrariefl ' 
(London, 4 voIh. ^vu] in I7t'7, and thu 
eleventh edition in 1791. IJi-live+'n 171)1) 
and 11^02 be n]m prepared the third edition 
of f>ir lOdmiind 8ftunderit'« ' Kenorle of Taiies 
and riendinf^ in th« Court of Kinjf's Bench 
in tile Heijrii of Charles II '(London, 2voli, 
8vo|, addin^notcennd rofereucvv. Ilisnotoa 
wurv highly vnliiud and ■•«tnbliHhed (be fame 
of tliti compilation. Tbey ' conlJiincd a lucid 
and OL-curate glulement uf Ibu cumiuou law 
in ntiniixt «rviTy hmnrb, uiorc' particularly ae 
rt^trnnlfl pleading.' They wsru included in tlwi 
editioTW of l'^24 and iHi'i, nnd were ia^iind 
ti>-pnniti^ly with additions and an abridg- 
ment of the coaw in IH71 by his son, Sir 
Edward Vuiichan Williams. 

\VilLm[n:< died in London, at Queen's 
Square, on 27 ISept. IMH. In 17M11 he tnar- 
ritfd Mary, Muni dawfrliter of Charles Clarke 
of l-'oribridf^e, near SlntTord. By her he had 
three sons — Charli's ; Sir EdwMrd Viiu^han, 
who i»Ki-paml«lynoticed; and John, 11 colonel 
in The royal enpineers — andllipoe dauglitur^, 
of wbotn Man' 'wns inarritHl to An^tttit 
Krlwnrd Ilobart, fiixth earl of Bucluugbaro- 
bbire. 

[Woolrych'sLivMof Eaiiiiout Swjeaiila, IR69. 

ii. 68^0-700 ; l^w .Mug. 1 H4<i. ni-w nrr. li. 'Mo-7 ; 

OeDt.Mn^. IBM. ii. iil'ii fiardiiiFT'ii B«K. of 

Wadhnai Collaac ISei. ii. Ill; I^asier^s 

, AlamniOion. 171o-l8BG.l ^V.^:.. 




Williams 



432 



Williams 



WIliLlAUS,JOIlN(l761-l»lB),Mtiiut 

ftnd miacollanroiu writer, host ImoTn by tlie 

L(iTii]iin'cin 1^8 April 1761, wa* s«nt in 1"71 
to Jiurcliaiit 'ravlor»' scbuol. whcru lit- tut- 
hrvni cbiv»li«'infiit fi>r nti f[ii;^iim upon Mr. 
KiioK. tbelhinl innsior (Udui.sho.v, Jicyutrr 
Iff Mercian/ TaijJort JfieAool, Vi. I.'i4). At 
ihe tign of iwvunteen he wns placed wiib 
a paiiiler, but \t« soon abanduned tbw pur* 
Kutt of art. ill onlt^r to bMome an author 
aud translator. \\ hen he was no mar«i 
than eighteon Im wrote a df/cDci; of Gnrritfk 
ai^inst WilUiiin Kunrick [q. v.J, which pro- 
irured for him llie grvat actort. frieudsiiip. 
About two yran aAurwardi^ hu wi'ut lu In-- 
laiid, mid duriiif^ U\* n^nidf-nci- in j)iiblin h« 
edited Beveral i)erii>dical publioaTinni^. Har* I 
>n([ ntlicb'.'d tliL" covi-m iniinl in tin- ' Voliin- 1 
tf*T»' Joumnl ' anrin^ thn nd mini At rat ion | 
of the Duke of Itutlund, u pro mil- ill ion wnn 
cotnmrncMliigiunst him in 17S4, and he'n'aR 
obliged to decaioji, leavintl the priuttTs to 
endure the indgioL'iit (OlIBEIiT, Jtitf. n/ 
iJwWiw, iii.JJJO). 

In the MDic jejir(1784) be wiui HMOciatod 
with (Sin Henn- Haio Dudh-y [l-^'-j '» con* 
duetiiiii ibe 'M(ii'uiui( Ilemid,' but a violent 
quarriO brciiliinf,' out butw(.'i-a ibcm, Williaini* 
WTOtrHniHlniuin'ruiriKittirvou littt anla^oiiiHt, 
for which ho was prost*<-med. Tiie action 
waa not t>ri>Lf)id(rd wilb. huwuvur, in codk- 

?iicni:'n of tht! inlfrvt^n'.ion uf hoihc frirudK. 
n 1767 Williams aceompiutied his friiiiid 
Pilon to France, an i] on lii» ri'liim ht- Mnrl^'d 
a pnpt>r (-hIImI 'Thf^ I1ri(rhton Guide.' He 
iioxl settl'i'd at Itath, from ivhidi city hv was 
also under the necessilj of withdrAwins' pre- 
cipitat«;lj. Foraonw yvan he coninbuted 
iliL'atrifAl criticisms to some of tbi- London 
ut^'n'Hpapi-rs, and in this capacity lie was the 
terror of actors nnd acireiwes, (fitud and bad. 
In 1707 Li> HpjH'urL-d in thu vuurt of kiniiV 
bench iv* pluiiitilV in an action agiiiniil lEobiTt 
FauldtT, tilt booksellur. for a libel L'ootained 
in (iiffiinrH piH'ni, cnlillii-d 'Thii Unvind,' 
vherp, in one of thi> note-i, ihe niithnr, speak- 
ing r>f \VilIiuni(i. 'jb"«rrwl that ' he wan w 
loM to evi-ry «.inse of d^'cency and shamt; that 
his acquuinluuce vrtta infamv and bis loucti 
poiton.' In thii caiiso the pUiuliirwoa non- 
Buited, solely on eccuunt of tht; proof that 
waa gitmn of hin having himuflf i^rou'ly 
UbclU-d on-ry ri*:>'piM:tabIe choractor in the 
IdoBidom, froui the itovKreijin down Id ihf 
lowcHt of hie eul)jt.-cl«. Lord Kenynn, who 
trii^ ihH ca»«, ouid : ' It appi-Jtrv to tii<> tlmt 
the iLUtboF of "The Haviad ' has act<?d a very 
lurritorinux par) in ex|H>»iog this man; tuid 
] do moBt camf ^1 ty wish .ind )iopi> I hat come 
method will L<n.' long bu fallen upon to pre- 



vent all such unpiincij)]«<I and nwmi 
KTKtchea from gmng aU>ut uuhridled in 
society to tho great tumoyanco and Hr- 
quietadeofthepubIi(;'{tilFPijHD, Thrllar4ad 
and Afam'ad,]fi)0,]if. l'<io~^^}. Willismatmii- 
{rrnted to Amiirion iduirtty nft<Twarda, and 
edited a New York demorratio newapner 
f-JilIrd 'Tbi» F>Hlcnili«t-' IIo died of typniu 
ftiver, and in indigiint cireumnancw, at 
Brooklyn, on US Nov, !**!>* yOettt. Mag, 
lr<18, ii. ttl2). Under Ante \ Juno lUl:;! 
'I'om Moore the po«t n.-cords ; * Keaay 
Aaid that Anthony Pasquin {whowaaam; 
dirty £ell»w> dii-d of a cold cauglil by wub- 
iuK hia face.' 

Tbuni ]m a porintc of bin, enured by 
Wright from apaintiuKbyHir.Mariin ArcbiT 
Sbee, and a atnall nral engraved in 17J*C by 
K. St'dtl nftiT M. nrovm. 

\\\f< prircipnl worka are: 1. 'The Rojvl 
AcadeniiL'iBDs, a J^'arce,' London, I78G, 8¥o. 
a. 'TVii' Children of ThMpi»; a I'oem,' Ltm- 
don, 17tkl, -Ito. 'i. 'The Teari of lisw: a 
Toem on tlii' L^eatb of the h>U- Duke of lUl- 
taud,' London, 17^*7, 4l". 4. 'A Voviii 
Kpialte from tlabrielie dM^xtrudsi to lienr» 
thu Fourth,' Birminf-liam, 1768, -Itu. 
It. ' Porma, by Anibony PaMjiitn,' London, 
17'^(>. '2 vols.' t*vo. ti. 'A Postscript la 
ilir Nttw Bath Cuide [by C. Amtt-vl : a 
I'nem,' London, 1 "HO. Hvn. 7, ' RbroveYiu*- 
day: a Satiric KhapHody.' 171'!, 8r«. (*. 'A 
Truali**- on ihp GHtn** i>f Cnblmf;e,' Londoo, 
17tH. 12mo: L>nd nlit., corrt-ctwl, 1^07. 
9. ■ Tlw Life of t!ie late Karl of Barrymore,' 
London. 1793, (^to; 6fh islit.. including; > 
history nf the ' Wargrave Tlieat ricaU,' Dub- 
lin [1794?\ l^mo. 10. 'Authentic Me- 
moirs of Warren Ilasltn^,* L'>ndoQ. 1793, 
Hvo. 11. 'A Liberal Critique on the prv 
•cnt Exiuhiiion of the lUiyal Aeadeiny; 
tietiiff an attempt to carn%t lb>- natioml 
tartu.' I^indon. 1704. «vo. 13. 'A (-'ryiaf 
KpiKl In fnim Britannia to CoIohpI Mack, in- 
cluding a nakeil portrait of tlu; Kin/;. Qufen, 
IViiicw |in verse^,' London, I7iM, Hto> 
18. < Le^Marivc Biofrraphv; or an aUfmpi 
to nscertein ihe Merits and Principles oftu* 
nio*t ndmiriil Oratrrr? of the British fwnMe; 
biHiiijit iuiendi'd ax aCouipaniontotlu-l'arlia- 
nieuiar)- liepurta,' London, 1795, 8tu. 
14. ' A Lookinf;-Glas# for the Royal Family, 
wilti Documeuta fur Hritiiib Ladinx aad ii 
Foreigner* rt'Mdinj^' in London,' Ijondoa, 
ir™, Svo. 1.'.. -An Aulbrnl-ic Uirtory 
the Profflssnrs of Painting, Scnh>tiir#, and; 
Architecture, who ha^-w practised inlreUnd^i 
involving orijiinal IcMem from Sir Jo*lit 
lieynolds, which prove him to hava bna 
illitr:rat>.>; to which an; added Memo! n of 
the Hoyal Acsdemictiuia * [London, ITMy 




Williams 



423 



Williams 



I 

I 



I 



* 



I 



^Bvo. IQ. 'TtiH Nmr Itrigliton (Juide: in* 
Tolvin^tacampluld . . . eoIuUdd urtbunicunt. 

' myelcrim of C-arltmi Houki?,* l^ndiiii, 17911, 
*^To. 17. 'TIiePin-Baskei. To the Children 
of Thespis: a Satiw^in vcrwj/Lonilon, ITSW, 
4lo. 18. 'A Critical ftuidA t<i Ihe prctt-nt 
Bitliibilion at the Royal Acadeuty for 17^ ; 

'CODtaiiunf;.\dmniiilion»lolheAriiiii^ontlR-ir 
AliMoacmiciuEi of TheoioRieal iSubjvcu,' Lon- 
don, ITW, 8vo. K). 'The liiiinihoniad,' 
Boston. 1^04; rqiriuli-d bv (hi- Ihiiiiilloii 
Club, New Vwli. IWifi, Hvo. I'O. 'Iht Lile 
nf Alesnndtir llninilloQ,* BoBtoii, IB04: nt- 
priptc-d bv 1U11 lljiiiiilton Club, Nf^w York, 
ISiifi, Kvn. iM. *Tlia Dramatic Ceiuor,* 
It^tl, bxo : a tn«)ntlily ptiriodical. 

[AIlibon^N Diet. iii. ytji ; ItokcrV Btoigr. 
Vnm. l9Vi, i. 718. Hi. 227: Bio^. Diet, of 
liiring AQtbon. 1816; l)odl«inn Cut. iii. 6n, ir. 
71)8; i>r«k*'s Diet, of Antrican Biugr. : Earu- 

Kn Mag. ITftO: Krnn*'* Cnl. of Kngrav«d 
tniU; Mnmiiir uf T. Moon% p. '2^0; Sota 
and QuericA, 2it<I cr. lii. 5. 171. 3nl ocr. v. 170; 
T«y!or»( U<cot>1» of mv Life {l832>, i. 276; 
Tim pork v'n KntrvclotaJia, 181:;. p. 7^8; Vi'«il» 
Bill. Biil.l T. C. 

WILLIAMS, JOnX (17(Ki-1839). mis- 
aionarj', bom in Ijitodoii nl Tottenlinin lli^K 
Cross on 20 JitnL- Vifti, wn tin im of .loiin 
W'illiamn by bis wife, l he \'. 1 . ! ^i > <il' Jam?« 
MftIdniM-t,a partner in tlir' inuiMl' Mnidmret 
ii Nt-alu, St. l^aul'i! CLiirchvac^. liu was 
tAii|iIit Ht II »-luH>l ill IxiWi-rKdirKitUoT^kept 
bTT.wo pentonB imuied Oregon,'. liiscdinM- 
tion Avnn ciiitinierc'til. iTid nii ^7 .Miin'li IHIO 
he was appronticpdftjreeTcri yars to Kuocli 
Totdiin, a t'iinii«liiui{ ironmonRer in tlie Cily 
]{OAd, London. lie nrdemiy dcvoli-d liim- 
•elf to Li*trad»%and nhowed »a niucbabililT 
ttiat Tonkin H»uallv cntru8T(>d him witl; 
vork ruqutriiig dulicncy aiid accuracy ot 
eveculion. 

Williums was thv uliJld of pious parvuta, 
hi« tn«l ber, irlm liad coniK undur the influence 
of William Itiraaine U\. v,\ bfinj; dii^lin- 
ed for «nn<;tity> In cbildboiHl lin roin- 
hymns mid proyers for his own use, 
in later youth he cntiroly lost his forpn-r 
fcrrour. On JW .Tan. iHl-l, howi^Tpr, lie 
bcord a sermon by Timothy Eaat of Oir- 
mingliani at ihu TabiTciat^'li:-. Moorticlil.'*, 
M-kicb cIiuiR«dLi« fueliiigA froju iiidiflurutice 
to Atron^c devotion. In Htiptember he bo- 
camo u laumbor of tli« Tab<tmuclc> coiignt- 
gntinii, of M-hicIt Matthew W'ilka wait iniiii- 
ster, and began to tujic iiti active |mrt in 
churrh work, ITi* conp^'giilioii w«rH inucb 
inu>r«.-8lfid in the -vrork of ihn Jjondon 
Missionary Society, and WiLliaios nfeolvwl 
to ottvr hitn^lf o-^ a mii-iionary. In July 
181U be applied 10 the director*, and was 




aceepteil aflrr pa«iiiii|{ an<rx«nitiiation brfifn* 
ibvm. The iAlands of ihi^ l^acitic had befii 
Mtlfclrd by ihv founders of thp London 
Misunnarv ^ci6fy M th^ ftcfnt- of tlieir 
varliuel ettort^. For luaiiy years tlieir affciiia 
madi^ littlr prOftrcM, but al Ihu time of 
^Villiamfl'lt oucr of himHt;ir for ibe mi^Jtiim 
lli.'ld th>-yliadacLicieilcoQBidi>rablcBucCt>Me*, 
and wcru niakiiij; urgvnt rei|u<»t(t for frerli 
kbouri^nt. InipmiMid by tln?ii- iimkK 'be 
MUoiety ri-Huonded by EOiidin? out Williams 
and M'venil oilier yoittiff uxru ii.tt-rn trniriinc 
of a few months only. Tonkin n^h-rt^*.! 
biin fmm lii<: upprvntiL'esliip, and onilUS'.'pt. 
hfi and i^vi^ml nlherri were s^t apart at a 
Hi^rvicv lietd in .Surrey Chapel, (>u 17 Nov. 
ho. and hw wifp suited for Sydm-y in the 
Harriet in ihi; coinpaay of three oihvr mis- 
sioDArii-^ In Sieptt>mbiT 1817 they left 
Sydney in the .-Vctive for Eimuo, one of the 
Society Island*, nf-or Tahiti, wh'iry tbvre 
vas already a raiMion Btalion. Arrivinji at 
I'apei^m un 17 Nov,, ^^'illinln« n-uiaiut?d for 
some month.i a.'^istini; the n>i«>ii)iiarii-H iitid 

fL-rf'.'Ctinff hiini^'lf in tbf Tuhili laiLguiigp. 
luring 111* stay ■I'viralcUiffMnf ll*> l*>^ew«rd 
Ciroup, who had RBsisied Horoare in refain- 
inglhi': xiiverfignl V of Tnhifi, vinited Eimeo, 
and wi'leomed The pmji-ct of i;#iablii>luTi|r a 
Riiiwion station among iheiv own Utands. In 
con-'HH{iii>nc<' WiHIame and two other mift- 
#ionarii.'«, John Mugifrid^u Oreniond and 
William KUia, with ilieir wivi**, Iniidml at 
Uuuhini' on '20 Junv im8,and were heartiljr 
recN-iii'd by ihi' nativi-w. Tlip fame of tht'ir 
arrival drew crowds of viflitorri from the neigli- 
biniririg i*Innd«, amon^ rhem TnmBtoii, the 
kin(r of Kaintpa, whono ll^^,'^■^t request in- 
diici>d \\ )liinin*( nod Lancelot Kdward 
Thrflkcld i« remove on II Sept. 1H18 to 
liiv own island, ihc> targeft of ihu group. 
It waa the centre of the religious system 
of Ihe inhubiiautv of thu Lt'vward lelunde, 
and contained ' iLe teni|tl<'niidaIlHr<>f Oro, 
tbo Mars and Molocli of the South Seaa.* 
Hv ihf limi- of luH iirrivul at ItaiDti'R Wil- 
liams hud arijuired suHirient knowlmlea 
(if ill" language to preach to the people. 
The way for the adoptinn of Christianity 
had Ijotn prepared by a visit two yvori be- 
fore from CImrlrh Wilftin and I'otiiare, who 
woro drivt.'n from IOlcddo by a utidden gale, 
and tb(.- task of the mifiaionarieii waa miide 
easier by the aniirobation of the eupmnie 
chief, Tuiuatoa. Whib-, howi-mr, ihnpeople 
wcri' readv to adopt Cbristianity as a siai« 
Telii]i'>n, tUny worn dtibHKwl in their moraU 
and ioTeteratelv idle. They alRodwplt in so 
»uatt.en;d a fneuion that coUectivo inMru&- 
tion WBA impoKiible. Williams luduMci 
them to form a commo^n. «e.\.t.\<e!wM.uhv^''^ ''^^ 



Williams 



Williams 



con&tmct a diapvl and ochoolhonsD. For 
him»«lf bf 1)iiilc a dwelling on mi Kn^lisli 
Biudel, hoping' ihut it would Bi»rv^ ft* »d 
exauipW tu tliL- iiativus (uid KtinmliiCc tlicai 
M iiiau*fry. Thtiy wi^rt? iilvi iristructi'd in 
bont-biiildiii^. unci pnid fur thtiir at-rtioue 
nilli nnili, Uiii^-*, nnd ntluT iitH-ftil iirticlp*. 
A priuttii^ pn>h» I'Siiibli^litd at HLiahiupwas 
of import unt svrvici?, nnd thv r)on|i«tl iif 
8l. Luke and n suppiv of idcmentaTj books 
in their own tongii« were distTibated Mmonff 
the peopli^'. An uuxilinr/ tDtMiotiary iwciety 
wiu formwl in etnulalion of tti>^9 Already 
eiistingat Tabiti und lluabtiit*. On 1'- May 
1^19, wbi-n » nuw vhapol wtis uiK'iii.-d, a 
cumpli-lf ood(t of lows wa* nnd aud adopted 
by popular vole. I'lilike ihoco iirwviuuBly 
inlroilucml in 'iilitr pitrtx of Polyiiiwia, it 
included triiil by jurj-. In tli^ wuhp year 
tilt.- cnllivBtion of the ttiignr-caim Has intrn- 
dn^eil and a Huf^Ar-mill •^r^rl-^'d, WillianiH 
turuinj; the rollors in n lalbe made by bis 
own hanrl. 

Ill the nieantime WilliitniH bi.-cniQ« dis- 
aatiitlied with his poaition. Ilia work »e«nicd 
to bini too vn.4y, und h» bnd an intt-iuc 
de»irti to raiu--b the heatlii'n populalioiut 
8Gitttpn>d in DtliLT i>>Und->. lUi ihougbt at 
firtl of Wvintf liaialtin and iwtliriif out iridic 
pendunrly of ihc Miciptr, but aflt-nvards re- 
solvf.tl lo uftuin hi* ftnil by nuiin* nf a n)i»- 
aion jiliip, malting liatatt>a bin bi^ad(|unrt<?r:>. 
Tbe directors of the Eociety did not favour 
ttiH pimect, bnt Williams v.ft» resolved, and 
liRVing inlieriliHl norac pmperly nn tlin di^atb 
*>f kis nother, he t-isitJ-d Sydney in 18^1, and 
|nu«liu«l tho Kndeu-voiir, « MhuontT of 
eighty or ninety (onu. He also engiaged a 
manager for thrvc years to toaeh tlw nsttm 
thu art of ciiUivuritig sugar und lubacco. 

Arriviug at KaiAtL-aon tiJune ]H2'2, Wil- 
liatne MLiU'd ou IiU liret mis^Joa vuyagv in 
Ihf Endeavour o« -l July ^H'2ii. On July 
thev arrlTi?d at AiiutuU, and thencw pro- 
Coedi-'i] insearcb of Harat.ongii, whiuw! inhnbi- 
tADlA won.' srtid to bi! the most ferocinnn in 
Polvni^a. I'ttiliiiR to find thu island, tbey 
visiiod Man^i^ia. Atiti. MAutci, and Matiaro, 
aLI in Hvrvey or Cook Islanda. A wKond 
nttt-mpt to bnd Rarat«ngii vaa succcftsful, 
and ieiLTing Papeiha, a nativit tt^bcbvr. who 
bravely olFered to lumain u1onu, Williania 
fHlumiid to linintf-u. On 10 Oct. li« d«- 
pnrliid lo viJtit Rimitaruand ttiiniLu, two of 
the Austral fJroup, which had been chris- 
tinniwid by iinlivo tvachnrn. On hix rvltirn 
he WBA pre[>anng to nttempc to reach tlie 
more dietnnt Xuvigaturs' flroiip. when his 
pifins W'>r<'friirttrai.'d hy (boinieUip»nrjthnl 
thw (fovemar of New South ^^'ab■shad uiadtj 
tiscal rugnlations which Euattrlaily reduced 



thi' raliie of South Sea product*, llu had 

reli^ on m&vtiiig thu vxpunwi uf bu vewel 
hy trndin;!. and waA lb«reforf? compelled to 
KL'iid bt;r back to Sydney tu Ik MFid. Uv 
uplM-'olfd in vaio for awiitLano! (o the di- 
mctorb of the society, who with some immw- 
noMs of Njiirit rwfusfd to onuntt-nance hi* 
prDJi5ct§. on the ground tlmt titey dUappnivud 
of mioxionarii's entangling tb<fiDS'*lvtis with 
th.! nlTAim of thU lift-. 

In April ItiiJ? he accompanied two oewly 
nrrivLSJ niiMionarii's, Charlos Pitman nndhii 
wifu, to lUratungn, und rvniauifd with th«ni 
for some months until they gamed etperi- 
CDCC. During thix pi^riod hv tranAlaVtHi {)>)r- 
Itons of ihtf Itiblf and othi^r boohs into the 
Karat onsanlan^uage, which he had lareduc^ 
loawritt.iinfomi. Affi-rooinplftinK thi» work 
and waiting for snni<« mnniha for a Bhiplo 
oonvuy him back to Itiiatea, hv r(<«olri.-d bo 
build a veatM-l for biRiAclf. TIiIa. though 
di»titiit» of iroDi be accomplished with toar- 
vrllous ingenuity, constriitting In-llows for 
bis Are nut of goaiakin, and wLt^n these wen- 
eaten by rata, making tlji-m t)f «ood. Ilnving 
no «aw, the tnw« usi^d wuro aplit by wedgt*. 
and.having no i>tei>niigappanitui.,l)ent plank* 
worw procuri'd by splitting curvod irunkc 
Oonlngi^ was mndi' fmm ihr bark of ihm 
hihiscufl: aailflfofnative matting: foroaknto, 
coL-oannt busk was used; and the pintles of 
the riuldpr w^re formt^d fnim a piixr oif a 
nickaxp, a cflOj)er'i> adie. and a latgB Iwe. 
\\'irb such CTmtrivances Williams const rwt«d 
in tift*N'n weeks « 6i>aworthy ve«i*el abfiat 
sixtyfi^i long and vi{[ht«en ftM>t wide, which 
be named ' The Mcewnger of Poaoc,' Stra* 
plied with aiichor* of wood and stone, be 
utiled to Ailulaki, a dietance of 14o miles, 
rt'tumiiig with a carirj of pig». vocouiuts, 
and calft. lieceivtng a Kupplv of iron ahoitly 
after. Williams atrcnKtbenei^ his tvsmiI, and 
Mift^lv uvtimplinbtHl th*- vdvtigi' ti> Tahiti, a 
distance of ttight biindrtHl mitee. He thea 
Iwgan to prepare afr^rsh to vi«il the mon 
dititant i^M of Polj;nK4ia. On *i-l May 1880 
he started from Itaialt^, snd visited Savage 
Itdond, Tongatabn, and other* of tin* FriendTr 
IftLandn. lie iiu>n procvwled t^> the Samoi 
(■roup, when? he uhiced teachers in lliC 
ielauu of Snvuii. Ht- again vlsit*^ Samoa at 
tbu close of 183:2, and, n-turaiug to Kan- 
tonga, coinptetod bis translation of the New 
Tv*lain«nl . 

In June \(*Ai hfl \-isited England, wberv 
the famimf hisftdventunwraadt! hiui a centre 
of intc'rent. l\f addressed nnm«roiui meet- 
ings, and during bis stay did much tonutduji 
the growing int^Tvst in miasion«. llo siib- 
mitivd to the London Muiioiury &o«*>ty 
plans lor a theological college at itoratooga. 



I 
I 



I 



«»6 for iL norm&l wbool at Tahiti for irikiu- 
in^ tiativM n;)ioolinaH«n, anil laid Uitoie ilie 
Ilriliali and Foreign Uiblel^ociety liia munii- 
Kript of thi; ]{iirutoH;nin Nt^w I'uttiiinuiit. 
In A|M-il ISSi 111- [mtillsli^Hl 'A Narrative of 
MlBHCHkQry EnU-rpriw in lUf South Soa 
IsUndiswitli Hmnnrksou tln-Nnlurnt Hiiilory 
ofthelalanda, Orifiria, Iiancuagt-a, Traditiunii, 
and Un^iM of the lulinbilunls/ a v(iIiiitH< 
vhicli oxcitwl till* intfr»st nf m^n of li>ttpr* 
ADci of science, aa well a^ of tboiie coDcented 
in tLonroKTVwof UliristiiiTUiy. Several ixH- 
tioiiA uavu ftiitci! been (lubliVhed, th« lal{>st 
BpjteiLcing at I'biludelpiiia in 188U. Tbc 
commuM (xmiiL-il of Lundun, imiin-)>«4!ii wilb 
the couiuieri-'ia) iinixirtaiiCH of hin jjnjjfets, 
\'or«il bim SOOi., and altDget]it<r 4,(XXJ/. was 
Mub*cnb*fd, wilb wliicb thn Unmdi-n w»h piir- 
cfaaaed and iitted out. (bi 1 1 April fibe 
uiledfrom GraveBcod. costaiiiing ^^ illiuinh, 
liiit iii~if«>, and nixIi-i'ii otbi-r iiiiipiinnnnri>. 
AftiT risitin^ the Hainoui lalaiidii hir pni- 
ceaded to Tahiti and otiier istands of lb« 
Sooipty Group, w1i<-ncii be v-imt to th«! Nev 
ilebriiies, a grouu of ialandn beyond bis 
titwioiw fifld of lanour. Landin|?at Dillon 'a 
Buy, KrromatigB, on 20 Nov, IH;1H, bu wo« 
IfilL-dundcutcQ by the natives in retaliation, 
it ii Ixdii'vcd, fur tlic crm*[tk-« jiruviout^ly 
perperraled by an Ki)fclif>h cn-w. A» the 
newts of Williams's dt^atli wait carried by the 
CamiWkfrom inland to inliind, tb«> populalion 
bunt into vailing and abiindonrd thcme«lTce 
10 hope]>ws Kri''ii even tbe heathen joining; 
in tbi« lainr^ntation. 

Wdliam* waa the most siiccvK^ful inis- 
»icinary of modern times, Ue at-quired the 
IftDguagec and uduiiu-d btmsulf Lu the vary- 
ing chAfAct^rA nf llie racea be eticoiuil i-r«<d 
iuBDiaiiuormwl remurltsblo for a man of his 
defective eduiLnltoii. tli.' Kiipniii-d bin lack 
of training by gn^nt practical tui^city and 
hy iiinrvll'iiiji Cfitnpnfheniion and toleration 
of alie^n tnndf» of rboiifflit, but, above all, by 
ainKltibeurted i;ettl for ilie t^jintual and tvm- 
poral welfiijv uf Ibc nnlive races, which they 
did nut full III pi'ri;i;ivf and iipprotiutt;. A 
aloiii- murli* the place at A|ita \%1ient bin 
rT.'maiiiii, colUicud oy Cuiflaln Croker of bT 
tuuje-tv's (thip Favmirit", vm l»ined. On 
2lt"0i;l'. t^'lO Williamfi mnrrisd Mary Chrin- 
ner, wliuiilinrrd in htKliilMiursuntil bis death. 
By ber he bad n sunrivin^ »on, Willium. 

[ Williiinw** Mifr-ionsry Kntj::rpriHti, I'liilid.^i- 
pbia, 188U ; Fruut'n Mrin»in' ■>( .Inhn Williiiitg*. 
1643; (.^mplfiirit Martyr of Erromiint^a. ISii; 
Lo?ot(*sHi«i.oftheLfiinf<inMiwiionaryHo<'.,i80fl, 
Tdi. i. iiidex : t^Uj^iivli Cyrhipflin ; HorriD'H Story 
of Ibo I»D'{un Miesi^jnary Soe. J89 1 ; Duafotl h 
UiaiiioD Life in tbo Mandiiof the IVirii*. 18fi!i.] 

E. I. C. 



WILLIAMS, JOHN (1763-184n,bwil»r 
aDdmiDe-Bdvonlurer.bomat LowerCiumitie 
in Cumwall on 'J'\ Sept. lio'.i, woa tbe eldest 
sou of Michurl Wilhnms (J. 1775), tninv- 
adrenturer, by hiit wife iju.ianna ; ahe woa 
graaddaughtcrof John Harrifiof Ili^hurCiu- 
garne, who marrlnd Kliziibetli,oiilv(laugbt«r 
of John Beauclmm[i of Trevinrr, liiad of an 
am-innt Ciiriiii>bfnuiily. Tlixfallivr, Michael, 
was the eon of John \Villiams((i. 17li]), who 
camu to Flurncooee in Cornwall from WaW 
to iu>ek hiA forlimir in mtDin^. He k'ft a 
sum of 10.000/., of which tho ^-ator pan was 
heiJiiL-athed to .Micbact, 

Thu doii John wui vducati'd lit thu old 
granintar school of Truro, and on bis falher'a 
death in 177o bu inhttritod liulu more than 
l,OOU/,, till- rml of hix fnlher'n iiriipi-rty pa»*- 
Jiig to the younger children. He at onco em- 
hiirku'Jiu uiiuitiit. and in March IT'owosap- 
pnittted imr>iT, iiiuntLKiT, iitid bixikkreiiiiTrufa 
ininv callijd Wht'al Maiden. 1 lis inl«HVHt in 
mining m^iidly intended, and in 1783 the 
duties of Hupi-riucpnding a iar^ number of 
niinesi induced him to remove from Uurncooae, 
wbcrc he livtd ar first, to the village of 
HcorritT, at the other end of ihe parish of 
Owcnnap, where he built Soorrier Hoiiae. 
Aiuonu olbcrundenakiuK« luwarrlif thuclOMi 
of the Century, he least^d mid worked aotne 
valunblo bulpbur minos in the conaly of 
Wicklow, and alnn i^nfajjed in biisineaa bb a 
inetaUnnelter. HubL-came tho greatest living 
anthorityon ni a tiers connected with mining, 
and stmnftura TisitJtig Cornwall and anxious 
to set>the mines were iiitually fumi8b«dwilJ) 
Icttcm of introduction to bim. Hetwecn 1795 
and It^OO lie receivud u visit from thv Bourbon 
princcA (alterwarda Louin Will and 
t'harlia X), la ISOO.havins [lurchosed the 
manor of ('alxtock in Ka>it Cornwall, ho dw- 
velo|H.'d the manganeait industry of tliaC 
neigliliDurhoud. In l>fIU he became partner 
in the Cornish bnnk at Truro, and in 1813 
he contracted with government, in con- 
junclion with tbu Meiuirs. Fov of Falmouth, 
to build ihu breakwater ut Flymouib, em- 

floyin|{Johu]teunie[rj. v.'iiL itsconttCniction. 
IL thie work tiis Iui;al knowledge, aided by 
proltiuuKd iiiwiTval ioua tif the tiden and 
currenta, wiis of gntat value. In 1828 ha 
ri-tin-d from bii«i »!•«», and residod furtberwt 
of his life at Sandhill, a houae on hia eatat£ 
at CidjitocV. 

Dneof tbi- moat rcmarkabli' occum'ncM 
iu \\'ilttam£'e life was his dream of the 
nwiaMicnition oflVrccvol, On 2 or S May 
181:^, ei^ht or nine day» beforti thu cata- 
st.fophf. lie dreamt three times in tbe Bame 
night that he saw a man flbot in the lobby 
of ibe Uouau of Oointuouv "^ ^f^*>KA 'wwo. 



A\'illiams 



436 



Williams 



wUoli he vaa liiaiiliar, Bnd lli»( on inquitr 
be wAii informed thnt it wii» PercvmL 
The impT<e»»ioii mmiti ww m doop tliat wi 
th« next dnv ti^ crtiiHultnl hia brother Wi1> 
liam atid tiix portiM.T, Uubt>rt Vi>n.> I'ox, 
on tbe pmpriplv «( (-itniminiicKtiiiff wilJi 
IVtci-vbI, but suriered thfm to dUAUaae kita. 
Apiirt from I In* imptirtnncp of th« «*'('nt 
fuiy>&bad<iwiHl,ibUdr)Himi.s intfrt'itTingBfionB 
<tfl)i»lM->(liiiilh«>uticAl«iiiiistance!iofpivriMon 
or sf-rond t-i;:)!?, Tlif fir»l at'ooun? of the 
dntnm iinjifared lit the 'Time*' on Hi AufT- 
\S'2H. Thiv dntc of the viftion wa* there 
erro!ieoiu.ly afr>iirut<d to tti« night of tht- 
Msascinalion. Thectarlieit correct acrotiut 
appeared uboiit 1834 in AbercrDinbii!*i« 'In- 
qniriMOOnDemiiiK 1I1K Inl^lWluiil Powitn.,* 
An accffimt h_7 Williiims npjwnri'd in Wal- 
pole'n' lAfeofVrrcfvnV (c(. Aoten ami tiurrie*, 
^th ser. xi. 47, 121, '2At!, liOT, 4lti, xii. 437, 
r.lO; Hwl. .V.S-.*t C»mm. 5th Jtt-p. p. 305; 

1888. i. 219; WaLroLi:. Xi/l- u/.Ferrtml. 

u. amy 

WilliBtDs died at Sandhill on 17 April 
1841, and was buried at Caliitook, wh^-n- 
there is • monumi'nt in (h« cliureJi U) hut 
nemorv. llv marrind, im 23 .Inn. 1770, 
CaU)erutt(l7-)7'lii<:2t{|. daii^lirer of Martin 
HurTAf of Kt-nwyn. t'nnmall. By hiT he \ 
hadmrwal dauirntt^rH and three Hiir^'ivin^ | 
wmu — John (I7""-l*IO), a member of the I 
Sodfilj of Krivrndx, who was elecl*d f*Ilnw ) 
of the Linnpan SnntKty on ^1 Jan. 1800 
Utd Mlow of the Hovnl Hncielv in Marcll 
1828; Micl»iPl(1784'lKr>Hi, who was M-1'. 
for the WMlern divinion of Coniwall from 
1858 to 1868: and WilUaiu (17yi-!870), 
' ■who wa» created a boroiii't in Aujruiit 1800. 
In conjunction with hia eldi-wt jwn, Wil- 
liam!^ iiectiitiulatod at Scorripr a remarkably 
fineocdieclioii of Comitili minvralo. 

[InfonnBtioti nud mntcrialii kindly fornisbad 
Ly JBr. Mii;1iik<!l W)lliDni!> ; Lymsmn Hint. n( 
Corinrall. 1811; C, 8. (lilticrtf Hi«l, ^at\vy 
of C«ri>w»ll, IRiiO; Hiishin's Hirt. of Corn- 
vail. I83i; D. Oi]bcr['«C<jruw«ll. 1S»H, u. U* ; 
Wc»t Briinr Aurl Cijxnwjll A livcrtiwr, 23 April 
1811 ; Sc^-al Oumml] Giuplt«, '23 April I81II : 
Soverby'd llrillth Minernlogv, viAn. in. ai>d iv.J 

E 1 C 

WILLIAMS, SiB JOHN (1777-1846), 
judp*'. wafl baptised on M)Fi-b. 1877 at liuu- 
Ijurv, Cheshire, of which parish his father, 
■\VilIiam Willinma (.■/. -Ji} Oct. 181.')), who i« 
said to havw btdoii;r<'d (o tin anciitnt Welali 
family in Alc'rionii-lhahire, wju« vir-ar. His 
mother, I''fittfr \n'c'] Iticlinrdnon of H««ston in 
the aame county, wan imtrrii-^l lo Ids father 
on 3&Jan. 1776"(Kakwakkk's Ea^t Vkr*hin, 
ii. 804). John, who was an only son, re- 



ooired his earlv educntioD at tbe Manohfl»> 
tiirgnuanurKDOi>l|Vhn«hpeater«l:WJiu»» 
\7«t{SeluQi Styittfr. u. 157». lledUplay^d 
in youth an aptitude for claMical ntudioa 
wbk-h di«tin|^ui»bed him ihroiiKh lifv>. In 
17m he pmceclivi as an exhibit ion4'r to 
Trinily Coll-.'^f, (.'amhridi^-, graduating U.A. 
in I7MH, ntidht? wa.*f ]i^-i<?<l fallow of 'i'rinity, 
pr< 'CA'LHliDR M.A. in 1801. 

Mtrnnwiiiln, on t'!l Oct. 1797, Iw *ut«rcd 
himiiidf at Ihp Inner Ti'nipln, when^ tio van 
calkd to the bar in I8(U t la>wr Tfutjtlt 
tiz-yUt^r). HiK name •ppran> in tho law LiM 
of 1805 as ' of Kin^'a llenvh \\'alk. T«m[ile,' 
with th«AddilioDaI description in the follow- 
ing year of *^orthl>^n Circuit, Ijincaster 
and Uht-ater Seauona.' II i« choice of tbe 
noTthcni circiut aa a field of pnclice, and 
lii« attaching himself to the TilxTal jiarty 
in polttira, w«ro eonudered ' bold Aiepa ' at 
thf liinrt, ]>rofi;'«eionnl oimpvlition imnf; keen 
in the northern «mrt«, and pnymiN't nf pro- 
>nt>ti>.in«iDAllun]oni,'' opponents of tbe Roviern- 
nienl. Willioni^, howcv.r, aci(uin>d at onee 
popular favour on an adrocateand reMitaiivn 
AH n Inwvcr auioajr his fellows. 'The late 
juAlice Sir J^>hn Bayley ha<« bveo heard to 
declare.' says a writer in the 'Gentlcfiuaii'« 
Magutinc ' | Novemher 184'!), ' that if he 
hod to bo Iried for hia life, btr Hlxiuld dtair* 
to he defended hy Mr. Williams.' 

It was fur the part he took in the pn>- 
(Vt-din^ attending tlie trial of ljii«>n Oanv 
liiie in 1830, as junior couneel in the caM, 
that WiHiams in be»t remembered. Tlie 
alnliiy he displayed on that nccapioa, e^cpt- 
cially in the rrossx-xaminat ion of the iinpor- 
TARt witneea Ufttnotit, won thi.- etnphaticaf- 

Srobalion of his leaders, Lon,l Henman and 
^rd Rroupfham (.bEitUAX, Lifi, i. 104; 
Bkoimiah. /,»/>, iL SUG). 

On a;l Mareh 1822 at a by-eleolion. Wil- 
liamx (dL-M.>ril>i-d in the rvliim as 'of Lin- 
oohi'itlnn'l was elecled lo [Mrlininrnt by 
the city of ]<iuciil», and &al for that <ym- 
ktiliirnry till tbi^ diKailntiftn in It'itt, He 
fiuliseijuently rpprfiti«it.'d Winriiilcna fpotn 
iH^tillthediet'TanchUement of that biirouf^h 
in 1832. In parliament hi' was a frequent 
speaker, but biselforu wer« directed chiefly 
towards leftul reform, and eapeeially toMatdi 
a correction of dvlays anu nbuivfi in tbe 
toun of chancery, mud lit? wa* lh» nuthor 
of motions on the subject (4 June 1K2S and 
24 Feb. 1624), which led lo ioinortant di- 
bntpa, but to no clfective result btiyond the 
Bp)>otatment of a oommtwon whiob never i^ 
ported I HAKBAitu, new aer. vols. ii. x. xiiL) 
Hii course of poiitiiml conduct brouffal 
him into conflict with Lord Eldon, and was 
prejudicial 10 his profenioMal advanosDeot ; 



4 



Williams 



4*7 



Williams 



I 



but wben tli« whigs joised Canning in ufltc« 
in \&i.7.i WilliamB bocamc JtinR** covmspl; 
and on iliu acwMioo of VVitliuiu IV (IH-tO) 
he was mule R'Olicitor-(;eni.'i'al ai]<! ntlomuy- 
gt^iuTal to (ju^Tn A<lL'ini(lc, in the place ol' 
LurtlH ]lrcm(flium iiml DeiLtiimi, pruiuoleil to 
xhn officGs o( liird chatiL-ullEir nnd lurd i-bivf 
juKlifi- rf»pfjcti\<-ly. On liH Ftub. IftrW be 
was nppoinifid a barnn of tbo pxchpquorj 
but. bnvinii; sut in that irimrt ont) li'mi, Iw 
wns kniphicd (lii -Vpril) Aiifl ImnsferrMi to 
the king's bt-ucb ii) the place of ^ir .lames 
]*«rhe(aftfrwiirdi! Bnrnii \\Vn!<li->'<3Blel|'q.v.] 
In ihin olHce hp nmuinwl till Iiis death'. 

\\ illiaiuft dii<i:l ^iiddenlv nt bi> !ii'nl, Liver- 
Piori' t'arli. Swirolli. on Ifl Sipl. 18-ilJ. and 
iraa buripd in the 'IVniplti CImreh on ihn 
98rd of iha samu mntiih. lie miirriwd 
HiLiTii-ll Kut bi.'rini', nnly Miirvivin^ ilniiuhter 
and beiri'SH of l)Hvie<i Drivfnjjwrt uf Oii|>e- 
tborne. the friend and prilron of hia father. 
TbtTK wnH no iMiii<>. IliK willow Hied ht St. 
Germain-en-Lave on 28 Sept. 1861 iCifnt. 
Miff. 1861, ii. ^7-1). 

.A« a jiidp* WillinniM was jiainstakiDf; and 
conftcienlioiiB, and ap[>i.'ared to special advan* 
tagc in criminal casoe. Throughout his life 
Iw ri'tainrd hi» lotto tor the claHics, and 
his reported speecbtaare never wilbout some 
elMsicalaUtui'-iii orijuutatiuti. iledi»pluyi-d 
talFTiT^ AM a writ<-r, and uonlribnti-d H<;\erul 
anicl^R to thp ' Kdinburgh HcTiew,' particu- 
larly one lO'-toher IWl) on tbv Greek oru- 
toT». Hi- nlso wrot^ ocoAuonally for the 
* Law Ueview." 

InpCTional appr'aranco AViiliams waa not 
prepoueHinie. Iluwoti diminutive of sialutv 
and serere of countenance, but was urbane 
in luunuer. 

[Lav UeviGw, No^Miibvr 1946 {noiivs imid to 
be by Lord Brougham); Ltiw iHng. TnhniAty 
1817; Oenl.StnB. November I61(>; Fomji UiM. 
of JuiJg^*. ix. 314; MnncbpHter School Itog, 
(CholhRtn .So.-.)] J. II, 

WILLIAMS, joins' (1709 IM^), arch- 
deacon of C'uritif(iin, first rector of Edinburgh 
Aeademy mid wftnli^n of Llandovery, was 
the younRest child of .Tohn Willinnis, (icar 
of Ystrad-mrnriir. by June, dnop'htcr of 
Lewis Ito^era of Gelli, hijib sherill' of Cardi- 
{^nfthirc in 17m!!. 

Ui» falber, Joiis WnuAMs (ir4-V181*'), 
waa the eldest tion of David Williania of 
SwydtlfTynnon, ont> of t liu I'urliext ' iwhoncra ' 
anonfj ifie Webb mclbodiHlH. lIi- wiih (edu- 
cated at Ystmd-inpurijr pnnnmar sobnol 
under l-'dwiinl Kirbard [q. v,] Aftwr keep- 
ing school at Cnrdi^n ( ITtilW'O) and other 
places, and et>r%-i»K a curacy at Roob, Iler»- 
lordahire (1771-0). he succeeded Iticbard 
as toaster at Vstrad-meurig in August 177& 




j Ili« pupils HKttiitJcreased to nearly a but 

in numbor. and aliont ITIX) it liccamo nee*»< 
I 6aey to build a schoolbousc, the work liavirifp 
been previously carried ou in the poriab 
eburcb. ' J*'or Home balf-ci-nt ury it bocanis 
the leading school in Wales, and ro»e to 
the position of a divinity iwhuol, supplying 
a Ciituidtfrable miinbrr of cnndidtttiw for nolv 
orders ' I Bkvan, />('«*■*?« //m/, r^fSt. liaiid'a, 
p. 'i:li ; cf, Ki!E», Hfmitif-f "f Vouth U'nttm, 
p. -Ifit)). Traditions of hln niflsfersliip «nd of 
Iiis cloeoical learning are etill current in thi: 
county {(^mru, iv. 4o, 127, vi. Il'4, with 
portrait), Deflideo hi^ mot^tcnsbip be bvld 
Rcvrral clericnl Qppointineui<> in the diocese, 
and wa>> the author of u ' l)iifii<-riation on 
: the JVla^iaii HttrBsv' (Cannarthen, 1K)H, 
j 8voi. He diwJ on 2U March ll*18. Two of 
I hiH brtitbnrii, ICvan i.md Tbniniiv, I'litnbliahed 
a bool»(!lling and puhliabintr bufliueiu at 
No. 11 Stnind. London, where, between 
1792 and IK-Sri, thw pulitiHliiul n \nrgv num- 
ber of books nlaung to Wale.* (^Knirogion 
j Hir Afirrfeifi, pp. loK-4; UnWLAKti*!. <'.ii«6r. 
HUiHagraphy, p. fitifi). Another bpofbr-r, 
I David (i 751- ifCkiKprebendarr of TylbHiring- 
I ton, was father of Charles ^amcs Blofliua 
I Williams [q. v.] Uunng bie latttr year* 
I John Williams the elder waa assisled and 
I eventually vuvcueded ut tliv ecbuol by bin 
] eldest son, David \\'*^t'f-\^2l>y, a fellow of 
I Wadbam College, Oxford, to whom Lockhnrt 
addreMidhi" 'open letters,' entitled 'J'eter'a 
Lettpra to hi« Kiii.«fotk,' Edinburgh, 1819, 
8 vols, 8vo (Laxg, Lift and Ltttvr$ nf Loek^ 
\ hart, i. 212-25). 

I John Williams the younger (David's bro* 
I Iher) was bom at Vstrad- meuri^' on 1 1 April 
I 1792. llewue I'ducatedcliivllynlbistathor'a 
I school, but afliT un intirval of tbive ytmnt 
' spent in leachinfr at Cbiawick he went for 
a aborl. time to l^iiillow school, when c«< he 

f>n«?Bededtn Ball ioICnlli>ge,Oxfonl, mat ricu- 
ttling on MO >"ov. ISlO, »nd graduating 
H.A. in IRI'l.wlicn lie iin*wda 'triumphant 
examination' (Laxg, i. 67). lie procei^ded 
M.A. in le38. Liko Dr. Arnold, who was 
oneofbi^ four coiupaiiioitH in the llrvl ohu«, 
WiEUama chose tor himself the career of ft 
public-achooi tnu.-'ler. lie was for four vcars 
(1HI-1-I8)immediiiteaitii*tnnl lolleiirvfliiton 
QabuU [([. v.j at Winchester, and for another 
two yt-ars HiMii«tant to lb*- bnithen rimrtes 
and George Richards at Hyde Ahhev school 
in thtt Mmo (.'ity. In 1^21) Tliomas Bur(ji,'e8 
(l7fiB-lJ*.ir)''q.'v|«tlit'nbiMiopol"Sl. llnvtd'», 
oU'ered bim tlia vicarage of Lampeter in hia 
nafivft county, with the exprcwcd hopi- that 
he would carry on the school establielii-d 
there by the previous vicar, Elietcr Williauui 
[q. v.] H« accc^iVwlL, %n\ \Vrt<i\iJ9jo.N».».'w*»!- 



Williams 



42B 



Williams 



onco Lauipet«r was aele«t«d w Uw home of 
tliudivinily eobuol siuov Itiiuwii ns St.lJavid's 
)>)lli-gf, [111- fmimJiitLnn'HUiHe of which was 
laid in I'^'J'J. but, iiwint; to eotiiu »iilja(-i|iifnt 
difl"rr»'iicv iif virwB wilh Mil- bjuhtift, VVilliama 
wtiK nr>t appointed its principal. 

IVcjiiniubly nt lliumijjpt'ntioni'f L'lclilmrt, 
wlia wiM on<: <i\ WiUinmn'* clo&i'-il frieiida 
faotb Kt collvge and lu Rrt>?r life, (-'barW, tli« 
second MD of Sir WnlttT Scoit, was in the 
suiuiuil of iS'JO »eiil to Lnmpi-Ier d« n nri- 
vate pupil : and so inspii-eil was Sir W>ilt«>r 
wilb Cdiitiduiicv in the Wubli iiUor that lie 
iciiiiiCMl fti<vcral ut' biii Scuccli fritMidii to fol- 
low hiHt'SampIiMitid voiin^S(.'utt n'lm milord V 
I'ciiiifd in Wnltji. hy \ illiern Surtt^* and \\ il- 
inra Forbes Mnckcnxiorii.T.] Id lt*i-t Muc- 
k'.'uai ■.■'!• fiitlu'i" nnd -Sir WalttT inviti-d \\ il- 
iin.m.4 to btTonii- ln^ftdmasler of n pmprieiary 
day scliuol, to be called the Aciideiny, nhiv'i 
they wi-iy- tlion pmniininftnt Kdinbiirjrh.witli 
lliti view el' rai^iit^ itii' iitaiid&rd of claMicnl 
educulioD and tiapfciatlv of l.tn.-4-)i leaniin/. 
Tiiw SL'b'xd wu.- opeuiiJ, with Williama us 
iei7l<)r, on I ' let, l.'^:^4, Jlin succcsh at Kdin- 
biir^ti wai« in miiiiy ret-pcclji oviin iiion.* Tv- 
muricnbln tliiiii tliiil of Arnold nl Ku^bv, for 
apart frotn ihra ilifliciiltip-i incIdciiTjil to a 
d(iy-»r-liwil, Ijc lind to overcoim- tlix Hutirr 
Srnttish h'laf. in favour of purely utilitarian 
edin:ntioaasanBinaHbe oiorelibenil iminiii^ 
of tbi" classics niid other liighi'r liriuii-bi'H of 
hmrninp. Tl»: hij;li xtandard of FcholarHhip 
for ^licli the academv becBni)! famous '«i- 
tinfpiiKbL'd whatevT iicwMily tbi-ns i-wr wna 
for »itiidii)g Si:ut«'h b»ytt beyond Scotlund' 
to school. tSpeakinn in 1857, hi« old pupil. 
Dr. Toit (uflwrwurti* utvlibiHlJop i>f (.'anlvr- 
biiry), niiheftitfttinKly aacnbfd to Williams 
' nion: ibau to any tnau ILrin^ iLu prfwul 
niovf ini-n t in Si'iitlnnd indicndn^ n uUli for 
a hialior standard in the ela.<)Mi'iil depBriment 
of tlip imivpntitiM.' Amon^; the mon* <ii»- 
tjnguiaht'd ofliiii pupiU. hi addition Lo Tait, 
■who was tlw fira! thi.c of tlie school, uiav Ije 
mentioned PrinL-ipnl Shairp, I'TOfcssorSt^Iar, 
Jarnf* Ul«rk .Maxwell. \V . E. Aytoun, l-'rv 
derick Uobortfton of Jtrighlon, iJr. Forbes 
4bi»liop uf Bn>oLiint. iiud (.'hurk'« Fn-durick 
Markvuzie (tlii- African binliop). 

In Antirusl 1^27 Williatne rashly arcspted 
tb>- jKMt of Latin pruftwuor ut the l^^jndun 
l^nivt'n'ity, ihfii iti cnurap of Iwing or- 
l^iinii'i^'d, but with ■•qiiul prtcipitaliou n>«)|.'o«l 
it flomi' nini^ months Inf/r, btrfiirf Kntcrine 
onitfduticK, beL-auB« of the opposition wbicli 
it» Afiriilar policy had aroust-d nmon^ tbe 
Uigh-churcU party. After « iwul vcmontli's 
br'')Lk in his ronn«;tiou with the academy, 
duriu^ which he devoted himi>i-lf to Ul«m^ 
work, he waa re^lecttd nstox in July It*2y, 



end eontiuued to hold tJie poM until bis rfr- 
tiremi-iit in July 1S47. 

llf^dt'a profound nvholarahip and wid^ 
l^iwnil nilture, WillianiB had cxcoptiamd 
Mpacity for cnmnmnicKl int; to his pu|>ilfl hi> 
own onthnniA-tm for beaming. An inlerpsl- 
in^'sccoiint rif Ilia met bo<l of teaching in given 
by .Sir %VnlUTr .Scott (Jotirnal. \\. 4\, who 
culo^ites him as ' n heaTeu-bom leachsr' 
(ih. li. "Sl'i and 'the 1m.>»i MJiooliDMtcr in 
Eurupu ' ti'A. ii. I'O-'f), wliik- for bit wjcial 
qimlititra ho (lt.-«rrilH'^ him as a man *who«e 
csTcnEivL* iDfununtion, Ifariiing.and lively 
Inli-nl lUHilf him alvrnvfc pUiLtaut ettmpaur' 
[ih. i. 4lill, It WBfl tlieir canvcraationn on 
Wt-Uih bittory that pmmpt.il tlw writing of 
' This Belrorhed,' Jwolt's only Welsh m- 
manctf, while St|uure Meredith in 'II«d. 
frnuntlr-t ' mny p^rtiap^ ha»c U^n alon du<i> 
totbtiKime iiitliiencL-. (>n Scott's dtjatb it 
wa8 Willianiit who r«ad the bunal Acrvio- 
ovtT liiit rttmnin* ut Uryburgh Abbey. 

During hi* long nojourn in StotLiad Wil- 
tiama'i! ronnuction with Wales hud never 
lnMin wholly wvur^d. He contiuuml to be 
the non-rfsident vicar of Lamputor till 
Uclohcr IKXI, whr-n b(> wa* innliiulwi arch- 
di'arnn of ('aniijrai. bur owing t*) eajnt in- 
formulity his inetiiulioD had to b« n:pwit«d 
in Augn'at 18:{fi ISixclaib, nid Times). He, 
however, longed for some suitable openittg 
for undertaking ediieational work in n »)••». 
Within n few wiH-ks after his retirr-ment 
from the rectorship Williama waa ■pp<Hnt«d 
the first warden of a new school at Idan- 
dorery, judt endowed by Tboma« I'hiUipi 
{I7(i()-iyijl) 't|. T," The school vras mitned 
ill very incouiinodums pn'miH-s on 1 Msrdi 
1R48, {Minding thn trectiou of neroiaiietil 
buildings, which were coaiplutea by May 
I rto!, the prviitigi." of WitltaniH'ii namti bring 
largi'ly in.trmmeutal in raising the neccssnry 
funds. The wardfu de»ir>tl to dHvdnp tin- 
school into A collmati' itistituiion whii'li 
might perlisjw in time supersede the tbeo- 
logicnl college at Lampi'tcr. He and Sir 
Ik-njamin Hall openly aitn-zked l.ampeier 
College for the inefficiency of ila training 
and ite tysti'matic ucgk'ci of Welsh studiex 
{IJ/e of Jhirhwl lliJliaw, I. l(K>-:a»). 
ill-health, however, compelled William.^ to 
close lii« «c1iultL«tic Cwre-T by ntiiring from 
ihewardenAliipat ('^iter l^fi.'i, htit not hefon 
he had mised Llandovery to a forsiaost 
position Ainong the sirliooU of \Va)<\=u The 
remaining yeani of his life he devoted oh ieSy 
to Itlentry work, though, while residing for 
his health ut llrighlon, in 1^5:J he l-ook for 
three months the dutivs of his vld pupU, 
I'"iwlwiek liuljerl^onfq.v.'Bt Trinity Chnpcl, 
and on htji death prf-ucliedli is funeral aermon. 



I 



I 

I 



I 



He »ub8ninf\nLlj lived for k ximi> At Oiforc), 
but in 1857 weol lo reeide at Uiiehoy, Hert- 
IbnJabire, whoiv lie <3ic<l on '27 iK-c. \H'tH, 
and wa» buried on -IJaci, following in Uu«liey 
churchTard. 

Wliilv Bt La[n[)Ctur be inami't) Mary, only 
dsugbtxr of Tlinmaft liv&ns r>f LlaDilnr. Car- 
dij^nsliire (who pn>(l«!«a^cd Iiim on Itt Au^. 
ItCfJ), lutd Iind liv iii*r »tx dAit|;lil<T3>, li\e of 
whom survived him. Tlwpldpi't. Jun« Klira, 
in IStll murrii'd MBJur Wnlii-r (_'t>lmib 
(Irani of thr- ifrid draeonn gimnb, who died 
iJie 6am« y>jar in India. She occupied Tor 
mftny years th* po*itioi> of lady priiicipnt of 
Kidili^rpore llousa, Calcutta (where shedivd 
on t'4 Sent, IMlto). brinf; siiceecdcd in the 
priiicipaliffiip liy hur fuunli sUter, Margaret, 
who iliml iiamurried iit the tiaint- institution 
on l2JiilylS9t>. WilLiuiii(>'it third diiughtcr, 
Liutitia (rf. 20 Murch 1^99). luarriwl Mr.ito- 
bRtOufiliH'e, nre^ident of the Incorporated 
I^w Socitily lur IbM)-] ; aiid thi- youiigtitl, 
Lucy, marm-d Mr. John Uiivn' Orr of Cal- 

CUtlA. 

An oil paintintt of Willinms by C3olvin 
Smith, (^x(>cut>>d in 1811 on iho commiauon 
of M) me old pupils hanffs in the )(TWtt. hull 
of t.huni'ftclomy nt EdiDbiii^h. TTifreia bIimj 
a luurbU bust of iiim i>v Jo!i«ph Kdwardn in 
the library of Itulliut CaWcf^ei, n cn^t of 
which is nt iLc Uuivuraity Colltfguof Wales, 
Ab"rv*t.witli. 

Iksidert bfiinp finp of the gr«ite«l cituutical 
schnlarn thnl WnW hftis prndtin-d, Williams 
madt' 8 siw.'Kifll study of thii itarly hiaiory "f 
the Oelttc races, and particuUrlv of the 
Unfpiaf^ and lituratOTc of Wales, 'rhe ra^ore 
important of his piiWifbeJ wnrks ars : 1 . 'Two 
Kftaayion th{> Itpoorapliy of Ancient Aitin: 
intciidvl piirtly to illu^trotf the OampaiKus 
of Ali'xaiidt-r thf; (jrfal andtbe Anabasis nf 
Xeuophon." Loadon, 1829. Uvu. ii, ' The Life 
and At'lioiiB (if .\li'\nnd.>rthii Great' (be^infC 
vol. ii. nf .Nfurrav's ' Familv Library'), Lon- 
don, ]fJ29, l^tno; X.-w torlc, IBmf. : :ird 
edit. London, ISiW. Thcap two works wuro 
writU'n duriuK the author's rofloriol int«r- 
ntf^iiim in IWS-S). :t, ' llomi^'run,' liondon, 
lii-1'2. Thij e&it-'iiiial unity of the Ilomeric 
poems wna strtiiuouslv upheld by the author. 
4. * Claudia and PuilriiM. An Attempt to 
show lliat t'laudia [meutioned in i! Timothy 
tv. 'J\\ waa a Briliah I'rinci»u!i,* und that 
Britain waH fhriBliiinisi'd in the Gr*t cen- 
tury. Llimdovm,-, lt*4H, Svo. 5. 'Thu Life 
of Julius CVwir.' London, IS.'Vl, Hvo, 
8, ' Tioraer ; or a Hrief Analyaia of the Lun- 
KUageandKnowledjjeoftlieXncientCyiJiry' 
(Londiin, lWi4, 8vo), followed in the same 
year by a ' second part/ which conlaiiivd 
'specimena from the works of the oldeat 




Oymritt poetH in thi^ir ori^nal form, wUb 
transluiionB' (cf. Skbecb, Ancient Ji'jokt of 
tt'aiea, t. fi-H). In ' lionier.* hia most am- 
bitious plttlological work, Williams di-alt 
with the origin of tanguaf'e, claiminjf inter 
alia that \SVUh. in it« (»r1iLi>L known fomu, 
contained vocables cxpnuiiivi' of nbKtruso 
philosophiral truths, such ulhc doctrine of 
tliticoiiililioni^. Hill r.n-iitmeiit of the aub- 
Kfl, j ject obtained the warm comm<-ndation of 
HI- Sir William Kamilion. T. ' Discounes and 
RwftVfton the I'lutyof (ioil's Will . . . with 
spwcial reference to God's Deialin^ with the 
poopk- of Ohrislianistd Britain,' London, 
\S-'t7, 8vo. 8. ' Essays on viirioiu Subji:-ct«, 
Phitoloffical, I'liilo^ophical, JOtlmuloi^icul, 
and Ar^imoW^icut,' l^uidou, 1A68. 0. ' Lct- 
lers on lli« inexpediency, Folty, andSin of 
a "Barhnrian Epiiwopate" in a CIiriKtian 
IMocipnlity,' London, 18u>^. tluabobniu^ht 
out in laSlHn edit inn mince twJr<^ n-jirinlcd) 
ofTheophilusEvanfi's'DrychyPrifOeaowld' 
{Oarmiirthen, St n). 

Before the Uoynl Society of Edinbiiri^^h, 
of which he W4« a fellow, he read AHveral 

?npers, two of which, dealing with points of 
jutin pbilolojty, were priuted in the thir- 
teenth Tolumu of the society's 'Transac- 
tions ■ (pp. WMf; and 4yi-5Uy). Ue also 
contribulfd essays on th(> * Ancient i'hmni- 
cians' ai)d kindn.'d !oj>ici< to the 'Ouoibriau 
Journal * for ISriTi-T, and Arlirlirs on tnora 
general subjiwtfi to the ' Quarterly Kavievr ' 
and other magazines. 

At his death he left bt^hind liim sovorol 
unlinisbed works. These included tarns 
alight portions of an niito biography (B^e- 
OoNcf. 1874, p. IW). His eldijst daughter, 
Mm. C'olquhoun-CiTant, subsequently, aa his 
Ut4.Tary exticutrix.coltoctMl further nialtiriaU 

■tlier 

papers anil corre- 

itpijnd«ni;e, were lost off the coa»t nf Spain, 

near Fermi, in the wrock nf the steamship 

Eur^m(l" July I8TH), in which Mrs. Col- 

?nho^in>Virnnt waa retnming to England 
ram India. 

[Camlinnn JoarDnl, March l8iU. vi. t'i-Sl 
nnd vii. 313. 3A0, cf. k\»o ii. 227, iii. 81, 182, 
309, 384 and ir. 57; Anrhiri'logia ('Ambreasis, 
3rd srr. v. 66; Mnq>hiiir8 Edinburgh Eccleaias- 
tii-al Journal. March 1849. pp- 8S-95 ; Qml. 
Mug. I91H \.»73-!i.l».%9i.'2(i9; PiwrnrVAlanini 
Oxfii, 17 10-1886; FiMtur'ii Iiiit«xEci'lofiiwticas; 
I>wkh(irr.ii Life of Scot! ; Journal nf Sir W, 
S.'ott; Lifo tind Letttrs of J. (i. Ijockhart, ud. 
Iiiuiii: ArvbdeacnaSiueliiir's Old Tinas BudOls- 
tant Piw^s. pp. 231-43: Langhorn^'s Iteminis- 
cfnL-ef.(l-Miuburf;h, 18H3). pp. 9V. 139. Ifi0-8S,- 
l^nvidsoD and Uenham's Life of Arobbishop 
Tait, i. 18-a6; Campbell .ind. GarwMCvUA** 



for bii^^phical purposes: but thi^9e,t(i^!t 
with most uf Williuiut's papers and coi 



Williams 



430 



Wiiliams 



Jun»01«rkMitxw»lt, pp.4T-8,Se-7,fi?S: Lord 
Ccidtbum's llomornUs of lit* Time, i. 4U, nnd 
Lif* of Jfffro;. i , 306 ; Kni«ht'a Principal Shairp 
and hi" l-'riniKlii, p. 9 ; Lettors «iid MpmoTintfl of 
JiiQcWelcb C'lirlylp, «1. Froudf. iii. 6J5 ; Aniiuft] 
Kopirt* of the Rdlnburjrb Acadomy (kindly 
Unr- bytiin prra-rnl r«*ar, R. J Miick^niiB. eaq.), 
oep«:inllyKi't»jTi»fof IMT; Kdl«ii>atgli Aondeoiy 
Clironicl* fur July 1894 (pcr*wn«l rwwl'wtioti* 
Hiy Dr Janii-Ji Mjwnulfly) and July 1886 («"•- 
iMcniODitiriR dinner); V*rKn»«>ji'» Cbronielea of 
the Cummiiijt Llub and Momoriw of Old Ap»- 
ilomy Days. IS-ll-tt; minntc!< and other manii- 
tu;tt\ir n«onlii nlAtitift lu ilie Wwlsh Ooll«i^«to 
Instihttion, LlaoloTcry (in poMwsion of th« 
»KTetAT\ I'l thf tmnrACAl : pApen nUting to thv 
nniB.onlWlad by WDliaiit KeM of Tonn (odd 
of lh« Imrtwn). uow pwaurrwd »t CaMifT Fre» 
Lil>Mrv. Wrektv Mail (.Cpdiff). 3 Oct. 1898. 
»ui W^ni Mii.it, 38 July 1808 («ilh pnrtmit) ; 
Life uf Dr. Rowland Willia.m« . Vr lUul (ahurcb 
ni<>iid)ty pnblithid at Llatiilo*ery), iStB-JJl; 
Voulken's Buwoai'DO Cymm. p. I l'>.j ; AllilmoftS 
Diet, of Eugl. Lit.; G»ryildofii.t!turCyniroin(Ku- 
rtclowedia CambitMi^l. x. 2.i3-H; Eowogion 
Crtwaigifin {Owynlonydd), pp. 17. I.VJ-7: infor- 
nalion kindly »tmpliod by Kobi>rt Ciiniifip. i.-«i. 
(«ill-in-i*"ir). Ijy Profcenor Lewis Cfimphj-U, and 
orhet-oM oupils of Willinms, both at KiUnburgli 
and LUndoriiry.^ I*. Li., T. 

WILLIAMS, .lOH N ( 1811 1 -W:; ).WeliU 
ant i.(iiiiry, known iii bardic circles m ' Al> 
TtJifl,' a namf? wliich in lator lifc he ap- 
nfiiiU'd tn his Burnami-. wa« tlit? b<>ti of Hoget 
WiillRin" («>» of Wiilmm Befhell or Ab 
Tthid) flf Ty Niinl, Llan'iyiihiifal, IXinbi^b- 
sliire, and ntiiaW.li liis> wife. }lf receivw! 
Im e&rW odiicntioii in Ruthin grammar 
sdiool, and on lo March 1.%^^, at lEi« ngv 
of twenty, motriculftf'dst Oxford from JesttB 
ColK'Ki'. ' Hv graduated B,A. in 18S6, and 
■m lUJuly of that year •wMordaiiioddoACOD, 
and priusl on 1 M«y 1830, lie was at tlje 
timi- a curate in thio pariah of Llanfor, with 
Rppcial chargD of ihc nuw churcL of Jloly 
Trinity, Hhoit y (Iwaliau. and when in 
IHAfl A t^DparaCe eudovrmt-ut was pruvidi-d 
for thi« church, he bi^^aine ita first incnm- 
bout. In lft3ft lip graduated M.A. From 
184^* to IS-iH he wan puTpntim] curate of 
Nvruuis, near Mold ; in the latter year ho 
nweivt'd th<- rectory of Llan ym Mowddwy, 
wliHtv be remained iinlil \W2. In that 
year t he roctory of Llan Enddwyn, with ihe 
\><:t\h:\ luil (Tiiracy of Llan Ddwywo, near Ilur- 
mnmh, was gircn to him ; but ou ^ ■'^"g-, 
wry sliorl.ly after moving to bia new home, 
ht> died, lis was huHcd at lA&n Ddwywo. 
On !1 July by rnarri'.'d Klizalwlh, iiau(;lil<ir 
of Owen Lloyd Williftmaof DolgcUy. 

From bis youth he wa» keenly inleresl^'d 
in WuUh historical etndics, nnd the Welsh 



'trwt,' Aft«nrjm)s tnMlated into English, 
which hv MibliBhwl at Bala in l^^ ander 
the title ' r^fflwys Loon yn Anrmddibynol 
ar ICahvy* Rufain' ('The Uhitrch of Eua- 
Iniid independent of tho Church of Rom*; ) 
wae Uifl first of a loni; suowsaion of worku 
of a like character. In IBil hu won a ]iriiit 
at Swaiuea t.>L§lL<(ldfud for an eesay, pub-~ 
UmIuvI in I84'2, on lh>^ hutnan aacnfiow cA 
th» DruidK. Thejii- «arli«r efibrta want ftia-i 
bnd>»<l in 1*^44 in ' Hcclttsiaetical Antiqni* 
ti«« of thi' Cymry," London : ntwond edition 
in ]*<ni, Ab Ilhel, as he had sow begun 
st.yle hims«lf. wOi* &n active opponent of tl 
scheme for tho unioa of the biMioprica of Ban* 
gor and St. Aaaph, and was thus brought into 
nsaociation with Harry Longuonlli* .Tonaa 
[(]. T.j Tbu two iHued ill January lB4(t tho 
nnt number of ' Archiealogia <^mbrenai«,' 
a nunrtifrly joiiriuil d<lvot•^l to Welsh aiiti- 
([Uitias, and b^fort* th« end of the year snc- 
c«<;ded in forming Che C'linbrian Archte<(»- 
logical AsMciation, whirh toolcover ihr; ni.>w 
joumuL and appointed Williams and Jones 
joint I'ditrtrs. Ab Ithel wna a constant con- 
tributor to ilie early volumcit, and many of 
bis papers were aoporately issued. e.g. tUa 
aooount of Vallo Cniciit (Tenby. 1^16), ibe 
easay on Druidtc alone« (T>-nby, lUtiO), and 
tbagIaBiar7oft<miuuu>drorarticl«fiorBritiflh 
draaa and armour (Tenbr, 1H.'>I). In IBM 
he became sole f^dilor ; thin office n« renigni-d, 
hon'evi>r, at tho end of 1853. and in 18r>4 
hn Mtahiiiihi-d the Onmbrinn Iniititiiti> and 
started Ihe 'Cambrian Journal,' which he 
rditpil until liin death. The control of the 
oldnr aiuuMTiatinn bad panad to inrTn who had 
DO syropnthy with bia uncrit ical met liods and 
perfcrvid patriotlrtm. In Ifi-i'J be pubtinht^d 
an editiou of lh« 'tioiloUin* ( IJacdovery), , 
with a translation, introduction, nnd natea.4 
Another WoliibaaMviation.lho Webb Manu- 
script's Society, appointed him one of iU Mi- 
tonf, and undvr its auaplcea he publishe'l at 
IJandovfryinltUlfi'Diuiparth Kd«rni Pavod 
Aur.' a m<.'diim'al Welah grammar. At tlx' 
LlanguUitn nitteddfbd of 16&8, of which tie 
waa one of the chief organiser*, he won a 
jjriie for the beat essar on Welah btni. 
lore ; tbiswas publUhed hy the Welsh Mono^ 
acriptfl Society under the title nf ' Barddu; ' 
(Llandovery, m6'i), though in an iuDomplitte 
torm, the second volume not appearing until 
1874. Ab Ithftt waa alxo thn Mlilor of Ibn 
society's volume on the physicians of 
Myddfai (IJanduTpry, ISfll), 'though bia 
nart in this was small. Othrr workA from 
hi* iinwflKirying baud were ' The llolv 
Oblntinn' (IftW), ' Ka*y Catwhiami on the 
Creed' fl**4*;), ^Crwydriadau vr Uen Wr' 
(l&lti), ' Cloch y LUn* (ISM),* * Brwydr yr 



I 
I 

I 



Alma' (ISns), ' Dafydd Llwyd ' C1856), and 
*Tht' TniJiiioniirr AjihsIb of the Gjmrv ' 
(lft.V^^. III lH6i \u} hn^Mi « church monthCy, 
♦ Bnner y Groe«,' and during laM »inl 1^0 
be i<dit>.tl iIh* ioiirnal Kfylrd 'TalittKln.' 

With all hiH induAtry and •"nthiMinnm Ab 
Ith«l hnd no critical ubili^y, and blirullr 
ftr-ccpU'd the hardic t,mditi«n« nopularisi'd 
by lo'lo Morgaunwtr and WilUani Owvti 
I'liRlit [ij, v.] IlisdcffOtjtnsA scholar wens 
brought out cli-arly iti the iHiitians of *An- 
Balra Cjiruhriie' and "Jlrut y Tywysopion,' 
wbich liL' UauuJ for tlii> m»»ruror \\w rullfl in 
18G0, All tliiit wna vehiahle in Ibeae waa 
the work of AnRurin Owen [q. t.], whoso 
pajKra yfvn al \\\ Ithi'l's di^piMal.aaci wwru 
iiaed without anvarknowledgmcnt {Arshreo- 
toriia Camdrenau for lt*tll ; C^mivilar, vol. 

[Uemoir cif Ab Iihal, by J. Keuward, aft«r 
riinniTii>(hroiigb aprvn tiniithcT'c nf IticCsniljrtan 
Journal (Decembar 1803 to Dscombor 1844), 
Vas in 1871 poblishciJ at Trnby as a separata 
Tolunip. OtluT tmurccn nn Arrb^ologin Cam- 
br^Hlf. FoetvrV AInnioi Oxoa.. Tbomav'i t(i*- 
tory cf the OiocotM of St. Aaaph, and an ariido 
onAli Illiolinthi'tiacimaiifor 1883.] J. K. L. 

wnjjABdS, siH joiix bickehton 

(l79'i-lW'^l, iioiicoiifonaist writi.'r, ton 
of William Williams of Broseley, Shrop- 
ibirv, by bis wifu Jlauuuh, dnu^bUTuf Jubu 
Biclii-rl.fni, WW Iwrn 'Hi 4 Miipcli 170;.' at. 
Handford Hall in thG]]ariBh of Wnat I'elton, 
ShropahiTfi. CnlindTnllv lis- whm r<>Uted to 
tb» tiiiaily of Pliili]) Flnnry [t\. v.) and of 
Matthew Henry [q. v.j la early lif* his 
tiarcnts removM to Wcm iii Shropehin?. 
Then) be waa educated, and be was anJelod 
on 17 Feb. ItiOQ to an attorney th^ro. After 
a. ntaidcuco iu LivorpouL from 1811 to 1815, 
he waa admittml an attonu-y on 3A Jan. 
ISlti, and i:ummE>nced practici! in Hbrawa- 
biiry. (.>n HI Aug. IftlU hi' waf admittrd a 
hurfreAS. 

AVilliatns had rromcblldlic^od deep religious 
impn^Acions. llr* bn'arot- a mt-mhi^r of the 
coDfireizaliDQal church at VVeiiiiu the autumn 
of l60U,an(J be^n to form a larf^ecolleclion 
of raanuscripiA by thi* KetiryH and u(h>ur 
tbeologian.*) of their achool. lEe aooii d<^ 
voted oia loiHurulowrittni^. His first puhli- 
calion wna ' i-]igliU«n StirmoiiM c^if \iitt \l^:v. 
Philip Hwnry, M-A., from original mann- 
Mripta,' I8J0. llii* was followed by 'Me- 
moiRi nf the T.if« and Ohararr er of Mrs. Sarah 
Savaffi>, eldL>8t daujfhtur of the Hev, I'hilip 
Henrr.' ISI«; and' ^f^■moir■»of Mr*. H niton, 
OQeofthesbtersof iirs, riavn^i'.'lSi'O. ICach 
of the»i' mpmoirs wont tliroagh stvoral edi- 
tionfl. MomoLn* of both I'hilip und .Muttb<.'w 
Ueni7 followed (in lt^2& and IS2S respec- 



tivcly- -the latter wM oonatantly Mpriiit«dV 
toffether with Matthew Ilenrv's ' MisoeU 
laneouA Writin^B' (IM-SO), Thi'lip Honrj'* 
' Kemaina' (1818), and 'The Henry Faojilj 
Memorialietd ' (IfMiJ). Mallhow llenry'a 
' C(>u]m4*utiiTic8 ' was iMiuud with WiUiamB's 
'Memoirt' by Williams's itoii, who added 
notes, between 1857 and iS^H. 

riii iliti pnaiunf; of tbi- miitiicipnl reform 
hill, V'ilttatQB was elected an alaerman of 
Shrnwsbwry, and in N'ovi-mbiT 1836 waaap- 
pninttid inavor. In that rapacity lio pr^ 
sented an addrvM lo the Duke of .Suwex at 
KimncI IVrk, and thiti introduction ro th« 
duke, owin^ to a himilarily of literary tastes, 
»non ripenud into an intimate fnGndaliip. At 
the dtiKe's rmjuc^t hu wa» knighted at St. 
Jamea'a l^lacu on U' July IfW" by Queen 
A'ictoria, belnr the lirst knij'bt cruated by 
hpr iimj«»ty. llu was elvct>.'d F.t:j..\. iu l^^'H, 
and a fi^llow of tlin American Antiquarian 
Society in 1838, and mcoivnl iht* di.>)p^>u of 
IjL.n. from Middlebnrg College, Vermont, 
U.H.A.. in 1831. 

Willisnifl reliri'd from nrocliopat Shruwa- 
bury in .Mnrrh 18-11 , and wtint to reside ab 
the lloll, W'tfm. There he diod on il Oct, 
ItTi^, and was biini.-<d in the ooinfet«rT ia 
C'luipol Street Oil Ibe ^Tth. Hie funeralaei^ 
man waa pronchod by I lie Rev, John An^ll 
Jaini's (I. v.| oil 4 Nov. His portrait woa 

fBint«d l>v Pardon, a Hhrewabury artiat, in 
H^7. and^a now intheposeessionaf hiaoiily 
aurviving «oti, Mr. K. R. SV'ilUama, aoltnitor, 
of Ririniiijfhain, 

WiUiams married at Aston church, n«ar 
Birmingham, on 27 Doc. If^lS, Elizabeth, 
daughter of Jo»iah Kobinit of BirminKham, 
by whom ho had throe eona and two daiiffh- 
ton. liia widow diud at W'um tm iS l-tjb. 
1872, and was bumd in the cemett-ry m 
Uhapi'lSlreft. 

npniilt-ii tracia and tlw work* alrrady 
referred to, Williama pnbltshed: 1. • Me- 
moirs of Sir Mntthew Hale, Ikn{((ht, I/ord 
Chief .lustier of F'".rfrlnnd,' l^;3^. 2. • I,etTCTa 
on furitaniMn and Noaconfonnily,' Ist ser. 
\>*4:i, 2nd w-r. 1846, a. 'Glcaninn of 
Hoovunlv Wisdom : or, the Mayings of John 
IJod, M.A., and Philip Henry, MA.,' 1861. 
He wius also a frvquciit vonlribulor to the 
' Kvunf^clicat Ma^raxini] ' and the ' Coagre- 
^tinnoi Mft^^uine.' 

[Mcmr-ir of .Sir .lobn Biekorlon Williams (by 
Inn HOD, J. B. Willijim*), printed for prirate cir- 
cgbitioii; Oeiil, MiiR. 1865, H. 856-7 (byll.Pld- 
fj^^nn); ET^ngttlical Mngazine. Jan. IBAK. pp. 
I-.7 ; RxlnLcla frotii the Diar^- of th« lata Sir 
Johu Biekeru.n WUliams, Kl, I-L.D., FAA., 
cil, >>y bia grandMii, Robort Philip Willuuni, 
1896 ; Sb«w»biiryCbroBtde.2« 0«t_wAt>iwi. 



Williams 



4J2 



Williams 



IRU; Anniud R^aiaLer, I85«, p. SIS; llll>ntt- 
wript Dinry wf Hir J. K. W,. i»»id inforawtioM 
kindlir.-nmmtinicjitedbjhiagnitidsDn, B. Btckrr- 
lonWillmm*] W. G. D. F. 

WILLIAMS, JtWEl'II {Jf. 1678-1700), 
nctor, i» «ii(l to Iiiivi- h*^-n hri'il a SiviiWutler, 
«o!i.ilv fur lliB rL-aAin tliut Jusepli lliirru 
(yf, l6«l-llt9i)) \a. V.I, wlm bmufflit kim 
on thfi etikf^;, tmA to wlifim b(> U said to 
liavu bei-n npprenticpiJ, followeid tlial occii- 
pation. Clonc^r diii>prvi*ft him tn havo mado 
Fiis iirsi iij»t>i'ftrarice at IWset (JJord^n in 
1373 aft thfl H«coni] Oravutlig^'r in Mlftm- 
Irt.* It w tluuljlfiil, however, wLetlier he 
U th« WilliNmn who played that [larl. W'tl- 
lunu came into the company nt Dorset 
Oardsn about 1078 iw Mr, llams's bti^. 
In IA77 hA was tbe oripinul PylfttliM in 
Dr. D'Avoniuit'ii ' Cirw?,' and HaiUmid irithe 
'(.'oniHiTtVit UriiV^nom, or tlio Pefoalwd 
Widow,'imal(eratioaol'Middi«ton*»'Nci\Vii, 
no Help like a Wnoiftii'.*.' Thi'' tipxt vear siiw 
hita as die First Troilus in Banks's' LV-^tnio 
tion of Tror,' and 11)79 w ilic fJha<t of 
Luius in ■ <E<li()ii?. ' by DryJen aiid Lep. aiid 
j-l->nKa« in ' Tniiluit ntiJ Cressidn.' filtered by 
Dryden fiDm Shak«spi'Qn<. In KSHO he wa.^ 
the OuJiw c*i' (Jandiii in l.f«'« ' (-'«sar IWj^ia: ' 
I'otydnre in t Ifway's ' r)rphanw ; ' Abardant'* in 
Tote's' Lovul OvD'/nil ; Sylln ill thf' ' Hin- 
t»>r]r «iid Va!! of Oaius. Marina,' Otwav's 
ait/tratinn of ' Knmeo ond JuHot ;' Frieatlly 
in ' Itevngp, or a ,MnlcU al Xi'Wfinti',' bv 
Itfr*. Bi'hn ; Thi"fHl™iiis in I>w's • Tbeodoslus,' 
oud Antonio in Maidw-pU'e ' I-ovinie Enw- 
miM." Henry VI in both parts of Cro«-ne's 
alloraiioii of .Sliak^peare's ' Henry VI * fol- 
lowed in Ift*^!. vhicn year also mw him it« 
iLe UoBlarJ in TiiU'*!i all'sratinn of 'King 
Lear.' Hi-nunuHid in Mra. Dohu's 'Itovpr' 
fpart ii.}, Tiburiii^ in Li;i.-'(! ' Liiciiitt Jituitis 
HnituB,' Hi-rtruti in tJrvdftn's ' Snanish 
tViar,' Sir I'linrlea Meriwill in Mrs. Buhn'e 
'City Ileirr**,' nnd the I'rinrrr of V\viff iii 
Len'-t 'I'rincfw -if Cleve.' In Iff^i' he w-a^ 
lleartall in the ' Kornlint " by T>Trl'i>v, 
Rochford in BankVH • Virtufl Eptrayed.'amd 
Townly in Kavenscroftfl ' London (_'uck- 
oWa.' On the union of tb« two cumpiiTiips 
'NVilliams was flrni seen at tbe Theatre 
Koval, which he joined, presumably, on 
lONov. 1682. Ili$ nnmv i« not tnuN^d until 
IflSJ. wh<m htt pl»v>^ FairUive in the ' Kac- 
tinua CitiKon,' and Dt'ciiiB Rnitiia in a re- 
vival of 'Julius Ciiwar.' Many of bin }jMrl« 
had tiino^ the union bern ps&n to Kyna^on 
and other actors. Alberto in ' A Duke and 
No Uiikft' follnvfftd in ItiSfS. n^ did Sir 
PetroDcU Flash in Tate'a' Cuckolds' liaven,' 
altered from ' Eastward Hoc ; ' Captain Ma- 



rina iu D-'L'rfey's'Commonvreallbof Women ;* 
and Otto iit ' Kollo, Duke of Xormnn<Iy.' 

In ItV^S Willianf waj» \h\n Funiand in 
UTrilVfl' Banditti,' in l(Jsi3 the King of 
Sicily ill Tlliiiinlford'H * rnjunil lx)viirs,' and 
in Itiwy VoitniF ilanler in Orowne'.i ' Entflish 
Frinr, or ihf Town Sparlo".' In l-oeV ' Mai^ 
BBcrc of Paris' he wa* (I6fl0> tin- Pukf of 
OuiM>, He waa ieen also a.* Luscindo in 
8lifldwi*ir« * AmoroU)> Bif^ot,' Don Soba«tian 
in Drrden's ' Uon tjebaatiaji,' Doo Carloa iu 
Mouniford's 'Successful Stran^rera,* llaeoo 
in Mrs. IJ«bn'« * \\'idow Itanter,' uud Am- 
]>bitryoninl)rvdeii*i'.\mpbiln'On,' ItJioclu, 
lu I'oM'-jll'a ' TrL'uclR'roUi! Brothera,' belonsi 
tolUdl.»«d<iMi>rtlmcrin'Kin|{E<in'Ard III, 
with iba Fall of Monimiir,' Ilford in 
Sout bijrnn'e '^ir Anthony Love/Oawald in 
Dryden'.*" King .Arthur," and Wildfire in tb** 
'Scowrcrs' by .Shadwell. In Itiiy followed 
OiuiBolarit^ in Bmdy'» ' Ilnpc,' \antippiia in 
t^Vowne's ' Ht-gulus.' Wilding in Soulheme'i 
' Wiv(-VF.»cu*f.'ondScinrrahiutbo''l"ruytor' 
In CongrevfV* Old lliM;h«lor'(169-'!J I»i* wa» 
Vniitlovo : iti DUrfey's ' lEichnmnd Heirwia ' 
Fpwli'rick ; in ConervvtVit ' l>oubl« IX-alvr' 
Mellefont ; ill Urytlfin'-'i ' Love Triumpbant * 
liiarcia. In 1604 be was Riron in South- 
frijii'» ' Fatal Miirriapi.',' the Duke of N<»rtb- 
umlwrland in Banks's ' Innocent rsarperi or 
llii.' Dvalh of Ibu Lady Jane Orey.' On a 
i|U>-«tion of ferine \\'illiaraa fH^i^ms to Itave 
aeci'ded in 16!)'). Hp played, however, the 
Kblnr Worthy in Gibber"* ' Love's ijut 
Shift' in JiWtt, aUo thw Lieutenant-govrmar 
in 'Oroonoko,' Alonao iu Oould's * Kival 
Si»ler«,' and Fn-cman in the ' Cornish 
Comedy.' In Seitle'a ' World in tbe -Moon' 
h« waa in 1697 Palmerin ^\'orlby : in Soott'a 
' I'nhappy KindiiM*' Valvrio; and in tho 
' Triumphs of Virtue ' the Duke of I'oW- 
ca»tro. In 1698 hi.' wna Biiaphufl intiildon's 
' Phaeton, 'and in 1(3119 EEix^biu-k iu Fanjuhar'a 
' Love and aliotiie.' InllicBefl«)nof IWh*- 
1700 tio iotnod Beltt^rton at- Lincoln'* Inn 
Fielda, playing Pytade^ in IVnnie'a * Ipbi- 
genia." 

An actor CAll«d David Williain« waa with 
Williama at Dorset Oardfn during many 
yvtirs. It is difficult to distiuguinb onn from 
the uthur, and it ia pomibiL- tliat Mme eh** 
raclwrs asaif^ned Wiltianaa in the foregoiag 
liat, now first givt^i. beloiit; to bii> nameaaltr. 
.\nfr DecrmbtT I69t» William* i« biyird nf 
no more. Most,bulnDt a11,af the pr(>retliB^ 
cfiaraclMDi witre firat played by bim, C>bb<r 
HRMiks of him as a gond actor, bat negleecful 
of duty and addicted to the bottle. Bell* 
chambers ^ratuitouitly, ainre no information 
ia acceasible, supposes Uibber to have iui> 
juatly depreciated Williams. 



I 



Williams 



433 



Williams 



^ 
* 



lOBUCdl's Account of th» Ensliah 8Uga; 
.>f>iriiM'* Rosciaa ADglicatma; Hisloir ot the 

lEiwIioli Sfiigu. ii«crib«d ta Bel Ml on . ISbWr's 
i(H)iog>'. «d, Lowe, I J. K. 

WIIJ.IAM8, JOSnUA (18I808ftl), 
Iftfial liutliur, wa» llic (iltli son aod eeveiitli 
diilil iif 'riioitian WilliamH of Cote, Aston, 
(Krnrddhirt'. mill HftiTwurd* of Oniup<]*'n 
Hill. KviMiiifrttiii, fuid (^iwley Grove, llil- 
linzdon, l'xhnd;ri>, Middlpnex, who wa« «iid 
to wi B retnott? (W»con<3iiiit, of Sir DavidWil- 
litini* f>|. v.] IIm whs born on '2A May I81S, 
ikiid was ciducnted at ii prirHti.' wjluml, and 
«.ft(.Twikrds lit th<' 1/ondon tlniveraity (now 
t^tiivcrniiy t'ollego) in Oower Stwet. At 
tile a;fe of niiinteL-o bo wu» admirtei a fttu- 
(Iptitof l/icicoln's inDOuItlJan, iiii-'HUfgi- 
Mtrm). AftiT pniclisinp for two or thn-i) 
juars iind^r thu bar a^ n CMliHcat«d con- 
vuyauoiT, lit! WM t-ulted to ilii' bar ia Eaat«r 
terra, on 4 May IHaH. His proffwtional Buo 
ceMt was dun to tbi' ran.' (rifls which b« po*- 
xvwcd vut a It'ttal writer. In XHAH he pub- 
liflbed Ilia ' Prmcipka of tlifl Law of llfal 
Pr<ip<>rt.y' (which firxt nppi-iin^dait' Williams 
on rflnvfiyanpinff'f, a work wliidi has run 
thnni|;h eigbtepfi i-ditlnnn. This wa* fol- 
Jowi-d in IKlft by his ' Principles of tho Law 
©f I'ewonal I'roprty,' of which the four- 
tccntli edition aipm'uwd in 1^4. IliPfW 
worlu provL-d Wi|]iuui« t'l be QOl onW a 
mauler of hi* subject in the way of IftfTfll 
leamiii^i but aJsu p<Kia(.'BSi'd of a oiark'^d 
faculty fur nxpoaition and an uii^tommun 
literary gift. 

Thtf publication nf tliemr hookn bmuglil 
'W*illiamH an exiensive practice as a monviiy- 
anc«r and real property lawyer, and In Manrh 
18132 hp was appointed by Iiord Wcjit bury, 
tbe lord oUancerior, one of th« tV>iir convey- 
Aiicini; counsel to the court of chant^^ry. 
J lis hi-altb fttilFui^^d frotn I \k rI raiii of in- 
creasing wiirk. Ill- wiu iiiadt<a(|uir^ii'acoutt- 
«c>l on 30 Mari'h l''tl;'>. and duriitf: lOat^tiT 
trrm, oil I'C) April fullnwinK', ww fl>*ctMl a 
bpnffhornfLinnoln'a Inn. Asuqiiecn'acoun- 
evl bfl piini'd most repntatinn in conunction 
Trith a serifi* of raAc;* ndating To thp psta- 
bliBliiiM^nt of riRJita of common, such as the 
•CoinTni.tiioniTS of S(^w<l^s r. flls«.*i'' (tnore 
cominorily known us tbij Kppin^ForeUcase), 
' Lord liiverai'. Adams,*' Warwick I'.tjuflen'a 
Collit^i!, Hxlbrd' (tbij Plumsccod Coinmou 
*ai«l, 'Hali f. Kyron'Obe L'oiilddriLi Ontn- 
iDon caf>it), *Stuilb r. KiiH Rrownlow' (tht 
}1i-H(hiiinp«t«ad caiii'), ' I'wek f. Karl Hm-iitHr' 
(the Wimblfdnn cant), 'Enrl I>e la Warr i'. 
jliles' ithi* Smmi'K Forimt cai«iO. and in fact 
mon. of ihn.to caneit in which th^re was an 
,jltteiapt by lotde of maaors to wrest from 
VOL. LXl. 



tbe oommODvra tbv vnjnymMit of thoir H^fhta 
(cf. tha 7<ffw TifporU). 

In IHi'J Williame was op{>ninted profiissor 
of the law of n>«l and p<-rwinfll propftrty to 
the Inuii of Court by the council of legal 
education, and wna annually nseIoct«d to 
thi» ol^ce until hin n^i^alion in 1)480. Ilin 
lectureH on the 'Seism of Che Freyhold.' 
the < l^w of H»tt!(rinfiitfl,'and tliL<'I{ig'ht« of 
t'ontmiui ' were aflerward* published, IH7H- 
IftxO, He also edited ihu fourth edition of 
' \V»tkin» on Divnmtii,' and wrott- ' LBthmt 
to John Rnli, E(ir|,, on Lawyers and Law 
Keform' (London, ]^^7, 12mo), and 'An 
KaMiy on IU>al Aawl.« * ( lH(tl ). Tin di<>d at 
lii» residence, W Queens bo Pouifh Terrace, 
Lnndon, W.,on"^50fit. 1881,h9vin^mftrri<'d 
four lime*. His aon by the third wife, 
Tbomaa Cyprian Williamn, barristL-r-at-law, 
haa «dicpd all the ciditions of hi^ fothor'a 
work* sinctj li^H). 

Williams, who, as the author of the best 
text-books on Xhv ^ubji^ct, was styli'd the 
'(iiimalifl of reiil property law,' waa per- 
iu)Tial1y onu of (hu most popular barrietfira 
of bin day- H" wa* ••xr*?pliiiiial!v t.uli in 
etacnrtf, being 6 ft. 4^ in. hi^U, 

(]'s-iv«t» infiirmatniri popfiliiKl by T. rvpriHii 
Williarnii. B»q. ; obitiinry uolicM iu 'hu Timtw, 
Solicitor"' Journal, lykwTinifs, and I^aw Joar- 
nnl.Optnbsr 1881.J W. R. W. 

WILLLAMS, MONT.IGU STEPHEN 

(]8-3o -1B92I, barrlstflr. waa burn at bis irruat' 
unelt*'jihouiM), Fr.wlifonl,Son>iirsel,on30Sept. 
18.S5, Ilia ^nndfatlier wae a burrlstor on (do 
weetern circuit, and hin fnthf-r. John .leffries 
WillLanw, a barrinter on iha Oxford circuil. 
Ue was educated at Eton, wheru ho waa a 
colloj^r, but failod to Rain a .ichoIarHhip at 
Oambridae; and at tbe aire of twenty be- 
came for a short time a clauical miiatvr at 
Ipswich urainmiip Kuhuol, but he wa.t tired by 
lliH Criuiean wiir and decided to enter the 
army. Ilia father's friend, CuIocll-I Sibllion^, 
fi;av<< liiui a ooinmiuticin in iho South LincolQ 
militia, and on It March li*-">6 he obtalnod 
an eositrncy in tbe 41st Riot, but the con- 
clusion of pi>aci> diMh^ hifl hopes, and when 
tbe pediment was ordered to the West Indi« 
he quitted the service. IT(; had a j^-at turn 
for tbiialricals, and waa for a lime a member 
of a tourtnf; company and acted at Cdin* 
burg'h, Rflfnift, .SundiirUnd, and NottiJig- 
ham. At EJiuborgh be became acquainted 
with l<oui«a Mary Keelev, daufrhtvr of iho 
w(-11-knriwn actora, tind n« married her in 
1858. She lived till lfi77. Partly on Kee- 
ley's ad vice, partly on l hat of Monla^f u Cham- 
bora, Q.O., bif< irodfathtT, he then decided to 
go to tbe bar and read iu the ebainbera oC 



Williams 



434 



Williams 



UoU. Mi!«jit ime he wrote Tar the prev, hod 
■ aliBrp in n nmjptilntf called 'Tiie Drawing 
Boom,' coiitribtiU'd fi • Itoiiioholi] UVirJii, 
and UDH aullitir and lulnpCtr of »evenil pUya 
and farces : ' A F«irKxcfuingc.''EaiiT fthov- 
JUB,* 'C«rU' d'.' Vieilw," ' Tlit TurkisU Datli,' 
and 'The Islw at St. Tropn*.' In moat, of 
thcsQ hu colUburalcd witli Mr. 1'. V. Bur- 
nftiid ; l.lii> !ii»l wii* prixIuc'-J by Alfred 
Wignn Tq^.v.] at thi] Olvmpir. Hp was cmIIwI 
to thtr bar nl tlif IniHT IVmpi" on 30 April 
180:!, and joined the Old Bniley &t»sionaaiid 
thp li'>m« circuit. 

Willi«ra» niiturnlly took to criniinnl worlt. 
His. ijTeaC vitality aiid viiroiir, his sinking, if 
irregiilnr fi-otiiro», li)s»elf-po«>e»sion.itntJhi« 
kiiowlfdift: of men luid of ull nidc* 'it' life, led 
liiiu ijiiickly tu a lar^e priK^tice, es[M?cialiy us 
a derendvr of [jrittoncrs. For fifli-cu _ycun» 
ha WHH rnjfajii'il in iniMt ttf cIim tKnualimial 
criminal co^i-H in the rof^tropolie, and in 1870 
wu n)ii>oint<*<l jiiiiior [irvMi-ciulitij; roiin»rl to 
thp triiasurjr. Un t\w ot,hi>r hiind, hn had 
little IvaminK', and nuvvr pnicttfu^i in civil 
CAOt's to any ofln^idi-rabh^ oWnt. Otio of 
bis f«w civil cai4os was Belt <-, Lawes in 
1882, in which he was for the plaintilF. In 
IS-Hi liu began to be troubled villi au 
atfection of the thro&t, which in lWi«l 
Docussitatitd an i>M>ratinii for Oi» extirpation 
of a portion of tne larynx. 'I'hi* ws« jkit- 
foirmed by Ilaliii of Il^tlin. and ilaauficea« 
was cuiuDh.-tL', ulthuugh the vulcu woa almost 
ili«troyed. X slwtt Hltnmpl lo rr-lum to 

{iPiu:iico at ibe bar urov«d to Williama iJiat 
le mtiNt TVitirr. lIi* wax thi-ti njipointv^d a 
nif>lropi)litan eilipctidiArr ma^i.itrati! in IV- 
wmbpr 1(^W6. anil wit eticcpHfirely at fJreen- 
wich, WATj«irtworth, nnd Worship Street. 
H» was also made a qne^n's contiDul in 
1688. Ho wae octivi.^ in cburity. nnd as a 
magisirale won the coiiHdwncf uf ibv p>jor. 
iln published in ISWl ' hi^vvi of a Lift-.' 
nnd tu ]-'^9i ' Later I't!avi.-«,'auiobiocTaphical 
and anecdotal i\'orlu, and in I8f):> ;i|,[!.-Hred 
'Bound L/undou,'dvBt'ribin|f tbe condition of 
th» potirhoth in thti finl iind wiwl nf fion- 
don. He dind at libt hou^ nt Itamxf^atc on 
23 n*«, m^'J. ill' wjw a man wdJ known in 
society and in hi.4 profoii^ion and vory popu- 
lar, aad amont; tlic poor he eamod and 
df^rn'fd tKi> nfttnr of ' the poor man's 
moirLitrati*.' 

[In udJition tu Williama'A bonks mentioned 
above KM TiniM, S4 Deo. ISS'i; Iaw Jinirrml, 
31Dm. IB92.] J. A.H. 

WILLIAMS, MOKins (1809-1874), 
Welsh pciet, kiuiwn in bardic cirdiM ns 
'Nicaml^^r,' wnft tiii^ ^nn of Wiliiani Morri.4 
of P*ntjrch leaf by his wife ijiiruh, daii^i- 



ter of William Jnnan nf Co«d Coe Baab. ia 

Ihr parinh of Lian Tiybi, Cimarron shire. 
He Yms bom on 20 Atig. ISOO at I'amarvon 
(U^ntWii, iv, 14^ I), but the fumily sieltW 
soon afttrwards at Coed Coe Bach, .\flrr 
ftllCDdinfi Kcbool at Llau V«tumdwy be wa« 
appronriccd to c carpentt-r ; he showed at an 
varly u|{u luuH^hckill in writing WvUli xvr**; 
and coriLribuled an (kIi- loibt^ 'llwyUwijdd' 
ia 18:?7. lie was eticoura^d to picpan for 
onli-n and, wilb cIir hi-lp of frii^ndt, i-nlcrnMl 
Kiiig'aachool, Cheater, in 1830. On 13Aprd 
1832 bo roalriculat*^ al Oxford frv>in Ji-«a* 
CoUftff*, eroduatinKH.A. in l-S-Vi and M.A. 
in 1^3^. lie was ordained deacon at Chester 
in 18311, nnd hold curacies at llolywrllr 
I'ttntir, and LlouUectiid utivccMiTely. In 
1840 he wa* ordainnl prieat. Il# tvceiTed 
in 1&17 thtj iH.'rp(<tiiuI curacy of Atatwct, 
wbidi li« held until 1809, whi-u the rectory 
of IJun Rhuddind ^witb Llao Fflewin and 
Linn Hhwvdni* attiicliwt) in tbi- county nf 
Anglesey waa cnnfened upon him. In 1S72 
b? was appointed rural dean of Tabdiolioi]. 
lift di«d at Liftn Rhuddlad on 3 Jan. 1874, 
and waa buried therv. In liMO h« msnied 
Ann Jones nf I>»nbi);b. Ono of hia kid», 
W. Glynn Williams, is hK-admatter of Friai» 
Bchool, Ban^r. 

His connection with cistoddfodaa bcmn 
in 1849 al .Aburflraw, wbt-n Un wa» awnra«d 
the cliftir prize for an ode on * The Creatioit^ 
It wile in thii^ curapetilion bv first aomiDod 
the titli* of ■ Nicandfr." H*' sub»qupnth 
won prizus for poetnfl at RbnddloD (IViOi, 
IJanKoll.-n (1***>*^). TVnbigh (1«60), Abrt- 
dare <l86n. and Carnarvon (18fli). In IMl 
ho acted as adjudicator of poi^lry at Port* 
iDatloo Kisti'ddfiHl, and th<>r^uft<!r wad macli 
in retjueflt for work of tlua kind untjl hi» ^ 
deurli. Except the ode on 'The Creation,' fl 
which ap|>i»reil iu the Aberffrow voluiii»of ^ 
'Transactions,' none of Nicnnder's tiriie 
|)0(-iiiH imt e bvcu publi.'diud. but tbe follow- 
ing other work.i wt^re iisued by liim: I. ' Y 
riwyddyn E^lwyEi|'.'Bala.l843: a Borieeof 
poi-mson ll]« plan of 'Tb« Cbruitian Year.' 
2. Weldh versiona of Dr. Sutton "a 'Disw 
riv^rfl' Hnd Tlisc* mori,' undw- th<r litlo 
' Dvaira frw' (lfil7> and *DT«(r" fanr' 
(1848). 3.'Uj-fryrlloniiUau,' Dala, 1^47; 
a revised edition of tbf homilit^ of IttU^I 
4. 'V IVallwyr.' London, 18.V): a ne«i 
metrical vtiraion of tbe faalma (iind «dl1. 
IMl). -». *(iwailb Dafydd lonawr,' I>ol;j 

Dwyfol Or&clau,' ITolyhmd. 18i3l : on 
sito'ry tn^ticv. 7. '.'Vwdl Bant IVul,* 
madoc. ifiiVi An e<lition in in prepontid' 
of 'Cliwedlaii ICeop,' a rendering byjiioi 
' into WeUli vcrw of the fables o" ~ 




which npppared in in^ulmentemtfae < Hnul 
(imW-ri). Nieaiidur, tlum^b noi lo b« 
ranked with the forrtmosr of Wt;lsh iMH^tH, 
vma L>quaUy deft in tbp uv^ uf tliu frau unil 
the 'utricl' nit_-tref>, und wrnte, fsiircklly in 
liift letiQre, VS'el^li pra«f> of r«auirkable 
vigour. 

(lafonniiiitfii kiiKlly furuJeliwI hj Mr. W, 
Glynn Williami: Kotft^r'a Aluin»i Oxod. I7IA~ 
1888 ; Ot-iiiuon. ii. 91. 252, i v. 142. U3-4. 2«2-3: 
AdgofuwcJi Anjfliof, pp. S29-59; Tmng^iiiiiw 
of Aborlfraw Ivi»tD()dfo(l.] J. [£. I.. 

W1LL1AM3, MOSES (16'*6-17-I2), 
\^■(•l9h unliquarv, «oii of Rfiniucl \Villi«ni.s, 
vicar of LUa DyfrTog and necior of LUn , 
Gynllo, OardtgQUahiro, and his wife itlnr- 
gmt, dauglitLT of Jenkiii P'twul Pryllicrcli, 
wiui bom at fHaslwvu. iu ilie pariab of 
LUn Draut, on 2 .^turL■b lOSfr^. Fruiii 
CurtuurlL(.-ii |i;raDiiiiur ecbuol L<.- wvul tu 
Uiiivfrsitj- f'ollt-ge, Oxfrtr*!, inatrieulalinn 
on 31 Murcli 1706. If lia was thy 'it. 
AVilliHinji' why Imiwlnlcd from th*; Frciicli 
for ' Archwolofjiii Hritnnnica* (1707) ' thu 
Bn>ton Ornmmu- nnd Vocubiilnrr of ' 
M«noir' (p. Ir^Q), the inlluence of Ed- 
ward Llwyd [q. v.] seciiriM] for bini ul tbig 
time* a po»t iw Kub-lik'Rrinn ut i\w Asb- 
EdoImti Alu««um. llHviiig ^adiiated It, A. 
in 1708, be woj ordained ac^sccin on 1! Mnrch 
17{W-9 nt St. Juaic*'it, Wi**! minuter, by 
Biji!io|i THtun-'l], tim\ <hnviug htvn mean- 
while irurate of ChiddinffBtonL', Kent) priest 
on ai M«v 171.% Ill Kiilliiini, by Hiitdop 
(Htb'v. lfi> nsceivcd in 1716 Ibe vicurafe 
o( IJan Wenog, Car^lii^iin^bire, which bu 
held until bio dr^fb. On If Mnrch 1716-17 
b« waa infltitiii<il to the vicara^ of Hetrnofi, 
ItrflcknockshirCrand tnL7lHwa»incorporutod 
at Canibridut-, (^ntdutiiing M.A. frooi Kind's 
College. Ill) was clect'^o a mcmbor of tlie 
Roy 111 S>x.'ioty iui7^4. liil7-)-huo]Lc1i'UU)[e(] 
Dffyiiog for tht: n-ctory of C'hillon Trinity 
and Si. .Mart's, Bridgcwatcr, wbfri' bu epent 
tbe n»(. of fiix lit'.'. n.( iliitcl in I74l', atnl 
■wa* htirifld on '2 Mnrch at St. Manr's. Hp 
married, in I71t^. Margaret Davies of Cwni 
Wjiig; in tht^ parish of IVfyiiog. 

SkeuuuI Williams was known us a Iraiis- 
Utor, nnd hi« soii'm first i-lTorts were in 
the ttamc direction, 'llie two issued in 
1710 a revised edition of .lohn Davirs's 
tmn^ktion into WcUh of thu Tbirly-nino 
arLiclt-s : in thi? folIowinK year Stones pub- 
lished in l^ondtm thrw translationM, onu of 
XttUoii'it mnnitiil for charity scbooli', onn of 
WelcbmiLn'a didactic tivntisa for tillers of 
the 90(1, and onv of n voIum(i of family 

f ravers. 'Grdymaitli i'r AHor '(London, 
715) was also a tranalaticni. But tho 
Kudiea which from on early ago fawknatod 



him, in a measure, no doubt, as the reaiilt of 
hill HA)iot:iHT.ii>ii wirb Llwyd, were U'elsh 

Shilolo^y and onli^uitii^. A hrttrr ad- 
r>?»!H*d to bim in May 1714 &how8 thul ut 
that limp ho was acltinf; out for WqIw in 
order to coll (Kit material fur n Wtsleh 
dictionary, a work wbich never app«-ar«*d 
{CamOrian Itry. ii. WC 9), In iVl? he 
publi»hi.-d, ihroiLgb tbe kiug*i< priiiti^r", a 
caLuloguu uf tb<i books printod in WeUh 
up to that dale, whti-b fonuHcl lb» basiK of 
tbc ' LlyfryddJuL'tb y Oyrory' ofWilliani 
lIowlauuK 1(1. V.J A I.iitin index to the 
workii of vVelflh posts followvil in 1720 
(London). M'%nwbile ho bad been invitod 
hy William Wottnn [ij.v.] to ujwist him in 
bi« tubours in cooneL'lmn with ibc biwa of 
[ly wttt t bf tiood ; ' i'<:s'^ Wallica*,' published 
in 1730 after Wottouit deatb, though nomi- 
nally edited by William Clarke UOM 1771) 
[q. v.], nodonbt owed much of its tni^rit to 
ibu Ivnrnin^of WilLiauui, whoevassiKloiicu in 
iho preparation of ibo text ia t-xnnMnIv nc- 
kuowlcdgvd. Tliti LHlilioQiJ of tne WeUb 
bible and pniyep-bivfik whicb npjmnred in 
171^ and li27 piieaed under his ^uporvi/ion. 
Ill- was a dilijfi-nt colk-clor of old Welsh 
books and manuscripts ; after bli^ d'tnth hu 
library cjimi* into tlie poMswion of WilUaoi 
Jones of l^ndon (fftther of Sir William 
Jones), and ibeu passed by will to tbu Earl 
of Macclesfield. It now ianait part of the 
Sbirburn Caatlv coUwlion. 

rJoQts's HiiiL of Breranslnrc; Llyfrydiliaclh 
,v Cyairr; Foslvr's Alumni Oxud. latkU~17L4 \ 
AT«baKiu>Kift CambrMtrit, Ath aor. ix. 2370 

J. E. L. 

WILLIAMS. PKNRY (1ROO?-1*W6), 

arliet, was bom about 1800 nt Morthyr 

TydvJl, tbc mm of r boH«e-pB inter. Being 

aent to London by Sir John ll ntfut nnd other 

!;pntl«niun, he studied in tbe scbncls of thf 
loyal .Aciuli'my under Fueeli, and in 1821 
gained a silver lUfdal frf>ta the Socinty of 
-■Vrti for a drawing from tbe antique. Coni- 
moncirig in 182:^, bu was a fnxiuent oxlubttnr 
of portrait* and views al the Hoyal Al'ii- 
domy, Hnlinh rnfltitution, and Socit^ty of 
Jtritish .\rtii>1.> until IB?7, whvn be settled 
at Rome. Thenceforward he devotod him- 
Kvir maitily to depicting Italian views and 
ficenoA of Roman Ufe,and the ptctun.'* which 
b»j contributed to ihe ICoyal Academy down 
to ISl^l*, paintL^d in an attractive though 
conventional style, were much adtuirt'd, and 
brought !iim many distiuguinbed piitroijit. 
Among hix hv'l works ww« 'Th« Feala of 
the Madonna dell, \rco,'' Ferry On thti h'ivnr 
Ninfii,' ' II Voto. or iha Convalescent,' 'Thft 
Fountain: aSccmiat Muladi Claeta,''Ita]ian 
Qirlspreparmg for a Fe^ta' (engraved by l>. 

J r 2 



i'Villianis 



■ii* 



Williams 



I * ProcMsion to the Chri»- 
t«nme*(fingnTed by Ij, Stock* for Findpn':* 
' llritiRb GsUery of Art '). The Nationnl iie.\- 
Iptt posAMAM Dis 'X(?apo1iian I'cojunts ot, 
t Foimtaiti,' ' WnvsMe in Itttly,' an<l ' Tlio 
TAmbouriae/and the lo^t two, which form 
part uf tlio VL<muTicolli;(2liou, worn Dnjfrsved 
tiTf. RoIU for th>? ■ Art .lourtia!.* Home of 
Willi&msV desiini'* vroru tinfrruved for Ihe 
' ArouL't ' (!SL'7-;«:i)iLml thii ' Lil.-Mrv Hon- 
Vflnir" ( 1P."WJ|, In A(iril iJ^i-^lie was t'U-cU'<l 
Hn asmjcist'? of rb*" Hoci*-ty of PnintDre in 
Watfrcoloiirj*. ixhihiting ntiniinlly until 
IH33| when hit n-^iifnc^d. Williams was 
much f^i'ji'ini'ii by Ihn ro.^i<ltTnt» in ItoraL-, 
when he wiu a fiuailiar %urt: far n««rly 
aixty yaan, Oliil bis atudio wu one of thn 
neoffTiiBed Hitnictiuiis Tor Ea^lifh TtftttuK. 
lit) died in limine un ?7 July ld8& in liU 
eighty-sixth vear, and hia remaininf; works 
wfiru anld at Oiimtiv'" in tli^ following vrnr. 
[Alh»iiiifiitn, 188^. ii, 186; Tiiii««. 4 Aug. 
IB86 : *Art JouroAl. tSti : Itosot'a Kiat. of iho 
•Old WnlBrcolour' Sociwy.] !•". M. 0*D. 

WILLIAMS, PETER (1:22-1796), 
W«litb biblical TOinmi'ritiitor, yriut t.lte ••IdiMt 
aon of Owen and EHssbcth Willinms of 
W««t Hareh, near LauK^harne, Carmarthen- 
ahire, whcrfi ho waa horn on 7 .Ian. 1723. 
Ilia roonher was a d&soiiudaut of Dr. LewU 
Rayiy, bishop of Bangor. Ilotli pnrents 
died lj<>fore IVter waa twelve ypaw of ape. 
and be wm afterward* brought up bv a 
iBAtcmal luicli!, on whoM farm ho wo^cod 
itniil eiR;ht9»n. ll^thenweiit lo the ^''i'"''- 
m&r achool at C&rmarthi>o, whpri> hi^ fttaT<?d 
t!ii\'ii years (1740-3^. A Mnaon by Wbito- 
field, who Tiaited tae town in April 174^1, 
left a dwp impniHgioi) on him. Having kept 
»n t'lfini'iitiiry urbucil for iirii' ytiur at Conwjl 
Elfed, he Wa ordainod in 1 74J and licanRL-d 
tn the cnriu?y of Kzlivi,-* Cumraiti, whfrs he 
also kept ivrhool. iti' waa, however, Runpected 
of melliodifim, and had to leave at the end 
of hi* flret voar. Thonifh rocommendrol bv 
Oriffilli Jontw (lBW:t-l7«i) [q. v.]. tbt- evan- 
ffolical vicar of the noif^hboiiring church of 
Llonddowror, ho waa uuringr tht- uexi fow 
iuantb» driven from one curacy to anolhHr, 
till in lT4fl hL' joined ih« nuwly formivl a»- 
mM'lalionof \Vc!!.b('aU'liiiMtic cn«ttioifi»I«. In 
common with all the parliar membcra of 
thai body lit* bad no inttmtion of ""L-verinc 
his connfiction with rhi> church of KnfjUnd, 
and in aftiir life hi* brought up two of bis 
ftons aaclergynipn of it^* commiinion. For 
tbe next ten or twelve y^ra h^ wiw an 
itinemnt proacbcr. visiting iho lass evanga- 
lised parts of VValuii atid ilio bonlora, and, ox- 
cepCingnowelUarria[q.T.],auQuringp«rha])R 



more peraecntton than any of hb AOBt«n- 
por«ri^«. Reins' an ami-Javobitv aa well u 
niethodtsi, he wan oa <>ni- occasion 1ocil«d 
ap for the night hy Sir \V. VC. Wynn ia 
the k«nn«Is at Wynnstay (C^mrti, i. 4H, T2), 
I About 1759 if occnrreii to bim to utilise 
ihu prcu U an instrument tor «vangt-Iical 
work, and he iberraf^rr hccams the efai«f 
I contributor to the religious literature of 
Walen during the eightfcnth ccntorj-. Hi* 
gr»t«st undiTtakiiig wo* (be publicaiiun 
*l iiis own riiik of a family edition of tlio 
I WeUb biblrt with anuutati'.<ns of his own at 
the end of each rh«iitrr. tbia being the first 
I Welub commentary on the wlmle bible oirt 
issued. This WD* aW) ilir fint t.im« that a 
' bibla waa printid in Wales. The work was 
I iasiifd iit shilling pnric, bvinit thi> Mooml 
I Welsh bo.ik so |iiibli*b«d. The lirst part 
I appcarud in 17"17, and the whole work, in- 
I eluding Ihe Apocrypha, F^lmund Prya'* 
' I'flaltcr. and two inap* by Richard Morrii, 
I waa cnuiiileli^ and also isiued in volume 
form in 1770 (Carmarthen. 4toV Tlte flnt 
impression conalsted of ^.UOO copit», which 
were sold (It the motleralt' prici- of \L cai-h, 
strongly bound ; n wcgiid edition of 11^400 
coptos appi-ari-d trim the same press ia 177^ 
1781 ; and a ihud, Uwii-d frTmi Trevwcc* 
in 17Ur, consijkting of fonr thousand nmtc*. 
I-iowland* ( Cantbria/t Biblioffrapkif, p. ttSi} 
raontions another Trevecca eiiilion in 1788, 
but this is an error. Quito a dozen subse- 
quent editiou)(,»om« of them profusely illm- 
tratMl, have be^n issvlh) during* Uiia century, 
and a copy uf ' Potf*r Williams's Itible ' hu 
long bren connidered indispensable in almcct 
eveiy Welsh household. 

In 1773 Willinm* issued a coneordantt 
1o the Welsh biblo under ibu title ef 
'Mvuegeir V^grytliuml' ^(.'nruiartlien, 4lit^ 
Thfs was largely ba^ed on a smaller work 
by Abel Moivtin. published in 17.% at 
I'hikdi^lpbia, U.S.A. ; a swond edition, re- 
visi'd and considerably enlarged, was isrard 
hy Williams'fl aon<in-Iaw. Pavid Hois- 
purcys, at Carmartht-n iu IWW : a Ihird, 
from Dolgt'lly, in IHW. and there hare bees 
several subsequent ropcinia. 

Williamft'i* iiKXt great work was (he puk- 
licatinn (in conjunction with Pavid Jonat,* 
baptist minister of Poiitvpool ^ of four thon- 
Aand oopiiij of John Caane's biblo will 
additional marginal references and explana- 
tory notes of Km own at the foot (Treveoo, 
17i>0, small 8vo; 2nd edit. ISV2V Alten- 
lions were also made by William* in tliK 
t4xt. Thi> uatronage of the methodist aM>- 
ciation badliin-n priMuised for thin work, frnl 
was suddenly withdrawn onlhceve of pub- 
licattOD, with the result that WilUama lotf 



I 



I 



Williams 



437 



Williams 



* 



it ViOOf. by the trnnsoction. A chftrgi'-of 

ly witM iil^') lirouglii agaiuEt liiio on the 
nd f liAtliiii Mtrlier comnii'iittt on Ibuflrat 
chaptfrofSt.JulintutliL'FaiiitlvItible.wliiob 
were HutwtAnliuHv Tvproiltlced in (he new 
bible. 8AVOU red of SnvfUianiHin, utxl nt ihu 
as»ocinUoii)ii.']il nt LWiiImIo l-'nwr i«i lio Miiy 
1791 hrt wns pxpfillcd from the metbodisl 
couaeclion, chicllr at tli>* iiititi|jn(ioii o( Nu- 
thfiniel ItnwIttiidiH, *nn nf Daniel Itowlanda 
[u.v.J of LlangeJtlio, und,it is also believBtl, 
of TtomM CLiirlca of Urtlft. Th.- <Jenrh, n 
short limv^t iircvioiiolv.of tlieeld«rKowIitndfi 
ami of WilUatn Williainii ( 1717-1791 ) [q.v,] 
orPftntyci'Iyn | whow kttl worl( wua proliably 
>iis ili-fi-m'-? of WJlliamt ia * tract called 
' IJiftlogii.s') pave an oppurt unit v fur lliP 
youn^ur taiMi to WKst-rt ibmr aitrciitlency, and 
this probably accmmta for the time cIioMnfor 
the attack, tbnuKb theolfErndingnnmrks Lad 
been first piil>]i)'in'<3twttnfy ycjiMprevionflly. 
Williams mnd'^ inniv! than iine appetil {ar n> 
admiMion, li:iit in vain; bi' wtm (;iiitty of 
nothing wor»i' tlmn a. (^onfuned niyHticism 
with refereiice to tIiedoctrini« of the Trinity, 
aiwl th^ cruol troatmont nn'tei to liim after 
bij> unrivulltHl ncrviee* to Welsh methodism 
Mnnd.'i out aa the darkest pftsaag* in Tho his- 
tory of that btKly. Wilfiiinm n*Uiin<;<l ]»»- 
aptoiion of a <Tlm|i<-l wliJoii lie bad been in- 
etnmicntBl ill having built abuul 1771 on 
hifi own land in Wnior Slrin-t, Ciirtnnrtlifn, 
and hprplit'Co(itiniiwliopr<-a<'hlillhiBdeath: 
wbilt^ thv 1jnpU!'l>i and inde^ii:'nd(-nTa nUo 
rtadily ploLN'd their pulpit" at Iiib di.^iiowl. 

He and lii» wift- lived for a time a» I'ihwr 
and at Moelfrc, near Carmarthen; bur, nc- 
ording lo tradition, wlti- ejticlvd from thy 
lattttr (jwinir t'l Williftuift's Tn<-th'KlistiraI 
practici?fi. lie eventually »L-ltk-d at u farm 
r^llt^d Gclii IriilniLin in Ihi-pnriihof Llandy- 
feilo^, where he di*'d on H Aug, 171XJ, and 
where, on 8 March IH:i?al ibeiigi' i>f ninrty- 
ai'vun, died bis widow aljin. Hoib Witc 
buried in Llandrfeilog churchyard. U» 
3ti Aug. 17-lti \\'ilfiam» mnrrii'i) ai lilsnlloinn 
cbapvl, CaritiartlHtniilurf, Slarj', the only 
dauifht^r of Jolui Jenkins, 'a ffentieiman 
farmtir' of Gun, in ihaini^ighbonrliood. ilu 
MfHu. Kurvivfd h\ three sona : Kli«er Wil- 
liami! [']. v.], .lolin (»/. 1791* :-), and IVti-r 
Bayly Williami" (»rf Im-Iuut). 

A portrait of Williiun.'*, dnne at Bristol, 
is hnnwn to bavp formerly vxistfd ; but that 
which has iMvn •'xt^naively cir{riilat<^d in 
Walea is an L'lilargL'mwU of a "puriouB por- 
Irnit issued in the lint in>lance witi) the 
Carnarvon cdicion of ibo Family lllblc in 
\8S'^^. aad pur|K>riiiiB to W^ reproduei-d from 
I tbtt'Ooajiel Magazine' frtrl777,bni thiitwaM 
^Ldennuncndat tlie lime by Ilia »on l'«^te^ l^ayly 



William!! as unauthentic (I' frteytiivti/dti, 
1831, X. bi]. There are several letters of 
Williaiua'a preAert'cd in various folk-eti^-ns ; 
one ai liala College ban been printed in 
• V IlrysorJa* for September IwUS, There 
are other ktlt-rv of hm at 'Ireviscca Colle^^', 
while i>Hverul relics (including one Ifller) 
are in the posfictieianafliifi descendant, Mr. J. 
H uni]ihri>yH I)avi<-n nf (.'wrt mawr, Tbn cen- 
tenary of Williatna'a dentli was celebrated 
in Seplembi/r 1^90 by the op«nin|; of a 
mi-moriftl chapel belonging to the W.;lsh 
Tnethodi«ta ai I'eiidine, close to Williuius's 
hirtliplsce, 

llesides hiti strictly rellgioug labour#, 
\N'jlliBni» did much to raiae tlie ataudani of 
Welrth litt-mtur.', AIiu'jmI biifore hu bud 
eompluli'd hia l-'amily Uible, In? undertook 
the chief burden 'if the editorship of what 
wua the earliest WvIfibmai^'uzine-'Tryeurfa 
Owylxidaetli, net) K«i]gniwii (lymracg ' {Car* 
mnrthun, fifteen furttiigktly nutnhers, 8to, 
at H'l. i-ac!i, -I Mureh lo li'i Sept. lii«0; m>u 
r Trapth'uJtfdil, ]87ap. .I-),lSft4p. 176, and 
Hr. Lfwi» Edward* 8 estiays — Traethodau 
JAmijtlftol, pp. Wft 47), 

In addition to the works alreadv irien- 
tioncdi the following were >\illiamee chief 
pulilicnUone: I. ' Myfyrdod y Cluf.' Car- 
marthen, 1759. 2, ' Itliai llymnau ac I idinu 
VHliryduV » volume of AVtlth hyturiK and 
idefiiH--*, {Vrmiirthrn, l"ii9, l*,.'m(). 3, ■ Trwe- 
thawd am llenarslwyddiaeth Duw,' being a 
Iran dint ion of Kli»lia Coles'* 'IHscoTirse of 
Cioii'fl Sovereignty,' Bri.ttoI, ITfiO; 6tb cd. 
Irtllil. 4,'Ilyninaonvario(i«BUbjec(), . , , To- 
j;ethcr with iho Noi,-ieo Instructed,' Carmar- 
then, 1771. riie tifth hymn initiisvolumL'is 
'Guide me, 1) Thou grVat Jehovah,' whii-Ji 
WilliumF aided the author, ^^'ilUam^Villiam8 
(1717-1791) [q. V.J, to Iranidate from tli« 
Welsh (Jl'uus, Diet, uf Uvmnotcfuy, pp. 77, 
loSm. .V'Cialwndgttu wyrfiglwyaLgntltawb 
Jfrddlon i gydsynio incwn gweddi, jn eiiwe- 
dic Ira purhao'r rhyfel presenol,' ^nd edit. 
li«l, ti, ' Cydvmaith raewn Ov'udd,' t^r- 
martheu. U'mo, 17K:i. 7. ' Klordd AuUik.-- 
ledig i Foddlunrnvdd,' a translation, 1783; 
HvlA edit. Llanrwi>i. 1830, 12mo. ^. A iruns- 
latioii wf Itunyans 'ChriKtiau l'ondiiirl,'('«r- 
marlh^n, 17tvJ. 0. 'Cyfoeth i'r Cvmtr,' ae- 
iiN'tr-d tmimlnliiin* friiui A. .M. Toplndy'a 
'Works,' 1788, IK.'Mnrn-nadTl'arrhDanii'l 
Itiiwlaii(U,' an eh'jiy, 1791. 11. ' I'irg^elwch 
Ifiiwinldeb neu .Arhrawineth y l>rindod,* 
1792. lU, 'Tafol Oywir ihwyso 8<»iiiiaeth' 
(17iJl')i Wing a n-ply to a iinittirian work 
published earlier in lhi> tiame year by Thomas 
Evans (1760-18.13* [q.v.] 13. • (i'wTwiddyn 
y Mater," 1704. The la«l three works were 
written to eK|;iIaiu hi* t.U«x\V»fji»& xvkw^ **. 



^ 



Williams 



43S 



Williams 



to tlio Trinitj' tod to rebut the cbarge of 

^TES Uatlt Wiluaub fi;«3-18S6), 
Williains's thirO «ion, was iMlucutod at Joitifl 
Collcgi", Oifoixi, whence he matriculated on 
10 (X;U 17^). grnduntiDg B.A. from ClirUt 
(.'liurcli iu KiWi^FtisTER, Alumni 0.rvn.t Un 
was from I7!f2 onwartU iiiciinibfiii of Llna- 
rug with LUnWrin in rHrnnrvcin»!ixTv, wln-r>- 
lu! dli-A on m Nov. IftSn (Gc^L Map. 1837, 
i. lOti). He wax n goad Welsh ci-itir niiil a 
nninnraldnjir itnti wcll-iiifnrmrd imtiijUftn,-. 
Miui.v I'oor boys of prtimislof parts wi're 
bofneiiJod mid cdiicuU'd bj liini. Ili-Mmit« 
It aketdi of tin; ' Hi^lorv and AnlbuitivH of 
Canittrvoiuibire ' for a tourists' Kuide iMiii-d 
iu 1S31 (Carnarron.Svo; Snd edit. I828|,aa 
wvll itN n HiniiW witrk on Ani;li-«t-y, wliioh 
WMpubliBlii:>d intlie 'fJ-wvrnHldion 'for I'-Si. 
CathriiUV * HiBtory nf North \V«!c»' ( lf*:.'8) 
IB aloo wid tn have bi-i-n \Villi*ins's jirodiir- 
tion. In I^WS he mas awaritL-d tho Cymmro- 
dorion tm-dal for ' An llidldrical Account of 
tlteMouaAierieHaiid Abbvya in Waleii,' wbloh 
watt published in the ' TruEiHiietioriH ' of that 
sucittty for 1S43. Hl' piihltKhed in 183-'} an 
i-xcelleut Welih l.rnnAliilion of two warkti of 
BuxtcrV, ' The Suints' ETcrliu^litiff Kcal ' and 
' A (.'al! f" iht! UnnMinirli^d'^ljdiidori, Hvo). 
lie iatobediatinfniished from another P. B. 
WLlUaintw(lH02-l8"l),oiii;oftlitinrigiiiaions 
niidniitorn in ISiMI of thr ' ('.inilirijin IJiuir* 
ttrly Magn/ine.' to whiek Peter Bayly Wil- 
UamimlBiiKmtribiitfdlneei. ^"H; Wu.I.Iams, 
Mont$<i7tun»hir^! tt'ortJu'f*. p, 300). 

Aaothvr l^KTEB "WiLLUjisCUajy-K^sr). 
Welsh dirine, born about ]"-")ll, was son of 
Edward Williuos of Nortliop. Bint. He 
matHculated from Chriat Church, Oxford, on 
23 May irTO.prowediiiKlJ.A. in 1780. M. A. 
in I7»«, H.n. and IJ.I). in IWl'i (Fon-EB, 
Alumni O-ron.) Hcwiufur a time chiipUia 
nf Oliriwt CliiinOi, Hi- ri-lumi'd In WhK-s 
n-hont 1700 to berome Tirar of Rantfor and 
headniHster of Biui(,,'or grumnisr pcbool, iiiirl 
wos Rubsrtiuontly n-crw of T*l/iiibpdrop, Cnr- 
nuT-von^hire{llW^-"J7>, archdeacon of Merio- 
neth IISO2 9), and ciinn,n of Banpor (IMOS- 
]8iy). He died ai Llunbi-druK on -JO Feb. 
1887. He wait the aiithur ( iiiuouK ■^>t her work*) 
of: 1. ' I.Wl«n«LiinirLiriiiii;rEduf(iii(m,' irf^fl. 
■It ft, S.'ASh(>rtViiulicntii>iiiirihcF.«lahliiibt^l 
Church, in which the Object iotiit of the 
MethiHliHli' iindOiKiirintiTsiireiliapii^si'intitvly 
coasideR'd,'<).'(f.iivi. IS(W, Svo. .1. 'Th.-Fim 
Book of Homer'B Iliad iranslnted in blank 
TCTSe,' IBOfi.ftTO. 4. FoHrv-.liim(5of Wclib 
nermntis ( ' Casfihad u Brvget bou ' ), 1 ki|- 
jtelly, 181;(-]4, l'_Jnio. 5. 'Clerical LcRiiey,* 
Carnanou, 1831, l:iiuo, umprint of ^RmiOEig 
Iireachud before the imiveraily of Oxford 



during etnUy-n yean' tvsidenoo ttuirp,' ant 
at ordinilioni and vifitaiioue. ileaUopub- 
li.'Oied in 1k:>4 an annotated edition of ' Y 
Ffvdd I>diHiiunt * (Dylgelly) by Charla 
Eaward-s [q, v.] (-tee the Prt-fafv tfi Kdmundfi> 
^■d. l^-Ttl), nnd is euid to have Mritten an 
English lifi- of lhiitntith<>r(^Foi'i.KFS,i?nKO}FM>N 
Cf/inru, y. I()22: Ai.lib<>5B. Ittef. (// Enft. 
Lit.: and Inrrridticlion to'Clwical Irfpicr'). 

Peter WilliamR, thp hypochondriacal 
prangetiRt who (iciirwi mo urg<ely in ' La- 
\-engTTi' (ohiip, IxxT iKXxi.), WHS probably « 
creation of Ueorge IJorrow's own iniagina- 
tiL^n, hut al all oventa could not poMibly 
have l»eeii eilht.'rr>f the WilliamwA mvtilioned 
above. 

[P«1er Wiltiiini* (tbv vspomlor) loll b(hii>4 
him an ua8Di«h«4 uulobiojirai'hy whieb, irHh 
aJi^itioti^il i)et«ilfi «a to the family, wna ^it\mu4 
iTi lh« l-'nglihlt Works or (ht» »oii) Eliczrr Wtl* 
linmm, Ij^atioo, IftlO. Jc bad pnvivuAly bom 
iiiUiKcl by OtroQ WiUinmaef WikDnfawriactim- 
piling Ilia ' Hnnd Itywytl tVl*r Willinma' (C«f- 
niirrun, 1817. 8rq;. Thi* aceniinl wit* sahM- 
qucntly mmpltitid by I'ster B&yly William, 
mil) |.ultlixh«l for thr Gr»t tinu- in 4n illuitralBd 
nlittuii i]f ihu Family Dibla i»u«it by l''i>b«r 
& Co . LoDdoii. in 1823. Ttwwrlic*! iadependcu 
moniQir, by Thomiu Cliarleit of Bula. tippMrtd 
ill bis quarti-rly Trjuortt for 1813, pp. 4(ia~-jli, 
t^Iegiea coot.duiujf binsmpbical JtitAiK by 
ThoTDAs Wilhnms [>f Pct«t«irtD, niamontanvhirw, 
liy John Thoiikoa of Rliuudr (Carauuthcn), ood 
by MauricD Hnghoe (Tr«TK«n>, hud. hcmnr, 
br^cn piibiidhcd in 1798. while John W^illioiBt 
nt St. .<lhnii'« had alio written in July 1791 
a pQvm airing tbo cimnnauiacM of WiUiasw't 
i?spiil-ion C Y GAo Ddiddarfod '), For foriber 

girticulnm of VVillinnis'* arxni^linic work aH 
vberi Jufin'tf Dryvb yr jVmfioroedd, 1820, pp. 
00-7. 111;, US^ IIiie:!if«'*iHeih<^t>l)ftcibC}ran. 
1 86 1 . il n>lii, piiaim : itn*i'« E'roles-iimi XimrolK 
formiiy of Wn!p*,2tid («lil. pp. 3«5 0. i08, .Ml); 
W. WillimnHh Wi4»h Cidvinir'tic MfltlifKlinn. pp. 
17. 47-&U. .ili. HlJi. Liffinii.l Timo-nfSclint, 
OoniitPM gf Itiiutiiiaduii, ii. 100 ; V Twlna M*- 
Lboitiitaidd, IK^IV, i.-lll^-SJICwithiLrcimMlutcion 
of tho iillegerl spuriijint jiuTlrail} ; D, Ertu's 
.Sunday Schoobi to WhIh. p;< 39-43. A* 10 hii 
oxpolsioD, Hea alw in addition ta the fntttfoitK' 
YTraeihfidydrt, ISQ^t-'i; Y' BrTMitfn. SeptonW 
1S9.^, nnd cormpoiMlonco in London Kelt for 
Ocl»ber and Xorvmbar 1896. Far hiahtaraiy 
u(>rki>pi'lii)n1iind»'i>C>iinbrian Bihitos'apliy.aad 
Aniitnn* iliLticv Mnnyddinetb <tvnir«>ie, pp. 29*- 
3(11 i iind fioiivnilly WilltamaV Kmiiicnt Wfleb- 
mAn. p. -532; [''>iiitkr>.'> Knwoeiou Ctmru.p.1019, 
V «ryd(ii)iii»diir Cytiircijj { Kncyctopndi* Cu>- 
breiMi»>, X. iS5-97. uiiJ tJirdiff Library WeUh 
Oatalngue. 1 I). Lu T. 

WILUAMS, mcHAUI) D'ALTON 
(1S22-1S6:2). Iri»h poct, known as '^us- 
Tock ' of tlie * Nation,' born io Dublin on 



< 



Williams 



^^^^K lH^, wa» the iMldral bob of Count 
d'Alton, nn exti^nnire Innd pfrtpriotor in co. 
Tipperarf, and Msrr William!), a farmer'a 
ditughUT. ^Vhil« Ntill an infant he wb^ 
Mk«a lo Grenausiown in Tipperary. Wlii'n 
hu was eight hv vrit» nenl lotbe jesiiilacliool 
of 8t.yianuliius»l TulIalH-g.anu in his four' 
tMi^uthyearvraarauifiVMd loSr. PairitVit Col- 
lege, Cnrlow. At thir carlv age be began lo 
wTit« vontw, t«n of vrliicli m-rn cunnidiTfil 
ftitfficie&tly nerilnriand to obmin a plant in 
a boob of honour kept in thocnllvAv. Thv 
• Miiiirt^r \VarSon(f, hit fir»i ptihUuied COB- 
rrib<i(ion,appeuvdintliv'Natii>n'n«wapap«r 
(7 Jon. ]84.S),and rccoivrd warm •-ncomioms 
fiom ihu oditori Thomuii Oi^bome l)ariH[q.v,] 




439 



Williams 



honifl to tho * Nation,' but the ff'™^'' P*^ 
of hii) literary work was dom.'. Th« climate 
of New Orli*au« proved iiti8uii«d lo bis hoaltli. 
Afl«r visiting Jtaton House, hir tinallv moved 
to Tbib«KlL-aiix', whfp' hi IiimI of eoiiifuinptioii 
on it July IWf:*. A keaulirul n)»nuiiu.-iif of 
Carrara marble, bearing a touching inscrip- 
tiop, wii«ert'ct«iov(irhn jtrri>eby thtiiolilii-M 
of nn Iriah Ameriran regirawnr — the Wh Xpw 
}litmp<>hire voluntM'r». In lti'*>} ht> niitrried 
KlixnlM:th t'onolly, and hi' hr.d four children 
— one fon and ihrw dHnghterv. 

^Vith the |Ki!u>ing r>r tho thrilling and 
harrowing upicodmi wliich rvuki-d WilliiLRu'a 
poetry, name of bia fine«l pitfe* lose much of 
tbvir fti^ifieance and t'tl<.vt : but i<ui'h u dtiep 
IlisiR'Stappi-aranceiiilho'NHtion' wnawitli nolt* of pitlhtwiaM pt-rtud<-» ' Tbt! Uyiiiji (Hrl ' 
tbi- piilhmti: ' Adiuu M Juiiffail.' Hi! pnn tniirhe^ the heart as ohIt great pomry can. 
cetnled to Uublinin 3Liirch iK4illi:ifollow the Hisp(>i>nio on duvottnnnl lhumv« braitlin a 
niL'dical proffssion. While pursuing lus duvply n-ligiou« Miirit. 

aludlw at tlu school of m>jdiciiiv, he wa« A ef>lection of lii^ \env kms publiebtid by 
oannecledwitliSt. Vtnc«nl.'it Ilospilal in St. Mr. T, 1>. Sullivan in Unblin, 1877; a cna- 
Stepben'sGrueu, and thwvbv vrrolo two of p]<;i4> colWlinn, i^diled wilh a biographical 
hi* moat admired bnllAd1^ 'The Wali-r of ' introduclionbTllie pivwnt writtfr, was pub- 

1i«hi-d in Dnbim in ]i^04. 

[C«bin<.-1 of IrisU Literature, 4 Tols,; Wcbb'i 
CoRipendiuoi of Iriali Dic^ra^hy; Dttf^'a 
Yooug Ireland ; U'Dunoiibne'e CicUoOHry of Irish 
I'oBts; priinle infurciutiouj P. A. S. 



Clinriiy" and 'The Dying Girl." At this 
pvriiid hp rorapijuwd tin" mri^iii of humorotu 
vci»e»,'Tbe Slinitdvcntunsofa Medical St u- 
d«at,' and oth«r facetiie which aboiiiid in 
trir and gaiety. 

Willinmii was not long in Dublin before 
he was whirled intothcvortt-it of th"*' Voting 
Iralaad' movi'ment. Natiouul ballaile and 
stirring war M(>ng«> flnwinl fmm his [x-n, nnd 
ware eagerlv read l'r>->m week to week in thw 
* Nation.' Tbp furoitio nf ] K4" and it* ntli-n- 
dnnt harrom «Tokcd unme of th*^ nuisL power- 
ful of bis poi?ni9. Two deiwrvw »|iocinl infu- 
tion, * Kyrii- Klci^nri' nnd ' L-ird of Knsla.' 
Thit lattvrappeaTfdinJohuMtleherN'Linited 
Irishman' [s&l' Miiriii:!., John]. On th<: 



WILLIAMS, HODKHT or KtXIEIt (Jf. 
ItW)), nieKotint-fngrAViT, wuaa Wi-Uhman 
who nvided in London, and in ^id lo barn 
l<e)?n a ptipil nf ilie Dutch artist Tliimdore 
Frpr«i, 111- prnrtiwd <;xclii«Tfly in m«no- 
tint, and bin plat^is, which number about 
sixty, un> bnllmnt and masterly : they arc 
L-hiv^y imrtmils of ro^a) and other nota- 
idt? prrt>ons of the titoe, from picTuma by 
I^ly, KnellLT, ('Io»t«rman, Riley, Dabl, and 




her of ihti ' [ri»li Tribune,' TIiIb pirriinltctil 
lutil n brief curei.-r of ■>); wt<t.-k)>, wlmn il nIhi 
win snppri^Afli^d nnd WiltiflniA wa-f arrpstwl 
and broiij;ht to trial for 'treason fidonv,' hut 
he was found ' not guitiv ' «Tid .vt at lifn'rTy. 
Aft<.'r this vx)}erie»:Q ^\ illiurns resumed hie 
m*'dii^al slndiL-s, and ol>t(iin<.-d bix diploma in 
the HUiiimn of IHW. U*' wn^ attai-hed for 
Noiut^ time tu Scee Venn's Hospital, hut ia Juno 
16'A li'fl In'Iand for .Xrafrita. IIu obtained 
a pnifimjKirsJit]) of hrlli-s-lnttn-f in tin- Jusail 
Collegp at Springhill, Mobile, whi<'h ho hold 
until lHi')tJ, In that yui", on hi« niarringi-, 
be removed to Ni'w Orli-nns, wlicre he nt- 
aumed hta profevsiou of medicine. lie sHll 



who retoucli'-'d them and sub'ttitulvd his owu 
nuine for that of Williams. 

( ItoJuiniieV Diet, uf Arliit»; Cbaloiitr Smith's 
Brili^h Muzu>Liiiio Puriniit^.] F. H. O'D. 

WILLTAMB. l«)HKHT (17(!r.-18i!7) 
rrnr-admiml, born in 17fl-'i, t-nttTMl (Le unvy 
in January 1777 nn hoiird Ih" Ardtrit, than 
coniinatided hy Lord Mulgrave. Early in 
1778hewtiemovoLltoth|t Arnvricaof mgiini, 
with Lord (jORgfoid.and in herwaa present in 
ihi- ai;liou oA C'shant on '27 July 1778. In 
1780 he went out to North .Nnierii-a in lh« 
L(TQdun, ilagchip of lii^r-admirul Thomas 
llntres (afterwards I^rd Graviis) [q.T. , and 



conlributrd occasionally lo AmiTiran moga- in her waa nntttint in thv action olT the Cb«wa- 
ainea and joumaU, aiid MOt a few piecra pcal« on 16 March 17til. In August ho 



'g 



Williams 



440 



Williams 



wu appoitittfcl tu the Hoval Oak li ncUDg^ 
li«ut<,>UBiit; on 6 ^pt.looKpurt in tb«nc(ioii 
offtlic ChvosiicsW. niid oo 1'^ A|)ril 1782 in 
tUvuciion avtir L>oiuiuicK. On 12 April 17^U 
he wa« promotod to tx.' lieutenant of tbt- 
ArffO, ill whivb liu rutunicd to KiifjUnd iu 
17H4. In 17aO he wm wiih CnptaiD (sftur- 
wardt^ Sir Cliartus) Tbinnjiwjii [q. v.J in ihu 
Klr^iliitnt ; in [TifH in tku (Jt^nturioii In tlie 
Ohunnfl, and io 1704 aKsin with TLumpeou 
ID the WngviLncH in tin- WcjI Indii-j'. Aft*r 
the ciiiiturf! nf Martinique Ko followed 
Thompsnn to Hn' Viiiignanl. In 17Ht( hv 
c«RiL' noino in rhr- Minotittir, nnd wm im- 
mtidiactdy appoiaied tint Utiiit«iiant of Ibt- 
IVincf fioorgt', the llAg»>tip of lU-ar-niliniml 
(Sir William) Parker in iIk- bnille of Capt'St. 
VjDcent. I'*or bis »rrviccr on thin oceaAton 
WiltiuiuN win promuU-d 10 tli>^ raiik iif ikidi- 
niHJidcr and appitittlt'd nclin^ captain of tlii> 
Blflitlioim, in whii-li I'iirk(<r lind liuialL'd liifi 
flag. Hf aflfrwiirdk t'liiiiiuaiiii'Hl iIik liol- 
plim rtorpehip.nnd ibeSan Yfiidn an acting;- 
(.'aptain. On bringitiff thit eliip to Knj;land 
his promotion wiiHcnntirm<?(l, to date 10 Nov. 
17w, and for a few laontliK be was Ha^* 
captain to Sir Cltarlcti Tliom|don in In4> 
Formidable, but in January I79tj be waa put 
on lialt'-pny. In 1H(KI be went, out to ihv 
Kust IiidicH ill ibe Ru^»^-ll. llv rviiiriiud io 
180G in tbe Huby, bi» Waltb bnving brokpti 
down. In 1^1U'I2 he commanded the Die- 
lator iu tbu Baltic with .Sir Jamt-K (Jyordd«) 
Haiimanyt [qv-]: and fr.Mn l>*li! to IHU the 
GlDUceetvr in the Nortb Sva, Ualtic-, and 
Wvml Indiw. He bail tm furtliir i*<tv»i'-, 
but became a r^ar-admirnl on April \i^'23, 
and diiNl at hit Iidijw in (^m^-i'n'o 8i|iiNrf, 
BatK. on 1 Marcb 1H27. KU wife prede- 
ceaaed him in IH'.'o. 

[Man'bnH'ii Roy, Nsr. Biofp-. n. C^ol- I.pt.ii.) 
8/SG; lirnl. .Uag. 1817. 1. iti ; 'Sctriee^book in 
IHb Public n«ord Uflice.] J. K. I^ 

WILLIAMS. KOBEKT (1787?-I846t. 
phyiiioiiiii, bom in Limdon about 17H7, wiu> 
admitted a |ien«inn«r of Trinity (.'ollegp, 
Oambriilffr, nn 27 J 11 n*" )Bll4, Kradiinlitig in 
1810 US Sl.H. and in l^h) a.^ >I.I>. At ibi> 
Colli^ of Physicians bi> was admitted an 
inc«pt(ir cnnrlidalvoii 1::?JuIt 1810. h candi- 
6aU> on ja Due. I HI G. aud a fellow ou 'Ji Dec 
1HI7. Ho MTved tbe otKce of cenoor in 
1631, and hu wu» dedand an doct 00 
'Jt) March 1844, He wa» el^iteil aiouaUiiU 

fbvvlcian tuf't.Tbomns'H Hospital on 11 Dec 
SllJ, and on I (Ji-i. 1817 be wii» elected 
ribyeician to the diarity in the room of Wil- 
inin l.iiiler, an oHicii \tv retained until bis 
di^atb. 

VVilliajns died at liSa bouse in Lower 



Kedford Place on 24 Nov. 184A. U« ooen- 

pied himaelf for maoT yeara in an attempt 
in luicerlain the viRam and properties af the 
driigfl th«-n in common use, for he was en- 
ffu|f^d ibronjibont hig life in Mrcking for 4ipe- 
citic ixnneJiw toctirediw^ev. Intbe couno 
of ibe&G inqiiirieA be di»covfred the curative 
power of iodide of p<}tassium iu the lal«r 
•lntfc« uf ayphili*. Hi- iiImi iiitmduced bm> 
mide of potasEium into Kn^lisH practice, 
llioiiprb hn (lid not pinploT it in tbv tnuil- 
menC nf epilensy. He wa.'^ tlie author of 
■Elements of Slwlicine,' London, 1630-41. 
2 voU. ^vo. 

[UunVii Coll. uf Pbvf.: Mt-dintl Dinwteiv. 
1H16, p. I8R: Keltnc'sMemarinlxnf J ]■*. Houtti: 
mniiuMTipt nvunln at Tnnily CaM. Cnmbr. iiDrt 
(It :^l. Tboinaa'a ll<«{^'ilnl, by Uw kind penaistioa 
of the Jtliuier uf Tr'ntiy and tiie Trnanrer or 
SI. ThoBi««» Uoapilu!.] I>'A. P. 

WILLIAMS, KlIHEKT (1767-1650), 
Wolrb bard, son of Williiim Williams, wu 
JHirit at llotwH l-'anr in ibepnrinb of Llau 
Ysiumdwy. rarnarvonf-bire, in ]7tl7. Ilia 
fntbfr'n'»i>ainiiillfr«>cbuld<<r,itndhesucc<H.'dod 
bim in the oc(-tipnT.ion of Itctw^ Fawr, moving, 
bowi-vLT, towards the end of bis life to 
Mynachly in theaame dinlrict. ■ Ilob^rt ap 
C>«'ilym iidu,* a» be was atyled in bardic 
circlirs. became brst known as thv winner in 
17H:iof the IJia^nwIdiinou Society'^ medal 
for the be^t odu on ibe 'Matsacre of the 
Bardf.' This was. however, bis only succefia 
of tile kiud ; a liouK-keepinji fanner, hv dc- 
vottd faim-oelf henci-forih to the n-riting ot 
religion; VL-nu aud eschewed mteddfuduu. 
He waa tbn ilo^e frii-nd Hn<] lianli): tutor of 
I his utighbonr, I>avid Owen 1 1 7tl4-J ts4l } 
[i[. v.] (' llvwi Wyn't, anil wliaivil Owen's 
miHinut nf the eiMedmbd nulhoritiea of llie 
day. His poems, almost entirely retiRious 
or cnmmfimofai 



ive, were publiikbed al I>al- 
gelly in l)*ll uuderthe title "Ounld Kifinu." 
Tboy show & remarkable power of vieoroa*, 
clear vxpreasiou, tmd include *ouie of tne b«at 
known atancafi iu the lau^uaffe. Williams 
died on 11 June lHjC>, aud was buried ■■ 
Aber ICrob. Hi' nmrritrj late in life^ hi» 
onlv child, a daughter. Jane Elisabelb, died 
in lHS4, at the iigvof »rv<-nleen, and ' Oardd 
Eifinn ' cnntains a touebing^ ^^*'i^y upon lu-r. 

(WilliamsV Eminent Wrl«hmcn ; I<enLtiinri'« 
Iliat. uf till) Gwintddiuiun; Oiirdd Etfiou.l 

J. E. L. 

WILLIAMa ROBF.RT (1810-18S1>. 
Teltie scholar, bora at Conwav, CanuuTon* 
abin>, on 29 June 1810, was the second aon 
of lEobert Willis 01s. perjiei ual curate of Llaif 
dilrlnfv. H(-niatrit'iilnti-<irr<)ni('hri#t Chiirrh, 
Oxfoj^l, as servitor, on iO June l^'26, and 



I 



I 
I 




Williams 



441 



Williams 






* 



grndualed B.A. in 18.^ and M.\. in 1dS6. 
Aftvr ■ slinrt cLinii-v «t LlHii|{vniivw in WvA 
))enbighsKin>(lK-t:U6), ho hACnmp in 1K»7 
vioar of ]jliiti){itdwalBdr, to which was addi-d 
in 1838 tlie p«r)M'tiiii] enrftcy of ithyilwroft- 
■aii, Bear Oswestry. Th« former be held till 
1H77, ttud the latter till lH7i>, whiMi hi- was 
upiioiated to ttu; ivcv^ry of Culmiu^ton, 
llerefonl«hi». Tliii*, togeilmrwiih auhono- 
ranr canuiiry at Ht. AMtpb cunfurrod upon 
him in 187:^', ]w h^lO till liin dt^uth. 

While still an undi^r^raduKte, Wtllinms 
I'Vtnci.-d lii« l*«t« for WvUh n-nrarch by 
Winning, in Ic^l, a prise oller^d by the 
CymmnMiorion Society for the best 'bio- 
(fraphical flk<-t<:h of thi? mnMcminftnt Welch- 
meii since the lt«fomiaiton.' The society 
had hid pMd uctiori lraD»hit<-d into ^^>ll>h ainl 

frinlwi under the till« of • iilnwogioii Cytaru." 
u IS-'Wl the Kugli^b r«ruon was issut^ilwilh 
additions (London, llimo), and it was xub- 
wqueiilly ilt-vcloin-d into ' EnwoiiioR Cyiuni: 
&Bio)?raphical Lhctionaryof Emiitent Welsh- 
mva' (LlauJovury, ISo^, 8vo), which rv> 
mainAiiie bi'sit work of it* kind relating to 
tht! prLucipaltty. 

Hw wiost ai-hiiliirlv wnrk, howovfr, wiw lit* 
* Lexicm t.'gniu-Britannip»m: a Diclioaary 
of thtt Anci"t)t Celtic Jjangnag? of Cornwall ' 
(I.land(iv«ry, IftfilS, 4lo1. In thia li-xicon 
ciipious examples with KiielisU Iraualattona 
an> given from such Oorniflh work a &a are still 
exlatit.but itftttpfcial f^alun: is the additiun 
of ffynonyms and cnfjnaCr w(ird»lr(iia \\>l.ih, 
Bri-ton, Eno, Qiu-lii', »nd Manx. Tlio 
author unriiimiJCMi] hia intention nf ' cuinplft- 
in|{ thu BuhJL<ct ' by llm ipsut? iff a C'urmsh 
ffratnniHr, bill, this dpvit mado its apiii-ar- 
ance, \Vh(!n thf cnrhoHr cpi.-ili-s and gos- 
peU (' IjiliiTLHu hug Avieleii,' l»ndonf Iri'O) 
were first brnughi ont in Breton, with 

rmrallel Mei^h and (laelic vi*r«ioiia, Wil- 
iainswAs Trtponfibli* for a considerable por- 
tion of the (iuelic taxi, Ht- uIko diiMMvi-red 
at IVniurth a previously luikii'iwii Cuntisli 
dnuna, bvinK ihu ' Ordlnnh- di* Vim Saticti 
Merfadoci' (.-IrrA. (.'anifir. .'(rd m-r. \v. 408). 
WllHams'H next cnnsiderablfl nndenakin^ 
waa the fdiling, with tmndlfilions iind gla«- 
Burios, of 'Selwlions from thi* H.-ngwrt. 
SISS. prr»«ir\-t>d in the I'eniartb Library." 
The first volume, which wa* completed in 
1876 (London, bvo), contains thu Welsh 
tfsxi ol thr Kgvnd of the Ho!y Gmil {cf. 
NoiT, Studien on tAt Ltyirnd 0/ the Hoi]/ 
tirail, pp. y, a8V Of the second votuiue, 
containing thu Wi-IbIi vL-raions of the ' GeBtB 
of Oharlemayi]^,' ' Ilown W llnintdwii,' the 
' Kluutlariiim,' and other religiouH compila- 
tions of Lhn Middle Ag^u, two pnrtu only 
vereiBBued (yiz. in 1B7H and l^respeo- 



tiTfllyl during Williama'a lifistinio, but ther 

tntnalntiiin wan complKtnd wilh critical and 
bibliographical notaa by the Kev. G. Hart- 
wtdl Jones, tlK-why compMiiig lh« itMOiid 
voliinic in 1^92. 'Phis, in spite of ita great 
value, is perhaps the least ralisfoctory of 
Williom»> works. ».« hi« r^-ading of the t<>xt 
19 not always 10 be ndted upon. 

WilliatDa supplit^ a translation of the 
Wolnh t>(ji>ini» oniainvd in the * Book of 
Tiilie>i[i (a thirteenth-centurv mantucnpt 

Ert-'Mt-nrfd at I'eniiirth'l for Williuni KorlKR 
. ki-nt-'n * Fnur Aniii-nt Hookn of Wales' 
(Edinburgh, !f<88, ftvo), llu also wrote a 
history of his nat:iv«! town, publi>bt-d in 
l83finndflrthi'tirleof 'The History of AboT- 
conway ' ( Denbigh, 8vo). He was for many 
y<'nri« a m'-inb<;r of x\tf editorial committee of 
theCaiobriauArchieologicalAe^ociatioiiiUid 
contributetl iia|iers to the ' Jwirnal ' "f that 
society as wi'll as to tho now defunct 'Cam- 
briitn Journal.' 

He died, unmarried, on 26 .\pril 1881, 

He was buried on '2 .May at Culraington, 

I whi?rt? a nipmunn! atone with a Welsh and 

I Cortuab iuscriptiou. pruvidml by public »ub- 

!<rri|ilit)]i, w(is plactid in 18(1) {Sge-folttMf 

' riJuly 1«00). 

(Archft-olt)«in Csnibri>i)»i» (for 1881), 4lh ser. 

xii. 17'.! : I>. R- I'homiis'.t 8t. Asaph, pp. tM, 

SSQ : Funter'ii Aluiiiiii Uxuo. ; a cO[iy of th« aal« 

I oatuloKiii- uf bis books (1881) is [jrt«tirred at 

Onlilt Kroc Lilirary.] 1). Li. T. 

WILLI AM8,SiRROGER<1640PlfiftU 
syldifr, waa thn ton of Thomas Williama 
of I'E^nrhos in Monmouthshire, by ElcADor, 
ilaugbti'rof.SirWilliduiV'augbiiu, knight, ilia 
family, although ancient, was not wealthy. 
A seveutvLUith-century tradition mprimjul* 
him 'hh but a taylour at first' (Anecdotes 
nnd Ti-aiiitiont, f'smden Soc, p. 47), Ac- 
cording to WixkI \w spenit sumd limH at 
. Dxford, probably at BraaenoAff College. The 
I literary work asciibod to him GUg(;eEta that 
' he was well educAtwl. But at a vt-ry youlb- 
' ful ng« li« adopted the proffisaiou of arms. 
He states that bi> saw his earliest tniUiary 
S'.'fv !>(.■•.' wbili! net ing 11^ a pag\- iti I 1il> household 
of Wdliacii lirt'brrl, firnl earl of I'ombroku 

trj.v.J He elaims to havu taken part with 
lis tniuter in the stonuiiig of Kl. (jueuLin tit 
ir».'i7. lie spent most of bi^hiter liie on tho 
coiitinrnt ol Euro]H', in ibf cnpai-ity of a 
soldier of fortune. lli> rapidiv nciinired a 
wide repulution for exceptional coanigv and 
dnrini^. Like Shukcsptiarir'* KlinOb^n, he waa 
conamuiionally of a choK-ric temper and 
Munt of speech, but the defi-c1» of iudgm<-nt 
with which he itt coronionly credited seem 
exaggerated. 
A(.<curding to a dutibiful scattfjueat oi 





Williams 



442 



Williams 



I 



Wood, Wiltiatns ^iD<xl his chief intitntclion 
inlJieiirtol'wBrwbili'M'nringvcithSpiininnlji 
imdi^rtlie Duke tif Alva. The f>xi>Ioitci by 
which 111.' madehisenrlii^M fame wpreachievi'u 
ID conflict with his uUt-f^rtl tuior* in tlic I<ow 
Couiitrien. In April 157:; lie joined theb»nd 
of lbr«^ hundred votunto.'r8 which Captiiin 
Thumus Morjruii 'q. v.^ conduciod lo I'Uutliiujr 
to iiiin]>i>rl the cause of the Dutch provinces 

twhicb hud nfm in rvrolt BLgunst ijpua. 
WillininK jimvt-d himself the guidimr spirit 

' of the I'luthins gamson. Uul tbo EngUsh 
DUt ft! fir»t wilti ffw HI1CCI-M9I04. On Mor* 
e«n> d.-purture Willimns toolt ]»rt with Sir 
lliiinplin-y flilbprt Ttj. v.1 in Aujftist 1672 in 
wlinl. he calls ' owr ipioraiil poor sioee' of 
Goee,»hich^ndi;d in disaster fjjrthebpsiegew. 
Al'Iivo Ijojlilitiw Cl^^lpon»rily ccowd »oon 
aflurwnrd^, and Williimi'i mcidc his way to 
)i*rm«ny, when: hv h(>atd that the I'rinM of 
Coadi waf> nbout to raw- un urmv for eiury- 
ing on war with Attain. His iiifonuatiou 

Frnivi-d incum-ct, and ul l.ii.ir in Bnihant.un 
linjoiiruoj hotDe\vun)ti,h<' tril in with .lulinii 
ItuiDuro, "the hest infantrv nf&rer in the 
Spitnivh M.'n'icr. IfoniriT) iiivil«d WilHsniK 
to join liifl HtAndnrd, and, in the aliM^nc^ of 
iicTiri>huetilitiL'sbelWi?t^'uEntrlandnndr>pMin. 
heeonscnt«d. Me mcirm to hiiv>' bctfn trratt-d 
u B prisoner, and eoon retumud to hid old 
AlIefr>anoo, In Id77 ho join^-d thi- Eii^IikL. 
tmnp# that arrived in trie Low Cnunlric^ 
under ibe atmniand of (Sin John Norrii* 
(1647 f 1697) [iij.T.", and for thoereolorpart 
of th« fotlowiujj; iuMVii yi-ap! ucu-*! as Norriv's 
lieutonaut. In 1C8I aCopininTIioniiisin the 
8puuitb surrictr chnLlvngf^'d Nurriit to oinf^lv 
c.imbal, \orri.'" JpcliHwl thu challf-ngi-, 
hut Williaaia look it up. A duel followed 
in tin* jin-xi'nci'of llir o|i[m»in({ nrmiw. 'I'lut 
comhiHAiir!! werv ftrenly ni«lcb«d. and rbe 
ind(M!ti>iv«> eagnttement endi^d in a friendly 
drinking lNMit^CHtJRriiT\fti}, Trtu- Dineaurtt, 
IW^J.n, :t<). 

William^'a valour attracted attention nt 
home (cf. Wuioht. Eti:»Mh and her Thn^t, 
ii. 1S({). But in ITtKl hv vainly petitioned 
the qiifeii for n mililnry positi'.m of trust. 
' I would r^rfusi- no hnirurd Ihnt i* possible to 
111' done in the qU'-en's service,' he wrote lo 
WalsiiiKlinm in Sfipternh'-r nf that vear; 
' hut I do peraiinde myaclf sh« nrnkes no ac- 
count of inf.' Th" S]>«ni«rd6 had BouRhtbv 
hribcfi, ho. dwlar<*d, to alhirf him to their 
fl«fr- The Spanish BTenurala Parma and Vei^ 
dugo had IvfrgMl li iit cnii ntcnnncc. 1 Ic 
wished to be true to his couniry, but if the 
qoiwii continued to liim a di?af ear to his 
entreatie», he would hn forced to (wrru Duku 
Matthias in Hungry, or 'one uf thi- Turk's 
bubawtt ogniDSt thu' K-rsisnn' (Williams to 



Walsingbam, September 15^, in P. K. 0.1 
.-Vn anncdolr wa« current in ihe •rrentcentb 
century to (he efli^cr that on one of bis 
many attempts to iptin the quv*>n's notice at 
court «he, 'olwervini; n new jmir of boolAon 
bis legH, claps her hand to her nose and 
cripa " Foh, WiUiatnfi, I prythc bcconc. tby 
boot* vtiflk." ' ' Tut, tut, ioadau>e,' Williaou 
ifi reported to have replied with soldierly 
dinictnvH, *'tia my suit that tiinkg' iAnee- 
Julfa mui TnuliticiU, C^anideo S^ic. 163U, p. 
47). Walsingbam showed himself in words 
at any rate tnnn- cmoiliatorv. Tb« tnioistrr 
was ns anxious as Williams himself to dnl 
an (-tTeclire blow n gainst Spain. Williams 
urprtl tho Ht>Apatch of a H^vt to tlifi 8])4int»h 
lodiee, and in any case rapid and bold action 
in tlipLowCuuntri"'*, wInTr the c«o«c of the 
proleatADt* wafl at a low ebb. WiUiaoii't 
importunities at Length b'>re fruit. In I6U5 
bo was «-nl (u the lx>w Countriiv with wbat 
promised to be an elVM-tire ICugluli army, 
undrT lbs Earl of I.,eia!fLer'B comiaiuid. 

The ftfi^rt did nut nmp tb« anliciu>t«d baf 
ri-st. Leioest.'r proviid singiilarly inefficient. 
As of old, Williiinw ww tH.T)>()naIly con- 
r^pipiioua for hii vnlour, but hi.4 (;vploita pro- 
duced no permotient result. la June 16t*6 
h'- and thi^ Hutch fr>-ncral Schcnk, with one 
hundred and thirty EusliBb lauowandtlliny 
of •iohenk's men, niado a wild Attempt to 
cut their way at night throuj^h the force 
of Kpn.uiards which wa« be^iegin^ Venlflo 
under the leadi^i^thin of the Prince of Parma. 
WillihRM belii-'M-d 111: could enter the eity. 
He and his companionii p<u»i-d tbrou^fh ihr 
enemy's llims. slew many Spaniardii, and 
n'uched Pnrniir» l«'nt, whiTf they killiKl hi« 
secretary. But at thespproacb of dawntbcir 

fiOmrlioti w(i» hnw'U-M jiml they ivtrvated, 
oriing nearly half tliftir number. Two tfaoii- 
sand men pursued tbem, and they found 
81l^ltt^^ with ditSculCy in rbc neitfUbouring 
villa^feof Wachti^ndouk, seven mileffdiHtaDt 
(cf. Ltyixtfer Carrt*p\ntdtitfe, C'«mden Slic. 
p. IJIi)). Un '1 !ii*pl. in ihu vicloriouF asault 
on DoeAburg, near Arubem, Williniaa wa* 
womided in \\m arm thruiigb liia own c&re- 
le.4.4ne.'>s. '1 wurnt-d him of it,' lieic««t«r 
wrote to Wal^jtngham I wo days later, * bring 
in trench with me [but he' would need run 
iipp and downeso oft out iif tluitrvuch, with 
B K^^'st plume of foutherG in bis c}'lt morion, 
ofl fto many fthott« coming nt him he could 
hardlieewope wiihso little btirt'(i4. p. ■I07^ 
< >n 'li 8i'pt, '\^'iliillma took part in the aSW 
befori'- /uipliuii, whwre Hir I*hilip 8idocv was 
mortally wiiiinded. I^cester wriile to >\'al- 
MUgbum on Oct. 1 'iSO {Ouviy MS. fol. 60, 
copy): ' ItogPF Willinms ui worth hU weiifht 
tngold, for be isnoe mwo valiant than he i& 



' wiiw, and of judipnent togoueme hi« doings' 
iih. (). -nOi. Ia-ici-sUt kiUKUtfd Iiim bv way 
«l|iul)lii;J,y(roiitiniiiu(iliiB good opinion. Next 
Tfiiir WiLUamH ujiiicnlud to iIk- i|U(-uii and 
V'liUiiijjIium til uriid furlber rwinfnrcenieintfl. 
H« w»fl bftsipged in 8iuy8, nnil was inxioue 
tbttt tbe city stioiiM !>• r^licvnl. Iliit the 
queen wm denf to liia appeals. (>a SO Junn 
the citadel of Sluys fell into tliv wwiny's 
hand.*, And tbt- city was Hiinv>ndpn»d a 
inunth Inier. Parma niept'ctfully esiluted 
\VUli)uns (laho entvcvd tlii- city, and invitiHl 
hitn tu L'nlirr tht; Suuriioh ^rvice or take thu 
field HBHinoL ttn« Turks. WillianiB replii^d 
that h\s sword bulun^ud to lii;^ qut-oii, and 
that wlinn ulif Imd no furlhur usl- for it it 
would te placed at tliH serA'tcc of >l(!iiry of 
NilTurnj. \\ illiiini* wajjiwiit by lifirt-Blerto 
benrthelidin^j* nrthediftasteratSluyatolht' 
nUEfPti. I^icEwCer urged the qiioeti to give 
Willinnw n hnrnv, but no mwnnl wn.t fortfi- 
coming. Willinm.'t wni< inclinnl to blam» 
l.eic««ter for inactequately prewng bin nir- 
vicMon ihp attcntiuQ nf the courl, nnd thi; 
two rnvti wcrolLi'tif'^forl h alifiiated. 

In tlio summer of IBW. wbon the cnrap 
was fomifd at Tilljury willi a vt«w lo rfgiat 
tbe poasibh lamlinfi; of a Spanish army, Wil- 
liams wus isDtrustvd wilu. lliv iiu|K>rlunt 
dntie* fif mafitcr of tin- linrsm; but l^iceslec 
cnnipIninF'd thnt. bn frnqimntly nlitnetited him- 
self wilbout leave {ttrftmt \tf She {ifiaHiji 
Armada, Xnval Hocordu Si>c. i.) As saoiioA 
tb6<3angen> iDvidciit to ihv Sptiiiah armada 
were passed Williams rctumwl to thu Low 
CoimtriM, wburu I'un.-gridi.' Ik-rtii', lord Wil. 
louirUby.wasiiirfimmaiidofthi-ICnffliiiliforctw. 
Ill Jlarch I ".."It h'l linally !uft iht- LjwCouu- 
t.ri(ta wirb WiUrtiifiliby, and iti tlit* autumn 
foUowiiifif joinud tlie army that Willrjupbby 
oitiducted lo JHeppe in "iipiHirt of lli-nry of 
NiiTarrr, wlm wai* cn^rn^isd in n tiitrce stmjnrie 
with the forei-s of Hie calbolic lirugiw. Th<.' 
rest of ^\')llianix« military oorpiTWds diM-oted 
lo ibL-cauni' of Hi'nry uf .Vuiurrc, for whom 
he iiliaructeriaticallv decl&red n pajiaioDut<i at* 
lucbiDi^iir. 

In May 130 WJlUauia was present witll 
Hfinry nf Nnvorrd at a confen-nct- with ru- 
prvMcntalivve of iIih Ipitgui; anil of Spain 
hefori' th»> pilflo nf I'aris. With flomu 
irreleiaui'e he tf*nk occasion to annoimnn bi« 

C(r»onnl bntnii of both Spain nnd the 
B^iit>. Id Muv l'>i)l, at the bead of six 
hundred int'ii— tour hunilred of tlictn Knjf- 
licli — lii^ uttackud twn full ruginiwits of the 
'leug^ue in the eiitn-iicbiuenl« at DiL>pp6, 
iTho rout of ihe pnemy was eomplc-tv. Five 
ihunctrrd wtn- liill>-d or wonndi'd, and four 
[hundn-d •wcrf raptured. ' Olnn- to God unil 
Ho the said Sir [Itog«r] William*,' wrote 



Henry of Navarre's ambasNidor in London 
on hvariti;; tlio nt<we, * who has noc heUvd by 
tbivnction tbi? gatid onvnion tbat all Eood 
people of hath nalionf bad of him thii» long 
timo,' 

Other aiiccwapH for Henry of Navarre's 
army followed in Normntulv. W iiUnm^was 
prominent in mnny ^kirmiNbeA, a^nabbling 
as of old with his commanders, cballenifinK 
the enemy to Bingli- combat, and writing lo 
the qiiuen with almost inAoleut fraolcnesK of 
tbii niggardly aupport t^he was according hvr 
foreign allius. Reports of tbi'- progress of the 
w»r wi-n' iHstii'd in l.ondiiii in pamphlet form, 
UTidtT tip tilli', * XfwoB fn>m Sir Roger 
WillinmB. With ii diitiimrsf printed at 
Uhnm(M,Cotil8iniTip ihp most happievit^torie, 
lately obtained by the I'rint^'t^ cIhi ('mit^', 
l,iciiti-nant gcntrnil oner the kingi's fnrres in 
.\Tij<ui,Toumine, Mftini', . . . rrintedbyJohn 
Woolfe, and lire to bw nohl by .•Vndn-w 
Whiti'. . . . Anno i')U^,' -tto (a" copy is at 
Lninbetk). 

In July ]5fll tbe Eorl of Eswx, tl«i moBt 
outivv and influentinl of Ilenn'V English 
friend* and sym pat !ii sent, brought yet 
another Ent^lbh dutuehiai-iu to Frnuctr, and 
thit ni'wcninnrn aidi'd lltnry in besieging 
Rouen. Williams, who was already favour^ 
ably known lo l'jj!U«-i, wn« invited to join 
him, and they wpre thenrefnrtb on KimiH of 
elof«> inlimaey. When Km^x wav recalled 
to Kngland on K Jan. lnftl-2. Williams 
tooli bis pluBc H» coTiimiinder of tbe English 
troops wbir.h be le0. in coinp before Roiion 
(CoMSusiiy, Sie^e vf lioutn, Camdvn Soc. 
Mi»ri'Himy, vol. i.) 

In I'lOl' Willinms greatly dislinguishi.>d 
liiiii*^ir wlu-n besii'Ri'd in llic lnwn of Rue, 
fourtwsn miles Tn \\\v nnrth-wa^tnf Abbe- 
ville. \\ the bead nf (wo btindred nins- 
Itctei^nt nnd ono bundrvd and fifty pilfBmen 
li^;, without armour, led his men agoinet bvg 
tu^uadronB of ^^panisb and Italian horso and 
v'\x companies of Spuni^h infantry. lie 
ainglml <ml luid unborsed the leader of ibo 
Spanish tmop<^ri<, utid nearlyeiit otT lliu head 
of lint Albanian chiff. C]hori{e Itnuti. with 
a swinging blow of bit rwomI. Afterwards 
heing reinforced by oilier Englmh (.vttnpnnieif, 
hi- drnvi- tbe whnb' body nf llie enemy with 
irreat loss to their eat re neb m en tu. 'Tbo 
king dolh eoromend biin verj' biglily.'wrotp 
Sir Ileiirv Union [ij. v.], the English am- 
bassador in Franee. 'and doth monr than 
wonder nt tbt^ valour of our nation. 1 
n<?viir board him ^\vv more honour to any 
sn^ire n«r to ony man.' 

Witliiims rvmaini-d in France for most of 
bia remaining Tear;", though he ocrrn^ionally 
brought no's"? 1*3 Loudon. At hono^ V».«v 



\Vniiains 



444 



Williams 



DUDpletcI; i(lentiflf>d binuelf with the ml«- 
i of Essex Iff. Cai. /fatfietd AtS-S. v«U. 
V. Bod vi.) Kiclianl Vt^r^Tt-gan reporti'd in 
May irit^iiJ that thi> queen hatltpvonliimloftTt.' 
'to Bern- ibf i'lupi-ror agauitt tin; Turk" 

IWal. Statr Paprrt, Itom. I5U6-r, p. 40J. 

■vn 2)1 July \!i\)5 btt was at Orw.<iiwii;h, nntl 
'in jiPCMUce of nil tlii- rmirt ive*?ived of h«t 
mijeeiy a fmndlr putilic \yelouiDe' <BlBCH, 
fiuem EtKal>f1h,'i. WiH). In HoptrmliiT h*- 

\yiM M'ltt by lli4' ^tivcminent lo Frantic to 
Teport on the politicul Hitualion (I'A. pp. 277, 
294), He was in Ktij^lntMl nfr«in two mnntlis 
Ikler, Bud was taken fntallv lil. lie died in 
London on 121>w;. loWfi, iiccordlnglo Wood, 
' is liii- lioiiH? in tlie pnrUh of Si. Iti-nedift 
tier to I'aul's Whorl'.' Kowland Wiiyti' wrote 
to fSir ItobtTt Sidin'v next dnv iliut NVilliuni^ 
'died of R Hurfi-tt in B^avnurdM Ciii>t«ll 
. . . He g'ivt> nil bo had to xa\ AjarA at 
Emtx, whi>, iiidrnMi, wirrd lii* wiwli', ftir nomt 
but he cold malie liym take a fe^linp of hifl 

[ end, but h« died well nnd very rej)riitont' 

iSjfdtn'y J'apfrt, i.;{77l. H"- waa hiirii'd on 
3 Dec. in St. Paul's Catlwdnl, ' m vetj- 
mnrtiiill .onrt.' Hi* kin>>m«n. Tbomuri 
Dvell of t'sk and livUy Meyrick [q, v.]. 
ie the fiineriil arranUfmentH, The Kurl of 
Essex iind 'nil ihi' warlike; cnun of tUu city 
of i^iidon ' ytvn- ammikf the mourner*. 
^VUliams's peisonnl pn'periy. which 
lo £»H.-x, was conn idiTn hie. 'His 
iftwplft Hri? valewed ai 1000/. 'I'ia sayd he 
jad ll'UO/. out at interest. In ruudy Kuld 
he hud 'Mil. muI liO/. in xilvcr. IIIm |iIiiTr U 
worth not., bh aurtnenta 30/., bis horwa (tOA' 
(t*. i. 377). WilliBni* fnlly de»ervpd Uie 
commendation.'! thnt wre hi-jip(>d upon liiin 
by his conleinpi>rftrie«, lie clninied n'ith 
Justice that no livinKEnpIishrann "vcnturfd 
liniself freer and ofi»^ncr for bis prince, ntai«, 
and Irionds than be' An echo of lh(> ^ntcL'm 
in which b(.> was h«ldi« ruimdinUvor^-Chup- 
Lnan's play of Bvron'sl.'onspiracy ' (act ii. dP, 
^i. end), when fienry of Navurre in mndv 
l4> liken ' tho swidting valour' 'if (Vdimid 
WiUiuiUt ' n worthy canluio,' to that of bi:i 
own mnntlm], Bvron. Willinmi>'» itnniiKivi.i 
tt'mper did not render him tht' Inse pffeclivi' 
on lbt> luLttlefii'ld. His letters and literary 
work nrovo him to liavt- po«<H^.'ut»d command 
of a blunt and forcible vocabulary as well aa 
tnnrl) snf^ficity n^ a student of t heart of wnr. 
Williams was author of 'A Brii'f Dio- 
COlirs*; of War, with bis opinions cont«mtng 
soaK! part of MnrtinI Discipline,' London, bv 
Thomo!) I Irwin, 169l>, 4to. '['lie bi>(>k, wbicli 
wa di-dic4itvd to the Ear! of Kssex, con- 
tained much pt?n«iriN] n-tninli'ceiice : it WBX 
doKigiicd lo prove the propnaition that siic- 
ce** in war dHpendi-d on ' a good chiefe, a 



good purse, and good instic?.* William* 
cnnim«nds thft i^-iwniltnip of the Ftmeb 
oHicer and military writer Dc la Noue, and 
jTTOwi" psppcioUy enthiieia»tic over the dis- 
' ciplinr innintuiocd in The Duke of I'arma'a 
I army in the l*w f?ouotri««. He sTrongly 
' ndvocate« the um of the musket, au^JSt 
I clow i|(iaTl>-r!« the pike, ami w^^||^b^ 
! demns tho antiquated bow and vfKfttm^ 
' work jHuuui) (hniii^h two edition^* it fain a 
year. At tbe same dale ihi>re c^mc out a 
somewhat Mmilar work, 'Certain lli*c<:>urHfe,' 
I by Sir John Smith or Smnho fq. r,'' Smith 
Hel a higher value than \\ illisma on archery. 
and he reUected 6l> directly on Leicester's 
' idll(^ii;iiey as a f!:<.-nvttil that hi* book wm 
I promptly siipp reused. Smilb pmlesteil in 
' Lonl Btirghley on 20 May L'iSO tlutt, 
allliou^h \Vitliamii'i(bo<>k won ojunllv hoMili* 
to the English military aulhoritifs, il ' hath 
bene verie well allowed of and never called 
in que-ition for anie supprrsision.' Next y^ar 
Ilumfrey Bofwick brought out 'A Breefe 
IH*<;our*('," 'with his opinion conc^rnin^ the 
' severall diai'oursfs' ofWiUiauis and Smith, 
both of whom be attacked with uspenty. <>f 
tbe tbr^M3 military tracts, WiUiami-'s pam- 
phlet showed tbe patent ability nod ulone 
ucbieved anv lasting sucoeAs. Wood also 
nacriben to XVilliniiu 'A DJHcouroe of ihw 
Discipline of Spain,' bm there is no doubt 
that thic is idenlical with *A Brief Dis- 
course of Wiir,' wbii-h deuU Urgidy wilh 
ibf milltory discipline of Spain. 

In dedicHlintt hi* 'Brief Discourse' to 
Essex, Williams slatetl that lie bad wntt'>n 
in French an account of his action in 
Holland down to the sieKc of ."^luys, but 
bad loM the greater part of bigi matiu- 
Kcript through a siervant's careleunew. 
Home portion of ltii« unlucky work appa- 
rently survives in 'A Brief Discoutwe,' 
AuulhiT portion appeared postfaumouEly in 
■Actions of the Low Countrie*, wrtUen by 
Sir Koger Williams,' l^ondon, liHi*. 4to. 
This Irnct wa* d'-diculed to Sir Francis 
Bacon by Sir Peter Manwnod, 'in «ho«v 
hands the manuscript baa lonp lyen.' An in- 
irodiiciory addmwtotbe reodrr by Sir John 
Mnyward [tj. v.] was preB.Ked. Hayward. 
while commendme the author's verncitv, 
states that the ongiiial wa.* vl-tv i\niirbiy 
I penned, and that he hud thijroughlv revised 
It in hutb ' sensL' ' and ' phrase.' It was re- 
printed in 'S.mien.'«Triirt' n«Xl,i.3-:!9-liJV 
It isaconcribution lo bisl'iry rather than lo^ 
nutiibi'ijimphy. Nodatw anj (.nven.and tb» 
chief incidents which it relates Wlonji to 
the period 1567-74. .\ Dutch translation 
niftdi- carlv yn thft aeventwnth e^-ntury by 
Jacob Wijtx was piibliahed with a bio- 




Williams 



445 



Williams 



* 



graphical prefawi by J. T. Bod(tI NyonhuU 
Bt Utrucht in 18(U'uih!>t tlin till* ' MMmo- 
rii^n T&n Rn((er Willinnifi,' The voIiim« 
formH No. 3 of tliu ' Wwrltwi iiilp'gfvn dour 
li(>t IIUtnriACh Oennntsclmp gt^vestif^ In 
L'trecht (Nieiiwu lU'eks',.* 

[Nj«nhui«'t) inlroiluclioTi to Mnmorion xnn 
etgtTWiWiamt, UiNchl. laS-l; Wooti's Athrna 
)xon.t)l. HltH; Cii(nH<in'!> AtutAN, Lmly Ilfiriid'it 
.'ire Ooflemtinn* ol' n I^jthI IIuumi, [8<-1; '"il- 
Slnto PsptM and Hiitriold MSS ; MoClc/n Tliu 
Unitnl Nothfrlimtiii; (Uirnlon Sdcicly'n Mitwol- 
lun', Tol. i.: Birth'slltioco Klimlwtb, 17A4>1 

S. L. 

WILLIAMS, UtHlFJl (imi?-l(»S), 
colonist and pioii(.'erof relit^o'iB liberty, wm 
born mo»t prolxibly eittK-r in 1601 or in thw 
tirttt i|iiart<!r of liiOS. He was fonnerly 
claimed as ii ontive of Llunsawrl, Ctinnar- 
themdiiro, but rhc balance of opinion is now 
dwiJudly in faTour of his beina a native of 
iiondon, and thtt aon of .rumes Williams (li. 
1621). 'a invrcliHiil taylur.'iniid bis wife Alice, 
who in her will, dauld 1 Aug. 1634. apeaks 
vt her Boa Koi^lt no ' now bL-youil tliu tvtut' 
witli his Tvifr and dan (filler. Hoger Wil- 
lianiB in I62i} mentions liis aged uioLhurtta 
■till living. 

Mrs. Anni' Sadleir udU how when Kogi>r 
wiw a youth ' he would in a ^hiirilianti tiikt* 
aennonii and fpPtchws in this Slar-chamber 
and pn-senl tbuin to uy di>ar father' (<Sir 
Kdward Cok^). He ^owed auch quicli- 
nass of parts iti thiit LtuployuiL-iit thul L'oke 
n'*jlvrd tiiforwnnl lii.^i-diiciitiiiri, and I{og<T 
was on i'i Juno 1821 Blectijd u ' penBioncr' 
or t»xtiibiltorn"r at. SiiftonV IIiMpitnl (Clitir- 
Terhoi»t'>, b<!ing ' tbo fMcond scholar ptnct>d 
there by Sir E. Goke>.' The rule that »■» 
Acholar oonld bo ndmirtcd under ten or over j 
fourteeu may well have b««n disregarded 
ID this particular instun(K\ for Coko wua not 
ouly a govvrnor of tliw tchooL, bur was uJiKj 
lUe le[;al adviiter of the foundation. On 
30 Jun4> l(3'23 Williiini'' waa admitted lo 
IVinhnikti l.'iilli-|^, ('nui bridge, anil \in gni- I 
dnated B.A. from thjit society in IQ26. Ue 
se>?tn« In hare takt-n onlorjatand in l(Jl'Owii» 
aorring aA rhanlain to Air William Mashani 
of Oatea in Lfisi'X, an nnci'slur of t\w 6nt 
Bftroa Miwhnm.'^itittindiTMARitAM.AittoAti,; 
•cf. Locks, JoMx, ltS:tL'-L701; Lady Mnshnm I 
wna a cousin nf (Plivt-r Cmmwelt]. White 
there litt had otYvn of prvfuruiunt, which hu 
refo«d, mainly, it would appear, owiiiR to 
Ilia dielika uf the Anglimn Uturgv (cf. Stat, 
AtSS. (^mm, llh Kep. App. p.fli'U). Siib- 
seiiuently, in a letter to Mrs. Sodleir, he 
apoku mutiiphi>rii;ully of Bishnp l.nud (u> 
liaring ' pursued him out of t]w land.' 

He etnbarked froin Sristol in the skip 



LyoQ, Williain Pierce, master, on 1 Dec. 
1H3<), and after a Tojage of sixty-flTO daya 
r«ac'hi<d Nanlaskvt on 6 Feb. Iwl. Win- 
throp uoleil his arrival ii* that of 'a good 
minister,' and hu wax invit«d accordingly to 
fill Uir pulpit of John Wilion of Iloston, 
who was returning lo Kngland un n viait. 
Tint til'! church hii had nom« lo plniuted Wil- 
liam.^ little better than the rliurcb he had 
left. U« objected to thu ftici. tlint it wnn 
unwi^paratt'd (hml not, that ifllo any, formally 
vrilhdrawQ from eommiinion with the churcli 
of Ktigland ), anil h(^ i-trongly di-iapproved nf 
thit amount of control ovur the individual 
cunacifuco which tho Ho*lon church arro- 
pilLMl to ilxtdf. <)n 1-' April UWl he ac- 
('■^pted ati apixiintoient aaaasiBlant ' teacher' 
nr minister at SnU<m, but the Uu^ton autko- 
ritiips virwifd hi* paatorate there with so 
miiph jealousy that oiler a few montba' 
sojaum he thought it wii^e to retaova to 
I'iymoulh, where he became assistant tO 
Ralph Smith, Ite had married sborlly hofore 
leaving EnslHiid Mary ^ \\'jtriiar<l], and hia 
i>ldo8C daughl.«r Mary was boni at I'lynouth 
in \6^iS. in August of thi« year hn rt<tumiiid 
to .Salem, and twolre montlM loler, ii^ion the 
death of Samuel Skelton, he contented to 
become chief leach«r tlien-, clioitgii he wo^ 
not foruiaUv appoiuted lo be Skeiton'a suc- 
ct-.«.4or until the spring of 16>t-5. The tnagi- 
Atratee) at Rnston prntusttsd aguinsl the up- 
piiintment- nmi Min^hr. U> annul it, hut the 
church of SaWh, taught by WiLliama to 
cherish the right* i>f M-lf-gnvrruHno', paid 
no heed to their mandate. The objection of 
the geueml council of MasAn>cliit»elt« Bay, 
and indeed of the solid puritan roajority, to 
what they rtignrded a.« an cKceM of schismatic 
zeal, waa not without n-asonablc juatiflco- 
tion. Willinus'spriuiL' coiuention waa tlial 
the civil )X)wera should have no authority 
whatever over thu c:on».>ion(Mw of muu. 
Whether thi« wan a ' deU^Ktahle' opioion or 
no, the corollary that the church of England 
was 'anti-christian' wm unigiiesl ioniibly in- 
onporiiine and inconvenient ha n tenet, while 
WiiliamsB denial of validity to Charles I'a 
charter of lH2fl, on the ground that .MosAa- 
chiuietla belonged to the Iiidiant) and not to 
the king, who therefore had no ritjht lo give 
it away, might well i^eem fraught with real 

iMditicnl tlaiiKei- to the infant community. 
n July 1035 AVilliaina wa» sumniowd \-o thu 
gttiiiTrul courl. at Boston to anawer the cIiargK 
of maimnining dangerous upiniotm, of which 
the chief Bli'-'cifie"! wen* : 'fimt, that thnmagi" 
itirate ought not to puniali the breach of trie 
first table Tof the decalogue] otherwiw llian 
in such cascJi aa cUd distnrb the civil peace; 
secondly, that he ought not to N>ev«»« *■■**■ 




m As tab of A* I «k 

wSn «f d« ■ ill I II I 'mIt m €na lliliiii ' , 1MB ar 

of :V«7«gnMt> Bk^, witk wta« h» 1^ | riifieMri * to aj 

ilndk or • h km ik i i f ■mtOm Rfiag M Ply- i Kndi nd riwliijiw at oM aid anr 
mvmk, nwlA 9TIW M Ini iha bada ea»- 1 K^aaa ' (nntBari m Kk^ Ti^l Ift- 
IJkvm* to tb« •^tl-^^nt I'AKMia. Hiat.if^ 9oc Coa nL i. \9S*\. TW ToobatiM 
AliNfeMciM/,i.4r).r.AiiaEU,B.iU:GEcm, «Kt»tlMt God «m bIhmA lo nra Ua • 
A»r« iSW. (/ Ska4t UlmmlL, 1877; iW I '|mM. fMMM •pirn* «o l>i%» wHk ite 



ly frrm Sw Yd 
M tihr «ij:^v k 
■ hit mv maMfe 
of. 




Williams 

Inditiw ' in tbnir fillby, •nm^jr bold*, to Bain 
thtir innexu'.' and the v«liia of his booh U 
flubancsd bv lit'.' fict tbat U wiut compiWd 
before tbeUngiiAge of the Xirraftiuiaftttit 
bad been ewentuUy modifiod by int*>rcoitn<r' 
M-iib tbe l^KUth. 

WtUiunis'a friund Vane received bim bo<«- 
pilnblr. and piVM-ntod blm to the comniis- 
niontni of pliiiitutiou*. who listco^ to bis 
vtKwa wiih alttfulion nnd n^iilcd him tb« 
rharterthath{Feaiiii;ht(djiU;d1 1 March l*i-ii), 
civinif til ' ihH i'nividencft i'lnntatioita in tb..- 
Xnrrimnn.KttA Bay full |H)»'Hr tu rule tbuin- 
■elves.' An iiitpr%'ul of n few luonlb* bf-forw 
MMiw Mil on bij return vovage was oc- 
copieu by WiUtanw in xwxintt two iractn 
tbrouftti the prtan. Tbe fintt, ' Mr. Cotton's 
Letter lately priated, examined, and on- 
kwer«<l' (1<M4. xmall 4to|, wa* a r<^|ily point, 
by point to tho ' lji-tt<T' justifyiiiy tbe es- 
ptiUioii of l{it|;>jr WilliaiDitwhicli Cotlon bad 
printed iu I6W thcKinl of tbe wriitT'srom- 
plaint bfiugtbttt byibe' NewEnRlisheldHra' 
ckurcli fellowship wa» jint b'-forc (^'KlIinoM. 
Tbu wcood uf ttio iHiinpbU-t!>, also in >mall 
qiinrto, wiw tbe uotabli^ 'The Jtloady Tencnt 
of I*erse;:iitian, for i-auvi' of UoDM.'ieut.'i-, diit- 
CUMwl in » rinfcrrnei' lielw«ena IVuth and 
"Pete^, who in all tender Aflection preeuDl 
to the Hifih I'ourt of Parliament (a« Ibn 
rMult of their Diacoiir9c>theBa(amanffatotber 
I'luSB^fvii^ofbifcheat consideration' (London, 
liU4, -Ito, two Mlitiona. The Utle-pogM 
al%btly difTur, but m'iihur bean the •UUior'a 
n»mt iHritish MuMriim, Bodl., AdTOCfltM* 
libmry). Thy doctrine of ibo liberty of 
conscirrnce in mntti-m of religion was a ne- 
Oewary outcome of pmtvRtanl con^Iit uma. and 
it bad alnwdy b'-en pn-ttrlii-d for munv ve«r« 
\)j Independent orbapti!>t divinea (Bef> 'tracts 
9N Liberty of Oaiucieurf nnd i'mrcttfinn. eil, 
Itiehardaon. Hansen! Knnllys KocJei y, I ■*< Ui) ; 
but it iadoubcf III if it bail yt-l Ijf en bo f-jncibly 
expnunded as it woa in ' TIip IMoudy Tencnt.' 
At thi' 'jutBBt of hi« lt«ati«>- Wllltatud take^ 
Um bi|;h«iil ground in his ndvocaoy of abeo- 
fireedom : ' it ie.' ho uyt^, ' the will and 
'wmmand nf ihtti that (aiiicx tbe (-uming of 
his Son, I>iTd .Tfisusj a pertnis^ion of the 
^^ moat l*apini«h, Jowish, Turkinb, or anti- 
ng chri»tiaueon.'«ci'<'nr>\'i and worabipabo ^ani<'>d 
^V to all men, in all XaliunsandCotinlri'-v.and 
^K they ars only to be fought aRitinst with that 
^piwoid which Lt only (in »oul roatterr^} able 
I to crtmiuer, lo wit, the word of (iod'a Spirit, 
the word of Qod' f'pri:faciO> In concluuiugt 
Im goes ko fur as lit enounce the principU-, 
'The civil maf^istniiv owt's two tbingH to 
worahippt'ns (1) J'enniuiion, (tl) l*ri*- 
n' (cbap. cxxv). WUIiama sailild about 
time of the appearance of hit) book, pro- 




Williams 

I bftbly in July IS14, and it was perhnpa aa 
well that he did, for in Anguat lhf> comtnona 
ordcmil 'Thfl Bliniily TuneQt' to be hurncU 
fay theromninn hnnfrman i Camm<'iu' Joumai, 
9 Aug.) Prrnne Gimilarly, in hia ' Twelve 
(."onsidiTflbl*" S*Tioii8 (jn«»tiona' ( lt>44), de- 
I nonnced ICo^r W'illiamii's lictmiloua work 
and dan^f-rouH conctuaiou of free Itbertv of 
cuntcience, whivh waa again cundcmned by 
t!ip^tonOullc!;enianire*toorikTifnibiT 1(M7. 
A sttrtall piuci.- of mantiKcripc that Willianui 
had left behind bim wa» piiWi».h'_'d auonv- 
Diou#ly in London in Idi-I, in nrravo, utid«r 
the tit Im 'I'bristiiingii make not ClmBtians; 
I or a briefe Piscoiirfle roniyminp that naitiE* 
llettthrncomniunlv Riven to tbe ludiaili: a* 
al&o concerning t^iat grvat point oS their 
conversion .' 

In tb« mcaatime Williamn bad arrived 

back in Roaton (17 Dec. 1644) with tellurs 

to tbe governor which ensured bim agninal 

mokdtatton, and thu new chnrtirr wliitrh be 

bad obtained for ibe settler* of Norraipinsett 

Bay was formolly recognised in UHi . Tbe 

result of ihii ikppcul to England had been to 

fur satisfactory, but in lii'A matters were 

ugaiti disturbud, and the chnrter iw^med in 

dangi''r of bi-inf; timliTniined bya conimission 

obtained in England by Willium foddington 

[ij. v.] iia gcn-nmor of Aqiiidiieck [xluiid, in 

independence of the rotnuindcr of th*^ colony 

' of wbii^h it forms an inlufrriil part (nee 

I RAod^ Itland ilui. Tract*, X... 4), In No- 

I vcmber ItVil WiHinms embarked once more 

' for England with n.coniiniK«ion to procure 

tliv abniRiition of Coddington'e autliority, 

nnd at the tuttur^ time to aecure titles aoj 

pruit^'ciion for the iEhodo Island boiindariea 

ngniiial ■■iirronchiiw-nU on the part of eitlier 

Maidni-lmseltH or ronm-cticut. On bta ar- 

riviil in F.TijjUnd he m'^inn to bari* imid n 

visit to Sir Hrnry Vane in Liiu-oln^hinr. 

Vane was now at the hwidtLt of his inlluence, 

and AVillinms wmte tu bin friendit in Prori- 

deoce to the effcel that 'the great anchor of 

our ship is Sir Henry.' ()ti>rof bis first acta 

in Knguind, bowt^ver, woa to aend to ptVM a 

vindii-altou of lii« Irt-nlise of I(MJ, the cbaU 

Icngt! of which had been ivi»iK>ndcd to bv 

C'ltlon in hi* ' Hloudy Tenent washed anil 

^mad" white in the tjloude of the Lambe.* 

\Villiam»'s answer to Cotton waa entitled 

•TIm* nimidy T>;lU'nt yet more Hloudy by 

, OoUon'a EndevDur to wash it white iii the 

I Ttloud of tli« l^mb^-.'prinletl byfJile^Calvert, 

I lt)5i>, Kiiiall Ito illrilish MuBeiim. Bodleian). 

I And this he followed uji wilh ' The Hireling 

I Ministry nunc of ChriBta.nraDiwoiiTSctoueh- 

I iiig the Pnipii(^ilititf thu Uo$pel of JcsuS 

; Christ' (I^ndnn, l«fii',-lto; lint. Museum); 

and iiiiotlivr t rac-t in the form of a letter to lus 



Williams 



44S 



Williams 



wife Uarr^ upon Iwr neovftiT^ from illii«n, 
ttntillod ' r'x|ifrimi'iita of Splrirual Life and 
Health' iljfiiKlon, IB-VJ, 4to; reprinted Tro- 
viJ«nM. ]*CJ, 4i'i:cr. Aluik»sk, Diet.) 

Williftirn'* loil>;injjs iti liondon wpi* ia St. 
Martin's oour till- £}bHmbk>«. Mcofu'ii viaitwl 
llii^Ii P<-t«r!> [<}. v.] nt I.H.inl(ft!i, and jint'inH 
tolittvebo^n (in inlimatomrma with him, far 
it WM to htm that (VUfr' cunfidtwl tin' mwliin- 
cliolj And Irnublf! that nppn>iMeiI him amid 

^ •wmintt prosperity. (I is vt>ry probable thai 
hfi had ennw! interroMr*' witJi John Owen 
and Kiebanl Daxtvr, to whom lie subo>!qiii;nl ly 
addnased a letter prefixed to his tn-utino 
•f^tjuM T.hu quahors. AaxjOji: ntJicrit with 
whom be is hnon-n to have ouociatad whilt; 
in Ivondon hetwt'*>n I'Vti! and Kl-M wera 
Tli(ima« Harrison ( ItKKt-IOHO) [4. % .], the re- 
fricide, Trhom hp dpscribftd na 'a heavenly 
man* but mtnt high fh)wti rorthckiii^luiuof 
theaainta;' Henr\- [.awri'nco I'q. v.],anol.hHr 
member of Croinwt'irs I'oimciL of BtKU> ; and 
thf! eox;«ntnc (p-niiu, Sir Thnma.% Urqiihart 
(q. V.J, for the mitigal ion of whose imprison- 
tnent he »eems to haw «!mplnT<-d Mich in- 
flutmcf an Im! poaaeMsd, tliuruby L*arniD|c a 
tIaminK tribut« from the knight of CrocurtLe. 
By hia p?n^T*wily and by hi* ' uianv worthy 
h(i(iki< willi <n>m« whetvof hf waa pleaaed to 
prpiwnl me,' nays L'nmharU ' ho thd approve 
himself a man of Hiini discretiim and iniini- 
tnbly (taiictifii'd pftrtH thai an arrhanfr^l from 
heaven rrjiild not have shown mon> ifoodnosB 
with le*s o»t"?ntaliiin ' ( Epiht/ur lo Loytijian- 
d/'rt-ftJitan ; \\'\i.iA^VJi,f/rguA(irl. 180y,p,V»n. 
Williams aeemis morrrov<^r, to haw ctnav 
frwjiiently in (wntact wit.h Milton, whiwe 
acquaintauco it i* quite poaaible that he may 
hax-e ma<5e in IttlS. lie apoke aft«rwnnU 
with ap]in.-i;iulion of Millon'« nkiU in lan- 
)(iia);<-ii, anil he mentiotis in a letter that he 
was able to|pvmhi'hlindp<j<-t soiul- iiistnio* 
tiun in Dutch, of which Milton lyiweased 
hitt littlf. Leas aiK-ceflsriLl wua hts (endeavour 
t-o open relatinna with thi- fninity of hia old 
bono flier nr. Sir KdwanI f'okp. thraiiRh the 
medium of Oikt^"" dmiRhlwr Mr?, Annn Had- 
leir, Thi)« lady wjii* an iinlM^nding royalidt., 
■nd slio toi>k very ill a rucomtnendation from 
^'illiams to amend hur opinions by rr-ading 
Milton's 'KikDnoclastua. 'It teems,' she, 
wrot« to him, ' that you have a face of liraas 
and rannot hluah. ... An for Mellon it i« 
he, if I hi! not miatahea, that wrote a book 
of the " I-awfulnoaa of Divorct-," and, if r«- 
porl Knvit Irur, liai) nt that time two »rlhrn» 
wives livinff. Thia pitrhapa were good doc- 

Itriag in Kow Knijlund, but it i» moiil 
ftboioinable in Old Knfiland. \b for his 
book atfainst the kiaif, Qod has bugnn hie 
puniHhmDnt upon him biMx;, who ntrttck hitn 



witb blladnoM; ' and «be concluded : 'Tioubla 
me no mora wttli your lctt«n, for lb»y an 
very troublMome to her who wiah«a yon in 
tbv plaon from which you cwne.' Ueretliis 
correspondence coaM-d. 

In tUttaumuier of 1654, after two and ft 
half year*' aojoam in Fugland, Willianure>- 
tuni«d to Providence, bearing li>tt«ni fmia 
V'aiu- to Komi' of the leading IMiode Island 
aettl^FH. He had succeeded m th>.> immediate 
objects of hia miaaion ; bui lie found th* 
ooloDj in A very dioor^nianl and di^Hdad 
Btal«, and he atulreRaed binmlf at oacu to 
an endeavour to reatora some de|rH!« of unity 
to tbtf ecattcrvd towtubipa. It was not 
altf^ther unnatural that hla doctrtnit uf 
libATty «hr>iild havu been interpreted hfiM 
and them l<i aiRati licniuMf. Tile nvcwwary 
diMltnctiuD and the need for flnbordinarL-in 
in Hncular allairs were drawn out in n memo- 
rahl<3 letlfT of Williams, datiM January 
|tW>, in which the Commonwealth is likened 
To a ship. In lh<> mcAntime, on 12 Sept. 
I'i'Vl, he had been elected president m go- 
viTrior of Ithodf- Island, an office which be 
retained until May 10-". Durini; thin period 
WUliaiDs rendered important Mirvitae lo the 
tiagfalKiiirin^ (L'oloniea, ae be had dona oa 
former occaiiuiiH, by h'm influMncn with the 
Indians, and by jiving warning nfimpnding 
hiixlilitifii I WisriiKoi*, JIUt. uf AVw Enf 
land, pp. i.'i" »q.) But hi- rarnii! •nm*' un* 
pupuliLTily in Iu>ill by issuing a warrant Cor 
thf arn-ot ou a rharK* of lii(fh treason of one 
of bis old foUnwtsrs, William Harris, who 
had ([iven nn absurd apigilication to Wil- 
liams'fl views by promulf^Liing anarchical 
doctrines, such as th« uulftwfnlneu of 'tU 
Mrthly powcrH' and th^ ' bloodguiltrDeaa' 
of all p<!ual dinvipUue- 

In lUod the quakcrs made their appeaN 
ance in New England, and were cmelly 
persecatetl in moat of thn co)oiii«i». TtioT 
found a rffuf^, however, in Kliode lalaaa, 
where, d !•«])) I e tlia ivnionatraiicvM froni 
Masaachusetts and elnewlifTe, William 
(thoug^b be held the views of the quaken in 
tJie greatMt abhorrence) steadily refused to 
lend hia influence either 10 expel or to per- 
aeont^ thorn. Gcorgv Fox visited the colony 
subsequently, in 167:?, and wiw in I^vidcuM 
St the same time ns William^. Th« twu 
champioiw <lid nut mout \ but no sooner had 
FoK returne^l to Newport than WilUanu 
M-nt him a chull«n);o to a public diacumioa. 
WilliamH xiilMn)iiHinlly rowed himself dowa 
the hay (a distance of oome thirty mtlf«) to 
\>rw|tort, ill onW lo hold a dispute wilh 
three of Fox's '|oumcymr-n and diaplaina,' 
al'ler which, as is usually tbo caiw in siioli 
combats, both aides claimed tbe victory and 



A 



Williams 



449 



Williams 



puUiBbotl Jivetw McminU of tlie argiimfnu 
cmjiluyvil. Till* ' Now Knglaml Kirt-liraml 
<iu«inJieil ' liy OeoTfliu Fox iinii John Hiirn- 
yest lemaina to illtutnto ilic tulcia fur 
obloquy [MMMMmetl l>r tiir4UBUfrii(tH:N' Smith, 
Frimila' Boola and BiUiotJuea Anfi-Qunkf- 
riana, 1^3, p. 4o2), But Williiitii<i, wh'j 
mny be said to Iiwyc nut iit the frt*l ni Mil- 
ton, was not easily to be eclipwd us tv^nls 
controveraial rocabulnrv, anil IiIa utihrt i ■ I ^M- 
tiw! of !I3-^ Jiiuri^i uillt^J ' Geortro vnx (litre 'd 
out of his JtmrowM* (Itostoii, lUTti; dedU 
Ctttod to Charlufl II). in n Kuinrluiblu t«itti- 
mony to Hit! uiifaHinj; vigour of his exple- 
tives if not of liis mind. 

Wfatot u TK1W cliMrlti-r won ubiuiird fur 
Ithod*- Isliind on P July 166.% Willifttos tw- 
cnmo oni.> (if tlii< a#«)slHiit4 )imU*r thv nvw 
gorernor, Itenodict Arnnld, and lie tt-bji re- 
tdftcted in M67 and llt70. In 1677 lie wui 
aguin electfil, but derlinod to wrv*. During 
tlic iiI«nntnzTi.-*iii(f of tlwr Indiana, known 
tt« I'liilip's war, iu 1(S75, he tu'f(?pt*d b com- 
mission OS captAin in the militia and drilled , 
C'jinpuniw in rrovidpnci.'i. \Vb^'a tliu Indisn* 
wen- subdued he aervod on the commLtt««; 
wliii:li alt"tlL-d tilt' capltvcs as ttluvus umouff 
tli« bi'sd* of familii-A n-Mdin^in ProvidtiiPe. 
The trnde which he had tniuntaini^d with 
llip Indmnit pmliiililv pulfrri'd by tin- vr«r, 
and dtirinif ttie last yt^an of liis lift! Wil- 
liauio wa>i bsdiv off, and was maintained 
appnrirntly by ni« »on. Willinmss last 
Ktivr, 10 Iluvenior llrudttrei^t tit DoAtOHi 
was dAt^d I'rovidftncc fi May lBf*i!, and ln> 
(lied ut I'rovidvnoo in all pmbabilily in tliv 
narly pnrt of April Itwa (cf. Savage, iv. 
479: atUADH, p, 2lJ0n. : Hodois, .Vofre eoH- 
«eminff Rwtr WiUuiiiix, Biolun, 1^(11). llv 
wB!i buried in a §[iot which h» hirosflf had 
»eWl«d on his own lanrl, n nliorl- dintani'^ 
from rhfl plncu wlicro forty-st^ven yi'nr* b«- 
fiir^ he nnd Eirst landed. lie left ijMUE> : 
iiry, bom in Hi;i3 ; Frcctiorn, bom ut 

ialem in October 16^.% who was twic« mnr^ 

but tt'fl no issue ; l*roTidi"ne»^. born m 

btT 103>(, who died unmarried iu 

Mercy, horn on Ki July IIWO, who 

married threu times and had luimeronH 

chitdnn ; Ilniiiid, boni in Fiibniary ]lV4^; 

nd Jonenh, bom in Doceraber liil.1. Charts 
ving the iirKt five Keiienitions of the 

Icwi-ndAuM of ltn(Ft*r Williamit were nub- 

'hed bv AuHtiuiiiuis ' Ancestry of Thirtv- 

Rfiode Islaudors ' (Albanv, ImH); cf. 

lyiOB. Oenaafog. Vict. iv. I'y"), 

Milton BpoVe of VVillianis as an extra- 

Tirdiniiry man and a nobk- confessor of re- 

li|;i(>UH lilwfly, who Kougbl and found ik Huf» 

n>ru^ for tliesacred ark of consrifnoe. \\\^ 

oseoriati-.* in thw nww wtirld deecribBd him 

vol.. I.XI. 





in terms less exiLltAd. Bradford coIU him 
n man gudly and zttalous, bavinff many 
precious parts, but very uusellled in judif- 
inont {Mitt, of Plymouth Plant, p. 310). 
Cotton Mafhcr »pi)kK of hi* liavinf; n wind- 
mill in his head \Magnalia, vii. 7 1 ; Sir Wil- 
liam Martm and Hubbard bnlh prais>.-<l hiit 
U!tl, but tboueht it overheated \HutfhinMm 
J'apert, p. lUo). Soulbey held his mt-mory 
in ' vonerfttion.' which *«v-ms hftnlly the 
word to applv in a man eo profoundly con- 
tenliouH as \VilliainH was. Lowell is aub- 
stantinlly {list to him wiicn hu wril*?^, * He 
Jt)e» not *1j«w hiuiHelf n atrong; or a very 
wise man,' thouRb 'charity und lolerain:'.' 
Row ft noticf^ubly from hijt pen tliat it ix 
plain thfv were in his hean ' (.(Hifinif wjf 
Book*, p. 246). WillijimBs place as il ndi- 
Kioiis leader hn.'« p^rhapR been eoiaggerated 
by his ciilopiittji^. His viows were not in 
advance of thrixe of many of his cnntempo< 
rariw", hie cardinal dnctrinB that'thare ia 
no other prudent (-'iiriHtiai) way oF |ire»i'r\'- 
inft peace in the world but by perroiiwon of 
ditri.'n.-ni conacieuoea ' beinn: teawelv mon- 
tbiia a reaffirmation of John .Smith's dictum 
of 1 till totbeeflbct that Cttriel beinK >he 
lawgivumf the conitcience, the mugiAlrute<s 
wnre not entitled to meddle with ruLi^iuus 
opinions. His mind had iioni. of tbp moml* 
ne«t of ruller'ii, or of the elevation of Mil- 
ton's ; but he certniidv had a tirm KT'pof lb'' 
necessity of a principle of toleration, and he 
was one of thL- very lirM in make a serious 
Hlbrl to put that priHciple into practice. 

8uch memorialfi to Koger William* u 
flicist am for tint laosil part of (juile reliant 
dale. 1n 1(^71 a descendant left a hucdntd 
acres of land at iVrivid^nce lo !»■ formed 
into a ' Ko^-r Willinms pnrli,' ^vliicb was 
inaugurated on ItJ Uct, ltt77, when a statue 
to the piontftT of the city was also unveiled 
and u medial struck {**:e Uihax, AMrertoa 
Ji«f/er H'Uliai'u, IM77). In 1871, too, a 
status] by Franklin Simmuna wot) erected In 
the ciipitol at Wachinfcton at the Dxmuas of 
the Htat(^ of IlbwI.- Island, and in tho yaw 
followiuft a rofitium-nt uworly 200 feet in 
hoight was fomin.-no'd on I'roepcct Hill, 
Providence. A few mlic* aro prewTvwl at 
lYnrideiiOP, And Williniiis'ft hoiine at Salem 
i» still pointed out (see j^^j' SuUftiu. April 
]t^7(l; .Mt!BRE. FoatprtHU nf lio^rWitUami, 
p. 372). In 1S74 a pttition was forwarded 
t(] the MassachusL'lts ie^slature asking that 
body to revoke tbe order of baiusumeni 
uttervd in loa.'i. 'V\iv inference that the 
^neral court of Massncbusel t.^ bad acted 
with iiijii«tice in btniiohinu Williamii is c»n>- 
hatt-d with f^at kh\ and erudition by Dr. 
Henry Martya Dexter in bis ' As to itogw 



Williams 



450 



Williams 



WUIiams «i)(I hit "Buiiduuvnt" rrom lb« 
MMsachiiMtUi PlaiilatUin' (BoHton, ]^^7tI, 
4ta). In 1360 was Tuunded I bo Narraenn- 
■intt Clijl), which ndopti.'d sk il.ii m(>ttf) 
' \VIiat fbeare. Netop' (liw tradilioniil Iwil 
(;W#n by the frit-ndly Imliiiim to Willinm* 
fpora thp blanks of the Mno*hnu*ic. ' Nt-top' 
eii^ifyint; friendii), an<l ibe tint aik of il« 
ma»<'iv«(junrtovolunios(lii>66 74).ii'lmimbl>- 
l>riul^d and tKlit<>d, ur? dcvotud to nspriiit^ 
of Willionif'fl writinfrs. The sixth volumi? 
coiitaiitD a "vra-a of upwurds yf 130 of Wil- 
liftiua'a lottera. His aixty-fire letters 10 
Wtiithrop iknd other dulacbed pieces had 

fnnviouiilv iipiM-nntl in tlui .ttttN^chiitu^ILit 
listorirai) SoriPtv'srollwtinna (let fler. vols, 
i, ix.| -nd «er. vols, vti, riit., 3rd aer. vols. i. 
ix. X., and 'Ith mt. toIs. iv. v. vi.), and iho 
'Bloudy Tenent' waa carefully edited for 
the IIan**T<l Knollv^ Socii-'tv bv Edwnrd 
Bean Underbill in iMs. ' W'bat' Cheer; or 
Itof^T Williaiuit in Dani»htni>nt,' a po«tQ by 
JobDurfuc, a|»punr(;d in l^SS(cf. VoerER, 
Life and i'orn-sp. IST.U, i. \TM). 

(Itogcr WilliuniH hwa uttniclcd com pant ivttly 
liulo att*ni:ion in KngUud, but in Amorioii hia 
car««r baa cxcil«d an almoA iindne ainoant of 
diacuuioii. and VAriciiia donlrovrrnial Imum bare 
bw-n mi(«d moinly on <hr» ([rinin.3 of (ho juatin 
or iiijnaiieo of hid t^putsTiMi from MawtohuaeUi 
in in!t5. Ohii'f ikKiiing ilii' in>liipni)<Jrnl LirtHk 
inoit uf whioh divpby .ibuiKtant rctunrv-l). arv: 
1. Jubnaou'ii .'Spirit of Kocnr WiUiAnn, 1MB: 
"2. Knaslua'ii Uomoir nf TtiiKiT Williiim*, 
founilvr uf the iitatv of ribo<i« f^lnnil, ni.w<on, 
1S34 (with ftiCfliinilw fif Willi. iro«'.-i hand wnlio^); 
8. Qammcira Lifi-uf Rorit WiUinnin. Etoitoa, 
IWB. 4. • VMm'rt Life of JloKcr Willinoi«, 
London and PrMvideoce. \^i and IHA3: 5. 
EddT^aRogtr WilUi'.niB mid Iha BB;>tist!t, Bos- 
ton, t8ni , 6. Biofrnipfaical introduction to iho 
llrtt volome of the Narmeanwtt Club Putiicii- 
tiuna (18GD) by H<4ii>oa A. Guild. coataiDing a 
brief itppiveiation nf tb« pTwoding Lirw ; 
7. ' Dczter's \b to Bngw Wtlliama, BDftOD, 
i87(t : 8. Guilds FooCpriitta of llogrrr Wjl- 
linina, I'rotidi'iOM', I88S (additcinft n ibHiry ibai 
WilliaHia nna u CorsiahnBaii) ; 9. Mi-trini'iti*'- 
Pilcrirna, I'liritiina, and Tto^ Wiltiiima Vindi- 
rttoi!, Btmton, 1892; 1(1. Sln.u.-. Ro^cr Wil- 
liama, Xew York. UOl. Moat of (hcae arc 
«nJo^M, and dlspUj tiy> itiarkKl a t«ndMii7' la 
judA" WiUiamN'i rBbtlinii [o thi> mm of hii nev 
by what poatcrny lluds iup»t wlu-sbla iu hia 
toachicg rather than by whit aetaally appo^Kd 
inoit cuti%piL-uou« to hia fel low-colon lata of I lie 
MtvnriiM'Di li cantury. Is addition to the nliore, 
lo tiiocontroTonialtrnctAinthaflrat Eisvalnm'a 
of the NamngAnai'tt <Jlnb and iho Jounuiln 
and UL^a^■ of Winl.hrap, ■•• alao Bradfiini'a 
HIaL of PlymvniA Plantation (ap. Muaa. Iliat. 
Poc. Coll. tth nor. Tol. iii.)i BacknsM Hint, of 
Nav Bnglond. ITBS- Halbanl'a HiaL of Ntw 



I RofEUml, ISSlf <a|>L Uan. Hist. OoU. toL xv.); 

PoUorV Early Uiat. of Namnpinaetl (Rbcda 
Iflnod lliot. Soc. CoW. vol.iu., l8S4)i SM[>I«'« 

I Annajfl of ibu Town of Proridonc* ( ib. Tol, ».) ; 

I Namnganactt Ilii'toricAl Rfgislcr; Arnold** 

I Hint, of ihr. SUiti! of Rbnda Island and I*n)iH> 
ileiieu PlnnUliooa. 18«0; Piirtlcit's Bibliojnapby 
uf Rhode I:ilanil.lttS<: R:drr> Ilistnnt'nlTrnds. 

' \o. 14 (ISaU. Palfroy'. Hi»t. of Sow Rji«Und. 

, 1B8-I, i. 49. 161. 194. 214, 3)4. 3S0. ii. 1 1 1. I9g, 
28A: Dnikc's Mnlcioe of New KngLtnd. 18&6. 

fp. ISIhj.; Kltin'aTiTiitinuDt of Dineotiontiby 
oDifl"i'>> of MnMa<!hiiMtU (I^jwell Ijecl.), Boa* 
j ton. 1870 ; R, C. Winthrop'H Lii* And ItMtn td 
I Jnhn Wiiithrop. IR67; WiiisurH Hut. uf An*- 
I ricn, iii. 330 (with fWc^iinile of baciwriting); 
' BancroA'a IliJt. of the L'nited .^taLai, 18&&, i. 
^-11 «i Mti. : lit^M-'t Itogvr Willtania aad Ui« 
I M.i>aiieJiiii»ua Clinrier, 187S: New Kogland 
•Hiaiorical and Oooeti logical RajtiAer, xliii. 
({1889), 291-303, !ll3-20. 127. xir. (ia»l)7o,l. 
|Vl8r<6>e.S-8; ISg liii. (IS»9) ftO-4 : notakiodl^ 
■Minuiuukaatrd by Mr. John Ward Ilean. Boiton, 
MatiB. For the drrcloptnent of Wiilianu'a relt- 
i;ioaa vtova. ■«« Ethiu's tvirlr FDf;li*b Bapli^ 
ISdl ; Darday'a laoar Life ofRnliiriong SociaUaa 
of the Commonweakh, 1876 ; ind for the crowtli 
more eapacially uS Ui« idi-a »f ud«nitina, cf. 
Mor*'a Utopia; SCaaaiin'a Hiitun, i!i. 98 aq, ; 
Roeklc's Hist, of CiTJIimiiinn, IB85, i. 3JI7 fq. ; 
Ijoeky'* RatiotuiH>>ni iu rlurc;^. li. 7 t>-S4 , Fmha'a 
BoginniRgof New Knf;Und. VP- 114.163; Oar- 
dincr'aArasl Civil Wnr.i. 297aij.:At]dart. Van, 
Sib Hit3ntr(l«18-t(JW>.J T.8L 

WILLIAMS. IIOORR (Ji. ir»0), mezxo- 
tint eagniver. [S«te Wii,r.i,*)is. Hokbri.] 

WILLIAMS, UOSVIAM) ( 1KIT-IS70). 
Anelicnn divine, vr^ born at llalkm in 
l-lint on IU Aug. I»17. Hia lather, 
Rowlnml Williama (d. !8r>»}, c»non of ^\~ 
A>iaph, hi'ld i<ut:i'uHsively ibo livingx of 
llalkyn, Mt-ivod, and V«;viviaK- He mai^ 
rii-d Jane Wynne, dautHitcr of thi' Rer. 
Iliigh Wynoft Jim*-* of Treiorwerth, Aojtlfr- 
f,py, and prehenrbir%- nf P#nniriiydd. Row- 
land, their 8e4:oiid son, went to Klou aa 
kinfr'n Rcholnr in IJtS)*, wm Nowcnrtlo tne- 
d.illift in XViiT,, left Kton for Kiii^V CoUtgt, 
Cambridge, in ISW, and in hia lirsl vearob- 
laint-d [IniiieS uuivendly schvUnhip. He 
bccAino fellow ofKinn'i in IftW, Af^^rgn- 
ditatine B..V. in IMl, ho hpld for a abort 
I lime (he ]>o«it of naKiclanl-maAtvr al HIud, 
but rosigncd on arrount .if dplicato lirtilth. 
KetuminfT to Cambridge, he was ordained 
deacon in lf*12 and prieitt in ^t^^^ by John 
Knye, biabop of Lincoln. He wa« appmnled 
riaaaical liilor of Kiti(;'a Collejru, Cambridire, 
and performed tbo duticH of that offies for 
eight veara. lie proCEieded AI.A. in 19U, 
and H.'D. in I8I1I, 

While at Cambridge be waft aot forgQtfitl 



I 



I 




Williams 



45 « 



\Villiams 



in 

U 



public ioterctis. Wlmu tfae atD«lf(«ns- ) 
t)f tbo ««e« of Si. Awipli ntid Biitigor 
n«J(lH41J-t;i,h*l0(>k ncLii-tr ptirl 
tlio KiltI of I'owifi, hia falli»r. iind 
othi'n' in oiiiKiiiiug |li« Hrhtrinr-. nii« n'luuti- 
stmnci* Which Hppoared in iho prens wer-.' 
cliictiv iVuiu lii» pen, niul vrhvo itif tD«iLi<iir>_' 
wiu nrortni) hf> niUpeil in foiuiil tli» I'awis 
flcliokrGbips in reeo(n>it)on of Lord Powib'b 
actinti in tliC: luAltcr. 

la IB 18 hv obtained thv priih- iiill-nid lo 
tilt univemil}- of Cfttubrid^ l>y tUe ork'n- 
iJiIUt John \Iiiir [q. v.j ujr u prL'limmiij'y 
difiirerlttliaii on tlm couipaniiivt? m»ritii ul' 
L'liri»tiiLiuiT &nd KinduUtD ; and br a p^m- 
oial ^riiCM of llif si-iiiLti- wu dirveUfl tn pnt- 
ceed with it larger work on the oaini^ sdh- 
juct, for which th" ^^ntircr prize of ■'iOO/. wiin 
ftwarJf'd. 

In 1h5U William* bocftmu vice-principal 
»nil prT)ri»«>r of Hebrew in the th«alo^c«l 
college of St. DnvidV, 1.HrnpL'lor, itnpclkd 
thereto by patriotic enthusiatm and a desire 
loraisetbc educational fltandnrd of ihe Welsh 
clu^y. Many abuM» hod crvpt into tltv 
m&DagcmQDt of tli« college, and hdstil(> criti- 
e'vm wUtcb thirutvovd ili^ l'xI iiict iuu was al 
lUia time at^'ilatinu; ih.i Wi-l»ii pn-n'. Dr. 
Uaruld Browiit', hu prvdeteflsor (aftcrwarda 
liuhop of KIy ilu(! Witicli(-»t<>r), Imd found 
life at Lampeter a coniitiint Atru^la for the 
principlea of comiDon-Beoa>! and honeatvi 
And on Tcnigalng had inanffur&tcd refonna 
(a«e \)Eks KiTiMix, I.i/f of Ilatvld Browne, 
chaps, iii. and iv.) la WilUani.<>'ii hnnds tho 
leiitirv at jitvm of education and Uuiincu vra» 

modelled, and, in apiti- of ((ivHt obMliu-lf-i, 
thi; litcniri- utid mumt character tif th<f cnl- 
If-ge wa.H raUi-il aiid tin; niimbi r of »tiidt<nts 
iocKBaed. Ho fonnGil a Aclieini^ for thn 
b«t(er vadowmrnt nf the culle^e in the iii- 
tereflt of it« scholars, and left no Mono un- 
turned to obtain help from )^V(;ramunt, but 
Owii^; to oreipli^^ationa, which ariMe iu 

oQc-ction u'ith hU thoolojflL-uJ viun-M, the 
mcTfiLaed endowment only t<.»ok wfliict after 
h« hud K'fc i^i. David's College. 

lu ])eci:nit>fr i8i'>4 lin wiw nppoIntMl 
boIl-cI pn-achiT in the nnivi^rsitj- of Can- 
bridge. Thf wcoiid Krmun of the coaivp, 
inpliiratinn (Jtuti-innl Godlineti',^ xixl, 

iti> dv»iitK-d tfl alTect all hia future career. 

e course heinj; interrupt4.-d by liia fntl)cr'« 

ath, B report wa< circul&Lcil (hat it had 
bwsn iitopijed by the authorities, and a cry 
of bet^rodoxy vi\i» raitwd. Otbvr Hnnoni, 

hich, ari a marli of ci>ntid«rii-R, tliu linad« 

ve bint the oppartiinitr of prenching at 
!iimbriJji[e, wifn;, loj^-tliiT Willi noTtaotui 

jAcliifd fit St. Darid'a Coll<i(H', published in 
UutionnI UudlinttM after the Miud of Chriet 



•od lh« Written Voices of tb« Church,* Loo- 
don, y^i''). Uut the puhlicalion of that 
volume only increoavd the diMiuietnde of 
thti Welsh uvangtJicuI cltir^. A mumona) 
[imitvlint; a^aiiixt WilliamH'ti luarhtne wait 
nddreft^idto (^onnopThirlwall [q.v.l, btahop 
of St- Ilavidfi. Alfroil (Hlivant [(j.v.], bishop 
of l.lnndatf, asked him to re^i^fn hiA chap- 
laincy, itnd by admitting lo holy orders m 
LlaudutTstudi-nts from other dioc<-.««» struck 
a auvere blow at hia position as lbfoloy;icBl 
tutor nt Lampetcir. Itur with characteris- 
tic unocity of purpose Williams strui^irlcd 
on for b\f^\it years, linally ap[>(!aling to llw 
visitor to set the alTuira of tue coluge on a 
n miitr hiMtit. 

Williamfi's groftti'stt literary work woa 
'Christianity and HiDduiKin,' t<vo, Ctttn- 
biidi:«, 1^6. This woa the nxpanaioa of 
the Muir pm!> eaeay. lIJs Ttewe on ruTch)- 
tion, inspiration, and prophrry, already 
(.■nnncinted in 'llalional (lodlincw.* were 
brought out more fully, and to thi* book he 
referred inquirers as Rivinfr the niofit compre- 
ht.-ii8ive liccouui of hia theological opinions, 
eapeciallTin their metaphysial aspect. The 
dii^aortaliou touk tho pn-sonlr.-d form of u 
diiLliiguiMn wbi<-hftBuiIdbi>t,a Ilindiiphilo- 
eophpf, a Vedintisl, a Oermuu naturalist, 
and two Kiif^liith c!i:!Tgym»ii dLaruM th« na- 
ft]tecrive meritfi of the Indian and otb(>r 
rvligionH. A careful account of nrahmoninu 
and Ruddhistn. is ^vcn, as woll aa of the 
dillvnjut sr»lera« of Ka^lcra nhilijwpliy. 
TliF! Ia.st Hro chapters deal with the Hebrew 
ruli(fiun, discuNt thu prupkvtii-ul qutistion, 
and fwf un eAjifiAition of Chrirtian doctrino 
based on tho Lord's prayur. Thi' Sanscrit 
iirliobir, Tliinu'i' llaynuin Wil»i)n [q.v.],con- 
fti'Iered the book ' well calculated to btioimR 
a st.indiird reference for the leading point>i 
of Hindii ^pt^culal ion, and the MWpe ns wtU 
us history of their rsUifious opinion*.' Uun- 
bi-n wrlcamed it ttS a higblv reniarkublu 
. phiW}pbtL-al and learned work < Buxhen, 
/>A, ii. 4l'M, and 51ax MtiLi.Eii, Chipt^m. 
I JiUti). LawcH and Ewald also appreciated 
I it hi|;h1y. 

Thia work completed, Williams took hia 
D.D. degrw- <>n 11 June l^'i". Shortly 
after be ^ifliicd Baron Tlun^^en at Heidel- 
berg. Iu IWiH he accepted the K.iiift'G Col- 
lege livinff of llrood Chivlke with Ikiwer 
Cttolke and AlTedi£lon«, near Salisbury. At 
lirst he staved there only during the vaca- 
tions, but in June t8(t2, when with groat 
reluctjtnice bu left LoJiipetur, he took up bin 
residence ut Bnmd Oluilku, and in the fol- 
lowinjf August Jiually lovvred his coniM«- 
I tinn with St. David's CoUej^, 
I In Pebruary 1900 ' Essays and Reriem^ 

o 2 



Williams 



45 a 



Williams 



WM pabluhed, 'I'o th\M volume WilliAmB | 
(■ODtnbut4xl ft roviow i>f Uunsuo's 'Hiblical l 
lU-dMiriJipa,' Willi ihp object of giviajf the i 
latest ri.-flult0 of Biblical critiuimu. TIil> btv- , 
dom with which tltiMifjjjical fjutt.vliuiiH wiim ' 
itvaicil in Ibis voluoif aUromd the udb(>- i 
reiit« of pit.'nnrv nnil vi^rhnl iD'pirNlion, nnil 
ft pAriir anHuoiV WitliainH was prn!<ecuti>d 
by Walter Kerr ilamilton fq. v.], bishop i»f 
feftlisburr.forJM-tcrod'ixv.iinacilfldljftfonMhTj 
RTCllMCCurt of l_'«nl<?rl)ury, «-b«re lie wna 
dcfaitdeil by (Sir) Janu.-* I'urker DiMinc lunl 
(Sir) Jainei FiuJAuivg Sl«phi>ii [q. v.] The 
h^ariii^ occupied tMi davft— Hi to 'S\ D»c. 
Idtll and 7 to It) Jiin. 1602. Jiidgin«nt wiu 
defenvd till 1''. Juiiu ISfii', wlipu, out of 
twenty-two utidee of indictisent, ihwu 
worr iidmitlwd— tb<»«« on insiiiratioD, pro- 
jiitintion, and jiiAtit^catinti: tlie first two 
«-et« ordered to bo refonaed. Thou^i in 
rhc mnin ndrt-we, ihift iiit^rifioinoiy \oAff- 
ment practically ssuctioneil ot^arly alt the 
positioEia of hiblicnl criticism nnd of tbt; 
reUtionit of dcripiiiR' to Hciutico wliicti Wil- 
liams had muintiiined to be coiwiiittint with 
tliL> Atiuidurd:* of ihi' AugUniii church. 
Htt wrote: ' W'luil«v<^r fmodom I hnvt: 
eburaed is judicially cnnc^^ded aa permiA- 
giWn by tW Clmrclk of Ku^lniid. If wv unin 
nothing more, I fei*l tluH day th&t I hare 
not liv«d in vain ; iny MasttT has done a 
work by tnf which will nbidi>.' But llwrp 
wore detailit — inrliiding, chit>fiy, a dewrip- 
tion of llun«*>D'« Luthermn and philosophical 
doclrinee^for which hti was b«M lispiUy 
nwponaible. The admitted arttolea were 
brought in on liJ Sept. 1862, but the hear* 
inji was durvrrvd till IQ Dtx. 1802, wbt^a the 
juajje, Ktephen l.uahington [q, t.], adhered 
to nu judtrmont of June, oud thi.' siiniviwu 
of KiiHiKnaioii for oni! yi^ar, with cn«t», waa 
psssea All appeal was at auce mad» tu 
t.lm priry council. Mwinwhilv tho chnr^jw 
redpecting propitiation had been withdrawn 
ana the nppc-al reduced to two coiinto. 
'Willifttns. top-thf.T with Iivs friend Henry 
Hrirtow Wilson fii. v.], iipuealiad in person 
oil 10 Juni! I8tu before the judicial com- 
mitu-v of ih>.- privy council. Tltu hwaiiiig 
Ia3t«d till 'Ad June, iiud uu 8 Feb. 18tt4 Lhu 
court r»!TBr»ed such parts of tho jadnoent 
oflhii archita court its wcfm unfnvininildo to 
Williams, Durinpthf! irinl Williams bad 
printed ' Mints to tnv Counsel in the Court 
of Arch«f(.* in which ho .*<'t forth the line 
\iv wiftbed to be adopted for his defence. 
This WAS at fir^t. «>iipplicd to his conned 
alone, but on his deathbed he dircct«»d that 
copiw should 1>L' sent to libraries in England 
aud Wal(i«. 

The reversal gf the judgment excil«d frwb 



a^Uitioo, and the 'Odbrd Declaration' on 

ibu Tiffbel itivpiration of tbi- Biblv b&<I 
elenial punii^hment pnrparwl hy I*u9ey was 
tiigned by four thousand of the clergy. 
( 'on vocal ion pr(if<H-dinK toorindi'inn ' I-IuinyK 
and It»v!ffiws, Williams pn-^enied a petition, 
Ihrough t'»ni>n Word*wortb, prayini; to be 
heard befnn^ ho wa» cond^nncd. The peti- 
tion was enlere<l on tha minutes, but refus«d, 
nnd « tEynodtnl condcmDMioii csrrkd. A 
debate followt>d in th>- I{out») of l^id*. 
when Lord Houghton { Kichard Moncklou 
Milne*) i^iuMioBod lhL> ri^ht of coovocalioa 
t<i condemn book* at all, and the Innl chan- 
ctllor ( Wiietbur>-) doelan^ that, as « judjr- 
mejit,the wntvucvhad no uii.'aning,ancl tlml 
the 50-caUed synodical c.-^niVmnAtion was 
no condemnation nt alt {Life and Lelter$, 
ii. IM^fiS). 

At Broad Chalke Williams wrote 'Uroad- 
DholkeSrimiou-blMays/l'OudoD.lHfir. llnsau 
were esuya expanded from prcaotiiut; iioi«a 
of a aimple kmd. lie mas al*'> eu^;agMl 
u[Kin a tnnftUtion of thu ' Hebn^w Pnuhctft, 
witit introduction aud noitu, '2 vols. Pari i. 
wAft publishud 18(13, and port. ii. woe brought 
out after hii' di-nlh, 1^71, e>}ilvd by his wifr, 
with the help of (he R«v. W. W. Harvay. 
Part iii, was planni'd but not beitiin. lie 
felt. compi*llrd, though mo*t r*liiPt«ntly, lo 
give up the predictive element in the pro- 
phetical writings, and was convinced that 
ihi- pTv>ph«tf deiall with event.* then takinir 
place, und that it wa.4 in lb>f HppltcabiEity 
to all limo of the truths they uttered tWt 
ihcir words ml^ht bo cansider«d ptvpfaetic. 
Ho claimed for tliem ' a ntoral affinity to 
the thuuglils of the future rather than B 
fnrw^igliL of ilt itvent*, m pr>-fliojiliT>n of 
eternal truths rather than a prediciiuu uf 
temporal accidents' (CAriirfutnift/ n>ui ffiit- 
duimt, p. -177 ). Kwald wrote of Willioma'ci 
'Hebrew Prophets' us * a work quite un- 
paralleled in English litermlurv' (Gntt.pi'L 
A»z. 'S. 4, 1(^<17). Kueneo. in ' Theolojrisch 
Tijdschrifl,' If^ri, and l)ie«tel, in 'Jahr- 
bituhur fitr deui^echv Theologiv,' 1872, rp> 
viewed it favourably (sen also CttBTVB, 
FoundfTf t(f Old Tretammi Critfcimi). 

WiHiaiiu dind mi 18 J«d. IS7(). Hrt wa>i 
bnried in ttie churchyard at Rroad Cholkf. 
A ci<OK« rising from a block of RTonite mark* 
bisfc-Hting-plor.^'. In 18A!>hf- mArried Rllen, 
daugUcer of Charles CQleaworib, H.S., a 
Liverpool merchants 

Thi) fine Sve-ltghl i'orfKDdicular west 
window of All Saints, Broad Chalke, wai 
filled with painl«d glaiw in hi« memory st 
(h(}r>vpi-n»<« of hiA parishioners and fri«adi 
from all pane; it was unreilrd in 1673. 
At Lampeter » brooxt) table* wicli in»cnp- 



( 




I 



I 



tiDD was put up in the college clinpol by hu 
nupiU aui] friends in Walia ; and at t.'un- 
ondgo n bniM inuiuoriitl pUiu tins been 
placed by miuim of liia ptipiU in the ant«> 
chitpal of Ivtnp's Cotlff^. 

WilliuDfl noil (>f iiliort: «CiiIur<>, with a 
Irn^ bead and moMivA brow, f<>Atur<>4 of 
rlic Gcltic (ypc, dwp-vet dark blue eyes, 
and brown hair. On \i'.a\-'\ng LniniK'trt hi* 
fe\'.<atU and pupiti) iiresenlud him wilb an 
oil portrait, by Jnbn linJwrtson, nf Liv«rpool, i 
whicb id a very good likoiuwtf. Ho. hc- 

^ll(^athl■d this portrait to King:')! (*olleg«, 
iainhridgv, on biri vlfv't ilcuth. 
Williamt) waaendowml with con.oidRrahb* 
iDt^Utictual powt.-ni, to which he. add<>d xound 
■cbolarahip and a ^jtiiikI ntnmorr. Ifp wns 
ftrdent, encbusia^tir, and (le<>ply di^Totionai. 
Bold and tincompromiiiine la conlroreray, 
hia private llfo wax niarlii/il by^rpat tend«r* | 
neaaandatrnngfnrnilv afTerliin. Ot'it finely i 
strangf HniitirB, ana n«rvaii§ leinperainont, 
be wit too di'eply tbi^ conlrovpniiM and I 
n)i«UDd«rBtandiii(r9 n-ith n-bicli bia liTe wu 
bewrt. And, c<iRficiuu8 of intivf^Tity, sulFered . 
moch froiuiii»iiiualiouiitothi'et»[itniry. His 
I writinpt an> chnracl^rined by a Herons 1ov« 
of truth. Ho WKS sttaclivd tu iho church ] 
of Kngland, and loolicd farwani to a day ' 
whun ne would bi.' acknowledgnd to have , 
betii a Inio ton. lie objt'ctird to being 
identilied with any dpijcial party in the i 
church. In ' Hints lo my ('oun«i*l,'p. 1. h<j , 
declATce that he nccr^pts iho articles an tbey 
am, and claims t<i teach bytlirniwith lidtdity 
and cleamefls. Al th« aauie tinii% be cun- 
t^-ndcJ for uutirs freedom in all lileiury in- 
V«»tigati(m nf lh.> jtcriphin-n, ploadinpfor on 

Jn BibEv nod free criticiitin b-i the ri^ht 
[Imi cliTKv "f Ihp Bnf^lixh church. He 
ln>ld very ctriniffnt vi(!Wfl on olmcnl oblipa- 
ijon <e«> article, I'orinujhfltf Jter-iew, >IarcU 
Iftfifi"),])!!! coTisidcrod that Bubserintion' does 
not iinplv a ciiLiiu of divint' pfrfcctioii or a 
promi!*; to abstain from 9ut(t'C*t}aji; improve- ' 
DKUU' (Ht'iif^ to mu ('0U7iAel, p. 10). 

WiUiaina h<>i|iif?alhfd hiw library (l^^vinf^ , 
«uch part an ahi' chnan to keep txi hU Wife 
for Iwr lift^limp) t'> xtich town in Wales IW , 
would ppovidR a auitabl'^ n>po«ilory and , 
means of paying a |;uardinD of it, Swansea ' 
and Camarron to Imve lli« fintt choice. I 
Swansea accepted the he(]iii»l, and nil the 
books will Avuntnally bi- st-nt thither. 

Desidt^a the wdrks inuntionvd Williams 
wrolt! : 1. ' A Defence uf the Umiil to Miiv- 
nooth,' l^a. a. *Lay8 from the Oimbnc 
Lyre, by Oorouva Camlan,' Irt45. 3. *Iiain- 
pclcr tlieolney,' 1W)6. -I. ' Cbriatinn Free- 
dom in thn Council of Juruealem : preached 
l>efon> tbe tJniver»it; of Cambridge, with a 



Rovicw of Biabop 011ivant*fl Cbarge,' 18fi7. 
H. ' Om*t>>a and tliH .A v(-n){rrN ; an nvlWuc 
Mystery, by (loronva Camlan,' ISTii). H, ■ I'pr- 
Mcution for the Word; with Postscript on 
the fntirrloi^utory Jwd^^miMX ' (farewoll »cr- 
monol St. David's CollfKt'f, \>^-2. 7.* Owen 
Olendowor: a Drntuatic Uiojiruphy, wi(b 
other pocus/ l87'>(ihbwa«pasgiti{:lhirou|{li 
the preM at the time of bis death), b. 'I'salniN 
and Litaniva,' &c., 1872, 1676, and 1^2 
(which he wan writinfr, and, whini dying, 
dp#ir»!d miirht he pul>lUh«l). 0. ' t^tray 
l'lioii|{ht!t IViini lb" S'citi—HooVifi of Kowland 
Williams,' 1>^7H and iHltt. tie was alito ihe 
author of articles in the't^uurtorly Review' 
on ' M'^thndi^in in Walpa.' vol, Itnnv. IHJl), 
'The t'hurch and Eitiication in Walea," \o!. 
Ixxxrii. 185(J, and ' Uarda of the Hixth Cen- 
tury,' vol. xci. 185:^. 

[lato and I^Urni 'if H'jwland Williamv, D.D., 
«dtt«d by hi* wife, 2 voIn. er.8n\ l£7i: family 
papen and cumsp^riileiiMii nrbalim reporla of 

SrocaMiiDK* in tlio Cuurt of .\n'be«; Tnn«a, 
anuary 1570; Guardian, January 1X7*^: we 
at<M> tho B*v. R. B. KeDnunt'H Esaaya aod Its- 
view* : J. FiuJMRiM SteplienV Defence of Itow- 
laud Williatna ; the Rer. Joba Owen's Dr. Kow- 
tnod Williiins and b<§ FInce in Coiitrinpernry 
It«ligioii«Thonght(CaDr>'Ri[<i>rarv Review. April 
18*0); C.Kcfau I*uul'n Biopraplikal Sliutelirt.] 

K W-9, 

WILLIAMS. SAMUEL (]78$-1^13), 
dmiit!ht«nititi and wood engraver, wa« bom 
fti, Colchftster, of humble part-niap'. on 
•J'6 Feb. l?*^. He was apprenticed lo a 
Colch«t4.'r printer named M^ar^den, but d^ 
votud all tiiti spare lime to dntwinf^ and 
enfrraring on wood, and nub^Mmenlly 
udoptud thia tut hitt profvaiun. lie tlrKt 
ivtabliidied hitnwlf in hia native town, btit 
in l^ld settled in London. Hit) eariieet 

finl.ron wa» C'rc»by tiw publinht-r, for whom 
le dntw and cut a wnem of illiLstrationa to 
a work on natural hiatory (1810), and he 
crcnMiallr bccami.' one of the obleat and 
best i^uployed of En^'lish wood en^^von, 
ttp'.-ciallv excelling in laodM^npe work, lie 
waa also n clever and fucilo dc4ijfn<.*r, und a 
targfi pn>porlion of hin cut* weru done from 
his own orawingB : thefo include the illua- 
trat ion* to Whiltinuliain'i> iHliliimof ' liobiii* 
flon Cru-vw,' 1B2:! ; Mrs. IVimmer'a* Natural 
History,' lt*:.'3-l ; ' Tbe British StsRe,' l»:i« 
nnd following V«'ftrs ; Sfyitl's llible, lS;).t-4j 
■The Olin,' a* weekly niapoiine, IWH 33; 
Hone's • Evcry-Hay Book.' ls-2h-7 ; Lady 0. 
Uueai't ' Mnbinoei'^iii' l**-*(S; TbomMn's 'liea- 
ftona.' 1841; Selby's • Itritiali Forest Tireet,' 
1 S4'2 ; and Millers ' l^cturefi of Country 
Lifi',' 1H47. Amonp hia beat cula from the 
dcai^nn of other artiste are thoae tn Wiirca'ir 



1 



Williams 



454 



Williams 



edition of TaMo'a 'Jerusalem Ilelivered,' 
lHa'J;I»ckhort'* 'Spnni*li Rfllladd,' 1B40; 
ifiv AbUotofoi^ 4Klition of ih« Wnvorlev 
NovtU, ItLlS ; Scropo'ft' D«er-etalkiri((,' 184H': 
Kuijlur'H ' lIuiKlbook of I'aiiKinK' (uid Mil- 
mMi'n ' II(^^«u^«?,' l^i-tB. In tlu^ fsrly part of 
liU Ufi- \VilliaDi? pniutHl soox' i'KceU«Dt 
mimalurv* and a few <iil picttiri^n. Hn dlM 
on 19 Sepi. l^'iS, IraTin; four soni>, who all 
practuea woorl fiiurnTinK vrith eucceM. A 
iuge HiIl(!cUon of hi« work.* in in the prim- 
room of tlj(> Ttrili>>l) Miit«iim. 

Thomas Wii.t,iMi>* (jS. 1830), vowtiffer 
brotlier of Samuel, waa bj.opunil, uidaUaosl 
orjuallM bira in «ikill as a wood engraver, but 
worked ontirely from llit^ deaign^ af othori>. 
.Spircimeiui of hU aft are to Iw found in 
mu!>t of the illtutmuyl pahljciition!) of tht- 
day, incIkicJing S(irllic<tl«'(t ' FablrK,' 1B:»8; 
nnd M&nin uad WestaU'a -Biblf Ilhtstra- 
tioiw,' IB.-W. 

[Atlienwum, 18A3. pp. \'J»1. 1361 ; Notea and 
Qosciw, 1st fcr. viii. 'S12; Lioton's Masteraof 
Wood Gngnmng ; Ouloy'a DicL of P^ialera and 
Bi^niTon.] F. M. O'D. 

WILLIAMS. THOMAS (ir.I8?-]666), 
speaker of the Ilouso of Commoiu, bom in 
Idl^or ir>l4, wna the eM'Mt iton of Adam 
WUIianu of Slowfonl. Disvoushtrv, by Iii» 
wife Alice, daugliter of Thonwui I*rid«iux of 
AaLburton. It ia unlikvlytlml liu wom ihu 
Tliomat Williams who Kupplicat>*d for Iiis 
B.A. at Oxford mi L'.'{ .Inno IJi'^. On 
14 Nov. IS39 bo was adinitled tliidciit at 
the Inner Temple, wlirn^htmiTtt^dnB auditor, 
clerk of the liitoht>n, eteworrl for tlio render, 
iwtijisinl forCIirintmiw, and in nlliir uitinci- 
ties (/»»»«■ Tmtptf lifoith, paAsiml. It is 
improbable that li4> was tb<> TliomoM ^Villiams 
■wbo wa« nHiinied to parliam<>iit for Oxford 
citT in inw), (Jiat ra*>raber lH-in;r more likely 
a rclatiTfi of John Williams, baron Williams 
of Tliam(> [a. v.I; but iu October l'>5-5 he 
WOB plectod lor Bodmin, and in tlio parlia- 
lui'nl that lavl on ^ .fas, 1557-^ be sat for 
Salloal). ill that yt^ftr he wu? Iji-nt n-adrr 
at Ibv InC'Or Temple, nnd it w&a probably 
bin Wturi^ ill Ih'iii rnpacitv that wer** piib- 
lish«l in 16S0 as ' Tlie KxrMlinrv and l»ra>- 
bi?miiicnt.'i' of thfl Law of England above 
nil otlip-r T«wiM in th«.- World. aMcrtcd in a 
Ia'uI Keadiug upon itio tilaluu^ of '-i!* II. 8, 
cap, a, contcming Tryals by Jtirjof lVelvi« 
Men,' London, 8vo, iliough thoV aru tlmm 
«tat«d to have been delivered in Lent 1S£&- 

i55r. 

Williams mav bavi' itnt in iIij» fln»l parlia- 
ment wf Elimfceth (January 15r»fi-9|, the 
n-'turn* f.ir whii-h an? Wt, and in l.')60-l he 
was again liPnt rf«d**r at The Innur Temple 
To th« parliament that met on 11 Jon. 



lS<ii-3 be was rvtunied for Exclvr, and'l 
the 13th, on the nomination of Sir I-'dwaid 
Itggcrs [a, v.], vompt roller of th« linusetiolil, 
he woa elected tpeaker. Hv wan prwwntM 
to thequvon on tne l/Hh, Iiid epeecJi on thai 
ocrsnion Ix-ing print i-d nl li.'tijjlh by D'Kwn 
(JfiumnU, pp,tvl-fl| and Mnniiin(*(A'p«ijb-/v, 
pp. 2:^4 »q«|.) IVEwes also prints VVtIliam<^« 
flpwchei" of 2rt Jan,, wht-n ho dfflifcrwl to 
tne c|ueen the commons' petition for h«r 
marriagcr, andat tlipprorogntton on 1U April. 
Williams died on 1 July 1-506, aged -^S, 
bflforo porliameBt met again, hi* death dur- 
ing his term of ofEee erearinfr a preoMent 
(we IJ'liwRt, pp. (J*) aqq.) llw wn* Imried 
in Flarford rhurch, npvonshinn„where tlwrc 
is a nit*tnr>rial in«rription. 

Ilr hia wife Kmtin or Rmm<-lin>'', daiiKlil«r 
of \VilliBm CrowcH of ' Chimley ' (? Chulm- 
Ipifrht, Iternnchtrc, he left issue two *oil» — 
John (rf. 1015) and Thomas — end [hre»i 
dauf-hters. Homo uotea by him ore vstant 
inthi- K<.-oor«l (HTie''(Ca/. jSf/r/c/'flycrn.Dom., 
Addenda, i;i4r-G.% |.. hM). 

\Ca\.^\M* Papcrt, Dom. 1517-80 ; Cummun' 
JoBraab : D'Kv<m*s Journal of PariiatMct im- 
ins the lieign of Kliiabetb, pp. il-'Jl Munn : 
nifi>-iKl Krt. Mcnibera of I'aH. >. 3&3, 393. 39B, 
i03; I'**l, lli«.>r>-. i «8-2 a^. ; Inner Terapla 
Rewnl>. puaim; Mannine's Speaka«« of ih<' 
House of CoRinioii^, pp. 223-9 ; I'olo's Wijrlltiei 
of DeruD; V'irinti'i Viait. of DflToo, IS92, ^ 
789. lnU»t. MS.S. Conin. 4th R<?p. App. p. 
328,th« <>ninitnatioiItnlir« by Willjam Tkonti* 
{d, Mi\) [q. T.] is trroscouiily wcnbed t« 
Tliomaa WiUiama] A. F. I'. 

WILLIAMS. TUOM.\.S(1560?-ieaO?X 

\\*eli>)i Mcholor, »on of ^N'illiain ap Thomsa 
ap Oronw and Catlu>rtne, an illegitiinal* 
daughter of Muredydd ab Ifan (d. I52fi), 
foiiiidi>r of thi> hous«i cif Owydir, ivaa born 
about h'iiV) at Arddu r' Mynaieh. a little to 
th" north of Trefriw, (.'amarvonahtte. Wowl 
says thai Willinm<> 8pent »«?v»rt«l yt-ara at 
Oxford, but doubts his idenlity with ibe 
Thoma* X^'illinms who graduated B.A. iu 
I'tHl and .M..\. iu ViTA from UnsoacM' 
College, lie was kniown as 'Sir Thomas 
William»(*l//fV/. n/thr Gitytiir Family, I87t*, 
jip. Irt-I9j and 'Sir Thi>i]jHK a|i William' 
yl'ambrian Itfff. 'n. 470, 4"L'l, so that it is 
pr'tliiibb- bf look iinlen; Bii!ibopHumphTVy» 
note's that there waa a eurale of the nam" 
Bt Tnefriw in 167S. But in his later yoan 
\v' practiced t* a eountry physician, am! 
ihal hu wsA then a papist a|>po«ra from the 
fncL that proceeding were taltea again*! 
him OS a r.-ciiaaiit in I'JOO and IffOT. Atdad 
\t\ the powerful patronage of hi* counin. 
Morris Wynn of Gwydin*/. 15**0), and of 
Morris's ao'n John [q. r.J, he d«voted himMlf 



« 



Williams 



455 



Williams 



I 

I 




I 
I 



to Uie study of Wdsb literaturo. Among 
tho maniiMTiprs writtJ'n by liim «w Moaiyn 
MS. 11^ (a book of pedi^T^vs written about 
lo7y), Ilungwrt MS. 3U» (a coi>y of tlie 
VV«UIi laws diitpd IW4), and Mostyn MS. 
204 (a collectioQ of prowTlia, datod liJ^O). 
But tliu gnml wurk ui his lifi.' vrtui tliu com- 
I<ilalioii of a Laliii Wi^Uli dictionary; tba 
acciiioulatioTi oftbo niBtt'rial look Uiiu, bu 
(wy*. *'^y y*?nni, nni] tin- at'tiial ^vriting 
four, (liinng which tinif ■ I was ho iiisrant 
that often whvn I came from the book I did 
not know many a ttmo what day nf the week 
it «'as and eo lost my pnctlce' {Oxn^rian 
Jtfg. I. 160). Tbo manuBcript, in thro« 
quarto volutues, is now ut I'eniarth (Uen- 
(fwrt MS. (lO), It iras sect by Sir John 
Wymi in 162-'S, Williama bAviug died 
in Hw meantime, lo I>r. Jolui Davi«a 
[q. v.J, who made it the basi» of th« 
Hconupart of tb>- dictiouary oi' HyHi. la 
faU prefafM Davits refers to the iiMsUtance 
h<: deriviid from Williams's manuficript, but 
kIvi'k the imprcjwion that much revision had 
been necft^iaarT to mnkfl it preHentabli!; the 
opinion of thos* "ho have examim-d Wil- 
luuag's wnrk is, on the Dih<-r band, that 
Paviea'B is little more thnn an ind«x to it 
iWuA,lkV\ Smhent WrUbmen,-p.hZ'! ; Sil- 
van Kvuus ill Lfufryd'iiaetA y Cj/mry, p. 
113). 

[The biographinil (uclt am from thu adili* 
Iwu of BtNDop Humphreja tu Wood's Ath«iw. 
fbv also Williams's preface u the dictionary, as 
Ccteted in the Loiidmi 'Groal' (pp. flt-7); 
lli»t. ortheGwydirKaiuily(p. 87 of 187a w).). 
and the catalogues of ttio Ilengirrt and Moeiyn 
MSS.J J. K. L. 

WILLIAMS, THOMAS (lOOS-I'-W), 
Roman ratholtc prflatn, )>nrii in IOCS of an 
ancient WVIsh family, resident at thfl Ben^ 
dtctino priorv of Monmouth, madf? hii* pro- 
fession as a friar of the order of St. Ilominic 
at Ikimhem, near Antwerp, on o Dec, 108tt, 
taking in ruligiou tlii<) nami; of Dominic. He 
finished. htH studiMint Naples. Having; been 
ordainfld prieat in l€Q2, be waa in)<titutud 
rector of l«o IJymiiiican ('oll«ge of St. Tbo- 
ma« Aquinas at Louvain in 1607, and in 
SUbi*<'q<>T>nt ye4ir» he wan appoinl«d provincial 
of the Kni^linh Dominican prorinnc. On 
18 May ITiJl bo was installed prior of 
fiomham. By papal brief of 'ii Deo. I'-.Ti 
fcainuajade biabop of Tiberiop»Li», under 
Ihe urcbbifthop of llieropolia, in Phrygis 
Magna, in partilntK injidriium, to which sou 
be was conucrated at llouie (;!0 l>ec.), in 
tlio clianol of tba apoRtolic pala{!e. by nt;ne> 
diet XIII him»«lf. On 7 Juiiv 1727" he wa.* 
nominated Tinar-n]»09tolir. of the northpre 
district of EoKland. Ue resided mostly at 




IluddlMton Hall (boIoni^iR *<> ^if Edward 
(!A!iCoi^(>), n^-ar Hnzlewona, Yorkshire. A 
letter of the iuteriuiticio Dt Brussels, dated 
•2i .luty 1738, aii»oiinc«d loprnposiinda that 
^N'Uliams was in serious peril. Tbe bisbop 
was 'actually ohlif^t-d to fly to the most de- 
serted and n-moli* places lo e^scapv prison 
and torture, as ihu pseudo arch tliu hop of 
York [Lnntvlot Blackbunic* had issued a 
laandate for liiit capture, on account of bin 
having made a conversion (whioh rnwsed 
Kriwl noiwO "f " proteftatit minialiT who, 
iiiBtnicted hv Bishop WilliamR, nobly re- 
sinned his ncli prebend, and publicly de- 
clared himself a catholic.' Williams dij-d at 
Iluddleaion Jlall on 3 April 1710 (<>.S.), 
nnd was buriL-d in thtt catholic church of 
llailcwuod, where his lombitone, with a 
Iiutiu epitaph, is atiU in a state <rf perfect 
preservation. 
The ul\-rep('at«d elatvnieDl iLat lie com- 

Eised ' Jlfimoires pour servir A THistoiro 
i;clfaiaEtii]ui- du Will' >Si4cle' is without 
foiindittioii. 

(Dr. Thomii* Worthiogton wrote in LatJa 
iMunuiiniif Bikhop WilliAiiii(1741, 8to, pji, 05). 
A copy WHS in tho librjtpy of ibo Islo Bishop 
Cow (OihsoD'a 'LydiatH Hnll." p. 203), Thi-* 
miiiiiuicript wax jpuhliilicd Ju X CoasMniled 
Lifo by th« Rev, Raymond Pulmor. O.P.. vhieb 
iipj>K(r«<l in 3I«ny Englaud (IHSt-S, x. 411. 
4.1(11. anealsoBrndy's BnisoopalSuo»Mion,iii. 
2.^3! 2JS4, 3S0 : Nocm and Qnvries, 1st «er. rii. 
Slit, 8th ser. x. I^fi, xi. A3; Olivar's CorawaUi 
p. 467; Palmers Obituary Nutic«s, p. 1 1.] 

T.C. 

WILLIAMS, Sia TIIOMAS (1762?- 
1841), admiral, sun of Captain William Wil- 
liams {d. I77H) of X.\w niivy, wtiit in 17^8 
entered on the books of the Peggv sloop, 
commanded by hie father, with whom be 
continued ^ervin^, nominally or really, in 
different ships on the Newfoiindlani) and 
Xortb America .ttations. In Juno 1776 ha 
waa with his fiilher in tbe Activo in tbu 
dianstrous attack on Sullivan's Island ftieii 

I'ARKEIl, SlBpETEH, 171*1-1811]. Ttt 1777 

be was moved into the I'rinoe of Wale*, 
flagship of Hear-sdmiml Samuel Barrington 
[ij, v.j,with whom h<i wan in thw engage- 
ments at St. I.ticia (1.'^ Dt>c. 177S) and 
Grenada (0 July 1779). On 6 Doc, 1779 he 
waa promoted to be lieutrnutoftlio America, 
one of tbe ships with Sir Oeoige Brydges 
(Lord) Itodnoy [q.v.j, wbc-n be captured the 
Caraccas convoy on 8 Jan. 1 7M ; und, being 
dent home witli the prites, went out to 
Xortb America with \ ico-admiral Marriut 
ArbutliiHjt [q.v.l, and took part in thf ai^tioii 
of 16 .Miircu l"ftl. In Mav Willinms was 
appointvd Brst li«ul«aant ot tlio Assuranj>* 




Williams 



45* 



Williams 



which ha oomtaanieA witb aoniA suocoM for 
EeroiU moatba duriiiff the abseiice of hcT 
os|ilkia nt flick quarters. On 1& April 17S3 
\ie was promolvd to ha commuidur of (lie 
RhincH-eniK, wlili*!! Iw tooli tn Knfflnnd ftnd 
mid off in .March 17&1. In Juno I'&i) Wil- 
lianiB -WM Kppoinl^td to tin- OtU'r, i-miilnywl 
in tliP iS'nnb 8oa ; and nn 22 Xov. 1780 lie 
wriH advauced to po«t rank. In IJecvmbor 
1 702 be wiw uppoinii'd to ilie l^tcnnl, and in 
August 1791 in the OiMtnlns, both in th» 
Nntib tvy& far tlic proctctinn of iradp, and 
tu cu-oporulo wiili the army in tbe Low 
CouQtriwi. I'or his fipod sTrrice in forcing 
a number of traii^purt)) ihroufcb tbo ico in 
till." ¥.mn in lln* winter uf 17!H-fl, nod oo 
Tplievine the farces at Emden, bo waa spft- ' 
cially tbankttd by thii lulmirmity, und up* 
i>int<>d, in July MQH, to the 32-gi)n frij^te 
Jnicom on tho Irish »t«tton. Un ** Jnnu 
' 179(1, whib^rniitinir on the Soiindingn.hnvina 
under his orders itie .Santa MariirarKa, Lt' fell 
in with two Frvnch frigittt'M of nominally 
uqiutL force. Tliey HparuU'd and were 
M!V«raltv followed br the two Hng^lish sliips; 
and whil'i I be Sanls Margarita tookoni;[wv 
SIa^rtis, Sir TiioMts KyamJ, tlm riuooru 
CBpttmd tbe oth<.'r. the Tribune, which, undor 
that name, wa« nddvd to tb« Kngtisb navy 
(Jambs, i. Sdl-S). Tbn mofic oitraordinnry 
Mature of the iLclion was tbat ihouffk tku 
Tribuno was <!0mmaDdv<l by n ciipnbie muf 
man, and a<1minibly mannenvrtnl, f<hi* did not 
KUCCced, ' in a ninning fight uf 4(>veml )toiirs 
and a close combat of mori- tlmn half an 
hour,' in ghtHldirifi; one droji of blood on 
board tbe Unicom. She hiCTsolf lost thirty- 
wven ini-n killed and fuurlL-t'ii woiindvd. 
The reward of ih*^ double ^wlory fell mainly 
to tbe WAiur uiBcur, and \S iHiauis was 
lougbtAd. 

In Uarch 1797 he waa transferred to the 
Hndytuion, it 4l>-Bon fripnti' cjirryiiig 24- 
pound ITS on hf-r miiindeck. On I20ct.,lb« 
aay after the battle of Camperdon-n, she 
Joined tbe North f'cri Hoot, ancl wan imme- 
diately aeot by tbt.> admiral [see Di'.vcan, 
Aj)A]f, Viscouitt] to follow up the Ihilob 
plitps wliicli had liacapi-d. A fvw hoiiT« Iat«r 
i»ba found the Dutcn 74-gua ship Brutua 
michonxl iiuhoru, and at onca altacki^d ber. 
nie liiflicuity of tbtt piiHition, bowTVur, 
rendered it impoa:fible for Ihe inferior force 
la do nnythin}f vtl'cctivit ; and when on ibo 
tnorninfi of the l.'tth the F.ndyinion and 
th'.' Benoiica in company stood in to rt-nuw 
the attack, tbey w^rc morritlfd by seeing 
the Brutus ^pner cable and get intoOoree. 
i'or llie next thro© years ibn Eiidymion was 
employed on the Irish station and on convoy 
serrico to St. Helen*. In February 1801 



WiUiants waa appointed Ut tbe Vaoffoatd, 

which in ihn Rummer was tt-nt up the Baltic, 
and ou her return waa emplov^d in tbn 
blockade of Cadiz. In IBUl-S WiUiama 
commanded the Neptune in the Chann<^l ; 
in 1S06-7 he bad charge of tbe fiea-reneibtai 
of the (J™porl division i and in IW>7-Swaa 
again in th<^ Nejitunr. 

Oa 'Ih (kl. IKW Williams waa promoted 
to bo rAar-ofJmiral, and from May in August 
ItilO had hi.4 tlug iu tbe Venerahl**, undvr 
the command of Sir lUcbord John Strschan 
v.^ Ill Ani;U!<t htr hoistvtl bia flag in tba 



fe 



anirdial, oa sm!oiii1 iu command of the 
('hannel fleet, and in October was sent with 
a KlroDg w^nadrou to Linbun to cOHjprrale 
with the army then occupying the linr< of 
Torres Vedrus. t>n the ret real of the French 
he nttumod tn KngUnd, and in May 1811 
hoiHted bia flag in the lloyal (ieotge. la 
October he was appoint^.-d cootmandcr-in- 
cbifif at the Nore, where be rcmuned for 
three Teare. On 4 June IMI4 he was made 
vicivaumiral: wa^ nouiinut'Ml a K.C.B. un 
i> Jan. 18l6,un admiral on l'2July IS-lO^d 
nfi.C.B.on 1.^ Sept. 1831. He died at Bui- 
wtxjd Hou«t, Stim>v, * in bia tWb y«ar,' OK 
1^ Oct. 1841. Tie 'married, in 1801), Miu 
'Wlinpshare of Salisbury; she died at Brigh- 
ton on 17 Dec 1824 {Qtut. May. ItSs, 
i.93). 

IManthall'i Roy. Mar. Biogr. i. 3S7 ; Balfe> 
Kar. Bilker, ir. 477; itMieit\ Navnl OiMoiT; 
Anii. Reg. 1811, ii. 336 : l^uaing e«nifiMt« Hui 
Scrnce-book ia the Fablic Record Ofllce.] 

J.K.L. 

WILLIAMS, THOMAS (1 760-1 W4). 
Welsh bytun-writer, sou of Kichanl ano 
Margaret Williams, was bom in I7({0 at 
TnTtH-'dyn. in the parish of IVu IHiulwyn, 
(ilamnritniwhin?. At a very earlv age he 
joined the meUiodist society wbica mut in 
the di«lrict. On Ifl .Inly 1790 be mairii^ 
Jane Morgan of Brewia, and tberoupon 
settled as a furmer, in vasy circnmstances, 
at Fonmon in south Glamorgan. Tbe ixm- 
Iroversy which led to tbe expulsion of I'eler 
WiUiami [q. v.] from the methodist body 
was keenly waged in the society to wbico 
he belonged, and about ITtl^J be aud otben 
who Rympatbised with the axpelletl divine 
fonnetl a miparate church, urtconnected with 
any other religious body, at Abcrihaw, not 
far fnim Fonmon. On S June 17^H thin 
church fomuiIlT set him apart aa tbeir 

fastor. In 18W, wlwn Williams moTcd to 
Icminf^ston, they built in the pariah of 
Lautwit ^lajor a cbapel which became 
kno'n-D OS * Bethesda 'r Fro ' {' Botheada of 
the Valfi'), aud in 1914 church and pastor 
were receired into the independent denomi- 



I 
I 



I 
I 



nntion. After the doitit or Iiis wife on 
34 Oct. ISlT WUli«mB in liis depfoMion 
gmreupllip mimBtry. Kt- died ut tlciiiiug- 

HiB first publiahfd work wna a (Welsh) 
upon I'eter Willinms (Cnnniirllieii, 
). \fttt llii:* nnfliinp; nppofliv*! from 
bis pen until IHl'J, when be publielipH at 
Mfrthjr R nm&ll voluiof of ^yinnn (']it.itl«l 
*Llusy Durtur yti v WluJ;' thit* was re- 
Miued, with Wrgi- aJditiuns. in IHI'J (C«1V 
diff), u ' DyfruMltl Bfthci>dti;' and n thirt] 
edition, with ihft «an»^ title, followed in 
1841 (Merthyr), * PL>rI mewn adfyd * (M-t- 
Ihyr, IHM) wn» k!ho k ctill'T-tioti of livmna. 
Gle^e.4 writtfln bv Williatna, nnd pnlilishml 
in pamphlet form in lf<17, IRi'rt, an.1 1N30, 
iin> PXtARt. Ui» poftlical works wprn pnb- 
lishvd ia onv volume at Ilftfcid in )S82. 
Ilia fame rent* upon his liyinnti, mnnv nf 
which arw utill in nigh fnvoiir nmnng Wnlsh 
CODgre^tionn. Cootemporarino i>tiRak of hin 
handsome pn^Mnc<>. his rmocionol t«mp«ni- 
mcnt, wid th« iullii«UL'o which Lis career 
nnd social iitaQdinp kutc him omanp tho 
Danuunfurmists ofsoiilh Ulamvrguu. 

[lIitOM l^glwyjii AnnibrnnlCymru. it.'i!li)-41^ 
Metho'li»ti'i?th Cymru, iii. ^$ ; Kuwhind*'; Lly- 
fryddini-ch y Cymry; Anhton'it Ilnn^N Llenydtli- 
■ath (^fmreift; CnXniofCMi: nf llio Wolnh liopka 
in Cardiff Public Library. ISflS.] J. E. L. 

WILLIAMS. TirOMAS WALTER 
(17li-'l-l(*;Wi,t)arriMlfr,liorn in I7ti;t, was ihe 
son of Wfilfor \\'illia»i«, & London Qttnm*y, 
residiu); in Litnib't) C^iiiduit i^lrvol. H« en- 
tered St. I'nul's Miiool tm Nov. 1772, wid 
uft«rwiirils filudiud law nnd wixs calkd to thu 
b«r, tint TTiiH not. much known lUt a pWndt-T, 
his repatfi chitillv reslitig on, hb writings. 
H«diLilin 1B3S.' 

Bewdes numerous abstmcta of act-a of par- 
liament, ^^'illiam« wa» Ihe author of: I. ' A 
Cotnpendious Digest of the Statute Law 
from U&gnit Cbartn to '27 livoTge 111,* I*ou- 
don, 178*, 8vo; iitd edit. iKUH, a vols. «vo; 
Bupplvmcnts in IdOOand 1812. '2. • (trtgiurtl 
PKcedwnta in CJoiivf'yanceii,' Ijondon. I7HH- 
1792, 4 vols. 8ro; new edit. ISOt^. S. 'The 
whnirt Law ndalivr to thx Dutv nnd OlliCn 
nf a Ju.mici> of the IVncp,' Iiondon, 1 7l'3-5. 
•1 vnU. 8vo; 3rd edit., by Harold Nnttiill ' 
Tomlinrt, lf*13, 4 volft, i?vo. 4. "An Abridp- I 
ment of Cbjxb argued and determined m 
the Court* of Law during; the Jteijip of 
Gwroe lU,' London. 1798-lHOa, r, vol-. Svo, 
6, 'The l*ractice of the Oommiaainnera, Aa- ' 
HMors, and othLT Officers undsT tho Ada 
relatin? to tbtt A«M4eipd Tiixm,' lj{)ndi>ii, 
IB04, 8to. 6. ' A Crcneral Dictionanr of the 
Law,' London, 1812, 8ro; new odit. 1610. 



7. ' The Jomdiction and thu Ihitivs of 
Juslicy^a nf the Pence, and Antliority of 
fari»h UHiccrs in all matters relotinff to 
■'arachial I*aw," London. IfTJ, 2 vol*. MO; 
mrwfdil. IS17. 8. 'The Farravr's Lawv«r/ 
Loudon, 1811I,8to. He also edited the ' Law 
Joomal* betweun 1804 and 1803 with J. 
Morgan, and iu 192.'> broiij(ht onl a new 
edition nf 'The Prp^edent of Precpdi>nta ' by 
William Sh.T)paid iJ- 167-'»P) [q. v.] 

[i'jinthwtn of llie Am; 1826; Allilmne'* Diet. 
of KngI, Ut. ; UnidiDcr'a Rug. of SL Paal'* 
8<-baol. 18S1. p. 1G3; Bio|ti^- ^><^- <'f Irving 
.Anlhin-s laifi] E. I. C. 

WILLIAMS, Sm WILLL\.M (1634- 

nCXJ), solidtop-gencml and speaker of the 
Uouw of Commons, bnni in ItSfU at Nan- 
tanoft in the pnrinh of Llantriflnnt in .A.ngl<>- 
pey, wns the second son of Hugh Williama, 
1>,1>. (l.'.Wt-ltS70), n^i-toruf Llantnwmt and 
Llanrhyddlad in that county, and aubfle- 

3uentlvc«noaofiiBnRorand(\ aenoltpreben- 
ary of St. Asapli I Blinwxi: WlLr.lfl,/jl*i»//or, 
p. 170, and S(.A*apM,p. ll.H; Manorial In- 
»eripltoH iM LianlriMtnt CAureA). His mother 
was Kmma, dniu(liti?r and eoIo hcin^s of 
John Dolben of Ciienu Gwynion, near l>en- 
biirh, and nieou of I>uvi<] Uolbon [q. v.], 
bialiop of Ranpir (Arrk. Vam/ir. 1. iv. 280 ; 
Dw.vs, ii. 78, :J6fl n.i Pk-NKakt, TourJi m 
H'afc«,ed.l81lj, iii. 78). 

Young Williams bocamc a echolar of Josus 
ColU"[fe, Hsfurd. wlii-n; he matriculated oo 
7 Nov. hVAl, but did not proct^frd to a degree. 
He wax admitted studL'Ut of Uray'a Inn on 
12 Nov. 16A0, was called ta the bar in ]6/i8, 
and was treasurer of his inn iu Itl^l, On 
iil JuIt llttU \m wiut grnn|j>i), with anothrr, 
this tflveiflion of the oIHch of protlionotary 
and clerk of the cp:iwn in the counties of 
I>cnbiRh and Montgnmer\" (Rrit. Mns. 
^tmne MS. 86tl, No, li-J).' He was not 
long in acquiriof; a practice, for an old sLory 
tidls how be owed bis wife to hia having 
won ai) important lawsuit at Hhrewabciry 
for Waller KylVm of Cilui^^ovd, in ihi- parish 
of LliinHtlin, ni>n1)ig]i»liire, whoKt; i-ldt'sl 
daiigliU'r and heireps, Mar^ri?!, be married 
on 14 April IflfU (KvTON, Shrriff* of Si,rutt~ 
nhir^-, p. Ifitf; the atory ia piven differently 
in VoRKK, p. 99). In the following year he 
added to bit t«rTitorial influence by pur- 
chaaing the lUanfonla eitate bom Edward 
IJoyd (father of Edward Lhuyd [q. t,]), 
who dncribed Williuns as bi-ing even then 
*lh« Ittviathan of our laws and lands' 
(Krro.*f ; see original correapondi-nctt in Bv«- 
f/rmm, Slid «T. iv. '2m, .124). In \mi 'be 
waa appointed rMordfn" of Cheater. Hu 
una access fully contvstvd th« Wv^ok 



Williams 



45S 



Williams 



187^, but WM ntunuvl in .lnn« 11176, and 

«tt«(.-IiP(l bimself at <ini:e to tha Bnti-court 
or Ottntni- parlj. IIo froqiipntljr look jwirt 
in the di^bntcs, iM^rotnin^ from t)i« outset 
the moo^ised chsmpion of the privilejjM of 
thr bouw nfjnini^t nntfitonfioinof the ropil 
prvrojfalivt,*. Tliu< in altRM^t his ftrxt Kptwcli 
{'JS Oct. W'h) be oppo!hMl tbo granting; of 
vuppliM without pnivi'MtH rcdrv^B of griov- 
f Knc««; lieautKU<qui^iitlv tt'^MirtM th<> illi^^Iity 
fof an amfit koi. by tlie klnir's writ but by 
tusnvbnl comnuinil, mul wbcii Sir Krfwnnl 
Stymuur [fj. v.l, a-i flm-nltpr, adjournpd !lic 
hoiiiw aKonst the v.-\n of ita n)«ii)bera, but 
in cntnptianoiy with iho wUtif^ of the court, 
)iu BccueL**! him of ' ffajn^iiiQ: UU parliaineitt. 
WTicn in Mivrob Hi7K-!ttLL>hou»e rt-olecteJ 
Seyincnir as thtir ccK'ukor, and th« kiiig ro- 
•■w<l lo rfttify their cboic*, Wiltiams n*- 
, Itedly urmd llm house not to nominato 
another BjM^iir. Oulaid)! Ilit> hoit>» \itf n1»? 
pare proof of bis party bphI, for rm the 
broahin^ out of lh<' p"pi«h plot Up IdiMrd 
hiiuAelf B« repor-W of ClieslPr in prOf wring 
Midi-nci tu to the local movetneiite of sua- 

f pried rarhnlicit {[«>«■ b'ttor.t Ivlw.-^-n October 
R7NiindIleceiuberl6Sl 'uiIIijii..'Ui>S.Coinm. 
filh 10-p. pp. 390-1, and Wilms IJrjiB, 
Stfftf Truth, ii. 11M»). In lcT80 lie acquired 
fiirtlior p'limUirity witJi hi« party by bi» 
deft-noo of rrancip Smith for the public;ition 
of n liln'l on Chit-'f-justici- SfrOKffJi: JflTniye. 
who. likp Wiiliams w :is w WiNhmnn, Ii^I tht- 
prowfiition, and their mutual dislili'! eoon 
riponed into tlm liitt^r?*! rtunily- 

Whsn, after r«ptiiled proroiratifinfl, ihi* 
itfconil iiarliament, elected in ItJ79, at lust 
assembled on 21 Oct. 16H0, Williams wae 
iinnnimnii^lj el<wte<] speaker on the prtmonal 
of Lord Russell. In the int^Tvals of the 
diMcuMioiis oil thu vxclu«ion bill the bou«e 
called to account som* of the leading 
' abhum-n,' and luuong otbl'ra who were 
punished with expaUion wera Sir l*'ranciii 
WTtbans, JeBrevfi. and Sir Kobert Peyton. 
Ifbom the aptiaker n-iirimnndpd on thnir 
Imeea at the bar. Ttiii< he did in .lueh 
Boamn tiTTns that imraxdintply parllnment 
waa diwtolvrtl Peyton iwnt bim a dinllenf^o, 
hut, instead of accepting it, the ex-«peaker 
("who on t'ft l^k't. 167") Imd proponed lo the 
lidusi." that duellijiU b« 'n^cloinxl incapable 
of pardon ') reported the aflair to the privy 
council, whereupon Peyton wafi eonimitt«d 
in the tower (UalphV r«ytou furlljM n^ 
taliuted by publishint* what he deanribed aa 
'A .Specimen of the Rhfrtoric, Candour, 
Oravily. and Ingenuify' of "Willifttns, being 
}\\f. »p«^ch on Peyton's expulsion, with mar- 
crinnl comments on ita estrnTRganccA. This j 
led Williams to publish authorised versions 



of MTcral of the *p«eehM whiek he eubea- 
queutly dt<liTGnd aa eptialter. 

In tht^ early day* of llii* parliament the 
king apptiara to havf; made !>ome ov«nur«a to 
WillinuiK with the view of conciliating him, 
for, according to the Ulter's own statement, 
he WM oflered tb? cUicf-jurtici'ithip of 
Chester — an office peculiarly iu.-ceptalilr- Ijia 
Welsliroan, and thi-n held by Jeffreys, whoso 
remoTftl the commons were demandint; — but 
bf declined il bucaudu * ho would not Imt 
thought to do anything tliAt mij^ht seem to 
iiiclinu af{uinst the interoflt of tbo eommoaa 
ill that Iroit' {Wxitv, AjyifneHt, Si). 

In thn aocce^'ding parliament which met 
at Oxford ou L'l March 1««0-1, to bt-abruplly 
dia-iolved only a wt-ck later, Williiuna wm 

I again chosen speaker, and in prveenlinghim- 
•elf to the king »Ialed, iu ' a lone of lirmnnM 
uiiu»ual on euch occaJtione,' that the f.om> 
mons inteiidfd by liiii nndecl ioit ' to manliest 
10 your majuBtT that thnr ar*i not. inclinable 
tx> change^.' Though dtFplea&ed, the Ions 
did not, a& in the ea»^ of Seymour, withbola 

, hia Approval, which when irraotod evoked 
another hold spi'ech fn>m Williams. 

I ha Charieo goremed without a porliu- 
ment for the remainder of bin reign, Wil- 

I liame, relieved of the t(penki.Ti>liip. mluraed 
Lohia proctice al the bar. Auioniir ther-fij^w 
o/l^bre* in which he v*a, en^tr^d were ihom^ 
of Count KvDig»Qiark [*4:v ■fuiKSK. Tuo- 
ifAB],wbom he proaecotrd for munliT. and 
that of Lord Oroy of Werk, whom he de- 
fended when chareni with tliu S'-dactioci of 
bis Hister-in-Iaw, Lady Kenrintta Berkeley. 
Hut the clm'f sphere of hia forensic activity 

I was that of K'aaing counsel on the whi^ aidn 
in am-^n invoUing questioni of cunMitutioual 
law, enpr-eially thow fou(;ht ou party hut's. 
.Among the first cases of this kind iu wLidi 

i be appeared was that of luluund Kitiharris, 
whom fm dufenditl ou a cltargs of treasoa 
in ItlHl { LrrtUEU., i. 78-SS). 1 In appear "■ 
ou ibe wbi^ side in tlu) iiViotis triala arisi 
out of the niriiggli' lii'twi-^n the wfaiffs anfl 
liio court party over the eleriion of the city 
9i)ierin'4 in Ui^'J, defending i'ilkington ana 
Shutfi and their parti«atis for not. and Sir 
Patience Ward [ti. \.] for Iierjurj' in 16&S, 

I and Thomas l^\piIlon [a. v.j for bbe anv*t 
in IQi^. lie waitoaaorih«CDUDM>l aEsigni.d 
to Algernon Sidney [ij. v.', and uptifan to 

I have taken much pains in instnict ing b' 
for his trial. Several pai^wm dm«-ii up 
Williama for this purpose are atill pre.aer\*( 
( Wiltiamj' ff't/"" ^tSK), and extracts from 
them were printinl in Hewoll's eolttioD of 
' Stute Trials ' (ix. Sl'Ct), He &I90 gavCToHial 
inmrnclions to Sidney in the eanier stagoa 
of the trial, for which Jeffreys 'reproTod* 



Williams 



459 



Williams 



I 



I 



him (tA. p. SSS). In Febniuy 168S-i 
WJUunts *nd lUclunl Wallop frj. v.] who 
appaareil togetbtr in a j^reat many caie*, 
dttunded Ihe yoaagcr Tlampdca, Liaunincu 
Hnddoo, and Hii|;h Hpfko [([. r.\ nbo 
were tried it! char^ ariain^ out of the * Rye 
Ilouw plot.' A wook lat«r ijir f^amiu*! Bitrw 
airdUton 'q. v.1, nno of The most active 
oF the city wli'igs, was also derended hy 
"WiMihrn* on an alMiird charge of having 
libelled the lusf and bU offic«r». Most of 
thtan coiea were Lrur>i beforo JeffW'Ta, ivlio 
never loet nn opponuniiy of iiil<*rniptitig 
Williams and of vUitini; Iiim wiili Mrrxn* 
cattifpltion for anj viceptional holdnoM nf 
•pMch. In tbu uTvatcatM fiK*)ii'>t momrpolieK, 
or the Kut In&k Conpany againHt SandTA, 
Williaai«, in n Inmipcl nrgiimt'nl ikOivsred 
in MichaclnuH li^nn lil^l, f)iieAiir)nNl th« 
legality of thf« chart tired njfUte eraiiled to th<! 
cniD puny, and "iiuKe*!*^. nincn toJeffrvyeV 
indiirnstion, that it vim n matter a^ fj> ivhicli 
thp kinK iihmiM connult. yiarltnment. \\ hen 
apiMiirine for thr drlWic of Iticliard Baxlt>r 
(0 May I458A, %Villianis pr^'f-rrbd not lo od- 
dress tha cbicf jtutic^, oa rhat would only 
irritate him aod damage hi» clieiil'o ca»>.>. 

WilliUDB already had a fnroiaAte of th^ 
royal dinploafurc for his unconiprouiinn^ii up- 
port of confttilutionat (fovfrnnii-ii(. Hnviruj 
ouunMlloil renistAnre tn t1i«> Kriziin' of mtini- 
cripal charters (e, ft- in lhi> ma' of l.lxford in 
October 16*11 ; I^tDB^rx. l^Uer*. Camdon 
8oc. p. 101), ho was n-movwl frtmi the le- 
oord4:rahip of Cb<«tcr in lIK^. In Junr of 
the tame y«ar, at Juffrvys't iiistiKatioii, tbi.' 
attont&y-j|l*nerat <Sir Itobwt Sawyerl ^xht- 
bil«d an information n^iii»t him for having 
licenacd tA iip<>ak(-r in 1(V^ iht- piiblic^at ion 
of Dangertield's libfUous ' Xarrative.' 

Hrforii ihv niiw canif on in Mny I4f8(l the 
Diik<> of York, who>« 'cjcluBion' Williiunii 
had supported, bad a^cemJetl tbetbrone, and 
the flections bad rr«nltvd in the n>tiim of 
an overwhc-lmitiKly toi^ parliimieut, in which 
Williitmn bimscif bad no seat; bis rttnrn 
for lb« lown of Montifomc-ry btHng canci'lh^l 
OQ petition, im theg^und titat tbeconlribu- 
toryhorou^hH bad no opportunity of voting. 
The liuuw!! tht-rtirur" Uiot nn ftrp* tn protpcl 
iheir wt-s]i«-Hk*r, or support bin dffenoe of 
|Mirlinnii.>ntar3' privih-uD, in his ii^ndinp; trial 
for aanctioninff ihf pubtiration of I>ang>'r- 
fieUl's book, llisplen to tho jurisdiotioa of 
th*'kinj:Vb»'nebwMovomi!.'d, lTtid«rthc«c 
circumsUmctiQ Williams withdrew his aubt^ 
quent plea in bar, and allowed judgment Co 
go again#t htm In- di-fuult. DvvcrtM by the 
comnion*, be decidml on makiuft hi* p«ac« 
with the king, lo whom ho ftont a petition 
(co)>y in WUliamK's aulOKiapb smonj; the 



Williama Wynn MS.S..I The chi«f justiK 
impCMed a fine of 10,OOIV., and Williams ae- 
tuallv paid B,000/.. wbicb uaa accepl»d in 
Miti^^action of the full amount (Suown, 
}U}>uTtt, it. 471), Ibe ba]anc«li«iii){rruutt«a 
by tht> king. Tbi> «u^gefition thai ibo proav- 
cutinu WB« cnlhinivvly inalitulral anu that 
tbfl fine WHS only ostc^nubly pxarted < I>obd 
CAMrBELi, ^SpeecMff, p. S90) derivw no eap- 
nort from contemporary autboriliiM, bir 
Jtobert Atkyns [q. v.J prepare an elaborati? 
arganicnt for the dt'l<'i)dn[ir, which woa not 
delivered, but was published in IGSQ undur 
I be title of 'The I'owi-r. Jurisdiction, and 
Frivili-gv of ParliaiQcnl ' (HowEix, Stattf 
Trial: xiii. 1380, wh*Tt> it in reprintt^l K 
But (hid trial did not givu Williama im- 
rauntly from further altuclu for tbf Hamr 
offencp. In respect of the nuhlicntion nf 
l>anfrrrfield's narratiTi- iIk' harl of Pelar- 
bonm^h brought an acli'm of tmn^lvm 
maffnatum, against Williams, who pleaded 
the same pleas as in the prerioiis caae, 
but !iuhHequ«nt1y cnrapromuutl tbo matter 
by paying iTiiil.. which 1 'eterborough, on 
Jome^V intit^'ontion.accf^pTcd in utisfaction. 
The judgment in the libel action waa so 
flagrant a violation of thf" principle of par- 
liamcnlary prtvilegv that tfareu Tuan* lat^-r 
(1L> July 1680) the IIoum- of Cn'mmomt d>-- 
ular^d it lo be 'illrgnl and iiubversirn of tho 
fropidnm of pRrliatu<<nt ' ( dymmmM" Journal, 
x.il(t). The commttt«o charged M-ith draft- 
ing the Inil of rights (of wlticb William* 
WHS a member) also n^viewed these proceed- 
ings, with the n»ult that the bill, as adopted 
by both bouaea, contained articles (Xo. 8 of 
frriovancus, No. 9 of righte'l conduoning 
th(^)r04Wution, tbotigb not by mime (nf. alao 
C. W. \ViLijA«9 AVr.\s, An Arffummt upon 
tAf Juritdictirm of Hw Ifatuie ttf OrvumMU, - 
1910: ADULPHie and I^llis, lifp^rU, tx. 
1-243; LoBii (."AMPtiiLL, •'f'perxAf', pp. aU4~ 
■2ftft, .171)). 

iLaving made his subminioo, WilUamn 
waa, by a new charter granted to Cheater in 
Oc<obwl6S7, re#1orvd as aldarmon and n-- 
orirder of that cily, and iu Decemlier woa 
mado «)licitur-;n?neral, wilb a knighthood, 
1 2 Dec. (cf. Vrrrtfy Mrirtnirt, ir. 41 L»). 'Tliougli 
in rank ho was only the fwcond law offiwr, 
his ohjlit.iet", knowled^p. and energy were 
Fuob that h>! complcti^ly lbrt>w bi« 8U]>i-rior 
into the Ghode' (.MiCAvLiti. The one great 
erent ouodated with his tenure of the oCSce 
ims the pan be took in the pnwccntion of 
the Hvcn bialiops on a charge of puhlinb- 
iog a Bediliou^ tibel tn quostioning the dis- 
pfiiaiug power claitued by (li» king. There 
was a preliminary skirmish in tlie court 
of Vm%*, bwftb. wv \T» \xttwi VSSfc^ ■***<■ 



Williams 



460 



Williams 



the I»«lio[)« wmre roquJKd lo pl«*d. The 
[ml rnirn.' oil, a rortiiif^ht Intw, at \V«tt- 
minst<^T IfaH, Willinnis, who wm twice 
IubkinI liy tLc ludii-ucv ( Vtmei/ Memiirt, 
iv, -list), straineil every iii-rvR to ' m^Vv a 
good cue of it for iIih king' iMacauiiy, 
Euayt, p. 304). liut. tlu> mtiin lim> of h\t. 
tirgnment was not whollr inronMr^l-'iil willi 
liis furoKT 0]>iiiion«: miiintaiiiinc t)iE> siipr^- 
mac-T of pBrliamftnt. he iirfr^-tl that it wiw 
leditioiis lo int>-rl'>?t>> with thv ^renimvot 
of the coutilTy 'lUt of pnrliamcnt, ond that 
th« bithopa ought lh>?r>-rori' lo Lnvr owaitod 
itareftMombling,wh«nthe)'CouMh»ii>mov»d 
tli« uppttr liouw lo iiddrpitfl the king. \\'hon 
the Ytnlict of not piiltv wa* givii, the itp- 
|tlai]t>i- so vi:ai>iK>TKt«d him tliac h<> ashM for 
ihtt viiiDiniltai of onr of the »hi>utinR by- 
etanden. Jcflreya, on hi'arin^ thijt ti<'w«, 
was avUD lo «inilp and hide his fan.' in his 
noMgtj, for ir vas onld the king had 
promiaed that if WiUitmiii semivd a oon- 
victinn he should r«p!iic«.> his old enemy ta 
L'hancfllor. Tiiifl aeeatti to bv refemd to in 
Williama's epitaph, where )te i« tlMcribfd lui 
* lAiitum iion-ptirpunitiB Bd»criptitB.' Subiie- 
qnently ^^'illiHm«, by nioaiu afromtctimiMin 
a manuKcnpt refMirt of the trial, wiftenoid 
flown Miuic of hi« hanth^r expressiotiB, and 
in bin argiiinMit in Pri-nn*-'.* c-aw in UiOl he 
tliKclniiDL-d hjiv iiil'/ntion of justifying the 
prorf«dingii ol Wvp IuIp Bovemmpnt. uyinf 
' We have all done atnteti, and murt irinlt 
at one Another ' (Fivt Modern Jlqtort*. 

I hi <t Joly, less rhnit a wet-k after tbo 
trial, ho wm rnwarded with a Imnmetcy, 
but for Diu tiroe beiuK hu wu, umt tn 
Jeflreya pL'rbaps, the best hated mnn in 
Ecgland. Although erer enetnieii, they 
were now a«K>Hftt»d in tJii* coromnn ridicule 
of a popular ballad (Macaulat, i. fiSS): 
Ilotb ourltriiorH ar« faoltd 
Wild tSn liwn oTorrnlcd, 
And next jarlinmvut i-nch wilt be pUguily 

•choolwl. 

Early in October the windows of Wil- 
Itatns'fl cbnmher at Gray's Tun were amnahed 
imd 'peflectinff inscriptions tiXL over his 
door' (Lrn-RKLi., i. 4«H). lie had prtn 
bably only jii»i rBturn«i from Glaa^oed, 
where ^junderland bad written to him 
OB 8 Sept. bidding him securn his election 
for the forthi-riiinnjf pnrliam^nt either in 
Wales or al Wallinpford. and to come np to 
London h» Ihc kiin? wanted hie servicfis 
( Williamji Wtpin MS.S.) On '2-2 Oct. he 
titlcndwl tho extmordinary council to which 
pmofe of thy birth of the" J'rince of Wales 
wi-ra submitted. After this, finding that 
the %ing hod no intention either of dis- 



nJssinn Jeffny* or of scimmnoing jwrtta- 
tuent, fa« tuok care not to commit biniielf 
further by identiMn;^ LimM-lf with Itif 
poliej'. No»"ouer hod the Prince of Orange 
reached Windsor tban WiUisms nroceeded 
to oRer him a welcomu < U> lV-c.|, but 
llie prin^i' iit tint n-fa«ed bim an iiudietuw. 
A month later (Ui Jan.) WilUama was 
rrturtn-d to the convention as thf> rvpntftm* 
tativo of IWumari* in his native county, 
and in the debute on the Btat« of the nation 
bi", along with oihor lawyers (tncludtnj; his 
kinsman, Oilbcrt Dolbi,'n), declant) thai 
' James il by witbdrawintf himself from 
Knglond hnd duprivcd (he kingdom of the 
exfrciBe of kingly di|;uily,' adding iu 
almost republican lantruu!^*^' that it would be 
limHenoutfb to cututidiT }irr>u>nM to fill tUi* 
throne when the convention, which hn 
rspinU'd as porjiament, had pur^mi cor> 
poratiotiii and abni^ted ' ihr arUtmry 
powers (riven to the late kio^by the judipM. 
lor weak iudf^-« will do weak tbiiiee.' 

1-ater, WilliamH was placed on the com- 
mitlM- appointed to draft the bill of rif;bts. 
Ilui, in ifpite of his rcuirn to his old whiff 

Erinciples, it was imiKMnible for the new 
Iiig to nitain him u sotjcttor-fp'ncral. and 
II NiicceMiior wnN tlinntfcirv appnint'-d in May. 
TS'illianiA waa, however, consoled by beittg* 
made kin^f's counsel and lurd-liouttiniant 
for Mrrionclhshin- (S iicX. \\M^). Tlie 
Utter honour he held only till the foUow- 
inf[ March, whilti at Ibe elections which 
felm took piflcn in that month he was not 
retnmed for any const it \iency. For the 
DPXt flro vcar» no devoted himself alinon 
eiclutivi-ly to hit pmcticv at the bar. fli# 
appearance at appeals before the Houso of 
Lords is frvi]iit>nllv recorded at this pi-rioil 
IHUt. AfSS. Conim. V>\h, VA\h and UHi 
Itepe.); ht; waaone of tho counsel for the 
crown in thnprnnirTtition of John Ashton in 
jajtiitrr 16iH, and aloitc with Sir Thouias 
I'owis he appeared for ;?ir John fiermaiiir 
and the nurhfiis of Norfolk in tb^ varinua 
proceedinji* instituted by the duke in n^ 
Bpect of their adultery. On 12 May I6J>2 
he wiis made the qiii:«n's >olicit-,<r>genenil 
(LcnRiXl-, ii. 449 ). At the trial of tho 
Lanca'ihire Jacobites held before a spccinl 
couiiniiivioti si .MimcbesN^r on 10 Oct. I(j{t4 
he eonduciivl the prosecution, but when 
one of the chief witnesvcs for the crown sd- 
n)ilLo<! that the cvid<(ncewMa mere fabrica- 
tion of himself and ocoomplicetj, Williuns 
promptly threw up the cM(, and 'set 0116 
po^t for I.,ondon to remonslrate ojninsi the 
iiiiqnily of the whole proceedinfi,' as nvw* 
cartful inquiry should haro beea node by the 
government before instituting Uia ptoecu- 



Williams 



461 



Williams 



\ 



n'taa (Hut. MSS. Comm. I4tli Kup. pt. it. 

ni. ;W», »37, .'M4, y.S5 ; !UtPii.//.'.f. ii.530)- 
e |imbably gsv<.- wriuti^ diitploiiaiire tu i1il< 
king by ou[tOMng taliMiftwilu Hobv'rt Pricn 
[(J. v.]iiiul other Wt'lsh njembcra) ibe pro- 
posal njy«I gmril. .if ihu Inrdshijis of Brom- 
6fltl an<l' Yal« ta th*" l-Url of PortI»nii yCai. of 
Tnatury I'apert, l5&(J-169<J,p. -137, where 
M'illiftm»'« nrsuEDf^nt, dcliTored on 10 May 
Hm, w r«pn)du«.-d>. lu October 1(K)3 he 
had exbilutod bis 'partulity, precipitanc)-. 
and (ary' in &n i>aurl 10 mduonve iIk- 
«>l«ction of alieriff for Obeater ( Ifi*t. MSS. 
Oomm. 14lli Itep. it. S7?),sndint}io peneral 
•locti"n of Niirt!tnl>r'r 1B9-) bi^ uiiiiticci«<xfiilly 
coniealed ibo citv with Sir ThDmibi (Itna- 
renor, afpiiiMt wbotw n-tum Iw ix'titionwl 
'^ii the t^iind nf briberr and mmiption. 
I[U own vfectioii at Btwuwaris had, how- 
etfer, bw^n »»K^nr>il- In tbo i>nsuing parlia- 
meni, trhich w&k the laxt he Mt in^ b« 
serred on ratntniltees nnd freaueatly took 
part in dchatca : hf wan aIio tno nuthor of 
a» uct for furtltvr reifuUtinji vlfctioiu an<l 
for preventing irro^lnr pro»edini;s on the 

rtrt vt nrturninir wifiwrs l" Aud y Will. 
II, c. 2.M. He continued bU prartici' 
at ibc biLr till bU dealJi at Oroy'a Ion oa 
11 July 1700. He w«« burred in tbhcrnIrM 
of tbe cbanctd at LlasBilin efaurcb, and a 
beautiful munumirnt, with ■ lon|f Latin 
inscription f^ivcn in VonKE^ p. 167i. wn^ 
crectod against ilie itouih wall of lh<j Houth 
nislo iArcA. Camdr, btU n^r vi. IIBJ. Dy 
hii will hv lofl t)i<< iutcrvat of 20t)l. to lio 
di»lribiit«d annkiAlIy among the poor of 
IjlitnalUa tHrju^rt 'm LlunriVn CJmriiifn, 
IftOl). An KHglisU iilpffy written br Hcnrv 
Stuart and publi-thcd won after Wiltiamn^i 
dnib, WB31 n-printcd in 'Hv'^B"n*^J< " for 
ItBeenber lS7it (p. I<i7|. A W>>lf<b n<l<^ of 

S •!»••, written in September 1691 by liiiw 
nrriin [q- v.l, tho roTAli«(. poct.wiw pnb- 
lisbed in MorriiiV collected worJis O^'O* 
CeirioK') in Xt^'O}. 

By h\* wiff, whowiu aUa buried at Llan- 
ailiit iiti 10 Jan. 1705, lie had four aon* (two 
of whom Jifd yun;:) and on« duupht^^r. Tln> 
mUI"-!"!, Sir W'illijtiti Williiittii", unui'i'i-rli-d uh 
SMMod baronft. Thn sopond son, John, on 
wbon Uip Bodiilwyddiin and AiifllwRty pn>- 
pfjfty was settled wtipn be marriftil, bwame 
on 'pmiitent pnivmcin! Inwyer' CVoukk), 
pracLi«inf^ an a hnrriKter At ChMter ; ho mar- 
ried Catherine, eldest daughter of Sir llu^h 
tJwrn of Oriellon, P«mbT(>kc»liir«, and was 
iiucceeded byhi« third son, John WiUiaina 
(1700-1787), for thirty-two yean chief jun- 
ticf for Bnicun, (il.imur^an. nrvl Kadnor, 
From biui \* dfMCieiidwd thi- WiUtiLinn family 
of Bodflwyddan. Tho speaker' ,t only daugh- 



ter, Emma, was married to Sir Arthtir 
Owen, bart^ ofOnclton. 

Williauu ba» beui Mvoivly iTnot savagely 
critktaed for hia tera^iversiitiiin in acc«pting 
ofltcu under JaniBS 11, and especially for his 
ritnduct in proiM'cntin); iIia oinhops. Moo 
aulay Himply revela in dcscrtbing the 
' infamy ' of thi» ' venal turncoat ' aud* apo- 
state.' Willianu wcm«. howpvt^r, to have 
been a thoiMu^bly cgusciuntiuuai tliuugb 
somii'what fanalii?al whig, till be realised 
that JeQ'reys had plotted hiii ruin by bia 
prose4;iilion for act^ don« aa Hp«al(<tr, Hin 
bittvr rvBvctioii£ on huin^ deeurted by the 
coinmona, and having to pay «tii iar^^ a Cuw, 
madu bim adopt for a time the ■ Trimmers' ' 
viiiw r.huC «xiiinlir<ni;r waji thvonly tudsgoide 
in the nolitica of tlie day. Partly out of 
hntnKl for hi» old t'ni^aiy he seems also to 
have resolved an ntinting him, if puBsible, 
from tha chancellorship, n-bir.hb« would, in 
fact, bav« accomplished had he obtained a 
verutct against the l)i«)iuptt. Ito bad abilities 
and Ivamtn); beyond nuxt of hit iMnttim- 
porarii'^ at x\\e bar, was prompt and resource- 
ful in arjfument, a hard worktii.and u bcUa, 
plausible, and even elo()uent speaker. Kn 
never laelud ooxtia^ but fr^jueatly last 
control of hia tf'mper. North d^-ocribtw bim 
ae a ' cunning rarliamont man.' He wo« 
somewhat ham aud^raepiiie in bisdealiugs, 
but antirtily free frnm th^: tashionable riooa 
of his time, and, in spice of hi« proiiKUtiou 
nf tho bishops, B«ems to bavc been affec- 
tiooately attached to tho church uf England. 
Ili« portraits represent him an strikiitKly 
bandiorae. Uuu woa furmsrly at the Towu 
IIaII, Cheater, and an enrravin^ of it was 
publishvd in Vorkc'a ' Koyal Trilies of Wales.' 
A had portrait hangs in thu SMukers liouse 
at Westminster. "There was um at Wynn- 
stny n till ft rail ofhim in his robes asapeakcr, 
painteit hy Lady TiorntT, but this was 
uratroyed when the maoaion voi burnt in 
18W. There is, however, a copy of it at 
Penianh (/Jy^^nw, Oetolwr ls76, p. 131). 
There is also at Uodelwyildaii an enlarged 
rojiy of nn original miniature formerly pre* 
itervud at Wynniitnv, and n (IikkI copy is at 
iUtiawa b'lo'ngio^ th Lady Venjsy, daiigh- 
t>!t of .'^ir John Hay Williams, second baro- 
net of Bodelwyddan, who descended from 
the Bjjewker's second son John. 

WdliamsevincMlbisintcn'stintbehistory 
aad literature of Wales by purchasing thu 
valuable collection of manu^criptdi bnloiigius 
to hiH iH'igbbour William Maurice [<\. v.J 
(cf. >'KllOiai»t>WES, Urilith Itemaim.y. IW; 
Arek. Caxnbr. ni. iv. 347). Thes.-, toge'h.-r 
with most of Williams's own pspert, perished 
in the Wynnstay tit*, \n. \&£ iw^miaM - 



Williams 



462 



Williams 



and tif Ifynot, p. 106, where a lut uC tbm 
.Maiinct- mnniiNcnittviititivn). A uiiii 11 por- 
tion of hiB piip>-n tiinnip of tliein in bin own 
li^ulwntiiiK) l»tve, liowpvor. Ijiwti pr>-«TVe<i, 
tlifijiigli tomiQp, in the furly vftflrn of lliis 
iiunli.irj'.mlo llii- po»»e««ion of l.'harles Wat- 
kin Willi&ma Vt'jtat [0. t.] A liborsl \itf of 
lliuui Vina granlfid to lluwoll wIiimi in ■.■ilU- 
IBll !«• WHS prtrparin^r bis eJilion of the 
•Stftio TriaW mid thv n.'i>orl« wf MVunil 
ra>i>>ii n<M<-d to llinl edition are taken from 
\V'illintD«> uottffl and (latMn (»iv ix. 3£S, 
\:io^,X. 1330, i;(s;). 'rhP»« nuimwcripln, 
whitli now I)>>Inii(r Vi Wynn'.i tn^ndaon 
{<J. W. Williams Wyiiti, «•«., of Copdy- 
tuaen, Montftomervshif), Imt navn nor. yel. 
botmcaLuadarvd. con tain mf^'n/iAM'illianu's 
brief against tli>? &-vcit lii«bupit, and olJier 
papers raUiing botli lu thai case and to 
NVilliamVi* own pros-xiutioii in respect of 
Oanp-rfield's 'Xarnitivf.' 

WilliaiDK luL% Won i-onfuMtd with Sir 
Williiim ^VilliaIn.<i (fixtlk and last Ukrom>t)of 
>'ttcnol. Camiirvonshin-, wim wiw M.l'. for 
ttkal c^niiiiv I'ruia .Innuarv IH^iltill ]ii.id<>aTli 
in iK-ci^inli^r Itm (WtLLiMi^, i'mV. -ffw/. 
0/ H'ate»,ii\}.ti\'2). 11. > took pan in riovi-ral 
du'-Iv (LuTTBELL, ii. 351. iv. lo7), and lu a 
ilniiikvn lit iKujtiFaT liid his cAtat^.s to Sir 
nmirchiLT Wm,v uiid liia *ouii for thwr Iitub, 
wilfa nimatnder Lu WilUam III. Tliu Itein^ 
af<law iinAncc^aafulIv cont«atMl the will 
(•A. iv. 163-7, 531),' and the eslatw wure 
aftsrwarda {rtaitt«d by ({ueen Anne to Jolm 
Smith, Hpeaker of tb« Uouso of Commons, 
in whow dt^Hcrndanttt t.hi\v ar» util) vi'st«d 
(Nlcnot*s, C'litMty Fuatiiie* of Wales). 

i No detailed liioftnipfay of Willianii hu (>«en 
written. OfHliort skelfbm til* b«fit iibjEyton 
iu his micrilli of flhmptihiro, pp. 166-60. i^its 
beinit givou iu WijixI'h AttiiiDi« Ox<>ii. ed. UltHi. 
ir. 720; OiTOGrod's Cbahin!,i.32L-2; MaDniDR'n 
Liven "f Uie Spoaken, pp, 378-62: and Wil- 
liams'* Kniinent WoUhmm, n. £28. Most uf 
the impvrUal tatm in which Witiianui wna oob- 
c«nM<d are tcrporrod in llowdrA Siaia Triala, 
ToU. ix. X. xii. Hml xiii., and thsj- arv rGvimrpd 
Btnarally in Stophao's Ui*c. »t ihv CHmiDal 
Law of Rneland. ii. 307 L't acq. Informutioa 
KKt.D hiifmrlinmi'tititry work i« found in CoM/irlt'* 
Tarliamuulary Hi>:. vula. iv. and r. and Com- 
racina' Jounial'«, v<>ia. ix-zii. pAulm. 8ec alao 
Laltrell'ti IKar;, vuIm. i-t«. puMm ; Buniat'ii 
UiKt. of biaown Timea (1823 edit.), ii. 431, Iti. 
£33. ir. 74; Eobord's UiaC of Kngbtnd. IMS. 
1l<M-7 : BrnniitoD's Autobinffrapbj (Camden 
Soo,X pp. WO. 303, 310; VwriMTj Muraoire. if. 
412,429: MnckintoshV Hilt. Of ih« R«Toliition 



(«d. 1S31). pp. 2BT C- •«].; TUiiliwd Ili»tory. 
sue, 497; llHcaulav'n Hut. (in 'i toIb.) i, 41 
012-21. £33. (!12, 63». li. IQ4: CampboU's LivM 
of iha Lord rhaiidellOini, iii. A3I ; Irving's Lil« 



499, 



of Jadg* Jvffrqn, puain-, linger Nnnb'a Lifo 
of ItuiMcy Vonb, and Lifb of Franvia Kortli, 
I/.inl [liiiMlufil : \Vyno> Ar^mcot on iha 
Jtirisdicliun «f cho Mnntc of Commotia, App. B. 
('>i!ti«nlij^ioil d«uil» \rr itirt-u in Burku'* Vr-.Tug-- 
(1B08).*.T. 'Wynnof Wjnnaiay' (p. I&r,fi)«i»l 
' Willliims of B-Jilclwydilin ' (p. 1^34) ; F™t*r'it 
IkiruriptaffH (pp. CM-H). Alumni Oxoa. (lut ser. 
p. 1610), and Gmy't Inn Admiutan KaptM 
(p.255), Uuvil'«Powv8FadO|r. ir.zaS; Wyn 

Hirt.otOwy.lirraraily(«d, 1878).*'- '■• 

Tabid No. 4; Pcnanni's Whiteford a.j 
pp. 316-16. .S«e aim York«'ii Ko;.i: f 

WalM,«d. 1887.pp.9!), t04, 167(wili) {K>rlrut.j. 
161. 106; Btfeaa*a Caloadara of Gwyn<:dd. 
Williamst iVI. Ui*t. of WhIm. pp. 11, 149, 
Parry'* R0511I Vinitu to Woliw, pp. 407-11; 
yiehoUV Lit'Tiiry Anecdoiflu, ii, 493. jr. 67, 
Wynn^iJij ami lU,- Wynn*. pp. i-iii. 7. 8S-9, lOii; 
Tlio!!»»»'a fti. A.'iiipL, pp. 'i46. M^ ; MDaieomtry- 
nliiru Cotleutiou*. r. Xod. xai. 267; UnDii:_ 
wjit's Hi*r. of t'hMtflr; Chi'-Hhira .Sht>af. Irt wij 
vol', iii. The wrilur i« itfluU^d to C. W. Wij 
liams WyuQ, )-ai(., of Ci^ynaaii, for a p«nii _ 
of bisoDllMtion of nuinuM^ripta r»f«rrea to in 
lli« tirXI aa iLe WillintiiB Wyan liuutBacripts, 
and nivoin tb«MiM«« Williams of Bodalwydiian 
mid to I^dy Vem«y for prirate inf>irmalina.| 

B.LuT. 

WILLIAMS, WILLIAM (1T17-1TOI), 
Wclah hymn-writer, son of John Williaius 
id. 1742), by hi* wife Horotby, was boni at 
C«»fn-y-Cot'd, near Llandovcrr, in 1717, 
His fath<?r wax a ruling etdiT n/thn pr(.'&by- 
ti^rian diurch at Cefn \rtb)>n, but »rciidf><l 
from it. with other Calviniata, m 1740, and 
formed the independent church of (Jlyo y 
Pcnt&n. \Villiam,lhi' only son who ntarbrd 
tnaahood. wa» tntvndt^ fur tbi- mitlirni pro- 
fesaJoo, and was st-ul to a miIkh)] ki-pt at 
Llwyu Llwyd, iii*r Uay. by David iViot-, 
tJie imlejjendful miniMtt-rof Maes-yr-Onaen. 
Uerti he chanced, in 1734, to h<«r IIoweI 
Ilnrrifl [q. v.] prcacli in Ta^arth churcb- 
yord, and re.j)oIyed, luid^'-r rcliK^oiis convic- 
tjon, lo devote bim.^^elf to the miiitstry. lie 
was ordained dracon in 1 74U, and appointt-il 
curate of themodtilainpariabca of LhLuWriyd 
and Linn I>dcwi Abt-r ("Jwe*in. Eli* c>inn<'-o- 
tioti with the tii«tliwli»l movemeat now b^ 
came close. Ilewa* present in Jnnuary 1743 
at tho iirftt lucthodist 'assoeiAtinn;' and in 
the next, liRhl in .\prill74dat Watford. near 
CnrdilT. it was resolved that he should tf- 
Migti liiKciinicy iind net as assiaiant to Duitid 
Rowlands [q. v.j In this way he ceased to 
hold any recoRniHed office io the churcli, nor 
did lit} ni^i-k ordinution, after this, us prii^l ; 
there is, however, no ovideuct- that any 

Ennal measures were taken a^in8t him. and 
e jftill ciilk'd hiroMf ' a minister of the^ 
church of England.' Ilia mother had in- 




r 



I 



keritcd rrom a bfxAher the little eitat« of | 
P*nt y Colyn, uuar LUndovt'n', nnd lliiis 
be was ill HM ]j)9CuniKrv ditliciill !•■)'. In 
1740 be morrifld Morr (d. 1700), daugk(«r 
of TbDmii* Franct»,Q(reaLaii,LbiD Hawy1, 
IU1<) vrith hT portion boii^lit mon^ Iftnil in 
the DeigLbouruood of Panl y C'elyn. I'aut 
y Celyn wiii Iionccfortli tiin home. Hi* 
ordinitry ducit^ii jiicludeil rvgular (ireocliiiiir 
at Llsu (Jt^itbo, LUn IJuun, LLuii ^^Awyf, 
tDil Cttoo, but liv Mpcni luaiiv wfckn l-kvIi 
year in «vniigelistic taurH llifiugb other 
fane of Wal»H, and nuitinued active in ibie 
ititifrmiit work iinlil tbii vIohii 'if lii* lifi?. 
Hft iind hirt family wem member? of th^ 
iDeihodifit socipty of Cil y Cwm. He dieii 
on 1 1 .Un. 17!)!, und wm buriixl nl \Anr\W\T 
ar V BfVB. Two of bis boob surs'ived bim : 
WiUiaai, wbo Ijecitme curate of Ni-wlyti. 
Corawitll; JoiiTHif, l8^r^),wliowasordain(>it 
ID 1779 and held several curaciex, hut tbn>w 
inhislotivithth^^mplhcdiBis in \lf<^. Punt 
7 0»lya pae»cd tiliimuToly tu the datoun- 
danta of a dau(rbtt-r, Sarvili. 

It in said that \VilliiLnit-'s poetic gift* 
wem firnt discovi-'nsl in \7i'2 afl the iv^siilt 
of a friendly cant-et in bvmn-writiiiK skI on 
foot by llijwi'l HHrriK. lliji tirsi voluuit- of 
bymnfl was i.^ued in 174-l> nnd at once 
placed bim at ihu \\eiui of Wrrliib bymn- 
writ«r«— a wition Btill by p-jnt-ral vnasunt 
acconiud touioi. Ov«r*'iglit huiidrwl hjinact 
are axcrlbi'd lo lii^ pc^n, oud of thcftc o largu 
numbtiT an) blill in cunistunl wk, forisittg, 
illdwirll, ihr Hiwltiu* of most W'tdftli coIW- 
tioiu. WiUIame'iii bymna bad, likt! tboee of 
Ctiarl«i* HVnlwy, no ■mall Khiirt' in tht> diH- 
seminaiion of inRthodi!<ui,and tiro in doclriite 
and in epirit a characteristic jirodttct <il' iho 
moTomcnt. 'fliiido me, O Thuii pr.wt .f*'- 
bovab ' (first puliliidied as a IcaHel in ITTtJ) 
i* a frtHr truusltttiom from Welsh partly by 
I'ctcr VVillinius [(i- v.j and partly hy tbo 
aulbor. 

Tbo following is a list of Wtlliaraa'A 
worlcN, from wbtcii, bowwer, Uie num»miiii 
eUsififi and eome itmaU tracts am omitted: 
1. "Alciuia,* a eollectton of bjinii". Cnnniir- 
tb«ii, 1714; sntiift of Thesii had aln^dy 
appeared in another form : further parts uf 
•Xltfluia' wcTe p<ib1i»fard in 174*1, l7lO,An<l 
1747) and compleTo editions in \7ib and 
1776, all (except the last) at Bristol, i. 
' lloaantm i Fab Dafydd,' u SAComl set of 
bymiiii, Ilriftfol, 17ol ; thum was a second 
part iu 17-33, and a third in 17&4, from tliu 
Hajnf pnaoi. 3. 'Oolwg ar Utiyraa* Ori«t' 
('.\ iTwapect of Chriflta Kingdom'), a lung 
rvligioiis piiflm, Bristol, IZG*'; '2nd I'dit. Car- 
marthen, ITlfl; SnJ edit. Twfitcca, ITfMJ; 
Atit edit. Carmortbon, 1622; &tb and (Jtb 



edlta. ^'ewcasll« Kmlyn, ItMS. -J. *tthti 
Hymtiau a Cbaniadau.' moro hymns, Car- 
i»ar(h«n, 17ri7. ft. ' Sicrwydd Ffvdd,' u 
Iranalalion of a ft'rmon by Elwnuzer lirskint', 
C'strmnrtbun, I'M; rpiwiiijd in 17(10 and 
1H00. fi. ' Ifosanna to the son of David,' 
]trii'lol, l"fi9. u collection of fifty-one Kng- 
li»h hymns by Williamat, of which a few 
only were translations from the \N'elah. 7. 
•I'antheologia/ a Welsb history of the re- 
ligious of the world, with ^eof^raphical 
l]ul«s ; it appeared in Lnslalnicnis from 17U2 
to 1774, tbti (.Mrlii-r portions at Carmarthen, 
thf Intt-r at llrtHroti. In this, hii* timl pnwit 
work, WiUiami! Bdnptcd tbn dinlnfnX' form, 
whii'h iH-canM- his lavuMntti Klylv of proee 
roraposition. S. 'Caniadau y rhai syod ar 
y mur o wydr' ('Sonus of those who are on 
ihi> St*aof filai**'), Carmnrthr-n, ITfiS; a eol- 
l<>cted ffdition of Nos. 2 and 4 T«>printed iu 
17ft4, 1773 (Brecon), I7it.'» (Trefecca). 'J. 
•LotUT by ■•Mortha Philopiir" to " I'hilo 
Uraiiaelius,' with I£eplT,'Carmorllien, 1703. 
IOl * Ffanvel Wclc^^ig. Grot-ww Anwelediz 
Botliau' {'l-'arewell, jo thiDi^» riHille; wel- 
come, }-(• things invisible "), Carmarthen, 
1763, thu Orst jurt of a uuw sot of hymtis, 
folifiwwl ity A itacond piirt in l7tW (('annan- 
then), and a third in I7tilt (l.landoTeryJ; 
tht' coUwIvd edition was stylwl ' .Vlelniu 
Drarhefn' (('nrnwrthen, aboui 178fi). 11. 
'Life and Death of Tbo-jnieniphua ' <f.f. 
uccordinf; to Williama, 'Seelier aher Ood'l, 
a Wvlsb allegorical pijvm in dialuguv form, 
ronreivwl in the spirit of thf 'I'ilgrim'n 
iVi^'res.- :' tbt.' editions were as follows : lat, 
<!antiarth<-n, 17<>4i !2iid, Hninon, 1791 ; Srd 
and 1th, Trevei-cA, L7{)5: J>th, CamArron, 
iHi-.'; (Itb, Canijortben, 1823; 7th. \ew- 
eA><tle Kiiilyn, l^l.'). 13. 'Croeodil Xtan yr 
Aipht,' Carmarthen, 17H", a prose dialogue 
on eniy. 13, • H&ne« Bywyd a Marwo- 
Iw-th y Tri Wyr o SoJom,' CannartheJi. 
17ti(* (reprinted al Meittyr in It^ill and at 
8wanjtca tn lA-j^). a similar dialo|^ue on the 
ustt "if rieb«9. 14, 'lilorin in ■■.xrt-liiis,' a 
fnrtli<'r collection of byntns, of which part i. 
wan publtidivil at Llainloverv in 1771, part 
ii. at Carmarthrn in 177:}; an English set 
appeared in 177 :i (Carmarthen'), under the 
■nnii'- litli", 16. • I.iher ^1ii<celtanronim ' 
(veniu), Llandovery, 177^. ItJ. * Aurora 
DoK-fttis," Brecon, 1774: 2nd edit. Brecon, 
17i^ : 3rd cdii. Ituthin, 1832: a lutter from 
' lirratiuus ' to ' Agrupnus ' on the religion* 
revi%'n) in tbu tiortb. 17. 'Templum Kk- 
pnriwntia* A[M-rtuin,'IIreron., 1777 (rftinnlfd 
at Aber Ystwylh in IWiO); a "Welsh essay 
in dialogue form nn th« mt'thodist ' society ' 
meeting. 18. ' Diictor Nujilinrnm,' Brecon. 
1777 (reprinted. »t A.tiwt Y^•«■9^^..■'«l^SSiSa 



Williams 



464 



Williams 



A fiimiUr CA^ar on tlin mnrriaffc of believen^ 
19. ' lUiai irTmniiii NewyuHi'm,' Brroijn, 
1781, n «ct of iiiiw liymn*. folUtWil bv I'm! 
and yrd Pirts in 17B"J and ITt^l. 'M, ' Im- 
tnanuel,' Tivrrf^^s, 178lt : n tninH»t»oii of A 
work bv .Vrclibi>b<ni l/-lier iri?is#iii»d in \f*J^ 
oiitl 18L>D>. :iJ. DialoK'uc I W^Isb) heEWMD 
■ Pbilalutb«>«' aud 'Kiia-bitu' uti Id true 
Cliriminuilv. (Jamiurtben, 17i)l ; « defence 
of Pl^l'iT \\ illuKDis 1_<|. v.] 

In 1811 Wtlli&Riit'H iKvOiind »on, Jobti, iit 
tic T«i|UeBi of lilt" Siiiiili Wttlta vVi^^otiat ion, 
iasuM nt L'nrtn.irtliv.n u comitlHiiji niition of 
hid fAther'ft by mnii, wbii-b waa lYpnnfd At 
OArmarth«Q in 18*24 and Swuusea io lHi9. 
Other (iitcotii[iIi-te) fdition* wi-re t!ioiM> of 
Kobert Jones, \i\ios Lan, tii I7^o (' (trHwii- 
arplau CKraun.' LivtTpuoh, uiid William 
K«-'.--sinlBl7('Y l\'r<i«tiiedydd, l.ivjfyool). 
A [>ftrt of « relig^ioiiB ikwui by Wilhkus, 
found uniong Inn t^m'fi pnixtnt.wsK publi^bt'd 
in 1h3(»(l,luin!ov«Ty) iiiid^r llie litl.- ' It.jli- 
quiiE! I'oflicai.' Sevon of ibe momimporuini. 
I'li-Hir* ■piH-iinnl, in oni' voUiroi', nt Swauw-n 
in If^M. In l'^7 James Kbvd Jones [n. v.l 
edited B o.>muMi^ edition of the works oi 
WilliRniA (piiDlidit'd nt (.iloAgow), witli * 
memoir and a critical easuy, iho latter by ' 
VX'illiaTD Kces. IWcntIv n new coUecltMl 
edition by N. Cynliafal j'oiiu> has iippt-an-d, 
in Iwo volumc^a (Holywell, IS87: Nuwixirt, 
1891). ." ! 

I riiA oarlieat tnetooir of VTiUiaiiH in tliat bjr 
Tboriinn ChnH** in the Ti^iorfu fur Jnounr^, 
1813. Il U iJiu Boiircu of all lar«r noiicua. 
Biloard UorgBR. of S^su>n. p11UiBh(^d in 1847 
^f.lnMiioroTjj'an Rngli*^ n.-ciiiiDt 'if Williams'* 
luiiiinry; William ItiHw's *Rk>ddwDi(btda* 
(Lirer^xwl, 1873) CMitainaa critital Mmj: nad 
thrri! ■■ 11 full biUtograpby in Ai<btan'« KnnM 
l.l^ii^-ddiaclh Qymroi^f. Cf. LlyfryJdiKtli y 
Cymrj nnd th<! catalo-^e of the V^itlxh |y>riion 
of CnrJiff Public Libmry. IIaa«i l-^liry»i 
AnDibynol Cymru (ii. G?8. 530, iii. 583) ginm 
the tnetn na to Winiarnn's diueniina tannrc- 
IJon* ) J- E. L. 

WILLIAMS, WILLIAM (i78&-1817>, 
WiUh Hnliotiarv. was Imrn lu February 
l7;JK-y at Tt Mawr. Tr^fdru^tb. AuRlM^y. 
His falbcr, William np IIiiw an .Sioo, wb« n 
aiuimamo. Aft«r a very mon »t»y at 
hool h« MrvL-d n itcven jiaro' auprenlto^ 
ship to n Mtddlrtr at LlanmTcb v .Mudd, dur- 
tug whicb hu foriueil hi.i mind by mudt jiri- 
vaU' Bludv and by inl^-rcouriM' wilb the 
tMrda of tite distric'i, nolublv [lu^^Ii Ilufj^hoii 
(16M-177fl) [q. v.] and tlob.>rt Ihurlifs 
( 1 7-14 ?- I7ftr.) [r|. v.] MorinR to Llan Degai. 
Oamanonshirw, he obtainfid employitient a» 
occaBiiinal clerk in thw PonrUyn estalu oiKpf, 
acting at l1i<! same limo as land aiin'L'vor 



Bud dualer in slates. In 1783 be iwlucod 
[yjrd PiiDrbrn to take into h'u own bauds 
: tie fllalt! (iiutrnait al Cae Rnic-h y Cnfo ( now 
till- Pt-nrhyn quarry), and waa a|t{K>iuu-d 
quuTV au[Bjrvi>or, an offifo ln.> held until Iw 
waa peituoned in ISU3. Il>>dti^ yol7July 
1(^17, and waa burioil at Llande^i. 

Uurius hia Vtnft life Williams was a dili- 
gent culk-ctor of antiquarian lore, and uh 
Tras luadtf of lii« mauuecripta by Ilichard 
Fenton [q. r.] and Sir lUcbnrrl Colt Iloere 
[i\. V.) Uoty two of his works bavi* b««cn 

Siblinhtxl. ' IJbMTvatiiins on ihv Snowdon 
oiintaina'(l^ndon, l^f^'tde^ls witii the 
natural brstnry and anliqaitieeof th^ivpion 
around Kanf^nr, and waH originally prepantd 
for the private use of Lord IVnrhyn. ' Pryd- 
nawngn'ftitb y Cvinr\-'(Trpfriw, IflL'il i« m 
couiinuatiou (to liiti l^wardion conqii'^At) rif 
the ' Drych y IVif (tea.i«ld ' of Tli.-^>philiia 
Kvan»: tb« praEam shows il was romnlrt^d 
in 18(]4. WilliauahadaucneHkill a«H WeUL 
p'x.'l. aiLd was known in this capacity aa 
Miwilyu Ddu o Arfon.' 

(Gsladgarwr, riii. lSft-9; Ashtoa'a HaoM 
Ueiiyddiaath O/mniK.] J. £. I» 

WILLIAMS. WUJ.LVM, ii.-i.rrally 
known a« \Vii.i,iMi& op Webs (,I7al-]'*40), 
VVcUh prcachtr, burn in 17S| , wnn tbi si»th 
child of William and Jane ProWrl. of Owm* 
hTHwn-jcanol in tho ttarLsb of Llauracbr«tb. 
MerrinncCh^hire. The fatlKr, wjiow ebri*- 
tian nauiv b>jcumc his eon'a Eiiniani>3, vm 
a small famicrandcnr|>t'iiter, andyounf;WiU 
liam wurkf-d ua tvirpenter for several years. 
In Iiis iiim-tiienib y^^ar be comueucMl to 
prracli in connection with ili<» indepcndoni. 
cburcb of Pen-y-strrd, and, being pnu.-li- 
eally without edncation, hn went for nine 
months to a m^IiooI at Abfrliarusp, licar 
Newtown, and then for four year* ( IKX'i-?)' 
Io the dii»acDling ocadeiuy at Wrcxlmm. 
Wliilo a student here lu- ummI to i>reach in 
tb« tmalU-r vilkgus oi the district, and tbia 
led to hia bning invili^l to b«con)«> the 
puator of two except innally weak cburchts 
at Wem and Har\x'ond (nnw Hrymbo) in xhv 
parish of Wrexham. After a year's pcolm- 
tion he was ordained on -JB Oct. 1808. But. 
he by no n^eans confined bia Inboura lu this 
narrow epbere. lie fonnid. and far same 
jrcars eti^^enrised, cburebi^ at Llangolbm and 
in tbe mining dii<trict» of KboH una Kuabon ; 
h« was one of tbe cliii-f organisers of thu 
Wulsh ruiou.fomwd in lt*Sl for the liquida- 
tion of cbapel d«lits, and himself gave ma- 
tvrial n;«siBtaiicp in manv ways r« tb«; poorer 
churchita iif I'liiit and benBigbsbin. Jlut, 
HbaveaU,he periodically made sereral urroub- 
ing touni IhrQUghout'tlic whole of WalM. 



Williams 



46s 



Williams 



• Williaiiw o'r W<>rn ' ikufl b(>Mim> a houH>- 
hold word amwig Welfiluiieii everywhere. 

In 18>t0 Williams Ix-eame pu^tor of the 
WeUh Tabemncle, Urcni Crosiib&U Stnsci, 
LiverpooL Theri! lie r«miuiied but thnw 
TBATO, n^tumin}; to Wcm with broken health 
inDctobiT 188(1. ]>omi\>itii'nti\iHit<H tOKOmw 
extern flccdimtM forhiji condition. ITeliad 
manriifil in 1^17 Mies Kelwccn Oriflitlia of 
i;in>rthirp, n Indy nf ^me. mi^nnn, hy wlinici he 
had two sons and two dftuttbttrs. ills wife 
died on ."J Murch !K36,wliirh event probabijr 
)e^ lu liifl Brsi removal. Ha eldest daugh- 
ter died in l'>briiarv 184IJ; mid WjliiamB 
him^lf followed uit 17 Marvh 1^0. Hid 
eldest son, Janiex. died, »!«> of eoDsuin|)- 
tion. in Mareh 1K4I. They were all buried 
nt. Wftrri, wlntre il inMinorial eolntnn, pro- 
vided by public subicription, was erected 
in imi. llis two surviving children emi- 
grati^ to A u.'>( ritliii. 

Williams, it is ^nerally admitted, wafl 
^tODC of thi* gn-ateiit prwiphi'p' "Wnle* has ever 
^|ndllce>l, (ind atnoti^ the rnnpn*p»lioii«listfl 
[wbo<e preaching since his flavt. has been 
largely inftm?ncca hy his style) he hn? pro- 
bably never been equalled. lie w«k a man 
of much personal hcauty. his pyes hein^ spe- 
cially nHrnctiv"', while lii* voice was sweet, 
flexible, and powerful. The chief eharao 
terietics of hiti Kerntons weru their tuciditv 
and ih^ novwlty and iiertinpnce of iheir 
i Host rations. Someof I.ne most powerful nf 
tll0in were, it is believed, composed as he 
Jounuiy«cl on hor»ebaelc from plncc to place, 
M> that only a Tew were left behin<l him for 
publication. 

[Dr. Wiltiam Rom ('Hinu'tbQs')[<i.T.1 wrote 
A Wt!»h bioimphj, or 'Cofiant,' of Williama 
(IjliinntlT, 18i2), whi.'h wii» transEoled into 
Kniflltli l-y J. K. KHsby Joats. aiid published, 
wtcb portntit, &t hi* M(inoir]> in l&iH (8<o. 
I^indon. print«>! at rjmrninKtitr). A fulUr 
Welsh bioiprupby, with two piirtruilx snd illno- 
t rations, hy the Her, D. S. Jmirsof (Diwilng. was 
imied in 189( fram Dotgelly. An Rnaltsb 
Iranslancin wn» ninde by the Rev. Abraham 
Kobtfla for Mrs. K«lsi> King of .Sydney, N.H.W. 
(a gTajiddanti;lit«r of Williama), for prirata dr< 
ouIat.ioD to Au*tmlia. See aliio Ha&M Bfrlwyri 
Anoibynol Cymru (RtN'S and Thomne), iv. lA-2^ ; 
Aarin'n Br«rw» from IlirWcMi Hilli. pp. IISU- 
340, 3S9, 468; Morgnn's Miaioicrial Revord of 
Williams, 1847; Owwi Jones* ."onia ftf the 
Or«al Preaeheiw of Wnlw. pp. 297-3.'i4 ; Momi- 
ti»t, iii. 210 ; Foulkoi'" l-'na'i'Kioii Cvmrij, pp, 
1088-48: J.T. Joties'sOciHiMJarBywgmtryddol. 
p. 649; n«es'a Hint, of I'rotniiUnt Ni'.ncor- 
fonnity ia Wutcs. p. 393 ; Owan IhitmaK'n 
Coflant JoDi« Talysarn. pp. OtfO-4 ; Cymru. 
18Si. vii. 17O; Owrddoniadur C'ymrai^. Ut 
•dit. I. ai)0-6.1 ' D. Li-. T. 

tOL, LSI. 




WILLIAMS, WILLIAM (1«0I-1H(W), 
"Welsh poet, wbo»e bardic name was Caled- 
fn'ii, wft.^ born at iJunbigb on II t'uh. lt*l}\. 
\Xe wa^ bruuifhc up as a weaver, but when 
about twenty-six waa induced to pntjium 
forcbacon^'ffationulminifitry. After spend- 
LDg a abort tim<' at Hntlinrhnni Colle)^, he 
wna on '2 June H2& ordained pasior of thiv 
church at LlanHrcbymedd, Anglesey, and 
siihserjuentlv hpld pastorarfw at Carnarvon 
(1882-4*1), 'iho Welsh church. Alder^gatti 
Street, t-ondo« (]«4«-.'iO), Llanrw*! (1850- 
18o7), and at Groeswen, QlatnurKtinvhire. 
from IHi'i? unlil his death ou 'J'.i March 
■SOU. He waa tbrioti married, and his son 
Ah Caledfryn is known aa a WvUh portrait- 
painter. 

Williams was an eloquent lacturer and 
phiLfurm wpealiLT. and took s prominent 
part iu luutiy Welsh cuntroveniL's, political, 
aoi'ial, and religious. He was an ■>urly 
adrocatfl of tree trade and diseetahliah- 
mrnt, but ninili! Iiimaelf notorious for hia 
opposition to the total alt^tini^ncff cruetfdc. 
It woa, however, as a poet and a man 
of leticre that Im chiefly distinguished 
himself. In bis youth he acquired a very 
thorough mastery of the strict metres of 
Welsh poetry, and from ISiii onwards won 
many of the chief prizes at eist«ddfodaii. 
Hie most noinblu pocma an; bia ode oti ' TIjb 
M'reck of the IIothMiiy Castle' — which 
won bim the 'chnir' at the Iii>aumari« 
eisteddfod in 18'W, when he was invested 
with a Kold medal by Princes* Victoria, who 
was present with her mother, tht' I)n13b<^«a of 
Kent— and hie ode on "The Uoaurreclion,' 
(■••clared »econd in the compotition nl the 
Ithuddlan eisteddfod, 1S50, when the 'cluiir' 
waa awarded lo Kvao Jones [i|. v.] for a 
free-mi't.ri'ik'>eiii— an incident which uroi,-ftk«d 
a loni; and angry controversy in bardic circ:lefi, 
Williiims'i' piintry ischarartrri*'"! by an ex- 
treme precision of thought nud a llawlus 
accuracy of form rather than by sublimity of 
ide&aor originality of tn-atmi-nt. Ity nature 
be was more a critic than a poet, and his in- 
fluemce oa auch has been deuplv i[Dpres.sed 
Upon modem Welch lilcmtun:;, liCft ^'raniniarH 
liavioR lona served as the lt*xt-books of (htt 
humbler Mcliool of W'eli>h writent, whilu at 
nearly every finleddfod of iraportMnce hfld 
during the laat twenty years of his life be 
servi-d as one of llie adjudiCJiIor". 

He had also a lifelong cotiuPCtion with 
the Welsh press, either as editor or con- 
tributor. His publislied writinga, covering 
& wide ranire of subjecta. were very nume- 
rous, the following being (he more important 
of them: I. *Urawu.\wcR,' LleiirwA, 1826, 
4to, a collection of poetry, containing tMt«c 



Williams 



466 



Williams 



atit n traniiUtioii of Pope^fl ' Hadsh.' 
3. ' L'rych lUnldnnol,' Cjimxnron, 18S7, 
Idmo.Avork on Wi-Nh prrt*.n!T. 3. 'Onim- 
ndi-K Cytnivig,' Cardiff, ls"i|, litno, « Welsh 
gmntaar, b^ioR pnctirstlr th<^ tliiM Mltion. 
ooosiderably vai&rg\><l, of x luniUr wnrlc 

fnibliidiet] in 18'A' and IH30. 4. 'Canift'lAii 
Wedfrrn." Uanrml. 1*.W. riniM, « ciillec- 
ttOD of luK Intrr ]KM>lrv. He aUfi piibliattM) 
B collection of bfiiiiis(1^'%)tUi'l pdilcj llie 
w.irku of two mmor ports, Itiibrrt ab (iwi- 
lym Dtln anil John Tbootas of Fcotre F<:>eU8, 
in IrMI and 1846 nunectivt>!jr. ITts •ii(o> 
biocra^y CCofiant CilwifrTii,' Bala, Sto), 
yriUi MoitioDsl cltapten ooDtributed by ts- 
rioiu writen and a celection of tuc unpab* 
lithed poetiy and ht» i«rtr*ii. was iMoed is 
1877 under the editorsbip of Tfaomu Robnta 
(' Soorinon '% 

{Ha Mtobiopntplij, M mcDtioaed »boT»; 
Iluw* Ef;I«vn Anaihi-tKil CTmra, ii. 3B9-96, 
iii. t40; Fnolkw'ii Knxqcion Cjmira, p. IlII; 
A*btoa'« Hmdm UcvjdtliftMb 0]«inHlg, pp. 674- 
I7fl; liinrddonUdar (>iue<( (£Be;r^P*<li* 
C»mlir«i»i«). «. 5oe-14.f D. L>. T. 

WILLIAMS, Sir WILLIAM FEN- 
WU"K,(iauO-lSOS>,haroiip|,'ofKan!."[renfl- 
nl, fipcood eon orC<jn(niiMari*-fr<>nenU Th'>nuut 
Williams, burack-maflVr at Hilifax, Nn?a 
Seotia, by bis wife Maria, dautfbter of Cap- 
tain Tbomu Walker, wubnm at Annapolm, 
Nova Scotia, on 4 Pec. IttW. Hv eaterKi 
the Itoval Military Academy at Woolwich 
OQ 'JS May l.^L% and r?ceiv-<!^ a cotnmiMion 
ai wcoud livutfoant in the royal artillery on 

14 July I8l'o. The lonjr intorral between 
leaving Woolwich and obtninin^ bi* oomrais' 
aion, due to the reduction of the armyon its 
reCttm fram tba oDcupacioo of Frmocc, «'as 
poiwrd in traTcl. Hi* further ronuaJMrona 
were dated: lieutenant, Ifi Nov. 1827; 
■econd cnptnin, 13 \ng. 11440; first npUin, 

' 96 Feb. IMfi ; br«\-et ma,y\r, 22 .May l&W ; 
breret lieot«itant-«olonel, 31 Mairfa IK48; 
tegmental 1ieoletiant-eoloiMl,18Sept. 16&8 ; 
breret colonel, 2A Not. ISM ; major-freneral. 
S XoT. 1855: colon ?l-«Hn man dan t of royal 
arfillerv. 10 Due. I$OI; lieiil«iD«D(-g«oent. 

15 Dec". IWU; r^Bora!. 2 Ao?. ISW*. 

Tho early part of WilUains'* carper ww 
paMcil unnrntfuUv at ()ibf«ll«r, (Vyl'm, 
•ndHnne home stations until Isll.wbtui he 
went to Turkcr ii'ith Captain (ni^w Ijmirral 
Sir) Collinirwnod Dickson, (cir etnplnjrment 
in ^\u.1 an>«>nal at Constant ioopk*. Ue ww 
«afngred lu Hritiftb ommiNtioner in th« roa- 
f'*T?o«e« preceding the trctty signed at 
Er«eroum in 1647, and in 1^49 waa ap- 
pointed Briti>h eoramiftnoaer for the settle- 
ment of lH<^ Turko-Peniaa boundary. For 1 
ha services, military and diplomaiic, he rt> 1 



oeivtd two brmrets and waa made a cob- 
pviion of the ordar of the Bath, civil diTiSMD, 
!nlM2. 

Whon the Rritiih army waa at Vama in 
I85i WiHiatn*'!* fourK-^n years' eiperwnce 
amutui the Turks, and tbe valoabte aervice 
he hail rvnd^rred, led to his soluetion for the 

fift or British cottmisaiooer with tbe 
urktflli army in Anatolia. Tho dutiea nf 
■ucha po^t arv not oeewaiirily \'vryditRcuI[, 
but had Wiltianu confined him.vlf tn al^ 
ecrrine and r^partiiifr. the Turkish annr 
wmilil havii mi'ltM uwur and .\«ia Miaar 
would have been lost, lif- tjrariic&llj be- 
came contiMiider-inH:fa>«[f,Mndhiiitiuikprorrd 
areryarduousoiw. He had tii inspire coonfc 
and «on6dence in men who in tbe prvvioui 
rear had be^n eif^ally Hf-frAU'^ by tha 
htwaianj at Kumk-deri. and who were di>- 
oti^aniaa) and detnoralised by want of dia- 
eipline, of pay. and of clothuifr. while tha 
Kuuian general, MouraTtetf, was collectitw 
a 1arp< and well-ditciplined amy at Unnin. 

William* rinilrd Kurd in Sifptember 18o4, 
and lefthiiaide-de-camp,Captam(afteTwmrdc 
Sir)Cbrt*topheTCharleaTwiitd«l«"[q.v. , tliTS 
dimn^ the winter tA attablisb what dis- 
cipline be could, and rvtaroed hirauvlf to 
Erzeroiiin, wberw he rainly endearoured by 
strong reprsaentalions to tbe British em- 
baasy at Coiutantinoplc and the fareien 
office to obtain from the Porte tbe oirt'iiuy 
Deoeaaary aupplint of oiot>ey, ammunition, 
and clothing: at the same time be went 
ent-ivvtically t-> work to organtve both ibmi 
and materiel available. Colonel (afterwanli 
Sir) llt'ory Atwtll Lake [■}. v.' and Captain 
Henry Ijuicborne Thonpaon [a. v.] having 
arrived at Kara tn the apiiog 01 I&'m, Wif 
liamo wan abl<> to devote bia alteotion In 
the defence of Knaoam. and aa aoon as tba 
anow melted he wan ix-rupi*td from nMming 
10 fvenirtg in fortifying the aarrouodjag 
brie lit a. 

In Jannarr 1 &>S WillianiJi had been made 
a frrik or lieutenant -general in the Turkish 
army, and aim a paaha, which facilitated hi* 
task. Ud 1 Jtitw iufoniiation reached 
Kcteroum of tbe mi^vemeot of the Italian 
amyon K«r»,whith«rWilliams immodiatidy 
wpnt, arriving on tht> 7th,wbr-n bt^ rvviewsd 
the tnvnpi and iwpertcd th<> defences. Thff 
Kuwianti, tw>mty-(ivv thmtaand •tnnw, 
atta<-ked early on the mominft nf th" inih, 
and wore repulsed. Tliey ew "^• 

cver,inc«tabli«hineablocKade <-: -u 

a few day* later, and on 7 Ang. o^uio a»d« 
an unaucoeaafiil attack. In Sepl<*inber ptf 
vi«innB becams aearce in K&rv, tbe wvatber 
[n*w (-old, and towards the end of tbe month 
d)ole«B broke ogi. So tha early aaming itf 



Williams 



467 



Williams 



- thtt :29tb Mounvuiir MUebnl iha hcigfau of 
Kan with '.be bulk of tiis anny. After 
(l«»penil« fi|{htiag Um battle of Kan waa 
woD bjr tlw Turka, Uie KoHian lou bung 
OT«r wtx UKHiaa n d men. 

Cbolen, funins. and ooU caiued graat 
raOBiiag in Uiu nrrum, reaultioE in mau^ 
daubs and mucb desonion, in epile of the 
aws intpind bj anamary capiul puni«b> 
iBMtl. In hill lut deflpatrh fmm Kara be- 
fore tb« capitulaitoD. Wiltiimn wrote on 
lOXor. : • W u <iivitle o«r Wr'ail with the 
sUrving lowupeoj^ XoaDimat food for 
Mv«n weeks. I lull bonca In mj atablc 
M^rptlyandwDdthenieittotlwbonHlal.* Un 
•22 Nov. iuformatioa came &om toe Britiah 
consul at ErztrrDum ibat ihGrc waa no bupo 
nf tbi5 Iung<4-Kp«ct«drvlii>f. The troopt tiuiiig 
too *«>»*"■**■< to makB « buccmeTuI rvtmt, 
it vu deoded to capitulata. Tbu u-rms ob- 
taintrd w«re bighlr faoDourable, ibe garrixHi 
tDarcbing uul wiui tb« bonoun of war on 
1!H Nov. Th« favourable term* wertt due ait 
mueb to the finnnRoa duplaved by WilUama 
mi to th« tDBgnaniniity <n Mntirnvii-f)'. Wil- 
liatna dMian.'d that if thny w«>rtt not ^niiiK-d 
erery gun «houltl be burst, every blaudard 
bumr. 6wrj trophy dt^'Stroytfl, and only a 
fanisbed crowd lt;ft for MouravivfT to work 
bis will on. MouraviefT |(enerou«Iy n^plicd 
tbml hf) lud no wish to wreak unworthy 
v«ng«aiiOu on a gaUmit and lan;r-*u(1(!rin^ 
amy which bad covered itself with gtoty 
and only yieliln] In fBininv. II« ndded, ati* 
dreaalDfT Willianui: ' Von have nuide your- 
self a name in hiMory, ami poftirrily will 
stand atnaied at the ^ndurancv.lhe courage, 
and the dieciplitie wbicb thii »Mf[e has calfed 
forth in th« rnnains of an army.' 

Willium* wait Irwitc-d with every con- 
aideratioo durinj; his captivity at I{Ja£Bn in 
lEiuaia, and in March lUoO, aC^vr pn»enla> ' 
lion to the czar, proceeded to Kngland, where ' 
he net with tha rea-ption lie dtMunrud. Jiu I 
rVMived tho mvdal aiid claap for Kara, and 1 
wna created baronet 'of Knrs.' while purLia- | 
maiit TOt«d bim n ptmtion uf I,OUUA a yrur ; 
forlife. Ife wax made a knifrht commander 
of tko order of the Ualh, rewited tin- froe- 
dom of thft city of London with a swiinl of 
honour, and waa made an boaorary U.C.L. 
of Uxford, The emperor of the Frrriicb bo- 
Rtowed upon him the grand cross of tlie 
Legion of Honour, and the auttan the Brst 
I cluflH of thu order of thi> Msdjidii. 

WiltiaiiM waa gvniirul-comuuiridant of 
Woolwich garrison from IMtl Ui iHoO, and 
dttringtbia period he rvpri'senloii tltn borough 
of Calne in the rionK of Commons (July 
ISS^April 1»59). In 1859 ho went to 
Canada for tix years an commander of the 



foTMS. On SU Uct. It^ao he waa given the 
{Toverameat of Nova Scotia; on 13 SepL 
1870 be waa mad*; governor aiidconmaadm^ 
in-cbief of Oibniltar; on 20 May 1^71 he re- 
I oeived the ^and croas of the order of the 
Baib ; in ls76 he telinnuiafaed the govera- 
ment of Oibrallar, and on 9 May 1681 
was appointed constable of the Tower Ckf 
l.imd'iii. 

\Villiams died, unmorried, at Oariand'a 
]lot^],.Siinblk Street, Tall ^U. London, oD 
2I( July IrlSt. and wai buried at Uromptoa 
cemetery on the dOlh of Ibe same mooch. 
Sir ChristoiJier T«-<cadale wrote of bim : * lie 
bod marvoluHis self-reliance and perfect fear- 
laaioeaa of reapaoubilny. He trusted his 
subordinates, but only coaiiuUe:i] with them 
ou points of detail. Hit would walk for 
hours bIodl- ^at Kars^ working out plans 
and idi-4ut in bis mind, and, once mttled, 
they were never d^arti^ from. Kvtry on* 
knew that an order once given had to be 
obevnd without comment. Firm aa a rock 
on cinty, he bad the kindliest, gentlen hearc 
that evwrbeat.' 

There is a fuU-lengtb portrait of VTilliamB 
by G.Tewson in the Guildhall, city ofLoo* 
don, and an enfrravini; in the (loyal Artil- 
lery Insiitntion at Woolwich. 

\Wnv Oaioe Bemrda; Denpatebi-s ; Bojal 
Artiller; Ricofda: Menoinia the Proc««dl&gt 
ufilie Soyal AHillerylDrtiUtioD.rul. xii, I8«3. 
by Sir C. 0. Te«Mlal«. in Loodua T^mM of 3« Jaly 
1663. in ihe Illuatratad Laadon News of * Aac. 
1883. and In the Anatial R«t[i»ter, IB83 ; I^ke^i 
Kara and Our dtpiiiiiy id Ruan*, 1856, with 
fr«atispiMo portnu of Will'iaaks; SabilMriUi'a 
NAmtifP of tbo S^ie^ of Kara. A portrait m 
■ iao givrn in tho llluitriiC«d LoodoD Se«a of 
30 April 1881.] R. H. V. 

WILLIAMS, WILLIAM nEXRY 

(1771-1^4^1), physician and author, son of 
Hichatd Williams, vim bom at Purstey in 
loucestenUiru in 1771. lie received bia 
medical education at the Ilrisiol lultrmary 
and at ^l. Tbomus's and Guy's hospitals. 
Ill* Wrunie a Muri^eon tu the Kaal. Norfi^Uc 
militia, and as such saw much home aer- 
vice. Jn lT9Ii, whi-n the n-tjitii>*tit was ou- 
camped near Deal ('astle, he was apjhiinted 
the senior of a number of sur^tiNns to whom 
WAS deputed tJir char^of ft<!ViT»l hiiiitlivd 
Kusoian sailors suHering from ntalignant 
fever and (lyMutcry. About. 1797 he de< 
sigDed a tourniquet of such atmplicity and 
emciency that it waa at once adoplnl bv the 
DuchoritKtM and named 'Williama'H Field 
TriurniifUHt ' by the army m>.>dical bunrd In 
the primed diructiona lor its uae. It waa 
orJiTpd by thv cu m man der- in •chief, the Duke 
of York, that it should be em^Wi^A\t»-;-iwr^ 



Williams 



46S 



Williams 



higimeut nf th« kind's •enric«. and thai non- 
coauBi«doncd officers and tnii«lciaDa shoulil 
bo iriitrQcti^ iit it* u«(>. In 17fl(4Ii«eater(Ml 
liimN!lf ut Cuttis Cull^iie, Cnmbricl){«-, nnd as 
IL UK'uibvr of lliut Luujm: prucw^lL'd MJI. in 
L^a08»inl M.ll. ftnl*_'Si-pt, ISll. SAmeyeara 
Lbefonr lliifi Williiuii^ liud s<:lllt>d at Ipewlcb, 
■nd in 1610 w«* *|ipijintt-d liy Kir Lura* 
VeffjB [q. v.], the plivBiciaa-g^ncral of tbe 
army, to tins chargv of tlii> Sngth Militarv 
Hospital, clow by [|iewicli, then fllled wiih 
aoldi«T«just r«1uni«Kl from ^^'alcb«ren, and 
tuJerin^ with fi;vi>r, agav, and iy*enttity. 
On tjie complelioQ of his ser^'ica there he re- 
ceived s tfiittfring Utter from tho army 
medical board. Jfe ww adRitued a catidi- 
dat« uf tho CoUfpn of i'hv»i<:ians on !10S«-jtt. 
1SU1, uud a fvlluw on So ijuiit. 1917. Hi! 
was D t'ullow of I be Liniiean Sodetr. H« 
oontinuiy) To rMidu at It<Mviehi but he died 
atSandgalt! in Kvnl, whithrr lift had gonr. 
for the benefit of b!^ bMlth, on 8 Nov. IMl . 

Wininm*'''prinritialn-grks were: 1.' Hints 
on thpVcntilaiinn ot Army Hiit^jtiiitls nnd rtn 
Kv|!im.:nt«ll'nictice,'l79tf,Sro, ± 'ACoii- 
tist Tr^ntisi- .in ibo l*rof^M of Mndictnii 
since rbe yinr lAiit,' 1801, 6po. 8. -OeDeral 
Dinwtions for the |[e«jvery of l*er«on» ip- 
]nreDtly dead from Dnnvning.' l!^, i2mn. 
4. 'Fliannacopctia \'nIeludiMnrii C!i|)uovi- 
censin.' 1814, liraa. r>. ' A Pinin and RnL-f 
Sketch of Cbolvra, wilh a Siiaplr.- and E/ca- 
nomioal Mode for its Treatment,' I'nd ediL, 
revised and onlar^d, Ipewicb, ldS2, 8vo. 
(Munk'- Call, nf Vhjt. , Clnrko'* limlory of 
[ ]|»wi<-li, I83f. 8vp. pp. 489 ri .rij. ; KMwrda of 
• Caina and GoiiriUe Uollfse, Cambrr>!fp; C*t> 
Brii. iliui. Libnuy.] W. W. W. 

WILLIAMS, WILLIAM MATIIEr 
Clft2l)-I8l»2), wicntific writer, son of Abra- 
ham William*, « fishtnon^ur uf London, aud 
hipwife Louise, daughter of (mbrici MaMi>-ii, 
a SwiM Mfugf'?, was bom in London on 
6 Feb. t82U. Ill- hut hu< father tn infancy, 
and his mother married a^n when fac was 
only four year* olil. 

Aftvr receiving the iiiinal olomentarr edu- 
ration of thai period, he was appiviiticed at 
,tbe age of fourteen to Thomas Street, mat he- , 
latiral end optical inj>trumeric maker in | 
I.aniheih. Altbo>ig:hhis hours for work went 
from 7 A.M. till 8 I'.it., be found time to atlend 1 
lheeveniD;!'cl(iMeAnt iheLmdoM Mf^hanlcs' 
InHijtuiioii in douthiiinplonnuildiii]^. Chan- 
cery Lane (now the HIrkbeeh Inititiition). 

In 1811 be inheriu-d a aunt of money.and, 
his eppreiiticejibip boitig over, he parsed two 
years at the university of Kdinbur^fa, and 
about a dimilnr period Oil a walking tour 
iJirough Europo, pnyiuj; his vay by working 



as an artisan. He thiia spent much linio 
in SwiiEerland, Itolr, Orecoc, and Turltrr, 

Ud bis return to l^ngland bf went to ^Aliit- 
bur^h to study medicinr, but proved too 
Bensitive to become a sui^eon. He acttJrd- 
ingly set up as an electric-at iiuitriiinert 
maker and vlivtrotyper in llatloo Oanitn. 
He also delivered lM-(tiri?« about bin lour in 
ditTerent parts of the countrv, as well iw 
lecluti'!* On other ftubJM-la at tlie ^ferhnnirA' 
IiLEtitution, where he waa a meinV'r of the 
commiltrr of nianaii^ment. liewas lanjely 
tiU'irumental in forcinr on rhnt body the ac- 
n-ptnnce of William Bllis's offer of moner 
to found a schoot. which, as the ■ Birkb^ 
School," was opened on 17 Julv liUfi '»w 
K1.LI31, WitLtASi, i«0O-l^«i', 'The .mm»- 
dtateaucoe««ofthisseJi«ol lc<ltivur^ Combo 
[<|. v.] (whose aeqtiMinlance he bad formed 
when ill Kdinburirh^, with tlio monetAry aid 
of Kills, to fuond It Himilar iniilituliiin in 
F^liubnr^: Williams iindenook the h--ad- 
uiHHlKrithip, nnd it wns opened on 4 Dec, 
1 S4S under the title of the • WilliBm.>i Sccu- 
bir School ' in the Trade»' Uall, lutirmarr 
Street, Shortly afterwank it was removed, 
owing (o the rapid increase in it& numliurv, 
to ihe prcmiws of the former anslomicAl 
sehooloflV. Kobcn Knoji(1791-l«>i'>,<i.v.J 
1 Siiiy-ons' Square. 

In 18-M, biiving iM-en appointed 'master 
nf llieKrieueeeUw^-s'in tb^ ri"Onntly opunod 
' Birminfiham and Sttdland liutituCe,' WU- 
liaiuH removed to thai town and delivered 
his opening livtun- on 17 Aug. 18W. In 
18J5<1 he intrudiiCL^ the 'Institute penny 
lecliiriM,' which were s msrked success, lu 
1657 he ))ec*mo acquainted with Ormni, of 
whom be was thf innorent instruclor in the 
method of uianufactnring «umc of the ex- 

f>lo«ivc compniinds siil>s>>ouenlly put to nc 
BrioMs uses by Omni and Pitrt, 

Lnier on he turned his attention to the 
rhf mislry and manufacture of paraffin, and 
his knowledge of this ttluminnnt led m Lis 
hcioir appoinled manager of thii I.er«vr™id 
Oil Company in 186.% wh*n he left Kir- 
mingham for Caergwrle, Hint. .M'ter the 
bn.'aking up of the Welsh oil-distilline in- 
dustry, consequent on the discovery oP the 
(Hl-Rprings in America, Williams went in 
IRdS to Sbetfieid as chemist to ibe Athis 
Iron Work;* of Sir John llrown A Co, 

In 1970 Williams removed to London, 
and devot<»l his limA to scientilic writing. 
Ue delivered the Cautor lix-tiirea in 1^"5, 
taking for his subject ' Iron and Bteel Uanu> 
faeiure,' and again in 1878, when be dealt 
with 'Mathematical Inst rum«nta.' On tbe 
de4ith of his stepfathers brathsr. Zadiariah 
Watkinn, early in 188P, Jm waa frmd from 



I 



peeimiary ansietv, and h^n at the age of 

thft 'Vindication of l^hrenologr.' While re- 
vising tbe cotnpl[-t«d manueeript be died 
siiddt-nlv nt hm rerideiiM, Tbc Orange, 
Neaddeii, «n I'H Not. l>tVJ. 

On '21 Dec. \t^b^ he married Alicv, eldest 
daughter uf Jda^^U ItuKer, nurpi-yor, of Blr- 
miiiffhani. 

1Ai illiatns, wliu waii I'lucted a fellow of the 



Hidurable cliucerj pneUcc, and waa one of 
thif counsvl aMiirnaa for tlw d^fnticw of thu 
Jacobite rebel, Qeor^ Seton, fifth enrl of 
Wintwn [q. v.], on hU i m peach in ent in 171*1. 
He deliver^cl an elaborate argument in am»c 
of judgmeot (Iti March), un tb« ffround that 
the inpeachmrnt wng void by reason of 
vaffuelll^«s Ctee JIowell, State Trial*, xv. 
H7d at seq.) lie n-|>n-«eiiCod HiAliop's OaAtlc, 
Sbroptliirti.Uitlu'purliameiit <if 17:^:^ 7. \\v 



UheiDical Suci«l_v on IH May 18f>7, and of ' purclaaed iu \l-'3 the manor of Northall, 



\he Koral Aatronomical Sariety on 11 June 
MVi'2, woM iiiithor of : I. ' Who tibould tvach 
(SiriHUanitYto Ckildren ?' I-Minbtirgh, l(<M, 
&TO. 2. 'ThniM^'li N'jr«.ay wiiL a Kuup- 
rnck,' I.ondnn, 1S.W, hvn, 2 eiiir*. ; n«w <*(iit. 
1876. 3. ' A Vindication of Oaribaldi,' 
l^ndon» ISO:;. 8vo. \. 'Thr Inlelkctual 
Ue»tiny of the Working Man.' Itirtniiii^liuin, 
l«tta, yvo. •'>. ' Shorlliand lor Kvervlwdy,' 
l<ondon, 18^7, ftvo. 6. 'Tho l-'uerof the 
Sun," London, lH7U,8io. 7. 'lliwugh Nor- 
way with Indies,' London. 1877, 8vo. S. 'A 
Siu)>lt> Tri*atis(' uu lEvai,' Londuo, l9^, 



XliddlvM'x. Al hi« dtiaib, 10 June 17^. hu 
waa owner of Omy J-'riars, )1iicfn?Wi?r, [iro- 
bsbly&leo of an efllata at Hroxbourae, HiTl- 
fnrdiihire, in tli** i^hurch of which |>Hriiih lim 
remaina wem intermd. Bv his wife Anne, 
Bvcond daughU-r of Sir Otiirgu Hutchina 
[q. V,], he had issue four sona and two 
dttu^liU-rs. 

Williata'a Hd(«C mr, Sir llutdiititi Wil- 
liami<, bart. [fia created on -I Ajiril \'ii7\ 
died on 4 Nov. 1768, leavin^c, by his wii« 
Judith ( in. 17:^8). dnufrhtcr of datni'a Booth 
of Thtiohalds, Ht-nfordshire, two woua — tjir 



*ivo. 9. 'Scieiic in Short ('hnjiler*,' IjOii- . M'illtamPccnjWiilianm.bart., M.l'.forNew 
dDD,]tM!:;,8vo. 10. 'ThuScionceiif Cookery,' I Shon-'Livm, ^im^x, IvM-tSl, whose ^n;ma- 
lyondou, 1H>%4, Svo, for thii Inlirnnliunnl tnre ilt-ath wilhriut issue in tbe ojierationa 
IIouUU Exhibition. U. 'The Cbemistn- of ugaiui-t Htdk- lie in {ho lalttr year waa 
CookiTv,' t.finHiin, IRMTj, Hvo. 12. ' I'he moiirm>d by Gray in an ^piLaph still to h« 
Cfaeniiatry of Iron and Stet'l Making,' \jar\- aeon in the church uf Lti Palais ( Woi-hiy 
don, IdlKl, eirn. 13. ' Tbe i'liiLosopbv of i cd. Mathias, i. Jitt); ucidHir Booth Williams, 
Clothing,' London, I8G0, 8vo. U. ' A Vin- ! hart., on wlioce death nn 2 Feb. 17ty the 
dication of I'brvDolofry.' I<ondon, ]t?tl4, SvQ. I baronetcy became exilnci. The reporler'a 
Hfl edited Mm. M. H. Tajlnr's'A H V. of i occond son, IV-dorick Wdlinms, rector of 



I 



Chemistry 'in 1^7^, itnd wrote articles on 
'Iron and Steel,' 'Kxpbjiivc r>iiti[i<>iiii(lK,' 
■ud ' Oila and {.'undies ' lor Bcvan'a • British 
Alanufut^lurinn liicBiwtrieA'Jn IH7I1. Ilitalno 
eontribiilvd the ' Science Notfs " to tlie 



I'eukirk, NorbKiu|itoii»hirv, was falhiT of 
Adiuirul I'eere WiUiftnia, aft.Twards Wil- 
liuim-Fr«.-QiHn \[1\'2-\%^2) [i(. v.] Tba 
fourlh >on, (Jeorge Jume*, familiniiy known 
atj'Gilly,' WilluLOiE,ia noticed soparnielr. A 



* (Ipnllemiin'H Magaxine' from 18H0 to l88!l. ' dau^ht«r, -Anmi, mnirie*! (■•■org*" Hpeke of 
and some twpnty-fivit or mure i>Bj>erfl on i White I^ckiiigton [iwe KrEKi;, Hlou], and 
TsriousKciemilicaubJQCtB to ditl'er«ut journals ltndadaughter,Anne,whomarriedoo'AlNor, 
uf teamed ancictiu. i 17<Mf, Lord Xorth, famoue ao Oeorgu Ili'a 

f Memoir pr«lised lo the Vindieatioa ff Pijrs- I minister. 
ogj. by hii Kin. Oporgn Oonilx* William*, i i'eere Williams collabornted with William 
who kiudly iruppliod lurtliur information; Mvlmolh in tbt'«]iliunofV('raun'»'Keporta* 



Monthly Nuikv- uf Ihn llov. .^dronutn. Soe, 
ini.tti-, Urit. Hub, Cat. i ]{qt. iSof. CmI, 

B. B. \y. 

WILLIAMS. WILLIAM PEEIIK 



£uhU»bed at l^iiidotiin l7:;i>-8 [bi'tiVEKXox, 
Thomas, ItiiVi-U^ill For the iilemiubefl in 
lliiit nork li« wmt prohnlily nut rmpoiiiiible. 
lie was himself a ain;riiUrIy faithful and 
f l(J6+-17;it)). taw reporter, onlv i"on of ■ jntliciuii»rujmrter,(inil, lahoiinngnssidiiously 
J'uere Willintn* of tJniy'B Inn (admitted thrmighont th<?-greater porlirin of hU profe«- 
]4.\ug. I'j.'Iiij, clerk uft hi* ealrealx l(!r»:i-7y, Hional life, left in manuscript a rich reperlory of 
by hi» wife Joanna (hnm llvlcy), a I'titch- raw Inw illustrative of ibt- period of Someri*, 
womitn, wiw born in liHil. 'fbe seal of bi,« Wright, Harcoun. .MnccleHlifld, and Tnllwi. 
•nceAtora is finid to havr^ hc-en Dcnfon, Lin- , The liiilk nf the collection appeared at l*on- 
colnshire. bnt his grandfalhiiT. Anthony | don in 1740 (L'vola. fol,; 2nd cdil. 1740;. A 
Williamft, wah of St. James's, (_"lerkenwell. third volume wa* added in 1749. All tbree 



[He was adroiited on 14 Sfpt. LO^O studenl 
lit Gray'a Inn, and was then^ culled to tho 
|Wr DEL II Nov. I6S7. Uu csublifihed a con- 




volumea were edited by I*eerfl Williams, 
Jiin., under the title, * lii<purtii nf Cniaeit ar* 
giwd and determined ia ihelli.'jJa.CRNk^.'A 



Williams 



470 



Williams 



Chmncery, Bntl of boiup SpvcUl <^a»v» ud- 
juili^-<l in tli>- Court of King's Bench.' The 
tliinl volume id perhaps not nltogvther on & 
par with i\» prRiwcMMrB; but tho iv-parU a« 
& wbvli- ure ot uoutuml value by r«uon of 
tliB u<^L'unicT and pLTspicncity with which 
not onlv iLv dwisiuni but ibv uiatcruil 
fkcts oitil UHumentA ol' couqmI ar« i«cord«d. 
The suhhiwIiaI lunislising bivvit)- of the 
dtcre«< ia dun, not lo thf r^portt^r, but 10 
thfl l«eotiic aentuntiou^neira then iiSWtLMi by 
th« juilfCM. Thf thm' voliinn*" wcrr n— 
printL^ in 170A (I.t)n<l»n, 3 voU. fol.) Lalvr 
editiooR, with Budilionul r«fereiic«s by H. C. 
Coi, app«u«d at l^ndoti in 1787 and 17&S 
(3 toIb. ijvo). A reprioC of Cox's edition, 
with improviimenta by J. U. Monro. \V*. L. 
L»wndi*«, and J. ICanuidl. fuUowvd m It*^ 
(London, !t volt. Uvo). \u eiif(rave^ por- 
Initt of tliu rvjwnvr. fnim a uuintlni^ by 
Kurlli^r, ut front in pti^cn to thti folio edition*. 
|Ck1. Sliila P«[wr*, Dum. Aildenda, Maroti 
1d24~Jnn. lOlfi p. tt'2. l6jl-:i p. IfiO: Ohuni- 
bcrUyo^'s Angliic Sntittit. 1G70 ii. 209. 1G7I> 
ii. 110, 1673 ii. tlU; Umy's Inn AdmiMiou 
]{#g.eJ. t'oaier.Aiid OhII Reg.^ liurk«'s EitiDct 
JIaronataeD ; Btrry's County Genealogica (Sub- 
■ri); Nobla'* CoDtJnualiun of Qrangora Kogr. 
lltat, of y.n^\. I'i. 208: l-« Nviv's I'adigre** of 
Kiiielita (Harl. Sac.) 1 Dalluway's ftuiwcx, vol. i, 
I)hi«)caler, App. No. xii. ; lloniirldii SuMrx. 
it. 161 ; CuMaa* ■ I)Drlfonl>hir<r, vol. ii. Ilortfgnl 
Hoadrvd. pi. 188, iii. Browlv-iur Itoudiynl. p. 
146; Clutti-rbucI:'* HFrtfnnlaliirr, ii.OT; Lyxotii'n 
Enrinaaof l.,oDdkMi, iii. 3O0 : SutM-i.^roliioliiii. 
Collnct)onl>4^iuHu-x Arrhiroliigr- ^nc.), vul*. xvii. ; 
XTiii. ; Wulpulcs tji-ttrn>. Fil.CuDnipghain: Qtttt. 
Mng- 1736 p. 3J6. I7.^i p- 384. 1784 i. 123,|.'i3, 
IBM ii. 1176: Ann. Keg. 1761. p. 17; M^inlicra 
of Pari. (otKfial liata): Court luid City Hry;. 
1776. p. IfJ. Itoyal Kali>.tdAr. ISul. p, 324; 
KictioU'b Lit. Ancovl, iii. 39, in. iv. »1>U: yiw. 
GoQml.et lit raid., cd. Iluvnrd. now Mr. iv. S21, 
2iid acr. r, UHUa; Uurki<> I.iinil«kl liwitry, 
'Ffvemaii of C'lnpC'>u:' ButkoV Common nv. li. 
110; Urid^mnn'nlwienl lttt>lio^.ipl]y; Wallact-'* 

Iteporlrm; Hnl. lliw, C«t.) J. M, U- 

WILLIAM3. afUTward* WILLIAMS- 
FREEMAN, WILLIAM PiiEKK (1741'- 
IS^I, admiral of tho Huet, gmndson of 
William IVt^rit Willtutnii [q. v.], hthI mjd of 
Frederick AVilUatna, 1>.D, (rf, l7-il>), prftlien- 
dary of l*«ii<rbon>ugb, wiu bom at Peter- 
borough on « Jnn. 17^1-l^ Ilia mother 
WBB a dauttht^r of Ilobert Ctavermg [q. v.J, 
biKhop of Peti-rboroitgh. by .Mary, siator of 
John Cook Freeman of I'awley Coun, buclc- 
inghaalabiri^. In June l7oT hta name was 
eniered oa the bookd of the Uoval Sovvrvign, 
Buardattp at Spithead, but. ta- nrnxtara to 
uw Arat gono to 8«a in August I1 69 with 
Lord Howe iu the Magiianiinc, nbiub lild ■ 



distiuguialicd part in the b«ltl« of (f^'beron 
Bar, :jO Nov. 17fi9 [see Howe, Kiciiabo, 
Eakl^ In Heplember 176l' Williams fol- 
lowed Elow» to tho I'rinccsjt Amelia, and 
in Augu»t lliSH joinvd tho Kutnney with 
Lord Colvillo on thu Halifax lilalioa. On 
It^ Sept. 1701 he wai promoiod to hv li^ti- 
trnaiit of ihtt Hainbow on iKk Viraiiiia 
Mutiou, and remained in bur (ill she paid off 
in OclobtT I7(W. On HG May l7ltS lif wa« 
promoted to be commander, and willrout 
hnviiiK served in that rank was poglod oa 
lUJan. 1771. hi tho following Uecefnber 
lit! wail aupoinced to the Active, goii)f[ out 
tothe\\e-<it Indies; but in July 1773, his 
li'-allh hu%'iii^ Eiven way, he had ftuf&cient 
init<reat to e<tt the abip sent to Newfoond- 
lund. HUlieallh, however, did not imprate, 
and in November be exelmnged into tha 
Livelv, which he brou^tht home and paid ott 
in 17/4. In March 1777 be cummiwiunMl 
the Venns, in wliii-b he joined Lord Howe 
00 thv North America station, and waa 
with i)ii> Ih-vt niT Itbode Liland on lU .^ug. 
1778. In .Vpril I7tfO be cotnmi&sioned the 
Flora, a new anil large S&i;un fri^tf. carry- 
itig IS-pounders ou her maiu^eck, and an 
experimental addition of six |K.|,oiinder 
ciirToniuIi.vs to lier«atablii<ihiiieni. When, ou 
10 Auff. 1780, ilie mat the French ai-guu 
frigate Nyinpbe, her victory wa» easy. Tha 
Nymphtt loft Kixty-thrvi' men killed and 
iii>veniy'Chre« wounded; the Flora had tiina 
killed and tweuly-K-ven wounded. Such u 
d<-ri<ire ri^mill ought to bavr given Willituiii) 
full roiilidence in his novel anaamenl, but 
it doeH not serm lo have done «>. 

Tn Mardi 17i^l the Flora wnj> with the 
deet under \' ice-admiral Darby at. the xecond 
relief of GibraltAT, and wa# aft^rwarda wot 
on <o Minorca, in company with the ^t^gon 
frigate Creuont.incharge of »om«vi«tuaUera. 
As they werv returning through the Straita 
oil .'10 May Ibey root two Uutch frigates of 
iM gune, the (Jostor and tho Briei. .\rt«r a 
•brirp nctiim the Klora raptnrfd the CMtor. 
but the liriel had meantime i:om])eUed tha 
CnjMrenl tostrike her Hag; the Flora ba»l«n«d 
to her coDSon'a oflsistance, and thf Rriet 
made her eaoape. Afterwarda, on 19 June, 
a« tht two frigatJ-a and tbeir priie were 
broad offCape FinisCerro tbey fell iu with two 
Franc h 3:J-gun fri^t^s, Friponnc and <iloi^r^. 
Tho CreKcent niid Cai^tur mid been, dinmasted 
iu the former enj^ngeuent and were jtUT' 
riggod in a vury make-aliift BiaunLV; tho 
Castor Imd only a prixe i^rv w on board, and 
those unable to leave the pumps. AVilUaina 
madt lhi« «i|n)w1 to iwpanle, and left tka 
Cresi»nt and Castor easy prixes tn the two 
FranchmetL His conduct was not blauMd; 



Williams 



471 



Williams 



I 



I 



not eren cftllcd in quMtion: btit when 
ftcoiuitlor thtt iliu KluniV broadtiiJe was 
riv KB hravy Hfl tlioee of thi* I'riponnu 
itn(](iluinjlug>.!tl)iT,iL is imi)UMibI«1^ avoid 
(hinkinff tkat VVillimuM di<I not uiulenlanJ 
thf nnvttl condirions in lijs farotir. 

In April ITS2 WtlliBniii wi-iil uii linlT-pay, 
mi<i Iwff nofuftliPrsprripe.tlinndhbehflcamn 
in due cour«en.fir-adtDirKlnn I 'J April 179-li 
vioviidmiral on I Jiin<> l?})!^: ndmirnl nn 
I Jan. ItOl. In November ISJl. on kui^ 
c«fldinf! to tlio Fiiwli-y Court vsl«l«, lie tnolf 
Ibe additional unme of Kreemnn, On 
2y Jiinu IBild. tliree dnrs afler the aroewion 
of William [V, ht- wn* i)romoli'd to ihtt liigli 
rank of nilniiral uf rho fleet, (he king send- 
ing him, iMt n spciiil rotunlim«nI, 11 kuluii 
wfiicb hail l>n-ii T)n'iient<*rl lo hiniKHlf Ijv 
fieorjpt IV. He died al- IIoddeMlon, llert- 
ranlsliiiu, nn II Fvb. \932. tlu v.aif burii-d 
m lh« fatnilv vHiilt nt llnrtxbonrnc. lie 
married, SO ^une 1771, Henrietta Wilt<i, 
who dif«l «1 HoilfirpwJnn in 1M\>. Ry lier In- 
had two fonn. who both [inileotwafid their 
father, tbf> second in lH3i.t, lenvinj; iwiiie. 
AOvr WilHams'a death hi» prnndnon applii-d 
to know the kiiiuf'ti pleasure as to therernrn 
of the baton. The kinff di'flirod thnt it nhoiiUI 
bo refainud by t hw family an ' a uK'nuirial of the 
late adinirars Ion;( aervicesand t lie high pro- 
Gsssional mnk liu hud iiiiaint-d. iiud in proof 
of th* iwtimatio'n in whinh Iuh rhnrmrtpr wa-n 
heU by his soverei^ and hrolher ollicers.' 

[MnnhaU'a Boy. Nitr, DioLfr. i. .^3 ; Ralfc's 
Saral Bioirr. i. iiO; Oeiit. Mac. IHM, i. 3BV: 
Burke'ft ].iii'1rd floiitry. ISDR. i 6.'jI : Sarriw- 
(look in tlip I'liI'lip ri'-mnl Offlee ; ]l«nTM>n'" 
NanI and Military Momuirt, r. 337; .rnmos'it 
Naral Iii>t. i. 30 | J.K. U 

WILLIAMS. i:.\aiAniAn rifiTs."- 

ITfio), inf^dirail jiract ilinnrr and inventor, 
vena bnni and livi'd for imme time al KIioa- 
laarkrt, or llo^einarket, iiboiil five niitee 
north-w>'*t frtini lljiTPrfordwi-iif. IVmltntki'- 
ahir«. He whs educated in medictntt unci 
praetined in ^riiuh Wntes n« a plivficinn mid 
aurgvoQ. While ihere Im wtui on very 
friendly term* wirli the family iif l'hihpr>s'if 
Pictini Cjmtk. <Jm? of him pri'>jt;ct»i in W files 
was to work nnder a !e«i..ii fcjr twfnty-onti 
vean th« coal in th« jmrish of Idangimnor, 
(.VrinarllieitiliirK, hut llm w!i»'ine cami'- to 
DOihinir. As early as I7J1 he hmt prriinaded 
bitnoetf Ihiil he hud dincovered tlie means of 
awertaininiT 'The longimdi* liv maifiifCiKni, 
and that the voriations of thu ueedle were 
Mual at v^ual distancoa «niil and west,' and 
with the expeciatioa of making his fonuno 
by the diacoi-ery be i»ine to London a few 
years lait-r. 



Ilia earlieat friend in London wa« ' Etow- 
ley, th« DiijiaorBblo constructor of (ha 
OrriT)-' (Attfm/it fa aM^rfain fAr- Longiftidr, 
17i:»6), He conferred with Whi^toii, aoil 
aiibmittrd lit* acheitie to the admiralty, who 
dwired to rwfi;p it to Sir Isaiic Nuwton. "Vhv 
oflVir was declined by Newton on aceount of 
hi» lUfv, and it tht-n went to Ramnel Moly- 
neox 'q. v.], who iBaeciiwd by William* of 
having etolen his phin. He waa next imro- 
dii-ried till l)i-*nt{uliiT<> and others. 

<Jn the failura of thiMe hopefl of pdcnniarr 
ath'anlagt' WiMiams waa admitted on 
■J8 Sept. 1 73s A-H ' a poor brother pensioner ' 
in the Cbarlerhonse, on thti nomination of 
Sir ItoU-n Wftlnole. From December 174Ji 
he was bedridaen, without n num-, and 
with no help save from his daughter, Anna 
WilUaiDB [0. V.J In Dfiemlier I74<1, and 
Inter, he KiJdre«J»ed un-murinls to the gi>- 
v.'mors complnininjf of the othnaU, ngninat 
whom bis griuvjincc* were of old atandiriff, 
and not alto^ther witlionl, foundntinn. Tha 
ord'.'r for his enpuUi'in was triven on ID Ma; 
IViS, one of hia o}t'«nce« being- that, con- 
trary to rules, his daughler hnd livod wicli 
liiin in thn Clinrlerhiin>u> for two y«aT^ 
Stephen Gray [q. v.], ah>n a mcinbef of the 
UhertvrhoiiM*, 'ahsred all bin Rtudiva and 
atnusement-^,' and uM-d to repay communica- 
tinns on tunpTieliiin) by diitcuvi-rioa in rU-c- 
tru'ity {ih.i William' .lonei of Xayland. 
when a i.ehoon«ov ihL-rL'. wa* a great friond 
of Witliania {Ifi'st. MSS. rv,nim. Ulli Ilep. 
iv.-"»40), L>own loI7ol Williamx rontinunl 
to importunH thi' admimlty with hiti scl]|>nii>. 
It was then sent for the considKmt ion of 
Hradltfy, ih* jinir.-Mor of uiironoiiiy, who 
gave it iiH hi.4 opinion that the ' iint'riinieiit 
III its present atale ' could not bu rcliud 
npon lit t^a. After nn illiieM of vight 
mnniLa WUliamsdiod iu London on I^ July 
1 "0*1. 

Williams wa» the author of: I, 'Tlio 
MufiuentC-ompaio C'utnpleeted,' in Iwoparta; 
deflcribing tliu variationa of thi? ma^etii: 
needle al plai^rK whnai> true latitude oplongi- 
liide is nrluinlT known, MA-\ I'art i. bad 
liri-n prvvioufly issued, nilh ailiflennil title- 
page, as hy /,,'U'. ill !7-tl>. 'J. 'A Trii« Nan- 
Mtive (if veriuin Circiimt'tanccx relalinj: tfl 
XiK-hiirinh Williams in the ('Imrtprhouse,* 
171if. y. ' Account of an AttL>nii>t 10 nnccr- 
triin the I»ngiiude at Sen by nn exact 
Theory of ihi' Variation of the Mugnelical 
\wdle. With n labli- of Variations at the 
moitl remnrkable Cities in Europe." ICng- 
lisb and Italian, }'!m. It waa edilwl by 
Johnson, and the Italian tran«lalion i'a 
believed to ]» by Dareiti. Williama \tt-_ 
vented a machine for exiraciing tho 



Williams 



47* 



Williams 



nees from eea-water and making it drink- 
able, which ia said to have belonged to t lie 
ItOTal Society with his ' sphere of iron on 
which a small compass moved in various 
directions.' 

Several letters to and from him, some of 
his ' corrected and others written by Dr. ' 
Samuel Johnson,' with anecdotes by M. | 
Green, are in the ' Qentleman's Magazine ' ; 



(1787, ii. 757-9, lWl-2, 1167-9J. The 
letters belonged to John Nichols. 

[Bosweirs Johnson, ed. Kapier, i. 236-7; 
JohnsoniftD UiaCBlUniei, ed. Hill, ij. 401-2; 
Hawkins's JoIidsod, pp. 321-3; Gent. Mag. 
17S5, pp. 47, 333 : Nichols's Lit. A need. ii. 179- 
ISO; Works of Williams; information from Ber. 
H. V. Le Bas, preacher at the Chartcrhonse.] 

W. P. C. 



INDEX 



10 



THE SIXTY-FIRST VOLUME. 



Vliiehoord, John (iaa»-ieBS) .... 
Whiclicote or Whitclicuto, BcnJMnin (1801^- 

1W9) 

■BThkliTOl^ Owrge Jl7a4-1B91) 

■WliicWo, C. John M. (rf. ISflfi) 

'WUiid>m,J«rab(A- Ifia&-1BM) 

VbUUoB, Sit Jolin (ij. l&Tft) . 

VhJnoop. Thomu (d!. 17BU) 

W1iitij>l«^ Sir l-:d<r*rd ChorlM (178»-](Hl«) 

WhinyaU^ PnnciB Fraiiklud (HUft- 

IrMT). H« unclui WlunjaUw, Sir Eilward 

'Wbinjalca. 0«or««> Buringtca (]7(t3-lB0B|. 

^iM! under WfaiufAtM, Bir BdwMd ChurliNI. 
Wlunj»t«», Ftederiell Williora (1763-1881). 

Hr« under WliiiijrktiW, Hit Kdnrud Cbulu. 
WhinrslM, ThoBUB (1TTS-IM7). 8m under 

Wbiiiy*lM, Bir Bdirftrd Chubw. 

Wli;Kli.8ir WiUiaia KniDp«nn |17e<7'iafiS) 
WluMlfT, DMid(lill»-l&S«l . 
'Whirton, J>>hn (d. 1T80) .... 
Vhiiton, WilliMn 111167-1763) 
WbitAlMT. Bm ftUo Wbitl&kur. 
WhiUkCT. Sir Edward (ItWO-lTM) . 
WUUlMi. Bdwud WiUwm (176a-iei»| . 
WUtalMt, Sir Fndmok Cl(*l9-18»l I 
VUtak«r. J«tmiifth (IV«fr-I<iM) . 
WhttalMr, Jolm (I7S»-180«} . 
VltiUlHir, Jolui(lT7«-]M1) . 
WliiUk«r, JoMpti (1630-lWE) . 
WbiUltvr. Jo^epb Vcruon (l»il>-169P). Sw 

on<luc Wtiitulittr, Jum ph. 
WhiUlur, Tbomu Dunfuun (17S0-t(^l) 
Whltalur, ToUu [/1. 1«8«-I0«1) . 
WhlUkor, Wlltikm (llMiUISAB) 
WhlUknr, WUliun (l^i^l^-^fi^2) 
Whitboonw, Sii HicluunI {/I. IfiTV-IdUt) 
Wliltbr««d, SajQual (nea-lBlS) 
Wliiibroad, Tbomu (l«lS-IS7a}. 8m H«- 

atuii, Thamaa. 

Whitbf, Duiiei (less-nae) .... 

Whitby, StopLeu ut [d. 1118}. Son SUrpLeu. 
Whibcbarcb or Whytohurdi, EOword (</ IMI) 
White, Adam (1817-187D) .... 
Whito, Alice Wmrf Mottdowa (I690-1B94] 
White. Ai)(rmiv(l£79-lE)fi6| . . . . 
Whito, Antlionjr 11789-1^10] .... 
White, IiUii<» il7TS-lWl). Seo WliiU., 
Jokrph ULuMO, 
VOL. LXL 



WhiU, (HmiIm (1T9S-1818) .... 

White, Fruicw (ISM ?-ieS6) . 

WhiUi,P»»iici«ld. 1711) 

White, Pmiuis BBoh»iia.n White ^Mft-ja»4) 
White, a«>wf> (lAOl 7-1783}. Stte nndoc 

White, Bohiirt [1M&-170S). 
White, Ui)b«rt(l73a>IT98) . . . . Ht 
White, Uetur (1819-lSi»] . . . . ii 
White. Henry Kirk* [ITSS-IMM) . . . 4S 
Wlitte, HHgh<>f. lia7?-llU7). SMRugh. 
White, JmmM (d. 17W). Soa tmd«r White. 

Jmm* (I77G-lttao}. 
White, Junm (1776-ieiO) ... M 

White, JunMflMS-lNllil . . . . Kl 
White, JMiuMdiMiKIsasj. SceJeuDsl.JwiM 

Jcrvhom. 
White, jMcnuUi (IBSO-lTtn) ... SI 

White, JotM (teiO T'lUD) . . . . M 
White or WiLli. John {fi. lUfr-lCM) G4 

White, Jcrhn (lB7ft-I«6) U 

White oZud BnuUhkw, itAa, «lterwuda 

Aopinifle (IS7ft-l6IS) .... frS 

White, John (1U0-1«» M 

White, John f UTfr-lUa^ ..... N) 

White, John aWM-lB&l) 81 

White, John IfMdowa (17M7-U6a). 8m 

undor White, Boborl Hndowi. 
White, John TiJionrdin llMW-lBOa) . «] 

Whitei, Jo««rph (17«-1M0 . . . . M 
Whitn, JcMW{di BiKneo (ine-XMl) . . . U 
White, aUtlh»w (fl. lilO-lttao). B«e ander 

White, Robert (1H0?-1B7(). 
White, 8(r Hlvhaol (ITOl-ieWj ... 07 
White, Sir NioboU* (d. U9S) . . . . ta 

Whites Riohwd (A IMi) 70 

Whitei, niohard (leSO-IStl) . . . Tu 

White, alias JohnBon, Rlohun) [1601-1697) . 71 
White, llolwrt (15*0 ?-l47*) . . .71 

White, KobBrtliaiA-lTOS) . 7H 

White, lUibnrt (180»-lfl7*) .... 78 
White, Uobart Me>ainrii (]39Et-180£) . T« 

White, Hunael 1 17aS-lall}. Sao Whrte. 
White, Steph«D(te7&-l<I47?). 76 

Wlitte, tiir Thomaa (1<»S-U8?> . . . 7« 
WliiUi, Tlioii»«(lfieoM«Mi . . . . W 
Wliite, TbuiBM (ISSB-ierO), aba w1l«d 

All.tiM, Aii^lijit.uidBlKlo«ar Bteoktow . TV 
Wl,it«, Thomit»(IIH».ia9'B) . . . . n 
White, Thomiia(l»EM>-ll|He) .... 98 
Whitv, W&Iter [1611-1898) . . . 9« 

IX 

i 




474 



Index to Volume LXI. 



PMm 
Wliiu>. Willuun ijt. I6«0). Sm and«r WbitrO, 

Robert l)S407-ieTl). 
White, WilluondSOl-LCTS) .... 84 
White Sir WiUiuB Anbnr(ieS4-U01) . • M 
^'hiU«itld,Oeem(L7l»-IT70) . . . 8S 
WhitdMrd, Ckleb (1784-1810) ... 93 
Wbitcroord. Ouriea Iff. ITM) . . ^ ,98 
Wl)itol»U.EulMri(163S-I6M) . . . 9i 
WUt«)iud,Chul«ailW.>t-lW;i) . 90 

Vhit^ind,Dttvid(14Vi?-157li . . VA 

Whit«liMd.O«orn!J8M?-n<8| ... 98 
Whitehead, Bggb (if. IQOl). 8m ondcr 

WhiUhead, David. 
WbitehMd, JamM (I819-1W5] 101 

WbilnhMd, Jobu (1880-16M) . 109 

W|iit«haad,Johi)(17«0?-UQ4) .10* 

Vbfldkasd. John (ISaO-Iseo) . . HH 

WlillnhMa, PbdI (1Tia-lT7i) ■ . ]<M 

Whiu-hmul, William (171^-lTU) . . lOd 

WliiUbiim*. Son WhiUiAmo. 
Whitabond, John (1''1&-17M> ... 106 

Whilalaw, Jtiam (1TI9-181B} . .100 

WhJiolodm, BnUtrod* (1WB-I07SJ . . IID 

Whitelooke, Bdiutuid (1SW-1M8) . . U8 

Wliil«lodM, Sir Janiva (1ST0-t889) . .117 

Whita]oclH>,Johiia7H-lRaS|. U» 

Wlular. Walter (17SH~18ait) ISl 

W]uI>i«h1«.J*idm(1HM-IB78|. 19S 

WhiUitld or Whitfioia. Ilniury (d. 1660?) . IM 

Wfaitleld. John Hlarkr- 1 1770-1888) . 1S4 

Whitrnrd, Adam (1()!M-1M7). 8«e under 

WhiUnrd, Waltw (lUI 7-1U7.I. 
WhiUonl, [>aTtd|lliafr'ie71) . . IM 

rVhUtord,Joh& |d. 1607). Haft mdar Whit- 
lord, WalUr (IfiSl 7'liH7). 

'or maOari, Hiohud (itlHB- 

IHS F) IM 

itfctd, WallMf (I6»l T-1M7) .187 

Wkitford, Waller (d. 18»8r) . .180 

Wliitcift,John<IMOr-lBM) . . 18B 

Whithdrne at Whitohoro*. PaMr (Jl. 1M8- 

I IWai 187 

^WbiUiome, Tbomaarjt. 1890). .187 

WkJling, John (1858-1793) .188 

Wkilioff. Richard <d. 1S89} .189 

WblUoek, Ura. Eliatbeth (178L-UM) . . 110 
WUUoek,jQha(KS5-1709) . . lU 

WhiOook, WUltaia Erf. 1HM> . . lU 

pWlnorv, aU QmiR« (d. IMI) . l» 

Utn»y,0«ol&«y (IH»?-H»l!) . -IIS 

liilahodl. Sir Jam** Hawkins (179>-1MB) . 1*8 
CVhitaon, John (ICa7-llWJ . 14i 

TWhilulwr. Son aJxi Whiukor. 1 

IWhitUker, O«oticu Bjram (1798-1847) . . lU i 
^"liitUker, JamM WfUtaa (1998-1670) . . IM [ 
taittakm, Jolin William (1790?-18M) . . 148 I 
WhiLtinf;ha.Ki,CharWn7O7-lM0) . .148! 

Whittingkajn, Obarl*t (1798-1876) , . ]4J 

Whitlitigham, ftir Samnal Ford |177a-1841) . 148 
Whiliingham, Williani {1584 ¥-1(179) . 180 

Whimngbm, Kichaid {d. 1493) .188 

rWliilLiiii^ci. Wbyljnkm, or Whitintoa, Ro- 
Ix-rt (ji. 1S30) ...... 187 

~liiUla,I>twAnnalnKiK_(178»-18fie| . .188 
liiUtMy or Wittlaaay. wULam (d. 1874) . IIS 
\itty, Edmd UiahMJ (1897-1800) . 100 

Whitl)-, Hirhkol Jwdm (I7Bt-lS78i . IM 

Whitirrll, Jolkn Grimn, fxkcd Howaid da 
W*ld«n (1719-1797). S«a Oiiffin, John 
OriBa. 
WUlwotth, Charka, Bana Whihroiyi (IVTV 
1788) . IBl 



171 

ITt 
178 



171 



177 



in 



179 
IM 



r*iia 

Whilvorth. gir CltariM (1714 ?-177B) . 189 

Whifeirorth, ChtthM, Earl WhitNorlb (1789- 

18U) 108 

Whilirorth. Sir JoMph ( 1808-1887) ■ .188 

Whood, I«u (ieB9-17M) .170 

Wborwoed,JuM(j(t. IMS) .170 

Wh]1«. Sot also WUtei. 
Whjt*, Baomsl (17S8-18U) . . . , 
WhjidMiad. Thoma) (IBIS-IBIB) . 

. Wli;t»Ui>l*il!p, GmHfv John (ltf9I-1878l 
Wliflfonl. Richan] {/I. lfVS-16»7). 8m 

Wliitfonl. 
Wliyil, Roborl (17I4-17W) .... 
WliylfiiUin or Whitintoo. Robert {yt. 1890). 

Sm WfaiUiiwUm. 
WtbiiniOTW)(WB,P«rwTBl(18W?-jeM?). 17B 
Wu-h«^ S«« alao Wj«h». 
WiohB, John id. is«9). See Waknuin. 

Wiohp.John Jnift-179«) 178 

WickvoB, Sir John < lHIlS-1878) , .170 

Wickluun. Si>o olio Wjhoham. 

Wicklum. Hi-ary Unn* (17B»-iaM). Bm 

undo^ Wickluuo, William. 
Wkkham, WiUiiun <1 781-1840) 
Wiokknr, ViMuunt (d. 17S8). 8m andor 

Howard, lUlph (1038-1710). 
Wickwapi? ur Wjohabam, William da (d. 

1988) 

WicUf, John (1884 T-11184). Sn Wrdiln. 

Widaioosli, Unnr (181»-1S«B) 

WIddkoinb or Widdicunb, John EadaOft 

(1787-18811. Hm nndar Widdiowib, H«iry. 
WiddoM-M, UUca (ISaaM848) 
Widdftncton, Bal[>fa (d. 1888) .... 
Wlddrtactaa. Bogor (lUS-IMO), nwl habb 

ThomaarraalOD . . . . . IM 

Widdringtoo, Samiwl Edward (d. tSH) . . IBS 
WiddnngtoD, Sir Thomaa (d. I0S4| . . Ifll 

WiddriBHton, William, &nk Baron Widdringf 

ton (1810-18X1) 184 

WiddrinKUUt, WilUam, louUt Baron Wid- 

dtinCloii (llV7ft-l748) ..... 1U6 
WldrUa. SMWoodville. 

VlffsD. Beajanda Bamn f 17M-1B67) . . IM 
WlOn, Jnvmiab Uotano* (1799-1830) . . 187 

wjgwi, AiiKd Srdner (1814-1878) . . laa 

Wjgao. Horace (18187-1886) . . .180 

trigu, John (ie>«-1780) m 

Wwnn, Uonof» (1808-1884). Bh nndor 

wigan, Alfrad STdneT. 

Wiuc. Liiljp (1749-1808) 19S 

WigKinlom, aika (/. 18««-lf97l ■ .US 

Wighard, Wighcvd. or ViKbnrd (d. OM) . IH 
Wight, Boboct (lTOe-1879) .194 

WIghtnan, £dwaid(d. 1011) Ut 

Wlghtman, Sir William (1784-18«n . . 198 
W'tghtwidi.G«orga (1809-1873) .198 

Wi^ar(d.888) 197 

WismoT^ Barona of. 8m HoitiDHt. 
WI^Mw, WUIiam (lS9»-l«eS). 8«* CwU' 

iMon, WilUam. 
Wignn'i(i'«ni'>V>'li''>» (1919-1884) . . 197 
Wigram, GuDrge Vi(Himiia(lMft-1879). Sm 

onder Wignni, Joai>|ih Cotton. 
Wignun.8bJun«B{n98-1866) .19* 

WigniD, JuMtph Coikn (1798-1801) . 19B 

Wigtown. Earl of. 8m FWniiK, Sir l[ftl> 

coin (d. ISODP). 
Wihinr (d. 8*4] .190 

WiUrod (d. 7U) 190 

Wikalord, Bobart da (d. 18*0) ... .900 
Wtkoa,TiM(naa(/. 19E0>1978). 8m Wyfcva. 



^^ Index to Volume LXI. ^^S:^^l 


. 


rjiBS 


r««»^^^^| 


Bmaxj Willkin (1607-1879) 
Bolwrt Umo (1809-t8fiT) . 


soo 


WiUiiU, Ralpb (1710-1799) . . . . 2SS ^H 


aoi 


William the Coiiiiu«Turil027?-10«7) US ^M 


SuDiwi (isos-ima) . 


. tKM 


WiUiuu 11 {•!. 1100) "'I^^^^H 


Will»ni 11769-1888) . 


. BOS 


Willoiii III (l«fi(^17U9) ..... aoS^^^M 


WOIibrord, SaidI (HVT^Sa). Sm 


WlUinni IV il7ai^|N87i 89B^^^H 


L 




WiiiikRi th«[.j(in(iiis-iflu) .an ^H 


a(Jf.tBm-WU) . . . 


ai7 




4*^ (1«7»-17IKI) . 


. SIB 


William. DukL, of QlolKMlec 11680-1700). ^M 


nwph (nM-l7BU. 8m onder 


S«- andtt AinK (leet-lTU). ^H 


Jo«>ph(1SVS-17SS), 

ina>(iaiB?-iaoai 




WUIiAui AueiutuH, Dnko ol OtunbatUBd ^H 


. aw 


Ubo Witde. 




WiUiun Heoi7, tot I>nk8 «1 Olonenter of ^H 


»{Viiii~\asb) 


im 


th« laUst oi!Wtlan (1748-1806) . .846 ^^^B 


4^Oaer^<I01l^-laBS) 


. SSI 


WilliftinPr«dertok,«eooindDiikeol Gloaccgtor ^^^^H 


Waiiam (IBK-lwa) . 


m 


0lUMUtMtciMti«i(1776-18»ll . Mt^^^H 


i&n ie«)7'iT)e&) . 
a«,BoiMn(i«oi>-i0T0] 

(ltJW~18e«). t$M ub4m Wilde 
tn Robert WUlB. 


itaa 


Wtlliuu Fitxmbcni, E*rl of Uercfonl (if. ^H 


3i8 


11K71). 8«o FiU»*beni. ^M 




WUIJUD U»lct or Uollet {d. 1071}. See Malvl. ^H 




WilliMn {li. 1U7S) 8S0 ^M 


Ifnd ThoiMS <l8t9-l87«) . 


«e 


WUlikm d« 8k CarUel or St. Cal*u (d- lOM). ^M 


ild«, JuluiJl»O-1009) . 
iM, Lord Tnuo [17M-1MS) 


998 


Sve Cwilcf. ^1 
WiUiun o( Cheater ift. 1109) . - 360 H 


/LUiMD uaii r-l«79) . 

•'JlUftBi Bobort Wills (I«lft-I8Ta) 


SHU 


WUliAmUilTwdirf. IIW). 8m OiAud, ^| 


«W 


WUli*m<<i.U8S?i 8S0 H 


8«ai*l (LTVf 7-vm) . 


an 


WilLuD of CotlwU ('7.1160). 8m Corlml. ^M 


rJohn [ll!«l?-l««ll) . 


flS9 


Wi)liund« Wkt«liTkst(tI. 1187), 8m Wu«l- ^M 


rUHlpH, Bir Juam (1016 ?-l»ltO) 386 


^H 


nfjf. 1749-17*21 , 


stn 


WIIJiwD of Uftlmobtu? id. lUSf) . . SU ^H 


k>e uuder WiUotil or WilKlonl 








WIDitun of Tliwajt (<;. list). 9w FtU- ^^H 






Ijerbf^, WilliAin. j^^^^^H 


'airitb, S^n* (m4-70») 


9«S 


Willjjimof Coii[!bi«(>i. 116if| - Bt^^^^H 


1 (1787-1797) 


94a 


WUlUiud* Wniui»be(/r. 1166) . SSfl^^^H 

Wniiuu of Ypres {d. l]6er), MmintiQtialjr ^^^H 

•tjlMl e«rt of Kent . . BM^^^^H 

W!lfiundeTnu)j|<f. UTS)- SeeTrw]'. ^^^H 


Mtl (ICm-lTM) . 


9M 


rhomu 1ISU ?>llt«a) . 


Ul 


>STid|17)MS-1MI), 


98S 


l»m (1731-1774) . 


US 


WilllMD(10a6?-1171) 86«;^^^B 


ID (17fii>-iei03) 


969 


wiHikEii of Sb. AiWiK (/f. 1178) . sao^^^H 


ChaTl»ii<!7<eMB0S) . 


969 


Wiltinni ot Crowlwid {d. 1170]. 8m atia«r ^^^H 


rid(Irtftfi-l7iS) 


960 


Williani of Rmjdmit. ^^^^H 


)tKf(/- """) 


aei 


Williftcn of IVtATbnrnitith \/t. 1188) . OU '^^H 


ilgea78»-18881 . 


968 


Wi1I]>Ri FituUphui [d. 1190 V). See FiU- ^H 


117 Sl.L']iLirllH!W-lBiM) 


9BB 


kU-'phen. ^^^^H 


□ (iei4-i07a) 


901 


WilluLQi FItiuabiirl id. UM). Sec FltuMlwrt. ^^^H 


liun (177»-iei>U] . 


9A7 


William at LanErluuup [d. llSlj. Bbo Long- ^^^H 


:iurl4M Smith (1M&-1BVI) , 


96» 


ohbuip. ^^^^H 


Itiarj (1610-1676) 


9611 


WlUJKiD of Newbuish (118ft-llU8?> . fiMi^^^H 


lonryllHlft-lUUO). 


97U 


Willitun de Leioeoter, or WiUiun do Mont ,^^^^H 


tmfi JAhn <d. IMG). Soo nndei 






1 Junoii Jolui GkTlh. 




Wini»mMdvtcrHsltol(^.116«-19]6). 8m ^^^H 


KRicu jAhn Bkrlh (18Ift-]8Dfl) 


S71 


MaleU ^^^1 


obn tlTa»-1fl(lH) . 

ir J<^w Ukrdner (I7BT-1VTE) 


279 


Williiuii at RuiiMj (/. 121B] .... 064 ^1 


97* 


Willia.m tliR 1VonT^rc< (jf. 1990 f) . .864 ^1 
WiUiun of S»int-M^ID-%1■■ctd. 1921) . . 064 ^1 


'aU>(l7afr-180B» . 


976 


Vaii&m (if. tets) . 
(d-lBiO) .... 


978 


Willifttn the ULcrk {Jl. ia0B-13S0} . .867 ^1 


978 


WiJliiun de Longeaiiie, Uurd Kulol tiidiaburj ^H 


(l7e6V-ieH). See nadu- WilkB 




(d. 19961. Hm Lioajreapfo. ^1 


Ml, 




WiUlAm de Pan or de Poctibtu, Bui of ^1 


(1760 7-1881) 


979 




r( (1M&?-1T8S] . 


9au 


WilliMnof DroKb<>dft(if.l»467> . 9T0 ^H 


elCliitrlM(17«»-18T8) 


908 


WilbMn of DorhAin i<f. 1X49) . . .970 ^M 


iaui (/(. 1717-1711B). Sea ondtti 




William do Lootaa'ptit, e^ad Eul of B«lis- ^H 


wtt. 




bitry illtUj-lUD). 8m Loivnpie. ^H 


Brt (1767-1613) 


984 


WiJliun of Noniivbftni (iL 19U). Bm Not- ^1 


Wllhtad Id, 789) . 


98S 


tJQJflujDh ^^H 


rhomM (1780-1*71) . 


965 


WlUiun of Yotk id. 1969) .871 ^1 


e* W]«hei)B (17f^lBie) 


)»6 


WiUiua d« Fors 01 de Fortibiu, Eul of ^H 


unesShikw ilNU-187a; 


Ifte 




ohn (liWO-lTCl) . 


!lft7 


Wntluii >)<> Wt«kwMie ot Wyehabua(iL l»i). ^M 


tlay, IticJiud (yT. ie3»-lS78} 


9H 


Sd*i Wicknft,no. ^^M 


erw (IGGi-lAdI) . 


1»8 


Wijlutin do Vftlencv, titvUi Earl of Foroljrobe _m^^| 


uu [IBOS-ltl*] .... 


tn 


[•L laec) '^^^H^ 



476 



Index to Volume LXI. 



MAI 

W.UiAiB of Wue, or WOUub Wucc, Qvmro, 

or V»rwii(j(. 1»XI?> 877 

.WiUiftmol WhMtleTorWfaeUay (/. 1810) .877 
~rilUuD Of LittliDittoa (d. 1»S) .877 

rini*n de SlwpMlwTvd (;t. iswr). Sm 

WillUcD of KxQtOT (/. IBM ? ). 8m Esetar. 
VOliiuii do Arnaiuiuu) {d. ISSS). 8m Ajn- 

minn*. 
Vaiiun of CoT«Dti7 (/■ tSaO) .977 

^Uliun of Bortoii I ^. 1S7A). Sm D«rton. 

rmiuiiDr WoroMtar -w WjrcMUr (141S7- 

1400?!. Sm> WarcActar. 
Willianw, Ani>» (1706-1788) . . S7H 

WmUma, ChurlM (liat-MM). 8m imdac 

Wnitftina, Fnidiwiok SnuMtim. 
'WilU>ni«,SirCliulMHuibiii7(lTDft-17EB} . S7S 
Wmikou, OmtIm JunM BImIim {laOfr- 

1S09) 888 

WiUianut, Sir eiiiirl«« Juau WaUdn (USS- 

lt«4) 8U 

Williiuiia, Dkuicl (1U»?-17IA) . . SSS 

Williuiik,8itI>ii.ri<I.ISMT-]ai8;i . .880 

Willikim, Divid (.1. tTMi . . . . BM 
WiUmod*, DavMi (nas-isifl) . . . . 8»0 
~TiUiidM, D*Tia uToi^iHM) . . . . 8oe 

miianM,EdnTd(jt.llItO) . 891 

rilHonik, KdwMd (1TS0-U18] ■ SM 

iUiiuna, Kdwttnt jl71«-ie9S) .SKI 

''•Willi»ma, K<lw«rda7(t»-I8a3) . . SW 

'ft'llliuiu, KJKsrd Ellikct ilTSfU-lWa) ■ .896 

JWtiliAma, Sir Kdvfud VmkIuui (ITVT-inS) . BM 

,BU«atin6*-l(«(J). .8*7 

raUnu, Fnderuk timociuH iti^av-lSBe) . 8W 

~liui^Oaocg«|lT0^1Wl). . 8M 

raUua«.0«org«ilH14-lH7«). .098 

ra]uunsOMrRaJ*m«tt(111»-180B) . <00 

rilliikm«,Griflith(]C89?-llt7<) . . Wl 

ri1Unm*,()riffltb<17(HI-iase). . . . WB 

Vrilliiiran. IlRlen HbTik U7ea-1M7) ■ iOI 

WillUinJi,Hi'nrT in93-18H7) . . . . *06 

Willinnw, Hugh Wiliuun (1778-lSM) . 107 

^TOUuaa, Iiuc (IBDa-ltUW) . . 4IM 

niUama, Juia (lw»-18t!iBl .411 

KUiuni, John, fiuon WOtium of TbuiLo 

<iBOO?-ieao) 4ia 

raiiRou. John (IMS-lew) . .414 

Vtl]i(Ln]8,J'ohtill6S4?-170») ■ .430 

Williiun*, John (173T-17M1 . . *M 

Waiiamn, Jolin IITST-iaiO . . .411 

WflUaiuK, John {1701-1918) . . 4M 

WUlIuaa, John (1745-1818). Sm uudw Wil- 
liMDH, John (lTn-18S8t. 

riUiuBv, JobB tl7M-186fl} . .421 



WaUuu, John (ITSX-lHll . .418 

WillMins.Su'Ji>hD(I7:T>1846i . OQ 

VniiunB. John U7(U-IQ6»| .... it} 
WiUi«i)ia,J<ikji{l(fll-iaU) . . . . ISO 
Wi1t»ni», 3ir John BkkmtoB (17B»-lWlt . iU 
Wi]liuDa,Jow^>h(;7. I«T4-17(K)» . .US 

'WiUfaui»,Jo^u>ilK|.s-i«il) . .at 

WilliuoB, (Mulk) Jauo (I7»S-1«7S)l Bm 

(ind«r WiUiBnui, Juib, 
WilliuM, MmiiigQ 8«<4>1ioD (1SS5-1WS) . ua 
WiniB.ins, Uorrii (lf">»-1874) . . at 

W.ni&m*,HM««<l«M-1T49| - . tU 

WiUikiiM, I'nnf? [UWI0?-1S«S] . <as 

WUIiftmR, PoUr (1723-179G) . . .436 

WiUiiinw, pDt«r (17M7-liffl7|. Sm ondm' 

Williauu, PoUr (ITa4-17»0). 
Willimnii. l>«i«iIUf1y(17&&-]tiM). S*a nadw 

WiUiiiniB. Pvtci {t7a^l7M). 
Villiuo.. Kidutnl D'AIUin (183»-1B0>) . . 4|| 
WtllikiDK, BohoTi or Rogw Ijf. lOBO) . 4M 

WilliuUB, Robert il76S-18a7t. 
WflliMam, Bobwt (17H7 ?-IiMB) 
WOUftOM, Bob«rt (1787-18G0) . 
Willikni>.noticit(l»10-1MI) . 
Williimi*, Sit liOfCRi nitO?-l&e6) 
WiUiuaw. lU«Cf (I'^^-K^) 
Willuunn, liacet fJL 1000}. 8m WiUiMBi, 

Robert 
^illiuni, RowUimI (1H17-1B70) . . .ISO 
W)lliuti«,Buiiae)(17BB-18»). . . Itt 

Williknw, TftUMin (1787-1M7). Su rader 

Williuu, £d«wa (lT4«-imi6). 
WinuiiM,ThoiDM(U18?-lfiaS) . . 4U 

Waiuuiu,Tboauu(l»MMi907) . . IM 

WUliftBu, ThoiBU (tWO-1740) . 4H 

WaiiKOw, Thomu (/f. 1880). 8m vadw 

WiUiftina, Subhc]. 
WilUai)M,8irTlM>Ruw(17«2?'I»41) . IM 

WilUuu. ■OuaoM ri760-]844> . 4H 

WilUuna, Thomu Wdtn [17E0-USBI . . 4ST 

wiiiiuHB, sii wuuuD (1084-1700) . . tn 

WiUiuw, WilUun (1717-1701) .400 

WtlliuBfl, WilliuD (1780-1817) .404 

WiUioBu, Willkm, geMnOj knows u WQ- 

liuM ol Worn (174I-1040) . .104 

WUlianu, Willi>ni (lOOl-lMO) .US 

WiUiuuui, WiUikia [1809-1879). 8m oodor 

WiIliiuiT>, Henry. 
WilllBino. Sii W;iliam FiiDtiLok (tOOO-lMS) . 4M 
WilltitmH. Wilii^ui H<-nml771-1841) . . 107 
Wi1lu>iii«, William MuILjou (1640-180S) , . 168 
WiUinm*. WilHua pMr« (IWU-ITM) . 4W 

WiltUinii, iLlierwHdaWntiuu.PreMnui,Wfl. 

liam I'Miro (174^-1903) . . . . 470 

WiUiaau, ZkIiuUIi (1678 ?-17M) . .471 



END OF THE SIXTY-FIRST VOLUME.