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DICTIONARY OF CHRONOLOGY.
T2.G\Bd
A
DICTIONARY OF CHRONOLOGY,
OR
THE HISTORIAN'S COMPANION
\
BEING
&n ^utfientic SUgfeter of iEbents,
FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME.
THE FOURTH EDITION, CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED.
BY THOMAS TEGG,
EDITOR OF " THE YOUNG MAN'S BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE.
V
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THOMAS TEGG AND SON,
73, CHEAPSIDE;
K. GRIFFIN AND CO., GLASGOW ; ALSO TEGG, WISE, AND CO., DUBLIN.
LONDON :
BRADBTRY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WH1TEFRIARS,
(LATE T. DAVISON.)
ADVERTISEMENT.
The sale of several large Editions of the Chronology inducing
the Editor to believe that a new one, brought down to the present
time, would be acceptable to the public, he has been at some
pains, by a complete revision and improved arrangement of the
contents, to render it more correct, and better adapted for the
purpose of reference. To effect these objects, he has availed
himself of the assistance of a literary friend, and he hopes that the
result of their labours will be found a useful and comprehensive
guide, when information connected with Chronology is sought for.
Being at the same time fully aware that in a work compiled,
like the present, from various sources, errors must frequently
occur, the Editor, whilst for such errors he solicits the indulgence
of the public, will feel highly indebted for any corrections or
suggestions that may be forwarded to him, and of which he will
gladly avail himself in future editions.
73, Cheajmde, 1836.
INTRODUCTION.
Chronology may be defined, " a scientific method of ascertaining
or computing time, from the commencement of some given event to the
completion or fulfilment of another, with the doctrine of dates, eras,
epochs, &c. coincident therewith." Like history it opens, through a
great avenue, an expanded view of all human affairs, and connects and
illumines the most dark and distant revolutions of the world. Yet it is
to be lamented, that many and insuperable difficulties arise in ascer-
taining the dates and periods of antiquity, and concerning which much
controversy and difference of opinion have arisen. " All nations," says
Sir Isaac Newton, "before they began to keep exact records of time,
seem to have been led away by the false pride of heightening their
antiquity, and of ascribing their origin to some divinity or renowned
prince, often known only in fable, and handed down by legendary
tradition." On this account Sir Isaac found himself constrained to
deviate widely from the beaten paths of former writers, in fixing the
dates of facts preceding the war between the Greeks and Persians :
" yet, so affixing them," says he, " as to make Chronology suit with
the course of nature, with astronomy, with sacred history, and with
itself."
Sir Isaac Newton has shown, that the Chronology of ancient king-
doms is involved in the greatest uncertainty ; and that the Europeans
had no Chronology before the existence of the Persian empire, or 536
years before Christ, when Cyrus conquered Darius ; that the antiquities
of the Greeks are full of fables till this period, and that after this time
several Greek historians introduced the computation by generations.
The Chronology of the Latins was still more uncertain ; their old
records having been burnt by the Gauls 120 years after the expulsion of
their kings, and 388 before the birth of Christ. The Chronologers of
Gaul, Spain, Germany, Scythia, Sweden, Britain, and Ireland, are of a
still later date ; for Scythia beyond the Danube had no letters till
Ulphilas, their bishop, formed them, about the year 370. Germany had
none till it received them from the western empire of the Latins, about
Vlll INTRODUCTION.
the year 400. The Huns had none in the days of Procopius, about the
year 526 ; and Sweden and Norway received them still later.
Sir Isaac Newton, after a general account of the obscurity and
defects of the ancient Chronology, observes, that though many of the
ancients computed by successions and generations, yet the Egpytians,
Greeks, and Latins, reckoned the reigns of kings equal to generations
of men, and three of them to a hundred, and sometimes to 120 years,
and this was the foundation of their technical chronology. He then
proceeds, from the ordinary course of nature, and a detail of historical
facts, to show the difference between reigns and generations ; and that,
though a generation from father to son may at an average be reckoned
about 33 years, or three of them equal to 100 years, yet when they are
taken by the eldest sons, three of them cannot be estimated at more
than about 75 or 80 years ; and the reigns of kings are still shorter ;
so that 18 or 20 years may be allowed as a just medium. Sir Isaac
then fixes on four remarkable periods, viz. the return of the Heraclidse
into the Peloponnesus, — the taking of Troy, — the Argonautic expedi-
tion, — and the return of Sesostris into Egypt, after his wars in Thrace ;
and he settles the epoch of each by the true value of a generation. To
instance only his estimate of that of the Argonautic expedition : having
fixed the return of the Heraclidse to about the 159th year after the
death of Solomon, and the destruction of Troy to about the 76th year
after that period, he observes, that Hercules the Argonaut was the
father of Hyllus, the father of Clerdius, the father of Andromachus,
the father of Aristodemus, who conducted the Heraclidae into Pelopon-
nesus ; so that, reckoning by the chiefs of their family, their return was
four generations later than the Argonautic expedition, which therefore
happened about 43 years after the death of Solomon. This is farther
confirmed by another argument : ^Esculapius and Hercules were
Argonauts; Hippocrates was the 18th inclusively from the former by
the father's side, and the 19th from the latter by the mother's side ;
now allowing 28 or 30 years to each of them, the 17 intervals by the
father, and the 18 intervals by the mother, will on a medium give 507
years ; and these, reckoning back from the commencement of the
Peloponnesian war, or the 431st year before Christ, when Hippocrates
began to flourish, will place the Argonautic expedition in the 43rd year
after the death of Solomon, or 937 years before Christ.
The other kind of reasoning by which Sir Isaac Newton endeavours
to establish this epoch is purely astronomical.
What is proposed in these introductory pages, is to point out, in a
more copious manner than was compatible with our plan in the body of
the work, the chief methods by which the several portions of time have
been computed, and in which they have been employed in ascertaining
the connection, and determining the dates, of past transactions.
The divisions of time, which most probably first attracted the notice
INTRODUCTION.
of mankind, as most obvious to their senses, were those marked by the
revolutions of the heavenly bodies— days, lunar months, and years ;
and if these had corresponded so exactly to each other, that every luna-
tion had consisted uniformly f the same number of days, and each year
of a regular number of days, and eacn^r of a reg ular number of com-
plete lunations, the business of Chronology wouu i iave Deen attended
with comparatively little difficulty. In consequence, howc.^, of varia-
tions in the revolutions of the earth, which it is not requisite here to
explain, it has become necessary to adjust these periods to each other
by certain artificial divisions.
The most obvious division of time, in all ages and countries, as has
been observed, is to be referred to the apparent or real revolutions of
the sun and moon. Thus, the apparent revolution of the sun, or the
real rotation of the earth on her axis, causing the sun to appear to rise
and set, constitutes the vicissitudes of day and night, which must be
evident to the most barbarous and ignorant nations. The moon, by her
revolution about the earth, and her changes, as naturally and obviously
forms months ; while the great annual course of the sun through the
several constellations of the zodiac, points out the larger division of
the year.
OF THE COMMON DIVISION OF TIME, . ;
Time itself is only a succession of phenomena in the universe ; or a
mode of duration marked by certain periods. " Our idea of time in
general," says Mr. Locke, " is formed by considering any part of
infinite duration, as set out by periodical measures : the idea of any
particular time, or length of duration, we acquire first by observing
certain appearances at regular and seemingly equi-distant periods.
Thus, by being able to repeat these lengths or measures of time as often
as we will, we can imagine duration, where nothing really endures or
exists ; and hence we imagine to-morrow, or next year," &c. Some
philosophers define time to be the duration of a thing whose existence
is neither without beginning nor end ; and, by this, time is distin-
guished from eternity. The most familiar portions, or measures of
time, are its sub-divisions into hours, days, weeks, months, and years ;
but as these have varied considerably in different ages and countries, it
becomes the business of Chronology to investigate and explain them.
An Hour is the aliquot part of a natural day, usually the twenty-
fourth, but sometimes the twelfth part. With us, it is the twenty-
fourth part of the earth's diurnal rotation, or the time from noon to
noon, and therefore it answers to fifteen degrees of the whole circle of
longitude, or of 360 degrees. The hour is divided by sixtieths, viz.
first into sixty minutes, then each minute into sixty seconds, &c. The
c2
X INTRODUCTION.
division of time into hours is very ancient ; as is shown by Kircher,
(Edip. iEgypt. torn. 2, part 2. The most ancient hour is that of the
twelfth part of the day. Herodotus observes, th*fc the Greeks learned
from the Egyptians, among other" th ; "S s > the method of dividing the
day into twelve parts • av 1 lhti astronomers of Cathaya still retain this
method. The <U»A»M>n of the day into twenty-four hours was not known
to tb<* nomans before the Punic war ; till that time they only regulated
their days by the rising and setting of the sun. They divided the
twelve hours of their day into four ; viz. prime, which commenced at
six o'clock — third at nine — sixth at twelve — and none at three. They
also divided the night into four watches, each containing three hours.
Sometimes hours are divided into equal and unequal. — Equal hours
are the twenty-fourth parts of a day and night precisely ; that is, the
time in which the fifteen degrees of the equator pass the meridian.
These are also called equinoctial hours, because measured on the
equinoctial ; and astronomical, because used by astronomers. Astrono-
mical hours are equal hours, reckoned from noon to noon, in a continued
series of twenty-four. European hours, used in civil computation, are
equal hours, reckoned from midnight ; twelve from thence till noon,
and twelve more from noon till midnight. Jewish, or planetary, or
ancient hours, are twelfth parts of the artificial day and night. They
are called ancient or Jewish hours, because used by the ancients, and
still among the Jews. They are called planetary hours, because the
astrologers pretend that a new planet comes to predominate every
hour, and that the day takes its denomination from that which predo-
minates the first hour of it ; as Monday from the moon, &c. Italian
hours are equal hours, reckoned from sun-set, in a continued series of
twenty-four. Unequal or temporary hours are twelfth parts of the
artificial day and night. The obliquity of the sphere renders these
more or less unequal at different times, so that they only agree with the
equal hours at the times of the equinoxes.
The next measure of time, above or superior to the hour, is that of
the Day. In common speech, a day means that period of time which
is included between the first appearance of light in the morning and
the return of darkness in the evening, or during which the sun is visible
above the horizon. But the word is used, in a more comprehensive
sense, to denote the time of a complete revolution of the earth round
its axis. The former has been denominated a natural, the latter a civil,
and sometimes a solar day. The beginning of the day has been variously
reckoned by different nations. The Chaldaeans, Syrians, Persians, and
Indians, reckoned the day to commence at sun-rise. The Jews also
used this method for their civil, but began the sacred day at sun-set ;
this latter mode was used likewise by the Athenians, the Arabs, the
ancient Gauls, and some other European nations. The Egyptians
appear to have had several methods of reckoning their day ; probably
INTRODUCTION. XI
the mode varied in different parts of the country, and in the same place
at different periods. The ancient inhabitants of Italy computed the
day from midnight, and in this they have been followed by the English,
French, Dutch, Germans, Spaniards, and Portuguese ; modern astrono-
mers, after the Arabians, count the day from noon.
The day was sub-divided by the Jews and Romans into four parts,
which they denominated watches or vigils : the first commenced at six
in the morning, the second at nine, the third at twelve, and the fourth
at three in the afternoon. The beginning of the first watch was, by the
Jews, called the third hour, and so on in succession to the fourth watch,
which was reckoned the twelfth hour. The night was divided in a
similar manner. Other modes of dividing the day have been in use
among different nations ; but that which is now most general in civilised
countries, is into twenty-four equal parts or hours.
The Week is a division of time, of which it may be proper to take
some notice before we proceed to the month. Various divisions, which
might be included under this denomination, have obtained in different
countries. The earlier Greeks divided their month into three portions
of ten days each : the Northern Chinese had a week of fifteen days, and
the Mexicans one of thirteen. But the Chaldaeans, and most other
Oriental nations, have, from time immemorial, used the Jewish week of
seven days, which has been adopted by the Mohammedans, and intro-
duced, with Christianity, to rao^t of the civilised nations of the world.
In the Old Testament the term week is occasionally applied to a period
of seven years, as well as of seven days ; and to this it is necessary to
attend, in order to understand the passages wherein the word is used in
that sense.
The Month. There can be little doubt but that this division of time
was at first suggested by the phases, or the periodical changes in the
appearances of the moon, and, consequently, that in ancient computa-
tions the months were invariably lunar. The difficulty, however, of
adjusting this month to the annual revolution of the earth led, with the
improvement of astronomy, to the invention of other divisions under
this name. Months are now divided into astronomical and civil. The
astronomical months with which Chronology is concerned, are measured
by the revolutions of the moon, and are either periodical or synodical.
The periodical lunar month is composed of the time which elapses
between the departure of the moon from any part of her orbit, and her
return to the same point, which is 27 days, 7 hours, and 43 minutes.
The synodical lunar month is reckoned from one conjunction of the sun
with the moon to another. This period is not always the same, being
subject to the variation occasioned by the motion of the sun eastward
on the ecliptic ; a mean lunation consists of 29 days, 12 hours, and 44
minutes. This was the lunar month mostly in use in ancient times.
The civil month is that artificial space of time, by means of which the
Xll INTRODUCTION.
solar year is divided into twelve parts ; these months, which were first
ordained by Julius Caesar, consist of thirty, or thirty-one days each,
with the exception of February, which commonly contains twenty-eight,
and in every fourth year twenty-nine days.
Years. The year may be termed the largest natural division of time.
As the diurnal revolution of the earth would naturally lead to the divi-
sion into days, and the phases of the moon, with a little attention, to
that into months, so the annual motion of the earth round the sun,
Which would be marked by the periodical return of certain appearances,
seasons, &c, would in due course lead to the adoption of this larger
division. At what time this took place is uncertain, but probably not
before considerable advances had been made in astronomical science.
It was long, however, after its first adoption, before it attained to any
thing like an accurate form. The most ancient measure of the year
of which we know, consisted of twelve lunar months, which, for the
facility of computation, being all considered as equal in length, and to
contain thirty days each, amounted to 360 days. It is conjectured that
this gave rise to the division of the ecliptic, which still obtains, into 360
equal parts or degrees.
This luni-solar year probably had its rise in Chaldsea, or Egypt ; we
learn, at least, from the testimony of Herodotus, that it was used in
the latter country. Hence, with the diffusion of science, it was carried
into other regions, and very generally adopted. It was early in use
among the Indians, the Chinese, the Medes, and Persians, and the
ancient Greeks. Its measure being, however, inaccurate, containing
five days and a quarter more than the lunar, and as much less than the
true solar year, and this defect becoming every year more perceptible
from the retrocession of the seasons, &c. it was soon considered neces-
sary to subject it to some revision. The Thebans are supposed to have
been the first who undertook its correction, by making an annual
addition of five days to the luni-solar year. Thales introduced this
improvement into the ancient Grecian year, and it was adopted, with
some ti-ifling variations in particular instances, into the Indian, the
Chinese, and the Jewish year.
The Roman year, as regulated by Romulus, and afterwards reformed by
his successor Numa, was reckoned by lunar months, and adjusted to the
seasons by a number of intercalary days. It consisted often lunar months
of which December was the last, and to these two whole intercalary
months were added, but not inserted in the calendar. This year began
at first in March ; but the Decemviri, who undertook its reformation,
changed the order of the months into that in which they now stand,
introduced the two intercalary months, January and February, into the
calendar, and made January the first month of the year.
Owing to the ignorance or the carelessness of the Pontifices Maximi,
to whose care the regulation of the intercalary days was committed, the
INTRODUCTION. XlU
year was reduced to such disorder in the time of Julius Caesar, that the
winter months had fallen hack to the autumn. To restore them to their
proper season, Ccesar formed a year of 445 days, which has been styled
the year of confusion. With the assistance of Sosigenes, a mathematician
of Alexandria, he afterwards, in the year B. C. 45, instituted a solar
year of 365 days, 6 hours, which is now known under the name of the
Julian year. To adjust this year to the annual revolution of the earth,
which is six hours and some minutes more than 365 days, the length of
the ordinary year, a day was appointed to be intercalated every fourth
year in the month of February ; this day, from its position in the Roman
calendar, was called bissextile, a name which has also been given to the
year in which the intercalation takes place.
The Julian year, although it approaches very near the truth, is not,
however, perfectly correct. The true time of the annual revolution of
the sun in the ecliptic is 365 days, 5 hours, and nearly 49 minutes,
which falls short by a few minutes of the time assumed in the Julian
year. How trifling soever this difference might at first appear, it
amounted in a hundred and thirty-one years to a whole day. In conse-
quence of this, the vernal equinox, which Sosigenes, in the first year of
the Julian correction, observed to fall in the 25th of March, had gone
back in A. D. 325, at the time of the council of Nice, to the 21st, and
in A. D. 1582 to the 11th of March. To remedy this growing defect,
Pope Gregory XIII. caused the calendar to undergo another correction.
In A. D- 1580, he ordered ten days to be cut out of the month of Octo-
ber, so that the fourth was reckoned the fifteenth day ; and, to prevent
such retrocession in future, in addition to the Julian regulation with
respect to the bissextile year, he ordained that the years 1600, 2000,
2400, and every fourth century in succession, should have an intercala-
tion of a day, but that in the other centuries 1700, 1800, 1900,2100, &c.
the day should be omitted, and those years remain common years. This
regulation comes so near the truth, that the only correction it will
require will be the suppression of a day and a half in five thousand
years.
The Gregorian year, or as it is vulgarly called, the new style, was
immediately adopted in Spain, Portugal, and part of Italy. It was
introduced into France in October of the same year, the tenth of which
month was, by an ordinance of Henry III., reckoned the twentieth day.
In Germany it was adopted by the Catholic States in 1583, but. the
Protestant States adhered to the old calendar until the year 1700.
Denmark also adopted it about this period, and Sweden in 1753. It
was not used in England before 1752, when, by act of parliament, the
style was changed, and the third of September was reckoned the four-
teenth, the difference having by this time increased to eleven days.
Russia is the only country in Europe in which the old mode of reckon-
ing is still in use.
XIV INTRODUCTION.
The want of some specific standard, which could be regarded as
common to all nations, has occasioned great diversity in different
countries in fixing the beginning of the year. The Chaldseans and
Egyptians reckoned their years from the autumnal equinox. The Jews
also reckoned their civil year from this period, but began their ecclesi-
astical year in the spring. Gemschid, the king of Persia, ordered the
year in that country to commence at the vernal equinox. In Sweden
the year formerly commenced at the winter solstice. The Greeks used
different methods, some of the states beginning the year at the vernal,
others at the autumnal equinox, and some at the summer solstice. The
Roman year at one time began in March, but was afterwards made to
commence in January. The new year's day of the church of Rome is
fixed on the Sunday nearest the full moon of the vernal equinox. In
England the year began in March until A.D. 1752, when the act of
parliament which altered the style, ordained it to commence on the first
of January.
Having thus given a short account of the lunar and solar years, which
have been mostly in use, and an acquaintance with which is of most
consequence in chronology, it will be proper to notice some combina-
tions of years which are mentioned in ancient history, and therefore
useful to be known.
Lustra. The Romans sometimes reckoned by lustra ; a Lustrum was
a period of five years, which derived its name from a census instituted by
Servius Tullius, at which a purification {Lustration) of the Roman people
was made every fifth year.
The Olympiads were, however, the most remarkable of these combina-
tions. They consisted of four Grecian years, and derived their names
from the public games celebrated every fourth year at Olympia, in Pelo-
ponnesus. These games were instituted in honour of Jupiter, but at
what time, or by whom, is not known. After they had been neglected
and discontinued for some time, they were restored by Iphitus, king of
Elis, in the year B. C. 776 ; and it is from this date that the olympiads
are reckoned in chronology.
Cycles are fixed intervals of time composed of the successive revolu-
tions of a certain number of years. The lustra and the olympiads may
perhaps be included under this name, but the term is more commonly
appropriated to larger intervals, connected with the periodical return of
certain circumstances and appearances. The great use made of cycles
in chronology requires that they be particularly noticed.
From the defective nature of the Greek calendar, the Olympic year,
as it has been called, was subject to considerable variation ; and, from
the retrocession of the months, which it occasioned, producing a gradual
change of the seasons when the games were to be celebrated, led to much
inconvenience. Cleostrates, a mathematician of Tenedos, endeavoured
to give it a more perfect form by inventing a cycle of eight years ; this,
INTRODUCTION. XV
however, being computed by lunar years, still left the calendar subject
to great inaccuracies. To rectify these, Meton, a mathematician of great
celebrity, invented —
The Lunar Cycle, a period of nineteen solar years, at the end of
which interval the sun and moon return to very nearly the same part of
the heavens. This improvement was at the time received with universal
approbation, but, not being perfectly accurate, was afterwards corrected
by Eudoxus, and subsequently by Calippus, whose improvements modern
astronomers have adopted.
The use of this cycle was discontinued when the games, for the regu-
lation of which it was composed, ceased to be celebrated. The Council
of Nice, however, wishing to establish some method for adjusting the
new and full moons to the course of the sun, with the view of determin-
ing the time of Easter, adopted it as the best adapted to answer the
purpose ; and from its great utility they caused the numbers of it to be
written on the calendar in golden letters, which has obtained for it the
name of the golden numbers. The golden number for any year is found
as follows : — The first year of the Christian era corresponds to the second
of this cycle ; if then to a given year of this era one be added, and the
sum be divided by 19, the quotient will denote the number of cycles
which have revolved since the commencement of the Christian era, and
the remainder will be the golden number for the given year. E. g. If
the golden number of the year 1808 be required, one being added, the
sum will be 1809 ; this being divided by 19, will give 95 for the quotient,
and 4 for the remainder, or golden number sought.
The Solar Cycle is another of those periods, the inventor of which is
at present, however, unknown. It consists of 28 years, at the expira-
tion of which the sun returns to the sign and degree of the ecliptic which
he had occupied at the conclusion of the preceding period, and the days
of the week correspond to the same days of the month as at that time.
It is used to determine the Sunday or dominical letter, which we shall
briefly explain.
In our present calendars the days of the week are distinguished by the
first seven letters of the alphabet, A, B, C, D, E, F, G ; and the rule
for applying these letters is invariably to put A for the first day of the
year, whatever it be ; B for the second, and so in succession to the
seventh. Should the first of January be Sunday, the^dominical or Sunday
letter for that year will be A, the Monday letter B, &c. ; and as the number
of letters is the same as that of the days of the week, A will fall on every
Sunday, B on every Monday, &c, throughout the year. Had the year
consisted of 364 days, making an exact number of weeks, it is obvious
that A would always have stood for the dominical letter ; the year con-
taining, however, one day more, it follows that the dominical letter of
the succeeding year will be G. For Sunday being the first day of the
preceding year will be also the last, and the first Sunday in the next will
XVI INTRODUCTION.
fall on the seventh day, and will he marked by the seventh letter, or G.
This retrocession of the letters will, from the same cause, continue every
year, so as to make F the dominical letter of the third, &c. If every
year were common, the process would continue regularly, and a cycle of
seven years would suffice to restore the same letters to the same days as
before. But the intercalation of a day every bissextile, or fourth year,
has occasioned a variation in this respect. The bissextile year contain-
ing 366, instead of 365 days, will throw the dominical letter of the fol-
lowing year back two letters ; so that, as in the year 1808, if the domini-
cal letter at the beginning of the year be C, the dominical letter of the
next year will be not B but A. This alteration is not effected by drop-
ping a letter altogether, but by changing the dominical letter at the end
of February, where the intercalation of a day takes place. Thus, in the
year 1808, C is the dominical letter in January and February, but B is
substituted for it in March, and continues to be the dominical letter
through the remainder of the year. In consequence of this change
every fourth year, twenty-eight years must elapse before a complete revo-
lution can take place in the dominical letter, and it is on this circum-
stance that the period of the solar cycle is founded. A table constructed
to show the dominical letters for any given years of one of these cycles,
will answer for the corresponding years in every successive cycle. The
first year of the Christian era corresponds to the ninth of this cycle : if,
therefore, to any given year of the Christian era nine be added, and the
sum be divided by 28, the quotient will denote the number of the revo-
lutions of the cycle since the ninth year B.C., and the remainder will be
the year of the cycle. If there be no remainder, the year of the cycle
will be the last, or twenty-eight?. E. g. Nine being added to 1808 makes
1817 ; this sum being divided by 28, gives a quotient of 64 for the revo-
lutions of the cycle, and a remainder of 25 for the year of the cycle.
There is another cycle in use, called
The Cycle of Indiction. It consists of fifteen years, and is derived
from the Romans. Learned men are not agreed as to the origin of it,
but the most probable opinion is, that the return of this period was
appointed for the payment of some public taxes or tributes. The first
year of this cycle is made to correspond to the year 3 B.C. If therefore
to any given year of the Christian era three be added, and the sum be
divided by fifteen, the remainder will be the year of this cycle. There
is, however, another mode of calculating it. This cycle was established
by Constantine, A.D. 312 ; if therefore from the given year of the
Christian era 312 be subtracted, and the remainder be divided by 15,
the year of this cycle will be obtained. In either of these ways, if there
be no remainder, the indiction will be 15.
The Julian Period, some acquaintance with which is indispensable in
the study of chronology, will be easily understood from the preceding
account of the cycles. It is formed by the combination of the three, by
INTRODUCTION. XV11
multiplying the numbers 28, 19, and 15, of the cycles of the sun, moon,
and indiction, into each other. The total of years thus produced is
7980, of which the Julian period consists ; at the expiration of which,
and not sooner, the first years of each of those cycles will again come
together. This period was invented by Joseph Scaliger, as one by which
all eras, epochs, and computations of time might readily be adjusted.
The first year of the Christian era corresponds to the 4714th of the
Julian period, and it extends as far back as 706 years beyond the com-
mon date of the creation 4004. The year of the Julian period corre-
sponding with any given year before or since the commencement of the
Christian era, may be easily found by the following rule. If the year
required be of the latter kind, add to it 4713, the number of years of
the Julian period elapsed before the Christian era, and the sum will be
the year required. If it be of the former, subtract the year B.C. from
4714, and the difference will give it.
This period has been esteemed by many to be of the highest import-
ance in chronology, as affording a common standard for the adjustment
of different epochs. Modern chronologers are not, however, so warm
in their admiration of it as their predecessors have been. A common
standard is unquestionably of the highest consequence in the comparison
of dates and eras, and in the general arrangement and division of time,
and from its great utility and the necessity of its frequent application,
it is of importance that it should be as simple as possible in its nature
and construction. The Julian period is liable to objection on the latter
score, as being rather complicated in its formation ; and its necessity is
now altogether superseded by the very general adoption of the Christian
era as the standard of time. Any events or eras, prior or subsequent
to its commencement, may easily be computed by it, and the date of
them be impressed on the memory with very little exertion or difficulty.
It remains that we give some account of
Epochs and Eras, terms which constantly recur in history, and the
elucidation of which belongs to the province of chronology. An epoch
is a certain point, generally determined by some remarkable event, from
which time is reckoned ; and the years computed from that period are
denominated an era. The birth of Christ is considered as an epoch —
the years reckoned from that event are called the Christian era.
In sacred chronology, the first and most remarkable epoch is that of
the creation of the world. As learned men could not agree as to the
precise time when this took place, the folly of reckoning from it as a
standard soon became apparent, and the practice was in consequence
abandoned. Archbishop Usher, whose scripture chronology is adopted
in our English Bibles, fixes this event in the year 4004 B.C. ; Playfair
places it in 4007.
The universal deluge forms another epoch ; this is placed by Usher
in the year B.C. 2349. A third sacred epoch is the call of Abraham,
XV1U INTRODUCTION.
which happened, according to the same learned authority, B.C. 1921. The
next epoch is the departure of the Israelites from Egypt, which Usher
places B.C. 1491.
In profane history we shall first notice the epoch of the Argonautic
expedition, an event much celebrated in ancient history, and of some
importance in chronological discussion from being adopted by Sir Isaac
Newton as the foundation of his system of chronology. The date of
this transaction has been placed in the year 1225 B.C., but in this
chronologers are not agreed. The destruction of Troy forms another
remarkable epoch. Considerable uncertainty prevails as to the exact
time when this event, as well as the preceding, took place. Playfair
fixes it in the year B.C. 1184.
The era of the Olympiads we have noticed above, and it will be unne-
cessary to give any further account of it here. The epoch of the build-
ing of Rome is the next that claims our attention. From the total want
of early records, and other necessary documents for deciding the ques-
tion, the date of this event is involved in the obscurity common to
many other remote occurrences. The Roman writers themselves, and
all who have followed them on the subject, differ widely respecting it.
Polybius fixes it in the year B.C. 751 ; Cato and others one year earlier.
Terentius Varro places it in 753 B.C. Fabius Pictor, who is followed
by Diodorus Siculus, assigns it to 747 B.C. Sir Isaac Newton adopts
the year 627 B.C., and Playfair after Varro, whose computation was
used by the Roman emperors in their public instruments, places it in
the year B.C. 753. Great use is made of this epoch in the histories of
ancient Rome, and the historical student will do well to ascertain, if
possible, what opinion the author he may be perusing adopts, and to
what year of the Christian era the first year of Rome, according to his
author, corresponds. The dates of the events will by this method be
accurately ascertained as he proceeds. The Romans sometimes reckoned
the year from the establishment of the consular dignity, and afterwards
from the years of the emperors.
The era of Nabonassar is another of those standards by which the
dates of events in some histories are regulated. Nabonassar was the
founder of the Babylonish monarchy. This era is reckoned from the
commencement of his reign, which is placed in the year B.C. 747, of
the Julian period 3967, and extends as far down as the death of Alexan-
der. The Nabonassarean year consists of 12 months of 30 days each,
and five intercalary days, making in all 365 days.
The era of the Seleucidse, or, as it is sometimes called, the year of
the contracts, is reckoned from the establishment of Seleucus, one of
Alexander's generals, after that conqueror's death, in the empire of
Babylon, and is reckoned from the year B.C. 312. It is generally sup-
posed to have begun in the spring. It was used in a large district of
Asia, and adopted by the Jews.
INTRODUCTION. XIX
The Spanish era, founded on a division of the Roman provinces
among the Triumviri, was long in use in Spain and Africa, and was
adopted in the dates of the principal councils and synods held in those
countries. It is reckoned from the 1st of January B.C. 38. This was
afterwards superseded by
The Christian era. Learned men have differed in opinion with respect
to the exact time of the birth of Christ, some placing it four, others
seven years earlier than the first year of the Christian era. The uncer-
tainty which exists upon this point arises from the era not having been
used until so many centuries had elapsed, that it was impossible to fix
the date with accuracy. This is, however, of very little consequence in
the application of this era to chronological purposes, for all are agreed
as to the numerical date of every year : the year 1810, for instance, being
universally received as the year 1810 ofthe Christian era, although pro-
bably not the exact measure of the time which has elapsed from the
birth of Christ. This era was invented about the year 527 by Diony-
sius, a Roman abbot, who reckoned the first year of it to correspond
with the 4714th of the Julian period. It may be useful to give the
reader a view of the years of the other principal eras which correspond
to the first of this : according to Playfair (who, it is to be observed,
differs in many respects from other chronologers, but is nevertheless a
most respectable authority), these are the 4008th year of the world,
the first year of the 195th Olympiad, and the 754th year of Rome, the
749th of the Nabonassarean era, the 313th of the Seleucidse, the 46th
Julian year, and the 39th of the Spanish era.
The era of Dioclesian was used pretty generally by the Christians
previous to the invention of the Christian era. It is dated from the
year A.D. 284, and probably took its rise from the persecution under
that emperor, although its date is computed from the first year of his
reign.
The Hegira, which may be called the Mohammedan era, is founded
upon the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina, to escape the
persecution of his enemies, and is computed by his followers from A.D.
622. Tbe beginning of their year is however made to correspond with
the 16th day of July. In comparing any year of this era, therefore,
with the corresponding year of the Christian era, it will be necessary to
bear this in mind before it can be done with accuracy. The same may
also be observed with regard to some of the other eras, the beginnings
of the years of which do not exactly correspond with that of the Julian
year.
The Persian era, or the era of Yezdejerd, is the last we shall notice.
Yezdejerd was the last of the Persian monarchs who was subdued by the
Saracens. According to the opinion of the most accurate modern chro-
nologers, this era commenced in June, A.D. 632, corresponding with
the beginning of the eleventh year of the Hegira, and with the first year
INTRODUCTION.
of the reign of Yezdejerd. The years of this era, like the Nabonassarean,
consists of twelve months of thirty days, with an addition of five inter-
calary days at the end, making in all 365 days.
PROBLEMS IN CHRONOLOGY.
1 . To find whether any given year be leap-year.
Rule. — Divide the given year by 4 ; if remains, it is leap-year ; but if
1, 2, 3, remains, it is so many years after.
Every fourth year is leap-year, so called from leaping or advancing a day
more that year than any other ; that year has then 366 days in it, and
February 29.
2- To find the dominical letter before the year 1800.
' Rule. — To the given year add its fourth part, omitting fractions ; divide that
sum by 7 ; the remainder taken from 7 leaves the index of the letter in the
common year's reckoning.
12 3 4 5 6 7
A B C D E F G
But in leap-years this letter and its preceding one (in the retrograde order
which these letters take) are the dominical letters.
The dominical letter is that letter of the alphabet which points out in the
calendar the Sundays throughout the year ; thence also called the Sunday-
letter. Of these letters there are consequently seven before-mentioned,
beginning with the first letter of the alphabet ; and as in leap-year there is
an intercalary day, there are then two ; one serving January and February,
and its following letter the remaining part of the year.
3. To know on what day in the week any proposed day of the month will
fall.
Rule First find the dominical letter, then the day of the week the first
of the proposed month falls on, which is known by the two following lines :
At Dover Dwell George Brown, Esquire,
Good Christopher Finch And David Frier :
INTRODUCTION'. XXI
where the first letter of each word answers to the latter belonging to the first
day of the months in order, from January to December. If I would know on
what day of the week the 24th of June will be, supposing the year 1806, 1 find
the dominical letter is E, and by the lines just read, E is the first of June,
which is of course Sunday ; the 22nd also is Sunday, therefore the 24th will
be a Tuesday.
4. To find the year of the solar, lunar, or golden number, and indiction
cycles.
Rule. — To the given year add 9 for the solar, 1 for the lunar, 3 for the
indiction ; divide the sums in order by 28, 19, and 15, the remainder in each
shows the years of its respective cycle.
The solar cycle, or the cycle of the sun, is a period of 28 years ; in which
time all the varieties of the dominical letters will have happened, and the 29th
year the cycle begins again, when the same order of the letters will return as
was 28 years before.
At the birth of Christ, nine years had passed in this cycle.
The lunar cycle, or cycle of the moon, or golden number, is a period of 1 9
years ; containing all the variations of the days on which the new and full
moons happen, after which time they fall on the same days they did 19 years
before, and she begins again with the sun.
But when a centesimal, or hundredth year, falls in the cycle, the new and
full moon, according to the new style, will fall a day later than otherwise.
The birth of Christ happened in the second year of this cycle.
The Roman indiction is a cycle of 15 years, which first began the third year
before Christ.
5. To find the epact till the year 1900.
Rule. — Multiply the golden number for the given year by 11 ; divide that
product by 30, and from the remainder take 11, leaves the epact. If the
remainder is less than 11, add 19 to it, and the sum will be the epact.
6. To find the moon's age.
Rule — To the epact add the number and day of the month ; their sum, if
under 30, is the moon's age. But if that sum is above 30, the excess in
months of 31 days, or the excess above 29 in a month of 30 days, shows the
ago or days since the last conjunction.
The moon's age taken from 30 leaves the day of the next new moon.
When the solar and lunar cycles begin together, the moon's age on the first
INTRODUCTION.
of each month, or the monthly epacts, are called the numbers of the month
and are as follows, viz.
For
These
Jan.
Feb.
2
Mar.
1
April
2
May
3
June
4
For
These
July
5
Aug.
6
Sept.
7
Oct.
8
Nov.
9
Dec.
10
7- To find when Easter-day will happen.
Rule. — Find on what day of March the new moon falls nearest to the 21st
in common years, or nearest the 20th in leap-years ; then the Sunday next
after the full, or 15th day of that new moon, will be Easter-day.
If the 15th day falls on a Sunday, the next Sunday is Easter-day.
o»* JL
DICTIONARY OF CHRONOLOGY.
AAL
AALST,Everard, b. 1602, d. 1658. I
Aalst, William, b. 1632,d. 1679.
Aaron, the first high priest of the Jews, j
b. 1570, d. 1453, B. C.; see Old i
Testament, events of.
Aaron-ben- Aser, a celebrated rabbi,
flourished in 475.
Aarsens, Peter, b. 1519, d. 1575.
Aartgen, of Leyden, b. 1498, d. 1564.
Abate, Andrea, a Neapolitan painter of
inanimate subjects, d. 1732.
Abbadie, (Rev. James) of Nay, in
France, afterwards of England, b.
1652, d. 1727.
Abbati, Nicolo, an historical painter,
b. at Modena 1512, d. 1572.
Abbeville, in France, nearly destroyed
by an explosion of gunpowder, Nov.
1773; 100 houses were ruined;
150 souls perished; the damage
was estimated at 472,917 livres.
Abbey*, pillaged of jewels and plate
by William the Conqueror, 1069 ;
compelled by the same monarch to
alter their tenures, 1070 ; one
hundred suppressed by order of
council, 1414 ; dissolved by Henry
VIII., 1540; number of suppressed
in England and Wales, 1643
monasteries, 90 colleges, 2374
churches and free chapels, and 110
hospitals. In Germany, 1785
monasteries; and in Fr;ince, 1790.
Abbiati, Filippo, an historical painter,
b. at Milan 1640, d. 1715.
Abbo, monk of St. Germans, an his-
torian, flourished A. D. 889.
Abbot, Abp. of Canterbury, killed his
ABE
park-keeper 20th Jan., 1621 ; d-
3rd Aug., 1633, aged 71.
Abbot, Charles, Lord Tenterden, chief
justice of King's Bench, b. 7th Oct.,
1762, d. 4th Nov., 1832.
Abbots of Reading, Glastonbury,
St. John's and Colchester, hanged
and quartered for denying the king's
supremacy and refusing to surrender
their abbeys, 1539.
Abbotsbury, Abbey, Dorsetshire,
founded in the reign of Canute,
1026 ; town of, injured by fire, and
22 houses destroyed, 1784.
Abdalla, the son of Abdalmothleb,
and father of the prophet Mahomet,
lived, 575.
Abdalla, the son of Osmar, flourished
in 625.
Abdallah, caliph of Bagdad, son of
Haroun-al-Raschid, patron of learn-
ing, d. 833.
Abel ; see Old Testament, events of.
Abelard, Peter, the lover of Eloisa,
and celebrated French metaphy-
sician, d. 21st April, 1142, aged 63.
Abell, John, an English musician, best
known on the continent, who flou-
rished in the 17th century.
Aberconway, castle of, Caernarvon-
shire, built by Ed. I., 1204 ; suspen-
sion-bridge of, constructed, 1824.
Abercrombie, Sir Ralph, a British
general, born 1738, killed in Egypt
28th March, 1801, buried at Malta.
Aberdeen, Scotland, university of,
founded in 1477 ; gothic bridge
constructed, 1283.
ABE
ADE
Abergavenny, East Indiaman, lost off
Weymouth, 1st Feb., 1805.
Abernethy, John, an eminent divine,
born in Dublin, 1680, died 1740.
Abernethy, John, a celebrated surgeon
of London, b». at Derrv, Ireland,
d. at Enfield, 20th April, 1831.
Aberration of the fixed stars, dis-
covered by Dr. Bradley, of Sher-
born, Dorsetshire, 1727.
Aberystwyth (S. Wales), castle of,
burned, 1 124, re-edified by Edw. I.
1283.
Abingdon, Berkshire, founded in 517;
abbey of, built 941.
Abingdon, Earl of, a peer, committed
to the King's Bench Prison for pub-
lishing a libel upon Mr. Sermon, an
attorney, 9th Feb., 1795.
Abjuration, oath of, first required, 1 70 1 .
Abo, Finland, university of, founded
by Queen Christina in 1640.
Aboukir, in Egypt, surrendered to the
English forces, 18th March, 1801.
Aboukir Bay, battle of, 1st Aug.,
1798; see Nile and Nelson.
Abraham, b. 1995, B. C. ; called,
1921 ; entertained three angels,
1897; offered Isaac, 1871; d.
B.C. 1821, A.M. 2183; see Old
Testament, events of.
Abshoven of Antwerp, a painter of
rural and various subjects, d. about
1660.
Abstinence, remarkable instance of.
Anne Moore, of Tutbury, Stafford-
shire, lived 20 months without
food, 1807-8.
Abstinents, a religious sect, abstaining
from marriage and wine, and re-
sembling Gnostics ; begun in 170,
and flourished in the third century.
Abu-bekr, the immediate successor of
Mahomet, d. 624, aged 63.
Abulfeda, the geographer, b. 561, d.
624.
Academy, Royal, of London, 1768.
Academy, Royal Hibernian, of Arts,
incorporated 1821, Francis John-
ston, Esq., first president.
Acapulco ship taken by Admiral
Anson, 20th June, 1744.
Ach, or Van Ach, a painter of por-
traits and historv, b. at Cologne,
1556, d. 1621.
Achaia, in Peloponnesus, republic of,
founded B.C. 1800.
Achilles, the conqueror of Hector,
d. B.C. 1184.
Achmet HI., Emperor of the Turks,
encouraged printing, died 1736.
Achmet ; see Turkish Empire.
Acre, taken by Richard I. and the
Crusaders, 12th July, 1191, after
a two years' siege, and the loss of
6 archbishops, 12 bishops, 40 earls,
500 barons, and 300,000 soldiers.
Attacked by Buonaparte 1st July,
1798, and relieved by the English
under Sir S. Smith, 6 March, 1799.
Acts, of the Apostles, written by St.
Luke, 63 or 64.
Achtschelling, Lucas, a landscape
painter of Brussels, flourished in
the 16th century.
Actaeon, son of Autonoe and Arista?us,
destroved bv his own hounds, A. M.
2662.'
Adam, first of the human race, d.
B. C. 3074, aged 930 years, cre-
ated 4004 years B. C.
Adam, L. S., a sculptor, b. 1700, d.
1759.
Adam, N. S., a sculptor, b. 1705, d.
1778.
Adam, G., a sculptor, b. 1710, d. 1759.
Adam, Alexander, of Moray, Scot-
land, a distinguished classical scho-
lar, b. 6th June, 1741, d. 18th
Dec, 1809.
Adamites, a sect that intended to
restore the primitive state of man.
They appeared first in 130, revived
1124.
Adams, John, American president,
b. 19th October, 1735, d. 4th July,
1826.
Adams, Joseph, an eminent physician,
one of the founders of vaccination,
b. 1756, d. 20th June, 1818.
Adams, Robert, b. 1728, d. 1792.
Adanson, Michael, b. 1727, d. 1806.
Addison, Joaeph, an English poet
and essayist, b. 1672, d. 17th June,
1719.
Adelphi Buildings, Strand, London,
erected in 1770.
Adelphi Lottery Act, passed in 1773.
Adelung, John Christopher, a Ger-
man philologist, b. 1734, d. 1806.
ADH
AFR
Adherbal, son of Micipsa, flourished
B.C. 130.
Adieu, French, from Ad dcum te
commendo, i. e. I commend you to
God. Farewell — Fare ye well, a
similar expression to the Io Pcean
of the Egyptians, the Deo gratias
of the Romans, being short expres-
sions to excite a reliance on God
in distress.
Admetus, King of Thessaly, flou-
rished A. M. 2660.
Admiral, the first appointed in Eng-
land, William de Leybourne, 1297.
Admiral, High, first appointment in
England, 1387; held by commission
since Nov. 1709, except a short
interval by the D. of Clarence, now
William IV.
Admiralty, court of, erected 1357,
incorporated 22nd June, 1 768.
Ado, the historian, Archbishop of
Vienna, flourished 867, d. 874-7,
Adolfi, Giacomo, an Italian painter of
scripture pieces, b. 1682, d. 1741.
Adolphus of Nassau, Emperor of the
West, 1291 ; dep. and slain, 1298.
Adolphus, Gustavus,of Sweden, born
1594, fell in battle at Lutzen,
Nov. 1632.
Adore, from A dorare, and this, from
Ad os, a mode of salutation, by
carrying the hand to the mouth.
Adrian IV., born at Langley, Hert-
fordshire, England, afterwards Pope
of Rome, d. 1159.
Adrian, 15th Emperor of Rome, born
A. D. 76; visited Britain, and
erected his famous wall 121, d. 138.
Adrian's Mole, at Rome, constructed
A. D. 120.
Adriano, a Spanish monk, who painted
scriptural subjects for his amuse-
ment, d. 1650.
Adrianople, taken by Amurath, the
Turkish Sultan, 1360; the court
removed from, to Constantinople,
1453; injured by fire, 1754 and
1778; occupied by the Russians,
20th August, 1830.
Adriansen, a Flemish artist, who
painted fruit and flowers, b. 1625.
Adultery, punished by cutting off
nose and ears, 1031; made capital,
1650.
Advent Sunday, first observed 433 ;
the number determined, 1000.
iEacus, king of OZnopia and the
Myrmidons, flourished A.M. 2613.
Hesiod, Ovid.
iEdiles, Plebeian, first created at
Rome, A. U. 260.
iEdiles Curule, from amongst the
Patricians, A. U. 387.
iEgaeon, a pirate, from whom iEgea
is so called, flourished A. M. 2110.
iElian, a Greek writer, born at Prae-
neste, in Italy, flourished in 221.
Aelst, Evert Van, a Dutch painter of
still life, b. at Delft, 1602, d. 1658.
Aelst, William Van, or Gulielmo, a
Dutch painter of still life, b.
1620, d. 1679.
jEmilius, Paul us, d. B. C. 168.
Aerts, Richard, a Dutch painter of
scripture pieces, b. 1482, d. ,1577.
Aertsen, Peter, or Pietro Longo, a
Dutch historical painter, b. 1519,
d. 1566.
iEschines, an Athenian orator, b.
B. C. 393, d. 323.
iEschylus, a Greek tragic poet, b.
B. C. 523, d. 454.
iEsop, the oldest Greek fabulist,
flourished in the 6th century B.C.
iEsopus, the Roman actor, and co-
temporary of Roscius, flourished
A.U. 670.
Afesa, Pietro, or Delia Basilicata, a
Neapolitan painter of religious sub-
jects, flourished in the 16th century.
Affirmation of quakers, admitted in
lieu of an oath, partially, 1702;
alteration made therein, 13th Dec.
1721 ; received " in any case what-
soever," 1829; sufficient for mem-
ber of parliament, 14th Feb. 1833.
Africa conquered by Belisarius, A. D.
533.
African Association obtained a patent
from Elizabeth, 1588.
African Association, or Institution,
affording patronage to travellers,
established 1788, revived 1806.
African Company, incorporated by
Charles II., 1662; government
owed them 11,686,800/., and
their divided capital amounted to
10,780,000/.,both which continued
till 1776.
S
AFR
AIL
Africanus, Julius, a christian chroni-
cler of the third century, d. ahout
232, A. M.
Africanus (Scipio), the conqueror of
Hannibal, d. about A. U. 566. — Liv.
Agamemnon, generalissimo of the
Greeks at the siege of Troy, slain
B. C. 904-5.
Agar, Jacques d', a French portrait
painter, b. 1640, d. at Copenhagen,
1716.
Agarel, Arthur, an English anti-
quarian, friend of Sir R. Cotton,
b. 1540, d. 1615.
Agaric of the oak, first used as a
styptic, 1750.
Agatha, St., monastery of, near Rich-
mond, Yorkshire, built 1131.
Agatharcides, Cnidius, the historian
and biographer, flourished B. C.
174 Strab., Voss.
Agatharchus, pupil of iEschylus, in-
ventor of theatrical perspective,
died B. C. 480.— Mar. Ar.
Agathius, a Byzantine historian, flou-
rished 565.
Agilnoth, Abp. of Canterbury, refused
to crown Harold, d. 1038.
Aglaophon, the painter, flourished
A. M. 3534.— Plin.
Aglionby, John, chaplain to James I.,
one of the translators of the Testa-
ment^. 1610.
Agnacobites, fanatics that appeai-cd
first in 701.
Agnes, St., martyred 308, aged 13.
Agnus Dei, or " O Lamb of God,"
&c. in the Litany, first appointed
to be read, 687 ; first consecration
of, 1566.
Agoracritus, the sculptor, d. B. C.
150 years. s
Agra, fortress of (the Key of Hin-
dostan), surrendered to the English
17th Oct., 1803.
Agrarian Law, first proposed at Rome
by Sp. Cassius, B.C. 485.
Agresti da Forli, Livio, an Italian
historic painter, his works are in
the Vatican, d. 1580.
Agricola, the Roman general, born
37, died 93; built the rampart
between England and Scotland,
•with the chain of forts from the
Clyde to the Forth, A. D. 84.
Agricola, Christopher Ludwig, a
German portrait painter and an
engraver, born at Ratisbon, 1667.
Agriculture, introduced by Sicpanus,
husband of Ceres, B. C. 1830.
Agricultural societies, first established
in England, 1787. It is computed
that hunters, shooters, &c, injure
the farmer to the amount of 1*.
per acre annually, and that game,
by feeding on his crops, consume
to an equal amount ; that the fly,
maggot, slug, &c.,will, once in five
years, cut off the turnips, once in
ten years the clover, and do 5s. an
acre damage to corn crops ; making
on the average 2s. per acre. The
injury done by rats, moles, and
mice, in a farm of 200 acres, is
estimated at 61. 6s.; by sparrows,
and other small birds, 61. 6s. ;
pigeons, jays, magpies, ravens, kites,
dogs, &c. 4/. 4*. : making in the
whole 58/. a-year, or very nearly
6s. per acre: or, on the total
cultivated superficies of the king-
dom, an annual depredation to the
immense amount of ten millions
per annum.
Agrippa, Cornelius, a reputed magi-
cian, b. at Cologne, 1486, d. at
Grenoble, 1535.
Agrippa (Herod I.), King of Judea T
b. B, C. 3, d. A. D. 44.
Agrippa (Herod II.), before whom
St. Paul pleaded, d. A. 1). 100.
Aguesseau, Henry Francis d', chan-
cellor of France, b. at Limoges,
1668, d. 1751.
Ahab, King of Israel, ascended the
throne A.M. 3086; slain at Ra-
moth Gilead, A.M. 3117; see
Old Testament events of.
Ahaz, King of Judah, ascended the
throne A. M. 3265, died 3278
A. M., or B.C. 726 ; see Old Tes-
tament, events of.
Aikman, William, a Scotch painter
of portraits, b. 24th Oct., 1682,
d. 7th June, 1731.
Aikin, John, M. D., author of the
Biographical Dictionary, b. Jan.
1747, d. 4th Dec, 1822.
Ailesbury, Buckinghamshire, thirty
houses burnt at, 6th May, 1773.
A1N
ALC
Ainsworth, Henry, a nonconformist
and learned biblical writer, flou-
rished 1590; poisoned from envy
by a Jew, 1629.
Ainsworth, Robert, an English school-
master, and author of the Latin
Dictionary, b. 1660, d. 1743.
Air-balloons ; see Balloon.
Air-guns, invented by Ctesibius of
Alexandria, B. C. 120; revived by
Guter of Nuremberg, 1656 ; im-
proved by Perkins, 1830.
Air-pump, invented by Otto de Gue-
ricke, burgomaster of Magdeburg,
1654; also attributed to Boyle.
Aire, in France, taken, with its maga-
zines, by Gen. Sir Rowland Hill,
2nd March, 1814.
Aiton, William, botanist, author of
Hortus Kewensis, b. 1731, d. 1793.
Aix-la-Chapelle, on Lower Rhine,
founded 795 ; treaties of peace
concluded at, 2nd May, 1668, 18th
Oct., 1748; congress at, Oct. Nov.
1818; taken by the French, 1793,
and 21st Sept., 1794.
Ajaccio, in Corsica, Napoleon born
at, 15th Aug., 1769.
Ajax, the son of Telamon, one of the
Grecian chieftains at the siege of
Troy, flourished B. C. 920.
Ajax, the son of Oileus, chief of the
Locrians, a leader in the Trojan
war; shipwrecked on his return,
by Minerva, for having violated
Cassandra at her shrine, flourished
about 920 B. C.
Aken, John Van, a Dutch painter
and engraver, of the 17th century.
Akenside, Mark, Dr., author of the
Pleasures of Imagination, b. at
Newcastle, 1721, d. 23 June, 1770.
Aland, John, Lord Fortescue of Ire-
land, a Baron of the Common
Pleas, and proficient in Saxon
literature, b. 1670, d. 1747.
Alba Julia, in Transylvania; uni-
versity of, founded 1629.
Alban, eutter, wrecked on the Dutch
coast, only one of the crew saved,
18th Dec., 1842.
Alban, St., the first English martyr,
b. at Verulam, suffered A.D. 286,
296, 303— Ussher, and others.
Alban's Abbey, built 793.
Albano, Francesco, painter of history
and landscape, b. at Bologna, 1578,
d. 4th Oct., 1660.
Albano, Giovanni Battista, Italian
painter of landscapes, d. in 1668.
Alberelli, Giacomo, a Venetian histo-
rical painter, d. about 1650.
Alberici, Enrico, an historical painter,
b. 1714, d. 1775.
Alberoni, Julius, an intriguing and
enterprising cardinal, b. at Pla-
centia 1664, d. 1752.
Albert Durer, a German painter of
history, b. at Nuremberg 20th May,
1471, d. 6th April, 1528.
Alberti, Cherubino, a Florentine
painter of history, and an engraver,
b. 1552, d. 1615.
Alberti, Durante, an Italian painter
of scripture subjects, b. 1538, d.
1613.
Alberti, Giovanni, a Florentine land-
scape painter, b. 1558, d. 1601.
Albertinelli, Mariotto, an historical
Florentine painter, b.1475, d.1520.
Albertus, H. C., a portrait painter and
engraver of Saxony, d. 1680.
Albertus Magnus, a learned mathe-
matician, and general scholar, b.
at Suabia about 1200, flourished
1237, d. 1280.
Albigenses, enemies of the Roman
Catholic religion, first appeared in
1160.
Albini, Alessandro, an Italian painter,
pupil of the Caracci, d. about 1610.
Albinus, Bernard Siegfried (Weiss,
White), a celebrated anatomist, b.
at Frankfort on the Oder, 1697,
d. at Leyden, 1770.
Albinus, Christian Bernard, professor
of anatomy at Utrecht, died 1752.
Alboresi Giacomo, Bolognese painter,
b. 1632, d. 1677-
Albion-Mills, Manchester, built 1786,
destroyed by fire, 1792, the damage
estimated at 25,000/.
Albumazar, flourished 841.
Albuquerque, Alfonso de, the Portu-
guese Mars, viceroy of India, b.
at Lisbon, 1452, d. 1515.
Alcantara, bridge of, across the Tagus,
Portugal, built A.D. 98.
Alcantara, order of knighthood, insti-
tuted 1160.
ALC
ALF
Alcaeus, the lyric poet, flourished B. C.
605.
Alcaeus, the tragic poet, flourished
B.C., 601.
Alcibiades, the Athenian statesman
and general, h. B. C. 450, slain
404 B. C.
Alcidamus, the orator, flourished B. C.
615.
Alcuinus, Alcuyn, or Albinus Flac-
cus, a learned English monk, the
friend of Charlemagne, scholar of
Bede, and founder of the University
of Paris, b. at York, 732, d. at
Tours, 804.
Aldbourn, Wiltshire, injured bv fire,
200 houses burnt,23rd Aug., 1777.
Aldegraef, Albert, or Henry, painter
and engraver, pupil of Albert
Durer, b. in Westphalia, 1502,
d. 1562.
Aldermen, first appointed in London,
1242.
Aldermen, first appointed in Dublin,
1409.
Aldersgate, London, built 1616; taken
down and sold for 91/. April, 1761.
Aldgate, London, built 1608; taken
down and sold for 177/. 10s. April,
1760.
Aldrovandini, Tomaso, a painter of
landscape and architecture, b. at
Bologna, 1653, d. 1736.
Ale, invented B. C. 1404; ale booths
set up in England, A. D. 728,
licensed, 1551.
Alefounder, John, an English portrait
painter, d. in East Indies 1790.
Alen, or Oolen, John Van, a Dutch
imitative painter, b. 1651, d. 1698.
Aleni, Tommaso, an Italian historic
painter, b. 1500, d. 1560.
Alesio, Matteo Perez de, a Roman
painterof scripture subjects,d. 1600.
Alessandria, in Italy, taken by the
French 1798; surrendered to the
Austriansand Russians, 24th July,
1799.
Alexander, William, an English artist,
accompanied Lord Macartney to
China, b. 1768, d. 1816.
Alexander, first Emperor of all the
Russias, d. 1st Dec, 1825.
Alexander, St., order of knighthood,
instituted in Russia 1700.
Alexander the Great, King of Mute-
don, b. at Pella, B. C. 356 ; suc-
ceeded Philip, B.C. 336; passed
into Asia, B. C. 334 ; d. at Baby-
lon, 21st March, B. C. 323, aged
32, year of his reign 13.
Alexander Balas, King of Syria, slain
B.C. 145.
Alexander Jannseus, King of the
Jews, ascended the throne B.C.
106, d. B. C. 79.
AlexanderSeverus, a Roman emperor,
b. at Acre, 205, assassinated, 235.
Alexander, the name of several popes.
Alexander III., pope, his stirrups
held by the kings of England and
France, d. 1181.
Alexander VI., pope, a notorious
character, father of Caesar Borgia,
and of Lucretia, b. at Valencia,
1430; ascended the throne, 1492,
d. 1503.
Alexander, several kings of Scotland
so named ; 6ee Scotland.
Alexander, the names of some of the
Russian emperors ; see 'Russia.
Alexander, W., an American general,
and man of learning, born at New
York, 1726, d. 1783.
Alexandrian Library, containing
400,000 MSS., destroyed by fire,
B. C. 47. The second
Alexandrian Library, containing
700,000 vols., burned by Caliph
Omar, 14th Jan., 640. The Sara-
cens heated their baths for six
months with the burning books.
Alexandria, in Egypt, taken by (
B.C. 46; by the French", 17. f 'it:
by the English, 22nd Aug., 1801.
Alfani Orazio, an Italian artist, b.
1530, d. 1583.
Alfaro y Gamon, Don Juan de, a
Spanish portrait painter, b. at Cor-
dova, 1640, d. of a broken heart,
1680.
Alfieri, Vittorio, Count, an Italian
tragic poet, b. in Piedmont, 1749,
d. 8 Oct., 1 803, buried at Florence.
Alfred, son of Ethelred II., his eyes
put out by Earl Godwin, an*l 600
followers slain at Guildford, 1036.
Alfred the Great, King of England,
b. 849, ascended the throne, 872,
d. 900.
ALG
ALM
Algardi, Alessandro, a painter, sculp-
tor, and architect, of Bologna, b.
1598, d. 1G54.
Algarotti, Francesco, an Italian noble-
man, a painter, engraver, and critic,
b. at Venice, 12th Dec, 1712, d. at
Pisa, 3 March, 1764.
Algebra introduced into Europe,
1300; in general use, 1590 ^nu-
merical notation invented, 950 ;
brought into Europe, 1494; literal,
first used, 1590.
Algerine xebec, of 22 guns, lost in
Mount's Bay, Cornwall, Sept.
1760.
Algiers, a Roman province, B. C. 44 ;
seized by Barbarossa, 1516; made
a treaty with England, 1662 ;
bombarded by Admiral Blake,
1665; by the French, 1761; by
Lord Exmouth's fleet, 27th Aug.,
1816, upon which the Algerines
abolished christian slavery ; taken
by the French, 5th July, 1830.
Ali Bey, an Eastern adventurer, born
at the foot of Caucasus, seized the
government of Egypt, d. 1773.
Ali Pacha, a self-constituted governor
of Albania, born at Tepelini, 1744,
slain, with six of his companions,
5th Feb., 1822.
Aliberti, Giovanni Carlo, an Italian
painter of scriptural subjects, b.
1680, d. 1740.
Alibrandi, Girolamo, a Sicilian painter
of scripture pieces, pupil of Leo-
nardo da Vinci, b. 1470, d. 1524.
Alien priories, seized bv the crown
1337.
Aliens forbidden to hold church
livings. Juries for their trials to
be half foreigners, 1430; not to
exercise a trade or handicraft by
retail, 1483.
Alien Bill, 4th Jan., 1793; repealed,
and a new one passed, 181 (J.
Allan, David, a Scotch painter of his-
tory and portraits, b. 1744, d.
1796.
Al Usance, oath of, first administered
1686, altered 1689.
Allegrain, Etienne, a French land-
scape painter, b. 1655, d. 1736.
Allegrain, Gabriel, son of Etienue, a
French artist, d. in 1748.
Allegri (Correggio), Antonio, a cele-
brated but unfortunate historical
painter, b. at Allegri in 1490, and
d. from disappointment, 1534.
Allegrini, Francesco, or DaGubbio, an
Italian historical painter, b. 1587,
d. 1663.
Allegrini, Francesco, a Florentine
designer and engraver, d. about the
year 1775.
Allen, John, Abp. of Dublin,a learned
writer, murdered in the Lord
Ofraly's rebellion, 1534.
Allen, Thomas, an English mathema-
tician, born atUttoxeter21stDec,
1542, d. 1632.
Allen, Ralph, of Bath, d. 1764.
Alleyn, Edward, an English actor in
the reigns of Elizabeth and James
I., and keeper of the Royal Bear
Garden. He founded Dulwich
College. Born in London 1566,
died 1626; buried at Dulwich.
Allington Castle, Kent, built A. D.
1282.
Alloisi, Baldassare (Gallanino), an
eminent portrait painter (the Italian
Vandyk), b. at Bologna 1578, d.
1638.
Allodial, or Free Lands, is derived
from Odhal, implying freeholds, in
Norway, the first being merely a
transposition of the syllables of the
latter: hence Fee-odh, feodum,
feudal, denoting stipendiary pro-
perty, a fee being a stipend.
Allori, Alessandro (Bronzino), a
Florentine painter of history and
portraits, b. 1535, d. 1607.
Alum, first discovered at Rocha, in
Syria, 1300_in Tuscany, 1460 ;
brought to perfection in England,
1608; found in Ireland, 1757, —
in Anglesea, N. Wales, 1790.
All Saints, festival of, instituted
625.
All Souls, festival of, instituted 1604.
All Souls College, Oxford, founded
by Henry Chichely, Abp. of Can-
terbury, 1437.
Allv-Cawn, made a nabob by Col.
Clive, 23rd June, 1765.
Almagro, Diego,a Spanish adventurer,
strangled by his rival Pi/.arro, in
1538, aged 75.
ALM
A M E
Almanacs, first published by Martin
Ilkus, at Luda, in Poland, 1 470 ;
compiled, nearly in their present
form, by Muller, 1 473 ; the Com-
pany of Stationers, London, claimed
an exclusive right to publish, until
1779, and they are now supposed
to sell a million annually ; first
printed at Constantinople, 1806 ;
Duty taken off, 1834.
Almaranta, order of knighthood in
Sweden, instituted 1653.
Almeloveen, Jan, a Dutch painter of
landscapes and portraits, also an
engraver, b. about 1614.
Almeyda, in Portugal, taken by the
Spaniards, 25th Aug., 1762 ; by the
French, 27th Aug., 1810; blown
up by the French, 10th May, 1811.
Alinora, East Indies, carried by assault
of the Company's forces, 25th April,
1815.
Alnwick Castle, Northumberland,
seat of the Percies, founded 1147.
Alphabet, consisted of sixteen letters
B. C. 3.90, when the Ionic alpha-
bet of twenty-four was adopted.
Alphonso III., King of Leon and
Asturias (the Great), d. at Zamora
912, aged 64.
Alphonso X., King of Castile, the
astronomer and philosopher, b.
1203, d. 1234.
Alresford, in Hampshire, destroyed
by fire, 1160.
Altars, in churches, first used, 135;
consecrated 271 ; the first in Bri-
tain, 534.
Altdorfer, - Albrecht, a Bavarian pain-
ter and engraver, a pupil of Albert
Durer, b. 1488, d. 1558.
Altorf, in Franconia, University of,
founded 1581.
Alunno', Nicolo, an Italian artist, —
painted scripture pieces, b. 1450,
d. 1510.
Alva, Fred. Alvarez, Toledo, duke of,
general of the imperial armies,
b. 1503, d. 21st Jan., 1582.
Amadeus, the name of several Counts
of Savoy,
Amadeus the Great, defended Rhodes
against the Turks, d. 1 323.
Amadeus the Happy, a virtuous and
pious prince, d. 1742.
Amalteo, Pomponio, an Italian his-
toric painter, born 1504, d. 1576.
Amato, Giovanni Antonio (II Vec-
chio),a Neapolitan painter of sacred
subjects, b. about 1475.
Ambassador, the first sent by the Czar
of Russia to England, 1556; the
first sent to Turkey from England,
1606 ; the Portuguese, arrested for
debt, 1653 ; the Russian, arrested
by a lace merchant, when a law
passed for their protection, 1709;
protection limited, 1773. The
first that arrived in Europe from
India was from Tippoo Saib to
France, 1778; the first from the
Ottoman Emperor arrived in Lon-
don, Dec. 1793.
Amberger, Christopher, a German
painter of history and portraits, and
disciple of Holbein, b. at Nurem-
burg 1485, d. 1550.
Amberley Castle, Sussex, built 1374.
Amboyna, seized bv the Dutch, 1624,
by the English, 17th Feb., 1810.
Ambrogi, Domenico (Menichino del
Brizio), a Bolognese painter of
church subjects, also an engraver
on wood, d. about 1660.
Ambrosius, St., bishop of Milan, b.
333— Cave, 340_Dupin; d.397.
Ambrosius, Aurelius or Aurelianus,
supposed author of the erections at
Stonehenge, crowned King of the
Britons, 465, d. 508.
Amelia, Princess, daughter of George
III., d. 2nd Nov., 1810.
America, first discovered by Colum-
bus, 1492. The complete discovery
of South America was made by
Vespucius Americanus, a Floren-
tine, from whom it derives its
name, 1499; known first to the
French, 1504. Mexico was con-
quered by Spain, 1518; Peru, 1520.
Brazil was discovered by the Por-
tuguese, 1500; planted by them
in 1549, and remains under the
Royal Family of Portugal. Terra
Firma was conquered by Spain in
1514. North America was first dis-
covered by Sebastian Cabot, a Vene-
tian, in the service of England, and
his son, John Cabot, an Englishman,
in 1497. John Cabot settled New-
AME
AMI
foundland, the first English colony
in America, 1498. Florida was
first discovered by John Cabot, in
1500 ; it was ceded to Spain by the
peace of 1783. Louisiana was dis-
covered by the French, 1663 ; they
took possession of it 1718: but
eastward of the Mississippi was
ceded to England, 1763. The first
British settlement made in North
America was in Virginia, 4th .Tamos
I., 1607. New England was the
second, in 1614, by the Plymouth
Company. In 1620, a large body
of dissenters, who fled from church
government in England, purchased
the Plymouth patent, and built New
Plymouth. Salem was built in
1628; and Boston, the present
capital, 1630. Pennsylvania was
settled by William Penn, a cele-
brated quaker, in whose family
the patent long subsisted, 1681;
Maryland, by lord Baltimore, 1633;
Carolina, by English merchants,
1670. New York was first settled
by the Dutch ; but the English
dispossessed them and the Swedes,
1 664 ; Georgia, by General Ogle-
thorpe, 1732. Nova Scotia was
settled by the Scotch, under Sir
William Alexander, 1622 ; but
underwent several changes from
the English to the French, and then
to the English again, till it was con-
firmed to the latter by the peace of
1748. Canada was attempted to
be settled by the French, in 1534 ;
they built Quebec in 1608 ; but
the whole country was conquered
by the English in 1762, and ceded
by the peace of 1763 ; Duties Act,
1764; duty on Tea, 1767. Packet
boats first established between Old
and New Spain, with the liberty of
trading, 1564. Free trade opened
between Old and New Spain, by
the Straits of Magellan, 1774,
Paper currency established in Ame-
rica, 15th May, 1775. N. W. ex-
plored by Capt. Cook, 1773, by
Capt. Colnett, 1789. Several vice-
roys appointed in Spanish America,
1776. Thirteen colonies united,
and declared themselves indepen-
dent of the English crown, 4th July,
1776 ; allowed by France, 6th Feb.,
1778; by Holland, 8th Oct., 1782 ;
by the English parliament, 30th
Nov. 1783 ; Royalists relieved,
1785. American congress first
met at Philadelphia, 5th Sept.,
1775. William, third son of
King George III., afterwards Wil-
liam IV. of England, was the
first prince of the blood royal that
ever landed in North America,
1781. Spanish America declared
itself independent, 1810. Pro-
vinces of, assembled in congress, de-
clared the sovereignty of the people,
5th July, 181 1. United States of
America declared war against Eng-
land, 1 8th July, 1812. Made peace
with England, 24th Dec, 1814.
American Companv, the Russian, es-
tablished in 1785.
American Philosophical Society, insti-
tuted, 2nd Jan., 1672.
American Congress, first assembled at
Philadelphia, 5th Sept., 1775 ; re-
moved to Washington, 1801.
American Royalists relieved, 1785.
Americus Vespucius (Amerigo Ves-
pucci), one of the discoverers of
the continent of America, b.at Flo-
rence, 9 March, 1451 ; first reached
America, 1499 ; d. at Seville, 1512.
Amesbury, Wiltshire, 32 houses de-
stroyed by a fire, which did 1 0,000/.
damage, 3rd June, 1751.
Amesbury Nunnery, built 976.
Ames, Joseph, author of Typographical
Antiquities, b. at Yarmouth, 1683,
d. 1759.
Ames, Fisher, an American orator and
writer, b. 1753, d. 1804.
Amethysts, found in Kerry, Ireland,
1755.
Amherst, Jeffrev, Lord, a British
general, b. 1717, d. 1798.
Amherst, Nicholas, an English poet,
b. at Marden, d. 1742.
Amicable Society, incorporated 1706.
Amiconi, Jacopo or Giacomo, a Ve-
netian landscape painter, b. 1675,
d.at Madrid in 1758.
Amiconi, Ottavio, an historic and
landscape painter, b. at Brescia iu
1605,d. 1661.
b 3
10
AMI
AND
Amiens, Peace of, concluded 27th
March, 1802.
Amilcar (or Hamilcar) Barcas, a Car-
thaginian general, father of Hanni-
hal, slain in hattle B. C. 228.
Amiot, a French Jesuit, missionary
to China, b. 1718, d. 1794.
Amman, Justus, a Swiss artist, painted
on wood and copper, h. in 1539,
d. 1591.
Ammianus Marcellinus, a Roman
historian, who flourished in the
4th century.
Ammirato, Scipio, an Italian historian.
b. 1531, d. 1601.
Amon ; see Old Testament, events of.
Amoretti, Abbate Carlo, an Italian
mineralogist, b. 1741, d. 1816.
Amorites, a people that inhabited,
the mountains around the Dead
Sea, conquered by Moses, A. M.
2553.
Amos, the prophet, flourished B. C.
850.
Amphilochus, bishop of Iconium, died
A. D. 394.
Amphion, King of Thebes, and a
celebrated musician, flourished
A.M. 2617.— Eus. Hor. Bocc.
Amphion frigate, blown up at Ply-
mouth, and all the crew destroyed,
22nd Sept., 1796.
Amphitheatre at Fidonia, fell in,
when 50,000 persons were killed,
A. D. 26.
Amphitheatre, at Rome, built 69,
since stripped of its ornaments to
decorate palaces, and the chapels
erected within it.
Amphitrite, transport, with 125 fe-
male convicts, and a crew of 39
souls, lost within half a mile of
Boulogne, and onlv three lives
saved, 31st Aug., 1833.
Amsterdam, the chief city of Holland,
first walled in, 1490 ; besieged
unsuccessfully by the Guelder-
landers, 1 522 ; submitted, after a ten
months siege, to the Hollanders,
1578 ; surrendered to the Russians,
1 787 ; received the French, 1 795 ;
the seat of regal government under
Louis Bonaparte, 1806; incorpo-
rated with the French empire,
1810; in 1818, the house of
Orange was recalled; Sta<!:
built, 1638; Exchange in 1634;
Opera House at, burnt, ] 50 persons
perished, 1772; Admiralty HoflM
destroyed by fire, 6th July, 1791 :
Bank founded, 1609.
Amyot, James, a French writer,
bishop of Auxerre, b. 1514, d.
1593.
Anabaptist, sect formed in 1525;
arrived in England, 1549.
Anabaptist chapel, the first erected
in England, 1640.
Anacbarsis, the Scvthian philosopher,
flourished 584 B. C.
Anacletus I., pope, suffered martyr-
dom, A. D. 91.
Anacletus II., pope, Peter de Leon,
d. 1138.
Anacreon, the Greek poet, flourished
B. C. 532.
Ananias and Sapphira struck dead,
A. D. 33.
Anarawd, Prince of Wales, ascended
the throne 877, d. 913.
Anastatius I., Emperor of the East,
succeeded Zeno, 491, d. 518.
Anastatius II., dethroned by Theo-
doric in 719.
Anathema, first exercised by the
church, A. D. 387.
Anatomy, restored at Brussels, 1550.
Anatomy of plants, discovered 1680.
Anaxagoras, an Ionian philosopher,
b. B.C. 500, d. 42!5.
Anaxandrides, the comic poet, flou-
rished B. C. 378.
Anaxarchus, a Thracian philosopher,
flourished B. C. 340.
Anaximander, the inventor of hydro-
graphy, b. at Miletus, B. C.610,
d. 547.
Anaximenes, a mathematician of Mi-
letus, who flourished B. C. 556.
Anchors, invented 587.
Anchorites, first appeared, 1235.
Ancona, taken by the French. July,
1796; surrendered to the Impe-
rialists, 13th Nov., 1799.
Ancus Martius, fourth king of Rome,
succeeded B. C. 640, d. B.C. 615.
Anderson, Sir E., a judge and law
writer, d. 1605.
Anderson, James, agricultural writer,
b. 1739, d. 1808.
AND
A X II
Anderson, Adam, commercial writer,
d. 1765, aged 73,
Anderton, Hem
English painter
of history and portraits, d. 1665.
Andover, Lord, killed while delivering
his fowling-piece to his servant,
8th Jan., 1801.
Andover, Hampshire, England, made
a tree borough, 1205.
Andre, Major, a British officer, taken
as a spy by the Americans, and
hanged 2nd Oct., 1780.
Andre, Jean, a French historic painter,
pupil of Carlo Maratti, b. 1662,
d. 1753.
Andrea del Sarto, a Florentine pain-
ter of history and portraits, b.
1488, d. 1530.
Andrea, Marochini, and Orcagna, two
famous Florentine artists, flou-
rished in 1385.
Andrea, Tafi, a Florentine artist, who
studied the Mosaic painting at St.
Mark's, Venice, flourished 1296.
Andrea, Maestro, a Neapolitan painter
and architect, b. 1480, d. 1502.
Andrea, St., Delia Valle, at Rome,
built 1641.
Andreani, Andrea (Mantegna) an Ita-
lian painter and engraver, 1516. —
Mand., Vos., Isaac.
Andreanossy Islands, between Asia
and America, discovered 1760.
Andreossy, Count, a French officer
and engineer of the canal of Langue-
doc, b. 1761.
Andrew, St., order of knighthood in
Scotland, instituted 809; revived
in Scotland, 1451, 1605 ; in Russia,
1698.
Andrew, St., brother of St. Peter,
martyred 30th Nov., A.D. 69, fes-
tival instituted, 354.
Andrews, St., university of, Scotland,
founded by Bishop Wardlaw, 1411.
Andrews, Launcelot, bishop of Win-
chester, b. 1555, d. 1626.
Andrew, Rev. James, LL. D., astro-
nomer and mathematician, b. 1773,
d. 1833.
Andriessens, Hendrick, a Flemish
pai nter of still life, born at Antwerp
1600, d. 1655.
Andronicus I., Emperor of the East,
assassinated in 1 1 85.
Andronicus of Rhodes, a peripatetic
philosopher, and preserver of the
works of Aristotle, flourished B. C.
63.
Androcydes, the painter, contemporary
with Zeuxis, flourished A.M. 3501 .
Anello, Thomas, or Massaniello, the
fisherman of Naples; he obtained
supreme power, was assassinated
1666, b. 1623.
Anesi, Paulo, a Florentine landscape
painter, d. 1750.
Aneurin, an ancient British bard, he
died about 570 B. C.
Angarano, Ottavio, a noble historic
painter of Venice, who flourished
in 1650.
Angeii, Filippo d', (Napoletano) a
Roman historic painter, b. 1600, d.
1640.
Angelic knights of St. George, order
instituted in Greece, 456.
Angelico da Fiesole (Giovanni), an
Italian painter of religious subjects,
b. 1387, d. 1455. He declined
the archbishopric of Florence.
Angelis, Peter, a painter of landscape
and conversation pieces, b. at Dun-
kirk, 1685, d. 1734.
Angelites, an heretical sect, that first
appeared in 494.
Angel o ; see Buonarotti, Caravaggio,
and Campidoglio.
Anglesea, North Wales,(Mon. Mona.)
subdued by the Romans, 78 ; by
the Angles, or English, 1295.
Anglo Saxons, first landed in Britain
449.
Angola, in Africa, settled by the^
Portuguese, 1482.
Angosciola, Sophonisba, a lady of
Cremona, of noble birth; she painted
portraits and history until she lost
her sight ;b. 1533, d. 1626.
Agoulemen, Isle of, 16 persons killed
by an explosion of gunpowder,
16th April, 1816.
Angria, Tullagree, his forts, in the
East Indies taken by Admiral
Watson, 13th Feb., 1756.
Anguclla of the Caribbees, first planted
by the English, 1650.
Anhalt, Island, 4000 Danes repulsed
by 150 British, 27th Moth,
1811.
12
ANH
ANT
Anhalt, George, prince of, b. 1507, d.
1557.
Animal Magnetism, appeared in
France, 1783; in England, 1789.
Anjar, fortress of, East Indies, taken
by E. I. Company, Feb. 1816.
Anicb, Peter, a Tyrolese peasant, as-
tronomer and geographer, b. 1723,
d. 1766.
Anjou, France, university at, founded
1349, enlarged 1364.'
Anna Ivanowna, Empress of Russia,
b. 1693, d. 1740.
Annat, F., a French Jesuit, and
learned author, b. 1590, d. 1670.
Annates, or first fruits, instituted
1306.
Anne, Queen of England, Li3t of the
Stuart family, b. at Twickenham,
1664, d. 20th July, 1714.
Anne of Austria, Regent of France,
queen of Louis XIII., d. 1666.
Anne of Cleves, one of tbe wives of
Henry VIII., after being divorced,
returned to her country and died,
1557.
Anne of Beaujeu, Regent of France,
* daughter of Louis XL, wife of Duke
of Bourbon, d. 1522.
Annet, Peter, pilloried for his deistic
writings, d. 1778, aged 75.
Annibal, the Carthaginian general,
poisons himself B. C. 182.
Anno, Archbishop of Cologne, d. 1705.
Annuities for life, regulated 1 777.
Annuities, or pensions, first granted,
1512, when 20/. was given to a lady
of the court for services done, and
6/. 13s. 4d. for the maintenance of
a gentlewoman, 1536; and 13/.
6s. 8c/., a competent sum to sup-
port a gentleman in the study of
the law, 1554.
Annunciade of St. Michael, order of
knighthood, instituted at Mantua,
1618.
Annunciation of the blessed Virgin
Mary, observed, 350.
Annunciation, order of, instituted in
Savoy, 1362.
Anointing, first used at coronation,
in England, 172, in Scotland, 1097.
Anquetil du Perron, Abrabam Hya-
cinthe, a famous Orientalist, b.
1731, d. 1805.
Ansaldo, Giovanni Andrea, of Genoa,
a landscape painter, b. 1584, d.
1638.
Anselm, Abp. of Canterbury, b. 1030,
d. 1099.
Anselmi, Michael Angelo, an Italian
painter of scriptural pieces, b. 1491 ,
d. 1554.
Ansgar, the apostle of the north,
introduced Christianity into Swe-
den and Denmark, b. 800, d. 865.
Anson, a renowned British admiral,
b. 1697, d. 1762. Presented the
account of his voyage to the Royal
Society, 30th June, 1748.
Anson frigate, 44 guns, wrecked in
Mount's Bay, Cornwall, wben
Captain Lydiard and many of the
crew perished, 7th Jan., 1808.
Anstey, Christopher, an humorous
poet, author of the New Bath
Guide, b. 1724, d. 1805.
Anstis, John, an English antiquary,
b. 1669, d. 1744.
Antar, an Arabian prince and poet,
whose verses were embroidered on
silk, flourished in 6 th century.
Anthems, introduced into the reformed
church in the reign of Elizabeth,
first used, 386.
Anthoeum, at Hove, Sussex, dome
of, fell in 30th Aug., 1833.
Anthony, St., the Great, b. in Egypt,
251, d. 356, aged 105.
Anthonv, St., of Padua, b. 1 5th Aug.,
1195, d. June 13, 1231.
Anthony, St., in Hainault, order of
knighthood, instituted in Germany,
1282 ; in Ethiopia, 357.
Antigallican, prize of the Ducde Pen-
thievre, detained, and the hatches
sealed, at Cadiz, 1757.
Antiphilus, a Grecian painter, flou-
rished B. C. 301.
Antiquaries, Society of, at London,
incorporated 26th Oct., 1751.
Antiquarian Society, at Edinburgh,
instituted 18th Dec, 1780.
Antiquarian Society, at Newcastle.
1812.
Antiquus, John, a painter of history
and on glass, b. at Groningen,
1702, d. 1750.
Antinomians, a sect that first appeared
in 1538.
ANT
APP
13
Antigonus, King of Judea. beheaded
by Marc Antony, B. C. 36.
Antigonus, King of Asia, a captain of
Alexander's, b. B.C. 385, d. B.C.
301.
Antigonus Gonatas, King of Asia,
d. B. C. 243.
Antigonus II., King of Macedonia,
d. B. C. 220.
Antigua, West Indies, first settled by
the English, 1632.
Antioch, a city of Syria, founded
B.C. 300; burned, and 10,000
inhabitants slain, B. C. 145.
Antiochus, of Ascalon, d. B. C. 164.
Antiochus, the name of several Syrian
kings ; see Syria.
Antipater, a Macedonian statesman,
b. 398, d. 318 B.C.
Antisthenes, a Grecian philosopher,
b. B. C. 424.
Antoinette, Marie, unfortunate queen
of Louis XVI., born at Vienna,
1725; beheaded, 1793 ; her bones
disinterred at La Madelaine, and
laid in St. Denis with the monarchs
of France, 18th Jan., 1815.
Antonello ; see Messina.
Antonilez, Joseph, a Spanish painter
of history, portrait, and landscape,
born 1636, died 1676.
Antonines, a religious sect that first
appeared in 329.
Antonisze, Cornelius, a Dutch painter
of landscape and architecture, and
a wood engraver, b. 1500.
Antoninus Pius, a Roman emperor,
b. A. D. 86, d. in 161.
Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius (the
philosopher), a Roman emperor,
b. 121, d. 180.
Antoninus's Wall, the third rampart
built to check the North Britons,
A.D. 140.
Antony, Marc, a noble Roman, d.
B. C. 30, aged 56.
Antwerp, first noticed, 517; walled,
1201 and 1514 ; citadel elected by
Dukeof Alva, 1568; sacked, 1585;
taken by the French, 1792, 1794;
bourse erected, 1531 ; besieged
by the English, 1814; again be-
sieged by the French, taken, and
restored to the Belgians, 1832.
Anvari, the Persian poet, died 1207.
Apelles, a painter of the island of
Cos, author of the Venus Anadyo-
mene, and of Alexander, in the
Temple of Diana at Ephesus. He
was the contemporary and favourite
of Alexander the Great, who forbad
all others to paint him, and gave
him one of his own mistresses, with
whom the artist had fallen in love :
flourished B. C. 334.
Apollonio, Jacopo, a painter of scrip-
ture subjects, b. 1584, d. 1654.
Apollo frigate, and 40 West India-
men, lost off the Portuguese coast,
2nd April, 1804.
Apollo, temple of, at Antioch, burned
down, B. C. 362 ; at Delphi, built
B. C. 434.
Apollodorus, the Athenian painter,
flourished B. C. 408.
Apollodorus, an eminent architect,
who flourished A. D. 104.
Apollodorus, a grammarian of Athens,
flourished B. C. 140.
Apollonius, the mathematician, flou-
rished B. C. 242.
Apollonius Rhodius, historian of the
Argonautic expedition, flourished
B.C. 246.
Apollonius Tyaneus, a Pythagorean
philosopher, who flourished in the
beginning of the first century.
Apothecaries, first mentioned in his-
tory, 1345 ; company, London,
incorporated 1617.
Apothecaries exempted from serving
civil offices, 1702; their practice
better regulated, 1815.
Apothecaries' Company, Dublin, in-
corporated 1791.
Apparitors, first instituted 1234.
Appeals to the Pope, from England,
first made, 1138 ; forbidden, 1532.
Appel, Jacob, a Dutch painter of
history, landscapes, and portraits,
b. 1680, d. 1751.
Appelman, Barent, a Dutch painter
of landscapes and portraits, b. 1640,
d. 1686.
Appian, the historian, flourished in
the reigns of Trajan and Adrian.
Appiani, Andrea, a Milanese painter
of history and portraits. Napohion
sat to him, and appointed him his
painter: b. 1754, d. 1818.
N
APP
A R E
Appiani, Francesco, an Italian painter,
b. at Ancona in 1702, d. at Per-
ugia, 1792.
Appian Way, from Rome to Capua,
constructed B. C. 313, by Appius
Claudius Crassus Caecus, when he
TO censor ; afterwards it extended
to Brundusium.
Appius Claudius Crassinus, a cruel,
arrogant patrician, one of the
Decemvirs, d. B. C. 448.
Apples, two species of, brought from
Syria and Africa into Italy, B.C. 9.
Apricot trees, first planted in Eng-
land, 1540 ; Epirus is their native
country.
Aquila, Pompeio del, an Italian painter
of historic subjects, flourished in
1580.
Aquinas, Thomas, St., a Neapolitan
divine, b. 1224, d. 1274.
Aquitaine, erected into a principality,
1362 ; re-annexed to tbe French
crown, 1730.
Arable lands restrained, and pastures
enforced, 1534.
Arabella Stuart, lost her reason by
imprisonment in London Tower,
d. 1615, aged 38.
Araldi, Alexander, a painter of his-
torical pieces, b. at Parma, d. 1528.
Aram, Eugene, a learned man, b.
in Yorkshire, 1704, executed for
a murder committed 14 years be-
fore, 1759.
Arbasia, Ca-sare, an Italian painter of
religious subjects, d. 1620.
Arbitration, an act for settlement of
differences by, 16th May, 1698.
Arbuthnot, Alexander, principal of
Aberdeen University, b. 1538, d.
1583.
Arbuthnot, John, M.D., the friend
of Swift, and a voluminous writer,
d. 1735.
Arcesilaus, founder of the Middle
Academy, b. in .flEolis, B.C. 316,
d. of intemperance, B.C. 241.
Archangel, in European Russia, pas-
sage to, discovered, 1553 ; injured
by fire, 1763; 200 dwellings
burned down, 16th Oct., 1771 ; ca-
thedral and other public edifices
burned, 29th June, 1793 ; total of
houses destroyed, 3000.
Archdeacon, the first appointed in
England, 1075.
Archelaus, a Greek philosopher, flour-
ished, B.C., 440.
Archelaus, King of Macedon, died
about 398 B.C.
Archelaus, son of Herod the Great.
a crnel prince ; he flourished in
the reign of Augustus.
Archery introduced into England,
440.
Arches of stone, St. Paul's church,
London, built on ; a mode of
building unknown in England un-
til 1187.
Archindschan, Turkey, destroyed by
an earthquake, when 12.000 per-
sons were buried in the ruins,
1784.
Arco, Alonzo del, a Spanish painter
of history and portraits, lie «U
both deaf and dumb. B. 1626, d.
1700.
Archenholz, J. W, von, a voluminous
German writer, b. 1743, d. 1812.
Archilochus, of Paros, a writer of
Iambic verses, who flourished
B.C. 700.
Archimedes, one of the most eminent
mathematicians and philosophers
amongst the ancients, inventor of
the sphere, b. 287 B.C., slain 212
B.C.
Archytas, of Tarentum, a mathema-
tician and mechanist, constructed
an automaton, invented the
and pulley, flourished 408 B.C.,
perished by shipwreck.
Arcos, in Spain, evacuated by the
French, 28th Aug., 1812.
Arcot, in the East Indies, taken by
the English, 1759.
Arellius, the Roman painter, flour-
ished, B.C., 27.— Plin.
Arendt, Martin Fred., a scientific
European traveller, born at Altona,
1769, d. at Venice, 1824.
Areopagus, the most ancient of the
Athenian courts of justice, erected
B.C. 1272.
Aretin, Christophe Baron, b. at Ingol-
stadt, 1772, d. at Munich, 1824.
Aretino. See Spinello.
Aretino, Peter, an Italian poet, b.
1492, d. 1557.
A R E
ARM
15
Aretino, Guido, a Benedictine monk
of Arezzo, who systematised music.
He flourished in 1029.
Aretino, Leonard, an Italian historian,
h. 1370, d. at Florence, 1443.
Aretusi, CVsare, a famon^ Italian
portrait painter. He flourished in
the 17th century.
Arezzo, Spinello de, a Florentine ar-
tist, h. 1352, d. 1400.
Argand's lamps introduced generally
in London, 1 785.
Argo, the first long ship built by the
Greeks to carry the Argonauts,
B.C., 1232—939 Newton.
Argonautic expedition, 1232, B.C.,
48 years before the taking of Troy.
The Golden Fleece means the trea-
sure of the King of Colchis, pil-
laged by the Argonauts, the Syriac
word Gaza meaning fleece ; but it
is more generally admitted that
Argo was the name of the first
ship that was built (except the
ark), and that it was therefore
made a sign in the heavens ; that
the fable of the Fleece originated
in the fleeces sunk in the river
Xanfhus, to collect the alluvial gold
washed into that river from the
adjacent mines.
Argonauts, of St. Nicholas, the, order
of knighthood instituted at Naples,
1382.
Argos, kingdom of, began 1586 B.C.
Argvle, Marquis of, beheaded 27th
May, 1661.
Argyle, Earl of, executed at Edin-
burgh, 1685.
Arians,areligioussect,foundedin290.
A rion, the musician of Methymna,
flourished, B.C., 664 or 625. —
Seal., Eus.
Ariosto, the Italian poet, b. 1474,
d. 1533.
Aristides, the Thcban painter and
scholar, and brother of Nicoma-
chii8, flourished B.C. 341.— 1'lin.
Aristarchus, the Saurian astronomer,
flourished B.C. 967- — I'Lms.
Aristarchus, a famous grammarian,
bom at Samothrace, flourished
B.C. 150.
Aristides theJust, an Athenian states-
man, died B.C. 438.— Diod. Sic.
Aristides, /Elius, a rhetorician of
Bithynia, born A.D. 129.
Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic
sect, flourished 380 B.C.
Aristobulus,a Peripatetic philosopher,
flourished 120 B.C.
Aristocles, Theban artist, flourished
B.C. 321.
Aristogeiton, Athenian patriot, B.C.
514.
Ariston, a Theban artist, flourished
B.C. 320.
Aristodemus, a musician and philoso-
pher, flourished B.C. 614.
Aristomenes, the Messenian hero,
flourished B.C. 689 Val. Max.
Aristonicus, strangled at Rome, B.C.
126.
Aristophanes, a Grecian comic poet,
B.C. 420— Laer.
Aristotle, the most famous of all the
Grecian philosophers, tutor to
Alexander the Great, founder of
the Peripatetic 3ect, born at Stagira,
B.C. 384, poisoned himself 322.
Arithmetic brought into Europe from
Arabia, 991 ; decimals invented,
1042.
Arms, the founder of Arianism,
flourished A.D. 315, d. 336.
Arkwright, Sir R., inventor of spin-
ning jennies, d. 3rd Aug., 1792.
Arlaud, James Anthony, a portrait
painter, admired for his Leda, b. at
Geneva, 1668, d. 1743.
Armada, Spanish, defeated off Dun-
kirk by the Dutch, 1680.
Armada, Spanish, the Invincible, con-
sisting of 1 50 ships of war, defeated
by Howard and Drake, and dis-
persed by storms, 1588.
Armed neutrality of the Northern
Powers against England, by the
Empress of Russia, commenced
1780; revived, 1800; dissolved
by a British fleet, 1801.
A rmand, Jacques Francois, a French
artist, b. 1730, d. 1769.
Armenia conq. by the Turks, 1522.'
Army, the first standing, in modern
times, by Charles VII. of France,
1445.
Armorial bearings introduced by the
English nobles, 1100 ; taxed, 1798
—1808.
16
ARM
ART
Armourers' Company, London, in-
corporated, 1423.
Arms, coats of, came into vogue in
the reign of Richard I., and here-
ditary in families about 1192.
They took their rise from the
knights painting their banners with
different figures, to distinguish them
in their crusades ; though some
trace it higher, and say it originated
in the common custom of the pri-
mitive people painting their bodies
with different figures to distinguish
them from each other. The lions
in the English arms were originally
leopards, so says a record of 1252.
Formerly none but the nobility
bore arms, but Charles the Fifth
having ennobled the Parisians,
1371, he permitted them to bear
arms. This was followed in other
places.
Arminianism, an heresy that sprung
up in the year 1599.
Arminius, Hermann, the deliverer of
Germany from the Roman yoke,
b. 18 B.C., assassinated A.D.21.
Arminius, James, a Dutch divine,
founder of the Arminian sect, b.
1560, d. 1609.
Arms of England and France first
quartered by Edward III., 1358 ;
the latter discontinued from 1 Jan.,
1801.
Armstrong, John, M.D., a poet and
miscellaneous writer, b. in Rox-
burghshire, 1709, d. 1779.
Arne, Thomas Augustine, Dr., an
English composer, b. in London in
1704, d. 1778.
Arne, Michael, an English musician,
d. 1785.
Arnheim, Guelderland, taken by Bu-
low, and the garrison butchered,
30th Nov., 1813.
Arnobius of Sicca, Numidia, professor
of rhetoric, flourished A.D. 303.
Arnold, Benedict, an American gene-
ral, who deserted to the English,
d. in London, 1801.
Arnold, Richard, an English divine,
d. 1765.
Arnold, Samuel, a doctor of music,
and composer, b. 1739, d. 1802,
buried in Westminster Abbey.
Arnold, Christophe, the peasant as-
tronomer, b. near Lapse, 1646,
d. 1695.
Arnold, John, watchmaker, b. 1744,
d. 1799.
Arnoult, Sophie, a Parisian actress
and vocalist, b. 1740, d. 1 802.
Arniston transport, wrecked off Cape
Lagullas, only six saved out of
350, 30th May, 1815.
Arpino. See Csesari.
Arragon erected into a kingdom, 912.
Array, first commission of, for raising
the militia, 1422.
Arredondo, Isidore, a Spanish artist,
first painter to Charles II., b.
1654, d. 1702.
Arrest, vexatious ones prevented by
an act passed, 17th May, 1 733 ; for
less than 10/. forbidden, 1779;
for less than 20/., 1827.
Arrian, a Greek historian, who flou-
rished in the 2nd century.
Arsaces, the name of -several Parthian
kings. The first laid the founda-
tion of the empire, B.C. 250.
Artabanes, the name of several Par-
thian kings.
Artabazes, a general of Xerxes.
Artaxerxes, the name of several mon-
archs of Persia. First, died B.C.
425. See Persia.
Artemidorus, a Greek writer at
Ephesus, flourished A.D. 140.
Artichokes first brought into Eng-
land, 487.
Artificers, bill to prevent the seduc-
tion of, 1787.
Artists' room in the Strand, London,
erected 1772.
Arteveldt, Jacob, of Ghent, assassin-
ated, 1345.
Arteveldt, a Dutch marine painter,
who flourished in the 17th cen-
tury.
Artois, Jacques d', a landscape painter,
and friend of Teniers, b. at Brus-
sels, 1613, d. 1665.
Artemisia, Queen of Caria, widow of
Mausolus, d. B.C. 351.
Arthur, King of Britain, born about
501, d. of his wounds, 542.
Articles of religion, six published by
Henry VIII. , 1536 ; forty-two
published without the consent of
ART
ASS
17
parliament, 1552 ; reduced to thir-
ty-nine, Jan., 1563 ; authorised
by parliament, 1571 ; 104 drawn
up by Archbishop Usher for Ire-
land, 1615 ; articles authorised in
1563, received in Ireland 1634.
Artillery Company, London, revived,
1610".
Artists, Society of, Great Britain,
incorporated, 26th Jan., 1765.
Artois, Count d', brother to Louis
XVI. of France, landed at Leith,
Scotland, 6th Jan., 1796; visited
London, 27th March, 1799.
Arts and Sciences house, in the Adel-
phi, London, erected 1772.
Arts and Sciences, society of, London,
instituted, 1753.
Arts and Sciences, society of, at New
York, 1765.
Arts, royal society of, at London, in-
stituted, 1768.
Aruba, isle of, West Indies, planted
by Holland, 1634.
Arundel castle, Sussex, built by the
Saxons about 800.
Arundel street, Pan ton Sq., destruc-
tive fire in, with loss of life, 1833.
Arundel, Thomas, Archbishop of
Canterbury, born 1353, died 1413.
Arundelian Marbles arrived in Eng-
land, 1627. They consist of
Tables, containing the chronology
of ancient history, from 1582 to
355 before Christ, said to have
been sculptured 264 before Christ ;
found in the Isle of Paros, about
1610; purchased by Lord Arundel,
and given to the university of
Oxford, 1627. The characters
are Greek, of which there are two
translations.
Asa. See Old Testament, events of.
Asaph, St., a native of North Wales,
flourished 590 ; church built at,
560 ; rebuilt, 1402.
Asch, Peter Van, a Dutch landscape
painter, b. 1603.
Ascanius, the son of .flEneas, founder
of Alba Longa, d. B.C. 1139.
Ascension day firstcommemorated, 68.
Ascham, Roger, tutor of Queen Eli-
zabeth, b. 1515, d. 1568.
Asdrubal, a Carthaginian general,
flourished B.C. 203.
Asclepiodorus, the painter, flourished
B.C. 337.
Asclepiodorus, a British prince, op-
posed to the Romans, crowned 235,
slain 260.
Ash, Dr. John, author of English
dictionary and grammar, b. 1724,
d. 1779.
Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire,
castle of, built, 1399.
Ashdown, Essex, church of, erected,
1 020.
Ashfield, Edmund, an English por-
trait painter, who flourished in the
reign of Charles II,
Ashmole, an English antiquary, foun-
der of the Ashmolean Museum,
b. 1617, d. 1692.
Askew, Anne, burnt for heresy, 1546.
Askew, Dr. Ant., d. 27th Feb., 1784.
Asparagus first produced in England,
1608.
Asper, John or Hans, a famous Swiss
portrait painter, b. 1499, d. 1571.
Aspern, battle of, between Napoleon
and Arch. Charles, 2 1st May,l 809.
Aspertino, Guido, an Italian historic
painter, b. 1460, d. 1500.
Aspertino, Amico, a Bolognese artist,
b. 1474, d. 1572.
Assassination plot against William
III. discovered by Pendergrass,
14th Feb., 1696.
Assay-master established at Sheffield
and Birmingham, 1773.
Assaying of gold and silver legally
established, 1354.
Asselyn, John (Crabatje), a Dutch
landscape painter, b. 1610, d. 1660.
Assereto, Giovacchino, an Italian
painter of religious subjects, b.
1600, d. 1649. -
Asses, feast of, in France, held in
honour of Balaam's ass, when the
clergy at Christmas walked in pro-
cession, dressed so as to represent
the prophets. Suppressed early
before 1445.
Assessed taxes advanced in 1797 ;
reduced, 1798; new ones added,
1801; reduced, 1823; and far-
ther, 1834.
Assheton, William, suggested a pro-
vision for clergymen's widows, b.
1641, d. 1711.
If;
ASS
AUB
Assiento, contract for supplying Ame-
rica with slaves from Jamaica, be-
gan 1689; vested in the South
Sea Company, 1713 ; resigned to
Spain by the peace of 1748.
Assignats, ordered by the National As-
sembly of France, 1 7th Apr., 1790.
Assisi, Andrea Luigi di (II Ingegno),
an Italian artist, b. 1470, d. 1520.
Assize of bread and ale established
in England, 1266—1710.
Assumption of the Virgin, festival of,
instituted 813.
Assyria, kingdom of, began under
Ninus, B.C. 2059 ; ended with
Sardanapalus. From its ruins were
formed the Assyrians of Babylon,
of Nineveh, and the Medes.
Asta, Andrea dell', a Neapolitan
painter of religious subjects, b.
1683, d. 1721.
Astle, Thomas, an English antiquarv,
b. in Staffordshire, d. 1 803.
Astley, John, an English portrait
painter, d. 14th Nov., 1787.
Astley, Philip, founder of amphi-
theatres in London, Paris, and
Dublin, b. 1742, d. 1814.
Astley \s amphitheatre and 19 houses
destroyed by fire, 17th Aug., 1794 ;
and again, 2nd Sep., 1803, when
many houses were burned.
Astorga, in Spain, taken by the
French, 12th April, 1810; evacu-
ated 12th June, 1811 ; capitulated
to the Spaniards, 18th Aug., 1812.
Astracan, in Tartary, taken by the
Russians, 1554.
Astronomical observations first made
at Babylon, 2234 ; tables made,
B.C. 1253.
Astronomy and geography brought
into Europe by the Moors of Bar-
bary, 1201.
Asylums for debtors abolished in
London, 1696.
Asylum, near Westminster Bridge,
London, instituted, 1758.
Atahualpa, or Atabalipa, the last of
the Incas, King of Quito, burnt by
the Spaniards, 1533.
Athaliah, wife of Joram, king of Ju-
dah, slain B. C. 877.
Athanasian Creed, supposed to have
been written 340.
Athanasio, Pedro, a Spanish historical
painter, b. 1638, d. 1688.
Athanasius, St., bishop of Alexan-
dria, b. 296, d. 2nd May, 373.
Athenagoras, Athenian philosopher,
flourished A. D. 177.
Athenodorus, a Stoic philosopher, tu-
tor to Tiberius, flourished A.D. 10.
Athens, founded by Cecrops, B. C.
1556. Jul. Per. 3158. Taken by
Xerxes, 480, B. C.
Atkins, James, bishop of Galloway,
b. 1613, d. 1687.
Atkinson, Christopher, expelled Par-
liament, and set in the pillory for
perjury, 25th Oct., 1785.
Atkinson, Joseph, an Irishman of
much wit and a writer of poctrv,
b. 1743, d. 1818.
Atkvns, Sir Robert, chief baron of
Exchequer, b. 1621, d. 170!).
Attalus, king of Pergamus, inventor
of parchment, d. B. C. 198.
Attaquia, in Syria, destroyed by an
earthquake, with 3,000 inhabit-
ants, 5th May, 1796.
Atterbury, Francis, bishop of Ro-
chester, b. 1662 ; sent to the
Tower, 24th Aug., 1722; banished,
May, 1723; died Feb., 1731 ;
buried in Westminster Abbey.
Atterbury, Dr. Lewis, an English
divine and sermon writer, b. 1656,
d. 1731.
Atticus, Titus Pomponius, the friend
of Cicero, d. B. C. 54, aged 77.
Atticus, patriarch of Constantinople,
d. 427.
Attila. king of the Huns (the scourge
of God), d. A. D. 453.
Attorneys, tax on, commenced in
1785 ; the number limited in
Norfolk and Suffolk, and reduced
from eighty to fourteen, 1754.
Attorneys, maximum number allowed
in Great Britain in the reign of
Edward III., 400.
Attraction, the first idea of, adopted
by Kepler, 1605.
Attwood, George, a celebrated mathe-
matician and mechanist, b. 174(i,
d. 1807.
Aubern, in Wiltshire, 72 dwellings,
value 20,000/., destroyed by lire,
12th Sept., 1760.
AUB
AVI
10
Aubin, Gabriel Jacques dc St., a
French historical painter and an
engraver, b. 1724, d. 1770.
Aubrey, John, F. R. S., an English
antiquary, b. 1626, d. 1700.
Aubusson, Peter d', grand master of the
knights of Rhodes, b. 1423, d. 1503.
Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, an English
general, b. 1756, d. 1822, buried
at Dublin.
Audebert, John Baptist, a Frencli
miniature painter and an engraver,
b. 1759, d. 1802.
Auction, the first in England, by
Elisha Yale, governor of Fort
George, East Indies, of the goods
he brought home, 1700; tax on,
commenced, 1779.
Auction Mart, London, founded,
1813.
Audenaerd, or Oudenaerd, Robert
Van, a Dutch painter and engraver,
b. 1663, d. 1743.
And ley, James, Lord, an English
hero who served under Edward
III., b. 1314, d. 1386.
Audley, Sir Thomas, Speaker of the
House of Commons, b. 1488, d.
1544.
Audran, Claude, a French historical
painter and professor at the aca-
demy of arts, b. 1641, d. 6841.
Augcreau, duke of Castiglione, one
of Napoleon's marshals, b. 1757,
d. 1816.
Augmentation, of the king's revenue,
a new court erected, 4th Feb.,
1536-1704.
Augsburg confession of faith, made
1550.
Augustin, St., father of the Latin
Church, b. in Numidia, A. D.
354, d. 23rd Aug., 430.
AtiLHistines, appeared in England,
1250.
Augustin, or Austin, St., (the apostle
of the English), first archbishop
of Canterburv, landed on the Isle
of Thanet, 596, d. 607.
Augustiu, St., Abbev of, Canterbury,
built 1605.
Augustus Caesar, b» B. C. (»5, d.
19th Aug., A.D. 14.— See Roman
Emperors.
Augustus ; see Saxony.
Aurelian, Roman Emperor, assassi-
nated, 275.
Aureng-zebe, the Great Mogul, b.
1618, d. 1707.
Auricular confession, first made,
1215. ,
Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights), /
first observed, 6th March, 1715-16; ' /
electricity of, ascertained, 1769.
Aurora frigate lost, and never heard
of afterwards, 1771.
Ausonius, Decius Magnus, a Roman
poet, b. 310, d. 394.
Austerlitz, in Moravia, battle of,
2nd Dec, 1805.
Australian Islands, first discovered by
Magellan, 6th March, 1521.
Austria, kings of; see Germany.
Austria annexed to Germany, 1042;
erected into a duchy, 1 1 56 ; into
an empire, 11th Aug., 1804.
Austria, toleration of religions granted,
and torture abolished, 1776.
Austrian Netherlands, entered by the
French, 28th April, 1792.
Automaton, a flying dove, the first
made by Archytas, B. C. 408.
Autorides, a painter, scholar of the
Theban Ariston, B, C. 309.
Aved, Jacques Antoine Joseph, a
portrait painter, b. at Douay,
1702, d. 1766.
Avellino, a city of Naples, destroyed
by an earthquake, 29th Nov., 1 732.
Avellino, Giulio, a Sicilian artist,
and pupil of Salvator Rosa, b.
1645, d. 1700.
Avellino, Onofrio, a Neapolitan art-
ist, b. 1674, d. 1741.
Avenzoar, or Ebn-Zoar, an Arabian
physician, d. 1169, aged 135 years.
Averara, Giovanni Battista, an Italian
artist, b. 1508, d. 1548.
Averbach, John Gottfried, a German
painter of history and portrait,
b. 1687, d. 1743.
Averroes, an Arabian philosopher,
d. at Morocco 1217 or 1225.
Aviccnna, an Arabian philosopher,
b. 980, d. 1036.
Avignon, university at, founded,
1388; taken from the Pope by
the French, 1769 ; restored on the
suppression of the Jesuits, 1773;
claimed by the French National
20
AVI
BAC
Assembly, 1791 ; confirmed to
France by the Congress of Sove-
reigns, 1815.
Avis, Portuguese order of knighthood,
instituted 1147.
Avison, Charles, an English musi-
cian, d. in 1770.
Avont, Peter Vanden, a Dutch land-
scape painter and an engraver, b.
in 1620.
Ayesha, the favourite wife of the
Arahian Prophet, b. 610, d. 677.
Aylmouth Castle, Northumberland,
built 559.
Ayloffe, Sir Joseph, an English anti-
quary, b. 1708, d. 1781.
Ayscue,an English admiral, flourished
in the reign of Charles II.
Avscough, an English dramatic au-
thor^. 1779.
Aysgarth bridge, Yorkshire, built
1539.
Azof, in Russia, built by the Genoese,
1261 ; seized by Tamerlane, 1392;
fell to Turkey, 1471; fortifica-
tions demolished, 1739; ceded to
Russia, 1774.
Azores, islands in the Atlantic, dis-
covered by the Portuguese, 1449.
Azorius, a Spanish Jesuit, d. 1603.
Azzara, Don Joseph Nicholas, a Span-
ish diplomatist, b. 1731, d. 1804.
Azzolini, Giovanni Bernardino, a
Neapolitan painter of scriptural
subjects, who flourished at Genoa,
in 1510.
a
Jt> A AN, John De, a Dutch portrait
painter, b. 1633, d. 1702.
Baan, Jacob de, a Dutch portrait
painter, b. 1673, d. 1700.
Babel tower began, B. C. 2247,
and occupied 40 years in building.
Babeuf, Francis Noel, an active ac-
complice in the French Revolu-
tion, put to death, 1797.
Babington, Dr. Gervase, bishop of
Worcester, b. 1550, d. 1610.
Babington, Dr., an eminent English
physician and medical writer, d.
29th April, 1833.
Babour, Sultan, founder of the Mo-
gul dynasty, d. 1530.
Babylon, the citv of, founded by Nim-
rod, 2640; walled, 1243; taken
by Cyrus, 536 ; by Darius, after
nineteen months' siege, 511, B. C.
Babylonish monarchy founded, 2217
B. C.
Baccarini, Jacopo, an Italian historic
painter, b. 1630, d. 1682.
Baccio, della Porta, or Fra. Bartolo-
meo, di San Marco, a celebrated
Italian history painter, b. 1469, d.
at the convent of St. Mark, 1517.
Baccici, or Gauli, Giovanni Battista,
a Genoese historical painter, b.
1639, d. 1709.
Bachelor's tax, 1695; again, 1735
and 1796.
Backer, Adrian de, a Dutch painter of
scripture subjects, b. 1643,d. 1686.
Backer, or Bakker, Jacques, an his-
torical painter, b. at Antwerp,
1530, d. 1560.
Backer, or Bakker, Jacob de, a Dutch
portrait painter, b. 1609, d. 1651.
Backer, Nicolas de, a portrait painter
and friend of Kneller, born at
Antwerp, 1648, d. 1689.
Backereel, or Bacquerelli, (William)
a Dutch historical painter, fellow
pupil withVandyk under Rubens.
Backhuvsen, Ludolph, an eminent
painter,b.atEmbden,1631,d.l709.
Barkway, Hertfordshire, a fire at, de-
stroyed thirteen dwellings, with
stacks, offices, &c, 1 8th Aug., 1 748.
Bacon, Sir Nathaniel, half brother to
Lord Verulam, an eminent por-
trait painter, d. after 1615.
Bacon, Roger, a learned Franciscan
friar, b. in Somersetshire, 1214,
d. 1292.
Bacon, Francis, Lord Verulam, lord
high chancellor of England, b.
1561 ; committed to the Tower,
1622; d. 9th April, 1626.
Bacon, Robert, an English divine,
b. 1168, d. 1248.
Bacon, Sir Nicholas, lord keeper of
the great seal, b. in Kent, 1510,
d. 26th Feb., 1578-9.
BAC
BAL
21
Bacon, John, an English sculptor,
b. 1740, d. 1799.
Badalocchi, Sisto,an Italian painter of
history and portraits,!). 1584,d. 1 650.
Badaracco,Giuseppe, a Genoese painter
of historical subjects, d. 1657.
Badaracco, Giovanni Raffaelle, a
Genoese painter of historical sub-
jects, b. 1648, d. 1726.
Baden, Professor, of the university
of Copenhagen, d. 6th Nov., 1804.
Badens, Francis, a Dutch painter of
history, portrait, and conversation
pieces, b. 1571, d. 1603.
Badens^ John, a Dutch painter, b.
at Antwerp, 1576, d. 1613.
Badiale, Alessandro, an Italian his-
toric painter, and an engraver, b.
1626, killed 1671.
Badile, an Italian painter of history
and portrait, b. 1480, d. 1560.
Baerstrat, a Dutch painter of marine
subjects, d. 1687.
Baffin's Bay discovered, 1622.
Bagdad built, 762.
Bagford, John, antiquary, d. 1716,
aged 65.
Baglioni, Cesare, a Bolognese his-
torical painter, d. 1596.
Baglioni, Giovanni, a Roman painter
of church pieces ; he wrote the
lives of the Roman artists ; b«
1594, d. 1644.
Bagnacavallo, Bartolomeo, a Bologn-
ese historic painter, d. 1542.
Bahama Islands discovered, 1629 ;
taken possession of by the English,
Dec. 1718 ; immense damage done
to the shipping at, by a hurricane,
Oct. 1796 ; and again by storm
and inundation, 22nd July, 1801.
Bailli, David, a portrait painter of
Leyden, b. 1584, d. 1638.
Baillv, Jacques, a French portrait
painter, b. 1629, d. 1682.
Bully, T. S., b. 1736, guillotined
1793.
Baize, manufacture of,first introduced
into England, at Colchester, 1660.
Bajufdo, Giov. Batt., a Genoese
painter of history, b. 1620, d. 1657.
Baiazet, Sultan, conquered by Tamer-
lane, d. 1413.
Baker, John, an English painter of
fruit and flowers, d. 1771.
Baker, Sir Richard, b. about 1568,
died about 1645.
Baker, Thos., antiquary, b. 1656,
d. 1740.
Baker, Henrv. natural philosopher,
b. 1698, d.*1774.
Baking of Bread, invented, B. C.
1400 ; became a trade, B. C. 170.
Bakewell, Robt., grazier, b. 1726,
d. 1795.
Balassi, Mario, a Florentine artist,
b. 1604, d. 1670.
Balbec, built, 144 ; totally obliterated
by an earthquake, 5th Dec, 1759.
Balchen, Admiral, b. 1669 ; lost in
the Victory man-of-war, Oct. 1744.
Baldi, Lazaro, an Italian historic
painter, b. 1623, d. 1703.
Baldini, Fra. Tiburzio, a Bolognese
painter and an ecclesiastic, flou-
rished in 1610.
Baldonaretti, an eminent painter,
b. 1366, d. 1448.
Baldinucci, Filippo, a Florentine
painter, sculptor, and biographer,
b. 1624, d. 1696.
Baldrighi, Giuseppe, an Italian painter
of history and portrait, b. 1722, d.
1802.
Balducci, Giov., a Florentine artist,
who d. at Naples in 1600.
Baldwin, the emperor, d. 1206.
Bale, bishop of Ossory, the historian,
b. 1495, d. 1563.*
Bales, Peter, b. 1547, d. about 1610.
Balechou, John Joseph, a French
engraver, b. 1719, d. 1765.
Balen, Hendrick Van, an eminent
Dutch portrait painter, b. 1560,
d. 1632.
Balen, John Van, a Dutch painter of
history and portraits, b. 1611.
Balestra, Antonio, a distinguished
Italian historical painter, b. 1666,
d. 1740.
Baliol, king of Scotland, appeared to
a summons, and pleaded his cause
in Westminster Hall, Oct., 1293.
Baliol College, Oxford, founded
1268.
Baliol, John, founder of Baliol Col-
lege, Oxford, d. 1269.
Balkan, passed by the Russians
under Gen. Diebitsch, 19th June,
1830.
22
Balance of Revenue, 1834 :
An Account of the Balances of Public Money remaining in the Exchequer
on the 5th of January, 1833; the amount of Money raised by the
additions to the Funded or Unfunded Debt of the year ended 5th of
January, 1834 ; the Money applied towards the redemption of the Funded,
or paying off Unfunded Debt ; the Total Amount of advances and repay-
ments on account of Local Works, &c, with the differences accruing
thereon ; and the Balances in the Exchequer on the 5th of January, 1834.
Balances in the Exchequer on the
£ s. d.
£
s. d.
5th of January, 1833
4,688,647
12 *\
Money raised in the Year ended 5th
of January, 1834, by the creation
of Unfunded Debt : —
Exchequer Bills, per Act 2 and 3
Will. IV., c. 94
2,980,200
|
Ditto, 3 W. IV. c. 2 .
12,000,000
Ditto, 3 and 4 W. IV., c. 25
12,222,400
Ditto, 2 and 3 W. IV., c. 126
679,000
For building Churches, per Act 5
Geo. IV., c. 103 . .
40,000
For Public Works, &c, 1 and 2 W.
IV., c. 24
384,100
Ditto in Ireland, ditto, c. 33
91,500
For Relief to Sufferers in the West
India Islands, per Act 2 and 3 W.
IV., c. 125 ....
207,950
28,«06,15fi
Surplus of Income over Expenditu
re .
1,513,083
11 6A
34,806,881
3 9f
Issued to the Commissioners for the
£ $.
d.
£
s. d.
Reduction of the National Debt,
to be applied to the Redemption
of Funded Debt :—
By Issues per Act 10 Geo. IV., c. 27.
1,017,806 12
By Interest on Donations and Be-
quests .....
5,977 4
B
1,023,783 16
9
Deduct the Sum applied not in the
Redemption of Funded Debt, but
in the Redemption of Consoli-
dated Fund Deficiency Bills
225,000
o
798,783
16 3
Paymaster of Exchequer Bills, for
the payment of Unfunded Debt
28,364,750
The Total Amount of Advances for
the employment of the Poor, and
for Local Works within the Year
1,204,988 4
a
Ditto, Repayments for ditto .
505,039 17
n
699,948
Excess of Advances over Repayme
nts .
6 4
Balances in the Exchequer on the 5th of Jan. 182
4
4,943,399
1 2£
34,806,881
3 9J
BAL
BAN
28
Ballard, George, d. 1755.
Ballust of the river Thaines monopo-
lised by Charles I., 1636.
Balloons, invented by B. Gusnido,
a Jesuit, 1729; revived in France
by Mons. Montgolfier, 1783, and
let off at Paris, 27th Aug. ; intro-
duced into England, and Mr. Lu-
nardi ascended from Moorfields,
15th Sept., 1784 ; Mr. Blanchard
and Dr. Jeffries went from Dover
to Calais in about two hours,
7th January, 1785. Mr. Garnerin
made many successful ascents in
1803; Crosbie ascended from
Dublin in 1785 ; and Sadler made
several successful ascents from the
same place, and from London.
Bal merino, Lord, beheaded for trea-
son, 18th Aug., 1746.
Balow, in Russia, had 458 houses
destroyed by fire, in 1803.
Bal sham, Hugh, founder of Peter-
house, Cambridge, d. 1286.
Balten, Peter, a Dutch landscape
painter, b. 1540, d. 161 L
Baltimore, North America, nearly
destroyed by fire, 4th Dec, 1796.
Baltimore House, Southampton-row,
built 1759.
Balzac, the French writer, b. 1594, d.
1654.
Bambini, Giacomo, an Italian painter
of historical pieces, b. 1560, d.
1622.
Bamboccio ; see Laar.
Bamborough Castle, Northumber-
land, built 1558.
Bamestier, John, a German historical
painter, b. 1500, d. 1598.
Banbury, in Oxfordshire, church and
tower at, fell down, 16th Dec.,
1790.
Bancroft, Archbp., b. 1544, d. 1654.
Bancroft, a lord mavor's officer, died
worth 80,000/., in 1729.
Bandinelli, Baccio, an eminent Flo-
rentine punter and sculptor, b.
1497, d. 1559.
Band, order of knighthood, instituted
in Spain, 1232.
B.mils for lawyers, first used by Judge
Kinck, 1615 : for clergymen, about
1652.
Bangor Cathedral, built 616.
or, in Flintshire, N. Wales,
monks of, slain by the Danes,
580.
Bank mill, Manchester, used as a
cotton factory, destroyed by fire,
damage estimated at 30,000/.,
31st Oct., 1813.
Banks, John, tragic poet, died 1706.
Banks, Sir Joseph, b. 1743, d. 1820.
Banks, Thomas, sculptor, b. 1735,
d. 1805.
Bankers ; Mint used formerly by mer-
chants to lodge their money in, till
the king made free with it in 1640;
after which, trusting to servants,
till too many ran to the army, they
lodged it with goldsmiths, whose
business was to buy and sell plate
and foreign coins ; and at first paid
4d. per cent, per diem, but lent it to
others at higher interest, and so
became the first bankers, 1645.
The charter of the Bank of Eng-
land was executed 27th July, 1694,
and was granted for 12 years, the
corporation being then determinable
on a year's notice. The original
capital subscribed was 1,200,000/.
which they lent to government at
8 per cent, interest, with an allow-
ance of 4000/. per ann. for their
expenses of management. The
term of the charter was, in 1706,
extended to five years beyond the
original period, in consideration of
the company having undertaken to
circulate for government exchequer
bills to the amount of 1,500,000/.
and it has since been further ex-
tended at different times, viz.
In 1709 to 1st of August 1732
1713 - - - 1742
1742 - - - 1764
1763 - - - 1786
1781 - - 1812
1800 - - - 1833
1833 - - - 1854
The total permanent debt due
from government to the bank is
14,686,800/. bearing 3 per cent,
interest; but the capital stock of the
company is 11,642,400/., on which
they usually pay a dividend of 10
percent, per ann. to the proprietors.
24
BAN
BAN
According to the accounts presented
to the House of Commons in the
year 1 824, the average amount of
balances of public money in the
hands of the Bank during the last
year was 5,526,645/. The profit
of the Bank (at 3 per cent., the
rate which the government pays
them for their capital of fifteen
millions,) is therefore upwards of
165,792/. in its capacity of banker
to the public departments. The
sum payable to the Bank for the
management of the public debt last
year is 267,934/. 7*. Sd. From
the reports of the secret committee
appointed in 1797 to investigate the
affairs of the Bank, it appeared that
on the 25th of February in that
year, there was a balance of
3,826,903/. and on the 11th of
November a balance of 3,839,550/.
in favour of the company ; their
profits since must have been greater
than while they were obliged to
maintain a large stock of cash to
answer their notes, which has
enabled them to make several oc-
casional dividends to their proprie-
tors, and at Lady-day, 1 807, to raise
their usual dividend from 7 per
cent, which it had been for the last
19 years, to 10 per cent. House
built 1732, enlarged 1771, con-
siderably improved and insulated
in 1796, and the exterior partly re-
built in 1824.
Bank Notes, 512 weigh one pound.
Bank Stock, 3 percent, ann. created,
1726; 3 per cent, consol.do. 1731 ;
3 per cent, reduced do. 1746 ; 3 per
cent. ann. payable at the South Sea
House, 1751 ; 3| percent, ann. do.
1758; long ann. 1761 ; 4 per cent,
consol. do. 1762. Old Scotch bank
created, 1695 ; Royal ditto, 1727.
The name is derived from Banco,
bench ; benches being erected in
market-place for the exchange of
money, &c.
Banks first began in Italy, by Lombard
Jews, 808 ; of whom some settled
in Lombard-street, where bankers
still reside. The bank of Venice
established, 1157; of Genoa, 1345;
of Amsterdam, 1609; of Hum-
burgh, 1710; of Rotterdam, I6*35j
of England, 1694; in the East
Indies, 1787; America, 1791.
Bank of England was originally pro-
jected by a merchant of the name
of Patterson, and established A. D.
1694. The following year it was
incorporated by King William and
the parliament, in consideration of
1,200,000/. lent to government,
which was then its capital. This
capital has, however, gone on gra-
dually increasing to the present
period, when it amounts to
1 1,686,000/. sterling. The mint in
the Tower of London was anciently
the deposit for merchants'' cash, till
Charles I., in the year 1640, laid
his hands upon the money, and
destroyed the credit of the mint.
This circumstance drove the traders
to some other place of security for
their gold, which their apprentices
did not fail to rob them of when at
home, and to run off with it to the
army. In 1645, therefore, they
consented to lodge it with the gold-
smiths in Lombard-street, who were
otherwise obliged to prepare strong
chests for the deposit of their own
valuable wares; and this became
the origin of banking in England.
In 1727 the interest of money was
reduced by parliament, and the
Bank of England, instead of 6 per
cent., paid a dividend of 5. The
capital of the Bank had been pre-
viously increased in 1697 for the
first time, and this augmentation
has been allowed from one period
to another as the wisdom of parlia-
ment thought fit ; the same au-
thority also, at different intervals,
prolonging their privileges and re-
newing their contract. The style
of their firm is, " The Governors
and Company of the Bank of Eng-
land." Discontinued paying in
cash, Feb. 25, 1797. Issued 20s.
notes, March 9, 1797. Issued os.
tokens, 1798. Raised the value
of these tokens to 5s. 6d., 1811.
Discontinuance of its payments in
cash restricted by Parliament 1816,
BAN
BAR
25
not to extend beyond 5th April,
1818. Cash payments resumed,
1821. 5 per cents reduced to 4,
March, 1822. Charter extended,
and Bank of England notes a legal
tender, &c. 1833.
Bank of England's Accounts. Lia-
bilities and assets of the Bank of
England, on the average of the three
months ending 4th March,1834 : —
Liabilities.
Circulation . . £18,700,000
Deposits . . . 14,418,000
Assets.
Securities . . £25,547,000
Bullion . . . 9,829,000
Bank of Ireland incorporated 1 783 ;
charter renewed, 1791.
Bankrupts in England, first regulated
bylaw, 1543. Enacted, that mem-
bers of the House of Commons
proving bankrupts, and not paying
their debts in full, shall vacate
their seats, 1812.
Bankrupts at different periods, from
the year 1700 to 1834 :— in
1700.... 38 1805.... 876
1701.... 38 1806.... ^53
1702.... 38 1807.... 1036
1713 200 1808.... 1058
1714.... 173 1809 1670
1726 416 1810 2000
1727 446 1811 1616
1744 197 1812 1599
1745 200 1813 1066
1746 159 1814 1285
1762 205 1815 2029
1763 233 1816 2030
1772 525 1817 1879
1773 562 1818 1059
1774 360 1819 1416
1778 675 1820 1335
1779 544 1821 1287
1780 449 1822 1164
1781 438 1823 964
1782 537 1824 977
1783 528 1825 846
1784 517 1826 2489
1791 604 1827 1528
1792 628 1828 1332
1793... 1304 1829 1409
1800 736 1830 1467
1801 871 1831 1269
1802 861 1832 1591
1803 923 1833 1136
1804 921 1834 1191
Bankruptcy, New Court of, opened
11th Jan., 1832.
Bannerets first created in England,
1360; renewed by Hen. VII., 1485.
Banns, publication of, for marriage,
instituted 1210.
Banquetting House, Whitehall,'\Vest-
minster, built 1607.
Bantam, in Java, eight ambassadors
from, arrive in England 1682.
Baptist, John Gaspars, Dutch painter
of tapestries, &c. d. 1691.
Barabbino, Sim., a Genoese artist,
b. 1581, d. 1640.
Barabis, T. Phil. , a Prussian. Hebrew
lexicographer before 10 years of
age; master of mathematics at 12,
&c; died 1740, aged 19 years
8 months.
Barbarossa, the famous corsair, d.
1518, aged 43.
Barbatelli, Bernardino, a Florentine
painter, b. 1542, d. 1612.
Barbadoes, discovered and planted,
1614.
Barbadoes had two dreadful fires,
May and Dec. 1796, and 16th
Oct., 1784; damaged by a storm,
2nd Sept., 1786 ; and by an inunda-
tion, in Nov. 1795.
Barbers, brought from Sicily to Rome
B. C. 299; incorporated with the
surgeons in London, 1540; dis-
associated again, 1744.
Barbeyrac, John, historian and civi-
lian, b. 1674, d. 1747.
Barbiani, Giov. Bat., an Italian his-
torical painter, flourished 1640.
Barbieri Domenico del, a Florentine
artist, b. 1506, d. 1570.
Barbieri, Fra., an Italian painter of
history and landscape, d. 1698.
Barbieri, Da Cento, Paolo Antonio, an
Italian painter of fruit and flowers,
animals, &c, b. 1596, d. 1640.
Barbuda, Isle, first planted bv the
English, 1628.
Barclay and Co.'s Brewery, Banksido,
Southwark, destroyed by fire, 22nd
May, 1832.
Barclay, Alexander, d. 1552.
Barclay, John, d. 1621, aged 39.
Barclay, Robert, the Quaker, b. 1 648,
d. 1690.
Bardin, John, a French historical
painter, b. 1732, d. 6th Oct., 1809.
c
26
BAR
BAS
Barensten, Dieterick, a Dutch painter
and pupil of Titian, b. 1534,d. 1582.
Baretti, Joseph, b. 1716, d. 1789.
Barham, of 74 guns, foundered on the
Coast of Corsica, 29th July, 1811.
Baring, transport,wrecked on the rocks
off Beerhaven by a gale, and several
lives lost, 10th Oct., 1814.
Bark, Jesuits discover virtue of, 1 500 ;
brought into Europe first, 1 650.
Barker, Samuel, an English painter ;
he excelled in flowers; d. 1727.
Barker, Robert, an English artist, in-
ventor of the Panorama, d. 1806.
Barkway greatly damaged by fire,
18th Aug., 1748.
Barling Abbey, Lincolns., built 1 180.
Barlow, Fra., English painter of fruit,
flowers, fish, &c. b. 1626, d. 1702.
Barlow, Joel, envoy extraordinary
from the United States to the court
of France, b. 1756, d. 1812.
Barlowe, "William, natural philoso-
pher, d. 1625.
Barnafd, Sir John, b. 1685, d. 1764.
Barnard's, Sir John, statue erected in
the Royal Exchange, London, 23rd
May, 1747.
Barnard's Inn Society, in Chancery-
lane, commenced 1445.
Barnes, Joshua, b. 1654, d. 1712.
Barnuevo, a Spanish historic painter,
b. 1611, d. 1671.
Barnevelt, John, a Dutch statesman,
b. 1547.
Barnwell Castle, Northamptonshire,
built 1132.
Barnwell, near Cambridge, destroyed
by a fire, 30th Sept., 1751 ; again,
16th Dec, 1757.
Barometers invented, 1626; wheel
barometers contrived, 1668; pen-
dant, 1695; marine ditto, 1700;
phosphoric, 1675.
Baron, the title first created by patent
in England, 1388.
Baron of Renfrew, wonderful timber
ship of 9,000 tons burden, bound
from Quebec to London, lost be-
tween Calais and Dunkirk, 23rd
Oct., 1825.
Baron, the French Roscius, b. 1652,
d. 1729.
Barons, first summoned to parliament
in 1204; the writ was directed to
the Bishop of Salisbury.
Baronets first created in England,
1611.
Baronets of Nova Scotia first created,
1625.
Baronius, d. 1607, aged 69 years.
Barret, Geo., Irish landscape painter,
b. 1732, d. 1784.
Barrington Isle, one of the Gallopagos,
explored, June, 1 793.
Barrington, Viscount, philosophical
writer, &c. d. 1734.
Barrington, Daines, antiquary, b.
1727, d. 1800.
Barrington, Admiral, b.l729,d. 1800.
Barristers first appointed by Edward
I., 1291.
Barroccio, Fed., an Italian history and
portrait painter, b. 1528, d. 1612.
Barrosa, a Spanish historical painter,
b. 1538, d. 1590.
Barrow, the Rev. Dr. Isaac, d. 1677,
aged 47.
Barry, Girald, b. 1146, d. about 1220.
Barry, an eminent Irish artist; he
distinguished himself in both his-
tory and landscape ; b. 1741, d.
22nd Feb., 1806.
Barthelemi, J. J., b. 1716, d. 1795.
Bartholet, Flem. Lugois, d. 1675.
Bartholomew, St. martyred, 24th
Aug., 71.
Bartholomew Monastery, Smithfield,
built 1162; hospital founded,
1546; rebuilt from 1750 to 1770.
Bartholomew, St., festival, instituted
1130.
Bartholomew Fair, London, Philips's
booth fell, two persons killed and
many wounded, 23rd Aug., 1749.
Toll abolished, 1755.
Bartoli. See Perugino.
Bartolo, Pietro Senito, an eminent
painter, b. 1635, d. 1700.
Bartolomeo Breemberg, a Dutch
landscape painter, b. 1620, d. 1 660.
Bartolomeo, Fra. de St. Marco, an
eminent Florentine painter of scrip-
tural subjects, b. 1469, d. 1517.
Bartolozzi, F., a Florentine artist and
excellent engraver, b. 1 728,d. 1 815.
Barton-Stacy, in Hampshire, had 27
houses, besides out-houses, de-
stroyed by fire, 8th May, 1792,
Barton, Eliz., Holy Maid of Kent,
executed 1534.
Basil, St. d. 379, aged 53.
BAS
BAT
27
Basili, Pietro Aug., an Italian his-
torical painter, b. 1550, d. 1604.
Basingwark Abbey,Flintsh.,blt.ll31.
Baskerville, Mr. John, of Birming-
ham, b. 1706, d. 18th Jan., 1775.
Basket-making, returning to the old
trade of, originated we apprehend
from the ingenuity of the ancient
Britons in making baskets, which
they exported in large quantities,
and implies sliding back into old
hahits, or returning to the primi-
tive occupations of barbarous ages.
Bassano, Fran, da Ponte, an Italian
historic painter, b. 1475, d. 1530.
Bassano (Giacomo da Ponte) or II Bas-
sano, an Italian painter of history
and landscape, b. 1510, d. 1592.
Bassano, Leandro, a Venetian painter
of history and portraits, b. 1558,
d. 1623.'
Bassano, Fra. da Ponte, the younger,
an Italian historic painter, born
1548, threw himself from a window
and was killed 1591,
Bassano, Gio. Battista, an Italian
artist, and excellent copyist, b.
1553, d. 1613.
Bassepate, a French lady, celebrated
for her painting of plants and ani-
mals, d. 1780.
Bassi, the elder, an Italian landscape
painter, b. 1642, d. 1710.
Bassi, the younger, a Bolognese painter
of historic subjects, b. 1664, d. 1693.
Bastard children, concealing death of,
murder, 1624.
Bastile, in Paris, foundation laid 23rd
April, 1369; not finished till 1383;
demolished 14th July, 1789, when
the governor was killed by the mob.
Baston, Thomas, an English painter,
chiefly of marine subjects, fl. 1720.
Batavia, in the Isle of Java, first for-
tified by the Dutch, 1618.
Bath, order of knighthood, instituted
in England at the coronation of
Henry IV. 1399 : renewed 1725.
Bath springs discovered, B. C. 871 ;
the baths of the Romans discovered
under the Abbey-house, 1755 ;
damaged by fire 1116, again 1137;
and a fire on the South Parade
<lcsiroycd'50i)0/. worth, - 4th June,
1756 ; hospital built, 1738.
Bathieux, M., b. 1701, d 1792.
Bath stage-waggon burned on Salis-
bury Plain, with a valuable load,
by the wheels taking fire, 20th May,
1758.
Bathurst, Earl, the friend of Pope,
b. 1684, d. 1775.
Battista, Franco, a Venetian historic
painter, and pupil of M. Angelo,
d. 1561.
Battersea Bridge, built 1773 ; church
rebuilt, 1770.
Battering-ram, invented B. C. 441.
Battles, &c. : —
Aboukir, in Egypt, surrendered to
the English forces, 18th March,
1801. Acapuko ship taken by
admiral Anson, 20th June, 1744.
Acre taken by Richard I. and other
crusaders, 12th July, 1191, after
a siege of two years, with the loss
of six archbishops, 12 bishops, 40
earls, 500 barons, and 300,000
soldiers; attacked by the French
under Bonaparte, 1st July, 1798,
and relieved by Sir Sydney Smith,
6th March, 1799, when the French
were totally routed. Adrianople
taken by the Ottomans, 1360.
Africa conquered by Belisarius,
533. Agra, the fortress of, termed
the Key of Hindostan, surrendered
to the English, 17th Oct., 1803.
Aire, taken by general Hill, March,
1814. Aix-la-Chapelle was taken
by the French troops in 1793;
and again, 21st Sept., 1794. Ales-
sandria, in Italy, seized by the
French, 1798 ; surrendered to the
Austrians and Russians, 24th July,
1799. Alexandria, Egypt, taken
by Caesar, 46 B. C. ; taken by the
French, 1798; by the English,
22nd Aug., 1801. Alexandria,
North America, capitulated to the
British, 29th Aug., 1814. Al-
giers reduced by admiral Blake,
1655; bombarded by the French,
1761 ; bombarded by the fleet
under Lord Exmouth, 27th Aug.,
1816, which was followed by a
treaty, by which Christian slavery
was abolished by the Dey. Al-
moyda, in Portugal, taken by the
Spaniards, 25th Aug., 1762 ; taken
c2
28
BAT
BAT
by the French, 27th Aug., 1810 ;
blown up by tbe French, 10th
May, 1811. Almora, East Indies,
height and town of, carried by
assault by the company's forces,
25th April, 1815. Amazon, French
frigate, destroyed by the English
squadron off Cape Barfleur, 25th
March, 1811. Amboyna seized
by the Dutch, 1624; bv the Eng-
lish, 28th Nov., 1796*; again bv
the English, 17th Feb., 1810.
Amsterdam was taken possession
of by the French, 18th Jan.,1795.
Ancona was taken possession of
by the French, July 1796, and
surrendered to the Imperialists,
13th Nov., 1799. Anglesea sub-
dued by the Romans, 78 ; by the
English, 1295. Anglo-Saxons first
landed in Britain, 449. Angria
:nid his family seized, 1750; forts
destroyed, 1756. Anholt, island
of, attacked by a Danish force of
4000 men, who were repulsed by a
British force of 150, after a close
engagement of four hours, 27th
March, 1811. Anjar, fortress of,
in the province of Cutch, captured
by the troops of the East India
Company, Feb. 1816. Antigallican
privateer's prize detained at Cadiz,
1757. Antwerp sacked and ruined,
1585; taken by the French, 1792
and 1794. Arcos, evacuated by
the French, 28th Aug., 1812.
Arcot, East Indies, taken by the
English, 1759. Argonautic expe-
dition, 1250 B. C. Armed neu-
trality of the Northern powers,
against England, by the empress of
Russia, commenced 1780; renewed
1 800 ; dissolved by a British fleet,
1 801. Armada, the Spanish, arrived
in the Channel, 19th July, 1588,
but dispersed by a storm ; Armada
of the Spaniards defeated off Dun-
kirk by the Dutch, 1639. Armenia
Avas conquered by the Turks, 1522.
Arnheim, taken by General Bulow,
and the garrison put to the sword,
30th Nov., 1813. Arzilla, Morocco,
seized by the Portuguese, 1470.
Astorga, taken by the French, 12th
April, 1810 ; quitted by them, 12th
June, 1811; capitulated to the
Spaniard*, 18th Aug., 1812. As-
tracan, in Tartary, taken by the
Russians, 1554. Athens taken by
Xerxes, 480 B. C. Avignon taken
from the Pope by the French, 1769 ;
restored on the suppression of the
Jesuits, 1773 ; declared to belong
to France by the National Assembly,
1791 ; continued to France by the
congress of sovereigns, 1815. Aus-
tria taken from Hungary and an-
nexed to Germany, when it received
its name, 1040. Austrian \esscl
stopped by the Dutch in passing the
Scheldt, Oct. 1784. Austrian Ne-
therlands entered by the French
troops, 28th April, 1792. Badajos,
surrendered to the French, 11th
March, 1811; taken by storm by
the British and Portuguese, (ith
April, 1812. Bahama Islands taken
by the Spaniards, 8th May, 1782 ;
retaken by the English, 16th July,
1783. Bajazet defeated by Tamer-
lane, 1402. Bamberg was token
by the French, 4th Aug., 1796.
Banda Isles seized by the Dutch,
1621 ; taken by the English, Aug.,
1810. Bangalore, East Indies,
taken by Earl Cornwallis, 1791.
Bantam seized by the Dutch, 1682.
Barbary conquered from the Greek
empire, 640; first conquest there
by Spain was Melilla, 1497. Bar-
sur-Aube, taken by general AVrede,
26th Feb., 1814; retaken by the
French the same day ; and taken
again by the Prince of "Wurtem-
burg, March, 1814. Bareilly, in
Rohilcund, insurrection at, quelled
after a severe conflict, 21st April,
1816. Batavia taken by the Eng-
8th Aug., 1811. Boeotian war com-
menced, 379, ended 336 B. C.
Bartholomew, St., West Indies,
taken from the Danes bv England,
20th March, 1801. The Horatii
and Curiatii, 669 B. C. Salamis,
which delivered Greece from the
Medes, 480 B. C. Eumnedon,
470 B.C. Leuetra, 373 B.C.
Man tinea, 363 B. C. Charonca,
338 B. C. Marathon, 490 B. C.
The river Granicus, when Alexan-
BAT
BAT
29
tier defeated the Persians, 334 B.C.
Jssus, when Darius lost 100,000
men, 333 B.C. Arbela, 331 B.C.
Ctana, where 40,000 Romans were
killed, 216 B.C. Pharsalia, when
Pompey was defeated, 47 B. C.
Phillinpi, which terminated the
Roman republic, 41 B.C. Actium,
31 B. C. Shropshire, when Ca-
ractacus was taken prisoner, 51 A.C.
Stamford, Lincolnshire, the first
between the Britons and Saxons,
449. Aylesford, 455. Crayford,
Kent, when the Britons were de-
feated, 457. Kydwelly, between
the Britons and the Armoricans,
458. Ipswich, between the Britons
and Saxons, 466. Bath, 520.
Banbury, Oxfordshire, 542. Bed-
ford, 571. Camelford, 542 and
908. Hatfield, Yorkshire, between
Cadwallon and Edwin, 633, Os-
westry, between Penda, the Mer-
cian, and Oswald, of Northumber-
land, 641. Malerfield, Shropshire,
1st Aug., 642. Gelling,651. Leeds,
665. Lindisfarne, 740. Benson,
Oxfordshire, 771. Hellston, Corn-
wall, and in the Isle of Sheppey, be-
tween Egbert and the Danes, 834.
Romney, 842; in Somersetshire,
843 ; in Devonshire, 915 ; at Lon-
don and Canterbury, 852, between
Ethelwolf and the Danes. Isle of
Thanet, where the English were
defeated and the Danes settled, 854.
Assenden, where the Danes were
defeated by Alfred and Ethelred ;
another defeat at Merton, 871.
Wilton, Oxfordshire, where the
English were defeated by the Danes,
872- Farnham, Hampshire, where
the Danes were defeated, 894.
Bury, Suffolk, between Edward the
Elder and his cousin Ethelward,
905. Edward and the Danes, 910,
913, and 914. Griffith of Wales
and Leofric the Dane, 916. Mal-
doa, Essex, between Edward and
the Danes, 918. Chester, 922.
Stamford, Lincolnshire, between
Edward, the Danes, and Scots, 923.
Benfieid, 924. Wlldendaae, be-
tween Athelstan, the Irish, and
Scots, 933. Brunsburv, Northum-
berland, 938. Saxons and Danes,
with different success, fought seve-
ral, from 938 to 1016. Ashdcn,
Essex, between Canute and Ed-
mund, 1016. Crossford, with the
Welsh, 1038. Dunsinane, Scot-
land, between Siward and Macbeth,
1054. Stanford-bridge, or Battle-
bridge, between Harold II. and
Halfager, 25th Sept., 1066. Has-
tings, where King Harold was slain,
14th Oct., 1066. Alnwick, 1092.
Tinchebray, Normandy, 1106.
Rouen, Normandy, 1117. Bren-
neville, Normandy, 1119. Val-
weves, Portugal, 1129. Cardigan,
Wales, 1136. Northallerton, or
the Standard, 22nd Aug., 1138.
Lincoln, 1141. Alnwick, 1174.
Ascalon, 16th Sept., 1191. Gisors,
1 128. Bovines, 25th July, 1214.
Lincoln, 19th May, 1217. Lewes,
14th May, 1264. Evesham, 5th
Aug., 1265. Chesterfield, 1296.
Dunbar, 27th April, 1296. Fal-
kirk, 22nd July, 1298. Courtras,
Flanders, 1302. Biggar. 1303.
Bannockburn, 25th June, 1314,
when the English were totally de-
feated. Boroughbridge, Yorkshire,
1 322. Halidon-hill, near Berwick,
where 20,200 Scots were slain, and
only 15 English, 19th July, 1333;
26th Aug., 1346. Sluys, Flanders,
13th June, 1390. Auberoche,
France, 1344. Cressy, 26th Aug.,
1346. Durham, where David,
king of Scotland, was taken priso-
ner, 17th Oct., 1346. Nevil's
Cross, Durham, 1347. Poictiers,
where the king of France and his
son were taken prisoners, 19th
Sept., 1356. Auray, Brittany,
1363. Brignas, Provence, 1363.
Najara, 1369. Rochelle, 1371.
Near Berwick, 1378. Otterburn,
between Hotspur and the Earl
of Douglas, 31st of July, 1388.
Holmedon, between English and
Scots, when 10,000 of the latter
were slain,7th May, 1402. Shrews-
bury, 22nd July, 1403. Mon-
mouth, when the Welsh were
defeated, 11th March and 11th
May, 1405. Agincourt, 25th Oct.,
1415. Beauge, where the Duke
of Clarence and 1500 English were
/
30
BAT
BAT
killed, 3rd April, 1421. Crevant,
June, 1423. Verneuil, 16th Aug.,
1 424. Herrings, 12th Feb., 1 429.
Patay, under Joan of Arc, 10th
June, 1429. Herberoy, France,
1434. Basil, Swisscrland, 1444.
Castillon, Guienne, 1452. St.
Alban's, 22nd May, 1455. Blore-
heath, 22nd Sept., 1459. North-
ampton, 19th July, 1460. Wake-
field, 31st Dec, 1460. Towton,
29th March, 1461 . St. Alban's, on
Shrove Tuesday, 1461. Morti-
mer's Cross, 1461. Hexham, 15th
May, 1463. Banbury, 26th July,
1469. Stamford, i3th March,
1470. Bamet, 14th April, 1471.
Tewkesburv, 4th May, 1 47 1 . Bos-
worth, 22ud Aug., 1495. Stoke,
6th June, 1487. St. Aubin, France,
1488. Knock tow, Ireland, 1491.
Blackheath, 22nd June, 1497.
Flodden, 9th Sept., 1513, when
James IV. king of Scotland, was
killed. Marignan, Italy, 13th Oct.,
1515. Pavia, Italy, 1524. Bi-
coca, Italy, 1522 and 1525. Sol-
way, 24th Nov., 1542. Cerisoles,
Piedmont, 1544. Musselborough,
Scotland, 10th Sept., 1547. St.
Quintin, 10th Aug., 1557. Grave-
lines, Flanders, 1558. Dreux,
France, 1562. Jarnac, Poitou,
1569. Ardavat, Ireland, 1585.
Arques, Normandy, 21st Sept.,
1589. Black water, Ireland, 1597.
Newport, Flanders, 1600. Lut-
zen, 7th Sept., 1633, king of Swe-
den killed. Avein, Leige, May,
1635. Newcastle, Northumber-
land, 1637. Calloo, Flanders,
1638. Arras, June, 1640. Hop-
- ton-heath, Staffordshire, 19th
March, 1642. Worcester, 23rd
Sept., 1642. Edgehill, 23rd Oct.,
1642. Brentford, 1642. Kilrush,
Ireland, 1642. Liscarrol, Ireland,
1642. Liskard, Cornwall, 19th
Jan., 1643. Hopton-heath, near
Stafford, 1 9th March . 1 643. Bar-
ham-moor, 29th March, 1643.
Ross, Ireland, March, 1643. Ro-
croy, France, 1643. Shatton, 16th
May, 1643. Lansdown,15th July,
1643. Round-away-down, 13 July,
1643. Newbury, 20th Sept., 1643.
Alresford, 29th March, 1644. Cro-
pedy-bridge, Oxfordshire, 6th June.
1644. Friedburgh, Sual.ia. 1644.
Marston-moor, 2nd July, Hi 14.
Newark, 1644. Newbury, 27th Oct.
1644. Aldern, 15th May, 1645.
Naseby, June, 1645. Alford, 2nd
July,1645. Nordlingen, Suabia,3rd
Aug.1645. Benburb,lreland,1646.
Kingston, Surrey, 1647. Knocko-
ness, Ireland, 1647. Ratlnnines,
Ireland, 1649. Dunbar, 3rd Sept .
1650. Worcester, 3rd Sept., 1651.
Bothwell-bridge, 22nd June, 1651.
Arras, 1654. Brod, Sclavonia,
1668. Sintzheim, Germany, 1674.
Seneffe, Flanders, 1674. ' Mul-
hausen, Alsace, 31st Dec, 1674.
Fehrbellin, Brandenburgh, 18th
June, 1675. Altenheim,28th July,
1675. Bothwell-bridge, Scotland,
1679. Argos, 1683, Allies and
Turks. Balkan, Hungary, Allies
and Turks. Vienna, 18th July,
1683, Allies and Turks. Sedge-
moor, Somersetsh., 6th Aug., 1685.
Coron, European Turkey, 1685,
Allies and Turks. Mohats, Hun-
gary, 4th Aug., 1687, Allies and
Turks. Hersan, Hungary, 1687,
Allies and Turks. Torven, between
the Germans and Turks, 1688.
Walcourt, Allie^and French, 1689.
Killicrankie, Scotland, 1689. New-
ton Butlers, Ireland, 1689. Boyne,
Ireland, 1st July, 1690. Salusses,
Piedmont, 8th Aug., 1690. Fleu-
rus, Flanders, 12th July, 1690.
Staffarda, French and Piedinontese.
1690. Salankemen, Austrians and
Turks, 1691. Leuse, Allies and
French, 1691. Aughrim, 22nd
July, 1691. Pfortsheim, Germans
and French, 1692. Steinkirk,
1692, Allies and French. Lan-
den, 19th July, 1693, Allies and
French. Marsaglia, 8 th Oct.,
1693, Piedmontese and French.
Neckar, Germans and French,
1693. In Transylvania, Alliesand
Turks, 1695. Olasch, Germans
and Turks, 1696. Zenta, Hun-
gary, 1697, Germans and Turks.
Narva, by Charles XII. of Sweden,
Dec, 1700. Chiari, 6th Aug..
1701, French and Allies. Riga,
BAT
BAT
3]
Russians and Poles, 1701 . Carpi,
Modena, 1701, French and Allies.
Glissa, Poland, 1702, Swedes and
Saxons. Fridlingen, Suabia, 1702,
French and Germans. Victoria,
French and Allies, 1702. Luzara,
Italy, 15th Aug., 1702. Pultusk,
Poles and Swedes, 1 703. Eckeren,
Brabant, 30th June, 1703, French
and Dutch. Donawert, 2nd July,
1704, French and Germans. Pu-
nits, Swedes and Saxons, 1704.
Blenheim, 2nd Aug., 1704, Allies
and French. Schellenburg, Aus-
trians and Bavarians, 1704. Mit-
tau, Swedes and Russians, July,
1705. Cassano, Italy, in 1705,
French and Allies. Tirlemont,
French and Allies, 1 705. Fraun-
stadt, Silesia, 1706, Swedes and
Saxons. Calcinato, Italy, 1706,
French and Allies. Ramillies,
Whitsunday, 1706, French and
Allies. Turin, 7th Sept, 1706,
French and Germans. Offenburg,
Germans and French, 1707. Ka-
lish, Poland, April, 1707, Poles
and Bavarians. Almanza, Spain,
1707, Allies and Spain. Oude-
nard, 30th June, 1708, French and
Allies. Holowzin, Russia, 1708,
Russians and Swedes. Czarnana-
pata, Muscovy, 22nd Sept., 1708.
Lezno, Poland, 1708, Russians and
Swedes. Gemaurthorff, Poland,
1708, ditto. Winnendale, 28th
Sept., 1708, French and Allies.
Caya, 1 7th May, 1 709, ditto. Pul-
tawa, 8th June, 1709, Russians
and Swedes, Malplaquet, 11th
Sept., 1709, French and Allies.
Ruinershiem, French and Germans,
1709, Gudina, Allies and Spa-
niards, 1709. Almanza, 16th
July, 1710, French and Allies.
Elsinburg, Swedes and l)ancs,1710.
Saragossa, 20th Aug., 1710, French
and Germans. Villa Viciosa, 1 2th
Dec, 1710, ditto. Arleux, Allies
and French, 1711. Gadcsbush,
Swedes and Danes, 1712. De-
nain, Netherlands, 1712, Allies
and French. Friburg, French
and Germans, 1713. Preston, 12th
Nov., 1715, when the nix U win-
defeated in Scotland. Dumblain
13th Nov., 1715, ditto. Peter-
wardein, Austrians and Turks, 5th
Aug., 1716. Belgrade, 16th July,
1717, Austrians and Turks. Glcn-
shiels, Scotland, 10th June, 1719.
Between the Turks and Persians,
when Kouli Khan lost 10,000, and
killed 20,000 men, before Babylon,
28th Feb., 1733-4. Parma, 29th
June, 1734. Guastalla, Aug.,
1 734. In Persia, where the Turks
were defeated by Kouli Khan,
and lost near 60,000, a general, and
six bashaws, 22nd May, 1734.
Bitonto, Austrians and Spaniards,
1734. Parma, France and Spain
against Austria, 1734. Secchia,
French and Austrians, 1734.
Turks and Persians, 1735 ; 50,000
of the latter killed. Bagnialuk,
European Turkey, 27th July, 1737,
Russians and Turks. Bog, Russians
and Turks, 1738. Kroska, Aus-
trians and Turks, 1739. Kernal,
Turks and Persians, 1739. Choc-
zim, Moldavia, 21st July, 1739.
Molwitz, 10th April, 1741, Prus-
sians and Austrians. Williamstadt,
Sweden, Swedes and Russians, 23rd
July, 1741. Hilkersburg, 8th
April, 1742, Prussians and Aus-
trians. Czaslau, 7th May, 1742,
Teyn, Austrians and French, 1742.
Branau, Austrians and Bavarians,
1743. Campo Santo, Spaniards
and Allies, 1743. Dettingen,
15th June, 1743, Allies and French.
Coni, Allies and French and Spa-
niards, 1744. Landshut, Prussians
and Austrians, 1745. Friedberg,
4th June, 1745, Prussians and
Austrians. Fontenoy, 30th April,
1745. Preston-Pans, 21st Sept.,
1745. Erzerum, Turks and Prus-
sians, 1745. Falkirk, Scotland,
17th Jan., 1746. Roucoux, 12th
April, 1746, French and Allies.
Culloden, Scotland, 16th April,
1 746. St. Lazaro, 3 1 st May, 1 746,
French and Allies. Placcntia,
15th June, 1746, Spaniards and
Allies. Exilles, Piedmont, 6th
July, 1746, Allies and French.
Val, Flanders, 20th June, 1747,
ditto. Laffelt, 20th July, 1747,
ditto. Arania, India, 1751. Ba-
31
BAT
BAT
hoor, India, 7th Aug., 1752. Fort
Uu Quesne, North America, 9th
July, 1 755. Lake of St. George,
8th Sept., 1755. Paraguay, 1755.
Calcutta, Indja, June, 1756 and
1759. Lowoschutz, 30th Sept.,
1756, Prussians and Austrians.
Norkitten, Russians and Prussians,
1757. Plassv, East Indies, 5th
Feb., 1757. 'Prague, 22nd May,
1757, Prussians and Austrians.
Reichenberg, Bohemia, 1757, ditto.
Kolin, 12th June, 1757, ditto.
Hastenbeck, 25th July, 1757,
French and Allies. Jagersdorf,
Prussia, 3rd Aug., 1757, ditto.
Rosbach, 5th Nov., 1757, French
and Prussians . Breslau, 21st Nov. ,
1757, Prussians and Austrians.
Lissa, 5th Dec, 1757, ditto. Hoya,
in Westphalia, 24th Feb., 1758,
French and Allies. Crevelt, 23rd
June, 1758, ditto. Sondershausen,
25th July, 1758, ditto. Meere,
5th Aug., 1758, ditto. Zorndorff,
25th Aug., 1758, Prussians and
Russians. Olmutz, 1758, ditto.
Hochkirchen, 10th Oct., 1758,
ditto. Landwerenhagen, 1758,
French and Allies. Bergen, 14th
April, 1759, ditto. Minden, Aug.,
1759, ditto. Zulichau, Silesia,
27th July, 1759, Prussians and
Russians. Peterswalde, Prussians
and Austrians, 1759. Pasberg,
ditto, 1759. Niagara, N. America,
24th July, 1759. Warburg, 6th
Aug., 1759, French and Allies.
Montmorenci, 10th Aug., 1759,
French and English. Cunersdorf,
12th Aug., 1759, Prussians, Rus-
sians, and Austrians. Plains of
Abraham, 15th Sept., 1759,French
and English. Wandiwash, East
Indies, 10th Jan., 1760. Strehla,
Silesia, 1760, Prussians and Aus-
trians. Near Quebec, 28th April,
1760. Pfaffendorff, 12th Aug.,
1760, Prussians and Austrians.
Torgau, 3rd Nov., 1760, ditto.
Fulda, 1760, ditto. Plains of Sil-
lery, English and French, 1760.
Langensaltza, Allies and French,
1761. Slangerode, ditto, 1761.
Kirk-Denkern, ditto, 1761. Fil-
linghausen, in the Palatinate, 16th
July, 1761, Prussian! and Aus-
trians. Dippoldiswalda, ditto, 1762.
Graebenstein, 4th June, 1762,
French and Allies. Borkertdorf,
22nd July, 1762, ditto. Fried-
burg, Hesse, 29th Oct., 17(/2,
Prussians and Austrians. Honi-
burg, Allies and French, 1762.
Minden, ditto, 1762. Johannis-
berg, Allies and French, 1762.
Buckr-Muhl, ditto, 1762. Bushy-
Bun, America, 1763. Plains of
Geriah, East Indies, 1763. Buxar,
ditto, 1764. Calpy, ditto. 1765.
Errour, ditto, 1767. Mulwaggle,
1768. Choczim,30th April, 1769,
Russians and Turks. Brailow,
European Turkey, 1770. Silistria,
ditto, 1773. Lexington, near Bos-
ton, 19th April, 1775. Bunker's-
hill, 27th June, 1775. Long-Is-
land, America, 27th Aug., 1776.
White Plains, near New York,
30th Nov., 1776. Brandy winc-
Creek, America, 13th Sept., 1777.
Of the Lakes, 5th July, 1777.
Skenesborough, North America,
7th July, 1777. Bennington, ditto,
16th Aug., 1777. Albanv, ditto,
1777. Saratoga, 7th Oct/, 1777,
General Burgoyne surrendered to
the Americans. Germantown, 14th
Oct., 1777. St. Lucie, ditto,l 778.
Monmouth, ditto, 1778. Rhode
Island, ditto, 1778. Briar Creek,
ditto, 1779. Stony Ferry, ditto,
1779. Camden, ditto, 16th Aug.,
1780. Perinbancum, East Indies,
1780. Waxau and Cataaba, N.
America, 1780. Broad River,
ditto, 1781. Guildford, ditto,
16th March, 1781. Hobkirk's-hill,
ditto, 1781. Eutaw Springs,
ditto, 1781. York Town, when
Earl Cornwallis surrendered, 29th
Oct., 1781. Porto Novo, East
Indies, 1781. Arnee, ditto, 1781.
Russians and Turks, 1781. Rus-
sians and Swedes, 1788. Aus-
trians and Turks, 1788. Bessara-
bia and Ukraine, 1789. Finland,
Russians and Swedes, 1789. Foc-
zani, Austrians and Turks, 1789.
Martinestie, or Rimnick, Austrians,
Russians, and Turks, 1789. Uk-
raine, Russians and Turks, 1790.
BAT
BAT
33
Maczin, ditto, 1791. Seringapatam,
East Indies, 1791 ; again in 1799,
when Tippoo was reduced by Lord
Cornwallis. The Austrians de-
feated the French near Mons, 30th
April, 1791. At Longwy, when
the Austrians were defeated, 14th
Aug., 1792. Grand-pre, when the
French were defeated, 10th Sept.,
1 792. Valmy, between the French
and Austrian*, 20th Sept., 1792.
Menehould, Prussians and French,
2nd Oct., 1792. Conde\ Austrians
and French, 2nd Oct., 1792. Ha-
nau, ditto, 27th Oct., 1792. Bossu,
ditto, 4th Nov., 1792. Jemappe,
when Durnourier, entered Brabant,
6th Nov., 1792. Anderlecht, Aus-
trians and French, 13th Nov., 1792.
Tirlemont, ditto, 17th Nov., 1792.
Varoux, ditto, 27th Nov., 1792.
Hockheim, ditto, 7th Jan., 1793.
Aldenhoven, ditto, 28th Feb.,1 793.
Aix-la-Chapelle, ditto, 15th Jan.,
1793. Tongrcs, ditto, 4th March,
1793. Neerunden, near Thirl e-
mont, ditto, 18th March, 1793.
Tirlemont, ditto, 19th March,
1793. Louvaine, or the Iron
Mountain,ditto, 22nd March, 1793.
Coblentz, ditto, 1st April, 1793.
Cassel, ditto, 7th April, 1793.
Tournay, Austrians and English
against the French, 8th May, 1793.
St. Amand and Maulde, ditto, 10th
May, 1793. Valenciennes, Allies
and French, 23rd May, 1793.
Manheim, ditto, 30th May, 1793.
Fumes, Dutch and French, 21st
June, 1793. Furnes, Austrian9
and French, 26th June, 1793.
Villiers, ditto, 18th July, 1793.
Cambray, or Caesar's Camp, ditto,
9th Aug., 1793. Lincelles, ditto,
18th Aug., 1793. Furnes, ditto,
21st Aug., 1793. Rexmond, ditto,
29th Aug., 1793. Dunkirk, Eng-
lish and French, 7th Sept., 1793.
Quesnoy, ditto, 11th Sept, 1793.
Limbach, Austrians and French,
12th Sept., 1793. Menin, ditto,
loth Sept., 1793. Toulon, Eng-
lish and French, 1st Oct., 1793.
Weissenburg, Austrians and French,
14th Oct., 1793. Maubcuge, Al-
lies and French, 16th Oct., 1793.
Birlemont, ditto, ditto. Orchies,
ditto, 20th Oct., 1793. Wanze-
nau, ditto, 20th Oct., 1793. Lan-
dau, ditto, 29th Nov., 1793. Tou-
lon, when it surrendered to the
French^ 19th Nov., 1793. Lebach,
ditto, 27th Nov., 1793. Roussil-
lon, Spaniards and French, 11th
Dec, 1793. Perpignan, ditto, 20th
Dec., 1793. Oppenheim, Allies
and French, 8th Jan., 1794.
Waterloo, ditto, 23rd Jan., 1794.
Werwick, ditto, 1st March, 1794.
Bayonne, Spaniards and French,
19th March, 1794. Perle, Allies
and French, 22nd March, 1794.
Cateau, Allies and French, 28th
March, 1794. Cracow, Russians
and Poles, 4th April, 1794. Durk-
heim, Allies and French, 5th April,
1794. Piedmont, Sardinians and
French, 6th April, 1794. Crom-
bech, Allies and French, 14th
April, 1794. Arlon, ditto, 17th
April, 1794. Warsaw, Russians
and Poles, 21st April, 1794.
Landreey, Allies and French, 24th
April, 1794. Cambray, English
and French, ditto. Cateau, ditto,
26th April, 1794. Courtray, Al-
lies and French, 29th April, 1794.
Ostend, ditto, 5th May, 1794.
Montesquan, Spaniards and French,
1st May, 1794. Aost, Sardinians
and French, 2nd May, 1794. Sa-
orgia, Sardinians and French, 8th
May, 1794. Tournay, English
and French, 10th May, 1794.
Courtray, Allies and French, 12th
May, 1794. Mons, ditto, 16th
May, 1794. Tournay, English
and French, 18th May, 1794.
Bouillon, Allies and French, ditto.
Tournay, ditto, 22nd May, 1794.
Lantern, ditto, 23rd May, 1794.
Lithuania, Russians and Poles, 3rd
June, 1794. Piliezkc, ditto, ditto.
Charleroi, Allies and French, 17th
June, 1794. Cracow, Prussians
and Poles, ditto. Aost, Sardinians
and French, 26th June, 1794.
Puyccrda, Spaniards and French,
ditto. Blonie, Russians and Poles,
7th July, 1794. Manheim, Allies
c3
34
BAT
BAT
and French, 12th July 1794.
Dorbilos, Prussians and Poles, 19th
July, 1794. Fontarabia, Spaniards
and French, 2nd Aug., 1794.
Zogre, Prussians and Poles, 22nd
Aug., 1794. Bellegarde, Spaniards
and French, 26th Aug., 1794.
Valley of Leira, ditto, 8th Sept.,
1794. Maestricht, Allies and
French, 18th Sept., 1794. Cler-
mont, ditto, 20th Sept., 1794.
Piedmont, ditto, 23rd Sept., 1794.
Posnania, Prussians and Poles,
24th Sept., 1794. Kophir Bazsee,
Russians and Poles, 25th Sept.,
1794. Oneglia, Sardinians and
French, 30th Sept., 1794. Em-
merick, Allies and French, 2nd
Oct., 1794. Warsaw, Poles totally
defeated by the Russians, &c. 12th
Oct., 1794. Druten, English and
French, 20th Oct., 1794. Pampe-
luna, Spaniards and French, 28 th
Oct., 1794. Nimeguen, Allies and
French, 4th Nov., 1794. Sendo-
mir, Poles and Prussians, &c. 16th
Nov., 1794. Navarre, Spaniards
and French, 25th Nov., 1794.
Mentz, Allies and French, 1st Dec,
1794. On the Waal, 11th Jan.,
1794. Nantes, between the Chou-
ans and Republicans, 18th Jan.,
1795. Catalonia,5th March. 1795.
" Neve Munster, where the French
were repulsed, 3rd March, 1795;
again the 18th ditto. At Figueras
the Spaniards were defeated, 5th
April, 1795. Piedmont, the Pied-
montese were defeated, 12th April,
1795. Pontas, Catalonia, where
the French were defeated, 14th
June, again 1st July. Pampeluna,
when the French were defeated,
2nd July, 1795. Piedmont, when
the French were defeated, 14th
June, 1795; again the 27th; and
Bilboa, when the Spaniards were
defeated, 17th July, 1795. Qui-
beron, the Emigrants were defeated,
2 1 st J uly . Urrtia, when the French
were defeated, 30th July. Vit-
toria, when the Spaniards were
defeated, 14th Aug. Piedmont,
the Austrians were defeated, 30th
Aug. La Pietra, the French were
defeated, 31st Aug. On the I^ahn,
when the French were defeated,
19th Sept. Mannheim, the Aus-
trians were defeated, 23rd Sept.
Piedmont, the French were de-
feated, 1st Oct. On the Mayne,
when the French were totally de-
feated, 11th Oct. Mentz, the
French were defeated, 29th Oct.
Worms, ditto, 8th Nov. Moselle,
ditto, 22nd Nov. Deux Pouts,
ditto, 28th Nov. Alsentz, ditto, 8th
Dec, 1795. Piedmont, Sardinians
were totally defeated by the French,
14th April, 1796. Lodi, French
and Austrians, 11th May. Man-
tua, ditto, defeated, 29th May.
French defeated near Wtt/.lacr,
4th June. Ditto, under Jourdan,
by General Kray, near Kirpen,
20th June. Austrians defeated
by Jourdan, 6th July. The Arch-
duke repulsed by the French, 8th
July. Mantua's siege raised, when
the French left behind them 140
cannon, 100,000 shells, balls, &c.
31st July. The Austrians were
defeated by General Jourdan, 11th
Aug. Moreau was defeated by the
Archduke near Nuremburg, 18th
Aug. The French were defeated
by the Austrians near Neuweid and
Amberg, 24th Aug. Jourdan was
defeated near Munich, 11th Sept.
Again, on 19th Sept., atIsny,onthe
Argen, 1796. Between the Aus-
trians and Buonaparte, in Italy,
19th and 27th Jan., 1797, when
the Austrians Mere defeated. Buo-
naparte defeated the Archduke, 1st
April, 1797. The Austrians were
again defeated on the Upper Rhine,
7th May, when the French took
Frankfort, Kehl, &c 1797. The
Swiss troops were totally defeated by
the French, aud their independency
abolished, 19th Sept., 1798. Be-
tween the Irish rebels and the king's
forces, at Kilcullen, 22nd May,
1798. Ditto, at Naas, 23rd May ;
the same day at Stratford-upon-
Slaney; at Hackestown, 25th May;
at Dunlavan, 25th May ; at Taragh,
26th May ; at Carlow, 27th May ;
at Monastereven the same dav ; at
BAT
BAT
33
Kildare, 28th May ; at Ballicanoe,
and at Newtonbarry, 1st June;
at New Ross, 5th June; at An-
trim, the same day ; at Arklow,
9th June ; at Ballynahinch, 13th
June ; at Ovidstown, 19th June ;
at Ballynarush, 20th June ; at all
which places the insurgents were
defeated. In Connaught, where the
French aided the Irish rebels, and
were all taken prisoners, 7th Sept.,
1798. Near Naples, between the
French and Neapolitans, 18th Jan.,
1799. The Archduke Charles
totally defeated the French, and
took 2000 prisoners, &c. 14th and
26th March, 1799, near Stockach.
The French were defeated near
Verona,£th, 25th, and 26th March,
with great loss ; and again 30th
March and 5th April. The Aus-
trians defeated the French in Italy,
9th and 30th April, near Cremona.
The Russians defeated the French
near Milan, 27th April, 11,000
killed and taken prisoners. The
French were defeated near Cassano,
27th April. Buonaparte was re-
pulsed at Acre by the Turks and
and Sir S. Smith, 16th April.
The French were defeated near the
Adda, 26th and 31st March, and
5th May. Suwarrow' s army de-
feated the French under Moreau,
near Alexandria, 17th May. The
French were defeated at Zurich,
and lost 4000 men, 4th June. Su-
warrow defeated the French under
Macdonald, 19th June, when the
French lost 18,268 men, 7 cannon,
and 8 standards. Tippoo Saib was
defeated near Periapatam, in the
East Indies, by the English forces,
4th May, with considerable slaugh-
ter. The Austrians were defeated
near Coire by General Massena,
when Captain d'Ausanln Tg, and
700 men were taken prisoners, 7th
May. The Archduke defeated
Jourdan, 2nd April. General Kray
defeated General Scherer, com-
manding the French in Italy, 18th
April. Suwarrow defeated the
French in forcing the passage of the
Adda, 23rd May. Buonaparte was
defeated at Acre by Sir Sidney
Smith, 27th May. The French
were defeated at Naples by Cardinal
RufFo, 5th June. Suwarrow de-
feated Macdonald near Parma,
with the loss of 10,000 men and
four generals, 12th July. Suwar-
row defeated General Moreau, 13th
July. Joubert was totally defeated
by Suwarrow, and was killed, 15th
Aug., at Novi, with 10,000 killed,
4000 prisoners, and all the ar-
tillery. The French were defeated
near Tranto, 10th June. The
French were defeated near Man-
heim, 13th Aug. The Imperialists
were defeated near Zurich, 24th
Sept. The French were defeated
near Mondovi, 6th Nov. Near
Philipsburgh, when the French lost
4000 men, 3rd Dec, 1799. Near
Coni, which place surrendered to
the Austrians. Near Genoa, when
the Austrians were defeated, and
lost 3000 men, 12th Dec. Novi,
8th Jan., 1800. Austrians and
French. Savona, Italy, 8th April,
ditto. Veragigo, 10th April,
French defeated. Stockach, 1st
May, Austrians defeated. Moes-
kirch, 3rd May, ditto. Biberach,
9th May, Austrians lost 4000 men.
Montebello, 9th June, by which
the French became possessed of
Italy from Milan to Placentia.
Marengo, 6000 Austrians killed,
8000 prisoners, and 45 pieces of
cannon taken, 14th June. Hoh-
enlinden, Austrians defeated, 3rd
Nov. On the Mincio, 25th Dec,
Austrians defeated. Alexandria,
Egypt, French defeated by the
English, 21st March, 1801. Rnst
Indies, between Scindiah and the
English, former defeated, 1 1 th Aug.,
1803. Ferruckahad, East Indies,
English victorious, 17thNov.,1804.
Bhurtpore, East Indies, Jeswunt
Rao Ilolkar, defeated by the Eng-
lish, 2nd April, 1805. Guntz-
burgh, French and Austrians,
French victorious, 2nd Oct., 1805.
Ulm, French and Austrians, latter
taken prisoners, 19th Oct., 1805.
Moelk, French and Austrians, lat-
36
BAT
BAT
ter beaten, 10th Nov., 1805. Aus-
terlitz, French against Austrians
and Russians, French victorious,
•2nd Dec, 1805. Maida, French
and English, the former defeated,
6th July, 1806. Castel Nuova,
French and Russians, latter de-
feated, 29th Sept., 1806. Auer-
stadt, French and Prussians, latter
beaten, 3rd Oct., 1806. Eylau,
French and Russians, latter de-
feated, 7th Feb., 1807. Friedland,
in which the Russians were defeated
•with dreadful slaughter, 14th June,
1807. Baylen, the French under
Dupont defeated by the Spaniards,
20th July, 1808. Vimiera, in
■which the whole of the French
force under General Junot was
defeated by Sir Arthur Welleslev,
21st Aug., 1808. Tudela, Spa-
niards beaten by the French, 23rd
Nov., 1808. Corunna, French
and English, the former defeated,
16th Jan., 1809. Braga, Portu-
guese defeated by the French, 19th
March, 1809. PfaffenhorTen, Aus-
trians defeated by the French, 19th
April, 1809. Abensberg, Aus-
trians defeated by the French, 20th
April, 1809. Landshut, Austrians
defeated by the French, 21st April,
1809. Eckmuhl, Austrians de-
feated by the French, 22nd April,
1809. Ebersberg, Austrians de-
feated by the French, 3rd May,
1809. Oporto, French defeated
by Sir A. Wellesley, 11th May,
1809. AspernandEssIing, French
.and Austrians, dreadful slaughter
on both sides, 21st and 22nd May,
1809 ; the French defeated. Raab,
Austrians defeated by the French,
14th June, 1809. Wagram, Aus-
trians defeated by the French, 5th
Jnly, 1 809. Talavera de la Reyna,
French defeated by the English
and Spaniards, 27th July, 1809.
Ocann, Spaniards defeated by the
French, 19th Nov., 1809. Bus-
aco, French repulsed with great
slaughter by the allied army under
Lord Wellington, 27th Sept., 1810.
Pla, near Tarragona, Italian divi-
sion of the French army repulsed
by the Spanish general Sarsfield,
15th Jan., 1811. Lafesat, Turks
defeated by the Russians, 11th
Feb., 1811. Barrossa, the French
under General Victor defeated by
General Graham, 5th March, 1811.
Palma, French surprised by Gene-
ral Ballasteros, and General Re-
mon's detachment dispersed, 10th
March, 1811. Albuera, French
repulsed with the loss of 9000 men
by Marshal Beresford, 16th May,
1811. Buenos Ayres and Monte
Video, between the troops of, in
which those of the latter Avere de-
feated, 18th May, 1811. Rud-
shuck, Turks defeated by the Rus-
sians, 4th June, 1811 ; and again
14th Oct. Ximena, a division of
Souk's army defeated bv General
Ballasteros, 18th Sept., 1811. Ciu-
dad Rodrigo, between the French
and the allied armies under Lord
Wellington, ending in the orderly
retreat of the latter, 25th Sept.,
1811. Puche, near Saguntum,
General Blake defeated by the
French under General Suchet,
25th Oct., 1811. Cavares and
Merida, the French, under Gene-
ral Girard, surprised and routed by
General Hill, '28th Oct., 1811.
Plains of Bornos, Spaniards defeated
by the French, 1st June, 1812.
Castalla, army under General
O'Donnell, defeated by the French,
21st July, 1812. Salamanca,
French defeated with great slaugh-
ter by Lord Wellington, 2'2nd
July, 1812. Mohilow, Rumubu
under Prince Bagration defeated
by the French under General Da-
voust, 23rd July, 1812. Ostrovno,
Russians defeated by the French,
25th and 28th July, 1812. Polotsk,
French under Marshal Oudinot de-
feated by the Russians under Count
Witgenstein, 30th and 31st July,
1812 ; the same armies contended
the next day, when the Russiaus
were defeated. Drissa, Russians
defeated by the French, Aug., 1812.
Smolensko, Russians defeated by
the French, and abandoned the
town, 16th Aug., 1812. Banks
BAT
of the Duna, near Polotsk, several
severe actions between the Russians
and French, in which success was
nearly balanced, 16th and 17th
Aug., 1812. Heights of Valentina,
between the French and Russians,
which terminated in the retreat
of the latter, 19th Aug., 1812.
Moskwa (or Borodino), between
the French and Russians, dreadful
carnage on both sides, each claiming
the victory, 7th Sept., 1812.
Queen's Town, Canada, army of
the United States defeated by the
British, 13th Oct., 1812. Polotsk,
French defeated by the Russians,
and the place taken by storm, 20th
Oct., 1812. Mah>Yaroslovitz,
Russians and French, victory
claimed by each, 24th Oct., 1812.
Viasma, French under Ney and
Davoust defeated by the Russians,
3rd Nov., 1812. Dorogobudsch,
French driven from, by the Rus-
sians under Platoff, with great
slaughter, 7th Nov., 1812. Wi-
tepsk, French under General Vic-
tor defeated by the Russians under
Witgcnstein, with the loss of 3000
men, 14th Nov., 1812. Krasnoi,
French army under Davoust com-
pletely destroyed or dispersed by
Kutusoff, 16th Nov., 1812. Ney's
corps, 12,000 of which laid down
their arms, defeated by the Russian
general Miloradovitch, 17th Nov ,
1812. Borissow, Russians under
Count Lambert defeated Dom-
browski's Polish division, 21st
Nov., 1812. Berezina, terminated
in the capture, by General Wit-
genstein, of a French division of
8800men, 28th Nov., 1812. Wil-
na, French column destroyed near
that town by Platoff, and a general
and 1000 prisoners taken, 11th
Dec., 1812. Kowno, French de-
defeatcd by the Russians, with the
loss of 6000 prisoners and 21 pieces
of cannon , 1 4th Dec . , 1 8 1 2. Ka-
litch, Saxons, under the French
general Regnier, defeated by the
Russian general Winzingerode, with
the loss of many officers and 2000
privates, Feb., 1813. French
BAT
37
Town, Canada, American general
Winchester defeated, and made
prisoner, by Colonel Proctor, 22nd
Jan., 1813. Bejar, in Spain,
French defeated by General Hill
and the allied Spaniards, 20th
Feb., 1813. Lunenburg, French
defeated by the united army of
Russians and Prussians, with the
loss of General Morand, 100 offi-
cers, 2200 privates, and 9 pieces of
cannon, 2nd April, 1813. Cas-
tella, French under Suchet defeated
by General Murray and the allied
Spaniards,13thApr.,1813. Lutzen,
between the allied army of Russians
and Prussians, great slaughter on
both sides, and victory claimed by
each, 2nd May, 1813. Mockern,
Beauharnois defeated with great
loss by the Russians and Prussians,
5th April, 1813. Alberstadt,
French division defeated by the
Russian general Czernicheff, 7th
May,1813. Konigswerden, French
defeated by the allied army of Rus-
sians and Prussians under Generals
Barclay de Tolly and D'Yorck,
19th May, 1813. Konigswerden,
second battle, which ended in the
falling back of the Allies, 20th
May, 1813. Wurtzschen, between
the allied army of Russians and
Prussians and the French army
under Napoleon, dreadful carnage
on both sides, the Allies retreated,
21st May, 1813. Miami, Ameri-
cans defeated by Colonel Proctor,
May, 1813. Fort George, on the
Niagara, British defeated by the
Americans, 27th May, 1813. Bur-
lington Heights, Americans defeated
by the British, 6th June, 1813.
Vittoria, French under Joseph
Buonaparte defeated by Lord Wel-
lington and the allied Spaniards,
21st June, 181 3. Valley of Bas-
tan, General Hill and the allied
Spaniards attacked by Soult, and
obliged to retreat, 24th July, 1813.
Pyrenees, Soult defeated, with im-
mense slaughter, by Lord Welling-
ton and the combined Spaniards,
28th July, 1813. San Marcial,
Soult defeated by the Spaniards,
38
BAT
BAT
31st July, 1813; defeated again,
4th Aug., and driven from the
Pyrenees. Bober, banks of, Prus-
sians under Blucher defeated by the
French under Napoleon, 21st Aug.,
1813. Goldsberg, Prussians under
Blucher defeated by the French,
22nd Aug., 1813. Jauer, French
under Macdonald defeated, with
immense loss, by Blucher, 26th
and 27th Aug., 1813. Before
Dresden, allied army of Austrians,
Russians, and Prussians, defeated
by the French, 28th Aug., 1813.
Toplitz, French defeated by the
allied Austrians, Russians, and
Prussians, 30th Aug., 1813. Den-
nevvitz, French defeated by the
Crown Prince of Sweden, with
great loss, 8th Sept., 1813. Ordal ,
Pass of, Colonel Adams and the
combined Spaniards and Portuguese
defeated by Soult, 12th Sept.,
1813. Domitz, French under Da-
voust defeated by Colonel Walmo-
den, 16th Sept, 1313. Elster,
French under Bertrand defeated bv
Blucher, 3rd Oct., 1813. Mora-
vian village, on the Thames, Ca-
nada, the British defeated by the
Americans, 5th Oct., 1813. Mock-
em, between the French and the
allied army of Austrians, Russians,
and Prussians, a desperate conflict,
the place having been taken and
retaken five times, which ended in
the defeat of the French, 14th Oct.,
1813. Before Leipsic, a general
engagement between the same
armies, in which no ground was
gained by either, 16th Oct., 1813.
Before Leipsic, another general
engagement, of which the result
was a loss to the French of 40,000
men in killed, wounded, and pri-
soners, 65 pieces of artillery, and
the desertion of 17 German bat-
talions, 18th Oct., 1813. Hanau,
French defeated by the combined
Austrian and Bavarian army under
General Wrede, 29th Oct., 1813.
Hanau, another severe engagement
between the same armies, in which
Wrede was wounded, and the allies
driven from the place, 30th Oct.,
1813. St. Jean de Luz, between
the allied armies under Lord Wel-
lington, and the French under
Soult, when the latter were driven
farther into France, 10th Nov.,
1813. Passage of the Nive, seven]
engagements between the allied
army under Lord Wellington and
the French, during which two Ger-
man regiments came over to the
Allies, and the French were driven
to their entrenchments, 10th and
13th Dec, 1813. ChristleVi
Point, Upper Canada, Americans
defeated by the British under Co-
lonel Pearson, 11th Nov., 1813.
Black-rock, American general Hull
defeated by the British general
Riall, 30th Dec, 1813. Province
of Valladolid, three battles, in
which the forces of Morelos, and
other insurgent chiefs, were de-
feated by the Royalists, with the
loss of 1500 men and 30 pieces of
cannon, Dec., 1813. Bozzolo, on
the Mincio, Austrians defeated by
the French under Beauharnois, 7th
and 8th Jan., 1814. Maine, ad-
vanced guard of Schwartzenburg
defeated by the French, 27th Jan.,
1814. Brienne, allied army of
Russians and Prussians defeated,
and the place taken by the French,
29th Jan., 1814. Rothiere, French
under Napoleon defeated by the
allied Russians and Prussians, with
the loss of 3000 prisoners and 36
pieces of cannon, 1st Feb., 1814.
Champ-aubcrt, Russian division
under General Alsufief defeated by
the French under Napoleon, 10th
Feb., 1814. Champ-aubert, di-
vision of Blucher's army, under
Generals Sacken and D'Yorck,
attacked by the French under Na-
poleon, in whose favour it termi-
nated, 12th Feb., 1814. Jan-
villiers, Blucher's army attacked
by the French, and driven back to
Chalons, 14th Feb., 1814. Garris,
French defeated by the allied Spa-
niards under General Morillo and
General Stewart, 15th Feb., 1814.
Nangis, advanced guard of Witgen-
stein's corps, under Count Pahlen,
BAT
BAT
39
defeated by the French under Na-
poleon, 17th Feb., 1814. Bridges
of the Seine, at Montereau and
Bray, the prince of Wnrtemberg
defeated by Napoleon, 18th Feb.,
1814. Orthes, French defeated
by tbe allied British and Spaniards
under General Hill, 25th Feb.,
1814. Reggio, French defeated by
the king of Naples, 5th March,
1814. Laon, French defeated by
the Prussian general Blucher, 9th
March, 1814. Passage of the
Taro, French defeated by the king
of Naples, 12th March, 1814.
Rheims, allied Russians and Prus-
sians defeated by the French, 13th
March, 1814. Tarbes, Soult de-
feated by Lord Wellington, 20th
March, 1814. Arcis-sur-Aube,
French defeated by the Prince of
Wirtemburg, 21st March, 1814.
Fere Champenoise, the corps of
Generals Marmont, Mortier, and
Arrighi, surprised and defeated by
General Schwartzenberg, and a con-
voy taken, 25th March, 1814.
Heights of Fontenoy, Romainville,
and Belleville, French army out of
Paris under Joseph Buonaparte,
Marmont, and Mortier, defeated
by the allied Austrians, Russians,
and Prussians, 30th March, 1814.
Toulouse, French defeated by Lord
"Wellington, 10th April, 1814.
Arazua, valley of, between the in-
surgents of the Carracas and the
Royalists, in which the latter ob-
tained a complete victory, 18th
June, 1814. Chipawa, British
under General Riall defeated by
the Americans under General
Brown, 5th July, 1814. Chipawa,
Americans defeated by the British
under Generals Drummond and
Riall ; but the latter general was
wounded and taken prisoner, 25tli
July, 1814. Ferrara, Neapolitans
under Murat defeated by the Aus-
trians, 12th April, 1815. Tolen-
tino, between the Austrians under
General Bianehi and the Neapoli-
tans under Murat, ending, after
two engagements, in the retreat of
Murat, 2nd and 3rd May, 1815.
Ligny, Prussians under Prince Blu-
cher, after a desperate conflict,
defeated by the French, with the
loss of 15 pieces of cannon, 16th
June, 1815.. Waterloo, in which
the whole French armv, with
Buonaparte at its head, was de-
feated by the English and Prussians,
with immense slaughter, 18th June,
1815.
Baltimore, General Ross killed,
in an unsuccessful attack on,
by the British, 12th Sept., 1814.
Bangor, North America, taken by
the British, 3rd May, 1814. Ba-
varia joined the coalition against
France. Oct., 1813. Bellair,
North America, attacked unsuc-
cessfully by the British, and Sir
Peter Parker killed, 30th Aug.,
1814. Belleisle taken from the
French, 7th June, 1761. Ben-
bow, Admiral, fought the French
off Carthagena, 1702. Bender,
treaty of, 21st July, 1711 ; city
burnt, 1773. Benevento seized by
the king of Naples from the Pope,
in 1768 ; but restored on supressing
the Jesuits, 1773. Bergen-op-
Zoom, taken by the French, 16th
Sept., 1747, and 1794. Bergen-
op-Zoom, attempt by the British
to carry the place by storm de-
feated, 8th March, 1814. Berlin
laid under contribution by the Aus-
trians, 1758; taken 1760, and
pillaged; taken by the French,
1807. Berlin entered by the Rus-
sian army under General Witgen-
stein, 3rd March, 1813. Bern,
Switzerland, taken by the French,
1798. Beveland, South, Island
of, taken by the English, 3rd Aug.,
1809. Bidassoa, River, crossed by
the allied Spanish army, and Lord
Wellington entered France, 7th
Oct., 1813. Bilboa evacuated by
the French, 11th Aug., 1812.
Bergen forced by the allied Russian
and Prussian army under Count
Langeron, 3rd Jan., 1814. Blake
reduced Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers,
1655; destroyed a Spanish fleet,
1657; and again, 1658. Bologna,
Italy, seized by the French, 18th
June, 1798 ; and the Austrians
took it, 12th June, 1799. Bo-
40
BAT
BAT
logna, evacuated by Murat, ami
entered by the Austrian army, 16th
April, 1815. Bombay yielded to
the English by Portugal, 1661.
Bois-le-duc was taken by theFrench,
Oct., 1794. Boulogne bombarded
by Lord Nelson, 15th Aug., 1801.
Bourbon, hie of, surrendered to
the British, 10th July, 1810.
Bourdeaux entered by Lord Wel-
lington, 12th March, 1814. Sub-
mitted to the government of Louis
XVIII., 22nd July, 1815. Brazil
seized by Portugal from Holland,
1654. Breda taken bv the French,
24th Feb., 1793; and again, 1794
and 1795. Breda taken possession
of by General Benkendorfs Cos-
sacks, Dec, 1813. Bremen re-
pulsed and defeated the French
invasion, 1761. Bremen capitu-
lated to the Russian General Tet-
tenborne, 14th Oct., 1813. Bren-
nus sacked Rome, 390 B. C.
Breslau taken by the Austrians,
1758 and 1761 ; entered bv the
French, 1st June, 1813. Brest
invaded by Julius Caesar, 54 ; pos-
sessed by the English, 1378; re-
delivered to the Duke of Bretagne,
1391. Brill, &c. seized by the
Hollanders, which began tliat re-
public, 1570; seized by the French,
Jan., 1795. Bruce landed in Ire-
land with an army, 25th May,
1315 ; soon after crowned at Dun-
dalk; slain, 1318. Bruges sacked
by the Gantois, 1382; the basin,
gates, and sluices of the canal de-
stroyed by the English, 1 9th May,
1798. Brussels taken by the
French, 1792 and 1794. Buda
taken from the Turks by the Im-
perialists, in whose possession it
had been 150 years, 1686. Buenos
Ayres taken by the English, 2nd
July, 1806; retaken by the in-
habitants, 1807. Entered into a
treaty with Monte Video to ac-
knowledge no sovereign but Fer-
dinand VII. Oct. 21, 1811. Monte
Video surrendered to, by capitula-
tion, 20th June, 1814. Declaration
of Independence by the " Repre-
sentatives of the United Provinces
of Soutb America in General Con-
gress," published at, 19th Julv,
1816. Buffalo, town, North
America, taken by the British, and
burnt, 30th Dec, 1813. Buo-
naparte seized Egypt, 1st Julv,
1798 ; and quitted it, 23rd \
1799. Burgos, siege of, abandoned
by the allied armv under Lord
Wellington, 20th Oct., 1812; cattle
and works of, blown up bv the
French, 13th June, 1813. 'Bur-
lington, American camp at, sur-
prised by Colonel Vincent, 5th
June, 1813. Byzantium taken
by the Romans, 73 ; destroyed by
Severus, 196; rebuilt by Constan-
tino, 330; taken bv the Turks,
1453.
Cadiz, in Spain, taken bv the
English, 1596; bombarded, 14th
July, after it had been blocked
«p with the Spanish fleet bv Earl
St. Vincent, 1797 to 1798*:
of, by the French, raised, 25th
Aug., 1812. Cadiz, expedition
from, for the reduction of the in-
surgents of South America, arrived
at Porto Cabello, April, 1815.
Caen, Normandy, plundered by the
English, 1346. Caffa, in Crim
Tartary, planted and rebuilt by
Genoa, 1261 ; taken by the Turks,
1464. Cairo taken by the English
and Turks from the French, 21st
June, 1801. Calais taken by the
English, 4th Aug., 1347 ; retaken
by the French, 10th Jan., 1558.
Calcutta taken by the Nabob, 1758.
Calvi, in Corsica, surrendered to
the British forces, after a sieire of
59 days, 10th Aug., 1794; aban-
doned by the British, 1796. Cam-
bray, town of, taken by the English
under General Sir Charles Colville,
24th June, 1815; citadel of, sur-
rendered the next day, and was
occupied by Louis XVIII. and his
court, from Ghent. Cambridge
destroyed by the Danes, 1010.
Canada taken by the English, 1628 ;
restared to France, 1631 ; taken
again, 13th Sept., 1759. Candia
seized by the Saracens, 808, who
changed its name from Crete ; re-
taken by the Greek empire, 961 ;
taken by the Venetians, 1204 ; re-
BAT
BAT
A]
taken by the Turks, 1669. Candy,
Island of Ceylon, in an expedition
against, a whole British detachment
massacred or imprisoned, 1803;
war renewed against, Oct., 1814;
king of, defeated and made prisoner,
by General Brownrigg, 18th Feb.,
1815 ; deposed, and the sovereignty
vested in Great Britain, 2nd March,
1815. Canterbury cathedral burnt
by the Danes, 1 01 1. Canute, first
Danish king of England, invaded
this country, 1015; made a voyage
to Denmark, attacked Norway, and
took possession of the crown, 1028.
Cape Breton taken by the English,
1 745 ; again, 1758. Cape of G&od
Hope was taken by the English,
June, 1795 ; again, 8th Jan., 1806.
Capua surrendered to the Allies,
26th July, 1799. Caraccas, city of,
capitulated to the Spanish Royalists,
28th July, 1812; taken again by
the Royalists, 7th July, 1814.
Caractacus defeated by Ostorius
Scapula, in 51. Caribbees war
began, 1772 ; adjusted, 1773.
Carthage destroyed, 146 B. C;
again by the Saracens, 622 A. D.
Carthagena taken by Sir Francis
Drake, 1584; pillaged by the
French of 1,200,000/. in 1697.
Carthagena bombarded by Admiral
Vernon, 1740. Carthagena evacu-
ated by the insurgent garrison, 6th
Dec, 1815. Carthaginian war
ceased 160 B. C. Cassel taken
by the French, 1760; besieged,
without effect, 1761; surrendered,
1762. Cassel capitulated to the
Russian general Czernicheff, 30th
Sept., 1813. Castine, fort of, in
the Penobscot, taken by the British,
1st Sept., 1814. Castro de Ur-
diales, a port in Biscay, stormed
and taken by the French, 11th
May, 1813; evacuated, and taken
possession of by the English, 25th
May, 1813. Cayenne colony,
taken by the British and Porta-
guese, 15th Jan., 1809. Celorico
evacuated by the French, and
entered by the English, 28th March,
1811. Ceuta, Barbary, seized by
Genoa, 1231 ; by Portugal, 1415;
by Spain, 1640. Ceva a7)d Casalu
abandoned to the French, 15th
June, 1799. Ceylon Isle was
taken by the Portuguese, 1505 ; by
the Hollanders, 1603 ; attempted
by Denmark, 1620; by the Por-
tuguese, 1621 ; by the Dutch,
1 658 ; a great part by the East
India Company's troops, 1782;
restored to the Dutch, 1783 ; taken
again by the English, 16th Sept.,
1793; ceded to England, 1801 ;
complete sovereignty assumed by
England, 1815; see Candy.
Chagree fort taken by Admiral
Vernon, 1740. Chalons capitulated
to- the allied Russians and Prus-
sians, 6th Feb., 1814. Chalons-
sur-Soane taken by an Austrian
force under the Prince of Hesse
Homburg, Feb., 1814. Chamble
fort, Canada, taken by the Pro-
vincials, 20th Oct., 1775; retaken
by the English troops, 18th Jan.,
1776. Charleroi surrendered to
the French, 26th June, 1794.
Charlestown, South Carolina, sur-
rendered to the British forces, 4th
May, 1780. Chatham, the Eng-
lish fleet destroyed there by the
Dutch, 1667. Cherbourg forts
destroyed by the English, 8th Aug.,
1758. Chili, inhabitants of, had
nearly dispossessed the Spaniards,
1765 ; having revolted, returned to
its allegiance, 19th April, 1814;
restored to freedom by the Buenos
Ayres' army under General San
Martin, Feb., 1817. China con-
quered by the Eastern Tartars,
1635. Chios, Isle of, conquered
from Genoa by the Turks, 1566.
Christopher, St., Isle of, retaken
from the French, 1620; taken by
the French, 1782; estored to
England, 1783. Cimbri, the war
with, 113 B. C. Ciudad Real
taken by the French, 27th March,
1809. Ciudad Rodrigo surrendered
to the French, 10th May, 1810;
stormed by the English, and taken,
19th Jan., 1812. Civita Vecchia
taken by the French, Feb., 1799 ;
and evacuated in September fol-
lowing. Cleves taken, 1760; by
42
BAT
BAT
the French, 1794. Coblentz was
taken by the French, 15th Oct.,
1794. Coblentz occupied by the
allied army under Blucher, 1st
Jan., 1814. Coimbra taken bv
the English, 7th Oct., 1810. Col-
berg, Prussia, besieged but not
taken in 1807 ; besieged in vain,
from 1758 to 1761 ; taken, 1762.
Columbo, in Ceylon, surrendered
to the English, 12th June, 1796.
Coni was taken by the Austrians,
3rd Dec, 1799. Constance was
seized by the Freneh, 2nd Aug.,
1796; and again, Oct., 1799.
Constantinople taken by the Latins'
Croisade, 1204 ; recovered by the
Greeks, 1261 ; taken by Mahomet
II. which put an end to the I
empire, that had subsisted 1123
years, 1453. Copenhagen des-
troyed by the Lubeckers, 1319;
again by the Hanseatic fleet, 1361
and 1369 ; bombarded by the
English, under Lord Nelson, April,
1801 ; the city, and the Danish
fleet, surrendered to Admiral Gam-
bier and Lord Cathcart, 7th Sept.,
1807. Cordova taken by the
French, Nov. 1809. Corfu was
seized by the French, in 1797 ;
but was taken by the Russians, 3rd
March, 1799. Corsica seized by
the Genoese from the Moors,
1115; was offered to the English.
1759 ; surrendered to the French,
in 1766; put under the patronage
of the English, June, 1 794 ;
quitted, 1796. Corunna surren-
dered to the French, 19th Jan.,
1809 ; evacuated by the French,
22nd June, 1809. Cracow, in
Poland, surrendered to the Prus-
sians, 15th June, 1794. Croisade,
or the holy war, began, 1065 ;
again, 1101. Croix, St. a Swedish
island in the "West Indies, taken by
the English, 31st March, 1801.
Crowland burnt by the Danes,
868. Crowpoint taken by the
English, 1759 ; by the Provin-
cials, 14th May, 1775. Cuba,
Isle of, taken by the Spaniards,
in 1511 ; by the English, in
1762. Cumberland, Earl of,
expedition against Spain, 1589.
Cumberland, merchant ship, C*p-
tain Barrett, with 26 men, defeated
four French privateers, taking 170
men, who had boarded the Cum-
berland, 13th Jan. 1811. Cu-
moona, in the East Indies, surren-
dered to the British fortes, 21st
Nov. 1807. Curacoa seized by
Holland, 1634 ; taken by the
English, 14th Sept. 1800; and
1st Jan., 1807. Cyprus taken
from the Venetians by the Turks,
1570. Cyprus took Babylon after
a long siege, 544 B. C.
Danes, their first descent ujwn
England, at Portland, 787 ; their
second, in Northumberland, 794,
when they were repelled and perished
by shipwreck ; landed on Sheppey
Island, 832; again in Cornwall, and
defeated by Egbert, 836 ; again at
Charmouth, and defeated Ethel-
wolf, 840 ; landed at the mouth of
the Thames, from 350 ships, and
took Canterbury and London, 851 ;
subdued by Ethel wolf, at Okcley,
in Surrey, 853 ; invaded Northum-
berland, and seized York, 867 ;
defeated King Ethelred and his
brother Alfred, at Basing and
Merton, 871 ; surprised "NY areham
Castle, and took Exeter, 876 ;
took Chippenham, 877; 1205 of
them killed by Odun, earl of De-
vonshire, 878 ; Alfred entered into
treaty with them, 882 ; their Beet
totally destroyed at Appledore by
King Alfred, 894 ; invaded Angle-
sea, 900 ; submitted to Edward
the Elder, 921 ; invaded Dorset-
shire, 982 ; landed again in Essex,
991, and were bribed to depart the
kingdom : their fleet defeated, 992 ;
number of them massacred by order
of Ethelred II. Nov. 12,1003;
made England tributary to them,
1007; under Canute, conquered
England, 1017 ; continued their
ravages, and defeated the English
at Ipswich, 1010 ; took Canter-
bury, and put nine out of ten of
the inhabitants to death, 1011 ; set-
tled in Scotland, 1020 ; expelled
England, 1041 ; landed again at
BAT
BAT
4;',
Sandwich, 1047, and carried off
much plunder to Flanders ; joined
the Northumbrians, burnt York, and
slew 3000 Normans, 1 0(59 ; invaded
England again, but were bribed by
William to depart, 1074. Danes,
under Rollo, made their first descent
on France, 895 ; and made a settle-
ment in Neustria, now Normandy,
905. Dantzic taken by the Rus-
sians, 1734 ; by the Prussians, 1773 ;
evacuated by the French, by capitu-
lation, 2nd Jan., 1814. Danish
revolution, 17th Jan., 177*2 ;
and May, 1784. Dartmouth
burnt by the French, 1337.
David, king of Scotland, taken
prisoner by the English, 1346 ;
ransomed for 100,000 marks, 1 357.
Demerara, &c. was surrendered to
the English, 23rd April, 1796;
again, 23rd Sept. 1803. Detroit,
fort of, capitulated to the British,
16th Aug. 1812. Dieppe laid in
ashes by the English, 14th July,
1694. Dominica taken by the
English, 1761 ; by the French,
7th Sept. 1778; restored to the
English, 1783. Dort taken pos-
session of by the French, 10th
Jan., 1795. Drake, Sir Francis,
defeated the Spanish armada,
1758. Dresden taken by the
Prussians, 1758; the Imperialists,
1759; the Prussians again, 1760;
the Austrians, 1809. Dresden,
the allied army of Austrians, Rus-
sians, and Prussians, in a gmnd
attack on, repulsed, 27th Aug.,
1813 ; surrendered to the allied
army, 12th Nov., 1813. Dublin
taken by Raymond le Gros, 1171.
Dunkirk taken by the English,
24th June, 1658, from Spain, and
delivered to France. Dunaberg
taken by storm, by the French,
30th Jul}, 1812. Dupont, Gene-
ral, surrendered with his army to
the Spanish patriots, 19th July,
1808. Dusseldorp surrendered to
the French, 6th Sept. 1795. Edin-
burgh taken by the English, 1296.
Egypt conquered by the Saracens,
640; usurped by Assamlden,
1160; conquered by the Turks,
1516; invaded by the French,
1798; reconquered from them by
the English, 1801. Ehrenbreit-
stein surrendered to the French,
12th Jan., 1799. Elba, Isle of,
near Leghorn, taken possession of
by the English, 6th July, 1796;
relinquished, 1797. Conferred on
Buonaparte, as his place of retreat
on his relinquishing the throne of
France, 5th April, 1814. After
having been quitted by Buonaparte,
taken possession of by the Grand
Duke of Florence, 30th July,
1815. Elburg taken possession
of by the French, April, 1812:
by the Russians, 12th Jan., 1813.
Elmo, St., surrendered to the
royal troops of Naples, 12th July,
1799. Ely monastery burnt by
the Danes, 870. Embden sub-
dued by Hamburg, 1438. Eng-
land invaded by Julius Caesar
51 B. C. [He says that the
inhabitants on the sea coast, from
their correspondence with Gaul,
were clothed ; those who lived in
the inland counties were entirely
wild and naked. Though they had
horses, and chariots armed with
sithes, their towns were only a par-
cel of huts on an eminence, forti-
fied with trees laid crosswise, like
the Indians in America, only that
they had plenty of corn and cattle.
Their money was iron and brass
plates, and rings of determined
weight.] Abandoned by the Ro-
mans, 430 ; ravaged by the Picts
and Scots, 440 ; invited over the
Saxons to expel the Picts and
Scots, 446, who soon began to
establish themselves, by taking
possession of different parts of the
kingdom on the south side of the
Severn ; invaded by the Scots,
who were defeated by Athelstan,
921 ; invaded by the Welsh, 984 ;
invaded by Sweyn, king of Den-
mark, 1003 ; invaded again by
Sweyn, 1013, and almost totally
subdued by him ; invaded by
Canute, 1015; invaded by God-
win, earl of Kent, 1052 ; invaded
by the Normans, under William,
41
B A T
BAT
their duke, who subdued the king-
dom, 1066 ; invaded by the Irish,
Mho were defeated, 1069; the
hidi landed again, and were de-
feated, 1070; invaded by Malcolm
of Scotland", who burnt several
churches, &c. 1071; again in 1091
and 1093, when Malcolm and his
son were killed at Alnwick ; in-
vaded by Robert, duke of Nor-
mandy, 1101; invaded by David
of Scotland, 1136; by the Welsh,
the same year, with success; in-
vaded by the French, 1416; in-
vaded by Henry, earl of Richmond,
7th Aug. 1485; by the Spaniards,
1588. Erie, Fort, taken by the
American general Brown, 3rd
July, 1814. Attacked unsuccess-
fully bv the British, with the loss
of 962 men, 15th Aug., 1814.
Sortie from, repulsed by the Bri-
tish, but with great loss, 17th
Sept. 1814. Evacuated by the
Americans, Nov. 5, 1814. Eso-
pus, on North River, in North
America, totally destroyed, with
great quantities of stores, 15th Oct.
1777. Eustatia, island of, taken
by the French from Holland,
1689; by the English, 1690 and
1781; retaken by the French the
same year; restored to Holland,
l 1783; again captured by the Eng-
lish in 1801 and 1810. Exeter
taken by Swcyn, king of Denmark,
and destroyed, 1003; city rebelled,
1067, and reduced by King William
the Conqueror; again by Henry
VII. Expedition, grand secret,
Sept. 1757.
Falkland Islands seized by
the Spaniards, 1771. Falmouth,
in New England, destroyed by
the British forces, 18th Oct.
1775. Ferrara was taken from
the French 1799. Feroe and
Iceland, islands of, taken under
British protection, 12th Feb.,
1810. Ferrol surrendered to the
French 26th Jan., 1809 ; evacuated
by the French 21st June, 1809.
Figueras, fortress of, surprised by
^the Spaniards 10th April, 1811;
retaken by the French 19th Aug.,
1811. Flanders dismembered from
France 866; overrun by the Preach
1792 and 1794. and declared part
of that republic ; taken from them
and made part of the kingdom of
Netherlands 1814. Florence was
taken possession of by the French
in July, 1796, and 20th March,
1799, and evacuated 18th July fol-
lowing; evacuated by the Aoatriana
and entered by the Neapolitan* 6th
April, 1815. Florida taken by the
English 1759 ; by the Spaniards
1781. Flushing surrendered to
the English 15th Aug., 1809.
Fontainebleau reduced by the Aus-
trians and Cossacks Kith Feb.,
1814. Formosa seized by the
Dutch 163.5; the Dutch inhabit-
ants expelled by the Chine
Fort Balagner taken by the French
9th Jan., 1811. Port George taken
by the Americans 27th May. 1813.
Fort St. George, in the Eist Indies,
seized by the French 174'>: re-
stored 1748. Fort MichiUmachi-
nark taken by the British, Cana-
dians, and aavagea, 17th June,
1812. Fort William taken by
the English 1757. France con-
quered by the English 1358; re-
covered by the French 1447.
France, isle of. (See Mauritius,)
Frankfort was seized by the French
July, 1796. Frankendal was taken
by the French 17th Oct., 1794;
retaken 12th Nov., 1795. Fred-
ericksfort, fortress of, capitulated
to the allied Russian and Proaafcui
forces, 19th Dec, 1813. Fieder-
ickshall and Fredcrickstadt, Nor-
wegian fortresses, surrendered to
the Swedes 3d A og. ,1814. French
town taken bv the American gene-
ral Winchester, 18th Jan., 1813;
retaken by Colonel Proctor 22nd
of the same month.
Gavilgar, in the East Indies,
taken by the English 15th Dec,
1803. Gaeta surrendered to the
French, July 1806; submitted
to the British 8th Aug., 1815.
Geneva entered by the allied
army under General Bubna, by
capitulation, which permitted the
BAT
BAT
45
French Governor to retire with
his garrison 30th Dec., 1813. Ge-
noa taken by the Austrians 8th
Dec, 1746; seized by the French
in 1798, who were repulsed 17th
Aug., 1799 ; taken by the English
and Austrians in May, 1 800 ; sur-
rendered to the French the July
following ; surrendered to the com-
bined English and Sicilian army,
18th April, 1814; transferred to
the King of Sardinia, 1816. Geor-
gia surrendered to the British forces,
and relinquished obedience to the
Congress of America 29th Dec,
1778 ; abandoned by the English
forces 1783. Gerona capitulated to
the French 10th Dec, 1809 ; re-
gained by the Spaniards Feb. 1814.
Gibraltar was taken from the Moors
by the Castilians in 1463 ; taken
by Sir George Rooke, 23rd July,
1704 ; besieged by the Spaniards
Feb. 1727, May 1731, 1780, to
13th Sept., 1782, when their float-
ing batteries were burnt by red-hot
balls from the garrison, commanded
by General Elliot. Gluckstadt
capitulated to the allied Russians
and Prussians, 6th Jan., 1814.
Gorcum capitulated to the allied
Russians and Prussians, 4th Feb.,
1814. Goree, isle of, taken by the
English 1758; again, 1779; re-
stored to the French 1783 ; taken
by the French, 18th Jan., 1804;
retaken by the English 9th March
following. Goths slew 300,000
inhabitants of Milan, 539. Goza,
an island dependent on Malta, sur-
rendered to the English Oct. 1798.
Granada recovered from the Moors
1491 ; surrendered to the French
28th Jan. 1810. Grand Cairo
taken by the Turks from the Egyp-
tian sultans, and their empire sub-
dued, 1516; seized by the French
in 1799. Grashopper sloop driven
into the Texel by the dreadful gale
of 24th Dec, 1811, and the crew
made prisoners. Greek empire
mastered by the Latins 1204; re-
conquered 1261 ; invaded by the
Turks 1350; its final overthrew
1453. Greenland seized by Eng-
land from the Dutch 1610. Gre-
nada Isle taken by the French 6th
July, 1779 ; restored to the Eng-
lish 1783 ; insurrection in, 1795.
Grenoble, insurrection in the neigh-
bourhood of, suppressed 4th May,
1816. Grisons revolt from Ger-
many to the Swiss, 1741. Gross
Gorschen taken by storm by the
allied Russians and Prussians, 3rd
May, 1813. Guadaloupe taken bv
the'English 1759 and 1779; and
again, 1794; surrendered to the
British 5th Feb. 1810. Gun-boats
destroyed before Gibraltar 13th
Sept. 1782.
Hamburgh sacked bv the Pa-
gans 1012, 1066; by the Danes
1216; by the Norwegians, 1244;
entered by the Russian advanced
guard under General Tetteuborn
18th March, 1813; retaken by
the French 30th May, 1813;
surrendered by the French 16th
May, 1814. Hanover desolated
by the French, 1758 ; taken by
the French, 14th June, 1803;
the celebrated boring machine in
the iron-foundery at, valued at
2,000,000 crowns, carried away by
the French, Jan. 1804 ; entered by
the crown prince of Sweden in fa-
vour of England, 6th Nov. 1813.
Harfleur taken by the English 18th
Sept. 1415. Havannah taken 13th
Aug. 1762. Havre de Grace suc-
cessfully bombarded, 1759. Haw-
kins's, Sir John, expedition against
Spanish America, 1595. Hebe,
French ship of war, captured by
the British ship Loire, 10th Feb.
1809. Helder Point in Holland
surrendered to the British forces
27th Aug., 1799 ; relinquished
19th Oct. following. Helena, St.,
the isle of, taken bv the Dutch,
1672; by the English 1673. Hel-
voelsluys deserted by the French
5th Dec. 1813. Hermione, Span-
ish ship, taken 21st March, 1762,
which sold for 544,648/. clear of
expenses. Holland taken by the
French 23rd Jan. 1795 ; was in-
vaded by the English 27th Aug.
1799, and abandoned by a conven-
46
BAT
tion 19th Oct. 1799. Holstcin,
possession of, obtained by the allied
Russians and Prussians, 16th Dec.
1813. Hostalrich taken by the
French, Jan. 1810. Hotspur, Brit-
ish ship, attacked a number of
French vessels near Cherbourg,
sunk one brig, drove two on shore,
and battered a small village to the
ground, 8th Sept. 1811. Howard,
Sir Edward, attacked Prejeant, a
French admiral, off Brest, and was
defeated 15th April, 1513. Howe,
Lord Viscount, slain in battle 1758.
Hudson Bay forts destroyed by the
French 1686 and 1782. Hungary
conquered by Charlemagne 791.
Huningen, French fortress of, sur-
rendered to the Austrians, and its
works destroyed, 28th June, 1815.
Hurriapoor, fortress of, evacuated
by the Nepaulese, after a desperate
sally, 3rd March, 1816.
Jago, St., Spanish register ship,
taken May, 1793, valued at
1 ,500,000/. Jamaica plundered
1595; pillaged by the English
1635 ; taken by the English
7th May, 1655. Java, British
frigate, captured by the Ame-
rican ship Constitution, 29th
Dec. 1812, and afterwards burnt.
Java, island of, capitulated to the
British, 18th Sept. 1811; sultan
of Djojocarta, in the island of Java,
dethroned by the British, and the
hereditary prince raised to the
throne in his stead, 22nd Jan.
1813. Jerusalem taken by David
from the Jebusites 1048; by Ne-
buchadnezzar, after a siege of 18
months, 9th June, 587 B.C. ; de-
stroyed, by Titus 31st Aug. A.D.
70 ; taken by Robert Dnke of Nor-
mandy 1100. Jersey attempted
by the French 1st May, 1779, and
their shipping destroyed in Cancale
Bay. Igualada taken by General
Lacey, 4th Oct. 1811. Joppa was
retaken from Buonaparte by the
Allies under Sir Sidney Smith,
22nd June, 1799. Invasions of
England and Great Britain : — By
the Romans under Julius Caesar 55
B.C. ; again, under Plautius, A.D.
BAT
43 ; by the Saxons 447 ; by the
Danes in 787, 832, 851, 866, 979,
and 1012.
Invasions. — From the death of
Edward the Confessor there have
been the following invasions : —
1066, 29th Sept., successful Wil-
liam of Normandy ; 1069, unsuc-
cessful, by the Irish; 1071, un-
successful, by the Scots; 1093,
unsuccessful, by the Scots, when
their king Malcolm was killed ;
1101, unsuccessful, Robert of Nor-
mandy; 1136, unsuccessful, by the
Scots; 1139, unsuccessful, Maud ;
1326, 23rd Sept., successful, Isa-
bel, queen of Edward II.; 1399,
July, successful, Duke of Lancas-
ter ; 1416, unsuccessful, by the
French ; 1462, unsuccessful, queen
of Henry VI.; 1470, successful,
Earl of Warwick; 1471, success-
ful, Edward IV. ; 1471, unsuccess-
ful, queen of Henry VI.; 1484,
unsuccessful, Earl of Richmond ;
1485, 6th Aug., successful, Earl
of Richmond ; 1487, unsuccessful,
Lambert Simnel ; 1495, unsuccess-
ful, Perkin Warbeck ; 1497, un-
successful, Perkin Warbeck ; 1 588,
unsuccessful, Philip of Spain ; 1650,
unsuccessful, Charles II.; 1685,
25th May, unsuccessful, Duke of
Monmouth ; 1688, 19th Oct., suc-
cessful, Prince of Orange; 1689,
22nd March, unsuccessful, James
II. ; 1708, 17th March, unsuccess-
ful, the Pretender; 171 5, unsuc-
cessful, the Pretender ; 1745, 14th
July, unsuccessful, the Pretender ;
1797,22nd Feb., unsuccessful, by
the French, in Wales. Iphigcnia,
British frigate, taken by the French
in the Isle of Passe, at the Mauri-
tius, 1810 ; retaken Dec. 1310.
Ireland subdued by King Edgar
962; invaded by Fitz-Stephen,
near Wexford, May, 1170, who
settled there the first colony of
British inhabitants ; surrendered to
Henry II. 1172; totally subdued
1210; invaded by the Spaniards
1601 ; attempted to be invaded by
the French in 1760 by Thurot";
and in Jan. 1796, at Bantry Bay,
BAT
BAT
47
by the French, where their forces
were dispersed by a storm ; put
under martial law 19th May, 1797 ;
the French landed at Killala Bav
1500 men on 22nd Aug., 1798,
and surrendered prisoners,7th Sept.
following. Ischia surrendered to
the British 30th June, 1809.
Italy was ravaged by the French
1796 and 1797. Jugurtha, war
with, 111 B.C. Julius Agricola
totally subdued the Britons, 78.
Junon, le, French frigate, taken
by a British ship 10th Feb., 1809.
Kalungafort, East Indies, attack-
ed unsuccessfully by the Company's
forces, and Gen. Gillespie killed, 31
Oct., 1814; attacked again unsuc-
cessfully 25th Nov. ; evacuated by
the Nepaulese garrison 30th Nov.
Kehl surrendered to the Austrians
after 49 days' siege, Jan. 1797. Ko-
ningsberg taken possession of by the
French, April 1812. Kowno taken
by the Russians 14th Dec, 1812.
Kragaro taken from the Norwegians
by the Swedes 23rd July, 1814.
Landrecy surrendered to the
French 15th July, 1794. Land-
shut taken by the French 21st
April, 1809. Langres taken by
the allied Russian and Prussian
army under General Giulay 17th
Jan., 1814. Las Medas island
taken by the Spaniards 12th
Sept., 1811. Lefevre, General,
defeated by the Arragonese, Aug.
1 808. Leghorn was taken posses-
sion of 29th July, 1796; by the
French under Buonaparte, 15th
April, 1799; abandoned by them
19th July; attacked by the British
and Italian forces without success,
14th Dec, 1814. Leipsic seized
by the Prussians 1st Sept., 1756;
by the Austriana 1809 ; taken from
the French by the allied Austrians,
Russians, and Prussians, 19th Oct.
1813. Leon, French ship of 74
guns, chased on shore by the Eng-
lish off Frontignan,and burnt, 24th
Oct. 1810. Lerida, fortress of,
taken by the French 14th May,
1810 ; capitulated to the Spaniards
Hill. Feb., 1814. Liege, the city
of, taken by the English 1702; by
the French in 1792 ; by the French
in 1795 ; by the Austrians in 1798.
Lima, royal army of, defeated by
the insurgent army, June 1815.
Little Belt sloop and American
frigate the President, rencontre be-
tween, 14th Dec. 1813. Llewel-
lyn, the last prince of the Welsh,
defeated, and his head put on the
Tower of London, 1286. Loire,
the army of, under Generals Suchet
and Davoust, submitted to the
government of Louis XVIII., 16th
July, 1815. Lorn bardy conquered
by Charlemagne 770. London-
derry besieged 20th April, 1689.
Loretto pillaged by the French
army, and the Madona sent to
Paris, 6th Feb., 1 797. Louisbourg
taken by the English 1 7th June,
1745, given up to the French
1749; retaken 22nd July, 1758.
Lubec entered by the Prussians,
March, 1801 ; taken by the French
June, 1 803 ; taken by storm by
the French 6th Nov. 1806; capi-
tulated to the allied Austrians,
Russians, and Prussians, 5th Dec,
1813. Lucia, St., taken by the
English 17th Jan., 1779 and 1794;
again, 31 st May, 1 796 ; again, 22nd
June, 1803. Luxembourg was
taken and pillaged by the French
in 1543 ; was retaken by the Span-
iards 1544 ; was taken by the
French 4th June, 1684, but was
restored to Spain 1697 ; again taken
by the French 1701 ; belonged to
the emperor 1715, and was sur-
rendered to the French, after a
severe siege, 7th June, 1795. Ly-
ons capitulated to the Austrians
23rd March, 1814, and 12th July,
1815; revolutionary movements
at, against the Bourbons, suppressed
Jan. 1816.
Macedonian war commenced
200 B.C. Madeira, island of,
taken by the English 25th
July, 1801 ; again, 24th Dec.
1 80*7. Madrid, King Joseph Buo-
naparte made his public entry into,
20th July, 1808; evacuated by
the French 27th July, 1808; re-
taken by them 7th Dec. ; entered
by the allied army under Lord
A'6
BAT
BAT
Wellington 12th Aug., 1812 ; re-
occupied by the French 1st Nov.,
1812. Maestricht was taken from
the Spaniards by the Dutch 1632 ;
from the Dutch by France 1673 ;
restored to them in 1679; was
taken again by the French 4 th
Nov., 1794. Magicienne, British
frigate, ran aground at the Mauri-
tius, and was burnt by the crew,
23rd Aug., 1810. Malacca seized
by the Dutch 1640; surrendered
to the English 17th Aug., 1795.
Malaga taken by the French 5th
Feb. 1810; evacuated by them
17th March, 1810. Malo's, St.,
reduced to ashes by the English
1695. Malta was taken by the
French 11th June, 1798; by the
English in 1800. Manheim was
taken by the French in 1793, and
retaken by the Austrians 22nd
Nov., 1795, with 10,338 prisoners,
4 generals, and 400 guns, besides
stores ; was taken by the French
1796, but retaken bv the Austrians
18th Sept., 1799. Manilla taken
27th July, 1762. Mantua sur-
rendered to the French 1st Feb.,
1797, and was retaken 28th July,
1799, by the Russians and Aus-
trians, after a short siege. Marc,
St., West Indies, taken by the Eng-
lish 31st Oct., 1803. Marcou,St.,
isles on the coast of France, taken
by Sir Sidney Smith in July, 1795,
and ably defended by Lieutenant
Price against the French troops 7th
May, 1798. Margaret, queen to
Henry VI. with her son, taken
prisoners at the battle of Tewkes-
bury 4th May, 1471. Martinico
taken from the French Feb. 1762 ;
again, 23rd March, 1794, and 24th
Feb., 1809 ; revolutionary move-
ments at, in favour of Buonaparte,
suppressed by aid of British troops
from St. Lucie, June 1815. Mar-
tins, St., a Danish island in the
West Indies, taken by the English
24th March, 1801. Messenian war,
first, 743 ; second, 685 B.C. Mat-
thews and Lestock, Admirals, suf-
fered the French and Spanish squad-
ron to escape, Feb. 1746. Mauri-
tius surrendered to the British 3rd
Dec, 1810. Medina taken bv the
French 28th March, 1809. Mcmel
taken by the Russians 27th Dec,
1812. Mcquinenza, fortress of,
taken by ahe French 8th June,
1810; capitulated to the Spaniards
18th Feb., 1814. Merida taken
by the French 8th June, 1810.
Mexico seized by the Spaniards
1521 ; army of the insurgents of,
defeated near Acalco 7th Nov..
1810 ; defeated again after a severe,
conflict, at the bridge of Aldaron,
near Zapotelnejo, 17th Jan., 1811.
Milan was seized by the French,
18th May, 1796 ; the Castle, 29th
June : and was taken from them
by the Russians and Austrians,
28th April, 1799. Minorca con-
quered by General Stanhope, Aug.
1708; surrendered to the French,
June, 1756 ; restored to the Eng-
lish, 1763 ; was besieged by the
Spaniards, and taken, 5th Feb.,
1782 ; surrendered to the English,
14th Nov., 1796. Monzon reco-
vered by the Spaniards, 18th Feb.,
1814. Mobile, West Florida,
taken by the Americans, 1813 ;
surrendered by capitulation to the
British, 11th Jan., 1815. Modena
surrendered to the Austrians,
May 1799, and wus retaken by
the French, 3rd July, following.
Moldavia and Wallachia invaded by
the Russians, 23rd Nov., 1806.
Moncey, General, defeated by the
Patriots of Valencia, 1st July,
1808. Monmouth, Duke of, in-
vaded England, 11th June, 1685;
proclaimed king at Taunton, 20th
June, following ; defeated near
Bridgewater, 5th July ; beheaded
on Tower-hill, 15th July, aged
35. Monte Video taken by storm
by the British, 3rd Feb.," 1807 :
capitulated to Buenos Ayres, 20th
June, 1814. Montserrat, Isle of,
taken by the French, 18th Feb..
1782 ; restored to England, 1783.
Montreal taken by the English,
1760; by the Provincials, 12th'
Nov., 1775; and retaken by the
English, 15th June, 1776. Moose-
island, in Passamaquoddy-bay, sur-
rendered to the British, 11th July,
BAT
BAT
4! i
1814. Moro-castle, at the Havan-
nah, taken by the English, 1762.
Morocco conquered by the King of
Fez, 1611. Moscow entered by
the French, 14th Sept., 1812 ; set
on fire in 500 places at once by
order of the Russian governor, and
three-fourths of the city destroyed
two days after ; evacuated by the
French, and re-entered by the
Russians, 22nd Oct. 1812. Mos-
kwa, Russians driven from it by
the French, 5th Sept. 1812. Mu-
nich was taken by the French,
25th Aug., 1796; again, 28th
June, 1800. Murcia entered by
the French, 23rd April, 1810.
Murviedro capitulated to the
French, 26th Oct., 1811.
Namur was taken by the French,
18th July, 1794. Naples was taken
possession of by the French, 21st
June, 1799, and retaken by Cardi-
nal Ruffo, 10th July following;
again entered by the French, 8th
April, 1801 ; and 15 th Feb.,
1806. Naples, ships of war in the
Bay of, surrendered to the British,
May, 1815; city of, quitted by
Murat, and entered by the Aus-
trian troops, 22nd April, 1815 ;
public entrance of King Ferdinand
into the city after an absence of
nine years, 17th June, 1815. Na-
varino, battle, in which the Turk-
ish navy was destroyed by the
combined fleets of England, France,
and Russia, 20th Oct., 1827.
Naiad frigate attacked off Boulogne
by seven French praams by order
of Buonaparte, which were repulsed
and driven under their batteries,
21st Sept., 1811. Nepaul, East
India Company's war with the
state of, terminated, 27th April,
1815 ; treaty of peace signed be-
tween the parties, 2nd Dec. 1815;
Mar renewed by an infraction of
the treaty by the Nepaulcse, Jan.,
1816 ; after several contests unfa-
vourable to the Nepaulese, the
former treaty ratified, 15th March,
1816. Nereid, British frigate,
Stranded and fell into the hands of
the French at the Mauritius, 25rd
Aug., 1810. Nevis Isle taken by
the French, 14th Feb., 1782;
restored to the English, 1783.
New Valentia reduced by General
Miranda, 12th Aug., 1811. New
York surrendered to the British
troops, 15th Sept. 1776. Niagara
taken by the English, 1759. Ni-
agara, fort, taken by the British,
19th Dec, 1813. Niemen, French
frigate, taken by the Amethyst,
6th April, 1809. Nineveh des-
troyed by the Medes, 612 B. C.
Nismes, several houses burnt, and
massacres perpetrated by the Ca-
tholics at, July, 1815 ; farther
violences committed at, and the
place quitted by the Protestants of
distinction and property, 4th May,
1816. Norfolk, Virginia, des-
troyed by the British forces, 1st
Jan., 1776. Normandy conquered
from the crown of France, 876 ;
invaded on all hands, 1117. Nor-
mans, their invasion commenced in
800 ; settled in France in 1002 ;
in Friesland, 1011 ; reduced
England, 1066; driven out of
Naples in 1194. Norwich des-
troyed by Sweyn of Denmark,
1004. Nova Scotia taken by the
English from the French, 1681 ;
restored, 1731; taken again, 1745
and 1 758, and confirmed to Eng-
land, 1760; divided into two pro-
vinces, 1784 ; had a bishop ap-
pointed by the King of England,
11th Aug., 1787. Numantine
war commenced] 141 B. C. Nu-
remberg was seized by the French,
9th July, 1796 ; and by the Aus-
trians in August following.
Ocracoke, North Carolina, taken
by the British, July, 1813. Ogden-
burg, river St. Lawrence, taken by
the British, 21st Feb., 1813. Oli-
venza surrendered to the French,
22nd June, 1810; to the allied
army under Lord Wellington, 1 5th
April, 1811. Oliva, fort, taken by
stratagem by the French, with 900
Spanish prisoners, 29th June, 1811.
Omoa, Bay of Honduras, taken bj
the British forces, 20th Oct., 1779 ;
but soon after retaken by the Spa-
50
BAT
BAT
niards. Oporto, taken by the
French, 29th March, 1809; eva-
cated by them, 12th May follow-
ing. Oran, in Barbary, taken by
the Spaniards from the Moors,
1507, ceded to the Algerines in
1791. Orleans, the siege of, 4th
May, 1428; again, '1563. Or-
leans, New, British unsuccessful
attack upon, lost in killed, wound-
ed, and prisoners, 2000 men ; Ge-
nerals Pakenham and Gibbs were
also killed, and General Keane
wounded, 8th Jan., 1815. .Ormus
taken from Portugal by the assist-
ance of the East India Company,
1622. Osnaburgh taken and pil-
laged by the French, 1761. Os-
tend had its works and floodgates
of its canals destroyed by the
English, 19th May, 1798. O'swego
taken by the English, 1756;
again, 5th May, 1814.
Padua taken by the Archd. John,
and retaken by the French, 1809.
Palainos, Spain, taken by the
French, 1694. Pampeluna capitu-
lated to the Spanish Marshal
Espana, 31st Oct., 1813. Paris
entered by the allied Austrian,
Russian, and Prussian army, 31st
March, 1814. Parma and Pla-
eenza seized by the French, 3rd
July, 1799. Passages, French
garrison of, surrendered to the
Spanish troops, 30th June, 1813 ;
and 6th July, 1815. Passe, isle
of, Mauritius ; British frigates
taken fat, by the French, 1810.
Peloponnesian war, which conti- '
nued 27 years, began 431 B. C.
Pernambuco, revolutionary insur-
rection in the province of, in
March 1817. Persan attacked
unsuccessfully by the British and
Sepoys, 1st Jan., 1815. Persian
empire conquered by Alexander,
331 B. C. Peschiera, Italy, taken
from the French, with 90 pieces of
cannon, &c, 6th May, 1799.
Peterborough city nearly destroyed
by the Danes, 887. Petion de-
feated with great slaughter, and his
flotilla destroyed bv Christophe,
chief of Hayti," Feb.," 1 808. Phi-
lipsburgh taken by the French,
1734. Phocaean, or sacred war,
357 B. C. Piedmont surrendered
to the French, 6th Dec. 1798;
recovered in 1799. Pillau sur-
rendered to the Russians, 8th Feb..
1813. Plantagenet, Geoffrey, Earl
of Anjou, invaded Normandy,
1137. Plattsburgh, Lake Cham-
plain, expedition against, by Sir
George Prevost, abandoned after a
a naval defeat, 11th Sept., 1814.
Plymouth burnt by the French,
1377. Poleroon Isle, East Indies,
seized by the Dutch, 1664. Po-
merania, Swedish, entered by the
French, Jan., 1812. Pondicherry
taken by the Dutch from France,
1694 ; bv the English, 1761, Oct.,
1778, and Aug., 1793. Ponza,
island of, taken by a British de-
tachment from Palermo, 29th
Feb., 1813. Portobello taken bj
Admiral Vernon, 22nd Nov.,
1739. Porto Cavello taken by
surprise by the Spanish royalists,
6th July," 1812. Portsmouth, in
Virginia, destroyed by the British
forces, 1st July,1776. Portsmouth,
Island, North Carolina, taken bj
the British, July, 1813. Potosi
evacuated by the royalists, and
entered by the Buenos Ayrcs army,
under General Rondeau, 5th April,
1815. Punic war, the first, com-
menced, 263; the second, 218;
the third, 149 B. C. Pyrrhus
wounded in a battle with the Ro-
mans, in which he lost 20,000
men, they £000.
Quebec besieged in vain by the
English, 171 1. Quebec taken from
the French, 13thSept., 1759. Que-
bec besieged in vain by the Pro-
vincials, 6th Dec, 1775. Queen's
Town, Canada, taken by the troops
of the United States, 13th Oct.,
1812; retaken by the British the
same day. Quesnoy surrendered
to Prince Frederick of the Nether-
lands, 29th June, 1815.
Raab capitulated to the French,
24 June, 1 809. Ragosinza, eighteen
vessels brought out of the creek
of, and ten destroyed, by the Bri-
BAT
BAT
51
tish, 27th July, 1811. Ragusa,
besieged by the Russians and
Montenegrins, July, 180b\ Ratis-
bon taken by the French, 23rd
April, 1809. Rhodes taken by
the Saracens, and the colossus,
which had been thrown down by
an earthquake, which weighed
720,0001b., sold to a Jew in 652 ;
taken by the Turks, 1521, when
the knights quitted it, and settled
at Malta. Rhode Island was taken
from the Americans by the British
forces, 6th Dec, 1776. Richard
I., king of England, taken piisoner
in Germany, and ransomed for
100,000 marks, 1193. Rome
sacked by Brennus, 390 B. C. ;
seized by the French, 2nd Feb.,
1799 ; and surrendered to the
Neapolitans, 18th July, 1799;
and the Austrians and Russians
entered and repulsed the French
from the castle of St. Angelo, 30th
Sept., 1799. Rosas, town, capitu-
lated to the French, 5th Dec., 1808.
Rye burnt by the French, 1377.
Sabine virgins, rape of, by
the Romans, 750 B. C. Saint
Domingo, French part, put itself
under the English protection, 18th
Aug., 1793; declared itself inde-
pendent, Jan., 1797. Saint Jago
di Compostella taken by the
French, 23rd May, 1809. Saint
Maura, island, taken by the Bri-
tish, 23rd July, 1810. Saint
Philippe, on the Catalonian coast,
surrendered to the British, 6th
July, 1813. Saint Sebastian taken
by storm by General Graham, 31st
July, 1813. Salamanca entered
by Lord Wellington, 16th June,
1812. Samnite war ended 272
B.C., having continued 71 years.
Sandwich burnt by the Danes, 957.
Sandwich, the earl of, admiral,
blown up in an engagement with
the French, 21st May, 1672.
Santa Cruz surrendered to the
Bngriah, 23rd Dec, 1807. Sara-
gossa taken by the French, 21st
Feb., 1809. Sardinia, isle of,
taken by the English, 1708.
Sardinia taken by the Genoese
from the Moors, 1115. Sardis
taken by the Athenians, 504
B. C. Saxony conquered by
Charlemagne, 774. Schomberg
duke of, landed in Ireland, neai
Carrickfergus, with an army, 13th
Aug. 1689; killed at the battle
of the Boyne, 1690. Schweidnitz
taken by the Austrians, 1758, and
retaken by the Prussians. Taken
again, 1761, and again retaken,
1762. Scipio, Cn., took the two
camps of Asdrubal and Syphax,
killed 40,000 of their men, and
took 6000 prisoners, 214 B. C.
Searfights With the Danes,
when Alfred defeated 120 ships
off Dorsetshire, in 898. Be-
tween the French and English,
1217. Between the English and
Flemings, 1371. With the
French, near Sluys, and 400 sail
taken, with 30,000 men, 1340.
Eighty French ships taken by the
English, 1389. Off Barfleur,
where the Duke of Bedford took
500 French and 3 Genoese vessels,
1416. Near Milford Haven,
when 31 French ships were taken
or destroyed, 1405. Off Sand-
wich, when the French fleet was
taken by the earl of Warwick,
Nov., 1449. Between the Eng-
lish and French, when the latter
were defeated, 1545. Again 1549,
when 1000 French were killed.
Near the Gulf of Lepanto between
the Christian powers and the
Turks, which last lost 25,000 men
killed, and 4000 taken prisoners ;
and out of 260 vessels, saved only
25, 7th Oct., 1571. Between the
English fleet and the Spanish Ar-
mada, 1588. Between the Spa-
niards and Dutch, 1639. In the
Downs with the Dutch, 19th
June, 1652. Again, 28th Sept.,
28th Oct., 29th Nov., 1652. Near
Portland, with the Dutch, who
were beaten, 18th Feb., 1652-3.
Off Portsmouth, when Admiral
Blake took 11 Dutch men of wax
and 30 merchant ships, 10th Feb.,
1652. Off the North Foreland,
when the Dutch lost 20mcn of Mar,
d2
52
BAT
BAT
2nd June, 1653. On the coast of
Holland when they lost 30 men of
war, and Admiral Tromp was
killed, 29th July, 1653. At
Cadiz, when the galleons were
destroyed by the English, Sept.,
1656. At the Canaries, when
Blake destroyed the galleons
April, 1657. One hundred and
thirty of the Bordeaux fleet des-
troyed bv the duke of York,
4th Dec., 1664. Off Harwich.
when 18 capital Dutch ships were
taken, and 14 destroyed, 3rd June,
1 665. The earl of Sandwich took
12 men of war and two East India
ships, 4th Sept., 1665. Again,
when the English lost nine and
the Dutch 15 ships, 4th June,
1666. The Dutch totally de-
feated, with the loss of 24 men of
war, four admirals, and 4000 officers
and seamen, 25th and 26th July,
1666. Eive of the Dutch Smyrna
fleet and four East India shi]>>
taken by the English, 14th March.
1671-2." At Southwold-bay, when
the earl of Sandwich was blown
up, and the Dutch defeated by the
duke of York, 28th May, 1672.
Again, by Prince Rupert, 28th
May, 4th June, and 11th Aug.,
when the Dutch were defeated,
1673. In the Bay of Tripoli,
when the English burnt four men
of war of the state, 4th March,
1674-5. Off Beachy-head, when
the English and Dutch Mere de-
feated bv the French, 30th June,
1690. Off La Hogue, when the
French fleet was entirely defeated,
and twenty-one large men of
war destroyed, 19th May, 1692.
Off St. Vincent, when the English
and Dutch were defeated by the
French, 16th June, 1693. The
Vigo fleet taken by the Entrlish and
Dutch 12th Oct., 1 702. Between
the French and English, when the
former entirely relinquished the
dominion of the sea to the latter,
24th Aug., 1704. At Gibraltar,
when the French lost five men of
war, 5th Nov., 1704. Off the
Lizard, when the English were de-
feated, 9th Oct., 1707. Admiral
Leake took 60 French ship* laden
with provisions 22nd May, 17<»i!.
Near Carthagena, when Admiral
Wager destroyed a fleet, 28th May.
1708. Spanish fleet destroyed 1>\
Sir George Byng, 31st Julv,"l718.
Off Toulon, 9th Feb., 1774. In
the East Indies, when the French
retired to Pondicherry, 1747. Off
Cape Finisterre, when the French
fleet was taken bv Admiral Anson.
3rd May, 1747.' Off Newfound-
land, when Boscawen took two men
of war, 10th June, 1755. Off
I" shant, when Admiral Hawke took
six men of war of the French, 14th
Oct., 1747. Off Belleisle, when
he took fourteen sail of victuallers.
14th July, 1756. Off Cape Fran-
cois, when seven ships were de-
feated by three English, 21st Oct.,
1757. French beaten off Cape
Lagos by Admiral Boscawen ,18th
Aug., 1759. Off Quiberon Bay,
when Hawke defeated the French,
20th Nov., 1759. Keppcl took
three French frigates and a fleet of
merchant ships 9th Oct., 1762.
On Lake Champlain, where the
Provincials were totally destroyed
by the British forces, 11th Oct.,
1 77U. Oft' Ushant, a drawn battle
between Keppel and Dorvilliers,
17th July, 1778. Off Penobscot,
New England, when the American
fleet was totally destroyed, 30th
July, 1779. Near CapeiSt. Vin-
cent, between Admiral Rodney and
Admiral Don Langara, when the
latter was defeated and taken pri-
soner, 8th Jan., 1780. Near Cadiz,
when Admiral Rodney defeated
the Spaniards, 16th Jan., 1780.
Dogger-bank, between Admiral
Parker and the Dutch, 5th Aug.,
1781. Off the Cape of Virginia,
between Admiral Arbuthnot and
the French, 1781. Between Mar-
tinique and Guadaloupe, when Ad-
miral Rodney defeated the French
going to attack Jamaica, and took
five ships of the line and Admiral
Count de Grasse, 12th April, 1782.
The same day Admiral Hughes
BAT
BAT
53
defeated the fleet of France under
Admiral Suffrein in the East In-
dies. Lord Howe totally defeated
the French fleet, took six ships of
W, and sunk several, 1st June,
1794. Sir Edward Pellew took
13 sail, and hunit seven, out of a
fleet of 35 sail of transports, 8th
March, 1795. The French fleet
defeated, and two ships of war
taken, by Admiral Hotham, 14th
March, 1795. Admiral Cornwal-
' lis took eight transports under con-
voy of three French men of war,
7th June, 1795. Eleven Dutch
East Indiamen were taken by the
Sceptre man of war and some armed
Indiamen, 19th June, 1795. The
French fleet defeated by Lord
Bridport, 25th June, 1795, and
three ships of war taken near
Ii'Orient. The Dutch fleet, under
Admiral Lucas, in Saldanha Bay,
Africa, consisting of five men of
war and several frigates, surren-
dered to Sir George Keith Elphin-
stone on 19th Aug., 1796. The
Spanish fleet defeated by Sir J.
Jervis, and four line of battle ships
taken, 14th Feb.. 1797. The
Dutch fleet was defeated by Ad-
miral Duncan on the coast of Hoi.
land, where their two admirals and
12 ships of war were taken or de-
stroyed, 11th Oct., 1797. The
French fleet, of 17 ships of war,
totally defeated, and nine of them
taken, by Sir Horatio Nelson, 1st
Aug., 1798, near the Nile, Egypt.
The French off the coast of Ireland,
consisting of nine ships, bv Sir J.
B. Warren, 12th Oct., 1798, when
betook five of them. The Dutch
fleet in the Texel surrendered to
Admiral Mitchell, on his taking
the Holder, 29th Aug., 1799.
Sound between Denmark and Swe-
den passed by the English fleet,
when Copenhagen wu bombarded,
2nd April, 1801. The Danish
fleet, of 28 sail, taken or destroyed
by Lord Nelson off Copenhagen,
2nd April, 1801. Between the
French and English in tin; Bay of
Gibraltar; Hannibal of 74 guns
lost, 5th Julv, 1801. French fleet
defeated near Cadiz, 16th July,
1801 ; two French 74 burnt, one
taken. French and Spanish fleets
totally defeated off Cape Trafalgar,
Lord Nelson killed in the action,
21st Oct., 1805. French fleet
taken by Sir R. Strachan, 4th Nov.
1805. French fleet defeated in
the West Indies by Sir T. Duck-
worth, 6th Feb., 1806. French
squadron taken by Sir J. B. War-
ren, 13th March, 1806. French
squadron in the harbour of Cadiz
surrendered to the Spanish patriots,
14th June, 1808. Russian fleet in
the Tagus surrendered to the Eng-
lish, 3rd Sept., 1808. French ship-
ping and batteries destroyed in
Basque Roads by Lord Gambier,
April, 1809. Russian flotilla, east-
ward of Nargen Island, and another
under Percola Point, taken or de-
stroyed by Sir James Saumarez,
July, 1809. Three French ships
Robust of 84 guns, Leon of 74, and
Boree of 74 guns, driven on shore
by a British squadron under Lord
Collingwood, 25th Oct., 1809, and
the first two burnt by the French
the next day. Eleven ships and
vessels destroyed or taken in the
Bay of Rosas, by the boats of a
British squadron under Captain
Hallowell, 1st Nov. 1809. French
frigates, La Loire and La Seine,
destroyed by the ships under Sir
A. Cochrane, off Basseterre, Gua-
daloupe, 18th Dec, 1809. Gallant
action of the British frigate Spartan
with a French force in the Bay of
Naples, 3rd May, 1810. Severe
action between the British ship
Tribune, Captain Reynolds, and 4
Danish brigs, which escaped from
the Tribune being damaged in her
sails, 12 May, 1810. Seventeen
vessels captured or destroyed under
the batteries of the Isle of Rhe,
by the beats of the Armide and
Cadmus, under Lieutenant Ro-
berts, May, 1810. Four French
vessels captured off Portichi by
the boats of the Cerberus and
Active, 4th Feb., 1811. Twenty-
two vessels from Otranto taken by
the Cerberus ami Active, 22nd Feb.
54
BAT
BAT
1811. Amazon, French frigate,
destroyed off Cape Barfleur by part
of the Cherbourg squadron, 25th
March, 1811. Number of French
ships with stores to Corfu captured
by the cruisers under Captain Ot-
way, 27th April, 1811. Three
French frigates burnt in Lazone
Bay by three British ships under
Captain Barrie, 1st May, 1811.
Rencontre between the British fri-
gate Little Belt and the American
frigate President, 1 6 May, 1 8 1 1 . Off
Madagascar, between three British
frigates and a sloop, and three large
French frigates with troops, when
two of the French frigates surren-
dered, as did the settlement of
Tamatave, to Captain Schomberg,
21st May, 1811. Six French pri-
vateers captured off Sibiona by the
boats of the Sabine sloop, 26th
May, 1811. Twenty-six sail of
French ships taken off Palinuro
by the British ships Thames and
Cephalus, 20th July, 1811, and
afterwards 10 other Neapolitan ves-
sels by the Thames. Eighteen ves-
sels brought out and ten destroyed
in a creek of Ragosinza, without
the loss of a British man, 27th
July, 1811. Four Danish gun-
boats taken by the British near
Heligoland, 6th Aug. ,1811. Five
French vessels with stores captured
in the Channel by the British ship
Hawke, 17th Aug., 1811; and
several others by the same ship
two days after. The French gun-
brig Teaser, and Le Pluvier, with
eight vessels, captured by the boats
of the Diana and Semiramis, 25 th
Aug., 1811. A French brig sunk,
two driven ashore, and a small vil-
lage battered to the ground near
Cherbourg, by the British ship
Hotspur, 8th Sept. ,1811. Bri tish
frigate Naiad attacked by seven
armed praams, in presence of Buo-
naparte, which were repulsed and
driven under the batteries, 21st
Sept., 1811. French frigate Pom-
ona captured by the British frigate
Active, 29th Dec.} 1811. Rivoli,
French ship of 84 guns, taken by
the British ship Victorious of 74
guns, 21st Feb., 1812. French
flotilla defeated before Dieppe l.y
Captains Harvey and Troll ope, of
the Rosario and Griffin sloops, 27th
March, 1812. Two French fri-
gates and a brig destroyed at the
entrance of L'Orient by tlie North-
umberland man of war, 22nd May.
1812. Severe action between the
British squadron Podarirus, Calyp-
so, and Flamer gun-brig, and a
Danish squadron off Mardoe, when
two Danish vessels were reduced to
a wreck, 6th July, 1812. British
frigate Guerriere captured and de-
stroyed by the American frigate
Constitution, 19th Aug., 1812.
British brig Frolic captured by the.
American sloop Wasp, 18th Oct.,
1812. British frigate Macedonian
captured by the American ship
United States, 25th Oct., 1812.
British frigate Java captured by the
American ship Constitution, 29th
Dec, 1812. Between the British
ship Amelia and a French frigate off
the African coast, in which the
Amelia had 46 killed and 95
wounded, 7th Feb., 1812. Pea-
cock, British sloop of war, captured
by the American ship Hornet, and
so disabled that she sank with a
great part of her crew, 25th Feb.
J 813. American frigate ('
peake captured by the British ship
Shannon, 1st June, 1813. Ameri-
can armed vessels Growler and
Eagle taken, after a smart action,
by the British gun-boats, 3rd June,
1813. American sloop of war Ar-
gus taken by the British sloop Peli-
can, 14th Aug.,' 1813. French
frigate La Trave, of 44 guns, taken
bv the British frigate Andromache,
of 38 guns, 23rd Oct., 1813.
French frigate Alcmene taken by
the British ship Venerable, 16th
Jan., 1814 ; and the French frigate
Iphigenia a few days after. Ceres,
French frigate taken by the Brit-
ish ship Tagus, 6th Jan., 1814.
French frigate Terpsichore captured
by the British ship Majestic, 3rd
Feb., 1814. French frigate Clo-
riade surrendered to the British
frigates Dryad and Achates, after a
BAT
BAT
severe engagement with the Euro-
tas, 25th Feb., 1814. French fri-
gate L'Etoile captured by the Brit-
ish ship Hebrus, 27th March, 1814.
American frigate Essex captured
by the British ships Phoebe and
Cherub, 29th March, 1814. Brit-
ish squadron captured by an Ame-
rican squadron, after a severe con-
flict, in Lake Champlain, 11th
Sept., 1814. Avon, British sloop
of war, sunk by the American
sloop Wasp, off Kinsale, 8th Sept.,
1814. American ship President
captured by the British ship Endy-
mion, 15th Jan., 1815.
Senegal taken by the English,
1st May, 1758 ; again, 1779; again,
13 July, 1809. Sennacherib's army
destroyed, 710 B.C. Seringapa-
tam, capital of the Mysore, taken
by the English under General Har-
ris, 6th May, 1799. Seville sur-
rendered to the French, 1st Feb.,
1810; retaken by the allies 27th
Aug., 1812. Sheerness blown up
by the Dutch fleet, 1667. Sierra
Leone nearly destroyed by a French
frigate in 1795. Silesia taken by
the King of Prussia, 1740. Sluys
was taken by the Spaniards in
1587, and in 1 604 the Dutch re-
took it ; the French took it in
1747,' but it was restored at the
peace. Smolensko entered by the
French, after a sanguinary battle,
18th Aug., 1812 ; evacuated by
them 18th Nov. Spain became
subject to the Saracens in 713, and
was recovered from them 1493;
invaded by the French, 1808.
Stonington, North America, taken
by Sir Thomas Harding, 1 1th Aug.,
1814. Stralsund taken possession
of by the French, 26th Jan., 1812.
Suetonius Paulinus, in the reign of
Nero, invaded the island of Angle-
sea, and burnt the Druids, 59 ;
defeated Boadicea at London, and
slew 80,000 of the Britons the
same year. Surat taken by the
English, 1759. Surinam surren-
dered by the English to Holland,
1667 ; taken by the English, 20th
Aug., 1799; again, 5th May, 1804.
Susa, Africa, bombarded and nearly
destroyed by the Venetians, Nov.,
1784. Syria was subdued by the
Turks, 1515.
Tamatave, island of Madagascar,
capitulated to the English, 21 May,
1811. Tangiers taken by the Span-
iards from the Moors, 1470; des-
troyed by the English, 1684. Tarra-
gona surrendered to the French, 28
June, 1811; abandoned by them,
4th Sept., 1813. TarifFa, siege of,
raised by the French, 1812. Te-
meswaer taken by the Imperialists,
1716. Ternate, in the East Indies,
captured by the English, 21st June,
1801. Theban war, 1225 B.C.
Thebes destroyed by Alexander,
when he left only Pindar the poet's
house standing, 335 B.C. Thet-
ford burnt by the Danes, 1010.
Thomas, St., a Danish island, taken
by the English, 28th March, 1801 ;
again, 21st Dec, 1807. Thorn,
garrison of, capitulated to the Rus-
sians, 18th April, 1813. Thurot,
Captain, made a descent on the
coast of Ireland, 20th Feb., 1760.
Ticonderago taken by the English,
1759; by the Provincials, 13th
May, 1775. Tobago taken by the
English from the Dutch, 1672;
retaken by them, 1674; taken by
the French, 2nd June, 1781 ; and
retaken by the English, 1793;
again, 30th June, 1803. Tortona
was taken by the French, 5th
July, 1799; abandoned the 20th
of the same month, and surren-
dered to the Imperialists, 1 1th Aug.,
1799. Tortosa, garrison of, sur-
rendered to the French, 1st Jan.,
1811. Toulon taken from the
French revolutionists by Admiral
Hood, 1793; abandoned to their
forces Dec. the same year ; signed
an act of submission to Louis
XVIIL, 23rd July, 1815. Tou-
louse entered by Lord Wellington
12th April, 1814. Trent was
taken by the French in 1796, who
were repulsed by the Austrians the
same year. Treves taken by the
French in 1794. Trieste was
seized by the French, but retaken
56
BAT
B A T
by the Austrians, 14th April, 1797.
Trincomalee, Ceylon, taken by the
English 11th Jan., 1782 and 1795.
Trinidad taken by the English with
four ships of the line, 1797. Tri-
poli reduced by Admiral Blake,
1655. Troy, the siege of, began
1184 B.C. Troves, French driven
out of, by the allied armies, 4th
March, 1814. Tunis taken by the
Emperor Charles V., and restored
to its king who had been banished,
1535; reduced by Ad. Blake, 1656.
Tuscan war commenced 312 B. C.
Tuscany was seized by the French
in April, and abandoned in Aug.,
1799 ; again seized 1800; ceded to
Buonaparte 1807; restored, 1814.
Turin was taken possession of by
tin- French, 6th Dec, 1798, and
surrendered to the Austrians and
Russians in June following, and the
citadel, 27th May, 1799. Tyrol was
invaded by the French, 1796-97.
Valencia capitulated to the
French, 9th Jan., 1812. Valen-
ciennes was besieged from 23 rd
May to 14th July, 1793, when the
French garrison surrendered it to
the combined army under the com-
mand of the Duke of York ; re-
taken by the French in 1794.
A'alladolid entered by Joseph Buon-
aparte, 16th July, 1811 ; entered
bv the allied army under Lord
Wellington, 30th July, 1812.
Venice was seized, and their repub-
lic abolished, by the French, in
1797 ; and soon after part of their
territories was seized by the Aus-
trians, and ceded to them by the
French. Venlo surrendered to
the French, 24th Oct., 1794. Ve-
rona was taken by the French,
when a great part of it was destroyed
by a fire, 28th April, 1797. Ver-
rea taken by assault by the Russians,
14th Oct., 1812. Vespasian con-
quered the Isle of Wight, 43. Vi-
asma entered by the French, 29th
Aug., 1812. Yicenza taken by the
French, 1797. Vienna besieged
by the Turks, 1529-32-43, and
1683 ; taken by the French, 14th
Nov., 1805, and 12th April. 1809.
Vigo galleons taken by the En<:li-lt
fleet, 12th Oct., 1702. Villena.
>>f, with the Spanish mnieon,
surrendered to the 1'ieneli, 13th
April. 1813. Vincent 1
of, taken by the French, 17th
June, 1779; restored, 1783; in-
surrection there, March, 1 7
suppressed, 1796. Urbino, I
surrendered to the Austrian*, lOtli
July, 1799. Utrecht, surrendered
to the French, 18th Jan., 1795.
Walcheren, Isl. of, taken by Un-
English, Aug., 1809; evacuated by
them December following. W
had its prince defeated and mur-
dered, and the principality annexed
to England, 1286; invaded 1>\ tin
French, 22nd Feb., 1797. War,
among many others, with Scotland,
1 068. Peace with Scotland, 1091.
Peace with France, 1113. War
with Prance, 1116. Peace with
France, 1118. Peace with Scot-
land, 1139. War with Pi
1161. Peace with France, 1 1 86.
War again with France, with suc-
cess, 1 194. Peace with France,
1195. War with France, 1201.
War, civil, renewed, 1215. Wai
ended, 1206. War with I i
1224. War ended, 1243. War,
civil, 1262. War, civil, ended,
1267. War with France, I2M.
War with Scotland, 1296. Peace
with France, 1299. Peace with
Scotland, 30th March , 1323. War
again with Scotland, 1327. War
ended, 1328. War again with
Scotland, 1333. War with France,
1339. Peace with France, 8th
May, 1360. War with France,
1368. War, civil, 1400. War
with Scotland, 1400. Peace with
Prance, 31st May, 1420. War
with France, 1422. War, civil,
between York and Lancaster. 1452.
Peace with France, Oct., 1471.
War, civil, 1486. War with
France, 6th Oct., 1492. Peace
with France, 3rd Nov. following.
Peace with Scotland, 1502. Wai
with France, 4th Feb., 1512.
War with Scotland, 1513. Peace
with France, 7th Aug., 1514.
BAT
BAT
57
War with France, 1522. War
with Scotland, 1522. Peace with
France, 1527. Peace with Scot-
land, 1542. War with Scotland
directly after. Peace with France
and Scotland, 7th June, 1546.
AVar with Scotland, 1547. War
with France, 1549. Peace with
both, 6th March, 1550. War,
civil, 1553. War with Scot-
land, 7th June, 1557. War with
France, 1557. Peace with France,
2nd April, 1559. Peace with
Scotland, 1560. War with France,
1562. Peace with France, 1564.
War with Scotland, 1570. War
with Spain, 1588. Peace with
Spain, 18th Aug., 1604. War
with Spain, 1624. War with
France, 1627. Peace with Spain
and France, 14th April, 1629.
War, civil, 1642. War with the
Dutch, 1651. Peace with the
Dutch, 5th April, 1654. War
with Spain, 1655. Peace with
Spain, 10th Sept., 1660. War
with France, 26th Jan., 1666.
War with Denmark, 19th Oct.
following. Peace with the French,
Danes, and Dutch, 24th Aug.,
1667. Peace with Spain, 13th
Feb., 1688. War with the Al-
gerines, 6th Sept., 1669. Peace
with the Algerines, 19th Nov.,
1671. War with the Dutch,
March, 1672. Peace with the
Dutch, 28th Feb , 1674. War
with France, 7th May, 1679.
Peace, general, 20th Sept., 1689.
War with France, 4th May, 1702.
Peace of Utrecht, 13th July, 1713.
War with Spain, December, 1718.
Peace with Spain, 1721. War
with Spain, 19th Oct., 1739. War
with France, 21st March, 1744.
Peace with France, &c. 18th Oct.,
1748. War with France, 1756.
War with Spain, 4th Jan., 1762.
Peace with France and Spain, l()th
Feb., 1763. Peace between Rus-
sia and the Turks, 1773. War,
civil, in America, commenced 14th
June, 1774. War with France,
6th Feb., 1778. War with Spain,
17th April, 1780. War with Hol-
land, 21st Dec, 1780. Peace with
France, Spain, Holland, and Ame-
rica, 1783. War with France,
1793, by the English, Prussians,
Austrians, Sardinians, and Italian
States. Peace between Prussia
and France, 1795. Peace between
France and Spain, 1795. Peace
between France and Naples, 1796.
Peace with the French and Sar-
dinians, 1796. War between Eng-
land and Spain, 11th Nov., 1796.
War between France, Naples, and
Sardinia, Nov., 1798. Peace be-
tween Austria and France, 9th
Feb. , 1 80 1 . War between Spain
and Portugal, 28th Feb., 1801.
Peace between Naples and France,
March, 1801. Peace between Por-
tugal and Spain, 10th June, 1801.
Peace between France and Portugal,
29th Sept., 1801. Peace between
France and the Porte, 17th Oct ,
1801. Peace between England,
France, Spain, and Holland, 27th
March, 1802. War between Eng-
land and France, 29th April, 1803,
War between England and Spain,
14th Dec, 1804. War between
France, Russia, and Austria, Sept.,
1805. Peace between France and
Austria, 27th Dec, 1805. War
between Sweden and France, 3 1 st
Oct., 1805. War between Eng-
land and Prussia, April, 1806.
War between Prussia and France,
Oct., 1806. Peace between France
and the Elector of Saxony, 11th
Dec, 1 806. Peace between Eng-
land and Prussia, 28th Jan., 1807.
Peace between France and Russia,
19th July, 1807. War between
England and Denmark, 4th Nov.,
1807. War between Russia and
Sweden, 10th Feb., 1808. War
between Denmark and Sweden,
29th Feb., 1808. War between
Prussia and Sweden, 6th March,
1808. War between Spain and
France, 6th June, 1808. Peace
between England and Spain. 6th
June, 1808. Peace between Swe-
den and Russia, 17th Sept., 1809.
Peace between France and Austria,
15th Oct., 1809. Peace between
d3
58
BAT
BAT
France and Sweden, 6th Jan.,
1810. Peace between England and
Prussia, 1st Aug., 1812. Peace
between England and Sweden,
4th _ 17th Aug., 1182. War
between England and America,
18th June, 1812. War between
Sweden and Denmark, 13th Sept.,
1813. Peace between Sweden and
Denmark, 14th Jan., 1814. Peace
between France and the Allies,
(England, Russia, and Prussia,)
30th May, 1814. Peace between
France and Spain, 20th July, 1814,
Peace between England and Ame-
rica, 24th Dec, 1814. Peace be-
tween Saxony and Prussia, 18th
May, 1815. War against Napoleon
began and ended, 1815. Wars of
Austria : — 1 . The war of the Otto-
man Porte from 1592 to 1606, ter-
minated by the peace at Sithvarock,
in Hungary, on the 21st October,
1606. 2. The war, commonly
called the thirty years' war, which
lasted from 1618 until 1648, ter-
minated by the peace of Westphalia
on the 14th of October, 1648, at
Munster, in Westphalia. 3. The
war respecting the Mantuan suc-
cession, which lasted from 1629 to
1631, terminated with France by a
treaty of peace at Ratisbon, on the
13th of October, 1630; and with
Spain by arrangements made on the
6th of April, 1631, at Cherasco,
in Piedmont. 4. The second war
with the Ottoman Porte, which
lasted from 1661 until 1664, ter-
minated for 20 years by the truce
of Temeswar, in Hungary, on the
17th of Sept., 1664. 5. War with
France from 1672 to 1678, termi-
nated by the peace of Nimeguen, in
Holland, on the 5th of February,
1679. 6. Third war with the
Ottoman Porte, from 1683 to
1698, terminated by the peace of
Carlowitz, in Sclavonia, on the
26th of January, 1699. 7. Second
war with France, from 1688 to
1697, terminated by the peace of
Ryswick, in Holland, on the 30th
of October, 1697. 8. War with
France and Spain, from 1701 to
1713, terminated by the peace of
Rastadt, in the empire, on the 6th
of March, 1714. 9. Fourth WW
with the Ottoman Porte, from 1716
to 1718, terminated by the peace
of Passarowitz, in Servia, on tin-
21st of July, 1718. 10. Second
war with Spain, respecting the pos-
sessions in Italy, from 1717 to
1725, terminated by the peace of
Vienna, in Austria, on the 30th of
of April, 1725. 11. War with
France and Spain, from 1733 to
1739, terminated with France by
the peace of Vienna, in Austria, on
the 3rd of October, 1738 ; and with
Spain, by the peace at Versailles,
on the 20th of April, 1739. 12.
Fifth war with the Ottoman Porte,
from 1737 to 1739, terminated by
the peace of Belgrade, in Servia,
on the 18th of September, 1739.
13. War of Austrian succession at
the death of the Emperor Charles
VI., from 1740 to 1748 : it lasted
with Prussia (for the first time)
from 1740 until 1742, and was ter-
minated by peace made at Breslau
and Berlin, on the 11th of June
and 28th July, 1742: it lasted
with Bavaria from 1741 to 1745,
and was terminated by peace made
at Fuessen, in Subia, on the 22nd
of April, 1745: it lasted with
France and Spain together, from
1741 to 1748, and was terminated
by peace made at Aix-la-Cliapelle
oil the 18th of October, 1748:
lastly, it was again carried on with
Prussia (for the second time), from
1744 to 1745, and was terminated
by peace concluded at Dresden on
the 25th of December, 1 745. 1 4.
The seven years' war, or third war
with Prussia, from 1756 to 1763
terminated by the peace of Huberts-
burg, in Saxony, on the 15th of
February, 1763. 15. Fourth war
with Prussia, respecting the Ba-
varian succession, from 1778 to
1779, terminated by the peace of
Teschen, in Upper Silesia, on the
13th of May, 1779. 16. Different
wars with the States-General of
Holland, from 1784 to 1785, re-
BAT
BAT
59
specting the opening of the Scheldt,
terminated by the treaty of Fon-
tainbleau, on the 8th of November,
1785. 17. Sixth war with the
Ottoman Porte, from 1788 until
the armistice of 1790, stipulated
by the Congress at Reichenbach,
in Silesia, and terminated by peace
made at Szistowa on the 4th of
August, 1791. 18. War with
France from 1792 to 1797, termi-
nated by peace at Leoben, in Upper
Styria, on the 17th of April, 1797.
19. War with France, March,
1799, terminated by the peace of
Luneville, 9th Feb., 1801. 20.
War with France, 1805; terminated
the same year. 21. War with
France, 1809; terminated the same
year. 22. War with France, 1813;
terminated 30th May, 1814.
The following is a list of the wars
between England and France, with
the terms of their duration, since
the one which commenced in 1116,
and continued two years : — 1116,
lasted twenty-five years ; 1141, one
year; 1201, fifteen; 1224, nine-
teen; 1294, five; 1339, twenty-
one; 1368, fifty-two ; 1422, forty-
nine; 1492, one month; 1512,
two years; 1521, six; 1549, one ;
1557, two; 1562, two; 1627, two;
1666, one; 1689, ten; 1702,
eleven ; 1744, four ; 1756, seven ;
1778,five; 1793, which terminated
27th March, 1802; 1803, which
terminated, May, 1814-15 ; termi-
nated the same year. Warsaw
surrendered to the Russians, 1795.
Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of,
defeated at the battle of Barnet,
14th April, 1441, and slain. War-
wick-abbey destroyed by the Danes,
1016. Washington, North Ame-
rica, taken by the British, and the
principal buildings destroyed bv
fire, 24th Aug., 1814. Wight,
Isle of, taken by the French, 15th
July, 1377. Williamstadt evacu-
ated by the French, 10th Dec,
1813. Wilna entered by the
French, 28th June, 1821 ; Preach
driven from it by the Russians, 10th
Dec, 1812. Witepsk entered by
the French, 28th July, 1812 ; re-
taken by General Witgenstein, 1st
Nov., 1812. Worms was taken
by the French, 15th Oct., 1794.
Wurtzburg surrendered to the
French after five weeks' siege, 10 th
Jan., 1801. York city burnt bv
the Danes, 1069; again, 1179.
York, Upper Canada, capitulated
to the Americans, 27th April, 1813.
Ypres surrendered to the French
under Moreau, 17th June, 1794;
with 6000 men and 100 cannon,
&c. Zaragoza surrendered to the
Spanish General Mina, 30th July,
1813. Zante, and the rest of the
Seven Islands, surrendered to the
British, Oct., 1809. Zurich was
abandoned by the French, 20th
June, 1799.
Battle Abbey, Sussex, built 1067.
Battle Bridge, Southwark, a fire at,
when 80 houses, besides a brewery,
dye-house, and four wharfs, were
destroyed, 2000 quarters of malt
and 800 butts of beer lost, and
damage done to the amount of
50,000/., 12th Aug., 1749.
Battoni, Pompeo, a great Florentine
painter of history, b. 5th Feb.,
1708, d. 4th Feb., 1787.
Bauer or Bouwer, John William, an
historic painter, b. at Strasburg,
1610, d. 1640.
Bauduins, a Flemish engraver and
painter, b. 1640, d. 1700.
Bausa, a Spanish historic painter, b.
1596, d. 1656.
Bauhiu, Jasper, the botanist, b. 1560,
d. 1624.
Bautru, William, French writer, b.
1588, d. 1665.
Bavaria, dukedom of, founded 1180;
made an electorate, 1028; erected
into a kingdom by Napoleon, and
placed under Maximilian Joseph,
1805 ; upon his death, 182.5, his
son Louis succeeded to the throne.
Baxter, Rev. Rich., b. 1615, d. 1691,
Baxter, William, d. 1723, aged 72.
Bayard, le Chev. Fr. warrior, b.
1476, d. 1524.
Bayer, the astronomer, flourished
early in the 17th century.
Bayle, Peter, d. 1706, aged 59.
60
BAY
BEC
Baycn y Subias, an eminent Spanish
painter of history and portraits, d.
1795.
Bayonets invented at Bayonne, 1670 ;
first used in England, 24th Sept.,
1693.
Bayonne, in France, the chapel of the
New Castle at, blown np by gun-
powder, when 100 persons were
killed, 10th July, 1793.
Bazzoni, an Italian painter of history,
b. 1701, d. 1769.
Beads, first used by papists in their
devotions, 1093.
Beale, Mary, a distinguished English
portrait painter, b. 1632, d. 1697.
Bear, order of knighthood, began in
Switzerland, 1243.
Beards worn by the Greeks till 349
B. C; by the Romans till 299
B. C. ; fashionable in England after
the Conquest till the 13th century:
discontinued at the Restoration.
Beaton, Cardinal, murdered 28th May,
1546.
Beattie, Dr. Jas., author of the Min-
strel, b. 1735, d. 18th Aug., 1803.
Beaubrun, Henry, a French portrait
painter, b. 1603, d. 1677.
Beaubrun, Charles, a French portrait
painter, b. 1605, d. 1692.
Beauchief Abbey, Derbyshire, built
1183.
Beaulieu Abbey, Hampsh., built 1204.
Beaumarchais, Caron de, b. 1732, d.
1799.
Beaumaris Castle, Anglesey, built
1295.
Beaumont, Claudio, an Italian painter,
b. 1694, d. 1760.
Beaumont, Francis, the poet, b. 1555.
d. 1615.
Beaumont, Sir John, b. 1582,d. 1628.
Beccafumi, Domenico, an Italian
painter, sculptor, and engraver, b.
1484, d. 1549.
Beccari, Aug., first Italian pastoral
poet, d. 1550.
Beccaria, Marquis, b. 1735, d. 1795.
Beccles, in Suffolk, injured by fire:
damage estimated at 20,000/., 80
houses being destroyed, 29th Nov.,
1586.
Becerra, aSpanish painter and sculptor,
b. 1520, d. 1570.
Beckct, Thomas, born 1119, made
chancellor to Henry II., 1157;
archbishop of Canterbury, 1162:
impeached 1164 ; retired to France
that year ; reconciled to Henry.
June 2, 1170; murdered in the
cathedral church at Canterbury,
Dec. 29, 1170; canonized by Alex-
ander III. Ash Wednesday, 1172;
his bones enshrined in gold set
with jewels, 1220 ; dismantled and
stripped of its treasures by Henry
VIII. 1541.
Beckford, Alderman, d. 1770.
Beckford's, Alderman, monument set
up in Guildhall, 1770.
Bede, Venerable, d. 735, aged 68.
Bedell, Bishop of Kilmore,b. 1570, d.
1641.
Bedford, Duke of, made Regent of
France, 1422, d. 1435.
Bedford, 60 houses at, destroyed bv
fire, 25th May, 1812.
Bedloe, Capt. William, infamous for
perjury, d. 1680.
Beduschi, Antonio, an Italian painter
of history, b. 1576.
Beek, David, a Dutch portrait painter,
b. 1621, d. 1656, supposed to have
been poisoned.
Beeldemaker, a Dutch artist, b. 1636.
Beeston Castle, Cheshire, built by
Randal Blundeville, 1220.
Beer first introduced into England,
1492 ; in Scotland as early as 1482.
By the statute of James I. one full
quart of the best beer or ale was to
be sold for one penny, and two quarts
of small beer for one penny. The
duties on beer for the years 1783,
84, 85, & 86, produced 7,308,655/.
On malt for the same years yielded
6,156,020/. In 1788 the duties
on beer were 1,666,152/. From
Jan. 5, 1816, to Jan. 5, 1817, the
duties on beer were 9,881,772/.
Beer bill passed the Commons.
9th, the Lords, 12th July, 1830.
Beer. No. of barrels brewed in Eng-
land in 1820 : —
Of strong . . 5,949,290
Of table . . 1,330,467
In Scotland : —
Of strong . . 110,952
Of table . . 39,387
BEE
BEL
61
Number of Licensed Victuallers in
England and Wales, 48,639 ; por-
tion of the above who brew their
own beer, 22,324 ; number of
brewers in England and Wales,
exclusive of London, 1591; ditto
in London, 136 ; ditto in Scotland,
263 ; barrels of strong beer brewed
in England and Wales, in the year
ending April 5, 1823, 4,142,649;
ditto in Scotland, 123,222 ; portion
of the above brewed in London,
1,829,940; barrels of strong beer
exported, 71,828; portion of the
above exported from London,
56,490 ; ditto from Liverpool,
1 1,863; small beer brewed in Great
Britain, 1,299,275. Every man,
woman, and child in London, seems
from this statement, to drink on
the average two barrels of beer a-
year. The quantity of strong beer
brewed in England in a year, would
float all the navy in commission.
The account only refers, of course,
to beer brewed by common brewers.
Beer, Arnold de, a Flemish historic
painter, b. 1490, d. 1542.
Beer, Joseph de, a Dutch painter of
history, d. 1596.
Bees, St., Priory of, Cumberland,
founded 1120.
Beggars relieved by act of parliament,
1496.
Bega, a Dutch painter of landscapes
and interns, b. 1620, d. 1664.
Begeyn, a Dutch landscape painter,
d. 1710.
Beheading of noblemen first intro-
duced into England, 1074.
Behmen, Jacob, b. 1535, d. 1634.
Beisch, Joachim Francis, a German
landscape painter, b. 1665, d. 1748.
Belfast, long Bridge at, built 1782;
Bank built 1787.
Belgium, separated totally from Hol-
land, 4th Oct., 1880 ; elected Leo-
pold king, 4th June, 1831.
Bclisarius deprived of his dignities,
561, d. 565.
Bella, Stefano della, a Florentine
painter and engraver, b. 1610, d.
1664.
Bell, Rev. Andrew, author of the
.Madras system of education, b. in
1753, d. 1882.
Bell, William, an English historic
painter, d. 1804.
Bell, John, an eminent surgeon, d.
1820.
Bellarmin, Cardinal, born in Italy
1542, d. 1621.
Bellay, Cardinal du, d. 1560.
Bell, book, and candle, swearing by,
originated in the manner of the
pope's blessing the world yearly,
from the balcony of St. Peter's, at
Rome. He holds a wax taper
lighted ; a cardinal reads a curse on
all heretics, and no sooner is the
last word uttered, than the bell
tolls, and the pope changes the curse
into a blessing, throwing down his
taper among the people.
Belle, Nic. Sim. Alexis, a French
portrait painter, b. 1674, d. 1734.
Belleau, French poet,b. 1528, d. 1577.
Bellevois, an accomplished painter of
marine subjects, d. 1684.
Bellingham, Northumberland, 25
houses at, destroyed by fire, 25th
Aug., 1750.
Bellingham, John, shot Spencer Per-
ceval, prime minister of Great Bri-
tain, in the lobby of the House of
Commons, 11th May, 1811.
Bellini, Giacomo, a Venetian portrait
painter, b. 1405, d. 1470.
Bellini, Gentile, a Venetian painter of
history, b. 1421, d. 1501.
Bellini, Giovanni, a Venetian historic
painter, b. 1422, d. 1512.
Bellini, Filippo, an Italian historical
painter, flourished 1596.
Bellini, Giacento, a Bolognese his-
torical painter, flourished 1640.
Bellotti, Bernardo, a Venetian painter
of architecture and landscape, b.
1724, d. 1780.
Bellotti, Pietro, A. Venetian portrait
painter, b. 1625. d. 1700.
Bellows invented 554 B. C.
Bellmen first appointed in London,
1556. They were to ring their
bells at night, and cry — " Take
care of your fire and candle, be
charitable to the poor, and pray for
the dead."
Bells invented by Paulinius, bishop
of Nola, in Campania, about 400 ;
first known in France, 550 ; first
consecrated, 963; first used by the
62
BEL
B E N
Greek empire, 864 ; were intro-
duced into monasteries in the 7th
or 8th century; first baptized,
1000. Pope Stephen I1T., placed
three hells in a tower on St. Peter s,
in Rome. In the churches of Eu-
rope they were introduced in 900.
They were first introduced in Swit-
zerland, 1020. The first tuneable
set in England were hung up in
Croyland Abbey, in Lincolnshire,
960 ; used to be baptized in churches,
1030. The " great torn," in Lin-
coln cathedral, broken 27th July,
1831.
Bellucci, Giov. Battista, a Roman
painter of history, b. 1506, slain in
battle, 1541.
Bellucci, Antonio, a Venetian painter
of history and portraits, b. 1654,
d. 1726.
Bel ton, Rutlandshire, 27 dwelling-
houses, with their offices, destroyed
by fire, 27th May, 1776.
Belvoir Castle ; greater part of this
noble seat of the Duke of Rutland
destroyed by fire, 28th Oct., 1816.
Bembo. cardinal, of Venice, d. 1547,
aged 77.
Bemmel, \V. Van, a Dutch landscape
painter, b. 1630, d. 1703.
Bemmel, J. G. Van, a Dutch painter
of battle pieces, b. 1669, d. 1723.
Benaschi, an eminent Italian painter,
b. 1634, d. 1688.
Benavides, a Spanish painter of his-
tory, b. 1637, d. 1703.
Benbow, John, brave English ad-
miral, b. 1650, d. 1702.
Bendlowes, Edw. English poet, b.
1613, d. 1686.
Benedettis, Domenico de, an Italian
historic painter, b. 1610, d. 1678-
Benedetto. See Ctstiglione.
Benedict, St., founder of the Bene-
dictines, d. 546, aged 66.
Benefices began about 500. The fol-
lowing account of those in England
is given as the fact by Dr. Burn,
viz. 1071 livings not exceeding 10/.
per annum ; 1467 above 10/. and
not exceeding 20/.; 1126 above
20/. and not exceeding 30/. ; 1049
above 30/. and not exceeding 40/. ;
884 above 40/. and not exceeding
50/. ; total, 5597 livings under 50/,
per annum. It must be 500 j
before every living can be raised to
651. a-year, by Queen Anne's
bounty; and 399 years befbffi
of them can exceed 50/. u-year. (Mi
the whole there are above 11,000
church preferments in England, .
exclusive of bishoprics, deaneries,
canonries, prebendaries, priest-
vicars, lay-vicars, secondaries, &c.
belonging to cathedrals, or choris-
ters, or even curates to well bene-
ficed clergymen.
Benefiali, Marco, a Roman painter of
scripture subjects, b. 1684, d. 17<>4.
Benefit of Clergy, taken from mur-
derers, 24th Oct., 1513.
Benefit Societies' Act passed, 1795.
Benezech, an English portrait and
historic painter, d. 1794.
Benfatto, Luisri, an Italian historic
painter, b. 1581, d. 1641.
Bengeworth, near Evesham, 12 houses
at, burnt 25th Aug., 1750.
Bengal, lndiaman, burnt, when 20
persons perished, 19th Jan. 1815.
Bcnserade, the French poet, b. 1612,
d. 1691.
Benso, Giulio, a Genoese painter of
historv and architecture, b. 1601,
d. 1668.
Bent, John Vander, a Dutch land-
scape painter, b. 1650, d. 1690.
Bentham, Edward, English divine,
and writer of the history of Ely
Cathedral, d. 1776.
Bentham, Jeremy, an eminent English
lawyer, b. 1747, d. 1882.
Bentlev, the Rev. Dr. Richard, b.
1662, d. 1742.
Benvenuto, Giov. Batt. L'Ortolano,
an Italian historic painter, b. 1490,
d. 1525.
Benwell, J. H., an English landscape
painter, b. 1764, d. 1785.
Benwell, Mary, an English portrait
painter, fi. from 1762 to 1783.
Benvowski, Connt, b. 1741, slain
1786.
Bencroffs almshouses, Mile End,
Middlesex, built, 1785.
Berchem, or Berghem, a celebrated
Dutch painter of landscapes and
cattle, b. 1624, d. 1689.
Berchet, a French historical painter,
b. 1659, d. 1720.
BER
BER
63
Berenger, d. 1088, aged 90.
Bere-regis, Dorsetshire, 42 dwellings
at, with' out-houses, destroyed by
fire, 8th June, 1788.
Berg, M. V., a Dutch portrait and
history painter, b. 1615, d. 1647,
or 1687.
Bergen, a Dutch painter of cattle,
landscapes, and portraits, b. 1645,
d. 1689.
Bergen, N. V., a Dutch historic
painter, b. 1670, d. 1699.
Bergham Abbey, Sussex, built 1160.
Berghen, in Norway, 1660 families
at, burnt out of their houses, 1756.
Bergman, Sir T., chemist, b. 1735,
d. 1784.
Bergmuller, a Dutch painter and
engraver, b. 1687, d. 1762.
Berkeley, bishop of Clovne, b. 1684,
d. 1753.
Berkheyden, Job, a Dutch painter,
b. 1637, d. 1693.
Berkheyden, Gerard, a Dutch painter
of architectural subjects, b. 1645,
drowned 1693.
Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire,
began by Henry I., 1108; finished
by Henry II.
Berkmans, H., a Dutch historical and
portrait painter, b. 1629, d. 1679.
Berlin coach, invented 1509.
Bermuda Isles, first discovered 1527 ;
settled, 1612.
Bermuda, hurricane at, by which one
third of the houses were destroyed,
and all the vessels in the harbour,
except two, driven ashore or sunk,
26th July, 1813.
Bernard, of Brussels, a painter of field
sports and wild animals, d. 1540.
Bernard, Samuel, a French painter
and engraver, b. 1615, d. 1687.
Bernard, St., d. 1008.
Bernard, Dr. Edward, the astronomer,
b. 1638, d. 1695.
Bernard, Peter Quesnel, a French
writer, d. 1773.
Bernard, Sir Thomas, an English
philanthropist, conductor of poor
societies, b. d. 1st July, 1812.
Bernard Castle, Durham, built 1270.
Berne, in Switzerland, made an impe-
rial city, J 290; ancient govern-
ment of, overturned by the French';
re-established, Dec. 24, 1813 ; the
diet meets here in 1 835 and 1836 ;
at Lucerne in 1 837 and 1 838.
Bernini, John Lawrence, an Italian
sculptor, painter, and architect,
b. 1598, d. 1680.
Berno, Italian poet, poisoned 1536.
Bernouli, James, the mathematician,
b. 1654, d. 1705.
Bernouli, Daniel, b. 1700, d. 1782.
Berosus, the Chaldean historian, flou-
rished 268 B. C.
Berretini, an Italian, and an excellent
painter of history and landscape,
b. 1596, d. 1669.
Berretono, an Italian painter of his-
tory, b. 1627, d. 1682.
Berragnette, a Spanish painter, sculp-
tor, and architect, d. 1545.
Berri, Duke de, assassinated in Paris,
13th Feb., 1820, by Louvel, a
fanatic.
Berry, Rear Admiral Sir E., b. 1769,
d. 1831.
Berry, Pomperoy, Castle, Devon,
built 1070.
Berthier, Marshal, prince of Wagram,
threw himself from the window of
a house at Bamberg, and was killed,
1st June, 1815.
Bertholdus, who discovered gunpow-
der^. 1340.
Bertin, N., an eminent French his-
toric painter, b. 1667, d. 1736.
Bertolotti, a Genoese historical pain-
ter, b. 1640, d. 1721.
Berwick, Duke of, born 1670, killed
at the siege Philipsburg, 12 th June,
1734.
Bethlehem Hospital, built 1553 ; re-
built, 1675 ; pulled down in por-
tions, at several periods since the
commencement of the century.
Bethlehem Hospital, new, first stone
laid, 20th April, 1812.
Bettenson, Mr., of Queen Square,
left 30,000J. to charitable uses.
10,000/. of it to Mr. Hetherington's
charity for the blind, 28th Oct.,
1788.
Bctterton, player, b. 1635, d. 1605.
Bcttes, two brothers, miniature pain-
ters in England, flourished 1596.
Betti, an Italian historic painter, b.
1545, d. 1615.
64
BET
BIB
Bettini, Domenicino, a Florentine
painter of fruits, flowers, and ani-
mals, b. 1644, d. 1705.
Beuckelaer, a Flemish painter of
game, fruit, &c, b. 1530, d. 1010.
Beverley Church, Yorksh., built 711.
Beverley, near Nottingham, 14 houses
at, burnt, 19th March, 1816.
BcvertonCastle,Gloucestershire, built
1076.
Beurs,AV., a Dutch landscape painter,
b. 1656, d. 1690.
Beza, Theodore, b. at Vezelai, 1519,
d. 1605.
Bezozzi, an Italian painter, b. 1648,
d. 1706.
Bianchi, Bal., a Bolognese historical
painter, b. 1614, d. 1679.
Bianchi, Fran., an Italian historic
painter, Correggio's master, b. 1447,
d. 1510.
Bianchi, Pietro, a Roman historic
painter, b. 1694, d. 1740.
Bianchi, Isidoro, a Milanese historical
painter, b. 1626, d. 1670.
Bianchini, a Veronese philosopher,
founder of the academy of Altofili,
b. 1662, d. 1729.
Biancucci, an Italian historic painter,
b. 1583, d. 1653.
Bibiena, F. G., a Bolognese historic
painter, h. 1657, d. 1746.
Bible, chronology of; see events in
the Old Testament.
Bible history ceases, 430 years before
Christ. — Septuagint version made,
284 ; first divided into chapters,
1253. The first English edition
was in 1536; the first authorised
edition in England was in 1539 ;
the second translation was ordered
to be read in churches, 1549; the
present translation finished, Sept.
1611; permitted by the Pope
to be translated into all the lan-
guages of the Catholic states, 28th
Feb., 1759 ; the following is a dis-
section of the Old and New Testa-
ment : —
In the Old Testament, books 39,
chapters 929, verses 23,214,
words 592,493, lets. 2,728,100 ;
in the New, books 27, chap-
ters 260, verses 7,959, Avoids
1 81,253, letters 838,380 ; total,
books 66, chapters 1,189,
31,173, words 773,746, letter*
3,566,480.
The Apocrypha has 183 chapters.
6081 verses, and 125,185 words.
The middle chapter, and the
least in the Bible, is the 1 1 7th
psalm; the. middle verse is the
8th of 118th psalm ; the middle
line is the 2nd book of the
Chronicles, 4th chapter, and
16th verse ; the word and occurs
in the Old Testament 35,535
times ; the same word in the
New Testament occurs 10,684
times ; the word Jehovah occurs
6,855 times.
Old Testament. The middle hook
is Proverbs ; the middle chapter
is the 29th of Job ; the middle
verse is the 2nd book of Chro-
nicles, 20th chapter, and the
18th verse; the least verse is
the 1st book of Chronicles, 1st
chapter and 1st verse.
New Testament. The middle
is the Thessalonians, 2nd; the
middle chapter is between the
13th and 14th of the Romans;
the middle verse is the 1 7th of
the 17th chapter of the Acts;
the least verse is the 35th verse
of the 11th chapter of the Gospel
by St. John.
The 21st verse of the 7th chapter
of Ezra has all the letters of the
alphabet in it.
The 19th chapter of the 2nd book
of Kings, and the 37th chapter
of Isaiah, are alike.
The book of Esther has 10 chapters,
but neither the words Lord nor
God in it.
Bible, first translated into the Saxon
language, .939 ; into the English
language by Tyndalc and Cover-
dale, 1534 ; first translation by the
king's authority, 1536.
Bible society, naval and military,
instituted 1780.
Bicci, a Florentine artist, b. 1400,
d. 1460.
Bickerton, Admiral, Sir R. EL, a
gallant British officer, trained
under Duncan, b. 1760, d. 1832.
BID
BIL
65
Biddenden cakes, so called from a
small town of that name, famous j
for giving 1000 cakes to the parish-
ioners on Easter Sunday, impressed
with the figure of two females
joined together.
Biddies, John, the miser ; he congra-
tulated himself that 6d. per day
was sufficient for his support; he
was worth one million sterling,
d. 4th Nov., 1833.
Biddle, John, h. 1615, d. 1662.
Bidloo,the anatomist, b. 1649, d. 1 730.
Bie, Adrian de, an eminent Dutch
painter, b. 1.5.94, d. 1640.
Biezelingen, a Dutch portrait painter,
b. 1558, d. 1600.
Bigamy statute, first passed 1276.
Bigio, Fran., a Florentine painter
of architectural subjects, b. 1445,
d. 1525.
Biggleswade, nearly destroyed by fire,
16th June, 1785.
Bigland, John, a voluminous English
writer, b. 1570, d. 1832.
Bilboa built by Diego Lopez de Haro,
1300.
Bill of Rights, passed first 1689.
Bills of Exchange, first mentioned,
1160; used in England, 1307;
the only mode of sending money
from England by law, 1381.
Bills of Exchange, regulated 1698,
1735; made felony to counterfeit,
1734; tamed 1783; reduced 1797,
1804, 1814 ; punishment of death
exchanged for transportation.
Billing, Great, Northamptonshire,
steeple at, destroyed by lightning,
11th April, 1759.
Billing, Little, Priory, Northampton-
shire, built 1076. '
Billingsgate, London, made a free
fishmarket, 1499; a great tin- at,
1718; again 13th Jan., 175."; :
11th May, 1809, when the loss was
estimated at 70,000/.
Bills of mortality for London, began
1533.
The general bill of all the chris-
tenings and burials within the
bills of mortality from 15th Dee.,
1807, to 13th Dec., 1808.
Christened, males 10,189; l
9,717; total 19,906.— Buried,
males 10,228; females 9,726;
total, 19,954.
From 12th Dec, 1815, to 10th Dec,
1816, christened, males 12,132;
females 11,449 ; total, 23,581.
Buried, males, 10,105 ; females,
10,211 ; total, 20,316.
From 11th Dec 1821, to 10th Dec,
1822, christened, males, 1 1,968 ;
females, 1 1,405 ; total, 23,373.
Buried, males, 9,483 ; females,
9,382; total, 18,865.
From 10th Dec, 1822, to 17th
Dec, 1823, christened in the 97
parishes within the Avails, 1059.
Buried, 1162.
Christened in the 17 parishes with-
out the walls, 5443. Buried.
3990.
Christened in the 23 out-parishes
in Middlesex and Surrey, 17, 092.
Buried, 10,727.
Christened in the 10 parishes in
the city and liberties of AY>st-
jninster, 4095. Buried, 4708.
Diseases this year, 20,279.
Casualties : — Bitten by a mad dog,
1 ; broken limbs, 1 ; burnt, 39;
drowned, 118; excessive drink-
ing, 6 ; executed, 14 ; found
dead, 12; fractured, 1; killed
by falls, and several other acci-
dents, 6 1 ; killed by fighting, 2 ;
murdered, 2 ; overlaid, 1 ; poi-
soned, 6 ; scalded, 9 ; smothered,
3; starved, 1; suffocated, 7; sui-
cide, 24 ; total of casualties, 303.
Christened, males 13,945 ; females
13,734 ; total, 27,679. Buried,
males 10,455; females 10,132;
total, 20,587. Whereof have
died — Under two years of age,
5905 — between two and five,
1937— five and ten, 757— ten
and twenty, 757 — twenty and
thirty, 1375 — thirty and forty,
1764— forty and fifty, 1902—
fifty and sixty, 1932 — sixty and
seventy, 1874; seventy and
eighty, 1592 — eighty and ninety,
680 — ninety and a hundred,
105 — a hundred, 4 — a hundred
and two, 1 — hundred and seven,
1 — and a hundred and nine, 1.
Number of christenings and burials
66
BIL
BIN
within the City of London, and
bills of mortality for 1833.
In the 97 parishes within the walls,
christened, 835; buried, 1336.
In the 17 parishes without the
walls, christened, 4556 ; buried,
4753. In the 24 out parishes
in Middlesex, Surrey, including
the district churches, christened,
17,740; buried, 16,172. In
the 10 parishes in the city and
liberties of Westminster, chris-
tened, 3959; buried, 4316.
Total number of males chris-
tened, 13,553; females, 13,537;
in all, 27,090. Total number
buried, males, 13,319 ; females,
13,258; in all, 26,577.
Stillborn, 934 ; under two years of
age, 6261 ; two and under five
years, 2805 ; five and under
ten, 1145 ; ten and under
twenty, 970 ; twenty and under
thirty, 1700; thirty and under
forty, 2225; forty and under
fifty, 2615; fifty and under
sixty, 2412; sixty and under
seventy, 2551 ; seventy and
under eighty, 2043 ; eighty and
under ninety, 802 ; ninety and
under a hundred, 107 ; one
hundred, 3; one hundred and
one, 1 ; one hundred and two,
1 ; one hundred and three, 1 ;
one hundred and four, 1.
Decrease in the number of burials
of this year, 2029.
Billoni, Gio. Batt, an Italian painter
of history and portraits, b. 1756,
d. 1636. -
Bilson, boy of, amused the public,
1620.
Bilston, Staffordshire, waggon from,
with coals, drawn by distressed
colliers, was stopped on Maiden-
head thicket by the magistrates,
and a compensation having been
made to the persons drawing it for
the coals, they proceeded with it
quietly on their way home, 6 th
July, 1816. Another waggon was
stopped at St. Alban's, and quietly
returned, having been similarly
treated.
Bindon Abbey, Dorsetsh., built 1 172.
Bingham Priory, Norfolk, built I
Bingham, Major Gen. 8
had charge of Napoleon from I
land to St. Helena, b. 1777, d.1833.
Bingham's, Sir John, castle in Ire-
land, burnt, damage estimated at
50,000/ , 11th Nov., 1755.
Bird, Mr., and his servant, murdered
at Greenwich, 12th Feb., 1818.
Bird, free cha]>el in, begun by miI>-
scription, 1803.
Birmingham, church of St. Pet<
destroyed by fire, 24th Jan., 1 ."!."' 1 .
Birmingham theatre burnt down.
16th, Aug. 1792.
Birmingham, England, erected into a
borough, 1832.
Birnie, Sir R., many years chief
magistrate of police in London,
d. April, 1832, aged 72 years.
Birth of children taxed, 1695, 1783.
Birkhenhcad Priory, Cheshire, built
1189.
Birch, Rev. Dr., d. 1766, aged 61.
Biron, Duke of, executed in the
Bastile, Paris, 1602.
Biscaino, a Genoese historical painter
and engraver, b. 1632, d. 1657.
Bischop, John de, a Dutch painter of
history, portraits, &c. and an en-
graver, b. 1646, d. 1686.
Bischop, Cornelius, a Dutch painter
of history and portraits, b. 1630,
d. 1674.
Biset, Ch. Emanuel, a Dutch painter
of assemblics,conccrts,&c. b. 1633.
Bisham Abbey, Berks., built 1338.
Bishops, their translation first insti-
tuted, 239 ; were appointed by the
people, 400 ; first in England,
694 ; first in Denmark, 939 ; made
barons, 1072 ; precedency settled,
1075; banished England, 1208;
consented to be tributary to Rome,
1245; deprived of the privilege of
sitting as judges in capital offence-.
1388; the first that sufferad death
in England by the sentence of the
civil power, 1405; six new ones
instituted, 1530 ; elected by the
king's conge cPelire, 1535: held
their sees during pleasure, 1547 :
form of consecration ordained,
1549 ; seven deprived for being
married, 1554; several burnt for
BIS
Bl S
87
not changing their religion, 1558 ;
fifteen consecrated at Laraheth,
1559; expelled Scotland, 1589;
twelve impeached, and committed
for protesting against any law passed
in the house of lords during the
time the populace prevented their
attending parliament, 1641 ; their
whole order abolished by parlia-
ment, 9th Oct., 1646 ; nine re-
stored, and eight new ones conse-
crated, 25th Oct., 1660 ; regained
their seats in the house of peers,
30th Nov., 1661; seven committed
to the tower, for not ordering the
king's declaration for liberty of
conscience to be read throughout
their dioceses, 1688 ; six suspended
for not taking the oaths to King
William, 1689; deprived, 1690.
Bishoprics of England and Wales,
according to the antiquity of their
institution. — London, an arch-
bishopric and metropolitan of Eng-
land, founded by Lucius, the first
Christian king of Britain, 185. —
Landaff, 185.— Bangor, 516.— St.
David's, 519, (the archbishopric
of Wales, from 500 till 1 1 00, when
the bishop submitted to the arch-
bishop of Canterbury as his metro-
politan). St. Asaph's, 547 St.
Augustin, or Austin, made Can-
terbury the metropolitan arch-
bishopric, bv order of Pope Gregorv,
596. —Wells, 604. — Rochester,
604.— Winchester, 650.— Lich-
field and Coventry, 656. — Wor-
cester, 679.— Hereford, 680
Durham, 690. — Sodor and Man
(with jurisdiction of the Hebrides
in Scotland), 838.— Exeter, 1050.
— Sherborne (changed to Salis-
bury), 1056. — York, archbishop-
ric, 1067. — Dorchester (changed
to Lincoln), 1070. — Chichester,
1071. — Thetford (changed to Nor-
wich), 1088 Bath and Wells,
ib.— Ely, 1109.— Carlisle, 1133.
The following six were founded
upon the suppression of the monas-
teries by Henry VIII. Chester,
Peterborough, Gloucester, Oxford,
Bristol, Westminster, 1538. West-
minster was united to London,
1550. Canada made a bishopric
in 1793.
Estimated revenues attached to the
several bishoprics of Great Bri-
tain and Ireland, per annum :
the real amount is far higher.
England. — Canterbury, 8000/. ;
York, 7000/. ; London, 6200/. ;
Durham, 8700/.; Winchester,
7400/.; Elv,4000/.; Worcester,
3400/. ; Salisbury, 3500/. ; Nor-
wich, 5000/. ; Lincoln, 3200/. ;
Hereford, 3000/.; Chichester,
2200/. ; Bath and Wells, 2400/. :
St. Asaph, 1500/.; Carlisle,
1800/.; Llandaff, 1600/.; Pe-
terborough, 1 700/. ; Gloucester,
2200/; Rochester, 2400/.; Litch-
field and Coventry, 2900/. ;
Bangor, 1200/.; Chester, 2700/.;
Oxford, 2800/.; Exeter, 2700/.;
St. David's, 400/.; Bristol,
1500/.
Ireland. — Armagh, 8000/.; Dub-
lin, 5000/.; Tuam, 4000/.;
Cashel, 4000/. ; Derry, 7000/. ;
Clonfert, 2400/. ; Clogher,
4000/. ; Kilmore, 2600/. ; El-
phin, 3700/. ; Killala, 2900/. ;
Limerick, 3500/. ;*Cork, 2700/. ;
Cloyne, 2500/. ; Down, 2300/.;
Dromore, 2000/.; Leigh and
Ferns, 2200/. ; Kildare, 2600/. ;
Raphoe ? 2600/. ; Meath,3200/.;
Killaloe,2300/. ; Ossorv,2000/. ;
Waterford, 2600/.
Irish sees reduced from 22 in
number to 12, in 1833.
Bishop, the first that suffered death
in England by sentence of the civil
power, 1405.
Bishop of Nova Scotia, first appointed
11th Aug., 1787.
Bishop, the first in America was Dr.
Searburg, consecrated 14th Nov.,
1784.
Bishoprics in Germany, first founded
by Charlemagne, 800.
Bishoprics removed from villages to
great towns in England, 1076.
Bishop and Williams executed for
" burking" the Italian boy, 5th
Dec. 1831.
Bishop's Auckland palace, rebuilt
1665.
68
BIS
B L A
Bishopsgate, London, pulled down and
sold, 1761.
Bisset, Dr. Robert, d. 13th Mav,
1805, aged 46.
Bizelli, Giov. , an Italian painter of
history and portraits, b. 1556, d.
1612.
Black, Dr. Joseph, b. 1728, d. Dec.
1799.
Blackburn, church at, destroyed by
accidental fire, 6th Jan., 1831.
Blackburn, England, erected into a
borough, 1832.
Blackburne, Archdeacon, b. 1705, d.
1787.
Blacklock, T., the blind poet, b. 1 721,
d. 1791.
Blaekmore, Sir Richard, 1729.
Black Act, passed 1723.
Black eagle, order of knighthood in
Prussia, instituted 1701.
Black rent, established in Ireland
1412.
Black-book, was a book kept by the
English monasteries, in which a
detail of the scandalous enormities
practised in religious houses were
entered, for the inspection of visi-
tors under Henry VIII. in order to
blacken them, and hasten their
dissolution. Hence the vulgar
phrase, M 111 set you down in my
black-book."
Blackfriars Bridge voted for in com-
mon council, 1755; bill passed,
17th May, 1756, and the first stone
laid, 3d Oct., 1760; passable, 1 766 ;
finished, 1770; cost 150,840/.
Toll houses built, June, 1773;
burnt by the rioters and re-erected,
7th June, 1780; toll taken off,
24th June, 1785; Sunday toll took
place, 24th June, 1786; bridge
paved, 1792.
Blackwell-hall, first appointed repo-
sitory for woollen cloths, 1515.
Blackwood, Admiral Sir H., a gallant
friend of Nelson, b. 28th Dec.,
1770, d. 13th Dec, 1833.
Blackstone, judge of the law commen-
taries, b. 1723, d. Feb. 1780.
Black well, Dr., executed at Stock-
holm, 10th July, 1747.
Blain, Jean Batt, a French painter of
flowers and fruit, b. 1654, d. 1715.
Blair, Dr. John, d. 1782.
Blair, Dr. Hugh, d. 27th Dec, L8O0,
aged 83.
Blake, Admiral, b. 1599, d. 1657.
Blake, John Bradley, botanist, b.
1745, d. 1773.
Blaize, St., order of knighthood at
Aeon, began 1250.
Blanchard, Jean, a French painter of
historical subjects, b. 1595, d. 1 666.
Blanchard, Jacques, a French painter
of portraits and history, b. 1600,
d. 1638.
Blanchet, Thomas, a French painter
and sculptor, b. 1617, d. 1680.
Blanco, Cape, on the coast of Africa,
discovered 1441.
Blandford, assizes at, the judges, she-
riff, and others, died of the jail
distemper, 1730; burnt 4th June,
1731, when 300 houses were de-
stroyed, and again in 1775.
Blandy, Miss, hanged at Oxford,
6th April, 1752, for poisoning her
father.
Blankets first made in England 1340.
Blankhof, John Tuenisz, a Dutch
painter of marine subjects, 1>. 1 628,
d. 1670.
Blantyre, Lord, killed by an acci-
dental shot during the insurrection
of the Belgians in Sept. 1830.
Blantyre Priory, Scotland, built
1296.
Blekers, a Dutch historical painter,
b. 1635.
Bless, a Dutch historical painter, b.
1480, d. 1550.
Bliburgh Priory, Suffolk, 1110.
Blind, school for the, instituted 1 799.
Blister plaistcrs invented 60 B. C.
Blisworth, near Northampton, fifty
duellings, with their offices, de-
stroyed by fire at, 28th May, 1798.
Block, Daniel, an eminent portrait
painter, born in Pomerania, 1580,
d. 1661.
Block, Ben, a painter of history and
portraits, b.at Lubcck, 1631, d.
Block, Jacob Roger, a Dutch painter
of architectural subjects, b. 1580,
drowned, 1632.
Block, Joanna Koerten, of Amster-
dam, modelled in wax, and en-
graved on crystal, 1650, d. 1 7 1 •">-
BLO
BOA
69
Blockland, A. de Montfort, a French
historical painter, b. 1532, d. 1583.
Bloemart, Ab., a Dutch historical
painter, b. 1564, d. 1647.
Bloemart, Cornelius, a Dutch painter
and engraver, d. 1680.
Bloemen, John Francis Van, Oriz-
zonte, a Dutch landscape painter,
b. 1656, d. 1740.
Bloemen, Norbert Van, a Dutch
painter of conversations and por-
traits, b. 1672.
Blois, Peter, the historian, d. 1200.
Blond, Christopher Le, a German
portrait painter, and engraver, b.
1670, d. 1741.
Blondeel, a Flemish painter of archi-
tectural subjects, b. 1500, d. 1559.
Blood of Christ, order began in Man-
tua, 1608.
Blood seized the duke of Ormond,
with an intent to hang him at Ty-
burn, but was prevented, 6th Dec,
1670 ; attempted to steal the
crown, 9th Mav, 1671 ; d. 24th
Aug., 1680.
Blood, circulation of, through the
lungs, first made public by Michael
Servetus, a French physician, in
1553 ; Cisalpinus published an
account of the general circulation,
of which he had some confused
ideas, and improved it afterwards
by experiments, 1569 ; but it was
fully confirmed by Harvey, 1628.
Bloomfield, Robert, an English poet,
d. 19th Aug.,
Bloot, Peter, a Flemish painter of
rustic meetings, d. 1667.
Blount, Charles, b. 1654, d. 1693.
Blount, Sir Thomas Pope, b. 1648,
d. 1708.
Blow, John, musician,b. 1 648, d. 1 708.
Blucher, Marshal Prince, b. 1742,
d. 1819.
Blue, Prussian, discovered at Berlin,
1704.
Boadicea, brig, stranded near Kin-
sale, Ireland, when 200 of the
92nd regiment perished, 31st Jan.,
1816.
Boadicea, queen of the Britons,
Imrnt London, and killed 7<>,00<)
of the inhabitants, poisoned her-
self, 81.
Board-wages first commenced with
the king's servants, 1629.
Boats, flat-bottomed, invented in the
reign of William the Conqueror,
who used them in the isle of Ely.
Bocanegra, a Spanish painter of his-
tory, b. 1638, d. 1688.
Boccaccio, born in Tuscany, 1313,
d. 1375.
Boccacci, II Boccalii, an Italian pain-
ter of history and portraits, b. 1511,
d. 1546.
Boccaccino, an Italian painter of his-
tory, b. 1460, d. 1518.
Boccaccino, Fran., an Italian his-
torical painter, b. 1680, d. 1750.
Boccalini, Trajan, b. 1556, d. 1613.
Bocchi, Fans., an Italian painter of
battle pieces, b. 1659, d. 1742.
Bocciardo, Clementone, a Genoese
painter of portraits and history,
b. 1620, d. 1658.
Bocciardo, Domenico, a Genoese his-
torical painter, b. 1685, d. 1735.
Bochart, Samuel, of Rouen, b. 1599,
d. 1667.
Bochlorst, Langen Jan, a German
portrait painter, b. 1610, d. 1664.
I Bockhorst, John Van, a Dutch pain-
ter of historv and portraits, b. 1661,
d. 1724.
Bodekher, J. F., a Dutch painter,
b. 1660, d. 1727.
Bodewyns, a Dutch landscape pain-
ter, d. 1700.
i Bodiam Castle, Suffolk, built, 1139.
Bodleian Library, Oxford, rebuilt
and founded, 1598.
Bodley, Sir Thos., b. 1544, d. 1612.
Boel, Peter, a Dutch painter of fruit
and flowers, b. 1625, d. 1680.
Boerhave, Dr., d. 23rd Sept., 1738,
aged 70.
Boethius, b. 455, d. 526.
i Boetius, the historian, b. about 1470.
Boetto, an Italian painter of allegori-
cal pieces, b. 1683.
' Bog in Ireland, quantity of, 3,000,000
acres.
Bog of Castleguard or Poulenard, in
the county of Louth, in Ireland,
20th Dec", 1 793, moved in a body
fronx its original situation to the
distance of some miles, crossing
the high road towards Doon, cover-
7n
BOO
BOL
ing every thing in its way, at least
20 feet in many parts, and throwing
down several bridges, houses, &c.
Bogdanc, a Hungarian, and a painter
of fruits, flowers, &c. d. 1720.
Bohemia, kingdom of, founded, 550.
Bohemia, Queen of, visited England,
17th May, 1661, died there Feb.
1662.
Boiardo, an Italian poet, b. 1434, d.
1494.
Boileau, the French poet, b. 1636, d.
1717.
Bois-le-duc, in Languedoc, destroyed
by violent rains, 1776.
Boissieu, Jean Jacques, a French
painter of landscape and portraits,
b. 1725.
Bol, Ferdinand, a Dutch portrait and
history painter, b. 1611, d. 1681.
Bol, Hans, a Dutch landscape pain-
ter, b. 1534, d. 1593.
Bol, Cornelius, a Dutch artist, who
painted views of the fire of London
in 1666, when he flourished.
Bolanger, an Italian painter of his-
tory, b. 1606, d. 1660.
Bolingbroke, Lord, d. 1751, aged 73.
Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire,
birth-place of Henry IV., remains
of, fell down, May, 1815.
Bolivar, Simon, the Liberator and
President of Colombia, d. 17 th
Dec, 1831, aged 47, at San Pedro.
Bolivia, state of, first so called, 1825.
Bologna, an Italian painter, b. 1570,
d. 1597.
Bolognese, Crimaldi, a celebrated
Italian painter of landscajH.% his-
tory and portraits, b. 1606, d. 1680.
Bolognese, Carlo, an Italian painter
of architecture and perspective,
b. 1665, d. 1718.
Bolognini, Giov. Batt, an Italian
historical painter, b. 1611, d. 1688.
Bolswert, an engraver of Antwerp,
who flourished 1620.
Bolswert, Scheltius, an engraver of
Antwerp, who flourished 1636.
Bolton, England, erected into a bo-
rough, 1832.
Bolton, Messrs. Hardcastles' bleach-
works near, destroyed by fire, the
loss calculated at 30,000/., 27th
Oct., 1825.
Bolton Abhev, Yorkshire, built
1120; castle built 1297.
Bom, Peter, a Flemish landscape
painter, b. 1530, d. 157-.
Bombay nearly destroyed by fire, and
many lives lost, 27th Feb.. 1803.
Bombelli, Sebastiano, an Italian por-
trait painter, b. 1635, d. 1685.
Bombs first invented by a man at
Venlo, 1588; first ofted in the
service of France, 1634.
Bon, the palace of the celebrated
prince of Cologne there, burnt
down, 15th Jan., 1777, loai
mated at 200,000/.
Bonaparte ; see Buonaparte and Na-
poleon.
Bonaparte, Lucicn, arrived in
land, 18th Dec, 1810 ; created a
Roman prince by the Pope, Aug.
1814; refused passports for him-
self and family to North America,
by the allied sovereigns, 18th
March, 1817.
Bonaparte, Madame Letitia, mother of
the Emp.Napoleon,b.l752, d.1832.
See Napoleon and Buonaparte.
Bonasone, an Italian historical pain-
ter, b. 1498, d. 1570.
Bonati, an Italian historical painter,
b. 1635, d. 1681.
Boncuore, an Italian painter of his-
tory, b. 1643, d. 1699.
Bond, an English landscape painter,
d. 1804.
Bondage released by Queen Elizabeth
in several of her manors, 1574.
Bone — " Give him a bone to pick,'"
probably took its rise from a custom
at marriage feasts among the poor
in Sicily, when, after dinner, the
bride's father gives the bridegroom
a bone, saying, " Pick this bone,
for you have undertaken to pick
one more difficult."
Bones, the art of softening them,
discovered 1688.
Bonesi, a Bolognese painter, b. 1653,
d. 1725.
Boni, a Bolognese historical painter,
b. 1688, d. 1766.
Bonifacio, a Venetian painter of his-
tory, b. 1491, d. 1553.
Bonisdi, an Italian historical painter,
b. 1633, d. 1700.
BON
BOO
Bonito, Giuseppe, a Neapolitan pain-
ter of history and portraits, b.1705,
d. 1789.
Bonner, bishop of London, entered at
Oxford about 1512 ; made bishop
of London 1539 ; deprived, May
1550 ; died in the Marshalsea,
5th Sept., 1569.
Bonnet, Charles, a naturalist, b. 1 720,
d. 1793.
Bonone, Carlo, an Italian historical
painter, b. 1569, d. 1632.
Bonstetten, Mon. de, a Swiss meta-
physician, geologist, and traveller,
b. at Berne, 1745, d. 1832.
Bonvicino, II Moretto, an Italian
portrait and history painter, b.1514,
d. 1564.
Bonvs, a French portrait painter, b.
1702, d. 1740.
Bonzi, II Gobbo, an Italian painter
of fruits, festoons, &c. b. 1580,
d. 1640.
Books, in the present form, were in-
vented by Attalus, king of Perga-
mus, 887.
Books, sold by catalogue, began 1676.
Books, the first supposed to be written
in Job's time ; 30,000 burnt by
order of Leo, 761; a very large
estate given for one on Cosmogra-
phy, by king Alfred ; were sold
from 10/. to 30/. a-piece about
1400; the first printed one was
the vulgate edition of the Bible,
1462 ; the second was Cicero de
Officiis, 1466 ; Cornelius Nepos,
published at Moscow, was the first
classical book printed in Russia,
29th April, 1762.
Books, to the number of 200,000,
burnt at Constantinople by the
order of Leo L, 476. Above
4,194,412 volumes were in the
suppressed monasteries of Fraiu c,
in 1790 ; 2,000,000 were on The-
ology, the manuscripts were26,000;
in the city of Paris alone were
808,120 volumes.
Book-keeping first used after the
Italian method in London, 1569.
Boon, a Dutch painter of grotesque
subjects, d. 1698.
Boonen, A., a Dutch portrait painter,
b. 1669, d. 1729.
Boonen, G., a Dutch portrait painter,
d. 1729.
Booth, Barton, the plaver, b. 1681,
d. May, 1733.
Boots were invented B. C. 907.
Borcht, a Belgian painter and en-
graver, b. 1583, d. 1660.
Bordone, Paris, an Italian historic
painter, b. 1513, d. 1588.
Borgia, Caesar, slain at Viana, 1507.
Borgianni, a Roman historical pain-
ter, b. 1580, d. 1630.
Borgognone, Jacopo Cortese, a cele-
brated French painter of battle
pieces, b. 1621, d. 1676.
Borlase, Rev. William, the antiquary,
d. 1772.
Borromeo, Francis, a Florentine
painter, b. 1446, d. 1517.
Borroni, an Italian historic painter,
b. 1684, d. 1772.
Borzone, a Genoese painter of his-
tory and portraits, b. 1590, killed
1645.
Bos, Jerom, a whimsical, clever
painter, b. in Brabant,l 470, d. L530 .
Bos, Louis Jansen, a painter of fruits
and flowers, b. in Brabant, 1450,
d. 1507.
Bos, Gaspar Vanden, a Dutch ma-
rine painter, b. 1634, d. 1666.
Boscawen, admiral, d. 1761 , aged 50.
Boscorich, R. J., b. 1711, d. 1787.
Bosch, Balthassar Vanden, a Dutch
painter of rustic festivities, b. 1675,
d. 1715.
Bosch, Jacob Vanden, a Dutch pain-
ter of fruits and flowers, b. 1636,
d. 1676.
Boschaert, Nich., a Dutch painter of
fruits, flowers, b. 1696, d. 1746.
Bosschaert, or Bosschaert (Thomas
Willebuts) a Dutch historical
painter, b. 1613, d. 1656.
Boschi v Fab., a Florentine historical
painter, d. 1642.
Boscbi, Fran., a Florentine painter of
historical subjects, b. 1619, d.1675.
Boschini, a Venetian historical pain-
ter, b. 1613, d.
Boscoli, Andrea, a Florentine pain-
ter, b. 1553, d. 1606.
Bosschaert; see Boschaert.
Bosse, Abraham, a celebrated French
engraver, d. 1660.
72
BOS
BOT
Bossu, Renelle, d. 1680.
Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, b. 1627,
d. 1704.
Boston Port, bill for its removal,
1775.
Boston church, Lincolnshire, founded
1309.
Boston proscribed, the port closed by
the English as a punishment for a
riot, 4th April, 1744.
Boston, New England, built 1630.
Boston, in New England, sustained a
loss by fire of its court-house and
records, 23rd Dec, 1747 ; again, of
above 100,000/., 20th March, 1760;
again in 1761, 1763, and 1775;
again, 20th April, 1787, 100 houses
burnt; again, 23rd July, 1794, when
it received damage to the amount
of 200,000/.; again in Dec. 1797.
Boston church, Lincolnshire, damaged
bvfire, 23rd Mav, 1803.
Boswell, Jas., b. 1740, d. 19th Mav,
1795.
Botany Bay, settlement for, first sailed
from England, 2 1st March, 1787.
Botany, the study of, revived 1535.
Botelli, an Italian historical painter,
b. 1650, d. 1732.
Both, John, a celebrated Dutch land-
scape painter, b. 1610, drowned,
1650.
Both, Andrew, a celebrated Dutch
painter, brother and coadjutor of
John, d. 1656.
Bothel castle, Northumberland, built
1330.
Boticelli, a Florentine landscape
painter, b. 1437, d. 1515.
Botolph's priorv, Colchester, built
1109.
Botschild, an historic painter, of Sax-
ony, b. 1640, d. 1707.
Botta, a Genoese painter of history
and portraits, b. 1572, d. 1648.
Bottala, a Genoese historic painter,
b. 1613, d. 1644.
Bottani, an Italian landscape painter,
b. 1717, d. 1784.
Bottle conjuror imposed on the
credulous at the Haymarket The-
atre, 16th Jan., 1748-9.
Bottle, containing two hogsheads,
blown at Leith, Scotland, 7th Jan.,
1748-9.
Bottoni, an Italian historical painter,
b. 1662, d. 1706.
Bouchardon, Edm., a French sculp-
tor, b. 1698, d. 1762.
Boucher, Francis, a French land-
scape painter, b. 1704, d. 1770.
Boucquet, Victor, a Flemish histori-
cal and portrait painter, b. 1619,
d. 1660.
Bougainville, the navigator, escaped
from the massacres at Paris of 1 792,
and d. 3rd Aug., 1811.
Boujas, a Spanish painter of historv,
b. 1672, d. 1726.
Boullongne, Louis the elder, a French
historical painter, b. 1609, d.
1674.
Boullongne, Louis the younger, a
French historical and allegorical
painter, b. 1654, d. 1784.
Boullongne, Bon, a French painter
of history and portrait, b. 1649,
d. 1717.
Boullongne, Magdelaine de, a French
lady who painted fruits, flowers,
portraits, b. 1644, d. 1710.
Boullongne, Ginevra, a French lady
who painted fruits and flowers,
d. 1708.
Boulter, archbishop of Armagh, Ire-
land, gave 30,000/. to charitable
uses, b. 1671, d. 1742.
Boulton, Matthew, b. 1728, d. Sept.
1809.
Bounties first legally granted in Eng-
land for raising naval stores in
America, 1703; for exporting
corn, 1689.
Bourbon erected into a duchy, 1336.
Bourbon Isle planted by the French,
1672.
Bourbon, family compact, 1761 ;
expelled France, 1791; restored,
1814; re-expelled and again re-
stored, 1815 ; the Orleans branch
elected to the monarchv, 9th Aug.,
1830.
Bourbon-les-bains,inBassigni,France,
the vault under the church there
gave way during mass, when 600
persons were killed, 14th Sept.,
1778.
Bourdon, Seb., a celebrated French
painter of history and landscape,
b. 1616, d. 1671.
BO U
BRA
Bourgeois, Francis, an English land-
scape painter, founder of the Dul-
wich Gallery, b. 1756, d. 1811.
Bourienne, Mons. de, secretary and
biographer of Napoleon, died in a
maison de santein Normandy, 1834.
Bourignon, Madame, the enthusiast,
b. 1616, d. 1680.
Bourn, Thomas, an English topo-
graphical writer, b. 1771, d. 1832.
Bourralt, Edm. Fr., a French writer,
b. 1632, d. 1701.
Bout. Francis, a Belgian landscape
and figure painter, b. 1660.
Bow-bridge first built 1087.
Bow church, Cheapside, built 1673 ;
tower finished, 1680.
Bowles, the widow, of West Hanney,
Berks, (1. 4th April, I749,aged 124.
Bows and arrows introduced into
England, 1066.
Bowver, William, the printer, b.
1669, d. 18th Nov., 1777.
Boxgrove priory, Sussex, built 1110.
Boyce, Dr., the organist, d. 9th Feb.,
1779. aged 69.
Boydell, John, alderman of London,
promoter of the graphic art in
England, b. 1719, d. 1805.
Boydell, Josiah, alderman of Lon-
don, a portrait and landscape pain-
ter, and engraver, b. 1750, d. 1817.
Bover, Abel, the lexicographer, b.
1664, d. 1729.
Boyle, Richard, earl of Cork, b.
1556, d. 1643.
Boyle, Roger, inventor of the orrcrv,
b. 1621, d. 1643.
Bo vie, Robert, the philosopher, d.
i691, aged 65.
Boyle, Charles, earl of Orrerv, b.
1676, d. 1731.
Boyle, John, earl of Orrery, b. 1707,
d. 1762.
Boyle, Richard, earl of Burlington,
b. 1695, d. 1753.
Boyne, man-of-war, of 98 guns, was
destroyed by fire at Portsmouth,
when great mischief was done by
the explosion of the magazine on
1st May, \7 ( .)r,.
Bovsc, John, a divine, and one of the
translators of the Bible, b. 1560,
d. 1643.
Boyse, Samuel, b. 1708, d. 1749.
Brabant erected into a dukedom, 620.
Braccioli, an Italian historical painter,
b. 1698, d. 1762.
Braddock, general, killed at Du
Quesnc, 9th July, 1755.
Bradcnstoke Priory, Wilts., built,
1076.
Bradford, in Wiltshire, damaged by
fire, 30th April, 1740.
Bradford, England, erected into a
borough, 1832.
Bradlev, Dr. James, the astronomer,
b. 1692, d. 1762.
Bradsole Abbey, Kent, built, 1191.
Bradstow Pier, in Kent, destroyed by
a storm, 2nd Jan., 1767 ; rebuilt,
1772.
Bradshaw, John, one of the judges of
Charles I., b. 1586, d. 1659.
Brady, Rev. Dr. Nicholas, b. 1659,
d. 1726.
Brahe, Tycho, a famous astronomer,
b. 1546, d. 1601.
Brakenburg, a Dutch painter of rus-
tic merriments, b. 1649'.
Bramah, Joseph, engineer and me-
chanist, b. 1749, d. 9th Dec,
1814.
Bramante d'Urbino, a 'painter, b.
1444, d. 1514.
Bramantino, a Milanese painter, b.
1400, d. 1450.
Bramber Castle and Church, Sussex,
built before the Conquest.
Bramer, a Flemish historical painter,
pupil of Rembrandt, b. 1596.
Bvancepeth Castle, Durham, built
1140.
Brand, John, a German landscape
painter, b. 1723, d. 1793.
Brandel, Peter, a German painter of
history, b. 1660, d. 1739.
Brandenberg, John, a Swiss painter
of history and battles, b. 1660, d.
1729.
Brandenburgh House, residence of
Queen Caroline, taken down, 1824.
Brandenburgh created a marquisatc,
926; created a dukedom, 1526.
Brandi, an Italian historic painter,
pupil of Lanfranc,b. 1623, d. 1691.
Brantome, Peter de Bourdeilles, d.
1614, aged 87.
Brandmuller, a painter of history
and portraits, b. 1661, d. 1691.
74
BRA
BRE
Brass exported in 1799 amounted
to 77,033 cwt. 3 qr. 161b., at
£7 14 8 per cwt., amounted to
£595,728 15s. 5rf.
Bray, Dr. Thomas, deviser of propa-
gating the Gospel in foreign parts
b. 1656, d. 1730.
Bray, William, an English antiquary,
b. 1736, d. 1833.
Brav, Solomon de, a Dutch portrait
painter, b. 1597, d. 1664.
Bray, Berks, famous in song for its
vicar, who, from the reign of Henry
to Elizabeth, changed his religion
three times, and being called a
turncoat, said he kept to his prin-
ciple, that of living and dying
Vicar of Bray.
Brazen-noseCollege.Oxford, founded,
1513.
Brazil discovered, 1486; settled by
the Spaniards, 1515; settled by
the Dutch, 1624 ; taken from Hol-
land by the Portuguese, 1654 ;
government fixed at Rio, 1763;
declared independent of Portugal,
1 4th Dec, 1815; obtained a popu-
lar representation, 1822.
Brazil diamond mines discovered, 1730
Bread. In the year 1754 the quar-
tern loaf was sold for fourpence ;
in the year 1757, it rose to 10c?.,
and in March, 1800, to 17 d., when
new bread was forbid under the
penalty of 5s. per loaf, if the baker
sold it until 24 hours old. In
January, 1801, the quartern loaf
sold for Is. lid.; in July, 1810,
it sold for Is. od. ; in July, 1823,
for lOd. ; and in 1833, 8|rf.
Bread first made with yeast in Eng-
land, 1656.
Bread-fruit tree first introduced into
the West Indies bv Capt. Bligh,
Jan., 1793.
Breakwater, at Plymouth, com-
menced 10th Aug., 1812.
Breast-plates for armour first invent-
ed, B.C. 397.
Brecknock Castle built, 1089; pri-
ory built, 1100.
Breda, Peter Van, a Flemish land-
scape painter, b. 1630, d. 1681.
Breda, John Van, a Flemish land-
scape painter, b. 1683, d. 1750.
Breeches first introduced into Eng-
land, 1654.
Breemberg, Bartolomeo, a Dutch
landscape painter, b. 1620, d. 1660.
Bremen fortified, 1010; damaged by
an explosion of gunpowder, 1000
houses destroyed and 40 pel
killed, 10th Sep., 1739.
Brentana, a Venetian historic painter,
b. 1656. d. 1726.
Brentel, Fred., of Strasburg, a his-
torical and landscape painter, b.
1570, d. 1622.
Brere, a village in Dorsetshire, seve-
ral fires broke out at, and threat-
ened the total destruction of the
place, July, 1816.
Brerewood, Edward, mathematician
and antiquary, b. 1565, d. 1613.
Brereton, Lieut.-Col., destroyed him-
self while a court-martial was sit-
ting on his conduct, after the riots
, at Bristol, 11th Jan., 1832.
Brescia, in Italy, seriously damaged
by an explosion, 8th Aug., 177!).
Brescia, Giov. Maria da, an Italian
painter and engraver, b. 1640, d.
1510.
Brescia, Leonardo, an Italian historic
painter, flourished 1540.
Bresciano, an Italian painter of his-
tory, d. 1599.
Brest magazine, 400 yards long,
destroyed by fire, to tbe value of
7,000,000f. in stores, besides the
building, 19th Jan., 1744; Marine
Hospital burnt, with 50 galley-
slaves, 1st Dec, 1766: magazine,
&c, destroyed bv fire, 10th July,
1784, to the value of l,000,000f.
Breval, Jobn Durant, dramatic wri-
ter, d. 1739.
Breviaries first adopted, 1080.
Brewer's license taxed, 1781.
Brewhouse of H. Meux, two large
vats in, suddenly burst, deluging
and destroying several neighbour-
ing houses, 1 7th Oct., 1814. Seve-
ral lives were lost, and the total
loss of beer was estimated at
between 8000 and 9000 barrels.
Breydel, Charles, a Flemish land-
scape painter, b. 1677, d. 1744.
Breydell, Francis, a Flemish portrait
painter, b. 1679, d. 1750.
BRT
BRI
7n
Briberv first practised in England,
1554.
Bribery at elections forbidden by law,
1696, 1729, 1735.
Brice, Andrew, of Exeter, d. 7th
Nov., 1773, aged 75.
Bricbian order of knighthood began
in Sweden, 1366.
Bricks first used in England by the
Romans ; the size ordered bv
Charles I., 1625.
Bricks and tiles taxed, 1804.
Bridge, F.R.S., Rev. Bewick, natural
philosopher, b. 1767, d. 1833.
Bride cake originated in the Roman
custom, called Confarreation, of
dividing a cake of wheat and bar-
Icy, as a firm alliance between
man and wife.
Bridewell, formerly a palace of King
Henry VIII.. London, built, 1522 ;
converted to an hospital, 1558.
Bridge, the first of stone in England
^as at Bow, near Stratford, 1087.
Bridge of Puerta de St. Maria, near
Cadiz, fell down as soon as finished,
while receiving the benediction,
and killed several hundred persons
that were over and under it, 22nd
Feb., 1779.
Bridge-town, Barbadoes, destroyed bv
a fire, 18th April, 1668 ; had 160
dwelling-houses destroyed by a
fire, 8th Feb., 1756; again, 120,
14th Feb., 1758 ; again, 14th May,
1766; again, 27th Dec, 1767.
Bridgenorth Castle, Salop, built, 800.
Bridgewater Castle and Bridge, So-
mersetshire, built, 1204.
Bridgewater, Duke of, b. 1736, d.
1803.
Briggs, Henry, mathematician, b.
1556, d. 1630.
Briggs, Dr. William, b. 1650, d. 1714.
Brighthelmstone block-house washed
awav by the sea, 19th Nov.,
1786.
Bright, Mr., of Maiden, in Essex,
died 10th Nov., 1755, who weighed
44 stone, aged 29.
Brighton, England, erected into a
borough, 1832.
Brighton, chain pier at, blown down,
15th Oct., 1833.
Bril, Matthew, a Flemish artist, who
painted in the Vatican, b. 1550, d.
1584.
Bril, Paul, a celebrated Flemish land-
scape painter, b. 1554, d. 1626.
Brinckman, Philip Jerome, a histori-
cal and landscape painter, b. at
Spires, 1709, d. 1751.
Brindley, Mr., the Duke of Bridge-
water's engineer, b. 1716, d. 27th
Sept., 1772.
Bristol Cross built, 1373; taken down
and removed to Stourhead, 1760 ;
exchange built, 1741 ; bridge bill
passed, 22nd May, 1760.
Bristol, riot at, when the turnpikes
were demolished, and many houses
destroyed, 20th July, 1749; re-
form riots at, 30th Oct., 1831,
when several public buildings were
destroyed, the jails broken open,
and Queen Square fired ; 30 per-
sons killed; five rioters subse-
quently executed ; several others
transported.
Britain first discovered to be an
island, 40.
British Islands. They were inhabited
originally by a people called Bri-
tons, of the same stock with the
ancient Gauls or Celtse ; the Ro-
mans first invaded them under
Julius Caesar, B.C, 54., but made
no conquests. The Emperor Clau-
dius, and his generals Plautius,
Vespasian, and Titus, subdued seve-
ral provinces, after 30 pitched bat-
tles with the natives, A.D. 43 and
44. The conquest was completed
by Agricola in the reign of Domi-
tian, 85. Wrested from the Roman
empire by Carausius, 289 ; recov-
ered by Constantius, 296. The
Romans held their conquests till
426 ; then the old inhabitants
called in the Saxons to assist them
against the Picts and Scots ; these
Saxon3 made a second conquest,
and divided South Britain into
seven kingdoms, 455. This go-
vernment was called the Saxon
Heptarchy, and lasted till 827,
when Egbert having subdued and
united them under one government,
was crowned King of England.
See England.
7(.
BRI
BRO
British Queen, packet, from Ostend
to Margate, wrecked on the Good-
win Sands, and all on board pe-
rished, 16th Dec, 1814.
British herring fishery incorporated,
1750.
British institution founded, 4th June,
1805; opened, 18th Jan., 1806.
British and foreign Bible society, 1804.
British and foreign school society in-
stituted, 1815.
British linen company erected, 1746.
British mineralogical society com-
menced, 1799.
British museum established, 1758.
British society incorporated for ex-
tending the fisheries, 1786.
British lying-in hospital, Brownlow-
strcet, London, instituted, 1749.
Brittany founded as a kingdom, 383 ;
made a duchy, 874 ; annexed to
the crown of France, 1150.
Britton, Thomas, the musical small-
coalman, d. 1714.
Brize, a Dutch painter of still life,
flourished 1590.
Brizio, an Italian painter of architec-
ture and landscape, b. 1574, d.
Broad seal of England first used,
1050.
Broadswords forbidden to be worn in
Edinburgh, 26th July, 1724.
Brocklandt, a Dutch painter, b. 1553,
d. 1583.
Brocklesby, Dr.. R, b.17'22, d. 1797.
Brodie Castle, Scotland, built, 1113.
Brodv, in Gallicia, 1500 houses burnt
, at,' 5th May, 1801.
Broeck, Crispin Vanden, a Flemish
painter, engraver, and architect,
b. 1530.
Broeck, Elias Vanden, a Flemish
painter of fruit and flowers, b.
1657, died 1711.
Brokers regulated in London bv law,
1697.
Bromfield, William, surgeon, b.
1712, d. 1762.
Brompton, an English landscape and
portrait painter, and pupil of "Wil-
son, d. 1790.
Bronckhorst, Peter Van, an historical
painter-, b. at Delft, 1588, d. 1661.
Bronckhorst, John Van, of Utrecht,
an historic painter, b. 1603.
Bronckhorst, John, of Leyden, a
painter of animals, b. 1648, d.1723.
Bronzini, a Florentine historic painter,
b. 1511, d. 1580.
Brook, Roger, of Halifax, in York-
shire, d. 8th Oct., 1568, aged 133.
Brooke, Sir Robert, d. 1558.
Brooke, Lord, Fulk Greville, stabbed
by his servant, 30th Sep., 1628,
aged 70.
Brooke, John Charles, Somerset he-
rald, crushed to death at the Hay-
market theatre, 3rd Feb., 1794,
aged 45.
Brooke, Francis, d. 1789.
Brooke, Henry, b. 1706, d. 1703.
Brookes, Joshua, F.R.S., an eminent
English anatomist, b. 1761, d.
1833.
Brookey,John, ofBroadrush-common,
in Devon, d. July, 1778, aged 135.
Brooking, an English painter of ma-
rine subjects, b. 1720, d. 1759.
Broomholme Priory, Norfolk, built
1113.
Broomsgrove nearly destroyed by an
inundation from a waterspout,
13th April, 1792.
Broom-flower, order of knighthood in
France, began 1234.
Brorci, an artist of Urbino, b. 1538,
d. 1612.
Brotherly love, order of knighthood,
began. 1708.
Brothels were allowed in London as
necessary evils, 1162; suppre-M<l
1545 ; tolerated in France. 1280 ;
Pope Sixtus IV. licensed one at
Rome, and the prostitutes paid him
a weekly tax, which amounted to
20,000 ducats a year, 1471.
Brothers, sworn, probably arose from
a custom in Morlachia, and other
places, where friendship between
the same sex are like marriage!
ratified at the altar. Others say,
from persons covenanting formerly
to share each other's fortunes in
any expedition to invade a country,
as were Robert d'Oily and Robert
d'lvery, in William I.'s first expe-
dition into England. Hence the
term of " brethren in iniquity,"
because of their dividing plunder.
Brotier, Gabriel, b. 1722, d. 1789.
BRO
BUC
Brougham and Denman, Messrs.,
first heard at the bar of the House
of Lords for Queen Caroline, 22nd
June, 1820.
Brougham Castle, Westmoreland,
built, 1070.
Broughton, Lancashire, suspension
bridge at, fell while a party of the
60th rifles were passing over ; six
had limbs broken, but no lives
were lost, 11th April, 1831.
Brouwer, Adrian, a celebrated Flem-
ish painter of scenes from low life,
b. 1608, d. 1640.
Brown, Thomas, d. 1704.
Brown, R. founder of the Brownists,
d. aged 80, 1630.
Brown, Robert, an English historical
painter, d. 1770.
Brown, John, a Scotch portrait and
landscape painter, b. 1752, d. 1787.
Brown, Mather, an American painter,
who settled in England, d. 1st
June, 1831.
Brown, W. L., a Scotch writer on
divinity and metaphysics, b. 1753,
d. 183*0.
Brown, Count, celebrated general,
slain 1757, aged 52.
Brown, Dr. John, poet, b. 1715, d.
1766.
Brown, Dr. John, physician, b. 1735,
d. 1788.
Brown, Moses, a divine, b. 1703, d.
1787.
Browne, Sir W., an eminent English
physician, a whimsical character,
b. 1692, d. 10th March, 1772.
Browne, Isaac Hawkins, the poet, b.
1706, d. 1760.
Browne, Wm. f poet,b. 1590, d. 1645.
Browne, Sir Thomas, physician, anti-
quary, &c, d. 1682.
Browne, Edward, natural historian,
d. 1708.
Bru, a Spanish historical painter, b.
1682, d. 1703.
Bruce, Robert, Scottish general and
king, d. 1329.
Bruce, Major-general Sir Charles, a
brave and distinguished British
officer, b. 1777, d. 1832.
Brueghel or Breughel, Peter, the
elder, an eminent Dutch landscape
painter, b. 1510, d. 1570.
Brueghel, Peter Petersz, the younger,
a Dutch painter of extravagant
allegorical subjects, d. 1642.
Brueghel, John, or Velvet Brueghel,
a Dutch painter of fruit, landscapes,
and marine subjects, b. 1560, d.
1625-42.
Brueghel, Abraham, called the Nea-
politan, a Dutch painter of still
life, b. 1672, d. 1690.
Bruges founded, 700; fortified, 890.
Bruge, John of, or John Van Eyck,
a Dutch landscape painter,b. 1370,
d. 1441.
Brugnatelli, Lewis, b. 1761, d. 1818.
Brun, Augustine, a German painter
of history, b. 1570, d. 1622.
Brun, Charles Le, a celebrated French
historic painter, b. 1619, d. 1690.
Bruni, Domenico, an Italian painter
of architecture and perspective, b.
1591, d. 1666.
Bruno, founder of the Carthusians,
d. 1101, aged 71.
Brunswick built, 261.
Brunswick, Duke of, d. 1806.
Brunswick, Duchess of, sister to
George III., d. 23rd March, 1813.
Bruyere, French author, b. 1664, d.
1696, aged 52.
Bruyn, Cornelius de, a Flemish por-
trait painter, fl. 17th century.
Bruyn, T. De, a painter of basso-
relievo imitations, d. in London,
1804.
Brussels damaged by fire, and the
ducal palace consumed, 31st Jan.,
1730.
Brutus, Junius, d. 509 B.C.
Brutus, Marcus, d. 24 B.C.
Bryant, Thomas, shot by the military
that escorted Sir F. Burdett to the
Tower of London, 9th April, 1810.
Brvant, Jacob, an eminent scholar,
d. 14th Nov., 1804, aged 88.
Bucer, Martin, b. 1491, d. 1551.
Buck, Sam., a British painter and
engraver, b. 1686, d. 1779.
Buck, Jonathan, a landscape painter,
b. in Dublin, flourished »1 780.
Buckfastleigh Abbey, Devon, built,
918.
Buchan, Dr. William, author of
Domestic Medicine, &c, d. 25tlj
Feb., 1805, aged 76.
r 8
BUC
BUM
Buchanan, Rev. Claudius, author of
Asiatic Christian's Present, h.
1766, d. 9th Feb., 1815.
Buchanan, George, Latin poet, b.
1506, d. 1582.
Buckingham, tower at, fell down,
and destroyed the church, 26th
March, 1776; castle built, 918.
Buckingham House built 1703; set-
tled on the queen in lieu of Somer-
set House, 19th May, 1775.
Buckingham House taken down and
rebuilt, 1826, at an expense of
.£644,473 8s. 9d.
Buckingham, Duke of, killed at
Portsmouth by Felton, 23rd Aug.,
1628.
Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke
of, b. 1627, d. 1640.
Buckingham, John Sheffield, Duke
of,b. 1649, d. 1721.
Buckland Priory built, 1278.
Buckles were invented about 1680.
Bude, William, French writer, b.
1467, d. 1540.
Budgell, Eustace, English writer, b.
1685, drowned himself 1736.
Buffalmacco, Buonamico, a Floren-
tine painter of grotesque subjects,
b. 1262, d. 1340.
BufFon, Count de, b. 1707, d. 1788.
Bufoni, Pompeo, a Roman portrait
painter, b. 1634, d. 1679.
Bugden Palace, Huntingdonshire,
built 1480.
Bugg-a-bo, or buggan-bo, originally
no more than mothers frightening
their children with the bull, bo,
bull, bo, which the little ones, not
rightly pronouncing, call bug-a-bo.
It is properly bogle-bo, bogle signi-
fying a malevolent spirit ; the
Shropshire term, buggan-bo, mean-
ing the same thing. If a horse
takes fright, they say, he spies a
buggan.
Bugiardini, a Florentine painter of
history and portraits, b. 1481, d.
1556.
Building with stone first brought into
England by Bennet, a monk, 670 ;
with brick first introduced by the
Romans into their provinces ; first
in England about 886 ; introduced
here by the Earl of Arundel, 1600,
at which time the houses in Lon-
don were chiefly built of wood.
The increase of buildings in Lon-
don prohibited, and within three
miles of the city gates, by Queen
Elizabeth, and that only one family
should dwell in one house, 1 580.
The buildings from High Holborn,
north and south, and Great Queen
street, built nearly on the spot
where stood the Elms or the an-
cient Tyburn in Edward III., were
erected between 1607 and 1631.
The number of houses in London
and its suburbs, in 1772, was
computedat 122,930 ; but in 1791
they amounted to above 200,000.
In St. George's Fields near 7000
have been erected within the above
period, and of late years the build-
ings round London have increased
to a great extent.
Builders' act passed, 1764 ; amended,
1766.
Buildings regulated bylaw, 1764-70-
72.
Buildwas Abbey, Shropshire, built
1153.
Bulkeley hill, Cheshire, clothed with
trees, sank down into a pit of wa-
ter, so that the tops of the trees
were invisible, 8th July, 1657.
Bulkeley,the benevolent lord,d. 1 822.
Bull, Dr. John, musician, b. 1563,
d. 1621.
Bull-baiting, first at Stamford, Lin-
colnshire, 1209 ; at Tutbury, Staf-
fordshire, 1374.
Bull-fights in Spain first practised,
1560.
Bull-running, at Tutbury, Stafford-
shire, introduced first, 1374.
Bullets of stone used instead of iron,
1514; of iron first mentioned in
the Fadua, 1550.
Bulmer, William, celebrated English
typographer, b. 1751, d. 1830.
Bullinger, a Swiss historical painter,
b. 1713.
Bullion of gold and silver, first me-
thod of assaying, 1354.
Bumper, a corruption of bon pere,
good father, i. e. the pope, whose
health was always drank by the
monks after dinner in a full glass.
BUN
BUR
Bunbury, r H. W., an English drafts-
man and caricaturist, b. 1750, d.
1811.
Bunel, Jacques, of Blois, a historic
painter, b. 1558.
Bungay,Suffolk,built 1st March, 1689.
Bunk, James, a British painter of
still life, d. 1 780.
Bunker's Hill, America, battle of,
fought, 1775.
Bunnick, John Van, of Utrecht, a
painter of landscape and history,
b. 1654, d. 1727.
Bunnick, Jacob Van, a Dutch painter
of battle-pieces, d. 1725.
Bunyan, John, b. 1628, d. 1688.
Buonacorsi. See Vaga.
Buonamico, Cristofano, an old Flo-
rentine painter of history, b. 1272,
d. 1340.
Buonaparte attempted to be destroyed
by an explosion of combustibles,
24th Dec, 1800 ; offered terms to
Louis XVIII. if he would relinquish
the crown of France in his favour,
26th Feb., 1 803 ; crowned Emperor
of the French, 2nd Dec, 1 804 ; di-
vorced from the Empress Josephine,
17th Dec, 1809 ; married to Maria
Louisa of Austria, 1st April, 1810;
son born, the fruit of this marriage,
having the title of King of Rome,
20th March, 1811 ; made overtures
of peace to England, which were
rejected, 17th April, 1812 ; quitted
his army in Russia on the 5th, and
arrived in Paris, 18th Dec, 1812;
quitted Paris on the 15th, and
joined his army at Mentz, 20th
April, 1813 ; quitted his army at
Dresden to return to Paris, 7th Oct.,
1813; quitted Paris to rejoin tbe
army, 25tb Jan., 1814; renounced
for himself and heirs tbe thrones
of France and Italy, and accepted
the Isle of Elba for his retreat,
5th April, 1814; embarked at Fre-
jus for Elba, 28th April, 1814;
arrived at Elba, May 3rd following ;
all artists forbidden by the Mayor
of Lyons to engrave or paint his
likeness, 3rd Dec, 1814; quitted
Elba and landed at Cannes, 1st
March, 1815; arrived at Fontaine-
bleau, 20th March, 1815; joined
by the army and arrived at Paris,
22nd March, 1815; allied sove-
reigns signed a new treaty for his
extermination, 25th March, 1815;
abolished the slave trade, 29th
March, 1815; left Paiis to join
the army at Laon, 12th June,
1815; defeated at Waterloo, re-
turned to Paris, 20th June, and
abdicated on the 23rd in favour
of his son ; arrived at Rochefort,
with the view of sailing to Ame-
rica, 3rd July, 1815; failing in this
project, surrendered himself and
suite of 40 persons to Captain
Maitland, of the Bellerophon, 15th
July, 1815 ; transferred at Torbay
from the Bellerophon to the North-
umberland, which sailed with him
for the island of St. Helena, decreed
by the allied sovereigns to be his
place of residence for life, 8th Aug.,
1815 ; arrived at St. Helena, 16th
Oct., 1815 ; (his relatives of every
description excluded from France
by the law of amnesty, 12th Jan.
1816; re-admitted, 1830;) died
5th May, 1821 ; his statue set up
in Paris again, 1833.
Buonarotti, Michel Angelo, the first
of all artists, an architect, painter,
and sculptor, b. at Florence 1474,
d. 1563.
Buontalenti, Bernardo (Girandole), a
Florentine painter and engineer,
b. 1536, d. 1606.
Burch, Edward, an English gem en-
graver, d. 1814.
Burckhardt, J. Lewis, the eastern
traveller, b. in Switzerland, 1784,
d. 15th April, 1817.
Burder, Rev. George, author of some
valuable works on divinity, b. 1752,
d. 1832.
Burgmair, Hans, a German painter
and engraver, b. 1474.
Burgh Castle, Staffordshire, built by
the Romans.
Burgesses were first appointed in
Scotland, 1326.
Burgh, James, ingenious Scotch au-
thor, b. 1714, d. 1775.
Burgo, Luc de, the first European
writer on algebra, d. 1494.
Burgoyne, general, d. 1792.
80 BUR
Burgundy, the dukedom of, estab-
lished, 890 ; the kingdom founded.
413 ; again in 814; united to the
German empire, 1035 ; disunited
by a revolt, and divided into four
sovereignties, 1074.
Burgundian Cross, order of knight-
hood, began 1535.
Burini, Barbara, a Bolognese lady,
who painted historic pieces, b. 1 700,
d. 1752.
Burial places first permitted in cities
in England, 742 ; forbidden within
towns in Poland, 1792.
Burials taxed, 1695, 1783.
Burial place, the first Christian one
in Britain, 596.
Burials first permitted in consecrated
places, 750 ; in church-yards, 758.
Burials and Christenings, an account
of the number of, within the city
of London and bills of mortality,
from the 13th Dec, 1826, to 12th
Dec. 1827:—
79 parishes within the walls,
christened 1,022, buried 1,065 ; 17
parishes without the walls, chris-
tened 4,768, buried 3,646 ; 29 out
parishes, christened 19,847, buried
13,512; 10 parishes in the city
and liberty of Westminster, christ-
ened 4,288, buried 2,069. Total
christened, 29,925 ; total buried,
22,292.
Christened — males 15,205, fe-
males 14,720; in all 29,925.
Buried — males 1 1 ,296, females
10,996; in all 22,292.
Died under two years old 6580
Between two and five .... 1875
Five and ten 850
Ten and twenty 862
Twenty and thirty 1565
Thirty" and fortv 1 831
Forty and Fifty 2134
Fifty and sixty 2128
Sixty and seventy 2044
Seventy and eighty 1680
, Eighty and ninety 666
Ninety and hundred 74
One hundred 1
One hundred and one .... 1
One hundred and two .... 1
Burke, Edmund, d. 8th July, 1797,
aged 68.
BUS
Burkett,Rev. Wm,b. 1650, d. 1703.
Burlington pier built 1697.
Burlamaqui, T. T., b. 1694, d. 1750.
Burleigh, Lord Exeter, made minis-
ter of state to Queen Elizabeth,
1560, d. 1598.
Burman, Peter, the commentator,
b. 1668, d. 1741.
Burnet, Bishop of Sarum, b. 1643,
d. 1715.
Burnet, Thomas, b. about 1635, d.
1715.
Burnev, Charles, Mus. Doc,,b. 1726,
d. 1814.
Burney, Dr. Charles, an eminent
classical scholar, d. 28th Dec,
1817.
Burnham priory, Bucks, built 1266.
Burning glasses and common mirrors,
the discovery attributed to Ishern-
hausen, a Lusatian baron, 1680.
Burns, Robert, b. 1759, d. 1796;
monument to his memory at Ayr
completed 4th July, 1823.
Burrough chapel, Somersetshire, was
standing 900.
Burrow, Sir James, law writer, b.
1701, d. 1782.
Burton, Robert, author of the Ana-
tomy of Melancholy, b. 8th Dec,
1576.
Burton Abbev, Staffordshire, built
1040.
Burwell, in Cambridgeshire, had a
barn with 160 persons in it, to see
a puppet-show, set fire to by care-
lessness, when all, except six, were
burnt, 8th Sept., 1727.
Bury, in Lancashire, its play-house,
containing upwards of 300 per-
sons, fell down during the per-
formance, and buried the audience
under its ruins; five were killed
on the spot, and many had their
limbs broken, 1st July, 1787.
Bury Castle, Suffolk, built 1020.
Busby, Rev. Dr. R., b. 1606, d. 1695.
Busca, Antonio, a Milanese historical
painter, b. 1625, d. 1686.
Busch, John G., a German political
economist, b. 1728, d. 1800.
Bushes of 'evergreen, such as ivy,
cypress, &c, were anciently signs
where wine was sold, hence the pro-
verb, " Good wine needs no bush."
BUT
C AL
HI
Butler, Charles, an eminent English
jurisconsult and ahle miscellaneous
writer, b. 1750, d. 1882.
Butler, Samuel, author of Hudibras,
b. 1612, d. 1680.
Butler, Bishop, b. 1692, d. 17*2.
Butley Priory built 1771.
Butter annually sent to London from
Yorkshire, Cambridge, and Suf- ;
folk, amounts to 300,000 firkins. |
Buttons covered with, and button-
holes of cloth prohibited bv law,
1721.
Bvc laws of corporations restrained
"1534.
Bye, Mark de, a Dutch painter and
engraver, b. 1612.
Byland Abbey, Yorkshire, built 1134.
Bylart, Jan, a Flemish historic paint-
"er, b. 1603.
Byng, Admiral, misbehaved off Mi-
norca, 20th May, 1756; brought
prisoner to Greenwich, 9th Aug.,
1756; tried at Portsmouth and
condemned 28th Jan., 1757 : shot
at Portsmouth on board the Mon-
arch ship of war, 14th March, 1757.
Byrne, William, an English engraver,
'b. 1743, d. 24th Sept., 1805.
Bvrom, John, inventor of short-hand,
'b. 1691, d. 1763.
Byron, Lord, tried for murder and
acquitted, 16th April, 1765.
Byron, Lord Noel, poet, b. 22nd Jan ,
1787, d. 18th April, 1824, aged 37.
Byss, John Rodolph, a Swiss alle-
gorical painter, b. 1660, d. 1738.
Byzantium, now called Constantino-
ple, founded 715 B.C.
V^ABINET council first instituted
25th April, 1670.
Cables, a method of making them
invented, by which 20 men are
enabled to do the work of 200.
The machine is set in motion by
16 horses, for the cable is of the
dimensions for the lrgest ship,
1792.
Cables, chain, invented, 17th century.
Cabot, Sebastian, d. 1557, aged 80.
Cabriolets, hack, first introduced into
London, and 50 started, 1823 and
1824.
Cade, Jack the rebel, killed by Alex-
ander Iden, 1451.
Cadmus, first king of Thebes, 1094
before Christ.
Caerlaverve castle, Scotland, built
1638.
Caernarvon, second carl of, b. 3rd
June, 1772, d. 16th April, 1833.
Ca:salpinus, And., the first systematic
writer on botany, b. 1519, d.1608.
Caesar, after fighting 50 pitched bat-
tles, and slaying above 1,192,000
men, was killed in the senate-
house, 44 B. C.
Caesarea, built after 12 years' labour,
by Augustus Caesar, B.C. 7 ;■ >
Cassar, Sir Julius, the antiquary, b.
1557, d. 1636.
Cagliari, called Paolo* Veronese, an
Italian historic painter, b. 1532, d.
1588.
Caille, Nic. Lov. de la, astronomer,
d. 1762, aged 49.
Cairo, Grand, founded by the Sara-
cens, 969 ; nearly destroyed by an
earthquake, and 40,000 inhabit-
ants lost, 2nd June, 1754.
Caissar, in Turkey, ruined by an
earthquake, when 6,000 persons
were killed, April 1794.
Caius, or Kaye, John, antiquary, b.
1510, d. 1573.
Calamy, Edward, b. 1600, d. 1666.
Calamy, Edmund, b. 1671, d. 1732.
Calatrava, order of knighthood in-
stituted in Spain, 1158.
Calcar, John, a Flemish historic pain-
ter, b. 1449, d. 1546.
Calcutta seized and settled by the
English, 1689.
Calcutta, 125 persons suffocated in
the black hole at, 20th June, 1756.
Cahler priory, Cumberland, built
1134.
Calderone, Spanish dramatist, flou-
rished about 1640.
e 3
82
C AL
CAN
Caledonia, East Indiaman, acciden-
tally burnt, 29th May, 1804.
Caledonia, in America, settled 1699.
Caledonia, New, discovered by Cap-
tain Cook, 1774.
Calendar first regulated by Pope Gre-
gory, 1579.
Calepin, Amb., the lexicographer in
eight languages, d. 1510.
Caliber instrument invented at Nu-
remburg, 1540.
Calicoes prohibited from being printed
or worn, 1700-21.
, Calico first imported by the East In-
dia Company, 1631.
Calico printing, and the Dutch loom
engine first used in England, 1676.
Calicoes were first made in Lancashire
in 1772.
California discovered by Cortes,
1543 ; taken possession of by Sir
F. Drake, 1578.
Caligula assassinated A.D. 41.
Callimachus, the inventor of wild-
fire, d. 670.
Callimachus, the inventor of the
Corinthian order of architecture,
flourished 450 B. C.
Calmar, in Sweden, 1 50 houses at,
destroyed and many lives lost by
afire, Aug. 1800.
Calmet, tbe learned Benedictine,
died in Fiance 1757, aged 86.
Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, mi-
nister to Louis XVL, d. 30th Oct.,
1802, aged 68.
Calshot castle, Hampshire, built
1540.
Calvart, Denis, a Dutch landscape
painter, b. 1555, d. 1619.
Calvert, Bernard, of Andover, went
from South wark to Calais, July 17,
1820, in one day, and returned the
same evening.
Calvin d. at Geneva 27th May, 1564,
aged 55.
Cambrav, Fenelon, archbishop of,
d. 1716, aged 64.
Cambricks from France prohibited,
1745; totally, 1758 ; re-admitted,
1786.
Cambridge, chancellors of, since the
Revolution: — Charles Seymour,
duke of Somerset, installed 1688;
Thomas Holies Pelham, duke of
Newcastle, 1748; Augustus Fitz.
roy, duke of Grafton, 1768 ; Wil-
liam Fred., duke of Gloucester,
1811.
Cambridge, once a city called Granta,
built by Carausius ; university
chartered, 538 ; founded, 900 ;
the town burnt by the Danes,
1010; university revived, 1110;
its castle built, 1067; streets
paved, 1410 ; again, 1544; chan-
cellor's court established by Queen
Elizabeth ; refused a degree to a
papist recommended by the king,
Feb. 1687; a senate-house built,
1722; installation of the duke of
Newcastle, July 5, 1749 ; the duke
of Grafton, 1768 ; the statue of
the duke of Somerset erected in the
senate-house, 14th July, 1756; of
the late king, in 1765; paved and
lighted, 1789.
Cambridge castle built 1068.
Cambridge, duchess of, delivered of a
son, 26th March, 1819.
Camden, the historian, d. 2nd Nov.,
1623, aged 72.
Camera Obscura invented 1515.
Cameron, Dr. Archibald, executed at
Tyburn 1753.
Cameron, Mary, died at Inverness,
May 1783, aged 130.
Camoens, Portuguese poet, d. 1579,
aged 50.
Campbell, Dr., an author, d. 20th
Dec, 1775, aged 67-
Campbell, Geo., theologian, b. 1722,
d. 1796.
Camper, Peter, b. 1722, d. 1789.
Campernile of St. Mano at Venice,
built 1134.
Campi, Bernardino, an Italian historic
painter, b. 1522, d. 1584.
Campidoglio, Michel Angelo, Italian
painter of fruit, flowers, &c, b.
1610, d. 1670.
Canal of Languedoc, which unites the
Mediterranean and Cantabrian
Seas, begun by Louis XIV. in
1664. It is 64 leagues in length,
and has 104 sluices.
Canal of Briaire, or Burgundy, uniting
the Seine and Loire, finished by
Louis XIII. It has 42 sluices. •
Begun in 1605.
CAN
CAN
83
Canal of Orleans, between the Loire
and Seine, began 1675; it has 20
sluices.
Canal of Bourbon between the Oise
and Paris, began 1790.
Canal of the lake Ladoga in Russia,
between the Baltic and Caspian
Seas, began 1719.
Canal in China goes from Canton to
Pekin in a straight line upwards of
806 miles, having 75 locks, and 41
large cities on its banks, with above
10,000 vessels on it, finished in
880 ; 30,000 men were employed
43 years in making it. In 1355 a
canal was dug in Persia 100 miles
long. The Russian canal, begun
by Peter the Great, in 1708, be-
tween the Caspian Sea and the
Baltic, was not entirely completed
till 1780. The distance by water
from the frontiers of China to St.
Petersburgh is 4472 miles ; that
from Astracanto Petersburgh 1434
miles ; the communication Mas be-
gun by Peter the Great, who also
began some others. The canal of
Orleans in France was begun in
1678 ; the canal of Languedoc was
begun in 1666, and finished 1681.
The canal from Calais to Grave-
lines was begun in 1681, and many
more are marked out in France but
not finished. In Spain the canal of
Arragon was begun in 1785. In
Sweden a canal was made from
Stockholm to Gottenburgh 1751.
In Ireland one from Dublin to the
Shannon, 1762. The canal from
Brussels to Antwerp was begun
1531, finished 1560. That which
joins the Baltic and North Sea at
Kiel was opened to all nations 14th
May, 1785. Navigable rivers, and
canals to join rivers, first made in
England by Henry I., 1134, when
the Trent was joined to the Wi-
tham. The Thames made naviga-
able to Oxford, by act of parlia-
ment, 21 James L, 1624. The
New River canal, running 36 miles,
was begun in 1608, ajid finished
1613. The Kcnnet, from Reading
to Newbury, 2 George I., 1715.
The river Lea made navigable from
Hertford to "Ware, and so to Lon-
don, 12 George II., 1739. The
Duke of Bridgewater"s navigation
began 1758, and was opened 17th
June, 1761. Northamptonshire
navigation began 7th Aug., 1761.
Trent and Mersey canal, extending
90 miles, was finished 1772, since
which time have been the follow-
ing, viz.
Canal from Belfast to Loughneagh
was begun 1783.
Canal from Droitwich to the
Severn 1756.
Canal in Caermarthenshire 1756.
Canal from the Severn, near Til-
ton Bridge, 1766.
Canal from Wilden Ferry, in Staf-
fordshire, 1766.
Canal from the Forth to the Clyde,
in Scotland, 1768.
Canal from Birmingham to Bils-
ton 1768.
Canal from Oxford to Coventry
1769, completed Jan., 1790.
Canal from Leeds to Liverpool
1770.
Canal from the Dee to Nantwich
1772.
Canal from Skipton, 1773, to Ox-
ford 1775.
Canal from Stroudwater to the
Severn 1775, and from Stroud
to the Thames begun 1783.
Canal from Apedale 1775.
Canal from Stourbridge 1776 —
ditto from Hider's Green 1776.
Canal from Chesterfield to the
Trent finished 1777.
Canal from the Trent to the Mer-
sey enlarged 1783.
Canal from the Thames to the
Leachlade 1783.
Canal of Leeds and Liverpool con-
solidated 1783.
Canal from the Lea to Limehouse
1770.
Canal from the Severn to Leach-
lade completed in 1789.
Canal from Glasgow to Bowling
Bay, in the Clyde, July, 1799.
Canal over the Tame near Bir-
mingham, and the Coventry
canal, with the Birmingham,
&c, completed, by which the
B4
CAN
CAN
inland navigation between Lon-
don, Bristol, Liverpool, and
Hull, was opened, July, 1790.
Canal from Hereford to Glouces-
ter begun Nov., 1791.
Canal from Paddington to the
Grand Junction Canal begun
1798, opened in June, 1801.
Canal, the Kennet and Avon, was
opened 7th July, 1799.
Canal, Thames to Fenny Stratford,
opened 28th May, 1800.
Canal, Great Caledonian, to extend
from the Murray Frith to the
Frith of Mull, begun 1803,
completed in 1824.
Canal, Aberdare, Glamorganshire,
South Wales, 1793.
Canal, Aberdeenshire, extended by
acts passed in 1796, 1801-3.
Canal, Aire and Calder, improved
1828.
Canal, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, opened
1805.
Canal, Ashton-under Lyne, im-
proved 1805.
Canal from the river Thames to
the town of Croydon opened
Dec, 1809.
Canal from Wilts and Berks to the
river Thames, 21st Sept., 1810.
Canal, Grand Union, made navi-
gable to AVelford, 1st Oct., 1813.
Canal, Wey and A run Junction,
act for, passed 1813.
Canal, Wey and Arun junction,
opened Sept., 1816.
Canal, Worcester and Birming-
ham, opened 11th Dec, 1816.
Canal, Leeds and Liverpool, 127
miles in length, commenced
1770, completed 1816.
Canal, Birmingham and Liverpool,
acts for, passed 1826-7.
Canal, Brecknock and Abergaven-
ny acts for, passed 1793 and
1804.
Canal, Bridgewater and Taunton,
act for, passed 1811.
Canal, Bury and Sougher, im-
proved, by an act passed 1813.
Canal, Bute ship, act for, passed
1830.
Canal, Caledonian, opened Oct.,
1822.
Canal, Dun river, navigation,
Yorkshire, improved L826.
Canal, Edinburgh and Glasgow
Union, acts for, passed 1817 to
1826.
Canal, Ellesmere, improved by
acts passed 1827.
Canal, Exe river and, improved
1829.
Canal, Ardrossan, and railwav, act
for, 1826.
Canal, Glastonbury, act for, 1827.
Canal, Gloucester and Berkeley,
opened April, 1827.
Canal, Grand, Ireland, extended to
Ballinasloe 1828.
Canal, Grand Junction, England,
act for completing, 1819.
Canal, Grand Surrey, act for com-
pletion of, 1811 /
Canal, Grand Union, Leicester, act
for, passed 1810.
Canal, Grand Western, Devon, act
for, passed 1812.
Canal, Hertford Union, act for,
passed 1824.
Canal, Isle of Dogs, act for, passed
1<!<»7 ; purchased by the West
India DockComp. for 120,000/.
1829.
Canal, Kensington, act for, ob-
tained 1824.
Canal, Leeds Liverpool, extended
1819.
Canal, South, Lincoln, extended
1828.
Canal, Macclesfield, act for, passed
1826.
Canal, North Wilts, act for, passed
1813.
Canal, Norwich and Lowestoft, ex-
ecuted under an act of 1827.
Canal, Sankey, improved by an
act passed 1830.
Canal, Sheffield, act passed for,
1815.
Canal, Stratford-upon-Avon, act
for improvement of, 1821.
Canal, Tavistock, act for, 1803.
Canal, Wilts and Berks, improve-
ment act passed 1821.
Canaletti, Antonio, a Venetian painter
of city views, &c. b. 1697, d. 1768.
Canary Isles discovered and granted
to Spain, 1344 ; explored, 1393.
CAN
CAR
85
Candaules, king of Lydia, flourished
B.C. 735, assassinated 718.
Candiac, John Jennes, who knew his
letters at 1 3 months old, and at 7
years of age was master of Latin,
Greek, and Hebrew, d. 172.5,
aged 7 years.
Candle — " Not fit to hold a candle
to him," arose from an early cus-
tom of candles being held by do-
mestics, and not placed on the
table.
Candle-light first used in churches,
274.
Candles, tallow, so great a luxury,
that splinters of wood were used
for lights : no idea of wax candles,
1000.
Candles, tallow, came into general
use, 1290.
Canea, Candia, suffered dreadfully
from a storm, 1833.
Canning, Geo., b. 11th April, 1770,
d. 8th August, 1827.
Canning, George, a colossal bronze
statue of, by Westmacott, set up
in Palace Yard, Westminster,
2nd May, 1832.
Canning, Elizabeth, tried and trans-
ported, 1722, d. 1754.
Cannon ball, found in the ruins of
Berwick castle, weighed 961bs.,
and measured 30 inche's in cir-
cumference, April 1811.
Cannon : see Guns.
Cano, Alonzo, a Spanish painter,
sculptor, and architect, b. 1600, d.
1676.
Canonical hours for prayers instituted
391.
Canonization first introduced by papal
authority, 993. •
Canon law first introduced into Eng-
land, 1140.
Canova, an eminent Venetian sculp-
tor, b. 1757, at Possagno, d. 22nd
Oct., 1822.
Canterbury Castle built 1075.
Canterbury built 912 B.C. ; paved
1477; cathedral built 1184;
Westgate built 1387.
Canterbury revenues seized by the
king 1096.
Canterbury Palace robbed 1 1th Oct.,
1778.
Canton, China, the East India Com-
pany's factory at, destroyed by fire
2nd Nov., 1822.
Canton, John, natural philosopher,
b. 1718, d. 1772.
Cape Blanco, on the coast of Africa,
discovered 1441.
Cape Breton discovered by the Eng-
lish 1584; yielded to France 1G32;
taken by England 1745; restored
1748 ; again taken and kept 1758.
Cape de Verd islands discovered 1447.
Cape of Good Hope discovered 1487 ;
planted by the Dutch 1651.
Cape Horn first sailed round 1616 ;
straits discovered 1643.
Capell, Ed., critic, b. 1713, d. 1781.
Capital punishments. See Punish-
ments, capital, &c.
Capmany, Antonio, Spanish writer,
b. 1754, d. 1810.
Capo d'Istria, Count, assassinated at
Napoli di Romania, 9th Oct., 1831.
Capper or hatter, a statute passed
that none should sell a hat above
20d., or cap above 2s. 8d., 1489.
Caps first worn 1449.
Caps. — A law enacted that every per-
son above seven years of age should
wear on Sundays and holidays a
cap of wool, knit made, thickened
and dressed in England by some of
the trade of cappers, under the for-
feiture of three farthings for every
day's neglect, excepting maids, la-
dies, and gentlewomen, and every
lord, knight, and gentlemen, of 20
marks of land, and their heirs, and
such as have borne office of worship
in any city, town, or place, and the
wardens of the London comp.,1 571.
Caracalla, Emperor, d. 21 7, aged 43.
Caracci, Annibale, an illustrious Bo-
lognese artist, b. 1560, d. 1609.
Caracci, Lodovico, a Bolognese pain-
ter, b. 1555, d. 1619.
Caracci, Agostino, a Bolognese his-
toric painter, b. 1558, d. 1602.
Caractacus, King of the Britons, car-
ried prisoner to Rome A.D. 50.
Caradoc of Llancarvan, the Welsh
historian, d. 1 157.
Caravaggio, Michel Angelo, Italian
historic painter, b. 1569, d. 1609.
Caravan, consisting of 2000 souls,
returning from Mecca, were ;ill de-
stroyed, except 20, by a kamsin or
86
CAR
CAR
pestilential wind, in the deserts of
Arabia, 12th Aug., 1812.
Cardan, Jer., b. 1501, d. 1576.
Cardigan Castle built 11 GO.
Cardinals were originally the parish
priests at Rome ; title began to be
used 308 ; college of, founded by
Pope Pascal I., 817 ; did not elect
the popes till 1160; wore the red
hat (to remind them that they
ought to shed their blood, if re-
quired, for religion), and were de-
clared princes of the church, 1222;
the cardinals set fire to the con-
clave and separated, and a vacancy
in the papal chair for two years
1314; Cardinal Caraffa was hanged
by order of Pius IV. 1560, as was
Cardinal Poli under Leo X. ; title
of eminence first given them by
Pope Urban VIII. about 1630.
Cards and dice doubly taxed 8th
April, 1755; additional tax 1789.
Cards invented in France, first used
for the amusement of Charles VI.
1380 ; forbidden the use of in Cas-
tile 1387 ; 428,000 packs stamped
in England in 1775.
Carducci, Bartolomeo, a Florentine
artist, b. 1560, d. 1610.
Carcnton, in Germany, 100 dwelling
houses at, burnt, Julv, 1800.
Carew, Thomas, d. 1639.
Carew Castle, Pembroke, built 1 100.
Carey, Harry, musician, poet, &c,
d. 1743.
Caribee Islands discovered 1595.
Carisbrook Castle built 692; rebuilt
1610.
Carlisle Castle built 680 ; city walls
built 690 ; both repaired 1092 and
1434.
Carlile, Richard, convicted of pub-
lishing Paine's Age of Reason,
15th Oct., 1819. On 16th Nov.,
following, sentenced to three years'"
imprisonment in Dorchester gaol,
and fined 1500/.
Carlscrone, in Sweden, had 1087
houses, two churches, all the mer-
chants 1 houses except two, and all
their magazines, destroyed by fire
17th June, 1790.
Carlos, Don, Prince of Spain, poisoned
by order of his father through jea-
lousy, 1568.
Carlton' House, fete given at, when
many were hurt by the pressure of
the vast assemblage, 20th June,
1811. Fete at, given to the Duke
of "Wellington, 2500 persons pre-
sent 21st July, 1814.
Carneades, a philosopher, d. B. C.
128, aged 90.'
Carolina discovered 1497 ; planted
1629.
Caroline, queen'of George IV., pro-
ceedings against, in the House of
Lords, commenced 19th Aug.,
1820, and last debate on 10th
Nov., 1820.
Caroline, Queen, consort of Geo. IV.,
arrived inEngland, 6th June, 1 820,
and the following day demanded an
open trial; went to St. Paul's,
29th Nov., 1820 ; protested against
her exclusion from the coronation,
18th July, 1821 ; taken ill at
Drury Lane theatre, 30th July ;
died atBrandenburgh House, Ham-
mersmith, after eight days' illness,
7th Aug. ; her remains removed
thence on their route to Brunswick
for interment, 14th Aug., and in-
terred 25th Aug., 1821.
Carp first brought to England, 1525.
Carpet, order of the, made in Eng-
land, 1553.
Carr, Sir John, author of several
poems, b. 1762, d. 1832.
Carriages introduced at Vienna, 1515
— into England, 1 580.
Carriages taxed,1747-76-82-85,l 808.
Carrington, N. C, a British poet, b.
1777, d. 1831.
Carte, Th., historian, b.l686,d. 1724.
Carter, George, English artist, d.l 785.
Carter, Mrs. E., b. 1717, d. 1806.
Cartes, Rene des, philosopher, b.
1596, d. 1650.
Carthage, founded by the Tyrians,
1259; enlarged byQn. Dido, 869;
destroyed, 146, rebuilt, 123 B. C.
Carving in marble invonted, 722 B.C.
Cartmel monastery, Lancashire, built
1188.
Carving at table, by ladies, Verstegan
says, originated among our Saxon
ancestors ; and the title of lady
sprang from this office, as laf-ord
or loaf-giver (now lord), was so
called from his maintaining a num-
CAS
CAY
87
of dependants ; so leaf-dian or
loaf-dian, i. e. loaf-server, is the
origin of lady, she serving it to the
guests.
Casan, a city of Tartary, burnt 15th
Oct. 1752 ; in 1765 ; and in 1815.
Casas, B. las, b. 1474, d. 1566.
Casaubon, Isaac, b. at Geneva, 1560,
d. 1611.
Casaubon, Meric, b. at Geneva, 1599,
d. 1674.
Cashman, John, a Spa-fields rioter,
hanged for stealing fire-arms from
the shop of Beckwith, 12th March,
1817.
Cuimir III. of Poland, d. 1370.
Caslon, Win., letter-founder, d. 24th
Jan., 1766, aged 74.
Cassander, flourished B. C 298.
Cassandra, flourished B. C. 1149.
Cassini, J. Dom., mathematician and
astronomer, b. 1635, d. 1712.
Cassini, James, b. 1677, d. 1756.
Cassini, de Thung, b. 1714, d. 1784.
Castagno, Andrea del, Italian artist,
b. 1409, d. 1480.
Castello, Giov. Bat., Italian historic
painter, b. 1500, d. 1570 or 1580.
Casti, Giambattista, b. 1721, d. 1803.
Castiglione, Giov. Bened., a Genoese
painter of history and landscape, b.
1616, d. 1670.
Castile and Aragou, kingdom of, be-
gan 1035.
Castor, in Lincolnshire, church of,
nearly destroyed by lightning, 6th
June, 1795.
Castle and sword, order of, established
by prince regent of Portugal, 1807.
Castle-ane Priory, Norfolk, built 1090.
Castle-ane Monastery, Yorkshire,
built 1085.
Castle Cornet, Guernsey, built 1100.
Castle-rising Castle, Norfolk, built
1204.
Castle-Rushen Castle, Isle of Man,
built 960.
Castles in England taken from the
barons, 1153 ; 1100 built in Eng-
land between 1140 and 1154.
Castle-Town Castle, Isle of Man,
built 960.
Castracani, Castruccio, b. 1284, d.
1328.
Catskill Mountains, N. America, and
the woods intervening between Ul-
ster and Sullivan counties, took
fire, May, 1816.
Catalogues of English printed books
were first published in 1595; in
Ireland, 1632.
Catechism, a short one, published by
the bishop of Winchester, 1552.
Catharine-hall, Cambridge, founded
1475.
Catherine-hill Chapel, Surrey, built
1230.
Catharine de Medicis, d. 1589.
Catharine, St., order of knighthood,
began in Palestine, 1063.
Catholic, a name given to the Roman
christians, A. D. 38.
Catholic Majesty, title of, given to the
King of Spain, by the Pope, 739.
Cato-street, London, Conspirators ar-
rested 23rd Feb., 1820.
Cato killed himself 5th Feb., B. C.
46, aged 48.
Cats' Isle, one of the Bahamas, the
first discovery by Columbus, 1492.
Cattle prohibited from being imported
from Ireland and Scotland into
England, 1663.
Catullus, b. at Verona, B. C. 40, d.
aged 46.
Catworth, Huntingdonsh., materially
injured by fire, 3rd Aug., 1753.
Cauliflowers first planted in England
1603.
Cautionary towns of the Dutch,
pawned to Queen Elizabeth, 1585,
restored 1616.
Cavalleri, Bon., inventor of indivisi-
bles, b. 1598, d. 1657.
Cavallo, Tiberius, b. 1749, d. 1809.
Cave, Edward, the compiler of the
first periodical magazine, b. 1691,
d. 1754.
Cave, Dr. William, b. 1 637, d. 1713.
Cavendish, Thos., British circum-
navigator, d. 1592.
Cavendish's first voyage to circum-
navigate the globe, 1586.
Cavendish, W., duke of Newcastle,
author, b. 1592, d. 1676.
Cavcrley, Sir Hugh, the first person
who used guns for the service of
England, d. 1389.
Caxton, William, the first printer in
England, fl.1474 ; b.l 412, d.1491.
Caylus, A. Claude, antiquary, b. 1 692,
d. 1765.
88
C AY
CHA
Cayenne Isle, first planted by the
French, 1635.
Cecil, William, lord Burleigh, h.
1520, d. 1598.
Cecil, It., earl of Salisbury, b. about
1550, d. 1612.
Cecrops, first king of Athens, B. C.
1556.
Celery first introduced at table in
England by Count Tallard, during
his captivity after the battle of
Malplaquet, 1709.
Celestial sphere, first seen in Greece;
brought from Egypt, B. C. 368.
Celsus, a famous jurisconsult, fl. A.D.
103.
Censors appointed at Rome, B.C. 437.
Cent jours. See Hundred days.
Centlivre, Susan, b. about 1677, d.
4th Dec, 1723.
Cervantes, Mich. de,b. 1547, d. 1616.
Cesavi, Giuseppe, an Italian painter.
b. 1560, d. 1640.
Ceuta, in Barbary, 200 houses at,
blown down, 15th Feb., 1751-2.
Ceylon, the Isle of, first discovered,
1 506 ; nearly destroyed to revenge
the Dutch cruelties, 1761.
Chain Cables. See Cables.
Chain shot invented bv Adm. de Wit,
1666.
Chairs, Sedan, first used in London.
A fourteen j ears' patent for telling
them granted to Duncombe, 1634.
Chairs, private Sedans, 241 in Dub-
lin city, 25th March, 1787.
Chairs, Acts (Irish) for the regulation
• of, 1772-85-86-87.
Chambaud, Mons. Lewis, d. 22nd
Sept. 1776.
Chamber of Deputies, France, num-
ber of reduced 1816.
Chamberry, in Sardinia, 18 persons
and many buildings destroyed by
an explosion of gunpowder, 1773.
Chambers, Ephraim, author of the
dictionary, d. 1740.
Chambers, Sir William, architect, b.
1729, d. 8th March, 1796.
Chamfort, S. R. S., b. 1741, d. 1794.
Champagne, Philip de, historic painter,
b. at Brussels 1602, d. 1674.
Champion of England first introduced
at coronations, 1377.
Chancellors of England since the ac-
cession of George III. : —
Lord Henley, afterwards earl of
Northington, Jan. 1761.
Charles Pratt, lord Camden, Julv
1766.
Charles Yorke, lord Hardwicke,
Jan. 1770.
In commission, viz. Sir Sydney
Stafford Smythe, knt. — Hon.
Henry Ashhurst, and Sir R.
Aston, knt. Jan. 1770.
Henrv Bathurst, earl Bathurst,
Jan. 1771.
Thurlow, lord Thurlow, of Ash-
field, 2nd June, 1778.
In commission, viz. Lord Lough-
borough, Sir William Ashhurst,
and SirWm. Bcauinontllotliani,
3rd April, 1783.
Lord Thurlow again, 23rd Dec,
1783.
In commission, viz. Sir Jantei
Eyre, Sir William Henry Ash-
hurst, Sir John Wilson, 15th
June, 1792.
Lord Loughborough, 27th Jan.,
1793.
Lord Eldon, 15th April, 1801.
Lord Erskine, 7th Feb., 1806.
Lord Eldon again, 25th Mar., 1807.
Lord Lyndhurst, 30th Apr., 1827.
Lord Brougham and Vaux, 16th
Nov., 1832.
Lord Lyndhurst again, 28th
1834.
Chancellors of Cambridge. See Cam-
bridge.
Chancellors of Oxford. See Oxford.
Chancery, court of, established 605 ;
present one by William I. 1066.
The first person qualified for chan-
cellor, by education, wasSir Thomas
More, 1530, the office before being
rather that of a secretary of state
than the president of a court of
justice; first reference to a master
in, owing to the ignorance of the
chancellor, Sir Chris. Hatton,1588.
Chandler, Samuel, dissenting divine,
b. 1693, d. 1766.
Chandler, Richard, b. 1738, d. 1811.
Chapel at Roscommon, Ireland, one
of the pillars of the gallery gave
way, when 14 persons were killed
and many injured, 17th Apr., 1804.
Chapman, George, b. 1557, d. 1684.
Chapone, Mrs., b. 1757, d. 1801.
CHA
CHE
8S
Chappie, William, of Exeter, b. 1718,
d. 1781.
Chappe, Claude, an ingenious French-
man, inventor of a telegraph, d.
31st Jan., 1805.
Charing Cross, London, erected 1678.
Charing Cross Hospital, foundation-
stone laid by the duke of Sussex,
15th Sept., 1831.
Charitable Corporation instituted,
1708, abolished 1734.
Charity Schools, the first were at
Norton Falgate and St. Mary's
Westminster.
Charity Schools first founded in Eng-
land, 25th March, 1688; 6000
children assembled at St. Paul's,
2nd May, 1782; 160 schools
within London, Westminster, and
the Bills of Mortality, established
between 1688 and 1767, inclusive.
Charlemagne, Emp., d. 813, aged 74.
Charles I. set up his standard at Not-
tingham, 26th Aug., 1642 ; it was
blown down the same night by a
violent storm.
Charles I., equestiian statue of, Char-
ing-cross, the sword, buckles, and
straps taken from, 14 April, 1810.
Charles X., of France, made his pub-
lic entree into Paris, June 1825.
Charles XII., of Sweden, killed at
Frederickshall, in Norway, 30th
Nov., 1718, aged 36.
Charleston, S.Carolina, infested with
worms, June 1751 ; injured by an
explosion, 11th Aug., 1762; de-
stroyed by a hurricane, Sept. 15,
1753; had 250 dwellings, besides
out-houses, burnt, to the amount of
100,000/. sterling, Jan. 15, 1778;
taken by the British forces, May
1779 ; 300 houses destroyed by
fire, 13th June, 1796.
Charlestown, New England, greatly
damaged by a storm, 1761 ; burnt
by English troops, 17th June,1775.
Charlotte's, Queen, Island discovered
by Captain Wallis, 1767.
Charlotte's, Queen, Islands, a cluster
discovered by Capt. Carteret, 1 767.
Charlotte, the Royal, of 100 guns,
destroyed by an accidental fire, near
Leghorn; only 150 of her crew
UTOd, 16th March, 1800.
Charron, Peter, b. 1541, d. 1663.
Charter-house, built 1371 ; converted
into an hospital, 1611.
Charters first granted to different
cities in England, 1 179.
Chateaubriand dismissed from the
ministry by Louis XVIII. for pub-
lishing a pamphlet recommending
a diminution of the Chamber of
Deputies, 21st Sept., 1816.
Chatham, Isle, one of the Gallapagos,
explored 1793.
Chatham, England, 28 houses at, de-
stroyed by fire, 1 1th May, 1774.
Chatham, Earl of, statue erected in
Guildhall, 1782.
Chatham Chest, first established 1582.
Chatterton, Thomas, English poet, b.
1541, d. 1603.
Chaucer, Geoffrey, b. 1328, d. 1400.
Chazelles, John M., the French
mathematician, b. 1657, d. 1710.
Cheapside-cross demolished, 2nd May,
1643.
Chelm, in Poland, 268 dwelling-
houses and 107 warehouses of mer-
chandise burnt, 4th May, 1788.
Chelmsford Church, in Essex, walls
and roof fell down, 1 7th Jan., 1 800.
Chelmsford Bridge, built 1100 ; pri-
son built 1777.
Chelsea Water-works, company of,
incorporated 1722.
Chelsea College, began 1609, finished
1790; cost 150,000/. ; physic gar-
den began 1 732 ; bridge began 1 762.
Cheltenham injured by a hurricane, to
the amount of 4000/., June 1731.
Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, mineral
spring first discovered, 1740; visited
by George III. and the royal family,
12th July, 1788; erected into a
borough by the Reform Bill, 1832.
Chemistry and distillery introduced
into Europe by the Spanish Moors,
who learned both from the African
Moors, and these again derived
their knowledge from the Egyptians,
1150. Hydraulic chemistry in-
vented, 1746.
Chenevix, Dr. Richard, the good
bishop of Waterford, d. 1 lth Aug.,
1779.
Chepstow, on the Severn, a boat near
the town upset, by which, out of a
90
CHE
CHO
party of eight ladies and gentlemen,
five were drowned, 22nd Sept.,
1812. Howick farm, near this
town, set on fire, by which two
bnildings, containing each an exten-
sive threshing machine, were de-
stroyed, and a man who slept in
one of the buildings perished, 14 th
Oct., 1815.
Cherokee Nati in, seven chiefs of the,
arrived in England, 1730; three
more in 1762; three more in
1766; three more in 1791.
Cherries brought from Pontus to
Rome by Lucullus, 70. Apricots
from Epirus ; peaches from Persia ;
the finest plums from Damascus
and Armenia ; pears and figs from
Greece and Egypt ; citrons from
Media ; pomegranates from Car-
thage, about 114 B.C.
Cherries brought from the Canary
Islands to Affane, in Ireland, by
Sir Walter Raleigh.
Cherry-trees first planted in Britain,
100 B.C. ; brought from Flanders,
and planted in Kent, where an
orchard of 32 acres produced in one
year 1000/. worth, 1540.
Clicrtsey Abbey founded 664.
Cheselden, William, the anatomist,
b. 1688, d. 1752.
Chess, game of, invented 608 B. C.
Chest of Chatham, for the relief of
seamen, enforced by law, 1590.
Chester Castle built 1084 ; cathedral
founded at, 660; St. John's church
built 689; Water-to wer,built 1322;
nearly destroyed by an accidental
fire, 1471 ; a great number of per-
sons killed by an explosion of gun-
powder at a puppet show, 5th Nov.,
1772.
Cheyne,G., physician, b.l 67 l,d. 1743.
Chianni, famous oriental scholar, d. at
Warsaw, 1832.
Chiaro-obscuro, the art of printing in,
with three plates, to imitate draw-
ings, first accomplished 1500.
Chichele, Henry, founder of All
Saints' college, Oxford, archbishop
of Canterbury, b. 1362, d. 1443.
Chichester, built by Cissa, 516 ; paved,
1576; cathedral built, 1115.
Children forbidden by law to be sold
in England, 1600.
Childham Castle, Kent, hit. B.<
Chili discovered by the Spaniards.
1518; invaded by them, 1540;
revolted from Spain, 1 81 0;achieved
its independency, 1818.
Chimes on bells invented at Aiott,
1487.
Chimneys first introduced in buildings
in England, 1200 ; only one in the
middle of the building until 1300.
China first visited by the Portuguese,
1517; conquered by the Eastern
Tartars, 1635.
China empire, founded 2100 B.C.;
but its history does notextciul:il>ove
the Greek Olympiads; the first dy-
nasty, when prince Yu reigned,2207
B.C. ; before this time the Chinese
chronology is imperfect ; by some,
Fohi is supposed to be the founder
of the empire, and its first sovereign,
2247 B. C. ; literature there re-
vived, and the art of printing prac-
tised, 206 B. C, ; the first history
of China was published by Semat-
sian, 97 B. C. ; first grant of the
Island of Macao, at the entrance of
the river Canton, to the Portuguese,
1586; an attempt to establish
Christianity there by the Jesuits,
1692; the missionaries expelled,
1724. It is 15 times larger than
Great Britain and Ireland ; and
though not half the size of Europe,
contains full as many inhabitants.
China ware manufactured in England,
at Chelsea, 1752 ; at Bow, 1758 ;
in several places in England, 17*'0 :
by Wedgwood, 1 762 ; at Dresden,
in Saxony, 1706.
China porcelain, first mentioned in
history, 1591.
Chishall, Great, in Essex, 100 houses,
valued at 10,000/. damaged by
fire, 22nd Feb., 1798.
Chivalry began in Europe, 912.
Chocolate introduced into Europe
from Mexico, 1520.
Cholera, the malignant, supposed to
have first appeared in Aug., 1817,
at Jessore, the capital of a district
in Bengal.
CHO
CHR
91
CHOLERA TABLE.
The following Table exhibits the number of Cases of the Cholera, and of
Deaths in various places which have been visited by it, as reported, and
stated in different Journals, in 1831 and 1832.
Great Britain and Ireland.
Continent of Europe.
Dublin -
Cases.
9252
Deaths
"2775"
St. Petersburg -
Cases. Deaths
9247
4757
Glasgow, to Aug.
15
4164
1993
Moscow
8576
4690
Liverpool, "
31
4646
1397
Limberg -
4922
2589
London, to April
28
2532
1334
Vienna
3984
1893
Cork
-
3305
843
Warsaw
3912
1460
Limerick
_
2497
843
Berlin
2220
1401
Drogheda, to July
28
1202
488
Prague
3234
1333
Edinburgh "
25
796
467
Konigsberg
2188
1314
Paisley "
25
638
368
Nisnei Novgorod
1897
982
Belfast -
_
2559
303
Kazan .
1487
857
Greenock, to July
25
534
275
Breslau
1276
671
Hull
26
726
250
Brunn
1540
604
Leeds "
26
544
212
Hamburg -
874
455
York
25
384
152
Magdeburg
576
346
Plymouth "
26
354
147
Elbing
434
283
Leith
25
194
112
Stettin
366
250
Warrington "
26
248
109
Halle
303
152
Carlisle "
25
214
109
America.
Quebec, to Sept.
1
2218
Baltimore, Sept. 29
710
Montreal ' '
2
4385
1843
Albany " 8
1146
418
New York "
8
5842
3107
Norfolk " 11
400
Do. Oct.
12
3471
Rochester " 3
389
107
Philadelphia, Sept
1
2240
740
Christchurch College, Oxford, da-
maged by fire to the amount of
12,000^., 3rd March, 1809.
Christ College, Oxford, began 1515,
completed 1523.
Christ College, Cambridge, founded
1505.
Christ Priory, Hampshire, built 1060.
Christ's Hospital, London, founded
1552.
Christ, order of knighthood, began in
Portugal, 319; in Livonia, 1203.
Christ Church, Birmingham, first
stone of, laid, 22nd July, 1805.
Christian, the term of distinction first
given to the disciples of Christ at
Antioch, 40.
Christianity was propagated in Spain
in 36 ; in Britain, 60, or, as others
say, in the 5th century ; in Fran-
conia and Flanders, in the 7th cen-
tury ; in Lombardy, Thuringia, and
Hesse, in the 8th century ; in Swe-
den, Denmark, Poland, and Russia,
in the 9th century ; in Hungary
and Sclavonia, in the 10th century ;
in Vandalia and Prussia, in the 1 1th
century ; in Pomerania and Nor-
way, in the 1 2th century ; in Li-
vonia, Lithuania, and part of Tar-
tar}-, in the 13th century; in Scla-
vonia, part of Turkey, and the
Canary isles, in the 14th century ;
in Africa, at Guinea, Angola, and
i'H n
C] R
Congo, in the 15th century ; made
great progress in Prussia, both the
Indies, and in China, 1>\ the Pro-
testant faith, in the 16th century ;
reinstated in Greece, &c. &c. in the
17th century.
Christian Charity, order of knight-
hood, began in France, 1590.
Christian king, the title of, first given
to Louis IX. of France, 1469 ; an-
nulled by National Assembly, 1791.
Christian Knowledge, Society for pro-
moting, instituted 1798.
Christiana, in Norway, had one quar-
ter of that place destroyed by fire ;
9th April, 1787, to the value of
100,000 rix dollars, or 13,000/.
Christie, James, an English miscel-
laneous writer, b. 1773, d. 1831.
Christenings taxed, 1783.
Christina, Queen of Sweden, born
lli 26, resigned the crown, 6th June,
1654, d. at Rome, 9th Apr., 1689.
Christophe founded at St. Domingo
an archbishopric and several bish-
oprics, 5th April, 1811.
Christophe, crowned at Cape Francois,
King of llavti, 2nd June? 1811;
shot himself in consequence of his
subjects revolting, 6th Oct., 1820.
Christopher's, St., Isle of, discovered
1595 ; settled by the English, 1 626.
Christmas-day first observed as a fes-
tival, 98.
Chrysostom, St., made bishop of Con-
stantinople, 398; banished, 404;
d. 407, aged 53.
Chubb, Thomas, an English philoso-
pher, b. 1679, d. 1747.
Chudleigh, Devonshire, nearly de-
stroyed bv fire, 22nd May, 1807.
Chudleigh, Lady, b. 1656, d. 1710.
Chumleigh, Devonshire, nearly de-
stroyed by fire, 19th Aug., 1803.
Churches began to be built in Eng-
land, first at Babingley, in Norfolk,
638 — Fifty new ones ordered by
parliament to be built, 1711.
Churches first built for Christians,
214.
Church-music introduced into wor-
ship, 350 ; choral service first used
in England at Canterbury, 677 ;
changed throughout England from
the use of St. Paul's to that of
Sarum, 1418; first performed in
English, 8th May, 1559.
Church-wanlens and overseers insti-
tuted, 1127.
Church-yards first consecrated, .'517
admitted into cities, 742.
Church-benefices forbidden to be held
by foreigners, 1430.
Churches, 50 new ones built, act
passed, 1711.
Churton, Archdeacon, a miscelh;
English author, b. 1754, d. 1831.
Churchill, Rev. C., b. 1731, d. 1764.
Churchyard, Th., poet, d. about 1604.
Cibber, Mrs., actress, d. 1766, aged ">7.
Cibber, Colley, b. 1671; made poet
laureat, Dec. 1730; d. 1757.
Cicero b. 107; made an oration
against Verres, 70; his second ora-
tion against the Agrarian law and
banished, 58 ; put to death 43
years before Christ, aged 64.
Cider act passed, 1763; repealed, \7 ('<<>.
Cignani, Carlo, a Bolognese painter,
b. 1628, d. 1719.
Cigny,Duche8s de, gold to the amount
of 500,000 francs found in her
apartment at her death, Sept. 1832.
Cimabue, Giov., a Florentine historic
painter, b. 1240, d. 1300.
Cimarosa d. at Naples, 1801.
Cincinnatus, order of, began in Ame-
rica, 1783.
Cincinnatus, Quintius, made dictator
of Rome from the plough, b. B.C.
456.
Cinna, d. B. C. 84.
Cinnamon trade first began by the
Dutch, 1506, but was known in
the time of Augustus Caesar, and
previously.
Cinque Ports, vested in barons for
the security of the coasts, 1708;
first revival of their privileges,! 2 1 <J :
stripped of part again in 1832.
Cipriani, Giov. Bat., Italian historic
painter, b. 1727, d. 1785.
Circuits, Justiciary, established 1176;
in Scotland, 1712; English ex-
tended into Wales, 1828.
Cirencester Abbey, founded 1 132.
Circumnavigators of England were,
Drake, undertaken in 1577 ; Ca-
vendish, 1586; Cowley, 1683;
Dampier, 1686; Cooke, 1708
CIR
CLI
Clipperton and Shelooek, 1719
Anson, 1740; Byron, 1764
Wallis, 1766; Carteret, 1766
Cook, 1768, 1772, 1776; con-
tinued by King, 1780; and since
by Portlocke, &c. in 1788. First
that entered the Pacific Ocean was
Magellan, a Spaniard, 1 520. Other
Spanish circumnavigators were
Groalva, 1537; Avalradi, 1337;
Mendana, 1567: Quiros, 1625.
The Dutch circumnavigators were
Le Maire, 1615; Tasman, 1642;
Roggewin, 1721. M. Bougain-
ville, the Frenchman, 1776, De
Noet, 1 801 , and several others since.
Circumcision instituted, B.C. 1897.
Circus at Rome, built B. C. 605 ;
contained 150,000 persons. There
were eight in Rome, one said to
contain 300,000 spectators.
Cisalpine republic, founded by the
French, 30th June, 1797 ; ac-
knowledged by the emperor to be
independent, 17th Oct., 1797.
Cisbury fort, Wiltshire, built by
Cissa, 547.
Cities first incorporated, 1201.
Cities and boroughs first represented
in parliament, 1366.
Civil law revived in Italy and Ger-
many, 1127..
Civil law first revived and studied in
England by Theobald, Archbishop
of Canterbury.
Civil list, debts paid, 1777-
Civita Vecchia nearly destroyed by
an explosion, Sept., 1779.
Clandestine marriages forbidden by
act of parliament, 1753.
Clapham Church, built 1777.
Clare Hall, Cambridge, founded 1 326.
Clarence, Duke of, brother of Ed. IV.,
murd. in the Tower, 1 478, aged 27.
Clarence, Duke of, b. 21st Aug.,
1765; married 11th July, 1818,
to the princess of Saxe Meiningen ;
succeeded his brother George IV.
on the throne of England, 26th
June, 1 830.
Clarendon statutes, passed 1164.
Clarendon press printing office, Ox-
ford, founded 1781.
Clarendon, Hyde, Earl of, b. 1612;
banished, 12th Dec, 1667 ; d. 7th
Dec, 1674.
Clarke, Dr. Edward Daniel, a cele-
brated English traveller, b. 1768,
d. 9th March, 1822.
Clarke, Mr., murder of, by Housman
and Eugene Aram, discovered after
a lapse of 13 years, Aug., 1 759.
Clarke, Dr. Samuel, b. 1675, d. 17th
May, 1729.
Clarke, Adam, L.L. D., a learned
commentator on the Bible, b. at
Moybeg, Ireland, in 1760, d. 1832.
Clarkson, Christopher, an English
historian, b. 1758, d. 1833.
Claude, John, a French writer, b.
1619, d. 1687.
Claude. See Lorraine.
Claudian, b. at Alexandria about 395.
Clehanger House, Herefordshire, de-
stroyed by fire, 3d Jan., 1794.
Clemens, Alexandrinus, fl. AD. 206.
Clementi, Muzio, the celebrated Eng-
lish pianist, b. 1752, d. 16th April,
1832, and interred in the cloisters
of Westminster Abbey.
Clement's Inn, society of, founded
1471.
Cleobury Castle, Shropshire, built
1160.
Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, killed
herself B.C. 30, aged 41.
Clerc, John le, d. 1739, aged 79.
Clergymen's sons, &c, society, estab-
lished in Scotland, Oct., 1794.
Clergymen's widows and orphans,
corporation established in England,
July, 1670.
Clergy of France renounced their
privileges, 20th May, 1809.
Clergy, their property seized by the
National Assembly.
Clergy, a canon made against their
drunkenness, 741.
Clergy excluded from seats in the
Irish parliament, Henry VIII.,
1536 ; voluntarily resigned the
pri vilege of taxing themselves, 1664.
Clerkenwell, monastery of, founded
1098; burnt by a mob, 1381;
new church, first stone of, laid
18th Dec, 1788.
CI eve Abbev, Somerset, founded in
1198.
Cleveland, John, popular poet, b.
1613, d. 1658.
Cliefden House burnt down 14tli
May, 1795.
94
CLI
O A
Clifford, George, Earl of Cumber-
land, b. 1558,d. 1605.
CliffordVInn society, estab. 1 345.
Clifton Downs, suspension bridge at,
first stone laid by Lady Elton, 20tb
June, 1831.
Clitheroe Castle, Lancashire bit. 1 1 7 1 .
Clitherow,Mrs.,in Crown-court, near
Moorfields, with her family and
lodgers, consisting of 1 1 persons,
were blown up while making fire-
works by candle-light, 3rd Nov.,
1791.
Clive, Mrs. Cath., actress, d. 1785.
Clive, Lord, b. 1725; defeated the
nabob, 26 th June, 1757; created
a peer, 1762 ; killed himself, Nov.,
1774, aged 49.
Clock-makers, three from Delft, first
settled in England, 1568.
Clocks and watches taxed, 1797, re-
pealed, 1798,.
Clocks, called water-clocks, first used
in Rome, 158 B.C.; clocks and
dials first set up in churches, 913 ;
clocks made to strike by the A ra-
bians, 801 ; by the Italians, 1300;
a striking clock in Westminster,
1368 ; the first portable one made,
1530; none in England that went
tolerably, till that dated 1540, now
at Hampton-court palace; clocks
with pendulums, &c, invented by
one Fromantil, a Dutchman, about
1656 ; repeating clocks and watches
invented by one Barlow, 1676.
Till about 1631, neither clocks nor
watches were general.
Clondalkin, Ireland, powder mills at
blew up, and shattered the dwel-
lings to a considerable distance
around, onlv two lives lost, 15th
April, 1787!
Closterman, John, of Osnaburg, por-
trait painter, b. 1655, d. 1710.
Cloth, coarse woollen, introduced into
England, 1191 ; first made at
Kendal, 1390 ; medlevs first made,
1614.
Clowes Wood, Ireland, took fire,
when 30 acres of furze and heath
were consumed, 1st Jan. 1805.
Clum, Mrs., near Lichfield, d. 23rd
Jan., 1772, aged 138, and lived
103 years in one house.
Clun Castle, Shropshire, built 1140.
Clynnogvawr Abbey, Carmarthen-
shire, built 1616.
Coaches first used in England, 1580;
an act passed to prevent men riding
in coaches as effeminate, in Idol ;
private coaches began to be com-
mon in London, 1 625 ; hackney
coaches began in 1634, when Cap-
tain Baily set up four in number;
were prohibited in 1635; fifty
hackney coachmen only were al-
lowed in 1637; limited to 200 in
1652; to 300 in 1654 : to 400 in
1661 ; to 700 in 1694, when they
were first licensed ; to 800 in
1710; to 1000 in 1771; to 12O0
in 1799. Hackney chariots, not
to exceed 200, licensed, 1814. In
the year 1736, the number of
coaches made in this kingdom
amounted to 40,000, one half of
which, and upwards, were exported.
By the dutv on coaches it appeared,
in 1778, 23,000 were kept in
England, when their duty amounted
to 1 17,000/. The dutv on coaches
in 1785, was 154,988/. in Eng-
land, and in Scotland only 9000/.
Coach-makers' licence com. 1785.
Coach-tax commenced 25th March,
1747 ; increased, 1776-82-85-97,
and 1808.
Coach from Hinkley to Leicester, by
furious driving to beat a rival
coach, was dashed to pieces against
the Burbage turnpike gate, by
which the coachman and four pas-
sengers were killed, and four other
passengers maimed, 14th July,
1815.
Coal-pit near Renfrew took fire, and
continued to burn for nearly two
days, six men lost, 1804.
Coal-pit near Wakefield, inundated
by a sudden gush of water, by
which nine men and a boy perished,
30th June, 1809.
Coal-pit at Felling, near Gateshead,
took fire, bv which 93 persons pe-
rished, 25th June, 1812.
Coal-pit at Swiney Row, Durham,
took fire, by which one man and
six boys were severely hurt, 6th
Oct., 1812.
Coal-pit, Harrington-mill, near the
preceding, took fire, by which four'
CO A
COB
91
men and nineteen boys were killed,
10th Oct., 1812.
Coal-pit, Collingwood Main, took fire,
by which eight men were killed,
and two severely burnt, 17th July,
1813.
Coal-pit at Bradley, fell in, by which
eight persons were buried in the
ruins, of whom seven were dug out
alive, after remaining seven days
without food, 10th Aug., 1813.
Coal-pit at Felling, took fire a second
time, by which 9 men, 13 boys,
and 12 horses were destroyed, Dec.
1813.
Coal-pit, Hepburn, took fire, by which
11 persons were burnt to death,
27th Aug., 1814.
Coal-pit at Painshaw, Cumberland,
three men killed by the choak
damp, in descending to examine the
state of the air, 15th March, 1815.
Coal-pit belonging to Messrs. Nes-
ham and Co. near Newbattle, Dur-
ham, took fire, by which 70 persons
lost their lives, 2nd June, 1815.
At the same colliery 57 persons
were killed or wounded by the
bursting of a steam engine, 31st
July following.
Coal-pit, Heaton Main, near New-
castle, inundated by a sudden gush
of water, by which 33 men, 42
boys, and 37 horses perished, 3rd
May, 1815. It was afterwards,
19th Feb. 1816, ascertained that
they all perished by starvation,
having been enclosed in a cavity
which the Mater did not penetrate.
Coal-pit at Chirk, in Denbighshire,
destroyed by an inundation occa-
sioned by a stoppage in the river
Ceriog, in consequence of the fall
of an embankment, 28th Dec,
1816 ; thecolleries were so exten-
sive that the loss was considered as
a public calamity.
Coal-pit near Chester-le-strcet, Dur-
ham, took fire, by which nearly 40
persons lost their lives, July, 1817.
Coals discovered near Newcastle,
1234 ; first dug at Newcastle by a
charter granted the town bv Henry
III.; first used, 1280; dyers,
brewers, &c. in the reign of Edward
the First, began to use sea-coal for
fire in 1350; but in consequence
of an application from the nobility,
&c. he published a proclamation
against it as a public nuisance,
1398. Imported from Newcastle
to London in any quantity, 1350 ;
in general use in London, 1400 ;
600,000 chald. used in London
1773 ; and 766,880 chald. in 1788 ;
in 1792, there were 841,380 chal-
drons ; cinders, 6270 chaldrons ;
and Scotch coals, 2,44.9 tons ; in
1793, there were 800,510^; in
1794, 788,7441; in 1795,887,759
chaldrons, besides cinders, &c. ; and
in 1791, the quantity of 450,000
chaldrons, Newcastle measure, was
cleared out, in 4956 vessels, for
over-sea and coastways ; in 1791
there were 334,5 13| chaldrons,-
besides cinders, &c. The duties
on coals carried coastways, besides
those in London, amounted in
1788 to 182,745/. 15s. 0^</. at
5s. 6d. per chaldron. Those
brought to London pay 10s. 8c?.
per chaldron. All the duties on
coals in England, amounted, in
1783, to 445,811/., and in 1784,
to 462,550/. And in Scotland,
for both these years, to 3000/.
The sum total of the duties in
1788 was 306,728/.
The coals imported into the port of
London, from the 1st March,
1790, to the first March, 1800:
CHALD. TONS.
1790 to 1791 754,307 2345
1791 to 1792 814,622 2251
1792 to 1793 832,358 2403
1793 to 1794 815,318 1540
1794 to 1795 732,846 1748
1795 to 1796 928,743 578
1796 to 1797 829,684 931
1797 to 1798 897,037 814
1798 to 1799 769,047 393
1799 to 1800 865,804 493
Coals, duty laid on by Charles I.,
1627 ; by Charles II., in favour of
the Duke of Richmond, which was
converted into an annuity by Geo.
III. in June, 1800.
Cobbett, William, found guilty of
publishing a libel against Lord
Hardwicke and Mr. Plunket, 26th
May, 1804.
36
COB
COI
Coburg Theatre, Surrey, opened 1 8 1 6 ;
its name altered to Victoria, 1 833-4.
Cochrane, Admiral, Sir Alex., b.
1759; d. 1832.
Cochrane, Lord, joined the patriots
of Peru and Chili.
returned from South America, Aug.
1 825.
Cockburn, Cath., d. 11th May, 1749.
Cockermouth Castle, Cumberland,
built 1069.
Cockersend Abbev, Lancashire, built
1200.
Cock-fighting, instituted by the Ro-
mans, after a victory over the Per-
sians, B. C. 476.
Cocklepark Tower, Northumberland,
built before 1100.
Cock-lane ghost, imposition practised
and detected, March, 1762.
Codrington, Christopher, b. 1668, d.
1716.
Codrington, Sir Edward, won the
battle of Navarino, 20th Oct , 1827.
Codrua, the last Athenian king, vo-
luntarily gave his life for the good
of his country, after reigning 21
years, B. C. 1069.
Cocck, Peter, called Peter Van Aelst,
Flemish painter, d. 1550.
Coffee-house, the first in England was
kept by Jacob, a Jew, at the sign
of the Angel, in Oxford, in 1650 ;
Mr. Edwards, an English Turkey
merchant, brought home with him
a Greek servant, who kept the first
house for making and selling coffee
in London, 1652. The Rainbow
coffee-house, near Temple-bar, wit,
1657, represented as a nuisance to
the neighbourhood.
Coffee first brought to England by
Mr. Nathaniel Canopius, a Cretan,
who made it his common beverage,
at Baliol College, Oxford, in 1641 ;
coffee was first brought to Mar-
seilles, 1644.
Coffee trees were conveyed from
Mocha to Holland, in 1616; and
carried to the West Indies in the
year 1726 ; first cultivated at Su-
rinam by the Dutch, 1718; its
culture encouraged in the planta-
tions, 1732.
Coif, the Serjeant's, was originally an
iron scull-cap, worn by knights
under their helmets. Blackstone
says it was introduced before 1259,
to hide the tonsure of such renc-
gado clerks as chose to remain u
advocates in the secular courts,
notwithstanding their prohibition
by canon.
Cohon, Mich., engineer, b. 1632, d.
1704.
Coin — silver, first coined by Phidon,
king of Argos, 869 B.C.; silver
money coined at Rome, 269 B.C. ;
before then brass money only was
used, a sign of no correspondence
with the East, where gold and sil-
ver were used long before: coin
first used in Britain, 25 B. C. ; in
Scotland of gold and silver, 2 2 ;
coin was first made round in Eng-
land in 1 101 ; silver halfpence and
farthings were coined in the reign
of John, and pence the largest cur-
rent coin ; gold first coined in Eng-
land, 1087; groats first coined in
Bohemia, 1301 ; copper money
used only in Scotland and Ireland,
1399; gold next coined in Eng-
land, 1345; groats and half groats
the largest silver coin in Eng-
land, 1531 ; in 1347, a pound of
silver was coined into 22 shillings,
and in 1352, a pound was coined
into 25 shillings; in 1414, they
were increased to 30 shillings ; and
in 1500, a pound of silver was
coined into 40 shillings. In 1530
they were extended to 62, which
is the same now. The money in
Scotland, till now the same as in
England, began to be debased,
1354 ; gold first coined in Venice,
1476 ; shillings first coined in Eng-
land, 1068; crowns and half-crowns
first coined, 1551 ; copper money
introduced into France by Henry
III. 1580; the first legal copper
coin introduced, which put an end
to private leaden tokens, univer-
sally practised, especially in Lon-
don, 1609 ; copper money intro-
duced into England by James I.,
1620 ; milling coin introduced,
1 662 ; halfpence and farthings first
coined by government, 16th Aug.,
1672; guineas were first coined,
1673 ; silver coinage, 1696 ; broad
COI
COL
97
pieces of gold called in by govern-
ment, and coined into guineas,
1732. Five shillings and three-
I>enny pieces in gold were issued
in 1716 and 1761. One million
was coined in 1710 from French
louis d'ors. Halfpence issued for
the Isle of Man by England, 1786.
Dollars were issued bv the bank at
4*. 9d. each, 4th March, 1797.
Seven shilling pieces were issued
in Dec, 1797.
The whole money coined in Eng-
land since the beginning of the
reign of Queen Elizabeth, in-
cluding the debased silver of the
three preceding reigns, up to the
year 1793, was as follows: —
Bv Queen Elizabeth - 5,832,932
King James I. - 2,500,000
Charles I. - - 10,499,544
Cromwell - - 1,000,000
Charles II. - 7,524,105
James II. - - 3,737,637
Before the Revolution 31.094,218
By King W. III., in-
cluding re-coinage 10,511,963
Queen Anne - 2,691,626
King George I. - 8,725,921
King George II. - 11,966,576
Before Geo. III.'s reign 33,896,086
Total during reign of
Geo. III., till 25th
Mar. 1793, includ-
ing re-coinage - - 51,073,362
Total coined from the
vear 1558 to 1793,
being 235 years - 116,063,666
Of this 1 1 6,063,666/. sterling, there
were 32,000,000/. in silver, long
before the revolution. The whole
gold coinage did not exceed six
millions, all payments till then
being mostly made in silver ;
and so much is the nature of our
coinage changed, that, during the
reign of George III., the whole
silver coinage only amounted to
63,101/.
The coinage of gold and silver in
4 years amounted to 6,191,825/.
Coined in 1793 2,747,430 6
in 1794 2,553,894 12
in 1795 497,711 5 6
inl796onlv391,789 2
in 1797 2,000,297
8,192,122
Davenant estimated the coin in the
kingdom, in 1711, to be about
12,000,000/. Anderson esti-
mates it, in the year 1762, at
16,000,000/.; and Mr. Chalmers
supposes it, in 1786, to amount
to 20,000,000/ , and at present
at 37,000,000/.
The gold coin brought into the
mint by proclamation, in 1773,
1774, and 1776, amounted to
15,563,593/. 10s. Sd. The
expense attending the loss in
collecting, melting, &c. to go-
vernment, was 754,0 1 91. 1 9s. 6d.
The mint of the United States of
America, established l793,issued
gold and silver coin ; the cop-
per had been delivered before.
The gold coins are eagles, half
eagles, and quarter eagles. The
first is exactly five and forty
shillings, English money, or ten
dollars American coiri. The
dollars are coined in the same
divisions of half, and quarter,
which makes the course of ex-
change simple, and suits the
reckoning to every capacity ; ten
quarter dollars make the quarter
eagle, ten half dollars the half
- eagle, and ten dollars the eagle.
There is, beside, one more silver
coin, which is called a dime, and
is the tenth part of a dollar.
The copper coin is called a cent,
and is the tenth part of a dime.
Coin in bullion first legally permitted
to be exported, 1663.
Coining with a die first invented,
1617 ; first used in England, 1620.
Cokayne, Sir Aston, b. 1 608, d. 1 684.
Coke, Lord Chief Justice, b. 1549,
d. 1684.
College of the four nations at Paris,
built 1670.
98
COL
COM
Colbert, J. B., French statesman, b.
.1619, d. 1683.
Colchester, built 125 B. C. ; castle
burnt, 912 ; monastery of St. John
built, 1097 ; walled, 1382.
Cold Norton Priory, Oxfordshire,
built 1160.
Coldingham Nunnery, Scotland, ra-
vaged by the Danes, 869.
Coles, Elisha, the grammarian, b.
about 1640, d. 1680.
Colet, Dr. John, founder of St. Paul's
school, b. 1466, d. 1519.
Coligni, Admiral, b. 1516, assassi-
nated 1572.
Collin, Henry Joseph Von, dramatic
writer, b. at Vienna, 1772, d.
1811.
Collin, Matthams, tutor to the duke
of Reichstadt, d. in 1824.
Collars of S.S., in honour of St. Sul-
picius, the fashion of wearing began,
1407.
College, Stephen, hanged at Oxford,
18th Aug., 1681.
Collier, Mr. Jos., d. 20th Feb., 1776.
Collier, Rev. Jeremiah, b. 1650, d.
1726.
Collingwood, Admiral, Lord, b. 1 748,
d. 1810.
Collins, John, mathematician, b. 1624,
d. 1683.
Collins, Anthony, b. 1676, d. 1729.
Collins, Arthur, b. 1682, d. 1760.
Collins, William, poet, b. about 1720,
d. 1756.
Colli: ..-on, Peter, botanist, b. 1694,
d. 1786.
Colman, George, b. 1733, d. 1794.
Colnett, James, the first explorer of
the Western coast of Japan, 1791.
Cologne, made an imperial city, 959 ;
made archiepiscopal, 742 ; electo-
ral, 1021.
Cologne sustained great damage, its
bridge, with 100 persons, waggons,
&c., carried away by a flood, 1st
Dec, 1747.
Colossus of Rhodes, 720,000 lbs.
weight, thrown down by an earth-
quake 224 years B.C., and sold to
a Jew, A.D. 684.
Colquhoun, Patrick, b. 1745, d. 1820.
Colson, John, of Cambridge, d. 1 761,
aged 80.
Colston, Edward, institu tor of w&
charitable establishments, b. 1686
d. 1721.
Colton, Rev. Caleb, author of Lacon,
d. 28th April, 1832.
Columbo, the British troops at, mur-
dered in cold blood by the AdtgMl
of Candy, 6th June, 1803.
Columbus, Christopher, b. 1442 ;
discovered America, 1492, d. 1506.
Columbus, Barthol, map and chart
maker, d. 1514.
Combe Abbey, Warwickshire, built
1150.
Combermere Abbey, Cheshire, built
1134.
Combinations amongst journeymen
forbidden by law, 21st June, 1799.
Comedy, the first acted in Athens on
a scaffold, by Susarion and Dolon,
562 B. C. ; those of Terence first
acted, 154 B. C. ; the first in Eng-
land, 1551.
Comenius, J. Amos, Moravian gram-
marian, b. 1592, d. 1671.
Comet steam boat was run foul of by
the Ayr, near Greenock, when slu-
sunk, and 50 out of 60 passengers
perished, Oct. 21, 1825.
Comets had the parabolic form of
their orbits demonstrated, 1680.
Comets appeared to England in 1680-
82, 1798, 1808-11.
Comines, the historian, of Flanders,
b. 1446, d. 1509.
Commandments given to Moses, 1491
B.C.
Commandments, Creed, and Lord's
Prayer, translated into the Saxon
language, 781.
Common Prayer published in English,
with the authority of parliament,
1548.
Commerce of England, 1791.
Exports - - 7,000,000
Imports - - 5,000,000
Re-imported
2,000,000
- 1,000,000
Balance in favour 3,000,000
See the different articles of produce
under their proper titles.
Commissioners of sewers first ap-
pointed 1425.
COMPANIES.
99
Commissioners of public accounts ap-
pointed, 1780.
Commend me to such a friend, i. e.
tell him I am his humble servant,
originated in the word commen-
datus, in Doomsday-book, meaning
one -who lived under the patronage
of a great man.
Common Council of London, first ap-
pointed 1208.
Common Pleas, court of, established
] 215; erected in Westminster Hall
1741.
Commons, House of. Westminster,
totally destroyed by an accidental
fire, 16th Oct., 1834.
Commutation tax commenced, 1784.
Companies : — African company es-
tablished, 1618, 1762. In 1746,
government owed the company
11,686,800/. and its divided capital
amounted to 10,780,000/. both of
which continued till 1776.
African institution society insti-
tuted, 1806.
Agricultural societies established in
England, 1787.
American philosophical society in-
stituted 2nd Jan., 1672.
Amicable society incorp. 1706.
Antiquarian society incorporated,
2nd Nov., 1751.
Antiquarian society at Edinburgh,
instituted 18th Dec, 1780.
Antiquarian society at Newcastle,
1812.
Apothecaries' company, London,
incorporated 1617.
Armourers' company, London, in-
corporated 1423.
Artillery company revived, 1610.
Artists, society of, London, incor-
porated 26th Feb., 1765.
Arts and Sciences, society W, Lon-
don, instituted 1753.
Arts and Sciences, society estab-
lished at New York, 1765.
Arts, roval, at London, instituted
1768.'
Augmentation office, estab. 1704.
bankers' company, London, incor-
porated 1307.
Bank of Amsterdam, founded
1609; of Venice, 1157; of
Rotterdam, 1635.
Bank of England established, 1693
Bank notes at 13 and 14 per
cent. dis. and 15 and 20; also
paid three per cent, on their
bank notes once in three months,
1697 — The dividend on their
stock raised from five to seven
per cent. March 19, 1788
Lent government, in 1693, the
sum of 1,300,000/. at eight per
cent. — In 1696, their stock
amounted to 2,201,171/. 10s
In 1709, they augmented it to
4,402,343/. when they advanced
government 400,000/. ; and in
l714anotherloanof 1,500,000/.
In 1742, government was in-
debted to them 3,200,000/. See
Banks.
Bank of Scotland established 1695.
Bank of Copenhagen, 1736.
Bank of Berlin, 1765.
Bank Casse d'Escompte, in France,
1776.
Bank at Petersburgh, 1786.
Banks, savings, first established in
different places in England,! 81 6.
Barber-Surgeons' company, Lon-
don, incorporated, 1 308.
Barnard' s-inn society, in Chancery-
lane, commenced 1445.
Bible society, naval and military,
instituted 1780.
Blacksmiths' company, London,
incorporated 1577.
Blackwell-hall factors' company,
London, established 1516.
Blind, school for the, instit. 1799.
Book society, Dissenters, for tracts,
instituted 1750.
Bowyers' company, London, incor-
porated, 1620.
Brewers' company, London, incor-
porated 1438.
Bricklayers' company, London, in-
corporated 1568.
British herring fishery, incorporated
1750.
British institution founded, 4tb
June, 1805; opened, 18th Jan.,
1806.
British and foreign bible society,
1804.
British and foreign school society,
instituted 1815.
f 2
100
COMPANIES
British linen company erected,
1746.
British mineralogical society com-
menced 1799.
British museum, established 1758.
British society incorporated for ex-
tending the fisheries, 1786.
British lying-in hospital for married
women, instituted 1749.
Butchers' company, London, incor-
porated 1604.
Cabinet council first constituted,
25th April, 1670.
Cap-makers' eompany, London,
incorporated 1650.
Card-makers' company, London,
incorporated 1629.
Carpenters' company, London, in-
corporated 1344.
Charitable corporation instituted,
1708; abolished, 1731.
Chatham chest first established,
1582.
Chelsea water-works company, in-
corporated 1 7-"-.
Christian knowledge, society for
promoting, instituted 1698.
Cloment's-inn society, established
1471.
Clergymen's widows' and orphans'
corporation established in Eng-
land, July, 1670.
Clergymen's sons', &c. society,
estab. in Scotland, Oct. 1794.
Clifford's-inn society, began 1345.
Clock-makers' company, London,
incorpoiated 1632.
Cloth-workers' company, London,
incorporated 1482.
Coach-makers' company, London,
incorporated 1677.
Condition of the poor, society for
bettering the, instituted 1796.
Comb-makers' company, London,
incorporated 1650.
Commissioners of sewers first ap-
pointed, 1425.
Companies first established4» Lon-
don, 1198.
Cooks' company, London, incorpo-
rated 1481.
Coopers' company, London, incor-
porated 1501.
Cordwainers' company, London,
incorporated 1410.
Curriers' company, London, incor-
porated 1605.
Cutlers' company, London, incor-
porated 1417.
Deaf and dumb asylum instituted,
1792.
Drapers' company, London, incor-
porated 1469.
Dublin society incorporated, 1750.
Dvers' company, London, incorpo-
rated 1469.
East India company, at Embden,
established 1750.
East India company, in England,
established 1600; their stock
then consisting of 72,000/. when
they fitted out four ships ; and,
meeting with success, they con-
tinued for many years ; India
stock sold from 360 to 500 per
cent. 1683; a new company
established, 1698; the old one
re-established, and the two
united, 1700; agreed to give
government 400,000/. per anu.
for four years, on condition that
they might continue unmolested,
1769 ; in great confusion, aim
applied to parliament for assist-
ance, 1773; judges sent from
England by government faith-
fully to administer the laws
there, to the company's servants,
2nd April, 1744; board of con-
troul instituted, 1784; charter
renewed, 1813; their commercial
character relinquished in 1834.
East India company's almshouses,
founded 1656.
East India company of Sweden
erected, March, 1731.
East India company of France,
established l(r27; abolhhed by
the national assembly, and the
trade laid open, 26th Jan., 1791 .
East India company of Holland,
incorporated 1604.
East-land company incorp., 1579.
Electrical dispensatory, London,
instituted 1793.
Emanuel hospital, "Westminster,
instituted 1534.
Embroiderers' company, London,
incorporated 1591.
English copper office, incorp. 1691.
COMPANIES
101
Excise office, formed 1643.
Eye, royal infirmary for the, insti-
tuted 1804.
Eye, London infirmary for, insti-
tuted 1804.
Fan-makers' company, London,
incorporated 1709.
Farriers' company, London, incor-
porated 1673.
Felt-makers' company, London,
incorporated 1604.
Fishermen's company, London,
incorporated 1536.
Fishmongers' company, London,
incorporated 1536.
First fruit's office established,1543.
Fletchers' company, London, in-
corporated 1526.
Founders' company, London, in-
corporated 1614.
Frame- work-knitters' company,
London, incorporated 1664.
Fruiterers' company, London, in-
corporated 1604.
Furriers' company, London, incor-
porated 150.9.'
Furnival's-inn society began 1563.
Gardeners' company, London, in-
corporated 1616.
Geological society instituted 1813.
Girdlers' company, London, incor-
porated 1448.
Glass-sellers' company, London,
incorporated 1664.
Glaziers' company, London, incor-
porated 1637.
Glovers' company, London, incor-
porated 1556.
Gold and silver wire-drawers' com-
pauy,London, incorporated 1 623.
Goldsmith's company, London, in-
corporated 1327.
Gray's-inn society began, 1357;
house built, 1687.
Greenock society for the encou-
ragement of arts and sciences,
formed 1812.
Grocers' company, London, incor-
porated 1429.
Gunsmith'! company, London, in-
corporated 1638.
Haberdashers' company, London,
corporated 1407.
IIa<kney-coach office established,
24th June, 1694.
Hamburgh company, incorporated
1296.
Hand-in-hand fire office, incorpo-
rated 1696.
Hat-band makers' company, Lon-
don, incorporated 1638.
Hawkers' and Pedlars' licence office,
1697.
Herald's college, instituted 1340.
Herring fishery, established 2nd
Sept., 1750.
Highland society for agriculture,
instituted Feb., 1785.
Horner's company, London, incor-
porated 1638.
Hudson's-bay company, incorpo-
rated 1670.
Humane society, instituted 1774.
Inn-holders' company, London,
incorporated 1515.
Institution, the national benevo-
lent, at Gloucester, for the relief
of distressed persons in middle
life, of whatsoever country or
persuasion, 1812.
Institution, Devon and Exeter,
for the diffusion of science, lite-
rature, and the arts, 1812.
Irish working schools' society, in-
corporated Oct., 1773.
Ironmongers' company, London,
incorporated 1464.
Joiners' company, London, incor-
porated 1564.
King's college in Halifax, Nova
Scotia, founded and incorporated
by charter 7th Oct., 1802.
Lead office, established 1692.
Leather-sellers' company, London,
incorporated 1442.
Lincoln's-inn society, established
1310.
Literary fund for the relief of dis-
tressed authors, establishedl 790.
Liverpool society of arts, insti-
tuted 1810.
Linnrean society, founded 1788;
incorporated 1802.
London assurance office, charter
granted 1716.
London incorporated, and obtained
their first charter for electing
magistrates, 1208.
London institution commenced,
1805.
102
COMPANIES
Loriners' company incorporated,
1488.
LyonVinn society established,
1420.
Marine society established, 1756 ;
to whom W. Hicks, Esq. left
300/. per annum, 1763; incor-
porated, 1772.
Masons' company, London, incor-
porated 1677.
Medical society at Dublin insti-
tuted 1785.
Mercers 1 company, London, incor-
porated 1393.
Merchant-tailors 1 company, Lon-
don, incorporated 1466.
Military academy, Woolwich, es-
tablished 1741.
Mine and battery company incor-
porated 1568.
Mines, royal, established 1565-
Mint office in the Tower estab-
lished, 1066.
Musicians 1 company, London, in-
corporated 1604.
Naval asylum instituted by the
Duke of Clarence, 1801.
Navy officefounded, 4th Dec, 1644.
Needle-makers 1 company, London,
incorporated 1656.
New inn society founded, 1485.
Ostend company erected, Jan.
1722, 1723; abolished, March,
1731-2.
Paper-stainers 1 company, London,
incorporated 1580.
Painting, academy of, in London,
incorporated 1768.
Parish clerks' company, London,
incorporated 1232.
Patten-makers 1 company, London,
incorporated 1670.
Pensioners, band of, estab. 1590.
Pewterers 1 company, London, in-
corporated 1744.
Philanthropic society commenced,
1788.
Physicians 1 college incorporated.
Sept. 23, 1518.
Physic, school of, established in
Dublin 1814.
Pin-makers 1 company, London,
incorporated 1636.
Plasterers 1 company, London, in-
corporated 1500.
Plumbers 1 company, London, in-
corporated 1611.
Poulterers 1 company, London, in-
corporated 1503.
Preston Guild established, 1172.
Promotion of Christian knowledge,
society for the, established 1699.
Propagation of the gospel in foreign
parts, society for the, incoi-porated
1701.
Propagation of the gospel in New
England, society from the, in-
corporated 7th Feb., 1662.
Raine's charity began to portion out
four young women, 1758.
Reformation of manners,society for,
formed 1698.
Royal exchange assurance office,
charter granted 1716.
Royal miners 1 comp., incorp. 1564.
Royal society, London, instituted
30th Dec, 1660 ; incorporated
1663.
Royal institution of Great Britain
commenced 1800.
Royal society of arts, instituted in
London, 1768.
Royal society of musicians, 1 785.
Russel institution, com. 1808.
Russia company, incorporated 1555.
Saddlers 1 company, London, incor-
porated 1280.
Salt-office, established 1694; duties
formed 15th June, 1702.
Salters 1 company, London, incor-
porated 1558.
Samaritan society at the London
hospital, commenced 1791.
Scots 1 corporation began, 1665.
Scriveners 1 company, London, in-
corporated 1616.
Seamen's widows 1 corporation bit.
13th Oct., 1732.
Secretary of state's office began.
1530.
Shipwrights 1 company, London, in-
corporated 1610.
Sick and wounded seamen's incor-
poration began, 24 th June, 1 747.
Silk-throwsters' company, London,
incorporated 1629.
Sion-college, London- wall, founded
1623 ; incorporated 1664.
Skinners' company, London, incor-
porated 1327.
COM
CON
103
Soap-makers' company, London,
incorporated 1638.
Spectacle-makers' company, Lon-
don, incorporated 1680.
Stamp office established, 1694.
Staples'-inn society estab. 1415.
Starch-makers' company, London,
incorporated 1632.
Stationers' company, London, in-
corporated 1556.
Surgeons' company, London, incor-
porated 1745.
Surrey institution com. 1808;
dissolved, 1823.
Tallow-chandlers' company, Lon-
don, incorporated 1463.
Temple, three societies of the
(inner, middle, and outer), 1340;
founded 1560.
Thavie's-inn society, estab. 1519 ;
dissolved 1768.
Tin-plate workers' company, Lon-
don, incorporated 1670.
Tobacco-pipe-makers' comp., Lon-
don, incorporated 1663.
Trinity house founded by Sir Th.
Spert, 1512; incorp., 1685.
Turkey company, incorp., 1685.
Turners' company, London, incor-
porated 1604.
Victualling office instituted, 10th
Dec, 1663.
Vintners' company, London, incor-
porated 1437.
Upholders' company, London, in-
corporated 1627.
Wardrobe, great, in Scotland-yard,
established 1485.
\V;itermen8' company, London, in-
corporated 1550.
Wax-chandlers' company, London,
incorporated 1484.
Weavers' company, London, incor-
porated 1164.
Welsh copper-office, incorp. 1694.
Wheelwrights' comp. incorp. 1670.
York-buildings watcr-\\ oiks' com-
pany, incorporated 1691.
Companies, twelve first established
in London, 1194.
Compass, seaman's, invented in China,
1120 B.C.; said to be used at
Venice, 1260 ; improved at Naples,
1302 ; its variation observed 1500 ;
its dipping, 1576.
Compound waters highly taxed, 29th
M ayl729.
Compters of London, built near New-
gate, 1789 to 1791, cost 20,473/.
Concert, the first subscription one
was at Oxford, 1665 ; the first in
London was in 1678.
Conciliatory act, for treating with the
American colonies,7th Feb., 1778.
Conciliatory terms offered to Ame-
rica, and rejected, 13th Ap., 1778.
Conception of the Virgin Mary, order
began 1619.
Conception of the Virgin, festival of,
instituted 1387.
Conclave for the election of popes
first ordered 1274.
Concubines allowed the priests 1 132.
Confession, auricular,introducedl254.
Confirmation took place 190.
Concord, order of knighthood, began
in Brandenburgh 1660.
Cbndamine, M. de, F.R S., d. 8th
Feb., 1774, aged 74.
Conde, Prince of, b. 1621, d. 1686.
Condorcet, Marq.de, b. 1743,d.l793.
Confucius, the Chinese philosopher,
b. B.C. 551.
Congo kingdom discovered and set-
tled by the Portuguese 1 482.
Congress abolished the British author-
ity in the American colonies 5 th
May, 1776.
Congreve, William, b. 1670, d. 1729.
Conic Sections, the first idea of, arose
B.C. 240.
Coninsburg Castle, Yorkshire, existed
in 489.
Conjunction of the sun, moon, and
planets 1 1 86 ; of Saturn and Ju-
piter 1394.
Conon of Samos, Greek astronomer,
flourished B.C. 400.
Consecration of churches instituted
153.
Consecration of bishops, the form or-
dained 1549.
Convents and other religious orders
suppressed in the two Sicilies by
order of King Joachim Murat 1 809 ;
abolished in Spain 1811; restored
in Spain Mjiy, 1814; restored in
the two Sicilies 1815.
Conservators of public liberties chosen
in England 1215.
104
CON
CON
Conspiracies and insurrections, the
most remarkable, in ancient and
modern history A conspiracy was
formed against the infant republic
of Rome, to restore the banished
Sextus Tarquin and the regal go-
vernment ; the two sons of Junius
Brutus, the first consul, being con-
cerned in it, were publicly con-
demned and put to death by then-
father 507 B.C Another, by the
Tarquin faction against the Roman
senators ; Publius and Marcus dis-
cover it ; the other conspirators are
put to death, 496. — Of Catiline
and his associates, to murder the
consuls and senate, and to burn
the city of Rome, discovered by
Cicero, consul for the year, 63 —
An insurrection in Spain which
cost the lives of 30,000 Spaniards,
and double that number of Moors,
A.D. 1560. — At Malta, to destroy
the whole order, for which 125
slaves suffered death, 26th June,
1749.— At Lisbon, by several of
the nobility, who shot the king,
1758. — At Algiers, on account of
tribute, 1761 At Madrid, when
they obliged the king to banish the
Marquis Squillace, 1769 — At the
Brazils, 1772 At Palermo, 26th
Oct., 1773.— At Stockhlom, in
1792, when Gustavus III. was
assassinated by Ankerstroem. — At
St. Domingo and the other French
West India islands, where near
16,000 negroes were slain, and 400
whites, and 550 plantations destroy-
ed, 1794. -In Dublin, 1803 — Of
the Prince of Asturias against his
father, 1807 Of the inhabitants
of Madrid against the French, in
which manv persons were killed,
1808 — At Algiers, 1808.
Conspiracies and insurrections in Eng-
land A conspiracy of the Nor-
man barons against William I.,
1074.— Against William II. 1088
and 1093. — Against Henry II. by
his queen and children, 1173
Insurrection of Foulk de Brent
against Henry III., 1224 A con-
spiracy against the same king for
cancelling Magna Charta, 1227 —
Of the barons against Henrv III.,
1258 — Of the Duke of Bxetei
and others against the life of Henry
IV., discovered by dropping a paper
accidentally, 1400. — Against lien.
V. by the Earl of Cambridge and
others, 1415 Of Richard, Duke
of Gloucester, against his nephews
Edward V. and his brother, whom
he caused to be murdered, 1483. —
Imposture of LambertSimnel, 1 4 86 .
— Imposture of Perkin Warbcck,
1492.— Of the Earl of Suffolk and
others against Henry VII., 1 606
Insurrection of the London appren-
tices, 7 H. VIII., 1517.— Against
Queen Elizabeth by Dr. Story,
1571 ; by Anthony Babingtou and
others, 1586; by Lopez, a Jew,
and others, 1593 ; by Patrick York,
an Irish fencing-master, employed
by the Spaniards to kill the queen,
1594 ; of Walpole, a Jesuit, who
engaged one Squire to poison the
queen's saddle, 1598; all these con-
spirators were executed. — Against
James I. by the Marchioness de
Verneuil, his mistress, and others,
1604. — Of Sindercomb and others
to assassinate Oliver Cromwell,
discovered by his associates ; Sin-
dercomb was condemned, and poi-
soned himself before he was to
have been executed, 1656. — An
insurrection of the Puritans, 1657.
— Of the fifth monarchy men
against Charles II., 1660. — A con-
spiracy of Blood and his associates,
who seized and wounded the Duke
of Ormond, and would have hanged
him, if he had not escaped, 1670 ;
they stole the crown, 1671. — Of
the French, Spanish, and English
Jesuits, countenanced by the pope,
to assassinate Charles II., discov-
ered by Dr. Young and Titus
Oates, 1668 ; another to assassinate
him at the Rye-house farm, near
Hoddesden, Hertfordshire, in his
way from Newmarket, called the
Rye- house plot, 1683.— Of Lord
Preston, the Bishop of Ely, and
others, to restore King James,1691.
— Of Granvil, a French chevalier,
and his associates, to assassinato
CON
COO
105
King William in Flanders, 1692
> — A conspiracy by the Earl of
Aylesbury and others to kill the
king near Richmond, as he came
from hunting, discovered by Pen-
dergrass, called the Assassination
Plot, 1696.— Of Simon Frazer,
Lord Lovat, in favour of the Pre-
tender, against Queen Anne, 1703.
— Of the Marquis Guiscard, 1710.
•—-To assassinate George I. by
James Shephard, an enthusiastic
youth, who had been educated to
consider the king as an usurper,
1718. — Of counsellor Layer and
others to bring in the Pretender,
1722. — Of Col. Despard and his
associates to assassinate George III.
and to overturn the existing govern-
ment, 1803 — Of Thistlewood and
others, 1820. — See Riots, Insur-
rections.
Constant, M. Benjamin, French ora-
tor and political writer, d. 1830.
Constantine the Great d.337, aged 66.
Constantine, Emperor of Rome, d.
at York 306.
Constantinople changed its name from
Byzantium, 330 ; wa^ made the
seat of an emperor, 1268 ; cadies
or justices introduced to decide the
disputes between the Greeks and
Turks, 1 390 ; taken by Mahomet
II. 29th May, 1453, who put an
end to the eastern empire 1458 ;
walled 20 miles round, 413; had
above 12,000 houses and 7000 in-
habitants destroyed by a fire, 27th
Sept., 1729; again, which burnt
five davs, 31st May, 1745: loin,
12,000 houses, 29th Jan., 174!/-
50 ; again, near 10,000, in June,
1750; again, 4000, and the plague
7000 persons in 1751 ; nearly de-
stroyed by an earthquake and 3000
inlmbitants killed, 2nd Sept, 1754;
had 5000 houses burnt, 1 756 ; had
15,000 houses and 1000 persons
burnt, 5th July,1756; considerable
havoc made in 1761-5-7-9-71;
had 201)0 houses burnt 4th Sept.,
1778 ; 600 houses were burnt 19th
Feb., 1782 ; 10th June following
7000 ; and 22nd Aug. following
there were 10,000 houses, 50
mosques, 100 corn mills, &e., de-
stroyed. On 5th Aug, 1784,
10,000 houses, &c, Mere destroyed
another destroyed 10,000 houses
4th Aug., 1784; 32,000 houses
were destroyed by fire between
March and July, 1791 ; 7000 were
destroyed 1782; and the same
number were destroyed Aug. 1795.
The suburb of Pera had 1300
houses and several magnificent
buildings burnt down 13th March,
1799. In 1812 and 1813,300,000
of its inhabitants destroyed by a
pestilence. In Aug., 1816, 1200
houses and 2000 shops destroyed by
fire; 12,000 houses, 30 mosques,
400 boats, and 400 people, burnt
in 1823.
Constantinople, Armenian church
opened at, 26th Jan., 1834.
Consuls first chosen at Rome B.C.
508.
Consul, the first English one in Italy
1485 ; in Portugal 1683.
Contractors with government disquali-
fied from sittingin parliament 1 782.
Contributions from the public de-
manded by act of parliament, from
all persons whose wages were At.
per annum, 1695.
Contiibutions, voluntary, to support
the British government against the
machinations of France, amounted
to 2,500,000/., 1 798 ; transmitted
to England from India 200,000/.
Contributions for the relief of the
widows and orphans of those who
fell at the battle of the Nile,
35,260/. 8*. 6d.
Conventicles punished bylaw 1661.
Con victs first sent to Botany Bay 1785.
Convocation of the clergy first sum-
moned to meet by writ Ed. I. 1695.
Cook, Thomas, bookbinder, hungand
gibbeted at Leicester for the mur-
der of Mr. Paas, 10th Aug., 1832.
Cooke, George, an eminent English
engraver, b. 1780, d. 1834.
Cook, Capt. James, the navigator,
b. 27th Oct., 1728, killed 14th
Feb. 1779.
Cooke, George, celebrated English
actor, b. 17th April, 1756, d. at
New York, 26th Sept., 1812.
Cooke, Sir Anthony, learned lawver,
b. about 1506, d. 1576.
f3
106
COO
COR
Cooper, Rev. Edward, divinity writer, I
d. 26th Feb., 1833.
Cooper, Thomas, Bishop of Win-
chester, chronologist, b. about 1517,
d, 1594.
Cooper, Anthony Ashley, Earl of
Shaftesbury, b. 1621, d. 1683.
Cooper, Anthony Ashley, Earl of
Shaftesbury, b. 1671, d. 1713.
Cooper, John Gilbert, poet, b. 1723,
d. 1769.
Coote, Sir Eyre, b. 1726, d. 1783.
Copenhagen founded 1169; made a
city 1319 ; made the capital of
Denmark 1443 ; burnt 1 728, when
77 streets were destroyed ; had its
royal palace destroyed by fire 26 th
Feb., 1794, to the amount of twenty
millions of rix-dollars, equal to
4,500,000/. sterling; above 100
persons lost their lives. Its arsenal,
admiralty, &c, with near 50 streets
having 1363 houses, were destroyed
by fire on 5th June, 1 795 ; it raged
48 hours. Bombarded by the Eng-
lish 18th July, 1807.
Copernicus, of Thorn, in Prussia, b.
10th Jan., 1472, d. 1543.
Copes instituted 256.
Copper first imported from Virginia,
Oct., 1730.
Copper money first coined in Scotland
by order of parliament 1466 ; in
Ireland 1399 ; in France 1580 ; in
England the first legal, in 1689.
Tradesman's tokens, or halfpence,
were coined in 1672. Penny pieces
first issued 26th July, 1-797 ; half-
pence on the same principle issued
Jan., 1800.
Copper mines first discovered in Swe-
den 1396; in England 1561; re-
vived in England 1689 ; found in
New York 1722. The Parry's
copper mine in Anglesea has a bed
of copper ore forty feet thick, and
supplies between 29 and 30,000
tons anually, 1790. The quantity
exported in 1799 was 97,125 cwt.
2 qrs. 71bs., at 6/. 9s. per cwt.
amounted to 626,459/. 19s. 6d.
Copper, account of the quantity and
prices of the different articles of,
purchased for the use of his Majes-
ty's navy, from the 29th of April,
1799, to the 17th of March, 1800;
and also of old copper delivered
in payment for the same, with the
prices as far as it can be made up :
Copper sheets 615 tons 15 cwt.
131b. ; copper bolts and rings 123
tons 9 cwt. 3 qrs. 251bs. ; copper
nails 15 tons 17 cwt. 2 qrs. 231bs. ;
Mixed metal nails 158 tons 14 cwt.
12lbs. Value 128,325?. 14*. Id.
Old copper returned to the con-
tractors in part payment for the
new, 37,596/. 2s. lid.
Copper coin forbidden to be counter-
feited 1771.
Copyright secured by act of parlia-
ment 1710; further secured by
act passed in 1814.
Corah, Dathan, and Abiram swallowed
up in the earth B.C. 1480.
Coram, Capt. Thomas, projector of
the Foundling Hospital, d. 29th
March, 1751, aged 84.
Corbet, Bishop of Norwich, poet, b.
1582, d. 1635.
Corelli, musician, b. 1653, d. 1713.
Corfe Castle, Dorset, built 970;
borough of, disfranchised 1 832.
Corfu, a magazine at, destroyed by
fire, when 72,0001bs. of powder
and 60 bomb shells blew up, killing
180 men, 11th March, 1789.
Corinna, Signora, the learned Italian
lady, received the triumph of a
coronation at Rome 31st Julv,
1776, d. 1800.
Corinth,kingdom of,estab. B.C. 1355.
Coriolanus banished from Rome B.C.
491.
Cork, city of, in Ireland, inclosed 1 1 70.
Corn, export of, allowed from Britain
1437 ; value of quantity exported
in 1765, 681,000/. ; imported in
1800, 2,611,667 qrs., and of oat-
meal 1,039,079 cwt.
Corn, bill to permit the exportation
of, passed 1813 ; to permit the im-
portation when British wheat shall
be at 80s. per quarter, 1815; to
permit foreign corn warehoused to
be taken out for home consump-
tion, 1826.
Corn, prices of, and their variations
during the following years : — In
1784 the prices varied from 48s. 2d.
to 41s. lOd. ; difference 6s. 4d.
In 1785 the prices varied from
C OR
37*. 5d. to 34s. Sd. ; difference
2s. llrf. In 1786 the prices varied
from 56s. 2d. to 33s. lOrf. ; differ-
ence 2s. 4d. In 1787 the prices
varied from 44s. lOd. to 36s. Id. ;
difference 8s. 9d. In 1788 the
prices varied from 45s. Id. to
42s. 9d. ;' difference 2s. 4d. In
1789 the prices varied from 54s.
lid. to 47s. ; difference 7s. lie?.
In 1828 the prices varied from
75s. Sd. to 56s.; difference 19s. 3d.
In 1829 the prices varied from
75s. 3d. to 56s. 3c?.; difference
19s. In 1830 the prices varied
from 72s. lid. to 56s. Id. ; differ-
ence 16s. lOd. In 1831 the prices
varied from 73s. 5d. to 60s. 5d. ;
difference 13s. In 1832 the prices
varied from 63s. 5d. to 52s. 5d. ;
difference lis.
Cornaro, Lewis, b. 1467, d. 1565.
Corneille, Peter, dramatic poet, b.
6th June, 1606, d. 1684, aged 78.
Corneille, Thos., poet and historian,
d. 1709, aged 84.
Cornelius Nepos d. about 25 B.C.
Cornish, an alderman of London,
hanged and quartered 19th Oct.,
1685, for high treason.
Cornwall, the first Duke of, 1337.
Cornwallis, Marquis, K.G., b. 1738,
d. in India 1805.
Coronation of William and Mary,
11th April, 1689.
Coronation of George IV. in West-
minster Abbey, 19th July, 1821.
Coronation of William IV. in West-
minster Abbey, 8th Sept., 1830.
Coronation chair and stone of destiny
brought from Scotland 1296.
Coroners officers of the realm in 925.
Corpus Christi day, 25th May, the
profane exhibition of the cat on,
suppressed 1757 ; festival of, ap-
pointed 1265.
Corpus Christi Col., Oxford, founded
1516.
Corpus Christi College, Cambridge,
founded 1351.
Corsica dependent on Genoa until
1730; ceded to France 1770; of-
fered to Germany for 150,000/. in
1731; surrendered its sovereignty
toGreat Britain 1794; relin. 1796.
COT
107
I Cortes, assembly of, in Spain, con-
voked 15th June, 1808 ; dissolved
7th June, 1812.
, Cortez, Ferdinand, conqueror of Mex-
ico, b. 1485, d. 1547, aged 62.
Corunna, in Spain, arsenal at, des-
troyed by fire, 60 persons killed and
50 wounded, 11th March, 1794.
Cosmo de Medicis d. 1464, aged 75.
Costard, George, astronomical writer,
b. about 1710, d. 1782.
Coster, Lawrence, d. about 1440.
Cotes, Roger, the mathematician, b.
1682, d. 1716.
Cotte, the French architect, d. 1735,
aged 79.
Cottin, Madame de,b. 1772, d. 1807.
Cotton, Sir Robert, antiquary, b. 1570,
d. 1631.
Cotton manufacturer's utensils pro-
hibited to be exported 1774.
Cotton duty instituted 1785.
Cotton-wool, used in English manu-
factures in 1787, was valued at
7,500,000/. and weighed about
22,600,0001bs. The quantity manu-
factured in 1791was32,148,9061bs.
One pound of cotton-wool, when
spun, has been worth five pounds
sterling ; and when wove into mus-
lin and ornamented in the tambour,
is worth 15/., yielding 5,900/. per
cent, on the raw material. Again,
one pound of cotton has produced
205 hanks, each hank, when ex-
tended, measured 203,000 yards.
In this manufacture, in 1787, there
were in England and Scotland 143
water mills, which cost 715,000/.;
and 550 mule jennies, of 50 spin-
dles each, worth 19,250/. • 20,070
hand jennies, of 80 spindles each,
worth 140,490/. ; buildings, card-
ing-machines, &c, worthl25,260/.
Money employed in the manufac-
ture 1,000,000/., which gives em-
ployment to above 60,000 for spin-
ning, and with its subsequent stage
for preparation, employs 360,000
men, women, and children.
The increase of this manufacture
is as follows : —
Years lbs. Value
1781. . 5,101,920 . . £2,000,000
1782.. 11, 206,8 10.. 3,900,000
108
COT
1783.. 9,546,179 .. 3,200,000
1784. . 11,280,236 . . 3,950,000
1785. . 17,992,888 . . 6,000,000
1786. . 19,151,867 . . 6,500,000
1787 . . 22,600,000 . . 7,500,000
The quantity imported was—
British islands 6,600,0001bs. ;
French and Spanish settlements
6,000,0001bs: ; Dutch settlements
1,700,0001b!?. ; Portuguese settle-
ments 2,500,0001bs. ; East Indies
100,0001bs. ; Smyrna and Turkey
cotton 5,700,0001bs. : total quan-
tity 22,600,0001bs. And was ap-
plied as follows : — To the candle-
wick branch l,500,0001bs. ; to
the hosiery branch l,500,0001bs. ;
to the silk and linen mixtures
2,000,0001bs. ; to the fustian
branch 6,000,0001bs.-; to calicoes,
muslins, &c, 1 1 ,600,0001bs.
No. of lbs. imported into Great
Britain in 1800, 56,010,732 ; in
1810, 132,488,935; in 1820,
150,043,082 ; 1831,280,249,600.
Cotton manufactory at Durham totally
consumed by fire, 7th Jan., 1804.
Cotton's wharf, London, burnt, when
damage amounting to 49,000/. was
sustained, 12th Aug., 1751.
Cottonian Library settled on the pub-
lic 1701 ; damaged by fire 25th
Oct., 1731.
Couchman, lieutenant of the Chester-
field, and Morgan, lieutenant of
marines, shot pursuant to sentence
on board the Chesterfield, at Ports-
'< mouth, 14th July, 1749.
Councils That at Jerusalem, when
the first controversy was discussed,
48 ; at Antioch, 269 ; at Aries,
3 14, at which three English bishops
were present ; the first Nicene one,
•when 328 fathers attended, against
Arius, 325; the first at Constan-
tinople, when Pope Damasus pre-
sided, and 150 fathers attended,
381 ; that at Sardis, when 376 fa-
thers attended, 400 ; the first at
Ephesus, when Pope Celestine pre-
sided, and 200 fathers attended,
431 ; that at Chalcedon, when
Pope Leo presided, and 600 fathers
attended, 451 ; the second at Con
stantinople, when Pope Vigilius
cou
•
presided, and 165 fathers attended,
552 ; one called the Milevctan
council, 568 ; at Constantinople in
600 ; at Rome in 649 ; the third
at Constantinople, when Pope Aga-
tho presided, and 289 fathers at-
tended, 680 ; the second at Nice,
when Pope Adrian presided, and
350 fathers attended, 787 ; the
fourth at Constantinople, when
Pope Adrian presided, and 101
fathers attended, 869 ; that at Ver-
celli, when Pope Leo IX. presided,
1053 ; the Lateran one, when Pope
Calixtus II. presided, and 300 fa-
thers attended, 1112; the second
Lateran one, M'hen Pope Innocent
II. presided, and 1000 fathen at-
tended, 1139; the third Lateran
one, when Pope Alexander III.
presided, and 300 fathers attended,
1175; the fourth Lateran one,
when Pope Innocent III. presided,
and 1185 fathers attended, 1215
and 1217; at Lyons, 1255 and
1274; that at Vienne, when Poj>e
Clement V. presided, and 300 fa-
thers attended, 1312; one at Con-
stance, when Pope John XXII.
and Martin V. presided, 1414; the
sixth Lateran one, when Pope .Ju-
lius III. and Pius IV. presided
against Luther, 1546. There have
been several other provincial coun-
cils, and others, as that of Avignon
in France, and at Bituiia in Tus-
cany, 1431 ; at Tours in France,
1448 ; at Florence in Italy, 1449:
at Toledo in Spain, 1473 ; at Augs-
burgh in Germany, 1548 ; at Co-
logne in Germany, 1548; at Treves
in Germany, 1548 ; at Cologne in
Germany, 1549 ; atMentz in Ger-
many, 1549; and at Numantia in
Spain, 1550.
Counsel first allowed to persons guilty
of high treason, 21st April, 1696.
Counties, first division of, in England,
900.
Counties first sent members to parlia-
ment 1258.
County gaols have cost building as
follows: — Gloucester, 18,009/.,
contains 170 cells; Monmouth,
4,000/., contains 26 cells; Ipswich,
cou
CRE
10.9
13,000/., contains 86 cells; Sussex,
5,500/., contains 30 cells; Oxford
city, 4,500/., contains 30 cells;
Oxford county, 10,000/., contains
80 cells; Manchester, 15,000/.,
contains 140 cells; Preston, 9,000/.,
contains 70 cells; Stafford, 18,000/.,
contains 140 cells ; Liverpool,
25,000/., contains 300 cells ; Dor-
chester, 12,000/., contains 100
cells; Devon, 20,000/., contains
160 cells.
County courts first erected, 896.
Couriers or posts invented by Charle-
magne, 808.
Couiland made a duchy, 1561.
Courts of conscience or requests in
London began 1517 ; again in
1603 ; in Bristol, Gloucester, and
Newcastle, 30th Nov., 1689 ; ex-
tended to the sum of 5/., Oct. 1800.
Courts of justice instituted at Athens
B.C. 1272.
Covell Islands, in the Pacific Ocean,
14 in number, lat. 4° 30' N., Ion.
168° 40' E., discovered 1832.
Covent Garden Square built 1633.
Covent Garden Church built by Inigo
Jones; repaired 1789 ; burnt down
17th Sept., 1795 ; rebuilt after the
same design 1798.
Covent Garden Theatre built 1733;
enlarged 1792 ; burnt down 20th
Sept., 1808; rebuilt 1809.
Coventry act passed 1669; regulated
1699.
Coventry Abbey built 1043.
Coventry, Sir John, maimed and de-
faced 25th Dec, 1670.
Coverham Abbey, Yorksh., bit. 1280.
Cow-pox, inoculation by, as a security
against the small-pox, introduced
by Dn Jenner, 1800.
Coward, a feudal expression, implying
cow-herd, for which office a man
void of courage was deemed only
fit for.
Cowdley House, Kent, the seat of
Viscount Montagu, destroyed by
fire, with all its valuable paintingi
and furniture, 25th Sept., 1793.
Cowes Castle, in the Isle of Wight,
built 1540.
Cowley, Abraham, English poet, b.
1618, d. 1667.
Cowlev, Hannah, d. 11th March,
1809, aged 66.
Cowling Castle, Kent, built 1481.
Cowper, William, English poet, b.
1731, d. 1800.
Cows, there were, in 1795, 8500 kept
near London, which yielded about
28,713,000 quarts of milk, which
sold to the milk people for \%d.
per quart, and yielded 209,365/.
12s. 6d. or 24/. 13s. 0%d. per an-
num per cow, at about 9 quarts a
day. The consumers paid 3d. per
quart, which amounted to about
358,912/. 10s., yielding a profit of
149,547/. 17s. 6d.
Cows, value of, imported into Eng-
land in 1829, 1721/. ; 1830,2348/. ;
1831, 1726/.
Cox's Museum Lottery, 1773.
Cox, Bishop, translator of the Bible,
b. 1499, d. 1581.
Crabbe, Rev. George, a celebrated
British poet, the protege of Edmund
Burke, b. 1574, d. 1832.
Cracow, in Poland, first founded, 700.
Cranbourn Priory, Dorsetsh., bit. 980.
Cranmer, Abp. of Canterbury, b. 1489,
introduced to Henry VIII. 1529,
burnt at Oxford, 21st March, 1556.
Cratinus, the comic poet, fl. B.C. 464.
Crayons, art of fixing discovered, 1748.
Creak Priory, Norfolk, built 1206.
Creation of the world began, according
to Abp. Usher, on Sunday, 23rd
Oct., in the year before the vulgar
era of the birth of Christ, as given
in the Hebrew text, 4004 ; in the
LXX. 5872 ; in the Samaritan,
4700; of the Julian period, 710.
Adam and Eve were created on
Friday, 28th Oct. ; they are placed
in Paradise, but are soon tempted
and fall ; sentence is passed upon
them by God, who encourages them
at the same time with the promise
of the seed of the woman ; they are
banished Paradise.
Creation, by patent, to tithes,first used
in England by Edward III., 1344.
Crehillon, P. J., dramatic writer, b.
1674. d. 1762.
Crebillon, C. P. I., b. 1707, d. 1777.
Crcditon, Devonshire, 460 houses at,
destroyed by fire, 14th Aug., 1743 ;
110
CRE
CRO
greater portion of the town burnt
down, 2nd May, 1769; and 39
houses again burnt, 1st May, 1772.
Creech, Rev. Thomas, b. 1659, de-
stroyed himself, 1702.
Creed, Lord's prayer, &c., permitted
in the Saxon language, 746.
Crementz, in Hungary, totally de-
stroyed by a fire, 1777.
Crescent, order of knighthood, began
at Naples, 1448.
Crichton, [ the admirable, b. 1561,
murdered 1582.
CrickeathCastle,Carnarvonshire,built
1206.
Crimea, part of, settled by the Rus-
sians, 1784.
Criminals ordered for transportation
instead of execution, 1590 ; 72,000
executed in reign of Henry VIII.
Crimp-houses, in London, destroyed
by the mob, Sept. 1794-5.
Cripplegate, London, pulled down and
sold for 9R, July, 1760.
Crisp, Edmund, of Bury, in Suffolk,
cut and mangled, 1729.
Crockery first manufactured 1 309 B C.
Croesus, the rich king of Lydia, flou-
rished B. C. 562.
Croft, William, musician, b. 1677,
d. 1727, aged 70.
Croisades to Palestine, began in 1096.
Cromwell, Oliver, the Protector, b.
25 April, 1599, d. 3rd Sept., 1658.
Cromwell, Mrs. S., great-great grand-
daughter of the protector, Oliver
Cromwell, and last of the name,
died atCheshunt, 28th Feb., 1834,
aged 90 years.
Cromwell, Lord, born 1490; made
vicar-general, Oct., 1535 ; beheaded
28th July, 1540.
Cronstadt, near St.Petersburg, founded
by Peter the Great, of Russia, 1 704,
considerably injured by fire, 1741.
Crook, Japhet, his ears cut off, in the
pillory, 1731.
Cross, St., hospital, Winchester, built
1132.
Cross, the sign of, first used by chris-
tians, A. D. 110.
Cross of our Saviour found on Mount
Calvary, A. D. 326.
Crosses first set upon steeples and
spires, 568.
Crousaz, John P., b. 1663, d. 1750.
Croyland Abbey, Lincolnshire, built
718; destroyed by the Danes, 867 ;
rebuilt, 945 ; destroved by fire
1091 ; again built 1112, about 30
years after which it was again burnt
down, and finally rebuilt 1170.
Crown of England . Egbert was sole
monarch of England, 827. From
Egbert the crown descended regu-
larly, with very little deviation.
In the three succeeding reigns it
was suspended by force, till the
Saxon line was restored in Edward
the Confessor, who indeed was not
the next heir, because Edmund II.
had a son living, Edward, an outlaw
in Hungary. On Edward the Con-
fessor's decease, Harold II. usurped
the throne, though the right re-
mained in Edgar Atheling, son of
Edward the outlaw, and grandson
of Edmund II. At this time,
William I., duke of Normandy,
claimed a right from a grant of
Edward the Confessor, and by con-
quest transferred the crown to a
newfamily. From him it descended
to his second and third sons, Wil-
liam II. and Henry I , his eldest
son Robert being kept out of pos-
session by his brothers. Henry I.
was succeeded by Stephen, grand-
son of William I. by his daughter
Adelicia, his elder brother Theobald
waiving his claim, and Maud, the
daughter of Henry I. and grand-
daughter of Edward the outlaw, to
whom the succession belonged,
being excluded by force ; however,
her son, Henry II., as heir to Wil-
liam I., succeeded Stephen ; though
the proper heirs in the Saxon line
were the sons of Malcolm, king of
Scotland, by Margaret, the daughter
of Edward the outlaw. But Henry
I. having married the daughter of
Edgar Atheling, by whom he had
Maud, and her son Henryll. coming
to the crown, in some measure re-
stored the Saxon line. From Henry
II. the crown descended to his old-
est son then living, Richard I. on
whose death it was seized by his
brother John, Henry II.'s youngest
CRO
CRO
111
son, in exclusion of his nephew
Arthur. On the death of Arthur
and his sister Eleanor, without
issue, the crown properly descended
to Henry III. son of John ; and
from Henry III. in an hereditary
line of six generations, to Richard
II., and this right of succession was
declared in parliament by the 25th
of Edward III. Richard II. re-
signed the crown, and the right
resulted to the issue of his grand-
father Edward III., and should have
fallen on the posterity of Lionel,
duke of Clarence, the first son of
Edward III. ; but Henry, duke of
Lancaster, descended from the third
son of Edward III., usurped it,
under the title of Henry IV., pre-
tending to be the next heir. Par-
liament (7th Henry IV.) settled
it on him and his heirs. Henry
IV. was regularly succeeded by his
son and grandson, Henry V. and
VI. Under Henry VI. the house
of York, descended from Lionel,
duke of Clarence, by the mother's
side, began to claim their dormant
right, and established it in Edward
IV. by parliament. This king was
succeeded by his eldest son Edward
V., who was deposed and succeeded
by his unnatural uncle, Richard III.
his father's brother, on a pretence
of bastardy. During this reign
Henry VII., earl of Richmond, a
descendant of the house of Lan-
caster, assumed the throne, and his
possession was established by par-
liament, 1485. He marrying
Elizabeth of York, Edward IV.'s
daughter, the undoubted heiress of
of William the Conqueror, the
families of York and Lancaster
were united in Henry VIII. , her
eldest son, who transmitted the
crown in succession to his three
children, confirmed by parliament,
25th Henry VIIT. c. 12. This
statute was repealed by 28 Henry
VIII. c. 7, by which, after the
king's divorce from Ann Boleyn,
Mary and Elizabeth were bastard-
ized. They were again legitimated,
and the succession was restored by
35 Henry VIII. c. 1 . Parliament
now asserted its right of directing
the succession by 1 3 Elizabeth, c. 1 .
On the death of Elizabeth, suc-
ceeded James VI. of Scotland, our
James I. (the lineal descendant of
Margaret, daughter of Henry VII.
and his wife Elizabeth of York, the
wife of James IV. of Scotland,) and
in him were united, not only the
different competitors since the con-
quest, but likewise the right of the
Saxon monarchs, he being the direct
lineal descenendant of Malcolm,
who married Margaret the daughter
of Edmund II. From James I.
the crown descended to his second
son Charles I., his eldest son Arthur
being dead. After him the suc-
cession was interrupted by the
usurpation of Oliver Cromwell, and
his son Richard, but restored in
1668, in Charles II., eldest son of
Charles I. He dying without le~
gitimate issue, it passed to his
brother James II., whom parlia-
ment excluded, and called in Wil-
liam of Orange and his wife Mary,
the eldest daughter of James II.
1668, to the exclusion of her father
and her brother. On the death of
this William III., Anne, second
daughter of James II. reigned ; and
she leaving no issue, the crown was
settled by parliament, 12 and 13
William III. on the princess Sophia
of Hanover, the youngest daughter
of Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia,
who was the daughter of James I.,
and her heirs, being Protestants.
She dying before Queen Anne, her
son George I. succeeded, in which
family the crown has regularly de-
scended to the present king.
Crown, the first Roman that wore one
was Tarquin, 616 B. C. ; first used
in England, 872 ; the first tiara or
triple one used by the pope, 1634 ;
the first single one used by them
was in 553 ; first double one, 1303.
Crown lands in England, valued at
120,626/. 14s. Id. per annum,
ordered by parliament to be sold,
whose leases are between 3 and 3 1
years unexpired, 1786.
112
CRO
C I's
Crown lands resumed by law, 1449.
Crown royal, order of knighthood,
instituted in France, 802.
Croxall, Rev. Dr. Samuel, d. 1751.
Croxton, Abbey, Staffordsh., bit. 1 1 80.
Croyland, the monk of, murdered at
Peterborough, 863.
Crucifixes painted in churches and
chambers, first introduced, 461.
Cruden, Alexander, author of the
Concordance, d. 1770, aged 69.
Crusade, the first, 1096.
Ctesias, the historian, d. 384 B. C.
Cuba discovered, 1492 ; settled in
1511 ; damaged by an earthquake
•and violent rain, 21st June, 1791,
when 3000persons perished, 11,700
cattle of various kinds, amongst
them 3700 horses.
Cud worth, Rev. Ralph, b. 1617, d.
1688.
( 'ujaa, James, French writer, b. 1520,
d. 1590.
Cullen, Dr. William, of Edinburgh,
d. 5th Feb , 1790, aged 78.
Cullen, Dr. Henrv, of Edinburgh, d.
11th Oct., 1790.
Culleme, "Wiltshire, six miles from
Bath, burnt, and 32 families re-
duced tq destitution, 1st Apr., 1 774.
Culross forest took fire accidentally,
25tb July, 1803.
Culverins first made inEngland,1534.
Cumberland, Richard, bishop, critical
author, b. 1632, d. 1718.
Cumberland, Richard, English dra-
matic writer, b. 19th Feb., 1732,
d. 7th May, 1811.
Cumberland, Duke of, attempt to
assassinate the, 31st May, 1810;
married the Dowager Princess of
Salm, Aug., 1814, at New Strelitz,
and, 29th Aug., 1815, re-married
at Carlton House ; motion for
settling 6000/. perannum additional
on both Duke and Duchess nega-
tived in the House of Common's by
a majority of one, 3rd July, 1815.
Cumberland, Duchess of, delivered of
a son, 5th June, 1819.
Cunningham, John, the poet, b. 1 729,
d. 1773.
Cup, Sacramental, restored to the
laity, 1547.
Curacoa, settled by the Dutch, 1634.
\ Curates, Stipendiary, law for the better
support and maintenance of, 181 3.
Curfew bell, established by "William
the Conqueror 1068, abolished in
1103.
Curran, John Philpot, Irish orator, b.
1750, d. 1817.
Currants first planted in England,
1533 ; brought from Zante, 1482.
Currie, James, a doctor at Liverpool,
b. 1756, d. 1805.
Curtis, Wm.botanist.b. 1746, d. 1799.
Curtius, M., rode into a gulf at Rome,
B. C. 362.
Curtius, Quintus, flourished A.D. 64.
Custom Stores, Dublin, damaged by
fire, supposed to be wilful, 1833.
Custom House, London, Lower
Thames-street, first built, 1559;
burnt down and rebuilt, 1718:
burnt down again, 12th Feb., 181 4;
rebuilt and opened for bu-
12th May, 1817.
Custom House, long room of, fell in
26th Jan., 1825.
Customs on exports and imports Brat
collected in England, about 979 ;
first granted, 1274; amounted to but
14,000/. in 1580 ; farmed for manv
yean for 20,000/. till 1590; to
50,000/. in 1592; to 148,000/. in
1614; to 168,000/. in 1622; to
300,000/. in 1642; farmed for
390,000/. in 1666; amounted to
557,752/. in 1688 ; from 1700 to
1714, net amount was20,241,468/.
which, on a medium was 1,352, 764/.
amounted to 1,555,600/. in 1720;
to 1 ,593,000/.in 1 72 1 ; to 1 ,901,000/.
in 1744; to 2,000,000/. in 1748 ; to
4,609,300/. in 1786 ; to 4,965,000/.
in 1787 ; to 4,867,000/. in 1789 ; to
6,890,000/. in 1790; to 4,044,923*
15s. 6d. in 1794; to 3,412,255/.
6s. Sd. in 1795; to 17,894,405/.
45. Id. in 1828; to 16,516,271/. in
1832; and to 21,247,280/. in 1830.
Its officers deprived of voting for
members of parliament, 1782 ; seiz-
ures at the custom-house amounted
to 26,000/. in 1742. The report
of the committee on the wet dock-
bill has furnished the puhlic with
the most authentic evidence of the
immense increase of our commerce.
CUT
DAN
113
In 1790, the tonnage of foreign
vessels cleared out from London
was precisely double what it was in
1751. In 1795, this tonnage mi
more than one-third greater than in
1790.
Cutting for the stone first performed
on a criminal at Paris, with success,
in 1474.
Cuvier, Baron, the French naturalist,
b. 1767, d. 1832.
Cyder, called wine, made in England,
1234.
Cvimner Abbey,Merionethshire, built
1200.
Cyphers, digits or figures in Arithme-
tic, invented by the Arabic Moors,
813.
Cyprian, St., martyred, A. D. 258.
Cyril, of Alexandria, flourished 412.
Cyril, of Jerusalem, flourished 350.
Cyrus, the Great, d. B. C. 529.
D.
D'ABLANCOURT, French wri-
ter, b. 1606, d. 1664.
Dach, John, of Cologne, a painter of
history, b. 1566, d. about 1646.
Dacier, Andrew, French critic, b.
1651, d. 1722.
Dacier, Madam, French commenta-
tor, b. 1651, d. 6th Aug., 1720.
Daire Castle, Cnmberland, built B.C.
925.
Daddi, Bernardo, an Italian history
painter, d. 1380.
Daddi, Cosimo, a Florentine painter
of history, d. of plague, 1630.
Daele, John Van, a Dutch painter of
land and sea views, b. 1530, died
1601.
Daedalus, British frigate, struck on a
shoal and was lost, the crew saved,
16th July, 1813.
Daedalus, the ancient architect, flou-
rished B. C. 987.
Daffier, N., a Genoese engraver, d.
after 1752.
Dagiu, Fran., a Venetian historical
painter, b. 1714, d. 1784.
Dahl, Michael, of Stockholm, a por-
trait painter, b. 1656, d. 1743.
Daily, Lieut. Gen., served in the
American war, b. d. 1832.
D'Alembert, Mon., mathematician, b.
1717, d. 27th Oct., 1783.
Dalens, Dirk, (Theodore), a Dutch
landscape painter, b. 1659, d. 1688.
Dalkeith, Scotland, extensive range
of buildings at, consumed by fire,
30th Sept., 1812.
Dall, Nich. Thomas, a Danish land-
scape and scene painter, d. in Lon-
don, 1777.
Dallamano, an Italian painter of ar-
chitectural views, b. 1679, d. 1758.
Dalrvmple, Alex., b. 1737, d. 1800.
Dalrvmple, David, Sir, b. 1726, d.
1792.
Dalton, Richard, an English artist,
patronised by the Prince of Wales
(afterwardsG. IV.) and by the Earl
of Charlemont, b. 1720, d. 1791.
Damas in Barbary, nearly obliterated
by an earthquake, when 60,000
souls perished, 3rd Dec, 1759.
Damerham, Wilts., sustained 3000/.
worth of damage by a fire, 14th
July, 1755.
Damery, Simon, a Flemish painter of
history, b. 1597, d. 1640.
Damien attempted to assassinate the
king of France, 5th Jan., 1757.
Damini, Pietro, of Castelfranco, an
historic painter, b. 1592, d. of
plague, 1630.
Damm, Thomas, of Leighton, near
Minchnal, Cheshire, d. 1608, aged
154.
Dampier, William, the navigator, b.
1652, d. in the reign of Geo. I.,
date unknown.
Dancing by cinque paces, introduced
into England from Italy, 1541 ;
incorporated in France, 1659.
Dance, George, a British painter and
architect, b. 1741, d. 1825.
Dance. See Holland.
Danchet, Anthony, French poet, b.
1671, d. 1748.
Danckert, Henry, a Dutch painter
and engraver, b. about 1630.
I Dancourt, F. E., a French actor and
comic poet, b. 1661, d. 1726.
114
DAN
DAV
Dandini, Cesare, a celebrated Floren-
tine painter, b. 1595, d. 1658.
Dandini, Vincenzio, a Florentine
painter of history, b. 1607.
Dandini, Pietro, a Florentine historic
painter, b. 1646, d. 1712.
Danedi, Giov. Stef. (Montalto,) an
Italian historic painter, b. 1608, d.
1689.
Danedi, Giuseppe, an Italian painter
of scriptural subjects, b. 1618, d.
1688.
Danegclt, a land tax first established
by Ethelred II., 991 ; abolished
by Stephen, 1 1 35.
Danet, Peter, French writer, d. 1709.
Danhauer, a German painter of his-
tory and portraits, b. 1675, d. 1 733.
Daniel sent captive to Babylon, 606 ;
interprets Nebuchadnezzar's dream,
603 ; cast into the lion's den, 538 ;
predicted the Persian empire, 534
B.C.
Daniel, Samuel, poet and historian, b.
1562, d. 1619.
Daniel, the French historian, b. 1649,
d. 1723.
Danks, Fran., a Dutch portrait and
history painter, b. 1650, d. 1703.
D'Anville, J. B. B., b. 1697, d. 1782.
Dannecher, (J. II . Von, of Stuttgard,
an eminent sculptor, b. 1758.
Dante, Vincenzio, an Italian poet
and painter, d. 1756.
Dante, the great Florentine poet, au-
thor of the Inferno, b. 1265, d.
1321.
Danti, Theodora, a female painter of
Perugia, b. 1498, d. 1573.
Danti, Antonio, a Roman portrait
and history painter, b. 1634, d.
1675.
Dantzic founded, 1169; first walled
in, 1398; admitted to a suffrage
in the election of kings of Poland,
1632 ; put themselves under the
protection of Russia, 1703 ; com-
pelled to acknowledge Stanislaus
king of Poland, 1707 ; the king of
Prussia seized upon the territory
round the city, 1789.
Dantzic, 300 persons at, killed and
wounded, and 600 houses damaged
by an explosion of gunpoAvder, 6th
Dec, 1815.
D'Arcon, I., inventor of the floating
batteries, b. 1733, d. 1800.
Darien settled in 1700.
D'Arcv, Count, the philosopher, b.
1725, d. 1779.
Darius, the Mede, king of Assyria,
flourished B. C. 538.
Darius, the last king of Persia, slain
B. C. 330.
Darlington, worsted mills at, belong-
ing to Messrs. Pease, burned down,
damage estimated at 35,000/. 19th
Feb. 1817.
Darlington Temple, Devon, bit. 1 123.
Darnley, Lord, married to Mary.
Queen of Scots, 1561, murdered
10th Feb., 1567.
Dartford Priory, Kent, built 1372.
Dartford Cotton Mills, damaged by
fire to the amount of 10,000/. 21st
Dec, 1795.
Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, d. 18th Mav,
1802, aged 70.
Daubenton, I. J. M.,b. 1716,d.l810.
D'Aubignc, French writer, b. 1550,
d. 1630.
Dauphiny annexed to the crown of
France, 1349.
Daun, Count, b. 1705, d. 1766.
Dauphin of France, murdered the
Duke of Burgundy, and was disin-
herited the crown, 1419.
Daurat, French poet, b. 1507, d. 1588.
Davenant, Sir William, dramatic poet,
b. 1605, d. 1668.
Davenant, Dr. John, bishop of Salis-
bury, b. 1570, d. 20th April, 1641.
Davenant, Ch., b. 1656, d. 1714.
David, b. at Bethlehem, 1085; suc-
ceeded Saul in Israel, 1055 ; com-
mitted adultery with Bathsheba,
1035; married her 1034; d. 1015
B.C.
David, St.,b. in the 5th century, d.
about 544.
David's, St., cathedral built, 1180;
palace built, 1335.
David, James Louis, restorer of the
French school of painting, b. 1750,
d. 1825.
David, King. See Old Testament,
events of.
Davies, Sir John, lawyer and poet,
b. 1570, d. 1626.
Davies, Sne}d, Dr., poet, d. 1769.
DAV
DEL
115
Davila, historian, b. 1576, d. 1631.
Davington Nunnery, Kent, bit. 1 153.
Davis, J., English navigator, d. 1605.
Davis's Straits discovered. 1585.
Davy, Robert, and English portrait
painter, d. 1793.
Daw, Sir Humphrey, b. 17th Dec.,
1779, d. 29th May, 1829.
Dawes, Philip, an English painter,
pupil of Hogarth, b. , d. 1780.
Dawes, Rich.,critic, b. 1708, d. 1766.
Davy, John, an eminent musical com-
poser, d. in poverty, 22d Feb. 1824.
Day, Thomas, b. about 1712, d.
1785.
Day, Thomas, author of Sandford
and Merton, b. 1748, d. 1789.
Day, John, printer, who first intro-
duced the Greek and Saxon cha-
racters into England, d. 1584.
Dayes, Edward, a promising British
painter, who fell by his own hand,
1804.
Deaf and Dumb asylum, inst. 1792.
Deal Castle, Kent, built 1539.
Dean, Hugh, a British artist of great
merit, but greater eccentricity, d.
1784.
Dearth, 1194, so great in England
and France, that a quarter of wheat
was sold for 20s., almost as much
as 61. now, followed by a pestilen-
tial fever, 1193, 1194, 1195; ano-
ther, 1222 ; another with a mur-
rain, when wheat sold for 40s. a
quarter, as much as 8/. now, 1315;
wheat sold for 3/. a bushel, 1316;
another great one, with a murrain';
1385; two others, 1348 and 1353,
again, when bread was made in
many places of fern roots and ivy
berries, 1438; 2,000,000/. was
paid for corn imported in a dearth,
1565; and 1,200,000/. in 1748.
Deaths taxed, 1783.
Death, Captain, killed in an engage-
ment, 28th Dec, 1756.
Debenhcm, Suffolk, 38 houses at,
destroyed by fire, 1st Mar., 1743-4.
Deborah the prophetess, and third
judge of Israel, with Barak, general
of the Israelites, defeats the Ca-
naanites under Sisera, at the waters
of Mcgiddo ; Sisera is killed by
Jael the wife of Hcber, 1285;
upon this battle was composed the
beautiful song of Victory, in Judges,
chap. v. ; the land of Israel had
rest in the 40th year after the rest
given by Ehud. See Old Testa-
ment, events of.
Debt. See national debt and interest.
Decameron of Boccaccio, a copy of
this work, small folio, printed in
1471, knocked down to the Mar-
quis of Blandford, at the Duke of
Roxburgh's sale, for 2,260/., 17th
June, 1812.
Decemviri, first creation of, at Rome,
B. C. 450.
Decimal arithmetic invented 1602,
by Simon Steven of Bruges.
De Champagne, Philip, b. at Brussels,
1602, d. 1674.
Decker, Thomas, cotemporary, and
flourished with Ben Jonson.
Declaration of rights, bill passed, 1689-
De Courcy, had the privilege of stand-
ing covered before the kings of
England, granted by King John,
1203.
Dedications to books introduced in
the time of Mecaenas, A. D. 17 ;
practised for the purpose of ob-
taining money, 1600.
Dedication of churches introduced in
the 4th century.
Dee, John, mathematician and astro-
loger, b. 1527, d. 1608.
Deeds in old English in Rymer's
Fcedera, 1385.
Deering, Sir Cholmlev, killed in a
duel, 9th May, 1711.
Defence, British 74 gun ship, stranded
on the coast of North Jutland,
when all the crew, except five sea-
men and one marine perished, 24th
Dec, 1811.
Defender of the Faith, the title of,
given to the king of England, 1520.
Defoe, Daniel, a political writer, b.
1663, d. 1731.
Degrees, academical, first introduced
at Paris, previous to 1213.
De la Fosse, a French artist, he
painted the interior of the British
Museum, b. 1640, d. 1716.
Delany, Dr., miscellaneous writer,
b. 1686, d. 1768.
De-La-Plata river discovered, 1512.
116
DEL
DEP
De-La-Notte, Ghirendo, an artist
who flourished 1570.
De-Launcey. a French engraver, h.
1739, d. 1792.
Delft, James William, a Dutch
painter and engraver, h. 1580, d.
1640-
Delft, J. W., a Dutch painter and
engraver, h. 1619, d. 1661.
Delft city founded, 1072 ; nearly de-
stroyed by a fire, 1536.
Delft earthenware, invented at Ti-
ren/a, 1450.
Delille, Abbe, French poet, d. 1813.
Delisle, Jos. Nich., astronomer, b.
1688, d. 1768.
Delisle, William, geographer, b. 1675,
d. 1726.
De Linier, Don John Taverra, native
of Portugal, d. 1738, aged 198.
Delmont, Diodato, a Flemish historic
painter, b. 1581, d. 1630.
Delolme, J. L., b. 1745, d. 1807.
Delphos, temple of, burnt down, B.C.
548.
Delpo, Giacomo, a Neapolitan painter
of architecture, b. 1709, d. 1754.
De Luc, J. A., b. 1726, d. 1817.
Deluge of Deucalion, in Thessaly,
1529 B. C.
Deluge, general, threatened in the year
of the world 1536; began 25th
Nov., 1656, i.e. 2348 B.C.; it
continued 377 days ; Noah left the
ark on Fridav, 18th Dec, 2347
B.C.
Delvito, a Neapolitan painter of his-
torical pictures, b. 1435, d. 1498.
Detnocritus, d. B. C. 361, aged 109.
Demoirrc, Ab., celebrated mathema-
tician, b. 1667, d. 1754.
Demosthenes, b. 381 ; recalled from
banishment, 325 ; poisoned himself,
313 B.C.
Dempster, Thomas, historian and
commentator, d. 1625.
Denbigh Abbey, built 1330; castle
built, 1280.
Denham, Sir John, English poet, b.
1615, d. 1668.
Denham, Thomas, M. D., died 26th
Nov., 1815.
Denmark united to Norway, 1412 ;
separated from it, 1521 ; crown
made hereditary, 1660; Pomerania
and the Isle of Rugen annexed to
it in exchange for Norway, by
treaty, 14th Jan., 1814.
Denmark, kings of, from Frederick I.
Frederick I. began - 1523
Christian III. - - 1554
Frederick II. - - 1559
Christian IV. - - 1558
Frederick III. - - 1648
Christian V. - - 1670
Frederick IV. - - 1699
Christian VI. - - 1730
Frederick V. - - 1746
Christian VII. - - 1766
Frederick VI. - - 1808
Denner, Balthazzar, of Hamburgh, a
portrait painter, b. 1685, d. 1747.
Dennis, John, celebrated critic, b.
1657, d. 1733.
Dennis's Abbey, France, built 1140.
Dennis, St., order of, began in France
1267.
Denon, Baron, Dom. Vincent, a
French painter, and one of the
literary companions of Buonaparte
in Egypt, b. 1747, d. 1825.
Denys, Jacques, a Belgian portrait
painter, b. 1647.
DEon, Chevalier, b. 1728, d. 1810.
Depredations, value of, said to \w
committed annually in the metro-
polis. Among the small thefts are
included pewter pots, stated at
55,000/. :—
£
Small thefts - - - 710,000
Thefts on rivers and quays 500,000
In dock-yards, &c. on the
Thames - - - 300,000
Burglaries, highwav-rob-
beries, &c. - - 220,000
Coining base money - 200,000
Forging bills, swindling, &c. 70,000
£2,000,000
Deptford, king's naval stores, erected
there, 1513.
Deptford, destructive fire, which de-
stroyed the Victualling Office, and
two lighters in the river, 16th
Jan., 1749; the store-house, 2nd
Sept., 1758; the red-house, 26th
Feb., 1761 : and the king's mill,
Dec, 1775.
DER
DIC
117
Derham, Dr. William, b. 1657, d.
April, 1735.
Dermody, the Irish Bloomfield, b.
at Ennis, 1775, d. at Sydenham,
15th July, 1802.
Derrick, Samuel, an author and
Master of the Ceremonies at Bath,
b. 1724, d. 1769.
Dervet, Claude, of Lorraine, a portrait
and historical painter, b. 1600.
Derwentwater, Eirl of, and Lord
Kenmuir, beheaded on Tower-hill,
24th Feb., 1716.
Deryck, Peter Cornelius, a Dutch
landscape and portrait painter, b.
1568, d. 1630.
Deryke, William, of Antwerp, an
historic painter, b. 1635, d. 1697.
Desaguliers, J. T., b. 1683, d. 1744.
Desault, J. P., celebrated surgeon, b.
1744, d. 1795.
Desani, Pietro, a Bolognese historic
painter, b. 1595, d. 1647.
Deslmrres, Bonaventure, a French
privateer, b. 1700, d. 1729.
Dcscada, Isle of, discovered by Colum-
bus, 1494.
Descamps, John Baptist, of Dunkirk,
a painter of history and landscape,
b. 1714, d. 1791.
Descent of Crown of England. See
Crown of England.
Deshayes, Jean Bap., of Rouen, an
historic painter, b. 1729, d. 1765.
Deshoulieres, Ant., French writer, b.
1638, d. 1694.
Desmaiseaux, Peter, b. 1666, d. 1745.
Desmond, Thomas, Earl of, beheaded
in Ireland, 1468.
Despard, Col., and six associates, ex-
ecuted in Southwark, for high
treason, 21st Feb., 1803.
Desportes, Francis, a French painter
of fruit, &c b. 1661, d. 1773.
Desportes, Philip, French writer, b.
1546, d. 1600.
Desprez, Louis John, a French pain-
ter and architect, d. 1804.
Deucalion died 1500 B.C.
D< vcieux, Robert, Earl of Essex, b.
15(>7, beheaded 1601.
Dcvcrcux, Robert, Earl of Essex, b.
1 698, d. 1646.
Dcvis, Arthur, an English portrait
jointer, b. 1711, d. 1787.
Devis, Arthur Willliam, an English
landscape painter, (one of the An
telope crew, wrecked on the Pelew
Islands,) b. 1762, d. 1822.
Devizes Castle, built 1136.
Devonport, England, erected into a
borough, 1832.
Devonshire House, Piccadilly, de-
stroyed by fire, 1733.
D'Ewes, Sir Symonds, b. 1 602,d. 1 650.
Dewit. See Wit.
Dewitt, John, statesman, b. 1625, d.
1672.
Dey of Algiers assassinated by a sol-
dier, 11th Dec, 1754.
Dey of Tunis first appointed 1570.
Deynum, John Bap. Van, of Antwerp,
portrait painter, b. 1620, d. 1669.
Deyster, Louis, of Bruges, a painter
of portrait and history, b. 1656, d.
1711.
Diamonds, nine of, called the curse of
Scotland, from a Scotch member
of parliament, part of whose family
arms is the nine of diamonds, voting
for the introduction of the malt tax
into Scotland.
Diamonds first polished and cut at
Bruges, 1489.
Diamond mines discovered at Brazil ,
1730 ; that at Coulour, in the East
Indies, 1640; that at Gaolcondo,
1 584 ; one sent from Brazil for the
court of Portugal weighed 1680
carats, or 12 ounces and a half,
valued at 224 millions sterling.
Governor Pitfs weighed 127 carats,
and sold for 135,000/. to the king
of France. That which belonged
to Aureng-Zeb weighed 793 carats.
The mogul's weighed 279 carats,
779,244/. The grand duke of
Tuscan y's weighed 139 carats.
Diamantini,Giu.Cavaliere, an Italian
painter and engraver, b. 1660.
Diana, temple of, at Ephesus, burnt
B. C. 356.
Diaz, Michael, the navigator, d. 1512.
Dibdin, Charles, writer of humorous
ballads, b. 1748,d. 25th July, 1814.
Dibdin, Charles, Jun. dramatic author
and manager, d. 17th Jan., 1833.
Dice, invented B.C. 1500; 3000 pair
stamped in England, 1775.
Dictum de Kenil worth, passed 1266.
118
DIC
DOD
Dictators created at Rome, B.C. 497.
Dido flourished B. C. 833.
Didot, Francis Ambrose, the cele-
brated French printer, b. Jan.,
1730, d. 18th July, 1804.
Diebitsch, Russian general who crossed
the Balkan, d. 19th June, 1831.
Diepenbeck, Ab. Van., of Bois-le-
Duc, an historic painter, b. 1607,
d. 1675.
Diepraam, Ab., a Dutch painter of
battle-pieces, b. 1655.
Diest, Ad. Van, a Dutch landscape
painter, b. 1655, d. 1704.
Dietrich, C. W. Ernest, of Weimar,
landscape painter, b. I7l2,d.l774.
Dietzch, J. C, of Nuremburg, an
engraver and landscape painter, b.
1710.
Dieu et mon Droit, " God and my
Right," first used as a motto by
Richard I. after a victory over the
French, 1194.
Digby, Sir Edward, b. 1581 ; hanged
with the other conspirators in the
Powder Plot, 30th Jan., 1606.
Digby, Sir Kenelm.b. 1603, d. 1665.
Digges, Sir Dudley, statesman, b.
1538, d. 1639.
Dillenius, John James, professor of
botany at Oxford, b. 1684, d. 1747.
Dinah. See Old Testament, events of.
DiodorusSiculus, writer, lived B.C.45.
Diogenes, the Cynic philosopher, d.
B. C. 324, aged 89.
Diogenes, Laertius, fl. A.D. 183.
Dion Cassius, flourished 229.
Dionysius Priory, Hants, built 1124.
Dionvsius Periegetes, flourished about
A.D. 140.
Dionvsius, tyrant of Syracuse, d. 368
B.C.
Dionysius,ofHalicarnassus, flourished
in the reign of Augustus B.C. 30.
Dionysius, the Areopagite, flourished
in our Saviour's time.
Diophantus, the first writer on Alge-
bra, 365.
Dipping needle, invented by Robert
Norman, a compass maker of Rad-
cloffe, 1580.
Discepoli, Giov. Bat., of Lugano, an
historic painter, b. 1590, d. 1660.
Dispensation first granted by the Pope
1200.
Dissenters first separated from tin-
Church of England, 1571.
Dissolution of monasteries bv act,
1536, to the value of 361,000/. per
annum, and 50,000 religious were
maintained by it, equal now to
1,750,000/. 'There were 643 mo-
nasteries, 90 colleges, 374 chapel-
ries, and 110 hospitals.
Distaff spinning first introduced into
England by Bonavera, an Italian,
1505.
Distilling first practised in Spain by
the Moors, 1150.
Distillation of spirituous liquors began
in the 1 2th century ; in Ireland,
1590.
Distillery in 1786 yielded in Eng-
land, 421,193/. Is. 3±d. and in
1794, it yielded 680,573/. 16s. 84
If the tax on malt, and the product
of the Scotch distilleries are in-
cluded, it will be 900,000/. 0s. 9d.
Diving bell first tried at Cadiz in pre-
sence of the Emperor Charles V.
Divorce, the first at Rome, B.C. 229.
Dobson, William, an eminent English
portrait painter, b. 1610, d. 1646.
Docks, London, the first stone of
laid, 26th June, 1802; opened,
30th Jan., 1805.
Docks, West India, in the Isle of
Dogs, opened 21st Aug., 1802.
Docks, East India, opened 4th Aug.,
1806.
Docks, Shecrness, opened 5th Sept.,
1823.
Docks, St. Katherine's, opened 1825.
Doctor's Degrees began in England,
1607.
Dodd, R., a civil engineer and writer
on canals, docks, &c. b. 1756, d.
11th April, 1822.
Dodd, Rev. Dr., b. 29th May, 1789,
executed for forgery,27 June,1777.
Doddridge, Dr., b. 26th June, 1702,
d. 26th Oct., 1751.
Dodington, Lord Melcombe. b. 1691,
d. 1762.
Dodsley, James, d. 19th Feb., 1997,
aged 74.
Dodsley, Rob., poet, b.1703, d. 1764.
Dodsworth, Roger, antiquarv, d.1659,
aged 79.
Dodwell, Henry, b. 1641, d. 1711.
DOE
DOU
19
Does, J. Vander, the old, a Dutch
landscape painter, b. 1623, d. 1673.
Does, S. Vander, a Dutch landscape
painter, b. 1653, d. 1717.
Does, J. Vander, the young, a Dutch
painter, b. 1563 d. 1693.
Doggett, Thomas, the actor, d. 1724.
Dog, order of knighthood, began 1070.
Dog-stealers 1 Act passed, 1770; tax
on dogs, 1796aud 1808.
Dolci, Carlo, an eminent Florentine
painter of history, b. 1616, d. 1686.
Dollartsee, between Groningen and
East Friesland, formed by an in-
undation, 1277.
Dollond, Peter, an eminent English
optician, b. 1 730, d. 2nd July,1820.
Dolomieu, D. G., b. 1750, d. 1801.
Dolon, the first comic actor, flourished
562 B. C.
DohvyddellanCastle,Caernarvonshire,
North Wales, built 500.
Domenichino, Zampieri, a Bolognese
painter of history and portraits, b.
1581, supposed to have been poi-
soned, 1641.
Domenique, Jean, a French painter
and disciple of Claude, d. 1684.
Domini, Girolamo, an Italian historic
painter, b. 1681, d. 1739.
Dominic, Cavaliere, a Roman historic
painter, b. 1595, d. 1640.
Dominici, Francesco, of Trevigi, a
portrait and history painter, d. 1600.
Domingo,St.,Isle of, discovered 1492;
city founded, 1494; nearly de-
stroyed, and the town of Port-au-
Prince nearly burnt down by the
revolting negroe3, Oct., Nov., and
Dec., 1791 ; given up by Rocham-
beau, the French governor, to the
black troops, 19th Nov., 1803.
Dominica discovered by Columbus, 3d
Nov., 1493 ; considerable damage
done on shore and among the ship-
ping at, by a gale of wind, 23rd July,
1813 ; again, 15th Sept., 1816.
Domitian assas. A.D. 96, aged 45.
Domitian's Palace, at Rome, built
A.D. 80.
Doinus Dei House, at Dover, built
1240.
Don, river, overflowed its banks, and
caused serious injury, 10th Aug.,
1750.
Don, a title first adopted by the
King of Spain, 759.
Donaldson, John, a Scotch painter of
portraits in miniature, b. 1737, d.
1801.
Donati, Bertolo, a Venetian historical
painter, b. 1540, d. 1601.
Donato, an old Venetian painter, b.
1427, d. 1478.
Donato, or Donatello, a Florentine
artist, b. 1383, d. 1466.
Doncker, John, a Dutch portrait
painter, b. 1610.
Doncker, Peter, a Dutch painter of
history and portrait, b. 1612, d.
1668.
Donducci(Il Masteletta), a Bolognese
landscape painter, b. 1576, d. 1655.
Doni, an Italian historic painter, b.
1472, d. 1560.
Donne, D., b. 1573, d. 1631.
DonningtonCastle,Berks.,built,1260.
Donosa, Josepho, a Spanish painter of
architectural subjects, b. 1628, d.
1686.
Doomsday-book began 900, finished
1086.
Dorchester Cathedral first built 686.
Dorchester, Dorsetshire, destroyed by
an accidental fire, 7th Aug., 1613.
Doria, And., Genoese admiral, d.
1560, aged 84.
Dorigny, Michael, a French historical
painter, b. 1617, d. 1665.
Dorigny, Louis, a French painter and
engraver, b. 1 654. d. 1 742.
Dormitory, at Westminster School,
rebuilt, 1719.
Dorset, the young Duke of, killed by
the falling of his horse, when
hunting with Lord Powerscourt's
hounds at Killiney, Ireland, 3rd
Feb., 1815.
Dorsington, in Warwickshire, greatly
injured by fire, 3rd Aug., 1759.
Dort, Holland, sea broke in at, and
drowned 100,000 persons, 1421.
Dossi, an Italian painter of history
and portrait, b. 1490, d. 1560.
Doudyns, W., an eminent Dutch
historic painter, b. 1630, d. 1697.
Doufflest, Gerard, a Flemish painter
of history, b. 1594, d. 1660.
Doughet, an Italian painter, b. 1600,
d. 1663.
120
DOU
DRY
Doughnomorc, John Hely Hutchin-
son, (second) earl of, Baron Alex-
andria, a distinguished British offi-
cer, b. 1757, d. 1832.
Doughty, W., an English portrait
painter and engraver, flourished
1780.
Douglas, Gawin, h. 1474, d. 1522.
Douglas, Dr. John, Bishop of Salis-
bury, and English writer, b. 1719,
d. 1596.
Douglass Castle, near Edinburgh, de-
stroyed by a fire, 11th Dec, 1758.
Dove of Castile, order of knighthood,
instituted 1379.
Dover, Lord, an accomplished and
learned British statesman and
writer, d. 10 June, 1833, at the
age of 36 years.
Dover Castle built by Julius Caesar ;
the tower built 47 ; the town for-
tified 1525; St. Mary's Church
built 121; priory built 1130; pier,
built 1549.
Dover-cliff, part of, fell down, near
Guildford battery, by which Mrs.
Poole and her five young children
and her niece were killed, 14th
Dec, 1810.
Dover foot barracks burnt down,
owing to the carelessness of a
plumber, 30th July, 1800.
Douven, J. Francis, a Dutch portrait
painter, b. 1655, d. 1727.
Douw, Gerhard, of Leyden, a cele-
brated painter, and pupil of Rem-
brandt, b. 1613, d. 1674.
Doyen, Gab. Fr.mcis, a French histo-
rical painter, b. 1726, d. 1806.
Dozello, a Neapolitan painter and
architect, b. 1405, d. 1470.
Draco flourished about 600 B.C.
Draghi, Giov. Bat., a Geneose painter
of history, b. 1657, d. 1712.
Dragon, order of knighthood, in Hun-
gary, began 1413.
Dragoons first raised in England,
1681 , sent to Oxford to awe the
people, 7th Oct., 1715.
Drakanburgh, Mr. Christian Jacob,
died in Denmark, aged 146, 1770.
Drake, Sir Francis, b. 1545, set sail
round the world 1577, died 28th
Jan., 1596.
Draper, Sir W., died at Bath, 1787.
Drayton, Michael, English poet, born
about 1563, d. 1631.
Drelincourt, Ch., b. at Sedan, 1595.
d. 1669.
Dresden founded 808 ; china invented
1702 ; tremendous explosion of
gunpowder at, by which many lives
were lost, 27th June, 1814.
Dress restrained by act of parliament,
1455, 1574, 1580.
Dreyet, Peter, a French engraver, b.
1697, d. 1739.
Drew, Samuel, A.M., a distinguished
metaphvsical writer, b. 1765, d.
29th March, 1833.
Drillenburg, of Utrecht, a landscape
painter, b. 1625.
Droit D'Aubaine abolished in France,
5th Aug., 1790.
Drolling of Berghem, a painter of
subjects from common life, b. 1752,
d. 1807. '
Drontheim, in Norway, 62 houses
and 12 magazines at, destroyed by
fire, value of damages 65,700/.,
Dec, 1788.
Druids destroyed by command of
Suetonius Paulinus, A. D. 60.
Drummond, William, the poet, b.
1565, d. 1649.
Drunkenness in the clergy restrained
by canon law, 741.
Drunkenness in the laity restrained
by law, 975.
Drury-lane and St. Giles's first paved
according to act of parliament, 1605.
Drury-lane theatre built, 1662; de-
stroyed by fire, 1672 ; rebuilt,
1674 ; pulled down, 1791 ; rebuilt,
1794 ; burnt, 1809; rebuilt and
opened to the public, 10th Nov,.
1812. The receipts of the first
year of the new theatre were,
79,925/. 14s. Od. ; of the second,
68,389/. 3s. 0d.; of the third,
61,585/. 8*. hd. ; of the fourth,
49,586/. 17s. Od.
Drusius, John, b. at Oudenarde, 1550,
d. 1616.
Druyvesteyn, Arnold Jansse, of
Haerlem, a painter of landscapes,
b. 1564, d. 1636.
Drvden, John, an eminent British
poet, b. 9th Aug., 1631, d. 1st
May, 1700.
DUB
DUN
121
Dublin City walls built about 838 ;
its first charter granted, 1173; its
castle built, 1220 ; university
founded by Queen Elizabeth,
1591 ; students admitted to its
university, Jan., 1594; parliament
kouse began, 1729, cost 40,000/.
Dublin House of Commons, &c, de-
stroyed by fire, 27th Feb., 1792 ;
since the Union converted into a
national bank. The city greatly
damaged by an inundation of the
Liffey, 2nd and 3rd of Dec, 1802.
Dublin Custom House, first stone of,
laid, 1730.
Dubois, Edward, a Dutch landscape
and portrait painter, b. 1622, d.
1699.
Dubois, Simon, a Dutch painter of
battle pieces and portraits, d. 1708.
Due, John L., a Dutch painter of
cattle, assemblies, &c., b. 1636, d.
1695.
Ducarel, Dr. Andrew Coltee, the
antiquary, d. 29th May, 1785.
aged 72.
Ducart, Isaac, of Amsterdam, a
flower painter, b. 1630, d. 1697.
Duccio, a Florentine artist, restorer of
Mosaic work, d. 1360.
Duchange, Gasp., an engraver, b.
1660, d. 1754.
Duchemin, Catherine, a French fe-
male painter of fruits and flowers,
b. 1630, d. 1698.
Duchesne, " father of French his-
tory," b. 1534, d. 1640.
Duckworth, an English admiral, b.
1748, d. 1817.
D'Udmie, reviver of stucco-work, b.
1494, d. 1564.
Dudley, earl of Leicester, b. 1532, d.
1588.
Dudley, Edmund, beheaded, Aug.,
1510, aged 48.
Dudley, duke of Northumberland
(whose son married Lady Jane
Grey), beheaded on Tower-hill,
22nd Aug., 1553.
Dudley Castle, Staffordshire, built,
700; priory, built, 1160.
Duelling, the first public one, 1096 ;
in civil matters, forbidden in
France, 1305 ; with small swords
introduced into England, 1587.
Dufau, Fortune, of St. Domingo,
pupil of David, an historical pain-
ter, d. 1821.
Dufresne, C. L., a French painter of
history and portrait, b. 1635, d.
1711.
Dugdale, Sir Wm, b. 1605, d. 1686.
Duiven, John, a Dutch portrait pain-
ter, b. 1600, d. 1640.
Duke of Clarence, ship, lost in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1803.
Duke, first created in Scotland,
1393.
Duke, title first given in England to
Edward, son of Edward III., 17th
March, 1337.
Duke, grand, the title first given to
the dukes of Tuscany, by Pius V.,
1570.
Dulin, Peter, a French painter of
history, b. 1670, d. 1748.
Dullaert, Heyman, a Dutch painter
of history and portrait, b. 1636, d.
1684.
Dulwich College, built, 1619.
Dumouriez, the French general, seized
the ^commissioners from the na-
tional convention, and quitted the
army, 1st April, 1793.
Dunbar, built, 1187.
Duncan, king of Scotland, murdered
by Macbeth, 1039.
Duncan, admiral lord, b. 1st July,
1734 ; d. 4th Aug., 1804.
Duncombe, William, translator of
Horace, d. 1769, aged 79.
Dundas, Henry, Viscount Melville,
b. 1740, d. 1811.
Dunkirk founded, 966 ; sold to
France for 200,000/., A.D. 1662.
Dunmow Priory, Essex, built, 1110.
Dunning, J., lord Ashburton, b.
1731, d. 1783.
Dunoon Castle, Scotland, built before
1334.
Duns Scotus, d. 1308, aged 37.
Dunstable Priory, founded 1132.
Dun8taffhage Castle, Scotland, built,
1307.
Dunstan, St., d. 988, aged 64.
Dunstan's, St., Church,
Dunstanburg Priory, Northumber-
land, built, 1280.
Dunz, John, a Swiss painter of flow-
ers and fruits, b. 1645, d. 1736.
122
DUO
EAR
Duomo, or Cathedral at Pisa, built,
1061.
Duomo, or Cathedral at Florence,
began, 1296; finished, 1444.
Du Pan, Mallet, b. 1749, d. 1800.
Dupenon, M. Anquetil, an historic
painter, b. 1731, d. 1805.
Dupont, Gainsborough, an English
landscape and portrait painter, d.
1797.
Dupre, M., his villa, near Beacons-
field, the residence of Edmund
Burke, destroyed by fire, 21st Apr.,
1813.
Durel, John, an 1 English divine, d.
1683, aged 58.
Durer, Albert, an eminent painter
and engraver, b. at Nuremburg,
1471, d. 1528.
D'Urfey, Thomas, English satirist
and ballad writer, b. about 1630,
d. Feb., 1724.
Durham Castle, built, 1069.
Durham, twenty-five dwelling houses
at, burnt down, 1691.
Durno, James, an English painter of
history, b. 1750, d. 1795.
Duty on brandy lowered As. 6a. j.ci
gallon, 10th May, 1787.
Duties termed " incident duties," in
1787, yielded 2,000,000/.
Dusart, Cornelius, a Dutch painter,
pnpil of Ostade, b. 1665, d. 1704.
Duval, Nich., a Dutch historic pain-
ter, b. 1644, d. 1732.
Duval, Philip, a French historical
painter, pupil ofLc Brun, d. 1709.
Duvenede, Marc Van, a Dutch
painter of history, pupil of Carlo
Maratti, b. 1674, d. 1729.
Duxburg, near Chorley, at, 26 persons
drowned by the breaking of the ice
under them, 13th Dec. 1812.
Dyck, Daniel Vanden, a Flemish his-
toric and portrait painter, d. 1670.
Dyer, John, a British paiuter and
poet,b. in Caermarthenshire, 1700,
d. 1758.
Dyeing, abuses in it, prevented, 1783.
Dyeing and dipping their own cloths,
the English were so little skilled
in, 1608, that they were usually
sent white to Holland, and returned
to England for sale.
E
E
lACHARD, Rev. Dr. John, b.
about 1636, d. 1697.
Ear of Corn, order, began in Britany
1050.
Earl first created in England about
886, when Alfred the Great was
invested with the dignity and title
by Ethelred I., grandson of Egbert.
Earl Marshal, the first, appointed in
England, 1383.
Earthenware vessels first made by the
Romans 715 B.C. ; the first made
in modern Italy 1710 ; the present
improved kind began to be made in
1763 by Wedgwood in England.
Earthquake, one in Asia that over-
turned twelve cities, 17 B.C. ; Her-
culaneum buried by one, 79 A.D. ;
four cities in Asia, two in Greece,
and three in Galatia, overturned,
107 ; An tioch destroyed, 115; one
that swallowed up Nicomedia and
several cities, 120; one in Mace-
donia swallowed up 150 cities, 357 ;
at Nicomedia, in Bithynia, 358 ; at
Jerusalem and Constantinople, 363 ;
in Italy, 369; Nice destroyed, 370;
a general one, 377 ; one, from Sep-
tember to November, swallowed
up several cities in Europe, 394 ;
five in different parts of Europe,
400 ; one swallowed up several
villages of the Cimbri, 417 ; one
in Palestine, 419; one at Constan-
tinople, 434 ; at Constantinople,
Alexandria, and Antioch, 446 ; one
that destroyed Antioch, 14th Sept.,
458 ; one at Constantinople that
lasted 40 days, 480 ; one at Anti-
och, that destroyed that and other
cities, 526 ; another at Antioch,
that swallowed up 4800 inhabitants,
528 ; Pompeiopolis, in Mysia,
swallowed up, 541 ; one almost
universal, 544 ; one at Constanti-
nople, 552 ; one at Rome and
Constantinople, 557 ; city of Beri-
tus destroyed, the Isle of Coos
EARTHQUAKES.
123
shaken, and Tripoli and Bilbus
damaged, 560; at Daphne and
Antioch, 581 ; six hundred cities
destroyed, 742 ; in Palestine and
Syria, where thousands lost their
lives, 746 ; at Mecca, where 1500
houses and ninety towers were
thrown down, 867 ; Constantinople
overthrown, and Greece shaken,
986; one at Batavia, 1021 ; at Wor-
cester and Derby, 1043 ; one on
8th April, 1076, in England; and
again in 1081 and 1088, through-
out England, followed by a scarcity,
corn not ripe till Nov., 1090 ; one
in Shropsh., 1110; one which over-
whelmed Liege and Rottenburgh, in
Sweden, 1112; one in December at
Antiochia, which destroyed several
cities and towns, and overturned
the castle of Trialeth, and the
cities of Mariseum and Mamistria,
1114; in Lombardy for forty days,
1117; one in December, 1118;
one, 1120; in August, in many
parts of the kingdom, 1133; one
in August, 1134; one that swal-
lowed up Catania and 15,000 souls,
1137 ; at Lincoln, 1142 ; Antioch,
Tripoli, and Damascus destroyed,
1150; at Oxenhall, near Darling-
ton, in Durham, 1178; in Hun-
gary and England, 1179 ; one that
overthrew the church of Lincoln,
and others, 1185; at Calabria, in
Sicily, a city, with its inhabitants,
lost in the Adriatic Sea, 1186;
Verona greatly damaged, 1187;
in Somersetshire, 1199: at Brisa,
in Lombardy, where 2000 lives
were lost, 1222; one in England,
14th Feb., 1248; one in Somer-
setshire, 1249; one at St. Albans,
1250; general one that threw down
St. Michael's on the hill, without
Glastonbury, 1247 ; the greatest
ever known in England, 14th Nov.,
1318 ; a dreadful one in Germany,
1346 ; several churches thrown
down, 21st May, 1382; a very
dreadful one, accompanied with
thunder and lightning, 28tli Sept.,
1426 ; one at Naples, when 40,000
persons perished, 1456; in Italy,
1510; in the Isle of Cuba, 1530;
at Rdgate, Croydon, and Dorking,
in Surrey, May, 1551 ; in China,
1556; in Herefordshire, which
overthrew Kingston Chapel, &c,
17th Feb., 1571 ; in Yorkshire,
"Worcestershire, Gloucestershire,
Herefordshire, &c., 26th Feb.,
1574; in London and Westmin-
ster, when part of St. Paul's and
the Temple churches fell ; it was
felt at Sandwich and Dover in
Kent, 6th April, 1580; in Peru,
1581-2; in Dorsetshire, where it
removed a considerable piece of
ground, 13th Jan., 1583; in Bo-
hemia, Moravia, and Hungary,
1590 ; in Japan, where several
cities were swallowed up, 1596 ;
in Kent, where the hills became
valleys full of water, 1596 ; at
Peru, at Quito, and Arequipa,
1600 ; at Banda, in the East In-
dies, 1621 : at Manilla, 1637; in
Calabria, in Italy, 27th March,
1638 ; at Mechlin, in Germany,
1640; in Norway, 24th May,
1657 ; in France, June, 1660 ; at
Ragusa, in Illyrium, near 6000
inhabitants were lost, and several
towns in Dalmatia and Albania,
6th April, 1667 ; in China, 1668 ;
in Staffordshire and Derbyshire,
1677-8 ; in Oxfordshire and Staf-
fordshire, 1679 ; at Oxford, 1683 ;
at Naples, when a third part of
that city and much shipping were
destroyed, 6th and 7th June, 1688 ;
Smyrna destroyed, 10th July,
1688 ; Lyme, in Dorsetshire, nearly
destroyed, 1689; Fort Royal, in
Jamaica, destroyed, and 3000 peo-
ple lost, Sept., 1692; Messina, in
Sicily, overturned in a moment,
18,000 persons perished, and in
the island 60,000, Jan., 1692;
a dreadful one in the isle of Tcne-
riffe, 24th Dec., 1704; one at
China, 19th June, 1718; Paler-
mo, in Sicily, nearly swallowed up,
Sept., 1726; at Boston, in New
England, 29th Oct., 1727 ; the
whole kingdom of Chili swallowed
up, with St. Jago, 30th July, 1730 ;
at Aynho, in Northamptonshire,
10th Oct., 1731 ; one at Naples,
0'2
124
EARTHQUAKES.
1731 ; another in the city of Ave-
lino, which it destroyed, and Ori-
anain great part, 29th Nov., 1732 ;
in Calabria, where the territory of
Nova Casa sunk 29 feet without
destroying a building, 18th April,
] 783 ; at Arundel and Shoreham,
25th Oct., 1735 ; in Ireland, which
destroyed five churches and above
one hundred houses, Aug., 1734 ;
in Hungary, which turned round a
mountain, 23rd Oct., 1736; at
Smyrna, April, 1739 ; at Palermo,
which swallowed up a convent, but
the monks escaped, 4th Feb.,
1739-40; at Leghorn, 5th and 6tli
Jan., 1742 ; in Somersetshire, 15th
June, 1745 ; a terrible one at Lima,
which destroyed that city, and
5000 persons lost their lives ; there
were 74 churches, 14 monasteries,
and 1 5 hospitals thrown down, and
the loss in effects reckoned im-
mense, from 27th Oct. to 20th
Nov., 1746 ; it extended itself to
Callao, winch was destroyed, with
about 5000 of its inhabitants ; in
London, 8th Feb. and 8th March,
1750; at Liverpool, Chester, and
Manchester, 2nd April, 1750; at
Flume, in the Gulf of Venice, 5th
Feb., 1751 ; the greatest part of
the city of Adrianople destroyed,
22nd Aug., 1752; Grand Cairo
had two-thirds of the houses and
40,000 inhabitants swallowed up,
2nd Sept., 1754 ; the city of Quito
in Peru destroyed, 24th April,
1755; the island of Mitylene, in
the Archipelago, when 2000 houses
were overthrown, May, 1755, which
did considerable damage at Oporto,
in Portugal, and Seville, in Spain,
but more particularly at Lisbon,
where in about eight minutes most
of the houses and 30,000 inhabit-
ants were destroyed, and whole
streets swallowed up ; the cities of
Coimbra and Braga suffered, and
St. Ubes was swallowed up; at
Faro 3000 inhabitants were buried,
great part of Malaga was destroyed ;
one half of Fez, in Morocco, and
1 2,000 Arabs were swallowed up,
and above half of the island of
Madeira destroyed ; it extended
5000 miles ; at the Azores blot,
where 10,000 were buried in the
ruins, and the island divided in
two, 9th July, 1757; at Bour-
deaux, in France, 1 1th Aug., 1758 ;
at Tripoli, in Syria, which extended
near 10,000 miles, when Damas
lost 6000 inhabitants, and several
other cities, with the remains of
Balbec, were destroyed, between
Oct. and Dec, 1759; Truxillo, in
Peru, was swallowed up in Nov.,
1759 ; in Syria, 30th Oct., 1760;
in the Molucca islands, 1763 ; one
at Constantinople, that buried 880
persons, 22nd May, 1766; at Mar-
tinico, Aug., 1767, where 1600
lost their lives ; and at St. Pierre,
1767 ; at Comora and Buda, 28th
June, 1768; one in the Brazils,
1772; in the Archipelago, 700
houses and 100 inhabitants were
lost, in Dec, 1770; one at Fez,
in Morocco, 6th May, 1763 ; in
Kerry in Ireland, June, 1773;
Guatimala, in New Spain, entirely
swallowed up, and' many thousand
inhabitants perished, 15th Dec,
1773 ; at Radicofani, near Flor-
ence, in Italy, great damage was
done, 5th Oct., 1777 ; at Smyrna,
25th June, 1778, which destroyed
great part of that city; at Tauris.
in Persia, where 15,000 houses
were thrown down, and great part
of the inhabitants perished, 3rd
March, 1780; at Calabria, and in
the Isle of Sicily, 1783; again,
1784, which totally destroyed Mes-
sina, &c. ; at Arcbindschan, when
it destroyed the town and 12,000
inhabitants, 18th July, 1784; Are-
quipo destroyed, 1785; in the
north of England, 1 1th Aug., 1786;
at Iceland, and some parts of Ger-
many, Nov., 1784 ; at Barbadoes,
Oct., 1784; in Calabria, in Italy,
10th April, 1785; in Scotland,
and different parts of the north of
England, 11th Aug., 1786; in-
Mexico, and other parts of New
Spain, 18th April, 1787; Borgo-
di-San-Sapoloro, in Tuscany, had
its cathedral, bishop's palace, &c,
EAR
EAS
125
destroyed, 30th Sept., 1789, with
the adjacent town of Castello, &c,
and Borgo had 150 houses des-
troyed, and 30 houses, &c., swal-
lowed up by an opening of the
earth ; in Westmoreland, at Arn-
side, 6th March, 1790; and in
Scotland, in Oct., 1791 ; in Sicily
and Calabria, Oct., 1791, particu-
larly at Mileto and Monte Leone ;
at Lisbon on the 27th Nov., 1791,
when many chimneys were thrown
down, and much damage done ; at
Zante, in the Adriatic Sea, where
many buildings were thrown down,
and above 60 persons perished, 2nd
Dec, 1791 ; in the counties of
Bedford, Leicester, Lincoln, Not-
tingham, &c, 2nd March, 1792 ;
at Domingo, where 32 houses were
overthrown at the Cape, April,
1793 ; at Shaftesbury and Salis-
bury, on 29th Sept., 1793, but no
very material damage done ; in
Turkey, where three towns, con-
taining 10,000 inhabitants were
lost, 3rd July, 1794 ; near Naples,
where the city of Torre del Greco
was nearly destroyed, 13th June,
1794; in different parts of the
north of England, 18th Nov., 1795;
at Sumatra, in the East Indies,
great damage was done, and above
300 persons perished, 20th Feb.,
1797 ; the whole of the country
between Sta. Fe and Panama de-
stroyed, including the cities of
Cuzco and Quito, with 40,000 in-
habitants, in Feb., 1797; there
were several violent shocks in the
West India islands in the same
month ; at Sienna, in Italy, when
50 persons lost their lives by the
fall of buildings, 25th May, 1758.
At Constantinople, 26 Oct., 1800,
which destroyed the royal palace
and an immensity of buildings ; it
extended into Romania and Walla-
chia, to Bucharest and Adrianople ;
12th June, 1802, an earthquake
nearly destroyed Crema in Upper
Italy ; Minguin was entirely swal-
lowed up in a lake ; Brescia had
three churches and twelve houses
destroyed ; so violent a shock in
Holland as to cause the chande-
liers in Maaslin church to vibrate
two or three feet, in Jan., 1804;
at Dunning, in Scotland, 18th Jan.
1808 ; the church of La Tour, and
most of the houses in Lucerne,
partly destroyed, April, 1808 ;
in March, 1812, the city of Ca-
raccas and upwards of thirty other
towns, scattered over a space of
300 square miles, were destroyed,
80,000 persons killed, and thou-
sands more wounded ; three shocks
were felt at Swansea, in South
Wales, in Dec, 1832.
Easley Abbey, Yorkshire, built 1 152.
East Angles, kingdom of, began 57 1 ;
ended 792.
East Grinstead, tower at, fell down,
12th Nov., 1785; borough of, dis-
franchised 1832.
East Indies were first discovered by
the Romans, but authors differ as
to the time ; but with certainty we
know that Alexander the Great
made extensive conquests in this
country 327 B.C. ; by the Portu-
guese, 1497; conquered in 1500,
and settled by them in 1506; the
first settlement was Goa. The
first commercial intercourse of the
English with the East Indies was a
private adventure of three ships
fitted out from England 33 Eliz.,
1591 ; only one of them reached
India, and after a voyage of three
years, the commander, Capt. Lan-
caster, was brought home in another
ship, the sailors having seized on
his own ; but his information gave
rise to a capital mercantile voyage,
and the first East India Company's
charter, on 31st Dec, 1600, their
6tock consisting of 72,000/., they
fitted out four ships, and meeting
with success, they have continued
ever since.
East India Comp.'s act passed 1718.
East India College at Haileybury,
Hertfordshire, completed 1809.
East India Company in England es-
tablished 1600; India stock sold
from 360 to 500 per cent., 1683 ;
a new company established, 1689 ;
the old one re-established and the
two united, 1700; agreed to </wv
government 400,000/. per upturn,
126
EAS
EDS
for four years, on condition that
they might continue unmolested,
1769; in great confusion, and ap-
plied to parliament for assistance,
1773; judges sent from England
hy government faithfully to admin-
ister the laws there to the company's
servants, 2nd April, 1774 ; board
of control instituted, 1784; char-
ter of, renewed, 1813 ; commercial
part of the charter revoked, 1833 ,
total estimated revenues in India,
1829-30, 22,054,416/; grand total
of charges in same year 22,862,985/.
East India Company's alms'-houses
founded, 1656.
East India Company at Emhden es-
tablished, 1750.
East India Company of Sweden
erected, March, 1731.
East India Company of France estab-
lished, 1627 ; abolished by the na-
tional assembly, and the trade laid
open, 26th Jan., 1791.
East India Company of Holland incor-
porated, 1604.
East India House, Leadenhall-street,
London, bit. 1726; enlarged, 1799.
East-land company incorporated 1579.
East Saxons, kingdom of, began 527,
ended 746.
Eastburn House, Essex, built 1572.
Eastbury Priory, Sussex, built 1270.
Easter Island first discovered 1722.
Easter established, 68 ; controversy
determined, 667.
Echard, Rev. Laur., the historian, b.
1671, d. 1730.
Eckhardt, John Giles, a German por-
trait painter, d. 1719.
Eclipses, total, of the moon, observed
by the Chaldeans at Babylon, 721
B.C. ; at Syracuse, 413 B.C. ; in
Asia Minor, 219 B C. ; at R6me,
168 B.C., predicted by Q. Sul.
Gallus ; another, which terrified
the troops and prevented their re-
volt, A.D. 14.
Eclipses, most remarkable, of the sun,
observed at Sardis, predicted by
Thales, 585 B.C. ; at Athens, 424
B.C. ; at Rome, caused a total
darkness at noon-day, A.D. 291 ;
at Constantinople, 968 ; in France,
29th June, 1033, dark at noon-
day ; in England, 5 Stephen, 21st
March, 1140, occasioned a total
darkness ; another on the 22nd
June, 2 Richard I., 1191, entire
darkness, and the stare very visible
at ten in the morning ; in the same
year, the true sun, and the appear-
ance of another, so that astronomers
alone could distinguish the differ-
ence by their glasses ; another,
1331 ; a total, of the sun in Eng-
land, -when the darkness was so
great that the stars faintly appeared,
and the birds went to roost in the
morning about ten, 22 April, 1715.
Eclipse, solar, a remarkable one, 14th
July, 1748 ; the quantity eclipsed
was ten digits, and during the time
of eclipse Venus made a beautifully
brilliant appearance.
Edelinck, Gerard, a Dutch artist, b.
1641, d. 1707.
Eddystone Light House near Ply-
mouth first built, 1696 ; blown
down, 26 Nov., 1703 ; rebuilt
1706 ; burnt 1755 ; rebuilt 1759 ;
burnt again 1770 ; rebuilt of stone
aftcrSmeaton'sfauiousdesign,1774.
Edema, Gerard, a Dutch landscape
painter, b. 1652, d. 1700.
Edgar Atheling d. 97.5, aged 70.
Edgar's Tower, Worcester, built 975.
Edgeworth,R.Lovell,b.l744,d.l817.
Edinburgh built 950; fortified, and
castle erected, 1074 ; made the me-
tropolis of Scotland by James III.,
1482 ; James II. was the first king
crowned there, 1437 ; new college,
foundation of, laid, 1789; new
Bridewell built 1791 ; bank of,
foundation laid, 3rd June, 1801.
Edinburgh, fire at, 1544; great fire
also in the Lawn Market, 1771 ;
another 1795 ; one hundred houses
destroyed by fire, the Tron Church
greatly damaged, and the lead on
the roof, melting with the heat,
poured down in a stream and in-
jured many, Nov., 1824.
Edmondsbury, St., monastery, Suf-
folk, built 663; enlarged 1031 ; the
arches near the east gate built 1 148.
Edridge, Henry, a British miniature
painter, b. 1768, d. 1821.
Edson, Calvin, the Living Skeleton,
d. of" tabes mesenterica," or tape-
worm, 14 feet long, 1833.
EDW
ELB
127
EdwaTds, William, d. at Caereu, near
Cardiff, Glamorganshire, in 1663,
aged 168.
Edwards, Thomas, English critic, b.
1699, d. 1757.
Edwards, Bryan, historian, b. 1743,
d. 1800.
Edwards, George, naturalist, b. 1693,
d. 1713.
Edwards, Jonathan, theologian, b.
1703, d. 1758.
Edwards, William, architect, b. 1718,
d. 1789.
Edwards, Edward, a British painter of
history, b. 1738,d. 1806.
Edwards, Sydenham, a British botani-
cal draftsman, b. 1768, d. 1819.
Eeckhout, Gerbrant Vander, an- emi-
nent Dutch painter of portraits and
history, and pupil of Rembrandt, b.
1 621, d. 1674.
Eeckhout, Anthony Vander, of Brus-
sels, a painter of fruit and flowers,
b. 1656, assassinated 1 695.
Eel of the silver kind, six feet in
length, 35 inches in circumference,
and 341bs. in weight, taken in the
Med way, Aug., 1810.
Egialeus, King of Sicyon, 2089 B.C.
Eginhart, the historian, d. 845.
Eginton, Francis, a British artist, the
restorer of painting on glass, b.
1737, d. 1805.
Egmont, Justus Van, of Leyden, an
historic painter, b. 1602, d. 1674.
Egremont Castle, Cumberland, built
1070.
Egypt, the kingdom of, began 2188
B.C., and lasted 1633 years; re-
duced to a province 31 after Christ,
and subdued by the Turks 1525 ;
the French army entered it in
1 798, and conquered it, but were
expelled by the English in 1801 ;
revolted from Turkey and estab-
lished an independent government,
1832.
Egyptian goose shot near Stamford,
Lincolnshire, Feb., 1806.
Ehrct, Geo. Dion., of Baden-Durlach,
a celebrated botanical painter, b.
1710, d. 1770.
Ehud, the Benjamite, being a second
judge in an embassy, kills Eglon, and
so relieves the Israelites from their
second bondage, in the 80th year
from their rest under Othni el, 1325.
A little after this, Shamgar killed
600 Philistines, with an ox goad.
Elbe River, inundation of, occasioning
90,000/. worth of damage, 31st
Aug., 1631.
Elbing, in Prussia, founded, 1240.
Elbucht, John Van, a Dutch painter
of history, landscape, and sea-pieces,
b. 1500.
Eldon, near Thetford, Norfolk, fifty
houses at, burnt down, 4th June,
1752.
Elections made void by bribery,
1696, 1735, 1778, 1788.
Electors of Germany first began 1298.
Electrical Dispensatory, London, in-
stituted, 1793.
Electricity, first idea of, given by two
globes of brimstone, 1467; electric
stroke discovered at Leyden, 1746 ;
first known it would fire spirits,
1 756 ; that of the Aurora Borealis
and lightning, in 1769.
Elephant, order of knighthood, began
in Denmark, 1478.
Eleusinian mysteries first introduced
at Athens, by Eumolpus, B.C. 1356.
Elevation of the Host introduced,
1222.
Eli, the eleventh judge of Israel,
broke his neck at Shiloh, B. C.
1116, aged 98.
Elias, Matthew, of Cassel, a painter
of history, b. 1658, d. 1741.
Elijah, the prophet, 91 1 ; supported
by the widow of Sarepta, 910 ;
taken up into heaven, B.C. 896.
Elisha, having prophesied for sixty
years, d. B.C. 830.
Elizabeth Castle, Jersey, built,
1586.
Elizabeth, extra India ship, wrecked
off Dunkirk, only 22 of the crew
saved, 30th Dec, 1810.
Ell, a yard in measure, fixed by the
length of Henry the First's arm,
1101.
Elliger, Ottomar, of Gottenburg, a
painter of history and portrait, b.
1633, d. 1688.
Elliger, Ottomar, the younger, of
Hamburgh, a scholar and painter,
b. 1666, d. 1732.
128
ELL
ENG
Elliot, Sir John, the English physi-
cian, d. 1787.
Ellis, George, d. 1815, aged 70.
Ellis, an English engraver, d. 1793.
Ellis, Mr. W., d. at Liverpool, Aug.,
1780, aged 130& years.
Ellis, Ellen, of Beaumaris, Anglesea,
aged 72, brought to bed 10th
May, 1776. She had been 46 years
married, and her eldest child was
45 years old. She had not borne
a child for 25 years previously.
Elliston, R. W., a celebrated English
actor, b. 1774, d. 1831.
Elmer, Stephen, an English painter
of dead game, &c, d. 1798.
Elmes, Miss, murdered at Chelsea,
5th May, 1833.
Elsheimer, Adam, of Frankfort, a
landscape painter, b. 1574,d. 1620.
Elsineur, in Denmark, built, 2 B.C.
Elstol, William, a Saxon scholar, b.
1673, d. 1714.
Elstree, Cambridgeshire, almost en-
tirely destroyed by fire, 3rd April,
1774.
Eltham Palace, built, 1269.
Ely Monaster^ , built, 506 ; destroyed
by the Danes, 870 ; rebuilt, 1 109 ;
Bishop's House, Holborn, built,
1290 ; pulled down, and converted
into sites for dwelling houses, 1780.
Elzevir, Daniel, a Dutch painter,
d. 1680.
Elzevir, Louis, a Dutch painter,
flourished, 1598.
Emancipation of Roman Catholics in
England, bill for the, passed the
House of Com., 10th April, 1829.
Emanuel College, Cambridge, founded
1584 ; sustained damage by fire,
estimated at 20,000 J., Oct., 1811.
Emanuel Hospital, Westminster, in-
stituted 1534.
Emerson, William, b. 1701, d. 1782.
Emelraet, a Dutch landscape painter,
b. 1612, d. 1668.
Eminence, the title of, first given to
cardinals, 1644.
Emigrations from England and Ire-
land, numerous, 1815; number of
American and foreign vessels bring-
ing emigrants to New York, 1192,
in 1816; number of passengers,
7122.
Emma, mother of Edward the con"
fessor, accused of incontinence,
1 042 ; stripped of her possessions,
1043 ; sent to Whorwell Nunnery,
1051.
Empedocles, flourished B.C. 445.
Emperors of Germany and Austria.
See Germany and Austria.
Empoli, Jacopo Da, an Italian his-
torical painter, b. 1554, d. 1640.
Empson, beheaded on Tower Hill,
28th Aug., 1510.
Eneas, the Trojan prince, d. 117.7,
Enfield, Dr., b. 1741, d. 1797-
Enghien, the Duke de, of the family
of Conde, shot by order of Napo-
leon, 21st March, 1804.
Engelraems, of Mechlin, an historic
painter, b. 1527, d. 1583.
Enghelbrechtsen, of Leyden, an his-
toric painter, b. 1468, d. 1533.
Engines, building and machinery ?
used in and about collieries, de-
stroying of, made capital offence,
1815.
Engines for extinguishing fires, in-
vented, 1663; improved, 1752.
England originally inhabited by the
Britons, a branch of the ancient
Gauls, of Celtae. — The wostern
part, in the time of the Romans,
was inhabited by the Belgae, the
northern by the Brigantes, South
Wales, by the Silures, and Norfolk
and Suffolk, by the Iceni. — Invaded
by Julius Caesar, 55 B.C., subdued
by Claudius, 46 A.D., and complete-
ly so by Agricola, in 85. — The Ro-
mans kept possession till 427. —
Ravaged by the Picts and Scots,448.
Conquered by the Saxons, 455,
who were invited over by the
ancient inhabitants, and they di-
vided it into seven kingdoms, cal-
led the heptarchy Erected into
a kingdom by the union of all
the kingdoms of the heptarchy,
near 400 years after the arrival of
the Saxons, 827. — Called England
by order of Egbert, who was the
first king of England, in a gene-
ral council held at Winchester,
A.D. 829.— The name of England
and of Englishman, had been used
ENGLAND.
129
as far back as 688, but had never
been ratified by any assembly of
the nation. — Conquered by the
Danes, 867 Recovered by Alfred,
878 Divided into counties and
hundreds, 886 A general survey
made, and the rolls deposited at
Winchester, 896. — An inglorious
peace made with the Danes, and
tribute agreed to be paid annually,
besides 10,000/. in money, pro-
vided they retired, and discontinued
their invasions, 993.— In 1002 the
Danes broke the agreement, com-
mitted horrid cruelties and devas-
tations, and the timid Etbelred II.
paid them no less than 36,000/. for
peace, which sum was levied by a
tax on all the lands in England for
Danegelt, by which ignominious
name this first land tax was known
and collected in England, till it
was suppressed by Edward the Con-
fessor, in 1042, when it was40,000/.
annually. — William I. revived it
as a crown revenue. — In 1013,
Swein totally conquered England,
was proclaimed king, and obliged
Etbelred to retire to the Isle of
Wight, who sent his wife and sons
to Normandy ; it remained in the
hands of the Danish kings, till
1042.— William, duke of Nor-
mandy, claimed the crown, invaded
England, defeated the reigning king
Harold II., and the English were
next governed by the Norman line,
1066. — A new survey made of
England, and the register called
Doomsday-book, being, however,
only an alteration and improve-
ment of Alfred's, 1080 •, the taxes
were levied according to this survey
till 13 Henry VIII. 1522, when a
more accurate survey was taken,
and was called by the people the
new Doomsday-book. — Put under
an interdict by the pope, for John's
opposing his nomination to the sec
of Canterbury, 1208. — Interdict
taken off on John's submission,
1214. — All inarms, 1215; Magna
Charta was confirmed in this year.
— Underwent a reformation in go-
vernment, 1258. — Put under an
interdict on Henry VIII.'s shaking
off the pope's supremacy, 1535. —
The crowns of England and Scot-
land united in the person of James
VI. of Scotland, who succeeded to
the throne of England, by the title
of James I. 1603. — The two king-
doms united by the consent of both
nations, and thenceforth named
Great Britain, 1707. — Ireland
united to England and Scotland,
and the whole denominated the
British empire, 1st Jan., 1801. —
Prince of Wales sworn in regent of
the kingdom, during the indisposi-
tion of George III., Feb. 5, 1811.
England. See Chancellors of,
England, descent of crown. See
Crown of England, descent of.
England, the first geographical map
of it, J 520. The island of Great
Britain is about 520 miles in
length, and the circuit of its coast
makes about 1800 miles. The
part constituting England and
Wales is in length, from Newha-
ven in Sussex, to Berwick-upon-
Tweed, 355 miles, and in breadth,
from the South Foreland in Kent
to the Land's End in Cornwall,
325 miles. The area of England
and Wales, computed in acres, has
been very differently stated by
different authors; for as it has
never been ascertained by an actual
survey, various modes of computa-
tion have been adopted, which have
disagreed materially in the result.
The following are the principal
estimates on this point : — By Sir
William Petty, 28,000,000 acres ;
Dr. Grew, 46,000,000 acres ; Dr.
Hallcy, 39,938,500 acres; Tem-
pleman, 31,648,000 acres; Arthur
Young, 46,916,000 acres; Rev.
H. Beeke, 38,498,572 acres. In
the returns relative to the poor,
laid before the house of commons
in 1804, it was stated that by the
best computation England and
Wales contained 58,335 square
statute miles, and 37,334,400 sta-
tute acres. Scotland, with its is-
lands, contains about 21,000,000
acres. The soil of South Britain
is annually cropped in the following
proportions :-_ Wheat, 3,080,000
o3
130
ENGLAND.
acres; barley and rye, 850,000
acres ; oats and beans, 2,800,000
acres ; clover, rye-grass, &c,
1,120,000 acres; turnips, carrots,
cabbages, &c., 1,120,000 acres;
fallow, 2,100,000 acres ; hop
grounds, 35,000 acres ; nursery
grounds, 8,500 acres ; fruit and
kitchen gardens,45,000 acres ; plea-
sure grounds, 16,000 acres ; land
depastured by cattle, 17,000,000
acr. ; hedge-rows, copses, and woods,
1,600,000 acres ; ways, water, &c,
1,282,100 acres. Ciiltivated.land,
31,056,600 acres ; commons .and
■wastes, 6,277,800 acres. Total,
37,334,400 acres. The number
of horses for which duty is paid is
1,780,000. Their annual con-
sumption of food, reckoned by the
produce of acres, is — 200,000 plea-
sure horses, 5 acres each, 1,000,000
acres ; 30,000 cavalry, 5 acres each,
150,000 acres; 1,200,000 hus-
bandry, 4 acres each, 4,800,000
acres ; 350,000 colts, mares, &c,
3 acres each, 1,050,000 acres.
Total, 7,000,000 acres. The total
population of Great Britain, as it
appeared by the returns made in
1 801, includingthe army, navy, and
merchant seamen, was 10,942,646 ;
to which, if the islands of Guernsey,
JerMy, Alderney, and the Scilly
islands, are added, it may be taken
at 1 1,000,000. See Population.
But it is evident that the welfare
of anation,and its political strength,
do not depend so much on its nu-
merical population, as on the man-
ner in which that population is em-
ployed ; the proportion of produc-
tive to unproductive labourers of
which it consists. No accurate
account of this kind has ever been
taken, hut the following estimate
of the different classes of persons
, who compose the. present popula-
tisn of Great Britain, cannot be
far from the truth : — Nobility and
gentry, 5,000 ; clergy of the
churches of England and Scotland,
18,000 ; ditto, dissenters of every
description, 14,000 ; army and
militia, including half-pay, &c,
240,000 ; navy and marines,
130,000 ; seamen in the mer-
chants' service, 155,000 ; lighter-
men, watermen, &c, 3,500 ; per-
sons employed in collecting the
public revenue, 6,000 ; judges,
counsel, attorneys, &c, 14,000;
merchants, brokers, factors, &c. r
25,000; clerks to ditto, and to
commercial companies, 40,000 ;
employed in the different manu-
factures, 1,680,000 ; mechanics
not immediately belonging to ditto,
50,000; shopkeepers, 160,000:
schoolmasters and mistresses,
20,000; artists, 5,000; players,
musicians, &c., 4,000 ; employed
in agriculture, 2,000,000; unh-
and female servants, 800,000;
gamblers, swindlers, thieves, pros-
titutes, &c, 150,000 ; convicts and
prisoners, 10,000; aged and infirm.
293,000 ; wives and daughters of
most of the above, 2,427,500;
children under ten rears of age,
2,750,000, Total, 11,000,000.
The total income of all classes
of the community, both as arising
from capital and labour, appears to
be nearly as follows : — From rent
of lands, 29,000,000/. ; from rent
of houses, 8,500,000/.; profits of
farming, or occupation of land,
6,120,000/.; income of labourers
in agriculture, 15,000,000/. ; pro-
fits of mines, canals, collieries, &c.,
2,000,000/.; profits of merchant
shipping, &c, 1,000,000/. ; income
of stockholders, 20,500,000/. ;
from mortgages and other moneys
lent, 3,000,000/.; profits of foreign
trade, 1 1,250,000/. ; profits of ma-
nufactures, 14,100,000/.; pay of
army, navy, and merchant seamen,
5,000,000/. ; income of the clergy
of all descriptions, 2,200,000/.;
judges, and all subordinate officers
of the law, 1,800,000/.; profes-
sors, schoolmasters, tutors, &c,
600,000/. ; retail trades not imme-
diately connected with foreign track-
or manufactures, 8,000,000/.; vari-
ous other professions and employ-
ments, 2,000,000/. ; male and fe-
male servants, 2,400,000/. Total,
132,470,000/. If this statement,
the total of which is corroborated
ENGLAND.
131
by the produce of the late income
or property tax, is not far from the
truth, it will not be difficult to
form a similar estimate of the total
national capital, viz. — Value of the
land, at 28 years' purchase,
812,000,000/. ; value of houses, at
20 years 1 purchase, 170,000,000/. ;
manufactories, machinery, steam
engines,&c.,20,000,000/. ; house-
hold furniture, 42,500,000/. ; ap-
parel, provisions, fuel, wine, plate,
watches, and jewels, books, car-
riages, &c, 40,000,000/. ; cattle of
all kinds, 90,000,000/.; grain of
all kinds, 10,600,000/. ; hay,
straw, &c, 6,600,000/. ; imple-
ments of husbandry, 2,000,000/. ;
merchant shipping, 12,800,000/. ;
the navy, 6,000,000/. ; coin and
bullion, 24,000,000/.; goods in
the hands of merchants, &c.,
16,300,000/.; goods in the hands
of manufacturers and retail traders,
20,000,000/. Total national capi-
tal, 1,272,800,000/.
By the calculations of the com-
mittee, it is computed that the cul-
tivation of the waste lands would
yield to* the nation an income of
above 20,000,000/. a year.
The following was delivered by
the committee of agriculture, being
a general view of the extent of the
island of Great Britain, and the
proportion between the waste and
uninclosed, and the cultivated part
thereof : —
Acres Uncultivated.
England and Wales 7,888,777
Scotland - - 14,213,224
22,107,001
Acres Cultivated.
England and Wales 39,027,156
Scotland . . 12,151,471
51,178,627
Total Extent.
England and Wales 46,9 15,933
Scotland - - 26,369,695
73,285,628
The above estimate will give
some general idea of the magnitude
of this great source of national
wealth.
Of the value of these wastes,
were they improved in the manner
of which they are capable, it is
difficult to form any adequate idea.
At the same time it may be of
service to submit some data, as the
basis of future calculation. On
the supposition, therefore, that there
are 22,000,000 of acres of waste
and uninclosed lands in the king-
dom, the whole may be divided,
according to the various qualities of
the soil and surface, in the follow-
ing manner : — Acres.
Incapable of all im-
provement - - 1,000,000
Fit to be planted - 3,000,000
Fit for upland pasture 14,000,000
Fit for tillage - - 3,000,000
Capable of being con-
verted into meadow,
or water-meadow - 1,000,000
Total - 22,000,000
The 1,000,000 of acres, as being
incapable of cultivation, must be
estimated as of no annual value.
The 3,000,000, supposed to be
fit for plantation, according to the
ingenious calculation of the late
bishop of Llandaff, may be worth
8s. per acre, or, in all, 1,200,000/.
per annum. This, however, is the
value of the annual produce, and
not rent.
The 14,000,000 of acres of up-
land pasture, when improved, can-
not be calculated at less than 5s.
per acre of rent, or 3,500,000/. per
annum.
The 3,000,000 of acres supposed
to be convertible into arable land
would ceroainly, when inclosed, be
worth at an average 10s. per acre,
or 1,500,000/. per annum.
The 1,000,000 of acres supposed
to be converted into meadow, or
water-meadow, cannot be calcu-
lated at less than 1/. 10s. per acre,
or 1,500,000 in all.
132
ENGLAND.
The account may then be thus
stated : —
£
Rent of the upland pasture 3,500,000
Rent of the arable land - 1,500,000
Rent of the meadows -1,500,000
6,500,000
This must be multiplied by
3, in order to give the
annual produce -
19,500,000
Add the annual produce of
3,000,000 of acres, sup-
posed to be planted,
amounting to - - 1,200,000
Total £20,700,000
England, Wales, and Scotland, popula-
tion of, in 1801, 10,942,646; 1821,
14,391,631 ; 1831, 17,000,000.
English parents forbidden by law
from selling their children out of
the kingdom, 1000.
English Coll. at Rome founded 854.
English Kings. — Before the Romans
came into this island, the Britons,
who then possessed the country,
were divided into several nations,
each of them governed by their own
kings ; and when Britain became
a member of the Roman empire,
many of their tribes had their pro-
per kings, who were suffered to
govern by their own laws, provided
they were tributary. Such were
Cogidunus and Prastitagus, men-
tioned by Tacitus. Lucius, who is
said to be the first Christian king,
died in 181, and left the Roman
empire heir to his kingdom ; and
Coilus, the father of Helena, mo-
ther of Constantine the Great.
After the Romans had quitted Bri-
tain, upon the irruption of the
Goths into Italy, during the reign
of Honorius, that is, in 410, the
real government returned to the
Britons, who chose for their king
Constantine, brother of Aldroinus
King of Brittany, in France, a
prince of the British blood, to
whom succeeded Constantine his
son ; then Vortigern, who usurped
the crown : but being harassed by
the Scots and Picts, in 448, to
maintain his usurpation first called
in the Saxons, at that time hover-
ing along the coast of Britain, in
449. These having got sure foot-
ing in the island, never left the
Britons quiet till they were pos-
sessed of the whole ; and though
they were overthrown in many bat-
tles by King Vortimer, the son and
colleague of Vortigern, and after-
wards by King Arthur, yet the
Britons were soon after his death
so broken and weakened, that they
were forced at last to retreat, and
exchange the plain and fertile part
of Britain for the mountains of
Wales. Cadwallader, the last king
of the Britons, began to reign 683,
killed in battle Lothair, King of
Kent, and Ethelwold, King of the
West Saxons ; turned monk, and
died at Rome. Thus the Britons
left the stage and the Saxons en-
tered. By these the country was
divided into seven kingdoms, called
the Heptarchy; Kent, the first
kingdom, was in Julius Caesar's
time, the sovereignty of four petty
princes, and never called a kingdom
till Hengist erected it into one.
ENGLAND.
133
The year of the Reign of the Sovereigns of England, corresponding with the
year of Christ, from 1066 to 1830.
Wm. Conq.
Oct. 14.
1 1066
22 1087
Edward I.
Nov. 16.
1 1272
36 1307
Richard III.
June 22.
1 1483
3 1485
James II.
Feb. 6.
1 1685
4 1688
Wm. Rufus.
Sept. 9.
1 1087
14 1100
Edward II.
July 7.
1 1307
20 1326
Henry VII.
Aug. 22.
1 1485
25 1509
Wm. & Mary
Feb. 13.
1 1688
15 1702
Henry I.
August 1.
1 1100
36 1135
Edward HI.
Jan. 25.
1 1326
52 1377
Henry VIII.
April 21.
1 1509
38 1547
Anne.
March 8.
1 1702
13 1714
Stephen.
Dec. 2.
1 1135
20 1154
Richard II.
June 21.
1 1377
23 1399
Edward VI.
Jan. 29.
1 1547
8 1553
George I.
Aug. 1.
1 1714
14 1727
Henry II.
Oct, 25.
1 1154
36 1189
Henry IV.
Sept. 29.
. 1 1399
14 1413
Queen Mary
July 6.
1 1553
6 1558
George II.
June 11.
1 1727
34 1760
Richard I.
Aug. 13.
1 1189
11 1199
Henry V.
March 20.
1 1413
11 1422
Elizabeth.
Nov. 17.
1 1558
45 1603
George III.
Oct. 25.
1 1760
61 1820
John.
April 6.
1 1199
18 1216
Henry VI.
Aug, 31.
1 1422
39 1461
James I,
March 24.
1 1603
25 1625
George IV.
Jan. 29.
1 1820
10 1830
Henry III.
Oct. 17.
1 1216
57 1272
Edward IV.
March 5.
1 1461
24 1483
Charles I.
Marcli 27.
1 1625
24 1648
William IV.
June 26.
1 1830
Edward V.
April 9.
1 1483
Charles II.
Jan. 30.
1 1648
38 1685
N. B — Every king's reign begins at the death of his predecessor. For
example, George IV. began 29th Jan., 1820. The first year of his reitrn is
complete 28th Jan., 1821.
134
ENGLAND.
12
725
The Heptarchy. — The kingdom
of Kent contained only the county
of Kent ; its kings were —
1 Hengist began - 455
2 Eske - - - 488
3 Octa - - - 512
4 Ymrick - - 534
5 Ethelbert - - 568
6 Eabald - - 617
7 Ercombert - - 640
8 Egbert - - 664
9 Lothaire - - 673
10 Edrick - - 685
11 Withdred - - 686
f Eadbert and }
\ Edelbert }
13 Edelbert alone 743
14 Alkric - - 760
15 Edelbert Pren - 794
16 Cuthred - - 798
•17 Baldred - - 805
This kingdom began 455, ended
823. Its first Christian king was
Ethelbert.
The kingdom of South Saxons
contained the counties of Sussex
and Surrey : its kings were —
1 Ella began - - 491
2 Cissa - -.«-' 514
3 Chevelin - - 590
4 Ceolwic - - 592
5 Ceoluph - - 597
6 \ ®™zf I - 611
I Quicelm )
7 Ethelwolf - - 634
8 Canowalch - - 643
9 Adelwach - - 649
This kingdom began 491, ended
754. Its first Christian king was
Ethelwolf.
The kingdom of West Saxons
contained the counties of Cornwall,
Devon, Dorset, Somerset, Wilts,
Hants, and Berks : its kings were —
1 Cerdic began - 519
2 Kenric - - 534
3 Ceaulin - - 560
4 Ceolric - - 592
5 Ceoluph - - 598
6 Cinigisil - - 611
7 Cuichelme - - 614
8 Kenwald - - 643
9'Adelwald - - 648
10'Lexburga - - 672
11 Censua, Eskwin - 674
- 676
- 686
754
12 Kent win
13 Ceadwald
14 Ina - - - 688
15 Ethlard - - 727
16 Cuthred - - 740
,- $ Sigebert and )
\ Kenwolfe $
1& Brithrick - - 784
19 Egbert - - 800
This kingdom began 519, ended
828. Its first Christian king was
Cinigisil.
The kingdom of East Saxons
contained the counties of Essex
and Middlesex : its kings were —
1 Ercheuwin began - 527
2 Sledda - - - 587
3 Sebert - - - 604
{Sexred ")
Seward V - - 616
Sigebert )
5 Sigebert the Little - 623
6 Sigebert the Good - 653
7 Swithelme - - 655
8 Sighere and Sebba - 665
9 Sebba - - - 683
10 1 S and \ «»
11 Ofta - - - 705
12 Seolfred - - 707
13 Swithred - - 746
This kingdom began 527, ended
746. Its first Christian king was
Sebert.
The kingdom of Northumber-
land contained Yorkshire, Dur-
ham, Lancaster, Westmoreland,
Cumberland, an 
