DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
DICTIONARY OF
EXPLOSIVES
BY
ARTHUR MARSHALL
A.C.G.I., F.I.C., F.C.S.
CHEMICAL INSPECTOR INDIAN ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT
PHILADELPHIA
P. BLAKISTON'S SON & CO.
1012 WALNUT STREET
1920
Printed in Great Britain
INTRODUCTION
IT is a generation since a dictionary of explosives has been
published, and, in the meantime, many new explosives have
been introduced. It is hoped, therefore, that this small volume,
giving concise information about these special materials,
may prove useful to those who have to deal with them.
In Cundill and Thomson's "Dictionary of Explosives,"
issued in 1895, there are many entries of the names of
inventors and of mixtures which had been proposed but have
never been used commercially, nor are likely to be. As
modern explosives were then in their infancy, it was no doubt
wise to insert all the available information whether it appeared
to be important or not ; but now it seems to me better to
restrict the scope of the dictionary so as to keep its
size within moderate limits. Practically only explosives
with special or proprietary names are therefore dealt with
here. For information concerning chemical substances, such
as the nit ro -toluenes and other nitro -compounds, reference
should be made to the text-books on explosives and
chemistry.
A few words may, however, be said here about the nitro -
celluloses. These are made by treating cellulose with a mix-
ture of nitric and sulphuric acids, and then purifying the
product by washing it thoroughly with hot water. The
variety of cellulose most used for this purpose is cotton, and
the product obtained from it is frequently called nitrocotton,
three special varieties of which are collodion cotton, pyro-
collodion and guncotton (q. r.). The only other form of
cellulose which is nitrated on a commercial scale is " chemical
cellulose " obtained by the treatment of wood or straw.
M164593
vi INTRODUCTION
Nitrated wood cellulose has long been used for the manu-
facture of smokeless powders for shot-guns, and during the
War the Germans made powders for rifled fire-arms from it.
No trouble has been spared to make the dictionary com-
plete and accurate, but there must inevitably be omissions
and errors in it, especially as regards the explosives of foreign
countries. The author will be grateful for any additional
information that may be sent him.
Explosives may be classified in various ways, according to
the purpose of the classification, but the great majority of
them fall naturally into two main divisions : propellants and
high explosives. Propellants explode comparatively slowly,
and are used to propel projectiles from fire-arms. High
explosives are much more rapid in their action, and are used
for bursting and shattering. Propellants are of two sorts,
according as they are intended for use in shot-guns or rifled
fire-arms. Those for shot-guns burn more rapidly than those
for the latter, but both practically always contain a consider-
able proportion of nitrocellulose, gelatinised by means of such
solvents as acetone or ether-alcohol, according as it is of high
or low nitration. Some contain also nitroglycerine, and are
then called nitroglycerine powders, whereas those that do not
contain this substance are termed nitrocellulose powders.
Many powders also contain other ingredients, as may be seen
from the compositions given in this dictionary.
Of high explosives an important class is used for charging
shells and bombs. As a rule, but not necessarily, these are
not the same as the explosives used for mining operations
and other general blasting purposes. Another important
class is that of the coal-mine explosives, which are designed
to give only a short and comparatively cool flame so as to
diminish the danger of igniting fire-damp and coal-dust.
Nearly half the explosives in this dictionary are coal-mine
explosives. The reason for this large number is that no
finality has yet been reached as to the best and safest
explosives to use in coal mines. When more experience has
been gained it is probable that the number of these explosives
INTRODUCTION vii
on the market will be reduced. In England the Permitted
List has recently been cut down considerably.
In Great Britain these coal-mine explosives have to be
submitted to the Inspectors of Explosives, and are subjected
to tests for safety and strength. If they pass they are placed
on the list of " Permitted Explosives," and the compositions
are published in the Explosives in Coal Mines Orders. In
these Orders the upper and lower limits of the percentage of
each constituent are given, but in this dictionary interme-
diate percentages are given so that the sum for any explosive
amounts to 100. In the Explosives in Coal Mines Orders
the percentage of such a substance as wood, meal or starch,
is given in the dried condition, but here it is given in the
air-dry state on the assumption that it then contains about
10 per cent, of moisture.
In France and Belgium also the compositions of the coal-
mine explosives are published, but in Germany, as a rule,
only a list of the constituents is given, and sometimes an upper
or lower limit for one or more of the principal constituents.
Moreover, it is not stated explicitly whether the explosives
are intended for use in coal mines or for general blasting
purposes. In the United States of America, explosives in-
tended for use in coal mines are examined by the Bureau of
Mines, which, however, has no power to prevent the use of
others because regulations on this matter are made by the
individual states. If they pass they are placed on the list
of . " Permissible Explosives." The compositions are not
published, but the class of composition is stated.
Until the second half of the nineteenth century, gunpowder
was practically the only explosive used on a considerable
scale, and it was employed for all purposes. Consequently
it does not fall into any of the classes mentioned, or rather
it could be placed in several of them.
Another class of explosives that has not yet been men-
tioned is that of the primary igniters, of which fulminate of
mercury may be taken as typical. The characteristic of these
is that they can be exploded or ignited by a spark or moderate
viii INTRODUCTION
friction, and consequently they can be employed to fire other,
less sensitive explosives. There are, however, practically
no explosives of this class which possess special or proprietary
names, and consequently they are not dealt with in this
dictionary.
Naini Tal, India.
1920.
CLASSIFICATION
COAL-MINE EXPLOSIVES
American Permissible Explosives.
Aetna Coal Mine Powder. Guardian.
Bental Coal Powder. Hecla No. 2.
Bituminite. Hygrade Coal Powder.
Black Diamond. Kanite.
Cameron Mine Powder. Lomite.
Carbonite. Lowinite.
Coalite. Meteor.
Coal Special. Miners' Friend.
Collier Powder. Min-ite.
Cronite. Monobel.
Detonite. Nitro Low-Flame.
Du Pont Permissible. Red H.
Eureka. Trojan Coal Powder.
Fort Pitt Mine Powder. Tunnelite.
Fuel-ite. Vigorite.
Giant Coal Mine Powder. Xpdite.
Austrian and Hungarian.
Chloratit. Progressit.
Dynammon. Titanit.
Belgian Explosifs S.G.P.
Alsilite. Grisoutite.
Antigel de Surete. Ingelite.
Baelenite. Minerite.
Colinite antigrisouteuse. Minite.
Cornil. Minolite.
Densite. Pulverite.
Dynamite antigrisouteuse. Sabulite antigrisouteuse.
Favier Explosives. Securophore.
Flammivore. Wallonite.
Forcite antigrisouteuse. Yonckite.
Fractorite. (There were also several ex-
Grisoutine II. plosives made in Germany.)
CLASSIFICATION
British.
*Abbcite.
*Abelite.
*Ajax Powder.
*Albionite.
*Amasite.
* Ammonal.
Ammonite.
* Am vis.
*Anchorite.
*Aphosite.
*Arkite.
*Barking Powder.
Bellite.
Bobbinite.
*Britonite.
*Bull Dog.
Cambrite.
*Carbonite.
*Celtite.
*Cliffite.
Cliffite (Super-).
*Clydite.
*Cornish Powder.
*Coronite.
*Curtisite.
*Curtisite (Super-).
Denaby Powder.
*Dominite.
*Dragonite.
*Dreadnought Powder.
Du Pont Permissible.
*Duxite.
Dynobel.
*Electronite.
Essex Powder.
*Excellite.
Excellite (Super-).
Expedite.
*Faversham Powder.
Fortex (New).
*Fracturite.
*Gathurst Powder.
*Good Luck.
Haylite.
*Herculite.
*Kent Powder.
Kentite.
*Kolax.
*Kolax (Super-).
*Kynarkite.
*Kynite.
*Melling Powder.
*Mersey Powder.
*Minite.
Monarkite.
Monobel.
*Monobel Powder.
*Nationalite.
Negro Powder.
*Neonal.
*Nitro-Densite.
*Nobel Ammonia Powder.
*Normanite.
*Oaklite.
*Odite.
*Permon Powder.
*Permonite.
*Phoenix Powder.
*Pitite.
*Pitsea Powder.
Rex Powder.
*Rexite.
*Rippite.
Rippite (Super-).
Roburite.
*Russelite.
Samsonite.
*Saxonite.
Seamex.
*Sheppey Powder.
*Stanford Powder.
*Steelite (Colliery).
*St. Helen's Powder.
Stomonal.
*Stow-ite.
*Sunderite.
*Superite.
*Swale Powder.
CLASSIFICATION
XI
*Swalite.
*Syndite.
Thames Powder.
*Tutol.
*Uplees Powder.
*Victor Powder.
British (continued)
*Victorite.
Viking Powder.
*Virite.
*Westfalite.
*Withnell Powder.
(Those marked * are not now on the Permitted List.)
Favier explosives.
Grisounite.
Grisoutine.
French.
N.
Naphthalite (Grisou-).
German.
Albit (Wetter-).
Astralit (Wetter-).
Bautzener Sicherheitspulver.
Bavarit.
Cahuecit (Ammon-).
Carbonite.
Chloratzit.
Chromamonit.
Cosilit.
Dahmenit.
Detonit.
Donarit.
Dorfit.
Dynamit (Wettersicheres).
Elsagit (Ammon-).
Foerder Sicherheitssprengstoff.
Foerdit.
Fulmenit (Wetter-).
Gehlingerit.
Gesilit.
Glueckauf.
Kohlenkarbonit.
Koronit (Kohlen-).
Lenit (Neu-).
Lignosit.
Monachit.
Naphthalit.
Nobelit.
Orkanit.
Pastanit,
Permonit.
Perrumpit.
Persalit (Wetter-).
Plastomenit.
Rhenanit (Wetter-).
Roburite.
Romperit (Wetter-).
Salit.
Schlesit.
Securite.
Siegenit.
Teutonit.
Tremonit.
Tunnelit,
Walsrode (Wetter-).
Westfalit.
Wetter-Dynamit.
Aerolit.
Aetna.
Albit.
BLASTING EXPLOSIVES
Alkalsit.
Amasite.
Ammonal,
Xll
CLASSIFICATION
BLASTING EXPLOSIVES (continued)
Ammoniakkrut.
Anagon.
Anilit.
Astralit.
Atlas Powder.
Barbarit.
Blastine.
Blasting Gelatine.
Bomlit.
C.
Cahuecit.
Carbite d'Ablon.
Car bo -Dynamite.
Carlsonite.
Cheddite.
Chloratzite.
Cugnite.
Dahmenite.
Denaby Powder.
Densite.
Dominit.
Donarit.
Dynamite.
Electronite.
Ergite.
Erin Gelignite.
Extra Dynamite.
Forcite.
Fumenit.
Gehlingerit.
Gelatinee a PAmmoniaque.
Gelatine Dynamite.
Gelignite.
Giant Powder.
Halalite.
Hammonit.
Helagon.
Helit.
Hercules Powder.
Imperialite.
Judson Powder.
Kausolit.
Kinetit.
Kiwit.
Koronit.
L.C. Pulver.
Leonit.
Ligdyn.
Lignosit.
Lithofracteur.
Loewenpulver.
Luxit.
M.B. Powder.
Marsit.
Meganit.
Melanite.
Mercurit.
Miedziankit.
Minolite.
Mitchellite.
Monachit.
Naphthalit.
Nitrolit.
O.
Oakley Quarry Powder.
Oxyliquit.
Pastanil.
Per agon.
Perchlorit.
Perdit.
Perilit.
Persalit.
Petroklastit.
Petrolit.
Pfalzit.
Pierrite.
Plastammon.
Plessit.
Pniowit.
Polarite.
Praeposit.
Promethee.
Prosperit.
Rack-a-Rock.
Raschit.
Red Cross.
Rendrock.
Rexol.
CLASSIFICATION xiii
BLASTING EXPLOSIVES (continued)
Rhenanit. Stonax.
Rhexit. Telsit.
Rivalit. Territ.
Rockite. Teutonit.
Romperit. Thornit.
Roslin Giant Blasting Powder. Titanite.
Sabulite. Tonite.
Saxonite. Tremonit.
Sebomite. Velox Gelatine.
Sengite. Vender.
Siegenit. Vigorite.
Silesia. Vulcan Powder.
Sprengel Explosives. Wilhelmit.
Sprengsalpeter. Yonckite.
Steelite.
HIGH EXPLOSIVES
(For Shells and Bombs.)
Alumatol. Himalayite.
Amatol. Hudson's Explosive.
Amatoxol. Lyddite.
Anilite. Macarite.
Astralit. Melinite.
Baratol. Nitrolit.
Cilferite. Panclastite.
Cresylite. Perdit.
Dunnite. Plastrotyl.
Echo. Schneiderite.
Ecrasite. Shellite.
Fuellpulver. Stabilite.
Fumyl. T.N.T.
Granatfuellung. Toxol.
H.E. Triplastit.
Hellhofite.
MISCELLANEOUS EXPLOSIVES
Black Powder. Ophorite.
C.P. Pulverin.
Centralite. Pyrocollodion.
Cheesa Sticks. Pyroxyline.
Collodion Cotton. Stabilite.
Flobert Ammunition, Tetryl.
Glonoine. White Gunpowder.
Halakite.
xiv CLASSIFICATION
PROPELLANTS
(For Shot-guns.)
Amberite. Neonite.
Cannonite. New Explosives Co.'s Smokeless
Clermonite. Powder.
CooppaPs Powder. Normal Powder.
Crystal. Plastomenit.
Du Pont Smokeless Powder. Primrose Smokeless.
E.C. Powder. Red Star.
Economic. Rifleite (Shot Gun).
Eley Smokeless Powder. Rottweil Smokeless Powder.
Empire. Ruby Powder.
Felixite. S.
Fulmen Powder. S.S.
Henrite. Schultze Powder.
Ideal Powder. Smokeless Diamond.
J. Stowmarket Smokeless.
K.S. T.
M. Troisdorf Smokeless Powder.
Mischpulver. Walsrode Shot Gun Powder.
Mullerite.
(For Rifled Fire-arms.)
Amide Powder. N.C.T.
Ammonpulver. Neonite.
Apyrite. Nitrokol.
Axite. Normal Powder.
B. P.C./88.
Ballistite. R.F.G.
Brugere's Powder. R.L.G.
Cocao Powder. Rifleite.
Cordite. Rottweil Smokeless Powder.
C.S.P. S.K.
Filite. S.R.
Hebler Powder. S.V.
Indurite. Solenite.
Lafflin and Rand. Troisdorf Smokeless Powder.
Moddite. Wetteren.
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
ABBGITE. — A coal-mine explosive made by Kynoch,
Ltd. The original composition which passed the Woolwich
Test was —
Ammonium nitrate
Nitroglycerine
Wood meal
80
10
10
To enable it to pass the Rotherham Test sodium chloride
was added, and a little dinitro-toluene was also introduced —
ABBCITE No. 2.
Date of Permit 3-7-15
Ammonium nitrate
Nitroglycerine .
Wood meal
Dinitro-toluene .
Sodium chloride
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
The permit has now been repealed.
58
8'5
9
1-5
23
18 oz.
2-54"
ABELITE. — A coal-mine explosive made by the Lan-
cashire Explosives Co. Two formulas were approved —
No. 1. No. 4.
Date of Permit . . 7-4-14
Ammonium nitrate 68*5
Dinitro-benzene
Trinitro-toluene
Sodium chloride
Starch
7
7
17'5
67
14'5
7
11-5
Limit charge . . . 14 oz. 18 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic
pendulum) . . . 2*85" 2 '79"
The permits have now been repealed.
1
2
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
Abelite (without distinguishing number) is simply
mixture of ammonium nitrate and trinitro-toluene —
Ammonium nitrate
Trinitro-toluene
83
17
It is therefore a variety of Bellite in which the dinitro-benzene
has been replaced by trinitro-toluene. It is used for filling
grenades and general blasting purposes, but is not permitted
in dangerous coal mines.
AEROLIT is a Danish ammonium nitrate explosive,
e.g.
Ammonium nitrate
Potassium nitrate
Sulphur
Fat
Sago meal
Manganese dioxide
Resin
78-125
7'5
8'75
2-5
1-25
1-25
0-625
AETNA GOAL POWDER is an American coal-mine
powder on the Permissible List. Brands A, B and C are
nitroglycerine explosives. A A and No. 2 are ammonium
nitrate explosives.
AETNA POWDER.— A variety of American dynamite
containing 15 to 65 per cent, of nitroglycerine mixed with
wood pulp and sodium nitrate. Roasted flour has sometimes
been substituted for wood pulp.
AJAX POWDER.— A coal-mine explosive made by
Nobel's Explosives Co.
Date of Permit
Nitroglycerine
Nitrocotton .
Di- and trinitro -toluenes
Potassium perchlorate
Wood meal .
Ammonium oxalate
Limit charge .
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
1-9-13
22-3
0-7
3-5
37
11-5
25
12 oz.
2-69"
In 1914, 329,000 Ibs. were used in coal mines, but the permit
has now been repealed.
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 3
ALBIONITE. — A mixture of gelignite and ammonium
oxalate. It was formerly on the Permitted List.
ALBIT. — A German chlorate explosive introduced in
1915 in consequence of the scarcity of nitrates due to the War.
It is defined as consisting of not more than 80 per cent, sodium
or potassium chlorate, not more than 4 per cent, nitroglycerine,
and mono- or dinitro-hydrocarbons. It may also contain
inorganic salts and carbon carriers such as vegetable meal,
oils, soaps or carbohydrates. A variety made for use in
coal mines is called Wetter-Albit or Kohlen-Albit.
ALDORFIT. See DORFIT.
ALKAL8IT. — A German chlorate or perchlorate explosive
made by the Dynamit A.G. of Hamburg. It contains not
more than 80 per cent, sodium or potassium chlorate, or
not more than 80 per cent, sodium, potassium or ammonium
perchlorate, and 19 per cent, of aromatic nitro-hydrocarbons
and nitrocotton, also coal, hydrocarbons or carbohydrates, and
nitrates. The chlorate mixtures must not contain ammonium
salts. Alkalsit I contains not more than 27 per cent,
of potassium perchlorate, ammonium nitrate, not more than
24 per cent, of sodium nitrate, not more than 8 per cent, of
trinitro-toluene, also wood meal, flour and nitro-naphthalene.
Alkalsit A contains not more than 55 per cent, of potassium
perchlorate, ammonium nitrate, not more than 31 per cent,
trinitro-toluene, and not more than 5 per cent, of a neutral
liquid mixture of nitrated toluenes. Alkalsit B is similar
except that it contains also ammonium nitrate.
ALSILITE S.G.P. — A Belgian coal-mine explosive on
the list of Explosifs S.G.P. It is of the Ammonal type —
Ammonium nitrate . . . .62
Trinitro-toluene . . . . .11
Ferro-silicon-aluminium .... 5
Sodium chloride 22
Charge limite 900 g.
4 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
ALUMATOL. — A mixture of ammonium nitrate, trini-
tro -toluene and a little aluminium powder, used for charging
trench-mortar bombs, etc.
AMASITE. — A coal-mine explosive formerly on the
Permitted List —
Ammonium perchlorate . . . .84
Sodium nitrate . . . . .81
Myrobolans . . . . . .34*7
Agar agar 0*3
It was made by the Societ£ Anonyrne de Vilvorde in Belgium,
and was originally called Ugolite.
Rock Amasite and S.T. Amasite are non-permitted ex-
plosives of composition somewhat similar to the above.
AMATOL. — A mixture of ammonium nitrate and trini-
tro-toluene. The composition is shown by the figures placed
after the name ; thus Amatol 40/60 contains 40 per cent,
ammonium nitrate and 60 per cent, trinitro-toluene, and
Amatol 80/20 consists of 80 parts ammonium nitrate and 20
parts trinitro-toluene. These explosives are used very exten-
sively for filling shell and other projectiles. The mixtures
rich in trinitro-toluene can be cast after being heated to
temperature above the melting-point of this constituent,
but those rich in ammonium nitrate are stemmed into the
projectile hot or pressed. Similar mixtures are used by the
Germans and other powers under various names. In Germany
it is called Fullpulver (q. v.).
AM AT OX OL. — A mixture of ammonium nitrate and
Toxol, which consists of trinitro-toluene and trinitro-xylene.
*AMBERITE. — A smokeless shot-gun powder made by
Curtis's and Harvey at Tonbridge. Amberite No. 1 con-
tained nitroglycerine as well as nitrocotton and various other
substances. According to " Arms and Explosives," 1917, p. 78,
a sample of Amberite No. 2 had the composition —
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 5
Insoluble nitrocotton . 18*6
Soluble „ . . 46-0
Nitrates of potassium and barium 28*0
Vaseline .... 6*0
Volatile matter ... 1'4
This is still on the market. It is a fibrous 42-grain bulk
powder.
*AMIDE POWDER or Chilworth Special Powder was
an early attempt at a smokeless powder. Under the name
of Amidpulver it was used by the German artillery for some
years in the 'eighties of the last century. Its composition
was —
Ammonium nitrate .... 85-88
Potassium nitrate ..... 40-46
Charcoal 14-22
See also Ammonpulver and Hebler Powder.
AMMONAL is a blasting explosive containing ammonium
nitrate, aluminium powder, charcoal, and generally trinitro-
toluene. It was patented in 1900 by G. Roth of Vienna, and
the following are some of the compositions made by his firm
at Felixdorf in Austria —
a 6 c d
Ammonium nitrate . 80-75 90 88 80
Aluminium . . .15 4 8 18
Charcoal . . . 4'25 642
More violent mixtures made by the same firm are —
I II
Ammonium nitrate . . . . 46 32
Trinitro-toluene 80 50
Aluminium 22 16
Charcoal 22
and modifications of this have been used largely in the British
service. It is not suitable for use in underground workings
as it forms on explosion the poisonous gas carbon monoxide,
unless theTproportion of ammonium nitrate be large. It
6 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
has been used for charging grenades, and by the Austrians
for trench howitzer bombs.
When the explosive is detonated, the aluminium is con-
verted into the oxide, evolving no gas, but a considerable
amount of heat, which increases the power of the explosive.
The aluminium powder also renders the explosive easier to
detonate.
Three explosives of this type passed the Woolwich Test,
and were on the old Permitted List for coal mines, namely,
Ammonal B, Ripping Ammonal and Saint Helen's Powder
(q.v.).
Ripping
Ammonal B. Ammonal.
Ammonium nitrate . . 94 f5 86
Aluminium ... 8 8
Charcoal . . * . 2'5 2'5
Potassium bichromate . 3*5
No explosives containing aluminium are on the present Per-
mitted List.
AMMONGAHUEGIT \ CAHUECIT.
See
AMMONCARBONIT GARBONIT.
AMMONIAKKRUT was the first ammonium nitrate
explosive. It was invented by J. Ohlsson and J. H. Norrbin,
two Swedes, and was protected by English Patent 2766 of 1869.
It consisted of ammonium nitrate together with 5 or 10 per
cent, of charcoal, coal dust, etc., to which mixture was added
10 to 30 per cent, of nitroglycerine to make it less difficult
to detonate.
AMMONITE is a coal-mine explosive of the Favier type,
made by the Miners' Safety Explosives Co. The original
composition, which passed the Woolwich Test was —
Ammonium nitrate . . . .88
Dinitro-naphthalene . . . . 12
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 7
To pass the more severe Rotherham Test a number of
compositions have been made and approved, but some of
them have been repealed. Those now on the Permitted
List are —
Ammonite Ammonite. Ammonite
No. 1. No. 5.
Date of Permit . . 29-8-14 5-11-17 2-8-18
Ammonium nitrate 74'5 78'5 74-5
Dinitro -naphthalene
Trinitro-naphthalene
Trinitro-toluene .
Sodium chloride .
20'5 21 20-5
Limit charge 24 18 26 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic
pendulum) . . 2'42 2'44 2-41"
Ammonite No. 1 is used on a considerable scale in coal
mines. A non-permitted explosive called Ripping Ammonite
is also made.
*AMMONPULVER is a propellant which was used by
the Austrians from 1890 to 1896 in guns of various calibres —
Ammonium nitrate .... 80-90
Charcoal 10-20
It was superseded by a powder of the ballistite type, but has
been reintroduced recently by the Germans to replace a part
of the charge of nitrocellulose powder in their field gun. The
advantages claimed for it are small erosion of the gun, absence
of muzzle flame, chemical stability, and cheapness. On
the other hand, it gives high pressures, and if used by itself
requires a gun with a specially large chamber ; but the most
serious objection to it is that on keeping, physical changes
take place in the pellets, leading to the production of very high
pressures. It is said that moisture promotes these changes.
See also Amide Powder.
AMVIS. — A coal-mine explosive formerly on the Per-
mitted List —
8 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
Ammonium nitrate . . . .90
Wood meal ...... 5
Dinitro-benzene
Chlorinated naphthalene
Neu ANAGON. — A German blasting explosive containing
not more than 70 per cent, of ammonium nitrate, zinc-
aluminium alloy and charcoal.
ANCHORITE.— A coal-mine explosive of the Favier
type, formerly on the Permitted List. It was made by
Kynoch-Arklow, Ltd.
Date of Permit 13-6-14
Ammonium nitrate 84 '8
Sodium nitrate
Ammonium chloride
Trinitro-toluene
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
83-3
20'2
12'2
14 oz.
2-78"
ANILIT. — A German explosive containing not less than
70 per cent, of ammonium nitrate, not more than 5 per cent.
of sugar, and copper sulphate-aniline or copper oxalate-
aniline.
ANILITE. — A French liquid explosive of the Sprengel
class used for aerial bombs.
ANTIGEL DE SftRET.— A Belgian coal-mine
explosive —
Nitroglycerine . . . . .25
Sodium nitrate . . . . .20
Dinitro-toluene . . . . .15
Ammonium sulphate .... 5
Cellulose \ QK
Wood meal j
The Charge limite is 900 grammes, which is equivalent to
524 grammes of dynamite No. 1. The composition is the
same as that of Ing<§lite. It is a low-freezing nitroglycerine
explosive.
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
APHOSITE. — A coal-mine explosive formerly on the
Permitted List —
Ammonium nitrate . 60
Potassium nitrate . . 29*5
Charcoal ... 4
Wood meal ... 4
Sulphur ... 2-5
*APYRITE. — A nitrocellulose smokeless powder formerly
made in Sweden by the Societe* Grakrut.
ARKITE. — A coal-mine explosive made by Kynoch,
Ltd. The original composition which passed the Woolwich
Test was —
Nitroglycerine
Nitrocotton .
Potassium nitrate .
Wood meal .
Ammonium oxalate
52-5
8-5
22
7
15
7-4-14
82
1
27
10
80
Clvf
40 oz.
2-41"
The proportions were modified, and the following passed the
Rotherham Test, and was on the Permitted List —
ARKITE No. 2.
Date of Permit
Nitroglycerine
Nitrocotton .
Potassium nitrate
Wood meal .
Ammonium oxalate
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
It has now been repealed.
ASTRALIT. — An ammonium nitrate explosive con-
taining a little blasting gelatine, made by the Dynamit A. G.
Nobel of Hamburg. It has been used largely in Germany
for a variety of purposes.
Astralit I and II are defined as consisting of ammonium
nitrate, charcoal, vegetable meal, not more than 15 per cent,
of aromatic nitro-bodies not more dangerous than trinitro-
toluene, not more than 4 per cent, of blasting gelatine ; also
paraffin oil.
10
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
Astralit IV consists of ammonium nitrate, not more than
10 per cent, of aromatic nitro-bodies not more dangerous than
dinitro-naphthalene, vegetable meal, and not more than
4 per cent, of blasting gelatine.
Astralit V, which has been introduced recently, contains
up to 10 per cent, of potassium perchlorate in addition to
ammonium nitrate, also vegetable meal, not more than 16
per cent, of aromatic nitro-compounds, and not more than
4 per cent, of nitroglycerine.
Gelatine-Astralit is a gelatinised or powdery mixture of
the nitrates of ammonium and sodium (or potassium), not
more than 50 per cent, of dinitro-chlorhydrin, not more than
5 per cent, of nitroglycerine, not more than 2 per cent, of
collodion cotton, vegetable meal, aromatic nitro-bodies such
as nitro-toluenes or nitro-naphthalenes, but not more than
4 per cent, of trinitro-toluene ; also hydrocarbons.
Wetter- Astralit is a coal-mine explosive, and differs from
Astralit in that part of the ammonium nitrate is replaced by
sodium chloride.
Wetter-Gelatine- Astralit is also a coal-mine explosive,
and differs from Gelatine-Astralit in that it contains also
fatty oils and neutral salts, such as potassium chloride, sodium
chloride or an oxalate.
The following percentage compositions have been given —
Nitroglycerine
Ammonium nitrate
Trinitro-toluene
Wood meal .
Charcoal
Paraffin oil .
Sodium chloride
Astralit.
Wetter-
Astralit.
4
4
84-5
74-5
7
7
1
1
1
1
2-5
2'5
—
10
Nitroglycerine .
Dinitro-chlorhydrin
Nitrocotton
Ammonium nitrate
Sodium nitrate
Dinitro-toluene
Nitro-toluene .
Wood meal
Potato meal
Rape oil .
Ammonium oxalate
Sodium chloride
Gelatine-
Wetter-
As trali t.
4
10
0-5
40
7'5
4
1
0-5
8
2
2'5
14
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
11
Explosives of the Astralit type have also been used exten-
sively by the Germans for filling trench howitzer shell and
similar projectiles. The following is approximately the com-
position used for this purpose —
Nitroglycerine
Nitrocotton .
Ammonium nitrate
Trinitro-toluene
Wood meal
3
0-5
77
16
3'5
This explosive was authorised in England under the
name of Australite.
ATLAS POWDER. — A brand of American straight
dynamite.
AUSTRALITE. See ASTRALIT.
*AXITE. A smokeless powder made by Kynoch, Ltd.,
and used for sporting rifles. It is a sort of Cordite MD, with
a little of the guncotton replaced by potassium nitrate, and
is in the form of flat strips. A sample had the composition —
Nitroglycerine
Guncotton
Potassium nitrate
Mineral jelly .
Volatile matter
29-7
63-1
1-9
5-1
0-2
*B. — Poudre B is the French service propellant. It con-
sists of nitrocotton gelatinised with ether-alcohol, in which
it is partly soluble. A little diphenylamine is added to
increase the stability. Formerly, various other additions
have been made. A letter or letters are added to show the
size of the powder and the purpose for which it is used —
Poudre BF for rifles( from/usil).
BNF a later powder for rifles (from nouveau).
/ BC for field guns (from campagne).
BSP for siege howitzers (from siege et place).
BGC for larger military guns (from gros calibre).
BM for naval ordnance (from marine) ; a figure is
added to show the size.
12 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
Further letters and figures are added to show other
particulars about the powder; D2 means 2 per cent, of
diphenylamine has been added as a stabiliser, or AM8, 8 per
cent, of amyl alcohol. The place and date of manufacture
are similarly indicated.
BAELENITE.— A Belgian mining explosive—
i. n.
Ammonium nitrate . . 85 95
Trinitro-toluene . . . .15 5
Charge limite 0 75
It is authorised for manufacture in, or importation into the
United Kingdom.
*BALLISTITE.— One of the first military smokeless
powders, invented by Nobel. It consisted of about equal
parts of nitroglycerine and soluble nitrocotton incorporated
together under water, then passed repeatedly through rolls
and cut into flakes. It was adopted by a number of Con-
tinental powers, but in consequence of the severe erosion
of the guns which it caused, it has been modified or aban-
doned. The percentage of nitroglycerine is reduced, and
consequently it is necessary to use a solvent such as acetone.
A little mineral jelly or other stabiliser is sometimes added.
BARATOL. — A mixture of barium nitrate and trinitro-
toluene.
BARBARIT. — A German chlorate explosive made at
the Sprengstoff-fabriken Kriewald bei Gleinitz.
Potassium chlorate .... 90-92
High-boiling petroleum .... 8-10
The petroleum has a flash point not below 105° C., and com-
mences to boil not below 242°.
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 13
Gelatine-Barbarit has the composition —
Potassium chlorate . . . .80
Trinitro-toluene . . . . .10
Liquid mono- and dinitro-toluenes gelatin-^ 10
ised with 5 per cent, collodion cotton /
BARKING POWDER.— A mixture of ammonium per-
chlorate and nitrated naphthalene, formerly used in coal mines.
BAUTZENER SIGHERHEITSPULVER.— A German
coal-mine explosive containing not less than 70 per cent,
of ammonium nitrate, barium nitrate, and not more than
15 per cent, of trinitro-toluene.
BAVARIT. — A German coal-mine explosive similar to
Grisounite. It contains 90 per cent, of ammonium nitrate
together with nitrated naphthalene ; charcoal may be added.
BELLITE is essentially a mixture of ammonium nitrate
and metadinitro-benzene. It has been used extensively as
a coal-mine explosive, and was patented by C. Lamm of
Stockholm in 1885. Two varieties passed the Woolwich
Test and were on the old Permitted List —
No. 1. No. 3.
Ammonium nitrate . . . 83*5 93'5
Dinitro-benzene .... 16*5 6*5
No. 1 contains just enough oxygen for complete combustion,
and No. 3 contains a large excess of oxygen. To enable the
explosive to pass the Rotherham Test sodium chloride has
been added. There were four varieties on the present Per-
mitted List, but all except the following, No. 1, have been
repealed —
No. 1.
Date of Permit , . . 3-2-16
Ammonium nitrate . . 63*5
Dinitro-benzene . . . 15
Sodium chloride . . . 16*5
Starch .... 5
Limit charge ... 20
Power (swing of ballistic
pendulum) . . . 2 '74
14 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
BENTAL GOAL POWDER.— An American coal-mine
explosive on the Permissible List. It is an ammonium
nitrate explosive.
BITUMINITE. — There are several coal-mine explosives
of this name on the American Permissible List. Nos. 1, 3,
4 and 8 L.F. are nitroglycerine explosives. No. 5 is an
ammonium nitrate explosive.
BLACK DIAMOND. — There are several coal-mine ex-
plosives of this name on the American Permissible List.
Nos. 2A, SA and 6 L.F. are nitroglycerine explosives, whereas
Nos. 5, 7 and 8 are ammonium nitrate explosives.
BLACK POWDER is a name for ordinary gunpowder,
a mixture of potassium nitrate, sulphur and charcoal.
BLASTINE is a high explosive having approximately
the composition —
Ammonium perchlorate . . . .60
Sodium nitrate . . . . .23
Dinitro- toluene . . . . .11
Paraffin wax ...... 6
As the sodium nitrate in the above is not equivalent to the
ammonium perchlorate, part of the chlorine is given off in
the form of the poisonous gas, hydrogen chloride (hydro-
chloric acid).
BLASTING GELATINE.— Nitroglycerine, stiffened by
having collodion cotton dissolved in it. Discovered by
Nobel in 1875. It contains about —
Nitroglycerine . . . . .93
Collodion cotton . . . . .7
and also often a fraction of a percentage of calcium or mag-
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 15
nesium carbonate to increase its stability. This is the most
powerful of all the explosives in common use.
BOBBINITE. — The only explosive of the gunpowder
class the use of which is permitted in coal mines in England.
In most foreign countries explosives of this class are not
allowed to be used in them at all. The permission is only
temporary, but has been extended to the end of 1920, and
is restricted to mines that are not gassy or dangerous from
coal dust. There are two definitions, but the second is the
one that is generally manufactured apparently —
First. Second.
Potassium nitrate . . . 63'5 65
Charcoal .... 18'5 20
Sulphur .... 2 2
Sulphates of ammonium and
copper . . . .15
Rice or maize starch . — 9
Paraffin wax .... — 3
Moisture .... 1 1
More than a million pounds of this explosive are used in
coal mines every year. It shatters the coal less than high
explosives do.
BOMLIT. — A German potassium perchlorate blasting
explosive made by Wolff et Cie. at Walsrode. It contains
also ammonium nitrate, trinitro-toluene and guncotton.
Other ingredients that may be present are potassium and
sodium nitrates, starch meal, vaseline, naphthalene and other
hydrocarbons, charcoal and castor oil.
BRITONITE. — A coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite
type, made by the British Explosives Syndicate, Ltd., Pitsea.
The original composition passed the Woolwich Test and was
on the list of Permitted Explosives, but on the introduction
of the Rotherham Test it became necessary to add ammonium
oxalate or sodium chloride. Nos. 2 and 3 were on the
Permitted List, but have now been repealed.
16 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
No. 2. No. 3.
Date of Permit . . 1-9-13 28-1-15
Nitroglycerine . 26 24 24'5
Sodium nitrate . 28
Potassium nitrate . 82*7 30
Wood meal 41 38 35 '5
Sodium carbonate . 0*3
Ammonium oxalate 8
Sodium chloride . 12
Limit charge . — 24 24 oz.
Power (swing of bal-
listic pendulum) . 2'26 2'17"
BROWN POWDER. See COCOA POWDER.
BRUGtRE'S POWDER consisted of—
Ammonium picrate . . . .54
Potassium nitrate . . . . .46
It was stated to give good results in the Chassepot rifle, but
picrate mixtures are liable to detonate, and are therefore
dangerous to use as propellants.
BULL DOG Gunpowder Pellets were used in coal mines.
They contained the same constituents as Bobbinite, which
superseded them, but in different proportions.
Explosifs C were mixtures of ammonium cresylate with
ammonium or sodium nitrate. They were made in France at
one time, but their manufacture was dropped, as they
were more expensive to make than Grisounite, and no
more powerful.
CAHUECIT.— This was invented in the 'seventies of the
last century by R. Cahuc, and was manufactured at Dartford
in Kent under the name of Safety Blasting Powder or Carbo-
azotine. It is still made in Germany. The ingredients are —
English. German,
Potassium nitrate ... 64 70
Sulphur flowers . . .12 12
Lampblack or soot 7 8
Bark or wood pulp . .17 10
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
17
to which are added a few per cent, of sulphate of iron. The
incorporation is carried out with the assistance of a con-
siderable quantity of water, which is afterwards evaporated
off. The mixing is not very thorough. The explosive is a
comparatively mild one, but is used sometimes for blasting
basalt. In the German explosive the potassium nitrate may
be replaced by the corresponding sodium salt.
AMMONGAHUECIT.— In this explosive the potassium
nitrate is replaced mainly or wholly by ammonium nitrate,
and it contains not more than 15 per cent, of trinitro-toluene
or trinitro-naphthalene or other nitro-body.
The brand labelled " Fram " contains ammonium nitrate,
not more than 25 per cent, of trinitro-toluene gelatinised
with 4 per cent, collodion cotton, wood meal or other
vegetable meal and neutral stable salts. The brand " Indra "
is similar, except that it contains also not more than 10 per
cent, potassium nitrate, and the percentage of trinitro-
toluene may be raised to 20.
GAMBRITE is a coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite type
made by Nobels at Ardeer. It consists practically of Nobel
Carbonite, to which 8 per cent, of a cooling agent has been
added. Unlike most of the explosives on the old Permitted
List, it passed the Rotherham Test with practically no
alteration —
Date of Permit .
Nitroglycerine
Barium nitrate .
Potassium nitrate
Wood meal .
Calcium carbonate
Ammonium oxalate
Potassium chloride
Limit charge
Power (swing of ballistic pen
dulum) .
Only No. 2 is now on the Permitted List.
2
Cambrito.
1-9-13
No. 2.
1-4-15
23
23
4
4
27-5
27-5
87-2
87
0-3
0-5
8
—
—
8
80
24 oz.
1-98
2-00"
18 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
CAMERON MINE POWDER.— There are a number
of coal-mine explosives of this name on the American Per-
missible List. Nos. IA, 2A and 2A LF are ammonium nitrate
explosives, whereas Nos. 8 A and 5 A are nitroglycerine
explosives.
*CANNONITE was a smokeless powder made by a firm
called the War and Sporting Smokeless Powder Syndicate, Ltd.
It consisted of about 86 per cent, of nitrocellulose mostly
insoluble in ether-alcohol, and a few per cent, of barium nitrate,
together with small quantities of some of the following :
potassium nitrate, charcoal, lampblack, vaseline, rosin,
stearine, dinitro-benzene, trinitro-toluene, potassium ferro-
cyanide, graphite. For shot-guns the powder was of the
forty-two grain type, dense and gelatinised. The rifle
powder was colloidal. These powders were made in the
'nineties of the last century.
GARBITE D'ABLON is a sort of Carbonite made in
France —
Nitroglycerine 26
Potassium nitrate . . . . .33
Wood meal or flour . . . .41
GARBOAZOTINE. See GAHUEGIT.
CARBO-DYNAMITE was an explosive patented by
W. D. Borland. It differed from ordinary dynamite in that
the nitroglycerine was absorbed in cork charcoal instead of
kieselguhr. One part of the charcoal sufficed to absorb
nine parts of nitroglycerine.
GARBONITE (or Karbonit) was one of the earliest and
one of the most successful coal-mine explosives. It was
first made by Bichel and Schmidt at Schlebusch in Germany
in 1885, and after some modifications gave satisfactory
results at the Neunkirchen testing station in 1887. It
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
19
contains about 26 per cent, of nitroglycerine, 83 per cent, of
a nitrate, and 40 per cent, of wood meal or starch flour, and
small quantities of other substances. Nobel Carbonite
passed the Woolwich Test and had the composition —
Nitroglycerine
Barium nitrate
Potassium nitrate .
Wood meal .
" Sulphuretted benzol "
Sodium and calcium carbonates
26
4
29
40'5
0-25
0-25
The Carbonite made at the works of the Carbonite Syndicate
at Schlebusch, and imported into Great Britain, was prac-
tically the same as this, but they also made another explosive
which passed the Woolwich Test, and contained 85 per cent,
of nitroglycerine gelatinised with nitrocotton, and smaller
proportions of nitrates and wood meal than are given above :
this was called Extra-Carbonite. They have also made
explosives to numerous modifications of this formula for
use on the Continent. The essential feature of all of them
is that they contain so much of the combustible constituents,
such as wood meal, that most of the carbon appears in the
products of explosion as carbon monoxide, and the temperature
of the gases is consequently low.
Nobels at Ardeer also made a low freezing explosive in
which part of the nitroglycerine was replaced by a nitro-
compound. This was called Arctic Carbonite —
Nitroglycerine
Nitro-hydrocarbon
Potassium nitrate
Wood meal .
Calcium carbonate
15-5
10-5
42
81-7
0-8
Various manufacturers have made explosives of the type
of Carbonite and placed them on the market under different
names, such as Tutol, Kolax, Kohlen-Carbonite, Minite and
Colinite. These, however, do not pass the Rotherham Test
for Permitted Explosives, unless ammonium oxalate or other
20 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
cooling agent be added, as in the case of Cambrite, Super-
Kolax and Britonite No. 2.
On the Continent, explosives similar to Arctic Carbonite
have been produced under the names Antigel de Surete*
and Ingelite.
There are several Carbonites on the American Permissible
List. Of these Nos. 1 to 4 are in order of diminishing violence :
Nos. 5 and 6 are low freezing varieties. There are also a
number of other explosives of the Carbonite type on the List.
Ammonkarbonit is a German coal-mine explosive, con-
taining about 80 per cent, of ammonium nitrate and 4 per
cent, of blasting gelatine, together with 5 or 10 per cent, of
potassium nitrate, and a combustible such as flour, starch
or coal dust. Sodium or potassium chloride may be added
as a cooling agent. It has been used for blasting clay.
Gelatine-Karbonit is a Carbonite containing ammonium
nitrate, and a considerable proportion of nitroglycerine
gelatinised with collodion cotton.
Halokarbonit is similar to Ammonkarbonit, except that
a considerable proportion of the ammonium nitrate is replaced
by other nitrates.
CARLSONITE was the first ammonium perchlorate
explosive submitted to H.M. Inspectors of Explosives. It
was proposed in 1898 by Carlson of Stockholm, and some of
the mixtures were reported on favourably, but no licence
was ever taken out in the United Kingdom for this explosive.
G.E. (Composition Exploding) is the same as Tetryl.
GELTITE was a coal-mine explosive made by Dr. R.
Nahnsen & Co., Hamburg, and formerly permitted for use
in British coal mines, having passed the Woolwich Test.
Nitroglycerine . . 57
Nitrocotton
Potassium nitrate .
Wood meal .
Ammonium oxalate
It was also called Zeltit.
19
9
12
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 21
"GENTRALITE is not an explosive, but is a name given
to a substance which has been used to modify the surface
of smokeless powder, and make it burn progressively. The
substance is dimethyl-diphenyl-urea. (See Brit. Pat. 29,882
of 1909.) It acts also as a stabiliser.
GHEDDITE is a chlorate explosive which has been ren-
dered less sensitive by having the particles of chlorate coated
with castor oil or paraffin wax. It is manufactured by the
French Government at the Vonges Powder Works, and has
also been made in other countries. The two types that have
been most used in France are —
02 or No. 4. 05 or No. 1.
Potassium chlorate . 79 —
Sodium chlorate
Castor oil
Mononitro-naphthalene
Dinitro-toluene
— 79
5 5
1
15 16
*CHEESA STICKS are sticks of cordite coated with
powdered ammonium oxalate and shellac. They are used
in South Africa as fuses for blasting charges. They are
authorised in England only for manufacture and immediate
export.
*CHILWORTH SMOKELESS POWDER. See G.S.P.
*CHILWORTH SPECIAL POWDER. See AMIDE
POWDER.
CHLORATIT is an Austrian explosive, which was per-
mitted for use in coal mines during the War.
CHLORATZIT.— A German explosive containing potas-
sium chlorate or perchlorate, aromatic nitro-bodies, resins
and carbohydates. For use in coal mines neutral salts are
added as cooling agents, and the name then has WETTER
or KOHLEN prefixed to it.
22
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
CHROMAMONIT was a coal-mine explosive formerly
made in Germany —
Ammonium nitrate
Potassium nitrate .
Collodion cotton
Chromium ammonium alum
Vaseline
63-25
17'5
9'25
0-5
0'5
*CLERMONITE. — A Belgian shot-gun powder made by
the Cooppal Co. It is a 40-grain fibrous powder of the
bulk type and coloured green.
CLIFFITE was a coal-mine explosive made by Curtis's
and Harvey, and formerly on the Permitted List —
Nitroglycerine
Collodion cotton
Starch ,
47
3
50
SUPER-CLIFFITE differs considerably from this.
There are two formulae which have passed the Rotherham
Test, but only No. 2 is still on the Permitted List —
No. 1. No. 2.
Date of Permit . 21-9-16 21-9-16
Nitroglycerine . 9*5 9'5
Collodion cotton . 0'5 0'5
Ammonium nitrate 59 59*5
Wood meal . 6 6
Sodium chloride . 15 19 '5
Ammonium oxalate 10 5
Limit charge 20 80 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic
pendulum) . . 2 '58 2f53"
CLYDITE was a coal-mine explosive formerly made by
Nobels at Ardeer. It was similar to Nobel Carbonite, but
the potassium nitrate was replaced by the barium salt, and
it might contain up to 8 per cent, of ammonium oxalate.
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 23
COALITE. — There is a series of coal-mine explosives
of this name on the American Permissible List. Varieties X,
3X, and 3XC are ammonium nitrate explosives; whereas 1,
2D, 2DL and 2MLF are nitroglycerine explosives.
GOAL SPECIAL are American coal-mine explosives
on the Permissible List. They are all nitroglycerine
explosives.
COCOA POWDER or Brown Powder was a variety
of gunpowder made with a brown charcoal prepared from
straw —
Potassium nitrate . . . . .79
Sulphur 8
Straw charcoal . . . . .18
It was compressed to a density of 1*8 into prisms or grains of
considerable size, and was used in guns of large calibre.
E.X.E. and S.B.C. were special varieties of this.
COLINIT ANTIGRISOUTEUSE.— A Belgian coal-
mine explosive of the Carbonite type. The ordinary for-
mula is practically the same as that of Kohlencarbonite and
Minerite. Type B consists of —
Blasting gelatine
Potassium perchlorate
Ammonium nitrate
Trinitro-toluene
Rye flour and cellulose
Magnesium sulphate
26
6
20
12
29
7
COLLIER POWDER. — There are a number of coal-
mine explosives of this name on the American Permissible
List. Varieties BNF, KN, X, XLF, 5, 5LF, 5 Special, 9,
11, and 11LF are ammonium nitrate explosives whereas
2 and 6LF are nitroglycerine explosives.
COLLODION COTTON is a variety of nitrocotton of
low nitration, almost completely soluble in a mixture of ether
24 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
and alcohol. It contains not more than 12-3 per cent, of
nitrogen. It also dissolves in nitroglycerine and liquid
nitro-compounds, rendering them gelatinous and so pre-
venting their exudation.
*COOPPAL'S POWDER.— A Belgian smokeless shot-
gun powder. Formerly it was much the same as Schultze
Powder, consisting of nitrolignin carefully purified, and
mixed with nitrates with or without the addition of starch.
The following analyses were published in "Arms and
Explosives " for July 1917—
No. 1. No. 2.
1892. 1900.
Fibrous Gelatinised
Nitrocellulose, insoluble
„ soluble
Metallic nitrates
Shellac .
Nitro-hydrocarbons
Moisture
42-grain 30-grain
bulk. dense.
13-0 71-1
60-5 20'1
21-3 2-0
3-2
5*5
2'0 1-8
CORDITE is the principal smokeless powder of the
British Services. It was originally adopted in 1888, and is
made by mixing nitroglycerine with guncotton and mineral
jelly (a sort of crude vaseline), and incorporating them to-
gether with the aid of acetone, which gelatinises the gun-
cotton. In consequence of the severe erosion of the guns
experienced during the South African War the proportions
were altered, some of the nitroglycerine being replaced by
guncotton. The propellant thus " modified " is called
Cordite M.D., whereas that of the original composition is
Cordite Mk.I. Both are still in use, especially M.D. —
Mk. I. M.D.
Guncotton 37 65
Nitroglycerine . . . . 58 30
Mineral jelly . .... 5 5
During the great European War a further variety was
introduced to extend the basis of supply of solvents. This
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
25
is called Cordite R.D.B. (Research Department B), and
contains a nitrocotton of comparatively low nitration that
can be gelatinised by means of a mixture of ether and
alcohol —
Nitrocotton . . . . . .52
Nitroglycerine . . . . .42
Mineral jelly . . . . .6
It is designed to give about the same ballistics as Cordite
M.D. A further letter is sometimes added to show the form
of the powder. Thus Cordite M.D.T. is M.D. pressed into
tubes; S. stands for strip. The size is indicated by a
numeral, which shows the diameter in hundredths of an inch
of the die through which it has been pressed. In the case
of tubular powder both the external and internal diameters
are given approximately : e. g. Cordite M.D.T. 5-2.
Poudre blanche GORNIL. — A Belgian coal-mine ex-
plosive containing ammonium nitrate, potassium or sodium
nitrate, dinitro-naphthalene and lead chromate, with or
without the addition of ammonium chloride.
CORNISH POWDER.— A coal-mine explosive which
passed the Woolwich Test and was formerly on the Permitted
List, made by the National Explosives Co., Ltd. —
Nitroglycerine
Nitrocotton .
Potassium nitrate .
Wood meal .
Magnesium sulphate
55
8
18
7
17
CORONITE was a coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite
type, which was on the Permitted List at one time. It had
also been called Permittite.
Picric acid has been called by this name in Sweden.
See also KORONIT.
GOSILIT. — A German coal-mine explosive of the Car-
bonite type made by Nahnsen. A published analysis gives
its composition as —
26 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
Nitroglycerine . . . . .30
Sodium nitrate . . . . .22*3
Vegetable meal . . . . .40-5
Sodium chloride . . . . .7*2
COTTON POWDER. See TONITE, also CP.
X and CP2 are varieties of nitrocotton (Coton Poudre)
made in France, principally for the manufacture of Poudre B
and other smokeless powders. CPj is a guncotton containing
about 18 per cent, of nitrogen, and only about 10 per cent, of
matter soluble in ether-alcohol. CP2 is almost completely
soluble in ether-alcohol, and contains about 12 per cent, of
nitrogen.
GRfiSYLITE. — A French high explosive used for filling
shell and other military purposes. Cre*sylite 60/40 consists
of picric acid and nitrated cresol in about the proportions
of 40 of the former to 60 of the latter. It melts below the
temperature of boiling water. The nitrated cresol consists
largely of trinitro-metacresol.
Cre*sylite No. 2 is simply crude trinitro-meta-cresol.
CRONITE is an American coal-mine explosive. There
are two varieties on the Permissible List, Nos. 1 and 5, both
of which are ammonium nitrate explosives.
* CRYSTAL is a smokeless shot-gun powder made by
Curtis's and Harvey. It is a non-solvent powder for cheap
loading, and the charge is thirty-three grains.
C.S.P.2 (Chilworth Smokeless Powder, No. 2) is a modi-
fication of Cordite, containing a little sodium bicarbonate as
a stabiliser. It is stated to have been adopted by the
Brazilian navy (see " Engineering " for August 18, 1911, p. 237)
and other powers.
CUGNITE. — A French blasting explosive manufac-
tured by the Socie'te' Franchise des Explosifs —
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
27
Nitroglycerine
Nitre-cotton .
Ammonium nitrate
Sodium nitrate
Wood meal .
Barium sulphate
27
0-7
80
80
11
1-8
GURTISITE. — A coal-mine explosive of the Grisounite
class made by Curtis's and Harvey. It was formerly on the
Permitted List —
Ammonium nitrate
Trinitro-toluene
Mononitro-naphthalene
88
8
SUPER-CURTISITE was a modification of the above
to enable it to pass the Rotherham Test —
Date of Permit .
Ammonium nitrate
Potassium nitrate .
Trinitro-toluene
Ammonium chloride
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
The permit has been repealed.
7-4-14
38-5
29*5
10
22
16 oz.
2-71"
DAHMENITE is an ammonium nitrate explosive which
has been used to a considerable extent in Germany. One
variety known as Dahmenite A, made by De Gezamenlijke
Buskruidmakers van Noord-Holland, was formerly on the
British Permitted List for use in dangerous coal mines —
Ammonium nitrate
Naphthalene .
Potassium bichromate
92-5
5-5
Ordinary Dahmenite contains up to 15 per cent, of
potassium nitrate instead of bichromate, and has been used
for blasting clay. Some varieties contain curcuma meal
and other constituents. The following are some examples —
28
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
Gesteins-
Dahmenit.
Ammonium nitrate . 84*5
Potassium bichro-
mate 2*5
Curcuma meal . 12
Dinitro-benzene . 1
Trinitro-toluene . —
Sodium chloride —
Ammonium nitrate
Potassium nitrate
Vegetable meal
Coke
Trinitro-toluene
Alkali chloride
No. 76.
71*5
0'5
6*25
12
9'75
Gelatine
Dahmonifc.
Ammonium nitrate 82
Sodium nitrate . 5*5
Potassium nitrate
Dinitro-glycerine
Nitrocotton .
Naphthalene .
Trinitro-toluene
Alkali chloride
2
27'4
0-6
0-5
27-5
Neu-Dahmenit.
B
68
2
2'5
2
10
65
2
0'5
7
8
17'5
DENABY POWDER.— There was formerly a blasting
explosive of this name, consisting of a compressed mixture of
Securite and charcoal —
Potassium and barium nitrates
Dinitro-benzene
Nitrocotton and charcoal
Moisture
73-2
21-5
5-1
0-2
In 1914 a coal-mine explosive was introduced under the
same name and passed the Rotherham Test —
Date of Permit ..... 13-5-14
Ammonium nitrate . . . .84
Potassium nitrate ..... 83*5
Trinitro-toluene . . . . .13
Ammonium chloride . . . .19*5
Limit charge . . . . . . 18 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) . . 2t74'/
It is made by British Westfalite, Ltd.
DENSITE. — A Belgian blasting explosive containing
one or more of the following nitrates : ammonium, strontium,
sodium, potassium; also trinitro-toluene, and sometimes
dinitro-toluene and ammonium chloride. This explosive is
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 29
Varieties have been made
practically the same as Nitralite.
for use in coal mines.
See also Nitro-densite.
DETONIT V. — A German coal-mine explosive contain-
ing ammonium nitrate, charcoal, vegetable meal, neutral
salts, and not more than 4 per cent, of blasting gelatine.
DETONITE SPECIAL is an American coal-mine
explosive on the Permissible List. It contains ammonium
nitrate.
DOMINITE. — A coal-mine explosive made by the
Westphalia Anhalt Explosives Co. in Germany, and formerly
on the British Permitted List —
Nitroglycerine
Nitrocotton .
Paraffin oil
Ammonium pxalate
Potassium nitrate .
Potassium chloride
Wood meal
59-3
4
O'T
8-5
18'5
4
5
DOMINIT XI. — A German blasting explosive contain-
ing ammonium nitrate, dinitro-toluene, glycerine, and not more
than 4 per cent, of blasting gelatine.
DOMINIT XVIII, which has been introduced recently,
contains up to 10 per cent, of potassium perchlorate, and is
practically the same as Astralit V.
DONARIT is a German blasting explosive of the Gri-
soutine type made by the Carbonite Co. of Hamburg. As a
standard for the sensitiveness of ammonium nitrate explosives,
the Imperial German Railway Commission use Donarit of
the composition —
Ammonium nitrate
Trinitro-toluene
Rye flour
Nitroglycerine
80
12
4
4
30 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
and this may be taken as the usual composition of the ex-
plosive, but the nitroglycerine is sometimes gelatinised with
collodion cotton.
DONARIT A contains up to 16 per cent, of aluminium
powder and no nitroglycerine.
DONARIT V, which has been introduced recently, con-
tains up to 10 per cent, of potassium perchlorate, and is
practically the same as Astralit V.
Wetter-Donarit contains also sodium chloride or other
cooling agent.
Gelatine-Donarit contains up to 20 per cent, of dinitro-
chlorhydrin gelatinised with collodion cotton, in addition
to the constituents of Donarit, and may also contain sodium
nitrate.
DORFIT is a German coal-mine explosive made by the
firm of Allendorf—
I. II. Gesteins.
Ammonium nitrate 65 61 66
555
6 15 15
444
20 15 10
Potassium nitrate .
Trinitro-toluene
Flour .
Sodium chloride
ALDORFIT is a simpler mixture intended for use where
there is no danger of fire-damp —
Ammonium nitrate . . . .81
Trinitro-toluene . . . . .17
Flour 2
It is authorised in Great Britain.
PERDORFIT contains not more than 52 per cent, of
potassium perchlorate, sodium and ammonium nitrates, not
more than 29 per cent, of trinitro-toluene and vegetable
meal or gums.
DRAGONITE. — A coal-mine explosive made by Curtis's
and Harvey, formerly on the Permitted List —
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
31
Nitroglycerine
Nitrocotton .
Potassium nitrate .
Vaseline
Wood meal and charcoal
35'5
2'5
44'5
5'5
12
DREADNOUGHT POWDER.— A coal-m ne explosive
made by Roburite and Ammonal, Ltd., for a time on the
Permitted List —
Date of Permit . 1-9-13
Ammonium nitrate
Trinitro- toluene
Ammonium chloride
Sodium chloride
Red oil
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
75-4
4
5
15-5
O'l
32 oz.
2-05"
There is also Quarry Dreadnought Powder, which is not a
permitted explosive.
DUNNITE.— A high explosive used by the United
States for filling shell. It is stated to give dangerous com-
pounds with iron, so apparently is a compound of picric acid.
DU PONT PERMISSIBLE.— An American coal-mine
explosive. The following is on the British Permitted List —
Dale of Permit
Nitroglycerine
Ammonium nitrate
Wood pulp ....
Sodium chloride . . .
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
No. 1.
2G-4-16
9'5
67'5
8
15
18 oz.
2-82"
*DU PONT SMOKELESS POWDER.— An American
shot-gun powder of the fibrous 36-grain bulk type —
Soluble nitro-cellulose
Metallic nitrates
Moisture
95-8
2'2
2-0
32
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
DUXITE. — A coal-mine explosive made by the West-
phalia Anhalt Explosives Co. It passed the Rotherham
Test, and was for a time on the British Permitted List —
Nitroglycerine
Nitrocotton . «
Sodium nitrate
Wood meal .
Ammonium oxalate
Limit charge .
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
82
1
28
10
29
12 oz.
Sicherheits Gallerte-DYNAMIT.-
explosive —
Nitroglycerine
Collodion cotton
Ammonium nitrate
Sodium nitrate
Vegetable meal
Potassium chloride
Gelatine
Dextrin
Glycerine
Moisture
Limit charge .
-A German coal-mine
. 32-25
1-25
. 22'6
. 10-8
. 18
5'5
1-05
1-05
4'3
8'2
. 50 g.
Wettersicheres Gelatine-DYNAMIT.— A German coal-
mine explosive —
i.
la.
Nitroglycerine
Collodion cotton
Ammonium nitrate
Potassium nitrate .
Ammonium oxalate
Rye flour
Liquid hydrocarbons
Fatty acid salt
Wood meal
40
38
1
1
27
25-5
4
5
—
2'5
10
4
8-5
14
12-5
10
2
—
Limit charge
50 100 g.
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 33
DYNAMITE is a name that has been given to various
nitroglycerine explosives. Dynamite No. 1 consists of —
Nitroglycerine . . . . .75
Kieselguhr 25
the explosive being held in the pores of the kieselguhr. In
other dynamites the nitroglycerine is absorbed in a material
like wood meal, and a nitrate is added to oxidise the latter
on explosion.
In Gelatine Dynamite the nitroglycerine is gelatinised
with collodion cotton. See under Gelatine.
American Dynamites are not generally gelatinised with
collodion cotton. They are made in a number of grades,
depending on the percentage of nitroglycerine.
For further details about various dynamites, see text-
books on explosives.
DYNAMITE ANTIGRISOUTEUSE.— Belgian coal-
mine explosive made at Baelen Wezel —
IV. V.
Nitroglycerine . . 24 Nitroglycerine . . 44
Collodion cotton . . 1 Sodium sulphate . . 44
Ammonium nitrate . 75 Wood meal . . .12
Of the above, IV. was found only to be safe in very small
charges in the presence of fire-damp. No. V. has a " charge
limite " of 700 grammes.
DYNAMMON. — The coal-mine explosive provided by
the Austrian State monopoly —
Wetter-
Dynammon, Dynammon.
Ammonium nitrate . 87-88 94
Potassium nitrate . 2
Red charcoal . . 12-13 4
Density ... 0'9 0'85
DYNOBEL. — A coal-mine explosive made by Nobels.
The first formula to pass the Rotherham Test contained
potassium perchlorate —
3
34 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
Date of Permit ..... 1-9-13
Nitroglycerine . . . . .83
Collodion cotton . . . . 0'7
Potassium perchlorate . . . .27
Wood meal 10'3
Ammonium oxalate . . . .29
Limit charge . . . . . . 22 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) . . 2'61/"
Subsequently other formulae of somewhat different com-
position passed the test —
No. 2. No. 3. No. 4.
Date of Permit . . 16-8-15 14-4-16 14-4-16
Nitroglycerine . . 19*5 15 15
Collodion cotton . . 0*5 0'5 0'5
Trinitro-toluenel
Dinitro-toluene j- together 2 1*5 3
Dinitro-benzene I
Ammonium nitrate 42 52 46
Wood meal ... 5'5 5'5 5'5
Sodium chloride . . 30 25 29 '5
Magnesium carbonate . 0'5 0'5 0'5
Limit charge ... 24 18 30 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic
pendulum) . . . 2'46 2'50 2'35"
Of these only Nos. 3 and 4 are still permitted.
*E.C. POWDER was one of the first smokeless shot-
gun powders, and is still one of the most successful. The
composition has been varied somewhat from time to time,
but it has always been a fibrous bulk powder. The following
analyses were given in " Arms and Explosives," 1917, p. 76 —
No. 1. No. 2. No. 3.
Date of Introduction . 1882 1890 1897
Class
Nitrocotton, insoluble
„ soluble
Metallic nitrates
Resin
Vaseline .
42-grain 42-gram 33-grain
30'0 15'9 44-0
28'2 41-0 30'4
37-8 38'3 14'0
2-1 2'0
— — 6'0
Camphor . . . — TO 4'0
Moisture 1'9 1'8 1'6
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 35
The powder is manufactured at Green Street Green,
near Dartford in Kent. The name is derived from " Explo-
sives Company."
ECHO or EKKO is a blasting explosive made at Nitedal
in Norway, consisting of ammonium nitrate, nitrocotton,
trinitro-toluene, aluminium powder, and sometimes ferro-
silicon. It has been used on the Continent for filling hand-
grenades.
*EGONOMIG SMOKELESS SPORTING POWDER
is a 42-grain bulk powder for shot-guns, made by the E.G.
Powder Company.
EGRASITE or EKRASIT is a high explosive used in
Austria for filling shell and other military purposes. It is
the ammonium salt of trinitro-cresol.
ELEGTRONITE. — There have been several explosives
of this name, but none of them have been used extensively,
and all are dead now. There was a coal-mine explosive
formerly on the Permitted List —
Ammonium nitrate . . . .73
Barium nitrate . . . . .19
Starch and slightly- charred wood meal . 8
It was made by Curtis's and Harvey.
ELEY SMOKELESS SPORTING POWDER is a
shot-gun powder similar to E.G.
Ammon-ELSAGIT is a German coal-mine explosive.
It contains ammonium nitrate, vegetable meal, not more
than 6 per cent, of trinitro-toluene or other nitro-body,
not more than 4 per cent, of blasting gelatine, and may
also contain fatty oils, alkali chlorides or oxalate, and sodium
or potassium nitrate.
Gesteins-ELSAGIT has much the same composition,
but the percentage of trinitro-toluene may be raised to
12, and it contains no sodium or potassium nitrate.
*EMPIRE POWDER is a smokeless shot-gun powder
36
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
introduced in 1902 by Nobel's Explosives Company. It is a
fibrous 33-grain bulk powder, and, according to an analysis
published in " Arms and Explosives," 1917, p. 77, its compo-
sition is —
Nitrocotton, insoluble
„ soluble
Metallic nitrates
Vaseline
Moisture
48-0
34-0
9-0
7-0
2'0
ERGITE. — A blasting explosive which was made for a
few years in a factory in North Wales. Other explosives were
also made under the names of Granergite, Shattergite, etc.
ERIN GELIGNITE.— A Gelignite containing a small
percentage of dinitro-toluene to prevent the nitroglycerine
freezing.
ESSEX POWDER.— A coal-mine explosive made by
the Explosives and Chemical Products, Ltd. It is on the
Permitted List —
Date of Permit . . . . . 1-9-13
Nitroglycerine . 23
Nitrocotton . 1
Potassium nitrate . 34
Wheat flour . . 36
Ammonium chloride 6
Limit charge .... 38 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2'17/'
EUREKA No. 2 is an American coal-mine explosive on
the Permissible List. It contains nitroglycerine and a
hydrated salt.
EXGELLITE. — A coal-mine explosive formerly on the
Permitted List —
Nitroglycerine
Ammonium nitrate
Collodion cotton
Dinitro-toluene
Wood meal .
Castor oil
8
82'5
1
3
4'5
1
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 37
SUPER-EXGELLITE is a modification of this, con-
taining salts as cooling agents. Three formulae passed the
Rotherham Test —
No. 2. No. 3.
Date of Permit . . 1-9-13 7-4-14 22-6-14
Nitroglycerine 4 5 9*5
Collodion cotton . — 0*5
Ammonium nitrate . .75*5 50 59
Potassium nitrate 7 20
Starch 3'5 5 4'5
Castor oil ... — 1
Ammonium chloride . — 5
Sodium chloride . — 15
Ammonium oxalate . .10 15 10*5
Limit charge . . .10 14 36 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic
pendulum) . . . 2'74 2'72 2'73"
It will be seen that all three are about equal as regards
power, but that No. 3, which contains the largest propor-
tion of cooling agents and more nitroglycerine, can be used
safely in much greater charges. In 1916 807,000 Ibs. of
No. 3 were used in mines and quarries, principally in coal
mines. It is recommended by the makers, Curtis's and
Harvey, for hard coal and colliery work generally. The
permits of the others have been repealed.
EXPEDITE is a coal-mine explosive on the Permitted
List made by Explosives and Chemical Products, Ltd. —
Date of Permit .... 25-11-13
Ammonium nitrate . . . .35
Potassium nitrate . . . . .33
Trinitro-toluene . . . . .12
Ammonium chloride . . . .20
Limit charge more than . . . . 32 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) . < 2-62*
See also XPDITE.
EXPLOSIFS N, O, etc. See under respective letters.
38 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
EXTRA DYNAMITE is a variety of American dyna-
mite containing ammonium nitrate.
FAVERSHAM POWDER is a coal-mine explosive of
the Grisounite type made by the Cotton Powder Co.
The mixture, which was on the old Permitted List, had the
composition —
Ammonium nitrate . . .90
Trinitro-toluene . . . . .10
To make it pass the Rotherham Test, part of the am-
monium nitrate was replaced by potassium nitrate, and
ammonium chloride was added —
No. 2.
Date of Permit 10-2-14
Ammonium nitrate . . . .47*5
Potassium nitrate . . . . .24
Ammonium chloride . . . . 18 '5
Trinitro-toluene . . . . .10
Limit charge . . . . . . 24 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) . . 2 '61"
but this also has now been repealed.
FAVIER explosives consist essentially of ammonium
nitrate mixed with nitro-compounds. Favier took out
patents in 1884 and 1885 for mixtures of ammonium nitrate
with mononitro-naphthalene, paraffin and resin. Their
manufacture was undertaken soon afterwards by the French
Government, and is still continued under the names of
Explosifs N, or Explosifs Favier or Grisounites. Their com-
position has been varied from time to time, but the following
are those now authorised —
For mines
Grisou- Grisou- Grisou- free from
naphtalite- naphtalite- tetrylite- fire-damp,
couche. roche. couche. etc.
N1&. N4. N^. Nl0.
Ammonium nitrate . 95 90 91 '5 86'5 88 87'4
Potassium nitrate . — 5 — 5 5
Dinitro-naphthane 8*5 8'5 12'6
Trinitro-naphthalene 55 — —
Tetryl . . .____- 7
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 39
The Grisounites-couche are used in the coal seams as
they have theoretical temperatures of explosion of 1500° or
less, but Nja has been replaced to a considerable extent by
N4, because the presence of a proportion of potassium nitrate
is found to increase the safety; these are both coloured
green. The Grisountes-roche have theoretical temperatures
of explosion of 1900° or less, and are used in the rocks in
coal mines. Nxb is dyed rose colour, and NjC pale yellow.
Many explosives of this type are in use in different
countries. On the old British Permitted List were Ammonite,
Westfalite, Bellite and Roburite amongst others. Those
now on the List contain ammonium or sodium chloride to
enable them to pass the Rotherham Test, e. g. the later
Ammonites, Bellite Nos. 2 and 4, Faversham Powder and
Negro Powder.
On the Belgian list of Explosifs S.G.P. is Favier II bis—
Ammonium nitrate . . . .77-6
Dinitro-naphthalene .... 2-4
Ammonium chloride . . . .20
Charge limite . . More than 293 grammes.
FAVORIT. See KORONIT.
*FELIXITE is a smokeless shot-gun powder introduced
in 1906 by the New Explosives Company. It is a fibrous
42 -grain bulk powder, and, according to an analysis published
in " Arms and Explosives," 1917, p. 76, has the composition —
Nitrocellulose, insoluble . . . .40*5
soluble .... 20-5
Metallic nitrates 30 '0
Nitro-compound . . . . .5*0
Vaseline . . . . . 2'7
Moisture . . . . . .1*3
*FILITE was a smokeless powder formerly used in the
Italian services. It was a Ballistite consisting generally of
equal parts of nitroglycerine and collodion cotton, to which
0-5 to 1 per cent, of aniline or diphenylamine was added as a
40
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
stabiliser. It was gelatinised with a solvent and drawn out
into cords.
FLAMMIVORE. — A Belgian coal-mine explosive made
at Arendonck —
o.
Ammonium nitrate
Barium nitrate .
Cellulose .
Dinitro-toluene .
Charge limite .
I.
70 Blasting gelatine
15 Ammonium nitrate
5 Potassium nitrate
10 Rye flour .
lOOg. Charge limite
4
82
10
4
500g.
III.
Nitroglycerine
Ammonium nitrate .
Ammonium sulphate
Barium sulphate
Dextrin .
Charge limite .
6
70
9
7
8
650 g,
In the United Kingdom this is " authorised " but not
" permitted " for use in dangerous mines.
FLOBERT ammunition consists of small cartridges, like
detonators, charged with a small quantity of mercury ful-
minate, and some antimony sulphide and potassium chlorate.
It is used for target practice and shooting small birds.
FOERDER SIGHERHEITSSPRENGSTOFF. — A
German coal-mine explosive containing ammonium nitrate,
not more than 4 per cent, of blasting gelatine, mono- and
di-nitro-aromatic compounds, vegetable meal and neutral
salts.
FOERDIT. — A German coal-mine explosive containing
nitroglycerine gelatinised or ungelatinised, carbohydrates,
glycerine, nitro-compounds, inorganic nitrates and sodium
or potassium chloride.
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
41
Ammon-Foerdit is a similar mixture, except that it
contains a larger percentage of ammonium nitrate and no
other inorganic nitrates. The nitroglycerine is gelatinised,
and there is a little diphenylamine. The following are
examples of these two explosives —
Nitroglycerine
Collodion cotton .
Ammonium nitrate
Nitro -toluene
Dextrine or flour .
Glycerine
Diphenylamine
Potassium chloride
Ammon-Foerdit F, which has been introduced recently,
contains up to 10 per cent, of potassium perchlorate and is
similar to Astralit V.
FORGITE. — A variety of gelatine dynamite or gelignite
made in Belgium. It contains blasting gelatine 36 to 64 per
cent., sodium or ammonium nitrate, wood meal, magnesia
and sometimes bran.
An American explosive of the same name is a dynamite
containing wood tar —
Foerdit.
Ammon-
Foerdit.
25'5
8*8
1-5
0-2
87
85
5
—
4
4
3
2
—
1
24
4
Nitroglycerine
Collodion cotton
Sodium nitrate
Sulphur
Wood tar
Wood pulp
49
1
38
1-5
10
0-5
FORGITE ANTIGRISOUTEUSE 3.— A Belgian coal-
mine explosive of the Carbonite type —
Nitroglycerine
Potassium nitrate
Barium nitrate
Rye flour
Bran
Sodium carbonate
Charge limite
26
33
1
38'5
1
0-5
. 750g.
42 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
FORTEX. — A coal-mine explosive made by Explosives
and Chemical Products, Ltd. The mixture, which was on
the old Permitted List, was —
Ammonium nitrate . . . .78*5
Tetryl 21 '5
NEW FORTEX.— A modification of the- above to pass
the Rotherham Test—
Date of Permit .... 26-11-13
Ammonium nitrate . . . .85
Potassium nitrate . . . . .83
Tetryl 12
Ammonium chloride . . . .20
Limit charge . . . . . . 10 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) . . 2*61"
FORT PITT MINE POWDER NO. 1 is an American
coal-mine powder on the Permissible List. It is a nitro-
glycerine explosive.
FRAGTORITE. — A Belgian coal-mine explosive —
B. D.
Ammonium nitrate . 75 Ammonium nitrate . 75
Dinitro-naphthalene . 2*8 Sodium nitrate . . 10
Ammonium oxalate . 2 '2 Nitroglycerine . . 4
Ammonium chloride . 20 Ammonium oxalate . 7
Flour ... 4
Charge limite . . 450 g. Charge limite . . 700 g.
FRAGTURITE.— A coal-mine explosive formerly on
the Permitted List, made by the British Explosives Syndicate,
Ltd.—
Nitroglycerine . . . . .52-5
Collodion cotton . . . . .8*5
Potassium nitrate . . . . .23
Wood meal ...... 6
Ammonium oxalate . .15
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 43
FUEL-ITE. — There is a series of coal-mine explosives of
this name on the American Permissible List. Nos. 1 and 2
are nitroglycerine explosives of the Carbonite type. No. 3
is an ammonium nitrate explosive.
FUELLPULVER (or FP.) is the name given by the
Germans to mixtures of trinitro-toluene and ammonium
nitrate used for filling shell. Fp. 60/40, for instance, is a
mixture of 60 parts trinitro-toluene and 40 parts of am-
monium nitrate, and is consequently the same as Amatol
40/60. Fp. without figures stands for trinitro-toluene.
*FULMEN POWDER is a 33-grain smokeless powder
for shot-guns made by the Schultze Gunpowder Co.
FULMENIT. — A blasting explosive made by the German
Nobel Co., containing ammonium nitrate, vegetable meal or
charcoal, paraffin oil, trinitro-toluene and guncotton.
WETTER-FULMENIT is a coal-mine explosive which
has been much used. It differs from the above in containing
also sodium or potassium chloride —
Fulmenit. Wetter-Fulmenit.
Ammonium nitrate
Guncotton
Trinitro-toluene
Charcoal .
Paraffin oil
Sodium chloride
86'5 76 76'5
4 0-5 4
5'5 11-8 5-5
1-3 1-5 1-5
2-5 0-2 2-5
— 10 10
FUMYL. — A smoke-producing explosive containing
trinitro-toluene and ammonium chloride, used for opening
poison-gas shell, etc.
GATHURST POWDER.— An explosive of the Gri-
sounite class. According to an analysis given in Cundill
and Thomson's Dictionary it consisted of —
Ammonium nitrate .... 83*4
Dinitro-benzene . . . . 16 '5
Moisture 0*1
44
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
GEHLINGERIT. — A German blasting explosive.
teins-Gehlingerit III. contains —
Ges-
Ammonium nitrate
Trinitrotoluene
Flour
80
15
5
Wetter-Gehlingerit, which is a coal-mine explosive, con-
tains also sodium or potassium chloride, and may contain
up to 4 per cent, of nitroglycerine to increase its sensitiveness.
GELATIN^ A LfAMMONIAQUE.— A Belgian ex-
plosive, a mixture of blasting gelatine and ammonium
nitrate.
GELATINE DYNAMITE is a mixture of blasting
gelatine, potassium nitrate and a little wood meal. That
made in Britain must contain between 70 and 77 per cent,
of nitroglycerine ; it may contain up to 2 per cent, of calcium
or magnesium carbonate, or J per cent, of mineral jelly as a
stabiliser. The following may be taken as an example of
its composition —
Nitroglycerine
Collodion cotton
Wood meal .
Potassium nitrate
Calcium carbonate
Moisture
74-5
5-5
4
15-5
0-2
0'3
In America brands are made of 35 to 80 per cent, strength.
GELIGNITE is similar to Gelatine Dynamite except
that it contains a smaller proportion of blasting gelatine;
in Britain the percentage of nitroglycerine must be between
56 and 63, e. g. —
Nitroglycerine
Collodion cotton
Wood meal .
Potassium nitrate
Calcium carbonate
Moisture
61
4-5
7
27
0-2
0'3
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 45
There are also a number of modified Gelignites, which
either contain sodium or barium nitrate in partial or entire
replacement of the potassium nitrate, or else contain some
substance to reduce the freezing point of the nitroglycerine
and so diminish the danger of freezing, such as dinitro- or
trinitro-toluene or dinitro-glycol.
GESILIT. — A German coal-mine explosive made by
Nahnsen. It contains blasting gelatine, inorganic nitrates,
sodium chloride, carbohydrates and dinitro-toluene —
I. n. III.
Blasting gelatine . . 30*75 30'75 32*5
Ammonium nitrate . — 22 22
Sodium nitrate . .18
Dinitro-toluene . . 5 '25 5 '25 5 '25
Dextrin .... 39 21
Pea flour ... — 20
Sodium chloride . .7 21 20'25
When tested in a gallery with an explosive gas mixture
I. proved to be safer than the other two.
GIANT GOAL-MINE POWDERS are American coal-
mine explosives on the Permissible List. No. 5 is an am-
monium nitrate explosive, whereas Nos. 6, 7 and 8 are
low-grade dynamites mixed with hydrated salts.
GIANT POWDER is a name given in America to
dynamite. No. 1 is a kieselguhr dynamite containing about
75 per cent, of nitroglycerine. Many varieties, however, do
not contain kieselguhr, but consist of nitroglycerine mixed
with wood pulp, sodium or potassium nitrate, resin, sulphur
or other combustible matter. The nitroglycerine is some-
times gelatinised with collodion cotton, or in the " Extra "
varieties is partially replaced by ammonium nitrate.
GLONOINE was an early name for nitroglycerine.
GLUEGKAUF.— A German explosive of the Grisounite
type consisting of ammonium nitrate and vegetable meal,
46 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
to which might be added any of the following : sugar, resin,
fatty oil, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, dinitro-benzene,
ammonium oxalate, copper oxalate, copper nitrate ammonia,
or sodium chloride. It was used for a time by several potash
mines ; was given up again by most of them.
GOOD LUCK was an explosive made by the Spreng-
stoffwerke Glueckauf A.-G., and was on the old British
Permitted List for coal-mine explosives. It had the com-
position—
Ammonium nitrate . . . .82*5
Dinitro-benzene . . . . . 1
Turmeric ...... 10'5
Copper oxalate ..... 6
GRANATFUELLUNG (i. e. Shell-filling) is a name given
by the Germans to certain high explosives used for filling
shell. Granatfuellung C/88 is picric acid, and C/02 is trinitro-
toluene. See Fuellpulver. Other substances used in German
shell and bombs are trinitro-anisole, dinitro-benzene, hexani-
tro-diphenylamine and hexanitro-diphenyl sulphide, otherwise
picryl sulphide.
GRISOUNITE. — A French coal-mine explosive. See
FAVIER Explosives.
GRISOUTINE or GRISOU-DYNAMINE is the only
explosive except Grisounite allowed in the more dangerous
French coal mines. It consists of ammonium nitrate mixed
with blasting gelatine. As the State monopoly does not
extend to explosives containing nitroglycerine, it is made
by private firms, but the compositions are regulated by the
" Commission des Substances Explosives," which in 1911
resolved that they should be uniformly as follows —
Couche au Roche au
Couche. Salpetre. Roche. Salpetre.
Nitroglycerine . 12 12 29 29
Collodion cotton . . 0'5 0'5 1 1
Ammonium nitrate . 87 '5 82 '5 70 65
Potassium nitrate — 5 — 5
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 47
The calculated temperatures of explosion of the Grisou-
tines couches are below 1500°, and those of the Grisoutines
roches below 1900°. The addition of 5 per cent, of potassium
nitrate is found to increase the safety.
There are a number of explosives of this type made in
other countries also, but they usually contain small propor-
tions of combustible substances such as wood meal, and
nitro-bodies such as trinitro-toluene. Of British explosives
of this type, mention may be made of Monobel, Super-
Excellite and Monarkite. German explosives of this sort
include Salit, Tremonit, Donarit, Ammon-Karbonit and
Astralit.
On the Belgian list of Explosifs S.G.P. is Grisoutine II.,
which is identical in composition with Dynamite anti-
grisouteuse V.
GRISOUTITE. — A Belgian coal-mine explosive —
Nitroglycerine . . . . .44
Magnesium sulphate . . . .44
Cellulose 12
Charge limite . . . . 300 g.
GUARDIAN. — American coal-mine explosives. Nos. 2,
2X, 3 and 3X are ammonium nitrate explosives, whereas
Guardian A and Guardian Coal Powder B are nitroglycerine
explosives.
GUNGOTTON.— A highly nitrated cotton containing
about 13 per cent, of nitrogen and only slightly soluble in
ether-alcohol.
GUNPOWDER. See BLACK POWDER.
*HALAKITE attracted public attention out of all pro-
portion to its merits, of which it possessed none, in conse-
quence of the extravagant claims made on its behalf by its
" inventors " and their dupes. Early in 1917 the British
Government caused an inquiry to be held, and the case for
the explosive collapsed in a ludicrous manner. According
48 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
to patent specification, No. 685 of 1915, the basis of the
explosive was an admixture of lead nitrate with glycerine
and other substances, and under the working conditions
the glycerine was said to react with the nitrate to form a nitro-
compound, which, of course, is not true. The substance
actually submitted to the British and French authorities
consisted of cordite mixed with lead nitrate, barium nitrate
and lead chromate. This was stated by the promoters to
be equally effective as a high explosive and a propellant !
See ' 'Interim and Final Reports of the Army Council (Halakite)
Inquiry," Cd. 8446.
HALALIT. — A German blasting explosive made by
Nahnsen, containing not more than 65 per cent, of potassium
perchlorate, ammonium nitrate, and not more than 32 per
cent, of nitrated toluene, of which not more than 20 per cent,
must be trinitro-toluene. It may also contain collodion
cotton to gelatinise the liquid nitro-toluene, and sodium
nitrate and wood meal or other vegetable meal.
Ammon-Halalit A, which has been introduced recently,
is similar to Astralit V.
HALOKLASTIT. See PETROKLASTIT.
HAMMONIT. — A German blasting explosive contain-
ing not more than 40 per cent, of potassium or sodium per-
chlorate, not more than 4 per cent, of nitroglycerine, aromatic
nitro-bodies, ammonium nitrate, sodium or potassium nitrate,
neutral salts and vegetable meal or other combustible matter.
HASSIA-CHLORAT is an explosive that was introduced
in Germany during the War. It consists of 65 per cent,
potassium chlorate and 35 per cent, combustible, and it is
claimed that the large proportion of the latter not only
makes it a mild explosive, but also renders it comparatively
insensitive. It is also called Spreng-chlorat.
HAYLITE. — A coal-mine explosive made by the National
Explosives Co. There were three varieties on the
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 49
Permitted List : No. 1 was also on the old Permitted List,
but has now been repealed.
No. 1. No. 2. No. 3.
Date of Permit . . 1-9-13 21-11-16 30-5-18
Nitroglycerine . . .26 15'5 9'5
Collodion cotton . .1 0-3
Ammonium nitrate . 60-5
Potassium nitrate . .20
Sodium nitrate . . . 59*5
Barium nitrate . . .20
Trinitro-toluene . . 5
Mineral jelly ... 7
Wood meal ... 15 7'7 5'5
Sodium chloride . 19-5
Ammonium oxalate . . 11 5
Borax .... — 12
Limit charge ... 10 18 16 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic
pendulum) . . . 2-18 1'96 2'44"
H.E. stands for High Explosive, used for charging shell
or other military purpose.
*HEBLER POWDER was a so-called smokeless powder
which was manufactured at one time in Switzerland. Accord-
ing to an analysis published by Cundill and Thomson, it was
ordinary gunpowder in which about a fifth of the saltpetre
had been replaced by ammonium nitrate. It did not appear
to have a greater tendency to absorb moisture than ordinary
powder. It was also called Wellite. See also Ammon-
pulver.
HEGLA NO. 2 is an American coal-mine explosive on
the Permissible List. It is an ammonium nitrate explosive
made by the Du Pont Co.
HEGLA POWDER is a brand of American dynamite.
HELAGON is a German perchlorate explosive made by
the Koln-Rottweil Pulverfabriken. It contains not more
than 10 per cent, of potassium perchlorate, not more than
50
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
5 per cent, of zinc-aluminium alloy, aromatic nitro-bodies
and neutral nitrates, excepting those of potassium and
barium. It may also contain flour or potato meal and
neutral substances.
HELIT is a similar explosive to Helagon, except that it
contains dinitro-chlorhydrin, not more than 6 per cent., in
the place of the zinc-aluminium alloy.
K
'j- are different names for what is prac-
HELLHOFITE
HELLITE
tically the same explosive of the Sprengel type. It consists
of a mixture of strong nitric acid and various nitro-com-
pounds, e.g. —
Dinitro-benzene
Nitric acid .
1
1-5
Nitro-benzene
Nitric acid
1
2-5
A form of this explosive was tried by Gruson as a charge
for shell many years ago. See also Panclastite.
*HENRITE is a smokeless shot-gun powder of the fibrous
33-grain bulk type. A sample examined in 1902 had the
composition —
Nitrocellulose, insoluble
„ soluble
Metallic nitrates
Nitro-compounds .
Paraffin
Moisture
71'0
7-1
7'5
7'6
5'5
1-8
HERCULES POWDER.— The name of a brand of
American dynamite.
HERGULITE. — This name has been given to several
explosives. One was a mixture of sawdust, camphor, potas-
sium nitrate and other substances, which was used for blasting.
There was a coal-mine explosive of this name on the Permitted
List, made by the British Explosives Syndicate, Ltd. —
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 51
Date of Permit .... 22-6-14
Nitroglycerine . . . . .33
Collodion cotton ..... 1
Potassium perchlorate . . .27
Wood meal 10
Ammonium oxalate . . . .29
Limit charge . . . . . . 16 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) . . 2*72"
but the permit has been repealed.
HIMALAYITE. — A high explosive made from potas-
sium chlorate, potato starch and a drying oil. The chlorate
and starch are first heated together with water, and when
dry the oil is mixed in. The explosive is said to have been
adopted by the Portuguese for filling shell. It passed the
chemical tests in England, but no licence was taken out for
its manufacture.
HUDSON'S EXPLOSIVE.— A stiff blasting gelatine
made by incorporating nitroglycerine and collodion cotton
together with the aid of acetone. It was tried in America
in 1889 for filling shell, but is not used now for this purpose.
HYGRADE COAL POWDER NO. 2 is an American
coal-mine explosive on the Permissible List. It is a nitro-
glycerine explosive.
*IDEAL POWDER is a shot-gun powder made by Nobels.
IMPERIALITE is of no practical importance, but is
interesting, as its history is that of the explosive one meets
in the comic papers. The Marquis R. Imperial! had large
private means and some knowledge of chemistry. He took
out patents for a number of explosive mixtures and built a
small factory in N. Italy, which started work in 1911. An
explosion occurred the first day and killed five of the fifteen
workers. Imperiali escaped and re-erected his factory.
The day after it was restarted it blew up again and Imperiali
52 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
was killed. The composition of the explosive that was being
made is not known, but several of the mixtures for which
Imperiali had taken out patents were decidedly dangerous.
*INDURITE was a smokeless powder patented by C. E.
Munroe in 1893. It was made by incorporating guncotton
with nitro-benzene to a hard mass. It was used for a time
in the American Navy. Samples made in 1891 were still
stable apparently in 1914, but some cases of instability
occurred and it was given up.
INGfiLITE is the same in composition as ANTIGEL
DE
*Poudre J. — A French smokeless powder used for
shot-guns and revolvers. Its composition is —
Nitrocotton . . . . . .83
Ammonium bichromate . . . .14
Potassium bichromate .... 8
Moisture ..... about 3
It is incorporated with the aid of ether-alcohol and
pressed into strips, which are cut into cubes and then con-
verted into grains of irregular shape. The fine siftings are
used for revolver and practice ammunition.
JUDSON POWDER.-— A mild blasting explosive used
in America. It is a sort of crude gunpowder coated with
nitroglycerine to increase the violence of the explosion.
The percentage of nitroglycerine may vary from 5 to 20,
but is generally near the lower limit. Judson Powder
R.R.P. has the composition —
Nitroglycerine . . 5 Nitroglycerine . . 5
Sodium nitrate . . 64 or Sulphur, coal and resin 85
Sulphur . . .16 Sodium nitrate . . 60
Cannel coal . .15
The sodium nitrate is mixed with the combustibles and
the mixture is heated beyond the melting-point of the sulphur
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
53
and resin. The slightly porous mass thus formed is then
coated with nitroglycerine. The explosive is fired with a
priming cartridge of dynamite. The following four grades
are made by the Du Pont Co. —
FFF
FF
F .
RRP
20 % nitroglycerine
15
10
5
KANITE A is an American coal-mine explosive on the
Permissible List. • It is an ammonium nitrate explosive.
KARBONIT. See GARBONITE.
KAUSOLIT. — An ammonium perchlorate explosive, in-
troduced about 1915 by the Stockholm Superphosphaten-
fabriks A.-b.
KENT POWDER was a coal-mine explosive made by the
Cotton Powder Co. It was of the Carbonite type and
was on the Permitted List. It is now no longer " permitted."
Date of Permit ..... 10-2-14
Nitroglycerine ... .24
Potassium nitrate .
Wood meal ....
Ammonium oxalate
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
over
32-5
83-5
10
82 oz.
2-or
KENTITE is a coal-mine explosive made by British
Westfalite, Ltd. It was on the old Permitted List
and also passed the Rotherham Test, and so is still
" permitted "—
Ammonium nitrate
Potassium nitrate .
Trinitro -toluene
Ammonium chloride
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
84
34
17
15
18 oz.
2-64"
54
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
KIESELBAGHER CHLORATSPRENGSTOFF. See
MIEDZIANKIT.
KINETIT. — A German explosive made by gelatinising
nitre-cellulose with nitro-benzene, and incorporating it with
potassium nitrate and chlorate. It is somewhat sensitive
to blows, etc. Early samples contained also antimony
sulphide which rendered them decidedly dangerous.
KIWIT. — A German chlorate explosive introduced during
the War. It contains not more than 77 per cent, of sodium or
potassium chlorate, carbon carriers such as paraffin, naphtha-
lene, vaseline, meal or oil, also not more than 15 per cent, of
liquid trinitro-toluene, and may contain dinitro-toluene,
dinitro-naphthalene, sodium chloride and not more than
4 per cent, of guncotton.
KOHLENKARBONIT. See CARBONITE.
KOLAX. — A coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite type
formerly on the Permitted List, made by Curtis's and Harvey-
Nitroglycerine
Potassium nitrate
Barium nitrate
Wood meal .
Starch .
25
26
5
34
10
SUPER-KOLAX was a modification of this to meet the
requirements of the Rotherham Test —
Date of Permit
Nitroglycerine
Collodion cotton
Potassium nitrate
Barium nitrate
Wood meal .
Starch .
Ammonium oxalate
1-9-13
25'5
25-5
5
29-5
7'5
7
Limit charge ..... 80
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2*10
The permits of both have been repealed.
No. 2.
7-4-14
28-5
1
16'5
5
80-3
0
over 82 oz.
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 55
KORONIT, also known as FAVORIT, is a German
chlorate blasting explosive introduced during the War. See
also Coronite.
Gesteins-Koronit (or -Favorit) contains not more than
85 per cent, of potassium or sodium chlorate, not more than
15 per cent, of nitro-bodies (but no trinitro-compounds),
paraffin or fatty oils, naphthalene, vegetable meal, powdered
coal, inert substances, and not more than 4 per cent, of
blasting gelatine.
Kohlen-Koronit (or -Favorit) contains not more than
68 per cent, of potassium or sodium chlorate, aromatic
hydrocarbons and nitro-hydrocarbons (but not more than
12 per cent, of aromatic nitro-bodies and no trinitro-com-
pounds), sodium chloride or similar salts, paraffin or fatty
oils, vegetable meal or other organic substance; not more
than 4 per cent, of blasting gelatine and not more than 4 per
cent, of powdered coal.
PERKORONIT is similar to Koronit except that it con-
tains potassium or sodium perchlorate instead of chlorate.
Part of the perchlorate may be replaced by nitrate.
*K.S., K.S.G.— Kynoch's Smokeless Powder. It is a
fibrous bulk powder for shot-guns made by Kynochs, Ltd.
The following analyses were given in " Arms and Explosives,"
1917, p. 78—
Date of Introduction
Class .
Nitrocellulose, insoluble
„ soluble
Metallic nitrates
Nitro-compound
Vaseline .
Moisture .
Kynoch's
Smokeless. K.S. K.S.G.
1901 1913 1912
42-grain 42-grain 33-grain
49-5 40-4 41-5
5'5 27-0 36-5
25-0 28'0 12'0
19'0 5-0
— 8*0 8-0
1-0 1'6 2*0
KYNARKITE is a coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite
type made by Kynoch, Ltd. It is no longer on the Permitted
List —
56
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
Date of Permit
Nitroglycerine
Potassium nitrate
Barium nitrate .
Dinitro-toluene .
Wood meal
Ammonium oxalate
Limit charge
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
KYNITE was a coal-mine explosive on the old Permitted
List, but has been superseded by Kynarkite —
No. 2.
1-9-13
15-1-15
25
26
28
29'5
8
—
—
2'5
39
34
5
8
20
28 oz.
i)
2'21
2-06"
Nitroglycerine
Barium nitrate
Wood meal
Starch .
Calcium carbonate
Kynite.
26
33
40'7
0-3
Kynite
Condensed.
25
33'5
6'5
0-3
*LAFFLIN AND RAND W.A. was a tubular smoke-
less powder tried in America for small arms. It consisted
of—
Guncotton . . . . . .67*25
Nitroglycerine . . . . .30
Metallic salts . . . . .2*75
gelatinised by means of 40 parts of acetone. A gelatinised
dense shot-gun powder of similar composition was also made.
L.G. PULVER is a German Cheddite.
Gesteins-LEONIT is a German perchlorate explosive for
blasting rock —
Alkali perchlorate . about 60 %
Ammonium nitrate . 10
Nitro -compounds . .15
Meal ... .10
Blasting gelatine . , 4
It is practically the same as Permonit A.
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
57
Neu-LEONIT is a modification of this for use in coal
mines —
Potassium perchlorate
Ammonium nitrate
Sodium nitrate .
Trinitro-toluene
Dinitro-toluene .
Wood meal
Vegetable meal .
Blasting gelatine
Sodium chloride
I.
85
20
1)
8
4
4
24
II.
35
10
3
11
2
5
4
80
It is practically the same as Wetter-Persalit.
LIGDYN is a nitroglycerine explosive similar to American
dynamite made in South Africa. 40 per cent. Ligdyn consists
of—
40
45
13
Nitroglycerine
Sodium nitrate
Wood meal
Wheat flour 2
"LIGHTNING. — A 83-grain smokeless shot-gun powder
made by the Schultze Gunpowder Co. See Schultze
Powder.
LIGNOSIT is a German blasting explosive containing
a considerable percentage of ammonium nitrate. Lignosit I.
contains also aromatic nitro-compounds, of which not more
than 15 per cent, must be trinitro-compounds or wood meal,
and not more than 6 per cent, of potassium nitrate, not more
than 1 per cent, of collodion cotton and bauxite or salts,
such as sodium chloride or carbonate.
Lignosit II. may contain up to 10 per cent, of collodion
cotton, but no wood meal or nitro-compounds. It is some-
what sensitive.
Lignosit III. differs from I. in that it may contain up to
4 per cent, of blasting gelatine and contains no bauxite.
The object of adding the neutral salts is evidently to
make the explosive safer in coal mines. When intended for
this purpose it is called Wetter-Lignosit I. or III.
58
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
Lignosit IV. consists of ammonium nitrate, not more
than 13 per cent, of trinitro -toluene, not more than 13 per
cent, of aluminium powder, and wood meal.
LITHOFRAGTEUR is a name that has been given
to more than one explosive. One introduced about 1873
by Krebs and Co. of Deutz, near Cologne, consisted of
nitroglycerine absorbed in kieselguhr mixed with nitrates,
charcoal or coal and sulphur. Some of it was imported into
England at one time
LOEWENPULVER or Castroper Sprengpulver is a
German blasting powder consisting of a compressed or
granulated mixture of sodium nitrate, manganese dioxide,
sulphur and carbonaceous substances such as briquette
powder or coal. It may also contain potassium nitrate,
wood meal or tar.
LOMITE NO. 1 is an American coal-mine explosive on
the Permissible List. It is a low-grade dynamite containing
hydrated salts.
LOWINITE NO. 2-B is an American coal-mine ex-
plosive on the Permissible List. It is an ammonium nitrate
explosive.
LUXIT I. is a German blasting explosive consisting of
ammonium nitrate, not more than 17 per cent, of trinitro-
toluene, and not more than 5 per cent, of wood meal.
LYDDITE. — A high explosive used in the British Services
for filling shell. It consists simply of picric acid, which is
melted under proper precautions and poured into the shell.
*Poudre M is a shot-gun powder made by the French
Government, and is the one that is most used in France. Its
composition is —
Nitrocotton 71
Barium nitrate
Potassium nitrate
Camphor
Binding material
20
5
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 59
The nitrocotton has a solubility of only 15 or 20 per
cent., and is partially gelatinised with ether-alcohol aided
by the camphor. It is granulated under edge runners,
granulated and drummed.
MAGARIT. — A Belgian high explosive for filling shell —
Trinitro-toluene . . . . .80
Lead nitrate 70
It has a high density and is not deliquescent. For equal
weights its power is less" than that of trinitro-toluene or
picric acid, but for equal volumes it is somewhat greater.
MARKANIT. See SILESIA.
MARSIT. — A sort of Oxyliquit. Liquid oxygen is
passed into a linen bag containing soot.
M.B. POWDER (Modernised Black) is a black powder
mixture in which part of the potassium nitrate has been
replaced by potassium or ammonium perchlorate, generally
the potassium salt. It is manufactured at Bonnybridge,
Stirling, at the works originally erected for making Mitchel-
lite. During manufacture the composition is heated in steam
boilers. (See "Arms and Explosives," 1911, p. 7.)
M.D. See CORDITE.
MEGANIT is a Hungarian nitroglycerine explosive
similar to American dynamite, except that it contains a small
percentage of nitrated vegetable ivory.
MELANITE. — A Belgian blasting explosive consisting
of-—
Nitroglycerine 78
Collodion cotton ..... 4
Sodium nitrate 18
It contains, therefore, a considerable excess of oxygen.
60
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
MfiLINITE is a high explosive used by the French
for filling shell and other military purposes. It consists
essentially of picric acid, to which other substances are
sometimes added. Paraffin wax has been added to diminish
the sensitiveness. Melinite D is simply picric acid, but
Melinite O contains also a little Cre*silite 2 (q. v.).
MELLING POWDER was a coal-mine explosive on the
Permitted List, made by the Cotton Powder Co. The permit
has been repealed.
Date of Permit
Nitroglycerine
Ammonium nitrate
Sodium nitrate
Trinitro-toluene
Wood meal .
Ammonium oxalate
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
1-9-13
5
53-5
12
6
4'5
19
12 oz.
2-62"
MERGURIT is a blasting explosive that has been intro-
duced recently in Germany. It consists of 88 per cent, of
potassium chlorate and 12 per cent, of high boiling neutral
tar oil. In Mercurit II. up to 20 per cent, of the chlorate
may be replaced by perchlorate.
MERSEY POWDER was a coal-mine explosive on the
Permitted List, made by the Cotton Powder Co. The permit
has been repealed.
Date of Permit
Nitroglycerine
Ammonium nitrate
Sodium nitrate
Trinitro-toluene
Wood meal .
Ammonium chloride
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
3-7-16
5-3
51
11
6
8'5
18 oz.
2*60"
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 61
METEOR AXXO is an American coal-mine explosive
on the Permissible List. It is a low-grade dynamite con-
taining a hydrated salt.
MIEDZIANKIT (also called Egelit or Kieselbacher
Chloratsprengstoff) is a German chlorate explosive of the
Sprengel class. It consists of porous potassium chlorate
impregnated with not more than 10 per cent, of kerosene,
having a flash point not below 30° C. It has met with some
unfavourable reports, as it is found that results are not
uniform unless the impregnation be carried out in special
factories, the original idea having been that it was to be
done shortly before use.
During the War a modification of the explosive was intro-
duced for use in coal mines. This contains up to 80 per
cent, of sodium chloride.
MINERITE. — A coal-mine explosive made by the
Forcite Co. of Baelen Wezel in Belgium, identical in
composition with Kohlen-carbonite and Colinite antigri-
souteuse.
MINER'S FRIEND, NOS. 1 to 6. American coal-mine
explosives on the Permissible List. They are ammonium
nitrate explosives.
MINITE. — A coal-mine explosive of the Grisounite
type which was on the old Permitted List —
Ammonium nitrate . . . .89
Trinitro-toluene . . . . .10
Ammonium oxalate .... 1
There was also an explosive of the Carbonite type of this
name made at Arendonck in Belgium —
Nitroglycerine . . . . .25
Potassium nitrate . . . , .85
Flour 89-5
Soda 0-5
Charge limite ..... 750 g.
62 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
MIN-ITE. — American coal-mine explosive on the Per-
missible List. Brands A, A-2, B, and B-2 are nitroglycerine
explosives, whereas Nos. 5-D and 6-D are ammonium nitrate
mixtures.
MINOLITE. — A Belgian blasting explosive, which is
also approved for transport over the German railways. It
contains ammonium nitrate, dinitro- or trinitro-naphtha-
lene with other substances added in some cases. A variety
for use in coal mines is called Minolite antigrisouteuse.
Minolite
antigri- Minolite
souteuse. nouvelle.
Ammonium nitrate 72 87
Sodium nitrate
Trinitro-toluene
Trinitro-naphthalene
Dinitro-naphthalene
Quebracho
23 3
3
2 5
— 8
— 2
Charge limite ... 400 g.
There was also a variety containing lead nitrate, but this
could not be used in mines because of the poisonous smoke
it evolved.
*MISGHPULVER is a name given in German to un-
gelatinised smokeless nitro-cellulose powders.
MITCHELLITE was an explosive that was formerly
licensed for manufacture in Great Britain, and was made at
Bonnybridge, Stirling, but the factory and the licence were
transferred to the M.B. Powder Co. in 1910. It was
apparently a chlorate or perchlorate explosive. It is said
to be manufactured at Monticello, Indiana, U.S.A.
*MODDITE. — A sporting rifle powder made by Eley
Bros. Analysis of a sample showed —
Nitroglycerine 38 '7
Nitrocellulose 56 '8
Mineral jelly . . , . . .4*3
Volatile matter 0'2
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
68
Of the nitrocellulose about one-third was soluble in
ether-alcohol. It was made in the form of strip.
MONAGHIT is a German blasting explosive which was
known at one time as Vigorit. It is distinguished by con-
taining nitro-compounds derived from naphtha, mostly
nitro-xylenes and nitro-mesitylenes.
Monachit I. contains ammonium nitrate, not more than
15 per cent, of nitro-compounds, of which not more than
60 per cent, must be trinitro-bodies, also vegetable meal and
potassium nitrate.
Monachit II. contains in addition not more than 1 per
cent, of collodion cotton, not more than 1 per cent, of char-
coal, also hydrocarbons and ammonium oxalate or other
salts to act as cooling agents, and render the explosive suitable
for use in coal mines, e. g. —
Ammonium nitrate 81
Potassium nitrate
Nitro-compounds
Collodion cotton
Flour
Charcoal .
Potassium chloride
5
13
64
3
14
1
•i
1
- 17
The collodion cotton is to gelatinise the nitro-compounds
when they are liquid.
MONARKITE is a coal-mine explosive made by Kynoch,
Ltd., and is on the Permitted List —
Date of Permit
Eeviaed
Ammonium nitrate
Sodium nitrate
Nitroglycerine
Collodion cotton
Starch .
Mineral jelly .
Sodium chloride
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
1 Including not more than 2 per cent, of magnesium carbonate
10-2-14
20-9-19
49 *
9
11-5
0-3
3-5
2
24-7
18 oz.
2-30"
64
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
MONOBEL is a coal-mine explosive made by Nobel's
Explosives Co. There are three formulae which have
passed the Rotherham Test, but A 1 is no longer on the
Permitted List —
Date of Permit ' .
Ammonium nitrate
Nitroglycerine
Wood meal .
Sodium chloride .
Potassium chloride
Magnesium carbonate
Limit charge
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
There is also Quarry Monobel which is not permitted for
use in dangerous coal mines, and presumably contains no
alkali chloride.
See also Viking Powder and Victor Powder.
MONOBEL, NOS. 1 to 7 are on the American Permis-
sible List. Of these, Nos. 4 and 5 are low-freezing explosives,
containing a small percentage of nitro-toluene or similar
substance ; Nos. 8 and 5 are less violent than the others.
MONOBEL POWDER was the predecessor of the above
and was on the old Permitted List. It is now no longer
" permitted."
Monobel
Al
A2
No. 1.
Monobel.
Monobel.
. 10-2-14
13-5-14
15-1-15
68
60
59
8-5
10
10
8-5
10
10
15
—
—
—
20
20
. —
—
1
. 10
28
22 oz.
2'81
2'78
2'44'
Ammonium nitrate
Nitroglycerine
Wood meal
80
10
10
*MULLERITE. — A shot-gun powder made by the
Muller Co. in Belgium. It is a gelatinised dense
powder in the form of green leaflets, and the charge for a
12-bore cartridge was 83 grains. It contains no inorganic
salts.
EXPLOSIFS N. See Favier Explosives,
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 65
NAPHTHALIT.— A German chlorate explosive intro-
duced during the War. It contains not more than 80 per
cent, of potassium chlorate, and aromatic hydrocarbons,
such as naphthalene, and not more than 12 per cent, of nitro-
hydrocarbons, but no trinitro-compounds ; also paraffins,
fatty oils, flour or other organic substance. It may contain
also alkali chlorides, and not more than 4 per cent, of
blasting gelatine.
The prefixes Gesteins- and Wetter- are applied according
as the explosive is intended for rock or coal mines.
Grisou-NAPHTALITE. See FAVIER Explosives.
NATIONALITE.— A coal-mine explosive of the Gris-
ounite class made by the National Explosives Co., Ltd. The
composition, which was on the old Permitted List, was —
Ammonium nitrate . . . .92
Di- and Trinitro -toluene . 8
But to pass the Rotherham Test it was necessary to add
alkali chlorides. There were two formulae formerly on the
Permitted List —
No. 1. No. 2.
Date of Permit .... 22-6-14 28-1-15
Ammonium nitrate . . . .65*5 64
Trinitro-toluene . . . .15 15
Sodium chloride . . . .19*5
Potassium chloride . . . . — 21
Limit charge 12 20 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) . 2'92 2*63"
The permits have been repealed.
*N.C.T. is the name given in the British service to the
Nitro-Cellulose Tubular smokeless powder, made in the same
way as the American service powder. It consists of nitro-
cellulose completely soluble in ether-alcohol, but of com-
paratively high nitration. It is gelatinised with ether-
5
66
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
alcohol and pressed into cords with either one or seven
perforations running down them length- ways. These are
cut into short cylinders and dried. The powder contains a
little diphenylamine as a stabiliser.
N.E. See New Explosives Company's Smokeless Powder.
NEGRO POWDER.— A coal-mine explosive of the
Grisounite class made by Roburite and Ammonal, Ltd.
The composition, which was on the old Permitted List, was —
Ammonium nitrate . . . .88
Trinitrotoluene . . . . .10
Graphite 2
and a small quantity of colouring matter.
To enable it to pass the Rotherham Test, sodium chloride
has been added, and Negro Powder No. 2 is now on the
Permitted List —
Date of Permit ,
Ammonium nitrate
Trinitro -toluene
Graphite
Sodium chloride
Colouring matter
25-11-13
. 57
. 15
. 0-7
* 27/3
small quantity
Limit charge . . . . . . 20 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) . . 2'21"
NEONAL. — A coal-mine explosive made by the New
Explosives Company. Two formulae were at one time on the
Permitted List —
No. 1.
Date of Permit .
Nitroglycerine
Collodion cotton
Di- and Trinitro-toluene
Wood meal
Potassium perchlorate
Ammonium oxalate .
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
Both have now been repealed.
I-tf-10
21
22-O-14
40
1
2
0'2
—
15'8
5
37
14
25
39
16
30 oz.
2'56
2-51"
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
67
*NEONITE. — A 30-grain bulk gelatinised smokeless
shot-gun powder introduced by the New Explosives Co.
in 1907. According to an analysis given in " Arms and
Explosives," 1917, p. 76, its composition is —
Nitrocellulose, insoluble 73 '0
„ soluble . 9'0
Metallic nitrates . . 10*5
Vaseline ... 5*9
Moisture ... 1*6
Neonites are also made for various types of rifled small
arms, including military rifles, cadet rifles, revolvers and
rim -fire rifles. These are all nitrocellulose powders with or
without moderants.
*NEW EXPLOSIVES COMPANY'S SMOKELESS
POWDER or N.E.— A 36-grain fibrous bulk powder for
shot-guns introduced in 1912. According to an analysis
given in " Arms and Explosives," 1917, p. 76, its composition
is —
Nitrocellulose, insoluble . . 50 '0
„ soluble . . 25 '8
Metallic nitrates . . 12'0
Nitro-hydrocarbons . . 7*0
Vaseline . . . . 3'5
Moisture . . . 1'7
NEW FORTEX. See FORTEX.
NITRALITE. See DENSITE.
NITRO-DENSITE.— A coal-mine explosive made by
Kynoch, Ltd. It was of the Carbonite type, and was at
one time on the Permitted List —
Date of Permit
Nitroglycerine
Barium nitrate
Wood meal .
Starch .
French chalk
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
1-9-13
18
25
5'5
28-5
23
28 oz.
T47"
68 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
*NITROKOL. — A gelatinised nitrocellulose powder in-
tended for use in rifles. It consists of a nitrocellulose, mostly
soluble in ether-alcohol, and gelatinised with that solvent.
It is made up in the form of small square flakes which are
graphited.
NITROLIT. — A high explosive used by the Germans for
filling shell. It is a mixture of ammonium nitrate and
trinitro-anisol.
The name was formerly given by C. Lamm of Stockholm
to a blasting explosive containing blasting gelatine, ammonium
nitrate and other substances.
NITRO LOW-FLAME, NOS. 1 and 2 are American
coal-mine explosives on the Permissible List. They are
nitroglycerine mixtures.
NOBEL AMMONIA POWDER.— A coal-mine ex-
plosive which was on the old Permitted List —
Ammonium nitrate . . . .84
Nitroglycerine ..... 8
Wood meal 8
NOBEL GELATINE DYNAMITE.)
NOBEL GELIGNITE. }
names explosives were introduced during the War with
modified compositions, the potassium nitrate being replaced
by sodium nitrate, and the percentage of nitroglycerine being
reduced.
NOBELIT is a German blasting explosive containing
blasting gelatine, carbonaceous substances, inorganic nitrates
and sodium or potassium chloride.
AMMON-NOBELIT contains ammonium nitrate, and
the proportion of blasting gelatine is limited to 4 per cent.
It may contain sodium or potassium oxalate, and various
other substances that are not present in Nobelit.
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 69
*NORMAL POWDER. — A smokeless powder which
was said to have been adopted by the Governments of
Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland. The
following analyses were given in " Arms and Explosives," 1917,
p. 91—
Rifle. Shot-gun Powders.
Date of Sample . . 1895 1913 1902
Nitrocellulose, insoluble . 93'0 8*8 40'8
„ soluble . . 3-5 89'4 56'1
Resin . . . .2-0
Moisture . . . .1-5 1-8 2'0
NORMANITE. — A coal-mine explosive which was made
by the Cotton Powder Co., and was on the old Permitted
List-
Nitroglycerine ..... 33*5
Collodion cotton . . . . .1*5
Potassium nitrate . . . . .44*5
Wood meal ...... 8
Charcoal . . . . . .1*5
Ammonium oxalate . . . .11
Explosifs O are the chlorate explosives made in the
French State factories. Ol, O2, O4 and O5 are Cheddites
(q. v.). O3 is a Sprengel explosive, and is dealt with under
the heading of Promethe*e.
OAKLEY QUARRY POWDER is a blasting explosive
consisting of ammonium nitrate and tetryl.
OAKLITE. — A coal-mine explosive made by the Ex-
plosives and Chemical Products, Ltd., which was on the old
Permitted List —
No. 1. No. 2.
Nitroglycerine . . . .25*5 10
Collodion cotton . . . .1 0'5
Potassium nitrate .... 34*5
Ammonium nitrate . . . . — 79 '3
Wood meal ..... 38'7 10
Magnesium carbonate . . . 0*3 0*2
70 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
ODITE. — A coal-mine explosive which was made by
the New Explosives Co., and was on the old Permitted
List-
Ammonium nitrate . . . .88
Dinitro-benzene . . . . .12
OPHORITE.— A mild but hot explosive consisting of—
Potassium perchlorate . . .60
Magnesium powder . . . .40
It is used as a bursting charge for incendiary shell, smoke
bombs, etc.
ORKANIT is the same as Alkalsit, but may contain
sodium chloride and similar salts.
OXYLIQUIT is a blasting explosive consisting of liquid
oxygen absorbed in some porous combustile material, such
as absorbent cork, soot or kieselguhr mixed with petro-
leum. It was discovered in 1895 by Prof. F. C. Linde, and
was tried on a large scale in 1899 in the construction of the
Simplon tunnel. It is very cheap, and is safe in the case of
a missfire, because in about half-an-hour the oxygen has all
evaporated off and the charge becomes inexplosive. On
the other hand, it is necessary to have the air liquefying
plant near the scene of operations, and the charge must be
fired soon after charging. These disadvantages prevented
the adoption of the explosive, but during the War fresh
trials were made in Germany in consequence of the scarcity
of nitrates.
Liquid oxygen explosives are now used on a considerable
scale by the Germans for military, as well as civil blasting
operations. The name Oxyliquit, however, seems only to
be applied to them when the explosive is made in the manner
and with the plant of the Linde Company. See also Marsit.
PANGLASTITE.— A Sprengel explosive made by mix-
ing liquid nitrogen peroxide with carbon bisulphide, nitro-
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
71
benzene or nitro-toluene. It was proposed in 1881 by
Turpin, and was tried by Germany for filling shell, the two
constituents being contained in separate glass containers,
which were broken by the shock of discharge. It was not
adopted there on account of the inconvenience of dealing
with a liquid which gives off poisonous fumes. It is a power-
ful and violent explosive, and is probably the same as the
" Turpinite " about which sensational statements were made
in the press early in the War.
PANNONIT.— A blasting explosive made by the A. G.
Dynamit Nobel of Austria. It has replaced Progressit in
Austria as a coal-mine explosive. Its composition is —
Nitroglycerine
Collodion cotton
Ammonium nitrate
Dextrin
Glycerine
Nitro-toluene
Sodium or potassium chloride
25'5
1*5
37
4
3
5
24
PAST ANIL. — A German ammonium nitrate blasting
explosive similar to Plastammon.
*P.G./88. — A Swiss smokeless powder for small-arms
consisting of —
Nitrocellulose . . . . .82
Trinitro-toluene . . . . 18
PERAGON. — A German blasting explosive containing
potassium perchlorate, zinc-aluminium alloy, aromatic nitro-
compounds and some other constituents.
PERGHLORIT is a German blasting explosive introduced
recently. It contains ammonium nitrate, a perchlorate,
mono- and dinitro-compounds, meal, charcoal, and not more
than 4 per cent, of nitroglycerine.
PERDIT. — An explosive used by the Germans for
72 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
mining and demolitions and rifle grenades. It consists
of—
Ammonium nitrate . . . .76
Potassium perchlorate .... 6
Wood meal 2
Dinitro-toluene 16
PERILIT. — A German perchlorate blasting explosive
made by the Koeln-Rottweil Pulverfabriken. It contains
not more than 65 per cent, of potassium perchlorate, aromatic
nitro-compounds, not more than 6 per cent, of dinitro-
chlorhydrin, flour, etc., and nitrates (but not more than
10 per cent, of potassium nitrate).
PERKORONIT. See Koronit.
PERMON POWDER.— A coal-mine explosive which
was on the Permitted List. It was made by the Carbonite
Syndicate in Germany, and imported into Great Britain —
Date of Permit ..... 25-11-13
Nitroglycerine . . . . .12
Collodion cotton ..... 0*4
Ammonium nitrate . . . .55
Sodium nitrate . . . . . 1
Glycerine ...... 4
Potato flour 10'6
Sodium chloride . . . . .17
Limit charge . . . . . . 18 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) . . 2 '57"
The permit was repealed on 21-11-16.
PERMONITE. — A potassium perchlorate explosive
made by the Carbonite Syndicate at Schlebusch in Germany.
A number of mixtures have been placed on the market,
but they do not differ from one another very much. One
which was on the old British Permitted List was —
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 73
Potassium perchlorate . . . . 32 "2
Ammonium nitrate . . . .41
Nitroglycerine . . . . . 3'5
Collodion cotton . . . . .0*3
Trinitro -toluene . . . . .12
Starch 8
Wood meal ...... 3
See also Gesteins Leonit.
PERRUMPIT. — A German coal-mine explosive con-
taining ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, vegetable meal,
fatty oils, graphite and aluminium, cooling agents such as
ammonium oxalate or sodium chloride, and not more than
15 per cent, of trinitro-toluene.
PERSALIT is a German perchlorate explosive made
by the Westfulisch-Anhaltische Sprengstoff A.-G. It con-
tains not more than 77 per cent, of an alkali or alkali earth
perchlorate, organic matter such as hydrocarbons, resins,
meal or nitrated hydrocarbons (with the proviso that if
the percentage of perchlorate exceed 70, there must not be
more than 10 per cent, of trinitro-toluene). There must
also be not less than 4 per cent, of ammonium nitrate, and
there may be an addition of sodium nitrate or other salt
that does not increase the sensitiveness.
WETTER-PERSALIT is a similar explosive, but has
been modified to make it more suitable for use in coal mines.
It contains not more than 85 per cent, of potassium per-
chlorate, not more than 25 per cent, of ammonium nitrate,
aromatic nitro-compounds of which not more than 20 per
cent, must be trinitro-toluene, vegetable meal, not more than
6 per cent, of nitroglycerine, sodium nitrate, and neutral
salts. It is similar to Neu-Leonit.
PETROKLASTIT or HALOKLASTIT is a modified
gunpowder mixture used in Germany in potash mines and
stone quarries. It contains sodium nitrate, sulphur, coal-tar
pitch, potassium nitrate, not more than 1 per cent, of potas-
74 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
sium bichromate, and may have up to 10 per cent, of charcoal,
as, for instance —
Sodium nitrate
Potassium nitrate .
Sulphur
Coai-tar pitch
Potassium bichromate
69
5
10
15
1
It is more powerful than ordinary blasting powder, and
somewhat less sensitive to blows. This explosive is also
made in Switzerland.
PETROLIT is a German chlorate explosive introduced
during the War. It contains not more than 88 per cent, of
potassium chlorate, nitro-compounds, kerosene, and neutral
salts. (This is rather a dangerous mixture. — A.M.)
PFALZIT. — A German blasting explosive containing
ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, not more than 13 per
cent, of trinitro-toluene, not more than 1 per cent, of collodion
cotton, meal, sodium chloride, etc.
PHCENIX POWDER.— A German coal-mine explosive
made by Dr. R. Nahnsen and Co., of Hamburg. It
passed the Woolwich Test and was on the old Permitted
List.
Nitroglycerine
Collodion cotton
Potassium nitrate .
Wood meal .
PICROL.— See Shellite,
29-5
0-5
82
88
PIERRITE.— -A form of Cheddite which was made at
Gamsee, near Brig, for excavating the Simplon tunnel —
Potassium chlorate
Nitro-naphthalene
Picric acid
Castor oil
80
11-5
2
G'5
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 75
PIT-ITE was a coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite type,
made by the New Explosives Co., Ltd. The composition,
which was on the old Permitted List, was —
Nitroglycerine . . . . .26
Barium nitrate . . . . .33
Wood meal . . . . . .41
and a little sodium or calcium carbonate.
In order to pass the Rotherham Test, the composition
was modified to the following, No. 2, which was formerly
on the Permitted List —
Date of Permit
Nitroglycerine
Potassium nitrate .
Wood meal .
Ammonium oxalate
1-9-13
24
80
88
8
Limit charge ..... over 82 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) . . 2*15"
PITSEA POWDER NO. 2 was a coal-mine explosive on
the Permitted List, made by the British Explosives Syndicate,
Ltd.—
Date of Permit ..... 26-11-13
Nitroglycerine . . . . . 6'5
Ammonium nitrate . . • . .55
Potassium nitrate . . . . .10
Wood meal 10
Ammonium oxalate . . . .18*5
Limit charge . . . . . 8 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum . . 2*64"
The permit has been repealed.
Gesteins-PLASTAMMON. — A German blasting ex-
plosive containing not less than 70 per cent, of ammonium
nitrate, glycerine, not more than 15 per cent, of nitro-toluene
or other nitro-compounds, and not more than 4 per cent, of
nitro-semicellulose.
Steinkohlen-PLASTAMMON is a variation of this, con-
76 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
taining not more than 25 per cent, of potassium nitrate, and
intended for use in coal mines.
*PLASTOMENIT was an early German shot-gun
powder which possessed no great merits. The following was
the composition of a sample examined in 1893, and given
in "Arms and Explosives," 1917, p. 90 —
Nitrocellulose, insoluble
„ soluble
Metallic nitrates
Dinitro-toluene (solvent)
Moisture
32-7
19'3
21'0
26-0
1-0
PLASTROTYL. — A German high explosive for filling
shell. It consists of a partially liquid mixture of trinitro-
and dinitro-toluene gelatinised by means of not more than
0-5 pep cent, of collodion cotton, and mixed with a small
quantity of turpentine or soft resin. It does not appear to
be in use now.
PLESSIT is a blasting explosive that was introduced in
Germany during the War. It consists of potassium chlorate,
not more than 9*5 per cent, of kerosene and 0*5 per cent, of
albumen. Wetter-Pi essit III. contains sodium chloride as
well.
PNIOWIT. — A German blasting explosive containing
ammonium nitrate, trinitro-toluene, wood meal and a small
percentage of potassium perchlorate.
Nobel POLARITE is a blasting explosive made by
Nobel's Explosives Co., Ltd. It consists of potassium per-
chlorate, and nitroglycerine mixed with a nitro-compound
and gelatinised with collodion cotton, and absorbed in wood
meal.
Poudres B, J, M, S, T. See under respective
letters.
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 77
PRAEPOSIT is a modified gunpowder —
Potassium (or sodium) nitrate) . . 70
Sulphur . . . . . .18
Charcoal ...... 6
Hipposin ...... 6
the last constituent being a fine powdery substance obtained
from dried horse dung. It is slower than ordinary blasting
powder and more expensive. It has a tendency to blow
out, and opinions as to its value vary. Formerly it was
supplied in the form of a fine powder, but it is now granulated
or made into compressed cartridges.
*PRIMROSE SMOKELESS is an inexpensive 42-grain
bulk powder for shot-guns made by the New Explosives Co.
PROGRESSIT was an explosive formerly used in
Austrian coal mines —
Ammonium nitrate . . . 94 89
Aniline hydrochloride ... 6 5
Ammonium sulphate ... — 6
It was superseded in 1913 by Pannonit.
PROM£TH£E or PROMETHEUS is a Sprengel ex-
plosive made by the French Government, by whom it is also
called Explosif O3. It consists of a porous oxygen carrier
and a liquid combustible, which are supplied separately, and
the one is dipped in the other shortly before use —
10
} Oxygen carrier, 92 to 87 o/0
1 2
Nitro-benzene . 50 60 ]
Turpentine . 20 15 V Combustible, 8 to 13 %
Naphtha . . 30 25 J
Any combination of a, b or c with 1 or 2 may be used.
The amount of liquid combustible taken up may vary from
78
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
8 to 13 per cent. : this irregularity is a serious defect, and
may cause incomplete detonation. This explosive is also
made in Italy.
PROSPERIT is a German ammonium nitrate explosive,
containing also vegetable meal, nitro-compounds and other
constituents. It may contain up to 4 per cent, of blasting
gelatine.
Gelatine-Prosperit contains also up to 20 per cent, of
dinitro-chlorhydrin gelatinised with collodion cotton.
PULVJ5RIN. — An ungranulated black powder made in
France for use in fireworks, etc.
PULVfiRITE. — A Belgian coal-mine explosive contain-
ing perchlorate —
Ammonium nitrate
Potassium perchlorate
Nitroglycerine
Collodion cotton
Trinitro-toluene
Flour .
Sodium chloride
Ammonium sulphate
Barium sulphate
The " charge limite " is 850 grammes,
504 grammes of Dynamite No. 1.
30-5
24
6
0'5
7
5
18
7
2
equivalent to
PYROGOLLODION is a nitrocotton almost entirely
soluble in ether-alcohol, and of comparatively high nitration.
It contains about 12-5 to 12«7 per cent, of nitrogen, and
consequently has about enough oxygen to oxidise all its
hydrogen to water, and its carbon to the monoxide. It
was first prepared by Mendele*eff for the Russian smokeless
powder, and was afterwards adopted by the United States
for their present powder.
PYROXILINE was a name formerly given to nitro-
cellulose.
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 79
RACK-A-ROCK is a Sprengel explosive which has been
used extensively in America, and also in Siberia and China.
It consists of cartridges of potassium chlorate mixed some-
times with oxide of iron, which are dipped shortly before
use into a liquid. The latter is nitro-benzene or " dead
oil,** a heavy hydrocarbon oil obtained from coal-tar, or a
mixture of the two. The chlorate cartridges are enclosed
in small cotton bags, and are placed in a wire basket sus-
pended from a spring balance. They are dipped into a
vessel containing the liquid until a quarter or a third of the
weight of the chlorate has been taken up.
RASCHIT is a blasting explosive consisting entirely of
salts readily soluble in water, invented by F. Raschig. The
incorporation is carried out by dissolving the constituents in
water, and evaporating the solution rapidly on a rotating
steam-heated drum. The oxidising substance is ammonium
or sodium nitrate, and the combustible is the sodium salt of
an organic sulphonate or the residue obtained from the
manufacture of wood cellulose.
II. III. IV. V. VI.
Ammonium nitrate . . — 84 87 60 85
70
16
30 — 13 10 —
Sodium nitrate
Ammonium nitro-cresol sulphonate
Sodium cresol sulphonate .
Cellulose residue .
Sodium sulphate
No. II. is the only one made at present.
R.D.B. (Research Department B). See CORDITE.
RED GROSS explosives are American dynamites con-
taining some nitro-toluene or other substance to make the
nitroglycerine low-freezing.
RED H, Nos. 1 to 7 are American coal-mine explosives
on the Permissible List. They are ammonium nitrate
mixtures.
80
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
*RED STAR is a 33-grain bulk smokeless powder for
shot-guns, introduced in 1906 by the New Explosives Co.
According to an analysis given in "Arms and Explosives,"
1917, p. 76, its composition is —
Nitrocellulose, insoluble
,, soluble
Metallic nitrates
Nitro-compounds .
Vaseline
Moisture
52-2
25'5
10-5
7-0
3-0
1-8
RENDROGK.— A brand of American dynamite.
REX POWDER is a coal-mine explosive made by the
Cotton Powder Co. It is on the Permitted List, and
is used to a considerable extent —
Date of Permit 16-8-15
Nitroglycerine . . . . .12
Ammonium nitrate . . . .60
Wood meal 8'5
Sodium chloride . . . . .19*5
Limit charge . . . . . . 20 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) . . 2*61"
REXITE. — A coal-mine explosive made by the New
Explosives Co., which was on the old Permitted List.
It is no longer " permitted."
Nitroglycerine . . . . .7*5
Ammonium nitrate . . . .66
Sodium nitrate . . . . .14*5
Trinitro-toluene ..... 7*5
Wood meal ...... 4*5
REXOL. — A high explosive containing ammonium per-
chlorate, zinc dust, resin and mineral oil.
R.F.G. (Rifled Fine Grain)
R.L.G. (Rifled Large Grain)
black powders made for
rifles and rifled ordnance
respectively.
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
II.
III.
IV.
V.
50
35
24
15
82'6
37
56-2
62'9
17
27-5
19
21'2
0-4
0-5
0'8
0'9
RHENANIT. — A German blasting explosive containing
ammonium nitrate, not more than 4 per cent, of blasting
gelatine, and combustibles such as charcoal and naphthalene.
Wetter-Rhenanit is for use in coal mines, and contains
also sodium chloride.
Rhenanit V., which has been introduced recently, contains
up to 10 per cent, of potassium perchlorate, and is similar
to Astralit V.
RHEXIT.— An Austrian dynamite.
Nitroglycerine
Sodium nitrate
Wood meal .
Sodium carbonate
*RIFLEITE was a completely gelatinised smokeless
powder which was made by the Smokeless Powder Co.;
it was in the form of flakes. A variety was also introduced
for use in shot-guns and was called Shot-Gun Rifleite; this
was a 37-grain gelatinised dense powder.
Date of Introduction
Nitrocellulose, insoluble
„ soluble .
Nitro-compound
Moisture ....
The nitrocellulose was made from lignin. These analyses
were given in "Arms and Explosives," 1917, p. 77.
RIPPING AMMONAL. See AMMONAL.
RIPPITE is an explosive made by Curtis's and Harvey,
which was on the old Permitted List —
Shot-gun
For -303
Rifleite.
Rifle.
1894
1890
76-0
1-7
18-9
82-5
8-5
14-8
1'6
1-0
Nitroglycerine
Collodion cotton
Potassium nitrate
Castor oil
Wood meal .
Ammonium oxalate
61
4
19
1
5
10
82
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
It is no longer " permitted " for use in dangerous coal
mines, but is still used for general purposes.
SUPER-RIPPITE is a modification of this, which has
passed the Rotherham Test and is on the Permitted List —
Date of Permit
Nitroglycerine
Collodion cotton
Potassium nitrate
Borax .
Potassium chloride
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
29-8-14
52
3
14'5
22-5
8
18 oz.
2*53"
RIVALIT is a German blasting explosive containing
ammonium nitrate, vegetable meal, nitro-compounds, and
may also contain up to 3 per cent, of blasting gelatine.
Rivalit P, which has been introduced recently, contains
up to 10 per cent, of potassium perchlorate, and is practically
the same as Astralit V.
Chlorat-Rivalit is an explosive of the Cheddite type,
introduced in Germany during the War —
Potassium chlorate
Paraffin
88-5
11-5
ROBURITE is a coal-mine explosive of the Grisounite
class. In Germany many different mixtures have been
made, but in general they are within the following limits —
Ammonium nitrate
Potassium nitrate .
Trinitro -toluene
Flour .
Sodium chloride
Potassium permanganate
70 to 80
5 „ 10
12 „ 15
6
5 to 6
O'l „ 0-5
but some are outside them.
The explosive has also been made in England by the
Roburite Explosives Co., Ltd., now incorporated in Roburite
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 83
and Ammonal, Ltd., who had the following on the old
Permitted List —
No. 3
Ammonium nitrate . . . .88
Dinitro-benzene . . . . .11
Chlor-naphthalene ..... 1
The following has passed the Rotherham Test and is now
on the Permitted List —
No. 4
Date of Permit ..... 13-5-14
Ammonium nitrate . . . .61
Trinitro-toluene 16
Sodium chloride 23
Limit charge . . . . . . 18 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) . . 2 '86"
ROGKITE is an explosive made by Curtis's and Harvey
for quarry work, etc.
ROMPERIT. — A German blasting explosive containing
ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, trinitro-toluene, flour
and resin. It may also contain up to 4 per cent, of blasting
gelatine.
Wetter-Romperit contains also sodium chloride, am-
monium chloride or magnesite, and is used in coal mines.
Gelatine-Romperit contains gelatinised nitroglycerine,
glycerine, potato meal, etc., and nitrates, and may also
contain aromatic nitro-compounds and alkali nitrates.
Romperit G, which has been introduced recently, contains
up to 10 per cent, of potassium perchlorate, and is similar
to Astralit V.
ROSLIN GIANT BLASTING POWDER is a per-
chlorate explosive made by Curtis's and Harvey.
*ROTTWEIL SMOKELESS POWDERS. —These were
pushed energetically in England in 1913. They comprised a
gelatinised rifle powder, and a 37-grain gelatinised dense shot-
84 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
gun powder. Analyses were given in " Arms and Explosives,"
1917, p. 90—
Shot-gun. Rifle.
Nitrocellulose, insoluble . . 72 '3 72 -8
soluble . . . 24-5 25'0
Metallic nitrates . 0'7
Camphor and diphenylamine . 1*0 1*0
Moisture 1*5 1*2
*RUBY POWDER.—-A 42-grain bulk smokeless powder,
for shot-guns, introduced in 1899 by Curtis's and Harvey.
The following analysis was given in "Arms and Explosives,"
1917—
Nitrocellulose, insoluble
soluble
Metallic nitrates
Nitro-compound
Starch .
Moisture
46-6
4-0
34-0
8'2
5'5
1-7
It is an inexpensive powder made without solvents.
RUSSELITE. — A coal-mine explosive which was made
by the Forcite Co. in Belgium. It was on the old
British Permitted List —
Nitroglycerine . . . . . 40 '5
Collodion cotton 2 '3
Potassium nitrate ..... 24*5
Trinitro-toluene . . . . .5*5
Wood meal ...... 4
Ammonium oxalate . . . .23
Calcium carbonate 0'2
*Poudre S is a shot-gun powder made by the French
Government. It consists of —
Guncotton . . . . . .37
Soluble nitrocotton . . . . .28
Potassium nitrate ..... 6
Barium nitrate . . . . .29
Moisture . 2
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
85
The ingredients are incorporated together under light
edge runners, dried and partially gelatinised with 35 per
cent, of ether-alcohol. The dough, which is not very co-
herent, is formed into grains by simply passing it through a
sieve. The grains are dried, sifted, hardened if necessary
with ether-alcohol, and again dried and sifted.
8ABULITE is a blasting explosive containing ammonium
nitrate, trinitro-toluene and calcium silicide. The last con-
stituent increases the heat of explosion and renders the
mixture more sensitive both to detonation and to blows;
it plays the same part as the aluminium powder in
Ammonal.
Ammonium nitrate
Trinitro-toluene
Calcium silicide
78
8
This composition was modified by the Belgian Sabulite
Co. to render it suitable for use in coal mines : by in-
troducing some potassium nitrate and ammonium chloride
it was able to pass the tests, and obtain a place on the list of
" explosifs S.G.P."—
Sabulite
antigri-
souteuse A.
Ammonium nitrate 54
Potassium nitrate .
Ammonium chloride
Trinitro-toluene
Calcium silicide
22
18
6
5
Sabulite has been used as a military high explosive.
SAFETY BLASTING POWDER. See GAHUECIT.
SALIT or Wittenberger Wetterdynamit is a German
coal-mine explosive. The following is an analysis —
Ammonium nitrate
Nitroglycerine
Collodion cotton
Dinitro-toluene
Dextrin
Sodium chloride
53-6
11-8
0-5
8'5
2-5
23-1
86
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
SAMSONITE.— A coal-mine explosive made by Nobel's
Explosives Co., Ltd. It was on the old Permitted List. It
is now no longer permitted for use in dangerous coal mines
but is still used for general purposes.
Nitroglycerine . .58*5
Collodion cotton
Potassium nitrate .
Wood meal .
Ammonium oxalate
3'5
18
6'5
13-5
During the War potassium nitrate was replaced by sodium
nitrate, and the nitroglycerine was reduced to 50 per cent.
Nos. 2 and 3 have passed the Rotherham Test and are
on the Permitted List —
Date of Permit .
Nitroglycerine . .
Collodion cotton .
Amide compound .
Potassium perchlorate
Sodium nitrate .
Borax . . .
Potassium chloride .
Sodium chloride .
Moisture ...
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
SAXONITE was the predecessor of Samsonite on the
old Permitted List. It has practically the same composition,
but wide limits are allowed. It also is used for general
purposes. During the War potassium nitrate was replaced by
sodium nitrate.
Ammon-SCHLESIT or Kohlen-SCHLESIT is a German
coal-mine explosive containing ammonium nitrate and other
nitrates, nitro-compounds, starch, neutral salts, not more
than 4 per cent, of blasting gelatine, and not more than 2 per
cent, of potassium perchlorate.
SGHNEIDERITE is a high explosive used by the
French for filling shell. Its composition is the same as the
Favier explosive NjC.
No. 2.
No. 3.
25-1-19
25-1-19
51-5
51-5
3
3
0-2
0-3
11
—
—
10
23-3
25-2
10
—
—
10
1
—
26
24 oz.
2-49
2-42"
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 87
*SGHULTZE POWDER was the first successful smoke-
less powder made. It was invented by Capt. E. Schultze
of the Prussian Artillery, who appears at first simply to
have impregnated little grains of wood with saltpetre (Eng.
Pat. 900 of 1864). But later the wood cellulose was purified
and nitrated, and then mixed with nitrates. The powder
has remained the same as this until the present day, although
the methods of manufacture have been developed and,
indeed, revolutionised more than once. In "Arms and Ex-
plosives," 1917, p. 75, the following analyses of different
brands were given —
Sawdust. Schultze. Imperial. Cube. Lightning.
Date introduced . . 1869 1883 1902 1908 1913
Charge for 12-bore, grns. . 42 42 33 30 33
Gela-
Fibrous. Fibrous. Fibrous, tinised. Fibrous.
Nitrocellulose, insoluble) ft, 25'0 63'7 62'1 55'0
soluble / °* 40'0 18'9 27*0 27'0
Metallic nitrates . . 33'0 29'0 8'0 5'0 11'2
Vaseline . — 4'0 7'6 4'0 5'0
Moisture 2'2 2'0 T8 1'9 1'8
The nitrocellulose in all cases has been made from wood
cellulose. All the powders are of the bulk type.
Schultze powder is also made in America as a 36-grain
fibrous bulk powder —
Nitrocellulose, insoluble . . . .4*9
„ soluble .... 78'5
Metallic nitrates 10'5
Vaseline ...... 3*7
Moisture . . . . . .2*4
SEAMEX is a coal-mine explosive on the Permitted List
made by Explosives and Chemical Products, Ltd. —
Nitroglycerine . . . . .10
Ammonium nitrate . . . .58
Wheat flour 20
Sodium chloride . . . . .12
Limit charge 36 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) . . 2-54"
88 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
SEBOMITE is a French chlorate explosive resembling
Cheddite, but containing tallow instead of castor oil.
SEGURITE was one of the first coal-mine explosives.
It contained ammonium nitrate and dinitro-benzene, and
was therefore similar to Bellite and Roburite.
SEGUROPHORE. — A Belgian coal-mine explosive con-
taining nitroglycerine, nitrates, flour and other constituents.
SENGITE is a variety of Tonite introduced in South
Africa as a substitute for Gelignite in consequence of the
scarcity of glycerine due to the War. It contains guncotton
and sodium nitrate, and sufficient moisture to render it safe
to handle without diminishing its strength. The first four
letters of its name stand for substitute explosive no glycerine.
It requires a priming cartridge of gelignite or similar explosive.
It is more expensive than gelignite, and consequently is not
likely to be used when the scarcity of glycerine has been
relieved.
SHELLITE. — A high explosive consisting of picric acid
and dinitro -phenol, used for filling shells. The mixture
possesses the advantage over straight picric acid that it
melts at a lower temperature. It was for a time called
Picrol.
SHEPPEY POWDER.— A coal-mine explosive made by
the Cotton Powder Co. which was on the Permitted
List for a short time, but was removed in 1914 —
Date of Permit .... 25-11-13
Nitroglycerine . . . . .27
Potassium nitrate . . . . .31
Wood meal . . . . 86
Ammonium oxalate .... 6
Limit charge . . . . . .10 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) . . 2* 10"
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 89
SIEGENIT. — A German blasting explosive containing
ammonium nitrate, flour, and not more than 15 per cent,
of dinitro-toluene. For use in coal mines, sodium chloride
and magnesium sulphate are added as diluents, and nitro-
glycerine to increase the sensitiveness.
SILESIA is a German blasting explosive consisting of
potassium chlorate, the particles of which are coated with
resin or oxidised resin. The latter is made by treating
ground colophony, mixed with 10 per cent, of starch, with
nitric acid. After washing and drying this is incorporated
with the chlorate with the aid of alcohol, in which it is soluble.
For use in coal mines sodium chloride is sometimes added.
The following are examples —
4. 4a. IV. 22.
Potassium chlorate . . 80 80 70
Resin . . . .20 16 "\ g
,, oxidised . . . — 4 /
Sodium chloride ... — 22
It is practically the same as Steelite.
*S.K., S.R., S.S., S.V. were partially gelatinised fibrous
smokeless powders, introduced by the Smokeless Powder
Co. about 1889. They are no longer made. The
following analyses were given in " Arms and Explosives," 1917,
p. 77—
S.R. S.S.
Nitrocellulose, insoluble
,, soluble
Metallic nitrates
Nitro-compound
Vaseline
Starch
Moisture
45'2 53-0
25'5 13'0
18'5 18'0
lO'O
4*6
8-0
2-8 1-4
The nitrocellulose was made from lignin. S.S. was a
38-grain bulk powder; S.R. was a fibrous powder for rifles;
S.K. a similar powder for small rifles, and S.V. for revolvers.
90
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
*SMOKELESS DIAMOND is a 33-grain bulk smoke-
less powder for shot-guns, introduced in 1903 by Curtis's
and Harvey. According to an analysis in "Arms and Ex-
plosives," 1917, p. 78, its composition is —
Nitrocellulose, insoluble
,, soluble
Metallic nitrates
Vaseline
Charcoal
Moisture
69'0
6-6
15'0
2'5
5'6
1-3
*SOLENITE. — A smokeless powder introduced in Italy
in 1896 for use in rifles —
Nitroglycerine
Nitrocotton, soluble
Mineral jelly .
34
63
3
It is gelatinised with the aid of acetone, and is made in
the form of translucent short tubes of a light brown colour.
SPRENGCHLORAT. See Hassia-Chlorat.
SPRENGEL EXPLOSIVES were patented in 1871 by
Dr. Hermann Sprengel, F.R.S., the inventor of the mercury
vacuum pump. They are made by mixing an oxidising
substance with a combustible one, the essential features
being that one or both of the substances must be liquid, and
the mixing takes place shortly before the explosive is re-
quired. The mixture is exploded by means of a fulminate
detonator. As oxidising agents, Sprengel mentioned amongst
others nitric acid and potassium chlorate ; nitrogen peroxide
has also been used ; as combustibles, a large number of sub-
stances including nitro-benzene, nitro-naphthalene, carbon
bisulphide, petroleum and picric acid. For most purposes
nitric acid is an inconvenient material to use. Porous cart-
ridges of potassium chlorate constitute the oxidiser generally
employed, the combustibles being hydrocarbon oils and
nitro-benzene. This possesses considerable advantages, as
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 91
there is no danger of a premature explosion until the con-
stituents have been mixed. Under the British Explosives
Act, however, this mixing constitutes " manufacture," and
can only be carried out in a properly licensed factory. Con-
sequently Sprengel explosives have not been used in Great
Britain, but they have been employed on a considerable
scale in the United States, France, Italy and other countries.
For examples of Sprengel explosives see Panclastite,
Promethe*e, Rack-a-Rock.
SPRENGGELATINE is the German for Blasting
Gelatine.
SPRENGSALPETER is a cheap German blasting
powder made from sodium nitrate, sulphur and brown coal.
It is used in the potash mines.
STABILITE is a name that has been given to trinitro-
anisole. It has been tried as a constituent of a smokeless
powder, but it belies its title as it is readily hydrolysed with
the formation of picric acid. It has also been used by the
Germans as a filling for bombs.
STANFORD POWDER.— A coal-mine explosive of the
Favier class which was on the Permitted List for a short
time in 1913.
STEELITE was practically the same as Silesia. Colliery
Steelite was a coal-mine explosive on the old Permitted List,
and made by Steelite Explosives, Ltd. It contained —
Potassium chlorate . . . .74
Oxidised resin . . . . .25
Castor oil ...... l
Steelite is no longer authorised for manufacture or import
into the United Kingdom.
ST. HELEN'S POWDER.— -A coal-mine explosive of
92 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
the Ammonal type made by the Roburite Explosives Co.,
which was on the old Permitted List —
Ammonium nitrate . . . . 93 '5
Aluminium powder . . . .2*5
Trinitro-toluene 4
STOMONAL is a coal-mine explosive made by the
New Explosives Co., Ltd. It was on the old Permitted
List. In order to pass the Rotherham Test and obtain
places on the new Permitted List, No. 1 and No. 2 have had
salts added as cooling agents —
No. 1. No. 2.
Date of Permit 22-6-14 9-5-17
Nitroglycerine .... 8 10 10
Ammonium nitrate . . . 84*5 56 l 60'5
Sodium nitrate .... — 6
Wood meal 7'5 — 6'5
Wheat flour .... — 8-5
Sodium chloride . . . . — 19'5 17
Ammonium oxalate ... — 6
Limit charge . . . . — 20 30 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) — 2 '08 2 '57*
STONAX is a low-freezing Gelignite containing a small
percentage of a nitro-compound.
STOW-ITE. — A coal-mine explosive made by the New
Explosives Co., Ltd. It was on the old Permitted List —
Nitroglycerine . . . . .59
Collodion cotton . . . . .4*7
Potassium nitrate . . . . .18*8
Wood meal 6
Ammonium oxalate . . . .12
*STOWMARKET SMOKELESS is a 33-grain bulk
powder for shot-guns made by the New Explosives Co. It is
a comparatively inexpensive powder.
SUNDERITE was a coal-mine explosive made by Nobel's
Explosives Co., Ltd., at one time on the Permitted List —
1 Including not more than 2 per cent, magnesium carbonate.
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
93
Date of Permit
Nitroglycerine
Ammonium nitrate
Potassium perchlorate
Wood meal .
Ammonium oxalate
26-11-13
9
53*2
9
8'8
20
16 oz.
2'66"
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
SUPER-CLIFFITE. See CLIFFITE.
SUPER-CURTISITE. See CURTISITE.
SUPER-EXCELLITE. See EXGELLITE.
SUPERITE. — A coal-mine explosive which was made by
the Carbonite Company in Germany, and formerly on the
Permitted List —
Date of Permit .... 1-9-13
Nitroglycerine ..... 4
Ammonium nitrate . . . .82
Potassium nitrate . . . . .10
Starch .4
Limit charge . . . . . 10 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) . . 2*53"
The Permit was repealed on 21-11-16.
SUPER-KOLAX. See KOLAX.
SUPER-RIPPITE. See RIPPITE.
SWALE POWDER was a coal-mine explosive on the
Permitted List made by the Cotton Powder Co., Ltd. —
Date of Permit . . 10-2-14
Nitroglycerine
Collodion cotton
Trinitro-toluene
Potassium perchlorate
Wood meal .
Ammonium oxalate
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
The permit has been repealed.
19
1
4
88
10
28
20 oz.
2-50"
94
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
SWALITE. — A coal-mine explosive made by the Cotton
Powder Co., Ltd. It was on the old Permitted List —
Nitroglycerine
Collodion cotton
Potassium nitrate .
Wood meal .
Ammonium oxalate
59-5
4
17
6
13'5
SYNDITE. — A coal-mine explosive formerly on the
Permitted List. It was made by the Carbonite Syndicate in
Germany —
Nitroglycerine
Collodion cotton
Ammonium nitrate
Sodium nitrate
Glycerine
Starch .
Sodium chloride
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
The permit was repealed on 21-9-16.
11
0-2
46'3
8
3-5
4
27
over 40 oz.
2-22"
*Poudre T is a condensed smokeless shot-gun powder
manufactured by the French Government. It is made from
guncotton, CP1} to which 2 per cent, of saltpetre is added,
gelatinised with acetone. The dough is pressed into strips
which are rolled down to a thickness of 0*15 mm. and cut
into small squares of 1*5 mm. side. The powder is then
steeped in water to dissolve out the greater part of the
potassium nitrate, dried, and finally drummed with a little
gum and graphite to make it more progressive. This powder
is superior to the other French sporting-powders, but is more
expensive. The charge for a 16-bore cartridge is 1*9 grammes.
TELSIT A is a blasting explosive made at the Nobel
Works in Switzerland. It consists of ammonium nitrate,
nitrated toluene and aluminium powder.
Gelatine-Telsit contains ammonium nitrate, blasting
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 95
gelatine and liquid trinitrotoluene, also gelatinised with
collodion cotton.
Special-Gelatine-Telsit differs from this in having part of
the ammonium nitrate replaced by sodium nitrate.
TERRIT is a plastic blasting explosive made in Sweden,
and consisting of ammonium perchlorate, sodium nitrate and
liquid dinitro-toluene, gelatinised with collodion cotton —
Ammonium perchlorate . . . .43
Sodium nitrate . . . . .28
Dinitro-toluene (liquid) . . . .27*8
Collodion cotton . . . . .1*2
It is difficult to detonate.
TETRYL is the name usually given to tetranitro-methyl-
aniline, the strictly scientific designation of which is trinitro-
phenyl-methyl-nitramine —
CH3 NO2
V
/\
NO
NO
It is used extensively as an intermediate detonating agent
for high -explosive shell, as it is somewhat more sensitive than
most of the explosives used, and can consequently be detonated
by a small charge of fulminate. It is also called C. E.
Grisou-TETRILITE. See Favier Powder.
TEUTONIT is a German Favier explosive containing
not less than 70 per cent, of ammonium nitrate, not more
than 5 per cent, of flour or potato meal, and not more than
15 per cent, of aromatic nitro- and dinitro-compounds. It
may also contain neutral salts.
TEUTONITE was a name given occasionally to White
Gunpowder (q. v.).
96
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
THAMES POWDER is a coal-mine explosive on the
Permitted List made by the British Explosives Syndicate,
Ltd.—
No. 2.
Date of Permit .... 22-6-14 28-1-15
Nitroglycerine 6*5 10
Ammonium nitrate 55 59 l
Potassium nitrate 10 —
Wood meal . 4*5 10
Starch . 5
Ammonium oxalate 19
Sodium chloride — 21
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
32
2'78
22
2'59"
THERMIT is not an explosive, although in some respects
it resembles one. It generally consists of a mixture of
about three parts oxide of iron with one part of aluminium
powder, but other oxides and other metals are sometimes
used. When initiated by strong heat in one place a reaction
sets in with -great evolution of heat and the formation of a
white-hot mass of molten iron and slag. It differs from an
explosive in that no gas is formed and the reaction is
comparatively slow. It is used for filling incendiary bombs
and for many industrial purposes.
THORNIT. — A German blasting explosive consisting of
ammonium nitrate and vegetable meal. It may also contain
animal or vegetable fats.
TITANITE. — A coal-mine explosive manufactured in
Hungary. A variety of it was on the old British Permitted
List— "
Ammonium nitrate . . . . 87
Trinitro-toluene ..... 7
Curcuma charcoal ..... 6
Other varieties containing a smaller percentage of am-
monium nitrate have been used for general blasting.
1 Including not more than 2 per cent, of magnesium carbonate.
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 97
T.N.T. stands for trinitro-toluene or trotyl.
TOLITE stands for trinitro-toluene.
TONITE, or Cotton Powder, is a blasting explosive
which was much used at one time. It consists of gun-
cotton mixed with a nitrate and compressed into blocks or
cylinders, but a small percentage of a nitro-compound has
sometimes been added. A Belgian Tonite had the com-
position—
Guncotton . . . . . .53*0
Barium nitrate . . . . .37*6
Sodium nitrate . . . . .9*4
That made by the Cotton Powder Co. consists of —
Guncotton . . . . . .50
Barium nitrate . . . . .50
TOXOL is a high explosive, a mixture of trinitro-xylene
and trinitro-toluene.
TREMONIT is a German coal-mine explosive containing
gelatinised dinitro-glycerine, e. g. —
Tremonit S II.
Dinitro-glycerine
Collodion cotton
Trinitro-toluene
Ammonium nitrate
Pea flour
Sodium chloride
33
1
2'5
26'5
12
25
Ammon-Tremonit or Gesteins-Tremonit contains a con-
siderable proportion of ammonium nitrate.
Gesteins-Tremonit V. contains also up to 10 per cent, of
potassium perchlorate, and is similar to Astralit V.
TRINOL. — A name for trinitro-toluene.
TRIPLASTIT was a plastic high explosive obtained
by gelatinising a liquid or semi-liquid mixture of nitro-
98 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
toluenes with collodion cotton and mixing it with lead
nitrates, e. g. —
Nitro-toluenes . . . . .70
Collodion cotton . . . . .1*2
Lead nitrate 28 '8
It was intended for filling shell, etc.
*TROISDORF SMOKELESS POWDER became pro-
minent in England in 1897 in connection with Mannlicher
cartridges for the Bisley long-range competitions. It was
occasionally recorded as Pigou Wilkes Powder, as that firm
were agents for it. The following are analyses of samples
taken in 1898 (" Arms and Explosives," 1917, p. 90)—
Shot-gun Rifle
Powder. Powder.
Nitrocellulose, insoluble . . 24*9 T5
„ soluble . . . 61'7 96'5
Starch, agar and dye . . . 11 '5
Moisture 1'9 2'0
The shot-gun powder was a fibrous bulk powder, and the
charge for a 12-bore cartridge was 33 grains. The rifle
powder was gelatinised.
TROJAN GOAL POWDER is an American coal-mine
explosive on the Permissible List. It contains nitro-starch.
TROTYL is a name for trinitro-toluene.
TUNNELIT is a German safety explosive containing
ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, not more than 10 per
cent, of trinitro-toluene (or not more than 6 per cent, together
with not more than 2 per cent, of neutral liquid trinitro-
toluene), not more than 20 per cent, of dinitro-chlorhydrin,
not more than 5 per cent, of nitroglycerine, not more than
1 per cent, of collodion cotton, and carbohydrates.
TUNNELITE is an American coal-mine explosive on
the Permissible List. Brands AA, B and C are ammonium
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
99
nitrate explosives, whereas numbers 8 to 8, 6LF and 8LF
are nitroglycerine explosives.
TURPINITE. See PANGLASTITE.
TUTOL. — A coal-mine explosive made by the West-
phalia Anhalt Explosives Co. in Germany. It was on
the old Permitted List. A variation of it, No. 2, was for a
time on the new List, but it was repealed in Nov. 1916.
No. 2.
25
25
33
—
2
—
—
29
39'8
36-3
—
9'5
0'2
0'2
—
22 o
2'1
Nitroglycerine
Potassium nitrate
Barium nitrate
Sodium nitrate
Wood meal .
Sodium chloride
Sodium bicarbonate
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
UPLEES POWDER.— A coal-mine explosive of the
Grisounite type made by the Cotton Powder Co. It
was for a time on the Permitted List but was repealed
in 1914.
VELOX GELATINE.— A blasting explosive for hard
rock made by the British South African Explosives Co.
It contains less nitroglycerine than blasting gelatine, and is
intended to husband stocks of glycerine (" Arms and Explo-
sives," 1916, p. 81).
Gelatine VENDER is a Swiss explosive consisting of
dinitro-acetin gelatinised with a little collodion cotton and
mixed with ammonium nitrate.
VICTOR POWDER was a coal-mine explosive made by
Nobel's Explosives Co. There were two varieties at one time
on the Permitted List —
100 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
No. 2.
Date of Permit .... 13-5-14 16-1-15
Ammonium nitrate .... 68 67
Potassium chloride . . . .14*5
Sodium chloride . . . . — 15
Nitroglycerine . . . 8f5 9
Wood meal ..... 9 9
Limit charge . . . . .18 16
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) . 2 '96" 2-63"
VIGTORITE.— A coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite
type made by Nobel's Explosives Co. It was on the old
Permitted List.
VIEILLE POWDER. See Poudre B.
VIGORIT. See MONAGHIT.
VIGORITE is a name that has been given to several
explosives in the past. One of these, manufactured in
California in the 'seventies of the last century, contained
potassium chlorate and nitroglycerine, and consequently was
decidedly dangerous. It gave rise to a serious accident on
the Grand Trunk Railway.
The Atlas Powder Co. in America manufacture a
series of coal-mine explosives under this name. They are
nitroglycerine explosives.
VIKING POWDER is a coal-mine explosive made by
Nobel's Explosives Co. There are two varieties on
the Permitted List —
No. 1. No. 2.
Date of Permit .... 15-1-15 15-1-16
Ammonium nitrate ... 59 67
Nitroglycerine . . . .10 8*5
Wood meal 10 8'5
Sodium chloride . . . .20 15
Magnesium carbonate ... 1 1
Limit charge . . . . .26 18 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) . 2'44" 2-59"
This explosive is used extensively.
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 101
VIRITE. — A coal-mine explosive made by the Nitrate
Explosives Co. which was on the old Permitted
List-
Ammonium nitrate . . . .88
Potassium nitrate . . . . .85*5
Sulphur ...... 4*5
Charcoal 11-5
Ammonium oxalate .... 10'5
There have been other explosives of the same name.
VULCAN POWDER is a brand of American dynamite.
W.A. See Lafflin and Rand.
WALLONITE. — A Belgian blasting and coal-mine Ex-
plosive—
II. in.
Ammonium nitrate . . . 90 70 70
Sodium nitrate . . . . — 20 25
Nitrated resin .... 10 10 5
Charge limite . . . . 50 125 600 g.
*WALSRODE SHOT-GUN POWDER was a gelatin-
ised 28-grain dense powder, which the German makers
endeavoured to introduce into England in the 'nineties, but
it gave high pressures. A powder of this name is still used
in Germany, however, but it is a 85-grain powder in the
form of small grains, greyish white and greyish green in
colour.
WALSRODE SICHERHEITS-SPRENGSTOFF is a
German coal-mine explosive containing ammonium nitrate,
trinitro-toluene, flour, and a little guncotton and sometimes
sodium chloride.
Wetter- Walsrode is also an ammonium nitrate explosive.
It contains no guncotton but may contain potassium
nitrate, sodium chloride, naphthalene, and various other
substances.
102 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
WESTFALITE is a coal-mine explosive which is made
in Germany and England. The German explosives vary
much in composition, and some of them are intended for
ordinary blasting. Some of those recently introduced con-
tain up to 10 per cent, of potassium perchlorate. Originally
Westfalite was made by milling ammonium nitrate with an
alcoholic solution of gum lac, but later the use of the gum
was abandoned.
British Westfalite, Ltd., had two mixtures on the old
Permitted List —
No. 1. No. 2.
Ammonium nitrate .... 95 91
Potassium nitrate .... — 4
Resin ...... 5 5
That formerly on the Permitted List differed considerably
from the above —
Weatfalite No. 3.
Date of Permit ... . 1-9-13
Ammonium nitrate 60
Potassium nitrate .
Trinitro-toluene
Ammonium chloride
Limit charge ....
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
14
5
21
12 oz.
2-55"
WETTERDYNAMIT is a name that has been given in
Germany to various coal-mine explosives containing nitro-
glycerine.
WETTER-DYNAMMON. See DYNAMMON.
*WETTEREN. — A gelatinised rifle smokeless powder
made by the Cooppal Co. of Belgium. The following
analyses were given in "Arms and Explosives," 1917,
p. 91—
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 103
Date of Sample . . .1892 1893
Nitrocellulose, insoluble . 16'0 57 '3
Nitroglycerine
Shellac
Charcoal
Moisture
soluble
46-2 37-6
27'3
— 3'5
9-0
1-5 1'6
WHITE GUNPOWDER is a mixture of—
Potassium chlorate . . . .50
Potassium ferrocyanide . . . .25
Sugar 25
It is not produced commercially, and, indeed, is too sensitive,
but it is sometimes made in the laboratory. It has also been
called Angendre's powder, White German powder, American
powder, and Baron and Cau vet's powder.
WILHELMIT is a German blasting explosive of the
Cheddite type. It consists of sodium or potassium chlorate
hydrocarbon oil with a flash point not below 30° C., and
carbohydrates. For use in coal mines neutral salts are
added. It was introduced during the War.
WITHNELL POWDER.— A coal-mine explosive of the
Grisounite type made by the Lancashire Explosives Co.,
which was on the old Permitted List —
Ammonium nitrate .... 89*5
Trinitro -toluene 5
Flour 5-5
WITTENBERGER WETTERDYNAMIT. See SALIT.
XPDITE is an American coal-mine explosive on the
Permissible List. It is made by the Hercules Powder
Co., and contains nitroglycerine.
YONGKITE. — A Belgian ammonium perchlorate ex-
plosive. The composition has been varied somewhat, and
104
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES
one formula, No. 10, is on the list of Explosifs S.G.P., and
consequently is permitted for use in Belgian coal mines.
No. 1 is a more powerful explosive used for general blasting.
Ammonium perchlorate
Ammonium nitrate
Sodium nitrate
Barium nitrate
Trinitro-toluene
Sodium chloride
Charge limite .
ZELTIT. See Celtite.
No. 10.
25
30
15
10
20
. 900 g.
I.
20
27
27
6
20
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
ACID, Nitric.
Hellhofite.
Sprengel Explosives,
Acid, Picric. See Picric Acid.
Agar.
Amasite,
Troisdorf Smokeless Powder.
Albumen.
Plessit,
Alcohol, Amyl.
B,
Alum, Chromium Ammonium.
Chromamonit,
Aluminium,
Alsilite,
Alumatol.
Ammonal.
Donarit A,
Echo.
Lignosit,
Perrumpit.
St. Helen's Powder,
Telsit,
Thermit.
Ammonium Nitrate, Chloride, etc. See Nitrate, Chloride, etc.
Ammonium Nitrocresol-sulphonate.
Raschit.
105
106 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Amyl Alcohol.
B.
Aniline.
Filite.
Aniline Hydrochloride.
Progressit.
Antimony Sulphide.
Flobert Ammunition,
Aromatic Nitro-compounds. See Nitro-compounds.
Barium Nitrate, etc. See Nitrate, etc.
Bark.
Cahuecit.
Bauxite.
Lignosit.
Bicarbonate, Sodium.
C. S. P.
Tutol.
Bichromate, Ammonium.
J.
Bichromate, Potassium.
Ammonal.
Dahmenite.
J.
Petroklastit.
Bisulphide, Carbon.
Panclastite.
Sprengel Explosives.
Borax,
Haylite,
Rippite.
Samsonite.
Bran.
Forcite.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 107
Briquette Powder.
Loewenpulver.
Calcium Silicide
Sabulite.
Camphor,
E. C. Powder.
Herculite.
M.
Rottweil Smokeless Powder.
Carbohydrates. See also Cellulose, Flour, Starch, Vegetable
Meal, Wood Meal.
Albit.
Alkalsit.
Chloratzite.
Foerdit.
Gesilit.
Tunnelit.
Wilhelmit.
Carbon Bisulphide.
Panclastite.
Sprengel Explosives.
Carbonaceous Substances.
Nobelit,
Carbonate, Calcium.
Blasting Gelatine.
Cambrite.
Carbonite.
Clydite.
Dynamite.
Gelatine Dynamite.
Gelignite.
Kynite.
Pit-ite.
Russelite.
108 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Carbonate, Magnesium, See also Magnesite.
Blasting Gelatine.
Dynobel.
Gelatine Dynamite.
Monobel.
Oaklite.
Stomonal,
Thames Powder.
Viking Powder.
Carbonate, Sodium.
Britonite,
Carbonite,
Clydite.
Forcite Antigrisouteuse.
Lignosit,
Minite,
Pit-ite,
Rhexit.
Cellulose,
Antigel.
Colinit,
Flammivore.
Grisoutite,
Cellulose Residue.
Raschit.
Chalk, French.
Nitro-Densite.
Charcoal,
Amide Powder.
Ammonal.
Ammoniakkrut.
Ammonpulver.
Neu Anagon.
Aphosite,
Astralit.
Bavarit.
Black Powder.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 109
Charcoal (continued) —
Bobbinite.
Bomlit.
Cannonite.
Denaby Powder.
Detonit.
Dragonite.
Fulmenit.
Hebler Powder.
Lithofracteur.
M.B. Powder.
Monachit.
Normanite.
Perchlorit.
Praeposit.
Pulverin.
Rhenanit.
Smokeless Diamond.
Virite.
Wetteren.
Charcoal, Cork.
Carbo-Dynamite.
Oxyliquit.
Charcoal, Curcuma.
Titanite.
Charcoal, Red.
Dynammon.
Charcoal, Straw.
Cocoa Powder.
Chlorate, Potassium.
Albit.
Alkalsit.
Barbarit.
Cheddite.
Chloratzite.
Flobert Ammunition.
Hassia-Chlorat.
110 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Chlorate, Potassium (continued) —
Himalayite.
Kinetit.
Kiwit.
Koronit.
L. C. Pulver.
Mercurit.
Miedziankit.
Mitchellite.
Naphthalit.
O.
Petrolit.
Pierrite.
Plessit.
Promethee.
Rack-a-Rock.
Rivalit (Chlorat-).
Sebomite.
Silesia.
Sprengel Explosives.
Steelite.
Vigorite.
White Gunpowder.
Wilhelmit.
Chlorate, Sodium.
Albit.
Alkalsit.
Cheddite.
Kiwit.
Koronit.
O.
Wilhelmit.
Chloride, Ammonium.
Anchorite.
Cornil.
Curtisite (Super-).
Denaby Powder.
Densite,
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS ill
Chloride, Ammonium (continued) —
Dreadnought Powder.
Essex Powder.
Excellite (Super-).
Expedite.
Faversham Powder.
Favier Explosive.
Fortex (New).
Fractorite.
Fumyl.
Kentite.
Mersey Powder.
Romperit.
Sabulite.
Westfalite.
Chloride, Potassium.
Ammonite.
Astralit.
Cambrite.
Carbonite (Ammon-).
Dahmenite.
Dominite.
Dynamit (Gallerte-).
Elsagit.
Foerdit.
Gehlingerit (Wetter-).
Monachit.
Monobel.
Naphthalit.
Nationalite.
Nobelit.
Pannonit.
Rippite.
Samsonite.
Victor Powder.
Chloride, Sodium.
Abbcite.
Abelite.
112 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Chloride, Sodium (continued) —
Alsilite.
Ammonite.
Astralit.
Bellite.
Britonite.
Carbonite (Ammon-).
Cliffite (Super-).
Cosilit.
Dahmenite.
Donarit (Wetter-).
Dorfit.
Dreadnought Powder.
Du Pont Permissible.
Dynobel.
Elsagit.
Excellite (Super-).
Favier Explosives.
Foerdit.
Fulmenit.
Gehlingerit (Wetter-).
Gesilit.
Glueckauf.
Haylite.
Kiwit.
Koronit
Leonit.
Lignosit.
Miedziankit.
Monarkite.
Monobel.
Naphthalit.
Nationalite.
Negro Powder.
Nobelit.
Orkanit.
Pannonit.
Permon Powder.
Perrumpit.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 113
Chloride, Sodium (continued) —
Pfazit.
Plessit.
Pulve~rite.
Rex Powder.
Rhenanit.
Roburite.
Romperit.
Salit.
Samsonite.
Seamex.
Siegenit.
Silesia.
Stomonal.
Syndite.
Thames Powder.
Tremonit.
Tutol.
Victor Powder.
Viking Powder.
Walsrode Sicherheits-Sprengstoff.
Yonckite.
Chlor-Naphthalenes.
Am vis.
Roburite.
Chromate, Lead.
Cornil.
Halakite.
Chromium Ammonium Alum.
Chromamonit.
Coal.
Alkalsit.
Ammoniakkrut.
Carbonite (Ammon-).
Judson Powder.
Koronit.
Lithofracteur.
8
114 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Coal (continued) —
Loewenpulver.
Sprengsalpeter.
Coke.
Dahmenit.
Collodion Cotton. See Nitro-cotton.
Copper Nitrate Ammonia.
Glueekauf,
Copper Nitrate Aniline.
Anilit.
Copper Sulphate Aniline.
Anilit,
"^
Cork Charcoal. See Charcoal.
Cresylate, Ammonium.
C.
Ecrasite.
Curcuma Meal.
Dahmenit.
Curcuma Charcoal.
Titanite.
Dextrin.
Dynamit (Sicherheits-).
Flammivore.
Foerdit.
Gesilit.
Pannonit.
Salit.
Dimethyl-diphenyl-urea.
Centralite.
Dinitro-acetin.
Vender.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 115
Dinitro-benzene.
Abelite.
Amvis.
Bellite.
Cannonite.
Dahmenit.
Denaby Powder.
Dynobel.
Gathurst Powder.
Glueckauf.
Good Luck.
Granatfuellung.
Hellhofite.
Odite.
Roburite.
Securite.
Dinitro-chlorhydrin.
Astralit.
Donarit.
Helit.
Perilit.
Prosperit.
Tunnelit.
Dinitro-glycerine.
Dahmenite.
Tremonit.
Dinitro-glycol.
Gelignite.
Dinitro-naphthalene.
Ammonite.
Astralit.
Cornil.
Favier Explosives.
Fractorite,
Kiwit.
Minolite.
Schneiderite.
116 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Dinitrophenol.
Shellite.
Dinitro-toluene.
Abbcite.
Ajax Powder.
Antigel.
Astralit.
Blastine.
Cheddite.
Densite.
Dominit.
Dynobel.
Erin Gelignite.
Excellite.
Flammivore.
Gelignite.
Gesilit.
Halalite.
Kiwit.
Kynarkite
Leonit.
Nationalite.
Neonal.
Perdit.
Salit.
Siegenit.
Diphenylamine.
B.
Filite.
Foerdit (Ammon-).
N. C. T.
Rottweil Smokeless Powder.
Fat. See also Tallow.
Aerolit.
Thornit.
Fat, Vegetable.
Thornit.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 117
Fatty Acid Salt.
Dynamit (Wettersicheres-).
Ferrocyanide, Potassium.
Cannonite.
White Gunpowder.
Ferro-Silicon.
Echo.
Ferro-Silicon- Aluminium.
Alsilite.
Flour. See also Meal.
Alkalsit.
Carbonite (Ammon-).
Colinit.
Dorfit.
Dynamit (Wettersicheres-).
Foerdit.
Fractorite.
Gehlingerit.
Helagon.
Helit.
Minite.
Monachit.
Naphthalit.
Perilit.
Pulverite.
Roburite.
Romperit.
Securophore.
Siegenit.
Teutonit.
Walsrode Sicherheits-Sf.
Withnell Powder.
Flour, Pea,
Gesilit.
Flour, Roasted.
Aetna Powder.
118 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Flour, Rye.
Donarit.
Flammivore.
Forcite Antigrisouteuse.
Tremonit.
Flour, Wheat.
Essex Powder.
Ligdyn.
Seamex.
Stomonal.
French Chalk.
Nitro-Densite.
Fulminate, Mercury.
Flobert Ammunition.
Gelatine.
Dynamit (Wettersicheres-
Glycerine.
Dominit.
Dynamit (Sicherheits-).
Foerdit.
Halakite.
Pannonit,
Permon Powder.
Plastammon.
Romperit.
Syndite.
Graphite.
Negro Powder.
Nitrokol.
Perrumpit.
T.
Gum.
Dorfit (Per-).
T.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 119
Gum Lac.
Westfalite.
Guncotton.
Axite.
Bomlit.
Cordite.
C. P.
C. S. P.
Fulmenit.
Indurite.
Kiwit.
Lafflin and Rand.
S,
Sengite.
T.
Tonite.
Walsrode Sicherheits-Sprengstoff.
Hexanitro-diphenylamine.
Hexanitro-diphenyl Sulphide.
Granatfuellung.
Hipposin.
Praeposit.
Hydrocarbons. See also Mineral Jelly, Vaseline, Naphthalene,
Oils, Paraffin Wax and Turpentine.
Alkalsit.
Astralit.
Bomlit.
Dynamit ( Wetter sicheres-).
Koronit.
Naphthalit.
Persalit.
Prom6thee.
Rack-a-Rock.
Rexol.
Sprengel Explosives
Wilhelmit.
120 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Inert Substances. See also Chlorides, Neutral Substances,
Oxalates, etc.
Koronit.
Iron Oxide.
Rack-a-Rock.
Thermit.
Ivory, Vegetable.
Meganit.
Kerosine. See Oil, Kerosine.
Kieselguhr.
Dynamite.
Giant Powder.
Lithofracteur.
Oxyliquit.
Lac. See Gum Lac, Shellac.
Lampblack.
Cahuecit.
Cannonite.
Lead Nitrate, Chromate. See Nitrate, Chromate.
Magnesia.
Forcite.
Magnesite.
Romperit.
Magnesium.
Ophorite.
Magnesium Carbonate. See Carbonate.
Manganese Dioxide. See Oxide.
Meal, Curcuma.
Dahmenite.
Meal, Potato.
Astralit.
Helagon.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 121
Meal, Potato (continued) —
Helit.
Permon Powder.
Romperit.
Teutonit.
Meal, Sago.
Aerolit.
Meal, Vegetable. See also Flour, Starch, Wood Meal, etc.
Albit.
Astralit.
Cahuecit (Ammon-).
Cosilit.
Dahmenite.
Detonit.
Dominit,
Donarit.
Dorfit.
Dynamit (Sicherheits-).
Elsagit.
Foerder Sicherheits-Sprengstoff,
Foerdit.
Fulmenit.
Glueckauf.
Halalite.
Hammonit.
Kiwit.
Koronit.
Leonit.
Monachit.
Perchlorit.
Perrumpit.
Persalit.
Pfalzit.
Prosperit.
Rhenanit.
Rivalit.
Thornit.
Tremonit.
122 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Mercury Fulminate.
FJobert Ammunition.
Mineral Jelly, See also Vaseline.
Axite.
Ballistite.
C. S. P.
Cordite.
Gelatine Dynamite.
Haylite.
Moddite.
Monarkite.
Solenite.
Myrobalans.
Amasite.
Naphthalene.
Bomlit,
Dahmenite.
Kiwit.
Koronit,
Naphthalit.
Rhenanit,
Walsrode Sicherheits-Sprengstoff.
Neutral Substances. See also Inert Substances and Salts,
Helagon.
Helit.
Nitrate, Ammonium.
Abbcite.
Abelite.
Aerolit.
Aetna Coal Powder.
Alkalsit.
Alsilite,
Alumatol.
Amatol.
Amatoxol.
Amide Powder.
Ammonal.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 123
Nitrate, Ammonium (continued) —
Ammoniakkrut.
Ammonite.
Ammonpulver.
Am vis.
Neu Anagon.
Anchorite.
Anilit.
Aphosite.
Astralit.
Baelenite.
Bautzener Sicherheitspulver.
Bavarit.
Bellite,
Bental Coal Powder.
Bituminite,
Black Diamond.
Bomlit.
C.
Cahuecit.
Cameron Mine Powder.
Carbonite (Ammon-).
Chromamonit.
Cilferite,
Clifflte (Super-).
Coalite.
Colinit.
Collier Powder.
Cornil.
Cronite.
Cugnite.
Curtisite.
Dahmenite.
Denaby Powder.
Densite.
Detonit.
Detonite Special.
Dominit.
Donarite.
124 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Nitrate, Ammonium (continued) —
Dorfit.
Dreadnought Powder.
Du Pont Permissible.
Dynamite.
Dynammon.
Dynobel.
Echo.
Electronite.
Elsagit.
Excellite.
Expedite.
Extra Dynamite.
Faversham Powder.
Favier Explosives,
Flammivore,
Feeder Sicherheitssprengstoff.
Foerdit.
Forcite,
Fortex.
Fractorite.
Fuel-ite.
Fuellpulver.
Fulmenit.
Gathurst Powder.
Gehlingerit.
Gelatin6 a PAmmoniaque.
Gesilit.
Giant Coal Mine Powder.
Giant Powder (Extra).
Glueckauf.
Good Luck.
Grisoutine.
Guardian.
Halalite.
Hammonit.
Haylite.
Hebler Powder.
Hecla No. 2.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 125
Nitrate, Ammonium (continued) —
Kanite.
Kentite.
Leonit.
Lignosit.
Lowinite.
Luxit.
Melling Powder.
Mersey Powder.
Miner's Friend.
Minite.
Min-ite.
Minolite.
Monachit.
Monarkite.
Monobel.
Monobel Powder.
Nationalite.
Negro Powder.
Nitrolit.
Nobel Ammonia Powder.
Nobelit.
Oakley Quarry Powder.
Oaklite.
Odite.
Pannonit.
Pastanil.
Perchlorit.
Perdit.
Permon Powder.
Permonite.
Perrumpit.
Persalit.
Pfalzit.
Picramite.
Pitsea Powder.
Pniowit.
Progressit.
Prosperit.
126 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Nitrate, Ammonium (continued) —
Pulv6rite.
Raschit.
RedH.
Rex Powder.
Rexite.
Rhenanit.
Rivalit.
Roburite.
Romperit.
Sabulite.
St. Helen's Powder.
Salit.
Schlesit.
Schneiderite.
Seamex.
Securite.
Siegenit.
Stanford Powder.
Stomonal.
Sunderite.
Superite.
Syndite.
Telsit.
Teutonit.
Thames Powder.
Thornit.
Titanite.
Tremonit.
Tunnelit.
Tunnelite.
Uplees Powder.
Vender,
Victor Powder.
Viking Powder.
Virite.
Wallonite.
Walsrode Sicherheits-Sprengstoff.
Westfalite.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 127
Nitrate Ammonium (continued) —
Withnell Powder.
Yonckite.
Nitrate, Barium.
Amberite.
Baratol.
Bautzener Sicherheits-Sprengstoff.
Cambrite.
Cannonite.
Carbonite.
Clydite.
Denaby Powder.
Electronite.
Flammivore.
Forcite.
Gelignite.
Halakite.
Haylite.
Kolax.
Kynarkite.
Kynite.
M.
Nitro-Densite.
Pit-ite.
S.
Tonite.
Tutol.
Yonckite.
Nitrate, Lead.
Halakite.
Macarite.
Minolite.
Triplastit.
Nitrate, Potassium.
Aerolit.
Albionite.
Amberite.
128 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Nitrate, Potassium (continued) —
Amide Powder.
Aphosite.
Arkite.
Astralit.
Axite.
Black Powder.
Bobbinite.
Bomlit.
Britonite.
Brugere's Powder.
Cahuecit.
Cambrite.
Cannonite.
Carbite d'Ablon.
Carbonite.
Celtite.
Chromamonite.
Cocoa Powder.
Cornil.
Cornish Powder.
Curtisite (Super-).
Dahmenite.
Denaby Powder.
Densite.
Dominit.
Dorfit.
Dragonite.
Dynamite.
Dynammon.
Elsagit.
Essex Powder.
Excellite (Super-).
Expedite.
Faversham Powder.
Favier Explosives.
Flammivore.
Forcite.
Fortex (New).
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 129
Nitrate, Potassium (continued) —
Fracturite.
Gelatine Dynamite.
Gelignite.
Giant Powder.
Glueckauf.
Grisoutine.
Hammonit.
Haylite.
Hebler Powder.
Herculite.
Kent Powder.
Kentite.
Kinetit.
Kolax.
Kynarkite.
Lignosit.
Loewenpulver.
M.
M.B.
Minite.
Monachit.
Normanite.
Oaklite.
Perilit.
Petroklastit.
Phoenix Powder.
Pitite.
Pitsea Powder.
Plastammon.
Praeposit.
Pulverin.
Rippite.
Roburite.
Romperit.
Russelite.
S.
Sabulite.
Samsonite.
9
130 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Nitrate, Potassium (continued) —
Saxonite.
Sheppey Powder.
Stonax.
Stow-ite.
Superite.
Swalite.
T.
Thames Powder.
Tutol.
Virite.
Walsrode Sicherheits-Sprengstoff.
Westfalite.
Nitrate, Sodium.
Aetna Powder.
Alkalsit.
Amasite.
Ammonite.
Anchorite.
Antigel.
Astralit.
Blastine.
Bomlit.
Britonite.
C.
Cahuecit.
Cornil.
Cosilit.
Cugnite.
Dahmenit.
Densite.
Donarit.
Dorfit (Per-).
Duxite.
Elsagit.
Forcite.
Fractorite.
Gelignite.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 131
Nitrate, Sodium (continued)
Gesilit.
Giant Powder.
Glueckauf.
Halalite.
Hammonit.
Haylite.
Judson Powder.
Leonit.
Ligdyn.
Loewenpulver.
Meganit.
Melanite.
Melling Powder.
Mersey Powder.
Minolite.
Monarkite.
Nobel Gelignite.
Permon Powder.
Perrumpit.
Persalit,
Petroklastit.
Pfalzit.
Praeposit.
Raschit.
Rexite.
Rhexit.
Samsonite.
Sengite.
Sprengsalpeter.
Stomonal.
Syndite.
Telsit.
Terris.
Tonite.
Tunnelit.
Tutol.
Wallonite.
Yonckite.
132 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Nitrate, Strontium.
Densite.
Nitrates.
Alkalsit.
Cooppal's Powder.
Du Pont Smokeless Powder.
Dynamite.
E. C. Powder.
Eley Smokeless Powder.
Empire Powder.
Felixite.
Foerdit.
Gesilit.
Helagon.
Helit.
Henrite.
Koronit.
K. S.
Lithofracteur.
Neonite.
New Explosives Company's Smokeless Powder.
Nobelit.
Perilit.
Plastomenit.
Red Star.
Romperit.
Rottweil Smokeless Powder.
Ruby Powder.
Schlesit.
Schultze Powder.
Securophore.
Smokeless Diamond.
S. R., S. S.
Nitric Acid. See Acid, Nitric.
Nitric Oxide.
Panclastite.
Sprengel Explosives.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 133
Nitrobenzene.
Hellhofite.
Indurite.
Kinetit.
Panclastite.
Promethe"e.
Rack-a-Rock.
Sprengel Explosives.
Nitro-bodies. See Nitro-compounds.
Nitro-cellulose, See also Nitro-cotton.
Apyrite.
Cannonite.
Cooppal's Powder.
Crystal.
Du Pont Smokeless Powder.
Eley Smokeless Powder.
Fulmen Powder.
Henrite.
Ideal Powder.
Kinetit.
K. S.
Mischpulver.
Mullerite.
Neonite.
New Explosives Company's Smokeless Powder.
Nitrokol.
Normal Powder.
P.C. /88.
Plastomenit.
Primrose Smokeless.
Pyroxyline.
Red Star.
Rifleite.
Rottweil Smokeless Powder.
Ruby Powder.
Schultze Powder.
S. K., S. S., S. V.
Smokeless Diamond.
134 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Nitrocellulose (continued) —
Troisdorf Smokeless Powder.
Walsrode Shot-Gun Powder.
Wetteren Powder.
Nitro-compounds. See also Di-, Tri-, Tetra-, Hexa-nitro-,
Alkalsit.
Astralit.
Cahuecit (Ammon-).
Chloratzite.
Dominit.
Donarit.
Elsagit.
Felixite.
Foerder Sicherheits-SprengstofL
Foerdit,
Halalit.
Hammonit.
Helagon.
Helit.
Henrite.
Koronit.
K. S.
Leonit.
Lignosit.
Peragon.
Perchlorit.
Perilit.
Persalit.
Petrolit.
Plastammon.
Polarite.
Prosperit.
Red Star.
Rhenanit.
Rifleite.
Rivalit.
Romperit.
Ruby Powder.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 135
Nitro-compounds (continued) —
Schlesit.
Sebomite.
S. S.
Stanford Powder.
Stonax.
Teutonit.
Tonite.
Tremonit.
Uplees Powder.
Nitro-cotton (including Collodion Cotton). See also Guncotton
and Nitro-cellulose.
Ajax Powder.
Albionite.
Alkalsit.
Amberite.
Arkite.
Astralit.
B.
Ballistite.
Blasting Gelatine.
Bomlit.
Cahuecit (Ammon-).
Carbonite.
Celtite,
Chromamonit.
Clermonite.
Clifflte.
Colinit.
Cornish Powder.
C. P.
Cugnite.
Dahmenite,
Denaby Powder.
Detonit.
Dominite.
Donarit.
Dragonite.
136 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Nitro-cotton (continued) —
Duxite.
Dynamite (Gelatine).
Dynobel.
E. C. Powder.
Echo.
Elsagit.
Empire Powder.
Essex Powder.
Excellite.
Felixite.
Filite.
Flammivore.
Foerder Sicherheitssprengstoff.
Foerdit.
Forcite.
Fracturite.
Gelatin6 a rAmmoniaque.
Gelatine Dynamite.
Gelignite.
Gesilit.
Giant Powder.
Grisoutine.
Halalite.
Haylite.
Herculite.
Hudson's Explosive.
J.
Kolax (Super-).
Koronit.
Leonit.
Lignosit.
M.
Melanite.
Moddite.
Monachit.
Monarkite.
Mullerite.
Naphthalit.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 137
Nitro -cotton (continued) —
N. C. T.
Neonal.
Nitrolit.
Nobelit.
Normanite.
Oaklite.
Pannonit.
Permon Powder.
Permonite.
Pfalzit.
Phoenix Powder.
Plastrotyl.
Polarite.
Prosperit.
Pulverite.
Pyrocollodion.
Rhenanit.
Rippite.
Rivalit.
Romperit.
Russelite.
a
Salit.
Samsonite.
Saxonite.
Schlesit.
Solenite.
Stonax,
Stowite.
Swale Powder.
Swalite.
Syndite.
Telsit.
Territ.
Tremonit.
Triplastit.
Tunnelit.
Vender.
138 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Nitroglycerine.
Abbcite.
Aetna Powder.
Aetna Coal Powder.
Ajax Powder,
Albionite.
Albit.
Amberite,
Ammoniakkrut.
Antigel.
Arkite.
Astralit.
Axite.
Ballistite.
Bituminite.
Black Diamond.
Blasting Gelatine.
Britonite.
Cambrite,
Cameron Mine Powder.
Carbite d'Ablon.
Carbo-dynamite.
Carbonite.
Celtite.
Clifflte.
Clydite.
Coalite,
Coal Special.
Colinit.
Collier Powder.
Cordite.
Cornish Powder.
Cosilit.
C. S. P,
Cugnite.
Detonit.
Dominite.
Donarit.
Dragonite.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 139
Nitroglycerine (continued) —
Du Pont Permissible.
Duxite.
Dynamite,
Dynobel.
Elsagit.
Erin Gelignite.
Essex Powder.
Eureka.
Excellite.
Filite.
Flammivore.
Foerder Sicherheitssprengstoff,
Foerdit,
Forcite.
Fort Pitt Mine Powder.
Fractorite.
Fracturite.
Fuel-ite.
Gehlingerit (Wetter-),
Gelatin6 a l'Ammoniaque.
Gelatine Dynamite.
Gelignite.
Gesilit;
Giant Coal-Mine Powder.
Giant Powder.
Glonoine.
Grisoutine,
Grisoutite,
Guardian,
Halalit.
Hammonit.
Haylite.
Hecla Powder.
Herculite.
Hudson's Explosive.
Hygrade Coal Powder.
Judson Powder.
Kent Powder.
140 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Nitroglycerine (continued) —
Kolax.
Koronit.
Kynarkite.
Kynite.
Lafflin and Rand.
Ligdyn.
Lignosit.
Lithofracteur.
Lomite.
Meganit.
Melanite.
Melling Powder.
Mersey Powder.
Meteor,
Minite.
Min-ite.
Moddite.
Monarkite.
Monobel.
Monobel Powder.
Naphthalit.
Neonal.
Nitro-densite.
Nitrolit.
Nitro Low-Flame.
Nobel Ammonia Powder.
Nobelit,
Normanite.
Oaklite.
Pannonit,
Perchlorit.
Permon Powder.
Permonite.
Persalit (Wetter-).
Phoenix Powder.
Pit-ite.
Pitsea Powder.
Polarite.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 141
Nitroglycerine (continued) —
Prosperit.
Pulverite.
Rex Powder.
Rexite.
Rhenanit.
Rhexit.
Rippite.
Rivalit.
Romperit.
Russelite.
Salit.
Samsonite.
Saxonite.
Schlesit.
Seamex.
Securophore.
Sheppey Powder.
Siegenit.
Solenite.
Stomonal.
Stonax.
Stow-ite.
Sunderite.
Superite.
Swale Powder.
Swalite.
Syndite.
Telsit.
Thames Powder.
Tremonit.
Tunnelit.
Tunnelite.
Tutol.
Velox Gelatine.
Victor Powder.
Vigorite.
Viking Powder.
Wetter-dynamit .
142 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Nitroglycerine (continued) —
Wetteren.
Xpdite.
Nitro -hydrocarbons. See also Nitrobenzene, Tinitro -toluene, etc.
Albit.
Alkalsit.
Carbonite.
CooppaPs Powder.
Monachit.
Naphthalit.
New Explosives Company's Smokeless Powder.
Persalit.
Nitro-mesytilenes.
Monachit.
Nitro -naphthalene.
Alkalsit.
Astralit.
Barking Powder.
Bavarit.
Cheddite.
Curtisite.
Favier Explosives.
Pierrite.
Sprengel Explosives.
Nitro-semi-cellulose.
Plastammon.
Nitro-starch.
Silesia.
Trojan Coal Powder.
Nitro- toluene.
Astralit.
Erin Gelignite.
Foerdit.
Monobel.
Panclastite.
Pannonit.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 143
Nitro-toluene (continued)-
Plastammon.
Red Cross.
Telsit.
Nitro-toluenes, Liquid.
Alkalsit.
Barbarit.
Bomlit.
Halalite.
Kiwit.
Plastomenit.
Plastrotyl.
Telsit.
Territ.
Triplastit.
Tunnelit.
Nitroxylene.
Monachit.
Oil.
Albit.
Kiwit.
Oil, Castor.
Bomlit.
Cheddite.
Excellite.
Pierrite.
Rippite.
Steelite.
Oil, Dead.
Rack-a-Rock.
Oil, Drying.
Himalayite.
Oil, Fatty.
Astralit.
Elsagit.
144 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Oil, Fatty (continued) —
Glueckauf.
Koronit.
Naphthalit.
Perrumpit.
Oil, Hydrocarbon. See also Paraffins, etc.
Mercurit.
Sprengel Explosives.
Wilhelmit.
Oil, Kerosine.
Miedziankit.
Petrolit.
Plessit.
Oil, Mineral.
Rexol.
Oil, Paraffin.
Astralit.
Dominite.
Fulmenit.
Koronit.
Oil, Petroleum.
Barbarit.
Oxyliquit.
Sprengel Explosives.
Oil, Rape.
Astralit.
Oil, Re'd.
Dreadnought Powder.
Oxalate, Ammonium.
Ajax Powder.
Albionite.
Arkite.
Astralit.
Britonite.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 145
Oxalate, Ammonium (continued) —
Cambrite.
Celtite.
Cheesa Sticks.
Cliffite (Super-).
Clydite.
Dominite.
Duxite.
Dynamit (Wetter-).
Dynobel.
Excellite (Super-).
Fractorite.
Fracturite.
Glueckauf.
Haylite.
Herculite.
Kent Powder.
Kolax (Super-).
Kynarkite.
Melling Powder.
Minite.
Monachit.
Neonal.
Normanite.
Perrumpit.
Pit-ite.
Pitsea Powder.
Rippite.
Russelite.
Samsonite.
Saxonite.
Sheppey Powder.
Stomonal.
Stow-ite.
Sunderite,
Swale Powder.
Swalite.
Thames Powder.
Virite.
10
146 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Oxalate, Copper.
Glueckauf.
Good Luck.
Oxalate, Potassium.
Nobelit.
Oxalates.
Astralit.
Elsagit.
Nobelit.
Oxide, Iron.
Raek-a-Rock.
Thermit.
Oxide, Manganese.
Aerolit.
Loewenpulver.
Prom6thee.
Oxygen (Liquid).
Marsit.
Oxyliquit.
Paraffin. See also Oil, Paraffin and Hydrocarbons.
Favier Explosives.
Henrite.
Kiwit.
Naphthalit.
Rivalit (Chlorat-).
Paraffin Wax. See Wax.
Perchlorate, Ammonium.
Alkalsit.
Amasite.
Barking Powder.
Blastine.
Carlsonite.
Kausolit.
M. B. Powder.
Rexol.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 147
Perchlorate, Ammonium (continued) —
Territ.
Yonckite.
Perchlorate, Potassium.
Ajax Powder.
Alkalsit.
Bomlit.
Chloratzite.
Colinit.
Dominit.
Donarit.
Dorfit (Per-).
Dynobel.
Halalite.
Hammonit.
Helagon.
Helit.
Herculite.
Koronit.
Leonit.
M. B. Powder.
Mercurit.
Neonal.
Ophorite.
Per agon.
Perchlorit.
Perdit.
Perilit.
Permonite.
Persalit.
Pniowit.
Polar it e.
Pulv6rite.
Rhenanit.
Rivalit.
Romperit.
Samsonite.
' Schlesit.
148 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Perchlorate, Potassium (continued) —
Sonnit.
Sunderite,
Swale Powder.
Tremonit.
Westfalite.
Perchlorate, Sodium.
Alkalsit.
Hammonit.
Koronit.
Leonit.
Perchlorates.
Mitchellite.
Persalit.
Roslin Giant Blasting Powder.
Permanganate, Potassium.
Roburite.
Picrate, Ammonium.
Brugere's Powder.
Picramite.
Picric Acid.
Cresylite.
Dunnite.
Granatfuellung.
Lyddite.
Melinite.
Picrol.
Pierrite.
Shellite.
Sprengel Explosives.
Picryl Sulphide.
Granatfuellung. «,
Pitch, Coal Tar.
Petroklastit.
Potassium Chloride, Nitrate, etc. See Chloride, Nitrate, etc.
Potato Meal. See Meal, Potato.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 149
Quebracho.
Minolite.
Resin.
Aerolit.
Cannonite.
Chloratzite.
E.C. Powder.
Favier Explosives.
Giant Powder.
Glueckauf.
Judson Powder.
Normal Powder.
Persalit.
Plastrotyl.
Rexol.
Romperit.
Silesia.
Westfalite.
Resin, Oxidised.
Siegenit.
Steelite.
Wallonite.
Salts, Hydrated.
Eureka.
Giant Coal-Mine Powder.
Lomite.
Meteor.
Salts, Inorganic. See also Chlorides, Sulphates, etc.
Albit.
Koronit.
Lafflin and
Monachit.
Persalit.
Salts, Neutral.
Cahuecit (Ammon-).
Chloratzit.
150 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Salts, Neutral (continued) —
Detonit.
Foerder Sicherheitssprengstoff.
H.
Hammonit.
Petrolit.
Schlesit.
Teutonit.
Wilhelmit.
Sawdust.
Herculite.
Shellac. See also Gum Lac.
Cheesa Sticks.
Cooppal's Powder.
Wetteren.
Silicide, Calcium.
Sabulite.
Soap.
Albit.
Sodium Chloride, Nitrate, etc. See Chloride, Nitrate.
Soot,
Marsit.
Starch.
Abelite.
Bellite.
Bobbinite,
Bomlit.
Carbonite.
Cliffite.
Cooppal's Powder.
Electronite.
Excellite (Super-).
Himalayite.
Kolax.
Kynite.
Monarkite.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 151
Starch (continued) —
Nitro-Densite.
Permonite.
Ruby Powder.
Schlesit.
S. R.
Superite.
Syndite.
Thames Powder.
Troisdorf Smokeless Powder.
Stearine.
Cannonite.
Straw Charcoal.
Cocoa Powder.
Strontium Nitrate.
Densite.
Sugar.
Anilit.
Glueckauf.
White Gunpowder.
Sulphate, Ammonium.
Antigel.
Bobbinite.
Flammivore.
Progressit.
Pulv6rite.
Sulphate, Barium.
Cugnite.
Flammivore.
Pulvdrite.
Sulphate, Copper.
Bobbinite.
Sulphate, Iron.
Cahuecit.
152 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Sulphate, Magnesium.
Colinit.
Cornish Powder.
Grisoutine.
Siegenit.
Sulphate, Sodium.
Grisoutine.
Raschit.
Sulphide, Antimony.
Flobert Ammunition.
Kinetit.
Sulphonate, Ammonium Nitro-cresol-.
Sulphonate, Sodium Cresol-.
Raschit,
Sulphur.
Aerolit.
Aphosite.
Black Powder.
Bobbinite.
Cahuecit.
Cocoa Powder.
Dynamite (American).
Forcite.
Giant Powder.
Hebler Powder.
Judson Powder.
Lithofracteur.
Loewenpulver. ,
M. B. Powder.
Petroklastit.
Praeposit.
Pulverin.
Sprengsalpeter.
Virite.
Sulphuretted Benzol.
Carbonite,
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 158
Tallow. See also Fat.
Sebomite.
Tar.
Forcite.
Loewenpulver.
Tetranitro-methyl-aniline.
Tetryl.
Favier Explosives.
Fortex.
Oakley Quarry Powder.
Trinitro-anisole.
Granatfuellung.
Nitrolit.
Stabilite.
Trinitro-cresol.
Cresilite.
Melinite.
Trinitro-cresylate, Ammonium.
Ecrasit.
Trinitro -naphthalene.
Ammonite.
Cahuecit.
Favier Explosives.
Minolite.
Trinitro-phenol. See Picric Acid.
Trinitro-phenyl-methyl-nitramine. See Tetryl.
Trinitro-toluene,
Abelite.
Ajax Powder.
Alkalsist.
Alsilite.
Alumatol.
Amatol.
Amatoxol.
Ammonal.
154 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Trinitrotoluene (continued) —
Ammonite.
Anchorite.
Astralit.
Azurite.
Baelenite.
Baratol.
Barbarit.
Bautzener Sicherheits-pulver.
Bellite.
Bomlit.
Cahuecit.
Cannonite.
Colinit.
Curtisite.
Dahmenite.
Denaby Powder.
Densite.
Donarit.
Dorfit.
Dreadnought Powder.
Dynobel.
Echo.
Elsagit.
Expedite.
Faversham Powder.
Fuellpulver.
Fulmenit.
Fumyl.
Gehlingerit.
Gelignite.
Granatfuellung.
Grisoutine.
Halalite.
Haylite.
Kentite.
Leonit.
Lignosit.
Luxit.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 155
Trinitro-toluene (continued) —
Macarite.
Melling Powder.
Mersey Powder.
Minite.
Minolite.
Nationalite.
Negro Powder.
Neonal.
P. C. /88.
Permonite.
Perrumpit.
Persalit.
Pfalzit.
Pniowit.
Pulv6rite.
Rexite.
Roburite.
Romperit.
Russelite.
Sabulite.
St. Helen's Powder.
Swale Powder.
Titanite.
T. N. T.
Tolite.
Toxol.
Tremonit.
Trinol.
Trotyl.
Tunnelit.
Walsrode Sicherheits-Sprengstoff.
Westfalite.
Withnell Powder.
Yonckite.
Trinitro-xylene.
Amatoxol.
Toxol.
156 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Turmeric.
Good Luck.
Turpentine.
Plastrotyl.
Prom6th6e.
Vaseline. See also Mineral Jelly.
Amberite.
Bomlit.
Cannonite.
Chromamonit.
Dragonite.
E. C. Powder.
Empire Powder.
Felixite,
Kiwit.
K. S,
Neonite.
New Explosives Co.
Red Star.
Schultze Powder.
Smokeless Diamond.
S. S.
Vegetable Meal. See Meal, Vegetable.
Vegetable Ivory,
Meganit.
Wax, Paraffin. See also Paraffin.
Blastine,
Bobbinite.
Cheddite.
Melinite.
Wood Meal and Wood Pulp.
Abbcite.
Aetna Powder.
Ajax Powder.
Albionite,
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 157
Wood Meal and Wood Pulp (continued) —
Alkalsit.
Amvis.
Antigel.
Aphosite.
Arkite.
Astralit.
Britonite.
Cahuecit.
Cambrite.
Carbite d'Ablon.
Carbonite.
Celtite.
Cilferite.
Cliffite (Super-).
Clydite.
Cornish Powder.
Cugnite.
Dominite.
Dragonite.
Du Pont Permissible.
Duxite.
Dynamite.
Dynobel.
Electronite.
Excellite.
Forcite.
Fracturite.
Gelatine Dynamite.
Gelignite.
Giant Powder.
Grisoutine.
Halalite.
Haylite.
Herculite.
Kent Powder.
Kolax.
Kynarkite.
Kynite.
158 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS
Wood Meal and Wood Pulp (continued) —
Leonit.
Ligdyn.
Lignosit.
Loewenpulver.
Luxit.
Meganit.
Melling Powder.
Mersey Powder.
Monobel.
Monobel Powder.
Neonal.
Nitro-Densite.
Nobel Ammonia Powder.
Normanite.
Oaklite.
Perdit.
Permonite.
Phoenix Powder.
Pit-ite.
Pitsea Powder.
Pniowit.
Polarite.
Rex Powder.
Rexite.
Rhexit.
Rippite.
Russelite.
Samsonite.
Saxonite.
Sheppey Powder.
Stomonal.
Stonax.
Stowite.
Sunderite.
Swale Powder.
Swalite.
Thames Powder.
Tutol.
INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 159
Wood Meal and Wood Pulp (continued) —
Victor Powder.
Viking Powder.
Zinc.
Rexol.
Zinc Aluminium Alloy.
Neu Anagon.
Helagon.
Peragon.
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