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DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
DICTIONARY OF
INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
B,
C. E. BUCKLAND, CLE.
(Indian Civil Service, retired).
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LONDON
SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO., LIM
25 HIGH STREET BLOOMSBURY
1906
BS3
PREFACE
There are Biographical Dictionaries which contain lives of Indian celebri-
ties, and there are many biographies of individuals who have distinguished
themselves in India. But the Dictionaries are large, expensive works,
and the separate " Lives " or " Memoirs " are often lengthy or inaccessible.
There is no single volume of moderate size, containing such information
as is sufficient for the ordinary reader, regarding the careers and doings
of the large number of persons connected with India, in history, by their
exploits, services, and writings. The object of this " Dictionary of Indian
Biography " is to supply this want. It purports to be a handy Work
of Reference, giving the main facts of the lives of about 2,600 persons —
English, Indian, Foreign, men or women, living or dead — who have been
conspicuous in the history of India, or distinguished in the administra-
tion of the country, in one or other of its branches, or have contributed
to its welfare, service, and advancement by their studies and literary
productions, or have gained some special notoriety. Such a work
must be limited by considerations of time, space, and cost. It has
been thought desirable to commence the present volume from about
1750 a.d., a date which admits of the inclusion of Lord Clive and his
contemporaries in Southern India, when the English power in India
was being established. It has been found necessary to treat the lives in
an indicative rather than in an exhaustive manner. It is impossible to
include everybody who has been in India, and nothing has been harder
than the attempt to fix a standard of merit to entitle its possessor to
inclusion. No one consulted has been able to suggest a criterion of " dis-
tinction." The titles and decorations of the various Orders of Knight-
hood afford no certain ground. A complete and full Biographical Dic-
tionary for India could only be undertaken, and might well be undertaken,
by Government Agency, or under a financial guarantee of the cost of
production. In all the difficulties of the problem, it is only possible to
decide, for inclusion or exclusion, upon general principles, general reputa-
tion, or notoriety : and the many persons omitted for want of space are
likely to challenge the conclusions of the Editor. Again, in such a work,
unintentional omissions are sure to occur, in spite of all precautions, but
they can be supplied in future editions. In many cases, even of prominent
names, sufficient biographical information is not available, or, at any
rate, has not come to hand. It is equally impossible to avoid, entirely,
mistakes of dates or facts : the sources of information consulted often
disclose discrepancies, which personal knowledge has sometimes been
able to determine. Accuracy has been a main object in the compilation,
but the short lives cannot be made more accurate than the sources of
V A*
vi PREFACE
information permit. In the Addenda will be found a few notices which
were accidentally omitted from the body of the work, or were obtained
too late to be included in their proper places.
A copious Bibliography has been appended. It contains the names
of a number of works which may advantageously be consulted by those
who are desirous of acquiring a greater knowledge of the individuals
treated in the Dictionary of Indian Biography, or of the history of India,
than can be conveyed in the brief notices in the Dictionary itself. It will
also be useful to the general reader of Indian literature. A separate list
of the chief Works of Reference consulted is subjoined to this Preface.
The Indian names of places have been spelt, for the most part, accord-
ing to the Jonesian (or Hunterian) system of transliteration adopted by
the Government of India. But that system allows, by way of compromise,
a number of names, which have in times past been spelt phonetically, to
retain their popular, though irregular, forms. Opinions differ as to the
extent to which such disregard of strict transliteration may be permitted.
In this work, some of the familiar words have been retained, and, in all
cases, the attempt has been made to adapt the spelling to the plain and
simple sound of a word : no dots or accents have been used. The Indian
names of persons have been arranged on a system by which they can be
most easily found. In many cases, the territory with which the person is
connected supplies the keyword. In the case of Hindus, not designated
territorially, the family name should be first sought. In some cases (e.g.
among the Parsis), where the family name has been dropped, the name
which is used as a surname is put first. In the case of some Hindus, and
of Muhammadans, who have no name common to all the members of a
family, the arrangement is according to the first names in their alphabetical
order. Some common names have been spelt in the different ways which
their owners have adopted for themselves.
The greater portion of the compilation, as well as the editing, has
fallen on the Editor. At the same time, his acknowledgments are due
to all who have afforded him assistance and information. He has specially
to thank Mr. H. Wigram, of the Madras Civil Service (retired), now of
Messrs. Swan, Sonnenschein & Co., for his co-operation and ready counsel ;
the Editor of the Athenceum for kindly permitting the publication of
lists of names in his Journal : the officers in charge of the India Office
Library, for their unfailing courtesy and stores of knowledge put at his
disposal : and certain officers in India for their welcome help : their names
are not mentioned, lest it should be supposed that any portion of the
Dictionary has any official authority.
Corrections and suggestions will be thankfully received.
THE EDITOR.
61, Cornwall Gardens, London, S.W.,
November ist, 1905.
WORKS OF REFERENCE CONSULTED
Account of the Mutinies in Oudh, An, M. R. Gubbins .: 1858.
Addiscombe : its Heroes and Men of Note, Col. H. M. Vibart s 1894.
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie : 1875.
American, European and Oriental Literary Record, Trlibner's : 1865-89.
Annual Register, The.
Asiatic Annual Register for the years 1800-1811, The : 1801-12.
Asiatic Quarterly Review, The : 1886-1905.
Asiatic Society, Journals of the Royal.
Assam, A StatisticaljAeeount of, W.J.W. Hunter : 1879.
Bengal Army, History of the Rise and Progress of the, Capt. A. Broome : 1850.
Bengal Artillery, List of Officers who have served in the Regiment of the, by Maj.-
General F. W. Stubbs : 1892.
Memoir of the Services of the, Capt. E. Buckle : edited by J. W. Kaye :
1852.
Bengal, A Statistical Account of, W. W. Hunter : 1875-7-
Bengal Civil Servants, 1780-1838, Dodwell and Miles : 1839.
Bengal Establishment, A General Register of the Honourable E. I. Company's
Civil Servants Of the, from 1790 to 1842, by Ram Chandra Das and H. T.
Prinsep : 1844.
Bengal Obituary, The, Holmes & Co. : 1848.
Bengal under the Lieutenant-Governors, 1854-98, C. E. Buckland : 1901.
Biographical Treasury, A, Maunder.
Biographie Universelle, Ancienne et Moderne : 1811-53.
Bombay and Western India, J. Douglas : 1893.
Bombay Civil Servants, 1798-1839, Dodwell and Miles : 1839.
Book of Dignities, The, H. Ockerby : 1890.
British India and its Rulers, H. S. Cunningham : 1881.
British Indian Military Depositary, The, S. Parlby : 1822-7.
Calcutta Review, The : 1844-1905.
Celebrities of the Century, L. C. Saunders : 1887.
Centenary Review of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1784-1883 : 1885.
Chambers's Biographical Dictionary, G. D. Patrick and F. H. Groome •. 1897.
Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sunnuds relating to India, etc., A, C. U.
Aitchison, continued by others : 1892.
Comprehensive History of India, A, H. Beveridge : 1858-62.
Conversations Lexikon, Brockhaus : 1882.
Meyer : 1893.
Cyclopaedia of India, E. Balfour . 1885.
Decisive Battles of India, The, G. B. Malleson : 1883.
Dictionary of Biography, Lippincott : 1881.
Dictionary of General Biography, A, W. L. R. Cates : 1881.
Dictionary of National Biography : 1 885-1903.
Dictionary of Universal Biography, Beeton : 1869-70.
Dictionnaire Universel des Contemporains, G. Vapereau : 1893.
Dizionario Biografico degli Scrittori Contemporanei, A. de Gubernatis : 1879-
viii WORKS OF REFERENCE CONSULTED
Early Annals of the English in Bengal, The, C. R. Wilson s 1895, 1900.
Early Records of British India, J. T. Wheeler: 1878.
East India Military Calendar, The, J. Philippart : 1823-4.
East Indian Gazetteer, The, W. Hamilton : 1815.
Echoes from Old Calcutta, H. E. Busteed : 1897.
Eminent Persons, Biographies reprinted from the " Times," 1870-94 : 1892-7.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, The.
Encyclopaedia of Missions, The, Dwight, Tupper, and Bliss : 1904.
Forty-one Years in India, Earl Roberts : 1898.
Gazetteer of the Territories under the Government of the E. I. Co., A, E. Thornton :
1857.
General Biographical Dictionary, The, A. Chalmers : 1812-7.
Gentleman's Magazine, The.
Glimpses of Old Bombay and Western India, J. Douglas . 1900.
Golden Book of India, The, R. Lethbridge : 1893.
Government of India, The, Sir C. P. Ilbert: 1898.
Heroines of Ind, M. Dutt : 1897.
Historical Sketches of the South of India, M. Wilks : 1810-7.
History of India, H. G. Keene : 1893.
Proper Lethbridge : 1881-93.
J. C. Marshman : 1867-93.
. James Mill, 1817 ; ed. by H. H. Wilson: 1858.
History of India from the Earliest Ages, The, J. T. Wheeler: 1867-81.
History of India : Hindoo and Mohammedan Periods, M. Elphinstone : 1841, 1889.
History of the British Empire in India, E. Thornton : 1841-5I: [L. J. jTrotter :
1866-99.
History of the Indian Mutiny, A, G. W. Forrest : 1904.
T. R. E. Holmes . 1891.
G. B. Malleson : 1878-80.
History of the Indian Navy, 1613-1863, C. R. Low : 1877-
History of the Madras Army, W. J. Wilson: 1882-8. U
History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan from the
year 1745, A, R. Orme : 1 775-8.
History of the Sepoy War, J. W. Kaye : 1864-76.
History of the War in Afghanistan, J. W. Kaye: 1857.
Homeward Mail, The, 1857-1905-
Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography, The.
Imperial Gazetteer of India, The, W. W. Hunter, 14 vols. : 1885-7.
India and its Native Princes, L. Rousselet : 1878.
India: its Administration and Progress, J. Strachey : 1903.
India Lists, The.
Indian Civil Service List, The, 1880, A. C. Tupp : 1880.
Indian Directory : Thacker & Co.
Indian Empire : its People, History and Products, The, W. W. Hunter : 1893.
Indian Polity, G. T. Chesney : 1868: 1894.
India Office Lists, The.
India on the Eve of the British Conquest : a Historical Sketch, S. Owen : 1872.
India's Princes, M. Griffiths : 1894.
Kabul Insurrection of 1841-2, The, V. Eyre : 1879.
Last Century of Universal History, 1767-1867, The, A. C. Ewald : 1868.
List of Inscriptions on Tombs and Monuments in Bengal, C. R. Wilson : 1896.
Lives of Indian Officers, J. W. Kaye: 1867.
WORKS OF REFERENCE CONSULTED ix
Madras Civil Servants, 1780-1839, Dodwell and Miles: 1839.
Medical Officers of the E. I. Co.'s Service, 1764-1837, Dodwell and Miles : 1839.
Memorials of Old Haileybury College, F. C. Danvers and others : 1894.
Men and Events of my Time in India, R. Temple : 1882.
Men and Women of the Time, V. G. Plarr : 1897.
Men of the Reign, T. H. Ward : 1885.
Men of the Time, T. Cooper : 1875.
Men whom India has Known, J. J. Higginbotham : 1874.
Military History of the Madras Engineers and Pioneers, The, II. M. Vibart : 188 1-3.
Modern History of the Indian Chiefs, Rajas, Zemindars, The, L. Ghose: 1870-81.
Mogul Empire, The, H. G. Keene : 1866.
Monumental Register, The, De Rozario : 1815.
Narrative of the War in Afghanistan in 1838-9, H. Havelock : 1S40.
New Biographical Dictionary, A, T. Cooper 1883.
New General Biographical Dictionary, A, H. J. Rose: 1857.
Nouveau Dictionnaire, Larousse.
Nouvelle Biographie Generale : i860.
Obituary Notices in the " Times."
Officers of the IndianJArmy, 1760-1837, Dodwell and Miles : 1838.
Official Lists.
Oriental Biographical Dictionary, An, T. W. Beale : 1881 ; edited by H. G. Keene :
1894.
Oriental Christian Biography, W. H. Carey : 1852.
Our Indian Empire, C. Macfarlane : 1844.
Panjab and Delhi in 1857, The, J. Cave-Browne: 1861.
Particular Account of the European Military Adventurers of Hindustan, A, 1734-
1803, H. Compton.
Peerage, Baronetcy and Knightage, Burke : 1904.
Pillars of the Empire, T. H. S. Escott : 1879.
Rajas and Nawabs of the N.W.P. : 1877.
Rajas of the Panjab, The, L. H. Griffin : 1873.
Report on the Old Records of the India Office, G. M. C. Birdwood : 1891.
Representative Indians, G. Paramaswaran Pillai : 1902.
Representative Men of India, S. Jehangir : 1889.
Royal Military Calendar, The, J. Philippart : 1815-6.
Rulers of India Series, The, W. W. Hunter.
Selections from Calcutta Gazettes, W. S. Seton-Karr and H. Sandeman : 1864-9.
Sepoy Generals, G. w. Forrest . 1901.
Sepoy Revolt, The, J. J. McLeod Innes : 1897.
Short Account of the Lives of the Bishops of Calcutta, A, W. C. Bromehead : 1876,
Short History of India, A, J. T. Wheeler- 1889.
Sketches of some Distinguished Anglo-Indians, W. F. B. Laurie : 1887-8.
Indian Women, Mrs. E. F. Chapman : 1891.
Story of the Nations, The : the volumes of the Series relating to India.
The First Afghan War and its Causes, H. M. Durand : 1879.
Twelve Indian Statesmen, G. Smith : 1898.
Twelve Pioneer Missionaries, G. Smith •. 1900.
Who's Who : 1904, 1905.
ABBREVIATIONS
A.D.C.:
= Aide de Camp.
F.R.A.S.=
A.G.:
= Adjutant-General.
A.A.G.=
= Assistant Adjutant-General.
F.R.C.I.-
D.A.G.=
= Deputy Adjutant-General.
D.A.A.G.=
= Deputy Assistant Adjutant-
General.
F.R.C.P.=
A.G.G.:
= Agent to the Governor-
General.
F.R.C.S.=
AM.D.-.
=Army Medical Depart-
ment.
F.R.C.V.S.=
B.A.:
= Bachelor of Arts.
B.C.S.=
= Bengal Civil Service.
F.R.G.S.:
B.L.=
= Bachelor of Law, or of
Letters.
F.R.S.=
Bo.C.S.
= Bombay Civil Service.
CB.
= Companion of the Bath.
F.R.S.E.:
CLE.
= Companion of the Indian
Empire.
F.S.A.=
C. inC.=
= Commander in Chief.
C.I.
= Crown of India.
F.S.A.S.=
C.J.
= Chief Justice.
CM.G.
= Companion of St. Michael
and St. George.
F.S.S.=
C.M.S.
= Church Missionary
Society.
F.S.S.A.:
C.O. :
= Commanding Officer.
F.Z.S.:
C.S.I.
= Companion of the Star of
India.
G.C.B.:
C.V.O.
= Commander of the Royal
Victorian Order.
G.C.H.=
D.C.L.
= Doctor of Civil Law.
D.D.
= Doctor of Divinity.
G.CLB.I
D.I.G.
= Deputy Inspector-General.
D.L.
= Deputy Lieutenant.
G.C.M.G.:
,,
Doctor of Laws.
D.N.B.
= Dictionary of National
Biography.
G.C.S.I.:
D.S.O.
= Distinguished Service
Order.
G.C.V.O.
E.I.Co.
= East India Company.
F.G.S.
= Fellow of the Geological
Society.
G.M.I.E.
F.I.C.
= Fellow of Institute of Chem-
istry.
G.M.S.I.
F.I.I.
= Fellow of Institute of Jour^
nalists.
H.B.M.
F.L.S.
, = Fellow of the Linnaean
Society.
H.E.I.C.S.
F.M.
= Field Marshal
= Fellow V of the Royal
Asiatic Society.
-Fellow of the Royal
Colonial Institute.
= Fellow of the Royal
College of Physicians.
= Fellow of the Royal
College of Surgeons.
= Fellow of the Royal
College of Veterinary
Surgeons.
= Fellow of the Royal
Geographical Society.
= Fellow of the Royal
Society.
= Fellow of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh.
= Fellow of the Society of
Antiquaries.
= Fellow of the Society of
Antiquaries of Scotland
= Fellow of i the Statistical
Society.
= Fellow of the [Society of
Science and Art.
= Fellow of the Zoological
Society.
= Knight Grand Cross of the
Bath.
= Knight Grand Cross of the
Order of the Guelphs.
= Knight Grand Comman-
der of the Indian Empire.
= Knight Grand Cross of
St. Michael and St.
George.
= Knight Grand Commander
of the Star of India.
= Knight Grand Cross of
the Royal Victorian
Order.
= Grand Master of the
Indian Empire.
= Grand Master of the Star
of India.
= His (or Her) Britannic
Majesty.
= Honourable East India
Company's Service.
Xll
ABBREVIATIONS
H.H.
= His Highness, or His
Honour.
M.R.A.S.B.=
H.M.:
= His (or Her) Majesty.
N.B.=
H.R.H.=
= His (or Her) Royal High-
N.I.=
ness.
N.W.P.a
I.C.S.:
= Indian Civil Service.
O.U.B.C.=
I.M.S.
= Indian Medical Service.
J.A.S.B.:
= Journal of the Asiatic
P.C.=
Society of Bengal.
Ph.D.=
J.1'.
= Justice of the Peace.
P.M.O.=
J.R.A.S.
= Journal of the Royal
Asiatic Society.
P.W.D.
K.B.
— Knight Bachelor or Knight
Q.C =
Companion of the Bath.
Q.M.G.=
K.C.
= King's Counsel.
A.Q.M.G.=
K.C.B.
= Knight Commander of the
Bath.
D.A.Q.M.G.=
K.C.H.
= Knight Commander of the
Order of the Guelphs.
D.Q.M.G.:
K.C.I.E.
= Knight Commander of the
Indian Empire.
q.v.:
K.C.M.G.
= Knight Commander of St.
Michael and St. George.
R.A.=
K.C.S.I.
= Knight Commander of the
Star of India.
R.A.SJ.=
K.C.V.O.
= Knight Commander] of the
R.E.:
Royal Victorian Order.
R.M.A.:
K.G.
= Knight of the Garter.
R.M.C.:
K.P.
= Knight of St. Patrick.
R.N.:
K.T.
= Knight of the Thistle.
R.N.R.:
LL.B.
= Bachelor of Laws.
S.P.C.K.:
LL.D.
= Doctor of Laws.
L.M.
= Licentiate in Midwifery.
S.P.G.:
L.R.C.P.
s= Licentiate of the College of
Physicians.
T.C.D.:
L.S.A.
as Licentiate of the College of
U.P.:
Apothecaries.
V.C.:
M.A.
= Master of Arts.
V.D-:
M.A.O.
= Muhammadan Anglo-
Oriental.
Y.M.C.A.:
M.D.
= Doctor of Medicine.
Z.DM.G.--
M.I.
= Madras Infantry.
M.P.
= Member of Parliament.
= Member of the Royal
Asiatic Society of Bengal.
= North Britain.
= Native Infantry.
= North-West Provinces.
= Oxford University Boat
Club.
= Privy Councillor.
= Doctor of Philosophy.
= Principal Medical Officer.
= Public Works Depart-
ment.
= Queen's Counsel.
= Quarter-Master-General.
= Assistant Quarter - Master -
General.
= Deputy- Assistant Quarter-
Master-General.
= Deputy Quarter - Master-
General.
= quod vide = which see.
= Royal Academy.
= Royal Artillery.
= Royal Asiatic Society's
Journal
= Royal Engineer.
= Royal Military Academy.
= Royal Military College.
= Royal Navy.
= Royal Naval Reserve.
= Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge.
= Society for the Propaga-
tion of the Gospel.
=Trinity College, Dublin.
— United Provinces.
= Victoria Cross.
— Volunteer Decoration.
= Young Men's Christian
Association.
= Zeitschrif t der Deutschen
Morgenlandischen
Gesellschaft.
DICTIONARY
OF
INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
ABADIE, HENRY RICHARD (1841- )
Entered the Army, 1858 : served in
the Abyssinian campaign, 1868, and the
Afghan War, 1879-80, including the
capture of Kandahar : commanded
the Eastern District, 1899-1900 : Maj-
General : C.B. : Lieutenant-Governor of
Jersey, 1900-4.
ABBOTT, AUGUSTUS (1804-1867)
Born J an. 7, 1 804 : son of H. A. Abbott :
brother of Sir Frederick, and Sir James A.:
educated at Warfield, Winchester, Addis-
combe : entered the Bengal Artillery,
1819 : served at Bhartpur in 1825-6 :
in 1838-9 was in the Army of the Indus,
in the march to Kandahar, and the pur-
suit to Girishk, at the siege of Ghazni, and
the occupation of Kabul : was in the
Kohistan fighting with Sale, and under
him, on his return to Jalalabad ; com-
manded the Artillery during the siege
of Jalalabad and the defeat of Akbar Khan
on April 7, 1842 : commanded the Artil-
lery in Pollock's relieving Army, at Tezin
on Sep. 12, 1842, and the re-occupation
of Kabul : C. B. : Hony. A. D. C. to
Governor - Generals : Inspr - General of
Ordnance, 1855 : retired, 1859 : Maj-
General, i860 : died Feb. 25, 1867.
ABBOTT, SIR FREDERICK (1805-1892)
Brother of Sir James Abbott, and son
of Henry Alexius Abbott, a Calcutta
merchant : born June 13, 1805 : educated
at Warfield and Addiscombe : entered
Bengal Engineers, 1823 : Maj-General,
1858 : arrived in India, 1823 : in the
Burmese war of 1824-26: employed in the
P. W. D. and garrison-engineer at Cal-
cutta in 1 841 : Chief Engineer in Pol-
lock's relieving force in 1842, and at the
re-occupation of Kabul : in the first
Sikh war and at Sobraon in 1846 : directed
the bridge and pontoon operations :
C. B. : retired in 1847 : Lieutenant-
Governor of the Addiscombe Military
College, 1851-61 : knighted, 1854 : Mem-
ber of Council of Military Education, and
Commissioner of National Defence : died
Nov. 4, 1892.
ABBOTT, H. EDWARD STACEY
(1855- )
Son of General Abbott, Bengal Infantry :
educated at St. Elizabeth College, Guern-
sey, and R.M.A. Woolwich : entered the
Army, 1874 : served in India, in the Afghan
War, 1878-80 : P.W.D. Panjab ; Hazara
expedition 1888 : Under Secretary P.W.D.
Panjab : Chitral Relief force, 1895 :
Superintending Engineer, P. W. D. : Lt.-
Colonel R.E. : D.S.O.
ABBOTT, SIR JAMES (1807-1896)
Brother of Sir F. Abbott : born March
12, 1807 : educated at Blackheath and
Addiscombe : entered the Royal Artillery
in 1823 : arrived in India, 1823 : served
at Bhartpur, 1825-6 : in the Revenue
Survey : with the Army of the Indus in
1838-9, to Kandahar : in 1839, with
D' Arcy Todd to Herat, and sent by him
to Khiva to negotiate with the Khan for
the release of Russian captives held by
him : on the Khan's behalf crossed the
Caspian, and went to St. Petersburg and
on to England, 1840 : after some political
employ, he was Commissioner of Hazara
from 1845 to 1853, and held the country
against the Sikhs in the second Sikh War,
1848-9: his name is preserved in the
town of Abbottabad ; commanded a
column in the Black Mountain expedi-
tion, 1852 : C. B., 1873 : K. C. B., 1894 :
General, 1877 : retired from the Army,
1879 : died Oct. 6, 1896. He was also
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
" a poet, antiquarian, and man of let-
ters ; " wrote a Narrative of a Journey
from Herat to Khiva, Moscow and St.
Petersburg, etc., and about Alexander the
Great in the Panjab, etc.
ABBOTT, SAUNDERS ALEXIUS (1811-
1894)
Maj -General : born July 9, 1811 :
son of Henry Alexius Abbott, merchant,
Calcutta ; educated privately and at
Addiscombe ; joined the Bengal Infantry
in 1828 : appointed, in 1836, Assistant
in the Revenue Survey under Sir H
Lawrence (q.v.) : held Survey charges,
1838-42 : present at Mudki, Dec. 18,
1845, bringing the reserves from Kasauli
and Sabathu by forced marches : also
as A.D.C. to Lord Hardinge at Firoz-
shahr ; dangerously wounded : Deputy
Commissioner of Umbala, 1847 : of
Hoshiarpur, 1849 : in charge there during
the mutiny ; Commissioner of Lucknow,
1858-63 ; Brevet-Major, 1846 ; Hon.
A.D.C. to Governor-Generals, until he
retired Sep. 1864 : after retirement was
Agent of the Sind, Panjab, and Delhi
railway at Lahore for years, and after-
wards on the Home Board of Direction :
died at Brighton, Feb. 7, 1894.
ABDUL HAK, SIRDAR DILER JUNG
UL MULK (1853-96)
Son of a small hereditary chieftain in
the Dekkan : joined the Bombay Govern-
ment service before he was 20 : in the
police, captured a dangerous dakait :
made C. I. E. : joined the Hyderabad
service : Sir Salar J ung sent him to Eng-
land to obtain an alteration in the guaran-
tee which the Nizam had given on his
State railway : for effecting this, he was
handsomely rewarded : was given a
mining monopoly in the Nizam's state,
from which he made a personal profit of
nearly a quarter of a million : but, after
the publication of the facts in 1888, he
suffered political downfall at Hyderabad :
and strove in vain to regain his position
in the Nizam's service : died May, 1896.
ABDUL LATIF, NAWAB BAHADUR
(1828-1893)
Son of a leading pleader in the Sadr
Diwani Court at Calcutta : born, March,
1828 : educated at the Calcutta Madrasa :
entered Government service in 1846 :
appointed a Deputy Magistrate in 1849 :
acted sometimes as Presidency Magis-
trate : Member of the Bengal Legislative
Council for several years, and of the
Calcutta Corporation : J. P. : on the
Central Board of Examiners ; Fellow of
the Calcutta University : on the Income
Tax Commission for Calcutta, 1 861-5 -
founder and secretary, from 1863, of the
Muhammadan Literary and Scientific
Society, and several other public bodies :
Nawab, 1880 : C. I. E. 1883 : Nawab
Bahadur, 1887 : often consulted by
Government, as the most progressive
and enlightened among the Muhammadans
of Bengal, whose interests and aspirations
he never ceased to urge : died 1893.
ABDUL MUSSEAH, REV. ( ? -1827)
Born at Delhi ; his original name was
Sheikh Salih : son of a learned man, a
teacher : became a Munshi at Lucknow
to Englishmen : served at the Oudh
Court, and was a trooper under the
Mahrattas : he turned to Christianity on
hearing preaching at Cawnpur, and was
baptized at Calcutta by Rev. D. Brown
(q.v.) in 1 81 1, receiving his name Abdul
Musseah ; became in 181 2 a catechist of
the C.M.S., a teacher and preacher and
writer of commentaries on Scripture,
making converts : about 1820 he received
Lutheran ordination, and undertook Mis-
sionary work, remaining at Agra till 1825 :
ordained by Bishop Heber as minister of
the Established Church at Calcutta, 1825 :
died March 4, 1827.
ABEL, CLARKE (1780-1826)
Physician to Lord Macartney on the
mission to China, and, as naturalist,
made extensive collections, which were
lost : also physician to Lord Amherst,
when Governor-General : died in India,
Nov. 24, 1826.
ABERCROMBY, SIR JOHN (1772-1817)
Son of Sir Ralph Abercromby : born
1772 : entered the Army, 1786 : served in
Flanders, W. Indies, and as' Military Secre-
tary to his father in Egypt : seized in
1803 and imprisoned by Napoleon, to
1808 : C. in C, Bombay, 1809 : in com-
mand of the expedition for the capture
>»Mauritius, 1810 : C. in C, and tempo-
rary Governor at Madras, May 21, 1813,
until Sep. 16, 1814 : Lt-General, 1812 :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
K.C.B., 1814 : M.P. for Clackmannan,
1815 : G.C.B., 1816 : died Feb. 14, 1817.
ABERCROMBY, SIR ROBERT (1740-
1827)
Younger brother of Sir Ralph : entered
the Army in 1758 : served in North
America till the peace in 1763 : and again,
from 1776 to 1783, throughout the war
to the capitulation of Yorktown : went
to India 1788, and, in 1790, was Governor
of Bombay and C. in C. there : Maj-
General, 1790. After operations on the
Malabar coast, he joined Lord Cornwallis
in attacking and defeating Tippoo at
Seringapatam in 1792 : K. B. : succeeded
Lord Cornwallis as C. in C. in India,
Oct. 1793, being at the same time Member
of the Supreme Council till Feb. 1797 :
he defeated the Rohillas at Batina in
Rohilkund in 1794 : Lt-General in 1797 :
M.P. for Clackmannan County in 1798 :
Governor of Edinburgh Castle, 1801 :
General, 1802 : died Nov. 1827.
ABERIGH - MACKAY, GEORGE
ROBERT (1848-1881)
Born July 25, 1848 : son of Rev. Dr.
James Aberigh-Mackay, Chaplain in Ben-
gal : educated privately in Scotland, at
Magdalen College School, Oxford, and
St. Catherine's College, Cambridge : en-
tered the Education Department at
Bareli in the N. W. P., 1870 : Professor
of English Literature at the Delhi College,
1873 : Tutor to the Raja of Ratlam,
Central India, and Principal of the College
there, 1876 : Principal of the Rajkumar
College at Indore, 1877 : Fellow, Calcutta
University, 1880 : wrote a number of
educational works : also Notes on Western
Turkistan, a Hand-book of Hindustan, a
Manual of Indian Sport, Native Chiefs
and their States, The sovereign Princes and
Chiefs of Central India : at one time wrote
largely for the Pioneer, and constantly
for other English and Indian papers,
including letters in the Bombay Gazette
under the nom de plume " The Political
Orphan " : but his best work was his
Twenty-one Days in India, being the Tour
■of Sir Ali Baba, a series of sketches of
Indian life and society which appeared
in Vanity Fair in 1878-9, and were after-
wards published together. For brilliant
wit, his work has not been approached
in modern days in India. His bright and
sympathetic humour, his " suspicion of
cynicism which is the soul of modern
pathos," his freedom from malice, his
command of style and language, the keen
edge and truth of his criticisms, his grasp
and range, took the public by storm : a
distinguished literary career lay before
him, when he died, Jan. 12, 1881, from
tetanus, caused by a chill caught at lawn-
tennis : he was also an ardent sportsman,
and lover of birds and animals.
ABRAHAMS, LIONEL (1869- )
Educated at City of London School :
scholar of Balliol College, Oxford : Arnold
Prize : entered the India Office 1893 :
Assistant Financial Secretary, 1901:
Financial Secretary, 1902 : contributed
to^the Dictionary of Political Economy.
ADAM, SIR FREDERICK ( ? -1853)
Governor : son of Right Hon. William
Adam : entered the Army, 1795 : in the
Guards, 1799 : in Egypt, 1800-1 : in
Sicily and Spain : A.D.C. to the Prince
Regent : Maj -General : commanded a
Brigade at Waterloo : K. C. B. : Lord
High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands,
1824-6 : G.C.M.G. : P.C., 1831 : Governor
of Madras, 1832-7 : G.C.B., 1840 : Colonel
of the 57th and 21st regts. : General,
1846 : died Aug. 17, 1853.
ADAM, JOHN (1779-1825)
Son of Right Hon. W. Adam : born
May 4, 1779, educated at Charterhouse
and Edinburgh University : writer in
the E. I. Co.'s service, reached Calcutta,
.Feb. 1796 : three years at Patna : head
assistant in the judicial-revenue Secre-
tariat : in May, 1802, was Head of the
" Governor-General's office " : in 1804,
Deputy Secretary in the Secret and Poli-
tical Departments : in 1809, Secretary
in the Military Department : in 181 2,
Secretary in the Secret, Foreign and
Political Departments : Private Secretary
in 1 817 and Political Secretary to the
Marquis of Hastings, whom he accom-
panied during the Mahratta-Pindari war,
greatly influencing his policy of estab-
lishing the British supremacy : was " the
very able and very conservative " Mem-
ber of the Supreme Council, 1819-25 •
opposed the liberty of the Press as un-
suited to India, and the financial transac-
tions of Palmer & Co with the Nizam :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
acted as Governor General from Lord
Hastings' departure in Jan. until Lord
Amherst's arrival in Aug., 1823 :
adopted a strong and active policy : a
Regulation was passed, in April, 1823,
to curb the public Press : under it, John
Silk Buckingham, who had established
the Calcutta Journal and criticised Govern-
ment, satirically commenting upon an
appointment made by Government, was
deprived of his licence and deported to
England. The Court of Directors ap-
proved Adam's policy, and the Privy
Council concurred. Adam was the first
to grant public money, a lakh of rupees a
year, in support of native education :
devoted town duties to public works :
increased civil judicial establishments :
added four regiments to the Bengal
Army : was given a renewed term as
Member of Council : he died at sea, off
Madagascar, June 4, 1825. His picture,
by Chinnery, is in the Town Hall, Cal-
cutta, and a tablet to his memory is in
St. John's Church there, testifying to his
merits.
ADAM, WILLIAM PATRICK (1823-
1881)
Governor : son of Admiral Sir Charles
Adam, K.C.B. : born 1823 : educated at
Rugby and Trinity College, Cambridge :
B.A. : called to the bar by the Inner
Temple, 1849 : Private Secretary to Lord
Elphinstone, Governor of Bombay, 1853-
58 : M.P. for Clackmannan and Kinross,
1859-80 : Lord of the Treasury, 1865-6,
and 1868-73 : First Commissioner of
Works in 1873, and Privy Councillor :
1 Whip ' of the Liberal party, 1874-80,
and Governor of Madras, Dec. 20, 1880 :
died at Ootacamund May 24, 1881 : his
eldest son was created a Baronet in recog-
nition of his father's public services :
his widow was given the rank of a
Baronet's widow and made a member of
the Order of the Crown of India.
ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH ( ? -1882)
Naturalist, Army-Surgeon and Sur-
geon-Major from 1848 to 1873 : Professor
of Zoology at Dublin, and of Natural
History at Cork : wrote Wanderings of
a Naturalist in India, and The Western
Himalayas and Cashmere : F. G. S. :
F. R. S. : and LL.D. of Aberdeen : died
in Aug. 1882.
ADAMS, REV. JAMES WILLIAMS
(1840-1903)
Educated at Trinity College, Dublin:
ordained, 1863 : on the Bengal Ecclesi-
astical Establishment, 1868-1887: chosen,
1879, to be Chaplain to the Kabul Field
Force : was at Charasia and other engage-
ments, and in Lord Roberts' march from
Kabul to Kandahar : won the Victoria
Cross — the only clergyman who ever
gained it — in the Chardeh valley, near
Kabul, in Dec. 1879 : first saved a
wounded man of the 9th Lancers, by
dismounting and supporting him until
relieved ; he then, up to his waist in water,
and under a heavy fire from the Afghans
within a few yards, by sheer strength
dragged out two more men of the same
regiment from under their horses in a
ditch. He also saw service as Chaplain
in Burma. On his retirement, in 1887,
he was appointed Rector of Postwick,
Norfolk ; died at Ashwell Rectory near
Ockham, on Oct. 20, 1903. " Padre "
Adams, as he was called, had immense
influence with the British soldier, who
adored him. He was Chaplain in Ordinary
to H.M., 1901.
ADAMS, SIR JOHN WORTHINGTON
(1764-1837)
Entered the Army 1780 : fought
under Sir R. Abercromby {q. v.) against
the Rohillas : was at the capture of
Seringapatam, 1799 : commanded his
regt. in 1809, on active service in Central
India : C. B., 1815 : held commands in
Kumaon, Nagpur, the Dekkan : took
Chanda in 1818, was at Bhartpur in 1826 :
commanded the Sirhind Division, May,
1828 : Maj-General 1830 : Colonel of the
1 6th Bengal, N.I. : K. C. B. : died March 9,
1837, at Sabathu.
ADAMS, THOMAS ( ? -1764)
Major : an officer of the school of
Clive : in 1763 succeeded to a command
in Bengal : defeated Mir Kasim, Nawab
of Bengal, performing splendid exploits
during the campaign : he started, just
after a British reverse, with a few English
veterans and a handful of sepoys : de-
feated one of the Nawab's Generals at
Katwa : marched on Murshidabad and
occupied it : won a brilliant victory at
Gheria : dislodged the enemy from their
position of great strength at the pass of
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Udwanala : took Monghyr : marched
on Patna, and took it by assault, though
he was so broken down by illness that he
could scarcely retain his command. Mir
Kasim had fled from Patna on the ap-
proach of the English : Adams pursued
him as far as the boundary of Oudh :
he then handed over the command to
Knox and died, worn out, Jan. 16, 1764.
ADYE,SIR JOHN MILLER (1891-1900)
Born Nov. 1, 1819, son of Major J. P.
Adye, R. A. : entered the Royal Artillery
in Dec. 1836 : in the Crimea as Brig-
Major to the Artillery ; Brevet-Lt-
Colonel, 1854, and C. B. : through the
mutiny as A.A.G. for Royal Artillery :
with General Windham at Cawnpur and
at the defeat of the Gwalior contingent,
Dec. 6, 1857 : commanded the R.A. in
Madras in 1859 : D.A.G. of Artillery in
India, 1863 ; in the Sitana (Umbeyla)
campaign : Director of Artillery at the
War Office, 1870 : to the Crimea in 1872,
to report on the British cemeteries and
monuments : Governor of R.M.A. Wool-
wich, 1875 : wrote largely on the ques-
tion of the Russians in Central Asia
and on Afghanistan, opposing a forward
policy : Surveyor-General of Ordnance,
1880 : Chief of the Staff to Lord Wolseley
in the Egyptian campaign, 1882 : Gov-
ernor of Gibraltar, 1883-1886 : K.C.B.
in 1873 : Commander of the Legion of
Honour, 1874 : G.C.B. in 1882, and the
Order of the Medjidie : General, Nov.
20, 1884 : died Aug. 26, 1900. He wrote
on India, viz., The Defence of Cawnpur,
Sitana, a Mountain Campaign, Indian
Frontier History, and an autobiography.
AFGHANISTAN, ABDUR RAHMAN,
AMIR OF (1844-1901)
Son of Afzal Khan, and grandson of
the Amir Dost Muhammad : confirmed
by Shir Ali, in 1863, in a government in
Turkistan : took part in the civil war
between his father and his uncle Shir Ali
{q.v.) : escaped to Bokhara when his
father was imprisoned in 1864 : collected
a force and defeated Shir Ali at Shekhabad
in May, 1866, and recovered Kabul for
his father : on the latter's death, in 1867,
became C. in C. to his uncle Muhammad
Azim : retired to Balkh : he was defeated
at Tinak Khan, by Yakub on behalf of
Shir Ali, on Jan. 3, 1869, and made for
Bokhara, receiving an allowance from
Russia : remained for 10 years at Samar-
kand. In 1880 he watched events from
Balkh, and, when Yakub Khan abdicated
and was sent to India, negotiations were
opened with Abdur Rahman, who pro-
ceeded to Charikar, was recognised as
Amir of Kabul by the British Govern-
ment in July, 1880, and finally nominated
Amir on Aug. 10 : he subsequently
occupied Kandahar when evacuated by
the British forces, lost it to his uncle
Ayub Khan (q.v.) in 1881, but personally
recovered it from Ayub in Sep. 1881 :
established his power throughout Afghan-
istan, and had frontier disputes with
Russia : visited the Viceroy, Lord Duf-
ferin, at Rawul Pindi, March, 1885, to
discuss Afghan affairs, and was then
made G.C.S.I. At the time of the Penjdeh
incident with Russia, in April, 1885, he
showed great forbearance. He had to
repress risings in various parts of the
kingdom : defeated his cousin Ishak,
Governor of Turkistan. In 1893 he
received Sir M. Durand's mission to
settle a number of frontier questions,
which at times had nearly led to hostili-
ties with the British. He ruled with a
rod of iron. GC.B., 1895 : disappointed
at not being allowed to have a diplomatic
agent resident in London, for which he
asked through his son Nasrulla, in 1895.
During his reign he employed English
firms and experts to work for him at
Kabul, and greatly strengthened his
kingdom and military power, but main-
tained the traditional Afghan policy of
keeping foreigners in general out of his
country : in an autobiography he showed
his confidence in the British alliance : he
died Oct. 3, 1901.
AFGHANISTAN, DOST MUHAMMAD
KHAN, AMIR OF (1791-1863)
Twentieth son of Payinda Khan
(executed 1799), who was chief of the
Barakzais, and brother of Fateh Khan,
the Barakzai " Mayor of the Palace "
of Mahmud Shah, of the Abdalis, or
Duranis. As the result of the fighting
among the members of the Durani and
Barakzai families from the time of Payinda
Khan, Dost Muhammad established
himself in 1822-3 m Kabul, Kashmir hav-
ing been lost to the Sikhs in 1819, Herat
and Peshawar not being in his power.
He defeated Shah Shuja, the Sadazai or,
Durani, late Amir, at Kandahar in 1833 :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
but lost Peshawar to the Sikhs in 1834 :
styled himself Amir in 1833. In 1837
Burnes was sent on an embassy to Kabul,
to oppose Persian designs on Herat :
Dost Muhammad was found to be intri-
guing with Russia, and a Russian Envoy
appeared at Kabul : Lord Auckland's
Government decided to depose Dost
Muhammad and reinstate Shah Shuja
as Amir : on the approach of the British
force in 1839 Dost Muhammad fled to
Bokhara, but escaped, advanced on
Kabul, made a stand at Bajgah, but was
defeated and fled again : after a success
against the English at Parwandarra, he
surrendered, Nov. 3, 1840, to the Eng-
lish envoy and was sent down to Cal-
cutta : at the end of the first Afghan
war, in 1842, he returned to Kabul and
resumed his reign : in the Panjab cam-
paign of 1848-9, he sent assistance to the
Sikhs : he concluded the treaty of Pesha-
war with the Governor-General in March,
1855, by which the independence of
Afghanistan was recognised : and a sub-
sidy was given to him, under an agreement
made in Jan. 1857 : he regained Kanda-
har in Jan. 1856 : remained quiet and
staunch to the British during the mutiny :
established his power throughout Afghanis-
tan, capturing Herat, May 27, 1863 :
died at Herat, June 9, 1863 : was a
strong ruler, and leader of men, but cruel
and unscrupulous.
AFGHANISTAN, SHIR ALI, AMIR OF
(1820-1879)
Fifth son of Dost Muhammad (q.v.),
whom he accompanied in exile to India :
succeeded him on his death, at Herat, in
1863, being recognised by the Government
of India : civil war ensued between him
and his brothers. He lost his eldest son,
Muhammad Ali, in the battle of Kajhbaz,
in 1865, when he defeated his brother
Muhammad Amir and took Kandahar :
lost Kabul to his nephew, Abdur Rahman :
imprisoned, 1864, his brother Afzal, who
regained his freedom after the battle of
Shekhabad in May, 1866, was proclaimed
Amir, but died 1867. Shir Ali at one
time had lost Kabul and Kandahar, but,
having recovered Kabul from his brother
Muhammad Azam, defeated Abdur Rah-
man (q. v.), son of Afzal, on Jan. 3, 1869,
drove him out and was recognised as
Amir by the Government of India. Lord
Mayo received him in darbar at Umbala
in 1869. Shir Ali returned disappointed
from the darbar, and showed resentment
at the failure of his requests and his subse-
quent treatment by the British Govern-
ment : in 1873 he sent an envoy, Saiyad
Nur Muhammad, to India, to make cer-
tain proposals, which were not accepted :
negotiations took place in 1877 between
the envoy and Sir L. Pelly, on behalf of
the Governor-General, Lord Lytton, but
were fruitless. Abdullah Jan, named
in 1873 as his heir, died in 1877. In 1878
Shir Ali was found to have received, at
Kabul, a Russian mission under General
Stolietoff : he stopped Sir Neville Cham-
berlain's mission at Ali Masjid, and the
second Afghan war ensued. On the
approach of the British forces, Shir Ali
fled from Kabul and died at Mazar-i-
Sharif, in Afghan Turkistan, on Feb. 21,
1879.
AGA ALI SHAH ( ? -1885)
Like his father, Aga Khan, the spiritual
head of the Khoja community, from whom
he received tribute in Asia and Africa :
best known to Englishmen as a keen
sportsman, a strong supporter of the turf :
Member of the Bombay Legislative Coun-
cil : succeeded by his son, Aga Sultan
Muhammad Shah : died in 1885.
AGA KHAN (1800-1881)
The venerable spiritual head of the
Khoja community, of Shia Muhamma-
dans : descendant of the mysterious and
dreaded " old man of the mountains " :
claimed to be descended from Ali and
Fatima : fled from Persia 40 years before
his death, after an attempt to gain the
Persian throne, at which his family aimed :
assisted the British with his light horse
in the Afghan war, 1842 : received
Rs. 1,000 a month as pension : resided a
short time in Calcutta, and then 30 years
in Bombay, holding his court in grand
style, and taking a leading part in turf
and sporting matters : the keenest racing
man in India : exercised almost absolute
control over his subjects, " a king without
a territory," the annual tribute from his
followers amounting to a lakh of rupees :
died April 12, 1881.
AGA SULTAN MUHAMMAD SHAH
(1875- )
Born 1875 : Aga Khan: succeeded his
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
father, Aga AH Shah, as head of Ismaili Mu-
hammadans : has many religious followers
in East Africa, Central Asia and India :
attended the Coronation (1902) as guest
of the English nation : K.C.I.E. 1898 :
G.C.I.E. 1902 : Member of the Governor
General's Legislative Council: has the
Zanzibar and Prussian Orders.
AGNEW, PATRICK ALEXANDER
VANS (1822-1848)
I.C.S. : son of Lt. -Colonel P. Vans
Agnew, a Director of the E.I. Co : educated
at Haileybury : arrived in India in 1841 :
Assistant to the Superintendent of the
Cis-Satlaj States, and at Sobraon in 1846 :
after political work connected with
Kashmir was assistant to the British
Resident at Lahore : was sent in 1848
with Lt. Anderson to Multan, to introduce
both a change in the personnel of the native
Government and new fiscal arrangements :
they were treacherously attacked on
April 20, 1848, wounded and subsequently
murdered by Mulraj's retainers, with his
knowledge : this outrage led to the second
Sikh War of 1848-9, after which the
Panjab was annexed.
AGNEW, SIR WILLIAM FISCHER
(1847-1903)
Son of General Agnew, of the Indian
Staff Corps : called to the bar at Lin-
coln's Inn, 1870 : joined the bar of the
Calcutta High Court : edited, from 1877,
the Indian Law Reports, Calcutta : was
Law Lecturer, Presidency College, 1879 :
Recorder of Rangoon, 1884-1900, officia-
ting in 1885-6 as a Judge of the Calcutta
High Court : knighted, 1899 : retired
in 1900 : edited several books on Indian
Law: died Dec. 26, 1903.
AHLIA BAI ( ? -1795)
Wife of Khandi Rao Holkar, (who died
i754),son of Malhar Rao Holkar, of Indore.
On the latter's death, in 1765, Mali Rao,
son of Khandi and Ahlia, succeeded to
the throne, but died in 9 months. Then
Ahlia assumed the government, chose
Takaji Holkar as her minister, and ruled
till her death in 1795. She transacted
business daily, unveiled, in open darbar
from 2 p.m : had great ability and charac-
ter, was deeply religious, and governed
admirably.
AHMAD KHAN, SIR SYAD, KHAN
BAHADUR (1817-1898)
Educational reformer : born Oct. 17,
1 81 7, at Delhi, of a noble family : his
ancestors came into India from Central
Asia, and held high office under the Mogul
Emperors : he entered Government ser-
vice in 1837 and rose to be a subordinate
Judge in the N.W.P. In the mutiny he
rendered faithful service to the British at
Bijnur, saving their lives : he wrote a
pamphlet in Urdu on the causes of the
mutiny. He was devoted to antiquarian
research and was a Member of the Royal
Asiatic Society : in 1864 he formed a
Translation Society at Ghazipur (after-
wards moved to Alighar) and had several
valuable English works translated into
Urdu. He visited England in 1869, and
left his son (afterwards Mr. Justice Mah-
mud of the Allahabad High Court), to
be educated at Cambridge. He wrote a
reply to Sir W. W. Hunter's work on
The Indian Musalmans — are they bound
in Conscience to rebel against the Queen ?
In 1876 he retired from Government
service, and in 1877 commenced the Anglo-
Oriental College at Alighar. He was a
Member of the Legislative Council, N.W.P.
and an Additional Member of the Governor
General's Legislative Council, 1 878-1882 :
was made a K.C.S.I. in 1888 : a
man of extreme courtesy combined with
personal dignity : to his College he
devoted his whole energy and means :
died March 27, 1898 : wrote Archceolo-
gical History of Delhi 1847 : F.R.A.S.
1864.
AHMAD SHAH ABDALI, or DURANI
( ? -1772)
Son of an Afghan chief of the tribe of
Abdal, near Herat : held a command under
Nadir Shah : after whose death, in i747»
he attacked the Persians, seized Kandahar,
Kabul and Lahore : in 1748 he attacked
the Moguls in Hindustan : returned to
Kabul, but, in 1757, came down on Delhi
and Agra, plundered Mathura and re-
turned to Kandahar : about 1758, in
response to an invitation from India, he
advanced against the Mahrattas, then in
great power, and defeated them at Panipat,
Jan. 1761 : returned to Kabul : again
invaded India in 1767 : returned to
Afghanistan with little success, but some
plunder : died 1772, succeeded by his
second son, Timur Shah.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
AHMAD, SYAD (
? )
Of Bareli : a horseman under Amir
Khan (q.v.) : went to Delhi, became a
disciple of Shah Abdul Aziz, a famous
devotee there : became a religious teacher
and reformer, aiming at the restoration of
pure Muhammadanism : went to Calcutta
in 1821 : to Mecca, 1822 : to Bombay,
1823 : wrote the Incitement to Religious
War, and opened a jihad against the Sikhs
in 1826 : was killed in battle, and the
movement terminated.
AINSLIE, WHITELAW (1766-1836)
Joined the E. I. Co's medical service in
1788, and served in Madras : in 1810 he
was made Superintending Surgeon, and
retired in 18 15 : he wrote on cholera,
fever, the Materia Medica of Hindostan,
Materia Indica, and similar subjects :
died April 29, 1836.
AIREY, SIR JAMES TALBOT (1812-
1898)
Son of Lt-General Sir George Airey,
and brother of Lord Airey : born Sep.
6, 1812 : entered the Army in 1830 : in
1841 he accompanied General Elphinstone
(q.v.) to Kabul as his A. D. C. : in Dec.
he was one of the hostages given up to
Akbar Khan : they were released in Sep.
1842 : was present under McCaskill (q.v.)
at Istalif : in the Gwalior campaign in
1843 : at Punniar : served in the Guards
in the Crimea : C.B. : Colonel, 1859 :
Lt-General and K.C.B. in 1877 : retired
as General in 1881*: died Jan. 1, 1898.
AITCHISON, SIR CHARLES UMPHER-
STON (1832-1896)
I.C.S. : born May 20, 1832, son of
Hugh Aitchison, of Edinburgh : educated
at the High School and University there :
and at the University of Halle : passed
in the first competitive examination,
while Haileybury was being abolished : ar-
rived in India in 1856 : he narrowly escaped
the massacre of Europeans at Hissar in
1857 : was Under Secretary in the Foreign
Department of the Government of India,
1859-65, and, after some executive work,
was Foreign Secretary, 1868-78. Sharing,
as he did, the views of Lord Lawrence on
questions of Central Asian and Afghan
policy, he was strongly opposed to the
measures which led to the second Afghan
War of 1878-80. He was Chief Com-
missioner of British Burma from March,
1878, to July, 1880; Lieutenant-Governor
of the Panjab, 1882-87 ; Member of the
Supreme Council from April, 1887, to Nov.
1888 : also President of the important
Public Service Commission in 1887-88 :
K.C.S.I. in 1881, CLE. in 1882 : also
LL.D. of Edinburgh and honorary M.A.
of Oxford. He compiled the first edition
of the Treaties, Engagements and
Sunnuds, an authoritative work of
reference, always quoted under his name :
wrote also The Native States of India, and
Lord Lawrence in the Rulers of India
series : he died at Oxford Feb. 18, 1896.
AITKEN, EDWARD HAMILTON
(1851- :
Son of the Rev. James Aitken, mission-
ary, Free Church of Scotland : passed
the B.A. and M.A. examinations of the
Bombay University at the head of the
list : Latin reader in the Dekkan College,
1880-6 : entered the Customs and Salt
Department : writes under the name of
E. H. A. : author of Tribes on my Frontier,
Behind the Bungalow, The Naturalist on
the Prowl, Five Windows of the Soul,
Common Birds of Bombay : Chief Collector
of Customs, Karachi.
AITKEN, ROBERT HOPE MONCRIEFF
( ? -1887)
Of the 13th Bengal N.I. : served in the
Panjab campaign, 1848-9 : in the mutiny,
at Lucknow, in the operations before
Cawnpur, and in the Oudh campaign,
1858 : gained the V.C. for acts of gallantry
during the defence of the Lucknow
Residency : Inspr-General of Police in
Oudh : Colonel 1876 : died Sep. 18, 1887.
AITKEN, WILLIAM (1846-
Son of James Aitken, of Falkirk, N.B.,
educated at Edinburgh Academy and
Heidelberg : entered the Royal Artillery,
1867, Captain in 1878 : in Afghan war,
1878-80 : in the Mahsud Waziri expedi-
tion, 1881 : Major, 1884 : served in the
Burma expedition, 1885-87 : Brevet
Lt-Colonel : in the Chitral Relief Force,
1895 : C.B. : Brevet Colonel, 1897 : served
with the Malakand Field Force, and in
the Mohmand and Buner expeditions,
1897-8: commanded the Mountain Artil-
lery, Rawul Pindi, Panjab, till 1899 :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
A.D.C. to his Majesty : and Colonel on
the Staff, commanding R.A., Scottish
District since 1899.
AIYAR, SIR SHESHADRI (1845-1901)
Son of a Brahman of Palghat in the
District of Malabar : educated at the
Provincial School at Calicut and the
Presidency College in Madras : entered
the Government service as translator in
the Collector's office at Calicut : trans-
ferred in 1868 to Mysore under Ranga
Charlu (q.v.). In 13 years he filled various
subordinate offices until the rendition of
the State to its ruler in 1881 : then he
became Personal Assistant to Runga
Charlu, whom he succeeded as Diwan in
1883. For 17 years he laboured assidu-
ously to promote the economic and
industrial development of the State. He
began with a debt of 30 lakhs and left
with a surplus of 176 lakhs. In railway,
irrigation, and mining works immense
progress was made during his adminis-
tration : his unpopularity was due to
his showing preference in his appointments
to " outsiders " over natives of the State :
a high - principled and accomplished
statesman : received a handsome bonus
of 4 lakhs on his retirement in 1900:
made C.S.I, in 1887, K.C.S.I. in 1893 :
Fellow of the Madras University : died
Sep. 13, 1901.
AIYAR, SIR TIRUVARUR MUTU-
SAWMY (1832-1895)
Born Jan. 28, 1832 : of a poor but
respectable family in the Tanjore Dis-
trict : his father died when he was young,
and his mother had not the means to
educate him : began life as assistant to a
village accountant : in 1846, Tahsildar
Mutusawmy Naik was struck with his
intelligence, and sent him to the Madras
High School. He was a favourite pupil
of E. B. Powell {q.v.) : after serving for a
time in the Tanjore District, was appointed
a Deputy Inspector of Schools in 1856 :
and, later, District Munsif of Tranque-
bar : in 1859, Deputy Collector of Tan-
jore : in 1865, Sub-Judge of S. Canara :
in 1868, Police Magistrate at Madras:
passed the B.L. degree at the University,
and became a Judge of the Small Cause
Court : in 1878, CLE. and Judge of the
High Court, where he remained for 15
years ; acting as Chief Justice for 3 months
in 1893 : K.C.I.E. : was very learned in
Hindu Law and a sound English lawyer,
somewhat timid in coming to a decision :
died Jan. 25, 1895.
AJUDHIA NATH PANDIT (1840-1892)
A Kashmiri Brahman : born April 8,
1840 : his father, Kedar Nath, was a
merchant at Agra and for some time
Diwan to the Nawab of J aff har : edu-
cated at the Agra College : in 1862 joined
the bar. When the seat of Government
was moved from Agra to Allahabad ,he
migrated there : in 1869 Professor of Law
at Agra : very successful as a pleader,
and amassed a fortune : continued his
studies in Persian and Arabic : became
a member of the N.W.P. Legislative
Council ; Fellow of the Calcutta and
Allahabad Universities ; a prominent
member of the National Congress in 1888,
and afterwards became Joint General
Secretary : a man of strong individu-
ality : died Jan. n, 1892.
AKBAR KHAN ( ? -1849)
Eldest son of Dost Mahammad (q.v.),
the Amir of Afghanistan : distinguished
himself against the Sikhs, and took an
active part in the insurrection in Kabul
in 1841 against Shah Shuja, the Amir and
the British forces : at the conference to
which the envoy, Sir W. H. Macnaghten,
was invited on Dec. 23, 1841, outside
Kabul, he treacherously murdered Mac-
naghten : the British hostages, including
women and children, were given over to
him, when the British army retreated
from Kabul and was destroyed, in Jan.,
1842, by the Afghans and the climate : he
treated them chivalrously : he attacked
Sale's garrison near Jalalabad, but was
beaten off on April 7, 1842, by a force
under Havelock : he was again routed, in
Aug., 1842, at Tezin by the relieving
force under General Pollock : he died
1849, in Kabul, after the restoration of
Dost Muhammad.
ALCOCK,
ALFRED WILLIAM
(1859- )
Educated at Mill Hill, Blackheath,
Westminster, and Aberdeen University :
Assistant Professor of Zoology, Aberdeen
University, 1883-85 : joined the Indian
Medical Service, 1885 : served in the
Panjab Frontier Force : Surgeon Natura-
IO
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
list to the Marine Survey of India on
board the Investigator, 1888- 1892 : Super-
intendent of the Indian Museum and
Professor of Zoology in the Medical College,
Calcutta, since 1893 : CLE. : author of
A Naturalist in Indian Seas and numerous
zoological monographs : Major.
ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES ( ? - ? )
Entered the Bengal Artillery, 1820 : at
capture of Bhartpur, 1825-6 : commanded
the Artillery under Pollock in Afghanistan,
1842 : forced the Khyber Pass, at Tezin
and Kabul : in the Gwalior campaign,
at Maharajpur, 1843 : in the Satlaj cam-
paign, 1845-6, at Badiwal,Aliwal, Sobraon:
C.B. : K.C.B., 1871 General, -872 :
retired, 1887'
ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES FDWARD
(1803-1885)
Born Oct. 16, 1803 : son of Edward
Alexander, of Powis : educated at Edin-
burgh, Glasgow and the R.M.C., Sand-
hurst : to Madras as a cadet in 1820 :
Adjutant of the bodyguard to Sir Thomas
Munro, and served in the Burmese war of
1824 : left the E. I. Co.'s army in 1825,
but saw much active service, with the
Persian army, in the Balkans, Portugal,
S. Africa, Canada, the Crimea, New
Zealand : employed on Government expedi-
tions in exploring and surveying in Central
Africa and New Brunswick, for which he
was knighted : took a leading part in the
removal of 'Cleopatra's Needle' to England,
1867-77 : made C.B. in 1873, retired as
Lt -General, and became General in 1881 :
died April 2, 1885 : wrote Travels from
India to England by way of Burma, Persia,
Turkey, etc., 1827, and other works : was
Knight Commander of the Lion and
Sun : F.R.S. Edinburgh : F.R.G.S. :
F.R.A.S. : F.S.S.A.
ALI IBRAHIM KHAN, NAWAB
( t -1793 ?)
Of Patna : " Daroga " of the Court at
Benares, that is, President of the tribunal
there, in the time of Warren Hastings'
Governorship : besides a number of com-
positions, he compiled the Gulzar-i
Ibrahim, described as an anthological
biography of Hindustani poets, written
1772-1784 : he had a poetical name,
Khatil : died 1793 or 1794.
ALISON, SIR ARCHIBALD, BARONET
(1826- )
General : son of Sir. A. A., the historian :
born Jan. 21, 1826 : educated at Glasgow
and Edinburgh Universities : entered
the Army in 1846 : served in the Crimea ;
in the Indian mutiny he was Military
Secretary to Sir Colin Campbell, then
C. in C. in India ; lost his arm at the
relief of Lucknow in Nov., 1857 : made
C.B. : served in the Asfianti expedition
in 1873-4 : made K.C.B. and later G.C.B. :
Commandant of the Staff College, 1877 :
Head of the Intelligence Department,
1878-8 : in the Egyptian campaign of
1882, commanded at Alexandria, and the
Highland Brigade at Tel-el- Kebir : C. in
C. in Egypt, 1882-3 : commanded the
Aldershot Division from 1883 : Adjutant -
General, 1888 : retired from the Army,
1893 : member of the Council of India,
1 889-1 899 : wrote a number of articles in
Blackwood's Magazine.
ALIVERDI KHAN (1676P-1766)
Nawab Nazim of Bengal, Bihar and
Orissa : son of Mirza Muhammad, a
Turkoman employed at Delhi : entered
the service of Nawab Shujauddin, governor
of Orissa (son-in-law of Nawab Murshid
Kali J afar Khan) as a commander of
troops : in 1726, J afar Khan died, Shu-
jauddin succeeded him as Nawab Nazim,
and Aliverdi Khan became General of
the Imperial troops : in 1729 he was
appointed Governor of Bihar by Nawab
Shujauddin, and, later, became free from
any dependence on the Nizam of Bengal :
in 1739 Shujauddin died, and was suc-
ceeded by his son, Sarfaraz Khan, Aliverdi
continuing to be governor of Bihar : in
1740 Aliverdi quarrelled with the Nawab
Sarfaraz, defeated and killed him in battle
and seized the Nizamat : he was known
in Bengal as Muhabat Jang. From
1 74 1 the Mahrattas invaded Bengal, and
their leader, Bhashkar Pandit, was in-
veigled by Aliverdi to a conference, and
treacherously killed : the Mahratta raids
spread consternation throughout Bengal,
and, after fighting with them up to 1751,
Aliverdi made peace by ceding Orissa
to them and agreeing to an annual pay-
ment of 12 lakhs of rupees. Aliverdi
allowed the English to protect themselves
in 1742, by digging the Mahratta ditch
round the Company's territory to stop the
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
ii
Mahratta raids. In 1753 he adopted his
grandson, Surajuddaula, and declared
him his successor. On April 9, 1756,
Aliverdi died at the age of 80, at Mur-
shidabad.
ALLARD, JEAN FRANCOIS (1785-1839)
General : born in France, March 8,
1785 : served in the French Cavalry from
1803 : in Italy : A.D.C. to Marshal
Brune : after Waterloo, went to Persia ;
thence through Kandahar and Kabul to
Lahore : entered Ranjit Singh's service
in March, 1822, and drilled Sikh cavalry
for him on the European model : engaged
in numerous campaigns : of high character
and much liked and respected by Euro-
peans : was General in the French Army,
and Political Agent of the French Govern-
ment at Lahore : died at Peshawar, Jan.
23* 1839, and buried at Lahore.
ALLARDYCE, ALEXANDER (1841-
1896)
Educated at Aberdeen University :
for years connected with Blackwood, and
his chief adviser in the management of
the magazine : went to India as a journal-
st on the staff of the Indian Statesman :
declined a civil appointment offered
him : went to Ceylon : was special
correspondent there in connexion with
H.R.H. the Prince of Wales' visit to the
East : on returning to England, wrote
for Reviews and Magazines : wrote novels
with success, such as The City of Sunshine,
EarVs Court, a biography of Admiral
Keith, and other similar works : died
April 22, 1896.
ALLEN, CHARLES (1808-1884)
I.C.S. : born July 29, 1808 : son of Rev.
David Bird Allen : educated at West-
minster and Haileybury : went to India
1827 : served chiefly in the N.W.P. :
Magte. Collr. of Moradabad, 1837 : Hamir-
pur, 1 841 : Settlement Officer in Bundel-
kund : Judge at Agra, 1843-9 : an <i a t
Fatehghar : acted as Foreign Secretary
to the Government of India, 1852 : Finan-
cial Secretary, 1854 : and Member of the
Legislative Council of India, 1854 : retired,
1857 : died, Nov. 5, 1884 : was J. P. and
Alderman and Mayor of Tenby, and High
Sheriff of Pembrokeshire, 1876 : wrote in
support of Lord Dalhousie The Yellow
Pamphlet in answer to Colonel G. B.
Malleson's Red Pamphlet at the time of the
mutiny.
ALLEN, SIR GEORGE WILLIAM
(1831-1900)
Son of James Allen : founder of the
Pioneer and Civil and Military Gazette,- the
first daily newspapers published elsewhere
than in the Presidency towns in India :
promoted private enterprise : CLE.,
1879 : K.C.I.E., 1897 : died Nov. 4>
1900.
ALMS, JAMES (1728-1791)
Naval officer : born July 15, 1728, of
humble origin, entered the Navy early :
served in the East Indies : narrowly
escaped when his ship sank in a storm in
April, 1749, near Fort St. David :
commanded an East Indiaman in the
Bombay-China trade : was present at the
capture of Gheria, the stronghold of the
pirate Angria in 1756. After service in
other stations, he, in 1780, commanded
the Monmouth, 60 guns, joining Sir Edward
Hughes in the Indian seas : was present
in the engagements of 1782 off Sadras,
Providien, Negapatam, Trincomalee, in
which his ship suffered severely and his
losses were heavy : his health gave way :
retired in 1784, and died June 8, I79 1 -
AMEER ALI, SYAD (1849- )
Born April 6, 1849 : son of Syad Saadat
Ali, of Unao, Oudh, of a family originally
from Persia : descendant of Muhammad
through the Imam Ali-ar-Raza, of Mashad:
educated at Hughli College : M.A. and
B.L., Calcutta : called to the bar at the
Inner Temple, 1873, practised in the
High Court, Calcutta: Fellow of the
Calcutta University, 1874 : Magistrate
and Chief Magistrate, Calcutta, 1878-81 :
Lecturer on Muhammadan Law, 1875-9 :
Member of the Bengal Legislative Council,
1878-83 : and of the Governor General's
Legislative Council, 1883-5 : Tagore
Law Professor, 1884: CLE. : Puisne Judge
of the Calcutta High Court, 1890-1904 :
President of the Committee of the Hughli
Imambara, 1876-1904 : founder of the
Central National Muhammadan Associa-
tion, and its Secretary, 1876-90 : a
strong advocate of English education and
of the education of Indian ladies : very
influential among the Muhammadans in
Bengal : wrote A Critical Examination of
12
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
the Life and Teachings of Muhammad,
The Spirit of Islam, The Ethics of Islam,
A Short History of the Saracens, Personal
Law of the Muhammadans, Students'
Handbook of Muhammadan Law, Muham-
madan Law : was joint author of A
Commentary on the Indian Evidence Act,
and of A Commentary on the Bengal Tenancy
Act : has frequently written articles in
The Nineteenth Century, and is engaged
on a History of Muhammadan Civilization
in India.
AMHERST OF ARAKAN, WILLIAM
PITT, FIRST EARL (1773-1857)
Governor-General : born in Jan. 1773 :
sent on an embassy to China in 1816 :
arrived in Calcutta as Governor-General,
Aug. 1, 1823 : it devolved on him to
allay the excitement caused by the action
of the Government towards the Press
and Mr. J. S. Buckingham (q.v.) In
Feb., 1824, the Burmese having occupied
countries near Bengal and attacked British
territory, Amherst declared war and
despatched an expedition, which cap-
tured Rangoon, Martaban and Prome :
peace was made by the treaty of Yanda-
boo, 1826, by which Assam and Tenasserim
were ceded to the British. In Jan., 1826,
the capture of Bhartpur by Lord Comber-
mere took place, when the British Govern-
ment restored the youthful Raja Balwant
Singh, whom Government had recognized,
to the throne, which had been seized by a
cousin, Durjan Sal. Lord Amherst was
made an Earl. He was the first Governor-
General to spend, in 1827, the summer in
Simla : left India March 10, 1828 : died
March 13, 1857.
AMIR ALI KHAN, NAWAB BAHADUR
(1810-1879)
Born at Barh, March 10, 1810 : ap-
pointed, 1829, Assistant to the Ambassador
of Nasiruddin Hyder, King of Oudh : in
1838 Deputy Assistant Superintendent
in the Presidency Special Commissioner's
Court at Calcutta : in 1845, Government
Pleader in the Sadr Diwani A dalat : in
1857, Personal Assistant to the Com-
missioner of Patna : in 1864 Khan
Bahadur and Member of the Bengal
Legislative Council : entered the service
of the late ex- King of Oudh, and appointed
a Commissioner to settle the debts of the
late Nawab Nazim of Bengal : in 1875
made Nawab : in 1878 the Sultan of
Turkey made him a Companion of the
Order of the Osmanli : died Nov., 1879.
AMIR KHAN (1790?-after 1877)
A wealthy banker and money-lender of
Patna : was arrested and tried as a
member of a Wahabi conspirary, at Patna,
in 1 87 1, on various charges of attempting
to wage war against the Queen : con-
victed and sentenced to transportation
for life, with forfeiture of property, and
released on the proclamation of the Queen
as Empress of India, Jan. 1, 1877.
AMIR KHAN ( ? -1834)
Born in Rohilkund, of Afghan parents :
at 20 went with followers to Malwa :
took service under Bhopal : next under
the Mahrattas : from 1799 to 1806 com-
manded the army of J aswant Rao Holkar :
next under the Raja of Jaipur : always
committing plunder and depredations :
attacked the Mahrattas, in Nagpur, but
returned to his own capital, Sironj, to
defend it against the British : he was
essentially a Pindari : when the British
entered Malwa in 1817, negotiations passed
between them and Amir Khan, which
resulted in his abandoning the predatory
system, dismissing his army, and being
allowed to keep the lands he held under
grants from Holkar : he received territory
and a gift of money from the British :
and, by the Treaty of Nov. 15, 18 17, was
confirmed in his possessions. The Princi-
pality of Tonk was thus established, and
Amir Khan's descendants are still Nawabs
there : he died 1834.
AMOS, ANDREW (1791-1860)
Lawyer : born in India, 1791 : son of
James Amos, merchant : educated at
Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge :
Fellow, 18 1 3 : called to the bar by the
Middle Temple : had a large practice :
Recorder of Oxford, Nottingham, and
Banbury : a member of the Criminal Law
Commission for some years : Professor
of English Law at University College,
London, 1829-37 : Legal Member (suc-
ceeding Macaulay) of the Supreme Coun-
cil of the Governor-General, 1838-42 :
had much to do with the abolition of
slavery in India, and the framing of the
Penal Code. On return to England he
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
13
became a County Court Judge, and
Downing Professor of Laws at Cam-
bridge : wrote on a number of legal and
literaryjsubjects : died April 18, i860.
AMPTHILL, OLIVER ARTHUR
VILLIERS RUSSELL, BARON
(1869- )
Born Feb. 19, 1869 : son of the first
Baron (better known as Lord Odo Rus-
sell) educated at Eton, and New College,
Oxford : rowed in the Oxford University
Eight, 1889-91 : President of the O.U.B.C.
1 89 1 : President of the Oxford Union
Society, 1891 : won the Pair Oars at
Henley Regatta with Guy Nickalls, 1890-
91 : Private Secretary to Rt. Hon. J.
Chamberlain : Governor of Madras, from
Dec, 1900 : Viceroy and Governor-General
from April 30 to Dec, 1904.
AMYATT (
1763)
A Bengal Civilian : chief of the English
factory at Patna in 1759 : a member of
the Calcutta Council when Vansittart
(q.v.) was Governor in Bengal. Amyatt
had been superseded by Clive's appoint-
ment of Vansittart, and therefore con-
stantly opposed all his measures : sent
on a mission to Mir Kasim, Nawab of
Bengal : it was unsuccessful, and war
was imminent, but Amyatt was given
leave to return to Calcutta : meanwhile,
however, the disaster took place at Patna :
Amyatt was attacked and murdered by
Mir Kasim's troops before he had reached
his destination, 1763.
ANDERSON, DAVID ( ? - ? )
Employed by Warren Hastings on
important negotiations ; sent on an
embassy to Madhava Rao Sindia, at the
close of the first Mahratta war, to conclude
peace, 1782 : accompanied by his brother,
Lieut. James Anderson, as his assistant :
he remained with Sindia as Political
Resident until Warren Hastings left
India, 1785, when James succeeded as
Resident. The conciliatory attitude of
the Mahratta Government at a critical
period was due to the exertions of the
brothers Anderson. David was examined
as a witness at Hastings' trial, 1790, being
then President of the Committee of
Revenue.
ANDERSON, SIR GEORGE WILLIAM
(1791-1857)
I.C.S. : entered the Bombay Civil
Service in 1806 : drew up the " Bombay
Code of 1827 ": was a Judge of the Sadr
Court, and, in 1835, was appointed to
the Indian Law Commission : in 1838
he became Member of Council, Bombay :
from April, 1841, to June, 1842, acted as,
Governor of Bombay, between Sir J.
Rivett-Carnac and Sir G. Arthur : retired
in 1844 : in 1849 was knighted and
appointed Governor of the Mauritius,
but after 16 months was transferred to
Ceylon as Governor, and made K.C.B. :
resigned in 1855 : died March 12, 1857.
ANDERSON, SIR HENRY LACON
(1807-1879)
I.C.S. : eldest son of Sir George William
Anderson, K.C.B. (q.v.) : educated at
Haileybury : went to Bombay in the
Civil Service, 1820 : Secretary to Govern-
ment, Bombay, in the Secret, Political
and Judical Departments, 1855 : Chief
Secretary, 1861 : member of the Legisla-
tive Council, Bombay : resigned, 1865 :
Secretary in the Judicial Department a\
the India Office, 1866 : K.C.S.I., 1867 |
died April 7, 1879.
ANDERSON, JAMES (
1809)
In the medical service of the E. I.
Co. : served in Madras : appointed
Assistant Surgeon, 1765 : Surgeon, 1786 ;
Member of the Madras Medical Board,
1800 : a distinguished botanist : worked
at developing the cochineal dye, and intro-
ducing the cultivation of silk : wrote for
some years on sugar-cane, the coffee*
plant, cotton, and the apple : died Aug. 5,
1809.
ANDERSON, JOHN (1795-1845)
Of the E.I.Co.'s service : went out to
Pulo Penang, or Prince of Wales' Island,
in 1 81 3, as a writer : after the usual
succession of minor appointments he.
became, in 1827, senior merchant, Secre-
tary to Government, and Malay translator :
was employed in negotiations with the
neighbouring potentates of Sumatra, etc. :
died Dec. 2, 1845 : wrote several works
about the Malayan Peninsula, the British
settlements, and the adjacent countries
and their commerce.
14
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
ANDERSON, REV. JOHN (1805-1855)
Missionary: born in 1805, son of a
Scotch farmer : educated at Edinburgh
University : ordained in 1836 a minister
of the Church of Scotland, and was sent
as missionary to Madras : founded the
Madras Christian College, which, after
1843, was continued in connexion with
the Scotch Free Church : the education
there afforded was greatly appreciated,
and with Mrs. Anderson's help the educa-
tion of native girls of all castes and creeds
was successfully undertaken : he died at
Madras in 1855.
ANDERSON, JOHN (1833-1900)
Son of Thomas Anderson : born Oct. 4,
1833, at Edinburgh : M.D. at Edinburgh
University, 1862, obtaining the gold
medal for zoology : President of the
Royal Physical Society, Edinburgh, which
he helped to found : Professor of Natural
History in the Free Church College, Edin-
burgh : in 1865 appointed Xurator, and,
later, Superintendent of the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, an office which he
held till he retired in 1886. He was a
member, as naturalist, of scientific
expeditions to Upper Burma and Yunnan
in 1867 : in the same direction, as far as
the Burmese frontier, in 1875-6 : and to
the Mergui Archipelago in 188 1-2 : wrote
full accounts of his travels, adding largely
to the science of marine and general
zoology, and anatomy : also on the
reptiles and fauna of Egypt : and con-
tributed to the .proceedings of learned
societies : F.R.S. , in 1879 : LL.D. of
Edinburgh, 1885 : Fellow of the Linnaean
Society and of the Society of Antiquaries,
and Vice-President of the Zoological
Society of London : died Aug. 15, 1900.
ANDERSON, THOMAS (1832-1870)
Botanist : born Feb. 26, 1832, and took
his M.D. degree at Edinburgh University
in 1853 : joined the Medical Service,
Bengal, in 1854, at Calcutta : was at
Delhi during the mutiny : was, in i860,
Superintendent of the Botanic Garden at
Sibpur, opposite Calcutta, introduced
many improvements, and laboured speci-
ally for the cultivation of cinchona in
India, which afterwards was effected : in
1864 he organised the Forest Department
in Bengal : died Oct. 26, 1870, at Edin-
burgh : published an account of the flora
of Aden, and worked at the flora of India
generally.
ANDREW, JAMES (1774 7-1833)
A Scotchman, educated at Aberdeen :
had a school at Addiscombe, which the
E. I. Co. took over for the education of
their engineer and artillery officers : on
its purchase in 1809 he was appointed
Headmaster and Professor of Mathe-
matics : retired about 1823 and died
June 13, 1833.
ANDREW, SIR WILLIAM PATRICK
(1807-1887)
Born 1807 : son of Patrick Andrew :
educated at Edinburgh and Oxford : was
for a short time in India in his younger
days : published a work on Indian Rail-
ways, 1846 : devoted much attention to
the promotion of railway and telegraphic
communication between England and
India : specially advocating the scheme
for an Euphrates Valley Railway : sub-
mitted to the Home Government his
schemes for the defence of India : pub-
lished, during 40 years, a number of works,
letters and papers, and delivered lectures
on the subject of Indian railways, the
Euphrates Valley route, and the import-
ance of the Indus and its provinces : was
founder and Chairman of the Sind, Panjab
and Delhi Railway : in 1856 he arranged
with Government for the establishment
of telegraphic communication with India :
lectured and wrote on the Central Asian
question, 1872-86 : wrote to the Times on
the Advance of Russia : wrote India and
her Neighbours, 1878 : advocated the con-
struction of railway lines to the Bolan and
the Khyber : advocated the 5 '6" gauge
for Indian railways : Chairman in 1879 of
a meeting to promote the construction
of a railway from the Persian Gulf to
Constantinople and the Mediterranean :
was called " an apostle of railways," " the
railway statesman," " the pioneer of
railway enterprise " : continued to urge
the advantage of the Euphrates Valley
line as alternative to that of the Red Sea :
knighted, 1882 : CLE. : Fellow of many
scientific societies : died March 11, 1887.
ANQUETIL, THOMAS JOHN (1781-
1842)
Native of Jersey : entered the Army,
1803 : served in the Mahratta campaign,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
IS
attached to the Light Brigade, commanded
the Pioneer Corps, the 57th N.I., and the
44th N.I. successively : Adjutant-General
of General Stevenson's force in the
Shekhawati campaign : D.A.G. : com-
manded the Oudh Contingent as Brigadier :
Inspecting Officer of all the Contingents :
as a Lt-Colonel and Brigadier commanded
Shah Shuja's army : in the retreat from
Kabul was killed at Jagdalak on Jan. 12,
ANQUETIL DU PERRON, ABRAHAM
HYACINTHE (1731-1805)
Brother of L. P. Hyacinthe, the French
historian : born at Paris in 1731 : being
bent on studying Oriental languages, he
went to India as a private soldier in 1754,
and acquired considerable knowledge of
Sanskrit, translating a dictionary in that
language : on the taking of Pondicherry
by the English he returned to Europe
and conveyed his MSS. to Paris, where
he was appointed Oriental interpreter to
the King's Library : was Member of the
Academy of Inscriptions and Belles
Lettres, and the National Institute, and one
of the most celebrated of the literati of
Europe : he died Jan. 17, 1805.
ANSON, HON. AUGUSTUS HENRY
ARCHIBALD (1835-77)
Younger brother of the Earl of Lich-
field : born 1835 : entered the Army
1853, in the Rifle Brigade : in the Crimea :
joined the 84th regt. : in the mutiny, was
A.D.C. to Sir J. Hope Grant : wounded at
the siege of Delhi : at Bulandshahr
deserved his V.C., and gained it as a Cap-
tain at the capture of the Sikandarbagh
■on Sir Colin Campbell's relief of Lucknow,
Nov. 16, 1857 : died Nov. 17, 1877.
ANSON, HON. GEORGE (1797-1857)
General : second son of the first Vis-
count Anson : served at Waterloo in the
Guards : was M.P. from 1818 for many
years : in 1853, appointed to command a
Division in India : C. in C. Madras, 1854,
and C. in C. in India, 1856 : was at Simla
when the mutiny broke out in May, 1857,
and hastened down to the plains : while
on the march from Umbala to Delhi with
a force, he died of cholera at Karnal,
.May 27, 1857.
ANSTEY, THOMAS CHISHOLM (1816-
1873)
Barrister and political writer : born in
London, 1816 : educated at Wellington
and University College, London : called
to the bar at the Middle Temple, 1839 :
became, in the Oxford movement, a Roman
Catholic, and Professor of Law at the
Roman Catholic College near Bath :
wrote on legal and political subjects : was
M.P. for Youghal 1847-52, when his
excessive speaking in Parliament was
much resented : appointed Attorney
General at Hongkong, 1854, but was sus-
pended by the Governor, Sir John Bowring,
in 1858 : after a short time at Calcutta,
he was very successful at the Bombay
bar, and in 1865 acted for a few months
as a Judge of the High Court : failing to
obtain work at the English bar, he returned
to Bombay and died there, Aug 17, 1873 :
his violent temper stood in his way through
life, leading him into constant quarrels
with his profession and society
ANSTRUTHER, SIR ALEXANDER
(1769-1819)
Judge : son of Sir R. Anstruther,
Bart : born Sep. 10, 1769 : called to the
bar at Lincoln's Inn, and published legal
reports : was Advocate-General, Madras,
1803 : Recorder of Bombay, 1812 :
knighted : died July 16, 1819.
ANSTRUTHER, SIR JOHN (1753-
1811)
Chief Justice : born March 27, 1753 :
son of Sir John Anstruther, Bart. : edu-
cated at Glasgow : called to the bar at
Lincoln's Inn, 1779 : was M.P. for Cocker-
mouth, 1790-96 : supported C J. Fox,
and was one of the managers of the
impeachment of Warren Hastings, having
to speak on certain of the charges : in
1797, appointed Chief Justice of Bengal,
made a Baronet, and retired to England,
1806 : Privy Councillor : re-entered Par-
liament : died in London, Jan. 26, 18 n.
APPA SAHIB ( ? -1840)
Raja of Nagpur : when Regent, in 1816,
he put to death his cousin, Parsoram, or
Parsoji, Bhonsla, an idiot Raja of Nagpur,
and succeeded the late Raja's uncle,
Raghoji Bhonsla II {q.v.) as Raja : Baji
Rao appointed him nominal C. in C of the
16
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Peshwa's army : Appa treacherously
attacked the British under Mr. Jenkins,
Resident of Nagpur, and was defeated
at Sitabaldi, Nov., 26-7, 1817 : taken
prisoner, he escaped from custody and
sought refuge, in 181 8, at Jodhpur, where
he is said to have died in 1840.
APPLEYARD, FREDERICK ERNEST
(1829- )
Son of F. N. Appleyard, a Cursitor .of
the High Court of Chancery : educated
at Elizabeth College, Guernsey : entered
the 80th regt., 1850 : served in the second
Burmese war : present at Martaban, the
storming of Rangoon and taking of
Prome : exchanged to the 7th R. Fusiliers :
in the Crimea : wounded at Alma, 1854,
and the Redan, 1855 : present at Inker-
man, in the trenches at Sebastopol :
commanded a Brigade in the Afghan cam-
paign, 1878-80 : Maj-General, and CB.
ARBUTHNOT, SIR ALEXANDER
JOHN (1822- )
I.C.S. : son of the Bishop of Killaloe :
born Oct. 11, 1822 : educated at Rugby
and Haileybury : entered the Madras
Civil Service, 1842 : Director of Public
Instruction, 1855 : Chief Secretary to
Government, Madras, 1862 : Additional
Member of the Legislative Council,
Madras, 1862 : Member of Council,
Madras, 1867-72 : Acting Governor of
Madras, Feb. to May, 1872 : K. C.S.I. :
1873 : Member of the Supreme Council,
1875-80 : CLE. : President of the
Council, 1878 and 1879 : Vice- Chancellor
of Madras and Calcutta Universities :
Member of the Council of India, 1887-97 :
author of Selections from Minutes of Maj-
General Sir Thomas Munro, Life of Lord
Clive, and a number of articles in the
Dictionary of National Biography.
ARBUTHNOT, SIR CHARLES GEORGE
(1824-1899)
Son of the Bishop of Killaloe, and
brother of Sir A. J. Arbuthnot (q.v.) :
born May 19, 1824 : educated at Rugby
and the R.M.A., Woolwich : entered the
Royal Artillery 1843 : served in the
Crimea : became Lt-Colonel 1864 : went
to India in 1868 : C.B., 1871 : D.A.G.
of Artillery, 1873-7: Inspr-General of
Artillery in India, 1877-80 : in the
second Afghan War was employed as
Brig-General, first in the Kandahar
Field force and later in the Khyber :
K.CB. in 1881 : D.A.G. of Artillery in
England, 1880-3 : Inspr-General of Artil-
lery, 1883 : and President of the Ord-
nance Committee, 1885 : in 1886 was
made C. in C. Bombay, and transferred
to Madras in the same year : succeeded
Lord Roberts in the command in Burma
in 1887 : retired from Madras in 1891 :
General, 1890 : G.C.B., 1894 : died
April 14, 1899.
ARBUTHNOT, GEORGE (1772-1843)
Went, with his brother Robert, who
was Chief Secretary in Ceylon, to Colombo,
in 1800 : thence to Madras and joined a
Mr. Lautour in business : on the latter's
death the firm was reconstituted, under
the name of Arbuthnot & Co., which it
still bears : retired from India in 1823,
and settled in England.
ARBUTHNOT, SIR GEORGE GOUGH
(1848- )
Born Aug. 28, 1848 : educated at
Eton : partner in the firm of Arbuthnot
& Co., Madras : Member of the Legislative
Council, Madras : Chairman of the
Chamber of Commerce, Madras : Fellow
of the Madras University : Chairman of
the Famine Relief Fund : Knight Bache-
lor.
ARBUTHNOT, WILLIAM URQU-
HART (1807-1874)
I.C.S. : fifth son of Sir William Arbuth-
not, Bart : born 1807 : educated at the
Edinburgh High School and Haileybury :
went to Madras, 1826 : became Agent to
the Governor at Vizagapatam : resigned
the service, 1846 : joined the firm of
Arbuthnot & Co. at Madras : retired
to England in 1858 : was one of the
original members, "chosen by the Crown,
of the new Council of India, from Sep. 21,
1858, under the Statute of 1858 : more
than once he declined the appointment of
Finance Minister in India : died Dec 11,
1874
ARCOT, AZIM JAH, PRINCE OF
(1800^1874)
Uncle of Muhammad Ghaus (q.v.), the
Nawab of the Carnatic, whom he succeeded,
but only as the first Prince of Arcot, the
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
17
title granted to him in 1867, with a pension
and various concessions, a personal salute
of 15 guns, etc. : died Jan. 14, 1874.
ARCOT, GHULAM MUHAMMAD ALI,
KHAN BAHADUR, PRINCE OF
(1882- )
Born 1882 : succeeded his father,
Muhammad Munawwar Ali, 1903 : Pre-
mier Muhammadan nobleman of the
Carnatic and acknowledged head of the
Muhammadan community of the Madras
Presidency : was given the title of Khan
Bahadur in 1897.
ARCOT, SIR MUHAMMAD MUNAW-
WAR ALI KHAN BAHADUR,
PRINCE OF (1856-1903)
Son of Muazzaz-ud-daula, and nephew
of Intizam-ul-mulk, whom he succeeded
as Prince of Arcot, 1889 : leader of the
Muhammadan community in the Madras
Presidency, and held in high esteem by it
and the British authorities : Khan Baha-
dur, 1876 : K.C.I.E., 1897 : died at the
Delhi Imperial Assemblage, Jan. 4, 1903.
ARDAGH, SIR JOHN CHARLES
(1840- )
Maj-General, R.E. : educated at Trinity
College, Dublin : entered the Royal
Engineers in April, 1859 : passed the Staff
College : his services in Europe, on
frontier commissions, and in Africa on
military campaigns, have been distin-
guished : in India he was Private Secre-
tary to the Marquis of Lansdowne, Gover-
nor-General and Viceroy, from Dec, 1888,
to Jan., 1894, and also to the Earl of
Elgin, in the same appointment, Jan. to
April, 1894 : is C.B. (Civil 1878, Military
1884): CLE. (1892): K.C.I.E. (1894):
K.C.M.G. (1902): also Hon. LL.D. of
Trinity College, Dublin.
ARGYLL, GEORGE DOUGLAS CAMP-
BELL, EIGHTH DUKE OF
(1823-1900)
Statesman : K.G., K.T., P.C. : born
April 30, 1823 : his connection with India
began when he was Secretary of State for
India in Mr. Gladstone's administration,
1868-1874 : when in opposition, he wrote
and spoke strongly against t the forward
Afghan policy of the Conservative Govern-
ment. In 1865 he wrote India under
Dalhousie and Canning, and in 1899 The
Eastern Question : he always showed great
interest in, and knowledge of, Indian
questions : he died April 24, 1900.
ARMSTRONG, SIR GEORGE CARLYON
HUGHES, BARONET (1836- )
Educated privately : entered the Indian
Army, 1855 : served throughout the
Indian mutiny : severely wounded, 1857 :
retired as Captain on pension, and became
orderly officer of the R.M.C., Addiscombe,
until it was broken up : subsequently
became proprietor and editor of the
Globe newspaper, and received a Baronetcy
in 1892.
ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
Poet : born June 10, 1832 : educated at
Rochester, King's College, London, and
University College, Oxford, (Scholar) :
gained the Newdigate Verse Prize, 1853 :
Principal of the Government Dekkan
College, in Poona, 1 856-1 861 : Fellow
of the Bombay University : joined the
Daily Telegraph newspaper in London, and
became its editor : visited and admired
Japan, and married a Japanese lady in
1897 : made a C.S.I. : and K.C.I.E. in
1888 : held Orders from the rulers of Siam,
Japan, Turkey and Persia : distinguished
as a poet, scholar, teacher, journalist and
man of letters : wrote The Light of Asia,
Indian Idylls, Indian poetry, etc. : died
March 24, 1904.
ARNOLD, THOMAS WALKER
(1864- )
Born April 19, 1864 : educated at the
City of London School and Magdalen
College, Cambridge : Professor at the
M.A.O. College, Alighar : Professor of
Philosophy at the Government College,
Lahore : Dean of the Oriental Faculty,
Pan jab University : Assistant Librarian
at the India Office, 1904 : Professor of
Arabic at University College, London, since
1904 : published The Preaching of Islam,
1896 : Al Mutazilah, 1902.
ARNOLD, WILLIAM DELAFIELD
(1828-1859)
Son of Dr. Arnold, of Rugby : born
April 7, 1828 : educated at Rugby : stu-
dent of Christ Church, Oxford : went to
India in 1848, into the Native Infantry :
was an Assistant Commissioner in the
Panjab, and, in 1856, Director of Public
c
IS
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Instruction : did good service in organising
the Department : died at Gibraltar on
April 9, 1859, on his way to England :
wrote essays on social and Indian subjects,
and Oakfield, or Fellowship in the East :
his brother, Matthew Arnold, wrote A
Southern Night in memory of him, and
alluded to him in Stanzas from Carnac.
ARNOULD, SIR JOSEPH (1814-1886)
Judge: son of Joseph Arnould : born
Nov. 12, 1 8 14 : educated at Charterhouse
and Wadham College, Oxford : Newdi-
gate Verse Prize, 1834 : Fellow of his
College : called to the bar by the Middle
Temple, contributed to journalism and
wrote legal works : in 1859 was made a
Judge of the Bombay Supreme (afterwards
the High) Court, and knighted : retired
in 1869 : died Feb. 16, 1886.
ARTHUR, SIR GEORGE, BARONET
(1784-1854)
Son of John Arthur of Plymouth :
entered the Army in 1804 : served in
Italy, 1806, Egypt, 1807, Sicily, 1808,
Walcheren, 1809 : D.A.A.G. : Military
Secretary to the Governor of Jersey :
Major in a regiment in Jamaica, 1812 :
Lieutenant-Governor of British Honduras
and Colonel, 1814-22 : Lieutenant-Gover-
nor of Van Diemen's Land, 1824-37 :
received the Hanoverian Order : Lieuten-
ant-Governor of Upper Canada, 1837-41 :
made Baronet in 1841 : Governor of Bom-
bay from June 9, 1842 to Aug. 5, 1846,
during the difficult time of the latter
portion of the first Afghan War, and of
Lord Ellenborough's tenure of office as
Governor-General : appointed provisional
Governor-General : after retirement he
was made a Privy Councillor and D.C.L.,
Oxford : Lt-General, and Colonel of the
50th regt. : died Sep. 19, 1854.
ASHBURNER, LIONEL ROBERT (1827)
I.C.S.:born 1827: educated at Haileybury:
entered the Bombay Civil Service in 1848,
and retired in 1883 : in the mutiny, 1857,
raised and organized a body of horse and
foot to protect the E. frontier of Gujarat :
was Special Commissioner to try offences
against the State : tried and convicted
certain chiefs : C.S.I. : Member of Council
in Bombay, 1877-83 : acted as Governor
of Bombay from March 13 to April 28,
1880.
ASHBURNHAM, HON. THOMAS ( ? -
1872)
General : son of George, third Earl of
Ashburnham, K.G. : entered the Army,
1823 : Lt- Colonel, 1835 : commanded a
Brigade in the Satlaj campaign, 1845-6,
at Firozshahr and Sobraon : C.B. : A.D.C.
to the Queen : appointed to the command
of the forces in China, 1857 : transferred
to a military command in India : returned
to England, 1858 : Colonel of the 82nd
regt., 1859 : General, 1868 : died March 3,
1872.
ASMAN JAH, BAHADUR, NAWAB
SIR (1839-1898)
Great-grandson of the second Nizam of
Hyderabad : born 1839 : Minister of Jus-
tice in 1869, and acted as Prime Minister
and Regent during Sir Salar Jang's
absence in Europe : on the latter's death,
in 1883, he became a member of the Coun-
cil of Regency : represented the Nizam
at Queen Victoria's Jubilee, 1887 : was for
7 years Prime Minister of Hyderabad,
1887 : made K.C.I.E., 1887 : died 1898.
ASTELL, HENRY GODFREY (1816-
1903)
I.C.S. : son of William Astell, {q.v.),
Chairman of the Directors of the E.I.
Co. : educated at Eton and Haileybury :
in the mutiny was Judge of Azimghar,
N.W.P. : was supported by two companies
of sepoys and some cavalry of doubtful
loyalty, when he was attacked by about
2,000 rebels : after an engagement, in which
his cavalry deserted, he was forced to retire
to his entrenchments and Ghazipur : was
later besieged at J aunpur, until relieved by
General Lugard with a force from Luck-
now : died July 6, 1903.
ASTELL, WILLIAM (1774-1847)
Son of Godfrey Thornton, Bank of
England Director : changed his name to
Astell, 1807 : was Director of the E.I.
Co., 1807-46, and M.P. for Bridgewater
1807-32, afterwards for Bedfordshire :
Chairman of the Directors in 1810, 1824,
1830, 1838 : much opposed to Lord Ellen-
borough's administration of India : Colonel
of the Royal East India Volunteers : died
March 7, 1847.
ATKINSON, EDWIN FELIX THOMAS
( ? -1890)
I.C.S. : educated at Trinity College,
Dublin : went out to the N.W.P., 1862 :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Census officer in the N.W.P., 1881 : com-
piled the Gazetteer of the N.W.P. : Ac-
countant-General of the N.W.P., and of
Bengal : President of the Asiatic Society
of Bengal : took a keen interest in
intellectual pursuits : died Sep. 18, 1890.
ATKINSON, JAMES (1780-1852)
Born March 9, 1780 : studied medicine
at Edinburgh and London : joined the
Bengal Medical service, 1805 : Civil Sur-
geon at Backerganj, to 1813 : studied
Persian : Assay Master of the Mint,
1813-28 : officiating Deputy Professor of
Persian at Fort William College, 181 8,
Superintendent of the Government Gazette,
1 817, and of the Press from 1823 : com-
menced the Calcutta Annual Register,
1823 : in 1833, became Surgeon to the
55th N.I. : in 1838-41, went to Kabul
with the Army of the Indus, as Super-
intending Surgeon : returned to Bengal
in 1 841 : member of the Medical Board,
1845 : retired, 1847 : died Aug. 7, 1852 :
published a number of translations from
the Persian classics, many of them in
verse, including a portion, and an epitome,
of the Shah Nameh : edited the Persian
Hatim Tax : contributed publications to
the Oriental Translation Fund : e.g. On
the Loves of Laili and Majnun : wrote,
1842, an illustrated narrative of the expedi-
tion into Afghanistan : was also an artist
of considerable merit : brought out
lithographed Sketches in Afghanistan.
AUBER, PETER (1770-1866)
Entered the India House at 16 : rose to
be Assistant Secretary, and afterwards
Secretary to the E. L Co., 1829-36 : after
50 years' service, retired in 1836, on a
pension of £,2000 a year, thus drawing
£60,000 as pension. His name stands as
the author of two important works, viz.,
an Analysis of the Constitution of the E.I.
Co. with supplement, 1826-8 : and Rise
and Progress of British Power in India,
1837 : but his claim to have written the
firstnamed has been disputed : died 1866.
AUCHMUTY, SIR SAMUEL (1756-
1822)
General : born in New York, 1756, the
grandson of a Scotch settler in Boston :
saw service, first as a volunteer, from 1777
in the Army, in N. America : went to
India in 1783 in the 52nd regt. : became
Adjutant : promoted to Captain in the
75th, in 1788 : was in the campaigns of
1 790- 1 against Tippoo, and at the first
siege of Seringapatam under Lord Corn-
wallis in 1792 : D.Q.M.G. at Calcutta :
Military Secretary to Sir Robert Aber-
cromby {q.v.) when C. in C, i795~7 : in
his campaign against the Rohillas : re-
turned to England in 1797 : commanded
a force from the Cape to Egypt to co-
operate with Sir D. Baird and Sir Ralph
Abercromby against the French : Adju-
tant-General in Egypt : K.C.B. in 1803 :
in 1806-7, Brig-General in S. America at
Monte Video and Buenos Ayres : Maj-
General in 1808 : went out to Madras as
C. in C, May, 1810 : in 181 1 took Java
and Batavia, and defeated the Dutch at
Cornells and Samarang : left Madras for
England in March, 18 13 : Lt-General :
G.C.B., 1815 : C. in C, and Privy Coun-
cillor in Ireland, 1821 : died Aug. 11, 1822.
AUCKLAND, GEORGE EDEN, EARL
OF (1784-1849)
Governor General : second son of the
first Lord Auckland : born Aug. 25, 1784 :
educated at Christ Church, Oxford : called
to the bar, 1809 : President of the Board
of Trade and Master of the Mint, 1833 :
First Lord of the Admiralty, 1834-35 :
G.C.B. : appointed Governor- General of
India, April 4, 1836. In 1836-7 he sent
Burnes {q.v.) on a mission to Kabul : in
distrust of the Amir, Dost Muhammad,
who received in 1837 the Russian
officer, Vitkievitch, at Kabul, and with a
view to counteract Russian influence there,
Auckland, under pressure of the English
Government, decided to dethrone Dost
Muhammad (q.v.) and reinstate Shah
Shuja (q.v.) as Amir : his declaration of
war was issued on Oct. 1, 1838 : the facts
of the first Afghan War are well known :
Dost Muhammad fled in Aug., 1839 : Shah
Shuja, though set up in 1839, and sup-
ported till 1841, was unpopular as a ruler :
the British force was reduced : the sub-
sidies were diminished : the Afghans rose
in 1 841 : Sir A. Burnes was murdered on
Nov. 2, 1841, and the envoy, Sir W. Mac-
naghten on Dec. 23, : the British army was
destroyed in its retreat from Kabul to the
Khyber. Lord Auckland was made an
Earl in 1839, on the capture of Kabul : he
had left India on March 12, 1842, before
Pollock's avenging Army had advanced
20
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
beyond Jalalabad. Afghan affairs chiefly
engaged Auckland's attention. In 1840
the British Resident at Ava was expelled
by the King of Burma and not re-estab-
ished. Auckland was again First Lord
of the Admiralty in 1846 : died Jan. 1,
1849.
AUFRECHT, THEODOR (1822- )
Born Jan. 7, 1822, at Leschnitz in
Silesia : educated at the College of Oppeln :
studied Sanskrit and Philology at Berlin,
and later the ancient languages of Northern
Europe : Privat-docent at Berlin Univer-
sity, 1850 : went to England, 1852, to
study Sanskrit : Professor of Sanskrit and
Philology at Edinburgh University, 1862 :
Professor of Philology at Bonn, 1875-89 :
now Professor of the Comparative Study
of Languages at Bonn : Levi calls him the
" illustrious veteran of Indian studies " :
he is especially noted for his catalogues of
Sanskrit MSS. : among his works may
be mentioned : De accentu compositorum
Sanskriticorum, 1847 : Halayudha's Abhi-
dhanaratnamata, 1861 : Die Hymnen des
Rigweda, 1877 : Bliiten aus Hindostan,
1873 : Das Aitareya Brahmana, 1879 :
his catalogues of Sanskrit MSS., at the
Bodleian Library (1859-64), and at Cam-
bridge (1869) : Catalogus catalogorum, a
register of Sanskrit works and authors,
1 89 1-3 : and Katalog der Sanskrit Hand-
schtiften der Universitdts-Bibliothek za
Leipzig, 1 90 1.
AUSTEN, CHARLES JOHN (1779-1852)
Son of Rev. George Austen, and brother
of Miss Austen : entered the Navy early :
served against the Dutch and French, and
on a number of stations : at the bom-
bardment of Acre, 1840, for which he was
made C.B. : Rear Admiral, 1846 : Naval
C. in C. of the E. India station, 1850 : in
the second Burmese war, died of cholera
at Prome, Sep. 29, 1852.
AUSTEN, SIR FRANCIS WILLIAM
(1774-1865)
Brother of Jane Austen, the novelist:
born April 23, i774 '• educated at the
Royal Naval Academy : entered the Navy
in 1788 : was on the East India station,
in the Perseverance, from 1788 to 1801,
and again from 1807 to 1809 in the St.
Albans, 64 guns : his services were re-
warded by the E. I. Co : served also in the
North Sea, Baltic and West Indies ;
Admiral of the Fleet, 1863 : K.C.B., 1837 :
G.C.B., i860 : died Aug. 10, 1865.
AUSTIN, CHARLES SUMNER (1837-
1903)
Educated at Merchant Taylors' school,
and St. John's College, Oxford : Senior
Fellow : edited the Madras Times and
afterwards the Aihenceum and Daily
News of Madras : Correspondent of the
London Times during the siege of Paris
and the Commune, 1870 : also in the
Ashanti war, and at Simla, and in the S.
States of America : a brilliant and very
vivid writer : Dr. : died May 2, 1903.
AVITABILE, PAOLO DI BARTO-
LOMEO
(1791-after 1845)
General : a Neapolitan : born Oct. 25
1 79 1 : served in the Neapolitan forces,
1807-9 : an d m tne Artillery under King
Joseph Buonaparte and Murat in the
Imperial Army : left Italy, and went, via
Constantinople, to Persia, 1820 : after 6
years there, joined Ranjit Singh in the
Pan jab : made Governor of Wazirabad,
and of Peshawar in 1834 : ruled by fear
and severity and with success : gave great
assistance to General Pollock and the
Army of Retribution, 1842 : left Peshawar,
1843, took refuge at Jalalabad and in India
and returned to Europe : received a
sword from the Court of Directors : a
General in the French Army : died in a
few years near Naples.
AWDRY, SIR JOHN WITHER (1795-
1878)
Born 1795 : educated at Winchester and
Christ Church, Oxford : Fellow of Oriel :
called to the bar from the Middle Temple
in 1822 : after being Puisne Judge of the
Bombay Supreme Court, from 1830, was
Chief Justice, 1839-42 : knighted 1830 :
D.C.L. of Oxford, 1844 : one of the Com-
missioners of Oxford University : died
June, 1878.
AYLMER, FENTON JOHN (1862- )
Born April 5, 1862 : son of Captain
F. J. Aylmer, 97th regt. : educated
privately and at R.M.A., Woolwich :
entered the Royal Engineers, 1880 :
served in India since 1883 : in the Burma
war, 1886-87 : the Hazara expedition
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
21
1891 : in the Hunza expedition, 1891-2 :
Isazai expedition, 1892 : Chitral expedi-
tion, 1895 : at the storming of the Nilt
Fort in 189 1-2 : he obtained his V.C., and
Brevet Majority : Colonel R.E.
AYLMER, HON. ROSE WHITWORTH
(1779-1800)
Born Oct., 1779 : only daughter of
Henry, fourth Baron Aylmer, and his
wife Catherine, who was sister to Lord
Whitworth, Ambassador to Buonaparte
in 1803. Walter Savage Landor wrote
verses to her at Swansea about 1796-7,
and she lent him the book which suggested
the subject of his poem " Gebir." She
went to India in 1878 with her aunt (nee
Whitworth) wife of Sir Henry Russell {q.v.),
Puisne judge, afterwards Chief Justice of
Bengal, and became engaged to Sir Henry's
son, afterwards second Baronet, but died
of cholera on March 2, 1800, at her uncle's
house in Calcutta. Landor's elegy on
her death was published in 1806. She was
buried in the cemetery in South Park
Street, Calcutta, the inscription on her
tomb being taken from Young's Night
Thoughts, iii. 70.
AYRTON, ACTON SMEE (1816-1886)
Born 1 8 16 : son of Frederick Ayrton,
barrister at Bombay : practised as a
solicitor at Bombay, 1836-50, when he
returned to England : Chairman of the
Board of Directors of the Great Indian
Peninsular Railway : called to the bar
from the Middle Temple, 1853 : M.P. for
the Tower Hamlets, 1857-74 : Parlia-
mentary Secretary to the Treasury in
Gladstone's Administration, 1868-9 :
Privy Councillor : First Commissioner of
Works, 1869-73 : Judge Advocate Gener-
al, 1873-4 : defeated in his candidatures
for the Tower Hamlets, 1874, and for the
Mile End Division, 1885 : died Nov. 30,
1886.
AYUB KHAN, (1849- )
Fourth son of Shir Ali, Amir of Afghanis-
tan, brother of Yakub Khan (q.v.) : was
long a fugitive in Persia, but was ap-
pointed Governor of Herat by Yakub in
1879 : he advanced thence upon Kandahar
in July, 1880, and atMaiwand, on the 27th,
•defeated General Burrows and his force :
besieged Kandahar : on Sep. 1. he
fought the battle of Kandahar against
Sir F. Roberts (q.v.), who had marched
thither from Kabul, and was routed, fleeing
towards Herat : in July, 1 881, he defeated
Amir Abdur Rahman's troops and cap-
tured Kandahar, but, being defeated
there by the Amir, fled to Persia, where he
was made a prisoner of state : he escaped
and tried to cross the Afghan frontier in
1887, but was repulsed, and surrendered
to the British Agent at Mashad : eventu-
ally he was made over to the Government
of India and interned in India, being kept
at Rawul Pindi.
BABA, SIR KHEM SINGH BEDA
(1830- )
Fourteenth in direct descent from Sikh
Guru, the great reformer : Member of
Legislative Council of the Pan jab for two
years : K.C.I.E.
BADCOCK, SIR ALEXANDER
ROBERT (1844- )
Born Jan. 11, 1844 : educated at
Elstree and Harrow : entered the Indian
Army, 1861 : served in the Bhutan Cam-
paign, 1864-5 : Hazara, 1868 : Perak,
1875-6 : Afghanistan, 1878-80, in the
Commissariat Department : at the Peiwar
Kotal, and in the engagements at Kabul :
Chief Commissariat officer of Sir F.
Roberts' force on the Kabul- Kandahar
march in Aug. 1880, and in the battle of
Kandahar : made C.B. : was Q.M.G. in
India, 1900 : C.S.I. : K.C.B. in 1902 :
Member of the Council of India in 1901.
BADEN POWELL, BADEN HENRY
(1841-1901)
I.C.S. : born 1841 : son of Professor
Baden Powell of Oxford : educated at St.
Paul's School : in the Civil Service in the
Panjab, 1861-89 : served in the Indian
Forest Department : was an authority
on Indian land tenures : for some years a
Judge of the Chief Court of the Panjab :
wrote Land Systems of British India, The
Indian Village Community : helped to
establish the Lahore University : M.A.
Oxford, 1894 : CLE. : died Jan. 2, 1901.
BADGER, REV. GEORGE PERCY
(1815-1888)
Born in April, 1815 : spent his youth at
Malta, and 1835-36 at Bairut to learn
Arabic : ordained in 1841 : for his know-
ledge of the East and of Arabic was sent
as a delegate to the Eastern Churches,
22
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
including the Nestorians, in Kurdistan,
1842-5 and 1850 : appointed a Chaplain
under the Bombay Government, 1845 :
his knowledge of Arabic was utilised at
Aden and under Outram in the Persian
expedition of 1856-7 : in i860 he helped
to settle the troubles in Oman : was
Secretary to Sir Bartle Frere's mission to
Zanzibar, 1872 : D.C.L. in 1873 : died
Feb. 21, 1888 : wrote The Nestorians and
their Rituals, A History of the Imaums and
Sayyids of Oman, 1871 : on Muhammad
and Muhammadanism : and an English-
Arabic Lexicon, besides other works :
F.Z.S. : F.S.A.
BAIGRIE, ROBERT ( ? -1877)
Colonel : son of John Baigrie : joined
the E. I. Co.'s Bombay Infantry, 1848 :
served in the Panjab campaign, 1848-9 :
at Mult an, Gujarat, the pursuit and sur-
render of the Sikhs, the occupation of
Peshawar : at the siege of Sebastopol,
1855 : in the Persian war, 1856-7 : at the
Khushab, Muhamra, Ahwaz : in Sir H.
Rose's force in the mutiny : Bombay
Staff Corps, 1861 : A.Q.M.G. at Mhow,
1865 : and in Abyssinia, 1867-8 : Brevet
Lt-Colonel : Q.M.G. of the Bombay
Army : C.B., 1873 : died at Poona, Sep.
25, 1877 : an accomplished artist.
BAILEY, REV. BENJAMIN (1791-
1871)
Missionary for 40 years in Travancore :
distinguished as a linguist and botanist,
and author of a Malayalam dic-
tionary : died, 1871.
BAILLIE, JOHN (1772-1833)
Lt-Colonel : younger son of George
Baillie, of Leys Castle, Inverness : entered
the service of the E.I. Co. in 1791 : took
part in the military operations of the
Mahratta war, 1803 : but his principal
services in India were political : as Politi-
cal Agent, 1803-7, he succeeded, under
great difficulties, in establishing British
authority in Bundelkund, and in trans-
ferring to the Company a large and
valuable territory : for his services, he
was appointed Resident at Lucknow,
1807-15. he established the celebrated
" Guard " or " Gate," which still bears
his name at Lucknow : after leaving
India, he was appointed, 1823, a Director:
of the E.I. Co. : M.P. for Hendon in 1820 :
and in 1830 for the Burghs of Inverness,
in which town is his portrait by Raeburn :
died in London, April 20, 1833. From
the commencement of his career, Baillie
was a devoted student of Oriental lan-
guages, and was the first Professor of
Arabic and Persian, when the College of
Fort William was instituted in 1801 :
published several important works, and
made a large and choice collection of
oriental works, at his house in Inverness,
which was presented by his heirs to the
University of Edinburgh. A Digest of
Mohummudan Law, which he left unfin-
ished, was completed and greatly enlarged
by his son, Neil B. E. Baillie, (1799-1883),
an Indian Jurist of some eminence : it is
still a standard work of reference.
BAILLIE, WILLIAM ( ? -1782)
Entered the E.I. Co.'s service in the
Madras N. I., 1759 : Lt-Colonel, 1775 =
served against Hyder Ali, 1767-8 : held a
command at Pondicherry, i779» against
the French : and in the Guntur Sircars in
1780 : defeated, in 1780, a portion of
Hyder Ali's invading army under Tippoo
near Perambakam : was unable to join
Sir Hector Munro's army, but, on receipt
of small reinforcements, advanced from
Polilore to do so : was attacked by Hyder's
force and overwhelmed, Sep. 10, 1780 :
severely wounded and captured : with
the few survivors was kept prisoner at
Seringapatam, generally in chains : died
in captivity, Nov. 13, 1782.
BAIRD, SIR DAVID, BARONET (1757-
1829)
General : son of William Baird, of
Newbyth : born Dec, 175 7 : entered the
Army in the 2nd foot, in 1772 : came to
England from Gibraltar in 1776 : went
to India in the 73rd in 1779-80 : was in
Colonel Baillie's force which was over-
whelmed by Hyder Ah at Perambakam,
Sep. 10, 1780 : was imprisoned by
Hyder Ali at Seringapatam for 3 \
years, and released at the Treaty of Man-
galore in 1784. His mother, knowing
his intractable temper, remarked, on
hearing of his imprisonment, that " she
pitied the man who was chained to our
Davie." He commanded a Brigade, and
served under Lord Cornwallis at the cap-
ture of Savandrug in i79*> an( i at Seringa-
patam in 1792 : in 1793 he took Pondi-
cherry : commanded a Brigade at the
Cape of Good Hope in i797» and, returning
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
23
to India in 1798, as Maj-General, led the
storming party at the siege of Seringapa-
tam on May 4, 1799, after which he
considered himself slighted at Colonel
Arthur Wellesley (afterwards Duke of
Wellington, (q.v.) being placed in command
at Seringapatam : commanded the Dina-
pur Brigade, 1800 : led an expedition to
Egypt down the Nile in 1801, to co-operate
with the British army, and was at the
capture of Alexandria : led back the
Egyptian Indian army, 1802 : in 1802 he
commanded a Division of the Madras
Army, but, when again placed under
General A. Wellesley for the Mahratta
war, resigned and returned to. England,
being captured on the voyage by the
French : was knighted and became Lt-
General : in 1805-6 was sent to retake the
Cape of Good Hope from the Dutch : served
at Copenhagen, and in Spain, in 1808,
losing an arm at Corunna : was made
K.B., 1809, and a Baronet; and General
in 1814 : G.C.B., 1815 : C. in C. in Ire-
land, in 1820 : Governor of Fort George,
1829 : died in Perthshire, Aug. 18, 1829.
BAKER, EDWARD NORMAN
(1857- )
I.C.S. : educated at Christ's College,
Finchley : went out to Bengal in the Civil
Service, 1878 : Under Secretary to the
Governor of Bengal, and to the Govern-
ment of India, Finance Department,
1885 : Deputy Secretary, 1892-5 : Secre-
tary, 1902-5 : Financial Secretary to the
Government of Bengal and Member of
Bengal Legislative Council, 1 898-1902 :
Financial Member of the Supreme Council,
1905 : C.S.I. , 1900.
BAKER, SIR THOMAS DURAND (1837-
1893
Son of Rev. John Durand Baker, Vicar
of Bishop's Pawton, Devon : born March
23, 1837 : educated at Cheltenham :
entered the 18th Royal Irish regt., 1854 :
served in the Crimea, 1854-6 : in the
Indian mutiny was with the Central India
Field Force : passed the Staff College,
1862 : in the New Zealand war, 1863-67 :
was Assistant Adjutant and Q.M.G. in
Ashanti Expedition, 1873-4, and Chief of
the Staff : C.B. : A.D.C. to the Queen :
attached to the Russian Army during the
Russo-Turkish war, 1877 : Military Secre-
tary to Lord Lytton, Viceroy of India,
1878 : in 1879, commanded a Brigade
under Lord Roberts, through the Kuram
to Kabul, commanded at Charasia Oct. 6,
1879, and was engaged in many of the
fights near Kabul : was in Lord Roberts'
Kabul- Kandahar march, Aug., 1880, and
the battle of Kandahar : K.C.B. 1881 : in
the Boer War 1881 as Brig-General :
in 1884 was Adjutant-General in India :
in the Burmese expedition, 1886-7 : com-
manded a Division in Bengal, 1887-90 :
Q.M.G. of the Army, 1890 : Lt-General,
1891 : died at Pau, Feb. 9 1893.
BAKER, SIR WILLIAM ERSKINE
(1808-1881)
Son of Capt. Joseph Baker, R.N. : born
Nov. 29, 1808 : educated at Ludlow and
Addiscombe : joined the Bengal Engineers
1826 : to India, 1828 : employed in canal
work : led an attacking column in the
battle of Sobraon, in the Sikh war of 1845-
6 : rendered excellent service in the
P.W.D., as Superintending Engineer of the
Delhi canals, and of the Sind canals and
forests, Director of the Ganges canal, and
Consulting Engineer for Railways : Secre-
tary to the Government of India in the
P.W.D., 1854-5 1 Colonel, 1857 : in 1858
was made Military Secretary at the India
Office : Member of the Council of India,
1861-1875 : K.C.B., 1870 : General,
1877 : died at Barnwell, Somersetshire,
Dec. 16, 1881.
BALFOUR, EDWARD GREEN (1813-
1889)
Doctor and author : son of Capt. George
Balfour, and nephew of Joseph Hume,
M.P. : born Sep. 6, 1813 : educated at
Montrose, and Edinburgh University : in
1839 went to India in the Medical Depart-
ment, serving in both the Bombay and
Madras Armies : became full Surgeon in
1852 : wrote medical papers on subjects
relating to the health of the troops, and
besides his profession did much useful
work : studied Oriental languages, and
founded the Muhammadan public library
at Madras : established, in 1850, a Govern-
ment Central Museum, and was Super-
intendent for 9 years : published an
Encyclopaedia of India, which went
through several editions : and commenced
the Mysore Museum, 1866 : was Political
Agent with the Nawab of the Carnatic
for years : as Deputy Inspr-General of
Hospitals, 1862-1870, he served in the
stations under the Madras command, and
2 4
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
as Surgeon-General, Madras, 1871-76,
paid much attention to female medical
education, for which the Madras Medical
College was thrown open : Fellow of the
Madras University : retired in 1876, and
died Dec. 8, 1889.
BALFOUR, FRANCIS (before 1769-
after 1807)
M.D. at Edinburgh : entered the E.I.
Co.'s medical service in Bengal, 1769 : and
retired, 1807, to Edinburgh : was an inti-
mate friend of Warren Hastings, dedicated
a book to him, and corresponded with
him from Benares : he wrote The Forms
of Herkem, a Persian Letter-writer and con-
tributed papers on Oriental subjects to
the Asiatic Society of Bengal, besides writ-
ing medical works.
BALFOUR, SIR GEORGE (1809-1894)
Born 1809 : son of Capt. George Bal-
four : brother of E. G. Balfour (q.v.) :
educated at Eddiscombe : joined the
Madras Artillery, 1825, the Royal Artil-
lery, 1826 : served in the Malacca cam-
paign, 1832-33 : in China with the Madras
force, 1840-2 : and was Colonel at Shanghai
from 1843 for some years : on the Madras
Military Board 1849-57, and Inspr-
General of Ordnance : C.B., 1854 : on the
Military Finance Commission of 1859-60,
and Head of the Military Finance Depart-
ment, 1860-62, doing valuable work in
these appointments : in England, em-
ployed on the Recruiting Commission,
1866 and 1868-70 : as Assistant to the
Controller in Chief at the War Office, 1868-
71 : K.C.B., 1871 : M.P. Kincardineshire,
1872-1892 : became a General in 1877 :
died, March 12, 1894 : his wife was a
daughter of Joseph Hume, M.P.
BALL, GEORGE (1761-1811)
Colonel : served in Lord Lake's cam-
paign, and described as a very meritorious
and distinguished officer : died when
Adjutant-General of the Bengal Army,
Dec. 8, 181 1 : buried at Calcutta.
BALL, VALENTINE ( ? -1895)
Doctor : in the Geological Survey of
India for 17 years : Treasurer of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal, 188 1 : contri-
buted papers on the Geology of the Nicobar
Islands and of the vicinity of Port Blair :
Professor of Geology at Dublin : F.R.S. :
Director of the National Museum, Dublin,
1883 : died June 15, 1895 : wrote valuable
works on geology and jungle life in India :
edited, in 1889, /. B. Taverniefs Travels
in India, 1676 : C.B.
BALLANTYNE, JAMES ROBERT
(1813-1864)
Born Dec. 13, 1813 : educated at Kelso,
Edinburgh New Academy and College :
studied Oriental languages : taught them
at the Naval and Military Academy,
Edinburgh, 1839 : in India was Principal
of the College at Benares, 1845-61 : be-
came Librarian of the India Office : while
in India studied the highest Sanskrit ethi-
cal and philosophical literature : published
Sanskrit works and lectures on systems of
Indian philosophy, also papers on Hindu
philosophy and logic : wrote a Hindustani
grammar and selections : and a Mahratti
grammar : LL.D. : died Feb. 16, 1864.
BALLARD, JOHN ARCHIBALD (1830-
1880)
Born June 20, 1830 : son of a Calcutta
merchant : educated at Addiscombe :
joined the Bombay Engineers in 1850 : on
his way to England in 1854, he went to
Constantinople, and joined the Turkish
Army, as Lt-Colonel, at the siege of Silis-
tria by the Russians, and in the attack on
the Russians at Giurgevo : in the Crimean
campaign, including the siege of Sebasto-
pol, the operations at Eupatoria and the
occupation of Kertch : he also commanded
a Turkish Brigade in Omar Pasha's cam-
paign in Mingrelia : was conspicuous for
his cool bravery in action : C.B., 1856 :
served as A.Q.M.G. in the Persian war of
1856-7, and in the same capacity in the
Indian mutiny in the Rajputana Field
Force : was Mint-master at Bombay, 1861,
and Chairman of the Bombay Port Trust :
retired at end of 1878 as Lt-General :
wrote articles for Blackwood' s Magazine,
on Indian subjects : LL.D. of Edinburgh :
he died near the battlefield of Thermopylae
April 2, 1880.
BALRAMPUR, MAHARAJA, SIR
DRIGBIJAI SINGH, of (1818-1882)
Son of Raja Arjun Singh : descendant
of a long line of chieftains of the Janwar
clan of Rajputs : succeeded his brother
Raja Jai Narain Singh, in 1836 : spent
his early years fighting with his neighbours,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
25
the Pathans of Utraula and the Chauhan
Rajas of Tulsipur, also with the Oudh
revenue officials : driven out of Balrampur
by Raja Darshan Singh, who pursued him
into Nipal territory : restored to his Raj :
distinguished himself in the mutiny as one
of the five loyal talukdars : received the
fugitives from Sikraura and Gonda, 19
persons, and several children : sheltered
and escorted them to Gorakhpur : re-
mained faithful, and was proscribed by the
rebels : joined the advancing British
forces and remained in the field till the
restoration of order : rewarded with the
title of Maharaja Bahadur and vast landed
estates confiscated from rebels, with a re-
duced land revenue assessed in perpetuity :
in 1866, K.C.S.I. : salute of 9 guns, in
1877 :j Member of the Governor-General's
Legislative Council : a great patron of
education, instituting schools on his es-
tates before their general introduction
elsewhere : founded one of the first
hospitals in Oudh outside Lucknow, and
a medical school : a noted sportsman : a
fall from an elephant hastened his death,
which occurred on May 27, 1882.
BANAJI, FRAMJI COWASJI (1767-
1851)
Born in Bombay April 3, 1767 : son of
Cowasji Byramji (1744-1834) merchant,
and of a family which settled in Bombay
from near Surat,i690, and traded with Eng-
land, China and Burma. He was a scientific
agriculturist, and improved agriculture in
W. India : took a leading part in establish-
ing the Agri-Horticultural Society of
Bombay, 1830 : was a Vice-President :
the Bombay Government gave him, 1829,
some villages in Salsette, where he settled
cultivators, and successfully managed
the Pawai estate : instituted many
charities for the native community : some
for the Parsis : made wells and tombs : a
large Tower of Silence, 1832 : a Fire
Temple, 1845 : a school for Parsi children,
for instruction in the Avesta : was a
leading member of the Parsi panchayat,
1 817-5 1, and an original Trustee of their
communal funds from 1823 : was a
prominent member of the Native Educa-
tion Society from 1827, of the Elphinstone
College committee from 1835 : Director
of the Board of Education from 1841 :
was nominated, 1834, one of the first
12 native J.P.s : a Government Director
of the Savings' Bank : helped to establish
the old Bombay Bank, 1840 : Director
of the G.I.P. Railway, 1844 : suffered
pecuniary losses in his business, which
curtailed his means, but not his zeal, for
philanthropic charity : died Feb. 12,
1 85 1 : after a public meeting of all classes,
the Framji Institute was erected in his
memory, where public meetings are
generally held, and an extensive Library
is located.
BANDULA, MENGYEE MAHA ( ? -
1825)
Burmese Statesman and General : in
Oct., 18 19, he led a successful expedition
against the chief of Manipur : in 182 1 he
attacked Assam : in 1823, the Burmese
invaded British possessions near Chitta-
gong, occupying the island of Shapuri on
Sep. 24, 1823 : in March, 1824, Bandula
marched to Arakan, attacked an English
force at Ramu, near Chittagong, and
defeated it: Lord Amherst declared war
against the Burmese. On May 11, 1824,
the British.Army took Rangoon, but were
unable to advance. Bandula was re-
called from Arakan and ordered to proceed
against the English forces. As C. in C,
he approached Rangoon and stockaded
his 60,000 men : but was attacked and
defeated, Dec, 1824. He retired to
Donabew, a strongly defended position,
which the British Army under General
Campbell reached on April 1, 1825. The
siege of the place by the English had just
begun when Bandula was killed by a shell
from the British 4 Artillery,and the Burmese
army fled.
BANERJEA, DURGAGATI, RAI BAHA-
DUR (1838-1903)
Born Jan. 19, 1838 : member of the
Subordinate, and Provincial Executive
Service, Bengal : Deputy Magistrate,
1856 : Personal Assistant to the Com-
missioner of Patna for 15 years : Member
of the Salaries Commission, 1885 : Member
of the Bengal Legislative Council, 1895 :
and of the Calcutta Corporation : Deputy-
Collector of Calcutta, Superintendent of
Excise Revenue and Collector of Stamp
Revenue, 1889-1901 : retired, 1901 :
CLE., 1895 : died March 26, 1903.
BANERJEA, REV. KRISHNA MOHAN
(1813-1885)
Born 1 813 : son of Jiban Krishna
Banerjea, a member of a high caste
26
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Brahman family in Calcutta : educated
at the Hindu College : in 1829, became a
teacher in the Hare School, Calcutta :
came under the influence of Derozio and
Dr. Duff, and was converted to Christian-
ity in 1833 : became a teacher in the
C.M.S. School in Calcutta, and in 1837 was
ordained a clergyman in the Church of
England : from 1852 to 1868, was a Pro-
fessor in Bishop's College, Calcutta :
Fellow, 1858, of the Calcutta University :
Doctor of Law, 1876: Examining Chaplain
to the Bishop of Calcutta : Examiner in
Sanskirt, Hindi, Tamil, and Uriya:
M.R.A.S.B., also of the British Indian As-
sociation, Calcutta Corporation, and Board
of Examiners : was made a CLE. s was in
his later years regarded by Government as a
Head and Leader of the Indian Com-
munity : wrote many books and pam-
phlets, chief among which are Dialogues
on. Hindu Philosophy and Aryan Witness •
he knew eleven languages well : his name
will pass to posterity as a great scholar and
linguist : died May 11, 1885.
BANERJI, SIR GURU DAS (1844- )
Born near Calcutta, Jan. 26, 1844 : edu-
cated at the Hare School, Presidency
College and Calcutta University : B.A.
(1863), M.A. (1864) in Mathematics, gold
medal: B.L. (1865): Law Lecturer at
the Berhampur College : began to practise
in the High Court in 1872 : Doctor of
Law in 1876: Tagore Law Professor, 1878 :
lectured on " Hindu Law of Marriage and
Stridhan " : Fellow of the Calcutta Univer-
sity, 1879 : member of the Bengal Legisla-
tive Council, 1887 : acted as Judge of
the High Court, 1888, confirmed in Jan.
1889 : Vice-Chancellor of the Calcutta
University, 1890-3 : member, 1902, of
the Indian Universities' Commission :
retired in Jan., 1904 : knighted the same
year : wrote A Few Thoughts on Education.
BANERJI, HEM CHANDRA (1838-
1902)
Educated in his village and at the
Hindu College, Calcutta : Scholar : en-
tered Government service in the Military
Auditor General's office : B.A. : munsif
at Howrah and Serampur : practised as a
High Court Vakil from 1862, and became
Senior Government Pleader : as a Bengali
poet he had perhaps no rival in modern
Bengal : died 1902.
BANERJI, KALI CHURN ( ? - )
Educated at the Calcutta University :
M.A. : B.L. : a leading pleader in the Cal-
cutta High Court : member of the Bengal
Legislative Council : Registrar of the Cal-
cutta University : President Y.M.C.A., Cal-
cutta : a Brahman convert to Christianity :
has taken a prominent part in all social,
religious and educational movements of
the day.
BANERJI, SURENDRANATH
(1848- )
Second son of Durga Charan Banerji,
medical practitioner, Calcutta : born
Nov., 1848 : educated at the Doveton
College, Calcutta : B.A., 1868 : passed in
England the competitive examination for
the Indian Civil Service, 1869 : went out
to Bengal, 1871 : Assistant Magistrate at
Sylhet : ceased to be a member of the
Civil Service in March, 1874 : became a
Professor of English Literature in the
Metropolitan Institution, 1876 : joined
the Free Church Institution and Duff
College, 1 88 1 : founded the Ripon College,
1882 : proprietor of the weekly Bengalee
in 1878 : imprisoned for one month in the
civil side of the Presidency Jail, 1883, for
contempt of court : established the Indian
Association, 1876 : represented the Cal-
cutta Corporation in the Bengal Legisla-
tive Council, 1893 : President of the nth
meeting of the Indian National Congress
at Poona, 1895, of the 18th at Ahmadabad,
1902 : elected a Fellow of the Calcutta
University by the Graduates, 1904.
BANKS, JOHN SHERBROOKE (1811-
1857)
Major : joined the Indian Army in 1829 :
was employed on civil duties for a time,
but in 1842 served in Pollock's Kabul
force : was in the Military Secretariat :
accompanied Lord Dalhousie to Burma,
and was on his personal Staff : joined
the Oudh Commission and became Com-
missioner of Lucknow : was in the Resi-
dency during the siege, and succeeded Sir
Henry Lawrence as Chief Commissioner
from the latter's death until his own on
July 21, 1857.
BARBOUR, SIR DAVID MILLER
(1841- )
I.C.S. : born 1841 : educated at
Queen's College, Belfast : went to
India, 1863 : served in Lower Bengal,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
27
until he became Under Secretary, Finan-
cial Department of the Government of
India, 1872 : Accountant General, Bengal :
Secretary to Government of Bengal,
Revenue Department, 1882 : member of
the Bengal Legislative Council, 1882 :
Secretary to the Government of India,
Financial Department, 1882 : C.S.I.,
1887 : Member of the Royal Commission
in England on gold and silver, 1886 :
Financial Member of the Supreme Council
of the Governor General, 1 888-1 893 :
K. C.S.I. , 1889 : Member of the Indian
Currency Commission, 1898 : K.C.M.G.,
1899 : Member and Chairman of several
important Royal Commissions and Com-
mittees on the currency and finance of
other countries, and on questions involving
great financial considerations : wrote The
Theory of Bimetallism.
BARCLAY, GEORGE WALTER WOOD-
1 |H ,1 * FALL (1847- )
Son of Charles Barclay, Surgeon-General
Madras Army : born Aug. 25, 1847:
educated at St. Andrews, in Germany,
and at Edinburgh University : M.A.,
1867 : in the Indian Government Tele-
graph Department, 1868-71 : editor of
the Calcutta Englishman, 1872-77 : Fellow
of the Calcutta University : left India,
1877: F.R.S.E., 1883: J. P.: sometime
acting Editor of the Calcutta Review, and
of Vanity Fair : has held various local
appointments at Edinburgh.
BARKER, SIR GEORGE ROBERT
(1817-1861)
Educated at the R.M.A., Woolwich :
entered the Royal Artillery in 1834 : served
in the Crimea : became a Colonel : in the
Indian mutiny served under Sir Colin
Campbell, commanding as Brigadier the
siege Artillery at the capture of Lucknow,
March, 1858 : commanded a Brigade in
subsequent operations : captured Birwa :
K.C.B. : died at Simla, July 27, 1861.
BARKER, SIR ROBERT, BARONET
(1729P-1789)
Served in the Carnatic and Bengal from
1754 : as a Captain accompanied Clive to
Calcutta in 1757, commanding the Artil-
lery at Chandernagore and Plassy :
returned to Madras, 1758 : served in
1792 in Colonel Draper's expedition from
Madras to the Phillippine Islands : knighted
in 1763 : raised the 24th N.I. 1876 : Brig-
General, 1770, and provincial C. in C,
Bengal, in 1773 : in July, 1772, a treaty was
signed in his presence between the Nawab
Wazir of Oudh and the Rohillas against the
Mahrattas : after a quarrel with Warren
Hastings he left India : became M.P. for
Wallingford : Baronet, 1781 : died Sep.
14, 1789.
BARLOW, SIR GEORGE HILARO,
BARONET (1762-1847)
Governor : son of William Barlow, of
Bath : joined the Bengal Civil Service
in 1778 : when employed, 1788-96,
in the Revenue Secretariat, he had to
carry out the Permanent Settlement of
1793 in Bengal : was Chief Secretary in
1796 : became Member of the Supreme
Council from Oct., 1801, and Vice-President
in Council until, on Lord Cornwallis'
death on Oct. 5, 1805, he, as provisional
Governor-General, acted in that capacity
until Lord Minto's arrival on July 31,
1807 : Baronet, 1803 : and K.C.B. :
though he had supported Wellesley's
policy of extending British power, he
continued Cornwallis' policy of neutrality
and conciliation towards the Native
States, making concessions to Sindia and
Holkar, and annulling protective treaties
with Chiefs in Rajputana. In 1807 he
went to Madras as Governor from Dec.
24 : there he quarelled with the principal
officers of both services : the military
combined in a general mutiny, which
Barlow suppressed vigorously : he was
recalled and made over charge at Madras
on May 21, 1813 : G.C.B., 1815 : died in
England, Dec. 18, 1846.
BARNARD, SIR HENRY WILLIAM
(1799-1857)
Son of the Rev. William Barnard :
born in 1799 : was educated at Westminster
and Sandhurst : joined the Guards in
1 8 14 : was at the occupation of Paris :
served in Jamaica and Canada : in the
Crimea : Maj-General : commanded, first
a Brigade, and later a Division, and was
Chief of the Staff to General Simpson :
K.C.B., 1856 : in 1857, went to India as
General of the Sirhind Division. Upon
General Anson's death at Karnal, Barnard
succeeded to the command, and, moving
towards r Delhi, defeated the rebels at
Badli-ka-sarai on June 8 : died of cholera
on the ridge at Delhi, July 5, 1857.
28
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
BARNES, SIR EDWARD (1776-1838)
Commander-in-Chief : entered the Army
in 1792 : Colonel, 18 10 : served in the
Peninsula, from 1812, commanding a
Brigade, and was in several battles : Adju-
tant - General at Waterloo : severely
wounded : K.C.B. : went to Ceylon,
1819 : Governor there from 1824 to 1831 :
put down the last outbreaks of the Kandy
chiefs there : Lt-General, 1825 : General,
1831, and C. in C. in India, 1831-33 :
Colonel, 31st foot : and G.C.B. : became
M.P. for Sudbury in 1837 1 died March 19,
1838.
BARNES, SIR HUGH SHAKSPEAR
(1853- )
I.C.S. : son of James Ralph Barnes,
I.C.S. : born 1853 : educated at Malvern :
joined the Civil Service, at Allahabad,
1874 : Private Secretary to the Financial
Member of Council, 1876 : Political
Officer, Kandahar, 1880 : Political Agent,
Quetta, 1883 : Under Secretary, Foreign
Department, 1889 : Deputy Secretary,
1890 : Revenue Commissioner, Quetta,
1891 : Resident in Kashmir, 1894 : A.G.G.
and Chief Commissioner, Beluchistan,
1896 : Foreign Secretary to the Govern-
ment of India, 1900-3 : President of
Central Committee for the Delhi Darbar,
1902-3 : Lieutenant-Governor of Burma,
1903-5 : Member of the Council of India,
1905 : K.C.S.I., 1903 : K.C.V.O., 1903.
BARODA, MALHAR RAO, MAHARAJA
GAEKWAR OF ( ? -1882)
Succeeded his brother, Khandi Rao,
in Nov., 1870, as ruler of Baroda : com-
plaints of his misrule having reached
Government an inquiry was held in 1873,
and time to reform was allowed him :
before the time elapsed an attempt was
made in 1874 to poison the Resident,
Colonel R. Phayre (q.v.) : in 1875, the
Gaekwar was tried by a mixed Commission :
the three British officers found him guilty :
the three native members declared the
charge not proven : he was then deposed
for gross misgovernment, and deported
to Madras, where he died in 1882.
BARODA, SIR SAYAJI RAO III
MAHARAJA GAEKWAR SHAM-
SHIR BAHADUR OF (1863- )
Maharaja: born March 10, 1863:
descended from the founders of the Baroda
dynasty : adopted on May 27, i875> by
Jamnabai, widow of the Gaekwar Khandi
Rao : educated at the Maharaja's School
at Baroda : was installed, 1875 : during
his minority, there was a Council of
Regency under a British officer and Raja
Sir Tanjore Madhava Rao K.C.S.I. {q.v.) :
on Dec. 28, i88i,hewas given the admin-
istration of the State : made G. C.S.I, in
1887 : an enlightened ruler, and holds
advanced views on social questions : he
has several times visited Europe.
BARR, SIR DAVID WILLIAM KEITH
(1846- )
Born Nov. 29, 1846 : entered the
Army, 1864 : served in the Abyssinian
expedition : boundary settlement officer
in the Malwa Bhil country : Assistant to
the A.G.G. for Central India, 1870 :
Political agent at Jodhpur, 1878-9 : in
Baghelkund and Rewa : Resident at
Gwalior, 1887 : in Kashmir, 1892 : A.G.G.
for Central India, 1895 : Resident at
Hyderabad, Feb. 24, 1900-March, 1905 :
C.S.I. : K.C.S.I, 1903 : Member of the
Council of India, 1905.
BARRAS, PAUL FRANCOIS JEAN
NICOLAS, COMTE DE (1755-1829)
Chasseur of the French regiment of
Pondicherry : taken prisoner at the
capture of Pondicherry in 1778 by Sir
Hector Munro : at the request of the
French Governor, B arras' regiment was
permitted to retain its colours : he
became a prisoner on parole in Madras
and Poonamali: returning to France,
he rose to prominence as a Director during
the Revolution : he was under orders to
return to India, with other commissaires,
but they never started : he became
Commandant-General of the armies of
Paris.
BARROW, SIR EDMUND GEORGE
(1852- )
Maj-General : born Jan. 28, 1852 : son
of Maj-General Joseph Lyon Barrow,
C.B., R.A. : joined the Army, Dec. 1781 :
D.A.Q.M.G. : with the Indian Contingent
in Egypt, 1882, and in the Intelligence
Branch, Bengal, 1885-7 : Assistant Secre-
tary to the Government of India, Military
Department, 1887-91 : Deputy Secretary,
1897-1900 : Secretary, 1901-3 : D.A.G.
Bengal, 1900 : served in the Afghan
War, 1879, Egyptian expedition, 1882,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
±9
Tirah campaign, 1897-8 : Chief Staff
Officer, China expedition, 1900 : Com-
manding First Division, Northern Army
Corps, 1904.
BARROW, LOUSADA ( ? -1877)
Joined the Madras cavalry in 1836, and
saw constant service, being engaged in
the S. Mahratta country in 1844-5, and
under Havelock in many actions in the
mutiny : in the Alambagh under Outram :
present at the siege and capture of Luck-
now : Brevets of Major and Lt-Colonel :
C.B. in 1858 : Commissioner of Lucknow,
1864 : Maj-General, 1870 : Chief Com-
missioner of Oudh, Jan-April, 1871 :
died Oct. 1, 1877. - £y
BARTH, MARIE ETIENNE AUGUSTE
(1834- )
Born March 22, 1834, at Strasburg:
son of Etienne Barth, of the Rhone an
Rhin Canal Company : educated at the
College Royal (now Lycee Imperial) at
Strasburg : Professor of Rhetoric and
Philosophy at the College at Bouxwiller,
1857-61 : then retired from the public
service to devote himself to Indian study :
lived first at Strasburg, then at Geneva,
(1871-76), and lastly removed to Paris:
member of many learned societies : Societe
Asiatique, 1857: Academy of Inscriptions,
1893 : Royal Asiatic Society, 1894, etc.: Col-
laborator in the Journal Asiatique, Revue
Critique, etc. His chief works are: Les
Religions de VInde, 1880 (also translated
into English) Inscriptions Sanskrites du
Cambodge, 1885 : VInde ; Buddhisme, Jain-
isme, Hindouisme, 1894, etc. : has pub-
lished a yearly bulletin of the religions of
India in the Revue de VHistoire des Re-
ligions, 1885, etc.
BARTHELEMY SAINT) HILAIRE,
JULES (1805-1895)
Born Aug. 19, 1805, in Paris : studied
Sanskrit under Eugene Burnouf : early
entered public life : attached to the
Ministry of Finance, 1825-38 : an editor
of the Globe, 1825-30 : as a journalist,
signed the protest against the July
ordinances of Charles X. : became famous
as a politician and ardent Republican,
and lived through several revolutions :
held office several times, as colleague of
Victor Cousin in the Ministry of Public
Instruction : in 1848, as Secretary of the
provisional Government : from 1871,
took an active part in public affairs, as
member of the National Assembly :
Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1880, etc. :
yet he was greatest as a scholar, and
student of Philosophy : was Professor of
Greek and Latin Philosophy at the College
de France, 1838-52, Member of the
Institute, 1839 : in this year, began his
study of Sanskrit Philosophy : adminis-
trator of the College de France, 1849 :
accompanied Lesseps on his journey to
Egypt, 1855, to explore the Isthmus of
Suez. After the death of Eugene Burnouf,
Barthelemy took his place as a writer on
Indian matters in the Journal des Savants :
died Nov. 24, 1895 : best known as a
Greek scholar : the great achievement of
his life was his translation of Aristotle :
also did valuable work as an Indianist i
among his publications are Des Vedas y
1854: Du Bouddhisme, 1855 : Le Bouddha
et sa religion, 1866 : VInde Anglaise, 1887,.
etc.
BARTOLOMEO, FRA PAOLINO DE
SAN, or JOHN PHILIP WER-
DIN, (1748-1806)
Studied at Prague : joined the Car-
melites at Rome and learned Oriental
languages : went to the Malabar coast
in 1774 : stayed there 14 years, and was.
appointed Vicar-general and Apostolic
visitor : returned to Rome in 1790, to
superintend the printing of religious works,
for the use of Indian missionaries : studied
Sanskrit, published a Sanskrit grammar
in Tamil in 1790, and wrote largely of his
Indian travels and experiences : he died
in 1806.
BARWELL, RICHARD (1741-1804)
Son of William Barwell (who was
Governor of Bengal in 1748) : born in Cal-
cutta, Oct. 8, 1741, and joined as a
" writer " in Bengal under the E.I. Co.
in 1758 : made a Member of the Supreme
Council under the Regulating Act of 1773,
which made Warren Hastings Governor-
General, and steadily supported him in
Council against Francis, Clavering, and
Monson : fought a duel with Clavering in
April, 1775 : resigned his seat in Council
on Oct. 1, 178Z1 retiring with a large
fortune, reported to have been irregularly
acquired : he appears to have had two .
houses in Calcutta, one at the present
3Q
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
" Writers' Buildings," the other " Kidder-
pur House " in Alipur : M.P. for St.
Ives and Winchester, and died Sep. 2,
1804. The story is told of him, as illustra-
tive of the luxurious living of those days,
that he said " bring more curricles." The
Echoes from Old Calcutta by Dr. Busteed
contains a picture of Barwell and some
account of his life and character.
BASEVI, JAMES PALLADIS ( ? -
1871)
Son of the architect, George Basevi :
was educated at Rugby, Cheltenham and
Addiscombe : went to India in the E.I.
Co.'s Engineers, 185 1 : joined the P.W.D.
in Bengal : was transferred in 1856 to the
Great Trigonometrical Survey, and did
valuable work, especially in the principal
triangulation : he also did good service in
reconnaissances in the Mahsud-Waziri
expedition, i860, and in the wild tracts of
Jaipur and Bustar on the east coast,
1862 : Captain, R.E. : in 1864, he was
selected specially to conduct some highly
scientific investigations proposed by the
Royal Society, for the determination of
gravity at certain stations of the great
meridional arc of triangles extending
from Cape Comorin to the Himalayas, by
pendulum observations, which lasted
some years, and necessitated exposure at
high altitudes. He crossed Kashmir and
Ladak and travelled through the Chanch-
-enmo valley to the Chinese frontier to
make observations at above 16,000 feet :
he burst a blood-vessel, and died July 17,
1871, " a martyr to his love of science,"
an officer " of sterling worth and excellent
abilities."
BATEMAN-CHAMPAIN, SIR JOHN
UNDERWOOD (1835-1887)
Son of Colonel Agnew Champain : born
July 22, 1835 : educated at Cheltenham,
the Edinburgh Military Academy, and
Addiscombe : went to India in the Bengal
Engineers, 1854 : in the mutiny was in
the action of Badli-ka-sarai on June 8,
1857, and at the siege and capture of
Delhi : was in several other engagements :
at the capture of Lucknow in March,
1858, by Sir Colin Campbell : at the tak-
ing of Jagdishpur : in 1862 he went to
Persia in connection with the Government
telegraph system: in 1865, became Assis-
tant to the Director of the Indo-European
Telegraph Department, and in 1870 be-
came himself the Director : took the
additional name of Bateman : to complete
and maintain the through telegraphic
communication, he had to travel con-
stantly to Persia, the Persian Gulf, Turkey,
Russia and India : in 1869 he narrowly
escaped drowning in the wreck of the
P. and O. S.S. Camatic : he was made
K.C.M.G. Dec. 31, 1885 : was on the
Councils of the Royal Geographical So-
ciety and of the Society of Telegraph
Engineers: died Feb. 1, 1887.
BATH, THOMAS HENRY THYNNE
FIFTH MARQUIS OF (1862- )
Born July 16, 1862 : son of the 4th
Marquis : educated at Eton and Balliol
College, Oxford : Private Secretary to the
Earl of Iddesleigh, First Lord of the
Treasury, 1886-7 : Assistant Private
Secretary to the Chancellor of the Exche-
quer, Lord Goschen : M.P. for Frome,
1886-92, and 1895-6 : succeeded his
father in the peerage, 1896 : Lord Lieu-
tenant of Somerset : Under Secretary
of State for India, 1905.
BAYLEY, CHARLES STUART
(1854- )
I.C.S. : son of Capt. Daniel Bayley,
Bengal Cavalry : and grandson of W. B
Bayley (q.v.) : educated at Harrow and
Heidelberg : entered the Indian Civil
Service, 1877 : Political Agent in Bikanir :
General Superintendent for suppressing
of Thagi and Dakaiti : Agent to the
Governor-General, Central India : C.S.I.
Resident at Hyderabad, 1905.
BAYLEY, SIR EDWARD CLIVE (1821-
1884)
I.C.S. : son of E. Clive Bayley : born
Oct., 1821 : educated at Haileybury :
went to India in 1842 : served in the
N.W.P., and the Panjab : Under Secre-
tary in the Foreign Department in 1849 :
called to the bar at the Middle Temple in
1857 : in the mutiny, was Under Secretary
to Sir J. P. Grant when temporary Lieuten-
ant-Governor of the " Central " Provinces :
Ma'gte. of Allahabad : was for a short time
Foreign Secretary in 1861 : Home Secre-
tary to the Government of India, 1862-
72, and Member of the Supreme Council,
1873-78 : K. C.S.I, in 1877 : and CLE. :
Vice-Chancellor of the Calcutta University,
1869-74, five times President of the
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
3i
Asiatic Society of Bengal, and Vice-
President of the Royal Asiatic Society for
3 years : died April 30, 1884 : made con-
siderable contributions to Indian history,
numismatics, antiquities, and archaeology
by his papers for the Asiatic Societies and
other writings.
BAYLEY, SIR STEUART COLVIN
(1836- )
I.C.S. : born Aug. 26, 1836 : the young-
est son of W. Butterworth B. (q.v.):
educated at Eton and Haileybury : arrived
in India, March, 1856 : held minor ap-
pointments in Bengal : was Commissioner
of Patna during the Bihar famine of
1874 : C.S.I., 1875 : Secretary to the
Government of Bengal, 1877 : Additional
Secretary to the Government of India,
1877 : Personal Assistant to the Viceroy
(Lord Lytton) for famine affairs, 1877 :
K.C.S.I., 1878 : Home Secretary, 1878 :
Chief Commissioner of Assam, 1878-80 :
Resident at Hyderabad, 188 1-2 : C.I.E.,
1 88 1 : Member of the Supreme Council,
1882-7 : Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal
from July to Dec, 1879, and from 1887-90 ;
on leaving India he became Secretary in
the Political Department at the India
Office, 1890-95 : Member of the Council
of India, 1895.
BAYLEY, WILLIAM BUTTERWORTH
(1782-1860)
I.C.S. : son of Thomas Butterworth
Bayley : educated at Eton and Cam-
bridge : went to India in 1799 : served in
1803 in the " Governor-General's Office,"
in the brilliant circle under Lord Welles-
ley : Registrar of the Sadr Court, 1807 :
Judge of Burdwan and other places : in
1 8 14 Secretary in the Judicial and Revenue
Department, and in 1819 Chief Secretary
to the Government : temporary Member
of {the Supreme Council from July to Dec,
1822, and substantively from 1825 to 1830 :
then he retired : he officiated as Governor-
General from March to July, 1828, between
Lord Amherst and Lord W. Bentinck :
President of the Board of Trade, 1830 :
Vice-President and Depy. Governor of
Bengal : in 1833 he became a Director of
the E. I. Co., and Chairman of the Court
in 1840 : retired 1858 : he died May 29,
i860. Kaye writes of his high official
reputation, adding that " his unfailing
kindness of heart and suavity of manner
endeared him to all who had the privilege
of coming within the reach of their genial
influences."
BAYLY, ALFRED WILLIAM LAMBART
(1856- )
Educated at Wellington : joined 108th
regt., 1874 : Bombay Staff Corps, 1879 :
Staff College, 1893 : D.A.A. and Q.M.G 1
Burma expedition, 1886-87 : Afghan war,
1880-81 : Soudan, 1885 : Burma, 1886-87:
South Africa, 1899-1900 : Colonel, C.B.
D.S.O.
BEADON, SIR CECIL (1816-1880)
I.C.S. : son of Richard Beadon, grandson
of Dr. Beadon, Bishop of Bath and Wells :
born in 1816 : educated at Eton and
Haileybury : went out to Bengal in 1836 :
Under Secretary to the Bengal Government
in 1843 : Secretary to the Board of Revenue,
1847 : Member of the Commission on the
Indian postal system : Secretary to the
Government of Bengal, 1852 : Home
Secretary to the Government of India,
1854 : Foreign Secretary, 1859 : Member
of the Supreme Council 1860-2, and
Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, April, 1862,
to April, 1867. During this period the
mission, which met with insults, was sent
to Bhutan in 1864 : and the Orissa famine
of 1866-7 occurred : for the latter, Beadon
was much blamed and, on an official
inquiry, his famine administration was
severely censured : always sanguine, he
had failed to estimate adequately the signs
of distress and the local conditions : and
he suffered from ill-health : his general
administration showed marked ability :
K.C.S.I. in May, 1866 : died July 18, 1880.
BEALE, THOMAS WILLIAM ( ? -
1875)
A clerk in the office of the Board of
Revenue, N.W.P. : a learned scholar, who
assisted Sir H. M. Elliot in his work on the
Muhammadans in India : he wrote the
Miftah-ul-Tawarikh, and an Oriental
Biographical Dictionary : died at a great
age, at Agra, 1875.
BE AMES, JOHN (1837-1902)
I.C.S : born June 21, 1837 : son of
Rev. Thomas Beames : educated at
Merchant Taylors' School and at Hailey-
bury, 1856-7 : went to India, 1858 :
served in the Panjab, 1859-61 : afterwards,
32
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
in Lower Bengal, Commissioner of various
Divisions and Member of the Board of
Revenue : retired, 1893 : an Oriental
scholar: wrote in the I.A.S.B: and in
the Indian Antiquary : also Outlines of
Indian Philology, 1867 : edited Sir H.
Elliot's Supplemental Glossary of Indian
Terms, 1869 : his chief work was A Com-
parative Grammar of the Aryan Languages,
1872-9 : and a Bengali Grammar, 1891 :
wrote in the Imperial, and Asiatic Quar-
terly Reviews : died May 42, 1902.
BEATSON, GEORGE STEWARD ( ? -
1874)
M.D. Glasgow, 1836 : entered the Army
Medical Department, 1838 ; served in
Ceylon, 1839-51 : in the Burmese war of
1852 : the Crimea, Ionian Islands, Madras :
Surgeon-General in India and P.M.O. of
European troops, 1863-8, and again,
1871-4 : was in charge of Netley Hospital
1868-71 : Honorary Physician to the
Queen : C.B. 1869 : died at Simla, June
7, 1874.
BEATSON, STUART BROWNLOW
(1854- )
Born July 11, 1854 : son of Capt. W. S.
Beatson, of the H.E.I.C.S : educated at
Wellington : joined the Indian Army,
1873 : served on N.W. Frontier, 1878,
in Afghanistan, 1878-80 : Egypt, 1882 :
N.W. Frontier, 1897-98 : South Africa,
1901 : Inspr-General of Imperial Service
Troops : Colonel and C.B.
BEATSON, WILLIAM FERGUSON
(1804-1872)
General : son of Captain Robert Beat-
son, R.E : entered the Bengal Army in
1820 : served, while on furlough, with the
British Legion in Spain, 1835-6: at the
capture of Jigni in Bundelkund, 1840 :
Chirgong, 1841 : in the Sind compaign,
1844 : served under Sir C. Napier, 1845,
in theBugti hills : commanded the Nizam's
cavalry : took Rymow from the Rohillas
in 1848 : organised the Bashi-bazouks in
the Crimean campaign, 1854-5 : in the
mutiny, raised two regiments of cavalry,
named, " Beatson's Horse " : commanded
the Allahabad Division, 1866, and the
Umbala Division, 1869 : died Feb. 4, 1872.
BECHER, SIR ARTHUR MITFORD
(1816-1887)
General : son of Colonel G. Becher :
educated at Addiscombe : was in the
Afghan war, 1839 : at Ghazni : in the
Satlaj campaign, 1845-6 : at Mudki,
Firozshahr, Sobraon : Brevet - Major :
A.D.C. to the Governor-General : in the
Panjab campaign, 1848-9 : at the siege
and capture of Multan, and at Gujarat :
Q.M.G. in India, 1852-63 : severely
wounded at the siege of Delhi, 1857 :
C.B., 1858 : Bengal Staff Corps : com-
manded the Sirhind Division, 1865-9 :
Maj-General, 1861 : died Oct, 5. 1887.
BECHER, JOHN REID (1819-1884)
General : son of Colonel John Becher,
of the Bengal Cavalry : born 1819 :
educated at Bruce Castle, Tunbridge Wells,
and Addiscombe : went to India in the
Bengal Engineers in 1839 : from Firozpur
with Wild's Brigade, to relieve Ali Mas j id
in Jan. 1842, and on with General Pollock's
advance to Kabul : in Satlaj campaign,
at Sobraon, Feb. 10, 1846, severely
wounded : engaged in Rajputana boundary
settlements, 1847, and on land inquiries
in the Panjab : Deputy Secretary to the
Panjab Board of Administration : Deputy
Commissioner of Hazara, 1853-9 : C.B :
in Sydney Cotton's expedition of 1858
against the Sitana fanatics : Commissioner
of the Derajat, 1862 : and of Peshawar,
1864 : retired in 1866 : died July 9, 1884 :
one of the distinguished group of officers
employed in the Panjab under the Law-
rences in the early days after its annexation
in 1849 : "of all prominent Panjab
officials there was certainly none more
loved and respected than Becher."
BECHER, RICHARD ( ? -1782)
Related to Anne Becher, mother of
W. M. Thackeray the novelist : went out
to Calcutta as a writer in the E. I. Co.'s
service, 1743 : in 1756 was Fourth in the
Bengal Council and Chief of Dacca : when
Calcutta was taken by Suraj-ud-daula,
Becher with his family escaped from the
city, with others : returning, 1757, when
Calcutta was retaken by the English.
In 1761 Becher was dismissed from the
Company's service for having signed Clive's
independent letter of remonstrance to the
Directors two years before. Six years
later, 1767, when Clive was Governor of
Bengal, Becher was re-appointed to the
Bengal Council, and in 1769 was made
Resident at Murshidabad, with local
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
33
control of the revenue administration of
Bengal. He deserves to be remembered
for his heroic efforts, in the face of mis-
representation and slander, to alleviate
the horrors of the great famine of 1770 in
Bengal : noted for his honesty, during
his 13 years of service under the Company :
took no private gifts or bribes. In 1774,
he retired to England with a modest for-
tune, which he soon after risked and lost
in trying to help a friend : returned to
India : was given a subordinate post as
head of the Calcutta Mint, 1781 ; died
Nov. 17, 1782, at Calcutta.
BECK, THEODORE (1859-1899)
Of a Quaker family : educated at a
Quaker school, at London University,
Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge :
President of the Union Debating Society :
appointed Principal of the M.A.O. College,
Alighar, when he was only 24 : he re-
organized the College, establishing order
out of chaos, reformed the discipline,
introduced improvements, adjusted the
finances, was devoted to his work and in
warm sympathy with the Muhammadans :
working with Sir Syad Ahmad (q.v.) until
his death, in 1898, and afterwards with
the trustees of the institution : died at
Simla, Sep. 2, 1899.
BECKWITH, SIR THOMAS SYDNEY
(1772-1831)
Son of Maj -General J. Beckwith :
joined the 71st regt. in India in 1791, then
under Col. D. Baird {q.v.) : was at the
siege of Seringapatam by Lord Cornwallis
in 1792 and the taking of Pondicherry by
Baird in 1793 : served also in Ceylon, at
Copenhagen, at Hanover, in Denmark, the
Peninsula, Canada : Maj-General and
K.C.B., 1814 : Lt-General, 1830 : was
appointed C. in C. at Bombay in 1829: died
of fever at Mahableshwar, Jan. 19, 1831.
BEDDOME, RICHARD HENRY
(1830- )
Born May 11, 1830 : son of R. B.
Beddome : educated at Charterhouse :
joined the Madras Army : was Quarter-
master and Interpreter of his regiment,
42nd Infantry, 1856 : Assistant Conser-
vator of Forests, Madras, 1857 : Head of
the Madras Forest Department, i860 to
1882, when he retired as Colonel : Fellow
of the Madras University, 1880 : author
of The Flora Sylvatica of the Madras Presi-
dency, (400 trees), The Ferns of Southern
India, (345 plates), Hand-book to the Ferns
of India, besides pamphlets on new reptiles
and land shells discovered by him in
India.
BEIDERLINDEN, RIGHT REV. BER-
NARD, D.D. (1842- )
German : born at Munster, Aug. 18,
1842 : entered the Society of Jesus, Aug.
23, 1865 : arrived in India, Nov. 6, 1879 :
occupied various posts in colleges, etc.,
became Superior of the Jesuit Mission,
Oct. 4, 1882 : nominated first Catholic
Bishop of Poona, Suffragan of Bombay,
Dec. 22, 1886, consecrated, Feb. 27, 1887,
at Allahabad : still in occupation of the
See.
BELL, REV. DR. ANDREW, D.D.
(1753-1832)
" The eminent founder of the Madras
system of education " : son of a barber
at St. Andrew's : born March 27, 1753 :
educated at St. Andrew's School and
University : ordained, 1784 : M.D. : tutor
in Virginia, 1774-9 : went to India, 1787 :
in 2 years he had obtained and held simul-
taneously eight Army chaplaincies : in
1789 he was Chaplain of St. Mary's,
Madras, and Superintendent of the Madras
Male Orphan Asylum, and there introduced
a system of mutual instruction by the
boys, who were thus alternately learners
and teachers, one half of the class teaching
the other half : accompanied]Genl. Braith-
waite to capture of Pondicherry, 1793 :
with a pension from the E.I. Co., he returned
to England in 1797, and laboured hard
to spread his system at home and abroad :
it was adopted in places : Rector of
Swanage, 1801, Master of Sherburn
Hospital, 1809 : as Superintendent, in
181 1, of the National Society for promoting
the education of the poor in the principles
of the Established Church, he could
advance his Madras system, but it could
not be an entire system of education : he
was made LL.D : also a Prebendary of
Westminister : gave £120,000 to found a
College at St. Andrew's : died Jan. 27,
1832, and was buried in Westminster
Abbey : a tablet erected to his memory.
BELL, THOMAS EVANS (1825-1887)
Major : born Nov. 11,1825 : son of William
Bell : educated at Wandsworth : went
34
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
to Madras in the E. I. Co's military service,
1 84 1 : joined the 2nd Madras Europeans :
appointed Assistant Commissioner at
Nagpur, 1855, lost his appointment, i860,
for insubordination to the Chief Commis-
sioner in advocating the claims of the
dispossessed ruling family : all the measures
recommended by Major Bell were, however,
approved and carried out by Lord Can-
ning, and he was appointed Deputy Com-
missioner of Police at Madras, 1861 :
retired 1863 : devoted the remainder of
his life to advocating measures for the
benefit of India and its people : wrote The
Task of To-day, 1852 : The English in
India, 1859 : The Empire in India, 1864 :
Remarks on the Mysore Blue Book, 1866 :
The Mysore Reversion, 1865 : Retrospects
and Prospects of Indian Policy, 1868 :
The Oxus and the Indus, 1869 s 1874: The
Great Parliamentary Bore, 1869 : Our
Great Vassal Empire, 1870, The Bengal
Reversion, 1872 : Last Counsels of an
Unknown Counsellor, 1877 : Memoirs of
General John Briggs, 1886 : died Sep.
12, 1887.
BELLE W, HENRY WALTER (1834-
1892)
Son of Capt. H. W. Bellew, of the
Bengal Army : born Aug. 30, 1834 :
educated at St. George's Hospital, London
M.D. : in the Crimean war : went to
Tndia in the Bengal Medical service, 1856 :
with Sir H. B. Lumsden's (q.v.) mission to
Kandahar in 1857-8 : in the Umbeyla
campaign : Civil Surgeon of Peshawar ;
interpreter at the Umbala darbar of 1869
with the Amir Shir Ali : was on Sir R.
Pollock's mission to Seistan, 1871, and
Sir T. D. Forsyth's mission to Kashgar
and Yarkand, 1873-4 : C.S.I, in 1873 :
Chief Political officer at Kabul in the second
Afghan war : retired as Surgeon-
General, 1886 : died July 26, 1892 : he
had a faculty for learning Oriental lan-
guages, and wrote about them as well as
about medical subjects and the countries
which he had visited and their inhabitants.
BELLEW, REV. JOHN CHIPPENDALL
MONTESQUIEU (1823-1874)
Son of Capt. R. Higgins : born Aug.
3, 1823 : educated at Lancaster, and St.
Mary's Hall, Oxford : took his mother's
family name in 1844 : ordained in 1848 :
went to Calcutta in 185 1 and became
Chaplain of St. John's Church for 4 years :
edited there the Bengal Hurkaru : re-
turning to England in 1855, he became
a popular preacher in London, but in 1868
was a convert to Roman Catholicism, and
supported himself by public readings and
literary work : he had great success as a
master of elocution and from his handsome
appearance : he died June 19, 1874.
BELLI, JOHN ( ? - ? )
Born in England, of a noble Italian
family, probably of Viterbo, his mother
being a lady of Spanish origin named
Bivar : entered the E. I. Co's. service and
became Private Secretary to Warren
Hastings, about 1770-5 : he married a
sister of Sir Charles Cockerell; his daugh-
ters married Dr. Howley, Archbishop of
Canterbury; E. Horsley Palmer, M.P.
and Sir C. E. Carrington (q.v.)
BENARES, BALWANT SINGH, RAJA
OF (1717-?1770)
Son of Mansa Ram : and father of Chait
Singh (q.v.) : all of the Dhuinhar caste :
succeeded his father, 1740 : died
Aug. 19 1770, being succeeded by Chait
Singh : Balwant was the real founder and
consolidator of the Benares Raj.
BENARES, CHAIT SINGH, RAJA OF
( ? -1810)
Son of Balwant Singh, the Raja of
Benares, who died in 1770, when Chait
Singh became Raja : in 1775 was declared
independent of Oudh (of which he had
been a vassal) and made tributary to the
English Govermnent on a fixed annual
payment : in 1778, Warren Hastings
demanded from him, besides the annual
tribute, five lakhs of rupees, which were
recovered from him with the help of
troops. Similar demands were made from
him in 1779 and 1780 : in the latter year,
a contingent of men was demanded,
according to his tenure as Raja, for the
public service : he evaded, and did not
furnish a single man : a fine of 50 lakhs was
imposed,; and Warren Hastings personally
went to Benares, to levy the fine on Chait
Singh, who received him submissively.
Chait Singh was made, Aug. 16, 1781, a
prisoner in his own palace at Benares, but
his people rose, attacked and killed the
guards. In the confusion, Chait Singh
escaped. Hastings withdrew to Chunar :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
35
Major Popham advanced in force, and
defeated Chait Singh's forces at Benares,
Latifpur and Bijaighar : the tribute was
doubled, when a nephew of Chait Singh
was made Raja. Chait Singh, with a few
followers, took refuge in Gwalior and lived
there until his death on March 29, 1810.
BENARES, SIR ISRI PRASAD NARA-
YAN SINGH, MAHARAJA BAHA-
DUR Of (1822-1889)
Born 1822: nephew and adopted son
of Raja Udit Singh of Benares, whom
he succeeded in 1835 : belonged to
the Bhuinhar family, from which came
Balwant Singh and Chait Singh : he
rendered conspicuous service during the
mutiny and largely assisted in maintaining
order in the city and neighbouring country :
made Maharaja Bahadur in 1859 : G. C.S.I,
in 1877 : received the title of " His
Highness " in 1889 as a personal distinc-
tion : and a salute of 15 guns : had no son,
and was succeeded in his immense estates
by his nephew, the present Maharaja :
was a great patron of literature, several
poets resided at his court and wrote works
under the Maharaja's name : died June
13. 1889.
BENARES, MAHARAJA SIR PRABHU
NARAIN SINGH, BARADUR OF
(1855- )
Born Nov. 26, 1855 : succeeded as
nephew and adopted son of Maharaja Isri
Prasad {q.v.), on June 13, 1889 : received
the title of His Highness as a personal dis-
tinctionin Sep. 1889 : G.C.I.E., Jan. 1898 :
has a salute of 13 guns.
BENDALL, CECIL (1856-
Born July 1, 1856 : educated at City
of London School, Trinity and Caius
Colleges, Cambridge : first class, Classical
Tripos, and first class Indian Languages
Tripos: Fellow, Caius College, 1879-85:
at the British Museum, in the Department
of Oriental MSS. and printed books,
1882-98 : Curator of Oriental Literature
in the Cambridge University Library,i892 :
Professor of Sanskrit at University College,
London, 1885— 1903, and at Cambridge
since 1903 (previously Sanskrit lecturer
there) : travelled in India and Nipal, 1884-5
and 1898-9 : on the Council of the R. A .S.,
1901 : published A Journey of Literary
and Archceological Research in Nipal and
Northern India, 1886 : and Catalogues o 1
Buddhist Sanskrit MSS at Cambridge, and
of .Sanskrit Pali books, and MSS, in the
British Museum, besides other works on
Sanskrit.
BENFEY, THEODOR (1809-1881)
Born Jan. 28, 1809 : studied from 1824
at Gottingen : Doctor of Philosophy, 1828 :
also studied at Munich : taught at Frank-
fort, 1830-4 : made Privat Docent, 1834 :
ordinary Professor of the philosophical
faculty, 1862 : laboured at classical
philology, Sanskrit language and litera-
ture, and the science of language : left his
mark on Oriental research : in the front
rank as a Vedic scholar and Sanskrit
grammarian : studied the early fable
literature of India and other countries :
edited the Sama Veda, 1848 : wrote a
Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1866, and
a Grammar of the Vedic language : Fellow
of the Society of Letters, Gottingen :
F.R.A.S. of Great Britain, and of other
learned societies : wrote Vedica und
Linguistica, 1880 : Vedica und Verwandtes,
1880 : died June 30, 1881.
BENFIELD, PAUL ( ? -1810)
In the E. I. Co.'s Civil Service : went to
India in 1764 : in Madras he made money
by trade, lending, and contracts, and had
large money dealings with the Nawab of
the Carnatic : one of these being un-
favourably regarded by the Court of
Directors in 1777, he resigned the service
and retired to England, 1779 : but, having
demanded an inquiry and explained, he
was reinstated and returned to Madras,
finally retiring in 1793 : lost his fortune in
speculations and died in want, 1810 : M.P.
for Cricklade in 1780.
BENGALI, SORABJI SHAPURJI (1831
-1893)
Born Feb. 15, 1831 : son of a Calcutta
merchant : educated at the Education
Society's school (now Elphinstone High
School) in Bombay : employed in the
Bombay branch of the Bank of Ceylon and
subsequently in the Commercial Bank of
India : went, in 1853, to the Mercantile
Bank and, in 1858, became Assistant to
Muncherji Framji Cama : was well read
in Gujarati and English and brought out
several Gujarati periodicals. In 1868, he
visited Europe. He assisted Naoroji
36
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Furdunji {q.v.) in advocating social and
political reforms : they were joint Honor-
ary Secretaries to the Parsi Law Associa-
tion from 1855, which obtained certain
legislative measures for the Parsis : in
1 871 he was consulted by the Governor
of Bombay on the new Municipal Act,
became a Member of the Bombay Cor-
poration, and, in 1876, a Member of the
Bombay Legislative Council ; was a
Fellow of the Bombay University : owing
to his exertions, the Indian Factory Act of
1 88 1 became law : in 188 1 he was made
CLE. and Sheriff of Bombay : in 1885,
was a member of the Abkari Commission :
died April 4, 1893.
BENTINCK, LORD WILLIAM CAVEN-
DISH (1774-1839)
Governor-General : son of the 3rd Duke
of Portland, born Sep. 14, 1774 : entered
the Army 1791, saw service in the Nether-
lands, in Italy, with the Austrian forces :
Governor of Madras, from Aug., 1803, to
Sep., 1807, whenjon account of the mutiny of
sepoys against their officers at Vellore, for
which he was held responsible, the Court of
Directors recalled him: changes affecting the
sepoys had been introduced by the C. in C,
with the support of the Governor. He
was employed in Portugal and commanded
a Brigade at Corunna : as Lt-General he
was C. in C. in Sicily, 181 1, served in Spain,
and led an expedition against Genoa, 1814.
After 13 years without employment, he
was'Governorof Bengal from July, 1828, was
C. in C. from May, 1833, and the first
Governor- General of India from Nov., 1834,
to March, 1835 : it devolved on him to
insist on economies to restore financial
equilibrium, to reform the land revenue
settlement in the N.W.P., to establish a
Board of Revenue in the N.W.P. and
reorganize the judicial courts, to devote
funds to education through the medium
of English, and to increase the employment
of educated natives in higher offices. He
also by Regulation abolished the practice
of suttee, and suppressed the Thags.
He took over the administration of
Mysore. He met Ranjit Singh, ruler of
the Panjab, on the Satlaj. In general he
reformed the administration in a liberal
spirit, and established the principle that,
in the Government of India,the interests
of the people should have the first claim.
His memory is still cherished by the natives.
The eloquent inscription on his statue in
Calcutta was written by Macaulay {q.v.)
(Legal Member of Council from Nov.,
1834.) Bentinckwas greatly regretted on
his retirement. He became M.P. for
Glasgow in 1837 : refused a peerage, and
died June 17, 1839.
BENTLEY, JOHN ( ?
Member of the Asiatic Society of Bengal :
wrote Historical View of Hindu As-
tronomy, 1823 : his earlier treatise, on
the Antiquity of the Suryasiddhanta, 1799,
threw doubts on the antiquity of Indian
astronomy, and called forth a severe
critique in the Edinburgh Review, to which
Bentley replied in the Asiatic Researches :
one of the greatest mathematicians of his
time in India : he also wrote, on the
Principal Eras and Dates of the Ancient
Hindus.
BENWELL, JOSEPH AUSTIN ( ?- ?)
Artist : resided for some time, prior to
1856, in India : conspicuous for original
and pleasing delineations of native life,
landscape and buildings in India, evi-
dently drawn on the spot : chiefly known
as a draughtsman on wood of Eastern
subjects, principally Indian and Chinese :
exhibited at the Royal Academy up to
1883 : illustrated Capt. M. Rafter's Our
Indian Army, and Capper's Three Presi-
dencies of India : nearly all his drawings
on wood are in the periodicals and journals
of the 'sixties, such as the Illustrated
London News, and, to about 1876, the
publications of the Religious Tract Society:
he illustrated also The Indian Nabob of
100 years ago, by G. E. Sargent in The
Leisure Hour for 1858, a story of con-
siderable merit of the British conquest
and settlement of Bengal : he painted a
series of dissolving views of Indian life,
exhibited in London before 1862 : his
signature on drawings is usually J.B.
but occasionally J.A.B.
BERAR, RAGHOJI BHONSLA II, RAJA
OF ( ? -1816)
Raja of Nagpur, or Berar : succeeded
his father, Madhoji Bhonsla, as Raja in
1788, took part in the victory of the
Mahrattas over Nizam Ali of Hyderabad
at Kurdla in March, 1795. After the
treaty of Bassein (Dec. 1802), he joined
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
37
in the Mahratta war against the British,
and was beaten at Assaye on Sep. 23, 1803,
and again at Argaum on Nov. 28, 1803 :
he had then to cede Cuttack and Berar to
the English, so that only Nagpur remained
to him : his demand for their restoration
was refused : he died in 1816.
BERAR, RAGHOJI BHONSLA III,
RAJA OF (1808 P-1853)
Raja of Nagpur : grandson of Raghoji
Bhonsla II (q.v.), adopted by his widow
and made Raja as a child of 9, after the
flight of Appa Sahib (q.v.). When he died
in 1853, leaving no heir or relation with
any claim, Nagpur was incorporated into
British territory.
BERESFORD, GEORGE READ
EDWARD (1815-1857)
Born Aug. 3, 1815 : son of Thomas
Beresford : went to India, 1834-5 : ap-
pointed first manager of the Cawnpur
Bank, about 1843 : transferred, 1849, to
be the head manager of the Delhi Bank :
massacred with his wife and five daughters,
on May 11, 1857, at the Bank-house at
Delhi, by the mutineers from Meerut :
Beresford had declined the offer of escaping
with his family, refusing to abandon his
charge of the Bank : he and his family
defended themselves on the roof of an out-
house, but were overpowered : a tablet
was placed to their memory in the Church
at Delhi : he was a learned Oriental
scholar, keen archaeologist and photo-
grapher : author of The Handbook of
Delhi.
BERESFORD, LORD WILLIAM LES-
LIE DE LA POER (1847-1900)
Third son of the fourth Marquis of
Waterford : born July 20, 1847 : edu-
cated at Eton : entered the 9th Lancers
in 1867 : A.D.C. to Viceroys of India,
1875 to 1881, and Military Secretary to the
Viceroys from 1881 to 1894. He saw
service in the Jowaki expedition, 1877-8 ;
in the Zulu war, 1879, where he gained
the Victoria Cross ; in the Afghan war,
1880, and was in Burma, 1886 : Lt-
Colonel in 1890 : K.C.I. E., 1894. On
Dec. 30, 1893, he was entertained at a fare-
well dinner at the Town Hall, Calcutta, by
180 friends : it was then said of him that
he " had raised the office [of Military Sec-
retary] to a science, and himself from an
official into an institution, and acquired
a reputation absolutely unique " : retired
from India in 1894 : died in England,
Dec. 28, 1900. He was invaluable as
A.D.C. and Military Secretary to successive
Viceroys : popular and active : a keen
sportsman and successful rider of steeple-
chases : and polo-player : and for years
kept a stud of racehorses with which he
won the Viceroy's Cup six times and the
other principal races at race-meetings in
India. In England, also, he had a racing
stable, and was one of the first to have
American horses and jockeys.
BERNADOTTE, JOHN BAPTISTE
JULIUS (1764-1844)
King of Sweden and Norway, as Charles
XIV : born of humble parents at Pau in
Bearne, 1764 : he enlisted in the French
army in 1780, and was, when a serjeant,
taken prisoner at the siege of Cuddalore in
1783 : became General in 1793, served in
Napoleon's campaigns : and became, as
Charles XIV, King of Sweden and Norway
in 1818 : died March 8, 1844.
BERNARD, SIR CHARLES EDWARD
(1837-1901)
I.C.S. : son of Dr. J. F. Bernard, of
Clifton, and nephew of the first Lord
Lawrence : born in 1837 : educated at
Rugby, Addiscombe and Haileybury : be-
gan his service in the Pan jab in 1858 : in
the Central Provinces till 1871 : from
1871 to 1875 was Secretary to the Bengal
Government, member of the Bengal
Legislative Council, famine Secretary dur-
ing the Bihar famine of 1874 : C.S.I. , 1875 :
Secretary to Sir R. Temple on his famine
mission to Madras and Bombay in 1877 :
Home Secretary to the Government of
India, 1878-80 : Chief Commissioner of
Burma, 1880-1888 : K.C.S.L, 1886 : on
retirement from India was appointed
Secretary in the Revenue and Statistics
Department, India Office : retired in
1901. He died at Chamouni Sep. 19.
1901. In 1893 he edited the autobio-
graphical Memoirs of Sir George Campbell.
(q.v.) Bernard was remarkable for his
personal activity and indefatigable energy.
No one has worked harder throughout an
arduous career. An officer of the highest
principles in public and private life, he
gained universal esteem and affection,
even from those who differed from his
38
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
BERNOULLI, JEAN (1744-1807)
Born at Basle, Nov. 4, 1744 : son of the
elder Jean Bernoulli : belonged to a
family celebrated as mathematicians :
Jean the younger was a great astronomer :
from 1763 was in this capacity a mem-
ber of the Academy of Sciences at
Berlin : became Director of the Mathe-
matical Class at the Academy : wrote
also on geographical subjects : notably
his Description historique et geographique
de VInde, 1786, consisting of his French
translation of Pere Joseph Tieffenthaler's
Geographic de V Indoustan (originally in
Latin), Recherchcs historiques et chrono-
logiques sur VInde, by Anquetil du Perron,
with the addition of maps by James
Rennell : died at Berlin, July 13, 1807.
BESANT, ANNIE (1847-
Born Oct. 1, 1847 : daughter of William
Page Wood : educated privately in Eng-
land, Germany and France : married
Rev. Frank Besant, 1867, but legally
separated from him, 1872 : joined the
National Secular Society, 1874 : worked
with Charles Bradlaugh M.P. in Labour
and Socialist movements : co-editor of
the National Reformer, member of the
Fabian Society, and Social Democratic
Federation : was a member of the London
School Board, 1887-90 : joined the
Theosophical Society, 1880 : and became
a devoted pupil of Madame Blavatsky :
founded the Central Hindu College at
Benares, 1898 : author of many books and
pamphlets, including Karma, Four Great
Religions, Dharma, Esoteric Christianity,
The Religious Problem in India, etc : joint-
editor of the Theosophical Review.
BEST, SAMUEL (1808 ?-185l)
Captain, Madras Engineers : entered
the service in 1826 : Secretary to the
Board of Revenue in the P.W.D., 1842 :
planned the Singapore fortifications, and
was made Superintendent of roads in
Madras, 1845 : under him road-making
was very well managed under fixed rules :
he executed many important works in the
Madras Presidency : such as the Southern
Trunk Road and the Goolcheroo Pass :
and made valuable contributions to the
Madras Literary Transactions and the
Madras Engineering papers : died of
jungle fever at Chitore on his return from
the hills, Oct. 5, 1851.
BETHUNE, SIR HENRY LINDESAY*
BARONET .(1787-1851)
Son of Major M. E. Lindesay : joined
the Madras Artillery in 1810 : was six feet
eight in height : was in Sir John Mal-
colm's mission to Persia in 18 10, stayed
there some years to drill the Persian Army,
fighting with it against the Russians :
returned to England in 182 1 and left the
E.I. Co.'s service : assumed the name of
Bethune : again out to Persia in 1834,
helped to quell a rebellion, was made a
Baronet at the Shah's request : in 1836-9
was again in Persia, and died at Tabriz
in 1851.
BETHUNE, JOHN ELLIOT DRINK-
WATER (1801-1851)
Son of Lt-Colonel J. Drinkwater
Bethune : educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge : called to the bar, 1827 : was
Counsel to the Home Office for many
years : became Legal Member of the Su-
preme Council of the Government of
India in April, 1848. Besides his ordinary
work in charge of legislation and as Mem-
ber of Council, Bethune was President of
the Council of Education : he established
the Bethune School, which still exists, for
the Education of native girls ; died at
Calcutta Aug. 12, 1851.
BHANDARKAR, RAMKRISHNA GO^
PAL (1837- )
Orientalist and social reformer : born
July 6, 1837 : educated at Ratnagiri and
Elphinstone College, Bombay : M.A.,
1866 : Dakhshina Fellow there 1859, and
later in the Dekkan College, Poona, till
1864 : in the Bombay Education Depart-
ment, 1864-93 : Head-master of Hydera-
bad (Sind) and Ratnagiri High Schools,
1864-9 : acting Professor of Sanskrit and
Oriental Languages in Elphinstone College,
Assistant Professor many years, till 1881 :
Professor of Sanskrit at Dekkan College,.
Poona, 1882-93 : Fellow of Bombay
University from 1866 ; Syndic, 1873-81 ;
Vice-Chancellor, 1893-5 : Hon. LL.D.,
1904 : Member of the Governor-General's
Legislative Council, 1903-4, when the
Universities Act was passed : Member of
Bombay Legislative Council, 1904-5 1
Fellow of Calcutta University, 1887 :.
Member of learned Societies, e.g. R.A.S.
London, 1874 ; R.A.S. Bombay, 1865 j
German Oriental Society, 1887 ; American
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
39
Oriental Society, 1887 ; Asiatic Society
of Italy, 1887 ; of Imperial Academy of
Science, St. Petersburg, 1888 : Foreign
member of the French Institute, 1895 :
also of the International Congress of
Orientalists, London, 1874 ; and of
Vienna, 1886, which he attended :
CLE., 1887 : retired from service, 1893 :
Hon. Phil. Dr. Gottingen University :
has contributed largely to the Journals
and Transactions of learned Societies,
especially in Bombay, on philological and
antiquarian subjects : also to the Indian
Antiquary : first lecturer on the Wilson
Lectureship, Bombay University : re-
ported on his searches for Sanskrit MSS.
in the Bombay Presidency : edited the
text of the Sanskrit Malati-Madhava :
and has written Sanskrit educational
works : is a leader of the enlightened
religious movement of the Prathna Samaj
in W. India : as a social reformer has
practically supported the re-marriage of
widows, and in politics is a moderate
progressive.
BHASKARANANDA, SWAMI (1833-
1899)
Motiram (his early name) was born in
the village of Maithilalpur in Cawnpur,
about 6 miles from the residence of Nana
Sahib (q.v.) : at 8, he learnt the elements
of Sanskrit, and completed his study on
Panini (grammar) at 17 : renounced the
world, went on pilgrimage, and wandered
in search of knowledge : studied Vedanta
philosophy at Ujain, became a Sanyasi
(devotee) at 27, assuming the name of
Bhaskarananda, (the sun-enchanted). For
mental discipline, he kept silence for
several months, and often roamed about
the banks of the Ganges with head un-
covered in the sun for hours together :
lived for several years at Hardwar absorbed
in the study of Bhagavat Gita and the
Upanishads : migrated to Benares and
lived a life of great austerity, devotion,
contemplation and study, till he died in
July, 1899 : was a bright -looking ascetic,
always cheerful and of intense spiritual
energy : European savants and Princes,
going to Benares, used to visit him : three
marble statues have been raised in his
honour.
BHATAWADEKAR, SIR BHATCHAN-
DRA KRISHNA (1852- )
Educated at Elphinstone High School
and Grant Medical College, Bombay:
Chief Medical Officer in the Baroda State,
1875-85 : President of the Bombay
Municipal Corporation : author of several
treatises : made a Knight Bachelor, Feb.
7, 1900.
BHAU DAJI, OR RAMKRISHNA
VITAL (1821-187-1)
A Saras vat Gond Brahman, and son of
a small farmer of Mandra, in Goa : edu-
cated in the Native Education Society's
School in Bombay, and became a
teacher in the Elphinstone School : joined,
1845, the Grant Medical College as a stu-
dent, and graduated in 1850 : as a practi-
tioner, achieved great popularity and
success : made original researches in the
use of Indian drugs, with a special view to
discovering a cure for leprosy in its earlier
stages, and contributed some valuable
papers to the A ntiquary : was a member
of the chief educational and learned
Societies in Bombay : a Fellow of the
University, a Justice of the Peace, the
first native Sheriff of Bombay in 1869 and
1 87 1 : was also Dr. : died of paralysis in
1874.
BHIDE, GOPALRAO HARI (1843-
1896)
A native of Mahapada in the Presidency
of Bombay : son of a learned Brahman
of the old type, who, too poor to maintain
his family, migrated to Kalyan : educated
at Poona : entered the railway service as a
signaller, employed in the Berars and
afterwards at Nagpur : became a clerk in
the Magistrate's office and read law : in
1869 became a Pleader and obtained a
lucrative practice : devoted himself to
social reforms, particularly female educa-
tion, the re -marriage of widows, and
improvement of modes of agriculture :
through his advice the first proprietary
cotton mill was established at Nagpur :
died Jan. 4, 1896.
BHOPAL, NAWAB SHAH JEHAN,
BEGAM OF (1838-1901)
Born July 3, 1838 : proclaimed ruler of
Bhopal, Jan. 10, 1847, her mother,
Sikandar Begam (q.v.) being Regent :
abdicated May 1, i860, in favour of her
mother, on whose death, Oct. 30, 1868, she
succeeded to the government of the
State : she married, first Bakshi Bahi
Muhammad Khan, (who died 1867), and
had one daughter, the present Nawab
40
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Sultan Jehan Begam : and second in 1871,
her Prime Minister, Nawab Maulvi Mu-
hammad Sadik Hussein, of a noble Bokhara
family : she was made G.C.S.I, in 1872,
and administered her State with ability,
benevolence, and loyalty to the Govern-
ment of India : Member of the Order of
the Crown of India : died June 16, 1901.
BHOPAL, NAWAB SIKANDAR
BEGAM OF (1816-1868)
Daughter of Nuzzur Mahomed Khan,
the Nawab of Bhopal and the Kudsia
Begam : born in 1816 : married, April
18, 1835, her cousin the Nawab Jehangir
Muhammad Khan : after his death, on
Dec. 9, 1844, she was appointed Regent,
in Feb. 1847, and behaved with great
loyalty to the British Government in the
mutiny. In 1859 she was proclaimed
Ruler, her daughter, Shah Jehan, resigning
her rights during the mother's life. Sikan-
dar Begam ruled with great vigour,
ability and loyalty to the British Govern-
ment : she received rewards after the
mutiny, was made K.C.S.I. in 1861 :
G.C.S.I. in 1866 : made the pilgrimage to
Mecca in 1863 : died Oct. 30, 1868.
BHOWNAGRI, SIR MANCHERJI
MERWANJI (1851- )
Son of a distinguished Parsi merchant :
educated at the Elphinstone College and
Bombay University : began life as a
journalist : State agent in Bombay for
the Bhaunagar Raja, 1873 : M.P. for
Bethnal Green since 1895 : author of
History of the Constitution of the East India
Company, a Gujarati translation of H.M.'s
Life in the Highlands. K.C.I.E.
BICKERTON, SIR RICHARD,
BARONET (1727-1792)
Entered the Navy, 1739 : served in the
W. Indies, the Mediterranean, the Channel,
again the W. Indies and Channel :
knighted, 1773 : Baronet, May, 1778 :
in the battle of Ushant, July, 1778 : to
the E. Indies as Commodore, 1782-4 : at
the action off Cuddalore, June, 1783 :
C. in C. at the Leeward Islands : Vice-
Admiral, 1790 : Port Admiral at Ply-
mouth till his death, Feb. 25, 1792 : M.P.
for Rochester.
BICKNELL, HERMAN (1830-1875)
Son of E. Bicknell : born April 2, 1830 :
educated at Paris, Hanover, University
College, St. Bartholomew's : took his
medical degree in 1855 : gazetted Assis-
tant Surgeon : first to Hongkong, then to
Mianmir near Lahore in 1856 : was Staff
Assistant Surgeon : served through the
mutiny and travelled widely, exploring in
Tibet and the Himalayas : in 1861, re-
signed his commission. In 1862, as an
English Muhammadan gentleman he
resided in Cairo, and, undisguised, per-
formed a pilgrimage to Mecca : he travelled
also in Persia, to perfect his translation
of Hafiz : visited the Kum mosque in
Persia, 1869 : eminent as a linguist and
traveller : died March 14, 1875.
BIDDULPH, JOHN (1840-
Colonel : born July 25, 1840 : son of
Robert Biddulph, of Ledbury : educated
at Westminster : entered the Bengal
Cavalry and arrived in India, 1858 :
served in the mutiny : joined the Indian
Staff Corps : A.D.C. to Lord Northbrook
when Viceroy, 1872-6 : member of the
mission to Yarkand, 1873-4 : employed
on a secret mission to countries beyond
Gilgit, 1877 : acting A.G.G. Beluchistan,
May-Nov., 1882 : Political Agent, Bhopa-
war, 1882 : Haraoti and Tonk, 1886 :
Resident and Commissioner, Ajmir, 1890 :
Officiating Agent, Beluchistan, 1891 :
acting Resident at Gwalior, 1892 : Resi-
dent at Baroda, 1893 : reverted to mili-
tary duty, 1895 : author of Tribes of
the Hindu Kush, 1880 : The Nineteenth
and their Times, 1899 : Stringer Lawrence,
1901.
BIDDULPH, SIR MICHAEL ANTHONY
SHRAPNEL (1823-1904)
Son of the Rev. Thomas Shrapnel
Biddulph, of Amroth Castle, Pembroke-
shire : born in 1823 : educated at Wool-
wich : entered the Royal Artillery in
1843 : Captain, 1850 : Brevet-Major,
1854 : Maj-General, 1877 : General,
1886 : he served throughout the Crimean
campaign : in India he was Deputy
Adjutant General of Artillery, 1868-73,
and commanded the Rohilkund District
in 1876 : in the Afghan war of 1878-80,
he commanded the Quetta Field Force,
and a Division of the Kandahar Field
Force : was present at the occupation
of Kandahar, and the engagement at
Khushk-i-Nakhand, and, later, com-
manded the Thal-Chotiali Field Force :
C.B., 1873 •• K.C.B. in 1879 = President
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
4i
of the Ordnance Committee, 1886-9 :
retired in 1900 : G.C.B. : from 1879 till
his death he held appointments about
the Court, and was Gentleman Usher of
the Black Rod from 1896 : died July 23,
1904.
BIDIE, GEORGE (1830- )
Educated at Aberdeen Grammar School
and University : entered the Madras
Medical Service, 1856 : served in the
mutiny : Professor of Botany, Madras
Medical College : Superintendent of Luna-
tic Asylum, 1866-70 : Secretary of head
office of Medical Department, 1870-3 :
in charge of the Government Central
Museum, 1872-85 : Surgeon - General
of Madras, 1886-90 : discovered a pre-
ventive for insect pest in coffee planta-
tions : author of several works, including
Handbook of Practical Pharmacy, Nilgiri
Parasitical Plants, etc. : C.I.E., 1883.
BIGANDET, RIGHT REV. PAUL
AMBROSE (1813-1894)
Born 1 813 at Besancon : educated
there, and studied for two years at the
Seminary of Foreign Missions, Paris :
in 1837, sent by the Roman Church as
missionary to Malacca : removed to
Burma, and in 1856 was consecrated
Bishop of Ramatha and Administrator
of Pegu and Ava (soon after the annexation
of Lower Burma) : from 1870 was Vicar-
Apostolic of Southern Burma : his resi-
dence for 50 years in that country was
marked by many labours, not only that
of organizing the Roman Catholic mission
there, but also by his work in the promo-
tion of native education, and the service
he rendered to Buddhistic literature :
he died at Rangoon, March 16, 1894 : a
noted Pali scholar, and the great authority
on Burmese Buddhism : his most impor-
tant work, the Life of Gautama, first
published in 1858, went through three
editions : it is based entirely on native
Burmese MSS., and is one of the standard
works of the 19th century : wrote also a
Memoir on the Phoongis, or Religious
Buddhists, 1865.
BIGNOLD, THOMAS FRANCIS ( ? -
1888)
I.C.S. : educated at Canis College,
Cambridge : Scholar : entered the Bengal
Civil Service by competition : went to
India, 1859 : served in Lower Bengal :
District Judge at several places : wrote
Leviora : being the rhymes of a successful
competitor, 1888 : died in Melbourne while
his book was still in the Press in Calcutta.
BILGRAMI, SAYYID ALI (1851
Son of Sayyid Zainuddin Husain Khan
Bahadur, of the Bengal Provincial Ser-
vice, a member of the well-known [family
of Sayyids of Bilgram who emigrated to
India from Wasit in Mesopotamia : born
Nov. 10, 1 85 1 : educated at Canning
College, Lucknow ; Patna College, Banki-
pur, and Thomason Civil Engineering
College, Rurki : M.A., and B.L. : in
1876, visited Europe and England in the
suite of Sir Salar Jang I. (q.v.) : joined
the Royal School of Mines, passed the
Examination for the Associateship in two
years, and obtained the Murchison Medal
in Geology. On return to India, in 1879,
he entered the service of the Nizam of
Hyderabad : became Secretary in the
Departments of Public Works, Railways
and Mines for nearly ten years : retired
in 1901 to settle in England : was Exam-
iner in Sanskrit to the University of
Madras from 1890-2 : received the title
of Shams-al-ulama for Arabic learning in
1 89 1 : Gold Medallist, Calcutta University :
in 1902 was appointed Lecturer in Mahratti
to the University of Cambridge : has
published Civilization of the Arabs, trans-
lated from the French of Dr. Gustav Le
Bon : Manual of Medical Jurisprudence,
Monograph on the Book of Kalila and
Damna, Notes on the Educational Value
of Persian as compared with Sanskrit, A
Guide to the Cave Temples of Ellora, The
Geology and Economic Minerals of Hydera-
bad, etc : appointed, 1902, by the India
Office, to catalogue the collections of
Arabic and Persian MSS., known as the
Delhi MSS., a work of some magnitude.
BIRCH, SIR RICHARD JAMES HOL-
WELL (1803-1876)
Son of the R. C. Birch of the Indian Civil
Service, who was a grandson of J. Z.
Hoi well {q.v.) : born in 1803 : entered
the Indian Army, 1821 : held several
Staff appointments : was Judge-Advocate
General in Bengal, 1841 : in the Sikh
wars of 1845-6, and 1848-9 : had a
Brigade after Chilianwala : distinguished
himself at Gujarat : C.B., 1849 : under
Sir Colin Campbell on the frontier in
1850 : Secretary to the Govt, of India in
42
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
the Military Dept., from 1852 for several
years, including the mutiny : K.C.B. in
i860 : retired 1861 : Lt-General : died
Feb. 25, 1875.
BIRD, SIR GEORGE CORRIE
(1838- )
Born, 1838 : entered the Indian Army,
1856 : Maj-General, 1895 : General,
1899 : served in the mutiny : in Afghan
war, 1878-80 : at Ahmad Kheyl : Brevet
Lt -Colonel : in Burma, 1892-3 : in the
N.W. Frontier campaign, 1897-8 : com-
manded the Oudh district, 1895-6 : the
Panjab Frontier Force, 1897-8 : C.B.,
1890: K.C.I.E., 1899.
BIRD, JAMES ( ? - ? )
Belonged to the Bombay Medical
Establishment : member of the Medical
Board : Secretary to the Bombay Asiatic
Society, 1844-7 : wrote on various sub-
jects, historical and archaeological, con-
nected with India : author of an Analysis
of the Mirat-i-Ahmadi, A History of the
Province of Gujarat, translated from the
Persian.
BIRD, LOUIS SAUNDERS (1792-1874)
Lt-General : entered the E. I. Co.'s
Bengal Army in 1808 : at the capture of
the Mauritius, 1810 : under Ochterlony
in the Nipal war, 1816 : in Oudh in 1816-
7 : in the Pindari war, 18 17-9 : in
Bundelkund, 1821 : in Hariana, 1824-5 :
against the Kols, 1832-3 : in the Satlaj
campaign of 1845-6 : in the battles of
Mudki, Firozshahr, Badiwal, Aliwal :
Brevet Lt-Colonel : commanded a Brigade
in the suppression of the Sonthal insur-
rection in 1855-6: died April 14, 1874.
BIRD, MARY (1789-1834)
Born, May 29, 1789, daughter of Robert
Bird, of Taplow : went to India, 1823, to
her brother R.M. Bird (q.v.) at Gorakhpur :
helped the Mission there, and learnt
Hindustani : removed to Calcutta, 1830,
and carried on mission and education
work there, in the native zenanas, and by
opening Bible classes, Sunday and Girls'
Schools : published works translated into
Hindustani : died of cholera on her
birthday, May 29, 1834.
BIRD, ROBERT MERTTINS (1788-
1853)
I.C.S. : arrived in India Nov. 1808 :
at first held subordinate judicial appoint-
ments, but in 1829 became Commissioner
of Revenue in the Gorakhpur Division of
the N.W.P. : in 1832 was made Member of
the new Board of Revenue, N.W. P., and
from 1833-41 was in charge of the settle-
ment of the land revenue of that Province :
the work was most thoroughly done and
established Bird's reputation for all time
as a revenue officer : his report was elabor-
ate, embracing other topics besides the
assessment of the revenue : retired in
1842, and gave much attention to the
Church Missionary Society : died Aug.
22, 1853.
BIRD, WILLIAM WILBERFORCE
( ? -1857)
I.C.S. : arrived in India, 1803 : Judge
and Magistrate of Benares, 18 14 : Com-
missioner there, 1826 : Member of the
Board of Revenue, 1829 : Provisional
Member of Council, 1837, and Extra
Member of the Board of Customs, Salt and
Opium, 1837 : Member of the Supreme
Council, 1838 : President of the Council
of Education, 1842 : President of the
Council, 1842, and Deputy-Governor of
Bengal, 1840, and 1842 ; as Senior Member
of Council officiated as Governor-General,
June 15 to July 23, 1844 : retired, 1844 :
died June 1, 1857.
BIRDWOOD, CHRISTOPHER (1807-
1882)
General; born March 12, 1807 : son
and grandson of E. I. Co's agents at
Plymouth : entered the E. I. Co.'s Military
service as Ensign 1825 : Capt. 1837 : Maj-
General, 1868 : Lt-General, 1876 : Adju-
tant and Interpreter of the 3rd Bombay
N.I. at Bombay, and Fort-Adjutant at
Asirghar : commissariat officer at Mhow,
1839, other stations, and Aden, 1847 :
Assistant Commissary General at Bombay
and Executive Commissariat officer there
during the Persian war, 1856-7 : rendered
also invaluable service during the mutiny,
organizing the bullock train between
Bombay, Wassind and Mhow, on which
Sir H. Rose's operations depended : con-
sulted constantly by Lord Elphinstone,
Governor of Bombay, and highly esteemed
by the native community, who called him
Birdwood Maharaja : he always accom-
panied the Commissioner of Police, C.
Forjett, {q.v.) in interviews with their
leaders : was Commissary-General, Bom-
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
43
bay Army : recommended for the C.B.
by Lord Elphinstone, who constantly
testified to his merits as a first-class com-
missariat officer : he became General
in 1877 and retired after 52 years' service,
45 actually spent in India : died July 4,
1882.
BIRDWOOD, SIR GEORGE CHRIS-
TOPHER MOLESWORTH (1834- )
Born at Belgaum, Dec. 8, 1832, son
of General Christopher Birdwood, of
the Indian Army (q.v.) : educated at
Plymouth Grammar School, Dollar
Academy and Edinburgh University
(M.D.): entered Bombay Medical Service
1854 : served in Persian war, 1856-7, and
on return to Bombay took a prominent
part in the life of the city, influencing, by
his great popularity with the leaders of
native thought, the endowments which
were made to the newly established
University : the construction of some of
the public buildings : and the carrying out
of improvements which have earned for
the town and island the title of " Bombay
the Beautiful." He was for a time Pro-
fessor of Anatomy and Physiology, and
of Materia Medica and Botany at Grant
Medical College : also Curator of the
Government Central Museum : Hony.
Secy. Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society and of the Agri-Horticultural
Society : Registrar of the University :
one of the founders of the Victoria and
Albert Museum and the designer of the
Victoria gardens at Byculla : Sheriff of
Bombay, 1846 : returning to England on
account of ill-health, he joined the staff
of the India Office, and was Special
Assistant there in the Revenue and
Statistical Department from 1878 to 1899,
when he retired after two extensions of
service beyond the ordinary age limit.
He held a leading position in all the
principal International Exhibitions from
1857 to 1 901 : founded Primrose Day :
author of Economic Vegetable Products
of the Bombay Presidency, 1888 ; The
Industrial Arts of India, 1888 ; Report on
the Old Records of the India Office, 1891 :
First Letter Book of the East India Company,
1895 : of papers on The Genus Boswellia
(Frankincense Trees) : on Incense, and
other articles in Encyc. Brit : and of erudite
prefaces and introductions to various well-
known works, such as Count d' Alviella's
Migrations des Symboles, besides many
official reports on economic products, etc. :
a prolific contributor to leading journals
and reviews, including the Times, the
AthencBum, the Quarterly Review, and the
Journal of the Society of Arts, the latter
containing a great number of his speeches
and essays in connexion with the work of
the Society. C.S.I. , 1877 ; K.C.I.E., 1877 :
LL.D. (Cambridge) 1886 : Knight of
Grace of St. John of Jerusalem.
BIRDWOOD, HERBERT MILLS
(1 837- )
I.C.S : born May 29, 1837 : son of
General Christopher Birdwood : educated
at Exeter, Edinburgh University, and
Peterhouse, Cambridge : wrangler in
1858 : Fellow : went to Bombay in the
Civil Service, 1859 : Under Secretary to
the Bombay Government, Judicial and
Political Departments, 1863 : Registrar
of the High Court, Bombay : District
Judge ; Judicial Commissioner in Sind,
1881 : Judge of the Bombay High Court,
officiating, and permanently from 1885 :
Member of Council, Bombay, 1892-7 :
C.S.I. , 1893 : edited legal works.
BIRRELL, JAVRIL (1800-1878)
General : born Sep. 15, 1800 : entered
the E. I. Co's service in 1816 : in the first
Burmese war, 1825-6 : in the Afghan war
of 1839-40 : at Ghazni, and in the Waziri
valley : in the Satlaj campaign of 1845-6,
at Firozshahr and Sobraon : General.
1876 : died Oct. 27, 1878.
BISSET, SIR WILLIAM SINCLAIR
SMITH (1843- )
Colonel : born Nov. 13, 1843 : son of Rev.
James Bisset,D.D. : educated at Woolwich :
joined the Royal Engineers : to India,
1866 : entered the Railway Branch, held
a number of subordinate appointments
connected with railway construction and
management : served in the Afghan war,
1878-80 : Manager of the Rajputana-
Malwa Railway, 1875-84 : Agent of the
Bombay, Baroda and Central India
Railway, 1884-93 : CLE., 1888 : Secre-
tary to the Government of India, P.W.D.,
1893-7, and Director-General of Railways :
K.C.I.E., 1897 : Government Director
of Indian Railway Companies at the India
Office, 1897-01 : retired from the India
Office, 1901 : Chairman of the S. Mahratta
Railway Co.
44
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
BISUDHWANANDA, SWAMI (1820-
1899)
Bansidhar (his original name) was a son
of a Kanauj Brahman of Cawnpur, born
near Hyderabad, (in the Dekkan) :
learnt some Persian and Urdu under a
Maulvi : entered the Nizam's service, was
an excellent horseman, and a great
favourite, but, failing to obtain justice
in a quarrel over a horse, he set fire to all
his earthly possessions, besmeared his
body with the ashes, and left Hyderabad,
visited places of pilgrimage and sacred
shrines, observed the strictest discipline
of a monk, took to studying Sanskrit,
and in a few years became an accomplished
grammarian (Panini School) : spent three
years at Hardwar in study and meditation :
removed to Benares, and took up his abode
at a ghat; read all the Darsans (Hindu
philosophy) ; became a Sanyasi (devotee) ;
assumed a new name, Bisudhwananda,
("unalloyed peace"), and occupied the
seat of Gaurswami at Ahlia Bai's Brah-
mapuri, till his death in April, 1899 : of
high stature, strong will, great piety, and
profound learning, he commanded great
respect among all classes : princes and
people sought his advice : he was a great
admirer of British rule in India.
BITTLESTON, SIR ADAM (1817-1892)
Educated at Merchant Taylors' school :
called to the bar from the Inner Temple,
1841 : Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court,
Madras, 1858-62 : knighted : and of the
High Court, Madras, 1862-70, when he
retired : died Jan. 18, 1892.
BLACKBURNE, SIR WILLIAM (1764-
1839)
Political : joined the Madras Army in
1782 : served against the Poligars in 1784,
and in the defeat of Tippoo, 1892 : was
Interpreter of Mahratti at Tanjore in 1787
under the Resident, and was himself
Resident, 1801-23 : remodelled the admin-
istration there and in Pudukota : was
sent on missions to Travancore : Maj-
General : knighted 1838 : died Oct. 16,
1839.
BLACKER, VALENTINE (1778-1823)
Soldier, historian : born Oct. 19, 1778 :
entered the Madras Army, 1798 : in the My-
sore campaign : at Malavilli : in the Niz-
am's country : was Q.M.G. 1810 : was under
Sir Thomas Hislop at Mahidpur in 18 17 and
in the Dekkan : Lt-Colonel and Surveyor-
General of India : C.B. in 18 18 : died at
Calcutta, 1823 : wrote a military memoir
of the Mahratta war of 1817-19.
BLACKLOCK, AMBROSE (1816-1873)
Doctor : son of a medical officer of the
Navy ; born in 1816 : educated at Edin-
burgh : joined the medical service in
Madras in 1840 : Professor of Surgery, and
Surgeon, General Hospital, Madras, 1851 :
in 1858 Professor of Medicine, and Physi-
cian there : in 1870 Deputy Inspector-
General : died at Chitore Feb. n, 1873
BLACKWOOD, GEORGE FREDERICK
(1838-1880)
Major : son of Major William Blackwood
of the Bengal Army : born 1838 : educated
at the Edinburgh Academy, and Addis-
combe : joined the Bengal Artillery :
Lieut., 1857 : in the mutiny served with
the Rohilkund movable column : com-
manded the Artillery in the Lushai
expedition of 1 871-2 under General
Bourchier {q.v.) : at Tipai Mukh and other
actions : Brevet Major : commanded the
Artillery under General Burrows at
Maiwand on July 27, 1880 : fell in battle :
his little band of men was the last which
made any stand against Ayub Khan's
forces.
BLACKWOOD, SIR HENRY, BARONET
(1770-1832)
Son of Sir John Blackwood, Bart. : born
Dec. 28, 1770 : entered the Navy, 1781 :
was employed on various stations in
several ships : continually engaged : was
at Trafalgar, 1805, and at the blockade
of Toulon, 1810 : Baronet, 1814 : K.C.B.
1819 : was C. in C. on the East Indian
station, 1819-22 : Vice-Admiral, 1821,
and commanded at the Nore, 1827-30 :
died Dec. 17, 1832.
BLAIR, JAMES (1828-1905)
Born Jan. 27, 1828 : son of Captain
E. M. Blair of the Bengal Cavalry : entered
the Army in 1844 : in the mutiny of
1857-9 : fought at Nimbhara and Ziran :
was at the sieges of Neemuch and Kotah,
and in the pursuit of Tantia Topi : gained
the V.C. for gallant and daring conduct on
two occasions.on Aug. 12, 1857 at Neemuch
and Oct. 23, 1857, at Jeerum : Political
Resident and Brig-General at Aden,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
45
1882-5 : Lt-General, 1889 : C.B., 1889 :
General, 1894 : died Jan. 1905.
BLAIR, SIR ROBERT ( ? - ? )
Joined the' E. I. Co's 1st European
Infantry in Bengal, 1773 : with General
Goddard's force from Bengal to Bombay,
1778-81: A.D.C. to Col. W. Blair command-
manding in the Doab, 1786-8 : took the
fortress of Sasni, 1802 : in the Mahratta
war, under Lake, at Alighar, Delhi, Agra,
1803 : commanded at Cuttack, 1808 :
Maj -General, 18 10 : commanded Fort
William and neighbouring districts, 1812 :
retired, 1817 : K.C.B., 1815 : Lt-General,
1817.
BLAKISTON, JOHN (1788-1867)
Son of Sir Mathew Blakiston, Bart. :
born 1788 : educated at Winchester :
joined the Madras Engineers and the 27th
regt. : as Major, present at Assaye, Bour-
bon, the Mauritius, and in the Peninsula
campaign : the sole survivor of the
regiment massacred in the mutiny of
Vellore, 1806 : and returned with (Sir
R.R.) Gillespie, who came to the rescue :
wrote Twelve Years Military Adventures,
1829 : and Twenty Years in Retirement,
1836 : died 1867.
BLAND, NATHANIEL (1803-1865)
Born Feb. 3, 1803 : son of Nathaniel
Bland (formerly called Crumpe) who took
his mother's name : educated at Eton,
1818, and Christ Church, Oxford, 1821-5 :
was a distinguished Persian scholar : sent
contributions to the R.A.S.J., 1843-53 :
on Persian chess : on the Pote collection
of Oriental MSS. in the Eton College
Library, etc : took to gambling, had to
sell his estate, and took his own life, Aug.
10, 1865.
BLANEY, THOMAS (1823-1903)
Doctor : born in Ireland ; went to
India, 1836, as apprentice in the subor-
dinate medical service of the E. I. Co. at
Bombay : studied at the Grant Medical
College : in Government service until
i860 : took up private practice at Bom-
bay : made a large fortune, which he
spent chiefly in charity: became J. P.,
Town Councillor : Member of the Munici-
pal Corporation : was connected with
civil administration for 30 years : twice
President of the Municipal body : carried
schemes for abundant water-supply from
V ihar and Tansa lakes : twice Sheriff of
Bombay : for many years Chairman of joint
Government and Municipal Committee for
education : Coroner of Bombay, 1876-93 :
CLE. : a fine statue of him erected in
Bombay by his fellow citizens : died there
April 1, 1903 : Member of the Royal
Asiatic Society, Bombay, and a frequent
contributor to the columns of the Bombay
Gazette.
BLANFORD, HENRY FRANCIS (1834-
1893)
Son of W. Blanford : born June 3, 1834 :
educated at Brighton, Brussels, and the
Royal School of Mines : entered the
Geological Survey of India in 1855 : trans-
ferred to the Education Department in
Bengal, 1862 ; Professor at the Presidency
College, 1872 : became Meteorological'
Reporter,first to the Government of Bengal
and later to the Government of India:
Hony. Secretary of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal, 1863-8 : F.G.S. 1862 : F.R.S. 1880 :
retired in 1880 : died Jan. 23, 1893. The
excellence of his work in geology and
meteorology, as displayed in his official
duties, and his contributions to scientific
publications, is acknowledged.
BLANFORD, WILLIAM THOMAS
(1832-1905)
Born Oct. 7, 1832 : son of William.
Blanford : educated at the Royal School'
of Mines (Scholar,) and Mining Academy,.
Freiburg : in the Geological Survey of
India, 1855-82 : Geologist of the Abyssin-
ian Expedition up to Magdala, 1868 :
on the Persian Boundary Commission,.
1872 : President of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal, 1878-9 : of the Geological Society,
1888-90 : received its Wollaston medal,
1883: Treasurer of the Society : Vice-Presi-
dent of the Royal Society, 1892-3, 1901-3 :■
published works on the Geology and
Zoology of Abyssinia and Persia ; a
manual of Geology on India, 1879 :
President of the Geological section of the
British Association meeting in Canada, 18 84:
edited The Fauna of British India : was
author of the Mammalia, 1888-91, and of
the Birds, 1895, 1898 : CLE., 1904 :
LL.D. Montreal, and F.R.S. , 1874: on its.
Council and Vice-President: died June-
23» 1905-
4 6
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
BLAVATSKY, HELENA PETROVNA
(1831-1891)
Born at Ekaterinoslav : daughter of
Colonel Peter Hahn, of a noble family of
Mechlenburg, settled in Russia : married
at 17 a husband of 60, but they soon
separated : she travelled widely, in
Europe, America and Asia, round the
Cape to Bombay : after an unsuccessful
attempt to enter Tibet, vid Nipal, she
entered it indisguise in 1855, vid Kashmir,
was lost in the desert and brought back to
the frontier : after numerous adventures
and further travels in India, she was in
the United States in 1873 and for 6 years
in N. York, becoming a naturalized
American : she studied spiritualism,
and in 1875 founded, with Colonel Olcott,
the Theosophical Society : wrote
books and pamphlets in support of her
theories : settled in London, 1887 :
brought out a magazine, Lucifer, the
Light-bringer : wrote The Secret Doctrine,
the Synthesis of Science, Religion and
Philosophy, 1888, and The Key of Philo-
sophy, 1889 : died in London, May 8, 1891.
BLISS, SIR HENRY WILLIAM
(1840- )
I.C.S. : son of Rev. James Bliss : born
1840 : educated at Merton, Oxford, B.A.
joined the Madras Civil Service, 1863 :
after holding subordinate appointments,
was Commissioner of Salt Revenue and
Abkari Revenue, 1878 : on special duty
-on these subjects : Fellow of the Madras
University, 1882 : Member of the Finance
Committee, 1886 : Member of the Board
of Revenue, 1887 : first Member, 1889 :
CLE., 1889 : Member of the Governor-
General's Legislative Council, 1890-2 :
Member of Council, Madras, 1893-8 :
K.C.I.E., 1897 : retired, 1898 : Member of
the London County Council for the Hol-
born Division, 1901.
BLOCHMANN, HENRY FERDINAND
(1838-1878)
Linguistic scholar : born at Dresden
Jan. 8, 1838, the son of a printer : educated
there, at Leipzig, and Paris : entered
the English Army in 1858 to get out to
India, left the Army, and joined the
P. and O. Co.'s service as interpreter :
in i860 was made Assistant Professor of
Urdu and Persian at the Calcutta Madrasa :
graduated at the Calcutta University,
1 861 : after 3 years at the Doveton
College, removed to the Madrasa, 1865,
and became its President until his death :
he was philological Secretary to the
Asiatic Society of Bengal, and contributed
many learned papers : translated
Abul-Fazl's Ain-i-Akbari, the first volume,
and wrote The Prosody of the Persians :
he had a profound knowledge of Persian
and Arabic: died July 13, 1878.
BLOSSET, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1776
-1823)
Son of the Rev. Dr. Henry Peckwell, an
eminent preacher : he took his mother's
name of Blosset : educated at Oxford :
was Recorder of Cambridge : was appointed
Chief Justice of Bengal in 1821 : died
Feb. 1, 1823. There are a monument and
hatchment to his memory at St. John's
Church, Calcutta.
BLUNT, CHARLES HARRIS (1824-
1900)
Maj-General : entered the Army, 1842 :
was in the Bengal Horse Artillery : was
in the Satlaj campaign, 1846, at Sobraon :
also in the Pan jab campaign : in the
mutiny, raised " Blunt's Horse," was at
the siege of Delhi, battle of Najafghar,
action at Agra, (Lord Clyde's) relief of
Lucknow, where he was the hero of a very
dashing performance with the guns at the
Sikandarbagh, at the action of Shamsabad,
the capture of the fort and town of Kalpi :
Brevets of Major and Colonel : C.B : Lord
Roberts refers to his splendid courage in
leading his guns in the advance on Luck-
now : his troops suffered severely at Delhi
and Agra, " seldom, if ever, has a battery
and its commander had a grander record
to show " : died. Aug 15, 1900.
BLUNT, SIR CHARLES WILLIAM,
BARONET (1731-1802)
Of Cleery, Hants : born 1731 : son of
Sir Henry Blunt, second Baronet, whom
he succeeded in 1759 : lived in Great
Ormonde St. till about 1767 : at Odiham,
Hants, till about 1775 : at Blunt House,
Croydon, to about 1780 : went out as a
writer in the E. I. Co.'s service to India,
20 years before his death : obtained a
lucrative appointment in the bullock
contract, besides a share in the Post-
office : formed honourable and advantage-
ous connexions : died Sep, 27, 1802, at
Pulta, near Calcutta, leaving £100,000,
three-fourths of it to his eldest son,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
47
C. R. Blunt, fourth Baronet (born 1778 :
M.P. for Lewes, 1832) : his portrait by
Barclay is in the possession of his grandson,
the present Baronet : letters from him
are among the Hastings papers in the
British Museum : one of his daughters
married Sir C. Imhoff, stepson of Warren
Hastings : he built a mausoleum for the
sepulture of his race-horses, which was
still to be seen in India about 1845 : many
pictures of his horses are preserved.
BLYTH, EDWARD (1810-1873)
Born Dec. 23, 1810 : was a druggist at
Tooting, but Natural History was the
absorbing study of his life : in 184 1 he was
appointed Curator of the Museum of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal : retired in 1862 :
wrote a great number of reports and papers
on Zoology, especially on birds and
mammals, in the Society's journals and
in newspapers : he was said to have been
the founder of the science of Zoology in
India : his work was highly estimated
by Darwin and Gould : died Dec. 27, 1873-
BODEN, JOSEPH ( ? -1811)
Entered the E. I. Co.'s Bombay Native
Army in 1781 : Lt-Colonel 1806 : held
appointments on the Staff in Bombay :
was Member of the Military Board : re-
tired in 1807 and died Nov. 21, 181 1.
Though not a Sanskrit scholar, and not a
writer, he left a large sum of money to
found, after his daughter's death, a pro-
fessorship of Sanskrit at Oxford. H. H.
Wilson (q.v.) was the first professor
appointed, in 1832.
BOGLE, SIR ARCHIBALD (1805-1870)
Entered the E. I. Co.'s military service,
1823 : was D.A.G. at Dinapur, 1827 :
commanded the Arakan battalion and
police corps, 1828 : Commissioner in
Arakan, 1837 : afterwards in Tenasserim
and Martaban : knighted, 1853 : Maj-
General, 1862 : died June 12, 1870.
BOGLE, GEORGE (1746-1781)
Son of George Bogle : born Nov. 26,
1746 : educated at Haddington, Glasgow,
Edinburgh University, Enfield : entered
the E. I. Co.'s service in 1769 : was
appointed by Warren Hastings on May
13, 1774, to lead an embassy to the Teshu
Lama of Tibet, for the purpose of opening
up trade and friendly relations with that
country : he proceeded by Tassisudon in
Bhutan, through Phari, to Desherigpay
(north of the Tsanpu River), saw the Teshu
Lama, accompanied him to Teshu Lumbo,
and returned thence to India, 1775 : in
1779 he was appointed Collector of Rang-
pur and established a fair, to encourage
trade with Bhutan and Tibet. A second
embassy of Bogle to Tibet was contem-
plated, but was postponed, the Teshu
Lama going to Pekin : Bogle proposed
meeting him at Pekin, but died at Calcutta
on April 3, 1781 : the journal of his
embassy has been published.
BOHTLINGK, OTTO VON (1S15-1904)
Born May 30, 1815, at St. Petersburg :
studied there and at Dorpat, Berlin,
Bonn : returned to St. Petersburg, 1842.
At first, his scholarship was directed to
the study of Arabic and Persian, but he
became celebrated as a worker in Sanskrit.
In 1840, he published Grammaire Sanskrite
(Panini's), 1843: Dissertation sur I 'accent
Sanskrit : edition and German translation
of Sakuntala de Kalidasa : Chrestomathie
Sanskrite, 1877. The great work of his
life was his Sanskrit Dictionary, 7 vols,
brought out with the collaboration of
Professors Roth and Weber, 1852-75 :
died at Leipzig in 1904.
BOLES, THOMAS (
Lt. -Colonel : was a volunteer in the
36th regt., 1783 : acting Ensign, 1784-5 :
a conductor of Stores : attached to Artil-
lery, 1786-7 : Ensign in the Madras
Army, 1788 : A.A.G., Madras Army for 5
years : D.A.G., 1807 : when Lt. -General
H. Macdowall, C. in C, Madras, signed an
order, Jan. 28, 1809, censuring his Q.M.G.,
Capt. Munro, Boles, as Depy. A.G., was
ordered by Col. Capper, the Adjt-General,
to circulate the order to the Army. For
circulating, under his signature, this cen-
sure of Capt. Munro, Boles was suspended
from the service of the E. I. Co., by the
Government of Madras (Sir G. Barlow),
Jan. 31, 1809: and .declined to apologize
for his conduct. The Madras Government
prevented his going home, sent him to
Bengal in June, 1809, whence he went to
England. The Court of Directors, to
whom he appealed in 1810, recorded in
Feb. 181 1, their opinion that Boles would
not have been justified in refusing to obey
General Macdowall's order. Boles' sus-
4 8
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
pension was continued to Oct. 1811, when
he was restored to the service.
BOLTON, CHARLES WALTER
(1850- )
I.C.S. : son of Dr. J. Bolton : educated
at University College School, the Royal
College, Mauritius, and King's College,
London : went out to Lower Bengal,
1872 : Under Secretary to the Bengal
Government, 1879 : Secretary to the
Board of Revenue, 1897 : Chief Secretary
to the Bengal Government, 1896 : Member
of the Board, 1900 : Additional Member
of the Governor-General's Legislative
Council, 1900-1902 : C.S.I., 1897.
BOLTS, WILLIAM (1740 7-1808)
Born about 1740 : was a merchant of
Dutch extraction : being in Calcutta in
1759, he was taken into the E. I. Co.'s
service : engaged in private trade, like
other civil servants : was Second in Council
at Benares, 1764 : being censured by the
Court of Directors for his private trading
under the Company's authority and re-
called, he resigned in 1766, quarrelled with
the Bengal authorities, was arrested in
1768, and deported to England as an
interloper. In his Considerations on Indian
Affairs, 1772, he attacked the Bengal
Government : Verelst replied, and Bolts
published another work in 1775. He made
a large fortune in India, but could not
take it away : he spent what he had in
England in defending the lawsuits brought
against him by the E. I. Co. for some years.
He entered the Austrian service, became
a Colonel, and founded stations in India
for an Austrian Company : these came
to nothing : he died in Paris in 1808.
BONARJEE, REV. SHIB CHUNDER
(1830-1897)
A Brahman, of good family : educated
at the Duff College, and baptized by the
Rev. Dr. Duff in 1847 : held various
missionary charges : celebrated both
for his eloquent preaching and his philan-
thropy : was the author of a Life of
Christ in Bengali, and a large number of
tracts : universally regarded as one of
the leading ministers of the Bengali Church.
BONNERJEE, WOMESH CHUNDER
(1844- )
Second son of Grees Chunder Bonnerjee,
attorney of the High Court, Calcutta :
born Dec. 29, 1844 : educated at the
Oriental Seminary and Hindu School :
in 1864, in receipt of a scholarship from
Mr. R. J. Jijibhai of Bombay, went to
England to study law : called to the bar
from the Middle Temple : joined the
Calcutta High Court Bar, 1868 : acted as
the Standing Counsel to Government in
1882, 1884, 1886-7 : presided over the
First Indian National Congress at Bombay,
1885 : Fellow of the Calcutta University :
President of the Faculty of Law, 1880 :
represented the Calcutta University in
the Bengal Legislative Council, 1893 :
retired from the Calcutta Bar, 1901, to
practise before the Judicial Committee of
the Privy Council in England.
BOPP, FRANCIS (1791-1867)
Born at Mentz, Sep. 14, 1791 : educated
at Aschaffenburg, under Windischmann,
the celebrated Oriental scholar : went to
Paris, 1 8 12, for 5 years : chiefly studied
Sanskrit : settled in Gottingen : became
in 1821 Extraordinary, and in 1825
Ordinary Professor of Oriental Liter ature
and General Philology at Berlin Univer-
sity, till his death : a prominent Member
of the Royal Society at Berlin : wrote his
Analytical Comparison of the Sanskrit,
Greek, Latin and Teutonic Languages in
the Annals of Oriental Literature, 1820 :
greatly encouraged and facilitated the
study of Sanskrit : his Sanskrit Grammar
passed through several editions, 1827-63 :
an original foreign member of the R.A.S.
from June 7, 1823 : his Comparative
Grammar was translated into English,
1845-50 : he died Oct. 23, 1867.
BORTON, SIR ARTHUR (1814-1893)
Son of the Rev. J. D. Borton : born
Jan. 20, 1814 : educated at Eton : entered
the Army, 1832, rose to be General, 1877 :
went to India in 1835, served in the
Afghanistan campaign of 1842 under
General Pollock : was at Tezin, in the
Kohistan, and at Istalif on Sep. 29 : in
the battles of the Satlaj campaign of
1845-6 : in the Crimea : C.B. : in Canada :
commanded the Mysore Division of the
Madras Army, 1870-5 : K.C.B. : Governor
and C. in C. of Malta in 1877 : G.C.M.G.,
1880 : G.C.B., 1884 : died Sep. 7, 1893.
BOSCAWEN, HON. EDWARD (1711-
1761)
Son of first Viscount Falmouth : born
Aug. 19, 1711 : joined the Navy, 1726:
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
49
served on a number of stations, the
Mediterranean, the West Indies, the Home
station, the Channel, at the Nore, at
Cape Finisterre, 1747 : and in that year
was appointed C. in C. of the sea and land
forces in the E. Indies : passed the
Mauritius without taking it from the
French : reached Fort St. David, July,
1748: failed, after a repulse at Ariancopang,
which he captured later, in taking Pondi-
cherry by both sea and land : lost ships
in stormy weather : at the peace of Aix-la-
Chapelle, took possession of Madras on
its restoration by the French, Aug. 21,
1749 : and returned to England : held
more commands in N. America : a Lord
of the Admiralty : at the siege of Louis-
berg against the French in Europe : was
made P.C. : died Jan. 10, 1761.
BOULGER, DEMETRIUS CHARLES
(1853- )
Born July 14, 1853 : educated at Ken-
sington Grammar School and privately :
has contributed to all the leading journals
on questions relating to India, China,
Egypt and Turkey since 1876 : founded,
in conjunction with Sir Lepel Griffin, the
Asiatic Quarterly Review in 1885, and
edited it for some years : author of Life
of Yakub Beg of Kashgar, England and
Russia in Central Asia, Central Asian
Portraits, Armies of the Native States of
India, Central Asian Questions, Lord
William Bentinck, Story of India, India
in the Nineteenth Century, History of
China, of which several editions have been
published, Life of Gordon, Life of Sir
Stamford Raffles, etc.
BOURCHIER, SIR GEORGE (1821-
1898)
Son of Rev. Edward Bourchier : edu-
cated at Addiscombe : entered the Bengal
Artillery, 1838 : in the Gwalior campaign,
1843-4 : at Punniar : in the mutiny
commanded a battery at Trimmu Ghat :
at the siege and capture of Delhi : at
Bulandshahr, Alighar, Agra, Sir Colin
Campbell's relief of Lucknow, at Cawnpur :
Brevet Colonel and C.B. : commanded
the R.A. in Bhutan, 1864-6 : commanded
the E. frontier district, 1871, and the
Cachar column in the Lushai expedition,
1871-2: K.C.B., 1852:] Maj-General:
died March 15, 1898.
BOURDILLON, SIR JAMES AUSTIN
(1848- )
I.C.S. : born at Madras, March, 1848 :
son of J. D. Bourdillon (q.v.) : educated
at Marlborough : Captain of the Cricket
XI : went out to India, 1870 : Superinten-
dent of the Census of Bengal, 1880-3 :
acting Secretary to the Bengal Government,
Financial Department, 1893-5 : Com-
missioner of Patna, in the famine, 1897 :
C.S.I., 1898 : Chief Secretary to the
Government of Bengal, 1900 : Member of
the Famine Commission in India, 1901 :
Member of the Board of Revenue, 1902 :
for some years Member of the Bengal
Legislative Council : acted as Lieutenant-
Governor of Bengal, Nov. 1902-Nov.
1903 : Resident in Mysore, 1903 :
K.C.S.I., Jan. 1904 : V.D., 1896, for long
service as a volunteer in the Calcutta
Light Horse and Bihar Light Horse.
BOURDILLON, JAMES DEWAR (1811-
1883)
I.C.S : son of the Rev. T. Bourdillon: edu-
cated at Ramsgate and Haileybury : joined
the Civil Service at Madras in 1828 : was
Secretary to the Board of Revenue and
Secretary to Government in the Revenue
and P.W.D. : advocated irrigation and
the improvement of communications :
was an authority on land revenue and
the despatch of public business : retired
in 1861 : died May 21, 1883.
BOURGUIEN, LOUIS (
Louis Bernard : a Frenchman : went
to India with Admiral Suffrein : from
Pondicherry went to Calcutta and enlisted
in the E.I. Co.'s service : was a cook and
pyrotechnist : employed by Begam Sam-
ru : in 1794 by De Boigne : under Perron
in 1800, in Sindia's service : fought against
George Thomas (q.v.) : and was defeated
by him at Georgeghar : later, made
Thomas surrender at Hansi : captured
Rohtak, 1803 : after the defeat of Colonel
Pedron by Lake at Alighar, Bourguien
revolted against Perron : the latter sur-
rendered to the British, and Bourguien,
as General, held command of Sindia's
troops for a fortnight, until he himself
was defeated by Lake at the battle of
Delhi, Sep. 11, 1803 : three days after-
wards he surrendered to Lake : was sent
to Calcutta : returned to France, with
great wealth, and was heard of no more.
E
50
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
BOWRING, LEWIN BENTHAM
(1824- )
I.C.S. : bom July 15, 1824 : third son of
Sir George Bowring : educated at Exeter,
Leipzig and Haileybury, 184 1-3 : went
out to India, 1843 : Deputy Commissioner
in the Panjab, 1849-54 : Private Secretary
to Lord Canning, when Viceroy, April,
1858 to 1862 : Chief Commissioner of
Mysore and Coorg, 1862-70 : retired,
1870 : C.S.I., 1867 : author of Eastern
Experiences, Hyder Ali and Tippoo Sultan,
and contributions to the Asiatic Society
of Bengal.
BOWSER, SIR THOMAS (1748-1833)
Born 1748, at Kirkby Thore, West-
morland : educated at Appleby Grammar
School : entered the E.I. Co.'s Army at
24 : at the taking of Tanjore in 1773 : for
3 years engaged in the capture of forts in
the N. Sircars : at the siege of Pondi-
cherry, 1778 : in the Guntur Sircar cam-
paign, 1779 : as a Lieutenant, in Sir
Hector Munro's army in 1780, sent to help
Col. Baillie and, with him, taken prisoner
by Hyder Ali in the Perambakam disaster,
Sept. 1780 : confined at Seringapatam 3
years and 8 months : loaded with irons
for 3 years and 4 months : liberated,
1784 : to England for 3 years : published
in 1788 his Memoirs of The Late War in
Asia : served under Medows in 1792, at
the storming of Dindigul : given by
Cornwallis the command of a sepoy
battalion : served under General Braith-
waite at the siege of Pondicherry, 1798 :
employed against the Raja of Ramnad :
effected the reduction of Ceylon, 1796 :
took fort Calpentein and Colombo : sent
to reduce the French force under Perron
at Hyderabad : at Seringapatam, May 4,
1799 : stormed the fortress of Gooty :
commanded from Hyderabad a mixed
force, joining Colonel A. Wellesley, against
Doondia Waugh : to England, 1803 :
again to India in 1820 : commanded the
Mysore Division : was temporarily C. in
C. of Madras Army, 1824-6, on the death
of Sir Alexander Campbell : retired,
May, 1826 : was a Lt-General and K.C.B. :
died June, 1833.
BOYD, HUGH (1746-1794)
Son of Alexander Macaulay : took his
mother's name, Boyd : born in Oct.
1746 : educated at Dublin, and graduated
at Trinity College, 1765 : studied law, and
contributed to journals and literature : in
1 78 1 became Secretary to Lord Macart-
ney, Governor of Madras : sent on a mis-
sion to Ceylon, captured by the French and
kept a prisoner at Bourbon for some
months : became Master Attendant at
Madras, and conducted the Madras
Courier : wrote the Indian Observer
papers, and the Hircarrah : it was said
that he was the author of the Letters
of Junius, a supposition which he never
positively contradicted : his works were
collected and published : died Oct. 15,
1764.
BRACKENBURY, SIR HENRY
(1837- )
Born Sept. 1, 1837 : educated at Eton
and R.M.C., Woolwich : joined the Royal
Artillery, 1856: in the Indian mutiny:
served in Central India, 1857-8 : Ashanti
war, 1873-4 : Zulu war, 1879-80 : Private
Secretary to Lord Lytton, the Viceroy of
India, 1880 : Military Attache at Paris,
1 88 1-2 : commanded River Column,
Egypt, I884-5" 1 : promoted Maj-General
for distinguished service in the field :
Director of Military Intelligence, 1886-
91 : Military Member of the Supreme
Council of India, 189 1-6 : Director-
General of Ordnance at the War Office,
1899 : K.C.B., 1894 : K.C.S.I., 1896 :
G.C.B., 1900 : General R.A., 1901 :
P.C.
BRADDON, SIR EDWARD NICHOLAS
COVENTRY (1829-1904)
Son of Henry Braddon, and brother of
Miss Braddon the novelist: went out to
India in 1847 to join the mercantile house
of Bagshaw and Co., in Calcutta, but pre-
ferred work in the Mofussil : while he was
employed on the E.I. Railway, the Sonthal
rebellion of 1855 broke out, in which he
rendered such excellent service that he
was appointed an Assistant Commissioner
in the Sonthal Parganas : during the
mutiny he served in the Volunteer force
under Sir George Yule, Commissioner of
Bhagalpur, and, after the mutiny, on
that officer's invitation, joined the Oudh
Commission, where he remained until
Oudh was amalgamated with the N.W.P.
in 1877 : resigned the Service and went
to Tasmania, where he rose to be Premier
and Agent-General for Tasmania in Lon-
don : K.C.M.G., 1891 : published Life in
India, and Thirty Years of Shikar, in
1895 : died Feb. 3, 1904-
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
S^
BRADFORD, SIR EDWARD RIDLEY
COLBORNE, BARONET (1836- )
Born July 27, 1836 : son of Rev. W. M.
K. Bradford : educated at Marlborough :
entered the Madras Army, 1854 : Colonel
in 1884 : served in the Persian campaign,
1856-7 : in the Indian mutiny, in the
N.W. Provinces, 1858-9 : commanded
a regt. of the Central India Horse, i860 :
entered the Political Department : General
Superintendent for suppressing Thagi and
Dakaiti, 1874 : attended H.R.H. the
Prince of Wales on his tour in India,
1875-6 : Agent to the Governor- General
for Rajputana : Secretary in the Political
and Secret Department, India Office,
1887 : accompanied H.R.H. Prince Ed-
ward, {Duke of Clarence, on his tour in
India, 1889-90 : A.D.C. to the Queen,
1889-93 : Chief Commissioner of Police in
the Metropolis, 1890- 1903 : K.C.S.I.,
1885 : G.C.B. : G.C.V.O., 1902 : Extra
Equerry to the King, 1902 : Baronet, 1902.
BRADFORD, SIR THOMAS (1777-1853)
Son of Thomas Bradford : born Dec. 1,
1777 : entered the Army, 1793 : served
in Ireland, Scotland, S. America, the
Peninsula : commanded the Portuguese
Division at Vittoria in 1813 as Maj-
General : K.C.B., 1814 : held commands
in France and Scotland : was C. in C. in
Bombay, 1825-9 : G.C.B., 1838 : General,
1841 : died Nov. 28, 1853.
BRADSHAW, JOHN (1845-1894)
Born June 4, 1845 : son of Rev. William
Hanna Bradshaw, A.M., Rector of Kil-
sheery : educated at Enniskillen Royal
School, at Portora, and Trinity College,
Dublin : Senior Moderator in History,
Literature, and Law, T.C.D. : appointed
Head-master of Bishop Corrie's Grammar
School, Madras, 1868 : and of the Pro-
vincial School, Mangalore, 1870 : Inspector
of Schools, 1872 : Fellow, Madras Univer-
sity, 1875 : he was essentially an education-
alist : his knowledge and experience were
exceptional : his life work was an endeav-
our to place native education on a sound
basis : edited many works for Middle and
High Schools : besides An English
Anthology, 1885, Milton and Gray for the
Aldine Poets, Chesterfield's Letters, etc. :
and the Life of Sir Thomas Munro, for
the Rulers of India series : died at Madras,
Jan. 5, 1894.
BRANDIS, SIR DIETRICH (1824-
Born 1824 : educated at the Universi-
ties of Copenhagen, Gottingen and Bonn :
lecturer on Botany at Bonn, 1849 : joined
the Indian Forest Department in 1856 :
Inspr-General of Forests, 1864 : CLE.,
1878 : retired, 1883 : Member of the
Board of Visitors of Cooper's Hill College,
1886 : K.C.I.E., 1887 : author of the
Forest Flora of N.W. and Central India
1874 : Director of the practical course of
forestry on the Continent in connexion
with Cooper's Hill College, 1887-96.
BRANFOOT, ARTHUR MUDGE
(1848- )
Born Feb. 29, 1848 : son of Jonathan
Haigh Branfoot, M.D. : educated at
Epsom College, and Guy's Hospital :
entered the I.M.S., 1872 : held various
civil appointments connected with the
Madras Medical College, 1872-9 : Pro-
fessor of Midwifery there, and Superin-
tendent Madras Government Maternity
Hospital, 1879-98 : CLE., 1898 : P.M.O.,
Rangoon and Bangalore, 1898-1903 :
retired, 1903 : President, Medical Board,
India Office, 1904 : contributed to medical
journals and societies.
BRASYER, JEREMIAH (1812-1897)
Colonel : brought up as a gardener in
Kent : enlisted in the Bengal Artillery,
1833 : Sergt-Major, 26th regt., Bengal
N.I. Sept., 1839 : served in the Afghan
war, 1842 : at the forcing of the Khyber :
at Mamu Kheyl, Jagdalak, Haft Kotal,
Tezin, with the Artillery : in the Sikh
campaigns : at Mudki, Firozshahr and
Sobraon, with the 26th N.I. : Ensign,
1846 : interpreter to the Firozpur regt.
of Sikhs, and commanded them, " Brasyer's
Sikhs," in the mutiny, 1857-8 : with his
regt. as the sole garrison, he held the
fortress of Allahabad, the key of Upper
India, at the most critical moment :
through his energy and resolute attitude,
his Sikhs remained loyal : "no man risen
from the ranks has ever done a deed
evincing such force of character and
desperate resolution, and securing such
invaluable results " : at the capture of
Lucknow, March, 1858 : Lt-Colonel and
C.B., 1858 : retired Oct. 1861 : died
March 15, 1897.
BRATHWAITE, SIR JOHN ( ? - ? )
A noted officer in the Indian wars dur-
ing the latter part of the 18th century :
5-
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
as Major, 1772, he marched against the
Poligars of Madura and Tinnevelly : Lt-
Colonel : captured, 1779, the French
settlement of Mahe : took an active part
in the war with Hyder Ali : in 1780,
Colonel, and in command of the troops in
Tanjore : his defeat by Tippoo near Anna-
gudi in 1782 was a serious blow to the
Southern Army : he himself was wounded
and taken prisoner, but released on the
conclusion of peace in 1784 : held high
command in the Madras Army, 1792 :
when war broke out with the French
Republic, Brathwaite took Pondicherry,
1793 : Maj -General in 1800.
BREEKS, JAMES WILKINSON (1830-
1872)
I.C.S. : born March 5, 1830 : arrived
at Madras in 1849 : was Private Secretary
to the Governor of Madras, Sir W. Denison,
1861-64, accompanying him to Calcutta
when he acted as Governor-General,
between Lord Elgin and Sir John Law-
rence. In 1867 Breeks was appointed
Commissioner of the Nilgiris : in 187 1 he
was called upon to make collections of
objects among the aboriginal tribes for
the Indian Museum, Calcutta : he fell ill
and died June 7, 1872 : he wrote a valuable
report on the tribes and sepulchral monu-
ments of the Nilgiris, published under the
editorship of his widow in 1873.
BRIGGS, HENRY GEORGE (1824-
1872)
Born in Bombay, Oct. 20, 1824 : son of
Henry Briggs : travelled in S. Africa,
1843 : in China, 1845 : settled in Bombay,
1846, in the office of Briggs & Co. : served
in the Bombay Secretariat : went to
Karachi : edited, 1854, the Sindian, and,
1855, the Sind Kossid, both long since
defunct : became, 1856, Assistant Secre-
tary at Bombay to the G.I.P. Railway: Sec-
retary to the Bombay Municipality, 1860-
2 : was a merchant and agent at Bombay
and Hingolee, 1863 : he wrote, 1849, Cities
of Gujdrashtra, a book of travel in Guja-
rat, containing curious information gleaned
from travellers in India : of whose rare
works he made an extensive collection: pub-
lished The Parsis or Modem Zardushtians,
1852, which has now been superseded :
wrote an historical account of the Nizam,
1861, a valuable work containing special
information. His firm failed in the share
mania of 1865 ; he travelled in Gujarat, and
settled in Calcutta, entering the P.W.D.
there: in May, 1872, he went again to
Bombay; died there July 4, 1872.
BRIGGS, JOHN (1785-1875)
Entered the E.I. Co.'s Madras Army in
1 801 : served in the Mahratta wars :
accompanied Sir J . Malcolm on his mission
to Persia, 18 10 : became Resident at
Satara, and in 1831 was Senior Member of
the Board of Administration of Mysore :
resigned in 1832, and was Resident at
Nagpur, 1832-5, when he retired : Maj-
General, 1838. As Member of the Court
of Proprietors of the E.I. Co., he opposed
Lord Dalhousie's policy : he translated
Ferishta's Muhammadan Power in India
and the Siyar-ul-muta' akhkhirin from
Persian into English : was F.R.S. : died
April 27, 1875.
BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-1889)
Born Nov. 16, 1811 : son of Jacob
Bright, of Rochdale : educated there and
at Ackworth, York, Newton : joined his
father in managing mills, travelled, and
entered politics : co-operated with Cobden
against the Corn Laws : M.P. for Durham,
1843 ; for Manchester, 1847, 1852 ; for
Birmingham, 1857-85 : in his political
life he paid special attention to India : in
1848, was Chairman of the Committee,
for which he moved, to inquire into the
obstacles to the cultivation of cotton in
India : helped to raise a fund for a private
Commission of inquiry : opposed the
renewal of the Charter of the E. I. Co. in
1853 : spoke, 1853, strongly in favour of
making the Government of India a Depart-
ment of the Government, with a Minister
of State and a Council : in the discussions
on the transfer of the Government of
India to the Crown, in 1858, and again in
1879, he advocated a policy of decentra-
lization, by the substitution of federated
Provincial Governments for a Central
Government : urged, in 1859, the reduc-
tion of military expenditure in India :
declined to be Secretary of State for India,
1868, being unwilling, as a Quaker, to be
mixed up with military matters : advo-
cated developments of India by public
works and canals, 1878-9 : spoke against
the Afghan war of 1878-80 : D.C.L.,
1886 : died March 27, 1889 : his general
career in Parliament, his share in English
politics, and his eloquent speeches, need
not be dwelt upon here.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
S3
BRIGHT, SIR ROBERT ONESIPHO-
RUS (1823-1896)
Born July 7, 1823 : son of Robert
Bright, merchant, educated at Rugby and
Winchester : joined the 19th regt. in 1843,
and served continuously with it until, in
1 871, he obtained a Brigade command :
served in the Bulgarian campaign, 1854 :
in the Crimea, present at all the battles :
in 1868 commanded the first Brigade
Hazara Field Force, and against the
Black Mountain tribes : commanded the
Meerut Division, 1878-83 : in the Afghan
war, 1879-80, commanded the Khyber
Line Field Force : constantly mentioned
in despatches during his career : Brevet
Lt-Colonel : Knight of the Legion of
Honour : C.B. in 1868 : K.C.B. and the
thanks of Parliament after the Afghan
war : Colonel of his regt., 1886 : Lt-
General : G.C.B., 1894 : died Nov. 15,
1896.
BRIND, SIR JAMES (1808-1888)
Son of Walter Brind : born July 10,
1808 : educated at Addiscombe : joined
the Bengal Artillery in 1827 : in 1854 be
commanded the Artillery in Sir Sydney
Cotton's force against the Mohmands : at
the siege of Delhi in the mutiny he com-
manded a battery, called after him : show-
ed great bravery and activity : it was said
that he never slept, and that he should be
covered with Victoria Crosses from head
to foot : commanded the Artillery in a
number of engagements in 1858 : in Oudh,
Rohilkund and the pursuit of Firozshah :
Brevet Colonel and C.B. : was Inspr-
General of Artillery, 1865 : K.C.B.,
1869 : commanded the Sirhind Division,
1873-8 : General, 1877 : G.C.B., 1884 :
died Aug. 3, 1888 : he was married five
times.
BRISTOW, JOHN (?-?-)
Appointed Resident of Lucknow, by
direct order of the Court of Directors, on
Nathaniel Middleton's recall in 1774, after
the Rohilla war, by a majority in Council
against Warren Hastings : Bristow was not
friendly with Hastings : was a constant
attendant of P. Francis' levees : he was
superseded at Lucknow in 1781, by
Hastings' order, replaced by Middleton,
but re-established in 1782, when Middleton
was recalled : Bristow assumed the
powers of Government at Lucknow, aiming
at the annihilation of the Nawab's authority,
on which the Nawab complained against
Bristow's administration: Bristow's defence
was discussed by the parties in the Supreme
Council : he was recalled by a decision
of Dec. 31, 1783, Hastings being authorized
to have separate charge of the E.I. Co's
concerns in Oudh, for which he repaired
to Lucknow in March- Aug. 1784.
BROADFOOT, GEORGE (1807-1845)
Born 1807 : son of Rev. W. Broad-
foot : entered the Madras Native Infantry
in 1826 : in 1841 was sent to Kabul
commanding the escort with the families
of Shah Shuja and Zaman Shah : in Oct.
1 841 he accompanied Sir R. Sale's force
from Kabul to Jalalabad : which he
fortified, and became garrison engineer
there during the siege by the Afghans :
he animated the whole defence and pre-
vented a surrender : was with General
Pollock's Army in the campaign of 1842,
and distinguished himself in the actions
in the Khyber, at Tezin and Mamu Kheyl :
C.B. : made Commissioner of Tenasserim
and, later, Agent to the Governor-General
on the N.W. frontier : he was a Major in
the Sikh war of 1845-6 : was mortally
wounded at Firozshahr, Dec. 21, 1845.
BROADFOOT, WILLIAM (1841- )
Born Oct. 15, 1841 : son of Alexander
Broadfoot : educated privately and at
Addiscombe : joined the Royal Engineers,
i860: Major, 1881, on retirement:
served with the Hazara Field Force, 1868 :
in the Irrigation Department in the
Panjab, 1864-8 : Assistant Secretary to
the Panjab Government, 1868-78 : has
written The Career of Major George Broad-
foot, C.B., 1888 : Billiards in the Bad-
minton Library : numerous articles in the
principal Reviews, Magazines, the Athen-
ceum, the Times Encyclopaedia Britannica,
Biographies in the D.N.B., and the R.E.
Journal : F.R.G.S : is the Referee of the
R. Geographical Society on Afghanistan,
Beluchistan, India.
BROCKHAUS, HERMAN (1806-1877)
Born at Amsterdam, Jan. 28, 1806 : son
of Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus, founder
of the Leipzig publishing house : studied
Oriental literature at Leipzig, Gottingen,
Bonn, and frequented Oriental libraries
at Copenhagen, Paris, London, Oxford :
54
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Professor Extraordinarius of Oriental
Languages at Jena, 1839 : and Professor
Ordinarius of Indian Lanugages and
Literature, at Leipzig, 1848 : lectured
chiefly on Sanskrit, which was his speciality,
though he had studied Hebrew, Arabic,
Persian, and lectured on Pali, Zend and
Chinese : edited the K atha-sarit-sagara
of Sanskrit stories, 1839-66, which first
led to the scientific study of the origin of
Popular Tales : also edited the Prabodha-
Chandrodaya, a comedy, 1834-45 : the
Zend Vendidad Sade : Hafiz and the
Seven Wise Masters : was a founder of the
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenland-
ischen Gesellschaft : wrote for scientific
journals : died Jan. 5, 1877.
BRODRICK, HON. WILLIAM ST.
JOHN FREMANTLE (1856- )
Born Dec. 14, 1856: eldest son of third
Viscount Middleton : educated at Eton
and Balliol College, Oxford : President of
the Oxford Union Society : M.P. for West
Surrey, 1880-5 ; for Guildford Division of
Surrey, since 1885 : Financial Secretary to
the War Office, 1886-92 : Under Secretary
of State for War, 1895-8 : Under Secretary
of State for Foreign Affairs, 1 898-1900:
Secretary of State for War, 1900-3, during
part of the S. African War : Secretary of
State for India since 1903 : P.C. 1897 :
J.P. : D.L.
BROOKE, SIR GEORGE (1793-1882)
Born 1793 : son of Henry Brooke :
educated at the R.M.A., Woolwich : entered
the Royal Artillery, 1808 : saw service in
Bundelkund, 1809-10 : in the Nipal
war, 1 81 5-6 : and in the Mahratta war,
1 817 : present at the sieges of Hatras and
Bhartpur ; in the battles of the Satlaj
campaign, 1845-6 : Brigadier in the
Pan jab in 1848 : commanded Horse
Artillery at Chilianwala and Gujarat :
C.B., 1849 : K.C.B., 1867 : General, 1870 :
retired, 1877 : died Dec. 31, 1882.
BROOKE, HENRY (1725? -1786)
Son of Rev. Henry Brooke, Rector of
Kinawley and Kilina, Ireland : born about
1725 : joined the E.L Co'.s Civil Service,
and rose to be a Member of the Madras
Council : took, with George Stratton, a
prominent part in the arrest and deposition
of Lord Pigot, .the Governor of Madras,
in 1776 : and was one of the four sentenced
on Feb. 10, 1780, in the King's Bench to
pay a fine of £1,000 each for their action 1
died in Dublin, March 26, 1786.
BROOKE, SIR JAMES (1803-1868)
Raja of Sarawak : son of Thomas-
Brooke of the India Civil Service : born
at Benares in 1803 : educated at Norwich :
ran away from school and entered the
Bengal Native Infantry in 18 19 : served
in the Burmese war of 1824 : was wounded
and sent home : resigned the E. I. Co.'s-
service in 1830 : in 1838 he sailed in a
private vessel to Borneo, to Sarawak :
and became its Raja in 184 1 by invitation :
there he passed the remainder of his^
career, suppressing rebellion, piracy,
cruelty, and establishing civilized govern-
ment : retired in i860 : was made K.C.B :
D.C.L. Oxford: died in 1868.
BROOKE, JOHN CHEAPE (1818-1899)
General : son of Colonel C. W. Brooke :
joined the 63rd Bengal N.I., 1836: raised
and disciplined the Mewar Bhils, and gained
great influence over them and the neigh-
bouring chiefs : during the mutiny,
kept a large tract of country quiet :
Political Agent at Jodhpur and Jaipur,.
1860-70 : A.G.G. for Rajputana, 1870-3 :
died Jan. 23, 1899.
BROOKE, ROBERT (1746 ?-1802 ?)
Son of Robert Brooke : entered the
E. I. Co.'s Bengal Army in 1764 : engaged
at the battle of Baxar and under Lord Clive
against Kasim Ali and Shuja-ud-daula
and against Hyder Ali of Mysore in
1768-9 : put down a revolt in Kora, and
was made Collector : served in the Raj-
mahal hills against the Mahrattas, and
in the Rohilla war : his services terminated
in 1775 : lost his money in attempting to
establish cotton manufacture in Ireland :
Governor of St. Helena, 1787-1801 :
died soon after his retirement.
BROUGHTON, THOMAS DUER (1778-
1835)
Son of Rev. T. Broughton : educated
at Eton: went to India in 1795 in the
Bengal Army : was at the siege of Serin- -
gapatam in 1799, and military Resident
with the Mahrattas in 1802 : commanded
the island of Java: Colonel, 1829: died'
Nov. 16, 1835 : wrote Letters from a-
Mahratta Camp, and Selections from the
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
55
Popular Poetry of the Hindus, 1814 : Hony.
Secy. R.A.S.
RROUGHTON DE GYFFORD, JOHN
CAM HOBHOUSE, BARON (1786-
1869)
Son of Sir Benjamin Hobhouse, Bart.
born June 27, 1786 : educated at Bristol,
Westminister and Trinity College, Cam-
bridge : friend of Byron and travelled with
him on the Continent : committed to
Newgate from Dec. 14, 1819, to Feb. 29,
1820, for breach of privilege of the House
of Commons : M.P. for Westminster,
1820 : succeeded as Baronet in 1831 :
Secretary at War, 1832-3 : Chief Secretary
for Ireland, 1833, resigned : M.P. for
Nottingham, 1834 : Commissioner of
Woods and Forests : President of the
Board of Control, April 23, 1835, to Sep.
4, 1841 : again from July 8, 1846, to Feb.
3, 1852 : on his advice the appointment
of Lord Heytesbury in 1835-6, to succeed
Lord W. Bentinck as Governor-General
was cancelled : he supported Lord Auck-
land's Afghan policy : M.P. for Harwich
in 1848 : made a peer in 1851 : K.C.B. in
1852 : died June 3, 1869 : wrote his
Recollections of a Long Life, and a number
of papers on literary, classical, political
and historical subjects.
BROWN, CHARLES PHILIP (1798-
1884)
I.C.S. : born in India, 1798 : son of
the Rev. David Brown {q.v.) : educated
by his father in India : and at Haileybury :
went to Madras in the Civil Service,
1817 : Judge of Masulipatam ; Persian and
Telugu Translator to Government : Post
Master General, Madras : Member of the
Council of Education : early made a
special study of Telugu and became a
great scholar : compiled a Telugu-English
and English-Telugu Dictionary, 1845-53,
and Grammar, 1840, and translated the
Bible into Telugu : published Chronologi-
cal Tables : and various works in Telugu :
wrote on' that language and other subjects
in the Madras lournal of Literature :
retired, 1855: Honorary Professor of
Telugu in London University : on the
Council of the R.A.S : died 1884.
BROWN, REV. DAVID (1763-1812)
Born in 1763 : educated at Scar-
borough, Hull, and Magdalen College,
Cambridge : ordained and went to Calcutta
as a Chaplain in Bengal in 1786 : held
several clerical charges, including the minis-
try of the Old Church, 21 years, andioyears
the senior Presidency chaplaincy, and
laboured greatly in the cause of missions
and aid to native Christians : was held
in great esteem by the English residents :
founded the Auxiliary Bible Society : Pro-
vost of the College of Fort William, Aug.
18, 1800 : in 1 812 he embarked on a ship
which was wrecked in the Bay of Bengal :
was rescued, and returned to Calcutta,
but died there directly, June 14, 18 12.
BROWN, FRANCIS CARNAC (1792-
1868)
Born at^Mahe, Nov. 10, 1792 : son of
Murdoch Brown {q.v.) : educated in
England and France (where he was
detained at the rupture of the peace of
Amiens) : joined the 80th foot : Lieuten-
ant and A.D.C. : retired on half pay to
help his father manage the Anjrakandy
estate : J. P. : returned to Europe, 1838 :
was an active member of the committee
of the " British India Society," the first
organization established to promote re-
form in India, and afterwards of the
" India Reform Society " : died at Telli-
cherry, Sep. 23, 1868 : author of pamphlets
on Indian subjects, Letters to and from the
Government of Madras relating to the
Disturbances in Canara in April, 1837-8:
Free Trade and the Cotton Question with
reference to India, being a Memorial from
the British merchants of Cochin, 1847 :
Obstructions to Trade in India, 1862 :
The Supply of Cotton from India, 1863 :
his knowledge of native customs and
native matters generally on his side of
India was probably unrivalled among
Englishmen : he was able to explain many
things relating to the natives which others
had not been able to understand.
BROWN, SIR JOHN CAMPBELL
(1812-1890)
Entered the Medical Service of the
Bengal Army, 1836 : in the first Afghan
war : became Surgeon-General, 1870 :
C.B., 1858 : K.C.B., 1875 : died July 27,
1890.
BROWN, MURDOCH (1750-1828)
Born at Edinburgh, 1750, left Scotland
for Lisbon merely for the voyage, but
56
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
never returned : found work at Lisbon,
made his way through Europe : in 1775
went out as Consul to Calicut for the
Empress Maria Theresa of Austria :
engaged in trade, of which Jonathan
Duncan, Governor of Bombay, wrote, 1792,
as the most considerable of any British
subject on that side of India : he lost
eleven ships, East Indiamen, of 1,000 tons
or more in the war with France : in 1798 he
took over from Government as a plan-
tation " Five Tarras of Randaterra " (The
Anjrakandy estate) in Malabar : was
granted, in 1802, a 99 years' lease, being
the earliest English landholder in India :
the natives regarded him as their Raja :
none but the lowest caste would work on
the estate, which was wasted by war :
he educated his tenants and Christianized
them by native catechists and German
missionaries, raising them in the scale of
civilization : he spoke seven European and
five or six Oriental languages : died at
Tellicherry, 1828.
BROWNE, CHARLES ALFRED (1802-
1866)
Son of William Loder Browne : born
Dec, 1802 : was a Midshipman, R.N :
educated at Addiscombe : joined the
Madras Army, 1820 : in 15th and 12th
regts. : examiner in Hindustani and
Persian : Military Secretary to Govern-
ment, Madras, 1857 : Adjutant-General :
commanded at Nagpur, 1862 : commanded
the N. Division, Madras Army, 1863 :
retired, 1864 : wrote a Persian grammar :
established, 1833, Sunday schools at
Madras and the Black Town, the first in
the Madras Presidency: died Feb. 14, 1866.
BROWNE, JAMES ( ? - ? )
Major : in the E. I. Co.'s service, temp.
Warren Hastings : Collector of the
Jungleterry districts, 1773 : had difficult
work in administering the country and
settling disturbances : sent by the Council
on an embassy to Shah Alamat Delhi to
negotiate with him for assistance against
the Sikhs : Resident at Delhi, 1782 :
recalled, when Warren Hastings left
for England, 1785 : published, in 1787.
his Indian Tracts, which, he says, were
written by order of Hastings, describing
the Jungleterry districts, and giving an
account of the Sikhs.
BROWNE, SIR JAMES (1839-1896)
Born Sep. 16, 1839 : son of Robert
Browne : educated at Cheltenham and
Addiscombe : appointed to the Bengal
Engineers, 1857 : served in the N.W.
Frontier campaign against the Mahsud-
Waziris, i860, in the Umbeyla campaign,
1863 : Executive Engineer in the Panjab :
in 1876 surveyed for a railway from
Sukkur to Quetta : Political Officer at
Quetta : in the Afghan war, 1878-9,
Political with Sir D. Stewart's advance to
Kandahar : C.S.I. 1879 : in Egypt, in
1882, commanded the Royal Engineers
of the Indian Contingent : at Tel-el-
Kebir : C.B. 1882 : superintended the
construction of the Indus bridge, 1875 :
Engineer in Chief of the Sind-Peshin rail-
way, 1883-7 : Q.M.G. in India, 1889-90 :
Chief Commissioner of British Belu-
chistan, March, 1892 : died there, June
13, 1896 : K.C.S.I : General.
BROWNE, SIR SAMUEL (1824-1901)
Son of James Browne, M.D : born Oct.
13, 1824 : entered the Bengal Army,
1840 : in the Panjab campaign of 1848-
49 : at Chilianwala and Gujarat : in the
mutiny, with the 2nd Panjab cavalry, in
the movable column of the Panjab :
under Sir Colin Campbell in Oudh, lost an
arm : gained the V.C : for his action at
Nuria, near Philibhit, when he attacked
the rebels, and was severely wounded in
hand-to-hand fight : commanded the
Guides in 1864 : accompanied H.R.H. the
Prince of Wales on his Indian tour, 1875-6 :
K,CS.I. : Military Member of the Supreme
Council, Aug. 9 to Nov. 5, 1878 : com-
manded the first Division of the Peshawar
Field Force, in the Afghan war, 1878-9 :
captured Ali Masjid, occupied Jalalabad :
K.C.B : retired, 1879 : General : G.C.B.,
1901 : died March 14, 1901 : he invented
the military sword belt, called after him.
BROWNE, SIR THOMAS GORE (1807-
1887)
Son of Robert Browne : born July 3,
1807 : entered the Army 1824 : in the
campaign, in 1842, of the first Afghan
war commanded his regiment as Major :
was in the repulse of Haikalzai, at Kanda-
har, Kabul and Istalif, and through the
Khyber to India : C.B., 1843 : was
Governor of St. Helena, New Zealand,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
57
Tasmania, Bermuda: K.C.M.G., 1869:
died April 17, 1887.
BROWNLOW, SIR CHARLES HENRY
(1831- )
Born 1 83 1 : son of Colonel George A.
Brownlow : entered the Indian Army :
served in the Panjab campaign, 1848 :
Hazara, 1852-3 : Mohmand expedition,
1854 (severely wounded) : Yusafzai expedi-
tion, 1858 : China war, i860 : Umbeyla
campaign, 1863 : C.B. : Hazara, 1868 :
commanded the Southern column, Lushai
expedition, 1871-2 : K.C.B. : A.D.C. to the
Queen, 1869-81 : Assistant Military Secre-
tary at Horse Guards, 1879-80 : G.C.B.
1887 : retired.
BRUCE, CHARLES ALEXANDER
(1793-1871)
Born Jan. n, 1793 : at Jorehat, Assam :
was the first explorer of tea tracts in
Assam, and discoverer of the indigenous
tea plant in Assam : was appointed
Superintendent of Tea cultivation under
the Government of India until the tea
industry was adopted by private enter-
prise, as stated on a memorial tablet to
him in the Church at Tezpur : wrote a
report on the manufacture of tea, and on
the export and produce of the tea planta-
tions in Assam, 1839 : died April 23,
1871.
BRUCE, JOHN (1745-1826)
Historian : educated at Edinburgh
University, and Professor of Logic there :
appointed Keeper of the State Paper
Office, and Historiographer of the E. I. Co.:
M.P. for a borough in Cornwall, 1809-14 :
and for a short time Secretary of the
Board of Commissioners for the affairs of
India, i.e. the Board of Control : F.R.S :
died April 16, 1826. He wrote on
philosophy as well as history : his chief
works relating to India were Historical
View of Plans for the Government of British
India, 1793 : Annals of the E. I. Co. from
their establishment by the Charter of Queen
Elizabeth, 1600, to the Union of the London
and English E. I. Companies, 1707-8, 1810 :
Report on the Renewal of the E. I. Co.'s
exclusive Privileges of Trade for 20 years
from March 1794-1811.
BRUCE, SIR HENRY LE GEYT (1824-
1899)
Entered the Army 1842, in the Bengal
Artillery : in the Gwalior campaign, at
Maharajpur : in the Satlaj campaign,
1845-6: at Badiwal, Aliwal, Sobraon : in
the Panjab campaign, 1848-9 ; at Sadu-
lapur, Chilianwala, Gujarat : in the
mutiny at the second relief of Lucknow,
at Cawnpur and many engagements :
C.B. 1875 : retired as Lt-General, 1878 :
K.C.B. : 1898 : died April 15, 1899.
BRUCE, RICHARD ISAAC (1840- )
Born 1840 : son of Jonathan Bruce :
served in the Afghan war, 1878-9 : on the
N.W. Frontier of India : at Daulatzai,
1884 : in the Zhob Valley expedition, 1890 :
co-operated in the opening of the Gomal
Pass, 1890 : British Commissioner of the
Afghan-Waziristan Delimitation Com-
mission, 1894 : at Wano, 1894 : in
Waziristan, 1894-5 : a Commissioner in
the Panjab : author of a Gazetteer of
Dera Ghazi Khan, and a manual of
Beluchi : a History of the Marri-Beluch
tribe : of The Forward Policy and its
Results.
BRUTTON, NICHOLAS (1780-1843)
Entered the Army.1795 : went to India :
at Seedaseer, 1799, and at the siege of
Seringapatam, May 4, 1799 : in the
Canara campaign ; under Lord Lake,
1804-5 : at the siege of Bhartpur, 1805 :
under General St. Leger on the Satlaj,
1809 : in the Pindari campaigns of 1812
and 1817 : in the Nipal war of 1815 : at
the siege of Hatras : retired in 1837 from
the nth Hussars, as Lt -Colonel : died
March 26, 1843.
BRYANT, SIR JEREMIAH ( ? -1845)
Maj-General : appointed to E. I. Co.'s
Army, 1798 : served in Oudh : in the
Mahratta war : in Bundelkund : at Deeg,
1804 : Town and Fort Major, Fort
William, 18 15 : Judge Advocate General,
1817, 1824 : in the Dekkan war : at
Bhartpur, 1826 : knighted, 1829 : C.B. :
commanded the 14th N.I., 1835 : Director
E. I. Co., 1841 : died June 10, 1845.
BRYDGES, SIR HARFORD JONES,
BARONET (1764-1847)
In the E. I. Co.'s Civil Service : son of
Harford Jones of Presteign : born Jan. 12,
1764 : assumed the name of Brydges from
his mother's family : Envoy to Persia,
1807-1811 : Baronet in 1807 : resigned
in 181 1 : D.C.L., 1831 : Privy Councillor :
died March 17, 1847 : wrote on Persian
affairs and his mission.
58
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
BRYDON, WILLIAM (1811-1873)
Born Oct. 9, 181 1 : entered the E. I. Co.'s
medical service in 1835 : served with Sir
H. Fane and Lord Auckland : sent in
1839 with a regiment to the first Afghan
war. When the Army retreated from
Kabul in Jan. 1842, Brydon was attached
to the 6th regt. of Shah Shuja's Hindustani
Infantry and, alone, of 13,000 persons,
reached Jalalabad alive on January 13,
1842 : he was in the garrison of Jalalabad
under Sir R. Sale, and with General
Pollock's army to Kabul and back in
1842 : in the mutiny of 1857 he was, by
a curious fate, again besieged, being in the
Lucknow garrison, and was uninjured
throughout the siege : C.B.,1858: retired,
1859, as Surgeon-Major of the Bombay
Army : died March 20, 1873.
BUCHAN, GEORGE (
I.C.S. : appointed a writer on the
Madras Establishment, Aug. 1792 :
Assistant under the Secretary in the
Military, Political and Scout Department,
and French Translator, 1794 : also for
supplying " beetle," tobacco, and " gangee"
in 1795 : Paymaster to the Malacca
expedition, 1796 : sub-Secretary in the
above Department, 1799 : Secretary in
the Public and Commercial Department.
1801 ; in the Military Department, 1801 :
Chief Secretary, 1803 : Private Secretary
to Government, 1809 : went home, 18 10 :
" out of the service," 1814.
BUCHANAN, REV. DR. CLAUDIUS
(1766-1815)
Born March 12, 1766 : son of Alexander
Buchanan : educated at Inverary and
Glasgow University ; Queen's College,Cam-
bridge, 1 791-5 : ordained, 1795 : went
to Calcutta as a Chaplain on the Establish-
ment, 1797 : at Barrackpur and Calcutta :
was Professor and Vice-Provost of the
College of Fort William, 1799-1807, when
the latter appointment was abolished : he
devoted himself to the promotion of
Christianity and to native education : he
made two prolonged tours in Southern and
Western India, 1806-7, to ascertain the
circumstances and facts of the various
religions of the country and suggest
measures : he returned to England in
1808, and advocated the appointment of
Bishops in India and the cause of missions,
besides publishing translations of the
Scriptures in Malayalam, Syriac, etc. : he
wrote Christian Researches in Asia, 18 10 :
Colonial Ecclesiastical Establishment, and
papers about Christianity and Christian
Missions in India : he was D.D. of
Glasgow and Cambridge : died Feb. 9,
1815.
BUCHANAN, LEWIS MANSERGH
(1836- )
Son of John Buchanan, of Co. Tyrone,
Ireland : volunteered for the Crimea :
served in the Indian mutiny in the 88th
Connaught Rangers : author of Through
the Himalayas and Chinese Tibet : Colonel :
C.B.
BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, FRANCIS
(1762-1829)
Doctor : born Feb. 15, 1762, son of
Thomas Buchanan, doctor : took his degree
of M.D. at Edinburgh in 1783 : after
serving on a man-of-war, joined the E.I.
Co.'s service in 1794 : employed on a
mission to the Court of Ava, and on
various botanical, zoological and statistical
inquiries in Chittagong and Tippera, and,
in 1 800-1, through Mysore, Canara and
Malabar, on which he wrote a full report :
went to Nipal in 1802 : he was Surgeon
to Lord Wellesley, and accompanied him
to England in 1805. The records of his
subsequent inquiries in several Bengal
districts and Assam were deposited at the
India House in 1816 and not utilized for 22
years. He was Superintendent of the
Botanic Garden, Calcutta, 1814-5, when
he returned to Scotland and took the
additional name of Hamilton on succeeding
to his mother's property : F.R.S. and
F.R.A.S., and contributed largely to the
literary and scientific societies to which he
belonged : wrote on the History of Nipal,
the Genealogy of the Hindu gods, the
Fishes of the Ganges, etc : died June 15,
1829.
BUCK, SIR EDWARD CHARLES
(1838- )
I.C.S. : educated at Norwich and
Oakham School, and Clare College,
Cambridge : entered the Bengal Civil
Service in 1862 and retired in 1897 :
represented the Indian Government at
the Colonial Exhibition, 1886 : Secretary
to the Government of India, 1882-97 :
Knight Bachelor and K.C.S.I.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
59
BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-
1855)
Son of Christopher Buckingham : born
Aug. 25, 1786 : was at sea from 1796 :
went to India, 1815 : in 1818, at Calcutta,
he brought out the Calcutta Journal,
attacked Government so vigorously that,
in 1823, his licence was taken away by
Mr. J. Adam (q.v.), and he was deported
from the country : years afterwards, the
E.I. Co. gave him a pension of £200 a
year : went to India again when the
restrictions on the Press had been re-
moved : M.P. for Sheffield, 1832-7 :
conducted the Oriental Herald and Colon-
ial Review, 1824-9, an( i was connected
with other journals, besides writing
largely on social and political subjects :
travelled extensively to and from India :
wrote Arabia, 1825 : Mesopotamia and
Adjacent Countries, 1827 : Assyria and
Media, 1830 : travelled also in Europe and
N. America : and gave lectures in Eng-
land : died June 30, 1855.
BUCKINGHAM AND CHANDOS,
RICHARD PLANTAGENET CAMP-
BELL-TEMPLE-NUGENT-
BRYDGES-CHANDOS-GRENVILLE,
THIRD DUKE OF (1823-1889)
Governor : born Sep. 10, 1823, only son
of the second Duke : educated at Eton
and Christ Church, Oxford : M.P. for
Buckingham, 1846-57 : Junior Lord of
the Treasury, 1852 : as Marquis of Chandos
was Chairman of the London and N.W.
Railway, 1853-61 : succeeded as Duke,
1 861 : Lord President of the Council,
1866-7 : Secretary for the Colonies,
1867-8 : Governor of Madras from Nov.
1875 to Dec. 1880 : had to deal with the
severe famine of 1877, when immense
numbers of the population came on relief
works and gratuitous relief, and there was
great mortality : built Government House
at Ootacamund : Chairman of Commit-
tees in the House of Lords, 1886-9 : P-C. :
G.C.S.I. : CLE. : D.C.L. : died March
26, 1889 : when the Dukedom became
extinct.
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, ROBERT H0-
BART, FOURTH EARL OF
(1760-1816)
Son of third Earl : born May 6, 1760 :
educated at Westminster : joined 7th
regt., 1776 : served in the American war :
Major : M.P. in both the English and
Irish Parliaments : Secretary to the Lord
Lieutenant of Ireland, 1789-93 : Privy
Councillor, 1793 : was, as Lord Hobart,.
Governor of Madras from Sep. 1794 to
Feb. 1798 : led an expedition to Malacca
and destroyed the Dutch settlements :
by his independence he came into antagon-
ism with the Governor-General, Sir John
Shore, over the affairs of the Nawab of
the Carnatic, when Hobart desired to
make financial reforms : the Court of
Directors recalled him, but supported his
action in Tanjore affairs : Hobart co-
operated with the Governor-General against
Tippoo : called up to the House of Lords,
1798 : helped to arrange the union with
Ireland, 1799 : Secretary for War and the
Colonies, 1 801-4 : became Earl, 1804 :
appointed President of the Board of
Control, April 4, 18 12 : and spoke on the
renewal of the E.L Co.'s charter, 1813 :
died Feb. 4, 1816.
BUCKLAND, CHARLES EDWARD
(1847- )
I.C.S. : son of Charles Thomas Buck-
land, I.C.S. : born Sep. 19, 1847 : edu-
cated at Laleham, Eton, and Balliol
College, Oxford : joined the Civil Service
in Bengal, 1870 : Private Secretary to
Sir Richard Temple, when Lieutenant-
Governor of Bengal, 1874-7, and Gover-
nor of Bombay, 1877-8 : Revenue, and
Chief Secretary to Government of Bengal,
and Member of the Bengal Legislative
Council : Senior Member of the Board of
Revenue : retired in 1904 : CLE., 1895 :
author of Bengal under the Lieutenant
Governors : editor of The Dictionary of
Indian Biography.
BUCKLAND, CHARLES THOMAS
(1824-1894)
I.C.S. : son of the Rev. John Buckland :
born Feb. 27, 1824 : educated at Laleham,
Eton, and Haileybury : gained his ap-
pointment to the Indian Civil Service
by competition at Eton : went to India
in 1844 : served throughout his career in
Bengal, making a reputation for ability
and independence as an administrator :
Junior Secretary to the Governor of
Bengal : Member of the Bengal Legisla-
tive Council, and Member of the Board of
Revenue, Calcutta : retired in 1881 :
died March 21, 1894.
6o
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
BUHLER, JOHANN GEORG (1837-
1898)
Born July 19, 1837, at Borstel, in Han-
over : son of a pastor : educated at
Hanover and Gottingen : graduated in
Oriental languages and Archaeology, 1858 :
studied Sanskrit at Paris, London, Oxford :
became an eminent Orientalist : Pro-
fessor of Oriental Languages at the Elphin-
stone College, Bombay, 1863 : Superin-
tendent of Sanskrit Studies, Poona, 1866 :
Educational Inspector, N. Division,
Bombay Presidency, 1868, 1872 : edited
Sanskrit texts : several times deputed to
collect Sanskrit texts : discovered over
5,000 MSS., which the Indian Government
distributed among British Universities and
Collections, and Indian Societies and
Institutions : left India, 1880 : gave
much attention to ancient inscriptions,
doing important work as an epigraphist :
wrote on Indian inscriptions : brought
out, with Sir R. West (q.v.), a digest of
Hindu Law : wrote a Sanskrit Primer,
editions of Sanskrit works : published a
Glossary of the oldest Prakrit dictionary :
collaborated in the series of Sacred Books
of the East : translated the Laws of
Manu : became Professor of Indian
Philology and Archaeology at the Univer-
sity of Vienna : edited an Encyclopaedia
of Indo-Aryan Philology : contributed his
Indische Paldographie, 1896 : was member
of the Royal Asiatic and other learned
Societies : drowned in Lake Constance,
April 8, 1898.
BUIST, GEORGE (1805-1860)
Doctor : born Aug. 22, 1805 : son of
the Rev. J. Buist : educated at St. Andrews
and Edinburgh : became a preacher and
lecturer, and editor of newspapers in
Scotland from 1832 to 1839, when he be-
came editor of the Bombay Times till
1857 : he opposed the Government policy
in Kabul in 1842 : from Jan. 1858 he
brought out the Bombay Standard, which
was amalgamated with the Bombay
Times in i860. He was Inspector of
Observatories in Bombay for many years,
and wrote on scientific subjects, meteoro-
logy, geology, antiquities, for the Bombay
Asiatic Society's Journal : he was instru-
mental in the establishment of a number
of observatories, and founded the Bombay
Reformatory School of Industry : a
Municipal Commissioner in Bombay :
appointed, in 1859, Superintendent of the
Government Press, Allahabad, and Curator
of Government books : died at Calcutta,
Oct. 1, i860 : described as " India's fore-
most man of letters," " not only famous
as the most successful of Indian journalists,
but as the thoughtful and enterprising
man of science " : he devoted himself to
scientific philanthropy.
BULANDSHAHR, LACHHMAN SINGH,
RAJA OF (1826-1896)
A Rajput of the Jadon clan : his
grandfather held a high post in Sindia's
Army, and died at Alighar in 1801 : his
sons resided in Agra, and held lands near
the city : Lachhman Singh entered
Government service in 1847 : employed as
a translator in the Secretariat at Agra :
rendered good service during the mutiny :
rewarded with a Khilat, and a small parcel
of revenue-free land in the Agra district :
employed in the Educational Department,
and promoted to a Deputy Collectorship :
wrote a Statistical Memoir of the Buland-
shahr District, and translated various
official works, besides the Sakuntala, in
Hindi : in 1877, was made Raja as a
personal distinction : after his retirement,
resided at Bulandshahr, and died there in
July, 1896.
BURDWAN, MAHARAJA DHIRAJ BI-
JAY CHAND MAHTAB BAHADUR
OF (1881- )
Born Oct. 19, 1881 : son of Raja Ban
Bihari Kapur (q.v.) : succeeded in 1885 :
was installed as Maharaja in Feb., 1903.
BURDWAN, MAHTAB CHAND RAI,
MAHARAJA ADHIRAJ BAHA-
DUR OF (1820-1879)
Son of Maharaja Tej Chand Rai : born
Nov. 17, 1820 : succeeded to the Burdwan
Raj (which pays over 40 lakhs annually
of Government Revenue), on April 16,
1832 : made Maharaja Adhiraj Bahadur,
Aug. 30, 1833 : on Jan. 1, 1877, was
granted a salute of 13 guns as a personal
distinction, and the title of " His High-
ness " : appointed to the Governor-
General's Legislative Council in 1864 :
during the Sonthal rebellion of 1855, and
in the mutiny, he helped Government
greatly with transport, and by maintaining
communications : established a college,
schools, hospitals and dispensaries on his
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
61
estates ; widely supported charities, and
gave munificent contributions on occasions
of epidemic fever, famines and calamities :
encouraged literature and learning : though
not always a strict observer of Hinduism,
he maintained his numerous religious
endowments and temples : while he did
not seek popularity, he was highly re-
spected by both Europeans and his coun-
trymen, for his independence, high
character and public spirit : died at
Bhagalpur, Oct. 26, 1879.
BURGESS, JAMES (1832-
Born Aug. 14, 1832 : educated at Dum-
fries, Glasgow, Edinburgh : went to
India, 1855 : engaged in educational
work in Calcutta and Bombay : Archaeo-
logical Surveyor and Reporter for W. India,
1874 : and for S. India, 1881 : Director-
General of the Archaeological Survey of
India, 1886 : Fellow of the Bombay
University : retired, 1889 : attended the
Geneva Oriental Congress, 1894, as
representative of India : edited the Indian
Antiquary, 1872-84 : published scientific
papers in the Philosophical Magazine,
Archceological Survey Reports, Epigraphica
Indica, 1889-94 : published various ar-
chaeological works, as The Rock Temples
of Elephanta, 1871 : Temples of Somnath,
Junaghar and Girnar, The Rock Temples
of Ajanta, The Rock Temples of India
(with J. Fergusson), 1880 : Buddhist Art
in India, 1901.
BURGOYNE, JOHN (1722-1792)
General : son of Captain John Bur-
goyne : educated at Westminster : entered
the Army in the 13th Light Dragoons,
1740 : M.P. for Midhurst, 1761 : for
Preston, 1768 : spoke, moving for a
Select Committee, on the Government of
India, 1772, urging the principle (after-
wards adopted by Fox and Pitt in their
India Bills) of Government control over
the E. I. Co. : in the attack in Parliament
on Lord Clive, May 3, 1773, Burgoyne,
Chairman of the Committee, was the
accuser, and carried condemnatory reso-
lutions against Clive : commanded in
America in 1774, and surrendered at
Saratoga, Oct. 17, 1777 : C. in C. in Ire-
land, 1782 : was a manager of the im-
peachment of Warren Hastings, 1787 :
died June 4, 1792.
BURGOYNE, SIR JOHN, BARONET
(1739-1785)
General : born 1739 : entered the Army
young: served in the 7th and other
regts. : Lt-Colonel of 58th regt., 1764 :
and of 14th Light Dragoons : raised, in
1781, the first regt. of European cavalry
sent to India, called the 23rd Light Dra-
goons, afterwards the 19th Dragoons and
the 19th Hussars, which he took to
Madras : Maj-General, 1783 : he and Sir
Robert Fletcher were the champions of
what they considered the rights and
privileges of the King's service as against
the authority of the E.I. Co.'s Governor
and Council : both were recalled, but
Burgoyne died at Madras, Sep. 23, 1785 :.
buried in the Fort Church there.
BURKE, EDMUND (1729-1797)
Son of Richard Burke : born Jan. 12,.
1729 : educated at Ballitore and Trinity
College, Dublin, 1743-8 : entered at the
Middle Temple, but not called to the
bar : took to literature : founded the
Annual Register, 1759 : Private Secretary
to Lord Rockingham, Prime Minister,
1765 : M.P. for Wendover, 1765-74 : for
Bristol, 1774-80 : for Malton, 1781-94 :
Paymaster of the Forces, 1782-3 : his
connexion with India extended over
many years : he attacked the E. I. Co.,
1766 : refused, in 1772, an offer by the
E. I. Co.'s Directors, of an appointment to
reform their adminstration : opposed
Lord North's " Regulating Act," 1773 :
was member of the Committee on the
affairs of the E.I. Co., 1783, wrote both
the Ninth Report on the trade of Bengal
and the system pursued by Warren
Hastings, and the Eleventh Report on
the system of presents : drafted Fox's.
East India Bill, 1783 : attacked Hastings
in a speech on the debts of the Nawab of
Arcot, 1785, and again on the Rohilla
war, 1786 : impeached Hastings before
the House of Lords, May, 1787 : led the
impeachment at the trial of Hastings in
Westminster Hall, Feb., 1788 : secured
its continuation in a new Parliament,
1790 : spoke for nine days in May-June,
1794, in reply to Hastings' defence :
Hastings was acquitted in April, 1795 :
Burke died July 9, i797 ' no further al-
lusion need be made here to his writings,
speeches in Parliament and political
62
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
career, which are well known apart from
his relations to India.
BURKE, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS (1769-
1837)
Entered the Army as a Hospital Mate
on Sep. 13, X795, and rose, through the
grades of Regimental Surgeon, Apothecary,
Surgeon, etc. to be, on Oct. 5, 1825,
Inspr-General of Hospitals of the Forces
in the East Indies, until his death. In
1 8 17, he was Physician-General in the
Mauritius, was present at the capture of
nearly all the French and Dutch colonies
in the West Indies and South America :
served in Europe, including the Mediter-
ranean and Gibraltar : and was at the
capture of Bhartpur by Lord Combermere
in 1826 : died at Calcutta, May 22, 1837.
BURLTON, PHILIP BOWLES (1803-
1829)
Son of William Burlton : joined the
Bengal Artillery at Dumdum in 1821 :
was transferred to Africa : was actively
employed in the Burmese war of 1824 :
devoted himself zealously to discovering
the sources of the Brahmaputra and
Irawadi, and solving geographical ques-
tions : he also wrote about the Assamese :
was murdered, with Lt. Bedingfield of
the Artillery, by the Khasias at Nunklow,
in Assam : died April 4, 1829.
BURNE, SIR OWEN TUDOR
(1837- )
Maj -General : son of the Rev. Henry
Thomas Burne : entered the Army, 1855 :
served in the Crimea and in the Indian
mutiny : present in 15 actions, including
the siege and capture of Lucknow : pro-
moted for gallantry in the field : Military
Secretary to Lord Strathnairn, when
C.-in-C in India, 1861 : Private Secre-
tary to Lord Mayo, Viceroy of India,
1869-72 : Political A.D.C. to the Secretary
of State for India, 1872 : Assistant Secre-
tary, 1873, and later, Secretary, Political
and Secret Department, India Office,
1874 : Private Secretary to Lord Lytton,
Viceroy of India, 1876-7 : Member of
the Council of India, 1887-97 : author of
Clyde and Strathnairn, in the " Rulers of
India" series; Lord Strathnairn, Imperial
Assemblage at Delhi, etc. : CLE., 1877 :
K.C.S.I., 1879.
BURNELL, ARTHUR COKE (1840-
1882)
I.C.S. : born 1840 : son of Arthur
Burnell, of the E.I. Co.'s Marine Service :
educated at Bedford and King's College :
after passing the open competitive exami-
nation, went to Madras, i860 : held minor
appointments and, from 1870, district
judgeships in various districts, longest at
Tanjore, until 1880, when his health,
always indifferent, gave way. On his
retirement, the Madras Government re-
corded their regret for being " prematurely
deprived of the services of so distinguished
a scholar " : died Oct. 12, 1882. He began
early to collect Sanskrit MSS., and made
an extensive collection, which he presented
to the India Office Library : was an
excellent Sanskrit scholar : published
translations from Sanskrit, and catalo-
gues : also knew some Tibetan, Arabic,
Kawi, Japanese, Coptic and Pali : travelled
in Arabia, Egypt, Nubia : wrote a Hand-
book of South Indian Paleography, on The
Portuguese in India, The Aindra School of
Sanskrit Grammarians, 1875 : made a
catalogue of the Tanjore Library, and,
with Sir H. Yule, compiled the Hobson-
Jobson, a Glossary of Anglo-Indian collo-
quial words and phrases : besides many
papers on law, languages, ethnography
and inscriptions : CLE. : and Ph.D. of
the University, Strasburg.
BURNES, SIR ALEXANDER (1805-
1841)
Political : son of James Burnes : born
May 16, 1805, connected with the family
of the poet Burns : educated at Montrose
Academy : entered the E. I. Co.'s military
service at 16 : Interpreter at Surat in
1823 : transferred to Cutch in 1825 :
sent, in 1830, on a mission, with a gift of
horses, to Ranjit Singh at Lahore, and to
explore the country : in 1832, travelled,
under the orders of Government, in N.
India, Afghanistan, Bokhara and Persia :
in England in 1833-5, was lionized as a
traveller : received the medal of the
Royal Geographical Society, and elected
member of learned Societies : on return
to India, he succeeded, by negotiation at
Hyderabad (Sind), in warding off war with
the Amirs, who agreed to a survey of the
Indus : in 1836, Burnes was sent on a
mission, nominally commercial, but really
political, to Dost Muhammad, Amir of
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
63
Kabul : his discovery of Russia's intrigues,
and the arrival of a Russian agent at
Kabul, led to his advice, that Dost Muham-
mad, the reigning Amir, should be sup-
ported : but this advice was not accepted,
the Amir's requests were rejected, and,
by the second Afghan war, Shah Shuja
was to be reinstated. Burnes was sent to
Sind and Beluchistan, to prepare the way
of the British Army : he was made, later,
Political Agent at Kabul under the Envoy
Sir W. H. Macnaghten: Shah Shuja
was re-made Amir : Burnes was knighted,
made Lt-Colonel : and C.B. : for 2 years,
at Kabul, he had a subordinate position :
the Afghan mob rose, not without warning,
on Nov. 2, 184I; and Burnes was assassi-
nated. It came to light, in 1861, that
some of Burnes' despatches from Kabul,
in 1839, had been altered, so as to convey
opinions opposite to his. The matter
was brought before Parliament, on an
application for an inquiry : but Lord
Palmerston's Government resisted the
motion, which was defeated on the ground
of the interval of time that had passed
since the occurrence.
BURNES, JAMES (1801-1862)
Elder brother of Sir Alexander Burnes,
(q.v.) : born Feb. 12, 1801 : educated at
Edinburgh University and London hospi-
tals : went out to Bombay with his
brother, 1821 : was Residency Surgeon
at Cutch : in the expedition of 1825 against
Sind : invited, in 1827, by the Amirs to
Sind : from 1837, he held medical and
other scientific appointments at Bombay,
and was Secretary and Member of the
Medical Board and, finally, Physician-
General, retiring in 1849 : President of
the Medical and Physical Society : Vice-
President of the Bombay Asiatic Society :
was LL.D. of Glasgow, 1834 : F.R.C.P.
of Edinburgh : F.R.S. and a Knight of
the Guelphic Order : wrote a Narrative
of a Visit to Sind, and a History of Cutch :
died Sep. 19, 1862.
BURNEY, HENRY ( ? -1845?)
Captain : attached to the 20th (Marine)
N.I. : on duty at Prince of Wales' Island :
learnt Malay : acquired knowledge of the
Archipelago and Malacca : appointed
Military Secretary of the Penang Govern-
ment : employed to negotiate with Malay
and Siamese Chiefs : Political Agent to
Siamese States, 1825 : Envoy to Siam :
obtained the release of 1,400 Burmans and
Peguese : Deputy Commissioner of Tenas-
serim, 1827-9 '• Resident at the Court of
Ava, 1829-38 : contributed papers to the
I.A.S.B., about Ava: wrote a Historical
Review of the Political Relations between
British India and Ava : had a Dictionary
of Pali compiled : returned to India,
1842 : died there in 1845-6.
BURNOUF, EMILE LOUIS (1821
Born at Valognes, Aug. 25, 1821 : cousin
of the Orientalist, Eugene Burnouf (q.v. ) :
studied at Paris : appointed Professor of
Oriental studies at Nancy, 1854: in 1867,
Director of the Ecole Francaise at Athens :
returned to France in 1875, and settled at
Paris : as an Indian scholar, his chief
works are : — his Sanskrit Grammar,
brought out in collaboration with Leupol,
1859 : a Sanskrit and French Dictionary,
1863-5 : Essai sur le Veda, 1863 : Bha-
gavad-Gita, translation, 1861, 1895.
BURNOUF, EUGENE (1801-1852)
Born at Paris, Aug. 12, 1801 : son of
Jean Louis Burnouf, grammarian : a
pupil of Chezy : studied at the College of
Louis-le-Grand : scholar : gave up his
profession, the law, and took to Oriental
languages : gave instruction in Sanskrit,
1824 : published in 1826, with Lassen of
Bonn, the Essai sur le Pali : appointed
Professor of General and Comparative
Grammar in the Normal School at Paris,
1829-33 : and of Indian Languages and
Literature at theColiege de France, 1832 :
a founder of the Societe Asiatique in
Paris : published, 1833, a commentary on
the Yacna, dealing with the language,
literature, and history of the Parsis :
brought out his Etudes sur la langue et les
textes Zendes, 1840-50 : the earliest to
study Zend MSS. at first hand, giving
a great impulse to the study of that lan-
guage, and assistance in the decipherment
of the old Persian cuneiform inscriptions :
wrote 3 vols, of his work on the text
and translation of the Bhagavat Purana,
1840-4 : and began an introduction to the
History of Indian Buddhism, 1844 : trans-
lated a Sanskrit work on Le Lotus de la
Bonne Loi, 1852, and the Vendidad Sade,
1829 : and wrote on the Buddhist inscrip-
tions on pillars and rocks : left other
Zend works and a Pali grammar and
dictionary nearly complete : Permanent
6 4
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Secretary of the Academy of Inscriptions :
Member of the Institute of France since
1832 : a great European Orientalist :
died May 28, 1852.
BURRELL, LITTELLUS (1753-1827)
Ma j -General : born in 1753 : entered
the E. I. Co.'s Bengal Army as a volunteer
in 1770 : Corporal, 1771 ; Serjeant, 1772 ;
Serjeant-Major, 1775 ; Ensign, 1779 ; Maj-
General, 1821 : was at the battle of
Cutra, April 23, 1774 : in the capture of
Gwalior under Popham in 1780 : fought
under Col. J ohn Gardiner at Malavilli :
and Seringapatam, 1799 : engaged in
Mysore, in Lord Lake's campaigns of 1803,
and 1804-5 : commanded a Brigade in
1 817 against the Pindaris, and, later, the
British forces in Oudh, and at Cuttack :
after 1821 he retired, and died Sep. 13,
1827.
BURROW, REUBEN (1747-1792)
A distinguished mathematician and
astronomer : born Dec. 30, i747» son of a
farmer : educated at Leeds : became a
clerk, usher, schoolmaster, assistant astro-
nomer and schoolmaster at Greenwich,
arithmetical teacher at the Tower, edited
the Royal Almanack, went to India in 1782,
learnt Sanskrit : wrote to Warren Hastings,
then Governor-General : appointed to
teach mathematics to the Engineers, and
on the Survey of Bengal : an early member
of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, for whom,
and the Asiatic Researches, he contributed
eleven papers about the mathematics and
astronomy of the Hindus : died at Baxar,
June 7, 1792-
BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS
(1821-1890)
Traveller, author and linguist : son of
Colonel J . Netterville Burton : born
March 19, 1821 : educated on the con-
tinent, without system, and was at Trinity
College, Oxford, for 5 terms from 1840 :
to India, 1842, in the Bombay Native
Army : made himself proficient in Oriental
languages and studied Muhammadan life
and customs thoroughly, at Baroda and
in the Sind Survey : wrote on Pushto and
Beluchi : while in England, from 1849 to
1853, he published works on languages
and his Indian experiences. In 1853 he
made the pilgrimage to Mecca in disguise,
without being detected, and wrote a full
account of it. In 1854 he visited Somali-
land with the leave of the Bombay Govern-
ment : wrote Footsteps in E. Africa : in
1855, served in the Crimean war in the
Bashibazouks : on leave from India, led
an expedition with Speke to discover the
sources of the Nile, 1856-9 : gained the
gold medal of the Royal Geographical
Society, 1859 : left the Indian service,
only visiting that country again in 1876,
to Aden, Sind and Goa. The rest of his
life was spent in the Consular service at
Fernando Po, in Brazil, Damascus, Trieste
(1872-90), and in extensive travels in
North and South America, on the Gold
Coast, and in other countries adjacent to
his consular appointments. His literary
work was very considerable. He wrote
on Camoens and translated the Lusiad :
planned a great Book of the Sword : and
translated the Arabian Nights, with a
fulness of text and notes which laid bare
his minute knowledge of Oriental nature :
his works exceeded 50 volumes. His wife
accompanied him wherever possible in
his appointments and travels : and wrote
a life of him, which was corrected by
another account : made K.C.M.G. in 1885 :
died at Trieste, Oct. 20, 1890.
BUSSY-CASTELNAU, CHARLES
JOSEPH PATISSIER, MARQUIS
DE (1718-1785)
French officer : was in La Bourdonnais'
expedition to India in 1746 : through his
influence, Salabat Jang was made Nizam
of Hyderabad in 1751, on the death of
Muzaffar Jang : Bussy secured French
ascendency at Hyderabad and the grant
of the Northern Sircars : fighting for the
Nizam, he defeated the Nawab of Savanore,
but was, through jealousy, ordered in 1756
to leave the Nizam's territory : soon
regained his supremacy : refused assist-
ance to Surajuddaula, Nawab Nazim of
Murshidabad in 1757 : he seized Vizagapa-
tam and other English fortresses, and
secured Daulatabad for Salabat Jang. In
June, 1758, when at the zenith of his
power, he was recalled by Lally, the new
French Governor-General at Pondicherry :
in the battle of Wandiwash, in which Sir
Eyre Coote defeated Lally, in Jan., 1760,
Bussy was taken prisoner by the English,
but released. After the capture of
Pondicherry on Jan. 16, 1761, no mention
is made of Bussy in India until 1783, when
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
65
he was landed with French troops, by
Admiral Suffrein, to reinforce Cuddalore,
then besieged by the English. On the
declaration of peace between France and
England, Bussy withdrew the French
troops from the support of Tippoo. He
is said to have gained a large fortune in
India and to have been highly regarded
by Dupleix. He died at Pondicherry,
Jan. 1785.
BUSTEED, HENRY ELMSLEY
(1833- )
Brig-Surgeon : entered the Madras
Medical service, 1856 : served in the
Indian mutiny : at the relief of Lucknow,
1857 : was in the Assay Department of
the Mints at Madras, Bombay, and Cal-
cutta, successively : confirmed as Assay-
master, Calcutta, 1872 : acted as Mint-
master, 1873 and 1875 : retired, June,
1886 : CLE., 1887 : author of Echoes
from Old Calcutta.
BUTLER, THOMAS ADAIR (1835-1901)
Major : son of Rev. Stephen Butler :
educated privately : joined the 1st Bengal
Fusiliers : in the mutiny, at the assault
of Delhi, displayed great bravery : wound-
ed : at the attack on Lucknow, March 9,
1858, twice swam the River Gumti and
gained the V.C. : in the attack on Ruiya,
April 15, 1858 : in the N.W. frontier
campaign, 1863 : died May 17, 1901.
BYTHESEA, JOHN (1827
Born June 15, 1827 : son of Rev. G.
Bythesea : educated at Grosvenor College,
Bath : entered the Navy, 1841 : Rear-
Admiral, 1877 : gained the V.C. in the
Russian war, 1854-5 : saw service in China
and elsewhere, in command of various
vessels : Naval Attache at Washington,
1865-7 : Consulting Naval Officer to the
Government of India, 1874-80 : C.B. :
CLE.
CADELL, ALAN (1841- )
I.C.S. : born July 28, 1841 : son of John
Cadell : educated at Edinburgh Academy
and University and in Germany : entered
the Bengal Civil Service, 1862 : was Com-
missioner of Agra and Rohilkund : Member
of the Board of Revenue, and Member of
the Legislative Council, United Provinces :
acted as Lieutenant-Governor of the
United Provinces, Jan. to Nov., 1895, and
as temporary Member of the Governor-
General's Supreme Council, Feb. to May,
1896 : C.S.I, in 1895 :] retired in 1897.
CADELL,|JESSIE ELLEN (1844-1884)
Born Aug. 23, 1844 : daughter of
William Nash, merchant, London : was an
excellent French scholar : was in India,
1858-64 : went with her husband, Capt.
Henry Mowbray Cadell (died 1867), to
Peshawar : wrote a novel, Ida Craven, on
frontier life, 1876 : and Worthy : learnt
Hindustani, Persian and some Arabic,
studied Omar Khayyam, and prepared
a superior edition and translation, pub-
lished, 1899 : wrote an article on it in
Fraser's Magazine : was closely connected
with the Anglo-Indian Association, 1873-
81 : her health gave way, and she died
June 17, 1884.
CADELL, SIR ROBERT (1825-1897)
General : son of H. F. Cadell : educated
at Edinburgh Academy and Addiscombe :
entered the Madras Artillery, 1843 : on
the Turkish Staff in the Crimea, 1854-5 :
served in the Indian mutiny : Inspr-
General of Ordnance at Madras, 1876-81 :
C.B., 1873 : General, 1883, and Colonel
Commandant, R.A., 1885 : K.C.B., 1894 :
died June 30, 1897.
CADELL, THOMAS (1835-
Colonel : born Sep. 5, 1835 : son of
H. F. Cadell, of Cockenzie, Haddington-
shire : educated at Edinburgh University,
Grange, Sunderland and abroad : served
with the 2nd European Bengal Fusiliers
(now the Munsters), at the siege of Delhi
and subsequent operations, and with the
3rd Bengal Cavalry in the Oudh cam-
paign : commanded a flying column in
Bundelkund. After the mutiny, Cadell
entered the Political Department and
served in Central India and Rajputana :
was Chief Commissioner of the Andamans
from 1879 to 1892 : received his V.C for
saving life on two occasions at the Flagstaff
Picket, Delhi, on June 12, 1857, bringing
in wounded men under severe fire.
CAILLAUD, JOHN (1724-1812)
Born 1724 : joined Onslow's regt.,
afterwards the 8th King's, in 1743 : fought
at Fontenoy and Culloden : petitioned
the E.L Co. for a Commission in 1752 :
F
66
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
joined Stringer Lawrence at Trichinopoly
with troops in 1753 : was repulsed before
Madura in April, 1757 : defended Trichino-
poly : defeated the Mysoreans near
Madura : in Nov. i759» he arrived at
Calcutta, appointed to the chief military
command in Bengal : took command of
the British force co-operating with the
Nawab of Bengal to protect Bihar against
the Shahzada : defeated the Emperor at
Sirsi, Feb. 22, 1760 : took a prominent
part in deposing Mir J afar, and setting up
Mir Kasim : Lt-Colonel in the E. Indies,
Jan. 1760 : reverted to Madras, 1761 :
Brig-General, 1763 : appointed C. in C,
Madras, in succession to Lawrence, 1766 :
took possession of the Northern Sircars
for the E. I. Co. in 1766 : concluded a
treaty with Nizam Ali of Hyderabad to
pay a yearly tribute of 7 lakhs for the
Sircars : resigned, Jan. 1767, and went
to England : D.C.L., Oxford, 1773 : he
died in England, at Aston Rowant, Dec.
26, 1812.
CAINE, WILLIAM SPROSTON (1842-
1903)
Born March 26, 1842, son of Nathaniel
Caine, wine merchant : educated at
Birkenhead Park School : entered his
father's business : preached : was M.P.
for Scarborough, 1880 : Civil Lord of the
Admiralty, 1884 : M.P. for Barrow-in-
Furness, 1886 : resigned his seat, 1886 :
M.P. for E. Bradford, 1892-5, for Cam-
borne from 1900 : Temperance and India
were his two chief subjects : was a strong
teetotaler, and advocate of advanced
temperance : President of the National
Temperance Federation, and of similar
Associations : a severe critic of the Govern-
ment of India, and great friend of the
natives of India : paid much attention
to the Indian Excise (liquor) question :
was strongly opposed to the Opium
trade : paid visits to India : criticized
missionary work in India : was a Member
of the Royal Commission on Indian
Expenditure : died March 17, 1903 :
wrote Picturesque India, and Young
India.
CAIRD, SIR JAMES (1816-1892)
One of the greatest authorities of his
time on all agricultural subjects : son of
James Caird, born June, 1816 : educated
at Edinburgh High School and University :
farmed for 20 years : engaged in the
Free Trade controversy : reported on
Ireland in 1850, and for the Times on
agricultural depression : was M.P. for
Dartmouth and the Stirling Burghs :
1857-65 : toured in America, and served
on various Commissions : F.R.S., CB.
and K.C.B. in 1882 : visited India for
six months in 1878-9, as a Member of
Sir R. Strachey's Indian Famine Com-
mission : published an account of his
experiences, first in the Nineteenth Century,
and afterwards in a volume, India, the
Land and the People : was afterwards a
Member of other Commissions on land
questions : LL.D. of Edinburgh : on the
Board of Agriculture in 1889, and Privy
Councillor : died Feb. 9, 1892.
CALDWELL, SIR ALEXANDER (1763-
1839)
Son of William Caldwell : born Feb. 1,
1763 : educated at Woolwich, and joined
the Bengal Artillery in 1783 : commanded
at Midnapur in 1792 : was at Pondicherry
in 1793 : in 1798 led the Artillery which
defeated the Nizam's Army : he was at
the battle of Malavilli, and the sieges of
Seringapatam in 1799, and Gooty: in 1800
to Calcutta as A.D.C. to Maj-General G.
Green. In 181 1, he commanded the
Artillery in Sir A. Auchmuty's expedition
to Java, being present at the Batavia and
Cornells engagements : commanded the
Artillery at Agra in 1812 against Zaman
Shah : CB. in 1817 : retired, 1821 :
Maj-General and K.C.B. in 1839 : G.C.B.
in 1838 : died Dec. 6, 1839.
CALDWELL, SIR JAMES LILLYMAN
(1770-1863)
Son of Major Arthur Caldwell, and
nephew of General Sir Alexander Cald-
well (q.v.) : born Nov. 22, 1770 : joined
the Madras Engineers of the E. I. Co. in
1789 : became General, 1854 : was in the
Mysore campaign of 179 1-2 under Lord
Cornwallis against Tippoo and in all the
fighting up to the siege of Seringapatam in
Feb.-March, 1792 : led a party in the
final assault on Seringapatam on May 4,
1799. After 10 years on civil public
works, he was, in 1810-11, Chief Engineer
on the expedition to Mauritius : defeated
the French by sea and took the island.
In Madras, from 1811, he had more engin-
eering work, and was special Surveyor of
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
67
fortresses : C.B. in 1815 : was Com-
missioner for the restoration of French
settlements on the Coromandel and Malabar
coasts, and Chief Engineer of Madras in
1816 : retired in 1837 and was made
K.C.B. : and G.C.B., 1848 : died June 28,
1863. He painted in water-colours with
great skill.
CALDWELL, RIGHT REV. ROBERT
(1814-1891)
Missionary and linguist : born May 7>
1 8 14 : at first he studied art in Dublin :
went to Glasgow University : B.A., 1837 :
sent by the London Missionary Society to
Madras, 1838 : ordained, 1841 : joined
the English Church, 1841, and the Society
for the Propagation of the Gospel : also in
1841 made his residence at Idaiyangudi,
"the shepherds' abode," in Tinnevelly,
and entered on his 50 years' missionary
work, during which the Christians of
Tinnevelly increased from 6,000 to 100,000.
He was, in 1877, consecrated Bishop of
Tinnevelly as coadjutor to the Bishop of
Madras : resigned his Bishopric on Jan. 31,
and died at Kodaikanal on the Pulny
Hills on Aug. 28, 1891. He studied
comparative philology, and his linguistic
attainments were great : helped to revise
the Tamil Prayer Book and Bible, col-
lected Sanskrit MSS : published a
Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian
or South Indian Family of Languages in
1856 : wrote on the " Tinnevelly Shanars,"
the general, political and mission history
of Tinnevelly, besides other works on
religion : LL.D. of Glasgow, 1857, and
D.D. of Durham, 1874.
CALL, SIR JOHN, BARONET (1732-
1801)
Son of John Call : born in 1732 : went
to India in 1749, with Benjamin Robins,
Chief Engineer and Captain-General of
Artillery : arrived at Fort William, 1750 :
leputed to fortify St. David near Madras,
C751 : accompanied Clive, 1752, against
he French : Engineer-in-Chief at Fort
it. David, 1752-7 : Chief Engineer at
vladras and the Coromandel Coast, 1758 :
it the siege of Pondicherry and Vellore :
; vas in the war of 1767-8 against Hyder
i Ui : Member of Council, Madras, in 1768 :
etired, 1770, to England : was High
•heriff of Cornwall, 1771 : Commissioner on
m Lands, Woods, and Forests, 1782 :
M.P. for Callington from 1784 : Baronet
in 1791 : F.R.S. : became blind in 1795 :
died March 1, 1801.
CALLCOTT, MARIA, LADY (1785-1842)
Daughter of Rear-Admiral George
Dundas, whom she accompanied to India
early in 1808 : she married Capt. Thomas
Graham, R.N., 1809 : and travelled in
India : returned to England, 181 1 :
sailed with her husband for S. America in
1821 : he died off Cape Horn in 1822 :
she married, in 1827, Augustus Wall
Callcott, R.A., who was knighted on the
Queen's Accession, 1837 : she died Nov. 28,
1842 : she wrote, as Maria Graham,
lournal of a Residence in India, 1812
Letters on India, 1814, besides other
works on travels, etc. : including Little
Arthur's History of England, 1835.
CAMA, PESTONJI HORMUSJI (1805-
1893)
Son of Hormusji Cama : of a Gujarat
Parsi family : in commercial partnership
with his brothers, 1828 to 1871 : the
Cama family established the first Indian
house of business in London, in 1855 :
Pestonji Cama led a retired life : made a
large trust for charitable purposes : and
gave Rs. 164,000 for the Cama Hospital
for Females and Children in Bombay :
a staunch supporter of native female
education : warmly interested in the
cause of reform and progress in native
movements : promoted the Victoria Gar-
dens, and various associations for the
advancement of natives : an early Free-
mason : CLE., 1887 : died about Jan. 21,
1893.
CAMAC, JACOB ( ? - ? )
In the 84th regt. till 1763 : Lieutenant,
Oct., 1763 : commanded the 24th Bengal
Infantry from 1766 for many years at
Ramghar : served in 1779 under Popham
against Sindia, whom he defeated at
Durdah : Lt-Colonel, Jan., 1781 : re-
tired, Dec. 2, 1782 : died of fever in Ire-
land.
CAMERON, AYLMER (1833- )
Son of Lt-Colonel W. G. Cameron,
Grenadier Guards : served in the Seaforth
Highlanders (72nd), in the Crimea, and in
the Indian mutiny : severely wounded at
the storming of Kotah, where he gained
68
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
his V.C. : commanded the King's Own
Borderers, 1881-1883 : Chief of the
Intelligence Department, 1883-6 : Com-
mandant of Royal Military College,
Sandhurst, 1886-8: General.
CAMERON, CHARLES HAY (1795-1880)
Barrister : son of Charles Cameron :
born on Feb. 11, 1795 : called to the bar
from Lincoln's Inn, 1820 : was a Com-
missioner on judicial affairs in Ceylon,
and the poor-laws, in 183 1-3 : after the
statute of 1833, he was appointed Member
of the Law Commission and went to
India in 1835 : co-operated in law-making
and codification with Macaulay, the Legal
Member : was in 1843 himself Legal
Member of the Supreme Council till 1848 :
and President of the Council of Education :
retired in 1848 : went to Ceylon in 1875,
and died there, May 8, 1880.
CAMERON, GEORGE POWLETT (1806-
1882)
Son of Captain Robert Cameron, R.N. :
entered the E. I. Co.'s military service,
1821 : served in the S. Mahratta country,
1824-5 : served in Portugal, 1832-3 :
sent to Constantinople and Persia : served
in the Persian Army, 1836-8 : command-
ing at Tabriz : visited Circassia : C.B. :
Political Agent with the Nawab of Arcot,
in Madras, 1842 : in command in the
Nilgiri Hills, 1855 : retired, 1858 : wrote
an account of his travels, 1845, and The
Romance of Military Life, 1853 : died
Feb. 12, 1882.
CAMERON, JOHN ALEXANDER
( ? -1885)
Went out to India in a merchant's
house : acted as Editor of the Bombay
Gazette : was a special war-correspondent
in the Afghan war, 1878, on the Kandahar
side : went out to the battle-field of
Maiwand, July 27, 1880 : was similarly
employed as correspondent in Egypt,
Madagascar, Tonquin, the Nile expedi-
tion, from 1880-5 ! killed in the fighting
after Abuklea on Jan. 18, 1885 : a tablet
put up to his memory in St. Paul's
Cathedral.
CAMPBELL, SIR ARCHIBALD
( ?I-1791)
Maj-General and K.B. : Captain in 1758,
wounded at Quebec ; as Colonel, captured
Savannah in 1778 : made Governor of
Jamaica : appointed Governor of Madras,
April 6, 1786 : and in the same year C. in
C. During his period of rule he attempted
a settlement of the vexed question con-
cerning the revenues of the Carnatic : the
treaty of 1787 was his work. Ill-health
caused him to resign in 1789 : he died
1791. and was buried in Westminster
Abbey.
CAMPBELL, SIR ARCHIBALD,
BARONET (1769-1843)
Son of Captain A. Campbell : born
March 12, 1769 : entered the Army, 1787 :
went to Bombay, 1788, and served under
Sir Robert Abercromby, 1790-2 : was
at Seringapatam, 1792 : at Cochin, 1795,
and the defeat of the Dutch in Ceylon,
1796 : was at Seedaseer and the final
siege of Seringapatam, 1799 : served in
Portugal and under Sir John Moore, 1808 :
commanded a Portuguese regt., 1810 :
was Brig-General with the Portuguese,
1811 : knighted, 1814 : K.C.B. 1815 :
was Portuguese Maj-General, 18 16, in
command at Lisbon : went to India again
with his regiment, 1821 : commanded in
the first Burmese war, 1824-6, and took
Rangoon and Prome, and, marching on
Ava, made the Treaty of Yandaboo in
Feb., 1826 : G.C.B. : governed the ceded
Provinces still 1829, when he returned to
England : Baronet, 1831 : Lieutenant-
Governor of New Brunswick, 183 1-7 :
Lt-General, 1838 : was unable through
ill-health to accept the appointment of
C. in C. Bombay in 1839 : Colonel of the
62nd regt., 1840 : died Oct. 6, 1843.
CAMPBELL, CHARLES HAY
( ? -1832)
Major, son of William Campbell :
entered the Bengal Artillery in 1805 :
served under Lord Lake : was, in 1801,
Adjutant and Quarter-master of Artillery :
held other appointments on the General
Staff of the Army : Deputy Secretary in
the Military Department and in charge of
the Cossipur Gun Factory : wrote, in the
British Indian Military Repository, papers
on professional subjects, including ^the
History of Sieges in Bengal :] he diedjMay
19, 1832.
CAMPBELL, SIR COLIN (1776-1847)
Son of John Campbell : was born in
1776 : from the Perth Academy he ran
away to sea, 1792 : brought home from
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
6 9
Jamaica : Midshipman on an East India-
man, 1793 : joined the militia, 1795 ;
the Army, 1799 : went to India in 1 801-2 :
was under Arthur Wellesley at Ahmadna-
gar, Assaye and Argaum : A.D.C. to Lord
Wellesley, and returned with him to
England, 1805 : served in Hanover,
Denmark, in Portugal, the Peninsula :
was at a number of engagements, and was
A.Q.M.G : K.C.B., in 1814 : was at
Waterloo : Maj - General, 1825 : Lt-
Governor of Nova Scotia, 1833 : Governor
of Ceylon, 1839-47 : died in England,
June 13, 1847
CAMPBELL, DONALD (1751-1804)
Captain of a Cavalry regt. in the service
of the Nawab of the Carnatic : at the age
of 30 he made a journey to India and
published an account of it, 1795: travelled
via Venice, Trieste, Zante, Alexandria,
Cyprus, Aleppo, Badgad, Russia and
Bushire : by sea to Bombay and Goa :
shipwrecked on the coast on his way to
Madras : captured by Hyder Ali's soldiers
and imprisoned at Hydernagar, in com-
pany with one Hall, to whom he was
chained. Hall died in prison, and his
gaoler refused to remove the corpse for
several days : eventually, on General
Matthew's approach, he was released
in order to negotiate with him on behalf
of Hyat Singh, Hyder's General : with
despatches for the Governments of Bom-
bay and Madras, he proceeded by sea to
Anjengo, travelled by land through
Travancore, Tinnevelly, Madura, Trichi-
nopoly, Tanjore to Negapatam, and
Madras : with Lord Macartney's permis-
sion, went on to Calcutta and, on behalf
of Hyat Singh, negotiated with Warren
Hastings : returned overland to Madras
and Anjengo : thence by sea to Bombay :
again visited Madras and China, and re-
turned to England in 1785, after four
years' absence : died June 5, 1804.
CAMPBELL, SIR EDWARD FITZ-
GERALD, BARONET (1822-1882)
Son of Maj-General Sir Guy Campbell,
Bart. C.B.,born Oct. 25, 1822 : educated
at Sandhurst : entered the Army in the
60th Rifles, 1841 : Lt-Colonel, 1870 :
retired 1872 : served with distinction
in the Panjab campaign of 1848-9, was
at the siege of Multan and at Gujarat :
in 1849 was A.D.C, to the C. in C, Sir C.
Napier : was at the siege of Delhi in 1857 :
Military Secretary to Lord Canning when
Governor-General, 1857-61 : was Assistant
Inspector of Volunteers, 1864 : died Nov.
23, 1882.
CAMPBELL, SIR GEORGE (1824-1892)
I.C.S. : son of Sir G. Campbell of Eden-
wood, of the E.I. Co.'s Medical service :
born in 1824 : educated at the Edinburgh
New Academy, St. Andrew's, Madras
College, and the University, Haileybury :
went to India, 1842 : served in the N.W.P.
and Cis-Satlaj States : and in 1849 in
the Panjab after the annexation, which
he had advocated in the Mofussilite
newspaper. While on furlough he was
called to the bar from the Inner Temple,
1854, and wrote Modern India, 1852 :
in 1855, he assisted J. R. Colvin in the
government of the N.W.P., and became
Commissioner of the Cis-Satlaj States : was
engaged in the mutiny of i857,about Delhi,
Agra, Cawpur, Lucknow : was provisional
Civil Commissioner : accidentally cap-
tured three guns : wrote letters on the
mutiny to the Times,axid an official account
of it for Lord Canning : was second
Civil Commissioner for Oudh : appointed
Judge of the High Court, Calcutta, 1862 :
was head of the Commission on the Orissa
famine of 1866-7 : Chief Commissioner
of the Central Provinces in Nov., 1867 :
Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal from March,
i87i,to April, 1874, when, on account of
ill-health, he retired, having commenced
the relief operations against the Bengal
famine of 1873-4. His rule in Bengal
was very energetic, being intended to
rouse the Province from its alleged
lethargy. He passed the District Road
Cess Act, and gave a great impetus to
Education, especially primary : K.C.S.I.
in 1873 : M.P. for Kirkcaldy 1875-92,
but was not successful as a politician :
died at Cairo, Feb. 18, 1892 : wrote
several works : the chief being The
Ethnology of India, The Capital of India,
Tenure of Land in India, The Eastern
Question, besides papers on Ethnology and
languages and land questions : he was
D.C.L. of Oxford, 1870. His auto-
biography was, after his death, edited by
Sir C. E. Bernard (g.v.)
CAMPBELL, SIR JAMES MACNABB
(1847-1903)
I.C.S. : born 1847: son of Rev. J. M.
Campbell, D.D. : educated at Glasgow :
7o
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
D.C.L. Glasgow : went out to Bombay,
1869 : Under Secretary to Government
in Political, Judicial Departments, 1880 :
acted as Commissioner of Customs, Salt,
Opium and Abkari, 1897 I Chairman of
the Bombay Plague Committee, 1897 :
Commissioner, 1900 : retired, 1900 : CLE.,
1885 : K.C.I.E. 1897 : compiled the
Bombay Gazetteer, 1873-84, in 26 volumes :
wrote a history of Mandoghar, the capital
of the Muhammadan kingdom of Malwa,
and " Notes on the Spirit Basis of Belief
and Custom," in the Indian Antiquary,
1894-1901 : died May 26, 1903.
CAMPBELL, JOHN (1753-1784)
Son of John Campbell, Lord Stonefield :
born Dec. 7, 1753 : entered the Army
in 1 77 1 : served in America : went as
Lt-Colonel to India in 1782 : was engaged
against Hyder Ali : was at Bednore and
Anantapur : the British force being
driven into Mangalore by Tippoo, Camp-
bell was left in command and made the
famous defence of that town from May,
1783, to Jan., 1784, when he was compelled
to surrender : he died, from his exertions,
Feb. 23, 1784.
CAMPBELL, SIR JOHN (1802-1878)
Son of John Campbell of Lochead : born
in 1802 : entered the E. I. Co's service,
1820: served in Madras : in 1834 was in
command in subduing the hill tribes in
Orissa '": in the Gumsur war, 1836-7 : was
deputed, 1837-42, to the civil duty of
stopping the practices of human sacrifice
and female infanticide among the Khonds
of Orissa : went to China, 1842 : C.B. :
was again sent to his former duty among
the Khonds, 1847-9 : returned to Scot-
land, 1855 : Maj-General, 1872 : died
April 22, 1878 : published a personal
narrative of his 13 years' (not uninter-
rupted) work among the Khonds, which
led to controversy with the family of the
officer who had, in his absence, favoured
a different policy with that native race.
CAMPBELL, JOHN (1817- )
Surgeon-major : born April 27, 1817 :
son of Capt. Thomas Campbell R.N. :
educated at St. George's.London, Aberdeen
University, and King's College : entered
the Bengal Medical Service in 1840 :
served in the Afghan war, 1842, on the
line of the Khyber, and with Pollock's
force : with Sir Charles Napier in Sind :
in the Indian mutiny was at Chinhut and
the siege of Lucknow, for which he received
his C.B.
CAMPBELL, LORN ROBERT HENRY
DICK (1846- )
Entered the Army, 1863 : served in the
Hazara expedition, 1868 ; Dour Valley
expedition, 1872 ; Afghanistan, 1878-9;
Mahsud-Waziri expedition, 1881 ; China,
1900-01, where he commanded the lines
of communication : commands the
Bundelkund District, India, since 1901 :
Maj-General.
CAMBPELL, WALTER, MAJOR
(1864- )
Joined the Gordon Highlanders, 1887 :
served in the Waziristan Field Force,
1894-5 ; Chitral Relief Force, 1895 ;
Tirah expedition,i897-8, including Dargai,
Sampagha, and Arhanga ; South Africa,
1899-1902, with 1st Batt. Gordon High-
landers : Brig-Major, Highland Brigade,
and D.A.A.G., Army Head Quarters :
D.A.Q.M.G., Head Quarters Staff : D.S.O.
CANARAN, CHURIA (1812-1876)
Born at Mahe, 1812 : son of a jailor
at Tellicherry, whom he succeeded, 1829-
32 : learnt several languages besides his
own vernacular Malayalam, and rose, from
his first appointment in 1832, through a
succession of posts in the judicial and
revenue offices, to be a Deputy Magis-
trate-Collector in 1859, retiring as a first-
class officer at the end of 1869, after 39
years' service, having performed such excel-
lent work in respect to the Moplah dis-
turbances in Malabar, 1852-5, his coura-
geous conduct exposing him to great
danger, that for his "conspicuous and
most valuable" services therein and in
revenue matters, he was granted a pension
equal to his full pay : died Oct. 18, 1876.
CANDY, SIR EDWARD TOWNSHEND
(1845- )
I.C.S. : born April 15, 1845 : son of Major
Thomas Candy : educated at Cheltenham :
entered the Bombay Civil Service, 1865 :
was Judicial Assistant to the Political
Agent, Kattiawar, 1872-82 : officiating
Judicial Commissioner in Sind, 1886-7 :
Vice-Chancellor of the Bombay University,
1897-1902 : Judge of the Bombay High
Court, 1889-1902 : Member of the Police
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
7i
Commission, 1902-3 : retired in 1903 :
C.S.I, in 1903 : Knight Bachelor in 1904.
CANNING, CHARLES JOHN, EARL
(1812-1862)
Governor-General and first Viceroy :
third son of George Canning the statesman':
born Dec. 14, 1812 : educated at Putney,
Eton, privately, and at Christ Church,
Oxford : first class in classics and second
class in mathematics : M.P. for Warwick
in 1836 : succeeded to his mother's
peerage in 1837 : Under-Secretary for
Foreign Affairs, 1 841-6, and Chief Com-
missioner for Woods and Forests : was a
follower of Sir Robert Peel : Postmaster-
General in Lord Aberdeen's and Lord
Palmerston's Governments in 1853-5 :
Governor-General of India, Feb. 29, 1856 :
Viceroy from Nov. 1, 1858. In his first
year of office he had to arrange for the
war with Persia, in which Sir James
Outram (q.v.) had the command. The
events of the mutiny of 1857-8 constitute
the history of India rather than the
biography of Canning. Its causes orginated
before his time. He was not alone in
failing at first to appreciate adequately
the symptoms and the extent of the out-
break : but, on grasping its character, he
rose to the occasion. He detained troops
on their way to China, and expedited the
dispatch of reinforcements to the affected
districts of Upper India. He showed
calmness, courage, judgment, firmness,
foresight, and acquired the name of
" Clemency Canning " for his moderation
in punishment, and his repression of
vindictiveness. He became unpopular
on account of this policy. He trusted his
chief officers, Sir Henry, and Sir John,
Lawrence, his commanders in the field,
his immediate advisers and others : but
preserved his own right to decide, when
he disagreed with them. For a time he
assumed personally the government of the
N.W.P. By his Oudh proclamation he
confiscated, with exceptions, the land of
that province. This led to the controversy
which ended in the resignation of Lord
Ellenborough, the President of the Board
of Control. He carried out the transfer
on Nov. 1, .1858, of the Government of
India from the E. I. Co. to the Crown : and
was made an Earl. In 1859-60 and
1860-1 he made prolonged tours in Upper
India. He had to deal with all the
troubles resulting from the mutiny, the
reorganization of the finances and of the
Army required for India : the reforms in
the Indian Councils, the development of
education, the question of the income-tax,
the grant of adoption sunnuds to native
chiefs, with the famine of 1 860-1 in the
N.W.P. The death of Lady Canning
from fever, in Nov. 1861, was universally
deplored. He left India on March 18,
1862, in bad health: died June 17, 1862,
and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
He had been made K.G. for his services
in India.
CANNING, CHARLOTTE ELIZABETH,
COUNTESS (1817-1861)
Daughter of Lord Stuart de Rothesay ;
born March 31, 1817, married, Sep. 5, 1835,
in London to the Hon. Charles John
Canning, afterwards Earl Canning, {q.v.),
first Viceroy of India. She was constantly
at Court as Lady-in -Waiting in attendance
on Queen Victoria. Her death at Calcutta,
Nov. 18, 1 861, was deeply lamented.
She returned to Calcutta on Nov. 8, after a
month's visit to Darjeeling. She had
caught jungle fever on her way down, when
passing through the malarious country at
the foot of the hills and in the Purnea
district. She was buried in Barrackpur
Park, on the banks of the Ganges. All
accounts testify to her noble, simple and
beautiful character, her talents and mental
gifts, her personal appearance,her gracious-
ness and dignity : in the trying time of
the mutiny she rendered great help to her
husband by her devotion, loyalty and
self-sacrifice, by her calm and steady
courage, her patience and self-possession,
" no one was ever more admired and looked
up to by every class of her Majesty's
subjects." Lord Canning wrote this
inscription for the monument over her
grave : " Honours and praises written on
a tomb are at best but vain-glory : but
that her charity, humility, meekness and
watchful faith in her Saviour will, for
that Saviour's sake, be accepted of God
and be to her a glory everlasting, is the
firm trust of those who knew her best and
most dearly loved her in life, and who
cherish the memory of her, departed."
CANNING, GEORGE (1770-1827)
Son of George Canning : born April 11,
1770 : educated at Eton and Christ Church,
Oxford: M.P. for Newport, 1794 : *<>r
72
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Wendover, 1797 : Under Secretary for
Foreign Affairs, 1796-9 : Commissioner
of the Board of Control (commonly called
the India Board) 1799-1800 : Foreign
Secretary, 1807 : fought a duel with Lord
Castlereagh, Sep. 22, 1809 : M.P. for
Liverpool, 1812 : President of the Board
of Control, June 4, 1816, to Jan. 12, 1821 :
nominated Governor - General of India
March, 1822, but, on Lord Castlereagh's
death, Canning resigned that appointment
and again became Foreign Secretary,
1822 : M.P. for Harwich, 1822 : Prime
Minister, April, 1827, and Chancellor of
the Exchequer : died Aug. 8, 1827 :
father of Earl Canning (q.v.), Viceroy
and Governor-General, 1856-62.
CAPEL, HON. SIR THOMAS BLADEN
(1776-185:5)
Son of fourth Earl of Essex : born Aug.
25, 1776 : was in the Navy, 1791-1847,
rising to be Admiral : served on various
stations, and under Nelson at the Nile and
Trafalgar : at the forcing of the Dar-
danelles, 1807 : off N. America : K.C.B.,
1832 : and from 1834 to 1837 was Naval
C. in C. in the E. Indies, in the Winchester,
50 guns: G.C.B., 1852 : died March 4,
1853.
CAPON, SIR DAVID (1793-1869)
Born in Bombay, 1793 : educated in
England: entered the E. I. Co.'s military
service, 1809 : joined the Bombay N.I.,
1 8 10 : in the Palampur expedition, 1813 :
in the Konkan, 1817 : commanded troops
at Aden, 1838 : twice attacked by large
bodies of Arabs : commanded a Brigade
of the Bombay Army at the siege of
Multan, 1848-9 : in the subsequent
pursuit of the Sikhs : K.C.B., 1862 :
General, 1868 : died Dec. 17, 1869.
CAPPEL, SIR ALBERT JAMES LEPPOC
(1836- )
Born 1836 : served in the Crimea 1855-
6 : entered the Indian Telegraph Depart-
ment, 1857, and was Director of Indian
Telegraphs, 1883-9 : K.C.I. E. in 1887.
CAPPER ( ? -1809)
Colonel in the Madras Army : influential
in the affairs of Fort St. George in the
latter part of the 18th century : on more
than one occasion was employed by the
Governors in civil and ecclesiastical negotia-
tions : as, e.g. in 1787. in the time of Sir
Archibald Campbell, when the Council had
to settle important matters with regard to
the Roman Catholic population of Madras,
and French influence had to be excluded :
saw active service and fought " with spirit
and gallantry " at Arikera, under Colonel
Montresor, 1800 : distinguished himself
under Wellesley : became Lt- Colonel
and Adjutant-General. When Sir George
Barlow was Governor of Madras, Capper
became implicated in the disputes between
General Hay Macdowall, C. in C. of the
Madras Army, and the Civil Authorities,
1809 : Macdowall had resigned in Jan.
and left for England : the responsibility
of publishing his Army Order against
Munro (which gave further offence to the
Madras Government) rested with Colonel
Capper, and his suspension was the result :
he, too, started for England, but was lost
at sea on the voyage, March, 1809.
CAREY, ARTHUR DOUGLAS ( ? - )
I.C.S. : educated at the City of London
School : went out to Bombay, 1865 :
Collector of Salt Revenue, 1881 : acting
Commissioner of Inland Customs, 1881 :
in 1885 travelled, via Ladak to Northern
Tibet, to Lake Mungtsa, Khotan, Kuchar,
Lake Lob, Tsaidam, Urumtsi, Yarkand, to
Ladak : Commissioner of Customs, Salt,
Opium and Abkari, 1891 : on special duty
to Lisbon, in connexion with Goa Treaty
negotiations, 1891-2 : retired 1893.
CAREY, EUSTACE (1791-1855)
Missionary : son of Thomas Carey, a
non-commissioned officer : nephew of the
Rev. Dr. W. Carey (q.v.) : born March
22, 1 79 1 : educated at Bristol College :
arrived at Serampur as a missionary in
1814 ; founded a missionary establish-
ment at Calcutta, 1817 : left India, 1825 :
urged the cause of missions in England :
wrote about missions and a memoir of
W. Carey : died July 19, 1855.
CAREY, FELIX (1782-1822)
Missionary : son of the Rev. Dr. W.
Carey (q.v.) t went with his parents
to India : assisted his father in his
Biblical translations : besides many trans-
lations in Bengali, he published a Burmese
grammar, and began a Burmese dictionary
and Pali grammar : he died at Serampur,
Nov. 10, 1822.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
73
CAREY, MARY (1741-1801)
Of Indian birth : wife of Peter Carey,
a seafaring man : the last of the 23 sur-
vivors of the 146 persons imprisoned in
the Black Hole of Calcutta on June 20,
1756 : her husband died there, or after-
wards in the fighting at Fulta : her
subsequent fate is uncertain, but the
tradition of her being carried off by the
Nawab's people is not authentic. She
married again, her second husband being a
military officer. She confirmed, at an
interview on Aug. 13, 1799, Holwell's
account of the Black Hole tragedy : she
died March 28, 1801, at Calcutta.
CAREY, REV. DR. WILLIAM (1761-
1834)
Missionary: born Aug. 17, 1761, in
Northamptonshire : son of Edmund Carey,
a village schoolmaster : apprenticed to a
shoemaker at Hackleton : joined the
congregation of Baptists in 1783, and at
22 was publicly baptized : studied Greek,
Latin and Hebrew under great privations ;
had charge of a congregation at Leicester
in 1789, and joined in forming a Baptist
missionary society at Kettering, 1792 :
sent out as their first missionary to Bengal
in 1794, lost all his property in the Hughli
and was destitute in Calcutta. After
cultivating in the Sundarbans, he became
Superintendent of an indigo factory in the
Malda district for 5 years, built a church
there, and preached in the villages.
Being prevented by the E. I. Co. from
establishing a mission in British territory,
he formed with others, in 1799, a mission-
ary settlement at Serampur under the
protection of the Danish Governor, Colonel
Bie : there he first translated the Bible
into Bengali and printed it, and it was
afterwards translated into 26 languages.
Carey also published dictionaries and
many grammars of languages and
other Indian works : edited the Ramayana
and Roxburgh's Flora Medica. In 1801
he was appointed to be a Professor of
Sanskrit, Bengali and Mahratti at the
new College of Fort William, and in 1805
he founded the Bow Bazar Mission Chapel
in Calcutta : in 1807 he was made D.D.
by the Brown University in the United
States. Notwithstanding official warnings
against over-zeal his mission prospered,
and many out-stations were established :
he died at Serampur, June 9, 1834.
CARMICHAEL, DAVID FREMANTLE
(1830-1903)
I.C.S. : son of D. D. Carmichael Smyth :
he resumed the family name of Carmichael :
educated at Harrow and Haileybury,
1849-50 : went to Madras in the Civil
Service, 1851 : Private Secretary to Sir
C. Trevelyan when Governor, 1859 :
Revenue Secretary to Government, 1875 :
Chief Secretary, 1877 : Member of
Council, 1878-83 : died Sep. 30, 1903.
CARNAC, JOHN (1716-1800)
Entered the E. I. Co.'s service in 1758, as
Captain, from H.M.'s 39th regt. : in 1760
commanded at Patna, and in 176 1 defeated
the Delhi Emperor near Bihar, and took
prisoner M. Law with his men : beat off
Shuja-ud-daula's attack on Patna, April,
1764 : was Brig-General in 1764, and
defeated the Mahrattas in the Doab in
1765 : received the Emperor Shah Alam
and the Wazir Shuja-ud-daula, and closed
the war : M.P. for Leominster, 1767 : in
1776-9, was Member of Council, Bombay :
Member of the Superintending Committee
on the expedition against Poona, 1778 :
and was dismissed the E. I. Co.'s service
for his share in the convention of War-
gaum, Jan. 14, 1779 : died at Mangalore
on a sea voyage, Nov. 9, 1800.
CARNATIC, AZIM-UD-DAULA, NA-
WAB OF THE (1775-1819)
Son of Amir-ul-umra : nephew of
Umdat-ul-umra {q.v.), and grandson of
Muhammad Ali (q.v.) : born 1775 : on
the death of his uncle, Azim-ud-daula,
accepted the British terms, which Ali
Husain, the reputed son of Umdat, had
refused, and was given the succession.
An engagement was made with him on
July 31, 1 801, by which he gave up the
government of the Carnatic to the E.J. Co.,
and allowances were assigned for his
personal expenses and for his family :
he lived quietly, and died Aug. 3, 1819.
CARNATIC, GHULAM MUHAMMAD
GHAUS, LAST NAWAB OF
THE (1824-1855)
Succeeded as a child to his father
Nawab Azim Jah, Nov. 12, 1825 : in-
stituted as Nawab in 1842 by Lord
Elphinstone, Governor of Madras : on his
death without issue, Oct. 7, 1855, Govern-
ment declared the title, privileges, and
74
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
immunities of the Nawab's family to be at
an end.
CARNATIC, MUHAMMAD ALI KHAN
WALAJAH, NAWAB OF THE
(1717-1795)
Second son of Anwar-ud-din Khan,
Nawab of the Carnatic : present at the
battle of Ambur, escaped to Trichinopoly :
he was appointed Nawab by Nasir Ali,
the Nizam of the Dekkan, in 1749 :
was besieged at Trichinopoly by Chanda
Sahib and the French, until relieved by
the English : on his behalf Clive took
Arcot, 1 75 1, and he was successfully
supported as Nawab by the English, both
against Chanda Sahib, the candidate
assisted by the French, and against the
rebellious Poligars s recognized as Nawab
by the Treaty of Paris of 1763, and
acknowledged as independent of the
Nizam by the Mogul Emperor in 1765 :
entitled Walajah : he contracted large
debts to the E. I. Company and the English
adventurers who crowded his court and
preyed upon him : he assigned districts
for their payment : by Treaties of 1763*
1781, 1785, 1787, 1792, arrangements
were made for their liquidation, by the
English managing the Carnatic, etc. : he
died Oct. 16, 1795 : his intrigues with
Tippoo were discovered after the fall of
Seringapatam in i799> whereupon the
English assumed the government of the
Carnatic, making provision for the family
of the Nawab.
CARNATIC, UMDAT-UL-UMRA, NA-
WAB OF THE (1748-1801)
Son of Muhammad Ali {q.v.), whom he
succeeded in Oct. i795- After the fall of
Seringapatam in May, i799> treasonable
correspondence between Tippoo and Urn-
dat-ul-umra and his father came to
light : the British Government thereupon
repudiated the existing treaty of 1792
with the Nawab of the Carnatic, and
resolved to assume the government of the
Carnatic, making a provision for the
family of the Nawab. Umdat-ul-umra
died July 15, 1801, before the proposed
arrangements could be concluded.
CARPENTER, ALFRED (1847- )
Son of Charles Carpenter, R.N. : born
Aug. 2, 1847 : educated at Brighton
College : entered the Royal Navy, 1861,
and retired as Captain in 1895 : served
in the Challenger scientific expedition :
Soudan expedition 1884 : and while in
charge of the Marine Survey of India,
piloted the war flotilla under fire to
Mandalay and Bhamo in 1885, for which
he received his D.S.O.
CARPENTER, MARY (1807-1877)
Daughter of Dr. Lant Carpenter : born
April 3, 1807: devoted her life to philan-
thropy : opened schools at Bristol, for
girls, for the reformation of juvenile
criminals : also ragged and industrial
schools : and worked for the passing of
the Industrial Schools Act. Her attention
had been attracted to India by the presence
of Raja Rammohan Roy (q.v.) at Bristol
in 1833, and by the visits of native gentle-
men. She visited India in 1866-7, 1868-
9, 1869-70, 1875-6, with a view to
improve female education, reformatory
schools, and the management of the jails.
She was in communication with the
authorities in India, and at the India
Office, and with the leading native gentle-
men, such as Keshab Chandra Sen (q.v.),
with whom she founded a " National Indian
Association" at Bristol in 1870, to bring
Indian visitors and English inquirers
into closer relations. Many of her sugges-
tions for reforms and improvements were
adopted. She paid visits to Germany and
America. Among her publications were
Last Days in England of the Raja Ram-
mohan Roy, 1866 : and Six Months in
India, 1868. She died on June 14, 1877-
CARR, RIGHT REV. THOMAS (1788-
1859)
Educated at St. John's College, Cam-
bridge : B.A., 1813 : Senior Optime :
Bishop of Bombay, 1837-51, when he
resigned from ill-health : appointed Rector
of Bath, 1854 : universally esteemed
there : a member of the Evangelical
section of the Establishment : died at
Bath, Sep. 5, 1859.
CARRINGTON, SIR CODRINGTON ED-
MUND (1769-1849)
Born Oct. 22, 1769 : son of Codrington
Carrington : educated at Winchester :
called to the bar by the Middle Temple,
1792 : Bencher, 1832 : practised as an
advocate at the Calcutta bar, 1792-9,
being junior Counsel to the E.I. Co. : was an
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
7$
intimate friend of Sir William Jones {q.v.) :
when in England, he made a code of law
for Ceylon : was appointed Chief Justice
there and knighted, 1801 : retired in
1806 from ill-health. M.P. for St. Mawes,
1826-31: was D.C.L. 1810: F.R.S., J.P.
and F.S.A. : died Nov. 28, 1849.
CARTIER, JOHN (1733-1802)
Governor : arrived in India as a writer
in E. I. Co.'s service : was a factor and
assistant at Dacca, whence he was expelled
in 1756 : joined other fugitives at Fulta :
served as a volunteer under Clive in re-
taking Bengal, and was praised by Court
of Directors : Chief of Dacca factory,
1761 : Second in Council at Calcutta,
1767 : succeeded H. Verelst as Governor
of Bengal, Dec. 26, 1769 : followed, as
Governor, by Warren Hastings, April 13,
1772 : eulogized by Edmund Burke for
his government of Bengal : died in Kent,
Jan. 25, 1802.
CASEMENT, SIR WILLIAM (1780-1844)
Maj-General : appointed to Bengal,
1795 = served in India 47 years and 6
months : in Lord Lake's campaigns, at
Alighar, 1803, Deeg, 1804 : D.Q.M.G. in
the Nipal war, 1815 : Secretary to the
Government of India in the Military
Department for 20 years from June,
1818 : Colonel, 23rd N.I., 1824 : K.C.B.,
1837 : was Member of the Supreme
Council from June 17, 1839 : died of
cholera at Cossipur, April 16, 1844 : his
bust is in the Town Hall, Calcutta.
CASSELS, ANDREW (1812-1886)
Of an old Scotch family, resident at
Manchester : he opened in 1843 in Bom-
bay the firm of Peel, Cassels & Co. :
returned to England, 1851 : Director of
the Manchester Chamber of Commerce,
1 861 : Member of the Council of India,
1874-84 : Vice-President, 1875, of the
Society of Arts : a great authority on
Indian cotton : died Aug. 2, 1886.
CASSELS, WALTER RICHARD
(1826- )
Son of Robert Cassels : educated
privately and abroad : spent some years
in Italy, and in 1856 joined the mercantile
firm of Peel, Cassels & Co. in Bombay :
was a Fellow of the Bombay University :
a Member of the Legislative Council,
Bombay, 1863 : left India in 1865 and
devoted himself to literature : wrote
poems, 1850 and 1856, Cotton in the Bom-
bay Presidency, 1869 ; Supernatural Re-
ligion, 1874-6, and 1879 : The Gospel
according to Peter, 1894, etc. etc.
CASTLEREAGH, ROBERT STEWART,
VISCOUNT (1769-1822)
Second Marquis of Londonderry (April,
1821-Aug. 1822), better known as Lord
Castlereagh : son of the first Marquis :
born June 18, 1769 : M.P. for Tregony,
1794-6 : for Oxford, 1796-7, and other
places : his career lay in English and
European politics, and his only connexion
with India was as President of the Board
of Control (the India Board), Sep. 9, 1802 —
Feb. 14, 1806, in the Addington and W.
Pitt Administrations : while holding this
office, he supported the Governor-General,
Lord Wellesley, whom he admired, against
the Court of Directors : fought a duel
with George Canning, Sep. 22, 1809 :
Foreign Secretary, 1812-33 : died by his
own hand, Aug. 12, 1822.
CAUTLEY, SIR PROBY THOMAS
(1802-1871)
Colonel : son of the Rev. Thomas
Cautley : born Jan. 3, 1802 : educated
at Charterhouse and Addiscombe : entered
the Bengal Artillery, 18 19 : was assistant
to Colonel Robert Smith in reconstructing
the old irrigation channel of the Doab
Canal from 1824-30, but was at the siege
of Bhartpur in 1826 : held charge of the
above canal, 1831-43 : framed the project
of the Ganges Canal, sanctioned by the
Court of Directors in 184 1, and constructed
between 1843 and 1854. He left India in
1854, Lord Dalhousie ordering a salute to
be fired in his honour : and his bust was
placed in the Calcutta Town Hall :
K.C.B. : from 1858-68, Member of the
Council of India. He had a controversy
with Sir Arthur Cotton (q.v.) on the
engineering of the Ganges Canal, in which
further work and improvement were found
to be required. He explored largely in
the Sivalik range of hills in India, and
acquired many fossils of scientific value,
which he presented to the British Museum :
contributed many papers to the Asiatic
Society of Bengal and to the Geological
Society, chiefly on fossils : died Jan. 25,
1871.
7 6
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
CAVAGNARI, SIR PIERRE LOUIS
NAPOLEON (1841-1879)
Lt-Colonel : son of General Adolphe
Cavagnari : born July 4, 1841, educated
at Christ's Hospital and Addiscombe : was
naturalized in 1857 : entered the E. I. Co.'s
Army, 1858 : in the Oudh campaign in
the mutiny : joined the Staff Corps,
1 86 1, and the Pan jab Commission as an
Assistant Commissioner : had charge of
the Kohat district, 1866 to 1877, and, as
Deputy Commissioner of Peshawar, accom-
panied several frontier expeditions, 1868-
78 : C.S.I, in 1877 : he was a member of
Sir N. Chamberlain's mission to Shir Ali,
in'the autumn of 1878, when it was stopped
at Ali Masjid by the Amir's officer. When
Yakub Khan had become Amir, on the
death of Shir Ali, Major Cavagnari nego-
tiated the treaty of Gandamak with him,
May 26, 1879: K.C.B. He was appointed
Resident at Kabul and was residing, from
July, 1879, at the Bala Hissar in Kabul,
when the Afghan troops rose, attacked his
residence, and he and his staff were all
killed, Sep. 3, 1879.
CAVAYE, WILLIAM FREDERICK
(1845- )
Colonel : son of General Cavaye :
born 1845 : educated at Edinburgh
Academy and Sandhurst : commanded
the 2nd Royal Sussex regt. : Military
Secretary to H.R.H. the Duke of Con-
naught, when C. in C. in Bombay : has
since held several Staff appointments :
served in the Zulu war, 1879, and in the
S. African war, 1900-2.
CAVE-BROWNE, EDWARD RABAN-
(1835- )
Born May 29, 1835 : son 01 Lt-Colonel
Edward Cave-Browne : educated at the
College School, Taunton : clerk in the
East India House, 1854 : rose to be
Accountant -General in the India Office
from 1893 : retired in 1900 : C.S.I, in 1898.
CAVENAGH, SIR ORFEUR (1821-1891)
General : son of James Gordon Cave-
nagh : educated at Addiscombe : entered
the Army : was through the Gwalior
campaign : lost a leg at Maharajupr, 1843 :
in the Satlaj campaign at Badiwal : in
charge of the Mysore Princes and ex-Amirs
of Sind : had political charge of Sir Jang
Bahadur and the Nipalese embassy to
England, 1850 : was Town Major of Fort
William, Calcutta, during the mutiny :
frustrated the plot of the mutineers to
seize the Fort : recommended the forma-
tion of the Volunteer Guards : Governor
of the Straits Settlements, 1859-67 : Lt-
General, 1874 : K.C.S.I., 1881 : died
July 7, 1891 : wrote Reminiscences of an
Indian Official.
CHALMERS, SIR JOHN M. (1756-1818)
Son of Patrick Chalmers : joined the
Madras Infantry in 1775 : made a gallant
defence of Coimbatore, June-Nov. 1791,
with only a small force, against Tippoo's
troops : obliged to capitulate : taken
prisoner to Seringapatam, his release
effected by Cornwallis in Feb. 1792 :
commanded the force at Travancore,
1803-9, and the N. Division of the Madras
Army, 1812-7 : Maj-General, 1812 : K.C.B. ,
1 8 15. After 42 years' service in Madras,
he died on the voyage home, March 31,
1818.
CHALMERS, MACKENZIE DALZELL
(1847- )
Born Feb. 7, 1847 : son of Rev. F.
Chalmers, D.D., educated at King's
College, London, and Trinity College,
Oxford : served in the Indian Civil Service,
1869-72 : held several legal appoint-
ments as Judge of County Courts and
Acting Chief Justice of Gibraltar : Legal
Member of the Viceroy's Council, 1896,
retired, 1899 : Parliamentary Counsel to
the Treasury, 1902-3 : Permanent Under
Secretary in the Home Department, 1903 :
contributed Articles to the Dictionary of
Political Economy, and the Encyclopedia
Britannica : author of Digest of the Law of
Sale, Digest of the Law of Bills of Ex-
change : C.S.I. : C.B.
CHALMERS, ROBERT ( ? -1878)
Lt-Colonel : joined the Indian Army,
1849 : in the mutiny his regt., the 1st
Oudh Irregular Infantry, mutinied : he
narrowly escaped to Allahabad : joined
a regt. proceeding to relieve Cawnpur :
carried ' back news of the massacre at
Cawnpur, 44 miles, to Allahabad, through
country teeming with a hostile population :
was in Havelock's engagements about
Cawnpur, in the relief of Lucknow, in its
subsequent defence, the fighting at Alam-
bagh, and the final capture of Lucknow,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
77
in March, 1858 : died, which commanding
the 14th Bengal Lancers, Aug. 11, 1878.
CHAMBERLAIN, SIR CRAWFORD
TROTTER (1821-1902)
Third son of Sir Henry O. Chamberlain,
Bart., younger brother of Sir Neville
Bowles Chamberlain {q.v.) • born May,
1821 : entered the Army in 1837, was in
the Afghan war of 1839-42, at the siege
and capture of Ghazni, and in various
actions near Kandahar : in the Pan jab
campaign in 1848-9 : at Chilianwala and
Gujarat, in the pursuit of the Sikh Army
and its final surrender : wounded : Brevet-
Major : commanded the 1st Irregular
Cavalry, Skinner's Horse, over whom he
had extraordinary influence : in the
mutiny in 1857 distinguished himself by
disarming, with " undaunted courage and
coolness," the 62nd and 69th Bengal N.I.,
at Multan : engaged against the rebels,
and was besieged in a sarai for some
days : Lt-Colonel after the mutiny :
C.S.I, in 1866 : General in 1880 : G.C.I.E.
in 1897 : died Dec. 13, 1902.
CHAMBERLAIN, REV. JOHN (1777-
1821)
Son of John Chamberlain : born July
24, 1777 : accepted as a probationer for
missionary work, 1798 : preached at
Olney : studied under Dr. Ryland at the
Academy at Bristol : sent to India by the
Baptist Missionary Society in 1802, vid
America : arrived at Serampur, Jan.
1803 : visited Dinajpur, 1804 : established
himself at Katwa, May, 1804 : carried on
a cloth business, and built a school :
visited Berhampur : removed to Agra,
1 81 1 : sent down to Calcutta by order of
Government : appointed, 1812, tutor at
Sardhana to David Dyce Sombre, great-
grandson of Begam Samru : established
schools and preached frequently : also at
Hardwar, for which he was ordered to
Calcutta, 1 815 : went to Serampur, and
up the river to Ghazipur : settled at
Monghyr, 1816 : made missionary tours
to Benares, Mirzapur, etc. : ordered home
for ill-health, Sep.. 1821 : died at sea,
Dec. 6, 1 82 1.
CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE
BOWLES (1820-1902)
Field Marshal : second son of Sir Henry
Orlando Chamberlain, first Baronet :
born 1820 : educated for a short time at
Woolwich : at 17 entered the Bengal Army:
in the first Afghan war was with Nott's
force : at the occupation of Kandahar, at
Ghazni, Kabul and Istalif : constantly
wounded : was in the Governor-General's
bodyguard : in the Gwalior campaign,
D.A.Q.M.G. : at Maharajpur : in the
second Sikh war, at Chilianwala and
Gujarat : complimented by the C. in C.
for personal gallantry : Commandant of
Pan jab Military Police : Military Secre-
tary to the Pan jab Government : Com-
mandant of the Pan jab Frontier Force :
commanded several expeditions against
the frontier tribes : in the mutiny of
1857 was in charge of the movable column
of the Panjab until he became Adjutant-
General of the Army at Delhi, and Brig-
General : severely wounded there and dis-
abled : C.B. and A.D.C. to Queen Victoria :
commanded operations against the Wazi-
ris : K.C.B. : commanded in the Umbeyla
campaign in 1863, until severely wounded
when personally leading an assault of a
difficult position : Maj-General : G. C.S.I.,.
1873 : G.C.B., 1875 : commanded the
Madras Army, 1876-81: in 1878
selected, by Lord Lytton, to lead a special
mission to the Amir Shir Ali : the stopping
of the mission at Ali Masjid was the imme-
diate ground of the second Afghan war :
he was personally in harmony with Lord
Lawrence's frontier policy : Military
Member of Supreme Council, Nov. 1878-
Jan. 1879 : retired, 1881 : severely
criticised the policy of part of the Boer
war, 1 899-1902 : Field Marshal in 1900 :
died Feb. 17, 1902.
CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE
FRANCIS FITZGERALD
(1856- )
Born Jan. 13, 1856 : son of Lt-Colonel
Charles Chamberlain, C.B. : educated
abroad and at Brentwood School, Essex :
joined the Army, 1873 : Central India
Horse, 1876 : on the staff of Sir F. Roberts-
through the Afghan war, 1878-80 : A.D.C.
to Sir F. Roberts when C. in C, Madras,.
1881-5 : Persian Interpreter, 1885-90 :
served in the Burma campaign, 1886-7 s
re-organized the Kashmir Army, 1890-7 :
commanded the Khyber Force, 1899 :
Private Secretary to Lord Roberts in S.
African war : Inspr-General Royal Irish
Constabulary since 1900 : C.B. in 1900 :
K.C.B. , 1903 : retired as Colonel from
the Indian Staff Corps.
78
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
CHAMBERS, SIR CHARLES HAR-
COURT (1789-1828)
Born Aug. 31, 1789 : nephew of Sir
Robert Chambers, (1737-1803), C.J. Ben-
gal (1789-99): educated at Cambridge,
Fellow of Trinity College : B.A., 1809 :
M.A., 1814 : practised at the bar at the
Mayor's Court, Chester, and elsewhere :
in 1823 appointed a Puisne Judge of the
new Supreme Court, Bombay, opened
May 8, 1824 : knighted by Geo. Ill : the
Supreme Court, while he was judge, passed
severe strictures on the arbitrary pro-
ceedings of the executive officers of the
E. I. Co., including the magistracy and the
police : the Civil Government defied the
Court's authority and instructed the Com-
pany's officers not to assist the Court's
officials : the Court refused to register a
stringent Regulation of the Bombay
Government against theliberty of the Press:
on the death of the Chief Justice, Sir E.
West, on Aug. 13, 1828, Chambers acted
as C.J., and continued opposing the Gov-
ernment : Lord Ellenborough, as President
of the Board of Control, supported the
Executive : Chambers, still in opposition,
died Oct. 13, 1828, leaving Sir J. P.
Grant (q.v.) alone : buried in the Cathedral,
Bombay : he wrote, in England, on legal
subjects.
CHAMBERS, SIR ROBERT (1737-1803)
Son of Robert Chambers, of Newcastle :
born i737> educated there and at Lincoln
College, Oxford (Exhibitioner) : Fellow
of University College, 1761 ; M.A., 1761;
B.C.L., 1765 ; Vinerian Professor of Law,
1762-77 : Principal of New Inn Hall,
Oxford, in 1766. In 1744 he joined the
Calcutta Supreme Court as second Judge,
Sir Elijah Impey being Chief : knighted
in 1778 : lived for several years in a
garden-house, at Bhawanipur : he became
Chief Justice in 1791 : retired in 1799 :
declined a peerage : died in Paris, May 9,
1803 : a monument by Nollekens is in the
Temple Church, where he was buried.
He was a friend of Dr. Johnson from
1766, and of Sir Philip Francis in Calcutta.
He was one of the Judges on the trial of
Nuncomar for forgery, when the latter
was convicted, and hanged on Aug. 5,
1775. Chambers left some legal writings,
and a collection of Sanskrit MSS.
CHAMIER, FRANCIS EDWARD
ARCHIBALD (1833- )
Maj -General : son of Henry Chamier
of the Madras Civil Service : born May 13,
1833 : educated at Cheltenham : joined
the Indian Army : Adjutant of the Calcutta
Volunteers, 1857 : Persian Interpreter to
Sir James Outram in first relief, defence,
siege and capture of Lucknow : com-
manded the Raja of Kapurthala's troops
in the Oudh campaign, 1858 : CLE.
CHAMIER, HENRY (1795-1867)
I.C.S. : educated at Haileybury, 181 1-
12 : went out to Madras, 1813 : entered
the Secretariat, 1827 : became Chief
Secretary, 1837-42 : Member of Council,
Madras, Jan. 1843 -Jan. 1848: when he
retired : died Feb. 4, 1867.
CHAMIER, JOHN (
I.C.S. : appointed a writer, 1772 :
Factor, 1778 : Junior Merchant, 1780 :
absent in England for 7 years : Senior
Merchant, 1787 : Secretary, 1790, in the
Military, Political, and Secret Depart-
ments, and Judge Advocate General :
" Chief " of Vizagapatam, for 6 years :
Chief Secretary to Madras Government,
1 801 : Provisional Member of Council,
Madras, 1802 : confirmed as Member,
1803 : resigned, 1805 : returned to Eng-
land.
CHAMIER, STEPHEN (1834- )
Born Aug. 17, 1834 : son of Henry
Chamier of the Madras Civil Service :
educated at Cheltenham and Addiscombe :
entered the Madras Artillery, 1853: trans-
ferred to Royal Artillery, 1861 : com-
manded mountain battery in Burma
against the Karens, 1856 : served in the
Indian mutiny, 1857-8, and was present
at Cawnpur under Sir Charles Windham,
at the siege of Lucknow under Sir Colin
Campbell, and in the Oudh campaign 1
Brevet-Major, and C.B. : Inspr-General of
Ordnance, Madras, 1881-6 : Lt-General,
R.A.
CHAMPION, ALEXANDER ( ? - ? )
Second in command to (Sir Hector)
Munro, 1764, when opposed to Shuja-ud-
daula: in the battle of Baxar, Oct. 23,
1764 : Colonel : succeeded Sir Robert
Barker, as C. in C. of the Bengal Army,
June 18, 1774, to Oct. 29, 1774 : com-
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
79
manded a Brigade in 1774, asked for by the
Nawab Wazir of Oudh, against the Rohillas:
defeated them near Tassunih, April 23,
1774 : retired 1774 : resided at Bath
many years.
CHANDA, SAHIB ( ? -1752)
Another name of Husain Dost Khan,
son-in-law of Dost Ali Khan, Nawab of
Arcot, 1732-40, and his Diwan : regarded
as a great soldier of his time : he obtained
possession of the Hindu kingdom of
Trichinopoly by cajoling the Rani, 1736-
The Mahrattas invaded the Carnatic,
1740, besieged Chanda in Trichinopoly,
and took him prisoner in 1741 to Satara :
Dupleix in 1748 procured his release for a
large ransom. On the death of Anwarud-
din, the Nawab of the Carnatic, in 1749,
at the battle of Ambur against Chanda
Sahib and Muzaffar Jang (the claimant
to succeed as Nizam), Chanda was pro-
claimed as Nawab : the British supported
Muhammad Ali, son of Anwaruddin, as
their candidate for the Nawabship, while
the French supported Chanda's aspira-
tions. Muhammad Ali fled from Ambur
to Trichinopoly, where he was besieged
by Chanda : in the fighting that ensued
Chanda surrendered to the Raja of Tan-
jore, in May, 1752, who barbarously put
him to death and sent his head to Muham-
mad Ali.
CHANDRA, BHOLANATH (1822- )
Born 1822 : educated at the Hindu
College : in 1843 became a clerk in the
Union Bank, Calcutta ; afterwards ap-
prenticed to Messrs Haworth, Hardman
& Co. : appointed, in 1845, their agent
for their Cossipur Sugar Refinery: served for
30 years : began to publish his " Travels "
serially in the Englishman's Saturday
Journal in 1866-7: issued together in
2 vols, in 1869, in England, with an intro-
duction by J. T. Wheeler (q.v.) : published,
in 1894, a life of Raja Digambar Mitra,
C.S.I. : an auther of undoubted literary
ability and powers of observation.
CHANDRAVARKAR, NARAYAN
GANESH (1855- )
Educated at Elphinstone College, Bom-
bay : pleader of the Bombay High Court
and Judge of that Court since 1901 :
succeeded Mr. Justice Ranade as leader
of the Indian Social reform movement.
CHANDU LAL, MAHARAJA (1766-
1845)
Born 1766 : at first a subordinate in
the Customs Department at Hyderabad
under his uncle, Rai Nanak Ram : in 1806
Peshkar, and, after Mir Alam's death,
became the real Minister of the Nizam's
Government, though Munir-ul-mulk was
Diwan : was highly regarded by Henry
Russell, the Resident at Hyderabad from
181 1-20. Chandu Lai ruled Hyderabad
for about 35 years : retired Sep. 1843,
from the Peshkarship, on a monthly
pension of Rs. 30,000 : died April 15, 1845.
CHAPMAN, EDWARD FRANCIS
(1840- )
General : born 1840 : son of Henry
Chapman : entered the Bengal Artillery,
1858 : served in the Abyssinian war, 1867-
8 : accompanied Sir Douglas Forsyth as
Secretary to Yarkand in 1873-4 : m the
Afghan war, of 1878-80, was Chief of the
Staff in Sir F. Roberts' march from
Kabul to Kandahar : C.B : and Brevet Lt-
Colonel : in Burma campaign, 1885-6 :
Military Secretary to Sir Donald Stewart,
when C. in C. in India : Q.M.G. in India :
Director of Military Intelligence, 189 1-6 :
commanded the Scottish District, .1896-
1901 : Colonel Commanding Royal Artil-
lery : F.R.G.S: A.D.C. to Queen Victoria,
CHAPMAN, ROBERT BARCLAY
(1829- )
I.C.S. : born Nov. 21, 1829 : son of
Jonathan Chapman : educated at Hailey-
bury : entered the Bengal Civil Service,
1849 : and rose to be Secretary to the
Government of India in the Finance
Department, 1869-81, when he retired :
C.S.I.
CHASTENAY, HENRY (1794-1822)
B.C.S. : arrived in India as a writer in
Bengal, Nov. 181 1 : served always at the
headquarters of the Government : Private
Secretary to the Marquess of Hastings,
when Governor - General : died May 2,
1822 : buried at Calcutta.
CHATTERJI, BANKIM CHANDRA
(1838-1894)
Bengali novelist and prose writer : son
of Jadab Chandra Chatterji, a Deputy
8o
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Magistrate: born June 27, 1838 : educated
at the Midnapur School, Hughli and
Presidency Colleges : in 1858 he was the
first native of India to take the B.A.
degree, Calcutta : at once appointed to be
a Deputy Magistrate, and became a
prominent member of the Provincial
service, acting for a time as Assistant
Secretary to the Bengal Government.
His reputation was made in literature,
as the Bengali novelist of his time : his
novels were numerous, and are said to be
still popular : he brought out a literary
magazine, 1872, and wrote the first Ben-
gali historical novel, under the title of
Durges Nandini. This was followed by
Kapala Kandala, Mrinalini, and Bisha
Brikka, which Was translated into English
and very favourably criticised by Pro-
fessor Darmesteter : Debi Chandurani,
Ananda Matha, and Krishna Kanter Will :
wrote also on Hindu religion, Kirshna, the
Vedas, and Hindu literature : made Rai
Bahadur and CLE : retired from Govern-
ment service in 1891: died April 8, 1894.
CHATTERTON, THE RIGHT REV.
EYRE (1863- )
Born July 22, 1863 : son of A. T. Chat-
terton : educated at Haileybury and
Dublin University : ordained 1887 : Head
of the Dublin University Mission to Chota-
Nagpur, 1891-1900 : Bishop of Nagpur,
Central Provinces, 1903 : D.D : author of
The Story of Fifty Years' Mission in
Chota-Nagpur : F.R.G.S.
CHAVANNES, EDOUARD (1865- )
Born Oct. 5, 1865, at Lyons : son of
Emile Chavannes, engineer : educated at
l'Ecole normale superieure : his work as a
scholar has dealt principally with Chinese
subjects, often in relation to India : en-
trusted with a scientific mission to China,
1889-93 : appointed Professor of the
Chinese Language and Literature at the
College de France, 1893 : Secretary of the
Societe Asiatique, 1895 : Member of the
Institute, 1903 : The following works by
him treat of the travels of Chinese Budd-
hist pilgrims in India : I-tsing, Les
religieux eminenls, 1894 : Voyage de
Song Yun dans VUdyana et le Gandhara,
(a translation) in the Bulletin de VEcole
francaise d'Extreme Orient, 1903, etc. :
Documents sur les Tou-kine (Turks) occi-
dentaux, 1903, treats of several questions
relating to India. He has also written
largely in the Journal Asiatique, on the
Chinese inscriptions of Bodh Gaya in the
Revue de VHistoire des Religions, and in
other periodicals.
CHAVASSE, WILLIAM (1785-1814)
An officer of the E. I. Co.'s service, who
tried, with a companion, to explore the
route of the 10,000 Greeks, as described
in Xenophon's Anabasis. They were
taken prisoners by a local chief near
Bagdad, but released on payment of
ransom. Chavasse died of fever there.
CHEAPE, SIR JOHN (1792-1875)
Son of John Cheape : born in 1792 :
educated at Woolwich and Addiscombe :
joined the Bengal Engineers in 1809,
rose to be Ma j -General in 1854: was under
Lord Hastings in the Pindari war, in the
Nerbudda Field Force, 1817 : at the siege
of Asirghar and in the Burmese war,
1824-6 : was Chief Engineer at the siege
of Multan, 1848, and at Gujarat in the
Pan jab campaign : C.B. : in the second
Burmese war of 1852-3, was second
in command under General Godwin at
first, and later, in 1853, commanded, and
took Pegu : the provinces of Pegu and
Tenasserim were annexed : K.C.B : A.D.C.
to Queen Victoria : retired, 1857 : Colonel
Commandant of Engineers, 1862 : G.C.B.,
1865 : General, 1866 : died March 30,
1875.
CHELMSFORD, FREDERICK AUGUS-
TUS THESIGER, SECOND BARON
(1827-1905)
Born May 31, 1827 : son of first Baron
(Lord Chancellor, 1858-9) : educated at
Eton : succeeded to title, 1879 : entered
the Army in the Grenadier Guards, 1844 :
served in the Crimea : Lt. -Colonel in the
95th regt. in the mutiny, in Central India :
Adjutant-General in the Abyssinian cam-
paign,i867-8 : C.B. and A.D.C. to Queen
Victoria : Adjutant-General in India :
commanded the forces in the Kafir war,
1878 : succeeded his father, Oct. 1878 :
at Isandhwala, Gingilhovo, Ulundi :
Lieutenant of the Tower, 1884-9 : General,
1888 : G.C.B. : G.C.V.O : died April 9,
1905.
CHERRY, GEORGE FREDERICK
(1761-1799)
B.C.S. : son of George Cherry : born 1761 :
entered the Bengal Civil Service, 1778 :.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
81
accompanied Lord Cornwallis as his
Persian Secretary to Madras, where, in
1792, peace was made with Tippoo at
Seringapatam : Cherry's picture of Tippoo
is at the India Office : appointed Resident
at Benares, 1793 : there murdered by
Wazir Ali, the reputed son of the late
Nawab Asaf-ud-daula of Oudh, on Jan.
14, 1799.
CHESNAYE, GEORGE COCHET
(1837-1904)
Born Sep. 1837 : entered the Bengal
Medical Service, 1859 : Deputy Surgeon-
General, 1889 : did excellent service at
Mian Mir and Umritsar in the cholera
epidemic of 1861 : in the Hazara Field
Force, 1868 : Black Mountain expedition :
Lushai expedition, 1 871-2 : Afghan war,
1878-80 : from Ali Masjid to Gandamak,
1878, to Kabul 1879 : in the Kabul-
Kandahar march : in the battle of Mazra,
near Kandahar : in the expedition against
the Marris : Deputy Surgeon - General,
Lahore, 1889-94 : when he retired : died
April 12, 1904.
CHESNEY, SIR GEORGE TOMKYNS
(1830-1895)
Son of Capt. Charles Cornwallis Chesney
of the Bengal Artillery : born April 30,
1830 : educated at Blundell's school,
Tiverton, and Addiscombe : entered the
Bengal Engineers, 1848, and became
General in 1882 : went to India in 1850 :
in the P.W.D. until the mutiny : in the
Badli-ka-sarai action. June, 8, 1857 : at
the capture of the ridge at Delhi : Brig-
Major, R.E. at Delhi : in the assault on
Sep. 14 : was President of the Engineering
College at Calcutta, and head of the P.W.D.
Account Department in i860 : President
of the Royal Indian Civil Engineering
College at Cooper's Hill, 1871-80, of
which he had prepared the constitution,
etc. : Secretary to the Government of
India in the Military Department, 1880-
6 : Military Member of the Supreme
Council, July, 1886-April, 1891 : M.P. for
Oxford, 1892 : C.S.I. 1883 : CLE. 1886 :
C.B. 1887 : K.C.B. 1890 : died March 31,
1895. He wrote a number of books :
the principal were Indian Polity : The
Battle of Dorking, a military-political
Magazine article which made a great
Isation : The True Reformer, The
emma, The Private Secretary, besides
er articles in Magazines and Reviews.
CHETTY, GAZULU LAKSHMINARASU
(1806-1868)
Son of an indigo merchant : joined his
father in trade and amassed a large
fortune at the time of the American war :
founded the Madras Native Association,
of which he was President : opposed the
proselytizing tendencies of the missionaries
and successfully resisted the attempt
made to introduce the Bible as a text-book
in Government Schools in 1843 : was
forward in the agitation carried on in
1 8 53-5 regarding the grievances of the
natives, which led to the Torture Com-
mission : after incurring much odium as a
seditious person, in 1861 he was made a
C.S.I. : he next directed his attention to
the affairs of Mysore and the Tanjore
widows : lost most of his fortune and died
a poor man, leaving a name for patriotism
and self-sacrifice.
CHIBU, LAMA ( ? -1866)
Was sprung from an old and respectable
Sikhim family of Tibetan origin : dwelt
at Tumlong near the Raja of Sikhim :
was early a man of influence and mark,
learnt Hindustani, a qualification which
gave him much political importance.
When Sir Joseph Hooker and Dr. Campbell
were imprisoned by the Sikhim Court, he
befriended them throughout, and as a re-
ward obtained a very large estate of about
75,000 acres near Darjeeling, on the
annexation of Sikhim territory. In 1864
he accompanied Sir Ashley Eden through
out his mission to Bhutan and, with con-
siderable personal danger, exerted himself
to bring the negotiations to a successful
issue : died in 1866.
CHINNERY, GEORGE (1766-1852)
Artist : exhibited in the Royal Academy,
1790-1846 : painted in Dublin and London
and went to China, from which country he
visited India : he " made spirited sketches
of scenes in India" : was at Madras, 1802-7
or 8, and afterwards painted many pictures
at Calcutta : was at Canton in 1830 and
died at Macao in 1852 : references to his
works in India occur in Indian literature :
his name and his skill are remembered
there to this day.
CHITNAVIS, GUNGADHAR MADHO
(1863- )
Born 1863 : Hony. Magistrate : Presi-
dent of the Nagpur District Council since
G
82
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
1888: and of the Nagpur Municipality since
1894 : represented the Central Provinces
as Member of the Governor-General's
Legislative Council, 1893-5 : leader of
the Prabhu community : guest of the
nation, representing the Central Provinces,
at H.M. the King's Coronation, 1902 :
C.I.E., 1895.
CHRISTIE, JOHN (1805-1869)
Entered the Indian Army, 1822, and
the 3rd Light Cavalry, 1823 : at the
capture of Bhartpur, 1826 : was selected
by the Cin C.,Sir Henry Fane, to raise, for
Shah Shuja's force, the 1st Irregular
Cavalry, later known as Christie's Horse,
which he commanded to the end of the
first Afghan war, 1839-42 : was at the
occupation of Kandahar and pursuit of
the Sirdars to the Helmund under Sir
Robert Sale : at Ghazni, and Kabul in
1839 : accompanied Outram in pursuit of
the Amir Dost Muhammad across the
Hindu Kush : in the Kandahar Division
under Sir W. Nott in 1842 : at the occupa-
tion of Ghazni and Kabul, the taking of
Istalif, and the final march through the
Khyber to India: was at the battle of
Punniar, 1843 : in the Satlaj campaign
of 1845-6, at Mudki, Firozshahr and
Sobraon : Brevet-Major : throughout the
Panjab campaign, including Chilianwala
and Gujarat, and the pursuit of the
Sikhs and Afghans, always in command
of his regiment : Brevet-Lt-Colonel :
returned from England to India on the
outbreak of the mutiny, commanded the
Dinapur Brigade, and kept Patna per-
fectly quiet : afterwards in command
at Barrackpur and Berhampur : com-
manded the 3rd Bengal Cavalry : Maj-
General, 1861 : joined the Bengal Staff
Corps, 1866: C.B., 1867: and A.D.C. to
Queen Victoria : received many medals and
the Order of the Durani for his services in
Afghanistan : died at San Remo, May 7,
1869 : buried there.
CHRISTIE, S. T. ( ? -1876)
Lt-General : entered the Army, 1836 :
served with the 80th regt. in the Burmese
war, 1852-3 : commanded the storming
party at Martaban : at the operations at
Rangoon : at the capture of Prome : in
the Indian mutiny commanded a mov-
able column : at Fatehpur : at the siege
of Lucknow : commanded a Field Force in
the Oudh campaign, wounded : C.B. : Lt-
General 1876 : died Oct. 5, 1876.
CHURCHILL, LORD RANDOLPH
HENRY SPENCER (1849-1894)
Son of the sixth Duke of Marlborough :
born Feb. 13, 1849 : educated at Eton,
and Merton College, Oxford : M.P. for
Woodstock, 1 874-1 885 ; for South Padding-
ton, 1885 to his death. The greater portion
of his career in politics and the House of
Commons had no connexion with India.
He made a tour in that country in the
cold weather of 1884-5, in which he
studied its administration, and gained
experience which was valuable to him
when he was Secretary of State for India
from June 24, 1885, to Feb. 5, 1886. In
that post he made a reputation for his
administrative capacity, his industry,
knowledge of details, and despatch of
business. He sanctioned the Burmese
war of 1885-6 and the annexation of Upper
Burma, and concluded the Russo-Afghan
Frontier negotiations. He also sanctioned
Mr. Colman Macaulay's visit to Pekin,
with a view to a subsequent mission
to Lhasa, which was afterwards stopped.
He was on a sea voyage round the world
for his health, when he had to leave Madras
and return to England, and died there,
Jan. 24, 1894.
CLAPPERTON, ANDREW BALFOUR
(1794-1847)
Captain : Master-attendant at Cal-
cutta: went to sea in 1808 in the E. I. Co.'s
mercantile service : served in the expedi-
tions against the Isle of France and J ava :
commanded merchant-ships to and from
Calcutta for years ; "no man in the
country's service ever bore a higher
character." He safely rounded Cape
Horn, with a lascar crew, in 1822-3 :
having served as second and first Assistant,
he became Master-attendant, 1840-2, and
was confirmed in 1847, but died, Sep. 20.
He was at various times Judge Advocate
of the Marine Committee of Enquiry :
regarded as a tried and valuable officer
of the Company, and much esteemed in
society.
CLARE, JOHN FITZGIBBON, SECOND
EARL OF (1792-1851)
Governor : born June 10, 1792 : son of
the first Earl, Lord Chancellor of Ireland :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
83
succeeded his father in 1902 : educated
at Christ Church, Oxford : Governor of
Bombay, March 21, 1831, till March 17,
1835 : Privy Councillor, 1830 : G.C.H.,
1835 : K.P., 1845 : died Aug. 18, 1851.
CLARKE, SIR ALURED (1745 ?-1832)
Field-Marshal: born about 1745 : entered
the Army, 1759 : served in Germany,
Ireland, America : was Lieutenant-Gover-
nor of Jamaica, 1782-90 : on the way
to India, in 1795, he co-operated with Lord
Keith in the capture of Cape Town from
the Dutch E. I. Co. : in India was C. in C
in Madras, Jan., 1796 till March, 1797 :
Member of the Supreme Council and
provisional C. in C. Bengal from April,i797,
and confirmed in the Chief Command in
India in May, 1798, retaining it till July,
1801. He was in command of the force
with Sir John Shore when the latter, as
Governor-General, went to Lucknow to
depose Wazir Ali and set up Saadat Ali as
Nawab of Oudh in Jan. 1798. He acted as
Governor-General from the resignation of
Sir John Shore in March, 1798, till the
arrival of Lord Mornington in May, 1798.
He was K.B. in 1797 : General in 1802 :
G.C.B., 1815 : Field-Marshal in 1830, and
died Sep. 16, 1832.
CLARKE, SIR ANDREW (1824-1902)
Son of Col. Andrew Clarke : born 1824 :
educated at King's School, Canterbury,
and Woolwich : entered the Royal
Engineers, 1844 : was A.D.C. to Sir W.
Denison, Governor of Tasmania, 1849-53 :
in the Maori war, New Zealand : on the
staff of Sir George Grey : Surveyor-
General of Victoria : Minister for Public
Lands in the Legislative Assembly at
Melbourne : nine years Director of Works
for the Navy : Governor and C. in C. of the
Straits Settlements, 1873-5 : P.W.D.
Member of the Supreme Council of the
Governor-General, 1875-80 : Comman-
dant of the School of Military Engineer-
ing at Chatham, 1880-2 : Inspr-General
of Fortifications, 1882-6 : retired in 1886
asLt-General : K.C.M.G., 1873 : G.C.M.G.,
1885 : Col. Commandant R.E. : unsuccess-
fully contested Chatham in 1886 and
1893 : Agent-General to the Colony of
Victoria for many years : died March 29,
1902 : also C.B. and CLE.
CLARKE, CHARLES BARRON
(1832- )
Born June 17, 1832 : son of Turner
Poulter Clarke : educated at King's
College, London, Trinity and Queen's
Colleges, Cambridge : third wrangler,
1856 : Mathematical Lecturer at Queen's
College, 1857-65 : joined the Education
Department in Bengal : Inspector of
Schools, 1866-87: retired 1887: F.R.S. :
an ardent Botanist : has written numerous
papers on Botany, also on Anthropology,
Geography, and Music : and Speculations
from Political Economy, 1886.
CLARKE, SIR CHARLES MANSFIELD,
BARONET (1839- )
General : son of Sir Charles Clarke,
second Batt. : born Dec. 13, 1839 :
entered the Army in 1856 : served in New
Zealand, South Africa, War Office, Ireland
and at Aldershot : commanded the Colonial
Forces at the Cape, 1880-2 : C. in C. in
Madras, 1893-8 : Q.M.G., 1899-1903 :
Governor of Malta since 1903 : G.C.B. in
1901.
CLARKE, LONGUEVILLE ( ? -1860 ? )
For many years a prominent barrister
of the Supreme Court, Calcutta : where,
it is stated, he founded the Ice House,
the Bar Library, and the Metcalfe Hall.
CLARKE, TREDWAY (1764-1858)
General : entered the E. I. Co.'s military
service in 1780 : on arriving in Madras
was engaged in the war against Hyder
Ali : wounded at the storming of Chil-
lumbram : in command of the Artillery at
Fort St. George from 1783 : under General
Medows and Lord Cornwallis in the fight-
ing with Tippoo in 1790-2, including
Bangalore, Seringapatam, Pondicherry
and the hill-forts : from 1798, Head
Commissary of Ordnance at Fort St.
George : returned to England in 1811 :
offered the command of the Artillery at
Madras in 1820 : prevented by ill-health
from accepting it : died in 1858.
CLARK-KENNEDY, JOHN (1817-
1867)
Son of Lt-General Sir A. K. Clark-
Kennedy : born in 181 7 : entered the
Army in 1833 : served in China : at the
sieges of Multan in 1848, and the battle of
Gujarat : at the pursuit and surrender of
the vSikhs, and defeat of the Afghans :
84
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
with Colin Campbell (Lord Clyde) at the
occupation of Peshawar, March 21, 1849 :
served in the Crimea : Maj -General : died
at Cairo on Dec. 18, 1867.
CLAVERING, SIR JOHN (1722-1777)
Son of Sir J ames Clavering : born in
1722 : entered the Guards, was Brig-
General in the attack on Guadaloupe in
1759 : Horace Walpole wrote " Clavering
was the real hero of Guadaloupe. He
has come home covered with more laurels
than a boar's head " ; he was sent to
Hesse-Cassel in 1760 : became Lt-General
in 1770 : in 1774 went to India : C. in C. in
India and one of the four Members of the
Supreme Council under the Regulating Act
of 1773 : lived at Calcutta in Mission Row :
he, Francis, and Monson opposed Warren
Hastings and Barwell in the Supreme
Council. He was made K.B. on Nov.
9, 1776 : he fought, in April, i775> a duel
with Barwell : he supported Nuncomar
in his charges against Warren Hastings.
When Warren Hastings' resignation
was tendered by his agent in England
— but repudiated in India by Hastings —
Clavering claimed to be Governor-General,
but his claim was rejected by the Supreme
Court. Clavering died Aug. 30, 1777-
CLEGHORN, HUGH FRANCIS
CLARKE (1820-1895)
Born 1820 : his father was Adminis-
trator-General in the Supreme Court,
Madras : educated at Edinburgh and St.
Andrew's : went to Madras in the medical
service, 1842 : Professor of Botany in the
Madras University, 1852 : entrusted by
the Governor of Madras, Lord Harris, to
form a Government Forest Department :
became Inspr-General of Forests and
established an excellent system of con-
servancy and management : retired,
1869 : for many years he selected the
candidates for the Indian Forest Service :
died May 16, 1895 : LL.D. : F.R.S.E.
CLEGHORN, JAMES (1841- )
Son of John Cleghorn : born 1841 :
educated at Edinburgh University and
Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh :
M.D. St. Andrew's : entered Indian
Medical Service, 1865 : served in the
Bhutan campaign, 1864-5 : and rose to
be Director-General of the I. M.S. and
Sanitary Commissioner, 1895 : Fellow of
the Allahabad University : retired, 1898 :
published various medical papers : Hony.
Surgeon to H.M. the King : C.S.I.
CLERK, SIR GEORGE RUSSELL (1800-
1889)
I.C.S. : son of John Clerk : educated
at Haileybury: entered the Service as
" writer " in 1817 : after holding some
unimportant appointments in Bengal, he
entered the Political Department : was in
the Secretariat, in Rajputana, at Delhi,
Political Agent at Umbala and Ludiana :
Envoy at Lahore, 1842 : Agent to the
Governor-General on the North-Western
Frontier during the first Afghan war,
in which capacity he pushed forward rein-
forcements with energy, and, after the
massacre of the Army, urged a policy of
retribution. He was Lieutenant-Governor
of the N.W.P., June to Dec. 1843 :
Provisional Member of the Supreme
Council, 1844: twice Governor of Bombay,
from 1847 to 1848 : K.C.B. : and from
1860-2. He refused the government of
the Cape, but served there on boundary
and political work, 1853-4 : was Under
Secretary and Secretary to the Board of
Control in 1856-8, and permanent Under
Secretary of State for India, 1858-60.
He was a Member of the Council of India,
1863-76 : K.C.S.I., 1861 : G.C.S.I., 1866 :
died July 25, 1889.
CLERK, SIR GODFREY (1835- )
General : son of Sir George Russell
Clerk (q.v.), the Governor of Bombay :
born Oct. 25, 1835 : entered the Army,
1 85 1 : served with the Rifle Brigade in
the Indian mutiny and N.W. Frontier
campaign : Adjutant-General of the Mad-
ras Army, 1880-5 : Assistant Military
Secretary at Headquarters,' 1886-7 : D.A.G.
to the Forces, 1887-92*: commanding Bel-
fast District, 1892-3 : Lieutenant of the
Tower of London, 1 897-1900 : Groom in
Waiting to Queen Victoria, and to H.M
the King : C.B. : K.C.V.O. in 1902.
CLEVELAND, AUGUSTUS (1755-1784)
Of the Bengal Civil Service : said to
have been a cousin of Lord Teignmouth
(q.v.) : was Collector and Judge of the
Diwani Adalat (Civil Court) of the dis-
tricts of Bhagalpur, Monghyr and Raj-
mahal : proceeding in the A tlas Indiaman,
to the Cape for his health, he died at sea,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
85
Jan. 12 or 13, 1784 : his remains were
brought back to Calcutta, and interred in
the South Park Street Cemetery. Warren
Hastings had a monument erected to him
with a lengthy inscription : another
monument was put up by his native subor-
dinates and others at Bhagalpur. The
inscription on the latter runs : " Who,
without bloodshed or terrors of authority,
employing only the means of conciliation,
confidence and benevolence, attempted
and accomplished the entire subjection of
the lawless and savage inhabitants of the
jungle-territory of Rajmahal, who had
long infested the neighbouring lands by
their predatory incursions, inspired them
with a taste for the arts of civilized life,
and attached them to the British Govern-
ment by a conquest over their minds, the
most permanent as the most rational
mode of dominion." He has been called
" the dulce decus of the early Civil Ser-
vice." This was the voyage of the Atlas
in which Mrs. Warren Hastings returned
to England.
CLINTON, CHARLES HENRY ROLLE
TREFUSIS, TWENTIETH BARON
(1834-1904)
Son of the 19th Baron : born 1834 :
educated at Eton, and Christ Church,
Oxford • M.P. 1857-66, when he suc-
ceeded to the peerage : Under Secretary
of State for India, 1867-8 : Charity
Commissioner : died March 29, 1904.
CLIVE, ROBERT, BARON (1725-1774)
Governor of Bengal : son of Richard
Clive : born Sep. 29, 1725 : educated at
Lostock, Market Drayton. Merchant Tay-
lors' and Hemel Hempstead : his youth
marked by energy, courage, and adven-
ture : reached Madras as a " writer " in
the E. I. Co.'s Civil Service in 1744 : in
the capitulation of Madras, 1746 : escaped
to Fort St. David : obtained military
employ in 1848 : at Boscawen's siege of
Pondicherry : fought at Devikota, 1749,
on behalf of the Tanjore ruler : at the
flight at Valkonda : seized Arcot on
Aug. 31, 1751, to divert Chanda Sahib
from besieging Muhammad Ali at Trichino-
poly : was himself besieged with his small
party in the fort of Arcot for 50 days by
Chanda Sahib's superior force, which he
beat off successfully : one of the most
brilliant feats in history : defeated Raja
Sahib and the French at Caveripak, 1752 :
destroyed the town of Dupleix Fatehabad :
defeated French Army near Trichinopoly :
took Covelong and Chingleput : in Eng-
land, 1753-6 : returned to India as Lt-
Colonel : on his way out through Bombay
captured, on Feb. 13, 1756, Gheria, the
stronghold of the pirate Angria : became
Lieutenant-Governor of Fort St. David,
June 20, 1756 : after the Black Hole
tragedy, Clive was sent up to Bengal in
Oct.-Dec. 1756 : took Calcutta and Hughli
from the Nawab Suraj-ud-daula: again
defeated him and took Chandernagore :
through Omichund, whom he deceived by
the fraud of two copies, one of them being
fictitious, of the treaty, made a treaty
with Mir J afar to desert the Nawab:
fought the battle of Plassey, June 23, 1757 ;
routed the Nawab, who fled and was
killed : installed Mir J afar as Nawab, and
received large sums from him : made
Governor of Bengal : asserted himself
against his colleagues in the Government :
defeated the Dutch near Chinsura : sent
Colonel Forde to the N. districts of Mad-
ras : to England again, 1760-5 : made
Baron Clive of Plassey in 1762 : K.C.B. in
1764 : M.P. for Shrewsbury : described
as a " heaven-born General " : quarrelled
with Sullivan, Chairman of the E. I. Co.'s
Directors, and defeated him : reappointed
Governor of Bengal and C. in C. to reform
the abuses prevailing there in his absence :
held office May 3, 1765, till Jan. 1767:
obtained from the Emperor of Delhi, Shah
Alam, the " diwani," i.e. authority to
administer the Civil Government and
collect the revenue, of Bengal, Bihar and
Orissa, Aug. 12, 1765 : restored Oudh to
Shuja-ud-daula : reformed the adminis-
tration, checking malpractices and giving
adequate salaries : measures of retrench-
ment provoked mutiny, which he promptly
repressed : finally retired in 1767, poorer
than in 1765 : a £70,000 legacy from Mir
J afar he devoted to " the Clive Fund "
for military men : attacked in England
by numerous enemies, his administration
subjected to Parliamentary inquiry :
partly condemned,but it was finally decided
that Clive had rendered great and meritori-
ous services to his country : worn out by
ill-health and persecution, he took his own
life, Nov. 22, 1774. His character much
discussed : his bravery, ability, master-
fulness, power of leading and governing
are generally admitted : but his deceit of
86
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Omichund cannot be justified, and his
acceptance of large presents from Mir
J afar can only be excused by special
considerations of contemporary custom,
and their openness.
CLOSE, SIR BARRY, BARONET (1756-
1813)
Appointed to the Madras Army in
1771 : besieged at Tellicherry in 1780 by
Hyder Ali's troops : conducted boundary
negotiations with Tippoo's Commissioners :
was present at the sieges of Seringapatam
in 1792 and 1799, as Deputy, and Assist-
ant Adjutant-General : his services warm-
ly acknowledged by the C. in C, General
Harris : appointed Resident of Mysore in
1799, and Resident of Poona in 1801,
remaining there for ten years. He, there,
as Resident, negotiated the Treaty of
Bassein of Dec. 31, 1802, with the Peshwa,
Baji Rao : retired to England in 1811 :
created a Baronet : died April 20, 1813.
CLYDE, COLIN CAMPBELL, BARON
(1792-1863)
Field-Marshal, son of Colin Macliver, a
carpenter : took his mother's name of
Campbell : born Oct. 20, 1792 : entered
the Army in 1808 : served in Portugal
under Sir Arthur Wellesley and Sir
John Moore : was in the expedition to
Walcheren, 1809 : served in the Penin-
sular from 1810 to 1813, distinguishing
himself by his gallantry : Captain, 1813 :
was in Nova Scotia, at Gibraltar, in the
W. Indies : Major, 1825 : Lt-Colonel,
1832 : in the China war of 1842 : C.B. :
to India in 1846 : Brigadier at Lahore :
was engaged in the second Sikh war, at
Ramnagar, Chilian wala and Gujarat :
commanded the Peshawar Division :
K.C.B. in 1849 : commanded the Highland
Brigade in the Crimea, at Alma, Bala-
clava : G.C.B. in 1855 : Lt-General,
1856 : D.C.L. of Oxford : went out at a
day's notice in July, 1857, to be C. in C. in.
India during the mutiny, hurried up rein-
forcements to Cawnpur, and thence, in
Nov. 1857, relieved Lucknow, carrying
off the garrison, defeated the rebels at
Cawnpur, and, in March, 1858, besieged
and took Lucknow on the 19th : subse-
quently he reduced the rebels of Northern
India to submission : General, and made
Lord Clyde of Clydesdale, in 1858 : and
received a pension from the E.L Co. :
returned to England in i860 : was one of
the first Knight Commanders of the Star
of India in 1861 : was made Field-Marshal
in 1862 : died on Aug. 14, 1863, and was
buried in Westminster Abbey. His mili-
tary career was one of the greatest of the
century : his victories in India and his
modest and exemplary character made
him a hero to the public.
COBB, JAMES (1756-1818)
Appointed a clerk in the Secretary's
office at the India House, March 28, 1771 :
became Assistant Secretary, June 2, 1802 :
Secretary, Jan. 7, 1814 : between 1779
and 1809, he wrote a large number of
pieces of various kinds for the stage :
died 1818.
COCKBURN, THOMAS (1763- ? )
Appointed a writer at Fort St. George,
1779 : Member of the Board of Revenue
in 1793 : in 1798 Lord Mornington
strongly recommended him to the second
Lord Clive, then Governor of Madras :
in 1 801 he was induced by the Court of
Directors not to retire : was employed in
settling the affairs of the Nawab of Arcot,
and gave evidence before the House of
Commons Committee on the affairs of
the E. I. Co., in 1812. In 1813 he pub-
lished a brochure in the form of an
imaginary speech to be delivered by an
M.P. on Legislative Interference in the
Conversion of the Indian Population to
Christianity.
COCKBURN, SIR WILLIAM, BARO-
NET (1768-1835)
Son of Colonel James Cockburn : born
in a camp in 1768 : entered the Army
when only 10 years old : in the American
war, and a captain at 15 : in India 1790--
1802 : in the first Mysore war, and at
Seringapatam in 1792, where he acted as
Engineer : Lt-General, 1821 : died March
i9» i835-
COCKERELL, HORACE ABEL
(1833- )
I.C.S. : born Sep. 19, 1833 : educated
at Eton and Haileybury, 185 1-2 : went
out to Lower Bengal, 1853 : officiating
Chairman of the Calcutta Corporation and
Commissioner of Police, 1869 and 1872 :
Commissioner of several Divisions : Secre-
tary to the Bengal Government, Judicial
and Political Departments, 1877-82 :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
87
Member of the Board of Revenue, 1S82-
87 : acting Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal,
Aug. 11 to Sep. 17, 1885 : C.S.I. : retired
1887.
COCKS, ARTHUR HERBERT (1819-
1881)
I.C.S. : son of the Hon. Philip James
Cocks : born April 18, 1819 : educated at
Haileybury : went to India in 1837 :
served in Sind under Sir C. Napier : in
the Pan jab campaign was Political Officer
to Lord Gough at Ramnagar, Chilianwala,
Gujarat : after the annexation in 1849
served in the Panjab : in the mutiny was
Judge of Mainpuri : served in the volun-
teers at Agra, and in the Alighar district :
C.B., i860 : retired, 1863 : died Aug. 29,
CODRINGTON, OLIVER (1837
Born May 5, 1837 : son of Rev. T. S.
Codrington, Vicar of Wroughton, Wilts :
educated at the Royal Free Grammar
School, Marlborough, and the London
Hospital : M.D. : F.S.A. : in the Army
Medical Department, June, 1859-1885 :
served in the N. Zealand war, 1864-6 :
retired with honorary rank of Deputy
Surgeon-General : formerly Secretary of
the Bombay Asiatic Society, now Hony.
Librarian of the Royal Asiatic and
Royal Numismatic Societies : has written
a Manual of Musulman Numismatics and
various papers on Oriental Numismatic
and Archaeological subjects.
COFFIN, SIR ISAAC CAMPBELL
(1800-1872)
Son of Capt. Coffin, R.N. : born 1800 :
reached India in the E. I. Co.'s Army in
18 19 : joined at Madras in 1821 : served
in the first Burma war, 1824, and at sta-
tions held by the Madras Army : com-
manded, from 1855, the Hyderabad
subsidiary force : and a Division of the
Madras Army in 1859-64 : K.C.S.L,
1866 : Lt-General, 1869 : died Oct 1, 1872.
COGHILL, KENDAL (1832
Colonel : son of Admiral Sir J. Coghill,
Bart. : born Oct. 21, 1832 : educated at
Cheltenham : joined the Indian Army,
1 85 1 : served in Burma, 1853-5 :
Adjutant of his regt. (2nd European
Bengal Fusiliers) during the mutiny, 1857-
8 : present at Badli-ka-sarai and siege
of Delhi, and several subsequent actions :
Brig-Major at Cawnpur and Barrackpur :
Assistant A.G. at Lucknow and Cal-
cutta : and of the Presidency Division,
1861-1870 : exchanged to 19th Hussars,
which he commanded in Egyptian cam-
paign, 1882 : C.B.
COGHLAN, SIR WILLIAM M. (1803-
1885)
General : son of Captain J. Coghlan,
C.B., R.N. : joined the Artillery in India,
1820 : in the Kolapur Field Force, 1826-7 :
Brig- Major of Artillery in Sind and
Afghanistan in 1838-40 : at Ghazni
Kabul, Kandahar, capture of Kelat :
Political Resident and Commandant at
Aden, 1854-63 : he carried out, 1856-7,
the occupation of Perim (previously taken
possession of in 1799) as suggested by
Lord Elphinstone (q.v.) : commanded
against Arabs, 1858 : stormed the fort
of Shekh Othmar : K.C.B., 1864 : died
Nov. 25, 1885.
COKE, SIR JOHN (1806-1897)
Maj -General : son of the Rev. F. Coke :
born i8o5 : entered [E.I. Co.'s Service,
1823 : served in the 10th Bengal N.I. :
raised the 1st Panjab Infantry at Pesha-
war, 1849 : commanded it till 1858 : in
the Indian mutiny was in 14 engagements,
including the siege of Delhi : Sheriff of
Herefordshire, 1879 : died Dec. 18, 1897 :
K.C.B.
COLE, SIR CHRISTOPHER (1770-1836)
Captain, R.N. : son of Humphrey
Cole : born June 10, 1770 : entered the
Navy, 1780 : went to India, 1789, under
Commodore William Cornwallis, and
again in 1804 in the Culloden under Sir
Edward Pellew : C. in C. in the E. Indies :
took Sir John Malcolm on his mission to
Persia, via Bushire, 1808 : relieved the
garrison of Amboyna, 1810: captured
Neira, the principal of the Banda islands :
thanked by the Governor-General of
India : served on the Malabar coast, 18 11,
and against Java : D.C.L. of Oxford :
knighted, 1812 : K.C.B., 1815 : M.P. for
Glamorganshire, 1817-30 : died Aug. 24,
1836.
COLEBROOKE, HENRY THOMAS
(1765-1837)
Son of Sir George Colebrooke, Bart.,
Chairman of the E.I. Co.'s Directors in
88
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
1769 : born June 15, 1765 : privately
educated: went to India in 1782-3. In
his early years, as Assistant Collector in
Tirhut and Purnea, he took keenly to
sport : his first literary work was on the
Agriculture and Commerce of Bengal, in
which he opposed the monopoly policy of
the E. I. Co. At first he disliked Oriental
literature, but feeling compelled, in the
exercise of his duties, to learn law through
the Sanskrit language, he published a
translation of a Digest of Hindu Law, 1791,
in which his appointment in 1795 to
Mirzapur, near Benares, facilitated his
Sanskrit studies : also wrote in the
Asiatic Researches, his first paper, in 1794,
being " On the Duties of a Faithful Hindu
Widow " : also, on the " Origin of Caste " :
was sent on a mission to the Raja of
Berar at Nagpur in 1 799-1 801, without
success : appointed in 1801 to be a Judge
of the Sadt Diwani Adalat, and four years
later became the Head of that Court :
was also, unsalaried, Professor of Hindu
Law and Sanskrit at the College of Fort
William, Calcutta : was a Member of the
Supreme Council from 1807 to 18 12, re-
taining his seat in the Sadr Court : after
his 5 years in Council, Colebrooke returned
to the Court, and next became a Member
of the Board of Revenue, till the close of
1 8 14 : was President of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal from 1807 to 1814, when
he left India. He made a voyage to the
Cape on business in 182 1-2 : after his
return thence, he became Director of the
Royal Asiatic Society, which he helped to
found in 1823 : became totally blind, and
died March 10, 1837. His literary and
scientific labours were immense. A great
mathematician, a zealous astronomer and
profound Sanskrit scholar, his writings
always commanded the highest attention :
he has been described as facile princeps
among Sanskrit scholars. He wrote also
on the Vedas, on Sanskrit grammar, and
a lexicon, on the Sect of Jains, on Indian
Jurisprudence and Roman law, besides
other papers on Hindu Law, philosophy
and customs, Indian algebra, on astrono-
my, the height of the Himalayas, botany,
geology, comparative philology, etc.,
in contributions to the Transactions of the
learned Societies — the Astronomical, Lin-
naean, Geological and Asiatic — to which
he belonged, as well as to the Royal
Societies of London and Edinburgh : he
was a Member of several foreign Acade-
mies also : he gave, in 1818, his valuable
collection of Sanskrit MSS. to the E. I.
Co.'s Library.
COLEBROOKE, SIR THOMAS ED-
WARD, BARONET (1813-1890)
Son of Henry Thomas Colebrooke (q.v.) :
born in Calcutta in 1813 : succeeded as
Baronet in 1838 : was nearly 40 years
M.P. for Taunton and Lanarkshire : was
not a scholar, but was in sympathy with
Oriental scholars and with research : was
President of the Royal Asiatic Society,
1864-6, 1875-7, 1881 : published the Life
of Mountstuart Elphinstone, Essays by
H. T. Colebrooke, The Creeds of India, a
pamphlet : edited and published a third
volume of Elphinstone's India : died
Jan. 11, 1890.
COLEMAN, JAMES GEORGE (1824-
1883)
Born 1824 : was originally in the Marine
Service : became partner with Mr. Mac-
dowell, and later sole proprietor in a firm
at Madras, which by great industry and
application he made a flourishing and
profitable business : did much for the
social and public welfare of the commun-
ity : joined the Volunteer movement at
its commencement ; became its Lt-Colonel
and commanded the Duke's Own Artillery
Corps : was an active member of the
Municipal Corporation : and a member of
the Madras Legislative Council from 1879 :
contributed largely to charitable institu-
tions ; died at Royapuram, Madras. Dec.
14, 1883 : one of the foremost of the
Eurasian Community of Madras.
COLGAN, MOST REV. DR. JOSEPH,
D.D. (1824- )
Born in Ireland, April 1, 1824 : edu-
cated at Navan and Maynooth College :
arrived in India, 1844 : held various
appointments in Madras until he became
Vicar Apostolic, titular Bishop of Aurelio-
polis : and Archbishop in 1886 : Personal
Assistant to the Pontifical Throne, 1894 :
a Fellow of the Madras University : pub-
lished works on Roman Catholicism.
COLLEN, SIR EDWIN HENRY
HAYTER (1843- )
Born June 17, 1843 : son of Henry
Collen : Maj-General : educated at Royal
Military Academy, Woolwich : entered
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
the Royal Artillery, 1863 : served in the
Abyssinian war, 1868 : Secy, to the Indian
Army Commission, 1879 : Afghan war,
1880 : Soudan, 1885 : Secretary to the
Government of India, Military Depart-
ment, 1887-96 : Military Member of
Governor-General's Supreme Council, 1896
-1901 : CLE., 1889 : C.B., 1897 : K.C.I.E.,
1893 : G.C.I.E., 1901.
COLLETT, SIR HENRY (1836-1901)
Lt-General : born 1836 : son of the
Rev. W. Collett : educated at Tonbridge :
entered the Bengal Army in 1855 : saw
much service : was in the Sitana campaign
under Sydney Cotton, 1858 : in the Oudh
campaign in 1858-9 : in the Khasia and
Jaintia rebellion, 1862-3 : severely
wounded at Oomkrong : in the Abyssinian
campaign, 1868 : in the Afghan war,
1878-80 : at Peiwar Kotal, in the Khost
valley, the Kabul- Kandahar march and
the battle of Kandahar : C.B. : com-
manded a Brigade in the Burma expedi-
tion, 1886-8 : commanded the E. Frontier
district with the Chin-Lushai expedition-
ary force, 1889-90 : commanded the
Manipur Field Force, 1891 : K.C.B. : was
a botanist with considerable knowledge,
and wrote on the flora of Simla : died
Dec. 21, 1901.
COLLEY, SIR GEORGE POMEROY
(18 35-1881
Maj -General : son of 'the Hon. George
Francis Colley.who was originally Pomeroy:
born Nov. 1835 : educated at the R.M.C.
Sandhurst (highly distinguished), joined
the 2nd Queen's in 1852 : served at the
Cape, and held a Border Magistracy there,
1857-8 : served in China, was at the action
of the Taku forts and the advance on
Pekin : Brevet - Major, 1863 : entered
the Staff College and passed with distinc-
tion : appointed Professor there, and wrote
articles on the Army in the Encyclopedia
Britannica : in the Ashanti campaign,
1873 : went to Natal on a special mission,
to the Transvaal, and Swaziland : was
Military Secretary to Lord Lytton when
Viceroy and Governor-General of India,
1876-8 : Private Secretary, 1878-80, but
during 1879 was Chief on the Staff to
Sir Garnet Wolseley in Zululand and the
Transvaal, until recalled late in that year
to India. He was C.B., 1873 : C.M.G.,
1878 : K.C.S.I., 1879. Early in 1880
he was appointed High Commissioner for
South Eastern Africa, and Governor and
C. in C, Natal : in the fighting with the
Boers which ensued, Colley was defeated
at Laing's Nek, and was killed in the
Boers' attack on Majuba Hill, Feb, 26,
1881. Colley had studied deeply the
questions of the Indian frontier and Cen-
tral Asia, and exercised much influence on
the military and political policy of Lord
Lytton's administration.
COLLINS, SIR ARTHUR JOHN
HAMMOND (1834- )
Son of John Collins : born 1834 :
called to the bar from Gray's Inn, i860 :
Q.C. and Bencher, 1877 : also a barrister
of the Middle Temple : Recorder of Poole,
1873-9, and of Exeter, 1879-85 : Chief
Justice of the High Court, Madras, 1885-
99 : knighted, 1885 : Vice-Chancellor of
the Madras University, 1889-99.
COLLINS, JOHN ( ? -1807)
Colonel : joined the E. I. Co.'s Bengal
Infantry, 1770 : Major in 1794 : appointed
Resident at the Court of Daulat Rao
Sindia {q.v.), 1 795-1 803, but, though he[had
much power over him, failed to dissuade
him from fighting against the English :
Collins, therefore, in 1803 left Sindia, who
was defeated at Assaye and Argaum in
that year. Collins was also sent on a
mission to Jaipur in 1799. After the
Mahratta war, Collins was Resident at
Lucknow, at the Court of the Nawab
Wazir, and died there June 11, 1807. He
was called " King Collins," and is de-
scribed as " cold, imperious, and over-
bearing," so that Metcalfe (q.v.) declined
to remain under him.
COLQUHOUN, ARCHIBALD ROSS
(1848- )
Son of Dr. Archibald Colquhoun,
H.E.I.C.S.: educated at Edinburgh Univer-
sity and abroad : entered the Indian
Public Works Department, 1871 : ex-
plored from Canton to Bhamo for best
railway route between Burma and China,
1 88 1-2 : Deputy Commissioner Upper
Burma, 1885-9 : Administrator in Mas-
honaland, 1890 : retired, 1894 : travelled
extensively in Siberia, Mongolia and
China, etc., 1900-3 : author of Across
Chryse, 1883 ; Amongst the Shans, 1885 ;
The Key of the Pacific, 1895 ; Russia against
9 o
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
India, 1900, etc. etc. : F.R.G.S. : Times
Correspondent on several occasions :
has written a number of geographical and
political papers.
COLVILE, SIR JAMES WILLIAM
(1810-18S0)
Son of Andrew Wedderburn Colvile :
born 1810 : educated at Eton, and Trinity
College, Cambridge : called to the bar
from the Inner Temple in 1835 : was
appointed in 1845 to be Advocate-General,
Bengal : made a Puisne Judge of the
vSupreme Court, Calcutta, 1848 : knighted :
Chief Justice, 1855-9, when he retired :
was President of the Council of Education,
and of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,
1848-59 : also Vice-President of the
Governor-General's Legislative Council :
after his retirement, he was Privy Coun-
cillor, and first Assessor, and, later, Mem-
ber of the Judicial Committee : F.R.S. :
died Dec. 6, 1880.
COLVILLE, SIR CHARLES (1769 1843)
Entered the Army, 1781, in 28th regt. :
Lt-Colonel in 13th foot in 1796 : served in
the Irish rebellion, 1798 : in Egypt,
1801-2 : commanded his regiment to
Bermuda, 1808 : Brigadier in the Penin-
sula, 1810-14 : commanded a Division
at Waterloo : C. in C. at Bombay, Oct.
9, 1819 to 1826 : Colonel of 5th Fusiliers,
1835 : General, 1837 : G.C.B. : G.C.H. :
died March 27, 1843.
COLVIN, SIR AUCKLAND (1838- )
I.C.S. : son of John Russell Colvin (g.v) :
born 1838 : educated at Eton and Hailey-
bury, 1855-7 : served, chiefly in the
N.W.P., 1858-79 : officiating Secretary
to N.W.P. Government, 1873, 1875 :
Comptroller-General, Egypt, 1880-2 :
K.C.M.G., 1881 : Financial Adviser to
the Khedive, 1882-3 : Financial Member
of the Supreme Council, 1883-7 : Lieuten-
ant Governor of the N.W.P. and Oudh,
1887-92 : retired, 1892 : K.C.S.I., 1892 :
CLE. : Chairman of the Burma Railways
Co. : and of the Egyptian Delta Light
Railways Co. : wrote John Russell Colvin,
in the " Rulers of India " series, 1895.
COLVIN, JAMES MORRIS COLQU-
HOUN (1870- )
Major : son of J. C. Colvin, B.CS :
born Aug. 26, 1870 : educated at Charter-
house : joined the Royal Military Academy,
Woolwich : joined the Royal Engineers,
1888 : served in the Chitral Relief
expedition, 1895, and in the Malakand
Field Force, 1897, where he won the V.C, :
in South Africa in 1901-2 : Intelligence
Department, India : Staff Captain for
Mobilisation, 1903.
COLVIN, JOHN RUSSELL (1807-1857)
Lieutenant-Governor : I.C.S. : son of
James Colvin, Calcutta merchant : born
in Calcutta, May 29, 1807 : educated at
St. Andrews and at Haileybury : went
to Bengal in 1826, to Hyderabad in 1827 :
was Assistant and Deputy Secretary in
the Judicial and Revenue Departments of
the Government of India, 183 1-5 :
Secretary to the Board of Revenue, 1835 :
Private Secretary to the Governor-
General, Lord Auckland, 1836-42 ; and
is said to have exercised considerable
influence over the latter's Afghan policy.
He was Resident in Nipal, 1845, Commis-
sioner of Tenasserim, 1846 : Judge of the
Sadr Court at Calcutta : Lieutenant-
Governor of the N.W.P. from Nov. 7,
1853. It was said that Colvin " over-
governed " : he worked with extraordi-
nary industry, and greatly increased the
business of the Government : his action
in the mutiny has been the subject of
controversy : he issued, in May, a pro-
clamation which was not entirely approved:
the violence of the outbreak fell upon him
without warning, and the forces at his
disposal were inadequate to meet it. He
was " worn out by the unceasing anxieties
and labours of his charge" — so ran Lord
Canning's notification of his death : he
fell ill, became worse, and died in canton-
ments on Sep. 9, 1857 : and was buried
in the fort at Agra. Sir Auckland Colvin,
in his life of his father, J. R. Colvin, in
the " Rulers of India " series, has ex-
hausted the subject.
COLVIN-SMITH, SIR COLVIN
(1829- )
Born Aug. 4, 1829 : son of Rev. Robert
Smith, D.D. of Old Macker, Aberdeen :
educated at Grammar School and King's
College and University, Aberdeen : M.D.
of Aberdeen : and L.R.C.S. Edinburgh :
entered the Madras Army, 1851 : served
in second Burma war, 1852-3, and in the
Indian mutiny, 1857-9 : Principal
medical officer with Indian Contingent
in Egyptian campaign, 1882 : C.B., 1882 :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Qi
present at Tel-el- Kebir and Zagazig :
retired in 1884 : Honorary Surgeon to the
late Queen and to H.M. the present King :
K.C.B. in 1903.
COMBERMERE, STAPLETON COTTON,
FIRST VISCOUNT (1773-1865)
Field-Marshal : son of Sir R. S. Cotton,
fifth Baronet : M.P. : born Nov. 1773 :
educated at Westminster, and at a private
Military Academy in Bayswater : entered
the Army in 1790, in the 23rd Fusiliers ;
served in Flanders : was Lt- Colonel of
a Cavalry regt. at the Cape on his way
to India, where he was engaged in 1799
against Tippoo, being at Malvailli and
Seringapatam : returned to England,
1800 : was M.P. for Newark, 1806-14 :
as Ma j -General he commanded, first a
Brigade in the Peninsula, from 1808, and
later the whole cavalry Division : suc-
ceeded as Baronet in 1809 : was at
Talavera and Salamanca : K.C.B. in
1 81 2 : and at other engagements, including
the Pyrenees campaign and Toulouse :
was made Baron Combermere in May,
1 814, and received a pension. He com-
manded the allied cavalry in France in
1 8 15-6 : was Governor of Barbados
1817-20, and Commander-in-Chief in
Ireland, 1822-5 : as C. in C. in India,
1825-1830, he besieged and took Bhartpur
on Jan. 18, 1826, and was made Viscount
in 1827 : Constable of the Tower, 1852 :
Field-Marshal, 1855 : he was G.C.B. in
1815 : G.C.H. in 1817 : D.C.L. in 1830 :
Privy Councillor, 1843 : K.C.S.I., 1861 :
died Feb. 21, 1865.
COMPTON, SIR HERBERT ABINGDON
DRAPER (1770-1846)
Son of Walter Abingdon Compton :
entered the E.I. Co.'s Army as a private
soldier : went to India : bought himself
out of the Army : articled himself in an
office in Madras : returned home, and
wrote for newspapers in London : called
to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1808 :
joined the Madras bar, and became
Advocate-General there, and at Calcutta :
was knighted and made Chief Justice of
the Bombay Supreme Court, April n, 1831:
retired in 1839, and died Jan. 14, 1846.
COMYN, SIR ROBERT BUCKLEY
(1792-1853)
Son of the Rev. Thomas Comyn : born
Oct. 26, 1792 : educated at Merchant
Taylors' School and St. John's College,
Oxford : called to the bar at Lincoln's
Inn in 18 14 : appointed a Puisne Judge
of the Calcutta Supreme Court in 1825 :
knighted : Chief J ustice of Madras from
July 1, 1835, until March 11, 1842 : D.C.L.
Oxford : Bencher of the Middle Temple :
died May 23, 1853. He wrote on legal
and historical subjects.
CONNEMARA, ROBERT BOURKE,
FIRST BARON (1827-1902)
Governor : born June 11, 1827: son of
fifth Earl of Mayo, brother of sixth Earl
of Mayo (q.v.), Viceroy and Governor-
General : educated at Enniskillen and
Trinity College, Dublin : called to the
bar at the Inner Temple, 1852 : M.P. for
King's Lynn, 1868, 1874 : Under Secre-
tary for Foreign Affairs, 1874-80 : and
again 1885-6 : P.C., 1880 : Governor of
Madras, Dec. 8, 1886-Dec 1, 1890:
G.C.I.E. : made a Peer, May 12, 1887 :
died Sep. 3, 1902.
CONOLLY, ARTHUR (1807-1842 ?)
Son of Valentine Conolly : born July
2, 1807 : educated at Rugby and Addis-
combe : went to India in the same ship
as Bishop Heber : joined the Bengal
Cavalry, 1823 : at Bhartpur, 1826 :
from leave in England he returned to
India through Central Asia, via St. Peters-
burg, Tiflis, Teheran, Astrabad: nearly
killed by the Turcomans on his way to
Khiva : from Astrabad to Mashad, Herat,
Kandahar, Sind : wrote an account of his
journey : was in the Political Department
in Rajputana, 1834-8 : Captain : made
another journey via Vienna, Constanti-
nople, Bagdad, Teheran and Herat : joined
Macnaghten's Staff at Kabul, 1840 :
in Sep. he was sent as Envoy to Khiva,
via Merv, and to Khokand, and, on the
invitation of the Amir Nasirulla of Bok-
hara, sent through Stoddart, went on
there, but was treacherously imprisoned,
in Oct. or Dec. 1841 : he and Stoddart
were executed in captivity, probably on
June 17, 1842. His few letters described
their sufferings in their dungeon : his
prayer-book, full of his writing, was
delivered to his sister in London in 1862.
CONOLLY, EDWARD BARRY (1808-
1840)
Brother of Arthur Conolly^.v.) : was
Captain in the Bengal Cavalry and Com-
92
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
mandant of Sir W. Macnaghten's escort
at Kabul, when he was killed, fighting in
the Kohistan under Sir R. Sale, on Sep.
29, 1840: he had written papers for the
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
CONOLLY, HENRY VALENTINE
(1806-1855)
I.C.S.: brother of Arthur Conolly
(q.v.) : educated at Rugby, went to Madras,
1824 : served in Bellary, and for manv
years as District Officer of the Malabar
district : he was murdered in his own
house by Moplah fanatics on Sep. 11,
1855 : he had been nominated to be
provisional Member of Council, Madras.
CONRAN, HENRY (1738-1810)
Major : served in the American war,
1755-6 : under Wolfe, at Quebec, in 1759 :
returned to England and retired as Major
about 1780 : went to India by way of Aleppo
and the desert with a packet from the
Court of Directors to the Bengal Govern-
ment : appointed to the Staff of Warren
Hastings, on whose retirement, in 1785,
Conran remained in Calcutta and died
there, May 15, 18 10.
CONWAY. THOMAS HENRY SOMER-
SET ( ? -1837)
Brig-General entered the E. I. Co.'s
military service in 1793 ' reached Madras,
1795 : in the expedition to Ceylon, 1796 :
in that to Manilla, 1797 : in several
campaigns : in Mysore, 1799 ' in the
Ceded Districts, 1 801-2 : Mahratta war,
1803-6 : under Sir T. Hislop, 1815 : in
the Pindari war, 1817-8 : Adjutant-
General of the Madras Army, from 1809 :
C.B., 1819 : employed on a military mission
to Bengal, 1828-30 : appointed to com-
mand the Hyderabad Subsidiary Force :
died of cholera, May 14, 1837.
COOCH BEHAR, MAHARAJA SIR
, NRIPENDRA BHUP BAHADUR
OF (1862- )
Born Oct. 4,1862 : succeeded his father
in 1863, the State being under official
management during his minority : edu-
taced at the Wards' Institute, Benares,
and at Bankipur, Patna : Maharaja
Bahadur, 1880 : installed in 1883 as a
Ruling Chief : G.C.I.E., 1887 : Hony.
Lt-Colonel of the 6th Bengal Cavalry :
through the Tirah campaign on the Staff of
General Yeatman-Briggs : present at Dargai
and Samana : C.B., 1898 : Hony. A.D.C
to H.M. the King : married in 1878 the
daughter of Keshab Chandra Sen (q.v.).
The Maharaja has visited England
several times : he is a keen sportsman
and has excelled in polo, tennis, and other
games. The Maharani Sunity Devi has
been a Member of the Imperial Order of
the Crown of India since 1887.
COOKE, EDWARD (1772-1799)
Son 0} Colonel Cooke : became a
Captain in the Royal Navy : appointed to
the Sybille in 1795, served in her at the
Cape, and in the East Indies : off the
Sandheads, in the Bay of Bengal, the
Sybille fought between 9 p.m. on Feb.
28, 1799, an( i 2 -3° a - m ' on March 1, the
French ship Forte, a much larger and better
armed frigate, and captured her in the
Balasore roads, 150 of the Forte's men
being killed and wounded. Cooke re-
ceived very severe wounds, of which he
died at Calcutta, May 23, 1799- The
E.I. Co. erected a monument to him in the
South Park Street Cemetery, Calcutta.
COOKE, THEODORE (1836- )
Born 1836 : son of Rev. John Cooke,
Rector of Ardinan, Co. Tipperary :
educated at Dublin University, highly
distinguished : went to India as Engineer
of the Bombay-Baroda line, i860 :
erected the Bassein bridge, 1865 : Princi-
pal of Civil Engineering College at Poona,
1865 : acted as Director of Public Instruc-
tion in Bombay : Director of Botanical
Survey of Western India, and Director of
Agriculture : Fellow of the Bombay
University : retired in 1893, and was
Sub-Director of the Imperial Institute :
author of Manual of Heat, Manual of
Geology, Flora of Bombay Presidency :
CLE. in 1891.
COOPER, MANACKJI BEJONJI (1845-
1904)
Born Sep. 15, 1845 : educated at Sir
Jamsetji Jijibhai's Institution and the
Elphinstone College, Bombay : head-
master of the Fort High School, Bombay,
for nearly 20 years : the pioneer of higher
education by private non-missionary enter-
prise in Western India. Sir W. W.
Hunter, President of the Education
Commission of 1882, stated that had there
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
93
been others like Cooper in the chief
centres of India, the Commission would
never have been appointed, because his
work had solved the problem of the Com-
mission : the first Parsi schoolmaster to
visit England, 1875, to study the educa-
tional systems of the West and apply them
to his work in India. He was a house-
hold word among Bombay students :
was popularly known as Manackji Master :
his High School officially bore the highest
reputation : he edited Pope's Homer's
Iliad : died Aug. 4, 1904.
COOPER, THOMAS THORNVILLE
(1839-1878)
Traveller : son of John J. Cooper :
born Sep. 13, 1839 : educated at Bishop-
wearmouth. When he was on a voyage
to Australia for his health, the crew
mutinied : he went to India, 1859: joined
the firm of Arbuthnot & Co. at Madras :
travelled to Rangoon and on to Shanghai :
fought against the Taiping rebels : in
1868, he tried to travel from Hankow,
through Tibet, to India, was stopped at
Batang and near Weisi and imprisoned,
and, vid the Yangtsze, reached Hankow
in Nov. 1868: in 1869, trying to reach China
from Sadiya in Assam was stopped at Prun.
The India Office employed him with the
Panthay mission to London : he was then
made Political Agent at Bhamo : returned
home for his health : attached to the India
Office : reappointed in 1876 to Bhamo,
and was murdered there by one of his own
guards, April 24, 1878. He wrote Travels
of a Pioneer of Commerce in Pigtail and
Petticoats, 1871 : and Mishmee Hilh, 1873.
COOTE, SIR EYRE (1726-1783)'
Born in 1726: fourth son of the Rev.
Dr. Chidley Coote : entered the Army
in 1745 : went to India in 1754 with the
39th regt. and became Captain on June
18, 1755. Part of this regiment was
included in the force dispatched from
Madras to Bengal in 1756 against the
Nawab Surajuddaula, after his capture
of Calcutta. Coote was present at its
recapture, at the taking of Chander-
nagore, and at the victory of Plassey, on
June 23, 1757 : Clive, it is said, acted
on his advice among others to give im-
mediate battle. In Jan. 1759, ne wa s
gazetted Lt-Colonel of the 84th regt.,
and to command the troops in Madras.
In the war with the French, under
Lally, he took Wandiwash, Nov. 30,
1759, and the fort of Carangooly, relieved
Trichinopoly, defeated the French at
Wandiwash, Jan. 22, 1760, and took
Arcot. He besieged Lally in Pondicherry,
while a naval force attacked it by sea. On
its surrender in Jan., 1761, the French
power in India completely collapsed :
Coote returned to England in 1762, and
was received with honour : became a
Colonel on April 4, 1765, and M.P. for
Leicester. In 1769 he was reappointed
to command the troops in Madras, but
resigned and returned to England in
Oct. 1770, where he was made K.B.
Aug. 31, 1771 : Maj-General Sep. 29,
1775 : Lt-General on Aug. 29, 1777 : and
Commander-in-Chief in India, on April 17,
1777. He succeeded General Clavering
as Member of the Supreme Council at
Calcutta on March 24, 1779. When
Hyder Ali of Mysore declared war, invaded
the Carnatic in 1780 and defeated Colonel
Baillie at Perambakam, Warren Hastings
despatched Coote to Madras, which he
reached on Nov. 5, 1780. Early in 1781
Coote took the field against Hyder, raised
the siege of Wandiwash, marched on
Cuddalore, attacked Chelambakam and
won a decided victory at Porto Novo, July
1, 1 78 1, besides defeating Hyder at
Perambakam, Aug. 27, effecting the
relief of Vellore and the capture of Chittore.
His last encounter with Hyder was the
indecisive skirmish at Arnee, June 2, 1782.
Coote's failing health compelled him to-
resign the command in Madras and take
a change to Calcutta. Only partially
recovered, he returned to Madras early
in 1783, but on the voyage was chased by
the French. The anxiety and exposure
produced a relapse, which proved fatal on
April 28, 1783, two days after his arrival
at Madras. His body was taken to
England and interred at Rockburne, in
Hampshire. A monument in Westmin-
ster Abbey was erected to him by the East
India Company. His military capacity
has been highly praised, as also his patience,,
temper, activity and energy, valour and
coolness. His enforcement of discipline
was tempered by kindness, which endeared
him to his soldiers.
COPLESTON, RIGHT REV. REGINALD
STEPHEN (1845- )
Son of Rev. R. E. Copleston : educated
at Merton College, Oxford : married a.
94
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
daughter of the late Archbishop Trench :
Fellow and Tutor of St. John's College,
Oxford : was appointed Bishop of Colombo
in 1875 : translated to Calcutta and became
Metropolitan of India in 1902. Author
■of Buddhism : Primitive and Present.
CORBETT, SIR STUART ( ? -1865)
Commanded the 25th N.I. in the Pan-
jab campaign of 1848-9, at Sadulapur,
Chilianwala and Gujarat : C.B. : in the
mutiny was Brig-General commanding
at Mianmir : co-operated boldly and
successfully with the civil authorities in
totally disarming the native troops there
■on parade, May 13, 1857, seizing the Fort
at Lahore, and sending English troops
to secure Umritsar : K.C.B. : died at
Naini Tal, Aug. 1, 1865.
CORDERY, JOHN GRAHAM (1833-
1900)
LC.S. : educated at Rugby and Balliol
College, Oxford : went out to the Panjab
in 1856 : while at Peshawar, he translated
the Iliad into English verse : served in
Berar : was D.P.I, in the Panjab in 1872 :
Commissioner of Peshawar : Resident at
Hyderabad, 1883 : C.S.I. : retired, 1888 :
translated the Odyssey : died April 8, 1900.
CORNISH, HUBERT (1757-1823)
Son of James Cornish of Teignmouth :
born 1757 : was Private Secretary ( 1793-8)
to his brother-in-law, Sir John Shore
(Lord Teignmouth), during the whole
term of his Governor-Generalship (a
younger brother, George Cornish, being
at the same time A.D.C.) : they both re-
turned to England with Sir J. Shore in
1798 : Hubert settled at Exeter : a
lawyer by profession and an accomplished
artist and musician : died 1823.
CORNISH, HUBERT (1776-1832)
Son of James Cornish, M.D. : born
1776 : a nephew of Sir John Shore {q.v.) :
went to India in the Civil Service, 1797 :
was stationed at Benares in 1797. when
Cherry {q.v.) the A.G.G., and other officers
and Europeans were murdered treacher-
ously by the orders of Wazir Ali {q.v.) : he
jumped upon a horse which Sir J. Shore
had given him, and was one of the few
civilians who escaped : became a Judge
in Bengal : retired about 1830 to his estate
near Totnes : died Aug. 25, 1832.
CORNISH, WILLIAM ROBERT (1828-
1897)
Educated at St. George's Hospital :
entered the Madras Army as Assistant
Surgeon, 1854 : Secretary to the Director-
General, Medical Department, 1860-70 :
Sanitary Commissioner to Madras Govern-
ment, 1870-80 : did good service during
the famine of 1877 : CLE. : Surgeon-
General in 1880 : retired, 1885 : Member
of the Legislative Council, Madras, 1883 :
Fellow of the Madras University, 1867 :
wrote on medical subjects : died Oct.
19, 1897 : F.R.C.S.
CORNWALLIS, CHARLES, FIRST
MARQUIS (1738-1805)
Governor-General : son of Charles,
first Earl : born Dec. 31, 1738 : educated
at Eton : entered the Guards, 1756 :
studied at the Military Academy, Turin :
served in Germany, 1758-62 : at Minden :
M.P. for Eye : became Earl in June,
1762 : Lord of the Bedchamber : Con-
stable of the Tower, 1770 : Maj -General,
1775 : served in the American war, 1776 :
second in command in 1778 to Sir H.
Clinton : forced to capitulate at Yorktown
on Oct. 19, 1781, no blame attaching to
him : in 1782, and 1785, he refused to go
to India, but, against his will, accepted
the Governor-Generalship in 1786 : held
the appointment from Sep., 1786, being
also C. in C. : and K.G. : he reformed
both the civil and military services : in
Dec. 1790, he took the command in Madras
against Tippoo : captured Bangalore,
March 21, 1791 : defeated Tippoo near
Seringapatam : took Nandidrug, Oct. 19 :
Savandrug, Dec. 21 : besieged Seringapa-
tam, Feb. 1792, when Tippoo submitted,
and signed peace, ceding territory and
paying a large indemnity : Cornwallis
created a Marquis, Aug., 1792. He
then announced the permanent settlement
of the land revenue to be paid by the
zamindars in Bengal, 1793, acting against
the advice of Sir J ohn Shore : he reformed
the Law Courts : he sailed for Madras to
attack Pondicherry, but it had surrendered
before his arrival : he left Madras, home-
wards, on Oct. 10, 1793- From England,
he was sent to military service on the
continent : was Master-General of the
Ordnance from 1795 : when military
questions caused anxiety in Bengal, Corn-
wallis was re-appointed Governor-General
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
95
on Feb. i, 1797 : did not proceed to
India : his services were required as
Viceroy and C. in C, Ireland, to crush the
rebellion of 1798 : defeated the French
there under General Humbert : supported
the Act of Union, but resigned the Vice-
royalty in 1 801, when the King declined
to agree to Catholic Emancipation : de-
puted to negotiate the Peace of Amiens,
1802. In 1805 he was re-appointed
Governor-General and C. in C. in India,
and assumed charge on July 30 : sent
out to inaugurate a pacific regime instead
of the expansive policy of Lord Wellesley.
But it was too severe a tax on his age and
health. On his way up-country, in pursuit
of his pacific policy, he died at Ghazipur,
Oct. 5, 1805. Statues were erected in his
honour at Calcutta and Madras.
CORNWALLIS, SIR WILLIAM (1744-
1819)
Son of Charles, first Earl Cornwallis :
entered the Navy, 1755 : engaged con-
stantly during his service, in N. America,
the Mediterranean, W. Indies, etc., until,
in 1789, he went out to India as naval C. in
C. : in 1 79 1, when there was war against
Tippoo, he insisted on searching French
ships for contraband of war, and, when
war against France broke out, he seized
French ships, Chandernagore and Pondi-
cherry: returned to England, 1794, and
saw further service in the Channel and
the W. Indies : G.C.B. : died July 5, 1819.
CORRIE, THE RIGHT REV. DANIEL
(1777-1837)
Bishop : son of John Corrie : born
April, 1777 : educated privately, at Clare
Hall, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge (Ex-
hibitioner) : ordained, 1802 : went to Cal-
cutta as a Bengal chaplain, 1806 : appointed
to various chaplaincies up-country, and did
mission work also : was Senior Chaplain
in Calcutta, 1817 : Archdeacon in 1823 :
thrice, as Commissary, carried on the
administration of the diocese on the
deaths of Bishops : was the first Bishop
of Madras from 1835 to his deathon Feb.
5, 1837 : was LL.D. : Bishop Corrie's
Grammar School in Madras, and his
statue in the Cathedral there perpetuate
his memory. He was a friend of Charles
.Simeon and Henry Martyn at Cambridge.
COSBY, SIR HENRY AUGUSTUS
MONTAGU (1743-1822)
Son of Captain Alexander Cosby : born
in 1743 : was a volunteer at the capture
of Gheria, the fort of the pirate Angria,
in 1756 : was in Coote's attack on Pondi-
cherry, 1 760-1 : at the captures of Vellore
and Madura, at Rajamundry, at the Chen-
gama Pass, Errore, Arlier, and Vellore
again : Adjutant-General : at the siege
of Tanjore in 1773 : served against the
Chitore Poligars, 1777 : commanded, in
1778, the Nawab of Arcot's cavalry, and
led it against Hyder Ali with success :
made prisoner at the Cape on his way to
England, 1782, but soon released : knight-
ed in 1782 : Brig-General in India, 1784-6:
held commands at Trichinopoly and
Tinnivelly : to England, 1786 : Lt-
General : died Jan. 17, 1822.
COTES, SARA JEANETTE ( ? - )
Born in Canada : daughter of Charles
Duncan, merchant : married Everard
Cotes, Press Correspondent with Govern-
ment of India, Simla : was on the staff of
Washington Post, Toronto Globe, and
Montreal Star. Author of A Social
Departure (Letters from Japan), An
A merican Girl in London, The Simple
Adventures of a Mem-Sahib, The Story of
Sonny Sahib, On the other Side of the
Latch, Those Delightful Americans, His
Honour and a Lady, etc., etc.
COTTON, SIR ARTHUR THOMAS
(1803-1899)
Irrigation Engineer : son of Henry
Calverley Cotton : born May 15, 1803 :
educated at Addiscombe : entered the
Madras Engineers, arriving there 1821 :
in the first Burmese war, 1825-6 : led
storming parties : from 1828 employed
upon irrigation works in Southern India,
in the Cavery, Coleroon, Godavery and
Krishna rivers, making anicuts (dams)
on the Coleroon (1835-6), for the irriga-
tion of the Tanjore, Trichinopoly, and
South Arcot Districts : the anicut on the
Godavery, below* Rajamundry, for the
irrigation of the Godavery district, 1847-
52 : he projected the anicut on the
Krishna, which other officers carried out.
These works have been found invaluable
in improving the condition of the people
and the food supply, and averting famine,
besides being very successful financially :
9 6
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
other smaller works have followed them.
Chief Engineer, 1852 : Commandant of
Engineers, 1856 : he was knighted in
1861, made K.C.S.I. in 1866 : retired in
1862, and continued to advocate irrigation
and canals as preferable to railway com-
munication. He had a contro>eersy with
Sir Proby Cautley (q.v.) about the latter's
Ganges Canal. He was admittedly the
greatest Indian authority of his age on the
subject of irrigation : he founded, it has
been said, a School of Indian Hydraulic
Engineering in the officers trained under
him : General in 1877 : died July 24,
1899 : wrote a book on Public Works in
India.
COTTON, SIR GEORGE (1842-1905)
Born in Ireland, 1842 : educated in
England : went to Bombay in 1863, as
Manager of East Indian Cotton Agency.
In partnership with Mr. James Greaves
commenced the firm of Greaves, Cotton
& Co., Bombay, and James Greaves &
Co., Manchester : Fellow of the Bombay
University, Chairman of the Municipal
Corporation, and Sheriff of Bombay in
1897 : knighted in 1897 : died Feb. 5,
1905.
COTTON, RIGHT REV. DR. GEORGE
EDWARD LYNCH (1813-1866)
Bishop of Calcutta and Metropolitan of
India and Ceylon : son of Captain T.
Cotton : born Oct. 29, 1813, his father
dying about the same time : educated at
Westminster, and Trinity College, Cam-
bridge : took his degree in 1836 as a Senior
Optime in mathematics, and eighth in the
Classical Tripos : appointed in 1837 by
Dr. Arnold to a mastership at Rugby :
became Fellow of Trinity : left Rugby in
1852 to become Head Master of Marl-
borough College, where he effected numer-
ous improvements : consecrated Bishop
of Calcutta on May 13, 1858 : reached
Calcutta that year. He acquired universal
confidence and respect besides influence
with the Government, so that he was able
to do much for the Church of England and
for Anglo-Indian education. He succeed-
ed in establishing schools at the chief hill-
stations for the education of Anglo-Indian
and Eurasian children, whose parents
could not afford to send them to England.
He maintained his position and principles
as Bishop of the Church of England, while
assisting missionary work and other
Christian developments. His capacity
as an administrator, organizer and educator
was acknowledged. He made the long
tours required by the size of his metropo-
litan charge and the paucity of Bishops.
Returning from one of them, he was
drowned at Kushtia on the Gorai River in
Bengal, on Oct. 6, 1866, while re-embark-
ing on a steamer. He lost his footing on
a badly constructed platform, fell into the
river and disappeared. His loss was
regarded as a public calamity, which the
Government officially announced.
COTTON, SIR HENRY JOHN STED-
MAN (1845- )
I.C.S. : son of J. J. Cotton, Madras
Civil Service : born Sep. 13, 1845 : edu-
cated at Magdalen College School, Brighton
College, and King's College, London :
entered the Bengal Civil Service, 1867 :
held numerous appointments until he be-
came Secretary to the Bengal Government,
Revenue Department, 1888; Secretary in
the Financial Department, 1889 ; Chief
Secretary, 1891-6; acting Home Secretary
to the Government of India, 1896 : Chief
Commissioner of Assam, 1896-1902, when
he retired: K.C.S.I., 1902 : has since sought
to influence the public mind by his letters
to the Times in opposition to Lord Curzon's
policy in Tibet : author of Neiv India, or
India in Transition, besides official publi-
cations.
COTTON, JAMES SUTHERLAND
(1847- )
Son of J. J. Cotton, Madras Civil Ser-
vice : born July 17, 1847 : educated at
Magdalen College School, Brighton College,
Winchester, and Trinity College, Oxford
(Scholar) First Class in Moderations and
Final Classical School : was Editor of the
Academy : is now employed as editor in
England of the forthcoming revised
edition of the Imperial Gazetteer of India :
author of India (Citizen Series), Mount-
stuart Elphinstone (" Rulers of India "
Series), Decennial Report on the Moral and
Material Progress of India, 1885 : Quin-
qennial Report on Education in India, 1898.
COTTON, JOHN (1783-1860)
I.C.S. : went to Madras : many years
Collector of Tanjore : after retirement
from India he was Director of the E.I-
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
97
Co., 1833-53 : Chairman of the Court,
1843 : died i860.
COTTON, JOSEPH (1745-1825)
Son of Dr. Nathaniel Cotton : born
March 7, 1745 : entered the Royal Navy
in 1760, which he left for the E.I. Co.'s
marine service : commanded an East
Indiaman in two voyages : made his for-
tune and retired : was Deputy Master of
the Trinity House for 20 years, and
Director of the E. I. Co. from 1795 to 1823,
and of the E.I. Docks Company : died
Jan. 26, 1825.
COTTON, SIR SYDNEY (1792-1874)
Son of Henry Calverley Cotton, and
brother of Sir Arthur T. Cotton (q.v .) : born
Dec. 2, 1792 : arrived in India in a regi-
ment of Dragoons, 18 10 : served in the
Madras, Bombay, and Bengal Presiden-
cies for many years : in the Pindari war,
1817-8 : in Burma, 1828 : in Sind, under
Sir C. Napier, 1842-3 : in the Carnatic
and Mysore : on the Staff in Madras and
Bangalore : commanded in various sta-
tions and was A.D.C. to Lord Combermere
and Military Secretary : commanded on
the N.W. frontier in 1853, in the Kohat
Pass, against the Afridis and, later, the
Mohmands : was, in the mutiny, Brig-
General at Peshawar and, owing to his
foresight and decision, there was no serious
disturbance there — "the right man for the
place " : commanded an expedition against
the fanatical colony of Sitana : Maj-
General and K.C.B., 1858 : commanded
the N.W. district in England : Lt-General,
1866 : Governor of Chelsea Hospital,
1872 : G.C.B., 1873 : died Feb. 20, 1874 :
he was " a thorough soldier, an officer of
unusual energy and activity " : he wrote
Nine Years on the N.W. Frontier, 1854-63,
andlon The Central Asian Question.
COTfTON, SIR WILLOUGHBY (1783-
1860)
Son of Admiral Rowland Cotton : cousin
of Lord Combermere : born in 1783 :
educated at Rugby (where he led a re-
bellion) : entered the Guards, 1798 : served
in Hanover, 1805: Copenhagen, 1807;
I in the Peninsula, 1809-14 : went to India
in 1 821 : commanded a Brigade in the
first Burmese war, 1825-6 : Maj-General
and K.C.H., 1830 : commanded in
Jamaica, 1829-34 "• commanded the Bengal
Division of the Army of the Indus, 1838-
9 : K.C.B., 1838 : at Ghazni : left Kabul
in 1839 for another command : G.C.B.,
1840 : Lt-General, 1841 : C. in C. at
Bombay, April, 1847, to Dec. 1850 :
General, 1854 : Colonel of the 98th foot :
and later of the 32nd foot : died May 4,
i860.
COUCH, SIR RICHARD (1817- )
Son of Richard Couch : born July n,
1817 : educated privately : called to the
bar from the Middle Temple, 1841 :
Recorder of Bedford, 1858-62 : Puisne
Judge of the High Court, Bombay, 1862- 6:
Chief Justice, 1866-70 : Chief Justice
of Bengal, at Calcutta, 1870-5 : presided
at the trial of the Gaekwar of Baroda,
1875 : Member of the Judicial Committee
of the Privy Council, 1881-1901 : Privy
Councillor, 1875,
COUGHLAN, CORNELIUS (1828- )
Son of Edward Coughlan : born June,
1828 : educated at Eyrecourt, Co. Gal-
way : served as Private, Corporal, Ser-
geant, Colour-Sergeant and Serg-Major
in the 75th regt. for 21 years : and as Serg-
Major in the Connaught Rangers for 21
years : was present at the siege of Delhi
(when he won his V.C. for several acts of
bravery), and relief of Lucknow.
COUPER, SIR GEORGE EBENEZBR
WILSON, BARONET (1824- )
I.C.S. : son of Colonel Sir George
Couper, Bart., Comptroller of the House-
hold of H.R.H. the Duchess of Kent :
born 1824 : educated at Sandhurst and
Haileybury : entered the Bengal Civil
Service in- 1846 : joined the Panjab Com-
mission in 1849 : served in the Indian
mutiny, through the siege of Lucknow
under Sir Henry Lawrence, and after his
death under Brig-General Inglis and Sir
J ames Outram : Chief Commissioner in
Oudh, 1871-6 : Lieutenant-Governor
of the N.W. Provinces, 1876 : retired
1882 : C.B. : K.C.S.I. : CLE.
COURT, CLAUDE AUGUSTE (1793- ? )
General : born Sep. 26, i793 : educated
at the Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, 1812-3 :
entered the French Army, 18 13: saw
active service, 181 3-5 : left the Army,
1 81 8 : served in Persia, and joined Ranjit
Singh's forces, with Avitabile {q.v.) in
9 8
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
1827 : improved Ranjit's Sikh Artillery
greatly : paid much attention to archaeo-
logy and coins : after Ranjit's death, the
Sikh troops attacked Court, who was pro-
tected by Ventura (q.v.) : retired from
Lahore to France.
COURTIN, JACQUES IGNACE ( ? - ? )
Son of Francois Courtin, Chevalier :
Chief of the French Factory at Dacca :
received for two months the members of
the English Factory at Dacca, when it was
seized by the Nawab of Dacca, after the
capture of Calcutta by the Nawab Surajud-
daula, 1756 : and sent them to the English
at Fulta, 1756 : he left Dacca, with 35
boats, on June 22, 1757, and wandered
about the districts of Raiigpur, Dinajpur,
Jalpaiguri: received an Embassy from the
King of Tibet : fought with theFaujdar of
Rangpur : arrived at Murshidabad, March
10, 1758, to surrender to the English :
allowed by Clive to go to Chandernagore
and Pondicherry : Member of the Supreme
Council there : in the capitulation there,
Jan. 1761 : went to France, and probably
became the Conseiller au Conseil des
Indes.
COWELL, EDWARD BYLES (1826-
1903)
Born Jan. 23, 1826 : son of Charles
Cowell : educated at Ipswich : early
attracted to Sir W. Jones' works : studied
Persian : entered a merchant's office :
went to Magdalen Hall, Oxford : first
class, 1854 : studied from 1853, under
H. H. Wilson {q.v.) : joined the Education
Department and became Professor of
History and Political Economy at the
Presidency College, Calcutta, 1856 : also
Principal of the Sanskrit College, in 1858 :
left India, 1864 : was the first Professor
of Sanskrit at Cambridge, 1867 : Fellow
of Corpus Christi " College, Cambridge :
LL.D. of Edinburgh : D.C.L. of Oxford.
After he was elected Professor of Sanskrit,
the study of Oriental languages increased
at Cambridge : the Semitic Languages
Tripos was established, 1878 : the Indian
Languages Tripos, 1903 : the Oriental
Languages Tripos, 1895 : a Board of
Oriental studies was formed, and a Board
of I.C.S. studies : he taught Sanskrit,
Indian philosophy, comparative philology,
Persian, Pali, Zend, etc. : his publications
were numerous. From early days, he
wrote on Persian poetry, the Hindu
drama, etc., in the Westminster Review,
also in the Asiatic Journal, Journal of
Philology, Gentleman's Magazine, J.A.S.
Bengal, Calcutta Review : on Prakrit
Grammar : translated and edited many
Sanskrit works, both at Calcutta and
Cambridge : knew also modern languages,
including Welsh, and the classics : D.C.L.,
1896 : received the Gold Medal of the
Royal Asiatic Society, 1898 : died Feb. 9,
1903.
COWLEY, HENRY WELLESLEY,
FIRST BARON (1773-1847)
Born Jan. 20, 1773 : youngest son of
the first Earl of Mornington : brother of
Marquess Wellesley (q.v.), and Duke of
Wellington (q.v.) : served in the Army,
before going as Secretary of legation to
Stockholm, 1792 : Private Secretary to
his brother, Marquess Wellesley, when
Governor-General, 1798-1801 : a Com-
missioner for the settlement of Mysore
after its capture, 1799 : sent to England to
explain the war with Tippoo in 1 799-1 800 :
sent on a mission to Oudh, negotiated
treaty for cession of certain districts by
the Nawab : Lieutenant-Governor of the
ceded districts of Oudh, 1 801-3 : left
India, 1803 : M.P. for Eye, 1807-9 :
Secretary to the Treasury, 1808-9 : P-C.,
1809 : Secretary to Embassy to Spain,
1809, and Ambassador, 181 1-22 : knighted
1812 : G.C.B., 1815 : Ambassador to
Vienna, 1823-31 : to Paris, 184 1-6 : made
Baron Cowley, 1828 : died April 27,
1847.
COX, CHARLES VYVYAN (1819- )
Maj -General : son of the Rev. John
Cox, Rector of Cheddington and Vicar of
Stockland : born Sep. 24, 1819 : educated
at King's School, Sherborne, and Military
Academy, Addiscombe : entered the
Bengal Artillery, 1838 : served in the
Gwalior campaign, 1843-4 : Satlaj cam-
paign, 1845-6 : present at the battles of
Mudki, Firozshahr and Sobraon : Pan jab
campaign, 1848-9 : present at battles of
the Chenab, Chilianwala and Gujarat :
throughout the Indian mutiny, 1857 :
retired in 1872 : C.B. in 1871.
COX, SIR EDMUND C, FIFTEENTH
BARONET (1856-
Son of the 14th Baronet
educated at Marlborough
)
born 1856
and Trinity
I
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
99
College, Cambridge : appointed Assistant
Inspr-General of Police in Bombay, 1877 :
author of Short History of the Bombay
Presidency, Tales of Ancient India.
COX, PERCY ZACHARIAH( 1864- )
Major : son of Arthur Cox : born Nov.
20, 1864 : educated at Harrow and Sand-
hurst : joined the Army in 1884, and the
Indian Staff Corps in 1889 : employed
in the Political Department at Zaila,
Somali coast, 1893 : Berbera, 1894-5 :
H.B.M.'s Consul and Political Agent,
Muscat, since 1899 : CLE. in 1902 :
F.R.G.S. : F.Z.S.
COXHEAD, JAMES ALFRED (1851- )
Colonel : born 185 1 : son of John Cox-
head : educated at Merchant Taylors,
Henley, and R.M.A., Woolwich : entered
the Royal Artillery, 1872 : was Private
secretary and A.D.C. to Sir Henry Nor-
lan when Governor of Jamaica, 1883-7 :
served at the Malakand Pass, 1895, and
relief of Chitral : commanded the R.A.
[ndian Contingent in S. Africa till relief of
.advsmith : C.B. in 1900.
JRAIG, SIR JAMES HENRY (1748-1812)
Son of Henry Craig : born 1748 : entered
the 30th regt. at 15, completed his military
education on the Continent : served in N.
America, 1774-81, was at Bunker's Hill
and other actions : Adjutant-General in
the Netherlands, 1794 : Maj -General :
commanded a force to capture the Cape
of Good Hope : on the arrival of Sir
Alured Clarke's force from India the
Dutch surrendered : Craig commanded at
the Cape, 1795-7 : K.C.B., 1797 : com-
manded the Division at Benares, 1797-
1802, in a difficult time, during the mas-
sacre there : Lt-General, 1801 : command-
ed in Italy and Sicily, 1805-6 : Governor-
General of Canada, 1 807-11 : General,
1812 : died Jan. 12, 1812.
CRANBROOK, GATHORNE GA-
THORNE-HARDY, FIRST EARL OF
(1814- )
Born Oct. 1, 1814 : son of John Hardy,
M.P. : educated at Shrewsbury and
Oriel College, Oxford : Hon. Fellow of
Oriel : called to the bar at the Inner Tem-
ple, 1840 : M.P. for Leominster, 1856-65 :
for Oxford University, 1865-78 : made a
Viscount, 1878 : an Earl, 1892 : Under
Secretary for the Home Department,
1858-9, Secretary, 1867-8 : Secretary for
War, 1874-8 : Secretary of State for
India, March 30, 1878, to April 28, 1880 :
President of the Council, 1885 and 1886-
92 : G.C.S.L : P.C. : D.C.L. : LL.D. :
D.L. : J. P.
CRAWFORD, SIR THOMAS (1824-1895)
Son of George Crawford : educated at
Edinburgh : M.D. : entered the Army
Medical Service, 1848 : in the Burmese
war, 1852-3, at the capture of Rangoon
and Bassein, and other actions : served in
the Crimea : P.M.O. in the N. Mahratta
country and the Dekkan in 1857-8 :
Superintending Surgeon of the Sirhind
circle : head of the A. M.D. in Ireland :
Surgeon-General in India, in the second
Afghan war : Director-General of the
Army Medical Service, 1882-9 : K.C.B.,
1885 : LL.D., Edinburgh : died Oct. 12,
1895.
CRAWFURD, JOHN (1783-1868)
Son of Samuel Crawfurd : born Aug. 13,
1783 : educated at Bowmore, and in
medicine at Edinburgh : from 1803,
served as an Army medical officer, for 5
years, chiefly in Upper India : transferred
to Penang : studied the Malays : was
with Lord Minto in the expedition to
Java, 181 1 : employed in diplomatic
offices there, 181 1-7 : wrote a History of
the Indian Archipelago, 1820 : sent, in
1 82 1, as Envoy to Siam and Cochin China :
administered the Government of Singa-
pore, 1823-6 : Commissioner of Pegu,
1826 : Envoy to the Court of Ava : re-
tired to England, 1827 : wrote narratives
of his missions, A Grammar and Dictionary
of the Malay Language, 1852 : A Descrip-
tive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and
adjacent Countries, 1856 : also, papers on
ethnology for scientific journals : took an
active part in Geographical and Ethnologi-
cal Societies : was an unrivalled authority
on the Eastern Archipelago : died May 1 1 ,
1868.
CREALOCK, HENRY HOPE (1831-
1891)
Son of William Arthur Crealock : born
March 31, 1831 : educated at Rugby
entered the Army in the 90th regt., 1848
served in the Crimea, 1854-5 : D.A.Q.M.G.
and in China, 1857-8 : was in the Indian
IOO
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
mutiny campaigns of 1858-9, on the staff
of Sir W. R. Mansfield : present at Bareli
and Shahjahanpur : served again in China,
Military Secretary to the Earl of Elgin,
i860 : at St. Petersburg and Vienna :
and commanded a Division in Zululand,
1879 : C.M.G. : was a Lt-Generalin 1884 :
died May 31, 1891 : he was an excellent
artist and made many drawings of Indian
and Chinese warfare and scenery.
CROFT, SIR ALFRED WOODLEY
(1841- )
Son of C. H. Croft : born Feb. 7, 1841 :
educated at Mannamead School, Ply-
mouth, and Exeter College, Oxford :
entered the Bengal Educational Depart-
ment, 1866 : Director of Public Instruction
in Bengal, 1877-97 : Member of the
Education Commission, 1882-3 : Member
of the Bengal Legislative Council, 1887-
92 : President of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal, 1892-3 : Vice-Chancellor of the
Calcutta University, 1894-6 : Hon.
LL.D., 1897 : K.C.I.E., 1887.
CROMER, EVELYN BARING, FIRST
EARL (1841- )
Son of Henry Baring, M.P. : born
Feb. 26, 1 841 : educated at Ordnance
School, Carshalton, and R.M.A., Wool-
wich : entered the Royal Artillery,
1858 : Major in 1876 : Private Secretary
to Lord Northbrook, Viceroy of India,
1872-6 : Financial Member of the
Supreme Council of the Governor-General,
1880-3 : nas since been employed in
Egypt, and is now Minister Plenipoten-
tiary in the Diplomatic Service : Agent
and Consul General in Egypt since 1883
P.C. : G.C.B. : G.C.M.G. : K.C.S.I.
CLE. : Baron, 1892 : Viscount, 1898
Earl, 1901.
CROMMELIN, CHARLES ( ? - ? )
Governor : son of Marc Antoine Crom-
melin, of a Huguenot family : joined the
E. I. Co.'s service in Bombay, 1732 :
Governor of Bombay, 1760-7 : returned
to England, had great losses in trade,
returned to India, 1772, as a free mer-
chant : was residing at Canton, 1777 :
was British Consul at Goa, 1784 : it has
been suggested that this was the Charles
Cromelin (sic) who died Dec. 25, 1788, aged
81, and was buried at the old English
Cemetery, Kalkapur, Murshidabad.
CROOKE, WILLIAM (1848
I.C.S. : born Aug. 6, 1848 : educated
at the Grammar School, Tipperary, and at
Trinity College, Dublin : arrived in India,
1871 : served in the N.W.P. and Oudh :
Magistrate and Collector : retired, 1896 :
author of Rural and Agricultural Glossary,
N.W.P. and Oudh, 1888 : an Ethno-
graphical Handbook for the N.W.P. and
Oudh, 1890 : The N.W.P. of India, their
History, etc., 1897 : The Popular Religion
and Folklore of Northern India, 1896 : and
a Gazetteer of Jalesar : The Tribes and
Castes of the N.W.P. and Oudh, 1896 :
also of a revised edition of Burnell's and
Yule's Hobson-Jobson, and numerous
papers in the Journal of the Anthropological
Institute and Folklore Society.
CROSS, JOHN KYNASTON (1832-1887)
Son of Thomas Cross : head of the
Firm of Crosses, Winkworth & Co. :
Under Secretary of State for India, Jan.,
1883 to June, 1885 : died March 20, 1887.
CROSS, RICHARD ASSHETON, FIRST
VISCOUNT (1823- )
Born May 30, 1823 : son of William
Cross : educated at Rugby and Trinity
College, Cambridge : called to the bar at
the Inner Temple, 1849 : M.P. for Preston,
1857-62, and S. Lancashire, 1868-86 :
Home Secretary, 1874-80 and 1885-6 :
Secretary of State for India, Aug. 4, 1886,
to Aug. 19, 1892 : Lord Privy Seal,
1895-1900 : made a Viscount, 18S6 :
P.C. : G.C.S.I., 1892 : D.C. L. : LL.D.,
Cambridge, 1878 : G.C.B., 1880 : F.R.S. :
author of legal works.
CROSTHWAITE, SIR CHARLES
HAWKES TODD (1835- )
I.C.S. : son of Rev. John Clarke Cros-
thwaite : born Dec. 25, 1835 : educated at
Merchant Taylors' and St. John's College,
Oxford : entered the Bengal Civil Service,
1857 : served chiefly in the N.W.P. :
Chief Commissioner of British Burma,
1883-4 : Chief Commissioner of Central
Provinces, 1885-6 : Chief Commissioner
of Burma, 1887-90 : Member of the
Governor - General's Supreme Council,
1890-1, and in 1892 : Lieutenant-Governor
of N.W.P. and Oudh, 1892-5 : Member
of the Council of India, 1 895-1 905 :
author of Notes on the N.W. Provinces of
India, 1870: K.C.S.L, in 1888.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
101
CROSTHWAITE, SIR ROBERT JOSEPH
(1841- )
I.C.S. : son of Rev. JohnC. Crosthwaite :
born Jan. 17, 1841 : educated at Merchant
Taylors and Brasenose College, Oxford :
entered the Bengal Civil Service, 1863 :
served chiefly in the N.W.P. : was Judi-
cial Commissioner of Burma and Central
Provinces : Agent to the Governor-
General in Central India and in Rajputana:
called to the bar from the Middle Temple,
1868 : K.C.S.I. in 1897.
CROWE, SIR JOSEPH ARCHER (1825-
1896)
Journalist, art-critic, and diplomatist :
son of Eyre Evans Crowe : born Oct. 20,
1825 : artist of Illustrated London News
in the Crimea : present at the engage-
ments : appointed Superintendent of the
" Sir Jamsetji Jijihbai's School of Design "
at Bombay, 1857 : Editor, successively,
of the Bombay Gazette and Bombay Stand-
ard, and correspondent of the Daily News
and Times during the mutiny : Secretary
of the Bombay Chamber of Commerce :
left India owing to ill-health, 1859 :
Times' correspondent in Italian war of
1859 : present at Solferino : appointed
Consul-General for Saxony, i860 : entered
diplomatic service, 1880 : Commercial
Attache for Europe, 1 882-1 895 : joint
author with Cavalcasella of Histories of
Flemish and Italian Painters, Lives of
Titian and Raphael : published a volume
of Reminiscences : died Sep. 6, 1896.
CSOMA, DE KOROS, ALEXANDER
(1784-1842)
Traveller and student of philology : son
of Andrew Csoma : born April 4, 1784,
at Koros in Transylvania : educated,
18 1 5-8, at the College of Novo Enyed :
Doctor of Medicine at Gottingen. To
ascertain the origin of his countrymen,
the Hungarians, whose primitive seat he
expected to discover in the heart of Cen-
tral Asia, he left Bucharest, Jan. 1, 1820 :
travelled to Constantinople, Alexandria,
Syria, Bagdad, Teheran, Mashad, Bokhara,
Kabul, Lahore, Kashmir, Leh : studied
Tibetan thoroughly in monasteries in
Ladak, chiefly at Yangla, in Zanskar,
1823-6 : was at Sabathu, 1824-5 : al-
lowed Rs. 50 a month by the Government
of India : made a third journey to Kanum
in Kunawar, studying Tibetan at a
Buddhist monastery till 1830 : reached
Calcutta, April, 1831 : published a
Tibetan grammar and dictionary, vocabu-
lary, etc. : made Honorary Member of
the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1834 :
studied Sanskrit, and was appointed
Librarian of the Society : travelled,
1836-7, to study Oriental languages, to
Jalpaiguri and Titalya : at Calcutta 1837-
42 : started for Lhasa in 1842 : reached
Darjeeling, March 24 : died April n :
and was buried there : "an indefatigable
and unpresuming student " a scholar of
extreme modesty : knew 17 languages,
ancient and modern.
CUBBON, SIR MARK (1785-1861)
Born Sep. 8, 1785 : went to India in
the Madras Infantry in 1800 : Captain in
1 81 6 : in the Commissariat Department
in the Pindari war, 1817-8, and in
Madras. When the people of Mysore
rebelled, in 1831, against the oppression
and bad government of their Hindu
Raja, Lt-Colonel Cubbon was a member
of the Commission of Enquiry : after
which the Government of India assumed
the administration of the province and
Cubbon was made Commissioner, first
joint, and in 1834 sole, of Mysore : and
soon afterwards of Coorg also : this post
he held for 27 years, governing the pro-
vince despotically but successfully, through
native agency, and exercising a profuse
hospitality : Lt-General, 1852 : C.B.,
1856 : K.C.B., 1859. He never married
or left India until he retired in 1861, after
60 years' service in India, when he died at
Suez, on April 23. His equestrian statue
is in the Cubbon Park at Bangalore : when
unveiled, it had been daubed with the
three. Brahmanical marks on the fore-
head.
CUBITT, WILLIAM GEORGE (1835-
1903)
Colonel : son of Major W. Cubitt of the
Bengal Army: educated at Laleham :
joined the 13th Bengal N.I., 1853 *•
served in the Sonthal campaign, 1855 :
in the Dafla expedition, 1874-5 : Afghan
war, 1878-80 : Akha expedition, 1883-4 :
Burmese expedition, 1886-7 : in the
mutiny won the Victoria Cross at Chinhut
on June 30, 1857, for saving the lives of
three men at the risk of his own : in the
defence of the Residency at Lucknow :
102
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
wounded : D.S.O. for his services in
Burma : retired 1892 : died Jan. 25, 1903.
CUNINGHAM, SIR WILLIAM JOHN
(1848- )
I.C.S. : born Nov. 20, 1848 : son of
Alexander Cuningham : educated at
Edinburgh Academy and privately : went
out to Bombay, 1870 : served as Assistant
to the Chief Commissioner of Mysore :
Under Secretary to the Government of
India, Foreign Department, 1885 : Secre-
tary in the Foreign Department, 1894-
1901 : C.S.I. , 1894 : K.C.S.I., 1897.
CUNNINGHAM, SIR ALEXANDER
FREDERICK DOUGLAS (1852- )
I.C.S. : son of Sir Alexander Cunning-
ham, K.C.I.E., C.S.I, (q.v.) : educated at
Kensington Grammar School and King's
College, London : went to the Pan jab in
1872 : Political officer in the Khyber,
1879 : Under Secretary to the Pan jab
Government, 1884 : Commissioner and
Superintendent of the Peshawar Division,
1892, and from 1894 : K.C.I.E., 1901 :
retired.
CUNNINGHAM, SIR ALEXANDER
(1814-1893)
Son of Allan Cunningham : born Jan.
23, 1 8 14 : educated at Christ's Hospital
and Addiscombe : obtained an Indian
cadetship, through Sir Walter Scott :
reached India in June, 1833 : A.D.C. to
Lord Auckland, 1836 : Executive Engin-
eer to the King of Oudh, 1840 : engaged
in'suppressing the rebellion in Bundelkund :
was at Punniar, Dec. 19, 1843 : Executive
Engineer at Gwalior, 1844-5 : was in the
first Sikh war, 1846, as field engineer :
occupied Kangra and Kulu : demarcated
boundaries : was at Chilian wal a and
Gujarat in the second Sikh war, 1848-9 :
Chief Engineer in Burma, 1856-8 : and in
the N.W.P., 1858-61 : retired from the
Army as Maj-General in 1861 : he was
then made the first Archaeological Sur-
veyor to the Government of India, 1 861-5 :
the department was abolished in 1865,
but revived in 1870, with Cunningham
as Director : he held the post until he
retired in 1885 : C.S.I. : CLE. : and
K.C.I.E. in 1887. Apart from his official
reports of his annual tours and his occa-
sional contributions to the Asiatic Society
of Bengal's journals, he wrote, inter alia,
on Ladak, The Bhilsa Topes, The Ancient
Geography of India, The Buddhist Period,
Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, The
Stupa of Bharhat, The Book of Indian
Eras, Mahabodhi. After retirement, he
paid much attention to numismatics, on
which he was an eminent authority :
parted with his coins at cost price to the
British Museum : died Nov. 28, 1893.
CUNNINGHAM, FRANCIS (1820-1875)
Son of Allan Cunningham, and brother
of Sir Alexander {q.v.) : born 1820 :
educated at Addiscombe : joined the
Madras Army, 1838 : was distinguished as
an engineer in the defence of Jalalabad,
1842 : served in the Civil Commission in
Mysore under Sir Mark Cubbon, and re-
tired in 1 861. He edited Marlowe,
Massinger and Ben Jonson, by which he
is best known : also wrote for the Saturday
Review : he died Dec. 3, 1875.
CUNNINGHAM, SIR HENRY STEW-
ART (1832- )
Born 1832 : son of Rev. J. W. Cunning-
ham, Vicar of Harrow : educated at
Harrow and Trinity College, Oxford :
called to the bar, 1859 : Advocate-General
in Madras, 1872 : Judge of the Calcutta
High Court, 1877-87 : Member of the
Indian Famine Commission, 1878-9 :
author of The Chronicles of Dustypore,
The Heriots, The Cceruleans, Sybilla, and
other novels : also Earl Canning ('* Rulers
of India " series). He married in 1877 a
daughter of Lord Lawrence : K.C.I.E. in
1889.
CUNNINGHAM, JAMES MACNABB
(1829-1905)
Educated at Edinburgh University :
M.D. : entered the Bengal Medical Ser-
vice, 185 1 : Secretary to the Sanitary
Commissioner, 1866 : Professor of Hy-
giene, Calcutta Medical College, 1866 :
Sanitary Commissioner, Bengal, 1869 :
Sanitary Commissioner with the Govern-
ment of India, 1875-85, and Surgeon-
General, 1880-5 : retired, 1885 : Member
of the Army Sanitary Committee, 1891-
96 : author of Cholera — what can the
State do to Prevent it ? represented the
Government of India at the Paris Inter-
national Sanitary Congress, 1894 : C.S.L,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
103
1885 : Honorary Surgeon to the Queen,
1888: died June 26, 1905.
CUNNINGHAM, JOSEPH DAVEY
(1812-1851)
Son of Allan Cunningham and brother
of Sir Alexander (q.v.) : born June 9, 1812 :
educated at private schools and at Addis-
combe, where his career was very dis-
tinguished : Sir Walter Scott obtained a
cadetship for him : he went to Chatham
and to India in the Bengal Engineers in
1834 : appointed assistant to Colonel
Claud Wade {q.v.), the Agent on the Sikh
frontier : fortified Firozpur, 1837 : was
for 8 years in political employ : at the
interview with Ranjit Singh, in the
Khyber, at Ludiana, at Peshawar, with
the Amir Dost Muhammad at Jammu,
agent at Bahawalpur : Captain, etc.
1845 : in the first Sikh war was at Badiwal,
Aliwal, and Sobraon : was Political
Agent at Bhopal, 1846 : published the
History of the Sikhs. This work, though
favourably received in general, gave
offence to some of Cunningham's superiors,
as he stated that in the Sikh war two of
the Sikh generals were bought : this was
strenuously denied by high officers : the
result to Cunningham was the loss of his
political appointment and relegation to
ordinary duty, on the ground of having
used in his History information confiden-
tially known to him in his official capacity.
He died at Umbala, Feb. 28, 1851.
CURETON, SIR CHARLES (1826-1891)
Son of Charles Robert Cureton : born
Nov. 25, 1826 : joined the E.I. Co.'s
Army, 1843 : eventually became General
in 1888 : served in the first Sikh war, was
at Aliwal, Jan. 28, 1846 : in the Panjab
campaign, 1848-9, was A.D.C. to his
father : and in the N.W. frontier opera-
tions of 1849-52 and i860 : helped to
subdue the Sonthal rebellion, 1856 : in
the Indian mutiny he raised and com-
manded Cureton' s regiment of Multani
native cavalry, was present at an action
against Sealkot rebels at Trimmu Ghat,
and a number of actions in 1858-9, show-
ing great personal bravery : in charge of
Intelligence Department in Rohilkund
and Oudh, 1858-9 : commanded the
Oudh Division of the Bengal Army,
1879-84 = C.B., 1869 : K.C.B., 1891 :
died July 11, 1891.
CURETON, CHARLES ROBERT (1789-
1848)
Brig-General : born in 1789 : entered
the Shropshire Militia, 1806 : disguised
as a sailor, he fled from creditors, and
enlisted in a dragoon regiment in 1808 :
served in the Peninsula, was in many
actions, Talavera, Badajos, Salamanca,
Madrid, Vittoria, etc.: gazetted as Ensign,
1 8 14 : worked up to Lt-Colonel in 1846 :
went to India in 1822 : was at the siege
of Bhartpur, Jan. 19, 1826 : was in the
Afghan war, 1839, under Sir J. Keane,
at Ghazni, July 23, 1839, and the occupa-
tion of Kabul : was at Maharajpur on
Dec. 29, 1843 : C.B., 1844 : in the Satlaj
campaign was under Sir Harry Smith :
commanded the cavalry at Aliwal, and a
Brigade of cavalry at Sobraon, gaining
the highest praise as a cavalry commander :
made A.D.C. to the Queen : and Adjutant-
General to the Queen's forces in India,
1846 : in the second Sikh war he was
killed at Ramnagar, Nov. 22, 1848.
CURETON, EDWARD BURGOYNE
(1822-1894)
Born May, 1822 : son of Brig-General
C. R. Cureton {q.v.) : Ensign, 13th foot,
1839 : in the 16th Lancers in the battle
of Maharajpur, Dec. 29, 1843 : at Mudki,
Dec. 18, 1845 : at Sobraon, Feb. 10, 1846 :
in the Kafir war, 185 1-3 : in the Crimea
from July, 1855 : Lt-General : retired,
1881 : died Feb. 9, 1894.
CURRIE, BERTRAM WODEHOUSE
(1827-1896)
Born 1827 : son of Raikes Currie :
educated at Eton: entered his father's
banking business, which, in 1864, was
amalgamated and became Glyn, Mills,
Currie & Co. : in Dec. 1880, was ap-
pointed a Member of the Council of India,
re-appointed 1890, served till 1895 : in
1892, represented England at the Inter-
national monetary conference at Brussels :
in 1893 was member of Lord Herschell's
Committee, which decided on closing the
Indian Mints to the free coinage of silver :
was on other financ ial Commissions :
initiated in 1895 the Gold Standard Defence
Association : died Dec. 29, 1896.
104
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
CURRIE, SIR FREDERICK,
BARONET (1799-1875)
I.C.S. : son of Mark Currie : born Feb. 3,
1799 : educated at Charterhouse and
Haileybury : reached India, 1820 : was
a Judge of the Sadr Adalat (court) in the
N.W.P., 1840 : Foreign Secretary to the
Government of India, 1842 : with Sir
Henry Hardinge in the first Sikh war,
1845-6, and, after Sobraon, drew up the
treaty with the Sikhs : made Baronet in
Jan. 1847 : officiated as Member of the
Supreme Council, April, 1847 to Jan.
1848 : resigned his seat, and succeeded
Sir Henry Lawrence as Resident at Lahore
in 1848 : accepted the resignation of
Mulraj, the Governor of Multan : con-
firmed as Member of Supreme Council,
resuming his seat, March, 1849 : retired
in 1853 : was elected a Director of the
E.I. Co. in 1854, Chairman, 1857 : Member
of the Council of India from 1858 : D.C.L.,
Oxford in 1866 : died Sep. 11, 1875.
CURWEN, HENRY (1845-1892)
Journalist and writer: born in 1845 :
son of Henry Curwen : educated at
Rossall : followed a literary career in
London until he went to India in 1876,
as Assistant-Editor of the Times of India,
Bombay, of which he became Editor in
1880 and joint-proprietor in 1889 : died
on board ship, Feb. 22, 1892, on his way
homewards : wrote several novels, and
translations of French poetry, and con-
tributed articles to periodical literature :
described his tour in the famine districts
of 1876-7: under his editorship the Times
of India was well conducted and favour-
ably regarded.
CURZON OF KEDLESTON, GEORGE
NATHANIEL, FIRST BARON
(1859- )
Viceroy and Governor-General : born
Jan. 11, 1859, son of Rev. fourth Baron
Scarsdale : educated at Eton and Balliol
College, Oxford : President of the Union
Society, 1880 : Fellow of All Souls' College,
1883 : gained the Arnold Essay Prize,
1884 : Assistant Private Secretary to the
Marquis of Salisbury, 1885 : Under Secre-
tary of State for India, 189 1-2 : for
Foreign Affairs, 1895-8 : travelled in
Central Asia, Persia, Afghanistan, the
Pamirs, Siam, Indo-China, the Korea :
M.P. for Southport Division, 1886-98 :
published Russia in Central Asia, 1889 :
Persia and the Persian Question, 1892 :
Problems of the Far East, 1894 : Viceroy
and Governor-General of India from Jan.
6, 1899, to April, 1904 : paid much atten-
tion to the control and defence of the
frontiers of India, changing the policy on
the N.W. frontier : created a Chief
Commissionership of the Trans-Indus
districts : enforced the blockade of Wazir-
istan : showed distrust of Russian
objects and Russian methods : visited the
Persian gulf, with a view to prevention of
any enroachment on British interest, to
increase trade and maintain sphere of
influence in Persia : despatched Tibet
mission to carry out Anglo-Chinese con-
vention of 1890 and trade regulations of
1893, and check Russian influence in
Tibet : the mission leading to war with
Tibet and the treaty of Lhasa, Sep. 1904 :
examined into every branch of the admin-
istration, to introduce improvements :
" it has not always been a popular policy " :
appointed several Commissions, on the
Universities, to reform Higher Education,
on Irrigation, on the Police : had to deal
with a famine in Bombay : aimed at
improving relations with the native Chiefs,
and the character of their rule : reformed
the four Chiefs' colleges : founded the
Imperial Cadet Corps : settled the ques-
tion of the Berars : set on foot the Vic-
toria Memorial Hall, obtaining large sub-
scriptions from wealthy natives : held the
Delhi Coronation Darbar of Dec. 1902-
J an. 1903 : reduced Lower Bengal by three
Divisions, adding them to Assam to make
a new Lieutenant-Governorship : had large
financial surpluses, twice reduced the Salt
Tax, and removed the Income Tax on the
lowest incomes : passed some important
legislative measures, such as the Universi-
ties Act, the Official Secrets Act, the
Indian Mines Act, the Ancient Monuments
Preservation Act, the Co-operative Credit
Societies' Act : G.M.S.I., G.M.I.E., P.C.,
F.R.S., J.P., D.C.L. : re-appointed Viceroy
and Governor-General in 1904 : returned
to India, Dec. 1904 : Lord Warden of the
Cinque Ports, 1903-4: in Aug., 1905, re-
signed the Viceroyalty on a point arising
out of an adverse decision of the Cabinet
on a difference of opinion between the
C. in C. (Lord Kitchener) and the rest of
the Government of India regarding mili-
tary affairs in India.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
105
CUST, ROBERT NEEDHAM (1821
I.C.S. : son of Hon. and Rev. H. C«
Cust, brother of Earl Brownlow : born
Feb. 24, 1821 : educated at Eton and
Haileybury : entered the Bengal Civil
Service, 1843, and retired in 1867 : served
in the N.W.P. and Pan jab : present at
the battles of Mudki and Firozshahr,
1845, and Sobraon, 1846 : called to the
bar from Lincoln's Inn, 1855 : took part
in the settlement of the Panjab after the
mutiny, 1858 : Home Secretary to the
Government of India, 1864-5 : is now
Hon. Secretary of the Royal Asiatic
Society, and has published many books
on the religions and languages of the world,
the two last being Five Essays on Religious
Conceptions, 1897, and Life Memoir,
1899: LL.D. of ' Edinburgh, 1885.
D'ACHE. COMTE'(1700? or 1716?-
1775)
Vice- Admiral : served with distinction,
but without important command, up to
i757> when he was made Commander of
the French Naval forces in Indian seas :
reached the Coromandel coast, April,
1758, commanding the squadron which
took Lally's expedition to India : beaten,
off Negapatam, by the English Fleet
under Admiral Pocock : declined to co-
operate with Lally against Madras :
again defeated off Tranquebar, Aug. 1,
1758 : sailed for the Isle of France : took
for his fleet a million francs, intended for
Pondicherry : returned after a year from
Isle of France : defeated off Fort St.
David, Sep. 10, i759» hy Pocock : went
to Pondicherry, but abandoned it Sep.
17, and never returned, staying at the Isle
of France : thus, inefficient and constantly
defeated, he lost in a few months the
French cause in South India : the com-
merce of the Compagnie des Indes was
irretrievably destroyed : on his return to
France, he received promotion in the
Navy and honours, without restoring his
reputation by any distinguished action :
became an accuser of Lally : died, 1775.
DA CUNHA, J. GERSON (1842-1900)
Doctor : born in Arpora, Goa : claimed
to belong to a family of Brahman converts
to Christianity: educated at Goa,
Bombay, and in Europe : returned to
Bombay as a medical practitioner : a
man of letters and antiquarian research :
Vice-President of the R.A.S., Bombay,
1892 : Knight of several foreign orders :
read many valuable papers on history,
archaeology, languages, numismatics be-
fore the R.A.S. : also wrote largely : a
history of Chaul and Bassein, and the
Origin of Bombay, 1900 : on the subject
of Buddha's Tooth : a man of great cul-
ture and a keen numismatist : his collection
of Indian coins, said to number 15,000,
was considered one of the finest in the
world, and was valued at several lakhs of
rupees : he died July 3, 1900.
D'AGUILAR, SIR CHARLES
LAWRENCE (1821- )
Born 1 82 1 : son of Lt-General Sir
George D'Aguilar, K.C.B. : educated at
R.M.A., Woolwich : entered the Royal
Artillery, 1838 : Military Secretary to the
Commander of the China Forces, 1843-8 :
served in the Crimea and in the Indian
mutiny : General commanding Woolwich
District, 1874-9 : Lt-General, 1877 :
Col. Commandant R.H.A. : G.C.B., 1887.
D'AGUILAR, SIR GEORGE CHARLES
(1784-1855)
Son of Capt. Joseph D'Aguilar: born
Jan. 1784 : joined the 86th regt. in
India, 1799 : served in the Mahratta war
of 1803-5 : at Bhartpur in 1806 under
Lord Lake : to England in 1809 : in the
Walcheren expedition : in Sicily : on a
special mission to Constantinople : in
Spain : in Flanders : C.B. in 1834 : com-
manded in China, and in 1847 Canton
submitted to him : K.C.B. in 1851 : Lt-
General : died May 21, 1855 : wrote
military manuals and treatises.
DALGLEISH, ANDREW ( ? -1888)
An energetic pioneer of trade : for
years he journeyed for commercial pur-
poses between Kashmir and Yarkand :
joined a Central Asian Trading Company :
went with a party to Yarkand, and after-
wards made frequent journeys to Kashgar :
in 1883 he had a free passport from the
Chinese to enter Chinese Turkistan : went
as Turkish interpreter with A. D. Carey
(q.v.) in 1885 from Kashmir round Chinese
Turkistan and along the frontier of Tibet :
was killed near the Karakoram, en route to
Yarkand, by a Kakar Pathan in 1888 :
his map specially acknowledged by the
Geographical Society.
io6
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
DALHOFF, RIGHT REV. THEODORE,
D.D. (1837- )
Second Catholic Archbishop of Bom-
bay : a German, born in Westphalia,
April 20, 1837 : entered the Society of
Jesus, April 14, 1859 : arrived in India,
Jan. 28, 1866 : ordained priest, Dec. 25,
1868 : held several posts of Superiorship
at Bandora, St. Xavier's College, Bombay,
and St. Vincent's High School, Poona :
as Vicar-General, on the death of Arch-
bishop Porter, administered the diocese :
Archbishop of Bombay, Dec. 6, 1891 :
consecrated in Bombay Cathedral, Jan.
31, 1892 : in 1891 visited Europe, and
again in 1895 ; built the Church of the
Holy Name, Bombay (opened Jan. 15,
1905), with Archiepiscopal Residence and
Convent School attached : is proprietor
of the Bombay Catholic Examiner (now
called the Examiner), a weekly religious
paper of wide circulation, now in its
fifty-fifth year : still at work in his 69th
year.
DALHOUSIE, GEORGE RAMSAY,
NINTH EARL OF (1770-1838)
General : son of the eighth Earl : born in
1770, entered the Army in the Dragoon
Guards in 1789, was in several regiments :
became Maj -General in 1805, Lt-General,
1813 : G.C.B. : General, 1830 : served
at Martinique, 1792 : in the Irish rebellion
of 1798 : in Holland, Egypt, the Peninsula
and France : created Baron Dalhousie in
the Peerage of the United Kingdom in
Aug. 181 5 : Lt-Governor of Nova Scotia,
1816 : Captain-General and Governor of
Canada, Nova Scotia, etc., 1819-28 : and
commanded the forces from 18 19 : was
C. in C. in the East Indies, 1829-32 :
father of the first Marquis of Dalhousie
(q.v.) : died March 21, 1838.
DALHOUSIE, JAMES ANDREW
BROWN-RAMSAY, FIRST MAR-
QUIS OF (1812-1860)
Governor-General : third son of the
ninth Earl, C. in C. in India (q.v.) : born
April 22, 1812 : educated at Harrow and
Christ Church, Oxford : M.P. for Hadding-
tonshire, 1837 : succeeded his father,
March, 1838 : Vice-President of the Board
of Trade in Peel's administration, 1843 :
Privy Councillor, 1843 : President of the
Board and in the Cabinet, 1845 : declined
a seat in the. Cabinet offered him in July,
1846, by Lord John Russell, who ap-
pointed him Governor-General of India
in 1847 : assumed office, Jan. 12, 1848.
After the rebellion of Mulraj at Multan,
the second Sikh war broke out : Dal-
housie went up to the Panjab-Satlaj
frontier and supervised the operations :
annexed the Panjab in March, 1849 : was
made a Marquis : made Sir Henry
Lawrence President of the Board of Ad-
ministration, and, in 1853, made Sir
John Lawrence Chief Commissioner of
the Panjab : his controversy with Sir
C. J. Napier, the C. in C, regarding cer-
tain new regulations affecting the grant
to the Sepoys of compensation for dear-
ness of provisions, led to the latter's
resignation. Dalhousie's internal adminis-
tration of the country was thorough and
comprehensive : he introduced and laid
down a system for the construction of
railways ; joined the provinces by tele-
graphs ; organized the imperial postal
system ; created the Departments of Public
works, Jails, Forests, Survey, and Edu-
cation ; dealt with the strength and com-
position of the Army in India ; reorganized
and expanded the Legislative Council ;
created a separate Lieutenant-Governor-
ship of Lower Bengal (to relieve the
Governor-General of his direct personal
charge of that Province) : he declared
war on the King of Burma in 1852, and
supervised it himself, visiting the country
and annexing Pegu : made treaties with
the Khan of Kelat and Amir of Afghanis-
tan : the Berars were assigned for the
payment of the Hyderabad debts. Dal-
housie has been blamed for the annexation
of Satara, Nagpur, Tanjore, Jhansi,
Oudh, for reducing the title of the Nawab
of the Carnatic to Prince of Arcot, for
terminating the ex-Peshwa's pension
the fact is, that where annexations were
effected, according to the doctrine of
lapse, i.e. on the failure of natural heirs,
that policy was not Dalhousie's, but a
policy which had been previously declared
and acted upon and was, in each case,
sanctioned by higher authority : in the
case of Oudh, he personally was opposed
to annexation, but his Council advocated
it and the authorities in England ordered
it, on account of the continued malad-
ministration by the King, after repeated
warnings : Dalhousie restricted the ap-
plication of the doctrine of lapse to cases
of Hindu dependent states. He was also
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
107
blamed for weakening the European
Army in India : in fact, he had protested
against reduction of the English Army in
India for the Crimean and Persian wars,
and had given full attention to military
affairs : he abolished numerous Boards
and established responsible Departments
in their places : his despatches were not
attended to at the India House, and he
was never able to defend himself and his
administration. He suffered from ill-
health, during the prolongation of his ap-
pointment in India, and was too ill after
his retirement, on Feb. 29, 1856, to defend
his policy : and the English Governments
failed to support him. Thus the out-
break of the mutiny was unjustly attri-
buted to his alleged policy in respect of
annexation, neglect of military matters,
and the reduced strength of the English
Army in India. His assailants have been
amply refuted by his later biographers,
especially in Sir W. Lee Warner's Life of
the Marquis of Dalhousie, 1904. The
death, from exhaustion after sea-sickness,
of Lady Dalhousie in 1853, in sight of
England, affected him deeply. Always
a very hard worker, he sought distraction
in " work, work," and in his public duties.
His final minute of Feb. 28, 1856, contains
a summary of his administration. ' He was
masterful in character and impatient of
opposition. " In the three words, con-
quest, consolidation and development,
his work may be summed up " (Sir
W. W. Hunter). He stands out as " the
great Proconsul " of modern times. After
retirement he held no office but that of
Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1852-60.
He died Dec. 19, i860. His statue is in
Calcutta, where the Dalhousie Institute
was erected in his memory.
DALLAS, SIR GEORGE, BARONET
(1758-1833)
Son of Robert Dallas : born April 6, 1758 :
educated at Geneva : entered the E. I. Co.'s
civil service at eighteen, was noticed by
Warren Hastings, appointed Collector of
Rajshahi : returned to England for ill-
health, 1788 : deputed by Calcutta resi-
dents to present a petition against Pitt's
East India Bill : made a Baronet in
1798 : M.P., 1800-2, for Newport : wrote
a poem The India Guide : a pamphlet in
vindication of Warren Hastings, 1789 :
a vindication of the Marquis Wellesley's
wars in Hindustan and the Dekkan, 1806,
besides papers on Ireland and France,
and on Trade between India and Europe,
in which he advocated a greater freedom
and liberality in trade between the
countries: died Jan. 14, 1833.
DALLAS, SIR THOMAS ( ? -1839)
Was a cavalry officer in the Carnatic,
and under Colonel Arthur Wellesley, and
at the siege of Seringapatam : distin-
guished himself : K.C.B. : died Aug. 12,
1*39-
DALRYMPLE, ALEXANDER
(1737-1808)
Son of Sir James Dalrymple, Bart. : born
July 24, 1737 : went out to Madras in the
E.I. Co.'s Civil service, in May, 1753 :
Lord Pigot, to whom he had been reco-
mended, put him into the Secretariat and
taught him to write : the historian Orme
also befriended him : he became Deputy
Secretary : in 1759-62 he made a voyage
to the Eastern Archipelago in the interest
of commerce : after returning to Madras
he sailed again to the islands and reached
Canton in 1764. He returned to England
in 1765 to push his schemes of extending
commerce to the East, but received no
encouragement : failed to obtain the
command of an expedition to observe the
transit of Venus in 1769 : then turned his
attention to geography and hydrography,
and published a Chart of the Bay of
Bengal in 1772 : appointed Member of
Council in Madras, 1775, but in 2 years was
recalled on an unfounded charge of mis-
conduct : in 1779 made hydrographer
to the E.I. Co., and in 1795 also to the
Admiralty : dismissed from this appoint-
ment in May, 1808: died of vexation,
June, 19, 1808 : published a number of
works, chiefly on voyages, charts, his-
torical and political papers, including
the Oriental Repertory, 179 1-4.
DALRYMPLE, JAMES ( ? -1800)
Commanded the 29th battalion in
Madras, 1788 : at the storming of Gurrum-
condah in Nov. 1791 : took Raichur for
the Nizam from insurgents, March, 1796 :
in the Nizam's contingent under General
A. Wellesley, 1799 : in the assault of
Seringapatam, May 4, 1799 : after the
capture commanded the Hyderabad Sub-
sidiary Force : took several forts from
Dhoondia Waugh, the freebooter, and
io8
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
defeated him, Aug. 17, 1799, at Shikarpur,
expelling him from Mysore : died, much
regretted by General Wellesley, at Hydera-
bad, Dec, 1800.
DALRYMPLE, WILLIAM LISTON
(1815- )
Born June 29, 1845 : educated at High
School, Edinburgh, Wimbledon and Sand-
hurst : joined 44th regt., 1863, and 88th
Connaught Rangers, 1864 : passed Staff
College, 1873 : served at Ashanti, Ber-
muda, D.A.A., and Q.M.G., Northern
District : A.A.G., Colonial Forces, South
Africa, 1878 : Brig-Major S. Africa
Field Force, 1879 : Military Secretary to
Lord Lytton when Viceroy of India, 1880 :
A.Q.M.G. of India, 1883-4 : D.Q.M.G.,
India, 189 1-3 : Brig-General. India,
1893-8 : C.B., 1893 : retired.
DALTON, EDWARD TUITE (1815-1880)
Entered the Army, 1835 : in expedi-
tions against frontier tribes of Assam,
1839-40, and 1842 : commanded an
expedition and captured the Mishmi chief
who had murdered the French missionaries
Kirk and Bourry on the Tibetan frontier :
Commissioner of Chota Nagpur in 1858 :
with the Field Force against the Palamau
rebels, and in 1858-9 against the Singbhum
insurgents : C.S.I. : Maj-General, 1877 :
died Dec. 30, 1880 : wrote The Descriptive
Ethnology of Bengal, 1872.
DALTON, JOHN (1725-1811)
Son of Capt. James Dalton of the 6th
regt. : born 1725 : appointed to Hanmer's
Marine regt., 1741 : 2nd Lt. of Marines
on the Preston, 1743 : to Fort St. David,
1745 : the French took Madras, 1746 :
the Marine regts. being reduced at the
peace with France, Dalton joined the
Independent Companies under Admiral
Boscawen {q.v.) : became a Captain in
the E.I. Co.'s service : in the expedition
to Devikota, 1749 : Muhammad Ali, son
of Anwaruddin, late Nawab of the Car-
natic, fled on his father's death to Trichino-
poly and applied to the English for help :
Dalton was in the force sent to his aid :
was in the retreat at Volkonda, June, 19,
1 75 1 : at Wootatoor and at Kistnavaram :
in the fighting on behalf of Muhammad
Ali against Chanda Sahib {q.v.) near
Trichinopoly : Dalton made Commandant
there, June, 15, 1752, to keep it for
Muhammad Ali against the Dalwai (the
Regent of Mysore), and Morari Rao the
Mahratta : defended it with great skill
and courage against famine, treachery,
blockade and the French also : relieved
by Major Stringer Lawrence, May, 6,
1753, and again Sep. 21 : resigned the
E.I. Co.'s service March 1, i754» and re-
turned to England : died July 11, 181 1.
D'ALVIELLA, COUNT GOBLET
(1846- )
Born Aug. 10, 1846 : educated at
Brussels and Paris : LL.D. of the Univer-
sity of Glasgow : Hibbert Lecturer at
Oxford, 1891 : accompanied H.M. King
Edward VII, then H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, on his Indian tour in 1875-6 :
Author of Inde et Himalaye, 1877 : Con-
temporary Evolution of Religious Thought
in England, America and India, 1885 :
Ce que VInde doit a la Grece, 1897, etc.
DALY, SIR HENRY DERMOT (1821-
1895)
Son of Lt-Colonel Francis Dermot
Daly : born Oct. 25, 1821 : joined the
first Bombay European regt. in 1840,
became Adjutant, was present at the
fighting at Multan in 1848, in the second
Sikh war, at Gujarat on Feb. 22, 1849,
and in the pursuit of the Sikhs : in 1849
he raised the first Pan jab Cavalry and saw
service on the frontier, against the Afridis,
and under Sir Colin Campbell in 1852.
In the mutiny he commanded the Guides'
Cavalry in their march of 580 miles in 22
days from Mardan to Delhi : was at the
siege of Delhi, at the capture of Lucknow
in March, 1858, and in the Oudh campaign :
in 1 861 he commanded the Central India
Horse, and in 1871 was made Agent to the
Governor-General for Central India :
K.C.B., 1875 : CLE., 1880 : General
in 1888 : G.C.O., 1889 : retired in 1882 :
died July 21, 1895.
DALY, HUGH (1860- )
Born i860 : son of Sir H.D. Daly (q.v.) :
entered Gloucestershire regt. 1881 : joined
the Indian Staff Corps : Captain, 1892 :
served in Burmese expedition, 1886-7 :
Superintendent of the Northern Shan
States, 1888 : CLE. : Assistant, and,
later, Deputy-Secretary to the Govern-
ment of India, Foreign Department :
Major and C.S.I. , 1903 : Agent to the
Governor-General for Central India, 1905.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
109
DALYELL, SIR ROBERT ANSTRU-
THER (1831-1890)
I.C.S. : born Oct. 7, 1831 : son of Colonel
John Dalyell : educated at Cheltenham
and Haileybury : went to Madras in J an.,
1 85 1 : became Secretary to the Board of
Revenue in 1867, Secretary to Govern-
ment, Revenue Department, in 1868 :
Chief Secretary, 1870 : Member of the
Board of Revenue, 1873 : made a special
report on the Excise administration in
1874 : Chief Commissioner of Mysore in
1875-6, and additional Member of the
Governor-General's Legislative Council,
1873-7 : retired from India, 1877 :
Member of the Council of India, 1877-87 :
C.S.I. , in 1879 : K.C.I.E., 1887 : LL.D.
of St. Andrews, 1885 : died Jan. 18, 1890.
DAMANT, GUYBON HENRY (1846-1879)
I.C.S. : born May 9, 1846 : educated
at St. Paul's School, London, and Christ's
College, Cambridge : Scholar and Ex-
hibitioner : went out to Bengal, 1869 :
served in Cachar, Assam, and on special
duty to Manipur, 1876 : was Deputy
Commissioner of the Garo Hills, 1877, and
Political Agent in the Naga Hills, Assam,
1878 : on his way to Khonoma, to seize
some ammunition which the Nagas had
stored, was killed by them, Oct. 14, 1879 :
took keen interest in literature and
philology : wrote on folk-lore, and the
Manipuri language in the J.A.S.B.,
J.R.A.S., and the Indian Antiquary.
most of the MSS. of his Manipur Dic-
tionary were destroyed by the Nagas in the
stockade at Kohima.
D AMPIER, HENRY LUCIUS (1828- )
I.C.S. : born 1828 : son of W. Dampier,
I.C.S. : educated at Eton : entered the
B.C.S., 1848 : Member of the Orissa famine
Commission, 1 867: Secretary to the Govern
ment of Bengal : officiating Home Secre
tary to the Government of India, 1872
Member of Bengal Legislative Council
1867-84 : Member of the Board of Rev
enue, 1877 : President of Rent Law
Commission, 1881 : retired, 1884 : CLE
DANCE, SIR NATHANIEL (1748-1827)
Son of James Dance: born June 20,
1748, entered the E. I. Co's naval service,
1759 : was m command of a ship in 1787.
As Commodore of a fleet of 16 Indiamen
and some country ships in 1804, homeward
bound from Canton, he fell in with a
French squadron off Pulo Aor, near the
S. end of the straits of Malacca, and by his
skill and boldness deceived them and put
them to flight on Feb. 15, saving his own
fleet and its valuable cargo. He was
knighted and pensioned by the E. I. Co. :
died March 25, 1827.
DANE, SIR LOUIS WILLIAM
(1856- )
I.C.S. : born March 21, 1856 : son of
Richard Martin Dane, M.D., C.B. 1
arrived in India, 1876 : served in the
Pan jab : Private Secretary to the Lieuten-
ant-Governor, 1879-82 : Officiating Regis-
trar of the Chief Court, 1886 : Settle-
ment Officer, Gurdaspur, 1887 : Deputy
Commissioner, Peshawar, 1892 : Chief
Secretary to the Panjab Government, 1898:
Resident in Kashmir, 1901 : Foreign
Secretary to the Government of India,.
1903 : C.S.I., 1904 : Head of the'Mission
to Kabul, 1904-5, to negotiate a" Treaty
with the Amir of Afghanistan : made
K.C.I.E. on his return.
DANIELL, THOMAS (1749-1840)
Painter : son of an innkeeper : born in
1749 : was m India painting for ten years,,
from 1784, with his nephew William (q.v.),
and published his pictures : brought out
their Oriental Scenery in 1808 : RoyaE
Academician in 1799 : F.R.S., F.R.A.S.,
and F.S.A. : exhibited his pictures at
the Academy and at the British Institute :
published other collections of pictures •-
died March 19, 1840.
DANIELL, WILLIAM (
■1837)
Artist, R.A : at 14 accompanied his
uncle, Thomas Daniell {q.v.), also an artist,
to India : in 10 years they travelled many
thousand < miles, from Cape Comorin to
Srinagar, and on their return published
Oriental Scenery, in 6 volumes, completed
in 1808. He exhibited largely at the
Academy and the British Institute r
published also A Picturesque Voyage to
India, Zoography, The Panorama of
Madras, 1832, the City of Lucknow, and
the Oriental Annual, besides other pic-
tures of British scenery. He was made a
Royal Academician in 1822 : died Aug. i6 v
1837. .1 ,
no
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
DANVERS, FREDERICK CHARLES
( ? - )
Educated at Merchant Taylors' School
and King's College, London : joined the
East India House as a writer, 1853 : and
the India Office, 1858 : Registrar and
Superintendent of Records, 1884 : deputed
to Lisbon, 1891-2, to examine the Portu-
guese records relating to India, and to the
Hague, 1893-4 : wrote extensively on
Indian questions, including public works,
famines, coal, statistics, agriculture, on
Chiefs, Agents, and Governors of Bengal,
1888 : The India Office Records, 1889 :
on the Portuguese records and A History
of the Portuguese in India, 1894.
DANVERS, SIR JULAND (1826-1902)
Born March 19, 1826 : son of Frederick
Dawes Danvtrs : educated at King's
College, London : entered the E.L Co.'s
home service, 1842 : Private Secretary
to two Chairmen of the Court, 1848-53 :
on the transfer of India to the Crown,
Danvers became, at the India Office, Secre-
tary in the Railway and Telegraph Depart-
ment, and Deputy Director of Indian
Railways, 1858-61 : Government Director
of Indian Railways, 1861-92 : Secretary in
the Public Works, Railway and Telegraph
Departments, 1880-92 : visited India,
1875-6 : wrote the annual official reports
on Indian railways presented to Parlia-
ment, 1859-82 : was constantly examined
before Parliamentary Committees on Rail-
way and Finance questions : K.C.S.I.,
1886: retired 1892 : died Oct. 18, 1902.
DARBHANGA, MAHARAJA
BAHADUR SIR LACHMESWAR
SINGH, OF (1856-1898)
Elder son of Maharaja Maheswar Singh
■of Darbhanga : born 1856 : educated by
an English tutor, Chester Macnaghten
(q.v.) : occupied, as head of the Maithili
Brahmins, a Hindu of Hindus, and the
possessor of very large estates in Bihar, a
very important position in Bihar and Ben-
gal : sincerely devoted to religion : largely
directed the management of his property
and effected great improvements : made
Maharaja Bahadur and K.C.I.E. : a Mem-
ber of both the Legislative Councils of
Bengal and the Governor-General : con-
tributed handsomely to all objects of
charity, medical aid, educational endow-
ments and objects of general public
utility : as President of the British Indian
and other Landowners' Associations, his
influence was chiefly felt in questions
affecting landed property : died Dec. 17,
DARBHANGA, MAHARAJA BAHADUR
SIR RAMESWAR SINGH OF
(1860- )
Born Jan. 16, i860 : younger son of
Maharaja Maheswar Singh : educated at
the Queen's College, Benares, and at
home by Chester Macnaghten {q.v.) : in
1878 was appointed by Lord Lytton to the
Statutory Civil Service : served as Assist-
ant Magistrate of Darbhanga, Chapra
and Bhagalpur : resigned in 1885 : was
created Raja Bahadur, of Bachaur : in
1888 was appointed a Member of the
Bengal Legislative Council, as representa-
tive of the landowners of Bengal and
Bihar : succeeded to the Darbhanga Raj
on the death of his elder brother, Maharaja
Sir Lachmeswar Singh, on Dec. 17, 1898 :
made Maharaja Bahadur : in 1899 and
1904 was elected by the non-official mem-
bers of the Bengal Legislative Council as
their representative in the Governor-
General's Legislative Council : President
of several Landowners' Associations :
Kaisar-i-Hind Gold Medal, 1900 : in 1902
made K.C.I.E., and appointed a member
of the Police Commission.
DARMESTETER, JAMES (1849-1894)
Born March 28, 1849, in Alsace, of a poor
Jewish family : son of Cerf, and brother
of Arsene, Darmesteter : delicate, puny,
and almost deformed : educated at the
Lycee Condorcet, Paris : Doctor in
Letters, 1877 : devoted himself to Oriental
scholarship and literature : became the
greatest authority of his time on Zoro-
astrian literature : appointed Assistant-
Professor of Zend at the Ecole des Hautes
Etudes, 1877 : and in 1892, Director :
was appointed Professor of Persian at the
College de France, 1885, and Secretary
of the Societe Asiatique : wrote Etudes
Iraniennes, 1883, and on the language and
literature of ancient Persia : travelled in
India, to study his subjects locally : resid-
ing there, Feb. 1886— Feb. 1887, chiefly
at Bombay, Peshawar and Hazara :
wrote Letters sur ITnde, 1888, The Popular
Songs of the Afghans, with an introduction
on their language, history and literature,
1890 ; a complete translation, 1892-3,
of the Zendavesta, published in the
Sacred Books of the East : and Selected
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Essays, published 1895 : was an Editor
of the Revue Critique, and, later, of the
Revue de Paris : wrote in them, and in the
Journal des Debals, critical notices of
books and Oriental essays : wrote on the
mythology of the Avesta, 1875 : Ormuzd
et Ahriman, 1877: Essais Orientaux, 1883 :
also on the History of the Jewish People,
in the Nouvelle Revue : and the Prophets
of Israel, 1892 : died at Maisons-Lafitte,
Oct. 19, 1894.
DAS, SARAT CHANDRA, RAI BAHA-
DUR (1849- )
Born July 18, 1849 : educated at
Chittagong and the Calcutta Presidency
College : and in that College's Engineering
Department : in 1874 was appointed
Head Master of the Bhutia boarding
school at Darjeeling : began to study
Tibetan from Lama Ugyen Gyatso, a
teacher there : in 1878 the latter, on a
visit to Tashi Lhumpo (Teshu Lumbo)
in Tibet, obtained an invitation and pass-
port for Sarat Chandra to visit Lhasa :
in June, 1879, they started together to
visit Lhasa with a servant : returned after
six months from Tashi Lhumpo to Dar-
jeeling : in Nov. 1 88 1, they again went
to Tashi Lhumpo, and on to Lhasa :
wrote his Narrative of a Journey to Lhasa,
and Narrative of a Journey round Lake
Palti (Yamdok), and in Lhokha, Yarlung
and Sakya : in 1884 Sarat accompanied
Colman Macaulay (q.v.) to the Lachen
Valley in Sikhim, and in 1885 went with
him to Pekin: made CLE., Jan. 1886 :
received a reward from the Royal Geo-
graphial Society, 1887 : founded the
Buddhist Text Book Society, 1892 : made
Rai Bahadur, 1896 : the Royal Geo-
graphical Society published His Travels
in Tibet, in 1899 : completed his Tibetan-
English Dictionary in 1902 : from Sep.
1881 served the Government of Bengal
as Tibetan translator : retired from service
July, 1904: engaged in compiling a Sans-
krit-English dictionary.
DAUD SHAH ( ? -1897)
Of the Lahkan Kheyl, a branch of a
tribe of the Ghilzais : at the age of 20
he joined the Army of Amir Dost Muham-
mad Khan and became Akbar Khan's
orderly officer. Shir Ali made him
captain for services rendered at the
battle of Kajhbaz on June 6, 1865, in
ill
which Sirdar Muhammad Ali Khan,
eldest son of Shir Ali, was killed. Daud
Shah showed great bravery during a
campaign at Khost and was raised to the
rank of General : he defeated Abdur
Rahman's forces in Turkistan, and settled
the country in Shir Ali's name, but, having
quarrelled with General Muhammad Alam,
he was recalled to Kabul and imprisoned
by Shir Ali. Soon released, he acted as
Commander-in-Chief when Yakub Khan
rebelled against his father Shir Ali, and
when General Faramurz Khan, command-
ing the Amir's forces, was killed by Aslam
Khan, son of Amir Dost Muhammad.
Upon Yakub's second rebellion, an army
was sent to Herat in which Daud Shah
was given a command, but Shir Ali,
finding no General at Kabul, recalled him
and entrusted him with all army affairs
at the capital. In Jan. 1879, when Shir
Ali fled to Turkistan, after the capture
of Ali Masjid and the Peiwar Kotal by
the British troops, Daud Shah was left
at Kabul with Yakub Khan and accom-
panied him to meet Sir S. Browne at
Gandamak. He was Yakub's Comman-
der-in-Chief at the time of the massacre of
Sir Louis Cavagnari in Sep. 1879, and
Yakub's flight to the British camp.
During Sir F. Roberts' tenure of Sherpur,
at Kabul, Daud Shah was arrested about
Dec. 18, 1879, and deported to India :
died at Rawul Pindi, Dec. 25, 1897.
DAVIDS, T. W. RHYS (1843-
LL.D., Ph.D. : born May 12, 1843 :
son of Rev. T. W. Davids : educated at
Brighton School and Breslau University :
entered Ceylon Civil Service, 1866 :
barrister, Middle Temple, 1877 : delivered
Hibbert Lectures, 1881 : author of
Buddhism, 1878 ; Buddhism, its History
and Literature, 1896 : Buddhist India,
1902, and numerous other works connected
with Buddhist Texts, etc. : Secretary and
Librarian, Royal Asiatic Society : Pro-
fessor of Pali and Buddhist Literature,
University College, London.
DAVIDSON, ARTHUR ( ? - )
Colonel : son of W. Davidson : edu-
cated privately at Petersham : joined the
60th Rifles, 1876 : served in Afghan war,
1878-80 : at Kandahar and Ahmad
Kheyl : A.D.C. to Sir Donald Stewart at
Kabul : A.D.C. to Sir John Ross in Sir F.
112
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Roberts' march from Kabul to Kandahar
and the battle there: served in Marri expedi-
tion under General Macgregor : in Boer war
with Natal Field Force, 1881, and in
Egyptian war, 1882 : present at Tel-el-
Kebir : served under Sir Charles Warren
in Bechuanaland, 1884 : A.D.C. to H.R.H.
The Duke of Cambridge, 1890-5 : Equerry
in Waiting to Queen Victoria, 1896-1901,
and to the King : C.B. in 1902 : C.V.O.
DAVIDSON, CUTHBERT (1810-1862)
Colonel : born May 24, 18 10 : son of
Sir David Davidson : educated privately
and at Edinburgh : went to India as a
military cadet, 1826 : joined the 16th
N.I. : A.D.C. to Lord W. Bentinck in Ma-
dras : in 1836, joined Sir R. Grant's Staff,
when Governor of Bombay : commanded a
regiment of the Nizam's cavalry : first
Assistant at Hyderabad under General
Low and General Fraser : Resident at
Baroda for 3 years : Resident at Hydera-
bad, 1857-62 : helped to bring Sir Salar
Jang into office as Prime Minister : in
the formidable attack on the Residency,
Tuly 17, 1857 : his life was attempted in
the Nizam's Darbar, March 15, 1859 :
C.B. after the mutiny : distinguished for
his courage, composure and resolution :
died Aug. 2, 1862.
DAVIDSON, JOHN (1845- )
Colonel : son of Alexander Davidson,
M.D. : born 1845 : educated at Winches-
ter : entered the Army, 1863 : joined
the Panjab Cavalry, 1866 : A.A.G. Pan-
jab Frontier Force, 1875 : served in
the Jowaki-Afridi expedition, 1877-8 :
D.A.Q.M.G., Afghan campaign, 1878-9 :
A.Q.M.G., Waziri expedition, 1880 :
Military Secretary, Panjab Government,
1885-6 : Colonel on Staff, Chitral, 1896-8 :
C.B. : Author of Notes on Bashgali-Kafir
Language, 1902.
DAVIES, THOMAS ARTHUR HARK-
NESS (1857- )
Born Nov. 29, 1857 : son of Maj-General
Horatio Nelson Davies : educated at
Wellington College : joined the Devon
Regt., 1876 : served asD.A.A.G. in Burma,
1894-7 : in the Afghan war, 1880 : the
Wuntho expedition in Burma, 1892 :
commanded the Kachen Hills expedition in
Burma, 1893 : in the Tirah expedition,
1897, and in the South African war, 1899-
1902, including relief of Ladysmith :
Brevet Lt-Colonel, and D.S.O.
DAVIES, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1824
-1902)
I.CS. : son of Sir David Davies,
K.C.H., Physician to William IV :
educated at Charterhouse and Haileybury,
1 841 -3 : went to the N.W.P. in the Civil
Service, 1844 : in the mutiny, served with
the troops in the Benares Division : was
besieged at Azimghar, while Magistrate :
was in the pursuit of Kooer Singh :
Secretary to the Panjab Government, 1859:
Financial Commissioner in Oudh, 1864 :
Chief Commissioner of Oudh, 1865-71 :
Lieutenant-Governor of the Panjab, Jan.,
1871, to April, 1877 : K.C.S.1. 1874 : CLE.
1877 : Member of the Council of India,
March, 1885-95 : died Aug. 23, 1902.
DAVIES, SIR WILLIAM GEORGE
(1828-1898)
Maj-General : son of Dr. S. Davies :
educated at London University College
School : entered the Bengal Army, 1839 :
served on the Peshawar frontier under
Sir Colin Campbell : appointed Assistant
Commissioner in the Panjab : Financial
Commissioner, 1883 : Member of the
Governor-General's Legislative Council :
as Commissioner of Delhi was President of
the Executive Committee of the Imperial
Assemblage, 1877 : C.S.I. : retired, 1887 :
K.C.S.L : died June 12, 1898.
DAVIS, GEORGE M'BRIDE (1846- )
Born March -29, 1846 : son of Dr. W. A.
Davis : educated at Queen's College,
Belfast : entered Bengal Medical Service,
1869, and became Surgeon-Colonel, 1897 :
served in Mahsud-Waziri expedition,
1881 : Miranzai expedition, 189 1 : Hazara
expedition, 1891 : as P.M.O. in Waziristan
expedition, 1894-5 : as P.M.O. in Tirah
expedition, 1897-8 : was present at
Dargai : in China expedition, 1901 :
C.B. in 1898, and D.S.O., 1895 : is Princi-
pal Medical Officer, Panjab Frontier
Force.
DAVIS, SAMUEL (1760-1819)
Went to Bengal as an officer of En-
gineers : was an excellent artist : accom-
panied Turner's Embassy to Tibet in
1783, but he himself did not advance
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
ii3
beyond Bhutan : he was afterwards
admitted to the E.I. Co.'s civil service :
was District Judge and Agent to the
Governor-General at Benares and had an
observatory there : as a mathematician
and astronomer, he identified astronomical
references in Sanskrit works. When
Wazir Ali, the deposed Nawab of Oudh,
revolted in Jan., 1799, and murdered
Mr. Cherry, then the Governor-General's
Agent, he afterwards, with a crowd of
followers, attacked Davis, who, on Jan.
14, 1799, successfully defended himself
and his family, standing at the top of a
staircase, pike in hand, until rescued by
British troopers. Davis became a Direc-
tor of the E. I. Co., from 1810 to 1819, and
wrote the well-known Fifth Report on the
Permanent Settlement : F.R.S. : died
June 16, 1819.
DAVISON, SIR HENRY ( ? -1860)
Was a Puisne Judge of the Supreme
Court, Madras, Dec. 1856 : succeeded
Sir W. Yardley as Chief Justice, Bombay,
in April, 1858 : transferred in April-May,
1859, to be Chief Justice, Madras, in suc-
cession to Sir C. Rawlinson : died at
Ootacamund, Nov. 3 or 4, i860.
DAWKINS, SIR CLINTON EDWARD
(1859- )
Born 1859 : son of C. G. A. Dawkins of
the Foreign Office: educated at Cheltenham
and Balliol College, Oxford : entered the
India Office, 1884 : Private Secretary to
Lord Cross, Secretary of State, 1886, and
to Mr. Goschen, Chancellor of Exchequer,
1889 : Under Secretary of State for
Finance in Egypt, 1895 : Financial Mem-
ber of the Supreme Council in India,
1899-1900 : Partner in Messrs. J. S.
Morgan & Co. : author of Appendix to
Milner's England in Egypt : C.B. in 1901,
and K.C.B., 1902.
DAY, FRANCIS (1829-1889)
Son of William Day : born March 2,
1829 : educated at Shrewsbury and St.
George's Hospital, London : joined the
E.I. Co.'s Medical Service at Madras,
1852 : served in the Burmese war of 1852-
54 : Surgeon-Major in 1872 : Deputy
Surgeon-General in 1876, when he retired.
An eminent naturalist : Ichthyology was
the real work of his life : he investigated,
for Government, the condition of Indian
fisheries : his last appointment was as
Inspr-General of Fisheries in India, where
he was recognized as the chief authority
on Indian fishes and pisciculture. After
his retirement, he pursued his studies in
the same subject, gaining medals at
several exhibitions between 1875 and 1883.
He was made CLE. in 1885 : LL.D. of
Edinburgh in 1889 : F.Z.S., and F.L.S. :
was Indian Commissioner at the Fisheries
Exhibition, 1883. Collections made by
him are at Calcutta, Cambridge, London,
etc. He wrote extensively on Fish and
Fisheries, in separate works and in con-
tributions to the Journals of learned
Societies : wrote The Fishes of India, The
Fishes of Malabar, The British and Irish
Salmonidce, The Fishes of the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, The Fishes of the
Nilgiri Hills and Wynaad, The Fishes of
Great Britain and Ireland : also, The Land
of the Perumals, 1863 : Tropical Fevers,
etc. : died July 10, 1889.
DE, REV. LAL BEHARI (1826-1894)
Educated at the General Assembly's
Institution, under the Rev. Dr. Duff : at
17 was converted to Christianity : in
1 85 1 authorized to preach, and ordained
in 1855 : in 1857 he gave up preaching,
and entered the Bengal Educational
Department : spent most of his career
at Hughli as Professor of History and
English Literature : he retired in his 63rd
year : died about Oct., 1894 : he wrote
against Vedantism and the preaching of
Keshab Chandra Sen (q.v.), and conducted
a Journal to diffuse Christianity. His
novel, Gobinda Samanta, a tale of peasant
life in Bengal, and other writings, attracted
considerable attention : wrote also Re-
miniscences of Dr. Duff, 1879.
DEALTRY, THE RIGHT REV.
THOMAS, D.D. (1796-1861)
Bishop : born of poor parents in York-
shire in 1796 : went up to St. Catherine's
Hall, Cambridge, as a pensioner in 1825 :
first class in the Law Class List, 1827-8 :
LL.B. in 1829 : after being ordained,
was a curate at Cambridge and came under
the influence of the Rev. C. Simeon, who
obtained for him a chaplaincy in the
Bengal Establishment. Reaching Cal-
cutta in 1829, he was appointed to the old
Mission church, and remained in charge of
it till 1835, when he was made Archdeacon
1
ii 4
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
of Calcutta: held the post till his
departure to England in 1848. He was
there offered the Bishopric of Madras, was
consecrated, became D.D., and returned
to Madras as Bishop in Feb., 1850. In
the latter years of Bishop Wilson, who
died 1858, Dealtry did much of his touring
and visitation work in Upper India : was
an active and liberal supporter of Missions
and Missionaries : died March 4, 1861.
DEANE, HAROLD ARTHUR (1854- )
Lt-Colonel : born April 1, 1854 : son
of Rev. Henry Deane : educated at Ips-
wich Grammar School : entered the
English Army, 1874, and the Indian Staff
Corps, 1877 : served in the Afghan war,
1879-80 : District Superintendent of
Police, Andamans, 1880-5 : entered the
Pan jab Commission and served as Assis-
tant and Deputy Commissioner till 1895 :
Chief Political Officer with Chitral Relief
Force : Political Agent at Malakand :
Political Resident in Kashmir, 1 900-1 :
Chief Commissioner and Agent to the
Governor-General, N.W. Frontier Pro-
vince, 1901 : C.S.I. , 1896.
DEANE, THOMAS (1841-
Colonel : born May 12, 1841 : son of
Sir Thomas Deane : educated privately :
joined the Indian Army, 1862, in Madras
Cavalry : attached to 21st Hussars,
1863-9 : Viceroy's Bodyguard, 1869 :
Military Secretariat, Government of India,
1877 : Staff Officer to the Controller
General, Supply and Transport, Afghan
war, 1879 : Director Army Remount
Department, 1887-8 : and again 1889-98 :
on special service in S. Africa, 1900-1 :
Agent in England for Government of
India Army Studs : C.B. in 1897.
DEASY, HENRY HUGH PETER
(1866- )
Born 1866 : son of Right Hon. Richard
Deasy, Lord Justice of Appeal (Ireland) :
educated at Bournemouth and Dublin :
joined the 16th Lancers, 1888, and resigned
his commission, 1897 : explored Western
Tibet, 1896 : received the Founders'
Gold Medal from the Royal Geographical
Society for exploring and survey work in
Central Asia for nearly three years :
created a record In motoring, by driving
450 miles in 21 hours : author of In Tibet
and Chinese Turkistan, 1901.
DEB, RAJA BINAYA KRISHNA
(1866- )
Of the Sovabazar Raj family (Kaisthya):
great-grandson of Maharaja Naba Krishna
Bahadur (of the time of Clive and Warren
Hastings) : and son of Maharaja Komul
Krishna Deb, landowner in the Tippera
district : born Aug. 15, 1866 : educated
privately : holds various honorary ap-
pointments in Calcutta, Municipal Com-
missioner, Member of the District Board,
24 Parganas, Governor of the Mayo
Hospital, etc. : made a Raja in 1895 for
loyal services : given the silver Kaisar-i-
Hind medal, 1902 : has founded and
maintains a number of schools, dispen-
saries and other charitable institutions :
promoted philanthropic objects and sport-
ing clubs : has written Agra Reflections
and the Early History and Growth of Cal-
cutta, and had a memoir written of Mahara-
ja Naba Krishna : has initiated the Hindu
sea-voyage movement, founded the Sova-
bazar Benevolent Society, and encouraged
literary institutions and journalistic enter-
prises.
DEB, RAJA BAHADUR KALI
KRISHNA (1808-1874)
Second son of Raja Raj Krishna of
Sovabazar, and grandson of Raja Naba
Krishna, the Diwan of Lord Clive : was
made Raja Bahadur in 1833 : from 1867
was the leader of Hindu Society and in
the van of all movements on behalf of
the native community : Fellow of the
Calcutta University: J. P. : and Vice-
President of the British Indian Associa-
tion : sincerely advocated female educa-
tion : died at Benares on April 11, 1874.
DEB, MAHARAJA^ BAHADUR, SIR
NARENDRA KRISHNA (1822-1903)
Born Oct. 10, 1822 : son of Raja Raj
Krishna Bahadur, and grandson of
Maharaja Naba Krishna Bahadur, of the
Sovabazar family : educated at the Hindu
College : was, for a short time, in Govern-
ment service : was a Municipal Com-
missioner of Calcutta, and Justice of the
Peace : Honorary Magistrate : several times
President and Vice-President of the
British Indian Association : Fellow of the
Calcutta University : made Raja, 1875 :
Member of the Governor- General's Legisla-
tive Council : Maharaja, 1877 : and
K.C.I.E., in 1888: Maharaja Bahadur,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
"5
1892 : held a number of minor honorary
offices : died March 20, 1903.
DEB, SIR RADHA KANTA, RAJA
BAHADUR (1784-1867)
Born in Calcutta, March 11, 1784, son of
RajaGopi Mohan Deb, and great grandson of
Munshi, afterwards Maharaja, Naba Krish-
na Deb, Persian Secretary and Diwan to
Lord Clive : received his English education
at Cumming's Calcutta Academy : studied
Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian : his life was
devoted to cultivating and disseminating
knowledge : was the first modern Hindu
to advocate home female education,
zealously established native schools, and
compiled in 36 years a comprehensive
Sanskrit dictionary, which was acknow-
ledged by learned European Societies, and
by Queen Victoria with a medal. In
religion he was rigidly conservative and
strictly orthodox, while devoted to the
cause of education : wrote a Bengali
reader. He was a Director of the Hindu
College : Secretary of the School-book
Society, established in 1818: prominently
connected with the Government Sanskrit
College, and the Bengal Asiatic Society :
Honorary Magistrate and Justice of the
Peace for Calcutta in 1855 : President of
the British Indian Association from 1851
until his death at Brindaban on April 19,
1867 : Raja Bahadur on July 10, 1837, and
K.C.S.I. in 1866 : was an active supporter
of all public movements.
DE BOIGNE, BENOIT, COUNT (1751-
1830)
A Savoyard: born at Chambery on
March 8, 175 1 : entered the French Army
at 17: left it in 5 years for the Russian
service, and was taken prisoner at Tenedos.
Being released, he, travelling via Alexan-
dria, Cairo, and Suez, joined the 6th
Madras N.I. in the E.jl. Co.'s service in
1778, at Madras. Fancying himself neg-
lected, he resigned, and, abandoning his
intention of making a journey overland
to Europe, joined Madhava Rao Sindia,
who made great use of him to train his
troops and loaded him with wealth. He
left Sindia in 1789, and entered into
trade, but rejoined Sindia in 1790 with
greater powers, and on higher terms :
won for him the battles of Patan, June 20,
1790, and Merta in Sep. 1790, defeating
mixed forces of Pathans, Rajputs, Moguls,
etc. He became C. in C. of Sindia' s
army, and, during Sindia' s absence in the
Dekkan, defeated Holkar at Lakhairi in
Sep. 1793- On Sindia's death, in 1794, De
Boigne continued to serve his successor,
Daulat Rao Sindia. He resigned his
command in Dec. 1795, on account of ill-
health. He had a house at Alighar from
1783 until he left India in Sep. 1796.
He lived at first near London, and then
went to Paris. It was alleged that he
advised and assisted Napoleon Bonaparte
in his designs against the English in India.
This has been completely contradicted
by his grandson : De Boigne during his
career in India maintained friendly rela-
tions with the E. I. Co. In 1803, he
settled at Buisson, at Chambery, applying
his wealth to benevolent and patriotic
purposes, to which he gave 3,678,000
francs. Honours were heaped upon him :
he was held in the greatest respect. He
died June 21, 1830, leaving 20 millions of
francs.
DE BRATH ERNEST, (1858-
Born Dec. 12, 1858 : son of Felix
de Brath : educated privately : joined the
Buffs, 1876, and the Indian Staff Corps,
1879 : served in the Afghan war, 1879-80 :
Mahsud-Waziri expedition, 1881 : Hazara
expedition, 1891 ; Dongola expedition,
1896, as Brig-Major at Suakin : Brevet -
Lt-Colonel : Colonel, 1899 : ' in the
Military Secretariat since 1892 : Secre-
tary Military Department, Government
of India, since 1902 : CLE. in 1903 :
Maj -General : C.B.
DELAFOSSE, HENRY GEORGE (1835-
1905)
Son of Major Henry Delafosse, C.B. :
born 1835 : educated at Addiscombe :
entered the Army, 1854, and became a
Maj -General, 1887 : served in Indian
mutiny : was at Cawnpur, as Lieutenant
in the 53rd N.I. : and served with the
Artillery in the siege there : on June 22,
1 85 7, showed great bravery in extinguishing
the flames of a burning ammunition
wagon, which was under severe fire : and
was one of the four men who escaped in a
boat from the massacre of Europeans at the
Sati Chaura Ghat on June 27, 1857 ' in
Havelock's relief of Lucknow, and the
retaking of Cawnpur : in the Sikhim
expedition, 1861 : in the Umbeyla cam-
paign, 1863 : C.B., 1887 : retired, 1887 :
died Feb. 10, 1905.
n6
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
DE LAUNEY, EUSTACE BENEDICT
(1715-1777)
A Flemish soldier of fortune, in the
service of Martanda Varraa of Travancore :
he built the Travancore lines which were
captured by Tippoo in 1790 : also the
fort of Udayagiri, 38 miles S.E. of Trivan-
drum : remembered among the natives
as Istach (Eustache),the Valiya Kappitban,
or great captain : died i777> buried at
Udayagiri.
DE MEURON, CHARLES DANIELL
(1738-1806)
Maj -General : son of Theodore de
Meuron, justicier : born May 6, i73 8 :
at 17 fought in a body of Swiss Marines
for the French, against the English at
Rochefort : in 1757, on the Florissant
nearly escaped capture by the English :
joined the Swiss Guards, 1763 : Captain
and Colonel, 1768 : as proprietary colonel
raised in 1781 the Neuchatel regiment de
Meuron, 1,020 strong, for the Dutch E.I.
Co. : reached the Cape, Jan. 1782 : sent
on to Ceylon to reinforce Suffrein : to
Cuddalore, June 1783 : returned to
Ceylon and the Cape, and again Ceylon,
where he, then Colonel, left the regiment,
of which the Commanding Officer was his
brother Pierre Frederich (q.v.) : in 1795,
C. D. de Meuron after prolonged negotia-
tions ceded the regiment to England :
the transfer was ratified at Madras, 1797 :
de Meuron went to England, 1797, and
was occupied in recruiting, and in the
negotiations for completing the transfer,
1798 : was made a British Maj -General :
retired : died at Neuchatel April 6, 1806.
DE MEURON, PIERRE FREDRICH
(1746-1813)
Brother of C. D. (q.v.) : born 1746 :
commanded the regiment de Meuron under
the Dutch in Ceylon : when the English
invaded Ceylon in August, 1795, several
detachments of the regiment were defeat-
ed : that under P. F. de Meuron held
out : on its cession to England, in 1795, it
embarked for Tuticorin : where de Meuron
was made, by Lord Hobart, Military
Governor of Ceylon, 1797-8 : commanded
the troops there till 1799 : then command-
ed at Vellore, and Arnee, while the regi-
ment was in the Mysore campaign of 1799 :
took the regiment from Vellore to Madras,
1 80 1, and left for London : he retired,
1807, settled at Neuchatel, died there,
March 30, 181 3 : the regiment was dis-
banded in 1816, after 14 years' service
under the Dutch, 21 years' under the
English.
DEMPSTER, FRANCIS ERSKINE
(1858- )
Born July 9, 1858 : son of Capt. H. L.
Dempster : educated at Edinburgh Aca-
demy, the Institution and University,
and at Cooper's Hill College : joined the
Indian Telegraph Department, 1878 :
served in the Afghan war, 1879-80 :
Chin-Lushai expedition, 1889 : Chitral
expedition, 1895 : CLE. 1896 : Super-
intendent of the Indian Government
Telegraphs.
DENING, LEWIS (1848- )
Entered the Army, 1867, and became
Lt-Colonel, 1893 : served in Afghan
war, 1878-9 : Burmese expedition, 1886-
88 : Dongola expedition, 1896, and N.W.
Frontier, 1897: D.S.O. 1887, and C.B.
1903 : Colonel on Staff, commanding 2nd
Class District in India since 1903.
DENISON, SIR WILLIAM THOMAS
(1804-1871)
Governor, and Colonel : son of John
Denison : born May 3, 1804 : educated
at Sunbury, Eton, and the R.M.A.,
Woolwich : joined the R.E. in 1826 :
made the Rideau Canal in Canada, 1827-
31 : employed at Woolwich, Chatham,
on inspection at Bermuda till 1847, when,
as Captain R.E. he went to Van Diemen's
Land as Lieutenant-Governor, and was
knighted. From 1854 to 1861 he was
Governor of New South Wales and titular
Governor-General of Australia : K.C.B.,
1856 : Governor of Madras from Feb.
1 861 : held strong views on military
questions, and did not conceal his unfa-
vourable estimate of the character of the
natives of India : was opposed to their
admission into the Legislative Councils
and to the establishment of subordinate
Legislative Councils at all : his previous
experience made him an authority on
public works, roads, railways, etc. While
Governor of Madras he was summoned^to
Calcutta on Lord Elgin's death and acted
as Viceroy and Governor-General from
Dec. 2, 1863, until Sir John Lawrence
assumed charge on Jan. 12, 1864. Dur-
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
117
ing this time, he arranged for the con-
tinuation of the Umbeyla campaign
against the Sitana stronghold of Hindu-
stani fanatics.considering that a retirement
from the expedition would be unwise :
went home from Madras in March, 1866 :
died Jan. 19, 1871 : wrote Varieties of
Viceregal Life and essays on social and
educational subjects.
DENNEHY, SIR THOMAS (1829- )
Served in Sonthal campaign, 1855-6 ;
Indian mutiny, 1857-8 : Political Agent,
Dholpur, Rajputana, 1879-85 : extra
Groom in Waiting to Queen Victoria,
1888, and to H.M. the King, 1901 :
K.C.I.E., 1896.
DENNIE, WILLIAM HENRY (1785?-
1842)
Born about 1785 : son of Henry Den-
nie : joined the 22nd regt., 1802, in India :
served in Lord Lake's campaigns, 1804-5 :
at the taking of the Mauritius, 1810 : in
the 13th regt. in the first Burmese war:
Brevet- Lt-Colonel : C.B. : in the Afghan
war, 1838-9: commanded a Brigade:
led the storming party at Ghazni : to
Kabul: defeated part of Dost Muham-
mad's army at Bameean, Sep. 18, 1840 :
after which the Dost surrendered: went
with Sir R. Sale's force from Kabul to
Jalalabad, 1841 : in the siege there, Nov.
1841-April 1842 : commanded after Sale
was wounded : was fatally wounded in a
sortie on April 6, 1842 : was A.D.C. to
the Queen : his services inadequately
recognized : wrote a Narrative of Cam-
paigns in Sind, Beluchistan, and Afghanis-
tan, published 1843.
DEPELCHIN, FATHER HENRY, S.J.
(1822-1900)
Born at Russeignies, in Belgium, Jan.
28, 1822 : entered the Society of Jesus,
1842 : educated at Belgium Colleges for
5 years : ordained : took his last vows,
Oct. 1859 : reached Calcutta, Nov. 1859,
with a small pioneer Jesuit mission and
leopened St. Xavier's College, Jan. 16,
i860 : was military chaplain at Fort
William, 1860-4 : when he returned to
St. Xavier's : as Superior, raised the
number of pupils from 100 to 500 : re-
signed the Rectorship' of St. Xavier's,
Oct. 1 87 1 : went to take charge of the
Mission at Midnapur, but was transferred
to Bombay, managing for 6 years a new
St. Xavier's there : to Belgium : thence
led the "Zambesi" Jesuit Mission to S.
Africa, 1879 : crushed in an accident,
1882 : to Belgium, 1883 : returned to
India, Jan. 1888, to be the Rector of St.
Joseph's Seminary at Darjeeling : erected
the St. Joseph's College at North Point
there, and was its Superior till his death,
May 26, 1900.
DERBY, EDWARD HENRY STAN-
LEY, FIFTEENTH EARL OF
(1826-1893)
Son of fourteenth Earl of Derby, thrice
Prime Minister : born July, 1826 : edu-
cated at Rugby and Trinity College,
Cambridge : M.P. for King's Lynn, 1848 :
travelled widely in N. and S. America :
visited India, 185 1-2 : Under Secy, for the
Colonies, 1852 : Secretary for the Colonies,
1858 : was in charge of the Bill for trans-
ferring in 1858 the Government of India
from the E. I. Company to the Queen :
Secretary of State for India from Sep. 2,
1858, to June 18, 1859 : made Foreign
Secretary : became Earl in 1869 : again
Foreign Secretary : resigned, March,
1878 : Colonial Secretary in Mr. Glad-
stone's Government : presided over Royal
Commissions : died April 21, 1893.
DE RENZY, SIR ANNESLEY CHARLES
CASTRIOT (1829- )
Born May 6, 1829 : son of Thomas De
Renzy : educated at Trinity College,
Dublin : entered the Bengal Medical
Service, 1851 : present at the capture of
Rangoon, 1852 : serve 
