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Full text of "A dictionary of the most important names, objects, and terms found in the Holy Scriptures, intended principally for Sunday schools and Bible classes, and as an aid to family instruction"

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MALOOM'S NEW DICTIONABT. 



DICTIONARY 

THB MOST IMPORTANT 

NAMES, OBJECTS, AND TERMS 

FOUND IN THB 

HOLY SCRIPTURES. 



INTENDED PRINCIPALLY JOB 

SUNDAY SCHOOLS AND BIBLE CLASSES. 

AND AS AN AID TO 

FAMILY INSTRUCTION. 



B7 

HOWARD MALCOM, D.D,, 



LATB PRESIDENT 07 " LEWISBURQ UNIVERSITY," PROFXSSOB Of 

AST) INTELLECTUAL PHILOSOPHY, ETO. nL 






WITH '^Z \ 

NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. 






BOSTON: 

DEWOLFE, FISKE, & co., PUBLISHERS, 

365 WASHINGTON STREET. 



tutor* aowrdtaf * let of Coftjjritt, to & ytf W8;* 

GOULD AND LINCOLN, 
U theOerk'! Office of UM PUtrlct Court for UM DUtrict of 






PREFACE. 



THK Author engaged heartily in Sunday Schools at their first i trod act ion, 
In the present form, into the city of Philadelphia ; and, fiom that time to the 
present, his wtimate of their value has constantly increased. In his labon 
ts teacher, superintendent and pastor, he was early made to feel the need of* 
dictionary, arranged expr-ssly for the constantly increasing class of invest! 
gators of God's word, produced by Sunday-school influence ; but there wai 
none. At length, in 1824, he undertook to supply the desideratum j and, after 
devoting, for six .years, all the time he could command for the purpose, the 
result was published. The reception of the work was highly flattering. Be 
side an immediate, rapid, and wide-spread sale in this country, it, was repub- 
liahu-d in London, and still continues to be largely circulated in Great Britain. 

As successive editions were called for, each was laboriously improved. All 
the works of Bible illustrators, such as Calmet, Whitby, Wells, Brown, Car- 
penter, Wood, Paxton, Harmer, Harris, Jones, and others, were carefully con- 
sulted 5 besides gazetteers, geographies, reports of missionaries, voyages and 
travels, &c. Much aid was also obtained from distinguished biblical scholars } 
and one friend patiently went over the entire mass of scripture references 
making it an evening exercise in his family to look out in the Bible every 
quotation j by which process hundreds of errors were detected in quotations, 
transferred from works consulted. In flue, no pains, labor, or expense wai 
to make the work as complete as possible within the size deemed de- 
sirable, till the sixth edition, when it was stereotyped. 

The wortc, from its first appearance, received the unqualified commendation 
of a large number of ecclesiastical bodies, leading periodicals, and clergymen 
A still more satisfactory evidence of its general acceptableness is the fact of 
its steady sale for nearly twenty-five years, and its circulation reaching the 
extraordinary number of 130,000 copies, notwithstanding the publication of 
several other works of like aim, during this period. 

The stereotyping of his book did not induce the author to discontinue his 
labors upon it. Having become deeply interested in this department of study, 
his investigations were continued, and an interleaved copy of the book kept 
at hand, in which were made constant alterations, corrections, and additions, 
as his reading or travels enabled him. A year ago, the publishers having re- 
solved to stereotype the work anew, and to adopt a larger page, allowing con- 
siderable addition to the reading matter, the work of improvement waa 
resumed systematically. Every line has been revised, authorities researched, 
and very valuable additions made from entirely new sources, such as Kitto, 
Eobin?on, Smith, Lynch, Layard, Bayard Taylor, and others. The result of 
all is, that scarcely an article has not been improved, iui than half hav 
been enlarged, and nearly a hundred new ones, with a very complete Ha> 
tnony of the Four Gospels, have been added. The pub! J itrs also hav 
Incurred the expense of a new and more complete map cf Palestine, and a 
large Bomber of new illustration*. Thus it is essentially a new work. 



fl PREFACE. 

The adrnt:ij.'.'s >f this Dictionary over similar works will be found to be, 
i It contains greatly more actual illustration of the word of God. No 

pace is consumed with rehearsals of scripture history nor biographies which 

can be 1 i lie Bible itself, nor tedious discussions on points whicb 

r antiquated statements respecting countries and 

np***i which huve been superseded by modern research. 
21., < ly those passages which, may be explained by 

(to article ; thus making it a brief critical commentary on the whole Bible 

5. It gives the modern names of places mentioned in the Bible, in aD 
eaves w! 11 iy certainty ; thus denning and fixing the reader's 

lions 

nacres prominent in profane history are mentioned la 
events in the scripture history, BO as to form a 

ckrono Cement in the mind of the reader, and assist his memory 

bjrauoc; 

6. The name of each book in the Bible is given, followed by an article 
which briefly gives all that is known of writer, date, design, &c., thus often 

hole. 

fl. It contains a sufficient Geography of the Bible, and much more con 
B hools than a separate work on that subject can be, 
because, by the alphabetical arrangement, every one may find the desired 
.ion. 

7. The full description of all the animals, birds, reptiles, insects, plants 
minerals, &c., to which important allusions are made, furnishes an adequate 
natural history of the Bible. 

8. A large part of the work is new, being derived from recent sources 
Upwards of four hundred articles are not found in other Bible Dictionaries. 

Ue article itself is not new, it has been improved, if any additional 
light has been thrown upon the subject by recent writers. 

9. I)uttl2t and correct impressions of what could not be well taught by 
words, are fiven by engravings, faithfully and elegantly drawn. 

ible to erroneous pronunciations are accented. 

For th us, the value of the book is not lessened by the posses- 

sion of any other Bible Dictionary. 

In addition to the common purposes of a dictionary, this may furnish not 

only a useful, but a very delightful Sunday exercise in the family, if a parent 

iiile the other members of the family, each with a 

-, and read them aloud. Great light would thus 

be east , subjects, and happy effects produced in fixing sacred 

truth upon the menu ry. 

without regrets, is this labor of love laid aside forever. For 

lnlrl y > -rked, with ever fresh interest, to priduce 

tw * c * 1 ' linquish the task is to lose a great satisfaction, 

1 hat.it. But all Human labor has its limit, and this 

u-.- is i.,.\v iM-quuathed to the world, ended though r/ot finished 

Abandoned but still ! 

, p e nn., August, 18M 



BIBLE DICTIONARY. 



A. 



Aa'ron, a prince of the family 
of Levi, born in Egypt, one year 
before the edict for destroying' 
Hebrew male children, and three 
years before Moses. I3y divine 
direction he was consecrated the 
first High Priest. After the 
schism of Korah, Numb. 16, the 
Lord evidenced his appointment 
by the miracle of the budding 
rod and other signs. He died in 
Mount Uor, 40 years after coining 
out of Egypt, i. e., A. M. 2552, 
aged 123 years, and was BUO- 
jeeded by his son Eleazar. See 
PRIESTHOOD. 

Abad'don, literally The De- 
stroyer, is " the angel of the bot- 
tomless pit, whose name in He- 
brew is Abaddon, but in Greek, 
Apollyon." Rev. 9: 11. 'Wtera 
on the prophecies greatly *9er 
!n their interpretation of the 
above text. Some would apply 
the name exclusively to Satan. 
Others regard it as being also 
applied to Mahomet, and others 
to the Pope of Bnme. 

Ab'ana and PHARPAR, risers 
of Syria, which Nuarnan the 



Leper thought " better than all 
the waters of Israel." Abana 
is probably the Barraddy, which 
rises in Lebanon, and runs to- 
wards the south. Perhaps the 
Pharpar is the same with the 
Orontes, which, rising a little to 
the north-east of Damascus, pass- 
es Antioch, and, after a course 
of 200 miles to the north-west, 
loses itself in the Mediterranean 
Sea. 2 Kings 5: 12. 

Ab'ba, a Syriac word, signify 
ing a beloved father. The word 
is used by our Lord in his agony, 
Mark 14 : 36, and by Paul, when 
he recounts to the believers of 
Rome and Galatia their glorious 
privileges, Rom. 8 : 15 ; Gal. 4: 
6. We thus perceive, both in 
the term itself, and the manner 
of using it, how endearing and 
consoling is the access to God 
which the Christian enjoys. 

Abel, literally vanity, the sec- 
ond son of Eve. The reason why 
his offering was accepted rather 
than Cain's is explained, Heb 
11:4, where it is said to haw 
been because Abel had fait* 



ABI 

that IB, had respect to the Me 
iah to come and to the divine a t 
pointment. It is said that bein 
dead ho yet speaketh, i. e., h 
example and suilerings are a le 

00 to U3 

Abel, otherwise called the fid 

iua, was near Bethshemesh 

and was probably so called froi 

the mourning ot the Hebrews f< 

who were struck dead fo 

looking into the ark. 1 Sam 

9 : 18, 19. 

Abel-Malm, or ABEI^BETH 
MAACIIA, a city in the north o: 
the canton of Naphtali, wher 
Sheba was beheaded. 2 Sam 
20 : 14. Eighty years after, i 
was ravaged by Benhadad. 
Kings 15 : 20. In the days of 
Christ, it was called Abila. 
Abel-Mizraim, literally th 

mourning of the Egyptians, so 
called from their lamentation 
over Jacob's corpse when they 
carried it to Machpelah. It is 
sailed the floor of Atad." 
Gen. 50 : 11. 

Abel-Meholah, a city west of 
Jordan, 10 miles south of Beth- 
ihan, in the tribe of JVlanasseh, 
1 Kings 4: 12. It was the 
birth-place of Elisha. 1 Kings 
19 : 16. Near this city Gideon 
defeated the Midianites. 

Abel-Shittlm, a town beyond 
Jordan, in the plain of Moab. 
Hero 24,000 Israelites were de- 
troyod in one day for falling 
into the sins of Moab. Numb. 
26. It was probably the mourn- 
ing for this eveut that gave the 
name O f Abel to the pot 

Abi'a, second Bon to Samuel, 



ABI 

and Brother to jod. When the 
priests were divided into twenty- 
four courses, the 8th was called 
after him ; or, as some suppose, 
after Abijah, mentioned 1 Chron* 
24 : 10 Luke 1 6. 

A 'bib, or NISAN, the name cf 
the first sacred and seventh civil 
month of the Jewish year. It 
answered to our March and April. 
The word signifies ripe fruity and 
was given to this month, because, 
in the middle of it, the Jews 
generally began their harvest. 
On the 14th day of this month, 
the Passover was eaten. Their 
civil year commenced in Septem- 
ber ; and therefore their jubilees, 
and other civil matters, were 
regulated in that way. See 
Levit. 25 : 8, 9, 10. This change 
of beginning, as to the sacred 
year, took place at the redemp- 
tion of Israel from Egypt. Ex. 

Abilene, a small canton in 
Syria, between Lebanon and An- 
ilibanus. It took its name from 
he city Abila, or Abel-Maim, 
jysanias was governor here in the 
5th year of Tiberius. Luke 3 : 1. 

Abim'elech, the title of the 
-ings of Philistia, as PTOLEMY 
ras of the kings of Egypt, and 
^:SAB of the emperors of Rome 
en. 21 and 36. It was also 
he name of a very wicked ruler 
n Israel, in the time of the 
udges, Jud. 9; and of a high 
riest in the time of David, 1 
hron. 18 : 16, who was the same 

Ahimelech, 2 Sam. 8 : 17, and 
robably the same AS Abiatkar, 
Sam. 22 : 20. 






ABY 
Abomination, a tiling hateful. 

Sm is called aii abomination, bo- 
cause detestable to God and good 
beings. Various gross practices 
are so called. Wearing the dress 
of the opposite sex, Dent. 22 : 5. 
Lying, Prov. 12 : 22. False 
weights, Isa. G6 : 3. False doc- 
Kev. 17 : 4. Idols, Deut. 
7 : 2G. Proud persons, Prov. 16: 
5. The sacrifices, ways, and even 
thoughts, of the wicked, Prov. 
16 8, 9, 26. And he that 
turneth away his ear from hear- 
ing the law, even his prayers 
ehall be an abomination," be- 
cause evidently hypocritical, 
Prcv. 28 : 9. In Dan. 12 : 11, 
and Matt. 24 : 15, the allusion 
is to the Roman armies, which, 
as heathen, were hateful to the 
Jews. 

Abraham, a wandering shep- 
herd of vast wealth and pre- 
eminent piety. He was born A. 
M. 2008, only two years after the 
death of Noah, though there 
were nine generations between 
them. Some learned chronolo- 
gers place his birth sixty years 
before Noah's death. Being the 
progenitor of all th Jews., and 
the brightest example of justify- 
ing faith, he was called the 
"Father of the faithful." His 
name, Abram, or " high father," 
was changed, when God prom- 
ised him a great posterity, into 
Abraham, or " father of a * la- 
titude." Gen. 17 : 4, 5. ills 
history is one of deep interest, 
and is given in Genesis at great 
length 

Abyss, % word used in Scrip- 



ACE 

ture, sometimes to moan hli 
sometimes the depths of the 
ocean, and sometimes the water! 
which flow under the earth. 

Ae'cho, a seaport of Canaan, 
belonging to the tribe of Asher, 
but never conquered by them. 
Jud. 1 : 31. It first became an 
important city in the reign 
of Ptolemy Philadelphus, who 
greatly enlarged and beautified 
the place, and from whom it was 
long called Ptuleniais. It became 
famous during the crusades, and 
was then called St. Jean de Acre 
The Christians were expelled 
from it, as their last hold in 
Palestine, about 1291, and it has 
since been held by the Turks. 
The French, under Napoleon, 
met a repulse here, in 1799. 
The population, in 1825, was 
about 5,000, according to Mr. 
Jowett. It is erroneously stated 
in some works to be from 18 to 
20,000. It is now called Acre. 

Acel'dama, a field lying a little 
south of Jerusalem, where pot- 
ters dug their clay. The money 
which Judas threw back to the 
Jewish rulers, being the price of 
blood, as they called it, they 
would not put into the Lord's 
treasury, but with it purchased 
this field; wherefore it was called 
"ACELDAMA, or The Field (/ 
Blood." Acts 1 : 18, 19. Zech 
11 : 12, 13. It was then appro- 
priated as a place to bury stran- 
gers, from which the burial- 
ground for this purpose is, in 
some, cities, called the Potter* 
Field. Matt. 27 : 8. The spol 
is etill used by tb> Armenian* 



ACT 

for * grave-yard It is now 

about 100 foet long and 70 broad, 

Xnnctf). It 

IB surrounded by a wall, and is 

:i vast vault arched over, 

:iich bodies are lowered 

through seven apertures from 

above. 

Aeha'la, in the largest sense, 

comprehended all Greece Proper, 

. This seems 

the meaning, 2 Cor. 11 : 10. 

Thus, what is Acha : .a, Acts 19 : 

, i. e., Greece, Acts 

20 : 2. In the strict use of the 

\ehaia was that northern 

. tho Peloponnesus, the 

capital of which was Corinth. 2 

Cor. 1 : 1. 

A'ellOr. This word signifies 
trouble, and was the name of a 
valley near Jericho, given to it 
oecau.se of the tribulation pro- 
duced by the theft of ACIIAIT, 
who was stoned here. Josh. 7 : 
24 2G. lios. 2 : 15. 

Acre. The English acre is 
4840 square yards, the Roman 
3200, and the Egyptian 3G98 ; 
but the Hebrew acre appears to 
mean as much as one yoke of 
oxen Could plough in a day. 
Ten acres of vineyard yielding 
one bath, and the seed of an 
homer producing an ephah, fsa. 
6: 10, means that the land should 
be afflicted with dreadful steril- 
ity, for such a crop is scarcely a 
tenth part of the send sown. 

Acts OK TUB Al'OSTLES, the 

of the primitive ohurch, 
written by Luke. It does not 
contain a full account cf the 
Ubori of all the apostlaa, but 



10 ADD 

only of a few a a specimen 
chiefly those of Paul. The nar 
rative commences at the ascen 
sion of Christ, and extends to 
Paul's arrival at Rome, on hii 
appeal to Caesar, a period of 
about 30 years. To read thil 
book with profit, the map of the 
travels of Paul, common in Sun- 
day-schools, should be referred 
to. 

Adad-Rim'mon, a city in the 
valley of Jezreel, famous for a 
dreadful battle. 2 Kings 23 : 29. 
Zech. 12 : 11. It was afterwards 
called Maximianopolis, in honor 
of the emperor Maximian. 

Ad'auiant, a beautiful stone, 
of the hardest kind, generally 
called diamond. Sinners' hearts 
are compared to adamant. Zech. 
7 : 12. See DIAMOND. 

A'dar, the twelfth month of 
the Jewish sacred year, and the 
sixth of the civil ; correspand- 
ing to February. The inter- 
calary month added at the end 
of every third year was called 
Ve-Adar, or second Adar. 

Adder, a venomous reptile, 
brought forth alive, and not 
hatched from eggs, as are most 
serpents. It is often called viper. 
The terra occurs five times in our 
translation. In Gen. 49 : 17, 
the original word is SHEPHIPHON, 
fk'.ught by critics to be the ceras- 
to, a viper which lurks in the 
sand, tho color of which it resem- 
bles. In Psalms - r >8 : 4, and 91 
13, the Hebrew word is PETIIHV. 
an asp. In Psalms 40 : 3 it is 
ACIISDB, which is also rendered 
asp. In Prov 23 32, the tern 



ADO 



11 



ADU 



U Tzipnoxr, which in Isa. 14 : 29, 
and Jor. 8 : 17, <tc., ia rendered 
cockatrice, or basilisk, a serpent 
said to kill with its breath. 

nLs, like most other crea- 
tures, are attracted by music. 
Many authors, both ancient and 
modern, confirm this fact. This 
is called charming them ; and 
while their delight in the music 
continues, they are perfectly 
harmless, and will go after the 
person playing. The deaf adder, 
or asp, mentioned Ps. 56 : 4, 
probably means one so full of 
venom as to be insensible to sweet 
sounds. To which other allusions 
agree. See Ecc. 10 : 11. Jer. 
8: 17. 

Adjure. It was a custom 
among the Jews to adjure, which 
was by a form of execration laid 
on the person if he did not an- 
swer truly. It was the same as 
administering an oath is now ; so 
that though Jesus held his peace 
when merely interrogated, he ac- 
knowledgedjwhen adjured, that he 
was the Son of God. Matt. '20 : 63. 

Adoiiirani, one of Solomon's 
overseers on Lebanon, 1 Kings 
6 : 14. He is also called Adoram 
by contraction, 2 Sam. 20 : 24, 
and Hadoram, 2 Chr. 10 : 18. 

Adoption, the act of taking 
one into the family for a child. 
Pharaoh's daughter adopted Mo- 
sea. Mordecai thus received 
Esther. Many other instances 
occur in Scripture. The dnuble 
parentage thus created has praAtly 
eonfused chronologers, and j-*cd 
unlearned objections to scripture 
genealogiea. True believers in 



Christ, who rely upon his effica- 
cious atonement, and the sura 
merit of hia perfect righteous- 
ness, for the pardon of their sins 
and reconciliation to God, being 
regenerated by the Spirit, and 
freely justified by grace, through 
the redemption of Jesus Christ, 
are said to be brought into thia 
state of adoption. 2 Cor. 6 : 18. 

Adram'uiclcch, a deity of the 
Sepharvaites, who seems to have 
been worshipped as the god of 
flocks and herds. 

This was also the name of a 
son of Sennacherib, who, with 
his brother Sharezer, slew their 
father in the temple of Nisroch. 
Isa. 37 : 38. 

Adramyftinrn is by some ge 
ographers affirmed to be the same 
with Thebes in Egypt. Others 
maintain, with more probability, 
that this city was in Mysia, op- 
posite Lesbos. The latter was 
situated at the foot of Mount Ida, 
and was founded by a colony 
from Athens. It was a place of 
much commerce, Acts 27 : 2 ; but 
it is now a poor fishing village, 
and is called Dramiti. 

A'dria, a sea on the coast of 
Italy, where Paul, in going to 
Rome, suffered an extreme tem- 
pest. Acts 27 : 27. It is now 
called the Gulf of Venice. 

Adul'lam was once a noble 
town in the north part of the lot 
of Judah. Near it was the place 
of Divid's concealment 1 Sam 
22 : 1. It continued to be an 
important place for several jen- 
turios after Christ, but it now 
extinct. 



AHA 

Adultery, a general term for 
rery species of unchastity, but 
BOW generally restricted to im- 
parity by married persons. In 
ft spiritual senie, it meann idol- 
atry. Jer. 3:9. Ezek. 23 : 37. 

Advocate, a title of Jesus, 
showing his intercession for his 
people. Wo have a specimen of 
the manner in which he acts as 
nch, in John 16 and 17. 

Affinity, relation. For the 
degrees of afiinity which ob- 
structed matrimony, see Leviti- 
cus 18. 

Ag'ftte, a gem of various colors 
and degrees of transparency. It 
is found in the form of rounded 
nodules, from the size of a pin's 
head to more than a foot in diam- 
eter, in the river Wolga, in Ger- 
many, in the pudding-stone of 
Siberia, in Ceylon, Scotland, Ac. 
Those of the last named country 
are commonly called Scotch peb- 
ble \\ It is a stone of great 
beauty, and is only cheap because 
found in abundance. It was the 
second stone in the lower row of 
the high priest's breast-plate. 
Ex. 28 : 19. 

Our translation has agate, Isa. 
54 : 12, and Kzck. 27 : 16, where 

meant. M places 

Ought -/'iss. 

Afjrip'pa. 

re sev- 
eral ki 

1. / .o Mede, son 
of Cyaxares. Dan. 9:1. 

2. CAMBTBBB, king of Persia, 
during wbte nign the rebuild- 



I AIR 

ing of the temple was suspended 
Ezra 4 : 6, 7. 

3. DABIUS HYBTASPEB, the 
husband of Esther. Est. 1 : 1. 
He died A. M. 3519. Prideaua 
thinks, with Severus and many 
others, that Artaxerxes Longi- 
inanus was the person ; Scaliger 
Jahn, and others, that it waa 
Xerxes. 

Aha'va, a river on the banks 
of which Ezra assembled the 
Jews who were returning with 
him to their own land. Ezra 8 : 
15. It is probably the country 
called Ava, 2 Kings 17: 24, 
whence the king of Assyria drew 
settlers for Palestine, and where 
he colonized the Israelites. 1 
Kings 18 : 34, and 19 : 13. 

Air, a fluid which surrounds 
the earth to the height of about 
fifty miles. Air has considerable 
weight. About 2160 pounds' 
weight of it presses on every 
square foot ; and, allowing the 
surface of a human body to be 
15 square feet, the pressure of 
air on it must amount to 32,400 
pounds. But this pressure is not 
felt, because our bodies contain 
such a portion of air as serves to 
buoy thern up. Air is necessary 
to the existence of all animals 
and plants. The winds keep it 
pure. Creatures inhabiting the 
water need air as much as land 
animals. Some of these come 
often to the surface to breathe, 
air* *hose which have gills man- 
ufaciure air for themselves out 
of water. If there were no air, 
we could neither see, hear, not 
speak ; there could be neithet 






ALA 18 

clouds nor rain. Indeed, the 
whole world would be destroyed, 
if the air were to be destroyed, 
or even become stagnant. 

To beat the air," 1 Cor. 9 : 
26; 14 : 9, ia to speak or labor to 
no purpose. In Eph. 2:2," the 
power of the air " means those 
who exercise that power, viz., 
evil spirits who are under the 
aontrol of Satan, here called 
their prince. The word " heaven " 
is used to signify the air. Gen. 
19 : 24. 2 Kings 1 : 10. 

Al'abaster, a name now applied 
to a soft, fine, white species of 
marble, or sulphate of lime, 
found near Thebes, Damascus, 
wad other places. The word is 
derived from the name given by 
the Greeks to an urn or vessel 
without handles, especially those 
made narrow at the top, so as to 
be easily stopped, and thus es- 



ALE 

peclally proper for ointments and 
perfumes Alabasters were of 
glass, silver, or gold. It wai 
customary at feasts among the 
great to anoint the hair of the 
guests with costly perfume. Pg 
23 : 5, and 45 : 7. Matt. 26 : 7. 
In Matt. 26 : 6, 7, " breaking" 
the box means simply breaking 
the seal so as to uncork it. Mary 
could not have poured out the 
ointment if she had broken the 
bottle or box ; and the pieces 
would have been inconvenient. 
Beside, it would have been a 
needless waste of a valuable ar- 
ticle, and the apostles only re- 
proved her for wasting the oint 
meht. 

Albe'it, an old word for never 
theless, or although. 

Alexandria, a celebrated city 
in Lower Egypt ; situated be- 
tween Lake Mareotis and the 




ALEXANDRIA. 



western branch of the Nile, near 
tts mouth ; founded by Alexan- 
der the Great, B. o 331. After 

2 



the destruction of Carthage, it 
was, for nearly seventeen cen- 
turies, the chief city of the world 






ALE 






acxt to Rome. Its commerce 
extended to every part of the 

r a loiig 

timo it was the chief scat of 
learning and the sciences. The 

ir royal 

residence, mod each su 
nxmar .i--l- it. 

,iuered 
Egypt, they respected and pre- 

is city, 
h. In 
.andria, 
Paul .- 

hare founded the church here, 

: was here martyfed, 

.-is born. 

, Origen, Athanasius, and 
other eminent ministers, flour- 
ished here. Numerous Jewa 
netted here, engaged in trade 
and commerce ; 50,000 of whom 

:: ordered under t. 
peror ' r the Sara- 

cen*, who con<iucrc<l it A. 
H began to decay. They stupidly 
1 700,- 
us ver- 

hutfint was made hero nearly 300 
'. t then 
Ooo Ui 
theatre*. It 

::ig that 

, * L roua at 

A* tit. 



14 ALM 

AD, overy creature or person 
Sometimes this epithet is used 
indefinitely, expressing a great 
many, or the greatest part, Matt 
'6 : 15 ; sometimes for every class 
and condition of men. 1 Tim. 
2 : 4. Titus 2 : 11. 

Allegory, a similitude carried 
out to more length than a 
metaphor. Gal. 4 : 24, 31. 
This figure abounds in the 
Bible, and all oriental writings. 
Christians have often fallen into 
error by interpreting them too 
closely, or treating plain pas- 



Alleluia, a word occurring in 
every psalm, and always 
i 'raise ye the Lord." 
It occurs in the Apocalypse, and 
is transferred in our version ; be- 
ing sometimes written Hallelujah 
Almond, a tree bearing the 
well-known fruit so called. Ita 
us are white. Ecc. 12 : 5. 
In size and shape it resembles 
the peach-tree. 

Alms, Bounty to the poor 
Matt. G : 1. 

Al'mug-tree. It is thought to 

;une with the Shittah, or 
SLittim-tree. 1 Kings 10 : 11. 
Suine have supposed it to be the 
s(ind(il-wtjod t much used in the 

costly purposes. A spe 
cies of this wood, found in Sia^. 
Japan, Ac., yields a beautiful 
rod dye iTais resombUjace in 
color to toral may hive given it 
the name almug, which, in Rab- 

i-nifies coral, and then 
the moaning of the term would 
l>0 coral-wood. 






ALO 

A1'0S. Tournefjrt reckons 
fourteen kinds of the ak<> 
are trees, others shrubs or herbs. 
The American aloe is famous for 
its fine flowers, which are of the 
lily kind ; the Asian for the pur- 
gative drug prepared from it. It 
is made by expressing the juice 
from the leaves, and hardening 
it in the sun to the consistence 
of a gum. That which is most 
nicely prepared is called the sue- 
totrine, the next is called hypatic, 
and the coarsest is the horse aloe. 
Tha fragrant wood of a species 
gi awing in China, Cochin China 



in, is so prccir *s H to 
worth more than its weight in 
gold. Compare Canticles 4 : 14, 
and Prov. 7 : 17. Aloes were 
used for the embalming of dead 
bodies, and as a perfume. John 
19 : 39. Prov 7 : 17. 

Al'pha, the first letter of the 
Greek alphabet. It is used in 
connection with OMEGA, which is 
the last letter, to express the 
eternity of Jesus Christ. Kev. 
1 : 8, 11. 

Altar, among the Jews, a 
mound or large stone table where 
sacrifices wore laid and offered. 




After the erection of the taber- 
aacle, two altars were appointed, 
one for sacrifices, the other for 
Incense, and on no others were 
offerings lawful. The preceding 
picture represents the " altar of 
burnt offering," as made by Solo- 
mon, which was thirty feet 
square, and fifteen feet high. It 
stood not in the tabernacle, but 
in the court. The " altar of in- 
cense " was a table about two 
feet square, and four feet high, 
plated with gold, which stood in 



the Holy Place. Some chria- 




tians still apply the term altar U 




AM 



16 



AMO 



the table where the communion 
fa administered ; but Christ is 
the only Christian altar, to which 
we bring all our sacrifices and 
services. Ileb. 13 : 10. 

Am'alekites, a nation dwelling 
between the Red and Dead Seas. 
About A. M. 2091, Chedorlaomer 
ravaged their country, at which 
time multitudes left it. It is 
thought by some that these 
poured themselves on Egypt, and 
were the shepherds mentioned by 
Manetho. For their great wick- 
edness, God utterly ruined this 
people by the hand of Saul. 1 
Sam. 15. Afterwards a remnant 
gathered again, which was finally 
destroyed by the Simeonites, in 
the days of Ilezekiah. 1 Chr. 4. 

Ambassador, a legate or apos- 
tle. A person sent on behalf of 
another, with powers to act ac- 
cording to general instructions. 
2 Cor. 6 : 20. 

Amber, a yellow, inflammable 
:.<;e, transparent if pure, 
which seems to have been origi- 
nally in a fluid state, a- 

-octs are often found in it. 
It is ol 

many, ., but chiefly 

from Prussia, whei. 

:iat mines uro regularly 

out into various ornanu-:. 
1 : 4, and 8 

Amen, tr > it so. 

Christ U call * bo- 

eauae he in irqt.h. 

Br. 3 : 11. ises are 

aid to be " ^ 
Chrut, because that by Liui they 



will infaUibly be all 
plished. 2 Cor. 1 : 20. "When 
used in devotion, it means be it 
so. When repeated in affirma- 
tion, it is equivalent to our 
phrase, indeed, indeed. 

Among the Jews and early 
Christians, the whole assembly 
responded an audible Amen at 
the close of a public prayer. 
Jerome says that when the Chris- 
tians said Amen at the close of a 
prayer, &c., the sound was like 
a clap of thunder. 

Am'ethyst, a very rare gem, 
generally of a purple or violet 
color. It is found in Germany, 
Spain, and other countries, but 
the most valuable are obtained 
in Asia and Russia. 

Aminon, or NO-AMMON. See 
No. 

Ammonites, a people descend* 
ed from Lot through Ammon or 
Ben-Ammi. They oppressed la- 
rael 18 years, and were then 
overcome by Jephthah. Jud. 10, 
Ac. At various times, in after 
ages, they were permitted to 
scourge the Hebrews. 2 Chron. 
20. At length Judas Maccabeus 
overcame them, ravaged their 
country, and burnt their cities. 
The poor remains -were afterward 
mingled among the Arabs, and 
the name was lost from among 
nations. Amos 1 : 1114 Zepb 
2 : 911. 

Am'orites, inhabitants rf that 
part of Syria which was given to 
Israel. They occupied the por- 
tion which afterwards constituted 
the lots of Reuben, Gad, Manas- 
soh, Dan, Judah, Simeon, and 



ANA 



17 



ANG 



Benjamin. Aa they wore tho 
nost powerful of tho devoted 
tribes, all the Canaanit' 
times went under their naa'c 
Jud. G : 10. 2 Kings 21 : 11. 

Amos began to prophesy a lit- 
tle before Jlnxfti, and continued 
a while cotcmporary with that 
prophet, during the reign of 
Uzziah, about 800 years B. c. 

THE BOOK reproves the terrible 
wickedness of the Hebrews who 
abandoned themselves t 
evil, pronounces the ruin of the 
neighboring nations, judgment 
on the Jews, and the final pros- 
perity of Messiah's kingdom. 

Amphip'olis, a city of Mace- 
donia. Acts 17 : 1. It is al- 
most surrounded by the river 
Strymon, whence its name, which 
means "a city surrounded." It 
is now called Emboli. 

Anam'mclech, an idol of the 
Sepharvaites, a tribe of the Sa- 
maritans. 2 Kings 17: 31. 

Anani'as, the name of three 
persons mentioned in tho New 
Testament. 

1. A professed Christian, who, 
with his wife Sapphira, died at 
the rebuke of Peter, for false- 
hood and hypocrisy. Acts 5 : 
15. 

2. A Christian of Damascus, 
who restored Paul to sight Acts 
9 : 1017, Ac. He beam* pas. 
tor of the church there, jnd died 
a martyr. 

3. The high priest, who pre- 
sided in the council at Paul's 
examination. Acts 23 : '2. 

Anath'eoia, a solemn curse j 

a* 



an accursed person or thing. A 
Cur. 1 : 22. See MAKANATBA. 

Andrew, our Saviour's firrt 

disciple, lie fiill'i-red martyrdom 

at Pats ,i. It is said 

shaped 

like the letter X ; hence a orosi 
of this shape is exiled St An- 
drew's cross. 

Angel, a messenger. It it 
applied to those heavenly agent* 
which are the highest created 
intellectual beings, whom God 
makes use of as his ministers to 
execute the orders of providence; 
Rev. 22 : 8, to Christ, as the 
Mediator and Head of the church ; 
Zech. 1 : 12. Rev. 10 : 1, to 
ministers of the gospel, who arc 
ambassadors for Christ ; Rev. 2 
1, and 3 : 1,7; to those whont 
God employs to execute his judg- 
ments ; Rev. 15 : 8, and 16 : 1, 
to devils ; Matt. 25 : 41. 1 
Cor. 6:3. In 1 Cor. 11 : 10, it 
may mean spies, who were sent 
to watch for the faults of chrls- 
tians. 

The most common application 
of the term is to the happy spirits 
who have never fallen. Whet 
God founded the earth with suet 
skill and goodness, they sang 
together and shouted for joy. 
Job 38 : 6, 7. They were ere- 
ated with eminent wisdom, holi- 
ness, purity, and happiness; but 
capable of change, and some of 
them fell. Their knowledge u 
great, but not infinite ; they de- 
sire to look into the mystery of 
our salvation, and learn from th 
church the manifold wisdom of 
God Nor can they search Iht 



ANO 



18 



-earta of m*n, nor know future 
things, but as particularly in- 
nructed of God. 1 Pet. 1 : 12. 
Eph. 3 : 10. Jer. 17 : 10. Matt, 
oir power is vast, 
but reaches to nothing strictly 
miraculous. Their number a- 
mounts to many millions. Ps. 
68 : 17. Matt. 26 : 53. Rev. 
5 : 11. Dan. 7 . 10. Their 
names, of " thrones, dominions, 
principalities, and powers," sug- 
gest an order of gradation among 
them, though of what kind we 
cannot ascertain. Col. 1 : 1C. 

Guardian angels are thought 
to be alluded to, Gen. 48 : 16. 
Ps. 34 : 7 ; 91 : 11. Acts 12 : 
15. But those passages do not 
necessarily convey this idea. 

An'ger, a violent displeasure 
and indignation accompanied with 
grief. Mark 3:5. It is lawfu 1 
when directed against sin, Eph 
4 : 2G ; sinful when pointed 
against the person of another 
and accompanied with a desire 
of revenge. 

An'ise, a small plant, some 
what like parsley, very common 
in Judca. The seed is carmina 
live and frn 

Anna, a prophetess. Luke 2 

3G. Her continuing without ceas 

temple means jnl 

itt:d the regu 

; and evening service 

tnere. 

Anoint, to pour oil upon a pu 

too, as wa.- the Jew 

pnrpOM 

especially v ' apart a 

to ft holy office, as of 



rophet, priest, or king j 

eing by divine appointment, wai 

denote the person's being 
ndued. with the gifts cf the 
pirit. Ex. 29 : 7. Lev. 4 : 3. 
ud. 9 : 8, &c. But Jesus Christ 
?as the only one ever particularly 
esignated by God to fill all the 
hree distinct offices of prophet, 
riest, and king. He was in a 
Ksculiar manner filled with the 
loly Ghost, of which anointing 

with oil was the emblem. Christ 
_ emphatically styled the anointed 
n various parts of Scripture. Pa 
,5 : 7. Isa. 61 : 1. Dan. 9 : 24, 

Anon, a word in common use 
when our translation of the Bible 
was made. It is of the same 
mport as quickly. Mark 13 : 20. 

Au'telope. See ROE. 

An'tiehrist is a word of Greek 
rigin, signifying a person or 
power actuated by a spirit oppo- 
site to that of Christ. In the 
days of John, there were already 
many antichrists. 1 John 2 : 18, 
and 4:3. The term has been 
commonly applied to the church 
of Rome, which is thought to be 
described, 2 Thess. 2 : 4. Com- 
pare Daniel 7 : 24, 25, and Rev. 
17 : 16. Whether this appli- 
cation of the term be correct or 
not, has little to do with the con- 
troversy respecting the Romish 
religion, as that must stand on 
the general agreement or dis- 
agreement of its doctrines and 
practices with Scripture. 

Antioch, the capital of Syria, 
i both banks of the Oroa- 
Ive miles from the Med- 

1 'terranean, built by Nioonor, B. 



ANT 



19 



APO 



J01. It WM the third city of the 
earth, being scarcely inferior to 
Alexandria, and the residence of 




A N T I C H 

the kings of Syria. Litke and 
Theophilus were born in this 
place. Here Paul and Barnabas 
preached,and here the disciples of 
Christ were first called Christians. 
Chrysostoia preached here in the 
fourth century with great success. 
This church was famous for many 
hundred years. It has many 
times suffered from earthquakes, 
in which from sixty to a hundred 
thousand of its inhabitants have 
perished. In 1188, it was de- 
molished by the Saracens. In 
1822, a tremendous earthquake 
completely destroyed the remains 
of this once splendid aity ; and 
it is now a poor town named 
Antakia. 

There were various other cities 
called Antioch, none of which are 
mentioned in Scripture but that 
In Pisidia, which is tow called 
Ak-sher and sometimes Antiochio 
iota 13 : 14, 



Antlp'atrls, a city of Canaan 
situated in a pleasant valley, neat 
the mountains, in the way from 
Jerusalem to Caesa- 
rea, about 17 milei 
from Joppa, and 42 
from Jerusalem. Acta 
23 : 31. It was for- 
merly called Caphar- 
salama, (1 Maoc. 
7 : 31), but was of 
little note till en- 
larged and adorned 
by Herod, who named 
it after his father, 
Antipater. 

J^OC'ryph.1 prop- 
erly signifies "hid- 
den " or "concealed." 
The name is applied to a number 
of books often placed between 
the Old and New Testaments. 
They were not admitted by an- 
cient Christians into the canon of 
Scripture. None of them were 
ever received by the Jews. They 
are not found in the catalogue oi 
the canonical books, made by 
Mileto, bishop of Carthage, in 
the second century ; nor does 
Origen, in the third, or Epipha- 
nius, in the fourth, acknowledge 
their authenticity. The tldest 
Syriac version of the Bible does 
not contain these books. Few of 
them were allowed to be canon- 
ical, until the ninth and tenth 
centuries, when the ignorance, 
both of the people and of the 
clergy, was most deplorable. The 
popish council of Trent voted 
them to be authentic, and they 
are still retained by Papist* 
Some of these books, such M 



APP 



20 



ARA 



Maccabees and Ecclesiasticus, 
oontain useful history and whole- 
ome advice, but others are pue- 
rile and fabulous. There are 
also many apocryphal books of 
the New Testament. 

Apollo'llia, a city of Macedonia, 
now unimportant, and called Pa- 
tina. Acts 17 : 1. 

Apoll'yon, literally the "de- 
stroyer." See ABADDON. 

Apostle, minister, or messen- 
ger. The term implies selection, 
commission, qualification, mis- 
sion, accountability and recom- 
pense. The title is specially 
given to those whom Christ chose 
to be witnesses and inspired 
teachers of his life, doctrine, 
and resurrection. It is also ap- 
plied to Christ, who was sent 
from heaven to assume our nature, 
and to effect man's redemption 
by his merits and death. Heb. 
3 : 1. 

Ap'pii-forum, a place in the 
south-west of Italy, about fifty 
wiles from Rome, where Paul 
was met by his Christian friends. 
Acts 28 : 15. It is now called 
Fossa Nuova. 

Apple-tree. The apple is a 
species of fruit not common in 
Palestine, though found there. 
The tree so called in Scripture is 
probably the citron, which is 
large, ever-green, and fragrant, 
and affords a delightful shade. 
Sol. Song 8 : 5. Prov. 2i> li. 

The word occurs but seldom in 
Scripture. In Solomon's Song 
8 : 6, apples of gold, in pio- 
tcres of silver/' means golden 



colored citrons, in silver fruiS 
baskets of curious net-work 

The APPLE OP SODOM is a fruit 
resembling the apple, containing, 
when green, an acid, milky juice; 
but in winter, when dried, a yel- 
lowish, offensive dust. 

Arabia, a large country of 
Asia, lying partly on the east, 
but chiefly southward, of Canaan. 
Its greatest length from east to 
west is about 1620 miles ; and its 
greatest breadth from north tc 
south about 1350. It has the 
Indian Ocean on the south, the 
Red Sea and Isthmus of Suez on 
the west, Canaan and Syria on 
the north-west and north, the 
mountains of Chaldea and the 
Persian Gulf on the east. It is 
ordinarily divided into three 
parts. 

1. Arabia Petraea, or the rocky ', 
on the north-west, and which is 
now called Hejiaz. In the south- 
west part of it now stand the 
famed cities of Mecca and Me- 
dina, so much visited by Mahom- 
etan pilgrims. This division 
contained the land of Edom, 
Kadesh Barnea, Paran, Cushan, 
&c. The people of this part are 
called " Men of the east." Gen. 
25 : 6. Jud. 6 : ? 

2. Arabia Deserta, which lay 
eastward of Canaan, and ccm 
prehended the land of Uz, of 
Ammon, Moab, Midian, with the 
country of the Itureans, Hagar- 
enes, <tc. In this part was Mount 
Sinai. The inhabitants have in 
all ages dwelt in ;ents, and led 
a wandering life. They are at 
preeeit called Bedouin*. 



ARA 



21 



ARC 



2. Arabia Felix, or the happy, 
Mi the south of the two former, 
oetween the Persian Gulf and 
M. Si-aiTcly any part of 
Arabia is well watered ; but 
Arabia Felix is the luost so, and 
Is famed for its opium, myrrh, 
cassia, and ether drugs, as well 
M for fine spices and fruits. 

The Arabians are, in general, 
the defendants of Ishmael. The 
descendants of Abraham by Ke- 
turah, as well as those of Lot 
and Esau, dwelt also in this land, 
and either mixed with or sup- 
planted the inhabitants. The 
Arabic language is one of the 
most ancient in the world, and is 
remarkable for its copiousness. 
The ancient Arabic was without 
points. The present Arabic char- 
acters are modern. 

Of all nations, says Calmet, the 
Arabs have spread most over the 
world, and, in all their wander- 
ings, they have, more than any 
other nation, preserved their lan- 
guage, manners, and peculiar 
customs. They are cunning, in- 
genious, poetical, superstitious, 
vindictive, sanguinary, and thiev- 
ish. In character and customs 
they have scarcely varied since 
the days of the patriarchs. Chris- 
tianity was early extended over 
this country, and we read of 
martyrs, councils, &c., in Arabia. 

Ar'arat, a mountain in the 
country of the same name. Part 
of the province which was for- 
merly so called, lies in Turco- 
raama, and the rest is in Persia. 
It has Georgia on the north, 
Media on the east, Assyria on the 



with, *n*? Lesser Asia on tht 
west. Ilre the rivers Euphiates, 
Tigris, A raxes, and Phasis, hav 
their source. Here stand the 
famed mountains Taurus an^ 
Antitaurus, Nipbates, Gordian, 
Ac. Mount Ararat, upon which 
Noah's ark rested, was probably 
the Ar-dagh, or finger mountain, 
in Armenia, standing in a large 
plain, 36 miles east from Eiivan, 
rising in a conical shape to the 
height of about 12,000 feet above 
the level of the sea, and visible 
nearly 200 miles distant. Its 
top is inaccessible on account of 
the perpetual snow. The middle 
part is haunted by tigers ; some 
poor flocks and small monasteries 
are at the foot. 

Archer, a soldier who fought 
with a bow and arrows. Gun- 




powder being a modern inven- 
tion, most of the ancient war 
riors were archers. 

Archangel, the chief angel 
The Jewa supposed that there 
are seven of them, gre*tr to 



ARK 



22 



ARK 



power than the rest, and that the 
guardianship of particular nations 
is committed to them. Michael 
was considered the patron of the 
Jews. Dan. 10 : 13, 21. The 
name ia never -ised in the plural, 
and some learned men are of 
opinion that it means Jesus 
Christ. 1 Thess. 4 : 16. 

Arctn'ms, a star of the first 
magnitude in the constellation 
Bootes, near the north pole. It 
becomes visible in September, 
and sets in March. Job 9 : 9. 
The "sons of Arcturus" are 
probably the inferior stars adja- 
cent. Job 38 : 32. 

ireop'agns, the high court of 
Athens, called MARS-HILL, be- 
cause it was held on that emi- 
nence. It first consisted of nine 
judges, afterward of thirty, and 
finally, about the days of Paul, 
of 500. Their jurisdiction at 
that period extended to religious 
as well as civil affairs. There 
are still to be seen vestiges of 
their seats, cut in the rock. Paul, 
\shen cited before them on a 
charge of setting forth strange 
gods, preached so ably, that he 
was dismissed, and Dionysius, 
one of the judges, and some 
others, became converts. Acts 17. 

Arimathe'a, a pleasant town 

between Jerusalem and Joppa. 

It is, however, more probably the 

city of Ramah, in Mount Ephra- 

.!'! Ramathdim, ] ^un. 

19, and by Josephus, Ra- 

mM-i M a ,. t . 27:67 It is now 

oalled l; 

Ark, the vessel built by Noah. 
It U oompated, from the measure- 



ment recorded in Genesis, tc 
have been of the burden of more 
than 81,000 tons. Allowing 18 
inches to the cubit, the length 
was 450 feet, the width 75, and 
the height 45. This size amply 
sufficed for all the creatures to b 
saved within it, and their food. 
Only such animals as could not 
live in water or mud, or on the 
floating rubbish, were taken into 
the ark. It had three decks or 
stories, divided into numerous 
stalls or apartments, besides the 
hold, where water and provisions 
were stowed. Calmet reckons 
only 150 species of quadrupeds ; 
of birds there are more in num- 
ber, but smaller ; of reptiles, 
most species can live in the water, 
and so were not taken into the 
ark. The window or windows 
were, by divine appointment, in 
the roof only. The inmates were 
therefore saved the misery of 
seeing the dreadful scenes which 
were around them, and from being 
induced to receive any person in 
Gen. 6 and 7. 

Ark of the Covenant, a chest 
nearly four feet in length, of 
which a good idea may be formed 
from the picture. It contained 
the original stone tables of *he 
law, Aaron's rod that budded, the 
pot of manna, and, in after times, 
a copy of the five book? of Moses. 
These seem at one time to have 
ieu kept before the ark, 1 Kingi 
% . 9, and at another, within it. 
Heb. 9 : 4. During the captiv- 
ity, these prec.ious articles seem 
to have been lost, except the 
atone tables. The lid of the ark 



ARM 



23 



ARM 



was called the mercy-sent, over 
which rested the Shtrlitna like a 
risible cloud, in the manner rep- 
resented in the picture. 




Armenia, a cauntry north of 
. was reduced to 
i'yrus. After 

the days of Alexander, it became 
free, but waa con- 
quered by the Ro- 
mans about half 
a century be for* 
Christ, and subse 
quently fell to the 
Saracens. It now 
part of the 
Turkish empire. 
Isa. 37 : 38. 

Armor, (l.) A 
coat of mail. Rom 
13 : 12. Not be- 
ing proof against 
musket balls, it 
An ark similar to this was ] has been disused since the inven- 
made for the second temple; but] tion of gunpowder. (2.) Weapon* 
it was destitute of 
the sacred contents 
above mentioned, 
and of thoShechiua. 

Armageddon. 

This word is of 
doubtful import. It 
is thought by Gro- 
tius to mean the 
Mount of a, 
and to signify the 
place where Con- 
Btantine, with a 
Christian army of 
98,000 men, con- 
quered Maxentius 
Tith an army of 
.88,000 heathen, 
rnich victory was 
X. signal and entire, 
hat the church was 
irholly freed from 
Maxentius tyran- 
ay. Rev. 16:16. 1*2. Early Greek. S.Greek. 4,5. Kccmr. 6. Barbarian 




ASH 

of war. Those formerly used 
were sword, spear, bow and ar- 
row, sling, javelin, <fec. 

Army, a body of soldiers. Jew- 
ish armies were not composed of 
regular troops kept for war, but 
were collected as occasion re- 
quired, received no pay, and 
found their own arms and pro- 
visions. The size of some of the 
armies mentioned in ScriptuKe is 
surprising, but profane history 
speaks of some still greater. 
The proclamation mentioned 
Deut. 20 : 5, was always made 
before the Jews gave battle. 

Artaxerx'es, the name of a 
race of Persian kings, as Ptolemy 
was of the Egyptian. The kin* 
who married Esther, Est. 2, and 
commissioned Ezra and Nehemiah 
to repair the holy city, was prob- 
ably ARTAXERXES LONGIMANUS, 
who died B. c. 425, after a mild 
reign of thirty-nine years. He 
who is mentioned Ez. 4 : 7, i s 
the SMERDIS of Herodotus.' 

Asa, a good king of Judah, 
who ascended the throne about 
A. M. 3049. Respectable chro- 
nologists reckon that it was in his 
days that the Argonauts made 
the voyage up the Hellespont. 
See under Bithynia. 

Asaph, a Levite and famous 
musician in the time of David 
Twelve Psalms bear his name,' 
but it is not generally thought 
he composed them. Probably he 
sot them tc music, or some of his 
descendants did, and called them 
by his name. 

Ashdod, a fortified city of the 
Philistines, lying in the lot of 



ASH 

Judah, and called by the Greeki 

Azotus. 1 Sam. 5. Acts 8 : 40. 
Ashima, the god of the Ham- 
athites, who settled in Samaria. 
It is not certain what was the 
shape under which he was wor- 
shipped ; probably the ape. 2 
Kings 17 : 30. 

Ask'tarotli, Asktoreth, or As. 
tarte, a f ame d goddess of the 
Zidonians. 1 Kings 11 : 5. The 
moon, or queen of heaven, Jer. 
7 18, was worshipped under 
this name. Cicero calls her the 
fourth Venus of Syria. Perhaps 
she is the ^star, or Eostre, of 
the Saxons, from whom the term 




Easter is derived. She is va- 
riously represented ; sometimea 
in a long, sometimes in a short 
habit ; sometimes as holding a 
long staff, with a cross at the top, 
sometimes she is crowned with 
rays ; at other times, with the 
horns of a bull ; which, according 
to Sanchoniathon, were emblem* 
of the new moon. 

islitarth-kar'naiin, a citybe- 

longing to the half- tribe of Ma- 
uasseh, eastward of Jordan, about 
six miles from Edrei, where Che- 
dorlaomer smote the gigantit 
Rephaima, and where was tht 



Afel 



residence of Og, king of Bashan. 
Qen. 14 : 5. 

As\a. (1.) One of tbe four 
wntinenta. (2.) Asia Minor,* 
Iving between the Propontis and 
liuxine, on the north, and the 
Mediterranean on the south ; 
peopled by the offspring of Ja- 
pheth. Peter (1 Epis. 1 : 1), 
speaking of Asia in connection 
*ith Pontus, Cappadocia, <to., 
probably means Proconsular Asia, 
which included Phrygia, Mysia, 
Caria, and Lydia, and comprised 
the seven churches to which John 
wrote. Asia Minor was anciently 
parcelled out into many small 
sovereignties, which first became 
subject to Persia ; then to the 
Greeks ; and then to the Romans. 
From the Romans it was wrested 
by the Saracens. The ancient 
capital was Mysia, but the Ro- 
mans made Ephesus the seat of 
their government, which they 
administered first by a praetor, 
and afterward by a proconsul 
the Saracens were, after 300 
years, supplanted by the Turks 
under whose cruel bondage this 
fine country has been reduced 
almost to a desert. A revolu 
tion commenced A. D. 1821 
which, through the intervention 
of European powers, has terini 
nated in rendering Greece some 
what independent 



* " Asia la tbe New Testament Is 
always takeii for Asi* Minor." 

WHITBT. 

"Asia, one of the Vvs^st division 

of the Old World, is nut mentlonet 

to the Old Testament. In the New 

it It is always taken lor Asia 

<u It included Proconsular 



HORNE'S INTBOD. 
3 



25 A83 

This is thought by some to b 
he country called /*/( of tkf Sea, 
n Old Testament pitpheeiea 
-a. \'L : 4. Flourishing ihurchei 
i-ere planted hero by the apos- 
'j of which remain till 
his day, but in a deplorable 
tate of error and superstition, 
from this country are 
low maintained there. 

As'kelon, a noble seaport of 
the Philistines, between Gaza and 
Ashdod ; the birthplace of Herod 
the Great. In the time of the 
crusades, it became an important 
post, and was greatly improved 
as well as fortified by Richard I. 
f England. It is now a wretched 
village, called Scalona, or Scalon 

Asp, a serpent of fatal venom, 
about a foot or eighteen inches 
long, generally spotted. Deut. 
32 : 33. Dr. Harris quotes the 
ablest critics to show that the 
beautiful passage, Ps. 91 : 13, 
" Thou &halt tread upon the lion 
and the adder," &c., should be 
rendered ** the asp and the ad- 
der ;" and the idea of "tram- 
pling under foot " seems to forbid 
a reference to lions. The Hebrew 
word here used is translated by 
the Septuagint dragon, in some 
places. 

Ass, a well-known beaa t of 
burden among the Jews. 

The wild ass, called by the 
Greeks Onager, is a far more 
stately and fleet animal than the 
domestic. They were once com- 
mon in Palestine and Syria. 
They inhabit the mountains of 
Tartary, whence they migrate in 
great herds, at the approach of 



A.S3 



ATH 



winter into Persia ind India. 
Ancient princes rode on asses 
decorated pompously. Our Sa- 
riour assumed the style of roy- 
alty by riding on an ass, but in 
great meekness, and with no 
pomp but the spontaneous effu- 
nons of the people. 

The word ass means, in many 
places, a measure of quantity. 
Thus understood, several obscure 
passages are made plain. For 
example, 2 Kings 6 : 25, means 
that a measure of wheat was sold 
for eighty pieces of silver, or 
forty dollars. In 1 Sam. 16 : 20, 
it is said that David's father sent 
Saul " an ass of bread," for the 
words laden with are added by the 
translators. The Greek poet, 
Sosibius, speaks of a glutton who 
ate in one day " three asses of 
bread." In Exod. 8 : 14, where 
frogs are said to have been gath- 
ered " in heaps," the original 
reads " asses, asses." 

ASSOS, a city of Mysia, oppo- 
site Adramyttium. Acts 20 : 13. 
It is now a poor village called 
Beiram. 

Assurance, a firm confidence. 
When Christians possess a strong 
and steadfast belief of God's 
grace in his Son Jesus, and 
wlWly confide in him for salva- 
UCQ, it is called the " full assur- 
ance of faith." Ueb. 10 : 22. 
" The full assurance of hope " is 
an undoubting expectation of 
future blessedness Heb. 6 : 1J 
All Christians do not enjoy the 
grace of assurance, but all are 
comtnarded to obtain it. 2 Cor. 
13 : 6. Heb. 6 . 11. 1 Thess. 



5 : 21. Borne have certainly en- 
joyed it. Job 19 : 25. Ps. 17 : 
15. 2 Tim. 1 : 12. The only 
proof of its genuineness is a holy 
lii'e. 1 John 2 : 3, and 3 : 14. 

Assyria, an ancient kingdom, 
the boundaries of which varied 
greatly in different ages ; but 
which is generally described aa 
having Armenia on the north, 
Persia on the east and south, and 
the Tigris on the west. It was 
founded by Ninus, who began his 
reign, according to Usber, A. M. 
2737, during the period that 
Deborah judged Israel. Its chief 
city was Nineveh. Under Tig 
lath Pileser, and his immediate 
successors, Salmaneser, Sennache- 
rib, Esarhaddon, <fcc., it was a 
powerful kingdom, 1 Chron. 6 : 
26, but was afterwards annexed 
to Persia. It is now a desolate 
country, and infested with rob- 
bers. Its present name is Cur- 
distan. 

Astrol'ogers, persons who pro- 
tend to foretell events by the 
stars. 

Ath'ens, a very celebrated city 
of Greece, built more than 1200 
years before Christ. Cicero saya 
its inhabitants perfected all learn- 
ing and eloquence, and that from 
them humanity, learning, reli- 
gion and laws, were dispersed 
through the whole world ; but he 
adds, " they only knew what was 
right, for they would not do it." 
ri^tarch says they were sus- 
picious and vain-glorious. See 
what Paul says, Acts 17 : 16 
'22. It produced Solon, Socrates, 
Plato, Aristides, Demosthene*, 



I 



BAA 



27 



BAA 



Ac., besides many renowned gen- 
orala. 

Atonement. The satisfaction 
made by Christ to divin* 
hy his obedience and su 
The word thus rendered 
commonly translated rtconcilia- 
tion. It is by faith that man, 
convinced of sin, looks to the 
merits and death of Jesus Christ, 
and, through the operation of the 
Holy Spirit, obtains pardon, peace, 
and holiness. Rom. 5 : 10. 

Axe. The word rendered 



axe," 2 Kings 6 : ', is literallj 
"iron ;" but as an axe is cer- 
tainly meant, the passage showi 
that iron was used fi>r that pur- 
pose by the Hebrews of that day 
, Inch have been found in 
.UK of bronze, which was 
very anciently and generally used 
for that purpose. 

A/o't us, a city in the tribe of 
Dan. Acts 8 : 40. It was for- 
merly ASHDOD of the Philistines, 
where the ark of God triumphed 
over Dagon. 1 Sam. 5 : 2. 



B. 



Bil'al, or BEL, signifies lord, 
and perhaps, in the earliest ages, 
was a name applied to the true 
God. It is generally agreed that 
Baal was the sun, and on this 
supposition all allusions to him 




& Scripture may be explained, 
rhe sun is express^ called Baal, 
2 Kings 21 : 5 The great 

luminary was adorer 1 , all over the 
East, and this was the first species 
of idolatry. 



It is supposed, but without 
satisfactory reasons, that the idol 
atry of Baal arose from the de 
ification of Belus, the first and 
greatest monarch of the Assyri 
ans. His magnificent temple il 
described by Herodotus and Dio* 
dorus. 

It was a very common name of 
the male idols among eastern 
nations, as Ashtarotk, or Astartt, 
was of their female deities. The 
MoaWtes, Phoenicians, Assyrians. 
Chaldeans, and frequently the 
Hebrews, had their Baal, -which, 
from his place of worship, or 
supposed office, had often distin- 
guishing epithets annexed ; as 
Baal-berith, Baal-peoi, Baal-ze- 
bub, Ac. Often this name Baal 
was a part of the names of per- 
sons and cities, perhaps to signify 
that the most of them were dedi- 
cated to his service. This the 
pious Hebrews sometimes turned 



BAA 



BAB 



into Bosheth, which signifies 
thame ; thus Jerubbaa is turned 
Into Jerubosheth, Judg. 6 : 32. 
2 Sam. 11 . 21 ; Eshbaal into 
Ishbosheth ; Meribaal into Me- 
phibosheth. Baal is oft named 
Baalim, in the plural, because 
there were many Baals ; or, at 
least, many images of him. Every 
sort of abomination was commit- 
ted on the festivals of this idol, 
and of Ashtaroth, his mate. In 
his temples was-iept a perpetual 
fire ; and altars were erected to 
him in groves, high places, and 
on the tops of houses. Jer. 32 : 
35. 2 Kings 17 ; 16. The origin 
of this idolatry is very ancient. 
The Moabites begun their wor- 
ship of Baal before the days of 
Moses. The Hebrews began theirs 
'in his time. Num. 22 : 41. 
Psalm 106 : 28. They relapsed 
into that idolatry after the death 
of Joshua, and under the judges 
Ehud, Gideon, and Jephthah. 
Judg. 2 : 13 ; 3 : 7 ; 6 : 25 ; 
10 : 6. Human sacrifices were 
offered on some occasions. Jer. 
19 : 5. Samuel seems to have 
quite abolished the worship of 
this idol from Israel ; 1 Sam. 7 : 
4. But Ahab and Jezebel, above 
200 years afterward, revived it 
In alJ its abominations ; 450 
priests tvere appointed to attend 
his service, and nearly as many 
for Ashtaroth. It was often re- 
vived in succeeding generations, 
till after the captivity, and the 
establishment of synagogues, 
since which the Jews have not 
been addicted to idolatry. Greek 
knd Roman authors give the name 



Jupiter Bdia to the Bel W 
shipped at Babylon, and wfc 4 
may have meant the planet * 
piter. 

Baal-gad, \ city in the v* y 
of Lebanon. Josh. 11 : 17. 4e- 
cent travellers regard it as er^ 
tainly the Heliopolis of the Greeks. 
It is called by the natives Baal- 
bek. It was a city of great splen- 
dor for some centuries, but fell 
into decay about the time of Con. 
stantine. It was sacked by the 
kalif of Damascus A. D. 740, and 
in 1400 was pillaged by Timour 
Beg. It is now a village of 2000 
inhabitants, but its superb ruins 
are the admiration of travel- 
lers. 

Babel. In the year of tho 
world 1758, that is, 102 yean 
after the flood, mankind being aU 
of one language and religion, they 
agreed to erect a tower of pro- 
digious extent and height. Their 
design was not to secure them- 
selves against a second delude, or 
they would have built their tower 
on a high mountain ; but to get 
themselves a famous character, 
and to prevent their dispersion 
by the erection of a monument 
which should be visible from a 
great distance. No quarries being 
found in that alluvial soil, they 
made bricks, and used slime for 
mortar. Their haughty and re- 
bellious attempt displeased the 
Lord, and after they had worked", 
it is said, twenty-two years, he 
confounded their language. This 
effectually stopped the building, 
procured it the name of Babel, ci 
Confusion* and obliged the off 



BAB 



29 



fpring of Noah to disperse them- 
selves, and replenish tho world. 

Geographers are not able cer- 
tainly to identity the tower of 
Babe with any existing ruins ; 
but i; is generally believed to be 
the shapeless mass of the Bin, 
Nimrud, of which a drawing is 
given below. 




Bab'vlon, the name of the 
capital of Chaldea, and often 
given to the whole empire. Isa. 
12 : 911. It was a city of as- 
tonishing magnificence, built per- 
fectly square, with the streets 
running at right angles. The 
Euphrates ran through the midst, 
from north to south. The statue 
of Jupiter Belus, in the great 
temple, here, is thought to have 
been the same that Nebuchadnez- 
xar erected in the plain of Dura. 
Dan. 3. The famous " hanging 
gardens," as they are termed, did 
not hang literally, but were a 
succession of terraces raised on 
arches of increasing height, till 
they reached the level of the top 
of the city wall, which was 300 
feet high. Nimrod founded the 
3* 



city ; Belus enlarged ft ; and 
Nebuchadnezzar perfectei and 
beautified it. During the reigi 
of this monarch, Judea was an- 
nexed to the territory of Babylon, 
iuid the chief men withdrawn 
^oce, and settled in Babylonia 
This occurred about A. M. 3420, 
and is called in Jewish histo- 
ry the Babylonish 
Captivity. Baby- 
lon was afterwards 
captured and rav- 
aged by Cyrus, A. 
M. 3408 ; and was 
subsequently still 
more injured by 
Darius and Xerxes 
In the time of our 
Saviour, it had 
been wholly aban 
doned. The course 
of the Euphrates 
is now changed, and the spot on 
which Babylon stood was for ages 
unknown ! It has lately been 
identified by the traveller Lay- 
ard. See Isa. 13, 14, 21, 46, and 
47. Jer. 50. The striking ac- 
complishment of prophecy in the 
conquest, decline, and desolation 
of Babylon, is shown in a very 
interesting manner by Rollin, in 
his Ancient History, Vol. II. A 
chief cause of the total ruin of 
5*bylon was the building of Se- 
ieucia, 45 miles southward, on the 
banks of the Tigris. This city was 
sometimes called New Babylon 
It became the capital of Babylo 
nia, and in time utte.ly sup 
planted the old city ; the bricks, 
to., being removed to build 
'with 



BAD 



80 



BAL 



Here the famous Babylonish 
TALMUD* was compiled. 

Babylon the Great is a sym- 
bolical term, used in the New 
Testament, chiefly in the Revela- 
tions ; generally considered to 
mean Rome, 1 Pet. 5 : 13, or the 
popish church and kingdom, Rev. 
16, 17, and 18. 

Bafit, the mulberry-tree ; a 
valley so called, Ps. 84 : 7, where 
this tree alx, u uded, which grows 
in dry places. The LXX. render 
it the valley of weeping, and the 
Latin Vulgate the valley of tears. 
It does not seem to mean a par- 
ticular valley, but any rough, 
tedious, desert place. Those who, 
"passing the valley of Baca, 
make it a well," mi an either 
those who, in coining up to the 
annual festivals, esteem the sad- 
dest part of their journey pleas- 
ant, in their longing for the 
courts of the Lord, or who, to 
facilitate future travellers, dig 
wells, or pools, to be filled by the 
rains. 

Backslider, one who gradually 
falls back from his religious ardor 
and engagements. When this 
becomes total, it is called apostasy. 
Prov. 14 : 14. Jer. 8 : 5. For 
a full and searching exhibition 
of the scriptural symptoms, causes 
and remedy of backsliding, se9 
the Backslider, by Mr. Fuller. 

Badger, a well-known animal, 
mentioned many times in the Old 



* The Jews have two Talmuda, one 

1 V/H, the otlier of li,t> ,,l,,n, SO 
:C8 \vliere they 

ure compilations 



Testament. The word literallj 
means hyacinth, or violet color 
The probability is, that the badgei 
is not meant in any of the pas 
sages where the word is found. 
Its skin is not suitable for cover- 
ing a tent, nor for making shoes. 
Ezek. 16 : 10. It inhabits cold 
countries, and is not found in 
Arabia. The great probability 
is, that, as Rosenmuller and 
others contend, the seal is meant 
Ex. 26 : 14. Numb. 4 : 625. 

Ba'laam, an ancient prophet, 
who became very wicked, and 
practised incantations. Numb. 
22, 23, 24. He counselled Moab 
to seduce Israel to sin, that they 
might bring that curse on them- 
selves which he could not inflict. 
Numb*. 31 : 16. To be anxious 
to get gain, even by wickedness, 
is called " the way of Balaam." 
2 Pet. 2 : 15. Allowing of un 
cleanness, is called " the doctrine 
of Balaam." Rev. 2 : 14. 

Balm, a resin or balsam, ex 
tracted from the balm-tree, which 
grows in various parts of Arabia 
and Canaan. The estimation in 
which it was held as a medical 
drug, is not only apparent from 
Scripture, but Pliny, Strabo, 
Diodorus Siculus, Tacitus, Jus- 
tin, Solinus, and others, celebrate 



its virtues as such. 
Qilead was reckoned 



That 
the b 



of 



The Arabs sold of it to the Egyp- 
tians, and the Jews to the Tyri. 
ans. Gen. 37 : 25. Ezek 27 : 
17. Its specific gravity is liguter 
than water. The fcute is bitter 
* D 10DgCr Culfcivated ?* 

I estine. But so lately a* 17S6 



BAP 



Si 



BAB 



Mariti saw it growing in the 
plain of Jericho, and d- 
the process of obtaining the bai- 
eaiLi. It appears to be the tere- 
binths, or turpenti.ie tree. 

Bald, literally " a cord," any 
tie ; also, a company of soldiers ; 
when applied to the Roman divis- 
ions, it means the thirtieth part 
of a legion. 

Baptism. 1. A Christian or- 
dinance, in which is represented 
the washing away of our guilt 
and renovation of our life, through 
a crucified, buried, and risen Sa- 
viour. Rom. 6 : 3, 4, 11. 

2. The entire engrossing of 
the apostles and others in the 
primitive church, by the divine 
Spirit, which filled the place 
where they were, and by which 
they received miraculous endow- 
ments. This species of baptism 
is not now enjoyed by Christians, 
as is evinced by their not possess- 
ing the powers which always 
accompanied it. 

3. Overwhelming afflictions or 
trials. Matt. 20: 22. Luke 12: 
50. 

" Baptism, for the dead," is a 
very obscure expression. Chry- 
sostorn and Theophylact regard 
it as meaning " in the belief of 
the resurrection of the dead." 
Numerous learned critics under- 
stand it as meaning " on account 
jf the dead," that is, Christ 
lertullian, the oldest writer who 
gives an opinion on this subject, 
understands tho word " for " as 
equivalent to *' on account of" 
the daad, that is, '.hey, the bap- 
tized persons, had a guarantee, 



or emblem, jf theii resurrection 
in tho act of sinking under and 
rising up from the \v;u 

Hi to this rite in behalf 
of the dead, was practised, it is 
thought, by the Alarcionites,* 
in the days of tho apostles. This 
sect denied the resurrection of 
the body, and Paul is thought to 
turn his argument against them 
by his question, 1 Cor. 15 : 29. 

Bapti/e. 1. To dip or hnrnera*. 
2. To wash, cleanse, or purify by 
immersion. The word has been 
incorporated into our language 
with an English termination 
Had the word been translated 
into plain English in our Bible, 
there would now perhaps bo no 
controversy on the mode of bap- 
tism. Matt. 28 : 19. John 4 : 
2. Acts 2 : 41 ; 8 : 12 ; 9 : 18 ; 
10 : 47, &o 

Barbarian, literally " a stran 
ger; " a term used by the Greeks, 
Romans, and Jews, respectively, 
to designate all those belonging 
to other nations. It contains nc 
implication (as used in Scripture) 
of savage nature or manners in 
those to whom it is applied. 
Acts 28 : 4. 

Barley, a well-known grain, 
anciently used for cattle, and to 
make coarse bread. 1 Kings 4 : 
28. 2 KingB 4 : 22. John 6 : 8 
10. It is still used very gen- 
erally for the latter purposes in 
Wales. Pliny eays barley was 



* Followers of MARCION, a chri>tiau 
ol the si-cund century, who 
heinu disappolB .'<! in his b 

iical preferment at Hume, 
united with Cerdo in establishing a 






BEA 



82 



BEL 



uhe most ancient food of man- 
kind. It was used in tbe cere- 
monial offerings. Nuinb. 5 : 15. 

Bartholomew, literally "the 
ion of Ptolemy," one of the 
twelve. Matt. 10 : 3. It is 
thought he preached the gospel 
in the Indies. He is probably 
4he same with Nathaniel. John 
I : 46, and 21 : 2. 

Ba'shan, or BATAN.EA, one of 
the most fruitful countries in the 
world, lying chiefly within the 
tot of Manasseh, eastward of 
Jordan. Numb. 32 : 33. Besides 
Tillages, it contained sixty fenced 
jities. It was peculiarly famous 
for its rich pasture, excellent 
flocks and herds, and stately 
oaks. Ezek. 39 : 18. 

Bath, a Hebrew measure con- 
taining one tenth part of a ho- 
mer, that is, seven or eight gall. 
It seems to be the same as the 
Epha. 

Bay-tree, the tree laurel, from 
which conquerors' wreaths were 
made by the ancients. It is a 
large and elegant tree ; and be- 
longs to the same genus with the 
camphor, cinnamon and sassafras. 
Us leaves are stiff, shining, point- 
ed, and evergreen. Flowers fra- 
grant, fruit worthless. Ps 37 : 
35. 

Bdellium is usually considered 
to be a fragraat gum, produced 
In the East. Bochart considers 
it to be the pearl ; Roland calls 
it crystal. Gen. 2 : 12. Numb. 
11 : 7. 

Beasts were divided, by the 
eremouial law, iuto clean and 



unclean. The former wre all 
those which had the hoof par*d 
in the middle, and chewed the 
cud. Lev. 11 : 34. This dis- 
tinction, it is thought, prevailed 
even before the flood. The clear 
fat of all beasts was forbidden as 
food, as was the blood in all 
cases, on pain of death. For 
this last reason, animals which 
had died of themselves, or been 
strangled, were not eaten, noi 
those which had been torn bj 
impure beasts. Lev. 11. 

The word "beasts" in Rev. 
4 : 5, <fec., should have been 

living creatures ;" and tho 
original is so rendered, in other 
places. Ezek. 1 : 5. Paul, when 
he says he fought with beasts at 
Ephesus, may mean ferocious 
men, who persecuted him. 1 Cor. 
15 : 22. 

Bed. Familiar as this word is, 
few understand its Bible mean- 
ing. Feather beds and hair mat- 
trasses, such as we use, are never 
meant by this word in Scripture. 

The bed of a common person 
in the East, such as those whom 
Christ healed, and told to take 
up their bed and walk, is nothing 
more than apiece of floor matting^ 
used both to sit and sleep upon. 
Rich persons used pillows, to 
assist in sitting comfortably by 
leaning on their elbows. 

This explains many passages 
of Scripture ; as Esther 7:8,- 
Hainan fell on the mat where 
Esther was sitting. It explains, 
also, all those passages which 
speak of washing or baptizing 
beds. E;.ek. 13 : 18 means " woe 



BEH 



83 



BEL 



to those who accommodate luxu- 
rious temptations to the taste of 
every sort of person to seduce 
him from rectitude, or quiet his 
conscience in the commission of 
crime. See PILLOW. 

Bccl'zelmb, the prince of flies, 
or god of Ekron, worshipped as 
having power over all hurtful 
insects. The name is applied in 
the New Testament to Satan. 
Matt. 10 : 25 ; 12 : 24. Luke 
11 : 1519. 

Beer'sheba, a city in the 
southern extremity of Canaan, 
as Dan was in the northern. 
Honce the expression " from Dan 
to Beersheba," which often occurs 
in the Bible, meant the whole 
land. 

Beetle, a genus of insets, of 
w%ich there are many species. 
The Egyptians paid it divine 
honors, and we still find its image 
on their obelisks. It is men- 
tioned only in Lev. 11 : 22. 

Behemoth. Sacred critics are 
not agreed whether this is the 
elephant or hippopotamus Ele- 




phants are K> often exhibited 
through the country, that it is 
needless to describe them here. 



The hippopotamus is shown in ttM 

engraving. 

Belroot, or BAYROUT, is a 
place which, though not men- 
tioned in Scripture, deserves a 
place here, from its having be- 
come the chief seat of the Amer 
ican mission to the Holy Land. 
It is a seaport on the Mediterra- 
nean, 14 miles north-east of 
Sidon, and 137 miles nprth from 
Jerusalem- and has 8,000 inhab- 
itants. The Romanists have long 
maintained A mission here, as 
they have als * in other parts of 
this country 

Beka, a half shekel, from a 
Hebrew word which means to 
divide. Its value was twenty -five 
cents. Every Jew paid a beka 
annually for the support of the 
temple. Exod. 30 : 13. 

Bel 5 the principal god of the 
Assyrians, Persians, and Baby- 
lonians. The same god is called 
Nebo, Isa. 46 : 1, from the He- 
brew word Neba, to prophesy, be- 
cause it was consulted as &a 
oracle. Bel is probably an ab- 
breviation of Baal. 

Belial, literally 
" a wicked, headstrong 
man." An appella- 
tion of Satan. 

Believe, to have a 
firm trust and con- 
fidence in the truth 
of a report. To be- 
lieve the gospel, if 
to have a full per- 
suasion of the divine authority 
of its doctrines, and a determined 
resolution, by the grace of God 



BER 



34 



BET 



tc obey its precepts; to re- 
ceive, and rely upon Christ for 
life and salvation. John 1 : 
12. Rom. 9 : 33 A bare assent 
to gospel truths is sometimes 
called belief. Acts 8 : 13. 

Belshaz'zar, a profligate king 
of Babylon, who reigned 17 
years, and was killed by some 
soldiers of Darius, on the night 
of bis guilty feast. Dan. 5. 
His kingdom thenceforth passed 
to the Medes and Persians. 

Bere'a, a city of Macedonia, 
very populous in the days of 
Paul. Acts 17. It now bears 
the name of Vena. 

Beriii'ce, the daughter of 
AGRIPPA the Great. She was 
first betrothed to MARK, son of 
Alexander, governor of the Jews 
at Alexandria. She, however, 
married her own uncle, HEROD, 
king of Chalcis. After his death, 
she married POLEMON, king of 
Pontus, but left him, and, re- 
turning to Agri.ppa, 
her brother, lived 
with him in in- jpv 

cest. They sat with 
pomp to hear Paul 
preach. Acts 25. ^ 

Ber'yl, a gem, re- -^ 
Bembling in many 
points the emerald. 
Its size varies ex- 
ceedingly ; some 
being not larger 
than a hair, while 
some have been 
found a foot long, 
and three or four 
inches in diameter. The ordi- 
aarv aizo is about that of a large 



pea. The color is a fine blue, 
often bordering on green. In ita 
perfect state, it is about as hard 
as the garnet. Found in the 
East Indies and South America. 

Bestead, an obsolete word foi 
conditioned or disposed. Isa. 8 * 21. 

Bethany, a village two milei 
east from Jerusalem, on the road 
to Jericho. 

Bethel, literally " the house of 
God." The place which was sa 
named by Jacob, Genesis 28: 19, 
was where Abram had pitched 
his tent. Gen. 12 : 8. Jacofe 
afterwards resided here. Gen. 
35 : 6. It afterwards became 
the site of an important city. 
Though it was called Luz when 
Abram dwelt there, Moses called 
it Bethel, because, in his day, it 
was only known by that name 
It was about ten miles nc> jh of 
Jerusalem. 

Bethes'da, a pool on tho eas/ 
of Jerusalem. The name sigo* 




I fies "a house of mercy j" flc 
I calk J because a public bath vai 



BET 



86 



BIB 



tare erected, or because God 
graciously bestowed healing vir- 
tue on the pool. As it/ lay near 
the temple, the sacrifices might 
be washed in it ; but it did not 
thence derive its virtue. John 
5:9. A basin in Jerusalem, 
360 feet long and 130 wide, now 
dry, is generally pointed out as 
tho pool of Bethesda, and 
though Dr. Robinson doubts its 
identity, more recent travellers 
leem to have proved the point. 

Beth'heroa, a city 12 miles 
wtth-west from Jerusalem. 

Bethlehem, "the house of 
bread," a city of Judah, about 
six miles south of Jerusalem. 
It is also called Ephratah and 
Ephrath, its inhabitants Ephrath- 
ites, from its founder. It was 
considerable only for giving 
birth to Ibzan, Elimelech, Boaz, 
David, and chiefly to the Messi- 
ah. Mic. 5:2. It now con- 
tains 1000 inhabitants, most of 
whom are nominal Christians. 
Its present name is Beet-la-hm. 

Beth'phage, a place of Jigs," 
o small village belonging to the 
priests. It was hard by Bethany, 
and nearly two miles east of 
Jerusalem. Here our Saviour 
obtained the ass for his lowly 
triumpli. Matt. 21 : 1. 

Bethsa'ida, literally " a place 
of feting;" a city of Galilee, 
en the west coast of the sea of 
Tiberias. It was the residence 
of Philip, Andrew, and Peter. 
John 1 : 14. It had a woe pro- 
nouac-ed against it by Christ, 
and was one of the first places 
ravaged by the Romans. Matt. 



11 . 21. It ia now caLwd BA 
BIDA. Some think there WM 
another place of this nanje, on 
the opposite coast, near the en 
trance of the Jordan. 

eth'shetn, a city west of the 
Jordan, known in ancient geog- 
raphy as Scythopolis, but now 
called Bysan, and containing 
only 70 or 80 houses. 

Bethshemesh, Jer. 43 : 16, 

literally, " the house of the sun," 
was a eity of Judah, once be- 
longing to the Philistines. It 
was a very large and populous 
city when the Ark of God was 
there, in the time of Ahaz. 1 
Kings 4:9. It is now a mean 
village called Ain Shems. 

Betroth, to contract marriage. 
It was often done by parents for 
young children without their 
consent, and sometimes preceded 
the nuptials many years. 

Bewitch', to practise sorcery 
upon, to mislead by delusive 
pretences. Gal. 3 : 1. See SOB- 
CERER. 

Bewray', to betray, expose, ot 
make visible. 

Bible. This word, which does 
not occur in Scripture, means 
literally THE BOOK. An excel- 
lent article on this word is found 
in Buck's Theologi'.d Dictioncuy. 
See SCRIPTURE. 

Birds were created on the 
fifth day. Like all other crea- 
tures, they are wonderfully 
adapted to their mode of life. 
Such as chiefly fly, have very 
large wings. Such as wade in 
the mud, have long legs, bare of 




B1R 



86 



BIT 



feathers Such as swim, have 
webbed feet. Such as bore trees 
for insects, have strong round 
bills Such as live on prey, 
have crooked bills, to tear flesh. 
Such as rise high in the air, 
have eyes capable of seeing the 
smallest worm from a great 
height. Such as grope for their 
food in the mud, where it cannot 
be seen, have flat bills, with the 
nerves running down to the very 
end, so that they have as delicate 
a sense of feeling there, as we 
have in our fingers. Many other 
proofs of the wisdom and good- 
ness of God are found in the 
study of ornithology, as this sub- 
ject is called. Birds are classed 
by naturalists by referring to 
their bills, feet, &o. Under the 
Jewish dispensation, they were 
divided into clean and unclean. 
It may be observed in general, 
that such as fed on grain or 
seeds, were clean ; while such as 
ate flesh, fish, or carrion, were 
prohibited. The following is a 
list of the unclean : the rest 
were allowed to be eaten. The 
modern names are given on the 
authority of Calmet's Dictionary 



Eagle. 
Vultur 



Eagle, 

Ossifrage, Vulture. 

Ospray, Black Eagle, 

Vulture, Hawk. 

Kite, Kite. 

Raven, Raven. 

Owl, Ostrich. 

Nlulit Hawk, Night Owl. 

Cuckoo, Saf-Saf. 

Hawk, Ancient Ibla. 

Little Owl, Son Uull, 

Cormorant, Cormorant. 

(in-iit Owl, Ibis Anlea. 

Swan, \Vild (ioose. 

Pelican, Pelican. 

Gier Eagle, Alcyone 

Stork, Stork, 

Heron, L.mgneck 

Lapwing, Hoopoe. 



Birthright, the particular 

privileges enjoyed in most coun- 
tries by the first-born son. In 
eastern countries, especiallv 
where polygamy exists, the priv 
leges are important. In patri 
archal ages, they were still 
reater, giving a sort of domin- 
ion and priesthood to the pos- 
sessor. 

Bishop, a shepherd, or over- 
seer. In the New Testament, 
the word means a spiritual over- 
seer, having the charge of souls, 
to instruct and guide them by 
the word. It seems to be sy- 
nonymous with Elder, or Pres 
byter. Acts 20, compare the 17th 
and 20th verses. Titus 1 : 5 
7. 1 Pet. 5 : 1, 2. Tho word 
is applied to Christ himself. 1 
Pet. 2 : 25 

Bithyu'ia, a province on the 
south of the Euxine Sea, west 
of Pontus and Galatia, north of 
Asia Proper, and east of the 
Propontis, supposed to have been 
settled by Thraciana It was 
formerly called Myg**Ma. It 
was famed in the time of the 
Argonautic expedition,* which 
might be during the reign of 
Rehoboam, if not earlier. The 
metropolis was Nicomedia, a 
city famous not only under the 
kings of Bithynia, but also un- 
der the emperors of Rome, par- 



* The Argonautic expedition Is au 
era in ancient history rendered 1m 
portant by the frequency of reference 
made to it by early writers. Sir Isaac 
Newton labored to ascertain the exact 
date of It, and thence to rectify and 
settle all ancient chronology. A siif- 
ncient account of this voyage may tx 
found In Gillies' History of Greece, at 
any Jincyclojjculia, under the word. 



BIT 



87 



BLE 



flouiarly Diocletian, who had a 
palace there, the destruction of 
which by fire occasioned the 
tenth general persecution of 
Christians. Its other important 
cities were Prusa, Libyssa and 
Therma. Chalcedon, an ancient 
city in this country, situated on 
the Bosphorus, was famous for 
the ecclesiastical council which 
met in it. At Nice, another of 
its distinguished cities, one of 
the most celebrated of all Chris- 
tian councils was held, A. D. 
325. At a very early period, 
Christianity was here planted, 
and a number of Jews and 
others believed. 1 Pet. 1:1. 
Pliny, who described the char- 
acter of Christians, was gover- 
nor here about A. D. 106. His- 
torians trace a church here for 
1000 years after Christ. Indeed, 
there are still a few chrisu*ne 
in the place. It is now called 
Becksangil, and sometimes Bur- 
ria. 

Bif tern, a fowl of the heron 
kind. It is common in fenny 
countries, skulks among the 
reeds and sedges, and ordinarily 
stands with its neck and beak 
straight upward. It suffers peo- 
ple to come very near it ; and, 
if unable to escape, will strike 
at them. It flies mostly in the 
dusk of the evening, and makea 
a plaintive noise among the 
reeds. Nineveh and Babylon 
became a possession for the bittern, 
when the spot was partly turned 
Into a fen or pool of water. Ir% 
U : 23, and 31 : 11. Zeph. 2 : 
U. 



Blaspheme, to reprowjh and 
revile God, by denying or ridi- 
culing his perfections, word, or 
ordinances, and by ascribing to 
him anything base or sinful 
Tit. 2 : 6. Rev. 13 : 6. What 
the unpardonable blasphemy 
against the Holy Ghost is, hai 
been much controverted. The 
occasion of Christ's mentioning 
it, Matt. 12 : 2131, has in- 
duced many to think that it con- 
sists only in ascribing his mir- 
acles to diabolical influence ; 
when we consider, also, Heb. 6 
4, 6, and 10 : 2630, it appears 
that an obstinate and malicious 
rejection of Christ, and salva- 
tion through him, notwithstand- 
ing strong convictions of the 
Holy Ghost, is an unpardonable 
sin,, 

Bless, to make happy, which 
properly, is the act of God alone, 
the author of every blessing. 
God blesses, especially, by the 
rich provision which he has 
made in his glorious plan of 
redemption, in the supplies of 
his grace, and by the gifts of 
his Holy Spirit, whereby man is 
enabled to serve him acceptably 
in this world, and to receive a ^ 
fitness for that eternal inherit- 
ance in heaven, where he will 
be perfectly happy in the enjoy- 
ment of God forever. Thii word 
is often used in an inferior sense, 
and man is said to bless God, 
when, with a grateful heart, he 
praises him for benefits received 
and lives to his glory. He may 
be said to ble^s his fellow-croa 
tures, whea he wishes the 







BOD 



88 



BOO 



very good, and uses his best 
endeavors to promote their hap- 
piness. 

Blood. The Jews were for- 
bidden to eat blood. Various 
reasons seem to have rendered 
this proper and necessary. It 
is a most unwholesome food, 
in a hot country. It seems to 
tend to cruelty. It was "the 
life " of the animal. Lev. 17 : 
11, and so Virgil calls it. ENEID 
IX. 349 It was then common, 
and still is, in those countries, to 
bleed animals, and cook the 
blood for food. The Irish and 
Scotch, in times of famine, do 
so now. But this is cruel, and 
wisely forbidden. 

Boanerges, sons of thunder. 
The sons of Zebedee are called 
o, because vehement in their 
feelings, and powerful in their 
preaching. Mark 3 : 17. 

Body, the material part of 
man. The term is used in Scrip- 
ture to denote an organized sys- 
tem of any kind. Hence we read 
of the body of sin, which is to be 
put off when baptized into the 
death of Christ. This is to be 
remembered in order to under- 
stand much of the figurative 
language of Paul relative to 
Christian experience and sancti- 
fication. It signifies, also, the 
church of God, which is the 
mystical body of Christ. 1 Cor. 
10 : 17. Col. 1 : 18. In the 
Lord's supper, the bread is 
called the body of Christ, tnat 
Is, the representation of his 
body, and is received as a me- 
morial of bis sufferings, and the 



pledge of all the benefits par 
chased by his death. 

Boll'ed, a word which occur* 
but once in the Bible, namely, 
Ex. 9: 31, "The flax was 
boiled," which seems to mean 
that it was nearly ripe, and the 
round seed-vessels fully devel- 
oped. 

Bonnet, a covering for the 
head of Hebrew priests, mad& 
of linen, somewhat in the form 
of a turban. That of the high 
priest was adorned with gold 
and fronted with the plate 
inscribed "HOLINESS TO THK 
LORD." Ex. 28 : 40. 

Book, a volume written or 
printed. The different parts of 
Scripture are called books. They 
were at first written and circu- 
lated separately, sotn<w*4*t as 
tracts are now. Formerly, plates 
of lead and copper, the bark of 
trees, thin bricks, stone, and 
wood, were used to write upon 
Hesiod's works were written on 
lead ; God's law on stone ; and 
the laws of Solon on planks. 
When these last were used, they 
were generally covered with a 
thin coat of wax, for ease both 
in writing and in blotting out. 
which explains the expression 
of David when he prays that hii 
sins may be blotted out as a 
cloud, that is, the record of 
them. Palm leaves, being more 
convenient as to bulk and por- 
tableness. were afterwards made 
into books, and are still so used 
in India. Then the thin inner 
bark of trees, especially the 
elm; hence the Latin wcjrd 



BOO I 

Wer f te inner bark of a tree), 
mans also a book. Afterwards 
the Papyrus, or " . 
was used. Isa. 19 : 7 
m** was afterwards invented in 
Pergamos. Books of these two 
last substances were rolled on 
ticks like cloth, and hence the 
word volume, from the Latin word 
volvo, to roll. It was held and 
read in tlio manner here shown. 




A book thus rolled might hare 
several seals, so that a pnoa 
might break one and read oil 
' he came to another ; whereas, 
if one of our books had several 
sealSj all would be broken if one 
were. This explains Rev. 5. 
Paper, such as we now use, was 
invented about nine hundred 
years ago, 'and printing was in- 
vented about four hundred years 
go. See PAPER. 

Book OF LIFE signifies God's 
recognition of his people, and 
his secure remembrance of them, 
and ii an allusion to the regis- 
ters kept in cities of the names 
of all tbe regular citizens. Phil. 
4:3. Honorable persons, not 
citizens, were sometimes entered 
here, which was giving the frce- 
dcm of the city. Vagabonds 



> BOT 

and disorderly persons had thelf 
names erased. Rev. 3 : 5. 

Booth, a shelter generally 
made of forked poles driven 
into the ground, covered with 
green boughs. Lev. '23 : 42 
During the feast of tabernacles 
the Jews resorted to the country 
and set up booths, in commemc 
ration of the desert wanderings 
of their forefathers. Neh. 8 : 
14. This was a very joyous 
festival, occurring in the fall 
of the year amidst all abun- 
dance, and intended to be 
gladsome in the utmost de- 
gree. Nearly the whole 
population left their houses, 
and, for several days, dwelt 
in bootna and tents, with 
processions, illuminations, 
feasts, songs, and religious 
services. 

Border, a fringe or tassel 
made of wool, and worn by the 
Jews on their outer garments, 
in order that they might be dis- 
tinguished from the Gentiles, 
and be constantly reminded of 
their laws. Mark 6 : 56. See 
PHYLACTERIES. 

Bosses, the thick, strong, and 
sometimes pointed centre of a 
shield or buckler. Job 15 : 26. 
Bottle. Anciently, bottles 
were made of leather, as glass 
was unknown. The skin of a 
goat, pulled off whole, and the 
places where the legs were being 
tied up, formed a convenient bo 
tie, as shown by the engraving 
As they grew tender by using, 
new wine, which had net done 
fermenting, could not be safely 




8BA < 

put in them. Matt. 9 : 17 
David, in distress, compares 




himself to a bottle in the smoke, 
dried up and withered. Ps. 
119 : 83. 



a word used formerly 
eery much as we now use the 
word heart ; that is, to represent 
tenderness, mercy, &c. 1 Kings 
3 : 26, <fcc. 

Bozrah was a city situated to 
the eastward of Bashan. 

Brass, a word of frequent oc- 
currence in the Bible. As it is 
well known that this compound 
metal was first made in Germany, 
only six or seven hundred years 
ago, it seems much more proper 
to translate the Hebrew word 
ne hest, copper. Iron and copper 
were known before the flood. 

There was a compound, very 
unlike ours, called brass, made 
in early times, and highly val- 
ued. It consisted chiefly of gold 
and silver, with some copper. 
It was capable of an exquisite 
polish for mirrors, and may be 
the substance mentioned Job 
37 : 18, and Isa. 2 : 3. Josephus 
Bpeaka of " vessels of brass, 
valuable than gold." 



J BBE 

" ConntJtian brass" Tthich was 
for ages held in the highest es 
timation, may have been such a 
compound. 

Bread is a word used in Scrip- 
ture for food in general. Gen. 
3 : 19. Ex. 2 : 20. Bread was 
made in various ways. See 
OVEN. As it was generally made 
by the Jews in thin cakes* it 
was not cut but broken, which 
gave rise to the phrase, " break- 
ing of bread,*' to signify eating. 
See SHEW-BREAD. 

Breaa-plate, a part of the 
high-priest's holy apparel. It 
was about 10 inches square, and 
consisted of twelve gems, set in 
gold, each gem representing a 
tribe of Israel. They were set 
in four rows. In the uppermost 
were a sardius, topaz, and car- 
buncle, for Reuben, Simeon, and 
Levi ; in the second, an eme- 
rald, sapphire, and diamond, for 
Judah, Dan, and Naphtali ; in 
the third, a ligure, an agate, 
and amethyst, for Gad, Asher, 
and Issachar ; in the lowest, a 
beryl, onyx, and jasper, for 
Zebulon, Joseph, and Benjamin. 
The reader will find these stonea 
described under their respective 
names This breast-plate was 
fastened to the embroidered 
ephod of the high priest, so as 
to hang upon his bosom, and 
was ' worn only on appointed 
occasions. It was called a " me- 
mortal^' because it taught the 
priest to bear his people on his 
heart before God, and reminded 
the people of the blessing of tha 
ministry 



CAB 4 

Bl'IjT'andllM 1 , an ancient kind 
of mail, worn in battle, t 
the soldiers from sword-cuts. 
Jer. 46 : 4. 

Brother is a term used in 
Scripture for several kinds of 
relations. Lot, who was Abra- 
ham's nephew, was called broth- 
er. So in many other instances. 

Bulrush. See PAPER 

Burnt-offering. A " whole 
burnt-offering " was a sacrifice 
in which the victim was wholly 
consumed on the altar. A 
" burnt-offering " was the fat of 
the intestines and kidneys, and 
the fat tail of sheep, burnt after 
being sprinkled with salt. The 
right fore quarter was the por- 
tion of the priest, and the rest 
was given back to the offerer, 
who commonly ate it as a feast, 
and invited widows, orphans, 
Levites, Ac., to partake. 

Bury. The Hebrews were 
careful to bury even their ene- 
mies. 1 Kings 11 : 15. Ezek. 
39 : 14. The troublesome pollu- 
tion of dead bodies required it. 
To be deprived of burial, or cast 
into an unclean place, they 
reckoned a terrible calamity. 
When one died, if his friends 



were able, ho was embalmed, 
and, after a proper time, carried 
out to hi* grave ; on a bier if 
poor, or ou a stately bed, if rich. 
Dead bodies were arrayed in 
suitable clothes ; but from the 
resurrection of Lazarus, and 
other evidence, it appears they 
were not buried in coffins. The 
Jews sometimes, but not often, 
burned their dead. 1 Sam. 31:12. 
With the Greeks and Romans it 
was the most common mode ; 
but in the earliest ages, all na- 
tions buried the dead, regarding 
the earth as the most fit recep- 
tacle. 

To be "buried viith Christ in 
baptism " imports our mortifica- 
tion of sin, by virtue of fellow- 
ship with him in his death, 
represented in our baptism. 
The apostle would say, that just 
as Christ closed his mortal ex- 
istence, and was laid in the 
tomb, soon to rise from thence, 
and enter on a new and glorifief 
state, so, the baptismal burial 
of the believer is an emblem of 
his renouncing the great pur- 
pose of his past life, and coming 
forth into a new and more ex- 
alted state of being. Horn. 6 : 
4. Col. 2 : 12. 



C. 



Cab, or KAB, a Hebrew meas- 
ure, about equal tr Tur quart. 
2 Kings 6 : 25. In giving the 
capacity of Hebrew measures, 
authors are followed who seem 



most reasonable ; but 
4* 



it ia 



subject on which rats great 
uncertainty. 

C*ar, a name which, after 
becoming dignified in the person 
of Julius Cosor, waa the appel- 
lation of his successors on tho 






CMS 



42 



CAL 



throne The emperors mentioned 
or alluded to by this title in the 
New Testament, are AUGUSTUS, 
Luke 2:1; TIBERIUS, Luke 3 : 
1, and 20 : 2225 ; CLAUDIUS, 
Acts 11 : 28 ; and NERO, Acts 
25 : 8. The reader will do well 
to look out these passages, and 
where the distinctive title is not 
found in the text, to write it in 
the margin of his Bible. It is 
remarkable that CALIGULA, who 
succeeded Tiberius, is not men- 
tioned. 

CKSare'a is on the coast of the 
Mediterranean, about sixty miles 
from Jerusalem. Anciently, it 
was a small town, called Stra- 
tonice, or the Tower of Strata, 
and had an inconvenient, ex- 
posed harbor. 7 Herod the Great 
built a noble breakwater, en- 
larged and beautified the place, 
and called it Caesarea, in honor 
of the emperor, his patron. 
Eusebius, the historian, was born 
hero. Here Cornelius lived, 
Acts 10 : 1 ; here Agrippa was 
smitten of worms ; and here 
Agabus foretold Paul's impris- 
onment. Acts 21 : 10, 11. This 
is the Caesarea mentioned also 
in the following places : Acts 
8:40 ; 9: 30 ; 12: 19 ; 21 : 8; 
23 : 23, 33 , 25 : 4, 13. It is 
now deserted and desolate , and 
its ruin? have long been reported 
to for building material/ re- 
quired at Accko. The name of 

the place, at the present time, is 

Kaisaria. 

Caesare'a Philip'pl stood be- 
tween Sidon and Damascus, near 
the ft' trees *f the Jordan. It 



is thought by many geographer* 
to be the city called Laish, or 
Dan, in the Old Testament. 14 
was enlarged and embellished 
by Philip the Tetrarch ; and 
hence its double name, he 
choosing to honor Tiberius Owear 
and himself. It was th& resi- 
dence of the woman healed of 
the issue of blood. Matt. 9 : 
20. It is now an inconsiderable 
village, called Banias. 

Cal'ainu.. ? fragrant reed or 
cane, common in the East, and 
growing to the height of two or 
three feet Its essence consti- 
tuted one of the ingredients of 
the holy anointing oil. Ex. 30 : 
23. Ezek. 27 : 19. 

Calf. The passage, Jer. 34 : 
18, 19, contains a very obscure 
allusion to the calf, which ia 
made plain by knowing that in 
ratifying a covenant, it was cus- 
tomary to cut the victim, gener- 
ally a calf, into two parts, and 
the parties passed between them, 
Hence the covenant, in the above 
passage, was said to be made 
" in presence of the calf." 

Calling. (1.) Any lawful 
employment. 1 Cor. 7 : 20. 
(2.) The general invitation to 
repentance, by the ministry, bj 
providence, or by the motion! 
of the Holy Spirit on the con- 
sciences of men, whereby they 
are warned of their danger, and 
taught the need of a Saviour. 
Isa. 22: 12. Matt. 22: 14. 
(3.) That more particular invi- 
tation by the preaching of the 
word, and effectual operation of 
the Holy Spirit, whereby sinneri 



CAM 



43 



CAM 



turn, believe, and obey the go- | ites ; on the north, the Mer*r- 



pi. Rom. 11 : 29. 

Calvary, or GOLGOTHA, "the 
Place of Skill*." A small hill, 
on the north sile of Alt. Zion. so 
called cither from its being in the 
shape of a man's head, or because 
it was a place of execution, which, 
among the Romans as well as 
Jews, was often done by behead- 
ing. Jud. 9 : 5. Matt. 14 : 10. 
The empress Helena built a noble 
church on this spot, which still 
exists. 

Camel) an animal belonging to 
the same genus as the dromedary, 
lama and pacos. It is a native 
of Asia, lives between forty and 
fifty years, subsists on poor and 
scanty herbage, endures aston- 
jhing labors and intense heat, 
can go for many days without 
water, and is extremely docile 
and patient. Of the coarse part 
of its hair sackcloth is made, Rev. 
6 : 12, and very coarse raiment, 
guch as was worn by John Bap- 
tist, and is now worn by the Der- 
vishes of the East. Of the finest 
parts, beautiful shawls, <fec., are 
nade. It is. the great dependence 
of the Arabs, for food, clothing 
and labor. No other animal 
could at all supply its place. 
Job, after his affliction, had six 
thousand camels. 

Camp* In the camp of the 
Hebrews in the desert, the taber- 
nacle was placed in the midst. 
Mtmori, Aaron, and tb- 1 - families, 
had their tents on tht, ast of it, 
which was considered the front. 
Dn the south pitched the Kohati- 
He a ; on tho west, the Gorahcn- 



ites. Thus it was eiicomp&Me4 
by the Levites. In front of the 
tents of the priests, on tho east, 
was the camp of Judah, Issachar 
and Zebulon ; on the south, of 
Reuben, Simeon and Gad ; on the 
west, of Ephraim, Manasseh and 
Benjamin ; on the north, of Dan, 
Asher, and Naphtali. Before 
commencing a march, which was 
only when the cloud moved from 
over the tabernacle, the people 
had three warnings by the silver 
trumpets ; one, to pack up bag- 
gage ; a second, to assemble to 
the standards ; and a third to 
begin the march. The camp of 
Judah marched first ; the taber- 
nacle was then taken down ; and 
the Gershonites and Merarites, 
laying the various materials on 
wagons, followed. Next the 
camp of Reuben marched ; the 
Kohathites followed with the 
more sacred furniture of tho 
tabernacle on their shoulders. 
Next fallowed Ephraim ; and 
Dan brought up the rear. Numb 
1, 2, 4, 10 

Camphire, a white, translu- 
cent, vegetable product, of a 
highly fragrant odor, and aro- 
matic taste. It is procured frons 
two species of trees, one of which 
grows in Japan ; the other, from 
which the best and largest por 
lion of the drug is obtained, 
givyjvs wild in Borneo and Su- 
matra. These trees are of the 
laurel species, but of astonishing 
magnitude, some attaining a 
height of two hundred feet. 
The blossoms diffuse a powerful 



CAN 



CA* 



tnd delicious fragrance, and are 
much used to adorn baths and 
iwellings. Turkish and Egyp- 
tian ladies use the powder of the 
dried leaves to give a red tinge 
to their nails, a practice of great 
antiquity. 

Ca'nat There were two places 
of this name without Galilee, one 
in Asher, Josh. 19 : 28, the other 
in Ephraim, 16 : 8 ; 17 : 9 ; and 
one within Galilee, about four 
miles north of Nazareth, whence 
Christ went down to Capernaum. 
John 2 : 12 ; 4 : 46. The latter 
still exists, though a small vil- 
lage of only 60 houses. Half of 
the inhabitants are Christians of 
the Greek church. 

Ca'naan, the Scripture name 
of what is now called PALESTINE, 
or the HOLY LAND. Its name 
was derived from Canaan, whose 
posterity settled here, and re- 
mained for about seven hundred 
years. Beco dng enormously 
corrupt, they were devoted to 
destruction, and their land given 
to Israel. Its conquest is re- 
corded in the book of Joshua, 
Ac., after which it was called 
The land of Israel.'* Its boun- 
daries, as generally laid down, 
we Lebanon on the north, Arabia 
n the east, Idumea on the south, 
and the sea on the west I T nder 
David and Solomon, its extent 
was greatly increased, by the 
lonquest of Ammon, Moab, Edom, 
Ac. 1 Kings 4 : 21 24. It was 
ft most beautiful and fertile coun- 
try, and the Jews n^xltiplied in 
It to an astonishing degree. 

Under Rehoboam, a dreadful 



rending asunder of the kingdou 
took place, which male Judah 
ind Benjamin one kingdom, and 
the remaining ten tribes another. 
1 Kings 12. Jerusalem contin- 
ued the metropolis of Judah and 
Benjamin ; and this kingdom 
adhered to the true God, and his 
proper worship. Samaria became 
the metropolis of Israel, and that 
people worshipped golden calves 
at Bethel and Dan. These sepa- 
rate kingdoms were often at war, 
to their unspeakable detriment, 
and were often devastated by 
foreign enemies. At last, about 
B. c. 721, Israel was entirely 
overthrown by Shaluianeser, king 
of Assyria, after it had stood 
about 254 years, and has never 
since been restored. Judah sur- 
vived as a kingdom about 130 
years longer, and was then, B. c. 
590, entirely conquered by Nebu- 
chadnezzar, king of Babylon, who 
carried away with him the most 
important of the people. 

After a captivity of seventy 
years, they returned gradually ; 
their temple and city, which had 
laid in ruins, were rebuilt, and 
they enjoyed peace as a province 
of Persia. When that monarchy 
was overthrown by Alexander, 
Judea (as the whole of Caraan 
was then called) submitted to 
the conqueror. After Alexander*! 
death, this country was some- 
times sulject to Syria, and some- 
tunes to Egypt, and for a time 
asserted and maintained its in- 
dependence under John llyrcanua 
and his successors. It however 
was forced* about B. o, 63, by 



CAN 



CAP 



Pompey, to submit to the victo- 
rious Romans, who divided it into 
provinces, and set rulera over 
them. These provinces, at the 
time of Chri-it, were Judea, Sa- 
maria, and Galilee. There was 
also a province on the north, 
called Percea, and one on the 
south, called Idumea, which were 
considered as belonging to Pales- 
tine. It continued thus, in pos- 
session of much peace and pros- 
perity, for many years, during 
which the temple was rebuilt 
with great magnificence, and in 
its courts and the renovated 
streets the Saviour taught, and 
wrought his wondrous miracles. 
The infatuated Jews, however, 
after crucifying their Messiah, 
became unquiet and mutinous, 
and drew on themselves the ven- 
geance of the Romans, who, un- 
jer Titus, destroyed Jerusalem, 
A. D. 70, and terminated wholly 
the existence of the Jews as a 
nation. 

Since that period, Israelites 
have been found in almost every 
commercial part of the world, and 
not a few have ever continued on 
the soil of their forefathers ; but 
their once beautiful land has been 
constantly suffering under the 
horrors of servitude and frequent 
irars. The Saracens, crusaders, 
Mamelukes, and Turks, have 
ruled it in succession ; and under 
these last masters, who have pos- 
sessed it since the year 1317, its 
sterility and desolavion have con- 
stantly increased. Ita onee unhie 
cities are now poo: village* tuti 



most of its former villagw art 
utterly extinct. 

The territory is now divided 
into two districts, namely, ACHK, 
comprising the seaboard, and 
DAMASCUS, embracing the re- 
mainder ; each of which is gov- 
erned by a pacha, or bashaw. Th 
population is now very mixed, 
ouiisi^ting of Turks (who hold 
the chief offices), Syrians, Bedouin 
Arabs, Jews, Copts, Druses, and 
Christians. The last are, gen- 
erally, Roman Catholics, Greeks 
and Armenians. Many monks 
reside here, and most of the chief 
towns have convents. Several 
denominations of Christians have 
maintained missions here for some 



Cane. See CALAMUS. 
Canticles* See SONG OF SOLO 
now. 

Caper naum, a principal city 
of Galilee It stood on the west- 
ern shore of the Sea of Tiberias, 
in the border of Zebulon and 
Naphtali, not far from Bethsaida. 
and received its name from a 
clear fountain adjacent. Here 
Christ resided and taught, and 
here Matthew was called. It il 
now called Talhume. 

CaphtOF is thought by Bochart 
to be the same as Cappadocia i 
but by Calmet to be Crete. Deut 
2: 23. 

Cappado'dft, a province in the 
north-eastern part of Asia Minor, 
peopled by the descendants of 
Togarmah, and once forming part 
of the kingdom of I<ydia. It 
was famous for horses, mule* and 



CAR 



CAR 



flocks ; and traded in these with 
the Tynans. Ezek. 27 : 14. 
According to Herodotus, it sub- 
mitted to the Medes, and then to 
the Persians, parts of whose \\ or- 
ship the inhabitants incorporated 
w?t- "heir own idolatry. It after- 
ward formed part of the vas 
Roman empire. Christianity was 
introduced here in the days of 
the apostles, Acts 2 : 9, and con 
tinues to this day. At the vil 
lage of Dacora, in this province, 
was born Eunowius the Arian. 
Some of its early pastors were 
very distinguished for piety and 
learning. 

Captivity, the state of a per- 
son who is at the command of 
another. God often punished the 
vices and infidelity of his people 
by the different captivities into 
which they were permitted to fall. 
The most remarkable instances 
are the Assyrian captivity, 2 
Kings 18 : 912, and the Baby- 
lonish captivity, Jer. 25 : 12. It 
is generally believed that there 
was no return from the former 
captivity, and that the ten tribes 
never came back again after their 
dispersion. Christ " led captimty 
captive," Eph. 4:8; that is, our 
Lord, by his victory over death, 
Satan and sin, conquered and 
triumphed over all our spiritual 
jnemies and oppressors. Ps. 68 : 
18 Rom. 7 : 23. 2 Tim. 2 : 
26. 

CarTmncIc, a gem next in 
value to the diamond. It is 
rarely found, and (as yet) only 
la the East Indies. It is of a 



bright red color, shiaing in tht 
dark, commonly of the size of a 
small pea. Ezek. 28 : 13. It 
wits called by the ancients antkreue, 
or coal, because its appeal ance 
in the sun was that of a piece of 
burning coal. Its name, ecu- 
bunde, has the same meaning. 

Car'chemish, 2 Chron. 35 : 20, 
a city of Mesopotamia, thought 
to be the same as the ancient 
Circesium, the modern name of 
which is Kerldsh. 

Care, anxious thought, or ex 
traordinary, cautious concern. 
Man's care is lawful when he 
endeavors to please God, mourna 
, for his sins, and regulates his con- 
duct by the word of God ; when 
he is concerned about the welfare 
of others, and solicitous for the 
salvation of their souls ; or when 
he moderately takes thought for 
the things of this present life, 
resigning himself, at the same 
time, to the will of God. 2 Cor. 
7 : 11, 12. But it is unlawful 
when he is careful about forbid- 
den things, and makes " provision 
for the flesh to fulfil the lusta 
thereof ;" or when he has a per- 
plexing care about lawful things, 
to the neglect of the woiship of 
God, and distrust of his provi 
dence, Phil. 4 : 6. 

Carmel, though genorallj 
spoken of as a single mountain, 
is a range of hills, ending in a 
promontory, which forms the bay 
of Acre. The district was famed 
for fine timber and pasturage. 
2 Kings 19 : 23. The cave ii 
stil shewn, in which, it ts said 



CA3 



47 



fflyah resided. There was another 115 : 50. 2 Sara. I. 
Gurmel iu the lot of Jiulah. Josh. I now called El Kirtnd. 



I. It h 




Carnal. (1.) Things belong- 
ing to the flesh ; worldly things, 
such as silver and gold, and 
things needful for sustaining the 
body. Romans 15 : 27. 1 Cor. 
9 : 11. (2.) Sensual, or gov- 
erned by sensual appetites. In 
this sense it is applied to such as 
are in a natural, unregenerated 
state, who are enemies to God, 
and given to sensual pleasures. 
John 3 : 6. Rom. 8 : 7. The 
ceremonial law is called carnal, 
because it consisted of such rites, 
ceremonies, ordinances, as only 
related to the body and the puri- 
fying of the flesh, but did not 
reach the soul. Heb. 9 : 10. 

Carpus, the friend and host of 
Paul, when he was at Troas. 2 
Tim. 4 : 13. He is thought to 
iiave been one of the seventy 
disciples. 

Cassia, the bark of a specie? 
rf laurel, very common in Su- 



matra, Malabar, and adjacen 
countries ; commonly called cin- 
namon. It was used with other 
drugs as a perfume. Ps. 45 : 8 
The name is derived from a He 
brew word,which means " stripped 
olf," because the bark only is 
used. Ex. 30 : 24. Ezek. 17 . 19 

Castor and Pollux, the fabled 
sons of Jupiter. They were prob- 
ably heroes who cleared the sea 
of pirates, and came, in after 
times, to be worshipped as deities. 
The vessel Pau.' sailed in, Act* 
28, had their figures carved at 
the prow. Most vessels had the 
image of some gud on its prow, 
and to this day it is customary to 
have what is called "a figure 
head." 

Canl, a cap, or bag. The word 
is applied to a membrane which 
encloses the heart, Hos. 13 : 8 
and sometimes to the head-dreg* 
of female*. Isa 3 : 18 



CEN 



48 



CHA 



Cedar, a tree of great size and 
beauty in warm latitudes, and 
much celebrated in the Scriptures 
It is ar_ evergreen, of slow growth, 
and the timber it produces does 
cot decay when preserved from 
damp. A few yet remain on 
Lebanon. They were formerly 
found there in t great abundance. 
Bayard Taylor visited them in 
the year 1852. He says, " We 
descended [from the snow-capped 
summit of Lebanon] over occa- 
sional beds of snow, and reached 
the cedars in an hour and a half. 
* * * * There are about three 
hundred trees in all, many of 
which are of last century's 
growth ; but at least fifty of them 
would be considered grand in any 
forest. Five of them are un- 
doubtedly as old as the Christian 
era, if not the age of Solomon." 

Ce/dron, or KE'DRON, a small 
brook, rising near Jerusalem, 
passing through the valley of 
Jehoshaphat, and issuing in the 
Sea of Sodom. As is the case 
wiib most streams in that coun- 
try, vt is a rapid torrent after 
rains, but dry, or nearly so, in 
the midst of summer. 2 Sam. 
15:23. Jer. 31:40. John 18: 
I. 

Cen'chrea, a port of Corinth, 
Acts 18 : 18, situated on the east- 
ern side of the isthmus. 

Censer, a pan or urn, in which 
incense was burned. It was made 
in various forms. That here 
represented was most common. 
Where the twenty-four elders are 
said to have golden vials full of 
odors, Rev. 5 : 8, it seems to 



mean censers, not such vial* 
we now use. 




Centurion, an officer who had 
the command over a hundred 

soldiers. 

Cesare'a* See OESAREA. 

Chal'cedony, a precious stone, 
resembling the agate. There are 
several varieties of this gem. 
(1.) A pale-gray or bluish stone, 
found in Saxony, Hungary, Ice- 
land, Scotland, and Asiatic Bus- 
sia. It seems to have been 
originally obtained from Chair*. 
don in Bithynia, whence it de- 
rives its name. Rev. 21 : 17. 
(2.) A species in which a red 
hue prevails, and which is com- 
monly called Cornelian It ia 
found in various countries, but 
chiefly in Arabia, Surat and Cam- 
bay in India. (3.) There are 
some with white and red alter- 
nate stripes, which are callei 
onyx stones. 

The names given by modern 
lapidaries to many jewels, are sc 
different from their ancient ap- 
pellations, that it is impossible to 
be certain, in all casee, as to thoat 
which are mentioned in Scripture. 

Chaldea, a country in Asia, 
eastward of the north part of 
Judea. Its capital was Babylon. 
It was bounded by Mesopotamia 






CHA 



49 



CHA 



en the north, and Arabia the 
Desert on the west, the Persian 
Gulf and part of Arabia Felix 
on the south. The soil is fertile; 
bat rain seldom falls, sometimes 
scarcely any for eight months. 
This deficiency is supplied by the 
annual inundations of the Tigris 
ami Euphrates. The inhabitants 
laboriously water the lands which 
lie too high to be overflowed. Its 
ancient name was Shinar, because 
the Lord, by the confusion ;f 
tongues, did, as it were, t*-dte the 
inhabitants out of it, to people 
the rest of the world. It is now 
called Kaldar. 

Chaldeans. (1.) The inhab- 
itants of Chaldea ; and (2.) A 
sect of philosophers whose em- 
ployment was to interpret dreams, 
and foretell future events. 

Chamois, a goat. The exact 



species which is so called In tht 
Scriptures, cannot now be ascer- 
tained. Deut. 14 : 5. 

Chapiter, an ornamental finish 
to the top of a pillar. 2 Kings 
25 : 17, &o. 

Charger, a large dish, or, M 
we should now call it, a salver, or 
waiter. Numb. 7 : 17. 

Charity, a principle of lore to 
God, and benevolence to men, 
which inclines the possessor to 
glorify God, and to do good to 
others. Its distinguishing char- 
acteristics may be seen, 1 Cor. 
13. The word is never used in 
Scripture to mean alms-giving, or 
an indiscriminate regard for other 
denominations, but always means 
love. 

Chariot. The earliest notio 
of chariots in Scripture, is Gen 




41 : 43. They were very common 
in the East, and were much used 
in war. They had two wheels, 
and no cover ; being drawn by 
me, two, or three horse?. 
The word rendered "chariot," 



in Cant. 3 : 9, is one which oc- 
curs nowhere else in the Hebrew 
Bible ; though chariots are so 
often mentioned. It literally 
means "moving couch," and 
moat probably was a palankeen 






CHE 60 



Ofll 



Ztelow is a representation of one 
f these, Each as was then com- 
mon in Egypt. It is taken from 
%n Egyptian drawing. 




Chan-am See HARAN. 

Chas'tisement, the correction 
of an offender, either by word 
or deed. The " chastisement of 
our peace," Isa. 53 : 5, signifies 
that punishment which was laid 
upon Christ by God's justice, and 
by which our peace, that is, our 
reconciliation to God, was to be 
procured. 

Clieerfllness, gladness of heart; 
gaytty of disposition ; freedom 
from dejection, or gloomy 
thoughts ; also contentment in 
present circumstances. 

Che'mosh, a Moabitish idol, 
supposed by some to be the sun, 
but others have thought it was 
the same as Bacchus. 

Cher'elhites, Philistines who 
were made guards to the king, 
and executioners. See PELE- 

THITES. 

Cliernb, the singular of Cheru- 
bim, a word of double derivation, 
but seeming to mean knowledge. 



It is thought by some that the 
Egyptian sphinxes and the winged 
bulls lately disinterred by Layard, 
at Nineveh, were imitations of 
the Hebrew cheruba. 
Grotius, Bochart,and 
Spencer, suppose they 
resembled an ox or a 
calf. Others describe 
them as represented 
in a form compounded 
of a man, an eagle, 
an ox, and a lion. 
Heb. 9: 5. God'a 
riding on Chtrubim t 
means ais using them 
in the dispensations 
of providence. Ps. 18 : 10. His 
dwelling between the Cherubim, 
means the presence of the She- 
chinah, or glory over the mercy- 
seat of the ark. Ps. 80 : 1. 

Chios, an island of Greece, 
famous once for its Malmsey 
wine, and more recently for its 
literature. The place was almost 
ruined, and great numbers of its 
inhabitants were massacred by 
the Turks, in the late revolution. 
Its modern name is Scio. Acta 
20 : 15. 

Chisleu, the Jews' third civil 
month. See MONTH 

Chittim, a country concerning 
the place of which there hai 
been much dispute. The proba- 
bility seems to be, that it meant 
the islands of the Mediterranean, 
especially those of Greece. Jo 
sephus understands by it the 
island of Cyprus. Numb. 24 ; 
24. 
Chiun, the name c/ an idci, 



CHR 



51 



CHU 



Worshipped by Israel. It is I aacred history, down to tt t* 



thought to be Saturn. Amos 5 : 
26. 

Chora'/in, a city near Caper- 
naum It is now called Tell-oui. 
Matt. 11 : 21. 

Christ, literally "the anoint- 
ed." The practice of anointing 
priests and kings has been com- 
mon in all ages of the world. 
Our Saviour was emphatically 
* the Anointed One, 1 '' and as 
such, in his two natures, human 
and divine, perfected a yriestly 
work, which saves unto the ut- 
most all that come unto God by 
aim. Heb. 7 : 25. He never 
was externally anointed, or other- 
wise introduced into the outward 
priesthood. At the last day, he 
will judge the world. Acts 17 : 
31. 2 Tim. 4 : 1. 

Chronicles. Two books of 
Scriptures are so called, the writer 
of which is not now known. Nc:' 
is the time when they were writ- 
ten certain ; but the orthography, 
the style, and the facts given, 
indicate it to have been after 
Jeremiah. The Jewish tradition 
that they were written by Ezra, 
is not improbable. They are 
evidently compiled under the 
guidance of the Holy Spirit, from 
copious registers and documents, 
which, being uninspired, have 
not been preserved. The FIRST 
BOOK traces the Israelites from 
Adam to David. The SECOND, 
relates the progress and di-solu- 
tion of the kingdom of Judah, 
tnd the return of the Jews from 
~..o/IouIsL euplivity. 'iiioy 
orm an abridgment of all tL- 



turn of the Jews fro-n their nirt 
captivity ; embracing a period of 
about 34G8 years. They omit 
whav is largely related in other 
Old Testament books, and supply 
details not there given ; and, in 
a great multitude of cases, throw 
much light on passages in the 
former books. 

Chrysolite was probably the 
ancient name of the gem now 
called topaz. The stone now 
called chrysolite is seldom found 
larger than a pin's head. It waa 
the tenth in the breast-plate of 
Aaron, and bore the name of Zeb- 
ulon. Rev. 21 : 20. 

Chryso'prasus, a precious stone 
of a grass-green color, found 
chiefly in Silesia. Rev. 21 : 20. 

Church. The word so ren- 
dered was anciently used to sig- 
nify any public meeting of citi- 
zens. It is thought by many 
that the place of sacred meeting 
is so called, in 1 Cor. 11 : 18, 22; 
14 : 34. As the word is used in 
the New Testament, it has for 
the most part two significations. 
(1.) The whole of the elect in 
heaven and earth, which is 
Christ's spouse, or body, and u 
what we call the invisible church, 
because we cannot now know with 
certainty who belong to it, or 
the catholic, or universal church, 
because it embraces the truly 
pious in all the earth. Matt. 
16 : 18. 1 Cor. 6 : 4. 0:1. I 
18. (2.) A particular btdy o 
men, who are wont to meet to- 

worahip and *WF* tho La- 



tin 



62 



OLE 



Jhrift. Such were the churches 
sf Ephesus, Smyrna Jerusalem, 
Rome, &c. Acts 8 1. Col. 4 : 
16. Rev. 1 : 4. Thus we read 
also of churches in particular 
houses. Rom. 16 5. Col. 4 : 
15. The followers of Christ, who 
are here in a state of spiritual 
warfare against the world, the 
flesh and the devil, are called, 
by tl eologians, the church mili- 
tant ; but those in heaven, whose 
conquest over sin and death is 
complete, and who are rewarded 
with eternal blessedness, are 
styled the church triumphant. 

Cilicia, a province on the north- 
eastern extremity of the Medi- 
terranean Sea. Near Issus, one 
of its great cities, was fought one 
of the famous battles of Alexan- 
der. Cicero was its pre^rrml. 
In Tarsus, its metropolis Paul 
was born. It produces superior 
saffron in great quantities, and is 
now called Caramania. 

Cinnamon) a species of laurel. 
What is sold in the shops, under 
this name, is the bark, and is 
obtained from Ceylon and Mala- 
iar. It was one of the ingre- 
lients of the holy oil. 

Circumcise, to cut off the loro- 
ikin, according to the command- 
ment given to Abraham, as a sign 
of that covenant which God had 
entered into with him, that out 
of his loins should proceed the 
Messiah. To be spiritually cir- 
tumcised, or to be the spiritual 
seed of Abraham, is to have the 
thing signified by that ceremony, 
I..-* .r ;'" P-T T.AI :flw*o Jr*yi 
hick circumcision was designed 



to enforce, namely, to believe 
in the Messiah, to put off the old 
man, and to serve him as new 
creatures, which is signified by 
our acceptance of the ordinances 
of the gospel, and submission to 
them. Phil. 3:3. 

Circumcision was by no means 
peculiar to the Jews, but was 
practised by the Egyptians, 
Arabs, &c., and continues to be, 
in several countries, to this day. 

Citizen, in the Old and New 
Testament, generally means, not 
merely an inhabitant or dweller 
in a city, but one admitted to its 
corporate privileges. Citizenship 
was sometimes derived from birth 
(the parents of a child conveying 
it to him), and sometimes ob- 
tained by purchase ; both of 
which sources are alluded to in 
Acts 22 : 28. Roman emperor? 
sometimes bestowed citizenship 
as a favor, or reward, on indi- 
viduals, cities, and whole prov- 
inces. 

Claudia, a small island on the 
coast of Crete, mentioned Acts 
27 : 16, which is now called 
kfozzo. 

Claudius. See OESAR. 

dean, pure, free from defile* 
ment. Gram is clean when freed 
from the chaff. Isa. 30 : 24. 
Clean beasts and birds were thosa 
which God judged it proper for 
his people to eat. Sea BIRDS and 
BEASTS. 

Under the New Testament, to 
the pure all things are pure J that 
is, all food is clean if we eat it 
vrn ctonaLTifiEKs PK iv^/vi'- 

Cleanness cf teeth, in the 014 Te 



LOA 



COL 



wanent, moans the want of any- 
thing tc eat. 

Clement, a Christian mentioned 
Phil. 4:3. It is supposed that 
&e is the same with the Clemens 
Rom anus, famous in church his- 
tory as the chief uninspired 
writer of the first century. Many 
productions are attributed to him, 
only one of which, a letter to the 
Corinthians, is universally ac- 
knowledged to be genuine. 

Cle'oplinSt Two persons of 
this name are mentioned in the 
New Testament, and must not be 
confounded. (1.) Alpheus, father 
of James the Less, and husband 
of the Virgin Mary's sister. This 
is the one mentioned Matt. 10 : 
3 ; Luke 6 : 15 ; and Join 19 : 
25. 

(2.) A disciple who walked 
with Jesus to Emmaus, after the 
resurrection. Luke 24 : 18. 
Alpheus is said to have been 
the brother of Joseph, our Lord's 
reputed father. He was the hus- 
band of Mary, sister of the 
blessed Virgin, and was the father 
of Simon, and James the Less, 
and of Jude, ' and Joseph, or 
Joses, the cousin of Christ. 

Clothes. See RAIMENT. 

Coals* A pot of charcoal was 
used at our Saviour's trial for the 
men to warm themselves, who 
had been exposed to the night air 
and dew in apprehending Christ. 

It has been always presumed 
that when coal is mentioned in 
the Bible, charcoal is meant ; and 
doubtless it is so generally. But, 
from very recent disclosures, it 
to evident that stone coal was 
6* 



used anciently in Syria. It baa 
been found on Lebanon, and at 
this time (1853), a mine is ac- 
tually worked at (Jornulc, eight 
miles from Beiroot. In 1837, 
4000 tons were taken out. 

Cockatrice, a serpent of great 
venom ; probably the Cobra de 
Capdlu. Prov. 23 : 32. The 
prophecy, Isa. 11 : 6 8, seems 
to have been obscurely known to 
the ancient Hindoos. Their god 
Krinhnu is represented as playing 
on a flute with such charming 
melody, that before him stand, in 
one peaceful group, a young ox, 
a tiger, and a serpent. 

Cockle. The word occurs only 
in Job 31 : 40, where it is ren- 
dered by the Chaldee paraphrase 
noxious herbs. Michaelis calls it 
aconite, a poisonous plant. Bishop 
Stork and Mr. Good translate it 
nightshade. The original word 
imports not only a noxious weed, 
but one of & fetid smell. 

Cogitations, meditations, con- 
templatione, purposes. Dan. 7 : 
28. 

Collops. slices or lumps ; maMW 
of fat on the ribs, <&o. Job ID ; 
27. 

Colos'se, a city of Phrygia 
near Laodicea. Col. 2 : 1, ant 
4 : 13. Paul sent the christiani 
here an inspired Fpistle. The 
city was destroyed by an earth- 
quake in the tenth year of Nero; 
that is, A. D. 6? ; but was itnme. 
diately rebuilt The huge Mt. 
Cadmus rises close m the rear. 
The modern name of this place 
is Kuncs. 



COM 



le by Paul, 
Who, though he ^eeras not to have 
founded the Church, was con- 
sulted by it (through Epaphras, 
their messenger to him while im- 
prisoned in Rome), touching some 
doctrines preached among them 
by false teachers. They seem to 
have inculcated the worship of 
angels, abstinence from animal 
food, Jewish rites, long fastings, 
Ac 

Whoever would understand this 
Epistle and that to the Ephesians, 
must read them together. The 
following passages are given as 
specimens of the manner in which 
one serves as an exposition of the 
other. Standing alone, in either 
epistle, they are susceptible of 
diverse interpretations ; but read 
together, can scarcely be misun- 
derstood. 

EPHESIANS. COLOSSIANS. 

i : 6, 7, 1 : 14. 

1 : 10. 1 : 19, 20. 

1 : 15, 16, 1 : 3, 4. 
1.22, and 3: 10, 11, 1:16-18. 
2.1, 1 : 21. 

2 : 13-16, 1 : 20, and 2 : 14. 
"If 1 : 25. 

3, 1 : 26, 29. 

2-4, 2 : 12-15. 

6, 2: 19. 

. 2225, 3 : 9, 10. 

17-21. 1:21. and2:6,and3:8. 
29, 4 : 6. 

.32, S:tt,W. 

:31, S 8. 

.5, 3-5. 

3 : 6. 
3:7, 8. 

, , 4 : 5. 

: 18, 20, 3 : 1C, 17. 

: 21-23, and 6 : 1-9. 3 18-25. 

. 1820, 4:2-4. 

: 21, 22, 4 : 19. 

Comforter, a title given by our 
Baviour to the Holy Spirit. John 
14 : 16. 

Communion, the concoid of 
doctrines or opinions in several 
persona The act of receiving 



., 
: 6, 

: 7, 8, 
: 15, 16, 



CON 

| the Lord's Supper, that sign % 
our fellowship with Christ. J 
Cor. 10 : 16. The communion of 
saints is that fellowship which 
the saints have with Christ by 
faith, and among themselves by 
love. 1 John 1:3. Acts 4 : 32, 
34, 35. 

Compass; the instrument BO 
called, used now by navigators, 
was wholly unknown to the an- 
cients. The expression, " fetch 
a compass," Acts 28 : 13, means 
to go round, and not directly to a 
place. The carpenter's compass 
is mentioned Isa. 44 : 13. 

Concision, a term used in 
reference to persons who would 
cut asunder, or make schisms in, 
the church of Christ. Phil. 3 : 
2. Rev. 2 : 9. 

Concubine, a term used in 
Scripture to signify a lawful wife, 
but of an inferior grade. She 
differed from a proper wife, in the 
solemnity of marriage, having no 
dowry, and not sharing the gov- 
ernment of the family. 

Condemnation, the act of pass- 
ing sentence against a person, by 
which he is doomed to punish' 
ment ; the punishment itself. 
Among the Greeks, condemnation 
was signified by a black stone, 
and acquittal by giving a white 
stone, to which an allusion is 
made in Rev. '2: 17. In the 
same manner white and black 
balls are now often used in so 
ciety elections. 

Coney, a small animal which 
seems, from the allusions to it in 
Scripture, to have been common 
in Palestine As the name if 



CON 



55 



CON 



ROW obsolete, it h:ie become a 
matter of dispute what animal is 
meant. Bruce is confident it is 

the nshkoko, found in Ethiopia, 
Arabia, Palatine, and parts adja- 
cent. Its size is rather 1> 
that of a cat. It has neither 
tail nor voice, and chews the cud 
It is remarkably inoffensive and 
timid, feeding only on r< 
fruits, Ac., but escapes its ene- 
mies by running into holes inac- 
cessible to larger animals. Ho- 
chart, Pennant, and other authors 
of high authority, consider the 
erboa to be the coney of Scrip- 
ture. This animal is about the 
ize of a rabbit, and has a long 
tail. Its form and common pos- 
ture are shown by the engraving, 
which supersedes the necessity 
of a particular description. The 
Arabs call it mountain rat, and 
its flesh a great delicacy. 




The editor of Calmet inclines 
to regard the ashkoko as the 
tunny of c-jripturo, Lev. 11 : 5. 
101 : 18. Prov. 30 : 24, 



26, Ac., and the jerboa as th 
mouse mentioned Lev. 11 : 29. 
1 >Sain. 6 : 5, Ac. 

COQfcee, openly to acknowl- 
edge. Jesus Christ will confess 
his people at the last day, that 
is, publicly own them as his chil- 
I dreu and faithful servants. Luke 
j 12 : 8. They confess him before 
men, when, notwithstanding all 
I danger and opposition, they 
! openly profess and adhere to his 
I truth, observe his ordinances, and 
walk in his way. Matt. 10 : 32. 
I To confess God, is to praise and 
I thank him. Heb. 13 : 15. To 
confess sin, is candidly to ac- 
knowledge our guilt before God, 
i who can pardon or punish us ; or 
to our neighbor, whom we have 
j offended, or who can give us 
j proper instruction and comfort. 
Ps. 32 : 6. James 5 : 16. Matt. 
3 : 6. 

Papists utterly pervert the 
Christian duty of confessing our 
sins one to another, by substitut- 
ing auricular confession, or con- 
fession to a priest, who protends to 
forgive sins. This sinful custom 
produces the most injurious con- 
sequences both to the penitent 
and the priest. The Scripture 
duty applies to all whom we may 
injure or offend. 

Conscience, that faculty of 
our mind, which compares quali- 
ties and actions with the law of 
God, and decides on the good or 
evil tendency according to its 
degree of light. Rom. 2 : 16. 
A conscience is called good, when 
it discerns the will of God, and 
urges obedience to his law, from 



coo 



66 



COB 



gospe 7 motives. 1 Tim. 1 : 5. 
It is called " pure," and " purged 
from dead works," when, by the 
application of Jesus' blood, it is 
freed from the sentence of death 
due to sin, delivered from the 
slavery of indwelling corruption, 
and, by the instruction of the 
Holy Ghost, is rendered clear in 
its views, holy in its aims, and a 
vigorous opposer of everything 
sinful. 1 Tim. 3 : 9. Heb. 9 : 
14 ; 10 : 2, 22. 

Contemn, to despise, to reject 
with disdain, as the wicked do 
God, Ps. 10 : 13, and his law, Ps. 
107 : 11. 

Conversation, discourse. It is 
commonly used in Scripture to 
mean deportment, or the general 
tenor of a person's life. Eph. 
4 : 22. 1 Pet. 3 : 16. 

Conversion, a turning from 
one manner of life, or set of 
prir.ciples, to another. Acts. 15 : 
3. In the Gospels, the word is 
used to signify the entire change 
which religion produces in the 
disposition, principles, and be- 
h* sor. Without this change 
we cannot enter heaven. Matt. 
18:3. 

Convict, or CONVINCE, to per- 
suade one of the truth of any- 
thing. Acts 18 : 28. The Holy 
Spirit does this, when it applies 
the law to the conscience, and 
produces genuine repentance. 

CO'OS, a small island in the 
Mediterranean, near the south- 
west point of Asia Minor. Hip- 
pocrates, the famous physician, 
fcnd Aj-tUts, the eminent painter, 



were natives of this island II 
is now called Stancore. 

Copper, a metal, known and 
wrought before the flood. Where 
the word brass occurs, it should 
be rendered copper. 

COT, a Hebrew measure, equal 
to about six bushels. Some com- 
putations make it mv <h more. 

Cor'al, a hard, cretaceous, ma- 
rine production, resembling a 
plant. It is of various colors, 
white, black, and red ; the latte/ 
is the sort usually called coral, 
and is the must valuable. I. 
was anciently held in high es- 
teem. The word occurs only in 
Job 28 : 18, and Ezek. 27 : 16. 

Corban, a gift to religious pur- 
poses. Mark 7 : 11, 12. The 
Pharisees, in the days of Christ, 
taught that a man might escape 
all obligation to support his in- 
digent parents, by saying of his 
property, " Be it corban " In 
this case, if he did not give his 
property at that time to the tem- 
ple, he was bound to do so at his 
death, though his parents should 
thus be left destitute. Thus did 
they "make void the law" of 
honoring their father and their 
mother, " through their tra- 
ditions." Mark 7 : 13. 

Coriander, a strongly aromatic 
plant, bearing a small round 
seed, fragrant t' the smell, and 
of an agreeable taste. Ex. 16 
31. Numb. 11 7. 

Corinth, one of the richest 
cities of Greece, and capital of 
Achaia. Its commodious haven, 
and advantageous location, ga>t 






cou 



67 



COV 



tt a vast commerce, and immense 
wealth During a var with 
Rome, L. Mummiua burr', it to 
the ground, A. M. 3827. Jt w? 
I rebuilt under the &u- 
>t' Julius Cu-sar. It i'ell 
into tne hands of the Turks, under 
Mahomet II. Paul preached here 
nearly two years. Acts 
It is now culled Corinto. 

Corinthians. The two epis- 
Ues under this name were written 
oy Paul to the Christians at Cor- 
inth, where he had preached with 
great success. Acts 18. False 
teachers had led them into great 
jrrors, which he here exposes and 
ienounces. The nature of these 
jrrors may be best learned from 
the epistle itself. 

Paul visited Corinth the second 
lime after writing these letters, 
Acts 20 : 2, 3, and made collec- 
tions for the brethren in Jerusa- 
lem. 

Cor'moraut, a water fowl, about 
the size of a goose. It lives on 
fish, which it catches with aston- 
ishing skill. It is of shy and 
solitary habits. Zepu. 2 : 14. 

Corn, the generic name in 
Scripture, for grain of *M kinds. 
Parched corn still constipates an 
important and not unpleasant 
part of the food of the Arabs of 
Palestine, &o. See THRESHING. 

Cotes, folds for sheep. 

Council, a tribunal ftv<|iiently 
mentioned in the Xew Tc - 1 
The Great Council, so called, did 
not consist of the 7'2 elders who 
were originally appointed to as- 
sist Moses in the civil administra- 
tion of the government, but was 



instituted in the tiro* ot th 
f chief 

' lili-rs (wko were, per- 
.o Leads of the tribes Oi 
families), and scribes, amounting 
in the whole to 72 oersons, and 
is called by Jewish writers, the 
SANHEDRIM. This council pos- 
sessed extensive authority, taking 
I cognizance not only of religious 
matters, but of appeals from in- 
ferior courts of justice, and of the 
: general affairs of the kingdom 
! After Judea became a liotnan 
1 province, the council was deprived 
; of the power of inflicting capital 
I punishments, for which reason 
| they delivered our Saviour tc 
Pilate, demanding his death. 
l The stoning of Stephen was in 
consequence, not of a decree of 
the council, but of a riot. Acta 
7 : 57, 58. This is the tribunal 
mentioned Matt. 5 : 22, and 27 . 
| 1. John 11 : 47, <fec. 
Course. See ABIA. 
Court, an enclosed space near 
or within a house. That round 
the tabernacle was formed of pil- 
lars, and curtains hung by cords 
The method of building privafr j 
! houses in the form of a holl >vr 
! square, made the court in the 
I inside. See TEMPLE. 

Covenant, an agreement to do 
I soaie particular thing. The prom- 

! * The Maccnl.cp? werp a rnop of 

prinres who united in their lamlls the 

They 

in of distinguished pnulem-e 
and v;il..r. \\iin. having delivered Is- 
rael from lyovt rin-0 
honorabl 

quered by Pompey. and made trlbu 
tary to Koine. They are frequentlj 
called In history the Aimoneanyrincet 



CRE 



58 



CBU 



fee w Noah that the waters 
should no more destroy tho earth, 
is called a covenant. Gen. 9 : 9 
17. God also made a covenant 
with Abraham, that he should 
have a numerous seed, <fcc. Gen. 
16 : 29. The law given on. 
Mount Sinai was another cove- 
nant. Deut. 4 : 13. The cove- 
nant of redemption, and salvation 
by grace, is called a new and 
better covenant, Heb. 8 : 6, 8, in 
respect to its dispensation, and 
manner of manifestation ; its be- 
ing ratified by the actual suffer- 
ings and blood of Christ, and 
freed from former ceremonies ; 
its containing a more full revela- 
tion of religion, and being at- 
tended with a larger measure of 
the gifts and graces of the Spirit, 
while it is never to wax old, or 
be abolished. 

CovetOttSnesS, an eager, un- 
reasonable desire of gain ; a 
longing after the goods of an- 
other. It is called idolatry, Col. 
3 : 5, because the (xvetous man 
places that delight and confidence 
in riches, which are due only to 
God. This sin is expressly for- 
bidden in the tenth command- 
ment. 

Cracknels, a sort of seed-cakes, 
or buns. 1 Kings 14 : 3. 

Crete, an island at the mouth 
of the uEgean Sea, Vetween 
Rhodes and Peloponnesus. Acts 
27 : 7. Jupiter is said to have 
been brought up here, and also 
buried. It was the seat of legis- 
lature to all Greece. There were I 
once 100 cities on the island. 
The inhabitants were exceedingly 



addicted to lying. Tit, 1 : W 
The gospel converted mny pep 
sons here. Tit. 1:6. It is noH 
Called Candia. 

Crisping-pins, curling ironi 
for the hair. Isa. 3 : 22. 

Cross, a sort of gibbet, con- 
sisting of two pieces of wooJ 
placed across each other, in the 
form of f or X' Tnat of our 
Saviour is said to have been of 
the former kind. It was a com- 
mon punishment among the Syr- 
ians, Egyptians, Persians, Afri- 
cans, Greeks and Romans. With 
the Jews, it was not used at all ; 
hanging on a tree being an exe- 
cution of a different kind. It 
was therefore no inconsiderable 
proof of the divine Providence, so 
to order matters as that Jesua 
should suffer this death, according 
to prophecy. It was exceedingly 
painful and lingering. Fitflt, the 
criminal was scourged wi& Oords, 
often with bones at theL end. 
Next he bore his cross, or part 
of it, to the place of execution. 
Crucified persons were sometimes 
bound to the cross with cords, as 
St. Andrew probably was ; but 
more commonly, nails were driven 
through the hands and feet. 
Sometimes persons were crucified 
with their heads downwards. In 
this manner, it is said, Peter 
desired to be crueified, not think- 
ing himself worthy to die like his 
Master. An inscription, repre- 
senting the cause of the punish- 
ment, was ordinarily written on 
a tablet at the top of the cross 
It is often said that the crimina 1 
was fastened to the oross befori 



CRU 



69 



CRT 



was raised This was probably 
the sace when cords were used. 
But the jar of forcibly settling 
the croas in the ground would 
have broken off a body fastened 
with nails. A piece of wood 
usually jutted out under the feet, 
or a largo peg was inserted half 
way up the cross, to serve as a sort 
of seat. It is observable, how 
the inscription on the cross of 
Christ, instead of charging him 
with a crime, plainly hinted his 
Innocence and Messiahship ; nor 
could the heathen governor be 
prevailed on to alter it. The 
word is used metaphorically for 
the whole of Christ's sufferings, 
but especially those on the tree 
or cross. Heb. 12 : 2. 

Crown, an attire or dress for 
the head. Those used in the 
games were made of parsley, 
pine, flowers, Ac. Those for 
kings, of gold adorned with gems. 
Metaphorically, that is a crown 
which gives glory or dignity. 
Thus Jehovah was a crown of 
glory to Judah. Isa. G2 : 3. 
Christ is said to have a ** crown 
of gold," atid " many crowns, 
meaning his ineffable grandeur 
and sovereignty. Rev. 19 . 12, 
Ac. Converts are thus a o**w 
to ministers. Phil. 4:1. 1 IVfl 
2 : 19. See also Prov. 12 4 ; 
17 : 6, and 27 : 24. 

Crucify, to put to death by the 
cross. A Roman mode of eze 
euting slaves, but considered a 
rery infamous death for soldiers 
or citizens. Figuratively, ii 
means to eubdut our evil proper 
titles 



Cruse, a small vessel for hold* 

liquids. The common form! 

are given in the cut ; one being 

. with wicker work, the 




other with a hairy skin. East- 
ern travellers are always pro- 
vided with them. 1 Sam. 26 
11. 

Crystal) a hard, transparent, 
and colorless fossil, of a regularly 
angular form. The word trans- 
lated crystal in Ezek. 1 : 22, ia 
rendered frost in Gen. 31 : 40, 
Job 37 : 10, and Jer. 36 : 30, 
and ice in Job 6 : 16, 38 : 29, 
and Ps. 147 : 17. There ar4 
three kinds of pure crystal, be- 
side various sorts mixed with 
other different substances. Crys- 
tal was anciently reckoned verj 
valuable. Job 28 : 17. Pliny 
mentions a crystal vase, worth 
about 6000 dollars. Nero fu- 
riously broke two such cups, to 
chastise his subjects by impover- 
ishing them. It is now of far 
less esteem. The firmament 
above the cherubims, the sea of 
glass before the throne of God, 
the river of life, and the light of 
the new Jerusalem, are compared 
to crystal, for their purity, 3lear 
ness and splendor. Ezek. 1 : 22 
I Eev. 4 : G ; 22 : 1. 



cus 



60 



CYM 



Cubit, an arm, or a measure 
equal to eighteen inches. It 
rose from measuring with the arm 
from the elbow to the end of the 
hand. The sacred cubit was 
nearly 22 inches in length. Ezek. 
43 : 13. 

Cucumber, a vegetable plen- 
tiful in hot climates, and much 
used for food. That of Egypt is 
like ours, but two or three times 
the size, and much superior in 
quality and wholesomeness. 

Cummin, a small plant, very 
common in Judea. Its seeds, 
being agreeably aromatic and 
pungent, were used as a spice. 
It is now raised for this pur- 
pose in considerable quantities 
In Malta. The hypocrisy of the 
Pharisees, in rigidly paying the 
tenth of this unimportant pro- 
duct to religious uses, and yet 
neglecting the solemn duties of 
mercy, Ac., is very striking. 
Matt. 23 : 23. 

Curse. Learned commentators 
aver that wherever the Hebrew 
word so translated occurs in con- 
nection with the name of God, it 
should be rendered bless. It is 
actually often so rendered in our 
Bible, as Gen. 33 : 11. Jud. 1 : 
15. 1 Sam. 25 . 27. 2 Kings 
6 : lo, &o. In Job 2 : J, Job's 
wife is represented as laying, 
" Curse God and die." It may 
be translated, " Dost thou still 
retain thy integrity, blessing God 
and dying 1 " 

Cusll. (1.) The eldest son 
of Ham, and the father of Aim- 
W Gen. 10 : 8. (2.) A coun- 



try on file Araxes, afterwardi 
inhabited by the Scythians. Hab, 
3:7. (3.) Another name foi 
Ethiopia. Isa. 11 : 11. (4.) A 
country in Arabia Petrea, border 
ing on Egypt, of which Zipporah 
was a native. 

Custom, (l.j The common 
usage. Luke 4 : 16. John 18 
19. (2.) Duty or tax paid to 
government. Rom. 13 : 7. (3.) 
A natural disease of women. 
Gen. 31 : 35. 

Cutting the flesh, a custom 
always common among the hea- 
then, either as a sign of great 
grief, or an act of worship. God 
expressly forbids the practice 
Lev. 19 : 28. Deut. 14 : 1. Pa- 
gan gods are cruel, and hence 
were supposed to be pleased with 
self-inflicted tortures and san- 
guinary rites. Read the story 
of the prophets of Baal, 1 Kings 
t8 : 28. The author has seen in 
India such exhibitions. 




In the engraving, the devote* 
has three spikes stuck through 
his arm, and a short sword 
through the skin of his belly. 

Cymbal, an instrument of loud 
music, used with others, but giv- 



DAG 



DAG 



Ing no melody of itself. To 
tpeak with tongues, if not done 
out uf love 1 

pompous and useless act of self- 
1 Cor. 13 : 1. 

Cypress, a beautiful, lofty, ! 
evergreen tree. The wood is [ 
strong, and almost incor- ' 
ruptible. The blossoms are 
delightfully fragrant. 

Cyprus, a populous island in 
Ihe Mediterranean Sea, so called 
from the Cypress trees with 
which it abounded. It was peo- 
pled by the descendants of Chit- 
tiin. The chief deity was Venus, 
worshipped under the name of 
Cyitris, or Cypria. A famous 
temple of hers stood on Mount 
Olympus. Asbestos, emeralds, 
and amethysts, are found here. 
Barnabtus was born, and, accord- 
ing to tradition, suffered mar- 
tyrdom, in Cyprus. It now con- 
tains a population of about 
60,000, mostly Greeks. 

Cyre'ne a country west of 
Egypt, and the birthplace of 



Callimachus the poet, Entto* 
thenes the historian, and Mimun t 
who bore the Saviour's cross. 
Many Jews from hence were at 
the Ptoutecost, and were con- 
verted under Peter's sermon. 
Acts 2. The region is now undei 
the Turkish power, and h'as bo- 
come almost a desert. It is aotr 
called Cai'roan. 

Cy reniaus, inhabitants of Gy- 
rene, who had a synagogue at 
Jerusalem ; as had those of 
many other nations. It is said 
there were 480 synagogues in 
Jerusalem. 

Cyrus, son of Cambyses, king 
of Persia, by the daughter of 
Ahasuerus, king of Media. He 
inherited the crowns both of 
Media and Persia, having mar- 
ried the only daughter of IXirius 
He died at the age of 70, afto.- 
having reigned 30 years. Dan 
7 : 5. Isa. 46 : 11. The firs; 
three chapters of Ezra describe 
his measures to restore Jerusa- 
lem. 



D. 



Dagon, b.ief idol of the 
Philistines, probably the same 
as Nebo, Isa. 46 : 1. Though so 
signally disgraced at Ashdod, 
the worship of it was not aban- 
doned till A. M. 3840, when the 
Jewish leader Jonathan burnt it 
and it* temple. The image rep- 
resented the body cf a fish, with 
Hie head and arms of a man. 
The figures of this god are not 
6 



all exactly alike, though all 
combine tho human form with 
that of a fish. This mermaid 
figure was worshipped at Ascalon 
under the name of Derceto, aa 
Diodorus Siculus relates. The 
same god ; s probably meant by 
Pliny wheii he describes a fish 
j with a human face worshipped 
at Joppa, under the name of 
Celo. And it may be that Cioert 



DAG 



62 



DAL 



means this deity when he says, 
In his book on the gods, that the 
Syrians have a great veneration 
for a certain fish. The picture 



of this idol, here given, is taxon 
from a drawing, by Gentil, gi/en 
in Calmet's Dictionary. Dagon 
is thought, by some, to be the 




game aa the VISHNU of the Hin- 
doo*. Near Rangoon, in Bur- 
snah, is the Shne I)igou n < or ** lf 
temple of Dagon. 



Dalmann'tha, a province oa 
the east side of the Sea of Tibe- 
,.:.,*. ~:4.i. n ~4.i,^ ^-. *~^..i~ 

or aoar ;t. Aiaxk 3 : 10. 



DAN 



68 



DAB 



Dalimi'tia, a district on the 
Gulf of Venice, visited by Titos. 
2 Tiin. 4 : 9. 

Damascus, once a most noble 
city in the north of Palestine, 
and one of the most ancient on 
earth. Gon 14 : 15. It is now 
nder the government of the 
pacha of Egypt, and contains 
80,000 inhabitants, or, according 
to a modern traveller, 200,000. 
Mr. Connor estimates the Jews 
in Damascus at 2,500, and the 
nominal Christians at 20,000, 
" including Greeks, Latins, Cath- 
olics, Maronites, Armenians, and 
Nestorians." It is computed 
that 50,000 Mahometan pilgrims 
annually pass through this city 
from the north, on their way to 
Mecca. Superior swords are 
' made here, and a species of silk, 
called, from the place, damask. 
We have roses and plums which 
were introduced from thence, 
and bear the same name. The 
Greek patriarch of Antioch re- 
sided there. It is now called 
Dames chk, or Scham. 

Damnation, exclusion from 
divine mercy ; that condemna- 
tion to eternal punishment which 
is the awful condition of the 
wicked in a future state. Matt. 
23 : 33. The word was formerly 
used more commonly than now, 
and often meant only condemna- 
tion It should be so rendered 
Rom. 132. and 14 23 1 Cor. 
11 : 29 

Dan, one of Jacob's sous; and 
the name of a city in the ex- 
treme northern part of Pales- 
tine, called formerly Lamk. 



"From Dan to Beershelm," 
which is the southernmost citji 
meant the whole country. 

Daniel, a Hebrew prophet, 
contemporary with Ezekiel, but 
living longer than he. lie WM 
of the royal family, and, though 
carried captive to Babylon, a 
c. 606, rose to wisdom and 
honor. His great eminence may 
bo inferred from Ezek. 14 : 13, 
14, and 28 : 2, 3, both which 
passages the reader should look 
out, as well as from his own 
narrative. 

TUB BOOK which bears his 
name foretells not only the 
coming of Messiah, as other 
prophets, but the very time of 
his birth. Under the emblem 
of a great image of four ma- 
terials, and of four beasts, the 
successive rise and fall of the 
four great monarchies of Baby- 
Ion, Persia, Greece, and Rome, 
are predicted ; after which, the 
kingdom of Christ, like the 
stone from the mountain, shall 
fill the earth and continue for- 
ever. The first six chapters art 
historical, and describe the car- 
rying away of Daniel and other 
noble persons. He was there 
educated and rose to distinctict 
The rest is strictly prophetical, 
extending to the advent and 
death of Mersiah, and the ulti 
mate universality of the church 

Darius, (called in Xenophon 
CTAXAR'ES, and by the LXX 
ARTAXERXES), king of tlr 
Modes, was brother to tl 
mother of Cyrus When he 
conquered Babyion, he const* 



DAY 



64 



DEA 



luted d. senate to govern it, of 
which Daniel was one. 

Dari'ns Codomanns was origi- 
nally poor and obscure ; but, 
for his valor, was made governor 
of Armenia by the king of Per- 
sia. He contrived the murder 
of his sovereign, and by the 
intrigue of Bagoas, the chief 
eunuch, ascended the throne. 
He was soon after conquered and 
deprived of his ill-gotten throne, 
by Alexander the Great. 

Dari'ns llystas'pes was, ac- 
cording to Archbishop Usher, 
Ahasnerus, the husband of Es- 
ther. 

Dates, the fruit of the Palm- 
tree. The word occurs 2 Chron. 
31 : 5 only. See PALM, 

David, the most eminent king 
of Israel, and one of the most 
distinguished persons mentioned 
in the Old Testament, both for 
his piety, talents, dignity, and 
success. He wrote nearly all 
the Psalms. Christ, being a 
lineal descendant, is called " the 
Son of David." When it is said 
of him, while yet a youth among 
the folds, that he was a man 
: after God's own heart," it 
means that God chose him to be 
king over Israel, and would 
qualify him for that purpose. 

Day, a division of time, which 
signifies, (1.) That space which 
intervenes between the rising 
and setting of the sui (2.) 
The period of a revolution of 
the earth on its axis, comprising 
24 hours. The commencement 
. IAS* ., , K OO , ^flr OT . T,t 



among different nations Th 
Hebrews began in the evening 
Lev. 23 : 32. The Persians and 
Greeks begin at sunrise ; the 
Arabians at noon ; and ourselvc.fi 
and most modern nations at 
midnight. (3.) A period in 
which any particular event is to 
occur. John 8 : 56. 1 Thess. 
5:2. (4.) A season of mer- 
ciful opportunity. Luke 19 : 
47. (5.) The time of a man's 
life. Job 3 : 8 ; Ps. 37 : 13. 
(6.) A prophetic year. Ezek. 
4 : 5, 6. Dan. 9 : 24. Kev. 11 . 
3. (7.) Moral light, the knowl- 
edge and practice of religion. 
1 Thess. 6 : 6. (8.) Heaven. 
Rom. 13 : 12. 

Deacon is a word derived from 
the Greek, and signifying ser- 
vant. The cause and manner of 
the appointment of deacons are 
clearly recorded, Acts 6 : 1- o. 
Paul specifies their duty as con- 
sisting in "serving tables," Phil. 
1 : 1. The qualifications re- 
quired for this office are laid 
down, 1 Tim. 3 : 812. If 
married, they were to have but 
one wife, in opposition to the 
polygamy then common ; and 
the wife must be " grave, not 
slanderous, sober, faithful in all 
things.*' It is thought that 
there were in the primitive 
churches females chosen to be 
deaconesses, who, as Calmet says, 
" assisted females to dress and 
undress at baptism, visited those 
of their own sex in sickness, and 
when imprisoned for their faith, 
<fco. They were always per- 
anna nf advanced ace- aud wer 



DBA 



65 



DEE 



Appointed to the office Sy the 
imposition of hands.' It is 
thought such sisters are alluded 
to, 1 Tim. 5 : 918 ; and that 
Phrebe was such an one. Roin. 
1C: 1. 

Dead Sea, the same w th the 
Luke Asphaltites, in the south- 
east part of Canaan. The val- 
ley of Siddim, which was near 
Sodom, makes part of this sea. 
Gen. 14 : 3. Its water is clear 
when taken up in a glass, but 
very bitter, much more salt 
than common sea water, and of 
greater specific gravity, so that 
a man may swim in it with great 
ease. The air round the lake 
seems loaded with sulphureous 
and bituminous vapors, which 
prevent vegetation, and give 
that deadly aspect which all 
travellers remark. The moun- 
tains on each side are about 
eight miles apart, but the ex- 
panse of water in that part does 
not exceed six in breadth. Its 
extreme length is about 75 miles, 
and its greatest breadth nearly 
sixteen. This lake receives the 
river Jordan, the river Arnon, 
and the brook Kidron, besides 
other rivulets, and has no vis- 
ible ecmmunication with the 
Ma. 

Death. (1.) The extinction 
of life, or separation of the soul 
from the body. (2.) A sepa- 
ration of soul and body from 
God's favor in this life, which is 
the state of all the unregenerate, 
and is called spiritual death. 
(3.) Perpetual exclusion from 
God's heavenly presence and 



glory, which is called the #> 
and death." 

Debtor, one that owes any* 
thing to another. As the cred- 
itor has a righ to exact pay- 
ment from the debtor, so God 
has a right to inflict punish- 
ment on the guilty. Thus men 
are debtors to God by trespass- 
ing against him ; and to their 
neighbors whom they injure, 
wrong, or offend. " Debtor to 
the whole law," Gal. 5 : 3, 
moans obliged to keep the whole 
law of Moses, as the condition 
of eternal life, and so virtually 
disclaiming all pardon by Christ. 
The apostle Paul says he was a 
debtor " both to the Greeks nd 
to the Barbarians ;" that is, 
bound by his office to preach the 
gospel to all nations. 

Decap'olis, a country on the 
Sea of Tiberias. Matt. 4 : 25. 
Mark 5 : 20. Its name is Greek, 
and means " the ten cities." Some 
eminent authors consider it to 
be a part of Penza. Concerning 
its limits, and the names of ita 
ten cities, geographers are by 
no means agreed. 

Dedication, the solemn act of 
setting apart any person or thing 
to a religious use. The Feast 
of Dedication, observed by the 
Jews for eight days, was to com- 
memorate the restoration of the 
temple at Jerusalem, under 
Judas Maccabeus, after it had 
been destroyed by Antioohui 
Epiphanes 

Deep signifies, (1.) Hell. 
Luke 8 31. (2.) The grave, 
or place of the dead, caU>d 



S)EV 



66 



IIA 



Aepthi of the earth. Run. 10 : 
7. (3.) The deep I ,rts of the 
ea. Ps. 107 : 26. <4.) The 
original chaos. Gen. 1:2. 

Degrees, a title ^e fixed to 
15 Psalms (from liw co 134), 
And is not certainly understood. 
Perhaps the word' rendered de- 
grees means something else. 

Deluge, See FLOOD. 

Desert. Some deserts were 
entirely barren, Isa. 13 : 21 ; 
others had fine pastures. Ex. 
3:1. Almost every tiown had 
a desert belonging to it, similar 
to our commons. See WILDER- 



Denteronony, the fifth book 
of Moses, so called from itt> 
Greek name, which signifies repe- 
tition of the law. That part of 
this book which mentions the 
death of Moses was added by 
inspired penmen afterward. The 
period of time comprised in this 
book is less than two months. 
It not only recapitulates, but 
axplains the law, and forcibly 
urges the people to obedience. 

It contains one remarkable 
prophecy of Christ, viz., Deut. 
18 : 1519 ; which, in Acts 3 : 
22, 23, anl 7 : 37, is expressly 
applied to him. 

Devil, literally a stand' , 
fallen angel, or infernal epkii 
Satan is, by way of eminence, 
Called the devil, and the god of 
this world) from his power and 
influence. John 12 : 31. 2 Cor. 
4:4. He has various titles 
given him in Scripture, exprea- 
livo of hit character : Satan. 



Job 2 : 6 ; Beelzebub, Matt 
12 : 24 ; Belial, 2 Cor. 6 : 15 ; 
Lucifer, Isa. 14 : 12 ; Dragon, 
Rev. 12 : 7 ; Adversary, 1 Peu 
5:8; Piince of Darknese, Eph. 
6 : 12 ; Apollyon, or destroyer, 
Rev. 9 : 11 ; Angel of the bot- 
tomless pit. He is represented 
as a sinner from the beginning, 
1 John 3:8; a liar, John 8 : 
44 ; a deceiver, Rev. 20 : 10 ; 
an accuser, Rev. 12 : 10 ; and a 
murderer, John 8 : 44. 

Devilish, infernally wicked 
This strong epithet occurs only 
in James 3:15, where it forms a 
grand and awful climax. Envy 
and strife are there said to be 
" earthly, sensual, devilish," 
and to produce " confusion, and 
every evil work." How little 
do the promoters of contention 
consider this ! 

Dew. The dew in Palestine, 
and some other oriental coun- 
tries, is very heavy, wetting the 
ground like a smart shower. It 
sustains vegetation, in some dis- 
tricts, where rain seldom 01 
Diver falls. Gen. 27 : 28. 

Diamond is the hardest sub- 
stance in nature, and one of its 
rarest productions. It is gen- 
erally called in Scripture ADA- 
MANT, which see. Diamond ia 
the purest carbon known, and 
' will burn like charcoal if ex- 
I posed to great heat. Tlie value 
of this and all other precious 
stones is estimated by carats. 
A carat is four grains. The 
larger a diamond is, the greater 
in proportion is its value. One 
is mentioned belonging to RIUK 



DIA 

da worth 12 tons of gold ! Dia- 
mondj of a very smull 
exceeding one fifth of a 
are the most abundant. These 
are reiluced to a powder, which 
is of the groatc-t import 
lapidaries, as, without it, larger 
diamonds, and other hard O r eins, 
3ould not be cut or polished. 
With this powder, rock crystal 
IB cut into leaves, and cut and 
polished for spectacles and other 
optical instruments. In the 
natural state, diamonds are not 
brilliant, being covered with an 
earthy crust. Diamonds were 
formerly obtained chiefly from 
India, where the principal mines 
were in Golconda, Visapoor, and 
Borneo. They are now prin- 
cipally derived from Brazil. 

Dia'na, a celebrated goddess, 
supposed to preside over hunting 
and highways, and represented 
is a young huntress, with a 
rewent on her head, the pedes- 




tal ornamented with heads of 
Btags, dogs, <feo. She was also 
called Hebe, Trivia, Hecate, and 
Lucina. Jer. 7 : 18, and 44 : 17. 
As the tutelary deity at Kphe- 
Bus,she waa a representative of 



r DIV 

the power wnich presider orn 
birth, and is the same a* ih 
Philistines worshipped under tm 
name of Ashtoreth. The cul 
here given is an Ephesia 
representing her in a " shiine." 
Acts 19 : 24. 

Dionys'ins, the Areopagite, 
or judge in the court of Areop- 
agus. In his youth, it 
he was bred in all the learning 
of Athens, and went afterwards 
to Egypt to perfect himself in 
astronomy. Being at On when 
our Saviour died, and observing 
the miraculous darkness, he 
cried out, " Either the God of 
nature suffers himself, or sym- 
pathizes with one that suffers." 
He was converted at Athens by 
Paul, and, it is said, became an 
evangelist, and was burnt as a 
martyr in his own city, A. D. 95. 

Dip, to immerse. The people 
of the East eat with their fingers 
instead of knives and forks, and 
therefore dip their hand in the 
dish. For fluid substances they 
have spoons. John 12 : 26. 
See EATING. 

DiSfiple, a learner, or follower 
of another. John 9 : 28. It 
signifies, in the New Testament, 
a follower of Christ, <fcc., or a 
convert to his gospel John 20: 
18. Acts 6 :.l. 

Divination, an art much prac- 
tised among heathen. So sin- 
ful is -it in the sight of God to 
resort to witches, magicians, or 
diviners, that the offence was 
made punishable with death. 
Deut. 18. The means by which 
I divinera pretended to disooroj 






DOC 



68 



DOV 



ttdilt-n things, and foretell des- 
tiny, were various ; such aa 
observing the flight of birds, 
examining the entrails of beasts, 
casting lots, <to. These signs 
were called omens. The word 
"divine," in Gen. 44: 5, 15, 
seems to mean a natural sagacity 
in searshing out and bringing to 
light hidden transactions. 

To contemplate the miserable 
anxieties and doubts which bur- 
den a pagan's mind, is truly 
affecting. It would require a 
book larger than this to describe 
the auguries of even the polished 
and literary Romans. Many of 
their ceremonies were most 
childish, and some revolting. 
Let us contrast a noble lioman, 
fumbling among the entrails of 
a beast, or watching how chick- 
ens picked up their corn, or how 
smoke rose from a fire, with a 
Christian, cheerfully relying on 
the unerring Providence of a 
paternal God, and the mercy oi 
an Almighty* Saviour. Then 
shall we feel one of the reasons 
why we should be grateful for 
Revelation. 

Doctrine, knowledge or learn- 
ing ; the leading matter in a 
discourse ; the truths of the gos- 
pel in general. Tit. 2 : 10. It 
signifies a tenet or opinion, 
Matt. 16 : 12 ; divine inn Ca- 
tions, Matt. 15 : 9 ; instruction, 
information, and confirmation, in 
the truths of the gospel, 2 Tim. 
3 : 16. It is distressing that 
ohristians take so little pains to 
acquire doctrinal knowledge, 
iriihoai wliioh much of their 



practice is vain, and the 

ings of the divine word aselesi 

Dog, a well-known animal, 
which, when properly domesti 
cated and trained, is highly use- 
ful and intelligent. Under the 
law, the dog was not to be eaten, 
and the Jews held him in great 
contempt. Hence, when David 
and Mephibosheth would use the 
most humbling terms, they com- 
pared themselves to " a dead 
dog." 1 Sam. 24 : 14. 2 Sam. 
9:8. Isaiah compares the false 
teachers of his day to dogs. 
Isa. 56 : 10, 11. It must have 
been a hard saying, to the faith 
of the poor worann, Tvho applied 
to Christ for help, that it was 
not proper to " give children's 
bread to dogs." Matt. 15 : 2G. 
To call a person a dog, is still, 
in the East, expressive of the 
highest contempt. The dog was 
not, in those days, made a com- 
panion, or rendered very use- 
ful. Few dogs had a particular 
owner, but lived as they could; 
chiefly by prowling at night fo: 
offal. 

The meaning of Matt. 7 : 6 is 
consider the character of the 
person you rebuke, for some will 
not only be incorrigible, but 
resent your kindness. 

Doves' Dung. It is doubtful 
whether this article, mentioned 
2 Kings 6 : 25, was really 
pigeons' dung used for manure, 
as Josephus and Theodoret 
think, or what the Arabians call 
chick-peas, a kind of tare, or 
deer, resembling doves' dung 
when parched. Some of thi 



DRI 



69 



DUM 



rabbit 3 aTirm that it was the 
5rain taken from the crops of 
pigeons which, luring the siege, 
filled themselves in the neigh- 
boring fields. 

Dragon signifies either a 
targe fish, as the whale, or a 
crocodile, or great serpent. In 
some places, it evidently means 
the deadly poisonous lizard 
called Gecko by the East In- 
diana. 

Dream* Dreams proceed from 
business, constitution, habit, 
outward sensations of the body, 
<fec. By supernatural dreams, 
God of old informed men of his 
mind. Gen. 15 : 12. These 
were not the same as visions. 
The former happened during 
sleep, Gen 20 : 3, and 31 : 11 ; 
the latter when the person was 
wile awake. Ezek. 1:1. Acts 
2 : 17. 

Drink, to swallow liquids. As 
the allotments of God's provi- 
dence were often represented 
among the Jews by a cup, so to 
receive good or evil at the hand 
of God is represented by drink- 
ing its contents. John 18 : 11. 
To eat the flesh and drink the b'ood 
of Christ, is to imbibe, that is, 
cordially to receive and obey his 
precepts, John 6 : 53 ; to become 
jne with him, in principle, feel- 
ing, and action. John 6 : 34. 
As a cordial desire and love of 
divine truth is often represented 
as thirsting, so drinking is used to 
oxpress the actual reception of 
Use goBj el and its benefits. John 
7 : 37. 

Drink-offering, A libation of 



wine, appointed to accauipanj 
certain sacrifices under the cer- 
emonial law, which was pouroU 
out upon, or around, the altar. 
Numb. 28 : 7. 

Dromedary, a fleet animal, so 
called from the Greek word 
dromo, I run. It is smaller and 
more slender than a camel, but 
can carry a man a hundred 
miles in a day. It is governed 
by a bridle connected with a 
my fixed in its nose ; which 
illustrates tho expression in 2 
Kings 19 : 28, meaning that 
Sennacherib should go back 
tamely and swiftly. 

Drnsiria, the third daughter 
of Agrippa, was married to 
Azizus, king of the Einesse- 
nians, whom she abandoned, that 
she might marry Claudius Felix, 
by whom she had a son named 
Agrippa. She was one of the 
most beautiful women of her age, 
but exceedingly licentious. Acta 
24 : ^4. 

Dry-Shod, without wet feet 
Isa. 11 : 15. 

Duke, a term signifying, in 
Scripture, merely a leader or 
chief, and by no means indicat- 
ing a rank like that which th 
term mm imports in Europe. 

Dulcimer, a musical instru- 
ment, use I to make up a full 
chorus. It is thought by somo 
to have resembled the present 
Scotch bagpipe. Dan. 3 : 5. 

Dninah, a country somewhere 
near or in Arabia Petrsea, BC 
called from a son of IshmaeJ 
Isa 21 : 11. 



BAG 



70 



EAR 



Dnre, to last, continue, en- 
lure. Prov. 8 : 18. 

D BStt To wipe off the ditst from 
one'* feet was a sign of renounc- 
ing all connection with those 
towards whom the action was 
directed,, Matt. 5 : 14 ; to throw 
dust into the air, was an expres- 
sion of contempt and malice, 
Acts 22 : 23 ; to throw dust on 
the head, of grief and mourning, 
Rev. 18 : 19. 

Dwell) to abide, or live in a 
place. God is said to dwell in 
the heavens, and also with him 
that is of a contrite spirit. 
Christ dwells in the heart by 
faith, justifying the believing 
BOU! by his merit, renewing it 



by his grace, purifying it by fatt 
Spirit, teaching it by his wis- 
dom, keeping it by his power, 
and, by his communion and 
compassion, sharing with it in 
all its troubles, and supporting 
it under all its trials. The 
Holy Ghost dwells in the soul 
by his gracious operations, work- 
ing faith, love, and other graces 
therein. 

The word of God may be said 
to dwell in a person when it is 
diligently studied, firmly be- 
lieved, and carefully practised. 
Col. 3 : 16. The pious are said 
to dwell in God, by having the 
most intimate union and com- 
munion with him in Christ. 1 
JoU 3 : 21. 



E. 



Eagle, the noblest of the 
feathered tribe. Its size is about 
that of a turkey ; but it has 
much longer wings. It has a 
beak strong and hooked, and is 
a very courageous and ravenous 
bird. It sees or smells dead 
carcasses at a prodigious dis- 
tance, and is said to break the 
bones of its prey to come at the 
marrow. Every year it moults, 
and becomes almost naked and 
bald, and then " renews its 
youth " by producing a set of 
now feathers, Ps. 103:5. Eagles 
are extremely tender of their 
Voung, and take them on theii 
wings when weak and fearful. 
fix. 19 : 4. They fly high aud 



quick, Jer. 4 : 13, have their 
nests in rocks, Jer. 49 : 16, and 
live a hundred years. Several 
species of the eagle seem to be 
mentioned in Scripture ; but at 
this distance of time, they can 
not be easily distinguished. The 
golden and common eagle rare- 
ly, if ever, eat carrion, which 
the vulture prefers. Not only 
all eagles, but the whole species, 
comprising the hawk, kite, Ac., 
were unclean to the Jews, and 
are seldom eaten now. 

Ear means, sometimes, in 
Scripture, the same as to till, or 
plough, as " ear the ground." 
1 Sam 8:12; Isa. 30 : 24. A 
valloy " neither eared not 



EAT 



71 



EDA 



lown," ;ans one not ploughed 
or sown Deut. 21 : 4 
ing time and harvest ' moans 
the timo of planting and reap- 
ing. Ex. 14 : -21. 

Earnest, a pledge ; ,i 
part of the price of a thing, 
paid in hand, to confirm 
a agreement. It is ap- 
plied to signify tin 
neo which the Spirit of 
adoption gives to boliev- 
era of their inheritance 
in heaven. *' So the ear- 
nest of the Spirit," 2 Cor. 
1 : 22, is a proof that the 
bargain will be made good ; 
and " the first fruits of the 
Spirit," Rom 8 : 23, or the 
graces wrought in the sul by 
the Spirit, are some pledges of 
that fulness of joy and perfec- 
tion of lolmess, of which be- 
liever *-*!! partake in heaven. 

East, The Hebrews, in speak- 
ing of the dilfereut parts of the 
heavens, always suppose the 
face looking toward the east. 
Hence, before means east, 
behind, west, the right hand, 
south, and the left haud, 
north. 

Easter, a word improperly 
put for passover. On this day, 
some Christians commemorate 
our Saviour's resurrection. Dif- 
ferent churches observe differ- 
ent days. 

Eatta?. Knives and forks 
being unknown to the ancients, 
as they are to this day in the 
East, the hand alone was used 
to convey food to the month. 
It entertainments two persons 



generally ate out of the sam 

id it seems to have been 

in this way that Judas was 

1 out by Christ as hia 

r. John 13 : 26. It wai 

i to put a double portion 

on the dish of a guest who waa 




to be specially honored. Gren. 
43 : 34. See TABLE. 

Ebony, an Indian wood, 
black, hard, heavy, easily pol- 
iahed, and anciently very valu- 
able. Ez. 27 : 15. 

EcelCSiastes, literally a preach- 
er. It is the name of one of 
the sacred books written by 
Solomon, in which is most forc- 
ibly shown the vanity of Iffe, 
the propriety of enjoying it 
temperately and in the fear of 
God, the necessity of patience 
under unavoidable ills, and that 
we must do all the good in our 
power, and seek the heaven'y 
kingdom. 

Edar, tower of, the place to 
which Jacob removed after the 
death of Rachel. Gen. 35 : 
21 It is called also the tower 
of the flocks. Micah 4:8. It 
was a place of fine pasturage, 
about a mile from Bethlehem, 
supposed to be the very spot on 
which the shepherds received 
the announcement c f the birth 



EDO 



72 



EG* 



f Christ. It is very remark- 
able, that the Targum of Jon- 
athan calls it " the place where 
King Messiah shall be revealed 
in the end of days." 

Eden probairiy stood on the 
Euphrates, not far north of the 
Persian Gulf. Here is still the 
most fertile and pleasant part 
of the Turkish empire, though 
now miserably cultivated. 

Edification, a building up. 
Saints are edified or built up 
when they grow in holy knowl- 
edge and practice. 1 Cor. 8:1. 
To edify ourselves, we must read, 
watch, pray, hear, meditate 
and obey positive institutions 
To edify others, there must be 
love, good example, faithful 
exhortation, and benevolent en- 
deavor. 

Edom was called Esau, he- 
cause he was hairy ; and Edom, 
either because his hair and com- 
plexion were red, or, more prob- 
ably, because he sold his birth- 
right for a mess of red pottage. 
He was born A. H. 2173. 

Edom, the country of the 
Edomites. It lay on the south 
and south-east of the inherit- 
ance of Judah, and extended to 
the Elanitio Gulf of the Red 
Sea. It war very mountainous, 
including mounts Seir and Hor 
Its principal cities were Selah, 
Bozrah, Elath, and Ezion-geber. 

Edomites, descendants of 
Edom. They possessed them- 
elves of the territory originally 
occupied by the Horites, who are 
wppoaed to have finally blended 



with their conquerors. Inret 
erate foes to Israel, they wer 
rendered tributary by David, 
but revolted under Jehoram, 
and rendered themselves inde- 
pendent. 2 Chron. 21 : 810. 
See IDUMEA. 

Egypt is bounded by the Med- 
iterranean Sea on the north ; 
Abyssinia on the south ; and on 
the east and west by mountains, 
running parallel with the Nile. 
It was anciently called Chemia, 
or the land of Ham ; and the 
present Copts call it Chcmi, per- 
haps because Ham resided here. 
The Hebrews call it Mizraim ; 
and the Arabs to this day call 
it Mesr, from Mizraim, the son 
of Ham, who peopled it. The 
arts and sciences were very 
early cultivated here, and main- 
tained a greater degree of per- 
fection, for some ages, than was 
found in any other nation. 
Pythagoras, Plato, Ac., travel- 
led here to complete their 
studies. But the people wor- 
shipped beasts, fowls, onions, 
beans, and monsters of their 
own imagination. " The world 
by wisdom knew not God.*' 1 
Cor. 1 : 21. The name Egypt 
was given it by the Greeks, and 
signifies either the land of the 
Copts, a name which the ancient 
inhabitants gave to themselves; 
or the land jf blickness, because 
the soil and water are of a 
blackish color. It was divided 
nto two districts Upper Egypt, 
or Thebais ; and Lower Egypt, 
or the Delta. The river Nile 
runs through it northward, and 



EOT 



73 



EGY 



^eiuij waters it, so that rain is 
scarcely requisite ; and indeed 
seldom happens in Upper E<jypt. 
Tho heat of summer is exces- 
sive, but fruits abound. Lower 
Egjpt produces the most excel- 
lent dates, almonds, figs, letn- 
038, oranges, olives, Ac. Date- 
trees abound ; and some villages 
are surrounded by such num- 
bers, as to seem embosomed in 
a forest. These form a great 
source of subsistence. The 
threat to cut them down, Jer. 
46 : 22, 23, was, therefore, ex- 
ceedingly terrible, and involved 
utter ruin. The horses are very 
famous. The river abounds 
with fish, crocodiles, and hippo- 
potami. The practice of charm- 
ing snake?, so as to carry them 
about safely, still prevails here. 
Ps. 58 : 4, 5. Jer, fe 17. 

The pyramids of Egypt are 
3000 years old, and stand south- 
west of Grand Cairo. The 
largest is 500 feet high, and 
covers a space of more than 
eleven acres. The object of 
building them is not known. 
If they were intended by the 
monarchs who built them as 
eternal monuments of their 
greatness, it afford? a striking 
lesson of the vanity of posthu- 
mous fame, for the very names 
of the builders have long been 
forgotten. In my opinion the 
pyramids are pagodas, or re- 
ligious edifices, like those of 
Burmab and China at the pres- 
ent day. See " Malcom's Trav 
la in South Eastern Asia." 
Egypt was anciently ex- 



tremely fertile ; but as the Nile 
has, by yearly additions, 
the surface of the earth con- 
siderably, it now overflows to a 
less height, and brings worse 
mud along with it ; and as the 
inhabitants have become, undei 
Turkish oppression, less indus- 
trious and thrifty, it is now but 
moderately fertile, and in time 
may become barren. Prophecy 
has been strikingly verified in 
the history of Egypt. It was 
foretold that their perfidy to 
Israel in violating alliances, 
should be punished by their be- 
coming : a mean people, who 
should no more have a prince 
of their own to govern them. 
Ez. 29, 30, and 31 : 13. Soon 
after the day of that seer, Per- 
sia annexed Egypt to its empire. 
Afterwards, they were succes- 
sively tributary to the Greeks, 
Romans, Saracens, and Mame- 
lukes. The French overran this 
country in 1798, apparently in 
tending to keep it, and open 
through it a new channel for 
the East India trade. They 
were soon obliged to relinquish 
it, the Egyptians being aided 
by the Ottoman Porte and by 
the British It is now a prov- 
ince of Turkey, governed by 
bashaw, or pacha. Considerable 
light is cast on the history of 
this interesting country bj the 
discovery, by M. Champollion, 
of a mode of deciphering hie- 
roglyphics. The informat'oi 
obtained strikingly corroborates 
tho Scripture history The 
population u about two tail- 



ELD 



ELE 



flons, a coasiderable portion of 
whom are Christians and Jews. 
These Christians are called 
Copte, or Coptic Christians. They 
reside chiefly in Upper Egypt, 
and speak commonly the Arabic 
language ; have a patriarch, 
who resides at Cairo ; use a 
liturgy, and baptize their chil- 
dren by immersiun in luke-warm 
water. They are Monophy 'sites, 
that is, believe that Christ had 
only one nature, namely, the 
divine, and was human in ap- 
pearance only. 

The RIVER OP EGYPT, Josh. 
15 : 47, does not mean the Nile, 
but the Sihor, or the brook 
Bfzor, which runs into the 
Mediterranean on the southern 
boundary of Palestine, issuing 
near Gaza. 

El &m is the country calK *E 
Greek and Roman classics ELY- 
MAIS. Gen. 14 : 1. Dan. 8 2. 
See PERSIA. 

Elder, a person advanced in 
age. Elderly men being always 
chosen in early ages to bear 
rule, the term at length became 
a title of office. Our word sm- 
ator has the same origin. The 
Hebrew elders were the chiefs 
of the principal families, or 
persons of allowed wisdom and 
prudence. There seem to have 
been generally seventy of them. 
Ex. 24 : 19. These, with 
Mosea and Aaron, made exactly 
six from each tribe. After the 
captivity, there were elders in 
every city. Ezra 10 ; 14 Yho 
erm, as used in the Now Tes- 
tament, ; s the proper title of 



office to denote Christian pa 
tors, or presbyters. Acts 20 : 
17, 28. Tit. 1 . 57. 1 Pet 
5 : 1, 2. 

Election, choice. The word 
is always used in th New 
Testament in relation to that 
gracious purpose of God, by 
which a portion of the human 
family is destined to salvation. 
Rom. 8 : 9. Election is (1.) 
Sovereign, Rom. 9 : 1116 ; 
(2.) Personal, Matt. 20 : 23 ; 
2 Tim. 2 : 19 ; (3.) Eternal, 
Eph. 1:4; 2 Thess. 2 : 13 ; 
(4.) Irrevocable, Rom. 8 : 33 ; 
2 Tim. 2 : 19 ; (5.) It is unto 
holiness, 1 Thess. 5:9; (6.) la 
all of grace. Rom. 11 : 5. That 
the doctrine is plainly one of 
divine revelation, is proved by 
a fair interpretation of the fol- 
lowing passages, together with 
those just quoted terms and 
phrases. Rom. 8 : 2830. Eph. 
1 : 35. 2 Thess. 2 : 13. 1 
Thess. 1 : 4. All Christian de- 
nominations admit that some of 
the human family will possess 
and enjoy the glories of the 
heavenly world. But this can- 
not be, except God permit or 
design it. If this design exist 
in the divine mind, it always 
did exist ; for he forms no new 
designs, and is incapable of 
change. If it always did exist 
in his mind, it is an eternal 
purpose. That purpose is elec- 
tion. This doctrine necessarilf 
follows from that of God's in- 
finite knowledge. If he cer 
tainJy Anew how things would be 
from tendty, it was because 



EMB 



76 



EMB 



he had so arranged them. If 
anything was left at random, 
then how that would bo ho did 
not know, an t omnis~ 

dent. As free moral agents, we 
are under the law and gospel, 
and we need not pry into this 
inyf tery, but do as we are bid 
by command, and encouraged 
by promise. God saves unto 
the uttermost all who come to 
him through Christ. 

Elements, the constituent 
i' compound bodies Fire, 
air, earth, and water, used to 
be called elements ; but It is 
now ascertained that all these 
are compounds. The earth, in 
its various kinds of original 
matter, shall be melted with 
fervent heat at Christ's secoud 
coming. 2 Pet. 3 : 10. Ele- 
ments also signify the alphabet 
of letters, and syllables formed 
of them ; and the phrase is 
thence used to signify the ru- 
diments, or first principles, of a 
science. Col. 2 : 8. Heb. 5 : 
12. The "rudiments of this 
world," which are not to be 
used in the gospel-church, are 
ceremonial laws and human cus- 
toms, which are not proper for 
such as enjoy the clear instruc- 
tions of the gospel. Col. 2 : 
20- -2 2, 

Elm is a word which occurs 
but once in our translation of 
the Bible, viz., Hos. 4 : 13 ; and 
the original word Alah, there 
used, ia in all other places ren- 
dered oak 

Elult See MONTH. 

To Embalm dead bodies ia to 



fill them ,ith odorift oos kn<J 
drying drugs. The embalming 
of dead bodies appears to have 
had its origin, as well as to 
have attained its highest per- 
fection, among the Egyptians ; 
but whether their want >1 
to the earth to bury their dead, 
during the overflow .1 the .Nile, 
::i v d to civil honor, or a 
fanc^ that the freshness of the 
body tended to detain the soul 
in it, chiefly prompted them 
thereto, we know not. When a 
person died, the corpse was car- 
ried to the coffin-maker, that he 
might prepare a fit coffin, with 
its upper side representing the 
body enclosed ; and great men 
had their coffins painted or em- 
bellished according to their 
quality. The corpse was next 
carried to the einbalmer. and 
the price of embalming settled 
with kim. The highest wag 
about 1300 dollars ; the second 
about 440, and the lowest but 
a mere trifle. The corpse being 
extended on a table, the inwards 
and brains were all drawn out, 
and the parts filled with myrrh k 
cassia, and other spices, frank- 
incense excepted. The whole 
body was then anointed with 
oil of cedar, myrrh, cinnamon, 
Ac., for thirty days. It wae 
next put into salt about forty 
days. Gen. 50 : 3. Afterwards 
it was wrapped in linen, some* 
times, it is said, to the extent 
of above one thousand yards, 
dipped in the oil of myrrh, and 
rubbed with a certain gum. It 
was then delivered to the relfc* 



EliB 



76 



PA 



lions, who put it into 

and either kept it in their own 
house or in a tomb. Great 
quantities of these bodies re- 
main, some of which are several 
thousand years old. They are 
called mummies. Several have 
been exhibited in this country. 

The poor had oil of cedar 
infused to destroy the intes- 
tines, and the body wrapped in 
nitre. Some of the poorest did 
but cleanse the inside, by in- 
jecting a certain liquor, and 
then laid the body seventy days 
in nitre, to dry it. Jacob and 
Joseph were no doubt embalmed 
in the manner of the Egyptians, 
as they died in that country. 
Gen. 50 : 2, 3, 26. The Jews 
embalmed dead bodies ; but 
probably in a very different and 
less effectual mode than that of 
the Egyptians. "When our Sa- 
viour was crucified, the neces- 
sity of his hasty burial obliged 
them only to wrap his body in 
linen, with a hundred pounds 
of myrrh, aloes, and like spices, 
bestowed by Nicodemus ; but 
Mary, and other holy women, 
had prepared ointment and 
spices, for further embalming 
it. Matt. 27 : 59. Luke 23 : 
56. John 19 : 3;), 40. The use 
of a large quantity of spices, 
on such occasions, was thought 
to do an honor to the deceased. 

Emerald) one of the most 
beautiful and valuable of gems, 
f a green color, seldom exceed- 
ing the size of a pea. t is 
derived from India and oouth 
America. 



Emerods, a disease, the ihar- 
aoter of which is not exactly 
known. Most commentator! 
consider it to be what is now 
called piles. Deut. 28 27. 1 
Sam. 5 : 12. 

Emmanuel, or IMMANUEL, a 
Hebrew word, which signifiei 
" God with s." Matt. 1 : 23. 
It is applied to the Messiah, in 
whom the two natures, divine 
and human, were united. Isa 
7 : 14, and 8 : 8. 

Em'nutns probably stood sev 
en miles N. of Jerusalem. 

Enchanter. See INCHANTEB 
and SERPENT. 

EnOB, literally the place of 
waters, was the place where John 
baptized. Its situation is not 
accurately known, but probably 
was in Galilee. 

Envy, a painful vexation of 
mind at another's enjoyment. 
It tends to malice and persecu- 
tion. Acts 13 : 45. It is hate- 
ful to God, and always destroys 
the peace of such as indulge 
it. Phil. 1 : 15. Prov. 14 : 30. 
It is one of the most diabolical 
feelings which can be cherished; 
and yet is one of the most com- 
mon sins of men. Those who 
trust their outward morality, 
little consider this and othei 
vices, which render them odioua 
in the sight of God. 

Ep'aphras, the same as Ep- 
aphroditus, a friend of Paul 
Col. 1 : 7. He was pastor of 
the church at Hieropolis^ a g-eat 
city not far from Colosae and 



BPH 77 

Laodicea, tb present nane o 
which is Pam'.ukale. 

K plia, a Hebrew measure 
eontaining somewhat more tha 
half a bushel. 

Ephesiaas, an epistle of F 
addressed to the church at Ejme 
BUS, founded by Paul during i 
residence there of three months 
Acts 18 : 19- 21. It was writ 
ten during Paul's first imprison 
inent at Rome, to confirm am 
instruct the Christians thure. 
It is eminently valuable for its 
minute instructions and solemn 
admonition?. See EPISTLES and 
COLOSSIANS. 

Eph'esns, one of the most 
famous cities of Asia, said to 
have bear- *uilt by Ephesus, an 
Amazon ukdy. as early as the 
days of David. It was situated 
on the river Cayster, about forty 
miles south of Smyrna, and 
was chiefly famed for a magnifi 
cent temple of Diana. This is 
said to have been 425 feet long, 
and 220 broad. Its roof was 
supported by 127 pillars, 70 feet 
high, 27 of which were curiously 
carved, and the rest polished. 
It was burnv by the infamous 
ro*.-3f!w, on the very day Soc- 
rates was poisoned, and Alex- 
ander was born, viz., 400 years 
before Christ. Afterward, it 
waa rebuilt with increased 
iplendor, at the common ex- 
pense of all the Grecian states. 
It was finally burnt and ie- 
ftroyea oy the Goths. 

Before the time of Alexander, 
Ephesus had kings of its own. 
After it fell iato the hands of 



EPB 



the Romans, the inhabitants ve 
volted to Mithridates, king of 
Puntus, and, on that account, 
were crnelly pillaged by Sylla, 
the Roman general. It was 
destroyed by an earthquake, A. 
D. ];, but soon rebuilt. About 
the time of Christ, all the Gre- 
oian cities seemed to decline, 
except this, which flourished 
more and more. Christianity 
was planted here by Paul, about 
A. D. 54, when he reasoned with 
the Jews, in their synagogues, 
for three months, Acts 18, 19, 
21. He returned next year, 
and preached to the Gentiles 
with wonderful success, Acts 
19, staying three years, Acts 
20:31. It suffered exceedingly 
in. its various sieges and cap. 
tures, by the Saracens, Tartars, 
and Turks, and has gradually 
sunk to nothing. Tournefort 
found at Ephesus but thirty or 
forty houses. Chandler, in 17G4, 
found not so many individuals 
Now, no human being lives *t 
Ephesus ! Hy-sduck, which may 
>e considered another name for 
Ephesus, does not stand on the 
same place, and contains only 
a few wretched Turkish huts 
The candlestick has been re- 
moved out of its place ! " How 
doth the city sit solitary that 
was full of people ! " The 
ipostle John spent niost of his 
ife, and closed it here. 

Ephod, an ornamental uppei 
garment, which made a part ol 
he official dress of the Hebrew 
>riest. That of the common 
priest was made of linen, and 



EPI 



78 



EPI 



that of the high priest was 
richly embroidered, and con- 
tained the sacred breastplate. It 
was without sleeves, and con- 
sisted of two parts, one hang- 
ing before, the other behind. 
See BREASTPLATE. 

Ephraim. (1.) The younger 
eon of Joseph, born 2293, and 
head of a tribe in Israel, which, 
at the time of their deliverance 
out of Egypt, amounted to 40,- 
500 persons. (2.) The lot of 
Ephraim, lying in the heare of 
the Holy Land. (3.) The moun- 
tains of Ephraim, highly fertile, 
except where they approach .* 
Jordan in rocky precipices A 
spur of this range approacnes 
Jericho, the passes of which 
have ever been infested by rob- 
J^ers. (4.) There was a forest 
jf Ephraim, where Absalom's 
"my was routed. 2 Sam. 18 : 
6-17. (5.) From the days of 
Jeroboam till the ten tribes 
were carried away captive by 
Ss-lmaneser, the whole land, not 
included under Judah, was often 
called Ephraim. Jer. 31 : 6. 
(6.) The city of Ephraim, where 
Chnst retired with his disciples 
not long before he suffered 
John 11 : 54. 

Epicn'reans, philosophers who 

adopted the doctrine of Epicu- 
ivs> T \o flourished at Athens, 
about A. M. 3700. They denied 
that God governs the world, or 
in the least condescends to in- 
terfere with creatures below. 
They denied also the immortal- 
ity of the soul, and the existence 
^f angels. They maintained 



that the world was no* formed 
by God, nor with any design, 
but by the fortuitous concourse 
of atoms. They maintained 
that happiness consisted in 
pleasure ; but some of them 
placed this pleasure in the tran- 
quillity and joy of the mind, 
arising from the practice of 
moral virtue, which is probably 
the true principle of Epicurus ; 
others understood him in a 
grosser sense, and placed all 
their happiness in sensual pleas- 
ure. 

Epistle, or LETTER. Twenty- 
one of the books of the New 
Testament are epistles. The first 
fourteen were written by Paul ; 
the other seven were written, 
one by James, two by Peter, 
three by John, and one by Jude. 
The messages to the seven 
churches of Asia, recorded in 
the book of Revelation, are 
called epistles. Rev. 2, and 3. 
To understand the epistles, we 
must consider the time, occasion, 
design, and parties addressed. 

They abundantly confirm all 
the main facts in the Evange- 
lists and Acts , as well as form 
commentaries and explications 
of the doctrines there advanced 
They also contain many iinpor 
tant instructions as to religioui 
duties. 

The arrangement of the Epis 
ties, as they stand in our Bible, 
is not the order of their date ; 
but is exaetly that which has 
always been their order sinoa 
collected ; and Lardner Aas 
shown many reasons why it U 



E8A 



79 



EIH 



ke bett arrangement. Still, the 
indent will be glad to see the 
order as to time, which is here 
taken from " liorne'a Introduc- 
tion." 



1 Thess., 

Gralatlans, 

1 Corinth.. 
Komaiis, 

Kplit'siuns, 
Philip., 

Philemon, 
Hchrows, 

1 Tim., 
Titus, 

2 Tim., 



EPISTLES OF PAUL. 

from Corinth, 



Corinth. 
Phlllppl, 
ttoine, 



Italy, 
Macedonia, 

Rome, 



"3 

62 
67 
67 
68 
61 
62 
62 

63 
64 
64 
6ft 



The other epistles were writ- 
ten between the years 61 and 
69 ; those of John being the 
latest. 

Critics and chronologers hafve 
not all agreed on these iates, 
and there is great difficulty in 
deciding as to some of them. 
See under each name. 

Erastns, a disciple of Paul, 
and chamberlain, that is, treas- 
urer, of the city of Corinth, lie 
resigned his office, and became 
an assistant to Timothy. Rom. 
16 : 23. 

Esa'ias, the same a ISAIAH, 
which see. 

Esar'haddon, the third son 
of Sennacherib, who succeeded 
Ms father about the 22d year 
tf the reign of Hezekiah. In 
him the kingdoms of Assyria 
and Uabylon became united ; 
after which he invaded Judah, 
and carried Manasseh away in 
chains ; which was the occasion 
of the repentance and reforma- 
tion ol that wieked prince. 2 
Kings 2i. lie reigned over As- 



years, and orr Baky 
Ion 13, and died 6GS yert 
before Christ 

Bsau. Seo EDOV. 

Esdraelon, a noble plain, 
about 15 miles square, near 
Mount Carmel, famous in all 
ages for the great battle fought 
upon it. It was once exceed- 
ingly populous, but is now 
almost a desert. 

Espousals, the act or cere- 
mony of marriage. Jer. 2 : 2. 
Espousing /sometimes means in 
Scripture only betrothing, or 
making a matrimonial engage 
ment. See BETROTH. 

Esther, a queen of Persia. 
The king, her husband, was, 
sumo think, Artaxerxes Longimcr 
7i <w>- ; but others, Darius Ilyxtas- 
pes. THE BOOK of Esther con- 
tain.s a narrative which comes 
in between the sixth and seventh 
chapters of Ezra. The author 
is not known ; but is by some 
supposed to be Mordecai. 

Eternity, strictly speaking, 
is duration without beginning 
or end. God alone is therefore 
truly eternal. See EVERLAST- 
ING. 

Ethiopia is sometimes called, 
in the Old To* lament, Cush, 
from the oldest son of Ham, 
whose posterity settled on the 
south-west of the Red Sea. 
Acts 8 : 27. It bordered on 
Egypt, add was once a vast and 
powerful kingdom, with many 
noted cities. It is now called 
Abyssinia. Splendid ruins in 
different places attest the high 
civilization of its formejr inhab- 



1DP 



80 



EVE 



taut*. It* highest prutperity 
W*S about 800 or 900 years B. 
0. As an evidence of its vast 
resources at that time, read 
2 Chron. 14 : 9. Numerous 
prophecies declared the conver- 
sion of this people ; Isa. 45 : 
14. Zeph. 3 : 10, <tc., and it is 
known that Abyssinia is at this 
day a Christian state. 

EnnuCh, the name given to 
certain officers who served in 
the inner courts and chambers 
of kings. The intimate access 
to the monarch, thus enjoyed, 
was often the means of their 
attaining stations of great honor 
and power. 

Euphrates, the most famous 
river in Western Asia. From 
its source in the mountains of 
Armenia, its course is westward ; 
after which, at the foot of Mount 
Taurus, it bends southward, re- 
ceives the Melas, runs along 
the east side of Syria, and, after 
having watered Chaldea, pro- 
ceeds south, and joins the Tigris 
at Koorma, just above where 
the ancient Paradise is supposed 
to have stood. About 60 miles 
farther south, the united rivers 
discharge themselves into the 
Persian Gulf. Like the Nile, 
it is subject to an annual over- 
flow, by which it imparts great 
fertility to its valley. On its 
banks stood Babylon. Bussorah, 
about fifty miles from its mouth, 
is now a place of some impor- 
tance. The entire length of the 
river is about 1400 miles ; of 
which but 140 are navigable for 
itearnboats. But rafts and flats, 



floated on inflate 1 skina, brinj 
down produce from Armenia and 
Cappadocia. This majestic river 
flows now, for the most part, 
through a dreary solitude. 

Euroclydon, a violent and 
dangerous north-east wind, com- 
mon in the Mediterranean about 
the beginning of winter. Acta 
27 : 14. It is called by sailors 
a Levanter. 

ErangeiiSt, a bringer of good 
news. It was applied first to 
the inspired historians of the 
gospel, and, also, in the primi- 
tive church, to those who went 
from place to place to preach 
the glad tidings of the ever 
blessed gospel. The term is 
now used to signify a minister 
who travels, and is not settled 
with any particular people. 

Even, EVENING. The Jews 
had two evenings. The first 
was the after part of the day ; 
the second was the hour or two 
immediately after dark. Where 
the word occurs in Ex. 12 : 6, 
Numb. 9 : 3, and 28 : 4, Ac., it 
reads in the original " between 
the evenings," and means the 
twilight. This" was the time the 
passover was to be sacrificed. 
Deut. 16 : 6. 

Everlasting) mduring for 
ever ; eternal. God is ever 
lasting, Ex. 15 : 18 ; and th 
covenant of grace, Heb. 13 : 20 ; 
and the future blessedness of 
the righteous, Luke 16 : 9 ; 2 
Cor. 4 : 17 ; and the punish* 
ment of the wicked, Matt. 25 : 
46. 

Our finite miuda cannot m 






EVI 



or6 the thought of everlast- 
ing duration. Millions of mil- 
lions of years, multiplied to 
the furthest powers of computa- 
tion, are as nothing to eternity. 
Any period we can compute will 
as certainly come to an end as 
single day, and then the space 
eyond is not diminished ! 0, 
< who can dwell in everlasting 
burnings 1 " 

Evil, an action contrary to 
the law of God ; any wrong 
done by one man to another. 
Matt. 5 : 39. It is put for the 
afflictions or punishments which 
God sends, Job 2 : 10 ; f*? gin 
and its sufferings, Matt. 
To have an evil eye, Prov 23 : 
6, is to be covetous, and grudge 
the grace that is dispensed to 
others. Evil days, Eccl. 12 : 1, 
signify the time of old age, 
which is calamitous in itself, 
and often saddened with the 
remembrance of youthful fol- 
lies. To " put far away the evil 
day,'* Amos 6 : 3, means to 
drive away the thoughts of ap- 
proaching judgment and death. 
Satan is called the evil one, or 
evil spirit; he is the author of 
Bin ; he perpetually works wick- 
ednesi, and causes trouble. 
John 17 : 15. Acts 19 : 12. 
An evil time is a season of much 
Binning, danger, and trouble. 
Aiuos 5 : 16. 

Evil Speaking, affirming de- 
famatory falsehoods, or re- 
proachfully and unnecessarily 
peaking of real faults. It is 
deplorably prevalent vice, 



81 XH 

even among those who pride 
themselves on their morality. 
It is scarcely, if at all, less sin- 
ful to listen with pleasure to 
such conversation. 1 Cor. 5 
11, and 6 : 10. 

Exactor, an officer whose 
business it was to collect fines 
levied by the courts, and some- 
times also to gather taxer 

Examine. See SELF-EAAMI- 

HATION. 

Exclude, to shut out. The 
word excommunicate, which is 
now common, is not found in 
our translation, though the ex- 
pression " cast out," in John 9 : 
34, might be so rendered. Ex- 
clusion from a church ia an 
awful censure which Christ em- 
powers his visible people to 
inflict on members who are in- 
corrigible, or who have commit 
ted scandalous offences. Ex- 
cluded persons forfeit, (1.) The 
fellowship of the church, Matt. 
18 : 17. (2.) The common so- 
ciety of the members, except 
so far as civil relations require 
it, 2 Thess. 3 : 6, 14 ; Rom. 16 . 
17. (3.) The inward privileges 
of the professed people of God. 
The dedign of elusion is, (1.) 
To purge the church. (2.) To 
warn other members. (3.) To 
reclaim the offender. 

Exhort, to urge others to the 
performance of known duty 
It is a Christian requirement, 
Heb. 3 : 13, and was the con- 
stant practice of Christ and the 
apostles. Luke 3 : 18. Acta 
11 : 23. Some may be useful IB 



EXP 



82 



EZE 



Ibis way who are not called to 
the ministry. Rom. 12 : 8. 

Ex wins, the second book of 
Moses, so called from its name 
in the Greek version, which sig- 
nifies departure.; because it re- 
lates to the history of the 
departure of the Israelites from 
Egypt. It is a narrative of the 
transactions of about 145 ,Tars, 
from the death of Joaepa, A. 
M. 2369, to the erection of the 
tabernacle, in 2514. It de- 
scribes the history of Moses, 
the plagues of Egypt, the jour- 
ney of Israel, the dispensation 
of the law, the construction of 
the tabernacle, and the entrance 
into Canaan. 

Ex'orelst, one who drives 
away evil spirits, or casts out 
devils. Our Saviour, when he 
sent out his disciples to preach 
the gospel, gave them power 
over unclean spirits, to casl 
them out, Matt. 10 : 1 ; by 
which gift they gained repute 
among the people, and gave 
proof that they were sent of 
God. But those Jewish ex 
orcists, mentioned Acts 19 : 13 
were impostors, deluding the 
people by witchcraft or diabol 
ical agency. 

Expiation, atonement. Ex 
piatory sacrifices were earl} 
ordained of God, and from thes 
doubtless originated all thos 
piacular offerings enjoined i 
the worship of heathen nations 
The " great clay " of expiatio 
was the 10th of the mont 
Tizri. The ceremony is de 
ribd Lev. 1C. When expia 



ion is made, the guilt Is re. 
moved, and the obligation U 
punishment is cancelled. Se 
'KOPITIATION. 

Eyelids were painted by an 
Jent Jewish females, and still 
are in Arabia, <fco. This is what 
Jezebel did, 2 Kings 9 : 30. 
[he edge of the lids, between 
the hair and the eye-balls, is 
made black, to increase the ap- 
>arent size and vivacity of the 
eye. Jer. 4 : 30, may refer to 
this custom or to the stretiing 
of the face by pricking a dark 
powder through the skin, as 
sailors now do on their arms 
This practice remains in varioui 
countries to this day. 

ktal) " God-strengthened," 
was a descendant of Aaron, and 
of course belonging to the 
priesthood. Being carried away 
by Nebuchadnezzar among the 
captives, he settled on the banks 
of the Chebar, in Mesopotamia, 
and was there favored with his 
extraordinary revelations. He 
seems to have exercised his 
prophetic office about twenty 
years, and was cotemporary 
with Jeremiah and Daniel. 

THE BOOK OF EZEKIEL is eim 
ilar to that of Jeremiah in it 
scope, but very different i 
style, being more pointed and 
severe. It predicts the dread- 
ful calamities to be inflicted on 
Judea and Jerusalem, for idol- 
atry and wickedness ; the judg. 
ments that would be eent upon 
the false prophets, who deluded 
the people with vain hopes, and 
winked at their sius ; the pun 







bZR 



83 



EZS 



Laments which should befall 
Ammon, Edom, Philistia, Tyre, 
and Egypt ; the restoration of 
Israel and Judah ; and the 
blessedness of the gospel church 
under the Messiah. 

Biblical critics assign this 
book a high place for grandeur. 
Grotius and Lowth place him 
beside Homer. 

Ez'ion-Ce'ber, the famous 
port from which Solomon sent 
his ships for gold, &o., was on 
the eastern arm of the Red Sea. 
Robinson says no trace of it 
now remains. 

Ezra, a captive Jewish priest, 
who, by wisdom and iucefi""'ty, 
rose to eminence in the Po*tan 
oourt. By authority of his sov- 
ereign, Artaxerxes Longimanus, 
B. c. 457, he assembled a large 
colony of his countrymen, and 
went to repair Jerusalem, and 
rebuild the temple. To Ezra is 
ascribed the important work of 
collecting the different inspired 
books, arranging, combining, 
and correcting them, and so 
forming the complete canon of 
the Old Testament. 

THE BOOK OF EZRA was douht- 
v ess written by him. It con- 
sists of two principal divisions ; 
the first gives the narrative of 
the return of the Jews from 
Babylonia ; and the second do- 
wribea the great reformation 



of religion which ttok plaot 
among the people. It spread! 
over a period of 79 years. The 
various monarchs who flourished 
during that period were, Cyrus, 
Cambyses, Magus, Darius Hy 
taspes, Xerxes, and Artaxerxes; 
in the eighth year of whose 
reign the narrative ceases. It 
materially elucidates the proph- 
ecies of Haggai and Zechariah. 
Compare Ezra 5, with Hag. 1 : 
12, and Zech. 3 : 14. Part of 
the book, cor/sisting 3f letters, 
decrees, <tc., is in the Chaldee 
language, then common among 
the Jews. 

In the Jewish Talmud it ia 
stated that Ezra died on his way 
from Jerusalem to Babylon, to 
confer with the king on the 




affairs of Jiidea A tomb, said 
to be his, represented in the 
engraving, stands on the Tigris, 
about 20 miles above its June* 
tion -fith the Euphrates. 



FAL 



84 



FAB 



Fair HaYen, an unsafe road- 
rtead in Crete, north-east of 
Cape Leon, or Matala. To this 
day it bears the same name. 
Acts 27 : 8. 

Faith, dependence on the 
truth of an assertion. Divine 
faith is firm belief upon the 
authority of divine revelation. 
It is thus we are persuaded to 
believe all truths relating to 
God, revealed to us in the 
Scriptures. Justifying, or sav- 
ing, faith is a grace wrought in 
the soul by the Spirit of God, 
whereby we receive Christ, as 
he is revealed in the gospel, to 
be our Prophet, Priest, and 
King ; trust in him ; and rely 
upon his righteousness alone for 
salvation. This faith begets a 
sincere obedience in life and 
conversation. ** Faith which 
worketh by love," Gal. 5 : 6, is 
faith which shows itself by pro- 
ducing in us love to God and to 
our neighbor. Faith is put for 
a belief and profession of the 
gospel, Rvai. 1 : 8. 

FttJI, to drop down, to be 
ruined, to apostatize. By way 
of eminence, man's first dis- 
obedience, and consequent deg- 
radation, is called The Fall. By 
it our race lost the image of 
God, and, being totally des- 
titute of any natural tendencies 
to holiness, wo " are estranged, 
from th* womb." Ps. 51 : 5, 
and 58 ; A. Isa 58 : 8. From 
this awful condition and its con- 



sequences, we are delivered bj 
" the second Adam." 

Fan, an instrument for sep- 
arating chaff from grain, for- 
merly made in the shape of a 
wooden shovel, with a long 
handle. The shape and man- 
ner of using it are shown in 
the picture of a threshing-floor. 
With this the grain was tossed 
in the air when the wind blew, 
so that the chaff was driven 
away. As it fell round the 
place, it was customary to sweep 
it together and burn it. See 
Matt. 3 : 12. 

Farthing, a coin used by the 
Romans. Our translators give 
this Engl-rh to both ^Jonayiov 
(assarion) fcr*d KodQavrrjf (quad- 
rantes), but th^se were different. 
The first was a tenth part of a 
Roman penny, or about two 
cents. Matt. )0 : 29. The lat- 
ter was equal to two mites, and 
is about a fourth part of our 
cent. Mark 12 : 42. 

Fast, a solemn forbearance 
from food, accompanied by hu- 
miliation before God, prayer, 
and the reformation of life. 
Our Saviour did not appoint 
any fast days, but gave reasons 
why, after his death, his dis- 
ciples should fast. Afflictions 
and perplexities soon became 
common to chrislians, and then 
they fasted. 2 Cor. 6 t 5. 

Fasting, though i&aoh neg- 
lected by modern Christians, ia 
a duty of great importance, and 



FAT 



85 



FEA 



sh.ald not be overlooked among 
ur means of growth in grace, 
ft should consist, (1.) in total 
or partial abstinence from food 
and all other auimal indulg- 
ences, as far as bodily health 
and vigor of mind will permit ; 
(2.) humiliation and con 
of sin; (3.) abandoning sinful 
Acts ; (1.) prayer; (5.) liberal- 
ky to good objects. Matt, y : 
15. 1 Cor. 7 : 5. 

Fat* In the ceremonial law, 
it was ordered that " all the fat " 
was the Lord's ; and the Jews 
were to eat " neither fat nor 
blood." Lev. 3 : 417. This 
does not mean the fat as inter- 
mixed with the lean, but all the 
fat parts ; such as round the 
kidneys, <tc. Indeed, as ani- 
mals were not generally fatted 
for slaughter, except for great 
occasions, these detached parts 
of fat comprised nearly the 
whole. 

Father, he that has a child. 
It is a title given to the first 
ancestor, as Rom. 4 : 10 ; to the 
inventor and master of any art 
or science ; *>r the founder of a 
particular profession, Gen. 4 : 
20, 22 ; to him who is affected 
with the miseries of the poor, 
and endeavors to provide for 
their wants. Job 29 : 16. God 
declares himself to be " the Fatket 
of the fatherless." Ps. 08 : 5. 
God is eminently the Father, ' 
Creator, Preserver, and Pn. tec- 
tor of all his creatures, but 
principally of those who know 
ncL serve him. Deut. 32 . 0. 
%oda. 8 : 15, 16 The devil is 



called the father of th 5 wiokd 
John 8 : 44. In church history, 
plied to the Chris- 
tian writers of the first oen 
It is customary to give 
this epithet to ugud and eminent 
saints, 2 Kings 2 : 12, and to 
the minister under whom we 
are converted, 1 Cor. 4 : 15 ; 1 
Tim. 1 : 18. 

Falling, a young animal fed 
for slaughter. Isa. 11 : 6. Matt. 
22: 4. 

Fear, apprehension of danger 
Guilt produces that solicitude 
and dread which is called sla-vish 
fear. Acts 24 : 25. That holy 
feeling of the renewed heart 
toward God, which produces a 
reverent submission to his prov- 
idence, and ready obedience to 
all his commands, is filial fear. 
Heb. 5 : 7. 

Feast, a season of joy and 
thanksgiving appointed of God 
to commemorate great events, 
to give rest and confirmation to 
the pious, to promote and sanc- 
tify social affections, and to 
prefigure the blessings of the 
gospel 

The following enumeration is 
prepared with great care, and 
should be familiar to every 
reader of Scripture. 

THE FEAST OF THB PASSOVEB 
lasted eight days, beginning on 
the 15th of the month Nisau 
Ex. 12 : 14. See PASSOVER. 

THE FEAST OF PKXTECOST cama 
fifty days after the Passover. 
See Pio.vn-xoST 

THK FEAST OF TABERNACLES 
continued for a week, and wa. 






FEA 



86 



FEA 



to commemorate the dwelling j 
of the Israelites in tents. It is 
sometimes called the feast of 
ngatherings. Ex. 23 : 16, and 
34 : 22. The following are the 
principal ceremonies (1.) Dur- 
ing the entire week of its con- 
tinuance, the peopla dwelt in 
booths or tents, erected in the 
fields or streets, or on the flat, 
terrace-like roofs of their 
houses. (2.) Extraordinary of- 
ferings were made. So* Numb. 
29. (3.) During the feast, 
branches of palm, olive, citron, 
myrtle, and willow, were car- 
ried in the hands, singing " Ho- 
sanna," that is, Save now ; or, 
Save, I beseech thee. Ps. 118 : 
25. It was meant as a prayer 
for the coming of the Messiah. 
Thus was Jesus conducted into 
Jerusalem, by the multitude, 
who believed him to be the 
promised Saviour. (4.) The 
libation of water upon and 
around the altar, which was an 
emblem of the effusion of the 
Holy Spirit. To this Christ 
alluded, when, in the last day 
of the feast, he cried, " If any 
man thirst, let him come unto 
me and drink." During the 
whole festival, music, feasting, 
rejoicings, and illuminations 
gladdened the city. 

THE DAY OF ATONEMENT was 
kept on the 10th day of Tizri, 
or September. On this day only, 
in the whole year, wae the high 
priest permitted to enter the 
most holy place, and then not 
without due preparation, on the 
'.n of death. Lov 16: 2 17. 



THE FEAST OF WEEKS, Ex.34- 
22, occurred seven weeks aftei 
the second day of the Passover. 
It is the same as the feast of 
Pentecost. 

THE FEAST OF TRUMPETS wai 
held on the first and second 
days of the month Tizri, which 
was the commencement of the 
civil year. The name is derived 
from the blowing of trumpets 
in the temple with more than 
usual solemnity. 

The preceding were appointed 
of God. The two following 
were purely of human origin. 

THE FEAST OF LOTS, o? PURIM, 
was introduced in after times, 
and was celebrated in February. 
On this occasion, the entire bock 
of Esther is always read in the 
synagogues. 

THE FEAST OF THE DEDICA- 
TION of the second temple (men- 
tioned in John 10 : 22) WM 
instituted after the days of 
Malachi, by Judas Maccabeus, 
about 170 B. c., in commemora- 
tion of the cleansing of the 
temple, after its profanation by 
Antiochus. 1 Maccab. 4 : 52 
59. It commenced on the 25th 
of Cisleu, or December. 

The preceding are the chief 
annual festivals of Old Testa- 
ment times. Modern Jews have 
added various others, which this 
work need not notice. The fol- 
lowing were the extraordinary 
festivals of divine appointment. 
> THE SABBATICAL YEAR. Ev- 
ery seventh year the land waa 
to lie fallow, and its sponUneoui 
produce to be shared in 






FEL 

on by tin BO r rants of the 
family, the pour, tho .*! 
and tho cattle. It was the year 
jf release from personal sla- 
rery, Ex. 21:2, and from pe- 
cuniary debts, Deut. 15 : 1, 2. 
In order to guard against fam- 
ine on this and the 
year (which would also be par- 
tially deficient, in consequence 
of the entire rest of the seventh 
year), God promised a triple 
produce for the sixth yea 
25 : 21, 22. The breach cf this 
command was among the shief 
national pins which caused the 
captivity. Lev. 26 : 33, 34. Jer. 
25 : 9. 2 Chron. 36 : 21. 

THE JUBILEE was a more sol- 
emn feast held every seventh 
sabbatical year, that is, once in 
fifty year*. See JUBILEJL 

FEASTS OF CHARITY, or LOVE 
FEASTS, were entertainments of 
the Christian church in the first 
ages, which tended to relieve 
the poor, and promote union. 
The Lord's supper was gener- 
ally administered at the close. 
They, however, became occa- 
sions of evil, and were discon- 
tinued. 

Felix was deputy -governor of 
Judea. He enticed Drusilla to 
divorce Azuus, king of Emesa, 
and then took her as his own 
wife. lie defeated about 4000 
outlaws, headed by an Egyptian 
impostor, who had postei them- 
selves in the Mount of Olives. 
Acts 21 : 38. During his ad- 
ministration, Judea was in a 
constant turmoil, being infested 
with robbers and assassins, and 



87 FER 

overrun with impostors pretend- 
ing to be the Messiah. It wai 
this prince that trembled at the 
words of Paul, Acts 24 : 25. 
He was a bad man, and gov- 
erned with great injustice and 
cruelty. In A. D. GO, he was 
recalled to Rome, and Festui 
was sent in his room. Tho 
Jews followed him, and com- 
plained to the government of 
rtion and violence. He 
would have been jrUaished with 
death, had not his brother Pal- 
las, by his credit at court, pre 
served his life. Acts 23, and 
24. 

Fellowship, or COMMTJJUOW , is 
a term of great importance in 
the Scriptures. There is a fel- 
lowship to which the people of 
Christ are admitted wifch God 
the Father, and with his Son 
Jesus Christ, the blood of Jesus 
ig them from all sin. 1 
John 1:3,5, &c. There is also 
a fellowship which they have 
with one another, in the spirit- 
ual blessings which the gospel 
brings to the guilty ; and in 
temporal things, which takes 
place when the disciples of 
Christ communicate jointly of 
their worldly substance to the 
support of the poor. Acts 2 : 
42. Church connection is called 
a fellowship, and is opposed to 
having connection with the un- 
fruitful works of darkness. Eph. 
5: 11. 

Ferret, a species cf weasel. 
The word so rendered, Lev. 11 : 
30, means " the crier," on which 
account some take it foi th4 






FIG 

frog. It seems on the whole to 
be the gecko, or noisy Hazard. 

Fenced Cities, that is, walled 
and fortified towns, are of very 
ancient origin. We can trace 
them back fifteen centuries 
before Christ ; so early did man 
learn " the art of war." The 
walls were of stone or brick, 
and of great strength. The 
gates generally had towers 
built over them, in which were 
held courts and councils. See 
GATE. 

FestuS succeeded Felix in the 
government of Judea, appointed 
by Nero, in the first year of his 
reign. He sent Paul, whom 
Felix had left bound at Cgesarea, 
to Rome, to be tried by Caesar, 
to whom he appealed. Acts 25. 
Festus was very diligent and 
successful in his eiforts to put 
an end to the disturbances and 
robberies which had become so 
frequent in Judea, in the reign 
of Felix, but took no trouble to 
investigate the claims of Chris- 
tianity ; and when Paul spoke 
of its mysteries, he thought that 
much learning had made him 
mad. Acts 26. He died about 
A. D. 62. 

Fig-Tree, a well-known tree, 
which flourishes in warm coun- 
tries. It attains a good degree 
of perfection in the most south- 
ern of the United States. The 
fruit, which grows from the 
trunk and large branches, and 
not from the exterior twigs, is 
nutritious and medicinal. It 
was very common in Palestine, 
tnd in so now in the Levant. 



8 no 

whence it is exported, in a dried 
state, to every part of the world. 
The leaves are very large. OB 
which account Adam and Eve 
made aprons of them. The tree 
itself is large, and some have 
been mentioned which would 
shelter three hundred men. 1 
Kings 4 : 25. John 1 : 49. 
Christ blasted a fig-tree on 
which was no fruit, " though 
the time of figs was not yet," 
that is, the time of gathering 
figs had not quite arrived. The 
tree was, therefore, evidently 
barren, and had not already 
been stripped. Matt "*-l : 19. 
It is remarkable that nis curse 
was only the establishment of 
its previous sterility. Being on 
the public road, no man's prop- 
erty was injured. It was an 
awful lesson to those, of whose 
hypocritical exterior and worth- 
less pretensions it was a strik- 
ing emblem, and to fruitless 
professors in all ages. The 
goodness of God is remarkably 
apparent in this tree. It flour, 
ishes in rocky, barren places, 
where scarcely anything else 
will grow ; and a single tree 
will sometimes produce 280 
pounds of figs. So valuable 
was this tree in the land of 
Canaan, that to have it killed, 
or even to have it fail of itl 
annual fruit, was reckoned a 
dreadful calamity. Joel 1 : 6, 
7. liab. 3 17. 

Figure, shape, resemblance. 
Idols are called figures, because 
they are made after the like 
ness of some original form 



FIR 



89 



FI8 



Ada 7 : 43. Adam, Isaac, <to., 
Mid some ancient ceremonies, 
were figures or types, as they 
shadowed forth Jesus Christ. 
Rom. 5 : It. Hub. 11 : 19, and 
9 : 9. Baptism is called a fig- 
ure ; its washing in water shad- 
ows forth the washing of our 
culs in the blood of Christ. 

Fillet. (1.) A band for the 
Lair. (2.) An astragal, or ar- 
chitectural ornament. Ex. 36 : 
38, and 38 : 2S. 

Fir, a very tall, * : ;aight, 
evergreen tree, of dense foliage, 
and abounding with a gum 
called rosin. Its fruit somewhat 
resembles burrs of the pine- 
tree. The wood was anciently 
used for spears, musical instru- 
ments, building, and furniture 
for houses and ship?. It was 
the chosen abode of the stork. 
Ps. 104 : 17 Jesu Christ is 
compared to a green fir-tree. 
Hos. 14 : 8. His people are 
likened to fir-trees. Isa. 41 : 
19, and 55 : 13, and 60 : 13. 

Fire, the state of combus- 
tion ; flame, 2 Pet. 3:7; Rev. 
9:17; suffering of the utmost 
severity, Jude 7. The word is 
often used to denote the tor- 
ment of hell. To "sail with 
fire" means to prove or purify 
by suffering. Mark 9 : 49. 

Firkin, a Greek measure, 
equal, it is thought, to four 
gallons and a half ; that is, 
about a fourth part of a batti. 
There is no certainty as to its 
ize. John 2 : 6. 

Firmament, the expanse of 



region of the firmament 

i (ien. 1 : 6, 7, th 
t' the clouds above from 
r < rs of the earth bene*.h. 
Job 37 : 18. 

First-Fruits, curings of the 
earliest ripe grain, fruit, Ac., 
which were made before the 
harvest was fully gathered. 
Neither the time nor quantity 
is prescribed. Every person 
was to offer for himself. 

Fish, a general name, in 
Scripture, for aquatic animals. 
Fishes were created on the fifth 
day, by the word of God's 
power. Some are of monstrous 
size, and some are too small 
to be seen without powerful 
glasses. Their element has ever 
prevented an accurate knowl- 
edge of their number, structure, 
or habits. Doubtless many ex- 
ist in the vast extent and pro- 
fundity of the ocean, which 
have never come under human 
observation. Even when drawn 
from their watery abode, and 
the form examined and de- 
scribed, their migrations, pur- 
suits, and pleasures, remain 
concealed in most cases. The 
sea not affording vegetable food 
in the profusion that is seen on 
land, the natives of the deep 
subsist by preying on each 
other. The fecundity and lon- 
gevity of fishes are adapted to 
this order of things. A single 
cod will produce, in a season, 
nine millions of eggs ; a floun- 
der above one million, and a 
mackerel five hundred thou* 

heaven, the sky. The lower i sand. Large fish Ih e on smaU 
8* 






FLA 



90 



FLE 



ones, and these find food in the 
Bmrpius spawn. Thus myriads 
of creatures partake of the 
pleasures of existence, in an 
element which would otherwise 
have been a silent waste. 

Under the Hebrew law, none 
were called clean, and allowed 
to be eaten, but such as had 
fins and scales; so that lobsters, 
oysters. &c., were prohibited. 

Fitches, or FETCHES, a sort 
of tare, growing to the beight 
of 12 or 18 inches The seeds 
are fragrant and pungent, and 
were used in bread and cakes 
by the Jews. Occurs only in 
Isa. 28 : 25, 27. 

Flag, a tall rush, common on 
the banks of the Nile ; grateful 
to cattle as food, and made into 
ropes, <fcc., by the Egyptians. 
Gen. 41 : 2, 18. Job 8 : 11. See 
PAPER. 

Flagon, a vessel or cruse 
usually intended for wine, and 
containing about a pint. See 
CRUSE. The word seems to 
mean a cake, or pressed lump 
of raisins. 2 Sana. 6 . 19. 1 
Chron. 16 : 3. 

FltX, a well-known plant, of 
which linen is made. Egypt 
carried on a great trade in 
linen, Ezek. 27 : 7. Wrought 
Into garments, it was the only 
raiment of the priests, and the 
principal article of dress of all 
the people. It was famous in 
all countries for its fineness ; but 
this was because the art of spin- 
ning was then in so rude a state, 
for that which is now taken 
from the best mummies seeing 



to us very coarse. The destrao* 
tion of flax, in one of tha 
plagues of Moses, must have 
been a great calamity. Ex. 9 : 
31. It is still, according to 
NOKDEN, one of their principal 
articles of export. When it is 
said the flax had " boiled," it 
means that the seed vessels had 
begun to assume a roundish 
form. See LAMP. 

Flay, to strip off the skin ; a 
punishmeiit used in some coun- 
tries upon great offenders, by 
which they were slowly killed, 
with the utmost suffering. Mio. 
3:3. Some of the early Chris- 
tians were martyred in this 
manner. 

Flesh, that soft part of any 
animal, which lies between the 
skin and the bone. The word 
is used in Scripture for living 
men, and animals in general) 
Gen. 6 : 13 ; for the whole 
nature of man, as it comes into 
the world infected with sin, 
Rom. 7:5; 8:8; for all that 
in religion which is outward, 
and to be seen with the eye, as 
moral works or ceremonies of 
the law, Rom. 4 : 1, Gal. 3:3; 
for the natural corruptions, 
which act in opposition to the 
Spirit in regenerated persona. 
Rom. 7 : 18, 25. Gal. 5 : 17, 24. 
Flesh also signifies the human 
nature of Christ, whereby his 
divine nature was veiled, even 
as the mercy-seat and the most 
holy place were by the veil 
Ileb. 10 : 20. It is also take* 
for the outwari appearance 
John 8 : 15. " A heart of flesh 






FLO 



1 



FLY 



fenotes a tendur, tractable tem- 
per and disposition of soul. 

Flood, an inundation or col- 
lection of waters. The B 
IB 80 called, PH. GO: (J, and heavy 
rains, Matt. 7 : '25, and by a 
figure, groat afflict; 
15, violent efforts of the enemies 
Of tho plnirch. Isa. 59: 19, Ac. 

Iu u.uoi instances where this 
word occurs, it means that 
awful deluge which once de- 
stroyed the earth, as described 
In Genesis. Noah, with his 
family, and the various animals 
which God brought to him, were 
preserved in the ark, which 
was their habitation for about a 
year. This memorable event is 
computed to have occurred A. 
M. 1C.5G. Persons and things 
existing previous to it are called 
antediluvian. Of this ^nt, most 
heathen nations ha^ to this 
day, some tradition, And many 
ancient Gentile writers allude 
to it. Scarcely any ancient fact 
is so well authenticated by pro- 
fane history, by tradition, and 
by commemorative rites, as the 
flood. The present state of the 
earth furnishes evidence of its 
having occurred. Trees, teeth, 
bones, sea-shell, <fcc., Ac., are 
often found on tho tops of moun- 
tains, or buried in the earth, in 
the hardest strata, in solid 
rocks, in beds of marl, and in 
the bottoms of mines. 

Floor, tho bottom of a r'<om. 
1 Kings 6: 15. The place where 
eon; was threshed out. Hos. 9 
1. Judg. 6 : 37. See THRESH 

WQ-Fl.OOB. 



Flutes, flat-bottomed vessel*, 

are now called scotot ol 

or a collection of trees, 

1 together by ropes, to 

bo drawn along by water, in the 

manner we make a raft. 1 Kings 

5: 9. 

Flowers are mentioned in & 
multitude of places in Scripture. 
They are among the most beau- 
tiful objects in nature ; various 
in form and color, delicate, 
graceful, fragrant, and useful. 
They enclose and protect the 
tender organs by which the 
seeds and fruits are perfected 
Tho care and study of flowera 
is a most pure and ennobling 
pursuit, and was assigned to 
both man and woman before the 
fall. Few comparisons are more 
common than that between a 
flower and* human life. Job 
14 : 2. Ps. 103 : 15. Isa. 40 : 
6,8. 

Flute, a sweet, soft wind-in- 
strument, of very ancient date 
We find it used in the time of 
David, 1 Kings 1 : 40, and a! 
Nebuchadnezzar's concert. Dan. 
3 : 5. 

Fly, an insect of which there 
are many kinds, some having 
two, and some four wings. Son 
nini says, that in Egypt no in- 
sects are so troublesome as flies, 
which are there extremely ra- 
pacious and bold, stinging tho 
tenderost parts of the body, and 
creating almost insupportable 
pain. Isa. 7 : 18 According 
to the custom o f ' idolatrous 
countries, to worsh.p what wal 
hurtful, tho Egyptians paid su 






FOO 



92 



FOO 



perrtitious homage to several 
torts of flies, so that nothing 
eould be more striking than the 
plague of them by Moses. Beel- 
zebub, or the god of flies, was 
worshipped by the Philistines, 
Amorites, <fcc., because he was 
apposed to defend his votaries 
from these distressing insects. 

Food, among the ancient 
Jews, was exceedingly plain. 
Gen. 18: 6, 7. The articles 
destined for the king's table 
were very simple. 2 Sam. 16 : 
1, and 17 : 28, 29. Bread was 
the most common food. Milk 
and honey were dainties. Flesh 
was a luxury. They were ac- 
austoined to eat under the shade 
of a tree. Gen. 18 : 8. They 
would not eat indifferently with 
all persons, deeming it deroga- 
tory and polluting in many 
sases. Gen. 43 : 32. John 4 : 9. 
Matt. 9 : 11. In general, each 
had his separate table. Thus 
Elkanah gave his two wives 
*heir portion apart. 1 Sam. 
1 : 4, 5. Special respect was 
paid to guests by giving them a 
great plenty for their portion. 
Joseph sent Benjamin five times 
as much as either of the rest, 
and Samuel set a quarter of a 
calf before Saul. Generally, 
the ancient Jews sat cross-legged 
round a mat, as is now custom- 
ary in the East, but in later 
times more luxurious postures 
were adopted. They ate with 
their fingers, knives and forks 
being a modern invention. 
Their time? of meals were sun- 
rbe, a little before noon, and 



five in the afternoon. Thsil 
ordinary beverage was wa ter. 

The Jews were restricted in 
their food to animals called 
" clean," which are described 
in classes. The reasons seem to 
have been both moral and po- 
litical ; and particularly to keep 
Israel distinct from other peo- 
ple. Lev. 20 : 2426. Deut. 
14 : 2, 3. Nearly every crea- 
ture pronounced unclean waa 
held sacred by adjacent nations. 
Ensnaring intercourse with pa- 
gans was thus effectually ob- 
structed, as those who cannot 
e<tt and drink together, are not 
likely to become intimate. 

Fool, an idiot, or a very weak 
person ; one who foresees not 
evils, to prevent them, and 
neglects the season of obtaining 
what is good. In the language 
of Scripture, a sinner ; one who 
makes something in this world 
his highest aim, and spends hia 
chief time and labor about itj 
to the neglect of infinitely high- 
er interests. 2 Sam. 13 : 12. 
Ps. 38 : 5. Those who upbraid 
their brethrf?=> us fools are in 
danger of hell. Matt. 5 : 22. 
Whatever is without good rea- 
son, and does not secure men's 
true and eternal advantage, is 
foolish ; and hence we read of 
foolish talking, foolish lusts, 
foolish questions, Ac. Eph. 5 . 
4. 1 Tim. 6 : 9. Tit. 3 : 9. 

Foot, that on which anything 
stands, or is supported ; a ueas- 
ure of 12 inches. In old times, 
t was customary to wash the 
oet of strangers after a journey 



FOX 



93 



FOX 



because they either walked bare- 
foot, or wore only sandals. Gen. 
18 : 4; 1'J : 2; 21 : 3'2. Widows 
maintained by the church were 
to bo such as had washed the 
feet of the saints ; that is, had 
been ready to do the meanest 
services for the servants of God. 
1 Tim. 5 : 10. Our blessed Sa- 
viour washed the feet of his 
apostles ; and though there is 
not sufficient reason for regard- 
ing this as a positive institution, 
like the Lord's supper, yet it 
most plainly and movingly 
shows that Christians are to be 
very affectionate, and ready to 
perform the most humble ser- 
vices for one another. 

Foreship, the bow, or forward 
part of a ship. Acts 27 30. 

ForgivC) to pardon an offence. 
To forgive sin is the prerogative 
of God only. Isa. 4:< : 25. 
When the Pharisees, who denied 
the divinity of Christ, heard 
him forgiving sins, they said, 
" This man blasphemoth." Mat. 
9:3. That Christ exercised 
this power,- proves him to be 
divine. Acts 5:31. 

Fornication means, (1.) Crim- 
inal intercourse between un- 
married person*, 1 Cor. 7:2; 
(2.) Adultery, Matt. 5 : 32 ; 
(3.) Idolatry, 2 Chron. 21 : 11; 
(4.) Heresy, Rev. 19 : 2. The 
word occurs much more fre- 
quently in ita metaphorical than 
in its literal sense. Jer. 3 : 8, 
9. Ezek. 16 : 'JU. 

FOX. There is reason t > think 
that the word shu.,1 means a 



jackal, and not a fox ; and that 
the true fox is not mentioned in 
all the Scriptures. The foz doel 
not prey on carrion ; nor are 
our foxes fond of grapes, as 
jackals are known to be. Cant 
2 : 15. Samson might have 
caught jackals by scores, but 
the fox is scarcely ever found 
in Judea, and is not a gregarious 
animal. When it is said Sam- 
son caught 300 foxes, it probably 
means that he had them caught. 
Barbarous nations of the East 
ravage the country they con- 
quer, leaving the habitations 
desolate, and the dead bodies 
unburied. These carcasses the 
jackals devour. David alludes 
to this, Ps. 63 : 10, when he 
says his enemies " shall be a 
portion for foxes." Jackals 
abound in Asia Minor and the 
neighboring countries. They 
choose hilly places, boldly ap- 
proach travellers, and at night 
enter villages, always going in 
troops. The jackal is not so 
large as a wolf, but rather larger 
than a fox, and lives on small 
animals, grapes, vegetables, and 
carcasses. The general resem- 
blanoe of the fox and jackal 
may have caused the sacred 
writers to use the term shuol 
(fox), as comprehending similai 
animals. Scaliger and Olearius, 
as quoted by Bochart, expressly 
call the jackal a fox ; and San 
dys says, " the jackals are, in 
my opinion, no other than 
foxes." Kasmpfer says, the jack 
al may not impi operly be tailed 
the "wdf-fox." 






FRO 1 

Frankincense, a gum, burnt 
in temples, and used in medi- 
cine. It distils from incisions 
made in the, tree during the 
heat of the summer, and, when 
placed on live coals, sends up a 
dense fragrant smoke. Some 
frankincense is brought from 
the East Indies ; but it is not 
equal to that of Arabia or Af- 
rica. The form of the frank- 
incense-tree is like a pear-tree. 
Johnson, iu his Travels in Abys- 
sinia, says that it is exported in 
large quantities from the Sou- 
malee coast of Africa, being 
brought from the interi*r on 
lamels, and was sold at about 
cne cent a pound. Ex. I* 34. 
Luke 1 : 10. Rev. 8 : 4, 

Fray, to chase or fright away, 
Deut. 28 : 26. 

Frog. There are fcwo species 
of frog, one of which lives in 
the water, and the other on the 
land. The former was made 
the plague of Egypt. Ex. 8. 
As the frog in Egypt was the 
emblem of Osiris, it was held 
sacred by the people ; and this 
plague is one of the many in- 
stances in which Jehovah pun- 
ishes men by means of the very 
things which they improperly 
regard. This is still more ap- 
parent when wo consider that 
the Nile, in which they were 
produced, was supposed by the 
Egyptians to be peculiarly sa- 
cred, and deserving of religious 
veneration. Though the frog is 
not venomous, such legions of 
them penetrating every place, 
and filling their food and beds, 



I FRU 

rendered life intolerable. Whet 
it is said, Ps. 78 : 45, " He sent 
frogs and destroyed them," it 
probably means that the stench 
of them, when killed, infected 
the air, and created a pestilence. 
Had God sent lions, tigers, and 
crocodiles, instead of frogs, lice, 
flies, &c., the cause would ha.ve 
seemed so adequate to the effect, 
that his hand in the punishment 
might have been overlooked. 
Because frogs show themselvea 
most actively after a rain, some 
have foolishly imagined that 
they are produced by rain, or 
descend with it. 

Frontlet, or TELEPHIN, a brow- 
band, or fillet, worn on the fore- 
head. The Jews, regarding the 
command, Deut. 6 : 8, 9, as in- 
tended literally, or being dis- 
posed to adopt the pagan cus- 
tom of wearing amulets and 
talismans, wore these on their 
foreheads. See PHYLACTERY. 

Fruit, production, conse- 
quence. " Fruit of cattle " if 
their young. " Fruit of the 
body " signifies children. Deut. 
18 : 4. " Fruit of the lips " 
is the sacrifice of praise and 
thanksgiving. Hob. 13 > 15. 
" Fruits meet for repentance," 
are such a holy life and conver- 
sation as manifest the reality 
of repentance. Matt. 3 : 8. 
"Frmts of the Spirit" mean 
love both to God and our neigh- 
bors, and those gracious habitJ 
wrought by the Spirit in the 
soul ; as joy, peace, long-suffer- 
I ing, gentleness, goodness, faith 
j meekness, and temperance. Gal 



GAB 



GAD 



ft : 12, 23. " Fruits of righ eous- 
nesfl," Phil. 1 : 11, are such 
good works and holy actions as 
spring from a gracious frame of 
neart. Fruit is taken for a 
charitable contribution, which 
is the fruit or effect of faith and 
love. Rom. 15 : 28. Fruit, when 
spoken of good men, means the 
fruits or works of righteousness 
and holiness ; but, in regard to 
wicked men, it designates the 
effects of sin, immorality, and 
wickedness. See our Saviour's 
doctrine. Matt. 7 : 16. 

Full, fulness. (1.) Desiring 
ao more of a thing, Isa. 1 : 11; 
(2.) Perfect, that which wants 
nothing, 2 John 8 ; (3.) Being 
puffed up with a conceit of our 
own sufficiency and worth, so as 
to feel no need of Christ. ' Woe 
unto you that are full." Luke 
6 : 25. To be " full of years," 
is to have lived to old age. 
Gen. 25 : 8. " The fulness of 
time " is the time when Messiah 
appeared* which was appointed 



by God, promised to the . 
foretold by the prophets, ei 
pocted by the Jews themselves, 
and earnestly longed for by all 
who looked for redemption ; the 
fulness of this time is when it 
was fully come. Gal. 4 : 4. 
The " fulness of God " is such 
a measure of perfection as God 
hath appointed to every one of 
the elect through Christ. Eph. 
3 : 19. That ye might be 
filled with all the fulness of 
God," is sharing in the most 
ample manner in the unsearch- 
aMe riches of Christ. 

Furlong, the eighth part of a 
mile forty rods Luke 24 : 
13. John 11 : 18. 

Fury, tempestuous rage 
When it is ascribed to God, it 
means not that ho is -Jiscoin 
posed, but that his dispensa- 
tions will resemble what men 
would do in a fury if they Uad 
power. How awful must be the 

] condition of those on whom it 

j is poured out ! 



G. 



GaVbatha, a word of Chaldee 
or Syriao origin, which means 
the pavement, a large court or 
apartment, used as Pilate's judg- 
ment seat. John 19 : 13. It 
was evidently outside of the prae- 
torium. 

Gabriel, literally, " the mighty 
one of God," the angel, men- 
tioned Luke 1 : 11, 26, who ap- 
peared at different times to 



Daniel, Zaoharias, <to. Dan. 
10, 12. The word never occurs 
in the plural. Some learned 
men think that the term is ap- 
plied to Christ. 

Gad, "a troop." (1.) The 
son of Jacob, by Zilpah, Gen. 
30 ; (2.) A tribe in Israel, de- 
rived from this patriarch, Num. 
26 : 1518 ; (3.) The name of 
the province or canton occupied 



GAL 



96 



GAL 



by the tribe of Gad, 1 Sam. 13 : 
7 ; (4.) A prophet who lived in 
the days of David, of whose 
reign he wrote a history, as did 
also Nathan, the prophet ; 
neither of which seem to have 
been inspired, or at least were 
not preserved. 1 Chron. 29 : 29. 

Gad'ara, the capital of Persea, 
in Coslo-Syria, stood about four 
miles eastward of the Sea of 
Tiberias. Great numbers of 
swine were kept here, which was 
directly contrary to the Mosaic 
law. When Christ, in healing 
two possessed persons, suffered 
the devils to enter their herd of 
swine, and drown them, instead 
of being humbled by their pun- 
ishment, they besought the Sa- 
viour to leave their country. 
About forty years after, the city 
was burnt by the Romans. 
Matthew (chap. 8 : 28) calls 
this the country of the Gerge- 
senes, because Gergesa was the 
name of the country where Gad- 
ara stood, or was a city near to 
Gadara ; and Christ healed the 
possessed men on the border 
between the two, or in a place 
common to both. Mark 6:1. 
It is now called Kadar, and 
sometimes Om-Kias. 

Galatia, an extensive province 
af Atda Minor, north of Lycao- 
nia. It was called Galatia, or 
Gaullo-Grsecia, from the Gauls, 
to whom Nicomedes, king of 
Bithynia, gave it as a reward 
for assisting him in his wars 
against his brother. Its chief 
oity was Ancyra, now called 
Angora. About 175 years before 



Christ, it was reduced to a Bo 
man province. The gospel wai 
planted here by Paul, who wrot 
an epistle to these churches. 
Acts 16. DEJOTARUS, for whonc 
Cicero interceded, in an oration 
still extant, was king of this 
country. About A. D. 266, it 
was overrun by the Goths ; and 
afterward became a province of 
Turkey. It is now called No- 
toiia. 

Galatians. This epistle dis 
cusses much the same topics as 
that to the Romans. Certain 
preachers had urged on them the 
duty of circumcision, <fcc., and 
depreciated Paul's character. 
He therefore asserts his apostol- 
ical character, shows the hypoc- 
risy of their preachers, and 
refutes their errors. 

Garbanmn, an odonferout* 
gum, obtained by incision from 
the ferula galbanifera, which 
grows in Arabia, Syria, Africa, 
<ic. It constituted an ingredient 
in the holy anointing oil. Occurs 
Ex. 30 : 34 only. 

Galilee, the northern part of 
Canaan, comprehending Issa- 
char, Zebu. .in, Naphtali, and 
Asher. The upper part was 
called Galilee of the Gentiles, from 
its containing many Gentile in- 
habitants out of the neighboring 
nations ; as the Phoenicians, 
Syrians, to. This mixture of 
population corrupted the dialect ; 
hence Peter was detected by his 
speech. Mark 14 : 70. Our Sa- 
viour and most of the disciplei 
were educated here ; and here 
were most of the miracle* 



GAM 



97 



GAB 



rroaght. On this account, Jc 
and his followers wore often 
called Galileans. Luke 23 : G 
Acts 2 : 7. 

GALILEE;, Sea of. See Gen- 
Htsareth. 

Gall, a general name for what- 
ever is very bitter or nauseous 

everal different words, of the 
original Scriptures, are trans- 
lated by this term. In Job 1C 
13, it means the animal secre- 
tion r jailed. In Matt. 17 
34, it seems synonymous with 
myrrh. The word occurs meta- 
phorically, meaning great troubles, 
Jer. 8 : 14 ; exceeding wickcd- 
ness, Amos 6:12; abominable 
deprainty of heart, Acts 8 : 23. 
Bee MYRRH. 

Galllo was brother to SEWECA, 
the famous moralist, and adopted 
oon of Lucius Junius Gallic, 
after whom he was named. Un- 
der Claudius, he became gover- 
nor of Aohaia. lie acted as a 
judge, very mildly and properly, 
when it rabble, under the influ- 
ence of Sosthenes, accused Paul, 
declaring that he was ready to 
judge civil causes, but not to 
punish men for religious opin- 
ions. But he dreadfully erred 
in not inquiring into the nature 
of Christianity, and accepting 
its salvation. Acts 18 : 17. 
During the reign of the firious 
Nero, he was put to death 

Gamaliel, the distinguished 
Pharisee under whom Paul 
studied law, grandson of Hillel, 
the famous teacher. 

Gani'madims, inhabitants of 
Saamade, or Gainale, which 
9 



was probably a province of 

i;u Ezek. 27 : 11. The 
tuna so rendered is thought by 
some not to mean a nation, but 
simply the brave. 

Garment. It was the custom 
when great men of the East 
gave a feast, to make a present 
to each guest of a robe to wear 
on that occasion ; and some- 
times the silver or gold cup out 
of which they drank was alsc 
added. This explains Matt. 22 : 
11 13, which might otherwise 
seem severe. The man acted 
contemptuously and insultingly, 
and merited his doom ; as do 
all who reject the robe of 
Christ's righteousness. Princes, 
especially great kings and 
priests, generally wore white 
garments ; such were also worn 




on the occasions of great joy tnd 
s. Eccl. 9:8. In mourn- 
ng, nren generally wore sack- 
cloth or hair-cloth. Prophets, 
when their messages were ter- 
ible, aud the times dark, on 
wore a mourning dress of ooarM 



GAT 



98 



QAZ 



Huff, or skin. 2 Kings 1 : 7, 8. 
Matt. 3 : 4. False prophets, in 
order to deceive the people, 
clothed themselves after the 
same manner. Zech. 13 : 4. 
It was common to lay up stores 
of raiment (as the fashion of 
dress does not alter in the East, 
and loose robes are capable of 
fitting anybody), especially by 
the rich, -who either loaned or 
gave away many such at their 
great feasts. Sometimes thou- 
sands of garments were laid up. 
Hence the Saviour warns men 
of the folly of laying up treas- 
ures which the moth may con- 
sume. Matt. 6 : 19. Luke 12 : 
33. Jam. 5 : 2. 

What is said in Matt. 9 : 16, 
" No man putteth a piece of 
new cloth into an old garment," 
Ac., is explained by the parallel 
text, Luke 6 : 36, "No man 
putteth a piece of a new gar- 
ment upon an old;" that is, no 
man cuts up a new cloth to 
mend an old. See RAIMENT. 

Gate, the entrance to a resi- 
dence or fortified place. A 
large room was built over the 
gate on the wall of the city, 
used as a council-chamber, and 
court of justice, or town hall. 
We have a remarkable example 
of the mode of procedure, in 
the fourth chapter of Ruth. It 
was here that Absalom made his 
seditious speeches. 2 Sam. 15. 
Mordecai sat at the king's gate, 
not ay a poor mendicant, but as 
judge ; and therefore Hainan 
laid, "All this availeth me 
nothing, ao long aa I see Mor- 



iecai the Jew sitting at tat 
king's gate." Esth. 5 . 13. 
Peace and war were proclaimed 
from the gate ; and hence " the 
gates of hell," is a proper ex- 
pression for the power and in 
fluence of hell, which shall not 
prevail against the church 
Matt. 16 : 18. 

Gath, a city of Philistia, tha 
capital of the people called Git- 
tites. It stood 14 miles south 
of Joppa, and was one of the 
most ancient cities in the world. 
It still exists, though now < 
place of small consequence. Its 
present name is Jtlna. 

Several other places appear 
to have gone under this name; 
one in Galilee, where Jonah was 
born, Josh. 10 : 13 ; 2 Kinga 
14 : 25 ; one in the tribe of 
Dan ; and another in Manasseh . 
Josh. 21 : 24. 

Gaza. (1.) A city of s^,* 
Ephraimites, 1 Chron. 7 : 28, 
now called Razza. (2.) A city 
between Palestine and Egypt, 
and about two miles and a half 
from the Mediterranean Sea. It 
was anciently a city of the Phil- 
istines, but included in the tribe 
of Judah, who conquered ik 
after the death of Joshutk Cud. 
1 : 18. The Philistines retook 
it, and kept possession till tha 
reign of David. Samson car- 
ried the gates of it to the top 
of a high hill on the road to- 
wards Hebron ; afterwar: s he 
was imprisoned, and died aere. 
Jud. 16. During the reign of 
David, it was reconquered by 
the Jews, and remained subject 



GEN 



99 



GEN 



to them many years. During 
the wars of Alexander, it was 
laid waste ; and, a new town of 
the same name L>< 
not far distant, it fell into decay, 
and became desolate, according 
to the prediction, Zeph. 2 : 4. 
The old town is referred to in 
Acts 8 : 26, as Gaza which is 
desert." 

Genealogy, a list of ancestors ; 
an account or history of the 
rise, progress, and present state 
of any person or family, show- 
ing the regular descent. The 
exactness of the Jews in this 
respect, was ordered, that it 
might be certainly known of 
what tribe and family the Mes- 
siah was born. After the birth 
of Christ, such circumspection 
was unnecessary ; and if per- 
pisted in, could only indicate an 
unchristian pride of ancestry ; 
as will appear from the words 
of the apostle Paul, 1 Tim. 1 : 
4. Tit. 3 : 9. The difference 
in the genealogies of Christ, as 
given by Matthew and Luke, 
arose from one giving the line 
of Joseph, the other of Mary. 

Generation signifies, in Scrip- 
ture, (1.) Posterity, offspring. 
Gen. 10 : 1. (2.) Line of de- 
Bcent. The " book of the gen- 
eration of Jesus Christ " is a 
history of his lineage, life, and 
death. Matt. 1 : 1. (3.) The 
persons existing at any particu- 
lar period. Matt. 1:17. " This 
generation shall not pass away 
till all these things be fulfilled," 
Matt. 24 : 34, means either that 
the people living in the time of 



Christ should not be all dead, 
when Jerusalem and the Jewish 
nation would bo ruined by the 
Romans; or, that the Jewish 
nation should not pass away till 
his second coming. We cer- 
tainly see them subsisting at 
this day, a distinct and separate 
generation. In Christ's time, 
the Jews were a faithl- 
verse, and untoward generation, 
Mark 9 : 19. Acts 2 : 40, Tbe 
saints are * a chosen genera 
tion," that is, literally, an elect- 
ed race. 1 Pet. 1 : 2, and 2 : 9. 

Genesis, the first book of 
Scripture. This title is derived 
from a Greek word, which sig- 
nifies generation or beginning. 
The book contains an account 
of the beginning or creation of 
the world, and settles forever 
that question which heathen 
sages could never do^lw*, 
whence sprung this eartn, and 
its inhabitants 1 The disclosure 
of this grand truth, that the 
Author of all things is one 
glorious, supreme, and self-ex- 
istent Being, establishes the 
principle and foundation of all 
religion and morality, and is 
the source of comfort and hope 
to the human family. 

This book comprises a period 
of 2369 years ; and beside the 
history of the creation, it con- 
tains an account of man's origi- 
nal innocence ; his fall ; the 
propagation of mankind ; the 
rise of religion ; the corruption 
of the world ; the deluge ; tne 
repeopling and division of the 
earth ; the history if the first 



GEN 



100 



GER 



patriarchs ; an 1 the settlement 
of Israel in Egypt. It was 
written by Moses ; probably 
during his exile in the land of 
Midian. See TRADITION. 

Gennes'areth, a fine lake, six- 
teen miles long, and five or six 
broad. Its waters are exceed- 
ingly sweet and pure, and 
abound with fish. The north- 
ern coast is covered with ba- 
galtes, lava, and other volcanic 
productions. Its edges are not 
marshy, but form sandy beach- 
es, from which fine hills rise, 
covered once with the beauty 
of cultivation, but now silent 
and drear It is very subject, 
from the character of the sur- 
rounding hills, to sudden gusts 
of wind ; and when these come 
from the south, and oppose the 
current of the Jordan, its sur- 
face is very rough, as was the 
case when Christ walked on the 
water to his disciples. Matt. 
14: 24 26. It is the same as 
the Sea of Tiberias, John 21 : 
1, and Sea of Galilee, Matt. 4 : 
18, and 14 : 34. 

Gentile, a term applied by the 
Jews to all who were not of their 
religion ; one ignorant of the 
true God ; a heathen or pagan, 
sometimes called a Greek. Rom. 
1 : 14. 1 Cor. 1 : 22, Ac. Paul 
is commonly called the apostle 
of the Gentiles, 1 Tim. 2 7, as 
he was principally sent to preach 
Christ to them ; whereas Peter 
a.ud the other apostles preached 
generally to the Jews, and were 
therefore called the apostles of 
Hie cinurncision. Gal. 2: 7 



| That the ancient godly Jews d* 
I sired the conversion of the GOD* 
tiles, appears from the prayer 
of Solomon after the dedica- 
tion of the temple. 1 Kings 8 : 
4143. The Psalmist says that 
the Lord shall give the Gentiles 
to the Messiah for an inheritr 
ance. Ps.2:8. And the Chris- 
tian church is now composed al- 
most wholly of Gentiles. 

COURT OF THE GENTILES. See 
TEMPLE. 

Gentleness, though little ad- 
mired by the world, compared 
with enterprise, bravery, <fec., is, 
in the sight of God, an impor- 
tant virtue. Jam. 3 : 17. It 
stands opposed to harshness, 
bluntness, arrogance, oppres- 
sion, and bitterness. When ap- 
plied to God, gentleness means 
his gracious condescension and 
favor. Ps. 18 : 35. 

Ge'rah, the least of Jewish 
money, being the twentieth part 
of a shekel. Ex. 30 : 13. 

Ger'izim, a fine mountain in 
the tribeship of Ephraim, on 
which the Samaritan temple 
was built, because the Jews 
would not allow the Samaritans 
to help them build their temple. 
2 Kings 17. Ezra 4. :; was 
begun B. c. 408 years. About 
the time it was finishedj two 
remarkable events occur in 
profane history : XENOPHCM 
brought home the Greeks that 
followed Cyrus ; ani SOCRATES 
was put to death by the Atheni* 
ans. This temple was destroyed 
by Hyrcanus, a Jewish prince, 
129 years before Christ. Iht 



GER 



101 






Samaritans have continued to I day, of; ' / w< i 

esteem tin- spot sacred to this' ihip God. John 4 : 20. It u 




MOUNT QKRIZIM. 



about one thousand feet high, 
ite, at a distance of only 
about 3UO yards, stands Mt. 
Kbal. la the narrow valley 
took place the august ceremony 
commanded by Closes, Deut. 27. 
Six of the tribes stood on Ebal, 
and .six on XJerizim, while the 
ark and the priests stood in the 
rallcy. The Levites recited 
Hod's blessing on the obedient, 
and his curses on the rebellious, 
and at each sentence the tribes 
on the mountains shouted their 
grand "Amen." 

Cershonites, a branch 01 the 
priestly race, descended from 
Hers/urn, eldest son of Levi. It 
/ras their business to carry the 
rails and curtains <f th<- 

Numb. 3 : 2125, and 
9* 



4 : 2428. On settling in Ca- 
naan, thirteen cities were as- 
signed them. Josh. 21 : 16 33. 

Gethsem'ane, a retired garden 
at the foot of the Mount of Ol- 
ives. Luke 22 : 40. The re- 
mains of its stone wall are yet 
seen, and eight ancient olive 
trees. Matt. 26. 

Giant, a man of extraordinary 
stature or might. There were 
races of men, in ancient tunes, 
who far exceeded the present 
size of man. Gen. G : 4. Numb. 
13 : U3. Deut. 3 : 10, and 
21 : 20. In the days of David 
there was a family of giants, of 
whom Goliath was one. 2 Sam. 
21. After this, we read no 
mire of giants in Canaan. Not 
only in Scripture, bufc in th 






GIF 



102 



GIL 



writings of Homer, Herodotus, 
Pliny, Plutarch, Virgil, &c , we 
read of giants in stature. 

That the common size of man ! 
never differed much from what i 
it is now, is clear from the skel- 
etons found, from the armor, 
from the size of habitations, 
measures of length, &c. 

Gibcah, a city of Benjamin, 
situated on a fine hill four 
.fiiles north from Jerusalem. 
Josh. 15 : 57. It was for a 
while the royal residence of 
Saul. 

GibcOD, a city five miles north 
of Jerusalem, the inhabitants 
of which deceived Joshua, by 
sending a deputation to him to 
make a treaty of peace, whose 
dress, <fcc., indicated that they 
had come from a very great dis- 
tance, and consequently did not 
belong to any of the nations 
which God had commanded the'n 
to destroy, and whose country 
they were to occupy. The cov- 
enant was kept by the Hebrews,' 
though thus falsely obtained ; 
and, instead of being destroyed, 
they were made to serve as 
|; hewers of wood and drawe.rs 
if water." Josh. 9 and 10. 

Gi'er-ea'gle, an Egyptian spe- 
cies of vulture, remarkable for 
affection to its young. It may 
be found described in BRUCE, 
under the name of Rac*.*i. 

Gift, that which is given with- 
out pay. It is applied in an 
eminent manner to Jesus Christ, 
God's "unspeakable gift." Our 
Lord says to the woman of Sa- 
maria, "If thou knowest the 



gift of God, viz., Him that saha 
to thee, Give me to drink," Jka 
John 4 : 10. When Christ as- 
oended up on high, he received 
gifts for the rebellious. Pa. 
68:. 18. Of these he poured 
down on the day of Pentecost, 
and gave some apostles, proph- 
ets, &c. Faith is the gift of 
God, Eph. 2:8; and, as the 
wages of sia is death, so the 
11 gift of God is eternal life." 
Rom. 6 : 23. Every good and 
perfect gift comes from God. 
Jain. 1 : 17. "The gifts and 
calling of God are without re- 
pentance ;" that is, what he 
hath given, according to his 
divine and eterual purpose, can- 
not be reversed. 

Gil'boa, a ridge of mountains 
in the north of Palestine, ren- 
dered famous by the overthrow 
and death of Saul and his two 
sons. Some of the peaks rise 
1000 feet above the level of the 
sea. 1 Sam. 28 : 4. 

Gilead, a mountainous lime- 
stone district extending from 
Lebanon to Moab, eastward of 
the river Jordan, famous for 
balm, Jer. 8 : 22, and for pas- 
ture. Songs 4:1. The north- 
ern part of this range was called 
Balkan. The valleys were dis- 
tinguished for fertility. 

Gilgal. (1.) AcitynearJeri. 
cho, where was an altar. 1 Sam. 
11 : 15. Idols were worshipped 
here in after times. Hos. 4 : 
15. (2.) A city near Antipa- 
tris, Josh. 12 : 23. There re- 
mained a village on this spot 
called (ralxulis, for several hun 
dred years after Christ 



GLA 



108 



GLO 



Girdle, anything bound round 
the wawt. It is still necessary 
in the East, be"uus. oft:. 

y both 
Bexea. (iinli iiftiiiu-s 

to obtain those of value. 
Girdles of leather were worn in 
f humility, as by Elijah, 
2 Kings 1:8; and John the 
Baptist, Matt. 3 : 4. Girdles 
of sackcloth were marks of hu- 
miliation, worn in times of 
mourning. Isa. 3 : 24. To have 
the loins girded, Luke 12 : 35, 
is to be always prepared for any 
eervioo that God may require, 
and be like servants who are 
ready to obey their masters' 
commands. 

Gir'gashlteS, a family belong- 
ing to the tribe of Hivites in 
Canaan. 

Git'tites, inhabitants of Oath. 
Tosh. 13 : 3. 
Git'tith. See PSALM. 
Glass is not mentioned in the 
Old Testament, not being known 
in those times. According to 
Pliny and Tacitus the Phoeni- 
cians were the inventors of glass ; 
but De r -in r'ltr-vds their nar- 
rative as fabulous. It was prob- 
ably not made in Rome previous 
to the reign of Tiberius. Speci- 
mens of glass have been dis- 
covered among the ruin* 
Uerculaneum (destroyed in -re 
first century of the Christian 
era), but they ini.^ht have been 
Imported from the East. Mir 
rors were, in early times, made 
ol plates ^* metal highly pol 



?hcd Ex. 38 : 8. The Ethic- 

ians anciui tly preserved theii 

in large glasses. 

O lassei 

\rchim- 

, who lived B. C. 
2DO. AViml" 

II A. D. G74. 
i red to 

:i glasa 
_J, 25. 
internal evi- 
i' the truth of revela- 
tion. 

Glean, to collect scattered 
stalks of grain, bunches of 
. e. The Jews were for- 
bidden to glean their own fields, 
or fruit-trees, but were required 
to leave the remnant for the 
poor. Lev. 19 : 10. Deut. 24: 
21. 

Glcde, a ravenous and filthy 
bird, thought by JBochart to be 
the black vulture. Deut. 14 : 13 
Isa. 34 : la. 

Glorify, to pay divine honor ; 
to make glorious ; to exalt to 
dignity. God glorifies his peo- 
ple by adorning them with gifta 
and graces in this world, and by 
bringing them to the full pos- 
session of glory and blessednesi 
in heaven. AVe are said to 
glorify God when we ascribe to 
him the glory of every excel- 
lency, whether of nature or of 
grace, Kev. 4 : 11 ; when we 
believe God's promises, and 
wuit for the performance, Roin. 
4 . 20 ; when we publicly ao- 
k now ledge true religion, or any 
truth of God, that is jjenoraUj 



GNA 



104 



GOA 



ppoaed, Luke 23 : 47 ; when 
we suffer for God, 1 Pet. 4 : 16; 
when we give thanks for benefits 
or deliverances, Luke 17 : 18 ; 
when, as on the Sabbath, we 
devote ourselves only to the ser- 
vice of God, Isa. 58 : 13 ; and 
when we love, praise, admire, 
and esteem Christ above all. 

God the Father is glorified in 
Christ bhe Mediator, by his obe- 
dience unto death, whereby the 
work of man's redemption was 
consummated, and the justice, 
wisdom, mercy, and holiness of 
God made manifest. 

God glorified Christ by mani- 
festly owning him to be his Son ; 
by sustaining his human nature 
in his temptations and suffer- 
ings ; and by enabling him to 
triumph over his people's ene- 
mies in his resurrection, ascen- 
sion, and exaltation to his 
Father's right hand. John 17 : 
I. 

Glory. (1.) The unspeakable 
blessedness of the saints in 
heaven. Col. 3: 4. (2.) Worldly 
splendor and greatness. ** The 
heavens declare the glory of 
God ;" that is, manifest his in- 
finite wisdom, power, and good- 
ness, and ought to excite our 
gratitude, love, adoration, and 
praise. The miracles which our 
Saviour wrought manifested his 
glory, or his divine power. John 
3 : 11. 

Gnat, a small winded insect 
very common in wana com* 
tries. This and other insects 
being apt to get into wine, Ac., 
it la customary to pass liquors 



thiough a strainer The word 
at, in Matt. 23 : 24 seems to be 
a typographical error, in King 
James' version ; and should bt 
out , as it is in the preceding ver- 
sions. "Ye strain out a gnat." 
The Greek word divliLomg doe* 
not mean to make an effort to 
swallow, but to filter. It should 
be remembered that, by the 
Jewish law, both gnats and 
camels were unclean. 

Goad, a rod with an iron 
point, used in driving cattle 
" The words of the wise are as 
goads," because they stimulate 
men to diligence in good things. 
See PRICKS. 

Goat, a well-known animal, 
of which there are several va- 
rieties. The kind most common 
in Palestine is not very unlike 
those of the United States, but 
has longer hair, which is manu- 
factured into cloth. There is a 
Rock Goat t mentioned in sev- 
eral passages of Scripture, and 




which, being of a singular form 
ie represented in the above en- 
graving. PTOT 5 : 19. It ia tht 



OOA 



105 



GOD 



fame which Pliny and Gesner 
e&llcd tho lhr.r ; and 
Ac., describe as the B<>u'/uitin. 
Among tlie (Jcniiuns, its familiar 
name i , <>r luiek of 

tho rock. It is common in all 
the mountains of Kur 
Northern Asia. Its si/e is less 
than the common wild goat. 
The horns are of extraordinary 
nte, bending bat'k over the 
animal's body, sometimes to the 
length of three feet. Like other 
goats, it is peculiarly adapted 
for climbing, and delights in the 
most rugged mountains, staying 
at great elevation. Job 3C 1. 
Ps. 104 : 8. 1 Sam. 24 : 2. 

The goat was worshipped by 
the Egyptians, Greeks, and Ro- 
mans, who represented the god 
Pan, their satyrs and other 
idols, in the form of goats. The 
Vord SEIBIM, rendered " devils," 
Lev. 17 : 21, is literally hairy 
mes, or goats. The same word 
ts translated satyrs, Isa. 13 : 21. 
We read in Maiuionides, that 
abian idolaters worshipped 
daemons, under the form of 
goats, imagining them to appear 
in that form ; whence they called 
them SEIRIM. 

The tresses of the spouse, 
Cant. 4 : 1, and 6 : 4, are com- 
pared to goat's hair, which ob- 
viously refers to the delicate, 
silken hair of the Eastern goats. 
From such goat's hair are made 
the Angola shawls 

The goa*. was eminently use- 
ful to the Hebrews, on account 
of the delicacy of its flesh, the 
zoellenoeof its fleoco the rich- 



ness and abundance of Its milk, 
the cheapness of its food, the 
value of its skin for bottles, Ao. 
Flocks of goats, therefore, form- 
ed an important part of the 
wealth of all great men. 

God) the Supreme, Almighty, 
and Eternal One, of whom are 
all things. However ignorant 
mankind may have been of the 
true character of God, all men, 
in all ages, have, in one degree 
or another, acknowledged his 
existence. 

The names applied to the 
Godhead in Scripture are va- 
rious, and have each their re- 
spective significations, applica- 
ble to the characters in which 
God has been pleased to reveal 
himself. The words Jehovah 
Elohim occur more than once in 
Genesis as the name of the God- 
head. " And the Lord God (Je- 
hovah Elohim) said, Behold, the 
man is become like one of us." 
Gen. 3 : 22. One of us unavoid- 
ably implies a plurality of per- 
sons. We may, in a general 
way, infer the power, goodness, 
and some other attributes of 
God, from the works of nature; 
but from the Scriptures only can 
we obtain any just ideas of hi* 
character and attributes. The 
Hebrews endeavor to avoid the 
Ufle of the word God, substitut- 
ing for it Lord, Most High, Ac. 

Godhead means the nature or 
ewenoe of God. Col. 2 : 9. Rom. 
1 1C Acts 17 : 29. 

Godliness, the whole revela- 
tion of God. Thus Paul say*, 
** G"eat is the mystery of godli 



GOL 



106 



GOL 



ness." 1 Tim. 3 : 16. It some- 
times means the imitation of 
God by a holy life. 1 Tim. 2 : 
2. 2 Pet. 3 : 11. 

Godly, that which proceeds 
from or resembles God ; thus 
godly sorrow is the sorrow which 
God only can produce, and work- 
eth repentance. 2 Cor. 7 : 10. 
Godly fear is that fear of God 
which is the beginning of wis- 
dom, Heb. 12 : 28 ; and a godly 
man is he who loves God from a 
grateful sense of much forgive- 
ness. Ps. 12 : 1. 

Gog and MAGOG are terms 
usually joined together in Scrip- 
ture, on which critics have ex- 
pended much unsatisfactory la- 
bor. The probability seems to 
be that the northern barbarians 
are meant, or some of the tribes 
comprehended under the general 
term SCYTHIANS, whose irrup- 
tions into civili/dd Europe and 
Asia were so dreadful. Ez. 38 
and 39. Rev. 20 : 8. 

Golan, a Levitical town in the 
tribe of Manasseh, which gave j 
its name to a small district lying ! 
east of the Sea of Tiberias. It ! 
is now called J'tlan. 

Gold, the most precious metal ; 
seldom found in a state of ore, 
but in a native state ; though 
even native gold has almost 
always some mixture of other 
metals. Native gold is found 
Ln pure masses, from the small- 
est grains up to the u_*gnitude 
ot 12 or 15 ounces, and occa- 
sionally much larger. A mass 
found in South America, weigh- 
ing 132 ounces, u deposited in 



the royal cabinet at Madrid. 14 
is found mingled with the sand 
of many rivers, especially in 
Africa, South America, Austra- 
lia, and India. Arabia had for- 
merly its gold mines. "The 
gold of Sheba," Ps. 72 : 15, u 
in the Septuagint and Arabic 
versions, the gold of Arabia. 
North Carolina, in the United 
States, and much more Califor- 
nia, are famous for gold mines 
Gold is often found bedded in 
stones of various kinds, and 
even in the earth at the depth 
of one hundred and fifty fathoms 
It is the most ductile of all 
metals ; an ounce of it, not 
larger than a common bullet, 
having been drawn into a wire 
two hundred and forty miles 
long ! It is incapable of ox- 
idization in a common fire ; but 
the heat produced by a galvanic 
discharge can be made sufficient 
to convert the metal into a pur- 
ple oxide. If exposed to the 
focus of a strong burning-glass, 
it flies off in small particles. It 
requires less heat to melt gold 
than iron. 

Gol'gotluu See CALVARY. 

Goli'ath, a famous giant of 
Gath, whose height was nine 
feet four inches. His brazen 
helmet weighed about 15 pounds 
avoirdupois ; his target, or col- 
lar, affixed between his shoul- 
ders to defend his neck, about 
30 ; his spear rrar 26 feet long, 
and its head weighed 38 pounds, 
his sword, 4 ; his greaves on his 
legs, 30 ; and his soat of mail 
156 ; and so the whole armor. 



GOS 



107 



GOS 



27'i pounds' weight. He seems 
to have been the last of the 
Anakins. 

Go'pher, the wood of which 
the ark wag built ; which kind 
it was, is not agreed. As it is 
scarcely probable that a struc- 
ture so largo was made wholly 
of any one species of wood, it 
is possible the word may mean 
light, or durable wood. Vast 
quantities of cypress'grGw in the 
district where the ark was built. 
It occurs only in Gen. G : 14. 

Goshen. There are two dis- 
tricts so called in Scripture, 
whioh it is very important should 
. (1.) That 

portion of Egypt allotted to the 
Hebrews, and mentioned so often 
in the books of Genesis and 
Exodus. (2.) A district of the 
Holy Land, included in the lot 
of Judah, and mentioned Josh. 
10 : 41, and 11 : 10, <fcc. 

Gospel) good news ; a revela- 
tion of the grace of God to fallen 
man, through a Mediator ; and 
a means, which, by the Spirit, 
saves men from perdition. The 
term is found in ancient Greek 
writers. Plutarch, in his life 
of Pompey, says, " The messen- 
ger arrived at Pontus, bringing 
the gospel," that is, the joyful 
intelligence The word is also 
used to mean the narrative of 
our Saviour s life, death, and 
resurrection ; and sometimes for 
the doctrines contained in that 
narrative. 

The books of Matthew, Mark, 
I/nke, and John, are commonly 
wiled Oupels. They show, as 



1, the way of salva 
tion In some parts of tne New 
nt, there are brief sum* 
if the gospel doctrine, 
as John 3 : 14, 15, 16. They 
exhibit a morality incomparably 
superior to that of all other 
books ; in forbidding not only 
acts of sin, but the first risings 
of evil desires in the heart ; by 
inculcating the mild, passive, 
and lovely virtues, instead of 
that high-spirited and proud 
temper, which the world ad- 
mires ; by requiring the forgive 
ness of enemies, and the love 
of them that hate us ; by ex- 
cluding from our alms, devo 
tions, and other virtues, all love 
of fame ; by laying down two 
^reat principles of morality, 
love to God and love to men, 
and by deducing thence every 
other duty ; by exhibiting a 
perfect exemplification of all 
these excellences in Christ ; and 
by adding those awful sanctions 
which relate to an eternal world. 
The number of mankind liv- 
ing in nations enlightened by 
the gospel is probably THRKB 

HUNDRED MILLIONS, Only. Of 

these, one half are Roman Cath- 
olics, and thirty millions are 
Greeks, whose churches are 
scarcely less corrupt than the 
Roman Catholic. See SCRIP. 
TURK. 

In every age, Christians have 
more or less exerted themselves 
to diffuse a knowledge of the 
gospel. Even when Poperj was 
at its height, missions were 
never discontinued by that claai 



OKA 



108 



GRA 



of Christians, nor by those who 
rejected Popery, infant baptism, 
sprinkling, <fcc., who have borne 
various names at different times, 
from the earliest ages of the 
church, and are now called 
" Baptists." About 100 years 
ago, " modern missions," as 
they are called, may be said to 
have begun, when Ziegenbald 
went from Denmark to India. 
Near the close of the last cen- 
tury, the Baptists of England 
began to send missionaries to 
the heathen, and to the negroes 
of the West Indies ; and other 
denominations soon followed. 

The results of these labors 
are brought into our view, with 
much research and accuracy, in 
one of the dissertations at the 
end uf " Malcom's Travels in 
South-eastern Asia." 

Gourd. What was the plant, 
so called, that sheltered Jonah, 
cannot now be ascertained. It 
suffices us to know it was a 
shady plant. It is somewhat 
probable it was the castor bean, 
improperly called palma christi. 

The WILD GOURD, 2 Kings 4 : 
39, Celcius supposes to be the 
colocynth, a species of cucumber, 
growing wild, excessively bit- 
ter, and a most violent purga- 
tive. 

Grace. (1.) Free and unde- 
served favor. Divine grace is 
the free and undeserved love of 
Q-od, which is the spring and 
source of all the be-*fits we 
receive from him, especially re- 
demption through Jesus Christ. 
Rom. 11 : 6. (2.) Grace is 



taken for a lively tense of 
this favor, or the love and feat 
of God dwelling in the heart, 
2 Cor. 1 : 12 ; and (3.) for the 
doctrine of the gospel, which 
proceeds from the grace of ^od. 
2 Cor. 6 : 1 

Grape. This well-known fruit 
obtained great perfection in 
Palestine. The proverb, " The 
fathers have eaten sour grapes, 
and the children's teeth are set 
on edge," was a wicked com- 
plaint, prevalent among the 
Jews in the time of Jeremiah, 
that they suffered without being 
guilty. Jer. 31 : 29 ; Ezek. 
18 : 2. 

WILD GRAPES were either a 
vile fruit called in Latin la 
brusca ; or, as Hasselquist be- 
lieves, the nightshide, called by 
the Arabs wolf's grapes, (f which 
grows much in vineyards, is 
very pernicious to them, and is 
a vine." The prophet could 
not have found a plant more 
opposite to the true vine " 
than this. 

Grass. This word, in our 
translation, generally means 
herbage y or all shrubs not in- 
cluded under the term tree. It 
is particularly to be so under- 
stood in Gen. 1 : 11 ; Matt. 6 : 
30 ; Isa. 35 : 7 ; Rev. 8 : 7, <to. 

Grasshopper, a well-known 
species of locust, very destruc- 
tive to vegetation. Amos 7 : 
1. The law allowed them to be 
eaten. Lev. 11 : 22. When it 
is said the grasshopper s l .all 
prove a burden, Eccl. 12 : J, it 
means that BO feeble and Ian 



GRE 



109 



GRI 



gnld IB extreme old age, that 
the smallest annoyance or bur- 
den ia distressing. 

Greaves, that part of a ooat 
of mail which defended the feet 
tnd legs. 1 Sam. 17 : 16. 

Greece, in Hebrew, Javan, 
laa. 66 : 19 ; a country in the 
south-east of Europe. Largely 
taken, it contained the Pelopon- 
nesus, or Morca, Achaia, Thes- 
aaly, Macedonia, and Epirus ; 
but more strictly, it contained 
only the three former. It is 
about 400 miles from south to 
north, and 35G from east to west. 
Its present divisions are, Mace- 
donia, Albania, Livadia, the 



Morea, the ArcLipelago an* 
Cam! i;i. It wa8 probably peo- 
pled soon after the flood. Few 
countries are more favorelby 
nature, as to its soil, climvte 
and productions. Many of th 
most famous statesmen, orators, 
and generals of antiquity had 
their birth here. The arts and 
sciences in Greece attained a 
great eminence, as did also 
I poetry and eloquence. Part of 
1 ancient Greece is now included 
in Albania and Roumelia in Tur 
key. 

Greet. See SALUTE. 
Grind, to bruise, or break 
small, as meal is bruised in 




mill. Anciently they had only 
hand-mills for grinding their 
meal. Ths atones were about 
the size \.I a common grind- 
itone. Women and slaves, such 
&g Samson was at Gaza, and 
the Hebrews at Babylon, were 
usually the grinders. Jud. 1G: 
21 ; Lam. 5 : 13. They sat on 
each side of the mill, one turn- 
ing the handle half way round, 
10 



and the other then taking hold 
and finishing the revolution. 
Matt. 24 : 41 A clear appre- 
hension of the form of the mill 
and method of operating it may 
be obtained from the picture. It 
does not appear that there were 
any public mills or bakers, ex- 
cept for the king. Each family 
had a mill for itself, which, 
being BO necessary, could not 



I1AB 



110 



HAG 



Jwfu!ly be taken in pledge or 

for a debt. Deut. 24 : 6. As 
it was customary to grind every 
evening, the desolation of a 
city is called " taking away the 
sound of the mill-stones." Jer. 
25 : 10. Christ's falling on men, 
and " grinding them to pow- 
der," denotes their utter de- 
struction for their contempt and 
rejection of him. 

Grizzled, colored with various 
shades ; brindled. When ap- 
plied to horses, it perhaps means 
horses spotted like dogs, with 
large patches of various colors. 
Zech. 6:3. 



Gnest, one bidden to partak* 
of our hospitality. Formerly it 
was common to give raiment as 
well as a repast. The loose, 
flowing robes fitted any person, 
and were hung in the entry for 
guests to put on as they entered 
the hall of banqueting. The 
man who had not on a wedding 
garment was therefore wholly to 
blame, and offered an insult by 
violating the rules of decorum. 

Gutter, a trough, Ac. The 
gutter through which Jerusalem 
might be entered, was probably 
a common sewer, or culvert. 2 
Sam. 5 : 8. 



H. 



HaVakknk prophesied during 
the reigns of Manasseh and Jo- 
siah, and was contemporary 
with Jeremiah. Usher supposes 
that his life extended to the 
reign of Jehoiakin. He predicts 
the chastisement of the Jews by 
the Chaldeans, and the subse- 
quent overthrow of the Chal- 
deans themselves ; and encour- 
ages the pious to rely upon God 
for making good his promises to 
their posterity. 

THE BOOK of this prophet 
consists of two parts ; the first 
containing a dialogue between 
God and the prophet ; and the 
second, a sublime ode or hymn, 
which was probably intended to 
be used in public worship. 

Habersen, a breast-plate 
worn by soldiers in former 



times. Ex. 28 : 32. The pme 
seems to be given to a son of 
lance, or harpoon, if eh. 4 : 16, 
Job 41 : 26. 

Haggai, the first of the three 
prophets who flourished after 
the Jewish captivity, was born 
in Chaldea, and began his pub- 
lic work of prophesying about 
seventeen years after the return 
from Babylon lie, together 
with Zecbaruui, excited and .2. 
courageu the Jews to finish in* 
temple, assuring them that JMe&. 
siah should appear in the flesh, 
teach in the courts of the new 
temple, and render it more glo- 
rious than the first. Ezra 5 
1, 2 ; Haggai 1 and 2. 

THE BOOK of Haggai is plain 
in its style, but is interspersed 
with passages f loft/ diction. 



EAR 



111 



HAR 



It had tne effect of inducing the 
Jews, who had returned from 
captivity, and who, for fourteen 
years, : .<led work on 

the temple, to resume and com- 
plete the undertaking. 

Hail, an obsolete salutation, 
/mporting a cordial wish for 
the welfare of the persons ad- 
dressed. 

Hale, or HAUL, to drag vio- 
lently. Luke 12 : 58. 

Hallelujah, a Hebrew word 
signifying Praise the Lord, fre- 
quently met with in the Psalms 
and Revelation of John. 

Hallow, to reverence as holy. 
Matt. 6 : 10. 

Halt, to limp, to falter. To 
hfti> aotween two opinions is to 
stagger in mind, or vibrate be- 
tween contrary impressions. 1 
Kings 18 : 21. 

Ham, (literally black,) the 
on of Noah, bad four sons, viz., 
Cush, Mizrahn, Phut, and Ca- 
naan. His posterity peopled 
Africa, and part of the west of 
Asia. They have been gener- 
ally wicked and miserable, and 
few of them have hitherto en- 
joyed the light of the gospel. 
From him the land of Egypt 
was called Chemia, or the land 
of Ham. 

Hamath, a town of Syria, 
called by tae Greeks Epiphanea, 
and now called Harna. 

Haply, possibly, perhaps, per- 
adventure. Mark 1 i : 13 ; Acts 
5 : 39. 

Hal an. (1.) The eldest broth- 
er of Abraham, whose daughter, 
Sarah, became Abraham's wife. 



(2.) A town, probably eallel 

after t! Landing on 

small river of the same name, 
which flowed into the Euphra- 
tes, through the north-western 
part of Mesopotamia. Near 
this town occurred the cele- 
brated defeat, by the Parthians, 
of the Roman army under Craa 
BUS, who was slain, with 20,000 
of his men, B. c. 53. The place 
still retains its ancient name, 
and is peopled by a few Arabs. 

Harness, the furniture of a 
horse, Jer. ^6:4; but more 
frequently a 3oat of mail, or 
set of defensive armor. 1 Kings 
22 : 34. The ihildren of Israel 
went up out o : Israel ha r nessed t 
that is, equipped for tin Hiitle. 

Harp, an instrument com- 
posed of a hollow base, with 
two branches, to which were 
fastened three, six, or more 
strings. 2 Sam. 6 : 5. From 
the fact that David danced while 
he played the harp before the 




ark, that which he then usec 
must have been light, like a 
lyre, or guitar. During the 
captivity in Babylon, the Le 
vitical singers hung their harps, 
as useless, on the willow 



HAY 



112 



HEA 



n the banks of the Euphrates 
and other rivers in Chaldea. 
Ps. 137 : 2. The Greeks and 
Romans derived the harp from 
the East. The engraving is 
taken from an ancfent Egyptian 
monument. 

The modern harp is one of the 
noblest of instruments, and is 
vastly superior in power and 
aompass to those in ancient use. 

Hart, a stag, or male deer. 
Ps. 42 : 1 ; Isa. 35 : 6. See 
HIND. 

Harvest, the time of gather- 
ing the fruits of the earth. In 
Canaan it began it March, and 
was finished about the middle 
of May. Any time of gainful 
labor is called harvest ; hence, a 
" sleeper in harvest causeth 
shame " to himself and friends. 
Prov. 10 : 5. A people ripened 
by sin for destruction are lik- 
ened to a harvest ready for the 
sickle of God's vengeance. Isa. 
18 : 5 ; Joel 3 : 13 ; Rev. 14 : 
15. A remarkable time of suc- 
cess of the gospe is called har- 
vest. Matt. 9:37 J8 ; John 4 : 
35, The day ol judgment is 
likened to a harvest ; then all 
things shall be ripe for a final 
gathering. Matt 13. 

Hawk, a general name for 
several rapacious, birds of the 
falcon family. 1 cut. 14 : 6. 
It was consecrated by the 
Greeks to Apollo It is migra- 
tory. Job 39 : 21 

Hay. There it no hay made 
In the East ; so tLat this word, 
In the only place? where it oo- 
icrs, viz., Prov. 27 : 25, Isa. 



15 : 16, means the very reverie 
of hay ; viz., the fast springing 
t hoots of grass. 

Hear, to receive sounds by 
the ear. To hear the word of 
God, means, (1.) a mere listen- 
ing without laying to heart, 
Matt. 13 : 19 ; (2.) to yield a 
willing assent, with a firm pur- 
pose to believe and obey it. 
John 8 : 47. God is said to 
hear prayer when he grants our 
requests. 

Heart, the seat of the affec- 
tions and passions. God only 
knows it. Jer. 17 : 10. The 
Lord Jesus Christ, who demon- 
strated his Godhead on many 
occasions, by searching the 
heart, declares that from the 
heart of man proceeds every 
evil. Matt. 15 : 18. As the 
great evil which corrupts and 
defiles the heart is unbelief, so 
the only purifier of the heart 
mentioned in the Scripture is 
faith. Acts 15 : 9. " With the 
heart man believeth unto right- 
eousness ;" that is, sincere and 
saving faith engages the affec- 
tions. Rom. 10 : 10. This ia 
called the ** righteousness of 
faith." Rom. 4 : 13. 

Heath, a lowly shrub, grow- 
ing in desert places ; whenc* 
such barren spots are called in 
England heaths, whether that 
plant be found on them or not. 
It bears no fruit, i? worthless as 
fodder, and is reckoned by 
Pliny among the " unhappy 
plants." Men who trust in 
man, and not in God, are " lik 
the heath in the desert." whiofc 






HEA 



118 



HEB 



rafnly strikes its roots into a 
oil not capable of giving it 
rigor. Jer. 17 : G. To this 
unpleasant plant, persons are 
compared who fly their country 
or homes, and endure hardships 
In secluded places. Jer. 48 : 
6. 

Heathen, a term which, like 
the word Gentile, was applied 
by the Jews to all who were not 
Hebrews. It is now confined to 
those who worship false gods, 
and includes all those who are 
not Jews, Mahornmedans, or 
Christians. More than two 
thirds of the human race belong 
to this class ! The countries 
which are yet pagan are all 
that part of Africa which lies 
between the tropic of Cancer 
and the Cape of Good Hope, the 
aborigines of North and South 
America, China, Burmah, Hindos- 
tan, Tartary, Japan, and many 
islands in the Indian and other 
oceans. They are called PA- 
GANS from the Greek word /ray 17 
(paga), a fountain, or rural 
place ; or from the Latin word 
paganus, a countryman, or rus- 
tic, bi^auso Christianity was 
first taught and planted in 
cities, while the igaorant country 
people adhered longer to their 
old superstitions. It is a strong 
argument in favor of Christian- 
ity, that it seeks not conceal- 
ment to work on ignorame, but 
comes forth to the d . , and 
challenges learning and power. 
Its early conquests were in the 
chief cities of the earth, where 
education wag most enjoyed; 



and in all ages, learning an* 
science have been its hand- 
maids. See GENTILE. 

Heaven. The Jews spoke of 
three heavens ;(!.) The at- 
mosphere, or lower region of the 
air, in which birds and vapors 
fly. Job 35 : 11 ; Matt. 16 : 1. 
(2.) The expanse above, in 
which the stars are disposed, 
and which they seem to have 
thought was a solid concave 
Matt. 24 : 29. (3.) The habi- 
tation of God, where his power 
and glory are more immediately 
and fully manifested, and where 
good angels and pure departed 
souls pay their continual adora- 
tion ; the residence or abode of 
the blessed ; the sacred man- 
sion of light, and joy, and 
glory, where the body will be 
revived to a glorious life, and 
the soul live in constant com- 
munion with God in Christ. 2 
Cor. 12:2. The " kingdom of 
heaven " often means, in the 
New Testament, the reign of 
Christ on earth, or gospel dis- 
pensation. 

Heave-Offering was the name 
given to portions of animals, 
grain, meal, fruits, &c., brought 
by the people for the use of the 
priests and Levites, and which 
were first heaved or waved before 
God as an offering and acknowl- 
edgment to him. Num. 15 : 20. 

Hebrews. Some learned men 
supposed this name to be de- 
rived from Hcber, an ancestor 
of Abraham. It is more prob- 
able that they received it from 
their coming from beyond tiu 



HEB 



114 



HEB 



river, as the word means to pass 
ever. The Hebrew nation began 
in Abraham. In Isaac and Ja- 
eob it continued small ; but 
when the children of the latter 
settled in Egypt, they grew to a 
great multitude. Being brought 
forth under Moses (then num- 
bering about three millions), 
they wandered forty years in the 
desert, and were settled in Ca- 
naan under Joshua. They were 
governed, in the name of Jeho- 
vah, -by judges, till the time of 
Saul. This is what Josephus 
calls a Theocracy. It became a 
great kingdom under David, and 
still more so under Solomon. 
Under Rehoboam it was split 
into the kingdoms of Judah and 
Israel. At length, for their sins, 
they were scattered and carried 
captive. Under Zerubbabel, 
some colonies returned, rebuilt 
the temple, commonly called the 
second temple, and set up a 
kingdom, which lasted 140 
years, under the auspices of 
Persia. They then fell to Alex- 
ander, then to Egypt, then to 
Syria, then became independent 
under the Maccabees, and then 
submitted to the Romans. They, 
however, continued a separate 
nation until A. D. 72, when, 
under Titus, the city was de- 
stroyed, and they were finally 
scattered. They have been se- 
verely persecuted in every sub- 
sequent age of the world, and 
in every nation whither they 
went. During the prevalence 
ot the crusades, thousands were 
mr.rdered by the Christian ar- 



mies on their march to retonft 
Canaan from the Turks, and 
thousands of them destroyed 
their own children lest they 
should fall into the crusader*' 
hands. In almost every cen- 
tury, false Messiahs have ap- 
peared, whose seditious opera- 
tions have caused the death Df 
vast numbers. Even a brief 
account of their sufferings and 
degradations would fill volumes. 
In Spain and Portugal, where 
their treatment has been ex- 
ceedingly severe, a great num- 
ber of papists, even monks and 
bishops, are Jews in disguise, 
and secretly train their children 
in the Hebrew faith. Jews are 
still found in most parts of the 
earth, though everywhere de- 
graded and oppressed either by 
custom or law. Their number 
now amounts to three or four 
millions. About one million 
are in the Turkish empire, which 
now embraces the Holy Land 
In Europe they are numerous, 
especially in Poland, where 
there are 500,000 ; viz., Gal- 
licia, 90,000 ; Prussian Poland, 
chiefly in Warsaw, Thorn, Paren 
and Lissa, 110,000 ; Russian 
Poland, chiefly in Wilna.Kauen, 
Grodno, Pinck and Mohilow, 
where they have a university 
300,000. 

As to the rest of Europe, 
there are in Hungary, chU-.ily 
at Bresburgh, Newr^z and 
JMiskolz, 76,000 ; in Germany, 
chiefly at Frankfort on ;u 
Maine, Prague, IV.rth and Ber- 
lin, 200,000 ; in Holland. '20. 



HEB 



115 



1FEI 



00 ; in England, 11,000 ; i.i 
France, 50, 

They are also nume 
the Barbary 
vant. In the 1 
there are not more than 3000. 
Most Jews are traders and bro- 
kers ; few, if any, choose to 
cultivate the soil. The 
distinction of tithes seems wholly 
lost, but they are now divided 
into sects. lf these, the prin- 
eipal, at the present time, are 
the Rabbinical and the Karaite. 
See SECT. 

An "Hebrew of the He- 
brews " is one, both of whose 
parents are Hebrews. Phil. 3 : 
5. Sometimes only those Jews 
were called Hebrews who spoke 
the Hebrew language, in con- 
tradistinotion to the Jews who 
spoke the Greek. Acts S : 1. 

When the EPISTLE TO THE 
HEBREWS was written is uncer- 
tain. Perhaps Paul wrote it 
< the close of his first 
imprisonment at Rome. It is 
-I'd to the Hebrews, or 
:iving within the Holy 
'intruished from the 
.'*, or Jews scattered in 
pther countries. It ranks among 
4 important portions of 
'y Oracles, and contains, 
among other things, proof of 
the divinity, humanity atone- 
ment, and priesthood of Christ ; 
the real object and meaning of 
-aic ritual ; and numer- 
ous admirable practical obsr- 
rations and encouragements. 

This epistle is an admirable 
x posit ion and supplement to 



those to the Romans and 
tians. 'i-:u. 

He'bron. was the original name 
of the called 

ARBA, or KIIUAIH-AKHA, be- 
cause Arba, the noted giant, waa 
king of it. It was built on a 
hill, not long after the flood. 
Numb. 13 : 22 ; and stood 22 
uth of Jerusalem. Hero 
Anak and his father and son! 
dwelt ; but Caleb, receiving it 
for his inheritance, expelled 
these giants, and restored the 
name Hebron. Josh. 14 : 13, 14. 
It was made a city of refuge, 
and given to the priests. David 
reigned here seven years over 
Judah, before he was crowned 
over all Isr . -J : 11, 

and 5 : 3. Here Absalom firat 
set up for king. 2 Sam. 15 
The present number of housef 
is estin, '. The houses 

are of stone, well built, and the 
shops well furnished. The only 
local manufacture 

d two 
ited by 

.Mr. Fisk in 1^'JI, who informs 
us that its present name is 
Rahman. 

Htdge, something that en 
closes oi 

13 ; Job 1 : 10 fabler are 
called .'. -"st our 

slothful 

ditlictiltieo, or al- 
ways entangles himself in 
trouble. 

Heir, one who is to surceed 
to an estate. Christians art 



HEL 



116 



HER 



Aelrs of God both by birth and 
Iv will ; an important and 
delightful consideration. Rom. 
4 : 14. The term utterly pre- 
cludes the idea of our meriting 
or earning our heavenly por- 
tion. 

Heliopolis. See ON. 

Hell, the place of punishment 
for the wicked after this life ; 
also the grave, or state of the 
dead. 

The Gree& wurd hades, ren- 
dered hell in our version, means 
literally " piauo of darkness," 
and corresponds to the Hebrew 
sheol. Critics find great diffi- 
culty in settling the exact mean- 
ing of these words, and on this 
meaning depends, in great 
measure, the doctrine of " the 
intermediate state " or condition 
of the dead before the resur- 
rection. It seems to have been 
held by all the early Christians, 
and to have been the foundation 
of the Romanist doctrine of 
purgatory. At present, like 
many other difficult and not 
very practical questions, it 
seems not to be much contested. 
Most Christians now believe that 
souls go at once to hell or 
heaven ; though not to full 
misery or enjoyment ; but the 
dootrine of an intermediate 
state is held by many of the 
best and most learned writers 
on the New Testament. 

By the " gates of hell, ' Matt. 
16 : 18, is meant the power and 
policy of the devil and his in- 
struments. The expression is 
derived from the fact that courts 



of legislation and justice irert 
often held in rooms at or ovel 
the gates of walled cities. It is 
therefoie equivalent to saying 
the councils of hell. 

Helmet, a cap of metal or 
strong leather for protecting a 
soldier's head. 1 Sam. 17 : 5. 
Salvation is God's helmet; the 
hope of it rendering God's peo- 
ple courageous in their spiritual 
warfare. Eph. 6 : 17. 1 Thes. 
5 : 8. 

Hemlock. The plant so called 
in Scripture seems to mean the 
water-hemlock, Deut. 29 : 18 ; 
Hos. 10:4; and not the stately 
tree which bears this name. Its 
juice was sometimes used by 
pagans to put criminals to 
death. The passage, Hos. 10 : 
4, " Judgment springeth up as 
hemlock in the furrows of the 
field," means that the courts of 
justice were perverted, so that 
where there should be good 
fruit there was poison. 

Heresy 5 an opinion contrary 
to the fundamental principles 
of religion, maintained with 
obstinacy and a refusal to admit 
conviction. Christianity was 
called a sect, or heresy, by Ter- 
tullus and the profane Jews 
Acts 24 : 5, 14. 

HeriHOD) the most elevates 
summit in the range if th 
Anti-Libanus; 10,000 feet abov 
the level of the sea.. The Si- 
donians called it ISirion ; and 
the Amorites, Shenir. Deut. 3 . 
9. Its dews are copi^; and 
refreshing. Psal. 133 : 3. The 
snow lies on it during the 



HER 



117 



HER 



mer, and was carried to Tyro, 
as ice is brought i; 
and sold in summer as a lux- 
ury. 

Her 04. Four persons of this 
name are mentioned in the New 
Testament. 

1. HEHOD THE GREAT, the son 
of Antipater, was born about 
B. c. 70. His father is said by 
some to have been a Jew ; by 
others, an tdumean proselyte. 
He vanquished and extirpated 
the family of the Maccabees 
about B. c. 37. His character 
was exceedingly ferocious and 
sensual. His frequent murders 
and ungovernable temper ren- 
iered him miserable ; and to 
occupy his thoughts, as well as 
to ingratiate himself with the 
Jews, he rebuilt their temple, 
ind rendered it exceedingly 
stately and glorious. He also 
built other important edifices, 
and instituted various public 
sports. When the wise men 
from the East made inquiry in 
Jerusalem for the new-born 
King of the Jews, he desired 
them to bring him back word 
where and how he might find 
him, being resolved to murder 
him, while but an infant. Being 
disappointed, he ordered to be 
destroyed every child in and 
ubout Bethlehem, under two 
years old, that he might make 
sure of murdering the Messiah 
among them. He died in a 
miserable manner, a year or two 
after this atrocious action. 

2. HEROD ANTIPAS, son of 
Herod the Great, had the te. 



trarchy of Galilee and 
by the last will of his father 
Ho divorced his first wife, and 
took Herodia.-:, the wife of 
Philip, who still lived. Foi 
reproving this incestuous mar- 
riage, John was imprisoned and 
beheaded. Matt. 14 : 312. 
This was he to whom Pilate sen* 
our Saviour, and by whom he 
was mocked and arrayed in a 
gorgeous robe. Luke 23 : 8 
11. He was uncle to Herod 
Agrippa, and great uncle to tha* 
Agrippa who, by Paul's dis- 
course, was " almost persuaded 
to be a Christian." 

3. HEROD AGRIPPA, the son 
of Aristobulus, grandson of 
Herod the Great, was appointed 
by Caligula to the government 
of Abilene. About A. D. 44, or 
perhaps 49, he caused the mur- 
der of James, the son of Zebe- 
dee. Observing the Jews pleased 
with this, he apprehended Peter, 
intending to murder him also. 
But Providence defeated his 
designs, by cutting him off in a 
miserable manner at Cesarea, 
where he was flattered by the 
multitude crying out that he 
spoke like a god. Acts 12, and 
23 : 35. He reigned seven or 
ten years, and was the father 
of Agrippa, Bernice, Drusilla, 
and Mariamne. 

4. HEROD AGRIPPA II., son 
of tne preceding, is mentioned 
in the New Testament only by 
the name of AGRIPPA. He was 
born A. D. 20. Fcstus brought 
Paul before him, who almosl 
persuaded him to be a chri* 



HIQ 



118 



HIN 



dan. Acts 25 and 26. After ! ites they were strictly foi biddev, 
the destruction of Jerusalem, but seem never to have bee 



he went to Rome, where he died, 
at the age of 70. 

Herodlans, a sect among the 
Jews (whether religious or po- 
litical is not clear), so named 
from Herod the Great. It is 
thought, by some, that he was 
regarded by them as the prom- 
ised Messiah 

Her'OT, a olrd of the crane 
species. It is only mentioned 
Lev. 11 : 19, and Deut. 14 : 18. 

HeshbOtt, a town 20 miles 
east of the point where the Jor- 
dan enters the Dead Sea. It 
originally belonged to the Mo- 
abites, Josh. 3 : 10, but became 
a Levitical city. It is now 
called Heshban. 

Hid/dekel, the Tigris, a noble 
river rising in the mountains of 
Armenia, and issuing in the 
Persian Gulf. On it once stood 
the great cities Nineveh, Ctesi- 
phon, and Selucia ; and at pres- 
ent, the cities of Bagdad, Mosul, 
Diarbekir, <fec. Gen. 2 : 14 ; 
Dan. 10 : 4. 

Hierap'oliS, a city near Colos- 
ee, early blessed with gospel 
light. Col. 4 : 13. It was de- 
stroyed by an earthquake, in 
the times of the apostles. The 
ruins are still visible, and the 



place is called 
Pambuk Kalasi. 



by the Turks 



High Places, hills on which 
were groves, altars, Ac., for 
worship. Gen 22. At first, 
Jehovah was worshipped upon 
mob, then idols. To the Israel- 



wholly abolished. 2 Kings 16 : 
3, 4; 16: 3, 4, <fcc. 

Bin, a liquid measure, con 
taining about three of oui 
quarts. It was the sixth part 
of an ephah. 

Hind) a female deer, noted 
for elegance of form and affec- 
tion to its mate. Prov. 5 : 19 
Like other deer, it is very swift 
and sure-footed. Ps. 18 : 33 

Hinnom, a valley, or rather 
ravine, on the south side of 
Jerusalem, closed in on one 
side by the steep side of Mount 
Zion, and on the other by a line 
of cliffs less elevated. From 
some point in these cliffs, tra- 
dition relates that Judas sought 
his desperate end. The position 
of the trees, which in various 
places overhang the brow of the 
cliff, accords with the common 
opinion that, when he hung 
himself, the rope breaking, he 
fell, and his bowels thus were 
made to gush out. This valley 
was once selected, for its shade 
and privacy, for the worship of 
Moloch. See TOPHET. 

When Josiah overthrew the 
horrid idolatry of Moloch, he 
made the place abomin le by 
making it the receptacle of the 
filth of the city, dead carcasses, 
&o. ; which was occasionally 
consumed, as far as possible, by 
burning Hence it became a 
type of hell, and the word Ge- 
henna [Ge-hinnom] is the vallej 
of Hinnom. Matt. 5:22; Luk 
7:5; John 3 : 6. 



noL 



119 



Holy, pious, religious, Murk 

3 : 20 ; sacred, divine, Luke 1 : 
72 ; hallowed, consecrated to 
divine use, Matt. 7:6; Luke 
2 : 23 ; pure, free from t 
lution of sin, Eph. 1:4; Col. 
I : 22. It is applied to the 
Trinity to the Father, Lev. 
19 : 2 ; Pa. 145 : 17 ; to the 
Son, Ps. 16 : 10 ; Luke 1 : 3,"), 

4 : :U ; Acte 3 : 14 ; and it is 
the common epithet of the third 
Person of the glorious Trinity. 
It is applied also to angels, 
Matt. 25 : 31 ; and to persons 
and things dedicated to God, 
Ex.30: 35; 31 : 14. The saints 
are called holy by separation 
and choice, 1 Pet. 2:9; by the 
imputation of Christ's holiness 
or righteousness to them, Ezek. 
16 : 14 ; 2 Cor. 5 : 21 ; by par- 
taking of a koly principle of 
grace, whereby the soul is re- 
newed in holiness by degrees, 
till it attain a perfection of it. 
Heb. 12 : 23. 

Holy GhOSt, the third Person 
of the Trinity. The proofs of 
his essential divinity are, (1.) 
He is expressly called GOD, 
Acts 5 : 3, 4. (2.) Attributes 
peculiar to Jehovah are ascribed 
to him, as eternity, Heb. 9 ; 14 ; 
omniscience, 1 Cor. 2 : 10, 11 ; 
omnipresence, Ps. 139 : 7. (3.) 
Works which only God can per- 
form are ascribed to him, Ps. 
53 : 6 ; Job 26 : 13 ; Lufee 1 : 
35 ; 2Pet.l: 21 ; John 16 . i3; 
Rom. 15 : 16. (4.) The same 
divine worship is paid to him as 
to the Father and the Son, Matt. 
K : 19 j 2 Cor. 13 14 ; 2 Tbess. 



3 : 5. (5.) In the Grwk, a 

masculine article is joined to 
\, which ii 

naturally of the neuter gender 
(G.) Things afiirmed of God in 
some p;' cripture are 

in others attributed to the Holy 
Among many others, 
compare 1 Cor. 3 : 16, with 6 : 
1<), and 2 Tim. 3 : It!, with 2 
Pet. 1 : 21. (7.) Baptism is ad- 
ministered in his name, and the 

; benediction. When he 
is spoken of as given or sent by 
the Father or the Son, it is to 
be understood of his particular 
station or agency in the plan of 
redemption. 

By him sinners are convicted, 
John 16 : 9 ; enlightened, Eph. 

1 : 17, 18 ; regenerated, John 3 : 
5, fi ; saiirtifinl, 1 Pet. - 

Baptism of the Holy Ghost, 
which was enjoyed in the apos- 
tolic age, and is described Acta 

2 : 14, was attended with the 
gift of tonguos and power of 
working miracles. 

Homer, a Hebrew measure of 
twenty-four bushels, thought to 
be the same as the Cor. Ezek. 
45 ; 14. 

Honey was produced in great 
quantities in the land of Pales- 
tine, and was an article of ex- 
port. Ezek. 27 : 17. It wai 
often called " a land flowing 
with milk and honey." Beside 
il in yards, multi- 
tmles were wild, and laid up 
res in hollow trees and 
..f rock'. Matt. 3:4; 
Deut. 32: 13. CAMPBELL, in 
his Travels in Afnca, says, " Th 






HOP 



120 



HOR 



bees have a habit of plastering 
their noney on the surface of 
rocks in cliffs ; which, for its 
protection, they cover with a 
layer of dark-colored wax, not 
easily distinguished from the 
rock iteelf. I3y making an in- 
eision in its outer coat, and 
applying his mouth, a person 
could suck out plenty." This 
explains Deut. 32 : 13. The 
writer has seen high perpen- 
dicular cliffs in Burmah, almost 
covered with such bee-nives ; 
protected on the outside by a 
covering resembling that on a 
wasps' nest. The ancients used 
honey as we do sugar, and 
prized it highly ; hence it is an 
image of pleasure. Ps. 119 : 
103 ; Cant. 4 : 11, &c. 

A sweet sirup, procured from 
ripe dates, seems to have borne 
this name. The word rendered 
"honey," in 2 Chron. 31 : 5, 
properly signifies dates. Jose- 
phus mentions palm honey. Bo- 
chart, Celsius, and Geddes, con- 
sider the honey mentioned Gen. 
43 : 11, to be of this sort. 

UopS) a prospect, real or 
imaginary, which we think of 
with pleasure, and are desirous 
of obtaining. The emotion it- 
self is also called hope. The 
cnristian's hope of eternal hap- 
piness and glory is founded on 
the merits, the blood, the grace, 
the promises, and spirit of 
Gnrist, and the unchangeable 
truth and almighty power of 
ttod. Religious hope is dis- 
tinguished from carnal by its 
inseparable effect, a cleansing 



efficacy by the assistance of the 
Holy Spirit. 1 John 3 : 3. 
Jesus Christ is styled " the hcpe 
of Israel," Acts 28 : 20, as ha 
was promised by God, his man- 
ner of coming foretold by the 
prophets, and the event expected 
by the people of Israel. He ia 
called " our hope," 1 Tim. 1 : 1, 
because he is the only founda- 
tion on which to build our hof e 
of any real good here or here- 
after. It is sometimes taken 
for that eternal salvation, which 
is the object or end of our hope. 
Tit. 2 : 13. 

Horn, a symbol of strength, 
Deut. 33 : 17 ; Jer. 48 : 25 ; 
Hab. 3 : 4. Hence kingdoms 
are represented as horns. 




Perhaps this was wholly meta- 
phorical. Or it may have been 
the custom to wear such a hel- 
met, or head-dress. In some 
oriental countries such o. aa- 
ments are now worn. Win. Penn 
states that among some chiefa 
he met in council, was one who 
wore a sort of crown, to which 
was fastened a real horn. Th 
two horns of the ram in Daniel**, 



HOK 



HOS 



Tiiion are the k i u^< i 
and Persia. The nnr fmrn of the 
following ^<>at is the kingdom of 
in<lT AK-xHiidur, which, 
at his di-ath was divided into 
four parts, jircilicti-d Dan. 8 : 8. 
The little hur>i, which grew out 
of one of these, is sup, 
be the kingdom of Antiochus 
Epi{-!,;iin^, who I'vcrran Judea, 
Ac. Tho ten h'trns of the great 
dragon, Rev. 12 : 3, are the 
kingdoms which compose the 
Roman empire and dominions 
of the pope. Various authors 
have named these kingdoms, 
but with little precision, because 
of the continual fluctuations of 
those countries. Rev. 13 : 1. 

Horuet) an insect like a wasp, 
but larger, with a black breast, 
and double black spots. It is 
extremely bold and mischievous. 
The sting is attended with great 
pain and inflammation, and even 
danger. Great swarms of them 
plagued the Cauaanites in the 
diys of Joshua Deut. 7 : 20 ; 
Josh. 24 : 12. It is said, in the 
place last quoted, that the hor- 
nets " drove out " two kings 
and their people. The learned 
Bochart has traced some of 
their colonies into Greece, and 
the Talmudical writers say that 
aorne passed into Africa. 

Horonaim, a city of Moab, 
perhaps the same as BETH-UO- 
BOX. It is thought to be the 
eity which is called by Ptolemy 
Avara, and by Josephus Oona. 

Horse, tn animal rare among 
the early Jews, but common in 
Egypt, &o. The passage in 1 
11 



Kings 10: 28, instead of " horsei 
and linen j'arn," should read at 
it is literally, horses in strings 
which was and is now the mod* 
of transporting them for sale. 
As Orientals supposed the sun 
to drive along the sky in a 
chariot with horses, they con- 
secrated to him the finest steeds. 
Israel was once infected with 
this idolatry. 2 Kings 33 : 11. 

Horse-Leech, a black worm 
that lives in water, and is now 
called only leech. It occurs only 
in Prov. 30 : 15. 

Husanna, an exclamation of 
praise, or invocation of blessing. 
It was a common word with the 
Jews, and seems to mean liter- 
ally, save now. The multitude 
who uttered this cry before 
Christ, probably indicated i / it 
their desire and hope that he 
would now, as their Messiah, 
raise up their nation from its 
fallen state. Matt. 21 : 915. 

Hosea, the first of the minor 
prophets, as arranged in our 
Bibles. These twelve books are 
called minor prophets, not from 
their inferiority, but from their 
brerify. Hosea lived a long 
time, and prophesied under four 
kings, viz., Uzziah, Jotham, 
Ahaz, and Hezekiah 

THE BOOK of Hosea, which 
seems to be but a part of the 
author's predictions, is of a sen- 
tentious, and sometimes obscure 
style, but always energetic. The 
topics are the guilt and stub- 
bornness of the Jews, the heavy 
judgments which awaited them,, 
and their final restoration t 






HOU 



122 



HOU 



QodV favor and great national 
prosperity. He calls Judah 
Loruhama, and Israel Loammi. 
The book is written in sublime 
poetry, and is more laconic and 
sententious than the other proph- 
ets, which makes it difficult to 
translate or understand, at this 
long distance, when so many of 
the allusions are obscure. 

Hospitality, love or kindness 
expressed by entertaining per- 
sons kindly. Ron*. 12 : 13 ; 1 
Tim. 3 : 2. The first Christians 
were remarkably hospitable and 
kind to all strangers, but par- 
ticularly to those of the same 
faith. Paul makes use of Abra- 
ham's and Lot's conduct, men- 
tioned Gen. 18 : 2, 3 ; 19 : 1, 2, 
Ac., as examples to encourage 
and persuade us to the exercise 
of hospitality. Heb. 13 : 2. 
Hospitality is to be " used one 
to another without grudging." 

I Pet. 4 : 9. 

Hough, to disablo an animal 
i y severing the great tendon on 
,he back of the hind leg. Josh. 

II : 69. 

Hour. (1.) The twenty -fourth 
part of a natural day. When 
the New Testament was written, 
the Jews divided their day into 
twelve equal parts, after the 
manner of the Greeks and Ro- 
mans, Matt. 20 : 3, 5, 6 ; John 
11 : 9 ; which of course varied 
in length according to the dif- 
ferent seasons. AVhen the sun 
rose at the time we call six 
o'clock, their third hour agreed 
with our ninth, their sixth with 
our noon, and their ninth with 



our three o'clock. Tbftlr nigh 
was divided in the same manner 
(2.) Hour signifies any fixed 
season or opportunity. Hence 
wo read of the hour of tempta- 
tion ; of judgment ; of Christ's 
death, or second coining ; of the 
power of Satan and his agents 
against Christ ; &c. Rev. 3 : 3* 
10. Luke 22 : 53. 

House. (1.) A dwelling-place. 
The body is called, 2 Cor. 5 : 1, 
the hmist of the soul. The houses 
in Canaan and other Eastern 
countries are built in the form 
of a hollow square. The rooms 
open into the court in the cen- 
tre, where some have fountains 
of water playing. The roof is 
flat, and, when the sun is not 
hot, is a place of agreeable re- 
tirement. Peter had his vision 
here. Acts 10 : 9. An awning 
is frequently extended over the 
open space in the centre, to 
exclude the sun. This was lifted 
away, and the low battlement 
of tiles ' broken up," by the 
friends of the man sick of the 
palsy, whom they had brought 
across the roofs of the neighbor- 
ing houses, so that Ihey could 
lower him down before Christ 
Mark 2:3; Luke 5 : 19. When 
the destruction of Jrrtsalem 
came, the disciples yf Jesua 
were to escape from the roofs, 
if they should be there, without 
going down into the house. This 
in our houses would be impos- 
sible ; but there they could 
come down the stairs, and pasi 
through the balconies which led 
round the inner court, and & 



flUS 



123 



HTP 



out Into the street, through the 
covered gateway. Mark 13 : 
15. (i.; The family hoa 
or tribe, dwellii 
Children do not nere^arily form 
part of a household, as many 
families are Vthout any. Acts 
16 : 15. 

Humiliation, the act of hum- 
bling one's self. It ditlV 
humility. Humility is the ha- 
bitual state of that person's 
mind who has low thoughts of 
himself, founded upon the 
knowledge of his imperfections 
and unworthiness, and his de- 
pendence upon God. Humilia- 
tion is a special act of devotional 
mortification, or self-denial, in 
an individual or a nation, shown 
by fastitg, prayer, &c. 

The humiliation ascribed to 
Christ, Acts 8 : 33 ; Phil. 2 : 8, 
is a proof of his diyice nature ; 
for if Christ were a mere man, 
or even the L/gh*<* angel, and 
was created of God to perform 
the work of redemption, he did 
no more than his duty, and 
would have been eternally lost 
had he come short of it. 

Humility, that grace of the 
Spirit which, from a proper 
sense of lowliness and unwor- 
thinoss, makes us patient under 
trials, and contentedly submis- 
sive to the will of Providence. 

Husk, the sheath or cover of 
grain, A.O. Numb. 6:4. 2 
Kings 4 : 4*V It is thought by 
Wahl, and others, that the husks 
mentioned in the parable of the 
prodigal son, are the pods of 
the oarob-tree, or ceratonia sil- 



njua of Linnaeus. Tneee poll 
are about a foot long, nomewr at 
:iap.:d, and contam * 
sweet pulp, and several brown 
seeds like beans. Swine fatten 
on this food, and it is often 
eaten by the poor people io 
Syria and Palestine. Luke 1 5 . 
16. 

Hyacinth. The flower of this 
name is never mentioned in the 
Bible. The jewel so called ia 
supposed to be what we now 
call garnet. Some of these are 
very precious. Those of Bur 
mah are most valuable. Com 
men ones are so abundant in 
some parts of Germany as to 
be used as a flux for some iron 
ores. They are plenty also ia 
some parts of the United States 

Hyiun, a religious ode or song 
Hilary is said to have been the 
first composer of metrical hymns 
to be sung in public worship. 
The book of Psalms contained 
the " hymns and spiritual 
songs " commonly sung hy the 
Jews and early Christians. '/"ie 
Psalms are called, in general, 
hymns, by PHILO the Jew ; and 
JosKi'iius calls them " songs 
and hymns." See SINGING. 

Hypocrite. (1.) Onewhodis 
sembles or feigns to be what he 
is not. Matt. 23. Such per- 
sons may be detected by their 
neglect of the duties they enjoin 
on others ; by their zeal for 
trifles and omission of great 
duties ; by their love of title* 
and precedence ; and by their 
severe censures of others fol 
sins which they commit theji 









ICO 



124 



IDD 



elves. (2.) One who is de- 
seived, and relies on a false 
hope. Job 20 : 5, and 27 : 8. 
Such persons find excuses for 
obvious neglects j they study 
an external rather than inward 
purity ; they pray in affliction 
frith great *vor, hut are apt 
to neglect tnnt du/y in prosper- 
ity ; and though keen and ac- 
tive in business, are dull and 
destitute of zeal in spiritual 
affairs. 

Hyssop, an herh which, in the 
East, grows not only in gardens, 
but also wild. It rises to the 
height of two feet, growing in 
bunches, and putting out many 



stalks from a single root. Oa 
this account it is extremely yreli 
adapted to be used as a spriuk- 
ler, as it commonly was in 
Jewish purifications. It has a 
pleasant smell, but is very bit- 
ter and pungent. " Solomon 
described plants from the great 
cedar to the hyssop that spring- 
eth out of the wall," 1 Kings 
4 : 33. HASSELQUIST supposes 
the small plant here mentioned 
to be a moss which is very com- 
mon on the walls of Jerusalem. 
SIBTHORPE thinks it more prob- 
ably a little plant still called 
hysoppo, frequently growing on 
the rocks of Palestine. 



I. 



, the chief city of 
the tetrarchy of Lycaonia ; said 
by STRABO to be well built, and 
situated in the richest part of 
the province. The visit of Paul 
to this place, which was greatly 
blessed in the conversion of 
multitudes, happened A. D. 45 
or 46. Acts 14: 13. The 
church thus planted may be 
traced through eight succeeding 
centuries, but is lost sight of 
during the ravages of the Turks 
and Saracens. At present, it 
is a place of some consequence, 
and strongly fortified by walls 
four miles in extent. The popu- 
lation is estimated at 70,000. 
Though much of the town within 
the walls lies waste, no Jew or 
hristian is allowed by the Turks 
to 1 ve there ; but such reside 



in the suburbs. Its present 
name is Cogni, or Konee 

Iddo, a prophet of Judah, 
who seems to have been the his- 
torian of his day, and whose 
record and genealogies are men- 
tioned in Scripture. 2 Chron. 
9 : 29, and 12 : l'5. His writings 
never made a part of the canon 
of the Old Testament. Indeed, 
had everything done or said t j 
holy men, according to the will 
of God, been inserted in the 
Bible, it would have made the 
book too large to be useful. 
Josephus is of opinion that this 
was the prophet sent to Jero- 
boam at Bethel, and slain by a 
lion on his return. 1 Kings 13. 
Whether he was the grandfathel 
of Zeohariah, is uncertain. 
Zeoh. ] . 1. There were lereral 



IDO 



126 



IDO 



ther persona of this name. 1 
Chron. 27 : 21 ; Ezra 8 : 17. 

Idol, a representation or t'm- 
ge of any sort, created either 
bj art or fancy ; any object re- 




ceiving human worship, in con- 
tradistinction to the true God. 
1 Cor. 8:1; 1 John 5 : 21. As 
it is the first principle of true 
religion, that there is one only 
living and true God, so Jehovah 
olaims divine worship as due 
nly to himself j and has pro- 
hibited the worship of idols, as 
a crime of the first magnitude. 
Ex. 20 : 4. The most fervent 
remonstrances against paying 
homage to idols arc found in 
the prophets ; n\\ . 
passages ill Lsniuh HIT cunsid- 

U* 



ered to surpass In energy, ar 
gument, and elegance, anything 
that has been written on the 
subject. Isa. 44 : 1220, and 
46 : 1, 2, Ac. 

The following idols are men- 
tioned in Scripture : 

Adram-mdech, 2 Kings 17 : SL 
Attaint It fit, 2 Klims 17 : 31. 

17 : 30. 
A/<t<ir<,th, .hid. 2: 13. 

riii 22: 41 ; (In the plum, 
I Sam. 7 : 4.) 
Uh. Jud. 8: 33. 
, Numb. 25: 3 ; Deut 4 : S. 
. 2 Kings 1 : 2. 
, It! : 1 ; Jcr. 50 : 2. 

Max, Acts 28: 11. 
Jud. 16 : 23. 
\ .13 19: 2441. 
\. Is 14: 11, 12. 
Mi rc/iry, Acts 14 : 12. 
Moloch, Lev. 18 : 21 : (called Milcom, 
Kings 11 : 6, and Malcham, Zeph. 1 . 
5.) 

Nebo, Isa. 15 : 46. 
Xtrnul, 2 Kings 17 : 30. 
Kibhaz, 2 Kings 17 : 31. 
A'/,syvH'/i, 2 Kings 19: 37. 
Remphan, Acts 7 : 43. 
Jiitumon, 2 Kings 5 : 18. 
Micxhach, Jer. 51 -. 41 
Hiuroth-benoth, 2 Kings 17 : 30. 

, K/ek. 8 : 14. 
Tart ok, 2 Kings 17 : 31. 

Beside which were the Terai>liun, 
and the Golden Oulves. 

The Jews seem never to nave 
had idols peculiar to themselves, 
but to have often adopted thost- 
of other nations. 

Idolatry is either internal or 
external. Internal is an inor- 
dinate love of the creatures 
riches, honors, and the pleas 
ures of this life. Eph. * : i 
Col. 3 : 6. Phil. 3 : 19. Exter- 
nal is the paying of homage 
to outward objects, either natu- 
ral or artificial ; and this is the 
more common sense of the term. 

Soon after the flood, msn fell 
into idolatry. A large portion 
of our race have ever since 
practised this sin, dreadfull/ 




IDO 



126 



IDO 



Indicative of the corruption and 
degradation of human nature. 
At fir t heavenly bodies, and 
eminert benefactors of man- 
kind, were- worshipped, then 
anitaals, plants, reptiles, and 
figures made by art. To these 
were paid not only reverence 
fttjd devotion, but the most hor- 



rid rites. The grossest imU 
cencies, murder, suicide, tor 
ture, drunkenness, and everj 
abomination, have been consid- 
ered proper acts of worship. 
In pagan countries, idolatry 
still retains these shocking 
characteristics. 
In Burmah, beside idol&tious 




PAGODA AT AVA. 



temples, they have pagodas, 
which are nothing more than 
piles of brick and earth, set up 
in honor of their gods, as we 
erect pillars to commemorate 
events. They are generally 
solid, and cannot he c-r.tered. 
Worship and offerings, <tc., are 
wade before them. The Egyp- 



tian pyiamids are, in my opin- 
ion, genuine pagodas. The tower 
shown in the Encyclopedia of 
Religious Knowledge, I con- 
sider one of the same sort of 
structures. 

The veneration which Roman 
Catholics pay to the Virgin 
Mary, angel*, and.>sainta. or >a* 



ILL 



127 



INC 



B, images, relics, and the host, 
(or bread .of the Lord's supper,) 
is idolatry. This they of course 
deny, and consider tho worship 
paid to God as supreme, and that 
which is paid to saints, &c., as 
subordinate, 

AVhen we consider in how 
many ways we may practise 
inward idolatry, Phil. 3 : ID; 
Col. 3 : 5, we should carefully 
watch and pray against this 
dreadful sin. It is to be feared 
tlui! great multitudes have 
their hearts set on some earthly 
object, who little think them- 
selves idolaters. 

Idnme'a, a district on the 
south margin of Palestine, em- 
bracing a part of Arabia, and 
ing its name from Edom 
(i. e., Esau), who first settled it. 
During the Babylonish captivi- 
ty, the Edomites seem to have 
n a considerable portion 
of Judea. Long before the 
birth of Christ, they had been 
reduced to subjection, and mul- 
titudes of them embraced the 
Hebrew faith. The region, how- 
ever, seems to have retained 
their name in the days of 
Christ, and for some ages after- 
wards. Mark 3 : 18. It was 
the native country of Ilerod. 

Illyr'icuffl is about 480 miles 
in length, and 120 in breadth. 
It has Austria and part of Hun- 
gary on the north, Servia on 
the oast, and the Adriatic Sea 
nd part of Macedonia on the 
south. Here the gospel was 
preached ana a Christian church 
planted by Paul which can be 



traced through eight cenlnriei, 
and to this day not a few nomt 
nal chi *tians reside here. Koin 
15:19. Part of it is now called 
Croatia, and part Sclawnia, of 
Albania, 

Image, any similitude cr like- 
ness. Jesus Christ is said to 
be the " image of God," Heb. 
1 : 3, as he represents God to 
us, and is " in the form of God," 
essentially and not circumstan 
tially; for there can be no form, 
or " express image," of God, but 
what is essentially divine. The 
phrase implies sameness in na- 
ture and distinctness in person 
Man is said to have been made 
in the image of God, Gen 1: 
26, 27, because he resembled 
God in being wise, holy and 
immortal, and in pos**sing 
dominion over the creatures. 
Idols, carved into shapes sup- 
posed to resemble various dei- 
ties, are called images. 2 Kinga 
3 : 2. 

Impute, to put anything t* 
a person's account. The right 
eousness of Christ is imputed tc 
those who believe on him, and 
their sins are imputed to him. 
Rom. 4 : 6 8. 2 Cor. 5 : 19. 

Ilieense, a fragrant gum 
brought from Arabia and the 
East Indies. The form of the 
tree is not precisely known. 
The incense used in tho Jewish 
offerings, at least that which 
was burnt on the altar of in- 
cense, and before the ark, wa? 
a precious mixture of sweet 
spices, stactc, onycha, galba- 
num and purr frankincense, 






INF 



128 



INS 



beaten very small. Ex. 30 : 7, 
J4. None but priests were to 
burn it, nor was any, under 
pain of death, to make any like 
to it. This incense was burnt 
twice a day on the golden altar. 
Where so many victims were 
daily slaughtered and burnt to 
ashes, some such perfume was 
necessary. It seemed also 
beautifully emblematic of 
prayer. Ps. 141 : 2. Rev. 8 : 
3, 4. See FRANKINCENSE. 

Inclianiers, persons who prac- 
tise incantations or charms, 
particularly on serpents. There 
are still such persons in the 
East, whose performances are 
astonishing. Sometimes, when 
a poisonous snake is known to 
have got into a house or ship, 
one of these men 
is sent for, who in- 
duces it to come 
forth, puts it in a 
oag, and carries it 
away. Compare Ps. 58 : 4, 6. 
I have personal knowledge of 
such facts, and other feats of 
these snake-charmers equally 
wonderful. 

Infirmity, in Scripture, means, 
(1.) Sickness, Luke 13 : 12 ; 1 
Tim. 5 : 23 ; (2.) Afflictions, 2 
Cor. 12 : 10 ; (3.) Natural ap- 
petites, such as hunger, thirst, 
sleep, Ac., Matt. 24 : 41 ; (4.) 
Weakness of human nature, 
Gal. 4: 13; Rom. 8: 26. Mere 
infirmities are not sins, except 
BO far as we bring them on our- 
selves. Christians are bound 
to pay a tender regard to the 
Infirmities of others. Rom. 16:1. 



Inkhorn, a email portable 
tase for pens and ink ; which 
is often worn by writers in the 
East, fastened to some conven- 
ient part of the dress JCzek. 
9 : 2, 11. 

Inn, in our Bible, means gen- 
erally a caravansera. Generally 
they are simply places of rest, 
near a fountain, if possible ; 
others have an attendant, who 
merely waits on travellers; and 
others have a family, which 
sells provisions. They are found 
in every part of the East. In 
Turkey they are called Khans; 
in Hindustan, Choultries; in 
Burmah, Zayats. The latter 
are mere sheds, like a market 
house. The former are enclosed 
securely. 




In the stable of such a f ."see, 
the better parts being all occu- 
pied, the Saviour of the world 
was born. Of course where such 
are the inns, the traveller goes 
prepared to keep house wher- 
ever he stops ; having with him 
his bed, cooking utensils, Ac. 

Inscription, or SUPERSCRIP- 
TION, writing on coins, pillars, 
&o. Much of the history of na- 
tions may be learnt from them. 
Matt. 22 : 20. The history of 
Greece, for 1318 years, is in- 
scribed on the Arundel marbles. 
Parts of the .'aw of Moses wer 
inscribed or the altar at Ebal 
Deut. 27 : 8 



ISA 



129 



)SR 



Intercession, the act of com- 

Ing in between two parties, in 

order to plead in behalf of the 

one that has offended. Christ 

<lcs for his church, by 

ing for it before the 

Father, by presenting the merits 

of his sacrifice once offered, and 

btaining answers to petitions 

or prayers made in his name. 

Iron was known very ancient- 
ly. Gen. 4: 22. Moses speaks 
of its hardness, Lev. 26 : 19 ; 
."if the iron mines, Deut. 8:9; 
of the furnace in which it was 
made, Deut. 4 : 20 ; and that 
the bedstead of Og, king of 
Bashan, was of this metal, Deut. 
3: 11. 

Isaiah, a prophet of Israel, 
uho wrote the inspired book of 
chat name His language is 
remarkable for elegance and 
sublimity , and his wondrous 
prophecies are yet being ex- 
pounded by events. He seems 
to have been favored with an 
entire view of the gospel dispen- 
sation, from the birth and suffer- 
ings of Christ to the day when 
all shall know God. He is 
thought to have died about 
seventy years before Jeremiah 
prophesied. 

THE BOOK of Isaiab, though 
placed first, because of its size 
and importance, is the J\fth in 
order of time. See the table 
given under the word PROPHETS. 
Passages from Isaiah are quoted 
by Zephaniah, Ezckiel, and 
Habakkuk, as well as by the 
New Testament writers. He 
has beej called the evangelical 



prophet, from the great number 
aud minuteness of his predic- 
tions concerning the advent, 
character, preaching, labors, 
sufferings, and death of OUT 
Lord. The style is greatly ad 
mired by linguists, as uniting 
elegance to sublimity, force to 
ornament, and energy to co- 
piousness. 

Islli, a husband. It is said, 
Hos. 2 : 16, that Israel should 
no more call God Baali," Lord, 
or rigid Master, but " Ishi," 
husband, a kind and gentle 
ruler. 

Israel) the common name of 
the Hebrew people and country. 
The name means " Prince with 
God," and was given to Jacob 
after his prevalent prayer at 
Peniel. 

Under Rehoboam, successor 
to Solomon, a fatal schism tooV 
place between the tribes of Ju- 
dah and Benjamin, and the rest 
of the nation. 1 Kings 12. The 
land was then divided into Ju~ 
dak, of which Jerusalem contin- 
ued the metropolis ; and Israel^ 
of which Samaria was the royal 
residence. This division occa 
sioned many dreadful civil wars, 
and separated the ten tribes 
from the true religion. At 
length, after having existed 
about 250 years, Israel was en- 
tirely destroyed, 1 Kings 17 : 
6, &G. ; and the whole country 
was then called .JroAH, or Ju- 
dea. About 130 years after the 
overthrow of the ten tribes, 
Judah was laid waste by Nebu- 
chadnezzar, and the people *r 




JAG 



180 



JAM 



ried captive to Babylon, where 
they continued seventy years. 2 
Kings, 25 : 9 ; Jer. 39 : 2, and 
24 : 11, 12. Under Darius and 
Cyrus many of the Jews re- 
turned, and the temple was re- 
built a little more than 500 years 
B. c. See CAMAAN, and HE- 
BBKWS. 

Issue, a sending out, an effect 
or result arising from some 
cause. It is applied to children, 
who, from the relation which 
they bear to their parents, are 
called issue or offspring. 

Itnre'a, a region in the north- 
east of Palestine, thought to 
have derived its name from 
Jetur, a son of Ishmael. Hau- 
ren was one of its cities, whence 
the province was called Hau- 
ranitis by the ancients. Philip 
wai its tetrarch in the days 



of Christ. Luke 3 : 1. Tht 

modern name is Hovran. 

Ivory is the tusks of elephants, 
resembling horns. Ezek. 27 . 
15. Some tusks are from 90 to 
125 pounds weight. In Russia, 
and other places of Europe, t 
kind of ivory is found buried in 
the ground; and at Petersburgh 
is such a tusk of 180 poundi 
weight. In this country also are 
found the fossil bones, teeth, and 
tusks of the extinct mammoth 
and mastodon. Some of these 
bones and teeth are in a perfect 
state of preservation ; but the 
tusks soon fall to pieces when 
exposed to the air. Ivory was 
anciently very plentiful in Ca- 
naan ; wardrobes were cased 
with it, to prevent the damage 
of moths. Ps. 45: 8. Solomon 
had a throne of it. 1 Ki. 10 : 18 



J. 



JaVbok, a brook rising in the 
mountains of Gilead, and enter- 
ing the Jordan just after it 
leaves Lake Gennesareth Deut. 
2: 37. 

Jacinth, the same M Ayacmtfc; 
a precious stone of a yellowish 
color, brought generally from 
Ceylon. 

Ja'cob, the second son c" 
Isaac, and founder of the Jewish 
nation, was born A. M. 2167. 
He removed to Egypt with his 
family at the request cf Joseph, 



and died after having dwelt in 
Goshen seventeen years. 

Jah, a Hebrew contraction for 
Jehovah. Ps. 68 : 4. 

Jahaz, a city of Moab, called 
also JAHAZAH. Josh. 13 : 18. 
It is called by Ptolemy Ziza. 

James the Great, or Elder, 
and JOHN the evangelist, sons of 
Zebedee and Salome, were orig- 
inally fishermen of Galilee 
Matt. 4 : 21. They are called 
Boanerges , or " the soi s of than- 
der." Mark 3: 17; Luke 



JAM 



131 



J AV 



54. After our Saviour's resur- 
rection, they for awhile return- 
ed to their business of fishing. 
John 21: 2, 3. ^ bout A. D. 44, 
James was murdered by Herod. 
Acts 12 : 2. He is now the pre- 
tended patron saint of Spain. 

2. JAMES the Less, called the 
brother of our Lord, was the 
on of Cleophas, by Mary, the 
ister of the blessed Virgin. 
He was called the less, probably, 
because smaller or younger than 
the former. For the admirable 
holiness of his life, he was sur- 
named the Just. Our Saviour 
appeared to him by himself, 
after his resurrection. 1 Cor. 
15: 7. About three years after 
Paul's conversion, he was at 
Jerusalem, and was considered 
as a main prop of the church 
there. Gal. 1 : 19. He was 
put to death by order of Annas, 
the hig> priest. Festus being 
dead, and his successor Albinus 
not having arrived, the oppor- 
tunity was seized to gratify 
their animosity against the 
Christians. 

The Epistle of this apostle is 
called general, because not ad- 
dressed to any particular church. 
It is one of the most pathetic 
and instructive in the Kow 
Testament ; and contains an 
admirable summary of those 
practical duties which are in- 
cumbent on all believers. In 
the fifth chapter there is an 
allusion to the then impending 
destruction of Jerusalem, and 
the miseries of the Jews. 



Jannes and Jambres, tu 

trading magicians of the com- 
pany who counterfeited the 
miracles of Moses before Pha 
raoh. 2 Tim. 3 : 8. 

Ja'pheth, Noah's eldest son 
born A. M. 1556. He was pro- 
phetically blessed by his dying 
father. His posterity settled 
all Europe, the north of Asia, 
and probably America. The 
latter continent is now, at least, 
inhabited by his descendants. 
They have also, by conquest 
and otherwise, become possessed 
of Southern Asia, Syria, Pales- 
tine, <fcc., according to the pre- 
diction of Noah, Gen. 9 : 27. 

Jash'er. The book of Jasher 
was probably a public register 
in which memorable events were 
written by a scribe of this name. 
Josh. 10 : 13. That it was the 
practice of the Jews to keep 
such a register, appears fruin 
various passages. 1 Kings 11 : 
41 ; 2 Chron. 12 : 15, and 20 : 
34, <fec. These archives were 
laid up in the temple, and Jo- 
sephus sometimes refers to them 
for the truth of his narrative. 

Jasper, a precious stone of 
various colors, white, red, 
brown and bluish green. It is 
somewhat like the finer marble, 
or the half-transj arent gems. 
It strikes fire with steel ; but 
makes no effervescence in aqua- 
fortis. It is found in the Indies, 
in Persia, Syria, Armenia, Bo- 
hemia, <fcc. 

Javelin, a short spear, to be 






JEP 



132 



JER 



thrown at an enemy by the hand. 
1 Sam. 18 : 11. 




It is a weapon of small value 
in war, but has been more or 
!ese in se in all ages. 

Jchosh'aphat, one of the best 
of tli e kings of Judah, ascended 
the throne A. M. 3090, and 
reigned twenty-five years. His 
regard for the spiritual interests 
of his people was shown in his 
sending missionaries into all 
parts of his kingdom. 2 Chron. 
17 : 9. 

The valley of Jehoshaphat 
lay between Jerusalem and the 
Mount of Olives. Joel 3 : 2, 12. 

Jeho'vah, the name of God, 
often rendered LORD in our Bi- 
bles, and printed in capitals to 
distinguish it from Lord, signi- 
fying a governor. The pagan 
name Jove and the name Jevo of 
the Moors aeem derived from 
the true name of God. 

Jeplitliah, the tenth ju<*.ge of 
Israel, who, in conscience of 
a wicked vow, sacrificed his 
daughter. Judges 11. Some 
learned men, by altering one 
of the original words, infer that 
be only consigned her to celiba- 
cy. But this seems to be a 
rerj forced interpretation. In 



bi day Troy was burnt by tht 
Greeks, about A. it. 2800. 

Jeremiah, a priest of the 
tribe of Benjamin, wno, when 
very young, became a propht. 
He lived about seventy years af- 
ter Isaiah; began to prophecy in 
the thirteenth year of the reign 
of Josiah ; and discharged his 
office for at least forty-two 
years. He was always very 
unpopular with the Jews, though 
a man of the loftiest piety and 
patriotism. By the Jewish tra- 
dition, his fidelity at length cost 
him his life, and he was stoned 
to death by the people. 

THE BOOK of Jeremiah con- 
tains a great mass of predic- 
tions, chiefly concerning the 
Jews, delivered at different pe- 
riods of his life. Some of them 
relate to the Messiah ; as chap- 
ter 23 : 6, 6. The last chapter 
was probably added by Ezra. 

Jericho, a city of the Jenja- 
mites, nineteen miles east from 
Jerusalem. Josh. 16 : 1, 7 
The curse pronounced (Josh 
6 : 26) upon the man who 
should rebuild this city, after 
its destruction by Joshua, was 
literally fulfilled in the days of 
Ahab, 537 years after this, 
upon Kiel. 1 Kings 16 : 34. 
After its restoration it flour- 
ished, and became in importance 
second only to Jerusalem. 
There seems to have been, how 
ever, during this interval, 
another Jericho, where I>^id*a 
insulted ambassadors rear .tned 
till their beards were grown. 
The road to Jericho WM through 






JER 



133 



JER 



ft rocky desert, infested with 
robbers. Luke 10 : 30. It is 
to this day the most dangerous 
road in Palestine. Henniker, 
an English traveller, was in 
this very place robbed and 
wounded in 1820. The plain 
on which it stood was extremely 
fertile, noted for palm-trees, 
and for the best of balm. The 
general depression of the coun- 
try has sunk noble Jericho into 
a mere mud-built village. Its 
present name is Erika, or 
Itika. 

Jcrobo'am, one of the most 
wicked rulers that ever lived. 
He was a distinguished man 
under Solomon, and was chosen 
head of the ten tribes which 
revolted after Solomon's death, 



place. 1 Chr. 11 : 4, 5, 7. It 
is surrounded with a strong 
wwll 40 or 50 feet high. Its 
general form is nearly a hepta- 
gon, or figure with seven sidei. 
The circumference is nearlj 
throe miles. 

It was a city often plundered, 
and several times burnt. 1 
Kings 14 : 1G. After Nebu 
ohadnezzar destroyed it (2 Chi 
36), it lay in ruins 130 years, 
when it was rebuilt by Nehe- 
iniah. Many years afterward 
it was again destroyed by Ptolc- 
my. Afterwards it suffered a 
similar fate from Antioclius 
Kpiphanes, who killed 40,000 
of the inhabitants, and sold for 
slaves as many more. It was 



rebuilt by Judas Maccabeus, 

A. M. 302U. lie reigned in hor- and was somewhat flourishing 
rible wickedness 22 years 1 in the time of our Saviour. 



11, 12, 15. 

JKUOBOAM II., the 13th king 
11 f Israel, succeeded his father, 
Joash, A. M. 3179, and reigned 
rael 41 years. He was 
a very wicked prince, but raised 
jis kingdom to great outward 
prosperity. 2 Kings 14, 15. 

Jerub'baal, the same as 
GIDKON. 

Jerusalem, the capital of 



About A. D. 70, after a dreadful 
siege of two years, during 
which the inhabitants suffered 
so much from famine as to eat, in 
some instances, the dead bodies 
of their friends, it was taken 
by Titus, son of Vespasian ; and 
our Saviour's prediction, that it 
should become a heap of ruins, 
was fully verified. It gradually 
became settled again, but in 



Judea, first called Salem, where I A. D. 134, the emperor Adrian 
Melchisedek was king, Gen. 14: banished all the Jews, prohibit- 
18, who, as some suppose, built ing their return on pain of 
it. It stands 42 miles east of death. The temple was demol- 
the Mediterranean. The name 
signifies the Vision of Peace. 
It was called Jehus by the Jebu- 



ished and the site ploughed up. 
Christians were not embraced in 
this edict, and remained in great 
numbers. lie also changed the 



lites, who possessed it, and held 
the castle of Sion, till David name of the city to ^Elia, which 
dislodged them, and took the it retained, almost exclusively. 
12 



1*4 




JEB 



186 



JEB 



till tbo time of Constantino, 
when its original name was re- 
stored. In A. D. G14, tho r<r- 
sians captured it, and 90,000 
Christians were slain. In G37, 
the Saracens seized it, and kept 
it till 1079, when the Seljukian 
Turks became its masters. Soon 
afterwards the Crusades were 
begun, and continued, from time 
to time, for a century, when the 
Ottoman Turks became its pos- 
wssors ; and they remain so to 
this day. 

Its present population is by 
some computed at 20,000, but 
by Mr. Jowett at about 12,000 ; 
one fourth of which are Jews ; 
but there has been no regular 
census for many ages. The 
Greek Christians are estimated 
at 2000, and the Roman Cath- 
olics at 1500. There are also 
Armenian, Coptic, Syrian, and 
Abyssinian Christians residing 
here. The city is without trade, 
and consequently exceedingly 
poor. The Latins subsist chiefly 
on remittances from Catholic 
countries ; the Greeks and Ar- 
menians by the contributions 
cf the pilgrims, and the Jews 
on collections made all over 
Europe, and brought by pil- 
grims. A late writer, speaking 
of thei wretched poverty, says, 
" their houses are as dung- 
hills," 

The Christian and Jewish 
pilgrims which annually resort 
here, amount to several thou- 
sands. To tiiese the places 
where the events of our Sa- 
viour's life and death occurred, 



are shown with ridiculou* mi- 
nuteness ; i* -aany oases they 
are unworthy of confidence. On 
the site of the temple is a mag- 
nificent mosque. Protestant 
;iries have of late years 
made known on this sacred spot 
the glorious grace of our Lord 
Jesus Christ. No less than eight 
of these labored there in on* 
year during Mr. Jowett's visit. 
The obstacles to success, how- 
ever, are peculiarly gr 

JesnSj the name given to the 
Messiah by his parents, at the 
command of tho angel, Matt. 
1:21; the word means Saviour. 
His divinity appears from the 
titles of Deity being applied to 
him, Rom. 9:5; Rev. 1 : 11; 
from tho unqualified ascription 
to him of the attributes of Deity, 
as eternity, Rev. 22 : 13 ; omnis- 
cience, Rev. 2 : 23 ; omnipotence, 
Phil. 3 : 21 ; omnipresence, Matt. 
18 : 20. He is declared to be 
the Creator, John 1 : 12 ; the 
Preserver, Col. 1 : 16, 17 ; the 
true God, 1 John 5 : 20, 21 ; to 
have the power of forgiving 
sins, Matt. 9 : 26 ; Col. 3 : 13, 
&c. ; to have power to raise the 
dead, John 5 : 21, 25 ; to be the 
Judge of quick and dead, 2 Cor 
5 : 10 ; Roin. 14 : 10. He was 
often uwrshipptd, and did not 
forbid it ; and euch worship is 
declared proper, Phil. 2 : 10, 
11 ; Heb. 1 : 6. See also Numb 
21 : 5, 6 ; Ps. 78 : 56 ; John 
20 : 28 ; Luke 24 : 51 ; Mark 4; 
39 ; Col. 2 : 10, <fco. Two years 
after tho birth of Christ, the 
famous Seneca was born. Th 






JOE 



36 



JOH 



land of the Jews had then been 
a Koinan province but about 
60 years. 

Jews. See HEBREWS. 
Joasll, king of Judah, began 
to reign about B. c. 874, and 
reigned 40 years. In his days 
LYCUUGUS flourished. 

Joasll, king of Israel, as- 
cended the throne about B. c. 
835, and reigned 16 years. 

Job lived about 1500 years 
B. c., and his trial seems to 
have occurred about 29 years 
before the Israelites caine up 
out of Egypt ; and perhaps 
much earlier. Bales makes it 
184 years before the birth of 
Abraham. Calmet and others 
make Uz, his country, to have 
been Arabia Deserta ; but 
Lowth, Magee, Home, Ac., 
prove it to have been Idumea. 

THE BOOK of Job is agreed to 
be the most ancient now in ex- 
istence. It is a historical poem, 
lofty, magnificent, diversified, 
and touching. Though Job is 
here proved to have been a pat- 
torn of patience, probity, and 
devotion, yet all his express- 
ions cannot be justified. His 
friends cherished unfounded 
suspicions of his guilt, but their 
speeches are weighty and pious. 
It was probably written by Job 
himself, copi4 improved and 
circulated by JKaaes. The com- 
mon division, into chapters and 
Verses, has very much tended to 
eonfuse and obscure this book. 
Joel, a Hebrew prophet, of 
whose history nothing is now 
tartainly known Most modern 



commentators believe him to 
have been cotemporary with 
Amos and Hose a. 

THE BOOK is highly poetical, 
and is greatly admired by critics 
for its elegance and sublimity. 
It predicts the overthrow of the 
Jewish polity, and the copious 
blessings of gospel times. 

John THE BAPTIST, the hw- 
binger of Christ. He remained 
obscure till the age of 30, when 
he began to preach, and bap- 
tized thousands who confessed 
their sins. He was put to deati. 
by Herod Antipas. 

John, brother of James, was 
of a very mild and affectionate 
disposition, but bold in preach- 
ing. See JAMES. John was 
the Saviour's beloved disciple, 
younger than the rest, and 
younger than Christ himself. 
After suffering much for bis 
religion, under the emperor 
Domitian, he was baniendd, 
A. D. 95, to Patmos, wLer<s he 
wrote the Revelation. When 
Nerva became emperor, lie was 
recalled, and lived to write his 
Gospel and three Epistles. He 
died at Ephesus, at about the 
age of 100 years, and in the 
third year of Trajan. Before 
his death, the rarious heresies 
of the Ebionites, Corinthians, 
Docetae, Gnostics, Nicolaitans, 
<fcc , had been broached. 

THE BOOK of John's Gospel 
was not written, as some sup- 
pose, to supply omissions in the 
other three evangelists ; but ai 
they had written chiefly of hii 
life and actions, John wrot* 



JON 



'87 



JOB 



ehielly of .his person and 0//L, 
and in refutation of errors which 
oad sprung up, some of which 
are named above. 

The Epistles of John, so called, 
eeeui not to bo strictly epistles. 
Thoy are not lireetcd to any 
particular persons or church ; 
but seem to be tracts, or trea- 
tises, written for genera] use, 
and have neither a salutation at 
; inning, nor benediction 
at the end. They teach the 
Deity of Christ, his atonement, 
salvation by grace, the neces- 
sity of good works, &o. 

John, sumawed MARK, the 
companion of Paul and Bar- 
nabas, Acts 12 : 12, who wrote 
the second Gospel. 

John, a member of the San- 
hedrim, and relation of the 
high priest. Acts 4 : 0. 

Jonah lived earlier than any 
of the minor prophets, probably 
in the reign of Jehu. From his 
history the Greeks seem to have 
derived their story of Hercules 
having been three days without 
injury in the belly of a dog, 
sent against him by Neptune. 
The fable of Arion and the dol- 
phin has probably the same 
origin. 

THE BOOK of this prophet is 
designed to show, as in the case 
of Nineveh, the long-suffering 
of God, and his alacrity to show 
mercy. Some critics have re- 
garded this book as a parable ; 
but from 2 Kings 14 : 25, Matt. 
12: 29, and 16 : 4, Luke 16 : 4, 
and 11 . 29, <tc., it seems cer- 
tain that it is a true narrative, 
12* 



and that Jonah was & rerj emi- 
nent personage. 

Joppa, a seaport of Pales- 
tine, of very ancient date, 
though possessing an inferici 
harbor. Its name is thought to 
have been derived from Japhtt t 
son of Noah, who founded it. 
It is now nothing more than a 
ruinous village of fishermen, 
called by the natives Jaffa. 

Jordan, a river which rises in 
Mount Lebanon, about twelve 
miles north of Ctesarea-Philippi. 
About twelve miles more to the 
south, it receives a considera- 
ble branch, which, under ground, 
proceeds from the Lake Phiala. 
About fifteen miles furthez 
south, it forms the waters of 
Merom, or lake of Samechon 
(both names signifying the high- 
er lake), which is nearly four 
miles broad, and seven and a 
half long. Twenty-eight miles 
farther south, it forms the Lake 
of Gennesareth, which is six- 
teen miles in length, and five in 
breadth. Thence it runs south- 
ward through a long desert val- 
ley, whose air is unwholesome, 
till it loses itself in the Dead 
Sea. Its whole course is about 
160 miles. It overflows itt 
banks in March or April, by th 
melting of the snow on Lebanon 
and Hermon. Before it enters 
the Dead Sea, its ordinwy 
breadth, according to Shai*., la 
thirty yards, and twenty-five 
according to Thomson. The 
ordinary depth is about twelve 
feet ; but ^his was greatly in- 
creased at certain seasons- The 



JOS 



188 



J08 



fnrrent is ve:y rapid. It has I was swelled. The banks of 
an outer bank, about a furlong | great part of it are covered with 



distant from the other ; such, it 
eeu-s, was its width when it 



thickets, in which lions were 
wont to lodjre. When driven 




RIVER JORDAN. 



thence by the overflowing of 
th river, they wandered about, 
and were dangerous to such as 
dwelt near. Jer. 49 : 19. Al- 
most all the streams in Pales- 
tine but this become dry in the 
midst of summer.. Its waters 
are remarked for being pecu- 
liarly sweet and wholesome. 
There were lordable places dur- 
ing the drj -eai^n. Judges 3 : 
28 ; and several ferries, 2 Sam. 
19 : 18. The deep stream of 
Jcrdan was divided under 
Joshua, and by Elijah and Eli- 
sha. In it John baptized mul- 
titudes, and among them our 
Saviour. Josh. 3. 2 Kings 2. 
Matt. 3 Mark 1. 

Joshua, the succes" ir to Mo- 
ws M leader of Israel He was 



born A. M. 2460, and died about 
seventeen years after Moses. 
Seven years of his government 
he was engaged in the conquest 
of Canaan, and during the re- 
mainder he enjoyed it in peace- 
ful possession. He was the 
writer of the first of the histori- 
cal books of the Old Testament, 
as they are called, which in 
elude all the succeeding books 
as far as Esther. Though the 
writings of Moses (called the 
Pentateuch, because in five 
books) are, in a large degree, 
historical, yet, because they con- 
tain the law which God gave on 
Sinai, they are together called 
The Law. John 1 : 17. Ilia 
expulsion of the Canaanites ii 
abundantly corroborated by pro- 



.TOY 



139 



JUB 



fane history. Among the many 
evidences from hence, we may 
mention the pillar which Pro- 
copius saw in the time of Jus- 
tinian, near to where Tangier, 
in Africa, now stands, on which 
were inscriptions to this effect 

'* WE ARE FUGITIVES FROM THE 

rACE OF JOSHUA, THE ROBBER, 
THJ- SON OF NUN.'* The pagan 
fable of Phaeton driving the 
chariot of the sun for one day, 
is thought to have arisen from 
its standing still at the word of 
Joshua. 

THE BOOK OF JOSHUA com- 
prises the history of about 
twenty years, and form? a con- 
tinuation and completion to the 
Pentateuch. It describes the con- 
quest of Canaan ; its partition 
among the tribes; and the death 
and burial of Joshua. By some 
authors Phineas is considered as 
the writer of this book ; by 
others Eleazar ; by others Jere- 
r*uah ; by others Samuel. Prob- 
ibly a great part of it was writ- 
jen by Joshua himself. 

Jot, a point ; the least assign - 
ble quantity. The allusion is 
to the Hebrew letter Jod, which 
is scarcely more than a point. 
Matt. 5 : 18. 

Jotham, a king of Judah, 
wtoeessor to Uzziah. He reigned 
sixteen years, during the latter 
part of which Rome was founded 

Journey, a passage from place 
to place. A * Sabbath-day's 
Journey *' was about a mile ; a 
common day's journey w*< About 
twenty miles. Acts 1:11 

Jo J'j an agreeable affection of 



the soul, arising from the hop* 
r possession of some benefit. 
Religious joy is the delight and 
satisfaction of the soul in ita 
union with God in Chi 1st, as the 
greatest and highest good. 

Jubilee* An extraordinary 
'estival held every seventh sab 
aatical year. It commenced oft 
the day of atonement, and was 
like the sabbatical year, but 
more important. All debts were 
cancelled, and even those slaves 
who had voluntarily relinquished 
their freedom at the end of 
six years' service were liberated. 
The whole stace of society was 
now, in some degree, reorgan- 
ized, by universal resolution ; 
no family couH, therefore, be 
doomed to perpetual poverty. 
The value of estates, of course, 
diminished in proportion to the 
nearness of the jubilee. Houses 
in walled towns, except those 
which belonged to the Levites, 
did not revert to their original 
owners in the jubilee. Lef . 25 : 
29, 30. 

The laws concerning the sab- 
batical year and the jubilee 
afford a decisive proof of the 
divine mission of Moses ; for 
what lawgiver in his sense! 
would have enacted a statute 
which required a special inter- 
position of Heaven to facilitate 
its execution 1 The jubilee 
tended to preserve the distinc- 
tion of tribes, by rendering it 
necessary for families to pre- 
serve their genealogies. Thus 
was the family of the Messiah 
certainly known. Dr. Hales, 






JDD 



140 



JUD 



the chrorrologist, makes one cf 
the years of our Saviour's mln- 
*8try to have been the jubilee, 
which gave the people great 
opportunity for attending to his 
Instructions. Luke 4 : 18, 19. 

Jndas, called Iscariot, prob- 
ably from Ish-cariotta, " the man 
who has the bag." There is no 
reason to suppose his appearance 
of piety was ever, to human 
eye, less than that of the other 
disciples. After his dreadful 
apostasy, he hung himself in de- 
spair ; but the cord or the limb 
of the tree breaking, he fell, 
burst open, and died miserably. 

Jttdas or Jade, 'the same as 
THADDEUS and LEBBEUS, brother 
of James the Less. Matt. 10 : 
3. He was one of the twelve 
apostles, but he is mentioned 
very seldom in the gospels. It is 
said that he preached chiefly in 
Arabia and Persia. 

The Epistle which bears his 
name is intended chiefly to 
guard believers against false 
teachers. These were teaching 
doctrines which cancelled all 
obligations to holiness, and 
authorized the grossest licen- 
tiousness. Thu* aarly was the 
blessed gospel i Jhrist abused 
and perverted by ungodly min- 
isters ! 

Jndea, or JEWRY, a name now 
applied to the whole of Canaan, 
which was never so called till 
after the captivity. Sometimes 
the whole land of Canaan seems 
in the New Testament to have 
been called Judea, Gal 1 : 22 ; 
tut more properly it was divided 



into Galilee, Samtna, and Judt*. 
Judea, thus taken, contained the 
original portions of the tribes 
of Judah, Benjamin, Dan, and 
Simeon. It consisted of three 
parts : the plain country on the 
west ,* the hill country south- 
ward of Jerusalem ; and the 
south, toward the borders of th 
land of Edoin. Matt. 3 : 1 
Acts 2 : 9. See CANAAN. 

The truth of Bible history ii 
supported by all history, and 
by all known medals and coins 
of ancient date, of which many 
are still in existence. 

The conquest of Judea ia 
commemorated by a coin, which 
bears on one side the head of 
the Emperor Vespasian, and on 
the other Judea in sorrow, sit- 
ting on the ground with her 
armor hung up. Compare Isa. 
3 : 26, and 47 : 1. 

Judges. 1. Officers of law 
and justice. The Jews had 
three courts. (1.) A court of 
three or seven petty judges, who 
decided small cases. (2.) A 
court of twenty-three, whose 
power in some cases extended 
to life and death. (3.) The 
great Sanhedrim, which deter- 
mined the highest cases, and 
was the last appeal. It con- 
sisted of seventy judges, of 
which the high priest was presi- 
dent. Each court had cogni- 
zance of both civil and eccle' 
siastical cases. 

2. Extraordinary r~en, raised 
up by Jehovah, to deliver Israel 
from oppression, before they 
had * king. When the nation 



JUD 



141 



JUD 



tinned, it was punished by an- 
archy, inviisimi, or conquest ; 
but when it had been duly hum- 
oled, a deliverer was found. 

The following is a list of the 
judges in their order, with the 
length of theii administration, 
and the times of the intervening 
oppressions. 

fears. 



Ottm\e\ Judged Tsrafl, . . 
<aion of Mo,tb, . . 
Ehud 


40 
18 
80 


O)>i>r(sslon o] Fhilistia. . 




Oi'in-esaion of Canaan, . 
Jelwrah and Barak, . . . 
,Mon of Midian, . 
Gideon . . 


20 
40 
7 
40 


Abimclech . . . 


3 


Tola . . 


23 




22 


Oppression o/ Ammon, . . 
Jephthah . . 


18 
6 




. 7 




. 10 


Abdon. 


8 



Oppression of PhUistia, 
Samson's last 10, . . 

Ell. ........ 

Oppression of PkUistia,. 

Samuel, ....... 



40 

. 40 
. 20 
. 12 

~456 



The apostle Paul says that 
'he period during which Israel 
was governed by judges was 
" about 450 years." Acts 13 : 
20. 

THE BOOK OF JUDGES forms an 
important part in the history of 
Israel ; and, independently of 
the ample proofs of its authen- 
ticity found in its style, and in 
Us being qi .ted by both Old and 
New Testament writers, the 
transactions it records are con- 
firmed by traditions current 
among the heathen. Thus we I 
find the memorial of Gideon's 
transactions preserved by San- 
choniatho. The Vulpinaria, or 
least of the foxes, celebrated >y 



the Romans in the montn of 
April (the time of the Jewish 
), in which they let loose 
foxes ;o whose tails were fas- 
tened hurning torches, was de- 
rived from the story of Samson. 
In the history of Samson and 
Delilah we find the original of 
Nisus and his daughters, who 
cut otf those fatal hairs upon 
which victory depended Dr. 
A. Clarke has fully shown that 
Samson is the original and es- 
sential Hercules of pagan my- 
thology. 

The book seems to have been 
written by Samuel, and before 
the capture of Jerusalem by 
David. Compare Jud. 1 : 21, 
with 2 Sam. 5:6. It comprises 
a period of about 300 years, 
and furnishes a lively descrip- 
tion of the political advantages 
of true religion, and the civil 
disasters which result from im- 
piety. It displays, also, the 
mercy of Qoct, and his steady 
justice in prospering the people 
when they walked uprightly, 
and giving them over to distress 
when they corrupted themselves 

Judgment, that faculty of the 
soul by which it perceives the 
relation between two or more 
ideas, and discerns right from 
wrong ; the solemn action and 
trial at the great and last day, 
Eccl. 12 : 14 ; Jud. 6 ; the sen- 
tence or decision of a judge, 1 
Kings 3 : 28 ; the remarkable 
punishments of God, Prov. 19 : 
29; afflictions and eh Hrtisements 
for trial and profitaM* instruc- 
tions, 1 Pet. 4 : 17 sentiment 






KAD 



142 



KAD 



or opinion, 1 Cor. 1 : 10 ; ad- 
rice, 1 Cor. 7 : 25 ; the gospel 
or kingdom of grace, Matt. 12 : 
20 ; the skill, knowledge or 
understanding which a person 
has attained in any art, science 
or business ; a court of justice 
existing among the Jews in the 
time of our Saviour, which had 
cognizance of petty causes only, 
and to which there is an allusion 
Matt. 5 : 22. 

Juniper, an evergreen, not 
j alike the cedar, and sometimes 
called by that name. Whether 
this was the exact tree meant by 
the Hebrew word ROTHEM, is 
very uncertain. It occurs only 
1 Kings 19 : 4, 6 ; Job 30 : 4, 
and Ps. 120 : 4 

Jupiter, the principal deity 
of the ancient heathens. Per- 
haps the name is derived from 
/a, or Jen, t*h> andpofer, father. 
There were many Jupiters. 
Three were principally famous 
. the son of Either, the son of 
Coelus, and, chiefly, the son of 
Saturn. Historians discover 
that he was son to a king of 
Crete, who lived about the time 
of Moses, and was one of the 
most wicked wretches that ever 
breathed, though his port and 
bearing is always described as 



dignified and commanding Th 
heathens, however, whose the- 
ology was chiefly derived from 
the fictions of their poets, be- 
lieved that he had the govern- 
ment of heaven and earth ; and 
that under him Neptune ruled 
the sea, and Pluto was king of 
hell. The noble demeanor of 
Barnabas, and his miracles, 
made the citizens of Lystra im- 
agine him to be Jupiter. Acts 
14: 11. 

Justify, to clear a person 
from the charge of guilt ; to 
make his innocence appear ; to 
acquit a sinner from the guilt 
or punishment of sin, by pardon, 
through the imputation of 
Christ's righteousness. Rom. 
3 : 28, and 5 : 9. The word 
never signifies to render holy 
This is done by sanctification, 
which is righteousness imparted 
by the Holy Ghost, and acquired 
by the believer. Justification 
is by righteousness imputed 
Man cannot be justified legally, 
Rom 3: 20; Gal. 2 : 16 ; but 
evangelically, Rom. 5:1; and 
this is said to be by grace free- 
ly, Rom. 3 : 24 ; Tit. 3 : 7 ; by 
faith, Gal. 3:8; by Christ, 
2 : 16 ; by his blood, Rom. 5 



K. 

Kab. See CAB. I Canaan, about 24 miles south 

Ka'desh, KEDESH, or KA'DESH- I from Hebron } and on the edg 

BAB'VKA, ft place OR the south of J of the wildernei s of Par*n 



KIN 



143 



KIN 



Namb. 7 : 16. ft was anciently 
called ENMICHPAT, or Well of 
Judgment, because there the 
Caiiaanitea had judged their 
people near to a well. Gen. 
14 : 7. Some authors suppose 
it was the same as RITHMAH. 
Numb. 33 : 18. 

kiid uioiiites, a tribe of Ca- 
naanites, east of Jordan, near 
Mount Hermon. Gen. 15 : 19. 
Cadmus, the famous inventor of 
the Greek alphabet, is thought 
to have emigrated from this 
country. 

Kedar, (black,) a son of Ish- 
mael, and father of the Keda- 
renes, who resided about the 
south parts of Arabia the Desert, 
ordinarily in tents, but some- 
times in villages, and whose 
wealth chiefly consisted in flocks 
and herds. Song 1 : 5. Isa. 
42: 11 ; and 21 : 16, 17. 

Kedrofe See CEDROX. 

Keu'ltes, a tribe of Arabians, 
whose border extended west of 
the Dead Sea. 1 Sam. 15 : 6. 

fiiing) the sovereign of a na- 
tion. His power, in some coun- 
tries, is limited by law, and a 
senate or parliament. In others 
it is absolute. The kings men- 
tioned in early Scripture were 
very petty princes, whose power 
often extended no further than 
a single cify. The Lord himself 
was UraePs king, until they 
became discontented, and Said 
was given to be their ruler. 

The following is a table of the 
kings of v he Hebrews, both 
fove and after their division 



into the goverrments of Judab 

and 



Saul reigned 40 years. 

; , " 
.11 " 40 
Noam " 1 

Kings of Judah 

Rehoboam reigned 17 years. 

,.im 7 ' * 

Asa " 41 " 

haphat " 27 " 

Jclioram " 8 ' 
Aha/iah 

Athaliah " 6 " 

b " 40 " 

Amaziah " 29 ' 

U/./iah " 52 " 

Jotham " 16 " 

Alia/ " 16 " 

ll<v.rkiah " 29 " 

Manasseh " 55 " 

Aiiimou " 2 " 

Joslah " 31 " 

Jehoiakim " 11 " 

Ji'hoiakiu " 3 months 

Zedekiah " 11 years. 

Kings of brad. 

Jeroboam reigned 22 years. 

Nadab " 2 " 

Uaaslia " 24 " 

Klah 2 u 

Ziinrl - 7 days. 

Oiurl " 6 yers. 

Ahab " 12 " 

Ahaziah " 1 " 

Joram " 12 " 

Jehu " 38 " 

Ji-hoahaz " 17 '' 

Jolioash " 41 *' 

Jeroboam II. " 41 ' 
ZecbarUkh " 6 montlis. 
Shallum " 1 " 

Menahlm " 10 years. 
P.-kaiah " 2 - 

Pekah " 20 " 

Ilosea carried captive. 

Kingdom. (1.) The territorial 
of a king ; (2.) Royal power 
and dominion. Where the woid 
occurs in the New Testamentj 
it is generally synonymous with 
reign. Matt. 3 : 2, 5, 19, 20 , 
13 : 47, Ac. 

Kings, the title of two books 
of Scripture, thought to have 
been digested into their present 
form by Ezra, or more probably 
Jeremiah, from records and writ- 
ings by the various 



KT8 



144 



KNE 



voribci, and prophets, mentioned 
In them. The FIRST book em- 
braces a period of 126 years, 
from the Anointing of Solomon 
to the d^ath of Jehoshaphat. 
The SECOND book continues the 
history to the destruction of 
Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, 
a period of 300 years longer ; 
during which flourished Elijah, 
Elisha, Jonah, Joel, Amos, 
Hosea, Isaiah, Micah, Nahum, 
Jeremiah, Habakkuk, Daniel 
and Ezekiel. 

Kir. (1.) A city of Moab, Isa. 
15 : 1, called also KIR-HARESETH, 
and KIR-HARETH, Isa. 16 : 7, 
U, and KIR-HERES, Jer. 48 : 
31. (2.) A city of Assyria. 
Amos 1:5. 2 Kings 16 : 9. 
Thought by Maj. Rennel to be 
in the country now called Kir- 
distan, or Kourdistan. (3.) A 
city of Media. Isa. 22:6. 

Kir'jath-je'arim, or KJRJATH- 
BAAL, was a city of the Gibeon- 
ites, 10 miles north-west of 
Jerusalem. Here the ark of 
God abode 80 years after it had 
been restored by the Philistines. 

Kishon, a river rising at the 
foot of Mount Tabor, passing by 
the base of Mount Carmel, 
through the plain of Esdraelon, 
and falling into the sea at a 
place called Caypha, in the bay 
of Acre, or Accho, after running 
a length of about seven miles. 
On its banks was fought the fa- 
mous battle in which 10,000 
Hebrews, under Deborah and 
Barak, routed the vast host of 
Panaanites under Sisera, and 



freed Israel from a grievoni op- 
pression of twenty years. 

Kiss, a natural symbol of af 
fection and reverence, of very 
ancient date, Gen. 29 : 13, 
and prevalent in all ages. 2 
Sam. 20 : 9 ; Acts 20 : 37. 
Xenophon speaks of it as a cus- 
tom of the Persians. Idolaters 
kissed their idols ; or if the ob- 
ject were distant, as the moon, 
threw kisses to them by kissing 
the hand ; which explains Job 
31 : 27. It was common, as a 
token of profound respect, to 
put the hand to the mouth and 
keep it there ; which explaini 
Jud. 18 : 19 ; Job 21 : 5, and 
29 : 9, and 40 : 4 ; and Is. 39 
9, &c. The figures in the cut 
are Egyptians, before superiors, 
keeping their hand on their 
mouths. 




Early Christians conforms 1 
to custom, and kissed each othei 
at the close of public worship 
Rom. 16 : 16 ; 1 Cor. 16 : 20 ; 
2 Cor. 13 : 12. Modern Chris- 
tians, instead of this, shake 
hands, as this is the present 



Rite, the same as VULTURE. 
Kneading Troughs. The 
word so rendered means a rouni* 



LAM 



145 



LAM 



piece of leather with loop holes 
in the circumference, and a 
leathern thong by which it can 




be drawn together as a purse, 
and slung over the shoulder, or 
hung on a camel. Spread on the 
ground, it answers for a table 
and table-cloth, and contains 
the fragments when the meal is 
finished. The description, Ex. 
12 : 34, is entirely incompatible 
with a wooden bowl ; for the 
trough," as it is rendered, was 
*' bound up in their clothes upon 
their shoulders." Ex. 8 : 3. 



An exact idea of this article 

may be had Irom the picture. 

Knop, a tufted top ; a knot ; 
a cluster. 

Know, has in the Bible fre- 
quently the import of approve, or 
recognize. As llos. 8: 4, "They 
have set up princes, and I knew 
it not." Matt. 7: 23, "Then 
will I declare unto them, De- 
part from me, I never knew 
you." Also Job 5: 24; 2 Sam. 
22 : 44 ; 2 Cor. 6 : 21 ; <to. 

Kohulh, the second son of 
Levi. His descendants were 
called Kohathites. Their busi- 
ness was to carry on their 
shoulders the ark, and other 
sacred utensils of the taberna- 
cle ; but they were not, under 
pain of death, allowed to look 
into any of these, except the 
brazen laver. Ex. 6 : 16 25- 
Numb. 10 . 21. 



L. 



La'mech is supposed to be 
tiie fii^t person who had more 
than one wife. Gen. 4 : 23. 
The speech made to his wives is 
o oppositely construed by crit- 
ics, and of so little importance 
mow, that no remarks here would 
be useful. 

Lamentations, a book of Scrip- 

ture, written by Jeremiah, after 
the troubles he had foretold in 
the book called by his name 
\iad overtaken Israel. It con- 
tains five distinct lamentations, 
13 



or elegies, or poetical dirgei. 
He mourns the delusion of the 
people by false prophets, f ,he 
destruction of the holy city, the 
overthrow of the government 
and the scattering of the people 
Lamp, The lamps of the an- 
cients were of various kinds. 
Those used at wedding ; 
sions consisted of old rags. 
squeezed hard against one 
another in a round figure, like 
a great sausage My torch 
bearer in India had bis roU 



LAO 



146 



LAW 



Lhre feet long, and as thick as 

* broom handle. Those who 
hold them have in the other 
hand a pitcher, with a very nar- 
row neck, full of oil, of which 
they pour from time to time on 
the flame. This explains Christ's 
declaration, that he will "not 
quench the smoking flax," Matt. 
12 : 20 ; and shows why the 
foolish virgins needed " oil in 
their vessels.'* Matt. 25 : 4. 

Language was originally given 
to man by his Creator, and af- 
terwards broken into a multi- 
tude of tongues at Babel. The 
Hebrew, it is almost certain, was 
the language of Adam and Eve. 
In it most of the Old Testament 
is written. After the destruc- 
tion and final dispersion of the 
Jewish nation, it ceased to be 
the vernacular tongue of the 
Jews, and is now a dead lan- 
guage ; that is, it is no one's 
common speech. 

Laodice'a, a city of Phrygia, 
in Asia Minor, 42 miles south of 
Ephesus. It was anciently called 
Diospolisy and then Rhoas ; 
but Seleucus, or perhaps Antio- 
chus, the Syro-Grecian king, 
rebuilt it, and called it Laodicea, 
after his wife. It was destroyed 
by an earthquake, in the tenth 
year of Nero, A. D. 65. but soon 
rose from its ruins. A Christian 
church was early planted in 
this place. Rev. 1 : 11. It is 
now an extensive ruin, haunted 
by wolve* and jackals. The na- 
tives call the place Ladik$ An 
cljaoent Tillage is called Etki- 



hissar, where a /ew christiaai 
were found in 1820. 

Lapwing. The bird so cfled 
in our translation is undoubt- 
edly the hoopoe, a very beautiful 
bird, but disgusting in its habits. 
The LXX. render it epopah, and 
the Vulgate upupa, both which 
names are expressive of its loud 
note. The word occurs only in 
Lev. 11 : 19, and Deut. 14 : 8. 

Lattice, a window made of 
bars crossing each other. Jud 
5 : 28. 

Layer, a vessel for washing 
The laver which stood in the 
enclosure of the tabernacle was 
made of the fine brass mirrors 
which the Hebrew women gave 
for the service of the tabernacle. 
Solomon had one made of vast 
size, supported by twelve brass 
or bronze oxen, which was called 
the molten sea. 1 Kings 7: 22 
26. It was nearly fifty feet in 
circumference, and eight f et 
deep. It held water fui me 
priests to wash their hands and 
feet with, having cocks by 
which the water ran into basins. 
He also made ten of inferior 
size, placed near the entrance 
of the temple, for the washing 
of the offerings. 2 Chron 4 : 
6. 

Law. (1.) A rule directing 
and obliging a rational creature 
in moral and religious actions, 
Provr. 28 : 4. (2.) The whole 
doctrine delivered by God to hia 
church, contained in the Old and 
New Testaments. (3.) Ih 
principles of reason, or the law 



LEA 



147 



LEB 



tf nature written on a man's 
aeart Rom. 2 : 1-1. (4.) The 
decalogue, or ten eommand- 
jneut.s. Horn. 2 : 25 ; 7 : 7. 
(5.) The precepts of God in re- 
gard to the Jews, John 1 : 17, 
which are divided into moral, 
or thoie binding all men ; cere- 
monial, or those which prescribed 
the Jewish ritual ; and civil t or 
those which related to the gov- 
ernment of the Jews as a nation. 
(6.) The doctrine of the gospel. 
Rom. 3 : 27. 

Lawyer, one versed in the 
laws. As the Jews had no 
written laws, except those con- 
tained in the Old Testament, a 
lawyer a-nong them was a per- 
son familiar with Scripture, and 
whose business it was to expound 
it. 

Lazarus. (1.) The brother of 
Martha, who was raised from the 
dead by his Lord. John 11, 
12. (2.) A character described 
by the Saviour in his parable of 
the rich and poor man. Luke 
16 Hence beggars are now 
called in Europe Lazaroni. A 
receptacle for the sick is called, 
for the same reason, a Lazaretto, 
cr Lazar-honse. 

Lead was very early known, 
Ex. 15: 10, and was used, among 
other purposes, to write upon. 
From Jer. 6: 29, and Ezek. 22 : 
17, 2'2, we perceive it was then 
used in refining metals. It was 
used by the Romans to sheath 
their vessels, being fattened 
with bronze nails. 

Leasing, falsehoods, lies Ps. 
4 : 2 ; 5 : 6. 



Leaven, a substance usod U 
make bread light by producing 
fermentation. To this are com 
pared the doctrines of the gospel, 
Matt. 13 : 33, on account of 
their silent extension and power 
ful effects in the world. It is also 
applied to erroneous doctrine* 
and vicious practices, which 
insidiously diffuse themselves. 
Matt. 16 : 6, 12 ; 1 Cor. 5 : 6 

Lebanon, (white,) a famous 
range of mountains in the north 
of Canaan. At the top id eternal 
snow ; on the sides are cedars; 
and at the base excellent vines 
There are two ridges, the eastern, 
called by the Greeks Anti-Liba- 
mis, and the western, or Proper 
Libanus, which runs nearly 
parallel to the coast of the Great 
Sea. From hence Solomon's 
workmen " brought great stones, 
costly stones, and hewed stones 
to lay the foundation of the 
house." 1 Kings 5 : 1418. 
The rock is whitish limestone 
of fine quality. Mines of iron 
and copper were worked here. 
Deut. 8 : 9. The highest sum- 
mits are about 12,000 feet 
above the level of the ocean. 
From the snow-clad summits 
descend, in summer, sv^et and 
refreshing rivulets ou ory side 
The principal range extends 
somewhat in the form of a cres- 
cent, from Cilicia to Esdraelon, 
a distance of fift f leagues. A 
spur of this mountain next the 
Holy Laud is called H'.rnwn 
Another spur to the eastward if 
Mount (fit nut, where Laban 
overtook Jacob, Gen 31 : 25. 



LEN 



148 



LEP 



Oa the sides of Lebanon 
oido the Maronites, a Christian 
people, who are said by Bayard 
Taylor (who visited them in 
1852) to be " the most thrifty, 
industrious, honest, and happy 
people in Syria." 

Leek) a plant very similar in 
hape and qualities to the onion. 
The thick stalk is eaten raw, 
and is highly prized. The seed 
is made into bread. Its bulbous 
root is boiled and eaten like 
potatoes. The word occurs in ' 
our translation only in Numb. ! 
11 : 5. The original term chat- j 
V is in most other places ren- j 
iered "grass." Ps. 37 : 2, &c. 
In Isa. 19 : 6, it is rendered I 
flags, which Lowth says should 
be lotus, the famous water-lily 
of Egypt. 

Lees, dregs. Lees of old wine 
were so highly valued anciently 
as not to be sold with the liquor, 
unless it were expressly agreed. 
When wine a year old was put 
into a cask with the old lees, it 
"ooked muddy for a while, but 
they soon subsided, carrying all 
impurities to the bottom. 
Hence '* urine on the lees " is noted 
as so excellent. Isa. 25 : 6. 

Legion, in the Roman army, 
was a body of soldiers, consist- 
ing of ten cohorts, or six thou- 
and men. It seems, however, 
to have varied in the number of 
men, at different periods. In 
the case of the demoniac, Mark 
5 : 9, the word seems to b **ed 
for an indefinite multitude 

Lentiies, a sort of pulse like 
t much esteemed by the 



ancients. 2 Sam. 17 : 28. Di 
SHAW says that in Egypt, beans 
lentiles, and garvancoes ar* the 
chief of the pulse kind, and, 
when stewed with oil and gar- 
lic, are the principal food of 
persons of all ranks. Lentilea 
make a pottage of a, chocolate 
color. This was the ** red pot- 
tage " for which Esau ex- 
changed his birthright. Gen 
25 : 34. 

Leopard, a beast of prey, 
equal in size to a large dog ; 
beautifully spotted, and exceed- 
ingly fierce, cruel, and rapa- 
cious. The happy peace which 
shall distinguish Messiah's king, 
dom is beautifully predicted by 
the figure of the leopard lying 
down with the kid. Isa. 11 : 6. 

Leprosy, one of the most 
calamitous of all diseases, but 
not often found in cold countries 
Its first attack is on the skin, 
but at last it aifects the whole 
system. Patients often live 
many years, but are seld jm if 
ever cured. It is not now very 
common anywhere, but is often 
found among the Arabs, in the 
Levant, and generally over the 
East. At Scio, HOWARD found 
a hospital expressly for patients 
laboring under this malady. It 
contained 120 persons, lodged 
in separate rooms. The symp- 
toms and progress of the infec- 
tion are fully described in the 
law of Moser. Lev. 13. This, 
however, is not the leprosy now 
common in the East. I have 
seen many in Burmah whose 
fingers and too-s had fallen of 



LEV 



149 



LIB 



nd seine times the feet and 
hand* also They are douied a 
resiuouco among the people, 
thougu it does not seem to be 
infectious, and dwell by them- 
selves in villages, supported by 
charity. 

Let is expressive, (1.) of com- 
mand, 1 Kings 18 : 40 ; (2.) of 
entreaty, Ps. 69 : G ; (3.) of 
permission, Josh. 24 : 28 ; (4.) 
of intrusting, or assigning by 
lease, Song 8:11; (5.) to hin- 
der, or keep back, Isa. 43 : 13 ; 
2 Thess. 2 : 7. 

Letter, a mark used as the 
representative of a sound. The 
ancient Egyptians wrote in 
hieroglyphics, though they had 
written characters also. The 
Chinese use letters, which, in- 
stead of signifying simple 
sounds, signify words. It is 
laid they amount to 80,000 ; 
making it immensely difficult 
for a foreigner to learn the lan- 
guage. The Hebrew letters, 
from which all other alphabets 
except the Chinese seem to have 
been originally derived, are an 
invention so wonderful and use- 
ful, as to make it almost certain 
that they were the gift of God ; 
jrobably in the tables of the 
law given to Moses. Other 
facts make it quite certain. 

Leviathan. Probably the ani- 
mal meant by this name is the 
crocodile, which is a creature 
every way terrible, growing of- 
ten to the length of thi-ty feet. 
It is shaped like the liz<trd, L . 
lays its eggs in the sand, to ba 
by the sun. By the 
13* 



kind providence o" 'rod, the ick 
nruinoH is fond of these eggs, 
and discovers and destroys great 
quantities of them. Were it 
not for this, they would dread 
fully increase. 

LeTite, one of the tribe of 
Levi ; an inferior minister itt 
the Jewish temple ; by which 
title he is distinguished from 
t^e priest, who, though likewise 
ol the race of Levi, yet was 
descended from Aaron, whose 
posterity were employed in the 
higher offices. 

Leviticus, the third book of 
the Old Testament ; so called 
chiefly because it contains the 
various laws of the Hebrews, 
especially the sacrifices, the 
charge of which was committed 
to the Levites. In the Arabio 
and Syriac versions it is called 
the law of the priests. Without 
this book, many parts of the 
New Testament, especially the 
Epistle to the Hebrews, oould 
not be fully understood. 

Libertines, free men, an ap- 
pellation given to such Jews as 
had obtained, by birth or other- 
wise, the freedom of a Roman 
city ; or, in other words, the 
rights of a Roman citizen. Aot 
6:9. It was a birthright ef 
Paul. Acts 22 : 28. 

Liberty, the power to do, oi 
forbear to do ; freedom, ad op- 
posed to slavery, or to neces 
sity ; deliverance from any 
bondage ; freedom from the 
veil of ignorance and spiritual 
blindness, from the curse and 
yoke of the law, and from the 






LIQ 



160 



LIL 



llarery of sin ; a power of choice 
in using things indifferent. 1 
Cor. 8:9. 

Libya, a part of Africa, lying 
along the Mediterranean Sea, 
bordering on Egypt, famous for 
its armed chariots and horses. 
2 Chron. 16 : 8. 

Light. (1.) That pure bright- 
ness which is everywhere dif- 
fused by the rays of the sun, 
and is the medium of vision. 
(2.) God, who is a being of 
infinite wisdom, truth, holiness, 
purity, <fcc., 1 John 1 : 5. (3.) 
Jesus Christ, who is the Foun- 
tain and Author of all knowl- 
edge, both natural and spiritual. 
Luke 2 : 32. John 1 : 9. (4.) 
The word of God, and saving 
knowledge of it, which conducts 
and guides Christina in this 
world, and points eat the way 
to eternal happiness. Ps. 119 : 
105. Matt. 4 : 16. 2 Pet. 1 : 
19. (5.) The apostles or min- 
isters of the gospel, who assist 
others, and direct them to Christ 
and salvation. Matt. 5 : 14, 
16. (6.) Christians, who are 
enlightened by the Holy Spirit, 
and are a light unto the world. 
Luke 16 : 8. Eph. 5 : 8. 

Lightning, the flash of the 
electric fluid, as it passes from 
one cloud to another, or from 
any body overcharged with it to 
one which has less. The report 
it makes is called thunder, and is 
but one crack, though its echoes 
from cloud to cloud give it a 
continued, rumbling noise. The 
power and wrath of God are 
often represented by thunder 



and lightning. Job 37 : 34 
Ps. 18 : 12. Dan. 10 : 6, Ac. 

Lign Aloe, a small tree, eight 
j or ten feet high, from both the 
flower and the wood of which a 
rich and costly perfume is still 
obtained in the East. Ps. 45 : 
9. Cant. 4 : 14. 

Lignre, a precious stone ; but 
of what exact kind it is now 
difficult to ascertain. It is gen- 
erally thought by learned men 
to be tlie leschem, a gem of a 
deep red color, resembling the 
carbuncle. It was the first in 
| the third row of the high priest's 
breast-plate, and had the name 
of Gad inscribed on it. It oc- 
curs in Ex. 28 : 19, and 39 : 12, 
only. 

Lily, a well-known and beau- 
tiful plant, of which there are 
many varieties. The fields of 
the Levant are overrun with the 
superb amaryllis lutea, to which, 
probably, our Saviour alludes, 
Matt. 6 : 30. Some learned 
critics contend that the Saviour 
here means the crown, imperial. 
As the scarcity of fuel obliges 
the inhabitants to use every 
sort of combustible matter, the 
withered stalks of these and 
other flowers are used for heat- 
ing ovens, <fcc. 

By the "lily of the vf\ey," 
we are not to understand che 
humble flower so called with us, 
but the noble flower of the 
larger kind. The lily mentioned 
Cant. 2:2; 5 : 13, seems to be 
the crown imperial, or Persian 
lily. The drop of sweet liquoi 
alluded to 10 the dewy aeotai 



LIO 



LOG 



found at the bottom of 
tl.ib flower. 

Lime, a friable substance 
derived from calcining shells, 
and certain species of stone. 
It must have been known very 
early as a cement, being spoken 
of as such, Deut. 27 : 2, 4, and 
Isa. 33 : 12. The land of Pal- 
estine is a limestone country. 

Linen, cloth made of flax, 
well known at a 
very early period. 
In Ex. 25 : 4, the 
word so rendered 
probably means cot- 
ton. Specimens of 
cotton cloth are 
found on the oldest mummies. 

Lintel, that part of a door- 
frame which crosses the door 
overhead. 

Lion, the noblest of animals. 
It is found only in torrid cli- 
mates, and much less numerous 
now than formerly. It lives 
sixty or eighty years, but is not 
prolific. The allusions to its 
strength, courage, voracious- 
ness, generosity, <fco., in Scrip- 
ture, are very numerous. His 
rage is tremendous. Job 4 : 11. 
Prov. 30 : 30. Amos 3 : 8. 

Lions were sent by Jehovah 
to chastise the profaners of his 
hoson heritage. 2 Kings 17 : 
25, 26. The people humbled 
themselves, and adopted the 
Jewish laws and worship, at 
first in addition to their heathen 
institutions, but afterward ex- 
clusively. These were the Sa- 
wuritana. 

The "Lion of the tribe of 



Judah" is Jesus Chris;., who 
will mightily destroy the ene- 
mies of his church, and gra 
ciously receive such as suoinit 
themselves. Rev. 5:6. 

Litter. The Hebrew word so 
translated in Isa. G6 : 20, ia 
rendered *' wagons " in Numb. 
7:3, and probably resembled 
the Persian mode of conveyance 
shown below. 




Both passengers and mer- 
chandise were so carried, and 
such conveyances are still used 
in Palestine. 

Lizard occurs in Lev. 11 : 30, 
and is no doubt the animal now 
called by that name. 

Lo, the same as look, behold. 

Locust, an insect well known 
among us, which in the East if 
often five or six inches long, 
and of the thickness of a man's 
thumb. Its head is shaped like 
that of a horse. Joel 2 . 4 
The mouth is large, ana fur- 
nished with four incisive teeth, 
which traverse each other like 
scissors. The noise by i flock 
of them eating is compared by 
Joel (2:6) to the crackling 
sound of tire among stubble, 
and by modern travellers to th 
rattling of hail-stones. The 
prophetical writings of the 014 
Testament abound with allusion! 
to this insect as one of 



LUC 



152 



LOT 



dreadful scourges. All 
travellers in the East speak of 
the occasional ravages of this 
insect. The swarms are often 
a mile in lungth, darkening the 
day as they pass over, and form- 
ing a thickness of several inches 
when they settle on the earth. 
Nothing can impede their 
march ; they fill up the deepest 
tranches, extinguish fires, and 
climb walls. All verdure dis- 
appears, and the country looks 
as if burnt over with fire. Ex. 
10 : 419. 

Pliny states that in Ethiopia 
and Parthia they were generally 
eaten as wholesome and agree- 
able food. The law of Moses 
pronounced them lawful to be 
eaten. Lev. 11 : t'l. John the 
Baptist ate locusts hile in the 
wilderness. Mark ( 6. But 
whether these were the insects 
BO called, or the sweet, pulpy 
pods of a tree, is not fully 
agreed. His eating locusts 
shows, not that he lived like a 
wild man, but like a poor man. 
They are considered very poor 
food, except by the Arabs, who 
catch great quantities, which 
they cook in various ways, re- 
moving the legs and wings, and 
adding oil, salt, .fee. JACKSON, 
in his account of Morc*x)o, 
itates that locusts -.re there 
esteemed a delicacy, and dur- 
ing the time of their 'warming, 
which is in April, they are 
ierved up at the principal tables. 
The way the legs and wings are 
removed, is to dry them after 



boiling, and then winnow than 
like wheat. 

Log, a Hebrew liquid ueas 
ure, containing about a pint 
Lev. 14 : 10. 

Loins, the lower region of the 
back. The Orientals, who wear 
long robes, are obliged, when 
they apply themselves to any 
business, to use a girdle. Hence, 
to have the " loins girded" is 
the same as to be in readiness 
for action. Luke 12 : 35. Eph. 
6 : 14. 

Looking-Glass. Bee MIRROR. 

Lord, a name of God, often 
given in Scripture to Jesus 
Christ. When the word is found 
in our translation printed in 
small capitals, it always stands 
for the Hebrew wcrd JEHOVAH. 
The word, in restricted senses, 
is applied to those who possess 
authority, as a husband, Gen. 
18 : 12 ; a master, John 15 : 15; 
a prince, Gen. 24 : 18. On this, 
and also on other grounds, it ia 
to be regretted that the word 
Jehovah was not retained in our 
translation wherever it occura 
in the Hebrew. A great num- 
ber of passages would have 
been more impressive than they 
now are, and many would hare 
been more plain. 

Lo-ru liama, " not beloved ; " 
term applied by Hosea to the 
people of Judah, as distinct 
from the ten tribes, whom he 
calls LO-AMMI, or " not y/ pco* 
pie" 

Lot, the son of Haran, and 
nephew of Abraham ; and, ai 



LUC 



153 



LUS 



we suppose, brother of Sarah. 
After the death of his fatLer, 
be lived and travelled with 
Abraham. Gen. 11:31. 

Lot*, things cast or drawn in 
order to determine a point in 
debate. It is a solemn appeal 
to God, for an immediate inter- 
posal of his directive power, for 
determining an affair ; and, on 
that account, ought to be used 
in nothing but what is impor- 
tant, and cannot otherwise be 
peacefully determined; and then 
to be used with reverence and 
prayer. Prov. 16 : 33 ; 18 : 18. 
Acts 1 : 2426. 1 Sam. 14 : 41. 

Love, a natural affection of 
the mind, inclining us to esteem 
or delight in an object ; a gra- 
cious principle or habit wrought 
in the soul by God, which in- 
clines us to obey him, to seek 
communion with him, and to 
study to promote his glory, and 
s us to do good to all. 

LOW) not rising far upwards, 
Ezek. 17 : 6, 24 ; not elevated 
in situation, Isa. 32 : 19 ; not 
high in rank, Job 5 : 11 ; Luke 
1 : 48, 52 ; humble, not proud, 
Ezek. 21 : 26. " Lower parts 
of the earth," in Isa. 44 : 23, 
signify the valleys ; in Ps. 63 : 
9, Eph. 4 : 9, the grave, or the 
state of the dead. 

Ltt Clfer, literally a light-giver, 
or brilliant. The name occurs 
but once in our translation, Isa. 
14 : 12, and there must mean 
khe king of Babylon. Falling 
from heaven is a figure to denote 
ft sudden political overthrow, 
from an illustrious station. 



Princes are often called star* it 
the Bible, and the king of 
Babylon was thus distinguished 
above others, as Venus (for- 
merly called Lucifer) is among 
stars. Some of the fathers 
thought this passage meant 
Satan, and hence he is now fre- 
quently called Luciftr. 

Lnhith, a city of Moab. Isa 
15 : 5. Its name in Josephui 
and Ptolemy is Lyssa. 

Lake, a native of Antioch, 
and a physician. He was not 
one of Christ's personal follow- 
ers, but is mentioned for the 
first time, Acts 16 : 10, as a 
companion of Paul at Troas 
Thence he went with him to 
Judea, sailed with him to Rome, 
and staid with him during his 
two years of confinement. 

THE BOOK of Luke's Gospel 
was written to correct numerous 
erroneous narratives of the life 
of Christ. The style, both in 
this and in the Acts, is pure and 
elevated, and many facts are 
given which are not contained 
in the other evangelists. He 
wrote not only the Gospel which 
is called by his name, but the 
Acts of the Apostles. His lan- 
guage is exceedingly pure and 
classical. 

Lukewarm, neither cold nor 
hot. This state is described 
as inexpressibly loathsome to 
Christ; but, alas! great numbers 
of professors are obviously and 
habitually lukewarm. Rev. 3 . 
16. 

Last, or desire, a term used ii 
Scripture for any depraved la 



MAC 



164 



MAO 



ibwwion, suet as revenge, cov- 
etousness, envy, malice, incon- 
tinence, Ac. When it is said 
" the spirit lusteth against the 
flesh," it means that the spirit 
excites desires contrary to flesh 
]y and ca.rnal appetites. Gal. 
6 : 17. This conflict of desire j 
constitutes part of the Chris- 
tian warfare. The mortification 
of lusts is a prominent part of 
our duty, Rom. 8 : 13 ; 1 Cor. 
9 : 27 ; Col. 3:5; and being 
of course most difficult when 
first attempted, makes a re- 
ligious life most arduous at the 
outset. 

Lycao'nia has Cappadocia on 
the east, Galatia on the north, 
Phrygia on the west, and Pisidia 
on the south. A remarkable 
lake exists in this province, 
called 7'atta, and by the mod- 
erns Tuzla, which yields salt. 
Its chief cities were Iconium, 
Derbe, and Lystra. The present 
name of this province is Cara- 
mania. 

Lyc'ia, or Lysia, a province 
of Asia Minor, having the 



Mediterranean on the south, an* 
Pamphylia on the north. In 
1842 this country was explored 
by Messrs. Spratt and Forbes, of 
the British navy. They found 
evidence of its having been a 
country of astonishing opulence 
andpopulousness They visited 
more than fifty cities, now 
wholly deserted. The modem 
port of Makri is on the west 
coast of Lycia. The whole 
country is now little better than 
a desert. 

Lydda, a large village or city, 
not far from Joppa, Acts 9 : 38, 
eminent for its schools of learned 
Jews. It was burnt by Cestiits, 
while its males were gone to 
Jerusalem to the feast of taber- 
nacles ; God, after the crucifix- 
ion, not taking the care of them 
at these times as he had for- 
merly done. It is now called 
Dioxpolis. 

Lystra, a city of Asia Minor, 
where Timothy was born ; the 
precise site of which is now 
uncertain. It seems, however, 
to have been south of Iconium. 



M. 



Macedonia, a large country 
north of GREECE, peopled by 
the descendants of Javan, and 
formerly called Emathia. It 
was bounded by the mountains 
of Ilicmus on the north, the 
JSgean Sea on the east, Achaia 
on the south, and the Adriatic 



Sea on the west. Its metropolii 
was Thessi Ionic a. One of it 
mountains was the famoui 
Olympus. Several other coun- 
tries, however, had mountaina 
so called, and esteemed sacred 
It was a famous monarchy under 
PJjilip, and Alexander the Great. 






155 



MAN 



Wuu conquered Greece, Persia, 
and a part of Judea. About 
A. M. 385G, it became a part of 
the great Roman cm pi 
continued so 1600 years, when 
the Ottoman Turks conquered 
it. Paul planted the gospel 
here, and the Christians con- 
tributed very generously to 
their suffering brethren at Jeru- 
salem. Christianity has never 
been wholly eradicated from 
Macedonia, though the Turks 
have been cruel masters and 
persecutors. 

Much of ancient Macedonia is 
now the western part of Roume- 
lia. 

Machpelah, the cave where 
Abraham was buried, was near 
Hebron. 

Ma^dala, a city or territory 
on the margin of Lake Genne- 
sareth ; either the same as Dal- 
manutha, or very near it. Com- 
pare Matt. 15 : 39, with Mark 
8 : 10. Mary Magdalene was 
so called from having lived here. 

Majriclans, or MAGI, gee 
WISE AlEN 

Ma'gog* See Goo. 

Maladil, the last of the 
prophets of the Old Testament. 
He Crurished after the rebuild- 
ing uf Jerusalem and the temple 
by Nehemiah, and was cotempo- 
rar/ with PLATO, SOCKATKS, and 
XKNOI-HON ; CI.MUX, the Athenian 
general ; A.MYUi.nrs, king of 
Egypt, and DAKM s Noiiirs, 
king of Persia. With him the 
prophetical office seems to have 
ceased for 400 year? ; that is, 
ti'l Messiah came. Ab.ut 40 



years after the delitary Ot 

his prophecy, was born ARIB 

the philosopher. 

'I'm; HOOK of Malachi, unlike 
the other prophetical books, id 
almost wholly in prose, and io 
dicates that literature was de 
elining in his day. It cenmrei 
the Jews for relapsing, after 
Ezra's reformation, into inter- 
marriages with heathen women, 
for withholding tithes, <6o.. and 
powerfully urges repentance. 

Mallow*, a plant useful in 
medicine. One species grows 
to about the siae of Indian corn 
What plant is meant, Job 30 . 
4, where alone the word occurs, 
is not certain. It is evidently 
food for poor people, and may 
therefore be the halimus, a salt- 
ish plant growing wild on poor 
land, which is eaten in Syria 
and elsewhere, as we do greens. 

Mammon, a Syriao word sig- 
nifying riches or treasure. No 
man can " serve God and mam- 
mon ;" i. e., no one can serve 
God, while his great aim and 
desire is to heap up, enjoy, and 
retain worldly wealth. Matt. 
6 : 24. 

Man. The Hebrew word for 
man is Enosh, that is, wretched, 
to denote his. condition in his 
apostasy from God. The "nat- 
ural man," 1 Cor. 2 : 14, aiea^i! 
one that is unrenewed, and had 
no principle of grace in the 
heart. " The inward man," 
Horn. 7 : 22, is the regenerate 
part within, or the pri'v.'iple ol 
grace in the heart. " be man 
of God," 2 Tim. 3: I. is on 



MAN 



166 



MAB 



that Is guided by the Spirit of 
&od, and in a special manner 
demoted to his service. 

MAN OF SIN. See ANTICHRIST. 

Mandrake, a species of melon 
or berry, cultivated in the East, 
for the sake of its fragrance. 
Though commentators have 
puzzled themselves with ques- 
tions on this subject, it seems 
plain that the word is properly 
rendered mandrake, and means a 
plant so called in the East to 
tnis day. The original word, 
which occurs only twice, is so 
rendered by tho LXX. and both 
tne Targurns. It grows like 
lettuce, has purple flowers, and 
bears a fruit resembling a small 
red apple. The smell and taste 
are pleasant ; but it stupefies or 
intoxicates if eaten to excess. 

Ma'neh, a Hebrew weight of 
eixty shekels. Ezek. 45 : 12. 
It was the fiftieth part of a 
talent. 

Manna, the fcod which God 
gave the children of Israel in 
the wilderness. It was a little 
grain, white, like our hoar-frost, 
which fell every morning, ex -^pt 
on the Sabbath, about the 
camp of the Israelites. Ex.16: 
15. Besides the nourishing vir- 
tue of the manna, that sustained 
the Hebrews in the desert, it was 
altogether miraculous on other 
accounts. It fell on six days 
of every week, not on the 
seventh, and in such prodigious 
quantities, as to sustain almost 
three millions of men, women 
and children ! It fell in double 
Quantities on the sixth day, that 



there might be enough for th 
seventh. It fell only on Israel's 
camp. It remained fresh all 
the seventh day, but at any 
other time bred worms, if kept 
over night. It constantly con- 
tinued for forty years, and 
ceased as soon as the Hebrews 
had access to eat of the produce 
of Canaan. Christ is the hidden 
manna, the bread of eternal 
life, which those eat who partake 
of the blessings and comforts 
which flow from him. John 6 : 
32, 35. 

The manna now sold in the 
shops is a different substance 
from the miraculous food of the 
Hebrews. It is produced abun- 
dantly in the East. Burcktedt 
found it in the Holy Land, 
dropping from the tarfa tree, in 
the month of June. The Arabs 
clear away the leaves, dirt, Ac., 
and when boiled and strained, 
put it into bags or skins, to be 
used as we do honey. It is 
highly nourishing, but if eaten 
in large quantities, proves 
slightly purgative. 

Ma'on, a district where David 
hid himself from Saul. I Sam. 
23 . 24 ; Josh. 15 : 55. Rob- 
inson regards the town as being 
on the site of the present Main; 
seven miles south-east of 
Hebron. 

Marana'tlia, a Syriac word, 
meaning " our LorJ cometh." 
The expression " Let him be 
anathema maranatha," 1 Cor. 16 : 
23, means " Let him be curved 
at the coming of the Lord;" ai 
though it were said, " Our di 






MAR 



157 



MAR 



alpline is not adequate tD his 
offen-o ; he is remitted to the 
vengeance of <iod." 

Marble, a valuable an 
known species of stone. The 
Septuagint and Vulgate render 
the word, where it occurs, 
Parian stone. The cliff Ziz, 2 
Chr. 15 : 16, was probably so 
called from its being a marble 
crag. 1 Ch. 29 : 2. Est. 1: C. 

Mark, the writer of one of the 
gospels, was not an apostle, nor 
a companion of Christ, lie was 
eon to a pious woman at Jeru- 
salem, at whose house the apos- 
tles often held meetings for 
religious worship, Acts 12 : 12, 
and seems to have been con- 
verted under Peter, for he calls 
him his " son." 1 Pet. 5 : 13. 
He travelled with Paul, Barna- 
bas, Peter, and Timothy, as 
their "minister," Acts 13 : 5; 
which may mean that he wholly 
or partly paid their charges. 
He is supposed to have suffered 
martyrdom jn Egypt. 

THE BOOK of Mark was evi- 
dently written for Gentile con- 
verts, probably about thirty 
years after the death of Christ. 
Though some have supposed that 
Mark did little more than 
abridge Matthew's gospel, it 
has been shown by Koppe, 
Michaelis, and other great 
critics, that he could not even 
have seen that book ; but 
drew his facts from Peter, who, 
equally with Matthew, was an 
eye-witness of our Lord's life. 

Market, the place of selling 
meat, Ac., which, anciently, 
14 



was generally some open space. 
nples, theatres, courts of 
. .tc. Hence we hear of 
Paul's disputing in the market, 
Acts 17 : 17, and being led tc 
the market to be accused, Acts 
1G : 19. And hence Pharisees 
loved " greetings in the market- 
places," from judgesand learned 
persons who there passed to and 
fro. Mark 12 : 38. 

Marriage, the legal union of 
a man and woman in wedlock. 
It also signifies the sacred and 
mystical union between Christ 
and his church. Eph. 5 : 30 
32. Christians are forbidden tc 
marry unbelievers. 2 Cor. 6 : 
14. 1 Cor. 7 : 39. 

Mars-Hill. See AREOPAGUS. 

Mary, Four or five persQni 
mentioned in the New Testa- 
ment seem to have borne thia 
name. Great difficulty occurs 
in designating them, and learned 
men differ widely in their at- 
tempts to make the subject 
plain. The following account 
seems liable to fewest objections. 

1. The mother of our Lord 
She was the daughter of Eli, or 
Joachim, of the family of David 

2. The wife of Cleophaa, and 
mother of James, Ju<U Joses, 
Simeon, and Salome. Ft has 
been thought that Cleopha.% and 
Joseph the husband of the virgin 
Mary, were brothers ; which 
would make these Marys sisters, 
and, according to the custom of 
the Jews, her children would bt 
called brothers of ou- Lord 
John 19 : 25. Matt. 27 : 66 



MAT 



158 



MEA 



Luke 25 : 10. Matt. 13 : 55. 
She early believed on our Sa- 
viour, attended his preaching, 
and ministered to his support. 
She was a witness of his cruci- 
fixion, Mark 15 : 40, 41, and at 
his burial prepared spices for 
embalming his body. Luke 23 : 
56, 

3. MARY MAGDALENE seems 
to have been an inhabitant of 
Magdala. It is thought that 
she was a plaiter of hair to the 
women of her city. It is com- 
monly considered, that, be- 
fore her conversion, she was 
of infamous character ; but this 
*s not affirmed in the Scriptures. 
It is also commonly supposed 
that this was she who anointed 
Christ's feet in the Pharisee'^ 
house ; but some suppose that 
ihe woman who so did was 
Mary the sister of Martha. But 
the anointing in the house of 
the Pharisee and that at Betha- 
ny seem not to have been the 
same. 

Of the -other several Marys 
nothing can be affirmed posi- 
tively. 

Mas'ellil, a title to several 
psalms, probably denoting a 
Bong of instruction. 

Matrix, a place in which any- 
thing is formed ; a womb. Ex. 
13 : 12, 15. 

Matthew, also named Levi, 
was a Galilean by birth, and a 
tax-gatherer by profession. He 
wrote the Gospel called by his 
Dame, probably about A. D. 38 
or 41, in the Hebrew language. 
Borne critics maintain that, a 



few years afterward, he 
his Gospel in Greek ; and som 
consider it to have been origi- 
nally written in that language. 
About A. D. 184, there was found 
in the East Indies a Greek copy. 
In the year 488, another Greek 
copy was found at Cyprus, 
written on wood, and esteemed 
very ancient. 

THE BOOK of Matthew was the 
first written of all the gospels, 
;:ad contains allusions to that 
violent persecution by the Jewa 
in which Paul enlisted himself 
afterwards so warmly. It is a 
i,ill narrative of the birth, life, 
d oings and death of Christ The 
style is very plain and perspic- 
uous. It is the only one of .he 
gospels which gives our Lord's 
description of the process of the 
general judgment. 

Matthias, one of the seventy 
disciples, chosen by the first 
church, perhaps without a suffi- 
cient divine warrant, to fill the 
place of Judas Iscariot. Paul 
was certainly an apostle of 
Jesus Christ. Rom. 1:5. 1 
Cor. 9 : 2, and 15 : 9. 2 Cor. 
11 : 5. The number 12 is prfc 
served in relation to the apostles 
in the Apocalypse, and not IS, 
Rev. 21 : 14. 

Maz'zai'Otli, supposed to mean 
a constellation in the heavens. 
It was the Chaldee name for the 
signs of tbe Zodiac. Job 38 
32. 

Measure, that by which any. 
thing is measured or propor- 
tioned. Many learned men 
have bestowed great labor i 



MED 



169 



MEB 



Meeitaining the exact length or 
capacity of Hebrew measures ; 
but they differ widely from each 
other. Standard ni< 
made by Moses, were at first 
deposited in tbe tabernacle, and 
afterwards in the temple, under 
the cognizance of the priests. 
When Solomon's temple was de- 
Btroyed, these standards of 
course perished, and the whole 
subject is now uncertain ; and 
though tables of measures are 
often given in books, they can- 
not be implicitly relied on 
Under each term of this sort, 
that explanation is given which 
aeems most probable. 

Meat. The term is applied 
to divine instruction, because it 
nourishes the mind. The higher 
and more difficult doctrines are 
called meat, in contradistinction 
to the first principles, which are 
called milk. 1 Cor. 3 : 2. This 
word, in Scripture, never means 
flesh, but often means any 
food but flesh, and generally 
anything to be eaten. 

Meat-offering, an offering 
consisting of flour, meal, oil, <fcc., 
or cakes baked in an oven. 

Med'eba, a city of Moab. 
Numb. 21 : 30. Josh. 13 : 16. 
It was destroyed about the 
daya of Isaiah, and rebuilt 
Borne considerable time before 
the advent of our Lord. It is 
called in profane history Me- 
dava. 

Modes, inhabitants of Media, 
who were for a long period a 
highly civilized and wealthy 
peofle. They were the domi- 



nant race in all Asia Their 
monarch was absolute, thei* 
language polished, and their 
religion was the worship of the 
heavenly bodies. Their priests 
were called Magi This people 
is not mentioned in the Bible 
till the days of Hosea, B. c. 740. 

Media, a vast region between 
Persia and the Caspian Sea, de- 
riving its name from Madai, son 
ofJaphftt. Gen. 10: 2. Cyrus, 
king of Persia, became by his 
wife heir to the crown of Media, 
thus uniting the kingdom of the 
Medes and Persians. Media ia 
now called Aider -Beitzan, and 
sometimes Irak-Adjam. 

Mediator, one who acts be 
tween parties at variance, in 
order to bring them to an agree- 
ment. Gal. 3: 20. Moses was 
often a mediator between Jeho- 
vah and the Jews. Deut. 5 : 5. 
The Lord Jesus is now the " one 
Mediator between God and 
men." 1 Tim. 2 : 5. He, by 
his satisfaction to God, and 
intercession with him on one 
hand, and by his powerful and 
gracious influence on sinfl men 
on the other, brings both to- 
gether, into a new covenant 
state of agreement. Heb 8:6; 
12: 24. 

Meekness, that quiet temper 
of mind which is not soon pro- 
voked to anger, but suffers in- 
juries without desire of revenge, 
and submits to the will of God. 
Col. 3 : 12. A humble frame 
of spirit, ready to receive and 
entertain the truths <f God'a 
word. James 1 : 21. It is a 






MEL 



160 



MEL 



grace of unspeakable value, 1 
Pet. 3:4; Ps. 37 : 11 ; and 
shone conspicuously in the life 
of Christ. 2 Cor. 10:1. Matt. 
1] : 29 Cnristians are exhorted, 
with great frequency and fervor, 
to excel in this grace. Eph. 4: 
2. 1 Tim. 6 : 11. Tit. 3 : 2, 
Jbo, 

Megid'do, a city in the tribe 
of Manasseh, famous for two 
great battles being fought near 
it. In one, Jabin's army was 
routed by Deborah and Barak, 
Judg. 5 : 19 ; in the other, 
Josiah was overthrown and slain 
by Necho, king of Egypt, who was 
on his way through the land of 
Israel to attack the king of 
Babylon. 2 Kings 23 : 29, 30. 
Near Megiddo was the town 
of Hadad-Rimmon (afterwards 
called Maximianopolis) : therefore 
the lamentation for the death of 
Josiah is called " the mourning 
of Hadad-Rimmon, in the valley 
jf Megiddo." Zech. 12 : 11. 
The greatness of that mourning 
,or good Josiah was such as to 
muse this expression to become 
A proverbial one for any great 
sorrowing, and is so used by 
the prophet. 

Dr. Robinson thinks the place 
is now called Lejjun, which 
stands upon the western border 
of the great plain of Esdraelon, 
on the route now taken by the 
caravans which trade between 
Egypt and Damascus. 

Melciiisedek, a priest, though 
not a Jew. Of his nation, par- 
entage, age, &c., nothing is 
mown. Hence he is said to be 



" without descent, having 
neither beginning of days, nor 
end of life." Gen. 14: 17 20. 
Heb. 7 : 1 11. Jesus is a 
Priest after the crder of Mel- 
chisedek : as God, he was with- 
out beginning ; as Man, his 
origin was miraculous : he waa 
installed in his office only by 
God, and is therein superior to 
all otxier priests. Heb. 6 : 10; 
6: 20. 

Mel'ita, or MALTA, a small 
island of the Mediterranean Sea, 
18 miles long, and 12 broad, 
which seems to have had its 
name from its being Melet, or a 
place of refuge to the ancient 
Tyrians in their voyages to 
Carthage and Spain. About 
A. D. 63, Paul and his compan- 
ions were shipwrecked on this 
island, and kindly entertained 
by the natives. It was seized 
by the Goths and Vandals in the 
fifth century, then by the Nor- 
mans in the eleventh, and after- 
ward was taken by Louis IX. of 
France. About A. D. 1530 it was 
given by Charles V. to the mili- 
tary knights who had been 
driven by the Turks from 
Rhodes. These were dispos- 
sessed and dispersed Tj the 
French under Bonaparte, in 
1798. It was afterwards taken 
from the French by England, 
under whose government it no* 
remains. The number of innab- 
itants is about 50,000 These 
are, for the most part, Catholics, 
and excessively ignorant and 
degraded. Mr. Fisk saw ne 
books in the Unguage, but 



MEL 



161 



MErt 



popish catechism, the Gospel of 
John ^printed by the Church 
Missionary Society), a grammar 
and a dictionary. The Kev. 
Mr. Temple, speaking of the 
aversion of Romish priests to 
the perusal of the Scriptures by 
the common people, sn ;, 
On account of this prejudice, 
** government has, for the last 
ve yeaas, declined giving per- 
mission to the Malta JBible So- 
ciety to place a board over the 
door of its depository for the 
purpose of informing the public 
that Bibles could be had there!" 
It has lately become a centre of 
missionary and Bible operations 
for the countries bordering on 
the Mediterranean. By the 
eontributions of Christians, 
printing-presses are established 
here, and kept employed in 
producing tracts, Ac., in the 
Arabic, Greek, Turkish, and 
other languages. As it is a 
place of great commerce, those 
productions are easily dis- 
tributed. 

Melons are common in the 
East, and are similar to ours, 
but more various in their kinds. 
In Egypt, they are exllent ; 
but in Hindostan and Burmah 
water-melons are so insipid as 
to be eatec with sugar. 

The original word in Numb. 
11 : 6, means watfr-mdons ; 
which HASSELQUIST says served 
the Egyptians for fool, 
and physic. Ho says tho com- 
mon people almost live on them 
at one season of the year. No 
wonder the Israelites, in a 
14* 



parched desert, longed foi mob 

irg fruit. 

Memphis, an Egyptian cky of 
i/.e and splendor, which 
>tood near old Ca.ro, but of 
which there are now only some 
Inlfos. 9: C, it id called 
ml in Isa. 11) : 13, Noph. 
ned after the building 
mdria, and many of the 
!s have been removed to 
build Cairo. It was the metro- 
politan city under the Ptolemies, 
and in it the arts were carried 
to great perfection. See NOPH 
Mer'aritCS, descendants of 
Mcr'ariy the third son of Levi. 
These were bearers of the mate- 
rials of the tabernacle, and in 
after times the sacred porters. 

Mercury, one of the fabulous 

deities of the heathen, was the 

son of Jupiter and Maia, and 

er to the rest. He was 

ped as the patron of 

learning-, eloquence, and trade. 

-ometimes called Hermes 

The fluency of Paul made the 

people of Lystra suppose Paul 

was Mercury. Acts 14 : 12. 

Mercy, that attribute of God 
which induces him to pity and 
relieve his suffering creatures. 
Tit. 3 5. Our blessings are 
therefore called mercies, Rom. 
12:1. It means also that feel- 
ing which prompts us t< 
the unfortunate, and to forgive 
those that do wrong. Matt. 5 . 
7 Luke 6 : 36. 

Mercy seat, the lid of the nrk 
of the covenant, round which 
was the crown or border of gold, 
and on which the oherutim were 



MER 



162 



Mic 



represented as looking. Before 
this the high-priest stood to ask 
counsel of the Lord, and there 
he received blessings for the 
people. Christ is our mercy- 
seat, Rom. 3 : 25, and by him 
we have access to the Father. 
See ARK. 

Mero'dach, a Babylonian idol, 
representing, it is thought, the 
planet Mars. Jer. 50 : 2. .It 
was often a part of the names of 
kings, as Merodack-Baladan. 
Isa. 39 : 1. 

Merodaeh-Baladan was the 
son of Baladin or Belesus, was 
a king of Babylon, who began 
his reign in the year that Sa- 
maria was taken by Salmaneser, 
which was the fourth year of 
Hezekiah, king of Judah. 

Me'rom, the northern lake 
supplied by the Jordan. It lies 
near Mount Hermon. It is now 
called the lake of Houle. See 
JORDAN. 

Md'OZj a district in the neigh- 
borhood of the brook Kishon 
[which see], where the great 
battle with Sisera was fought. 
Jud. 5. The awful curse pro- 
nounced on this people should 
alarm those who, in this day, 
act in like manner. The true 
people of God are carrying on a 
great struggle with the powers 
of darkness. Header ! turn to 
the passage, Judges 5 : 23, and 
weigh its import. 

Consider, 1. What Mroz 
did i Nothing. 2. What they 
ihould have done 1 Helped. 
3. The Lord won the battle 
without Meroz. 4. Meroz was 



cursed for doing nothing, thougi 
the cause of God did not luffeJ 
for want of their aid 5. What 
are you doing for God 1 6. 
What you may expect if you 
hold back. 

Mesopotamia (literally be- 
tween rivers'), the famous province 
between the Tigris and Euphra- 
tes, called in the Old Testament 
Padan-Aram ; by the ancient 
Greeks, Seleucia ; and by tne 
Latins, Mediamna. Some sup- 
pose that the wise men who 
visited the infant Jesus were 
from this country. Here were 
the garden of Eden and the 
tower of Babel. It was the 
original residence of Abraham, 
Isaac, Jacob, and all their 
children, save Benjamin. Gen. 
11 : 31 It was astonishingly 
populous, containing, according 
to Ptolemy, seventy important 
cities. Christianity, in a muti- 
lated form, still exists here, amid 
much Turkish oppression. The 
region is still fertile, and is now 
called Diarbekir, and Algesira. 

Messiah, literally the anointed. 
It is applied exclusively to that 
sovereign Deliverer, who was 
expected by the Jews, and came 
at the appointed time; Dan. 9 ; 
25, 26. John 1 : 41. See 
CHRIST. 

Micall, a prophet of the tribe 
of Judah, who lived in the latter 
days of Isaiah and Hosta, and 
in the reigns . Jothaa. Ahaz, 
and Hezekiah. 

THE BOOK of Micah it one of 
the most important prophecies 
in the Old Testament, Previoui 



MID 



168 



MIL 



prediction} had limited the 
" seed of woman " to the line 
of Shein, the descendants of 
Abraham, the tribe of Judah, 
and the house of Darid. Micah 
Bheds further light, by designat- 
ing the very place of his birth 
(ch. 5 : 2), with other impor- 
tant circumstances of his king- 
dom and glory. 

Mice, as well as almost every 
living thing, have been objects 
of worship. 1 Sam. 6 : 4, 18. 
Both Strabo and Plutarch speak 
of the Egyptians as worshipping 
field mice. 

Michael, the name of the 
archangel. Rev. 12 : 7. Per- 
sons often speak of " angels and 
archangels," but the latter word 
is never in Scripture used in the 
plural. 

Mkh'mash, a city of Benja- 
min, nine miles north-east of 
Jerusalem. 1 Sam. 13 : 5. 

Midiaii, a territory on the east 
border of the Dead Sea, so 
called from Midian, the fourth 
son of Abraham, by Keturah. 
The Midianites joined withMoab 
in seducing Israel, for which 
their kingdom was nearly de- 
stroyed. They gradually grew 
to strength again, and, 200 
years afterward, proved a 
scourge to the Israelites. Hav- 
ing oppressed Israel seven 
years in the days of Gideon, the 
7*ord delivered them into the 
hands of a few Hebrews, by 
whom they were nearly exter- 
minated, and the remainder are 
supposed to have become incor- 
poraUd wUh the Moabites or 



Ammonites. Ex. 3 . 1. Jed 
6; 8. 

Migdol, a frontier fortress ot 
the Egyptians, on the route of 
thf Children of Israel in their 
exodus. It is the same as 
Magdolum. 

Mil'ioui. See MOLOCH. 

Mile* The Roman mile, men- 
tinned Matt. 5 : 41, was 149 
yards less than our mile, i. e., 
1611 yards. It was equal to 
eight Greek stadia. 

Miletus, or MILETUM, a sea-' 
port of Caria in Lesser Asia, and 
the capital of both Caria and 
Ionia. It stood about thirty 
six miles south-west of Ephesus, 
and is said to have been built 
by Miletus, the son of the god 
Apollo, whose temple here was 
exceedingly magnificent, and 
whose oracle continued to be 
consulted as late as the fourth 
century. Here were four har 
bors sufficient to hold all the 
Persian fleet. Here TTiales and 
Anaziwmes, the philosophers, 
and 7\motheus, the musician, 
were born. The plaoe was 
famed for its milote, or milate, a 
soft kind of wool, of which they 
made fine carpets. Paul sent 
for and gave solemn charges to 
the elders of that church. Acts 
20 : 1538. For about 300 
years after Christ, we find no 
trace of a church at Miletus 
but in the hfth, sixth, seventh. 
and eighth centuries of the 
Christian era, there were bishops 
in this plaoe. Since the Sara- 
cens ravaged these parts, it haa 
so gone to ruin that nothing ii 



MIN 



R 



Co to seen but rubbish, and a 
few cottages for shepherds. The 
Bite is called by the Turks 
Mdas. 

Milk, in its various states, 
Terms an important article of 
food in some countries. In 
Western Asia, not only cows 
but camels, goats, and sheep, 
are made to supply this food for 
man, Gen. 32 : 15 ; Deut. 32 : 
14 ; Prov. 27 : 27 ; for which 
purpose it is first allowed gen- 
erally to become curd. See 
SEETHE. 

Mill. See GRIND. 

Millet, a very common grain 
in Eastern countries, but far 
inferior in excellence to wheat. 
Its name is derived from the 
Latin mille, a thousand, in allu- 
sion to its extraordinary fruit- 
fulness. It is made into bread 
with oil or butter, and is almost 
the only food of the poorer 
classes in Arabia Felix. The 
word occurs Ezek. 4 : 9, only. 

Mincing, doing a thing affect- 
edly, as eating, walking, Ac. 
Isa. 3 : 16. 

Minister) one who serves an- 
other. It is applied to Christ, 
who is called a f minister of 
the sanctuary," being now en- 
tered into heaven, where he is 
our prevalent Intercessor ; to 
such as are appointed to attend 
the service of God in his church, 
to dispense faithfully and wisely 
the word and sacraments ; to 
officers of the state and magis- 
trates, who punish the trans- 
gresr'Tfl of the law, and defend 



the good ; to the holy angela, 
who are always ready, as wil. 
ling servants, to execute the 
commands of God. 

Minstrel, a professed musician, 
or singer. Elisha had one to 
soothe his troubled mind, 2 
Kings 3 : 15 ; as did Ss -il, 1 
Sam. 16 : 23. Some of these 
were employed at funerals to 
superintend the rites of inter- 
ment. They sang and played 
funeral odes, and mournful 
songs ; uttered doleful shrieks 
and ejaculations, and excited 
the sympathy of spectators by 
exhibiting the most vehement 
expressions of grief. The prac- 
tice was very ancient, as we 
learn from Jer. 9 : 17, 18. 
" Call for the mourning women, 
that thtj may come, and send 
for cunning women, that they 
may come ; and let them make 
haste, and take up a wailing 
for us, that our eyes may run 
down with tears, and our eye- 
lids gush out with waters." 
We discover the practice also in 
the time of our Saviour ; for 
these were the persons who 
laughed him to scorn, when 
about to raise the ruler's daugh- 
ter. Matt. 9 : 23, 24. 

Miracle, a wonder ; an effect 
above any human skill, per- 
formed in proof of some impor- 
tant truth. The divinity of our 
Saviour was proved by the mir- 
acles he performed. They were 
such as could be wrought only 
by the power of God, and had 
for their object to confirm a 
doctrine becoming the glorioof 



MIR 



165 



MIT 



Attributes of God, and the ac- 
complishment of prophecies con- 
cerning th. , whose 
coming, it was foretold, should 
be with miraculous power. John 
3 : '2, 9, 16. The form of true 
religion being now establishec 
in the world, miracles are no 
longer necessary. The power 
of working miracles did not ter- 
minate abruptly with the apos 
ties, but was possessed by other 
early disciples for a generation 
or two, and subsided gradually. 
The existence and prevalence 
of Christianity, amid general 
opposition and persecution in 
all ages, with the frequent ful- 
filments of prophecy now taking 
place, are sufficient authentica 
tions. Modern popish miracles 
are a sad evidence of the chica- 
nery and corruption of Roman- 
ism. 

The following is a list of 
Christ's miracles, as usually 
given, but of course cannot 
embrace the whole, as " many " 
were performed which are not 
particularized. They are gen- 
erally related in several Gos- 
pels, but there is room only to 
quote one. 

Water turned Into wine, . . John 2 
Nobleman's son healed, . . John 4. 
Pa.ssing through the multi- 
tude Luke 4. 

Bran-lit of fishes, . . . Luke 5. 

Demoniac cured .Mark 1. 

Peter's wife's mother. . . ..Mat 8 
"Multitudes" healed, . . . Wat. 8. 
Abo throughout Galilee, . . Wat. 4 

A leper healed Mat 8 

The parah tic Wat. 9. 

Toe Impotent man Johns. 

The wiihered hand, . . . Mat. 12. 

"Many " healed Wat 12 

"A great multitude" healed, I.ukeC. 
Centurion's servant, . . . Luk3? 
Th* wldow'a BOH raised. . . Luke?. 



Miracles appealed to, . . Luke 6 

i Mat. 9. 

'I' 1 "' temp . . . Mat. 8. 

! 't, . . Mat. 8- 

The issue of blood Mat 9 

The daughter of Jalrus, . . Mat. 9.' 

Two blind men Mat. 9. 

A dumb demoniac, . . . Mat 9 
Power Kiven to the apostles, 51at. 10. 
sick healed, . . . Mat. 14. 

Five thousand led Mat. 14. 

He walks on the sea, . . . Mat. 14. 
As " many as touched " heal- 
ed jfat 14. 

Byrophenician woman, . . Mat. 15 

Deaf and dumbmai Mark 7. 

'Multitudes "healed.. . . Wat IP. 

four thousand fed Mark 8 

A blind man cured Mark 8. 

Bflguratlon, . . . Mark 9 
Deaf und dumb demoniac, . Luke 9. 
A lish brings money, . . . Mat 17 
The man blind from birth, . John 9 ' 
InUrm woman restored, . . Luke 13. 

Ihe dropsy healed Luke 14 

Ten lepers cleansed, . . . Luke 17. 

Lazarus raised, Jo i, n 1L 

Blind Bartimeus Mat 20 

''Many" Mind and lame, . Mat. 21. 

The barren ng-tree Mat. 21. 

The ear of Walchus, . . . Luke 22 
Draught of fishes, .... John 21.' 

Mirror. The oldest mirrors 
were made of metal. It was 
from such, contributed by the 
women, that the brazen laver 
was made. Ex. 38 : 8. The 
word in that passage is improp- 
erly translated " looking-glass- 
The art of making glass 
wat, c-en unknown. See GLASS 
On the discovery of America, 
,he Mexicans were found to 
possess mirrors made of black 
vitrified lava, highly polished. 
?he North Americans were 
bund with mirrors -. f copper 
and silver. 

Mlsli h;i. nee TRADITION 

Min-.. the smallest Jewish 
oin, equal to about one sixth 
f our cent. Luke 12 : 59. 

Mitre, a head-dress worn by 
he Jewish high priest, ind bj 
apal bishops and abbots, op 
pecial occasions. The top U 



MOA 



166 



MOL 



tleft in the middle, and rises in 
two points. Ex. 28 : 4. 

Mityle'ne, the capital of Les- 
bos, an island of the Grecian 
Archipelago, was a large and 
beautiful city. It was famous 
aa the birth-place of Alceeus, 
the poet, Sappho, the poetess, 
Theophanes, the historian, Pit- 
tacus, the philosopher, and Di- 
ophanes, the orator. On the 
same island we?e born Theophras- 
tus t the sage, and Potamon, the 
rhetorician. It is now called 
Castro, and sometimes Metilin. 
Acts 20 : 14. 

Mixtarft) a compound. God's 
wrath being poured out uriihout 
mixture, means it should be most 
severe and unmitigated. Rev. 
14 : 10. 

Bliz'pah, literally a pillar ; a 
city eighteen miles northward 
of Jerusalem. Jud. 20 : 1. 1 
8am. 7 : 5, 6. 

Moab. (1.) The son of Lot, 
was born about the same time 
as Isaac, in A. M. 2108 
(2.) The land called by 
his name, eastward and 
southward of the Dead 
Sea, and about the river 
Arnon. This courtry has 
been lately bxplored, 
and is covered with evi- 
dences of former great- 
ness. A multitude of 
rums and sites are 
found, where there have 
been vast cities ; the plains, 
though now deserted, are of the 
richest soil ; and there are re- 
of highways completely 



paved, with milestones, on whici 
the distances can still be read 

It should be remembered that 
it was in its highest state of 
prosperity that the prophets 
foretold that it should be utterly 
desolate. Not one of its incient 
cities is now tenanted by man ' 
Jer. 48 : 239. Amos 2 : 2. 
Zeph. 2:9. The present name 
of this country is El-Rabba. 

Motet In that passage, Isa. 
2 : 20, where it is prophesied 
that idols shall be cast to the 
moles an'd the bats, it seems 
probable that the two words 
should be read as one, which i? 
the ease in three of Dr. Kenni- 
cott's manuscripts. The word 
thus joined means a cave, or sub- 
terranean vault. Many caves in 
Burmah have been made recep- 
tacles for idols, till they have 
multiplied to ship-loads. See 
an account of one of these in 
my " Travels in South-eastern 
Asia." 




In Lev. 11 : 30, There the 
word inole occurs, the chameleon 
is meant, as Bochart and others 
have fully shown It is & species 



MON 



107 



MOfl 



/ lizard, whose nhape may be 
efficiently learned by the pre- 
ceding cut. 

Moloch, an idol of tbe Am- 
monites ; called iilso Ashtoreth, 
and Maleom, or Milcom. 
mon built ;i temple to this deity, 
and the Israelites seemed more 




easily to slide into the idolatry 
of this god than any other. 
Lev. 18 : 21. 1 Kings 11. See 
ASHTORETU and BAAL. 

Money, in ancient times, was 
dealt out by weight, and still is 
in Turkey, Syria, Egypt, China, 
Burmah, Ac. ; coins themselves 
being generally weighed by tbe 
merchant. Gen. 23 : 916. Job 
6 : 2. Zech. 11 : 12. Tbe Per- 
aiana began to use coined money 
about the time of Darius Hys- 
taepos The Greeks had no 
coin before the days of Alexan- 
der , nor the Egyptians, before 
tbe Ptolemies; nor the llebrews, 
tin the government of Judas 
Maccabeus, to whom Antiochus 
Sidetes, king of Syria, granted 
the privilege of coining his own 
money in Judea The coin 



commonly called ' a p!oce rj 

money" was probably a xhektl 

or the Greek stater, which WM 

of the value of fifty cents. 

Matt. 17 : 27. A pound wai 

about equal to sixty shekels 

ii was one fourth of a 

uil to twelve 

cents of our money. A farthing 
was the fortieth part of a pen- 
ny, or about the third of our 
cent. Matt. 5 : 26. A mite waa 
half a farthing. Mark 12 ; 42. 
It is thought there was also a 
farthing equal to one tenth of a 
Roman penny. Instead of in- 
serting uncertain tables of coins, 
the best practicable elucidation 
of such as are mentioned in the 
Bible is given under each word 
of the kind as it occurs. 

Money Chaisgers were such 
as, for profit, exchanged foreign 
coins, or gave smaller pieces of 
money for larger, or larger for 
smaller, to accommodate such 
as came to worship at Jerusalem. 
As all Jews were obliged to 
contribute for the support of 
the temple, and to pay in Jew- 
ish money, their traffic was 
profitable. Neh. 10 : 32. They 
seem not to have been strictly 
just in their dealings, and the 
place they chose for their busi- 
ness was improper. Jesus twice 
drove them from the temple. 
John ? 14, 15. Matt. 21 . 12. 

Month, a space of time, which, 
if measured by the moon (whenon 
its name), is called lunar ; ana 
if by the sun, is called solar. 
See YEAK. When wo speak of 
Jewish months as correspond iu| 



MOB 



168 



MOT 



lo ours, some allowance must 
be made ; for theirs were lunar, 
and ours are solar, which are 
not exactly alike. The Hebrew 
uonths commonly answer to two 
of our months, and take part 
of both. In the following table 
the months are numbered as 
they stood both in the civil and 
9acred years : 



7. TIzrl, or September. 

8. Marchesvan, October. 

9. Chlsleu, November. 

10. Tebet, December. 

11. Shebat, January. 

12. Adar, February. 

1. Abib, or N"isan, March. 

2. Jair, or Zif, April. 

3. Sivan, May. 

4. Thaiumus, June. 
6. Ab, July, 

6. Elul, August. 



a secondary planet, 
always attendant on our earth. 
The moon was formed to give 
light in and rule the night, and 
to distinguish times and seasons. 
Gen. 1 : 14. She seems to have 
a mighty influence on the ebb- 
ing and flowing of the sea ; and 
was the great regulator of the 
Jewish feasts. The heathens 
have generally worshipped the 
moon, under the names of Queen 
of heaven, Venus, Urania, Suc- 
coth-benoth, Ashtaroth, Diana, 
Hecate, or perhaps Meni, &o. 
Job 31 : 26, 27. Deut. 4 : 19 ; 
17 : 3. The Orientals regulate 
their j jurneys by the moon, and 
let off soon after her change. 

Mordecai, the son of Jair, 
grandsun 01 Kish, and descend- 
ant of the family of Saul, was 
Carried to Babylon with Jehoia- 
thin, king of Judah, when he 



was very yoang. He rose to a 
seat at the king's gate ; that is^ 
to be one of the great men of 
the kingdom. Ruth 4 : 1. Eat. 
2 : 19, and 5:9.. 

Moriah, a hill adjacent to 
Jerusalem, on the north-east 
Here Abraham offered his son. 
Gen. 22. When Solomon built 
the temple on it, it became in- 
cluded in the city. 2 Chron. 
3: 1. 

Mortar. (1.) Cement used 
in building. Gen. 11 : 3. (2.) 
A strong vessel, in which grain 
is beaten or brayed. The prov- 
erb of " braying a fool in a 
mortar " may be understood 
from a passage in KNOLLES' his- 
tory of the Turks. Speaking 
of some criminals, he says, 
" Some were impaled, and some 
were pounded or beaten to pieces, 
in great mortars of iron, wherein 
they usually pound their rice." 
Prov. 27 : 22. 

Hotej a speck, or splinter ; 
any very small thing A per- 
son greatly under the dominion 
of any particular sin, reproving 
another who is less so, is com- 
pared by our Saviour to a man's 
attempting to pull a mote out 
of his friend's eye, while a beam 
is in his own. Matt. 7 3. 

Moth, a very small, frail in- 
sect, found most frequently fa 
garments which lie long unused. 
Insects which fly are divided 
by naturalists into diurnal and 
nocturnal, or butterflies and 
moths. By far the greatest 
number belong to the latter 
class, of which some idea ma* 



MOT 



169 



MOU 



be gained from the variety which 
as&otuble round a light in sum- 
mer. The kind which produces 
the injury to woollens is the tinea 
, u small white miller, 
eten in the spring, flying about 
in book or fur stores, Ac. It 
lays its eggs where the worm, 
vhich is of a shining silvery 
color, may, when hatched, find 
food till changed into a winged 
insert, like the parent. The 
allusions to this creature in sa- 
cred Scripture are important, 
though not numerous. It is 
said, Job 4 : 19, that man is 
"crushed before the moth;" 
that is, ho is overcome by the 
smallest enemies, and secretly 
and imperceptibly wastes away, 
as doth a garment. Isa. 50 : 9. 
When the Lord meant to destroy 
Ephraim, but not suddenly, he 
says, " I will be as a moth unto 
Ephraim." The moth forms her 
cell in the cloth, and is, there- 
fore, destroying her abode 
gradually, till at last both arc 
reduced to nothing Such is 
the prosperity of a 
wicked man ; " he 
buildeth his house 
as a moth." He 
lives only to adjust 
his nest, and revel 
in his plenty ; but 
both he and his shall 
Ve destroyed. Job 
22 : 18. 

Mother, the fe- 
male parent. Being 
' without father and 
without mother," Ileb. 7 : 3, 
means that the parents of Mel- 
15 



chisedek are not entered ia th 
genealogies which the Jews M 
sedulously kept. 

The law of Moses required 
no less reverence for the mothei 
than for the father ; and thui 
shone out in beautiful superior- 
ity of other Eastern systems, in 
which woman stands degraded. 
No book in the world contains 
so many portraits of lovely 
women as the Bible. 

Mountain. Judea may be 
called a mountainous country 
The principal mountains men- 
tioned in Scripture are Seir, 
Iloreb, Sinai, Hor,Gilboa, Nebo, 
Tabor, Engedi, Lebanon, Ebal, 
Ainalek, Gerizim, Gilead, Mo- 
riah, Paran, Gahash, Olivot, 
Pisgah, Hermon, and Carmel. 
These contain several metals of 
great value, but the Jews seem 
never to have understood min- 
ing. 

Mourning is expressed with 
great vehemence in Oriental 
countries. The Jews, from their 
earliest period, made great 




lamentations for the dead. Gen 
50 : 714. Tearing the hair 



MOU 



170 



MUL 



rending the clothes (which was 
prohibited to the high priest), 
and uttering piercing cries, 
going barefoot, and striking 
the breast, wearing sackcloth, 
sprinkling dust on the head, and 
fasting, were common modes of 
expressing grief. The picture 
is from an Egyptian painting, 
and expresses frantic sorrow. 
Some of the figures seem to in- 
dicate the putting of ashes on 
the head. It seems to have 
been customary among them to 
hire mourners, who superintend- 
ed the lamentations, and who, 
in funeral odes, melancholy 
songs, and dolorous ejaculations, 
deplored the sorrows of the 
bereft, celebrated the virtues of 
the deceased, and excited the 
sympathy of spectators. Jer. 
9 : 17, 18. Alto* 5 ; 16. Matt. 
9 : 23. It would seem that a 
collection of such odes, or pane- 
gyrics, made for great men, was 
preserved among the state ar- 
chives. 2 Chr. 35 : 25. See 
those which David composed for 
Saul and Jonathan, Abner and 
Absalom. That of Jeremiah, 
leferred to in the passage just 
quoted, is not now extant. See 
MINSTREL. 

Mome, a very small quadru- 
ped, but very injurious. Some 
are peculiar to fields and gar- 
dens, never approaching houses ; 
an ' some h, in houses only. 
In Eastern countries, the field 
mouse sometimes ravages whole 
fields, and even districts, which 
was cue of the plagues endured 
bj the Philistines for detaining 



tne ark of God, and the leasoa 
why five golden mice were sent 
back with it. 1 Sain. 6 : 4, 6 
In the twelfth century, Pales- 
tine was, for four successive 
years, so overrun with mice as 
to cause a famine. Some emi- 
nent authors consider that our 
common mouse is not mentioned 
in Scripture, and that the word 
so rendered, 1 Sam. 6 : 5, Isa. 
66 : 17, means the jerboa, or 
mountain rat, of Arabia, Pales- 
tine, fco. Mice are amazingly 
prolific ; and, were not the 
increase kept down by their 
being the chosen food of owls, 
hawks, snakes, weasels, cats, 
Ac., they would prove a con- 
tinual scourge. See C^NEY. 

Mufflers, masks or thick veils, 
worn by women, concealing a} 
the face except the eyes. Isa 
3: 19. 

Mulberry. Whether this is 
the tree denoted by the original 
term, is doubtful, and cannot 
be settled. The word is baca, 
and is so given in Ps. 84 : 7 
A plant is still common in Ara- 
bia called baca by the natives. 

Mole, an animal of mixed 
breed, between a horse and an 
ass. AVe know of the existence 
of mules so long ago as the time 
of Homer ; and though the 
Jews were forbidden to have any 
mixed race of animals, yet they 
were employed in the Holy 
Land long before the time of 
David. It is remarkably srre-' 
footed patient, hardy, obsti- 
nate, swift, and strong ; and 
lives to twice the age of a 



MUS 



171 



MUS 



fcorse. They are little uaed in 
New England, but are very 
common in the Southern States. 
Still more use is made of them 
lu South America, France, Spain, 
and especially in mountainous 
regions, as the Alps, Pyrenees, 
Ac. 

Munition, a fort ; a secure 
place. Isa. 33 : 16. The word 
\s now chiefly used for materials 
for war. 

Murrain, a disease which 
smote the cattle of the Egyp- 
tians, and is rapid and destruc- 
tive in its progress. As, in 
Europe, epidemic distempers in 
catt> ha^e been known to ad- 
vance over iv country at the rate 
of a certain number of miles 
in a day, they have been sup- 
posed to be cau led by flying in- 
fects. 

Mosle is of very ancient ori- 
gin. Tubal, a descendant of 
Cain, long before the flood, 
taught men to play on the harp 
%nd organ. Laban complained 
that Jacob deprived him of an 
opportunity of sending off his 
daughters with music. Gen. 4 : 
Jl ; 31 : 27. The ancient He- 
brews had a knowledge of mu- 
lio ; when they had passed 
the Red Sea, both men and 
iromeu sung their respective 
hymns to the praise of their 
miraculous Deliverer. Ex. 15. 
Silver trumpets were divinely 
i^dered to be made for sounding 
rer their sacrifices, especially 
.* solemn feasts. Numb. 10. 
avid was an excellent inusi- 
UkUj and had plenty of singing 



men and singing women in hii 
court. 1 Sam. 16. Solon: on had 
them, perhaps, in far greater 
number. Eccl. 2:8. In the 
time of Jeroboam, the eon of 
Joash, the Israelites valued 
themselves upon inventing new 
musical instruments. Amos 6 : 
5. At his idolatrous festival, 
Nebuchfct.^zzar had a large 
concert of music ; and musio 
was the ordinary recreation of 
the Median king. Dan. 3 : 5, 
15. David composed a variety 
of Psalms, and caused his skil- 
ful players to set them to musio, 
as appears by their inscription* 
to Jeduthun, Asaph, Ac., the 
sons of Korah. 1 Chr. 15 : 16. 
As the Levites were eased of a 
great part of their charge, by 
the tabernacle and ark being 
fixed in a place, David had 
great numbers of them devote 
themselves to musio, and dis- 
tributed 4000 sacred singers 
into twenty-four classes, who 
should serve at the temple in 
their turns. The three chief 
musicians were Asaph, Heman, 
and Jeduthun. The four sons 
of Asaph, six of Jeduthun, and 
fourteen of Heman, constituted 
the chiefs of these twenty-four 
classes. Their NEGIXOTH, or 
stringed instruments, were the 
psnlttry and harp, to which may, 
perhaps, be added the shemineth, 
sftushan, or shushanim, and the 
nlnm'nth, the dulcimer, and sack- 
hut ; and the NKUILOTH, or wind- 
instruments, were the o^gan, 
come'., flute, pipe, and trumpet 
They had also timjrei*. cymbal* 






MYR 



172 



MYS 



and btlla. But, as to many of 
these instruments, our best in- 
formation affords us no certain 
knowledge of thoir particular 
forms. See HARP. 

Mustard, a plant, the seed of 
which is very small, but which, 
in some latitudes, becomes ar- 
boreous, and acquires a great 
size, so as to be truly the 
' greatest among herbs." Men- 
tion is male in the Talmud of 
enormous mustard plants, into 
one of which the owner climbed, 
as into a fig-tree ; and another 
was so large as to cover a tent. 
That mentioned in Matt. 13 : 31, 
is called by Linnaeus sin^ipi euro- 
coides. Its branches are real 
wood. 

Myrrh, a gum issuing from a 
tree of the same name, common 
in Arabia, Egypt, and Abys- 
sinia. Sometimes it issues spon- 
taneously, but is chiefly obtained 
by means of incisions which are 
made twice a year, the gum 
being received on mats spread 
below. It comes to Europe in 
loose grains, somewhat like 
gum-arabic. The ancients used 
it as a perfume, and for embalm- 
ing the dead. It is very bitter, 
whence it is called gall ; and, 
being supposed to have the 
property, like opium, of miti- 
gating the sense of pain, it was 
anciently administered to crimi- 
nals to alleviate their anguish. 
Hence some one benevolently 
offered it to Christ ; but he de- 
clined suon reliei. Mark 15: 23. 

Myrtle, a beautiful plant, 
rry common in \he East, where 



it attains the size of a tree. It 
flourishes in all warm countries, 
and is everywhere admired and 
valued. In some places ita 
berries are used as spice. In 
Greece and Italy its leaves are 
often used for tanning. The 
blossoms are perfectly white, 
and intensely fragrant. In this 
uncongenial climate, its size is 
very diminutive ; but in the 
Levant, it attains the height of 
eight or ten feet. The church 
is compared to the myrtle. Isa. 
55 : 13. 

Mysla, the north-western 
province of Asia Minor, on the 
^Egean Sea. Acts 16 : 7, 8. 
Cicero, in his Orations, calls the 
people a despicable race. It is 
the place callW in classic 
writers jEohs. 

Hyslery, a seciet ; something 
which, at present, we do not 
fully understand. Thus the 
doctrines of a Trinity, the In- 
carnation, the Union which ex- 
ists between Christ and hia 
people, <fec., are mysienes. Many 
things which were mysteries 
anciently are made known by 
Christ and his apostles ; and 
many things in the Bible which 
are mysteries to the irreligious, 
or to feeble Christians, are un- 
derstood by such as are emi- 
nently good and studious. A 
mystery, therefore, in Scripture, 
does not mean what cannot be, 
but what is not understood. 
Pagan worship hag its " mys- 
teries of iniquity;" shameful 
crimes committed ty th^st whfl 
were full/ initiated. 



NAK 



178 



NAT 



N. 



Iftbmn, (I..- seventh of the 
niriur pronlu t>, a native of 
Galilee, is thought to have lived 
at the t: n'rib invaded 

Judah, after the tt-n tribes had 
ceased to be a nation. 

THE BO.K of Nahum is a 
poem ; and is thought by critics 
to be one of the most finished 
and sublime extant in any lan- 
guage. It foretells the destruc- 
tion of the Assyrian empire, 
then in all its glory ; and par- 
ticularly the ruin of Nineveh, 
which, after repenting at the 
preaching of Jonah, relapsed 
into aggravated wickedness. 
He also foretells the deliverance 
of lle/.ekiah, and the death of 
Sennacherib. 

Nail, a term by which two 
different Hebrew words are ren- 
dered in our translation ; one 
of which (yathcd) seems to mean 
a common nail or tent pin, Isa. 
22 : 23, and the other (mismer) 
an ornamental or large-headed 
nail. 1 Chr. 22 : 3. CHARDIN 
says, that, in the East, nails are 
not driven into walls with a 
hammer ; stone and mortar 
being too hard, and the clay of 
common houses too friable ; but 
they are fixed in the wall when 
feaitt, which explains Esa. 22 : 
23. 

Naked, uncovered, exposed, 
ften. 2 : 25. This word id often 
used, in a modified sense, to 
describe a person only (rtly 
clothed Mic. 1 : 8. John 
21 7. All Orientals wear a 
15* 



mere cloth round their hipg 
when at labor, and are thei 
called " naked." It is from not 
knowing this that some hava 
I that persons weif for- 
merly baptized in a state of 
literal nakedness; whereas they 
only laid aside the loose outer 
garment. The word is used figur- 
atively, in various senses. Job 
2G : 6, <fcc. 

Name, when applied to God, 
often means his nature and at- 
tributes, that is, God himself. 
Ps. 20 : 1. Prov. 18 : 10. Tc 
take God's name in vain, is t< 
take a false oath, or to mingla 
his name uselessly in our dis- 
course. Ex. 20 : 7. 

Na'omi and her husband Elim- 
elech retired to the land of 
Moab, because of a Mnine in 
Canaan ; where their two sons, 
Mahlon and Chilion, married 
Orpah and Ruth. After about 
ten years, Elirnelech and hia 
sons died without leaving any 
children. The return of Naomi 
to her country, and her subse- 
quent history, are narrated with 
great beauty and instructive- 
ness in the book of Ruth. 

Nard. See SIMKKXARD. 

Nathaniel. See BARTHOLO- 
MEW. 

Nature. (1.) The natural or. 
der of things established in the 
world. (2.) Iho actual state 
of anything, or that which 
makes it what t is. (3.) Thai 
principle c reason, or natural 
light in tie mind of man, which 



NAZ 



174 



NEB 



ta capable of great improvement, 
Out r?: lurei the grace of God 
to dire* t it to its proper end. 
Rom. 2 : 14. 1 Cor. 11 : 14. 

Nazareth, a small city of 
Galilee, about seventy -five miles 
north of Jerusalem, situated on 
the side of a hill, and overlook- 
ing a ?uperb and spacious val- 
ley formed by surrounding 
mountains. It was over a prec- 
ipice on this side (described by 
Jowett as fifty feet high), that 
the people sought to throw our 
Saviour. It was noted for wick- 
edness. Mark 1 : 9. John 1 : 
46. Here our Saviour labored 
most of the thirty years of his 
private life ; but their contempt 
of his ministry, and attempt to 
murder him, occasioned his re- 
siding there but little after- 
wards, and working but few 
miracles among them. Luke 
4 : 1629. It has continued to 
this day to be a place of some 
note, and contained at the time 
of Mr. Jowett's researches, 
about 3000 souls. Among the 
population are Greeks, Catho 
lies, Greek Catholics, and Ma- 
ronites. The precipice over 
which the people attempted to 
throw our Saviour is still con- 
spicuous. Luke 4 : 29. 

Nazarite, or NAZARESTE, a 
Jew who made a vow to observe 
uncommon devotion, either for 
a given period or for life. 
Numb. 6. 

Jesus Chri.' was in fact what 
these were in profession, Conse- 
crated to God, and hence is called 
ft Nazaro le . That Christ should 



be tnas consecrated, is c 
by various prophets, though he 
is not mentioned in the Old 
Testament under that erpresi 
title. Matt. 2 : 23. 

Afoap'oUs, a seaport in Mace- 
donia, Acts 16 : 11, the same 
which is now called Napoli. See 
SHKCHEM. 



a city eight miles south 
of Heshbon. Numb. 32: 38. 
Isa. 15 : 2. It is now callec 
Abarim. 

Nebo, a mountain where Mo- 
ses died, stood in the lot of 
Reuben. Deut. 34 : 1. 

Ne'bo, an idol, thought by 
some to be the same as Dagon. 
Isa. 46 : 1. As, however, this 
name is found in the composition 
of many Chaldee words, such 
as Nebuchadnezzar, Nabonassar t 
Nabopoiassar, &G., it was prob 
ably a different god. See BEL. 

Nebuchadnezzar, Nebuchad 

rezzar, or Nabopoiassar, the most 
famed king of Babylon. His 
father, Nabopoiassar, having 
raised an immense army to 
quell a revolt of the Syrians, 
Phoenicians, &c., he was ap- 
pointed to its command, and 
with it not only subdued thot* 
provinces, but overran Canaan, 
Moab, Ammon, Assyria, Egypt, 
&Q., and made them tributary. 
He carried to Babylon, among 
other princes of Judah, Daniel, 
Hananiah, Mishael, and Azari 
ah ; whom he called Belteshaz- 
zar, Shadrach, Meshach, and 
Abednego. These, and othe/ 
young captives, he aaused to b* 



NEG 



175 



NET! 



trained up h: all the learning j Scripture, but by fTnrodotut, 

of the Chal loans, chat they i who lived about COO years B. C. 

might serve in the court. 2 il- 1 conquered Jadea in the dayi 

Kings 24. Dan. 1. Ho twice 

afterward in vailed and i-i 

Judea, and carried away into 

Captivity many Jews, among 

whom waa Ezekiel the prophet. 

2 Chr. 36. Ez. 25, 35. Jehoia- 

ohim and Jehoiachin were kings 

of Judea during these troubles. 

About A. M. 3399, his father 
died, and he became king of 
Babylon. In the second year 
of hia reign, he had a surpris- 
ing dreain, but entirely forgot 
it. All the diviners being ap- 
plied to in vain, Daniel declared 
to him both the dream and the 
interpretation. He was so aston- 
ished, and yet so convinced of 
the truth, that he foil on his 
face before Daniel, and acknowl- 
edged his God to be the God of 
gods and Lord of kings. He 
made Daniel chief of the wise 
men, and governor of the prov- 
ince of Babylon ; and made 
Shadrach, Meshacb, and Abed- 
nego, subordinate governors in 
the same place. Dan. 2. 

Towards the close of his life 
he fell into that species of hypo- 
ohondriacal monomania, which 
leads the patient to believe that 
He is some animal or utensil, 
and act accordingly. During 
this period (about seven years), 
he thought himself an ox, and 
dwelt in the fields, lie recov- 
ered, but we have no account of 
his subsequent life, 

Bfe'chO, a famous king of 
Egypt, mentioned not only iu 



iah. 

Nec'romaiifcr, a conjurer ; 
one who pretended to reveal 
secrets by intercourse with the 
dea-1. Deut. 18 : 11. - 

Neglnoth, stringed instru 
merits. This title to some of 
the psalms implies a sort of 
direction to the chief performer 
on instruments. 

Nehemiah was, perhaps, of 
the royal family of David. Hia 
being cup-bearer to Artaxerxes 
Longitnanus, and his succeeding 
Zerubbabel in the government 
of the Jews, tend to confirm 
this opinion. Furnished with 
royal letters 'of authority, he 
went to Jerusalem, and spent 
twelve years in laboring for itt 
.estoration. He afterwards re- 
turned to the Holy City, and 
died there. Nehemiah was no,. 
a prophet, but a historian ; and 
his narrative begins about 
twelve years after that of Ezra 
closes. 

In his days flourished the 
prophet MALACHI ; HERODOTUS 
and TiiurviHDKS, the two most 
ancient profane historians whose 



are extant ; and PLATO 
the philosopher. 

THE BOOK of Nehemiab <* 
written by him whose name it 
bears, and describes his admin- 
istration through a space of 
thirty -six years ; and with i\ 
the historical part of the Old 
Testament is closed. 

Xc'IiMoth, a word found a 



NET 



176 



NEVT 



&e beginning of Ps. 5, which 
means wind-instruments, and 
implies that it is addressed to 
the superintendent of the per- 
formers on flutes in the sanc- 
tuary. 

Nehush'tail, brass ;" a con- 
temptuous name given by good 
Hezekiab to the brazen serpent 
When it became an object of 
idolatrous worship, he caused it 
to be destroyed, and called it 
Nthushtan, that is, a little brass 
serpent. 2 Kings 18 : 4. 

Neighbor. (1.) One who lives 
near another. (2.) Every man 
to whom wo have an opportunity 
9f doing good. Matt. 2'2 39. 
(3.) One who pities and relieves 
another in distress. Luke 10 : 
36. (4.) One who stands in 
need of help. Prov. 2 28. 
Our Saviour reproved the Phari- 
sees for using the word in a re- 
stricted sense, and informed 
them that all men were their 
neighbors, and that charity 
should be exercised even to 
enemies. Matt. 5 : 43, 44. Luke 
10 : 2937. 

Ner'gal, an idol mentioned 
2 Kings 17 : 30, which Calmet 
agrees with the Rabbins in sup- 
posing was in the form of a 
cock. Recent writers regard 
Nergal as one of the names of 
the planet Mars ; a symbol of 
bad luck and war. 

Neth'iaims, persons who wait- 
ed on the Lord's house, perform- 
ing inferior offices, under the 
direction of the Levites. Ezra 
2 : 58, and 8 : 20. They are 
Opposed to be the descendants 



of the Sibeonites, who deceived 
the HeV.rew princes, and were 
devotel to laborious occupa- 
tions. Josh 9. They had a 
particular place in Jerusalem 
where they dwelt, called Ophel. 
Neh. 3 : 26. Ezra 8 : 1720. 

Netopha, the same as Neto- 
phathi, a city of Judah, near 
Bethlehem. 

Nettles, in Job 30 : 7, cannot 
mean our nettles, because per- 
sons took shelter under it. It 
probably means a thorny thicfc- 
et, such as is common in India. 

New Testament, the sacred 
book of Christians, though not 
to the exclusi6n of the Old Tes- 
tament. The books which com 
pose the New Testament are 
supposed to have been written 
in the following order : 

A. D. 

38. The Gospel of Matthew, written 

in Judea. 
52 1st and 2d Thess., written froTC 

Corinth. 
" Galatians, written from Corinth (f 

Macedonia. 

56. 1st Corinth., from Ephesus. 

57. 2d Corinth., from Macedonia. 

58. Romans, from Corinth. 
61. Ephesians, from Koine. 

" James, written at Jerusalem. 
C2. Philippians, Colossiuus, and Phlle 
mon, from Rome. 

63. The Gospel of Luke, written In 

Greece. 
" Hebrews, from Rome. 

64. The Acts of the Apostles, written 

in Greece. 
" 1st Timothy and Titus, written in 

Macedonia. 
" 1st Peter, from Babylon. 

65. The Gospel of Mark, written fro 

Rome. 

" 2d Timothy, from Rome. 
" 2d Peter, from Babylon. 
" Jude, where written, unknown. 
90. 1st John, from Patmos. 
" 2d and 3d John, from Ephesus. 

96. John, at Ephesus, writes the book 

of Revelation. 

97. John writes bis Gospel at the Banu 

place. 

The language of the New 
Testa-, en/ Is Greek of the Mao* 



NIC 



177 



flIL 



ioniau dialect, in which Hebrev 

idioms, and modes of c 
tion, are common. I> li 
ever, examples of all tl. 

ts. When it was written, 
Greek was the learned language 
of the world ; spoken and read 
by the educated in every par* of 
he Roman Empire, especially 
the eastern. In this language 
were many books already ex- 
tant, by the reading of which 
we of this day are enabled the 
more exactly to understand the 
sacred writers. 

A large portion of the Jews, 
in the time of our Saviour, 
spoke Greek as their mother 
tongue ; particularly in Gali- 
lee, Egypt, Syria, Asia Minor, 
nnd Greece ; and these are 
called Hellenists. 

Nibliaz, an idol of the Ilivites, 
worshipped in the form of a dog. 
2 Kings 17 . 31 

Nicola'itang. It is not known 
whether these were a sect, or 
only certain false and seducing 
teachers ; nor is it known from 
whom the name is derived. The 
Greek name for Nicolas corre- 
sponds with the Ilebrew for 
Balaam. They are supposed to 
have denied the real human 
nature of Christ, and of course 
the reality of his sufferings. 
They seem to have been singu- 
larly profligate and impure. 
Rev. 2:6. It is thought they 
are alluded to in 2 Pet. 2, and 
Jude 7 19. They seem to 
be the people called in church 
history Gnostics ; cr, rather, 
that they at length beooiuw such. 



Nleop'olls, the name of 
several ancient cities. That to 
which Paul refers, Titus 3 : 12, 
is probably in Thrace, on the 
river Nastus, near the eastern 
border of Macedonia. 

Night* (1.) The time between 
evening and morning. (2.) Tha 
time of heathenish ignorance 
and profanoness. Rom. 13: 12. 
(3.) Adversity. Isa. 21 : 12. 
(4.) Death, wherein we are laid 
asleep. John 9 : 4. (5.) The 
season in which anything comeg 
suddenly and unexpectedly 
upon us. 1 Thes. 5 : 2. Isa. 
15 : 1. Luke 12 : 20. (6.) 
The whole time of our life on 
earth, during which we are dark 
by reason of ignorance, and are 
exposed to danger and sinful 
stumbling. Rom. 13 : 12. 

Mght-iUwk, the strix orien- 
talis, a voracious bird, of the 
size of the common owl, w> bold 
and daring in Syria as to attack 
even children if exposed at 
night. Occurs LOT. 11 : 16. 
Deut. 14 : 15, only. 

Nile. This river is not ex- 
pressly named in Scripture, but 
is referred to in the account of 
the plagues of Eygpt, and the 
very word occurs in the original 
in Isa. 27 : 12, and 2 Kings 
24 : 7. An immense commerce 
continues to be carried on In 
boats of every size, on inia 
river. It rises in Ethiopia. 
Its course is at first tortuous, 
but afterwards nearly ncrth. 
It is not the same as the river of 
Egypt See EGYPT. Its length 
u 2000 miles Dr. Suith, of 



NIL 



178 



NIN 



Eoeeon, leaoribes the lower part 
of the river, up to within twenty- 
five miles of Cairo, as very deep 
and rapid, with perpendicular 
banks. On the shore are arti- 
ficial mounds or levees, gen- 
erally about ten feet high, 
through which sluices are cut, 
having strong gates, erected to 
regulate the flooding of the 
land The overflow occurs in 
August, by reason of the rainy 
season in the country of its 
sources. The water then ex- 
tends in the flat or northern part 
of Egypt, about twenty miles on 
each side of the river. When 
the waters are nearly subsided, 
the inhabitants sow their seed, 
which settles into the mud, and 
without further trouble pro- 
duces a crop, which explains 
Eco. 11 : 1, " Cast thy bread 
upon the waters," &c. Artifi- 
cial lakes and cisterns are made 
to retain the water. It is said 
that 200,000 oxen are employed 
in raising the water from these 
and from the river in the dry 
season. If the annual rise was 
not sufficient to cover and fill 
these cisterns or pool?, famine 
followed. Ancient writers give 
horrible accounts of some of 
these famines. The river water 
\a discolored, but very whole- 
some. So dependent were the 
Egyptians on their river, that 
they paid it sacred honors, and 
worshipped its reptiles and 
plants. Most striking therefore 
was the punishment which 
Jehovah sent them through the 
f'ver, when he turned its waters 



into blood, and afteiwardf 
caused it to bring forth myriadi 
of frogs. Ex. 7: 8. 

IVimrah, a city in the canton 
of Gad. Numb. 32. 3,36. 

Nimriui, a city east of Jor- 
dan. Isa. 15 : 6. It is thought 
to be the same which St. Jerome 
calls Nemra. 

Nim'rod , a hunter and chieftain 
of vast ambition and success. 
He was born just before the 
commencement of the tower of 
Babel. When he rose to be 
king, he repeopled Babel, which 
had been desolate since the 
confusion of tongues, but did 
not attempt the finishing of the 
tower. The Scriptures inform 
us he became "mighty upon 
earth ;*' but the extent of his 
COD , Seats is not known. 

NlftCTeh, a city of Assyria, 
called also Ninus. It was the 
capital of that empire till 
Esarhaddon conquered Babylon, 
when that city shared the roya 
presence, the court being some- 
times at one place and some- 
times at the other. It was 
founded by Ashur, the son of 
Shorn, Gen. 10 : 11, and became 
one of the largest cities in the 
world. In the 29th year of the 
reign of Josiah, king of 7 dah, 
Nineveh was utterly destroyed 
by the Modes. It was after- 
wards partially rebuilt, but 
never became considerable, and 
was finally destroyed by the 
Saracens in the seventh century 
It is now called Mosul, and is 
only famous for being the resi 
dence of the patriarch of tbc 



NIK 



179 



NO 



Neatorians, of which eect are 
most of tho Christiana in those 
parts. Mosul is on the west 
Bide of the Tigris, and was an- 
ciently only an appendage to the 
ciry, which itself stood on the 
est side, whore ruins of vast 
eitont have been visited by mod- 
ern travellers. According to 
Diodorus Siculus, the circum- 
ference of Nineveh was sixty 
miles. Jonah was three days 
in going round to yoclaim its 
overthrow ; twcnt/ miles being 
as much as he could leisurely 
walk in a day. 

The destruction of Nineveh 
fulfilled the following prophe- 
cies, to which the reader is re- 
ferred. Jon. 3. Nah. 2 and 
3. Zeph. 2 : 13. It is often 
a matter of wonder how struc- 
tures so vast as were many 
in Nineveh, especially the walls, 
which were nearly thirty feet 
thick, could be so utterly thrown 
down, that the very situation of 
some of these ancient cities has 
not till recently been clearly 
ascertained. The cause is partly 
explained by the fact that the 
cost and difficulty of obtaining 
materials for building in the 
East have made it common, from 
time immemorial, to resort to 
leerted towns for materials to 
erect new ones. Thus Seleucia 
was built with the ruins of Baby- 
lon, and Mosul from those of 
Nineveh. 

Recent examinations of the 
ruins of Nineveh have been 
inude, at great expense, by Mr. 
TtAYARD, and a large number 
of most interesting articles re- 



covered from the ruins. Ma a; 
of these throw great light or 
Old Testament history, and in 
every case corroborate the aa 
cred narrative. The work of 
Mr. Layard has been used in re 
vising many of the articles o, 
this Dictionary, for the presen 
edition. It contains a larg* 
fund of useful information. 

Wroth, a god of Assyria, 
worshipped under the form of 
an eagle. 2 Kings 19 : 37. 

NitrCi This word, which oc- 
curs but twice in the Bible, does 
not mean what we now call nitre 
or saltpetre, but is that native salt 
called natrum by naturalists. 
The natrum is an earthy alka 
line salt, found in abundance on 
the surface of the Lake Natron 
in Egypt, in Sindy, an ini**'or 
province of Asia, and many 
other places. It is in all re- 
spects the same as the Smyrna 
" soap earth." Solomon evi- 
dently means this substance 
when he compares the effect of 
unseasonable mirth upon man 
in affliction to the action of vin- 
egar on nitre. Prov. 25 : 20. 
Vinegar has no effect upon what 
we call nitre, but upDn th : s 
earthy alkali it produces violo it 
effervescence. Being of a soapy 
nature, it was used to cleanse 
clothes and the skin ; to which 
is the allusion in Jer. 2 : 22. 

NO) an Egyptian city, which 
Vitringa considers to be tho 
same as Noph, whicr see. This, 
however, is very improbable. 
The name of the city is properly 
No-AmoH t i. e., the seat of the 
I god Ainon (the Egyptian naini 



NOA 



180 



NOV 



far Jupiter), generally called 
limply No. Nah. 3 : 8. Ezek. 
30 : 1416. The cut is fram 
an Egyptian representation. 




Modern investigations have 
settled, beyond doubt, that this 
city was Thebes, the famous cap- 
ital of Egypt, called also Dios- 
polis by the Greeks, and the 
chief seat of the worship of 
Jupiter Ammon. Its ruins are 
the wonder and delight of all 
travellers. Jer. 40 : 25. The 
destruction of No-Amon seems 
to have a little preceded that of 
Nineveh, and to have occurred 
while Hezekiah ruled in Judea, 
and Sevechus, whom Herodotus 
mils Sethon, was king of Egypt, 
Jaat is, about B. c. 710. 

JNoall, after leaving the ark, 
deems to have settled in China ; 
and is probably their Fohi. 
Hence, probably, is theii 1 flotion 
that Fohi had no father. Civil- 
ization and literature may be 
traced to as early a period in 
^hina as anywhere in the wor'd. 



Nod, a land to which Cfcln 
withdrew after his fratricide. 
Gen. 1 : 16. We have no 
mean? \t present, of knowing 
what country this was. Gen. 
4: 16. 

IVoph, the ancient MempUs t 
near to which are the famous 
pyramids. It seems not im- 
probable that these pyramids 
were built by the children of 
Israel, while slaves to Pharaoh; 
but whether they were designed 
as objects of worship or sepul- 
chres for the dead, is uncertain. 

Nose-jewel, mentioned Gen. 
24 : 47, and Isa. 3 : 21, and 
in various other places. It re- 
mains to this day a 'favorite 
female ornament. The carti- 
lage of the nose is not perforated, 
but the ring is cut, and merely 
presses on each side of the flesh. 




a new convert. Suet 
a one is not to be put into th 
| ministry. 1 Tim 3 : 6. 



OAT 



181 



OAT 



Numbers, the fourth book of 

the Old TcsUiiient, so called 
from its containing an account 
of the numbering of the children 
of Israel, chapters 1, 2, and 
26. It records the history of 
I0raol for thirty-eight years ; 
that is, from the second month 
of the second year after their 
exodus from Egypt, to the 
eleventh month of the fortieth 



year of tneir journeyings Moil 
of the transactions which are 
mentioned took place ii the 
second and the ttdrty-dgAth 
years. 

JVntS) a word which occurs 
only Gen. 43 : 11, and is ra- 
riously rendered. It is proba- 
bly the fruit of the pistachio tree 
The size is about the same as 
the hazel nut. 



O. 



Oak, a tree of great stat- 
ure and durability. Abraham 
pitched his tent, and Joshua set 
up the tabernacle, beneath an 
oak. Josh. 24 : 26. The tree 
is not common in Palestine. Its 
durability made the idolater se- 
lect it as the substance of his 
god. Is. 44 : 14. The British 
Druids held it sacred. It is ad- 
mirable timber for ships, and is 
now chiefly used for that purpose. 

Oath, a solemn act, wherein 
we swear by God, or call him to 
witness the truth of what we 
assert or promise, and to curse 
us in time and eternity, if we 
swear what is false 01 *uknown 
to us, or if we do not perform 
what we engage. The forms of 
administering an oath have been 
very various among different 
people?, and in different periods. 
"As the Lord liveth;" "God 
do so to me and more also ;" 
" As thy soul In th ; " " So help 
16 



me God;" <tc., and many othei 
forms have been used. An oath 
should never be taken but in 
matters of importance, nor sworn 
by the name of any but the true 
God, as it is an act of solemn wor- 
ship ; nor irreverently, without 
godly fear and awe of the Most 
High. Josh. 23: 7. James 5 : 
12. Deut.6: 13. Matt. 5: 34, 35. 
Jer. 5 : 7. The multiplication 
of oaths, therefore, in commerce 
and common affairs, is a great 
sin. The irreverent and hur- 
ried manner in which they are 
too frequently administered has 
a great tendency to increase 
perjury. 

Few sins are so heinous 
as prcfane swearing. It has 
neither the force of bodily ap- 
petite, nor love of gain, for its 
excuse ; while it betrays the 
' contempt of God, and 
tends to destroy all certainty of 
testimony. Matt. 5 : 34. 






OFF 



182 



OFF 



Obadiah, the prophet, ia 
thought to have lived about the 
time that Jerusalem was sacked 
by Nebuchadnezzar. 

THE BOOK of Obatliah contains 
prophecies of the destruction of 
Edom, and the future prosperity 
of Ziou. 

Oblation, an offering where 
no life was destroyed. Obla- 
tions consisted of bread, fruit, 
meal, wine, oil, cakes, &c. See 
OFFERING, and SACRIFICE 

Offend* (1.) To commit sin. 
4aa 25 : 8. (2.) To cause to 
commit sin. " Whoso shall of- 
fend one / of these little ones," 
&c Matt. 18 : 6 9. 1 Cor. 
10: 32. (3.) To be scandalized 
or displeased. Matt. 15 : 12. 
Thus the meanness of Christ's 
birth was a stone of stumbling 
ind rock of offence. Isa. 8 : 14. 
1 Cor. 8 : 13. In this sense we 
are to understand Ps. 119 : 165, 
where it is said of those who 
love God's law, that "nothing 
shall offend them." 

Offering, a sacrifice, anything 
offered or presented in worship. 
The Hebrews had several kinds 
of offerings, which were all in- 
tended to exhibit and enforce 
h-9 great truths of religion. 

The BURNT-OFFEPJNGS were 
presented to God, as the Maker, 
Preserver, and Lord of ihe uni- 
verse, entitled to ail adoration 
%nd bonor. The " whole burnt- 
offerings," as their name im- 
ports, were all burnt except the 
ikin. They signified that the 
whole man, in whoso stead they 
were offered, was to be entirely 



devoted to God, without reserve , 
that he himself had deserved U 
be utterly consumed ; that the 
sufferings of the Messiah, as the 
sinner's Substitute, would be 
extremely great ; and that all 
fleshly lusts and selfishness of 
principle are to be completely 
mortified. 

The SIN-OFFERING and the 
TRESPASS-OFFERING are de- 
scribed in Lev. 4 and 5; but 
the exact difference between the 
transgressions to whicb they 
have reference is very obscure. 
It seems probable that the sin- 
offering was for violation of 
prohibitory statutes ; and the 
trespass-offering was for neglect 
of imperative statutes. It was 
not so entirely consumed by fire 
as the burnt-offering. (Compare 
Lev. 1 : 9, and ch. 7 : 8, with 
ch. 6 : 25, 26, and 29.) The 
victim was brought to the door 
of the tabernacle ; the offender 
put his hand upon its head, con- 
fessed his sins, and supplicated 
pardon, saying, " I beseech thee, 
Lord ; I have sinned, I have 
trespassed, I have rebelled : 
but now I repent, and let THIS " 
(that is, his sacrifice) " be my 
expiation." The animal was 
then slain, and reconciliation 
enjoyed with God. It is thus 
we confess our sins, in an hum- 
ble dependence upon the atone- 
ment of Jesus Christ, and look 
for salvation through his 
precious blood. Restitution, so 
often mentioned in Scripture, 
formed an indispensable part ot 
the duty of him that presented 



OFF 



183 



OL1 



these offerings. If he held his 
neighbor's property unjustly, 
he not only now restored it, but 
added a fifth part. Num. 5: 5, 
8. Ex. 22 : 3, 8. 

The PEACE-OFFERINGS and 
THANK-OFFERINGS had respect 
to God, as reconciled to us, and 
as the Giver of all our posses- 
sions. They were free-will or 
voluntary oblations, either in 
return for blessings received, or 
in supplication for mercies de- 
sired. The blood, Ac., of these 
victims was offered up by the 
priest, and the remainder re- 
turned to the worshipper, who 
added to it such other things as 
he chose, and made a feast, to 
which widows, orphans, slaves 
and Levites, were invited. 
Christ is our Peace-Offering ; 
and it is for him, and by him, 
that we render thanksgiving 
unto the Father. 

The WAVE-OFFERINGS were 
shaken or tossed to and fro, 
towards the several parts of the 
world, to denote God's universal 
dominion and the extent of the 
Redeemer's sacrifice. Lev. 8. 

The MEAT-OFFERING consisted 
of gifts of flour, incense, oil, 
apice, Ac. The priest sprinted 
part of the flour and all the ic.- 
eense upon the altar, and the 
rest belonged to him and the 
other priests. 

DRINK-OFFERINGS were not 
eommonly offered alone, but 
' accompanied other offerings; 
part of the wine, oil, Ac., was 
poured on the altar, the rest 
was for the pri >st. 



"The law was a hadow i* 
good things to come ; but the 
body is of Christ " C*J. 2 ; 
17; and Heb. 10 : 1. Many 
of the Hebrews, it is prooable, 
placed a carnal dependence on 
ceremonial offerings, and did not 
entirely appreciate their sym 
bolical meaning. But this error 
is decidedly condemned in many 
places. Ps. 50 : 823 ;. 40 : 
6, 9. Isa. 1 : 1120. Hos. 6: 
6. Mio. 6 : 68, Ac. 

Oil, or OINTMENT, is ndw ex 
tracted from the fat of fishes 
from flaxseed, and a multitude 
of other substances. Oil ob- 
tained from olives, that is, such 
as we now call sweet ot7, was 
abundant in the Holy Land. 
Deut. 32 : 13. Bread dipped in 
oil was reckoned a 'delicate re- 
past. An infusion of some 
flowers made it fragrant. Matt. 
26 : 7. Ps. 92 : 10. The He- 
brews used olive oil in their 
meat-offerings, in thoir sacred 
lamps, and in their common use; 
but there was a sacred oil com- 
pounded with cinnamon, cala- 
mus, cassia, and myrrh, which 
was used in the anointing of 
the priests, the tabernacle and 
furniture. None of it was to 
be applied to any other use ; 
nor was any to be made like it 
except for sacred uses. 

Olive, a tree very common 
in Judea. It makes a one 
appearance, having spreading 
branches like our apple-tree, 
and remaining green in the 
winter. It flourishes about 200 
years. There are two kinds, th 






OL1 



184 



ONE 



wild 



the cultivated; the 



former being smaller and poorer 
khan the latter. It is the chief 
resource of Orientals for 
article they use in grea ! Sun- 
dance, both for food ana oint- 
ment, as well as light. Its oil 
was considered good for wounds, 
bruises, Ac. The fruit, which is 
about the size of a small plum, is 
very wholesome and nourishing. 
Capt. Cook found that its 
green branches, carried in the 
hands, or stuck in the ground, 
were emblems of peace, univer- 
sally employed and understood 
by the untutored inhabitants of 
the South Sea Islands. The 
origin of a custom thus re- 
ceived and religiously observed 
by nations dwelling on opposite 
sides of the globe, who never had 
the smallest intercourse with 
one another, must be sought for 
near the beginning of time, 
when the inhabitants of our 
earth, forming but one family, 
attached the 
recollections to 



mencing at the valley of Jehoah- 
aphat, and of the distant plain! 
and mountains of Moab. This 
is the spot whence our Saviour 
ascended into heaven in sight of 
his apostles. 

the last letter of the 



most pleasing 
the bringing of 

an olive branch. Gen. 8 : 11. 

A reference to the same sign of 



mercy to Noah, may be traced 
in the derivation of the Greek 
word eJ.atog t mercy, from 
an olive. 



Greek alphabet. See ALPHA. 

O'mer, see HOMER. 

On, a city of Lower Egypt; 
called Heliopolis by the Septua- 
gint version, Gen. 41 : 45, and 
by Herodotus, who says the 
inhabitants were " the wisest of 
the Egyptians." It was one of 
the oldest cities in the world, 
and about two hours' ride from 
Cairo. The father-in-law of 
Joseph was high priest of OK, 
and thus the noblest priest in 
Egypt. This was the city of 
Moses, according to Berosus, 
and accounts for his being 
" learned in all the wisdom of 
the Egyptians." Acts 7 : 22, 
Heliopolis was the Greek trans- 
lation of Beth-shemeshy " the 
house or city of the san," and 
is called (Jer. 43 : 13) " Beth- 
shemesh in the land of Egypt," 
to distinguish it from a place of 



the same name in Canaan. Josh 
19 : 08. 

The site of this once great 
and famous city is now a com- 
Olivet, or MOUNT OP OLIVES, [ mon field, distinguished only by 



stood about 625 pace* cast of 
Jerusalem, from wbic> K *as. 
separated by the vallej >i Jo- 
hoshaphat and brook Kidron. 
From its summit there is a fine 
view of Jerusalem, of the Dead 
8a, of the vast and irregular 



a single obelisk, about seventy 
feet high, of red granite. 

Oiies'imns, a slave of Phue 
mon, a wealthy Christian in 
Colosse. For some unknown 
reason, he absconded from his 
master. Coming to Home, he 



dell which leads to it, com- \ was converted to Christianity bj 



ONY 



186 



OPP 



rai , a ad being a man of in- 
telligroe and respectability, as 
Oriental servants often were, he 
proved very useful to Paul 
during his imprisonment. He 
then returned to his former sit- 
uation, with Paul's Epistle to 
PHILEMON ; which see. 

Oliesipll'oros was an Ephesian 
convert of some distinction, who, 
being at Rome during Paul's im- 
prisonment, openly befriended 
him, and supplied his wants, 
when many of his friends were 
afraid to do so. 2 Tim. 1:16, 
and 4 : 19. 

Onion, a word occurring Num. 
11 : 6, only. Those of Egypt 
greatly surpass any others in 
excellence. The fact that onions 
were eaten in Egypt during the 
bondage of Israel, may indicate 
that they had not then become 
so gross in idolatry as to wor- 
ship this plant, as was the case 
in the days of JUVENAL, who 
satirizes the Egyptians for this 
superstition. In warm coun- 
tries, and especially in Egypt, 
onions are very large, soft, and 
sweet ; very different from those 
of the United States. 

Ono was in the tribe of Ben 
jamin, 1 Chron. 8 : ] 2. 

Ott'yelia, a fragrant gum, 
probably the bdellium, which is 
a gum, smooth and shining like 
a man's nail, which the Greeks 
call onyx, and is by some 
authors called " bdella &nyx," to 
distinguish it from other kinds. 
Some authors have followed 



Dioscoriles, who considers the j science 
16* 



ony -ha to be the produce of I 
shell fish, found in some laitoa of 
India. Hut India was too dis- 
tant for drugs to be imported 
thence into Jiulca ; and beside 
the original word means to 
drop like a tear," to " distil," 
and must mean something that 
exudes. The word occurs in Ex 
30 : 34, only. 

O'nyx, a precious stone, tak- 
ing its name from its color re- 
sembling the finger nails. What 
it was is very uncertain; proba- 
bly a variety of the agate, or the 
chalcedony. 

Ophir, the son of Joktan 
Whether he gave name to the 
country famous for gold, or 
where that country wag, we can 
hardly determine. It is certair 
that it was somewhere in India, 
as the fleet passed down the 
Red Sea to get to it, and that ita 
gold was renowned even in the 
time of Job, ch. 22 : 24 ; 28 
16 ; and that from the time of 
David to the time of Jehosha- 
phat, the Hebrews traded with 
it, and that Uzziah revived this 
trade when he made himself 
master of Elath, a noted port on 
the Red Sea. In Solomon's time, 
the Hebrew fleet took up three 
years in their voyage to Ophir, 
and brought home gold, apes, 
peacocks, spices, ivory, ebony, 
and aluiug-trees. 1 Kings 9 18, 
10: 11; 22: 48. 2 Chr. 9 . 10. 

Oppression, unreasonable im- 
position, whether on man's 
property, character, or oon- 
Persecution of ftU 



OBG 



186 



OST 



kinds p*rtakes of the nature of 
this sin. 

Oracle, something delivered 
by supernatural wisdom. The 
" most holy place," in the tem- 
ple, was called the oracle, be- 
cause there the priest inquired 
of God. 1 Kings 6 : 519. 
The Scriptures are the oracles 
of God, which Christians ought 
to consult at all times ; espec- 
ially in matters of difficulty, and 
in the great affairs relating to 
their souls and another life. 
Heb. 5 : 12. Acts 7 : 38. 

Ordinance, an appointed rite 
or observance. No religious 
ordinance is binding, or even 
admissible, which is not of 
divine institution ; nor can any 
so instituted be varied or modi- 
fied by human caprice or judg- 
ment. Baptism and the Lord's 
Supper are the only proper or- 
dinances of Christianity. 

Organ, a wind instrument of 
music, invented by Jubal, the 
sixth in descent from Cain ; but 
Jubal's was probably very dif- 
ferent from ours, which are com- 
pos >.d of various kinds of pipes, 



JUUffl 




aome of them thirty to forty 
feet long. The present kind we 
do not kiow to be more than 
BOO jean old Ps 150 : 4 



The primitive organ was what 
is called " Pan's pipes," as seen 
in the cut ; made of reeds, and 
blown into with the mouth. 
Gen. 4 : 21. Organs made of 
reeds five or six feet long are 
still used in Burrnah, Siam, Ac., 
of which some fine specimens 
are in the Baptist missionary 
rooms, Boston. 

Ori'on, a constellation con- 
sisting of nearly eighty stars, 
which appear to us in Novem- 
ber. Job 38: 31. 

O'see, one of the prophets, 
called in the Old Testament 
Hosea. Rom. 9 : 25. 

Ospray, the black eagle. 
Bruce has probably described 
this bird under the name nissa 
tokoor. It occurs in Lev. 11 : 
13, and Deut. 14 : 12, only. 

Ossifrage, the vulture, occurs 
Lev. 11 : 13, Deut. 14 : 12, only. 

Ostrich, the largest of all 
fowls, weighing from sixty to 
eighty pounds, and apparently 
the connecting link between 
birds and quadrupeds. It is 
often seven or eight feet in 
heigh*, Its eggs, of which it 
lays thirty or forty in a season, 
are as large as a child's head, 
and are said to be left in the 
sand to be hatched by the sun 
Job 8.9 : 14, 16. Ostriches are 
found in the desert of Arabia 
where they live chiefly on vege- 
tables, and le{*d a social, inof- 
fensive life. It s )inetiines utters 
a remarkably plaintive note, ai 
though it was in great pain 
Mio 1:8 In swiftness the? 



PAL 



187 



\x exceed the horse, Job 39 : 
18, and though taken by men 
>n horseback, it is by strata- 
gem. The Arabs ofien rido 
upon them. The ostrich is so 
timid that, at any alarm, it will 
fly and leave its eggs, or even 
its young ones ; which explains 
Lam. 4:3. It is there foretold 
that the distress of the Jews 
should be so great, that parents 
would suffer their children to 
perish, being engrossed with 
anxiety to preserve themselves. 
It is said, Job 39 '. 16, 17, " she 
is hardened against her young 
ones, as though they were not 
hers," and that she is " deprived 
of understanding ;" and such is 
remarkably the fact. In flight, 
it Bometiines hides its head ; 
and, thinking itself safe when it 
cannot see its pursuer, is easily 
taken. 

Ouches, sockets for the gems 
of the high priest's breastplate. 
Ex. 39 : 6. The solderings of 
the rings at the corners seem 
also to be so called. Ex. 39 : 16. 

Outer, external. " Outer dark- 



ness " meats the iatkn*^ ^ JM 
night without, in opposition tc 
the light and splendor of the 
feast within. Ileuue the pnrasw 
is also used to express the state 
of exclusion from the kingdom 
of God. Matt. 8 : 12. 

Oven, a place for baking 
food. Some were dug in the 
ground. Others were similtr to 
American ovens. Some were 
like a pitcher ; the fire being 
put inside, and the dough spread 
thin over the outside, which was 
baked in a few minutes. Fuel 
being scarce, as it is in all 
Eastern countries, dried cow- 
dung, stubble, stalks of flowers, 
and grass, were used. Lev. 11 : 
35. Matt. 6 : 30. 

Owl, a bird of night, of the 
rapacious kind, very various in 
size and color, and found chiefly 
in desert solitudes and ruined 
houses. Isa. 13 : 21. Its voice 
is excessively disagreeable and 
melancholy. Job 30 : 29. Ps. 
102 : 0. Wicked men are com- 
pared to owls, in that they hae 
the light. Isa. 43 : 20. 



P. 



Pa'dan A'ram, another name 
for MESOPOTAMIA. 

Palm-Tree, a tree remarkable 
for loftiness, straightness, and 
productiveness and hence made 
in em) lem in Scripture of up- 
rightness, fruitfulness, and vic- 
tory There are many varieties 
f this tree One bears the 



date, very sweet and nourishing, 
and a large portion of the in- 
habitants of Egypt, Arabia, and 
Persia, subsist almost entirely 
upon it. Camels are fond of 
the stone. The fruit is of the 
size of an olive. Various palm 
of Ilindostau, Eurmah, and ad- 
jacent countries yield no useful 



PAL 



188 



PAN 



fruit. Palm branches were sig- 
nals of joy and triumph, and 
therefore the blessed in heaven 
are represented as bearing them. 
Kev. 7:9. The leaves are six 




or eight feet long, and propor- 
tionably broad when spread out, 
and are used to cover houses, 
and make couches, baskets, 
bags, fences, hats, &c. From 
the fibre of the branches are 
made thread, ropes, rigging, 
<k<3. Indeed, " the natives (says 
GIBBON) celebrate, .either in 
prose or verse, three hundred 
and s'xty uses to which the 
trunk, branches, leaves, juice, 
and fruit are applied." 

The date-tree attains maturity 
in thirty years from planting 
the seed, continues in full 
Btrength eighty years, bearing 
annually three or four hundred 



I pounds of dates, and finaMy 
dies at about two hundred yeara 
old. From its sap palm wine is 
made, called by the natives 
araky. It is a beverage which 
easily intoxicates, and is thought 
by Bishop Lowth to be th 
" strong drink," menticaed iu 
Isa. 5 : 11, and 24 : 9. 

From the species called Ian 
dan, growing wild in various 
parts of the East, the common 
sago is procured. It forms a 
nutritious diet for the natives, 
who eat it as we do rice. This 
kind of palm bears no fruit but 
the sort of cabbage on the top, 
which is common to all palms. 
The sago is obtained from the 
pith of the tree, which is ground 
and granulated. 

Palmer-worm, a sort of cat- 
erpillar of great voracity. BO- 
CHART contends, against the 
majority of learned men, that 
it is a species of the locust. It 
occurs only in Joel 1:4; 2 : 25 
Amos 4:9. 

Pamphyiia, a province of 
Asia Minor, having the Med- 
iterranean on the south, Lyoia 
on the west, Pisidia on the 
north, and Cilicia on the east 
Attalia and Perga were its prin- 
cipal cities. That part of the 
Mediterranean lying on the 
south of it wai called the Sea 
of Pamphyiia, Acts 2 : 10 ; 13 : 
13, &c. This and the adjacent 
provinces are now called t/u 
Levant. 

Pannag, probably the valu- 
able plant which DIOSCCKUJCS 
and PLJNT describe by the uunt 



PAP 



189 



TAR 



of " Panax," from wnioh a com- 
position was made, esteemed 
eerviceab/e in many di 
whence panicea became a name 
for a univei sal medicine. It is 
said to resemble millet, and to 
have been used as food. It is 
spoken of nowhere but in Ezek. 
27 : 17. 

Paper was invented in very 
early times. 2 John 12. It 
derives its name'from the papy- 
rus, or paper-reed, a species of 
bulrush, growing on the banks 
of the Nile. Isa. 19 : 7. The 
stalk is triangular, rising to the 
height of eight or nine feet, 
besides several feet under the 
water, and terminating at the 
top in a crown of small filaments 
resembling thistle. Of these 




the Egyptians made baskets, 
hoes, cloths, and small boats. 
Ex. 2 : 3. Isa. 18 : 2. To make 
paper, they peeled off the dif- 
ferent skins or films of the 
plant, which succeed ea h other 
like thoi 3 of an onion. These 



they laid ou a table, like tht 

shingles of a roof, to the intend 
ed length and breadth of lh 
paper, and laid .\er them a 
thin paste ; above which they 
spread a cms.-: layer of other 
films or leaves, and then driei 
it in the sun. The films near- 
est the heart of the plant made 
the finest paper. When one of 
the Ptolemies denied Attains, 
king of Pergatnus, this kind of 
paper, for writing his library, 
he invented, or greatly im- 
proved, the manufacture of 
parchment ; after which, books 
of note were written on parch- 
ment for almost 1300 years 
The parchments which Paul left 
at Troas, and ordered Timothy 
to bring with him, were prob- 
ably either the original drafts 
of some of his epistles, or a 
marked copy of the Old Testa- 
ment. 2 Tim. 4 : 13. Pper 
!' rags has been in use 
a'M'iit ">">() years. Latterly, cot- 
ton rai;s, old ropes, straw, and 
other substances, have been 
made into paper. 

Pa'phos, a commercial city of 
Cyprus, visited by Paul Acts 

: G. Twenty-five or thirty 
poor huts are all that remain of 
this once metropolitan city. 
This miserable village is now 
called Baffa. 

Parable, a short, weight 
similitude, used to convey in- 
struction to ignorant, preju 
diced, or inattentive hearer* 
The ancients used parables fre 
quently. 



PAR 



190 



PAR 



The following tible shows the 
arder iu which those of Christ 
were delivered : 

Blind leading the blind, Luke 6:39. 
House founded on a rock, Matt. 7 : 24. 
The two debtors, . . . Luke 7 : 41. 
Expelled devil returning, Matt. 12 : 43. 

The rich fool Luke 12 : 16. 

The watchful servants, . " 12 . 38. 
The barren fig-tree, . . " 13 : 6. 

The sower Matt. 13 : 3. 

The vvhea-t and tares, . . Matt 13 2-1. 
The growth of the seed, Mark 4 : 2(5. 
The mustard seed, . . . Matt 13 : 31. 
The leaven, .... " " 33. 
Tlie hidden treasure, . . " " 44. 
The pearl of great price, " " 45. 
The fishing net, . . . . " " 47. 
The good householder, . " " 52. 
New piece to the gar- 
ment, Luke 5 : 36. 

New wine in old bottles, " " 37. 
The lost sheep, . . . .Matt. 18:11. 
Unmerciful servant, . . " " 23. 
Shepherd and sheep, . . John 10 : 11. 
G-ood Samaritan, . . . Luke 10 : 30. 
The amur.ous guests, . " 14: 7. 
The neglected invitations, " " 16. 
Building a tower, ... " "28. 
King going to war, . . " " 31. 
The lost piece of silver, " 15: 8. 
The prodigal son, ... " "11. 
The unjust steward, . . "16 : 1. 
Kich man and Lazarus, " " 19. 
The master and servant, " 17 : 7. 
The unjust judge, ... " 18 : 1. 
Pharisee and publican, " " 9. 
Laborers in vineyard, . Matt. 20 : 1. 
The ten pounds, . . .Luke 19 -.11. 

The two sons Matt. 21 : 28. 

Wicked husbandmen, . " "33. 
Wedding garment, < . " 22 : 1. 
Fig-tree putting forth, . " 24 : 32. 
The master's return, . " " 44. 
The ten virgins, ... "25 1. 

The talents " "14. 

The true vine John 15 : 1, 2. 

To understand parables, it is 
proper to observe, (1.) It is not 
necessary that the representa- 
tion of natural things in a par- 
kUe should be strictly matter 
of fact, because the design is 
not to inform concerning these, 
but concerning some more mo- 
mentous truth ; nor is it neces- 
sary that all the actions in a 
parable be strictly just. 2 Sam. 
14. Luke 16 : 18. (2.) We 
mast chiefly attend to the scope 
ii the partible, which is to be 



ga .hered from its inspired exjii 
ca'ion, if any ; or from the in 
tro luction to it, or the conclu. 
siou of it. (3.) Hence it iol 
lows, that we are not to expeci 
that every circumstance in the 
parable should be answered by 
something in the explication ; 
for several circumstances maj 
be added for the sake of deoo 
rum, or mere allusion to tha 
whence the figure of the parabl* 
is taken. (4.) Yet a parable 
may inform us of several truths 
besides that which is the main 
intent of it. 

Paradise, the abode of glori- 
fied spirits. Luke 23 : 44. 2 
Cor. 12:4. Rev. 27. See EDEN. 

Paran formed a part of Ara- 
bia Petrea. Deut. 33 : 2. 

Parched Corn. The Jewi 
were fond of both wheat and 
maize, or Indian corn, parched, 
and they were so sold in the 
markets. The Indian corn was 
eaten in this way also before it 
was ripe, as it is now in Amer- 
ica, Egypt, India, &c., and ii a 
favorite food. Lev. 23 : 14. 
Ruth 2 : 14. 1 Sam. 17 : 17. 

Pardou, the remission of pun 
ishment due to guilt. Various 
similitudes, and touching ex- 
pressions, are used in Scripture, 
to show how ready the Lord ia 
to pardon sinners, and to blot 
out their sins, caxt. ihtm bthind 
him, <fco. Christians are re- 
quired to pardon others, bj 
that noblest of motives, " ever 
as God for Christ's Bake hati 
pardoned us." 



PAR 



191 



PAT 



Parthla, aa ancient empire, I 
outh of the Caucasus, and east 
of the Tigris, which subsisted 
400 years, beginning B. C. 250. 
The natives were remarkable 
for continuing to fight even 
when they were obliged to re- 
treat. In the latter periods of 
the Roman republic they were 
a powerful people. It now 
forms a part of Persia. Doubt- 
less the Jews from Parthia, who 
heard Peter's sermon, carried 
home the knowledge of the 
Christian faith ; but for many 
ages past there has been but 
little Christianity here. Acts 
2 : 9. 

Partition, A separation be- 
tween the parts of a thing. The 
peculiar ceremonies of the Jews 
were a " wall of partition " be- 
tween them and the Gentiles. 
Jesus did them away, and 
now the wall of separation is 
entirely abolished. Eph. 2 : 14 
-16. 

Partridge. This bird is men- 
tioned but twice in Scripture. 
In 1 Sam. 26 : 20, David com- 
pares himself to it hunted by 
an enemy. The prophet speaks 
of " the partridge that sittcth on 
ggs and hatcheth them not*' as 
being like the man who " grtteth 
riches, and not by right.'* Aft tho 
oird makes no other nest than 
a hollow on the ground, her 
egg. are vary often destroyed 
by rains or the feet of animals. 
Several of them will sometimes 
lay in the same n*/st, so that the 
Bitting hen cannot cover them 
all. aud many are spoiled Fifty 



or sixty eggs are often found ! 
one nest. Jer. 17 11. 

Pan aim, a region thought to 

tho same as Opfjir. 2 Chron. 
3 : 6. 

Passion, any strong or violent 
emotion of the mind ; desire 
for, or aversion to, a thing, aa 
anger, love, joy, Ac., the laat 
sufferings of the Redeemer of 
the world. 

Passover, a feast of the Jews, 
in commemoration of the time 
when God, smiting the first-bor& 
of the Egyptians, passed oiwr the 
habitations of the Hehrwws, 
Ex. 12. The lamb which was 
slain, called the pascal /am>, was 
a type of Christ, the Lamb of 
God, slain from the foundation 
of the world. Rev. 13 ; 8. And, 
as the destroying angel passed 
over the houses of the Hebrews, 
which were marked with the 
blood of this pascal lamb, so 
the wrath of God pa&ses over 
those whose souls re sprfnkKxi 
witn the blood of Chriet. 1 Cor. 
5 : 7. Heb. 12 : 24. The month 
of the exodus from Egypt was 
ordained thenceforth to be the 
first of the sacred year. On the 
14th day of this month, aboi 
sunset, the pascal lamb was t- 
be killed. See FEAST. 

Pat'ara, a seaport of Lyoia 
Here was a famous temple of 
Apollo ; and oracles, equal 
repute to those of Delphos, 
were given for six months of 
the year. Paul touched here in 
his way from Macedonia to Je 
rusalem. Acts 21 : I. We find 
no traces of Christianity hrt 



PAT 



192 



PAU 



tin the fourth century, nor after 
the ninth, when the Saracens 
waited Che country. 

Path. See WAY. 

Pathros, a city or canton of 
Egypt. It is probably the 
rhaturis of Pliny. It had its 
name from Pathrusim, the fifth 
ion of Mizraim, who built or 
peopled it. Gen. 10 : 14. It 
is thought by Calmet to be the 
Greek Thebais. 

Patience, that noble passion 
or power of the mind which 
renders us capable of enduring 
the difficulties, afflictions, and 
disappointments, that happen 
in this lifc ; that grace which 
enables us readily to submit to 
the will of God under all circum- 
stances ; an humble and sub- 
missive waiting for and expec- 
tation of eternal life, and the 
accomplishment of God's prom- 
ises ; that long-suffering of God, 
which delays the punishment 
of sinners, and allows them space 
for repentance. Matt. 18 : 26, 
29. Horn. 2:4. It is a virtue 
which, though much overlooked, 
and reckoned of inferior grade, 
is, however, one of the noblest 
attainments of the Christian. 
Jam. 1 : 4. 

Patmos, a poor, rooky island 
in the Grecian Ar*J \pelago, 
about twenty-five mile* in cir- 
eumference. To this island 
John was banished by Domitian, 
in A. D. 94, and here ho received 
his Revelations, which, however, 
were not published till his re- 
turn to Ephesus. The chief 
town is in the centre of the 



island, 5000 feet above the IfcveJ 
of the sea, and contains 200 
houses and a Catholic convent. 
The present name of the island 
is Patmol, or Patmosa. 

Patriarch, a venerable man, 
with a large posterity. The 
word is chiefly applied to those 
who lived before Moses, Acta 
7:8; and hence we speak of 
the " patriarchal age." 

A list of the patriarchs, with 
the length of their lives : 



Adam, w 
Seth, 


10 lived 930 yea 
; 912 


Enos, 




9(15 


Hainan. 




910 


Miihirlaleel, 




895 


Jarecl, 




962 


Enoch, 




365 


Methuselah, 
Lauiech, 
Noah, 




969 
777 
950 


Shem, 




600 


Arphaxad, 




438 


Salah, 




433 


Eber, 




464 


Peleg, 




239 


Ren, 




239 


Serug, 




230 


Nahor, 




148 


Terah, 




205 


Abraham, 
Isaac, 




IS 


Jacob, 




147 



Paul was of the kibe of Ben- 
jamin, born in Tarsus, which, as 
it was a free city of Rome, gave 
him the honor and advantage 
of Roman citizenship, though 
both of his parents were Jews. 
His name at first was Saul. He 
was sent to Jerusalem fbr his 
education, and became a very 
learned and prominent Pharisee, 
lie was not converted till after 

r Saviour's death ; which 
makes him speak of himself as 

born out of due time." He 
seems to have been raised up to 
take the place of Judas. His 
ronderful labors and saeoess 



PEA 



I EA 



we recorded in the ACTS OF THK 
APOSTLES. He was at last be- 
neaded by Nero, at or near 
Rome, about A. D. 66. The fol- 
lowing is the order and date of 
his epistles, as given by Bishop 
Pearson : 

A. D. 52, the 1 Ep. to the Thess. 
52, " 2 <f ...... 

67, " 1 " Corinthians. 

" Galatlans. 
" 2 " Corinthians. 
" lion 

62, " " Ephegians. 



63, 
65, 



-MILS. 

" Philemon. 

" IIH.rews. 

1 " Timothy. 

" Titus. 

67. " 2 " Timothy. 

Some chronologists have as- 
Pigned a little different date to 
some of these. The computa- 
tions adopted by HORNE will be 
found under the head of NEW 

KBXT. 

His writings show him to have 
been eminently acquainted with 
both Hebrew and Greek learn- 
ing. Ilia quotations from the 
Old Testament show how pro- 
foundly and accurately he un- 
derstood the Jewish Law. His 
having read the Greek poets is 
evinced by his universally ac- 
knowledged quotations from 
Aratus, Epirnenidcs and Me- 
nander, ajid, as some maintain, 
from ^Eschylus, Sophocles and 
Euripides. 

Peace, happy tranquillity. 
The gospel does not promise ex- 
oiting pleasures, but pec t. 
Christ is the " Prince of peace." 
Christians are required to "live 
In peace," and endeavor to pro- 
mote it in the earth. The wicked 
and awful wars which have 
17 



the earth shall to 
known no more when Christian* 
ity reigns. Isa. 2:4. To 
bring about universal peace, 
direct means should be em- 
ployed, as well as for other good 
objects. Matt. 5 : 9. 

Peacock, a beautiful bird, not 
known in Palestim till imported 
by Solomon. 1 Kings 10 : 22. 
Its native country seems to be 
Persia and India. When Alex- 
ander reached the river Indus 
he was so charmed at the sight 
of these birds, that he forbade 
them to be killed under .. se 
vere penalty ; and when Hot- 
tensius first killed one for sup 
per at Rome, ho was' tried for 
the ofience. 

Pearl, a hard, white, shining 
substance, found in some shell 
fishes. The matter proper to 
enlarge the shell, bursting from 
-via that convey it to the 
outside, forms into a pearl. 
Common oysters, the pinna-ma- 
rina, and several other fish, 
form pearls ; but the proper 
pearl oyster produces the best. 
The chief fisheries for pearl are 
at Bahrein, in the Persian Gulf, 
and near the Isle of Ceylon, in 
the East Indies. The next to 
these are the pearl fisheries in 
the Gulf of Mexico. The beau- 
tiful inside of the shell of the 
pearl oyster is called " mother <>; 
pearl.' 1 In fifty years, pearlf 
generally lose tbetr beauty, and 
in a hundred they are scarcely 
worth anything. Cleopatra had 
a pearl valued at 80,000 poundf 
sterling The Persian emperor 






PEL 



194 



PEN 



had 3ce worth 110>000 pounds 
sterling ; and Philip II., of 
Spain, h*d one as large as a 
pigeon's egg, and valued at 
144,000 ducats. What our la- 
dies wear in their necklaces are 
ordinarily false pearls, made of 
fish-scales bruised, and enclosed 
in glass. What is very excel- 
lent is likened to pearls. How 
precious ! how hard to be come 
at in a proper manner ! how 
truly ornamental ! and how apt 
are inen to counterfeit them ! 
Matt. 13 : 46. Rev. 21 : 21, 
22. To "cast pearls before 
ewine," is to preach the gospel 
to persecutors ; to apply the 
promises and privileges proper 
to saints to men really wicked; 
to dispense sacraments to per- 
sons notoriously profane ; or to 
administer reproofs to obstinate 
scoffers. Matt. 7 : 6. 

Peleg, whose name signifies 
division, was born one hundred 
years after the flood. lie was 
BO named, because in his days 
the earth was divided into na- 
tions, in consequence of the con- 
fusion of tongues at the tower 
of Babel. Gen. 10 : 25. 

Pel'ethites are always men- 
tioned with CherethJtes, and 
were part of the 'dng'p guard. 
They were chiefly used as run- 
ners or messengers. See CHERE- 

HITE8. 

Pelican, an aquitio bird, 
omewhat larger than a common 
goose. Its color i? nearly white, 
the neck yellowish, and the back 
dark brown. It has a long, 
crooked beak, and the foro part 



of the heal towards the throat 
naked. Pelicans have a bag at 
their throat, nearly as capacious 
as a peck measure, into which 
they gather fishes, <fec., for 
themselves and for their young, 
of whom they are extremely 
careful. Its feeding its young 
from the bag on its breast has 
perhaps been the origin of the 
fable of its giving them its own 
blood ; and thus caused it to be 
the emblem of paternal, as the 
stork is of filial aifection. This 
bird is very retired in its habits, 
sitting for whole days alone 
among rocks and solitudes. Its 
voice is plaintive and disagree- 
able. Hence David compares 
himself, in his distress, to the 
pelican. Ps. 102 : 6. 

Pen, an instrument for writ 
ing. Anciently, when tatJta 
of wax, &c., were used, the pen 
was generally made of reed. 
John, in his 3d epistle, verse 
13, says, "I have many things 
to write unto thee, but not with 
pen (xaAuKor, calamus) and 
ink." The English word pen 
comes from the Latin prnna, a 
feather ; but the use of quills is 
a modern invention ; the first 
authentic testimony of their 
being so used is inlsidorus, who 
died A. D. 636. 

Peni'elj where Jacob saw the 
Lord, was east of Jordan, near 
the brook Jabbok. Gen. 32 : 
2428. 

Penny, a Roman silver coin, 
equal to about thirteen aenta 
It was the common price of t 
day 'a work. Matt 20: 2-15 






PEN 



195 



PER 



fn warm countries, the fruits of | tha Passover ; (2.) t. e feat jf 



khe earth are produced in great 
abundance, and the inl'abitants 
require but little clothing ; so 
that labor is very cheap. The 
pay of soldiers was still less. 
It is very necessary to remem- 
ber the value of the penny, to 
understand that the wages men- 
tioned in the passage just quoted 
were very generous ; that the 
money given by the Samaritan 
to the innkeeper was reasona- 
ble ; and that the sum, Kev. 6 : 
6, is a high price, and denotes a 
great scarcity. 

This piece of money was first 
coined by the Romans B. c. 269. 
In the time of Christ it bore the 
image of the reigning Emperor. 
Matt. 22 : 19. 




Pentecost, a feast of the Jews, 
on the fiftieth day after the 
Passover. It was a solemn 
thanksgiving for the harvest, 
and a grateful commemoration 
of their being delivered from 
Egyptian servitude, and enjoy- 
ing their property, by reaping 
the fruits of their labors. Lev. 
*3 : 10, 11, Ac. 

It is called by other names in 
the sacred writings, as, (1.) tne 
feast of weeks (Ex. 24: 22. 
Deut. 16 : 10), because cele- 
brated seven weeks, or a week 
f weeks, after the first day ci 



harvest (Ex. 23 : 1C); and, (3.j 
the day of first fruity (Numb 
28 : 26), because on this daj 
the Jews offered thanks for the 
bounties of the harvest, and 
presented the first fruits of 
wheat, in bread baked of the 
new grain. Ex. 23 : 16. Lev. 
23 : 14. Numb. 28 : 26. 

Perdition, utter ruin, eternal 
death. The son of perdition mean! 
Judas Iscariot. Antichrist ia 
also called by this epithet. 2 
Thess. 2 : 3,4. 

Perfect, complete, without 
blemish or defect. It is applied 
(1.) to God, who is absolutely 
7 -"feet, Matt. 5 : 48 ; (2.) to 
that man who has risen to the 
measure of his stature in Christ, 
Col. 1 : 28; (3.) to some 
who are innocent in compari- 
son of others, Job 8 : 20 ; 
(4.) to one who is sincere in 
heart, and unblamable in 
life, Gen. 6:9; (5.) to 
those who imitate <!ml 1,1 
doing good to the unworthy, 
Matt. 5 : 48 ; (6.) to such aa 
have a good degree of under- 
standing, 1 Cor. 2:6; (7.) to 
inanimate things, as weight*, 
measures, &c. Deut. 12 "> : !.">. 

Perfume, an ugreeaU 
In the East, perfumes w< ; 
to testify great respect. Dan. 
2 : 46. The Hebrews had two 
sacred perfume" s ne of incrnte, 
and the other a-n oil. Ex 30 : 
23 38. They were addicted U 
the perfuming of dead be diet 
clothes, beds, Ac. Prov. 7 : 17 
Pi. 45 : 8. Song 3 : 6. 



FEB 



196 



PER 



a city of Pamphylia, 
tm the river Castrus, near to 
which, on an eminence, stood a 
temple of Diana. It was famed 
for the birth of Apollonius, the 
geometrician. Here Paul and 
Barnabas preached, Acts 13 : 
14 ; 14 : 25 ; and to the end of 
the eighth century we fiad a 
Christian church here. It is at 
present a place of little impor- 
tance. There was another Per- 
ga in Epirus. 

Persamos, the ancient me- 
tropolis of Mysia, and the resi- 
dence of the Attalian kings, 
stands on a rich and spacious 
plain, near the banks of the 
Gaicus. It was famous for its 
extent and grandeur ; for a tem- 
ple to Esculapius ; for a library 
of 200,000 volumes, which was 
removed to Egypt by Cleopatra; 
and for its being the birthplace 
of the celebrated Galen. Parch- 
ment was invented here, and re- 
ceived its name from the place. 
The Christian church here soon 
degenerated, and tolerated for- 
nication, but appears to have 
been reformed by John's letter, 
(Rev. 2), and for 800 years af- 
terward it was a considerable 
church. A Greek and Armenian 
church exist here at the present 
day. Of the population now es- 
timated at 30,000 person?, there 
ire 300 Armenian Christians, 
1500 Greeks, and a synagogue 
of 100 Jews The remainder 
are Turks. The streets are wide 
and olean, for an Eastern city. 
Its present name is Bergamo. 



Perlzzites, one of the d*?ote4 
nations of Canaan. They were 
never fully extirpated. ?olo- 
mon exacted tribute of them. 
2 Chr. 8:7. So late s the 
days of Ezra we find them Inter- 
married with the Jews. Ez. 9: 
1. 

Persecution, unjust vexation 
and injury on account of re- 
ligious principles or modes of 
worship. Acts 8 : 1, and 13 : 
50. Rom. 8 : 35. Gal. 6 : 12. 
It is in some degree the lot of 
all the truly pious ; therefore, 
while the Saviour promises all 
necessary good to his followers, 
he forewarns them that persecu- 
tion will be added. Mark 10 : 
30. 2 Tim. 3 : 12. The dread- 
ful practice began in the first 
human family, and has never 
ceased. The form in which per- 
secution now ordinarily shows 
itself, is in hard words, unchari- 
table censures, and underhand 
opposition. When, however, a 
time of persecution is spoken of in 
history, it means when men are 
dragged before tribunals, ban- 
ished, imprisoned, fined, and 
slain for their religion. There 
were ten general and dreadful 
persecutions previous to A. v. 
313. Since the Roman church 
has gained power, she has 
always been prone to persecu- 
tion. The inquisition was es- 
tablished for this very purpose, 
and continues to this day. All 
Europe has been deluged with 
Protestant blood, and hundred* 
of thousands of men, women and 



PER 



197 



PET 



ihfldren have been butchered 
with the most exquisite cruelty. 
This abominable characteristic 
of Popery is one of the proofs 
of its being Antichrist. Perse- 
cution in any way is directly 
oontrary to the gospel. 1 Cor. 
4:12 Matt. 5 : 4345. 

Perseverance, continuance in 
In any design, state, or opinion. 
Eph. 6 : 18. All who are truly 
born of the Spirit will, by di- 
vine grace, persevere to the end. 
Mercy being secured to them not 
through their will or merit, but 
God's own will and mercy, and 
they being really united to 
Christ, as members to a body, 
they cannot be finally cast off. 
Eph. 1 : 4, 23. Many positive 
declarations of Scripture teach 
the final perseverance of the 
aints. Job 17 : 9. Ps. 94 : 
14, and 125. Jer. 32 : 40. 
John 10 : 28, and 17 : 12. 1 
Cor. 1 : 8,9.- 1 Pet. 1 : 5. 

Persia, a country in Asia, 
which has been subject to various 
fluctuations of extent and glory. 
Its most ancient name was Elqm. 
In the book of Daniel it is called 
Pares It is bounded north by 
Russia and Tartary, east by the 
Mogul empire, south by the 
Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf, 
rest by Georgia, Armenia, and 
Arabia. When Cyrus conquered 
Babylon, the Persian monarchy 
awallowed up that < I (."haldea. 
Dan. 7 : 35. Persia was af- 
lerwaxds conquered by Alexan- 
der. Dan. 7 : 6. It was sub- 
part of Paulina, and 
17* 



remained ?^ till about A. i>. 235 
About G41, the Saracens, undel 
Omar, conquered it, and it re- 
mained subject to the' caliphs of 
Bagdad C>15 years. Since then 
it has undergone various vicis- 
situdes, sometimes triumphant 
and often prostrate. Its mon- 
arch's title at present is shah, 
and sometimes sophi. The coun- 
try has few rivers, many moun- 
tains, and several desert plains. 
Opium, senna, rhubarb, and 
assafoetftla are procured here. 
The religion of Persia at this 
time is Mahometan, of the sect 
of the Chios or Schiites. Ita 
capital city was Persepolis, now 
Chelntinar, 

Pestilence, a name given in 
Scripture to any prevailing con- 
tagious disease. 

Peter, son of Jonas, born in 
Bethsaida. He was of a prompt, 
resolute temper, and sometimes 
impetuous. He moved with his 
wife and family to Capernaum, 
and there it was that Christ 
sometimes made his home with 
them. After a life of most ex- 
alted usefulness, he was cruci- 
fied for his Master's sake about 
A. D. 70. The Human Catholici 
consider the popes to be the PUO- 
cessors of Peter, a* Bishop of 
Rome ; but leariiod men deny 
that he ever visited that city. 

Two Ei'isi I.KS v.cre written by 
him ; the first, four or five years 
before the other. They are 
called general, because written 
for the use of all the convert* 
to Christianity, especial] 7 cufc 






PHA 



198 



PHA 



as were formerly Jews, and not 
to those of any particular city. 
The first epistle is evidently 
addressed to converts from Ju- 
daism dwelling among heathen 
in the countries named in the 
first verse. The second epistle 
was a long time regarded as 
spurious, and is not quoted by 
any Christian writer till the 
fourth century. Since then it 
has generally been received as 
genuine ; but with less certainty 
of evidence than any other book 
in the Bible. 

Plia'raoll, pronounced Pha'ro, 
the common title of the ancient 
sovereigns of Egypt, as Ptolemy 
was afterward 

There are several kings of 
this name mentioned in Scrip- 
ture. 

1. He who took away Abra- 
ham's wife. Gen. 12. 

2. He who exalted Joseph. 
Gen. 41, 39. 

3. He who first oppressed 
Israel. Ex. 1 : 8. 

4. He who released Israel. 
Ex. 5, 14. 

5. He who gave his wife's 
sister in marriage to Hadad. 
1 Kings 11. 

6 Serechus,cotemporary with 
Ahaz. 2 Kings 17 : 4. 

7. Tirhakah, called by Strabo 
Tearcho. He lived in the days 
of Hezekiah. 2 Kings 19 : 9 ; 
lea. 37 : 9 

8. Pharaoh Necho, who set 
up Jehoiakiin to be king of 
Tudca, in place of Josiah, who 
was elain in the battle of Me- 
giudo, B. c 610, according to 



Frideaux. Herodotus mention* 
this battle as the battle of Mag- 
dolum. 2 Kings 23 : 2* Ho is 
called NECUS in Egyptian his- 
tory. In the fourteenth yea* 
of his reign, Daniel interpreted 
the prophetic dream of the king 
of Babylon. This monarch sent 
out a fleet by the Red Sea and 
Straits of Babelmandel to dis- 
cover the coasts of Africa, which 
went entirely round and re- 
turned the third year by the 
Straits of Gibraltar. This was 
more than 2000 years before 
Vasquez di Gama discovered 
the Cape of Good Hope. 

9. Pharaoh-Hophra, called in 
profane history Apries, who made 
a league with Zedekiah, in con- 
sequence of which many of the 
Jews sought refuge in Egypt, 
and carried the prophet Jere- 
miah with them. Jer. 43 : 8 
12, and 44 : 1. This Pharaoh 
died B. c. 570 years. In conse- 
quence of Zedekiah 's revolt and 
league with Egypt, Nebuchad- 
nezzar besieged and destroyed 
Jerusalem, and erected the 
colossal golden image on the 
plain of Dura. 

Pharisees, one of the most 
ancient and noted sects among 
the Jews, remarkable for their 
rigid way of living, fasting con- 
stantly every second and fifth 
day o' the week, and submit- 
ting to many austerities. They 
studied the law, were very exact 
in the outward observance of 
it, and pretonded to inore holi- 
ness than others ; adding volua 
tary sacrifices to those that wer 



PHI 



199 



PHI 



ommanded, and making a great 
ihow of exactly performing all 
their vows. I'.y t- 
they gained i 'lion of 

'ulaco,and \\ 

persons uf great learn: 
sanctity. But they corrupted 
the word of God by tl. 
positions, and substituted hu- 
man traditions in the- room of 
divine cruth. Many of them 
were very wicked men, though 
a majority perhaps really lived 
as they proi'i 

Pharpar. See ABANA. 

Philadelphia, a city of Lydia, 
at the foot of Mount Tmolus, 
seventy -two miles from Smyrna, 
was so called from Attalus Phil- 
adelphus, who built it. A Chris- 
tian church was very early 
planted here, to which John was 
directed to write a consolatory 
and instructive epistle. 
3 : 713. Though we can only 
trace the regular history of 
Christianity in this place for 
about 800 years, it has never 
been extinguished. At present 
there are in it about 2000 chris- 
cians, chiefly Greeks, who speak 
the Turkish language, formed 
into five clmrcHe, and having 
At least twencj places of public 
worship. An archbishop resides 
here, whose dioceo oxt 
Sardis on the west, and Laodi 
on the east. The town contains 
about 3000 houses. Gibbon 
says, " Among the Greek colo- 
nies and churches of Asia, Phil- 
adelphia is still erect, a c<>l- 
UP in a ;ono of ru na " It is 



now called Allah Schyr, r th 

Fair City." 

Philo mon seems to hare been 

some eminent Christian residing 

: vant, named 

OHKSIIHH 1 and fled to 

K >rne. There he was converted, 
aud sent back to his master 
with a letter from Paul, called 
the fyistle to P/ultmon. 

The EPISTLE seems to have 
been written by Paul during his 
detention at Koine, A. s. <i'2 or 
G3, and was sent, together with 
the Kpistles to the Ephesians 
and Colossiaus, by Tychicus and 
Onesimus. PA LEY, in his lloras 
Paulina;, has brought many un- 
answerable proofs of the au- 
thenticity of Scripture from the 
ml cuincitlences between 
this Kpistle and the Acts of the 
Apostles, written by Luke. 

Philip, son of Herod the 
Great and Cleopatra. From him 
the city Cesarea Philippi re- 
ceived its name. Matt. 1C : 13, 
Ac. 

Philip, another son of Herod, 
by his wife Mariarane. He was 
sometimes called Herod, and waa 
the husband of Hcrudia*. Ho 
inherited by his father, 
and lived a private life. Matt. 
U : 3, o. 

Philip, one of the twelve 
; a native of Bethsaida 
lee. Some ancient his- 
;iiat he was the in- 
dividual who requested of Jesui 
that ho might "first go and 
bury his lather." MaU. 8 : 21, 
22. 






FHI 



200 



PHI 



Philip, one of the seven Jea- 
uns of the church at Jerusa- 
lem. Acts 6:5; also called 
" evangelist," Acts 21 : 8 ; .which 
then, as now, means one of those 
ministers who itinerate and are 
not settled over any one church. 
Eph 4 : 11. He founded 
ehurches in Samaria, Azotus, 
&c., and settled in Cesarea. 
He had several daughters who 
preached, and perhaps uttered 
predictions. Acts 21 : 9. 

PMlippi, a city of Macedonia, 
anciently called Datos ; but 
being repaired by Philip, father 
of Alexander the Great, it re- 
ceived its name from him. It 
stood about seventy miles north- 
east of Thessalonica, and was 
famous for the defeat of Brutus 
and Cassius in its neighborhood. 
Here Paul preached about A. D. 
62 ; and Lydia and many others 
were converted. Acts 16 : 12. 
This church supported Paul 
while he labored as a missionary 
at Thessalonica, Phil. 4 : 15, 16, 
and also when at Corinth, 2 Cor. 
11 : 9, and remitted him money 
for his support, while he lived 
at Rome in " his own hired 
house." Phil. 2 : 25, and 4 : 
1018 

The EPISTLE to these Chris- 
tians seems to have been writ- 
ten from Rome during the lat- 
ter part of Paul's first imprison- 
ment. Th ^urch had been 
founded by Paul ; see Acts 16 ; 
and, of all his churches, seems to 
nave loved him most, and to 
have been most generous in his 
He wrote to thank 



them for their bounty, and to 
teach them God's tnjlfr It ii 
the cnly Ejistle of Patu irhich 
expresses no censure. 

Pllilistia, or PALESTINE, is a 
name now given to the whole of 
Canaan ; but in Scripture it 
means only a narrow strip of 
land along the sea-coast, in the 
south-west of Canaan, about 
forty miles long and fifteen 
miles broad. Its cities were 
Gerar, Gaza, Majuma, Askelon, 
Ekron, Ashdod, and Gath. The 
Philistines and the Caphtorim 
descended from Casluhim, the 
son of Mizraim, who peopled 
Egypt ; and their country ig 
perhaps called of Caphtor. Jer. 
47 : 4. Their territory was al- 
lotted to the Hebrews, but they 
neglecting to take possession of 
it, the Philistines were made a 
severe and lasting scourge to 
them. Josh. 13 : 2, 3 ; 15 : 45, 
46, 47. Jud. 3 : 1, 2, 3. See 
CANAAN. 

Perhaps no territory in the 
world was ever so prosperous as 
Philistia, owing mainly to the 
commerce between Europe and 
Asia being, for ages, almost 
wholly carried on by its inhab- 
itants. 

Philosophy, a word literally 
signifying love of wisdom. IB 
its usual acceptation, however, 
it denotes a science, or collec- 
tion of sciences, of which all 
things, both of body and spirit, 
are the objects. When tho term 
is thus employed, it admits of 
various definitions. That pnrt 
of philosophy which treat* of 



PHR 



201 



PHY 



God, is called THEOLOGY ; that 
which treats of nature, PHYSICS, 
or Natural Philosophy ; that 
which treats of mind, MKTA- 
pursirs ; that which treats of 
morality, ETHICS, &c. "When 
St. Paul cautioned the Colos- 
lians to " beware lest any man 
ihould spoil them through phi- 
losophy " (chap. 2 : 8), he did 
not mean to forbid the pursuit 
of knowledge in general, but to 
condemn that vain affectation uf 
wisdom, of which the heathens 
were notoriously fond, and 
which stood in opposition to the 
simplicity of the gospel of 
Christ. 

Phoenicia, a province of Syria. 
It contained the famous cities 
Sarepta, Ptolemaic, Tyre and 
Sidon. The Tyrians and Sidoni- 
ans had, for a long time, almost 
all the trade of the then known 
world. There was scarcely a 
shore or isle of the Mediterra- 
nean Sea where they did not 
plart colonies. The most noted 
of these was that of Carthage, 
which once long contended with 
Rome. It is thought the Phoe- 
nicians pushed their trade as far 
as Britain, and they probably 
kad settlement >n the Red Sea 
and Persian Uulf. Sir Isaac 
Newton thinks that vast num- 
bers of Edomites fled hither in 
the days cf David, and carried 
their arts along with them. 
The chief city of this region, 
and sometimes the region itself, 
i* now called Tripoli. 

Phjygia, a country of Lesser 
Asia having Bithynia and 



Galatia on the north, Cappado 
oia on the east, and Praidia ant 
Lycia on the south, and Lydia, 
Mysia and Curia on the west. 
The gospel was very early 
preached in Phrygia, and a 
church formed, which, for many 
ages, made a considerable ap- 
pearance. Acts 16 : 6 ; 18 : 23. 
A portion of the inhabitants are 
Christians to this day. 
Phylactery, a slip or box of 

parchment, on which was written 
some important texts of Scrip* 
ture, worn by pious Jews on 
their foreheads or arms when 
they went to the synagogue, or 
at morning and evening prayer, 
<fec. The common form may be 
seen in the engraving. 




Our Lord censures the Pnari- 
sees for wearing theirs very 
large and conspicuous, out of 
vain-glory and hypocrisy, and 
making the use of them a great 
part of their religion. The cus- 
tom was founded on the com- 
mancL in Ex. 13 16, and 
Nuino. 15 : 37 40 ; which wai 
probably only figurative lan 



PIL 



202 



PIS 



gua^e, meaning that they should 
most carefully remember God's 
word. But the Jews were apt 
to turn all the law into carnal 
observances. The passages com- 
monly written on them, were 
Numb. 15 : 41; Deut. 6 : 69; 
Ex. 13 : 8, 9, and 13 : 1416; 
Deut. 11 : 1821. It does not 
appear, however, that they con- 
fined themselves to these texts. 
There is no evidence of their 
being worn by the ancient Jews. 
The custom seems to have origi- 
nated about the time of the rise 
of the sect of Pharisees. Some 
Jews now wear a square piece 
of stuff under their clothes, with 
four strings and four tassels at 
the corners, which they call 
Arbah Casoth. 

Pilate. See PONTIUS. 

Pilgrim, a wanderer ; one who 
travels to a holy place. It is 
not probable that pilgrimages 
as now made by papists and 
pagans, were known in early 
times ; but good men in all 
age.! have esteemed themselves 
" strangers and pilgrims on the 
earth." Heb. 11 : 13. 

Pillar, a column, a supporter 
a monument. " The pillars of 
the earth," and " pillars of 
heaven," are metaphorical ex- 
pressions, by which the world Is 
compared to a vast edifice 
reared by the power and skil 
pf Jehovah. Job 9 : 6 ; 26 
. 1 ; and 38 : 4, 6. Ps. 75 : 3 
James was a pillar in the church ; 
that is, a great support and or 
nament ; and the church itself 
is the " pillar and ground of 



the truth ;" that is, it maintains 
truth in the world. 1 Tim. 3', 
15. 

PUIed, skinned, or barkeo. 
&en. 30 : 39. 

Pillow. The piliow, in Pal- 
estine and other Eastern coun- 
tries, where people sit on the 
floor, or recline on divans round 
the room, is as much used by 
day as by night. Those used 
by day are " arm pillows," to 
lean upon. I have seen them 
made of rattan, hollow, and 
woven like a basket. In Siam, 
they are three-sided, made of 
morocco and well stuffed. 

Pine, a species of fir-tree. It 
grew on Lebanon, but is men- 
tioned only thrice in Scripture ; 
Neh. 8 : 15. Isa. 61 : 19 ; and 
GO : 13. 

Pinnacle, a turret, or high 
summit. The " pinnacle of the 
temple," Matt. 4 : 5, seems to 
have been the battlement of the 
roof of Solomon's porch, which 
stood on ground made by car- 
rying up a wall of several hun- 
dred feet from the valley below, 
and thus enlarging the space for 
the temple on the top. It was 
a dizzy height (Josephns ays 
750 feet), and commanded an 
extensive prospect. 

Pisgah, the highest top of 
that chain of mountains called 
Abarim, and a part of Mount 
Nebo ; and so Moses is some- 
times said to view Canaan from 
Nebo, and sometimes from Pis- 
gah. Deut. 3 : 27 ; 34 : 1. 
There were several fine springi 
of water at its base. Deut. 4:49 



PIT 



203 



PLO 



Plsi'dia, a province of Lessor 
Asia, west of Mount Taurus, 
jouth-west of Lycaj-aJa, and 
Qorth of Pamphylia. Its present 
name is l\'<it<iliu. 

PI'SOII, the name of the first 
branch of the river of Eden. It 
is supposed to bo the western 
branch of the divided stream of 
the Tigris and Euphrates, \\hich 
runs along the side of liavilah 
In A-abia. Gen. 2 : 11 

Pitch. The substance so 
called, Gen. : 14, is the same 
as che slime, mentioned Gen. 13: 
3, and 14 : 10 ; and is generally 
supposed to be the inflammable 
mineral called asplialtus, from 
the lake Asjjhaltites, or Dead Sea, 
in Judea, on the surface of 
which it is found. When first 
obtained, it is soft, viscous, and 
pliable, but soon acquires a 
hardness and tenacity superior 
to our pitch. It was therefore 
excellent for smearing the ark, 
Ex. 2 : 3, or for building the 
tower of Babel. Gen. 11: 3. 
The Arabs still use it for the 
bottom of boats ; and in the 
ruins of Babylon, large masses 
of brick-work cemented with it 
have been discovered. Naptha, 
petroleum, Barbadoti tar, <tc., are 
different varieties of this sub- 
itance. 

Pi'thom and Kamc'ses were 
the two cities for the building 
or fortifying of which the He- 
brews made brick Ex. 1 : 11. 
Herodotus mentions a city 
called Puthnmos, situated on the 
eanal made to join the Ked Sea 
nd the River Nile, which is 



probably the same as Pithom 
Such is the opinion of th 
learned men who acct mpanied 
the French exreditien The 
present name is A(>baseh. 

Kameses was in Goshen, and 
was the point from which the 
Hebrews started in their Ex 
odus. 

Pledge, a pawn which a 
lender takes from a borrower, tc 
secure the payment of money. 
Xo millst-iie was to be taken in 
pledge ; the widow's ox, or a 
person's clothing for body or 
bed, if taken, was to be restored 
the same night. No Hebrew 
was to take a pledge from a 
poor man of his own nation, nor 
to go into the borrower's house 
to take a pledge for himself, but 
the borrower was to bring out 
to him that which could best be 
spared. Ex. 22 : 2(i. Deut 
24 : 1017. Ezek. 18 : 712, 
16. 

Pleiades, a beautiful cluster 
of stars, sometimes called " the 
seven stars." They are in the 
constellation Taurus, mod appear, 
in our hemisphere, the last of 
March. 

Plow, an instruinentof tillage. 
To plow and look back, Luke 9 : 
02, is to make bad work, if indeed 
one could thus work at all, es- 
pecially with the iuiperfect 
ed in the time of our 
Saviour. Christians, therefore, 
! look back on the world 
wiM- okasure and de:ire, but 
giv. ,jl heed to the important 
wurl and i nvard which lies be 
fore them. I Cor. 9 : 10 



POM 



204 



POP 



Poets, composers of song* or 
rerses in metre. Acts 17 : 28. 
Homer, Pindar, Anacreon, and 
Sappho, excelled among the 
Greeks ; Virgil and Horace 
among the Latins. Many por- 
tions of the sacred writings are 
in poetry ; the grandeur of 
which incomparably transcends 
that of any human production. 
As the true pronunciation of the 
Hebrew language is not now 
known, we cannot perceive the 
harmony of words or quantity 
of syllables which mark true 
poetry. Yet it is plain that the 
Hebrews regarded those things, 
as we find letters added to, or 
omitted from, the ends of words, 
Ac., evincing submission to 
rhythm and quantity. The 
reader is referred to the Lec- 
tures of Bishop Lowth on the 
Poetry of the Hebrews, as con- 
taining all that is satisfactorily 
known on this subject. 

Poll, (pronounced pole,) the 
head of a person : a register of 
heads or persons. Numb. 1 : 2. 
1 Chr. 23 : 3, 24. As a verb, it 
means to lop, cut, or prune. 2 
Bam. 14 : 26. Ezek. 44 : 20. 

Pollux, see CASTOR. 

Pomegran'ate, a species of 
the apple-tree. Its growth is 
low and spreading ; its " x>d 
hard and knotty ; its bark red- 
dish and prickly ; its leaves 
greenish, inclining fro red ; and 
its blossoms large, and bell- 
Bhapod. The fruit, which re- 
embles an apple, ripens about 
August, and is sometimes three 



or four inches in diametei *n4 
of a pound weight. It wa* es- 
teemed one of the most delicious 
fruits in the world. Numb. 13 : 
23. The pomegranate juice is 
frequently made into wine, or 
mixed with it. Song 8 : 2. 
One kind was sour, and was used 
to give a flavor to meats and 
liquors, till the juice of lemons 
and oranges superseded it. 
Deut 8 : 7, 8. It comes to 
perfection in our Southern 
States. 

Pontius Pilate, the Roman 
governor of Judea, was in office 
ten years. By his covetous and 
cruel administration he caused 
himself to be exceedingly hated, 
both by the Jews and Samari- 
tans. At length, three yean 
after the death of Christ, com- 
plaints against him reached the 
court of the Emperor Caligula, 
and he was recalled to Rome, 
tried, and banished to Gaul. 
Afterwards, through poverty 
and shame, he committed sui- 
cide. 

Pontns, a province on the 
south side of the Euxine Sea, 
extending from the River Halys 
on the west, to the country of 
Colchis on the east. In this 
district is the River Tbermodoon, 
beside which the Amazons air* 
fabled to have dwelt 

Poplar. The tree thu<? named 
in Scripture is the white poplar, 
so called from the whiteness of 
its leaves, bark, and wood The 
word occurs Gen. 30 : 37 ; and 
Hos. 4 : 3, only* 



PRA 



205 



PRA 



Possessed. The josses&ton of 
ievils, mentioned tftan in the 
New Testament, ha^ sj^ployed 
the pen of many eminent crit- 
ics. Some have regarded these 
oases as mere diseases ; but in 
some passages, as Luke 4 : 33 
36, they are distinguished ex- 
pressly from diseases. I 
Christ speaks to the devil (or 
more properly demon), as dis- 
tinct from the person possessed; 
commands it, questions it, or 
forbids it to speak. The man- 
ner of evoking is often, as in 
the case of the swine, Matt. 
8 : 31, wholly incompatible with 
the idea of mere distemper. 

Post. (1.) An upright tim- 
ber. (2.) A carrier of despatches 
or letters, who goes with haste. 
Jer. 51 : 31. Man's days are 
more swift. Job 9. 

Potsherd) a piece of broken 
earthen ware. Job 2 : 8. 

Potters' Field, see ACEL'DAMA. 

Power, a word variously used, 
to signify ability, liberty, juris- 
diction, prerogative, <ko. The 
expression, 1 Cor. 11 : 10, has 
caused much discussion. A 
probable interpretation is, that 
a woman's veil was regarled as 
u emblem of subjection to the 
other sex. The word messenger^ 
there translated angel, may 
mean spies t who came into the 
Christian assembly, and would 
maliciously report if their 
women departed from estab- 
lished customs. 

Praise, to commend. To 
praise God is to duly acknowl- 
edge his great excellences. Pi. 
18 



138, Ac. Rev. 19 : 5. It \ OCM 

of the noblest acts of worship , 
and is the dictate of nature. Ta 
refuse it to God is to refuse to 
bo duly affected by his amaz- 
ing and unspeakable goodness. 
No character is deemed so odioiu 
among men as the ungrateful, 
and yet none is so common as it 
respects God. To praise men, 
is to declare their good actions 
or qualifications. Ps. 27 : 2. 

Pray, to entreat, or ask 
earnestly with submission ; to 
appeal to the judgment and de- 
cision of another ; to intercede 
in behalf of others, and to beg 
that some evil may be averted 
or some favor or good obtained; 
to make known our desires to 
God, by offering up our peti- 
tions for things lawful and 
necessary, with an humble con- 
fidence of obtaining them, 
through Christ's mediation 
alone, to the praise of God'a 
mercy, truth and power. Matt. 
6 : 6. John 16 : 23, 24, 26. 
We are exhorted to pray for all 
men, 1 Tim. 1:2; and are en- 
couraged to this benevolent act, 
Jam. 5 : 16 ; but we must seek 
and expect the help of the Holy 
Spirit. Rom. 8 : 26. The 
prayers that we direct to God 
are the ordinary means bj 
which we receive grace from 
him. 

To neglect prayer is a great 
sin against the majepty and 
mercy of God attended with 
unspeakable loss to ourselves. 
The pious Jews used to pray 
three times a day, at morning 



PRE 



206 



PRE 



Boon ftrl evening ; and less 
than this ought not to satisfy 
Christian?. 

The true nature of j rayer may 
be oest ascertained fiom a view 
af the manner in which it is 
spoken of in Scripture. It is 
sailed inquiring of thv Lord, Gen. 
25 22 ; supplication, 'Lech. 12 : 
10; entreat!/, Ex. 8: 8; wrestling 
with God, Rom. 15 : 30 ; lifting 
up the soul, Ps. 25 : 1 ; pouring 
out the heart, Ps. 62 : 8 ; looking 
up to God, Ps. 5 : 3 ; taking hold 
of God, Isa. 64 : 7 ; crying, 1 
Sam. 7:8; asking, John 15 : 
16 ; seeking and knocking, Matt. 
7 : 7, &G., &c. How plainly 
may we see, from this method 
of speaking of prayer, the unac- 
ceptableness and inefficiency 
oi cold, formal and heartless 
repetitions before God ! 

Preach, see GOSPEL. To 
preach is loudly to proclaim the 
will of God, as his appointed 
heralds. Eph. 3:8. To preach 
in a proper manner, requires no 
small attention, in order that no 
fault in the pronunciation, the 
gesture, the language, the order, 
or the matter, may tend to bring 
the truths of the gospel into 
contempt ; or, by feeding the 
earnal fancy of airy minds, di- 
vert them from the important 
subject. 

Predestinate, to predetermine. 
The word is used in reference 
to God's purpose to save a part 
of the human race from that 
corruption and condemnation 
which all have amply deserved 



Rom. 8 : 29, 30. Eph. 1 : 5 
The ancient Hebrews knew M 
well as ourselves that God fore- 
knew what every person would 
be, do, or become. This is in- 
volved in the very notion of 
omniscience. God says to Jere- 
miah (1 : 5), "Before I formed 
thee I knew thee, and before 
thou earnest forth out of the 
womb I sanctified thee, and 
ordained thee to be a prophet." 
This is a most difficult subject, 
on which we are to think and 
speak with profound reverence; 
and, with minds confirmed in the 
belief of Jehovah's infinite jus- 
tice and mercy, govern ourselves 
by the plain injunctions of 
Scripture. 

Presbytery, a body of minis- 
ters met for ordaining a person, 
or other purposes. 1 Tina. 4 ; 
14. 

Pres, see WINE PRESS. 

Preto'rium, the residence of 
the Roman governor at Jerusa- 
lem. Mark 15 : 16. Here he 
sat to administer justice. It is 
called the judgment hall. Acts 
23 : 35. What Paul calls the 
pretorium (in the Eng. trans. 
palace'), Phil. 1 : 13, seems to 
mean the camp of the pretonan 
bands, to which hr was probably 
carried by the sojdier to whoia 
he was chained. 

Prevent, to hinder, the 
word is now used. But this is 
never its signification in the 
Bible. It there always meana 
to precede, or go before ; this be- 
ing the use of the word at tht 



PRI 



207 



PRI 



time our translation ira* made. 
Ps. 80 : 3. 2 Sam. 22 . 6 1 
Thoss. 4 : 15. 

Pricks, sharp points placed 
tn the end of a long staff, and 
used formerly to drive oxen 
Acts 9 : 5. They are now com- 
monly called goad*. To " kick 
against the pricks " is a pro- 
verbial expression, applied to 
those who injure themselves by 
struggling against inevitable 
necessity. 

Pride. (1.) The elation of a 
mind filled with self-conceit, 
contempt of God, and disdain of 
men. (2.) What one is proud 
of, as power, wealth, church- 
ordinances, and relation to God, 
Ac. (3.) The haughty looks and 
words, or wicked deeds, by 
which a man discovers the pride 
of his heart. Ps. 31 : 20. Hos. 
B : 5. 

Priesthood. <1.) The office 
of a priest. Numb. 1C : 10. 
Under the Jewish law, the 
priest offered sacrifices, taught 
the people, and prayed for them. 
Aaron's was an " everlasting 
priesthood ;" it secured to him 
and his seed the office of priest 
for many generations. Ex. 
40: 15, Numb. 25 : 13. But 
Christ's is an " unchangeable 
priesthood," as it never can 
pass from him to another. Heb. 
7: 24. (2.) A class of persons 
who perform religious offices, 
according to the will of God. 
The saints are an " holy " and 
a "royal priesthood ;" a com- 
pany of spiritual priests, 
washed In Jesus' blood, sanc- 



tified by his word and Spii it, and 
enabled to offer up spiritual 
sacrifices of prayer and pi ai.se 
to (uJ, through Jesus Christ 
1 IVt. 2 : 5, 9. Her. 1 : 6. 
I Before the consecration of Aaron 
| and his sons, fathers, or elder 
brothers, acted as priests ; as 
Noah, Abraham, Job, Melchise- 
dek, <fec., and occasionally every 
man so acted for himself, as 
Abel, Cain, &o. 

The HIGII PRIEST was the head 
of the Jewish priesthood. Hia 
duty was to offer sacrifices, to 
oversee the house of God, regu- 
late the services of the other 
priests and the Levites, direct 
public worship, obtain specia 
indications of the divine will 
and once a year enter the Holy 
of Holies, with blood and in- 
cense, as described Lev. 16 
His dress, both for common and 
special occasions, ia described 
Ex. 39, &c. In the engraving 
he is seen as robed on the 
day of expiation, Lev. 16 
The office began in Aaron, and 
was continued in his family till 
near the time of the ruin of tho 
Jewish polity by the Romans , 
when, among other acts of co 
ruption, the office was sold t\ 
money. 

The high priest, once a yeai 
made atonement for t.' e ius ol 
all the people ; but Christ is the 
true High Priest, who by the 
sacrifice of himself, ma le atone 
ment for the sins of the wholf 
world, and now iutercodes, al 
the right hand of Q*>i, for all 
who believe on his 






PRI 



208 



PRO 



Heb.1 : 17; 9: 11; and 12 : 1 
24,25 




The Lord gave no inheritance 
to the priests as ho did to the 
other tribes, because he intended 
they should be supported by 
their brethren. To them be- 
longed the skin or fleece of every 
animal sacrificed, which was no 
small revenue. Of peace offer- 
ings they kept also the shoulder 
and breast, Lev. 7 : 33; and of 
sin offerings the whole carcass, 
except the solid fat, which was 
ournt. Lev. 7 : G, 10. They 
had also a tenth of everything, 
beside the first fruits. When 
any man killed an animal for 
his own use, he was required to 
give the priests the shoulder. 
Deut. 18 : 3. They also had 
houses, and forty-eight cities, 



with their precincts. Numb 
35 : 13. 

Prince, a chief; a gov- 
ernpr ; a king's son. Christ 
is Prince of peace, being the 
purchaser and procurer of 
peace between God and men; 
between men and men ; and 
between Jews and Gentiles. 
Eph. 2 : 15. John 14 : 27. 
He is Prince of life, Acts 3 ; 
15, because he is the Author 
of temporal life, in whom we 
live, and move, and have 
our being. He is, also, 
"Prince of the kings of the 
earth" Rev. 1 : 5, as he rules 
over all. Satan is the 
"prince of this world," be- 
cause he boasts of having all 
the kingdoms of the earth at 
his disposal, Matt. 4 : 9 ; 
and because he has an 
usurped dominion in the 
world, and great power in the 
hearts of the children of diso- 
bedience, who yield a voluntary 
subjection to him Of all thia 
power he shall soon be dispos- 
sessed. John 12 : 31. 

Profane, openly wicked, want- 
ing in religious reverence to 
sacred names or things, 1 Tim . 
1 : 9 ; unholy o* \mpure, 1 
Tim. 6 : 20. Es is called 
profane because he sold his birth- 
right, which was a holy thing ; 
not only because the priesthood 
was annexed to it, but also be- 
cause it was a privilege leading 
to Christ, and a type of his title 
to the heavenly inheritance. 
When the apostle censured 
" profane babblings," ho meant 






PftO 



209 



PRO 



thoee heathen absurdities whik 
were founded in superstition and 
ignorance, or possibly novel 
ideas introduced into religu; 
l Tiin. 6 : 20. 

Promise, an assurance, by 
which a person engages to do, or 
forbear to do, something. God, 
in his word, promises blessings 
to his people. The fifth com- 
mandment, " Honor thy father 
and mother," is called the " com- 
mandment with promise " (Eph. 
6: 2), because God has added 
this declaration that they who 
honor their parents shall have 
their days lengthened on the 
earth. Jesus Christ nas prom- 
ised to be with his people to the 
end of the world. Matt. 28 : 
20. The Holy Gbost is called 
the " Holy Spirit of promise," 
Eph. 1:13, being promised to 
them that believe onCln '. 
being the seal and pledge of 
their everlasting hn 
The fulfilment of promi 
bo delayed, but will come most 
assuredly. 

ProplC<'T. (1.) A declara- 
tion of future things. Neh. 6 : 
12 (2.) A declaration of 
hidden, obscure, and important 
things. Prov. 30 : 1. (3.) The 
preaching of the gospel 1 
Tim 4 : 14. Rom. 12 . 6. 
(4 ) The gift of explaining b- 
scuro passages of Scripture, or 
of foretelling things to come. 1 
Cor. 12 : 10 ; and 13 : 8. 

The numerous prophecies of 
Scripture which hare been pre- 
cisely fulfilled, are a complete 
proof that the Bible is the word 
18* 



of God. The occurrence of a* 
cvontlong after it was predicted, 
demonstrates that a higher 
power has been pleased to mak* 
known its designs. 

Prophet, one who foretells 
what is to come ; a person in- 
spired, and appointed by God to 
reveal his will, to warn of ap- 
proaching judgment**, *o explair 
obscure passages of Scriptu.ve, 
or to make known the truths of 
the Bible, and urge men to 
obedience. 1 Cor. 14 : 26. 
Jesus Christ is " that Prophet," 
who, having taught the will of 
God on earth, with an infinite 
superiority to all the rest in 
force of authority, extent of 
knowledge, and efficacy of in- 
struction, and being now exalted 
to the right hand of power in 
heaven, still teaches by his word 
and Spirit. Such as refuse his 
teachings incur certain reproba- 
tion. Acts 3 : 22. Heb. 12 : 25 

About the time of Samuel, 
school* of the prophets were formed, 
wherein young men were piously 
educated, to prepare them for 
receiving the gift of prophecy 
Such schools we find at Bethel, 
Gilgal, Najoth, Jericho, and 
Jerusalem ; but it does not ap- 
pear that all these young men 
were afterwards inspired. Th<-y 
were inspected by Samuel, Eli 
jah, Elisha, Ac. 1 Sain 10, 
11, 19 2 Kings 2. "\Vheth 
er the most of the noted 
prophets were anointed at their 
entrance on their office, we 
know not. It is oert*in that 
they generally lived in a ven* 



PRO 



210 



PR. 



low ail temperate manner. The 
presents given them were such 
as oil, bread, fruits, honey. 2 
Kings 4 : 42. 1 Sam. 9 : 7, 8 ; 
10 : 1. John Baptist was " tuore 
than a prophet," as he pointed 
out Jesus Christ as already in- 
carnate. Matt. 11 : 9. Paul, 
Peter, and John, may be called 
prophets, as there is in their 
writings a variety of predic- 
tions. 2 Thess. 1 : 710 ; 2 : 
311. ITirn. 4:1 3. 2 Pet. 
3 : 10, &c. Almost the entire 
book of Revelation is a proph- 
ecy. 

The following is a catalogue 
of the prophets. The order of 
succession is, in some instances, 
uncertain, and some chronolo- 
gists give different dates. Some 
of the prophets lived under suc- 
cessive kings, but the space 
allows the mention of only one. 



Years. 


Samuel pro 


phesled 


81 


David 




48 


Elijah 
Elisha 
Jonah 


" under Aluib, . . . 
" " Jchoram, 

" " Jehu, 


14 

68 


Joel 


Uzziah, 




Amos 


Jeroboam II. 


26 


Hosea 




62 


Isaiah 


tt AJictZ 


62 


Mieah 


<i tt 


40 


Nahum 


" Hezeki'ah' 




Zephaniah 


" Josialt. 




Habakkuk 


tt a tt 




Jeremiah 


tt a tt 


41 


Obadiah 


" In the captivity. 




Ezekiel 


tt a 


21 


Daniel 


tt tt 


69 


Haggal 
Zechariah 


" after the captivity. 


2 


MalacbJ 


it n 


3 



Propitiation, an atonement 
for guilt ; that which prepiU- 
fttes. It has been ucnned * 
" the averting the punishment 
due to any one by undergoing 
the penalty in the room ' the 
Christ id " tne prc 



pitiation for our sins," tfc4 
is, the sius of his people ; be 
sause his complete righteous- 
ness and atonement satisfies the 
Father for all their transgres- 
sions, and secures the cancelling 
of the demands of justice. 
Rom. 3 : 25, and 8 : 3239 1 
John 2 : 2. 

Pl'OS'eljte, literally a stranger, 
means, in Scripture, one that 
turned from heathenism to the 
Jewish religion. Acts 2 : 10. 
Some were proselytes of the gate, 
who, though they renounced 
idolatry, observed what the rab- 
bins call the seven precepts o. 
Noah ;* and attended the Jew 
ish instructions ; yet were no* 
circumcised, nor allowed to par- 
take of the passover. To these 
the Jews allowed hopes of eter- 
nal life, and permitted them to 
dwell in Canaan. Of this kind 
of proselytes we may suppose 
Naainan, Cornelius, the Ethi 
opian eunuch, and Solomon'* 
153,600 servants to have been. 
Others were proaelyt es of righteous^ 
ness, or of the covenant ; being 
obliged to fulfil the whole law 
of Moses. At their admission, 
the motives influencing them 
to change their religion were 
examined, and they were in- 
structed in the principles of 
Judaism. Next, if males, they 
were circumcised ; after which, 



* There were seven laws, which, 
they maintained, were uiven by Jeho- 
vah to the sons "I" Aoah; vi/.., 1. To 
avoid idolatry. 2. To worship <;od. 
a. To abhor ineest. 4. To ounniit. no 
ni'inier. . r i. Not to sti>al. ii. To pun- 
kh murder with death. 7. Nottoeal 
blood or tilings itraugtaL 



PRO 



211 



PSA 



they presented their oblation to 
the Lord. Whther they were 
also dipped -'n water is much 
disputed, and seems not prob- 
able. No mention is made of 
such a rite in Scripture, which 
would leave it without author- 
ity if practised. Nor is it men- 
tioned in Josephus, Philo, the 
Apocrypha, the New Testament, 
or by any writer for several 
hundred years after Christ. No 
boys under twelve years of age, 
or girls under thirteen, were 
admitted without the consent 
of their parents ; or, if these 
refused, without the consent of 
the judges of the place. Dur- 
ing the time of Christ, the Jews, 
And especially the Pharisees, 
greatly exerted themselves to 
make proselytes. Compare Mat. 
23 : 15, with Acts 13 : 43. 

Proverbs, the name of a book 
in the Scriptures, containing the 
inspired precepts of Solomon. 
1 Kings 4 : 32. The whole in 
the original seems to be poetry. 
Though written by Solomon, 
they seem to have been col- 
lected and arranged by others. 
Let the reader turn to ch. 25> : 
1, and 30 : 1. The Proverb* 
are frequently quoted by the 
Apostles ; indeed, more so than 
any other part of the Old Tet- 
tainent ; showing that the *^e* 
constitutes a great treasure of 
revealed morality. 

Providence, a care for the 
future. The word is principally 
used in reference to that super- 
intendence which our heavenly 
Father exercises over his crea- 



tures., supporting them In theit 
being, and governing them it 
all their actions. This govern 
inent, Chough exact and minute, 
infringes not our perfect liberty 
of choice, and complete respon- 
sibility for our actions. 

Psillin, a holy song. The 
Psalms are particularly sweet to 
a Christian, because they con- 
tain so much of the experience 
of a religious man. Most of 
them were composed by David. 
The 90th was composed by Mo- 
ses ; perhaps the 80th by He- 
man. Those under the name of 
Asaph were probably directed 
to him as leader of the temple 
choir. Some psalms are doc- 
trinal, as Ps. 1 ; some historical, 
as Ps. 77, 105, 106 ; some pro- 
phetic, as Ps. 110 ; some peni- 
tential, as Ps. 51 ; some consist 
of prayer and complaints, aa 
Ps. 6, 38, <tc. ; others consist 
of praise and thanksgiving, as 
Ps. 30, 46, 145, 150, Ac. In 
some, most or all of these sub- 
jects are connected, as Ps. 89. 

The Jews divided the entire 
collection into five books, at the 
end of four of which are the 
words " Amen, amen," and of 
the fifth "Hallelujah." The 
rirst division ends at the 40th 
psalm, the second at the 72d, 
the third at the 88th, the fourth 
at the 105th, and the fifth at the 
150th. The words at the con- 
clusion are thought to have 
been put there by Ezra. The 
book itself forms an inestimable 
treasure, and is the glory of the 
Old Testament. It contain/i the 



PSA 



212 



PUB 



grandest conceptions of God, | have been shaped much like the 



the most remarkable prophecies, 
and the most perfect models of 
resignation, faith, and trust in 
God. Luther says " All sorts 
of divine doctrines and precepts 
are contained in it." 

Whether the titles of the 
Psalms are of divine authority, 
is not agreed. The Hebrew 
words therein mentioned are 
by some considered as names of 
instruments of music, or first 
words of some songs ; or to de- 
note the subject matter of the 
psalm. It is thought Maschil 
means a poem, or set composi- 
tion ; and signifies that the 
psalm is designed for instruc- 
tion, Ps. 32 ; that Michtam de- 
notes the precious or golden 
nature of the psalm ; and per- 
haps all the psalms so marked 
relate to Jesus Christ, as Gus- 
eetius observes. Neginoth, or 
Neginath, signifies stringed in- 
struments, Ps. 4, 61. Nehiloth, 
wind instruments ; Ps. 5 ; Git- 
tith, a kind of instrument in- 
vented at Gath, Ps. 8 ; Alamoth, 
the treble, or a song to be sung 
by virgins, Ps. 46. Shiggaion, 
or Shigionoth, may denote that 
the psalin is to be sung with 
diversified tunes, or embraces 
various subjects. Ps. 7. Hab. 
3. The Greek word, signifying 
a stringed instrument, is j*W- 
teri'in. Hence, by a metar-nr, 
the book of Psalms is sometimes 
called the Psalter. 

Psal'tery, a musical instru- 
ment, first mentioned in the 
Psalurs of David It seems to 



present harp ; or the Greek let- 
ter delta inverted, thus, v. The 
body was of wo->d, hollow ; and 
Josephus says it had twelve 
strings. The chords were at 
first of flax, but subsequently 
were manufactured from the 
entrails of sheep. Harp-stringa 
of the latter kind are mentioned 
by Homer as a recent invention. 

The modern psaltery is a flat 
instrument, of a triangular form, 
strung from side to side with 
iron or brass wire, and played 
on with a kind of bow. 

Ptolema'is, a seaport in Gali- 
lee of Judea, now called Acrt 
Acts 21 : 7. See AOCHO. 

Publican, a collector of taxes 
The Romans farmed out thejr 
revenue to men who paid int* 
the treasury of the state a cer- 
tain sum, and took the risk of 
collecting. Contracts were gen- 
erally taken by principal men, 
who let out small districts to 
collectors for specified sums 
Cicero says that among the pub- 
licans were the flower of the 
Roman knights, the ornament 
of the city, the strength of the 
commonwealth. But the infe- 
rior publicans were looked upon 
as n'i better than pickpockets. 
Printing not being known, and 
the laws little understood, these 
inferior agents generally 3om- 
initted gross impositions and 
extortions. They were there- 
fore greatly hated by the Jews, 
whose pride was mortified by 
having to pay tribute at all. 
MaHhew, Zaccheus, and prcfc 



PUR 



213 



PI 



ftbly other publicans, occame 
disciples of Christ. Lake 15 : 
2. Mutt. 21 : 31. Zaccheus 
was of the noblo publicans, and 
a man of the highest considera- 
tion. Luke 19 : 2. 

Pttl. (1.) A king of Assyria, 
hired by the king of Israel to 
assist him. 2 Kings 15: 19. 
Hos. 5 : 13. (2.) A district in 
Africa, thought by Bochart to 
be an island in the Nile not far 
from Syene. Isa. G6 : 19. 

Pulse, the seed of leguminous 
plants, as peas, vetches, beans, 
&o. Lev. 23: 14. 2 Sam. 17: 28. 

Punishment, suffering for sin. 
Taken exactly, it means the in- 
fliction of deserved evil. When 
used in reference to our Sa- 
viour, it means sufferings in- 
stead of the penalty which sin- 
ners \aould have endured, but 
for his standing in their place. 
Bee Isa. 53 : 411. 1 Pet. 2 : 
14. Rev. 5 : 9, Ac. 

The CIVIL PUNISHMENTS of the 
Jews were, (1.) Retaliation ; 
(2.) Fines ; (3.) Scourging ; 
(4.) Imprisonment, which was 
sometimes accompanied by con- 
finement to painful postures ; 
(5.) Death. Tyrants sometimes 
invented cruel punishments, 
luch as putting out the eyes, 
Jud. 16 : 21 ; cutting off mem- 
bers of the body, Jud. 1 : 57. 

Pu'rlm is the plural of PUR, 
and means lots. It is the name 
of a solemn feast among tho 
Jews, in commemoration of Ila- 
MAU'I overthrow. It derives 



its name from the circumstano* 
that Haman cast lots to acer 
tain the best day for destroying 
ius Jews. Esth. 3 : 7, and 9 : 
26. 

Purple, a color much worn by 
kings and emperors. Mark 15 : 
17. It is the famous Tyrian 
dye, so costly, and so celebrated 
in antiquity. It is called, in 1 
Maccab. 4 : 23, " purple of the 
sea." It was made from th 
blood of a shell-fish ; plenty of 
which were found in the sea, on 
the north-west of Canaan, and 
are now found about the Carib- 
bee Islands, and other parts of 
America, and on the west of 
England. 

Pute'oli, a city of Campania, 
in Italy ; so called from its hot 
waters, or the multitude of its 
wells. Its ancient name was 
Delus Minor. It stood upon the 
bay, about eight miles north- 
west from Naples, and was 
much frequented on account 
of its mineral waters. From 
hence a considerable trade was 
carried on with Alexandria, in 
Egypt. Paul halted here seven 
days, as he went prisoner to 
Rome. Acts 28 : 13. We find 
several of its bishops in the 
primitive councils of the Chris- 
tian church. The present name 
of the place is Poz 

Py'glTg, a species of gazelle 
or antelope, about the size of 
our deer. It is probably the 
aadace of the ancients The 
word occurs Deut. 1.4 : 5, only. 



BAB 



214 



BAB 



Q. 



Qnail, a gallinaceous bird, 
omewhat less in size than the 
jurtle-dove. Quails are ex- 
tremely numerous in warm coun- 
tries. Ex. 16 : 13. Numb. 11 : 
81,32. The accounts of travel- 
lers, respecting the immense 
flocks of this bird, render the 
account in Scripture perfectly 
eredible. In Numb. 11 : 31, it 
gays, " they fell two cubits high 
upon the face of the earth." 
The word high is not in the 
original. It means they lighted 
so thick as to be only two cubits 
apart ; or came down within two 
cubits of the surface of the 
ground. The oriental quail is 
about the size of a turtle-dove, 
and is migratory. Travellers in 
the East state that they come in 
such numbers as often to put 
vessels in danger of oversetting. 
Their appearance in so great 
numbers for the supply of the 
journeying Hebrews was a great 
miracle, for the region they 
were in is not in the line of this 
bird's migrations, which is over 
Malta, Crete, Constantinople, 
Ac. 



Quaternion, a fiX, consisting 
of four soldiers. Peter was 
placed under the care of four 
quaternions, in order, probably, 
that each might guard him three 
hours at a time. See WATCH. 

Qneen often means in Scrip- 
ture a king's mother. A refer- 
ence to this fact will remove 
several apparent discrepanciea 
in the Old Testament. The word 
has still the same meaning 
among Orientals. 

Queen of Heayen, a name 
given by the Hebrew idolaters 
to Ashtoreth, or the moon. Jer. 
7 : 17 ; 44 : 1618. 

Quick. The living flesh, the 
sensible part of the body. Those 
persons who shall be alive at 
the resurrection are called the 
quick, in distinction from those 
who will arise from the dead. 
Acts 10 : 42. To give spiritual 
life to sinners is called quicken* 
ing them. Eph. 2 : 15. 

Quit, to acquit. Josh. 2 : 20. 
1 Sam. 4 : 9. Christians, in 
their great conflict with sin and 
temptation, are to *' quit them- 
selves as men." 1 Cor. 16 : 13. 



Rabba, the city mentioned by 
Joshua (eh 15 : 16), was in the 
tribe of Judah. 

Rab'bath, the festal of the 
Ammonites, was situated in the 
mountains of Gilead, beyond Jor- 



dan. It was a famous city, even 
in the time of Moses. Deut. 3 : 
11. Here Uriah lost his life, by 
a secret oiler from David. 2 
Sam. 11, 12 It was dest-oyed, 
according to prophecy, Ezek. 



RAC 



215 



RAT 



Z 5 : 5 ; Amos 1 : 14, a few ycara 
after the destruction of Jerusa- 
lem. It was by Ptolemy called 
PHILADELPHIA, and is so 
on our maps of Palestine. Its 
present name is Amman. 

Rabbi, a name of dignity 
among the Jews, signifying doc- 
tor or m>i*ter. It was bestowed 
on any learned man, but es- 
pecially on very eminent teach- 
icir law. The rabbi was 
ruler of the synagogue, decided 
all religious disputes, and re- 
the utmost homage. Our 
Saviour exhorts the disciples not 
such distinctions and 
titles, but to look to him as 
their only Lawgiver and Teach- 
3r, whom they wore to follow in 
ill matters of faith and wor- 
ship. Matt. 23 : 7, 8. 

Rabboni, a derivative from 
rabbi. It was a greater title 
than rabbi, and was never for- 
mally conferred, except on a 
few extraordinary doctors of the 
school of Ilillel. John 20 : 1G. 

Raca, a Syriac word, meaning 
a silly fdlow. A term used by 
the Jews to express the utmost 
contempt. Matt. 5 : 22. The 
awful prohibition, given in the 
verse juat quoted, does not for- 
bid just expressions of indigna- 
tion. James (2 : 20) uses the 
word ; ftiiu language of similar 
import is used by Christ, " 
generation oi !att. 3 : 

7, and 12 : 34 ; and by the 
Apostles, Acts 13 : 10 ; Phil. 3 : 
2, 4o. 

Race, a rapid course, gener- 
ally implying contest The nu- 



merous allusions to Grecian loot 
races, contained in Paul's i.^ia- 

luire some knowledge of 
the laws of those games. The 
apostle says, 1 Cor. 9 : 24, 
" Know ye not that they who 
run in a race, run all, but one 
[only] receivcth the prize 1 So 
run that ye may obtain." And 
" every one who striveth is tem- 
perate," <tc. Also, 2 Tim. 2 . 
5, " If a man strive for master- 
ies, yet is he not crowned except 
he strive lawfully." See also 
Ileb. 12: 1. Gal. 5 : 7, Ac 
Plutarch and Cicero describe 
most extravagant honors and 
emoluments given to victors, 
especially at the Olympic games. 
Ilomer declares that men could 
gain no higher honors than 
those won by strength and fleet- 
ness ! Those persons who de- 
signed to contend in these 
games were obliged to repair to 
the public gymnasium ten 
months before the solemnity, 
where they prepared thernselvei 
by continual exercises. No man 

i omitted to present him- 
self in this manner was allowed 
to contend for any of the prizes; 
nor were the accustomed re- 
wards of victory given to such 

, if, by any means, they 
introduced tnetnselves, and over- 
came their antagonists. 

Railing, insolent, reproachful 

;o. Christians are strict" 
ly forbidden it. 1 Cor. 6 : 11. 
When we are thus reviled* wa 
must return blessing. 1 Pet 
3: 9. 

Raiment was at first made ot 



RAT 



216 



RAI 



fche sktas of beasts Gen 3 : 21 ; 
out the art of spinning and 
weaving was soon invented, Ex. 
28 : 42, and even embroidering, 
Ex. 35 : 35, which became com- 
mon in the days of the judges. 
The common garment, in the 
days of Christ, was a sort of 
shirt or tunic, reaching to the 
anklea, generally with sleeves, 
but sometimes having only arm- 
boles. A girdle confined it at 
the waist. Over this various 
garments were worn, according 
to the quality of the person. 
The dress of females among the 
Jews always concealed their 
faces when they walked in pub- 
lic, and such is still the custom 
in the East. The cut, under the 
head VAIL, illustrates the pres- 
ent Hindu dress. I .have seen 
Jewesses in the streets of Ran- 
goon and Ava, wearing the 
same costume. All classes wore 
something in the form of a large 
shawl, called a "cloak," or 
" upper garment." Matt. 21 : 
8, Some affected the posses- 
sion of a great number of these 
garments. James 5 : 2. Per- 
sons could carry various articles 
in the folds of their shawl, Luke 
6 : 38 ; and at night, in that 
climate, they rarely needed any 
other bed-clothes. See Ex. 22 : 
26, 2^ Around this outer gar- 
ment the ancient Jews were 
accustomed to huve a border or 
marked with 

texts of Scripture. Tin- JMiari- 
ees, tlmm-ii ,;, nutdo 

theirs remarkably large. Matt. 
23 : 6. When engaged in la- 



borious work, this outer gar 
rnent was laid tside, as by oui 
Saviour, when he washed his 
disciples' feet, John 13 : 4 ; and 
Peter, when he fished, John 21 : 
7. "When thus retaining nothing 
but thin under garments, they 
were said to be " naked." John 
21 : 7. This explains, also, 
Matt. 24 : 18. These uppor gar- 
ments would of course lit per- 
sons of any size equally well. 
To give raiment was therefore 
common ; and especially when 
opulent or eminent men gave 
rich entertainments. In such 
cases, not to accept and put oil 
the proffered robe, was a great 
affront. Matt. 22 : 12. See 
VAIL, SANDALS, Ac. 

Rain was plentiful in Israel 
twice a year. " The early and 
the latter rain " occurred, the 
former in September, the latter 
in March. After these, the 
weather becomes settled, and 
about May the grain is gathered. 
In Egypt it scarcely ever rains; 
the overflow of the Nile, and 
copious dews, answering the 
purpose. In tropical climates 
the winter is the rainy season. 
Violent winds often attend these 
rains, and overthrow insecure 
houses. Hence our Saviour's 
parable. Matt. 7 : 25. 

Rainbow, a splendid arch, 
consisting of all the colors 
formed by the refraction and 
reflection of the ray? o( light 
by rain or vapor. It always 
appears opposite the sun, and 
never when ho is higher than 
f>rty-two degrees above thf 



RAM 



217 



RAV 



horizon. Many critics have sup- 
posed that previous to the flood 
this beautiful bow had not ap- 
peared. If not, the confirma- 
tion to Xoah's faith must have 
been exceedingly effectual Its 
appearance, though now com- 
mon, continues to be a gracious 
token that the earth shall not 
again be covered with waters. 
Uen. 9 : 817. 

Raisins, dried grapes. They 
are much used for food in many 
countries, and are considered 
very wholesome. 

Ram, a male sheep. See 
SHEEP. Battering rams were used, 
before the invention of cannon, 
to destroy the fortifications of 
cities. This machine was a huge 
log of timber, with an iron head 
at one end, suspended by the 
middle to elevated poles, and 
driven violently against the 
wall, by great numbers of men, 
until a breach was effected. A 
eheltor was erected to defend 
nen from archers on the 
walls. Ezck. 4 : 2, and 21 : 22. 

Ratliah, a city of Benjamin, 
which skod eight miles north- 
ward from Jerusalem, Josh. 
18 : 25, and, being on a hilt, 
was visible from thence Near 
to it Deborah dwelt. Jud. 4 : 
6. JSkanah and Samuel re- 
sided \* 't, 1 Sam. 1 : 1, 19 ; 7: 
17 ; 8 t ; 25 : 1 ; and at Na- 
joth, or the meadows of Ramah, 
was a college of young prophets. 
1 San:. 19. A small village now 
occupies the spot, called Krram. 

There was another Ramah on 
bt west border of Naphtali, 
19 



Josh. 19 . 36 ; also a Rimatb i 
Ramoth, which we suppose ihe 
Baalath-becr, in the lot 
of Simeon, Josh. 19 : 8; 1 Sam. 
30 : 27 (see GILKAI>), and also a 
Ramoth, Remeth, or Jarmutb, 
in the lot of Issachar. Josh. 
19 : 21. 

Ram-Skins, dyed red, were 
used in the construction of the 
tabernacle. Dr. Clarke baa 
proved from IIuier, Pliny, and 
modern travellers, that there 
are rams whose natural color is 
red. From this fact the fable 
of the golden fleece may have 
had its origin. 

Ransom, the price paid for 
the pardon of an offence, or the 
redemption of a slave or captive 
Prov. 6 : 35. Ex. 21 : 30. To 
prevent the plague and make 
ceremonial atonement for their 
souls, all male Hebrews of adult 
age paid half a shekel yearly, as 
a ransom. Ex. 30 : 12. The obe- 
dience and death of Christ are 
the proper ransom and price of 
our deliverance from sin and 
misery. Matt. 20 : 28. Job 33 : 
24. 

Raven, a bird about the size 
of a pullet. Its color is black, 
and its voice harsh and doleful. 
It delights in solitude, and lives 
on carrion, &c. It is not the 
same as the crow. It is larger, 
more sagacious, and lives in 
pairs, not in flocks. 

The raven which Noftt sent 
forth did not return, probably, 
because it found rest and food 
on the floating carcasses It 
has by all nations been oonaicU 



REC 



218 



REE 



wet. disgusting and hateful 
bird , out especially so t<~- the 
Jews, rhose laws pronounced 
it unclean. How striking, there- 
fore, is she argument of God's 
paternal regard to all his crea- 
tures, derived from his care of 
this bird ! Job 38 : 41. He not 
only feeds the ravens, but, if 
killed, he cares for their un- 
fledged young. " He giveth 
food to the young ravens which 
cry." Ps. 147 : 9. If the Lord 
takes care of ravens, how con- 
fidently may his people trust 
him ! Luke 12 : 24. 

Razor. See SHAVE. 

Reason, the power by which 
we discover and apprehend 
truth. Tru religion is alto- 
gether a reasonable service, 
Rom. 12 : 1 % , but, though reason 
can see its reasonableness and 
excellence, when revealed, it 
could not, by the mere light of 
nature, discover fully the char- 
acter and pleasure i f God. The 
province of reason in religion 
is, to examine the evidences of 
the authenticity of Scripture, 
and, this being ascertained, it 
is to be employed in understand- 
ing the whole will of God, as 
there revealed. 

Re'chabites, a tri^e of Mid- 

ianites, who lived in tents, and 
roamed the country for pasture, 
%z the Arabs and Tartars now 
do. Their origin and manner 
of life are described 2 Kings 10 : 
1523 ; Jer. 35 : 57. It is 
thought that some tribes now 
dwelling on the north-east of 



Medina are descendants of th 
ancient Rechabites. 

Reconciliation, a restoring to 
favor, or reunion between those 
who had been at variance. See 
ATONEMENT and EXPIATION. 

Redeem, to buy back what 
was sold, pledged or forfeited. 
Luke 1 : 68. The word is de- 
rived from a Latin word signify- 
ing to buy again. In the Greek 
Testament several words are 
used in relation to the saints' 
deliverance from hell, which 
signify obtaining something by 
paying a price. 1 Cor. 6 : 20 
Gal. 3 : 13. 1 Pet. 1 : 18. 

Redeemer, one who ransoms 
by paying the price. Jesus 
Christ redeemed us by suffering 
in our stead the penalty of the 
divine law. 1 Pet. 1 : 19. 

Red Sea. See SEA. 

Reed. (1.) A tall, hollow, 
jointed plant, growing in fenny 
places, much used in hot coun- 
tries, where the plant abounds 
for buildings, carriages, <fcc., &Q 
In this country it is employed for 
fishing-rods, weavers' reeds, <fcc. 
It was anciently used for writing, 
and answered to the word "pen " 
3 John 13. The use of quills for 
writing cannot be traced further 
back than to ISIDOUUS, who died 
in A. D. 636. (2.) An instru- 
ment of music like a flute. 
Whe& our Lord said, Matt. 12: 
20, ** a bruised reed he would 
not break," it is not certain 
whether he alluded to the plan* 
or the instrument ; but in refer- 
ence to either, the allusion if 



REO 



219 



REH 



fiighly ins inactive. ^3.) Ameas- 
Ire of nine feet. 

Refugti, a place of safety, to 
which a person may fly in case 
of danger. The Lord com- 
manded Moses to appoint six 
cities of reftige for those who 
slew any one unintentionally. 
Josh 20 : 79. The roads to 
theso were required to bo fifty- 
eight feet wide, and kept in 
perfect repair, with bridges over 
the streams, and guide-boards, 
marked Refuge, pointing the way 
at every corner. This arrange- 
ment strikingly typified the 
Lord Jesus. God is called the 
Refuge of his people, Deut. 33 : 
27, as he defends them against 
all the assaults of their enemies. 
Jesus Christ is the only refuge 
for sinners. 

In these six cities the refugee 
was to be lodged and fed gratis. 
All the other forty-eight cities 
of the priesthood were cities of 
also, but had the right to 
refuse to receive refugees, and 
to receive pay for the subsistence 
of such as were received. 

A refuge of tics means a false 
hope. Isa. 28 : 17. 

Regeneration, the new birth, 
or a spiritual change from a car- 
nal to a Christian life This 
renovation of the soul, with all 
its affections, is effected by the 
Spirit and grace of (Jod, and is 
called the m-w birth. It consists 
in the infusion of spiritual life 
into the soul, by which it is 
enabled to perform spiritual 
actions, and to live unto God. 
fit 3 : 5. 



It differs from conversion, be 
cause regeneration is a power 
conferred, and conversion is the 
exercise of that power. Re- 
generation is the principle given 
to turn unto the Lord , conver- 
sion is our actual turning unto 
him ; regeneration is the life 
itself, conversion its motion. 

It differs from justification. Jus 
tification acquits a man from th 
charge of guilt ; regeneration 
imparts a new nature. Justi 
fication is effected by the obe- 
dience, death, and resurrection 
of Jesus Christ ; but regenera- 
tion is the work of the Holy 
Ghost. 

// differs from adoption. Ad op 
tion entitles to heaven, and re- 
generation is that which con- 
stitutes our meetness for its 
enjoyment. 

The word is also used for that 
new life which is expected at 
the general resurrection and 
restitution of all things. Matt. 
19: 28. 

Rehobo'am, son of Solomon 
by an Ammonitess, ascended the 
throne B. c. 970, being then for 
ty-one years old ; and i 
seventeen years. By following 
the absurd counsel of his young 
companions, he caused the re 
volt of the ten tribes, an 
productive of infinite mischief, 
and which spread its influence 
over the whulo sr^eqi.en* his- 
tory of the Hebrews, lealin at 
last to their political nun. 

Reho'botll, literally room or 
place. (1.) A city of Edom. 
|(2.) A well digged by 



EEM 



220 



BEP 



eastward of Oerar, so called be- 
cause there the Lord made room 
ft* him to dwell. Gen. 2t 22. 

Reign, to rule as supreme. 
God, who ia the absolute Mon- 
arch of the world, reigns in the 
proper sense of the word, as he 
disposes of all things, in heaven 
and on earth. 

Sin is said to reign, when its 
motions and influences are read- 
ily obeyed, and it exercises an 
absolute, uncontrolled power in 
the soul. Kom. 6 : 12. 

Grace is said to reign, when 
we are governed by the impulses 
of the Holy Spirit. 

Reins, the loins or kidneys. 
The word is used in Scripture, 
like the word hearty to signify 
the dispositions and affections 
of the mind. Ps. 7 : 9. Jer. U: 
2. 

Religion, the inward and 
spiritual knowledge and belief 
of divine truth. It is manifest- 
ed in a proper acknowledgment 
of God, and obedience to him ; 
and in showing proper regard to 
men, according to their various 
conditions, stations and rela- 
tions to us. The word is used 
also to denote any system of 
faith and worship in distinction 
from others. 

Remphan, an Egyptian idol. 
The learned are very little 
agreed who this god was. Some 
are very peremptory, ana others 
quite despair of ascertaining. 
The Israelites worshipped this 
false god, calling him CHIUX. 
Amos 5 : 26. Probably it was 
S(jv-. Acts 7 : 43. 



Repentance, grief for sin, 
change of mind by which we 
wish any of our conduct undone. 
Evangelical repentance is thai 
saving grace wrought in the 
heart of a sinner by the Holy 
Ghost, by which the sinnei turna 
from a course of disobedience, 
and sincerely endeavors to live 
unblamably before God, in 
the expectation of forgiveness 
through the merits of Christ. 
Matt. 3 : 2, &c. The repentance 
which Esau sought with tears 
was not his own regret, which 
of course he could and did ex- 
ercise, but a change of purpose 
in his father. That is, though 
with tears he sought to induce 
his father to repent and re- 
store to him the birthright, it 
could not be done. When it is 
said, Rom. 11 : 29, "The gifts 
and calling of God are without 
repentance," it means that hia 
purposes of love to his people 
are unalterable. Thus it is said, 
1 Sam. 15 : 29, " God is not a 
man, that he should repent ;" 
that is, does not change his pur- 
poses. 

Repetitions. The vain repe- 
titions blamed by our Saviour, 
Matt. 6 : 7, were lifeless forma 
of prayer frequently repeated. 
It is to be feared many of our 
prayers are little better. The 
papists openly make a merit of 
frequently repeating in a given 
time the same prayer. 

Rpvh'aim, a valley near Je- 
rusalem, fruitful in wheat J da 
17 : 6. It seems to have de 
rived U0 name from the 



REP 



221 



RES 



t,l at aucl sntly inhabited it. llere 
the hodC of the Philistines en- 
jaii.ped trequeutly. 1 OLr. 11 : 
i5. 

Rcph'idim, a place east of 
the lied Sea, where the Hebrews 
tempted God, and quarrelled 
with Muses for want of water. 
It was therefore called Meribah, 
Contention ; and Ma*xuk y temp- 
tation. Ex. 17 : 7, 8. 

Reprobate, rejected ; given 
up to sin ; lost to virtue ; fatal- 
ly erroneous in sentiment. A 
rcjirubntc mind is one whose con- 
science is callous. Men are rep- 
robate to every good wwk, when 
utterly averse to doing or per- 
mitting others to do good. Tit. 
1: 16. 

Reproof, blame charged upon 
a person to his face ; or admo- 
nition upon account of some 
fault. Reproof requires the 
utmost care and prudence in the 
person by whom it is aduiinis- 
r it may exasperate, and 
make the offender sin the more. 
Unless circumstances imperative- 
ly require it, let it never be done 
publicly, but always in secret. 
Make it evident that the good of 
the transgressor is the sole mo- 
tive of your censure ; that it is 
a painful task, to which you are 
arged by a sense of duty, and 
prompted by the most tender so- 
licitude for liis happiness. Let 
not an air of self-importance, 
an angry countenance, or a 
wrathful tone of expression, 
discover itself in your rebukes. 
You must feel, ana you are al- 
lowed to feel ; but it is to be 
19* 



the feeling of Christianity 
that is, pity, kiidness, anu th 
must, sincere affection for the of 
fender himself. Not his />**, 
but his sin, and liii sin a/one, if 
to be the object of your indig 
nation ; and every admonition 
should be accompanied with fer- 
vent payer to God for his bless- 
ing on your efforts to do good 
" As an ear-ring of gold, and an 
ornament of fine gold, so is a 
wise reprover upon an obedient 
ear." It is most mournful that 
this great duty is so little re- 
garded. We are bound to per- 
form it as we are to pay our 
honest debts ; and in the dis- 
charge of it would gain, as well 
as impart, inestimable blessings. 
2 Tim. 4 : 2. 

Rereward, the rear-guard 
Josh. 6 : 13. God promises to 
be the rereward of his people, 
defending them as they press on 
their march, from unseen ene- 
mies behind. Isa. 52 : 12. 

Rest. (1.) A ceasing from 
bodily labor. (2.) The quiet- 
ness of sleep or death. (3.) 
That peace with God and 'in 
their own consciences, which 
believers enjoy in this world, 
Matt. 11 : 29, arising from a 
cheerful confidence in the prorn- 
1 providence of God. Ps. 
116 : 7. (4.) A quiet and se- 
cure habitation, such as was 
promised to the Israelites in the 
land of Canaan, which was also 
a typo of thut eternal rest In 
the heavenly Canaan, where the 
saints shall enjoy a never-end- 
ing blessedness in the 



RES 



222 



REV 



of God, at the termination af 
all the toils and troubles of this 
life. Heb. 4:9. 

Restitution. (1.) The restor- 
ing of anything to its former 
state. Acts 3 : 21. (2.) The 
returning of a thing unjustly 
gotten, or making amends for an 
injury. This is very particular- 
ly enjoined in the law of Moses. 
Ex. 21. Lev. 24. Deut. 19. It 
was done at the reformation un- 
der Nehemiah. Neh. 5 : 10, 11 ; 
and by Zaccheus, who, following 
the Roman law, agreed to re- 
etore fourfold. Luke 19 : 8. 

Resurrection, the act of ris- 
ing from the dead, or returning 
to life. It commonly means the 
general resurrection at the last 
day, or the end of the world; 
Job 19 : 2527 ; John 5 : 28, 
29 ; when we must stand before 
the judgment-seat of Christ, and 
be admitted to eternal happi- 
ness, or doomed to endless mis- 
ery. The doctrine of the resur- 
rection was unknown to the 
wisest heathens, and is peculiar 
to the Bible. They had some 
glimmerings of the soul's im- 
mortality, but no knowledge of 
the reviving of the body. The 
resurrection of Christ is a clear 
proof that our debt has been 
paid, and that divine justice has 
reseived full satisfaction- Ou 
this doctrine of Christ's t er 
over death, which was most sol- 
emnly published to the world, is 
built our faith in his promises,. 
and our hope of life and glory. 
Rom. 4 : 25. A grain of corn, 
own LJ the earth, is the image 



made use of by our Saviour aid 
the apostle Paul to represent the 
resurrection. John 12 : 24. 1 
Cor. 15 : 36. 

Reveal, to disclose. Christ 
was revealed when he came in 
the flesh. The wrath of God is 
revealed when sinners are made 
to suffer his open judgments. 

Revelation, a discovery. The 
sacred Scriptures are a revelation, 
or disclosure, of God's will tc 
man. 

The last book, being the -dec 
larations of John in reference 
to futurity, is called the Reve- 
lation, from its containing such 
minute and ample predictions 
of the state of the church in 
future ages. It is commonly 
called the APOCALYPSE. Accord- 
ing to Eichhorn and others, it 
was written about A. D. 70; but 
critics generally assign the year 
95 or UG as the true date. To 
understand this book is very 
difficult, and parts of it are in- 
capable of illustration till prov- 
idence is further unfolded. In 
general, it may be said that 
the stars, sun and moon, &c. t 
mean the great men of the 
earth. The numbers are sel- 
dom to be taken arithmetically 
Most of the predictions were 
probably fulfilled in the early 
age of the church, but many of 
them extend to the remotest pe- 
riods of the world. These are 
to the Christian Church just 
what the prophecies re spewing 
the Church were to the Jews 
They could not comprehend Low 
child should bo born of a vir- 



REV 



223 



BID 



gin, or a man not see corrup- 
tion, or a fespised malefactor 
occupy the throne of 
rotas the pious Jew lelieved 
ind waited, so the Christian 
auw waits for " the things which 
shall be hereafter." 

Reveugc, to vent displeasure 
upon a person for a real or imag- 
inary fault. , Men revenge 
Ives because they are too 
easily offended, and too much 
iufliifiiced by the impulses of 
: and self-love. But 
when it ia said, in Scripture, 
that God revenges himself, it 
means no more than that he 
vindicates the injuries done to 
his justice and his majesty ; to 
the order he has established in 
the world ; and to his servants; 
because he is just, and order and 
justice must be -preserved. 

Revenge is the result of cher- 
ished resentment a union of 
sorrow and malignity. He, 
therefore, who cherishes this 
feeling, endures suffering, and 
nourishes a passion which all 
men condemn. His meditations 
only increase his misery, and his 
only hope of enjoyment is the 
witnessing of the misery of 
another. How base and wretch- 
ed is such a e'ate of mind ! 
Only by forgiv't can we enjoj 
the gladness of prosperity, or 
the calmness of innocence. 

Revenger OP BLOOD, a name 
given to the person who had a 
right, under Jewish cu.-: 
take it e life of him who had 
killed MR relation. See REF- 

BGK. 



Reward^ recompense. Good 
men's rewanl is on high, not on 
earth. Kaphelius has shown, 
says Dr. Doddridge, that muthoa 
not only signifies reward of 
debt, but reward of grace, and 
that the phrase misthon dtregen 
occurs in Herodotus ; so that 
the phrase " reward of grace,- 
Rom. 4 : 4, is a classical, as well 
as theological expression. 

Rhe'gium, a seaport of the 
kingdom of Naples, about op- 
posite to Messina, in Sicily. It 
is said to have been originally 
built by a colony from Chaleis 
Paul doubtless preached here at 
his visit, Acts 28 : 13, though 
Luke does not record the fact 
Its present name is Reggio. 

Rhodes, an island in the 
Mediterranean Sea, north-east 
of Crete, and ranked for digni 
ty and size next to Cyprus and 
Lesbos, being about 120 miles 
in circumference. It had its 
name Rodos, a rose, from the 
multitude of roses that grew on 
it. On this island was the fa- 
mous statue of Apollo, called 
Colossus, standing across the en- 
trance of the harbor, so high 
that ship} sailed in between the 
legs. No restige of this now re- 
mains. The Rhodians were fa- 
mous about the time of the Tro 
jan war. The most ancient cities 
were Lindus, Camirus, and Jaly- 
sus : but Rhi*ie *clipsed all 
the rest, and i.s still a place of 
\ets 21 : 1. Rhodes in 
ancient classic authors is called 
Anteria. 

Riding was a maik of ran* 



R I M 



224 



HIV 



taaong the Jews, Ecc. 10: 7; and 
the degree of rank was indi- 
cated, among other things, by 
the uumbor of attendants on 
foot. As there are no side- 
walks in Eastern cities, one or 
more ran in front to clear the 
Kay and prevent unwary per- 
sons from being run over. 1 
Kings 18 : 46. See Litter. 

Righteousness, (l.) That 
upright life and conversation 
which proceed from a pious dis- 
position, inclining us to render 
the worship due to God, and be 
just in our dealings with all 
men. It signifies, also, (2.) 
That perfection of the divine 
nature, whereby God is most 
holy in himself, and most just 
in all his dealings with his crea- 
tures. (3.) The active and 
passive obedience of Christ. 
Christ is called " the Lord our 
Righteousness," as being the 
Procurer and Bestower of all 
the righteousness and holiness 
which believers possess. 

Right Hand is, in Scripture, 
a symbol of power. Ex. 15 : 
C. Ps. 21 : 8. The word is also 
used to mean southward, as the 
Jews always spoke of the East 
as before them, and the west be- 
hind, 

Rimmon, or REMMON. (].) A 
city belonging to the Simeon- 
ites, 25 miles south-west of Je- 
rusalem. Josh. 19 : 7. Neh. 
11 : 29. (2.) Remmnn melhQar, 
a city of Zobulun, given to the 
Levites. Josh. 19 : 13- I Chr 
6 : 77. (3 ) A steep reck near 
Qibeah, whither six hundred 



| Benjamites fled /vhen the rest oJ 
their tribe wi^ lestroyed. Jud 
20:45. (4.) A principal idol of 
the Syrians, worshipped at Da- 
mascus. The name signifiei 
jj^ftum ; but whether that idol 
bo t.ue Elion, or Most High, of 
the Phoenicians, or Saturn, or 
Venus, is not agreed. He ia 
nowhere mentioned in the Bible 
but in 2 Kings 5 : 18. 

Ring* The wearing of ring* 
is a very ancient custom. Gen. 
24 : 22. It was an ensign of 
authority in princes and great 
men. Thus, when Pharaoh com- 
mitted the government of all 
Egypt to Joseph, he took the 
ring from his finger and gave it 
to him. Ahasuerus gave h>* 
ring to his favorite Haman, ani 
granted the same favor to Mor- 
decai, who succeeded Haman in 
his dignity. The practice con- 
tinues in those countries to this 
day. Few great men can write, 
but sign documents by rubbing 
a little thick ink on their signet 
ring, and then pressing it on the 
paper. 

It is also used as an emblem 
of conjugal fidelity, and a con- 
stant memorial of the marriage 
vow. 

Ring-Streaked, having circu 
lar streaks or lines on the body, 
as we often see on cattle. Gen. 
30 : 35. 

River, a large stream of wa- 
ter. The rivers mentioned ia 
Scripture are tlie Jordan, Ki- 
ehon. Jabbok, Arnon, Abana 
Pharpar, Euphrates, H.ddekel 
Gihon, Pison, Chebar, Ahavah 



ROE 






ROM 



Dial. The Nile is alluded to, 
Out is not mentioned by mime. 
"The river ." men- 

tioned in the Bible, is not tliu 
Nile, but a small stream, falling 
into the Mediterranean 
Gaza. From the river to the 
ends of the earth," means from 
the Euphrates to the end of the 
then known world. No river 
in Palestine withstands the 
drought of summer but the Jor- 
dan, and that becomes greatly 
diminished. The others, though 
torrents in the rainy season, 
become mere rivulets in sum- 
mer, and sometimes wholly dis- 
appear. Job compares false 
friends to such. Job 6 : 15. 

Robe. Seo RAIMENT. Jesus* 
imputed righteousness is a robe 
which beautifies, warms, and 
protects our souls. Isa. 41 : 10. 

Rod. (1.) A small branch of 
a tree. Gen. 30 : 37. (2.) A 
staff for walking. Ex. 4 : 4. 
(3.) A shepherd's crook. Ps. 
23 : 1. (4.) A 'measuring-reed, 
used by surveyors. (5.) A scep- 
tra, and hence denotes power 
and authority. Isa. 14 : 5. 

Roe, a small species of deer, 
exceedingly beautiful and swift. 
2 Sam. 2: 18. It is, no doubt, the 
gazelle or antelope, which is called 
roe in Scripture. It is about 2j 
feet high, is gregarious, has horns 
afoot long, short, erect tail, and 
beautiful eyes. It abounds in 
Palestine, Arabia and Egypt, 
and is excellent food. 1 Chr. 
12 : 8. Cant. 2 8, 9, <to. The 
anoient method of catching this 
animal was by a net. Pruv. 6 : 



dieek name is DORCAI 

and its exceeding beauty prob. 
be giv- 

en to females. To be called 
" Gazelle-eyed beauty " it a 
high oriental compliment 

Roll, a book. Ezra ? 2. 
Jer. 36. Ezek. 3. Before the 
invention of the present manner 
of binding, writings were rolled 
on a staff. Such are now used 
i in the Hebrew synagogues. Seo 
the cut under BOOK. 

Romans* Paul had never 
been at Home when he wrote 
this Epistle. It was called 
forth by his having heard of 
their condition, and especially 
of the difficulties existing be- 
tween the Jewish and the Gen- 
tile members. He controverts 
many of the errors of both 
Jews and Pagans, as to ances- 
tral merit, justification, the effi- 
cacy of sacrifices, election, sub- 
mission to foreign rulers, <tc. 
Paul was nearly sixty years old 
when ho wrote this letter, dur- 
ing a residence of some months 
at Corinth. 

Rome, for a long time the 
most noted city in the world. It 
was built by the Etrurians. 
Romulus enlarged it about the 
time of He/.ekiah, king of Ju- 
dah, that is, A. M. 3 2. VI. It 
gradually increased, till it ex- 
ver W -'r*n hills. The 
river Tiber runs through it, af- 
fording water to the city, ani 
carrying off the tilth, which is 
conveyed to it by sewers under 
ground. Its walls seem nevef 
to lave been above thirteen 



BOM 



ROS 



in circumference ; but it 
had a vast extent of suburbs. 
In the time of Romulus it con- 
tained about three thousand in- 
habitants, and in the time of 
Augustus, two millions. Chris- 
tianity was early planted here, 
and has continued to this day, 
though for ages obscured by 
popish superstitions. Most of 
its early pastors suffered martyr- 
dom. 

While the Romans governed a 
great part of the world, they 
were in the habit, either for 
money or good deeds, or of free 
favor, of conferring the right of 
citizens on some who were not 
of their nation, and even some- 
times on the inhabitants of a 
whole city. In this sense, Paul 
and Silas were Romans, and had 
a legal title to all the privileges 
of the citizens of Rome, by 
having been born in a free city. 
Acts 16 : 37, 38 ; 22 : 25, 26, 
2T. 

The present population of this 
city is only 154,000 ; but the 
territories of the pope embrace 
13,000 square miles, jyid a popu- 
lation of two millions and a half. 
Not more than about the third 
part of what is within the walls 
is now inhabited. It is noted 
for many fire ancient ruins, 
for St. Peter s church, which 
was one bundled years in build- 
ing, and for the Vatican, or win- 
ter palace of the pope, which 
consists of about 12,500 cham- 
bers, balls and closets, and has 
a famed library, garden and 
Brae**) Its hospitals are re- 



marked for their excellent reg 
ubit-'^ns ; but the inhabitant* 
are licentious to an uncommon 
degree. 

We L.TQ not informed when, or 
by whom, the gospel was first 
preached at Rome. But, as 
among those converted at Jeru- 
salem, on the day of Pentecost, 
there were "strangers from 
Rome," Acts 2 : 10, there can 
be no doubt but that on their 
return home they set up a Chris- 
tian church. It must have 
grown rapidly, though tho 
preacher is not named; for in A. 
D. 68 their number drew the at- 
tention of government, and the 
horrid persecutions of Nerc 
killed vast multitudes. 

Roof, the covering of a house 
The Jews had theirs flat, foi 
walking, or erecting booths on 
and a battlement breast high 
around, to prevent any one fall- 
ing from them. As this rendered 
them private places, they often 
performed their devotions on 
them. Acts 10 : 9. 

Rose, the queen of flowers. 
From tho frequent connectior 
of the lily with this flower, when 
spoken of in Scripture, it seems 
evident that the wild rose must 
be meant, which in all hot coun- 
tries is extremely beautiful. 
Christ is compared to it. Song 
2:1. "The wilderness rbull 
blossom as the rose," wht-n 
Christianity restores this wilder- 
ness wcarld to order and beauty 
Isa. 35-1. In the Fast Indies, 
an extract is made, called "'otta 
of roses," which is very costjy 



RUF 



227 



RUT 



nd the most exquisite perfume 
In nature. 



coarse, ragged, une- 
ven. By the powerful preach- 
ing of John the Baptist, the 
* rough places were made 
plain ; " that is, people of the 
most ignorant and hardened 
description were, through divine 
grace, humbled, and prepared 
to receive the full truths of 
Christ's mission and ministry. 
Luke 3 : 5. 

Rnby, a beautiful gem, of a 
red color, of great hardness and 
lustre, but seldom found larger 
than a grape seed. A perfect 
ruby, above 3i carats in size, 
exceeds in value a diamond of 
equal size. A deep-colored ru- 
by, exceeding 20 carats in 
weight, is called carbuncle. 
Wherever the word occurs, it 
should be translated pearls. Job 
28: 18; Prov. 3 : 15; Lara. 4: 7. 

Rnc, a useful medicinal plant, 
common in gardens. It has an 
unpleasant smell, and a bitter, 
pungent taste. The word occurs 
in Luke 11 : 42, only. 

Rnfns, son of Simon the Cy- 
renian, who bore our Saviour's 
crose, H seems to have been a 
very distinguished preacher 
with the Apostles, though not 
much is affirmed of him direct- 
ly. Rom. 16 : 13. His mother 
was a great Christian, and kind 
to Paul, who calls her his 
" mother." Polycarp, a fellow- 
laborer with the Apostles, whose 
writings are still extant, speak- 
ing of extraordinary Christian 
attainments, says " which ye 



have seen set before your eye* 
in the bletsed Ignatius, and 
Zozimus, and Rufus, and Paul 
himself." 

Ran, to press on rapidly. As 
men when running, especially 
for a prize, exert themselves 
earnestly and perseveringly. 
the frequen* *e of the term, in 
reference to the Christian career, 
is very impressive, and ought to 
alarm indolent professors. See 
1 Cor. 9 : 24. Heb. 12 : 1. 

Runners, persons who ran be 
fore the king's chariot, or bore 
messages in haste. They were 
employed particularly to carry 
into the provinces tidings of the 
enactment of any edict or law. 

Rash) an aquatic plant, com- 
mon on the banks of the Nile, 
<ko. Job 8:11. It is the same 
as the bulrush, Ex. 2:3; Is* 
18 : 2 ; and the paper reed, Isa. 
19: 7. It is the cyperus papyrus 
of LINN.EUS ; commonly called 

the Egyptian reed." 

The stalk is triangular, rising 
to the height of nine or ten 
feet, beside three or four under 
water, and terminating in a 
crown resembling the thistle. 
See the picture, article PAPER. 

Rath, one of the ancestor? of 
our Saviour, who lived in the 
days of Gideon, or perhaps of 
Ehud ; about 300 years before 
HUM EH flourished. 

The bo"k of this name 11 
thought to have been written by 
, and forms a sort of Ap- 
pendix to the book of Judges. 
The principal scope of the book 
is to record the genealogy of 



228 



SAB 



flhrisl in David's line. Compare 
Ruth 4 : 1822 with Matt. 1 : 
5, 6. The adoption of Ruth, a 
heathen convert to Judaism 
has been generally considered i. 
pre-intiiuation of the admission 
of the Gentiles into the church. 
A further design of this book 
ia, to evince the care of Prov- 
idence over such as fear God. 

Rye is mentioned Ex. 9 : 32, 
and Isa. 28 : 35. The word in 



1 the original means only bearded,, 

j and makes it doubtful what 
grain is meant. Some suppose 

| rice to be intended. This is ren- 
dered very probable by several 
considerations The passage 

lisa. 32 ; 20 almost certainly 

i means rice ; and the allusion in 
Eccl. 14: 1 is rendered beautiful 
and intelligible if understood of 
rice. 



S. 



means "Thou 
aast forsaken me. " Mark 15 : 
35. 

Sab'aotii, a Hebrew word, sig- 
nifying hosts or armies. Jehovah 
is called " the Lord of Sabaoth," 
because the hosts of all crea- 
ture* 1 are his. Angels, ministers, 
Christians, stars, planets, <fcc., 
are all marshalled and ruled by 
the Lord God omnipotent. Rom. 
9 : 29. Jam. 5 : 4. 

Sabbath, literally REST, the 
holy day. When God had made 
the heavens and the earth, in 
the space of six days, he rested 
on the seventh, and set it apart 
for himself, to be occupied in 
the exercises of religion. The 
perpetual obligation of the 
Sabbath is inferable not only 
from the injunction being one of 
the immutable ten command- 
ments, but from the reasons 
which are given for its institu- 
tion being of a moral, and not 
ot a oerouoai&l nature, and the 



modes of its observance being 
of universal obligation. 

Though it was really the 
seventh day to God, to man, who 
was formed on the evening of 
the last day, it was the first, and 
was kept as such for ages, 
though called the seventh part 
of time. Gen. 2 : 2, 3. In the 
first institution of the Sabbath, 
it was intended to call to mind 
the wisdom, power and goodness 
of God, as they are displayed in 
the creation of the world ; but 
after the return of the children 
of Israel from their state of ser- 
vitude and hard bondage rn 
Egypt, that was urged as an ad- 
ditional object of recollection on 
the Sabbath-day, and also %s 
an additional motive to its ob- 
servance. The day was, r* the 
same time, changed, to corre- 
spond with that memorable event 
and to preserve the Hebrew? 
more effectually froin idolatry, 
by making their day of worship 
different from that of the he*. 



SAB 



229 



SAC 



Iheu Deut. 5 : 14, 15. Undsr 
the Christian dispensation, which 
unites Jews and Gentiles, the 
Sabbath u altered back again 
from the seventh to the first 
day of the week, 01 irhich the 
Redeemer himself rose from the 
j ;ad. It is thus no longer 
an institution for the Jews, as 
the Mosaic Sabbath was, but for 
the world, as it was before Mo- 
ses. In the Apostolic age the 
first dky of the week was never 
called babb'ith, but Lnr<!' 
Many of the converts from Ju- 
daism observed both. Itev. 1: 10. 

On the " first day of the 
week," Jesus Christ made re- 
peated visits to his di 
who were evidently assembled 
together for religious pi; 
John 20 : 19, 2G. On the first 
day of the week the disciples 
came together to break bread 
and hear Paul preach. Acts 
'20 : 7. Upon the first day of 
the week the Corinthians were 
required to lay by their contri- 
butions for the poor. 1 Cor. 16 : 
2. 

It is to be sanctified by a ces- 
sation from all worldly affairs ; 
by a remembrance of God in 
creation, providence, and re- 
demption ; bv meditation, 
prayer, reading the Scriptures, 
attending public worship, and 
by holy anticipations of that 
eternal Sabbath which remains 
for the people of God. 

Sabbath day's Jo-arney. The 

Journey of a man on foot, for a 

dy, was commonly reckoned at 

V 01 30 miles ; but Jewish tra- 

20 



dition allowed a man to travel 
on the Sabbath only one mile 
Thus a Sabbath day's journey 
was arranged so as barely to 
allow a person to go to the near- 
est synagogue. 

Sabbatlral year, the seventh 
year, in which the land was to 
have rest. Ex. 23. Lev. 25. It 
served to remind Israel of the 
authority and goodness of God, 
to inculcate humanity, to be 
friend the poor, to give time for 
devotion, study, and deeds of 
mercy. 

Sib,'',\t!s, a people of Arabia, 

:;nts, probably, of i'/tt-Aa, 

of Cash. It is contend- 

me that the " queen of 

teas from the neighbor 

: Abyssinia, in Africa. 

Sackbut, a musical instru- 
ment, generally thought to have 
had four strings : but Isidore 
considers it a kind of flute or 
hautboy. It was probably what 
we call tnnnhone, as the word 
seems to signify what may be 
lengthened or shortened. 

Sackcloth, a coarse cloth, 
made of the hair of horses, and 
coarsest hair of camels and 
goats. It was the common 
clothing of very poor people, 
and was much used for tents,, 
awnings, <io. Elijah and John 
the Baptist wore such ; indeed, 
it was a-. '.iently very common 
for all prophets to be thus hum- 
bly clad. Hence, the false 
prophets wore " a rough gir- 
incut to deceive." Zeoh. l.'J . 4. 
It was also used \y inouzaor* 
Isa, 50 : 3. 



230 



SAO 



an offering to God, 
uade on an altar by a regular 
priest. It differed from an obla- 
twn, which meant only the sim- 
ple offering of a gift. The justice 
of God required the death of the 
offender ; but, being tempered 
with mercy, it accepted a sacri- 
fice in his stead. Before the 
giving of the law, every man 
offered as he chose, and was his 
own priest ; but that gave rules 
both as to the things to be sac 
rificed, and the quantity tj be 
offered ; and restricted the 
priesthood to the family of Aa- 
ron. In some cases no fire was put 
to the sacrifice, which was con- 
sumed by fire from heaven. It 
is probable this was the way in 
which Abel's sacrifice was ac- 
cepted. The Hebrews had but 
four sorts of sacrifices, viz. : 

1. BURNT-OFFERING, or holo- 
caust, which was wholly con- 
sumed, except the skin, which 
was for the priest. 

2. SIN-OFFERING, or sacrifice of 
expiation, which was offered by 
one who had offended, to wnom 
no part was returned, but the 
priest had a share. SeeLat.4 
and 5. 

3. PEACE-OFFERING, a thankful 
return for favors received, or to 
satisfy private devotion, or sim- 
ply to honor God. It was offered 
at pleasure, there being no law 
to require it , and the ago or 
lex of the animal was not desig- 
nated. Most of the flesh was 
returned to the offerer, who ate 
it with his friends. See Lev, 3. 



4. TRESPASS-OFFERING, whkh 
seems to have been differed 
from the sin-offering, both being 
required of the leper Lev. 14. 
It might have been for particu- 
lar cases comprised in the gen- 
eral rules for sin-offerings. It* 
character is not fully under 
stood. 

The PERPETUAL sacrifice was 
the offering of a lamb every 
morning at sunrise, and another 
every evening about twilight. 
They were burnt as holocausts, 
but by a small fire, that they 
might last the longer. With 
each of these was offered half a 
pint of wine, half a pint of 
sweet oil, and three pints of fine 
flour. 

All the sacrifices, with their 
several ceremonies, were either 
acknowledgments of sin, or im- 
ages of the punishment due to 
it ; and had relation to Christ, 
the gospel Sacrifice, in whom all 
these types had their fulfilment. 
They signified the expiation of 
moral guilt, by the sacrifice of 
Christ, who is called the Lamb of 
God, John 1:29; and the Lamb 
slain from the foundation of the 
*orld, Rev. 13 : 8. 

The doctrine of atonement by 
animal sacrifices could never 
be derived from human reason- 
ings ; and the universal preva- 
lence of sacrifices is ample proof 
of their being derived "rom the 
practice of men instructed of 
God, in the earliest ages. 

Sacrilege, an outrage against 
holy things or persons. Idolatry 
is called sacrilege, M being a 



8AI 



231 



SAL 



jrime which especially insults 
Deity. 

Sadducees, a sect among the 
Jews, founded by Sadoc, who 
flourished s* rewhat more than 
200 years before Christ, and de- 
nied the existence of angels and 
spirits, the immortality of the 
soul, and the resurrection of the 
body. They are accused, though 
not with good proof, of rejecting 
all the books of the Scripture, 
except the five books oi 
They were observers of the law, 
and enforced it upon 
but, contrary 
they kept only t. 
text, without traditions, expla- 
nations, or i. 
maintained that only w 
written was to be c.i 
The Sadducees were g 

1 of wealth and influence. 
Among the uiodevn Je\v 
are few, if any, uonii 
duceea ; but infidelity prevails 
among them. to a melancholy 
extent. 

Saffron, the crocus, a bulbous 
plant, common in gardens. The 
flowers are considered ni< 
Occurs in Cant. 4 : 14, only 

Saints, converted persons, Ps. 
16 : 3 ; Phil. 4 : 21 ; they who 
spend much time in religious 
exercises, and are eminent for 
piety and zeal in the cause of 
God, Ps. 16 : 3 ; Heb. 6 : 10 ; 
those blessed spirits whom God 
graciously admits tj partake of 
everlasting glory and ble< ;ed- 
nejs, 1 Thess. 3 : 13 ; Rev. 18 : 
24 ; the holy angels, Deut 33 
% , Jade 14. There is no pro- 



priety in prefixing taint to th 
names of the writers of the New 
Testament, any mere than to 
th-v of the Old. It is better 
to say the evangelist Mat 
thew," or " Paul the apostle." 

alim, where John baptized, 
is, perhaps, the same as SALEM, 
where Melchiseduk was king, 
near the river Jordan. Gen 14. 
Jerusalem, called by contraction 
i's. 76 : 2, was originally 
called Jebus. 

Salo'me, the wife of ZclK'deo. 
and the mother of James and 
John. She foolishly i 

r two sons might have 
the principal honors in C 
temporal kingdom. 

Stit 13 in many places dug 
from the earth, or o> 

. but is commonly ob- 
tained by evaporating sea 
It was appointed to be i; 
all the sacrifices that were of- 
fered to God. Lev. 2 : 13. It 
is the symbol of wisdom " Let 
your speech be seasoned with 
salt," Col. 4 : 6 ; of fidelity and 
perpetuity ; thus, a firm and 
lasting covenant is called a core 
nant of salt, Numb. 18 : 19 ; and 
of maintenance or hospitality, 
Ez. 4 : 14, where "maintenance 
from the king's table " may be 
rendered literally " salted with 
the salt of the palace." The 
phrase " salted with fire," Mark 
9 : 49, means that the victims 
of divine justice in hell shall b* 
as it were salted with tire. HnJ, 
instead of being consumed by 
it, shall continue immortal in 
the midst of their llauiea. Awfoi 



HAL 



232 



SAL 



thought * The Jews were ac- 
customed to rub salt on new- 
bor -. babes, or bathe them with 
salt water, Ezek. 16 : 4, a very 
mistaken practice. Large quan- 
tities of salt put on land ren- 
ders it barren. Hence a salt 
land means a barren region. 
Jud 9 : 45. Zeph. 2 : 4. Jer. 
17 : 6. In small quantities, it 
serves as a valuable manure. 
Luke 14 : 34. When our Sa- 
viour told his disciples that they 
were the salt of the earth, he 
meant that, being themselves 
endued with grace, they ought 
to season others, and preserve 
them from corruption. The 
truths of the gospel are in op- 
position to the corruption of 
the world, both in respect to 
doctrine and morals. 

Lot's wife was not turned into 
a pillar of such salt as we use 
at table, but into rock salt, as 
hard and compact as stone. In 
some parts of Arabia, houses 
are built of this material. The 
salt used by the ancients was 
chiefly what we call rock, or fos- 
sil salt ; and also that left on 
the shores of salt lakes. Both 
of these kinds were impure 
being mixed with earth, sand, 
Ac., and lost their strength by 
exposure tj the atmosphere 
M AUHDREM , in his description 
of the valley of salt, speaks of 
a small precipice on the side 
toward Gibal, whwre he broke 
ome pieces from a part exposed 
to the weather, which, " ttough 
tney had all the appearance of 
alt, had perfectly lost its a->or ; 



while the inner part, which wag 
connected with the rock, re- 
tained its savor, as I found by 
proof." Compare Matt. 5 : 
13. SCHOETGENIUS has largely 
proved, in his " Horse He- 
braicae," that such as had thus 
become insipid was used to re- 
pair roads. This is exactly the 
use said to be made of it, in the 
above quoted passage. 

Salt, VALLEY OF, some vale 
opening into the Dead Sea, 
where rock salt was procured. 

SillntC, to address with civil- 
ity. The forms of salutation 
vary exceedingly in different 
countries. Among Orientals, so 
much ardor is expressed, and 
so long a ceremony used, as 
would, in our eyes, appear 
ridiculous. When an Arab meets 
his friend, he begins, yet afar 
off, to make gestures indicative 
of recognition. On coming up, 
he shakes hands, then kisses his 
hand, and inquires concerning 
his friend's health, and that of 
his family, with great m'rute- 
ness. All this is of course uone 
by the other. Sometimes the 
beard is reverently kissed. 
When they separate, to pass 
on, each pronounces a solemn 
benediction, as " The blessing 
of Jehovah be with you," <fco 
" Peace be with you." " God 
be with you." This last we 
seem to have abridged wit 
" good by." 

In Egypt, the custom now is, 
and probably w> ? anciently, to 
clap each other*s hands recip- 
rocally fifteen or twenty l^iner, 



SAL 



233 



SAM 



laying, " How do you do 1 " and 
-skin? iiany questions about 
each .^tl"*'8 children, mention- 
ing ea;h 3 name. 




The later Jews were more 
moderate than the neighboring 
nations, and used different 
degrees of homage, according to 
the person and the occasion. A 
bow of the head was the com- 
mon civility ; to bend the body 
indicated mqre respect ; and to 
lay down the face on the ground 
signified the highest reverence. 
Jacob bowed himself etvn times 
when he met Esau. Gen. 33. 
When the prophet sent his ser- 
vant in great haste to raise the 
dead child, he forbade him to 
salute any one, or answer any 
oalutation, because of the time 
tu would occupy. 2 Kings 4 : 
29. And our Saviour exoner- 
ated the seventy disciples from 
euch unmeaning waste of time. 
Luke 10 : 4. Presents commonly 
form a part of oriental saluta- 
tion when a visit is made. Gen. 
43 : 11. 1 Sam. 10: 4. Matt. 
20* 



2 : 11. When Saul was reeom 

mended to seek Samuel's aio\ 
he thought it utterly iinpropei 
to speak to him, because he had 
no suitable present; but went 
when he found they had a quar- 
ter shekel, that is, twelve and a 
half cents. 1 Sam. 9:7. So 
small a present was evidently 
intended not for pay, but for 
respect. A flower, or an orange, 
is sufficient to satisfy custom. 

Salvation, literally, deliver- 
ance. There is no salvation but 
in Christ, through the mere 
mercy and free grace of God. 
Christ brings " great salvation," 
vastly more than mere deliv- 
erance from deserved and im- 
pending ruin. 2 Cor. 7 : 10. 
Eph. 1 : 13. We " work out our 
salvation," when we accept 
Christ's free mercy, and walk 
by his strength in newness of 
life. 

Samaria* 1. The country of 
the Ephraimites, or ten tribes 
In the New Testament it always 
signifies the territory between 
Judea and Galilee. 

2. The seat of government of 
the ten tribes, who revolted from 
Rehoboam. It was built by 
Omri, A. M. 3080. forty-two 
miles north of Jerusalem. After 
various sieges, &o. } duiing sev 
eral ages, it was at last laid Li 
complete ruins, by Shalmaneser. 
Alexander the Great established 
a colony of Macedonians there. 
About the year 3947, Gabinius, 
a Roman governor of Syria, im- 
proved it ; and subsequently 
Herod restored it to u.e.gnifi- 



BAM 



284 



BAM 



enoe, and called it Sebaste. For 
some hundred years after Christ, 
Samaria continued to be an im- 
portant city, but about the 
fourth century it seems to have 
become desolate. During the 
crusades, an elegant Christian 
Church was erected, of which 
Borne noble ruins remain. 

Samaritan. When Shalma- 
neser removed many of the ten 
tribes to Babylon, he sent in 
their place Babylonians ; these 
intermarried with the remaining 
Hebrews, and their descendants 
were the Samaritans. Between 
these arid the pure Jews there 
were constant jealousy and 
hatred. John 4. The name 
was used by the Jews as a term 
Df the greatest reproach. John 
8 : 48. The Samaritans, like the 
Jews, lived in the expectation 
of Messiah, and many of them 
embraced him when he appeared. 
John 4. Acts 8 : 1, and 9 : 31. 
They formerly had synagogues 
at Damascus, Gaza, at Grand 
Cairo, Shechem, and Joppa, 
Askelon and Csesarea. At pres- 
ent, their chief, if not only res- 
dence, is Naplo-us, the ancient 
Shechem, and Joppa . Thoy per- 
haps do not amount to bUO per- 
sons in all. They have a high 
priest, who is considered to be a 
descendant of Aaron. Though 
few in number, they pretend to 
great strictness in their obser- 
vance of the law of Moaeg, r\nd 
consider the Jews far le^s rigid. 
From the letter of their high 
priest to Joseph Scaligb., 21U 
ago, i* appears that they 



profess to believe in GoJ, and 
in his servant Moses, and in the 
holy law, tha Mount Gerizim, 
the house of God, and the day 
of vengeance and peace. They 
keep the Sabbath so strictly, 
that they will not move out of 
their place, except to their syn- 
agogue. They always circum- 
cise their children on the eighth 
day after their birth. They do 
not marry their own nieces, nor 
allow a plurality of wives. 

Saraoon, See WINDS. 

Samos, an island of the Gre- 
cian Archipelago, nine miles 
south-west of the coast of Lydia, 
in Asia Minor. The inhabitants 
chiefly worshipped Juno, who 
was said to have been born there. 
It is now inhabited by Greeks, 
who are very poor, and who, 
though nominally Christians, are 
sunk in ignorance and super- 
stition. The population of the 
island now is about 75,000 
souls. Here Pythagoras was 
born, and here Lycurgus died. 

Samothra'cia, a small island 
of the ^Egean Sea, about twenty 
miles in circumference. It de- 
rived its name from having 
been peopled by Samians and 
Thracians. Its present name i^ 
Samodraki. 

Samson, a judgo of Israel, of 
the tribe of Dan. Dr. Clarke 
has shown, from M. De Levaur, 
that he is the original of the 
fabled Hercules of heathn my- 
thology. He judged Israel 
twenty years, and died 1117 
years B. c., aged 40. Jud. 13 * 
16. Hob 11: 32, 33. Hii 



SAN 



235 



SAN 



Arcngth did not result from his 
having long hair, for that has no 
such influence ; but the unshorn 
hair was the badge and pledge of 
his Nazariteship, on losing which 
his vow was broken, and God's 
id forfeited. 

Saamelj an eminent prophet, 
born at Ramah, in the tribe of 
Ephraira, and from his birth 
dedicated by his mother to God's 
service. 1 Sam. 3 : 1. He wrote 
the First Book of Samuel, and, 
as is supposed, those of Judges 
and Ruth. 

Two BOOKS of this name are 
found in our canon of Scripture. 
The FIRST describes the proph- 
et's life, and the history of 
Israel under Saul, embracing 
a period of about eighty years. 
The SECOND, written, it is sup- 
posed, by the prophets Gad and 
Nathan (1 Chron. 29 : 21)), con- 
tains the history of David dur- 
ing a period of nearly forty 
years. These books, besides 
their other various important 
uses, serve greatly to explain 
the Psalms. As specimens of 
the use which may thus be made 
of them, compare Ps. Ill with 
2 Sam. 15 ; Ps. 4, with > Um. 
22, 23, 26 ; Ps. 7, witb 2 Sam. 
16 : 2, 11 ; Ps. 24, with 2 Sam. 
6 : 12 ; Ps. 30, with 1 Sam. 5 : 
11 ; Ps. 51, with 2 Sain. 12 ; Ps. 
25, with 2 Sam. 15 ; Ps. 42 a-nd 
43, with 2 Sam. 17 : 2224; Ps. 
63, with 1 Sam. 22 : 5. Many 
inch references might be given. 
Sanctify. (1.) To set apart 
any person or thing to a re- 
ligicup use Thus the priests, 



the offerings, the tabernaole, 
<tc., under the law were sancti- 
fied. Lev. 8 : 10. Thus the Sab- 
bath is sanctified or set apart. 
And thus Christ sanctified him- 
self, by seuing himself apart aa 
a Sacrifice to God. John 17 r 
19. (2.) To cleanse a sinner 
from the pollution and dominion 
of sin. This commences at 
regeneration ; is wrought by the 
Spirit ; is progressive during 
life ; makes the Christian fit for 
heaven ; and constitutes hi? 
evidence of adoption. 1 Cor. 6: 
11. 2Thcss. '2 : 13. 

Sanctuary, the most holy place 
in the Jewish temple. The word 
often means the temple itself, 2 
Chron. 20 : 8 ; Ps. 73 : 17 ; and 
sometimes a place of refuge, 
Isa. 8 : 14; Ezek. 11: 16. 

Sandals, soles of leather or 
wood, tied to the feet with 
strings. As these afforded the 
traveller no protection from 
dust, it was a necessary act of 
;ity to have the feet of 
the guest washed before he could 
retire to bed. John 13 : 10. 1 
Tim. 5 : 10. They arc still worn 
in several eastern countries, by 
both sexes, and all classes ; the 



value and beauty being propor- 
tioned to the rank of the wearer 
They are generally put off on 
going into a house or temple 
Ex. 3 : 5. Deut. 25 : 9. Ih 
picture gives the form now worn 
in Burmah ; there is, however, 
a great variety of forms of tin 



BAB 



SAT 



anilal; but all essentially the 
j consisting of a sole only, 
fastened variously to the foot. 
To bind and loose the sandals, 
and wash the feet, was the busi- 
ness of the lowest slaves. Gen. 
18 : 4. Matt. 3 : 11. The poor 
generally go barefoot, and *Ve 
rich do so as a sign of mourn- 
ing. 

Sau / hedrim ) the supreme Jew- 
ish court. This name, though 
common among theological writ- 
ers, does not occur in the Bible. 
See COUNCIL. 

Sapphire, a pellucid gem, 
which, in its finest state, is in- 
ferior in value only to the dia- 
mond. The finest are of a pure 
blue color, and others are of 
various lighter shades, even to 
perfect whiteness, resembling 
crystal, though of a finer lus- 
tre. Some are red, and go under 
the name of ruby. Such as are 
reddish, and slightly tinged with 
blue, are called amethyst. The 
finest are obtained in Burmah 
and Ceylon. One in the Garden 
c-f Plants at Paris cost $15,000. 
It was the second stone in the 
high priest's breast-plate. 

or SARI>IUS, a pre- 
eious stone, of a reddish 
bloody color, said t derive its 
rame from Sardis, where the 
best were found. The best now 
come from about Bagdad. It was 
the first jewel in the high 
priest's breast-plate. 

Snrdlf, a town at the foot of 
Mount Ttuolus, ten hours' ride 
louth of Ihyatira. It was the 
apital of Lydia, celebrated for 



its opulence and debauchery 
Here the famous Croesus lived 
Accoi ding to the Lord's threat) 
its candlestick has been removed 
out of its place. A missionary, 
who visited Sardis in 1826, found 
no Christian residing on the spot. 
It is now a miserable village 
called Sart. 

Sardonyx, a gem supposed to 
partake of the qualities and 
appearance of the sardine and 
onyx, of which names the word 
seems to be compounded. Rev. 
21 : 10. 

Sarepta. See ZARBPHATH. 

Sargon, Isa. 20 : 1, is the 
same as Sennacherib, son of Sal- 
maneser, king of Assyria, who 
came with a great army to over- 
throw Judea in the fourteenth 
year of Hezekiah. 

Sardias, the gem which is now 
called cornelian, which was very 
plenty at Sardis. 

Satan, the prince of hell. 
The name is Hebrew, and means 
enemy, for the devil is the enemy 
of God and man. Much oi 
man's wickedness may be as- 
cribed to him. See instances, 
Gen. 3 ; Job 1 ; Acts 5:3. He 
is called the god of Ms world, for 
his power in it. Unconverted 
pereona are said to be under his 
iaaaence. Acts 26 : 18. Peter 
is called Satan, that is, enemy, 
be:ause he wished his master to 
avoid that suffering to which he 
was appointed. Matt. 1C : 23. 
The proper name ?f Satan is the 
Devil ; and in the original 
tongue the name is exclusively 
appropriated to him, an never 



SAV 



237 



SCA 



fc> tn^se unhappy sprits who 
are in banishment with him ; 
Who are called " demons." But 
our common English version has 
failed to observe this distinc- 
tion. 

Saf JT, a name given to some 
animal which prowls round the 
ruins of Babylon ; probably the 
ape or baboon. Isa. 13 : 21, 
and 34 : 14. Some of the an- 
eients worship it as a god, de- 
lineating it as half man and 
Half goat. 

Save, to preserve from dan- 
ger, or from eternal death ; to 
deliver from the guilt or the 
power of sin. Matt. 1 : 21. 
Jesus Christ saves his people 
from sin and from destruction ; 
and, having merited their salva- 
tion by his death, he applies the 
purchased redemption, by shed- 
ding abroad the Holy Ghost in 
their hearts. The righteous are 
" scarcely saved," because huge 
difficulties lie in their way. We 
are said to be saved by the word 
of God, by faith, by baptism, by 
hope, Ac., as these each form a 
part of the glorious plan of sal- 
ration. 

Sa'YiOUT, a term applied pre- 
eminently to Christ, who came 
M to save his people from their 
ins." He is therefore called 
JESUS, which signifies a Saviour. 
He is the " Saviour of all men," 
because he preserves and deliv- 
ers them from danger <ranfc 
favors, and is equally suited to 
the case of all sinners, Jews as 
well as Gentiles, and is equally 
held up to them in the gospel, 



aa saving all who come unto Wod 
by him ; but he is the Saviour 
ially of them that be- 
lieve ;" by bestowing grace, 
rescuing from sin and misery, 
and giving eternal life. 

SilYOr, the hniell or taste of 
anything. The anoint sacrifices 
were a " sweet savor unto God ; ' ; 
he accepted of, and delighted in 
them, as typical of the obe- 
dience and suffering of Christ 
Gen. 8:21. Ezra 6 : 10. Eph 
5 : 2. " A savor of death " is a 
noxious odor which causes death, 
and " a savor of life " is a pure 
fragrance contributing to life ; 
a figure used with great force, 
in relation to the different ef- 
fects of the gospel. 2 Cor. 2 . 
16. 

Sf all, a disease incident to the 
hairy parts of the body, as the 
head or beard. It is called 
nethek in Hebrew, indicating 
that the hair is plucked up. Lev 
13 : 3036. 

Seape Goat, a goat which, on 
the great day of atonement, was 
banished into the wilderness, 
after the high priest had con- 
fessed upon it the sins of all the 
people. See the account, Lev 
16. 

Scarlet, a color much admired 
and worn in former times. It 
was anciently produced from a 
little worm found in the watery 
excrescences of a shrub or small 
tiee, called the kerme? oak. The 
excrescences, or bladders, are 
about the size of juniper ber- 
ries, and are caused by the 
insect. Toi RNETORT saw th 



SCH 



238 



-SCO 



kermea collected in the island of 
Crete, and BELLOX saw them 
near Damascus. The article is 
still known in commerce in the 
Levant, Palestine, Persia, <&c. 
Ex. 25 : 4, &c. 

Seeptre, a staff, or wand, sig- 
nifying royalty. Ps. 45 : 6. 
Rev. 19 : 15. Anciently kings 
were shepherds, and hence, prob- 
ably, this badge took its origin. 
Ez. 19 : 11. Est. 8 : 4. The 
" rod of the wicked " means 
their power and influence. Ps. 
125 : 3. 

School) a place of instruction. 
Each parent, by the obvious 
law of nature, is bound to edu- 
cate his child according to his 
station. The association of a 
number of parents to procure a 
person who shall devote his 
whole mind and time to this 
subject, seems not to have been 
known in the early periods of 
the world. We read of schools 
for the prophets in the days of 
Saul. 1 Sam. 19 : 1824. About 
the time of Christ, eminent doc- 
tors delivered stated instruc- 
tions, which were attended by 
the studious, whether priests or 
others. Paul was in this man- 
ner educated by Gamaliel, the 
most celebrated rabbi of his 
time. Acts 22 : 3. Each great 
teacher had, of course, his pe- 
culiar views. Such as fully 
adopted these, called him father 
or master, and themselves chil- 
iren. The exhortation, " call no 
cnan father on earth," means 
that we are not to give ourselves 
op implicitly to any great doo- 



I trinal leader, bat exai /Ine fd 
j ourselves. M&t3. 23 : 9. 

Scorpion, a reptile of fata! 
I venom, found in most hot coun- 
tries, and so malicious as to b 
constantly striking at every c*> 
ject within its reach, WL - \ 
put together, they immediate 
destroy each other. In gene* \ 




they do not exceed thrje * ,-a^t 
inches in length, thouglc,u. >ni4 
hot countries, they arc ir*..<2 U 
become eight or ten inolie-i long. 
Some are yellow, others brown, 
and some black. The sting if 
in the tail. Rev. 9 : 10. II 
has eight legs, and four eyes, 
perhaps more. The torment 
produced by the ir sting is dread- 
ful. Rev. 9:5. In Africa some 
grow to the size of a ve. 

I lobster, which they resemble in 

| shape, as is seen by the 

The south border of Judea, 

i and the desoH between that and 



SCR 



239 



SCR 



Egypt, was much infested with 
scorpions. Deut 8 : 15. They 
delight in stony places, and in 
old ruins. 

Wicked men are called scorpi- 
ons. Ezek. 2 : 6. The state- 
ments of some authors, that the 
only cure for its bite is to crush 
the reptile on the wound that 
the young ones instantly kill 
their mother, Ac., are absurd. 
The folly and cruelty of Reho- 
boam in threatening to rule Is- 
rael as with scorpions, is very 
striking. What father would give 
his child such a reptile, when 
it "asked of him an eggl" 
Luke 11 : 12. The complete 
security of Christ's followers is 
forcibly seen when he gives them 
power to " tread on scorpions " 
unharmed. Luke 10 : 19. 

Scourge, a whip, a lash ; an 
instrument of discipline or pun- 
ishment. In the punishment of 
the scourge, the offender was 
stripped from his shoulders to his 
waist, and tied by his arms to a 
low pillar, that he might lean 
forward for the convenience of 
the executioners. The law di- 
rected them not to exceed forty 
stripes, and the Jews, in order to 
prevent the command being 
broken, always limited the 
number of lashes to thirty and 
nim. Deut. 25 : 2, 3. When 
the scourge had three lashes, ra 
was common, thirteen blows 
maae out the "forty stripes, 
save one." This was done to 
Paul five timea 2 Cor. 11 : 24. 

Scilbe. (1.) A clerk, writer, 
or secretary. 2 Sam. 8: 17. 



(2.) A person skilled in tbt 
Jewish law, who copied, taught 
and explained the Scriptures. 
Our Saviour classes the Scribes 
with prophets and wise men 
The estimation in which they 
were held by the people ap- 
pears in Matt. 17 : 10 ; Mark 
12: 35, <fco. The injury done 
to true religion, by the tradi- 
tions of these interpreters and 
preachers of the law, may be 
gathered from the severe re- 
buke which Christ gave to their 
obtrusive question. Matt. 15 : 
2, 3, <tc. Our Saviour gave va- 
rious instances of their irrcgu 
lar and unjust dealings. Matt 
23 : 2, 3, 4, <fec. lie, therefore, 
on the Mount, warns his audi- 
ence of the dangers they were 
exposed to from such teachers 
Matt. 5 : 20. They existed as i 
separate class of men as early 
as the days of Deborah. Most 
of them were f the tribe of 
Levi. 

Sfllp, a bag or purse. Ac- 
cording to its size, <fec., it was 
used for food or for money. 1 
Sam. 17 : 40. 

Scripture, that which is writ- 
ten. The Old and New Testa- 
ments, which contain the whole 
will of God necessary to be 
known for cur salvation, are 
called the Scripture, or the Writ' 
ings, the Bible, or tfa Book, by 
way of eminence, because they 
far excel all otbr writings 
Though written j divers men 
at different timed, yet they all 
agree, aa if written by one man 
is given by in- 









SCR 



240 



sen 



Sflration of God," 2 Tim. 3 : 
16, " and is profitable, for doc- 
trine," to declare and confirm 
the truth ; " for reproof," to 
convince of sin and confute er- 
rors ; " for correction," to re- 
form the life ; and " for instruc- 
tion in righteousness ;" that is, 
to teach us to make a farther 
progress in the way to heaven, 
or to instruct us in the true 
righteousness revealed by the 
gospel of Jesus Christ, in which 
we may appear with com- 
fort before God. It is proba- 
ble that the apostles used the 
term in reference to the Old 
Testament only. 

Every mark of authenticity 
which we can demand is found 
in the Scripture. Its unequalled 
authority and majesty of style ; 
depth, purity, and benevolence 
of matter ; its tendency to glo- 
rify God, and correct the corrupt 
inclinations of man ; the obvious 
candor of the writers in relating 
their own weaknesses and faults ; 
their amazing harmony, though 
of very different stations, ages, 
sharacters, and circumstances ; 
its entire superiority, as to mor- 
als, above anything ever pub- 
lished by man ; its abundant 
attestation by vast numbers of 
public and incontestable mir- 
acles, and important and au- 
thentic history, and by the 
cheerful martyrdom of a multi 
tude of its witnesees ; iw won- 
derful preservation upon earth ; 
its amazing so tuat in purifying 
the in-ost dissolute, and restrain- 
ing the most iurious of men ; in 



civilizing nations ; in comfort- 
ing, enlightening and ennobling 
all who receiv-e it ; the exact 
fulfilment of its numerous and 
circumstantial prophecies, <fcc., 
are BO many infallible proofs 
that it is indeed the Word of 
God. 2 Tim. 3 : 1517. 

It will greatly assist the 
young to remember the contents 
and character of the various 
books of Scripture, to commit 
to memory the following de- 
scriptive titles of each part : 

GKNXSIB. The Cabinet of Antl<;ul 
ties. 

EXODUS. The Departure, and Moral 
Law. 

LEVITICUS. The Ceremonial Law. 

NUMBERS. Enumeration and Con 
tlnuatlon. 

DKUTERONOMT. Rehearsal and Ex- 
planation. 

JOSHUA. The Wars and Settlement. 

JUDGES. History of the Governors, 

Rum. The Widow and her Daugh- 
ters. 

SAMUEL AND KINGS. The History of 
the Kings. 

CHRONICLES. The Record of tho 
Times. 

EZRA. The restoration of Israel. 

.NEHEJIIAH. The Reformation of Is- 
rael. 

ESTHER. The Wonderful Deliver, 
ance. 

JOB. The School of Pat'.ence. 

PSALMS. The heights of Holy A iplr* 
Ings. 

PROVERBS. Ethics, MetapLyaic*, 
Politics. 

ECCLESIASTES. The Vanity of Man. 

CANTICLES. The Church and hei 
Spouse. 

ISAIAH. The Evangelical Prophet. 

JEREMIAH AND LAMKMATIONI. Thf 
Devout Mourner. 

. The Captive Prophet. 



SCT 



SEA 



The Historical Prophet. 

HOJEA. Faith and repentance. 

JOEL. Awful Threatenlngs. 

AMOS AND OBADIAH. Keen Reproofs. 

JOHAH. The Runaway Prophet 

MICAH AND NAHCM. Israel's Sins 
and Dangers. 

HABAKKCK. Comfort for Captives. 

ZEPHANIAH, ITAcaAi AND ZECHABIAH. 
Preparation for Sad Times. 

MALACHI. The last of the Prophets. 

MATTHEW, MARK, LUKI, AND JOHK. 
rhe life and sayings of Christ. 

ACTS. Establishment of the Church. 

ROMANS. Foundation Doctrines. 

1 and 2 CORINTHIANS. Christian De- 
portment. 

GALATIANS. Epitome of the Truth. 

EPHESIANS. Cautions and Encour- 
agements. 

PHILIPPIANS. Commendations and 
Exultations. 

COLOSSIANS. Brief rules of Faith and 
Manners. 

1 THBSSALOMANS. Practical Theol- 
ogy. 

2 THESSALONIAN s. Controversial The- 
ology. 

1 & 2 TIMOTHT. .Pastoral Theology 

TITUS. Clerical Counsel. 

PHII.EMON. The Runaway Restored. 

HKBRKWS. The Sacrificial System 
illustrated. 

JAMCS. Faith shown by Works. 

1 & 2 PETEB. A Theological Sum- 
mary. 

1 JOHN. Heresies kindly refuted. 

2 JOHN. The Christian Matron. 
S JOHH. The Liberal Christian. 
4 (TDK. False Prophets. 
KKTKLATION. Description of Future 

Things. 

Seyth/ia is now called Tartary 
but the ancient Scythia compre- 
hended Tartary, Asiatic Russia, 
the Crimea, Poland, part of 
21 



Hungary, Lithuania, Swede** 
Norway, and the northern parti 
of Germany. Col. 3 : 11. 

Sea, a large collection of 
waters. The Hebrews applied 
this term to lakes of moderate 
size ; and the modern inhabit- 
ants of Palestine still retain 
the same phraseology. 

1. The SEA OP GALILEE WM 
anciently called the Sea of Cin 
nereth, Numb. 34 : 11, or Cm- 
neroth, Josh. 12 : 3 ; in the time 
of the Maccabees, Genesar, I 
Maco. 11 : 67 ; and in the day* 
of our Saviour, the Sea of Ti- 
berias, John 6 : 1, from the great 
city of that name which stood 
on its banks ; and Gennesareth, 
from the neighboring district of 
the same name, Mark 6 : 53 
See GENHESAKETH. 

2. The DEAD SEA was an- 
ciently called the Sea of tht 
Plain, Deut. 4 : '49 ; the Salt 
Sea, Deut. 3 : 17 ; Josh. 15 : 5 ; 
and the East Sea, Ezek. 47 : 18 ; 
Joel 2 : 20. By Josephus and 
other writers, it is called Lake 
Asphaltites, from the bitumen 
found in it. It is about seventy- 
five miles long, and eighteen 
broad. The term Dead Sea 
seems to have been given to it 
from the erroneous opinion that 
no living creature could exist 
in its waters, and that birds fell 
dead into the water in attempt- 
ing to fly over. Its waters are 
clear, but very salt, and some 
late travellers who have bathed 
in it, found, on coining out, 
disagreeable itching of the skin 
They saw birds fly over it often 






8EA 



242 



SEA 



On the shores, sulphur is found, 
and asphaltum or bitumen. It 
is imbedded among lofty moun- 
tains. It is sometimes called 
Sea of Sodom, because it occu- 
pies the site of that place, and 
the other cities of the plain 
which were destroyed for their 
wickedness in the days of Lot, 
viz., Gomorrah, Admah, and 
Zeboiin. The ruins of these 
cities may now be discerned 
under the water when it is low. 
See DEAD SEA. 

3. The GREAT SEA is the Med- 
iterranean, called sometimes the 
Hinder Sea, in contradistinction 
to the Red Sea, which is called 
the Former Sea, Zech. 14 : 8 ; 
because Orientals commonly call 
the east before, the west behind, 
the left hand north, and the right 
hand south. The word beyond, 
for the same reason, means east. 
The Mediterranean Sea is about 
2000 miles long, and varies in 
breadth from 80 to 500 miles, 
beautifully sprinkled with isl- 
ands, and bordered by fertile 
and opulent countries. No 
tides are perceptible in it, ex- 
cept in narrow straits. 

4. The RED SEA is that arm 
of the Indian Ocean which runs 
ilong the south-west side of 
Arabia, and the east of Ethio- 
pia and Egypt, to the length of 
1200 miles, now called the Ara- 
bian Gulf. As the Edomites had 
long the property and nse of il 
for their shipping, it came to be 
palled the Sea of Edam, which 
the Greeks translated into th 
Rnl Sca % Edom signifying red. 



Hence originated the mlstakt 
that its water, or its bottom, wai 
reddish. 

Se'ali, a Hebrew measure, &on. 
taining about two and a half 
gallons. 

Seal, an engraved stamp; also 
the impression made by such a 
stamp. Formerly, writing was 

trade by itself; for even 
princes could not sign their 
name. Hence the use of a seal 
to authenticate documents. The 
transfer of Pharaoh's seal to 
Joseph put him in possession 
of the entire royal authority. 
The same was done to Haman 
The expression, 2 Tim. 2 : 19, 
" the foundation of God stand- 
eth sure, having this seal [secu- 
rity], the Lord knoweth them thai 
are Az's," seems to allude to a 
certified instrument. John 3 : 
33. See BOOK. 

The cutting of seals upon 
stones, and using them for the 
authentication of documents, is 
of very early date. The prac- 
tice, as mentioned by Moses, 
1700 years B. c., has continued 
in the East, with little variation, 
to this day. The Bible is tail 
of references to the use of seals 

Scared, burnt off, or burnt 
hard, as flesh is with a hot iron. 
Men have their cunsciem-e 
seared, when it is so stupefied 
with guilt and inward corrup- 
tion, that it regards nothing, 
however horri J and abominable. 
1 Tim. 4 : 2. 

Seat, abode, station. " Mosefi 
seat" means the station ol 
authority occupied by th' 



SEC 



243 



SEE 



interpreted and expounded the 
irord of God. Matt. 23 : 2. 

Sect, a party of persons united 
together under some leader, or 
professing the same tenets or 
opinions. The Jews, in the time 
of our Saviour, were divided 
into the sects of Pharisees, Sad- 
ducees, Essenes, Herodians, and 
Zealots. These are described 
unaer their respective names, 
except the Essenes, which are 
not expressly mentioned in 
Scripture. 

The ESSENES were a very au- 
cient sect, spread through Syria, 
Palestine, Egypt, and the neigh- 
boring countries. They seem 
to have made religion to consist 
chiefly in quietness and contem- 
plation ; regarding a serene 
mind as the most acceptable 
offering to God. All agreed, 
therefore, in avoiding the snares 
of cities and of traffic. Some 
dwelt in villages, practising 
agriculture and the mechanic 
arts ; others, retiring to deserts, 
gave themselves wholly to soli- 
tude and devotion. They set a 
high value on the Old Testament, 
ftnd addicted themselves to its 
perusal ; but did not practise 
any of the ceremonies, consider- 
ing them allegorical. They re- 
fused to take oaths, but were 
remarkable for uprightness and 
verajity. Their drera and diet 
were plain and cheap, their lives 
iiioilensive, and in doctrinal 
views they nearly coincided with 
the Pharisees. Slavery, which 
b\a always been common in the 



East, they regarded as repug 
nant to naturo. 

The THERAPEUT^E, who were 
numerous near Alexandria, seem 
to have been a branch of this 
sect, differing from them but 
little either in sentiments or 
habits. 

These sects have gradually 
become extinct, and the princi 
pal present divisions of the Jews 
are into Rabbinical, who hold to 
the multitude of traditions and 
commentaries ; and Karaites, 
who adhere to the simple text 
of the Old Testament. Beside 
these, there are the sects of Po- 
lish Jews, which include those 
of Germany and Russia ; the 
Spanish Jews, or Sephartim, wh ich 
include those of Portugal ; and 
the Italian Jews, which include 
all the Levant. They keep sep- 
arate, and have different syna- 
gogues, even in the Holy Land. 
The Spanish Jew considers his 
party so exalted above the 
others, that if one of them 
marry among the other Jew?, he 
is excommunicated, and his 
friends go in mourning for him, 
as though ho were dead. 

Ser, a prophet, so called from 
his foresight of the future ! 
Sam. 9 : 9. 

Seethe, to boil anything. Ex. 
23:19. The Jewish prohibition, 
" thou shalt not seethe a kid in 
its mother's milk," is regarded 
by the Jews as a ge?w*il pro- 
hibition of the luxury of boil- 
ing any flesh in milk. U may 
have been enacted becauiw eacfc 






fiEL 



244 



SEL 



* euetorn tended to cruelty. 
CUDWO.RTH shows an additional 
reason foi the prohibition in the 
fact that it was an idolatrous 
rite. He says, " It was a custom 
of ancient heathen, at the close 
of harvest, to seethe a kid in 
ts mother's milk, and then go 
about in a magical way, and 
with it sprinkle their trees, 
fields, and gardens, thinking to 
thus make them fruitful the 
next year." 

Se'la, called by the Jews Jok- 
teel, is probably the place called 
Kerek in Burckhardt's travels. 
In Greek authors, it is called 
Petra, and was the celebrated 
capital of Arabia Petrea. 2 
Kings 14 : 7. See SELAH. 

Selah, a word of doubtful im- 
port. Some suppose it to mark 
the beginning of a new para- 
graph ; others, that it indicates 
an elevation of voice. It is 
probably no more than a nota 
bene, calling for particular at- 
tention. 

Selah, the capital of EDOM. 
The earliest notice of this city 
seems to be Judges 1 : 36. Ama- 
ziah took it by war, and called 
it Joktheel. It is twice mentioned 
by Isaiah, and was evidently a 
place of the greatest conse- 
quence 800 years before Christ. 
In the time of the Roman em- 
perors it was the capital of Ara- 
bia Petrea, and was subjugated 
by Trajan. It then gradually 
declined, and fur the last thou- 
sand years its very existence was 
unknown. It was first visited 
lo 1811 by EURCKHARDT. Sev- 



eral other travellers then visited 
and described it ; and in 1836 
our countryman, STEVENS, saw 
it, and gives a vivid description 
in his account of Arabia Petrea. 
It is now called Petra. Its ruins 
are declared to be no less won- 
derful and grand than the Colis- 
eum, the Acropolis, or the Pyr- 
amids. 

Mount Hor, where Aaron died, 
is in the immediate vicinity. 
Volney states that within three 
days' journey are upwards of 
thirty ruined and deserted cities, 
with magnificent ruins. Let the 
reader compare these facts with 
the prophecies made against 
these cities of Idumea or Edom, 
in the days of their greatness, by 
Isaiah, Jeremiah, Obadiah, and 
others. 

Seleu'cia. There were several 
cities of this name in Asia. One 
in Mesopotamia, on the same 
site, or very near to it, is the 
present city of Bagdad. The 
Scripture mentions only that of 
Syria, near the river Orontes, 
which was built by Seleucua 
Nicanor, the first Syro-Grecian 
monarch. From its proximity 
to Mount Pierius, it is nailed 
in profane history Pieren 

Self-Ex animation, Vu*% mdia 
pensable calling of ourselve* t~ 
account, which is o expressly 
commanded in the New Testa- 
ment. 2 Cor. 13 : 5. It con- 
sists in fully considering our 
heart and life, comparing them 
with Scripture requirements, and 
sincerely desiring perfect recti* 
tude. Times of trouble, biith 



SEN 



245 



SEP 



la/i, communion seasons, <fec., 
ought to be especially improved 
for thin purpose. 

Sell The Hebrews might sell ' 
them* ;lres or their children, j 
uev. 25 : 39 ; Ex. 21 : 7 ; but 
were not to be treated as com- 
mon slaves. Lev. 25 : 4446. 
Insolvent debtors and their chil- 
dra were sold, 2 Kings 4:1; 
Matt. 18 :. 25 ; as were also 
thieves not able to make resti- 
tution. Ex. 22 : 3. 

Sennacherib, a king of As- 
syria, successor to Shalmaneser. 
The kings of Judah having re- ( 
fused to pay tribute to him, he 
laid waste their country. Tak- 
ing part of his army to invade 
Egypt, he left Rabshakeh in the 
command of the army in Judah, 
whose blasphemy and insults we 
read in 2 Kings 18, 19. Heze- 
kiah and Isaiah resorted to 
prayer, and an angel destroyed 
185,000 of the Assyrians in one 
night. The remnant of the 
invaders returned to Nineveh, 
where, shortly after, Sennacherib 
was slain by his sons. 2 Kings 
19 : 36, 37. During the reign 
of this monarch, SEVECITUS was 
king of Egypt, and DEIOCES 
king of Media. About this 
time, also, Romulus laid the 
foundation of Rome. 

Sens means, (1.) That facul- 
ty of a living creature whereby 
it receives the impression of 
material objects. (2.) The im- 
pression of an object upon the 
senses. (3.) Meaning cr Im- 
port. (4.) Common sense, by 
which \non apprehend or under- 
21* 



stand things alike, or in com 
num. 

8Snal, belonging to th 
lenses. Persons addicted to 
animal gratifications are sen 
sual. James 3:15. Christians 
are to rise superior tc any sla- 
very to their body. 1 Cor. 9 : 
27. The mortification of unrea- 
sonable appetites is a great part 
of religion. Rom. 8 : 13. Col 
3: 6. 

Sepharvalm, or SEPHARVITES 
They seem to have originally 
dwelt north of Media, or about 
Siphora, on the River Euphrates. 
Sennacherib, king of Assyria, 
ravaged the country about the 
days of Hezekiah, and, after 
destroying great numbers, colo- 
nized most of the remainder in 
Canaan, where they at length 
became a tribe of Samaritans. 

Sep'nlfhre, a place for receiv 
ing the dead. Every vault, 
tomb, or grave, may be termed 
a sepulchre. The Jews inva- 
riably placed them without the 
cities, as they always should be 
on account of the noxious efflu 
via rising from them. The roya 
family only were buried in Jeru 
salem. 2 Chron 24 : 16. Natu 
ral caves were often useu for 
interment ; and in these thieves 
and lunatics sometimes resided. 
Hence the grave is called a pit. 
Ps. 88 : 312. Our Saviour's 
sepulchre was " hewn out of a 
rock ;'* and the door being 
sealed, it was impossible ne 
should be stolen without the 
knowledge of the guards. The 
sue of the stone which ,irme4 



SER 



246 



SER 



&e d?or was itself an ample 
lecurity. It was ** a great stone," 
that was generally selected for 
this purpose. Matt. 27 : 60. 
CLARKE, in his travels in Greece 
and the Holy La'nd, informs us 
that " on the reputed tomb of 
Agamemnon is placed a stone 
twenty-seven feet in length, 
seventeen in breadth, and four 
feet seven inches in thickness." 
Bee TOMB. 

Seraphim, the plural of SER- 
APH. The word seems to be de- 
rived from flame, and to mean 
fiery ones, or those who excel in 
love and zeal. Isa. 6 : 1 7. 
It plainly means an order of 
heavenly beings ; but what is 
their special rank or employ- 
ment, we know not. 

Serpent. There are many 
kinds of serpents. The only 
remarkable kind mentioned in 
Scripture is the flying serpent, 
thought by some to be so called 
from their swift, darting motion. 
They were called flery from their 
color and their venom. Isa. 30 : 
6. Several profane authors 
mention serpents, found in the 
East, with wings like a bat. 
HKRODOTUS affirms that he saw 
inch at the city of Butus, and 
describes them minutely BO- 
CHART quotes many an^nrs to 
y-ove that they are the A,me as 
th* nydra of the Greeks and 
Latins. The craft of this rep- 
tile is often alluded to in Scrip- 
ture. Gen. 3 : 1. Matt. 10 : 
16. See ADDER. 

The serpent was worshipped 
ta Chaldoa, Egypt, Rome, and 



other Oriental nation. Escn 
lapius was adored at Epidaurus, 
under the form of a serpent. 
See IKCHANTERS and COCKA- 
TRICE. 

Servant. The Hebrews had 
several kinds of servants. (1 ) 
Slaves for life, who were stran- 
gers, bought or taken in war. 
Lev. 25 : 44, <fcc. (2.) Hebrew 
or bond-servants, who could be 
bound only six years, and then 
to be dismissed with presents. 
Slavery was common before the 
deluge ; and some of the patri- 
archs, as Job and Abraham, 
appear to have owned hun- 
dreds ; but they seem to hav 
been treated with great tender- 
ness, and often to have had 
wages, and much confidence 
placed in them. Among the 
Romans, they were often brand' 
ed, for security ; but this was 
forbidden to the Jews. The 
New Testament requires ser- 
vants to be faithful, Matt. 24 : 
45 ; Tit. 2 : 10 ; and diligent, 1 
Thess. 4:11. They must obey 
their employers in all things, 
except what is contrary to mo- 
rality, or beyond their power, 
or not according to their en- 
gagement. Doravstis slavery, 
as it exists ir. the United States, 
is contrary to the entire spirit 
of the New Testament, and every 
good citizen should be anxious 
for its speedy extinction. See 
SKLL. 

Serve, to labor, do work for, 
or help a person in any employ- 
ment ; to attend or wait upon a 
person, in order to obey and 



fiHA 



247 



SHE 



awlst him. To sorve God is to 
obey him, not on.y by worship- 
uig him, as required, in spirit 
and in truth, but also by study- 
ing to know and do his will, on 
all occasions, however opposed 
to our depraved inclinations, or 
at variance with our apparent 
temporal interests. 

Seven, a number which, in 
Scripture, is used so often and 
30 remarkably, as obviously to 
have an especial import. Gen. 
8, 41, <fca The term often de- 
notes a pufect or complete num- 
ber. Job 5 : 19. Lev. 20 : 24. 
Ps. 12 : 6. Sevenfold, or seven 
times, often only means abun- 
dantly, completely. Gen. 4 : 
15, 24. Lev. 26 : 24. Pa. 12 : 
6. Seventy times seven is a 
still higher superlative. 

Slialuianescr, a king of As- 
syria, who, succeeding Tiglath- 
Pileserj began his reign A. M. 
3267, and reigned fourteen 
years. He 1 conquered Israel 
when Hoshea was its king ;*and 
three years afterward", finding 
out a negotiation with Egypt to 
Bet themselves free from his 
yoke, he overrun Israel with his 
armies, ravaged the country, 
destroyed the fenced cities, 
killed many of the inhabitants, 
captured Samaria, the metropo- 
lis, and transported Hoshea and 
the chief citizens to Media and 
other eastern parts of his em- 
pire. 2 Kings 17. Among these 
was Tobit, whose history ia given 
in the Apocryphal book Thich 
bears hia name. At this time 
reigned fn Judah , 



and SABACTTS in Egypt. Th 
suc. jor of Shalmaneser wai 
SENNACHERIB. 

Shcme. (1.) Confusion aria- 
ing from conscious guilt. Gen. 
2 : X. Ezra 9 : 6. (2.) Re- 
proach, ignominy. Ezek. 36 : 
6. Prov. 9. Great modesty if 
called shame-faiedness, and ia 
recommended to women. 1 Tim. 
2 : 9. 

Sha'ron, a beautiful district 
uc-.r Carmel, along the sea- 
coast. Cant. 2:1. The name 
became proverbial to express a 
place of great fertility and 
beauty. Modern travellers give 
the name Sharon to the plain 
between Ecdippe and Ptoleinais. 

Share. Shaving the head or 
beard, among the Jews, waa a 
sign of mourning. Isa. 15 : 2. 
Jer. 41 : 5. They preserved 
their beards from their youth, 
with great care go that to lose 
it was a great humiliation. 2 
Sam. 10. The Lord's threaten- 
ing to shave Israel with " a 
hired razor," means that foreign 
troops should utterly scrape or 
despoil the land. Isa. 7 : 20. 
Short hair has always been con- 
sidered unbecoming in women 
1 Cor. 11 : 6. 

Sheba, or SEBA. There were 
several of this name. (1.) The 
son of Cush, who gave the name 
to a country in Arabia. Gen. 
10 : 7. Ps. 72 : 10. (2.) The 
grandson of Gush. Gen. 10 : 7. 
(3.) The son of Joktan. Gen. 
10 : 29. (4.) Tho grandson f 
Abraham. Gen. 25: 3. All 
these seem to have taken up 



SHE 



SHE 



their residence in Arabia, and 
perhaps most of them in the 
south part of it. (5.) The s n 
of Bichri, a Jew, who headed a 
revolt in the reign of David. 
2 Sam. 20. (G.) The name of a 
famous well, sometimes called 
Sheba, and sometimes Beersheba. 
Gen. 26 : 33. 

Sheba, a country often men- 
tioned in connection with gold ; 
and is thought to be Arabia 
Felix. In the Arabic and Sep- 
tuagint versions, Ps. 72 : 15 is 
rendered " gold of Arabia." It 
was a queen of this part of Ara- 
bia who visited Solomon. 

Sheehem, a very ancient city, 
thirty-five miles north of Jeru- 
salem, which the suns of Jacob 
cruelly ravaged, to revenge the 
injury done to their sister by 
its prince. Gen. 34. Near it 
was " Jacob's well," John 4 : G, 
and his purchased burial-place, 
where the remains of Joseph, 
Eleazar, and Joshua, were de- 
posited. Next to Jerusalem 
this is, perhaps, the most inter- 
esting spot in Palestine. Mount 
Geriziin rises near the town on 
the south, and Mount Ebal on 
the north. After the ruin of 
the city of Samaria, Shechem 
became the metropolis of Sama- 
ria, and was called Sychar. 
Near it occurred our Saviour's 
conversation with the Samaritan 
woman, which resulted in the 
conversion of so many of the 
citizens. John 4. Matthew Hen- 
ry observes, " Shechem yielded 
the first proselytes to the church 
f Israel (Gen 34), and it was 



the first place where the 
was preached out of Israel." 
It was enlarged and beautified 
by Vespasian, about forty yearg 
after Christ's death and was by 
him called Neapolis, or the New 
City. 

It has been in the hands of the 
Mahometans since A. D. 1242 ; 
and is a fine town, reckoned by 
Dr. Olin, a recent traveller, to 
contain 10,000 inhabitants, of 
whom 500 are Christians (of the 
Greek church), 130 Samaritans, 
50 Jews, and the rest Turks. 

In the Samaritan synagogue 
is a famous MS. of the Penta- 
teuch, which they suppose to be 
3000 years old, and an exact 
copy of it 800 years old. They 
were shown to Dr. Huntingdon, 
English chaplain at Aleppo, and 
more recently to Mr. Jowett, 
agent of the Bible Society. This 
city is now called Njzplouse. See 
SAMARIA. 

Sheep, a well-known animal, 
of great utility, and famed for 
meekness. In Syria are two 
varieties of sheep, one differ- 
ing little trora ours ; the other 
more common and more estoam- 
ed, having a tail of extraordi- 
nary bulk> often weighing twelve 
or fifteen pounds, and sometimes 
more. It seems .tu consist of a 
substance between fat and n ar- 
row, and was commanded to be 
offered in sacrifice to God. Lev. 
3 : 9. The wealth of ancient 
kings, and other great men, 
consisted chiefly in flocks and 
herds, 2 Kings 3:4; and thia 
b still the case in some blast on 



SHE 



249 



SHE 



eountries, e specially where the 
people aie few, and pastures 
luxuriant. Christians are com- 
pared to sh'tp, for their inno- 
cence and excellence. Christ is 
"the Lamb of God;" that is, 
the great atoning sacrifice. John 
1: 29. 

In India, sheep cannot be dis- 
tinguished from goats by a com- 
mon observer ; at least, I could 
never tell them apart. They 
are never white, and they have 
short nair rather than wool. 
This fact gives force to the 
declaration that Christ will di- 
vide the good and bad, as a 
shepherd divides his sheep from 
the goats. We may not be able 
to distinguish hypocrites, but 
Christ will infallibly divide them 
from his sheep. 

Shek'el) a weight among the 
Hebrews ; but its precise heavi- 
ness is not agreed on. The 




common shekel of money was 
equal to a half-dollar. The 
shekel of the sanctuaiy ras 
possibly double that sun* 

The Jewish horror of i<K>iatry 
forbid their putting oc fr'jis 
the image of a deity, or even of 
a living ruler. The impression 
on the shekel was that of Aaron's 
budding rod on one side, and 
the pot rf marina on the other. 



Shem, the second son of Noaia 
was born A. M. 1558, about 98 
years be 'ore the deluge. Hia 
posterity, of which the Jews are 
a part, peopled the greater part 
of Asia. It is thought iy dome 
that he was the Pluto of the 
heathen. 

As Shem did not die till about 
the time of the death of Abra- 
ham, he was able to impart t 
that patriarch, and also to Isaaa 
and Jacob, full and authentic ID 
formation about the antediluvi- 
ans, and all the wonders of the 
flood and of the ark. 

Sliem'lnttli, a stringed instru- 
ment ; or possibly a species of 
music ; or a particular part of 
the composition. Ps. 6, 12, Ac 
SliCWj or SHOW, an appear 
ance or pretence ; also any pub 
lie sight. 

Christ made a shew of princi 
palities and powrs- Col. 2 : 15, 
when he openly tri 
urupbed over them 
on his cross. To 
make a " fair shew 
in the flesh," is to 
be hypocritical by 
carefully observing 
outward fonrs, while 
real piety at the heart is not 
sought. Gal. 6 : 12. 

Show-Bread was that which 
was constantly exhibited in the 
temple. Twelve loaves, accord- 
ing to the twelve tribes, were 
every day put upon the golden 
table, to be exposed for the 
whole week. This bread was 
forbidden to be eaten by any 
the priests ; therefore, 



tSHI 



250 



SHI 



in ihe extraordinary case of 
David, nothing but urgent ne- 
cessity could exempt him from 
sin. 1 Sam. 21 : 37. Matt. 
12:4. It served to remind the 
Hebrews uf their dependence 
on God for daily support, and 
was an emblem of Jesus, who 
is the bread of life. John 6 : 
48. 

Shib'boleth, a Hebrew word, 
signifying a stream of water. 
It was a word which Ephraiinites 
could not pronounce in the man- 
ner of the men of Gilead, and 
by which 42,000 were detected 
and slain at the Jordan. Jud. 
12. It affords a proof of the 
different modes of pronouncing 
the same language, even in those 
early days, and of the impossi- 
bility of now setting, by the 
masoretic points, the true pro- 
nunciation of the Hebrew 
tongue. Jud. 12 : 5. 

Shield^ an instrument of de- 
fence, held on the left arm, to 
ward off blows. In Scripture, 
God is often called the shield of 
his people. Princes and great 
men are called shields, because 
they ought to be the protectors 
of their people. Ps. 47 ; 9. 
Faith is likewise called the 
Christian's "shield," Eph. 6: 
6, because it derives strength 
from Chript. for overcoming the 
temptations of Satan. 

Shlggai'on, a word fcunl in 
the title of tht seventh psalm. 
It comes from b. Hebrew word, 
which signifies to stray, or wan- 
der ; whence seme conjecture 
(hat it denotes the song to be 



various, running from one kind 
of tune into another, and ex- 
pressive of great anguish of 
heart. Others suppose it to be 
an instrument of musio. 

Shigi'onoth seems to be the 
plural of Shiggaion. Hab. 3 : 
1. 

Shilo'ah. See SILOAM. 

Shi I oil. (1.) One of the namei 
of Jesus Christ ; the great 
Deliverer ; he that frees from 
the law, sin, and death. Gen. 
49 : 10. It denotes the Re- 
deemer, the author of our hap- 
piness, and our sole peacemaker 
with God. (2.) A famous city 
of Ephraim, about twenty-five 
miles north of Jerusalem. Here 
Joshua fixed the tabernacle of 
God ; and hero it continued at 
least 310 years. 

Sliinar, the same asCHALDEA ; 
which see. 

Ships. Probably Noah's ark 
was the first vessel of this kind 
ever formed. The tribes of 
Zebulon and Dan appear to have 
earlj engaged in commerce. 
Gen. 49 : 13. Jud. 5 : 17. Solo- 
mon, and after him, Jehosha- 
phat, set on foot a considerable 
trade by sea. 1 Kings 10 : 22. 
The Trojans were powerful at 
sea ; but the Tyrians and Sido 
nians for twelve long centuries 
were much more so. The Car- 
thagenians and Greeks were also 
in their turns famous by sea. 
Their navigation, however, war 
very imperfect, as, even in the 
time of Paul, vessels passing 
from Judea to Italy frequently 
w'otered on the way. Acts 2 7 



sni 



8 HO 



tft 11. The vessels were ) <fcc. ; but it is not now k^ 



mall, ani had oars, as well aa 
sails. The compass being un- 
known, they dared not go out 
of sight of land. After the 
Saracens had ruined the Gre- 
cian commerce, the Venetians 
and Genoese became great in 
commerce. About 300 years 
ago, the Spaniards and Portu- 
guese became the most commer- 
cial people. Then the Dutch 
took the lead ; but at present, 
the English and Americans each 
carry on more business by sea 
than any other nation. 

As to the Jews, they never 
had much commerce by ships ; 
and probably none of any con- 



exactly wuat kind of a tree it 
was. Most probably it was the 
acanthus, or acacia vera, which 
grows in all the deserts from the 
northern part of Arabia to the 
extremity o" Ethiopia. It if 
about the size of a mulberry 
tree, the bark of a grayish 
black, wood pale yellow, and 
very hard, branches thorny, 
flowers sometimes white, but 
generally yellow, and the fruit, 
which resembles a bean, con- 
tained in pods, like the lupin 
Both the wood and the flowers 
have a very pleasant smell. 
From this tree is obtained the 
guin Arabic, by making a gash 



sequence till David made him- ' w ith an axe. Its leaves are 
self master of two ports on the j almost the only food for camels 
Red Sea. There he, and still w hilo travelling in the great 
more Solomon, built vessels deserts. 



which traded with African ports, 
being generally absent two or 
three years at a time. This 
trade was utterly abolished in 
the reign of Ahaz, by the seizure 
of the ports by the Assyrians. 
Ships, even at the time of 



Shoe, a defence for the foot. 

Among the Hebrews, slaves 
went barefoot ; others generally 
had their feet and legs covered 
when they went abroad ; and 
women of quality wore shoes 
or gaiters of very costly texture. 



Christ, were very small and : Song 7:1. Ezek. 16:10. Shoes 
poorly manned. Cicero speaks ) ^cre ordinarily of no great 
of some as very large, which j value, and so a pair of shoes de- 
did not exceed fifty tons. We notes a very inconsiderable 
must be careful, therefore, not^ bribe. Amos 2 : 6. Soldiers 
to be misled when we read of j often wore shoes of iron and 
ships in the Bible, by imagining brass ; and to this day, many 
such huge structures as *.'* in j people, especially in the East, 
use now. ir iron plates on the heela 

ShitUli Tree, the same e ; and the fore-sole of their shoes, 
the SHITTIM. See next artiOie. i The Hebrews eating of the first 

Shittim Wood was much iked ! passover with their shoes on, 
in building the tabernacle, and : loins girded, and staff* in then 
to making the eacred utensils, hand, imported that tney wer 



SHU 



252 



SID 



Immediately to begin their jour- 
ney. Ex. 12 : 11. Putting off 
shoes imported reverence, and 
waj done in presence of God, or 
on entering the mansion of a 
superior, Ex. 3 : 5. Josh. 5 : 
15. Want of shoes denoted 
mourning, debasement, and sla- 
very. 2 Sam. 15 : 30. Ezek. 
24 : 17. Isa. 20 : 2, 4. The 
plucking off a shoe and giving it 
to another, imported resignation 
of right to him. Ruth 4:7. 
To bear or unloose the shoes of an- 
other, imports doing for him the 
humblest offices. Matt. 2 : 11. 
Luke 3 : 16. David cast his shoe 
over Edom, when he took pos- 
session of the country, and used 
the people as slaves. Ps. 60 : 
8 ; 108 : 9. See SANDALS. 

Shrine, a cabinet, or case, to 
hold the effects of saints, or the 
relics of their bodies ; also the 
tomb or place where pilgrims 
offer up their prayers and obla- 
tions to the saints. Those of 
Ephesus seem to have been 
small models of Diana's temple, 
with her image enclosed. Acts 
19 : 24. 

Shimem, a city of Issachar, 
about five miles south of Tabor. 
Josh. 19 : 18. In a great adja- 
cent plain, the Philistine army 
encamped while Saul's lay at 
Gilboa. 1 Sam. 28 : 4. 

Sliu'iitmite, an inhabitant of 
Shunem or Shunam. 

Slmsliaii, or SUSA, a city on 
the banks of the River Ulai, in 
Persia. It is said to have been 
built by Memnon, before the 
Trojan war. It was the winter 



residence of the Persian king! 
from the time of Cyrus. Here 
Daniel had his vision of the ram 
and he-goat. Dan. 8 The com- 
missioners engaged (in 1852) in 
running the boundary between 
Turkey and Persia discovered 
the remains of the ancient pal- 
ace of Shushan, mentioned in 
Esther and Daniel. The " pave- 
ment of red and blue, and black 
and white marble," still exists. 
Not far from the palace is a 
tomb, on which is sculptured 
the figure of a man, bound hand 
and foot, with a lion in the act 
of springing upon him. This is 
probably the tomb of Daniel. 

SfcttSliane'dutl), a musical in- 
strument, Ps. 60, called also 
SHOSHANNIH. Ps. 45, 69. The 
word seems to mean a lily. It 
is possible the cymbal is meant, 
as it resembles that flower. 

Sibmali, SHEBMAH, or SHEBAM, 
a city about half a mile from 
Heshbon. The best vines grew 
about it. Isa. 16 : 8. It was 
originally the property of the 
Moabites, and fell within the 
lot of Reuben. Numb. 32 : 38. 
Josh. 13 : 19. 

Sichem, See SHECHEM. 

Sidonj a great commercial 
city, and the capital of the 
Phoenicians. It was built soon 
after the flood, by Sidon, the 
eldest son of Canaan. Tyre, 
twenty-five miles south of it, 
was built by a colony from thil 
city, and rapidly grew to vastly 
greater size and magnificence 
Both cities lay within the lot of 
Asher ; bnt that tribe never ex 



253 



SIM 



the people. Indeed, at 
one time the Sidonians overcame 
all Israel ; and in the days of 
Ahaz they drove a great com- 
merce in exporting the Jews for 
slaves. Joel 3 : 4. The gospel 
was at the first proclaimed here, 
and flourishing churches con- 
tinued for many ages. After 
being lost and won in the cru- 
sades, the Saracens finally made 
themselves masters of it in A. 
D 1289. Some Christians are 
yet found here. It now con- 
tains 16,000 inhabitants, and is 
called Saide. See TYRE. 

Si'hor, in Josh. 13 : 3, means 
the little river in the south of 
Judea, called River of Egypt. 
In Isa. 23 : 3, and Jer. 2 : 18, it 
must mean the Nile. 

Silk is not mentioned in the 
Bible except in Ezek. 16 : 10, 
13. The original word means 
to draw out gently ; and, as there 
is no historical evidence that 
silk was known in the days of 
Ezekiel, it might be better to 
translate the word very fine 
linen; the threads of which are 
drawn out with great care in 
spinning. 

Sil'oani. a fountain rising at 
the foot of Mount Zion. Its 
waters were received into two 
large pools ; and whatever 
overflowed from the lower one 
passed into the brook Kodron. 
There are, even at this (Jay, 
beautiful gardens and small 
fields watered by it, oa its way 
to Kedron. The upper pool was 
sometimes called the King's 
pool," probably because hia 
22 



gardens were watered from it 
From these pools the Jews drew 
water on the last day of the 
feast of tabernacles, which they 
k aght into the city with great 
signs of joy, singing portions of 
Isa. 12 It was poured on and 
around the altar, with joyful 
acclamations. Near this place 
stood the tower of which Christ 
speaks. Luke 13 : 4. 

Silver is not mentioned as 
having been in use before the 
flood, nor till the time of Abra- 
ham ; nor was it coined till long 
after, but was used in bars or 
ingots. Its ore generally con- 
tains other metals, such as lead, 
tin, <tc., and must be often 
purged to render it fine. Ps. 
12 : 6. The fine silver of the 
ancients was found in the mines 
of Tarshish. Jer. 10 : 9. Great 
quantities of it were used in the 
building of the temple by g^lo- 
mon. 1 Chron. 29 : 4. It is 
put for all temporal wealth. 
Hos. 9 : 6. A silverling, or 
" piece of silver," is the same 
as a shekel. 

Simeon. (1.) The second son 
of Jacob, born in the year 2247. 
(2.) An aged saint who em- 
braced the infant Jesus. Luke 
2 : 2534. It is thcaght by 
some learned historians he was 
the great rabbi, with whom Ga- 
maliel, Paul's teacher, studied. 
(3.) A Christian minister cf 
Antioch Acts 13 : 1. 

Simon PETER, a distinguished 
disciple of our Lord. The Ro- 
man Catholics call him iheprinct 
of apostles, though Paul teemi 






SIM 



264 



SIN 



more deserving of such a title. 
The celibacy of the clergy finds 
no example in his case, as we 
kn he had a wife. Mark 1 : 
29,30, 

Simon, the Cyrenian, is 
thought by some to be the same 
aa Niger, the teacher at Anti- 
och. Matt. 27 : 32. It is said 
that he was afterwards the pas- 
tor of Bosra, or Bezer, and died 
cheerful martyr for the faith. 

Simon ZELOTES, or the Cana- 
anite, one of Christ's apostles. 
He was called Z dotes, because 
he had been one of those Gali- 
leans, or zealous Jews, who re- 
fused to pay tribute to the Ro- 
mans. The term Canaanite is 
applied to him, not because he 
was a native Canaanite, like the 
woman mentioned Matt. 15: 22, 
for all the apostles were Jews ; 
but either because he was born 
in Cana of Galilee, or more 
probably from the Hebrew word 
Kanaim, which is synonymous 
to the Greek word Zelotes. 

Some suppose that he preached 
the gospel in Egypt, Cyrenaica, 
Lybia and Mauritania, if not 
also in Britain. Others affirm 
him to have been murdered at 
Lunir, in Persia, along with 
Jude. See ZELOTES. 

Simon, the brother or cousin 
if our Saviour, and the son of 
Cleophas. Matt. 13 : 55. 

Simon, the Pharisee, was he 
who invited our Saviour to an 
entertainment ; and though he 
Knitted the customary civility 
of giving him water for hi-> loot. 
took offence at his allowing Ma- ' 



ry Magdalene to anoint them 
Jesus, by the parable of tie tw 
debtors, convicted him of Lit 
mistake. Luke 7 : 36 50, 

Simon MAGUS, or tbe SOB 
CERER, a very extraordinarj 
person in Samaria, who ap- 
peared converted under Philip. 
From his attempt to buy tho 
gifts and powers of the Holy 
Spirit with money, the purchase 
of pastorships and ministerial 
salaries is called Simony. Acts 
8 : 18. After his apostasy he 
became, historians affirm, the 
founder of a sect, who denied 
Christ to be divine, paid relig- 
ious honors to angels, and held 
various licentious tenets. Hia 
doctrines were substantially 
those of the Gnostics. He rep- 
resented himself to be the Word 
of God, the Paraclete, &c. 

There were also Simon, a tan- 
ner, Acts 9 : 43 ; Simon, the 
father of Judas Iscariot, John 
12 : 4, and others. 

Simple, harmless, free from 
deceit. To be " simple con- 
cerning evil, ' is to have little 
knowledge of the arts of the 
world in committing it. Rom. 
1C : 19. Ihe " simplicity that 
is in Christ," is either the r'&ia 
self-consistent truth of the gos- 
pel, or an unfeigned faith ifl 
this truth. 2 Cor. 11 : 3. 

Sin> offence against the law 
of God, either by doing what it 
forbids, or neglecting what it 
enjoins. Desiring forbidden 
tilings, or disliking duties, is 
also sia. It is the cause of all 
tire misery in this worM, and 



BIN 



265 



Sltf 



uJf everlasting woe to the finally 
impenitent. Sins are called tres- 
passes, because they violate the 
law. When it is said, he that 
" committeth sin is of the devil," 
and is the " servant of sin," it 
means, such is the character of 
those who wilfully sin. When 
it is said, the children of Qod 
do not sin, John 8 : 34; 1 Juhn 
3 : G, 9 ; 5 : 18, it means that 
such do not willingly sin. When 
they sin, it is through the power 
of temptation, and gives them 
great grief. " Thou shalt visit 
thine habitation, and not sin," 
means, we must not live in a 
wicked manner. Job 5 : 24. 

ORIGINAL SIN is that bias to 
evil, in consequence of the sin 
and fall of our first parents, 
/hereby our whole nature is 
defiled, and rendered contrary 
to the nature and law of God. 
Ps. 51 : 5. Hence, the inward 
part is said to be very wicked- 
ness ; that is, the heart is en- 
mity against God. Ps. 5 : 1 J. 
This is the sin that dwells in us, 
Rom. 7 : 17, 20, and works in 
us all manner of concupiscence. 
Rom. 7 : 8, 23. 

The SIN AGAINST THE HOLY 
GHOST, as it rejects and tramples 
on all his evidence and convic- 
tions, is called the sm unto dea& } 
because, being never pardo&4, I 
it inevitably ruins men. 1 ^ n I 
5.: 16 The exact nature of this 
sin is not easily determined. It 
geems, however, to require words 
tpoken as well as thought? in- 
dulged. Matt. 12 : 32. 

What we render sin-offcriig 



is often the same in the Hebrew 
as what we render .n. Lev. 4 
3, 25, 29. And the priests are 
said to eat sin ; that is, with 
pleasure feast on sin-oBenng?. 
Hos. 4 : 8. Christ is said to be 
" made sin, that we might bt 
made the righteousness of God 
in him ;" that is, he had out 
sins charged to his account, and 
was made a sin -offering. 2 Cor. 
5 : 21. 1 Peter 2 : 24. Isa. 
53 : 6. 

Sin, the name of several places 
mentioned in the Old Testament 

1. The desert south of Judea 
Deut. 32 : 51. 

2. The city PELUSIUM, in 
Egypt, now extinct. 

3. A country called also SIN 
IM, which is probably China 
Isa. 49 : 12. 

Sinai, the mountain on which 
Jehovah appeared to Moses, and 
gave the law. The Hebrews 
came to this place in the third 
month of their pilgrimage. The 
law was given, it is thought, just 
fifty days after their exodus from 
Egypt; and hence, the Pentecost 
was observed on the fiftieth day 
after the Passover. Thi? mount 
stands in Arabia Petrea, and is 
called by the Arabs Jibbil Mousa> 
or the Mountain of MoseSj and 
sometimes El Tor, or the Mount. 
It has two summits, Horeb, at the 
north, and Sinai, at the south ; 
which last is much the higher, 
and is called the Mount of God 
The ascent is very steep, and is 
by steps, which the Empresa 
Helena, the mother of Consian- 
tine the Great, caused to I e cot 



Blfl 



266 



SIS 



to the rook. These are now so 
worn and decayed, as to make 
the ascent diflicult. At the top 
of Sinai there is an uneven and 
rugged place, sufficient to hold 
sixty persons. Here stands a 
chapel, and near to it is a foun- 
tain of fresh water. At the bot- 
tom, in a narrow valley, is the 
convent of St. Catharine, en- 
closed by high walls without a 
door, to preserve them from 
Arab robbers. Whoever enters, 
is drawn up in a basket. Mount 
Sinai, says NIEBUHR, has numer- 
ous beautiful springs, but they 
are not so copious as to unite 
and form streams that last the 
whole year. Various modern 
travellers have ascended to the 
summit of this mount ; but the 
Arabs practise upon them great 
impositions. It has been laiely 
visited by the American travel- 
ler, Robinson, and described by 
him in his "Biblical Researches." 

Sincerity, pureness of mind, 
without double-dealing. The 
word is derived from the Latin 
tincerus, composed of sine, with- 
out, and cera, wax ; or pure 
honey. 1 Cor. v. 8. The Greek 
word ft A i KOIVSI a, translated sin- 
cerity, means an evident purity 
when held up in the light of the 
sun, as we would examine wa**i. 
2 Cor. 1 : 12. 

Singing has always been a 
part of divine worship, by hea- 
thens, Jews and Christians. The 
gospel not only authorizes it by 
example, Matt. 2G : 30, but *- 
yessly enjoins it. Eph 5 . t.9 
Ool. 3 : 16. It should be per- 



formed with an understanding 
of its nature and importance, 
and with spiritual emotions. 
Pres. Edwards observes that, 
" As it is the command of God, 
that all should sing, so all should 
make a conscience of learning to 
sing, as it is an exercise that 
cannot bo decently performed 
without learning. Those, there- 
fore (where there is no natural 
inability), who neglect to learn 
to sing, live in sin, as they neg- 
lect what is necessary in order 
to their attending one of the 
ordinances of God's worship.*' 

Singing was by the early 
Christians usually performed in 
a standing posture. The mode 
of pronunciation was clear and 
intelligible, not greatly varying 
from a recitative tone. Those 
modern tunes which almost pre- 
clude intelligible enunciation, 
tend to defeat the object of the 
ordinance. The Jewish hymns 
were accompanied with various 
musical instruments, to assist 
the voices of the Levites. 

Sis'era, a general of the Cana- 
anites, under Jabin II. Jael 
invited him into her house, and 
being instigated of God to de- 
stroy this murderous idolater 
and devoted Canaanite, she 
Irove a nail through his tem- 
ples. 

Sister, a term of considerable 
latitude with the Hebrews ; be- 
ing applied to all very near rela- 
tions. Matt. 12 : 50 ; 13 : 56. 
Sarah,who was Abraham's niece, 
is, therefore, truly called hii 
sister Gen. 12: 13, and 20- 12 



8LI 



257 



SMY 



an obsolete word, moan- 
Ing since, or because. Jer. 15: 
7. Ezek. 35 : 6. 

SiVan, the third month of 
the Jewish sacred year. See 
MONTH. 

Slander, the uttering of false 
accusations against another. It 
may consist in surmises or asser- 
tions ; in imputing bad motives 
to correct actions ; in partial 
and lame accounts of our neigh- 
bor's conduct ; in putting false 
constructions on words or con- 
duct; in magnifying real faults; 
in imputing consequences to our 
neighbor's conduct which do 
not or may not follow ; and in 
any way of speaking which shall 
be designed to injure one's fame, 
safety, or welfare. Christians 
should be anxious to guard 
against the very appearance of 
this odious vice. 

Slave. See SERVANT. 

Slime was used by the build- 
ers of Babel instead of mortar. 
It is called, in the Scptuagint 
version, asphnltos ; and is bitu- 
men, or a kind of pitch. Great 
quantities of it are still found 
in the neighborhood of ancient 
Babylon. Herodotus, Dioscor- 
ides, Justin, Vitruvius, Strabo, 
Diodorus Siculus, &c., speak of 
its being used as mortar. 

The slime pits of Sidim were 
mud-holes or springs, out of 
which issued this liquid bitu- 
men, or naphtha. It was used 
in the pro-jess of embalming, 
uai was hence calW gummi 
22 



funerum, and mumia . Set 
PITCH. 

SliiiJT, one of the earliest 
weapons invented by man. By 
long practice, wonderful skill is 
attained in the use of it, a* va 




the case with the Benjamitei, 
who, " with either hand, could 
sling stones at a hair, and not 
miss." Judges 20 : 16. 

Smite, a word often used in 
Scripture as meaning to kill. 
Thus the Lord smote Nabal. To 
" smite with the tongue," is to 
utter reproaches. To " smite 
the thigh," was a token of 
amazement or indignation. Jer 
31: 19. 

Smyrna, a city of Ionia, built 
by the Amazons, about forty 
miles north of Ephesus. It waa 
famous as early as the time of 
Homer, whose birthplace it 
claims ta be. A boat A. v. 3400, 
the, Ljdians destroyed it ; but 



SMY 



258 



SOA 



It was rebuilt 300 years after, 
in the time of Alexander the 
Great. A Christian church was 
planted here very early ; the 
members of which maintained 
their holy faith with such exact- 
ness, that in the divine epistles 
sent them by John, there is no 
reproof, but only praise and 
direction. Hev. 2 : 8, 9, 10. At 
the time that Christianity was 
introduced here, Smyrna was in 
all its glory, abounding in 
wealth, works of art, and schools 
of learning. Persecution soon 
raged against the Christians ; 
and Polycarp and many others 
had to lay down their lives for 
Christ ; but multitudes were 
converted. Polycarp was prob- 
ably the " angel of the church 
of Smyrna." Rev. 2 : 8. The 
Christians there hold his memory 
in great veneration, and go 
annually in procession to his 
tomb, which is near his place of 
martyrdom. How absurd is the 
assertion of Tnfittels that the 
New Testament was written only 
a few hundred years ago ! 

It has often suffered from 
earthquakes, plague, fires, and 
war; but at present is one of 
the most flourishing places in 
the Levant ; having a large and 
good harbor, and sustain iu.r wv 
active commerce with all na- 
tions. During the late revolu- 
tionary i^ruggle this city suffered 
dreadfully ; but since Greece 
Decame free, it has gradually 
regained some of its ancient 
prosperity. Before the late rev- 
olution it contained 100,000 



aouls, of which above 10 DOC 
were Christians of the Greek 
church ; 5,000 Armenians ; the 
rest Turks, Jews, <fcc. At pres- 
ent it has a population of 140,- 
000, and is the seat of a Chris- 
tian mission. The Turks call it 
Izmir. 

Snail occurs but twice in our 
translation. In Lev. 11 : 30, 
critics are confident that some 
sort of lizard is intended. Cer- 
tainly snails are not common in 
hot and dry regions. In Ps 
58 : 8, the true snail is certainly 
meant, though the LXX. uia 
Vulgate have rendered it wa. 

Snare, a trap; metaphorically, 
whatever tends to entangle ua 
in evil. The Lord Jesus is a 
" snare," when, on account of 
the lowliness of himself and 
people, men's corrupt propensi- 
ties will not allow them to ao 
cept the gospel, and so theii 
guilt is increased. Isa. 8 : 14 
God " rains snares " on men 
when he punishes them by let 
ting them fall into the conse 
quences of their sins. Ps. 11 : 
6. Ez. 12 : 13. 

Snow falls occasionally in 
Palestine, and always in fiakei 
as large as a chestnut. Hence 
the expression, " He giveth snow 
like wool." Ps. 147 : 17. It 
was brought from the top of 
Lebanon, and sold in the hot 
season to cool wine, Ac., as ice 
is in our cities. Its water was 
considered very clt ausiug. Job 
9 : 30. 

Soap, a word which occura onlj 
:n Jer. 2: 22, and Mai. 3: 2. 



SOD 



259 



SOP 



It seems to mean some cleansing 
berb ; probably the writh, or 
saltwort, a very common plant 
In Syria and parts adjacent. 
The natives burn it, and leach 
the ashes. The water becomes 
impregnated with a strong salt, 
very proper for removing stains 
from cloth. There is also an 
unctuous kind of earth called 
tteatites, or soap-earth, of much 
esteem in the baths of the East 
for cleansing and softening the 
skin. HARRIS thinks it prob- 
able that the two mules' burden 
of earth, taken by Naaman, 
were for this use. 2 Kings 5 : 
17. The barilla, as our dealers 
call it, which is brought to this 
country from Spain and the 
Mediterranean, is thought to be 
the plant borith, above men- 
tioned. Jer. 2 : 22. Mai. 3 : 2. 

Socket, a kind of mortice in 
which the pillars of the taber- 
nacle were fixed. A vast num- 
ber of sockets were made, of 
which one hundred were of 
silver, a talent to each. Ex. 
28 : 27 ; 26 : 37 ; 38: 27. The 
weight of these sockets tended 
to make the pillars stand firm. 

Sodom, Gomorrah, Adinah, 
Zeboim, and Zoar, were five 
cities of the Canaanites. In 
the days of Abraham they had 
each a king. The Dead Sea now 
covers the site of these cities. 
Jude 7. Ihe Scripture account 
of the overthrow of these cities 
is corroborated by the accounts 
of Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, 
Tacitus, Solinus, <to., as well as 
by the geological appearances 



of the region, which Is still sub- 
ject to earthquakes. 

The apples of Sodom are de- 
scribed by Dr. Smith, of Bo 
ton, as the fruit of a giganti* 
milk-weed, shaped like a peach, 
and two inches in diameter." 

SolOQlOU. (pacific) His history 
is full of intereei, and amply 
given in Scripture. He was the 
author of several books, besides 
those in the Bible, viz., 3000 
Proverbs, 1005 Songs, beside 
works on botany, natural his- 
tory, and commerce. His his- 
tory is fraught with both re- 
,tnd political instruction. 
No monarch ever enjoy. 
popularity and prosperity, and 
yet he was very far from being 
happy. 

Sons OP SOLOMOX, a sublime 
mystical allegory, representing 
the reciprocal love of Christ and 
the church. In 1 Kings 4 : 32, 
we are informed that Soloinon*s 
Songs were a thousand and five, of 
which this is supposed to be the 
chief for length and grandeur, 
or as being inspired, and is 
hence called a timig of Songs. 
It is a book on which vast learn- 
ing and labor have been be- 
stowed without making either 
its object or meaning certain. 

Soothsayer. See SORCERER. 

Sop. At spoons were not 
used (and are not yet) in East* 
ern countries, though much of 
their food is fluid, it was com- 
mon to dip bro^ in the gra^y 
or soup. It is A matter of 
politeness for the i vster of tht 






sou 



260 



SPA 



iouse to pick out nice pieces 
with his fingers, or sop a piece 
of bread in the gravy, and put 
it into the mouth of his guest. 
See John 13 : 26. 

Sorcerers, conjurers, or those 
who undertake to disclose se- 
crets, or foretell events, by 
magical or diabolical power. 
Acts 13 : 8. They falsely claimed 
the power of calling up de- 
parted spirits, 1 Sam. 28 ; of 
Inflicting plagues, Ex. 8 : 18, 
&c. The damnation of such as 
addict themselves to the practice 
of sorcery is often declared. 
Isa. 47 : 9. Rev. 21 : 8, and 
22 : 15. 

Sorrow, inward pain, arising 
from guilt or affliction. It is 
said " the sorrow of the world 
worketh death ;" that is, mere 
distress, without regard to God 
and looking to him for help, 
breaks the heart, and brings us 
to the grave. The Scripture 
cautions us against it. Prov. 
25 : 20. IThess. 4 : 13. "Godly 
sorrow " is grief tempered with 
reliance on God, and submission 
to deserved suffering. " The 
sorrows of hell," Ps. 18 : 5, are 
mental troubles of great magni- 
tude. 

Sonl. 1. That spiritual, ra- 
tional, and immortal part or 
substance in man, which dis- 
tinguishes him from the brute 
creatiut and bears some resem- 
blance so its Divine Maker ; 
which possesses consciousness 
of its own existence, and actu- 
ates, directs, or disposes, in all 
the relations of life. The Scrip- 



ture ascribes to beasts a mwJ, 
which enables them to think and 
plan, as they evidently do. 
They have many mental powers, 
such as memory, <fcc., which do 
not belong to mere matter. But 
man alone has an immortal soul, 
possessing the knowledge of 
God, wisdom, immortality, the 
hope of future happiness and of 
eternal life ; and mat Alone if 
threatened with the punishment 
of another life, and the pains of 
hell. That the Jews knew the 
immortality of the soul seema 
evident from Balaam's feeling 
the difference between the death 
of a good and bad man, Numb. 
23 : 10 ; from their believing ic 
apparitions of the departed, 1 
Sam. 28 : 1315 ; Matt. 14 : 
26, Ac. ; and from the fact that 
the Sadducees, who denied it, 
were but a sect among them. 
But their ideas on this point 
were vague compared with those 
which we derive from the New 
Testament. It is most true that 
by Christ was the truth first 
fully and clearly disclosed. 2 
Tim. 1 : 10. All that the hea- 
then knew or taught, concerning 
the future state of the soul, waa 
from confused tradition or mere 
poetical fancy. 

2. Soul is sometimes used for 
a human creature, or the whole 
person, both soul and body. 
Gen. 12 : 5. Numb. 11 : 6. 
Acts 2 : 41. When the soul and 
sjririt are spoken of together, 
spirit probably means the tern* 
per. 

Spain anciently oomprehi*dW 



SPE 



261 



8PI 



w nat is now Portugal, that is, 
the whole peninsula. In the 
time of the apostles, it belonged 
to Home. Paul intended to visit 
this country, but whether he did 
so or not is uncertain. Rom. 
15 : 2428. 

Sparrow, a very small, well- 
Cnown bird. It is gregarious 
and remarkably lively ; and 
vhen lamed, or deserted by its 
mate, seems quite disconsolate. 
Ps. 102 : 7. Sparrows were so 
cheap at Jerusalem, that " five 
were sold for two farthings." 
Luke 12 : G. The care of Divine 
ProvM' rei'ore most 

strikingly depicted when his 
minute attention to them is 
declared. Matt. 10 : 29. Ps. 
104 : 2431. 

Spectacle, a public show. The 
Romans were remarkably fond 
of shows and games. The thea- 
tres for this purpose were some- 
times very splendid ; generally 
round, like our circuses, and 
without a roof. One of the com- 
mon ezhibitiona was to putcrim- 
; the arena, and let loose 
wild beasts upon them. Hence 
the apostle's allusion, Heb. 10 : 
31>, 33. Perhaps, when he says 
he " fought with beasts at Ephe- 
BUS," ho means literally that he 
was thus exposed. 1 Cor. 15 : 
32. Those who were not con- 
demned to certain death were 
allowed weapons of defence. 
When the company, which was 
l-lways vast, had enjoyed the 
horrid sight of these contests, in 
which the criminal was gener- 
ally victor, then were brought 



those capitally condemned, wh< 
were allowed no weapons, nol 
even raiment ; and were of 
course soon destroyed. To the 
latter class Paul seems to coin- 
pare ministers, when he says 
they are " set 'orth last, as it 
were appointed unto death, 
being made a spectacle to the 
world, to angels, and to men." 
1 Cor. 4 : 9. 

Spice, any aromatic drug 
Sj-.ices were very much used by 
the ancients r d, give 

flavor to wine, embalm the dead, 
perfume their persons and beds, 
a; id to burn as incense in public 

ationed 

in Seii. iieen identi- 

fied, ami many of them continue 
to be articles of commerce to 
this day. 

Spider, a crafty insect, men- 
tioned but t'\ree times in the 
Bible, and each time in allusion 
to wicked men. Job 8 : 14. 
: .J_7. Prov. 30 : 28. 
The story of the bite of that 
species called tarantula being 
Curable only by music, is a ri- 
diculous fable. 

Spikenard, a very fragrant 
species of grass, which, when 
trodden upon, fillt the uir with 
sweetness. The ear is a^out 
the size of one's finger, a.a is 
of a strong smell and bitterish 
taste. The medicinal properties 
reside principally in the root. 
The ointment made of it is very 
precious, and was i favorite 
perfume at ancient baths and 
feasts. Mark 14 3 It v 



8P1 



262 



8PO 



ailed by Horace, " unguentura 
aardi spicatse," and contained 
the very essence of the plant. 
A pound of it in the days of 
Christ -was worth 300 dvnarii, 
equal to forty dollars, a great 
Bum at that time. John 12:3. 
The best spikenard comes from 
India. When cultivated in gar- 
dens, it attains to the height of 
five or six feet. 

Spirit, an incorporeal being, 
as God, John 4 : 24 ; angels, 
Heb. 1 : 14 ; the human soul, 
Acts 7 : 59 ; the Holy Ghost, 
the third person in the adorable 
Trinity, Matt. 3 : 16 ; equal in 
power and glory with the Father 
and the Son. 1 John 5:7. He 
inspired the ancient prophets to 
foretell future events, 2 Pet. 1 : 
21 ; and bestowed on the apos- 
tles miraculous gifts. Acts 2. 
He now quickens, illuminates, 
sanctifies, and comforts the peo- 
ple of God. John 3:5. 1 Pet. 
1 : 2, and John 14 : 26. See 
HOLY GHOST. 

Discerning of spirits, which was 
once a miraculous ministerial 
gift, was the power of discover- 
ing impostors in the ministry. 
1 Cor. 12 : 10. 1 John 4 : 1. 
Rev. 2 : 2. 

Quenching the Spirit is a meta- 
phorical expression, meaning to 
force, as it were, by our sins, the 
Holy Spirit to withdraw from 
us. Or it may mean suppress- 
ing the graces of the Spirit, 
which are compared to light and 
heat ; or, still more probably, 
she gifts of the Spirit are meant. 

Grieving 'he Spirit may be done 



both by taints and sinners, ii 
committing any sin, Eph. 4 : 30; 
by resisting convictions of duty; 
by living in a luke-warm con- 
dition ; or by abusing his fa- 
vors, through vanity, curiosity, 
or negligence. 2 Tim. 1 : 6. 

Blasphemy against the Holy 
Spirit is a sin of the tongue, and 
its unpardonableness is a proof, 
if there were no other, of his 
divine personality. See SOUL. 

Spiritual) that which belongs 
to spirits. The church is a spir- 
itual house; her members are 
renewed in spirit ; Jesus is her 
foundation ; and his Spirit and 
grace connect them with him, 
and with one another. 1 Pet. 
2 : 5. Prophets and ministers 
are spiritual men, because their 
office lies in spiritual exercises. 
Hos. 9 : 7. God's law is spir- 
itual ; it is a transcript of 
the divine nature. It is given 
by the Holy Ghost, and ex- 
tends its security and authority 
to duties of a spiritual nature 
Rom. 7 : 14. 

We are required to be spirit- 
ually minded; that is, to have 
our joys, exercises, objects and 
motives spiritual. Such as have 
not this spiritual-mindedness are 
said to be " dead," walla such 
as possess it have " life and 
peace." Rom. 8 : 69. 

Sponge, a sub-marine sub- 
stance, forming one of the links 
between animals and vegeta- 
bles. Its innumerable and deli- 
cate cells imbibe water easily, 
and as easily part with it us lei 
pressure. Mart. 27 : 48. 



8TA 



268 



8TA 



Spot. The allusion in Deut. 
12 : 6, is to the practice among 
heathen of marking on their 
forehead, arms, and breast a 
token indicating what deity the 
person serves. 




These marks are put on fresh 
ever/ morning, after washing. 
But sometimes they are made 
permanent in the same way that 
sailors mark their arms or hands, 
with a process like tattooing. 
Rev. a : 2, and 17 : 5, and 22 : 4. 

State, a fragrant gum, of 
amber color, supposed to distil 
from the myrrh-tree. The only 
difference between the stacte and 
gum myrrh seems to be that the 
former oozed spontaneously from 
the tree, and was perfectly pure, 
while the latter was obtained 
by incision, and was generally 
less excellent. It is mentioned 
Ex. 30 : 34 cnly. 

Standard, a military ensign 
or token. The ancient Jewish 



tribes had each separate stan- 
dards. The Romans had sev- 
eral sorts, of which the eagle, 
as represented in the cut, wai 
the most common. 




Star, a bright heavenly body 
seen in the night. Under the 
name star, the Jews compre- 
hended all the heavenly bodies, 
except the sun and moon. We 
now speak of them as distinct 
from planets. Some stars are 
fixed; that ', reta:r the same 
relative distance from the stars 
which surround them ; others 
revilrt round the sun, viz., plan- 
ets and comets. The naked eye 
can perceive only about 1000. 
The telescope of Mr. Flamstead 
enabled him to discover about 
3000. The prodigious telesoop* 
c f Herschel rendered visible i* 






8TA 



264 



STA 



numerable stars which had befoi e 
been hidden from our knowl- 
tdge. He could see 116,000 
stars in fifteen minutes. Adams' j 
astronomy computes the whole ! 
number of fixed stars in the \ 
universe at seventy-five millions. 
The ancient heathen worshipped 
the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Mars, 
Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn, for 
planets, that is, wandering lumi- 
naries; and, as our fathers wor- 
shipped .these, they dedicated 
the several days of the week to 
them, as the names they still 
bear indicate. But, according 
to the new astronomy, the solar 
system consists of thirty-four 
primary planets, viz., Mercury, 
Venus, the Earth, Mars, a group 
of twenty-six very small ones, 
called asteroids, Jupiter, Saturn, 
Uranus, and Neptune ; and seven- 
teen secondary planets, of which 
the Earth has one, viz., the 
Moon ; Jupiter has four, Saturn 
eight, and Uranus four. All 
these planets move round the 
sun, as well as round their own 
axes ; and the satellites move 
also round the planets. They 
appear luminous by the reflection 
of the rays of the sun. Tbt Ha- 
tance of the fixed stars from the 
sun renders it impossible for 
them to be illuminated by the 
reflection of his rays. It is 
thought that many of them are 
equal to our sun in magnitude, 
and only appear small by reason 
of their distance. The nearest 
fixed star is No. Cl Cygni, whose 
distance is calculated to be not 
less than 400,000 times greater 



than that of tb-e sun ! Somt 
stars are calculated to be ta 
hundred times farther than Sinus! 
Hence, it would take four thou- 
sand years for their light to 
reach us. As new stars hare 
become visible in later times, 
perhaps there are some whose 
light, since the creation, haa 
but now reached our earth, 
though it travels thirteen mil- 
lions of miles in a minute. 
How immense must HE be, whom 
the heavens, and the heaven of 
heavens, cannot contain ; who 
numbers the stars, and calls 
them by their names ! Ps. 147 : 
4. We have a few of their 
names in Scripture, as Chiun, 
Mazzaroth, Arcturus, Orion, and 
Pleiades. 

The star which conducted the 
wise men to the infant Jesus, 
was probably a meteor which 
moved in the air. Matt. 2* 
Jesus Christ is called the Morn- 
ing Star, by a similitude bor- 
rowed from a star which usually 
rises shortly before the sun, as 
he introduced the light of the 
gospel-day, and brought a fuller 
manifestation of the truths of 
God than the prophets, whose 
predictions are now accom- 
plished. 

By stars are sometimes meant 
the princes and nobles of ft 
kingdom, Dan. 8 : 10 ; and some- 
times pastors or ministers of the 
gospel, who ought to shine like 
stars in their lives and doctrine. 
Ilev. 1 : 20. The angels art 
also called stars. Job 38 : 7. I* 
Scripture, an extraordinary mul 



STO 



265 



STO 



litude is often expressed under 
the similitude of the stars of 
heaven. 

Staves, plural of staff, a word 
not now often used. Mark 14: 48. 

Steel, iron combined with 
about one part of carbon in 
bout 200 of iron. The word 
occurs very seldom, and prob- 
ably ought to be rendered <v>//yT. 
[t is, in fact, so translated Job 
28 : 2, and 40 : 18, as well as in 
various other pi.. 

Steward, one who manages 
the affairs of another, and is 
accountable to him for the prop- 
er discharge of the duties of 
his office. The ministers of 
Jesus Christ are " stewards of 
the mysteries of God," being 
intrusted with the management 
of God's people, and the distri- 
bution of their spiritual food. 
1 Cor. 4:1. 1 Pet. 4 : 10. In- 
deed, all mankind are stewards 
nnder God, and must give an 
account to him of all the talents 
with which they have been in- 
trusted. \Ve should, therefore, 
attend seriously to our impor- 
tant charge, and stand prepared 
for our Lord's appearance. Matt. 
25. Tit. 1:7. 

StoekS, an instrument of 
punishment. The offender gits 
on a block, with his legs ex- 
tended, and fastened between 
plai/'s, which have openings to 
receive the ankles. Acts 1 G . 24. 

Stoil'S, a sect of heathen phi- 
losophers, founded by ZENO of 
Cyprus (350 years B. c.), so 
soiled from his teaching in the 
Stoa, or porch, at Athens Re- 
23 



garding pain, poverty, bereave 
ment, Ac., as only imaginary 
evils, and the gratifications of 
life as only imaginary pleasures, 
they tried to preserve a cool 
indifference under all circum- 
stances. Paul arp-ied with them 
hen in Athens. Acts 17 : 18. 
Some of Zeno'd opinions ow 
their degree of truth to hif 
knowledge of the Old Testament, 
and some he gathered from the 
writings of Socrates and Plato 
One of his favorite sayings was 
that " men, having two eari 
should hear much; and on- 
mouth, should speak little." 

Stone, a hard body, formec 
of some species of earth, <to J 
white stoue is promised to th 
victorious Christian, Rev. 2 . 
17, probably in allusion to th 
custom of giving such a token 
to the victors at the Grecian 
games, by which they were en- 
titled to public honors and to 
public maintenance. See RACH. 

Stoning, the punishment gen- 
erally appointed in the law of 
Moses for capital offences. One 
of the witnesses first threw the 
culprit on the ground. Then 
another cast upon his breast a 
great stone, kept for the pui- 
pose at the place of execution 
Then, if he were not dead, th* 
multitude present stoned him 
also. Paul was stoned at Lys- 
tra, and left for dead by de 
mob; but, as his brethren stood 
round him lamenting, he rose 
up and returned into the oity. 
Acts 14 : 19. 

A "corner stone,** or ah ef 



SIR 



266 



SUM 



tone, might be, as CALUET says, 
nither in the foundation, at an 
angle of the building, or at the 
top of the wall. It could, there- 
fore, either be stumbled upon, 
or could fall on a man, which 
explains Matt. 21: 42. See, also, 
1 Pet. 2 : 6. Deut. 17 : 57. 

Stork, a bird about the size 
of a goose, which, as it obtains 
Its food by wading, and not by 
Bwimming, has very long legs, 
and a neck in proportion, mak- 
ing it about three feet high, or 
more. It is a bird of passage, 
Jer. 8:7, and frequented the 
region round Cana and Naza- 
reth in great flocks, unmolested 
by the inhabitants, chiefly be- 
cause they ate up injurious in- 
sects and reptiles. Such being 
its chosen food, may furnish 
the reason why it was not to be 
eaten by the Israelites. Lev. 
11:19. It is remarkable for 
its love to its parents. BOCHART 
and SCHEUCHZER have collected 
many testimonies to this fact 
from the ancients. Its very 
name, in the Hebrew language, 
signifies mercy or piety. In 
Holland, Germany, Switzerland, 
and elsewhere in Europe, -where 
this bird is common, it builds 
its nest in high towers, or on 
the tops of houses. But in Pal- 
estine, and such hot countries, 
where the roofs are flat, and 
frequented by the people of the 
house, the stork builds its nest 
In lofty trees. Ps 104 : 17. 

Strangle, to kil> by sufibca- 
Uon, or without shedding the 
bl id. It is forbidden Chris- 



tians to eat animals killed tft 
this way. Acts 15 : 2025. 

Straw, or more properly stretf i 
to scatter, or spread abroad. 
Matt. 25 : 24. 

Stubble, the stalks left in a 
field of grain which has beec 
reaped. Stubble is of littla 
value ; of no strength or force ; 
is easily scattered by the wind, 
and easily burnt. Job 13 : 25; 
41 : 29 ; 21 : 18. Joel 2 : 5. 
To it wicked men are compared. 
Ps. 83 : 14. Isa. 40 : 24. Mai. 
4 : 1. False doctrines are aa 
stubble, of no worth; of no 
force to convince or comfort 
men's consciences, and cannot 
abide the trial of God's word. 
1 Cor. 3 : 12. 

Sueeoth means tents, or booths. 
There were two places of this 
name. (1.) In Egypt, where 
the Hebrews first set up their 
tents. Ex. 12 : 37. (2.) A 
city east of Jordan, and south 
of the Sea of Galilee, where 
Jacob set up his tents or succoth, 
as he came from Padanaram. 
Gen. 33 : 17. It seems probable 
that in the valley near it Hiram 
cast the large utensils for the 
temple. Ps. 60 : 6. 1 Kings 
7 : 46. 

Slimmer, the warm season of 
the year. Gen. 8 : 22. In coun- 
tries north of the equin' Jtial 
line it begins in June and ends 
in September. South of the 
equinoctial, it begins in De- 
cember and ends in Manh. 
Seasons of prosperity, and of 
opportunities of salvation, art 



SON 



267 



SUP 



Willed summer. Pro?. 10 : 5. 
Zeoh. 14 : 8. 

SOB) the great source of light 
and heat; brought into exist- 
ence on the fourth day of crea- 
tion. The diameter of the sun 
is about 800,000 miles. His 
distance from our earth is 
ninety-five millions of miles; so 
that light, which flies at the in- 
conceivable swiftness of two 
hundred thousand miles in a sec- 
ond, requires eight minutes to 
reach our earth ! A cannon 
ball shot thence, and moving 
with unabated swiftness, viz. 
(according to Durham), a mile 
in eight and a half seconds, 
would take about thirty years 
to reach our earth ! The spots 
which often appear on the sun 
have never been satisfactorily ac- 
counted for. HERSCHEL thought 
them to arise from chasms in 
the sun's atmosphere, caused 
temporarily by the ascent of 
gases. Three miraculous events 
are related of the sun. ft stood 
still at the command of Joshua. 
Chap. 10 : 12. It rtturned back 
in the time of King Hezekiah. 
2 Kings 20 : 11. It was involved 
in darkness at the time of our 
Saviour's crucifixion, though 
the moon was then at the nil, 
which proves it was not an ordi- 
nary eclipse. Matt 27 : 45. 
Multitudes, from the brightness 
And usefulness of the sun, have 
worshipped it, under the char- 
acters of Baal, Chemosk, Mo- 
loch, Phatbus, <fec. Even the 
Jews at times worshipped this 
luminary, and Josiab had to 



take away the horses, and bttTl 
the chariots, consecrated to the 
sun. 2 1. After hia 

tin find the jews 
worshipping the sun. Ezek. 
8: 16. 

" From the rising to th-j set 
ting of the sun," imports the 
whole world over. Ps. 113 : 3. 
" Before the sun," or " in the 
face of the sun," imports the 
uing, public, and open 
manner. Jer. 8 : 2. Numb. 25: 

4. To continue while the " sun 
and moon endure," is to last 
very long, or forever, i 

5, 17. Christ is called the " Sun 
of Righteousness," as he en- 

. .snd comforts 
his people. " A woman 
with the sun," and having the 
moon under her feet, signifies 
the church, clothed with the 
righteousness of Christ, and 
rising superior to worldly things. 
Kev. 12 : 1. 

Superscription, that which ia 
written on the top or outside of 
anything. Matt. 22 : 20. It 
custom of the Romans 
to write on a tablet or board 
the crime fur which any man 
suffered death. This tablet they 
carried before the offender tc 
the place cf execution, and fast 
ened it over his head, that all 
might read his transg; 
and beware of violating the 
laws of their country, ilfii'.-o 
the superscription written over 
the head of Jesus Christ, as re- 
corded by all the evangelists. 
Matt. 27 : 37. 

Superstition, foolish fears, 01 



SUP 



268 



SUB 



sxtravigant fancies; mistaken 
devotion in divine worship; the 
performance of uncommanded 
rites, and extravagant depend- 
ence on such as are of divine 
instituV n; a servile and slavish 
mode of serving God; or too 
much ceremony in religion, 
without due regard being paid 
to the attainment of inward 
holiness. Those are supersti- 
tious who are alarmed at the 
howl of a dog, the spilling of 
salt, or are afraid of ghosts, 
witches, &c. A proper regard 
to the divine government would 
assure us of our perfect safety 
from all evil, so long as we 
trusted in God and obeyed him. 
When Paul tells the Athenians, 
he perceived they were too 
superstitious," he did not use a 
word which conveyed to them 
any reproach. This would have 
been contrary to his usual cour- 
tesy and tact. He in, fact said, 
' I perceive you are greatly ad- 
dicted to religious observances ; " 
ft most graceful and ingenious 
introduction to his powerful 
discourse. 

Sapper was an important 
meal with the ancients. Mark 
6 : 21. Luke 14 ; 1224. John 
12 : 2. Rev. 19 : 917. 

After eating the Passover, 
our Saviour instituted that sol- 
emn ordinance which is called 
he Lord's Supper. 1 Cor. 11 : 20. 
In this rite we spiritually feed 
upon Christ, the living bread. 
Rom. 3 : 20. 1 Ccr. 11. It is 
called the communion, because 
we ti orein commune both with 



Chi 1st and our brethren, It it 
not a sacrifice, as the Roman 
Catholics regard it, but a com* 
memoration. It is to be observe*! 
till the end of the world. 1 Cor 
11 : 26. None are to partake 
but such as have been baptized 
and maintain a credible pro- 
fession of religion. 

The early Christians generally 
had a social meal before the 
Lord's Supper, called Agape, or 
love feast; mentioned Jude 12 
The following description of one 
of these feasts is given by Ter 
tullian. " We do not sit dowr 
to it till we have first tasted 
prayer to God; we eat to satisfy 
our hunger; we drink no more 
than befits the temperate; we 
feast as those who recollect that 
they are to spend the night in 
devotion; we converse as those 
who know that the Lord is an 
ear-witness. After water for 
washing our hands [knives and 
forks not used], and lights have 
been brought in, every one is 
required to sing something to 
the praise of God, either from 
the Scriptures or his own 
thoughts ; by this means, if any 
one has indulged to excess, he 
is detected. The feast is closed 
with prayer." A contributioc 
was always made for the poor 
members. These social ineald 
were soon a source of evil, 1 Cor. 
11 : 21, and were discontinued. 

Surety, one who becomes 
bound for another. Sins are 
called debts, Matt. 6 : 12, and 
Jesus Christ is called the Sw*y 
Ileb. 7 : 22. Christ fulfilled tn 



SWE 



269 



8YC 



law by the holiness of his life, 
and underwent the penalty when 
he offered up himself a sacrifice 
to satisfy divine justice. The 
Scripture forbids suretyship, or 
engagement for the payment of 
another person's debt. Prov. 
11 : 15; 22: 26. 

Swallow, a small bird, nearly 
black, which migrates to warm 
countries every winter; but re- 
turns, often to the very nest 
occupied before, which it con- 
structs generally under the 
eaves of houses, in chimneys, 
<fcc. It seems some had their 
nests round the ceilings of the 
temple. Ps. 84 : 3. In coun- 
tries not very cold, swallows 
often venture to remain during 
winter, and fixing themselves 
in caves or clefts of mountains, 
or secluded buildings, become 
torpid. But it is not true that 
they conceal themselves under 
water, or in marshes. 

Swan. The Hebrew word so 
rendered is very ambiguous, and 
is translated, Lev. 11 : 30, ml<-. 
;ituagint renders it i/.-i* ; 
and PARKHUUST considers it to 
be the goose, because the word 
imports breathing in a strong 
manner, or hissing, as the goose 
\a known to do. It occurs Lev. 
11: 18, andDcut. 14: 16. 

Swear, to m^Re a ?olemn ap- 
peal to Almighty Gi i, desiring 
his mercy and protection no 
otherwise than as the matter or 
thing affirmed is true or false; 
to declare, promise, or give 
evidence upon cath. We ought 
never to swear but upon very 
23* 



urgert necessity, and henoe * 
vast amount of legal swearing 
is absolutely sinful. Our Sa- 
viour, who came into the world 
not to destroy the law, but to 
fulfil n forbade all profane 
oaths. Matt. 5 *4. See OATH. 

Swine, the plural of hog. It 
was not only unclean by the 
Levitical law, but by strict Jews 
was regarded as impure and de- 
testable in the highest degree. 
They would not so much as pro- 
nounce its name, but called it 
the strange thing. Among the 
charges of gross sins, mentioned 
ih, the eating of swine's 
I specified. Is. G5 : 4. 
The keeping of herds of swine 
in the country of the Gergesenes 
was a violation of the law of 
.Matt. 8 : 3032. The 
sottish slavery of persons de- 
voted to sensuality, and their 
contemptuous rejection of re- 
proof, is strikingly indicated by 
their being compared to swiue 
trampling pearls under their 
feet. Matt. 6:6. 

Sycamine. Critics do not 
agree whether or not this is the 
same tree as the sycjmfjre. Much 
learning has been displayed by 
KILLER and CELSIUS to prove it 
to be the morus, or mulberry- 
tree, and they have made it 
very probable. It occurs Luke 
17 : 6, only. 

Sycamore, a tree which beam 
fruit like a fg, and has leaves 
like a mulberry. The Egyp- 
tians seem to be more fond of 
its fruit than any other people 
It is always green, and la laid 



SYN 



270 



SYN 



to produce seven crops a year. 
The tree abounded in Palestine. 
1 Kings 10 : 27. 

We find, in 1 Chr. 27 : 28, 
that the Jews highly prized it. 
It attains a great size, three 
men sometimes not being able 
to clasp one. The fruit is about 
the size of a fig, and is often 
called by that name, though 
not equal in flavor to the real 
fig. It is remarkable that the 
fruit does not grow on the 
branches and twigs, but on the 
trunk of the tree, attached by 
sprigs like grape-stalks. The 
wood, though of coarse grain, 
is remarkable for durability. 
Mummy chests of it were found 
in the catacombs by SHAW, and 
had remained sound for 3000 
years. 

j the same as Shechem. 
once an important city 
of Egypt. Ezek. 29 : 10. It 
is the true terminus of the Nile 
navigation for boats of the first 
class, and is still a large town, 
with ruins extending every way, 
and indicating its former great- 
ness. Syenite takes its name 
from this town, where granite 
was wrought 4000 years ago. 
Opposite is the island of Ele- 
phantis. It is now called As- 
wan, pronounced by the natives 
As -wan. 

Synagogue, an assembly 
%mong the Jews for religious 
worship. The place where they 
met to pray, to read, and to 
hear the reading of the Holy 
Scriptures, and other instruc- 
tion! , and where, by sermons 



and exhortations delivered to 
them, by prophets formerly, a ad 
afterwards by the ductcrs or 
teachers, the people were kept 
in the knowledge of God and 
his law. They began to be 
used Mw^at the time of Ezra, 
and were very useful in keep- 
ing up a knowledge of God 
among the people. There waa 
a council or assembly of rev- 
erend and wise persons, versed 
in the law, who had the care of 
all things belonging to the ser- 
vice of the synagogue, and the 
management of certain judicial 
affairs. Over these was set a 
president, called the " ruler of 
the synagogue." Luke 8 : 41. 
As there was but one temple, 
and to this a resort was re- 
quired but thrice a year, and 
then by males only, such a mode 
of keeping the Sabbath became 
indispensable. Soon after the 
captivity, the Jews had great 
numbers of synagogues, which 
increased till there were about 
480 of them in Jerusalem. Every 
trading fraternity had their syn- 
agogue ; and companies of 
strangers, as Alexandrians, Cy- 
renians, and others, had theirs 
for public prayer, and for read. 
ing the Scriptures. Our Saviour 
and his apostles found the syna. 
gogues very convenient place* 
for proclaiming the good news 
from heaven. Luke 4 : 20. 

There are in the United Statei 
synagogues in Newport, New 
York, Philadelphia, Kichinond, 
Charleston, Cincinnati, and 
many other places 



SYR 



271 



SYR 



Syracuse, a famous city, call 3d 
lao Saragossa, on the south- 
east coast of Sicily, twenty-two 
miles in circumference. It was 
founded A. M. 3269, and was 
once the largest and richest 
sity of the Greeks. Archimedrs, 
with astonishing inventions, de- 
fended the place from the Ro- 
mans ; but it was taken, and he 
was slain, about u. c. 208. The 
Saracens seized it A. D. G75 ; 
but in 10UO it was taken from 
them by Roger, Duke of Apulia. 
Here Paul tarried three days, as 
he went prisoner to Rome. 
Christianity was early planted 
hero, and still contii. 
least in name. The city has 
wholly lost its ancient splendor. 
Acts 28 : 12. 

Syria, or ARAM. The Syrians 
descended from Aram, and pos- 
sessed Mesopotamia, Chaldea, 
and part of Armenia. But 
Syria proper had the Mediterra- 
nean Sea on the west, Cilicia on 
the north, the Euphrates on the 
east, and Canaan and part of 
Arabia the Desert on the south. 
Its good soil, and noble rivers, 
Euphrates, Orontes, Cassimere, 
Ad' mis t Barrady, <tc., rendered 
it a delightful country. It was 
divided into various provinces, 
which derived their names from 
their chief cities, situation, or 
circumstance, 

C(ELO-ST- i included the val- 
ley betweeu the ridges of Liba- 
nus and Anti-Libanus. The 
word often occurs in the books 
of Maccabees, ani signifies 
Syria the Hollow 



STRIA OP J)AV \SCTTB w** a 
province strfttohinsr eastward 
along Mount Libanus, of which 
Damascus was the capital. Itl 
limits varied according as its 
princes were more or less pow- 
erful. 1 Chron. 18: 6. Isa 
7 : 8. 

SYRIA OF REHOB was that part 
of which Rehob was the metrop- 
olis. 2 Sam. 10 : 6. It bor- 
dered on Palestine, and waa 
given to Asher. Josh. 19 : 28. 

SYRIA OF MAACHAH lay be 
yond Jordan, tou.mls Lebanon, 
and was given to Manasseh. 2 
Sam. 10 : 6. Deut. 3 : 14. It 
is called At>rll,,th Maacah. 2 
Kings 15 : 29. 

TOB, or ISHTOB, was a province 
in the neighborhood of Libanus 
Jud. 11 : 3, 5. 

SYRIA, without any other ap- 
pellation, stands for the whole 
kingdom of Syria ; of which 
Antivch became the capital, after 
the reign of 

fore which the name is seldom 
used alone. Its chief cities, IB 
addition to t , men- 

tioned, were Seleucia, Ilelbon, 
Rehoboth, Hamath, Ribla, and 
Tiidmor. The whole country 
has several times changed mas- 
ters ; falling under the Chai- 
deans, Persians, Greeks, Ro- 
mans, Saracens, and Turks. In 
18^2 the pacha of Egypt con- 
quered it, but it was restored to 
the Turks in 1841. 

Syro-Phcenida, or Syrian 
Phoenicia, was either that part 
of Phoenicia bordering on Syria, 
or perhaps the whole of Phoeni- 






TAB 



212 



TAB 



eia, which by conquest had been 
uuiled to Syria. The people 
were originally Cauaanites. 



Gen. 10 : 15. Mark 7 : 26. Matt 
15 : 2228. It included Tvr 
and Sidon 



T. 



Tabernacle. (1.) A tent, or 
temporary building, made to be 
carried from place to place. 
(2.) That particular tent in 
which the Israelites performed 
their religious exercises, while 
in the wilderness. It was called 
"the Tabernacle of the Congue- 
gation." Ex. 33 : 7. Here, 
till the building of the- temple, 



was kept the ark of the cove- 
nant, which was a symbol of 
God's gracious presence with the 
Jewish church. Ex. 26 : 1. 
Heb. 9 : 2, 3. It was forty-five 
feet long and fifteen wide. A 
good idea of the tabernacle, of 
its division into two pants, its 
pillars, boards, curtains, and 
mode of erection, may be ob 




tained from the picture. Some 
men on ladders are suspending 
the curtains, while pa^t of the 
boards and coverings ate lying 
by the side. A curtain divided 
it into two apartments, the 
eastern one, called the Mo*t 
Holy Pla.-e, being fifteen feet 
iqnaro. Within the Holy Place 
itood the altar of incense, the 



candlestick, and the table of 
show-bread. Within the Holy 
of Holies was the ark of the 
covenant, with its mercy-seat, 
and overshadowing cherubim, 
between which rested the shechi- 
nah, or visible glory. See ARK, 
It was a splendid and custlj 
structure ; but having been re- 
moved often, it became entire!} 



TAB 



278 



TAB 



worn out by the time Solomon's 
temple was ready. 

It stood in a court 150 feet 
long and 75 wide, enclosed by 
curtains eight feet high, sus- 



tained by fifty-six pillars. With 

in this area stood the tabernacle 

at the west end, and the altar 

t-offcring, brazen lavr, 




The tabernacle was a type of 
Christ's human nature, wherein 
God dwelta personally, lleb. 
8: 2; 9: 11. The natural body 
is the tabernacle of the soul. 
2 Cor. 5 : 1. 2 Pet. 1 : 13. The 
" tents of Judah " are such 
Jews as dwelt in unfortified 
cities. Zech.l2;7. The church's 
" tent was enlarged," and " her 
curtains stretched out," her 
"orrds lengthened," and her 
" stakes strengthened," when 
the Gentiles were converted to 
Christ, and her gospel state 
established, Isa. 54 : 2 ; and are 
to be still more wondrously so 
in the millennium. " The tab- 
ernacle of God is with men," 
when they enjoy his uninent 
fellowship and favor. Rev. 21 : 
t. The church and her true 



members are like " the tents of 
Kedar ;" their outward appear* 
ance is mean and despicable, 
and their condition in this world 
very unsettled. Song 1:5. 

Feast of Tabernacles. See 
FEAST. 

Tabltha, the Syrian name of 
a Christian woman, called in 
Greek Dorcas, who lived at 
Joppa. She was raised from 
the dead by Peter. Acts 9. 

Table. The Jewish tablo 
mostly in use was probably <* 
circular piece of leather 
on the floor, on which the food 
is laid, while those who partake 
sit round with their legs c 
Among those in high life, each 
guest had his separate table and 
mesa. S?e cut under KNEADING 
TROUGH. 



TAB 



274 



TAB 



Sometimes a low table w~s 
used, as in the engraving be- 
low. 



them the more refined Persian 
method of eating, which was to 
have a table like ours, only 
shaped like a horse- 
shoe, or three sides 
of a square. Against 
these were placed, not 
chairs, but couches, 
with their end to the 
table. The body re- 
clined, propped by the 
left arm. The open 
space in the centre 
enabled the servants 
to perform their duty. 
Such a posture ena- 
bled Mary to come be- 
hind Christ to wash 
When the Jews returned from! and anoint his feet. From the 
captivity, they brought with following engraving a true idea 





may be formed of this ancient 
mode of eating. 

Tablets, ornaments mentioned 
by Isaiah and others, as worn 
by Jewish women. What they 
were we cannot now tell, which 
is the case also with various ar- 
ticles of dross and ornament, as 
Well as musical instruments, 
Ac. 

Tabor. (1.) A conical moun- 
tain in Galilee. Josh. 19 : 12, 
12. It is about 1800 French 



feet high, and on the top is a 
beautiful plain about a mile in 
circumference, and enclosed by 
trees, except towards the south. 
From the top is one of the most 
delightful prospects in th*> world. 
On the north-west is 9on the 
Mediterranean ; west and s-outb 
is the noble plain of Esdraelon ; 
south and east is Galilee, and 
north-east stretches away the 
beautiful Sea of Tiberias, famed 
for many miracle*. On thU 



TAH 



275 



TAM 



mount Barak assembled his 
army, and, at the foot of it, de- 
feated the host of Jabin. Judg. 
4 : 6, 8. It is thought by some 
that here our Saviour was trans- 
figured. (2.) The name of a 
city given by the Zebulonites to 
the Levites of iMerari's family, 
1 Chron. 6:77; and of a place 
near Bethel, 1 Sam. 10 : 3. 

Tabret. See TIMBREL. 

Taches, loops or clasps, by 
which curtains were buttoned. 
Ex. 26 : 6, 

Tadmor, a noble city in the 
north of Canaan. Its imme- 
diate vicinity was exceedingly 
fertile, though at a little dis- 
tance all was a sandy desert. It 
was probably built by Solomon, 
to facilitate his commerce with 
the East. It submitted to Rome 
A. D. 130. About 150 years 
afterward, the Saracens took it. 
Here lived the famous Zenobiu, 
and Longinus. It was destroyed 
A. D. 273. It is now famous 
only for its ruins, which are 
described by modern travellers 
as very extensive and magnifi- 
cent ; especially the reti; 
the great temple of the sun. 
About thirty poor families con- 
stitute its population. The mod- 
ern name of the town was Pal- 
myra, but it now again is called 
Tamor throughout the Rw. 

Tahap'anes, the same as Te- 

'kiph'enes t a large city in the 
north of Egypt, called Dy He- 
rodotus the Pelusaic Daphne. 
Jor. 2 : 16. Ezek. 30 : 18. 
Hither many Jews emigrated 
fter the ruin of their country. 



ati took Jeremiah iritA 
Jer. 43 : 79. 

Tale, number reckoned. Ex 
5 : 8, Ac. We now say Tally. 

Talent, a Jewish coin 01 
weight. Money of specific cur- 
rent value was not known in 
early times ; but gold and silver 
were weighed out when pur- 
chases were made. Gen. 23 : 
16, and 37 : 28. Jer. 32 : 10. 
The Jews did not begin to coin 
money till about 150 years be- 
fore Christ. It is not clear trhat 
was the exact value of the tal- 
ent. That of silver was prob- 
ably somewhere near 1,500 dol- 
lars, and that of gold about 25,- 
OUU. Whatever gifts or oppor- 
tunities God gives to men for 
their usefulness, are called tal- 
ents. To some he gives these 
in greater, and to others in less 
proportion ; but all ought to 
improve what they receive ; for 
of all will a strict account be 
exacted. Matt. '25. Luke 19. 
When our Saviour speaks, in a 
parable, of the obligations wo 
owe to God, and those which 
men owe to each other, he calls 
the first ten thousand talents, 
and the last a hundred pence ; 
strikingly teaching us how small 
are our offences toward each 
other, compared wUh those we 
commit against God ' Matt. 
18 : 2428. 

Talmud. See TRADITION. 

Tammnz, or THAMMU/, a a 
Egyptian deity, thought by somt 
to be Apis, or Serapis, or Osiris, 
(three names for tie same god), 
and by others to be Adoni* 



TAP 



276 



TAB 



Irhose untimely death was hon- 
ored by an annual mourning. 
Ezek. 8 : 14. 

The tenth month of t :e Jew- 
ish civil year also b^:e this 
name. Jer. 39 : 2. 

Ta'nach, city of, lay beyond 
Jordan, in the half-tribe of Ma- 
nasseh. Josh. 12 : 21. 

Tanning was carried to great 
perfection by the Egyptians, and 
of course known to the Jews. 
Leather was beautifully dressed, 
dyed, embossed, and gilded, for 
girdles, sandals, &c. Acts 10 : 
6. 

Tapestry, cloth wrought into 
figures in the loom, or with the 
needle . It was used in the East, 
as early as the time of Solomon. 
Its figures were frequently 
formed with threads of gold 
Prov. 7 : 16. The crusaders 
seem to have introduced the art 
of making it into Europe. The 
English and Flemish first dis 
tinguished themselves in making 
it. It was used to cover bed 
and to ornament rooms, but i 
now become unfashionable. A 
species is still made in the roya 
Gobelin tapestry factory a 
Paris, which is not less beauti 
ful and accurate than the mos 
exquisite painting, but is enor 
nously expensive. 

Tap'puah. (1.) The same a 
ENTAPPUAH, in the south o 
Ephi-aim. Josh. 17 7, 8. (2. 
A city of the same name, ic th 
canton of Judah Josh. 15 '.4 
which Robinson lentifies as th 
present Teffee 



Tares, a weed injurious t 
rain, both by occupying 
pace, and by the seed being 
nwholesome. In this country, 
he wheat fan gets out the tare 
eed ; but the ancient fan could 
ot. [See FAN.] On this ao 
ount they pulled up the tares, 

separated them before thresh- 
ng, when the best flour was to 
e made. Mr. FISK found on 
he plains round Ephesus some 
Greek men and women, employed 
n the fields of grain, pulling up 
ares. Matt. 13 : 28. This prac- 
ice is now customary in Eng- 
and, and elsewhere. Travel- 
ers in Syria have seen the 
capers separate the tares from 
he wheat as they proceeded, 
and bind them in separate bun- 
dles. See Matt. 13 : 30. Some- 
times a sieve is used. Thus Satan 
desired to sift Peter as wheat. 
Luke 22 : 31. 

Tarshish, or TARSUS. There 
were several places called by 
this name, viz. : 

1. TARSUS in Cilicia, the capi 
tal of that country, stood on the 
river Cydnus, about six miles 
from the sea, built, STRABO says, 
by Sardanapalus, the king of 
Assyria. It once excelled even 
Athens and Alexandria in learn- 
ing ; those cities, and even 
Rome itself, being indebted to 
it for their best professors 
Julius Cesar, and afterward Oo- 
tavius, delighted to honor it 
and granted its citizens the 
same privileges as those of 
Rome ; and hence Paul was her* 
! free born." It w&s the priyi 






TEM 



277 



TEM 



/ege of such cities to be gov- 
erned by their own laws and 
magistrates, without having a 
Roman governor or garrison 
To evince their gratitude, the 
inhabitants called their city 
Juliopolis, or the city of Julius. 
This city at present is of no 
importance ; but Christianity, 
planted here by Paul, has never 
been wholly eradicated. Its 
present name is Trassa, or Ter- 
tus ; and its population 30,000. 

2. The name seems to be ap- 
plied to Tartessus, in Spain, not 
far from the famous city of Gre- 
nada. Ps. 72 : 10. 

3. A place on the east of 
Africa, not far from OPHIB. 1 
Kings 10 : 22. 

4. Carthage. Isa. 23 : 6. 
Teil-Tree, the same aa the 

linden, or " Tilia Europccus," of 
botanists. Its leaf resembles 
laurel, and its flower that of the 
olive. The word occurs only 
Isa. 6 : 13. The original word 
is everywhere else rendered oak. 

Te'kel, a Chaldee word signi- 
fying, Ihim art weighed. See 
UPHARSIN. 

Teko'a, a city of Judah, twelve 
miles south-east of Jerusalem. 
Around it was an extensive wil- 
derness, or pasture land, and 
forest. AMOS, the prophet, kept 
a herd here, before his call to 
the ministry. Amos 1:1. 

Tel'abib, a city or district be- 
tween the rivers Ohebar and 
Saocoras. Ezek. 3 : 15, 

Teman, a grandson of Esau, 
whom descended the Te- 
ll 



manites. Job 4:1. The land 
of Edom \f ro called. Jer. 49 . 
20- Amos 1 : 12. 

Temperance, moderation; that 
command over ourselves which 
enables us to abstain from ex- 
cessive eating, drinking, or any 
other enjoyment. It is opposed 
to every excess by which the 
mental faculties are beclouded, 
or the moral habits rendered 
unchaste. Luke 21 : 34. Phil. 
4 : 5. Intemperance in the use 
of ardent spirits had become 
awfully prevalent in this coun- 
try, and threatened entire ruin, 
till vast numbers of good men, 
alarmed at the approaching cri- 
sis, rose to check the spreading 
evil. Associations were formed, 
newspapeas istablished, agents 
employed, t.-icts circulated, ad- 
dresses deli-, ered, Ac. ; and by 
the blessing of God the growth 
of the evil is not only checked, 
but a good measure of reform 
produced. It is the purpose of 
those who began to sound the 
alarm not to cease till such 
liquors are only used as a medi- 
cine, according to the Scriptures. 
Prov. 31:6. Every true friend 
of religion, or of his country, is 
bound to promote to the utmost 
this important reform, &nd to 
endeavor to have such laws 
passed as will suppress those 
horrid grog shops where men 
are absolutely murdered, both 
in soul and body. 

Temple. The word is some, 
times applied to the tabernacle, 
1 Sam. 1:9; Ps. 18 : 6 ; aod 
sometimes the temple it&Uf if 



TEM 



278 



TEM 



ailed labernaole, 2 Chron. 1 : 
5. But the word is chiefly ap- 
plied to the house built at Jeru- 
salem for the worship of God. 
The preparations for this tem- 
ple were immense. David and 
his princes contributed 108,000 
talents of gold ; 1,017,000 tal- 
ents of silver, which together 
amounted to 4G,000 tons weight 
of gold and silver, or the value 
of more than 4,000 millions of 
dollars ! About 184,600 men 
were employed seven years in 
building it. It was erected on 
Mount Moriah ; and was dedi- 
cated with solemn prayer by 
Solomon, during seven days of 
sacred feasting, and by a peace- 
offering of 20,000 oxen and 
120,000 sheep, to consume which 
the holy fire came down anew 
from heaven. 

It remained in its glory only 
about thirty-four years, when 
Shiahak carried off all its treas- 
ures. 1 Kings 14 : 25, 26. Je- 
hoiada and Joash repaired it 
about A. M. 3150. Soon after, 
Joash gave its treasures to Ha- 
ael, king of Syria. 2 Kings 
12 : 4, 5. Ahaz stripped it so 
completely, to hire the assist- 
ance of Assyria, that it was for 
ft long time entirely shut up. 
2 Chron. 28. Hezekiah repaired 
it, and made such vessels for it 
as it wanted ; but, in the four- 
teenth year of his reign, was 
obliged to take from it much of 
its wealth to give to Sennache- 
rib. 2 Kings 18 Manasseh 
idolatrously reared altars to the 
host of heaven is the sacred 



courts, but afterwards restored 
the true worship of God. Josiah, 
his grandson, further purged 
the temple, and replaced the 
ark of God in it. 2 Kings 21, 
22. About A. M. 3398, Nebu- 
chadnezzar carried the sacred 
vessels to Babylon, and at last, 
about A. M. 3416, entirely de 
molished it. Jer. 52 : 1223. 

About A. M. 3469, Cyrus or- 
dered it to be rebuilt, which was 
done under the direction of 
Zerubbabel. It wanted, how- 
ever, as the Jews say, five 
things which were the chief 
glory of the former ; viz., the 
Ark, and its furniture, the She- 
chinah, or the cloud of the di- 
vine presence, the Holy fire, the 
Urim and Thummim, and the 
Spirit of prophecy. Ez. 1, 3, 6. 
About A. M. 3837, Antiochus 
Epiphanes profaned it, and 
stopped the daily sacrifice ; but, 
about three years after, Judas 
Maccabeus purified and repaired 
it, and restored divine worship. 

The second temple having 
stood more than 500 years, and 
being greatly out of repair, 
Herod the Great, about A. M. 
3987, began to build it anew. 
In nine years he finished the 
principal parts of it ; but forty- 
six years after, when ov Sa- 
viour had begun his public min- 
istry, it was not quite finished ; 
indeed, till the beginning of 
their ruinous wars, they still 
added to its buildings. It was 
thus made far more complete 
and beautiful than that of Zerub- 
babel. and VIM one of the most 



TEM 



279 



TEM 



Astonishing structures in the 
world for magnitude and mag- 
nificence. Though almosfa new 
edifice, it retained the name of 
Second Tempic. It was more 
glorious than the original tem- 
ple, Hag. 2 : 9, because honored 
with the presence and ministry 
of Christ. It was burnt and 
entirely destroyed by the Ro- 
man army under Titus. A Ma- 
hometan mosque now stands on 
the very spot. Into this no 
Jew or Christian dare venture 
on pain of death, or of redeem- 
ing his life by becoming a dis- 
ciple of Islaniism. 

THE COURT OF THE Gi 
the exterior court of the tem- 
ple, into which Gentiles were 
admitted, was the largest, by 
far, of all the courts of the tem- 
ple. From this place our Sa- 
viour drove out the sellers of 
cattle, which had been improp- 
erly trought here. 

THB COURT -OP THE WOMEN was 
not exclusively for the resort of 
women ; but was so called be- 
cauge they could go no farther, 
except that when they brought 
a sacrifice, they proceeded to 

THE COURT OF ISRAEL, a space 
more interior, where priests 
were always admitted, and com- 
mon men on very particular 
occasions. 

The size and splendor of 
Solomon's temple gave rife to 
great magnificence in those 
which w*ire afterward erected to 
heathep gods. The vast size of 
the tomple of Dagon may be 
judjod from the oiroums f <uce 



of 3,000 persons being DU &4 
flat roof. Some conception oi 
the extent and grandeur of Di- 
ana's temple may be obtaired 
from what we have said under 
EI-UESUS. The temple of Zerub- 
babel was larger than that of 
Solomon, and that of Herod 
still larger. According to our 
Saviour's prediction, this superb 
structure is now utterly demol- 
ished. 

Pagodas are different from 
temples, inasmuch as they are 
not generally hollow, nor used 
in the interior for purposes of 
worship, but solid masses of 
brick and mortar, intended 




chiefly as monuments to tht 
honor of the deity ; the woi* 
ship being performed outrile 



TEM 



280 



TEN 



The preceding cut represents 
ft Chinese pagoda. The one 
below exhibits a pagoda in 
Burmah, visited by the author 
tn 1836, and drawn by him on 
the spot, of which also the size 
may be inferred from the size 
of the men delineated at the 
base. This is comparatively 




small. There is one near Ran- 
goon equal in size to some of 
the famous pyramids of Egypt. 
Temptation. (1.) The act of 
enticing to a crime. (2.) The 
state of being tried. (3.) Any- 
thing offered to the mind as a 
motive to ill. It signifies those 
means which are made u<*e of by 
the devil to ensnare mankind, 
and draw them from their duty. 
M--<i. 6:13 ; 26:41. Luke 11 : 
4. God is said to tempt or try 
men by those afflictions which 
exercise, prove, and confirm the 
graces of his people. Gen. '22 : 
1. They shoijld therefore be 



borne by Christiana without 
murmuring, that they may b 
patterns of obedience. Jameft 
1:2, 12. Men ttmpt God, when 
they unseasonably and irrever- 
! ently require proofs of his pres- 
ence, power, and goodness ; Ex. 
37 : 2, 7 ; when they expose 
Jiemselves to danger, from 
which they cannot escape with- 
out his miraculous interposition, 
Matt. 4:7; and when they sin 
with great boldness, as if to try 
whether God would punish 
them. Mai. 3 : 15. Acts 5 : 9. 

We may conclude an evil 
thought to be a temptation of 
Satan, and not the fruit of our 
own minds, first, when it is con 
trary to our general character ; 
secondly, when it is opposite to 
our present frame of mind, and 
seems to come suddenly ; thirdly, 
when it is unnatural, or contrary 
to reason ; fourthly, when it ia 
detested and opposed from the 
moment of the suggestion. 

Tenon, the end of a board or 
timber, fitted to a mortice or 
socket in framing. Ex. 26 : 19. 

Tent, a portable, curtained 
abode, invented by Jubal, be- 
fore the flood. Mankind, for 
many centuries, lived in tents ; 
as those do to this day, whose 
pastoral or migratory habits 
cause frequent removals. The 
word tent is synonymous with 
tabernacle. The words succoth 
and masac are variously ren- 
dered in our common English 
version, viz., curtain, taber- 
nacle, covert, pavilion, cover. 
ing, hanging, booth 



TEB 



281 



THA 



Tenth-deal, the tenth part of 
n ephah; that is, an omer, or 
nearly five pints. 

Terah, the son of Nahor, was 
born A.M. 1878; and, at the 
130th year of his life, had Abram 
Oorn to him. He and his family 
were idolaters; but the call of 
Abraham seems to have been 
blessed to his conversion. Pt is 
certain that Terah emigrated 
with Abraham to Ilaran, and 
died there. Gen. 11 : 2432. 
Josh. 24 : 2, 14. 

Teraplliffl, images or house- 
hold gods. Judges 18 : 14. 
Some think they were / 
or amulets, to preserve from 
evil. Eastern nations have for 
many ages been addicted to 
such charms. The Persians call 
them telepMn, a name not dis- 
similar to teraphim. They were 
sometimes consulted for oracles. 
Zech. 10 : 2. The worship of 
Teraphim is as old as the time 
of Jacob. The " gods " stolen 
from Laban by Rachel are called, 
in the original, " teraphim." 
Gen. 31 : 19, 32, 35. The cele- 
brated KIRCHER says they are 
the same as the Egyptian idol 
Serapis, that is, a doll or small 
child wrapped up, without hands 
or feet. 

TertiHS, Paul's amanuensis in 
writing his epistle to the Ro- 
mans. Rom. 16 : 22. It is prob- 
able that he was the same as 
Silas, that Hebrew name signi- 
fying the same as the Latin 
Tcrtius. 

Testament, the will of a tes- 
24* 



tator. Gal. 3 : 15. Heb. 9 , 
16, 17. The Greek word M 
translated in the New Testa 
ment is that by which theLXX. 
have uniformly translated the 
Hebrew word i:x covenant. The 
Old Scriptures are called the 
Old Testament, or Covenant, or 
Dispensation. 2 Cor. 3 : 14. 
The dispensation of the cov- 
enant of grace, as contained in 
the writings of the evangelists 
and apostles, is called the New 
Testament. It is last in order, 
and shall never be abolished. 
Though it agrees with the Old 
Testament, it is far more clear, 
spiritual, efficacious, and easy 
Heb. 9 : 15. Acts 15 : 10. 

Testimony, proof, witness, or 
declaration. The law is G id's 
testimony, Ps. 119, <fec.; which 
Israel bound themselves to obey. 
See WITNESS. 

Te'trarch, a Roman magis- 
trate, who governed the fourth 
part of a kingdom. The term 
was afterward applied to any 
petty sovereign, and became 
synonymous with Ethnarch. 

Tham'mnz, or AM'MUZ, an idol 
hought to be the same as that 
worshipped by the Greeks under 
the name of Osiris, and by the 
Arabians under the name of 
Adonis. Prostitution, and other 
abominable practices, formed 
parts of hi? worship. 

hanksgiving grateful ac- 
knowledgment of benefits. It 
mplies (1.) A real sense of 
r alue in the things received; 
2.) A reception of them with 



THE 



283 



THE 



oinplao3ncy; (3.) A cheerful 
avowal )f the obligation con- 
ferred ; (4.) Grateful love to 
the Bestower; and (5.) Hearty 
desires to compensate or honor 
him who blesses us. Phil. 4 : 6. 
1 Tim. 2:1. Christians greatly 
err in not making it a more im~ 
portant part of their daily de- 
votions. Phil. 4:6. 1 Tim. 
2:3. 

Theft. Thieves, under the 
Jewish economy, were always 
required to make full restitu- 
tion, even to four times the 
value of the thing stolen. Ex. 
22:1. If they had not property 
enough, they were sold to service 
for a term of years. Ex. 2"2 : 
23. A night robber might be 
killed, if done in the ac.t; but 
it was not lawful in the day 
time. 

Thebez, a city of Ephraim, 
half a mile from Shechem. Jud. 
9 : 50. 

Tlressalonians, the title of 
two Epistles written to the 
church at Thossalonica, which 
was planted by Paul. See Acts 
17. 

The FIRST EPISTLE is gener- 
ally admitted to hare been the 
earliest of Paul's letters. He 
enjoined it to be read to all the 
adjacent churches. Chap. 5 : 27. 
His object seems to have beea 
to confirm them in the faith, 
and to excite their piety. 

The SECOND EF:STLE, written 
aoon after the first, commends 
their faith and charity, rectifies 
their mistake in supposing that 
tb day of judgment, was at 



hand, admonishes them of cei 
tain irregularities, &o. 

Beside the marks of genuine* 
ness and authority which thi 
Epistle has in common with the 
rest, HORNE remarks, " It has 
one peculiar to itself, in the 
exact representation it contains 
of the papa* j/ower, under the 
characters of the * Man of Sin,' 
and the * Mystery of Iniquity.' 
For, considering how directly 
opposite the principles de- 
scribed, ch. 2, were to the genius 
of Christianity, it must have 
appeared at that time highly 
improbable that they should 
ever have prevailed in the Chris- 
tian Church ; and, consequently, 
a prediction like this, which 
answers so exactly in every par- 
ticular to the event., must prove 
that its author wrote under di- 
vine influence." 

Thessaloni'ea, the capital of 
Macedonia. It was anciently 
called Hali.<s, and Thermos; but 
Philip, father of Alexander the 
Great, called it Thessalonica, to 
commemorate his victory over 
the Thessalians. About A. D. 52, 
Paxiil, Silas and Timothy planted 
a church here. It was then a 
city of great commerce and 
wealth, and abounded with Jews. 
The Saracens took it about A. D. 
800; R^ad, after various other 
revolutions, it fell under the 
power of Turkey. It is at thii 
time one of the chief ports of 
modern Greece, containing 60,- 
000 inhabitants, of which 12,000 
are Jews. A Puotestaut mission 
from the United States 5e 



THO 



283 



THB 



lained here. Its present name 
is Saloniky. 

Theu'das, a false Messiah, 
whose i llowers, amounting to 
400 persons, were disperse^. 
Acts 5 : 36. Josephus mentions 
one of the same name, who rose 
forty years later, and was fol- 
lowed by several thousands, 
many of whom were slain. 

Thirst^ a sensation, the in- 
tensity of which, to travellers 
in Eastern countries, we can 
scarcely conceive. We should 
think of this when we read such 
passages as Ps. 42 : 2. Matt. 
5: 6. 

Thistle, a general name for 
thorny, noxious plants. They 
form part of the curse pro- 
nounced in Eden, and should 
constantly remind us of our fall 
in Adam. 

Thomas, or DIDYMUS, one of 
the apostles. Matt. 10 : 3. He 
s^aid several years at Jerusa- 
lem, after the Pentecost; and 
then went, it is said, to preach 
among the Parthians, Medes, 
Hyrcanians, and Bactrians. He 
Buffered martyrdom 
inMeliapoor,in the 
East Indies, where, 
three hundred year? 
ago, the Portuguese 
discovered chris- 
tians, who called 
themselves by his 
name. Many such 
exist there at this day, and are 
spread cr^er the Madras terri- 
tory. 

Thorns, prickly shrubs of va- 
rious kinde, larger than thistles. 



Hasselquist found a thorny rJ, 
common round Jerusalem, which 
was probably the plant used in 
crowning our Saviour. It i* 
supple, having a beautiful deep 
green leaf, resembling the ivy 4 
which was commonly used for 
garlands. The pictures which 
represent this crown as of mere 
thorns are erroneous, as are al- 
most all old pictures found in 
Bibles. They were painted by 
men who were not allowed to 
read the Bible, and ought never 
to have been put into Bibles. 
Many modern pictures in Bible? 
are correct and instructive. 

Three Taverns, a place about 
30 miles from Rome. Here the 
most of the friends of Paul 
waited for him, while a few 
went on to meet him. Acts 28: 
15. The place still exists, and 
is called Tre Taverne. 

Threshing-floor. A very good 
idea of this important part of a 
Jewish farm may be got from 
the annexed picture, which rep- 
the mode still practised 
in the Holy Land It was pre 




pared in the open field, as it is at 
this day in our Southern States, 
by trampling and rolling a suf- 
ficient spot of ground, generally 
on some gentle eminence for thf 



THB 



284 



THT 



ate of the wind. The lees of 
oil were mixed up with the clay, 
which rendered it impervious to 
water. Here the smaller kinds 
were beaten out with a long 
staff or flail; the larger kinds 
with oxen or horses. Sometimes 
they used a set of rollers, over 




which was constructed a seat 
for the driver of the team. Isa. 
28 : 27. The passage, Isa. 41 : 
15, which, to the common reader, 
is nonsense, becomes finely illus- 
trative when we remember that 
straw was purposely cut for ma- 
nure, and that in this case the 
rollers had sharp teeth. These 
large implements formed suf- 
ficient wood for a burnt-offering, 
which our flails would not do, 
which explains 1 Chr. 16 : 23. 
To separate the chaff and grain 
the fan was used. (See FAN.) 
The grain was cleared of heavier 
substances, such as lumps of 
dirt, by means of the sieve. To 
depict the dire ruin of the 
wicked, it is said, " they shall 
be as chaff driven with the whirl- 
wind out of the floor." why 
will not sinners consider their 
dreadful and fr-ovitable doom 
except they repent and turn to 
God* Hoc. 13:3. Job 21 18. 



The church is likened to athreih- 
ing-floor, for here Christ gathert 
his glorious haivest, and here 
he will thoroughly cleanse it. 
Matt. 3 : 12. 

Throne, the seat of a mon 
arch. Being always higher than 
a ehair, it needed a footstool t 
where, in token of 
reverence, appli 
cants bowed them 
selves. Ps. 99 : 5 
Solomon's throne 
was raised six steps, 
and was of solid gold 
and ivory. The 
word is used to de 
note kingly author 
ity, Gen. 41 : 40; and hence 
angels are called thrones, in Col. 
1 : 16. 

Thyati'ra is situated between 
Sardis and Pergamos, near a 
branch of the Caicus, in the 
centre of an extensive plain. 
At the distance of four or five 
miles a belt of mountains sur- 
rounds it. It was once famous 
for its purple dye. Acts 16 : 14. 
There are now about 1000 houses 
in the place, but poor. The 
streets are very narrow and 
dirty. Its modern name is Ah 
Hisar. 

Thy'lne, the same as the thy* 
tree. It resembles the cedar, is 
aromatic and evergreen. It 
rises with a strong trunk to the 
height of thirty feet or more, 
the branches projecting hori- 
zontally, aid at right anglei 
with each ether. The wood ifl 
hard, and admits a fine polish, 
on whicb aoocunt tte heathea 



TIG 



285 



TIM 



make gods of it. From this tree 
is obtained the gum sandrac. 
Tiberias, SEA OF. See GEX- 

NESARETH. 

Tiberias, a city of Galilee, 
built by Agrippa, ani so named 
in honor of the empeior Ti- 
berius. HEGESIPPUS says it was 
the same as Cinuereth. IB the 
time ol the Jewish wars, his 
city, then ,he capital of * ' 
was bravely defended by Jose- 
phus, the historian ; but, being 
taken, by Vespasian, it was al- 
most demolished. It v,. 
ever, a place of considerable 
note for many ages after. 1 1 1- re 
was held the last session of the 
Sanhedrim, a.nd here the Talmud 
was collected. It is still a de- 
cent town, and around it are 
extensive ruins, indicative of 
its former extent and grandeur. 
Thirty or forty families of Greek 
Catholics reside here. The pres- 
ent name is Tabaria. 

Tiberius. Caesar Augustus, 
having married Livia, Tiberius' 
mother, adopted him as his heir. 
In the beginning of his reign 
Tiberius behaved with modera- 
tion ; but afterwards became 
peevish, cruel, and oppressive. 
About the thirteenth year of 
his reign he made Pilate gov- 
ernor of Judea. In the fifteenth 
year, John Baptist began to 
preach. Luke 3:1. Soon after, 
he took from the Jews the power 
of putting criminals to death. 

Tiglath-Pile'zer, a king of 
Assyria, who was called upon 
ry Aha i, king of Judah, for 



help against Pekeh, kin& w 
Israel, and Rezin, king of Da- 
mascus. 1 Kings 11. He died 
B. c. 729, and was succeeded by 
Shalmanezer. He is called, in 
profane history, Arbaces. 

Tile, an earthen plate, used 
to cover roof.-. What is ren- 
dered tiling, in the narrative of 
the sick man, Luke 5 : ID, is by 
some considered to mean the 
poles stretched across the open- 
ing (if the inner court to 

ing ; and by others, the 
balustrade round the opening. 
AVhat the nu-n removed, in order 
to bring the paralytic to Christ, 
: tainly have been some- 
thing that did not damage the 
building. 

Timbrel, an instrument of 
music, very like our tambourine, 
consisting of a brass hoop, over 
which was stretched a parch- 
ment. It was held in the left 
hand, and struck with the right; 
and was played on while danc- 
ing, on occasions of great joy. 
Ex. 15 : 20. It is sometimes 
called tabret. 

Time, the measure of dura- 
tion ; the season to do a thing 
To redeem time, is to be Joubly 
diligent in duty en account of 
former negligence. Time is re- 
deemed by avoi ./og excessive 
sleep, useless recreations, in- 
dolent habits, formal visits, tri- 
fling reading, vain conversation, 
and officious employments. Tki 
last times mean gospel times, 
which are under the last dis- 
pensations o/ grice. The ful 



TIN 



286 



TIT 



ness of time means the time when 
everything is prepared for an 
event. Gal. 4 : 4. See WATCH. 

Tim'nath, a city called also 
TIMNAH, and TIMNATHATH, which 
stood about six miles from Adul- 
lana, in the tribe of Dan. 

Timothy, or TIMOTHEUS, was 
a native of Lystra. His father 
was a Greek, but his grand- 
mother and mother, being pious 
Jewish women, trained him up 
in the knowledge of the Scrip- 
tures, Acts 16 : 1. His bodily 
constitution was weak, but his 
gifts and graces were eminent. 
He was much with Paul, and 
seems to have been ordained 
before he was twenty years old. 
He preached in many cities, 
but chiefly in Ephesus. 

The Two EPISTLES to Timothy 
were written by Paul, from 
Rome, not long before his death. 
In these he is instructed in the 
choice of officers for the church, 
in the proper deportment of a 
Christian minister, in the method 
of church government and dis- 
cipline, the importance of stead- 
fastness in Christian doctrine, 
the perils and seductions - that 
should come, &c. 

Tin, a white metal of little 
elasticity, lighter than almost 
any other metal, and so ductile 
as to be capable of being beaten 
out into leaves as thin as paper. 
It is procured in Germany, 
Saxony, England, South Amer- 
ica, and the E;is* Indies. It 
seems to have been kn^^n and 
vised very early, beiii ft men- 
tioned Numb. 31 : 22, and by 



Homer i the Iliad. Its oret 
frequently occur in granite 
Tin ware,a,s it is called, is really 
sheet-iron ware, washed with 
tin, to prevent rust. In Isa. 1 : 
25, the word is improperly put 
for dross. 

Tiph'sab, an important city 
on the Euphrates, which consti- 
tuted the extreme northern 
boundary of Solomon's king- 
dom. It is called in history 
Thapsacus. I Kings 4 : 24. 

Tire. The Targum and Tal- 
mud, as well as Rabbi Jarchi, 
interpret the word in Ezek. 24 : 
7, of the phylacteries, or front- 
lets, worn on the forehead. The 
" round tires like the moon," 
mentioned Is. 3 : 18, were neck- 
laces, such as were found upon 
the necks of the Midianite kings, 
and even on their camels. Jud. 
8 : 21, 26. In the latter text 
the same Hebrew word is called 
chains which is here called tires 

Tir'hakah, a king of Gush ; 
called, in profane history, 
Tearchon. 2 Kings 19 : 9. 

Tir'shatha, a title of honor 
bestowed on Nehemiah, thought 
to be equivalent to commissioner 
Ez. 2 : 63. Neh. 10 : 1. 

Tirzall (literally pleasant), a 
very beautiful city belonging 
to the tribe of Ephraim. 1 Kiugf 
14 : 17. 

Tithes means TENTHS. The 
early practice of giving a tenth 
of income to religious purposes 
seems to have bcon by divine 
institution. Abram gave to 
Alelcliiscdec, the Lord's priest, 
the tenth of his spoils taken in 



TIT 



287 



battle. Gen. 14 : 20. Jacob 
dedicated to God the tenth of 
his gain. Gen. 28 : 22. Many 
of tne Greeks, Romans, and 
other heathen, devoted the tenth 
part of their incomes to the 
service of their gods. 

By the Jewish law, the tenth 
of the product of corn, cattle, 
<fcc., was assigned to the Levitcs. 
Of what remained to the pro- 
prietor, anotlier tithe was levied, 
and, in value or kind, sent to 
the service of the tabernacle 
and temple, and the n.. 
thereof, at the solemn 
On every third year a third tithe 
was levied, for the use of the 
Levites, and the fatherless, 
widows and strangers. The Le- 
vites paid to the priests the 
tithe of what they received from 
the people. Deut. 14 : 28. It 
does not appear that the tithe 
of small herbs was demanded. 
The Pharisees, however, tithed 
their mint, anise, cummin, and 
rue ; but neglected weightier 
things, as mercy, judgment, and 
faith. Deut. 14 : 2229. Num. 
18 : 20. 

When we add the several 
tenths which a Jew had to pay, 
to the three journeys a year to 
Jerusalem, the giving of all 
" first fruits " and " first born," 
and the offering* required after 
every sickness, or connection 
with the sick, it is evident that 
no one could be a good Jew 
without expending on his re- 
ligion af-otu half of all his earn- 
ings. 

ChrfctianHj if a higher and 



holier system than Judaism It 
takes not an eye for an eye, or 
a tooth for a tooth, but return! 
good for evil. It forbids not 
adultery only, but the thought 
of it ; not murder only, but all 
wrath and malice. It excusei 
us from an oppressive round of 
ceremonies, but demands entire 
consecration of life. 

Christians, therefore, utterly 
mistake the very genius of their 
. when they are nig- 
gardly in giving to the support 
They are re- 
quired to excel Jews in piety. 
: 20. A tenth of gross 

to be the 

proportion that we should think 
of giving, unless we are sup- 
ported by charity. Many should 
give a fourth, or the half, or 
more ; and each should prayer- 
fully determine his own propor- 
tion, and give by fule. Let all 
examine the New Testament on 
:ut. If we hope for sal- 
vation by the gospel, it must be 
in conformity to the gospel. 

Tittle, a minute point at- 
to some of the characters 
in the Hebrew alphabet. A 
small circumstance. See JOT. 

Titos seems to have been a 
Greek, and one of Paul's early 
converts. Of the time, place, 
or manner of his death., we have 
no certain account. Tradition 
says he lived to the age cf 
ninety-four years, and was 
buried in Crete, where he had 
been left by Paul. Tit. 1 : 5. 

The EPISTLE TO TITUS is emi 
nently valuable for its eluoi 



TOM 



288 



TON 



dations of the nature and duties 
of the Christian ministry the 
manner of accommodating our 
exhortation to the characters of 
the persons we address the 
necessity of a minister's setting 
an example of what he teaches 
the doctrine of obedience to 
civil rulers the necessity of 
good works, and the proper 
treatment of foolish questions 
and heretics. 

The epistle seems to have been 
written from Ephesus, shortly 
after Paul had visited Crete. 
Ch. 1 : 6. 

Tob. See SYRIA. 

Togar'mah, the Hebrew name 
for Armenia. The Armenians 
consider themselves to be de- 
scended from Torgom. 

Tomb, a grave; a vault in 
which dead bodies are placed; 




to house or monument raised 
aver a grave. When cupolas or 



vaulted chambers were raised 
over graves, they were generally 
ten or twelve feet square, and 
so might well afford lodging for 
demoniacs. See Mark 6 : 5. 
FORBES, in his " Oriental Me- 
moirs," informs us that these 
often afford shelter to the weary 
traveller, and to robbers, who 
sally forth from them to commit 
their nocturnal depredations. 
BUCKINGHAM speaks of seeing 
old tombs occupied by families, 
and, in one case, it was a car- 
penter's shop. ROBINSON saw 
one occupied by an Arab family 
and their cattle ; the walls 
blackened by smoke. He him- 
self lodged in one large enough 
to hold thirty people. The 
graves of the poor were often 
distinguished by some slight 
stone or board, which, when it 
fell, was not set up again, by 
which means graves did not ap- 
pear. Hence they could be 
walked over unperceived. Luke 
11 : 44. See SEPULCHRE. 

Tongne. (1.) That member 
by which we articulate sounds. 
James 3 : 5. (2.) The language 
spoken in any country. Deut. 
28 : 49. There appears to have 
been but one language till the 
confusion of tongues at Babel. 
The Hebrew tongue containi 
more internal evidence of being 
the same that God commune 
cated to Adam than any other; 
but is supposed to have under- 
gone alterations, in the seriei 
of BO many ages, from Adam 
down to Mosep. The simplicity 
of its construction ; the c 



TOP 



289 



TOW 



OOM nd energy of its expres- 
sion ; its peculiar fertility ; the 
relation it has to the most an- 
cient Oriental languages, which 
eeem to derive their origin from 
it ; the etymology of the names 
whereby the first of mankind 
were called, which naturally 
occurs in this language; the 
names of animals, which are 
often significant of their nature 
and habits ; the most ancient 
book, viz., the Old Testament, 
being, for the most part, in this 
language, <fcc., indicate that it 
was the original language of 
the human species. 

Topaz, a gem obtained in vari- 
ou? parts of the earth, generally 
about the size of a pin's head. 
Scarcely any exceed the sixth 
part of an inch in diameter. 
The most valuable topaz in the 
world is that in p ssession of 
the Great Mogul, said to weigh 
137 carats, and to be worth 
nearly a million of dollars. In 
the mountains of Siberia are 
found topazes of green and blue 
colors. In Connecticut, which 
is the principal locality for them 
in the United States, they are 
usually white'. Those from 
Brazil are pink, and strongly 
resemble the ruby. 

Tophet, a drum or timbrel. 
TKi name of a ( luce in the val- 
ley of Ilinnom, called GEHENNA, 
where the idolatrous J^ws burned 
their children to Moloch. It 
was called Tvphet, from the beat- 
Ing of drums (toph being the He- 
brew name of a drum), which 
were used to drown the cries of 



the infants sacrificed to the im 
age. 2 Kings 23 : 10. In ordet 
to disqualify this valley from 
being a place of worship, and 
thus the more thoroughly to 
have Moloch discarded, Josiab 
caused it to be a place for car- 
casses which were refused burial, 
and filth of every kind. 2 Kings 
23 : 10. Jer. 19. From that 
time it was universally abhorred 
and abandoned to loathsome- 
ness. In order to prevent the 
pestilent influence of such a 
place, perpetual fires were kept 
burning there. Hence it grew 
to be an image of hell ; and 
ultimately the name Gehenna 
was definitively applied to the 
place of future and eternal pun- 
ishment. See HINNOM. 

Tormentors, agents of Jewish 
courts of justice, whose duty 
it was to execute sentences. 
Matt. 18 : 34. 

Tortois. It is the land tor- 
toise that is mentioned in Scrip- 
ture. It feeds on flowers and 
lives longer than men, 
and Las a wonderful power of 
enduring the want of food. It 
general size is from four to 
eight inches long ; but in the 
Isle of Madagascar, the Galli- 
pagos, Ac., it attains five or six 
times that size, covered with a 
variegated shell, of great valne 
in commerce, and much used for 
ladies' combs, <fec. The word 
occurs only Lev. 11 : 29. 

Tower. (1.) A high stage 
erected in cultivated fields, on 
which a watchman was stationed 
toward harvest to guard againir 



TBA 



290 



TEA 



thieves Jer. 6 : 27. (2.) A 

fortified building to afford pro- 
tection against enemies, or to 
annoy them. 2 Kings 17 : 9. 

To wit, an old expression, 
meaning, " that is to say." 2 
Cor, 6 : 19. We do you to 
wit " meand, We give you to 
understand. 2 Cor. 8:1. 

Trachoai'tis, a district border- 
ing the Holy Land to the north- 
east. It is a craggy, moun- 
tainous region, infested, during 
the government of Philip, with 
many robbers. Luke 3:1. 

Tradition, a narrative or cere- 
nony delivered from father to 
Bon by word of mouth, without 
any written memorial. The tra- 
dition of the creation of the 
world came down from Adam, 
through five different lines, to 
Noah ; and so directly as to 
leave no chance for error. (1.) 
Adam was coteinporary with 
Enos C95 years, and Enos with 
Noah 84 years. (2.) He was 
cotemporary with Canaan 600 
years, and Canaan with Noah 
179 years. (3.) He was co- 
temporary with Mahalaleel 535 
years, and Mahalaleel with 
Noah 224 years. (4.) He wad 
cotemporary with Jared 4"iO 
years, and Jared with Noal J66 
years. (5.) He was cotempc^ary 
with Methuselah 243 years, and 
Methuselah with Noah COO 
years. The generations from 
Adam to the flood were eleven. 
Of these, Adam was ootemporary 
with nine, Seth with nine, Enos 
ten, Canaan ten, Mahalaleel 
ton, Jared ten, Enoch nine, Me- 
thuselah eleven, Lameoh eleven, 



Noah eight ; making aght$ mu 
different channels ! 

Those traditions, for the ob- 
servance of which the Scribei 
and Pharisees so much con* 
tended, were condemned by our 
Saviour, as subversive of the 
true intent of Scripture. Matt. 
15 : 2, 3. The fifth command- 
ment was so strangely perverted 
that, according to them, a man 
might give the surplus of his 
estate as a religious gift to God, 
and deny any support to his 
parents when destitute of the 
necessaries of life. Matt. 15 : 
6. (See COBBAN.) These tra- 
ditions became in time amazing- 
ly numerous, and had regard to 
the most trifling actions of life 
About A. D. 190, they were col- 
lected and written by the in 
dustrious Rabbi Judah. He 
called his work the MISHNA, or 
second law. About one Sundred 
years after, Rabbi Jochanaa 
wrote a commentary on the Mish 
na, which he called GEIJARA, 01 
Perfection. The whole was called 
the TALMUD, or Instruction. 
About A. D. 500, the Babylonian 
rabbins composed another Tal- 
mud, written in a clearer style, 
and not quite so full of absurd- 
ities. It makes ten or twelve 
large folio volumes ; but there 
is an abridgment by Maimon- 
ides, a distinguished Spanish 
Jew, of the twelfth century 

The Roman Catholics are fond 
of traditions, and hold to many. 
The word of God, however, is 
our only guide in faith and 
practice ; and whatever has no 
warrant theie ought not to b 



TRE 



291 



TRI 



ftmsidered binding. Before the 
New Testament was completed, 
and while the apostles remained 
to examine traditions, it was 
proper for Christians to regard 
such as were by them sanctioned. 

2 Thess. 2 : 15. It would now 
be hazardous to trust in them 
At all ; and might be considered 
M adding U the word of God. 
Rev. 22 : 18. 

Trance, that state of a per- 
on's mind in whioh super- 
natural things are revealed to 
him. Paul was oast into a 
trance. Acts 22 : 17. And eo 
was Peter. Acts 10 : 10; 11 : 
5, Ac. 

Transfigure, is to change the 
outward form. The word is 
chiefly used in reference to the 
supernatural change in the ap- 
pearance of our Saviour on the 
mount. The word occurs only 
in Matt. 17 : 2, and Mark 9 : 2. 

Translate now means to render 
one language into another ; bat 
its signification in Scripture if, 
to transfer from one person or 
place to another The word 
and its derivatives are used five 
times in the Bible, viz., 2 Sam. 

3 : 10: Col. 1: 13; Heb. 11 : 5 ; 
ic the latter verse thrice 

Treasury, a place where pub- 
lic money is kept or managed. 
It was ihe name given to that 
part of *he Jewish temple where 
rtocd tne chests for collecting 
the voluntary contributions of 
the people ; over which wore 
the chambers for depositing the 
acred stores. Jo-ih. G:19. Jer 
38: 11. Matt 27 6 Luke 



21 : 1. JohnS : 20. Themoay 
collected in these chests was ap- 
propriated to the purchase of 
fuel for the altar, salt, Ac. 

Trees are useful, some for 
fuel, some for timber, some for 
medicine, some for dyeing, some 
for fruit, Ao. The Scripture 
mentions the palm, shittah, bay. 
cedar, chestnut, almond, willow, 
cypress, pine, ebony, almug or 
algum, oak, teil, apple, ash, elm, 
juniper, box, fir, oil, olive, cit- 
ron, balsam, pomegranate, fig, 
sycamore, sycamine, poplar, 
thyine, and mulberry. Trees in 
Palestine generally put forth 
their foliage in the month of 
January, when the old leaves 
of many trees are not fallen off 
The first blossoms are tho.se of 
the almond tree. Jesus CLrisl 
is called the " tree of life," be- 
cause by partaking of his ful- 
ness we attain life everlasting 
Rev. 22 : 2. Christians are called 
" trees of righteousness," be- 
cause like Christ, and yielding 
benefits to men. Ps. 1 : 3. 

Tribe, a division of people 
The tribes of Israel were tb<? 
descendants of Jacob's sons 
Jacob blessed both Manassel 
and Ephraiin, Joseph's sons 
which made thirteen tribes, ana 
yet no tribe of Joseph. The land 
of promise, however, was div ided 
only into twelve portions, be- 
cause the tribe of Lew, w,ts to 
be supported by tithes. There 
being twelve tribes who each 
paid the Levites a tenth of every- 
thing, their condition was more 
easy than the other tribes. Thi 



TRO 



292 



TRU 



49*9 assert, though without very 
gatisfactory proof, that each 
tribe had its appropriate banner, 
as follows : 

Judah, a Lion couching, Gen. 49: 9. 
Issachar, an Ass, " 14. 

Zebulou, a Ship, " 13. 

Reuben, a Man, " 3. 

Simeon, a Sword, " " 6. 

Gad, a Lion, Deut. 33 : 22. 

Ephraim, a Unicorn, ' 17. 

Manasseh, a Bull, " " 17. 

Benjamin, a Wolf, Gen. 49 : 27. 

Dan, a Serpent, " " 17. 

Asher, a Sheaf of wheat," " 20. 
Naphtali, a Hind, " " 21. 

The division of a people into 
tribes is still prevalent among 
the Arabs, Bedouins, Berbers, 
Moors, Scotch, American In- 
dians, &o. 

Tribute, money paid as a 
tax. Our Saviour, Matt. 22: 17, 
shows clearly that religion does 
not exempt men from civil 
duties ; and the apostle Paul 
recommends to faithful chris- 
tians to pay according to law. 
Rom. 13 : 7. See PUBLICANS. 

Troas, a city of Mysia, near 
the mouth of the Hellespont, 
four miles from the famous 
TROY, and built chiefly with 
materials from its ruins. The 
celebrated siege and capture of 
Troy occurred, according to Sir 
Isaac Newton, about 904 y-va 
0. c., or during the reign of j e- 
hoshaphat. Paul often preached 
at Troas, lodging with one Car- 
pus. Acts 16 : 8; 20 : 512. 
2 Tim. 4 : 13. A Christian 
church long existed here, but it 
is now extinct, and the place 
lies in ruins. 

Trogyllinin, a cape whiah 
formed a bay about five miles 



from Samoa, where the vassel 
in which Paul sailed to Maoe* 
donia made an anchorage for ft 
night. Acts 20 : 15. 

Trow, to think, or suppose ; 
to believe ; to trust. Luke 17 : 9. 

Trumpet, an instrument of 
loud music, still in common use. 
It was originally made of the 
horn of a ram or ox, and sub- 
sequently of metal. The bugle 
is a modern improvement of 
this instrument. On that new 
moon festival which commenced 
the Jewish civil year, that is, 
the first day of Tizri, was held 
the Feast of Trumpets. Lev. 23. 
Num. 29. See FEAST 

Trust, confidence in any per- 
son or thing. To trust in man 
is both sinful and vain. Jer. 
17 : 5. Trust in God should be 
sincere, Prov. 3:5,6; unreserved, 
1 Pet. 5:7; steadfast, Isa. 26 : 
4; and cheerful, Mic. 7 : 7. Such 
as trust God are safe, Ps. 125 : 
1; courageous, Ps. 27 : 1 3; and 
serene, Ps. 26 : 3. 

Truth, the positive matter of 
fact, contrary to falsehood. 
Moral truth is the conformity 
of words and actions to the 
thoughts of the heart ; as when 
a man speaks what he thinks, 
and is in reality what he seems 
to be. It is taken for the true 
principles of religion, the true 
doctrine of thr gospel ; and 
Jesus Christ, being the Author, 
is emphatically styled " the 
Truth," because he is the sub- 
stance of all the types. John 
14: 6. 



TWI 



298 



TYP 



TnrtW-dOYC, a well-known 
bird, often mentioned in Scrip- 
ture. 




In Ps. 74 : 19, it seems that 
by ^ being written f<. 
error very t , turtlr- 

dove has occurred in-- 
" con/V. 

cordingly stands in the 
gint and Syriac \ 
deliver not the soul of him that 
confesseth thee unto the multi- 
tude of the wicked." 

This bird, being common and 
cheap in Palestine, v, 
usual offering of very poor per- 
sons : a fact which illustrates 
tha humble condition of i/ie 
Virgin Alary, who offered a pair 
of them at her purification, in- 
stead of a lamb. 

Twilight, the light which con- 
tinnes after the sun has set, and 
commences before it rises. 1 
Sam. 30 : 17. Prov. 7 : 9. This 
h caused by the atmosphere, 
which, being thicker tha-. the 
space between it and tht, son, 
bends down or refracts the rays 
of light, and even makes the 
fun itself appear when it is Lo- 
neath the horizon. In the north- 
ern part* of Scotland, the sun 
25* 



sets but for a short time In th 
rewmer, and the twilight will 
enable a person to read even at 
midnight. Near the poles, twi- 
light continues for several weeks 
together, without the sun's 
rising. It then rises and ghinei 
uninterruptedly the whole sum- 
mer. Then the twilight of ser- 
eral weeks recurs, and after- 
ward the sun sets, to be seen n6 
more till the next summer. 

Typ 5 a person or thing, pre- 
figuring something relative to 
Christ or his church. These 
were numerous, as none of them 
could fully point out its anti 
typo ; and were a kind of rra. 
T things to come, 
as those uttered by the prophets 
'/'//. There were typical 
persons, as Ad m, Noah, Mol- 
chisedec, Isaac, Aaron, Joshua, 
David, Solomon, Jonah ; typical 
classes of persons, as Israelites, 
first-born males, kinsmen-re- 
deemers, Naiarites, high 
typical things, as Noah's ark, 
Jacob's ladder, the burning bush, 
the cloudy pillar, the water of 
Marah, the manna, the pool of 
Bethesda, the deliverance of th 
Hebrews from Egypt, their pas- 
sage through the sea, their 
travels in tho wilderness, their 
entrance into Canaan, their wan 
with the heathens, Ac. The 
typical institutions were circum- 
cision, sanctificatiou of fruit- 
trees, offering no base things to 
God, exclusion from the con- 
gregation of the Lord, wearing 
proper apparel, avoiding mixed 
garments, sowing mingled seed, 



TYB 



294 



TYE 



ploughing with oxen and asses, 
tendernesa to beasts, not muz- 
cling the treading ox, Ao. The 
typical places were Canaan, the 
cities of refuge, Jerusalem, 
Zion, the tabernacle, and the 
temple. The typical utensil* 
were the ark, the pot of manna, 
the table of shew-bread with ita 
loaves, the golden altar of in- 
cense, the golden candlestick, 
the silver trumpets, the brazen 
laver and sea, the brazen altar, 
Ac. The typical offerings were 
the burnt, the sin, the trespass, 
peace, and meat offerings, the 
drink-offerings, the anointing 
oil, ransom-money, tithes, first- 
fruits, things voluntarily de- 
voted, the ram caught in the 
thiaket, Ac. The typical sea- 
sons-were the time of the daily 
sacrifices, the Sabbath, the feast 
of new moons, tho passover and 
feast of unleavened bread, Pen- 
tecost, the feast of trumpets, 
the feast of tabernacles, the 
year of release, and the jubilee, 
Ac, The typical purifications 
were from the defilement of un- 
holy things, from childbirth, 
leprosy, infection by dead bodies, 
Ac. To him that discerns the 
evangelical signification of these 
various types, the narratives of 
the Old Testament are not a dry 
history, but appear replenished 
with the most useful instructions 
concerning our Saviour and his 
body the chnrch. 

Tyre, a vsry ancient city, 
possessing, for many ages, as- 
tonishing enterprise and wealth. 
IM. 23 : 8. It was founded by 



the Sidonians, about 240 yean 
before the erection of Solomon'* 
temple ; for Sidon being con- 
quered by the Philistines, many 
of the people, escaping in ships, 
established themselres at Tyre- 
Hence it it> called by Isaiah, 
"Daughter of Sidon." It was at 
first built four furlongs from the 
shore, on an island, but spread 
itself upon the opposite land. 

The period of its greatest 
prosperity seems to have been 
about B. c. 600, when it was 
described by Ezekiel, ch. 27. 
After a siege of thirteen years 
by Nebuchadnezzar, B. c. 537, 
it was overcome and ravaged. 
The insular city flourished for 
200 years, when Alexander 
stormed and took it, having with 
this intent built a causeway to 
it, out of the ruins of the old 
town. After many other changes, 
it at last fell under the Romans. 
It was the emporium of com- 
merce and the arts. Their ships 
found the way even to England, 
whence, among other things, 
they brought tin from the mines 
at Cornwall. Its kings swayed 
a powerful sceptre, and their 
colonies were scattered over all 
tho Mediterranean. 

The chief deities of the plao 
were Hercules and Astartt It 
belonged to the tribe of J*\cr, 
but was never wholly subdued. 
About A. D. 200, it was sacked 
by Niger, emperor of Rome. 
After this it flourished 500 years, 
under the Seljukian Turks, was 
then taken by the crusaders, and 
desolated A r. 1289, by thf 



UNB 



295 



UNO 



sultan of Egypt. It was seized 
by the Ottomin Turks, A. D. 
1516, who are to this day mas- 
ters of all thit country. The 
predictions of Isaiah and Eze- 
kiel, that this city, for its wick- 
edness, should be utterly de- 
stroyed, and which were uttered 
when it was in all its glory, have 
been most severely fulfilled. 
Isa. 33. Ezek. 26, 28. For a 
long time it was utterly desolate, 
but at length revived a little, 
and was of some importance 
during the Crusades, and was 
strongly fortified. In 1837 it 
nas almost destroyed by an 



earthquake. MATWDRELL found 
only a few miserable inhabit- 
ants, subsisting chiefly by fish- 
ing. A village adjacent then 
bore the name. There is now 
a considerable village built 
among the ruins ; the popula- 
tion of which Mr. Jowett esti- 
mates at about 1,500. Mr 
Connor reckons them at double 
that number. It is now called 
S'Awr or Zur t which was also iti 
most ancient name, and from 
which ' the whole country wai 
called STRIA. 
Tythefc See TITHES. 



TJ. 



rial, a branch of the Euphra- 
tes, on the banks of which Dan- 
iel had his famous vision. Dan. 
4. It is called in Greek authors 
Choas'pe*. Its present name id 



Unbelief, infidelity, or a dis- 
trust of any narrative, person, 
or doctrine. Unbelief of God's 
holy word is a universal sin in 
the world. It is the cause of 
disobedience to his commands ; 
and that man will be eternally 
condemned over whom It shall 
finally prevail. Matt. 13 : 68. 
It is a dreadful crime, as it 
inakes God a liar, rejects Jesus 
and his whole salvation. ~M is 
the root of all other sins lln- 
belief is either negative, in such 
as have not heard the gospel, 
%f ic the heaven, 1 Cor. 6 6 ; 



2 Cor. 6 : 14 ; or positive, as in 
those who, though they hear 
the gospel, and profess to re- 
gard it, yet believe not with 
their hearts. Luke 12 : 46. 
Tit. 1 : 15. Unbelief is either 
with respect to a particular dec- 
laration of God ; as when Zacha- 
rias discredited God's promise 
of a son to him, Luke 1 : 20 ; 
or universal, having respect to 
the whole declarations of God. 
It is either partial, importing 
some degrees of distrust, Mark 
9 24 ; or total, where there if 
no trust at all 1 Tim. 1 : 13. 

Unclean. Persons or things 
are unclean, (1.) Naturally; as 
dunghills, or hateful animals 
are unclean. Rev. 18 : 2. (2.) 
Ceremonially ; as persoru rho 
tc-iohed dead bodies, Ao. A 



UNI 



296 



great number of beasts were 
thus unclean. Nuinb. 19 Lev. 
11, 16. (3.) In scrupulous 
opinion ; so some meats were 
reckoned unclean by the prkf" 
tive Christians. Rom. 14 : 1 
(4.) Morally ; being polluted 
with sin ; so devils are " un 
clean spirits." Matt 10 : 1 
Undeanness means lewdness 
Rom. 1 : 24. 

Uncover, to remove a cover 
ing, as a veil, from the head. 
For females so to do in public 
assemblies was considered, in 
Eastern countries, highly im- 
modest. 1 Cor. 11 : 5. 

Unicorn, a fierce and power- 
ful animal, often mentioned in 
Scripture. It is generally 
thought to mean the rhinoceros, 
which has a strong horn between 
its forehead and nose, with 
which it rips up trees into splin- 
ters for food. Some have thought 
that the buffalo was the true 
unicorn. The pictures which 
represent the unicorn in the 
form of a horse, with a horn in 
its forehead, have generally 
been thought fictitious ; but I 
am fully persuaded that such an 
animal exists in Africa. Many 
sculptures on the ruins of Per- 
epolis exhibit it. Pliny de- 
scribes it as very fierce, resem- 
bling a horse, and with a horn 
Of three feet, projecting from 
the centre of its forehead. Bar- 
toma, a Roman traveller, in 
1630, saw two of these animals 
at Mecca, kept as great curiosi- 
ties, which had been received 
from Ethiopia Father Lobo 



saw unicorns in Abyssinia in 
1720. The Hottentots informed 
Dr. Sparman, in 1776, that 
horses, with oaie horn in their 
forehead, were sometimes seen. 
The Quarterly Review of Oct. 
1820, gives an account of uni- 
corns, seen by Frazier in Thibet. 
It is there called tsopo. It goe* 
in herds. Its hoofs are round, 
like those of a horse, but clo- 
ven. The camelopard was long 
regarded by naturalists as a 
fictitious animal ; it has, how- 
ever, been discovered by modern 
travellers, and brought to Eu- 
rope alive. 

Upharsin, one of tbe Chaldee 
words written on the wall at 
Belshazzar's feast, which signi- 
fies dividing. Why none of the 
Chaldean astrologers and learned 
men could read these words, 
Dan. 6 : 7, is not now known. 
Perhaps being all written as one 
word, they could not rightly 
divide the letters, or, possibly, 
only the initial letters of the 
words might have been written. 
PERES, which is used for this 
word in Daniel's interpretation, 
h. 6 : 28, is the singular of 
Pharsinj the letter U, put be- 
fore the latter word, answering 
to our word and. 

Ur, an ancient city of Chaldea, 
or Mesopotamia, where Terah 
and Abraham dwelt. Gen. 15 : 
7. Mr. Layard has a ade many 
nteresting discoveries here. He 
thinks it was a holy city, the 
region round being a vast ne- 
cropolis. In the excavation! 
f Assyria be found no coffin* ; 



CRI 



297 



UZ 



but here " there were thousands 
apon thousands." The present 
name is Urka, or Wwka. 

Crim and THUMMIM, literally, 
Kghts and perfections, mentioned 
Ex. 28 30, and Lev. 8:8. It 
seems probable that they were 
the twelve precious stones of 
the high priest's breast-plate ; 
on which were engraven the 
names of the tribes of Israel ; 
and that the letters, by standing 
out, or by an extraordinary 
illumination, marked such words 
as contained the answer of God 
to hin^ who consulted this or- 
acle. Many learned men are 
of opinion that the answer was 
given in an audilue voice from 
the Shechinah, or that bright- 
ness which always rested be- 
tween the cherubim over the 
mercy-seat. Ps. 80 : 1, and 90 : 
1. When the Urim and Thum- 
mim were to be consulted, the 
high priest put on his golden 
vestment, and went into the 
sanctuary, standing with his 
face toward the holy of holies. 
The Urim and Thummim wore 
never consulted in matters of 
faith, as in these the Jews had 
the written law for their rule ; 
nor in matters of small moment; 
but in case of doubtful duty in 
reference to providence and cir- 
cumstances, is one but priests, 
rulers, or prophets, were allowed 



to use the Urim and Thi 
1 Sam. 22 : 10. 

Usury, among the Jews, meant 
the customary price paid for th 
use of money. The word now 
means extortionate and unlawful 
interest. The law of nature 
forbids not the receiving of in- 
terest for the loan of money, 
any more than the taking of 
rent fur houses. As the Jewi 
had very little concern in trade, 
and therefore only borrowed in 
cases of necessity, and as their 
system was calculated to estab- 
lish every man's inheritance to 
his own family, they were pro- 
hibited to take usury from their 
brethren of Israel, at 1 
they were poor. Ex. 22 : 25. 
Lev. 25 : 3537. They were 
allowed to lend money upon 
usury to strangers. Deut. 23 : 
20. 

Uz. (1.) The grandson of 
Shem. Gen. 10 : 23. (2.) A 
Horite. Gen. 36 : 28. (3.) The 
country of Job, the situation of 
which has called forth rnucL 
learned labor. Calmet, who 
thinks Job is the Jobab men' 
tioned Gen. 36 : 33, places it in 
Moab. Good, in the preface to 
his commentary on Job, insists, 
with large an ay of proof, 
th.it it was in Arabia Petrea, 
fcnd was the same which aftr. 
ward was called Idumea 



VAI 



298 



VAN 



V. 



Vail, or VEIL, whatever hides 
Anything from being seen. The 
vail which divided the holy of 
holies from the holy place, in 
the Jewish taber- 
nacle, was a type of 
the human nature 
of Christ, and also 
of the separation 
between the Jews 
and Gentiles ; but 
was rent in twain at 
our Saviour's death, 
and the separation 
is now removed by 
the preaching of the 
gospel to the Gen- 
tiles. Heb. 10 : 20. 
Eph. 2 : 14. Matt. 
27 : 51. The vail of 
ignorance, blindness, and hard- 
ness of heart, which kept the 
Jews from understanding the 
spiritual sense and meaning 
of the law, caused them to 
crucify the Saviour, resist the 
introduction of the new cove- 
nant, and reject tb.3 gospel light, 
ia still a hinderance to the ex- 
tension of the Redeemer's king- 
dom John 9 : 39. 2 Cor. 3 : 
14, 15 Women disgraced them- 
selves by appearing in public 
without a vail, 1 Cor. 11 : 3 
10 ; especially, perhaps, as it 
was the chief and almost the 
only difference between the 
dress of women and men In 
Syria, Egypt, Ac., these slose 
vails are still worn. To lift up 
a woman's vail was a gross in- 
tuit ; much more to take it 



away. See Caut. 5 : 7. (8 

POWEB.) 

There were various forms ot 
the vail ; some covered th 




whole perse n, others only the 
bust. They were by no means 
so transparent as those now 
commonly worn, but entirely 
concealed the face. That of 
Ruth was strong as well as large 
enough to hold six measures of 
barley. Ruth 3 : 15. The vail 
was, and is still, so adjusted as 
to expose one eye, that the 
woman may see to go about ; 
which explains Cant. 4 : 9 
When alone, or in the country, 
they lay aside the vail, but drop 
it at the approach of a stranger; 
as Rebecca did on meeting 
Isaac. 
Valley of Hinnom. See To- 

PHET. 

Vanity, emptiness. The term 
is applied in Scripture to th 
world, as unsatisfactory, Ecol 



VAP 



209 



VIN 



I ; 1 ; to idola, Deut. 32 21 ; 
J Kings 17 : 15 ; Jer. 14 : 22 ; 
Acts 14. : 15, and very many 
other places ; to mean deceit- 
fulnes,", Ps. 4:2; to whatever 
disappoints our hopes, Ps. 60 : 

II ; to iniquity, Ps. 119 : 37. 
Vapor, water combined with 

so much heat as to cause it to 
rise in a gaseous form. Its 
expansive force is greater than 
even that of gunpowder, and the 
moderns have discovered the art 
of making it eminently useful 
in propelling engines for boats, 
factories, mines, Ac. The steam 
engine is the noblest aid ever 
contrived by human ingenuity. 
By its means a single bushel of 
coal can do the work of ten 
horses for one hour. 

Vapor raised by the sun is 
held by the air, till it accumu- 
lates in clouds, and by electric- 
ity, or some unexplained cause, 
descends in rain. Ps. 135 : 7. 
Vapor is a wonderful evidence 
of the wisdom and goodness of 
God. Jer. 10 : 13, and 51 : 16. 
By evaporation we obtain rain, 
mist, dow, <tc. By its constantly 
passing from the human body, 
man is enabled to sustain the 
heat of every climate. By the 
extraction of vapors from the 
earth, the air is cooled and made 
refreshil" ^ Without evapora- 
tion, grain nd grass couli not 
oe cured for use, clothes could 
not be dried, if washed. In 
fine, a great variety of common 
operations on which our com- 
fort depends, oould not be per- 
formed. The occasional drying 



winds of Afric fc carry wilb them 
terror and death. See WIND 
Well does David, therefore, rep 
resent the vapor as praising 
God, and "fulfilling his word." 
Ps. 148 : 8. Human life is com- 
pared, for frailty and transitori- 
ness, to a vapor. James 4 : 14. 
Verily, truly. When spoken 
twice at the beginning of a re- 
mark, it denotes a strong and 
solemn affirmation. 

Vestment, a word which oc- 
curs in Scripture only in 2 Kings 
10 : 22, and there means the 
sacred robes of pagan priests 
The vestry was the place where 
they lay, and were put oS and 
. A vesture is chiefly an up- 
per robe. Deut. 22 : 12. Christ's 
having his " vesture dipped in 
blood," and inscribed with this 
name, " King of kings, and Lord 
of lords," imports that in con- 
quering and destroying his ene- 
mies, he mightily shows hit 
sovereign power and dominion. 
Rev. 19 : 13, 16. See RAIMENT. 
Vetches. See FITCHES. 
VIL See CENSKII. 
Vine, one of the most promi- 
nent productions of Canaan, and 
flourishing best in the lot of 
Judah, which contained the 
mountains of Engedi, and the 
valleys of Eshcol and Soreft, 
Gen. 49 : 11. At the present 
day, a single cluster from those 
vines will often weigh twelve 
pounds; ant*. %s the whole coun- 
try is now Comparatively neg- 
lected and barren, it is probable 
they once were much larger 



VIN 



800 



VIN 



Hence the spies, to avoid bruis- 
ing the fine specimens they 
brought to Moses, hung them on 
pole, borne by two men. The 
grapes of Egypt being small 
and poor, we can easily imagine 
the surprise of Joshua and the 
other messengers when they 
found such grapes. Profane 
authors speak of the excellent 
wines of Gaza, Sarepta, Libanus, 
Baron, Ascalon, and Tyre. Bo- 
chart says a triple produce is 
gathered from the same vine 
every year. Notwithstanding 
the very depressed condition of 
Canaan, it even now exports 
rast quantities of grapes, raisins, 
and inspissated grape-juice (or 
honey of raisins, as it is called), 
into Egypt. 

The vine of Sodom grows near 
the Dead Sea. Its grapes are 
bitter, and considered poisonous. 
Moses compares rebellious Is- 
rael to this plant. Deut. 32 : 
32. 

Wild Grapes were the fruit of 
A wretched plant, called by LIN- 
N.fiU8 vitis labrusca. They were 
good only for vinegar. See Isa. 
6 : 24 ; Jer. 2 : 21. 

Sitting under vines was, and 
is still, common in the East, 
where the houses are often 
small, and the weather warm. 
Gen. 18 : 8 Jud. 6 : 19. Zeoh. 
$ : 10. A period of security 
and repose is indicated by every 
one sitting under his own ~ine. 

Vinegar, an acid commonly 
derived from saccharine fer- 
mented liquors. When distilled 



it becomes colorless, and is in 
creased in strength. It seen* 
that sour wine was called vino 
gar. Thus Matthew says, " they 
gave him vinegar to drink, 
mingled with gall ;" whereas 
Mark tells us, " they gave him 
to drink wine mingled with 
myrrh." Boaz told Ruth that 
she might partake of the vinegar 
provided for his harvesters. Dr. 
A. CLARKE says, " It was a com- 
mon custom to administer a 
stupefying potion, compounded 
of sour wine, frankincense, and 
myrrh, to condemned persons, 
to alleviate their sufferings ; or 
so to disturb their intellect that 
they might not be sensible of 
them." The rabbins grounded 
this on Prov. 31 : 6. Our Lord, 
of course, refused such aid. By 
his first tasting, before refusing 
it, we may infer, that if it had 
been merely adapted to quench 
thirst, it would not have been 
refused. Laborers in harvest 
refreshed themselves with this 
weak wine, or vinegar. Ruth 
2: 14. 

Vineyard, a piece of ground 
planted with vines. The vine- 
yard was prepared with great 
care, the stones being gathered 
out, a secure fence made rouud 
it, and a scaffold, or high sum- 
mer-house, built in the centre, 
where, as the fruit ripened, a 
watchman was stationed, and 
where there was always shelter 
for the workmen at their meals, 
and a suitable place to keep th* 
tools. Isa. 5 : 17. Matt ') 



VIS 



801 



VOW 



13. This was, of course, de- 
aertod at other seasons of the 
rear. See Isa. 1 : 8. 

Viper, a serpent which brings 
forth its young alive, and not, 
as is generally the case, by eggs. 
Et seldom exceeds eighteen 
inches in length. There is no 
creature more malignant and 
venomous ; the bite of some 
species produces death in a few 
hours. See Job 20 : 1G. Isa. 
SO : 6. HARRIS is sure that the 
44 cockatrice," mentionei Isa. 
59 : 5, is a viper. 

Virgin. (1.) A virtuous un- 
oiarried woman. Isa. 7 :. 14. 
(2.) The word is often used for 
a nation or people. Isa. 47 : 1. 
Lam. 2 : 13. (3.) The people 
of God are often spoken of un- 
der this term. Matt. 25 : 1. 
Rev. 14 : 4. 

Papists make it a great point 
to insist that the mother of our 
Lord was always a virgin ; which 
is absurd. 

Virtue, energy to produce an 
effect ; courage, 2 Pet. 1 : 3 
5 ; holiness of heart and life. 
The latter is now its more com- 
mon signification, but in denn- 
ing it writers are not agreed. 
Some define it " universal be- 
nevolence ;" others " the imita- 
tion of God ;" others " a wise 
regard to our own interest ;" 
others u moral goodness. ' We 
may say, it means in general 
whatever is opposed to Hoe. 
Phil. 4 : 8 

Vision, a supernatural ap- 
pearance of men and things to 
the mind of a person not asleep. 
26 



Acts 9 : 10. 2 Cor. 12 : 1. Thw 
has God often shown his people 
what eye had not seen, nor ear 
heard. See DREAM. 

Vocation, the gracious act of 
God, by which, through hi* 
word, he calls sinnors out of the 
bondage of the world into the 
liberty of the gospel *nd the 
fellowship of Christ. Matt. 11 
28. 2 Tim. 1 : 9, Ac. 

Voice, in general, signifies 
any kind of noise, whether made 
by animals or things. God'i 
voice is, (1.) The thunder 
which loudly declares his ex 
istence and providence. Ps. 29. 
(2.) His laws, teaching, and 
s ; in which he declares 
his will to men. Ex. 15 : 26. 
(3.) His providences, wherein 
he publishes his own excellences, 
awakens us from our stupidity, 
and calls us to our duty. Mio. 
6 : 9. Am. 1:2. To mark 
John Baptist as not the true 
Messiah, but a proclaimer of 
his appearance, he is called a 
voice. Isa. 40 : 1. 

Volume. See BOOK. 

Vow, a sacred promise, made 
to God, to leave off some sin, 
or to perform some duty. Gen. 
28 : 20. A general vow of 
evangelical obedience is made 
at baptism. The word is now 
usec in an inferior sense to sig- 
nifj an oath, or solemn assur- 
ance to a person. 

The use of vows and prom? set 
is very observable in Scripture, 
from the earliest times. Gea. 
28 : 22. The Mosaic law gave 
distinct roles for their 



WAL 



802 



WAN 



lion. The vows of children were 
not valid, except ratified by 
parents, Numb. 30 ; nor those 
of a wife, except known and 
unforbidden by the husband. 
A common mode of uttering 
voirs was, " God do so to me, 



and more also, if," &t Se 
COBBAN. 

future, a species of eagle, 
belonging to the order acctpitar 
It is of great rapacity, and feeda 
on carrion. Lev. 11 : 14. It if 
called the glede, Beat. 14 ; 13. 



W. 



Wafer means in Scripture a 
flat cake, used in Jewish wor- 
ship. Ex. 29 : 2. Lev. 2 : 4, 
and 7 : 12. Numb. G : 19. 

Wages. See REWARD. 

Wagon. The Hebrew word so 
translated is also in some places 
rendered cart. Numb. 7:3. 

Waiters, in the East, while 
attending their masters, are sel- 
dom spoken to, but are governed 
by motions of the hand ; es- 
pecially when waiting on the 
table. Servants therefore stand 
and watch every motion of their 
master's hand. See Ps. 123 : 2. 

Wailing for the dead is pur- 
sued as a profession in Egypt 
and some Eastern countries. Dr. 
Smith, in 1852, describes the 
women so employed in Egypt, 
as shouting and weeping with 
most violent appearance of emo- 
tion. They had mud on their 
faces and bosoms, and seemed 
in a perfect agony. See MOURN- 
ING. 

Walk, to move by leisurely 
steps. It is ofteoi used in Scrip- 
ture to denote conversation and 
marmr of life ; and to walk in 



darkness is to live in a course of 
ignorance and sin ; to walk in tht 
light, is to live in the ways of 
truth and holiness ; to walk by 
faith, is to rely upon Christ for 
salvation, and to live in the 
firm belief that the promises of 
the word will be fulfilled and 
accomplished ; to walk through 
the fire, Isa. 43 : 2, is to be exer- 
cised with many afflictions ; to 
walk after the flesh, is to be guided 
by the sensual appetites, or dic- 
tates of corrupt nature ; to walk 
in the flesh, is to live a natural 
life ; that is, subject to many 
infirmities and calamities ; to 
walk with God, is to live in secret 
communion with him, and en- 
deavoring above all things to 
please him, and to be approved 
of him ; to walk after the Spirit, 
is to be led by his counsels and 
motions to order our whole con- 
versation according to the rule 
of God's word. 

Wandering, a term applied to 
the journeys of Israel through 
the desert. Dr. Robinson, in 
hif late tour, visited some of 
the places where the Hebrew* 
encamped, and found every fe.v 



803 



WAS 



ture of the country tc corre- 
spond with the Bible account 
Bee WILDERNESS. 

War, a contest of nations 
carried on by force. War inva- 
riably originates m the wicked 
passions of men. Jam. 4 : 1 
3. Luke 2 : 14. It is an awful 
mass of evils and crimes, and 
has been permitted by a right- 
eous God to scourge the nations 
whose lusts drive them to its 
perpetration. Murder, robbery, 
Sabbath-breaking, violation of 
chastity, neglect of every do- 
mestic duty, waste of treasure, 
pride, revenge, jealousy, and 
stratagem, are the natural and 
necessary fruits of war. 

The implements of war have 
been constantly becoming more 
deadly. The inventory of Uz- 
ziah's arsenal was " shields, 
spears, helmets, habergeons, 
bows, and slings." Afterward 
he invented machines to shoot 
stones from the ramparts. 2 
Chron. 26. About 100 years 
after, we find battering rams 
wer used. Ezek. 4 : 2. How 
different are the present modes 
of attack and defence ! What 
misdirected ingenuity and sci- 
*nce have been employed in 
rendering man a more dreadful 
destroyer ! God commanded the 
Hebrews to destroy the Canaan- 
ites ; but the wicked wvs of 
the world derive no authority 
from that circumstance The 
Jewish wars may fairly be oon- 
idered in the light of execu- 
tions. At any rate, there was 
txpress divine command, which 



will not be pleaded foi any 
modern war. 

Christ is the Prince of 
peace ;" his doctrines inculcate 
"peace on earth;" and when 
his kingdom shall universally 
prevail, " the nations shall leirn 
war no more." Christians should 
therefore be men of peace, and 
should use all proper exertion! 
to banish war in all its forma 
from the earth. Matt. 5 : 9. 
Rom. 12: 18. Peace societiei 
have of late done much to en 
lighten the public mind on this 
weighty subject. It is certain 
that before we can have the full 
millennium, wars must a 

The struggle iu a Christian's 
bosom, between the powers of 
grace and nature, is called a 
warfare, Rom. 7 : 23 ; and a per- 
severance in this contest, doing 
our duty among all difficulties, 
is " fighting the good fight of 
faith." 1 Tim. 0:12. 

Wash, to bathe, or purify 
The Jews washed before eating, 
as they used their hands instead 
of knives and forks. Mark 7 : 
3. KITTO says that when some 
* remarked that our 
Lord ate with uuwashen hands, 
they did not mean that he did 
not at all wash the hands, bat 
that he did not plunge them ac- 
cording to their own practice. 
Strangers and travellers had 
heir feet washed by a servant. 
jFor the master of the house to 
do it was esteemed the greatest 
condescension. John 13 : 8. 

No Jew entered a house with- 
( ut removing his shoes or san. 



WAT 



804 



WAT 



Jala ; nor do Orientals to this 
day. We see the propriety of 
this when we consider that 
chairs not being used, all sat 
upon the floor, which, therefore, 
must be kept very clean. 

Washing of feet. From what 
is said above, and other reasons, 
this is not a Christian ordinance, 
to continue in the church. It was 
an act of hospitality, Gen. 18 : 4 ; 
Jud. 19: 21; appropriate at the 
time, but now, at least in Euro- 
pean countries, and in America, 
no longer useful, and of course 
no longer required, either by 
hospitality or humility. But we 
must be very careful to study 
and practise the lesson our Lord 
teaches, John 13 : 4 15, or we 
shall bring a snare and great 
guilt upon our souls. Affection- 
ate attention and lowly services 
to our fellow-christians, are in- 
dispensable to a correct Chris- 
tianity. 

Wash-pot, a word applied to 
Moab, to show a determination 
to bring that people to the low- 
est degree of servitude, even as 
a vessel in which the hands or 
feet are washed. Pa. 60 : 8. 
Compare 2 Sam. 8 : 2. 

Watch, a guard ; the period 
that a g-uard kept watch. The 
night was anciently divided by 
the Jews into three watches ; 
the first, Lam. 2 : 19, the middle., 
Jud 7 : 19, and the morning 
watch, Ex 14 24. Thie 3-vis- 
ion is also mentioned by bonier, 
Livy, Xenophon, <fco. In the 
time of Christ, the night was 
livkiid by Jews into fiur 



watches, which was then tb 
common practice of the Greek* 
and Romans. The second and 
third of these divisions are men- 
tioned Luke 12 : 38 ; the fourth 
Afott. 14 : 25, and all of them 
Mark 13 : 35. These watches 
differed according to the length 
of the night, which in Palestine 
varies from fourteen hours 
twelve minutes to nine houra 
forty-eight minutes. 

The practice of having watch- 
men patrol cities in the night 
was of very ancient origin ; as 
we see from Isa. 21 : 5 ; Sol. 
Song 3 : 3, and 5 : 7, &o. 

Watchful, vigilant to guard 
against dangers. Watchfulness 
is often and urgently inculcated 
upon Christians. We must be 
watchful against the temptations 
of Satan, Horn. 10 : 12 ; the 
allurements of the world, Pa. 
39 : 1 ; Mark 8 : 15 ; the deceit- 
fulness of our hearts, Heb. 3 : 
12 ; erroneous doctrines ; and, 
in short, against whatever would 
hinder our piety and usefulness. 
We are to watch for the teach- 
ings of Providence, Ps. 5:8; 
the fulfilment of prophecies, 
Rev. 16 : 15 ; righteous deliver- 
ance from trouble, Ps. 130 ; 
proper topics, spirit, and seasons 
of prayer, Eph. 6 : 18 r death 
and judgment, Mark 13 : 37. 

ffater occupies a large por- 
tion of the globe. Moisture 
raised by the sun, in the form 
of vapor, being carried about 
in the air, and meeting in a col- 
lective mass, produces clouds, 
and falls dovn in dew or rtin, 



WAT 



905 



WAT 



More rain falls on high than on 
low ground, and the water en- 
tering through crevices on the 
hills, and finding its way through 
the earth to the surface, pro- 
duces springs. The streams of 
these uniting, form brooks, 
which unite into rivers ; and 
After adding to the beauty of 
the country, and accomplishing 
very many useful purposes, 
empty themselves into the sea. 
Water is 816 times heavier 
than common air ; a pint of it 
weighs a pound, and a cubic 
foot about 1000 ounces, or 62} 
pounds. Ice is crystal- 
ized water ; and by a 
remarkable exemption 
from the common laws 
of heat, becomes lighter 
as it grows colder. In 
this are strikingly ex- 
emplified the wisdom 
and goodness of God. 
Dreadful would have 
been the consequences 
if, like other fluids, water 
had grown heavier by 
loss of heat. In winter, 
the ice on the surface of 
rivers would have sunk 
as it froze, in successive 
sheets, until the whole 
would have become a 
mass of ice, which no 
Bummer could thaw ; and the 
world would have become unin- 
habitable. As it now is, no 
sooner is a crust of ice formed, 
than the water beneath is pro- 
tected from further cold ; fisres 
are safe, water abundant, and 
the moderate warmth of spring 
26* 



unbinds the stream. Such kf 
the wonderful work? of Him, 
who, in infinite wisdom, and by 
almighty power, created th 
heavens and the earth. 

In the East, streams of water 
are not common, except in Pal- 
estine, and some few other parts. 
Gardens and fields are watered 
with great labor, without a drop 
of rain for months. The plan 
in Burmah for doing this, is 
given in my " Travels in Asia.** 
The Egyptian mode is shown 
below, from two of their own 
pictures. The upper figures ar 




dipping up, to carry to houses. 
We have in this country littl 
idea of the value of water to 
those who dwell ooder an ardent 
sun, and bave at rain for six 
months in a year. It was often 
paid for in ancient days, Numb. 
20 : 1719 ; Lam. 5:4: wrf 



WAY 



806 



WEE 



inch c< ntinues to be the custom 
to this day. Great expense was 
incurred in constructing reser- 
voirs in large cities, and pools, 
wells, Ac., <fcc., in farming dis- 
tricts. 

Water, when disturbed, sig- 
nifies troubles and afflictions. 
PB. 69 : 1. But flowing in all 
the plenitude and beauty of 
usefulness, it represents the 
gifts and comforts of the Holy 
Spirit. Isa. 12 : 3 ; 35 : 6, 7. 
John 7 : 37, 38. In Scripture, 
Crater ia used for all sorts of 
drink, as bread is for all kinds 
of solid food. 

Water-courses are either the 
beds of rivers, wherein they 
run, or the streams themselves. 
lea. 44 : 4. 

Water-SpoatS are falls of 
water from the clouds, which 
are whirled round by tornadoes, 
BO as to form a column ; or 
which are forced with a mighty 
noise from the sea, by an earth- 
quake at the bottom. They are 
more frequent on the coasts of 
Palestine and Syria than any- 
where else in the Mediterra- 
nean Sea. To them are com- 
pared heavy, overwhelming, and 
terrifying visitations. Ps. 43 : 
7. 

Way, a path for travellers. 
The word is frequently ased to 
aignify the habits of a perse n, 
or the method of doing any- 
thing. Gen. 6 : 12. Jer. 10 : 
2. The customary dealings of 
God are called his way. Ps. 25 : 
10. lea. 65: 8. Christ is "the 
way, the truth, and the life ;" 



and his salvation is the " uew 
and living way'* of access t 
God. Heb. 10 : 20. Jehovah's 
precepts are the " way of truth," 
2 Pet. 2:2, and those who obey 
shall find them to be " ways of 
pleasantness and peaoe." Prov. 
3: 17. 

Way-Marks* The road in 
desert parts of Egypt and other 
countries is often marked by 
heaps of stone, or brick pillars. 
Jer. 31 : 21. These are neces- 
sary where moving sands often 
obliterate the track. Jer. 6 : 
16. Isa. 3 : 12. 

Weasels are of two kinds, 
the house and the fiel-d weasel. 
They are subtle and strong, 
though of small size. The? 




prey on serpents, moles, rats, 
mice, and sometimes on poultry. 
Occurs in Lev. 11 : 29, only. 

Weave. The art of weaving 
was more perfect in Egypt an- 
ciently than in any other coun- 
try. Herodotus mentions it as 
a peculiarity that in that conn 
try it was done by men. The 
cotton and linen cloth found 
upon some mummies is very 
beautiful. 

Week, a division of time, 
universally observed by the 
descendants of Noah, wkioh 



WEI 



807 



WEL 



being lost by the Hebrews dar- 
ing their bt.ndage in Egypt, was 
revived and enacted by Moses. 
Beren years are called a week. 
Dan. 9 : 24. Tho undisputed 
antiquity of the use of weeks, 
is a strong confirmation of the 
Old Testament history of the 
creation, <fec. We find weeks 
observed by almost all nations, 
long before.the advent of Christ. | 
That they should divide time 
into days, months, years, <&c., ! 
is easily accounted for ; because 
these are natural division 
weeks are an artificial arrange- 
ment of time, and there is no 
more reason for numbering days 
by sevens, than by tens or fifties. 
To suppose that all nations fell 
upon the same method of count- 
ing, by chance, is absurd. 

The Jews often used the ex- 
pression eight days to mean a 
week ; BO do the Germans at 
this day. And we often say 
fortnight (or fourteen nights), 
when we men two weeks. This 
explains John 20 : 2G, where 
" eight days " means a week. 
See FEAST. 

Weeping. See under MOURN- 
ING. 

Weigh. (1.) To examine by 
wales. Ezek. 4 : 16. (2.) To 
inspect rigidly. Prov. 16 : 2. 
Tsa. 26 : 7. The shekel weighed 
ten dwt. Sixty of these made 
a maneh weighing two Ibs. six oz. 
Fifty manehs made a talent, or 
3000 shekels, weighing 125 Ibs. 
Such are the computations of 
HORSE ; but on this subject 
there is great uncertainty 



The weight of the 
was probably a standard of 
weight kept in the temple, and 
not doable the common weight, 
as some hare thought. Neither 
Josephus, Philo, Jerome, nor 
any other ancient author, speaks 
of *, distinction between the 
weights of the temple and those 
of common use. 

A cubic foot of common 
water weighs 1000 avoirdupois 
ounces ; a cubic foot of pure 
gold, 19,637 ounces ; of quick- 
silver, 14,000 ; of lead, 11,325 ; 
of standard silver, 10,535 ; of 
copper, 9000 ; of steel, 7852 ; 
of iron, 7645 ; of block tin, 
7321 ; of pure spirits, SCO. A 
cubio foot of common air weighs 
507 grains, or one ounce 27 
grains. God's weighing the 
mountains, imports his exact 
knowledge of, and power over 
them. Isa. 40 : 12. He weighs 
men, or their spirits and paths, 
when he exactly observes and 
judges them that he may punish 
or reward. Dan. 6 : 27. Prov. 
16 : 2. Isa. 26 : 7. 1 Sam. 2 ; 
3. 

Wells are of groat consequence 
in hot countries and travellers 
generally paid for using the 
water of them. Num. 20 : 17 
19. They frequently have 
steps round the inside, leading 
down to the water. But the 
common mode of drawing water 
in all the East \* "^presented in 
the engraving o* the following 
page. 

The oppression of Israel i 
forcibly exhibited iu Lao- . * 4 



WHA 



WHB 



<rbere the prophet says, " We 
have bought our own water for 
money; "that is, have to pay 
our foreign rulers for using the 
wells, though they are our natu- 
ral inheritance. 

The Hebrew word for well is 
beer. Many places have 'this 
prefix to their name, as Beer- 
aheba, <fec. This and many other 
circumstances teach us what 
great importance is attached, in 
torrid climates, to a good well 
of water. Abraham and Abiin- 
elech quarrelled for the posses- 
sion of one. The digging of 




one being in that day a great 
work, is connected with the his- 
tory of distinguished men. Gen. 
26 : 19. 2 Chron. 26 : 10. We 
should endeavor to conceive the 
vehemence of thirst in hot coun- 
tries where water is scarce, when 
we read such passages as Amos 
8 : 11, Ps. 42 : 2. 

The water of wells was called 
iving water t in distinction from 
water preserved in tanks and 
cisterns. 

Whale, a well-known animal, 
found in various seas. The nar- 
ratire of Jonah merely says he 
was swallowed by a groat fish ; 
whether it was the whale is not 
ertuiu, though the Greek word 



which usually eignifies whale Ii 
used in the New Testament 
Some have tlcught it the same 
as Leviathan. But of the latter 
it is said, the arrow cannot make 
fdmfl.ee ; that he is clothed with 
impenetrable scales. The whale 
has no such covering, and is 
easily harpooned. It has beea 
said that it could not have been 
a whale which swallo'wed Jonah, 
because whales are not found in 
the Mediterranean. But this is 
a mistake ; for though not com- 
mon in that sea, they are far 
from being unknown there. 

Wheat, a grain raised in most 
parts of the earth, of which is 
made the most esteemed bread. 
Being called corn in England, 
where the Bible was translated, 
it is often so called in Scripture. 
Matt. 12 : 1. The ordinary 
kinds of wheat are well known. 
The annexed picture shows the 




species ccmmon in Egypt, and ii 
such as appeared to Pharaoh in 
his dream, who fuvw { sevei eari 
of corn come Uj apon one stalk, 
rank and good.*' Gen. 41 : 5. 
The wisdom of God is strikingly 



in the stalk of Egyptian 
wheat. If it were hollow and 
weak like ours, which has only 
to support one ear, it would 
break with the weight. But it 
is solidly filled with a sort of 
pithj and thus rendered suf- 
ficiently firm. The Holy Land 
produced wheat and barley so 
abundantly, that sixty or a hun- 
dred fold sometimes rewarded 
the husbandman. Gen. 2C : 42. 
Matt. 13 : 8. It was exported 
to neighboring countries in great 
quantities. 1 Kings 5:11. Acts 
12 : 20. 

It appears, from Ruth 2 : 14, 
2 Sam. 17 : 28, 29, and other 
places, that parched wheat con- 
stituted a part of the common 
food of the Jews, as it still does 
of Arabs, Indians, and other 
tribes who have not adopted 
modern refinements. To make 
it into meal, with such ma- 
ehinery as they then had, was 
laborious. See GRIND. 

Whirlwind. The word com- 
monly translated whirlwind, 
means more properly a storm. 
2 Kings 2 : 1. Job 38 : 1. It is 
itly used emphatically to 
denote the rapidity and sudden- 
ness of God's judgments. Jer. 
23 : 19 ; and 25 : 32. Prov. 10 : 
S5 

To reap the whirlwind, Hos. 8 : 
7, 13 to receive the terrible re- 
sults of our own folly. 

White Stone. The important 
passage, Rev. 2 : 17, alludes to 
ft custom of noting and perpetu- j 
ftting friendship, among Greeks 
%nd Romans, by dividing a peb- 



ble, and after each had inscrilefc 
his name on the flat surface, 
they were exchanged. The pro- 
duction of either half was suf- 
ficient to insure friendly aid, 
even from descendants. Voting 
was done by casting a white 
stone for approval, and a black 
one for rejection. 

Whet, to make sharp. God 
whets his sword, when he pre 
pares things in his providence 
for the execution of his judg 
ments. Deut. 34 : 41. Ps. 7 . 
12. 

Widow. Widowhood, as well 
as celibacy, was a reproach 
among the Jews, except when it 
was persisted in, avowedly out 
id to the deceased part- 
ner, or other good reasons. The 
widows spoken of in 1 Tim. 5, 
seem to be persons who acted as 
deacone&ses, or were supported 
by the church. When Paul 
says, 1 Tim. 5 : 16, "If any 
man or woman that believetb, 
have widows, let them relieve 
them, and let not the church be 
charged," it means that shris 
tians of both sexes are bound, 
if possible, to take care of wid- 
owed grandmothers, mothers, 
sisters, daughters, Ac. The 
passage shows also that the hav- 
ing of all things common ha4 
already passed away. 

Wilderness. (1.) A tract of 

land not cultivated like the 
generality of the country, but 
not wholly barren or desert. 
Joel 1 : 20. Such commonly 
derived their name from tht 
chief city adjacent, at ZM/oA, 






W1L 



810 



WIL 



Engeli, Judea, <fco. The fure- 
runner of our Lord resided in, 
Ihe wilderness of Judea, till he , 
commenced his public ministry. 
Ishmacl settled in the wilder- j 
ness of Paran ; and David took 
refuge from the persecutions of 
Saul, in the same ; in which the 
numerous flocks of Nabal, the 
Carmelite, were pastured. Such 
places, therefore, were not des- 
erts ; but thinly peopled, or 
less fertile districts. There was 
scarcely a Jewish town without 
a desert, or common, as we would 
say, attached to it. 

(2.) Places utterly waste, such 
as the wilderness where our Lord 
was tempted of the devil. A 
more dismal and solitary place 
can scarcely be found in the 
earth. About one hour's jour- 
ney from the foot of the moun- 
tains which environ this wilder- 
ness, rises the lofty Quarantania, 
which tradition affirms to be the 
mountain into which the devil 
carried our Saviour. It is, as 
the evangelist styles it, " an 
exceeding high mountain," and 
in its ascent both difficult and 
dangerous. It has now a small 
chapel at the top, and another 
half way up, built on a promi- 
nent part of the rock Near 
the latter are several caves and 
holes, occupied formerly by her- 
nrits, and even in present times 
by religious devotees, who re- 
pair thither to keep lent, in 
Imitation of our Lord's lasting 
In the wilderness forty days. 

The land of Canaan was en- 



vironed with wildernesses. *? 
read of those of Egypt, Etham, 
Shur, Sin, Sinca, Taamor, Ac. 
The forty years* wandering of 
th Hebrews was in a wilder- 
ness indeed, and by no means 
the common thoroughfare of 
travellers between Egypt and 
Canaan. The reason why Israel 
was turned into it we read 
Numb. 14. The only vegetable 
productions which meet the eye 
of the traveller in that fright- 
ful solitude, are occasional 
coarse sickly grass, a plant of 
senna, or saline or bitter herb, 
or acacia bush, which is gen- 
erally a shelter to innumerable 
snails. Moses calls it " great 
and terrible," " a desert land," 
" the waste howling wilder- 
ness." JeEemiah, with surpris- 
ing force and brevity, has ex- 
hibited those circumstances of 
terror, which the modern travel- 
ler details with so much pathos 
and minuteness. " The Lord 
that brought us up out of the 
land of Egypt, through a land 
of deserts and of pits, through a 
land of drought, and of the 
shadow of death, through a land 
which no man passed through, 
and where no man dwelt." 

(3.) The word is metaphori- 
cally used to signify things bar 
ren or unattractive. Ilenoe God 
asks the Hebrews if he had beea 
a wilderness to them. Jer. 2 : 
31. The Gentile world was 
Called such. Isa. 35 : 16. and 
43 : 19. The people of God ar 
represents i as in a wildernesf 



WIN 



811 



WIN 



irhil in tliia world, but favored 
with the presence of Christ. 
Bong 8 : 5. 

Wild-honey. See HOITET. 

Will, that faculty of the mind 
whereby a man freely chooses 
or refuses. Scripturally, to will 
anything is of nature, but to 
will what is good is of grace. Ps. 
110 : 3. John 8 : 36. Phil. 2 : 
13. The will of God may be 
known by reading his word, ob- 
serving his providences, and 
praying for his Spirit to en- 
lighten, instruct, and guide the 
soul. 

WillOW. The tree so 
in Scripture is thatwhi 
retains the name, and 
known. Isa. 15 : 7. 

Will-worship, something in 
the service of Go'l beyond divine 
requirement. All uncommanded 
mortifications and austerities; 
invocation of saints; burning 
candles in churches, &c., are of 
this nature, and of course dis- 
pleasing to God. Col. 2 : 23. 

Wimple, a hood, Isa. 3 : 22. 
The word occurs also Ruth 3 : 
15, and is there translated VAIL, 
which see. 

Wind, a flow of air from one 
place to another. There are 
trade winds, which blow con- 
itantly from east to west, and 
monsoons, which blow three or 
six months at once from one 
point, aa* as long from the op- 
posite. 

The Samiel, or Simoom, la 
most terrible wind of Eastern 
cantrie*. Coming over the vast 



desert* & Drings intense and 
suffocating heat and drynew, 
with billows of eand and dost, 
carrying with it "fiery streaks, 
like threads of silk : whoever 
copiously breathes it dies. It 
rarely lasts more than seven or 
eight minutes. If travellers lay 
their faces to the earth till it 
pass, they escape. Camels and 
other animals do this by in- 
stinct. It is, of course, most 
dangerous when it comes un- 
perceived in the night. Whole 
caravans are said to have per- 
ished in it. RUPPEL, a Gorman 
traveller, in 1818, found that, 
during this wind, the dust made 
it impossible to recognize even 
a camel at fifty paces. He also 
found it so charged with elec 
tricity, as to keep up a crackling 
noise, and create a pain like 
the pricking of needles. 

The preceding account will 
beautifully illustrate the follow- 
ing passages of Scripture : Job 
15 : 2, and 27 : 21, and 38 : 24 
Jer. 4:11. Ezek. IT : 10, and 
19 : 12. Hos. 12 : 1, and 13 : 
15. Jonah 4 : 8. Hab. 1 : 9. 
Ps. 103 : 15, 16. 

A whirlwind is a strong blast, 
which winds about in a circular 
manner. Multitudes of such 
blasts come from the deserts of 
Arabia; and out of one of them 
the Lord spake to Job. Isa. 21 : 
1. Job 37: 9, and 38:1. Whirl, 
winds sometimes sweep down 
trees, houses, and everything in 
their way. Prov. 10 : 26. 

Violent winds are computed 
to fly at the rate of 4000 feet la 



WIN 



812 



WIN 



mhrate ! They are of great 
Importance in preserving the 
purity of the atmosphere. The 
operations of the Spirit of God 
on the heart, by which ft spiritual 
change is wrought in the soul, 
are compared to tho blowing of 
the wind, the effect being evi- 
dent, but the manner incompre- 
hensible. John 3 : 8, 

Wiae, a liquor made from 
grapes, much in tho manner 
that cider is made from apples. 
No less than thirteen different 
Hebrew and Greek words are 
translated, in our Bible, by the 
word wine. These each refer to 
some particular kind or con- 
dition of wine, not now easily 
ascertained. 

There is no evidence that wine 
was known before the deluge. 
Noah was probably the first 
who preserved the juice of the 
grape, till by fermentation it 
became proper wine. Before 
him, men only ate grapes like 
other fruit, or drank the juice 
as just pressed from the fruit. 
This mode of drinking was com- 
mon in the days of Joseph. 
Gen. 11: 2. Noah, ignorant of 
its strength, fell into intoxica- 
tion. Gen. 9 . 20, 21. 

The Jews, after settling in 
Canaan, used wine of various 
sorts; of which the red seems 
to have been most esteemed. 
Prov. 23 : 31. Lsa. 27: i. Kev. 
14 r 20. The " mixt H.ie," 
Prov. 23 : 30, rendered in Isai4t 
65 : 11, " drink-offering," am/ 
mean wine rendered inure potent 
by the addit.',c/n of myrrh and 



other drugs, or of defrutum, thai 
is, wine inspissated by boiling 
it down. Homer speaks of Helen 
giving such wine to her gueste 
when oppressed with grief, to 
raise their spirits. Thus the 
drunkard is properly described 
as one that seeketh mixed urine, 
Prov. 23 : 30 ; and " mingles 
strong drink." Such wine wai 
given to malefactors before their 
execution, as an act of mercy; 
and was offered to Christ on the 
cross, but refused, as he desired 
no stupefaction. It was drank 
in the idolatrous worship of 
certain gods, as Bacchus and 
Venus. This explains Anios 2 : 
8, " They drank the wine of the 
condemned in the house of their 
god." 

The process of distilling ar- 
dent spirits from wine and other 
liquors was invented by the 
Saracens, several centuries after 
the death of Christ. 

Wine-press, a vat or cistern, 




sometimes above ground. 



WIN 



818 



WIS 



Hmoa sunk into the earth. It 
was divided into two parts, one 
being deeper than the other. 
Into the shallow compartment 
the grapes were thrown, while 
fleve ;al men trod them with 
their feet, and the juice ran into 
the lower part. This explains 
that fine passage, Isa. 63 : 1 5. 
See also Rev. 14 : 18. Jer. 25 : 
30. Tha* the mode of making 
wine is not materially altered, 
is seen by the engraving, which 
accurately represents the man- 
ner now practised in France 
and Germany. 

Wiunow, to clean grain by 
exposing it to the wind. This 
was done by tossing ft up into 
the air in a moderate wind. 

Winter, tl. !" cold, 

barrenness, and storms. In the 
torrid zone, which is about 3270 
miles broad, instead of winter, 
they have a rainy season, and 
vegetation thrives best during 
thi.s period. At the poles, nearly 
the whole year is winter, and 
awfully severe. Gen. 8 : 22. 
Spring and autumn are scarcely 
known. Vegetation starts sud- 
denly at the return of the sun, 
and soon comes to perfection. 
In Sweden, nine months are a 
severe winter. In Canaan, great 
men had their warm houses for 
the winter season, as well as 
eooler ones for the summer. Jer. 
36 : 22. Amos 3 : 15. The 
winter t^ro is wet and cold, 
especial, j between the 12th of 
Deo. and 20th of Jan. Matt. 
24 : 20. When the disciples 
Were told, Matt. 24 : 20, to pray 
27 



that their flight from the pre 
dieted ruin of Jerusalem should 
not be in the winter, it was not 
only on account of the cold, but 
the swollen state of the streams 
to be forded, especially in the 
hilly districts. 

Seasons of temptation, perse- 
cution, and distress, are likened 
to a winter. " Summer aud 
winter" may signify all the 
year long, or perpetually. Zeoh. 
14 : 8. To winter in a place, is 
to live in it during the winter 
Isa. 18 : 6. Acts 27 : 12. 

Wisdom, the power of judging 
rightly according to circum- 
stances. This is " worldly wis- 
dom." But spiritual wisdom, 
" which is from above," Jam. 
3 : 17, begins in the fear of 
God, and produces true piety 
in all our deportment. It is 
known by several properties. 
It is purr, making men careful 
to avoid defilement by sin. It 
is peaceable, under all the trying 
circumstances of life. It is 
gentle toward the infirmities of 
others, interpreting al) things 
for the best, and receding even 
from right for the sake of peace. 
It is easy to be entreated, making 
men yield to good counsel and 
sound reason. It is full of wcy, 
making us pity the afflicted, and 
ready to forgive those that have 
offended us. It is full of good 
fruits, of beneficence, liberality, 
and all other offices of humanity 
which proceed from mercy. It 
is without partiaiuy, not courting 
and favoring the rich and in- 
fluential merely because they 



WIT 



814 



WIT 



are a >, bat regardirg and loving 
men asoording to their piety. 
It is also without hypocrisy, not 
counterfeiting goodness, nor con- 
demning others, and yet being 
guilty of the same things our- 
selves. 

It is put for the Scriptures 
generally, Luke 11 : 49 ; for the 
doctrine of the gospel, 1 Cor. 2: 
6, 7 , and for our Lord Jesus 
Christ, the eternal and essential 
wisdom of God. Prov. 3 : 19. 

Wise men, or MAGI. The 
Magian religion existed an- 
eiently in Persia. It was so 
revived and extended by ZORO- 
ASTER that he has been regarded 
as the founder of the sect. They 
had temples, in which were kept 
perpetual fires. The priests of 
the Magi being the only learned 
mathematicians and philoso- 
phers of the age in which they 
lived, the term Magian became 
synonymous with learned man. 
The wise men, or Magi, who 
visited our Saviour at his birth, 
were probably Persian doctors, 
or perhaps 'princes, as the phi- 
losophers were frequently of the 
royal race. Matt. 2 : 1. 

Wist, a common word in the 
Bible, but not now used, though 
other words, derived from the 
game root, are. It comes from 
tuts, to think. Whence / wist, I 
did not think ; wistful, full of 
thought ; wistfully, earpHy ; 
Which Shakspeare writes *t*tly. 

Wit, an obsolete word for 
know; from which comes WOT, 
for knew Ex. 32 : 1. Acts 3 : 
17. " We do you l ,o wk," 2 Cor. 



8 : 1, means, we inform you. It 
is now used only in the infinitive 
mode, to wit, meaning namely, 
or that is to say. 

Witch is a woman, and wizard 
is a man, that has, or is sup- 
posed to have, dealings with 
Satan. In Europe, witchcraft 
was universally believed in till 
the sixteenth century, and' is 
still in most parts of the earth. 
Of late, in Europe and America, 
some have denied its existence 
altogether. That such persons 
have been found among men, is 
abundantly plain from Scrip- 
ture. Lev. 19 : 31. Deut. 18 : 
10, 11. 2 Chron. 33 : 6. Gal. 
5 : 20. By the Jewish law they 
were to be put to death. Ex. 
22 : 18. Lev. 20 : 27. It i 
plain that great caution is neces- 
sary in the detection and pun- 
ishment of those who may be 
guilty of this crime. 

Witchcraft excludes from the 
kingdom of God. Gal. 5 : 20. 
It is a great sin to place any 
confidence in persons who pro- 
fess these powers ; or to honor 
or aid them by seeking them to 
interpret dreams, tell fortunes, 
discover stolen goods, Ac. Those 
who thus consult them are ab- 
horred of God. Lev. 20 : 6. 
Nah. 3 : 4. Mio. 5 : 12. 

It is a deep disgrace to our 
country that professed astrolo- 
gers and fortune-tellers are 
found in our great cities, pat- 
ronized by many, and unmolested 
by law. To know what is future 
is the prerogative of God only. 

Withes, twisted bo-igha, bark. 



WOL 



815 



WOM 



willow. Ac., such as those by 
which fagots are bound together. 
Jud. 16 : 7, 8. 

Witness, one who gives evi- 
dence. The Holy Spirit "beareth 
witness" to our adoption, by 
producing in us the graces of 
Christianity. Rom. 8. Christ 
is called the " faithful witness," 
Rev. 1 : 5, because he faithfully 
declared the things of God, and 
sealed his testimony with his 
blood. The prophets and pious 
persons of the Old Testament, 
are a " cloud of witnesses " to 
the faithfulness and mercy of 
God. The apostles are < 
witnesses of the things they af- 
firm in the New Testament, be- 
cause they saw and heard the 
things of which they speak. 
They are credible witnesses, be- 
cause they had no interest to 
deceive, and suffered great hard- 
ships, and even death, for the 
Bake of their testimony. 

Wo is a word of mourning 
Ezek. 30 : 2. Ps. 120 : 6. A 
woe is a heavy calamity. Rev 
8 : 13. Matt. 23 : 13. Woful 
full of distress and sorrow. Jer 
17 : 16. 

The word is often used in the 
Bible in a sense far remove* 
from denunciation, and mean 
ing only a lamentation over th 
sufferings of ourselves or others 
as, "Woo is me," Ps 120 : 5 
Matt. 24 : 19, tc. 

Wolf, an animal of the do, 
kind, crafty, greedy, ravenous 
fierce, and of a quick smel 
Ifolves abide in forests, an 



ve on smaller animals 

: 15. They can bear 

ong, but are then exceedingly 

erce, and will attack either 

man or beast. Hence, in the 

vening, when they come hungry 

ut of their holes, they ar 

angerous. Jer. 5:6. The 

peoies most common in Syria 

Africa, <to., is the hyana. 

The name is applied to tyr- 
annical rulers, Zeph. 3:3; tc 
false prophets, Matt. 7 : 15 ; tc 
mercenary pastors, Acts 20 
29, &c. 

Woman. Before the fall the 
/Oman seems to have been more 
m a level with the man than 
since the curse, in which she 
seems to have been the greater 
sharer. In most parts of the 
world women are treated harsh- 
ly. So much is this the case in 
some countries, that mothers 
often murder their female in- 
fants, that they may not ex- 
perience such hardships as them- 
selves endure. The practice of 
polygamy, which has always 
prevailed among Eastern idola- 
ters, must always produce for 
woman every sort of contumely 
and suffering ; and the more, ai 
it is accompanied by capricious 
divorces, turning a helpless 
mother adrift with her offsp'^ng. 
" All Egypt is full of divoced 
women," says Dr. Sir.ith, in 
1852 ; and the same mav be 
said of other countries. This 
result is not surprising, when 
we remember that in those coun- 
tries there is no acquaintance 
before marriage, nofc eren to 



WOE 



816 



WOB 



inch M * sight of the woman's 
face ! See VAIL. 

In the Christian church women 
are raised to an equality with 
men in their religious privileges, 
but are not permitted to govern 
or teach. Gal. 3 : 28. 1 Cor. 
14 : 34. 

Rules fur female behaviour 
and dress are laid down, Tit. 2, 

I Pet. 3, Ac. ; and their duties 
towards their husbands, in 1 Cor. 
7. Eph. 5. 

Word, an intelligible sound. 
Any discourse is so called. Gen. 
37 : 14. Deut. 4 : 2. The term 
is applied to the sacred Scrip- 
tures. Luke 11: 28. Jain. 1:22. 

It is also a name of Christ. 
John 1. Hob. 4 : 1214, and 

II : 3 Why he is so called we 
are not expressly told ; perhajn 
because he is the intelligible 
indication of the Father's will 
and character, as words are of 
our thoughts, Heb. 1 : 2, 3 ; and 
because he spake creation into 
being ; communicated with the 
patriarchs and prophets ; de- 
clared the gospel when on earth; 
now intercedes in heaven ; and 
will give sentence at the last 
day. The true deity and per- 
sonality of the "Word" are 
shown, (1.) By the names given 
to him, Matt. 1 : 23, 1 Tim. 3 : 
16, Rom. 9 : 5, and many other 
places. (2.) By ascribing to 
him Divine attributes, as etemay, 
John 8 : 38, Rev. 1:8; m. lia- 
bility, Heb. 13 : 8, Ac. ; omnu- 
dence, John 20 : 17, Matt. 12 : 
25, Ac. ; omnipresence, Matt. 28 : 
19 ; amniptmce, Re> 1:8, Ao. 



(3.) By affirming of him Dmnt 
works : decreeing, John 18 : 
18 ; creating, John 1:3, Eph 
3:9; governing, John 5 : 17 
Col. 1 : 17, Heb. 1:3; and 
many other such acts. (4.) By 
authorizing Divine honors to be 
given him. John 3: 16. Matt. 
28 : 19. 

Work, anything done. Crea- 
tion is the work of God. Gen. 
2 : 2. The " works " of God'a 
providence a-re his preservation 
and government of the world. 
John 5 : 17. The "work" of 
redemption is attributed to the 
three persons of the Trinity ; 
the beginning is from the Father, 
the dispensation is through the 
Son, and the application by the 
Spirit. John 6: 29. 1 Pet. 1:2. 

By good works are understood 
all manner of duties, as well 
thoughts as words and actions, 
towards God or man, which are 
commanded in the law of God, 
and proceed from a pure heart 
and faith unfeigned, and are re- 
ferred to God's glory. Eph. 2 : 
10. Good works are the way 
to the kingdom, not the cause 
of entering thither. They are 
imperfect, Ecc. 7 : 20 ; and of 
course are not meritorious, Luke 
17 : 10. They are, however, the 
only evidence of our title to 
heaven. James 2: 18 20. They 
show our gratitude to God, Ps. 
116 ' 12, 13 ; are honorary to 
our i>rofession, Tit. 2 : 10 ; and 
profitable to men, Tit. 3 : 8. 

World. (1.) The earth and 
all the animals and vegetable! 
on its surface ; mankind gorier 






WOB 



817 



WBI 



ally. (2.) The universe and all 
created beings. John 1 : 10. 
(3.) The wicked, who relish and 
love nothing but worldly tb : Tg;s, 
and pursue only worldly designs. 
John 15: 13. (4.) The Gentiles, 
Rom. 11 : 12. (5.) The pleas- 
ares, riohes, and honors of the 
world. 1 Cor. 7 : 31. Man's 
tongue is a " world of iniquity ; " 
its words contain inconceivable 
wickedness. Jam. 3: 6. Worldly 
10 what is of a carnal and earthly 
nature. Tit. 2 : 12. Heb. 9 : 1. 

Wormwood, an herb of a very 
bitter taste. In the Septuagint, 
the original word is variously 
rendered, and generally by 
terms expressive of its figur- 
ative seise ; that is, for what is 
offensive , odious, or deleterious ; 
as idolatry, profaneness, apos- 
tasy, At. Dcut. 29 : 18. Heb. 
12 : 15. CELSIUS considers it to 
be the abainthum santonicum Ju- 
daicum, which RAUWOLF de- 
scribes as abounding round 
about Bethlehem. Prov. 6 : 4. 
Lam. 3 : 15. 

Worship, to bow down with 
reverence. It means, (1.) Civil 
reverence, given to persons of 
authority or worth. Matt. 9 : 
18 ; 18 : 2G. Luke 14 : 10. (2.) 
Outward homage, given as an 
acknowledgment of Deity. Matt. 
4 : 10." Dan. 3 : 5, 12, 14. (3.) 
Inward trust, love, and fear of 
God, because of his infinite ex- 
eellence and glory. Johp 4 : 
24. Phil. 3:3. 

The Hebrews usually prayed 
(n a standing posture in public, 
bo* knelt in private. They still 
27* 



stand to pray in synagogue* 
This posture was adopted bj 
the first christiari, and is uni 
versal among the Oriental 
churches. The practice of sitting 
in public prayer is of very re 
cent origin, and is much to be 
deplored. 

Wot, the past tense of wit, an 
obsolete word, meaning to know, 
to be aware ; a word not now 
in common use. Numb. 22 : 6. 
See WIT. 

Wrath. (1.) Violent di& 
pleasure. When it is attributed 
to God, it does not mean that 
be is capable of violent passion, 
but is used figuratively. To 
" give place to wrath " means, 
we must not provoke the wicked 
to extremities, but go away, as 
from a furious beast. Our days 
are " passed in God's wrath," 
when we spend them under 
tokens of his displeasure. (2.) 
Punishment, or the effects of 
anger. Rom. 13:4. Matt. 3 : 
7. 1 Tbess. 1 : 10. We are by 
nature " children of wrath ; * 
that is, persons fitted for de 
struction. Eph. 2 : 3. Rom. 
9: 22. 

Writing was taught aien by 
the inspiration of God, Ex. 17 . 
14 ; 24 : 4 ; the same as language 
was given them. The alphabets 
of all languages have a remark- 
able similarity to the Hebrew. 
A*, first, writing seeros to have 
been very rudely done, tr 
letters beirg cut or scratched 
on stone, Ex. 24 : 12 ; or on 
plastered stones, Deut. 27 : 2 ; 
or on clay, which was the? baked 






TEA 



818 



YBX 



like b.iok j or on plates of lead. 
Afterward tablets tf wood were 
used, on which the letters were 
traced. Then these were im- 
proved by covering them with 
thin wax, and writing with a 
sharp stick. To obliterate the 
writing, they were held to the 
fire ; hence God is said to blot 
out our sins " as a cloud." 
These were further improved by 
being made thin and delicate, 
so as to occupy little space, and 
be portable ; and writing with 
a species of ink, without using 
wax. 

Specimens of such writing, 
done by modern Burmans, Hin- 
dus, Chinese, &c., are found in 
the collection at the Baptist 
Missionary Rooms, in Boston, 
which were brought home by 




the author. The annexed en- 
graving shows the kind of book 



common in Burmah and rfla 
dustan. 

The lower figure holds one of 
these books in the hand, coa 
sisting of thirty or forty thin 
leaves in the shape of a paral- 
lelogram. The upper shows the 
manner in which they were 
wrapped up for preservation 
from dust, <feo. From this an 
illustration of Ps. 40 : 7 hia 
been given by TAYLOR, "In 
the volume of the book it ia 
written of me," which the 
LXX. render in the head of the 
book. CHRYSOSTOM describes this 
to be the envelope on which waa 
written, " About the coming of 
Messiah," which HARMER says 
amounts to this, that the sum 
and substance of the Old Testa- 
inent is, "Messiah corneth ;" 
so that these words might be 
ticketed or inscribed on the 
wrapper, just as we now letter 
a book on the back of the 
binding. 

The sharp instrument for 
writing was called a style ; hence 
we call a man's manner of writ- 
ing his style. Afterward, bark, 
<fcc., became used. See BOOK, 
and PAPER. 



Tear, a space of 
months. The Jews had \ t<-\ * 
civil and a sacred year ; in the 
first they regulated their ta- 
tional ojw<3i-ns, and, in the other, 



their religious affairs and festi- 
vals. The civil year commenced 
in the mouth Tisri, that is,, at 
the autumn 'il equinox ; Mid 
their sacred year in the 



YEA 



TEA 



tfcan, or ancient Abib, Ex. 12 : 
3, which corresponds either to 
March or April, according to 
xie passoyer moon. The sacred 
year was instituted as a new 
era to commemorate the deliver- 
ance of Israel from the yoke of 
the Egyptians. Ex. 12 : 2. It 
might be considered as a pres- 
age of the gospel day, because 
it began in the very month in 
which Christ was crucified, and 
thus put an end to the ancient 
dispensation. John 19 : 30. 

Every third yeai they added 
a month, to make up for the 
days lost in consequence of 
measuring the months by revo- 
lutions of the moon, which made 
the year consist of 354 days. 
This intercalary month they 
called Ve-adaTy or second Adar. 
See MONTH. 

Ignorance of chronology, and 
pride of antiquity, made the 
Egyptians, Chaldeans, Chinese, 
Indians, and- others, date back 
.ae rise of their own nation to 
the distance of a ridiculous 
lumber of years. It i9 now 
conceded that the creation oc- 
curred at or about 4004 years 
before the birth of our Saviour. 

The practice of numbering 
the years from the birth of 
Christ was not adopted for sev- 
eral centuries after that event. 
Different countries had different 
eras for commencing ; wch as 
the foundation of a metropolis, 
or the reign of a king. The 
last method was used in Eng- 
land till the time of Cromwell, 
when the Christian era was 



adopted. Anno Domini, geni- 
ally written A.D., meant yea* 
of our Lord. Anno Mundi, or 
A.M., marks the date from crea- 
tion 

There is much confusion in 
all chronology, from the incor- 
rect modes of computing the 
year practised by early nations. 
The use of lunar months, of 
29J days each, made the year 
too short. Many plans were 
adopted to regulate the year, 
but none came near making the 
lunar and solar year correspond, 
till Julius Cffisar, by the help 
of his astronomers, brought it 
nsiderable degree of ac- 
curacy. He abolished the lunar 
month, and established a solar 
year of 3r>5 days, 6 hours, di- 
vided into 12 artificial months 
consisting alternately of 30 ana 
31 days. The odd 6 hours in 4 
years made a whole day, vhich 
was added by counting the 24th 
day of February twice. The 
year on which this y/as done 
was called leap year. 

The new reckoning, howeeer, 
was not perfectly exact, for the 
true year consists of only 366 
days, 5 hours, and 49 minutes, 
so that the Julian year was 
eleven minutes too long. This 
surplus in 130 yewt amounted 
to a whole day, and in 1GOO 
years had created an error of 
ten days. In the year 1582, 
Pope Gregory XIII., at the in- 
stance of Lilio, the Roman as- 
tronomer, proposed to strike 
out this excess of ten days, and 
to omit three leap jeara is 



YES 



320 



YOK 



everj four oenturfes. This was 
tor a while called New Style, 
and was gradually adopted both 
by Catholic and Protestant 
states. It was not introduced 
into England till the middle of 
the last century [1752], at which 
time the difference amounted to 
eleven days. Russia has not yet 
acceded to this reform, and the 
difference now amounts to twelve 
days. So that the 12th day of 
the month with us is the first 
day of that month with her. 
Our present calendar is very 
nearly though not quite correct. 
The surplus, as now left, would 
amount only to seven hours in 
1000 years. 

In prophetic stylo a year sig- 
nifies 360 years, and a month 30 
years, a day being put for a 
year ; and so three years and a 
half, and " times, time, and half 
a time," or 42 months, or 1260 
days, denote the 1260 years' 
duration of Antichrist. Rev. 
11 : 2, 3 ; 12 : 6, 14. 

As parts of days were counted 
as whole ones, so were parts of 
vears, which helps to confuse, 
the chronology of some parts 
of the Old Testament. Though 
a king or judge came to the 
throne near the close of the 
year, yet when the new year 
began he was aaid to be in the 
second year of his government, 
though in fact he had reigned 
but a few months. 

Yesterday is a term used to 
denote past time, as to-morrow 
\M to denote time futui e Where 



our translation has " forerer," 1 
the original word in several 
places is to-morrow. What i 
rendered, Ex. 21 : 29, " time 
past," is, in the Hebrew, yester- 
day. Heb 13 : 8. Job 8 : 9. 

Yoke, a frame of wood for 
the neck of oxen, by which they 
draw ; a mark of servitude, 
bondage, or slavery. 

The service of God is, to flesh 
and blood, a yoke, becaruse it 
restrains our natural inclina- 
tions ; yet it is easy in com 
parison with the service of sin, 
the covenant of works, or the 
ceremonial law. Matt. 11 : 29, 
30. Gal. 6:1. It is easy to 
them that love God, and are 
born of the Spirit, because the 
law is written in their hearts ; 
they are endued with faith, and 
strengthened by Christ. Ps. 37 
In the ordinance of the red 
heifer that was to be slain for 
the water of separation, Numb. 
19 : 2, 9, it was expressly re- 
quired that she should be " with- 
out spot or blemish, and never 
have worn a yoke." As all the 
ancient institutions were de- 
signed to convey religious in- 
struction, we learn from this 
victim that our first services are 
due to God ; and, typically, the 
perfection of our Lord and Sa- 
viour Jesus Christ, whose blood 
cleanseth fr-tcn all sin. Hb. 9: 
13, 14. * John 1 : 7. With 
respect to the creature never 
having worn a yoke, the hea- 
then were particularly scrupu- 
lous en this point. Hence Hoiaei 



ZAC 



821 



ZAR 



represents Diomedea as prom- 
ising to Pallas 



" A yearly heifer, 



pressly forbidden that the porple 
of God should marry those who 
do not profess to serve him. 2 
Cor. 6 : 14. 1 Cor. 7 : 39. See 



Unconscious of the galling yoke." 

The term yoke is used in re- i^^ ^1*^*. 
lation to marriage, and it ia ex- 1 



Z. 



Zaeehe'us, a rich publican. 
Whether he was a Jew or not is 
ancertain. Publicans paid gov- 
ernment a certain, sum for the 
taxes of a specified district, and 
'iien collected them on their own 

ecount and risk This is called 
Burning a revenue. 

Zachariah, or ZECHARIAH. 
There were several persons of 
thisname. (1.) A king of Israel, 
who reigned but six months. 2 
Kings 15. (2.) A chief priest, 
martyred by king Joash. 2 Chr 
24. He is probably the person 
mentioned by 'our Saviour, Matt. 
23 : 35. (3.) One of the minor 
prophets, who returned from 
Babylon with Zerubbabel, A. v. 
3484, and began to prophesy 
*bout two months after Haggai, 
r about 520 before Chri 
ind Haggai zealously encour- 
ged the Jews to rebuild the 
lemple and city, the ^rork on 
which had been suspended for 
several years. (4.) One of the 
common priests, father of John 
Baptist. Luke 1. 

THE BOOK of Zechariah was 
written when the prophet was a 
young man The allusions to 
the Me? iah aie more frequent 



than in any other of the minoi 
prophets. Some of the predic- 
tions are yet unfulfilled. He 
died at a great age, having lived 
to see the ruined house of God 
restored. 

Za'dok, the son of Ahitub, 
appointed high priest by Saul. 
By this event that high office 
was returned to the family of 
Eleazar, after it had continued 
nearly 120 years in the house 
of Eli, and the family of Ith- 
amar. 

Znmznni'mims, a gigantioraoe 
of men residing near Moab 
Deut. 2 : 20. 

Zared, a brook beyond Jor- 
dan, falling into the Dead Sea. 
It is probably the stream whien 
Burckhardt calls Wady Bent 
Hammad. Deut. 2 : 13, 14. 

Zai'ephath, or SAREPTA 
where Elijah dwelt some time 
with a widow, was a seaport of 
Phoenicia, midway between Tyre 
and Sidon. 1 Kings 17 : 9, 10. 
Luke 4 : 26. About A.D. 400 
it was still of some not* It* 
present name ia Sarfend. 

Zar'etan, ZARTANAH, cr Ze 
RED'ATHAH, a place near to whictt 
the waters stood in heaps, M 



ZEB 82 

Joshua passed below. The large I 
molten vessels of the temple ( 
were cast in the adjacent plain. 
Josh. 3 : 16. 1 Kings 4 : 12. 
2 Chr 4 : 17. 

Zal, a fervent passion or 
earnest desire for anything, but 
especially in the cause of re- 
ligion. 2 Kings 10 : 16. Tit. 
2 . 14. Paul speaks of some 
Jews having a " zeal of God, 
but not according to knowl- 
edge," Rom. 10 : 2 ; that is, 
they had an earnest desire to 
maintain the honor of the ritual 
to which Lhey were accustomed, 
but knew not that righteousness 
whereby a person is justified 
before God. It is of unspeak- 
able importance that our zeal 
be enlightened and pure. When 
it is cherished in connection 
with ignorance, bigotry, or prej- 
udice, it leads on to fury, per- 
secution, and every evil work. 
John 16 2. Acts 9: 1, 2. God's 
zeal is his high and holy regard 
to his own honor, and to the 
welfare of his people. 2 Kings 
19 : 31. 

Zebolm. (1.) One of the 
cities of the plain destroyed with 
Sodom. Gen. 14. (2.) A valley 
near Jericho. 1 Sam. 12 18. 
(3.) A city of the Benjamltes. 
Neh. 11 : 34. 

Zebnlnn, or ZABULOS tne 
sixth son of Jacob by ijcah, 
born about A.M. 2256, from 
whom sprang one of the tribes 
of Israel. When this tribe came 
out of Egypt, tbeir fighting men 
amounted to 57,400 men, coin- 
nanied by liliab, the sou of 



a ZED 

Elon. They increased 3100 in 
the wilderness. They Lad their 
inheritance between the Sea of 
Galilee and the Mediterranean, 
and enriched themselves by fish- 
eries, commerce, and the manu- 
facture of glass. They were 
very honest in their dealings, 
and, notwithstanding the dis- 
tance, were punctual attendants 
on the worship of God at Jeru 
salem. Gen. 49 : 13. Their 
country was signally blessed 
with the early instructions and 
miracles of our Saviour Is* 
9 :1,2. Matt. 4 : 13, 15. There 
was a city of this name in the 
tribe of Asher. Josh. 19 : 27. 
Jud. 12 : 12. 

Zedekiah, the son of Josiah. 
When Nebuchadnezzar carried 
Jehoiachin, king of Judah, 
prisoner to Babylon, ho made 
Mattaniah king .in his stead, 
after he had caused him to swear 
to be his tributary, and changed 
his name to Zedekiah. He be- 
gan to reign when he was 
twenty-one years of age, and 
reigned eleven. His career was 
marked by crime. 2 Kings 24 : 
1820. 2 Chr. 34 : 1113. 
He revolted, but was subdued 
and carried prisoner to Neb- 
uchadnezzar, who caused hia 
children to be murdered before 
his face, and then his eyes to 
be plucked out ; after which he 
loaded hi n with chains and sent 
him to Babylon, wheie he died. 
Jer. 21, 27. 

In the fifth year of Zedekiah, 
Ezokiel began to prophesy, Ex 
1 : 1, <fcc. ; and, in the sain* 



ZEM 



823 



ZIP 



jrear, died Cyaxares, king of 
Media, and Psammis, king of 
Egypt. 

In the seventh year of his 
reign, Ezekiel foretold the de- 
struction of Jerusalem, and the 
blindness and imprisonment. 
See Ezek. 12, et seq. Jeremiah, 
also, had faithfully warned him 
to his face. 

Zelo'tes, or ZEALOTS, a sect 
often mentioned in Jewish his- 
tory. LAMY is of opinion that 
the j*tst men sent to entangle 
Christ in his conversation were 
of this class. Luke 20: 20. GILL 
says that they were a set of 
men who (in imitation of Phine- 
has, who slew Ziniri and Cozbi 
in the act of uncleanness) would 
immediately kill any person 
whom they found committing 
adultery, idolatry, blasphemy, or 
theft. He quotes various Jewish 
authors, who regarded their con- 
duct as highly laudable. Their 
conduct, however, cannot be 
justified. The name was prob- 
ably given to Simon from the 
circumstance of his having been 
one of these persons. He is 
called also Canaanite, probably 
for the same reason ; the word 
Jtiana, in Hebrew, having the 
ttme meaning a3 Zelotcs. Luke 
6 : 15. Acts 1 : 13. 

Z*mara'im, a city of Ben- 
jamin, not far from Bethel, near 
which was fought a blovdy battle 
in the days of Jeroboam I. Josk 
18 : 22. 2 Chr. 13 : 318 

Zem'arlteS, descendants of 
Canaan, by Zernar, his tenth 
on. Gen. 10 t 18. 



aved at the MUM 
time as Jeremiah. 

THE BOOK of Zephantih re- 
vroves the wickedness of the 
times ; predicts God's chastise- 
ment by the invasions of the 
Chaldeans ; declares glorious 
things for the church ; and de- 
nounces ruin upon the Philis- 
tines, Moabites, Ammonites, 
Ethiopians, and Ninevites, all 
of them at that time flourishing 
nations. 

The book is not expressly 
quoted in the New Testament, 
but there are expressions evi- 
dently formed from his predic- 
tions ; for" an instance, compare 
Zeph. 3 : 9, with Rom. 15 : 6. 

Ze'rad* See ZA'HED. 

Ze'rah, who came against Asa 
with an immense army, was kinj; 
of Cush. 2 Chr. 14 : 9. 

Zernb'babel was the Jewish 
name of SHESHBAZZAK, who built 
the second temple by authority 
of Cyrus. Ezra 5 : 16. Zech. 
4:9. He took with him to Ju- 
dea a colony of 50,000 persoms 
and restored the temple worship 
It is obvious that he was a very 
eminent man, and chief of the 
Jews in his day, of the royal 
house of David. 1 Chr. 3. He 
led the first colony of Jews that 
returned from captivity under 
the permission of Cy/us. In hi* 
day lived Haggaiand Zeohariah 
the prophets. Hag. 1 and 2 
Zech. 4. 

Zifj or Jair, the second month 
of the Jewish sacred year, and 
eighth of the civil answering 



210 



824 



ZDZ 



to our April. Such as, by reason 
of journeys, uncleanness, <fcc., 
were debarred from keeping the 
passover at the regular time, 
were permitted to observe it on 
the 14th of this month. 

Zlon, or SIGN. (1.) Part of 
the range of mountains in the 
north of Canaan, called Anti- 
Libanus Deut. 4 : 48. (2.) 
Part of the site of Jerusalem ; 
but which of the several hills 
on which it stood was so called 
is not now absolutely certain, 
the whole city having early 
taken that name, and the temple 
itself especially. Ps. 65 : 1 ; 
84 : 7 That which is now called 
Mount Zion, by the inhabitants 
of Jerusalem, lies south of the 
city, and outside of the present 
walls. Part of it is occupied as 
a burial-place for Christians, and 
part by a convent of Armenians ; 
but the principal portion is 
arable land, laid out in fields. 
See the prophecy, Mio. 3 : 12. 
Jer. 26 18. 

The worshippers at the temple, 
If not the whole inhabiUnta of 



Jerusalem, are called Zion Pi 
97 : 8. It is thought that th 
temple stood on Mount Moriak, 
where Abraham offered his son. 
1 Kings 8 : 1. Ps. 48 : 2. The 
Church is called Zion. Ps. 102. 
13. Isa. 2 : 3. Heb. 12 : 22. 
The name is applied to heaven. 
Rev. 14 : 1. See JERUSALEM. 

Zo'an, an extremely ancient 
and very distinguished city of 
Egypt. Numb. 13 : 22. Ps. 78: 
12. It is called in Greek writers 
Tanis . Th e re is a pal try village 
there now, standing near the 
splendid ruins, called San. 

Zo'ar, one of the five cities 
threatened to be destroyed by 
fire from heaven, but preserved 
at the intercession of Lot. I 
seems to have been formerly 
called Bela. ROBINSON, the late 
American traveller, locates it 
on the east of the Dead Sea, 
near the mouth of the Wady 
Kerak. There are still some 
ruins here which indicate formoi 
elegance. 

Zi'zi B 



TABLB. 



tftt 




II 



ftij 

il II 



IE 



, - ! P| : 

v -'-~ il3^ 

PI- a : 

a S m o>>>;3 

s !?i 

fe i 7. -2 2 

e4 i-J c4 



Us 

oil 



d= 



INTBODUCTOEY NOT! 



HARMONY OF THE GOSPELS 



THB arrangement of the Four Gospels, side by side, BO as to form a con 
tinned narrative, and exhibit the account of each Evangelist in chronological 
order, has always been regarded as a very useful help to the study of the New 
festament. Many Christian scholars have performed this work, more or lest 
perfectly, from TATIAN, A. D. 170, down to GEHRINGKR, in 1842. The basil 
af the very complete one here given is taken from an anonymous English pub- 
lication, and adapted to this work by the author. 

The ministry of our Lord, as thus understood, comprised four Passovers. 
or a period of a little more than three years. 

The use of such an arrangement is, to make the Evangelists their owr 
Interpreter, and to show how wonderfully they sustain one another, not only 
In impoitant but in minute particulars -, and also to furnish a connected 
account of all the recorded acts and sayings of our Lord. 

When this harmony is resorted to for the explanation of any passage, let 
the quotations from each Evangelist be read in succession. And when the 
object is to trace the Saviour's biography and teachings, in a connected 
narrative, let only one quotation in each line be read ; a ad orxceed thu flrcn 
beginning to end 



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THE FOUR QOSPELi 




TAMES 



OF WEIGHTS, MB ABUSES, AND MONET, MB* 
T10NED IN THE BIBLE. 



Great uncertainty rests on some of these calculations. The works of At 
buthnot, Parkhurst, Cumberland, Home, Brown, &c., have been carefulij 
compared, but it seems impossible to arrive at any certainty. 

1. Jewish Weights, Reduced to Troy Weight. 

Ibs. oz. pen. gr. 

The gerah, one twentieth of a shekel 00 12 

Bekah, half a shekel 00 5 9 

The shekel 1C 

The maneh, 60 shekels 26 

Ihe talent, 60 manehs, or 3000 shekels 125 



2. Measures of Length, reduced to English Measure. 

ft. in. 

A digit* 0.9 

4 = A palm 3.6 

12= 3 = A span 10.9 

24= 6= 2 = A cubit 1 9.8 

96= 24= 8= 2 = A fathom 7 3.5 

10 11.3 



3. 

miles, pace* fen. 

1.8 

400= A stadium or furlong 146 4,4 

2000= 5 = A sabbath day's journey 729 8. 

4000= 10= 2 = An Eastern mile 1403 1 

12000= 30= 6=a 3 = Aparasang 4 163 8. 

96000 = 240 = 48 = 24 = 8 = A day's journey 88 172 4, 

To understand the four following tablet, read them thus: "A difit i* mine tentm 
f aa Loch ; 4 digit* equal 1 palm, or three incite* and fix tenth* { IS digit*, a*- I 
1 * *vaa, er tea inches and nine t*iUu, 






TABLES. 335 

4. Measures of Capacity fit Liquid* 



Aeaph ........................... 

1.3 = A log ....................... 

5.3= 4 = A cab .................. 3.8 

Ifl =12= 3 = Ahin ................. IX 

32=24=6=2 = AfM*h ........... ,.24. 

96 == 72 = 18 = 8 = 3 = A bath or ephah ....... 7 4. 

960 = 720 = 180 = 50 = 20 = 10 = A kor, chores, gomer, or 

homer ......................... 7ft *. 



5. Measures of Capacity for Thing* dry. 

pki. fal it* 

Agachal 0.1 

20 = A cab 2.8 

36 = 1.8 = An omer or gomer .0 5,1 

120 = 6 = 3.3 = A seah 1 L 

860= 18 =10 = 3 = A ephah 8 8 

1800 =90 =60 =15=5 = A letech If 

5600 0180 =100 = 30 = 10=2 = A homer or kor ... 82 1 



6. Jewish Money reduced to American Currency. 

$ eu 

1 gerah (the smallest money) , 2j 

10 gerahs = A bekah 25 

2 bekahs = A shekel 60 

00 shekels = A maneh or mina 30.00 

60 manehs = A talent 1,500.00 

A talent of gold was equal to 24,309.00 



7 Roman Money, mention id in the NTW '^esiameni^ rtauced t* 
American Cwrren^'.y 

$eu. 
A mite (^aaaQtov) 00) 

A farthing, about 004 

A penny, or denarius (Jyrag tor) . . 18| 

t pound, or nina .N sbeketa) . 18.7* 



TABL1I. 



YBABS IN WHICH THE CHIEF BENEVOLENT SOCIETO* 
WERE INSTITUTED 



A. 9 
Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts, England, .... 164 . 

Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1701 

Danish Mission College, 1718 

United Brethren, 1732 

Sunday Schools commenced by RAISES and Fox, 1782 

Sunday School Society, Eng., first in the world, by WILLIAM Fox, . . . 1785 

Methodist Missionary Society, England, 1791 

First Sunday School in the United States, Philadelphia, 1791 

Baptist Missionary Society, England, 1792 

London Missionary Society, 1796 

Scotch Missionary Society, 1796 

London Religious Tract Society, 1799. 

Church Missionary Society in England, 1800 

Sunday Schools commenced in New York, 1803 

British and Foreign Bible Society, 1804 

Philadelphia Bible Society, 1808. 

London Jews' Society, 1809, 

American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions, 1810. 

Baptist Education Society of the Middle States, 1812. 

American Tract Society, Boston, 1813 

Church Tract Society, England, 1813 

Baptist Board of Foreign Missions, United States, 1814. 

Northern Baptist Education Society, ... 1814 

American Education Society, 1816. 

American Bible Society, 1818. 

American Colonization Society, 1817. 

United Foreign Missionary Society, United States, 1817 

Philadelphia Sunday and Adult School Union, 1817. 

Dom. and For. Miss. Soc. of the Episcopal Church, In the United States, 1820. 

American Methodist Missionary Society, 1820. 

American Sunday School Union, [instead of the Philadelphia Sunday 

and Adult Schoil Union], 1824. 

Baptist General Tract Society, ' 

American Tract Society, New York, ' 

Prison Discipline Society, ^2* 

American Hone Missionary Society, 18: 

American Society for Promotion of Temperance, 18: 

Protestant Episcopal Education Society, I 82ft 

American Baptist Hume Mission Society, 1& 

American and Foreign Bible Society, 18; 

Baptist Publication Society [instead of the General Tract Society], . . IS 
American Indian Mission, 18 



Southern Baptist Convention, . . . 
American and Foreign Bible Union, 



184& 



430868 

portant names, 
Holy Scriptures^ 








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