DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
SMITH
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
EDITED BY
SIDNEY LEE
VOL. LIIL
SMITH STANGER
LONDON
SMITH, ELDER, & CO., 15 WATERLOO PLACE
1898
[All rights reserved}
LIST OF WEITEES
IN THE FIFTY-THIBD VOLUME.
G. A. A. .
J. G. A. .
J. A-N. . .
W. A. J. A.
G. F. B. B. ,
M. B
B. B
T. B. . . .
E. L. B. . ,
J. 8. B.. . .
G. C. B. . ,
T. G. B. . ,
G. 8. B. . ,
A. B. B. . ,
G. W. C. .
E. L C.. . ,
W. C-B. . ,
E. C-B. . . ,
E. M. a .
A. M. C. .
G. A. J. C.
T. C. ...
W. P. C. .
L. C. . . .
J. A B. .
B. D. . . .
C. L. F. .
G. A. ATTXEN.
J. G. ALGEB.
THE Bzv. JOHN ANDEBSON.
W. A. J. ABCHBOLD.
G. F. BUSSELL BABKEB.
Miss BATESON.
THE BEV. BONALD BAYNE.
, THOMAS BAYNE.
THE BEV. CANON LEIGH BENNETT.
J. SUTHEBLAND BLACK.
THE LATE G. C. BOASE.
THE BEV. PBOFESSOB
F.B.S.
G. S. BOULGEB.
THE BEV. A. B. BUCKLAND.
G. W. CAMPBELL.
E. IBVING CABLYLE.
WILLIAM CABB.
EENEST CLABEE, F.S.A.
Miss CLBEKE.
Miss A. H. CLEEKE.
PBOFESSOB G. A. J. COLE.
THOMPSON COOPEB, F.SA.
W. P. COUBTNEY.
. LIONEL GUST, F.S.A.
J. A. DOYLE.
, BOBEET DUNLOP.
C. LITTON FALKINEB.
C. H. F.
T. F. . .
w. a. .
B. G. . .
A. G. . .
B. E. G.
J. C. H.
J. W. H.
J. A. H.
C. A. H.
P. J. H.
T. F. H.
F. C. H.
W. H. .
, C. K. . .
C. L. K
J. E.
J. K. L.
G. S. L.
L S. L. .
E. L. . .
S. L. . .
B. H. L,
( E. M. L.
. J. H. L.
. . G. H. FlBTH.
. . THE BEV. THOMAS FOWLBB, D.D M
PBESIDENT OF COBPUS
CHBISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD.
. . THE LATE WILLIAM GALLOWAY.
. . BICHABD GABNETT, LL.D., C.B.
. . THE BEV. ALESANDEB GOBBON.
. . B. E. GBAVES.
. . J. CCTHBEBT HADDBN.
. . PBOFESSOB J. W.
. . J. A. HAMILTON.
. . C. ALEXANDEB
. . P. J. HABTOG.
. . T. F. HENDEBSOS.
B. THE BEV. PBEBENDAEY HINGES-
TON-BAKDOLPH.
. . THE BEV. WILLIAM HTJNT.
. . CHABLES KENT.
. . C. L. KlNGSFOEJ>.
. , JOSEPH KNIGHT, F.S.A.
. . PBOFESSOB J. K. LATJGHTON.
. . G. S. LAYABD.
. . L S. TjTCA31A\f.
. . Miss ELIZABETH LEE.
. . SIDNEY LEE.
. . B. H. LEGGE.
. . COLONEL E. M. LLOYD, B.E.
. . THE BEV. J. H. LUPTON, D.D.
List of Writers.
E. C. M. .
H. E. M, .
L. M. SL .
A. BL M. .
C. M. . . ,
0, W. M.,
S. M. . . .
J. B. il. .
B. N, , . .
A. N. . . . ,
GKLF.G.N.,
D. J. OTX
F. M. O'B. ,
J, H. 0. . .
A. F, P. ,
B. P, . . .
D'lL P
E. L. B. . .
W. E. B. . ,
J. If. B. . .
H. K . . . ,
. E. C.
TEE EIGHT Hos. SIB HEBBEET
M.P.
. MlSS MlDDLETGS.
A. H. MiLLAB.
. COSMO MON-KHOCSE.
G. W. Moos.
. NOEMAS MOOBE, M.D.
JT. BASS MULLISGEB.
MES. NEWMAECH.
AUBUBT NICHOLSON.
G. LE GBIS
D. J.
F. M. O'BONOGHTJE, F.S.A.
THIE EST. CASOH OTEBTON.
A. F. POLLAEB.
HlSS BlBTHA POBTEB.
D'Ascr POWEB, F.B.C.S.
Mss. EAI*FOEB.
W. K. EHOBSS.
J. M. Biso.
ir: Eac.
E. F. E. . . THE REV. E. F. RUSSELL.
F. S THE REV. FBANCIS SANDEBS,
T. S THOMAS SECCOMBE.
W. A. S. . . W. A. SHAW
C. F. S. . . Miss C. FELL SMITH.
L, T. S. . . Miss LUCY TOULMIN SMITH.
T. W. S. . . His HONOUB JUDGE SNAGGE.
L. S LESLIE STEPHEN.
G-. S-H. . , . GEOBGE STBONACH.
C. W. S. . . C. W. SUTTON.
J. T-T. . . . JAMES TAIT.
H. R. T. . . H. R. TEDDEB, F.S.A.
. H. V. . . COLONEL R. H. VETCH, R.!
OB.
', F. W. . W. F. WALLIS.
A. W. W. . A. W. WABD, LL.D.
W. W. W. . SUBGEON - CAPTAIN W. W
WEBB.
C. W-H. . . CHABLES WELCH, F.S.A.
W. E. W. . W. R. WILLIAMS.
B. B. W. . . B. B. WOODWABD.
W. W. . . WABWICK WEOTH, F.S.A.
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
Smith ;
SMITH. [See also SMYTH and SKYTHE.]
SMITH, AARON (d. 1697 ?), solicitor to
the treasury, of obscure origin, was men-
tioned as a seditious person in a procla-
mation of 1 June 1677. A frequenter of
the Rose tavern, he associated with such
dangerous men as Titus Gates and Hugh
Speke. He also got to know Sir John
Trenchard, and sought the acquaintance of
the knot of mtriguing politicians who re-
ceived pay from the Prince of Orange. His
success may he deduced from the fact that
he was number forty-five in Dangerfield's
list of the forty-eight members of the Green
Ribbon Club in the summer of 1679 (DAHeEB-
EDBLB, Discovery of the Designs of the
Papists, 1681). On 30 Jan. 1682 he ap-
peared at the king's bench bar on a charge
of providing Stephen College [q. vj with
seditiouspapers for the purposes of nis de-
fence. He was tried for this offence in the
following July, and found guilty of deliver-
ing libellous papers to College and using
disloyal words. He managed to escape
into hiding before sentence was pronounced,
and spent the year in active plotting. He
had by this tune obtained the confidence
of the leaders of the disaffected party, and
the council, consisting of Monmouth,
Russell, Essex, Sidney, and Hampden, des-
patched him in January 1683 to confer
with their friends in the north. When the
government got wind of the Rye House
plot, they found means of laying hands
upon Smith, who was arrested in Axe Yard
on 4 July and committed to the Tower.
He was thought to be deeply implicated in
the plot, but so little could be proved
against hi that he was on 27 Oct. sen-
tenced for his previous offence to a fine of
VOL. un.
: Smith
5001. 9 two hours in the pillory, and to re-
main in prison pending security for good
behaviour. He seems to have thought
himself lucky in getting off so easily (LiTT-
TBELL, i. 285). Though mentioned in Nathan
Wade's list of the members of the c King's
Head Club ' in October 1685 (HarL MS.
6845), it is not improbable that Smith spent
the next four years in or within the rules of
the king's bench prison, from which he was
released in March 1688 (LTTTTRELL).
William was no sooner on the throne
than Smith preferred his claims to sub-
stantial reward. Carefully hidden as his
influence had been, he had been the * Mephi-
stopheles * of whig intrigue since 1678 ; and
on 9 April 1689, with a cynical disregard
for propriety, William made this fanatical
partisan solicitor to the treasury, a post of
rapidly increasing consequence, to which
were added the functions of public prosecutor
(cf. R. HOHTH, Autobwgr*} Large sums were
entrusted to him for the purpose of prosecu-
tions, and there is little doubt that Smith
would have been content to pose as the
Fouqtder-Tinville of the English revolution.
Happily, about ninety per cent, of his charges
were thrown out by the grand juries, while
he was greatly restrained in his activity by
the jealousy of the attorney-general, Sir
George Treby [q. v.] In November 1692
he was summoned before the House of
Lords to explain the procedure which had
been followed upon the arrest of Lords
Marlborough and Huntingdon. With such
contemptuous roughness was he cross-ex-
amined, *y* ye modest man takes it soe
much to heart, y* an affidavit wase this day
made in y* House that he wase not in a
condition to appeare' CHatton Corresp. iL
186).
Smith
But upon his old friend Sir John Tren-
ehard ~q. v.] becoming secretary of state (for
the northern department) in 1693, Smith's
activity against suspects and Jacobites was
redoubled. On preliminarv evidence of the
slenderest kind lie travelled down to Lanca-
shire with two informers, Taafe and Lnnt (for
whom he had appeared as bail on a charge
of bigamy), two men of execrable character.
A few compromising letters and some arms
behind a false fireplace were discovered, and
five Lancashire gentlemen were arrested ;
but Ferguson and other pamphleteers alluded
to the plot as a ridiculous sham; Taafe
changed sides at the last moment, and at
the trial at Manchester in October 1694 the
prisoners were acquitted. Smith was charged
by the hostile party with having { fashioned
all the depositions ' of the witnesses for the
prosecution, and by his own side with having
thoroughly mismanaged the affair. Large
sums of money passed through his hands,
and he was widely suspected of malversa-
tion, ^ In February 1696 he was closely
questioned by the House of Commons as to
fiis accounts. Failing to deliver his ac-
counts to the commissioners appointed to
examine them by 18 Feb., he was ordered to
be taken into custody, and on 25 July 1696
lie was dismissed from his employments.
Four months kter he attended at the bar of
the house and ^leaded illness. He was
given an extension of date until 16 Jan.
lfi&7. But he failed to put in an appear-
ance, fuad thenceforth drops into obscurity,
or more probably died, early in 1697.
[LtLttrelTs Brief Eist. Relation, vo ls. i, ii in,
*na iv. passim ; Burnet's Hist, of Ms own
Tims, ii. 474 ; Koger North's Autiobiogr. ed.
Jesscpp; Kingston's True Hist., of several De-
signs sad Conspiracies, 1698 ; Jacobite Trials in
Manchester, 1694, ed, Beainont (Chatham Soe )
PP *k 94 sq. ; ld Eeaycm's Papers (Hist
moa. Lomna. 4th Rep. App. IT. passim, 14th
Hep. App. vi 8-7) ; JCsanilaVi Hist, of Eag-
Isjid; JUake's Hist, of Eagkid, vi. 529; Sit
inUft First Whig, pp. 49, 84, 155, 197, 200.
Tti* indexes to LsUreil and to the three works
Itsfc motioned Make the earioas mistake of COE-
fimiw the disreputable aud insolvent Aaron
Smith with John Smith (1655-1723) [q. v.l
who became chancellor O f the exchequer in 1699
j first speaker of the British
^ g
5 Smith
The alleged facts were proved by competent
witnesses ; Smith's defence was that he was
an unwilling agent. The story which he re-
lated in court was that, having been for about
two years in the West Indies, he shipped as
first mate on board the Zephyr brig, which
sailed from Kingston for England in the end
of June 1822. The master, an ignorant and
obstinate man, had been warned against the
leeward passage, which, however, he preferred
as the shortest. The warning was justified,
and the brig was taken possession of by a
schooner manned by Spaniards and half-
breeds, who plundered her of whatever seemed
valuable, forced the master by threats of
torture to deliver up what money he had on
board, and then let them go, detaining Smith
to act as navigator and interpreter, in which
capacity he was compelled, by threats and
actual torture, to act at the plundering
of the Victoria, the Industry, and other
vessels. After several months' detention he
succeeded in escaping, but at Havana was
recognised as one of the pirates, arrested,
and thrown into prison ; and as he refused
_ __ 11 , -I . i I-* , -
SMITH, AARON (jf. 1823), seaman,
was <m 19 Dec. 1823 tried at the Old Bailey
m WMHW ehmrgps of piracy in the West
/ **** Peered
wfte ^irood, and
to the value of 30,0007., and
of Smvmg plundered the ship Industry.
or was unable to bribe the Spanish magi-
strates, who offered to release him on pay-
ment of one hundred doubloons, he was
handed over to Sir Charles Rowley [q. v.],
the English, eommander-in-chief at Jamaica,
and was brought to England in irons on
board the Sybflle. His tale, in part sub-
stantiated by witnesses, carried conviction
to the judge, who summed up strongly in
his favour ; and the jury, without hesitation,
returned a verdict of * Not guilty.' He was
described as ' a very genteel-looking young
man, apparently about thirty years old/ 'The
Atrocities of the Pirates: a Faithful Nar-
rative of [Smith's] Unparalleled Sufferings
i during his Captivity in Cuba' (1824), was
j apparently a much embellished record by a
sympathising friend.
1 ^ During the following years Smith con-
tinued at sea, and had command of a vessel
in the China trade. In 1834 he retired and
i lived in London, doing, apparently, a little
business as an underwriter, and aJUo, it was
said, as a bill discounter. On SI Jan. 1850
he attended a meeting at the London Tavern,
called to petition parliament to do away
| with 'head money 7 for Borneo pirates, i.e.
j money paid by the government in lieu of
j pnze-moneyforpiratesoniciallyswomtohave
j been killed. It was said that the pirates had
I no existence, and that harmless fishermen or
, people picked up on shore were killed for the
head money. Smith described as a burly
seafaring man stood up to contradict this,
and said the pirates were very real ; he him-
j self had been attacked by them and his ship
Smith
very nearly taken. The statement was re- !
ferred to 'in the House of Commons on
23 May, in the debate on the navy esti-
mates, and Mr. Cobden remarked that Smith
was himself a pirate and deserved to be {
punished as such. The speech was reported !
in the f Times ' of the 24th, and on the 25th !
a Mr. E. Garbett wrote, in Smith's name, to |
Cobden, requesting an interview. This Cob-
den refused, and an angry correspondence
followed (Times, 1 June), which brought up i
a Captain Cook, who wrote to say that
Smith was certainly a pirate ; that he him-
self had been captured and Hi-treated bj
him (ib. 20 June). On this Smith brought
an action for libel against Cook, who pleaded
justification, and the case virtually resolved
itself into trying Smith over again for acts "
of piracy said to have been committed j
twenty-eight years before, for ^ which he \
had already been tried and acquitted. But ;
by this time Smith's witnesses were either ;
dead or lost sight of; there was no official ;
report of the former trial, and Smith's l Nar- j
rative T was clearly padded with a romantic
love adventure, and necessarily open to sus- ,
picion. Eventually, however, a verdict was
given in Smith's favour, but with damages I
of only 101. (ib. 10 and 13 Dec.) He was,!
at this time living in Camden Town, where
he still was in 1852, after which his name
disappears from the t London Directory.'
[Times, 20 Dec. 1823; Morning Chronicle,
20 Dec. 1823.] J. K L.
SMITH, ADAM (1723-1790), political
economist, born at Kirkcaldy on 5 June
1723, was the only child of Adam Smith,
writer to the signet, by Margaret, daughter
of John Douglas of Strathendry, Fifeshire.
The father, a native of Aberdeen, had been
private secretary to Hugh Campbell, third
earl of Loudoun [q. v.], who in 1713gave
Torn the comptrollership of customs at Kirk-
caldy. The salary was 40. a year, probably
much increased by fees. The elder Smith
died in April 1723 (he has beea confused
with a cousin, also named Adam Smith, who
was living in 1740; see RAE, Adam Smith,
p. 3). The younger Adam Smith was brought
up by his mother, and the bond between
them came to be exceptionally close. When
about three years old lie was carried off by
gipsies, but speedily recovered (DTJGALD
STEWART, Works, x. 6). He was a delicate
child, and already inclined to the fits of ab-
sence of mind which were a lifelong charac-
teristic. He was sent to the burgh school of
Kirkcaldy, and was beginning Latin by 1733,
as appears from the date in a copy of 'Eutrc-
pius with bis name. A-mong his school-
Smith
fellows was John Oswald (afterwards bishop
of Raphoe), brother of James Oswald ~q. v.
The brothers Adam, the architects, who'lired
in Kirkealdy, were also friends of his boy-
hood. Smith was sent to Glasgow for the
session of 1737-8, and studied there for
four sessions. He learnt some Greek under
Alexander Dunlop Fq.v.'j and acquired taste
for mathematics uncler Ivobert Simson [q. v.],
to whom he refers with great respect Qtoral
Sentiments, pt. iii. chap, 2). Matthew,
father of Dugald Stewart, whom he couples
with Simson as a first-rate mathematician,
was a fellow-student and lifelong friend,
The most important influence, however, was
that of Francis Hutcheson, whose teaching
both on moral and economic questions had
considerable affinity to the later doctrines
of his pupil. A letter written by David
Hume to fiutcheson (4 March 1740) shows
that a * Mr. Smith ' had made an abstract
of the * Treatise of Human Nature/ by
which Hume was so well pleased as to
send a copy of his book through Hutcheson
to the compiler. "Whether 'Mr. Smith'
was Adam Smith is, however, uncertain.
Smith obtained a Snell exhibition to Balliol
College, Oxford, in 1740. The exhibitions
were then worth 40/. a year. According to
the founder's will, the exhibitioners were to
take orders in the episcopal church in Scot-
land. The regulation was not enforced
after the union. According to Stewart,
however, Smith was intended to take orders,
but did not find the * ecclesiastical profession
suitable to his taste.' Smith went to Ox-
ford on horseback in June 1740, and stayed
there without interruption till 1746. His
name does not appear in the list of graduates,
but Thorold Rogers infers from the title of
*dominus j given to him in the buttery
books that he took the B.A. degree in 1744.
Smith's famous remarks upon the English
universities in the * Wealth of Nations *
imply that he owed little to the official
system of tuition. He read ? however, in-
dustriously for himself; he had access to
the college library, obtained a wide and
accurate knowledge of Greek as well as
of English literature, and employed himself
in translations from the French with a view
to the improvement of his style. M f Culloch
reports * on the best authority ' that he was
once found reading Hume's * Treatise/ and
severely reprimanded. Letters from Smith
to his mother, quoted by Brougham, show-
that he had suffered from 'an inveterate
scurvy and shaking of the hand/ and had,
as he thought, cured himself by tar- water.
He also speaks of a t violent fit of laziness *
which had confined him to his elbow-chair
Smith
for three months. He was probably over-
worked and solitary. The Scottish students
were regarded with dislike at Oxford, and
the only friend mentioned is John Douglas
(1 721-1807 1 [q. v.], also a Fifeshire man, and
afterwards bishop^of Salisbury. Smith re-
turned tr> Kirkcaldy in 1746. He was ac-
quainted with Henry Home, lord Kames
q. T.", and, at Kames's suggestion, gave a
course of lectures upon English literature in
1748-9. These were afterwards burnt by his
own direction ; but tiey had been seen by
Hugh Blair "q. v,], who acknowledges in his ,
own lectures that he had taken * some ideas '
from them, and was thought to have taken
them too freely. Smith, as appears from
various allusions in his writings, held the
ordinary opinions of the leading critics of
his time. He preferred Bacine to Shake-
speare, and specially admired Swiffc, Dryden, ,
Pope, and Gray. He told a contributor to
the ' Bee ? that he had never been able to
make a rhyme, but could compose blank verse
4 as fast as he could speak.' He naturally
shared Johnson's contempt for blank verse,
When Boswell reported this coincidence,
Johnson replied, i Had I known that he loved
rhyme so much ... I should have hugged
him/ Smith probably edited the edition of
the poems ^of William Hamilton (1704-
1754) Tq. v.j of Bangour, published at this
time (KAE t pp. 49-51). Smith repeated his
literary lectures for three winters, and gave
also some lectures upon economic topics.
These are known only from a quotation
by Bugald Stewart, which shows that he
was strongly opposed to government inter-
ference with f the natural course of things.'
Smith appears to have made 1001, by a
course of lectures (BuETOtf, Hume, ii. 46),
and his reputation presumably led to his
unanimous election to the chair of logic at
Glasgow on 9 Jan. 1751. He began his
official lectures in October. They were
ehiefiy ^ devoted to rhetoric and belles-
lettres.' He also acted as substitute for
Cimigie, the professor of moral philosophy,
W!M> was sent to Lisbon for his health, and
died in the following November. Upon
Craigie's death, Smith was transferred to
tfee dbair of moral philosophy (29 April
5S* **? * supported by his Mend
Waiim Cullea [q. v,], also professor at
Glasgow, and both of them desired that
B&yid Hume might succeed to the chair of
30fic ; but Smith admits that this would be
Jf^sst public opinion. Smith's new pro-
fessorship seems to have been superior in
pant of money to the old one. There was
3i endowment of about 7<W. a year: the fees
wwrnted to about 100/.; and Smith had a
Smith
house in the college, where his mother and
his cousin, Jane Douglas, lived with him.
He moved to two other houses in succession
during his professorship; but they were-
demolished with the old college buildings.
There were some three hundred students
in the college, of whom about eighty or
ninety attended the moral philosophy class.
Most of them were preparing for the ministry,,
and about a third were Irish presbyterians.
Smith gave lectures during the session at
7.30 A.M., followed by an * examination ' at
eleven, besides some private lectures. John
Millar (1735-1801) [q, v.] describes his
course to Dugald Stewart. It included four
topics : natural theology, ethics, containing
the substance of his f Moral Sentiments/ the
theory of those political institutions which
are founded upon * justice,' that is, of
jurisprudence, a treatise upon which is
promised, though it was never completed, at
the end of the ' Moral Sentiments ; ' and of
the political institutions founded upon ' ex-
pediency/ a topic which corresponds to the
' Wealth of Nations.' Millar says that hia
manner, i though not graceful, was plain,
and unaffected; ' that he spoke at first with
hesitation, but warmed up as he proceeded,
especially when in view of possible con-
troversy, and then spoke with great anima-
tion and power of illustration. He used,
according to the elder Alison (SINCLAIR,.
Old Times and Distant Places, p. 9), to
watch some particular student of expressive
countenance, and be guided by such hearer's
attentiveness or listlessness. The lectures
became famous, especially after Smith's-
publication of the ' Moral Sentiments.' Lord
ohelburne sent his younger brother Thomas
to study under Smith, and Voltaire's friend,
Theodore Tronchin, a physician at Geneva,
sent a son for the same purpose in 1761.
Smith, as Mr. Rae shows from, the college
records, took a very active part in business
during his professorship. He was employed
to conduct various legal matters, such as a
controversy with BalLiol over the Snell exhi-
bitions. He was 'quaestor* or treasurer
from 1758 to 1764, and curator of the
chambers let to students ; he was dean of
faculty from 1760 to 1762 ; and in 1762 was
appointed vice-rector, in which capacity he
had to preside overall college meetings. The
number of quarrels among the professors, of
which Reid complains upon succeeding
Smith, shows that this position was no sine-
cure. Smith was a patron of James Watt,
who was enabled by the college to set up as
mathematical-instrument maker in Glasgow
in spite of the trade privileges of the town ;
he advised Eobert Foulis [q. v.Jwhen start-
Smith ;
ing an academy of design at Glasgow, and '
supported the university typefoundry esta- I
blished by his friend Wilson, the professor
of astronomy. It is remarkable that Smith
was active in the opposition carried on by the j
university and the town council to building
a theatre in Glasgow. Smith approved of ;
playgoing; he speaks strongly in the j
* Wealth of Nations ' against the fanatical
.dislike of the theatre, and agreed with Hume
in supporting John Home in the agitation
about 'Douglas.' He may, as Mr. Rae
suggests, have had excellent reasons for dis-
criminating between theatres at Glasgow i
and theatres at Paris \ but his motives must I
be conjectural. Smith also took a leading !
part in protesting against the claim of a pro- ,
lessor to vote upon Ms own election to
another professorship, and in favour of the
deprivation of another for going abroad
with a pupil in defiance of the refusal of his ;
colleagues to grant leave of absence.
Smith joined in the social recreations eha- ,
racteristicofthetime. He belonged to a club j
founded byAndrew Cochrane, provost of Glas-
gow, for the discussion of trade (CAKLYLE,
Autobiogr. p. 73). Sir James Stewart Denham
[q. v.] found soon afterwards that the Glas-
gow merchants had been converted by Smith
to free-trade in corn ; and such matters had
doubtless been discussed at the club. Smith
was also a member of the Literary Society
of Glasgow, founded in 1752; and on 23 Jan.
1753 read a paper upon Hume's * Essays on
Commerce' (Rlaitland Club Notes and Docu-
ments). He and his friend Joseph Black,
the chemist, joined the weekly dinners of
the 'Anderston Club/ and Watt testifies
that he was kindly welcomed at this club
by his superiors in education and position.
-Smith's orthodoxy seems to have been a little
suspected at Glasgow, partly on account of
Ms friendship with Hume.
It does not appear precisely at what time
this friendship began. Hume did not settle
.at Edinburgh until Smith was leaving for
Glasgow. In 1752 they were in corre-
spondence, and Hume was consulting Smith
about his essays and his projected history.
Smith frequently visited his friend at Edin-
burgh. He was elected a member of the
Philosophical Society, to which Hume was
the secretary upon its revival in the same
year ; and in 1754 was one of fifteen persons
present at the first meeting of the Select
Society, started by the painter Allan Ram-
say, which became the * Edinburgh Society
for encouraging Arts, Sciences, Manufac-
tures, and Agriculture in Scotland/ Smith
presided at a meeting on 19 June 1754 ; and
gave notice of discussions upon naturalisa-
Smith
tion and upon the policy of bounties for the
export of corn. Many economic topics were
discussed at this society (see Scots Afoy.
for 1757), which also, like the Society
of Arts (founded in 1753 in London), of-
fered premiums in support of its objects and
manufactures. It moreover proposed to
teach Scots to write English, and incurred
ridicule, which probably led to its extinction
in 1765 (see CAMPBELL'S ' EUenborough J in
Lives of the Chancellors). Smith also con-
tributed to the * Edinburgh Review' of
which two numbers only appeared. He re-
viewed Johnson's ( Dictionary * in the first
number, and in the second proposed an ex-
tension of the ; Keview ' to foreign litera-
ture, adding an account of the recent writ-
ings of French celebrities, including Rous-
seau's * Discourse on Inequality.' Suspicions
as to the orthodoxy of the writers, and an
erroneous belief tnat Hume was concerned
', in it, led to the discontinuance of the * Re-
, view ? (TriLEE, Life of Kames, i. 233). In
j 1758 Sunae was anxious that Smith should
i succeed to an expected vacancy in the chair
! of the i Law of Nature and Nations,' in the
! gift of the crown. The holder, he thought,
I was willing to resign it for 8007., and 4 the
I foul mouths of all the roarers against heresy ?
j could be easily stopped. Smith, however,
did not become a candidate. In 1762 Smith,
was an original member of the * Poker Club,'
so called because intended to stir up public
opinion on behalf of a Scottish militia,
though in practice it seems to have done
little beyond promoting conviviality.
In 1759 Smith published Ms * Theory of
the Moral Sentiments.' The book was warmly
welcomed by Hume, who reported its favour-
able reception in London (Letter of 12 April
1759), and was highly praised in the e Annual
Register * in an article attributed to Burke.
Smith was henceforth recognised as one of
the first authors of the day. He visited
London for the first time in 1761. It was
probably on this occasion (see RAE, p. 153)
that he accompanied Lord Shelburne on the
journey, and urged Ms principles with such
1 benevolence ' and * eloquence ' as perma-
nently to affect the mind of his companion
(STEWAET, Works, ^ 95). It is probable
also that a famous interview took place at
this time with Dr. Johnson. They certainly
had a rough altercation at the house of Wil-
liam Stranan, Smith's publisher. Scott after-
wards told a story according to which the
two moralists met at Glasgow, and ended a
discussion relating to Smith's account of
Hume's last illness by giving each other the
lie in the coarsest terms. The story involves
palpable anachronisms, as Johnson's only
Smith
visit to Glasgow was before Hume's death.
This is gratifying to biographers who are
shocked by the anecdote. That something
of the kind took place at Strahan's, however,
is undoubted, and may have been the foun-
dation of Scott's story (BoswELL, Johnson,
ed. Hill, iii. 331, T. 369 ; other versions are
in Wilforforce Correspondence, 1840, i. 40 n.,
and Edinburgh Review, October 1840; see
BAE, pp, 155-8).
Among the admirers of Smith's ' Moral Sen-
timents ' was Charles Townshend (1725-1767)
He was stepfather of Henry Scott,
third duke of Buccleuch [q. v.], and told Hume
as soon as the book came out that he should
like to place the duke under Smith's charge.
fie visited Smith at Glasgow in the summer.
In October 1763, when the duke was about
to leave Eton, the offer of a travelling tutor-
ship was made accordingly, and accepted by
Smith. He was to have his travelling ex-
penses, with 3002. a year and a life-pension of
the same amount. He applied for leave of
absence in the following November, under-
taking to pay over Ms salary to a substitute,
and returning to his pupils the fees for his
class. He had to force the money upon
than (Tram, Kernes^ i. 278). Soon after
starting upon his travels he sent in his resig-
nation (RAE, pp, 168-72).
Smith left London for Paris with the duke
in, February 1764. The^r met Hume at Paris,
and proceeded almost immediately to Tou-
krose. They were joined in the autumn by
the duke's younger brother, Hew Campbell
Scott, and stayed at Toulouse for eighteen
months, making a few excursions. They
visited Montpelfier during the session of the
states of Languedoc ; and Smith, though he
could never talk French perfectly, went
into society and was pleased with many of
the provincial authorities. In August 1764
the partv started for a tour through the
tnrfh of France and went to Geneva, where
they spent two months. Smith saw Voltaire,
for wfeora ae always had a profound respect.
Wtei Bogers in 1789 spoke of some one as
* & Voltaire,* Smith replied emphatically, * Sir
there feaa been but one Voltaire* (Table
^<rf*.p.46). He also met Charles
iKmnetand Georges Louis Le Sage, the pro-
gsaor ofpiiysies. In December he went to
-ram ; Hume left shortly afterwards, but in-
fro***. bmith to his Parisian Mends.
punig the nert ten months Smith bad much
with hilosohers in Parisian
\ i? ~ ~* -t w*j, Morellet,
i ae became especially intimate
__j translated tlje 'Wealth of Na-
tKjas, Comaorcet say sttoTurgotnot only
6 Smith
[ discussed economic questions with Smith, but
! continued to correspond with him afterwards.
Stewart (Works, x. 47) denies, and appa-
rently on sufficient grounds, that this corre-
spondence ever existed ; and no letters have
been found. At a later period, however,,
j Smith certainly obtained a valuable docu-
! ment through Turgot's 'particular favour'
(SINCLAIR, Correspondence, i. 388). The in-
fluence of the French economists upon Smith's.
opinions has been much discussed ; but it is
, clear that the facts of the intercourse at this
1 time throw no doubt upon the view that
; Smith reached his main theories indepen-
dently j and that he was influenced only
| so far as discussions with eminent men of
; similar tendencies would tend to clear and
stimulate his mind. He told Rogers in 1789-
, that he thought Target (CLAYDEK, Early-
Life of Rogers, p. 95) to be an honest man,
but too little acquainted with human nature-
! a remark which may have been suggested
! by Turgot's later career.
j ^ "While in Paris Smith had some concern
j in Hume's quarrel with Rousseau [see under
ETOE, DAVID, 1711-1776], and was anxious,
as long as possible, to prevent Hume from
making the affair public. A story is told of
1 Smith's love of an English lady at this time,.
j and the love of a French marquise for Smith.
Neither passion was returned (CTTEKIE,
Corresp. 1831, ii. 317). Stewart also men-
tioned a disappointment in an early and long
attachment to a lady who survived him
( Works, x. 97), but nothing more is known
of any romance in his life,
On 18 Oct. 1766 Smith's younger pupil,
Hew Campbell Scott, was murdered in the-
street in Paris. Smith at once returned with
i the remains, reaching Dover on 1 Nov. He
stayed in London superintending a third
edition of the ' Moral Sentiments ' and read-
ing in the British Museum. On 21 May 1767
he was elected F.E.S. He had by this time-
returned to Kirkcaldy, where lie lived with
his mother and his cousin Jane Douglas, wha
had retired thither from Glasgow after his
resignation of the professorship. Smith was
now occupied with the composition of the
* Wealth of Nations.' He visited the Duke of
Buccleuch, who had been married on 3 May
1767, and whose settlement at Dalkeith. was
the occasion of a great entertainment. The
duke testified afterwards that they liad never
had a disagreement,and the friendship lasted
fall Smith's death. Smith then stayed
quietly at Eurkcaldy, and in February 1770-
4 Hume writes to him of a report that he was
: going to London with a view to the publi-
1 cation of his book. Smith, however, was .
delayed IE Ms work, partly by ill-health ?
Smith
Smith
and Hume in April 1772 complains that he
was i cutting himself off entirely from human
society.' In 1772 his friend William Pol-
teney recommended him to the directors of
the East India Company as member of a
commission of inquiry into their administra-
tion to he sent to India. Smith, in a letter
of 5 Sept. 1772 (BAE, p. 253), states his
willingness to accept the appointment, but
the scheme was soon afterwards abandoned.
Smith mentions that his hook would have
been ready for the press but for bad health,
for * too much thinking upon one thing ' and
other t avocations ' due to public troubles ;
probably, as Mr. Eae suggests, liabilities
incurred by the Duke of Buccleuch through
the failure of Heron's bank. Smith went to
London with the manuscript of his book in
the spring of 1773, leaving directions with
Hume as to the disposal of his other manu-
scripts in the event of his death. He was
in London frequently, if he did not stay
there continuously, during the next four
years (IUE,p. 263). In 1775 he was elected
a member of * The Club ;' he is mentioned by
Horace Walpole, Bishop Percy, and others ;
and it is said that he often met Franklin
and carefully discussed chapters of the
' Wealth of Nations ' with Franklin, Dr.
Price, and * others of the literati ' (WATSOS, !
Annals of Philadelphia, i. 553). Various
passages in the book show that it was under-
going revisions at this time. ' The Wealth
of Nations ' was at last published on 9 March !
1776. He seems to have received 500/. from
Strahan for the first edition, and published
the later editions upon half profits (EAE, p.
285). The book succeeded at once, and the
first edition was exhausted in six months.
According to Mr. Rae it was not mentioned
in the House of Commons till 11 Nov.
1783, when Fox quoted a maxim from that
'excellent book' (ParL Hist, aadii. 1152).
As Fox admitted to Charles Butler (Jtemmi-
scences, i. 176) that he had never read the
book and could never understand the sub-
ject, the allusion is the stronger testimony !
to its general authority. It was never even
* mentioned in the House again' (that is, of
course, in the very imperfect reports) ' until
1787,' nor in the House of Lords till 1793.
During the American war, however, Lord
North, in imposing new taxes, seems to have
taken some hints from the * Wealth of Na-
tions,' especially in the house-tax (1778) and
the malt-tax (1780) (see RAB, pp. 290-4 ;
and DOWELL, Taxation, ii. 166-73). Pitt
studied the book carefully, applied its prin-
ciples in the French treaty of 1786,, and '
spoke of it with veneration when introduc-
ing his budget on 17 Feb. 1792 (ParL Hist.
xxix. 834). Whether it be true or not, as
Buckle said, that the * Wealth of Nations'
was, * in its ultimate results, probably the
most important that had ever been written '
{Hist. Civilisation, i. 214), it is probable that
no book can be mentioned which so rapidly
became an authority both with statesmen
and philosophers.
Hume wrote a warm congratulation, with
a judicious hint of criticism. His health
was breaking, and Smith had intended to
bring him from Edinburgh after the publica-
tion of his ( Wealth of Nations. 7 Hume,
however, started by himself, and met Smith,
on his way northwards, at Morpeth. Smith
had to go onto Kirkcaldyto see his mother,
who was ill. Hume committed the care
of his posthumous publications to Smith,
and especially desired hiim. to guarantee the
appearance of the * Dialogues on Natural
Religion.' Smith made difficulties, on the
ground of the probable clamour and possible
injury to his own prospects. He promised
to preserve a copy of the book if entrusted
to him; but different arrangements were
finally made by Hume for the publication.
Smith refused to receive a legacy of 2QGJ
left to "Hirn by Hume, only, as he thought,
in consideration of the performance of this
task. Smith, however, promised Hume that
he would correct the other works, and add
to the autobiography an account of Hume's
behaviour in his last illness. Smith was
present at a final dinner which Hume gave
to his friends in Edinburgh on 4 July 1776.
The * Life,' with the promised account of
the illness in a letter to Strahan, was pub-
lished in 1777. Smith spoke in the strongest
terms of Hume's virtues, to the great offence
of the orthodox. The letter appeared to be
intended to show how one who was not a
Christian could die. Smith probably did
not appreciate its significance to others. He
was attacked in a scurriloiis ' Letter to
Adam Smith ... "by one of the people
called Christians/ Le. George Home fq. v.],
afterwards bishop of Norwich. Of this he
never took notice.
In January 1777 he was again in London,
but returned to Kirkcaldy, and ^ there re-
ceived his appointment as commissioner of
customs in December following. The ap-
pointment may have been due to the Duke
of Buccleuch, or, as Mr. Eae (p. 320) thinks
probable, to Lord North and Sir Grey
Cooper, the secretary of the treasury, in re-
cognition of the suggestions about taxes in
the < Wealth of Nations.' The appointment
' was 6Q0Z. a year, and the Duke of Buccleuch
refused Smith's offer to resign the pension.
Smith was therefore now well off, and took
Smith
Panmure House in the Canongate (still stand-
ing), where he settled with his mother, his
cousin Miss Douglas, and David, son of an-
other cousin, Colonel Eobert Douglas of
Strath endry. He had a good library, and
entertained his friends simply, especially at
Sunday suppers. He read Greek, and took a
weekly dinner at the l Oyster Club/ of which
he and his friends Joseph Black and James
Hutton the geologist were the chief members.
He was one of lye commissioners, and at-
tended to his duties regularly. Scott gives
some singular anecdotes of the absence of
mind for which he was always remarkable,
and especially of one occasion upon which he
automatically imitated the military salute
made by a stately porter ( f John Home' hi
3/2*?. Works) vol. sis.) He was becoming in-
firm ; and though bis duties were not severe,
they occupied him sufficiently to prevent him
from completing new original "work. He apo-
logises to his publisher in December 1782 for
his idleness (Bus, p. 362). He was now, how-
ever, preparing a third edition of the e Wealth
of Nations/ to which he made considerable
additions. He was consulted by William
Eden (afterwards Lord Auckland) and the
secretary to the board of trade in 1779 in
regard to free trade with Ireland (Letters in
BAE, pp. 850-4, from English Historical Ee-
raw of April 1886), and in 1783 in regard to
the regulations of the American trade. Smith
was a steady whig, and heartily approved of
Fox's East India BilL In 1784 Burke passed
through Edinburgh on his way to be installed
as loft rector of Glasgow. 'Burke,' as
Smith saM (BissET, ii. 429), is the only
man I ever knew who thinks on economic
subjects exactly as I do without any previous
communication having passed between us/
They were at ^tMs time in political agree-
ment, and Smith, after receiving Burke at
Edinburgh, accompanied him to Glasgow
and upon an excursion to Loch Lomond
(pAXixx* University of EdMurgh, L 42).
Burke was elected a fellow of the Koval
Society of Edinburgh in June 1784. This
society had been founded in the previous
year, superseding the old Philosophical So-
ciety. ^Saita was one of the four presidents
^ the toary branch, Robertson, Blair, and
tosnio Gordon being his colleagues. In
August 1786 Bnrie again visited Scotland
in company with Windham, and renewed
a*s intercourse with Smith.
a Smith's mother died on 23 May 1784 in her
nnwtietii year. His grief was so intense as
to nopnae his friends, and WES the more
t^mg^&s his ownjiealth was declining. In
I serious alarm. In April he
5 Smith
went to London to consult John Hunter.
He was much wasted, but -was able to go
into society. He met Pitt on several occa-
sions. They dined together at Henry Dundas's
house at Wimbledon, when Pitt told hj*n to
, be seated first ; e for we are all your scholars '
i (KAY, Edinburgh Portraits, p, 75). Greorge
Wilson reports to Bentham (14 July) that
Smith is ' much with the ministry/ and en-
gaged in some researches for which the
clerks at the public offices are to give him
every facility. Wilberforce also talked about
the society recently started for extending
the Scottish fisheries (WIIBEBFOBCE, Corre-
spondence, i. 40). Smith observed, ' with a
certain characteristic coolness,' that the only
result would be the loss of every shilling
invested. He was not far wrong.
In November 1787 Smith was elected lord
rector of Glasgow. He acknowledged the
honour in a warm letter of thanks to the
principal (RAH, p. 411), and was installed on
12 Dec., but he gave no inaugural address.
In 1788 he was in much better health. He
lost his^cousin, Jane Douglas, who had lived
with him for many years, in the autumn.
In 1789 Smith employed himself upon a re-
vision of the 'Moral Sentiments/ the pre-
vious editions of which had remained un-
altered. The suppression of a reference to
Rochefoucauld, whom he had coupled with
Mandeville, was criticised, very needlessly,
as a concession to a private friendship with
Rochefoucauld's grandson (STEWART, x. 46 n.)
The suppression of another passage, in which
he had said that the Christian doctrine of the
atonement coincided with natural religion
was brought to notice in consequence of a
reference to the original edition by Arch-
bishop Magee. On hearing of the suppression
Magee said that it was a proof that Smith
had been seduced by the infidel Hume. The
statement that the < Criterion ' of his friend
John Douglas was written to meet Smith's
difficulties as to the miracles is regarded as
doubtful by Mr. Rae (p. 129), who observes
that it cannot be traced beyond Chalmers's *
'Dictionary/ There can in any case be no
doubt that Smith was a sincere theist, and
that he especially lays great stress upon the
doctrine of final causes. It is probably as
clear that he was not an orthodox believer
His characteristic shrinking from clamour'
explains his reticence as to deviations from
r --.**. j_ru.u JJULB warm, acunira-
tion for Hume, Voltaire, and Rousseau was '
scarcely compatible with complete disap-
proval of their religious doctrines ; and not
to express such disapproval, had he felt it,
would have been cowardly rather than reti-
cent He no doubt shared the rationalism of
9
Smith
most contemporary philosophers, though in
the sense of optimistic deism. Smith argues,
in the ' Wealth of Nations/ that society is
so constituted that each man promotes the
interests of all "by attending to his own inte-
rests, and in the l Moral Sentiments ' that
sympathy induces us to approve such con-
duct as tends to this result. In both cases a
belief in the argument from design is clearly
implied.
In the spring of 1790 Smith was plainly
failing. When he became aware of his
state he sent for his friends Hutton and
Black, and insisted upon their burning six-
teen volumes of his manuscripts. They did so
without knowing what were the contents.
Smith's mind seemed to be relieved. He
afterwards had some friends to supper, as
usual, but was forced to retire early, using
a phrase which has been variously reported j
(CLATDES-, Samuel Jtogers, p. 168 ; STEWABT, j
x. 75 n. j SnrcLAJE, Old Times and Distant \
Places). It cannot be known whether he !
adjourned the meeting to another place or
to another and a better world. He died on
17 July 1790, and was buried in the Canon- j
gate churchyard. !
Smith left; Ms property to his cousin, I
David Douglas (afterwards Lord Beston),
who was to follow the instructions of j
Hutton and Black in regard to his works, |
and to pay an annuity of 20Z. to Miss Janet j
Douglas, and on her "death 400Z. to Andrew !
Cleghorn. Hia property was less than had [
been expected from the modesty of his j
establishment ; and Stewart found the cause :
to be that he had secretly given away sums |
' on a scale much beyond what would have |
been expected from his fortune.'
Smith, according to Stewart, never sat for
his portrait, though a painting by T. Collopy
in the National Museum of Antiquities at
Edinburgh has been taken to represent
Smith because the ' Wealth of Nations * is
inscribed on a book in the picture. Tassie,
who had seen Smith, executed two medal-
lions in 1787. From one (with a wig), now
in the National Portrait Gallery of Scotland,
a drawing was made by J. Jackson, engraved
for publication in 1811, and also engraved
for editions of the 'Wealth of Nations/
Other engravings are by J. Beugo in the
' Scots Magazine J for June 1801, and by H.
Horsburgh for M'Culloch's edition of the
4 Wealth of Nations,' 1828. Another (with-
out a wig), now in the possession of J. K.
Findlay, esq., of Edinburgh, has not been
engraved. Two portraits were drawn by
Kay for the f Edinburgh Portraits/
Smith's library passed to the heirs of ids
nephew. Part now belongs to the nephew's
Smith
grandson, the Rev. Dr. Bannerman, who hi
1884 presented a portion to New College,
Edinburgh ; part to another grandson, Pro-
fessor R. O. Cunningham, who presented a
portion to Queen's College, Belfast. Other
books were sold. Mr. James Bonar com-
piled a catalogue (1894) of these and of such
other books as could be traced. This in-
cludes about 2,200 volumes, or probably
about two-thirds of the whole. The cata-
logue marks the passages in which Smith
quotes the books named. Mr. Bonar also
gives a plan of Smith's house at Xirkcaldy,
a copy of his will, and an account of his
portraits by J. M. Gray.
Smith's * Wealth of Nations ' is generally
admitted to have originated the study of
political economy as a separate department
of scientific inquiry. It is therefore dis-
cussed in every manual and history of the
subject. Its merit is due on one side to the
great range of his historical knowledge, to
the ingenuity and sound judgment with
which he applies his principles to a number
of concrete cases, and to the literary skill
which makes him always animated, in spite
of digressions and a diffuse style. On the
other side, his exposition of abstract prin-
ciples, though inevitably imperfect, owed
part of its success to the completeness with
which it represented the dominant tendencies
of contemporary thought, and especially the
revolt against obsolete restrictions of all
kinds. The * Smithianismus ' of German
writers was supposed to represent the un-
qualified acceptance of the laissez-faire
theory ; and Buckle's enthusiastic panegyric
represents the view taken at the time by a
zealous adherent of that doctrine. Smith
was too practical to accept the view as abso-
lutely as his disciples. His sympathy with
the general tendency has incidentally sug-
gested much controversy as to his relation
to previous writers of similar views. The
most elaborate investigation of his obliga-
tions to Ms predecessors will be found in
Professor Hasbach's ' Untersuchungen iiber
Adam Smith' (1891). Smith's relation to
the French economists, already discussed by
Dugald Stewart, was elucidated by the re-
ports of his Glasgow lectures in 1763, pub-
lished with, an introduction by Mr. Cannan.
The report, though very imperfect, shows
the manner in which Smith had treated the
subject before his visit to France, and the
subject's relation to his general scheme. Mr.
Cannan sums up his view by saying that
Smith had worked out his theory upon the
division of labour, money, prices, and diffe-
rences of wages before going to France, but
had acquired from the * physiocrats' the
Smith
perception that a * scheme of distribution '
was necessary, and l tacked Ms own scheme
f very different from theirs) on to his already
existing theory of prices ' (Lectures, p.^xxsi).
Other monographs upon Smith's relations to
other writers are Oncken's *A. Smith and
Immanuel Kant ' (1577), Feilbogen's ' Smith
and Turgot '{1S93) ; and Skarzynski's 'Adam
Smith afs Moralphilosoph und Schopfer der
Xationalukonomie/ Many other references
are given in Cossa's * Introduction to the
Study of Political Economy' (English, 1893),
and a Ml bibliography, by Mr. J, P. Ander-
son, is in the appendix to Mr, Haldane's
* Adam Smith,'
Smith's works are : 1. Articles upon John-
son's Dictionary, and the general state of
literature of Europe, in Nos. 1 and 2 (all
published) of the (old) i Edinburgh Review/
1755; the review was reprinted in 1818.
2, 4 The Theory of Moral Sentiments/ 1759 ;
to the second edition (1761) was added a
* Dissertation on the Origin of Languages ; 7
a sixth edition, * with considerable additions
and corrections/ appeared in 1790 ; a French
translation was published in 1764, and one
(by Blavet) in 1774. 3. * An Inquiry into
the Mature and Causes of the Wealth of
Nations/ 1776, 2 vols. 4to ; the 2nd (1778)
is unaltered ; the 3rd (1784), in 3 vols. 8vo,
has f additions and corrections/ which were
separately printed in the same year ; the
4tn and t5th, reproductions of the 3rd, ap-
peared in 1786 and 1789 ; and a 9th in 1799.
A French translation by Blavet was pub-
lished in 1 781, after appearing in the * Journal
de r Agriculture' (1779-80); a second, by
Roucher and the Marquise de Condorcet, in
1790; and a third, by Gamier, in 1802 (re-
published in 1843 with commentaries). A
Danish translation by Draby e was published
in 1779-80; a German, by J. F. Schuler, in
1776-8 ; and one by Garve by the end of
. tlie century. The Italian translation was
published in 1780; a Spanish translation in
179S, though it had been previously sup-
pressed in Spain by the inquisition ; and a
Jktdb translation; in 1796. An edition by
W* Bayfair, in 3 vols. 8vo> appeared in 1805;
em by D. Biieaanan, in 4 vols. 8vo, appeared .
10
Smith
(18^8), weal tbrough four editions, and was
ig^Hisiea k 1 vol. in 1863; one (by E. G.
Wakefekl) appeared, in 4 vols., in 1835-9,
one by Tteold Rogers, in 2 vols., in 1869,
says Rulo^hkal Subjects ' (with Bugald
StewartVLife' prefixed), 1795, published
% his executes. The first three are
upon * the principles which lead and direct
pu3&iiQf&ieal inquiries/ as illustrated by
the history of ' Astronomy/ of * Ancient
Physics/ and of ' Ancient Logic and Meta-
physics.' The others are upon the ' Nature
of that Imitation which takes place in what
are called the Imitative Arts;' upon the
' Affinity between Music, Dancing, and
Poetry;' upon the 'Affinity between certain
English and Italian verses/ and ' Of the Ex-
ternal Senses/ 5. l Lectures on Justice,
Police, Revenue, and Arms . . . by Adam
Smith . . . reported by a Student in 1793/
edited by Edwin Cannan, 1896. The < Col-
lected Works ' were published in 1812-11,
5 vols. 8vo.
[The Life of Adam Smith, by Mr. John Kae,
1895, is an admirable and exhaustive account of
all the known facts. Mr. Rae has examined the
i records and papers belonging to the universities
I of Glasgow and Edinburgh and the Royal So-
ciety of Edinburgh. He has also examined
manuscript sources of information in various
places, and has collected all references in print.
The chief original authority is the Life by Du-
, gald Stewart, read to the Royal Society of Edin-
burgh in 1793, prefixed to various editions of
Smith's Works and in Stewart's Works, vol. x. ;
the Life in W. Smellie's Literary and Cha-
racteristical Lives (1800, pp. 211-97) is trifling;
a later Life (by W. Playfair), prefixed to an
edition of the Wealth of Nations in 1806, adds
little; later Lives, by J. R. M'Culloch and
! Thorold Rogers, are prefixed to their editions of
the same. See also Brougham's Philosophers of
the Time of G-eorge III, pp. 166-289 ; Rogers's
Historical Gleanings, 1869, pp. 95-137 ; McCosh's
Scottish Philosophy, 1875, pp. 162-73 ; and
Life by Mr. R. B. Haldane in Great Writers
Series, 1887. Burton's Life of Hume gives
much interesting information. Various anec-
dotes and references are in A. Carlyle's Auto-
biography, pp. 297-81 ; Tytler's Life of Kames,
i. 233, 266-71 ; Dalzel's University of Edin-
burgh, 1862, i. 21, 42, 63, 84 ; Sir John Sinclair's
Life (i. 36-43), and Correspondence (i. 387-90) ;
Caldwell Papers (Maitland Club, 1854), n. i.
131, 190; Duncan's Notes and Documents
(Maitland Club), pp. 16, 25, 132; Strang's
Glasgow and its Clubs, 1857, pp. 17, 21, 28;
Clayden's Early Life of Samuel Rogers, pp. 92,
110, 167; Windham's Diary, pp. 59, 63; Arch-
deacon Sinclair's Old Times and Distant Places,
pp. 9,&c.; Walter Scott's MisceU. Works, 1834,
xix. 339-42 (review of John Home) ; Thomson's
Life of Cullen, 1859, i. 71, 273 ; Paujas St. Fond's
Voyage ... en Ecosse . . .,* 1797, ii. 277, &e.;
MoreUet's Memoires, 1821, i. 136-8; Notes and
Queries, 9th ser. i. 322 ; J. A. Farrer's Adam Smi th
(1881), in the English Philosopher Series, is an
account of the Moral Sentiments.] L. S.
SMITH, ALBEET RICHARD (1816-
I860), author and lecturer, son of Richard
Smith, surgeon, who died on 12 Feb. 1857,
aged 78, was born at Chertsey, Surrey, on
Smith
Smith
24 May 1816, and was educated at Mer-
chant Taylors' school from November 1826
to 1831. At an early age he studied at the
Middlesex Hospital, and in 1838 he became
a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries
and a member of the College of Surgeons.
Late in 1838 he joined his father in practice
at Chertsey. On 4 Jan. 1840 he commenced
contributing to the 'Medical Times' 'The
Confessions of Jasper Buddie, a Dissecting
Boom Porter/ a series of articles signed
'Rocket.'
In 1841 he settled at 14 Percy Street,
Tottenham Court Road, London, with a view
to medical practice, from which, however,
he was soon diverted by his literary preoccu-
pations. As an author he showed excep-
tional versatility in turning to account his
powers of humorous observation. In March
1841 he published in Bentley*s * Miscellany '
(pp. 357-81) 'A Rencontre with the Brigands/
To i Punch' he was an early contributor, send-
ing articles entitled ' Physiology of the Lon-
don Medical Student 1 (2 Oct. 1841) and the
'Physiology of London Evening Parties 7
(1 Jan. 1842). His first drama, 'Blanche
Heriot/ was produced at the Surrey Theatre
on 26 Sept. 1842, He soon after commenced
in ' Bentley ' (1842, xii. 217 et seq.) the best
of his novels, * The Adventures of Mr. Led-
bury.' Between 1844 and 1846 he wrote,
in conjunction with others, several extrava-
ganzas for the Lyceum Theatre, the series
including < Aladdin/ August 1844; 'Valen-
tine and Orson,' Christmas 1844; ' Whitting-
ton and his Cat/ Easter 1845; all of which,
owing mainly to the acting of Mr. and Mrs.
Keeley, were very successful {Era Almanack,
1875, p. 6), He also adapted for the same
house * The Cricket on the Hearth/ December
1845, and the 'Battle of Life/ 21 Dec. 1846.
For the Adelphi he wrote ' Esmeralda/ a bur-
lesque, 3 June 1850, and for the Princess's
* The Alhambra/ an extravaganza, 21 April
1851. During the same period he acted as
dramatic critic of the 'Illustrated London
News/ edited 'Puck' (1844), wrote many
popular songs for John Orlando Parry, and
brought out ' Christopher Tadpole * as a
monthly shilling serial (1848).
In 1847 he proposed to David Bogue, the
publisher, to write a series of social natural
histories, to be published at a shilling each,
after the style of the Paris Physiologies. The
series was started with ' The Natural History
of the Gent/ and the success of this brochure
was very great, the edition of two thousand
being sold in one day.
In 1847, in conjunction with Angus Be-
thune Reach [q. v.J, Smith brought out a six-
penny monthly called ' The Man in the Moon/
with which he was connected until 1849.
In the same year he edited ' Gavami in Lon-
don ' (republished as * Sketches of London.
Life and Character/ 1859). In 1850 he edited
from April to August five numbers of the
' Town and Country Miscellany,' and from
July to December 1851, 'The Month/ with
Leech's illustrations.
Meanwhile Smith had found a new voca-
tion. In 1849 he went on a tour to Constan-
tinople and the East. On his return in 1850
he published * A Month at Constantinople.*
Shortly afterwards he made his first appear-
ance before the public at Willis's Rooms, on
28 May 1850, in an entertainment written
by himself, called'The Overland Mail' (Illus-
trated London News, 1850, xvi. 413). On
12 Aug. 1851 he made an ascent of Mont
Blanc, and on 15 March 1852 (ib. 1852, xx.
243-4, 291-2, xxi. 565) produced at the Egyp-
tian Hall in Piccadilly an entertainment
descriptive of the ascent and of Anglo-con-
tinental life, which became the most popular
exhibition of the kind ever known (Black-
wood's Mag. 1852, Ixxi. 35-55, 603). From
that time until 6 July 1858 he continued at the
Egyptian Hall his career of success as a public
entertainer, giving various new sketches of
character and illustrations by William Bever-
ley, but always keeping Mont Blanc as the
central point of attraction. On 24 Aug. 1854
he gave his performance before the queen and
the prince consort at Osborne House.
In Juty 1858 he started for Hong Kong,
and on his return published * To China and
Back/ 1859. On 22 Dec. 1858 he commenced
a new entertainment under the title of
' China,' which was also very popular. His
last appearance at the Egyptian Hall was on
Saturday, 19 May ; he died of bronchitis at
North End Lodge, Fulham, on 23 May 1860,
and was buried in Brompton cemetery on
26 May. He married, on 1 Aug. 1859, Mary
Lucy, who had been an actress, and was
elder daughter of Eobert Keeley, the come-
dian. She died on 19 March 1870.
A lithograph of Smith at Chamonix, by
C. Bougmet, belongs to Mr. Ashby-Sterry.
Smith's novels are still popular. They
are: 1, *The "Wassail Bowl/ 1843, 2 vols.
2. * The Adventures of Mr, Ledbury and MB
Friend Jack Johnson/ 1844, S vols. 3. ' The
Adventures of Jack Holy day, with something
about his Sister/ 1844. 4. < The Fortunes
of the Scattergood Family/ 1845, 3 vols.
5. 4 The Marchioness of Brinvilliers/ 1846.
6. f The Struggles and Adventures of Chris-
topher Tadpole at Home and Abroad/ 1848.
7. * The Pottleton Legacy : a Story of Town
and Country Life/ 1849. 8. * Wild Oats and
Bead Leaves/ 1860,
Smith 12
Smith's satiric essays, -which "were illus-
trated by John Leech ? Crowquill, Kenny
Meadows, Gayarni, and H. K. Browne, were
published In successive volumes bearing the
titles : * Beauty and the Beast/ 1843 ; ' The
Pliysblogv of "Evening Parties/ 1843; < The
Natural History of the Gent/ 1847; 'The
Natural History of the Ballet Girl/ 1847;
* The Natural History of Stuck-up People/
1647 : ' The Natural" History of the Idler
upon Town/ 1S43 ; i The Natural History of
the Flirt/ 1648 ; < A Bowl of Punch/ 1848 ;
* Comic Sketches,' 1848 ; i A Pottle of Straw-
berries,* 1545; i The Miscellany, a Book for
the Field and Fireside/ 1850 ; *< Comic Tales
and Sketches/ 1852 ;' Picture of Life at
Home and Abroad/ 1852; 'The English
Hotel Nuisance/ 1855 j f Sketches of the
Bay/ 1856, two series, consisting of pirated
reprints of < The Flirt/ &c.; 'The London
Medical Student, 1861, edited by Arthur
Smith. He also wrote: 4 A Handbook of
Mr, Albert Smith's Ascent of Mont Blanc/
1852, four editions, and edited 'The Mont
Blanc Gazette/ 1858.
ABTKI^B W. "W. SMITH (1825-1861),
brother of the above, was born at Chertsey
in 1825, and educated for the medical pro-
fession. With talents which, might have
qualified him for attaining high honours in
science and literature, he devoted himself to
the interests of his brother. Besides having
the entire management of the entertainments
at the Egyptian Hall from 1852 to 1860, he
had confided to Mm by Charles Dickens the
direction and arrangement of his readings
in 1858; he also planned the second series
of readings in 1861, but lived to attend only
the first six in St. James's Hall. Dickens
said of him, * Arthur Smith was always every-
where, but his successor is onlv somewhere 9
(FoESTEK, C. Dickens, 1874, iii. 145, 548).
He was one of the committee of the Thames
Fisheries Protection Society, and in 1861
wrote for it a brochure calle"d * The Thames
Angler/ He edited the t London Medical
Student J in 1861, and contemplated issuing
a collected edition of his brother's writings.
He died at 24 Wilton Street, Belgrave Square,
London, on 1 Oct. 1861, and was buried in
cemetery (Era, 6 Oct. 1861, p 9*
>, Zjfe, 1891, pp. 73, 261). '
^[Host H&ae, I860, with a Memoir by E.
Yates, pp. rU-xixvi ; Illustrated Times, 8 Dec!
1855, pp. 437-8, with portrait; Illustrated
Lmido& Kews, 1844 XT. 889 with portrait, 1853
xnL 498 with portrait, 1860 sxxri. 516, 34
with portrait ; Illustrated News of the World
1S3, ToL j, portrait xti.; Era, 27 May 1860
HS 9, 10, 10 Jane p. 10 j Lancet, I860, 1. 535 \
BrawiBg-room Bortr^it Gallery, 1st ser. 1859 i
Smith
[ portrait xxxv. ; Lennox's Celebrities 1 have
\ kno-wn, 2nd ser. 1877, ii. 5-20; Hodder's Me-
' moriesof my Time, 1870, pp. 87-97; Yates's
1 Recollections, 1885, pp. 151-68; Reynolds's
Miscellany, 1853, x. 276-7, with portrait;
i Blancbard's Life, 1891, pp. 31, 728; Slater's
1 Hare Editions, 1894, pp. 260-8; Goodman's The
| Keeleys, 1895, pp. 193, 224-34, 342-5, withpor-
j traits of A. R. Smith and his wife ; Spielmann's
| History of Punch, 1895, pp. 49, 591; Fort-
! nightly Review, May 1886, pp. 636-42; Lon-
| don Sketch Book, January 1874, pp, 3-6, with
I view of the Egyptian Hall, and Cuthbert Bede's
| Twelfth Night characters there at Christmas,
I 1855 ; see also Mr. Hardup's Ascent of the Mont
j dePiete, by Albert Snuff, in Yates and Brough's
Our Miscellany, 1857, pp. 157-68.] G-. C. B.
SMITH, ALEXANDER (Jl. 1714-1726),
, biographer of highwaymen, called himself
I ' Captain Smith,' but is known exclusively
i for the compilations executed for the book-
sellers during the reign of George I, which
| suggest that he was better known as a fre-
quenter of police-courts and taverns than in
military circles. It is not improbable that
his industry was stimulated by the success
obtained by Theophilus Lucas [q. vj from
his 'Lives of the Gamesters/ published in
1714. The works issued in Captain Alex-
ander Smith's name were : 1. < A Complete
History of the Lives and Robberies of the
most notorious Highwaymen, Footpads,
Shoplifts, and Cheats of both Sexes in and
about London and Westminster 7 (2nd edit.
London, 1714, 12mo, supplementary volume,
1720, 12mo j another edit., 2 vols. 1719, 12mo ;
1719-20, 3 vols. 12mo) ; this curious work,
which commands a high price, commences
with a humorous account of Sir John Falstaff,
and gives details, frequently no less mythical,
about the Golden Farmer, Nevison, Duval,
Moll Cutpurse, and a score of other notorious
persons. The supplement of 1720 includes
a i Thieves' Grammar/ 2. < Secret History
of the Lives of the most celebrated Beauties,
Ladies of Quality, and Jilts, from Fair Rosa-
mond down to this Time, ' London, 1715,
2 vols. 12mo. 3. ' Court of Venus, or Cupid
restored to Sight/ London, 1716, 2 vols.
12mo. 4. < Thieves' New Canting Dictionary
of the Words, Proverbs, Terms, and Phrases
used in the Language of Thieves,' London.
1719, 12mo. 5. * The Comical and Tragical
History of the Lives and Adventures of the
most noted Bayliffs in and about London
and Westminster. . .discovering their strata-
gems and tricks, wherein the whole Art and
Mistery of Bumming is fully exposed/ Lon-
don, 1723, 8vo j 3rd edit. 1723. This shilling
brochure bad a great sale, mainly on account
of the extreme coarseness of the drolleries,
Smith
Smith
which reaches its climax in the account of
the indignities inflicted upon a bailiff caught
within the liberties of the Mint (this is
effectively utilised in the opening chapters of
Ainsworth's t Jack Sheppard'). 7. ' Memoirs
of the Life and Times of "the famous Jonathan
Wild, together with the Lives of modern
Rogues. . .that have been executed since
his death/ London, 1726, 12mo (with cuts).
8. i Court Intrigue, or an Account of the
Secret Memoirs of the British Nobility and
others/ London, 1730, 12mo.
[Smith's "Works in British Museum Library;
Lowndes's BibL Man. (Bohn), p. 2417; Watt's
Bibliotheca Britannica; Alliboue j sl)ict.of Engl.
Lit,] T. S.
SMITH, ALEXANDER, D.D. (1684-
1766), Roman catholic prelate, bornatFoeha-
bers, Morayshire,in 1684, was admitted into
the Scots College at Paris in 1698. He re-
turned to Scotland in deacon's orders in 1709,
but was not ordained priest till 1712. From
1718 to 1730 he was procurator of the Scots ]
College at Paris. In 1735 he was consecrated |
bishop of Mosinopolis m partibus infidelium, \
and appointed coadjutor to Bishop James i
Gordon, vicar-apostolic of the Lowland dis- j
trict, on whose death in 1746 he succeeded j
to the vicariate. He died at Edinburgh on ,
21 Aug. 1766.
He published two catechisms for the use
of the catholics of Scotland. These received
the formal approbation of the holy office on j
20 March 1749-50.
[London and Dublin "Weekly Orthodox Journal,
1837, iv. '84; Stothert's Catholic Mission in
Scotland, p. 9 ; Brady's Episcopal Succession,
iii. 459.] T. 0.
SMITH, ALEXANDER (1760P-1829),
seaman, mutineer, and settler. [See ADAMS,
JOHN.]
SMITH, ALEXANDER (1830-1867),
Scottish poet, was the son of Peter Smith, a
lace-pattern designer in Kilmarnoek, where
he was born on 31 Bee. 1830 (Notes and
Queries j 8th ser. xii. 311). His mother,
whose name was Helen Murray, was of good
highland lineage. In his childhood the family
removed to Paisley, and thence to Glasgow.
After a good general education, and some
hesitation as to whether he should not study
for the church, Smith learned pattern-design-
ing, at which he worked both in Glasgow
and Paisley. His literary tastes quickly
developed ; his mind was usually busy with
verse, and he proved apparently an indifferent
designer of lace patterns. Some of his most
intelligent Glasgow friends reckoned "him also
but a sorry poet, in spite of the distinction
he gained in the local debating club, the
Addisonian Society; and it was only after
he had submitted some of his work to George
Gilfillan [q. v.] that his characteristic indi-
viduality came to be recognised. Through
Gilfillan's instrumentality specimens of his
verse appeared in 1851-2 in the * Critic' and
the ' Eclectic Review.' From the first his
work was the subject of keen controversy,
and the appearance of his * Life Drama J in
1853 provoked a literary warfare. Re-
ceiving 100Z. for his book, Smith deserted
pattern-designing, and visited London with
his friend John Nichol, afterwards professor
of English literature at Glasgow. Passing
south they saw Miss Martineau at Ambleside,
and Mr. P. J. Bailey at Nottingham. In Lon-
don they made the acquaintance of Arthur
Helps, G. H. Lewes (who strenuously up-
held Smith's work in the 'Leader'), and
other persons of note. Returning, Smith was
for a week the guest of the Duke of Argyll
at Inverary. Here he met Lord Dufferin,
whom he subsequently visited in Ireland.
After editing for a short time the Glasgow
Miscellany ' and doing other journalistic and
literary work in Glasgow, he was appointed
in 1854 secretary to Edinburgh University.
Smith's official work occupied him daily
from ten to four, and he gave his evenings
to literature and society. He was perhaps
the founder he was at least a member of
the Raleigh Club, at which on occasional
evenings men of letters and artists smoked
together. His salary of 150Z. as university
secretary was increased to 200?. on his under-
taking the additional duties of registrar and
secretary to the university council. la the
winter of 1854 he made the acquaintance of
Sydney Dobell, then soj ourning in Edinburgh,
and they collaborated in a series of sonnets
on the Crimean war. This co-operation em-
phasised the attitude of both writers, whose
style as spasmodic J poets had just been cari-
catured in * Blackwood's Magazine J for May
1854. After his marriage in 1857 Smith
fassed his summer holidays in Skye,his wife's
ome. Skye influenced the literary produc-
tion of his best days. Meanwhile his official
and literary work went on, and as family de-
mands increased he found prose more readily
profitable than verse, and contributed to
newspapers, magazines, and encyclopaedias.
Incessant labour overtaxed his strength. He
became seriously 11 in the late autumn of
1866, and he died on 5 Jan. 1867 at Wardie,
near Granton, Midlothian ; he was buried in
Warriston cemetery, Edinburgh. His friends
erected over his grave an lona cross, having
in the centre a bronze medallion with profile
by the sculptor Brodie,
Smith
Smith
Smith married, in 1857, Flora Macdonald,
of the same lineage as her famous namesake,
and daughter of Mr. Macdonald of Ord in
Skye. His wife, with a family, survived him.
His eldest daughter, gracefully introduced
into his Skye lyric , * Blaavin/diecl two months
after him,
The * Life Drama and other Poems/ pub-
lished in 1853, reached a second edition
that year, and passed into a third in 1854,
and Into a fourth in 1855. Marked hy
youthful inexperience, and extravagant in
fbrm and imagery, the poems (especially the
title-piece ) abound in strong gnomic lines and
ciisplav fine imaginative power. In April
1853 John Forster elaborately reviewed the
book in the & Examiner/ prompting Mat-
thew Arnold's opinion that Smith t has cer-
tainly an extraordinary faculty, although I
think that he is a phenomenon of a very
dubious character J (AE5OLD, Letters, i. 29).
* The latest disciple of the school of Keats/
Clough called Kim hi the * North American
Beview 1 for July 1853. < The poems/ said the
critic, * hare something substantive and life-
like, immediate and first-hand about them '
(C&ocvH, JVtfSfil&maMWjp.SoS). The lead-
ing periodicals of the time were agreed as to
the striking character of the poems, but they
differed regarding their absolute merits. In
May 1854 an ostensible review of a forth-
coming volume to be entitled 'FirmiEan'
aroused attention and curiosity in * Black-
wood/ and in the course of tlie year there
was published * Firmilian, or the Student of
Badajoz: a Spasmodic Tragedy, by T. Percy
Jones.* It was so good that Mr. Jones was at
first accepted as a new bard, but it presently
appeared that the work was an elaborate jest
by Professor Aytoun, who satirised in * Fir-
milian ? the extravagances of Mr, P. J. Bailey,
Detail, and Alexander Smith. * Spasmodic '
was so happily descriptive of the peculiarities
ridiculed that it instantly attained standard
value (Sra THEOBOEB MAETIN. Memoir of
A$fam, p. 146).
* Somnets on the Crimean War,' by Smith
*ad Detail, appeared in 1855. They are
forgotten. As a sonneteer, while he was
tfeugktfEl aifed readable, Smith lacks fluency
and tewjny of movement. la 1857 he
issued * C% Poems,' in which he touches a
tigfe Im* with * Glasgow, 7 * The Boy's Poem/
and eepeekly * Squire Maurice, 1 probably his
most compact and impressive achievement in
.r
1857), found evidence im the ' City Poems'
of 'mutilated property of the bards/ and
torn arose a sharp discussion over charges of
iarifim freely laid against Smith. Even
Bi (probably by the han4 of Shirley
Brooks) was stirred to active interference,
and entered for the defence. The charge was
at once as valid and as futile as a similar accu-
sation would be against Milton, for example,
. and Gray, and Burns. The question is dis-
I cussed with adequate fulness in an appendix
s to t Last Leaves/ a posthumous volume of
Smith's miscellanies, edited with memoir by
his friend, P. P. Alexander. In l Edwin of
Deira ' (Cambridge and London, 1861, 8vo),
Smith writes an attractive and spirited poem,
exhibiting commendable self-restraint and a
! chastened method. Unfortunately, the poem
' challenged attention almost simultaneously
with Tennyson's ' Idylls of the King/ and it
is surprising that, under such a disadvantage,
it reached a second edition in a few months.
Still, Smith did not escape the old charge
of plagiarism and imitation. He was even
blamed for utilising Tennyson's latest work,
though his poem was mainly, if not en-
tirely, written before the ' Idylls ' appeared
(ALEXASDEB, Memoir, p. Ixxxii). Envious
comparisons thus instituted were inevitably
detrimental, and a fine poem has probably
never received its due.
Smith wrote the life of Cowper for the
eighth edition of the ' Encyclopaedia Britan-
nica/ 1854, To a volume of * Edinburgh
Essays/ 1857, he contributed a sympathetic
and discriminating article on * Scottish Bal-
lads J (republished in * Last Leaves 7 ). This
essay Thomas Spencer Baynes characterised
at the time as * beautiful/ adding, * His prose
is quite peculiar for its condensed poetic
strength 7 (Table Talk of Shirley, p. 53).
Although Aytoun enjoyed the fun of ridi-
culing the excesses of the ' Spasmodic School/
( he had (like Blackie and the other univer-
j sity professors) a real admiration for Smith,
whose work he introduced to 'Blackwood/
1 Other outlets were also found * Macmillan J
the^ Museum/ Chambers's 'Encyclopaedia''
various newspapers and in 1863 appeared
* Dreamthorp: a Book of Essays written in
the Country/ Occasionally florid in style,
nor wholly destitute of trivial conceits, these
essays embody some excellent descriptive and
literary work. In 1865 he published ' A
Summer in Skye/ a delightful holiday
book, vivacious in narrative, bright and
picturesque in description, and overflowing
with individuality. For Messrs. MacmS
fan's * Golden Treasury Series' he edited,
m two volumes, in 1865, the < Poetical
Works of Burns/ prefixing a memoir which
is second only to Lockhart's in grasp and
appreciative delineation. A graphic but
somewhat unequal story of Scottish life,
largely autobiographical, and entitled 'Alfred
Hagart'sEoosehold/ with sequel/ Miss Dona
Smith
Smith
IM'Quarrie/ was republished from 'Good
Words/ in two volumes, 12mo, 1866, and
Svo, 1867. In 1866 he edited Howe's * Golden
Leaves from the American Poets/ In 1868
appeared f Last Leaves,' edited by Patrick
Proctor Alexander.
[Brisbane's Early Years of Alexander Smith,
1869; Alexander's Memoir in Last Leaves;
Memorial notice in Scotsman of 8 Jan. 1867 ;
James Hannay's Reminiscences in CasselTs Mag.
1867; Sheriff Nieolson's Memoir in Good
Words, 1867; Gilfillan's G-allery of Literary
Portraits, 3rd ser. ; Life and Letters of Sydney
Dobell ; Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning,
ed. Kenyon, 1897, vol. ii.; Macmillan's Mag.,
February 1867.] T. B.
SMITH, SIB ANDBEW (1797-1872),
director-general army medical department,
the son of T. P, Smith of Heron Hall, Eoz-
burghshire, was born in 1797. He commenced
the study of medicine with Mr. Graham, a
surgeon in the county, with whom he served
an apprenticeship of three years. He after-
wards studied medicine at the university
of Edinburgh, attending the Charles House
Square Infirmary, the Royal Infirmary, and
Lying-in Hospital. He graduated M J). on
1 Aug. 1819, taking as the subject of his
thesis ' Be variolis secundariis.' He entered
the army as a hospital mate on 15 Aug. 1815.
FTia intelligence and energy soon brought
him into notice, and his rise was rapid.
Becoming temporary hospital mate on 15 Aug.
1815 and hospital assistant on 14 March
1816, he went to the Cape in 1821 and re-
mained there sixteen years, being promoted
assistant surgeon 98th foot on 27 Oct. 1825,
staff assistant surgeon on 23 Feb. 1826, and
staff surgeon on 7 July 1837. In 1828, at
the request of the government and com-
mander-in-ehief of the Cape, he reported on
the bushmen, and in 1831 on the Airtazooloo
and on Port Natal. In 1834 he superintended
an expedition for exploring Central Africa
from the Cape, fitted out by the Cape of Good
Hope Association (expedition 1834-6), and
was directed to negotiate treaties with the
native chiefe beyond the northern boundary
of the colony. For several years he per-
formed the duties of director of the govern-
ment civil museum at Cape Town without
salary. He received the thanks of the home
government for these services. His scientific
researches in southern Africa he embodied in
many able papers on the origin and history
of Bushmen, and in his t Illustrations of the
Zoology of South Africa/ 1838-47, 4to, 5 vols.
Some copious and valuable notes regarding
the aborigines of South Africa and the diffe-
Tent Kaffir tribes have not been fully pub-
lished. On all questions relating to South
Africa he was regarded as an authority, and it
was due to his representation and counsel that
Natal became a colony of the British crown.
After returning to England in 1837 Smith
acted as principal medical ofiicer at Fort
Pitt, Chatham. On 19 Dec. 1845 he was made
deputy inspector-general, and in 1846, at the
instance of Sir James McGrrigor, the director-
general of the army medical department, he
was transferred to London as * professional
assistant.' He was promoted inspector-gene-
ral on 7 Feb. 1851, and on 20 Feb. following,
when Sir James retired, Smith was appointed
by the Duke of Wellington his successor as
inspector-general and superintendent of the
army medical department. On 25 Feb. 1853
he was nominated director-general of the
army and ordnance medical departments.
During the Crimean campaign he was accused
of dereliction of duty in the press and else-
where, and grave imputations were cast upon
his department. The evidence and docu-
ments laid before the Sebastopol and other
committees did much to vindicate his reputa-
tion as an administrator. He resigned his
post as director-general, owing to impaired
health, on 22 June 1858, and was on 9 July
; following created K.C.B.
> Smith was elected a fellow of theWernerian
j Society in 1819, an honorary fellow of the
1 Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of (rlas-
I gpw in 1855, of the College of Surgeons of
| Edinburgh in 1856, of the Medico-ChSnirgical
; Society of Aberdeen in 1855, and a doctor of
I medicine fionoris causa, of Trinity College,
; Dublin, in 1856. Acuteness of mind and
varied axxsomplishments left their impress on
every enterprise he embarked upon. He died
on 12 Aug. 1872 at his residence in Alexander
Square, Bronipton. His portrait in oils now
hangs in the ante-room of the officers* mess,
Netley, Hampshire.
[Lancet, 1872 ; British Medical Journal, 1872;
Medical Times and Gazette, 1872; Cstelogne
Brit, Mns. Library; Boyal Society's Cat. of
Scientific Papers ; Army Lists ; Kecord of ser-
vices preserved at the War Office ; Men of the
Eeign ; AHihone's Diet, of Engt Lit.]
W. W. W.
SMITH, ANXEB (1759-1819), en-
graver, was born in 1759 in Cheapside,
London, where his father was a silk mer-
chant. He is said to have owed his curious
Christian name to the fact that he was re-
garded as the * anchor 7 or sole hope of his
parents. He was educated at Merchant
Taylors' school, and at first articled to an
uncle named Hoole, a solicitor ; but, show-
ing singular skill in making pen-and-ink
copies of engravings, he was transferred to
James Taylor, an engraver, with whom he re-
Smith
maimed until 1782. Subsequently he became
an assistant to James Heath (1757-1834)
[q. Y. ] In 1787 Smith obtained his first inde-
pendent employment from John Bell (1745-
1881} [q. T. ', for whose series of 'British
Poets ' jbe engraved many of the illustra-
tions. He became one of the ablest of Eng-
lish line engravers, his small plates being^
specially distinguished for correctness of
drawing and beauty of nish. Through his
relative John Boole ~q. v.", the translator,
he became known to Alderman Boydell,
who commissioned Mm to engrave oSTorth-
cote's picture of the i Death of Wat Tyler; '
the print was published in 1796, and earned
for Mm Ms election as an associate of the
Koyal Academy in the following year. In
1798 he executed a large plate from Leo-
nardo da Vinci's cartoon of the Holy Family
in the possession of the academy. During
the remainder of his life Smith was ex-
tensively employed upon the illustrations
to fine editions of standard works, such as
MacHin's Bible, 1800; BoydelTs Shake-
speare* (the smaller series), 1802; Kears-
leyV Shakespeare/ 1806; Bowyer's edition
of Hume's e History of England/ 1806 ; and
Sharpens * British Classics/ He engraved
many of B, Smirke's designs for the
'Arabian Nights/ 1802; <Gil Bias,' 1809;
and 'Bon Quixote/ 1818; and was one of
the artists employed upon the official publi-
cation, * Ancient Marbles in the British
Museum.' His latest work was a large
plate from Heaphy's picture, * The Duke of
Wellington giving Orders to his Generals/
which he did not live to complete. He
died of apoplexy on 23 June 1819. Smith
married in 1791, and left a widow, one
daughter, and four sons ; two of the latter
are noticed below. His sister Maria, who
was an artist, and exhibited portraits be-
tween 1791 and 1814, married William Ross,
a miniature-painter, and was the mother of
Sir "William Charles Boss [<j. v.]
FEBBESICK WILULOC SMITH (d. 1835),
tculptor, second son of Anker Smith, was
bom at Kmlieo, London. He studied at
the Boyal Academy, and was the first pupO
of Sir Francis Legate Chantrey [q. vj He
began to exhibit in 1818, sending a bust of
Ms father, and in 1821 gamed the academy
gpld medal with a group of Hsemon and An-
tigeme ; in 1824 e exhibited a beautiful
grop of a mother and child from the * Mur-
der of the Innocents/ and he also modelled
some excellent busts of Chaatrey, Brunei,
Allan Cunningham, and others, appearing
at the academy for the last time m 1828.
Staith was a sculptor of great talent and
promise, but died pissnaturely at Shrews-
16
Smith
bury on 18 Jan. 1835 (Gent. Mag. 1855, i.
327).
His younger brother, HEEBEBT LUTHER
the Royal Academy and British Institution
from 1830 to 1854 ; later he was employed as
a copyist by the queen. He died on 13 March
1870.
[Redgrave's Diet, of British Artists ; Sandby's
History of the Royal Academy; Knight's
Cyclopaedia of Biography; Dodd's manuscript
Hist, of Engravers in Brit. Mns. (Addit. MS.
33405) ; Athezueum, 1835, p. 75.] F. M. OT>.
SMITH, AQUILLA, M.D. (1806-1890),
Irish antiquary, born at Nenagh, co. Tip-
perary, on 28 April 1806, was the youngest
child of William Smith of that town, and
of Catherine Doolan, his wife. He received
< his education first at private schools in
Dublin, and afterwards at Trinity College.
He embraced the medical profession, in
which his career was distinguished. He
received the degree of M.D. Tionoris causa
from his university in 1839, was king's pro-
i fessor of materia medica and pharmacy in the
, school of physic from 1864 to 1881, and from
1851 to 1890 represented the Irish CoUege
of Physicians on the council of medical edu-
cation.
Smith was an active member of the Eoyal
Irish Academy from 1835 until his death in
1890, and was reckoned in his lifetime the
best authority on Irish coins, of which he was-
a large collector. At his death his collection
of Irish corns and tokens was acquired by the
academy for 350/. The Numismatic Society
i acknowledged his services by conferring its
I medal upon him in 1884. Smith was a copious
j writer on antiquarian subjects, mainly numis-
i matics. Hia more important contributions to
the department of archaeology were published
in the 'Transactions and Proceedings of the
Koyal Irish Academy/ 1839-53; 'Trans-
n^J-C^^n ^Jf xl, ~ TTMn-- A .-1 ^1 T n
1863-83, and by the Irish Archaeological
Society. Of his papers on medical topics,
the most valuable is his account of the
* Origin and Early History of the College of
Physicians in Ireland/ published in the
'Journal of Medical Science' (vol. six.)
JMemoir by J. W. M., privately published ;
private information.] C. L. F.
,^ ARCHIBALD (1813-1872),
mathematician, born on 10 Aug. 1813 at
Greenhead, Glasgow, was the only son of
James Smith (1782-1867) [q. v.], merchant,
of Glasgow, by his wife Mary, daughter of
Alexander Wilson, professor of astronomy
Smith
Smith
in Glasgow University. Archibald entered
GtegowJJniversity in 1823, and distinguished
Himself in classics, mathematics, and physics.
He proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge,
whence he graduated* B.A. in 1836 and
M.A. in 1839. In 1836 he was senior
wrangler and first Smith's prizeman, and
was elected a fellow of Trinity College, He
entered the society of Lincoln's Inn, and was
called to the bar in Hilary term 1841. He
practised for many years as an equity
draughtsman in Stone Buildings, Lincoln s
Inn, and became an eminent real-property
lawyer. While still an undergraduate Smith
communicated to the Cambridge Philoso-
phical Society a paper on Fresnel's wave-
surfacej in which he deduced its algebraical
equations by the symmetrical method, one
of the first instances of its employment in
analytical geometry in England. In No-
vember 1837, in conjunction with Duncan
Farquharson Gregory [tj. v.j, he founded the
Cambridge 'Mathematical Journal.' Be-
tween 1842 and 1847 Smith, at the request
of General Sir Edward Sabine [q. v.l, deduced
from Poisson's general equation practical for-
mulae for the correction of observations made
on board ship, which Sabine published in the
* Transactions 'of the Ptoyal Society. In 1851
he deduced convenient tabular forms from the
formulae, and in 1859 he edited the i Journal
of a Voyage to Australia/ by William Scoresby
the younger [q. v. ], giving in the introduction
an exact formula for the effect of the iron of
a ship on the compass. In 1862, in conjunc-
tion with Sir Frederick John Owen Evans
[q. v.], he published an * Admiralty Manual
for ascertaining and applying the Devia-
tions of the Compass caused by the Iron in a
Ship * ^London, 8vo). This work was trans-
lated into French, German, Russian, and
Spanish. In recognition of his services
Smith received the honorary degree of LL.D.
from the university of Glasgow in 1864, and
in the following year was awarded a gold
medal by the Royal Society, of which he had
been elected a fellow on 5 June 1856, In
1872 he received a grant of 2 5 000/. from
government. In addition he was elected a
corresponding member of the scientific com-
mittee of the imperial Russian navy. Smith
died in London on 26 Dec. 1872. In 1853
he married Susan Emma, daughter of Sir
James Parker of Rothley Temple, Leicester-
shire. By her he had six sons and two daugh-
ters. His eldest son, James Parker Smith, is
M.P. for the Partick division of Lanarkshire.
A portrait is prefixed to the Russian edition
of the i Manual on the Deviation of the Com-
pass,
Besides the works mentioned, Smith was
VOL. LUI.
the author of : 1. Supplement to the Rules
for ascertaining the Deviations of the Compass
caused by the Ship's Iron,' London, 1855,
| 8vo. 2. f A Graphic Method of correcting
the Deviations of a Ship's Compass/ London,
1855, 8vo.
[Proceedings of the Boyal Society, vol. xxii,
-^PP* PP- i-xziv ; biographical sketch prefixed to
the Russian edition of Smith's Manual on the
Deviation of the Compass, St. Petersburg, 1865;
Ward's Men of the Eeign; Irving's Book of
Scotsmen; Law Times, 11 Jan. 1873; Gent.
Mag. 1867, i. 393 ; Burke's Landed Gentry, 8th
edit. ; Imard's Ghrad. Cantabr.] E. I. C.
SffiTH, AUGUSTUS JOHN (1804-
1872), lessee of the Scilly Islands, was son of
James Smith (b. 1768, d. at Ashlyn Hall,
Hertfordshire, on 16 Feb. 1843)," by his
second wife, Mary Isabella (b. 1784, d.
Paris, 14 Feb. 1823), eldest daughter of
! Augustus Peehell of Great Berkhamstead.
i He was born in Harley Street, London, on
] 15 Sept. 1804, entered at Harrow school
j about 1814, and matriculated from Christ's
; Church, Oxford, on 23 April 1822, graduat-
: ing B.A. on 23 Feb. 1826. By inheritance
j he was the owner of considerable property
I in Hertfordshire and Buckinghamslure, and
he obtained a lease under the crown for
ninety-nine years, contingent on three lives,
from 10 Oct. 1834, of the Scilly Islands. For
this lease he paid a fine of 20,000/., and
undertook the payment of an annual rent of
4QZ. and of some stipends.
Very early in life Smith interested him-
self in the working of the poor laws, and
advocated a system of national education on
a broad basis. After the passing of the Ee-
fonn Bill in 1832, when three members
were assigned to Hertfordshire, he was
asked to stand for that constituency, but de-
clined the request. He published in 1836
an * Apology for Parochial Education on
Comprehensive Principles * as illustrated in
the school of industry at Great Berkham-
stead, in -which he anticipated the adoption
of a conscience clause, and in 1841, after
having actively promoted for four years a
suit in chancery, he obtained the reopening
of the free grammar school at Great Berk-
hamstead. "When the second Earl Browulow
enclosed with strong iron fences about a third
of the common land of that parish which was
in front of the earl's seat, Ashridge Park T
Smith engaged a band of navvies from Lon-
don who pulled the fences down. This inci-
dent attracted much attention at the time,
and was the subject of a poem (' A Lay of
Modern England ') in l Punch J for 24 March
1866. He vindicated his opposition to the
enclosure in Berkhamstead Common : State-
Smith
Smith
ment by Augustus Smith/ 1866. In 1870 " History of the Family of Smith ' from Not-
he obtained an injunction against any future tinghamshire, which was printed in 1861.
enclosure of the common. From 1868 to He explained his views on parliamentary
1872 he was engaged in controversy with *- -'-- ' " ---- ^^-^-- ^
the board of trade and Trinity House on
lightships and pilotage.
Smith's action at Stilly, though despotic
attended by beneficent
in character, was
results. The church
at St. Mary's, the
reform in ' Constitutional Reflections on the
present Aspects of Parliamentary Govern-
ment/ 1866.
[Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cormibl ii. 660-
661, 671, iii. 92, 1004, 1337; Boase's Col-
leetanea Cornub. pp. 905, 1463; Parochial Hist.
principal island, was completed at his ex- O f Cornwall, iv. 342-8 ; Illustrated London
pense, and when that at St. Martin's was News, Ixii. 318 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon. ; Free-
nearly destroyed by lightning in 1866, it mason, v. 477, 489-90.] W. P. C.
was rebuilt mainlv at his cost. He built a
pier at Hugh Town in St. Mary's, and con- SMITH, BENJAMIN (d. 1833), en-
structed for his own habitation the house of graver, was a pupil of Francesco Bartoloezi
Tresco Abbey, with its grounds and fish- [q. v.], and practised wholly in the dot or
ponds. His *red geranium beds' are de- stipple manner. For some years he was
" * ' n "" n " '" largely employed by the Boydells, for whom
all his important plates were executed;
scribed as * a fine blaze of colour a mile off
at sea * (MoBinfEB COLLIXS, Princess Clarice,
i. 97). He consolidated the farm-holdings
and rebuilt the homesteads, but would not
allow the admittance of a second family in
any dwelling ; he weeded out the idle, and
stringently enforced education. These im-
provements cost 80,000?., and during the
first twelve years of his term absorbed the
whole of the revenue. They were set out
by Mm in a tract entitled t Thirteen Years'
Stewardship of the Isles of Stilly/ ^1848,
and were described by J. A. Froude in his
address at the Philosophical Institution at
Edinburgh on 6 Nov. 1876 On the Uses of
a Landed Gentry ' (Short Studies on Great
Subjects, 3rd ser. p. 275).
Smith contested in 1852, in the liberal
interest, the borough of Truro in Cornwall,
but was defeated by eight votes. In 1857
were
these include five after Romney, T. Banks,
and M. Browne, for the large l Shakespeare '
series ; Sigismunda after Hogarth, 1795 ; the
portrait of Hogarth with his dog Trump,
1795; portrait of Lord Cornwaflis, after
Copley, 1798; portrait of George III, after
Beechey (frontispiece to BoydelTs * Shake-
speare; 1 portrait of Napoleon, after Appiani ;
f The Ceremony of administering the Oath to
Alderman Newnham at the Guildhall/ after
W. Miller, 1801 ; and several allegorical and
biblical subjects after John Francis Rigaud
q.v.] and Benjamin West [q.v.J Among
smith's smaller plates, some of which he pub-
lished himself, are portraits of Lord Charle-
mont ; Barrymore and William Smith, the
actors ; and Charles and Anne Dibdin. His
| latest work, * Christ and his Disciples at
he was returned without a contest, and he ! Emmaus/ after Guercino, is dated 1825. He
represented the constituency until 1 865, by , died in very reduced circumstances in Judd
which time his views had "been modified. ! Place, London, in 1833. Among his pupils
He was president of the Royal Geological j were William Holl the elder [q. v.], Henry
Society of Cornwall at Penzance from 1858 Meyer [q. v.], and Thomas Uwins [q.v.] A
watercolour portrait of Smith is in the print-
room of the British Museum.
[Eedgrave's Diet, of Artists.] F. M. O'D.
to 1864, and he held the presidency of the
Royal Institution of Cornwall at Truro from
November 1863 to November 1865. His ad-
dresses and papers for these societies are
specified in the * BibHotheca Cornubiensis.'
As provincial grandmaster for the freemasons
SMITH, formerly SCHMIDT, BERNARD
- , (1630 ?-1708), called 4 Father Smith/ organ-
of Cornwall from July 1863, he promoted builder, born about 1630 in Germany, pro-
ihe establishment of a county fund for aged bably learnt his art from Christian Former of
mad infirm freemasons. After a severe illness j Wettin, near Halle (RDOATTLT). Accompan-
lie died at the Duke of Cornwall hotel, Ply- ' ied by his nephews, Smith settled in England
month, on 31 July 1872, and was buried in in response to the encouragement held out to
the c&urtjhyard of St. Buryan, Cornwall, on foreigners to revive organ-building in this
6 Aug. His will and seven codicils were country. Upon his arrival, about 1660, Smith
proved in March 1873, and the lesseeship proceeded to erect an organ for the then ban-
tu the Scilly Isles was left to his nephew, queting-room of Whitehall. The specification
Tliomas Algernon Smith-Bomen-Smith. A of this, his earliest work, is given in Grove's
statue of him stands on the hill above Tresco * Dictionary ' (ii, 591). His appointment as
G&rdans. organ-maker in ordinary to Charles II would
compiled a *True and Faithful date from this period, together with a grant
Smith i
of rooms formerly called f The Organ-builder's ;
Workhouse,' in Whitehall Palace itself.
The opening of Smith's new organ for
Westminster Abbey in 1660 was recorded
by Pepys: 1 30 December (Lord's Day) . . .
I to the Abbey, and walked there, seeing the
great confusion of people that come there
to hear the organs ' (PEPYS). The commission
for Wells Cathedral organ in 1664 changed
for a short time only the scene of Smith's
.activity, for he returned to supply organs to
St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, 1667, St. Giles's- ;
in-the-Fields, 1671 (the last payment in 1699
being made to Christian Smith), and St. Mar-
garet's, Westminster, 1675. Smith accepted
in 1676, and held until his death, the post
of organist to this church. Before 1671 he
-completed the organ for the new Sheldonian
theatre at Oxford at a cost of 120/. (WooB,
Life, and Timeg, ed. Clark, ii. 523), The
date of Smith's work at St. Mary's, Ox-
ford, and the theatre, is uncertain, but the
organ for Christ Church was erected in 1630.
St.Peter's, CornMQ,and St. Mary Woolnoth
were in 1681 supplied with Smith's organs ;
that for Durham Cathedral, begun in 1683,
was practically finished by 1685, but quar-
ter-tones and other improvements were added
(cf. Dr. Armes's note in G-BOVE'S Diet.
ii. 593), and the final pavment, bringing the
total to 800/., was received in 1691 (specifi-
cation in History of the Organ}.
The erection of this magnificent instru-
ment almost coincided in point of time with
the famous competition in organ-building
carried on at the Temple Church, when the
rivalry between Smith and Eenatus Harris
[q. v. J became a matter of public interest.
The order for the Temple organ was given
to Smith in September 1682. Harris, bring-
ing influence to bear upon certain benchers,
obtained leave to build and submit his instru-
ment to the judgment of the committee.
By virtue of the stress in competition, both
organs were supplied with the newest stops:
the cromorne, the vox humana, and the
double courtel, while Smith (and possibly
Harris) divided certain keys into quarter-
notes, communicating with different sets of
pipes, so that G sharp and A flat, and D sharp
and E flat were not synonymous sounds
(BtrBKEY ; McCBOBY). On 2 June 1685 the
Middle Temple made choice of Smith's organ,
a choice confirmed by the decision of the
joint committee. The deed of sale by which
Smith received 1,000 bore the date*21 June
1688 (specification in History of the Organ,
and GBOVE, Diet.)
The superiority of Smith's work was now
so far established that after their meeting
of 19 Oct. 1694 the committee for thebuHd-
) Smith
ing of the organ in St. Paul's Cathedral
treated immediately with Smith. Xo doubt
a claim was put in by Harris prior to his
crabbed queries during the construction of
Smith's instrument, and Ms later appeals
(sounding the patriotic note) to be allowed
to erect a supplementary organ. Assailed
from without, Smith was not secure from
opposition within. Wren, after fruitlessly
disputing the position of the organ, refused
to enlarge the case, his own design, with a
view to the reception of the full number of
stops. At length, on 2 Dec. 1697, the organ
was formally opened at a service in thanks-
giving for the peace of Ey swick (specification
in SIMPSON'S Documents; GBOVH, Diet.)
The setting up of an organ for Trinity
College chapel, Cambridge, was attended
with the inevitable dissensions. While the
master and fellows were disputing, Smith
died in 1708, leaving his organ to receive the
last touches from Sehrider. Smith's appoint-
ment as organ-maker to the crown was con-
tinued in the reign of Anne, and ceased only
with his death, which took place before
17 March 1707-8. On this date his will was
proved by Elizabeth Smith, alias Houghton,
his wife. He left one shilling apiece to his
brothers, sisters, nephews, and nieces. A
portrait of Smith is in the Oxford music
school, and is printed by Hawkins.
About forty to fifty organs are known to
have been Smith's. They ajre, besides those
already described: St. Mary's, Cambridge
(University), 1697 ; Ripon Cathedral; St.
David's, 1704; St. Mary at Hill, 1693 ; St.
Clement Danes ; St. George's Chapel, Wind-
sor; Eton College chapel ; Southwell colle-
giate church ; Chapel Bioy al, Hampton Court ;
Manchester Cathedral choir organ; St.
James's, GarlickMthe ; St. Dunstan's, Tower
Street (removed to St. Albans Abbey) ;
High Church, Hull; All Saints', Derby;
St. Margaret's, Leicester; West Walton,
Norfolk; All Saints', Isleworth ; Pembroke,
Emmanuel, and Christ's College chapels,
Cambridge ; St. Katharine Cree, Leadenhall
Street; Chester Cathedral; St. Olave's,
Southwark; St. Martin's, Ludgate Hill;
Danish Church, Wellclose Square; Sedge-
field parish church, co. Durham ; Whalley,
Lancashire; Hadleigh, Suffolk; Chelsea
old church ; and St. Nicholas, Deptford.
Smith undertook nis works with extreme
conscientiousness and a fastidious choice of
material, and a pure and even quality of
tone was maintained through the series of
stops (cf. BtnasrEY). He used for the Temple
organ a composition of tin and lead in the
proportions of 16 to 6, or rather less than
three-fourths tin (RZCBAITLT) ; but no metal
02
Smith
20
Smith
pipes were made for Roger North's organ at
Ilougham (Burney in REES'S Cyclopc&dia,&?t.
4 North').
Smith's daughter married Clnistopher
Schrider, one of his workmen, who after-
wards built organs for the Royal Chapel of St.
James, 1710; St. Mary Abbott's. Kensing-
ton, 1716 ; St. Mary, Whiteehapel, 1715 f MAL-
COLH) ; St. Martin-in-the-Fields, 1726 ; St.
Mary Magdalen, Bermondsey ; Whitehurch,
Shropshire, and Westminster Abbey, 1730.
The repairing of organs was an employ-
ment chiefly pursued by Smith's nephews,
whose work was known all over the country.
In 1702 one of them, Gerard Smith, put in
order and superintended the removal of an
organ in Lincoln Cathedral (MAUDISON). He
built church organs for Bedford parish, 1715 ;
All Hallows, Bread Street, 1717 ; Finedon,
Northamptonshire, 1717; Little Stanmore ;
and St. G-eorge's, Hanover Square,
Of Christian Smith, organ-builder, of Hart
Street, Bloomsbury, it may be assumed that
he was brother to the great organ-maker, as
one of his instruments (at Norwich) is dated
1643. He built for Tiverton church, Devon-
shire, 1696; and Boston church, Lincoln-
shire, 1717,
[Hopkins and Bimbault's History of the
Organ, 1877, pp. 102-38; Hawkins's History
of Music, with portrait, p. 691 ; Burney's Hist.
of Music, iii, 436 et seq.; Grove's Diet, of
Music, iii. 539, and for pitch and specifications,
ii. 590 ; Dr. Sparrow Simpson's Documents rela-
ting to St. Paul's Cathedral, pp. bd, 161-4, 167;
Pepys's Diary (Braybrooke), vol.i. ; Walcott's St.
Margaret's, pp. 67, 77; North's Hemoires of
Musieke, pp. xv 20 ; Mrs. Delany's Correspon-
dence (containing some notes on Smith's method
of construction, vhieh are ascribed to Handel),
iii. 405, 568, iv. 568; Chamberlayne's Anglic
Notitia, 1 700 ; Jones and Freeman's Hist, of St.
David's, pp. 95, 369 ; Warren's Tonometer, p. 8 ;
Harding's Hist, of Tiverton, i. 90, iv. 10 ; .Register
of Wills, P.G.C., ' Barrett,' p. 72 ; Malcolm's Lon-
droram Redivivnm, iv. 447 ; Webb's Collection
of Epitaphs, ii. 76 ; McCrory's A. few Notes on
tlus Temple Organ.] L. M. M.
SMITH, CHAKLES (1715 P-1762), Irish
county historian, born about 1715, was a
native of Waterford, and followed the calling
of an apothecary at Dungarvan in tliat county.
In 1744 he published, in conjunction with
Waltar Harris [q. v.], the editor of Ware's
*Worfe/&MstoryofthecountyDown. This
was the first Irish county history on a large
scale ever written. The preface to this book
contains the outline of a plan for a series of
Irish county histories, which appears to have
led in 1744 to Ms foundation at Dublin of the
Ffeysim-Historieal Society for the purpose of
fttfvMIng topographical materials for such a
series. With the imprimatur of this body were
published successively Smith's important his-
tories of Waterford and Cork. The history
of Kerry was published independently after
this society had broken up. Although en-
cumbered with much irrelevant matter, these
volumes form a valuable contribution to-
Irish topography, of which Smith may be-
regarded as the pioneer. Smith's statements-
of fact are generally to be trusted, though it
was said of him in the counties of which he-
was the historian that his descriptions were
regulated by the reception he was given in
the houses he visited while making his
investigations. His books are warmly com-
mended by Maeaulay, who frequently refers-
to them in his * History' (1855, iii. 136 n.)
In 1756 Smith, with a number of eminent
physicians, founded at Dublin the Medico-
Philosophical Society, a learned association
which survived till 1784. Of this body
Smith was the first secretary, and the author
of a ' Discourse ' setting forth its objects. Its-
memoirs or -minutes are preserved in part at
the Hoyal Irish Academy, and in part at the-
Irish College of Physicians. Smith died at
Bristol in July 1762.
His works are: 1. *The Antient and
Present State of the County of Down/ 1744,
in collaboration with Walter Harris. 2. 'The
Antient and Present State of the County and
City of Waterford/ 1746. 3. < The Antient
and Present State of the County and City of
Cork/ 1750. 4. < The Ancient and Present
State of the County of Kerry/ 1756.
[Webb's Compendium of Irish Biography;
notice by M. J. Hurley in Waterford Society's
Journal, No. 1 ; Dublin Mag. 1762; Minutes of
the Physieo-Historical Soc. (unprinted), in B. L
Academy; Memoirs of Medico-Philosophical
Soc. (unprinted).] C. L. F.
SMITH, CHAELES (1713-1777), writer
on the corn trade, born at Stepney in 1713,
was the son of Charles Smith, a mill-owner of
Croydon, Surrey, by his wife Anne, daugh-
ter of James Marrener of Fange, Essex, a
naval captain in the service of the East
India Company. Charles was educated at
the grammar school of Katcliff, Middlesex,
entered his father's business, realised a for-
tune, married and settled at Stratford in
Essex, and became a county magistrate.
From an early period Smith devoted much
attention to the subject of the corn trade and
to the laws regulating it. The scarcity of
1757 turned public attention to the subject,
and a strong feeling arose against the farmers
and dealers of corn, whose avarice was con-
sidered to have caused it. In consequence,
in the following year, Smith published ( A
Short Essay on the Corn-trade and Corn-
Smith
21
Smith
laws/ in winch, lie demonstrated that, in a f
country largely dependent on home supplies,
variations in price were the natural outcome
of good or bad seasons. This treatise was '
followed in 1759 by ' Considerations on the
Laws relating to the Import and Export of
Com/ and by ; A Collection of Papers rela-
tive to the Price, Exportation, and Importa-
tion of Corn.' These papers, which were *
republished with notes in 1804 by George
Chalmers under the title of * Tracts on the j
Corn Trade/ show an intimate acquaintance
with the subject, and are written with much !
clearness and ability. They earned the praise !
of Adam Smith, and are valuable from the j
light they throw on the English com trade '
in the eighteenth century. Smith was killed
by a fall from his horse on 8 Feb. 1777. \
fie married, in 1748, Judith, eldest daughter
of Isaac Lefevre, son of a Huguenot refugee. '
By her he had two children : Charles Smith of ,
Buttons, near Ongar in Essex, M.P, for West- 1
bury in Wiltshire in 1802, and a daughter. <
[Memoir by George Chalmers, prefixed to ,
Tracts on the Corn Trade ; Chalmers's Biogr. :
Diet. 1818; Georgian Era, iv. 463; M'Culloch's
Literature of Political Economv, p. 68 ; Smith's ;
Wealth of Nations, 1839, p. 224.] E. I. C. i
SMITH, CHARLES (1 749 f-1824), '
painter, born about 1749, was a native of;
the Orkneys and a nephew of Caleb White- j
foord [q. v.] After studying at the Koyal \
Academy, where he was befriended by Sir
Joshua Reynolds, he attempted to establish
himself as a portrait-painter in London, but
lost his patrons in consequence of his extreme
and violently expressed political opinions.
About 1783 he went to India, where he re- j
xnained some years, and after his return j
styled himself * painter to the Great Mogul/ 1
From 1789 to 1797 Smith resided chiefly in j
London, and was an exhibitor at the Boyal
Academy, sending mythological and fancy
-compositions as well as portraits. In Octo-
ber 1798 a musical entertainment entitled *A 1
Day at Rome/ written by Smith, was unsuc- ;
cessf ally performed at CoventGardenTheatre, |
and he subsequently printed it. In 18G2 he j
published t A Trip to Bengal, a musical en- j
tertainment.' He died at Leith on 19 Dec.
1824. A portrait of Smith, in oriental
dress, painted by himself, was mezzotinted
by S. W. Reynolds, and a small plate, also
by Reynolds from the same picture, is pre-
tfxed to his * Trip to Bengal.'
[Miller's Biogr. Sketches ; Eedgrave's Diet, of j
Artists ; Royal Academy Cat] E. M. O'D.
SMITH, CFAELES (1786-1856), singer, j
l)orn in London in 1786, was grandson of !
Edward Smith, page to the Princess Amelia, | greatgrandfather.
and son of Felton Smith, a chorister at
Christ Church, Oxford. At the age of lire,
owing to his precocity, he became a pupil ot
Costellow for singing. Later, in 1 79t>, on the
advice of Dr. Arnold, he became a chorister
at the Chapel Royal under Ayrton, and sang
the principal solo in the anthem on the mar-
riage of Charlotte Augusta Matilda, the prin-
cess royal, to the Prince of Wiirtembertr on
18 May 1797 [see CHABLOTTE, 1766-lfete],
In 1798 he was articled to John Ashley, and
in the following year was engaged to sing at
Ranelagh, the Oratorio, and other concerts.
In 1803 he went on tour in Scotland, but, his
voice having broken, he renounced singing
temporarily, and devoted himself to teaching
and organ-playing, in which he was suffi-
ciently proficient to act as deputy for Knyvett
and John Stafford Smith at the Chapel Koyal
and for Bart leman at Croy don. On the latt er's
retirement, Smith was appointed organist
there ; but shortly afterwards he went to Ire-
land with a theatrical party as tenor singer,
and on his return, a year later, he became
organist of the Welbeck chapel in succession
to Charles Wesley. In conjunction with
Isaac Pocoek [q, v. j, he next turned his atten-
tion to writing for the theatres, and pro-
duced in rapid succession the music to the
farces ' Yes or No ? (produced at the Hay-
market on 31 Aug. 1808 and published next
year) ; * Hit or Miss ' (produced at the Lyceum
on 26 Feb. 1810) ; * Anything New* (pro-
duced on 1 July 1811); and * The Tourist's
Friend,' a melodrama; but withdrew from
theatrical matters when Pocoek left Drury
Lane. In 1813 he was singing bass parts
at the Oratorio concerts ; in 1815 he married
Miss Booth of Norwich ; and in 1816 went
to fill a lucrative post at Liverpool. He ulti-
mately retired to Crediton in Devon, where
he diexl on 22 Nov. 1856. He was an excel-
lent organist and a fine singer. Many of his
compositions enjoyed a considerable vogue,
the most popular being a setting of Camp-
bell's * Battle of Hohenlinden,' 'a work of
rare and extraordinary merit/
[Quarterly Mns. Mag. and Eev. ii. 214;
Georgian Era, iv. 304-5 ; Diet, of Musicians,
1824.] E. H. L.
SMITH, SIB CHAELES FEUX (1786-
1858), lieutenant-general, and colonel com-
mandant of royal engineers, second son of
George Smith of Burn Hall, Durham, by his
wife Juliet, daughter and sole heiress of Ki-
chard Mott of Carlton, Suffolk, was born on
9 July 1786 at Piercefield, Monmouthshire.
Elizabeth Smith [q. vj was his sister, and
George Smith (1693-1756} [q. v.] was his
He joined the Royal
Smith 22
Military Academy at Woolwich oa 15 June
1801, and received a commission as second
lieutenant in the royal engineers on 1 Oct.
1802. On the 9th of the same month he was
promoted to be first lieutenant. He was sen-
to the south-eastern military district, anc
was employed on the defences of the south
coast of Kent.
On 16 Bee. 1804 he embarked for the
West Indies, where he served under Sir
Charles Shipley [q. v.l, the commanding roy a'
engineer. He was promoted to be seconc
captain on 18 Xov. 1807. In December 1807
he accompanied the expedition under Genera]
Bowyer from Barbados against the Danish
West India Islands, and took part under
Shipley in the operations which resulted in
the capture of St. Thomas, St. John, and
Santa Cruz. In January 1809 he accom-
panied the expedition under Sir George Beck-
with to attack Martinique, and took part
under Shipley in the attack on, and capture
of, Pigeon Island on 4 Feb., and in the siege
and capture of Fort Bourbon, which led to
the capitulation of the whole island on
23 Feb. He was severely wounded on this
occasion, and on Ms return to England on
SI March 1810 he received a pension of 100
per annum for his wounds.
On 25 Oct. of the same year Smith em-
barked for the Peninsula, and joined the
force of Sir Thomas Graham at Cadiz, then
blockaded by the French. In the spring of
1811 an attempt to raise the siege was made
by sending a force by water to Tarifa to
march on the flank of the enemy, while at
the ^sa-me time a sortie was made by the
garrison of Cadiz and La Isla across the
river San Pedro. Smith was left in Cadiz
as senior engineer officer in charge of it, as
well as of La Isla and the adjacent country,
during the operations which comprised the
battle of Barossa (5 March 1811). In spite
of this victory the siege was not raised, and
tlie British retired within the lines of La Isla.
Smith's health suffered a good deal at
Cadiz, and he was sent to Tanfe, near Gi-
braltar, where he was commanding royal
engineer during the siege by the French,
eagat thousand strong, under General Laval
Colonel Skerrett commanded the garrison,
wtoh was made up of drafts from regiments
at Gibnutar and Spanish details, numbering
pme 2,300 men. The outposts were driven
m on 19 Dec., and in ten days the French
batteries opened fire. During this time Smith
wa^busymakiiigsiiehpreparationsashecould
for tiie defence of a very weak place. When
&>wever ? a gaping breach was made by the
French after a few hours' firing, Skerrett
called a council of war, proposed to abandon
Smith
the defence, to embark the garrison on boaro!
the transports lying in the roadstead, and to
sail for Gibraltar. Smith vehemently opposed
the proposal, and prepared to make the most
desperate resistance. Intimation of the state-
of affairs was sent to the governor of Gi-
braltar, who promptly removed the transports-
and so compelled Skerrett to hold out. He-
also arranged to send assistance from Gi-
braltar. On 31 Dec. 1811 the French made,
an unsuccessful assault. Bad weather and'
a continuous downpour of rain greatly
damaged the French batteries and trenches,
and supply became difficult owing to the-
state of the roads. On the night of 4 Jan..
1812 it became .known to the garrison that
the French were preparing to raise the siege,-
and on the morning of the 5th the allies as-
sumed the offensive, drove the French from
their batteries and trenches, and compelled
them to make a hurried retreat, leaving
everything in the hands of the garrison.
By general consent the chief merit of the
defence has been given to Smith. Napier,
in his ' History of the War in the Peninsula r
(iv, 59, 60), points out that though* Skerrett
eventually yielded to Smith's energy, he did
it with reluctance, and constantly during
the siege impeded the works by calling off*
the labourers to prepare posts of retreat..
'To the British engineer, therefore, belongs
the praise of this splendid action.'
Smith was promoted for his services at
Tarifa to be brevet major, to date from
31 Dec. 1811. He was promoted to be first
captain in the royal engineers on 12 April
1812, and^ returned to Cadiz, where he was
commanding royal engineer until the siege
was raised in July of that year. In the
following year he took part in the action of
Osma (18 June 1813), the battle of Vittoria
(21 June), and the engagements at Villa
Franca and Tolosa (24 and 26 June), when
le had a horse shot under him. He accom-
panied Sir Thomas Graham on 1 July to
:ake part in the siege of San Sebastian. On
ihe visit of the Duke of "Wellington on the*
5th, he attended him round the positions as
senior officer (for the time being) of royal en-
gineers, and his proposed plans of operation,
net with Wellington's approval. The place
:ell on 9 Sept., and, having been mentioned
in Graham's despatch, Smith was promoted
o be brevet lieutenant-colonel on 21 Sept.
1813 'for conduct before the enemy at San.
Sebastian. 7
Smith arrived in Belgium and Holland
from the south of France in July 1814
and reached England in August. He was
knighted by the prince regent on 10 Nov.,
andonthesame datehe received permission to
Smith
Smith
accept and wear the crosses of the royal orders
of Carlos m and San Fernando of Spain,
given to form by the king for his services in
the Peninsula, particularly at the defence of
Tarifa. On 28 April 1815 he was appointed
commanding royal engineer of the Sussex
military district. On 4 June he was made a
companion of the order of the Bath, military
division. He received the gold medal with
clasp for Yittoria and San Sebastian. The
previous pension of 100/. for his wounds at
Martinique was increased to 300Z. a year on
18 June 1815, as he had partially lost the
sight of an eye in the Peninsula.
On 19 June 1815 Smith joined the British
army in Belgium as commanding royal en-
gineer of the second corps, marched with it
to Paris, and took part in the entry into
that city on 7 July. He was one of the
officers selected by the Duke of Wellington
to take over the French fortresses to be occu-
pied by the British. He remained with the
army of occupation and commanded the
engineers at Yineennes. He was one of the
officers who introduced stage-coaches-and-
fbur into Paris. The coaches used to meet
opposite DemidofFs house, afterwards the
Caf6 de Paris. He was also a great sup-
porter of the turf, and was the first to im-
port English thoroughbred horses for racing.
His trainer was Tom Hurst, afterwards of
Chantilly. He organised races at Yincennes,
and the racing there was considerably su-
perior to that under royal patronage in the
Champ de Mars. Smith was a noted duellist,
and was equally at home with rapier, sabre,
and pistol. Although never seeking a quarrel,
he never permitted an insult, and he killed
three Frenchmen in duels during his stay
in Paris. He was also an expert boxer. He
returned to England on 8 Nov. 1818.
Smith was employed in the south ol Eng-
land as commanding royal engineer until
1 Jan. 1823, when he was appointed com-
manding royal engineer in the West Indies,
with headquarters at Barbados. With eleven
different island colonies occupied by troops,
he had only five officers of royal engineers
under him, and was obliged to supplement
his staff by TTmlrmg eleven officers of the line
assistant engineers. A commission sent from
England in 1823 to report on requirements
in the West Indies recommended the addi-
tion of fourteen military engineers to the
establishment, to enable the work to be
properly carried out. Smith was promoted
to be lieutenant-colonel in the royal en-
gineers on 29 July 1825, and to be colonel
in the army on 22 July 1S30. During the
fourteen consecutive years which he passed
in the West Indies he was acting governor
of Trinidad in 182S, in 1S30, and during the
whole of 1831. In 1833 he was acting go-
\ vernor of Demerara and Berbice, and in 1834
i of St. Lucia. He commanded the forces in
the West Indies from June 1836 to Fe-
] bruary 1837. He was promoted to be colonel
! in the royal engineers on 10 Jan. 1837. He
1 received the thanks of Lord Hill, the general
commanding-in-chief, for his exercise of
military command in the West Indies.
I On 8 May 1837 Smith was appointed
commanding royal engineer at Gibraltar,
where in 1838 he was acting governor and
commanded the forces. He returned to Eng-
land in the summer of 1840 to go on par-
ticular service to Syria, for which duty he
had been specially selected. He embarked
in the Pique frigate on 9 Aug. 1840, arriv-
j ing at Beyrout on 1 Sept. A landing was
i effected on the 10th, but Smith was too ill
| to take active command. He was invested,
by imperial firman dated 30 Sept. 1840, with
; the command of the Sultan's army in Syria,
and on 9 Oct. following was given by the
British government the local rank of major-
\ general in Syria in command of the allied
\ land forces. "After a bombardment Beyrout
surrendered on 11 Oct. On 3 Nov. Smith
; took part in the attack on ? and capture of,
t St. Jean d'Acre, where he was severely
1 wounded. Upon him devolved the duty of
repairing the injuries done to the fortifica-
! tions by the British fire and of putting the
i place in a state of defence again, in addition
i to the adoption of measures for the tempo-
| rary administration of the pashalic of Acre.
Smith returned to his command at Gi-
braltar in March 1841. For his services in
Syria he received the thanks of both houses
of parliament and also of the government,
through Lord Palmerstpn; the sultan pre-
sented him with the Mshan Ichtatha and
diamond medal and sword. He was granted
one year's pay for his wound at St. Jean
d'Acre. He was promoted to be major-
general in the army on 23 Nov. 1841, re-
turned home rom Gibraltar on 15 May
1842, and was made a knight commander of
theBath (military division) on 27 Sept. 1843.
On 1 June 1847 Smith was granted the
silver medal, then bestowed upon surviving
officers of the wars from 1806 to 1814 for
their services. He had also a clasp for Mar-
tinique, and received the naval medal for
Syria. He was employed on special ser-
vice as a major-general on the staff in Ireland
during the disturbances of 1848. He was
promoted to be lieutenant-general on 11 Nov.
1851, and colonel-commandant of the corps
of royal engineers on 6 March 1856. He
died at Worthing, Sussex, on 11 Aug. 1858.
Smith ;
Smith married, first, in 1821, a daughter
of Thomas Bell, esq., of Bristol (she died at
their residence in Onslow Square, London,
on 18 June 1649): and, secondly, in 1852,
the eldest daughter of Thomas Croft, esq.
There was no issue of either marriage.
[War Office Hecords ; Despatches ; Eoyal En-
gineers' Records ; London G-azette ; Xapier's
H;st, of the War in the Peninsula; Jones's
Sieges in Spain ; Porter's Hist, of the Corps of
Boyal Engineers; Conolly's Hist, of the Eoyal
Sappers and Misers ; Wrottesley's Life and
Correspondence of Field Marshal John Bur-
goyne ; Letters of Colonel Sir Augustus Simon '
Frazcr diirkg the Peninsular and "Waterloo
Campaigns ; Sperling's Letters of an Officer of
the Corp* of Koyal Engineers from the British
Army in Holland, Belgium, and France, to his
Father from 1813 to 1816; Gent Mag. 1812,
1815, 1858 ; ABE. Epg. 1858; Proc. Eoyal United
Service Institution, 1835; Reminiscences of Capt
Grooow, formerly of the Grenadier Guards, &c~
related by Himself, 1862.] E. H. V.
1869), soldier and writer on natural history,
a descendant of a Flemish protestant family
of good position called Smet, was born at
Vrommen-hofen in East Flanders (then an
Austrian proTince) on 26 Dec. 1776. At an
early age he was sent to school at Richmond,
Surrey, but on the outbreak of revolution
ia the Low Countries in 1787, returned to
Flanders, and pursued Ms studies in the Aus-
trian academy for artillery and engineers at
MalinesandatLouvain. After having served,
under tie patronage of Lord Moira, in the
British forces as a volunteer in the 8th light
dragoons, and as a comet in Hompesch's
hussars, he joined in December 1797 the 60th
regiment of the British forces in the West
Indies, and was for ten years brigade-major
uiiderlTajor-general CannichaeL In 1809 he
was on recruiting service at Coventry, and
stxm afterwards was engaged as deputy quar-
temaster-general in the Walcheren expedi-
te He served with distinction in Holland '
'- 1 ^capturing thefortress of Tholen,
^Tom, with a handful of
^ .-*****v f In January 1 81 1 lie was
piB si Coventry, and was then captain in
tto QOi regiment, but was called away from
tJmpcwtiQn to active service, and the preface
to iisi work on ancient costume is dated from
* km ma&stfB ship Horatio, in tie Ham-Pot
m tlw coasfc of ZedauL ft Dec. 1813/ T -
4 Smith
never again actively employed. He received
the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1830,
and was also a knight of Hanover. On
settling into private Bfe he fixed his home
at Plymouth, and devoted the rest of his life
to studious labours. He began sketching
before he was fifteen years old, and from
that time was unwearied, whether lie was
voyaging down the coast of Africa or ex-
ploring the West Indies, in making drawings
and in accumulating scientific data. History,
zoology, and archaeology were his favourite
subjects of research. He left behind bim
twenty thick volumes of manuscript notes
and thousands of his own watercolour draw-
ings, which were always at the free disposal
of a student. Many of his manuscripts,
chiefly consisting of unpublished lectures
and papers, are in the library of the Ply-
mouth Institution. His library overflowed
into every room of his house. Some account
of his collections is given in the l Transac-
tions of the Plymouth Institution ' (i. 255-88).
l A club of west-country artists and lovers
of art was originated by Smith at Plymouth,
. and called 'The Artists and Amateurs'
| (Bsimusr, Miscellany, Ixii. 197-8, 301). He
frequently lectured at the Plymouth Athe-
naeum, and he designed in 1837 the modern
t seal for the borough of Plymouth (WoETH
Hist, of Plymouth, 1890, p. 197). '
1 Smith was a pall-bearer at the funeral of
the elder Charles Mathews, often gave infor-
mation to Macready and the Eeans on the
proper costumes for the pieces they were
about to bring on the stage, and supplied Sir
Charles Barry with designs for the heraldic
decorations of the houses of parliament. He
used to be constantly with the Cuviers in
Paris, and Sir Bichard Owen was an mti-
matefriend(^o/O^ew,i.l82-4). Landor,
durmg his visits to Charles Armitage Brown
at Plymouth, became acquainted with Smith,
whose daughters fell in love with the poet
CFoKSTHB, Life of Landor, ii. 387-8; cf.
Bath Chronicle, 30 Jan. 1890, p. 6). A very
pleasant picture of Smith's family life is given
iv 4- li\ jf C? .____ TT t /-** I-*"-., *"*
<xw
s totk* roads and towns in the
tawt of the Ardennes. He was sent in
18ie on a mission to the United States and
";* and his scheme for the defence of
~r ~~ v v * '**** u-u. cuaauju.^ JLU.B JUS in. Yen
Seven Homes 'of Mrs. Kundle-Charles
^"/^S'r Smith was de cted F.K.S. in
1824 and FJLS. in 1826.
After an active life he died at 40 Park
btreet, Plymouth, on 21 Sept. 1859, and was
, buried in the family vault at Pennycross.
He married in 1808, Mary Anne Mauger,
daughter of Joseph Mauger (pronounced
-* Guernsey. She lied tefore 1841.
UJT , vv **** **"- c wanuce 01
fc&ac& was printed by the government.
*fe retired on half-paym 1820, and was
. .
issue was one son, Charles Hamilton
bmith (a captain in the British army, who
accepted a grant of land in Australia and
oa there), and four daughters, three of
whom survived him ; the eldest, Emma who
Smith 21
never married, was her father's companion j
and assistant until his death. ;
Smith's portrait, painted bv Edward Opie,
belonged to Mrs, Rendel in 1868 (Cat Nat \
Portraits at South Kensington, 1868). An
engraving by James Scott was published at !
Plymouth in 1841. j
A great naturalist and an accurate and
unwearied artist, Smith was a student of '
profound knowledge in many branches of
learning. His writings comprised: 1.* History :
of the Seven Years' War in Germany by !
Generals Lloyd and Tempelhoff. With Ob- j
servations, Maxims, &c., of General Jomini. i
Translated from the German and French/
voL i. n.d. [1809]. 2. < Secret Strategical '
Instructions of Frederic the Second. Trans- j
lated from the German, 3 181 1. 3. * Selections .
of Ancient Costume of Great Britain and Ire- '
land, Seventh to Sixteenth Century,' 1814. i
4. * Costume of Original Inhabitants of the i
British. Islands to the Sixth Century. By I
S.RMeyrick and C.H. Smith/ 1815. 5. 'The !
Class Mammalia, arranged by Baron Cuvier, i
with Specific Descriptions by tedward Griffith^ I
C. H. Smith, and Edward Pidgeon,' 2 vols.
1827. 6. 'Natural History of Dogs,' vol. L
1839, vol. ii. 1840. Afterwards reissued in
1843 as vols. iv. and v. of the * Naturalists' 1
Library.' 7. ' Natural History of Horses,*
1841. In 1843 this was vol. xii. in the < Na-
turalists' Library.' 8. ' Introduction to the
Mammalia,' 1842 ; issued in 1843 as vol. i. in
the same 'Library.' 9. ' Natural History of
the Human Species/ 1848. This volume was
devised to harmonise with the publications
in the ' Naturalists' Library.' Prefixed to
it was his portrait. It was reprinted at
Boston, U.S. A., in 1851, with an Introduction
by Samuel Eneeland, jun. M.D. Most of his
works were illustrated by his own drawings.
Smith wrote the military part of Coxe's
* Life of the Duke of Marlborough,' and the
plansofthebattlesandcampaignsweremainly
constructed under his inspection. From the
knowledge of military affairs displayed in
this work it excited jNapoleon's interest at
St. Helena. A narrative of the retreat of
Napoleon from Moscow was written by him
in French, and is said to have been dissemi-
nated abroad by the English government.
The articles on subjects of natural history
and warfare in Kitto's * Cyclopaedia of Bibli-
cal Literature 7 were contributed by Smith ;
that on *War/ in the eighth edition of the
* Encyclopaedia Britannica,* was his compo-
sition, revised by Major-general Portlock;
and he was the author of the introductory
paper on i the Science of War' in the ' Aide-
Memoire of the Military Science by Officers
of the Royal Engineers.'
> Smith
Smith contributed to the * Transactions
of the Linnean Society,' 1822, pp. 28-40, an
article on the ' Animals of America allied to
the Antelope," and a paper by Mm i On the Ori-
ginal Population of America ' appeared in the
'Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal for
1645,' pp.1-20. He issued in 1840 a i Model
of a proposed Statistical Survey of Devon and
Cornwall, arranged in Tables ; ' the scheme
included a bibliography of the counties.
[Worth's Plymouth (1890 edit.), pp. 471-2 ;
Proc. of Linnean Soe. 24 May 1860 pp. xxx-xsxi ;
Proe. of Royal Soc. vol. x. pp. xxiv-ri ; Trans.
Devon. Assoe. xxiii- 379-80 ; Kyland's Memoir of
John Kitto, pp. 563-6 ; information from Sidney
T. Whitefordj esq., his grandson, A Memoir of
Lieutenant-colonel Smith, written in French, was
published at Ghent abont 1860 ; it contains a
good lithographed portrait,] W. P. C.
SMITH, CHARLES HARRIOT (1792-
1864), architect, bom in London on 1 Feb.
1792, was the son of Joseph Smith, monu-
mental sculptor, of Portland Road, Maryle-
bone. Leaving school at the age of twelve,
he entered his father's business, employing
himself in drawing and modelling after work-
ing hours. In 1813 he became a life mem-
ber of the Society of Arts, and in the fol-
lowing year entered the Royal Academy,
where he passed through all the classes, and
in 1817 obtained the academy gold medal
for bis * Design for a Royal Academy.'
Acquiring a knowledge of geology, minera-
logy, and chemistry, he became an autho-
rity on building stones, and was in 1836 ap-
pointed one of the four commissioners for
the selection of a suitable stone for the new
houses of parliament. Smith executed the
ornamental stone-carving of the Royal Ex-
change, of the National Gallery, and of Dor-
chester and Bridgewater houses. In 1855 he
was elected a member of the Royal Institute
of British Architects. He died in London
on 21 Oct. 1864, leaving one son, Percy
Gordon Smith, architect for many years to
the local government board.
Smith contributed numerous sessional pa-
pers to the Royal Institute of British Archi-
tectSjOf which the most important was entitled
*Iitholpgy, or Observations on Stone used
for Buildings,* 1842. He also wrote an
essay on linear and aerial perspective for
Arnold's * Library of the Fine Arts/ He
frequently exhibited in the Roval Academy
designs in architecture, portrait-busts, and
monumental compositions.
[Diet, of Arch. 1887,7x1.93; Builder, 5 Nov.
1864; Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Journal of
Society of Arts, 16 Dec. 1864 ; Gent. Mag. 1864,
ii. 805; Papers read at the Royal Institute of
British Architects, 1864-5, p. 8.] B. L 0.
Smith
Smith
SMITH, CHARLES JOES (1803-1838),
engraver, was born in 1803 at Chelsea,
where Ms father, James Smith, practised as
a surgeon. He was a pupil of Charles Pye
^q, v. j? and became a good engraver of book
illustrations of a topographical and anti-
over some reclaimed land adjoining his pro-
perty, and won the case.
At a very early date in his life Smith felt
the passion of collecting Roman and British
remains, and, with the encouragement of
LuuaaraiiyijLB UA a i\jy\jgi:a>]jiinjcu. amm. UU.UA- Alfred John Kempe [q. v.J, his i antiquarian
quarian character. He executed a few of the godfather/ his desires grew apace. For
later plates in Charles Stothard's * Monu- twenty years during the excavations of the
~^ *'* ' rt soil of London or the operations of dredging
the Thames, he was on the alert for
later plates in unaries aioinara s --u-onu-
mental Etfigies/ the views of houses and
monuments in E, Cartwright's 'Rape of
1X1.UJJ.UXU. 1 : 11 to JLU. J-l. V^OilU *Y J.igiiJ O J.VU^r^ VJL
Bramber/ 1830., and several of the plates
from illuminated manuscripts for Dibdin's
i Tour in the Northern Counties of England/
1838. In 1S29 Smith published a series of
* Autographs of Royal, Noble, and Illus-
trious Persons/ with memoirs by John
Gough Nichols [q.v.land later undertook
another serial work, i Historical and Literary
Curiosities/ which he did not live to com-
plete. He was elected a fellow of the Society
of Antiquaries in 1837, and died of para-
lysis in Albany Street, London, on 23 Nov.
1838.
quities, and his energies were amply re-
warded. The knowledge of his acquisitions
[Gent. Mag. 1839, i. 101 ; Redgrave's Diet.
of Artists.] F. H. O'D.
SMITH, CHARLES ROACH (1807-
1890), antiquary, born at Landguard Manor-
house, near Shanklin, Isle of Wight, on
20 Aug. 1807, was the youngest child of ten
children of John Smith, a farmer, who
married Ann, daughter of Henry Roach of
Arreton Manor in the same island. The
father died when the child was very young,
and his maternal grandfather's house at Arre-
ton became his second home. The mother
died about 1824. The lad went to the school
of a Mr. Crouch at Swathling, and when the
master migrated to St. Cross, near Winches-
ter, Charles followed him. About 1820 he
went to the larger establishment of Mr.
Withers at Lymington.
In 1821 Smith was placed in the office of
Francis Worsley, a solicitor at Newport,
Me of Wight, but soon tired of this occu-
pation. The army was then suggested for
to, but in February 1822 he was appren-
ticed to a Jb. Follett,* chemist at Chichester
After remaining there for about six years he
TO* to the firm of Wilson, Ashmore, & Co.,
e&mists at Snow Hill, London, and then set
up for himself at the comer of Founders'
Umrt, Lothbury. His premises were taken
jw by the city at a great loss to him, and
he removed to 5 Liverpool Street, Finsbury
Urcus, yfeare fe e dwelt from 1840 ^ l ^
The business had now dwindled, and he pur-
chwed, ttt place of retirement, the small pro-
m action
and chapter of Rochester
.. V".V.vyW.. JL.-4A.W 1 \ I, 1 W J.^I\AQ O VAIL JJ.J.O ClUU UUCJ. tlUJUS
spread far and wide when he published in
1854 a l Catalogue of the Museum of London
Antiquities/ which he had obtained. His
fellow-antiquaries urged that the collection
should be secured by the nation, but his
offer of it to the British Museum in March
1855 at the price of 8,OOOJ. was declined.
A cheque for that sum was sent to him by
Lord Londesboro ugh, but, as the antiquities
would not be kept intact, the cheque was
returned. In the next year they were trans-
ferred to the British Museum for 2,000, and
they formed the nucleus of the national col-
lection of Romano-British antiquities. Smith
was by this time accepted as the leadino-
authority on Roman London.
_ The gar den at Temple Place was in later life
his chief recreation, and his energies found
full vent in the cultivation of its grounds. He
especially applied himself to pomology and
to the culture of the vine in the open ground/
making considerable quantities of wine from
the grapes which he reared. His pamphlet * On
the Scarcity of Home-grown Fruits in Great
Britain/ which first appeared in the i Pro-
ceedings of the Historical Society of Lanca-
shire and Cheshire ' in 1863, passed into a
second edition, and fully a thousand copies
were distributed in France and Germany.
in this tract he advocated the planting of
the waste ground on the sides of railwavs
with dwarf apple trees and with other kinds
of fruit, and this suggestion was adopted to
a considerable extent abroad and to a limited
degree in England.
Smith belonged to many learned societies
at home and abroad. He was elected F.S. A.
on 22 Dec. 1836, and much of his earliest work
was contributed to the ' Arch&ologia ' (cf
Literary Gazette, 6 Nov. 1852, pp. 828-9).
For more than fifty years Smith took a keen
interest in the work of the London Numis-
maticSocietyj from 1841 to 1844 he was one
ot its honorary secretaries, and from 1852 he
was^an honorary member. To the 'Numis-
matic Chronicle' he made a variety of con-
tnbutions, and he received in 1883 the first
medal of the society, in especial recognition
ot nis services in promoting the knowledge
Smith
Smith
of Romano-British coins. In conjunction
with Thomas "Wright he founded the British
Archaeological Association in 1843, and he
frequently wrote in its journal. After his
retirement to Strood he actively assisted in
the work of the Kent Archseological Associa-
tion, and contributed many papers to the
* Archseologia Cantiana. 7 For many years
he compiled the monthly article of f Anti-
quarian Notes 'in the l Gentleman's Magazine.'
He was a writer in the e Athenaeum/ in the
' ^Eliana' of the Newcastle Society (of which
he was a member), and in the * Transactions '
of several other antiquarian bodies. "When,
through the medium of his friend, the Abbe
Cochet, he intervened successfully with Na-
poleon III for the preservation of the Roman
walls of Dax, a medal was struck in France
in his honour to commemorate the event
(1858).
Smith, was unmarried, and a sister kept
house for him. She died in 1874, and
was buried in Frindsbury churchyard. After
a confinement to his bed for sis days, he
died at Temple Place on 2 Aug. 1890, and
was buried in the same churchyard on 7 Aug.
At a meeting, early in 1890 ? of the Society
of Antiquaries, it had been proposed to
strike a xnedal in his honour, and to present
Mm with the balance of any fund that might
be collected. The medal, in silver, was
presented to hiiri on SO July (only three
days before his death), and there remained
for "him the sum of one hundred guineas. A
marble medallion by G. Fontana belongs to
the Society of Antiquaries.
Smith's "works comprised : 1. e List of Bo-
man Coins found near~Strood/ 1839. 2. * Col-
lectanea Antiqua : etchings and notices of
ancient remains/ 1848-80, 7 vols. The
articles are chiefly on Koman remains, coins,
ornaments, and monuments, in England,
France, and Italy. The c notes on the an-
tiquities of Treves, Mayenee, Wiesbaden,
Bonn, and Cologne ' in the second volume,
the details in volume iii. of the * Faussett
Collection of Anglo-Saxon Antiquities/ and
the account in the next volume of the public
dinner to Smith at Newport, Isle of Wight,
on 28 Aug. 1855, were issued separately in
1851 , 1854, and 1855 respectively, 3. * An-
tiquities of Eichborough^ Beculver, Lymne
in Kent/ 1850. A supplement on Lymne
(in which he was assisted by James Elliott,
jun.) came out in 1852, and one on Pevensey,
with the aid of Mark Anthony Lower, was
issued in 1858. 4. *Inventorium Sepul-
chrale :* the antiquities dug up in Kent, 1757-
1773, by Bev.BryanFaussett,1856. 5. 'Illus-
trations of Roman London/ 1859. 6. ' The
Importance of Public Museums for Historical
Collections/ 1860. 7. < Remarks on Shake-
speare, his Birthplace/ 1868; 2nd edit. 1677.
8. i Rural Life of Shakespeare/ 1870 ; 2nd
edit. 1874 ; a third edition was afterwards
in preparation. 9. * South Kensington Mu-
seum Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon and other
Antiquities discovered at Faversham by
William Gibbs/ 1871. 10. 'Address to
Strood Institute Elocution Class/ 1879.
11. * Retrospections, Social and Archaeo-
logical/ 1883, 1886, and 1891, 3 vols. Pre-
fixed to volume i. is the medallion bust of him
{ from the marble by Signor Fontana.' His
portrait is the frontispiece of volume iii.,
which was edited from page 186 by Mr.
John Green Waller.
A list of * Isle of Wight Words, Super-
stitions, Sports/ &e., by Roach Smith and his
brother. Major Henry Smith, R.M., was pub-
lished by the English Dialect Society as part
xxiii. (series C. original glossaries).
[Hen of the Time, 12th ed. ; Athenaeum,
9 Aug. 1890, p. 202 ; Isle of Wight County Press,
2 Aug. 1S90 ; Times, 14 Aug. 1890, p. 9 ; Proc.
Soc. of Antiquaries, 1889-91, pp. 310-12; Por-
traits of Men of Eminence, vol. v. ed. Walford,
pp. 13-15; Proc. of Numismatic Soc. in Nu-
mismatic Chronicle, s. 39, xi. 18-21 ; Jonm. Brit,
ArchseoL Assoc. xlvi. preface, pp. 237-43, 31S-
330.] W. P. C.
SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1S06>
poetess and novelist, the eldest daughter of
Nicholas Turner of Stoke House, Surrey, and
Bignor Park, Sussex, by his wife, Anna
Towers, was born in London on 4 May 1 749
at King Street, St. James's. When Char-
lotte was little more than three years old her
mother died, and the child was brought up by
an aunt, who sent her at the early age of six
to a school at Chichester, and afterwards to
another at Kensington. The education thus
received was exceedingly superficial, and
ceased entirely at the age of twelve, when
Charlotte entered society. Two years later
she received an offer of marriage, which was
refused by her father on the score of her
youth. In 1764 the father married a second
wife, a woman of fortune. Charlotte's aunt
at that time had an aversion to stepmothers,
and hurriedly arranged a marriage for her
niece with Benjamin Smith, second son of
Bichard Smith, a West India merchant, and
director of the East India Company. The
wedding took place on 23 Feb. 1765, The
youthful couple (the husband was only
twenty-one) lived over the elder Smith's
house of business in the city of London, and
Charlotte was in enforced attendance on an
invalid mother-in-law of exacting disposi-
tion. The marriage was not one of affection ;
both parties had been talked into it by oifi-
Smith
Smith
cious relatives, and it is not surprising that pole, Mrs. Siddons, and the two Wartons.
Charlotte found life dreary. Her father-in- There were altogether eleven editions of the
law,' on the death of his wife, married Char- t poems, the last dated in 1851.
lotte's aunt. But the circumstances of Mrs. Smith's
Charlotte was now free to indulge her family scarcely improved. They lived for a
desire of living in the country. Her father- j while in a dilapidated chateau near Dieppe in
in-lawj however, entertained a high opinion j France, and there Mrs. Smith translated Pre-
of her 'abilities, and offered her a consider- | vest's 'ManonLescaut 3 (1785), and wrote the
able allowance if she would live in London | * Eomance of Real Life/ an English version
and assist him in his business. He had on
one occasion when he was libelled employed
of some of the most remarkable trials from
' Les Causes Celebres ; ' it appeared in 1786,
her to write a vindication of Ms character, j About this time the family returned to Eng-
a task that she fulfilled admirably. But land and settled at Woolbeding House, near
a town life had never pleased her, and in Midhurst in Sussex. Mrs. Smith soon de-
177-ij with her husband and seven children, cided that a separation from her husband
she went to live at Lys Farm, Hampshire. ' would be best for all concerned. The only
Her husband was at one time high sheriff of i reason assigned was incompatibility of
Hampshire (cf. UEsmiLsreffi, Life of M. E, j temper, and the children remained with the
Mitford, iii. 148 ; letters ofM. R, Mitford, \ mother. The husband and wife occasionally
ed. Chorlev, 2nd ser. L 29). But his ex- met and constantly corresponded ,* Mrs.
travaganee'and his attempts to realise wild i Smith continued to give her husband pecu-
and ruinous projects, propensities somewhat niary assistance, but firmly refused to live
kept in check while he was living in his with him again. He died in March 1806.
father's house, began to cause his wife un- In 1788 Charlotte Smith published her
easiness. She once expressed to a Mend a first novel, ' Emmeline, or the Orphan of
desire that her husband should find rational ! the Castle,' in 4 vols., and it was so success-
employment. The friend suggested that his ful that her publisher, Cadell, supplemented
enthusiasm might be directed towards reli- ' the sum originally paid. It was admired by
gion. * Oh!' replied Charlotte, ' for heaven's , Sir Egerton Brydges and Sir Walter Scott,
sake do not put it into his head to take to j The latter indulgently declared the ' tale
religion, for if he does he will instantly begin i of love and passion 7 to be i told in a most
by building a cathedral* (NICHOLS, Illustra- j interesting manner,' praised the mingling of
toj,viiL 35). In 1776 the elder Smith died, ! humour and satire with pathos, and considered
leaving a complicated will. The ensuing liti- ! that the ( characters both of sentiment and
gation increased the pecuniary difficulties of of manners were sketched with a firmness
Charlotte and her husband ; the Hampshire | of pencil and liveliness of colouring which
estate was sold, and in 1782 Smith was im- j belong to the highest branch of fictitious
prisoned for debt. His wife shared his con- ' * * """ "
finement, which lasted for seven months.
For some years Charlotte Smith had been
in the habit of writing sonnets, and it oc-
curred to her that her compositions might
narrative.' Hayley was even more extra-
vagant in his praises (cf. NICHOLS, Lit.
lllustr. vii. 708). Miss Seward, on the other
hand, found it a servile imitation of Miss
Blarney's Cecilia ; J and stated that the cha-
afford a means of livelihood. She showed ! racters of Mr. and Mrs. Stafford were drawn
fourteen or fifteen of them to Dodsley, and [ from Mrs. Smith and her husband (Letters,
afterwards to Billy, but neither would pub- ii. 213). A second novel, ' Celestina/ in
lish them. She then appealed to Hayley
kmowm to her by reputation, and a neigh-
bour of iier family in Sussex who permitted
Im to dedicate to him a thin quarto volume
of sonnets (* Elegiac Sonnets and other Es-
says *). It -was printed at Chichester at her
own expense, and published by Dodsley at
Hayle/s perswiom in 1784. The poems
iotidfavtmr Witt the public; a second edition
was called for tlie same year, and a fifth in
1789. They were reissued with a second
4 vols., came out in 1792, and was charac-
terised as ( a work of no common merit ' (cf.
NICHOLS, Lit. lllustr, vii. 715), and a third,
' Desmond,' in 3 vols., in 1792. The character
of Mrs. Manby in the last is said to repre-
sent Hannah More (SEWARD, letters, iii.
329). In 1792 Mrs. Smith visited Hayley
at Eartham, and met there Cowper, and
probably Romney (HAYLEY, Memoirs, i,
432). 'The Old Manor House,' in 4 vols.,
, % ,~ . , - - -~ - - - , considered by Scott her best piece of work,
volume and plates by Stothard, under the appeared in 1793.
fi w T ^^ f d ^ p ems > { Failil ^ kealtl1 was now added to the ever
in i/w. ABQOHJT tke subscribers to that I present jecxrniary and fanuly troubles. But
r^ i T ** rttfatetonv, | Mrs. Smith's cheerful temperament enabled
Umrles James Fox, Horace Wai- , her to abstract herself from her cares, and
eilfcioii were the
Smith 5
publish a novel each year till 1799. Cald-
well, writing to Bishop Percy in 1801, says :
* Charlotte Smith is writing more volumes of
"The Solitary W r anderer "for immediate
subsistence. . . . She is a woman full of
sorrows. One of her daughters made an
imprudent marriage, and the man, after be-
having extremely ill and tormenting the
family, died. The widow has come to her
mother not worth a shilling, and with three
young children ' (XiCHOLS, Lit. Illustr. viii.
38). In 1804 appeared her l Conversations
introducing Poetry,' a book treating chiefly
of subjects connected with natural history
for the use of children. It contains her
versions of the well-known, poems *The
Ladybird 1 and 'The Snail/ During the
latter years of her life Mrs, Smith made
many changes of residence, living at London,
Brighthelmstone, and Bath, In 1805 she re-
moved to Tilford, near Farnham in Surrey,
where she died on 28 Oct. 1806. She was
buried in Stoke church, near Guildf ord ; a
monument by Bacon marks her resting-
place. Of her twelve children, eight survived
her. Her youngest son, George Augustus,
a lieutenant in the 16th foot, died at Surinam
on 16 Sept., five weeks before his mother ;
another son, Lionel [q. v.], was a distin-
guished soldier.
If there is nothing great in Mrs. Smith's
poems, they are * natural and touching * (cf.
LEIGH HTJ^T, 3en, Women, and Books, ii.
139). Miss Mitford told Miss Barrett that
she never took a spring walk without feeling
Charlotte Smith's love of external nature and
her power of describing it (cf. L ? ESTEA.NGE,
Life of M> H. Mitford, iii. 148), and in a
letter to Mrs. Hofl and declared that ' she had,
with all her faults, the eye and the mind of
a landscape poet' (Letters of M. JR. Mitford,
ed. Chorley, 2nd ser. i. 29), As a novelist
she shows skill in portraying 1 character, but
the deficiencies of the plots render her novels
tedious. Her English style is good, and it
is said that whenever Erskine had a great
speech to make, he used to read Charlotte
Smith's works hi order to catch their grace
of composition (L'EsrBA.HSE, Life of M. JS.
Mitford, iii. 299).
Her portrait was painted by Opie. A draw-
ing from the picture by G. Glint, A.R.A., was
engraved by A. Duncan and by Freeman.
There is an engraving by Ridley and Holt
of what seems to be another picture, and an
unsigned engraving in which Mrs. Smith is
represented in a curious dress. Her head in
outline appears in * Public Characters*
(1800-1).
Other works by Charlotte Smith are : 1.
'Ethelinde, or the Recluse of the Lake/
9 Smith
5 vols. 1790 ; 2nd edit. 1814. 2. 'The Ban-
ished Man/ 4 vols. 1794. 3. { Moatalbert/
1795. 4. ' Marchmont. 7 5. ' Rural Walks/
6. l Rambles Farther/ 1796. 7. - Minor
Morals interspersed with Sketches,' 2 vols.
1798; other editions 1799, 1800 y 1816,
1825. 8. e The Young Philosopher/ a novel,
1798. 9. < The Solitary Wanderer/ 1799.
10. * Beachy Head/ a poem, 1807.
[Scott's biography, the iacts for Trhich were
eomnranieated to him by Mrs. Dorset, a sister
of Charlotte Smith, in Miscellaneous Prose
Works, i. 349-59, is the chief authority ; see also
Elwood's Literary Ladies, i. 284-309; 3Inthias r s
Pursuits of Lit. pp. 56 t 58,] JE. L.
SMITH, COLVIN (1795-1875), portrait-
painter and royal Scottish academician, born
at Brechin in Scotland in 1795, was son of
John Smith, merchant, manufacturer, and
magistrate of Brechin, a descendant of the
i family of Lindsay, alias Smith, heritable
1 armourers to the "" bishop of Brechin. His
I mother was Cecilia, daughter of Richard
| Gillies of Little Keithock, Forfarshire, and
sister of Adam, lord Gillies fq. v.", and John
Gillies (1747-1836) [q. v.j *" When young,
Smith went to London and became a student
in the schools of the Royal Academy , and also
studied, under Joseph ^Tollekens [q. v.] He
then travelled abroad, and studied the works
of the old masters; making friends at Home
with Sir David WilMe [q. v.], whose portrait
he painted. On Ms return he settled about
j 1826 in Edinburgh, where he purchased the
j studio and gallery in York Place which had
been erected by Sir Henry Raebum [<j. v.]
His powerful family connections quickly
! gained hi-rn employment at Edinburgh, and
many of the most prominent personages in
that city sat to him. He first appears as an
exhibitor at the Royal Institution, Edinburgh,
in 1826, 1828, and 1829, but subsequently,
along 1 with twelve other artist members of
the institution, he transferred his interests
to the (Royal) Scottish Academy, where he
continued to exhibit during the remainder
of his life. Golvin Smith is best known for
his portraits of Sir Walter Scott, the first of
which was painted in 1828 for Lord-chief-
commissioner William Adam [q. v.] This
was considered so successful that several of
Scott's friends had replicas painted for them,
about twenty in all, for some of which Scott
gave separate sittings to please his friends.
Among other notable people painted by
Smith were Lord Jefirey (considered the best
likeness of him), Henry Mackenzie, Sir James
' Mackintosh, Robert, second viscount Hel-
ville, Lord Neaves, John, lord Hope, and
others. Smith's portraits were remarkable for
correct drawing, simplicity of treatment, and
Smith :
a considerable grasp of character, rather than
for the more pleasing graces of pictorial art.
He was but a rare contributor to the London
exhibitions. Smith exhibited for the last
time in 1870, and died in his own house at
ISdinburgh on 21 July 1875.
[Cat. of Scottish National Gallery, Loan Ex-
hibition of Scottish National Portraits, Edin-
burgh, 1884, and Sir Walter Scott Centenary
Exhibition, 1872 ; Loekhart's Life of Sir Walter
Scott; Sir Walter Scott's Journal, voL ii.;
Imng's Eminent Scotsmen; Redgrave's Dic-
tionary : information from Messrs. Adam and
Cecil Gillies-Smith and J. L. Caw.] L. C.
SMITH, EDMUND (1672-1710), poet,
born in 1672 either at Hanley, the seat of
the Lechmeres, or at Tenbury in Worcester-
shire, was only son of Edmund Neale, a
London merchant, by Margaret, daughter of
Sir Nicholas Lechmere fa. v.] The father fell
into poverty and soon died, and the boy was
brought up by a Mnsman, whose name was
Smitt doubtless Mathew Smith of Lon-
don, who married Margaret, Sir Nicholas
Lechmere's sister. His guardian treated
him as his own child, and he adopted his
surname (cf. E. P. SHIBLEY'S Hanley and
ike House of Leckmere, p. 19). Educated
at Westminster under Dr. Busby, he was
elected to both Trinity College, Cambridge,
and Christ Church, Oxford, but decided to
proceed to Oxford, where he matriculated
25 June 1688, aged 16. He was a promising
lad, and was soon well read in the classics
and in modern literature. His contributions
to collections of Oxford verse on the birth of
the Prince of Wales in 1688, on the coronation
of William HI and Mary, and on William's
retzirnfrom the battle of the Boyne won him
a high reputation (cf. NICHOLS, Select Collec-
tion, ii. 62, vii. 105-8). In 1691 he wrote an
excellent Latin ode in alcaics on the death of
Dr. Edward jPocoeke fa. y.], the orientalist
( Mma Anglkan&t vol. ii.) Johnson, who
knew the poem by heart, declared it to be
unequalled amongmpdernwriters(BoswELL,
Ztjfe, iiL 269). Smith's carelessness about
his dress, combined with his handsome ap-
pearance, gave him the nicknames of * the
aaaclsome sloven ' and * Captain Hag ' (Gent .
J%. June 1780, p. 280). On 24 Dec. 1694
he was publicly admonished by the authori-
ties of Christ Church for licentious conduct
and was threatened with expulsion. He pro-
ceeded M,A. on 8 July 1696, and on 8 Nov.
1701 was chosen to deliver the annual ora-
tion in praise of Sir Thomas Bodiey, founder
of the Bodleian Library. The manuscript of
ins speechbeautifully written, to imitate
tjpography is still preserved in the library.
It was published by William Bowyerinl711
50 Smith
(cf. MAOBAY'S Annals of the Bodleian Li-
brary, p. 151). Meanwhile Smith's irregu-
larities did not abate, and on 24 April 1700
the dean and chapter declared his place
1 void, he having been convicted of riotous
behaviour in the house of Mr. Cole, an
apothecary/ Further action was delayed.
But, on failing in his candidature for the
, office of censor of Christ Church, Smith
avenged his defeat by lampooning the dean,
Br, Aldrich. On 20 Dec. 1705 the patience
of the authorities was exhausted, and the
sentence of expulsion was carried into effect
(cf. Gent. Mag. 1822, ii, 223). Driven to Lon-
don, where he had already in 1690 entered
himself as a student at the Inner Temple,
Smith sought to make a livelihood by his pen.
He professed himself a champion of the
whigs, and Addison, who is said to have in-
vited him to write a history of the revolu-
tion, at once befriended him. But he made
influential friends among all parties.
On 21 April 1707 his tragedy of ' Phaedra
and Hippolitus' an artificial and bombastic
effort modelled on Racine's ' Phedre ' rather
than on Seneca's 'Hippolytus' was pro-
duced at the Haymarket Theatre, and was
acted four times. The prologue was written
by Addison, and the epilogue by Prior. The
chief actors of the day Betterton, Booth,
Mrs. Barry, and Mrs. Oldfield took part in
it. Despite such advantages, the public were
demonstrative in their hostility, and the
piece was 'hardly heard the third night*
(cf. GEKEST, ii. 368 s<j.) The critics, how-
ever, were loud in their praises. * Would one
think,' wrote Addison in the 'Spectator,'
No. 18, 'it was possible (at a Time when
an Author lived that was able to write the
"Phsedra and Hippolitus") for a People to
be so stupidly fond of the Italian Opera, as
scarce to give a third Day's Hearing to that
admirable Tragedy ?' George Stepney fa. y.l
in a published epistle, complimented Smith
on Ms dramatic talents. Lintot purchased
the piece for publication at the current rate
of 50Z. (11 March 1705-6), and Halifax
agreed to accept the dedication which Smith
wrote aftermany months' delay. He was too
indolent to present the dedication in person
to his patron, and thus lost BOOL Prior
described the dedication as nonsense, and
attributed a decline in Smith's powers to his
close association with Steele and Addison.
Eight revivals of Smith's tragedy are noticed
by Genest. In one of them," at Covent
Garden, on 7 Nov. 1754, Peg Woffimrton
played the heroine.
In 1708 Lintot published an elegy by
Smith on John Philips, who was his friend
at Oxford. Johnson places it < among the
Smith
Smith
best elegies which our language can show ;
an elegant mixture of fondness and admira-
tion, of dignity and softness.''
Anxious to" try Ms fortune again on the
stage, Smith designed a tragedy on the subject
of Lady Jane Grey, and his friend, George
Duckett JJ-v." 1 , invited frim to his house at
HarthamJ \Viftshire, in order that he might
concentrate his attention on the work. But
indulgence in strong ale * rendered him ple-
thoric/ and prescribing for himself a purge,
of the dangers of which an apothecary warned
him, he defiantly drank it off with fatal '
effects. He was buried at Hartham in July
1710.
Duckett inaccurately told Oldmixon that
Smkh was employed "by Aldrich, Smalridge,
and Atterbury to garble Clarendon's history
before it was published. He is said to hare
left in manuscript translations from Pindar
and Longinus. * Two quires of hints ' which
he had gathered for his tragedy of Lady Jane
Grey were examined by Nicholas Howe ~q. v.], (
but Howe made no use of them when he !
wrote his play on the same theme. His !
works his poem on Philips, his tragedy, and i
his 'Oratio Bodleiana,' with some odes were J
issued in 1719, with a life by William Oldis- j
worth [q. v.] Another edition, including the j
poems of John Armstrong, appeared in 1781.
Smith's poems also appear in Dr. Johnson's ,
and in Chalmers's f Collections.' j
In 1751 F. Newbery published in quarto
*Thales, a Monody, sacred to the memory of j
Dr. Pococke. In imitation of Spenser. From j
an authentic Manuscript by Mr. Edmund i
Smith, formerly of Christ's Church, Oxon.""
This poem, in the Spenserian stanza, is a para-
phrase in English, apparently by another j
hand, of SmitlfsLatin ode on the same theme. I
In the advertisement prefixed the editor states
that he ' has several othervery valuable pieces
of Mr. Smith in his possession which he in-
tends shortly to communicate to the public. 7
Smith's writings justify a very moderate
estimate of his abilities. But his fame, owing
to the praises of his friends, survived through-
out the eighteenth century. Johnson de-
scribed him as i one of those lucky writers
who have, without much labour, attained
high reputation, and who are mentioned with
reverence rather for the possession than the
exertion of uncommon abilities,'
[Oldisworth's Life, prefixed to Phaedra and
Hippolitus, 1719, 3rd edit.; Johnson's Lives of
the Poets, ed. Cunningham, ii. 41 et seq. ; Welch's
Alumni Westmon. pp. 211-12 ; Foster's Alumni
Oxon.] S. L.
SMITH or SMYTH, EDWARD (1665-
1720), bishop of Down and Connor, born at
Lisburn in Antrim in 1665, was the son of
James Smyth of Mountown, co. Down, by
his wife Franeisea, daughter of Edward
Dowdall of Mountown. He became a scholar
at Dublin University in 1678, and graduated
B.A. in 1631. In 1684 he proceeded M.A.
and was elected a fellow. He afterwards
obtained the degrees of LL.B. in 1887, B.D.
in 1694, and D.D. in 1696. In 16SS, when
Dublin was in possession of James II, he
fled to England, where he was recommended
to the Smyrna Company, and made chaplain
to their factory at Smyrna. He returned to
England in 1693 with a considerable private
fortune, and was appointed chaplain to Wil-
liam HE, whom he attended for four years
during the war in the Low Countries. On
3 March 1695-6 he was made dean of St.
Patrick's, Dublin. In 1697 he became vice-
chancellor of Dublin University, and on.
2 April 1699 he was consecrated* bishop of
Down and Connor. He died at Bath on
4 Nov. 1720. He was twice married. By
his first wife, his cousin Elizabeth, daughter
of William Smyth, bishop of Kilmore, he
had Elizabeth, who married James, first earl
of Courtown. By his second wife Mary,
daughter of Clotworthy Skefiingtan, third
viscount Massereene [q. v.], he had two sons,
SkefSngton Randal and James.
Smyth was elected a fellow of the Royal
Society in 1695. He was also a member of
the Philosophical Society of Dublin. He
was the author of several sermons,, and con-
tributed various papers to the l Philosophical
Transactions* of the Royal Society, chiefly
relating to oriental -usages.
[Ware's Irish Bishops, ed. Hams, p. 214 ;
Ware's Writers of Ireland, ed, Harris, p. 273 ;
Thomson's Hist, of the Eoyal Soe, App. iv. ;
Pearson's Chaplains to the Levant Company,
1883, p. 34 ; Burke's Landed Gentry, 6th edit.
ii. 1482.] E. L G.
SMITH, EDWARB (1818 ?-1874\ phy-
sician and medical writer, born at Heanor,
Derbyshire, about 1818, was educated at
Queen's College, Birmingham, and graduated
at London University, MJB. in 1841, M.D.
in 1843, and B.A. and LL.B. in 1848. Next
year he visited north-east Texas, to examine
its capacity as a place of settlement for emi-
grants, and published an account of the jour-
ney and a report with charts of temperature
ani the new constitution of the state (Lon-
don, 1849, 12mo). In 1851 he passed the ex-
amination for the diploma of fellow of the
Koyal College of Surgeons of England ; in
1854 he became a member of the Royal
College of Physicians, London, and in 1863
was elected a fellow of the college.
Physiological chemistry occupied much of
his attention. In 1856 he read his first
Smith
Smith
paper Wore the Royal Society (cf. Proceed- created local government board, Smith was
inos vol yiii-yOnlnquiriesintotiieQuantity transferred to the medical department, with
of Air inspired through the Day and Night, the title of assistant medical officer for
and under the Influence of Exercise, Food, poor-law purposes. His official reports,
Medicine, and Temperature.' This he fol- which were published as parliamentary
lowed up with kindred contributions < In- papers, dealt, among other subjects, with
quiries into the Phenomena of Respiration ; ' l Metropolitan Workhouse Infirmaries and
* Experiments on the Action of Food upon Sick-wards,' 1866, and The Care and Treat*
the Respiration' ($. voL ix.) ; * Experimental ment of the Sick Poor in Provincial "Work-
Inquiries into the Chemical and other Phe- houses/ 1867. He resided in London, first
nomena of Respiration, and their Modifica- at No. 6 Queen Anne Street, but afterwards
cations by various Physical Agencies '(publ. at 140 Harley Street. He died of double-
1859, with two plates) j and l On the Action pneumonia on 16 Nov. 1874.
of Foods upon the Respiration during the Smith possessed a rare faculty of sys~
Primary Processes of Digestion ' (pubL 1859, tematising his knowledge and great facility
two plates). In 1859 he also invented an as a writer. His chief publications, in addi-
instrument to measure the inspired air, and tion to those already mentioned and to his
to collect the carbonic acid in the expired contributions to periodicals, were : 1. 'Struc-
air. These researches on respiration won tural and Systematic Botany,' 1854 ; with
for him the fellowship of the Royal Society new title-page, 1855. 2. ' Natural feistory
on 7 June 1860. Later on he read a paper of the Inanimate Creation/ 1856, 8vo (with
before the society ' On the Elimination of D. L Ansted and others). 3. ' Practical Die-
Urea and Urinary "Water, in relation to the tary for Families, Schools, and the Working
period of the Day, Season, Exertion, Food, Classes/ 1864, 8vo; 3rd and 4th editions,
Prison Discipline, Weight of Body, and other 1865, 8vo. 4. 'Health and Disease, as in-
influences acting in the Cycle of the Year 7 fluenced by the Daily, Seasonal, and other
(Pk& Trans^ with five plates, 1861). The Cyclical Changes in the Human System/
last paper which he read before the society 1861, 8vo. 5. * Reports to Privy Council on
was entitled * Remarks upon the most correct the Dietary of Lancashire Operatives, and of
Methods of Inquiry in reference to Pulsation, other Low-fed Populations/ &c., 1862-3.
Respiration, Urinary Products, Weight of 6. ' How to get Fat/ 1865, 8vo. 7. 'Foods/
the Body, and Food* (Proc. voLxi. 1860-2)! in ' International Scientific Series/ 1872.
Meanwhfle Smith, in 1853, held the office
of lecturer and demonstrator of anatomy at
the Charing Cross Hospital school of medi-
cine, and was appointed in 1861 assistant
physician to the Brompton Hospitalfor Con-
sumption, In 1862 he published * Consump-
tion: its Early and Remediable Stages;'
he had previously published several papers
on the pulse and the use of certain remedies
in phthisis.
Dietetics formed the subject of most of his
subsequent literary work. In the appendix
to (Sir) John Simon's * Sixth Report' he pub-
A Manual for Medical Officers of Health/
1873; 2nd edit. 1874 9. < A Handbook
for Inspectors of Nuisances/ 1873, 8vo.
10. 'Health: a Handbook for Households
and Schools/ 1874, 8vo.
[Lancet, 1874; Medical Times and G-azette,
1874 ; Churchill's Medical Directory ; Brit. Mus.
Cat. ; Royal Society's Cat. of Scientific Papers ;
Records of the Royal Society and University of
London.] W. W. W.
SMITH, ELIZABETH (1776-1806),
oriental scholar, second child and eldest
li&hed * A Report to the Privy Council on. the daughter of George and Juliet Smith, was
Food of the lowest-fed Classes in the King- born at ~
dom * (1862). As a consequence he was con-
at Burn Hall, a family property near
Durham, in December 1776. Sir Charles
suited by the government on poor-law and Pelix Smith [q. v.l was her brother. A clever
jmson dietaries, and was appointed medical and bookish child, she was never at school,,
olieer of the pooi4aw board. In his official and was chiefly educated by her mother,
capacity he placed poor-law dietaries on a whose accomplishments do not seem to have
scientific practical basis. He also did much been literary. At the beginning of 1782 the-
work in looming, hygienicaJly, the struc- family moved into Suffolk, to be near a blind
tural arrangements of workhouses and work- relative, who died in 1784. They were then
"home infirmary. In its regulations on the at Burn Hall till June 1785, when the father,
subject of cubic ^aee the poor-law board who was partner in a west of England bank-
maody adopted Smith's opinions, although ; ing firm, took Piercefield Park, near Chep-
tfaey differed from those generally accepted f stow, Monmouthshire. By this time Eliza-
by the medical profession. In 1871, when beth had made good progress in music. For
tiepooi4aw board was merged in the newly , three years from the spring of 1786 she was-
Smith
33
Smith
under a governess, who taught her French
and a little Italian. All her other linguistic
attainments were of her own acquiring. Her
father had a good library, and she read with
avidity, especially the poets. Devoting some
hours before breakfast each morning to study,
she improved her Italian, and by 1793 could
read Spanish without difficulty.
The declaration of war by France (1 Feb.
1793) produced a financial crisis which
proved fatal to several banks, Smith's among
the number. In March he gave up Pierce-
field, and in 1794 took a commission in the
army, serving for some years in Ireland.
Elizabeth spent seven or eight months at
Bath, where her friend Mary Hunt en-
couraged her to study German and botany.
At the end of the year she began Arabic and
Persian. She began Latin in November
1794, and by February 1795 had 'read
Caesar's Commentaries, Livy, and some vo-
lumes of Cicero,' and was { very impatient to
begin Virgil.' After she and her mother
joined her father at Sligo, she picked up an
Irish grammar at Armagh, and at once
began to study it. She must have begun
Hebrew soon after returning to Bath in
October 1796, as she was translating from
Genesis in 1797. In 1799 she- found at
Shirley a Syriac Xew Testament, printed in
Hebrew characters, and could f read it very
well.' Buxtorf 's ' Florilegium * she carried
always in her pocket. In the summer of
1799* the family settled at Ballitore, co.
Kildare, removing in May 1801 to Coniston,
Lancashire, where Elizabeth ended her days.
In May 1802 she met Elizabeth Hamilton
( 1758-1816) fq. v.], who thought that * with
a little of the Scotch frankness . . . she would
be one of the most perfect of human beings/
Evidently she was overtaxing every
faculty. She died at Coniston, after a year's
decline of health, on 7 Aug. 1806, and was
buried at Hawkshead, where there is a
tablet to her memory in the parish church.
Miss^ Smith's powers of memory and of
divination must have been alike remarkable,
for she rarelyconsulted a dictionary. Trans-
lation from Hebrew was her * Sunday work/
With her intellectual accomplishment went,
we are assured, facility in women's work,
like cooking and needlework, and she was a
horsewoman. Her verses have no merit,
and her reflections are of the obvious kind,
gracefully expressed. Her translations are
flowing an,d good. Among her philological
collections were lists of words in Welsh,
Chinese, and African dialects, with some Ice-
landic studies. The folio wing were published
from her papers: 1. 'Fragments, in Prose
and Verse . , . with some Account of her
VOL, LUI,
' Life, by H. M. Bawdier,' &c. 1503, Svo (por-
trait) ; contains translations of Jonah n. and
* Habakkuk ill. ; numerous editions, the latest
j being 1842, Svo. 2. ' Memoirs of Frederick
I and Margaret Elopstock, translated from
the German/ &c. 1808, 8vo (from materials
supplied by Dr. Mumssen of Altona); in
many issues this is treated as a second
volume of Xo. 1. 3. f The Book of Job,
! translated/ &c., 1810, Svo, edited by Francis
j Randolph [q. v.], himself no great hebraist,
j on the recommendation of Archbishop Wil-
| liam Magee [q. v. 1, who read the manuscript,
j and thought it te best version of Job he
j knew ; dedicated (18 Jan, 1810) to Thomas
| Burgess, D.D. (1756-1837) [q. v.] 4. <A
j Vocabulary, Hebrew, Arabic, and Persian/
! &c. 1814, 8vo ; edited, with 'Praxis on the-
j Arabic Alphabet/ by John Frederick Usko,
I vicar of Orsett, Essex, who notes that the
authoress had no predecessor in this sys-
' tematic collation of the three languages;
j prefixed is letter (1 July 1814) by Bishop
> Burgess. Selections from the authoress's
i didactic writings are in 'The Ladv's
I Monitor/ 1828, Svo.
i [A somewhat confused Life by Henrietta,
Maria Bowdler [q. v.], a personal friend from
1789; Jones's Christian Biography, 1829, pp.
385 sq. ; De Quinee/s "Works, ed. Hasson, iu
404 ; Notes and Queries, 25 Jan, 1868, p. 76.]
A. a.
SMITH, ERASMUS (1811-1691), edu-
cational benefactor, son of Sir Roger Smith,
alias Heriz or Harris (d. 1655, aged 84), of
Husbands Bosworth and Edmondthorpe,
Leicester, by his second wife, Anna (d. 1652,
aged 66), daughter of Thomas Goodman of
London, was born in 1611 (baptised 8 April)
at Husbands Bosworth ( Reg, ) Henry Smith
* silver-tongued 7 Smith [q. v.] was his.
uncle. Erasmus was a Turkey merchant,*
and a member of the Grocers' Company
of London. A petition in the state papers,
without date, calendared * 1662 May ? ' sets
forth that the petitioner, Erasmus Smith r
had been for twenty-two years ( a servant in
ordinarie' to the long's 'royal father,' had
' also served His Majesty's Royal Father in
the warres, for which there were great arrears
due to him/ and asks for the place of carver
in ordinary to the queen. His service was
probably of a purely business character. In
1650 he appears in the state papers as an
army contractor, supplying large quantities
of oatmeal, wheat, and cheese for the troops
in Ireland and in Scotland. Under the
confiscating acts of 1642 he was an adven-
turer of 300/. towards prosecuting the war
against the Irish insurgents of 1641; for
this, at the CromweHian settlement of 1652,
B
Smith
34
Smith
he received 666 acres of land in co. Tipperary.
He subsequently largely increased his hold-
ings, tOl they reached in 1684 a total of
46,449 acres in nine counties. ^ He early pro-
iected a scheme for the education of children
on Ms estates ' in the fear of God, and good
literature, and to speak the English tongue.'
His petition of 22 June 1655 contemplates
the establishment of five free schools. On
28 April 1657 he was elected alderman of
Billingsgate ward, and sworn on 5 May; but
on 26 May he obtained his discharge on
paying a fine of 420/. By indenture of 1 Dec.
16o7 he founded five grammar schools, having
bursaries at Trinity College, Dublin, and five
elementary schools. Of eighteen trustees, the
first in order was Henry Jones, D.D. [q. vj,
followed by five nonconformist divines, offi-
ciating in Dublin as independents, and in-
cluding Thomas Harrison (/. 1658) [q. v.]
and Samuel Mather [q.v.]; the children
were to be taught the assembly's catechism.
The trustees, reduced to seven, stiH headed
by Jones, now bishop of Meath, obtained
royal letters patent (3 Nov. 1667) directing
them to pay 1QOJ. a year to Christ's Hospital,
London, adding an apprenticeship scheme,
reducing the grammar schools to three, and
dropping the assembly's catechism. On
Smith's petition a royal charter (26 March
1669) incorporated a bodv of thirty-two go-
vernors, including as official governors the
two primates, the lord chancellor of Ireland,
the two chief justices, the chief baron of the
exchequer, and the provost of Trinity Col-
lege. Further powers were given by an act
of the Irish parliament (1723) and by a royal
charter of 27 July 1833. In 1794 the Fagel
library was purchased by the governors for
8,000/., and presented to Trinity College.
The estates now administered by the go-
vernors contain over 12,400 acres, yielding a
Tental (1892) of over 9,100Z., with funded
property amounting to 14,679J. Besides the
-payment to Christ's Hospital, payments are
made in aid of lectureships, fellowships, and
-exhibitions at Trinity College; grammar
schools are maintained at Drogheda, Galway,
and Tipperary, a high school and a com-
mercial school at Dublin, where also twenty
boys are maintained at the Blue Coat Hos-
pital ; and thirty-eight elementary schools
for boys, with four for girls, are kept up.
The scheme of a new constitution was pre-
pared in 1892 by the educational endow-
ments (Ireland) commission, but has not
advanced beyond the draft stage.
Smith's London residence was at Clerken-
well Green. He bought from Sir William
Scroggs (1652 P-1695) [see under ScRoess,
*Sir v\ ILTJTAM] Weald Hall in the parish of
South Weald, Essex. He died between
25 Aug. and 9 Oct. 1691. His will directs
his burial beside his wife, at Hamerton,
Huntingdonshire (the burial register is defec-
tive). He married Mary, daughter of Hugh
Hare, first Lord Coleraine [q. v.], and had
six sons and three daughters. His fourth
son, Hugh Smith (1672-1745), of Weald
Hall, married Dorothy, daughter of Dacre-
Barret Lennard of Belhouse, and had issue
two daughters ; Lucy, the younger (d. 5 Feb.
1759), married (17 March 1747) James Stanley
lord Strange (1717-1771), who took (1749)
the name of Smith-Stanley, which is retained
by the earls of Derby, his descendants [see
under STANLEY, EDWAED SMITH, thirteenth
earl].
His portrait is at Christ's Hospital and
has been engraved by Q-eorge White, who en-
graved also the portrait of his wife, ' Madam
truth,' from a painting by Kneller, 1680.
[Webb's Compendium of Irish Biog., 1878, pp.
484 sq.; Granger's Biog. Hist, of Eng., 1779, iii.
404 sq., iv. 183; Burke' s Extinct Baronetcies,
1841, p. 492; Debrett's Peerage, 1829, i. 98 sq.;
Burke's Peerage, 1895, p. 413 ; Morant's Essex,
1768, i. 119 ; London Direct, of 1677 (1878 repr.);
Endowed Schools (Ireland) Eep,, 1858 ; Social
Science Congress Eep., 1861 ; Educational Endow-
ments (Ireland) Comm., Erasmus Smith Endow-
ments, Draft Scheme, No. 144 (14 May 1892);
Cal. of State Papers (Dom.), 1650, 1662, 1665;
Smith's will at Somerset House ;priv. inf.] A. GK
' SMITH, FRANCIS (Jl. 1770), painter,
was born in Italy, presumably of English
parents. He became associated with the
notorious Frederick Calvert, seventh lord
Baltimore [q. v.], whom he accompanied on a
visit to the east in 1763, and for whom he
made some interesting drawings of the
ceremonies of the court of Constantinople
and of various oriental costumes. A set of
plates from these, engraved by E. Franker,
Vitalba, and others, was published in Lon-
don in 1769. Smith exhibited a view of
Vesuvius with the Incorporated Society of
Artists in 1768, and in 1770, 1772, and 1773
was a contributor to the Eoyal Academy,
sending a panoramic view of Constantinople
and its environs, and views of Naples and
London. He died in London before 1780.
[Edwards's Anecd. of Painting; Redgrave's
Diet, of Artists ; Exhib. Cats.] F. M. O'D.
SMITH, SIB FRANCIS PETTIT (1808-
1874), inventor of the screw-propeller for
steamships, only son of Charles Smith,post-
master of Hythe, by Sarah, daughter of Fran-
cis Pettit of Hythe, was born on 9 Feb. 1808,
it is said at Copperhurst Farm, close to
Aldington Knoll, about six miles from Hythe.
Vain search has been made for Ms baptism
Smith
35
Smith
entry in local parish registers. He was edu-
cated at a private school at Ashford in Kent,
&nd began life as a grazing farmer in Bomney
Marsh, afterwards removing to Hendon, Mid-
dlesex. In boyhood Smith acquired great
skill in the construction of model boats, and
displayed much Ingenuity in contriving me-
thods of propulsion for them. Continuing
to devote much of his spare time to the
subject, he in 1 835 constructed a model which
was propelled by a screw, actuated by a
spring, and which proved so successful that
he became convinced that this form of pro-
peller vfould be preferable to the paddle-
wheels at that time exclusively employed.
The scheme of using some form of screw
ss a propeller had been advocated by Robert
Hooke [q. v.] as early as 1681, and by Daniel
Bernouilli and others in the eighteenth cen-
tury. On 9 May 1795 Joseph Bramah [q. v.]
took out a patent for a screw propeller, but
did not apparently construct one. But be-
tween 1791 and 1807 John Cos Stevens, an
American mechanician, made practical ex-
periments with a steam-boat propelled by a
screw at Hoboken, New Jersey. Moreover,
simultaneously with Smith's first efforts,
Captain John Ericsson, a Swede, was actively
working in the same direction. i
Smith was wholly ignorant of these en- I
deavours. Impressed with the importance
of the appliance, of which he believed himself j
the sole discoverer, he practically abandoned j
his farming, and devoted himself with whole- j
hearted enthusiasm to the development and
perfecting of his idea.
By the following year (1836) he had con-
structed a superior model, which was exhi-
bited in operation to friends upon a pond on j
his farm at Hendon, and afterwards to the \
public at the Adelaide Gallery, London. On j
31 May in the same year he took out a i
patent, based upon this model, for * propelling !
vessels by means of a screw revolving beneath
the water at' the stern. Six weeks later, on
13 July it is curious to note Captain Erics- j
son took out, also in London, a similar patent.
Smith quickly perfected his invention. With
the pecuniary assistance of Mr. Wright, a
banker, and the technical assistance of Mr.
Thomas Pilgrim, a practical engineer whose
services Smith engaged, he soon constructed
a small boat of ten tons burden and fitted
her with a wooden screw of two turns,
driven by an engine of about six horse-
power. This was exhibited to the public
in operation in November 1836. An acci-
dent to the propeller led him to the conclu-
sion that a shortened screw would give more
satisfactory results, and in 1837 a screw of a
single turn was fitted. With a view to
proving the efficiency of this method of pro-
; pulsion under all circumstances, the little
; vessel was taken to Ramsgate, thence to
, Dover and Hythe, returning in boisterous
j and stormy weather. The propeller proved
I itself efficient to an unexpected degree in
i both smooth and rough water.
I ^ The attention of the admiralty was now
| invited to the new invention, to which at the
! outset the sentiment of the engineering world
I was almost universally opposed. The admi-
i ralty considered it to" be desirable that ex-
j periments should be made with a larger vessel
| before recommending the adoption of the screw
i in the navy. Accordingly a small companv
j was formed, and the construction of a new
' screw steam er, the Archimedes, resolved upon.
This was a vessel of 237 tons, fitted with a
' screw of one convolution, propelled by engines
of eighty horse-power, the understanding with
i the admiralty; being that her performance
; would be considered satisfactory if a speed of
; five knots an hour were maintained. Double
this speed was actually achieved, and the
! vessel, after various trials on the Thames
i and at Sheerness, proceeded to Portsmouth
' where she was tried against the Vulcan, one
I of the fastest paddle steamers in her ma-
; jest/s service, with the most gratifying result.
1 This was in October 1839, and in the following
year the admiralty experts deputed to conduct
a series of experiments with her reported that
they considered the success of the new pro-
peller completely demonstrated. The admi-
ralty would not even then, however, defi-
nitely commit themselves, and it was not
until a year later in 1841 that orders were
given for the Rattler, the first war screw
steamer in the British navy, to be laid down
at Sheerness. In the meantime the Archi-
medes was taken to the principal ports in
Great Britain, to Amsterdam, and across the
Bay of Biscay to Oporto, everywhere ex-
citing interest, and leaving the impression
that the value of the screw had been fully
proved. When at Bristol Isambard Kingdom
Brunei [q. v.] was invited to visit the vessel,
and he was so satisfied with the new propeller
that the Great Britain, the first large iron
ocean-going steamer, which was originally in-
tended to be fitted with paddles, was altered
to adapt her for the reception of a screw.
The Rattler was launched in 1843, and on
18 March 1841 Smith's four-bladed screw
was tested in her with complete success.
Orders were soon given for twenty war
vessels to be fitted with it under Smith's
superintendence. The hitherto accepted
theory that the screw could not economi-
cally compete with the paddle because of
the loss of power arising from the obliquity
Smith 3<
of its motion was also completely refuted,
and its universal adoption for ships of war and
ocean steamers became a mere question of
time.
Smith acted as adviser to the admiralty
until 1850, but derived from^ his work for
the government and from his commercial
operations very inadequate remuneration. ^In
1856 his patent upon which an extension
of time had been granted expired, and he
retired to Guernsey to devote himself once
more to agriculture, But he was in!860com-
pelled, by lack of pecuniary means, to accept
the post of curator of the patent office mu-
seum, South Kensington. This office he
held until his death. Some recognition of
his services was made by Lord Palmerston in
1855 ? when a pension of 200/. was conferred
upon him, and in 1857 he was the recipient
at St. James's Hall of a national testimonial,
comprising a service of plate and a purse of
nearly 3,000, which were subscribed for by
the whole of the shipbuilding and engineer-
ing world* Later, in 1871, the honour of
knighthood was conferred on him. He was
an associate of the Institution of Civil En-
gineers, member of the Institute of Naval
Architects, and of the Royal Society of Arts
for Scotland ; also corresponding member of
the American Institute. He died at South
Kensington on 12 Feb. 1874. He was twice
married: first, in 1830, to Ann, daughter of
William Buck of Folkestone, by whom he
had two sons ; and secondly, in 1866, to
Susannah, daughter of John Wallis of Boxley,
Kent. His widow and two sons survived
him.
[On the Introduction and Progress of the
Screw Propeller, 1856 (consisting of biographical
notices of Smith published in various journals
ic 1855) ; WoodcrorVs Origin and Progress of
Steam Navigation, 1848; 1>eatise on the Screw
Propeller by Bourne ; Smiles's Industrial Biogr. ;
Men of the Reign; Illustrated London News;
Times, 17 Feb. 1874.] W. F. W.
SMITH, GABRIEL (d. 1783), engraver,
was bom ha London, and there obtained his
earliest instruction. About 1760 he accom-
panied William Wynne Ryland [q. v.] to
Paris, where he learnt the method of en-
graving hi imitation of chalk drawings, and
on his return to England executed a series
of plates in this style from designs by
Watteau, Boucher, Le Bran, Bouchardon,
and others, which were published by J.
Bowles with the title, * The School of Art,
or most complete Drawing-book extant/
1765. In and about 1767 Smith engraved
in the line manner, for BoydeU, *Tobit and
the Angel * after Salvator Rosa, * The Blind
leading the Blind' alter Tintoretto, 'The
5 Smith
Queen of Sheba's Visit to Solomon'' aft
E. Le Sueur, and 'Boar Hunting' afh
Snyders. He also engraved a portrait of tl
Rev. John Glen King, F.R.S., after Falcone
and etched, from his own drawings, <M
Garrick in the Character of Lord Chalkstor
in the Farce of Lethe/ and < Mr. Foote i
the Character of the Englishman returne
from Paris/ He died in 1783.
[Strutt's Diet, of Engravers ; Dodd's man:
script Hist, of Engravers in British Musem
(Addit. MS. 33405); Redgrave's Diet, of Artists
F. M. O'D,
SMITH, GEORGE (1693-1756), nonjui
ing divine, son of John Smith (1659-1715
[q. v.], prebendary of Durham, was born a
Durham on 7 May 1693, and was name*
after his godfather, Sir George Wheler o
Charing, Kent,f ather-in-la w of his uncle, Pos
thumus Smith (Smith MSS.) After receiv
ing his early education at Westminster, wheri
he boarded at the house of Hilkiah Bed
ford [q. vj, whose wife was sister of Smith 5 !
mother, Mary, daughter of William Copper, hi
matriculated at Cambridge, as a pensioner o
St. John's College, in 1709. His name, how-
ever, was on 15 Nov. 1710 entered at Queen'*
College, Oxford, where his uncle, Josepl
Smith (1670-1756) [q. v.], afterwards pro-
vost, was then a fellow, and he matriculatec
there on 18 April 1711. His tutor was Ed-
ward Thwaites [q. v.], afterwards Regius
professor of Greek and a considerable Anglo-
Saxon scholar. He was for a time a studenl
of the Inner Temple. On his father's death ir
1715 he inherited a good fortune, and in 1717
bought New Burn Hall, near Durham, where
he thenceforth resided, the adjoining estate
of Old Burn Hall having been bought by his
uncle Posthumus in 1715. He had studied
Anglo-Saxon and early English history while
at Oxford, and when only twenty-two under-
took with modest misgiving to complete the
edition of Bede's historical works, on which
his father had laboured for many years, and
left unfinished at his death. He carried out
this difficult task with remarkable success,
adding many valuable notes to his father's
work. This splendid folio edition was pub-
lished at Cambridge in 1722. He received
orders in the nonjuring church, and in 1728
was consecrated bishop, with the denomina-
tion of Durham, by Henry Gandy and others
of the section that rejected the { usages '
adopted by a portion or the nonjurors from
the communion office of 1549. In 1731 he
' joined Thomas Brett [q. v.] in advocating a
'' reunion among the nonjurors, and in answer-
, ing a representation made by those opposed
| to it; and assisted the two Bretts, who
Smith
37
Smith
belonged to the other section, in consecrating
Tlioinas Mawman. Again, In 174:1, he joined
the younger Brett and Mawman in conse-
crating Robert Gordon, the last bishop of the
regular nonjurors. He died on 4 !Xov. 1756,
and was buried in the churchyard of St.
Oswald's, Durham, an English inscription
being placed on his tomb and a Latin in-
scription on a monument to him in the
south aisle of the church. He was a man
of learning and high character. \
By his wife Christian, who died on 23 July
1781, aged 79, and who was the eldes't ;
daughter of Hilkiah Bedford, Smith had a
numerous family, twelve of his children dying
in infancy, and his eldest son being John
Smith, M.D., of Burn Hall, "who married
Anne, daughter of Nicholas Shuttle-worth of
Elvet in St. Oswald's parish in 1750, and
died in 1752, aged 29, leaving a son named
George, who bought Piereefield, Monmouth-
shire, became a lieutenant-colonel, and was
father of Sir Charles Felix Smith fq. v." 1 and ,
of Elizabeth Smith [q. v.l " " I
Besides his edition of Bede, Smith wrote j
some anonymous pamphlets, of which are !
known : 1." * An Epistolary Dissertation ad- [
dressed to the Clergy of Middlesex ... by :
way of Reply to Dr. Waterland's late Charge '.
to them, by a Divine of the University of ''
Cambridge/ London, 8vo, 1739. 2. ' A. Brief j
Historical Account of the Primitive Invoca-
tion/ c., London, 8vo, 1740. 3. < A Defence
of the Communion Office of the Church of i
England,* &c., *in a Letter to a Friend/
Edinburgh, 1744 ; published with a preface
by another writer. 4. * Britons and Saxons
not converted to Popery 7 (South MSS.)
o. 'Remarks upon the Life of the Most
Rev. Dr. John Tillotson, compiled by Thomas
Birch, D.D./ London, 8vo, 1754. He gave J
Thomas Carte [q. v.] some help in writing j
his * History of England ;' and also aided j
his brother-in-law, Thomas Bedford (d. 1773)
[q. v.]. in preparing his edition of Symeon of
Durham *s 'Libelltts de exordio . . . Dunhel-
mensis Eeclesise.* His portrait is in thelibrary
of St. John's College, Cambridge.
[Nichols's Lit. Aneed. i. 170, 234. 704-5, and
Lit Hhistr. v. 157 ; Surtees's Hist, 'of Durham,
iv. 76-7, 96, 98 ; preface to Smith's edition of
Bede; Lathbury's Hist, of the Conjurors, pp.
360, 370, 378-81, 396, 466 ; information kindly
supplied by Rev. J. E. Magrath, provost of
Queen's College, Oxford, chiefly from manu-
scripts relating to Joseph Smith, provost of
Queen's, in his possession.] W. H.
SMITH, GEORGE (1713-1776), land-
scape-painter, was born in 1713 atChiehester,
where his' father, William Smith, was a
tradesman and baptist minister. He was
the second and most gifted of three brother?,
who all practised painting and were known
as < the Smiths of Chiehester.' When a b :> y
he was placed with bis uncle, a cooper, but,
preferring art, became a pupil of his brother
William, whom he accompanied to Glouces-
ter ; there and in other places he spent some
years, painting chiefly portraits, and then
returned to his native 'city, where, under the
patronage of the Duke" of Richmond, he
settled as a landscape-painter. He depicted
the rural and pastoral scenery of Sussex and
other parts of England in a pleasing but ar-
tificial manner, "based on the study of Claude
and Poussin, which appealed to the taste of
the day, and he was throughout his life a
much-admired artist. His reputation ex-
tended to the continent, where he was known
as the ' British Gessner.' In 1760 Smith
gained from the Society of Arts their first
premium for a landscape, and repeated his
success in 1761 and 1763. He exhibited
with the Incorporated Society of Artists in
1760, but in 1761 joined the Free Society,
of which he was one of the chief supporters
until 1774 : in that year only he was a con-
tributor to the Royal Academy. Smith's
works, which are now chiefly met with at
Goodwood and other country houses of Sus-
sex and Hampshire, were largely engraved
by WooUetfc, Elliott, Peake, Vivares, and
other able artists ; a series of twenty-seven
plates from his pictures, with the title ' Pic-
turesque Scenery of England and "Wales/
was published between 1757 and 1769. A
set of fifty-three etchings and engravings by
him and his brother John, from their own
works and those of other masters, was pub-
lished in 1770. George Smith was a good
performer on the violoncello and also wrote
poetry; in 1770 he printed a volume of
* Pastorals, 7 of which a second edition, accom-
panied by a memoir of him, was issued by
his daughters in 1811 . He died at Chichegter
on 7 Sept. 1776.
JOHN SHITH (1717-1764),younger brother
of George, was his pupil, and painted land-
scapes of a similar character; the two fre-
quently worked on the same canvas. John
exhibited with the Incorporated Society of
Artists in 1760 and with the Free Society
from 1761 to 1764. In 1760, again in
1761, he was awarded the second premium
of the Society of Arts, and in 1762, when
his brother George was not a candidate, the
first; Ms 'premium* landscape of 1760
was engraved by "Woollett, He died at
Chichester on 29 July 1764.
WILLIAM SMITH (1707-1764), the eldest
of the brothers, born at Gmldford in 1707,
was placed by the Duke of Richmond with
Smith 2
a portrait-painter in London, and for a time
practised portraiture, first in London and
then for eight or nine years at Gloucester.
On his return to the metropolis he ^ painted
fruit and flowers with success until his health
gave way, when he retired to Shopwyke,
near Chichester. There he died on 4 Oct.
1764.
The three brothers all lie in the church-
yard of St. Paneras, Chichester. A portrait
group of them, painted by William Pethier,
was engraved in mezzotint by him in 1765.
[G. Smith's Pastorals, 2nd ed. 1811; Daily's
Chienester Guide, 1831, p. 96; Redgrave's Diet,
of Artists ; Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-1893 ;
Seguier's Diet, of Painters ; Nagler's Kiinstler-
Lexikou.j P. M. O'D.
SMITH, GEORGE (1797 P-1850), captain
in the navy, born about 1797, entered the j
navy in September 1808 on board the Princess i
Caroline of 74 guns, and, remaining in her for j
upwards of four years, served in the North
Sea, Baltic, and Channel. In February 1813
he was moved into the Undaunted with Cap-
tain Thomas Ussher [q. v.], whom he accom-
panied to the Duncan of 74 guns in August
1814, On 20 Sept. 1815 he was promoted
to be lieutenant. He afterwards served in
the Mediterranean and on the coast of South
America till his promotion, on 8 Sept. 1829,
to the rank of commander. In 1830 he was
appointed to superintend the instruction of
officers and seamen in gunnery on board the
Excellent at Portsmouth, and was advanced
to jK>st rank on 13 April 1832. His con-
nection with the gunnery school at Ports-
mouth led him to invent a new method of
sighting ships' guns, a lever target, and the
paddle-box lifeboats, which were widely
adopted upon paddle-wheel steamers. In
June 1849 he was appointed superintendent
of packets at Southampton, where he died,
unmarried, on 6 April 1850. He was the
author of 4 An Account of the Siege of Ant-
werp ' 1833) and some minor pamphlets on
professional subjects.
[O^Byrae's Kav. Biogr.Dict. ; G-entMag. 1850,
J.I. L.
SMTES, GEORGE (1800-1868), historian
and theologian, born at Condurrow, near
Camborne, Cornwall, on 31 Aug. 1800, was
the son of William Smith, a carpenter and
small former at Condurrow (d. 1852), by
Ms wife, PMlippa Moneypenny (d. 1834).
He was educated at the British and Foreign
schools at Fttbnouth and Plymouth, to which
town his father retired in 1808, when the
lease of his^small farm expired. In 1812 he
returned with his parents to Cornwall, and
was employed for several years in farm work
\ Smith
and carpentering. Having accumulated
small sum of money, he became a builder
1824, and still further increased his
sources. He married at Camborne chun
on 31 Oct. 1826, Elizabeth Burrall, youngi
daughter of "William Bickford and Sus
Burrall. Bickford was a manufacturer, w
afterwards invented t the miners' safety fus
and Smith became a partner in his enfr
prises, taking out separately or in conjunctii
with his fellow-adventurers several paten
for improvements in that article. Throng
his business he amassed a considerable fo
tune.
Smith's energy largely contributed to tl
completion of the Cornwall railway, whk
ran from Plymouth to Truro and Falmout
and he was the chairman of the compar
to January 1864. All his life he was
diligent student, and he was famed througl
out Cornwall for has powers in speakin
and lecturing. In 1823 he became a Iocs
preacher among the Wesleyan methodistf
and for many years before his death wa
one of the leading laymen in that societj
He was a member of the Eoyal Asiatic So
ciety, of the Society of Antiquaries (23 Dec
1841), of the Eoyal Society of Literature
and of the Irish Archaeological Society. L
1859 he was created LL.D. of New York.
Smith died at his house, Trevu, Camborne
on 30 Aug. 1868, and was buried in th<
1 "Wesleyan Centenary Chapel cemetery 01
; 4 Sept. His widow died at Trevu or
\ 4 March 1886, aged 81, and was buried ir
; the same cemetery on 9 March. They ha<3
four children, the eldest of whom, William
Bickford-Smith, represented in parliament
i the Truro division of Cornwall from 1885 to
i 1892.
The writings of Smith included : 1. ' An
Attempt to ascertain the True Chronology of
the Book of Genesis/ 1842. 2, < A Disser-
i tation on the very Early Origin of Alphabeti-
; cal Characters,' 1842, 3. ' EeHgion of Ancient
| Britain to the Norman Conquest/ 1844 ; 2nd
edit. 1846; 3rd edit, revised and edited by
his eldest son, 1865. 4. ' Perilous Times, or
the Aggressions of Antichristian Error, 1845^
an attack on tractarianism. 5. ' The Cornish
Banner : a Eeligious, Literary, and Histori-
cal Register/ 1846-7; published in monthly
numbers, July 1846 to October 1847, both
inclusive, at the cost of Smith. 6. ' Sacred
Annals : ? vol. i. 'The Patriarchal Age/ 1847
(2nd edit, revised, 1859) ; voL ii. 'The He-*
brew People/ 1850; vol. iii. 'The Gentile
Nations/ 1853. The three volumes were re-
issued at New York in 1 850-4. 7. * Wesleyan
Ministers and their Slanderers/ 1849 ; 2nd
edit, 1849, referring to the charges of the-
Smith
39
Smith
*Fly Sheets' and the action of the expelled Relations with China; London, 1557, 8
ministers, Dunn, Everett, and Griffiths 5. Ten Weeks in Japan/ London, 1861,8
(Bibl. Cormtb. iii. 1163). 8. ' Doctrine of -- - -
the Cherubim/ 1850. 9. i Polity of Wesley an
Methodism exhibited and defended/ 1851.
10. 'Doctrine of the Pastorate/ 1851; 2nd
edit. 1851. 11. ' Wesleyan Local Preachers'
Manual,' 1855. 12. k Harmony of the Divine
8vo.
. &VQ.
[Times, 16 Dec. 1871 ; Men of the Time, 7th
edit.; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 17 15-1 SS6; Crock-
ford's Clerical Directory.] E. I. C,
SMITH, GEORGE (1840-1876), Assyrio-
logist, was born at Chelsea of parents" in a
1857 ; voL ii. * The Middle Age/ 1858; vol. to learn "bank-note engraving. Hisimagina-
iii. f Modern Methodism/ 1861, a work of tion had been fired from an early age by the
permanent value ; the second and revised accounts which he had read of the oriental
edition came out in 1859-62, and the fourth explorations of LayardandRawlinson,andhe
edition appeared in 1865. 14. * The Oas- frequently spent the greater portion of his
siteridesj or the Commercial Operations of dinner hour at the British Museum, while Ms
the Phoenicians in Western Europe, with spare earnings were devoted to the purchase
particular reference to the British tin trade/ ; of books on Assyrian subjects. Sir Henry
1863. 15. i Book of Prophecy : a Proof of Uawlinson was struck by his intelligence
the Plenary Inspiration of Holy Scripture/ ! and enthusiasm, and in 1866 gave him per-
1865. "" ---- - ->
16."* Life and Eeign of David,* 1868.
A companion work on Daniel was left in-
complete.
[Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. ii. 662-4
(where particulars are given of his sermons and
patents and of several publications relating to
him); Boase's Collectanea Coronb. pp. 906-7; the tribute paid
City Eoad Mag. iii. 338-42 ; West Briton, 3 ! Shalmaneser
mission to study the paper casts in his work-
room at the museum. Concentrating Ms
attention at first upon the arma-la of Tiglath
Pileser, Smith achieved his first success by
the discovery of a new and confirmatory text
which enabled him to assign a precise date to
A short account of this dis-
and 10 Sept. 1868 ; Cornish Telegraph, 27 Jan.
1864, pp. 2-3.] W. P. C,
SMITH, GEORGE (1815-1871), bishop
covery was published by Smith in the f Athe-
naeum 7 (1866, ii.410); and, being encouraged
by Kawlinson. and Dr. Birch, he next set to-
work upon the cylinders containing the Ms-
of Victoria, born in 1815, was the only son j toryof Assurbanipal(Sardanapalus),andwas
of George Smith of Wellington, Somerset, j gradually enabled to introduce some order
He matriculated from Magolalen Hall, Ox- I into the confusion which had reigned among-
ford, on 17 Dec. 1831, graduating B.A. in I those documents. His remarkable success led
1837 and M.A. in 1843. He was ordained j Rawlinson to propose to the museum trusteea
deacon in 1839 and priest in the following j that Smith should be associated with himself
year. In 1841 he became incumbent of Goole, j in preparing a new volume of the *Cunei-
Yorkshire, and in 1844 he undertook a mis- j form Inscriptions of Western Asia/ The
sion of exploration in China for the Church suggestion was adopted, and in January 1867
Missionary Society. On his return he pub- Smith entered upon his official life at the
lished the results of Ms expedition under the ; museum, and definitely devoted himself to
title f A Narrative of an Exploratory Visit | the study of the Assyrian monuments. The
to each of the Consular Cities of China, and
to the Islands of Hong Kong and Chusan/
London, 1847, 8vo. He was consecrated
bishop of Victoria in Hong Kong on 29 March
1849, resigned the see in 1865, and died
on 14 Dec. 1871, at his residence at Black-
heath, Kent. He married a daughter of
Andrew Brandram, rector of Beckenham,
first fruits of his labours were the discovery
of two inscriptions one fixing a date of the
total eclipse of the sun in the month Sivan in
B.C. 763, and the other the date of an invasion
of Babylonia by the Elamites in B.C. 2280;
while, in a series of articles in the * Zeitschriffc
fiir agyptische Sprache/ he threw a flood
of light upon later Assyrian history and the
J.JULLVJkJ.V IT J_J.tUJ. \JJ-ti-iJ-Lj itA-t-VJ. \Jt. -l-tol,-.Jl-ir:.ll.HflillI, JJ. J.J.giit( U.JLFUU. jLOnUCJ. ^3kO*3 J 0. J.CUJL .ULLOltUJ. T diiVA VU.<?
Kent, and secretary of the British and 1 politicalrelations between Assyria andEgypt.
Foreign Bible Society. In 1870 Smith was appointed senior assistant
Besides the work mentioned, Smith was to Dr. Birch, the keeper of oriental antiquities,
the author of: 1. * Hints for the Times/ and during 1871 he published Ms invaluable
London, 1848, 16mo. 2. ' A Letter on the 'Annals of Assur -bani-pal,' transliterated
Chinese Version of the Holy Scriptures to and translated, an expensive and laborious
the British and Foreign Bible Society/ Hong work, issued at the cost of J. W. Bosanquet
Kong, 1851, 8vo. 3. i Lewchew and the Lew- and H. Fox Talbot. On 6 June in this same
chewaDs/London ; 1853,8vo. 4. i Our National year Smith read before the newly founded
Smith 4'
Society of Biblical Archaeology a valuable
introductory paper on the Early History of
Babylonia' (Transactions, I. i. 28-92), and
this was followed, on 7 Nov., by a paper on
'The Reading of the Cypriote Inscriptions,
the Cypriote syllabary, as determined by
him,proving a solid basis for the subsequent
studies of Birch, Brandis, and others. It was
in 1872, however, that Smith made the dis-
covery which caused his name to be almost
a household word in Great Britain his dis-
covery, namely, among the tablets sent home
by Layard, of the f Chaldean Account of the
Deluge,' his translation of which was read
before a meeting of the Society of Biblical
Archeology held on 3 Dec. 1872, at which
Mr. Gladstone was present (id. n, i. 213-34).
The interest of the discovery was accentuated
by the modest way in which it was announced.
In consequence of the wide interest taken
in Smith's discoveries, the proprietors of the
* Daily Telegraph' newspaper came forward
and ofered to advance one thousand guineas
for fresh researches at Nineveh, on condition ,
that Smith should conduct the expedition. '
The offer was accepted by the trustees of the
British Museum, and Smith started for the
east on 20 Jan. 1873, on six months* leave
of absence. He reached the ruins of Nineveh
on 2 March, and entered upon the field of
active research which had been inaugurated
by Botta in 1842, and by his own fellow-
countrymen, Layard and Rawlinson. With
at expedition he unearthed the missing
pnente of the Deluge story from the so-
iled 'library' at Kouyunjik, and returned
to England with an important collection of
objects and inscriptions. The prop-ietors of
the * Daily Telegraph' now presented the
firman (necessary for the prosecution of the
research) and the excavating plant to the
trustees of the British Museum, who deter-
mined to take advantage of the time remain-
ing before the expiry of the firman by
despatching Smith once more to the scene
of the excavations. In spite of vexatious
difficulties thrown in his way by Ottoman
officials, he succeeded in bringing home a
Urge number of fragmentary tablets, many
of them belonging to the great Solar Epic
ra twelve boofes, of which the episode of the
Deluge forms the eleventh lay. He reached
hosae (by way of Aleppo and Alexandria) on
9 Joae 1874, and early next year published
an account of his travels and researches in
'Assyrian IKscovepes* (London, 8vo, with
maps and iBustrations), which he dedicated
to his chief, Dr. Birch. The remainder of
1875 was occupied in piecing together and
translating a number of fragments of the
highest im|K>rtanee, relating to the Creation,
> Smith
the Fall, the Tower of Babel, and simil
myths held in common by the Chaldeans ai
the people of the Pentateuch. The results i
these labours were embodied in his ' Chaldea
Account of Genesis' (London, 1876 [1875
8vo; again ed. Sayce, 1880, 8vo; Germa
version, Leipzig, 1876, 8vo).
The value of these discoveries induced th
trustees of the British Museum to send Smit.
on yet another expedition to excavate th
remainder of Assur-bani-pal's library a
Kouyunjik, and so complete the collectioi
of tablets in the museum. He aceordinglj
started for Constantinople in October 1875
and, after much trouble, succeeded in getting
the necessary firman. In March 1876 he left
for Mosul and Nineveh, in company with Dr,
Eneberg, a Finnish Assyriologisfc. "While
detained at Aleppo on account of the plague,
he explored the banks of the Euphrates from
the Balis northwards, and at Jerabolus dis-
covered the ancient Hittite capital Carche-
mish. After visiting Deri (or Thapsacus)
and other places, he made his way to Bagdad,
where he procured between two thousand
and three thousand tablets, discovered by
some Arabs in an ancient Babylonian library
near Hill ah. From Bagdad he went to
Kouyunjik, and found, to his intense disap-
pointment, that it was impossible to excavate
on account of the troubled state of the
country. Meanwhile Eneberg had died, and
Smith, worn out by fatigue and anxiety,
broke down at Ikisji, a small village sixty
miles north-west of Aleppo. He was brought
to Aleppo through the agency of the British
consul, James Henry Skene, from whose wife
hereceivedeverypossibleattention,butaftera
short rally he died at the consulate on the even-
ing of 19 Aug. He left a widow and family,
for whose benefit a public subscription was
set on foot by Professor Sayce, and in October.
1876 a civil list pension of 150Z. was settled
upon Mrs. Smith, in consideration of her hus-
band's eminent services to biblical research.
In addition to the works mentioned, Smith
published : 1. 'The Phonetic Values of Cunei-
form Characters, 7 1871, 8vo. 2. < History of
Assurbanipal/ 1871, 8vo. 3. ' Notes on the
Early History of Assyria and Babylonia/
1872, 8vo. 4. ' Ancient History from the
Monuments : Assyria/ 1875. 5. < The Assy-
rian Eponym Canon,' London, 1875, 8vo; an
invaluable pioneer work on Assyrian chro-
nology. 6. 'Ancient History from the Monu-
ments: Babylonia' (posthumous), London,
1877, 8vo ; 2nd edit., revised by Sayce, 1895.
7. 'The History of Sennacherib 7 (for the
; benefit of Mrs. Smith), 1878, 4to.
[Memoir by Professor Sayce in Nature, 1 4 Sept.
1876; Smith's Assyrian Discoveries; Trans-
Smith
Smith
actions of the Soc. of Biblical Archaeology, vols.
i.-v. ; Tiir^s, 4 Dec. 1S75. 5, 7, 10 and 13 Sept.
!S78 ; Daily Telegraph, 11 Sept. 1876: Levant
Herald, 4 Sept. 1S75; 3IecaLt*s Bibliotheque du
Palais de Mnive, IS SO, p. 1 7 ; Kasrozin's Chaldea,
pp. 42 seq. ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] ~ T. S.
SMITH, GEORGE (1831-1895), of Coai-
viile, philanthropist, "bom at Clayhills, Tun-
stall, Staffordshire, on 16 Feb. 1831, was the
son of William Smith (1607-1872), brick-
maker, by his wife, Hannah Hoilins ( GKO-
SABT, Hanani, or Memories of William Smith,
1874, with portrait). At nine years of age
George commenced working at* his father's
trade, carrying about forty pounds weight of
clay or bricks on his head. The labour lasted
thirteen hours daily, and to it was some-
times added night-work at the kilns. He
managed to obtain s,ome education, and saved
his earnings to buy books. In this manner,
while still a young man, he raised himself
above the level of his associates. While
manager of large brick and tile works at
Humberstone in Staffordshire in 1855, he
visited Coalville in Leicestershire in 1857,
where he discovered several valuable seams
of clay. His imprudence in revealing his
discovery prematurely prevented his reaping
the full benefit of it ; but in the capacity of
manager he succeeded in forming a large
business there.
During this time he persistently advocated
the necessity of legislation on behalf of the
brickmakers. He lectured on the degrada-
tion, immorality, and ignorance of the work-
men, and on the cruelties to which the
children were subjected. In one instance a
boy weighing fifty-three pounds had to carry
a load of forty-four pounds of clay upon his
head. In 1863 he obtained the support of
Robert Baker, C.B., an inspector of factories,
and from that time his efforts were unceasing.
He created a powerful impression at several
of the social science congresses, particularly
those of 1870 and 1872. In 1871 he pub-
listed The Cry of the Children J (London,
8vo, 6th edit. 1879), which roused the interest
of Anthony Ashley Cooper, seventh earl of
Shaftesbury [q. v.j, and of Anthony John
Mondella. In the same year an act (34 &
35 Viet. cap. 104) was passed, providing for
the inspection of briclsyards and the regu-
lation of juvenile and female labour therein.
In recognition of his services Smith received
a purse of sovereigns, accompanied by an
address at a meeting presided over by Lord
Shaftesbury. He had, however, roused con-
siderable ill will within the trade, and to-
wards the close of 1875 he lost his position
of manager at Coalville.
In 1873 Smith turned Ms attention to the
conditions of life of the one hundred thou-
sand men, women, and children iivinar oa
canals and navigable rivers. He found
drunkenness and immorality alarminglv rife
among them. In 1874 Mr." John Morley ad-
mitted an article by him on the subject to the
' Fortnightly Review,' and in the^foTbwing
year he published { Our Canal Population":
a Cry from the Boat Cabins/ London, Svo.
In 1876 he failed to dissuade Lord Sandon,
in his first Education Bill, from applying the
two-mile limit to children living in canal
boats, but in the following year, in conse-
quence of his representations, George Sclater-
Booth (afterwards lord Basing) "q. v.l intro-
duced the Canal Boats Bill, which came into
force on 1 Jan. 1878. This act enforced the
registration of all canal boats under the name
of a place where there was a school for the
children to attend, as provided by the ele-
mentary education acts. It also regulated
the sanitary conditions of life on board. The
act, however, left too much to the discretion
of local authorities to insure any great ame-
lioration of the condition of the canal popu-
lation. In 1881 a bill to amend its provi-
sions and render it more workable was blocked
by Sir Edward Watkin and others, but it was
passed in 1884. By its provisions the local
authorities were required to make annual
reports to the local government board, and
the board to parliament. The local autho-
rities were instructed to enforce the attend-
ance of the children at the schools ? and an
inspector of canal boats was appointed.
For several years Smith had sought to draw-
attention to the condition of the gipsy chil-
dren, and after the passing of the Canal Boats
: Amendment Act he gave all his time to that
subject. In 1880 he published ' Gipsy Life :
i being an Account of our Gipsies and their
Children,' London, Svo, a work containing
much information on the history of the race
in England. A Moveable Dwellings Bill,
framed in accordance with Smith's views, was
several times introduced into parliament by
Messrs. Charles Isaac Elton, Thomas Burt,
; and Matthew Fowler. It provided for the
| registration of travelling vans and for the
[ regulation of the sanitary condition of the
' dwellers. The education of the children pre-
sented such difficulties that it was left for
further consideration. Despite Smith's en-
thusiastic energy, the opposition the "bill
encountered was too determined to permit
its passage.
! After his dismissal from his post at Coal-
ville in 1872, Smith passed thirteen years in
; great poverty. In 1885 he received & grant
from the royal bounty fund, with which he
i purchased a house at Crick^ near Eugby.
Smith <
In 1886 he formed the * George Smith of
Coalville Society 'at Rugby, the members of
which were to assist in furthering his phi-
lanthropic works. Smith died at Crick on
21 June 1895. He was twice married, first
to Mary Mayfield, by whom he had three
children , and, secondly, to Mary Ann Lehman.
Besides the works mentioned, Smith's most
important publications were : 1. l Canal Ad-
ventures by Moonlight/ London, 1881, 8vo.
2. ' I've been a Gipsying, or Rambles among
our Gipsies and their Children,' London,
1883, 8vo. 3. ' Gypsy Children j or a Stroll
in Gypsydom,' London, 1889, 8vo ; new edit,
1891. 4. 'An Open Letter to my Friends ;
or Sorrows and Joys at Bosvil, Leek,' 1892,
8vo,
[Hodder's G-eorge Smith of Coalville, the
Story of an Enthusiast, 1896, -with portrait ;
George Smith of Coalville: a Chapter in Phi- |
lanthropy, 1880, with portrait; Times, 24 June !
1895 ; Graphic, 1879 p. 508 with portrait,
1895 p. 778 with portrait ; Illustrated London
Kews, 1895, p. 798, with portrait; Biograph,
Hay 1879, pp. 316-38 ; Fortnightly Review,
February 1875, pp. 233-42.] E. I. C.
SMITH, GEORGE CHAELES (1782-
1863), known as t Boatswain Smith,' was
born in Castle Street, Leicester Square,
London (now Charing Cross Road), on
19 March 1782, and was apprenticed to a
bookseller in Tooley Street from 1794 to
1796. In the latter year he was apprenticed
to the master of an American brig, but when
at Surinam, Guiana, was pressed into the
English naval service. According to his
own account, he was soon appointed a mid-
shipman ^in the Scipio, and in 1797 a mid-
shipman in the Agamemrion, serving in the
jSorth Sea fleet, fie then became master's
mate, was present in the battle of Copen-
hagen in 1801, and in 1803 left the navy
From 1803 to 1807 he was a student under
the Rev. Isaiah Birt at Devonport, and a
preacher to sailors and fishermen at Ply-
mouth, Dartmouth, and Brixham. In 1807
b*s was chosen pastor of the Octagon baptist
chapel at Penzance, where he served until '
1S25, and again from 1843 to 1863. In 1822 !
he converted the chapel into the Jordan '
baptist chapel. Between 1812 and 1816 he
built six chapels in villages around Penzance,
and educated men to supply them.
But his energies were chiefly devoted to
providing soldiers, and especiaUy sailors, with
behalf philanthropic institutions. On m
sions connected with these objects he often
u* fc .1, at p en2ance4 ^ Qm March
Smith
wards he brought to England two French
ministers, through whom he introduced the
Lancasterian system of education into France.
He commenced open-airpreaching inDevon
and Somerset in 1816, encountering much
opposition, but his efforts led to the forma-
tion of the Home Missionary Society in 1819.
In 1817 he began prayer meetings and preach-
ing on board ship among sailors on the
Thames, when the Bethel flag was first used
as a signal for divine service on board a
vessel. He opened the first floating chapel
for the sailors on the Thames in 1819, and
soon after established similar ship-chapels in
Liverpool, Bristol, and Hull. In 1822 he
commenced open-air preaching hi Tavistock
Square, London, and, carrying out similar
services all over the provinces, set an ex-
ample which has since been widely fol-
lowed. He formed the Thames Watermen's
Friend Society for giving religious instruc-
tion to watermen, bargemen, and coal-whip-
pers in 1822, and a society for river and
canal men at Paddington, where he also
opened a chapel. In 1823 he originated the
Merchant Seamen's Orphan Asylum for
Boys, which is now a flourishing institution
at Snaresbrook. In 1824 he formed the
Shipwrecked and Distressed Sailors' Family
Fund, which is now continued as the Ship-
wrecked Mariners' and Fishermen's Society
In 1824 Smith formed the London City
Mission Society, and in the same year opened
the Danish Church, Wellclose Square, Lon-
don Docks (which had been closed for twenty
years), as the Mariners' Church. In 1827
^ unary cap-
m with the English army in Spain. After-
* u ~~- *******>-* o V.U.UJ.I^.LL. JLJU JLOjS/
he established the London Domestic City
Mission for holding Sunday services and
visiting the poor in their houses. He claimed
to have established in 1828 the first tempe-
rance society in England, and in 1829 he
commenced the Maritime Penitent Female
Refuge, now carried on at Bethnal Green.
On the site of the Brunswick theatre,
Wellclose Square, of the falling down of
which on 28 Feb. 1828 he printed an account,
Smith erected the Sailors' Home, the first
establishment of the kind, it is believed in
the world. In. 1830 he established the
bailors' Orphan Homes for Boys and Girls.
To pay the expenses of these establishments
he made open-air preaching tours through
Great Britain, having with him twelve
orphan boys, six dressed as sailors and six
as soldiers, who were trained to sing hymns
and patriotic songs. At this time he fantas-
tically entitled himself < George Charles
Smith, B.B.U.' (i.e. Burning Bush Uncon-
sumed) In 1861, at the age of eighty, he
visited America on the invitation of the
Mariners Church and the superintendent of
Smith
43
Smith
the Sailors" Home, New York. He preached
there and at Boston, Philadelphia, and Salem.
He died in poverty at Jordan House, Pen-
zance, on 10 Jan. 1863 ; the coastguard, the
naval reserve, and two thousand people
attended his funeral on 16 Jan. lie married,
in June 1806,Theodosia (d. 1866), daughter
of John Skipwith. By her he had a nume-
rous family.
His name is found on upwards of eighty
publications, chiefly small books and tracts.
An almost complete bibliography is given in
Boase and Courtney's i Bibliotheca Cornu-
biensis 7 (pp. 664-9, 1337). Some of his most
popular works were: 1. * The Boatswain's
Mate/ a dialogue, 1812, many editions. 2. ' The
Prose and Poetical Works of the Rev. G. C.
Smith/ 1819, a collected edition of twenty-
four pieces. 3. ' Intemperance, or a General
View of the Abundance, the Influence, and
the horrible Consequences of Ardent Spirits/
1829. He also edited *The Sailor's Maga-
zine/ 1820-7, and 'The New Sailor's Maga-
zine and Naval Chronicle/ 1827, which, under
various changes of name, he conducted to
1861.
TnEOPHiLrs AHIJAH SMITH (1809-1879),
philanthropist, eldest son of the above, was
born in Chapel Street, Penzance, on 2 July
1809. In June 1824 he was apprenticed to
Thomas Vigurs, a printer. From 1831 to
1837 he was employed under his father in
the Sailors' Society, and during that time he
assisted informing the English and American
Sailors 7 Society at Havre. In conjunction
with Messrs. Giles and Grosjean, he in 1835
inaugurated the first temperance society in
London, and in 1839 formed the Church of
England Temperance Society. From 1840
to 1847 he was assistant secretary to the
Protestant Association, and from 1847 to
1861 secretary of the Female Aid Society.
In 1860 he originated the midnight meeting
movement, and was the secretary from 1861
to 1864. Finally he was the secretary of
the Protestant Association from. 1865 to
1868. He was permanently crippled by a
railway accident in 1868, and died at Cardi-
gan Road, Richmond, Surrey on 13 Jan.
1879. He married, first, in June 1836, Annie,
daughter of James Summerland ; secondly,
Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Cronk. He
published an account of his father in 1874
under the title of The Great Moral Refor-
mation of Sailors.*
[Gent. Mag. 1863, i. 260, 890-1 ; Congre-
gational Year Book, 1862, p. 223; Cornish
Telegraph, 14 Jan. 1863, p. 3, 21 Jan. p. 2 ;
Baptist Mag. 1848, xl. 293, 563, 690; Boase's
Collect. Corrmb. 1890, p. 907; The Cornishman,
29 Bee. 1881, p. 8.] G-. C. B.
SMITH, GERARD EDWARD (1804-
1881), botanist and divine, born at Camber-
well, Surrey, in 1804, was sixth son of Henry
Smith. He'entered Merchant Taylors' school
in January 1814, and St. John's College,
Oxford, as Andrew's exhibitioner, in 1822 ;
he graduated B.A. in 1829. Before being
ordained he published his principal botanical
work, * A Catalogue of rare or remarkable
, Phanogamous Plants collected in South
; Kent/ London, 18*29, which is dated from
! Sandgate. The ' Catalogue,' which occupies
i only seventy-six pages, is arranged on the
; Linnsean system, deals critically with several
; groups, and has five coloured plates drawn
i by the author. Smith was vicar of St.
i Peter-the-Less, Chichester, from 1835 to
I 1836, rector of North Marden, Sussex, from
i 1836 to 1843 ? vicar of Cantley, near Don-
! caster, Yorkshire, from 1844 to 1846, per-
I petual curate of Ashton Hayes, Cheshire,
from 1849 to 1853, and vicar*of Osmaston-
! by-Ashbourne, Derbyshire, from 1854 to
I 1871. He died at Ockbrook, Derby, on
I 21 Dec. 1881.
| Smith was the first to recognise several
. British plants, describing Statice occidentalis
I under the name 8. binercosa in the ' Supple-
1 ment to English Botany ' (1831, p. 63), and
| Pilaff o apiculata in the * Phytologist ' for
i 1846 (p. 575). His herbarium, which does
i not bear witness to any great care, is pre-
I served at University College, Nottingham.
j Smith contributed ( Remarks on Qphrys '
to London's * Magazine of Natural History T
} in 1828 (i. 398) ; * On the Claims of Alynum
' calycinum to a place in the British Flora ' to
the 'Phytologist' for 1845 (ii. 232); a pre-
face to W. E. Howe's i Ferns of Derbyshire *
in 1861, enlarged in the edition of 1877;
I and * Notes on the Flora of Derbyshire * to
i the 'Journal of Botany' for 1881. Besides
j the South Kent Catalogue and two sermons
he published separately : 1. * Stonehenge, a
j poem,' Oxford, 1823, 8vo, signed 4 Sir Oracle,
! Ox. Coll./ and intended to be humorous,
! 2. 'Are the Teachings of Modern Science
I antagonistic to the Doctrine of an Infallible
: Bible ? 7 London, 1863, 8vo. 3. * The Holy
I Scriptures the original Great Exhibition for
i all Nations/ an allegory, London, 1865, 8vo.
, 4. c What a Pretty Garden ! or Cause and
Effect in Floriculture/ Ashbourne, 1865,
16xno.
[Robinson's Reg. of Merchant Taylors' School,
ii. 197 ; Foster's Alumni Ozon. 1715-1886; Jtrar-
; nal of Botany, 1882, p. 63.] Gv S. B.
SMITH, SIB HARRY GEORGE
WAKELYN,baronet (1787-1860), the victor
at AHwal and governor of the Cape of Good
Smith
44
Smith
Hope, fifth of thirteen children, was born on
28 June 1 787 at Whittlesea in the Isle of Ely,
where his father, John Smith, was a surgeon
in fair practice. His mother, Eleanor, was
daughter of George Moore, minor canon of
Peterborough. A sister, Mrs. Jane Alice Sar-
gant, who kept a school at Hackney, and died
23 Feb. 1869, was the author of 'Ringstead
Abbey,' a novel (1830); of a drama ' Joan
of Arc ; ' and many religious and political
tracts. A younger brother, Thomas Lawrence
Smith (if 92-1877), joined the 95th regiment
on 3 March 1 808; served with much distinction
throughout the Peninsular war ; took part in
the battle of "Waterloo; and, riding in front of
his battalion, was the first British officer to
enter Paris on 7 July 1815. From 1824 to
1855 he was barrack-master under the board
of ordnance until 1838 in Ireland and then
at Chatham. From 1 855 he was principal bar-
rack-master at Aldershot, but in 1868, when
he was made C.B., he retired from the army.
Of his seven sons, six entered the army and
one the navy. Another of Sir Harry's bro-
thers, Charles Smith (1795-1854), served at
Quatre Bras and Waterloo, where he was
wounded, but retired early from the army.
Harry received a commission as ensign in
the 95th foot, afterwards the rifle brigade,
on 17 May 1805, and, being promoted to be
lieutenant on 15 Aug. the same year, was
quartered at Shorncliffe. In June 1806 he
embarked for service under Sir Samuel Auch-
muty [q. v.l in South America, In January
1807 a landing was effected at Maldonado,
near the mouth of the La Plata river, after
some fighting, and the suburbs of Monte Video
were occupied. On the 20th the enemy made
a sortie with six thousand men, when the
riflemen suffered severely. The attack, after
a breach had been made on 3 Feb., was led
by the riflemen and the place captured.
Smith also took part on o July in the disas-
trous attack onBuenos Ayres, and he returned
with his regiment to England, arriving at
Hytne in December 1807.
In the autumn of 1808 'Smith embarked
with some companies of the second battalion
&r the Peninsula, and landed at Coruna on
26 Oct. In December he was brigaded with
the 43rd and 52nd foot under Brigadier-
general Robert Craufurd [q. v.], and served
throughout the retreat to and the battle of
Coruna on 16 Jan. 1809. Embarking the
same night, he arrived at Portsmouth on
tfee 21st, and, after spending two months at
wmttlesea, proceeded to Hythe.
In May 1809 Smith sailed with the 1st
feafct&kon under Lieutenant-colonel Beck-
wjt&lor Lisbon, where they landed on 2 July,
ana joined Brigadier-general Bobert Crau-
furd's brigade, Smith was seriously wounded
at the action of the Coa, near Almeida on
24 July 1810. In March 1811 he commanded
a company in the pursuit of Massna from the
lines of Lisbon, and was engaged in the ac-
tions of Redinha on the 12th, of Condeixa on
the 13th, and of Foz d'Aronce on 15 March.
He was appointed to the staff as brigade-
major to the 2nd light brigade of the light
division in March 1811. In this capacity
he was engaged in the action of Sabugal on
3 April, the battle of Fuentes d'Onoro on
5 May, and at the siege and at the storm of
CiudadRodrigo onl9Jan.!812. After being
promoted to be captain on 28 Feb. 1812, he
was at the siege and at the storm of Badajos
on 6 April, The day after the assault two
handsome Spanish ladies, one the wife of a
Spanish officer serving in a distant part of
Spain, and the other her sister, a girl of
fourteen years of age Juana Maria de los
Dolores de Leon claimed the protection of
Smith and a brother officer, representing
that they had fled to the camp from Bada-
jos, where they had suffered violence from
the infuriated soldiery, having had their ear-
rings brutally torn from their ears. They
were conveyed by Smith and his friend
to a place of safety, and the younger became
Smith's wife. She accompanied him to the
end of the war. She was well known after-
wards in English society.
Smith took part in the battle of Salamanca
on 22 July 1812, the battle of Vittoria
21 June 1813, the passage of the Bidassoa
7 Oct., the attack on the heights of Vera and
in the battle of Sarre, the attack upon the
position of St. Jean de Luz and the heights
of Arcangues in November, the battle of
Orthez on 27 Feb. 1814, the combat at Tarbes
on 20 March, and the battle of Toulouse on
10 April 1814.
On the termination of hostilities with
France, Smith was appointed in May assis-
tant adjutant-general to the force sent under
Major-general Ross to carry on the war with
America, He sailed from Bordeaux on board
the fleet of Rear-admiral Pulteney Malcolm
[q. v.], which carried the expedition, on
2 June. After calling at St. Michael's and
at Bermuda, where additional troops joined
them, they arrived in Chesapeake Bay early
in August, landed at St. Benedict in the
Patuxent river on the 19th, and marched
on Washington. On the 24th Smith took
part in the battle of Bladensburg and in the
capture and burning of Washington. Before
Ross was killed in a skirmish near Balti-
more on 12 Sept. [see Ross, ROBEBT], Smith
was sent Jbioine with despatches in recog-
nition of his services, and was promoted to be
Smith
45
Smith
brevet major on 29 Sept. 1514. He left
England ag-ain at once, with reinforcements
under Sir Edward Michael Pakenhain ~q. v.~,
and joined the British land and sea forces
before New Orleans on 25 Dec. Pakenham.
took the command ashore, and Smith resumed
his duties as assistant adjutant-general. In
the unsuccessful attack on Xew Orleans on
8 Jan. 1815 Pakenham was killed. Sir John
Lambert assumed the command, appointed
Smith his military secretary, and employed
him to negotiate with the enemy. During the ,
night a trace for two days was with difficulty ;
effected by Smith, who* passed and repassed I
frequently between the opposing forces. j
Smith sailed in the fleet with the eipedi- ;
tion, on 27 Jan., to attempt the capture of;
Mobile, one hundred miles to the eastward j
of New Orleans. Troops were landed toj
attack Fort Bowyer and on He Dauphine, on '
the opposite side of the entrance. On the j
completion of the siege approaches to Fort !
Bowyer, Smith was sent in with a summons i
to surrender. The commandant, having:
elicited from Smith that the place would I
certainly be taken if stormed, capitulated
on 11 Feb. On the 14th hostilities ceased,
news having arrived that preliminaries of
peace between England and the United!
States had been settled at Ghent on 24 Dec.
1814. When intelligence of the ratification ;
of the treaty arrived on 5 March, the force J
embarked, and Smith reached England ini
time to proceed to the Netherlands as assist-
ant quartermaster-general to the sixth divi-
sion of the army of the Duke of Welling-
ton. Smith was at Waterloo, and accom-
panied the allied army to Paris. He was
made O.B., military division, and promoted i
brevet lieutenant-colonel from 18 June 1815. <
He received the Waterloo medal, and the !
war medal with twelve clasps for the Penin-
sula. Subsequently he filled the post of
major de place at Cambray, where the Duke !
of Wellington fixed his headquarters during I
the occupation of France by the allied troops. |
*He returned to England in 1818, and served !
with the 2nd battalion of the rifle brigade in
Ireland. On 19 Dec. 1826 he became un- !
attached.
On 23 Xov. 1826 Smith was appointed de-
puty quartermaster-general of the forces in
Jamaica. On 24 July 1828 he was transferred,
in the same capacity, to the Cane of Good
Hope, under his old commander in the Pen-
insula, Sir Galbraith Lowry Cole [a. v.], at
that tune governor and commanding the
forces in the Cape Colony. On the outbreak
of the Kaffir war, at the end of 1834, Sir
Benjamin D'Urban [<j. v.1, who had succeeded '
Sir Lowry Cole, appointed Smith to "be colonel
on the staff and commandant of the regular
and burgher forces, and second in command
in the colony from 1 Jan. 1335. Smith at once
rode from Cape Town to Graham's Town,
accomplishing the seven hundred miles, over
a rough and roadless country, in the extra-
ordinarily short period of six days. The feat
is still deservedly remembered in the colony
as ** an historical ride.' In February he left
Graham's Town with a force of eleven hun-
dred men to clear the country between
the Fish and the Keiskainma rivers. On
12 Feb. he fought a successful action with
the Kaffirs. In March he prepared a central
camp at Fort Willshire, where three thou-
sand troops were assembled before advanc-
ing. He had another successful action with
the Kaffirs on 7 April at T'Slambies Kop t
and towards the end of the month carried
on operations in Hintza's country across the
Kei river. Hintza, the chief of the Amakosa
Kaffirs, gave himself up as a hostage, but
played false, and endeavouring to escape on
12 May, when riding with bmith on the
march with his column, was pursued and
overtaken by Smith, who dragged him from
his saddle. Hintza, however, managed to
get away, and was shot the same day in the
bush by Lieutenant George Southey, whom
he was about to assegai. On 28 May Smith
took a column of six hundred men to clear
the country near the sea and examine the
mouth of the Buffalo river. On 4 June he
made another expedition, scouring the country
about the river Keiskamma, when the war
practically came to an end.
The Kei river was made the new boundary,
and the country between the Great Fish and
the Kei rivers was annexed and secured by
a series of forts. On Sir Benjamin DTFrbaa
leaving the front for Graham's Town on
10 June, he appointed Smith to command the
troops and to administer the new province
of ' Queen Adelaide/ as he named it. On
17 Sept. a formal treaty with the Kaffir
chiefs was concluded by Smith at Fort Will-
shire, and a commission, over which Smith
presided, was appointed to carry it into
effect. As chief commissioner Smith de-
nned tiie boundaries of the land given to
each tribe, and reduced the country to order.
Having completed this work, he returned to
Capetown and resumed his duties as deputy
quartermaster-general on 13 Sept. 1836, Un-
fortunately, the labour of the commission,
was speedily undone by the action of Lord
Glenelg, secretary of state for the colonies.
Although Glenelg wrote to Smith in Sep-
tember 1887 praising the latter*s * zealous,
humane, and enlightened administration/ he
considered the Kaffirs the aggrieved party
Smith 4
and their invasion of the colony justifiable,
and ordered the territory which had been
annexed to be restored to them.
On 10 Jan. 1837 Smith was promoted to
be brevet-colonel. On 6 March 1840 he was
appointed adjutant-general of the queen's
army in India. On 13 May 1842 he was
brought into the 3rd foot, but was again un-
attached on 20 Aug. 1843. ^ In December of
this year he took part as adjutant-general in
the Gwalior campaign under the commander-
in-chief in India, Sir Hugh (afterwards Lord)
Gough [q. v.l, and for his distinguished ser-
vices at the battle of Maharajpur on 29 Dec.
was thanked in despatches and made a knight
commander of the Bath.
Early in December 1845, on the Sikh in-
vasion," Smith was with Gough at Ambala.
He was given the command of a division
with the honorary rank of major-general.
He took a prominent part in the battle of
Mudki on 18 Dec., and again, distinguished
himself at the battle of Firozshah on 21 and
22 Dec. He was mentioned in despatches
for his * unceasing exertions ' on both occa-
sions. On 18 Jan. 1846 Smith, with a bri-
gade, reduced the fort of Dharmkote and
captured the town, containing a large supply
of grain. He then marched towards Ludiana,
and, by means of some very delicate com-
binations, executed with great skill but
severe loss, he effected communication with
that place. On 28 Jan. he encountered the
Sikhs in open battle at Aliwal, and, leading
the final charge in person, he drove the enemy
headlong over the difficult ford of a broad
river (the Satlaj), taking over sixty pieces of
ordnance (all that the enemy had in the field),
and wresting from him his camp, baggage,
and stores of ammunition and of grain. The
Duke of 'Wellington, in the House of Lords
(3 April 1846), said of Smith's conduct at
Aliwal: *I never read an account of any
affair in which an officer has shown himself
more capable than this officer did of com-
manding troops in the field/ Of Smith's
despatch announcing his victory Thackeray
wrote in his essay * On Military Snobs: * * A
noble deed was never told in nobler lan-
guage. 1
Smith rejoined headquarters on 8 Feb., and ]
on the lOtt commanded the first division of
Infantry at the crowning victory of the cam-
paignthe battle of Sobraon. Smith was
commended in despatches, both by the com-
niander-in-chief and by the governor-general,
Sir Henry (afterwards Viscount) Hardinge,
who took part in the campaign. A treaty was
reluctantly concluded by the Sikhs, by which
the country between the Beas and the Satlaj
jrivers was annexed, by the British, and on
Smith
20 Feb. Smith arrived with the army at
Lahore, the Sikh capital.
Smith was promoted to be major-general
in the East Indies on 1 April 1846. For his
services in the Sikh war, and especially for
his victory at Aliwal, he was created a
baronet and given the grand cross of tlie
Bath. He received the thanks of both houses
of parliament, of the East India Company,
and of the Duke of Wellington, commander-
in-chief ; the freedom of the cities of London
and Glasgow was conferred on him, and oa
9 Nov. of the same year he was promoted to
be major-general. In 1847 he was granted
the honorary degree of LL.D. at Cambridge,
at the installation of the prince consort as
chancellor (cf. CLARZ and HTTGHES, Life, of
Sedgwick).
On 18 Jan. 1847 Smith was gazetted
colonel of the 47th foot, and on 16 April of
the same year he was transferred to the rifle
brigade as colonel-commandant of the 2nd
battalion. He returned to England, and on
3 Sept. 1847 was appointed governor of the
Cape of Good Hope and its dependencies, and
promoted to be local lieutenant-general to
command the troops there. On his arrival at
the Cape on 1 Dec. 1847 Smith was most
enthusiastically received. "War with the
Kaffirs, which had been going on for some
time, had just ended in the capture of Sandili
and other chiefs. Smith hastened to King
William's Town, where he arrived on 23 Dec.
He inspected the 1st battalion of his own
regiment quartered there, and held a meeting
of all the Kaffir chiefs, releasing Sandili and
the others. He issued a proclamation ex-
tending the Cape Colony to the Orange
river on the north, and, on the East, to the
Keiskamma, from the sea to the junction of
the Chumie river, and then along the Chumie
to its source. He announced himself, as re-
presentative of the queen, the head chief of
the Kaffirs. The chiefs made their submission,
and Smith ordered the annexed territory to
be called British Kaffraria, Smith then
visited Natal, and sacceeded in stopping an
exodus of the Dutch, or Boers, due to the
support of the natives by the British go-
vernment.
Pretorius, the Boer leader, objected to a
proclamation issued by Smith when in camp
on the Tugela, which extended British sove-
reignty over the country between the Vaal
and Orange rivers. Early in July 1848
Pretorius raised a commando and, establish-
ing himself at Bloemfontein, expelled the
British resident. Smith, who was at Cape-
town when the news arrived, acted with
vigour, directed a column composed of two
companies of the rifle brigade, two of the
Smith
47
Smith
4":!:, and two of the 91st regiments, -with.
two squadrons of Cape mounted rifles, to
march ir.3Hi Graham's Town to Colesberg ; lie
himself me: them near the Orange river on
il Aug. 1*4$, and on the 29th of that
month fie arrived with the column at Boom
departure for England, and issued a very
complimentary and characteristic s-eneral
order. Daring this year there were vamin^s
himself me: them near the Orange river on of a Kaffir rising, Smith summoned a meet-
ing of chiefs, and went to King William's
Town* The head chief, Sandili^ refused to
thrown up. He attacked in the middle of, reached Capetown when he received accounts
the day and stormed the position. The Boers, , which made him hasten back to the frontier
who were better mounted and whose guns t "
were heavier than Smith's, were completely I
beaten, and broke and fled. Manv of the
with all available troops. On 24 Dec. a
! column of troops, moving to arrest the deposed
I chief, was attacked with some success near
fanners crossed the Taal with Pretorius and I Keiskanrma Hoek, and on Christmas day a
founded the Transvaal state (recognised in
1S52) ; the remainder returned to their farms
and waited the course of events. Smith
continued his pursuit the following day
towards Bloemfontein, where lie arrived on
5 Sept. and reinstated the British resident.
Families from the Cape moved into the
Orange river country, and occupied the lands
of those who had crossed the Vaal, and the
territory eventually became (1854) the Orange
Free State.
During 1848 and 1849 there was consider-
able e:ieitement at Capetown, caused by the
proposal of the home government to form
a penal settlement there. After a very strong
representation had been made by Smith as
horrible massacre of the Europeans of the
villages of Johannesburg, Woburn,and Auck-
land in the Chumie valley took place. At
the same time Smith was besieged at Fort
Cox by nearly the whole force of the Kaffirs.
On 29 Dec. 'Colonel Somerset failed in an
attempt to relieve Smith, and on the 31st
Smith sallied out with all his troops, and,
making a dash through the enemy, succeeded
in reaching King "William's Town, A large
body of Hottentots of the Kat river joining
in the rebellion made it the more serious,
particularly as they acted in small bodies,
raiding the country in which the farms and
villages were scattered at considerable dis-
tances. Smith could do little without rein-
governor to Earl Grey on the subject, point- j forcements, but while awaiting them he called
ing out the ill feeling and opposition that all the loyal inhabitants, both European and
had been raised, and intimating that he native, to arms, concentrating the women
would resign if the proposal were forced and children where they could be protected,
upon the colony rather than carry it out, j He took the field in person on 18 March j
Earl Grey decided that the^ convicts who and went to the relief of Fort Hare, which
had already sailed in the Neptune, which he accomplished by a clever movement, and
was detained at Pernambuco, should be landed j then, with a rapidity which astonished the
at the Cape ?> but that no more should be sent, j Kaffirs, marched on Forts Cox and White,
On the arrival of the Neptune on 20 Sept. I defeating the enemy in a spirited engagement
TQ4f* 4.1^ *~n: _* l.,.~ __J j.t__ i- T> .i P. , > J . * . RTP v-itii.
1849, the tolling of bells and the sounding
of the fire-alarm gong announced the un-
welcome news. Shops were closed and
business suspended. A committee was formed
to prevent the landing of the convicts, and
was supported by the community. It was
resolved not to furnish the Neptune, nor
indeed any one connected with government,
with supplies. Smith acted with great for-
bearance. He frankly told the people that
neither he nor the troops would so hungry
so long as they had arms in their hands, but
he did his best to induce the home govern-
ment to send away the Neptune, and in the
meantime he would not allow the convicts
to be landed. His representations resulted
in the arrival of orders in February 1850 to
send the convicts in the Neptune to Tasmania.
On 31 May 1850 Smith inspected the 1st
battalion of the rifle brigade prior to its
Reinforcements began to arrive in May, and
Smith organised columns to scour the country
and attack some of the strongholds of the
enemy in the mountains; but on 7 April
1852 Smith was superseded by Lieutenant-
general the Hon. George Cathcart,the home
government being dissatisfied with the slow
progress made in crushing the rising. This
action of the secretary of state for the co-
lonies did not add to his popularity.
On 18 Nov. Smith was a pall-bearer at the
funeral of the Duke of Wellington at St.
Paul's. On 21 Jan. 1853 he was appointed
to the command of the western military
district, and made lieutenant-governor of
Plymouth. He was promoted to be lieu-
tenant-general on 20 June 1854, and on
29 Sept, of the same year was transferred to
the command of the northern military dis-
trict, with headquarters at Manchester, whick
Smith
he held until 30 June 1859. He died without
issue on 12 Oct. 1860, at his residence in
Eaton Place West, London. B^s widow died
on 10 Oct. 1872. Both he and his wife were
"buried in the cemetery at Whittlesea, his
native place. By way of memorial to him
the chancel aisle of St. Mary's, Whittlesea,
was restored in 1862, and a marble monu-
ment with his bust was placed there. The
aisle is known as i Sir Harry's Chapel ' (cf.
SWEETING, Churches of Northamptonshire and
Cambridgeshire). The sabre Smith wore from
1835 to 1857 is now the property of Queen Vic-
toria. The South Airican towns Harrismith
(Orange Free State), Ladysmith (Natal),
Whittle,sey, and Aliwal commemorate
Smith's connection with Cape Colony.
Smith was not devoid of the self-assertion
characteristic of men who fight their own
way in the world and owe their successes
solely to their own energy and ability ; but
he was popular with his colleagues and sub-
ordinates, who were fascinated by his daring
energy and originality, and admired his rough
and ready wit.
A crayon portrait by Isabey belongs to the
Baroness Burdett-Coutts; another, in oils,
belongs to Mrs. Waddelow of Whittlesea.
Smith is a prominent figure in W. Taylor's
picture "The Triumphal Reception of the
Seikh Guns/ engraved by F, C. Lewis and
C. G. Lewis. A photograph of Smith was
engraved.
[War Office Records ; Obituary Notices in the
Annual Register and Gent. Mag. I860; Des-
patches; Alison's Hist of Europe; Cope's Hist,
of the Rifle Brigade ; Napier's Hist, of the War
in the Peninsula; Siborne's Hist, of the Waterloo
Campaign; Alexander's Excursions in Western
Afnca and Narrative of a Campaign in Kaffir-
land in 1835-6; Hough's Political and Military
Events in India ; Trotter's Hist, of India, 1844-
1862; TheaTs Compendium of the Hist and
Geography of South Africa; King's Campaign-
ing in Kaffirland, 1851-2; Ward's Five YeL
in Kaffirland, with Sketches of the late War
1848.] B. H. V. '
HENRY (1550 ?~1591), puritan
known as < silver-tonged Smith '
eldest son and heir of Erasmus Smith of
Husbands Bosworth, Leiees-
^J^ ^ "Kkwrf one Wye
aughte of one Balard, was born about
at Withcote Leicestershire, the seat of
an^ather } JolinSmith(^154e). Eras-
S t!l & T - ] Was to "W- He wS
admitted a fellow-commoner of Queens' Col-
%e, Cambridge, on 17 July 1573, but does
^ ammr to have matrickted/ and so?n
*s Smith
iL 103). He continued his studies with
Richard Greenham [q. v.], rector of Dry
Drayton, Cambridgeshire, who imbued him
7SS IF 1 ^ Triples. On 15 March
lo/o-b newas matriculated at Oxford as a
member of Lincoln College, and graduated
B.A. on 16 Feb. 1578-9 (FOSTEB Mumf
Oxon. 1500-1714, IT. 1372). He caimot be
identified with either of two students of tha
same names of Hart Hall, who proceeded
M.A. in 1579 and 1583 respectively. The
puritan divine terms himself 'theologus*
(never M.A.), and is so described by others.
Although he was heir-apparent to a We"
patrimony, he resolved to enter the ministry
but, owing to conscientious scruples with
regard to subscription, he determined not to
undertake a pastoral charge and to content
himself with a lectureship. Thomas Kash
relates that Smith, before entering into the
* wonderful ways ' of theology, ' refined, pre-
pared, and purified his wings with sweet
poetry' (Pierce Pennilesse, ed. Collier, p. 40),
none of which, however, is now known'
For some time he officiated in the church
of Husbands Bosworth, but it is uncertain
whether he obtained the rectory, which was.
in his father's patronage. In 1582 he brought
to his senses one Robert Dickins of Mans-
field, a visionary, who pretended to be the
prophet Elias; and on this occasion he
preached a sermon, afterwards published
under the title of 'The lost Sheep is found/
Subsequently he preached in London and
its vicinity with great success, and in 1587
he was elected lecturer of St. Clement Danes,
without Temple Bar, by the rector and con-
gregation. Smith's father had married, as
his second wife, Lord Burghley's sister Mar-
garet, widow of Roger Cave, esq., and
Burghley, who resided in the parish of St.
Clement Danes, aided his candidature. He-
soon obtained unbounded popularity, and
came to be regarded as the ' prime preacher
of the^nation.' "Wood says he was ' esteemed
the miracle and wonder of his age, for his pro-
digious memory, and for his fluent, eloquent,,
and practical way of preaching' (Athene
Oxon. -i. 603) ; and Fuller states that he
was commonly called f the silver-tongued
Smith, being but one metal in price and
purity beneath St. Chrysostom himself*'
(Church Hist, bk ix. cent. xvi. p. 142).
Fuller remarks that 'persons of quality
brought their own pues with them I mean
their legs to stand there upon in the allies. 1
In 1588 Aylmer, bishop of London, was-
informed that Smith had spoken in deroga-
tion of the Book of Common Prayer, and had
not subscribed the articles. Nor did he hold
a license from Aylmer, his diocesan. The>
Smith
49
Smith
b"r!i r ;p accordingly suspended him from
g. Smith addressed a brief vindica-
tion to Lord Biirghley, in which he stated
that the bishop Lad himself called upon him
to preach at St. Paul's Cross, and denied
that he had spoken against the prayer-book.
He said be yielded Els full consent to aE
the articles *of faith and doctrine/ but he
avoided reference to matters of discipline.
The parishioners sent a testimonial and sup-
^ttearion on his behalf. Lord Burghley ac-
tively interposed in his favour, and he was
restored to his ministry (SiBTPB, Life of
Aylmer, ed. 1701 pp. 152-6, 1821 pp. 100-3 ;
LamdQwne MS. 81, art. 26 ; MABSDE^, Early
Puritans, p. 181).
During the last illness of William Har-
wardj rector of St. Clement Danes, and
again on his death, strenuous efforts were
made by the parishioners to obtain for Smith
that benefice* which was in the patronage
t>f Lord BmgHey; but Kichard Webster,
B.D., was instituted on 22 May 1589, pro-
bably after Smith had declined the prefer-
ment, Owing to ill-health he resigned his
lectureship about the end of 1590, and re-
tired to Husbands Bosworth. During his
sickness he occupied himself in preparing his
works for the press, and in revising his ser- !
mans, some of which had been * taken by
characterie * and printed, without his consent,
from these imperfect shorthand notes (Notes
and Queries, 8th ser. x. 189). His collected
sermons he dedicated to Lord Burghley, but
he died before the collection was published.
Smith was buried at Husbands Bosworth
on 4 July 1591 (Parish Register). His
lather survived him many years.
Although puritanically inclined, Smith
was in sympathy with the church of Eng-
kad, and regarded the followers of Brown
and Barrow as enemies of the church. His
sermons are noble examples of "RnglTgh
prose and pulpit eloquence. They are free,
in an astonishing degree, from the besetting
vices of his age Yiileparity and quaintness i
and affected learning (MABSBEST).
The bibBographr of Smith's works is be-
wildering, The i Collected Sermons ' passed
through the following editions: London,
1592, Svo, 1593, 159$ 1595, 1599, 1604, ;
1607 ? 1609, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1617-19,
1020-3, and 1631-2. Another edition of the
* Sermons/ including the * Prayers ? and other
works with a very meagre life of the author
by Thomas Fuller, B.D., appeared at London
in 1657, and again in 1675, 4to. Both edi-
tions are very scarce, especially the former;
the latest edition was printed at London in
vols. STO in 1866.
Among bis other works are: 1. 'A prepa-
im,
rative to marriage: The stunzne whereof
was spoken at a contract and enlarged after.
Whereunto is annexed a treatise of the Lords
Supper, and another of usurie,' London, 1591 ,
16mo; Edinburgh, 1505, Svo. 2. 'Juris-
pmdentise, Medicinse et Theologies Dialogue
doleis,' London, 1592, STO. In Latin hexa-
meters and pentameters. Published by his
kinsman, Brian Cave, who dedicated" the
work to Ms uncle, Thomas Cave, esq., of
Baggrave, Leicestershire. 3. Titse Suppli-
cium: sive de misera Hominis conditione
querela/ London, 1592, Bvo : in Latin
sapphics. This is annexed to the l Dialogus/
Azi English translation appeared under the
title of * Micro-Cosmo-Graphia ; The Little-
"Worlds Description : or, the !Map of Man
(From Latin Saphiks of that Famous, late,.
Preacher in London, Mr. Hen. Smith) trans-
lated [into English verse] by losvah Sylves-
ter,' printed with 'The Parliament of Ver-
tues Boyal/ London [1614], 8yo ? and re-
printed in *Du Bartas his Diuine TVeekes
and Workes/ London, 1621, fol. 4. fi G-oda
Arrow against Atheists/ London, 1593, 4to,
with Ms sermons ; London, 1614,1621,1632,,
4to, and 1872, Svo; translated into Latin,,
Oppenheim, 1594, Svo.
His portrait has been engraved by T.Cros%
James Basire, and by an unknown engraver.
[Life, by Thomas Fuller ; Addit. MS. 24490,
p. 392; Ames's Typogr. Antiq., ed. Herbert;
Bailey's Life of Fuller, pp. 201, 609, 752;
Brook's Pttritacs, ii. 108 ; Burton's Iieicester-
shire, p. 313 ; Granger's Biogr. Hist, of England ;
Harington's Epigrams, iii. 16; Hohnes's B^caip-
tive Cat. of Books ; Hunter's Bhtstr. of Shake-
speare, ii. 49, 21 1 ; Lansdowne MS. 982, art. Ill;
Nichols's Leicestershire, ii. 185, 389-91, 468,
889, plate tczi; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. iii.
222, yi. 129, 231, vii. 223, 2nd ser. vizi 152, 254,
330, 501, is. 55, 285; Eetrospectiye Eeview,
2nd ser. ii. 11 ; Tanner's BibL Brit.] T. C.
SMITH,HENBY (1620-1668?), regicide,
born in 1620, was the only son of Henry Smith
of Withcote in Leicestershire, descended from
the family of Smith, alias Heriz or Harris,
in Nottinghamshire, to which belonged
Erasmus Smith [chv.] and Henry Smith
(1550P-1591) fq.vri His mother was daugh-
ter of Henry SHpwith of Gotes, Leicester-
shire. Henry- the elder dying in 1623, the
future regicide became a ward of the king. He
matriculated at Oxford from Magdalen Hall
(now Hertford College) on 26 Jan. 1637-8,,
and graduated B.A. from St. Mary H^l an
9 June 1640. In the same year he became
a student of Lincoln's Inn. He represented
the comity of Leicester in the parliament of
1640 as a* recruiter;* he was probably elected
in the place of Henry, lord Grey de Kmthin.
Smith
5
fq. Y.I who was called to the upper house as
Earl of Kent in November 1643, Attaching
himself to the cause of the parliament, Smith
received a place in the six clerks' office, and
was added to the committee for compound-
ing on 18 Dec. 1648. He joined in a protest
against the votes for a treaty with the king
in the Isle of Wight on 20 Dec. 1648. Smith
was one of the judges at the trial of Charles I,
attended all the sittings (10-29 Jan, 1648-9),
both in the Painted Chamber and in West-
minster Hall, and signed the death-warrant.
He sat as a recruiter in the restored Rump
of 1659.
At the Restoration he was excepted from
the general act of oblivion (9 June 1660),
but surrendered himself in pursuance of the
king's declaration (6 June), and was put
into the charge of the serjeant-at-arms on
19 June. He was excepted from the In-
demnity Bill of August 1660, with the sav-
ing clause of suspension of execution till a
fortlier act should have passed. He was
arraigned at the Sessions House, Old Bailey,
on 10 Oct. 1660, when he pleaded not guilty,
and appeared to defend himself on 16 Oct.
He pleaded youth and ignorance, and asserted
that he had no recollection of having signed
the death-warrant. When confronted with
his signature, he was unable to say whether
the writing was his own or not, but confessed
that it resembled it. He handed in a petition
for life, in which the part he had taken in
the proceedings against the Mng were attri-
buted to * ye threatenings of those that then
ruled ye army with noe less than loss of life
and estate, and incessant importunity offsuch
as had relacon to him and power over him. 7
He was included in the act of attainder of
December 1660, as one of those condemned
but under respite. On 25 Nov. 1661 a bill
for the execution of the attainted persons
was read in the commons, and Smith (with
others) was called to the bar of the house.
He threw himself on the mercy of the mem-
bers, begged for their mediation with the
Mng, and for the benefit of the Mug's procla-
mation, upon which he had surrendered him-
self, liaving been advised that by so doing
fee would secure his life. On 7 Feb. 1661-1
be was brought to the bar of the House of
Lords, when he agpain pleaded compelling
oreumsfcances and Ms surrender. Smith was
not executed, and is usually stated to have
ctied in tlie Tower of London; but he had
probably Mb the Tower before November
1666, as his name is not included in a list of
thirty-eight pristmers confined there at the
time (Cal State Papers, 1666-7, p. 235).
He appears to have been in the Old Castle
at Jersey in February 1667-8. His wife, a
Smith
daughter of Cornelius Holland [q. v.l tke
regicide, died of the plague in rooms attacked
to the six clerks 7 office in August 1664
Smith is believed to have left an only
daughter. J
Smith seems to have been weak and
cowardly. His entry at Lincoln's Inu would
point to some legal education ; but in Ms
speech of 16 Oct. 1660 he disclaimed all
knowledge of the law. Heath (Chrvnkk,
p. 200) speaks of him as ' Henry Smith, a
lawyer, but a mean one.'
[Nichols's Leicestershire, ii. 391, 889, iii. 626;
Nichols's Topographer and Genealogist, iii. 255^
260 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Official
Lists of Members of Parliament, i. 490 ; Walker's
Hist, of Independency, ii. 49 ; Masson's Hilton,
iii. 533-4 ; Cal. of Comm. for Compounding, p,
135; Commons' Journals, iii. 594, viii. 61, 68,
139, 319 ; Lords' Journals, xi. 380 ; Hist. MSS.
Comm. 7th .Rep. pp. 155-6, llth Eep. ii. 4; Cal
State Papers, 1660-1 p. 558, 1667-8 p. 229;
Noble's Lives of the Eegicides; Nalson's Trial of
Charles I, passim ; Exact and Impartial Ac-
compt of the Trials of Twenty-nine Eegicides,
pp. 28, 254.] B. P.
SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN
(1826-1883), mathematician, born in Dublin
on 2 Nov. 1826, was the youngest of the four
children (two sons and two daughters) of
John Smith (1792-1828), an Irish barrister,
who married, in 1818 Mary, one of fourteei
children of John Murphy, a country gentle-
man living near Bantry Bay. The mathe-
matician was named after his father's law
tutor, Henry John Stephen [q. v.J After
the elder Smith's death, in 1828, his widow
removed to the Isle of Man in 1829, and
settled at Ryde in the Isle of Wight in 1831.
Henry Smith, who was a delicate child,
taught himself some Greek at the age of four,
and at seven became absorbed in Prideaux's
6 Connection/ His education was entirely
conducted by his mother, a highly accom-
plished woman, until 1838, when he was
placed under Ms first tutor, Mr. R. Wheler
Bush, who was astonished by his classical
proficiency. In 1840 Mrs. Smith came to
reside at Oxford, where Henry became the
pupil of Henry Highton [q.v.] Next year he
went to Rugby, where Highton had been ap-
pointed a master; but in 1843, after the death
of his brother Charles of rapid consumption,
he spent the winter at Nice, and the following
summer by the Lake of Lucerne, Never-
theless he won the Balliol scholarship easily
on 30 Nov. 1844, and at the examination
made the acquaintance of Benjamin Jowett,
then tutor, who became his lifelong friend.
* He was,' wrote Jowett, * possessed of greater
natural abilities than any one else whom I
Smith
Smith
have inown at Oxford. He had the clearest
and mot lucid mind, and a natural expe-
rience of the world and of human character
Lsrdly ever to be found in one so young/
Smith passed the years 1845-6 on the
continent. At Rome" where he suffered a
severe illness, he acquired a sound knowledge
of Hainan antiquities and inscriptions, and
& satisfactory command of Italian, German,
and French" While still convalescent he
attended lectures in Paris, at the Sorbonne
and the College de France, and was the de-
lighted auditor of Arago and Milne-Edwards.
He resumed his Oxford career at Easter 1847.
It proved of almost unexampled brilliancy.
He gained the Ireland University scholarship
in 1845 ; he took a double first-class, and was
elected a fellow of BaUiol in 1849 (B. A. 18oO,
M.A. 1855). In 1850 lie accepted a mathe-
matical lectureship at Bailiol College, and ob-
tained the senior mathematical scholarship in
1851. Up to this date he was undecided
whether to pursue classics or mathematics,
and showed as much aptitude for the one as
for the other. 4 1 do not know,' John Con-
ington [q. v.] once said, ' what Henry Smith
may be "at th,e subjects of which he professes
to know something ; but I never go to him
about a matter of scholarship, in a line where
he professes to know nothing, without learn-
ing more from him than I can get from any
one else/ He continued to lecture on mathe-
matics at Bailiol till 1873, when he resigned
his fellowship and lectureship on receiving
a sinecure fellowship at Corpus Christi Col-
lege. He was elected an honorary fellow of
BalKo! in 1882.
In 1853 there seemed a danger of his
being diverted to chemistry. Bemg called
upon to lecture on the subject, he studied
under Professor Story-Maskelyne, with
whom he formed an enduring friendship,
and reached the conviction that the pro-
perties of the elements are so connected by
mathematical relations as to be discoverable
by reasoning in anticipation of experience.
Smith was elected in 1860 to the Savilian
chair of geometry, and became both F.R.S.
and F.K. A,S. in 1861, He acted as president
of the mathematical section of the British
Association at Bradford in 1873, and of the
Mathematical Society of London in 1874-6.
In 1877 he became the first chairman of the
meteorological council in London ; and at-
tended, as its representative, the interna-
tional meteorological congress at Rome in
1879.
On the death of his mother, in 1857, he had
been joined at Oxford by his sister, Eleanor
Elizabeth Smith (1822-1896), a woman of
exceptional ability and judgment, whose
main energies were devoted to philanthropic
and educational objects, and their house was
the scene of much genial hospitality. During
the vacations Smith travelled in Italy, Greece.
Spain, Sweden, and Norway, and attended
the meetings of the British Association. In
1874 he was appointed keeper of the uni-
versity museum. The office i gave hirr? a
pleasant house, a small stipend, and not very
uncongenial duties. 1 But much of his time
was still taken up with educational business,
He was for many years a member of the Heb-
domadal Council, as well as of innumerable
boards and delegacies. From 1870 he sat on
the royal commission on scientific education,
and in great measure drafted its report. In
the same year he accepted the post of mathe-
matical examiner at the university of Lon-
don, and was in 1871 appointed by the Royal
Society a member of the governing body of
Kugby school. In commenting on his nomi-
nation in 1877 as one of the Oxford Univer-
sity commissioners, Sir !M. E. Grant Duff
spoke of him in the House of Commons as
* a man of very extraordinary attainments/
even apart from the special qualifications im-
plied by his position in the first rank of
European mathematicians, while 'his con-
ciliatory character made him, perhaps the
only man in Oxford who was without an
enemy.' He received the honorary degrees of
LL.D. from the universities of Cambridge
and Dublin.
In 1878 Smith unsuccessfully contested
the parliamentary representation of the uni-
versity of Oxford in the liberal interest. He
was a ready and telling speaker, but his
candidature was urged on academic rather
than on political grounds.
Smith's health had strengthened as he grew
up ; but in 1881 it began to be impaired by
overwork. He died unmarried on 9 Feb.
1883, aged 56, and was buried at St. Se-
pulchre's cemetery, Oxford, His death
evoked a chorus of eulogies. * Among the
world's celebrities/ in Lord Bowen's opinion,
* it would be difficult to find one who in
gifts and nature was his superior.' He im-
pressed Professor Huxley *as one of the
ablest men I ever met with ; and the effect
of his great powers was almost whimsically
exaggerated by his extreme gentleness of
manner, and the playful way in which Ms
epigrams were scattered about. I think that
he would have been one of the greatest men
of our time if he had added to his wonder-
fully keen intellect and strangely varied and
extensive knowledge the power of caring
yery strongly about the attainment of any
object/
Smith was, in fact, devoid of ambition and
Smith
Smith
initiative. His strong sense of public duty obvious injustice _ at the sitting of the a
almost compelled him to accede to the in- demy on 16 April 1883 (Comptes Bend
numerable demands upon his time ; and the xcyj. 1096).
work for which he was supremely fitted was
constantly pushed on one side by tasks
within the range of ordinary capacity. Many
of his intimate friends scarcely knew that he
was a great mathematician. Some of his
witticisms are worth preserving. Thus, to
Smith had a remarkable power of verbah
position in abstruse mathematical subjects,
great number of his researches, never writt
out for publication, were thus laid before ti
British Association and the Mathematic
Society. Only their titles have been pn
the remark, * What a wonderful man Buskin served (for a list of them, see Dr. Glaisher
is, but he has a bee in his bonnet/ he replied 'Introduction 7 to SMITH'S Mathematics
'Yes, a whole hive of them; but how pleasant Papers, p. 76). He was less concerned t
it is to hear the humming ! ' In appearance record than to obtain new results. * Mos
Smith was tall and good-looking, with an air of his mathematical work he did in his he&
------ - 'by sheer mental effort. . . . The fact that h<
manner to all classes was singularly urbane.
A bust by Sir Edgar Boehm is in the Na-
tional Portrait Gallery^ and an engraved
portrait is prefixed to his ( Collected Mathe-
matical Papers/
As a mathematician, Smith was thegreatest
disciple of Gauss. He resembled him, in the
finish of his style, in the rigour of his de-
monstrations, above all in the special bent
of his genius. *The Theory of Numbers'
of his mathematical production.' f More-
over, the high standard of completeness
which he exacted from himself in his pub-
lished writings added considerably to the
effort with which his finished work was pro-
duced ' (ib. p. 87). Unfinished results ac-
cumulated, and, towards the end, inspired
him with uneasiness about their fate.
Smith left forty mathematical notebooks,
more than a dozen of which were filled with
predominantly attracted him ; his magnum records of original theorems, suggestions or
opus was to have been a treatise on the sub- divinations ; but in too disjointed a eondi-
ject, his preliminary studies for which were j tionto be rescued from oblivion by print. His
embodied in his masterly 'Keport on the "" V1 *~ T -~ J -^ ^ *~ ^
Theory of Numbers/ presented to the British
Association in six parts, during 1859-1865.
This is an account of the progress and state
of knowledge in that branch, with critical
commentary and original developments. Two
final sections remained unwritten. The most
important advance in the higher arithmetic
since Gauss's time was made in Smith's
papers, *0n Systems of Linear Indeterminate
Equations and Congruences' (Phil. Trans.
cli. 293, 1861), and <0n the Orders and
Genera of Quadratic Forms ' (fb. clvii. 255,
1807), with a supplementary communica-
tion, in which he extended and generalised
the results already enounced. Through an
unaccountable oversight, the problem which
lie had thus completely solved, was proposed
by the French Academy as the subject
of their ' Grand Prix des Sciences Mathe"-
malkpes' lor 1882. Smith was induced
to eoimfete by the assurance that full jus-
tice slioald be done to Ms earlier investiga-
tkna ; bat the promise was f brgotten, Two
mouths alter his death two prizes were
awarded oue to & memoir in which Smith
had given the demonstrations of his former
theorems, tibe other to the woart of a com-
$M3titor who might itave followed tke indica-
tkms which Smith h&d previously published
M. Bert rand offered a partial apology for this
published writings were, however, brought
logether under the editorship of Dr. Glaisher,
and issued from the Clarendon Press in 1894,
with the title, e The Collected Mathematical
Papers of Henry John Stephen Smith, M.A.,
F.K.S.' (2 vols. 4to); and biographical
sketches and recollections by Dr. Charles
Henry Pearson fa. v.], Professor Jowett,
Lord Bowen, and Mr. Strachan-Davidson,
besides a mathematical introduction by the
editor, were prefixed. The contents of the
volumes fall under three headings : (1) geo-
metry; (2) the theory of numbers; (3)elliptic
functions. The memoirs are models of form.
The reasonings wrought out in them are of
invincible strength, and the clear-cut sym-
metrical manner of their presentation attests
both labour and genius. Their author fol-
lowed Gauss's maxim, Pauca sed matura.
Smith contributed to the 'Oxford Essays *
in 1855 a brilliant paper on the * Plurality
of Worlds ; ' wrote a memoir of Professor
Conington, prefixed to his 'Miscellaneous
Writings' (London, 1872); and an introduc-
tion to the * Mathematical Papers of Wil-
liam Kingdon Clifford * (London, 1882).
[Authorities cited; Times, 10 Feb. 1883, sad
(for Miss Smith) 18 Bepfc, 1896; Fortnightly
Beview, rraaH. 663 (6-Msher); Monthly Notices
Royal Astronmaieal Society, xliv. 138 ; Hsfcore,
16 Feb. 18&3 (Spottiswoode), and 27 Sept 1894
Smith
S3
Smith
); Athenaeum, 17 Feb. 1SSS ; Aca-
demy, 17 Feb. ISS3; Comptes Kendus, scvi.
1055 (Jordan); B&cse Ball's Short History of
Mathematics, p. 424 ; Fester's Alumni Oxon. ;
Knc^y School Beaister. i. 224; Proceedings
London Math, Society, adv. 322.] A. M, C.
SMITH, HORATIO, always known as
HQEACE < 1779-1649), poet and author, born
in 1779, was second son of Robert Smith j d.
1 332;, and younger brother of James Smith
1 1775-1839) "q. v." A sister was the mot her of
3Iaria Abdy "q.v, J The father, Robert Smith,
was born at Bridgwater, Somerset, where his
father, Samuel, was a custom-house officer,
on 22 Nov. 1747; he entered a solicitors
office in London in 1765, and married in
1773 Mary, daughter of James Bogle French,
a wealthy London merchant. She died, aged
55, at her husband's residence in Basinghall
Street, on 3 NOT. 1804. Robert Smith was
for many years solicitor to the board of ord-
nance, a post he resigned in 1812, and he
was elected F.B.S. on 24 Xov. 1796, and a
fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. He was
eighty-five when he died, on 27 Sept. 1832,
afSt Anne's Hill, Wandsworth (Gent. Mag.
1832,ii.573; cf. ib. 1804, ii, 1078 and 1050,
containing a poem by H[orace] Sjrnith] upon
his mother's death).
Like his brother, Horace was educated at
a school at Chigwell, kept by the Rev. Mr.
Burford, but, unlike James, was placed in a
merchant's counting-house. Less attentive
to business than to the drama and the amuse-
ments of the town, he produced a poem lament-
ing the decay of public taste as evinced in
the neglect of the plays of Richard Cum-
berland, who, highly flattered, hunted him
out of his counting-house and introduced
him to literary society. He published
two novels, ' The Runaway * in 1800, and
*Trevanion, or Matrimonial Ventures,' in
1802. A third, * Horatio, or Memoirs of the
Davenport Family/ followed in 1807. Mean-
while, in 1802, Smith joined with Cumber-
land, Ms brother James, Sir James Bland
Burges, and others in writing for * The Pic
Nic/ a magazine which was edited by the
notorious William Combe [q. v.], but had
only a brief existence. At Cumberland's
request, Horace and James wrote several
prefaces for plays in * Bell's British Theatre, 7
edited by him ; and their acquaintance with
Thomas Hill led both, but especially James,
to ( contribute for four years to his ( Monthly
Mirror.' They acquired a character as wits,
ancl as gay, though not dissipated, yonng
men about town, but were little known to
tie public, when they suddenly found them-
selves raised to the pinnacle of contem-
porary amputation by the utterly unforeseen
success of their ; Rejected Addresses M 9! 2 .
These were parodies of the most popular
' poets of the day in the guise of izBaelniiry
addresses from their pens which purp jrted
to have been prepared in competition for a
prize that had been offered by the managers
on occasion of the reopening* of Drury Lane
Theatre after its destruction by fire (10 Get,
; 1512). Horace Smith himself had been a
serious competitor, and the commission had
; been entrusted to one of the poets parodied,
Byron. The idea had been suggested to the
Smiths by the secretary to the theatre, Mr.
! Ward, Sheridan's brother-in-law, who, having
seen the addresses submitted bona jide, had
been struck by their prevailing silliness,
no less than sixty-nine competitors having
invoked the aid of the Pbcenix, The brothers
had great difficulty in finding a publisher,
until at last John Miller, of Bow Street,
agreed to print at Ms own expense, and give
, them half the profits, * if any.' The volume
I appeared on the day of the* opening of the
: theatre, with the title i Eejected Addresses,
i or the Xew Theatrum Poetarum T ( 18th edit.
; 1833, with new preface by Horace Smith).
! Success was instantaneous, and in truth
there has been nothing better of the kind in
the language, excepting only Hogg's inimi-
table parody of Wordsworth, * The Flying
Tailor.' In the 'Rejected Addresses' the
best parodies were those of Cobbett and
Crabbe, and were the work of James Smith,
who also wrote the hardly less successful
parodies of Words worth and Southey. Horace
Smith's best are those of Byron and Scott,
and the delectable nonsense of *A Loyal
Effusion' by William Thomas Fitzgerald
[q. v.] Horace inserted his genuine rejected
poem under the title of * An Address with-
out a Phoenix/ Neither brother did any-
thing half so good again, though each, has
bequeathed a considerable amount of comic
verse, never destitute of merit, but always
courting comparison with tiie similar pro-
ductions of Thomas Hood, and hopelessly
distanced by them. Their only subsequent
joint production, entitled * Horace in Lon-
don, by the authors of Eejected Addresses,*
appeared in 1813.
After his apprenticeship in tlie counting^
house was over, Horace Smith went on the
stock exchange. He was probably a good
man of business, for lie throve so fast as to
be able to retire in 1820, and was blamed
for throwing away the prospect of a fortune.
But when the panic of 1825 came, he em~
gratulated himself on his good sense* Before
retiring he had gained tie friendship 0f ^oets
and performed numberless generous actions.
His good sense and conciliatory disposition
Smith
54
Smith
are admirably shown in his letter to Sir
Timothy Shelley on the temporary stoppage
of Shelley's income. He was Shelley's guest
at Marlow in 1817, and he was probably the
first to communicate Keats's death to the
poet in March 1821. Shelley wrote of him
IB his epistle to Maria Gisborne :
Wit and sense,
Virtue and human knowledge, all that might
Make this dull world a business of delight,
Are all combined in Horace Smith.
To Leigh Hunt he was equally friendly and
equally serviceable, joining with Shelley in
the Yam effort to rescue Mm from his em-
barrassments. His endeavours, however, to
follow in the footsteps of these poets were
not always fortunate. Nevertheless, 'Ama-
rynthus the Nympholept,' a pastoral drama
in imitation of Fletcher (1821), is full of
pleasant fancy. Not much can be said in
favour of his other serious poems (first col-
lected as * Poetical Works,' London, 1846,
2 vols. 8vo), except the fine lines on occa-
sion of the funeral of Campbell in West-
minster Abbey, when, late in life, the deep
feeling aroused by the recollection of a long
friendship supplies the deficiencies of poetic
art. There is, however, a class of poems in
which Smith really excels, those halfway
between the serious and the humorous. One
of these, * An Address to a Mummy/ has
deservedly gained great popularity, and is an
admirable example of the mutual interpene-
tration of wit and feeling.
On his retirement from business, Smith
set out to join Shelley in Italy, but on hear-
ing of his death stopped short at Paris and
lived for three years at Versailles; on his
return he settled at Brighton. He now
added Cobden to the list of his friends, and
became a warm advocate of free trade. He
aided Camjjbell in the <New Monthly J and
John Scott in the * London Magazine/ Some
of his pieces were collected as * Gaieties and
Gravities ' (London, 1825, 3 vols. 8vo). But
about the same year he gave up periodical
literature to resume Ms early pursuit of
novel-writing. In 1826 he produced * Bram-
faletye House, or Cavaliers and Koundheads/
a romance in Scott's style, connected with
a ruined mansion of the name still exist-
ing in Ashdown Forest, Sussex. It ranks
among the best imitations of Scott, and has
been frequently republished. 'The Tor
Hill' and *Eeuben Apsley/ two good his-
torical novels, followed in 1826 and 1827,
and in 1828 he varied his style by im>
tating Lockhart and Croly in Zillah, a Tale
of the Holy City * (London, 12mo). Both
this work and *Tor HOI' were translated
into French by Defaueonpret, the translator
of Scott and of Mrs. Eadcliffe. A severe
attack on 'Zillah' in the < Quarterly* gained
him the friendship of Southey, after he had
done penance for 'some impertinences re-
garding Wordsworth.' His later novels
rarely historical in subject, obtained little'
success; they include i The New Forest ?
(1829), 'Walter Colyton ' (1830), 'Gale
Middleton' (1833), 'The Involuntary Pro-
phet' (1835), 'Jane Lomax' (1838), 'The
Moneyed Man' (1841), 'Adam Brown*
(1843), and ' Love and Mesmerism ' (1845).
A posthumous fragment from his pen, pro-
fessedly but not really autobiographic, ap-
peared in vols. Ixxxvi. and Ixxxvii. of the
'New Monthly Magazine. 7 His other writings
include ' First Impressions,' an unsuccessful
comedy (1813); 'Festivals, Games, and
Amusements, Ancient and Modern' (1831), a
useful compilation ; and ' The Tin Trumpet,
(1836), a medley of remarks, ethical, political,
and philosophical. It was published under
the name of Jefferson Saunders, but Smith's
name appeared on it in 1869 when it was
issued as No. 8 in Bradbury and Evans's
* Handy Vol. Series.' Keats, in a letter
written in February 1818, mentions having
seen in manuscript a satire by Smith entitled
' Nehemiah Muggs, an Exposure of the Metho-
dists/ but it does not appear to have been
published. He died at Tunbridge Wells on
12 July 1849. He left three daughters, of
whom the youngest Laura (d. 1864) married
John Bound of West Bergholt, Essex.
All contemporary testimony respecting
Horace Smith is unanimous as regards the
beauty of his character, which was associated
not only with wit, but with strong common-
sense and justness of perception. His is a
remarkable instance of a reputation rescued
from undue neglect by the perhaps excessive
applause bestowed upon a single lucky hit.
Thackeray wrote warmly of Smith's truth
and loyalty as a friend, and, after his death,
he frequently visited his daughters at Brigh-
ton ; after the youngest of them he named
his Laura in ' Pendennis.'
A portrait of Horatio and James Smith in
early life by Harlow is in the possession of
Mr. John Murray. A portrait of Horace by
Masquerier and a miniature are now the
property of Ms eldest daughter.
[Memoir by Epes Sargent, prefixed to Eejected
Addresses, New York, 1871; Fitzgerald's edition
of Eejected Addresses, 1890 ; New Monthly
Magazine, vol. xlix.; G-ent. Mag. 1849, ii. 320;
Athenaeum andLiterary Gazette, July 1849 ; S, C.
Hall's Memoirs, 1 877 ; Dowden's Life of Shelley ;
Marzials and Merivale's Life of Thackeray, p.
228 ; Walter Hamilton's Parodies.] E, G-.
Smith
55
Smith
SMITH, HUGH t d. 1 790). medical writer,
son of a aursreon and apothecary, was born at
Heinel Heznpstead in Hertfordshire. He
studied medicine at Edinburgh University,
and obtained the degree of M.6. on 22 April
1753. He at first "practised in Essex, but :
came to London in 1759, and fixed his resi- !
deuce in Mincing Lane. la 1760 he com-
menced a course" of lectures on the theory
and practice of physic, which ^ere nume-
rously attended. These, together with the ?
publication of * Essays on Circulation of the _
Blood, with Reflections on Blood-letting/ ,
1761, gave Mm a wide reputation. In 178:2
he was admitted a licentiate of the College
of Physicians. In 1765 he was elected phy-
sician to Middlesex Hospital, and in 1770
was chosen alderman of the Tower ward, a
dignity which his professional duties com-
pelled'him to resign in 1772. About this
time he removed to Blaekfriars and devoted
himself chiefly to consulting practice at home.
He was accustomed to give two days of the
week to the poor, from whom he would take
no fee. He also assisted some of his patients
pecuniarily. In 1780 he purchased a country
residence at Streatham in Surrev. He died
at Stratford in Essex on 26 Dec. 1790, and
was buried in the church of West Ham.
Besides the work mentioned above, he '
wrote i Formulae Medicamentorum,' London, I
1772, 12mo. He must be distinguished from i
Hr&H SMITH (1736?-! 789), possibly his
son. The latter graduated M.D. at Leyden
on 11 Nov. 1755 7 and practised at Hatton :
G-arden, London. He married the daughter \
of Archibald Maclean, a lady of fortune, who S
inherited Trevor Park, East Barnet. He j
died, aged 53, on 6 June 1789, and was '.
buried in East Barnet church. He was J
author of: 1. k The Family Physician/ Lon- j
don, 1760, 4to; 5th edit. 1770. 2. 'Letters
to Married Women/ 3rd edit. London, 1774, j
12mo ; republished in France, Germany, and \
America. 3. * A Treatise on the Use and
Abuse of Mineral Waters,' London, 1776,
8vo ; 4th edit., 1780. 4. * Philosophical In-
quiries into the Laws of Animal Life/
London, 1780, 4to. 5. 'An Essay on the
Nerves/ London, 1780, 8vo. * i
[For the elder Hugh Smith, see Life prefixed i
to Formula Medieazaentonim, ed. 1791 ; Euro- !
peanMag. 1791, i.21; Gent Mag. 1 790, ii. 1154,
1213. For the younger Hugh Smith, see Gent.
Mag. 1789, 3. 578; Clntterbtick's Hertfordshire,
i. 156; Lysons's Environs, IT. 23, 259. They j
are confused together in Hunk's ColL of Phys.
ii. 241 aadin Georgian Era, ii. 566.] K. I. C.
SMITH, HUMPHREY (A 1668), quaker,
was bom probably at Little Cowarne, Here-
fords-hire, "where Ms father was a prosperous
farmer. He was brought up strictly in the
i church of England, and well educated,
, although he can hardly be the Humphrey
\ Smith, son of John, of the parish of Edvin
Ralphe (seven miles from Cowarne), who
j matriculated at Jesus College, Oxford, on
\ 8 Sept, 1834, aged seventeen, and graduated
B.A. on 3 July 1636 (FOSTER, Alumni Qxon.
early ser. p. 1372).
lie soon occupied a farm worth SO/, a
year, and married. He early began preach-
ing, perhaps as an independent ; George Fox
says i he had been a priest/ His addresses
were l admired* by hundreds, and he preached
daily in the pulpits. After a time f his
mouth was stopped * owing to doubts of his
own sincerity, and he held his last meeting
at Stoke Bliss, a village near Cowarne.
About 1654 he fell in with the quavers,
and before long gave up his occupation to
be ready for the 'call to go hither and
tMther preaching. On 14 Aug. 1655 he was
arrested at a meeting in Bengeworth, close
byEvesham, and contined for some weeks in
a noisome cellar, the only aperture in which
was four inches high. He seems to have
specially annoyed the magistrates before
whom he was brought for examination by
the figurative statements that he * came from
Egypt ' and * walked not the earth. 1 G-eorge
Fox visited "him in prison (Journal, 1891, i.
253).
On 9 Feb. 1658 Smith was charged with
misdemeanour for being at a meeting at
Andover, where he was the first quaker to
preach. He was committed by Ju<%e Wind-
ham to Winchester gaol until he would give
security for his good behaviour(C&/. State
Papers, Bom. 1658-9, p. 158). He remained
there until after March 1659, composing seve-
ral of his books in prison. During 1660 ne
was at liberty. In May he wrote down a re-
markable ' "Vision* (published London, 1660,
4to), which he had of the great fire of 1666,
and of the famine and fear which followed
the appearance of the Ihitch fleet in the
Medway (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. viL 80,
182 ; Cotttctitia, 1824, TO. 174-6).
On 14 Oct. 1661, whne proceeding west
to visit his only son Humphrey (afterwards
of Saffron Walden, Essex), he was arrested
at a meeting at Alton, Hampshire T and again,
lodged in Winchester gaol. Here he re-
mained 'from sessions to sizes, and from
sizes to sessions/ until in April 1663 he
was attacked with, gaol fever, and died in
prison on 4 May 1663, A last letter to
his son, dated 23 April, was printed as a
broadside in 1663, and is in Ms works, pub-
lished by the latter, London 1683, 4to. A
fellow prisoner, Nicholas Complin, contri-
Smith =
bated a short narrative of his imprisonment,
written 21 June 1663. To some pages of
verse Smith appended an apology for writ-
ing in i siefeter, it being apt to beget light-
ness in the reader' "of. art. PEEEOT, JOHN .
The following were separately published :
1. * Something* in Reply to Edmund SHpp's
"The World's Wonder,"or the Quaker's Blaz-
ing Star." &C.' London^ 1655, 4to. Skipp
was a preacher at Bodenham, Herefordshire.
-> ' The Sufferings ... of the Saints at
Evesham T r !656" , 4to. 3. * An Alarum sound-
ing forth/ 1658, 4to. 4. * Divine Love t
spreading' forth over all Nations/ London, i
n.d., 4to. 5. < The True and Everlasting i
Kule,'1658,4to. 6. l Hidden Things made j
manifest by the Light/ 1658, 4to, reprinted '
1664. 7. < To all Parents of Children/ 1660,
STO; 2nd edit., 1667, 8. 'For the Honour
of the King/ 1661, 4to. 9. l Sound Things
asserted/ 1662, 4to. 10. < Forty-four Queries
propounded to all the Clergymen of the
Liturgy, by One whom they trained up/
1682, 4ta.
[Complin's Faithfulnessedfthe Upright, 1663 ;
Smith's Collected "Writings, 1683 ; Bevel's Hist,
of the Bise, &c. i 175, ii, 73 ; Basse's Sufferings,
i. 150, 166, 167, 206, 229 T 233, 234, ii. 50-8 ;
Tnke's Biogr. Notices, ii. 181; Collectitiae or
Pieces adapted to the Society of Friends, 48, 54;
Smith's Cat, of Friends' Books, ii. 586-94.]
0. F. SL
SMEEH, JAMES (1605-1667), divine
and poet, born at Marston-Morteyne, Bed-
fordshire, in 1605, was son of Thomas Smith,
rector of Marston. He matriculated from
Christ Church, Oxford, on 7 March 1625-3,
aged 18, but soon migrated to Lincoln Col-
lege, After graduating, he took holy orders
and accompanied Henry Kich, earl of Hol-
land, as chaplain, when the earl was sent
with a fleet and army to reinforce Bucking-
ham at the Isle of Ehe". He subsequently
acted as chaplain to Thomas Wentworth,
earl of Cleveland, who was also engaged in
the expedition to France. Smith was appa-
rently a genial companion, and from an
early period attempted the lighter forms of
poetry. He corresponded in verse with Sir
John If eanies [q. v. j He came to know Philip
MassJmger, who, in versesaddressedto Smith,
caBed aim Ms son. On the execution of
Joim Felton (1695 M628) fa. v.l he penned
an epitaph in verse (Ashmole MS. 36, f. SI ;
cf. Mnsarum Deticia).
Smith proceeded B J). in 1883, and next
year became rector of Wamfleet All Saints,
Lincolnshire. In 1639 he removed to
Kmgfta NymptOB, Devonshire, amd in the
game year resumed Tfvis former posfe of chap-
Iain to the Bar! of Holland when the
5 Smith
latter went north in command of the cavalry
engaged in the first war with the Scots.
During the civil wars and under the Com-
monwealth Smith managed to remain at
King's Nympton unmolested. But Ms sym-
pathies were always with the royalists, and
at the Restoration he was not forgotten.
He was made archdeacon of Bamstapie in
1660 and canon of Exeter in 1661, proceed-
ing D.D. at Oxford in the same year. In
1662 he was also appointed precentor of
Exeter Cathedral, and turned his literary
capacity to account by writing words for
anthems, which others set to music. Before
the year ended he resigned all other prefer-
ments on being instituted to the rectory of
Alphington. In 1664 he also became rector
of Exminster. He died at Alphington on
22 June 1667, and was buried in the chancel
of King's Kympton.
Smith's verse, the sportive tone of which
contrasted oddly with his profession, was
widely circulated in manuscript. Many
specimens of it were incorporated, apparently
without his permission, in a series of antho-
logies of contemporary poetry. These vo-
lumes owed their vogue to the licentious
pieces included by the publishers; but
although in some cases it was stated that
most of their contents came from the pen of
Smith and Mennes, very few of the poems
are signed, and there is no evidence that
Smith was responsible for the more blatantly
coarse contributions. The earliest of these
publications, in which work by Smith and
Mennes appeared, was * Wits* Recreations,
selected from the finest Fancies of Moderne
Muses,* 1640 ; other editions, with slightly
different title-pages, bear the dates 1641,
1654, and 1663. There followed a second an-
thology, entitled i Musarum Deliciss, or the
Muses's Recreation ; containing several pieces
of Sportive Wit by S r J. M. and Ja. S. J
(28 Aug. 1655 ; new edit. 1656), The pub-
lisher, Henry Herring-man, informed the
reader in a prefatory advertisement that, in
order to regale * the curious palates of these
times/ he had collected on his own respon-
sibility * Sir John Mennis and Dr. Smithes
drolish intercourses.' A third anthology, of
like character, was t Wit Restored, or several
select Poems not formerly pnblisht/ London,
1658. This opens with a series of poetical
letters avowedly addressed by Smith to his
friend Mennes, * then <xmiinaiiding a troop of
horse against the Scots. 7 Another piece was
inscribed to Mennes * on the Surrender of
Conway Castle.* A separate title-page intro-
duces Smith's longest extaofc production,
1 The Innovation of Penelope amd Ulysses.
A Mock Poem by J. &' Ife is prefaced by
Smith
57
Smith
c~ xraendatory poems by Massinger, Jasper
31ayne, and otter friends, and by 'poems ad-
dressed by the author to himself. The volume
concludes with the * Eebell Scott/ by John
Cleveland. These three anthologies were
printed together by Thomas Park in 1817,
aci ajain by James Camden Hotten in 1574,
under the general title of " Husarum Deliciee."
Smith's and Mennes's names were less
justifiably associated with a fourth collec-
tion, * Wit and Drollery : Jovial Poems never
"before printed by Sir J~ohn~ M[ennes~,
J~ames~ S'mith", Sir William' D avenant',
JlD'onne* and'ct her admirable Wits, 1 Lon-
don Tfor Xathaniel Brook, 18 Jan. 1655-6 ;
another edit. 1661). ' These poems (accord-
ing to the publisher's advertisement), never
before printed, are a collection from the best
wits of what above fifteen years since were
begun to be preserved for mirth and friends/
Probably very few of the pieces are by Smith.,
and in the direct production of the compila-
tion he was as little concerned as Donne. It
seems to have been edited by John Phillips
11631-1706) rq.y", Milton's nephew. <Ghoyee
Drollery' (1656 ; reprinted by the Rev. J. TV.
Ebsworth in 1876)j a somewhat similar effort,
was, with the rare * Sportive "Wit/ another
of Phillips's ventures, suppressed by order of
the council of state in 1656. (Copies of
* Sportive Wit f are at Britwell and in the
Bodleian). It is possible that Smith was in-
voluntarily represented to a small extent in
both volumes.
[Wood's Athense, iii. 776 ; Foster's Alumni j
Hassan's Milton, Y. 260-2; see art. MENSBS,
Sir JoHzr.] S. L.
SMITH, JAMES, D.D. (1645-1711),
Boman catholic prelate, born at Winchester
in 1645, was educated in the English College
at Bouay, and was created D.I). on 5 Feb.
1079-80. He was appointed president of
Douay College, in succession to Dr. Francis
Gage [q. v.] ? OB 28 Aug. 1682, and while occu-
pying tnat post he succeeded to a large paternal
estate, the chief part of which he granted to
& younger brother. In 1687 he was nomi-
nated By James II to be one of the four
vicars-apostolic of England, each of whom
had an annual stipend of 1,000. out of the
royal exchequer, with 5QQ/. upon entering
into office. He was elected by Propaganda
o 12 Jan. 1678, and was consecrated at
Somerset House on 13 May (G.S.) 1688 as
Msk>p of Calliopolis in parf&w* After Ms
coBseeratioai he went to his vicariate, arriving
cm 2 Aug. at York, where he was received
with great ceremony by the secular and
ipjptkr clergy, who sang the Te Deuin pub-
licly. IB one of his visitations Smith was
' deprived of his large crozier by Thomas Os-
borne, earl of Danby and first duke of Leeds
"q. v.", who deposited it in York Minster.
This "beautiful work of art was exhibited
1 before the Society of Antiquaries on "2B Feb.
IcsSS (Proc. Soc. Antiq. '2nd ser. xii. 105).
On the flight of the Mug, Smith left York
and sought refuge in the house of Francis
Tunstalf, esq. of "WyeliiFe, who afforded him
hospitality and protection till the time of his
death. In 1700 it was contemplated that
he should be promoted to the carcfinaiate and
to the office of Protector of England, which
had been vacant since the death of Cardinal
i Howard: the Duke of Berwick and Dr, George
Witham were commissioned irom St. Ger-
mains to solicit this appointment irom Cle-
ment XI. Smith died at WyeliiFe on IS May
1711. Dodd characterises* him as 4 a fine
gentleman, a good scholar, and a zealous
prelate.'
His name is subscribed t o f A Pastoral Letter
from the four Catholic Bishops to the Lay
Catholics of England/ on the re-establishment
of Catholic episcopal authority in England,
London, 1688 and 1747, 8vo. *His portrait,
engraved from the original picture in the
chapel-house at York, appeared in the * Laity's
| Directory' for 1819.
j [Brady's Episcopal Succession ; Catholic Mis-
cellany, 1827, vii. 243 ; Dodd's Church Hist. iii.
468; Notes and Queries, 1st ser.vii. 243, 3rd
ser. xii. 278 ; Palmer's Life of Cardinal Howard,
pp. 2G3-6; Panzani's Memoirs, pp. 365, 373,
399.] T. C.
SMITH, JAMES (1775-1839), author
and humourist, born in London on 10 Feb.
1775, was elder brother of Horatio Smith
[q.v.] Like his brother, he received his
education at Chigwellj but y instead of being-
sent to business, entered his father^ office
and succeeded him as solicitor to the board
of ordnance in 1812. Like Horatio, James
greatly preferred theatrical and literary
amusement to the dry details of business,
but, like him too gave business an attention
particularly exemplary under the circum-
stances, and eventually attained considerable
eminence in his profession. His first pro-
duction was a hoax, being a series of letters
descriptive of alleged natural phenomena
which imposed upon the * Gentleman's Maga-
zine.' He was closely connected with nis
brother in his literary undertakings, writing
in particular the larger and better portion
of the metrical imitations of Horace, which
appeared in Thomas Hill's * Monthly Mirror/
and were subsequently collected and ptifch-
Hshed under the title of ' Horace in London*
(1813). To the i Bejected Addresses' (1812)
he contributed Nos. 2, 5, 7, 13, 14, 16, 17,
Smith
Smith
18 Tsee under SMITH, HOEATIO". James
Smiths contributions to these famous pa-
rodies were perhaps the best, though not
the most numerous, but he appeared con-
tented with the celebrity they had brought
Mm, and never again produced anything
considerable. Universally known, and every-
where socially acceptable, ' he wanted/ says
his brother, '"all motive for further and more
serious exertion/ He produced, however,
the text for Charles Mathews's comic enter-
tainments, * The Country Cousins,' 'The Trip
to France/ 'The Trip to America' (1820-2),
and the two latter brought frim in 1,000
* James Smith/ said Mathews, * is the only
man who can write clever nonsense.' He also
produced much comic verse and prose for
periodicals, not generally of a very high order,
but occasionally including an epigram turned
with point and neatness. His reputation
rather rested upon his character as a wit and
diner-out ; most of the excellent things attri-
buted to him, however, were, in the opinion
of his biographer in the ' Law Magazine/
impromptus fcdts a lomr. He was less
genial than Ms brother, * circumscribed in
the extent of his information, and, as a na-
tural consequence, more concentrated in him-
self * Oot?a o -wrri ** \t\ fTia * ^Tinur "XCnrstTilir
a writer in the *Xew Monthly
Magazine. 1 When in his office * he looked
as serious as the parchments surrounding
him, 7 Keats, after dining with both the
Smiths and their Mends, left with a con-
viction of the superiority of humour to wit.
James Smith, nevertheless, was a general
favourite, and tempered his powers of sarcasm
with much good nature. He died, unmarried,
at his house in Craven Street, Strand, on
24 Dec, 1839, and was buried in the vaults
of St. MartinVin-the-Fields. His * Comic
Miscellanies' were edited in 1840, with a
memoir, by his brother (London, 2 vols.
12mo).
A ^portrait by Lonsdale was bequeathed
by him to the Torrholme family. Smith also
figures in the * Maclise Portrait Gallery ? (ed.
Bates, p. 277).
[Memoir by Horace Smith, 1841 ; Law Mag.
vol. satin. February 1840 ; New Monthly Mag.
voL term, 1849 ; Kejected Addresses, edited
by Petty Fitzgerald, 1890.] E. <3L
SMITH, JAMES (1789-1850), of Beans-
ton, agricultural engineer, bora in Glas-
gow on 3 Jan, 1789, was son of a merchant
of that city, a native of Galloway by birth,
W&Q died two months after James's birth.
He was brought up by his maternal uncle,
Archibald Buchanan, a pupil of Arkwright,
and managing: partner of the cotton works
at Deanston, Perthshire, till his removal to
the factory of Catrine in Ayrshire. After
I studying- at the Glasgow University, Smith
' was, at the age of eighteen, put in charge of
, the Deanston works. He quickly improved
and reorganised the factory, which had be-
come dilapidated since the departure of his
, uncle. He was also at this time planning a
j reaping-machine, and in 1811 he had a work-
ing model made. Xext year he competed
v unsuccessfully for a premium of 500/. offered
j by the Dalkeith Farmers' Club for an effec-
j tive one-horse machine. Smith's reaper
; differed in principle from the type in use at
| present. It was not pulled but pushed from
j behind, and the corn was cut by means of a
j cylinder revolving horizontally (see illustra-
tive plate, frontispiece, Farmers Magazine,
xvii. 1816). In 1813 Smith made a second
attempt with a two-horse machine. Again
the judges refused to award him the pre-
mium; but the ingenuity of his invention
was acknowledged, and it attracted much
attention from agricultural societies at home
and abroad, including the Highland Society
of Scotland and the Imperial Agricultural
Society^ of St. Petersburg. Considerable
discussion took place as to its merits and the
priority of invention, which was also claimed
by Archibald Kerr, a mathematical instru-
ment maker in Edinburgh.
Smith had devoted his attention at a very
early period to land draining. "When, in
1823, he came into possession of the farm at
Deanston, he at once set to work to experi-
ment upon it with a system of deep and
thorough drainage, He drained the farm
throughout the whole of its extent by means
of parallel trenches placed from sixteen to
twenty-one feet apart, and thirty inches deep,
which were filled up with broken stones to a
depth of one foot. A coating of thin turf
was then laid over the stones, and the re-
maining eighteen inches were filled in with
earth to permit of the working of the plough.
The partial failure of this system led
Smith to his second and supplementary inven-
tion of the subsoil plough, by means of which
the barren lower strata of the land were broken
up and fertilised without being intermixed
with the richer surface soil. By these methods
the unproductive Deanston farm, formerly
overgrown with rushes, furze, and broom,
was in a few years brought into a state of
garden cultivation. The word * Deanstonis-
ing * passed into common use to signify deep
ploughing and thorough draining. The farm
was visited by a large number of agricul-
turists from all parts of the kingdom, as well
as from the continent of Europe and America.
Especially was this the case after 1831, when
Smith published a paper on, * Thorough Brain-
Smith
59
Smith
ing and Deep Working. 7 In 1834 lie was
examined before a committee of the House
of Commons on agricultural depression, on
the subject of his system of cultivation,
which in the opinion of Mr. Shaw Lefevre,
chairman of the C3ininittee, was * the only
thins 1 likely to promote the general improve-
ment of agriculture/ Another high autho-
rity, John Claudius London "q. v.~, referred
to "it in the ' Gardener's Magazine' as ''the
most extraordinary agricultural improve-
ment of modern times.'
In addition to the subsoil plough, Smith
invented a turn-wrest plough and the web-
chain harrow. He also experimented in
manures, and devoted much attention to
engineering operations, mechanism, and ma-
nufactures. He constructed the water-wheel
at the Shawswater cotton mill, Greenock,
and the "bridge at Gargunnoek on the Carse
of Stirling. He also invented and patented
an improved self-acting mule. But it was
in connection with the factory of Deanston
that his talent for invention and organisation
found greatest scope. He increased the
water-power at the command of the factory
by constructing a weir on the river Teith.
This weir was of such height as to prevent
the passage of the salmon up the river.
Smith removed the difficulty "by the inven-
tion and construction of the * salmon ladder/
which deserves a prominent place among his
inventions (see JEdmd. Rev* 1873, cxxxvii.
172). The factory itself he enlarged, and
built a model village for the accommodation
of his workpeople.
Suddenly, in 1842, he abandoned his em-
ployment at Deanston, and, coming to Lon-
don, established himself there as an * agricul-
tural engineer' (Quarterly Itev. 1844, Ixxiii.
490 sq.) Soon afterwards he was appointed
one of the commissioners for the inquiry into
the sanitary condition, of large towns. He
was an advocate of the use of sewage water
for agricultural purposes, and his paper on
this subject was published in the appendix
to the s Keport * of the health of towns com-
mission. After two years of investigation
and experiment to determine the practica-
bility of his scheme for the utilisation of
London sewage, parliament was approached
on the subject, but nothing was done.
Smith was about this time largely em-
ployed, especially during the railway mania
of 1844, in the examination and valuation of
land intended to be used in the construction
of railroads.
He died unmarried, on 10 June 1850, when
on a visit to his cousin, Archibald Buchanan,
at Kmgencleuch in Ayrshire. He had many
inventions in view at the time, and was
, taking out a patent for a sheep dip of a new
| composition intended to supersede the sys-
| tem of tarring. 7 He had also extensive
\ plans for improvements in farmsteadings, for
( the better housing of cattle, and for watering
; the fields in time of drought.
; _ There is a small full-length portrait of
, him by Ansdeli in the possession of the
! Royal Agricultural Society of England, and
a fife-$ize half-length portrait now in the
; South Kensington 31useum. The latter is
reproduced in the * Farmer's Magazine ' for
: September 1846 (facing page 191).
', [Farmers ]*Iagazine Ediabargh, 1812 xiii.
441, 1813 xiv. 397, 1814 xv. 10, xvii. 1, 94,
160, 261, 318, 450; London, (1846) (2nd ser.),
xiv. 191, (1850) xsii. 66 ; Quarterly Journal of
Agriculture, xvii. 457; Mark Lane Express,
17 June 1850.] E. C-E.
SMITH, JA3IES, known as Smith of
Jordanhiil ' (1782-1867), geologist and man
', of letters, was born at Glasgow 15 Aug.
; 1782. He was the eldest son" of Archibald
Smith (d. 1821), West India merchant, and
Isobel Ewing (d. 1855, aged 100), He was
| educated at the grammar school, Edinburgh,
| and the university of Glasgow, and became
; a sleeping partner in the linn of Leitch &
Smith, West India merchants. Science, lite-
rature, and the fine arts were, however, the
business of his life, and he was a collector of
rare books, particularly those relating to
early voyages and travels. He was also an
enthusiastic yachtsman, one of the earliest
members of both the Royal and the Royal
Northern Yacht clubs ; his first cruise in his
own vessel being made in. 1806, and his last
in 1866. He was for a time an officer in the
Renfrewshire militia, and happened to be
on duty at the Tower of London during the
imprisonment of Sir Francis Burdett [q, v.l
Smith's fondness for the sea and practical
knowledge of navigation were indirectly help-
ful in his scientific and literary work. His
earliest published paper was on l A Whirl-
wind at Roseneattr (Edinb. PML Journ.
1822, p. 331); his next on 'A Vitrified
Port' (Trans. Soy. Soc. EdM. x. 79), dis-
covered accidentally on landing from his
yacht in the Kyles of Bute. The raised
beaches and other indications of compara-
tively recent changes in the relative level
of sea and land, so conspicuous on the west
coast of Scotland, next attracted his atten-
tion, and he perceived that the molluscs
which occur in them differ in certain respects
from those now living on the same coast.
An explanation of this fact was sought in
cruises for dredging in the northern seas,
when he ascertained that species now extinct
in Scottish waters were still living in more
Smith
Smith
arctic regions. This led him to maintain, j
in a paper read to tht: Geological Society of ;
London in IfcStJ, that in Britain, at a time
comparatively recent, the temperature had J
be^n much lower than at present.
Jordanhill, near Gk?gow, was Smith's ;
residence, but from 1639~to 1848 regard for |
the health of some members of his family ;
caused him to spend much, timeout of Britain, [
and he wintered successively at Madeira, j
Gibraltar, Lisbon, and Malta. He seized the !
opportunities of studying the geology of these j
places, and communicated the results to the ' :
Geological Society of London, in the journal ;
of which lie also published a paper (iii. 534) on j
changes of land and sea in the Mediterranean, J
especially as indicated by the well-known j
Temple of Serapis near fozzuoli. Glacial '
questions were resumed in a paper to the same j
society in 1845, and the subject was continued *
in 1847 and 1848. Here, while admitting the
former existence of glaciers in Britain, he
eombatted the extreme Yiews as to the ex-
tension of land-ice which then were being
advocated by Agassiz, and he preferred to
attribute much of the boulder clay to the
action of coast-ice during a period of sub- J
mergence. Altogether he appears to have j
written sixteen separate papers on scientific |
subjects, most of them published in the j
journal of the above-named society. In j
186:2 he republished the majority of them,
alter some revision, in a small volume en-
titled * Studies in Xewer Pliocene and Post-
Tertiary Geology/ which indicates the impor-
tance of his contributions to this branch of j
the science,
But Smith's most important book was
historical rather than geological, viz. his
* Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul,' pub-
lished in 1848 (4th edit. 1880). His prac-
tical knowledge of seamanship fitted Kirn to
discuss this question, and his treatise is one
of the highest value, in regard not only to
the place of the shipwreck, but also to some
wider questions. He maintained that in-
ternal evidence proved the account to have
feeen written by an eye- witness and a lands-
man,, iBpadiating the idea that the island
was Helida in the Adriatic, and identifying
the koOity of the wreck with St. Paul's
Bay, Malta, to which it had been tradi-
tionally assigned. Smith read the proof-
fihotfto ol CoMvbeare and Howson's e life of
St. Paid/ which embodies his conclusions
respecting ibe wreck. Smith's treatise was
tr&aslated into German, and is generally
recognised as a standard authority on ancient
shipbuilding aad navigation. Incidentally
Smxfeii was led into a oiBeussacm relating to
tihe authors of the synoptic gospels, and in a
later treatise (* Dissertation on the Origin
and Connection of the Gospels,' 1853) "he
worked out the question by a minute com-
parison of the parallel passages in the three
authors, maintaining that St. Luke, in
writing his gospel, made use of the other
two, viz. that by St. Matthew, and a Hebrew
original (probably written by St, Peter)
afterwards translated by St. Mark.
He was elected F.G.S. in 1836 and F.Pt.S.
in 1S30. HewasalsoF.B.S.E.andF.Pt.G.S,,
fellow and for a time president of the Geo-
logical Society of Glasgow, and for many
years president of the Andersonian Uni-
versity, of which he was an active supporter,
presenting its museum with valuable collec-
tions. He enjoyed excellent health till the
spring of 1866, when he had a slight paralytic
stroke; he recovered from this, but another
at the end of the vear proved fatal on
17 Jan. 1867. In 1809 he married Mary
(d, 1847), daughter of Alexander Wilson
and granddaughter of Professor Alexander
Wilson of Glasgow. Archibald Smith [q. v.]
was their son*
A photographic portrait was prefixed to
Smith's < Voyage of St. Paul 7 (2nd edit.
1880).
[Obituary Notices, Glasgow G-eol. Soc. Trans,
ii. 228 ; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxii. ; Proc.
p. advi; Proc. Roy. Soc. 1868, p. xlii ; Boy. Soc.
Cat. of Papers.] T. G-. B.
SMITH, JAMES (1805-1872), merchant,
son of Joshua Smith, was born in Liver-
pool on 26 March 1805. He entered a mer-
chant's office at an. early age, and, after re-
maining there seventeen years, commenced
business on his own account, retiring in 1855.
He studied geometry and mathematics for
practical purposes, and made some mechani-
cal experiments with a view to facilitating
mining operations. His attention being
called to the problem of squaring the circle,
in 1859 he published a work entitled * The
Problem of squaring the Circle solved'
(London, 8vo), which was followed in. 1861
by 'The Quadrature of the Circle: Corre-
spondence between an Eminent Mathema-
tician and J. Smith, Esq./ London, 8vo.
This was ridiculed in the * Athenaeum ' (1861,
i. 627,664,674), and Smith replied in aletter
which was inserted as an advertisement (ib.
L 679). From this time the establishment
of his theory became the central interest of
his life, and he bombarded the Royal Society
and most of the mathematicians of the day
with interminable letters and pamphlets on
the subject. De Morgan was selected as his
peculiar Yietim on account of certain reflec-
tions he had cast GIL Tntm in the * Athenaeum.*
Smith
Smith
Smith was not content to claim that he was
able graphically to construct a square equal
in area to a given circle, but boldly laid
down the proposition that the diameter of a
circle was to the circumference in the exact
proportion of 1 to 3*1:?5. In ordinary busi-
ness matters, however, he was shrewd and
capable. He was nominated by the board of
trade to a seat on the Liverpool local marine
^joaxd, and was a member of the Mersey docks
and harbour board. He died at his residence,
Barkeiey House, Seaforth, near Liverpool, in
March f $72.
Besides those mentioned, his principal
works were: 1. *A Nut to Crack for the
Headers of Professor De Morgan's u Budget
ofParadoxes," 'Liverpool, 1863 ? 8vo. 2. < The
Quadrature of the Circle, or the True Batio
between the Diameter and Circumference
geometrically and mathematically demon-
strated, 7 Liverpool, 1865, 8vo. 3. { Euclid
at Fault/ Liverpool, 1868, 8vo. 4. < The
Geometry of the Circle a Mockery, Delusion,
and a Snare/ Liverpool , 1869, 8vo." 5. s Curio-
sities of Mathematics/ Liverpool, 1870, 8vo ;
2nd edit. 1870. _ 6. f The Batio between
Diameter and Circumference demonstrated
by Angles/ Liverpool, 1870, 8vo.
[Smith's Works; Men of the Time, 7th edit.
p. 741 ; Be Morgan's Budget of Paradoxes,
passim ; AUibone's Diet, of English Literature.]
E. L C.
SMITH, SIB JAMES EDWAJKD (1759-
1828), botanist, was born, at Norwich on
2 Dec. 1759. He was the eldest child of
James Smith, a wealthy nonconformist -wool
the whole of the library, manuscripts, her-
barium, and natural history collections made
"by him and by his father were offered to
Banks for a thousand guineas. Banks de-
clined the offer, but on his recommendation
; Smith purchased it, with his father's consent.
: Subsequent offers from John Sibtiiorp "q. v."
and from the Empress of Russia were re^
ceived by the executors. In September 1784
Smith took apartments in Paradise Row,
Chelsea, where the Liniuean collections ar-
rived in the following month. The total
i cost, including freight, was 1,0882. It is
stated (Memoir and Correspondence of Sir
J. E. Smith, edited by Lady Smith, i. 126)
that Grustavus III of Sweden^ who had been
absent in France, hearing of the despatch of
. the collections, vainly sent a belated vessel
to the Sound to intercept the ship which
carried them. This probably apocryphal
story is perpetuated on the portrait of Smith
published in Thornton's f Temple of Plora.'
* With no premeditated design of relin-
quishing physic as a profession* (op. cit. p.
128), Smith now became entirely devoted to
natural history, and mainly to botany. During
the following winter Banks and Dryander
went through the collections with fitn at
Chelsea, and Pitchford urged him to prepare
1 & Flora Britanniea, the most correct that
can appear in the Liinsean dress* (op. tit p.
130). Elected a fellow of the Royal Society
in 1785, he made his first appearance as an
Smith was at first educated at home. He
inherited a love of flowers from his mother,
but did not begin, the study of botany
as a science until he was eighteen, and
then, curiously enough, on the very day of
Linnets death (Transactions of the Liiwean
Soc. vol. vii.) He was guided in his early
studies by his friends, James Crowe of Laken-
ham, Hugh Rose, John Pitchford, and Bev.
Henry Bryant; and, though originally de-
stined for a commercial career, was sent in
1781 to the university of Edinburgh to study
medicine. Here Be studied ltany under
Dr. John Hope, one of the earliest teachers
of the Luuisean method, won a gold medal
awarded by him, and established a natural
history society. In September 1783 he came
to London to study under John Hunter and
Br. William Pitcairn, with an introduction
fern Dr. Hope to Sir Joseph Banks [q. v.],
t&em president of the Royal Society, On the
the younger Linnaeus in^that year
title of l Reflexions on the Study of Nature, 5
in 1785. In June 1786 he started on a con-
tinental tour, and after obtaining a* medical
degree at Leyden (23 June), with a thesis J 3>e
Generatione/ he travelled through Holland,
France, Italy, and Switzerland. He visited
AHamand and Van Eoyen aft Lesyebn, the
widow of Bouseeau (for whom, as a botanist
of the Linnaean school, he had a great admi-
ration), Broussonet at Monfepeilier, Gerard at
Cottignae, the Marquis Durazzo at Genoa,
Mascagni the anatomist at Sienna, Sir Wil-
liam. Hamilton aaid the Duke of Gloucester
at Naples, Bonnet, Be Saussure, and others
at Geneva, La Chenal at Basle, and Herman
at Strasburg, At the same time he care-
fully examined the picture galleries, the her-
baria, and botanical libraries eti route. His
tour is folly described in the three-volume
< Sketch ' which he first published in
1793.
Before his departure Smith appears to have
broached to Ms friends, Samuel GoodeEfJiigli
[q. v.], afterwards bishop of Carlisle, and
Thomas Harsham the idea of auperseding
a somewhat somnolent natural histey so-
Smith 6:
ciety, of which they were members, by one j
bearing the name of Linnseus. On his return [
to England in the autumn of 1787, he left f
Chelsea, with a view to practising as a phy-
sician in London, and in 1788 took a house
in Great Mariborough Street, There the first ,
meeting of the Linnean Society was held
en 8 April 1788. Smith was elected pre- ;
sidentj and delivered an * Introductory Bis- I
course on the Rise and Progress of Natural
History/ Marsham became secretary, Good-
enoufjli treasurer, and Dryander librarian.
The society started with thirty-six fellows,
sixteen associates, and about fifty foreign ,
members, mostly those naturalists whose j
acquaintance Smith had made during his 5
tour. Banks joined the new society as an
honorary member. From this period Smith
gave lectures at his own house on botany
and zoology, numbering among his pupils
the Duchess of Portland, Viscountess Cre-
morne, and Lady Amelia Hume, and about
the same time he became lecturer on botany
at Guy's Hospital. In 1789 he republished,
under the title of * Reliquiae Rudbeckianse/
those wood-blocks of plants, jaregared by
Olof Rudbeck for his * Campi Elysii/ which
had escaped the great fire at Upsal in 1702,
and during the four following years he issued
parts of several illustrated botanical works,
which, owing to want of patronage, he failed !
to complete. In 1790, however, he began the ;
publication of what has proved his most en- j
during work, though as Ms name did not ap- j
pear on the first three volumes, it is still often \
known as Sowerby's * English Botany/ from \
the name of its illustrator, James S - owerby !
[q.v.] It formed thirty-six octavo volumes, ,
with 2,592 plates, comprising all known Bri- .
tish plants, with the exception of the fungi ; i
its publication was not completed until 1814. i
In 1791 Smith was chosen, oy the interest of '
Goodenough and Lady Cremorne, to arrange
the queen's herbarium, and to teach her and
her daughters botany and zoology at Frog-
more; but some passages in his 'Tour,'
praising Rousseau, and speaking of Marie-
Antoinette as Messalina, although they were
removed from the second edition, gave offence
at court. Soon after his marriage, which
took place in 1796, Smith retired to nis native [
city, only coming to London for two or three
months in each year to deliver an annual
ecrarse of lectures at the Royal Institution,
which he continued down to 1825, He was,
however, annually re-elected president of the
Linnean Society until his death. After he
had completed his important * Flora Bri-
t&nniea/ in three octavo volumes, 1800-4,
Sniitawas chosen by the executors to edit
tfc * Flora Grs&ea* of his friend, John Sib-
s Smith
thorp [q. v.] He published the * Prodromus*
in two octavo volumes in 1806 and 1813, and
completed six volumes of the ' Flora' itself
before his death. In 1807 appeared the first
edition of his most successful work, 'The
Introduction to Physiological and Systematic
Botany/ which passed through six editions
during the author's lifetime. In 1808, on
the retirement through illness, which termi-
nated fatally, of the Rev. William Wood,
who had contributed the botanical articles
to Rees's Cyclopaedia' down to 'Cyperus/
the editor applied for assistance to" Smith.
He wrote 3,348 botanical articles, among
which were fifty-seven biographies of emi-
nent botanists, including Adanson, Clusius,
Peter Collinson, and William Curtis. All
were signed ( S. 7 as he disliked anonymous
writing. In 1814, when the prince regent
accepted the position of patron of the Linnean
Society, Smith received the honour of knight-
hood. In 1818 his friend, Thomas Martyn
(1735-1825) [q.v.], professor of botany at
Cambridge, who was then over eighty years
of age, invited him to lecture for fri ; but
the university authorities objected, on the
ground that Smith was a Unitarian. The
incident led him to write two somewhat
acrimonious pamphlets.
What has been described as his *last and
best work/ 'The English Flora/ occupied
Smith during the last seven years of his life,
the first two volumes appearing in 1824, the
third in 1825, and the fourth in March 1828,
on the very day when he was seized with his
fatal illness. The * Compendium/ in one
volume, appeared posthumously in 1829, and
the fifth volume, containing the mosses by
Sir W. J. Hooker, and the fungi by the Rev.
M. J. Berkeley, in 1833-6, Smith died in
Surrey Street, Norwich, on 17 March 1828,
and was buried at Lowestoffc, in the vault
of the Reeve family. He married, in 1796,
Pleasance, only daughter of Robert Reeve of
Lowestoffc; she is separately noticed [see
SMITH, PLEASA^CE, LADY].
Sprengel's eulogy of Smith as peyo. KV&QS
RpirawStv is extravagant, but his easy,
fluent style, happy illustration, extensive
knowledge, and elegant scholarship, both in
his lectures and in his writings, did much
to popularise botany. His possession of the
Linnsean collections invested him, in his
own opinion, with the magician's wand,
and he set a value on his judgment in all
botanical questions which his own attain-
ments did not wholly warrant (B. D. JACXSOISV
Gmdeto the Literature of Botany, p. xxxvii).
But his ownership of the Linnsean treasures
secured him a great influence abroad, and
he was elected a member of the Academy
Smith
Smith
of Sciences at Paris, the Imperial Academy
* Naturae Curiosornm/ and the academies of
Stockholm, Upsal, Turin, Lisbon, Philadel-
phia, and New York. His name was comme-
morated by Dryander and Salisbury in Alton's
* Hortus Kewensis ' by the genus Smithia^ a ;
small group of sensitive leguminous plants. '
His library and collections, including those
of Linnaeus, were offered by his executors to
the Linnean Society for 4,0007., and ulti-
mately bought by private subscription for ,
S,000/,, and presented to the society.
There is a bust of Smith by Chantrey at the
Linnean Society's apartments, an engraving
from which forms the frontispiece of the * Me- ;
moir ; * another engraving, by Audinet, ap- ,
peared in the * Gentleman's Magazine * for \
1828, and was reissued with the date 1S31
In Nichols's * Literary Illustrations/ voL yi,
and there is a folio engraving in Thornton's
4 Temple of Flora.' 1
Smith was the author of several hymns in j
the collection used in the Octagon ^Chapel, (
Norwich, of which he was a deacon at the :
time of his death. He contributed a paper
*On the Irritability of Vegetables' (to the
4 Philosophical Transactions '} ; ' De Filicum ]
generibus' (to the * Memoirs of the Turin
Academy/ 1790-1, pp. -401-22) ; fifty-two
papers to the 'Transactions of the Linnean
Society/ vols. i.-xiii., and a slight memoir
of John. Bay [q. v.] to Derham's * Memorials* j
of Bay in 1846. The following are his !
independent works: 1. 'Reflections on the ;
Study of Nature/ translated from Linnasus's |
preface to his * Museum Begis Adolphi Fre-
derici/ London, 1785, 8vo ; Dublin, 1786. j
2. * Dissertation on the Sexes of Plants, from
the Latin of Linnseus/ London, 1786, 8vo ;
Dublin, 1786. 3. f Dissertatio qusedam de
Generatione complectens/ Leyden, 1786.
4, * Disquisitio de Seru Plantarum cum annot.
J. E. Smith et P. M. A. Broussonet/ from
Linux's * Amoemtates Academicae/ voL x.,
London, 1787, 8vo. 5. * Introductory Dis-
course on the Bise and Progress of Natural
History/ from the 'Transactions of the Lin-
nean Society/ i. 1-56, London, 1791, 4to,
translated into Italian by G. Fontana,Pavia,
1792, 8vo, and into Greek, with notes, by
Bemetrios Poulos, 1807, 8vo. 6. * Beliquise
Budbeckianse/ London, 1789, fol. 7. * Plan-
tarum Icones hactenus ineditse/ three fasci-
<mli, 1789, 1790, and 1791, foL, with seventy-
five platen and seventy-five pages of Latin
text. 8. * Icones pictse Plantarum rariorum/
three fasciculi, 1790-3, foL, with eighteen
<eolon3red plates and thirty-six pages of Latin
and English text. 9. < English Botany/ 36
vole. 8vo, 1790-1814, with 2,592 coloured
plafcas by James Sowerby. 10. * Spicilegium
Botanicum/ two fasciculi, 1791-2, fol., with
twenty-four coloured plates and twenty-two
pages of Latin and English text. 11, ' Linmei
Flora Lapponiea^Tiondon, 1792.8vo. 12. * Spe-
cimen of the Botany of New Holland/ Lon-
don, 1793, 4to ? with sixteen coloured plates.
13. < Sketch of a Tour on the Continent/
London, 3 vols. Svo, 1793; 2nd edit. 1807.
14. Natural History of the rarer Lepido-
pterous Insects of Georgia, from Observations
by J. Abbot; 2 vols. fol. 1797, which ap-
peared simultaneously in both English and
French. 15. * Tracts relating to Natural
History/ London, 1798, 8vo, including re-
prints " of 1, 2, and 5. 16. t Flora Bri-
tannica/ London, 3 vols. Svo, 1800-4; with
notes by Johann Jakob Boemer, and ad-
ditional English localities by L. W. Dill-
wyn, Zurich, 1804-5. 17. f Compendium
Florae Britannic^/ 1800 ; 2nd edit. 1816 ; 3rd
edit. 1818; 5th edit. 1828 ; < in usum Flora*
Germanic/ Erkngen, 1801. 18. < Exotic
Botany/ London, '2 vols. Svo and 4to, 1504-
1805, with 120 coloured plates bv Sowerby.
19. 'Flora Grseca/ vols. L-viL fol. 1806-28,
20. ' Prodromus Florse Grsecse/ 2 vols. 8vo,
1806, 1813. 21. ' Introduction to Physio-
logical and Systematic Botany/ London,
1807, Svo; 2nd edit. 1809: 3rd edit. 1814;
4th edit. 1819; 5th edit/ 1825; 6th edit.
1827 ; 7th edit., edited by "W. J. Hooker,
1833; another, edited by William Macgil-
livray, 1838 ; American edit., with notes by
J. Bigelow, Boston, 1814, Svo ; translated
into German by Joseph August Sehultes,
Vienna, 1819. 22. 'Tour to Hafod/ fol.,
1810, with fifteen coloured views ; only a
hundred copies printed. 23. e Lachesis Lap-
ponica/ translated from Linnaeus, London,
2 vols. 8vo, 1811. 24. 'Beview of the Modern
State of Botany/ chiefly taken fromlinnseus's
*Prselectiones' as published "by Giseke, from
the second volume of the supplement to the
* Encyclopaedia Britannica,* London, 1817,
4to, pp. 48, reprinted in Lady Smith's
* Memoir/ ii. 441-591. 25. * Considerations
respecting Cambridge, more especially re-
lating to the Botanical Professorship/ 1818,
8vo. 26. * A Defence of the Church and Uni-
versities of England against such injudicious
Advocates as Professor Monk and tie Quar-
terly Beview/ 1819, 8vo. 27. * Grammar of
Botany/ 1821; 2nd edit. 1826; American
edition, by H. Muhlenberg, New York, 1823 ;
German edition, "Weimar, 1822. 28. * Corre-
spondence of Linnaeus and other Naturalists/
London, 1821, 2 vols. Svo, 29. * English
Flora, J London,4vols.8vo,1824-a. 30. 'Com-
pendium of the English Flora/ London, 1829,
Svo; 2nd edit., edited by W. J. Hooker,
1836, 12mo.
Smith 64
Smith
[Memoir and Correspondence, by Lady Smith,
2 vols. 1832; Nichols's Illustrations, vol. vi,;
Georgian Era, iii. 230 : Nicholson's Journal.]
G. S. B.
SMITH, JAMES EIJMALET, com-
monly blown as ' Shepherd Smith/ (1801-
1857), divine and essayist, son of John
Smith of London, by his wife Janet, daugh-
ter of James Thomson, was born at Glasgow
on 22 NOT. 1801, and was the brother of Dr.
Robert Angus Smith [q, T.] The family was
numerous and the father in narrow circum-
stances. A fervent, disputatious, well-read
but poorly taught man, moving and breathing
in an atmosphere of theology, it was his
ambition to see all his sons in the ministry,
which had the good effect of making him
anxious about their education. By the aid
of the university of Glasgow, James Smith
acquired a fair amount of general knowledge
and a degree, and went forth at the age of
seventeen to become a private tutor and a
probationer for the church. He continued
to teach in various families until 1829, but,
though occasionally preaching, made no
serious attempt to enter the Scottish church.
Already estranged in sympathy from that
bodv, he fell about 1827 under the influence
of John Wroe fa. v.l, the Southcottian* pro-
phet/ He took up his residence with Wroe
at Ashton-under-Lyne in 1829, and remained
there nntil 1831, when he returned to Scot-
land. He had soon tired of "Wroe, whom he
nevertheless subsequently described as a
very remarkable man, and set up a doctrine
of his own, which might be described
as a mystical universalism. On his return
to Scotland he for a time practised painting,
for which he evinced much talent, but only
with a view to raising funds to take him to
London, where he arrived in September
1832. He opened a chapel, charging a penny
for admission, and circulating tracts and lec-
tures. At first he appeared to have consider-
able success, but as the novelty of his views
wore off he connected himself with Robert
Owe q. v.], and lectured at the socialist
institution in Charlotte Street, editing at the
same time various socialist journals. A
breach with Owen soon ensued, and at the
3$L of Aiagust 1834 Smith established his
mm QJEam, 'The Shepherd; in which he
iisc^seett the subjects that interested him
ia feis^own way. He came to examine the
Ms own opinions, and quietly
_ much that he now recognised as
and -eccentric. The substance of his
nevertheless remained the same,
and might be described as oriental pantheism
teanritated mto Scotch. The chief peculi-
arity was Ms style, homely and conversa-
tional, yet like that of no other man It
"SSt-*^ ^ m ^ trat ^ of his doctrine
ol u I indifference of good and evil that upon
the suspension of < The Shepherd/ he should
take refuge with the 'Penny Satirist' for
which, however, he wrote only the leading
article. He was enabled to return to his
own e pulpit, which he called newspaper'
(CABLYIJ3), by the generosity of two ladies
Mrs. Chichester and Mrs. Welsh, who in that
day spent large sums in fostering enthusiasm
and eccentricity of every sort. Smith also
took up Fourierism, and wrote in its organ
the * Phalanx/ but ' longed to get out of it '
and soon got into one of the most remarkable
ventures in the history of cheap periodical
literature, 'The Family Herald/ the first
number of which appeared on 13 May 1843.
This celebrated publication, issued weekly
at one penny, and mainly devoted to fiction
of a very popular type, was, according to the
prospectus, 'the first specimen of a publi-
cation produced entirely by machinery,
types, ink, paper, and printing.' It met with
an immediate success, and provided its
ex-Southcottian, ex-Owenite, ex-Fourierist
contributor, hitherto one of the obscurest of
public teachers, with a platform from which
he came to address weekly half a million
readers. Smith's sphere was the leading-
essay and the answers to, frequently ima-
ginary, correspondents, under cover of which
he contrived to bring his own views before a
very numerous public. As long as he re-
mained connected with the ' Herald/ and the
connection lasted until his death, there never
was a number without something worth
reading. He became ambitious, however, of
a more select audience, and produced in 1854
his only book of importance, ' The Divine
Drama of History and Civilisation/ a striking
and grandiose view of the development of
human destiny as it presented itself to his
untrained but fertile imagination. His
posthumous c Coming Man/ not published
until 1873, repeats the ideas of Ms principal
work in the form of a novel. From this
point of view it is ineffective, but it is valuable
from its portraits of some of the socialist
lecturers and religious enthusiasts whom the
writer had known. He died of decline during
a visit to Scotland in June 1857.
Though an enthusiast, Smith was by no
means a fanatic, and his enthusiasm was quali-
fied by a copious infusion of Scottish shrewd-
ness. The general drift of his speculation
is well expressed by a reviewer in the * In-
quirer:* 'In the divine government of the
world, all ages, all nations, all mythologies,
all religions, all fanaticisms, all social phe-
nomena, moral or abnormal, have had an ap-
Smith 6=
p^n^ed place and function, a brief or abiding
j irpcfee to fuliil, and a spiritual miming
ffvnibolically to convey/ >
* r $h<5pbe;"d Smith the "Culv&rsalist : the Story ,
of aJiiiid. By i his nephew) W. Anderson Smith,
1SCO, whiah is based on his correspondence with
his family and with :he late Lady Lytton, whose
mother. Mrs. "Wheeler, had been'one of his first
pairons upon his e- mias to London.] E. G,
SMITH or SMYTH, SIB JEREMIAH
(d. Iti75|, admiral* grandson of John Smyth
of Much Warlingfield, Suffolk, and third son -
of Jeremiah Smyth of Canterbury, was pre-
sumably settled at Hull as a merchant and
shipowner, living at Birkin, where Ms wife,
Frances, died in her fortieth year, on 3 Sept. ;
1656. 'Whether he served in the parlia- '
mentary army during the civil war is un-
certain ; in connection with the sea service
his name first appears as one of the signa-
tories to the declaration of confidence in
Cromwell made by the admirals and cap-
tains of the fieet on 22 April 1653. He had
then been recently appointed captain of the
Advice, a ship of 42 guns, which he com-
manded during the summer and in the battles
of "2 and 3 June, and of 29 and 31 July. In
December he was appointed to the Essex, a !
new ship, and during the next three years ,
seems to have had the command of a small j
squadron for the police of the North Sea. j
In 1664 Smyth was appointed to the i
command of the Mary, from which, on the ;
imminence of the Dutch war in the spring j
of 1665, he was moved to the Sovereign, and j
sent to the Mediterranean as commander-in- !
chief of a small squadron. He is said by
Chamock to have been ordered to hoist the j
union nag at the main when clear of the i
Channel, but this seems very doubtful. On i
his return he was appointed admiral of the }
Hue squadron in the grand fieet, and, re- j
plaining with the duke of Albemarle when j
the fleet was divided, took part in the i Four (
Bays' Fight/ 1-4 June. The same month he J
was knighted (cf. PEPYS, Diary t iv. 439). j
He was still admiral of the blue squadron j
in the battle of 2r5 July, where, by with- J
drawing from the line, he tempted Tromp
to follow biin with a very superior force,
thus weakening the Butch line of battle.
It was doubted at the time, and may be
doubted still, whether this was done of set
purpose in consequence of some accident or
of shoal water, or from being beaten out of
Ms station. Sir Robert Holmes [q. v.], who
jubd got separated from the red squadron and
joined the blue, fiercely maintained that it
was cowardice, of which a court-martial fully
acquitted Smyth. The quarrel, however, eon-
taued with bitterness, and extended through
V0I* UZJU
; Smith
all ranks of the fleet, Albemarle taking part
with Smyth, and Prince Rupert with Holmes.
It is said that between the two there was a
duel, which in itself is not improbable, though
there is no evidence of the fact. In 1667
Smyth commanded a small squadron in the
North Sea to prey on the enemy's commerce,
while the Thames and Medway were left
open to the enemy's fleet, and in 16*38 was
vice-admiral of the fleet under Sir Thomas
Allin ~q. v.] in the Channel. In the follow-
ing year he "was appointed one of the com-
missioners of the navy as comptroller of the
victualling, and this office he held till Ma
death at Clapham in October or November
1675. His body was brought from Clapham
toHemingbrough, where> in the church, is a
monument to his memory. His will, dated
13 Oct., was proved on 13 Nov. In 1662 he-
bought Prior House in Hemingbrough, near
Selby ; he afterwards bonght various pieces
of land in Hemingbrough and the neighbour-
hood., and in 1668 he bought the manor of
Osgodby. He married, for a second wife,
Anne, daughter of John Pockley of Thorp
TVilloughby, and by her had three sons.
[Charnoek's Biogr. Xav. i. 1S6 ; Calendars of
State Papers, Bom. ; Burton's Hist, of Heming-
brough, edited by Eaine, pp. 322-4.]
J. K. It
SMITH, JEREMIAH (& 1723), divine,
was minister of a congregation at Andover,.
Hampshire^ and in 1 708 became co-pastor with
Samuel Rosewell [q. v.] of the Silver Street
Presbyterian Chapel, London. He took a
prominent part in the debates at Salters'HaH
in 1719 concerning the Trinity, and was one
of four London ministers who wrote * The
Doctrine of the Ever Blessed Trinity stated
and defended,' He was author of the por-
tion relating to the l Epistles to Titus and
Philemon' in the continuation of Matthew-
Henry's * Exposition,* and published, with
other discourses, funeral sermons on Sir
Thomas Abney (1722) and Samuel Rosewell
(1723). He died on 20 Aug. 1723, aged
nearly seventy. Matthew Clarke preached
and published a funeral sermon,
[Wilson's Dissenting Churches in London*
1810, in. 58; Williams's Memoir of Matthew-
Henry, 1827, pp. 232, 233, 80S.] C. W. S.
SMITH, JEREMIAH (1771-1854),
master of Manchester grammar school, son of
Jeremiah and Ann Smith, was born at Bre-
wood, Staffordshire, on 22 July 1771, and
educated under Dr. George Croft at Brewood
school. He entered Hertford College, Ox-
ford, in 1790, and graduated B.A. in 17&4,
M.A. in 1797,B.D. in lS10,and B.B. in 1811.
He was ordained in 1794 to the curacy of
Smith
66
Smith
Edgbaston, Binningliam, which, he soon ex-
changed for that of St. Mary's, Moseley. He
was also assistant, and then second master,
in King Edward's School, Birmingham ; and
on 6 May 1807 was appointed high master of
the Manchester grammar school, a position
he retained for thirty years. An enduring
memorial of the success which distinguished
his career as a schoolmaster exists in the third
volume of the i Admission Register of the
"Manchester School,' which was edited "by his
eldest son. While at Manchester he held suc-
cessively the curacies of St. Mark's, Cheetham
Hill, St. Greorge's, Carrington, and Sacred
Trinity, Salford, and the incumbency of St.
Peter's, Manchester (1813-25), and the
rectory of St. Ann's in the same town (1822-
1837). He also held the small vicarage of
Great Wilbraham, near Cambridge, from
1832 to 1847, and was from 1824 one of the
four 'king's preachers' for Lancashire, a
sinecure office which was abolished in 1845.
His sole publication was a sermon preached
before the North Worcester volunteers in
1805.
He died at Brewood on 21 Dec. 1854.
There is a portrait of him, from a miniature
by G. Hargreaves, in the * History of the
Inundations in Manchester' (vol. ii. 1831),
and in the * Manchester School Register'
(vol. iiL) Another portrait, by Colman, is
in the possession of the iamily.
He married, at King's Norton, Worcester-
shire, on 27 July 1811, Felicia, daughter of
William Anderton of Moseley Wake Green,
by whom he had eight children.
His eldest son, JEBBMIAH FINCH SIQTH
(1815-1895), was rector of Aldridge, Staf-
fordshire, from 1849, rural dean of Walsall
from 1862,and prebendary of Lickfield Cathe-
dral. He published, besides many sermons
and tracts, the valuable and admirably edited
* Admission Register of the Manchester
School/ 3 vols., 1860-1874, and Notes on
the Parish of Aldridge, Staffordshire,' 1884-9,
2 pfs. (Manchester Guardian, 17 Sept. 1895).
The third son, JAMES HICKS SMITH (1822-
1881),bamster-at~law,wasauthorof : 1. 'Bre-
wood, a BSsumS, Historical and Topographi-
cayi867. 2. * Reminiscences of Thirty Years,
by &a Hereditary High Churchman/ 1868.
3. * Brewood Church, the Tombs of the Gif-
ferds/ 1870. 4. f TheParishin History, and
in Church and State/ 1871. 5. 'Collegiate
and other Ancient Manchester/ 1877 (Man-
Chester 6var&m45m.l8&%*, CkurckMevie,
6 Jan. 1882).
Isaac Gregory Smith (&. 1827), prebendary
of Hereford Cathedral, and John George
Smith ($. 1829), bamster-at4aw, were re-
spectively fourth and fifth sons,
[Manchester School Register (Chetham Soe.)
vol. in.; Simms's Bibliotheca Staffordiensis
1894.] C. W, S. '
SMITH or SMYTEDE, Sra JOHK(1534?-
1607), diplomatist and military writer, born
about 1534, was eldest son of Sir Clement
Smith or Smythe, who resided at Little
Baddow, near Chelmsford, Essex; owned the
manor of Rivenhall and other property in
the same county; was knighted in 1547; was
1 chidden ' by Edward VI for hearing mass
in 1550 ; and died at Little Baddow on
26 Aug. 1552 (MORAKT, Essex-, NICHOLS,
Lit. Remains of Edward F7,pp, cccvi, 310).
Sir Clement married Dorothy, youngest
daughter of Sir John Seymour of WoIfHall,
Wiltshire, and sister of Edward Seymour*
duke of Somerset [q. v.], and of Jane Sey-
mour, Henry VHPs C[ueen [see JAJTE], John
was thus first cousin of Edward VI, but
he fully cherished the Roman catholic senti-
ments with which his father imbued him.
Wood states that he was educated at Oxford,
f but in what House 'tis difficult to find,
because both his names are very common. 1
The ascertained facts of Sir John Smith's
career render it impossible to identify him
with any of the three Oxford graduates
named John Smith who matriculated be-
tween 1537 and 1551. It is certain that he
took no degree. Dissatisfied with the pro-
testant policy that was favoured by his royal
cousin and by his mother's family, he probably
left England at an early age to seek hisfortune
abroad. According to his own account, he
served as a volunteer or soldier of fortune in
France while Edward VI was still king ( Dis-
courses, p. 23). For nearly twenty years fol-
lowing he maintained like relations with
foreign armies and saw active service not
only in France, but in the Low Countries,
where he enlisted under the Spanish flag,
and in the east of Europe. In 1566 he fought
against the Turks in Hungary, and came under
the notice of the Emperor Maximilian II. A
man of much general intelligence, he became
an expert linguist, especially in Spanish, and
lost no opportunity of studying the art of
war as practised by the chief generals of the
continent. Despite his catholic predilections,
he remained devotedly attachea to the inte-
rests of his own country,and often disavowed
sympathy with catholic priests.
In 1572 the queen granted him the manor
of Little Baddow, with, the advowson of the
church there (MoBAOT, ii. 21) ; and in 1574
he received, through Sir Henry Lee, while
still abroad, an invitation from the English
government to return home and enter the
government service. * Refusing very great
' entertainments that lie was offered by certain
Smith
Smith
gr-at and foreign princes/ he at once accepted
tb? offer. At iirst lie tad no ground to
complain of the trust reposed in him. He
went to France In April 1576 to watch
events. In his despatches home he gave dis-
paraging accounts of the beauty of the ladies
of the French court when compared with that
of Queen Elizabeth. He was knighted in the
same year, apparently on revisiting London
< METCAWE, Knights^ p. 130). In the spring
of 1577 he was entrusted with a diplomatic
mission of high importance to Madrid. He
was directed to explain to Philip EE Eliza-
beth's conduct in the Netherlands, to renew
her offer of mediation between Spain and the
revolted provinces of the Netherlands, and to
demand for English traders off the coast of
.Spain and elsewhere protection from the as-
saults of Spanish ships (FBOTDE, History , x.
389-91 ). Philip and Alva received him com-
placently, but Quiroga, archbishop of Toledo,
the inquisitor-general, haughtily scorned his
advances. At the end often months, however,
Smith ret urned home with friendly assurances
from Philip, and the diplomatic relations be-
tween the two countries seemed to be placed
on a permanently amicable footing (cf. Leyces-
ter Correspondence, p. 93). Smith's * Collec-
tions and Observations relating to the con-
dition of Spain during his residence there in
1577,' chiefly in Spanish, are preserved in
manuscript at Lambeth (No. 271).
Thenceforth Smith's life was a long series
of disappointments. He sought further offi-
ekl employment in vain. A querulous tem-
per ana defective judgment doubtless ac-
counted for the neglect. His importunate
appeals to the queen and her ministers did
not improve his prospects. He had borrowed
money of the queen and was hopelessly in-
volved in pecuniary difficulties. On 21 Sept.
1578 the queen released * unto him the mort-
gage of his lands upon the debt which he
oweth her ' on condition that he gave a bond
for the payment of 2,OOQf. at Michaelmas
twelvemonth (NICOLAS, Life of J&atton, p.
93; cf. Oz State Papers, Dom. 1547-80. p.
646). ^
In view of the threatened armada, Smith,
whose reputation as a soldier remained high,
was directed to train the regiments of foot
soldiers raised in his own county of Essex.
He boasted that he admitted to his troops
only men of proved respectability, but other-
wise evinced little discretion. When in July
1568 he brought his detachment to the camp
at Tilbury, he pointed out to Leicester, the
omniander-in-chief, the defective training of
the res* of the army. Leicester, though he
privately held much the same view, resented
's seTere eiiticisBas, and Smith inoppor-
tunely asked for leave of absence on the
ground of ill-health, which necessitated a
; visit to 'the baths/ The request was refused,
1 and he continued to give voice to what Leices-
ter denounced as 'foolish and vainglorious
paradoxes.' After a review by Smith of the
, Essex contingent, * he entered again (accord-
ing to Leicester) into such strange cries for
1 ordering of men and for fight with the
! weapon as made me think he was not well *
fttoTLm,VnttedSct&erfandg,u.4:&2-3). The
armada was soon dispersed at sea, and Smith f s
services were not put to further test.
On 28 Jan. 1589-90 he wrote to Burghley
from Baddow, sensibly warning him of the
j danger of permitting the formation of regi-
| ments for foreign service from men of * the
* baser sort.' He complained of his longneglect
1 at the hands of the queen, and vainly begged
permission to visit the spas and foreign coun-
tries for a year or two, and to assign his lands
so as to pay off his debts to the queen and
others, and to maintain his wife and family
( Gal, Hat fold MSS. iv. 4, 5). To distract Ms
mind from his grievances he composed be-
tween 1589 and 1591 i four or five little books'
treating of * matters of arms/ and in 1590
' he published one of them, consisting of a
series of discourses on the uses of military
j weapons. He strongly favoured the eon-
1 tinned use of the bow in warfare, and drew
from his foreign experience much interesting
detail respecting the equipment of armies at
home and abroad. The work was entitled
'Certain Discourses written by Sir John
Smythe, knight, concerning the formes and
} effects of diuers sorts of Weapons, and other
j verie important matters Militarie greatlie
mistaken by diuers of our men of warre in
these dates, and chiefly of the Mosquet, the
Galiuer, and the Long-bow ; as also of the
great sufficieneie, exceBencie, and wonderful
effects of Archers ; with many notable ex-
amples and other particularities by him pre-
sented to the Nobilitie of this Eealme, and
published for the benefite of this his native
Countrie of England/ 4to f London (by Richard
Johnes), 1590. In the dedication, which he ad-
dressed to the English nobility, and in other
sections of the work Smith gave vent to his
resentment at failing to obtain regular mili-
tary employment, and charged Leicester and
others of the queen's advisers with incompe-
tence and corruption. These charges were
brought to the queen's notice, and she di-
rected that all copies of the book be l called
in, both because they be printed without
privilege, and that they may breed much
question and quarrell* (Sir Thomas Heneage
to Burghley, 14 May 1590). In a long letter
to Burghley, 20 May 1590, Smith hotly pro- -
Smith
68
Smith
tested against this indignity, and rehearsed i not to go a mile from it without special license.
Ms grievlmces anew. On 3 June he addressed I This condition was enforced till the end of
himself in similar terms to the queen, and no the queen's reign (id. pp. -414-18 ; Letters of
further restriction seems to have heen placed j Eminent Literary Men, Camden Soc, pp.88-
on the book's circulation. Smith's views on i 97 ; Cal State Papers, Dom. 1595-7, pp. 235
the value of archery were attacked ahout- \ seq., 1598-1601, pp. 2, 17,408,417). He was
1591 by Humfrey Barwick in his * Breefe buried in the church of Little Baddow on
discourse concerning the force and effect of
all manuall weapons of fire.'
In 1594 Smith published a second military
treatise of a more practical character than
its forerunner ; it was called l Instructions,
Observations, and Orders Militarie, requisite
for all Chieftaines, Captains, and higher and
lower men of charge, and Officers, to under-
stand, knowe, and observe. Composed by
Sir John Smythe, knight e, 1591, and now
first imprinted, 1594,' London, by Richard
Jones, 4to. It had some sale, and was_ re-
issued in the following year. The dedica-
tion, inscribed to the * knights, esquires, and
gentlemen of England that are honorablie
delighted in the arte and science militarie,'
displayed much knowledge of history.
At length, on 2 March 1595-6, Smith
obtained the permission he had long sought
to sell Little Baddow, and Anthony Pen-
1 Sept. 1607 (Iteff.)
[Authorities cited.]
S. L.
SMITH or SMYTH, JOBDN T (d. 1612), the
Se-baptist and reputed father of the English
general baptists, was, according to the prin-
cipal authorities, matriculated as a sizar of
Christ's College, Cambridge, on 26 Xov. 1571,
graduated B.A. in 1575-6, was afterwards
elected a fellow of his college, and commenced
M.A. in 1579 (CoopEE, Athente Cantabr. iiL
38 ; DEXTEE, True Story of John Smyth, p. 1),
Francis Johnson (1562-1618) [q. v.] is said
to have been at one time his tutor (Yoirtfs,
Ckron. of the Pilgrim Fathers, 1844, p. 450).
But Johnson was not matriculated as a pen-
sioner at Christ's College until April 1579,
The suggestion that the Se-baptist was the
John Smith of Christ's College who com-
menced M.A. in 1593 does not seem well sup-
nyng of Kettleberg, Suffolk, purchased it I ported (AEBEE, Story of the Pilgrim Father^
on 30 April (MoEA^n:). Smith continued to 1897, p. 131). Smyth was ordained a clergy-
reside in the village. In June 1596 he was man by William Wickham, bishop of Lincoln
at Colchester with Sir Thomas Lucas, who | between 1584 and 1595. In a sermon ad
was training the county militia. In their clerum preached by him on Ash Wednes-
company was Smith's kinsman, Thomas day 1585-6 Smyth advocated a judaical ob-
Seymour, second son of Edward Seymour, j servance of the Sabbath. He was conse-
earl of Hertford [q. v.], and brother of Ed- \ quently cited before the vice-chancellor of
ward Seymour, lord Beauchamp, a claimant the university and heads of colleges, and^ in
to the royal succession. On the morning of the end he undertook to interpret his opinion
13 June Smith rode into the field where the j of such things as had been by him doubt-
pikemen were practising, and bade the sol- i fully and uncertainly delivered, more clearly,
diers forsake their colonel and follow Sey-
mour and himself. * The common people/
he added, l have been oppressed and used as
in another sermon ad clerum, first submit-
ting it to the vice-chancellor for his approval
(CoopEE, Annals of Cambridge, ii. 415). The
bondmen these thirty years; but if you will ! Se-baptist must not be identified, as has been
go with me I will see a reformation, and you
shall be used as freemen* (STETPE, Annals,
iv. IS). The words were at once reported
to Lord Burghley. Smith was arrested on
alleged, with the clergyman named Smith
who was confined for eleven months in the
Marshalsea in 1597 ; the Christian name of
that divine was William. The Se-baptist
& charge of treason and sent to the Tower. ! was preacher or lecturer in the city of Lon-
*" ' -* * **-- ^- -'----- ! coin from 1603 to 1605. During the latter
year he separated from the established church
after nine months of doubt and study. Ao-
Whea examined in the Star-chamber on
14 June, he confessed the truth of the facts
as reported, but pleaded that he had supped
too generously for the state of his health the
night before. On the 26th of the month he
sent an abject apology to Burghley, offering
to confine himself thenceforth to "his house
at Little Baddow, and to publish a confession
of his fault in the market-place at Colchester.
No further steps were taken against him, but
lie remained in the Tower till February 1598,
when the queen directed that he might repair
to his house ia Essex on giving good security
cording to his own account, he held at Coven-
try, with Masters Bod, Hildersham, and
Barbon, a conference 'about withdrawing
from true Churches, Ministers, and Worship
corrupted/ In 1606 he established a con-
gregation of separatists at Gainsborough.
This church or congregation was not orga-
nised on the lines of the l Holy Discipline/
but upon original principles. Its pastor
held that Scripture knew of but one class of
Smith
Smith
*r>]er=. In opposition to the * Holy Discipline 1
theory of the three separate ofSces of pastor,
trader, End elder, Smyth was known to
WzIIiazo. Brewster jj. vf, and the s gathered
church* meeting at Brewster's residence,
Scrooby Manor, Nottinghamshire., was formed
on lines suggested by Smyth.
In or about 1606 Smyth, -with his wife and
children and his congregation, left Gains-
borough and went to Amsterdam, where they
joined Francis Johnson ~q. v.j and Henry
Ainsworth ~q_. v.~, who had been his tutor.
His arrival produced farther dissension in the
already agitated English congregation at that
place. * Smyth imbibed with avidity the doc-
trines held "by the Dutch remonstrants, and,
throwing off* the CaMnistic doctrines, em-
braced Arminianism. At the same time his
peculiar sentiments on baptism, with his
practice, procured for him the appellation of
the Se-baptist, because at a solemn religious
service, held probably in October 1608, he
performed the rite of baptism upon himself
and afterwards baptised others, to the num-
ber of about forty. His opinions, which
frequently and rapidly changed, involved him
in controversy with Joseph Hall (afterwards
bishopX Henry Ainsworth, Richard Bernard,
John Robinson, Richard Clifton, John Paget,
and Francis Jessop. He was a fearless and
an able, though by no means a courteous,
disputant. He styled the ' ancient exiled
church y at Amsterdam the i ancient brethren
of the separation,' and his own community
he called *the brethren of the separation
of the second English church at Amster-
dam.*
A few months after he had baptised him-
self, Smyth moved on to another plane of
thought and action, first suspecting, and
then affirming, that they had all been in
error in holding the right to baptise and
in his own phrase to church themselves.
Further modification of his theological views
accompanied and exaggerated this difficulty,
which soon constrained the majority of tne
new church to excommunicate Smyth and
twenty or thirty who thought with him.
Smyth and his excluded friends sought ad-
mission into a church of the Mennonites,
who, however, refused to receive them.
Thereupon he and his little congregation
took refuge in a room at the baci of the
'great cake-house* or bakery belonging to
Jan Hunter. Meanwhile, some time after
his arrival at Amsterdam he began to prac-
tise physic. He died there of consumption
in August 1612, and on 1 Sept. was buried
in the Nienwekerke. On 20 Jan. 1815 what
msmiaed of his company was admitted into
one of the Mennonite churches. For a short
j time a separate English service was held by
: them in the cake-bouse, but they&^on 1;^-
came absorbed among the Butch, leaving no
1 trace in history of separate existence.
The somewhat shadowy claim popularly
t advanced in Smith's behalf to be the father of
the English general baptists appears to rest on
his authorship of some of the earliest exposi-
; tions of general baptist principles that were
; printed in England. The titles of his pub-
\ lished works are : 1. A True Description out
of the Word of God of the Visible Church/
1589; reprinted in Allison's * Confutation,'
inLawne's 'Brownism turned the inside out-
ward' (1603i, in Wall's 'More Work for
the Dean' (1681), and separately 1641, 4to.
2. * The Bright Morning Star, or the Resolu-
tion and Exposition of the Twenty-second
Psalm ; preached publicly in four sermons at
Lincoln," Cambridge ( John Legat) ; 1603, 8 vo.
3. * A Patterne of True Prayer. A learned
and comfortable Exposition or Commentarie
upon the Lords Prayer/ London, 1605 and
1624, Svo,4o2 palest Dedicated to Edmund
Sheffield, lord Sheffield (afterwards Earl of
Mulgrave). Apparently every copy of the
, first edition has disappeared. 4. * The Diffe-
rences of the Churches of the Separation :
containing a Description of the Leitourgie
; Ministerie of the Visible Church,' 1608, 4to.
, 5. * Parallels, Censures, Observations, apper-
j taining to Three several Writings: (1) "A
! Letter to Mr. Richard Bernard, by John
, Smyth ;" (2) " A Book entitnled The Sepa-
ratists Schism, published by Mr. Bernard ; "
(3) "An Answer to the Separatists Schism,"
by Mr. H. Ainsworth/ London, 1609, 4to.
6. * The Character of the Beast, or the False
Constitution of the Church discovered in
certain passages betwixt Mr. E. Clifton
, and John Smyth concerning true Chris-
1 tian Baptism of New Creatures or New-born
I Babes in Christ : and False Baptism of
j Infants born after the Flesh. Referred to
j two propositions : (1) That Infants are not
| to be baptised; (2) That Antichristians
j converted are to be admitted into the True
; Church by Baptism,' 1609, 4to. 7. A
Beply to Mr. E. Cl yffcon's " Christian Plea/ 5 '
1610.
In the library of York Minster there is a
tract without title or date, and believed to
be unique, containing *The last book of
John Smith, called the Retractation of his
Errors and the Confirmation of the Truth ; J
and ' The Life and Death of John Smith/
by Thomas Pigott; as well as John Smyth's
* Confession 01 Faith,' in one hundred pro-
positions. The last was replied to by John
Bobinson of Leyden, in his * Survej of the
" Confessions of Faith," * The whole tract
Smith 7
was reprinted in Bobert Barclay's * Inner Life
of the Religious Societies of the Common-
wealth/ London (1876, pp. 117 and 118).
[Arber's Story of the Pilgrim Fathers, 1897,
p. 630 ; Bodleian Catalogue, iii. 498 ; Brook's
Puritans, ii. 195 ; Crosby's Hist of the English
Baptists, i. 91-9, 265-71, Appendix, p. 67;
Belter's Troe Story of J. Smyth, the Se-Baptist,
Boston, 1881; Bernard on Euth, ed. Grosart;
Bishop Hall's Works ; Pratt), vii. 171 ; Hanbury's
Hist. Memorials of the Independents ; HoweLL's
State Trials, xxii. 709 ; Hunter's Pounders of
New Plymouth, pp. 32 seq. 1 60 ; Ivimey's Hist,
of the English Baptists, i. 113-122, ii. 503-5;
deal's Puritans, i. 302, 349, 422 ; Notes and
Queries, 4th ser. vi. 529 ; Strype's Annals, iii.
341, iv. 134 foi; Taylor's Oeneral Baptists, i.
65 seq. ; Watt's Bibl. Brit, under 'Smith ;' Wil-
son's Dissenting Churches, i. 21, 28 seq.] T. C.
SMITH, JOHN (1563-1616), divine, born
at or near Coventry, Warwickshire, in 1563,
was educated at the Coventry grammar
school recently founded by John Hales, and
elected at the age of fourteen to a Coventry
scholarship at St. John's College, Oxford. He
proceeded MA. in 1585, and BD. in 1591.
He was made a fellow of his college, and
highly valued in the university * for his piety
and parts.' He was chosen lecturer at St.
Paurs Cathedral, in the place of Lancelot
Andrewes fq. v.], and became minister of
Clavering, Essex, in 1592. He died in No-
vember 1616, leaving benefactions to St.
John's College, to Clavering parish, and to
ten faithful and good ministers who had been
deprived on the question of ceremonies. He
obtained a license to marry Frances, daughter
of William Babbington of Chorley, Cheshire,
on 21 Oct. 1594 (FOSTEE, London Marriage
Licenses, p. 1244).
He was authorof : 1. * 'Afl-oXoyta T7js*A-yyX<ay
'E*ieXg<nW . . .Apologia Ecclesise Anglican
Grsece versa interprete J. S./ Oxford, 1614,
12mo ; this was a Greek version of Bishop
Jewel's 'Apology,' and was published again
with the Latin in 1639, 8vo (cf. MABAH, Early
Oxford Press, pp. 97, 214). 2. ' Essex Dove,
presenting the world with a few of her olive
branches ; or, a taste of the works of that
HeverendjFaithfull, Judicious, Learned, and
holy Minister of the Word, Mr. John Smith
. . .delivered in three several! Treatises, viz.
(1) His Grounds of Beligion ; (2) An Exposi-
tion on the Lord's Prayer ; (3) A Treatise of
Repentance/ 3 parts, London, 1629, 4to, 2nd
edit, enlarged, London, 1633, 8vo, 3rd edit.,
corrected and amended, London, 1637, 8vo.
3. * An Exposition of the Creed, delivered
in many afternoons Sermons, and now pub-
lished by Aothoajr Palmer/ London, 1632,
foi Palmer married Smith's widow. The
Smith
seventy-three sermons in this volume include
the * Explanation of the Articles of our
Christian Faith 7 mentioned by Wood as a
separate book.
[Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1 500-1 714 ; Clark and
Boase's Register of University of Oxford, i. S3>
ii,78,iii.9S; Wood's Athense Oxon. ii. 188, Fasti*
i. 217; Morant's Essex, ii. 614 ; Colvile's "War-
wickshire"Worthies,p. 698 ; Brit. Museum Library
Cat. ; Bodleian Library Cat.] B. B,
SMITH, JOHN (1580-1631), soldier and
colonist, baptised in the parish church at
"Willoughby in Lincolnshire, on 6 Jan. 1579-
1580, was son of George and Alice Smith of
that place. His father was buried on 3 April
1596, shortly after which he went to seek his
fortune in the French army. In 1598, how-
ever, peace was made between France and
Spain, and Smith then offered his services to-
the insurgents in the Low Countries, with
whom he remained for three or four years.
About 1600 he returned to England and
abode at home in Lincolnshire for a short
time, studying the theory of war and prac-
tising the exercise of a cavalry soldier. La
1600 Smith again sought foreign service, and
went through, according to his own vivid
testimony, a number of startling adventures*
Mr. Palfrey, in his * History of New Eng-
land ' (vol. i.), showed that Smith's stories-
of his career in eastern Europe harmonise
to some extent with what we know from
independent chroniclers ; but this is denied
by later investigators, and especially by Alex-
ander Brown in his memoir of Smith (6?e~
nesis^ of United States of America). Ac-
cording to Smith's own account, which may
be credited with a substratum of fact at any
rate, he first voyaged to Italy in company
with a number of French pilgrims bound for
Eome,and having been thrown overboard as
a huguenot, was rescued by a pirate or pri-
vateer, with whom he served for some time.
Then, travelling through Italy and Dal-
matia, he reached Styria, and took service-
under the Archduke of Austria. He asserts-
that he did specially good service when th&
imperial army was endeavouring to raise the
siege of f 01umpagh j (Limbaeh) by intro-
ducing a system of signalling between them
and the garrison, and afterwards helped by
like means to bring about the fall of Stiihl-
weissenburg. After this he killed three-
Turkish champions in a series of single com-
bats fought in sight of the two armies, and:
for this he received a coat of arms from
Sigismund Bathori, prince of Transylvania^
under whom he was then serving. At the*
battle of Rothenthurm he was taken prisoner,,
sold for a slave, and sent to Constant!-
Smith
Smith
nople. Befriended by a Turkish lady of \ [q. v.l, an arrogant man of no special capacitv
quality, he was removed to Varna in the | was deposed, a proceeding in which Smi : h
Black ea. There, after much cruel treat- , took a leading part. Winrfeld was" sue-
ment from his master, a pasha, Smith killed ceeded by John Eatcliffe. "He held office
his tyrant and made Ms escape. After long | for one year, and Smith then (10 Sept. 100*)
wanderings through Europe he reached Mo- ! became the titular head of the colonv, as he
roecQ, and. there falling in with an English had been almost from the outset its guiding
man-of-war, came home in 1605. } and animating spirit, With resolute disci-
In the next year ^ he purposed to join an j pline Smith introduced something of order
English settlement in Guiana, but the scheme : and industry among the thriftless and help-
was frustrated by the death of Charles Lee, ; less settlers. They built houses and finished
the intended leader of the colonists. Smith t the church, fortified the settlement at James-
then entered on the best known portion of ' town, and took some steps towards support-
his career, the conduct of the Virginian [ ing themselves by tillage and fishing,
colony, and was among the 105 emigrants During the summer of 1608 he explored
who, on 19 Bee. 1606, set out from Black- i the coasts of the Chesapeake as far as the
waH to found Virginia. They sailed in three ! mouth of the Patapsco, and further explored
ve^elsj the Susan Constant, under Chris- , the head of the Chesapeake. On these two
topher Newport jj. v. J ; the Godspeed, under i voyages Smith computed that he sailed three
Bartholomew Gosnold _q. v/ ; and the Dis- thousand miles. From his surveys he con-
eovery, under John Katcliffe see under structed a map of the bay and its environs
SICKMMOBE^ Smith is described in the list , (see No. 2 below). His dealings with the
of passengers as a planter. By a most un- natives were marked by honesty and good
happy arrangement the names of the council, ; judgment.
of whom Smith was one, were sealed up in a , In August 1609 a fresh party of colonists
box not to be opened till the settlers reached ( arrived, deprived unhappily of their leaders
America, and the temporary control during j by a storm which separated the fleet r see
thejoyage was vested in Captain Newport. SOMEES, SIB GEGB&E! Further dissensions
hmith m some unrecorded fashion came into j arose, leading to cabals against Smith and to
conflict with him, was put under arrest, and, j difficulties with the natives. In the following-
although a member of the council (under the ( September Smith was badly hurt by the
sealed orders, which were opened on arriving accidental explosion of a bag of gunpowder,
in Chesapeake Bay on 26 April), was at first | and left the colony, never to revisit it
not allowed to act. Nevertheless, from the j Henceforth he took no part in the proceed-
outset he did good service. The settlers, ! ings of the Virginia Company, but devoted
wno had come in search of an Eldorado, himself to encouraging in England colonisa-
such as thatpictured in the popular play of tion and the establishment of fisheries in
Eastward Ho ! (1605), had neither the in- what was afterwards known as New Enir-
teliigence nor the industry to support them- land. Thither he sailed with two ships on
elves by tillage, and they had to subsist on a voyage of exploration in 1614, On his
fllti CTlT-.-1 l^lf-i OTlllI^'L. *-T,,*._ - ..tJ 1 1 __ J_ 1 t T" jn** -. *-
return he presented to Prince Charles a map
of the coast from the Penobscot to Cape
Cod, in which the real contour of the New-
England coast was for the first time indi-
cated. In this the territory south of the
Hudson was called New England, and among
other English names adopted that of Ply-
mouth was assigned to the mainland oppo-
the supplies which they could buy, beg, or
steal from the natives. In the various ex-
peditions into the country in search of food
Smith proved himself an energetic and effec-
tive leader. In one of these, in December
1607, he was taken prisoner, and was re-
leased, according to a statement made by
himself many years later (see his publica-
, . "3 f+\ i * * -" -~ i .M-ivfcujjj. ? u*j cwjaigiicri-t uv UJJLG IMfVI HI Mi 11.1.1 VIppO*"
tions JN os. 5 and 7), through the intervention site Cape Cod, two names which by a happy
of the Indian princess Pocahontas [see under i chance so well fitted in with the fedura
KOMI, JOBS], The whole incident is matter of the later settlers as to be permanently
of controversy. In all likelihood Ms rescue adopted.
Smith now became ultimate with one of
the chief patrons of New England explora-
tion, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, and in 1615 he
made two attempts to visit New England,
The first failed tnrougli a storm in which
SmitVs ship was dismasted. At the next
attempt he was taken by a French ship of
war, and, after serving with his captors
against the Spaniards, was set free. In 1617
by Pocahontas owes the general acceptance
which it long enjoyed to the fact of its un-
questioned adoption in 1747 by Stith, the
irst historian of Virginia. Ilater writers
have pointed out that it is at least wholly
inconsistent with the story told by Smith in
his earlier publications (cf. No. 1 and No. 2),
Meanwhile, in September 1607, the first
elected president, Edward Maria "Wingfield
Smith 7
he made a last attempt, but the three vessels !
in which he and his company were embarked j
were kept in port by bad weather, and the j
expedition was abandoned. Henceforth !
Smith's exertions on behalf of Ajnerican !
colonisation were confined to the produc- |
tion in London of maps and pamphlets. He j
died in June 1631, and was buried in St. j
Sepulchre's Church, London. His will, which j
was proved on 1 July, is at Somerset House
(P.C.C. St. John, 89). It is printed in Mr.
Arber's edition of his works.
Much controversy has arisen as to the
truth of the stories published by Smith
about his own adventures. But the modern
historian, while recognising the extravagance
of the details of many of the more picturesque
of Smith's self-recorded exploits, is bound to
give full weight to his record of his more
prosaic achievements in laying the solid '
foundations of the prosperity of the new
settlement of Virginia. Of his works those
numbered 2 and 4 below contain numerous
passages professedly written not by Smith
nmnself, but by those who were associated
with mm in Virginia.
Smith T s published writings are : 1. * A true
Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents
of Kote as hath passed in Virginia since the
first planting of that Colony/ 1608; ed. C.
Deane, 1866. 2. < A Map of Virginia, with
a Description of the Country,' Oxford, 1612
(cf. MADAK, Early Oxford Press, pp. 83-5).
3. * A Description of New England/ 1616; i
other editions 1792, 1836, 1865 ; translated
into German 1628. 4. i New England's j
Trials/ 1620; 2nd edit. 1622 other editions
1836, 1867. o. 'The General History of
Virginia, Summer Isles, and New England/ '
1624; other editions 1626, 1627, 1632. '
6. f An Accidence, or the Pathway to expe-
rience necessary for all Young Seamen . . ./
1626; republished in the next year, enlarged
by another hand, under the title of ' The '
Seaman's Grammar;' other editions under
the latter title 1653 and 1691. 7, ' The True
Travels, Adventures, and Observations of
Captain John Smith in Europe, Asia, Africa, f
and America, from Anno Domini 1593 to '
1629, together with a Continuation of his
General History of Virginia/ &e., 1630:
other editions 1732, 1744, and 1819 ; trans-
lated into Butch 1678, 1707, and 1727.
8. * Advertisements for the Unexperienced
Banters of New England,* 1631; edited
for the Massachusetts Historical Society
1792, and translated into Dutch 1706 and
17.J7.
A portrait of Smith was engraved by
Simon Pass in 161$, 'at. 37/ and prefixed
to Ms later works, Copes and reprodoc- ,
2 Smith
tions of this form the frontispiece to most
of the modern ' Lives.'
[A complete list and fall account of Smith's
writings is in Mr. Arber's introduction to the re-
print of them in the English Scholar's Library
(1884). After Smith's own works, which consti-
tute our sole authority for many of his exploits,
the most valuable contemporary sources are
Newport's Discoveries in Virginia (first pub-
lished in 1860 in Arch, Americana, iv. 40-65}
Wingfield's Discourse of America ($.'pp. 67-!
163), and Spelman's Relation of Virginia (Lon-
don, 1872). Slightly later in origin are Eobert
Johnson's New Life of Virginia (1612) and
Whitaker's G-ood Newes from Virginia (161 a).
These chronicles of eye-witnesses were followed
in the eighteenth century by Keith's History of
Virginia (1738) and by the important History
of the First Discovery and Settlement of Vir-
ginia, by William Stith, Williamsburg, 1747. A
much less trustful view of Smith's statements is
taken by Mr. Edward Duffield Neill in his Vir-
t'nia Company in London (1869) and his valuable
Qglish Colonisation of America (1871). Similar
suspicion, with varying degrees of reservation,
is expressed in Coit Tyler's History of American
Literature (1879), in Mr. J. A, Doyle's English
in America (1881-2), in Professor S. B. Gar-
diner's History (vol. ii. 1883), in Winsor's His-
tory of America (vol. iii. 1886), and in the later
editions of Bancroft's History of the United
States. An extremely pessimistic view of Smith's
character and influence is taken by Alexander
Brown in Genesis of the United States of America
(voL ii. 1890).
Puller, in his Worthies of England, was the
first to give a biographical account of Smith,
whose exploits formed the subject of numerous
* marvellous ' biographies, especially in America,
during the next two hundred years. A type of
these is that by J. Bilknap, published atBoston in
1820, with startling coloured illustrations. More
serious productions were the lives by George S.
Hillard (in vol. ii. of Sparks's Library of Ame-
rican Biogr. 1834), by Mrs. Edward Eobinson
(London, 1845), by W. Gilmore Simms (New
York, 1846), and by George C. Hill (New York,
1858). But the first critical investigation of
Smith's career was that made by Charles Deane ia
his Notes on Wingfield's Discourse of America,
printed at Boston in 1859, and in his edition of
Smith's Eolation, issued in 1866. The line of
xewaieh thus indicated was followed up with
much ingenuity by the Virginia Historical So-
ciety, which published in 1888 its invaluable
Abstract of the Proceedings of the Virginia
Society in London, The new evidence adduced
by these biographical investigations led to the
rewriting of the early chapters of the history of
Virginia by Neill and others (see above). It
also bore fruit in the ultra-iconoclastic Life and
Writings of John Smith, by Charles Dudley
Waraer(1881). An attempt at strict impartiality
is maintained in the Memoir by Charles Kilt-
ridge True (New York, 1882) and in Appleton's
Smith
73
Smith
Cvalo; ablia ^ American Biography (vol. T. i
!SS . But Smith lias found warm defenders of j
the substantial truth of his story in Professor j
Arter IE his Memoir of John Smith in the }
Encyclopaedia BriUnnica (9th edit. 1887) and '
k his editics of Smith's Works ; in W. Wirt ;
Henry {Address to Virginia Hist. Soc. February j
18S2'*: :c Mr, John Ash ton, who published a ,
riehdvf of Smith's Adventures and DiseoTirses (
in ISS3 ; and in J. Poindexter in Captain John i
Smith and his Critics (1893). For a fuller ;
account of the evidence as to the credibility i
of the Pocahontas episode, see nnder ROLFS,
JOHN.] J. A. D.
SMITH or SMYTH, JOHN (1567- j
1640 1. genealogical antiquary, the son. of 1
Thomas^Smyth of Hoby, Leicestershire, and J
grandson of William Smyth of Humberston '
in Lincolnshire, was born in 1567 and edu- !
eated at the iree school, Derby. His mother,
Joan, was a daughter of a citizen of Derby
named Eichard Alan. From Derby Smyth
proceeded in 1584 to Callowden to attend
upon, Thomas, son and heir of Henry, seven- ;
teenth lord Berkeley. He studied under
the same tutor, and went up with the young ,
lord to Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1589.
In 1594 Smyth removed to the Middle }
Temple, and two years later, having com- j
pleted his studies there, returned to the j
Berkeley family as household steward, a ;
post which he exchanged in 1597 for the j
more lucrative and dignified office of steward I
of the hundred and liberty of Berkeley.
About the same time he took up his resi-
dence at Nibley in Gloucestershire, where,
in process of time, he acquired two adjacent
manor-houses, i adorned with gardens and
groves and a large park well wooded/ So
bountiful were tne Berkeleys to him that
the family fool is said on one occasion to
have tied Berkeley Castle to the church with
twine 4 to prevent the former from going to
Jfibley.' As steward of the manor, Smyth
had charge of the muniment -room at the
castle, and, devoting himself with assiduity
to the rich treasures which centuries had
accumulated there, he was led eventually to
write a history of the lives of the first twenty-
one lords of Berkeley, from the Norman
conquest down to 1628. Smyth sat for
HidQniist in the parliament of 1621, but he
took no part in politics in the stormy times
that were coming, and died at Nibley, on
the eve of the troubles, in the autumn of
1&4Q. His first wife, Grace, a native of
Kibley, died in 1609, without issue, and
Smytt married as his second wife (9 Jan.
1809-10) Mary, daughter of John Browning
of Cowley, By this marriage he had five
sows and three daughters. His eldest so%
John, was buried in Xibley church in
aged 81. John Smith or Smyth (1602-
1717) [q.v.~, the playwright, is 'believed to
have been a great-grandson.
Smyth's style is quaint and somewhat
rude, "and his orthography very irregular;
but, irrespective of the allusions to the im-
portant public events in which the Berkeley
family participated, his * Lives' are very
valuable for the light they reflect upon the
social condition of the people in mediaeval
times, the methods of cultivation adopted,
the simplicity of manners, and the fluctua-
tions of prices. As an antiquarv the author
showed an accomplished knowledge of an*
cient documents and public records. Bug-
dale embodied a large portion of his work in
his * Baronage of England/ 1675-6. After
1676 the documents were practically undis-
turbed at Berkeley Castle until, in 1821,
Thomas Dudley Fosbroke r q. v.] published
his * Abstracts* and Extracts of Smyth's
Lives of the Berkeleys/ London, 4to. * The
first-rate archaeological character of the docu-
ments was now established. In vol. v. of
the * Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeo-
logical Society's Transactions ' (1880-1), Mr.
James Herbert Cooke published a valuable
monograph on * The Berkeley MSS.and their
Author/ and two years lateral 883-5) the same
society published in extenso *The Berkelev
MSS. ... by John Smyth of Nibley/ edited
by Sir John Maclean, 3 vols. 4to. Smyth
left a number of other works in manuscript,
of which he made a schedule at the end of
the * Lives of the Berkeleys/ Of these only
three appear to be extant : 1 (at Berkeley
Castle), * A Register of Tenures by Knight
Service, mainly in the county of Gloucester ; *
2 (at Condover Hall, Shropshire), the first
portion of 'Three Bpokes in folio, containing^
the names of each inhabitant in this countT
of Gloucij how they; stood charged witk
armor in a* 6 W Jacobi ; T and 3 (also at Con-
dover), * Abstracts of all the Offices or In-
quisitions post mortem and of ad Q^od
damnum in the co. of Gloucester from
10 Henry m to 28 Henry VIII. 1
[Wood's Athena Oxoru ed. Bliss, iii. 1030 ;
Foster's Alumni Oxoa. 1500-1714; Hyett acd
Bazeley's Manual of Gloucestershire Lit. ii. 23 ;
Atkyns's Gloucestershire, 1712, p. 303; Fos-
broke's Gloucestershire, i. 468 ; Rudder's New
History of Gloucestershire, 1779.] T. S.
SMITH, SIB JOHN (iei6-1644),*oyalist,
bora in 1616 at Skiltsin the parish of Stud-
ley, "Warwickshire, was fourth son of Sir
Francis Smith of Queeniborough, Leicester-
shire, by his wife Anne, daughter of Thomas
Markham of Kirkb j Beler and of Alkrton,
Nottinghamshire* His eldest brother, Sir
Smith
74
Smith
Charles Smith, was elevated to the peerage
In 1643 as Baron Carrington of Wootton
Wawen in "Warwickshire and Viscount Car-
rington of Barreford in Connaught (Gr. E.
C[oKAT3Oi], Complete Peerage, ii. 167).
He was brought up a Roman catholic, his
earlier education being entrusted to a kins-
man. At a later date he was sent abroad to
Germany to complete his studies. He always
had a strong disposition for a military life, and
Tentured to return home without leave, to
urge his relatives to permit him to follow his
bent. His projects, however, were received
with no favour, and he was sent to resume his
studies in the Spanish Netherlands. He soon
joined the Spanish army which was defend-
ing Flanders against the French and Dutch.
He distinguished himself by several deeds of
daring; but hearing of the Scottish disturb-
ances, he resolved to return to England and
offer his services to Charles I. He received
a lieutenant's commission, and was victorious
in a skirmish with the Scots at Stapleford in
the neighbourhood of the Tees, After the
conclusion of the treaty of Bipon,on 28 Oct.
1640, he retired to his mother's house at
Ashby Folville in Leicestershire, "When the
English civil war broke out he joined the
royalists and was made a captain-lieutenant
under Lord John Stewart (d. 1644) [q.v.] On
9 Aug. 1642 he disarmed the people of Kilsby
in Northamptonshire, who had declared for
parliament, and on 23 Sept. he took part in
the fight at Powick Bridge. At Edgehill
his troop was in Lord Grandison's regiment,
on the left wing. In the battle the royal
standard-bearer, Sir Edmund Yerney [a. v.],
was killed and the standard taken. Smith,
with two others, recovered it. For this
service he was knighted on the field, being,
it is said, the last knight banneret created in
England. He also received a troop of his
own, and was appointed by Lord Grandison
major of his regiment. Being sent into the
south, he was taken prisoner on 13 Dec. by
Waller in Winchester Castle, and did not
obtain his liberty till the September follow-
ing. On his release he proceeded to Oxford,
and was made lieutenant-colonel of Lord
Herbert of Raglan's regiment of horse [see
SOUEBSBT, EBWAEB, second MABQFIS OF
WQBCESTBB]. In 1644 he was despatched
to the western army, as major-general of
the horse trader Lord John Stewart. On
29 Marclt the royalists under Patrick Ruth-
Ten, arl of Forth [q. vA engaged the parlia-
mentarians under Waller at Cheriton in
Hampshire, The rashness of Henry Bard
(afterwards Viscount Bellamont) [q. v.] in-
volved the royalist cavalry la a premature
engagement. Smith was mortally wounded,
and the dismay occasioned by his fall is said
to have hastened his companions' retreat.
He died the nest day, and was buried on
the south side of the choir in Christ Church
Oxford. An elegy on him appears in Sir
Francis Wortley's 'Characters andEleoies*
London, 1646, 4to. b '
[The fullest biography is in Edward Walsing-
ham's BritannicEe Virtutis Imago, 1644, Oxford;
but it is too eulogistic to be altogether trust-
worthy, and it differs in many instances from
other contemporary accounts. Other authorities
are Ludlow's Memoirs, ed. 1 751 , Edinburgh, i. 42
95 ; Lloyd's Memoires, ed. 1668, p. 658 ; Claren-
don's History of the Rebellion, vi. 85, viii. 15,
16 ; ftugent's Memoirs of Hampden, ii, 298-300;
Gardiner's Great CM1 War, i. 49-50, 326;
Colrile's Worthies of Warwickshire, p. 699 ; Le
Neve's Monumenta Anglicana, i. 213.] E. I. C
SMITH, JOHN (1618-1652), Cambridge
Platonist, was born at Achurch, near Oundle
in Northamptonshire, in 1618. Of his parents
his biographer only states that they }iad
1 long been childless and were grown aged/
In 1636 he was entered as a pensioner at
Emmanuel College, at that time the lead-
ing puritan foundation in the university. He
| proceeded B.A. in 1640, M.A. in 1644; and
' in the latter year (11 June) was transferred
i by the Earl of Manchester, along with seven
other members of his college, to Queens'
College, 'they having bine examined and
approved by the Assembly of Divines sitting
in Westminster ... as fitt to be fellowes r
(SEAELE, Hist, of Queens' College, p. 548).
His college tutor at Emmanuel was Benjamin
Whichcote [q. v.] (afterwardsprovost of King's
I College), who not only directed hisstudies,but
! aided him, with his purse. At Queens' College
i he lectured with marked success on f mathe-
j matics/ although it is doubtful whether the
term implied anything more than arithmetic.
I His chief reputation, however, was acquired
as one of the rising school of Cambridge
Platonists. John Worthington [q. v.] assigns
him the praise of being both Blicaios and
ayatfos, i.e. of being not only just and up-
right in his conversation, but also genuinely
good at heart, and doubts whether more to
admire his learning or his humility. Smith
died of consumption on 7 Aug. 1652, and
was buried in ids college chapel. Although
only in his thirty-fifth year, he had already
become known as a * living library,' his ac-
quirements being chiefly in theology and the
oriental languages. His papers were handed
by his executor, Samuel Cradoek, fellow of
Emmanuel, to Worthington, who published
such of them as were * homogeneal and re-
lated to the same discourse/ under the title of
4 Select Discourses ' (London, 1660), a volume
Smith
75
Smith
still read and admired for Its refinement of
thought and literary ability. His funeral
germoBwaspreachedbySimQnPatriek(162&-
1707) "q. T. , one of the younger fellows of
Queens ancf Ills warm admirer. Smith, "be-
queathed his library to the society.
"Copy of Select Discourses in library of St.
Join's * College, Cambridge, with manuscript
B&tes by Thomas Baker ; Patrick's Autobiogr.
pp. 17, 22, 247; Searle's Hist, of Qneens' Col-
lege* PP- 550 '*>6S > Tulloch's Rational Theology
ia England, vol. ii.J 3* B. M.
SMITH, JOHN </. 1633-1673), writer
on trade, was apprenticed to Matthew Cra-
ciock, a London merchant, a member of the
Society for the Fishing Trade of G-reat
Britain, and afterwards became himself a
merchant of London. In 1633, while still
an apprentice, lie was sent by Philip Her-
bert, earl of Montgomery and fourth earl
of Pembroke [q. v.j, to visit the Shetland
Islands, and to make a report on their trade
and industries. He remained in the Orkneys
and Shetlands more than a year, and drew
up an interesting account of the general
condition of the islands and their chief in-
dustry, the fishing trade, which he published
as * The Trade and Fishing of Great Britain
displayed; with a Description of the Islands
of Orkney and Shetland, by Captain John
Smith/ London, 1661, 4to.
* In 1670 Smith published a more elaborate
work, in which his former treatise was in-
cluded, entitled * England's Improvement
ReviVd : in a treatise of all Manner of Hus-
bandry and Trade, by Land and Sea, 7 London,
4to. This work is 'prefaced by a eulogistic
notice from John Evelyn [q. vj The chief
attention of the writer is devoted to forestry,
but it also deals with live-stock and the re-
clamation of waste land. It is very practical,
and is not concerned with economic theory.
Another edition was published in 1673.
[Smith's 'works; Donaldson's Agricultural
Biography, p. 34.] E. L C.
SMITH, JOHN (1630-1679), physician,
was born in TSii cfcingfofl. sHira in 1630, He
entered Brasenose College, Oxford, on 7 Aug.
1647, and graduated B.A. in 1651, M.A. in
1653, and M.D. on 9 July 1652. He was ad-
mitted a candidate of the College of Physi-
cians on 22 Dec. 1659, and a fellow on 2 April
1672. He died at his house in Great St.
Helen's, Bishopsgate, in the winter of 1679,
and was buried in the parish church.
He was the author of * Ttynwco/jua Bcun-
X^: King Solomon's Portraiture of Old
Age. Wherein is contained a Sacred Ana-
tomy both of Soul and Body. And a Perfect
Account of the InBrmities of Age, incident
to them both. Printed by J. Hayes for
S. Thomson, at the Sign of the Bishop's
. Head in St. Paul's Churchyard, 1666/ A
: second edition appeared in 1676, and a third
1 in 1752. The book consists of a commen-
5 tary on Ecclesiastes sii. 1-6, and seeks to
; show that Solomon was acquainted with
' the circulation of the blood.
j The author has been doubtfully identified
I with John Smith, doctor in physic, author
j of < A Compleat Practice of Physiek. Where-
1 in is plainly described the Nature, Causes,
i Differences, and Signs of all Diseases in the
Body of Man. With the choicest Cures for
the same/ London, 1656.
plunk's Boll of the Boyal Coll. of Physicians, i.
: 366; "Wood's Athenae Oson., ed. Bliss, Hi. 1200;
j Foster's Alumni Oxon., 1500-1714.] E. I. C.
j SMITH, JOHN 0?. 1673-1680), ' philo-
: math/ was the author of: L * Stereometric,'
, London, 1673, Bvo. 2. ( Hprological Dia-
, logues, in three parts, shewing the nature,
j use, and right management of Clocks and
\ Watches ... by J. S., clockmaker/ London,
1675, 12mo. To the same John Smith is
also attributed a technical treatise entitled
3. * The Art of Painting, wherein is included
The whole Art of Vulgar Painting, accord-
ing to the best and most approved Rules for
preparing and laying on of Oyl Colours . .
with directions for painting Sun Dials and
all manner of Timber work/ London, 1676,
8vo ; the second impression, with some
alterations and useful additions, 1687, 8vo ;
4th ed. < The Art of Painting in Oyl ... to
which is now added the Art and Mystery
of Colouring Maps and other Prints with
Water Colours/ London, 1705, 12mo; other
editions 1706, 1723, 8vo ; 9th ed. 1788, 4. * A
Complete Discourse of the Nature, Use, and
right managing of that Wonderful instru-
ment the Baroscope or quick silver weather
glass/ London, 1688, 8vo. 5. * Horolo^ical
Disquisitions concerning the Nature of Time/
ifec.,Ix3ndon,1694 J 8voj2nded.l708. 6.'The
Curiosities of Common Water, or the advan-
tages thereof in preventing and curing many
distempers. Gathered from the Writings of
several Eminent Physicians, and also from
more than 40 years' experience/ London,
1722, 8vo; Srd^ed. 1723; 10th ed. eurante
Ralph Thoresby. This was an elaborate
compilation from medical writers, such as
Sir John Eloyer [q. v.], Joseph Browne (jC
1706) [<j.v.], Daniel Duncan [q.v.j, and others,
advocating hydropathy and in praise of tem-
perance and common-sense treatment. It
had not only a large circulation in England,
but was translated into German and into
French as ' Traite* des Vertus de FEau com-
Smith 76
Smith
Paris, 1725; 2nd ed. 1626 [1726];
3rd ed. 1730.
[Smith's Works in the British Museum ; Wal-
lace's Anti-Trinitarian Biogr. 1850, i. 246,
289 sq., iii. 389 sqq.] T. S.
SMITH, JOHN (1659-1715), divine, was
grandson of MATTHEW SMITH (1589-1640),
a barrister of the Inner Temple, and a strong
adherent of the royal prerogative, who was
in 1639 appointed a member of the council
of the north. He left behind him in manu-
script some i valuable annotations ' on Little-
ton's l Tenures/ and two dramatic pieces,
' The Country Squire, or the Merry Mounte-
bank : a Ballad Opera,' and i The Masquerade
du Ciel : a Masque.' The last-named was pub-
lished in the year of his death by his eldest
son, John Smith of Knaresborough (the
divine's uncle), who subsequently fought
under the command of Prince Rupert at
Marston Moor in 1644 (cf. CIBBEB, Lives of
the Poets, ii 324). A younger son, William
Smith, married in 1657 Elizabeth, daughter
of Giles "Wetherall of Stockton, and was
father of the subject of this article.
John Smith, born at Lowther in West-
moreland on 10 Nov. 1659, was one of
eleven brothers, all of whom rose to promi-
nent positions. William, a well-known phy-
sician of Leeds, died in 1729,- George, a
chaplain-general in the army, died in 1725 ;
Joseph Smith (1670-1756) [q. v.] became
provost of Queen's College, Oxford; and
Posthumus, an eminent civilian, died in
1725. John was educated by his father at
Bradford, Yorkshire, under Christopher Ness
or Nesse [q. v.], where he made little progress,
and subsequently at Appleby school, whence
he was admitted to St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, on 11 June 1674. He distinguished
himself at college, where he graduated B.A.
1677, M.A. 1681, and D.D. July 1696, and
was, on leaving St. John's,ordained deacon and
priest by Archbishop Bichard Sterne [q. v.]
In July 1682 he was admitted a minor canon
of Durham, and shortly afterwards collated to
the curacy of Croxdale, and on 1 July 1684
to that of Witton Gilbert. From 1686 to
16^ he acted as chaplain to Lord Lansdowne,
tfee English ambassador at Madrid. In 1694
lie was appointed domestic chaplain to Na-
thaniel Grew [q. v.], who in the following
year collated him to the rectory and hospital
of Gateshead, and on 26 Sept. 1695 to the
seventh prebendal stall in Durham CathedraL
la 1696 he was created D.D. at Cambridge,
and three years later was made treasurer of
D-srhadj to which the "bishop added in July
1704 the rectory of Bishop- Wearmouth.
Hare Ke rebuilt the rectory and restored the
chancel of the church, but he spent the larger
portion of his time at Cambridge, labouring
at an edition of Bede's History' which he
did not live to complete. In 1713 his health
began to fail, and he died at Cambridge on
30 July 1715. He was buried in the chapel
of St. John's College, where a monument was
erected, with an inscription by his friend.
Thomas Baker (1656-1740) [q. v.], the histo-
rian of the college. John Smith married in
1692 Mary, eldest daughter of William Cooper
of Scarborough, who gave his daughter a
portion of 4,500/. ; by her he had, with four
other sons, George (1693-1756) [q. v. j, who
inherited his father's scholarly tastes, and
brought out from his materials in 1722 the
'Historise Ecelesiasticse Gentis Anglorum
Libri Quinque, auctore Venerabili Baeda . . .
cura et studio Johannis Smith, S.T.P.,' Cam-
bridge University Press, fol., which was ad-
mittedly the best of the older editions of Bede.
Besides some published sermons, John Smith
projected a history of Durham, and furnished
some materials to Bishop Gibson for his edi-
tion of Camden, and to James Anderson (1662-
1728) [q.v.] for his < Hist orical Essay ' in!705.
[Le Neve's Fasti, iii. 315; Biographia Bri-
tannica; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 233; Hutchin-
son's Durham, i. 61, 198; Surtees's Hist, of
Durham, ir. 76; Nicolson's Letters, i. 224;
Chalmers's Biogr. Diet, xxviii. 119; Allibone's
Diet, of English Lit.] T. S.
SMITH or SMYTH, JOHN (1662-1717),
dramatist, born in 1662, was son of John
Smyth of Barton in Gloucestershire, and
probably great-grandson of John Smith or
Smyth (1567-1640) [q.v.] In 1676 John
became a chorister of Magdalen College, Ox-
ford, and matriculated on 10 July 1679, gra-
duating B.A. in 1683, and M.A. in 1686.
In 1682 he became a clerk of the college,
and in 1689 usher of the college school. He
died at Oxford on 16 July 1717, and was
buried in the college chapel.
He was the author of t Win her and take
her, or Old Fools will be Medling: a
Comedy, as It is acted at the Theatre Royal
by their Majesties Servants,* London, 1691,
4to. This play, which was issued anony-
mously, was dedicated < to the Bight Honour-
able Peregrine, Earl of Danby/ by Cave
Underbill the player [q. v.], for whom the
part of Dulhead seems to have been specially
written. It contains an epilogue by Thomas
D'Urfey [q. v.] The plot bears some re-
semblance to that of Shad well's * Virtuoso/
and the character of Waspish appears to be
modelled on that of Snarl in that comedy
(GBNEST, ii. 13).
According to Wood, he was also the author
of: 1, *Odes Paraphras'd and imitated, in
Smith
M'scellanv Poems and Translations by Ox-
ford Hands/ London, 1685, STO. 2. l Searro-
nides, or Virgil Travesty: a Mock-Poem on
the second Book of Virgil's ^neis, in Eng-
lish Burlesque/ London, 1691, 8vo.
"Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, iv. 601 ;
Beer's Biographia Dramatics, i. 678, iii. 411 ;
Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714: ; Blozam's
Magdalen Coll. Eeaister, iii. 221 ; Xotes and
Queries, 9th ser. i. 322.] E. I. C.
SMITH, JOHN (1655-1723), politician,
born in 1655, son of John Smith (d. 1690)
of South Tedworth or Tidworth in Hamp-
shire, matriculated from St. John's College,
Oxford, on 18 May 1672, but did not take
a degree, and was admitted student at the
Middle Temple in 1074, although he was
not called to the bar. As the son and heir
of the owner of * a good estate/ he entered
upon political life, and represented in par-
liament : Ludgershall in Wiltshire, 1678-9,
1680-1, and in the Convention parliament of
1688-9; Beeralston in Devonshire, Decem-
ber 1691 to 1695; Andover in Hampshire
for eight parliaments (1695-1713) ; and East
Looe in Cornwall from 1715 to his death.
Smith was throughout life a staunch whig
and a firm adherent of the protestant cause ;
but from his excellent address and as * a very
agreeablecompanionin conversation ? (MAcncr,
Secret Services, Koxburghe Club, 1 895, pp. 90-
91) he remained on good terms with the tories.
He wasabold speaker, with keen views which
lie expressed with clearness, and filled many
important posts with reputation. In the
Convention parliament he was the leading
whip for the whigs ; during the debates of
the session 1693-4 he took an active part in
the proceedings ; he was a lord of the treasury
from 3 May 1694 to 15 Nov. 1699, and chan-
cellor of the exchequer from the last date to
29 March 1701. But he disapproved of the
* partition ' treaty, and for some years was
out of office ; but on 24 Oct. 1705 he was
elected speaker of the House of Commons,
beating William Bromley [q. v.] by forty-
three votes (Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Hep.
app. v. p. 183). In 1706 he was one of the
commissioners for arranging the union with
Scotland, and in October 1707, when the
house assembled, with the addition of the
Scottish members, he was re-elected speaker
without a contest; but on 1 Nov. 1708 he
resigned the post to Sir Blchard Onslow.
From November 1708 to August 1710 he
again held the post of chancellor of the ex-
chequer, and on his retirement he secured
for himself a lucrative place as one of the
four principal tellers of the exchequer, which
lie kept until death.
77 Smith
Sunderland was the object of his detesta-
tion, and Godolphin was his especial friend.
He acted as a manager in the impeachment
of Sacheverell, and is said to have been the
messenger by whom Queen Anne sent the
letter dismissing Godolphin from her ser-
vice. Afterwards he joined the adherents
of Sir Jtobert Walpole, in opposition to the
ministry of Stanhope, and in 1719 resisted
the proposal for limiting the numbers of the
members of the House of Lords. He died
on 30 Sept. 1723, and was buried near his
father in the old church of South Tedworth
on 4 Oct., a marble tablet being erected to
I his memory and to that of his father and
j eldest son by his fourth son, Henry Smith,
He is described as of * middle stature, fair
complexion f (AtiCKY, Secret Services, pp. 90-
91). His estate afterwards passed to Thomas
Assheton of Ashley Hall, near Bowden in
Cheshire, who took the name of Smith. His
| daughter Mary married in 1705 the Hon. Bo*
| bert Sawyer Herbert, second son of Thomas
j Herbert, eighth earl of Pembroke.
j [Foster's Alumni Oxon. ; Manning's Speakers,
1 pp. 408-12 ; Members of Parliament, Official
{ Return; LuttreU's State Affairs, iv. 495, 520,523,
| v. SO, 32, 605, Yi. 27, 226, 604, 616, 633; Ittae-
; anlay's Hist. iv. 508; information from Eev.
H. E. Delme-Radcliffe.] W. P. C.
SMITH, JOHN (1657-1726), judge, son
of Roger Smith of Frolesworth, "Leicester-
shire, was born on 6 Jan. 1657 ? and matri-
culated from Lincoln College, Oxford, on
12 Sept. 1676, at the age of nineteen (FosTEE,
Alumni Oxon?) He entered Gray T s Inn on
1 June 1678, was called to the bar on 2 May
1684, and, having been made a serjeant-at-
law on SO Oct. 1700, was appointed a justice
of the common pleas in Ireland on 24 Dec.
1700, but was transferred to be a baron of the
court of exchequer in England on 24 June
1702. In the leading case of Ashby T. White,
arising out of the Aylesbury election, he gave
his decision in opposition to the judgment of
the majority of the court of queen? bench,
and concurred in the view expressed by Lord-
chief-justice Sir John Holt [q. v.] in favour
of the plaintiff Ashby whose vote the return-
ing officer, White (the defendant), had de-
clined to record. On appeal to the House of
Lords, the judgment was reversed, and the
opinion of toe chief justice and Baron Smith
was confirmed (State 7>Mrfe,xiv. 695 ; HALT
IAK, Constitutional Htst iii. 271-4). In
May 1708 he was selected to settle the court
of exchequer in Scotland, subsequently to the
union with England, and for that purpose
was made lord chief baron of the exchequer
in Scotland, being still allowed (though an-
other baron was appointed) to retain his
Smith i<
place in the English court, and receiving
500Z. a year in addition to his salary. He
was re-sworn on the accession of George I as
a baron of the English exchequer, although
he performed none of the duties, and enjoyed
both his "English and his Scottish office until
his death on 24 June 1726, at the age of
sixty-nine. Smith was much attached to his
native village of Frolesworth, where^by his
will, he founded and endowed a hospital for
fourteen poor widows of the communion of
the church of England, who were each to
have 12L a year and a separate house,
[Niehols'sLeieestershire; Eoss's Judges of Eng-
land; Foster's Gray's Inn Registers.]
W. E. W.
SMITH, JOHN (1652 F-1742), mezzotint
engraver, was born at Daventry, Northamp-
tonshire, about 1652. He was articled to an
obscure painter named Tillet in London, and
studied mezzotint engraving under Isaac
Beckett [q. v.] and Jan Vander Vaart [o^. v.]
He became the ablest and most industrious
worker in mezzotint of his time, and the
favourite engraver of Sir Godfrey Kueller,
whose paintings he extensively reproduced,
and in whose house he is said to have resided
for some time. Smith's plates, which are
executed in a remarkably brilliant and effec-
tive style, number about five hundred, and
of these nearly three hundred are portraits
of distinguished men and women of the
period between the reigns of Charles II and
George II, from pictures by Lely, Kneller,
Wissmg, Dahl, Biley, Closterman, Gibson,
Murray, and others. The remainder are
sacred, mythological, and genre subjects after
Titian, Correggio, Pannegiano, C. Maratti,
G. Schalken, E. Heemskerk, M. Laroon, and
others. Previous to 1700 his plates were
mostly published by Edward Cooper [q. v.],
but about that date he established himself
as a printseller at the Lyon and Crown in
Covent Garden ; he there published his own
works and also reissued many of those by
Beckett, Lens, Williams, and others, cleverly
Tetotiching them and erasing the original en-
gravers* names. Smith's latest print appears
to have been the portrait of the youthful
Duke of Cumberland, after Highmore, dated
17S9. On giving up business he retired to
Ms native county, where he died on 17 Jan.
1742 at the age of ninety. He was buried
in the churchyard of St. Peter's, Northamp-
ton, where there is a tablet to his memory
and that of his wife Sarah, who died in 1717.
The bulk of his copperplates eventually came
into the hands of Boydell, who reprinted
tliem in large numbers. A portrait of John
in which he appears holding his en-
5 Smith
graving of Kneller, was painted and pre-
sented to Mm by that artist in 1696, and he
executed a print from it in 1716 ; it has also
been engraved by S. Freeman for Walpole'a
'Anecdotes.' The original is now in tlie
National Portrait Gallery.
[Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting (Dallaway
and Wornnm) ; Chaloner Smith's British Mezzo-
tinto Portraits ; Dodd's manuscript Hist, of
Engravers in Brit. Mils. (Addit. MS. 33405).]
P. M. O'D.
SMITH, JOHN (Jl. 1747), anthor of
* Chronicon Busticum-Commerciale, or
Memoirs of Wool,' was born about 1700,
and educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
He was admitted pensioner of the college on
18 Dec. 1718, fellow-commoner on 31 Jan.
1721-22, and his name was taken off the
books on 18 Dec. 1724 (Register of Trimty
Sail). In 1725 he graduated LL.B. He
entered the church, but devoted himself very
largely to the study of the development of
the woollen industry, especially in England,
The result of these researches was published
in 1747, in two octavo volumes, as 4 Chroni-
con Busticum-Commerciale, or Memoirs of
WooU A second and more limited quarto
edition was issued in 1757 (the library at
Trinity College, Dublin, has a copy of the
* second edition ' with the date 1765). Smith
opposed the restrictions on the exportation ot
wool, and it was chiefly on this point that
his conclusions were attacked by William
Temple of Trowbridge, a zealous whig who
wrote under the pseudonym of I. B,, M.D.
Smith replied to Temple's attack in a pam-
phlet * The Case of the English Farmer and
his Landlord. In answer to Mr. Temple's
(pretended) Refutation of one of the princi-
pal Arguments in "Memoirs of WooL"*
This pamphlet was printed at Lincoln, and
dedicated to the ' nobility, gentry, and clergy T
of Lincolnshire. The dispute centres in the
main round the question of the price of wool
in England as compared with its value on
the continent. Smith defends the statement
in the Memoirs' (p. 516 of edit, of 1747)
that * English wool in England is not sold
to its intrinsic worth.*
In Lincolnshire Smith, according to his
own statement, spent a great part of his life
( f Lincolnshire where I am most conversant/
Semew of the Manufacturer l s Complamts
against the Wool Grower, 1753, p. 7). He
held, however, no living 1 in Lincolnshire,
and the date of his death is uncertain, unless
he can be identified with the Rev. John
Smith, who died in 1774, possessed of several
livings in the south of England.
^ -Smith's great work is a laborious compila-
* tion from many sources of facts bearing
Smith 79
the historv of the wool trade. He
Smith
upon
rives a digest, with copious extracts of the
literature especially the English literature
on the subject from the early seventeenth !
century onward. The book has always been
regarded as a standard work, and is referred
to in terms of high praise by Arthur Young
in his 'Annals of Agriculture' (vi. 506):
* The history of wool, in England, has been
admirably written by Smith, with so much
accuracy 'that scarcely any measure relative
to that commodity can be stated which has
not been fully explained and considered on the
most HberaTand enlightened principles ; not
deduced from vague theories, but from the
clear page of ample experience. 1 More re- j
cently M'Culloch. has described it as one j
of the most carefully compiled and valuable
works' ever published with regard to the
history of any branch of trade (M'CirL-
LOCH, Literature of Political Economy, 1845).
In addition to this work, and the * Aiiswer *
to Temple's ( Refutation ? referred to above,
Smith also wrote * A Review of the Manu-
facturer's Complaint against the Wool-
grower/ 1753, dealing with certain minutiae
of his favourite subject, such as the effect of
pitch and tar marks on the wool of sheep.
[Register of Trinity Hall; Brit. Mus. Cat.;
Smith's Works see especially the list of sub-
scribers to the 1747 edition of Memoirs of
Wool, from which several important facts may
be gleaned. The identification of John Smith,
LL.B. of Trinity Hall, with John Smith, LL.B.,
the author, is a conjectural one, though rendered
practically certain by the facts that Professor
F. DiekJns, LL.D. of Trinity Hall, the master
(Dr. SSmpson), seven fellows, and the Library of
Trinity Hall, are all entered as subscribers to
the Memoirs, and that the degree of LL.B. of
Cambridge was that specially in vogue among,
and was practically limited to, Trinity Hall men
at that period.] E. C-B.
SMITH:, JOHN (1747-1807), antiquary
and Gaelic scholar, was born in 1747 at Croft
Braekleyin the parish of Glenorchy in Argyll-
shire. He studied for the ministry at the
university of St. Andrews, and was licensed
by the presbytery of Kintyre on 28 April
1773, On 18 Oct. 1775 he was ordained as
& minister at Tarbert, and in 1777 he was
presented by John, duke of Argyll, to the
parish of Eolbrandon, as assistant and suc-
cessor to James Stewart. In 1781 he was
translated to the highland church at Camp-
beltown, and in 1787 received the honorary
degree of B.D, from the university of Edin-
l>nrgh. He died at Campbeltown on 26 June
1807. In 1783 he married Helen M'DougaU,
who died on 6 May 1843. By her he had two
SOBS, John and Donald, and three daughters,
Smith was an accomplished Gaelic scholar,
and took part in translating the scriptures
into Gaelic, besides publishing Gaelic trans-
lations of AUeine's * Alarm to the Uncon-
verted/ Joseph Watts's Catechism, .and other
small religious works. He also revised a
metrical version of the Psalms in the same
tongue, which was used in the southern high-
lands. His other works include: 1. * Gaelic
Antiquities/ Edinburgh, 1780, 4to ; this work
contained an English translation of Gaelic
poems, some of which purport to be by Ossian
[q.v.] : French and Italian versions of Smith's
translation were made in- 1810 and 1813 re-
spectively. . 'View of the Last Judgement/
Edinburgh, 1783, Svo; 4th edit. London,
1847. 3. * Sean Dana, or Ancient Poems of
Ossian, Orran, Ulann, iSre.' Edinburgh, 1787,
8vo. 4. * Summary View and Explanation
of the Writings of the Prophets/ Edinburgh,
1787, 12mo ; ed. by Peter Hall, London,
1835, 12mo. 5. f Life of St. Columba, from
the Latin of On mm in. and Adamnan/ Edin-
burgh, 1798, 4to. 6. < General View of the
Agriculture of the county of Argyll/ 1798,
8vo. ^8. ; An Affectionate Address to the
Middling and Lower Classes on the present
Alarming Crisis/ Edinburgh, 1798, 12mo.
9. * Lectures on the Nature and End of the
Sabred Office/ Glasgow, 1808, 8vo. He also
edited Robert Lowth's * Isaiah/ London, 1791,
12mo, and wrote the article on the parish
of Campbeltown for Sinclair's * Statistical
Account.*
[Scott's Fasti Eecles. Scot ra. i 36, 69;
Edinfcmrgh Graduates, p. 246 ; New Statistical
Account, vn. ii. 93.] E. I. C.
SMITH, JOHN (1790-1824), missionary,
son of a soldier killed in battle in Egypt,
was born on 27 June 1790 at Both well, near
Ket tering in Northamptonshire. All his edu-
cation ae derived from occasional attendance
at a Sunday schooL At the age of fourteen
he entered the service of a biscuit-maker in
London named Blunden, His master dying
in 1806, Davies, his successor, took him as
an apprentice, and assisted hirn to improve
his education. Under the influence of the
Rev. John Stevens he became earnest in
matters of religion and zealous for study.
He was accepted by the London Missionary
Society, and in December 1816 was ordained
as successor to John Wray at Le Resouvenir,
near Bemerara or Georgetown, in British
Guiana. He arrived at Denierara on 23 Feb.
1817. and in his first interview with the
governor, Major-general John Murray, the
latter threatened that if he taught any negro-
slave to read he should be banished. iSot-
withstanding the undisguised hostility of
Smith s
the white population, he laboured among
the negroes with considerable success. In
August 1823 his health broke down, and he
was recommended by his doctor to leave the
colony. On 18 Aug., however, a rising of
the negroes took place, and three days later
Smith was arrested for refusing to take up
arms against the negroes. He was tried by
court-martial on the charge of having pro-
moted discontent among them. On the worth-
less evidence of terrorised slaves he was found
guilty, and sentenced to be hanged. His exe-
cution was postponed until the pleasure of
the home government should be known. But
he was confined in the meantime in an un-
healthy dungeon, and died there on 24 Feb.
1824. His wife Jane, whom he married about
the time of his ordination, died in 1828 at
Rye in Sussex. They had no children.
When the news of Smith's imprison-
ment reached England, popular interest was
aroused. The publication of the documents
connected with the case by the London Mis-
sionary Society intensified the excitement,
and upwards of two hundred petitions on his
behalf were presented to parliament in eleven
days. On 1 June 1825 his trial was debated
in the House of Commons. Lord Brougham
brought forward a motion condemning the
action of the Demerara government, and as-
serted that ' in Smith's trial there had been
more violation of justice, in form as well as
in substance, than in any other inquiry in
modern times that could be called a judicial
proceeding.' After an adjournment, how-
ever, the motion, which was opposed by go-
vernment, was negatived by 193 to 146.
fWallbridge's Memoirs of the Rev. John
Smith; Gent. Mag. 1824, ii. 281 ; Speeches de-
livered in the House of Commons regarding the
proceedings at Demerara, Edinburgh, 1824;
Minutes of Evidence on the Trial of John Smith,
London, 1824 ,* Statement of the Proceedings of
the Directors of the London Missionary Society
in the ease of Ber. John Smith ; Missionary
Chronicle, March 1824 ; The London Missionary
Society's Report of the Proceedings against
John Smith, London, 1824; The Missionary
Smith, London, 1824 ; Hew Times, 11 April
1824; C. Boston's Memoirs of Sir Thomas
Fowell Buxton, pp, 138-40 ; Edinburgh "Review,
iL 244 ; Eclectic Review, 1848, ii. 728 ; Black-
pool's Hag, June 1824.] E. L C.
SMITH, JOHSf (1749-1831), water-
colour-painter, known as ' Warwick 1 Smith,
was born at Irthington, Gumberland,in 1749,
and educated at St. Bees. Becoming known as
a skilful topographical draughtsman, he was
employed njjon Middiman's ' Select Views in
Great Britain,' and obtained the patronage
of fche Earl of Warwick, with whom he
o Smith
visited Italy about 1783 ; hence he came to
be styled l Warwick' and 'Italian* Smith,
In his subsequent works, which were largely
views in^ Italy, he gradually abandoned the
simple tinting to which watercolour work
had hitherto been limited for a more effective
mode of colouring, the novelty and beauty of
which created much admiration. Smith
joined the Watercolour Society in 1805,
and was a large contributor to its exhibitions
from 1807 to 1823, when he resigned his
membership; he was elected president in
1814, 1817, and 1818, secretary in 1816, and
treasurer in 1819, 1821, and 1822. Of his
engraved works, which are numerous, the
most important are : ' Select Views in Italy '
1793-6; 'Views of the Lakes of Cumber-
land/ twenty aquatints by Merigot, 1791-5 j
and illustrations to Byrne's i Britannia
Depicta/ W. Sotheby's i Tour through Wales,'
1794, and * A Tour to Hafod,' 1810. Smith
died in Middlesex Place, London, on 22 March
1831, and was interred in the St. George's
burial-ground in the Uxbridge Eoad. Good
examples of his work are in the British and
South Kensington Museums.
[Roget's Hist, of the 'Old Watercolour *
Society ; Redgrave's Diet, of Artists.]
P. M. OD.
SMITH, SIR JOHN (1754-1837), general,
colonel-commandant royal artillery, was born
at Brighton, Sussex, on 22 Feb. 1754. He
entered the Royal Military Academy at Wool-
wich on 1 March 1768, and received a com-
mission as second lieutenant in the royal
artillery on 15 March 1771. In 1773 he
went to Canada. He was at Fort St. John
when the American generals Schuyler and
1 Montgomery attacked it in September 1775.
The fort was garrisoned by some seven hun-
dred men under Major Preston, who, after a
gallant defence, surrendered it on 3 Nov.
Smith, who had been twice wounded, became
a prisoner of war.
Smith was exchanged in January 1777,
and joined the army under the command of
Earl Percy at Bhode Island, and shortly
after was transferred to the army at New
York under the command of Sir William
Howe. He took part in the operations to-
draw Washington from his defensive posi-
tion on the Rariton river. He accompanied
Howe's force to the Delaware and Chesa-
peake, and was present at the battle of
Brandywine on 11 Sept. 1777, at the cap-
ture of Philadelphia on 26 Sept., at the
battle of Germanstown on the Delaware on
3 Oct., at the attack on Fort Island on
22 Oct., and at the siege of Mud Island and
\ capture of it on 16 Nov. The last achieve*
Smith
Si
Smith
meat completed the removal of all obstacles
to the free navigation of the Delaware by
the royalists. In May 1778 Smith was en-
gaged In the operations for the destruction
of American men-of-war in the Delaware
river, driving back the Americans at Bill's
Island, and burning the Washington (32) and
the Effingham (28), with fifty-four smaller
Tessels. He took part in the battle of Mon-
jnouth or Freehold, under Sir Henry Clinton,
on 27 June, and marched with the army the
following- day to X ovesink, near Sandy Hook,
where it arrived on the 30th. Thence the
fleet under Lord Howe convened Smith and
Ms companions to New York in July.
Smith was promoted to be first lieutenant
on 1 July 1779. On 11 Feb. 1780 he arrived
with Sir Henry Clinton's force from New
York at the harbour of Edisto, on the coast
of South Carolina. The islands of St. James
and St. John, which stretch to the south of
Charleston harbour, were seized at once;
but it was not until 1 April that Clinton |
broke ground, and Smith's duties as a gunner
became heavy. On 11 ]tfay Charleston sur-
rendered. In September Smith went with
the army to Charlottesburg in North Caro-
lina, and accompanied it in its retreat to
South Carolina at the end of the following
month. Early in 1781 he moved with Corn-
wallis towards the borders of the Carolinas,
and later into Virginia, where he took part
in the battle of Guildford on 15 March, and
in the other actions of the campaign, which
ended in the British occupation of Yorktown.
He was engaged in the defence of Yorktown
in October, and on its capitulation on the
19th of the month again became a prisoner
of war. He was, however, given his parole,
and returned to England.
Smith was promoted to be captain-lieu-
tenant on 28 Feb. 1782. In 1785 he went
to Gibraltar, and was stationed there for five
years. He was promoted to be captain on
21 May 1790, and appointed to command the
6th company of the 1st battalion royal
artillery at home. On 1 March 1794 he
was promoted to be brevet major, and regi-
mental major on 6 March 1795. In the
latter year he joined the army under Lord
Moira at Southampton as major in command
of the royal artillery drivers, and as second
in command of the artillery under Brigadier-
general Stewart for foreign service. Towards
the end of 1795 he went to the West Indies
in 4he expedition under the command of Sir
Ralph Abercromby [q. v.] He took part in
the attack on the island of St. Lucia and
in the sieg^ of Morne FortunS (38 April to
24 May 1796), when the French capitulated,
and in the attack and capture of the island of i
TOL, no,
St. Vincent on 8 and 9 June of the same
j year. He commanded the royal artillery at
I the capture of Trinidad from the Spaniards
, (16 to 18 Feb. 1797), and at the unsuc-
, cessful attack on Porto Rico in March. He
then commanded the royal artillery in the
West Indies, the strength being thirteen
companies; he was promoted regimental lieu-
1 tenant-colonel on 27 Aug. 1797, when he
returned to England in consequence of ill-
t health.
j In September and October 1799 Smith
commanded the artillery of the reserve under
I the Duke of York in the expedition to Hol-
! land. He took part in the battles of 2 and
S 6 Oct. near Bergen, was mentioned in
despatches, and received the thanks of the
! commander-in-chief for his services. The
; convention of Alkmaar terminated opera-
i tions, and Smith returned to England on
i 3 Nov. He was promoted to be regimental
colonel on 20 July 1804, and the same year
I was appointed to the command of the royal
! artillery in Gibraltar. There he remained
i for ten years, and twice temporarily com-
! manded the fortress. He was promoted to
j be brigadier-general on 6 May 1805, and
j major-general on 25 July 1810.
! Smith returned home in 1814, was ap-
| pointed colonel-commandant of a battalion of
i royal artillery on 3 July 1815, and was pro-
; moted to be lieutenant-general on 12 Aug.
I 1819. He was made a knight grand cross of
j the military Guelphie order on 10 Aug. 1831,
i for services in America, the West Indies,
the Continent, and Gibraltar. On 27 Jan,
1838 he was transferred to the royal horse
artillery as colonel-commandant, and was
promoted to be general on 10 Jan. 1837.
Smith was three times shipwrecked dur-
ing the course of his service, losing on each
occasion every article of baggage. He died
at Charlton, Kent, on 2 July 1837.
[Despatches ; Boys! Artillery Eecords ; Royal
Military Calendar; Duncan's History of the
Eoyal Artillery ; Stedman's Hisfc. of the Ameri-
can War, 2 vols. 4to, 1794 ; Cast's Annals of
the Wars of the Eighteenth Century; (rent.
Hag. 1837, ii. 531 ; Proceedings of the Boyal
Artillery Institution, vol. XT. pt. ii. ; "Kane's List
of Officers of the Eoyal Artillery; Lndlow's War
of American Independence.] It. BL V.
SMH?H ? JOHN (1797-1861), musician,
was born at Cambridge in 1797, and educated
as a chorister in one of the chapel choirs.
In 1815 he entered the choir of Christ
Church, Dublin, and on 9 Feb. 1819 was ap-
pointed a vicar choral of St. Patrick's Cathe-
dral. He also held the offices of chief com-
poser of state music, master of the king's
band of state musicians in Ireland, and com-
Smith 8:
poser to the Chapel MQal ? BuMln. He pos-
sessed a fine tenors refcuste veje, and con-
siderable gifts as a oompeser of ehureh music.
His most important wQrfe was as Qf fttOBO;
' The Revelation,' la If 37 he pushed a
volume of cathedral m$s!e, comprising ser-
vices and au&ew. a ' ^ea! Qrtater ' and a
' Magnificat ' and Nune Bisaittis ia B flat,
which are well knewn & English cathe-
drals. Of his seaute musie, the trio O
Beata Yirgine' (1846?) and the quartet
* Love wakes and weeps* attained consider-
able popularity, Smith died in Dublin on
12 Nov. 1801, and was succeeded in his pro-
fessorshio by Dr, (afterwatfls Sir Robert)
Stewart [q.v,]
[Grove's Dictionary of Music, iii. 540 ; Musical
Timea, 1 Jan. 1862.] S-- N.
SMITH, JpHN ABEL (1801-1871),
banker and politician, born in 1801, was the
eldest son of John Smith of Blendon Hall,
Kent, a member of the banking family of
which Robert Smith, first baron Carrington
[q . v.~j, was the head. His mother was Mary,
daughter of Lieutenant-colonel Tucker. He
was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge
(B.A. in 1824 and M.A. in 1827), and joined
the fondly banking firm of Smith, Payne, &
Smith, of which he became chief partner.
He entered parliament as M.P. for Midhurst
in 1830, but at the general election in the fol-
lowing year he was returned for Chichester,
for which he sat till 1859. He was again
elected in 1863, and retained his seat till
1868, when the borough lost one of its repre-
sentatives (Official Returns of Members of
Parliament^ vol. ii. index). A staunch liberal,
he took an active part in the first Reform
Bill, and was one of the leaders of the party
which advocated the admission of Jews into
parliament. In 1869 he introduced a bill
for a further limitation of the hours during
Tvhich public-houses might be kept open.
He died on 7 Jan. 1871 at Kippington, near
.Sevenoaks. He was a magistrate for Mid-
dlesex and Sussex.
In 1827 he married Anne, daughter of Sir
/Samuel Clarke-Jervoise, bart., and widow of
Ralph William Grey of Backworth House
in Northumberland, by whom he had two
jsons, Jervoise, born in 1828, and Dudley
Robert, born in 1830.
[Ward's Hen of the Eeign, p. 872; Times,
11 Jam 1871; Bute's Landed Gentry, 4th
E.LC.
SMITH, JOHN CHALONER (1827-
1895), civil engineer and writer on British
mezzotints, was born in Dublin on 19 Aug.
1827. His father was a proctor of the eccle-
2 Smith
siastical courts, and married a granddaughter
of Travers Hartley, M.P. for Dublin in the
Irish parliament. Chaloner Smith was ad-
mittect to Trinity College, Dublin, in 1848^
and in 1849 graduated B. A. He was articled
to George Willoughby Hemans the engineer,
and in 1857 was appointed engineer to the
Waterford and Limerick railway. In 1668
he obtained a similar position from the Dub-
lin, "Wicklow, and Wexford Railway, and
held it till 1894. He carried out some im-
portant extensions of the line, andwasmainl?
responsible for the loop-line crossing the
Liney, connecting the Great Northern and
South-Eastern railways of Ireland.
But beyond his reputation as an engineer
Chaloner Smith will be remembered for his
notable work on 'British Mezzotinto Por-
traits . . . with Biographical Notes' (Lon-
don, 1878-84, 4 pts.), which consists of a
full catalogue of plates executed before 1820,
with 125 autotypes from plates in Smith's
possession. The latter were also issued
separately. The print-room at the British
Museum contains an interleaved copy with
manuscript notes. Smith was an enthu-
siastic collector of engravings, principally
mezzotints, which were sold after the com-
pletion of his book. Some of the best of the
examples (especially those by Irish en-
gravers) were purchased for the Dublin
National Gallery through the liberality of
Sir Edward Guinness (now Lord Iveagh),
For many years Chaloner Smith took a
deep interest in the question of the finan-
cial relations between England and Ireland,
and published two or three pamphlets on
the subject. Just before Ms death he was
examined before the royal commission which
was appointed to consider the question. He
died at Bray, co. Wicklow, on 13 March
1895.
[Irish Times, 15 March 1895; information
from Rev. Canon Travers Smith of Dublin.]
D. J. O'D,
SMITH, JOHN CHRISTOPHER (1712-
1795), musician, born at Anspaeh in 1712,
was the son of John Christopher Schmidt, %
wool merchant of that city. ^ The father, an
enthusiastic amateur of music, threw u]j his
1 business in 1716 and followed his friend
Handel to England in the capacity of
. treasurer. Four years later he sent for the
family he had left behind him in Germany,
His eldest son, John Christopher, was seat
to school at Clare's academy, Soho Square.
He showed considerable aptitude for music,
and at thirteen Handel offered to give him
his first instruction in the art. He was,
says F&tisj the only pupil Handel ever took
Smith !
pUe JJnuersdU des Musicians, viii.
Smith also studied theory under Dr.
John Christopher Pepusch [q.v-] and Tho-
mas Roseingrave [see under ROSEISTGBA.VE,
PASTEL]. Very early in life he was esta-
blished as a successful teacher. At eighteen
his health suffered from excessive application
to music, and the physician Dr. Arbuthnot
invited him to spend the summer at his
house in Highgate. The rest proved bene-
ficial, and the symptoms of consumption
were arrested. At Highgate Smith had the
advantage of meeting Swift, Pope, Gray, and
Congreve. In 1732 he composed an English
opera, * Teraminta,' and the following year
& second opera, < Ulysses.' Subsequently he
spent several years on the continent.
In 1751 Handel's sight became affected,
and, at his desire, Smith returned to Eng-
land to fill his place at the organ during the
oratorio performances. He also acted as the
composer's amanuensis, and Handel's latest
compositions were dictated to him. In 1750
he was appointed first organist of the Found-
ling Hospital. Smith was intimately ac-
cpiainted with Garrick, who was instrumental
in producing his opera, *The Fairies,' at
Drury Lane in 1754. This musical drama,
which was adapted from * Midsummer
Night's Bream,' had an excellent reception.
A similar work, arranged from the 'Tem-
pest,* was less appreciated, though the song
'Full fathom five* became permanently
popular.
Handel bequeathed to his old pupil all his
manuscript scores, his harpsichord, his por-
trait by Itenner, and his bust by Roubiliac.
When Handel announced a wish to alter the
bequest, and present his manuscripts to Ox-
ford University, Smith declined an offer of a
legacy of 3,OOOZ. by way of compensation.
Alter Handel's death in 1759 Smith, with
the assistance of John Stanley, carried on the
oratorio performances until 1774, when, the
attendance having greatly fallen off, he gave
up the conductorship and retired to his house
in Upper Church Street, Bath. He com-
posed several oratorios, ' Paradise Lost/ 'Re-
becca/ * Judith/ 'Jehoshaphat,' and 'Re-
demption/ as well as the Italian operas
* Dario/ * H Ciro riconosciuto/ and * Issipile.'
He taught the harpsichord to the Dowager
Princess of Wales, one of his most generous
patrons, whose death in 1772 he commemo-
rated by a setting of the burial service. Out
of gratitude for the many favours received
from the roval family, Smith presented
George HI with Handel's manuscript scores
which are now at Buckingham Palace
as well as Handel's harpsichord and the
bwt by Roubiliac, which are now preserved
3 Smith
at Windsor Castle. Smith died at Bath on
3 Oct. 1795.
[Anecdotes of Smith and Handel by the Rev.
William Coxe, containing a portrait of Smith
engraved from an original picture by Zoffanv ;
Mason's Gray, 1827, p. 415; Bnrney's History
of Music ; Bockstro's Life of Handel ; Grove's
Dictionary of Music.] B. N.
SMITH, JOHN GHORDON (1792-1833),
?rofessor of medical jurisprudence, born in
792, was educated at Edinburgh and gra-
j duated in the university in 1810 with the
j highest honours in medicine. He entered
the army as a surgeon, and was attached
to the 12th lancers at the battle of Water-
loo, when he received the thanks of Colonel
Ponsonby, whose life he saved, for his ser-
vices to the wounded. He retired from the
army on half-pay when peace was con-
| eluded in 1815, and settled in London.
j Here he found it difficult to establish him-
* self in practice, as he held a Scottish de-
, gree only, and was therefore not entitled to
| practise in England. He accepted the ap-
: pointment of physician to the Duke of
j Sutherland, and resided with Ttrm for four
I years, occupying his leisure in composing a
i work on forensic medicine. At the same
i time he acted as surgeon to the Royal West-
I minster Ophthalmic Hospital He also lec-
| tured on medical jurisprudence at the Royal
Institution of Great Britain in 1825 and
again in 1826, and at the Mechanics' Insti-
tute ; and in 1829 he was elected the first
i professor of medical jtirisprudence at the
London University (now University College)
in Grower Street. None of the licensing
bodies in London required any evidence of
instruction in forensic medicine, and there
was consequently no class. Smith lectured
for two years, and then resigned his office.
For a time he edited the 'London Medical
Repository.' He died in a debtor's prison,
after fifteen months' confinement, on 16 Sept.
1833.
An ardent reformer in politics as well as
medicine, Smith was an enthusiastic pioneer
of the study of medical jurisprudence, which
(Sir) Robert Christison [q.v.] was endea-
vouring at the same time to set on a scien-
tific basis. Smith fought hard, but again
unsuccessfully, to place Scottish and Eng-
lish degrees and licences in medicine upon
an equal footing.
He published, besides various contribu-
tions to the f Edinburgh Medical and Sur-
gical Journal ; T 1. * De Asthmati/ Edin-
burgh, 1810, 2. * The Principles of Foreosle
Medicine; 8vo, London, 1821; 2nd edit.
1824; 3rd edit, 1827. 3. 'An Analysis of
Medical Evidence,' London, 8vo, 1825,
Smith s 4
Smith
4. * The Claims of Forensic Medicine/ 8vo,
1829. 5. t Hints for the Examination of
Medical Witnesses/ 12mo, 1829.
[Obituary notice in the Lond. Med. and Surg.
Journ. 1833, iv. 287; additional information
kindly given by 3Ir. Henry Young, assistant-
secretary to the Royal Institution of Great
Britain.] B'A. P.
SMITH, SIB JOHN MARK FREDE-
EICK (1790-1874), general, colonel-com-
mandant royal engineers, son of Major-
general Sir John Frederick Sigismund Smith,
K.C.H., of the royal artillery (d. 1884), and
grand-nephew of Field-marshal Baron von
Kalkreuth, commander-in-chief of the Prus-
sian army, was horn at the Manor House,
Paddington, Middlesex, on 11 Jan. 1790.
After passing through the military school at
Great Marlow and the Royal Military Aca-
demy at Woolwich, Smith received a com-
mission as second lieutenant in the royal en-
gineers on 1 Dec, 1805, and in January 1806
joined his corps at Chatham.
In 1807 Smith went to Sicily. He served
in 1809 under Major-general Sir A, Bryce,
the commanding royal engineer of the force
of Sir John Stuart [(j. v. j, at the siege and
capture of the castle of Ischia and at the cap-
ture of Proeida in the Bay of Naples. He also
took part, in the same year, in the capture
of the islands of Zante and Kephalonia under
Major-general Frederick Rennell Thackeray
fq. v.], commanding royal engineer of the
force of Sir John Oswald. Smith was deputy-
assistant quartermaster-general and senior
officer of the quartermaster-general's depart-
ment under Sir Hudson Lowe [q. v.] in 1810,
in the battle before Santa Maura. He re-
signed his staff appointment from a sense of
duty in order to serve as an engineer officer in
the trenches during the siege of Santa Maura
under Oswald, the only engineer officer in
addition to Thackeray and himself, Captain
Parker having been wounded. This deficiency
of engineer officers threw upon. Smith all the
executive work during the most arduous part
of the^siege, and he had no relaxation from
duty in the trenches until the place sur-
rendered. Not only, however, did he receive
no special recognition of his services, but the
officer who toon his place upon the staff was
given the brevet promotion which Smith
would have received, had he not resigned the
staff ap|K)intment to undertake a more diffi-
cult and dangerous duty. He was mentioned
in Sk John Oswald's despatches, and some
years afterwards an effort was unsuccessfully
made to get him a brevet majority for his ser-
vices at Santa Maura,
Smith was promoted to be second captain
on 1 May 1811. He served in Albania and
in Sicily, and in 1812 returned to England to
take up the appointment of adjutant to the
corps of the royal sappers and miners at their
headquarters at Woolwich on 1 Dec, He
held this appointment until 26 Feb. 1815. He
was promoted to be first captain on 26 Aug.
1817, and in 1819, on the reduction of the
corps of royal engineers, was placed on half-
pay for seven months.
During the next ten years Smith was em-
ployed on various military duties in Eng-
land. He was promoted to be regimental
lieutenant-colonel on 16 March 1860, and
was appointed commanding royal engineer
of the London district. In 1831 he was
made a knight of the Royal Hanoverian
Guelphic order by William IV, a knight
bachelor on 13 Sept. of the same year, an
extra gentleman usher of the privy chamber
in 1833, and on 17 March 1834 one of the
ordinary gentlemen ushers. The last post he
held until his death. On 2 Dec. 1840 he was
also appointed inspector-general of railways,
in which capacity he examined and reported
on the London and Birmingham and the
other principal railways before they were
opened to the public. In 1841 Smith, in
conjunction with Professor Barlow, made
a report to the treasury respecting railway
communication between London, Edinburgh,
and Glasgow. Smith resigned the appoint-
ment of inspector-general of railways at the
end of 1841, and became director of the
roval engineer establishment at Chatham on
1 Jan. 1842.
On 5 July 1845 Smith and Professors Airy
and Barlow were constituted a commission
to inquire whether future parliamentary rail-
way bills should provide for a uniform
gauge, and whether it would be expedient or
practicable to bring railways already con-
structed or in course of construction into
uniformity of gauge, or whether any other
mode of obviating or mitigating the serious
impediments to the internal traffic of the
country could be adopted. On 30 March 1 846
he was appointed one of the five commis-
sioners to investigate and report upon the
various railway projects in which it was pro-
posed to have a terminus in the metropolis
or its vicinity. On 9 Nov. 1846 Smith was
promoted to be colonel in the army, and on
1 May 1851 he was moved from Chatham
to be commanding royal engineer of the
southern district, with his headquarters at
Portsmouth.
In July 1852 Smith was returned to par-
liament as member for Chatham in the con-
servative interest, but in March 1853 he was
unseated on petition. He was promoted to
Smith t
5* major-general on 20 Jan. 1854. In 1855
ie was transferred from Portsmouth to the
cmmand of the royal engineers at Alder-
is!. He was appointed public examiner
rnd inspector of the Military College of the
Cast India Company at Addiscombe in 1856.
[a March 1857 he was again returned to
p&rli&ment as member for Chatham. He re-
signed his command at Aldershot, finding
Eiis time fully occupied with parliamentary
isd kindred duties. He was a member of
&e royal commission on harbours of refuge
in 185s, and of the commission on promotion
and retirement in the army. He was again
returned as member for Chatham at the
election of April 1859, and continued to sit
for that borough until 1868. He was pro-
moted to be lieutenant-general on 25 Oct.
1859, colonel-commandant of royal engineers
on 6 July I860, and general on 3 Aug. 1863.
Smith" died on 20 Nov. 1874 at his resi-
dence, 62 Pembridge Villas, Netting Hill
Gate, London, and was buried in Kensal
Green cemetery. He was a fellow of the
Royal Societv, an associate of the Institution
of Civil Engineers, and a member of many
learned bodies, A good engraved portrait
appears in Yibart's l Addiscombe ' (p. 297).
famith married at Buckland, near Dover,
on 31 Jan. 1813, Harriet, daughter of Thomas
Thorn, esq. of Buckland House. There was
no issue.
Smith was the author of 'The Military I
Course of Engineering at Arras/ 8vo, Chat-
ham, 1850, and he translated, with notes,
Marshal Marmont's ' Present State of the
Turkish Empire/ 8vo, London, 1839 ; 2nd ed.
1854.
[Despatches ; London Gazette; Eoyal En-
gineers* Eecords; War Office Eecords; Eoyal
-Eagi&eers' Journal, 1874, obituary notice;
3Birates of Proceedings of the Institution of
irll JBugiiieers, vol. xrxix., obituary notice;
Porter's History of the Corps of Boyal En-
gineers; Conolly's History of the Eoyal Sappers
and Miners; Vibart*s Addiscombe, its Heroes
-and Hen of Note ; Parliamentary Blue-books.!
E. H. V.
SMITH, JOHN OEKEN (1799-1843),
Tfood engraver, was born at Colchester in
1799. About 1818 he came tip to London,
and was for a short time in training as an
architect. On coming of age in 1821 he in-
herited some money, -with a portion of which
be bought a part^roprietorship in a weekly
iwsp&per, * The Sunday Monitor/ on which
Douglas Jerrold fq. v.j worked as a com-
positor. The rest he invested in the purchase
Bosses, the title of which proved bad,
"^ ^y the time he was twenty-four he found
! f penniless.
; Smith
William Harvey [q. v.], the draughtsman
on wood, came to Ms assistance, and in-
structed him in the art of wood-engraving.
Smith showed great aptitude and soon found
employment, the only complaint being that
some of the printers of that date declared
that his * cuts ' were too fine to print. After
much hack-work, he was employed by Leon
Gunner of Paris to engrave a number of the
blocks for his beautiful edition of f Paul et
Virginie ' (1835). Wood-engraving had not
revived at this time in France as it had under
Bewick and his successors in England. In
1887 he prepared engravings for Seeley and
Burnside's ' Solace of Song/ which marked
a new departure in wood-engraving 1 . In
it high finish, tone, and delicacy of graver
work contrast with the crisp, somewhat hard,
though admirable work of Clennell, Nesbit,
and Thompson. "Where, however, there was
gain in refinement, there was doubtless a
loss in virility.
There followed, besides much other work, in
1839, Herder's < Cid/ published at Stuttgart,
and an English edition of ' Paul et Virginie ; 7
in 1840 Dr. "Wordsworth's * Greece;' in
1840-1 < Heads of the People,' by (Joseph)
Kenny Meadows [q. v.] ; in 1839-43 Shake-
speare's t Works/ with nearly 1,000 designs
by Kenny Meadows. Of the last two works
Smith was part proprietor with Henry Vize-
telly and the artist. In 1842 he took into
partnership the eminent wood-engraver Mr.
W. J. Linton, with whom, under the style
of * Smith &, Linton,' much good work was
produced for the * Illustrated London News/
Among the books engraved by them was
* Whist, its History and Practice/ illustrated
by Meadows (1843).
Smith died from a stroke of apoplexy on
15 Oct. 1843, at 11 Mabledon Place, Burton
Crescent, London. In 1821 he married Jane
Elizabeth, daughter of Joseph Barney [q. v.]
His widow survived him with four children.
The son, Mr. Harvey Edward Orrinsmith
(the name is now so spelt), at one time prac-
tised wood-engraving, but subsequently be-
came a director of the fen of James Burn
Co., bookbinders.
A portrait of Orrin Smith was engraved
for Gunner's * Paul et Virginie/
[Vizetell/s Glances Back; Bryan's Diet, of
Painters and Engravers ; information from Mr.
Harvey E, Qrrmsmith.] G. S. L,
SMITH, JOHN PEINCE (1774F-1822),
law reporter, only son of Edward Smith of
Walthamstow, Essex, born about 1774, was
admitted on 15 Nov. 1794 a student at Gfoa/s
Inn, where he was called to the bar on
6 May 1801. He practised on the horns
Smith
86
Smith
circuit, and as a special pleader and equity
draughtsman, and was one of Daniel Isaac
Eaton's counsel on his trial for blasphemous
Libel on 6 March 1812. He was appointed
in 1817 second fiscal in Demerara and Esse-
quibo, and died at Demerara in 1822, leaving
a son (see below) and a daughter.
Among Smith's works were : 1. 'Elements
of the Science of Money founded on the
Principles of the Law of Nature, 5 London,
1813, 8vo. 2. * Practical Summary and Re-
view of the Statute 53 Geo. in, or Law for
the Surrender of Effects, and for the Per-
sonal Liberation of Prisoners for Debt, 7 Lon-
don, 1814, 8vo. 3. Advice for the Peti-
tioners against the Corn Bill,' London, 1815,
8vo,
Smith edited: (1) 'The Law Journal/
London, 1804-6, 3 vole. 8vo; (2) 'An
Abridgment of the Public General Statutes,
44-6 Geo. in,' London, 1804-7, 3 vols. 8vo ;
(3) 'Reports of Cases argued and deter-
mined in the Court of King's Bench, 44-6
Geo. HI/ London, 1804-7, 3 vols. 8vo.
JOH2T PEEKCE SMITH, the younger (1809-
1874), political economist, son of the pre-
ceding, born at London on 20 Jan. 1809,
accompanied his father to Demerara, and
was placed at Eton in 1820. On his father's
death he entered the employ of Messrs.
Daniel, merchants, of 4 Mincing Lane, which
he quitted in 1828. After two years of irre-
gular occupation as banker's clerk, parlia-
mentary reporter, and journalist, in London
and Hamburg, he obtained on 5 April 1831
the place of English and French master in
Cowle's Gymnasium at Elbing. Resigning
this post in 1840, he remained at Elbing,
and, resuming journalistic work, gained no
little celebrity by his able advocacy of free-
trade principles in the ' Elbinger Anzeigen/
Removing to Berlin in 1846, he married
Auguste, daughter of the eminent banker,
Sommerbrod, and was elected a member
Df the Free Trade Union in the same year,
and common councillor in 1848. He took
an active part in the proceedings of the
economic congresses at Gbtha (1858), Hano-
ver (1862), and Brunswick (1866), was de-
puty for Stettin in the Prussian House of
Representatives (1862-6), and president of
the Berlin Economic Society from 1862, and
of the standing committee of the Liibeck
Economic Congress from 1870 until shortly
before Ms death. In 1870 he was returned to
the Reichstag for Anhalk-Zerbst. He died
at Berlin on 3 Feb. 1874. His 'Gesam-
melte W erken / ed. Braun, Wiesbaden, and
Michaelis, with ' Lebensskizze ' by Wolff,
appeared at Berlin, 1877-80, 3 vols. 8vo.
His only English work is ' System oi Poli-
tical Economy by Charles Henry Eager
LL.D. Translated from the German ' Lon-
don, 1844, 8vo. *
['Lebensskizze' by Wolff, above mentioned-
Gray's Inn. Eeg.; Law List, 1802; Eider's Bri-
tish Merlin, 1818-22; G-ent. Mag. 1822 ii 646-
EowelTs State Trials, xxxi. 953 ; Diet. Lmn*
Authors, 1816; Brit. Mns. Cat. J. M E
SMITH, JOHN PYE (1774-1851), non-
confonnist divine, only son of John Smith
bookseller, of Angel Street, Sheffield, by
Martha, daughter of Joseph Sheard, and sister-
in-law of Matthew Talbot of Leeds fee
BATHES, EDWAUD, 1774-1848], was born in
Sheffield on 25 May 1774. Without regular
school education he picked up a considerable
knowledge of the classics, and of English and
French literature, by desultory reading in his
father's shop. As he evinced no precocious
piety, it was not until 21 Nov. 1792 that lie
was admitted to membership in the con-
gregational church to which his parents be-
longed. Meanwhile (April 1790) he was
apprenticed to his fathers business, and in
1796 he served his literary apprenticeship as
editor of the * Iris ' newspaper during the
imprisonment of his friend, James Mont-
gomery [q. v.] He appears also to have
had transient relations with Coleridge and
"William Roscoe [q. v.] On the expiry of his
indentures he gave up business, and, after
studying for nearly four, years under Dr,
Edward Williams at the Rotherham Aca-
demy, was appointed in September 1800
resident tutor at Homerton College, where,
besides the liters humaniores, he lectured on
Hebrew, the Greek Testament, logic, rhe-
toric, mathematics, and the more modern
branches of science. Ordained on 11 April
1804, he was advanced in the summer of
1806 to the theological tutorship, which he
held until shortly before his death, on 5 Feb.
1851. He was buried in Abney Park
cemetery (15 Feb.) Pye Smith was D.D. of
Yale College, LLJX of Marischal College
Aberdeen, F.R.S. and F.G.S.
Pye Smith married twice : first, at Tun-
bridge, on 20 Aug. 1801, a daughter of
; Thomas Hodgson of Hackney, who died on
j 23 Nov. 1832; secondly, at Islington, on
12 Jan. 1843, Catherine Elizabeth, widow of
the Rev. William. Clayton. By his first wife
he had four sons and two daughters; by
his second wife no issue.
Without brilliance or metaphysical depth,
Pye Smith had no small learning, industry,
and versatility. Though ignorant of German
until he was past middle life, and though
much of his time was frittered away m .
* ephemeral controversies, he made in his
. 'Scripture Testimony to the Messiah ' (Loa-
Smith i
to 1818-21, 2 vols. 8vo, subsequent edi-
rioas, 1859, 1837, 1847, 3 vols.) a solid con-
tribution to the defence of the Trinitarian
dbetrme, and in his ' Rektion between the
Holv Scriptures and some parts of Geological
Science/ London, 1839, 8vo (oth edit, in
Bohn's Scientific Library, 1852), he did
more than any other British theologian of
his day to bring the exegesis of Genesis into
accord with geological fact. This work was
warmly commended by Whewell, Herschel,
Sedgwick, and Baden PowelL
For nearly balf a century he was a frequent
contributor to the * Eclectic Keview/ Among
his minor works were: 1. 'Letters to the
Bev. Thomas Belsham on some important
subjects of Theological Discussion/ London,
18G4, 8vo. 2.' The Reasons of the Protestant
Eeligion, 5 London, 1815, 8vo. 3. 'Four
Discourses on the Sacrifice and Priesthood
of Jesus Christ, and on Atonement and Re-
demption,' London, 1828, 1842, 1847, 8vo.
4. * On the Principles^ of Interpretation as
applied to the Prophecies of Holy Scripture/
London, 1829, 8vo.
[Gent. Hag. 1801 ii. 764, 1843 i. 312,
1851 i 668 ; Congregational Yearbook, 1851,
p. 233; Sketch prefixed to Bohn's edition
of ' The Relation bet-ween Holy Scripture and
some parts of Geological Science ; ' Medway's
Memoirs of the life and Writings of John Pye
Smith, 1858.] J, M. E.
SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752-
1812), portrait and miniature painter and
mezzotint engraver, the youngest son of
Thomas Smith (d. 1767) [q. v.j, known as
* Smith of Derby/ landscape-painter, was
bom at Derby in 1752. He oegan liie as an
apprentice to alinendraper in his native town,
but about 1767 he came to London, and,
while still serving as a shopman, devoted his
leisure to the practice of miniature-painting.
He also attempted engraving, and his earliest
plate, a portrait of Pascal Paoli, after Henry
Bemhridge, is dated 1769. He made rapid
progress in this art, and soon gained a high
position. Many of his plates from the works
of Beynolds, Bomney, and others, as well as
from nis own designs, are among the master-
pieces of mezzotint engraving. His portraits
after Sir Joshua Beynolds include those of
Lady Catharine Pelham-Clinton, Lady Ger-
trude Fitzpatrick, the Hon. Mrs. Stanhope,
Q&e y Palmer (the 'Girl with a MufT),
Mrs. Carnae, Mrs. Montagu, Mrs. Musters,
Mademoiselle Baeeelli, Madame Schindlerin,
and Lady Hamilton as a Bacchante ; also
PHlippe < Egalite/ duke of Orleans ; Henry
Dumdas, viscount Melville ; William Mark-
ham, archbishop of York ; Richard Bobinson,
ftrdkbishop of Armagh; John Beane Bourke, ;
i ' Smith
archbishop of Tuam and earl of Mayo; Dr.
Joseph Warton ; John Gawler and his sons;
I Master Herbert as Bacchus ; and Master
Crewe as Henry VUL Other portraits by
Smith are: The Gower Family, f Nature J
(Lady Hamilton), Mrs. Kobinson f * Per-
dita'), and "The Clavering Children/ after
George Romney ; ' The Fortune Teller/ after
, the Bev. Matthew William Peters, B.A. ;
George IV, when prince of Wales, after
Gainsborough ; Sir Joseph Banks, after Ben-
jamin "West, P.R.A., John, earl of Eldon,
j Mrs. Siddons in the character of ' Zara/ and
' JohnPhilpot Curran, after Sir Thomas Law-
rence; Napoleon I, after Andrea Appiani;
1 Sir Bichard Arfcwright and *The oynnot
Children/ after Joseph Wright of Derby ; the
Walton family ('The Fruit Barrow '), after
Henry Walton ; James Heath, A.R.A., after
; Lemuel Abbott; and * The Watercress Girl/
after Johann ZofFany, R.A, Among the
most important of his subject plates are:
<TheCaEingof Samuel/ < The Infant Jupiter/
' The Student/ and ' The Snake in the Grass/
after Sir Joshua Beynolds ; ' Ezzelino of
Bavenna musing over the body of his mur-
dered wife/ * BeHsarius and Parcival/ ' Lear
and Cordelia/ 'The Three Witches/ and
'Lady Macbeth/ after Henry Fuseli, R.A. ;
'The Cherubs/ after William Pether; 'Age
and Infancy/ after John Opie, R. A, ; * Wis-
dom directing Beauty and Virtue to sacri-
fice at the Altar of Diana/ after Richard
Cosway, RA.; *A Lady at Haymaking/
'Palemon and Lavinia/ Cymon and Iphi-
genia/ and * Rosalind and Delia/ after "w il-
Earn Lawranson ; * Mercury inventing the
Lyre/ after James Barry, K.A.; ' Edwin/
from Beattie's * Minstrel/ after Joseph.
Wright of Derby ; * A Promenade at Carlisle
House/ 1781; and 'Christmas Gambols'
and several others after the works of George
Morknd, whose boon companion he was,
and whose portrait he engraved.
Smith likewise carried on an extensive
business as a publisher of engravings, and
employed Girtm and Turner to colour prints.
Desirous of himself becoming a painter, he
neglected engraving when at the zenith of
his fame, ana turned his attention to draw-
ing crayon portraits, which he executed with,
great rapidity and success. Six of these are
in the South Kensington Museum. Among
others he drew small full-length portraits of
Charles James Fox and of Earl Stanhope.
He visited York and other provincial towns,
where he found many patrons. His iatesr
works, however, were very slight, and some-
times finished in an hour. He also painted
some fancy subjects in & ^?} e resembling
those of MorlaM and of WbeaHey. His
Smith
Smith
works appeared at the exhibitions of the
Incorporated Society of Artists, the Free
Society of Artists, and the Royal Academy
between 1773 and 1805.
Smith died at Doncaster, where he resided
during the last three years of his life, on
2 March 1812, in his sixtieth year, and was
buried in Doncaster churchyard. He pos-
sessed great artistic talent, combined with a
humorous and convivial temperament, which
led him much into society and often into
dissipation. A bust of him was modelled
by Sir Francis Chantrey, R.A., whose early
talent he had encouraged. William Hilton,
R.A., and Peter De Wint were among his
pupils.
John Rubens Smith, his son, painted
portraits in the style of his father, and ex-
hibited at the Roy al Academy between 1796
and 1811.
Emma Smith, his daughter, was born
about 1787. She painted water-colour draw-
ings and miniatures, and exhibited at the
Itoyal Academy between 1799 and 1808.
She was also for a time a member of the
Associated Artists in "Watercolours, and
had five drawings in their first exhibition
in 1808.
[Gent. Mag. 1812, i. 488; Redgrave's Diet,
of Artists of the English School, 1878; Bryan's
Bict of Painters and Engravers, ed. Graves and
Armstrong, 1886-9, ii. 508 ; John Chaloner
Smith's British Mezzotinto Portraits, 1878-83,
pp. 1241-1321 ; Exhibition Catalogues of the
Boyal Academy, Incorporated Society of Artists,
and Free Society of Artists, 1773-1805,1
E. E. G.
SMITH, JOHN RUSSELL (1810-1894),
bookseller and bibliographer, was born at
Sevenoaks, Kent, in 1810, and was ap-
Erenticed to John Bryant of Wardour
treet, London. He took a shop at 4 Old
Compton Street, Soho, devoted himself to
English topography and philology, and
issued in 1837 his useful ' Bibliotheca Can-
tiana ; or a Bibliographical Account of what
has been published on the History, Anti-
quities, Customs, and Family History of the
County of Kent ' (large octavo). The titles are
classified with collations and notes. Smith
left two copies, with manuscript annotations,
to the British Museum. Among" his sup-
porters was John Sheepshanks q.v.], the
well-known collector, "frig l Bibliographical
List of the Works that have been published
towards illustrating the Provincial Dialects
of England,' arranged under counties, 8vo,
appeared in 1839, as well as '"Westmoreland
and Cumberland Dialects: Dialogues, Poems,
Songs, and Ballads by various Writers in
the Westmoreland and Cumberland Dialects,
now first collected, with a copious Glossarv '
8vo.
In 1842, on the occasion of the schism in
the Archaeological Association, one section
of the members, including Thomas Wright,
Mark Anthony Lower, HaUiwell-PhillippsJ
and Henfrey , transferred their publications to
Russell Smith. Increase of business caused
Russell Smith to move to 36 Soho Square.
Among the books he published there were
Nares's l Glossary ' (edited by Wright and Hal-
ttwell-Phillipps),BarnesV Dialect Poems and
Grammar/ Yemen's * Guide to the Anglo-
Saxon Tongue/ and Bosworth's * Anglo-
Saxon Dictionary/ abridged. He is best
remembered by his i Library of Old Authors/
an mteresting "and valuable series of reprints,
chiefly of sixteenth and seventeenth century
literature. The volumes, which were neatly
printed by the Chiswiek Press in small
octavo, were for the most part carefully
edited, and were issued between 1856 and
1875.
Among the catalogues of secondhand
books issued by Russell Smith may be
mentioned one of topographical prints,
drawings, and books printed before 1700
(1849), 'Shakesperiana' (1864), 'Ameri-
cana' (1865), tracts, twenty-six thousand
in number (1874), and engraved Portraits
(1883). He contributed the first complete
list of English writers on fishes and fishing to
R. Blake/s * Historical Sketches of Angling
Literature' (1855). Some copies were
separately issued as * Bibliographical Cata-
logue of English Writers on Angling and
Ichthyology ' (1856).
Smith retired from business about 1884,
when his stock and copyrights were sold.
The e Library of Old Authors ' was disposed
of to William Reeves for 1,000/. He died
on 19 Oct. 1804, at Kentish Town, aged 84.
His industry and literary taste are noticed
by Saunders (Salad for the Social, 1856,
p. 46), and his * integrity in the publishing
way r by W T . C. Hazlitt (Four Generations of
a Literary Family v 1897, ii. 367). A portrait
after a photograph is prefixed to his 'Cata-
logue of Engraver! Portraits ' (1883).
[Athensram, 10 Nov. 1894, p. 644 ; Book-
seller, 6 Nov. 1894, p. 1025; Allibone's Diet.
1870,ii.2148.] H.E.T.
SMITH, JOHN SIDNEY (1804-1871),
1 legal writer, son of John Spry Smith of
9 Woburn Square, London, was born in
; 1804, and held a situation in the six clerks'
office in the court of chancery until 23 Oct.
j 1842, when the establishment was abolished.
; He soon after entered Trinity Hall, Gam-
^ bridge, and graduated B.A. 1847 and liA.
Smith
8 9
Smith
. He was called to the bar at the
Middle Temple on 7 Nov. 1845, and prac-
tised in the court of chancery. He died
at Sidnev Lodge, Wimbledon, Surrey, on |
14 Jan. 1871. I
In 1834-0 he published, in two volumes, j
* A. Treatise on the Practice of the Court of j
Chancery/ a very useful work, the seventh j
edition of which" he brought out in conjunc- j
tion with Alfred Smith in 1862 ; there was j
al^o an American edition (Philadelphia, s
1839). Smith likewise wrote < A Handbook !
of the Practice of the Court of Chancery/
1848 (:2nd edit. 1855), and * A Treatise on the
Principles of Equity/ 1856.
fMatric. Eegist. Trinity Hall, Cambridge;
IaV Times, 1871, iv. 369-, Hardy's Catalogue
of Lord Chancellors, &c. 1843, p. 116.] G-. 0. B.
SMITH, JOHN STAFFORD (1750-
1836)j composer and musical antiquary, son
of Martin Smith, organist of Gloucester
Cathedral, was born at Gloucester in 1750.
He received Ms earliest musical instruction
from his father, and subsequently became a
pupil of Dr. Boyce and a chorister of the
Chapel Royal under James Nares [q. v.] In
1784 he was appointed a gentleman of the
Chapel Royal, and in 1785 a lay vicar of
Westminster Abbey. In 1802 he succeeded
Dr. Arnold as one of the organists of the
Chapel Royal, and from 1805 to 1817 held
the office of master of the children. He
published five collections of glees, many of
which have enjoyed well-deserved popu-
larity. * Let happy lovers fly,' l Blest pair of
syrens/ i "While fools their time/ and e Return,
blest days/ all gained prizes between 1773
and 1777; other familiar compositions by
Smith are * What shall he have that killed
tlie deer ? ' * Hark, the hollow woods resound-
ing/ and the madrigal, 'Flora now calleth
forth each Sower.' In 1779 he published a
collection of English songs composed about
2500, taken from manuscripts of that date.
In 1793 appeared a volume of anthems, and
in 1812 his most important work, * Musica
Antiqua/ a collection of old music from the
twelfth to the eighteenth centuries. Sir
John Hawkins, in the preface to his * History
of Music/ acknowledges the valuable assist-
ance which Smith gave him in the prepara-
tion of the work. He died on 20 Sent. 1836.
la 1844 his interesting library was dispersed
at an obscure auction-room in Gray's Inn
Ko&d, and no connoisseurs being present
many valuable manuscripts were lost to the
musical world,
[Crrore's Dictionary of Music, iii. 540; Fetis's
Btograpkie Universelle des Musiciens, viii. 222;
Haaiaaim's Hist, of Music, p. 1276.] R. N.
SMITH, JOHN THOMAS (1766-1833),
topographical draughtsman and antiquary,
son of Nathaniel Smith, a sculptor who after-
wards became a printseller at the sign of
Rembrandt's Head in May's Buildings, St.
Martin's Lane, was born on 23 June 1766 in
a hackney coach in which his mother was re-
turning home from a visit to her brother in
Seven Dials, London. His father was then
chief assistant to Joseph Nollekens, E. A., the
sculptor, whose studio young Smith entered
in 1778, but left it in 1781 to become a pupil
of John Keyse Sherwin [q.v.], the mezzo-
tint-engraver. At the end of three years he
gave up engraving and found employment in
making topographical drawings of London
for Mr. Orowle, and others in the neighbour-
hood of Windsor for Mr. Richard Wyatt. He
had thoughts of going on the stage, bat
eventually settled down in 1788 as a drawing-
master at Edmonton. In 1791 he began the
compilation of his favourite work, i Anti-
quities of London and its Environs/ which
was finished in 1800. He returned to London
in 1795, and for some time practised as a
portrait-painter and engraver. In 1797 he
published ' Remarks on Rural Scenery/ with
twenty etchings of cottages by himself, and
in 1807 the * Antiquities of Westminster/
for part of which the descriptive text was
written by John Sidney Hawkins [q. v.] ; but
a disagreement having arisen between him
and Smith, it was continued by the latter,
who prefixed an ' Advertisement ' describing
the dispute. Smith's statement was chal-
lenged by Hawkins in a * Correct Statement
and Vindication ' of his conduct, which was
answered by Smith in a f Vindication * (1808),
to which HawMns issued a * Reply' (1808).
( Sixty-two additional Plates * to this work
were published in 1809. There followed
'The Ancient Topography of London/ bgnn
in 1810 and completed in 1815.
In September 1816 Smith was appointed
to succeed William Alexander (1767-1816)
[q. vj as keeper of the prints and drawings in
the British Museum, and retained that office
until his death. His official duties did not
interfere with the continuance of his lite-
rarv work. In 1817 he published t Vagabon-
_ . , * . A -tr i i ft"* 1 J3
through the Streets of London,' illustrated
with portraits of notorious beggars drawn
and etched by himself from the life; an in-
troduction was written bv Francis Donee
[ q, v.l His last and best known work was
* Nollekens and his Times/ issued ia 182&
This has been said to be * perhaps the most;
candid biography ever published in the Eng-
lish language/ and was probably influenced
by the smallixess of the legacy left to him by
Smith 9
Nollekens, who appointed him co-executor
of his will with Sir William Beechey and
Francis Douce. A new edition, with an
introduction by Mr. Edmund Gosse, ap-
peared in 1894." After Smith's death there
appeared Ms < Cries of London ^ (1839), with
plates etched by himself, edited by John
Bowyer Nichols "jj, v.j ; his entertaining and
discursive ' Book" for a Eainy Bay' (1845);
and his ' Antiquarian Bamble in the Streets
of London' (1846), edited by Charles Mackay
r q. v."i
Smith died at 22 University Street, Totten-
ham Court Road, London, from inflamma-
tion of the lungs, on 8 March 1833, and was
buried in St. George's burial-ground in the
Bayswater Road.
A three-quarter portrait was painted by
John Jackson, R.A. A drawing by the same
artist was engraved by William Skelton
[q. v.l and prefixed to the f Cries of London, 7
1839.
[Smith's Book for a Rainy Day, 1828 ; Memoir
by John Bowyer Nichols, prefixed to Smith's
Cries of London, 1839 ; Short Account, by Ed-
mund Gosse, prefixed to Smith's Nolleiens and
his Times, 1894; Gent. Mag. 1833, i. 641-4;
Bedgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the English
School, 1 878 ; Bryan's Dictionary of Painters
and Engravers, ed. G-raves and Armstrong,
1886-9, ii. 508.] E. E. O.
SMITH, JOHN THOMAS (1805-1882),
colonel royal engineers, second son of George
Smith of Edwalton, Nottinghamshire, and
afterwards of Foelallt, Cardiganshire, by his
wife Eliza Margaret, daughter of Welham
Davis, elder brother of the Trinity House,
was born at Foelallt on 16 April 1805. He
was educated at Repton and at the high
school, Edinburgh, entered the military col-
lege of the East India Company at Addis-
combe in 1822, and received a commission
as second lieutenant hi the Madras engineers
on 17 June 1824, He was promoted to be
first lieutenant on the following day, and
went to Chatham for a course of instruction
in professional subjects. Smith left Chat-
ham on 4 Feb. 1825, and arrived at Madras
on 2 Sept. of the same year.
On 28 A]>ril 1826 Smith was appointed .
acting superintending engineer in the public
works department for the northern division
of the presidency, and on 2 May 1828 he
was confirmed in the appointment. He there-
upon began a series of investigations in re-
ference to lighthouse-lanterns, devising a
reciprocating light. Smith suggested to
government the improvement of the light-
house at Hope's Island, off Coringa, and at
the end of 1833 his services were placed at
the disposal of the marine board, with a view
Smith
1 to the improvement of the lighthouse a*
Madras On II Feb. 1834 ffl-Ldth^
pelled Smith to sail for England on leave of
absence. Before his departure the governor
in council informed him in very compli-
j mentary terms that the marine board had
I adopted his plans for remodelling the light-
I houses both at Madras and at Hope's Island
j He was promoted to be captain on 5 March
i 1835.
Smith remained in England until 28 July
1837, and in the same year he was elected a
fellow of the Royal Society. He was given
an extension of furlough to superintend the
manufacture of apparatus for the Madras
lighthouse. He employed his leisure in the
translation of J. L. Vicaf s valuable treatise
on mortars and cements, to which he added
the results of many original experiments, and
saw the work through the press before leaving
for India. It appeared as < A Practical and
Scientific Treatise on Calcareous Mortars
and Cements, Artificial and Natural, with
Additions/ 8vo, London, 1837. On his return
to Madras on 13 Dec. 1837 he was appointed
to^ the command of the Madras sappers and
miners, but remained at Madras on special
duty. On 20 March 1838 he was appointed
to the first division of the public works de-
partment, comprising the districts of Gan-
jam, Rajamandry, and Vizagapatam, and on
24^ April he took charge of the office of the
chief engineer. He served on a committee
to inspect and report upon the state of the
Red-hill railroad and canal, and he surveyed
the Ennore and Pulicat lakes, to ascertain
the practicability and cost of keeping open
the bar of the Kuam river by artificially
closing that of the Ennore river ; thereby
the^whole of the waters collected in the
Pulicat lake would be turned into the Xuam,
a measure which he considered would afford
peculiar facilities for cleansing the Black
Town, besides improving the water com-
munication between Madras and Sulurpet.
Meanwhile he superintended the erection of
the Madras lighthouse, which was begun in
1838 and completed in 1839. On 5 April
1839 Smith was appointed to the sixth divi-
sion of the public works department, and on
7 May to officiate as superintending engineer
at Madras.
On 24 Sept. 1839 Smith was relieved from
all other duties to enable hi to inspect and
report upon the machinery of the mint at
Madras. On 7 Feb. 1840, the date of the re-
establishment of the mint, Smith was ap-
pointed mint-master, and by a thorough re-
formation of the whole establishment soon
brought the mint into a high state of effi-
ciency. The satisfactory-results obtained by
Smith <
Smith's skilful adaptation to steam power
of the old and simple mint machinery driven
for flpifflftl power were referred to in a finan-
eil despatch of 16 March 1841 to the court
of directors as highly creditable. On 13 Jan,
1B48 he visited the Cape of Good Hope on
leave of absence, returning to the mint on
28 Dec. 1847. An innovation which Smith
introduced of adjusting the weights of the
blinks by means of the diameters of the
pieces, instead of by their thickness, resulted
IB his design of a very ingenious and beauti-
ful machine, by which twenty or a hundred
blanks could be weighed to half a grain and
deposited in a separate cell by a single person
with two motions of the hand. After the
pieces had been thus sorted they were passed
through a set of circular cutters, which re-
moved a certain weight according to the
excess of each over the standard. By this
means almost the whole of the blanks were
obtained of the exact weight without further
correction. This machine gained an award
at the London International Exhibition of
1851.
Smith was promoted to be major on
2 March 1852, and lieutenant-colonel on
1 Aug. 1854. About this time he made
some ingenious inventions, which he pro-
posed to apply to the demolition of Crpn-
stadt; and he also invented a refracting
sight for rifles. On 21 Sept. 1855 he was
appointed mint-master at Calcutta. The fol-
lowing year he went to England to arrange
about copper machinery for the mint, and did
not go lick, retiring on a pension, with the
honorary rank of colonel, on 23 Oct. 1857.
After his return to England he devoted him-
self to currency problems, and favoured the
introduction 01 a gold standard into India.
He was deputed to attend the international
monetary congress held in Paris in 1865, be-
sides taking active part in the proceedings of
many learned societies.
Smith was for a longtime consulting engi-
neer to the Madras Irrigation Company ; he
was also a director of the Delhi bank and of
the Madras Railway Company, of which he
was for some years chairman. On 17 May
1866 he wasappointed a member of the consult-
ing committee, military fond department, at
the India office, which post he held until the
committee was abolished on 1 April 1880.
He died at his residence, 10 Gledhow Gar-
dens, London, on 14 May 1882. Sir Arthur
Cotton observes of "him : * He was one of the
moet talented, laborious, clear-headed, and
scmnd-judging men I have ever met with, or
known of by other means.' He married, on
27 June 1837, Maria Sarah, daughter of E.
Tyser, M JX, by whom he had five sons (for
c Smith
the eldest of whom see below) and eight
daughters. A portrait is in possession of
his daughter-in-law, Mrs. Percy Smith.
Smith, who was a member of many learned
bodies, was author of: 1. i Observations on
the Management of Mints/ 8vo, Madras, 1848.
2. e Observations on the Duties and Respon-
sibilities involved in the Management of
Mints/ 8vo, London, 1848. 3. ' Report on
the Madras Military Fund, containing ISTew
Tables of Mortality, Marriage, &c. ? deduced
from the Fifty Years' Experience, 1808-1858/
by Smith, in conjunction with S. Brown and
P. Hardy. 4. * Kemarks on a Gold Currency
for India, and Proposal of Measures for the
Introduction of the British Sovereign/ 8vo,
' London, 1868. 5. i Silver and the Indian
Exchanges,' 8vo, London, 1880.
Smith initiated the * Professional Papers
of the Madras Engineers/ and edited vols.
i. ii. and iii, of * Reports, Correspondence,
and Original Papers on various Professional
Subjects connected with the Duties of the
Corps of Engineers, Madras Presidency ' (4to,
Madras, printed between 1845 and 1855 ; the
third edition of the first four volumes was
printed at the American Press, Madras, in
1859). Smith contributed to these volumes
many papers, mainly on mintage and light-
house construction.
' The eldest son, PEECT GTTILLEHABD
LLEWELLTST SMITH (1838-1893), was born at
Madras on 15 June 1888, became a lieutenant
in the royal engineers on 28 Feb. 1855, served
in South Africa from August 1857 to January
1862, was promoted captain on 31 Dec. 1861,
and was employed on the defences of Portland
and Weymouth until 1869, and on the con-
struction of Maryhill Barracks, Glasgow, until
1874. On 5 July 1872 he was promoted to be
major, and in 1874 was appointed instructor
in construction at the School of Military En-
gineering at Chatham. He was promoted to
be lieutenant-colonel on 20 Dec* 1879, in
which year he became an assistant director
of works under the admiralty at Portsmouth.
In October 1882 he succeeded Major-general
Charles Pasley [q.v.] as director of works
at the admiralty, and during ten years of
office carried out many important works,
both at home and at Malta, Gibraltar ? Ber-
muda, Halifax, and Newfoundland. He was
promoted to be brevet colonel on 20 Dec. 1883,
He retired from the military service on 31 Dec.
1887 with the honorary rank of major-gene-
ral, but retained his admiralty appointment.
He died at Bournemouth on 25 April 1S&3.
He was twice married : first to a daughter
of Captain Bailey, R.N.; and, seeoadly,
in 1886, to Miss Ethel P&rkyas. He was
the author of * Notes on Building Con-
Smith 5
struetion,' published anonymously, 1875-9,
in 3 vols. STO. It is the best book on the
subject published in this country. A fourth
volume, on the i Theory of Construction,'
was published in 1891. *He contributed to
vols. xvi. and xviii. new ser, of the *Profes-
sionalPapersof the Corps of Boy al Engineers.
[India Office Eecords ; obituary notices in
Eoyal Engineers' Journal, 1882, 1893; Times,
17 May 18S2; Proceedings of the Royal Soc.
vol. xxiiv. 1 SS2-3 ; Minutes of Proceedings of
the Institution of Civil Engineers, vol. Lrxi.
1882-3, and in Yibart's Addi&combe, its Heroes |
and Men of Xote ; Allibone's Diet, of English
Literature; Indian Government Despatches ;
Professional Papers of the Corps of Eoyal Engi-
neers ; Professional Papers of the Madras Engi-
neers.] B. H. V.
SMITH, JOHN WILLIAM (1809-
1845), "legal writer, born in Chapel Street,
Belgrade Square, London, on 23 Jan. 1809,
was eldest son of John Smith, who was
appointed in 1830 paymaster of the forces
in Ireland. "His mother was a sister of
George Connor, master in chancery in Ire-
land. After exhibiting remarkable precocity '
at a private school in Isleworth, he passed
in 1821 to "Westminster School, where he was
elected queen's scholar in 1823. He en-
tered in 1826 Trinity College, Dublin, where
he obtained a scholarship in 1829, and was
awarded the gold medal in classics in the ,
following year. He joined on 20 June 1827
the Inner Temple, where, after practising
for some years as a special pleader, he was
called to the bar on 3 May 1834. In the same
year appeared his * Compendium of Mer- <
cantile Law,* London, 8vo ? a work distin-
guished equally by profound learning and
luminous exposition. l An Elementary View
of the Proceedings in an Action at Law '
followed in 1836, London, 8vo, and 'A
Selection of Leading Cases on Various
Branches of the Law,' a work of incalculable
benefit to the student, in 1837-1840, Lon-
don, 2 vols. 8vo. From 1837 to 1843 Smith
was lecturer at the Law Institution, and in
1840 was appointed to a revising barrister-
sMp. He practised for a time on the Oxford
circuit and at the Hereford and Gloucester
sessions, but latterly only in the metropolis,
where he died of consumption induced by
overwork oa 17 Dee. 1845. He was buried
in Kensal Green cemetery, and a tablet was
placed to Ms memory in the Temple Church.
In Smith an ungainly person, a harsh
voice, and awkward manners served as a
foil to mental endowments of a high order.
To a veritable genius for the discovery and
exposition of legal principles he added a*
large erudition not only in the ancient
2 Smith
; classics, but in the masterpieces of English
Italian, and Spanish literature. He was ako*
well read in theology and a devout Chri-
tian. Smith's ' Mercantile Law ' reached "a
third edition in its author's lifetime ; later
editions by Dowdeswell appeared at London
in 1848, 1855, 1871, and 1877, 8vo, and bv
Macdonell and Humphreys in 1890, London
2 vols. 8vo. The ' Elementary View of the
Proceedings in an Action at Law' reached a
fourteenth edition byFoulkes in 1884, Lon-
don, 12mo ; and the ' Leading Cases,' a tenth
edition, edited by Chitty, Williams, & Chittv,
in 1896, London, 2 vols. 8vo. Other (posthu-
mous) works by Smith are: (1) 'The Law
of Contracts: in a course of lectures de-
livered at the Law Institution; with notes
and appendix by Jelinger C. Svmons,' Lon-
don, 1847, 8vo ; subsequent editions by Mal-
colm in 1855 and 1868, and by Thompson
in 1874 and 1885, 8vo. 2. ' The Law of
Landlord and Tenant: being a Course of
Lectures delivered at the Law Institution ;
with notes and additions by Frederic Philip
Maude/ London, 1855, 1866,1882, 8vo.
[Westminster School Reg. ed. Barker and
Stenning, p. 213; Law Mag. xxxr. 177; Law
Times, vi, 473 ; Warren's Mise. ed. 1855, i. 116-
184, and Law Studies, ed. 1863 ; Albany Law
Journ. vi. 393.] J. 3d. E.
SMITH, JOSEPH (1670-1756), provost
of Queen's College, Oxford, fifth son of "Wil-
liam Smith, rector of Lowther, and younger
brother of John Smith (1659-1715) [q. v.],
was born at Lowther, Westmoreland, on
10 Oct. 1670. On his father's death when five
years old, Ms mother removed to Guisbrough
in Yorkshire, where he attended the gram-
mar school. Thence he proceeded to the
Public school at Durham, and on 10 May
689 he was admitted a scholar of Queen's
College, Oxford. In 1693 he was chosen a
tabarder and graduated B.A. in 1694. He
proceeded MA. by diploma in 1697, having-
accompanied Sir Joseph Williamson [q. v. 1,
his godfather, who was one of the Britisli
plenipotentiaries, to Byswick as his private
secretary. On 31 Oct. 1698, in his absence,
he was elected a fellow of the college. Soon
after his return in 1700 he took holy orders
and obtained from the provost, Dr. Timothy
Halton [q. v.], the living of Iffiey, near Ox-
ford. In 1702 he was chosen to address
Queen Anne upon her visit to the university.
In 1704 he was elected senior proctor, and
dubbed f handsome Smith' to distinguish
him from his colleague, Thomas Smith of
St. John's. In the same year Dr. Hal ton died,
and Smith's friends proposed him as a can-
didate. He, however, would not hear of it,
but gave all his interest to Dr. William Lan-
Smith
93
Smith
aster fa. v., wo had formerly been his
tutor, and who was accordingly elected. The
new provost presented him to Russell Court
dispel and to the lectureship of Trinity
Chapel, Hanover Square, which he held until
1731, These promotions brought Smith to
town, where he became chaplain to Edward
VBliers, first earl of Jersey [q. v.], who,
before his death in 1711, introduced him to
the queen, gave him several opportunities of
preaclung before her, and obtained for him
the promise of the first vacant canonry in
the church at Windsor. In 1708 he took
the degrees of B.D. and D.D., and on 29 Nov.
was presented by the college to the rectory
of Knights Enham and to the donative of
Upton Grey in Hampshire. In 1716 he ex-
changed Upton Grey for the rectory of St.
Dionis, Lime Street, London.
On the accession of George I he was
again introduced to court by the Earl of
Grantham, and was made chaplain to the
Princess of Wales, afterwards Queen Caro-
line. In 1723 Edmund Gibson [q. v.], bishop
of Lincoln, an old college friend, appointed
him to the prebend of Dunholm, and on Gib-
son's transfer to the see of London he gave
him the donative of Paddington. In 1724
he was appointed to the lectureship of the r
oew church of St. George's, Hanover Square,
and on 8 May 1728 Gibson gave him the
prebend of St. Mary Newington in the
cathedral church of St. Paul's.
But in 1730, on the demise of John
Gibson, Dr. Smith, without any solicitation
on his part, was chosen provost of Queen's
College. He was particularly pleased with
this appointment and devoted himself to the
service of the college, of which he improved
both the discipline and instruction. In 1731
he drew up a statement of its architectural
condition with an icbnography of the whole
(this was an expansion of a statement first
issued in Provost Gibson's time), and ordered
cuts of the buildings by M. Burghers (d.
1727) to be engraved in quarto. Through the
good offices of Arthur Onslow [q . v.], speaker
of the House of Commons, and of Colonel
John Selwyn [see under SELWYIT, GEOB&B
AUGUSTUS, 1719-1791], Queen Caroline's
treasurer, he obtained from her majesty a
beneiaction of 1000Z. towards adorning the
college. In recognition of this gift he had
the queen's statue, in marble, f placed over ,
the gateway in an open temple, supported
by eight duplicated columns, crowned with
entablatures on which stand eight arches
covered with a tholus/ He also induced Lady
Elizabeth Hastings [q. v.] to settle several
exhibitions on the college. His zeal obtained,
an, oider in chancery which forced Sir
Orlando Bridgeman to pay over a donation
of Sir Francis Bridgeman's. His exertions
also procured the foundation of eight addi-
tional fellowships as well as four scholarships
by John Michel of Richmond in Surrey.
Dr. Smith died in Queen's College on
23 Nov. 1756, and was interred in the vault
under the new chapel. In 1709 he married
Mary Lowther, youngest daughter of Henry
Lowther of Ingleton Hall in Yorkshire and
of Lowther in Fermanagh, and niece of
Timothy Halton, the former provost. She
died on 29 April 1745. By her he had three
children: Joseph, an advocate of Doctors'
Commons ; Anne, married, first, to Pre-
bendary Lamplugh, a grandson of the arch-
bishop, and, secondly, to Captain James
Hargraves ; and William, who died young,
His portrait was painted by J. Maubert and
engraved by Bernard Baron [q, v.] (BROMLEY,
Catalogue of Engraved Portraits, p. 280),
and there is a life-size bust over his monu-
ment near the entrance of Queen's College
chapel. The college has a large collection
of his manuscripts and letters.
Smith was the author of: 1. * Modern
Pleas for Schism and Infidelity Reviewed/
London, 1717, 8vo. 2. < A Modest Eeview
of the Bishop of Bangor's Answer to
' Dr. Snape/ London, 1717, 8vo. 3. 'Some
Considerations offered to the Bishop of
Bangor on his Preservative against the Prin-
ciples of the Nonjurors/ London, 1717, 8vo.
4. * The Unreasonableness of Deism/ London,
1720, 8vo. 5. * Anarchy and Rebellion/
1720, 8vo. 6. ' A View of the Being, Nature,
and Attributes of God/ Oxford, 1756, 8vo ;
besides several sermons. To him has also
been attributed The Difference between the
Nonjurors and the Present Public Assem-
blies/ 1716, 8vo, which provoked the reply,
( Joseph and Benjamin ; or Little Demetrius
tossed in a Blanket/ London, 1717, 8vo,
Some manuscript notes of Smith's also are
preserved in the copy of the * Ifcesigned and
, Resolved Christian ' (1689, 4to), by Denis
GrenviHe, in the Grenville collection at the
British Museum.
[Notes kmdlyfenished by the Bev. Dr. J. B.
Magrath, provost of Queen's College, Oxford;
Biographia Britannica, vi 3734-3744; Chal-
mers's Biogr. Diet. 1816; Wood's Antiquities,
ed. Guteh, i. 170 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-
1714 ; AlKboae's Diet of Engl. Lit.] E. I. C.
SMITH, JOSEPH (1682-1770), British
consul at Venice, born in 1682, took ap his
residence at Venice at the age of eighteen,
and was apparently engaged in commerce
there, He made a wide reputation as a col-
lector of books, manuscripts, pictures, coins,
and gems. He patronised painters, and
Smith
94
Smith
among his protege's were tlie Florentine
Zucearelli and the Venetian Zais. Horace
Walpole sneered at him as 'the merchant
of Venice/ who knew nothing of his books
except their title-pages (WALPOLE, Letters,
i. 239-307), but the censure seems unde-
served. In 1729 Smith prepared an edition
of Boccaccio's l Decamerone,' which was pub-
lished by Passinello (EsEET, Bibliographical
Dictionary,!. 201). It is so nearly an exact
reproduction of the rare edition of 1527 that
only those who are acquainted with the
minute differences can distinguish the copy
from the original Of Smith's edition only
three hundred copies were printed, including
a few on large paper,* these latter are ex-
tremely rare, a nre having destroyed a por-
tion of the edition (see Corai Gio. BATISTA
BALDELLI BONI'S Vita di G. Boccaccio,
Firenze, 1806, p. 311). About the same
time Smith issued a * Catalogue Librorum
Rarissimorum ' (without date), which was
limited to twenty-five copies. The volumes
noticed were in Smith's own possession.
A second edition, containing the titles of
thirty-one additional books, was published in
Venice in 1737. Of his general library a cata-
logue was printed at Venice in 1755, under
the title ' Bibliotheca Smithiana, seu Cata-
logus Librorum D. Josephi Smithii Angli.'
Ikleanwhile in 1740 Smith was appointed
British consul at Venice, and was thence-
forth known fa.TmHa.rly as Consul Smith.
He retained the post till 1760. In 1765
George m began to form his library by
purchasing Smith's books en bloc for 10,OOOZ.,
and they now form an important part of the
king's library at the British Museum. Smith
continued to collect, and at "Ms death the
books which he had acquired subsequently to
the sale of his library to George HI were
sold at public auction in London by Baker
& Leigh in January and February 1773, the
sale occupying thirteen days. His art trea-
sures also were bought by George HI for
20,0001 (see ED. EDWABDS'S Lives of the
Founders of the British Museum, 1570-1870,
A valuable portion of his manu-
scripts was purchased for Blenheim Palace by
Lord Sonderland, who gave, according to
Humphry Wanley's * Diary/ 1,500/. for them
(lawdowne MS. 771, fol. 34). Smith's an-
tique gems were described and illustrated in
A. F. Gori's * Dactyliotheca Smithiana,'
2 vols, folio, 1767.
Smith died at Venice on 6 Nov. 1770,
aged 88. About 1758 he married a sister of
Jonn Murray, resident at Venice, and after-
wards ambassador at the Porte (see LADY
ETLEY-MoOTiGTfs Letters and
1896, iL 319).
[Supplement to Dr. T. P. Dibdin's Biblio-
mania, ed. 1842, pp. 33-5 ; Scots Mag, 1770
p. 631 ; information from the foreign office and
from the British Consulate at Venice.]
G-. V. M.
SMITH, JOSHUA TOULMIN,who after
1854 was always known as ToFLicDr SMITH
(1816-1869), publicist and constitutional
lawyer, born on 29 May 1816 at Birmingham,
was eldest son of William Hawkes Smith
(1786-1840), of that town, an economic and
educational reformer. His great-grandmother
was sister to Job Orton [q. v.j, and his
great-grandfather Dr. Joshua Toulmin [q,v.~
Joshua was educated at home and at a private
school at Hale, Cheshire, kept by Charles
Wallace. An eager student of literature and
philosophy, he was at first destined for the
Unitarian ministry, but that vocation was
abandoned in favour of the law, and at
sixteen he was articled to a local solicitor.
Removing in 1835 to London, he was entered
at Lincoln's Inn with a view to the bar.
Meanwhile he showed a precocious literary
activity. At seventeen he wrote an f In-
troduction to the Latin Language' for a
class at the Birmingham Mechanics' Institute,
and in 1836 produced a work on l Philosophy
among the Ancients.'
^ Marrying in 1837 Martha, daughter of Wil-
liam Jones Kendall of Wakefield, he went to
the United States, first settling at Detroit,
then at Utica, and afterwards in Boston.
At Boston he lectured, chiefly on phrenology
and on philosophy. Attracted by Rain's pub-
lication at Copenhagen of the narratives of
early Icelandic voyages to America, he pub-
lished in 1839 f The Discovery of America
by the Northmen in the Tenth Century,' a
study from the originals, which he was the
first to introduce to English readers; the
work gained him the diploma of the Royal
Society of Antiquaries of Copenhagen. Seve-
ral other minor publications, educational and
historical, occupied his pen till, in 1842, he
returned to England, and, settling at High-
gate, near London, resumed his legal studies,
and was called to the bar in 1849. At this
period he found recreation in the pursuit of
geology. Especially directing his attention
to the upper chalk, he printed a series of papers
(Ann. and Map. of 'Natural History r , August
1847-May 1848, issued as a volume 1848) on
i The Ventriculidae of the Chalk.' The mono-
graph, which was illustrated by his own
pencil, was based on laborious microscopic
investigations ; it established the true cha-
racter, hitherto imperfectly known, of the
class of fossils of which it treated, and still
remains a chief authority on the subject. This
work drew round "him the leading geologists
Smith
95
Smith
of the day. When the Geologists' Associa-
tion was formed Toulmin Smith was invited
to be president, but, beyond delivering the
inaugural address (11 Jan. 1859), he took
little active part in its proceedings.
Meanwhile, in the autumn of 1847, when
the dreaded approach of cholera roused atten-
tion to matters of health, Smith became leader
of effective action in his own neighbourhood
at Highgate ; and his inquiries iiito the for-
mer law and practice on the subject of local
responsibilities were the beginning of efforts
extending over many years, with consider-
able success in spite of difficulties, to raise
the sanitary condition and municipal life of
the suburban parish where he lived. He
watched the course of public legislation, and
brought his researches into constitutional
law, joined to his local experience, to bear
upon it by weighty speech and untiring pen.
He strongly opposed the Public Health Act
of 1848, an opposition which subsequent
events justified. Reform of the corporation
of London, the sewerage and administration
of the metropolis, highway boards, the main*
tenance of public footpaths, the functions of
the coroner's court, the volunteer movement,
parish rights and duties, and the church-rate
question are some of the subjects on which
his research and action between 1850 and
1860 were incessant. In 1851 appeared his
* Local Self-Government and Centralisation/
$ deduction of English constitutional prin-
ciples from the national records ; and in 1854
'The Parish: its Obligations and Powers:
its Officers and their Duties/ by the second
-edition of which (1857) he is perhaps best
known.
Meanwhile his sympathy was strongly
drawn to the Hungarians "in their gallant
struggle for liberty in 1848-9, and among
other aids to their cause he published ( Paral-
lels between . . . England and Hungary'
(1849), in which he compared the funda-
mental institutions of the two countries.
Through many years, and to his own detri-
ment, he continued a firm friend to Hungary,
successfully defended Kossuth in the suit as
to paper money brought against him by the
Austrian government in 1861, issued two
important pamphlets on the then political
"position of the country, and was the only
person who dared to publish in England the
Ml text of Beak's speeches (Parliamentary
Remembrancer, vol. iv.)
Smith declined an invitation to stand as
candidate for parliament for Sheffield in
1852. la 1854 he, with Mr. W. J. Evelyn,
M.P. for Surrey, and the Rev. M. W. Malet,
formed the Anti-Centralisation Union, and
wrote the thirteen papers issued during the
three years of its existence.
a wider means of instructing
He then took
_ the public on
the attempts and methods of modern legis-
lators, by the establishment of the 6 Parliamen-
tary Remembrancer ' (1857-1865), a weekly
record of action in paniament, with valuable
historical commentaries and illustrations.
The great labour entailed by this periodical
which he conducted single-handed, only
helped by his family added to his other
undertakings and his practice at the parlia-
mentary bar, finally broke down his health.
He was drowned while bathing at Lancing,
Sussex, on 28 April 1869, and was buried in
Hornsey churchyard. His wife survived
him with two sons and three daughters. The
great aim of Smith's life was to spread a
knowledge of the historic principles of local
government and true democratic liberty, and
of the means of adapting them to modern
needs.
Besides the works mentioned he published :
'Laws of England relating to Public Health/
1848 ; f Government by Commissions Illegal
and Pernicious,' 1849 ; ' The Law of Nui-
sances/ 1855, which went through four edi-
tions, the last in 1867 ; * Memorials of Old
Birmingham/ two vols. viz. c The Old Crown
House,' 1863, and 'Men and Names/ 1864;
and edited several acts of parliament. His
historical work on 'English Gilds/ which
has exercised a wide influence, was completed
after his death (Early EngL Text Soc. 1870).
[Eegist. and Magazine of Biography, 1869, ii.
88 ; family papers ; personal recollections.]
L. T. S.
SMITH/ JOSIAH WILLIAM (1816-
1887), legal writer, only child of the Re?.
John Smith, rector of Baldock, Hertfordshire,
was born on 3 April 1816, and graduated
LL.B. from Trinity HaU, Cambridge, 1841
(^^s^^GraduatiCantabngienses). He en-
tered himself a student of Lincoln's Inn on
9 Nov. 1836, where he was called to the bar on
6 May 1841, and chiefly practised in the court
of chancery. He was the draughtsman of
the ' Consolidated General Orders of the High
Court of Chancery > (lS60) J< and also edited
Fearne's * Contingent Remainders ' and Mit-
ford's * Chancery Pleadings/ But he is best
remembered as the author of the ' Manual of
Eomty' (1845), 'Compendium of the Law
ofKeal and Personal Property ' (1855), and
' Manual of Common Law and Bankruptcy '
(1864). These works, clearly and concisely
written, went through many^ editions, and
are standard works. In addition he com-
piled several small manuals of devotion and
a < Summary of the Law of Christ* (1859
and 1860). Having attained the rank of
Smith
9 6
Smith
queen's counsel on 25 Feb. 1S81, Smith "was
chosen a bencher of Lincoln's Inn on 13 March ;
following, and in September 1565 became '
county-court judge for Herefordshire and ;
Shropshire t circuit Xo. 27). He was a judge r
of Terr strong individuality, resented being ;
overruled by a superior court, and on one \
occasion, shortly before his retirement, de- j
clared his reason for not giving leave to i
appeal to be that if he was overruled the court
would be deciding contrary to law and |
justice. This drew down upon him a re- !
bnke from the court of queen's bench, Jus- '
tlce Mellor pronouncing him 'an extraor- <
dinary specimen of a county-court judge/ ;
Credit was, however, given him for good in- J
tentions. Smith, who was a JJP. for Here- \
fordshire, retired from the bench on a pen- !
sion in February 1879. He died at Clifton on !
10 April 1887, and was buried at Baldock. t
He married in 1844 Mary, second daughter
of George Henry Hicks, M.B., of Baldock
[Foster's Men at the Bar ; Debrett's Judicial
Bench ; Lav Journal.] W. E. W.
SMITH, KATHEEINE (1680?-! 758?),
vocalist. r See TOFTS.]
SMITH' SIB LIONEL (1778-1842), Heu-
tenant-general, born on 9 Oct. 1778, was the
younger son of Benjamin Smith of Liss in
Hampshire, a West India merchant (d. 1806),
by his wife Charlotte Smith [q.v.j, the poetess.
In March 1795 Lionel was appointed, with-
out purchase, to an ensigncy in the 24th regi-
ment of foot, then in Canada; in October of
the same year he obtained his lieutenancy.
While in America he attracted the notice of i
the Duke of Kent, who materially assisted (
his advancement. After being quartered in j
Canada for some time, his regiment was re- !
moved to Halifax in Xova Scotia, and thence
he was ordered to cross to the west coast of
Africa to quell an insurrection in Sierra
Leone. In May 1801 he obtained his company
in the 16th regiment, and in April 1802 was
promoted to the rank of major. In the same
year he proceeded to the West Indies, and
was present at the taking of Surinam, Esse-
quibOjBerbice, and other foreign possessions.
He became lieutenant-colonel in June 1805,
in the 18th regiment, but about 1807 was
transferred totne command of the 65th, then
at Bombay, In 1809 and 1810 he conducted
expeditions against the pirates who infested
the Persian Gulf, and received for Ms ser-
vices the thanks of the imaum of M useat. In
1810 he was present with his regiment at the '
reduction of Mauritius, and obtained Ms full
"colonelcy in June 1813. On 17 Tov. 1817
lie commanded the fourth division of the
army of the Beccan at the capture of Poonah,
and in the following year he was
wounded in the cavalry action at Ashta
On 12 Aug. 1819 he was advanced to the rank
of major-general, but, after serving for some
time on the Bombay staff, he left India, and
on 9 April 1832 was nominated colonel of
the 96th foot. On 3 Dec. of the same year
he was created K.C.B., and in October 1&S4
was appointed colonel of the 74th regiment.
From 27 April 1S33 he was stationed at
Barbados as governor and Commander-in-
chief of the Windward and Leeward Islands
The recent enactment- of the Emancipation
Act had produced much bitter feeling among
the Europeans, and Sir Lionel incurred mucn
unpopularity by Ms sympathy with the
coloured population. His attitude towards
the House of Assembly was uneonciliatory,
and he was charged with unconstitutional
procedure. In 1836 he succeeded the Marquis
of Sligo as captain-general and commander-
in-chief of Jamaica, and in the same year
was appointed a knight grand cross of the
order of the Gruelphs of Hanover. In Jamaica
he found even greater difficulties than in
Barbados. The expiration of the term of
apprenticesMp and the complete emancipa-
tion of the slaves in 1838 were followed by
an attempt on the part of the planters to
keep the negroes in subjection by charging
them heavy rents for their huts, by pervert-
ing 1 the vagrancy laws, and by ejecting
offenders from their estates. By these means
they drove large numbers of labourers to
tracts of virgin land, -where they could live
in independence. Sir Lionel endeavoured to
restrain these abuses, but his measures only
hastened a crisis, and earned for him the
hatred of the proprietors and managers of
estates. On the publication of an imperial
act * for the better government of prisons in
the West Indies/ framed with a view to-
preventing the ill-treatment of negroes, the
House of Assembly declared its rights in-
fringed and refused to legislate. Lord Mel-
bourne was defeated in the British parliament
in an attempt to pass an act to suspend the
constitution of Jamaica, and for a time mat-
ters were at a deadlock. In 1839 a modified
Metcalfe [q, v.] was selected to succeed him
as governor.
While governor, Sir Lionel was appointed
a lieutenant-general hi January 1837, and in
February he succeeded George Cooke as
colonel of the 40th regiment. At the corona-
tion of Queen Victoria he was included in
the list^of baronets, and in 1840 he succeeded
Sir William Nicolay as governor of the
Mauritius. In 1841 he was created G.CJX,
Smith
97
Smith
and lie died at Mauritius on 3 Jan. 1842.
He was twice married. By Ms first wife,
Ellen Marianne (d. 1814), daughter of Thomas
_ ' Kilkerry, co. Kerry, he had two
iufiifers, Ellen Maria and Mary Anne. On
$0 > V OT, 1819 he married Isabella Curwen,
youngest daughter of Eldred Curwen Pot-
timger of Mount Pottinger, co. Down, and
sister of Sir Henry Pottinger [q. v.] She
died three days after her husband, leaving
four children, Lionel Eldred, Augusta, Isa-
bella, and Charlotte.
[Gent. Mag. 1842, ii. 93-4; Animal Begister,
1842, pp. 242-3 ; Dodd's Annual Biogr. for 1842,
pp. 4-8; Burr's Appeal to the Marquis of
Hastings, 1819 ; Asiatic Annual Begister, vol.
ad. Chron. p. 161, vol. xiL Chron. p. 122 ;
Asiatic Monthly Journal, ii. 341 ; Mill's Hist,
of India, ed. Wilson, vii. 315-18, viii. 309-11 ;
Patoa's Records of the Twenty-fourth Regiment,
p. 332 ; Schombiirgk's Hist, of Barbados, 1848,
pp. 450-75 ; Gardner's Hist of Jamaica, 1873,
pp. 394-404.] B. L C.
SMITH, MATTHEW (Jl. 1696), in-
former, nephew of Sir William Parkyns [q. v.],
was connected with several good Jacobite
families. He obtained an ensigncy in Vis-
count Castleton's regiment of toot in May
1693, but he was discharged from the regi-
meat in the following January. Thereupon
he took rooms in the Middle Temple, sought
the society of Jacobites, and acquired know-
ledge of their intrigues. During the summer
of 1695 he signified to Charles Talbot, duke
of Shrewsbury [q. v.], and to James Vernon
[q. v.j, then undersecretary of state, that he
was willing to traffic in such information as
lie possessed. In December (seven or eight
weeks, that is to say, before it was revealed
by Thomas Prendergast [q. v.]) he threw out
a number of obscure but unmistakable hints
of a plot for the assassination of William ;
but Sbewsbur/s vigilance was benumbed
bv a guilty consciousness of his own in-
trigues with the exiles. When the conspiracy
had been proved, Smith accused Shrews-
bury and Vernon of crassly neglecting the
intelligence which he had famished. The
ciiarge would have had little consequence
but for the feet that it coincided with the
damaging statements which were beingj circu-
lated by Sir John Fenwick [q. v.] and Ms wife,
tod with the strenuous efforts being made by
Lord Mosmouth (afterwards Earl of Peter-
twoiya) to convict the whig leaders (and
especially Shrewsbury and Marlborough) of
complicity in Jacobite intrigue [see Moa-
sAtnrr CHXKLBS]. Monmouth's aim was
to |prafe the facts supplied by Smith, and
whica contained a suferafrum of truth, upon
**"" * " confession, by which means he
hoped to obtain a powerful leverage against
his enemies. Smith, however, was a weak
tool, and his main object was to blackmail
Shrewsbury and Ternon, whose correspon-
dence during October and November 1696 was
full of anxiety as to his proceedings. The
king himself relieved them from suspicions
which he could not afford to entertain. He
told Smith that he had been cognisant of
his warnings, but had decided to ignore them ;
at the same time he sent him 5QL through
Portland, and promised him a place in
Flanders. So reckless, however, was Smith
in erploiting his new sources of wealth, that
before a week had elapsed he was thrown into>
: the Fleet prison for debt. Thence Somers
rescued Tmn and e quieted him/ and on
10 Dec. Yernon gave Mm another twenty
guineas. It was indispensable to keep him
in a good humour pending his examination
by the House of Lords. This took place
on 11 and 13 Jan. 1697, when Smith held
Ms tongue as to anything that he knew to
' the disadvantage of Shrewsbury and Marl-
borough. He was also extremely reticent as-
to his relations with Monmouth, but com-
plained of the ingratitude with wMch his
revelations had been received. The house
' decided that his reward was sufficient, inas-
much as his object had been to keep well
both with the conspirators and the govern-
ment. His patron Monmouth was shortly
afterwards committed to the Tower, on tbe-
presumption that he had endeavoured to
suborn false witnesses against his private
enemies. Smith, in the meantime, withdrew
into retirement, and published his * Memoirs
' of Secret Service . . . humbly offered to the
Hon. the House of Commons' (London, 1699,
8vo), in wMeh he bitterly complains of Ms
treatment by Shrewsbury and Vernon. It
caused a sensation by its outspoken language,,
and in spite of some attempts made by Peter-
borough to screen Ms discreditable ally, Smith
was on 12 Dec. 1699 committed to the Gate-
house by order of the upper house. His
book was answered by Richard Kingston in
1700, whereupon Smith retorted in * A Beply
to an Unjust and Scandalous LibeP (1700),
and Kingston followed suit with * Impudence,
Lying, and Forgery detected and chastised,
in alrfcejoinder to a Keply' (1700), in wMch
he stigmatised Ms adversary as a squire of
Alsatia, while he attributed his adroit use
of invective to the assistance of a skilled
hand, that of the * Infamous Town-poet, Tom
Brown,' who had, however, little, if anything,
to do with, the controversy. Nothing further
is known of Matthew Smith.
[Vemon Correspondence, ed. James, psssam ;
House of Lords' Journals, xvi. 63-4; ^
Smith 9$
Smith
English Army Lists, i. 331 ; LuttrelTs Brief
Hist. Belation, iv. 591; Burners Own Time;
Macauky's Hist, of England ; Stebbing's Peter-
borough, pp. 30 seq. ; Smith's Memoirs ; Brit.
Mus. Cat. ; see art. PBEXDEHGAST or PEKDES-
<JASS, Sir THOMAS.] T. S.
SMITH, MICHAEL WILLIAM (1809-
1S91 ?, general, was the posthumous son of
Sir Michael Smith, bart. (1740-1808), master
of the rolls in Ireland, by his second wife,
Eleanor, daughter of Michael Smith, his
eousin-german. He was bora on 27 April
lS09j four months after his father's death,
and was commissioned as ensign in the 82nd
foot on 19 Xov. 1830. He became lieutenant
on '21 Feb. 1834, and exchanged into the loth
hussars on 29 Aug. 1835. He was promoted
captain on 23 April 1839, and in November
obtained a first-class certificate at the senior
department of the Royal Military College,
Sandhurst. He afterwards served for several
years hi India, becoming major on 9 Feb.
1847, and lieutenant-colonel on 8 March
1850. ^
During the Crimean, war he commanded
Osmanli irregular cavalry, and received the
Medjidie (second class). He was made
colonel in the army on 28 Nov. 1854. He
had exchanged from his regiment to half-pay
on 25 Aug. 1854, and on 16 June 1857 he
became lieutenant-colonel of the 3rd dra-
goon guards, which served in India during
the mutiny. In 1858 he was placed in. com-
mand of a brigade of the Bajputana field
force, and was detached from the main body
of that force to assist Sir Hugh Rose (after-
wards Baron Strathnaim [<j. v.] in his opera-
tions against Tantia Topi. On 17 June
he attacked the mutineers between Kotah-
ki-serai and Grwalior, and drove them back
after some severe fighting, in which the
iamous rani of Jhansi was killed. He took
part in the capture of Gwalior on the 19th,
In August he was sent against Man Singh,
rajah of INarwar, who had rebelled against
Sindhia. His own force proved insufficient,
but he was soon joined by Sir Bobert Cor-
nelia Kapier [q.v.j (afterwards Lord Napier
of Magdala), who had succeeded Hose in com-
mand of the Central India force ; and he took
part in the siege and capture of Paori, and
an the subsequent pursuit of Tantia TopL
In November he surprised the camp of Man
Singh at Kooadrye. He was several times
mentioned in despatches (London Gazette,
5 Get. 1858, 31 Jan., 24 March, and 18 April
1859). He received the medal with clasp,
and was made CJ3. on 21 March 1859, and
was given a reward for distinguished service
on 6 April I860,
He feft his regiment and went on half-
pay on 25 April 1862, a
| the command of the _ w ^ m
j the local rank of major-general He held
' this command till 1 June 1867. He waa
promoted major-general on 4 Julv !84 Her
tenant-general on 19 Jan. 1873,'and general
placed on the retired list. He had *l^
given the colonelcy of the 20th hussars on
22 ]Nov. 1870, and was transferred to his old
regiment, the loth hussars, on 21 \u 2
1883. He died at West Brighton on 18 Aorii
1891. In 1830 he married Charlotte, elfe
daughter of George Whitmore Carr of Ard-
ross, and he left one son, Major "WiBkia
Whitmore Smith, B.A., and one daughter.
Smith was not merely a practical soldier
but^ thought and wrote with originality OQ
military, especially cavalry, topics. He was
i author of: 1. *A Treatise on Drill and
' Manoeuvres of Cavalry/ 8vo, London, 1865
2. l Cavalry Outpost Drill, with a Chapter
on Cavalry Skirmishing,' 8vo, London, 1867
3. < Modern Tactics of the Three Arms*
(with illustrations by himself), 8vo. London,
1869. 4. < A New System of Perspective/
8vOj 1881.
[Times, 22 April 1891 ; Foster's Baronetage-
Malleson's Indian Mutiny.] B. M. L, *
SMITH, MILES (d. 1624), bishop of
Gloucester, son of a butcher, was bom afe
Hereford, and became, about 1568, a stu-
dent of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, from
which college he migrated to Brasenose,
He graduated B.A. in 1573 and M.A, in
1576, proceeding BJD. in 1585 and D.D, in
1594. About 1576 he was made a chaplak
or petty canon of Christ Church ; in 1580 he
obtained the prebend of Hinton in Hereford
cathedral, and in 1595 he was made a pre-
bendary of Exeter cathedral. He also held
the rectory of Hartlebury, and, possibly , that
of Upton-upon-Severn, in Worcestershire.
Smith was a distinguished classical scholar,
but his chief reputation was made as an
orientalist. 'Chaldiac, Syriac, and Arabic/
says Wood, were 'as familiar to him almost
as his own native tongue.* He acted as one
of the translators of the authorised version
of the Bible, and took part in the translation
of the prophetic books, but he and Thomas
Bilson [q. v,], bishop of Winchester, were
appointed to make a fma? revision of the
text of the Old Testament, and to Smith was
assigned the honour of writing the preface to
the completed work. As a reward for his
labour he was appointed bishop of Glouces-
ter, and consecrated at Croydon on 20 Sept.
1612, *
In theology Smith held puritam views.
Smith
99
Smith
His dislike of ceremonial observances at-
tracted the notice of James I, Smith having
allowed Gloucester Cathedral to fall into
decsv while he retained the communion
table in the middle of the choir. To correct
these irregularities, James in 1616 appointed
Laud to the deanery of Gloucester, with
instructions to bring about a reformation.
Laad, without consulting the bishop, sum-
moned the chapter, and laid the king's com-
mands before them. He induced them to
give orders for the repair of the cathedral
and for the removal of the communion table
to the east end of the chancel. The conse-
quence was a tumult among the townsfolk
and the clergy of the district, which Smith
aggravated by declaring that he would not
enter the cathedral again till the causes of
ofence had been removed. Laud, however,
secure of the countenance of the king, re-
mained steadfast, and the puritans were
obliged to relinquish a hopeless contest
I LAO, Works, v. 495 ; HEYUK, Cyprianus
An&licus, p. 70).
Smith died on 20 Oct. 1624 (WiLUB,
Grffefrafe, < Gloucester, 7 p. 74; LE NEVE,
Fasti, L 439). He was twice married. By
hie first wife, Mary Hawkins, of Cardiff, he
had two sons : Gervase, of the Middle Temple,
and Miles.
Smith was the author of a volume of ser-
mons published in London (1632, fol.) He
also edited the works of Gervase Babington
fq. v.], bishop of Worcester (London, 1615,
lot), and wrote a commendatory preface to
BaMagton's *Certaine plaine, briefe, and
comfortable Notes upon every Chapter of
Genesis' (London, 1596, 4to). In 1602 one
of Smith's sermons was published, without
his consent, by Bobert Burhill [q. v.] y under
the title of * A learned and goclly Sermon,
preached at Worcester, at an Assize, by the
ilev. and learned Miles Smith, Doctor of
A near kinsman of the bishop, MILES
SMITH (1618-1671), son of Miles Smith, a
priest in Gloucester, matriculated from Mag-
d&fefc College, Oxford, on 20 March 1634-5,
graduated B.A. on 8 Dec. 1638, and was
omted B.CJL,. on 4 Aug. 1646, From 1634
to 1641 he was a chorister at his college. He
was & royalist, and, suffering for Ms opinions,
feeeaoie a retainer of Gilbert Sheldon fq. v.]
On the latter being made archbishop of Csn-
teflmry in 1660, Smith became Ms secretary.
He died on 17 Feb. 1670-1, and was buried
im the chancel of Lambeth church. He was
the author of 'The Psalms of King David,
piffrnphrased into English Meetre/ London,
1 688, 8vo. This was based on the Para-
ptaae of the Psalms' by Henry Hammond
[q. v.] He had one son, Miles, a gentleman
commoner of Trinitv, who died at Oxford on
17 Oct. 1682 (WOOD, Athenee Oxen. ed. Bliss,
iii. 951, and Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 94;
FOSTEE, Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714).
[Wood's Athense Oacon. ed. Bliss, ii. 359, 863 ;
Stephens's Preface to Smith's Sermons; Fune-
ral Sermon, by Thomas Prior, affixed to Smith's
Sermons ; Barksdale's Memoirs, decade 111;
Lansdowne MS. 984, f. 39 ; Chambers's Biogr.
Illustrations of Worcestershire, p. 84 ; Foster's
Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Fowler's History of
Corpus Christi College, pp. 150, 156, 163;
Anderson's Annals of the English Bible, ii. 376,
378.] E. L a
SMITH; SEE MONTAGU EDWAKD
(1809-1891), judge, was the eldest son of
Thomas Smith, solicitor and town clerk of
Bideford, Devonshire , "by his wife, Margaret
Colville, daughter of M. Jenkyn of St. Mawes,
Cornwall, commander in the royal navy.
He was born at Bideford on 25 Dec. ISO,
and was educated at the grammar school of
his native town. He started in life as an
attorney, but was admitted to Gray's Inn on
11 Nov. 1830, and was called to the bar on
18 Nov. 1835. Smith joined the western
circuit, and on 11 May 1839 was admitted
to the Middle Temple. He was appointed
a queen's counsel in Trinity vacation 1853,
and was elected a bencher of the Middle
Temple on 22 Nov. in that year. After un-
successfully contesting Truro in January
1849 and July 1852, he was returned for
that constituency in the conservative inte-
j rest at the general election in April 1859.
He occasionally spoke in the house on legal
topics, hut took little part in the debates.
In the session of 1861 he brought in a "bill
for the limitation of crown suits f ParL De-
bates, 3rd ser. cbdil 1584-6), which received
, the royal assent on 1 Aug. (24 & 25 Viet.
j cap. 62). In 1863, and again in 1864, he
I called the attention of the house to the in-
j sufficient accommodation in the law courts
1 (ParL Debates, 3rd ser. clrsii 605-7, ctai.
363-6). He served as the treasurer of the
Middle Temple in 1863. He was appointed
a justice of the common pleas by Lord West-
bury on 7 Feb. 1865, and duly received the
order of the coif. He was knighted on 18 May
following. After sitting in the common pleas
for six. years and a half he was (November
1871) appointed, under the provisions of 34 &
35 Viet. cap. 91, a member of the judicial
committee of the privy councE, with a salary
of 5,00Q a year. He was appointed a com-
missioner under the Courts of Justice Build-
ing Act, 1865, on 20 June in that year (P&rl
Paper*> 1871, vol. iz.), and a member of tbe
universities committee of the privy council
Smith
100
Smith
on 12 Dec. 1S77 (London Gazette, 1877, ii.
7241). He resigned Hs judicial office on
12 Dec. lSSl,and died, unmarried, atXo. 32
Park Lane, London, on 3 May 1891.
Smith was a sound lawyer and a per-
suasive rather than an eloquent advocate.
He excelled in clear analysis of facts and
authorities, and made an accurate and pains-
taking judge.
[Ann. Keg. I SO I, ii. 161 ; Men and Women
of the Time, 13th edit p. 832; Boase's Col-
lect. Coronb. 1S90, pp. 909-10; Foss's Bio-
giapbia Jnridica, 1870, p. 61 7 j Foster's Kegister
of Admissions to Gray's Inn, 1889, p. 441 ;
Shaw's Inns of Court* Calendar, 1878, p. 8 ;
Foster's 3Ien at the Bar, 1885, p. 434; Block's
Table of Judges, &c., 1887, pp. 9, 16, 23 ; Times,
5 and 8 Hay 1891 ; MeCalmont's Parliamentary
Poll Book, 1879, p. 256 ; Dod's Parl. Companion,
1865, p. 290 ; Official Return of Lists of Mem-
bers of Parliament, ii. 446 ; Haydn's Book of
Dignities, 1890.] G. F. E. B.
SMITH, PHILIP (1817-1885), writer on
ancient history, son of William Smith of
Enfield, and younger brother of Sir Wil-
liam Smith [q. v.], was born in 1817. He
was educated at Mill Hill school, and en-
tered Coward College as a student for the
congregational ministry in April 1834. He
graduated B.A. at London in May 1840. He
was professor of classics and mathematics !
in Cheshunt College from 1840 to 1850, and \
pastor of the congregational church at Cross- i
brook from 1840 to 1845. From 1850 to
1852 he was first professor of mathematics
and ecclesiastical history in New College,
and from 1853 to 1860 headmaster of Mill ,
Hill school. The remainder of his life was
spent in writing for his brother's dictionaries
and in historical work. He was editor of the
< Biblical Review 7 from 1846 to 1851, and a \
frequent contributor to the i Quarterly Be- I
view/ while his brother William was its ;
editor. He died at Putney on 12 May 1886. j
Smith published : 1. * A Smaller History ;
of England/ London, 1862, 8vo ; 28th edit. !
1890. 2. * A History of the Ancient World/
the only portion published of a projected * His-
tory of theWorld/ London, 1863-5, 8vo. 3. <A :
Smaller Ancient History of the East/ Lon- ;
don, 1871, 8vo. 4. f The Student's Ancient
History/ London, 1871, 8vo. 5. * The Stu-
dent's Ecclesiastical History/ London, 1878-
1885, 8va, He also edited: 1. 'The Pos- j
thumous Works of John Harris, D.D./ 1857, |
8vo. 2. Schliemann's ' Troy/ 1875, 8vo, I
3. Brugsch's 4 History of Egypt/ 1879, STO : !
new edit. 1881. j
[Information communicated by Dr, Samnel
Newth of Acton ; Athenaeum, 1 885, i. 664 ; Times,
IS May 1885 ; Smith's Works.] E. (X M.
SMITH, PLEASAXCE, LIBY (1773-
1877). centenarian, fifth child of Robert (4
15 July 1815, aged 76) and Pleasance (4
27 March 1820, aged 81) eeve of Lowestoft"
Suffolk, was born at Lowestoft on 11 Mar
1773. Her mother shortly before marriage
had recovered with difficulty from small-pox*
having been treated by being wrapped in
scarlet flannel and kept in & heated room
without fresh air. The first child of her
parents was Pleasance, born 1766, who lived
five or six hours; the second, in 1767, a
daughter, still-born ; the third, in 1763, a
son, who lived a few hours ; the fourth, Ro-
bert, born in 1770, who died 9 May 1840.
The family bible has this entry by theTather-
'llth May 1773. The said "Pleasance was,
delivered of a daughter about one in the
afternoon, and [she] was baptized by the
name of Pleasance.' The Lowestoft parish
register, under the heading f Christenings in
Lowestoft, A.D. 1773/ has the following at
L393: 'May 12. Pleasance, daughter of
bert and Pleasance Eeeve. John Arrow,
Vicar.' Subsequently (1778) was born a son,
James, who died 26 June 1827. Pleasance
was trained by both her parents to a love of
nature and of literature ; her love of poetry-
was innate. She married, in 1796, (Sir) James
Edward Smith [q. v.], had no child, and sur-
vived her husband nearly forty-nine years.
Soon after her marriage she was painted, as
a gipsy, by Opie. In 1804 William Roscoe
[q. v.] wrote to his wife that i he who could
see and hear Mrs. Smith without being en-
chanted has a heart not worth a farthing.*
The impression of her stately beauty in middle
life is still a memory in Norwich, her home
from 1797. In 1849 she removed to a house
built by her father in High Street, Lowestoft.
On her hundredth birthday in 1873 a dinner
was given in the Public Hall, Lowestoffc, tc
aged poor of the neighbourhood, and she re-
ceived from the queen a copy of ( Our Life in
the Highlands/ with the autograph inscrip-
tion : <To Lady Smith, on her 100th birthday,
from her friend Victoria R., May llth, 1873/
Up to this time she scarcely knew the mean-
ing of illness ; her colour was fresh, she had
kept nearly all her teeth, and her eyes were
bright, though the sight was beginning to
fail. On 16 Feb. 1873 she had written : * I
can yet see the landscape. This is a great
| alleviation, but I cannot see the lines I at-
I tempt to write/ She continued, however,
i to write letters till barely a fortnight be-
| fore her death. She had curious optical
j illusions, seeing- spectral figures which en-
! larged as they receded ; fortunately this
j only caused her amusement. Her hearing
j was almost unimpaired to the last, and her
Smith
ICI
Smith
meffiorv was singularly accurate and tena-
cious ; "a few days before her death she re-
pented a great part of Gray's < Elegy.' She
serer lost her interest in political and lite-
rary topics, or her sympathy with modern
movements ; did not think the past age
better than the present, and met fears of
the dangerous tendencies of modern science
with the remark. I am for inquiry.' Among
her friends were Sarah Austin [q. v.], Wil-
liam \VheweU"q.T.~, Adam Sedgwick [q. v.],
and Arthur Penrhyn Stanley [q.T.] In the
winter of 1873-4 she had a severe "attack of
bronchitis, but got quite well again; and
till near the end of 1876 entertained her
friends at table, and took almost daily drives
in her carriage. Her strength was weaken-
ing, and in January 1877 she sank rapidly.
On Saturday, 3 Feh. 1877, she asked to be
Carried down to her favourite room ; the wish
could not be gratified ; half an hour later she
passed calmly away. She was buried on
v Feb. beside" her husband, in her father's
vault in the churchyard of St. Margaret's,
Lowestoft In the church there is a window
to her memory. She published * Memoir and
Correspondence of the late Sir J. E. Smith/
&c. (1832, 8vo, 2 vols.) Tradition ascribes
to her a share in the composition of her
husband's hymns.
[Times, 5 Feb. 1877; Christian Life, 10 Feb.
1877 p. 73, 17 Feb. 1877 p. 87; Spectator,
17 Feb. 1877, article on * The Ideal of Old Age ; '
James's Memoir of Thomas Madge, 1871, p.
291 ; tombstones at Lowestoft ; personal recol-
lection.] A. G-.
SMITH, RICHARD, D.D. (1500-1563),
described by Wood as 'the greatest pillar
for the Boman catholic cause in his time,'
was bom in Worcestershire in 1500. In
the title-page to his treatise, t Be Missse
Saeriiicio,' he styles himself * Wigornensis,
Angins, saerse theologies professor/ and Bale,
who knew him personally, numbers him
among English writers. Stanihurst and
Tssher erroneously assert that he was the
son of a blacksmith, and that he was a na-
tive of Rathrnacknee, a village in Ireland
three miles from Wesford. He was elected
probationer fellow of Merton College, Ox-
ford, in 1527, was admitted B.A. on 5 April
in that year, and commenced M.A. 18 July
1530 (Oxford Unit. Register, i. 146). He
becaane the public scribe or registrar of the
university on 8 Feb. 1531-2, was appointed
the first regius professor of divinity on the
foundation of that chair by Henry VITE,
TO admitted BJX 13 May 1536, and D.D.
10 July the same year. On 9 Sept. 1537 he
was admitted master of Whittington Col-
lege, Londo^ and he was one of the divines
i who were commissioned in that year to com-
1 pose ' The Institution of a Christian Man/
| Archbishop Cranmer collated him to the
| rectory of St. Dunstan's-in-the-East (Xsw-
| COTTBT, Repertorium, i. 334). He was also
j rector of Cuxham, Oxfordshire, principal of
I St. Alban's Hall, and divinity reader in
j Magdalen College.
On the accession of Edward YI he com-
?lied with the change of religion, and on
5 May 1547 he made his recantation at St.
Paul's 'Cross, declaring that the authority of
j the bishop of Rome had been justly and
| lawfully abolished in this realm (SxBYpE,
i Cranmer i , p. 171, app. p. 84, fol.) This state-
ment he repeated at Oxford on 24 July, but
he maintained that, while retracting, he did
not recant (STRYPE, Memorials^ ii. 39, seq. ;
Lit Item. o/Edw. VI, p. 214). He was ac-
| cordingly deprived of his regius professorship,
j being succeeded by Peter Martyr. Early in
| 1549 he had a famous disputation with Peter
I Martyr at Oxf M(Orig. Letters, Parker Soc.
ii. 478-9). A few days later Smith was im-
prisoned. He was released on finding secu-
i rity for good behaviour, but fled first to
j St. Andrews in Scotland, then to Paris, and
j afterwards to Louvain, where he was received
j with solemnity on 9 April 1549 (AISDBEJLS,
' Fasti Academid Studii Generalis Lovarden.-
stSf 1650, p. 80); he was afterwards ap-
pointed public professor of divinity in Lou-
vain university.
On Mary's accession he was not only re-
stored to his professorship at Oxford and
to the mastership of Whittington College,
out appointed one of her majesty's chap-
lains and a canon of Christ Church (LB
NEVE, Fasti, ii. 530). He was one of the
witnesses against Archbishop Cranmer, his
former friend, was the principal opponent of
Ridlev in the disputation held at Oxford on
7 April 1554, and took part in the disputa-
tions with Latimer (see FOXE, Actes). When
those prelates were about to be burnt he
preached a sermon before a large auditory
near Balliol College on the text, f If I give
my body to be burnt, and have no charity,
it profiteth nothing/
After the accession of Elizabeth he lost
ail his preferments, and was committed in
1559 to the custody of Archbishop Parker,
who induced him to recant what he had
written in defence of the celibacy of priests
(cf. DOBB, Cknrek History, ii. 101). Accord-
ing to Jewel he was removed from Ms pro-
fessorship owing to a charge of adultery
being brought against him (Zurich Letter^
i. 12, 45). Smith's attempt to take refuge
in Scotland failed. Subsequently, 'giving
Matthew [Parker] the slip/ he reachedBouay,
Smith
102
Smith
and was constituted dean of St. Peter's
Church in that city by Philip II, king of
Spain, who made Mm one of the royal chap-
lains. The new uniYersity of Douay was
solemnly installed on 5 Oct. 1562 } and Smith
was appointed chancellor (^Records of the
English Catholics, voL i. p. xxvii). He was
also professor of theology. He died on 9 July
(N.S. ) 1563, and was buried in the lady-chapel
within the church of St. Peter, Douay.
His works are: 1. 'The Assertion and
Defence of the Sacramente of the aulter, 1
London, 1546, Svo, dedicated to Henry VHL
2 r i A defence of the sacrifice of the masse,'
London, I Feb. 1546-7, 8vo, also dedicated
to Henry VIIL 3. * A brief treatyse set-
tynge forth diuers truthes necessary both to
be belieued of chrysten people, & kept
also, whiche are nt expressed in the scrip-
ture but left to y e church by the apostles
tradition,' London, 1547, Svo ; to this Cran-
mer replied in his * Confutation of Unwritten
Verities; 1558, 4. < A godly and faythfuU
retractation made and published at Paules
Crosse in London, by mayster Rich. Smyth/
London, 1547, 8vo. 5. * A Playne Declara-
tion made at Oxforde, the 24 daye of July
. . . jc.Bjdvij,' London, 1547, Svo. 6. *A
Confutation of a certen Booke, called a de-
fence of the true and Catholike doctrine of
the saeramet, &c., sette fourth of late in the
name of Thomas [Cranmer] Archebysshope
of Canterburye,'ff. 166, printed abroad [1550],
8vo ; to this Cranmer again replied. 7. * De-
fensio ccelebatus sacerdotum, contra P. Mart./
Louvain, 1550, SYO, This volume contains
also * Confutatio quorundam artieulorum de
rotis monasticis Pet. Martyris ItalL 1 As the
work was disfigured by many typographical
errors, both the treatises were reprinted with
the following title, l Defensio Saeri Episco-
porum& Sacerdotum Coslibatus contra impias
& indoetas Petri Martyris Yermilii nugas &
calumnias/ Paris, 1550, 8vo. 8. * Diatriba de
hominis justificatione edit a Ozonise aduersus
Pet. Martyrem/ Louvain, 1550, Svo. 9. < A
Bouclier of the catholike fayth of Christes
church,' 2 parts, London, 1555-6, Svo. Dedi-
cated to Queen Mary. 10. t A sermon by
Dr. Smith, with which he entertained his
congregation in queen Mary's reign/ was
published in 1572 by Richard Tottel, who
affirmed that he was both eye and ear wit-
ness (MoBfcAF, Pkcenix Britanmcm, p. 18).
11, * jDe Miss Saerificio succincta q^usedam
enarratio, ae brevis repulsio prsedpuorum
a2^umentorum, qua Phil. Melanchthon et
alii sectarii objeceruat aduersus illud et Pur-
gatorium,* Louvain, 1562, Svo. 12. <De
Infantium Bapti&mo, contra Jo. Caluinum,
ae de operibus supererogationis, et merito
mortis Christi, adversus eundem Caluinum et
ejus discipulos/ Louvain, 1562, Svo ; Cologne
1563, Svo. IS. ' JRefutatio luculenta eras&i
esitiosse haeresis JohannisCalvini& Christop
Carlili Angli,quaastruunt Christum nonde*
scendisse^ ad inferos alios, quam ad infemum
infimum/ printed abroad, 1562. 14. Eefu
tatio J. Calvini erroris de Christi merito et
hominis redemptione/ Louvain, 1562, Svo,
15. ^Confutatio eorumqusePhiL Melanchthon
objicit contra Missse sacrificium propitiato-
rium . . . Cui accessit et repulsio calumnianim
Jo. Caluini, et 31usculi, et Jo. Juelli eontn
missam, ejus canonem, et purgatorium/ Lou-
vain, 1562, Svo. 16. { Defensio compendiaria
et orthodoxa sacri externi et visibilis Jesu
Christi Sacerdotii. Cui addita, est sacrato-
rum Catholie^e Ecclesije altarium propug-
natio, ac Caluinianae Communionis succuicta
Refutatio/ Louvain, 1562, Svo. 17. <Be-
ligionis et Regis adversus exitiosas Calvini,
Bezse, et Ottomani coniuratorum factiones,
defensio prima/ Cologne, 1562, Svo. 18. i Re-
futatio Locomm communium Theologicorum
Philippi Melanchthonis/ Douay (Jacques Bos-
card), 1563, 8vo ; dedicated to Philip, Hng of
Spain. 19. 'Delibero hominis arbitrio adver-
sus Jo. Caluinum, et quotquot impie illud aufe-
runt, Lutherum imitati/ Louvain, 1563, Svo.
[Bale, De Scriptoribus, ix 46 j Bloraia's
Magd. Coll. Beg. viii. 128; Bodleian Cat.;
Brodriek's Memorials of Merton College, p.
408 ; Burnet's Hist of the Reformation ; Cham-
bers's Biogr. Illustr. of Worcestershire, p. 60 ;
Dixon's Hist, of Church of England ; Foster's
Alumni Oson. early ser. iv. 1378 ; Foxe's Actes
and MOD. ; Letters and Papers of Henry VIII,
ed, Gairdner; Humfredus, Vita JueUi (1573),
p. 42 ; Lansdowne MS, 981, f. 19; Le Neve's
Fasti ; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (Bonn) ; Molactis,
Historiae LovaEiensitun, ii. 787 ; Kewcourt's Re-
pertorium, i. 494 ; Pits, Be Anglise Scriptoribtis,
p. 761 ; Stanihurst's Description of Ireland, pre-
fixed to Holinshed's Chronicle, p. 43 ; Tanner's
Bibl. Brit.; Strype's Works (general index);
Ussher's Dissertation, prefixed toIgnatiiEpistc^aB
(1644), p. 123 ; Ware's Writers (Harris), p. 96 ;
Wood's Athenae and Fasti Oxonienses.] T. C.
SMITH, RICHARD (1566-1665), bishop
of Chalcedon, was born at Hanworth, Lin-
colnshire, in 1566. He was sent to Trinity
College, Oxford, about 1583; but, there be-
coming a Roman catholic, he repaired in 1586
to Rome, where he entered the English Col-
lege and studied under Bellarmine. In 187
he engaged to return to England as a mis-
sionary, and in 1592 he was ordained. Ar-
riving at Valladolid in February 1595, fee
took his doctor's degree and was professor
of philosophy till 1598, when he settled
at Seville as professor of controversy. In
1602-3 he visited Douay, where an uncle, a
Smith
103
Smith
ersiciaa, died during his stay. In 1603 h
ded la England. Thence after some year
be was sent to Rome to obtain the settle-
ment of disputes "between the regular anc
secular clergy, and he thus came into co]
lisIonwithBobertParsons(1546-1610)[q.v/
jfho said of him, { I never dealt with an;
isan in my life more heady and resolut
m his opinions/ Quitting Home withou
laving effected his purpose, Smith arrived in
Paris, where he presided at the College
tTArras over a small company of Englisl
priests, engaged there, from 1613 to 1631, in
writing controversial works. On the death
of the vicar-apostolic for England and Scot
Itud, William Bishop [q. v.], Urban VIII, by
the advice of Barloe, prior of the English
College at Douay, chose Smith as his suc-
cessor, and on 12 Jan. 1625 he was conse-
crated to that office as bishop of Chalcedon by
tie papal nuncio in Paris, Cardinal Spada.
He entered on his post in April 1625, re-
ading mostly at Turvey, Bedfordshire, in a
house belonging to Anthony Browne, second
Yiseount Montague. For two years harmony
prevailed among the Eoman catholics in Eng-
land, but Smith then became embroiled with
the regulars by claiming the full episcopal
prerogatives enjoyed in catholic countries.
He required the regulars to obtain his license
for hearing confessions, he remodelled the
chapter, and he created a probate court and
ordered visitations of private houses. Some
of these innovations gave umbrage to the
catholic nobles, as rendering them liable to
prosecution for misprision of treason. The
pope was appealed to, and on 16 Dec. 1627
condemned some of Smith's pretensions. The
amrrel brought bin\ under the notice of the
English government, which, on 11 Dec. 1628,
Issued a proclamation for his arrest, and on
24 March folio wing offered a reward of 100/.
for his capture. The object, however, seems
t h&ve been merely to frighten Mm into
jmetHde, for he was in perfect security at the
French embassy, wherehis sermons drew large
eomgregatlons. When, however, the "pope
ordered the suspension, pending his decision,
of controversial writings and disciplinary
Measures, Smith, in 1629, retired to France
*EK! apprised the nuncio of Ms readiness to
ws^n, but when called upon for his resig-
aa&os he refused to give it. The Vatican
tbeoeeforth ceased to recognise him, and Pan~
auai's mission to England led to the virtual
wppreeaioa oC the episcopate. Cardinal
SacMiett conferred on Smith the sinecure
afefeey of Ctiarroux in Poitou, and offered him
afeeBaem Ms palace at Park, The Sorbonne
also eiaea witk Mm, sad Cardinal de Gondi,
N&tafi% of Paris, delegated ordinations to
him. In 1630 an unfounded rumour of Ms
return to the French embassy at London
elicited an offer by a Frenchman to the Eng-
lish government to inveigle and arrest him.
On the death of Richelieu in 1642, Smith, de-
prived both of a home and the aobey, found a
refuge at the English Austin nunnery in Paris ?
wMch he had assisted in founding, and there
he remained till Ms death on 18 March 1655.
He was buried in the convent chapel, and
Ms tomb was preserved till the removal of
the community to Neuilly in 1860. He be-
queathed to the nuns St. Cuthbert's pastoral
ring, wMch in 1856 was presented to Ushaw
College, and a chaplet styled < My Lord, 1
wMch each nun in rotation holds for a week,
using it Jn prayers for the welfare of the
community and the restoration of Catholicism
in England. An original portrait of Smith
is at Neuilly.
Smith wrote: 1. e An Answer to T. Bels
late Challeng named by him the Downfal of
Popery/ 1605, 8vo. 2. 'The Prudentiall
Ballance of Religion,' 1609, 16mo. 3. < Vita
. . . Dominss Magdalense Montis-Aeuti in
Anglia Comitissse' [i.e. Magdalen, second
wife of Anthony Browne, first viscount Mont-
ague, q. v.], Rome, 1609, 8vo ; a German
translation appeared at Augsburg in 1611
and an English one at Douai (?) in 1627.
4. * De Auetore et Essentia Protestanticse
Ecclesise et religionis libri duo/ Paris, 1619,
8vo; English translation 1621, 8vo. 5. *Col~
latio Doctrinse Catholicorum ae Protestan-
bium cum Expresses S. Scriptures/ Paris,
1622, 4to ; English translation, 1631, 4to.
6. * Of the Distinction of Fundamental and
not Fundamental Points of Faith/ 16^.&ro,
7. * Monita quaedam utilia, pro Saeerdotabus,,
Seminari&tis, Missionariis AngliflB/ Paris,
L6^47, 12mo. 8. 'A Treatise of the best
Sonde of Confessors/ London, 1651, l^mo.
9. ( Of the al-suffieient Eternal Proposer of
Hatters of Faith/ 1663, 8vo, 10. f Floram
listoriBeEcclesiasticse gemtis Angloram libri
septem . , . collectors R. Smitheo/ Paris,
1664, fol.
[Podd's Church Hisfcoiy is the chief authority,
and has been paraphrased or abridged by ail
tibsequent catholic historians, who, like him,
side with Smith ; but some additional facts are
pven by C&loz, Convent de Bellgieuses Auglaises
Paris, 189L See also CaL State Papers, Bom.,
625-31 ; Carre's Piefcas Parisiensis ; Mem. oC
i^Dzani; Bailer's Memoirs; Wood's Atheuse
XOB. iii 384; Welcbs's Chron. NcAes ; Flana-
gan's History of tfae Oiureh in Eoglaisd, J80;
Jrad/s Episcopal Scuscessioa.] J. Q-, A.
SMITH OT SMYTH, RICHAEB (1^0-
675), book-oollecfeor and antibor of ' OMfca-
/ son of &* Eev* Kicbard Smith of Ajbiiag-
Smith
104
Smith
don, Berkshire, by his wife Martha, daughter j ' The Wonders of the "World collected out of
of Paul Dayrell, esq., of Liliingston Payroll, j divers approved Authors ; J Sloane is/3^.
Buckinghamshire, was born at Liliingston ' Of the First Invention of the Art ofPrintl
Dayrell, and baptised there on^ 20 Sept. j ing,' Sloane 31S. 772; 'Observations con-
1590. He was sent for a short time to Ox- j ceming the Three Grand Impostors/ Sloans
ford, but did not matriculate, and was after- j MS. Iu24.
wards articled to a solicitor in the city of I His portrait, engraved by W. Sherwin la
London. On 15 Oct. 1644 he was admitted ; very rare (GBAXGEB, Biogr. Hut. of En
to the office of secondary of the Poultry j land, 1824, v. 186;. '
Conipter, which was worth about 700/. a j [Ayseough's Cat. of MSS. ; Bromley's Cat of
year. On the death of his eldest son, John, | Engraved Portraits, p. 129; Dibdm's Bibl
in 1655 he sold his office and lived in retire- | Decameron, iii. 74; Sir H. Ellis s Preface to the
ment, spending most of his time in his library, j Obituary; Grazebrook's Heraldry of Fish, pref.
Wood says 'he was constantly known every I P- xi jj.J Notes and Queries, 1st ser, ii. 389, 2nd
' ser - '
.
day to walk his rounds among the booksellers' \ ser - - 112
- S 7; Wood's Afhen*
shops (especially in Little Britain) in Lon- Ox n - ( Bliss ) J Yeo well's Memoir of Oldys, p.
don. and by his great skill and experience 96< J T. C.
he made choice of such books that were not ; SMITH, PJCHABD BATED (1818-
obvious to every man's eye.' He was also a I 1861), chief engineer at the siege of Delhi,
great collector of manuscripts, and he anno- i born on 31 Dee. 1818, was son of Richard Smith
tared many of the books in his extensive \ (1794-1863), surgeon, royal navy, of Lass-
library. For a long time he resided in Little i wade, Midlothian, where *he was in good pri-
Moorfields. He died on 26 March 1675, and J Tate practice, by his wife, Margaret Young
was buried in the church of St. Giles, Crip- ' t (1800-1829). He was educated at the Lass-
plegate. 1 wade school and at Dunse Academy, entered
By Ms wife Elizabeth, daughter of George j the military college of the East India Corn-
Dean of Stepney, Middlesex, he had five i pany at Addiscombe on 6 Feb. 1835, and
sons and three daughters. ! passed out at the end of his term, obtaining
His valuable library was dispersed by j a commission as second lieutenant in the
auction in 1682, and produced 1 ,41 4/. 12s. 11^. ! Madras engineers on 9 Dec. 1836, He went
A copy of the sale catalogue, 'Bibliotheca to Chatham for the usual course of professional
Smithiana/ with manuscript prices, is pre- ; instruction on 2 Feb. 1837 and left on 4 Oct.,
sflT-roi} ' m the British Museum. A manu- having obtained six months' leave of absence
to enable him to improve himself in civil en-
served
script catalogue of his books, with notes and
observations in his autograph (1670), ap- i gineering and geology. He arrived at Madras
pears in Thomas Thorpe's * Catalogue of on 6 July 1838, and was posted to the corps
V. + icw v* im of ^a^ras sappers and miners, joining the
headquarters in the Nilgiri Hills on the 13th
of the same month. He was appointed acting
Manuscripts/ 1S36, So. 104.
He is now chiefly known as the compiler
of: 1. ' The Obituary of Pdchard Smyth . . .
being a catalogue of all such persons as he j adjutant to the corps on 20 eb. 1839. On
knew in their life : extending from A.D. 1627 j 12 Aug., on an increase to the establishment
to A.D. 1674 ; which is extant in Sloane MS. ' of the Bengal engineers, Baird Smith was
in the British Museum, Xo. 886. A few*" *- --> , ~ .
extracts are preserved in the Harleian MS.
3361, in the handwriting of John Bagford;
and a selection, perhaps to the amount of a
fourth part, was printed by Peck in his De-
transferred to that corps, and on 23 Sept. was
appointed adj utant. A week later he became
temporarily an assistant to Captain M. R.
Fitzgerald of the Bengal engineers in the
________
siderata Curiosa.' The whole work was edited public works.
by Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., for the Camden ' ~ " * "
Society in 1849.
Smith was also author of 2. ' A Letter to
Dr. Henry Hammond, concerning the Sence
canal and iron bridge department of the
of that Article in the Creed, He descended
into HeH/ written in 1659, and printed, with
Hammond's reply, London, 1684, 8vo. He
left in manuscript a Collection of Arms be-
longing to the name of Smith, in Colours,*
8vo ; such a collection, in 2 vols. 8vo, is now
in the library of the College of Arms, but
whether it be the same is not quite clear.
Smith's manuscript remains also included
On 6 Jan. 1840 Baird Smith was appointed
temporarily a member of the arsenal com-
mittee. On 12 Aug. he was appointed
assistant to the superintendent of the Doab
canal, Sir Proby Thomas Cautley [q. v.] On
28 Sept. he went to Dakha to relieve Captain
Hunter in the charge of the 6th company of
the Bengal sappers and miners on the march
from Silhat to Danapur, He was relieved
of this charge on 21 Jan. 1841. He was pro-
moted to be first lieutenant on 28 Aug. 1841.
On 30 Oct. 1844 his meteorological observa-
tions, which were considered * highly credit-
Smith
105
Smith
able,' were mentioned in a despatch from
the Bengal government. When Sir Proby
Omtiey commenced the Ganges canal worli
in 1843, Baird Smith was left in charge,
under Mm, of the Jamna canal.
On the outbreak of the first Sikh war
Baird Smith, with the other officers of the
canal department, joined the army of the
Satlaj. Although he made rapid marches,
he arrived in camp a few days after the
tittle of Firozshah (22 Dec. 1845). He was
attached to the command of Major-general
Sir Harry George Wakelyn Smith [q. v.J, r . .. ^ ^^,,
whom on 18 Jan. 1846 he accompanied j gation in Northern Italy. Baird Smith was
to Bharmkote, and thence towards Ludlana. ( promoted to be brevet-captain on 9 Dec.
He was with him at Badiwal and at the j 1851. In January 1852 he finished his re-
b&ttle of Aliwal (28 Jan. 1846). In Sir port on Italian irrigation, which was printed
Harry Smith's despatch of 30 Jan. he men- under his supervision in two volumes and
tioES that *' Strachey and Baird Smith of the
engineers greatly contributed to the com-
pletion of my plans and arrangements, and j
were ever ready to act in any capacity ; they \
rived a fortnight later. He was presei
the battles of Chilianwala (13 Jan. 1__
and of Gujrat (21 Feb.) He was honourably
mentioned for his services in the despatches
reporting the passage of the Chenab and the
battles of Chifianwala and Gujrat.
The war being ended and the Punjab
annexed, Baird Smith returned to irrigation
work on 12 March 1849. On 10 Feb. 1850 he
obtained furlough to Europe for three years.
In October the court of directors commis-
sioned him to examine in detail (with a view
to reproduction in India) the canals of irri-
are two most promising and gallant officers J
(cf. London Gazette Extraordinary, 27 March
18^8). Baird Smith returned with Sir Harry
Smith to headquarters on the evening of
8 Feb., and was on the staff at the battle of
Sobraon on 10 Feb. He received the medal
for Aliwal with clasp for Sobraon. He was
one of the selected officers who accompanied
the secretary to the government of India on
20 Feb., when the Maharaja Dhuleep Singh
was publicly conducted to his palace in the
citadel of Lahore. On the termination of
the campaign Baird Smith returned to his
canal duties. In addition, on 12 Aug. 1848
he took over temporarily the duties of super-
intendent of botanical gardens in the North-
West Provinces during the absence of Dr.
Jameson,
The second Sikh war gave Baird further
opportunities of distinction. On 26 Nov.
1848 he was attached to the army of the
Punjab, which was en
the new Sikh revolt.
in repressing
-Ie had previously
joined the headquarters of the army at Firoz-
pur, and having been detached with Briga-
dier-general Colin Campbell to watch the
movements of Sher Singh on the Chenab,
was with Campbell at the action of Ram-
nftgar on 22 Nov. He then joined the force
of Sir Joseph Thackwell [q. v.], consisting of
twenty-e%ht guns, four regiments of cavSry,
tad seven regimentsof infantry, with baggage
and trains, Under his direction the force
crossed the Chenab at Wazirabad, The opera-
tion commenced at 6 P.M. on 1 Dec, and was
completed by noon on the 2nd. Baird Smith |
took part in the action at Sadulapur on the
published the same year ( f Italian Irriga-
tion, being a Report on the Agricultural
Canals of Piedmont and Lombardy/ Edin-
burgh and London, 8vo, 2 vols. plates atlas
foL 1st edit. 1852). A second edition was
issued in 1855. Presentation copies of Baird
Smith's work were placed by the Sardinian
government in the Royal Academy of Science
at Turin, and the king of Sardinia offered
Baird Smith the insignia of a knight of the
order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus. The
regulations of the British service did not
admit of the acceptance of this honour, but
the court of directors expressed to Smith
their high satisfaction with the manner in
which he had executed his commission, and
permitted him to visit the irrigation works
of the Madras presidency before returning
to duty. He arrived in Madras on 1 Jan.
1853, and soon afterwards published a de-
scription of the irrigation works of that
presidency (' The Cau very, Kistnah, and Go-
davery, being a Report on the Works con-
structed on these Rivers for the Irrigation of
the Provinces of Tanjore, Guntoor, Masuli-
patam, and Rajahmundry, in the Presidency
of Madras/ 8vo, London, 1856).
On 10 March 1853 Baird Smith was ap-
pointed deputy superintendent of canals,
North-West Provinces. He was promoted
to be captain on 15 Feb. 1854, and the fol-
lowing day to be brevet major for service
in the field. On 17 May he was appointed
director of the Ganges canal and super-
intendent of canals in the North- West Pro-
vinces, in succession to Cautley, with the
temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel while
holding the appointment. Hence it was tb&t
at the outbreak of the mutiny Baird Smith
was living at Rurki, the irrigation head-
f j quarters, some sixty miles from Mirat; and
: T and marched with ThaekweH to Helah, when Major Fraser, commanding the Bengal
Lord Goagh with the main army ar- sappers and miners, was ordered, on 18 May
Smith
106
Smith
1857, to proceed with five hundred men by
forced marches to Mirat, he took his men, at
Baird Smith's suggestion, by the canal, and
was thus enabled to reach 3Iirat on the 15th
in a perfectly fresh condition. Unfortunately
they mutinied the next day, and Fraser was
killed. Baird Smith meanwhile was assist-
ing in defensive measures for Rurki ; the
workshops were converted into a citadel, in
which the women and children were accom-
modated, while the two companies of sappers
and miners left at Eurki were placed in the
Thomason College buildings. It was known
that the Sirmur^battalion under Major Eeid
was coming to Rurki from Dhera on its way
to Mirat, and fearing that the Rurki sappers
would imagine their arrival to be a hostile
demonstration against them, Baird Smith
sent word to Reid to march straight to the
canal and embark in boats, which he had
ready for him, without entering RurkL
Baird Smith's foresight and prompt action
on this occasion were generally considered
to have saved Rurki and the lives of the
women and children there, Always hopeful,
on 30 Hay Baird Smith wrote to a Mend in
England : i As to the empire, it will be all
the stronger after this storm, and I have
never had a moment's fear for it ... and
though we small fragments of the great
machine may fall at our posts, there is that
Titality in "the English people that will
bound stronger against misfortunes and
build up the damaged fabric anew.'
In the last week of June Baird Smith was
ordered to Delhi to take up the duties of
chief engineer. He improvised a body of six
hundred pioneers to follow him, and, being
pressed to hasten his arrival so as to take
part in the assault, started on the 27th, and
reached Delhi at 3 A.M. on 3 July to find that
the assault had been, as usual, postponed.
He had already an intimate knowledge of the
city, and he at once examined the means of
attack. He found both artillery and ammu-
nition and also the engineer party quite in-
adequate for a regular and successful siege,
and urged ineffectually upon the general
commanding, as had already been done by
others, an immediate assault by storming and
"blowing in certain gates. Baird Smith con-
sidered that if the place had been assaulted
at any time between 4 and 14 July it would
have been carried. On the 5th Sir Henry
William Barnard [q.r.], dying of cholera, was
succeeded in the command by Major-general
Reed, who was at the time ill. Reed would
not take the risk of an assault, and before he
resigned on 17 July two severe actions had
been fought and had so weakened the British
that the chances of a successful assault had
been much diminished, if not altogether d>
stroyed. Baird Smith, however, sedulously at-
tended to the defence of the Ridare. strengrt hen-
in^ the position by every possible means.
Since the beginning of the month a retro-
grade movement had been discussed, and wbtn
Brigadier-general (afterwards Sir ) Archdab
Wilson [q. v.] assumed command on 17 Julv
it required all Baird Smith's energy and en-
thusiasm to sweep away Wilson's doubts, and
to persuade him, as he wrote to him, *to
hold on like grim death until the place is
ours.' At the same time Baird Smith as-
sured him that as soon as a siege-train of
sufficient magnitude and weight to silence
the guns on the walls of Delhi could be
brought U, success would be certain. On
12 Aug. Baird Smith, who was in bad health,
was struck by the splinter of a shell in th
ankle-joint, but he did not allow either the
wound or his sickness to interfere with his
duties as chief engineer.
The siege train arrived on 5 Sept., and in
consultation with Captain (afterwards Sir)
Alexander Taylor, his second in command,
Baird Smith submitted a plan of attack which
General Wilson, despite his divergence from
Smith's views, had already directed him to
prepare. It was supported by Colonel John
Nicholson and Neville Chamberlain, the adju-
tant-general, and the assault was decided
upon. Wilson recorded that he yielded to
the judgment of his chief engineer. Thus a
heavy responsibility fell upon Baird Smith.
The first siege battery for ten. guns was
commenced on the rright of 7 Sept. ; others
rapidly followed, until fifty-six guns opened
fire. The attacking force completed its work
triumphantly. After a heavy bombardment
practicable breaches were made, and the
assault took place on 14 Sept. A lodgment
was made, but at heavy loss, and the pro-
gress inside Delhi was so slow and difficult
that Wilson thought it might be necessary
to withdraw to the Ridge, but Baird Smith
asserted 'We must retain the ground we
have won.* He deprecated street fighting,
and by his advice the open ground inside
the Kashmir gate was secured, the college,
magazine, and other strong forts gained, and
progress gradually made, under cover, till the
rear of the enemy's positions was reached,
and the enemy compelled to evacuate them
on the 2Gfch, when headquarters were esta-
blished in the palace.
Baird Smith had been ably seconded in
all his exertions by Captain Alexander
Taylor, and he expressed his obligations in no
stinted terms. The picture, however, which
is sometimes presented of Baird Smith dis-
abled, and in the background, while his
Smith
107
Smith
second in command did all the work, is in-
correct. The error originated no doubt in
Taylor's energy and zeal in carry ing out Baird
Sinith's orders, and in Nicholson's deathbed
exclamations that if he lived he would let
the world know that Taylor took Delhi.
Wilson's despatch stated that in ill-health,
and while suffering from the effects of a pain-
ful wound, Baird Smith devoted himself with
the greatest ability and assiduity to the con-
duct of the difficult and important operations
of the siege, and that his thanks and acknow-
ledgments are especially due to Baird Smith
for having planned and successfully carried
out, in the tace of extreme and unusual diffi-
culties, an attack almost without parallel in
the annals of siege operations (MALLESON,
History of the Indian Mutiny) . The rewards
bestowed upon Baird Smith were in no way
commensurate with his great services. He
was promoted to be brevet lieutenant-colonel
(a rank he already held temporarily) on
19 Jan. 1858, for service in the field; he
was made a companion of the Bath military
division on the 22nd of the same month ; he
received the medal and the thanks of the
several commanders under whom he served,
and of the government of India (London
Gazette, U and 24 Nov. and 15 Dec. 1857,
and 16 Jan. 1858).
It was not until 23 Sept. that Baird Smith
gave up his command at Delhi, and went by
slow marches to BurM, where he arrived on
the 29th, suffering from scurvy, the effect of
exposure and work, aggravated by the state
of his wound. He was laid uj> for some
weeks, and then went to Mussuri to recruit
his health. On his recovery he was appointed
to the military charge of the Saharanpurand
Mozaffarnagar districts, which he held along
with the appointment of superintendent-
general of irrigation.
On 1 Sept. 1858 Baird Smith was appointed
mint master at Calcutta, in succession to
Colonel John Thomas Smith [q. v.] On
25 Jan. 1859 he became a member of the
senate of the university of Calcutta. On
26 April the same year he was appointed
aide-de-camp to the queen, and promoted to
be colonel in the army. Prom 5 Aug. to
October 1859 Baixd Smith officiated as se-
cretary to the government of India in the
public works department. The appointment
of mint master afforded him leisure for other
public services, which made his manifold
powers of usefulness better known and ap-
preciated. His crowning 1 service was the
Carrey of the great famine of 1861, the pro-
vision of relief, and the safeguards proposed
to prevent such disaster in futae. Tk&
labour and fatigue of long journeys, in-
vestigations, and reports, followed by the
depressing wet season, renewed the illness
from ^ which he suffered after the capture of
Delhi. He was carried on board the Candia
at Calcutta, and died on 13 Dec. 1861. His
body was landed at Madras and buried
there with military honours. A memorial
of him was placed in Calcutta Cathedral,
the epitaph being written by Colonel Sir
Henry Yule [q. v.] A memorial was also
erected at Lasswade, Midlothian.
Baird Smith married, on 10 Jan. 1856, in
the cathedral at Calcutta, Florence Elizabeth,
second daughter of Thomas De Quincey [q. v.]
His widow and two daughters, Florence May
and Margaret Eleanor, survived hi, Of his
two brothers, John Young (d. 1887) was a
deputy surgeon-general in the Bombay army,
and Andrew Simpson, a colonel in the In-
dian army, saw a good deal of active service
in Upper India.
Besides the works mentioned Baird Smith
published : 1. * Agricultural Resources of the
Punjab ; being a Memorandum on the Appli-
cation of the Waste Waters of the Punjab to
Purposes of Irrigation/ London, 8vo, 1849.
He contributed * Report of some Experiments
in Tamping Mines * to the i Papers on various
Professional Subjects connected with the
Duties of the Corps of Engineers, Madras
Presidency,' edited by Colonel John Thomaa
Smith [q.v.],YoL L 1839, and 'Some Be-
marks on the Use of the Science of Geology '
to i The Professional Papers of the Corps of
Royal Engineers/ Corps Papers Series, 1849.
Baird Smith left unpublished notes for a
history of the siege of Delhi, which are em-
bodied in * Richard Baird Smith, a Biogra-
phical Sketch, by Colonel H. M.Vibart/ Lon-
don, 1897, 8vo.
[India Office Records; Despatches; London
Gazette ; private sources ; Memoir in Vibart's
Addiscombe, its Heroes and Men of Note;
Kaye's Hist, of the Sepoy War in India ; Malle-
son's Hist, of the Indian Mutiny; Medley's Year's
Campaigning in India; An Officers [Narrative
of the Siege of Delhi; Colonel SasroaL Bewe"
White's Complete History of the Indian Mutiny ;
Boswortli Smith's Life of Lord Lawrence ; Nor-
man's Narrative of the Campaign in 1857
against the Mutineer at Delhi ; article by Sir
Henry Forman in the Fortnightly Magazine,
April 1883 ; Letter from Baird Smith to Coloael
Lefroy, BJL., published by the latter in the
Times r II Stay 1858; Lord Boberts's Forty-one
Yeais in India; Holnies's Hist of the Mtitimj;
Thackeray's Two Indian Campaigns; Thaefc-
weiTs Second Sikh War.] B. JBL V,
SMJ3S, KICH&RD JOBOST (1786-
1855), actor, commonly known as Smith,
the Sftn of anactor named Smitk, wk&a Boras,
Smith
1 08
Smith
confounds with * Gentleman* Smith [see
SMITH, WILLIAM, 1730 r'-1819^ was born in
York in 1780. His mother, whose maiden
name was Scrace, played leading parts in
D ublin. After being all but killed in Dublin
by Beddish, who as Castalio ran Mm, while
playing Polydore, through the body, the
father brought his wife in 1779 to York-
shire. At Hull and York under Tate Wil-
kinson, Mrs. Smith appeared as Beatrice and
speedily became a favourite. She accom-
?anied Tate Wilkinson to Edinburgh, and in
791 made, as Estifania, her first appearance
in Bath.
Young Smith is said to hare been first
seen in Bath as Ariel in Dr. Hawkesworth's
1 Edgar and Emmeline.' He played there
other juvenile parts. Put into a 'solicitor's
office, he neglected his duties, spending his
time in the painting-room of the theatre, and
finally ran away and embarked from Bristol
as a sailor for the Guinea coast. He had some
romantic adventures, assisting upon the river
Gaboon in the escape of some slaves, an inci-
dent related in f A Tough Yarn,' which he pub-
lished in Bentley's * Miscellany.' The gover-
nor of Sierra Leone, struck by his painting,
offered to befriend him, but the captain of
the vessel refused to release him. Returning
to Bath, he found his parents obdurate, and
again ran away, rambling in Wales and Ire-
land. Seized in Liverpool by a press gang, he
was taken on board the receiving ship, but
was released on stating that he was an actor,
and giving as proof a recitation. Engaged
by the elder Maeready as painter, prompter,
and actor of all work, he was rewarded with
twelve shillings weekly^ and all but lost his
life in a snowstorm while travelling on foot
from Sheffield to Rochdale. He then went to
Edinburgh and Glasgow theatres, returning
to Bath in 1807, and playing in the panto-
mimes.
His performance as Robert in the panto-
mime of * Raymond and Agnes ' attracted
the attention of Robert William Elliston
[q. v.], who engaged him in 1810 for the pan-
tomime at the Surrey. Taking in * Bom-
bastes Furioso ' the part of Bombastes, va-
cated through illness by another actor, he
gave an exhibition of intensity such as esta-
blished his position in burlesque. A perfor-
mance of * Obi,' in the melodrama of t Three-
lingered Jack/ got him his sobriquet of * '
(otherwise Obi) Smith. In 1813 Smith ac-
companied Elliston to the Olympic, where
he played Mandeville in the * False Friend/ a
role in which Edmund Sean [q.v.l was to
have appeared. After acting at the Lyceum,
he is said to have been engaged in 1828 at
JDrury Lane, at which house he had pre-
1 viously been seen in pantomime. He al^o
1 seems to have played at Covent Garden. Hi*
performance in the i Bottle Imp ' at the Ly-
ceum attracted attention, leading Mm to
complain, but half in jest : t For the last five
* years of my life I have played nothing but
| demons, devils, monsters, and assassins, and
this line of business, however amusing it
may be to the public or profitable to mana-
gers, has proved totally destructive of my
peace of mind, detrimental to mv interests,
and^ injurious to my health. I nd myself
banished from all respectable society ; what
man will receive the Devil upon 'friendly
terms, or introduce a demon into his family
circle ? My infernal reputation follows me
everywhere/ A writer in the 'Monthly
Magazine ' declares him eminent in assassins,
sorcerers, the moss-trooping heroes in Sir
Walter Scott's poems, and other wild, gloomy,
and ominous characters in which a bold, or
rather a gigantic figure, and deep sepul-
chral voice could be turned to good account.
Smith had, however, some control over ten-
derness, his performance at the Lyceum, in
the ; Cornish Miners/ of a maniac who
visits the pave of his dead child, being
very pathetic. At Drury Lane he was, 011
10 Nov. 1824, the^ first Zamiel in Soane a
version of * Der Freisehutz/ "When, in 1828,
Yates and Mathews took the Adelphi, Smith
joined the company. With this theatre his
subsequent reputation was chiefly connected.
j In the < Black Vulture/ October 1859, he
I played the villain so named. In 1831, at
j the Adelphi, Edinburgh, he superintended
] the production of the * Wreck Ashore.' In
January 1833 he played at the Adelphi,
| London, a part contrasting strongly with
! those of which he complained, namely, Don
Quixote in the piece so named. He had also
j a part in Holl's < Grace Huntley,' In 1836
he played in an adaptation of Bulwer's
*RienzL' He was Newman Noggs in an
adaptation of * Nicholas Nickleby.' In 1839
he was Fagin in i Oliver Twist/ and in Janu-
ary 1843 Hugh in t Barnaby Eudge.' Among
numerous characters played at the Adelphi
were Murtogh in ' Green Bushes/ the part
of a Mendicant in the i Bohemians, or the
Rogues of Paris/ October 1843; the Miser in
an adaptation of * A Christmas Carol * in
February 1844; Laroche inE. Stirling's adap-
tation Clarisse, or the Merchant's Daughter/
in September 1846; Mongerand in HolFs
* Leoline, or Life's Trials,* in February 1840 ;
Pierre in Peaked * Devil of Marseilles, or
the Spirit of Avarice/ in July 1846; and a
cabdriver, a pathetic part, in Peake's ' Title
Deeds/ in June 1857. In June 1843 he had,
at the Lyceum, given a characteristic per-
Smith
109
Smith
formance in a piece entitled e The Dice of
Death;' and on 1 April 1853 he played at
the Adelphi in * Mr. Webster at Home.' On
20 April 1854, at the same house, he was
3Iusgrave in Tom Tailor and Charles Keade's
'~Two Loves and a Life/ and this appears to
bave been his last original part.
About 1826 Joseph Smith, the bookseller
of Holborn, having produced a set of thea-
trical engravings, applied to x O Smith, the
fkmous comedian/ for an account of the Eng-
lish stage, to accompany the plates. An
agreement was accordingly drawn up, but
tie author eventually deemed his prospect
of credit from the work to be unsatisfactory,
and withdrew from the undertaking. He
nevertheless continued to accumulate mate-
rials, such as theatrical prints, newspaper
cuttings, magazine articles, playbills, cata-
logues, &c., relating to stage history, and
also to interleave and annotate theatrical
memoirs. Before his death his collections
filled twenty-five large quarto volumes. Of
these, vols. xx-xxiii. comprise a manuscript
* Dramatic Chronology ; ' the remainder con-
sist chiefly of printed matter, scantily anno-
tated, but interspersed with many valuable
prints. The twenty-five volumes are now
in the British Museum Library, catalogued
under Smith's name as * A Collection of
Material towards a History of the Stage,'
Smith died, after a long illness, on Thurs-
day, 1 Feb. 1855, and was buried on the 8th
in Norwood cemetery. A portrait accom-
panies the memoir in the ( Theatrical Times.'
[The preceding particulars, some of them of
very dubious authority, are extracted from G-e-
nest's Account of the Stage. Tallis's Drawing-
Boom Table-Book of Theatrical Portraits ; Thea-
trical Times, i. 121 ; Scott and Howard's Life
of Blanehard ; Dibdin's Edinburgh Stage ; Dra-
matic and Musical Review, various years; Era
Almanack, various years; Era Newspaper, 4 and
11 Feb. 1855.] J. K.
SMITH, ROBERT (fl. 1689-1729),
schoolmaster, was educated at Marischal Col-
lege, Aberdeen. At the time of the revolution
John Murray, second marquis, and afterwards
first duke of Atholl [q. v.J, procured a small
grant to endow a school at Kerrow, in Glen-
shee, in the parish of Kirkmichael, Perth-
shire, and Smith was chosen as master. The
heritors, however, showed no zeal to provide
aim with a dwelling, and, after waiting in
vain for some months, he showed his resent-
ment bv publishing * A Poem on the Build-
ing of tie Schoolhouse of Glenshee/in which
lie roundly abused the lairds for their ne-
glect* This provoked a reply from a whig
poet, Jasper Craig, who, Smith insinuates,
"was & disappointed candidate for the post.
Several poetical rejoinders were forthcoming
on either side, but Smith surpassed his anta-
fonist both in coarseness and bad verse. In
729 Smith removed from Glenstee and
was schoolmaster at Grlamis in Forfar. He
had a son, Hobert Smith, schoolmaster at
Kinnaird in Perthshire ; some of his verses
appear in Nicol's 'Rural Muse,* 1753, of
which there is a copy in the Advocates' Li-
brary, Edinburgh [see NICOL, ALEXASDEB],
Smith published: 1. e Poems of Contro-
versy betwixt Episcopacy and Presbytery:
being the substance of what passed 'twixt
him and several other Poets j As also, Several
Poems and Merry Songs on other Subjects.
With some Funeral Elegies on several > oble-
men and Gentlemen, two Parts/ 1 714, 12mo.
It contains two prefaces, one to the * TVorld/
the other to the c Header.' Copies are in the
i British Museum, in Sir Walter Scott's library,
i and in the library of the Free Church Col-
| lege, Edinburgh. The last contains in addi-
tion a printed address in verse to i William
I Seton, the younger, of Pitsmedden/ 2. 'The
Assembly's Shorter Catechism in Metre. For
the Use of young ones. By Mr. Robert
Smith, Schoolmaster at Glammis,' Edin-
burgh, 1829, It contains also the Lord's
Prayer and the Creed in verse. Cnly one
copy is known to be extant, which, in 1872,
was in the possession of William Bonar, of St.
Michael's Alley, Comb ill, London, Limited
reprints of both works have been issued by
Thomas George Stevenson of the former in
1869 and of the latter in 1872.
[Stevenson's prefaces to Smith's worts; Notes
and Queries, 4th ser. iv. 321 ; Nicol's Rural
, Muse contains several curious particulars con-
cerning Smith and Craig.] E. I. C.
SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768), mathe-
matician and founder of Smith's prizes afc
Cambridge, was born in 1689, and probably
at Lea, near Ghunsbprough, to which living
.Ms father was instituted in October 1679.
His father, John Smith, had married Hannah
(d. 1719), the aunt of Eoger Cotes [q. vj ; he
became rector of Gate Burton, Lincolnshire,
and was buried at Lea on 28 Bee, 1710.
Bobert was educated at the Leicester gram-
mar school, and admitted pensioner at Trinity
College, Cambridge, on 28 May 1708, and
, scholar on IS May 1709. At Trinity he was
under the care of Cotes, his cousin, who was
then Plumian professor of astronomy, and
lived with him as his assistant. He graduated
B.A. 1711, M.A. 1715,LL.D, 1723, and D JX
perliteras r^ww!789. He was elected minor
fellow, 1714, major fellow, 1715, saHecte
quartus, 1715, lector lingua Latins^ 1724,
lector lingua Grseeae, 1725, lec x '- :
Smith
no
Smith
1727, and senior fellow, 11 June 1739. He
took pupils at Cambridge, was master of me-
Fluxions,' 1758, At the contest between
Lords Hardwicke and Sandwich for the
ehanics to George n, and Held the post of i of high steward of the university of ram-
mathematical preceptor to William, duke of , bridge, he was a supporter of Sandwich.' He
Cumberland, from June 1739 to July 1740. ! was consequently introduced by Churchill
Smith, like his cousin Cotes, was through- i into the poem of the ' Candidate ''(lines *
out life the l decided partizan' of Kichard &>ft\ **
Bentley, the master of Trinity, in his struggles
with the fellows.
On 16 July 1718 Smith was elected to
succeed Cotes" as Plumian professor of astro-
620) as
Black Smith of Trinity; on Christian ground
For faith in mysteries none more renowned.
t A recluse and a student, Smith, whose
Homy, and on 21 May 1718 he was admitted j health was for many years precarious, lived
F.R.S. Early in 1739 the observatory over , in the lodge with an unmarried sister, Eliz-
the great gate of Trinity College, for the use : mar (1683-1758), who was buried is the
" ante-chapel at Trinity, and with a niece.
He was fond of music, and played the violon-
cello. Smith died in the lodge on 2 Feb.
of the professor, was completed under his
direction (BKSTLEY, Correspondence, ii. 448,
4ol ? 786), The telescope in the library,
which is described in Smith's work on i Op- j 1768, and was buried on the south side of the
ticks, 7 and is shown to strangers as Sir Isaac j communion table in the college chapel, where
Newton's telescope, was made for him. He i he is commemorated by a Latin epitaph, A
retained the professorship until 1760. j funeral oration in Latin on his death was de-
Smith was literary executor to Cotes, and j liveredbytheEev.ThomasZouchinthechapel
communicated notes for the memoir of him | on 8 Feb. (ZoucH, Works } 1820, i. 438-43).
in the General Biographical Dictionary ' of ! Eichard Cumberland records that he was
Lockman and others (1736, iv. 441-5). In \ thin in frame, with an aquiline nose, a pene-
1722 he edited and augmented with, some of ; trating eye, and shrill nasal voice. A bust
ln\R nwn thfiArpTnR fiotfts'V? < Harmrmia Men- of Smith by P. Scheemakers was placed in
the library of the college in 1758, with the
inscription t Praesenti tibi maturos largimor
his own theorems Cotes's ' Harmonia Men
surarum et alia opuscula Mathematics,' &&&
in 1738 he edited, with notes, his cousin's
t Hydrogtatical and Pneumatical Lectures* of honores. 7 A portrait of him, painted bfVan-
Cotes. The first work was dedicated to J>r. j derbankinl730,andgivenbyTnomasRiddelI,
Mead, the second (which was republished in | one of the fellows, in 1827, hangs in the lodge ;
1747 and 177o, and translated into French j another, painted by J. Freeman in 1783, and
by Le Monnier in 1720) to the Duke of Cum- said to have been given by the Rev. Edward
berlancL He projected, but did not proceed | HowMns in 1779, is in the hall. It waspro-
with, the publication of others of his cousin's j bably paid for by moneys bequeathed by How-
works. The monument to Cotes's memory, ! kins for that purpose,
with the epitaph by Bentley, was erected at i Smith's benefactions to the university and
the cost of Smith, and he presented to the
library of the college in 1 758 a marble bust
of his cousin by P. Scheemakers.
At Bentley's death Smith was appointed,
on 20 July 1742, master of Trinity College,
and he also acted in 1742-3 as vice-chancellor
of the university. As master his ' equitable
and judicious conduct healed all wounds
and conciliated all parties* (Moss:, Life of
Jtentley, ii. 420). His acts of kindness were
numerous, and his influence in the university
was considerable, He recommended John
Colson [q. v.|to come to Cambridge, and ob-
tained for him In 1739 the Lucasian chair.
He advised Kichard Cumberland to apply
Mmself to mathematics, and supported his
claims to a fellowship. His encouragement
gave Bishop Watson, when an undergraduate,
* a spur to his industry and wings to his am-
bition,' for which the bishop always revered
Simth's memory. Israel Lyons, the younger,
was aided by him in his studies, and in re-
turn dedicated to Smith hia t Treatise of
to Trinity College were munificent. To the
former he left by will the sum of 3,500?.
South Sea stock, part of the interest to be
applied in a dinner to the trustees, and of the
remainder, half to the Plumian professor, and
half between two junior B.A.s who have
made the greatest progress in mathematics
and natural philosophy. The Smith's prizes,
which now amount to about 23 each, * proved
productive of the best results, and at a later
time enabled the university to encourage
some of the higher branches of mathema-
tics.' The college, to which during his life-
time he had presented many pictures and
sculptures, obtained under the will the sum
of 2,000^. of the same stock, which was ordered
to be sold on 15 Dec. 1770, and applied to-
wards the new combination-room in the great
court, and the painted window, containing
nearly 140 square feet of glass, at the south
end of the library. The grotesque design
(by Cipriani) for the window, which was
completed by 1775, represented George III
Smith
III
Smith
under a canopy, giving a laurel chaplet to Smith wrote 'Three Observations 'upon it
Sir Isaac Newton, while Bacon is at the which were not published,
king's feet.
Smith published two works. ^ The first was
<A compleat System of Opticks, in four
books/ 1738, 2 vols. ; dedicated, with unusual
warmth of expression, to Right Hon., after-
wards Sir Edward Walpole, a personal friend
at Cambridge, through whose aid the work
was started and finished, and under Smith's
will and codicil Walpole received legacies of . . , ,,_,_,.,
2,QQOZ. South Sea stock. The ' elementary ; 841 J Byrom's Poems, ed. Ward, vol. i. pt. ii. p.
parts' of these volumes, selected and arranged ^'^?'-j' ^^^S?*?' ? ort oll ",' P' 9 ?*
for the use of students at the universities, "" " ~~~ """ "" "*
were published separately at Cambridge in
1778. They were translated, with additions,
[G-ent. Mag. 1768, p. 94; Willis and Clark's
, Cambridge, ii. 500, 547-50, 583, 600, 606;
Rouse Ball's Mathematics at Cambridge. 1889
pp. 91-101 ; Wordsworth's Scholse Academics,
, pp. 67, 236 ; Corresp. of Newton and Cotes, pp.
xvi-xix, 199, 200, 227-9 ; Brewster's Memoirs
of Newton, ii. 319-20; Hartshorne'a Cambr.
Book Rarities, pp. 275, 481, 484-5; Byrom's
Eemains, i. 296, 623-34, ii. 34, 135, 206-7, 833-
s
* 203 ^01-2; Cumberland's
' l8 2 dit ' pp ' 70 ' 107 ~ 9 > ***<***
^formation from
into German by Eaestner in 1755, and into
French, with additions, by Dural le Roy, * w. r. o%
At Brest in 1767, with a supplement in 1783, SMITH, BOBEBT, first BABOS Ousame-
and by L. P. P. [Le. le Pere Pe"zenas] at TON (1752-1838), the third but eldest sur-
Avignon in 1767. Benjamin Bobins [q. v.} viving son of Abel Smith (d. 1788) by his
published a criticism upon them in 1739. wife Mary, daughter of Thomas Brrd of
From this treatise on optics, Smith went by Barton, Warwickshire, was born at Notting-
the nickname of i Old Focus/ Smith's second ham on 2 Feb. 1752 and baptised at St.
Tolunie was * Harmonics, or the Philosophy Peter's on the 21st. His father, a member
^f \r,, ;i Q,^ > Tr/m ^j;^^j ^ ^. o f the banking firm of Smith, Payne, & Co.
of Nottingham and London, sat in parlia-
ment for Aldborough in 17^4, St. Ives in
1780, and St. Germains in 1785. On the
death of his elder brother Abel in 1779
Robert succeeded him as member of parlia-
ment for Nottingham, which he represented
in five successive parliaments, until his ele-
vation to the peerage in 1797. From tie
first he attached himself to the fortunes of
the younger Pitt-, and a close friendship
sprang up between the two. In 1786 Pitt
selected Smith to examine into the state of
his disordered private affairs (STAKHOPE,
Life of Pitt, ed. 1879, i. 223). According
to Wraxall, Smith's character was ( without
reproach and his fortune ample/ but he
' possessed no parliamentary talents* (Pte~
tkumows Memoirs, 1836^i 66-9). He was
generous in the use of his wealth, aad ose
of his benefactions was to place considerable
of Musical Sounds/ 1749, dedicated to the
Duke of Cumberland ; 2nd edit. 1759, and
postscript, 1762. The latter was inscribed
to Sir Edward "Walpole. Both works were
of the highest value. They were recom-
mended to Gibbon by George Lewis Scott
[q.y.], with the words that the treatise on
optics entered 'into too great details for
beginners,' and that the volume on har-
monics * is the principal book of the kind'
(GIBB02?-, Miscellaneous Work's 1837, pp.
232-8). **
^ Smith left numerous papers on Cotes and
Newton to the Rev. Edward Howkins, who in
1779 bequeathed them to the college. From
them was collected the * Correspondence of
Newton and Cotes,' edited by the Rev. J.
Edleston in 1850, and afterwards republished
at Amsterdam. Twenty to thirty letters
from Newton to Cotes were borrowed from
Smith by Conduitt for his projected life of
Newton, and never returned (BEKTLET, Cor- sums of money in the hands of the, -poet
ii. 776-7). Letters to Smith Cowper for the benefit of the poor at Gluey
T, Life and Works of Cowper, i
On 11 July 1796, as a reward for Ms
., . -, lity and the support which he secured to
Janaes BradleyV Works and Correspondence ' Pitt through Ms pocket-boroughs Midhurst
(182)^ pp. 401-3. His name frequently ', and Wendover, Smith was created Boron
occurs in the diaries of John Byrom, with Carringtx>ii of Bolcot Lodge in the peerage of
whom he was contemporary at Cambridge, Ireland, and om 20 Oct. 1797 Baron Camsg-
&nd Byrom's verses on John Gilbert Cooper's ton of Upton, Nottinghamshire, in the Ea^-
* Epistles from Aristippus in retirement/ in lish peerage. According to Wraxall, tte
& letter to Dr. S , are supposed to be ad- was the only instance in which George HFa
dressed to Smith. When Zachary Grey [q.v.l objections to giving English peerages to
P&blished an ' Examination of the Fourteenth those engaged in trade were owreoi; bd
ChapteroC Newton's Observations on Daniel,' also insinuates that the fajoaour was tte
Smith
112
Smith
regard of financial assistance rendered by
o -tl * TKtt flarrinirton refuted this
Smith to Pitt. a n
1802
in the
' Ps T o exiv P. 456). In
of' thTbFnque ports,
of Deal, and in
uoe e Heutenant-
colonel oTSe second battalion of the Cinque
colonel oi ine SBUJ "f " ., 1Rfv > v~ en ter-
ports /^ * f*g vcSb e Abbey,
tamed Ptt at his MB*, WycomDe^ y
OrfL lid i 1819TL.D? ofcambridge
SriSd^ He was also a^ice-presidentof
Umrersity. xie ! waa r
These nave been recently remTestieated
without reference to Smith's work by 0. E.
Benham and others ('An Artificial Spec-
Mo?,' Nature, vol. 1. [1894-5] paasL ,.
Another brother, James Elimalet smith,
is separately noticed, and a third brother,
Micaiah Smith (1807-1867), vas a minister
of the Scottish Mrk, and an orientalist.
At nine Angus wnt to the Gksgow
ar school, and at thirteen to the
ow University, where he received a
educad but ^ j^ broAer
John, read Priestley's and other scientific
works. On leavmg the university he became
several families ui succession, first
lulu. YVOaS uiu.J.c*j. "> --"5- i-j io/i
Garrington married, first, on 6 July 170,
Anne, eldest daughter of Lewyns Boldero
Barnard of Cave Castle, Yorkshire ; by her
he had one son, Robert John, born 16 Jan.
1796, who succeeded to the peerage, took the
aame Carrington instead of Smith by royal
license, dated 26 Aug. 1839, and died on
17 March 1868, being succeeded by his eldest
son, Charles Robert, the present Lord Car-
rington, who changed the family name
from Carrington to Carington. The first
lord had also seven daughters, of whom the
second, Catherine Lucy, married Philip
Henry, fourth earl Stanhope, and was
mother of Philip Henry, fifth earl Stanhope
fq T], and the seventh, Emily, married
Lord Granville Charles Henry Somerset.
[Annual Eegister, 1838, p. 225 (by Carring-
ton's grandson, Earl Stanhope); Gent. Mag.
1838, ii. 545-6, 678 ; Official Returns of Members
of Parl.; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715-1886;
Burke's and 6L E. C.'s Peerages; Stanhope's Life
of Pitt passim ; Wraxall's Posthumous Memoirs,
1836 ;'ife of Wilberforce, i. 77; Martin's
Stories of Banks and Bankers.] A, P. P.
SMITH, ROBERT ANGUS (1817-
1884), chemist, born in Glasgow on 15 Feb.
1817 was twelfth child and seventh son of
John Smith of Loudoun, Ayrshire, and his
wife Janet, daughter of James Thomson, a
millowner at Strathaven (see W. ASDEBSON
SMITH'S Shepherd 3 Smith, p. 13).
AB elder brother, John (1800-1871), mas-
ter at Perth Academy, wrote a paper on the
* Origin of Colour and Theory of Light ?
(Memoirs of Manchester Lit. ami Phil. Soc.
[31 L 1, 1859), which contains original and
stil unexplained experiments on the pro-
duction of colour phenomena by rotating
discs marked with black and white patterns.
and worked under him at that town during
1839-41, proceeding PhJ). in ^1841. He
was a fellow-worker there with A. W,
Hofmann (1818-1892), Lyon (now Lord)
Playfair, Dr. Edward Schunck, F.R.S., and
John Stenhouse [q. v.] During his stay he
gave much time to philosophy as well as
chemistry. On his return to England at the
end of 1841 he published a translation ^ of
Liebig's work 'On the Azotised Nutritive
Principles of Plants/ An early inclination
towards a theological career revived, but was
abandoned ; and in 1842 he became assistant
to Dr. Playfair, who was at the time professor
of chemistry at the Manchester Royal Insti-
tution. Dr. Playfair's interest ^in the work
of the health of towns commission, of which
the sanitary reformer, Edwin (afterwards
Sir Edwin) Chadwick (1801-1890), was the
moving spirit, led Smith to gay attention to
sanitary chemistry, and to this subject he de-
Toted the greater part of his life. He decided
to settle as a consulting chemist m Man-
chester, and on 29 April 1845 he was elected
member of the Manchester Literary and
Philosophical Society, of which he was pre-
sident from April 1864 till April 1866. In
1847 he published his first paper ^ on air
(Memoirs of the Chemical Society, ui. 311),
in which he made the important suggestion
that the organic matter given out in re-
spiration may be more injurious than the
carbonic acid. He collected the moisturjJ
condensed on the window-pane of a crowded
room, and examined the residue left after
evaporation. In the same year he reported
to the metropolitan sanitary commission on
this subject ; and also examined water de-
rived from peaty soil. In 1848 (Brit ^^
Report, p. 16) he pointed out that the or-
Smith i]
I^matterintroduced into natural waters is I
got rid of in nature, especially in porous soils, j
IT means of oxidation, nitrogenous matter |
being partially converted into nitrates. This i
theory he supported by numerous subsequent j
experiments. In 1849 he examined various i
problems connected with sewage, and made i
important suggestions, which are still^ under j
discussion, with regard to its canalisation
and treatment.
In 1851 Smith began his most extensive i
research. The fact that the ratio between the |
amounts of oxygen and nitrogen present in
the air varies exceedingly little under the '
most varied conditions of time and place had ;
led to the impression that chemical analysis J
was unable to discover the impurities of town |
air which were made evident by their effect
oa human health, and even in certain cases
by smell. Smith set himself systematically j
to combat this notion, and began by making j
a series of determinations of the sulphur i
compounds introduced into the air by the |
combustion of coal (Brit. Assoc. Report, \
1851, pt. ii. p. 52). He followed this work !
up later by numerous determinations of j
other impurities e.g. ammonia and carbonic j
acid. In 1856 Smith published a memoir !
of John Dalton (1766-1844) [q. v.], which j
embraced a history of the atomic theory from
early times. The book displays erudition,
common-sense, and impartiality of judgment
wherever the issues were simple ; but Smith
had not sufficient clearness of mind or of
style (in spite of occasional happiness of ex- |
pression) to make a first-rate historian, and he
railed to explain the genesis of Dalton's ideas ,
(see ROSCOE and HABBE^'S New View of the ,
Atomic Theory). In 1857 he was elected !
F.R.S. In 1859 he lectured on the organic
impurities of the air before the Royal j
Institution, and described an ingenious me- j
thod for a comparison of the relative \
amounts in different places. In 1864 Smith j
contributed to the report of the royal mines
commission an elaborate examination of the
sir of mines and a comparison with that
from various districts in large towns, and a
physiological investigation of the effect of
carbonic acid. In the same year Smith was
elected chief inspector, under the Alkali
Aet of 28 July 1863, which provided for
tl^e inspection of alkali-works and other '
classes of factories (extended by the act of
1872), and for the infliction of fines when
excessive amounts of acid vapours, likely to
<laanage health and vegetation, were emitted.
Saithperfonned his duties with tact and skill,
iaasuriag the co-operation of the previously
hostile manufacturers in the working of the
t, which he showed to be to their financial
3 Smith
benefit. TTis twenty annual reports (con-
tinued till his death) contain a large amount
of information on the condensation of hydro-
chloric acid and kindred subjects.
In April 1865 Smith proposed an ingenious
* minimetric 7 method of estimating carbonic
acid in the air. In 1869 he published a book
on 'Disinfectants and Disinfection,' con-
taining a summary of other work, together
with experiments of his own performed for
the cattle plague commission. In it he
recognised the fact that Pasteur's work on
germs would revolutionise the subject, but
it was only later that he became practically
acquainted with Pasteur's methods. Smith's
work led to the manufacture on a large
scale by Ms friend Mr. Alexander McDou-
gall of a useful disinfectant powder, con-
sisting of a -mixture of calcium sulphite
and calcium phenate. In 1872 Smith pub-
lished his Air and K-ain, the beginnings of
a Chemical Climatology, 7 in which he col-
lected a large amount of experimental
material from his previous papers. Less
attention has been paid to this work than it
deserves, partly because of its defects in
composition (of which Smith was conscious),
partly because Pasteur's work has diverted
attention from the inorganic impurities of
air. In the same year he published a study
on peat-formation (Memoirs of Manchester
Lit. and Phil. Soc. [5] iiL 281).
After going in the autumn of 1872 to Ice-
land in the yacht of his friend, the chemist,
James Young (1811-1883) [q.vj, he wrote
an essay ' On some Ruins at EUida Vatu
and Kjarlanes/ and a book, 4 To Iceland in
a Yacht 7 (privately printed in May 1873).
In the same year he paid a visit, also with
Young, to the island of St. Kilda, which he
described in l Good Words ' for 1875, and in
a pamphlet, * A Visit to St. KildV (privately
printed in 1879). In 1876 he edited < The
Chemical and Physical Eesearclies of Thomas
Graham 7 [q. v*], with a useful analysis of the
separate memoirs, and an introdnction on
Graham's place as a chemist. The book was
privately printed at the expense of Young
for distribution among chemists. In 1884 the
introduction was republished, together with
many of Graham's letters and explanatory
notes by Smith, under the title* An Account
of the Life and Works of T. Graham, 1 In
1879 Smith, who "was passionately devoted
to archaeology, and especially to Scottish
archaeology, published anonymously a book
on * Loch jEtive/ where he had spent many
vacations, and on the legend of the * Sons
of Uisnach; f a second edition appeared with
his name, posthumously, in 1885. Hie work^
which is written in dialogue form, is valuable
I
Smith
114
Smith
for its description of the vitrified fort of Dun j
MacITisneachan, and its recognition, in anti- ]
cipation of 'William Forbes Skene [q. v.~ in "
his s Celtic Scotland,' of the extremely early j
and close connection between the populations '
of western Scotland and north-east Ireland (
(Professor BOTD DATVEESS).
In 1530 Smith proposed to measure the |
* actinism of the sun s rays ' by their effect i
on a dilute acid solution of potassium iodide, |
from which they liberate an amount of iodine j
that is approximately proportional to the in-
tensity of the light and length of exposure. !
This method, originally invented by Dr. j
Albert E. Leeds, though independently dis-
covered by Smith, is of considerable practical
value, and was employed by the Manchester
air analysis committee in 1891-2 (Proceedings \
of the Manchester Field Naturalist J Society, \
1892, p. 87). In 1883, at the request of j
the Manchester Literary and Philosophical !
Society, Smith published, under the title j
* A. Centenary of Science in Manchester,' an i
interesting sketch of the history of the so- |
ciety (not altogether accurate in detail), with ;
notices of many of its members. Smith j
and Mr. Bobert Bawllnson, C.B., had been '
appointed the first inspectors under the !
Rivers Pollution Act of 1876 ; Smith wrote !
two official reports in this capacity, in 1882 '
and in 1884 (published posthumously). In
the latter report he showed incidentally i
that under certain conditions the fermenta- '
tion of sugar by the microbes found in water j
produces hydrogen, of which the amount i
evolved varies, c&teris paribus, with the
water ; and he made one of the first applica- i
tions of Dr. Robert Koch's f gelatine ' method
for determining the number of microbes in j
water. He also invented a process for lining j
iron waterpipes with an impermeable var- |
nish which is widely used (Rivers Pollution '
Commission, 6th Rep, (1874), p. 221). He !
was made an honorary LL.D. of Glasgow in !
1881, and of Edinburgh in 1882. In spite j
of declining health during the last few years
of Ms life, Smith retained almost to the last
has active habits of work. He died on 12 May
1884 at Colwyn Bay, North Wales, and was
buried in the churchyard of St. Paul's, Kersal,
Manchester. He was unmarried ; his niece,
Miss Jessie Knox-Smith, had for some years
previous to his death lived with him and helped
him with his literary work.
It is scarcely an exaggeration, to say that,
"'as the chemist of sanitary science,* Smith
worked alone' (THOBPE); but the work of
which he was the pioneer in this country is
now being largely developed in many direc-
tions. He was of so unnifSed a temper that
lie was called by his friends 'Agnus,' and
was of an exceptionally kindly, winning-, and
generous disposition.
A bronze bust of Smith was sculptured in
18S6 by T. Xelson Maclean, and presented
to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical
Society by his friend Dr. Schunck; and
another bust by Brodie belonged to another
friend, James Young, A bust of him is also
in the library of the Owens College. His
countenance was of the pure Gaelic type.
The * Boyal Society's Catalogue * gives a
list of forty-eight papers by Smith ; in addi-
tion to these and the books mentioned
above, he published anonymously various
articles in "Ore's t Dictionary ? and the
f Chemical News/ and many articles on an-
tiquarian subjects.
His library, which was rich in works on
chemistry and on Celtic literature, was
bought by the ( Angus Smith Memorial
Committee' and presented to the Owens
College, Manchester, after his death.
[Besides the sources quoted, Smith's own
works; Obituaries in Manchester Lit. and
Phil, Soe. Proceedings, sxiv. 97, and Memoirs [3]
x. 90, by Dr. Edward Schunck, F.E.S. ; Nature,
accc. 104, by T. E. Thorpe; Manchester Guar-
dian ; Manchester Courier and Manchester Ex-
aminer for 13 May 1884; Chemical Soe.
Journal, slvii. 335 ; Chemical News, ad. 222, i,
200; Ber. der dentschen Chem. Gesellschaft, by
A. W. Hofmann, xvii. 1211; "W. Anderson
Smith's 'Shepherd' Smith, passim ; Thompson's
Owens College, pp. 232-3 ; Biograph and Review,
v.l 42; G-. Seton's St. Kilda, p. 334; Catalogue
of the Library of the Surgeon-general's Office,
U.S.A, xiii. 217 ; Brit. Mus. Cat ; Eoscoe and
Hard en's New View of Dalton's Atomic Theory ;
Dr. J. C. Thresh's Water . . . Supplies, pp. 20,
207 5 Eeport on the Progress ... of Manufac-
turing Chemistry ... in South Lancashire, by
E. Schunck, K Angus Smith, and H. E. Eoscoe,
Brit. Assoc. Eeport, 1861, p. 108 ; private infor-
mation from Professor Boyd BawMns, A. E.
Fletcher, esq. (late chief inspector under the
Alkali Act), E F. Gwyther, esq., Professor
Strachan, and Dr. Edward Schunck, Frank
Scudder, esq. (for many years Smith's assis-
tant).] P.J.H.
SMITHJtOBEBTABCHIBALI)(1780-
1829), musical composer, son of Bobert Smith,
silk-weaver, was born at Reading on 16 Nov.
1780. His father, a native of East Kilbride,
Lanarkshire, had been a silk-weaver in Pais-
ley, whence dull business sent him to Bead-
ing. Here he married Ann WMtcher, who
succeeded to a small property and the interest
of a little money, which was invested for
her son after her death. Ignoring Bobert's
precocious musical talent, his father appren-
ticed Mm to silk-weaving. He early joined
a church choir in Reading, and played on
Smith *
flu^e or clarionet in the band of a volunteer
raiment. In 1600 the family removed to
Pakev, where father and son became muslin-
wearers. For a time dislike of his occupa-
tion and environ ment depressed Smith, and
threatened his health, but recognition of Ms
musical gifts, and particularly the friendship
of the poet Tannahill, gave him fresh
stimulus. He joined a volunteer company,
played in its band, and composed its marches
and quick-steps. _ . ;
Becoming a teacher of music, Smith was ,
in 1S07 appointed leader of psalmody in the '
abbey church, Paisley, and soon formed an
excellent choir. Dr. Boog, the incumbent j
of the parish, introduced him to Dr, Young, j
minister of Erskine, Renfrewshire, from j
whose extensive and exact knowledge of j
harmony he profited. In 1817 he success-
fully conducted his first public performance
of sacred music in the abbey church, an
innovation which became a precedent. In j
August 1823 Smith was appointed musical
conductor in St. George's Church, Edinburgh,
the minister of which was Dr. Andrew Thom-
son(1779-1831)[q.v.],anaccomplishedmusi-
cian. Smith straightway obtained an ex-
cellent professional standing in Edinburgh,
His health, however, failed while still busily
employed in Edinburgh in teaching, com-
posing, and editing j he died there on 3 Jan.
1829.
Smith married, in 1802, Mary MaoXicol, a
native of Arran, who survived him with five
children.
As a boy Smith wrote out notes of music
that interested him, and in later years he
displaved great facility in reproducing airs
to which he had listened. He early set to
music some trifling verses of his own, and a
song by Burns's eldest son. In * Devotional
Music, original and selected,* 1810, twenty-
four of the numbers are Smith's. His setting
of Tannahill's songs, especially of * Jessie, the
Flower o' Dumblane J (1816), brought him re-
nown. This air, said a contemporary critic,
* has no common claim to general admiration.
The descant consists throughout of the most
graceful and euphonious intervals, and the
cadence at the words " the flow> o' Dum-
bl&jae v is remarkably beautiful and happy *
{ A European Magazine,* January 1816). His
* Scotish Minstrel, a selection from the vocal
melodies of Scotland ancient and modern/
waa published in six volumes, 1821-4, and
reached a third edition, 1838-43, It is one
of the best works on its subject, and many
of the striking anonymous melodies are attri-
butable to the editor. Songs by Tannahill,
and others appropriately set by* Smith, first
appeared in this work. * The editor erred in
5 Smith
allowing certain female coadjutors, without
acknowledgment, to tamper with the original
words of some of the older songs. The k Irish
Minstrel/ with similar musical equipment,
appeared in one volume in 1625. In 1826
Smith published a practical i Introduction
to Singing.' A first volume of Smith's * Se-
lect Melodies, with appropriate Words,
chiefly original, selected and arranged, with
Symphonies and Accompaniments for the
Pianoforte/ appeared in 1827. Ambitious
and comprehensive, this work includes ex-
amples of the greatest song-writers, but was
not completed. Many pieces by contem-
porary lyrists are anonymously set by Smith
himself. To one of these/ MotherwelFs
pathetic * Midnight Wind/ Tom Moore gave
special praise. Smith further published :
1. l Sacred Music for the Use of St. George's,
Edinburgh.' 2. 'The Sacred Harmony of
the Church of Scotland ' { 1820). 3. 4 Sacred
Music, consisting of Tunes, Sanctuses, &c.,
sung in St. George's Church ' (1825 ; other
editions, 1830?, 1856, and 1567). 4. < An-
thems for George Heriofs Day.' His music,
virile, strenuous, and fluent, is still heard
in the Scottish churches. His setting of the
anthem i How beautiful upon the moun-
tains * has been often reprinted.
[Memoir of E. A. Smith, prefixed bj P. A.
Kamsay to his edition of TannahiU's works;
Sample's Poems and Soogs, and Correspondence
of Robert Tannahill; McCouechy's Life of
Motherwell; Harp of Eenf rewshire ; Brown's
Paisley Poets.] T. B.
SMITH, EOBEKT HENRY SODEK
(1822-1890), keeper of the Art Library,
South Kensington, was born on 2o Feb.
1822. His father, Kobert Smith of Birleton,
Haddingtonshire, was a captain in tlie 44th
regiment, and served for some years in India.
On his return he received the appointment of
Athlone pursuivant-at-arms under Sir Ber-
nard Burke, and settled in ^Dublin.
The son, Robert Henry, was brought up
in Scotland, and then sent to Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, with a view to his ordination,
but that design was not fulfilled. He became
tutor to John Charles Pratt, earl of Breck-
nock (afterwards third Marquis Camden),
and formed a lasting friendship with his pupil.
On 1 March 1857 he was chosen a member
of the staff at the South Kensington Museum,
London, was appointed assistant keeper of
the art museum and library on 25 June
following, and became keeper of the national
Art Library on 3 April 1868, The library
was in an embryonic stage in 1857 when
Smith entered on his work, and he was
really the organiser of this branea of th&
Smith
116
Smith
museum, In which he gave a free rein to Ms
keen instinct as a collector.
A lover of nature in every form, Smith
made a special study of the ^ freshwater
shells. In antiquarian pursuits he was
equally interested in English and oriental
pottery, and of both he formed large collec-
tions. He also paid much attention to the
history and forms of finger rings. As a juror
he drew up the report on the porcelain at
the exhibition of 1871. He also prepared
the catalogue of the jewellery exhibited at
South Kensington in 1872. He officially
edited and partly compiled, for the use of
students, several classified lists of books
dealing with various arts and art industries,
which are represented in the South Kensing-
ton Museum. He resided at 65 The Grove,
Hammersmith, but died, unmarried, in a
private nursing home near Cavendish Square,
on 20 June 1890.
With his friend Professor A. H. Church,
Smith brought out in 1890 some poems
entitled ' Flower and Bird Posies.'
[The Academy, 5 July 1890, p. 16, signed 5,
i.e. G. Drury E. Fortnum. ; Athenaeum, 28 June
1890, p. 839 ; Times, 23 June 1890, p. 6 ; Illus-
trated London News, 12 July 1890, p. 53, with
portrait ; information from "W, H. James
Weale, esq.] G. C. B.
SMITH, ROBERT PAYNE (1819-
1895), dean of Canterbury. [See PATHOS
SMITH.]
SMITH, ROBERT PERCY, known as
'BoBrs' SXITH (1770-1845), advocate-gene-
ral of Bengal, born in 1770, was eldest son
of Robert Smith, and brother of Sydney
Smith "q. v." He entered Eton College in
1782, and be'came very intimate with John
HookhamFrere [q.v.j, George Canning jq.v.],
and Henry Richard Yassall Fox, third lord
Holland [q.v.] With them in 1786 he started
the school magazine entitled 'The Micro-
cosm/ which ran for nearly a year, and pro-
cured for Smith an introduction to Queen
Charlotte. In 1788 he became a scholar on
Dr. Battie's foundation, and in 1791 obtained
Sir William Browne's medal for the best
Latin ode. In the same year he entered
King ? s College. Cambridge, and graduated
B.A. in 1794 and M.A. in 1797. On 4 July
of the same year he was called to the bar of
Lincoln's Inn. In 1803, through the influ-
ence of William Petty, first marouis of
Lansdowne [q v.], and Sir Francis Baring
[q. v.], he obtained the appointment of ad-
vocate-general ot Bengal. In seven years he
returned to England with a fortune, and
settled in London. While in India he allowed
iis brother Sydney 100/. a year, and on his
return lent him 5007. towards the expenses
of his move into the country, and gave lOG/.
a year to support Sydney's eldest son at West-
minster.
In 1812 Smith entered parliament as mem-
ber for Grantham, but made no reputation as
a speaker. At the general election of 1813
he contested Lincoln unsuccessfully, but two-
years later he won the seat and sat as the
representative of the borough until his retire-
ment after the dissolution of 1826.
Although Robert Percy never attained the
fame of his brother Sydney, with whom he-
always maintained very affectionate rela-
tions, yet those who were intimate with both
held that i Bobus * equalled, if he did not
surpass, him in the very qualities for which
the younger was renowned. He was a man
of great originality, a profound thinker, and
of wide grasp of mind. His wit was pro-
verbial, and his conversation provoked the-
admiration of Madame de Stael. His lan-
guage was characterised by Canning as * the
essence of English, 7 and Landor declared that
his Latin hexameters would not have dis-
credited Lucretius. He died on 10 March
1845 at his house in Savile Row, London.
His country residence was at Cheam, Surrey.
In 1797 he married Caroline, daughter of
Richard Vernon, M.P. for Tavistcek. She
was half-sister of the mothers of the third
Lord Holland and of the third Lord Lans-
downe. By her Smith was father of Robert.
Vernon Smith, baron Lyveden [q. v.]
A number of Smith's Latin verses were-
published by his son under the title of i Early
Writings of Robert Percy Smith/ Chiswick r
1850, 4to.
[Reid's Life and Times of Sydney Smith,
pp. 4-14; Annual Register, 1845, p. 258;
obituary notice by Lord Morpeth in the Morn-
ing Chronicle, March 1845, reproduced as a pre-
face to Early Writings; Harwoods Alumni
Etonenses, p. 357; Memoirs of Sir James*
, Mackintosh,!. 137, 208.] E. I. C.
SMITH (afterwards TEENOK ), ROBERT
VERNON, BABOS- LYVEDES- (1800-1873),
who was the nephew of Sydney Smith [q. v J,
the witty canon of St. Paul's, was the only
surviving son of Robert Percy Smith ( 4 Bobus r
Smith) [q.v.] He was born on 23 Feb. 1800,
and, having spent several years at Eton, ma-
triculated from Christ Church, Oxford, on
2 Feb. 1819 ? graduating B. A. (second class in
classics) 1822, and the same year became a.
student of the Inner Temple, but was never
called to the bar. Smith married, on 15 July
1823, Emma Mary, daughter of John, second
earl of Upper Ossory, and, being attracted
by a political career, was chosen at a by-elec-
tion for Tralee in June 1829, and re-elected
Smith
117
Smith
the following year. On the accession of the | counted the most accurate disputant and
whigs to power under Earl Grey, he accepted ; profound philosopher in the universitv'
oice as a junior lord of the treasury in | (WooD. Athena Oxon. ii. 283). He died oa
November 1830, and discharged its duties j 17 June 1620, and was buried in the chapel
until the fall of Melbourne's first administra- j of ]Magdalen College.
tion in November 1834. ^ In Melbourne's j Besides contributing verses to the univer-
second ministry he was joint secretary to j sity collections on the death of Henry, prince
the board of control for the affairs of India, of *Wales, 1612, and on the marriage of the
April 1835 to September 1839, and under- Prince Palatine, 1613, he was author of a
secretary of state for war and the colonies popular elementary manual of logic, entitled
from, that date till September 1841, being , 'Aditus ad Logieam, in usum eorum qui
sworn a member^of the privy council on , primo Academiam salutant,' Oxford. 1613
1621, 1627, 1633, 1639, &c., 8vo.
[Bloxam's Keg. of Magd. Coll. v. 29 ; Oxford
Univ. Beg. vol. ii. pt. iv. 388 ; Foster's Alumni
fWrvn ftaWlxr ea- ITT 1 9QA . "\Trt/3 ..' /\_/* _j
press ]
i>. 1380;
Madan's Oxford
SMITH, SAMUEL (1584-1662?), ejected
21 Aug. 1841. When Lord John Russell
formed his first ministry in 1846, he did not
apportion any office to Smith, who, how-
ever, joined "his government as secretary-
at-war during the last three weeks of its
existence, 6 to 28 Feb. 1852. Under Lord
Palmerston he was president of the board of f ,
control, with a seat in the cabinet from j divine, born near Dudley about 1584 t was
February 1855 to March 1858, during the ; the son of a clergyman. In the beginning of
eventful period of the Indian mutiny. At ! 1603 he entered St. Mary Hall, Oxford, as a
the general election of 1831 he was elected batler, but left the university without a degree.
iLP. for Northampton, for which he was j He was presented to the living of Prittlewell
afterwards re-elected ten times (at every j & Essex on 30 Nov. 1615 by Robert, lord Rich
election except one at the head of the poll), j [see under Pacn,PiOTEaopE,LAi)YBiCH]. On
but vacated his seat on being raised to the I the outbreak of the civil war Smith retired
peerage as Baron Lyveden on 28 June 1859.
By royal license on 14 July following he re-
ceived permission to use the surname of Ver-
non only instead of Smith, and to bear the
arms of Yernon quarterly in the first quarter
with his paternal arms, his issue having pre-
viously been similarly authorised by royal
license on 5 Aug. 1845. Lyveden, who was
for many years a metropolitan commissioner
in lunacy (established pursuant to 2 and 3
Will.^ Fv , c. 107), had his country seat at
Farming Woods, near Thrapstone,Is orthamp-
tpnshire, of which county he was a deputy
lieutenant. He was created a G.C.B. on
13 July 1872, and died on 10 Nov. 1873.
Lvveden edited in 1848 'Horace Wai-
pole s Letters to the Countess of Ossory/and
in 1850 the f Early Writings ' of his father,
His speech in proposing the second reading '
of the Church Rates Abolition Bill in the '
House of Lords was printed in 1860,
[Official Eetnra of Members of Parliament ;
Foster's Peerage ; Alison's Autobiography ; Fos-
ter's Alumni Oxon J W. E. "W.
SMITH, SAMUEL (1587-1620), writer
on logic, born in Lincolnshire in 1587, was
entered as a commoner at Magdalen Hall.
Oxford, on 19 Oct. 1604, and became a fellow
of Magdalen College in 1608. He graduated
BJL on 25 Jan. 1608-9, M.A. 23 May 1612,
and bachelor of medicine 15 April 1620.
He was appointed junior proctor of the uni-
on 28 April 1620, being then < ac-
to London for safety, and identified himself
with the presbyterians. He became famed
as a preacher, and in 1648 received from
parliament the perpetual curacy of Cound
and Cressage in Shropshire, on the death
of Richard Wood, the rector, sequestered
for delinquency (Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Rep.
i. 26 #). On his settlement in the county he
was appointed an assistant to the commis-
sion for the ejection of * scandalous and
ignorant ministers and schoolmasters.' In
1654 he was temporarily appointed to jjreaeh
in Hereford Minster and the adjacent
country, in place of Richard Belamaia (Cat.
State Papers, Bom. 1654, p. 224). On the
Restoration he was ejected from Ms living 1
at Cpund, The date of Ms death is un-
certain. Wood says that he was living in
1663, but if he be identical with Samuel
Smith of Sandon in Essex, as Galamy be-
lieves, he was buried on 2 April 1662 (0&-
tuary of J&cfard Smyt&, ed. Ellis, p. 55).
Besides many separate sermons, Smith
published : 1* * Bavid's Repentance, or a
plain and familiar exposition of the Fiftv-
first Psalm/ London, 1618, 12mo, which
went through many editions. About 1765 a
so-called thirty-first edition was printed au
Newcastle-on-I^ne, which bears no resent
blance to the original work. 2. * Joseph and
his Mistress: five Sermons,' London, 1619,
8yo. 8. ' Christ's Last Supper, or the Boo-
trine of the Sacrament : five Sermons,* LOB-
don, 1620, 8vo. 4. 'The Great Assbe; ortlie
Smith i
Day of Jubilee,' London, 1628 (4th ed.) ; 1642,
12mo ; 47th ed. 1757, 12mo. 5. ' The Ethio-
pian Eunuch's Conversion, the sum of Thirty
Sermons/ London, 1632, 8vo. 6. David's
Blessed Man : a short exposition of the First
Psalm/ London, 1635, 8vo ; several editions.
7. ; Malice Stript and "VvTiipt/ an attack on
the Quakers, wMch called forth in answer
* Innocency cleared from Lyes, in Reply to
" Mab'ce Stript and "Whipt," ' by I. B., Lon-
don, 1658, 4to, and as a counter rejoinder,
* Innocents no Saints, or a Pair of Spectacles
for a dark-sighted Quaker/ London, 1658,
4to. 8 'A Fold for Christ's Sheep/ 32nd ed.
London, 1684, 8vo.
Wood says he had seen many editions of
Smith's { Christian's Guide, with Rules and
Directions for a Holy Life.'
[Wood's Athens Oxon, ed. Bliss, iii. 656;
Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Calamy's
Nonconformist's Memorial, ed. Palmer, ii. 214,
iii. 144; Chambers's Biographical Illustrations
of Worcestershire, p. 115; Notes and Queries,
3rd ser. iv. 501, iii. 200, 501 ; Bodleian Library
Cat.] E. I. C.
SMITH, SIB SIDNEY (1764-1840), ad-
miral, [See SMITH, SIB WILLIAK SIDNEY.]
SMITH, STEPHEN (1623-1678), quaker,
born on 19 Sept. 1623, was a foreign mer-
chant, and in the early part of his life lived
for a time at Scanderoon, the port of Aleppo
in Asia Minor. Returning to England, he
married, and lived at Pirbright. There, in
1665, he became a quaker through the preach-
ing of George Whitehead [q. v. j His brother,
John Smith of Worplesdon, Surrey, was first
convinced. Stephen was imprisoned at South-
wark with Whitehead and others for a month
in 1668 for holding a meeting at Elsted. In
1670 he was fined 24/. for preaching in the
street at Guildford, the quakers being at the
time barred out of their meeting-house.
George Fox stayed with Smith soon alter, and
speaks of his losses (Journal, ed. 1891, ii.
130). A few months later, while preaching
at Ratclifie, Smith was arrested by soldiers
and sent to Newgate for six months. In
1673 3?ox held a meeting of several hundreds
of persons at his house. Gabriel or Giles
Oifiey, the vicar of Worplesdon, in which
parish, he held land, sent brm to the Mar-
shalsea prison for six months for non-pay-
ment of tithes. OiSey also seized his five
head of cattle in 1677, in lieu of 50*. tithe
due. A few years later Smith travelled
with Fox in Somerset, where they drew up
* a breviat of sufferings * for that county to
present to the judges at Gloucester. Smith
died on 22 Sept. 1678 ; he was buried at
Worplesdon on the 26th, His wife Susanna
[8 Smith
i survived him. Three or four children prede-
ceased him. He was author of: 1. ' A Trum-
pet sounded in the Ears of Persecutors/
\ 1670, 4to. 2. ' A Proclamation to all t he-
Inhabitants of England concerning 1 Fastinz
i and Prayer/ 1672-3, 4to. 3. 4 The Blessed
i Works of the Light of God's Holy and
i Blessed Spirit/ 1673, 4to. 4. 4 Wholesome
; Advice and Information/ 1676, 4to; here he-
contrasts the conduct of the Turks with tlat
i of some Christians.
j [Whitehead's Christian Progress, pp. 291,.
j 319, 320; Whitings Persecution Exposed, p.
; 12 ; Marsh's Early Friends in Surrey and Sussex,
| p. 20 ; Basse's Sufferings, i. 431, 699, 7uO ; Fox's-
i Journal, ed. 1891, pp. 203, 264, 318; Smiths
I Cat. of Friends' Books, ii. 599; Registers at
j Devonshire House.] C. F. S.
SMITH, STEPHEN CATTERSOX
(1806-1872), portrait-painter and president
of the Ptoyal Hibernian Academy, born at
Skipton in Craven, Yorkshire, on "12 March
I 1806, was son of Joseph Smith, artist and
j coach-painter, and Anne, his wife, daughter
I of Stephen Catterson of Gawflat, Yorkshire.
i His parents removed early in his life to-
j Hull, and at the age of about sixteen Smith
; came up to London to support himself by the
practical study of art. Obtaining admission
', to the schools of the Royal Academy, he
i distinguished himself in the competitions
i there, and afterwards studied in Paris. He
first attracted notice by Ms skill in drawing
i portraits in black chalk, many of these being
published in lithography by Richard James
: Lane, A.R. A. [q. vj He made drawings of
i this class for H.R.H. the Duchess of Kent,
! of Queen Victoria (as princess), the duchess
herself, the King of Hanover, and other-
members of the royal family. He then re-
! moved for a few years to Yeovil in Somerset-
j shire, returning, however, to London about
i 1838, when he exhibited some portraits at
! the Royal Academy. About 1840 he received
i some commissions to paint portraits in Ire-
j land, which led him to settle first at London-
derry, and afterwards at Dublin, where he-
spent the remainder of his life. At Dublin
! Smith quickly became the leading portrait-
i painter of the day, and was considered very
i successful with Ms likenesses both in male
j and female portraits, painting something in
! the manner of Sir Thomas Lawrence [q. v.]
I Nearly every distinguished person in Ireland
| sat to Smith during his career in Dublin, in-
! eluding all the lord-lieutenants of Ireland for
thirty years. In 1854 he painted from the
, life a full-length portrait of Queen "Victoria
j for the corporation of Dublin. Many of his
( portraits were engraved. Smith was elected
an associate of the Royal Hibernian Aca-
Smith
119
Smith
demy of Arts on 11 May 1844, a full mem-
ber on 13 Sept. following, and was elected
president on 7 March 1859, holding this post
until 1864. He was re-elected in 1868, but
held the post for only a few months. He
continued topaint up to the time of his death,
which occurred suddenly on 20 May 1872.
Smith married, in 184*5, Anne, daughter of
Bobert Titus Wyke, an English artist, resid-
ing at Wexford* She was herself a minia-
ture-painter. By her Smith left six sons and
four daughters, of whom Stephen Catter-
gon Smith (a member of the Royal Hiber-
nian Academy and practising in Dublin) and
Bobert Catterson Smith (practising in Lon-
don) also adopted art as a profession.
[Private information.] L. C.
SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845), canon of
St. Paul's, born on 3 June 1771 at Woodford,
Essex, was the second son of Robert Smith.
The latter had lost his father, a London
merchant, in early youth. He retired from
business, married Maria Olier, daughter of a
French refugee, left her at the church door to
* wander over the world/ and, after returning,
bought, spoilt, and then sold nineteen dif-
ferent places in England, ultimately settling
at Bishop"^ Lydiard, Somerset, where he died
in 1827, aged 88. Mrs. Smith was vivacious,
modest, and beautiful, resembling Mrs. Sid-
dons. The Smiths had four other children :
Robert Percy Smith (known as * Bobus ') [q, v.],
born in 1770; Cecil in 1772; Courtenay in
1773, and Maria in 1774. The sister, after
her mother's death in 1802, took care of her
father till her own death in 1816. The
boys showed talent at an early age, especially
by incessant argumentation. In the interests
of fraternal peace the father sent Robert and
Cecil to Eton, while Sydney and Courtenay
west to Winchester. Sydney, after some time
under a Mr. Marsh at Southampton, was ad-
mitted upon the foundation at Winchester
on 19 July 1782. He was bullied and half
starved, and had to write * about ten thousand
Latin verses,' which were probably worse than
his brother's, and which he at any rate re-
gretted as sheer waste of life and time. He
and Courtenay, however, won so many prizes
that their schoolfellows sent in a round-robin
refusing to compete against Mm. He was
* prefect of the hall* in his last year, and on
5 Feb. 1789 became a scholar of New Col-
lege, Oxford. At the end of his second year's
residence he succeeded to a fellowship, which
then brought 1QO a year. On this he sup-
ported himself without help from his father,
and managed to pay a debt of 301. for his
fefcot&er Courtenay. Nothing is known of
Smith's Oxford career, He spent some months
| during this time in Normandy, where he had
I to join a Jacobin club in ord"er to avoid sus-
picion, and became a good French scholar.
j His father thought that he had done enough
i for his family by supporting i Bobus 1 during
his^ studies for the bar, and obtaining Indian
writerships for Cecil and Courtenay. He
told Sydney that he might be * a tutor or a
parson.' Sydney, who had wished to go to
the bar, was compelled to take orders. He
was ordained in 1794 to the curacy of Nether
Avon on Salisbury Plain. The squire of the
\ parish was Michael Hicks Beach of William-
] strip Park, Fairford, Gloucestershire. Beach
helped Smith in plans for improving the con-
dition of the poor in that secluded parish,
and in setting up a Sunday school, then the
novelty of the day. He took a great liking
to the young curate, and in 1797 asked foinr?
to become travelling tutor to his eldest son,
Michael, the grandfather of the present Sir
M. Hicks Beach, A scheme for a sojourn
at Weimar was given up on account of the
war, and Smith ultimately took his pupil to
Edinburgh, which he reached in June 1798
(STUABT J. REID, p. 39). Many other young
men in a similar position were attracted to
Edinburgh at this time by the fame of Dugald
Stewart and the difficulties of access to the
continent. Smith, always the most sociable
of men, formed many intimacies with them
and with the natives. Though he made end-
less fun about the incapacity of Scots to take
a joke without t a surgical operation, 1 they at
least appreciated the humour of Smith him-
self. He formed lasting friendships with
Jeffrey, Brougham, Francis Homer, Lord
Webb Seymour, and others, and before
leaving became an original member of the
< Friday Club' with Dugald Stewart, Play-
fair, Alison, and Scott. He was on the most
cordial terms with his pupil, and wrote letters
full of fun and sense to the parents. In
1800 he went to England to marry Catherine
Amelia, daughter of John Pybus of Cheam,
Surrey, a friend of his sister's, to whom he
had long been engaged. The marriage took
place at Cheam on July 1800. The lady's
father was dead, and, though her mother ap-
proved, her brother Charles, at one time a
lord of the admiralty, was indignant, and
broke off all relations with his sister. Smith's
whole fortune consisted of * six small silver
teaspoons ; 7 but his bride had a small dowry,
which he settled upon her. Mr. Beach pre-
sented the Smiths with a cheque for 75G&
Smith gave 100/. to an old lady in distress,
and invested the remainder in the tecls.
He then returned to Edinburgh. His papil
had entered Christ Church, but was replaced
by a younger brother. Smith had a second
Smith
120
Smith
pupil, Alexander Gordon of Ellon Castle.
For each of them he received 400/. a year,
the ( highest sum which had then been given
to any one except Dugald Stewart ' (LADT
HGLLAXD, p. 98). During Ms stay at !
Edinburgh he preached occasionally at the
Charlotte Chapel, and published in 1800 six
of his sermons. Dug-aid Stewart declared
that Smith's preaching gave him ' a thrilling
sensation of sublimity never before awakened
by any oratory 1 (ib. i. 127).
In 'March 1802 Smith proposed to his
friends Jeffrey and Brougham to start the
i Edinburgh Review' (accounts in detail are
given by Smith in the preface to his Col-
lected Articles ; GOCEBTTKS", Jeffrey, i. 12t5-
137; and in BBOTTGHAM'S Life and Times,
i. 251, 252), suggesting as a motto ( Tenui
Musam meditamur avena.* Though not for-
mally editor, he superintended the first three ,
numbers. Smith contributed nearly eighty
articles during the next twenty-five years
(see list in LADY HOLLAR, voL i. App.) The ,
great success of the review brought a repu- ;
tation to the chief contributors. Smith's ;
articles are among the best, and are now the
most readable. Many of them are mere
trifles, but nearly all show his characteristic :
style. He deserves the credit of vigorously ;
defending doctrines then unpopular, and now i
generally accepted. Smith was a thorough
whig of the more enlightened variety, and 1
his attacks upon various abuses, though not ,
in advance of the liberalism of the day, gave i
him a bad name among the dispensers of
patronage at the time. T7is honesty and !
manliness are indisputable. Smith now re-
solved to leave Edinburgh, in spite of a ;
request from the Beaches, with whom he :
always retained his friendship, that he would ;
continue his tutorial duties. He resolved to
settle in London, in order to make a more
permanent position. He settled after a time
at a small house in Doughty Street, and i
looked about for a preachership. His wife '
sold some jewels presented to her by her i
mother for 500/. He presumably made some- j
thing from the ( Edinburgh Review/ and he !
derived assistance from his brother * Bobus.' j
Lady Holland says, however, that Sydney's j
finances at this period are * enigmatic * (p. 123).
Congregations to which he gave two or three
* random sermons* thought him mad, and the
clerk, he says, was afraid that he might bite.
Sir Thomas Bernard [q.v.] took a morefavour-
able view ofhis style, and obtainedhis appoint- j
ment to the preachership at the Foundling i
Hospital, worth 50/. a year. He also preached j
alternately at the Fitzroy Chapel and the
Berkeley Chapel. His fresh and racy preach-
ing filled seats and the pockets of the proprie-
tor. Through Bernard he was also invited to
lecture upon 6 Moral Philosophy ' at the Itoyal
Institution. He gave three courses in 1804,
1805, and 1806, receiving 50/. for the first
and 120/. for the second, which enabled him
to move into a better house in Orchard
Street. The lecturer modestly professed to
aim at no more than a popular exposition of
' moral philosophy,' by which he meant Scot-
tish psychology; but the ingenuity and
humour of his illustrations, and his frequent-
touches of shrewd morality, made them sin-
gularly successful. Albemarle Street was
impassable. Galleries had to be added in
the lecture-hall. There was such < an uproar/
says Smith (LADY HOLLAND, ii. 487), as he
' never remembered to have been excited by
any other literary imposture.' Mrs. Marcet
was alternately in fits of laughter and rapt
enthusiasm, and Miss Fanshawe [q. v." 1 bought
a new bonnet to go to them, and Vrote an ode
to celebrate the occasion. Smith's friendships
lay chiefly among rising lawyers and men of
letters. He provided weekly suppers at Ms
house, with leave for any of his circle to drop
in as they pleased. He belonged to the { Kijig
of Clubs' founded by his brother and Mackin-
tosh, which included Komilly, Sam Rogers,
Brougham, and others, chiefly of the whig
persuasion (Life of Mackintosh, i. 138). Smith
was naturally introduced at Holland House,
the social centre of all the whig party, his
sister-in-law being Lord Holland's aunt.
Smith was for once shy when entering the
august house of which the true whig spoke
with ' bated breath/ but soon learnt to hold
his own even with Lady Holland. When
the whigs were in power in 1806, Erskine,
at the request of the Hollands, gave Smith
the chancery living of Foston-le-Clay, eight
miles from York, worth 500/. a year. His
preachership at the Foundling Hospital made
residence unnecessary, and, after settling that
a clergyman should go over from York to
perform services, he continued in London.
In 1807 he published the Plymley letters in
defence of catholic emancipation his most
effectual piece of work. Sixteen editions
were printed in the year. The letters were
anonymous. The government, he says (pre-
face to Works), took pains, without success,
to discover the author. Somehow or other
the authorship came to be guessed, he adds,
though he f always denied it,' The secret
was probably not very serious, and was cer-
tainly known to his friends, Lords Holland
and Grenville (LAJ>T HOLLAND, i. 131), who
agreed in pointing out that Swift, the only
author whom it recalled, 'had lost a bi-
shoprick for his wittiest performance/ When
the * residence bEP was passed in 1808
Smith
121
Smith
the archbishop of York called upon Smith.
to attend personally to Ms parish. Kb clergy-
man had resided for 150 years, and the par-
sonage-house was a ' hovel,' worth 50/. at
the highest estimate. Smith had either to
exchange his living or to build with the help
of Queen Anne's bounty. He took his family
to Heslington, two miles from York, in
June 1809. He could thence perform his
duties at Foston, and try to arrange for an
exchange. As an exchange could not he
effected, he resolved to build in 1813, though
the archbishop ultimately excused him, and
finally moved into his new house in March
1314. The exile from London was painful,
and Smith's biographers appear to think that
he was somehow hardly treated. He took
his position, however, cheerfully, and settled
down to a country life.
Smith was his own architect, and built a
comfortable parsonage-house and good farm
buildings. He bought an 'ancient green
chariot/ which he christened the 'Immortal,*
to be drawn by his carthorses; had his
furniture made by the village carpenter;
caught up a girl 'made like a milestone,'
christened her ' Bunch/ and appointed her
butler. He made her repeat a quaint cate-
chism, defining her various faults. Her
jeal name was Annie Kay, and she nursed
him in his last illness. His servants never
left J"'TT> except from death or marriage.
He learnt farming, and wrote an amusing
account of his first experiments to the
'Farmers' Journal' (given in Constable and
his Correspondents) iii. 131 ,) He bred
horses, though he could seldom ride with-
out a fall. He was full of quaint devices ;
directed his labourers with the help of a
telescope and a speaking-trumpet; and
invented a 'universal scratcher 7 for his
cattle. He became a magistrate, got up
Blackstone, and was famous for making up
quarrels and treating poachers gently. He
had attended medical lectures at Edinburgh,
and by his presence of mind had saved the
lives of more than one person in emergencies.
He now set up a dispensary and became
village doctor. He helped the poor by pro-
viding them with gardens at a nominal rent,
still called ' Sydney's Orchards ' (S. 3". REED,
p.^184). He was on the friendliest terms
with the farmers, whom he had to dinner,
And learnt, in Johnson's phrase, to Halk of
routs,' He studied Rumford to discover the
"best modes ^ of providing cheap food for the
poor, and his ingenious shrewdness recalls
Franklin, whom he specially admired (LADY
HOLMSB, ii. 136}. Smith found time for a
good deal of reading, laying out systematic
jslaaB for keeping up his classics as well as
reading miscellaneous literature. He was
writing French exercises in the last year of
his life (MooBE, Diaries^ vii. 370). He
had to work in the midst of his family. He
was devoted to children, lived with his own
on the most ^intimate terms, and delighted
them with his stories. Smith's retirement
and comparative poverty cut him off from
much social intercourse ; but he occasionally
made trips to London or Edinburgh, or
received old friends on their travels. He
became specially intimate with Lord Grey,
to whom he paid an annual visit at Howick,
and with the fifth and sixth earls of Car-
lisle, whose seat, Castle Howard, is four
miles from Foston. His position was im-
proved by the death of Ids father's sister
in 1820, who left him a fortune of 400/.
a year. The Duke of Devonshire, at Lord
Carlisle's request, soon afterwards gave
him the living of Londesborough, to be
held till Ms nephew (a son of Lord Carlisle)
should be of age to take it. Smith kept a
curate, visiting the parish, which is within a
drive, two or three times a year. He now,
for the first time, was at his" ease. Anxiety
about money matters had hitherto been a
frequent cause of depression (Lu>Y HOLLAND,
i. 254). His opinions or other causes had
excluded him from preferment. In the
spring of 1825 meetings of the clergy of
Cleveland and Yorkshire were held to pro-
test against catholic emancipation. Smith
attended both, and made his first political
speeches. He proposed a petition in favour
of emancipation, which received only two
other signatures, and at the second meeting
was in a minority of one. The change of
ministry in 1827 improved his chances.
After Canning's death he wrote to a friend
in power, stating his claims (LiDY HOLULND*
L 258). At last, in January 1828, Lord
Lyndhurst, the chancellor, though a politi-
cal opponent, gave him a prebend at Bristol,
from private friendship. Smith confessed
frankly Ms delight on at last finding the
spell broken which had prevented his prefer-
ment. He confessed with equal frankness
that he was f the happier ' every guinea he
gained (LADY HOULASD, i. 273). He gave
up writing in the * Edinburgh Eeview ' as
not becoming to a dignitary. He offended the
corporation of Bristol by preaching in favour
of catholic emancipation j and a sermon on
5 Nov. 1828 induced them to give up for
many years their custom of celebrating the
day by a state visit to the cathedral. He
now exchanged Foston for Combe-Flaarey,
Somerset, six miles from Taunton. to which
he moved in 1829. He brought hk old ser-
vants, while he could now for the first tinae
Smith
Smith
afford a library, began at once to rebuild Ms
parsonage, welcomed his old friend Jeffrey,
and soon made friends of his parishioners.
He attended reform meetings, and on '
II Oct. 1631 made Ms famous speech at ,
TanntoDj comparing the House of Lords to
Mrs. Partington resisting the Atlantic Ocean.
Mrs. Partington at once became proverbial.
Lord Grey had, in the previous month, made
him canon-residentiary of St. Paul's. He
had now made up his mind that he was un-
equal to a bishopric, bat, as his daughter ',
tells us, he was deeply hurt that his friends
never gave him the opportunity of refusing ;
one (LADY HOLLAND, i. 262)." Henceforth !
he had to reside three months of the year ]
in London. He showed himself to be a good i
man of business in cathedral matters, and
his sermons were admitted to be forcible
and dignified. He was, however, chiefly
famous for his social charm, He was ac-
quainted with everybody of any mark, and
a iamil iar figure at the Athenaeum dub.
On the death of his brother Courtenav, in
1839, he inherited 50,000/., and took a house,
No. 56 Green Street^Grosvenor Square (pulled
down in December 1896), where he could
fully indulge his hospitable propensities.
Smith's reforming zeal showed its limits
on the appointment of the ecclesiastical com-
mission. He found himself ' arguing against
the archbishop of Canterbury and the bishop
of London for the existence of the National
Church/ namely, in the 4 Letters to Arch-
deacon Thomas Singleton * [q. v.], published
in 1837. Xobody could put more wittily the
argument that, by levelling church incomes,
the inducements to men of ability to become
clergymen would be seriously diminished.
He of course did not object to reform in
the abstract/ but to a given reform. Smith,
however, though a good whig, had a
thorough aversion to radicals or levellers,
and had expressed similar opinions in early
articles (LJJDY HOLLAND, i. 324 ; and article
on < Curates' Salary Bill ').
Smith wrote a pamphlet against the
ballot in 1839. His last literary perfor-
mance was a petition to the United States
congress ia 1843 complaining of the state of
Pennsylvania, which had suspended the
interest on its bond; he published it in
the * Morning Chronicle/ and followed it
by letters which made some sensation in
both countries. Payments were resumed
soon after his death. The last years of his
life., however, passed peacefully; and his
letters show the old spirit to the end. In
the autumn of 1844 he was brought from
Combe-Florey to be under the care of his
son-in-law, Dr. Holland. He died at Green
Street on 22 Feb. 1845. and was buried at
Kensal Green.
Mrs. Smith died in 1852. Four of SmitL's
children survived infancy. Saba, bom in
1802 (a name which he invented in ord-r
that she might not have two commonplace
names), married Dr. (afterwards Sir) Henry
Holland in 1824, wrote her father s life, and
died in 1866 ; Douglas, born 1805, was dis-
tinguished at Westminster and Christ
Church, and died on 15 April 1829, to L:s
father's lasting sorrow ; Emily, born in 1507,
married Nathaniel Hibbert of Munden
House, Watford, on 1 Jan. 1828, and died
in 1874; Windham was born in 1813, and
survived Ms father.
Bishop Monk of Gloucester said (see thir 1
Letter to Singleton) that Smith had got his
canonry for being a scoffer and a jester.
The same qualities were said by others to
have prevented his preferment in the vir-
tuous davs of tory ministers. His jesting
is undeniable. People, as Greville says
(Journals 7 2nd ser. ii. 273), met him prepared
to laugh ; and conversation became a series
of i pegs ' for Smith ( to hang his jokes on/
His drollery produced uproarious merriment.
Mackintosh is described as rolling on the
floor, and Ms servants had often to leave
the room in fits of laughter (MooKB, Jour-
nals, vol. vi. p. xiii ; BROUGHAM , Life and
Times, i. 246). If he sometimes verged upon
buffoonery, he avoided the worst faults of the
professional wit. His fun was the sponta-
neous overflow of superabundant animal
spirits. He was neither vulgar nor malicious.
*' You have been laughing at me for seven
years/ said Lord Dudley, * and have not said a
word that I wished unsaid r (LA3>Y HOLLAND
L 417). He burnt a pamphlet of Ms own
wMch he thought one of * the cleverest he
had ever read/ because he feared that it
might give pain to his antagonists (ib. ii.427).
His wildest extravagances, too, were often
the veMcle of sound arguments, and his
humour generally played over the surface of
strong good sense. His exuberant fun did
not imply sconing. He was sensitive to the
charge of indifference to the creed which lie
professed. He took pains to protest against
any writing by his allies wMch might shock
believers. He had strong religious convic-
tions, and could utter them solemnly and
impressively. It must, however, be admitted
that his creed was such as fully to account
for the suspicion. In theology he followed
Paley, and was utterly averse to all mysti-
cism in literature or religion. He ridiculed
the evangelicals/ and attacked the metho-
dists with a bitterness exceptional in his
writinga He equally despised in later days
Smith
123
Smith
the party then called 'Puseyites.' He was
far more suspicious of an excess than of a
defect of zeal. His writings upon the esta-
blished church show a purely secular view of
the questions at issue. He assumes that a
clergyman is simply a human "being in a
gurplice, and the church a branch of the
civil sendee. He had apparently few cleri-
cal intimacies, and his chief friends of the
'Edinburgh Eeview' and Holland House
were anything hut orthodox. Like other
clergymen of similar tendencies, he was
naturally regarded "by his brethren as some-
thing of a traitor to their order. Nobody,
however, could discharge the philanthropic
duties of a parish clergyman more ener-
getically, and his general goodness and the
strength of his affections are as unmistak-
able as his sincerity and the masculine force
of his mind.
A portrait in oils, by E.TL Eddis, belongs
to Miss Holland.
An engraving from a portrait of Smith is in
later editions of his i "Works ; 7 and one from
a miniature is in the t Life ' by Mr. Beid. A
caricature is in the Maclise Portrait Gallery.
Smith's works are: 1. Six Sermons,
preached at Charlotte Chapel, Edinburgh,
1800. 2. Sermons, 1801. 3. < Letters on
the Subject of the Catholics to my brother
Abraham, who lives in the Country, by
Peter Plymley/ 1807-8; collected 1808.
4. Sermons, 1809, 2 vols. 8vo. 5. < Letter to
the Electors on the Catholic Question,' 1808.
6. ' Three Letters to Archdeacon Singleton/
1837-8-9, collected. 7. 'The Ballot,' 1839.
8. < Works/ 1839, 3 vols. 8vo. A fourth
volume in 1840. Later editions in 3 vols.,
1845, 1847, 1848. The Travellers' edition '
appeared in 1850, and was reprinted in 1851
and 1854. The i Pocket edition,' in 3 yols.
8vo, 1854; the 'People's edition/ 2 vols.
cr. 8vo, in 1859 ; and a new edition, in 1 vol.
cr. 8vo, in 1869. This collection includes the
Plymley and Singleton letters, most of the
* Edinburgh Review' articles, the 'Ballot 7
pamphlet, notices of Mackintosh, and Homer,
a few sermons, speeches, and fragments.
9. l A, Fragment on the Irish Roman Catho-
lic Church/ 1845 (six editions). 10. 'Ser-
mons at St. Paul's, the ^Foundling Hospi-
tal, and several churches in London/ 1846.
11. ' Elementary Sketches of Moral Philo-
sophy/ delivered at the Royal Institution in
1804, 1805, 1806 (privately printed and
afterwards published in 1850) ; some sermons
were separately printed, * Selections * were
C* ^ished in 1855, and his Wit and Wis-
* in 1861. Smith wrote an account
of English misrule in Ireland, which made
* so fearful a picture* that he hesitated to
publish it. In 1847 Mrs. Smith showed it
to Macaulay, by whose advice it was sup-
pressed as a repetition of grievances since
abolished, and likely to serve demagogues
(LADY HOLLAND, i. 189).
[The chief authority for Smith's life is A
Memoir of the Reverend Sydney Smith, by his
daughter, Lady Holland, with a selection from
his Letters, edited by Mrs. Aiistin, 2 rols. 8vo T
1855 (cited from 3rd edition). This contains
many anecdotes collected by Smith's widow, and,
after her death, prepared by his daughter. A
Sketch of the Life and Times of Smith, by Stuart
J. Eeid, 1884 (cited from 2nd edition}, supplies
a few facts with additional information from the
family. See also Honghton's Monographs(1873),
pp. 259-93 ; Crabb Robinson's Diary, iii. 97,
148, 187, 197, 215, 344; Ticknor's Life and
Letters,!. 265,413,414, 417,418, ii. 146, 150,214,
216 ; Moore's Journals, iv. 52, 53, v. 70, 75, 80, vi.,
xii. 263, 264, 315, vii, 13, 15, 150, 173 ; Constable
and his Literary Correspondents, iii. 131, 132,
&c. ; Brougham's Life and Times, i. 246-54= ; G-re-
ville Memoirs (first series) ? iii. 39, 44, 166, 317,
394 (second series), ii. 273-4 ; Homer s Memoirs,
i. 151, 293, 299 ; Princess Liechtenstein's Hol-
land Honse, i. 99, 159, 162, ii 131; Barham T &
Life and Letters (1870), ii. 167-8; Notes and
Queries, gth ser. i. 322.] L. S.
SMITH, THEYRE TOWNSEND(1793~
1852), divine, son of Thomas Smith of Mid-
dlesex, was born in 1798. He was originally
a presbyterian, and studied at Glasgow Uni-
versity, hut being convinced by reading
Hooker that episcopacy was the scriptural
form of church government, he resolved to
enter the English church. He accordingly
matriculated from Queens* College, Cam-
bridge, on 4 Jan. 1823, graduating B JL. in
1827, and M.A. in 1830. After serving^a
curacy in Huntingdonshire and another in
Essex, he was appointed assistant preacher
at the Temple in 1835. In 1839 and 1840 he
filled the post of Hulsean lecturer at Cam-
bridge, and in 1845 he was presented to the
living of Newhaven in Sussex. In March
1848, when Loms-Philifpe took refuge in
England after his deposition, Theyre Towns-
end received him on his landing at New-
haven. In the same year Thomas Turton
[a. v.], bishop of Ely, who had expressed
great approbation of his lectures, collated
him to the vicarage of Wyinondham in Nor-
folk. In 1850 lie was appointed honorary
canon of Norwich. He died on 4 May 18t3J
at Wymondham.
He married Eebeeea, second daughter of
Thomas Williams of Coate in Oxfordshire
Smith was the author of: 1. 'SeniKWJ
preached at the Temple Church and before
the University of Cambridge/ Lcssebn, 1838,
8vo. 2. i Hulsean Lectures for the Year
Smith
124
Smith
1839,' London, 1840, 8vo. 3. { Hulsean Lec-
tures for the Year 1840,' London, 1841, 8vo.
4. * Remarks on the Influence of Tractarianism
in promoting Secessions to the Church of
Rome,' London, 1851, 8m 5. ' The Sacrifice
of the Death of Christ/ London, 1851, 12mo.
[Gent. Mag. 1852, ii. 97, 317; English Be-
vies, srii. 445 ; Burke's Landed G-entry, ed.
1850, ii. 1599 ; information kindly supplied by
the master of Queens' College, Cambridge.]
E. I. C.
SMITH, SIB THOMAS (1513-1577),
statesman, scholar, and author, eldest son of
John Smith (d. 1557), by his wife, Agnes
Charnock (d. 1547), a native of Lancashire,
was born at Saffron Walden, Essex, on
23 Dec. 1513 (Arch&ologia, xxxviii. 104).
The father, who claimed descent from Sir
Roger de Clarendon, an illegitimate son of
the Black Prince (Essex Visitations, Harl.
Soc. pp. 710-11), was a man of wealth and
position. In 1538-9 he served as sheriff of
Essex and Hertfordshire, and in 1545 the
grant of a coat-of-arms was confirmed to
him (SrarPE, Life of Sir T. Smith, pp. 2-3 ;
see many references to him hi Letters and
Papers of Henry FJZ7, esp. vol. Iv.) A
younger brother, John, was mainly instru-
mental in procuring a charter of incorpora-
tion for Safiron Walden in 1549.
Prom Thomas's circumstantial account of
his own infancy (extant in Addit. MS. 325),
he appears to have been a child of weak
health, but was strongly addicted to reading
history, to painting, writing, and even to carv-
ing. He was educated at a grammar school
{Letters and Papers, iv. 1314), probably at
Saffron Walden, and before May 1525 was
placed under the care of Henry Gold of
St. John's College, Cambridge. Among
other instructions as to his education, his
father desired Gold to teach him * plain song,
which, afore he went to grammar school, he
could sing perfectly, and had some insight
in his prick-song ' ($.) In 1526 he entered
Queens' College, and about Michaelmas 1527,
apparently through Cromwell's influence, he
was appointed king's scholar (jb. p. 3406).
On 25 Jan. 1529-30, being then B.A.,he was
elected fellow of Queens'. He graduated M. A.
iu the summer of 1533, and in the following
autumn, having been appointed a public
reader or professor, he lectured on natural
philosophy in the schools, and on Greek in his
own rooms. Among his pupils were John
Ponet [q.v.], afterwards bishop of Winchester,
and Eichard Eden [q. v.l In 1538 he became
public orator, and soon afterwards came under
the notice of Henry TUT, before whom,
shortly after Queen Jane's death, he and his
friend John Cheke [q. v.] declaimed on the
question whether the king should marry an
Englishwoman or a foreigner. In the same
year he was sent by the university to ask the
king to grant it one of the dissolved mona-
steries, and to found a college as an eternal
monument of his name ? (ib. xni. ii. 496 ).
In May 1540 Smith went abroad to pursue
his studies ; he was not therefore, as Tanner
says, the Thomas Smith, clerk of the council
to the queen, who, with William Gray, late
servant to Cromwell, was on 4 Jan. 1540-1
committed to the Fleet * for writing invec-
tives against one another ' (NICOLAS, Acts of
the Privy Council, vii. 105, 107 ; Letters and
Papers, xv. 21). After visiting Paris and
Orleans, Smith proceeded to Padua, where
he graduated D.C.L. On his return in 1542
he was incorporated LL.D. at Cambridge.
Smith now took a leading part in reforming
the pronunciation of Greek. The early re-
nascence scholars had adopted, from modern
Greeks, the corrupt method of pronouncing
q, I, and ? all as !, and Smith sought to re-
store the correct pronunciation of TJ and I.
The attempt caused a prolonged agitation in
the university ; Smith, Cheke, and their ad-
herents were called e etists, 5 and their oppo-
nents ' itists ' (Rowbotham's pref. to COME-
Nius, Janua- Linguarum ; HAXLAM, Lit. of
Europe, i. 340 ; A. J. ELLIS, English Pro-
nunciation of Greek, 1876, pp. 5-6). Gardi-
ner, as chancellor of the university, ordered
a return to the old pronunciation, and in
reply Smith wrote an epistle to him dated
12 Aug. 1542, and subsequently published
(Paris, 1568, 4to) under the title i De recta et
emendata Linguae Graecae Pronuntiatione/
To it was appended Smith's tract advocating
a reform of the English alphabet, and extend-
ing the number of vowels to ten, a scheme of
which is printed in the appendix to Strype's
< Life of Smith,' p. 183.
In January 1543-4 Smith was appointed
regius professor of civil law at Cambridge ;
in the same year he served as vice-chancellor
of "the university, and became chancellor to
Goodrich, bishop of Ely, by whom, in 1545,
he was collated to the 'rectory of Levering-
ton, Cambridgeshire, and in 1546 was or-
dained priest (Arch&ologia, xxxviii. 106).
According to Smith's own statement, which
is not confirmed by Le Keve, he received a
prebend in Lincoln Cathedral. Shortly be-
fore the end of Henry's reign he was deputed
by the university to secure Queen Catherine
Parr's influence in preventing the acquisition
of college property by the king.
Smith had early adopted protestant views,
and had distinguished himself in protecting
reformers at Cambridge from Gardiner's hos-
tility. The accession of Edward VI accord-
Smith i
ingly brought him into greater prominence,
and 'in February 1546-7 he entered the ser-
vice of Protector Somerset, whose brother-in-
law, Sir Clement Smith of Little Baddow,
Esses [see under SJIITH, SIB JOHX, 1534 f-
1607", "was perhaps a relative of Thomas
Smitn. The latter was made clerk of the
privy council, steward of the stannary court,
and "master of the court of requests which
the Protector set up in his own house to
deal with the claims of poor suitors. Smith
set out with Somerset on the Scottish ex-
pedition (August-September 1547), but was
laid up at York with a fever. Before the
end of the year he became provost of Eton
and dean of Carlisle. On 17 April 1548
he was sworn one of the two principal
secretaries of state in succession to Paget,
his colleague being Sir William Petre ~q. v.l
In the following June he was sent "on a
special mission to Flanders, to negotiate for
the levy of mercenaries, and to secure as far
as possible the support of the emperor in the
impending war with France. He reached
Brussels on 1 July, but met with little suc-
cesSj and returned in August. In October
he was employed in formulating the English
claims of feudal suzerainty over Scotland. In
the following January he took an active part in
the examinations of Sir William Sharington
~q. v.l and Thomas Seymour, lord Seymour
of Sudeley Jq. v.l Soon afterwards he was
knighted. He was likewise consulted about
the reform of the coinage, and advised the
prohibition of ' testons/ He was a member
of the commissions appointed to visit the
universities (November 1548), to examine
Arians and anabaptists (April 1549), and
to deal with Bonner (September 1549). His
proceedings on the latter were especially
obnoxious to Bonner, who was imprisoned in
the Tower for his behaviour to Smith.
Smith remained faithful to the Protector
to the last. He was with him at Hampton
Court in October, and accompanied him
thence to Windsor, where, on the 10th, he
was removed from the council and from hia
post of secretary, and deprived of his pro-
fessorship at Cambridge. On the 14th he
was imprisoned in the Tower, whence he
was released on 10 March 1549~t50, on ac-
knowledging a debt of S,000/. to the king.
In the same year he was summoned as a
witness against Gardiner, and, with. Cecil,
drew up the articles for the bishop to sign ;
but he seems to have used his influence in
Gardiner's favour, a service which Gardiner
repaid tinder Mary's reign. In May 15V51
Smith accompanied Northampton on Ms em-
bassy to the French court. He returned in
August, and in October was placed on a
25 Smith
I commission to * rough-hew the canon law/
: But for the most part he lived at Eton,
where his relations with the fellows were
: somewhat strained. Early in 155:? he was
! summoned before the council to answer their
complaints; but in the following autumn
: Northumberland and his principal adherents
dined with Smith at Eton and decided the
i dispute in his favour. In October he was
selected to discuss with the French commis-
sioners the claims for compensation on the
part of French merchants.
In August 1553, a month after ^Tar/s ac-
; cession, Smith was summoned before the
queen s commissioners, but Gardiner's friend-
ship secured him from molestation, and he
| even obtained an indulgence from the pope
! (STBYPE, p. 47). On 8 Sept. he was re-
| turned to parliament as member for Gram-
pound, Cornwall. In the following year t
! however, he resigned the provostship of Eton
and deanery of Carlisle quasi sponte 7 as he
| says himself, and perhaps in order- to marry
I his second wife. For the remainder of
j Mary's reign he lived in retirement, busv
with his studies and building. The accession
of Elizabeth once more brought Him public-
employment. On 22 Dec. 1558 he was.
placed" on a commission * for the eonsidera-
| tion of things necessary for a parliament,''
and on 6 Jan. 1558-9 was elected member
for Liverpool. He was also a member of the-
ecclesiastical commission to revise the Book
of Common Prayer, which met at his house
in Cannon Bow, Westminster. In the fol-
lowing year he was in attendance on Joh%
duke of Friesland, son of the king of Sweden,
during his visit to England, and in 1580
wrote a dialogue on the question of the
queen f s marriage, which is extant in Addit,
MS. 4149, Ashmole MS. 829, and Cambr.
Univ. MS. Gg, 3, and is printed in the Ap-
pendix to his life by Strype (pp. 184-250).
In September 1562 Smith was sent am-
bassador to France, a post of great difficulty
and some damper, owing to the civil war
between the Guises and the Huguenots,
Elizabeth had decided to help the latter and
herself at the same time by seizing Havre,
and Smith's position at Paris was threatened
by the Guise party. From 28 Aug. to 1 7 Sept .
1563 he was even imprisoned at Melun. His
task was rendered more difficult by the re*-
tention of Sir Nicholas Throgmorton [q. ?.]
as joint ambassador, and the lack of con-
fidence with which the two were treated by
Elizabeth, coupled with mutual jealousy , led
on one occasion to a violent out Weak befcweea
them (Lettres fe Catherine fe JfMiet*, il
171 ; HETBT M, BAIM, Mm f ike &w$we-
128). At length, om IS April 1564,,
Smith
126
Smith
the peace of Troves was signed between Eng-
land and France. Smith remained two years
longer in France,, following the court. In ;
May 1564 he set out to visit Geneva : in No-
vember he was at Tarascon. and in January ,
1564-5 was ill at Toulouse. He returned to (
England in May 1566. Between three and !
four hundred letters from him describing his
embassy are calendared among the foreign
state papers, and these are supplemented by \
numerous references in the i Lettres de Ca- |
therine de Medicis/ 5 vols., printed in l Col- j
lection de Documents inedits,' 1880-95. On ;
22 March 1566-7 Smith was again sent to *
France to make a formal demand for the
surrender of Calais, returning in June.
After an ineffectual suit for the chancel-
lorship of the duchy of Lancaster, which was
given to Sir Ralph Sadler [q. v.1, and after
spending three years in retirement in Essex,
Smith was on 5 March 1570-1 readmitted a
member of the privy council. In the autumn
of that year he was commissioned to inquire
into the conspiracy of the Bake of Norfolk,
and in the examination of two of the duke's
servants torture was used, much to Smith's
disgust. Early in 1572 Smith was once
more sent as ambassador to France to dis-
cuss the marriage of D'Alencon with Eliza-
beth, and the formation of a league against
Spain. During his absence he was in April
made chancellor of the order of the Garter
in succession to Burghley, and on the 15th
of that month was elected knight of the
shire for Essex. Soon after his return he
was on 13 July appointed secretary of state.
In the same year he persuaded Elizabeth
to send help to the Scottish protestants.
During the following years, besides his official
work, Smith was engaged in his project for
a colony at Ards, co.^Down (cf. A Letter . . .
wherein is a large discourse of the peopling
. , . the jfirdes . . . taken in hand by Sir T.
Smthj 1572), and his experiments for trans-
muting iron into copper. For the latter
purpose he formed a company, called the
'Society of the Kew Art,' which was joined
by Burghley and Leicester, but was soon
abandoned, after involving all the parties in
considerable loss. In 1575 he accompanied
the queen in her progress, and in the same
year procured an act ' for the better mainte-
nance of learning 7 (FULLER, Hist. Camfir,
p. 144). ^ His health failed in March 1575-6,
when Ms attendance at the council ceased,
and he died at Theydon Mount, Essex, on
12 Aug. 1577. He was buried in the chancel
of the parish church, where a monument
was raised to his memory, with inscriptions
printed by Strype. By his will, dated 18 Feb.
1576-7, and printed in Strype, lie left his
library (of which Strype prints a catalogue)
to Queens' College, Cambridge, to whhH" he
had in 1573 given an annuity for the mainte-
nance of two scholars. Verses to Smith are
in Leland's * Encomia ? (p. 87), and Gabriel
Harvey [q. v.], apparently a kinsman, pub-
lished in 1578 a laudatory poem on him, en-
titled ; Gabrielis Harveii Taldinatis Smithus
vel Musarum Lachrvmse pro obitu ciarissimi
Thomse Smyth ? (cf.' HAEVET'S Letter-6oQ&\
Camden Soc. 1884).
A portrait of Smith, by Holbein, is at
Theydon Mount, and a copy made in 1856
by P. Fisher was presented "to Eton College
by Lady Bowyer Smijth. An engraving &y
Houbraken was prefixed to Birch's 4 Lives/
another by James Fittler, A.R.A., after a
drawing by William Skelton, to Strype's Life,
1820, and a third to Gabriel Harvey's < La-
chrymae pro Obitu,' 1578. Another 'portrait
is at Queens' College, Cambridge.
Smith was twice married, first, on 15 April
1548, to Elizabeth, daughter of William Car-
kek or Carkyke, who, born on 29 Nov. 1529,
died without issue in 1552 ; and, secondly,
on 23 July 1554, to Philippa, daughter of
John Wilford of London, and widow of Sir
John Hampden(tf. 21 Dec. 1553) of Theydon
Mount, Essex ; she survived him, dying with-
out issue in 1584. Smith's principal heir was
his nephew "William (d. 1626), son of Ms
brother George, a draper of London. It has
been suggested that he was the l W. Smithe T
to whom has been attributed the authorship
of 'A Discourse of the Common Weal,' 1581 ;
but there is no evidence to support the con-
jecture (LofosTD, discourse, p. 35; cf. art.
STAFFOED, WILLIAM, 1554-1612). William's
son Thomas was created a baronet in 1661,
and was ancestor of the present baronet,
whose family adopted the spelling Smijth.
Sir Thomas's illegitimate son Thomas, born
on 15 March 1546-7, accompanied his father
on his French embassies, and was subse-
quently placed in charge of his father's colony
at Ards, where he was killed, in an encoun-
ter with the Irish, on 18 Oct. 1573, leaving
no issue.
Smith has generally been considered one
of the most upright statesmen of his time.
He adhered to moderate protestant views
consistently through life, and his fidelity to
Somerset is in striking contrast with the
conduct of most of his contemporaries. That
his morals were somewhat lax: is proved
by his confession that his illegitimate soa
was bomjust a year after he took priest's
orders. He shared, the prevailing faith in
astrology, a volume of his collections on
which subject is extant in Addit. MS. 325.
]Sor was he quite free from the prevailing
Smith
127
Smith
passion for worldly goods. In a letter (Harl.
5/5. 6989, ff. 141 et seq.) written to the
Ii uchess of Somerset, who had countenanced
Charges of rapacity and bribery brought
Bg-ainst him,, Smith gives an account of his
income. From his professorship he derived
40/. a year, from the chancellorship of Ely
SO/., and from the rectory of Leverington
36/.; but though he kept three servants.
4 three summer nags, and three winter geld-
ings/ he spent but 307. a year, and saved the
Test. His fee as secretary of state was IQQL
a, year, and his income from Eton varied from
%6l in one year to nothing in the next. On
Ms resignation of it and the deanery of Car-
lisle, which produced SOL a year, Queen
Mary allowed him a pension of 100Z. He
purchased from the chantry commissioners
the * college of Derby/ worth 34. a year.
He built a new mansion at Ankerwick, near
Eton, 1551-3, and commenced another, Hill
Hall, Theydon Mount, Esses, with which
his second wife was jointured.
As a classical scholar Smith was the rival
of Cheke, and his friends included the chief
scholars of the time both, in England and on
the continent. He was also an accomplished
4 physician, mathematician, astronomer, ar-
chitect, historian, and orator.' Besides Ms
tracts on the reform of the Greek and Eng-
published at Oxford in 1820. On this is mainly
based the unusually full account in Cooper's
Athene Cantabr. i. 368-73. But neither Strype
nor Cooper, though referring to it, made any
use of Smith's volume of astrological collections
extant in Addit. MS. 325. This contains valuable
autobiographical details, -which supplement and
correct Strype in many essential particulars, e.g.
the date of his birth, Ms ordination, &c. At-
tention was first directed to it by John Gough
Nichols, who in 1859 published in Archseologsa,
sxxviii. 98-126, the principal additions thus
supplied. Some information was added in the
Wiltshire Archseol. Mag. xviii. 257 et seq., where
Canon Jackson published some letters from
Smith extant among the Longleat Papers. See
also, besides authorities cited, Gairduer's Letters
and Papers of Henry VIII; Gal. State Papers,
Dom. Foreign and Venetian Ser. ; CaL Hatfield
HSS. j Haynes and ^Turdin's Burghley Papers ;
Acts of the Privy Council, ed. Dasent, 1542-
1577; Lettres de Catherine de Medieis, 1880-
1895 ; Lit. Remains of Edward VI (Koxburghe
Club) ; Wriothesley's Chron. (Camden Soc.) ;
Parker Corr. (Parker Soc.) ; Corr. Polit. de Odet
deSelve, 1886; Stow's Annals and Holinshed's
Chron.; Camden's Elizabeth, ii. 318-19 ; Foxe's
Actes and Monuments ; Puller's Church Hist,
ii. 254 ; Burnet's Hist. Reformation, ed. Pocock ;
H. M. Baird's Eise of the Huguenots, 1880,
vol. ii. passim; Hume's Courtships of Queen
Elizabeth, 1897 ; Granger's Biogr. Hist. ; Tan-
lish languages, and on the marriage of Eliza- ' ner'sBibl. Brit, -Bib. ; Le Here's Fasti, ed. Hardy ;
beth, mentioned above, and his voluminous j Official Return of Members of Parl. ; HkrwcxxTs
diplomatic and private correspondence, se- Alumni Eton. pp. 4etseq.; Maxwell-Lyte's Hist,
lections of which were published in Digges's i Eton ColL ; Oeasy's Eminent Etonians ; Lloyd's
CompleatAmbassador,'1655,andinWright f s State Worthies; Jttoawls Essex L Lipecomb's
jon's His of ^ m}l ^England.] A2?. P.
* Queen Elizabeth/ 1838, Smith translated
^Certaigne Psalms or Songu.es of David/
extant in Brit. Museum Royal MS. 17 A.
rvii., and wrote tracts on the wages of a j
Roman foot-soldier and on the coinage, both SMITH, Snt THOMAS (1556P-1809),
of which are printed in Strype's Appendix, j master of requests, born at Abingdon, Berk-
But his principal work was his * De Re- shire, about 1556, was the son of Thomas
publica Anglorum ; the Maner of Governe- I Smith, who is probably to be identified with
ment or Policie of the Realm of England/ the Thomas Smith WHO was mayorof Atag-
which he wrote in English during 1 his first d0ninl584{CW,iS^^jP<9gi>tfr^,Ik>iii.l581-'^),
embassy in France. It is the most important ' p. 177). He must be distinguished from Sir
description of the constitution and govern- Thomas Smith or Smy the (1558 f-1625)
ment of England written in the Tudor age. i [q-T.l governor of the East India Company,
It was first printed at London in 1583, 4to,- j and from the letter's father, Thomas Smythe
it passed through eleven editions in English ! (d> 1591), * customer f of the port of London
' *- " ^ * - " J l (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1581-91, passim).
fle was educated at Abingdon grammar
school and at Christ Church, Oxford, where
he was elected student in 1573, graduated
B.A. in December 1574, and IkLA. in Jt
1578. He was chosen public orator
in little more than a century, viz, 1584, 1
1594, 1601, 1609, 1621, 1633, 1635, 1640,
and 1691. Tee editions from 1589 onwards
have the title 'The Common Welth of Eng-
land.* Latin translations were published
in 1610? 1625, 1630, and 1641. A Butch
version of the portions dealing with parlia- ! 9 April 1582, and proctor on 29 April 1584.
ment appeared at Amsterdam in 1673, and
ft German version at Hamburg in 1688.
Soon afterwards ne became secretary to Ko-
bert Bevereux, second earl of Essex [|.
[Strype's Life of Sir T. Smith was first' pab- and in 1587 was appointed clerk of tfee
lisbed in 1698. Tfoe edition qtsoted abwe is that privy eoumeiL In December 15@1 he wrote
Smith
128
Smith
to Cecil urging Essex's claims to the chan-
cellorship of Oxford University (MrBDis,
pp. 649-50). He represented Cricklade in
the parliament of 1553-9, Tarn worth in that
of 1593 (cf. Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep.
App. i. -330 a) f and Aylesbury in that of
1597-8. On 30 Sept. 1597 he received a
grant of the clerkship of parliament, in suc-
cession to Anthony Wyckes, alias Mason ~see
under MASOX, SIB ToHS"]. He kept aloof from
Essex's intrigues, and on 29 Nov. 1-509 was
sent by the lords to summon the earl before
the privy council (CoiLiN'S, 3fem. of State, ii.
126, 129). On the accession of James I he
received further promotion, perhaps owing to
hisfriendship withCarleton, Edmondes, Win-
wood, and Bacon (SpEDDEST G, Letters and Life
of Bacon, iv, 138-9). He was knighted at
Greenwich on 20 May 1603, and in the fol-
lowing month was granted the Latin secre-
taryship for life, and the re version to thesecre-
taryshipof the council of the north. On 8 June
1604 he obtained the manor of Wing, Rutland,
and in 1608 he was made master of requests.
On 20 May in the same year he received a
pension of 100 He died on 27 Nov. 1609
at Ms residence, afterwards Peterborough
House, Parsons Green, Fulham, and -was
buried on 7 Dec. in the chancel of Fulham
church, where a monument, with an inscrip-
tion to his memory, is extant (FATJLKJTEB,
Fulham, p. 73). He married Frances (1580-
1663), daughter of William Brydges, fourth
"baron Chandos, and sister of Grey, fifth baron
[q. v.] His only son, Robert, died a minor,
and his only daughter, Margaret, married
Thomas, second son of Robert Carey, first
earl of Monmouth [<} v.] Smith's widow
married Thomas Cecil, first earl of Exeter
[q. v.], and survived till 1663. By his will,
dated 12 Sept. 1609, Smith left 100/. to the
poor of Abingdon, and a similar sum to the
Bodleian Library.
[CaL State Papers, Bom. 1580-1609 passim ;
Gal Hatfield MSS. pts. iv.-vi ; Lansd. MS. 983,
f. 145 ; Addit. MS. 22583, ff. 56, 67, 78 ; Official
Eeturn of Members of Par! ; Winwood's Me-
morials, il35 57, 198, 399; Collins's Sydney
Papers, passim ; Birch's Memoirs of Queen Eliza-
beth, i. 112, ii. 38-9; Spedding's Letters and
Life of Bacon, i. 294, iii. 366, Iv. 138-9;
D'Ewes's Journals ; Camden's Elizabeth, vol. iii. ;
Wood's Athenae Oxon. ii. 53 ; Brown's Genesis
U.SJL IL 1018 ; Clark's Reg. TJnir. Oxon. n. i.
250, ii. 134, iii. 44 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon, 1500-
1714; Faulkner^ FrOham, pp. 73, 283-5; Col-
lins's Peerage, iii, 133.] A. K P.
SMITH or SMYTHE, SIB THOMAS
(1558 ?-l 625), merchant, governor of the
East India Company, born about 1558, was
second surviving eon of Thomas Smythe of
; Ostenhanger f now TVestenhangerj in Ivent r
by his wife Alice, daughter of Sir Andrew
1 Judd. His grandfather, John Smythe ot
; Corsham, Wiltshire, is described as yeoman,,
.' haberdasher, and clothier. His father carried
! on the business of a haberdasher in the city
. of London, and was l customer ' of the port
of London. He purchased Ostenhanger of
] Sir Thomas Sackville and much other pro-
i perty from Bobert Dudley, earl of Leicester;
i he died on 7 June 1591 ? and was buried at
Ashford, where there is a beautiful monu-
ment to his memory (engraved in Gent. Mag..
\ 1835, i. 257). His elder son, Sir John Smythe
: or Smith (1556P-1608) of Osrenhanger,Vas
I high sheriff of Kent in 1600, and was father
: of Sir Thomas Smythe, first viscount Stransr-
i ford "see under SOOTHE, PEECY CLrsrdSr
SID2TEY, sixth Visccrar STBASTGKFOSD].
j Thomas, one of thirteen children, was
j brought up to his father's business. In 1580
I he was admitted to the freedom of the Haber-
! dashers' Company and also of the Skinners'*
i He rapidly rose to wealth and distinction.
i When the East India Company was formed
; in October 1600, he was ^ elected the first
I governor, and was so appointed by the char-
j ter dated 31 Dec., though at this time he held
j the office for only four months (STEVENS,,
| Court Records of the East India Company,
j 1599-1603). In 1599 he was chosen one of
I the sheriffs of London. In February 1600-1
1 he was believed to be a supporter of the Earl
j of Essex [see DEVEBETTX, ROBBET, second
, EABL OF ESSEX], who on 8 Feb. went to his-
; house in Gracechurch Street. Smythe went
! out to him, laid his hand on his horse's-
! bridle, and advised him to yield himself to
; the lord mayor. As Essex refused to do this
and insisted on coming into the house,
Smythe made his escape by the back door
and went to confer with the lord mayor.
Afterwards he was accused of complicity
with the earl's rebellion, was examined
before the council, was discharged from his-
office of sheriff, and was committed to the>
Tower (CaL State Papers, Dom, 1601-3, 13 f
18, 24 Feb.) His imprisonment was for but
a short time ; and on 13 May 1603, on the-
accession of James I, he was 'knighted. In
1604 he was appointed one of the receivers-
for the Duchy of Cornwall (ib. 11 April),
and, in June, to he special ambassador to
r the tsar of Kussia. His grandfather, Sir
Andrew Judd, was one of the founders of
the Muscovy Company, and he himself would
seem to have been largely interested in the-
Muscovy trade. Sailing 1 from Gravesend on,
13 June, he, with his party, arrived at Arch-
angel on 22 July, and was conducted byway
of Kholmogori and Yologhda [cf.
Smith
129
Smith
ai sallri ::r I- ;-'.i
In 1^'.^ "^ml"*:* TJ.
E>t In I..iC:s:j
v. wb-rr^ t!? emperor
'~, ir-. :f tL* 1 irin>r li-
n-w pr;ri>;r^ f:r tie
L- -prln^ went on to
r- fc -irr'-i"t3 AreLan^l
r. i on - May,
lect^d rsv~:ni~r '
ni<,wi:!i 3ne Ireak,
< '::i the c^? till July
:;ir^ the compi^y's trad?
By her he had :<ae drive
l^IS-19 L~Vi.i a;p';n:ed jne of the ctrcm:*-
lin%r? ;<r trie -ettl^irtn: of tlie difference?
with the Dutch. which, however, after 50ine
rears of dijeasslja, remained, for the time,
implied 1 C-J/, S?>7* Paper ',?, Dom. 5 Jan.
1619, 6r Itec. I*3:f4'. His connection witli
the East India Company and th*? Muscovy
Company led him to promote and support
voyages "for the discovery of the ^orth-
TVest Pas^are, and Ms nsme, a? riven by
"William B&irEn "q. v." to Smith's Sound,
stands as a memorial to all time of his en-
lurhteneci and liberal energy. In 1609 lie
obtained the charter for the Virginia Com-
pany, of which he wa,3 the tr^aiia-er, an
office which he held till 1620, ^vhen, on
being charged with enriching himself at the
expense of "the company, and on a demand
for inquiry, he resigned 'see SASDTS, SIB
EBWIK-. 'The charges against him, which
were urged with great virulence, were for-
mally pronounced to be false and slanderous,
though Smythe was not held to be altogether
free from blame (Cai. State Papery "!s"ortK
American, 16 July 1622, 20 Feb., 8 Oct. 1629,
23 April, 13 May, 15 June 1625) ; and the
renewed inquiry was still going 1 on, when he
died at Sutton-at-Hone in Kent on 4 Sept.
1625. He was buried at Button, where, in the
church, there is an elaborate monument to
Bis memory. The charges against Mm had
met with no acceptance from the king; to
the last he was consulted on all important
matters relating to shipping and to eastern
trade ( VaL State Papers, Bom. 11 Bee. 1624J,
and for serer&l years was one of the chief
commissioners of the navy, as also governor
of the French End Somer 'islands companies.
Smythe anmssed a large fortune, a consider-
able part of which he devoted to charitable
purposes, and, among others, to the endow-
ment of the free school of Tonbridge, which
was originally founded by his grandfather,
Sir Andrew Judd. He also establi&hed
sweral charities for the poor of the parish
of Toabridge. He was three times married.
The first two wives must have died com-
paratively young and without issue. He was
aJremdv married to the third, Sarah, daughter
of William Blowt, whan lie was sheniF of
TOE* mi,
nr.TLarri^d In !6ir7 and tLr?-? ;,n.v **v
"^T!! 1 "'!!! "^m tO &%"*; pT^'QxC^'i*^ 1 !! .L^Tij* *Ji*
T 1 -,. ^Trt- w * BL~ S ^ >"* I- "'ix Wtr^V. ."^
Jl A*. *. * <i*.?. !rJi *J*r *l -'*<X* t-jjJ,* * <.*ir ;i
be ro j g-::, rcarrl--! an I had : - '^> TL^ fai
srran'i&cn^Sir Silney Stafford -SiLyth^ i 170.
177? i "q. v." The naai*r. wLIcli i? often >p^It
"?ni:rh,"wa,-"alway? written Sasythe by tie
man Liirs^If, as*wdl as by tl>j collateral
fax ily - f S * ran rf : r -I,
A por^riit h^njrir tc rL*:- Skinnrrs'
pan\ ha* bees identic d with Sniythe, th
it has "been sjippj-ri t : be rather that of *Sir
Banitl J'idd. An en^rivin*: by Simon Pass
Is inserted in the C-rr-enville copy of Smith's
Yoiaar-? ar*d Ent^rainruen* in It iL-hia ' t Lon-
don, 1600, 4:o i. It Ls r-pr&inced in Wad-
mare's memoir 'Is-?--.
Sn:Te of Qsreriiai^r r-rr.rtfrlfron Ar^la&o-
loerla Crctiani. 1352'; M:i.rkh.iEi f 3 Yoyoes cf
WilliariBifir. V.th a xjy of the p:rtrait; by
Pass (HaKnyt Soc.). pp. :i-ir : L^froy's Hist.
of the Bernnias (Haklnyt Soc ', Index; Cal.
State Papers. Dom., Eist Indies. North America;
Hist MSS. Comm. 8th Bep. App. pt. ii. ; notes.
Mcdly supplied by William Foster, esq,, of the
Mia* Office.] J, K. L.
SMITH, THOMAS (jf, 1600-1627),
soldier, of Berwick-upon-Tweed, as he styles
himself on the title-page of the first edition
( 4to f 1600) of * The Art of Gunnery : where-
in is set forth a number of serviceable
secrets and practicall conclusions belong-
ing to the Art of Gunnerie, by Aritlmietieie
skill to be accomplished : both pretie^
pleasant and profitable far all such as are
professors of the &ame facultie.' In the
dedication to Peregrine Bertie, lord Wil-
loughby, 'lord-governor of the town and
castle "of Bemick-upon-Tweed, mud lord-
warden of the east marches of England,* ^
describes himself as 4 but one of the meanest
soldiers in this garrison/ though he claims
to h&T6 been * brought up Irons ehildinxxi
tinder a Taliant captain in military pro-
feassion, in which I have had a desire to
practise and learn some secrets touching the
orders of the field and training of soldiers,
&B also concerning the art of managing and
shooting in great artillery.* From the open
preference which he eires to theory ofer
practice it may he inferred that % he* never
fmeMed with the enemy in the field/ la
1627 h& pubiishwl * Certain Additions to
t&e Bodke <^ Gtmnery, with & Sepply of
Smith
130
Smith
Fire-Workes ' (4to), in which lie still styles '
himself 'Soldier of Berwielx-upon-Tweed,'
He speaks also, in 1600, of having written
* two or three years since/ f " Arithmeticall
Military Conclusions," and bestowed on my
Captain, Sir John Carie, knight : the which, i
God sparing my life, I mean to conect and
enlarge and perhaps put to the press.' It
does not seem to have been published. j
[Smith's -works in Brit. Mus. Libr. ; Hazlitt's
Collections, ii. 643.] J. K. L.
SMITH, THOMAS (1615-1702), bishop
of Carlisle, born in 1615, son of John Smith
of ^Vhltewell in the parish of Asby ? Cum-
berland, after education at the free school,
Appleby, matriculated from Queen's College,
Oxford," on 4 Nov. 1631, aged 16. Having
graduated B.A. in 1635 and M.A. in 1639, i
lie became a fellow of his college and distin-
guished himself as a tutor. He was a select ;
preacher before Charles I at Christ Church,
Oxford, in 1645. When that city fell he * re- j
tired to the north/ where he married Catha- j
rine, widow of Sir Henry Fletcher of Hutton !
in Cumberland, and only emerged on the
^Restoration, proceeding B.D. on 2 Aug. |
1660, and D.D. by diploma in the following i
November. He was appointed chaplain to !
Charles 31, and was rewarded with the first !
-prebendal stall in Carlisle Cathedral (Novem- l
T>er 1660). Within a few months of this he [
was collated to a rich prebend in the cathedral ;
of Durham, the prebendal house attached to j
which he restored. On the promotion of Guy !
Oarleton [q. v.] to the see of Bristol, Smith j
was instituted dean of Carlisle (4 March |
1671-2), in which capacity he rebuilt the I
deanery and presented the cathedral with an I
organ. In conjunction with his first cousin, j
Thomas Barlow fq. v. n , bishop of Lincoln, '
and Randall SanHerson, he gave 600/. for |
the improvement of Appleby school. j
The profusion with which he endowed j
Carlisle grammar school, the chapter library, !
and the cathedral treasury (as well as dona- '
tions to his old college at Oxford and to the
poor), made him highly popular. He suc-
ceeded Edward Kainbowe as bishop in 1684
(consecrated 19 June), and died at Rose
Castle on 12 April 1702. A fiat stone near
-the altar in the cathedral is inscribed to his
memory. A number of his letters are calen-
dared among the Rydal MSS. (Hi*t. MSS.
Comm. 12th Rep. App, viL passim). His
portrait was engraved by J. Smith after an
oil-painting by Stephenson, a full-length,
now preserved at Rose Castle. He was
succeeded at Carlisle by another fellow of
Queen's, the great antiquary, William Nicol-
on [q. v.J
[Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; "Wood's
Athenas, ed. Bliss, iv. 892 ; Le Neve's Fasti, iii. ;
Kicolson and Burn's Cumberland, ii. 290 ; Cum-
, pp.
182, 231-2 ; Carlisle's Endowed Grammar
Schools, i. 17*5, ii. 695 ; Noble's Continuation of
Granger, i. 82.] T. S.
SMITH, THOMAS (d. 1703), captain in
the navy and renegade, the son of English
parents," was born at sea between Holland
and England, and was brought up in Xorth
Yarmouth. Between 1680 and 1890 he
commanded different merchant ships, and in
1691 was commander and one-third owner
of a ship trading from Plymouth. He then
entered on board the Portsmouth galley and
was rated by Captain (Sir)WilliamlVTietstone
[q. v,] as a midshipman. His knowledge of
the French coast proved useful, and Smith
was led by "Whetstone, and afterwards by
Captain John Bridges, to expect promotion
through their recommendation ; but on
Bridges being wounded and sent to hospital,
Smith was put on shore by the first lieu-
tenant, who was acting as captain, and re-
ceived nothing but his pay ticket as midship-
man. In 1693 he shipped as pilot of the St.
Martin's prize, and, being discharged from
her, married a widow with five young chil-
dren, whom he was called on to maintain.
He then got the command of a transport and
carried stores to Kinsale, where he was en-
gaged by Captain John Lapthorne as pilot
of the Mercury, which was going- off Brest
to gain intelligence of the French fleet.
Smith was put on shore and returned with
exact details of the enemy's fleet, for which
service he was paid a grant of SO/., and
was promoted to command the Germoon on
22 Sept. 1696. In the G-ermoon he continued
for two years, carrying despatches to the
West Indies, and was then ordered to go out
with Kear-admiral John Benbow [q.v.];
but was afterwards superseded, and for three
years was left unemployed, nor could he get
his pay. After the accession of Queen Anne,
much to his disappointment, as having ex-
pected something better, he was appointed
to the Bonetta, a small sloop employed in
convoy service in the North Sea a paltry
command which did not, he alleged, com-
pensate him for the loss he had sustained by
being kept waiting so long.
The grievance was no doubt a real one,
and was not uncommon both then and long
afterwards. Smith endeavoured to take the
remedy into his own hands, and when he
had been in the Bonetta about fifteen months,
he was charged by his officers and men with
Smith
Smith
r.*:^. - L2t as Lir:nr rr ?L
"-"-"* i ~ * "'*' t , , * ", ' " *, *, * " * * r"
c : aura in i, ~r;::i a tir^ 0! *.x zc:i
apwarl- :f TW^
d-m jr^al.'InjtLe | ;-re
Ji^ tt*T '. ,.-!**: -*. Ln.r.i.i'i.i
board pn:t* fLg-hlp, bit was refi^dlsy S:r
Cbwl>ley Shjv^L. the C'ini&asder-in-ehLef
of the 2ert ; and In February 171^1-7, b^inz
alanst d-=*thiite. he took a pa-*a*:e In a
Swedish ship sbcund to Lisbon, wLt-re h.*?
thriiiirht he had scm-r :r.t*r~r. Off thr Ile
of Wight, however, :Le Swede wai over-
tabled by a Dunkirk privateer, ani ?aiith
was taken our of her and carried *o D inkirk.
There, apparently without much pre^iag,
he entered the French service, an I was
appointed to serve probably as pilot on
board the admiral-galley of the sqzi&dron
which captured th$ Aiarhtinarale o5* Harwich
on 24 Aug. 1707 ^see J^BVT, SETH*.
When Jenny was brought on board the
admlml-g-alley,* he saw" and recognised
Smith and threw himself on him, sword
in hand, exclaiming' * Traitor, you. shall not
escape me as you. ave done the hangman.'
Jermy, however, was seized and held back,
but when Smith angrily desired that the
prisoner might be sent to another galley,
ne was disdainfully told that lie might go him-
self if lie liked. " The squadron had been
intended to attack Harwich, and Smith now
urged that the attempt should be made,
Hie French admiral, De Langeron, refused,
a$ the galley? had suffered severely in the
engagement with the ^Nightingale. On their
return Smith laid a formal complaint against
Be Langeron, whose reasons were held^to be
sufficient. He then suggested that, with the
Nightingale and another ship then at Dun-
kirk, he should be allowed to make the at-
tempt. He accordingly reeeired a commis-
sion to command the Nightingale, and on
24 Dec. he put to sea, in coin|>any with the
Squirrel, another English prize." On the
forenoon of the 27th, as they were approach-
ing Harwich, they were sighted and chased
by Captain Nicholas Haddock fq. y. 1 in the
lludlow Castle. After a eha&e or ten hoars
the Nightingale was overtaken, and after a
short resistance was captured. The Squirrel
escaped. Smith, it was said, had wished to
Wow up the ship, but was forcibly preyented
by Ma men. %\ hen taken, he wa^s put on
aore at Hull, whenee_ he was sent up to
London, tried at the Old Bailey on 2 June
dieted by law,
::: " wh.lfc *vr~ . in.i.in^yi bv the Ixi" -f the
Pay- crij^ili " -rr*,: * "J. K. Z,
SMITH, THOMAS tl^A-inCO, non-
jurinz divine and *cLolar, the son of John
Smith, a L'.'a'iin raersLant, w&* born in the
pari-li of ALhuILows Barking, on 3 June
i*jf>v? jrx*2 "Wi, 1 - 3,''j,3iit v^J, tjftti^r o* C^[ liters. &
! CcIIezre, Oxf^ri, -:n 7 Au?. 1057. and matri-
'eilrel a* --=rvit r on L'9 Oct. f'.Il.i.viaj,
sradiiLitii:^ B.A. "s l>j March 16^1, and
* 31, A. :a 13 Oct. l*->33 in which y?ar he was
cession to Timothy Parser, He WJLS elected
, r ^ r ' n *:-. r ^.*V' f -.V -,** Afi^aVrr r-' 1 ^- in
I p* j.ja^v jiirv-*^-* \v .'i jtia,,_id**r;l L-v -.^^^r lH
1666 wb-ri: Le resigned thy sch>:'Isia*ter-
^hip ', actual fallow in 10*j7, ani dean Ia
, 1674, tl* yt^r ia wliicb. lie graduate! B.D.
i he prx'tre*led D.B. In 1 6 S3, and became
j bursar of the college in l/>86.
j Meaawhile, in 16f>3, Smith went oat to
j the east as chaplain to Sir Daniel Harvey,
i ambassador at Constantinople, whence he
| returned after a sojourn of three years, bring-
" ing with Mm a number of Greek manuscripts,
three of which he presented to the Bodldaa
Library. He now dtvoted several years to
the expression of his opinions and observa-
tions upon the affairs of the Levant, and
especially upon the state of the Greek church,
and he gained the name at Oxford of * Jtabbi f
Smith or * Tograi ' Smith* Though he lacked
the profoundly tolerant spirit of his contem-
porary, Sir Paul Rycmut >ja. v.], he seems to
have shared his project of a rapprochement
with the eastern church. In 1*)7Q he was
once more abroad, tra veiling" in western and
southern France, and in the following rear
he was urged by Bishop Pea-rson, Dr. fell,
and others to undertake another journey to
the east in quest of manuscripts; but Smith's
scholarship was not fortified with an adven-
turous spirit, and he declined the risks of
another journey. He held for akmt two
years (167 8-9^ the post of chaplain to Sir
Joseph Williamson [q-v.j, one of the two
secretaries of state. \Vood states that * fee
performed a great detl of drudgery ' for Wil-
liamson for years, but was 4 at length dis-
missed without any reward/ He returned
to Magdalen upoa his election as vice-pre-
sident ia 1682, with a view to following up
Ms career at Oxford. He failed, in spite of
an appeal to the visitor, to obtain the post
Smith
132
Smith
of lecturer in divinity at the college, to
which a junior fellow, Thomas Bally, was pre-
ferred. As a sort of consolation he was, on
20 Dec. 1664, presented by the president and
fellows to the rectory of Standlake, but he
soon resijmed this preferment , and in January
1687 he "was collated to a prebend in the
church of Heytesbury, Wiltshire. When
the president of Magdalen (Dr. Glerke) died
on :>4 March 1657," Smith at first vainly
endeavoured, through Bishop Samuel Parker,
to obtain the king's recommendation as his
successor. When he learned James II's in-
tention of imposing a president of his own
choosing on the college, he soon determined
to submit unreservedly. But this postponed
his ejection for only a very short period.
In August 1688, as an ' anti-papist,' but
'under the pretence of non-residence,' he
was deprived of his fellowship by Dr. Gif-
fard. He was restored in October 1688, but
te detested the revolution that ensued, and,
losing touch with the other fellows, he left
Oxford finally for London on 1 Aug. 1689.
His fellowship was declared void on 25 July
1692, after he had repeatedly refused to
subscribe the oaths to William and Mary.
After some vicissitudes he settled in the
household of Sir John Cotton, the grandson
of the great antiquary, and after his death
in 1702 enjoyed for a time the hospitality of
Ms elder son. For twelve years at least, he
seems to have had the principal charge of
the Cottonian manuscripts. He himself was a
judicious collector both of printed books and
manuscripts, so that for some years previous
to his death, as Hearne observes, f his know-
ledge of books was so extensive that men of
the best reputation, such as have spent not
only hundreds but thousands of pounds for
furnishing libraries, applied themselves to
him for advice and direction, and were glad
when they could receive a line or two from
him to assist them in that office.' During
this period he had several learned corre-
spondents in Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor.
He was one of the later friends of Samuel
Pepys, for whose l bravery and public spirit '
lie had the highest esteem. Among those
who invoked Smith's aid informing' a library
was Archbishop Narcissus Marsh [q. v.] (see
letters in MAKT, Church of Ireland, ii. 110
sqq.) His chief correspondents at Oxford
were Hearne and Humphrey Wanley [q. v.]
Although Smith was impeded in his studies
by the difficulty of consulting scarce books, he
at the same time stoutly defended the policy
of refusing to lend books, as adopted at the
Bodleian Library ; and bluntly refused to lend
to Wanley the * invaluable 'volume of Saxon
charters from the Cottonian Library, a book
which had ( never been lent out of the house'
' no ? not to Mr. Selden, nor to Sir William
Bugdale ' (cf. Smith's interesting letters "7]
in Letters of Eminent Lit. 3/era, Camden Soc.
pp. 238 sq.) Smith appears to have moved
from the Cottons' at Westminster before his
death, which took place on 11 May 1710 in
Dean Street, Soho, in the house of his friend
Hilkiah Bedford r q. TV He was buried on
the nmht of Saturday, 13 May, in St. Anne'a
Church, Soho. He left Hearne a large col-
lection of books and papers. On Hearne's
death, on 10 June 1735, fifteen of Smith's
manuscripts came to the Bodleian Library,,
and with them copies of Camden's i Britannia*
and * Annales,' with manuscript notes by the
author. The rest of Smith's manuscript*
came to the library with the mass of Hearne's
* Collections ' included in the Rawlinson be-
quest of 1755, and consisted of 138 thin
volumes of notes, extracts, and letters, with,
a full written catalogue in two volumes.
Smith's works were: 1. 'Diatriba de
Chaldaicis Paraphrastis eorumque Versioni-
bus ex utraque Talmude et Scriptis Eabbi-
norum concinnata ' (a scholarly work, show-
ing the writer's early bent towards oriental
learning), Oxford, 1662, 8vo. 2. ' Syntagma
de Druidum Moribus ac Institutis,' London,
1664, 8vp. 3. i Epistolse duee: quarum altera
de Moribus et Institutis Turcarum agit,
altera septem Asise Ecclesiarum notitiam
continet/ Oxford, 1672, 8vo ; two more
epistles were added and printed at Oxford
with a revised title in 1674, 8vo, and the
whole translated by the author in 1678 as
* Remarks upon the Manners, Religion, and
Government of the Turks, together with a
Survey of the Seven Churches of Asia as
they now lie in their Ruins, and a brief
description of Constantinople,' London, 8vo,
A few comment s derived from Smith's account
of the i Seven Churches ' are appended to the
* Marmora Oxoniensia ' of 1676. A portion
of his account of Constantinople appeared in
the * Philosophical Transactions,' No. 152,
with a continuation on t Prusa in Bithynia *
in No. 153 (cf. EAT, Collect, of Voyages and
Travels, ii. 35). 4. *De Graecse Ecclesise
Hodierno Statu Epistola/ Oxford, 1676, f ,8vo,
translated by the author as ' An Account of
the Greek Church under Cyrillus Lucaris
. . . with a relation of his Sufferings and
Death/ Nos. 3 and 4 were printed together
as 'Opuscula Thomse Smithii,' Rotterdam,
1716. 5. *De Causis et Remediis Dissi-
diorom/ Oxford, 1675, 4to ; this was trans-
lated bv the author as *A Pacific Dis-
course/ lUmdon, 1688, 8vo, and doubtless
exercised some influence upon the nonjur-
ing scheme of 1716 for a closer union with
Smith
am*d in I'L* r? at A^Iirnrr. 7 ; \rn
Ho JL? on ivi Oe:. I 7^1 i cf. Acte? an 1 ^mV%
i*n i ser, au. >i rf ; NICHOLS. Z#. .Izve't v.
114/, a 'Rcr^rtl HuntingtonI n^cnon E.
Beniari; Vitje/L:-iiiGa,1704,*VQ. 10.' Vit.t
usrundarn Eriiditlssianrim et
jus
Virorum * i.f . James Lusher, J. Cosin, Henry
Brigrs John Bainbrigge, John Greaves, Sfr
Patrick Ycun?, Patrick Young, junior, and
Dr. John Itee , London, 1 707, 4to. 11. -'Col-
lectanea de Cyrllio Lucario . . ," (including
a dissertation on some old GrtlicKlox hymns ST,
London, 1707, &VQ. Besides some minor
discourses and sermons,, lie edited * S. Ignatii
KpistoUe Genuine Annotationibus illus-
trate; Oxford, 1 709, 4to, and translated from
the French 4 The Life of St. Mary Magdalen
<s Paxzi, a Carmelite Nun,' London, 1657,
4to. In addition to the letters already men-
tioned, several are printed in i Letters from
the Bodkian Library,' 1813 S and In the 4 Euro-
pean Magazine/ Tol. xxxii.
[Wood's Atheiiae Ozoa. ed. Bliss, IT. 598;
Foster's Alnnani Oroa. 1500-1714; Bloxairfs
Eeeist. of Magdalen Coll. Oxford, iii. 182 et seq.,
And Magdalen College and James II (Oxford
Hist. Soe. ^ passim ; Aubrey's Bodleian Letters,
1813, 8ro; Hearne's Cblleetions, ed, Doble,
passim ; Tririer's Ua Patriarch de Constanti-
nople, Paris, 1877 ; Oxoaiana, iiS* 114-20;
Nichols's Literary Aneed. i. 14 sq., Ti. 298 ; WU-
mof Life of Hough, p. 53 ; Maeray's Annals of
th Bodlekn Library j Biogr. Britannica ; Wrang-
h&m's Zouch, ii. US; Kotos and Queries, 9th
sr. i. 323 ; Brit, MBS. Cat.] T. S.
SMITH, THOMAS (d. 1762), admiral,
by repute the Illegitimate son of Sir Thomas
Lyttelton, Imrt, and half-brother of George,
first lord Lyttelton [q. v.], was on 8 Feb.
1727-8 appointed by Sir Charles Wager
f q. T,] to be junior lieutenant of the Royal
lik. In June he was moved to the Gosport,
with Captain Buncombe Brake, In No-
Tember 1*28 the Gosport was lying off Ply-
mouth, inside Brake's Island, when on the
,23rd, the French corvette Giroude came into
the Sound, apparently to avoid a fresh
.southerly gale, and to pick up any news that
4be eoald about the anticipations of a wax,
6mith was sent on board iier, as officer of
*ihe ard, to ask whence she came and
bound, and was told from Hatre to
mith pr,:-
r-tum-l M Li- =h:p. After KX day? in
ani as *Lr passed tL^ G^-port, arnitL. wLr>,
tuoiigL. L-r j^nLr ll-at^nant, bapp^ntrd ti
b* C';rn:ri,inl;i;g o:Hci-r, in th? sb*enee of
pnkr &ni th-i ctl-r lieutenant?, hailed h*r
in French aci I^lred Ler captain * to haul
in hi* prnn;ir;t in rpect to the king of
Gr^&t Britain** colours." The Frenchman
answered tLat hi ^ojli n-vt, but would
salutt: the citadel ; on which .Smith told Mm
that -was nothing to him, int tL*t if he did
no La'jJ dawn id5 {--nnan^ Le -Loold be
obliged to compel Lin;, On this tL* French-
man Lauled d^wn LI:- p^nnast and shortly
afterwards r&d a sil^t^ of eleven guas,
whlcli Jsfmitli, not kncwinr c: any agree-
ment between Llm and tLe c.tai-1, aiiwered,
gun for gun, tLe citadel also answering 1 It,
as had been previ-n-ly arranged. The Freiicli
' captain afterwards ccmpluined of tLe insult
to which he had betn s-abj^cttd, and Smith,
Brake, and the captain of tLe Winchester
I in Hamoaze were called on for an explacm-
tion. OE their reports^ which are in virtual
agreement with the Frenchman's letter,
| Smith was summarily dismissed from the
j navy ? 27 March 17^9, by the king's order, for
having * exceeded his" instructions.' On
| 12 May following he was restored to his
rank and appointed second lieutenant of the
Enterprise, from which on 14 Oct. he was
discharged to half-pay, and on 5 May 1780
he was promoted to be capt&in of the Success.
The circumstances of this incident were,
even at the time, grossly exaggerated by
popular report. Smith wag described aa
having been commanding olEeer of the Gos-
port when the Gironde eame into the Sound,
and a$ having fired into her at once to com-
pel her to lower her topsails to the king's
flag. By the popular voice he wa$ dubbed
by the approving name of *Tom of Ten-
thousand (a title which had fifty years
before been conferred on Thomas "Thynne
and it was said that t though, in
Terence to th French ambassador^ he was
tried by coiirt-martial and dismissed the
service, he was reiast&ted the next day, with
the rank of poet -captain,
From May 1733 to October 1740 j
commanded the Dnrsiey g&Uey on the ^,
station and in the Mediterranean ; n>j
January 1 740-1 to April 1742 he was captain
of the BomBey, for the protection of tha
Smith
Smith
Newfoundland fisheries ; but Chamock's
statement that while In command of her he j
was tried by court-martial on a charge of <
converting the ship's stores to his own use
appears to be unfounded. In October 1742
he was appointed to the Princess Mary, ;
which in 1744 was one of the fleet under Sir !
John Norris j}. v." off Dungeness, and after- ;
wards under "Sir Charles Hardy (the elder) '
r q. v.], and Sir John Balchen ~q. T.] on the
coast of Portugal. From the P'rincess Mary
Smith was appointed in November 1744 to j
the Royal Sovereign, as commodore and I
Commander-in-chief in the Downs, and ;
during July and August 1745, off Ostend. j
In September 1745 he was appointed com- j
mander-in-chief at the Xore ; and on 11 Feb.
1745-0 commander-in-chief at Leith and on i
the coast of Scotland, with the special duty
of preventing communication between Scot-
land and France. He held this post till
January 1746-7, when he was placed on
half-pay. On 15 July 1747 he was promoted '
to be rear-admiral of the red, and on 18 May j
1748 to be vice-admiral of the white. In ;
August 1755 he was appointed commander-
in-chief in the Downs, where he was pro-
moted on 8 Dec. 1756 to be vice-admiral of !
the red, and on 24 Feb. 1757 to be admiral
of the blue.
"When on 28 Dec. 1756 the court-martial
was convened at Portsmouth for the trial of
Admiral John Byng ^q. v.], Smith, as the |
senior flag-officer available, was appointed
president, and as such had the duty of pro- ,
nouncing the sentence on 27 Jan. 1757, and !
of forwarding the recommendation to mercy.
When the question of absolving the members
of the court from their oath of secrecy came
before the House of Commons, Smith wrote
to his half-brother, Sir Richard Lyttelton, :
begging him to support the application. <
Similarly, he wrote to Lord Lyttelton ; but !
when examined before the House of Lords i
and asked if he desired the bill to pass, re- j
plied, * I have no desire for it myself. It will
not be disagreeable to me, if it will be a relief
to the consciences of any of my brethren/
In October 1758 he retired from active
service, and died on 28 Aug. 1762. He was
not married. He is described by "Walpole,
when before the House of Lords, as * a grey-
headed man, of comely and respectable
appearance, but of no capacity.' There is,
in fact, no reason to suppose that he was
more than a good average officer ; his pecu-
liar fame is entirely based on the exaggerated
report of the Gosport-Gironde incident, which
in itself seems to have been caused primarily
by a misunderstanding of instructions.
Smith's portrait, by Eiehard Wilson, B. A,,
is in the Painted Hall at Greenwich; it has-
been engraved.
[The memoir in Charnock'sBiogr. Nav, iv. 209,
is grossly inaccurate ; the facts are here given
from the official documents in the Public Record
Office, and especially, copy of the complaint of
M. de Jeyeux, captain of the Gironde, in Homa
Office Records, Admiralty, No. 55 ; Burchett to
Drake, 4 Feb. 1728-9, in Secretary's Letter-
Book, No. 86, p. 347 ; Brake to Burchett, 7 Feb.,.
in Home Office Records, Admiralty, No. 66;
Smith to Burchett, 23 Feb. 1728-9,"^.; Admi-
ralty report on the ease, 3 March, ib. ; Duke of
Newcastle to the Admiralty, 27 March 1729, in
Secretary of State's Letters, Admiralty, No. 21 ;
Commission and "Warrant Looks, Paybooks, &c.;
see also Beatson's Nav. and Mil. Memoirs ; Wai-
pole's Memoirs of George II, ii. 359 ; Shenstone's
Poems, 1778, i, 187.] J. K L.
SMITH, THOMAS (d. 1767), landscape-
painter, was born and chiefly resided at
Derby. He was self-taught, but attained to
considerable proficiency, and, as one of the
earliest delineators of the beauties of Eng-
lish scenery, enjoyed a great reputation in
his day. He was generally called ' Smith of
Derby" 1 to distinguish him from the Smiths
of Chiehester. He painted views of the most
interesting and picturesque places in Derby-
shire, Yorkshire, and other parts, many plates,
from which, by Yivares, Elliott, Scot in, and
other able engravers, were published by him-
self and Boydell. A collection of these,,
with the title l Recueil de 40 vues du Pic
de Derby et autres lieux peintes par Smith
et gravies par Vivares et autres/ was issued
in 1760. In 1769 Boydell published a set of
four views of Rome, painted by Smith from
sketches by James Basire (1730-1802) [q. v.] - r
also six plates from his designs illustrating-
the mode of training racehorses. Smith
handled the graver himself, and in 1751 pro-
duced a l Book of Landskips ; } he also en-
graved from his own pictures a set of four
views of the lakes of Cumberland, 1767. He
died at the Hot Wells, Bristol, on 12 Sept.
1767. Smith had two sons, Thomas Correggio
and John Raphael Smith [q. v.] ; the former
practised for some years as a miniature-
painter, and died at Uttoxeter in middle life ;
the latter is separately noticed.
! [Edwards's Anecdotes of Painting; Mason's
Gray, 1827, p. 308 ; Redgrave's Diet, of Artists;,
Nagler's Kimstler-Lexikon.] F. M. O'D.
, SMITH, THOMAS ASSHETOX (1776-
| 1858), sportsman, son of Thomas Assheton
i Smith (1752-1828), was born in Queen Anner
Street, Cavendish Square, London, on 2 Aug.
1776 [for ancestry see SMITH, JOHK, 1655-
1723], He was educated at Eton (1783-94),.
Smith
Smith
and while there fsusrht Jack Clusters id.
, afterward? a well-known iportsinan. '
was In r-iiiene^ at Christ Church.
Oxford, as a g^ntleirin commoner, from
February 1795 until 179S ; bat did not gra-
duate. "He sat is pirii^mentj in the conser-
vative interest, f:r Andover, 1&21-31, and
far Carnarronsbir, 1532-41, Hi* life was
almost entirely d~v:trd to sport. In youth
he was an active cricketer. While at Eton
in 1793 he was in the school cricket eleven.
and at Oxford he played with the Bulling-
don Club. He first appeared at Lord's on
11 July 17&6, in the match Bullmgdon
Club versus Marylebone Club ; he made fifty-
two in his first innings and fifty-nine in ins
second, He was frequently seen at Lord's
up to 1821. Still more conspicuous was he
in the hunting field. From 1S06 to 1816 he
was the master of the Quorn hound* in
Leicestershire, and from 1&16 to 1824 of the
Burton hounds in Lincolnshire. His first
pack in Hampshire was introduced at Penton,
near Andover, in 1S26, and consisted of a
selection from Sir Richard Button's and other
kennels. In 1S34 he purchased a large por-
tion of Sir Thomas BurgHey's hounds, and
in 1842 he added the "Dufie of Graft on s
entire pack. He usually had at this time
about one hundred couple of hounds in his
kenneL He hunted his own hounds four
days in the week, and sometimes had two
packs out at the same time. He maintained
this large establishment entirely at his own
expense, and conducted all his arrange-
ments with great judgment. After the death
of his father, he in IcSO removed his stable
and kennels to Tedworth, where he'extended
& lavish hospitality to his fox-hunting neigh-
bours. In 1832, in consequence of the Re-
form riots, he raised a corps of yeomanry
cavalry at his own expense; he was the
captain, and the troopers were chiefly his
own tenants and small farmers.
On 20 March 1840 he accepted an invita-
tion to take Ms hounds to Kolleston, Henry-
Greene's seat in Leicestershire, where he
was received by an assembly of two thousand
horsemen and acclaimed the first fox-hunter
of the day (Sporting Mag. June 1840,
pp. 130-2). In 1845 he built a glass con-
servatory at Tedworth, 315 feet long and
40 feet wide ? in which he took horse exercise
is bis later years. He continued in the
bunting field up to his eightieth year.
Besides his residence at Tedworth t be
owned an estate in Carnarvonshire with a
bouse called Taenol. There yachting occu-
pied much of bis attention. He was for
many years, until 1830, a member of the
Hoyal Yacht Squadron, and during that
period five sailing yacht,* wtr*b T iil* :~r\ia.
In 1*30 h* quarrelled with th* clii' c-2>
ffiittee^n their refuel to tidnnt steam jicht^i,
and ecianii?$I mei liob^rt Napier 17.^1 -
1^76 1 "q. v." of GI:i,^,w t3 hilli f;r him
a. steam yacht, christened the Mtnai, 4>.O
tons and 1-0 Lorse-power, TL1 was rhs
first of t-frht ftearx: yachts built for Lira
between l**Jj ^ni IS-"I. In 1540 the Flre-
Hnz was coc.rruc*ed fcr him according to
hi= o^rn mod-1, with loccr and very fine hollow
water-lines. He claimed to hare bwn the
oriEinator of this wave-line c>" nttrucrion, but
to John Seott Riissell "q. v.~ belongs some of
the credit of the invention."
Among- other improvements upon Ms
Welsh estate, Smith erected the Victoria,
Hotel at Llanberisj enl^r^d and Improved
Port Binorwic, wjrked the Victoria slate
quarries, ar.i constructed the Padara rail-
way, He died at Vaenol, Carnarvonshire,
on 9 Sept. lSy% and was burial at Ted-
worth, He married, on & Get. 1S-7, Matilda,
second cbujnter of William "Webber of
Binfield Lodg-?. Berkshire, but hul no issua,
His widow di^d at Compton-Br^set, near
DevIzes T on IS May 1^59.
[Earilej-Wilniot's BeminiscenceB of T, A.
Smith, 1882. with portrait; XimrccTs Hunting
Bemlniseences, 1843, pp. 294-303 ; Belme Kad-
,clife'sTh Noble Science, 1893, pp. 21, 329;
i J. X. Fittfs Corerside Sketches, 1878, passim;
' Cecils Eeeords of the Chase, 1877, pp. 107,
249-51 ; IHnatrated London 5ews, 1856, xxix.
J 571 ; Gent. Mag. 1858, ii. 532 ; Liliywhite**
j Cricket Scores, 1S62 T i. 21)3; Practical Mag.
I 1873, ii* 280; Buike's Lauded Gently, 1894.]
i 0, C. B.
j SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD,
| M.B. (1788-1861), sanitary reformer, was
j born at Martock, Somerset, 012 21 Dee. 1788,
His studies for the ministry were encou-
raged by "William Blake (1773-1821) r q , T .] f
of whom he wrote a touching memoir. Ac-
cording to family tradition, Ms ministry iras
first exercised among eyanrelical dissenters
in the west of England. Haying become a
widower, and intending to combine with the
preachers office the practice of medicine, he
entered as a medical student at Edinburgh
i in October 1812, and in lS"oTember took the
Fseant charge of the nnitarian congregation
; [see FFETSS, JAMBS] then meeting in Skin-
ners* Hall, Canongate, where he rai^ad the
attendance from twenty to nearly two hun-
dred, In June 1813 he began a coiirse of ibrt-
nightly evening lectures on unrrersal re-
storation ; these were published by subscrip-
tion as i Illustrations of the Divine Gorera-
ment* (Glaugow, 1818, 8vo; 8th edit*
called 5th, 1B66, l'2mo), and form & closely
Smith
136
Smith
reasoned treatise, rising on occasion to pas-
sages of remarkable eloquence. The main
thesis is that pain is corrective. The work
won the favour of poets; Byron, Moore, j
"Wordsworth, Crabbe were its warm ad- '
mirers. On 25 July 1S13 he assisted in the
formation of the Scottish Unitarian Associa-
tion, became its first secretary, and published
an i Appeal' (1815) in defence of its cause.
In 1814 his congregation moved to an old
episcopal chapel (Si. Andrew's ) in Carnib- I
ber's Close, High Street. He graduated ;
M.D. on 1 Aug. 1816, publishing his thesis,
* De mente morbis l&sa,' with a dedication ;
to Thomas Belsham "q.v.j In the same year ,
he succeeded Samuel Fawcett 5"see under i
FA.WCETT, BEXJTAMES'J; as minister it Vicarage
Street Chapel, Yeovfl, Somerset, practising j
also as a physician. He published a few j
bennons of merit ; his funeral sermon (1821) j
for Thomas Howe (1759 P-1820) is specially ;
noted by Dr. James Martineau (Study of
Religion, 1888, i. 398). In 1850 he removed j
to London, devoting himself to the medical j
profession, yet still preaching occasionally, j
Southwood Smith was admitted a licen- !
tiate of the College of Physicians on 25 June ;
1821 (fellow, 9 July 1847). He was one of j
the projectors of the * Westminster Review,' (
and wrote for its first number (January !
1824) an article on Bentham's system of
education. In the same year he contributed
an article, ' The Use of the Dead to the
Living/ advocating facilities for dissection ; !
this was reprinted in 1824 and subsequently.
In 1824 he was appointed physician to tfie '<
London Fever Hospital and subsequently to j
the Eastern Dispensary and to the Jews' I
Hospital. He was one of the original I
committee (April 1825) of the * Useful \
Knowledge ' society ; wrote for it a * Trea-
tise on Animal Physiology ' (1829, 8vp), ;
contributed to its * Penny Cyclopaedia*
(1832-45) the chief articles on anatomy,
medicine, and physiology ; and added to its
publications a treatise on * The Philosophy <
of Health' (1835-7, 12mo, 2 vols.; llth |
edit. 1865, 8vo). Meanwhile he had em-
bodied the^result of devoted labours for his
public patients, in ward and home, in f A
Treatise on Fever' (1830, 8vo), which at
once toot rank as an authority. To epidemic
fever he largely traced the impoverishment
of the poor, and showed that it is pre-
ventible. From this work dates his remark-
able career as a sanitary reformer.
Jeremy Bentham [q. v.] had by will left
his body to Smith, to be the subject of dis-
section and an anatomical lecture. Smith
performed this task at the anatomy school,
Webb Street, Maze Pond, on 9 June 1832,
delivering a lecture, of which two editions
were published in the same year. It em-
bodied a sketch of Bentham's philosophy and
an account of his last moments. A thun-
derstorm shook the building durinar its deli-
very, yet Smith proceeded 4 with a'clear un-
faltering voice, but with a face as white as
that of the dead philosopher before him.*
Brougham, Mill, and Grote were present.
The skeleton, dressed in Bentham's clothes,
with a waxen head, was kept in a mahoganv
cabinet in Smith's consulting-room at Fins-
bury Square; when he left this, it was
transferred to University College, Gower
Street, where it still remains.
In 1832 Smith was placed on the central
board for inquiry into the condition of fac-
tory children, an inquiry the precursor of
the existing factory acts." More than once
the poor-law commissioners sought his aid in
typhus epidemic ; hence his reports (1835-
1839) on the preventible causes of sickness
and mortality among the poor. His first re-
port on sanitary improvement (1838) began
a series, presented at intervals till 1857.
In 1839 he was a main founder of the
' Health of Towns Association/ gave evi-
dence on this subject (1840) to a committee
of the House of Commons, and served
(1840) on the children's employment com-
mission. He did much to found (1842) the
'Metropolitan Association for improving the
Dwellings of the Industrial Classes/ which
built the first * model' dwellings, designed
to exclude epidemics by due sanitary con-
ditions ; gave evidence (1844) before a com-
mission of inquiry into the health of towns,
was on the metropolitan sanitary commission
(1847), and was appointed (1848) medical
member ^of the * general board of health,'
giving his services gratuitously at first, but
receiving a permanent appointment in 1850,
when he gave up professional practice. His
reports on quarantine (1845), cholera (1850),
yellow fever (1852), and on the results of
sanitary improvement (1854) were of world-
wide use.
In 1855 he delivered two lectures on
4 Epidemics' (1856, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1866,
8vo) at the Edinburgh l philosophical institu-
tion;* on this occasion he revisited Skinners*
Hall, then occupied by one of the ragged
schools established by Thomas Guthrie, DJ>.
[q.v/[ His unsparing devotion to philan-
thropic labour had told upon his constitu-
tion, and he seemed an older man than he
was; his speech was slow, but his rich voice
and dignified manner made his delivery very
impressive. Though he had earned the gra-
titude of nations, he retired on a very mocb-
rate pension. In October 1861, having re-
Smith
Smith
covered from a serious Illness, lie went to
winter at Florence. At the beginning of
December a short attack of bronchitis proyed
fatal. He died on 10 Dec. 1561, and was
buried In the protestant cemetery outside the
Pcrta Plnti, Florence, where is a monument
to his memory with medallion portrait. His
bust, executed (1856) at Florence by J, Hart,
is In the National Portrait Gallery, pre-
sented t February 1872) by a committee for
the purpose. He was twice married, and
left by his first marriage (to Miss Eeade)
two daughters : by his second marriage (to .
& daughter of John Christie of Hackney) an ,
only son, Herman (d. 23 July 1897, agecl 77),
[Monks Coll. of Phys. 1878, iii. 235 sq.; !
Monthly Repository, 1813 p. 536, 1815 pp. 118,
653, 1821 pp. 262 sq. ; lurch's Hist. Presb. and
Gen. Bapt. Churches in West of Eag!. 1835,
p. 218; Home's New Spirit of the Age, 1844,
vol. i. (article * Lord Ashley and Dr. Sonthwood
Smith'); Christian Reformer, 1860, p. 720;
Obitnarv from the Lancet, December 1861 ;
Inquirer, 21 Dec. 1861 p. 936, 31 July 1897
p. 503; Nonsubscriber, February 1862, pp.
18 sq. ; personal recollection.] A G-.
SMITH, WALTER (/. 1525), wrote in
verse an account of a roguish adventuress
named Edyth, daughter of one John Han-
kin ? and widow of one Thomas Ellys. Smith's
-work was entitled *The Widow Edyth;
Twelue merry Gestys of one called Edvth,
the lyeng Wydow.' It was * emprintecl at
London at the sygne of the aneremayde at
Pollis gate next chepeside by J. Rastell
23 March MvCixv.' The printer notes that
at the date of publication the heroine was
still alive. The work is divided into twelve
chapters, each called a ' mery jeste/ The
coarse tricks which the widow is described
as playing on tradesmen, tavern-keepers, and
servants of great men, including the bishop
of Bochester and Sir Thomas More, are some-
times diverting, but their narrator displays
few literary gifts. The work is of the
greatest rarity. A copy was noticed in
4 Bibliotheca Smithiana/ 1686, and in the
catalogue of the Haxleian collection, but it is
doubtful if any now survive. Of a reprint
issued by Hichard Jones ia 1573, two copies
are known one in the Bodleian Library,
and the other in the Huth Library. A modern.
reprint is in W. C. Eazlitt's * Old English
Jest Books,* 1864, ToL iii.
[Ames's Typogr. AntSq, d. Dibdin, iii 87 J
Collier's BiUiogr. Cat, iL 357; Hazlitt's BibKogr.
& L.
Theatre, in partnership with cth^r authors
employed by Philip Henilow* ~q. v,~, the
theatrical manager. From tl e latter's * 1'iary '
it appears that he was associated "bttween
1001 and 1603 In the composition of the fol-
lowing thirteen piece?, none of which, seem
to have been puilished, and none are now
extant. Their titles are : 1. k Tie Conquest of
the West Indies ' \ with Day and Haugktou),
1601. 2. 4 The Rising of Cardinal \Yolsey '
(with Chettle, Dray ton, and Munday")t, 1601.
3. 'Six Clothiers*' (with Hatlhwsy and
Haughton), 1601. 4. * Too Good to be True,
or the Northern Man ' t with Chettle and
Hathway), 1601. 5. 'Love parts Friend-
ship * ('with Chettlej, 1602, 6. * As merry
as may be ' (with Day and Hathway), 16Gi? f
written for the court and for the" 'earl of
Worcester's men at the Itose. 7. * Albert
Galles ' (with Heywood u 1002 ; possibly the
title should be i Archizallits/ " fe. * Marshal
Osric ? (completed by Heyvcsod, and doubt-
fully assumed by Fleay'to be identical ia
its revised form* with" Hey^ood's * Royal
King and Loyal Subject ,'* London, 1037,
4to), 1602. 9. i The iT tiii* BrotLers,' 1602.
10. *Lady Jane" (with Chetile, Deklier,
Heyrvood, and Webster j, 1602. 11. 'The
Black Bog of Newgate ' (with Bay, Hathway,
and 4 the other poet,' probably Haughtoa),
1602-3. 12. f The ITnfortunate General, a
French History ' (with Day, Hathway, and
t the other poet *), 1603. 13, * An Italian
Tragedy/ 1603.
To Went worth may be ascribed the extant
play, by '"W. Smith,' called * The Hector of
Grermanie, or the Palsgrave, Prime Elector.
A Xew Play, an Honourable Hystorie. As
it hath beene publikely Acted at the Bed
Bull and at the Curtaine, by a Companie of
Young men of this Citie. Made bf "W.
Smith, with new Additions. London, printed
by Thomas Creede for Josias Harrison, and
are to be solde in Pater-coster Row, at the
Signe of the Golden Anker,* 1615, 4tx
Written in 1613, it was dedicated to ^
SMITH, WBSTWORTH Qt 1601-
1623), dramatist, wrote many plays for the
Admiral's company of actors at the Rose
Right Worshbfull the great FaYGJ-er of the
Muses, Syr Joan Swinaerton, Kniffht, some-
times Lord Mayor of this honouralble Cittia
of London/ Baker is mistaken in asserting
that this was the last play acted at the
Curtain. From the dedication we learn
that the author also wrote * The Freeman's
Honour,* another piece not known to be ex-
tant, which lie says was l acted by the Ser-
vants of the Kingfc Majesty to dignify the
worthy company of Merchant Taylors *
(Fu&ir, Ewgr, Ckt&n.* ; NICHOLS, IVx^rewe*
of Jamee J, iL 732 V An endeayour h*s beaa
made to place both these plays t tlia credit
of another dramatist named William Smith,
Smith
138
Smith
for -whose existence no satisfactory proof is
forthcoming. "Warburton asserts that one
of the pieces destroyed by his cook was ' St.
George for England by William Smith, 7 and
that the same writer was also the author
of * Hector of Germanie,' of ' The Freeman's
Honour,' and of ' The Fair Foul One, or the
Baiting of the Jealous Knight/ which was
licensed by Herbert in 1623 for performance
at the Bed Bull Inn. But Warburton seems
to have expanded on his own authority the
initial < W.' in < W. Smith ' on the title-page
of 'St. George' into William instead of
Wentworth. The only writers of the time
named William Smith of whom we have
contemporary evidence were the sonnetteer
and the herald, neither of whom is there
the smallest reason for crediting with the
authorship of plays fsee SMITH, WILLIAM,
fl. 1596; SMITH/ WILIJAM, 1550 P-1618],
All the plays assigned in the early seven-
teenth century to * W. Smith ' were in
all probability from the pen of Wentworth
Smith.
To Wentworth Smith have been unwar-
rantably ascribed the three plays * Locrine/
* The Puritan,* and Cromwell ' which were
published in Shakespeare's lifetime under
the initials of* W. S.' These pieces, together
with *Oldcastle, f 'London Prodigal/ and
'Yorkshire Tragedy' (which were fraudu-
lently issued as by f W. Shakespeare 7 ), were
included as Shakespeare's work in the folio
of 1664. There is no cine to the authorship
of any of these six plays, and the initials
c W. S./ like Shakespeare's full name, were
placed on the title-pages by the publishers
merely to give purchasers the false impres-
sion that Shakespeare was their author.
[Henslowe's Diary, pp. 185, 204, 206, 207, &c.;
Warner's Dnlwieh MSS, pp. 21, 24, 157 ; Pleay's
Chronicle of the English Drama, i. 160, 300,
ii. 249-51 ; Laagbaine's Lives of the English
Dramatic Poets, ed. 1712, p. 134; Baker's Bio-
graphia Dramatica, i. 676, 677, ii. 11, 250, 287,
238, 333 ; Ealli veil's Dictionary of Old English
Plays, passim.] E. I. C.
SMITH or SMYTH, WILLIAM (1460 ?-
1514), bishop of Lincoln and co-founder of
Brasenose College, Oxford, born about 1460,
was fourth son of Robert Smyth of Peelhouse
in the parish of Prescot, Lancashire. His
father appears to have been a country squire
of moderate estate. It is a probable tradi-
tion that William was educated in the house-
hold of Margaret, countess of Richmond and
Berby, mother of Henry VII and second wife
of Thomas Stanley, first earl of Derby [q.v.], at
Knowsley, within which parish his birthplace
is situate [see BEATTFOBT, MAESAEET], The
Lady Margaret maintained a sort of private
I school, * certayn yonge gentilmen at her find-
1 yng ' being educated at Knowsley by Maurice
| West bury, whom she had brought" from Ox-
j ford for that purpose. Smyth's biographer,
I Churtpn, after completely disproving Wood's
assertion that Smyth was a migrant from
Oxford^to Cambridge, inclines to identify him
with William Smyth, a commoner of Lincoln
College in 1478. He would then probably
be about eighteen years old. In that case
| he must have been only twenty-five when
I he, being already qualified by the degree of
bachelor of law, was appointed (20 Sept.
1485) to the lucrative office of keeper or
clerk of the hanaper of the chancery for
life, with a salary of 40Z. yearly in excess
, of that enjoyed by his predecessor, a knight,
besides an allowance of eighteenpence a day
: when in attendance on the chancellor (CAHP-
! BELL, Materials, i. 16). The fact that this
j grant was made within a month after the
1 battle of Bosworth, and that it was fol-
lowed a few days later (2 Oct.) by prefer-
ment to a canonry of St. Stephen's, West-
minster ($. p. 71), shows that Smith's friends
must have been active as well as powerful
at the new court. Among the state papers
is one belonging to 1485, showing the issue-
of 200/. to William Smyth, keeper of the
j hanaper, for the custody of two daughters of
j Edward IV. Another document of 24 Feb*
1 1486 recites that this 200/. was delivered by
Smyth to the Lady Margaret, who * of late
i hadde the keping and guiding of the ladies,
daughters of King Edward the iiiith. 7 On
j 17 Feb. in the same year he is described as
1 a member of the king's council. Smyth's
first parochial preferment was on 13 May
1486 to the living of Combe Martyn, north
Devon, in the gift of the crown (ib. L 434 ;
Pat. Roll, 1 Hen. VH, pt. iii. nu 13). He was
S also presented, under the style of the king's
chaplain, to the living of Great Grimsby on
4 May 1487 (#. 2 Hen. VII, pt, ii. m. 8). In
1491 lie was made dean of the collegiate and
royal chapel of St. Stephen's, Westminster,
This preferment he had resigned before 1496.
On 14 June 1492 he was presented by the
Lady Margaret to the rectory of Cheshunt,
Hertfordshire. This he held for two years,
resigning it on his promotion to a bishopric.
In the same year (1492) Smyth, together with
Richard Foxe [q. v.], then bishop of Exeter,
and Sir Elias Dawbeney, was made a co-
feofieeof her estates in Somerset and Devon
for the performance of Lady Margaret's wilL
_ At the beginning of 1493 Smith was made
bishop of Coventry and Lichfield. He had
been entrusted with the custody of the tem-
poralities of the see since 30 March 1491, his
predecessor, Bishop John Hales, having died
Smith
139
Smith
on the last day of 1490, with liberty to apply
its reTenues to bis own use without rendering
account to the crown (Exch.Q. R. Mem. Roll,
21 Hen. Til, inter brena^ Easter Term
m. iiii.) The Lichn'eld registers show that
he at once diligently entered upon his epi- ;
scopal duties, but within three months he
was acting as a member of Prince Arthur's !
council in the marches of Wales. This ne- j
eessitated the nomination by him, after the ;
example of Foxe and other contemporary '
prelates, of a smfragan bishop, Thomas Fort, '
bishop of Achonry in Ireland, in 1494. He ,
presumably resigned at the same time Ms
office of keeper or clerk of the hanaper, his
successor, Edmund 3Iartyn ? who also fol-
lowed him as dean of St. Stephen's, being '
appointed to the place on 6 Feb. 1493 (Pat.
Roll, 8 Hen. VII, pt. ii. m. 18). While bishop I
of Lichfield, Smyth refounded the ruinous
hospital of St. John, originally a priory of :
friars, but transformed by him into an alms-
house and free grammar school. To it he
annexed the hospital of Denhall or Denwall in
Cheshire, and secured for it liberal patronage
from Henry VH. This hospital of St. John
still survives at Liehfield as a monument to ,
Smyth's memory. t
On 31 Jan. 1496 Smyth was translated to '
Lincoln, at that time the most extensive
diocese in England, stretching, as it did,
from the Humber to the Thames. But he j
was generally an absentee, resident at Lad- j
low or Bewdley in attendance upon Prince
Arthur, though he found time in the first '
year of his episcopate to make a visitation at
Oxford. Even as long after his translation
as 1500, when he proposed to make his first |
entry into his cathedral city, affairs of state :
recalled him to Bewdley ; nor was his visita- '
tion carried out until the spring of 1 501 . The i
wealth now at his disposal enabled MT?TC in j
the same year to acquire private property in j
laud, and he purchased an estate at St.
John's, Bedwardyn, near Worcester.
On 22 Aug. 1501 Smyth was appointed
lord president of Wales, upon the reform of
the administration of that principality, with
a salary of 20/. & week, equivalent to about
12,0002. a year of our money, for a table for
himself and the council. He had already for i
some years presided at Prince Arthur's eoun- \
ciL His new office was one comprising both
administrative and judicial functions. On
5 Nov. 1500, within a few days after Cardinal
Morton's death, Smyth, who had previously |
been recommended for the post in 1495 by 1
Henry VII, was elected the cardinal's sac- 1
cessor in the chancellorship of Oxford Uni- j
versity. He resigned it in August 1503. j
Buring his chancellorship in September 1501 J
the Prince of Wales (Arthur), with Smyth in
| attendance, visited Oxford. In April 1502
the prince died in Ludlow Castle, and Smyth
3 officiated at his funeral in Worcester Cathe-
dral. He still remained lord president of
; Wales, and retained the office during Hfe ;
but there are indications that after Prince
! Arthur's death his attention was less ab-
sorbed by Wekh affairs. In 1503 he took
part in the investiture of Warham, of whom
he had been an early patron, as archbishop of
Canterbury. In November 1504 he joined
in a celebrated decree of the Star-chamber re-
gulating the relations of the staplers and mer-
chant adventurers. On 3 June 1505 he was
condemned by the commissioners of sewers
at Newark, Nottinghamshire, to pav a fine
of eight hundred marks (533/. 6. Sd.) for
erecting weirs and mills in the Trent * to the
noysaimee of the passage of boats and other
vesselles.* The fine was remitted by the king
on the following 11 April {Ezch, Q. J2. 31>m.
Roll, 21 Hen. YII, E. T. inter breiia,
m. i.) At some time towards the close of
Henry \TTs reign Smyth's wealth invited ex-
tortion of the kind generally associated with
the names of Sir Eichard Enipson [q. v.] and
Edmund Dudley [q.v.~ An information was
laid against him that he had paid English
gold to a foreigner, presumably for exporta-
tion abroad, in violation of the statute of
1488-9 (4 Hen. Til, c. 23). He was con-
demned in the immense sum of IjSOQ/., the
penalty being double the amount of gold
alienated by the offender. Of this sum, it
appears from an account rendered by the exe-
cutors of Henry VII, Smyth paid in ready
money two instalments of 100 and 1,20Q
respectively. Henry VIE having left instruc-
tions that this and other extortions from
dignified ecclesiastics should be restored,
Smyth received the money back again about
15G9 (State Paperg^Dom.l Hen. VIII, 77t>).
But his apprehension of a continuance of
similar proceedings led him to procure for
himself a pardon, dated less than three weelts
after Henry YIITs accession, for every con-
ceivable common-law or statutory offence
which might have been committed by him,,
beginning with homicide and ending with
breaches of the manufacturing regulations
( JWk. Q. M. Mem. &>U, 1 Hen. Ym, Trinity
Term, m. vii.)
In 1507 Smyth began a series of benefac-
tions which elicited Fuller's eulogy that * this
man wheresoever he went may be followed
by the perfume of charity he left behind him/
In the course of this year he founded & fel-
lowship in Oriel College ; lie established a.
free school at Farnworth in LaseasMre,
where he added a south aisle to
Smith
140
Smith
and lie presented two estates to Lincoln
College, the manor of Bushbery, or Ailleston,
near Brewood,in Staffordshire, and the manor
of Sencleres in Chalgrove, Oxfordshire. _ In
the same year he first formed the design,
in concert with Pdchard Sutton [q.v.j, of
founding a new college in Oxford. The
earliest steps towards effecting this purpose
were taken by Sutton, but in 1509 Bishop
Smyth appears in conjunction with Sutton
as lessee of a stone quarry at Headington,
and is represented by an inscription on the
foundation-stone of Brasenose College to have
laid it, together with Sutton, on 1 June of the
same year. The core of the new foundation
was Brasenose Hall, dating at least from.
the thirteenth century. This Smyth rebuilt.
With it he incorporated other adjacent halls,
and gave to the whole the name of < the king's
hall and college of Brasenose/ at first some-
times designated * the king's college of Bra-
senose,' or ' Collegium Regale de Brasenose. 1
The charter of foundation is dated 15 Jan.
1512 (RoEEB, xiiL 320). In the following
ye jjr Smyth transferred to the new college the
estates of the dissolved priory of Cold Norton,
Oxfordshire, purchased by Mm from the dean,
and convent of St. Stephen's, Westminster, to
whom they had been granted. He added an
estate nearOrford, known asBasset's fee. The
objects of his new college, as set forth in the
charter, were ( to study philosophy and sacred
theology ... to the praise and honour of
Almighty God ; for the furtherance of divine
worship, for the advancement of holy church,
and for the support and exaltation of the
Christian faith.' It was to consist of a prin-
cipal and twelve fellows, all of them born
within the diocese of Coventry and Lichfield,
with preference to the natives of Lancashire
and Cheshire, and especially those of Prescot
in Lancashire and Presbury in Cheshire.
Apparently the principal and all the fellows
were to be in holy orders. The first statutes
were drawn up by Smyth himself, largely
borrowed from those of Magdalen, and pre-
scribing both the diet and dress of the members
of the house. The severity of Smyth's rules
was somewhat mitigated after his death, by
his surviving co-founder, Sutton, at the re-
quest of the college. Meanwhile Smyth took
part in the conversion of the property of
another religious house to educational pur-
poses,liavingin 1510 assisted in the suppres-
sion of the priory of St. John, Cambridge,
with a view to the foundation of St, John's
College, Cambridge.
The deaths of Smyth's patrons, Henry VII
and the Lady Margaret, took place respec-
tively in April and June 1509. The person
foremost in Henry VELTs council at this time
was Richard Foxe [q. v. ], bishop of Winches-
ter, who, together with Smyth, was among
the executors of Henry VH. With Foxe
Smyth had had frequent official relations, and
in 1509 joined with him, Fitzjames, bishop
of London, and Oldham, bishop of Exeter,
in the successful assault upon the jurisdic-
tion of the archbishop of Canterbury's pro-
bate court [see WAEHAM, WILLIAM]. On
the other hand, there were differences of
opinion between them, Foxe favouring the
I liberal tendencies of * the new learning.' The
sense of rivalry disclosed itself in riotous
attacks, in which a former principal of
Brasenose Hall was concerned, upon the
builders of Foxe's new college of Corpus
Christi. Although Smyth retained till his
death his office of president of Wales, his
name, after his patrons' deaths, practically
disappears from the domestic state papers.
Foxe's influence was probably the cause of
his retirement. He seems to have spent
his later years within the limits of his vast
diocese. His will is dated 26 Dec. 1513.
He died at Buckden in Huntingdonshire,
one of his ten palaces as bishop of Lin-
coln, on 2 Jan. 1514. In his will he de-
sired to be buried in his cathedral, and he
left certain sums for religious services. To
the college of Brasenose he bequeathed, for
the use of the chapel, the books, chalices,
and vestments of his domestic chapel. These,
of which an inventory was left, appear never
to have come into possession of the college.
They were probably appropriated by Wolsey,
his successor in the see, one of the charges
against whom was that he * had the more
1 part of the goods of Dr. Smyth, bishop of
Lincoln,' as well as of other bishops whom
he succeeded, * contrary to their wills and to
law and justice.' Smith also bequeathed
IOOL to the hospital of St. John Baptist in
Banbury, where another of his episcopal
palaces was situate, and certain sums to his
relatives. The residue of his goods was to
be disposed of by his executors in works of
piety and charity for the welfare of his soul
The will was proved on 30 Jan. 1514. He
was buried in a stone coffin, one of the
latest instances of this practice, under a
marble gravestone, inlaid with a rich brass
effigy and inscription. This was destroyed
during tne civil wars, but a copy made in
1641 by Sir William Dugdale is extant. A
mural monument near the west door of the
cathedral, erected by Dr. Ralph Cawley, prin-
cipal of Brasenose in 1775, bears along Latin
inscription to his memory.
Smyth was one of the enlightened states-
men-prelates of his age. He evidently
. shared with, his lifelong friend, Hugh Old-
Smith
Smith
ham ~g. v.], * t bishop of Exeter, some of the |
dislike and! suspicion of the regulars then '
current even among ecclesiastics. During !
the short time that^he was at Lichfield he
t~WT.ce rejected the incompetent presentees '
of monastic houses to livings, and made a /
visitation of the religious foundations within ;
his diocese. Xot long after his translation
to Lincoln in 1499, we find him suspending !
the abbot of Oseney, and enforcing a re- i
formation of that house. That he was a |
man of learning is apparent from his elec-
tion as chancellor of Oxford, and from the '
specimen of his Latin composition which has
survived. Though a contemporary of Eras-
mus and Foxe, he does not seem, if we may j
judge by the statutes of Ms college, to have j
been alive to the importance of Greek. On
the contrary, his design seems to have been ,
to establish an ecclesiastical and conserva-
tive institution adhering to the traditional
studies of scholastic philosophy and theology. ;
In this respect his statutes differ amazingly
from the far more progressive provisions
which Foxe drew up for his college of Corpus.
Button's mind, it is evident, was cast in the
same mould as that of Smyth, and it can |
readily be believed that he deferred entirely
to the guidance of the former chancellor of |
the university. It can be understood, there-
fore, that Smyth displayed no liberal ten-
dencies in his theology, and in 1506 he is
recorded to have enforced the law against j
heresy both by imprisonment and burning, j
But John Foxe "q. v.j, the martyrologist, who
as a Brasenose man was probably indisposed |
to be severe upon the founder of his college, |
records of Smyth * that in the time of the !
great abjuratio"n, divers he sent quietly_home !
without punishment and penance, bidding I
them go home and live as good Christian men ]
should do. J Judged by the high standard of j
clerical duty held by Latimer, Smyth s what- ;
ever his wishes may have been ? was an f un- I
preaching prelate.* " He must have been too
absorbed in business of state, at any rate ,
down to the death of Prince Arthur in 1505,
to exercise any effective personal supervision
over his immense diocese, ^or can he ba
acquitted of the prevailing ecclesiastical vice
of nepotism. His biographer CHurton devotes
a chapter to his kinsmen and the ecclesi-
astical preferments he heaped upon them. :
Three of his nephews he made archdeacons
in his diocese, appointing one of them, Wil-
liam Smyth, archdeacon of Lincoln, to the
most valuable prebend, it is said, in England.
Annther of them, Gilbert Smyth, he made a ,
prebendary in 149S f nearly six years before
Be took sutdeacon's orders! Matthew Smyth,
the last principal of Brasenose Hall, and the \
first of Brasenose College, in all probability
a relation of the bishop, was presented by
Mm to a prebend in Lincoln Cathedra! io.
1508, though he -was not ordained sub-deacon
till 1512. One of Bishop Smyth's last acts
was to grant a lease, probably on beneficial
terms, of the manor of Xettleham in Lin-
colnshire to Richard Smyth, doubtless a
kinsman, Chnrton complains that in Smyth's
time the cathedral of Lincoln was * peopled
with persons of the name of William, Smyth/
and, from what we know of the bishop's care
for his kinsmen, it is not unfair to suspect
that most of them were relatives whom he
indemnified in this way for the diversion of
the bulk of his property to his college.
In the appendix to the fourth report of the
Historical Manuscripts Commission (1874,
p, 173) it is stated that in a bundle of sixty
papers belonging to the dean and chapter of
\\ estminster,, chiefly letter* addressed to Sir
fteginald Bray "q.v.*, are some letters from
the' bishop of Lincoln \ Smyth I. These letters
had previously been seen by J. A. Manning-,
author of the * Lives of the Speakers* in 1S51
(p. 146 1, but have since disappeared from
their place in the muniment-room of the
abbey. The bishop's portrait, which hangs
in t lie hall of Brasenase, is unfortunately un-
dated. A replica exists at his hospital at
LicMeld, The picture apparently represents
him in his closing years. The eyes are fine,
and the cast of countenance one of serene in-
telligence.
[Ftdler's Worthies; Wood's Athroae 0x<m.;
Churton's Lives of Smyth and Sutioa, Oxford,
1800; Campbell's Materials for the Hist, of
the Bei^n of Henry VII ; Stale Papers, Bom.
Henry VIII, rols. i. ii.] I. S. I*.
SMITH, WILLIAM (jC 1596), poet,
avowed himself a disciple of Spenser, and in
1596 published a collection of sonnet*, en-
titled 'Chloris, or the Complaint of the
passionate despised Shephe&rtL,* printed by
Edmund Bollxfant, 15^6, 4to. The volume
opens with two sonnets, inscribed *T0 the
most excellent and learned shephemrd, Collin
Cloute' (i. e. Spenser }, and signed * \V. Smith,'
In a third sonnet addressed to Spenser at the
clo&e of the book Smith c&Us Spenser the
patron of his maiden verse. The intervening
pages are occupied by forty-ei^ht sonnets,
very artificially constructed, and by a poem of
greater literary power, in twenty lines, called
fc Conns Dreaine of the faire Chloris/ One
of the fionnets, i A Xotable Description of th@
World/ had been previously published in
4 The Phcenix-nest/ 1593, and there bore
the signature *W. S, ^entlenmn.' * Conns
Drea-me * was transferred to 4 England'* Heli-
con* (1600 and 1614). Two copies of Smka f 8
Smith
142
Smith
rare volume are now known : one Is in the
Bodleian Library; the other, in the Huth
Lihrary, formerly belonged successively to
Narcissus Luttrell and to Thomas Park. It
was reprinted in Mr. Edward Arber's 'Eng-
lish Garner,' viii. 171 sqq.
There is no means of determining' whether
the writer is identical with the ( W. S. 7 who
prefixed verses f in commendation of the
author ' to Grange's * Golden Aphroditis,'
1577, or with the ' W. S. 7 who paid Breton
a like compliment in his Wil of Wit, 7 1606.
Heber owned a manuscript entitled *A
New Yeares Guift, or a posie upon certen
flowers presented to the Counresse of Pem-
brooke by the author of " Chloris, or the
passionate despised Shepherd ; " ' it is now in
the British Museum, MS. Addit. 35186.
' A booke called Amours by J. D., with
certein other Sonnetes by W. S.,' was
licensed for publication by Eleazar Edgar,
3 Jan. 1599-1600 (ABBEB, Transcript, iii.
153). Collier suggested that * J. D.' was a
misprint for *M. D.,' and that this entry
implied an intention on the part of the pub-
lisher to reissue Michael Drayton's * Sonnets'
which the poet had entitled * Amours' in the
first edition of 1594, in conjunction with a
collection of sonnets by 'W. S.* initials
which Collier identified as those of Drayton's
friend, Shakespeare. Shakespeare's * Sonnets *
were not published till 1609. It seems more
likely that the publisher Edgar contemplated
a republication of Smith's collection of son-
nets with some work (since lost) by Sir
John Davies Tq. v.], but the point cannot be
decided positively.' Edgar does not seem to
have actually published any book which can
be identified with the description given in
the Stationers' < Registers/ Nine years later
Edgar published a prose treatise of a different
calibre by an author signing himself * W. S.'
It was entitled * Instructions for the in-
creasing of Mulberie Trees and the breeding
of Silk-wormes * (London, 1609, 4to, with
illustrations).
Smith appears to have usually signed his
name t W. Smith,* and some plays bearing
that signature have been assigned to William
Smith, but these were in all probability the
work of "Wentworth Smith [q. v.]
[Collier's Bibliographical Account; Ritson's
Bibliographia Anglo-Poetiea ; Hunter's MS.
Chorus Vatum in Brit. Mas. MS. Addit. 24489,
p. 78.] S. L.
SMITH, WILLIAM (1550P-1618),
herald, born about 1550 at Warmingham in
Cheshire, was a younger son of Eandle Smith
of Oldhaugh. in Warmingham, by his wife
Jane 3 daughter of Ralph Bostock of Norcroft
in Cheshire. The Smiths of Oldhaugh were
a branch of the Smiths of Ouerdley in Lan-
cashire. William is said to have been edu-
cated at Oxford. He may be the William
Smith who graduated B.A., 8 Feb. 1566-7,
at Brasenose College, which was founded by a
collateral ancestor, William Smith or Smyth
(1460 P-1514) Jq. v.] In March 1561-2
his mother died, and in July 1568 he
paid a visit to Bristol. About 1575 Smith
became a citizen of London and a member
of the Haberdashers' Company. He pro-
ceeded to Germany about 1578, and for some
years kept an inn at Niirnberg with the sign
of the Goose. On the death of his father, on
6 Oct. 1584, he returned to England, and in
1585 took up his residence in Cheshire. On
23 Oct. 1597 he was created rouge dragon
pursuivant on the recommendation of Sir
George Carey, knight marshal. He never
attained higher office, owing partly to a lack
of amiability and a sharp tongue. He died
on 10 Oct. 1618, and was buried, as Wood
thinks, hi the churchyard of St. Benedict,
near Paul's Wharf. About 1580 he married
Veronica, daughter of Francis Altensteig of
Niirnberg. By her he had two sons Wil-
liam, born in 1581 ; and Paul, born in 1588
and three daughters, Jane, Frances, and
Hester.
Smith was the author of: 1. * The Vale
Eoyall of England, or Countie Palatine of
Chester; containing a Geographicall De-
scription of the said Countrey or Shyre, with
other things thereunto appertayning. Col-
lected and written by William Smith,' 1585
(Ashmolean MS. 765; Rawlinson MSS. B.
Nos. 282-3), which was published in 1656
by Daniel King [q. v.], together with another
work with a similar title by William Webb,
under the title 'The Vale Royall of Eng-
land . . . with maps and prospects, per-
formed by W. Smith and W. Webb,' Lon-
don, fol. 2. 'The Particuler Description of
England, with Portratures of certaine of the
cheifest Citties and Townes.' The manu-
script, which is among the Sloane MSS.
(No. 2596) in the British Museum, was pub-
lished by Henry B. Wheatley and Edmund
W. Ashbee, London, 1879, 8vo.
Smith also wrote the following unpub-
lished manuscripts : 1. * Genealogical Tables
of the Kings of England and Scotland, and
the Sovereigns of Europe, to the years
1578-9, with their arms, in colours, 7 1579
(Bawlinson MS. B. No. 141). 2. '1580
Anglise Descriptio,' dedicated : * Ajnplissimo
Viro, D. Christophoro Fhurero, Reipub. Nori-
bergenss. senatori Prudentiss. (Brit. Mus.
Add. MS. 10620). 3. < How Germany is
devyded into 10 Kreises, that is to say Cir-
Smith
143
Smith
cutes, and the names of all such Estates as
dwell in ech of them particulerly," Xiirnberz, '
1582 iBrit. Mas. Harl. MS. 994). 4. < The '
Armes and Descents of all the Bakes, Mar-
quesses, Erlls, Viscounts, and Lords created
in England since the tyme of the Conqueror
until this present yeare 1584 ' (Brit. Mua.
Harl. MS. 6099).* o. Heraldic ' tracts and
miscellanies, 15S6 (Rawlisson MS. B. Xo.
120). 6. ' Baronagium Anirli^; 15S7 I Harl.
MS. 806); another copy, Io97 (Harl. MS.
1160). 7. 'A Brief Description of theFamous
Cittie of London/ 158S {Harl. MS. 0363).
8. *A Treatise on the History and Antiquities
of Cheshire,' 15S8 (Harl. MS. 1046, 122-
168). 9. ' German Coats collected by Wil-
liam Smith during his abode in Germanv;
1591 (Fhilipot's Press, College of Annk
10. * A Breef Description of the famous Cittie
of Xorenherg,' 1594 (circa) (Lambeth MS.
508). 11. l The Xames of all the Knights
in England that served [in Scotland] under
Edward I, with the Blazon of their Armes/
1597 (Harl. MS. 4628). 12. The Visitation
of Lancashire: made in 156",' lo9S (Harl.
MS. 6159). 13. < A Book of Miscellaneous
Pedigrees; 1599 (Philipot's Press. College
of Arms). 14. ' Stemmata Mag^aatum; 160Q
(Harl. MS. 6156). 15. * Cooke's orders for the
feast of St. George.' Enlarged by Smith,
1600 ( Ashmolean MS. 1108 i. 16. : Book of
Coates and Creasts,* 160:2 {Harl. MS. 5807).
17. * A large alphabet in blazon, beginning
with the letter 13,' 1604 (Harl. MS. 2092).
18. ' "W. Smith's Alphabet of Arms; ltiG4
{Harl. MS. 5798). 19. * The XII Worship-
full Companies or Misteries of London; 1605
(Moule's Bibliotheca Heraldica; p. 1(M).
20. *The Visitation of Dorsetshire; copied
by Smith, 1612. 21. * The Armes and De-
scents of all the Kinges of England ' (Bni,
Mus. Add, MS. 27438). There are also
several smaller manuscripts by him extant. '
[Wheatle/s Introduction to the Particular
Bescripcion of England * Wood's Athen* Oxon. i
-ed. Bliiss, ii. 233 ; G-ough's British Topography, i
i. S7, 91, 247 ; Ormerod's Cheshire, i. S2, iii. ]
123, 141 ; Noble's Hist, of the College of Anns, ;
p. 217.] B. I. C. 1
SMITH, ^TLLIAM (f 1073), quaker, !
a native of Besthorpe, XottinghamsMre, was
son of a yeoman of good estate. He was well
educated, served for several years as chief
constable, and became an independent pastor,
In 1658 he joined the Quakers, and in the
same year he replied to the anabaptist Enoch
Howitt's * The Doctrine of the Light within
. . examined, 1 in * The Lying Spirit in the
Mouth of the False Prophet; London, 1658,
4to. Howitt retaliated with i The Beast that
was and is not, and yet is, 1 London, 1639,
4to. Smith also suffered in
ment for nine weeks for non-payment of
tithes. On the Restoration Smita wrote * An
Alarum beat in the Holy Mountain.' an
address to Charles II, which is printed in
4 The Copies of several Letters which were
delivered to the Bonar," London, 1660, 4to,
He was arrested while preaching at Wor-
cester in March 1661, and for refusing- the
oath of allegiance was detained some time
in prison, where he wrote at least five of his
book,?. Others were written in Nottingham
gaol, where he was rnanj times confined
between 1661 and 1665. Smith published
his account of hi? imprisonment for non-
payment of tithe, at the instance of William
rdcklingrton of North Collington, In 4 Hie
Standing Truth/ 1663, Svo ("reprinted in
Cropper's *S 'offering's of the 'Quakers in
Xott?,' 1^0rt. He died on 9 Jan. 1673, He
was twice married. By his first wife. Anne
(d. 1659), he had seven" children. Elizabeth
Newton of Nottingham, his second wife,
whom he married on 11 March 1660, sur-
vived hire.
Smith was a voluminous writer. His chief
works are: 1. *The Faithful "Witness, or a
Hand of Love reacted forth," 1659, 4to;
pan in answer to Jonathan Johnson, &
baptist of Lincolnshire. 5. * The Morning'
^ atch, or a Spiritual Glass opened,* 1660,
4to. 3. *The >ew Creation brought forth
in the Holy Order of Life/ 1661, 4to,
4. 'Universal Love' jseparate_ addresses to
persons in every class of life", 1663, Svo ;
reprinted 1668. * 5. < A New Pnmm*r,' 1663,
Svo; reprinted 1665 f with 'Something of
Truth,' &c. ; both reprinted 16S8, 8vo. 6. * A
Briefe Answer ' to f Shetinah [riij in which
John Stillingfleet attacked " the quakers,
1664, 4to- i . *A New Cfttechism/ 1665;
another edition 1667. 8. i The Baptists
Sophistry discovered,' 1 672-3, 4to, in answer
to * The Quakers Subterfuge* by Ralph Japes,
baptist, of \Tillingham,LincolnBhire. Smith's
collected works were published in 1073, folio,
under the title of * Balm from Giletd,' with
j a dedicntory epistle from Ellis Hookas, the
j first recording clerk of the society. The
pagination of the volume is irres?ular, owing
to the book being printed in ditfemu places
(see note at end of contents). Some extracts
were published by George Eichardson (1773-
: 1662 1 "q.v. n , Xewimstle, 1^5.
! Another WIXJIAH SMITH (Jf. 1660\ sue-
: cessively of Sileby and Market Harborough,
Leicestershire, was author of * The Wisdom
of the Earthlv Wise confounded, 1 1679, 4to:
an answer toftomaa Wilson, rectorof Arrow,
Warwickshire, who wrote against thequakers
Smith
144
Smith
Ms kou.se at Sileby George Fox held^ great
meetings in 1655 and 1677 (Journal^ i. 251 7
ii. 259)"
[Balm from Gilead, 1675 ; Besse's Sufferings,
i. 552 ; ox's Journal, ii. 81 ; Cropper's Suf-
ferings of the Quakers in Nottinghamshire,
xv. ; "Smith's Cat. Friends' Books, if. 601-12;
Registers at Devonshire House, Bishopsgate
Strict.] C. F. S.
SMITH, WILLIAM (d. 1696),jictor, was
a barrister of Gray's Inn, and joined the
Duke of York's company, under Sir William
D'Avenant, a year alter its formation. He
was a man of social position, and acknow-
ledged as such in aristocratic circles and in
his profession. At Lincoln's Tnn Fields, at
Dorset Garden, and ultimately at the Theatre
Royal and the new house in Little Lincoln's
Tnn Fields, he held a position in the first
rank, and created many original parts of
primary importance. His name appears on
8 Jan. 1663 to the part of the Corrigidor (sic) in
Sir SamuelTuke's 4 Adventures of Five Hours.'
He was on 28 May Lugo in Sir Robert
Stapleton's * Slighted Maid ;' on 1 Jan. 1664
he was Buckingham in a revival of * King
Henry Yin,' and on 13 Aug. the Duke of
Burgundy in * Henry V/ hy the Earl of
Orrery, "in Etherege's * Comical Revenge,
or Love in a Tub,' n wa s Colonel Bruce; in
* The Rivals/ D'Avenant's alteration of the
( Two Noble Kinsmen/ Polynices; and
Antonio in a revival of Webster's *' Duchess
of Main? On 3 April 1665 he was Zanger
in Lord Orrery's 'Mustapha.' After the
cessation of performances on account of the
plague, he distinguished himself on 7 March
1667 as Sir William Stanley in Caryl's j
* English Princess, or the Death of Richard !
the Third.' On 14 Nov. preceding, Pepys
writes: 'Knipp tells me how Smith of the
Duke's house hath killed -a man upon a
quarrel in play, which makes everybodv
sorry, he being a good actor, and, they say,
a good man, however this happens. " The
ladies of the court do much bemoan him,
she says J (Diary, ed. Wheatley, vi. 62).
In ' Sir Martin Man-all, or Feigned Inno-
cence/ by Dryden and the Duke of New-
castle, 16 Aug. (second time), Smith was
Sir John Swallow. On 6 Feb. 1668 in t She
would if she could/ by Etherege, he was
Gourtall,and on 5 May Stanford in Shad well's
* Sullen Lovers.' The piece had, says Downes,
a wonderful success, and was played before
the court at Dover. In Caryl's * Sir Solomon,
or the Cautious Coxcomb/ played in 1669,
he was Young Single. Betterton's ' Amorous
"Widow 7 followed in 1670, showing Smith as
Cunningham. Foscaris in Edward Howard's
' Women's Conquest ' was seen in 1671, as
was Sharnofsky in Crowne's 'Juliana, or the
Princess of Poland.'
The new theatre in Dorset Garden was
opened by the Duke's company, under Lady
D'Avenant, with *Sir Martin Marrall/ on
9 Nov., when Smith presumably played his
original part. He was here Prince of Salerne
in Crowne's i Charles Till, or the Invasion
of Naples.' At Dorset Garden Smith re-
mained until the junction of the two com-
panies in 1682. lie was in 1672 Woodlv in
Shadwell's 'Epsom Wells j'Pisauro in Arrow-
smith's 'Reformation;' Banquo, one of his-
great parts, in 'Macbeth/ converted into
an opera; Don Antonio in Nevil Payne's
' Fatal Jealousy ;' Philander in Mrs. Behn's.
' Forced Marriage.' The year 1673 saw him
as Ruffle in Nevfi. Payne's * Morning Ramble/
Careless in Ravenscroft's ' Careless Lovers/
Muley Hamet in Settle's ( Empress of
Morocco/ Horatio in a revival of ( Hamlet f
1674 as Quitazo in Settle's ( Conquest of
China by the Tartars/ and Tyridates in
' Herod and Mariainne ; ' and 1675 as Clo-
tair in Settle's 'Love and Revenge.' In
Settle's * Ibrahim the Illustrious Bassa/
1676, he was Ibrahim ; in Etherege's * Man
of the Mode, or Sir Fopling Mutter/ Sir
Fopling ; in Otway's e Don Carlos, Prince of
Spain/ Don Carlos ; in D'Urfey's 'Fond Hus-
band/ Rashley j in Ravenscroft's Wrangling
Lovers/ Don Diego ; in D'Urfey's * Madame
Fickle/ Manley; and in Settle's * Pastor
Fido, or the Faithful Shepherd/ Mirtillo,
the faithful shepherd. Antiochus in Ot-
way's * Titus and Berenice ' was apparently
the first novelty in 1677, in which year
Smith was also the first Csesar in Sedley's
* Antony and Cleopatra;' Willmore the
rover in Mrs. Behn's 'Rover;' Perdicas in
Pordage's 'Siege of Babylon;' Philip in Mrs.
Behn's ' Abdelazer, or the Moore's Revenge/
Ulysses in Banks's i Destruction of Troy *
belong to 1678, as do Lodwick Knowell in
Mrs. Behn's ' Sir Patient Fancy ; 7 Malagene
in Otway's t Friendship in Fashion/ Henry
Raymond in D'Urfey's 'Squire Oldsapp/
Peralta in Leanerd's 'Counterfeits/ and
Alcibiades in Shad well's * Timon of Athens,
or the Man-Hater.' Genest, with some
reason, supposes that he was Woodall in
Dryden's'Limberham/the cast of which has
not survived. To 1679 belong Adrastus in
Dryden and Lee's 'CEdipus;' Hector in
'Troilus and Cressida, or Truth found
too late/ altered by Dryden from Shake-
speare j and Sir Harry Fillamour in Mrs.
Behn's * Feigned Courtezans.' In 1680 he
was Machiavel in Lee's 'Csesar Borgia/"
Chamont in 'The Orphan/ Marius Junior in
Smith
145
Smith
Otway's 4 Eht-ry and Fall of CVm? Maria-*
floa;r the ac >'p*^'I adaprat i'~n of* Ii ^m- ,- ini
Julie* \ B^ifcrt in BTrf-y% "Viru',i*
Wife/ WhCnun in Mrs. Behn's 6 Rev-rnr-/
and 31 areian In L**/? ; Th-^d :>*ri/ Th- y^r
1691 lei of with rb- fc F;r=t Part :f H-nrr YL"
altered by 'r:>wn~, in wh!eL Sm'.tli w;i- tie
Duke of Mittblk. In *1^ ^ e<>n<l par*' of th?
6 ame pi ay be wa ? Hi ward Pla nt a * e a^ *" . II*?
TOL% berid**. Ed*rar in Tste's alteration of
* Lear," Wiilin-r* In th~ ^eeoni par* of Mrs.
Brim's * River/ Titos In Lee'~ * Luei'i* Junris
Bra*n?/ Court ice in Otway's * ^oliier"?
Fortun -/ and Lorenzo in Bryan's * *pan:=h
Friar.' The fallowing year I l*3?i ? j witnessed
the junction of tire two companies. Bef :*K
this event occurred Smith was. at Dor^t
Grarden, the original Pierre in Otway\
'Venice JRre^envd, 1 Sir Cliarl-? lun/nv?
inlT Crfey's * Royalist,* King H^rry in Bank?"*
1 Virtue Betrayed, or Anna B alien/ D:-n
Carlos in MrsI Behn's * False Count/ and
Ramble in Ravpnscroft*!? * London C'ickjid*/
After the union he was, a^ th* TIi^iT*
Royal, Grillon in Drrden's *I)uke of Gx=e/
fn the memorandsiin of a^r-em-n:. 14 Oct.
1 168:?, the name of Smith is joined witli those
of Dr. Charles D'Arenant "q. r._ ani Tn onias
Betterton r q.T." on the one sil-, a^ a^ain^t
Charle? Hart ?fl. Iti^i "q, v/ and Edward
Kynaston "q. v." ^B th* other "see BETTEETON,
THOMAS". Smith's connf^ction with the united
companfes was soon serer&d, though the
retirement of Harris left ncme but Betterton
to dispute his supremacy. He played, at
the TIi*;a*re Royal, Leon in * Rule a Wife
and have a Wife/ and Cassius in 'Julius
Cffisar/ neither of them original parts ; and
was the first Constant ine in L^e's * Con-
Stan tine the Great/ Court ine in Otway's
( Atheist/ and Lorenzo in Southerners * Dis-
appointment/
After James ITs accession his name dis-
appears from the bills for eleven years. Cibber
mention? the circumstances unoVr which his
retirement took place. Smith, * whose cha-
racter as a gentleman could have been no way
impeached had he not degraded it by being
a celebrated actor/ was struck behind the
scenes by a man of fashion with whom he
had a dispute. James U f on hearing a full
account of the circumstances, forbade the
offender hia presence. This was resented
by the mohocks of the court, and a party
was formed to humble the actor. On his
appearance Smith was received with a chorus
of cat-calls. Convinced that he would not be
allowed to proceed, he composedly ordered
the curtain to be lowered, and * having- a
competent fortune of his own, thought the
conditions of adding to it by his remaining on
TCI*. TOI,
*!ie t,ie even t*o d* ar, ani iV-n; rha* day
entirely quitted it' iCisiiEU, Ap>'sfy* -i.
LOWM. i. 7i 4 '. Sinitli i-; -i;I to L^v^ t^n
rr-a*ly at*acLed f o Jame= II, wl;>- army,
'-iCC' n r I ing 1 ti Chfctwx)-!, the actor ;"ln-d as
aT*)luat*ser upon the o;i:br-jtk of th* revo-
l*-itijn, in company with tw,, attesiinta.
On the v-c^-l'jn of *he actor? from the
TLfcdtTfi Fi.,.valin lt>^-*, Smith was prerailed
-n by Bt-n-rton an I 3Ir^. Barry, his old
a-'ociatt:,*, a.- well as by frienis :^f high rank,
and at tLe J : r-ect int-rr^^iin r -f Con^reve,
to return tc rL- stare. On the opening of
the theatre In Little Line-In*? Inn Field,*,
with Conr>- v^ "5 ^ Lore f ?r Love/ Smith took
tLe part of scandal. He was received with
muchen^hTi-ia^ai. In ItT:*] he played War-
ner IE a revival of "Sir Martin Marrall/ and
wa.? tie criminal Cyaxare= In Bank-"* " Cyrus
the Gr^at/ " On tile d^y -jf the fourth repre*
*^ntati"jn Le -vd^ tik-s III, azii died shortly
th Is btlltv^d "3 1 Lav^ La a
Ldt Otway ;-ay* in- Venice Pre-
served 'cf rhe fi^^re .jf Pierre 1= s^ppjsed to-
depict Smith, wio TT^= intended for tnia part.
Don Carlos, another : Smith's original parts,
U de-enbrd as a tall abls slave/ Barton Boc*th
"q.v." wrote a Latin epitaph on Smith, placed
under *his picture/ \Vnat portrait is re-
ferred to, however, cannot now be ascer*
tained. Booth's lines describe him as an
excellent player in the reign of Charles H r
the Mend of Betterton, and almost his equal ;
a man of no ignoble family nor destitute of
polite learning-, Smith's unbroken friend-
ship with Betterton reflects high credit upon
him ? as does indeed all that is known con-
cerning him. He is one of the most in-
teresting and distinguished Sgures of the
, .Restoration stage.
} [G-enact's Account of the English Stag*
(esp. ii. 978, with list of original puts) ;
; Doimes's Borons Anglicana? ; CurlFs History of
\ the English Stage, assigned to Betterton;
! Cibber's Apology, ed, Lowe ; Life of Barton
: Booth, by Theophilns Cibber; Chet wood's His-
tory of the Stage; Boras's Annals of the S:;ig&.
"
SMITH, WILLIAM f 1651 r-1735 1, an-
1 tiquary, born about 1*>51, was the son of
"^ illiam Smith of Easby, near Hiehmond in
Yorkshire, by his wife Anne, daughter of
i Francis Layton of Kawden, master of the
jewel-house" in the reign of Charles I. On
*?8 May 16*38 William matriculated irom
University College, Oxford, and graduated
B.A.. in 1&7:2 proctfeding M.A. on 18 March
'' 1674-0. La 1673 he was appoint^ rector
j of Goodmanham in Yorkshire, in 1675
| elected a fellow of University College, and
L
Smith
145
Smitn
in >"7- "rrrj !V-1 51 A. a* CarAr: 1^. In
:^.T. f;r three years in fc ba capacity of his
r-ai-.-?, In Jun-e 17-^> b w rxk deacon's
*';!, .:; I." H- li-'i .n Kt^iiiVr 17^.
aerj.^^.*' ~ 1 ! -. &ro_', aM^i*:* lie appears to
5r^/ L n^ v ; * i-rl: ? if: 1. * The Annals
** L*nlv -*i.*T C -l^jir," N-.-wcas* !e-i;p: n-
W 4* fe "* \- 'OT'-a "-" i*-4, T T~r 1*" JM -* HTA
aJo-lfc.*,! A^rrtuil* *'""* Ip"- L"! J>L*" 1 * <-t7. C*O.
Ii J 3,1* " XTT'"* *W-,'!1* T**.r ' ^.11 in-iH l"n"TlpT T*>"
rvSATcl:" - J.TO rh- ar-jLlTr^of :h^? university
tnl ~f h> oTa c"'!lr j*--, which are in pos&js-
feion of thfc S"<c.t*5 i' An* I'latriea-,
A cnnreasp.'mry WILLIAM SMITH \Jt*
17if6i, sunvir.jr to rh* B j-cal Africiin Coxn-
ay. proc^eil *o Afrlci'in 17i'ti to make
'*T* and draf** f the English forts and
r*!.** in *"Tu!r,tra. lii Ll> return lie
r*l !ht v r^nr,- of lu laUjiirs in a
^... *rntrJ^I 'Thirty iiiJVrtnt Draughts
nf Gu.n^ji/ London, f'l He al*o Itft an
weCiUnr cf his viai* in. a nifiaucripT, pub-
l]*h^i in 1744 -ini-r th* ritle of * A New
\ uyiijc : j i.Tiun^jau* in ^Lli'h hL nwn obser-
a*u-'n* ^*fcrp eke-I o:it with long extracts
Coa.-* r 'f G t ;r/ra.' TL^ imvorancy of tli
^ ^
|>arr of tb? u*.m^he aofoally written by
Smith :.* v^-ry ?1:/L* i Piss-ribuS, lv/^-
-j, ii.
[Gect. Mag. 1SS3, ii. 1^; Foter's ^bmni
OJEOJS, 1.>"J-17H: T:i rasly Ccrresy. ; Notes
an i Queries, fiih ser. ii 13" Nidbcl*s Ula^tra-
ticns of Literature. T. 4S3,] E. I, C.
SMITH, WILLIAM (ini-17S7>, trans-
lator from the Greek, was born on 30 May
1711 at "WoTOssttr, where his father,
Hieliard Smith, was reetor of All Saint*'
CimrelL He entered Worcester grammar
school { Queen Elizabeth's) in 172:?, and pro*
,^^^ ; n |7g to y ew College, Oxford. He
& B. /Vkrjt**TTkni*ai**!' /? TJ'rtVi^-.'wrf. T ^.,^.1.
.
He ffmduatdl B,A. in 1732, MTA. in 177,
tndB.D.uidD.B.inl75d. Soon after taking
his bachelor's degree, Smith had the grood for-
tEGt: of !>ecomiiig known to James Sianlev
earl of Derby, and he resided with ;
Hi: nrt|;ill:c%^ n, a tran^Lxtrn cf * L r ,n-
ziri :5 n tLe S^blin^," app^-are-i in 173?, and
^tahlisLel hL* rtpt-at::ii as a classical
?cL "lar. In 1743 h^ "was app".ii:t-i cliaplala
t L :I Ij-rty. tie succe??'-r "f his f.ncer
latrT., 2j;d in 174S headmi^trr of Brent-
w . :*d gramxar sch . L The Ii& ( :f a peda-
r- rue proved diftasteful, and .Smith re=igiied
at the cl'?a cf a year.
In 17o3 he became one cf the ministers
n$r. Ge-'.rze 1 ?, L:vtrp-'L and in the same
year T a^ published his translation of Thucy-
didtrs. In 170S, mainlr through the influence
of Lrrd Derby, he was presented to the
deanery of Cliester, with which lie htld other
preferments. He resigned St.Ger.rsre's^LiTer-
po* 1, in 1767, and Holy Trinity, Chester, in
17 sO, but he was rectcr of Handley from
1766 to 1767, and of West Kirby from 1780
to 1787. Smith died at Cib^ter on 12 Jan.
1757, and was buried in the south aisle of
the cathedral, where a monument was erected
to his memory by his widow, Elizabeth, of the
Heber family cff Essex. He left no children.
Smith spoke Latin fluently, and was an
excellent Greek and Hebrew scholar* He is
best known by his translations from the
Grk : 1. * Lpnginus on the Sublime, with
Notes and Life,' London, 1739, 8vo; the
test edition is the fourth, which appeared in
1757 ; subsequent editions, 1770, 1SOO, and
1819. This was based upon the Latin edi-
tion of Zachary Pearce "q. v.l, 1724 ; though
much praised at the time, and read by Ed-
xnund Burke among others, Smith's version
has been as completely superseded as those
nf his predecessors, L Hall (1662) and
Leonard Welste&d ^q. v.", which he censured,
the text of Longinus navlng undergone a
complete recension since his day. 2. His-
tory of the Peloponneaan War, from the
Greek of Thucydides, with Notes/ 2 vols.
17*5^ 4to ; 1781 ; 4th edit. 1805 ; and seve-
ml American editions. A mediocre effort,
in which the ruggedness and conciseness of
the original are lost (cf. Gent Mag. 1860, ii.
513 J. A rumour was formerly current that
Lord Chatham had contribute^, the i Funeral
Oration ' in Book ii., * but the hand of the
great orator is nowhere discernible* (JowsrTj
Tkveydvkt, Introd. p. viii). S. * Xenophon's
History of Greece, by the Translator of Thucy-
dides; 1770, 4tOj 1781, and 1812. Smith
aliso published * Xine Sermons on the Beati*
tudes ' (London, 17S2, 8vo , and his fi-iend,
Thomas Cranej issued after his death * The
Poetic Works of William Smith, DJ). J
Smith
147
Smith
-' of whicl* lu.il alr-a^y
'
a brief m-molr : "lie
a; jr-nxed to Li* translation
T^tfT"sA:^r;^:C'3::i:, 1715-2 53- Ors^roi'*
fS,v r e : eil: G^L*. 31.2. 17a,ii. 745:
Ckn:^>:s ^^Ter^r* li^grr. pp. 431-2:
War&s cf tie L-'irnad. May 1739; Calmer? s
B: jgr. Di?t. : AUIoone's Lwt. of Ecgllsh Lit. ;
Brit. 31ns. Cat" F. S.
SMITH, 1VILLIAM \ 1730 r-I Sl^ t,
actor, commonly known as * Gentle man *
^inltli, the son of William Smirh. a wL Re-
sale grocer and l^adeal^r in tlte ei* j r -f Lon-
don, "was born in London abutit 17#, ; . He
was educated at Eton und^r Dr. Somber, an I,
with a Tiew to entering the eLureh. wa* itd-
mitted on ^3 Oct. 1747, azeJ uVer =Ixte-n.
at St. John's C/il^ge, Cambrlige. Htre
Ms conduct was irregular, anl at tie close
of a drunken frolic it; -r;appfcd a^ tli-i pr
tor an unloaded pistol. Rtrf^/.iiz tc sub-
mit to the puniaLnitfnt Impcfet-j, he caait? to
London and put himself under tL* t'lirion
of Spranger Barn* [q_. vf, tnro::gh wh:m he
obtained "an engagement at Co rent Gurdrn.
There, as Theodbsiu? in Lee's 4 Tkeodnjias/
he made hh fir=t appearance, S Jan. 1753, to
the Varanes of Bamr and the Athenais of
Mrs. Cibber ; the p-eff -.nuance was repea^d
on the three foil ^wing days. On 13 teb. h^
WBS Polrdore in the"* Orphan,* and on the
21st the original Southampton In Junes's
* Earl of Essex/ After an uninterrupted
run of sixteen nights the piece last named
was withdrawn in favour of All for Love/
in which Smith was Dolabella. For his
on 7 April he played Abudah h^the
of Damascu*/ flis impersonations
had '"hitherto bet^n tragic. On ^ Oct. he
made, with Orlando in k As you like it,' his
first appearance in comedy, and on 26 NOT.
played Young Mirabel in "the " Inconstant.'
On* the first appearance on the stage of Mrs.
Gregory M Hermione in the i Diatrest Mother,'
10 Jan.'175-A, Smith spoke aprolojarue, and on
the^Othor -2nd was the original 3Iasidorus
in McXamara Morgan's * Philoclea/ He was,
23 Feb., the orginal Anrelian in Francis's
* Constantine,* and played during the season
Axalla in i Tamerlane/ Loveless in the
* Relapse,* Myrtle in the 4 Conscious Lovers,'
Carlos in * Love makes a Man/ and Valen-
tine in * Lore for Love/ At Covent Garden
Smith remained until the close of the season
of 1773*4. While there lie created the fol-
.
ppl';?/ Vj Mar^I: 17-V ; Gl^valv^n in
c'jfclas' r.n it? production in London,
3larch I7'7 i*Le part hii preyiou-Iy
n p lijc 1 IE Ei;i: VurzL by Lore - : Palador,
erw:^ r T,iIlerl :-. in Hawl-iin**!? al*eranon
rtrllri*?/' 15 Feb. 17-^5*: Belltield in
"ft * No one'i En^my but his own/
*17'4 : >Sir Charles Somerrille in the
JIL-t^k-; r.y Mrs. GrifHrhf, 9 Jan.
Bellf'ri la Murphy's fc School for
;ar^/ 10 Jan. 17rJ7 ; DJH Antonio in
-rxh-Vs," Hull's adaptation of the
nti*rr5 of Five Hours," 31 Jan.:
e? in k CyrW HooleV adaptation
:r ai M-*^tai;o,*5 Bee. 17G*; Lord Clair-
\'ille In th 1 - " 5iter/ by 31r^, Ltennox, 1 Jan,
I7'-'-*: Or-r^te- In LTU "Warw-i^k's adhpta-
ti-n r:ra Voltaire, 13 March : Bt-ln^ld
; iLi:T in C irnberland's h Brothers,* i Bee. :
"rmantfe in H->:>*s adaptation so named,
j* Feb. 1770: Atiia^anl in CraJock"rf
'Z-jfitriie/ II Iec* 1771; ]>,rl Seaton in
Mr-. Gr:r!:!l^s *WitV in the Right,'
G 3Iarcri 177-*; Athelm^li in Ma-on's
Elfrlia," i s l 5oT. ; Alrin:-r in Murphy"?
I ^e* so caaied. 23 Feb. 1773 ; King Henry
Li Huirs " H-inry II," 1 3Iay; and'Captain
Bootkby in K-irick's 'Daeniftt/ 20 Get,
Tearing tL^-e yeurs ht; kad ben seen hi a
kr^e variety of parts, among wkicli the fol-
lowing stand conspicuous : Hippolitus in
" Phaedra/ Juba in * Cato," Antony in *
Cjesar.* Henry V, Romeo, Comus, Hotspur T
Hastings, Oswyn in * Mourning Bride/ B&fi-
tard an"d Ed^arin*Lear/ ArcSer, Lott&rio.
Hamletj Youn^ Bt;vil G)riolanus f Lord Fop-
i pington. Sir Harry \Vildair, Demetrius m
i * Humorous Lieutenant/ Falconridge, Pierre,
I Copper Captain, Richard III t Bajtxet,
j Mirabel in * Way of the World/ Iago f
i Antony In *A11 for Loye/ Alexander the
: Great/ Castalio, lachimo. Lord Toimly,
: Macbeth, Volpone, and Bon Selmstian.
To Gamek Smith wrote a letter, dated
; ^4 Aufif. 1773, giving a list of fifty-two p^rta
I in which h*^ was rb&dy at short notice to ap-
I pear. This means, says Boadten, a rrcollec-
| tion of twenty-five thousand lines. The
, letter in question, forms one of a cQrre*pon-
; den.ce in which Smith, who had quarrelled
! with Colman, set*ks an eng-ag-ement, but
i wransrl^s whether the terms shall be twelve
i pounds or guineas per wek. Garrick is very
1 acrimonious, and Smith finally a little abject.
| Smith asked Garrick to destroy the corre-
, spondence, which however still exists. In
an address to the public at Covent Garden ?
10 March 1 774, as Macbeth, he spoke, accord-
ing to the manager's notebook, some vem*,
1 apparently of Ms own composition, announc-
Smith i-
ins hi Intent i*n tn play Macbeth an ! Richard
jF/m'Jiv, but to tl-v-'ti him?-!? to fix-hunt-
ing and cam try purv t :t* :
Then take the ?:r *r*It of ny ::ttle -;! i?.
Anl tAMu- *b- c:mf :!* tLit "CL^rm^t viells.
He al-o -i-tlarv.i 'ya^e erroneously i that
h- hi,d --rTti rhr p'lr.Ii'? thirty-five year?,
TV r^Lr-m-ir :h*? contemplated had a
dura*r'U ~f barely m'-re than six months.
3ui!*h*2 rst app^aris.c& at l&r;iry Lane
ws* !xn*I*: "tinier LT3.rr.c>i, i- ^&pt 1 *4, n*
Ri;htri III, !acL;in% Hamlet, Orestes in
s Elfifra/ Ha. ; tinz? in k Jane Shore,' Duke
In * M .-a.- ;r* f T Me&sir*/ Bajazet, and other
par? f'II"'W-<!, and h** was the original
Edwin, -arl cf Northumberland, in Dr.
Franklin"? * Manila,.* 1*1 Jan* 1775, and
Vv-ii^ri'i'X In J^ph-on"? * Bragranza," 17 Feb.
Hi* o % Ler n*w p&rt? at Drarv Lane consisted
of Ge^rjp Haryrart In Mrs. CowkrV Run-
way,' 15 F*b. 177*5 ; Arzac** in Ayscough'a
s Semiramis,' adapted frcm Voltaire, 13 Dec. :
Lorele^s in Sheridan",- 4 Trip to Scarborough., 1
24 F*b. 1777 : Charly? S-irface in the * Sclml
for Scandal." S 31 ay ; a part unnamed in
the * Roman 5-acritice* of William Shirley,
1^ X^c, : Pala^l^sT^ In J-pb^jn^s * Law of
jr,* ^ F^b. 177?*; Almaimon in
* Zorai'Ia," 1-3 B*?c ; Acamas in
4 Royal Suppliant / adapted fcy D-slap firom
Euripld^^. 17 Frb 17S1; Hamet in Pratt "3
* Fair CIrca*,ian/ ^7 NOT.; Morley In
* Variety," i^'.rn^d hesitatingly to Richard
Griffirh! 1C Feb. 17-if; Montaiu- in Hull's
* Fatal IntprnewV It; NJT,; >t. Valori in
Cumber l.md',r * Cancelite." - Dec, 17S4;
Cliff-- rd in Burj^yne"* *TIrires*,' 14 Jan.
17^J; and Errarjn in Belap's adaptation
from Earipides ; The Capt:Te/ 9 March.
Amone other parts in vhich he was first
wen mt Drury Lane are BOB Felix. Captain
Absolute, Ford, Alwin in the * Countese of
Salisbury,* and King Arthur,
He made his last professional appearance
on the stage as Charles Surface, 9 June
1788, after which he retirt-cL settling at Bury
St. Edmunds, He returned to the stage of
Drary Lane for one night, 18 May 1798,
playing Charles Surface for the beneiit of
Kiiur. He died, 13 Sept, 1819, in his house
at Bury Sfc, Edmunds. His fortune, de-
clared under 18,000/ M he left principally to
Ms widow, Ms wiH foein^ Droved on 14 >et.
1819, At Ms request his funeral was with-
out pomp, and no stone or other indication
is weted to show his place of sepulture.
He al&o directed that no biographical record
should be issued alter hb death. Smith
fed married, in May 1754, Elkabeth, widow
of IMlaad Gourtenay ; she was second daugh-
^s Smith
ter of Edward Richard Montazn, viscount
Hinchinbr jk*;, and was thus a >"^r of John
M-:ntaju, the notorious fourth earl of Sand-
wich "q. T,] Great outcry being raised con-
cern: iij the disgrace to the family, Smith.
cfiferef to retire from the stage if an annuity
eq^al to the income he mride fcy his profes-
sion were given him. This proposal was
declined, and the lady died on 11 Dec. 176i'.
He subsequently married another widow, of
humbler station, but possessed of consider-
able property, who survived him and forgave
him a solitary but too notorious escapade,,
when in the spring- of 1774 he went to Paris
in company witli Mrs. Hartley, his Ladv
Macbeth.
Smith's youthful reputation as a buek/
the circumstances of his early life, and his
marriage to the sister of a peer, conspired to
secure him the appellation of ; Gentleman/
He deserved the name, however, for other
reasons. He was by no means deficient in
tact, and his rancour against the critics had
less of absurdity in it than is common with
the generality of actors. His manners were
polished ; his voice, though monotonous, was
distinct, smooth, and powerful ; his person
was pleasing and his countenance 4 engag-
ing ; ' he was always easy and never deficient
in spirit. In tragedy he did not stand fore-
most, though his Richard HI was held a
fine performance, and his Hamlet, Hotspur,
Lothario, Edgar, and Henry V won recog-
nition. In characters less essentially heroic
he was esteemed. His Kitely was held better
than Ganidk's. and his Leon, Oakly, Ford,
Clllford, Falconbridge, and lachimo were
warmly commended. His chief success was
in gay comedy. His original performance of
Charles Surface is held never to have been
equalled, and in Plume, Archer, and other
characters he had few successful rivals.
Churchill, in the * Rosciad,' speaks of
Smith, the genteel, the airy, and the smart.
Daring his long connection with the stage
Smith only twice acted out of London dur-
ing the summer season. There seems some-
thing like affectation in Ms boast that he had
never played in an afterpiece and never
worn a beard or gone down a trap ; but he
is said to have had a clause in his engage-
ments that he should not be called on to act
on a Monday in the hunting season. Horse-
raeing and hunt ing were his delight : he some-
times hunted in the morning", and took relays
! of horses so as to act at night, riding once^t
is said, eighteen miles in an hour. When
he came from his retirement to plav Charles
Surface for King's benefit, thougk nearly
i seventy years old and portly in figure, he
Smith
149
Smith
re int.
In rL? M'ltLtTTi c:I^ct:c
*,und Ian ll r ,rl- of & jrr<
Sa^tL. a* CLirlrS S.irf.ce in **.L~ rre*n
sc-rn-,' TrltL Kirr as *> P-ter, Pdla^r i=
J-t-f h i .rue:, -"ni Mrs. Al^rt^ as JUIr
Teiii^. Print- :f tie ?a:ne characters wrr-v
pu^Ii^hed by J:!L Harrz? in 1*7 S. 'snl Say-r
in ITS?, A portrait cf Sirztl a- Lic-Lis;:, hy
William LHwrancn Las alsofcetn ^r^ra^i,
A permit ly II pjn-rr 17*? ? was pr-^nt-i
t : the r.itkn ? y ^ereant Ta.Idy in i^J7,&nd
TTei* fr'sri'i^rr'^ .1 ii"*. m iJife */*S,IIGIISI 4,0 ..1^
National P:rtrait Gallery in 15&3 ! Csf. 1S9^',
p. S9_. J:Ln Jaekssn'drr-S-l^Sl.* "q.v.",
at the initanee of Sir Gecrge Btaim^iir.
went down to Bury In 1S11 to paint a por-
trai* of Smith,, then over *ri^iity years oi
ag'e; this was engraved by William A, E.
Ward ~q. v.~ s and p;iMIilied in 1619.
[Gencst's Aceotintof the English Stage ; Mana-
ger's Note-Book; Thespian Bietionarj; Giili-
land's Dramatic Mirror; Theatrical Inquisitor,
1S19; Clark Kns^ll's Bepresentative Actors;
Boaden's Life of Mp, Jortian, i. 122 ; O'Keeife's
Becollecriona ; Smith's Cat.; Garrick Corre-
spondeace ; Dari^s's Life of Garriek ; Button
CooVs Hours with the Players ; Gt*orgitn Era ;
Wilpolc Letters, ed. Cimnlngham ; Bosweli's
Joboon ed Hill ; Taylor's Records of mj Life ;
note from K. F. Scott, eeq., cf St. John's, Cam-
bridge.] J. K.
SMETH, WILLIAM (I756-183S), poH-
tician, only son of Samuel Smith, of Clap-
ham Common, a merchant of London, and
Ms wife, M&rtna Adams, was born on 22 Sept.
1756, His family belonged to the Isle of
Wight, and had owned a small estate there
since the reign of James L He was edu-
cated at the college of Darentiy, and earl?
acquired a taste for literature and art, widen
was exhibited in after life in his fine library
and collection of pictures. On 2 April in
the general election of 1784 he was elected
H.P~, for Sudbury in Suffolk, and sat till the
dissolution la June 1790. He was not re-
elected, but obtained a saat for Camelford,
Cornwall, on 8 Jan. 1701, on the vacancy
caused by the death of Sir Samuel Hannay,
and sat till 1796. In the next parliament
he was elected on 25 May 1796 for Sudbory,
but after the dissolution on 29 June 1&02 he
was elected on o July 1802 for Norwich.
He did not obtain a seat in the next parlia-
ment, which sat from 15 Dec. 1806 to
9 April 1S07, but on 4 May 1807 he was
jBg;ain elected for Norwich, and re-elected in
the four successive parliaments of 1812, 1818,
1#2Q, and 1^26 ? retiring 1 from parliamentary
life at the dissolution of 24 July 1830, He
t part ; tit- dty
tL^ -It:C*ara*
The iir,*t isLj-
t'X-k jart JK
tiiat or. 31r.
r^jeal cf :h
lie sjttke at
*TCt in ir^t*
Lord Xort:i
*1> ,-ame s:;l
last in a grea
; I j*i i-f tLtiir pr p^rty aftt-r
n of American ind-j^ndence.
rt'^nt deLat* in which truth
rj. HL^t'jry, v;I. xxv. ^*4 wa*
feanfov^ mc^uE in 17?7 for a
Teit and Corporation Acts,
r^a* i-n^h on the same sub-
wlen L^ w&s answered, by
in 17t*0 on Fox's motion on
rot : on 1 MarcL 1791 L* spoke
delate in wLicL Borif , Jtox,
and Pitt spok* ^namo*iLnfor leave to bri&g
in a bill for the relief cf catholic diaSentr,
ani twice en the same till in April 1791. la
1 792 he attacked Burke on Fox's motion for
the repeal of certain penal statutes respect-
ir*j religious opinions, ani a^raiu attacked
him on the address of tLanks zn 13 Dec.
1792, Lat oftea afterwards quoted Lim and
spoke of him with re^-pecr. lie took part in
almost every discussion on religious dis-
abilities till the repeal of the Test and Cor-
poration Acts in le^S, when he was vice-
chairman at the banquet on 8 May 1858
held to celebrate the repeal, under the presi-
dency of the Duke of Sussex. In a speech,
made in 1790 in defence of Dr. Priestley, he
stated that he was himself a Unitarian dis-
senter, and in 1792, in another dehate on
religious disabilities, *th&t as long as his
name was William he would stand np for
his principles.* His position as chairman of
the deputies of the three denominations and
as the chief adrocate of their interests in
parliament, and the frequent length of his
speeches, were satirised in a political poem
of the time :
i At length, when the candles barn few in their
i sockets,
Up gets William Smith with both hands in Ins
; pockets,
On a course of morality fearlessly enters,
With all the opinions of all the Dissenters.
On 2C> May 1786 he supported the motion of
Sir William Dolben on the African alave
bill, and in 1789 spoke in favour of William
Wilberforce's resolution oa the slave trade.
In 1791 he spoke at great length in the same
caus-e, giving much varied information on.
slavery, and the speech seems to have pro-
duced some effect on Pitt, He frequently
used classical quotations, and on this oc~
j casion quoted MacroHus, perhaps tfee only
instance in whieh t&at author has bees
Smith i
in the HCHW of Commoni. ^Ile
i to support Wilberforce'a motions
till the abolition of slrrer? in the British
colottiei. He snpportsd Mr. Grey's motion
of ffcrIkm*atJurY reform ia 1795, and again
ia May 17i>7, then stating that ha ^hid at-
tended erery mating on the subject for
twwity-two "years, and rored for aimil&r
resolutions to the end of his parliamen-
tary career. In the debater on Fox's ra-
lstk>n af&inst war with France, on 18 Feb.
1793, and IE all dtbatta connected with the
fwolutioji in France, he spoke and voted
with the new whip, and he waj elected a
aaaaber of the Whig Club, from which Burke
and Windluun had retired, on 12 Jan. 1796.
He had been mentioned as a proper y&wm
to r^esit the eif y of Loedoii, and juitified
tiiis opinion br attention to fij^aca and
oiiMr aoaeraal quest icms, CM 3 Feb.
1797 he m&di a r^M on a propoMd loan,
ftd osi 32 Fb n after a TTT long wpweh,
forty resolutiona in iavo-ir of opn
t lor pveramfcnt loams. His t:rst
wta p^ aad rawirad twenty-
i ia the aJSrmitive, and 171 n^*-B.
Om 10 May 1O5 he opposed th com re^iz-
lation UU t sjia ic 180S diaam^d the _
larm feiH Ht mf|K>rted m 1802 Mr, Defmt's
Ml to pfi@Tet biiU-bftitinir with a quota-
tion && CH'id, bst agrd with Windham
oa W Jam, 1806 ia o^pwing the mrofwsad
jtoeral ksiKmrs to Pitt. H voUa for the
t3Ewp^ehm*?nt of Lord Melyille, and $|MAe
in l^iromr of tlM dinmiisal of tha Ihw d*
fork from the command of the anaay. In
1817 h sprt^sed tome indignation at the
tee between the views of Bdbeit
f , aa lauztNite and writer in the *Qimr-
r,' and as author of * Wat Tyler,*
*a ftrfy effort which had just been printed
viibofit Somthey^ permission. Soathey re-
torled ia * A Letter to William Smith, Esq.,
MJV Smith was made a commissioner
vf h%kland roads and bridg-es, and in
tkat capacity trarelled through tha high-
Ipdb ia tint first years of this eeatury, aad
was hoepiUbiT ent^rtAin^d by the chiefs at
Castle Grtnt , Dun ve,&ran ; and alaewherB. It
a&kd to his p^poknty that his faiher had
boos lpw fca Flflfti MttioSo^ald fc[. T. J wbea
^fee WMI is tfe Tower, wodinjr i^p t@ft aad
so Smith
begins his reeoliecticms with an account of
a dinner at William Smith> on 19 March.
; 1796, where the com^tnT consisted of Ch^rk^
! Jamtsi Fox, Dr. P&n% ^iemey John Cour-
: ten*?, Sir Francia Baring, Dr. Aikin, Sir
I James Mackintosh, and Sir Philip Francis.
; Bogers presented Mrs. Smith in 1792 with a
handsome copy of the 4 Pleasures of Memory/
E^ Heyaolds sometimes dinwi at his lions.
He wast^Beco^piirck^r of the picture
of Mrs, Si^attaw the Tragic Muse, now in
the coliectwn of thfc Ihike of Weetmic^ter,
aj^ he poia^s^ two fine Rembr&r^t3. He
. field, Sir James Mackintosh, Thomas Clark-
' son, and ZacEary Macaulay were fireqnent
! ria terns at his bouBe ; Wilfoerforce was hp
j friend and associate througbout life, and his.
I portrait is drawn b? the skilful hand of Sir
' James Stephen in his famous essay on the
; Cltpham sect. He lived in Alderman-
! bury when he began public life* and after-
' wards at Clapliam Common. During the
parliament of 1812 he bought a house and
estate at Parndon in Es^^x, while his town
house was for many years before and after
i that time in Park Street, Westminster. He-
| died on 81 Ma? 1835 at the house of his-
' eldctft fen, Benjamin, 5 Blandford Square r
1 a district demolished in 1697 for the Great
1 Central railway. Sir James Stephen says :
What he had nearly completed fourscore
, ha could still gratefully acknow-
that he had no remembrance of any
ily pain or illnese, and that of the Tery
erows family of whieh he was the head,
every tsember still liTed to support and to-
g iaddaa hk old age ; and yet, if hs had gone
amirning all his days, he couM scarcely
hare acquired a more taider pity for the
miserable, or have laboured more haMtn&Uy
for their relief.' H marrM, on IS Jan. 1781 r
Frances Co&pe, and had fire eons and five-
daughters, of whom the youngest died at
iixty-nme, two lived to more than seraaty-
fire, six. to mow than eighty, and one to-
more than niroty.
Hi$ portrait and that of his wife by Opie
are at Scaknd?, Sussejc. and there ia a fiill-
togth portrait, pftint^i by H Thompson^
B.A., for hk cos^itnents, in St. AdrW
Rail, Xorwicli ; both hare been engraTed.
Rig f&mily also p-:8es a painting repre-
eenting him as a boy talking to his iktber.
BKSJAJOIT Smrm (178S-1800X fa ^^sfe
son, was bom on 28 April 1783, married
Anne Lon^n, and dieJ m 1@ April 1860.
Ha crmtesttd Norwich at ihe election of July
18-37, when Sir William Scarlett and Lord
BcHiro were saccesoful. Scarlett's election
was declared void, and he became member
on 14 May 1S3& At the next election, on
38 June 1841, Sfflith wasr^tmr^d with Ijcyd
Douro, and continued to sit until the dis-
solution in 1847. He was am active gup-
porter of the liberal party and of the repeal
Smith
15*
Smith
of the corn laws. He was & patron of
William Hunt, the watereolour-painter, He
wa painted placing chess with Ms son
"William L^ign Smith, at whose house of
Crowham, Sussex the picture is preferred,
[Short Memoir, priratelj printed,
I $35 ; Parliamentary History and Hansard's
Debate; Wilberforce's Life of Willrnm Wilber-
foree, 1838 ; Eecollections by Samuel Kogers,
2nd ed. 1859; Sir Jamas Stephens Eways in
Eeeli&stical Biography ; Burden's 8onthy f
18T9; Whig Club Bulers List, London, I7$i;
family papers ami information.] N. M.
SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839), geolo-
gist and erril engineer, was bom on 28 March
1769 at Churchill, Oxfordshire. His father,
John Smithj who had some local repute as
a mechanician, was descended from & race of
small fanners owning their land ; his mother
was Anne Smith of Longeomptoa, Glouces-
tershire. William was the eldest child, two
other boys and a sister completing the family.
In 1777 his father died; his mother married
aijain and surrived till 1 807. William received
his education at the Tillage school. He was
eren then a collector of fossils, given to quiet
solitary rambles, but of studious habits, and
was occasionally helped in getting books by
an uncle, also named William. With these
he taught himself some geometry, and such
elementary knowledge as was required for
BUTT eying. He was thus fitted to become
assistant, at the age of eighteen, to Edward
Webb of Stow-on-the-Wold* in whose k>Q8e
lie lived. Webb was a snrreyoir in good
business, self-Uught, but ingenious as a
mechanician and stimulating as a teacher.
Under this master Smith in flie course of his
employment gained a good knowledge of
the ao&s and underlying rocks in O:dfocdsMre
and tlie adjoining counties, till in 1793 he
was entrusted with the surrey of a canal
through the Somerset coal-Sell Tfeara
he produced so favourable an impression
on his employers that in 1794 he accom-
panied two of them on a journey undertaken
to inquire into the eonstruetkai and work-
ing of canals. This gave lim an invalu-
able opportunity for fie had already begim
those investigations into stratigraphy which
ultimately broug-at Mm fame and porerty.
The party went &s far north as Newcastle-
on-Tyne, going and retarniBg by differeat
routes. Thus Smith not only ertended
M* knowledge of the geology of England,
but also was able to verify bis ideas m to
tfee succession of th.e ^rata. AHer Me r^-
turn ^wfte^tiniio^ly ^ployed till 1799
oe the works of the Somerset Ooal Canal;
but as early as 1796 be had sJtetciied in out-
line a general work on the stratification of
Britain. Thia, on the conclusion of his en-
1 gagement, assumed a more definite form, *o
that he announced his intention of publish*
; ing, for he was convinced that lie had found
, the key to stratigraphy TII. the ideBtifiea-
tioo o? strata by their fossil contents. He
, lived for a tins at High Littleton* "but in
; 179> he renioTed to Btth, near to which ia
1798 he bought a small property. Hia g**o-
lexical in veitigntions were greatly encoura^* d
by the Rev. Benjamin Richard^nof Farleigk,
near Bath, and the Kev. Jc^*ph Townsend
[q. T.] of Pewsey: and in 1799 the fcMrmtr,
m the house of the latter, wrote at Smith's
dictation a list of the strata in order of suc-
cession, from the chalk downwards to titt
( coal measures. This document now "belongs
| to the Geological Society of London, to whom
' it was presented in 1831.
Meanwhile Smith foeemzne more widely
known as an engineer. His magf ery of sen-
. tific principles, hia success in dealing with
j difficulties in drainage and &11 other qiies-
| tions connected with water, led to his King
( summoned to distant localities, and enabled
Mm to increase Ms scale of charges. Bat
I whatever might be earned was swallowed
j up by the expenses of the map of the strata
\ in England and Wales, on whih ha was now
definitely n|apd. In 1801 lie ised a pro-
spectus of a work on the natural order of
j tie rarioiia strata la Ea^ksd md "Wa^s,
but failed to carry oat the project- He wm
con&ulted by Francis Kussell, fifth diike of
Bedford [q, T .], but was almost imm.ediai^ly
deprived % pTejnatnre death of one wk>
would hare Wm a moet helpful patrpai.
Hip name, however, wat rapidly becoming
known in scientific circles. The next duie
was & feid; Arthur Yona^ [f, T.], msse-
tajry to the hoard of agriculture, eoosulted
him; William Oawsiiav [q. T.t 'tifee iroa
king/ and % Joseph Baiw fq- T. J gare
golsetAiitial help towanlfi the
Mi map, but ostward
to impede the &eeomplisiimenfe of his de-
8t01 T in 1806 hs overcame Ms n?lue-
to auth^rsKip, and p^bikhed ' Obe^r-
s on the Utility, Form, and Manage-
ment f Watof Mei^bws/ HtrwiA, 8vo;
and he received during tbe preyi ous jear &
medal from the Society of Arts to Kts BUC-
ceee in draining' Pri&ley Bog. By tMa time
lie had almost & moa&oly of work for
engaged IB travelling, sometiroes
tm tlKMisand miliss in & year, aod
before te days of railways. Araoag-
important eaginefiag works, he waa
Smith
152
Smith
the nftroUaad of Ewt Norfolk, from Haj-
m^mf$ to Yarmouth, and in improving iti?
antiiafe. Thi* oocupit-d him at intervals
from 1 KJO to 1 "09. In 1 * 1 u hi* ^nic^s wre
reqahwd in Bath, th* prosperity of which was
fihrt*t*nl by a fail are of its hot spring's,
Tli^ir waT*fr**fcad found a new channel ; this
Smith dvtKt^J and stop|**J, *o that they
Bowed tar, rt* L'uj'buslT than before. At the
6*ni# tijn<? hy su^ef-ssMly checked an influx
of water into a coal-pit at Bath?a*ton, to
which some prr%n had attributed the
failure at the springs; and in 1811-12 he
was employed in stepping some serious leak-
ages in the Somerset Coal Canal.
Meanwhile he had removed his geological
collection* to London, placing them in *
bmm in Buckingham Street, btrand, which
he Imd rented from 1806, and was endeavour-
ing to complete his gwlogical map. Among
other difEcultiea uuader which he laboured
must be reckoned the want of a topographi-
cal E3p suitable for geological colouring-.
Thja was OTercosne by tike eate.rprise of Wil-
luus 0*iy fa. Y.J. who in 181$ had nuder-
takea to piiblkh Smith's niAp, sod hid&new
t*3ff*afmi one (4 fe^t high bv 6^ wide)
Bf&md for the ptcrpoee. At last the work
wa* eoKgleted, was submitted to the Society
of Arts, reeeiYad from them a premium of
* and wa# piMisJW on 1 Aug. 1815.
* From that hour the fame of its author as a
great original discoverer ic Eiigiish g&okjgy
WM SaeWWl ' (1. FBIUUtn).
Tha irst marked public tribate to Smltlfa
$rrici^ to cieBee waa In 1818 froia Dr.
William Henry Fit ion r cj. v.J in an artkk
tm tlie fwgrem of EBglish polc^y (JSstes^,
Jfer. xxix, p. SJO). Mmmwhile lie was bumly
aagmged in Suffolk md Norfolk om drmisafe
fetation, in Yorkshire pl&naing canals, and
in the Forest of Beau aa a surveyor of the
o*Mtoid. But in 1816 he Waa to i^ne a
work entitled * Strata idmtiBad by Organised
Fonil%' whidi, toweTer, gtw^d al the ^mr&
r ; and next year fee p^Mislied * A Stntti-
fnfkml S^^M c^Orgaaii^d Fossils,' eom-
|UI from his own collection, which bad
beea perehaaed for the British Museum early
r. A gf^opeal m& m
published m 1819 T and
of at 'New Geological Atk* of
^ Wai^' &c., ws begun the
year (bt part.6 a^ira the last m
with hi* suaall estate near Bath. Pe-
cuniary difficulties at last became so prewing
that in the autumn of 1819 he was obliged
to giTe up his hou&e in London, to sell ms
books and everything he possessed; even his
papers, drawings, and maps would have
gone had they not been secured by the kind-
ness of a friend. At the time he was en-
sragtd in Yorkshire : but the blow, though
ensured with apparent fortitude, was a sore
one, and after that he came but seldom to
London. To add to his anxieties, his wife's
health failed, and in the next year her mind
i became deranged.
| For some yearg after this Smith had no
; regiilar home, but moved about as his pro-
fessional engagements or his geological in-
vestigations dictated, chiefly in the north of
England, haying for & time as companion his
} nephew, John Phillips (1800-1874) [q. *,]
I He lingered long at KirkbyLon&dale. Hence-
forth geology , not withstanding straitened cir-
cuiaitaBees, evidently more and more en-
|roa$ed his thoughts. In 1854 he made, at
York, Ms irst attempt as a lecturer, and was
encouraged by the results to appear mtheli&e
capacity ia Hall, Sheffield, and Scarborough,
After this he fixed his residence at Sear-
^ where he designed the museum, im-
the water supply, and worked at geo-
B&t OT63>exerti0n in examining a
it displayed on the north side of the Castle
Hill brought on muscular paralysis in his
leg*. This eo&fraed him to his bed during
tlie imrly part of 1835, but at gradually passed
away in tlbe emirse of the year.
At kit, m 1828 lie settled down at Hack-
a88 as lamd Reward to Sir John V. B.
JoiosMow. Tb kttar used every friendly
ewl^Ttmr to stimulate Smith to OTMisa
| more of feis Tasfc stores of geological infor-
siatkm; tmt f tkm^ii so redy to impart know-
!<%e lo riacK^ by word of mouth, h had
am mvmmm to psrW-slieets. * Mr. Siaitli
meditated and wro^a, lit did iiot arrange his
ppB: aud, excepting a beautiful gwlogical
af dlfe Hackneys e^ate, executed in great
i detail and with eitreme exactitude, nothing
of importance c&me from his hands to iha
Wk' (J. PjEaaf% Mmwirg, f. 11S>
Bat Smith's poeitk.n m the ^fatber of
1
Ba* wfeia Ms fame was spreading and his
proJessioR*! prospects were still good, ill-
to.raew&a&^trttlmfid. He kid sfcerileed
ill M wrabp, w 'km fitde jp^iy, ia
ft d? fei map, a^\ad ia<rdhrd
specaktion COB-
IB February Ipi the ammsSL of the
cal Sociery voted him tlte Woll^ston medAL
asd Profaffior Acbm 8%w^ [, T.J lie
president, look the apportunity of this, the
int award, to @xpal*ate mym Sm$&* sea?~
Tk@s k> tibe sc^ica Tbe medal itaeif had
not then been made, so it was actually pre-
smted to Mm at Oxford during tbe seooiid
ineetii^ of th British Associatiae, when he
Smith i
alo received the welcome news that the
gOTernment. at the instance of the represen-
tatives of British science, had granted him
& pension of 1QOL a year. When the asso-
ciation visited Dublin in 1835 he receired
the honorary degree of LL.D. from Trinity
College. 7
He resigned his post with Sir J. V. B.
Jphnstone in 1834 ? but continued to act as
his scientific adviser, and in 18S8 was em-
ployed bv the government as one of a email
commission to select the stone for the new
houses of parliament. When the report was
signed he had nearly completed his seventieth
year, but an increasing deafness was almost
the only indication of old age. In August
1839 he was specially invited to attend the J
meeting of the British Association at Bir- !
mingham. On his way thither he stayed |
with some friends at Northampton. A cold
of which he had made light assumed a serious
form ; he sank rapidly, and died on the 28th
of the month. His grave is at the west end
of St. Peter's Church, on the walls of which
& memorial tablet and bust have been placed.
A strongly made man of good stature,
Smith enjoyed on the whole good health,
though in mid life he suffered from ague,
contracted during his work in the marsh-
lands, and from about his fiftieth to Ms six-
tieth year was troubled with gravel ; this,
however, was cured *by temperance and
camomile tea.* His equanimity, patience,
industry, and memory were alike remarkable;
so also was his ingenuity in all mechanical
devices for overcoming' professional difficul-
ties. His geological knowledge was freely
imparted, so that, notwithstanding his re-
luctance to publish, his labours bore fruit
in the hands of other workers, and his posi-
tion as the real founder of str&tigra^ical ,
geology has neYer been questioned. 5
According to his own stmtenent (Jlf- -
m&fr% p. 125), three portraits of Smith were ^
painted; the best, completed at a single sit-
ting, byM,Fourau, was presented by his grand- jj
nepSbew, W. Smith of Cheltenham, to tte
Geological Society, wldeit also possesses &
cast of the bust in St. Peters dnroli,
Horthamftom. Otter portraits aie by Solo- j,
mm Wifiiaios and John Jackson (1778-
3 Smith
SMITH; WILLIAM aaoe-idrej, *
seller, son of a Locdon print-teller, WM b*>ni
on 11 July 1806 in Lisle Street, Leicester
Square. He proceeded to Cambridge Uni-
versity, but oa the death of his father in
1&35 he and his brother George succeeded to
the business, and he was obliged to abandon
his studies there. In 1836 he purchased
the collection of engravings formea by John
Sheepshanks [q. T, ] The Putch and riemieli
portions, which were considered to be the
most perfect in Europe, he sold to the British
Museum for 5,0002, , although he reeeiYed
larger oSers from Holland. This was the
first of & series of large transactions in which
Smith rendered eminent services to the pint-
room. Among the collections which readied
the Museum through his exert ions were those
of * Mr. Harding of Finchley ' (a rery fine
all-round collection) in 1841, of Coning ham
(engraTings by early German and Italian
artiste) in 1&44 and 1645, selections from
the Aylesford and Woodburn collect ions in
1847, and some etchings of the utmost rarity
by Eembrandt, procured at Baron Terstolk's
sale at Amsterdam in 1847.
In 1848 Smith and his brother retired from
business. From that time his kbours * were
wholly honorary and patriotic,* He took &
prominent part in establishing the National
Portrait Gallery, being appointed an or%mal
trustee, and chosen deputy chairman in 1858.
He was also actively ^jgaged IB the manage-
ment of the Art Union of London. At one
time he interested himself in acquiring
historical series of watercdour drawings %
British ftrtist T but, learning tlmt the m*aar
gars of South Kensington Museum were
in his lifetime, to select wktt tiy pleased,
and ptwented the mm$&ef t the National
Gallery of Ireland,
Hewaa elected a fbHov of tlie Society of
Antiauariee in 1852.
Smltb died cm 6 Sept. 1876, ani wm
buried at Kensiil Green ceiaeterr. His cal-
iections, wMdb iaduded many rare cata-
logaes of g&lleries asd exliibitioBs, with
copious manuscript &&&&&* 1m bequeathed to
the libriry of m& South K^isWtoa Mn-
16 Sept, 1876; Attecaram, 1875, ii
[hsikie*8 lafo of E-LMffidikeii; Ufa mA I * 5 ^ * toaiei, Sih r, m. %$ ; "
Letters of Sedgvick (Ciark iiid Brakes); Obi- '
t^ry Notice, PitiC. 0ei Soc. ii. K8 ; turn. 3
Gooi. See. i 325 ; a>log._ Mag. T*V ser, 18&2, ;
4; drnztarij Bcv, advii iMi; Bttl 'j
anacT, 114, zbL S4% Mil, 113-19 ; Mcim 1 "we^
of WiB iam Smkii, LLJJ, by Jaim Phi!! ipe, _ -mm*
j6*
8km WnjJAM
? bora is 1813, was the eldast
Pb ilip [<j. T.]
eaat
the
Smith
154
Smith
law %i a profusion, and WM articled to Mr.
I'torker, a. well-kaown solicitor. While thus
*#pI0ired* lie arqu.rwl by hi own exertions
so thorough a knowlwl & of the cliasica that,
eotmn^ UniTt-rntt Colin?*, & gained the
Irst pru^ in th Greek and Latin clawes.
II*? wai mtt'rtrd at Gray's Inn on 3 May
1S!X), but, iso n abaniorunsr the pursuit of
law, WAinfc a master at University College
xjlxool un.lt-r IV-maa Hewitt Key [q. T/,
aad It wa* from Key that fee learntd many
principle which lie afterwards used in his
cUatical grammars and exercise- books. He
early engvged in writing on scholarly topics,
and in frl&inz Latin and Greek classics.
He contributed article* to the * Penny Cyclo-
pedia/ and edited the 'Apology 1 and other
workf of Plato, and a selection from Tacitus,
But it was w a collector of classical informa-
tion ivt a ksJeo^rafAIeal form that Smith first
made a recitation. In 184:2 there appeared
the * Dictionary of Greek and Roman Anti-
,' wMeli wat in ccnsidermbk part
fey yel For pwank of half a
tift work held its own as the test of
its kind wMdi English ^bolarship had pro*
daced ; and, a law moaths before Ms totfe,
Sttfeii kftd the satisfaction of publishing a
naw editkm^ whkh estends to double the
ftiee of tbe original book and is BOW accepted
br all scliokp m a wc^rk of aatbonty on
A@8al>jM^s witk whicli It deak. The * Die-
t ioniry of G reek and lioman Biography T was
in 1849, and that of * Greek and Ro-
man Gef>graphy ' In 1857. IB the compila-
tion of tiiese valuable works he associated
witb Mmaelf the ebief aefeolars of tli <iay.
Tb ptiblicat; ioa of hia * smaller ' achool dio-
tiooahea of Latin and ckfi^ieal $abjectB began
ill 18t50. Im 1853, in conjunction with tlie
r, John Murray (1^B-189*J) [q.
d Ms * Frinci|a ' seii@ the met
of whkh orieimated fey Himielf, has been
wkbly adopted by t&e lemdiiag fessadiers
. A senssof^St^feat'sMammla
aad Litratare f i>110wed. Ha
himself wrote tie * Student's Greece ? (IBM).
* pmtwl work in whicli fee engafec!
tke *MM I^ti&iiary* (180CW1), a nfe-
that lad km alreedj trt*t^d lexko-
John Kittofq.T.1; but Smith
a ff hicrhsr stJiitdard of fecbolftr-
emb^ced a wider ran ffe of topics.
He also edited witiix^rchdeacoa Cbeetham a
* Dictionary of Christian Antimmies ' (1S75-
with Dr. Wace a ' Dictknuur of
(@ wlisA Sfc awrp Gboro was Hi jAt
editor) wa3fiGki^ "W IB^a He placed
ftfiek^orateJyaaaotJit^^nDn of Gibbon,
iadtiding the note* of Milmaa and Orn^ k
*fig-ht volumes IB 1&54-5. In 1^67 he became
e^iitor of the * Quarterly Review/ and re-
tained the post until Ms'death. Under his
direction the reputation of the * Review *
wan fully maintained.
Smith was a member of the commission.
on copyright ( 1375), and in 1657 was elected
a member of th* general committee, and on
11 March 1361* registrar of the Royal Lite-
rary Fund. From 1653 to 1869 he w&#
ek^ieal examiner in London University,
and was member of the senate from 1869.
In 1&70 he received the honorary degree of
D.CJL st Oxford, and in 1890 at Dublin.
He was also honorary LL.D. of Glasgow,
and honorary Ph.D. of Leipzig, and was for
many years a member of* The Club/ In 1892
he reluctantly accepted the honour of knight-
hood. He died in London on 7 Oct. 1893.
He married in 1834 Mary, daughter of James
Crump of Birmingham.
Smith's remarkable success as an editor of
wotka of the most varied kind bears testi-
mony to Ms quick discernment of the public
need; to Ms ability In the choice of his
assistants ; to Ms skill as an organiser : and,
aboTe all, to the taet, judgment, and courtesy
which enabled him to work with men of all
ctegrees awl of varied character in a spirit of
perfect harmony and friendliness. His name
will always be associated with a reviyal of
ebssieal teaching in this country.
[Tunas, 10 Oefc. 1893; Athaaiemm, October
3, j> 434; Annual Begister, 1893, pt ii. p.
; Foster's Alumni 0xm. 1715-1886; pri-
vate iafanaaaf km,] E. C, 1C.
SIIITH, WELMAM,LL,B. (1816-1896),
actuary and translator of Fichte, was born in
UTwpooloC Spottkh mrents on ^)Dc. 1816.
His father dying whu b was aa infant, he
was bromgiit up at Edinburgh in the house of
his maternal grandlktaer, Kobert Cnmming,
wb t tlg!i a descendant of John Brown,
(1627M&8&X tha martyr of the covenan^
was akaaelf a d^eiple f James Piirres [q. vj
Ap^renttct^l to & bookseller in his thirteenth
yar, aH^r aemBf mvm years fee was fe"
another seven ye&rs engaged as clerk in a,
newsj^per oiii^e. IB lm& lie entered the
insitrance business m bead derk to th&
Briiish Guarantee Aseoei&tioEu In 180 he
became manager of the English and Scottish
Law Life Assurance Assoeijtt jon ? a post
which he held with the highest distinction
lor larty~lYe years, retmoF in 1808, wlbea
fes beeaia a &eetr. H neeanM a Mbw
of OM Ititnt@ of Aetmms of Oimt Britaia
and Ireland in 1840, and of Scotland lit
1866. In 1869 fee served on tlie eomiaitt^
for calleeuoa of the mortality eiperieaces of
Smith 15
British life offices. From 1879 to 1881 he !
was chairman of the Association of Scottish
Managers, and as such drafted the Married |
Women's Policies of Assurance (Scotland) !
Act, 1880.
Smith made his mark in letters and
philosophy as the translator (1845-9) and
biographer (1&4) of Johann Gottlieb Fichte
jlTtf2-1814), with whose idealism he was in
strong sympathy. He had no classical tastes
or training, but was widely read in French
and German, as well as in English litera- ,
tare. His familiarity with modern Euro- '
pean thought was extended by foreign travel.
In 1846 he was one of the founders of the
Edinburgh Philosophical Institution, and
was long its most active vice-president and
chairman of its directors. The selection of
its library and the arrangements for its
winter lectures owed much to his insight
and enterprise, and to his admirable com-
bination of courage and strong sanse. The ;
honorary degree of LLJX, conferred upon
him by Edinburgh University in 1872, was
a well-earned tribute to one who* without
tfe aid of an academic career T had done
much to foster the true spirit of modern
culture.
In politics a strong liberal, he took aa
active {>art in the second return of Macaulay
fe Edinburgh (1852), in the election of t
Adam Black [q. v.] as Hacaulay's successor
n.866), and in the successive elections of Mr.
Gladstone for Midlothian. He was a J.P.
for Midlothian. For some time he was am
ol&ee-bearer, subsequently an attendant, at
St. Mark's Chapel (Unitarian). Amonp his
closest friends were Kobert Cox [q. v. j and
William Balkntyne Hodgson [q. v.] His
genial humour, generous kindness, and stead-
fast will made Mm a powerful personality
in tfee circles in which lie moved. He dieS
al Ms residence, Lennox Lea, Onroe, Micl-
lottojai, on 28 May 1896, and was buried at
the Delta cemetery, Edinburgh, He marrM
(1S44) Martha (d. 18 May 1887), dangler
Kotert Hardie, manager of the Edinburgh
University printing press, and fad nine chil-
dren, of whom seven survived 3$im.
His translations of Fichte (forming part
of * Tlie Catfeolie See*f mMidW fey /ote
Chapman) comprise: 'The Nature of the
'The Vocation of Hie SehoW 1S7, 8ro ;
1847, 8vo; 'H* Yoeatbn of Has/
* m Way towards
Smith
L _J, 29 May 1896, SO May 1896 (fetter
by W. T, 0airduer, MJD.); Chrutun Uf,
Jane 18^6, p, 278 ; personal knowledge.]
A.G.
(1766-1836), Irish judge, and pamphletr,
born on 23 Jan, 1766, was the eldest mm of
Sir Michael Smith, an Irish lawyer of emi-
nence, who, after sitting for eleven years in
the Irish parliament, was from 1794 to 1801
a baron ol the court of exchequer, and from
1801 to 1806 master of the rolls in Ireland.
Sir Michael was created a baronet in 1799,
in recognition as well of his son's parli&men-
tary sendees to the government as of his
own judicial eminence, and died on 17 Dec.
1808, haTing retired from the bench in 1806.
William Casae Smith was the only son of
Sir M ichael and of Mary , daughter and bebrees
of James Cusnc of Coolmiue, Oa Ms mother's
death he assumed the additional surname of
Ctisac. He was educated at Etoa and at
Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated in
1 788. While at the uniTersity Smith became
acquainted with Edmund Burke, with whom
he corresponded (BtrsKE, Gwr&pQndeme, iy.
37), at whose house he passed some of his
vacations (PEIOB, Life &f Burke, iL), aad to
whom he dedicated in 1792 two pamphlets,
entitled * The Right of Artisans* and * Tfaa
Patriot 1 (Burke. Cfem
He was called to the Iris
rapidly aeqmlriBg a aub
m 366).
bar in 1788, and,
s^al
made a kisg ' eomisel im 1796,
year he entered parliament for tbe
of Donegal. Th^gh holding liberal vk ws
on catholic emAncipatioa, as migfet be ex-
pected from a disciple of Btuke T he l
a sfam% sm|orter c^f tki gon
was one ol thss ir^ ml oel
vocates of tin uBion, Mb
usbn cbbate in 1790 wms efite^m^ one of
the ablest on tk&t side, mid was pafctiisiied
as a pampMet (C**tltr&i$h Ocrretprndextv,
IL ISO), He was &n luHive nknaber of the
mmontyc^ the Irish l^nrhickfaTcmred the
nniof^and the author of a protest agitiBst
the action oft be mjority(^,i.S44}. Several
letters and pampKl^whiek Rewrote it the
time wre republifihed in 'Tracts on the
UMM* m 18SL
IB B^cswtor 1W fibdlk w^ affwti
sclicitor-g^aer&I. mUe fa^Hing that cv&ee
he was Appoint^} deputy ji^^^
went the Bortb-eiust circuit as the
of hi5 own f^th^. In 1S01 lie
Insh public. la Iiifi
Smith
156
Smith
lit fare ofFrtiw to l7Conn41 and the popular
party In eQ&*#4Uvnctt of the strong language
to taployd in ehur^ag ^rand juries at me
aMixefl, in condemnation of the tithfe agita-
tion, and Ms conduct ww brought before
parliament. jSmlth was a man of eccentric
h*bit. and wa# in tL* j Labit of Holding his
court at inconTenitrnt hours. O'Connell skil-
fully trailed himself of this to support his
political objection?. On 13 Feb. 1S#4 it was ;
i**oktd by th* House of Commons, at thy !
I*t&nce of O'Onnell, to appoint a select 1
committee * to inquire into the conduct of
Baron Smith in rwpect of his neglect of duty |
as a judge, and the introduction of political
topic* in his charges to grand juries.' It
wa* soon felt, howeTer, that such a resolu- :
tion threatened the independence of the
judge*. Smith's friends brought forward
tfce question afresh a week later, when the
moitttioa was rweimded by a majority of
sis:, dboefi j through the exertions of Frwe-
IKK (afterwards Sir Frederick) ^mw [% T.]
He received congratulatory addresses on this
occasion &QW nearly every grand jury in
Irelauad. Smith surrived this for two years,
dymg at luft sm& 7 Newtowm, in the King's
&w*W. o 21 Aitt, 1836. Ha manwd, ia
1737, Biwter, daughter of Thomas Berry of
Ifeliih, Qwa' Ccwity.
Smith was a cultivated and active-minded
man. His political writiags on tee union
and other questions are marked frf grm&
TJgxjur of thought, tihcmgk the style is some-
what turgid. A^PaullhickPeewdeaPIi
iisrod a small volume of verse entitled i The
of Neapolis ' (Dmfelia, 1836). Ilia
(Bubfin, 1830) w^e pirately
without as aotMr's aanse; wiiila
' Metajiiysic Ramblas ' (in three * jstrolls *
parts, 18^5-6) appeared as by * Warner
Cfanrtian Search.' Lnder these pseudonyms
and that of * A Yeoman,' fee issued many
other essays, tracts, and addresses of no clis-
tiactive merit. The Bale of iiis valuable
library took place in Dublin In 1837, &nd
^<^^ped lour cbys.
Tsi^ifcAJi BAasr CusACfE-SnifH (1795-
186&) r eecottd son of the above, beoime T like
Ids laite aad grandf atiter, a disringTiished
lawyer wi Jn%& He received his edu-
caticai at Tr^ty Oolege, Ihiblin, where he
^TdEAt*d in 1813. In 1819 he wa^ called
to tbs latr, tad receiyed a silk gown in
1830. la September 1842 he was appointed
sol3ta^eiiersl for Ireland in Sir Kobert
JPftdTs **ti&i^&fe!'fttio&, aad is NoTember of
tlie s&xae year s^c:eeded France Black-
bume ||. v,] as attOrrney-g^BeraL la tkis
Sis most important duty was Id COB-
of O'Conaell, whom
be fnceeeded in cxmTictiBg before the Irish
judges, though the conviction was subse-
quently reT^rsed in the House of Lords.
in the cour&e of the trial Smith, who was a
hot-tmptml man T committed the indiscre-
tion of challenging one of the uppoeing
counsel to & duel. The matter was brought
before the court, wh^n Smith publicly apolo-
gised. It was considered that the memory
of this unfortunate incident cart him the
Iri*h chancellorship later in his career. He
was christened by 0'ConntII, who had a
talent for nicknames, 4 Alphabet' Smith and
; The Vinegar Cruet." From 1843 to 1846
Smith sat in the House of Commons as
member for Ilipon, having preTiouslv con-
teated Yoaghal unsucctssfully against O'Con-
nell's son. In the latter year he succeeded
BlacMmrne in the otfice of master of the rolls,
andretmined this position till his death, which
occurred suddenly at his shooting-lodge at
Blairgowrie in Scotland on 13 Aug. 1866.
Smith was a man of harsh manners and
rough exterior, hut his abilities were of a
Mgi order. Sir Robert Peel considered his
speeeh in the Houae of Commons in 1844,
in defence of his action as attorney-general
in Ae 0*Conneil prosecution, as ranking,
with Cannings Lisbon embassy speech and
Plimket's on catholic emancipation in 1821,
among the tfere speeches most effectire for
t&eir immediate purpose which he ever
Iktened to (Qmrtxrty Eemew^ cxxx, 199).
He married, in 1837, Louisa, daughter of
11b*>!na Smith-Barry of Fota, co. Cork, and
his grandson is now heir-presumptive to the
[For Sir William Smiih: M^dden^ Irelaod
mid iti E^br% ii. tS-142; WiM* l^rm of B-
Ja^rbfa M&me&, vi 257 ; Whiteei4e'a Early
S&>tb*s, p. 274 ; Webb's Cc^ipendinm ; Barke's
Peerage aad Bfciwtey. For T. B. (X Smith :
O'Ckamor Mood's Merors of a 3Lif e ;
15-16 A^. 1866.] C. L. P.
SMITH, WILLIAM HENEY (1808-
187^), philoac^te-, po^, and mis^liaeoiis
writer, sw / R^ard Smith, bamstap-afc-
law, was bom at Tsarth End, Bimmer-
gniitli, in January 1808, of parents in easy
circumstances. He wag educated at Radley
school, then a noacooformist institutioa, and
afterwards at Glasgow University, where he
made many valuable friends and imbibed
the habits of thought which influenced his
subsequent life. Altar his father's death in
1823 be was placed with Slmron Turner to
study law, a&d served oat hm articles a
a solicitor with excessive dktiste. He was
afterwards called to the bar, and went circuit
tea while, but obtained no practice. Havbig
Smith
Smith
ft umall independence, lie mainly led the life
of a reeliise man of letters, reading, thinking,
writing, and enjoying the friendship of Mill,
Maurice, and Sterling, haying assisted the
litter two when they edited the * Athenaeum.*
Caroline Fox notices his personal likeness to
Maurice. His jioemp * Guidone * and * Soli-
tude T were published together in 1836, and
about the same time he reviewed Bulwer and
Landor in the ' Quarterly. 11 In 1839 he pub-
lished his * Discourse on fethics of the School
of Paley/ which was, in Professor Ferrier's
opinion/ one of the best written and most in-
geniously reasoned attacks upon Cudworth's
doctrine that ever appeared.* In the same
year he began his connection with * Black-
wood's Magazine/ continued to nearly the
end of his life. He contributed altogether !
1*26 articles on the most diverse subjects, !
stories, poems, essays in philosophy and poll- ;
tics, but principally reYiews and criticisms,
all Taluable, and all distinguished by ele- ;
gaace and lucidity of style. His norel,
* Ernesto/ a story connected with the con- |
gpiracy of Fieseo, had appeared in 183*5. It i
lias considerable psychological but little nar- j
mtiYe interest. Similar qualities and defects I
characterise his tragedy of * Athelwold J
(1842), although it was greatly admired by
Mrs. Taylor, the Egeria of Stuart Mill, whose
scrap of criticism is one of the reij few ;
utterance of hers that haTe found their way !
into print. Macready produced a curtailed '
Tersion in 1843, and his and Helen Faueit's
acting procured it a successful first night ;
more was hardly to be anticipated. It was
published in 1846 along with ' Six Willi&ja
Orichton/ another tragedy, aad '(xuidone* !
and * Solitude.* From this time Smith lived
chiefly at Keswick in the Lake district. Im j
1851 he unexpectedly receired a otor from j
Professor Wilson to supply temporarily Me i
place as professor of moral philosophy at
Edinburgh,, but be was ditSdent, and had
begun to write ' Thoradale/ and tlie tenqpt-
mg offer was declined. * Hionidmle, or tibe
Cikt of Opinions,* was publ^^d 1^7,
taid, notwithstanding its length and occa-
sional abstrusenese, speedily gained accep-
t*nc with thoughtful readers. In ihe pp-
vious year ha had become acquainted with
Jm future wife, Lucy Caroline, daogiiter of
George Cuniming, M.O., whom he married at
St. JoliB f s GhuvA, Nottiair EBIl,o 5 Morcfe
1851. * GraYitarsi, or T^^fels o Good
and Evil/ was publislied in the same year.
It confirmed and extended the repotation
aoquireKl by 'Tfecvrndale/ bat Smith owes
mttch more to Ms wife's beatttifml and aJeo-
tiooAte record of tlkeir married life, aimoe*
devoidof incident as it is. Hi* health began
to decline in 1869, and be died at Brighton
on 28 March 1672. Mrs. Smith a arrived
until 14 Dec, 1881. Apart from her memoir
of her husband, her literary work had prin-
cipally consisted of translations from the
German,, both in prose and Terse,
Xert al^er the biography which has em-
balmed his name, Smith will chiefly be re-
membered bj his philosophical dialogues,
* Thorndale * and * GraTenhurst.' The mu-
tual relation of the books is bdicald by
the author ^ himself when fee eaj-s tht
4 Thorndale f is a conflict of opiakma and
* Graveiiharst * a harmony. No nj&n was
better qualified by innate c&ndopr and iEDyar-
tiality to balance conflicting opisicms against
each other, or by acut^ness to exhibit tfa
strong and weak points of all. The aclectk
character of hie mind aided the difusioa of
the books ; ever? one found much that earn-
mended itself to him, while less popular view
were expressed with an urbanity which dis-
armed hostility, and the hesitation to draw
definite conclusions was an additional attrac-
tion to a public weary of dogmatism. If these
really charming compositions haTe become in
a measure obsolete, the chief reason is the
importation of physical scienee as an element
in moral discussions, but their classic ele-
gance will always secure tliem an homoiirable,
if not an influential, place in the history of
modem ^ecaktiom. Smith's dramatic gift
was not meonsidtTAhle ; his personages are
well individualised both in his dialccTies and
his dramas. Of the latter, *Sir Wilkw
Crichton/ a play of the stormy times oC
James II of Scot'laml, is the more eSeetire.
; Athelwold ? is a clear imit&tioQ of the style
of Sir Henry Taylor, and, liie the
'Edwin &e Fair, 9 Mm%B J*wt$ibm
stige. Both plays are full of wisdom,
tif oily erpr^sed, kit neither is Tery
nor Twrjr reoL
of Will i^ Sm ith, % hii
dnt^d priTa*lT m 2S73, n
wards pretxed 10 the second ii tio of (Jra;TB-
fcrat, WU; "fhe ^ry ^ Wili* ami
Smith, by Gwrge H. Meiri&ffi, 1S8S, a
of tiie mmr with oe^i^os additions frcra t he
tnitiogs itadiritb m porfeniit from a bdt
thorocgh d^cripiioa and a^lm of '
of a
') k
by M. Joseph Milsawi ia oee
eajs tilled ' I^ttA^tHrft
Ihjoo, 1S93, pp 173-
It 0*
WILUAM HBNMT
km
Smith
1*8
Smith
ift. Mary Ann*,- C j > >p*r.
Hi* parent* w?re riet merh-'uliatj-. Mcith
WE* Hluc*tfd entirely at home, except for
*oe most hi in IsJH ?pent 13 s bonnier at
TTi*t<ock /rrammar school, of which his
bf*l>-r-in-Uir, fheTtev, W, B^aL was Lead-
i*.*trr. At jetet~n be expre*fled a strong
WjUh to g"> to Oxford tnd prepare for holy
oni- r. but, ii *IrfVr-iiefc to Lis father's
tlw 4 strand. Though keenly disappointed,
vnunsr Smith applied himpelf resolutely to
Win*;**, and twame his father's partner in
l*4*i The elder Smith, by his energy and
bui*Ines6 instinct, had secured already the
position of leading newsagent in the country.
But his st&tngth was failing, and the manage-
ment of theconeern pawed gradually into his
tea's hands. Th development of railways
afforded an opportunity which the young
man was not slow to seize
any attempt to extend the enterprise be-
ys^ the ostaesof as itgen^y for the sale of
the dWferemt railway companies for the ridu
to erect bookstalls at their st&tkm,i, and in
1851 ^cured a monopoly of tkm on the
< eenrpalou? care devoted to excluding all
pernicious literature, which had hitherto
made time railway bookstalls notorious,
young Smith got tm aaiw of * the North-
Western Missionary/ and by 186$ this re^u-
tation had secured for the firm the exclusif e
right of selling hooka and newipapers oa all
the important railways in Engine!. The
peaJ of the newspaper stamp duty in 1854
ga?e am enormous impetus to the circulation |
of journals, and W. H. Smith & Son were i
in a portion to derive immediate advantage ;
frona it. ^Previous to That, the Great Indus- i
teal Exhibition of 1851 had inaugurated the |
sjorelty of open-air adTrti$ement. Smith
was fin* in toe ield, and secured, at what
irs outdared by his father an extraYajrant
0Kti*y, ft lease of the blank walls in all tha
principal railTrar stations. The jm>fits
8*f*iSl$ r fpww till they became prodigious,
Neit came the circulating lihrair, arising
nAtarLiljOYitoftheb<xte*)]ba^Q^B. At
ti rareseat day it conUioB upwards of three
Immd tfeousajaa rolumes. Last of all, by
arraBg^Bent with Messrs, Chapman 4 Hsll
th$ pardwies of co^jT%hts and the pablica-
tiofi aCdbaf * j$!^-m&b& * eilitkms w^e
und^rtftjEeB T a hntncli of business whkh was
di*po**l ^ in 1881 to Mmm Wa^ 4 Lock,
t elte ^ffiith tei b 1806* Imviiif te
i ftt the htd ^ &Ttflry krge and temtm
Meanwhile the younger Smith had been
taking an increasing share in public and
philanthropic business, In 1849 he became
onw of the mtnacring' committee of King's
College Hospital, in 18>5 lie was elected to
the metropolitan board of works, and on
the formation of the bishop of London's
fund in 1661 he was appointed one of a
small working committee. He held also the
offices of treasurer of the Society for Pro-
moting- Christian Knowledge and of the
London Diocesan Council for the Welfare of
Young 1 Men. He remained, till the close of
his life, a munificent subscriber to philan-
thropic schemes, especially those conducted
by the church of England.
Naturally inclined to liberalism in politics,
owing- to te connection of his family -with
the Wesleyan body, Smith perhaps owed his
first approach to "the conservative party to
Ms rejection as a candidate for election to
the Seform Club in 1863, He accepted an
isTitatipB to stand for "Westminster in 1865
as s liberal-conservative against Captain
Grosyeaof (whig 1 ) and John Stuart Mill
(radical). He was left at the bottom of the
pall ; but^m 1868 (the franchise haying been
extended in the meantime to householders in
boroughs) he was returned to parliament for
the same constituency by a majority of 1,193
orer GTOSTOTOT and 1,513 over MilL In this
year tie inform liberalism of the metropo-
litan representatives was broken by Smith's
eleetkm, and that of a conservative for one
ofthelcmreitys^a. Thfiexpmditureonthe
Westminster election had been eiionnaus.
South'! relum was petitioned against, and
the indiscret km of his agents proved well-
nigh iatal to his retaining the seat ; hut, as
the * Times ' observed in a leader on the Yer-
dict, i a good character has, to Mr. Smith at
any rmte, proved better thaa riches. It may
be a question whether the latter won the seat
for him, btxfc there can be mo question that
the former has saved it,'
Once in parliament, Smith devoted himself
with energy to soeial questkjas, malting Ms
maiden speech on a motion relating to
pauperism and vagraaey. At no tlsae aa
eloquent or even a fluent speaker, Ms repu-
tation for combined philanthropic awl busi-
nesslike qualities caused Mm to be heard
with respect. Tlie iatrodactloii of tie BdN&-
cation Bill in 1 870 Irouj^bfc him into Ifcequeiifc
consultation with William Edward Forsfcer
fa. T,J who had eharg of it ; and he aaad
Lord S^adom (now Earl oC Hamra% ) were
vvmmmtt t@ afeaadkm then- projeet of ereatfsig
twofttj-ihna school boards Ibr the metropolis
and to substitute & single large one. Smith
Smith
*59
Smith
WM elected a member of the first
school board in 1&71, and a resolution framed
by Mm was adopted IB a compromise on
the vexed question of religions teaeaing in
school*.
On Mr. Disraeli forming Bis administration
in 1874, Smith was offeree! and accepted the
post of secretary to the treasury; and in
177 S on the death of George \\*ard Hunt
[q, Y,] he joined the cabinet as first lord of
the admiralty. This office had generally
been held by persons of high rank, and Dis-
raeli incurred some sharp criticism from his
own party by conferring 1 it on a London
tradesman (tne incongruity of the choice
found popular expression in the comic opera
of 'BLM.S. Pinafore^ by Messrs, Gilbert
and SulliTan). But Smith's appointment
belied ail mi&givings and proTed a complete
success. In the trying time when war with
Kussia seemed inevitable, and the cabinet
was weakened in the early part of 1678 by
the secession of the Earls of Derby and Car-
naxroH, Smith showed much firmness in coun-
cil. Slow in forming a judgment, he had
the enviable gift, once it was formed, of ad-
hering to it without anxiety.
After Mr, Gladstone's great victory at the
|K>lls in 1880, the official conservative oppo-
sition in the House of Commons proved too
mild and inoffensive for the younger members
of the party. Of these, Lord Randolph
Cfeurchifl, Mr. Arthur James Balfour, Sir
John Gorst, and Sir Henry Dmmmond
Wolff, who were known as the 'Fourth
Party/ made frequent attacks on their
ksacbrs, Smith, Sir Stafford Henry Noarthoote
(afterwards earl of Iddasleigii) [a. v.] r amd
&Ilic3iard(nowYi8eoiint)&06S. Mr. Glad-
stone's ministry resigned olSee after tlieir
defeat in June 1885 on the beer duties,, and
Lord Salisbury formed a cabinet to complete
the scheme of redistribution of seals ren-
dered necessary by the Reform Act. Sm hb
became secretary of stale for war. West-
minster, which had previously Fetorod two
memkeite, was divided by the mew Recllatii-
bution Act into three single-seated con-
stituencies. Smith appropriately chose to
represent the Strand oifioMM, lor which lie
1 was returned by 5 ? 645 against vote j
in November 1885. In December Lord CAT- j
B*Tfon resigned tite vicero jalfcy of Ireland j
and Sir Will iam Hart Dyke that of chief
secretary. The latter was a difficult post
toilL Lord Selisbtiry tamed to Smith, who
entered opon the inte of tib* in-
wai oTertkrown in Jus*? Is***-; on
tion by the Hoo of Commoni of tiij* bill
for conferring home rale upon Ireland, In
tiw general eleetion which followed ^mith
his majority in the Stmnd difimoa
As & member of Lord SIisbiiry ? s
second adminutrafion T he returned to the
wtr^ office. Lord Randolph Churchill fee-
coming chancellor of the exchequer and
leader of the House of C&mmom. Thorous"hly
as Smith had earned the conBdewse of Ms
colleagues and the esteem of the house, few
people flu*pect*<l him of pD^eswng the pem-
liar gifts essential to a feader of the kw^.
Yet, whea Lord Randolph C^archill sn^JaaJ j
re^iraed the leadership oa 23 B^c, 1888,
Lord Salisbury turned to Smith ornea aiore.
Ha became first lord of the tmasarr and
leader of the House of Commons, while Mr,
Goschea joined the cabinet as chancellor of
the exchequer. Despite the mediocrity of
his oratorical power, Smith's leadership "wts
an undoubted success. His judgment was ad-
mirable, and all parties acknowledged in Mm
& conscientious politician remarkl by his
great wealth irora all suspicion of anxiety
for office. The work of p&rlkjnent kaa
grown unmanageable ; sittings were pi?o-
longed to extravagant hours ; tne Irkfa par^r
h&<f acquir^. a mw impc^tance fey their alli-
ance with the liberal party, tuc! W kfc
aon of their poirar of prafcnciiag cblMte [see
four sessions and fait of a fifia Smith wis
inee^aantly at his post ; latterly, during tbe
s*^I&nofl801 ? itwajsobTioustiat kisheAltfe
ws giving wmy under llie strain. Hie last.
attend&nceintheHouseof Commons was o
10 July. G m&m*
to AVaWr Caeile, bi^
warden of the Cinqaa pcrta T to w&ieit lit
had been appointed on the preyioee 1 May.
He died thtre os 6 OCT. 180L
jpifrw @MSA feav Sdc^r&ci so Bindi isouss*
resjet from tfee House of Oosaiaons; hs
owed it to no brilliast qitalities m debate,
bac to sterliagr sound eense and p^rt^t. Ln-
tegrky. 'PiiDcV its weekly Aetcte of
parliament, coaferrtd on him t he ^briquet of
IAUT ** **
A portrait of Smitk I middle
G^om3 Ilickm<:id t b^iongs to Ms
d&Cdttt and rea%a-
Mr. Gladstpae men
s prtmfo minister, but
... . , ^ , d
marble basta were ex ecu tad altar his deadi
for the Hoose of Comiaaoas and tJb^ CsLritoa
Ciub.
Ln l^B Smith marri^ Emily, widow of
"~ " wim Ai^bw Laai^Lwi
Fredriet Dnw^ Ihta-
ekdfto the cotmcU of the daehr of
Sike wms crested oa It Nov.
Smith
160
Smith
to Smith's heirs. The eldest son, the Hon.
William Frederick Danvers Smith, on his
father's death, became head of the great
business in the Strand, and M.P. for the
Strand division of Westminster.
[Maxwell's Life and Times of the Right Hon.
W. H. Smith, MJP., 1893.] H. E. M.
SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON
(1846-1894), theologian and Semitic scholar,
born at New Farm, Keig, in the Vale of
Alford, Aberdeenshire, on 8 Nov. 1846, was
eldest son of William Pirie Smith, free
church minister of Keig and Tough, a man
of intellectual -vigour and learning, who had
formerly been a teacher in the West End
Academy, Aberdeen. Robertson Smith's
mother, Jane, was daughter of William
Jtobertson, who for many years had been
head of the same academy. Smith's literary
and scientific tastes declared themselves at
an early age. He never went to school,
but, with a younger brother, George, was
educated at home by his father with a view
to entering Aberdeen University. He was
elected to a bursary there in November
1861, obtaining at the close of his under-
graduate career the town council's medal for
* the best student/
At a very early age William definitely
chose the ministry of the free church of
Scotland as his vocation, and this deliberate
choice was greatly strengthened in his deeply
religious and conscientious nature by the
death of his brother and constant companion
George within a few weeks after his gradua-
tion in 1865. Illness compelled William to
postpone entering New College, the theolo-
gical hall of the fee church in Edinburgh,
till November 1866 ; but the interval was
devoted partly to the study of German (in
which he ultimately acquired great profi-
ciency) and partly to successful competition
for the Ferguson scholarship in mathematics,
open to all Scottish graduates of not more
than three years' standing. At New College
lie was a most important contributor both in
essay and debate to the work of the theolo-
gical society. As a theological student he
passed two summers in Germany. In 1867
ne was at Bonn under the roof of Professor
Schaarschmidt, whose lectures in philosophy
lie attended, as well as those of Lange, Kamp-
nansen, and Koehler in theology. Pliicker,
the eminent mathematician, he also met, and
-with. Pliieker's assistant, Klein, he formed
an acquaintance which afterwards ripened
into dose friendship. The summer of 1869
was syent at Gottingeu, where he heard
Lotze in philosophy and Ritschl and Bertheau
in tlieology. By Riteehl especially he was
powerfully and permanently influenced, pro-
nouncing his lectures on theological ethics-
* by far the best course of lectures he had
ever heard;' Ritschl, on the other hand, bore
written testimony to Smith's i zeal for science,
many-sided knowledge, and extraordinary
versatility/ During the last two winters
(1868-9 and 1869-70) of his theological
course hi Edinburgh he held the post of as-
sistant to Professor P. G. Tait, professor of
natural philosophy in the university, and in
connection with his work in the physical
laboratory he published more than one paper
that attracted some attention in the i Pro-
ceedings ' of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,
of which he became a fellow. Another im-
portant influence belonging to this period of
his life was that of John Ferguson McLennan
fq. v.] (' one of the best friends 1 ever had/
he wrote in 1883), whose researches in pri-
mitive social institutions always had a strong
fascination for Smith, and 'gave definite
direction to much of his own work at a later-
period.
In May 1870 a vacancy occurred in the ,
chair of oriental languages and exegesis of
the Old Testament in the Free Church Col-
lege of Aberdeen. Smith was chosen by the
assembly to fill the post. His inaugural
discourse, ' What History teaches us to look
for in the Bible* (published in November
1870), indicated the lines that he proposed to-
take as a professor. In 1875 he was ap-
pointed a member of the Old Testament
revision committee, and while actively ful-
filling the duties attached to his chair, he
found time to attend regularly the com-
mittee's meetings in London, as well as ta
prepare numerous articles and reviews, or
summaries of contemporary continental lite-
rature, for publication in the theological
quarterlies. The summer of 1872 was again,
spent in Gottingen, mainly in working at
Arabic with Lagarde. Lagarde assured his-
pupil at the close of the session that he had
nothing more to teach him. At Gottingen
he now became personally acquainted with.
Wellhausen^ and saw something of Benfey
and Clebsch. In the course of the summer
he also had some intercourse with Riehm,.
Diestel, and Fleischer.
When, in 1870, arrangements were made
for the issue of a ninth edition of the * Ency-
clopaedia Britannica, 7 the editor, Professor
Spencer Baynes of St. Andrews, invited
Smith to contribute on subjects bearing upon
biblical criticism, and especially on that of
the Old Testament. The subject was a some-
what delicate one ; in no department had the
interval between the eighth and ninth edi-
tions been more fruitful in new questions or
Smith
161
Smith
in new answers. Apart from the contro-
versies connected with * Essays and Reviews '
(I860), and with the writings of Bishop
Colenso (1863 et seq.), much valuable work
had been subsequently done by foreign scho-
lars Graf, Noldeke, Kuenen, and others.
With the work of the latter very few in
Britain were familiar. Smith was thoroughly
competent as a scholar to deal with modern
biblical theories, and at the same time his
position and character were supposed to
guarantee that any articles written by him
would, while stating the latest results of
scholarship, be so framed as to avoid need-
less offence to those who still clung to the
time-honoured traditions of the churches,
which were still taught in the colleges.
The article * Angel/ by Smith, in vol. ii. of
the *Encydop86dia Britannica/ and that on
* Bible * in vol. iiL, both appeared in 1875, and
almost immediately it became known that
they were regarded by men of influence in the
free church with suspicion and dislike. A
committee was appointed by the assembly of
1876 to investigate the articles ; its report,
laid before the assembly of 1877, was so hos-
tile that, avail ing himself of a constitutional
privilege, Smith found it necessary to de-
mand a formal trial by * libel ' (indictment)
for his alleged heresies and errors. The pro-
ceedings that followed were protracted and
involved. As a result, Smith practically
ceased to be an acting professor in 1878.
Eventually the entire series of his * Ency-
clopaedia 7 articles 'Angel/ * Bible/ Chro-
nicles/ * Canticles/ * David/ 'Eve/ 'Haggai/
' Hebrew Language and Literature/ as well as
an article on * Animal ^Worship and Animal
Tribes * in the * Cambridge Journal of Philo-
logy 'for 1879 (a study in totemism) were
challenged as being written in such a way
as to suggest to the reader that * the Bible
does not present a reliable statement of the
truth of God, and that God is not the au-
thor of it.* After various vicissitudes the
written indictment in all its forms disap-
peared, but its place was taken by a vote of
want of confidence, followed by his summary
sssaG^ayErom his chair in June 1881.
LonjflSBfore this ignominious ending of a
harassing discussion it had dawned upon
Smith that he was occupying a somewhat
false position, andas early at least as January
1879 he wrote to an intimate friend that
he would willingly retire from the chair if
by so doing he could secure a peaceful end-
ing of the whole controversy. But he went
on to. say that he felt it due to certain
friends to carry on the struggle to the end, as
there could be no doubt that his abandon-
ment of the field would only be taken as an
LEDU
encouragement to a repetition of similar
prosecutions in the case of others. The net
; result of the famous ( case * with which his-
j name is still intimately associated in Scot-
j land consisted in the liberalising influence,,
the force of which is not even yet spent,
which it enabled him to exert on all classes
I of the community. His debating speeches,,
delivered in the course of the proceedings,
often rose to a high standard of eloquence,
and his 'Answers' to the libel were most
instructive and informing. In the winter of
* 1870-80 and again in 1881 he delivered in
1 Edinburgh and Glasgow by request two-
series of popular lectures, which were after-
wards published as the ^OldTestament in the
Jewish Church 7 (1881 ; 2nd edit. 1892), and
'The Prophets of Israel' (1882; 2nd. edit.
1895). As a mark of the sympathy that
was widely felt for him during the anxious-
proceedings, a valuable gift of Arabic books
i and manuscripts was publicly presented to
i him in Edinburgh in 1881.
: Immediately after his dismissal Smith ac-
cepted an invitation to become colleague to*
I Professor Baynes, now in somewhat failing-
health, as editor in chief of the ' Encyclo-
paedia Britannica/ and he consequently trans-
ferred his residence from Aberdeen to Edin-
j burgh. He threw himself into his new duties
i with characteristic energy; and it was to
! his clearness and breadth of outlook, as well
.as to the painstaking care in the manage-
ment of details, that the successful comple-
tion of the work in 1888 was largely due.
By the consent of all who came in contact
with him, and especially of those who were
in daily communication with him in this
connection, he displayed a combination of
i qualities such as is rarely met with in work
I of this kind, demanding, as it does, know-
! ledge of men as well as of subjects, and skill
and tact in dealing with both. Nor did he
edit merely j the articles he himself contri-
buted were both numerous and important,
including such subjects as 'Levites/ 'Mes-
siah/ * Prophet/ 'Priest/ * Sacrifice/ * Tithes/
as well as articles on moat of the books of the
Old Testament,
In spite of the labour involved in seeing
the concluding twelve volumes of the c En-
cyclopaedia* through the press in the course
of seven years (1881-8), Smith fully main-
tained his interest in Semitic subjects, and
found time for much work in that direction.
The Arabic studies he had carried so far in
the early years of his professorship in Aber-
deen he had already extended during the
years of his * suspension/ the winter of 1879-
1880 being 1 devoted to a prolonged stay in
Egypt with a visit to Syria and Palestine,
Smith
162
Smith
while that of 1880-1 was spent in Egypt
and Arabia, mainly in Jeddah, bub -with a
somewhat arduous excursion into the inte-
rior as far as Taif, of which he published an
account in the ' Scotsman ' newspaper. On
the death of Edward Henry Palmer [q. v.],
lord almoner's professor of Arabic at Cam-
bridge, he, on the suggestion of his friend,
Professor William Wright (1830-1889) [q.v. J,
applied for the vacant post, and the appli-
cation, which was supported by testimonials
from practically all the specialists in Europe
including De Goeje, Guidi, Kuenen, Von
Kremer, Spitta, Wellhausen was success-
ful. The letter announcing his appointment
reached him on new year's day 1883.
Although the somewhat light duties and
correspondingly light emoluments of his new
office did not demand or greatly encourage
residence at the university, Smith neverthe-
less decided to settle there, and Cambridge
was his congenial home for the rest of his
life. For some time he was the guest of
Trinity College, where he had rooms in the
master's court, but from October 1885, on
his election to a fellowship at Christ's, his re-
sidence was in the fellows' buildings there.
The lord almoner's professorship he held
till December 1886, when he was elected to
the chief librarianship of the university, va-
cated by the death of Henry Bradshaw. This
in turn he exchanged in 1889 for the Adams
professorship of Arabic in succession to Wil-
liam Wright.
Apart from his c Encyclopaedia* work and
the duties of his other offices, he found time
to see through the press in 1885 a work on
* Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia/
the substance of which had been delivered
as professorial lectures. And in 1887 he
was appointed by the Burnett trustees to
be their lecturer in Aberdeen for 1888-91,
the subject assigned being < The Primitive
Religions of the Semitic Peoples, viewed in
relation to other Ancient Religions, and to
the Spiritual Religion of the Old Testament
and Christianity.' Three series were deli-
vered, but only the first was published, under
the title 'Religion of the Semites : Funda-
mental Institutions' (1889 ; 2nd edit. 1894).
In 1892 he issued a second and finally re-
vised edition of his 'Old Testament in the
Jewish Church.'
Though never of robust appearance, he
enjoyed uniformly vigorous health until
18&0 (he was an ardent pedestrian, and no
despicable mountaineer); but early in 1890 i
obscure symptoms, suggesting the presence of
a grave constitutional malady, began to show
themselves. Gradually their true character
"became apparent, Aifcer%prolongedstaruggle,
carried on hopefully to the las{, for the most
part in unobtrusive silence, and always with
the most delicate and thoughtful considera-
tion for others, the end came, at Christ's
College, on 31 March 1894. He was buried
in the churchyard of his native parish, when
a noteworthy tribute of respect was paid by
his former fellow citizens and fellow parish-
ioners, as well as by numerous representatives
of the scholarship of England and Scotland.
Smith was the recipient of many academic
distinctions. He was created M.A. of Cam-
bridge, LL.D. of Dublin, and D.D. of Stras-
burg.
Intellectually Smith was characterised by
a singular quickness of perception and power
of generalisation, combined with unwearying
patience in treatment of details. He often
spoke gratefully of his father's training in
accuracy, and still more in rapidity, of work ;
but his power, in every investigation, of
seizing the essential and dismissing the irre-
levant was entirely his own. His ready
command of every subject he had once mas-
tered made him in private a brilliant con-
versationalist and in public an effective and
convincing speaker. If in the earlier period
of his public life circumstances had made
him rather a populariser and apologist or
1 mediator,' he ultimately took his rightful
place as an investigator and pioneer, and the
originality of the researches embodied in,
his later works is cordially acknowledged
by all whose own labours in the same field
have given them a right to judge. Many-
pupils and fellow workers have borne testi-
mony in their books to his generous help and
encouragement.
Smith bequeathed some oriental manu-
scripts to the Cambridge University library,
and all the rest of his books to the library of
Christ's College, Cambridge,
Two portraits were painted by Sir George
Reid, P.R.S.A. One, dated 1875, is now in
custody of his mother, Mrs. Smith, in Aber-
deen, but is destined (by Smith's will) for
the combination room of Christ's College,
Cambridge. The second portrait, painted in
1896, was placed by subscribers in the com-
mon hall of Free Church College, Aberdeen.
[Information from the family; personal ac-
quaintance since 1865.] J. S. B.
SMITH, SIB WILLIAM SIDNEY,
known as SIB SIDNEY SMITH (1764-1840),
admiral, born on 21 June 1764, was second
son of John Smith, a captain in the guards,
and grandson of Edward Smith, a captain
in the navy, who, in command of the Eltham,
was mortally wounded in the attack on La
Guayra on 18 Feb. 1742-3 [see KNWLES,
Smith
163
Smith
SIB CHAELES], It lias "been supposed that
the name Sidney referred to a kinship with
theStrangford family of Smythe, which had
intermarried with the Sidneys [see SMTTHB,
PEECY CLINTON SYDNEY, sixth Visccnun:
STRANGFOBB]. After a few years at school at
Tonhridge and at Bath, Smith entered the
navy in June 1777, on hoard the Tortoise
storeship, going out to North America. In
January 1778 he was moved from her to the
Unicorn, a small 20-gun frigate, which was
in company with the Experiment on 25 Sept,
1778 when, near Boston, she drove on shore,
and captured the American frigate Raleigh ;
and again, on 3 May 1779, when she drove
on shore, and captured or destroyed three
French frigates in Caneale Bay [see WAX-
I*A.C:E, SIB JAMES]. From September to No-
vember 1779 Smith was borne on the books
of the Arrogant, then fitting at Portsmouth,
and on 25 Nov. he joined the Sandwich,
flagship of Sir George BrydgesRodney (after-
wards Lord Rodney) [q v.], and in her was
present in the action off Cape St. Yincent on
16 Jan. 1780, and in the three actions with De
Ouichen on 17 April and 15 and 19 May 1780.
On 25 Sept. 1780 Smith was promoted by
Rodney to be lieutenant of the Alcide, with
Captain (afterwards Sir) Charles Thompson
[q. vA and in her was present in the action
off the Chesapeake on 5 Sept. 1781, in the
operations at St. Kitts in January 1782 [see
HOOD, SAJOJEL, VISCQTOT HOOD], and in the
battle of Dominica on 12 April 1782. On
6 May 1782 he was promoted by Rodney to
the command of the Fury sloop, and on 7 May
1783 he was posted to the Alcmene. Early
in 1784 the Alcmene returned to England
and was paid off, and in the spring of 1785
Smith went to France, where, for the next
two years, he resided for the most part at
Caen, studying French and going much into
French society, so that he acquired perfect
familiarity with the language. His excur-
sions led him along the coast, visiting the
places which he had learnt to know from the
sea some seven or eight years before. At
Caneale a fisherman told him that he had
picked up forty round-shot near a windmill,
which, wrote Smith to his brother, * I re-
member amusing myself with firing at. Tis
an ill wind that blows nobody any good ; for
he sold them for old iron for twelve sous a
piece.'
In 1787 Smith paid a visit to Gibraltar,
and conceiving, from reports of the excessive
insolence of the emperor of Morocco, that a
war was imminent, undertook a journey
through his dominions * in order to acquire
a knowledge of his coasts, harbours, and
force/ On his return in May 1788 he for-
I warded to the admiralty a report of bis ob-
j servations, accompanied with a request that
he might have the command of a small
squadron on the coast, his local knowledge,
he submitted, making up for Ms want of
seniority and experience. As the war, how-
ever, did not take place, he went, in the
summer of 1789, to Stockholm with, six
months* leave of absence. In December he
applied for a twelve months 1 extension of this
leave, but in January suddenly returned to
England, with a view to obtaining permis-
sion to accept the offer of a command in the
Swedish fleet. At the same time he charged
himself with the English ambassador's des-
patches, and with a direct message from the
fang of Sweden. It was probably this irregu-
larity which led to his cold reception by the
government, who refused to recognise him as
the self-constituted representative of Sweden,
1 and declined to give him any answer to the
message he had brought. He returned to
' Sweden without even the permission to ac-
cept the king's offers, and thus, though during
the campaign against Russia in the Gulf
of Finland in the summer of 1790 he served
sometimes with the fleet, as aide-de-camp to
the Duke of Sudermania,the Commander-in-
chief, and sometimes on shore, on the personal
staff of the king, it was only as a volunteer,
and without well-defined authority. The posi-
tion was one of great difficulty, and excited
much jealousy. JSeither the king, nor the
duke, nor any of the responsible officers knew
anything about the conduct of a fleet, and if
they escaped defeat in the action of 3-4 June,
or blundered into victory on 9 July, it was
only that tihe equal ignorance of the Russians
permitted Smith's efforts to balance those of
the English officers in the Russian service,
or, after their death, to turn the scale [see
TBBVEHEST, JAMBS]. The armistice which
followed the battle of 9 July led to a peace
between the contending powers, and in
August Smith returned to England. Gus-
tavus HI constituted him a Slight grand
cross of the order of the Sword, with the
insignia of which George HI formally in-
vested him at St. James's on 16 May 1792.
< Almost immediately after this he went out
to Constantinople on a visit to his younger
brother, Charles Spencer Smith, then am-
bassador to the Porte, being entrusted, he
used afterwards to say, with a secret mission,
and probably intending to volunteer for ser-
vice with the Turks, should the war with.
Russia continue. Towards the end of 1793
he received the news of the wax and the
order to return to England at once,
at Smyrna, he found there a con-
number of seamen, similarly called.
Smith
164
Smith
home, but unable to get a passage. On his
own responsibility he purchased a small
vessel, shipped some forty of them on board
her, and with her joined Lord Hood at
Toulon. When the evacuation of the place
became necessary, Smith volunteered to burn
the French ships which had to be left behind
a duty which, in the haste and confusion
incident to the time, was carried out so im-
perfectly that several of the ships reported
as burnt and destroyed formed part of the
French fleets during the next and following
years. The distinction conferred on Smith,
an officer on half-pay, by assigning to him a
task of difficulty and distinction, added to his
own habitual and excessive self-assertion, ob-
tained for him much ill will in the fleet, and
it was freely said that he talked too much
to be of any great use. In the emergency,
however, Hood was glad to have a spare man
at hand, and sent him home with the des-
patches. He was at once appointed to the
Diamondfrigate, which, after being employed
during 1794 in the North Sea, was through
1795-6 employed on the north coast of
France, where, in command of a flotilla of
small craffc, Smith displayed unusual ability j
for partisan warfare, captured or destroyed
great numbers of the enemy's armed vessels,
and completely stopped the coasting trade.
On 18 April 1796 the ship was off Havre,
and Smith learnt that a noted privateer
lugger, which, by her superior speed and the
ability of her commander, had done much
damage to our trade, was then lying in the
port. Smith determined to send in the boats
to bring her out, and, finding at the last mo-
ment that he had no available lieutenant,
went himself in command of the enterprise, j
The lugger was taken by surprise and cap- j
tured, almost without resistance ; but when
she was in the river, with Smith on board,
she was caught by the flood-tide and swept
up some distance above the town, where, the
wind having fallen very light, she still was
at daybreak. She was then attacked by a
very superior force of gunboats and other
armed vessels and recaptured, with Smith
and, his officers and men. Smith and his
companions were taken to Havre; but,
though he was treated with proper courtesy,
tifcte proposals made by the English govern-
ment for his exchange were bluntly rejected,
an.d within a few days he was sent to Paris,
where he was closely confined in the Temple.
The French government and the French
people were greatly exasperated against him.
It was known that he had directed the burn-
ing of the shijjs at Toulon ; it was understood
tfeit, at the taoB f he held no commission, and
3fc was maintained tfeat his piratical action
put him out of the recognised category of pri-
soners of war. His eighteen months 7 cruise
on the coast of France had won for Tn'm a.
dangerous notoriety ; and it was even urged
that at the moment of his capture, in a place-
where no English officer had any ostensible-
business, he was attempting to carry out
some deep-laid and nefarious j>lot for the
destruction of Havre (BARKOW, i. 199-200).
In consequence, though not harshly treated,,
he was retained a prisoner for two weary
years. He then, with the assistance of a
Colonel PhSlypeaux, an officer of engineers-
in the old royal army of France, and aided,
it was supposed, by a feminine intrigue,,
succeeded in effecting his escape, reached
Havre, and was taken off by a fishing-boat
to the Argo frigate, which landed him at
Portsmouth a few days later. Sir William
Hotham [q. v.], senior officer off Havre at the-
time, noted in his ' Characters' that he was
one morning invited by the captain of the-
Argo to breakfast. ' As he had designedly
kept the circumstance [of Smith's arrival on
board] from me, I was some minutes sitting
next to him at breakfast without at all
knowing who he was, he was so completely
disguised, and was such a perfect French-
man.' Smith had, in fact, already deceived
sharper eyes and more capable ears than
Hotham's, unless, indeed, we accept Barrow's
unsupported suggestion that the escape wa&
connived at by the Directory (i. 230).
On arriving in London, on 8 May 1798 P
Smith was taken by Lord Spencer, the first
lord of the admiralty, to wait on the king,,
and a few weeks later he was appointed to
the Tigre of 80 guns, in which, in October,,
he was sent out to join Lord St. Vincent at
Cadiz or Gibraltar, but with a commission
from the foreign office appointing "him joint
plenipotentiary with his brother at Con-
stantinople, and instructions to St. Vincent
to send him to the Levant (NICOLAS, iii.
214). The anomalous position led to what
threatened to be a very serious misunder-
standing ; for St. Vincent, conceiving it to be
Lord Spencer's intention that Smith should
conduct the further operations on the coast
of Egypt, did not formally put him under Nel-
son's orders, and Smith, who was not at all
the man to minimise his authority, assumed
the airs of an independent commander, con-
stituted himself a commodore, and hoisted
a broad pennant; all which gave as it
could not help doing great offence to Nel-
son, on whose prerogative of command Smith
was unduly trespassing (id. iii. 213, 215).
It has indeed been asserted that there was
no such intention, either on the part of
Smith or Spencer ; but both of them had had
Smith
165
Smith
sufficient experience of the admiralty and
the navj to know the evils that might
result from an error in form. It was only
after very sharp letters from St. Vincent
and Xelson that Smith was convinced of his
mistake, and, while remaining senior officer
in the Levant, conducted the business as
subordinate to Nelson.
Meantime he had undertaken the defence
of Saint Jean d'Acre, which was to render
his name famous. On 3 March 1799 he took
over the command of Alexandria, and the
same evening learnt that Bonaparte, on his
way to Syria, had stormed Jaffa. He at once
sent the Theseus to Acre, and with her,
Colonel Phelypeaux, who, having shared his
escape from Paris, was now serving with
him as a volunteer. Phelypeaux and Miller,
the captain of the Theseus, made what ar-
rangements were possible for the defence of
the town, and on the 15th they were joined
by Smith in the Tigre. But their prepara-
tions would have been of little value had
not the superiority at sea enabled him on
the 18th to capture the whole of the siege
artillery, stores, and ammunition on which
Bonaparte was dependent for the prosecu-
tion of his design. The eight gunboats in
which these had been embarked were also a
most valuable reinforcement j and while the
.siege guns were mounted on the walls of
the fortress, the gunboats, supported by the
"TIgTe and Theseus, took up positions from :
which they enfiladed the French lines. To
carry on the attack the French had only
their field guns, and it was not till 25 April
that they were able to bring up six heavy l
guns from Jaffa. Time had thus been gained,
-and the defences of the town put into a
better state. On 4 May, after six weeks of
mining, countermining, and hard fighting at
-very close quarters, a practicable breach was ,
made, the mine was finished, and a general !
assault was ordered for the 5th. During
the ni^ht, however, the besieged destroyed
the mine, and the assault was postponed.
On the evening of the 7th the long-expected
reinforcement of Turkish troops from Khodes
oame in sight, and Bonaparte, seeing the
necessity of anticipating them, delivered
the assault at once. The combat raged
through the night with the utmost fury, and
At daybreak the French held one of the
towers. The Turkish ships were still some
distance off becalmed, and Smith, seeing the
critical nature of the struggle, landed a
strong party of seamen annea with pikes,
-who held the breach till the troops arrived.
AH day the battle raged. At nightfall the
assailants withdrew. Twelve days later the
iege was raised. *In Smith's character
; there was a strong fantastic and vainglorious
, strain ; but, so far as appears, he showed at
; Acre discretion and soundjudgment, as well
as energy and courage. He had to be much
| on shore as well as afloat ; but he seems to
j have shown Phelypeaux and, after his death,
Colonel Douglas the confidence and defe-
rence which their professional skill demanded,
as he certainly was most generous in recog-
nising their services and those of others.
The good sense which defers to superior ex-
perience, the lofty spmt which bears the
weight of responsibility and sustains the
courage of waverers, ungrudging expendi-
ture of means and effort, unshaken determi-
nation to endure to the end, and heroic in-
spiration at the critical moment of the last
assault, all these fine qualities must in can-
dour be allowed to Smith at the siege of
Acre ? (MAHA3T, Influence of Sea Power upon
the French Revolution and Empire, i. 303-4).
The news of this decisive check to the
progress of the French arms in the east was
received in England with great enthusiasm.
The thanks of both houses of parliament
were voted to Smith, and a year later a pen-
sion of 1 3 000/. a year was settled on him.
He was given also the thanks of the city
of London and the freedom of the Levant
Company, together with a piece of plate and,
some years later, a grant of 1,5001 From
the sultan he received a pelisse and the
chelingk or plume of triumph, such as were
given also to Nelson for the victory in
AbouMr Bay. The glory so deservedly ac-
corded to Smith for his triumph at Acre
rekindled the too exuberant vanity which
the reprimands of St. Yincent and of Nelson
had previously reduced within manageable
limits. He again fancied himself com-
mandex-in-chief, independent of even the
government, and plenipotentiary, controlled
only by his younger brother, who was a long
way off, at Constantinople j and thus, setting
aside the positive orders from home that no
terms were to be made with the enemy which
did not involve the surrender of the French
troops in Egypt as prisoners of war, he took
on himself to conclude (24 Jan. 1800) the
treaty of El Arish, by the terms of which the
French, soldiers, with their arms, baggage, and
effects, were to be transported to France at
the charge of the sultan and his allies. It
was impossible for Lord Keith, who was in
chief command, to approve of such a treaty
[see EiiPBXsrsrojTE, GEOBSE KEITH, VISCOWT
KEITH] ; and the war recommenced, to be
brought to an end by the campaign, of 1801,
through which the Tigre formed part of the
squadron under Keith, and Smith was landed
in command of the seamen employed on shore.
Smith
166
Smith
After tlie surrender of Alexandria, 2 Sept.
1801 , he was sent home with despatches, and '
arrived in London on 10 NOT.
In the general election of 1802 he was re-
turned as M.P. for [Rochester, and during
1803 had, under Lord Keith, command of a
squadron of small craft on the coast of
Flanders and Holland. On 9 Nov. 1805 he
was promoted to be rear-admiral, and in
January 1806 he hoisted his flag on board
the Pompe"e for service in the Mediterranean,
where Lord Collingwood was instructed to
employ him in a detached command on the
coast of Naples. "From May to August 1806
he carried on a successful war of outposts
against the French, and another, more bitter
and not so successful, against the English
military officers, with whom he was supposed
to be co-operating, and especially against
Sir John Moore (1761-1809) [q. v.l who
was quite unable to understand the real merit
hidden Deneath so much extravagance and
vanity. Colonel (afterwards Sir Henry Ed-
ward) Bunbury [q. v.], then chief of the staff
under Stuart or Moore, tells many stories of
Smith's absurdities, and says i he was an
enthusiast, always panting for distinction,
restlessly active, but desultory in his views,
extravagantly vain, daring, quick-sighted, and
fertile in those resources which befit a parti-
san leader ; but he possessed no great depth of
judgment, nor any fixity of purpose save that
of persuading mankind, as he was fully per-
suaded himself, that Sidney Smith was the
most brilliant of chevaliers. He was kind-
tempered, generous, and as agreeable as a
man can be supposed to be who is always
talking of himself 7 (Narrative of some Pas-
sages in the great War with France, p. 232).
Moore described Smith as * most impudent ; '
but Bunbury, although naturally taking the
soldier's estimate of the man, says 'the
coming of the admiral and the energy of his
first proceedings soon produced a wide effect.
Arms and ammunition were conveyed into
the mountains of Calabria j the smaller de-
tachments of the enemy were driven from
the shores, and some of the strongest points
were armed and occupied by the insurgents
and parties of English marines and seamen.
33*8 admiral spread his ships and small craft
along the coasts from Scylla to the Bay of
Naples, he took the island of Capri; ,
threatened Salerno and Policastro ; scattered
through the interior his proclamations as
G comWnder-m-chief on behalf of King Fer-
dinand/* and the insurrection soon kindled
throughout the Basilicata and the two
CHaWas, though the bands acted in general
-with little concert or collective strength'
In August Smith had instructions to put
himself under the orders of Sir John Thomas
Duckworth [q. v.], with whom he co-operated
in the futile demonstration off Constantinople-
in February-March 1807. In the summer
he returned to England, and in November
was sent out as senior officer to the Tagus,
with his flag in the Hibernia. At Lisbon
he made the arrangements for the departure
of the prince regent and the royal family to>
the Brazils, and sent several of the ships.
under his orders as a convoy to the Portu-
guese squadron. In February 1808 he was
himself sent out to Kio de Janeiro, to take-
command of the South American station, but
a bitter quarrel which broke out between
him and Lord Strangford, the English
minister, led to his being summarily recalled
in the summer of 1809. A later correspon-
dence with Canning seems to show that the
parts of Smith's conduct which Strangford
had represented as irregular were strictly in
accordance with his secret instructions ; but
in any case it was obviously impossible to-
permit the minister at a foreign court and
the commander-in-chief on the station to
be writing abusive letters to or at each other
[see SMTTHE, PEKCY CLINTON SYDOTSY].
On 31 July 1810 Smith was promoted to
be vice-admiral, and in July 1812 went out
to the Mediterranean as second in command
under Sir Edward Pellew (afterwards Vis*
count Exmouth) [q. v.] In March 1814,.
being in very bad health, he was allowed to
return to England with his flag flying in the-
Hibernia. With her arrival at Plymouth in
July Smith's service came to an end. In
June 1815 he found himself, at the critical
moment, at Brussels, and on the afternoon,
of the 18th rode out to the army, joined the-
Duke of Wellington, and rode with him from
St. Jean to Waterloo. 'Thus/ he wrote,
6 though I was not allowed to have any of
the fun, I had the heartfelt gratification of
being the first Englishman that was not in
the battle who shook hands with him/ He-
accompanied the army to Paris, where, in
the Palais Bourbon, on 29 Dec., he was in-
vested by the Duke of Wellington with the-
insignia of the K.C.B., to which he had been
nominated in the previous January. Oa
19 July 1821 he attained the rank of admiral.
During his later years he lived principally in
Paris, amusing himself with a fictitious order
of ' Knights Liberators ' or ' Knights Tem-
plars, 1 which he had formed and of which he-
constituted himself president. It had for its
proposed aim the liberation of Christian slaves-
from the Barbary pirates 5 but its efibrts seem
to have been limited to correspondence*
On 4 July 1838 Smith was nominated a.
Smith
167
Smith
G.C.B. He died in Paris on 26 May 1840
and was buried at Pere-Lachaise, where
there is a monument to his memory. He
married, in October 1810, Caroline, widow
of Sir George Berriman Rumbold [q. v.], who
died in 1826, having no issue by her second
marriage.
A characteristically theatrical portrait by
Eckstein, in the National Portrait Gallery,
has been engraved. A more pleasing portrait
by Chandler has been engraved by E. Bell,
[Barrow's Life of Smith (2 vols. 8vo, 1848) was
written to a great extent from Smith's papers,
and incorporates many of his letters. It has
thus a biographical value of which the extreme
carelessness with which it has been put to-
gether cannot entirely deprive it. Howard's Life
(2 vols. 8vo) is pleasantly written, but with no
special sources of information. The memoirs in
Naval Chronicle, iv, 445 (with a portrait by
Bidley), vol. xxvi. (see Index), and Marshall's
Boy. Nav. Biogr. i. 291, are useful. See also
(Weil's Account of the Proceedings of the
Squadron of Sir S. Smith in effecting the Escape
of the Epyal Family of Portugal; Bnrke's Worts,
1823, vii. 21 7 seq. j Croker's Correspondence and
Diaries, i. 348-9 ; Nicolas's Nelson Despatches
(see Index).] J. K L.
SMITH, WILLIAM TYLER (1815-
1873), obstetrician, son of humble parents,
was born in the neighbourhood, of Bristol on
10 April 1815. He was educated at the
Bristol school of medicine, where he be-
came prosector and post-mortem clerk. He
graduated as bachelor of medicine at the
university of London in 1840, and eight
years later proceeded M.B. He became a
licentiate of the College of Physicians, Lon-
don, in 1850, and was elected to the fellow-
ship in 1859. He began his career as a
teacher in the private school of Mr. Dermott
in Bedford Square, and became, despite an
ungainly manner and bad delivery, an im-
pressive and effective lecturer and speaker.
When St. Mary's Hospital was founded,
Smith was appointed obstetric physician and
lecturer on obstetrics. He continued his
teaching there for the allotted term of twenty
years, and on retirement was elected con-
sulting physician accoucheur. He held the
office of examiner in obstetrics at the uni-
versity of London for the usual term of five
years. He resided, at first, at 7 Bolton |
Street, Piccadilly, thence removed to 7 Upper '
Grosvenor Street, and subsequently to No. 21
in the same street.
For several years he was largely depen-
dent upon literary work, and his skill as a '
writer greatly aided his professional reputa-
tion and influence. He was long engaged -
rapon the editorial staff of the * Lancet/ at
first only as an. occasional contributor, but
soon as one of its sub-editors. Among his con-
| tributions were valuable papers * On Quacks
and Quackery,' and a series of biographical
sketches of the leading physicians and sur-
! geons of the metropolS.
! At the instance of his intimate friend Mar-
I shall Hall [q. v.], he studied the applications
: of the reflex function to obstetrics, with the
: result that the practice of obstetrics became,
for the first time, guided by physiological
! principle. The results of his researches ha
reduced to the form of lectures, which he
published week by week in the e Lancet/
The earliest series he collected and issued
separately as * Parturition, and the Prin-
i ciples and Practice of Obstetrics,' 1849, a
| book which lie dedicated to HalL Some
further lectures similarly contributed to the
* Lancet' formed the basis of his Manual of
Obstetrics,' 1858. Both books take a place
in obstetric literature only second to the
writings of Thomas Penman the elder [q.v.],
and are the more remarkable because at the
time they were written Smith had no large
practical experience. The * Manual of Ob-
stetrics/ although defective in some practical
points, especially as regards the operations,
immediately became, and long remained, the
favourite text-book in this country.
Tyler Smith raised the position of obste-
tric medicine not only by his teaching, oral
and written, but by the foundation of the
Obstetrical Society of London. The subse-
quent success of the society was largely due
to his contributions in memoirs and in de-
bate and to his capacity for business. On
the death of Edward Rigby (1804-1860)
[q. v ; ] in December I860, Smith was elected
president.
Smith was associated with Thomas Wakley
[a. v.] in the establishment of the New
Equitable Life Assurance Society, one aim
of which was to secure the just acknowledg-
ment of the professional services of medical
men. He was one of the first directors (cf.
SKBieeE, JJft and Times of T&omas Wakley,
1897). When the society was united to
the Briton Life Office, he became deputy
chairman of the unitejd companies. He con-
ceived the idea of raising the ancient Cinque-
port town of Seaford to the position of a
sanatorium and fashionable watering-place.
He purchased a considerable piece of land
in and adjoining the town, and leased more
from the corporation on the condition that
he should secure it against the frequent sub-
mersion by the sea and build upon it. He
was active in promoting the foundation and
success of the convalescent hospital at Sea*-
ford, and was bailiff of the town in 1861,
1864 1867, 1868, and 1870. He
Smith
168
Smithson
strate for the town and port from 1861 to the
time of his death at Richmond on Whit-
Monday 1 873. He was buried at Blatching-
ton, near Seaford.
He married Tryphena, daughter of J.
Yearsley, esq., of Southwick Park, near
Tewkesbury, and had seven children, two of
whom died in infancy. Engraved portraits
of "Him are at St. Mary's Hospital and at the
Obstetrical Society of London.
His chief works, apart from those men-
tioned above and numerous contributions to
the * Medico-Chimrgical Transactions/ l Ob-
stetrical Transactions/ and 'Pathological
Transactions/ were : 1. ' Scrofula: its Nature,
Causes, and Treatment/ 8y o, 1844. 2. ' The
Periodoscope, with its application to Obstetric
Calculations in the Periodicities of the Sex/
8vo, 1848. 3. ' Treatment of Sterility by Ee-
moval of Obstructions of the Fallopian
Tubes/ 4. 'Pathology and Treatment of
Leucorrhcea/ 8vo, London, 1855.
[Lancet, 1873; Medical Times and G-azette,
1873 ; British Medical Journal, 1873; Churchill's
Medical Directory ; Brit. Mus. Cat.; private in-
formation.] W. "W. TV.
SMITH, WILLOUGEBY (1828-1891),
telegraphic engineer, was born at Great
Yarmouth on 16 April 1828. In 1848 he
entered the service of the Gutta Percha
Company, London, and soon after this he
commenced experimenting on covering iron
or copper wire with gutta-percha for tele-
graphic or other electric purposes. In 1849
the company had so far succeeded with the
experiments that they undertook to supply
thirty miles of copper wire, covered with
gutta-percha, to be laid from Dover to
Calais. During 1849-50 Smith was engaged
in the manufacture and laying of this line.
The trouble caused by the imperfect system
of making the joints induced him to give
this subject special attention ; in the cable
laid over the same course in the following
year, in the manufacture and laying of which
hie was actively engaged, he introduced a sys-
tem of joint-making which proved a great
success, and in 1855 he invented the present
plan of joining and insulating the conductor.
From this time onward he was engaged
either upon cable work or upon underground
land^lines. Early in 1854 the first cable to
belaid in. the Mediterranean was commenced.
He had charge of the electrical department
during its manufacture, and assisted Sir
Charles Wheatstone with hia experiments
on the retardation of signals through this
cable, while coiled at the works of Glass,
Elliott, & Co, at East Greenwich. Smith
look charge of the electrical department
during the laying of this cable between
Spezzia and Corsica, and Corsica and Sar-
dinia, and in the following year was em- ,
ployed in the manufacture and laying of a
cable between Sardinia andBona in Algeria.
On his return he became electrician and
manager of the wire department of the Gutta
Percha works, and commenced making 2,500
miles of core for a cable from Ireland to
Newfoundland, In 1858 he gave up using
coal-tar naphtha between the gutta-percha
coverings of the wires, having invented an
insulating and adhesive compound of a more
suitable nature, This compound was gene-
rally adopted and is still in use.
In 1864 the works of Glass, Elliot, & Co.
at Greenwich and the Gutta Percha Company
were formed into The Telegraph Construc-
tion and Maintenance Company, when Smith
retained his position at the works. In 1865
he accompanied the Great Eastern steam-
ship, and rendered assistance in the laying
of the cable from Ireland to Newfoundland.
Early in 1866 he was appointed chief elec-
trician to the Telegraph Construction Com-
pany, and was engaged on board the Great
Eastern during the successful laying of the
second cable from Ireland to Newfoundland,
and the recovery and completion of the cable
lost the previous year. Subsequently he took
charge of the French Atlantic cable expedi-
tion. The cable was successfully laid, but
the strain on his mind was so great that for
a time he was quite incapacitated for work.
After his recovery he experimented upon,
and improved the manufacture of, gutta-
percha for cable work. He died at East-
bourne on 17 July 1891, and was buried in
Highgate cemetery on 21 Julv,
Smith made many contributions to periodi-
cal literature and to the 6 Journal of the In-
stitute of Telegraphic Engineers/ of which
institution he was president in 1882-3. In
1891 he published ' The Rise and Progress
of Submarine Telegraphy/ in which he
described some of his own work and expe-
riences.
[Electrical Engineer, 24 July 1891, p. 85 ;
Gordon's Physical Treatise on Electricity, 1883,
ii. 299; Nature, 30 July 1891, p. 302; Times,
25 July 1891, p. 7.] GK C. B.
SMITH-IOJILL, JAMES GEOEGE
(1810-1857), brigadier general. [See
NEILT,.]
SMITHSOlSr, HABEIET CONSTANCE,
afterwards MATUOT BBBUOZ (1800-1854),
actress, born at Ennis, co. Clare, on 18 March
1800, was daughter of William Joseph Smith-
son, a man of Gloucestershire descent, who
was for many years manager of the theatres
Smithson
169
Smithson
in tlie Waterford and Kilkenny circuit.
Adopted at the age of two by the Bev. Dr.
James Barrett of Ennis, she lived with him,
apart from stage knowledge or influences,
until his death in 1809, when she was placed
at Mrs. Tounier's school at Waterford. Her
father's health failing, she was reluctantly
induced to turn to the stage, and, through
the influence of Lord and Lady Castle-Ooote,
was engaged by Frederick Edward Jones
[q. v.], and made her first appearance at the
Crow Street Theatre about 1815 as Albina
Mandeville, Mrs, Jordan's part in Reynolds^
* Will.' She also played Lady Teazle. At
Belfast on 1 Jan. 1816 she joined Montagu
Talbot's company, of which during the pre-
vious season her father and mother had been
members, and on the 3rd played Mrs. Mor-
timer, Mrs. Pope's part in Reynolds's * Laugh
when you can/ During the season, which
ended on 3 July, she was seen as Albina
Mandeville, Aurelia in Mrs. Inchbald's
* Lovers* Vows/ Floranthe in Colman's
* Mountaineers/ Lady Emily Gerald in Mrs,
C. Kemble's f Smiles and Tears/ and for her
benefit, on 1 April, as Letitia Hardy in the
* Belle's Stratagem/ to the Doricourt of her
manager, Montagu Talbot [q. v.] She was
seen to be inexperienced, but praised for
w&i'zjefc?and promise. With Talbot s company
she visited Cork and Limerick, returning to
Dublin, where she played Lady Contest in
the ' Wedding Day/ Yarico in e Inkle and
Yarico/ Cora in ' Pizarro/ Mrs. Haller and
Miss Woodburn in i Every one has his Fault.'
On the recommendation of the Castle-
Cootes she was next engaged by Elliston at
Birmingham, where she was seen by Henry
Erskine Johnston [q.v.], and through hi-m
obtained an introduction to the committee of
management at Drury Lane. There, under
the title of Miss Smithson from Dublin, she
made, as Letitia Hardy, her first appearance
on 20 Jan. 1818, The theatre was at the
nadir of poverty and in disrepute, and her
performance attracted little attention. The
* Theatrical Inquisitor/ however, spoke of her
as tall and well formed, with a handsome
countenance, and a voice distinct rather than
powerful. She ' acted with spirit, over acting
a little in the broadly comic scenes, singing
with more humour than sweetness, and danc-
ing gracefully in the Minuet de la GOUT/ As
Ellen, in the 'Falls of the Clyde/ she won
from the * Morning Herald ' a more favourable
opinion. Her voice had the ' tremulous and
thrilling tones giving an irresistible charm to
expressions of grief and tenderness,' She
played Lady Racket in * Three Weeks after
Marriage/ Eliza in the l Jew/ and other parts,
and was on 25 March the original. Diana
f Vernon in Soane's 'Rob Roy the Gregarach.'
After revisiting Dublin in the summer, she
reappeared at Drury Lane, now under the
management of Stephen Kemble at reduced
prices, and was on 26 Sept. the original Eu-
genia in Walker's ( Sigesmar t he S witzer,' She
played Julia in the * Way to get married;'
Mary in the ' Innkeeper's Daughter; 7 on
3 April the original Scipio, an improvisatore,
in Buck's t Italians;' 3 May, the original
Lillian Eden in MoncriefTs ' Wanted a Wife ; '
11 May, the original Jella in Milner's ' Jew of
Lubeck ; f and the original Amestris in Jod-
drell's i Persian Heroine* on 2 June. Next
season Elliston took Drury Lane, and Miss
Smithson went to the Coburg-, where she
played Selima in a version of ' Selima and
Azur. 1 On 7 Nov. 1820, as Rosalie Summers
1 in * Town and Country/ she reappeared at
Drury Lane. On the 21st she was the
original Maria in Jameson's * Wild Goose
I Chace/ on 24 March 1821 the first Rhoda in
1 ' Mother and Son/ on 2 July Lavinia in Mon-
1 eriefTs * Spectre Bridegroom, 7 and on 8 Sept.
Countess in* Giraldi Duval, or the Bandit of
Bohemia.' For her benefit she played { Lydia
Languish.' She subsequently appeared in
Liverpool, Manchester, Margate, and else-
where in the provinces. Oxberry charges the
management of Drury Lane with studied
neglect in keeping her out of parts such as
, Desdemona, in which she was excellent, and
! Cordelia, Juliet, and Imogen, to which she
was well suited; but she played Lady Anne
to Kean's Richard m, and Desdemona to Ms
Othello. In Howard Payne's 'Adeline, or
the Victim of Seduction/ she was, on 9 Feb.
I 1822, the original Countess ; on 15 Feb. 1823
! she was the first Amy Templeton in Poole's
t Deaf as a Post/ Lady Percy in the t First
Part of Henry I V/ Louisa in the ' Dramatist/
Lisette, an original part in Beazley's * Philan-
dering/ Margaret m *A New Way to pay
Old Debts/ Ellen in * A Cure for the Heart-
ache/ Anne Bullen in t Bang Henry VTH/
Virgilia in ' Coriolanus' were assigned her
I during 1823-4. For three seasons longer she
1 remained at Drury Lane without adding to
her reputation. The only parts worth men-
tioning are Blanche in * King John/ Floriinel
in the ' Fatal Dowry/ Princess Eglantine in
* Valentine and Orson/ Amanda (an original
part) in ' Oberon, or the Charmed House *
(27 'March 1826), and Helen in the 'Iron
Chest' (26 June 1827).
In the meantime, through her brother,
who was manager of the English theatre at
Boulogne, Miss Smithson appeared there on
$ Oct. 1824 as Juliana in the * Honeymoon,'
and Ellen Enfield in the < Falls of Clyde.'
She also played at Calais. Subsequently she
Smithson
170
Smithson
played in the country with Macready, was
with him in Dublin, and acted with him in
Edinburgh and Glasgow in 1829-30 ; she was
thus seen in 'Jane Shore' by Christopher
North, who describes her in the * Noctes
Ambrosianse ' as ' an actress not only of great
talent, but of genius a very lovely woman
and, like Miss Jarman, altogether a lady
in private life. 7
In April 1828 Miss Smithson accompanied
Macready to Paris, and appeared at the Salle
Favart (Theatre Italian) in Desdemona, in
which character she made a profound im-
pression, further strengthened by her appear-
ance as Virginia in ' Virginius*' Next spring
she returned to London, and made her first
appearance at Oovent Garden as Belvidera
in 'Venice Preserved' on 11 April, when
Genest declared her much improved. In
November 1832 she was again in Paris, and
engaged the Theatre Italian and the Odon,
acting on alternate nights; opening the
former house with 'Jane Shore/ in which
she played the heroine, and the latter with
Kenne/s 'Raising the Wind,' An effort to
engage Macready failed in consequence of
the terms he demanded, and the actress, who
was supported by an actor named Archer,
remained the chief attraction. ' Jane Shore'
ran for twenty-five nights. Macready states
that when in that piece she declared that
sjie had not tasted food for three long days,
a deep murmur { Oh, mon Dieu ! J audible
through the house, showed how complete
was the illusion she created. In Juliet and
in Ophelia she achieved her greatest triumphs.
It was the period when in Prance roman-
ticism was rampant, and Miss Smithson
raised the enthusiasm on behalf of Shake-
speare to its height. Her Irish accent, an
obstacle to her success in London, was un-
perceived in Paris, and she was for some
months the rage with the enthusiastic but
volatile public of that city. Years later her
name survived, and her pathetic outbursts
and powerful gestures were commended by
Theophile Gautier.
Among those most passionately enamoured
of her and her art was Hector Berlioz, the
musical composer, whose memoirs are full of
extravagant utterances concerning 'la belle
SfeiiBoti/tbe * artiste inspired dont tout Paris
d$bait' Poor, and as yet unknown, he
dared to make advances to her which filled
her with consternation rather than delight.
But the snecess of the English theatre in
Paris was not sustained. A trip to Am-
sterdam and to French provincial towns
sch as Havre, Boaen, and Bordeaux had
a effect upon Miss Smithson's finances op-
poeifee ta that desired, and he? company
had to be disbanded. Vanity had led her
into many extravagances. The Parisian
public proved fickle, and she had the mis-
fortune to break her leg above the ankle in
getting out of her carriage. Berlioz returned
from Italy in the summer of 1833, and found
her burdened with debts. He chivalrously
renewed his offer, and was married to Miss
Smithson early in October at the British
Embassy, Paris. The announcement in the
' Court Journal ' is ungraciously coupled with
the expression of a wish that the marriage
would prevent her reappearance on the Eng-
lish boards. Though Horace Smith wrote-
of her ' picturesque variety * of pose, English
opinion was almost uniformly hostile to her,
and even attributed her accident to a thea-
trical ruse. It is scarcely surprising that
she had no wish in later life to revisit Great
Britain.
A special performance was given in Paris at
the Theatre Italien with a view towards pay-
ing the debts of the bride. The programme
comprised the l Antony ' of Alexandre Dumas,
supported by Madame Dorval and Firmin,
the fourth act of 'Hamlet,' and a performance
of Berlioz's ' Symphonic Eantastique,' * Sar-
danapale/ and an overture to ' Les Francs-
Juges.' The sum obtained, seven thousand
francs, was inadequate, and the result was
mortification to the actress, who, on her
rising with difficulty from the stage as Ophelia,
did not even receive a call, and saw all the
homage accorded to Madame Dorval. She did
not again appear on the stage. Sharing her
husband's privations, she became, according
to his statement, sharp-tempered, jealous, and
exacting. In 1840 husband and wife separated
by mutual consent, and Berlioz chose another
partner. He saw his wife occasionally, and
contributed to her support. During the last
four years of her life she suffered from para-
lysis, depriving her of speech and motion.
An inscription in the cemetery of Montmartre
reads: * Henriette Constance Berlioz Smith-
son, ne6 a Ennis en Irlande, morte a Mont-
martre le 3 mars 1854.' Ten years later her
remains were disinterred and placed in a
vault in the larger cemetery of Montmartre,
next those of the second wife of Berlioz.
By Berlioz she left a son, Louis, who entered
the navy and was with the French fleet in
the Baltic in 1855, but predeceased his father;
the latter died at Paris on 8 March 1869.
A portrait of her, described as of Henrietta
Smithson, by R. E. Drummond, stippled by
J. Thomson, is among the engraved portraits
at South Kensington. A portrait of her as
Maria, presumably in the *Wild Goose
Chase/ accompanies her life in Oxberry*s
' Dramatic Biography/ A portrait as Mar-
Smithson
171
Smithson
garet in * A New Way to pay Old Debts ' is
in Cumberland's i British Theatre,' vol. vii.,
and another, a coloured print after Clint, as
Miss Dorillon in * Wives as they were and
Maids as they are,' is in Terry's 'British
Theatrical Gallery/
[Particulars of Miss Smithson's early lif e were
supplied by herself to Gxberry, and appear in
the second volume of his Dramatic Biography.
Information concerning her performances in
Ireland is kindly supplied by Mr. W. J. Lawrence,
who is engaged on a History of the Belfast Stage.
Her characters in London are taken from
Genest's Account of the English Stage. Genest,
however, omits mnch. Such few particulars as
can be gleaned concerning her performances in
Prance are taken from the Court Journal (1832
and 1833), Lady's Magazine, and Gautier*s His-
toire de 1'Art Dramatique en France. Her life as
Madame Berliozapp^ars in the M^moires de Hec-
tor Berlioz, 1878, i. 292-4 sq., and is summarised
in a paper by Dutton Cook in the Gent. Mag.
June 1879. The Autobiography of Hector Ber-
lioz, from 1803 to 1865, and published in 1884,
supplies some further details. A short memoir is
in Cumberland's British Theatre, TO!, vii. See
also Grove's Diet, of Musicians; Marshall's Cat.
of Engraved National Portraits; Clark Russell's
Bepresentative Actors; Dramatic Magazine, 1829 ]
and 1830; Pollock's Macready ; Ne^ Monthly j
Magazine, various years; Dibdin's Hist, of the i
Scottish Stage; Hist, of the Theatre Boyal, Dub-
lin, 1870 ; and the Theatrical Censor, 1818-20.]
J. K
SMITHSON, HUG-H, afterwards PEBCY,
first BUKE'OE NOBTHTJMBEBLATO of the third
creation (1715-1786). [See PEBCY.]
SMITHSON, JAMES (1765-1829),
founder of the Smithsonian Institution at
Washington, United States, was known in
early life as JAMES LEWIS or LOTJIS MACIE. j
Born in France in 1765 (the date of 1754, long i
accepted as correct, is taken from the inscrip- j
tiononhis tombstone), he was the illegitimate
sonofHughSnuthson(1715-1786), who after-
wards assumed the name of Percy [q. v.],and
was the first Duke of Northumberland of the
third creation. His mother, who was cousin
of his father's wife, was Elizabeth Hunger-
ford Keate (reputed to be daughter of Henry
Keate, uncle of George Keate [q.v.]) She
was, according to her son James, great-
ffrandniece of Charles Seymour, the 'proud 1
duke of Somerset, and 'heiress * to the family
of Hungerford of Studley ; to a member of
that family her sister was married. She had
apparently been twice a widow before her
illegitimate son was born. Her first husband's
surname seems to have been Dickinson. Her
second husband was James Macie, a country
gentleman of an old family belonging to
"Weston, near Bath. Both husbands seem to
have left her well provided for. In the will of
her mother, Penelope Keate, dated 13 July
1764, she was described as * my daughter
Elizabeth Macie of Bath, widow.' Her
second husband, Macie, was therefore dead
before the birth of her illegitimate son in
1765. In 1766, on the death of her brother,
Lumley Hungerford Keate, she inherited the
property of the Hungerfords of Studley,
which was doubtless one of the sources of her
son's great wealth.
Young Smithson was brought from France
at an early age, naturalised, and entered as
a gentleman commoner at Pembroke College,
Oxford. He matriculated on 7 May 1782 as
* Jacobus Ludovieus Macie [changed to Smith-
son], 17,deCivit. Londin. arm. Fil. 7 (Add.
MS. 33412, Brit. Mus.; FOSXEB, Alumni
Oxonienses, iii. 893, iv. 1323). He is said to
have been the best chemist and mineralogist
of his year. In 1784, at the age of nineteen,
he made a geological tour to Oban, Staffa, and
the Western Isles of Scotland, in company
with Faujas de St. Fond, Count Andrioni,
and others, and noted in his journals obser-
vations on mining and manufacturing pro-
cesses. His vacations were usually devoted
to similar excursions and the collection of
minerals. He was created M. A. 26 May 1786,
and was admitted a fellow of the Royal So-
ciety on 26 April 1787, being described as
' late of Pembroke College, Oxford, and now
of John Street, G-olden Square, a gentleman
well versed in various branches of natural
philosophy, and particularly in chy mistry and
mineralogy/ Among the five fellows who
recommended him was flenry Cavend ish.. He
lodged for some timeinBentinck Street, and
there probably prepared his first scientific
paper, t An Account of some Chemical Experi-
ments on Tabasheer/ read before the Royal
Society on 7 July 1791 (PMl Trans. voL
IT-S-TI. pt. ii. p. 368). The following year he
travelled from Geneva to Italy and in Tyrol
His political views found expression in a
letter from Paris ; *The office of king is not
yet abolished,, but they daily feel the inu-
tility, or rather the great inconvenience, of
continuing it. ... May other nations, at the
time of their reforms, be wise enough to cast
off, at first, the contemptible incumbrance.'
It is not known when he received permis-
sion from the crown to change his name, but
in 1794, eight years after his father's death,
he is mentioned in the will of his half-sister,
Dorothy Percy, as Macie. She was also an
illegitimate daughter of the duke, and died
on Nov. 1794 (UHESTEB, Registers of West-
minster, p. 453). The first public announce-
ment of tke name of Smithson is in thesecond
Smithson
172
Smithson
contribution to the i Transactions 7 of the
Royal Society, being * A Chemical Analysis
of some Calamines, by James Smithson, Esq./
read on 18 Nov. 1802 (Phil Trans, xciii.
12). This analysis quite upset the opinion
of the Abb6 Haiiy that calamines were all
mere oxides or 4 calces ' of zinc, and esta-
blished these minerals in the rank of true
carbonates. To commemorate this discovery
the name Smithsonite was conferred on a
native carbonate of zinc. Another paper,* On
Quadruple and Binary Compounds, particu-
larly Sulphurets/ appeared in the ' Philoso-
phical Magazine,' 1807 (xxis.275). His other
contributions to the l Philosophical Transac-
tions' were: i Account of a Discovery of
Native Minium ' (1806, vol. xcvi. pt. i. p. 267) ;
' On the Composition of the Compound Sul-
phuret from Huel Boys, and an Account o
its Crystals ' (1808, voL xcviii. pt. i. p. 55) ;
'On the Composition of Zeolite' (1811,
cL 171) ; * On a Substance from the Elm
Tree called Ulmin' (1813, vol. ciii. pt. i. p.
64) ; i On a Saline Substance from Mount
Yesuvius ' (1813, vol. ciii. pt. i. p. 256) ; * A
few Facts relative to the Colouring Matters
of some Vegetables' (1817, cviii. 110). His
name disappears from the ' Philosophical
Transactions' after 1817, but is frequently to
be found in the Annals of Philosophy J from
1819. In 1822 he published in that journal
a paper ( On the Detection of very Minute
Quantities of Arsenic and Mercury/ descrip-
tive of a method for a long time used by
chemists. He wrote altogether eighteen
articles in Thomson's ' Annals of Philosophy '
(1819-1825). These, with the eight papers
read before the Eoyal Society, twenty-seven
in all, were issued under the title of * The
Scientific Writings of James Smithson, edited
by W. J. Rhees J (Smithsonian Misc. Cotter
tions, 1879, No, 327). In the opinion of Pro-
fessor Clarke, ' the most notable feature of
Smithson's writings, from the standpoint of
the modern analytical chemist, is the suc-
cess obtained with the most primitive and
unsatisfactory appliances. ... He is not to
be classed among the leaders of scientific,
thought ; but his ability, and the usefulness
of his contributions to knowledge, cannot be
doubted.' In an obituary notice Davies Gil-
bert^ president of the Royal Society, associated
the name of Smithson with those of Wollas-
ton, Young 1 , and Davy 5 * he was distinguished
by the intimate friendship of Mr. Cavendish,
and rivalled our most expert chemists in ele-
gant analyses,' Berzelius refers to Mm as
* Tun desminSralogigtes les plus experiment's
del'Europe/ He left a great quantity of un-
printed matter. About two hundred manu-
seripls were forwarded to the United States
with his effects, besides thousands of separate
memoranda. Unfortunately, with the excep-
tion of a single volume, all perished in a ore at
the Smithsonian Institution in 1865. "W. R.
Johnson, who examined the papers before the
formation of the institution, states that they
dealt not only with science, but with history,
the arts, language, gardening, and building,
and such topics i as are likely to occupy the
thought and to constitute the reading of a
gentleman of extensive acquirements and
liberal views ' (Misc. Coll. ut supra, p. 138).
His cabinet, which was also destroyed, in-
cluded some 10,000 specimens of minerals.
A large part of Smithson's life was passed
on the continent. He lived in Berlin, Paris,
Rome, Florence, and Geneva, and associated
everywhere with scientific men. Among his
correspondents were Davy, Gilbert, Banks,
Thomson, Black, Arago, Biot, and Klaproth.
In later years, when his health became
feeble, he resided chiefly in Paris, at 121 rue
Montmartre. He died at Genoa, Italy, on
27 June 1829, aged 64, and was buried in the
little English cemetery on the heights of San
Benigno, The authorities of the Smithsonian
Institution placed a tablet on the tomb, and
another in the English church at Genoa;
but on the demolition of the English ceme-
tery at Genoa in 1903, Smithson's remains
were removed to Washington early in 1904.
In his will, dated 23 Oct. 1826, Smithson
describes himself as ' son of Hugh, first duke
of Northumberland, and Elizabeth, heiress
of the Hungerfords of Studley and niece of
Charles the Proud, duke of Somerset, now
residing in Bentinck Street, Cavendish
| Square.* There was a bequest to an old
servant, and the income of the property was
left for life to a nephew, Henry James
Hungerford, also known as Dickinson, and
afterwards as Baron Eunice de la Batut
(d. 1835). Subject to these provisions, the
whole was bequeathed ' to the United States
of America, to be found at Washington, under
the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an
establishment for the increase and diffusion
of knowledge among men.' The value of
the effects was sworn as under 120,0007. in
the prerogative court at Canterbury. The
money is believed to have come chiefly from
Colonel Henry Louis Dickinson (d. 1820), a
son of his mother by a former marriage. A
legacy of 3,000 from Dorothy Percy, his
half-sister on the paternal side, seems to have
been all that Smithson received from his
father's family. Republican sympathies ap-
ipear to account for the bequest to the
United States. In 1835 the United States
legation in London was informed that the
f court of chancery was in possession of the
Smithson
173
Smitz
estate, valued at about 100,0007. Acceptance '
of tlie gift was opposed in Congress, but,
through the influence of John Quiney
Adams, Richard Bush was sent to England
to enter a suit in the name of the president
of the United States. A decision was given
within two years, and the sum of 104,9607,
in gold was delivered at the Philadelphia
mint. In 1867, inclusive of a residuary
legacy, the total amount of the bequest had
increased to six hundred and fifty thousand
dollars. The Smithsonian Institution was
established by act of Congress, approved on
10 Aug. 1846, and the first meeting of the
board of regents took place on 7 Sept. in
the same year. Joseph Henry was the first
secretary (1846-78) ; to him are due the form
of the publications, the system of inter-
national exchanges, and the weather bureau.
Under the second secretary, Spencer Fuller-
ton Baird (1878-87), the new museum build-
ing was erected, and much attention was
given to zoological and ethnological explo-
rations. Professor Samuel Pierpont Langley,
the third and present holder of the office,
established the National Zoological Park and
the Astrophysical Observatory, and has given
great encouragement to the physical as well
as the biological sciences. The special work
of the bureau of ethnology was begun in 1872.
The Smithsonian building is one of the finest
in Washington. The library forms part of the
congressional library, and comprehends per-
haps one-fourth of the national collection. The
institution publishes periodically valuable
series of scientific publications, entitled re-
spectively Smithsonian Contributions to
Knowledge' since 1848, in 4to; 'Miscella-
neous Collections' since 1862, 8vo ; and 'An-
nual Reports.' The 4 Bulletins ' of the Na-
tional Museum commenced in 1875 and the
'Proceedings' in 1878. The 'Annual Re-
ports ' of the Bureau of Ethnology date from
1878. The Bureau also issues * Bulletins/
Smithson was a man of gentle character
whose life was devoted to study uncheered
by domestic affection. He had one relaxation.
Arago, in the course of his * Eloge d'Ampere/
without mentioning Smithson byname, says :
* Je connaissais a Paris, il y a quelques annees,
nn etranger de distinction, & la fois tres-
riche et tres-mal portant, dont les journees,
sauf un petit nombre d/heures de repos,
e"taient regulierement partagees entre d'in-
teressantes recherches scientifiques et le jeu '
((Z&ww, 1854,11. 27). Ampere demonstrated
to his friend that, according to the doctrine of
chances, he was each year cheated out of a
large sum ; but Smithson was unable to forego
the stimulus of play. His writings are marked
by terse and lucid expression, and his theory
of work is well illustrated by the noble words
found in one of his notebooks, which have
been adopted as a motto for the publications
of the institution : f Every man is a valuable
member of society who by his observations,
researches, and experiments procures know-
ledge for men. 7 Although Ke deeply felt the
circumstances of his birth, he was proud of his
descent, and once wrote : * The best blood of
England flows in my veins. On my father's
side I am a Northumberland, on my motherV
I am related to kings ; but this avails me not.
My name shall live in the memory of man
when the titles of the Northumberlands and
the Percys are ertinct and forgotten.* One
part of this statement has already been real-
ised, and, as the founder of the famous in-
stitution which bears his name, he is already
illustrious. The position of the Smithsonian
Institution is without a parallel in any
country.
There is an oil painting representing him
as an Oxford student (1786), and a miniature
by Johns (1816), both in the possession of
the institution. A medallion found among
his effects was marked * my likeness ' in
Smithson's hand; from this have been, en-
graved the portrait published by the institu-
tion, the great seal, and the vignette to be
seen on all its publications.
[Materials have been kindly contributed by
Professor S. P. Langley, secretary of the Smith-
sonian Institution. Mr. Gr. B. Henderson lent
some family documents. See also Smithson and
his Bequest, by W. J, Ehees, 1880, and ac-
counts by W. B. Johnson and J. E. McD. Irby
of the writings of Smithson, 1879, in Misc. Col-
lections, vol. xaa. 1881 ; Beport of E. Hash to
the Department of State, 1838; Gent. Hag.
March 1830, p. 275; Groode's Account of the
Smithsonian Institution, 1895.] E. B. T.
SMITZ, CASPAR (d. 1707?), painter, is
believed to have been a native of Flanders.
About 1660 he came to London, where he
gained a reputation for his small portraits in
oil, groups of fruit and Sowers, and especially
pictures of the penitent Magdalene, in the
foreground of which he usually introduced
a large and carefully painted thistle plant.
From his works of this class he received
the sobriquet of * Magdalene * Smith ; several
of them were engraved by John. Smith, P.
Schenk, and E. Petit. Being induced by
a lady who had been his pupil to remove to
Ireland,Smitz practised there during the latter
part of his life. Though his art was admired
and well remunerated, he was always impecu-
nious, and died in poverty in Dublin about
1707 Among Hs pupils were William
Gundy [q. v.] and James Hauberk
Smollett
174
Smollett
[Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting (Dallaway
and Wornum); Redgrave's Diet, of Artists;
Nagler s Kiinstler-Lesdkon.] F. M. O'D.
SMOLLETT, TOBIAS GEORGE (1721-
1771). novelist, came of a family long pos-
sessed of much local importance in Dumbar-
tonshire. An ancestor, Tobias, grandson of
John Smollett, a prominent citizen and
bailie of Dumbarton in 1516, was slain in
February 1603 in the conflict at Glenfruin.
The family's influence had been consider-
ably extended by the novelist's grandfather,
SIB JAHES SMOLLETT (1648-1731), first of
Bonhill. Born in 1648, James was appren-
ticed in 1665 to Walter E wing, a writer to the
signet j he was elected provost of Dumbarton
in 1 683, and filled that office until 1686, when
the ordinary election was superseded by
James IL In 1685 he was chosen commis-
sioner for the burgh to the Scottish parlia-
ment, and sat no less than twelve times.
Having been an active supporter of the
revolution, he was knighted by William III
in 1698, and was appointed to one of the
judgeships of the commissary or consistory
court in Edinburgh. As a zealous advocate
of the proposed union between England and
Scotland, he was in 1707 made one of the
commissioners for framing the articles upon
which the union was based (MACZTN'NOJ?',
Hist, of tTte Union), and, after the measure
had been carried, he was the first represen-
tative of the Dumbartonshire boroughs in
the British parliament. In his old age he
lived chiefly at his seat of Bonhill, whither
a goodly number of derivative Smolletts
looked up to him as chief. Sir James died
in 1731 (his curious manuscript autobio-
graphy is in possession of the family at Bon-
hill). By his first marriage with Jane (d.
1698), daughter of Sir Aulay Macaulay of
Ardincaple, bart., he had four sons and two
daughters. He married secondly, in June
1709, Elizabeth, daughter of William Hamil-
ton, but by her had no issue. Of Sir James's
four sons, the eldest, Tobias, went into the
army and died young ; the second, James, and
the third, George, were both called to the
Scottish bar. Sir James's estates passed to
the issue of his second son, James, and when
tliat failed, in 1738, to another grandson,
Jamas, the son of George Smollett, the third
son. Sir James's youngest son, Archibald
(the n<ov*listfs father), though he remained
without a profession, took the step of marry-
ing, without his father's consent, Barbara,
daughter of Robert Cunningham of Gilbert-
fielcL As she had little fortune, the old
knight found it necessary, on forgiving them,
to sefctle upon his youngest son the life rent
of &e farm of Dalquhum, near Bonhill,
in the vale of Leven, parish of Cardross,
Dumbartonshire, making up their income to
near BOOL a year. In the old grange of
Dalquhurn were born a daughter Jean and
two sons, James and the novelist.
Smollett's father, Archibald, a cultivated
man but of weak and petulant disposition,
died about 1723. His mother a proud ill-
natured-looking woman, with a sense of
humour and a passion for cards seems to
have remained at Dalquhurn until 1731,
when, her circumstances being further
straitened by the death of her father-in-
law, she removed to Edinburgh and settled
in a floor at the head of St. John Street
(CHAMBERS, Traditions of Old Edinburgh).
Tobias, who was christened on 19 March
1721, received a good education at Dum-
barton school under the grammarian, John
Love [q. v.J His desire had been to enter
the army, but in this he was thwarted by his
grandfather, who had already obtained a
commission for his elder brother, James. In
1736, therefore, he was sent to Glasgow to
attend the university and qualify for the
medical profession, and on 30 May 1736 he
was apprenticed for five years to Dr. John
Gordon (Faculty Records). There is no
ground for disputing the tradition that he
was a mischievous stripling and a restive
apprentice ; but in spite of some peccadilloes
the * bubbly-nosed callant with the stane in
his pouch/ as his master called him, seems
to have gained the latter's regard, while he
succeeded in adding an acquaintance with
Greek to the fair stock of Latin he possessed.
He had already developed a taste for satire,
which he expended upon the square-toed
writers of Glasgow, and he compiled a tra-
gedy based upon Buchanan's account of the
murder of James I (the theme also of Ros-
setti's ' King's Tragedy'), and called the
* Regicide.'
During 1739 Smollett determined to seek
his fortune in London. He set out with the
tragedy in his pocket and very little else,
beyond some letters of introduction which
proved of small avail. His journey south-
wards is described with infinite spirit in the
earlier chapters of ' Roderick Random.'
How far these and subsequent chapters are
strictly autobiographic has been disputed ;
but each of four separate claimants to the
honour of being the original of Strap vowed
that he had shared with Smollett the vicis-
situdes ascribed in the novel to Random and
his comrade (cf. CHAMBER, /SWw/teta, p. 52 ra.)
He lost no time in submitting his play to
George Lyttelton, first baron Lyttelton [q. v.],
the patron of Thomson and of Mallet. Months
elapsed before Lyttelton, with vague polite-
Smollett
Smollett
ness, deprecated the honour of sponsorship for
the play, which was, indeed, exceptionally
"bad. Smollett retorted at once by * dis-
carding his patron/ exhibiting thus early the
*systema nervosum maxime irritabile* of
which he complained in later life to a French
physician. That same autumn, probably
through the influence of Sir Andrew Mitchell
(1703-1771) [q. v.l, he obtained a post as sur-
geon on board a fang's shijj. Next year he
sailed in the Cumberland in the squadron
under Sir Chaloner Ogle fa. v.] to join Ver-
non's fleet in the West Indies, and served
during the whole of the operations of thecom-
binedfleet andland forces against Carthagena
in the spring of 1741, including the terrible
bombardment of Bocca Chica. When this
enterprise was abandoned the fleet returned
to Jamaica, where part remained for further
service in the West Indies. Smollett was
with this portion during 1741 and 1742.
Residing for a whfle in Jamaica, he became
enamoured of a Creole beauty, Kancy Las-
celles, the daughter of an English planter,
whom he married some time after his return
to England, probably in 1747.
Smollett seems to have removed his -name
from the navy books in May 1744, whereupon
he settled as a surgeon in Downing Street,
Westminster. He took kindly to tavern life
and to coffee-house society, among which he
shone as a raconteur. He was a great ac-
quisition to the Scottish circle in London,
and Dr. Alexander Carlyle, during his visit
to the metropolis in 1746, dilates upon the
charm of his society. His indignation was
excited by the rigour with which the High-
land rebellion was crushed in this year, and
he penned the most spontaneous and best
remembered of his poems, 'The Tears of
Scotland.' The years 1746 and 1747 saw his
shilling satires t Advice J and * Reproof/ two
admonitions to the whig party, with whom
he was rapidly losing patience; but they
attracted little attention. In 1747 also ap-
peared his * Burlesque Ode on the Loss of a
Grandmother/ an unfeeling parody of Lyt-
telton's * Monody* to the memory of his
wife.
Smollett's marriage should have brought
Trim a dowry of at least 3,000 invested in
land and slaves in Jamaica, but, after a
complicated lawsuit with trustees upon the
death of his wife's father, only a fraction of
this was recoverable. He seems to have
migrated from Downing Street to Mayfair
in search of practice, but his demeanour can
hardly have been of a kind to reassure
patients, while a rare facility for plain and
forcible composition seemed to beckon him
into the busiest part of the world of letters.
From the prospect of pamphleteering he
was soon to be diverted to prose fiction.
Eichardson had published his * Pamela ' in
1741, and Fielding his 6 Joseph Andrews '
in 1742. To these, however, Smollett,
when he produced the two small volumes of
f Roderick Random J in 1748, owed little
beyond the first impulse. The analytical
, method of Richardson had little attraction
for him, whale he was for the most part in-
sensible to, as he was incapable of, the literary
blandishments of Fielding. He preferred
to adapt to his purpose the * picaresque '
! method of Le Sage, to whom he frankly
i admits in the premce his obligation. His
appreciation of the l humours y of Bea Jortson
, and Shadwell is shown very markedly in
. his fondness for grotesque colouring, while
1 "many touches betrav the influence of Swiffc
| and Defoe. Smollett's hero, like ' Gil Bias,'
recounts a life of varied adventures, which he
, experiences in the company of a servant ; he
, enters the service of a physician and meets
{ with old schoolfellows, robbers, disillusions,
! and in the end an unexpected fortune (cf.
j WEBSHOVEX", Smollett et Lesage, Berlin,
1883). The novel owed its savour to its
1 studies of eccentric character. Uncle Bow-
ling in l Roderick Random,' said Thackeray,
I was as good a character as Squire Western,
[ and Mr. Morgan as pleasant as Mr. Caius,
while Strap has oftenlteen preferred to his con-
' gener Partridge. There was no authors name
on the title-page of * Roderick Random/ and
Lady Mary WortLey-Montagu, among others,
attributed the work to Fielding (in whose
name it was actually translated into French),
while many said that Fielding would have
to look to his laurels. The first use Smollett
made of his popularity was to publish * The
Regicide ' at five shillings a copy, as by Hie
* author of Roderick Random,' Lyttelton
was so intimidated by the ferocity with
which Smollett bore his triumph that * fear
of Smollett * is said to have been the primary
cause of the protracted delay in the ap-
pearance of his * Henry EL 7
Smollett now became a centre of at-
traction to the group of able Scotsmen who
were in London, and especially to those of
the medical profession, such as Clephane,
Maeaulay, Hunter, Armstrong, Pitcairne,
and Smellie. The latter had the benefit of
; Smollett's literary adroitness in the revision.
j of his * Treatise on Midwifery T published in
1752 (GLAISTEE, Dr. William SmelUe and
I his Contemporaries, 1894, p. 113). SmoEetfe
I "himself seems to have still designed to com-
bine the practice of medicine with author-
ship, and in June 1750 he obtained the degree
of M.D. from Marischal College, Aberdeen.
Smollett
176
Smollett
But in the autumn of this year hs already '
had another novel in prospect, and went
over to Paris with a new acquaintance, Dr.
John Moore (his future biographer and author
of ' Zelnco 7 ), in yiest of materials, or rather
subjects for caricature. One of these was
found in the person of Smollett's compatriot,
Mark Akenside. Smollett published his
second novel, ' The Adventures of Peregrine
Pickle ' (1751, 4 vols. 12mo), with prompti-
tude after his return. From the outset it
met with an immense success, and was forth-
with translated into French. Lake its pre-
decessor, it was a loosely constructed series
of adventures. But the faculty of eccentric
characterisation which rendered * Roderick
Random' notable was surpassed in * Pere-
grine Pickle J in the humorous study of Com-
modore Trunnion, the description of whose
death shows SmoHett T s powers at their best
(cf. Retrospective Review, iii. 362). Two
capital defects in the story are the grossly
inartistic interpolation, for a handsome fee,
of * The Memoirs of a Lady of Quality 7 [see
VAITE, FBAHCES, VISCOUNTESS VANE], and
the debased character of the hero, the ' savage
and ferocious Pickle ' as he is called by Scott.
The work was further disfigured by the
splenetic attacks which Smollett made upon
Lyttelton (Sir Gosling Scrag), and upon
Garrick, Gibber, Rich, Akenside, and Field-
ing ; these offensive passages were removed
from the second edition. Smollett, however,
pursued his resentment against Fielding,
which must be attributed, in part at least, to
an unworthy jealousy, in a pamphlet written
in 17o2 ? and entitled A Faithful Narrative
of the Base and Inhuman Arts that were
lately practised upon the Brain of Habbakuk
Holding, Justice, Dealer, and Chapman, who
now lies at his house in Covent Garden in a
deplorable State of Lunacy ... by Draw-
cansir Alexander, Fencing Master and Philo-
math. 1 The great novelist and his friend
Lyttelton were here attacked in the coarsest
strain of personal abuse.
In the meantime Smollett had migrated
to Bath, and was making a last determined
attempt to establish himself as a physician ;
but neither place nor profession was suited
to a man so frank and so combative. In
1752 he published * An Essay on the Ex-
ternal Use of Water' (London, 8vo), in
which he sought to prove that, for hydro-
pathic purposes, the mineral water of Bath
had little advantage over any other water.
He seems to have left Bath shortly after-
wards with some valuable material for sub-
sequent satire upon the medical profession
(< EVEBITT, Doctors, p. 282), His patience
had proved insufficient for the trials of a
struggling physician, and he returned to
London to devote himself wholly to literary
work. He established him. self at Monmouth
House, or the 'Great House/ Chelsea, an
Elizabethan mansion formerly known as
Lawrence House ; it was taken down in
1835, but before that date it was drawn and
etched by R. Schnebellie. He was a regular
frequenter of the 'Swan/ where he for-
gathered with c a circle of phlegmatic and
honest Englishmen/ The humours of
tavern life had always a rare attraction for
him. At Saltero's (to the museum attached
to which he was a 'benefactor; 7 see Cat,
35th ed. p. 19) he met more distinguished
friends, and he was visited at his Chelsea
home, where the garden proved an attrac-
tion, by Johnson, Goldsmith, Sterne, Garrick r
"Wilkes, and John Hunter. Every Sunday
his house was open to ( unfortunate brothers,
of the quill/ whom he treated with * beef,
pudding, and potatoes, port, punch, and
Calvert's entire butt-beer.
One of his first exploits at Chelsea was
the personal chastisement of a man called
Peter Gordon, who had borrowed money
from Smollett and had sought to cancel his
obligations by taking up his quarters in the
king's bench prison, whence he despatched
insolent messages to his creditor. An action
brought by Gordon against his assailant was.
compromised to Smollett's disadvantage. In
the same year (1753) appeared Smollett's,
third novel, { Ferdinand Count Fathom/ his-
most sustained effort. The irony of the open-
ing chapters, the ruthless characterisation of
a scoundrel, and the description of the robbers'
hut in the forest exhibit a striking reserve
of power. Few novels have been more-
imitated.
During the whole of this year and the
next Smollett was constantly in pecuniary
difficulties ; he had anticipated his income,
and, pending the arrival of a remittance
from the West Indies, had to borrow from
his friend Dr. Macaulay. Hia embarrass-
ments seem to have reached a climax in
December 1754, when on the night of the
10th he was robbed of his watch and purse
in the stage-coach between Chelsea and
London. A few months later, in March
1755, appeared his translation of 'Don
Quixote/ at which he had been working
intermittently for many months, and for
which he had been paid soon after the ap-
pearance of 'Roderick Random/ Though
many of Smollett's humorous paraphrases-
are excellent, his claims to adequate know-
ledge of the original were at once questioned
in 'A Letter from a Gentleman in the
Country to his Friend in Town' (anon.
Smollett
177
Smollett
London, 1755). Lord Woodhouselee, in
his * Essay on Translation T (1813), stigma-
tised the work as a rifacimento of Jervas,
and this judgment is substantially confirmed
by later critics (cf. OBMSBY, Don Quixote,
iy. 420; Mr. H. E. WATTS, Quixote, i.
xxii.) Published at 2Z. 10s., and dedicated
to * Don Ricardo Wall 7 [q. Y.I it was, how-
ever, a commercial success, and was for many
years the reigning English version.
In the summer that followed its publica-
cation Smollett revisited Scotland. His
sister had married, in 1739, Alexander Telfer
of Symington, Lanarkshire, who had pro-
spered, and in 1749 bought for 2,062/. the
estate of Scotston in Peeblesshire. Thither
Smollett's mother had removed in 1759, and
thither Tobias now directed his steps. Mrs.
Smollett, runs the story, did not recognise
her son at first, but he soon betrayed him-
self by his ' roguish smile/ He also revisited
Glasgow, and saw his friend Dr. Moore.
Severe labours awaited his return to Lon-
don* A thriving printer, Archibald Hamilton,
who had been compelled to leave Edinburgh
owing to his share in the Porteous riot, de-
termined to start a literary periodical in op-
position to the * Monthly Review' of Ralph
Griffiths [q. v.], and to put Smollett at the
head of the syndicate or ' Society of Gentle-
men ' who were to direct it. The first num-
ber of * The Critical Review, 1 as it was called,
appeared in February 1756. Its position was
established by capable reviews of such works
as Birch's f History of the Royal Society/
Voltaire's 'Pucelle/ Hume's 'History/ Dyer's
'Fleece/ Gray's * Odes,' Home's ' Douglas,'
and Richardson's * Clarissa.* Smollett wrote
to explain to the last two authors that he
was not personally responsible for the want
of cordiality displayed towards them. Other
victims were not so placable as Home and
Richardson. In December 1759 Smollett
unmercifully ridiculed Dr. James Grainger*s
^Tibullus/ and Graing^er, after some de-
liberation (see an ainusinjg letter to Percy,
NICHOLS, Hkutrations, vii, 263), decided on
reprisals. These took the form of * A Letter
to Tobias Smollett, M.D./ the sting of which
lay in the insultingly familiar ajmeals to
* Dr. Toby/ a name which Smollett detested.
A more abusive pamphlet came from the pen
of Joseph Reed fa. v7| In April 1761 Smol-
lett criticised tlie *Kosciad r with a free-
dom little appreciated by the then mi known
author, and Churchill lost no time in retali-
ating by a savage attack upon Smollett's
character and his plays the productions
about which he was most sensitive. An-
other steady opponent was John Shebbeare
[q. v,], who tried to convert his * Occasional
VOL. Lin,
Critic * into an engine of systematic abuse of
Smollett and his * Scotch gentlemen critics.'
Simultaneously with his work upon the
* Critical Review/ Smollett was writing his-
large * History of England/ from the earliest
times down to 1748, at the rate of about a.
century a month. It was primarily a book-
seller's venture, designed to take the wind
out of the sails of Hume, who had published
two volumes on the Stuart period, and waa
working backwards. In this object, at least,
it succeeded when it appeared in four bulky
quarto volumes at the close of 1757. Hume
wrote ironically of his rival as seated on the-
historical summit of Parnassus, and warned
his publisher, Millar, in April 1758, of the-
* disagreeable ' effects to be anticipated from
the ' extraordinary run on Smollett/ Less
restrained was the wrath of Warburton,
who wrote of the i vagabond Scot who has-
presumed to follow Clarendon and Temple r
(Letters to Hurd, p. 278). Smollett states
with pride in his preface that he had con-
sulted more than three hundred books in.
compiling the work ; he started, he admits,
with a certain bias towards the whig prin-
ciples in which he had been educated, but
this predilection wore off as the work pro-
ceeded. He dedicated it, when finished,
without permission, to William Pitt (after-
wards earl of Chatham), who wrote him a.
polite letter.
Among the minor tasks of 1756 and 1757,.
two years during which he undermined his-
health by excessive application, were the-
compilation for Dodsley of i The Compen-
dium of Voyages/ in seven volumes (the agree-
ment is among Mr. Alfred Morrison's auto-
graphs), and the production of his farce of
sea life entitled * The Reprisal, or the Tars-
of Old England,' which had a moderate suc-
cess at Drury Lane on 22 Jan. 1757, and was
in request lor about half a century afterwards-
as a popular and patriotic piece. Largely
owing to the generosity of Garrick, it brought
the author a profit of nearly 200Z. Smollett
did penance for * Marmoset ' (his caricature-
of Garrick in Pickle) by writing a grateful
letter, and he soon afterwards passed a high
euloghrai upon the player in the * Critical
Review.' In 1758 Smollett undertook the-
superintendence of a voluminous e Universal
History/ which was to be produced in colla-
boration. One of his assistants was the-
veteran Dr. John Campbell (1708-1775)
[q.v.], whose books *no man can number.'
The work of the lesser members of the con-
federation required much polishing, and Smol-
lett felt the drudgery keenly. He himself
wrote the portions relating to France, Italy^
and Germany. About the same time he com*
Smollett
178
Smollett
menced the revision of his ' History/ which,
now appeared in weekly numbers and with
portraits. These sixpenny parts had an enor-
mous circulation (amounting, it is said, to
twenty thousand), which the publisher stimu-
lated by sending a parcel of prospectuses for
distribution in church pews, accompanied by
a douceur of half a crown to every parish
clerk in the country (TmPEBLEY, EncycL
p. 703).
Next year (1759) was signalised by two
events. La March Smollett petitioned John
Wilkes (an occasional visitor at Chelsea), on
behalf of 'that great Cham of Literature,
Samuel Johnson/ and was instrumental in
obtaining the release from the clutches of the
press-gang of Johnson's black servant, Barber.
Two months later Smollett was tried at the
king's bench, in an action brought by Admiral
Sir Charles Knowles [q. v.] lor . defamation
of character, fined 100 for aspersing the
admiral's courage in the { Critical Review 7
(v. 439), and sentenced to three months' im-
prisonment in the king's bench prison.
There he received the visits of many Mends,
and, feed from domestic cares, carried on
his profession with a fresh access of energy.
Among his visitors were Garrick, Goldsmith,
and Newbery, who engaged Smollett's ser-
vices for the new sixpenny monthly maga-
zine he was planning. Smollett succeeded
in getting a royal patent for the new publi-
cation through the influence of Pitt, and the
first number of the ' British Magazine ' ap-
peared in January 1760. Through its earlier
numbers ran ' The Adventures of Sir Laun-
celot Greaves,' the least worthy of Smollett's
novels, embodying a squalid imitation of
4 Don Quixote/ The lawyer, Ferret, was a
caricature of his old enemy Shebbeare, More
distinctive is the vivid bit of description with
which the story opens, Smollett once for all
discarding the conventional exordium and
setting an example which later novelists
"have not been slow to follow. Scott relates
that Smollett while engaged upon this work
was at Paxton in Berwickshire on a visit to
George Home. When post time drew near
lie retired for an hour to scribble offthe neces-
sary amount of copy. Serial publication of
a novel in a monthly magazine was an inno-
mtloiL Before the end of the same year
(1761) apjjeared the first volume of his
* Continuatioii of the History of England ; '
a second, third, and fourth appeared in 1762,
and & fifth instalment brought the work
down to 1765. The handsome terms in
which he aHu4es in the last volume to some
of his old enemies asd rivals such as Aken-
$t#e and Yielding, LytteltoH r Bobertson t and
Hume may be taken as a sign that some at
least of his animosities had been softened by
the lapse of years. The work as a whole 'is
not more confused and inaccurate than such
hasty productions unavoidably must be' (RO-
BERT ANDERSON). Meanwhile, in 1762,
Smollett undertook the editorship of the
' Briton/ which was called into existence by
the need of defending the tory minister, Lord
Bute. This was on 30 May, and on 5 June
appeared the first number of the l North
Briton ' of John "Wilkes, whose systematic
vilification of Scotland and Scotsmen excited
Smollett to such, a pitch of irascibility that
in eight months time he threw up his task in
disgust. The ' Briton ' expired on 12 Feb.
1763 ; its circulation seems never to have
exceeded 250 a week, and its chief interest is
due to the fact that it brought Wilkes into
the field (ALMOST, Review of Lord Bute's Ad-
ministration, p. 55). All the while it was
running, Smollett was wellnigh overwhelmed
by his other and multifarious editorial duties.
The tasks which he undertook at this period
included a huge geographical compendium
in eight bulky volumes, entitled ( The Pre-
sent State of all Nations,' and a thirty-eight-
volume translation of "Voltaire. A grim in-
sight into his methods of work is afforded by
Dr. Carlyle in 1759, when Smollett's literary
factory was in full swing. Dr. Eobertson,
the historian, was anxious to make the ac-
quaintance of Smollett, and an appointment
was finally made at Forrest's coffee-house.
There Smollett ' had several of his minions
about him, to whom he prescribed tasks
of translation, compilation, or abridgment.'
After dinner he gave ' audience to his myr-
midons, from whom he expected copy.' Of
five authors who were introduced, he kept
two to supper to amuse his guests. Robert-
son expressed surprise at Smollett's urbanity.
Smollett seems to have consistently lived
beyond his income (which is estimated be-
tween 1755 and 1765 at 600 a year), but,
despite debts and the harassing conditions
of his work, he was happy in his Chelsea
home. He was specially devoted to his
little daughter, Elizabeth. * Many a time/
he says in one of his letters, * do I stop my
task and betake me to a game of romps with
Betty, while my wife looks om smiling, and
longing in her heart to join in the sport ;
then back to the cursed round of duty.' His
( Nancy and little Bet ' rarely saw the soar
visage with, which he confronted the world.
When his daughter died in April 1763, at
the age of fifteen (she was buried on 11 April
at St. Luke's, Chelsea), his grief was intense,
and, being already overwrought and suffer-
ing from nervous strain, he was never the
same man again. His friend Armstrong ad-*
Smollett
179
Smollett
-vised recourse again to the Bath waters, which
'had been use&l to him in the preceding
winter ; ' but his wife earnestly begged him
to l convey her from a country where every j
object served to nourish grief.' He followed
her advice. * Traduced by malice, persecuted
by faction, abandoned by false patrons,* as
he bitterly complains, ancl l overwhelmed by
the loss of his only child/ he fled l with
eagerness 1 from his country, where men.
seemed every year to grow i more malicious,*
Churchill, whose malice was remorseless, had
just attacked him in the ' Author ' as Poblius,
4 too mean to have a foe too proud to have
-a friend/ and once more by name in the
* Ghost.' A meaner assailant was Cnthbert
Shaw [q. v.], who, in his dull imitation of k
the * Dunciad/ entitled * The Race,' directs
thirty-two lines of feeble invective against
the * Scottish critic,*
Smollett crossed the Channel to Boulogne :
in June 1763 ; he remained at Boulogne till
September, and proceeded thence by Paris,
Lyons, and Montpellier to Nice. A pioneer
of the Riviera as a health resort, he made
Nice his headquarters from November 1763
to May 1765 (during the greater part of
which time he made careful observations of
the weather). His shrewdness anticipated
the great future that lay before the Cornice
road (afterwards designed by Napoleon), and
he foresaw the possibilities of Cannes, then
*a neat village/ as a sanatorium. From Nice
he sailed in a felucca to Genoa, and thence
visited Rome and other Italian cities, return-
ing to England through France in June 1765.
Early next year he published his ' Travels *
in the form of letters sent home from
Boulogne, Paris, Xiee, and other places along-
his route, The book is replete with learning
and with sound and often very acute obser- ,
yation, but Smollett, who in England saw -
in Durham and York minsters * gloomy and
depressing piles/ took an even more jaundiced
view of what he saw abroad. Philip Thick-
nesse wondered that he ever got home alive
to tell the tale (Letters, 1767, 8vo; cf.
HILLAED, Sfr Months m Italy, 1853, ii. 295-
298). Sterne encountered the i choleric Phi-
listine/ probably in Italy, and gibbeted him
as i Smelfungus' in the * Sentimental Jour-
ney/ Sternes concluding bit of advice, that
Smollett should confide his grievances to
his physician, shows that he attributed his
splenetic view of things to the right cause.
In spite of his profound mistrust of foreign
doctors, Smollett had consulted physicians,
and at first upon his return he seemed much
better, but a few months in London un-
deceived him. His health was thoroughly
Undermined by chronic rheumatism, while
the pain arising from a neglected ulcer,
which had developed into a chronic sore,
helped to sap his strength. As soon, there-
fore, as his * Travels ' were out of hand, he
resolved on a summer journey to Scotland.
He reached Edinburgh in June 1766 y and
stayed with his sister, Mrs. Telfer, in St.
John Street. The society of Edinburgh, then
at the apogee of its brilliance, paid due at-
tention to * the famous Dr. Smollett/ He
was visited by Hume, Home, Robertson,
^dam Smith, Blair, Dr. Carlyle, Cullen, the
Monroe, and many old friends. In company
with his mother, he went on to Glasgow,
stayed with Dr. Moore, and patted the head
of the future hero of Corona. Finally he
proceeded to the scenes of his childhood, in
the vale of Leven, and stayed with his
cousin, James Smollett, in his newly built
mansion of Cameron. Smollett's mother
died in the autumn, and, still in a very pre-
carious state of health, he proceeded to Bath,
spending- the Christmas of 1766 in Gay Street,
where Ms health at last took a turn for the
better, and -where it is quite possible that
he may have commenced a rough draft of
* Humphrey Clinker.' It is practically cer-
tain that he owed his conception of the
framework of it to a reperusal of AnsteVs
'New Bath Guide/
Li 1768 he was again in London, and with
a return of vital energy came a recrudescence
of his old savagery. His next work, * The His-
tory and Adventures of an Atom/ is a kind
of Rabelaisian satire on the whole course of
public affairs in England from 1754 to the
date of jrabllcation in 1769. He lashes oat
against king- and ministers on both sides with
equal venom. His old patrons, Pitt and
Bute, are attacked -with no less fey than old
enemies sueii as Cumberland and Lord
Mansfield, or his journalistic rival, John
Wilkes (for a key to the characters see W.
DAVIS, Sfe&md Journey rcmtd the Lzbrcery qf
& &liomartac, 1826), Its publication was
followed by a serious relapse. His friends
decided that, to prolong his life, he must re-
turn to Italy, Hume generously applied to
Shelbnme for a consulate ; there were several
vacancies in. Italy, and Smollett -was well
qualified for such a post. But no such favour
was forthcoming from, a member of the
* pack,' as Smollett had designated all con-
temporary politicians (Shelburne's letter of
refusal is printed among 'Some Inedited
Memorials of Smollett ' in the * Atlantic
Monthly/ Jane 1859).
In. December 1769 he left England for the
last time, md proceeded to Ltieca. and Pisa,
then the chief accredited health resort in the
Mediterranean. At Pisa he was visited fey
Smollett
180
Smollett
Sir Horace Mann, who did what he could for
him (DoKAsr, Mann and Manners at the Court
of Florence, pp, 217-18), and was anxious to
learn his views as to the identity of Junius.
Smollett seems to have acquired a fair know-
ledge of Italian. Among the books sold
after his death by his widow were anno-
tated copies of Goldoni and other Italian
authors, along with odd volumes of Field-
ing and Sterne. During the spring of 1770
he and his wife and two other compatriots
secured contiguous villas about two miles
out of Leghorn, near Antignano, under the
shadow of Monte Nero. The site, now occu-
pied by the Villa Gamba, upon one of the
lower spurs of the mountain, commands a
beautiful prospect over the sea. Smollett
describes the situation in a letter to Caleb
Whitefoord of 18 May 1770. Here, while
tended with devotion by his wife, he gra-
dually became weaker. He was visited by
the friendly author of the f Art of preserv-
ing Health ' in the summer of 1770 (A, Short
Ramble through some Parts of France and
Italy, by Lancelot Temple [i.e. Dr. John
Armstrong], London, 1771, pp. 51-2), and
during the autumn he penned the bulk of
the immortal 'Humphrey Clinker/
Horace Walpole stands almost alone as a
detractor of * Humphrey Clinker/ which he
unwarrantably described as ' a party novel
written by that profligate hireling Smollett
to vindicate the Scots and cry down juries '
(Mem. of George HI, iv. 328). From the
first the work, which bears traces of Sterne's
influence, was regarded as a rare example of
a late maturity of literary power and fecun-
dity of humour. The workmanship is un-
equal, and the itinerary, which is largely
autobiographic, is too often the means of
introducing Smollett's contemptible views
on aesthetic subjects; but as a whole the
setting is worthy of the characters the
kindly but irascible Bramble, the desperate
old maid Tabitha, the diverting Winifred
Jenkins (direct progenitors of Mrs. Mala-
prop), and ' the flower of the flock ' the
pedant Lismahago. The original of the last
is said to have been a certain Major Robert
Stobo, who drew up a curious * Memorial 1
ia 1760 (reprinted Pittsburg, 1854 ; cf. Jbwr-
nal of Lieut. Swnon Stevens, Boston, 1760);
Scott, in drawing Sir Dugald Dalgetty,
admits his direct debt to Smollett (Legend
ofMontrose t Introduction).
Smollett had the satisfaction of seeing his
masterpiece in print, but not of hearing the
chorus of praise that greeted it* He wrote
to his friend John Hunter in the spring of
1771 : * If I can prevail upon my wife to
eacecwfee my last will, you shall receive my
poor carcase in a box after I am dead to he-
placed among your rarities. I am already
so dry and emaciated that I may pass for an
Egyptian mummy without any other pre-
paration than some pitch and painted linen/
His last words were spoken to his wife, 'All
is well, my dear/ and on 17 Sept. 1771 he-
died at the age of fifty-one. An interesting
account of his last illness is given by the-
accomplished Italian physician, Giovanni
Gentili (Gentili MSS. in Eiccardian Library
at Florence, codici 3280 sq., cited in Pera's*
' Curiosita Livoraesi/ p. 316). Gentili com-
ments on his perfect attachment to his wife,
and his ' temperamento molto collerico, ma.
riflessivo.' He assigns his death to the night
of 17 Sept. He was buried two days after
death (the Westminster Journal of 26 Oct.
1771 contains the most circumstantial ac-
count ; the Evening Post of 17 Oct. 1771 says-
he died * on 20 Sept. at Pisa; ' cf. Scots Maga-
zine for October 1771). His grave is in the old
English cemetery in the Via degli Elisi at
Leghorn (the only town in north Italy where
and the sea lies to the west of him, as of
Fielding at Lisbon. A Latin inscription
(inaccurate as to dates) was written for his-
tombstone by Armstrong, and has recently
been recut. Three years later a monument
was erected by the novelist's cousin, Com-
missary James Smollett, on the banks of the
Leven a tall Tuscan column, which still
attracts tourists between the Clyde and Loch
Lomond. The inscription was revised and in
part written by Dr. Johnson, who visited
Bonhill with Boswell in 1773 (Life, ed. Hill,
v. 366-8; Letters, ed. Hill, i. 286).
In November 1775 Commissary Smollett
died {Gent. Mag. 1775, p. 551), and the
novelist, had he lived, would have come into
the property, which passed to his sister, Jean
Telfer. On succeeding to the estate she re-
sumed her maiden name, and during her occu-
pation bleaching and other works sprang up
in the vale of Leven, and there came into
existence the prosperous village of Renton r
named after the * Miss [Cecilia] RTenton]/
daughter of John Renton of Blackadder, who
appears in * Humphrey Clinker ' as one of the
belles of Edinburgh. Cecilia subsequently
married Jean Smollett's son, Alexander Tel*
fer, and was mother of Lieut.-colonel Alex-
ander Smollett, killed at the battle of Alk-
maar in 1799. The latter was succeeded at
Bonhill by his brother, Admiral John Rouett
Smollett (d. 1842), father of Patrick Smol-
lett (1804-1895).
Smollett's widow continued to live at
Leghorn, in receipt, it would appear, of a
smjftl pittance from the Bonhill family. In
Smollett
181
Smollett
September 1782 she lost the small remnant
of her property in a disastrous fire in Jamaica,
and made a pathetic appeal to the charitable
for assistance (London Chronicle, 14 Sept. ;
cf. European Mag. November 1803). On
3 March. 1784 Venice Preserved * was per-
formed at the Edinburgh Theatre Royal for
her benefit, and a sum of 366. was remitted
to her. She appears to have died soon after-
wards.
In a brochure entitled ' "Wonderful Pro-
phecies/ issued twenty-four years after his |
death (London, 1795, 8vo, p. 55), Smollett
was credited with some very remarkable
predictions alleged to have been written in
& letter addressed a few mouths before his
death, to a parson in Northumberland, l The
North American colonists/ he is said to have
declared, * republican to a man, will embrace
the first fair opportunity entirely to shake
off; T and again : i The present political state
of France can hardly continue more than
twenty years longer . . . and, come when it
wiU, the change must be thorough, violent,
and bloody/ But there is no means of test-
ing the authenticity of this document, which
must be regarded with suspicion.
Smollett was placed in a very high rank
by his contemporaries. Lady "Wortley-
Hontagn praised her * dear Smollett 1 to all
her friends (including Mrs. Delany and
other pious people), Johnson commended his
ability, Burke delighted in * Roderick Ran- *
dom/ and Lydia Languish seems to have
had an impartial affection for all his novels.
Of later generations, Scott readily grants to *
him an equality with his great rival Fielding.
Elia makes his imaginary aunt refer with a
sigh, of regret to the davs when she thought
it proper to read * Peregrine Pickle.' pblivious
of Dickens, Leigh Hunt calls Smollett the
finest of all caricaturists. Talfourd puts
his Strap far above Fielding's Partridge,
and Thackeray gives to * Clinker * the palm
among laughable stories since the art of
novel-writing was invented. More critical
as the estimate of Hazlitt. Smollett, lie says,
portrays the eccentricities rather than the
characters of human life, but no one has
praised so well the charm of t Humphrey
Clinker T or the ( force and mastery J of many -
episodes in * Count Fathom/ Taine would
appear to sympathise with Mr. Leslie
Stephen in a much lower estimate of Smollett
as the interpreter of the extravagant humours
of * ponderous well-fed masses of animated
beefsteak/ Of the five great eighteenth-
century novelists, Defoe, Richardson, Field-
ing, Smollett, and Sterne, Smollett is now
valued the least ; yet in the influence he has
exercised upon successors he is approached
by Sterne alone of his contemporaries. The
tide of subsequent fictitious literature is
strewn on every hand with the disjecta
membra of 'Peregrine Pickle,' of * Count
Fathom,' and * Humphrey Clinker/ Not
only does Trunnion live again in Uncle
Toby, in John Gilpin, in Captain Cuttle ; a
similar immortality has overtaken whole
scenes in the * The Reprisal 7 and numerous
incidents in * Count Fathom ; ' while Scott
(especially in f Guy Mannering'), Dibdin,
Marryat (in < The Three Cut ters '), and Thacke-
ray (in * Barry Lyndon J ) owe scarcely less
to Smollett in one direction or another than
avowed disciples such as Charles Johnstone,
the author of * Chrysal/ or Charles Dickens,
whose style is frequently reminiscent of his
less gifted and less fortunate predecessor.
Beneath a very surly exterior there was in
Smollett a vein of rugged generosity and
romantic feeling (cf. Intermediate des Cker-
cheurs et Curieux, i. 364, an excellent ap-
preciation). His dominant mood is well
expressed in his * Ode to Independence/ pub-
lished shortly after his death. He was es-
sentially a difficult man, hugging his na-
tionality, a * proud, retiring, independent
fellow/ far more disposed to cultivate the
acquaintance of those he could serve than
of those who could serve him. He was, as
his physician says, 'un uomo di talento
svegliato, sofferente gH acciacchi della vita
umana T ma quasi misantropo.' He had a
marked dislike for modish society. He hated
ceremony of any kind, and characteristically
compared Roman Catholicism, to comedy, and
Calvinism to tragedy. Of English writers
who have any pretension to a place in the
first rank, few, if any, are so consistently
pagan. The religious point of view never
occurred to him. He was no metaphysician,
like Fielding, and the last word of his phi-
losophy, as expressed in a letter to Garrick,
was that the world was a sort of debtors*
prison, in. which f we are all playthings of
fortune/ As a stylist, he carried on the
robust tradition of Swift and Defoe. Unlike
the majority of his contemporaries, especially
those who had crossed the Tweed, he had a
thorough grasp of English idiom, and, as
compared with Fielding, he is singularly free
from archaisms and from conceits of every
kind (cf. HAZLiTt). His manuscript was
very good and clear. Some interesting auto-
biographical letters written by him to ad-
mirers in America are printed in the * Atlantic
Monthly' (June 1859). Some of Ms auto-
graphs are in the Morrison Collection and in
the British Museum (Addit, MSS. 28275,
30877), and many are preserved at Cameron.
House, BonhilL
Smollett
182
Smollett
The "best extant "portrait of Smollett is a
half-length, painted by Verelst in 1756, which
belonged to Mrs. Smollett, and is now in
possession of the family at Cameron House.
This portrait was formerly in the posses-
sion of Lord "Woodhouselee, and depicts the
novelist in 'full dress; a stone-coloured,
full-mounted coat, with hanging sleeves ; a
green satin waistcoat, trimmed with gold
lace; a tye-wig; long ruffles and sword
agreeably to the costume of the London
physician of the time size 4 ft. 4 in. high
by 3ft. 4 in. wide' (Cat ap. IKVI^G'S Duvn~
bartonshire). The best engraving is that by
Freeman (1831). A portrait by Reynolds
was engraved by Eavenet and by Ridley in
1777, from an original then in the possession
of D. Smith, which cannot now be traced.
An anonymous Italian portrait in oils, painted
at Pisa about 1770 (and formerly in the
possession of the novelist), belongs to the
Rev. R. L. Douglas of Oxford. Chambers
also mentions a rumour that Smollett was
painted by Fuseli. As the editor of the
'Briton/ Smollett during the spring of 1763
was the object of several caricatures, in
which ne is represented as the creature of
Bute and persecutor of the patriot Wilkes (c
WEIGHT, Caricature History, pp. 270 seq.),
and came in generally for much of the obloquy
levelled against the Scots (see STEPHENS'S
Cat. of Satirical Prints, Nos. 3825, 3876 seq.)
The following is a list of Smollett's chief
works: 1. 'Advice: a Satire [in verse]/ Lon-
don, 1746, fol. 2. < Reproof: a Satire [in
verse]/ London, 1747, fol, These two satires
were reprinted as * Advice and Reproof/
London, 1748, 4to ; Glasgow, 1826, 12mo.
3. l The Adventures of Roderick Random/
2vols. London, 1748, 12mo; 3rd edit. 1750:
8th edit. 1770; 12th edit. 1784, with a life
[1793], 12mo; 1831, in Roscoe's 'Novelist's
Library' (ii.), with illustrations by Cruik-
shank; Leipzig, 1845 (Tauchnitz); 1857
(with memoir by G. H. Tpwnsend) ; 1836,
and frequently reprinted in the sixpenny
* Railway Library/ 'Roderick Random de
1'Anglais de M. Fielding' appeared in 1761,
Paris, 12mo,and also at Amsterdam (1762),
JrfiEsanne (1782), Reims and Geneva (1782).
4 ' The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle/ in
winch, is included ' Memoirs of a Lady of
Quality/ 4 vols. London, 1751, 12mo; 2nd
e&t. 1751 5 5th edit. 1773; 7th edit. 1784;
Edinburgh^ 4 vok 8vo, 1805, with plates by
Bowlandson; 1831, in Roscoe's 'Novelist's
Library' (iiL), with Cruikshank's plates,
London, 1857, 8vo, illustrated by 'Phiz;'
London, 2 vols. 1882 (< Sixpenny Novels ') ;
*Aventures de Sir William Pickle/ Amster-
dam, 1753 ; a German version was issued '
in 1785 5. < The Adventures of Ferdinand
Count Fathom/ 2 vols. London, 1753 l^mo
2nd edit. 1771, 1780; London 2 vols. 8^>'
1782 [1795], 12mo. A French translation
by T. P. Bertin appeared at Paris, 'an vi>"
[1798], 12mo. 6. < A Compendium of Authen-
tic and Entertaining Voyages, digested in a
Chronological Series/ 7 vols. London 1756
12mo ; 2nd edit. London, 1766, 12mo. 7. < A
Compleat History of England, deduced from
the Descent of Julius Caesar to the Treatv
of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748/ 4 vols. London
1757-8, 4to ; 2nd edit. 11 vols. London, 1758-'
1760, 8vo ; French version by Targe, Orleans .
1759. 8. ' Continuation of the Complete His-
tory of England/ 5 vols. London, 1763-5, 8vo.
This was modified, and re-entitled * The His-
tory of England from the Revolution to the-
Death of George II (designed as a continua-
tion of Mr. Hume's History)/ in which form
it went through numerous editions, and was
in turn continued by Thomas Smart Hughes
[q. v.] ; a French version is dated Paris,
1819-22. Smollett's < Continuation ' was
also appended to a bookseller's issue of
Rapin and Tindal (1785-9). 9. < The Ad-
ventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves, by the-
Author of "Roderick Random/" 2 vols,
London, 1762, 12mo ; 5th edit. 2 vols. Lon-
don,^, 8vo; 1810, 24mo; 1832, in Roscoe's
, 'Novelist's Library' (x,), with Cruikshanka
plates; French translation, Paris, 1824.
10. ^The Present State of all Nations, con-
taining a Geographical, Natural, Commercial,,
and Political History of all the Countries in
the known World/8 vols. London, 1764, 8vo ;
another edition, 8 vols. London, 1768-9.
11. * Travels through France and Italy,
2 vols. London, 1766, 8vo (the British Museum
copy contains some manuscript notes by the
author) ; 2nd edit. 2 vols. Dublin, 1772,
12mo; another edit. 2 vols. London, 1778,
12mo. 12. 'The History and Adventures of
an Atom/ by Nathaniel Peacock [i.e. T. S.L
2 vols. London, 1749 [1769], 12mo ; 10th
edit. 2 vols. London, 1778 ; Edinburgh, 1784 t
12mo ; London, 1786, 8vo. 13. ' The Expedi-
tion of Humphrey Clinker, by the Author of
"Roderick Random/" 3 vols. London, 1671
[1771], 12mo (the second and third volumes-
are correctly dated) ; 1772, 8vo ; 2 vols.
Dublin, 1774 ; Edinburgh, 1788, Svo ; 3 vols.
London, 1792, 8vo; 2 vols. [1794], 12mo^
2 vols. London, 1805, 8vo, with, ten plates
after Rowlandson; 1808, 12mo ; 2 vols.!810 r
12mo; London, 1815, 24mo; 1831, 12mo,in
Roscoe's 'Novelist's Library' (i.), withCruik-
shank's plates; Leipzig, 1846, 16mo (Tauch-
nitz) ; London, 1857, Svo, -with illustrations.
by'Phiz;'London,1882,8vo; French trans-
lation, Paris, 1826, 12mo. 14. (Posthumous),
Smollett
183
Smollett
*Ode to Independence, -with Notes and
Observations,' Glasgow, 1773, 4to ; London,
1773, 4to; Glasgow [1800], 12mo.
In addition to Ids version of * Don Quixote/
Smollett executed the standard translation
of Le Sage's 'Adventures of Gil Bias of
Santillane . . . from the best French edition/
4 vols. London, 1749, 12mo (4th edit. 1773,
and very numerous subsequent editions) 5 in
conjunction with Thomas Franeklin [q. v.]
he also superintended the translation of * The
Works of M. de^ Voltaire. . .with Notes
Historical and Critical/ in 38 vols. London,
1761-74, 12mo (2nd edit, 1778); and five
years after his death there was issued in his
name a translat ion of FenelonV Ad ventures
of Telemaehus/ 2 vols. London, 1776, 12mo
(Dublin, 1793, 12mo).
Collective editions of Smollett's worts were
issued in 6 vols. Edinburgh, 1790, 8vo,
with a short account of the author (reprinted
in 5 vols. 1809, 8vo); in 6 vols. London,
1796, 8vo, with 'Memoirs of Smollett's Life
and Writings, by R. Anderson 7 (seven edi-
tions) ; * Works, with Memoirs of Life, to
which is prefixed a View of the Commence-
ment and Progress of Bomance by J. Moore/
8 vols, London, 1797, 8vo (a reissue edited
"by J. P. Browne, in 8 vols. London, 1872,
8vo, constitutes the best library edition);
* Miscellaneous Works/ complete in one
volume, with * Memoir r by Thomas Boscoe,
London, 1841, 8vo ; < Works/ illustrated by
George Cruikshank, London, 1846, 8vo;
* Works . . . with Historical Notes and a
Life by David Herbert/ Edinburgh, 1870
[18691 8vo; 'Works' (i.e. prose novels),
edited by G. Saintsbury and illustrated by
Prank Richards, 12 vols. London, 1895.
The novels were issued separately, with a
Memoir by Sir Walter Scott (' Novelist's
Library/ ii. iii), London, 1821, 8vo. Se-
lections were issued in 1772, 1775, and 1832,
and in 1834 as *The Beauties of Smollett/
edited by A. Howard, London, 8vo. The
( Plays and Poems 7 appeared with a memoir
in 1777, 8vo, while the 'Poetical Works'
are included in the collections of Anderson
(x.), Park (xli), Chalmers (xv.), ' British
Poets' (xxxiii.), with life by S. W. Singer,
1822 j in conjunction with the poems of
Johnson, Parnell, and Gray, edited by Gil-
fillan, 1855; another edition edited by C. C.
Clarke, 1878, and together with the poems
of Goldsmith, Jonnson, and Shenstone,
1881.
[laves of Smollett are numerous. A memoir
was prefixed to an edition of his works in 1797
by Br John Moore (Zeluco), and this is to some
extent the basis of all subsequent biographies.
Another life by Dr. Bobeit Anderson -was pre-
fixed to the edition of 1796, but, though earlier
in date, this is mainly a secondhand dissertation
upon the novelist's character ; to the fifth edition
(1806) there is an interesting Appendix of Letters
to Smollett from Robertson, Hume, Boswell,
Armstrong, and others. A shrewd and sympa-
thetic biography was prefixed by Scott to his
edition of the Poems in 1821, and a more de-
tailed memoir by Thomas Roseoe to the Works
in one volume issued IE 1 84 1 . Far more valuable
than any of its predecessors in point of research
is * Smollett: his life and a Selection from his
Writings/ published by Robert Chambers in
1867. This was followed by a carefal memoir
by David Herbert for the Selected Works, Edin-
birgh,1870. A Life by Mr. David Hannay (vain-
able especially for the naval bearings of Smollett's
career) is included in the Great Writers Series,
1887 (with useful bibliography by Mr. J. P. An-
derson). Prefixed to the 1 895 edition of the novels
is a life by Professor Saints~bnry (with an in-
teresting development of Scott's parallel between
Fielding and Smollett), and a life by Hr. Oli-
phant Smeaton appeared in the Famous Scots
Series, 1897. There are good notices in the
Encyclopaedia Britanniea (by Professor Minto)
and English Cyclopsedia; but of more value
perhaps than any of these is the admirable
summary of facts and opinions in the Quarterly
Review (yol. ciii.), though this must be corrected
as regards some genealogical details by Joseph.
Irving's Book of Dumbartonshire, 1879, i. 290,
ii. 175 seq. The writer is indebted to the Bev.
R. L, Douglas for some interesting notes upon
the place and circumstances of the novelist's
death. See also Maeleod's Hist, of Dumbarton,
p. 157; Dr. A, Carlyle's Autobiogr. passim;
Anderson's Scottish Nation, iii. 483; Nichols's
Literary Anecd. i. 302, iii 346, 398, 759, vi. 459,
Tiii. 229, 412, 497, ix. 261, 480; Literary Illus-
trations, v. 776, vii 228, 268; Gent. Mag. 1771
p. 349, 1799 ii. 817, 899, 1810 i 597, 1846 ii.
347; Fasti Aberdonenses, p. 374; Duncan's
Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of 6-lasgow,
1896, p. 120 ; Wilkes's Correspondence, L 50 (on
SmollettTs alleged duplicity towards WiDces) ;
Churchill's Works, 1892, i. 61, 65, 68, 74, 106,
H. 5, 10, 51 ; Grenville Papers, i. 415 ; "Walpole's
Correspondence, ed. Cunningham, ii 242, 285,
341, T. 231 ; WalpoWs Hist, of the Eefga of
G-eorge TTI, ed, Barker ; Warburton's Horace
Walpole and his Contemporaries, i 393 ; Lady
Mary Woartiey-Hontagu's Letters, 1837, iii. 106,
199 ; Mrs. Delan^s life and Correspondence, ii.
6, 7, iii 34, 162, 216, 223; Davies's Garrick,
1780; BoswelFs Life of Johnson, ed. Birkbecfc
Hill, passim ; Andrew Henderson's Second Letter-
to Dr. Johnson, 177& (containing a coarse lam-
poon on Smollett) ; Memoirs of Lord Kames, i
226, 447 ; Mathias*s Pursuits of Literature, i
26 ; Matron's Hist, of England, vii 325 ; Pope's
Works, ed. Ehnn, iii* 268, 468; Manisoe's
Autographs, vi 146 (facsimile lettear to Dr. 6feorg&
Hacaulay requesting a loan) ; Brougfeai
of Letters under Georg* III, 1S55> p.
Smyth
184
Smyth
Genest's Hist, of Stage, iv. 479, x. 175 ; Baker's
Biogr. Dramatica, 1812, i. 677-9 (attributing to
Smollett, without authority, a posthumous farce,
<The Israelites/ 1785); Wadd's Nugge Chirur-
gicse, p. 259 ; John Lawrence's British Histo-
rians, New York, 1 855, vol. ii. ; Laurence's Life of
Yielding, 1855, pp. 308-11 ; Glaister's Dr. Wil-
liam Smellie and his Contemporaries, 1894, pp.
1 11-18; Burton's Hume, ii. 53 ; Hume's Letters to
Strahan,ed. Hill, 1888, pp. 38, 66, 229, 258, 281;
AUardyee's Scotland in the Eighteenth Century,!.
311 ; Chambers's Traditions of Old Edinburgh, p.
217 ;Forster's Life of Goldsmith, passim; Knight s
Shadows of the Old Booksellers, pp. 222-3;
Babeau's Les Voyageurs en France, 1885: *Un
Tooke, i. 356 ; A. Praser-Tytler's (Lord Wood-
houselee's) Essay on Translation, 1813, pp. 242,
266; Leigh Hunt's Table-Talk, 1870, p. 40;
Hazlitt's Selections, ed. Ireland, pp. 159 seq. ;
Masson's British Novelists, 1859 ; Disraeli's Mis-
cellanies of Literature, p. 54 (a sad picture of
his suffering) ; Thackeray's English Humourists ;
Fox Bourne's Hist, of Newspapers, i. 154 seq. ;
Stephen's English Thought in the Eighteenth
Century, bk, xii.pp. 42-55, 58, 71 ; Taine'sEnglish
Literature, ii. 176-9; Wright's Caricature Hist,
pp. 271-4; Tuckerman's Hist. f of English Fic-
tion, pp. 211-17; Forsyth's Novels and Novelists,
1871, pp. 279-304; Craik's English Prose Se-
lections, iv. 257-69 ; Querard's France Litt&raire,
ix. 198; Ticknor's Hist, of Spanish Lit. 1888,
iii. 513-14 ; Beavers Memorials of Old Chelsea,
1892, pp. 90-2 ; Faulkner's Chelsea, pp. 266-72 ;
Martin's Old Chelsea, 1888, pp. 138-42; Wheat-
ley and Cunningham's London, i. 380, 439, 520 ;
Hutton's Literary Landmarks, pp. 280-2;
Groome's Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland, s.v.
'Bonhill;' Notes and Queries, 2ndser. iii. 326,
3rd ser. i. 232, viii. 393, xi. 491, 5th ser. i. 384,
6th ser. i. 330, xi. 487, xii. 349, 7th ser. i. 178,
v. 58, ix. 408, xii. 205, 333; The Portfolio,
Philadelphia, November 1811 (a comparison of
Sterne, Fielding, and Smollett); Macmillan's
JMGag. xxi. 527 (an account of his doings on the
Riviera, and a testimony to his accuracy in matters
of detail) ; Atlantic Monthly, iii. 693; New York
Nation, 30 May 1889.] T. S.
SMYTH. [See also SMITH and SMYTHE.]
SMYTH, ED WARD (1749-1812), sculp-
tor, born in co. Meath in 1749, was son
of a stonecutter who went to Dublin about
1750; The younger Smyth was appren-
ticed to Simon vierpyl (whose name is
sometimes incorrectly given as Verpyle), a
sculptor, of Bachelor's Walk, Dublin, and
was afterwards employed in mantelpiece
work by Henry Darley, a master stone-
cutter. Here he attracted the notice of
James Grandon fa. v*], who engaged him to
execute the sculpture for the custom-house,
thn in course of erection. Gandon thought
Smyth the best artist Ireland had produced,
and considered his talent remarkable in one
who had never been out of the country.
Smyth executed, besides nearly all the figures
on the custom-house, the statues of Justice,
Wisdom, and Liberty, over the eastern por-
tico of the Irish parliament-house, and later
on the figures over the southern portico of
the building. As early as 1772 he exhibited
in Dublin a model of the statue of Dr, Charles
Lucas [q. v.], now in the Royal Exchange of
that city, and among his other works were
the statues of Faith, Hope, and Charity in
the Castle chapel, and, the busts of the four
evangelists for the same building, the bas-
reliets over the entrance to the Four Courts,
and all the sculptures on the Inns of Court.
He also executed the statue of St. Andrew
on the portico of St, Andrew's Church in
Dublin, and the heads on the keystones of
the arches of Carlisle (now O'Connell)
Bridge. His wax models of figures personi-
fying the twelve most important rivers of
Ireland were exhibited in 1800-2, and won
high praise. They are now in the possession
of the Royal Hibernian Academy. Smyth
died in 1812. A portrait of him by an anony-
mous artist was sold at the Whaley sale in
Dublin, 1848.
Of Edward Smyth's many children JOHN
SMYTH (1775 P-1834P), sculptor, born in Dub-
lin about 1775, studied under his father.
Many of his works in Dublin have merit,
particularly the statues of Hibernia, Mercury,
and Fidelity over the portico of the General
Post Office (1817); the statues of ^Escula-
pius, Minerva, and Hygeia on the Royal Col-
lege of Surgeons (the royal arms of which
were also sculptured by him) ; and the monu-
ment of George Ogle (1742-1814) [q. y.] in
St. Patrick's Cathedral. He also designed
the monument of Archbishop Arthur Smythe
in that edifice, and executed some of the
sculptural work in the south transept, and
two busts by him of Irish surgeons are
in the Royal College of Surgeons, Dub-
lin. John Smyth was an associate of the
Royal Hibernian Academy, and died about
1834.,
[Gilbert's Hist, of Dublin; Mulvany's Life of
Gandon ; Pasquin's Artists of Ireland ; Dublin
Monthly Mag. for 1842 ; Dublin Directories,
1760-1834 ; Cat. of Exhibitions of- Pictures in
Dublin (deposited in Royal Hibernian Academy
and Royal Irish Academy).] D. J. O'D.
SMYTH, JAMES CARMICHAEL
(1741-1821), medical writer, only son of
Thomas Carmichael of Balmadie and Mar-
garet Smyth of Athenry, was born in Fife-
, shire in 1741. He assumed the name and
Smyth
185
Smyth
arms of Smyth in addition to his own. '
After studying for six years at Edinburgh.
University, he graduated as M.D. in 1764,
taking for Ms thesis l I)e Paralysi/ and in-
troducing into it a short history of medical .
electricity. He then visited Prance, Italy, :
and Holland. In 1768 he settled in London,
and received the appointment of physician
to the Middlesex Hospital. He engaged in
experiments with nitrous-acid gas for preven-
tion of contagion hi cases of fever, these ex-
periments being continued at the request of
the government on board the Spanish prison-
ship at Winchester, where an epidemic pre-
vailed. In 180^, for his services in this _
respect, parliament voted him a reward of
5,QOO His claim to the merit of the dis-
covery was disputed by Dr. James John-
stone of Kidderminster, for his father, and
by M. Chaptal, a Frenchman, for Guyton-
Morveau; but, after a keen controversy,
Smyth's claims were upheld. He subse-
quently went to the south of France for his
health, and on his return settled at Sunbury.
He was elected fellow of the Royal Society
in May 1779 (THOHSQsr, Hist, of Royal Soc.
App. p. Ivii), and was also a fellow of the
Royal College of Physicians, and physician-
extraordinary to George HI. He died on
18 June 1821. In 1775 he married Mary,
only child and heiress of Thomas Holyland
of Bromley, Kent, and had by her eight sons
and two daughters. His eldest son was
General Sir James Carmiehael Smyth (1779-
1838) [q. v.] His eldest daughter, Maria,
married, in 1800, Dr. Alexander Monro
* tertius * [q. v.]
Smyth was the author of a large number
of medical treatises illustrative of his experi-
ments. Among them were : 1. * An Account
of the Effects of Swinging, employed as a
remedy in Pulmonary Consumption/ Lon-
don, 1787, 8vo. 2. l A Description of the Jail
Distemper, as it appeared among the Spanish
Prisoners at Winchester in 1780/ London,
1795, 8vo. 3. ' An Account of the Experi-
ments made on board the Union Hospital
Ship to determine the Effect of the Nitrous
Acid in destroying Contagion/ London,
1796, 8vo. 4. 'The Effect of the Nitrous
Vapour in preventing and destroying Con-
tagion/ London, 179&, 8vo. 5, * Letter to
"William "Wilberforce ? [on Dr. Johnstone's
claim], 1805, London, 8vo. 6. * Remarks
on a Report of M. Chaptal/ 1805, London,
8vo. 7. 'A Treatise on Hydrocephalus/
1814, London, 8vo. Smyth also edited the
4 Works of the late Dr. "William Stark/
1788, London, 4to.
[G-ent. Mag, 1821, ii 88-9 ; Anderson's Scottish
Nation.] G-. S-H.
SMYTH, SIB JAMES CAEMICHAEL,
baronet (1779-1838), military engineer, and
governor of British Guiana, eldest son of
James Carmiehael Smyth [q. v.], was born in
London on 22 Feb. 1779. He was educated
at the Charterhouse school, and entered the
Boyal Military Academy at Woolwich on
1 March 1793. He received a commission as
second lieutenant in the royal artillery on
20 Nov. 1794, and was transferred to the
royal engineers on 13 March 1795.
In May 1795 Smyth was sent to Ports-
mouth, and in April of the following year to
the Cape of Good Hope, where he arrived in
June. He served under Generals Craig and
Doyle in the operations that year against
the Dutch. He was promoted to be lieu-
tenant on 3 March 1797. He took paxt
under Generals Dundas and Vandeleur in
the operations 1798 to 1800. After a visit
to England, 1800-1, he was promoted to be
second captain on 1 July 1802. On the re-
storation of Cape Colonv to the Dutch in
1803, Smyth returned to England. In Oc-
tober 1805 he joined Sir David Baird's ex-
pedition to the Cape of Good Hope as com-
manding royal engineer. He arrived on
4 Jan. 1806. At Smyth's suggestion a land-
ing was effected on the beach near Blaauwberg
on the 7th. Smyth was detached on board
the sloop Espoir to Saldanha Bay, and was,
to Bairtrs regret, absent from the battle of
Blaauwberg (8 Jan,) On the surrender of
' Capetown, Baird appointed Smyjih acting
colonial secretary in addition to his military
> duties. He was promoted to be first captain
on 1 July 1806, and was employed in
strengthening and repairing the defences of
t Table Bay and Simon's Bay. He relinquished
the appointment of colonial secretary on
the arrival in May 1807 of the Earl of Gale-
don as governor with a complete staff, and
returned to England in September 1808. In
the following winter lie was with Sir John.
Moore at Corona, returning with the remnant
of the army to England in February. In
April he constructed Leith Fort, and on
20 Oct. 1813 was promoted lieutenant-
* colonel
In December of the same year he joined
the expedition to Holland under his relative,
General Sir Thomas Grab am. (afterward*
Lord Lynedoch) [q. v.], as commanding
royal engineer. He landed the same month
with Graham at Zeyrick Zee, and head-
quarters were established at Tolen. He was
engaged in the action of Merxem on 13 Jan.
1814, and the subsequent bombardment of
Antwerp early in February. Having care-
fully reconnoitred the fortress of Bergen-op-
^ Zoom, Smyth advised its assault, whielt
Smyth
186
Smyth
took place on 8 March 1814, when he ac-
companied the central column. Although
the assault was successful, owing 1 to incon-
ceivable blunders the British retreated at
daybreak Hostilities having terminated and
the French troops having withdrawn, Smyth
on 5 May took over the fortress of Antwerp
and all the defences of the Scheldt, and was
afterwards busily engaged in the reconstruc-
tion and strengthening of all the important
fortresses evacuated by the French. He ac-
companied the Duke of Wellington and the
Prince of Orange on several tours of inspec-
tion of the works, upon which he had about
ten thousand labourers employed under a
large staff of engineer officers. Early in 1815
Smyth accompanied the Prince of Orange to
London, but on 6 March, Napoleon having
escaped from Elba, Smyth again joined the
headquarters of the English army at Brus-
sels as commanding royal engineer. Dur-
ing April and May, under the immediate
instructions of the Duke of Wellington, he
placed the defences of the Netherlands in as
efficient a state as possible against the ex-
pected invasion of the French, which occurred
on 15 June. At the battles of Quatre Bras
and Waterloo Smyth served on Wellington's
staff, and on 7 July entered Paris with him.
Smyth was promoted on 29 June 1815 to be
colonel in the army and aide-de-camp to the
prince regent. He was also made a com-
panion of the Bath, and received the orders
of knighthood of Maria Theresa and fourth
class of St. Vladimir from the emperors of
Austria and Eussia respectively. He re-
mained in command of the royal engineers
at Cambrai until December 1815, and was
then placed on half-pay.
On 25 Aug. 1821, on Wellington's recom-
mendation, Smyth was created a baronet. In
1823, in company with Lord Lynedoch, he
made a military tour of inspection of the
fortresses of the Low Countries, and in Octo-
ber he was sent to the West Indies to report
cm the military defences and engineering
establishments and military requirements of
the British possessions there. He arrived
with his^ colleagues at Barbados on 27 Nov.,
aaid visited Berbice and Georgetown in
Demerara, Tobago, Trinidad, Grenada, St.
Vincent, St. Lucia, Dominica, Antigua, and
St. Kitts, Their report was dated 20 Jan*
In the spring of 1825 Wellington selected
Saaayth. to proceed to Canada on a similar
service. He embarked on 16 April and
returned on 7 Oct. 1825. Smyth wrote a
yeiy able report upon the defence of the
Canadian frontier, dated 31 March 1826. In
the meantime, on 27 May 1825, he was pro-
moted^ to be major-general, and on 29 July-
following he became a regimental coloneL
In July 1828 he was sent to Ireland OIL
special service to report upon the state of
the Irish survey, returning in September.
With this report his career as a military
engineer closed.
On 8 May 1829 Smyth was appointed
governor and commander-in-ehief of the-
Bahama Islands, and before his departure?
George IVconferred on him. the order of knight
commander of Hanover, in recognition of the
Hanoverian engineers having been placed
under his command in the last campaign in
the Netherlands. After four years' success-
ful administration of the government of the
Bahamas, where he abolished the flogging-
of female slaves, Smyth was removed to the
more important government of British Guiana
in June 1833. He arrived at Georgetown,
Demerara, the seat of government, a short
time before the emancipation of slaves, when
much depended upon the character andability
of the governor. Unmoved by the reckless-
hostility of a section of the planters, Smyth
by a firm, impartial, and vigorous government
secured the confidence of the negroes. He
brought his personal supervision to bear so-
closely on every department in his government
that, as he himself observed, he could sleep
satisfied that no person in the colony could be
punished without his knowledge and sanc-
tion. Smyth died suddenly at Camp House,
Georgetown, Demerara, of brain fever, after
four days' illness, on 4 March 1838, es-
teemed and regretted by all classes of the
community. Lord Glenelg, the minister for
the colonies, wrote a warm eulogy of him
in a despatch to the officer administering
the government.
Smyth married, on 28 May 1816, Harriet,
the only child of General Robert Morse
[q. v.] of the royal engineers, and by her left
an only son, James Bobert Carmichael
(1817-1883), who on 25 Feb. 1841, by royal
license, dropped the name of Smyth and
resumed the family name of Carmichael
alone. The same year he married Louisa
Charlotte, daughter of Sir Thomas Butler,
bart. He was chairman of the first sub-
marine telegraph company, and died on
7 June 1883, at his residence, 12 Sussex
Place, London ; his son, James Morse Car-
michael (b. 1844) is the present baronet.
There, is a bust, by Chantrey, of Car-
michael Smyth in the cathedral church of
Georgetown, Demerara ; and a replica, also
byj Chantrey, in the town-hall of Berbice,
with inscription. They were placed there
by public subscription, Smyth's portrait was
painted by E. EL. Latilla and engraved by
Smyth
187
Smyth
Hodgetts(see ETA^S, Catalogue of Engraved
Portraits, vol. ii.)
Smyth, was the author of: 1. * Instructions
and Standing Orders for the Boyal Engineer
Department serving with the Army on the
Continent/ 8vo, London, 1815. 2. * Plans
of the Attacks npon Antwerp, Bergen-op-
Zoom, Cambray, Pe"ronne, Maubeuge, Lan-
drecy, Marienbourg, PMiHpville,and Rocroy,
by the British and Prussian Armies in 1814-
1815, with Explanatory Remarks, dedicated
to the Duke of Wellington/ fol. Cambrai,
1817. 3. ' Questions and Answers relative to
the Duties of the Non-commissioned Officers
and Men of the Eoyal Sappers and Miners/
8vo, Cambrai, 1817. 4. * Chronological Epi-
tome of the Wars in the Low Countries from
the Peace of the Pyrenees in 1659 to that of
Paris hi 1815, with Reflections, Military and
Political/ 8vo, London, 1825. 5. ' Precis of
the Wars in Canada from 1756 to the Treaty
of Ghent in 1814, with Military and Politi-
cal Reflections, 7 8vo, London, 1826 (printed
for official use only) ; a second edition, edited
"by his son, with a memoir of the author, was
published, 8vo, London 1862. 6. * Reflec-
tions upon the Value of the British West
Indian Colonies and of the British North
American Provinces in 1825/ 8vo, London,
1826. 7. * Memoir upon the Topographical
System of Colonel van Gorkeran, with Re-
marks and Reflections upon various other
Methods of representing Ground, addressed
to Lieutenant-General Sir Herbert Taylor,
Surveyor-General of H. M. Ordnance/ 8vo,
London, 1828. 8. ' Letter to a Member of
the Bahamas Assembly upon the subject of
Flogging Female Slaves/ pamphlet, 8vo,
Nassau, Bahamas, 1831.
[Despatches; Royal Engineers' Records; Royal
Artillery Records ; "War Office Records ; Ander-
son's Scottish Nation ; (jent. Mag. 1838, ii. 112 ;
Ann. Eeg. 1838 ; Porter's History of the Corps
of Boyal Engineers ; Conolly's History of the
Eoyal Sappers and Miners; Sperling's Letters
of an Officer from the British Army in Hol-
land, Belgium, and France, to his Father ; Me-
moir in preface to 1862 edition of Precis of the
Wars in Canada; Demerary, Transition de
1'Eselavage 4 la Liberte, par Felix Millironx,
1843.] B. H. V.
SMYTH, SIR JOHN ROWLAND (&
1873), lieutenant-general, was fifth son of
Grice Smyth of Ballynatray, co. Waterford,
by Mary, daughter and coheiress of H.
Mitchell of Mitchellsfort, co, Cork. He was
educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and
was commissioned as cornet in the 16th
lancers on 5 July 1821. He was promoted
lieutenant on 26 May 1825, and in the fol-
lowing year was present at the capture of
! Bhartpur (18 Jan.) "On 22 April he was
made captain on the half-pay list, from.
i which he exchanged to the 32nd foot on
j 29 Nov. 1827. After ten years' service in
I that regiment, mostly in Canada, he returned
to half-pay on 6 April 1838, and exchanged
from it to the 6th dragoon guards (Carabiniers)
on 10 May 1839.
On 17 Aug. 1841 he obtained a half-pay
j majority, and on 6 May 1842 he returned to
I his old regiment, the 16th lancers. He
served with it in the Gwalior campaign of
j 1843, commanding the advanced wing of
I cavalry at Maharajpur, and in the Sutlej
campaign of 1846, during which he was in
command of the regiment. It greatly dis-
I tinguished itself at Aliwal by routing the
j Sikh cavalry and breaking up a square of
! infantry, Smyth being severely wounded
| while leading it. He was mentioned in
! despatches, and was made brevet lTftnf.A-nft.-ni~
! colonel and C.B. He received the medal
i and clasp for this campaign, having already
| received the medal and clasp for Bhartrpur
and the bronze star for Maharajpur.
Smyth was lieutenant-colonel of the 16th,
lancers from 10 Dec. 1847 till 2 Nov. 185o,
1 when he exchanged to half-pay. He had
, been given one of the rewards for distin-
! guished service on 1 June 1854, and had
1 been made colonel in the army on 20 June*
He became major-general on 22 Dec. 1860,
and Iieutenan1>general on 1 April 1870, and
was given the colonelcy of the 6th dragoon.
guards on 21 Jan. 1868.
Smyth died at Kensington on 14 May
1873. He married Catherine, daughter of
the first Lord Tenterden* and had one daugh-
ter, who married the fourth LordTenterden.
[Times, 17 May 1873 ; Brake's Landed Gentry ;
Despatches of Lord Eardinge, Lord Gt>ngh,&l
p. 79.] K M. L.
SMYTH, JOHN TA1FOUKD (1819 P-
1851), engraver, was born in Edinburgh,
about 1819, and, after studying for a time at
the Trustees' Academy there, devoted him-
self to line- engraving. Though practically
self-taught in this art, he was eventually
able to produce plates of great merit. His
earliest published works were l A Child's
Head ' after Sir J. Watson Gordon, and < The
Stirrup Cup 7 after Sir William Allan. In
1838 he removed to Glasgow, but, after re-
siding there a few years, returned to Edin-
burgh, where he worked with extreme indus-
try during the remainder of his life. Smyth en-
graved for the London * Art Journal* WilMe's-
'John Knox. dispensing the Sacrament,' Ary
Schefier's * The Comforter/ Mubead/s 'The
Last in/ and Allan's * Banditti dividing
Smyth
188
Smyth
Spoil.' He was engaged upon a plate from
Faed's ' First Step ' when he died at Edin-
burgh on 18 May 1851, at the age of thirty-
two.
[Art Journal, 1851; Redgrave's Diet, of
Artists.] F. M. O'D.
SMYTH, SIB LEICESTER (1829-1891),
general, born on 25 Oct. 1829, was seventh
son of .Richard William Penn Curzon, after-
wards Ourzon-Howe, first earl Howe, by his
first wife, Harriet, daughter of Robert, sixth
earl of Cardigan. He was educated at Eton,
and obtained a commission as second lieu-
tenant in the rifle brigade on 29 Nov. 1846.
He joined the reserve battalion at Quebec
in 1846 ; became lieutenant on 12 Nov. 1847 ;
returned to England, and went out with the
first battalion to the Cape in January 1852.
He served in the Kaffir war of that year,
and greatly distinguished himself in the action
of Berea on 20 Dec. He commanded one
of two companies which mounted almost in-
accessible heights under fire, and drove a
large force of Basutos before them. He was
hignly praised in despatches by Sir G. Cath-
cart, and received the medal.
On 23 Feb. 1854 he was appointed aide-
de-camp to Lord Raglan, accompanied him
to Turkey and the Crimea, and was present
at Alma and Inkerman, and throughout the
siege of Sebastopol [see SOMERSET, FmnaoY
JAMES HENET]. He was assistant mili-
tary secretary from 7 Oct. 1854 to 11 Nov.
1855, first under Lord Raglan, and after-
wards under General Simpson. He became
captain in his corps on 22 Dec. 1854, was made
brevet major on 17 July 1855, and brevet
lieutenant-colonel from 8 Sept., having taken
home the despatches announcing the fall of
Sebastopol. He continued to serve in the
Crimea as aide-de-camp to General Codring-
ton till 30 June 1856. He received the
Crimean medal with three clasps, the Sar-
dinian and Turkish medals, the legion of
honour (fifth class), and the Medjidie (fifth
class).
Smyth was assistant military secretary in
the Ionian. Islands from 23 Nov. 1856 to
23 Aug. 1861. He then rejoined the 1st
battalion of the rifle brigade, in which he
iiad become major on 30 April, and served
with it at Malta and Gibraltar till 4 Aug.
1865, when he went on half-pay. He had
become colonel in the army on 9 Feb. 1861.
On 12 Feb. 1866 he married Alicia Maria,
eldest daughter and heiress of Robert Smyth,
J,P. of Drumcree, co. Westmeath, and in the
following November he took the surname of
Smyth, He was made OB. on 13 May 1867.
He was military secretary at headquarters
in Ireland from 1 July 1865 to 30 June 1870
and deputy quartermaster-general there from
17 July 1872 to 26 Feb. 1874.
On 7 Feb. 1874 he became major-general
(being afterwards antedated to 6 March
1868), and on 13 Feb. 1878 lieutenant-
general. He had the command of the
troops in the western district from 2 April
1877 to 31 March 1880, and at the Cape
from 10 Nov. 1880 to 9 Nov. 1885. During
part of this time (in 1882-3) he administered
the government and acted as high com-
missioner for South Africa. He was made
KC.M.G. on 1 Feb. 1884, and KC.B. on
16 Jan. 1886. He was given a reward for
distinguished service on 1 April 1885, and
promoted general on 18 July in that year.
He held the command of the troops in the
southern district from 1 May 1889 to
25 Sept. 1890, when he was appointed
governor of Gibraltar. But after a few
months there he returned to England on
sick 16 ave, and died in London on 27 Jan.
1891, leaving no issue. He was buried at
Gopsall, Warwickshire.
[Times, 29 Jan. 1891; art. by Sir William
Henry Cope in Rifle Brigade Chronicle for 1890;
Lodge's Peerage.] E. M. L.
SMYTH, PATRICK JAMES (1826-
1885), Irish politician, was born in 1826 in
Dublin, where his father, James Smyth, a
native of Cavan, was a prosperous tanner.
His mother, Anne, was daughter of Maurice
Bruton of Portane, co. Meath. Patrick re-
ceived his education at Clongoweswood
College, where he made the acquaintance of
Thomas Francis Meagher [q. v.] The two be-
came fast friends, and in 1844 both joined
the Repeal Association. In the cleavage
between ' Old Ireland ' and ' Young Ireland/
Smyth, like Meagher, sided with the latter,
and became one of the active members of
that body. After the failure of the abortive
insurrection of 1848 he managed to escape
to America disguised as a drover. He sup-
ported himself by journalism for some years,
becoming prominently identified with the
Irish national movement in America. In
1854 he visited Tasmania, and planned and
carried out the escape of John Mitchel [q.v/]
from his Tasmanian prison (cf. MITCHEL, Jail
Journal). In 1855 he married Miss Jeanie
Myers of Hobart Town, Tasmania, and in
1856 returned to Ireland and began to study
for the bar. He was called in 1858, but never
practised. For a short time, about 1860, he
was proprietor of the 'Irishman/ an advanced
nationalist newspaper.
Smyth was made a chevalier of the Legion
of Honour on 29 Aug. 1871 in recognition of
Smyth
189
Smyth
his services to France in organising the
Irish ambulance aid to that country during
the Franco-German war.
In 1870 Smyth made an unsuccessful at-
tempt to enter parliament as a member of
Isaac Butt's home-rule party. In June of
the following year he was returned as
M.P. for Westmeath, and sat for the con-
stituency uninterruptedly till 1880, when
he became M.P. for Tipperary. In parlia-
ment Smyth's oratorical gifts were highly
appreciated. A speech delivered by him on
home rule on 30 June 1876 was published;
but he disapproved of the extreme policy of
Charles Stewart Parnell [q. v,], and became
an unsparing and bitter enemy of the land
league, which he described as a 'League of
HelL J His popularity in Ireland conse-
quently waned, and he retired from parlia-
ment in 1882. At the close of 1884 he was
appointed secretary of the Irish Loan Repro-
ductive Fund, but survived his appointment
only a few weeks. He died at Belgrave
Square, Bathmines, Dublin, on 12 Jan. 1885,
leaving his widow and family in straitened
circumstances. A fund was raised for their
support.
Smyth published: 1. * Australasia/ a lec-
ture ; 2nd edit. Dublin, 8vo, 1861. 2. i France
and European Neutrality, 7 a lecture, Dublin,
1870. 3. < The Part taken by the Irish Boy
in the Fight at Dame Europa's School ; ' 3rd
edit. Dublin, 1871. 4. < A Pleafor aPeasant '
Proprietary in Ireland/ Dublin, 187L
5, 'Materialism/ a lecture, Dublin, 1876.
6. * The Priest in Politics, by the late P. J. .
Smyth/ 4to edit. Dublin, 1886.
[Mitchel's Jail Journal; Pigott's Remini-
seenees of an Irish National Journalist DnSy's ,
Four Years of Irish History ; Freeman's Jour-
nal, 13 Jan. 1885; Evening Hail (Dublin),
14 Jan. 1885; information from Hr. John
(yLeary, Dublin.] D. J. 0*D,
SMYTH, RICHARD, DJX (1826-1878),
Irish divine and politician, son of Hugh
Smyth of Bushmills, co. Antrim, by Sarah l
Anne, daughter of J. Wray, was born at Der-
vock, co. Antrim, on 4 Oct. 1826. He was
educated at the university of Bonn and at
the university of Glasgow, where he gra-
duated M,A. in 1850, and received the hono-
rary D.D. and LL.D. degrees in 1867. For
eight years he was assistant-collegiate mini-
ster of the first presbyterian church of Lon-
donderry, and in 1865 was appointed pro-
fessor of oriental languages and biblical
literature in Magee College, Londonderry.
In 1870 he became DiUprofessor of theology
in the same college. He was a supporter of
Mr. Gladstone's policy of disestablishment
in Ireland, and in 1869 was raised to the
moderatorship of the general assembly of the
' presbyterian church. In 1870 he was re-
elected moderator, and took an active part in
f settling the financial affairs of the church in
connection with the withdrawal of the reyium
donum. He was one of the trustees incor-
porated by royal charter under the Presby-
! terian Church Act for administering the com-
mutation fund. He supported the Irish
University Bill of 1873, and, as a liberal, was
' elected member of parliament for co. Lon-
donderry on 16 Feb. 3874 to support the
' general policy of Mr. Gladstone's administra-
tion, especially with respect to land tenure
and grand jury reform. He sat until his
death, which took place at Antrim road,
Belfast, on 4 Dec. 1878. He was buried at
Dervock on 6 Dec.
Besides numerous pamphlets, he was the
author of: 1. i Philanthropy, Proselytism,
and Crime : a Review of the Irish Refor-
matory System/ London, 1861, 8vo. 2. < The
, Bartholomew Expulsion in 1662/ London-
derry, 1862, 18mo,
[Men of the Time, 1875, p. 912 ; Debrett's
House of Commons, 1875, p. 220 ; Illustrated
London Ne-ws, 1874, Ixv. 52; Belfast News-
Letter, 5 Dec. 1878 pp. 1, 5, 7 Dec. p. 8.]
ft. C. B.
SMYTH, EGBERT BROUGH ^1830-
1889), mining surveyor, son of Edward
Smyth, a mining engineer, was bom at Car-
ville, near Newcastle, Northumberland, in
1830. He was educated at Whickham in
the county of Durham. Soon turning' his at-
tention to natural science, especially to
chemistry and geology, he began work about
1846 as an assistant at the Derwent Iron-
works. There he remained over five years.
In 1852 he emigrated to Victoria, Australia.
Affcer some experience on the goldfields, he
entered the survey department as draughts-
man under Captain (afterwards Sir Andrew)
Clarke, RJS. Subsequently he acted for a
brief period as chief draughtsman, and in
1854 was appointed to take charge of the
meteorological observations. In 1858 he
was appointed secretary to the board ot
science, which included the charge of the
mining surveys of the colony. In 1860 he
was appointed secretary for mines, with a
salary of 75Q, and acted for some time as
chief inspector of mines and reorganised the
geological survey, of which he became direc-
tor. At the beginning of 1876, owing to the
result of an inquiry into his treatment of
his subordinates, he resigned all kis offices.
He subsequently went to Jndlfi, where haa
helped to promote the disastrous * boom ' im
Indian gola-mines. He died on 10 Get . 1 889.
He
of the
Smyth
190
Smyth
logical Society in 1856 and of the Linnean
in November 1874; he was also a member
of the Soci&S GSologique de France, of the
Society of Arts and Sciences at Utrecht, and
an honorary corresponding member of the
Boston Society of Natural History.
Besides many official reports and various
lists and statistics for different international
exhibitions, Smyth was author of: 1. 'The
Prospectors' Handbook,' 8vo, Melbourne,
18637 2. 'The Gold Fields and Mineral
Districts of Victoria,' 4to, Melbourne, 1869.
3 ; Hints for the Guidance of Surveyors,'
Svo, Melbourne, 1871. 4, 'The Aborigines
of Victoria,' 2 vols. 4to, Melbourne, 1878.
He also contributed papers on mmeralogieal
and geological subjects to scientific journals
between 1855 and 1872.
[MennelTs Diet Australian Biogr. ; Colonial
Office Lists, 1858-76 ; Lists of the Linnean and
Geological Societies; Reports of the Mines De-
-partment of Victoria; Brit. Mus, Cat.; Eoyal
Soc. Cat. of Scientific Papers.] B. B. W.
SMYTH, SIB WARINGTON WILKIN-
SON (1817-1890), geologist and mineralo-
gist, was born at Naples on 26 Aug. 1817,
being the eldest son of Captain (afterwards
Admiral) "William Henry Smyth [q..v.] and
Annarella Warington, whose father, Thomas
Warington,was then British consul at Naples.
He was educated at Westminster andBedford
schools and at Trinity College, Cambridge,
graduating B.A. in 1839 and MA. in 1844.
As an undergraduate he was noted for his love
of athletic exercises, and rowed a winning
race with Oxford on the Thames in 1839.
About the same time he was appointed to
one of the travelling bachelorships on the
Worts foundation, and was away from Eng-
land for more than four years. Before leav-
ing Cambridge he had become interested in
mineralogy, and during his stay in Germany,
and Austria he attended geological lectures,
formed friendships with the geologists of
those countries, andexamined coal-fields, salt-
works, silver-mines, and bone-caves. Then
"he visited Sicily and explored Etna, wintered
on the Nile, travelled thrbugh Palestine and
northern Syria as far as the upper valley of
the Tigris, and returned to England, bring-
ing with mm as results of his wanderings a
good knowledge of foreign languages and
much practical experience in mining.
At the end of 1844 he was appointed
mining geologist to the geological survey,
and in this capacity was engaged on field
work in the British Isles. But in 1851,
when the school of mines was organised, he
was nominated to the lectureship in mining
and mineralogy. In 1881 these duties were
but he controe<$ teaching the
former subject until his death. He was ap-
pointed mineral surveyor to the duchy of
Cornwall in 1852, and inspector of crown
minerals in 1857. He also served on various
committees and commissions, and was chair-
man of the royal commission on accidents
in mines (appointed in 1879), in which capa-
city he drew up the larger part of an elabo-
rate report, embodying the result of inquiries
which had lasted over seven years. He was
knighted in 1887, and also received the
foreign orders of SS. Maurice and Lazare, of
Jesus Christ, and of S. Jago da Espada. He
was elected F.G.S. in 1845, was one of the
honorary secretaries from 1856 to 1866, pre-
sident from 1866 to 1868, and foreign secre-
tary from 1873 till his death. He was also
president of the Eoyal Geological Society of
Cornwall from 1871 to 1879, and again from
1883 onwards. He was elected KRS. in
1858, and was an honorary member of various
foreign societies.
He resided for most of the year in London,
but spent his summers, during the later part
of his life, in a house belonging to him at
Marazion, Cornwall. Por the greater part
of his life he enjoyed excellent health, but
during the last two or three years symptoms
of a weakness of the heart appeared, which
obliged him to spare himself a little. The
end was sudden. He died while sitting in
his study, at 5 Inverness Terrace, at work
upon his students' examination papers, on the
morning 1 of 19 June 1890, and was buried
at St. Erth, Cornwall. In 1864 he married
Antonia Story-Maskelyne of Basset Down,
Wiltshire, a descendant of the astronomer
Nevil Maskelyne, [q.v.], who, with two sons,
survived him.
Smyth was a man of untiring industry, a
careful observer, and a cautious reasoner,
ever willing to impart the fruits of his expe-
rience to students and to fellow-workers. He
' possessed a knowledge of the mineralogy and
geology of Cornwall which was perhaps more
profound than that of any of his contempo-
raries/ and few men were better acquainted
with practical mineralogy. He was able to
impart his knowledge to others in a plea-
sant and interesting manner (* Report of the
Council of the Royal Geological Society of
Cornwall ' in Trans, xi. 253). His incessant
and laborious duties made authorship difficult,
but he contributed (on mineralogieal subjects)
to the i Memoirs of the Geological Survey,*
and wrote about a dozen separate papers,
chiefly in the 'Quarterly Journal of the
Geological Society 1 and the i Transactions
of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall/
besides presidential addresses. He also pub-
lished in 1854 a pleasantly written volumd
Smyth
191
Smyth
.entitled * A Year with, the Turks,* describing
those parts of his travels which fell within
the limits of Turkey in Europe and in Asia.
Despite the disturbed state of the country
at the date of his travels, his experience of
the Turk in the rural districts, on the whole,
was favourable, and he wrote in the hope of
dispelling prevalent misconceptions. In 1866
he published a small * Treatise on Coal and
Coal-mining,' which reached a seventh edi-
tion in 1890.
A portrait in oils, painted in 1875, is in
the possession of Lady Smyth.
[Obituary Notices in Quart. Journ. (reel. Soc,
vol. xlvii. Proc. voL li. ; Greol. Mag. 1890, p. 383 ;
information from Lady Smyth,] T. G-. B.
SMYTH, WILLIAM (1765-1849), pro-
fessor of modern history at Cambridge, was
the son of Thomas Smyth, banker, of Liver-
-pool, where he was born in 1765. After
attending a day school in the town, he went
to Eton, where he remained three years.
On leaving Eton he read with a tutor at
Bury, Lancashire, and in January 1783 he
entered Peterhouse, Cambridge. He gra-
duated eighth wrangler in 1787, and in the
same year was elected to the fellowship
vacated by Sir John Wilson (1741-1793)
Fq . v.], judge of common pleas. He proceeded
M.A. in 1790. He returned to Liverpool,
but in 1793, consequent upon the declaration
of war with France, his Other's bank failed,
and it became necessary for William to earn
his living.
Through the Mndness of Edward Morris,
a college friend, Smyth was chosen in 1793
by Jliehard Brinsley Sheridan fa. v.] as tutor
to his elder son Thomas. He lived with his
-pupil at Wanstead, at Bognor, and at Cam-
bridge, and saw much of Sheridan himself.
In the memoir that he subsequently wrote of
liis puj> iFs father he describes his intercourse
with him as * one eternal insult,mortification,
nd disappointment,' and writes with mingled
humour, pity, and anger of Sheridan's eccen-
"felicities and disregard of the duties of life.
Smyth's salary was usually in arrears, and his
letters of protest were unanswered* But
Sheridan's 
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